cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of orbital cortical stimulation on facial motoneurons in the cat.

Abstract Effects of orbital cortical stimulation on the excitability of facial motoneurons were examined in the cat by means of extracellular and intracellular recording techniques. Orbital cortical stimulation induced prolonged changes in the infraorbital facial reflex; an initial phase of facilitation was followed by long-lasting suppression. Cortical effect with the same time course was observed on the antidromic field potential of the facial nucleus. After orbital cortical stimulation, 64.2% of facial motoneurons showed an initial excitatory postsynaptic potential followed by a prolonged hyperpolarizing potential. Both antidromically and orthodromically induced spikes in these cells were facilitated or suppressed, respectively, during the depolarizing or hyperpolarizing phase induced in the motoneurons by stimulating the orbital cortex. The facilitatory or inhibitory effect of cortical stimulation on the infraorbital facial reflex and the antidromic field potential of the facial nucleus showed a close temporal correlation with the cortically induced depolarizing or hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential in facial motoneurons.
With graduation in sight: perceptions of high- and low-aggression students of the journey to high school completion.

This study explores students' perceptions of the paths to high school graduation using an ecological framework. Specifically, it identifies the challenges, influences, and motivations differentiating students who remained in school despite being at high risk for dropping out-defined as consistently high levels of aggression-from students at low risk of high school dropout. We analyzed inductively 16 focus groups conducted in Northeast Georgia with 81 eleventh graders participating in the Healthy Teens Longitudinal Study. Eight focus groups consisted of 11th graders who consistently scored high on aggression from 6th to 10th grade on the Problem Behaviors Frequency Scales (n = 40; 56% boys; 54% Caucasian, 39% African American; 7% Hispanic), and 8 groups consisting of students scoring low in aggression at all time points (n = 41; 40% boys; 45% Caucasian, 50% African American; 3% Hispanic). Findings derived from the constant comparative method revealed 4 distinguishing themes. High aggressive students highlighted a) the salience of structural barriers, b) stress due to external (vs. internal) factors, c) preference for concrete sources of motivation, and d) the strong influence of coaches. At the microsystem level of the ecological model, school psychologists can engage students through cognitive behavioral methods to foster realistic academic goals and to improve management of external sources of stress. At the mesosystem level, school policies can target 9th grade as a critical juncture for academic success. The final finding supports the involvement of adults at the mesosystem level, and coaches in particular, to promote positive social and academic development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
A note on two-dimensional finite-deformation theories of shells

Abstract We supplement an earlier consideration of two-dimensional finite-deformation shell theory in terms of independent descriptions of states of translational and rotational displacement by the avoidance of the previously made a priori assumption concerning the form of components of force strain. We furthermore introduce a relatively elementary description of the state of rotational displacement, in place of the known description in terms of a Rodriguez vector, which involves a symmetric treatment of the rotations about the two surface tangent vectors, without a participation in this of the rotation about the surface normal vector.
A factor analysis of Page and Wong’s servant leadership instrument

This study conducted a factor analysis of Page and Wong’s servant leadership instrument and reduced the 99‐item scale to 20 items yielding three factors: vision (0.97 Cronbach alpha), empowerment (0.89 Cronbach alpha), and service (0.94 Cronbach alpha). While this study only confirmed three of the original 12 factors sought by Page and Wong the results indicate that Page and Wong’s instrument has merit and deserves further development and modification.
An eUtils toolset and its use for creating a pipeline to link genomics and proteomics analyses to domain-specific biomedical literature

Background Numerous biomedical software applications access databases maintained by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). To ease software automation, NCBI provides a powerful but complex Web-service-based programming interface, eUtils. This paper describes a toolset that simplifies eUtils use through a graphical front-end that can be used by non-programmers to construct data-extraction pipelines. The front-end relies on a code library that provides high-level wrappers around eUtils functions, and which is distributed as open-source, allowing customization and enhancement by individuals with programming skills.
Spin lattice relaxation in linear polyethylene

The proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of linear polyethylenes (PE) of varying morphology were measured as a function of temperature. The T1 of oriented bulkcrystallized and solution-crystallized material was isotropic, in disagreement with calculations based on a sample dipole pair model. Motion in the non-crystalline regions of the samples is shown to be responsible for the T1 minimum occurring around −20°C. The dependence of T1 at the minimum on the long period reinforces the model of an amorphous fraction composed of disordered lamellar surface layers. The temperature of the T1 minimum and the dependence of T1 on the long period imply that the mobility of these amorphous regions is reduced in cold-drawn and solution-crystallized samples. This mobility irreversibly increases with annealing. In highly relaxed samples the motion of a small portion of the disordered regions is almost liquidlike, as indicated by the presence of a second shorter T1.
Cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed Testosterone 6β-Hydroxylation Stereochemistry, Kinetic Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Rate-limiting Steps

Testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation is a prototypic reaction of cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4, the major human P450. Biomimetic reactions produced a variety of testosterone oxidation products with 6beta-hydroxylation being only a minor reaction, indicating that P450 3A4 has considerable control over the course of steroid hydroxylation because 6beta-hydroxylation is not dominant in a thermodynamically controlled oxidation of the substrate. Several isotopically labeled testosterone substrates were prepared and used to probe the catalytic mechanism of P450 3A4: (i) 2,2,4,6,6-(2)H(5); (ii) 6,6-(2)H(2); (iii) 6alpha-(2)H; (iv) 6beta-(2)H; and (v) 6beta-(3)H testosterone. Only the 6beta-hydrogen was removed by P450 3A4 and not the 6alpha, indicating that P450 3A4 abstracts hydrogen and rebounds oxygen only at the beta face. Analysis of the rates of hydroxylation of 6beta-(1)H-, 6beta-(2)H-, and 6beta-(3)H-labeled testosterone and application of the Northrop method yielded an apparent intrinsic kinetic deuterium isotope effect ((D)k) of 15. The deuterium isotope effects on k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) in non-competitive reactions were only 2-3. Some "switching" to other hydroxylations occurred because of 6beta-(2)H substitution. The high (D)k value is consistent with an initial hydrogen atom abstraction reaction. Attenuation of the high (D)k in the non-competitive experiments implies that C-H bond breaking is not a dominant rate-limiting step. Considerable attenuation of a high (D)k value was also seen with a slower P450 3A4 reaction, the O-dealkylation of 7-benzyloxyquinoline. Thus P450 3A4 is an enzyme with regioselective flexibility but also considerable regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in product formation, not necessarily dominated by the ease of C-H bond breaking.
Intracellular transactivation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor by an epidermal growth factor receptor.

Abstract Growth factor receptors may be transactivated not only by homologous receptors, but also by heterologous receptors. We have investigated this possibility, using for this purpose R − /EGFR cells, which are mouse embryo cells devoid of IGF-I receptors, but overexpressing the EGF receptor. At variance with mouse embryo cells with a wild-type number of IGF-I receptors and overexpressing the EGF receptor, R − /EGFR cells cannot grow in EGF only, nor can they form colonies in soft agar. However, if a wild type human IGF-I receptor is stably transfected into R − /EGFR cells, growth in EGF and colony formation in soft agar are restored. To determine a possible interaction between the two receptors, we transfected into R − /EGFR cells a number of IGF-I receptor mutants with different impaired functions. The only IGF-I receptor that cannot reverse the growth phenotype of R − /EGFR cells is a receptor with a point mutation at the ATP-binding site. All other mutant receptors, even when incapable of responding to IGF-I with a mitogenic signal, made R − /EGFR cells fully capable of responding with growth to EGF stimulation. IGF-I receptor mutants that are mitogenic but not transforming made R − /EGFR cells grow in EGF only, but were incapable of inducing the transformed phenotype. The mutant IGF-I receptors are activated (tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1) in response to EGF. These experiments indicate that certain IGF-I receptor mutants with loss of function can be reactivated intracellularly by an overexpressed EGF receptor and confirm that the C-terminus of the IGF-IR is required for its transforming activity.
Bayesian Functional Integral Method for Inferring Continuous Data from Discrete Measurements

Inference of the insulin secretion rate (ISR) from C-peptide measurements as a quantification of pancreatic β-cell function is clinically important in diseases related to reduced insulin sensitivity and insulin action. ISR derived from C-peptide concentration is an example of nonparametric Bayesian model selection where a proposed ISR time-course is considered to be a “model”. An inferred value of inaccessible continuous variables from discrete observable data is often problematic in biology and medicine, because it is a priori unclear how robust the inference is to the deletion of data points, and a closely related question, how much smoothness or continuity the data actually support. Predictions weighted by the posterior distribution can be cast as functional integrals as used in statistical field theory. Functional integrals are generally difficult to evaluate, especially for nonanalytic constraints such as positivity of the estimated parameters. We propose a computationally tractable method that uses the exact solution of an associated likelihood function as a prior probability distribution for a Markov-chain Monte Carlo evaluation of the posterior for the full model. As a concrete application of our method, we calculate the ISR from actual clinical C-peptide measurements in human subjects with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity. Our method demonstrates the feasibility of functional integral Bayesian model selection as a practical method for such data-driven inference, allowing the data to determine the smoothing timescale and the width of the prior probability distribution on the space of models. In particular, our model comparison method determines the discrete time-step for interpolation of the unobservable continuous variable that is supported by the data. Attempts to go to finer discrete time-steps lead to less likely models.
Does Acculturation Matter?: Food Insecurity and Child Problem Behavior Among Low-Income, Working Hispanic Households

