cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freezing-thawing and sub-sampling influence the marination performance of chicken breast meat.

Abstract Vacuum-tumbling marination is often used to improve the yield and quality of whole or portioned broiler breast fillets. The relationship between the marination performance of whole Pectoralis major muscles and breast fillet sub-samples is not well understood. The objective was to determine the effects of sub-sampling and freezing-thawing on the marination performance and cook loss of broiler breast meat. Paired right and left breast fillets were marinated as whole fillets or sub-samples (cranial and mid-caudal portions). Samples were marinated at 48 h postmortem (fresh) or stored at −20°C and then thawed prior to marination (frozen-thawed). Samples were vacuum-tumbled in 20% wt/wt brine (5% NaCl, 3% STP) and weighed pre-marination, during marination (15, 30, and 45 min), and 24 h post-marination. Samples were then cooked to 75°C for determination of cook loss. Marinade uptake was greater in caudal sub-samples than intact fillets and cranial sub-samples after 15 min of marination (P
Improving Library Instruction in Marketing Research: A Model

At the University of Arizona, four class sessions on library instruction are integrated into a graduate marketing research course. In addition to general research strategies, secondary sources and online databases are taught. Teams of students complete assignments, culminating in a marketing report on an industry. Students evaluate the experience.
ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY - SOME DATA CENTERS AND COMPILATIONS

The operation and current work of the NBS Atomic Energy Levels Data Center is reviewed briefly, and some of the other activities of this type, at NBS and elsewhere, are noted. The data include atomic wavelengths, energy levels, transition probabilities and line shapes and shifts, and gas laser transition data. References to some recent and forthcoming compilations of atomic spectral data are included.
Collaborative Adaptive Rangeland Management Fosters Management-Science Partnerships

Abstract Rangelands of the western Great Plains of North America are complex social-ecological systems where management objectives for livestock production, grassland bird conservation, and vegetation structure and composition converge. The Collaborative Adaptive Rangeland Management (CARM) experiment is a 10-year collaborative adaptive management (CAM) project initiated in 2012 that is aimed at fostering science-management partnerships and data-driven rangeland management through a participatory, multistakeholder approach. This study evaluates the decision-making process that emerged from the first 4 yr of CARM. Our objectives were to 1) document how diverse stakeholder experiences, epistemologies, and resulting knowledge contributed to the CARM project, 2) evaluate how coproduced knowledge informed management decision making through three grazing seasons, and 3) explore the implications of participation in the CARM project for rangeland stakeholders. We evaluated management decision making as representatives from government agencies and conservation nongovernmental organizations, ranchers, and interdisciplinary researchers worked within the CARM experiment to 1) prioritize desired