Recent literature has noted that in some cases, less acculturation may be protective against adverse outcomes. This study sought to clarify the rela- tionships between acculturation, food insecurity, and child outcomes. A sample of 339 low-income participants, comprised of non-Hispanic Whites (n = 171), English-speaking Hispanics (n = 89), and Spanish-speaking Hispanics (n = 79) were surveyed on food security and parental reports of child behav- ior problems. Results showed that Spanish-speaking Hispanics were at a so- cial and economic disadvantage in comparison to non-Hispanic Whites and to English-speaking Hispanics. Spanish-speaking Hispanics reported signifi- cantly more concern and the least satisfaction with their children's physical health and had the highest rates of food insecurity. In contrast, on parental reports of child behavior, non-Hispanic Whites were significantly more likely to report problem behavior than either Hispanic group. Overall, the findings do not support the protective role of lower acculturation for Hispanic house- holds. Implications of these findings in light of current research are discussed.
Effects of Plant Traits on Ecosystem and Regional Processes: a Conceptual Framework for Predicting the Consequences of Global Change

Human activities are causing widespread changes in the species composition of natural and managed ecosystems, but the consequences of these changes are poorly understood. This paper presents a conceptual framework for predicting the ecosystem and regional consequences of changes in plant species composition. Changes in species composition have greatest ecological effects when they modify the ecological factors that directly control (and respond to) ecosystem processes. These interactive controls include: functional types of organisms present in the ecosystem; soil resources used by organisms to grow and reproduce; modulators such as microclimate that influence the activity of organisms; disturbance regime; and human activities. Plant traits related to size and growth rate are particularly important because they determine the productive capacity of vegetation and the rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization. Because the same plant traits affect most key processes in the cycling of carbon and nutrients, changes in plant traits tend to affect most biogeochemical cycling processes in parallel. Plant traits also have landscape and regional effects through their effects on water and energy exchange and disturbance regime.
A simple gradient sign algorithm for transmit antenna weight adaptation with feedback

In this paper, a simple algorithm for adaptation of the complex baseband weights of a transmit antenna array using feedback from the receiver is proposed and analyzed. The system utilizes stochastic gradient adaptation to maximize the power delivered to the receiver for a constrained transmission power, which provides both fading diversity and beam steering gain. Dual perturbed transmission weight vectors are time multiplexed onto the pilot signal, and the receiver generates feedback selecting the perturbed weight vector which delivers greater power. This feedback is used to provide weight adaptation at the transmitter, and this adaptation is shown to be an update by a coarse estimate of the gradient of the delivered power. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed in terms of convergence and tracking of an AR1 fading channel, with simulations confirming the analysis. Bit error rate (BER) simulations in a dynamic fading channel show that the algorithm outperforms previously proposed vector selection feedback, and in slower fading, the algorithm substantially outperforms diversity space time coding.
Monads and Algebras

In this chapter we will examine more closely the relation between universal algebra and adjoint functors. For each type τ of algebras (§V.6), we have the category AIg τ of all algebras of the given type, the forgetful functor G: Alg τ→Set, and its left adjoint F, which assigns to each set S the free algebra FS of type τ generated by elements of S. A trace of this adjunction 〈F,G,φ〉: Set ⇀Alg τ resides in the category Set; indeed, the composite T = GF is a functor Set →Set , which assigns to each set S the set of all elements of its corresponding free algebra. Moreover, this functor T is equipped with certain natural transformations which give it a monoid-like structure, called a “monad”. The remarkable part is then that the whole category Alg τ can be reconstructed from this monad in Set. Another principal result is a theorem due to Beck, which describes exactly those categories A with adjunctions 〈 F, G, φ〉:X⇀A which can be so reconstructed from a monad T in the base category X. It then turns out that algebras in this last sense are so general as to include the compact Hausdorff spaces (§ 9).
Synergism between histamine, antihistamines, and hypnotic drugs

The synergism between antihistamines and the barbiturate Evipal was studied in mice. Similar synergism was found between histamine and barbiturates and between antihistamines and ether. The possible clinical usefulness of these findings is discussed. Thephorin, in mice, shows a synergistic effect with barbiturates or ether similar to that of Benadryl; yet according to clinical reports, Thephorin is rather a cerebral stimulant in humans. It is thus believed that this procedure is not suitable to assay sedative side effects of antihistamines experimentally.
Triple jeopardy: race, gender and class politics of women in technology

In this paper, I consider how class, race, and gender influence perspectives regarding information technology (IT). I do so by considering how participants in a community technology center located in an inner city neighborhood conceptualize IT, and how their standpoints shape their beliefs in the opportunities and rewards that are enabled by IT. Using the metaphor of ascension, their narratives constructed IT as a mechanism for liberating entire classes of women economically and socially. These findings suggest that the perspectives regarding IT held by the women participating in this study contradict the findings presented in prior IT and gender studies that generally take as their focus highly educated, middle-class women working in the IT profession and women studying at universities in disciplines that prepare them for entry into the IT profession. These divergent findings suggest a need for additional research that specifically addresses the joint effects of race, class and gender in contexts beyond the IT workplace environment, and with a broader diversity of women.
Synthesis and characterization of poly[N‐((10‐phenothiazinyl)‐6‐hexanoyl)ethylenimine] and N,N‐diethyl‐6‐(10‐phenothiazinyl)‐hexanamide

A new oxazoline monomer was made containing a chloroalkyl substituent which can be transformed to other functional groups by nucleophilic substitution. Oxazoline monomer containing the N-phenothiazinyl substituent was made by reacting lithiated phenothiazine with the chloroalkyl substituted oxazoline and subsequently polymerized. N,N-diethyl-6-chlorohexanamide was synthesized and N,N-diethyl-6-(10-phenothiazinyl)-hexanamide, a model compound for the phenothiazine polymer, was made by reacting lithiated phenothiazine with this chloroamide. TCNQ did not complex with the polymer. The iodine and perchlorate complexes of the phenothiazine polymer had conductivities of 4.4 × 10 −8 and 6.9 × 10−6 S/cm, respectively, at room temperature. Each of these are higher than the corresponding values reported for complexes of the analogous model compounds or 3-substituted phenothiazine polymer reported earlier.13, 22 This was attributed to the very short chain repeat distance for the present, symmetrically substituted polymer.
Inverse electromagnetic design for subwavelength light trapping in solar cells

In the subwavelength regime, the optimal surface texture for light trapping in solar cells remains to be found. We use computational inverse electromagnetic design to find the optimal nanoscale surface texture.
Self-expression and linguistic variation

This article argues that self-expression is a crucial though heretofore largely overlooked part of the explanation for linguistic variation. Self-expression mediates between linguistic choices and social facts such as gender, occupation, linguistic ideology, and place of origin, as speakers use language not only to express their identification with or rejection of social groupings, but also to express their individuality. All language use is thus essentially idiosyncratic and syncretic. The point is illustrated with reference to case studies of the speech and writing of two Texas women who use language in public contexts. The article further argues for the sociolinguistic study of public modes of discourse in addition to “vernacular” modes, and for the need in sociolinguistic research for rhetorical as well as linguistic analysis. (Variation, self-expression, individuality, case studies, Texas, public speech)
Carotid stenting for patients with coexisting carotid and coronary disease

T HE OVERWHELMING majority of stroke events are ischemic, and up to one-quarter of these can be related to atherosclerotic disease of the cervical internal carotid artery. Carotid stenosis causes ischemic stroke by acting as an embolic source and/or causing hypoperfusion of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Carotid endarterectomy is an established treatment for preventing stroke associated with high-grade carotid stenosis. Carotid angioplasty with stenting is evolving as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy, particularly in patients who have a higher complication rate with carotid endarterectomy. This article will briefly review the indications and limitations of carotid endarterectomy in patients withcoexistingcoronaryarterydisease. Carotidangioplastyandstentingcould be a safe and viable alternative in the treatment of these high-risk carotid endarterectomy candidates.
GPU Implementation of Stony Brook University 5-Class Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the WRF

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a next-generation mesoscale numerical weather prediction system. It is designed to serve the needs of both operational forecasting and atmospheric research for a broad spectrum of applications across scales ranging from meters to thousands of kilometers. Microphysics plays an important role in weather and climate prediction. Microphysics includes explicitly resolved water vapor, cloud, and precipitation processes. Several bulk water microphysics schemes are available within the WRF, with different numbers of simulated hydrometeor classes and methods for estimating their size, fall speeds, distributions and densities. Stony Brook University scheme is a 5-class scheme with riming intensity predicted to account for the mixed-phase processes. In this paper, we develop an efficient Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based Stony Brook University scheme. The GPU-based Stony Brook University scheme was compared to a CPU-based single-threaded counterpart on a computational domain of 422 × 297 horizontal grid points with 34 vertical levels. The original Fortran code was first rewritten into a standard C code. After that, C code was verified against Fortran code and CUDA C extensions were added for data parallel execution on GPUs. On a single GPU, we achieved a speed-up of 213× with data I/O and 896 × without I/O on NVIDIA GTX 590. Using multiple GPUs, a speed-up of 352 × is achieved with I/O for 4 GPUs. We will also discuss how data I/O will be less cumbersome if we ran the complete WRF model on GPUs.
Phase-separated chitosan-fibrin microbeads for cell delivery.

Matrix-enhanced delivery of cells is a promising approach to improving current cell therapies. Our objective was to create cell-laden composite microbeads that combine the attractive features of the natural polymers chitosan and fibrin. Liquid polydimethylsiloxane was used to emulsify a chitosan–fibrinogen solution containing suspended human fibroblast cells, followed by initiation of thrombin-mediated polymerization of fibrin and thermal/pH-mediated gelation of chitosan. Chitosan/fibrin weight percent (wt%) ratios of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 were investigated. Microbead diameters ranged from 275 ± 99 µm to 38 ± 10 µm using impeller speeds from 600 to 1400 rpm. Fibroblasts remained viable on day 1 post-fabrication in all matrices, but cell viability was markedly higher in high-fibrin microbeads by day 8 post-fabrication. Cell spreading and interaction with the extracellular matrix was also markedly increased in high-fibrin matrices. Such composite microbeads containing viable entrapped cells have pot...
A numerical method for solving the 3D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in curvilinear domains with complex immersed boundaries

A novel numerical method is developed that integrates boundary-conforming grids with a sharp interface, immersed boundary methodology. The method is intended for simulating internal flows containing complex, moving immersed boundaries such as those encountered in several cardiovascular applications. The background domain (e.g. the empty aorta) is discretized efficiently with a curvilinear boundary-fitted mesh while the complex moving immersed boundary (say a prosthetic heart valve) is treated with the sharp-interface, hybrid Cartesian/immersed-boundary approach of Gilmanov and Sotiropoulos [A. Gilmanov, F. Sotiropoulos, A hybrid cartesian/immersed boundary method for simulating flows with 3d, geometrically complex, moving bodies, Journal of Computational Physics 207 (2005) 457-492.]. To facilitate the implementation of this novel modeling paradigm in complex flow simulations, an accurate and efficient numerical method is developed for solving the unsteady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in generalized curvilinear coordinates. The method employs a novel, fully-curvilinear staggered grid discretization approach, which does not require either the explicit evaluation of the Christoffel symbols or the discretization of all three momentum equations at cell interfaces as done in previous formulations. The equations are integrated in time using an efficient, second-order accurate fractional step methodology coupled with a Jacobian-free, Newton-Krylov solver for the momentum equations and a GMRES solver enhanced with multigrid as preconditioner for the Poisson equation. Several numerical experiments are carried out on fine computational meshes to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method for standard benchmark problems as well as for unsteady, pulsatile flow through a curved, pipe bend. To demonstrate the ability of the method to simulate flows with complex, moving immersed boundaries we apply it to calculate pulsatile, physiological flow through a mechanical, bileaflet heart valve mounted in a model straight aorta with an anatomical-like triple sinus.
Privacy-aware and trustworthy data aggregation in mobile sensing

With the increasing capabilities of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, there are more and more mobile sensing applications such as air pollution monitoring and healthcare. These applications usually aggregate the data contributed by mobile users to infer about people's activities or surroundings. Mobile sensing can only work properly if the data provided by users is adequate and trustworthy. However, mobile users may not be willing to submit data due to privacy concerns, and they may be malicious and submit forged data to cause damage to the system. To address these problems, this paper proposes a novel privacy-aware and trustworthy data aggregation protocol for mobile sensing. Our protocol allows the server to aggregate the data submitted by mobile users without knowing the data of individual user. At the same time, if malicious users submit invalid data, they will be detected or the polluted aggregation result will be rejected by the server. In this way, the malicious users' effect on the aggregation result is effectively limited. The detection of invalid data works even if multiple malicious users collude. Security analysis shows that our scheme can achieve the trustworthy and privacy preserving goals, and experimental results show that our scheme has low computation cost and low power consumption.
Lung Size and the Risk of Radiation Pneumonitis

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify patient populations treated for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who may be more at risk of radiation pneumonitis. Methods and Materials A total of 579 patients receiving fractionated 3D conformal or intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for NSCLC were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed to search for cohorts of patients with higher incidences of radiation pneumonitis. In addition to conventional risk factors, total and spared lung volumes were analyzed. The Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) and cure models were then used to fit the incidence of radiation pneumonitis as a function of lung dose and other factors. Results Total lung volumes with a sparing of less than 1854 cc at 40 Gy were associated with a significantly higher incidence of radiation pneumonitis at 6 months (38% vs 12% for patients with larger volumes, P P Conclusions Spared lung volume should be considered when treating NSCLC patients. Separate dose constraints based on smaller spared lung volume should be considered. Smaller spared lung volume patients should be followed closely for signs of radiation pneumonitis.
Conservation practice effectiveness and adoption: unintended consequences and implications for sustainable phosphorus management

Phosphorus (P) runoff from agricultural land continues to receive attention due to a widespread lack of reduction in losses combined with a series of high profile P-induced harmful algal blooms. Many widely adopted conservation practices (CPs), aimed at reducing P loss, target particulate P (PP) through reductions in erosion or entrapment of P within the terrestrial landscape. However, there is increasing evidence that in time, these CPs may in fact increase dissolved P (DP) losses. We reviewed the effectiveness of current CPs promoted in the U.S., the results from long-term in-stream monitoring following implementation of conservation schemes and field studies investigating P loss from buffer zones designed to trap PP. These studies showed that different CPs are required to target different forms of P loss and the tendency for farmers to implement strategies targeting PP over DP resulted in an increase in dissolved reactive P export post-implementation of 37–250 % in three of the five catchment monitoring studies. Buffer zones, such as grass and vegetative filter strips, managed riparian zones and wetlands were found to accumulate labile forms of soil P over time and, in some studies, became significant sources of both inorganic and organic DP. Furthermore, often overlooked microbial processes appear to play a key role in P release. Consequently, to improve the effectiveness of future conservation schemes, practices need to specifically target DP losses in addition to PP and recognize that CPs trapping P within the landscape are at risk of becoming legacy P sources.
Effect of magnesium chloride on fractionation and enzymatic digestibility of cattails

ABSTRACTThe effect of magnesium chloride (a Lewis acid) on the fractionation of aquatic plant cattail was studied using a Dionex accelerated solvent extractor varying salt concentration (0–0.4 M), treatment temperature (140–180°C), and residence time (5–15 min). MgCl2 treatment enhanced xylan degradation and delignification, and up to 33.8% of total xylan was directly hydrolyzed to the xylose monomer. By removing xylan and lignin, the MgCl2 treatment effectively increased enzymatic digestibility of cattail cellulose and xylan. When cattails were treated with the 0.4 M MgCl2 at 180°C for 15 min and subsequently hydrolyzed for 48 h with a cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g glucan, the highest glucose yield of 61.7% and the highest total xylose yield of 90.6% were reached, respectively. Application of Lewis acids as a novel biomass fractionation approach will require lower xylanase loading for hydrolysis, and have lower corrosion to equipment compared to other acid pretreatment processes.
Apolipoprotein A-I and its mimetics for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Although statin treatment leads consistently to a reduction in major adverse coronary events and death in clinical trials, approximately 60 to 70% residual risk of these outcomes still remains. One frontier of investigational drug research is treatment to increase HDL, the ‘good cholesterol’ that is associated with a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. HDL and its major protein apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI) are protective against atherosclerosis through several mechanisms, including the ability to mediate reverse cholesterol transport. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical findings for two types of therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis: apoAI-containing compounds and apoAI mimetic peptides. Both of these therapies have excellent potential to be useful clinically to promote atherosclerosis regression and stabilize existing plaques, but significant hurdles must be overcome in order to develop these approaches into safe and effective therapies.
Selected contribution: roles of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in the mechanosensitive regulation of myosin phosphorylation in smooth muscle.

The increase in intracellular Ca2+ and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in response to the contractile activation of tracheal smooth muscle is greater at longer muscle lengths (21). However...
Sequence stratigraphy of the Mississippi Fan (Late Miocene-Pleistocene), northern deep Gulf of Mexico

The Mississippi Fan (Late Miocene-Pleistocene) is a large submarine fan deposited in the northern deep Gulf of Mexico (Fig. l6.1). An isopach map of the Mississippi Fan indicates a maximum thickness of greater than 4 km (Fig. 16.2). The fan is the deep-water part of a large Neogene depocentre filling the northern Gulf of Mexico. From analysis of 19000 km of multifold seismic data across the fan, Weimer (1989, 1990, 199D defined 17 seismic sequences, each characterized by a series of channel, levee and associated overbank deposits, along with other mass transport deposits (Figs 16.3 and 16.4). Key seismic facies and lateral relationships are illustrated by sequences 11 and 12 (Figs 16.4–16.10). At the base of 11 sequences are a series of seismic facies consisting of mounded, hummocky, chaotic and subparallel reflections, which constitute 10-20% of the sediments in the sequences (Fig. 16.10). These facies are externally-mounded in cross-section and occur in two general regions of the fan (Fig. 16.10). In the upper and middle fan they occur below channels and are elongated in shape, mimicking the channel’s distribution. In the middle to lower fan they have a fan-shaped distribution, increasing in width downfan. These facies are interpreted to have formed as disorganized slides, debris flows and turbidites, and are informally called ‘mass transport complexes’.
The Importance of Share Repurchases for Corporate Executives, Security Analysts, and Shareholders

Most financial professionals recognize that share repurchases, all other things equal, should increase a firm’s stock price and earnings per share. Our goal is to provide financial executives, investment analysts, and shareholders with a practical understanding of the accounting and financial motivations for and implications of share repurchases. We provide a practical perspective, respecting the previous empirical research that has been conducted on share repurchases. Our contributions are to explain the accounting for share repurchases, simplify the interpretation of repurchases as a dividend, and explain the connection between share repurchases and share prices. As an extension to previous research, we explore the implications of repurchase program uncertainty on share repurchase price. This article should improve financial professionals’, analysts’ and shareholders’ understanding of share repurchases as an increasingly important financial management and valuation tool.
Abstract TP432: Glyco-proteomic Study of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Global Ischemic Brain Injury Post Cardiac Arrest

Background: Global ischemic brain injury post cardiac arrest is prevalent with dismal prognosis -- less than 10% survive to hospital discharge. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is an efficacious neuroprotective treatment, protects against multi-organ damage, doubles the chance of good neurologic outcome and decreases mortality by 25%, but is grossly underutilized ( Methods: Lectin array and various lectin immunoblots were used to study plasma glycosylation patterns of TH patients (n=30; 24 hrs post cardiac arrest) with good vs poor clinical outcome (evaluated at 3 months post event). To identify and enrich candidate plasma proteins with potential clinical utility, specific lectin affinity chromatography and LC-MS/MS were performed. Results: Plasma glycosylation patterns differ dramatically with respect to clinical outcome in TH-treated patients. On screening lectin blots (figure), whereas SBA showed little change, RCA (decreased around 35-100kD - in box) and ConA (increased around 40-150kD - in box) were different in a wide range of MW, and WGA identified unique banding around 100kD (in box) in TH responders. In lectin affinity pull-down, more than 400 specific glycoproteins were identified showing significant changes with respect to TH outcome. Conclusion: A glyco-proteomic approach is promising to help predict neurologic outcome, select TH responders, and triage hypothermic therapy in global ischemic brain injury patients post cardiac arrest. Further studies are under way to investigate these exploratory findings.
Multimodal, multiplex, multispatial: A network model of the self:

Contemporary culture finds human experience spread across various digital and physical spaces. Although many scholars embrace derivative perspectives of a distributed self—dramaturgical, multiphrenic, networked—these notions are seldom engaged as empirically testable theories. This article proposes a theoretical model to foster such empirical examination, in which the “self” is not engaged as a node in broader social networks, but taken as a network itself. That is, the self is reframed as a subjectively experienced network of identities that are, themselves, complex assemblages of many different kinds of objects. In this way, the binaries of me/not-me, human/nonhuman, material/immaterial, and digital/physical are unraveled in favor of more precisely identified interrelated agents giving rise to the Self across digital and physical contexts.
CD10-Positive Hairy Cell Leukemia Involving Multiple Deep Lymph Nodes.

Although rare, hairy cell leukemia (HCL) can be positive for CD10; thus, differential diagnosis of CD10(þ) small mature B-cell lymphoma should expand from follicular lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma to include HCL. Interpretation of immunophenotype revealed by flow cytometry always has to be correlated with cytomorphology to avoid misdiagnosis. Although rare, HCL can involve extramedullary tissues especially lymph nodes; thus, when a fine-needle aspiration is performed on a lymph node, be aware of nodal involvement by HCL. A multimodality approach including clinical presentation, imaging, flow cytometry, and cytomorphologic assessment is needed for working up B-cell lymphoma.
Embracing Crowdsourcing: A Strategy for State and Local Governments Approaching “Whole Community” Emergency Planning

Over the last century, state and local governments have been challenged to keep proactive, emergency planning efforts ahead of the after-the-disaster, response efforts. After moving from decentrali...
Tailored PICA Revascularization for Unusual Ruptured Fusiform Vertebro-PICA Origin Aneurysms: Rationale and Case Illustrations.

Ruptured fusiform aneurysms of the vertebral artery involving posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) origin are difficult to manage without sacrificing PICA. In this report, two very unusual cases are described which highlight different revascularization strategies that may be required. The first case initially appeared to be a small saccular PICA origin aneurysm, but detailed angiography showed a serpentine recanalization of a fusiform aneurysm. This was treated with PICA–PICA anastomosis and trapping of the aneurysm. The second case is a dissecting vertebral aneurysm with both PICA and the anterior spinal artery originating from the dome. PICA was found to be a bihemispheric variant, so no in situ bypass was available, and an occipital artery to PICA bypass was performed. The vertebral artery was occluded proximally only and follow-up angiography showed remodeling of the distal vertebral artery with the anterior spinal artery filling by retrograde flow from the distal vertebral artery. These cases illustrate both the anatomic variability of this region as well as the need to be familiar with multiple treatment strategies including revascularization techniques to be able to successfully treat these aneurysms.
Compartmental analysis of Ca2+ kinetics in long-lasting diaphragm fatigue: loss of t-tubular membrane Ca2+.

An analytic method based on simulation and modeling of long-term 45Ca2+ efflux data was used to estimate Ca2+ contents (nmol Ca2+/g tissue wet wt) and exchange fluxes (nmol Ca2+.min-1.g-1) for extracellular and intracellular compartments in in vitro hamster diaphragm. Three physiological states were studied: control (n = 5), acute fatigue (after repeated tetany; n = 5), and long-lasting fatigue (1-h recovery; n = 5). Experimental muscles were loaded with 45Ca2+ for 1 h, and efflux data were collected for 8 h by use of a flow-through tissue chamber. Induction of acute diaphragm fatigue led to a uniform 200% elevation of the 8-h efflux curve (expressed as dpm.min-1.mg-1) relative to control. Conversely, in long-lasting fatigue the early component of the efflux curve was depressed compared with control, whereas the balance of the curve was restored to baseline. Analysis of control efflux data revealed that the early curve (0-2 h) contained data on two rapidly exchanging extracellular Ca2+ compartments, where...
Asymmetry in the reconstructed deceleration parameter

Abstract We study the orientation dependence of the reconstructed deceleration parameter as a function of redshift. We use the Union 2 and Loss datasets, and the well known preferred axis discussed in the literature, and find the best fit reconstructed deceleration parameter. Our results show that a low redshift transition of the reconstructed q ( z ) is clearly absent in one direction and amazingly sharp in the opposite one. We discuss the possibility that such behavior can be associated to large scale structures affecting the data.
Numerical Solution of Problems which are not Well Posed in the Sense of Hadamardd

Problems in partial differential equations usually require that a solution u of the differential equation is to be determined from certain data f. In a well posed problem in the sense of Hadamard u exists for all f of a certain class C s is uniquely determined by f and depends continuously on f. Well posed problems of this type are presented by the classical initial and boundary value problems of mathematical physics Existence of solutions has been established for rather general classes of such problems Considerable progress has also been made in constructing numerical schemes to approximate solutions: these schemes have to be stable in the sense that they furnish approximations which are represented by operators acting on the data f which are bounded uniformly
Reversal of Bubble Charge in Multivalent Inorganic Salt Solutions -Effect of Aluminum

The charge of bubbles in aqueous solution is important in determining their interactions with particles, droplets, and other bubbles. While bubbles are known to be negatively charged in such media as water and sodium chloride solutions, they are found here to exhibit unusual positive surface charge characteristics in solutions of trivalent aluminum cations. Analysis of the results indicates that the reversal of bubble charge can be attributed to specific adsorption of Al+3 and its hydroxo complexes at the gas-liquid interface in the low pH range and to precipitation of aluminum hydroxide in the intermediate pH range.
RF Photonic Link With an MQW Phase Modulator Transmitter and an ACP-OPLL Receiver

A phase modulated (PM) RF photonic link with a multiple quantum well (MQW) phase modulator transmitter and an attenuating-counter-propagating optical phase lock loop (ACP-OPLL) receiver photonic IC is presented. The nonlinearity of the MQW phase modulator was used to cancel the residual nonlinear distortions of the ACP-OPLL receiver. This enables the demonstration of the highest dynamic range performance among the PM RF photonic links.
Neutron scattering from 208Pb

Elastic scattering of 7, 9, 11, 20 and 26 MeV neutrons from 208Pb has been measured with the Ohio University Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. Standard pulsed beam time-of-flight techniques were employed. Measurements of the incident flux at 0° were used to normalize the differential cross sections. The measured cross sections were corrected for dead time, detector efficiency, flux attenuation, multiple scattering, finite geometry, neutron source anisotropy and compound elastic contribution. Relative uncertainties are estimated to be between 5%–10% and the uncertainty in the normalization is estimated to be less than 5 %. The data were used to obtain neutron optical potential parameters. A comparison with proton optical parameters is presented, and the (p, n) quasi-elastic cross section is calculated and compared with available data. Deformation parameters for the 3− state (Q = −2.615 MeV) and 5ā (Q = −3.198 MeV) in 208Pb were obtained at incident energies of 11 and 26 MeV.
Mixed models, linear dependency, and identification in age-period-cohort models

This paper examines the identification problem in age-period-cohort models that use either linear or categorically coded ages, periods, and cohorts or combinations of these parameterizations. These models are not identified using the traditional fixed effect regression model approach because of a linear dependency between the ages, periods, and cohorts. However, these models can be identified if the researcher introduces a single just identifying constraint on the model coefficients. The problem with such constraints is that the results can differ substantially depending on the constraint chosen. Somewhat surprisingly, age-period-cohort models that specify one or more of ages and/or periods and/or cohorts as random effects are identified. This is the case without introducing an additional constraint. I label this identification as statistical model identification and show how statistical model identification comes about in mixed models and why which effects are treated as fixed and which are treated as random can substantially change the estimates of the age, period, and cohort effects. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comprehensive Choosing Wisely quality improvement initiative reduces unnecessary transfusions in an Academic Department of Surgery.

Abstract Background We implemented a comprehensive Choosing Wisely initiative to reduce unnecessary transfusions in an Academic Department of Surgery. Methods We conducted a survey- and lecture-based educational intervention to increase awareness about published transfusion guidelines. Monthly transfusion reports were subsequently distributed to all faculty, fellows, residents, and mid-level practitioners. Blood utilization measures were compared pre- vs. post-intervention to assess effectiveness. Results 7994 blood product orders (5388 pre-intervention, 2606 post-intervention) were placed (07/2014-06/2016). Red blood cell (RBC) (45% vs. 55%; P Conclusions Implementation of a comprehensive Choosing Wisely campaign targeting individual providers at all levels significantly improved transfusion practices and decreased costs within the Department of Surgery.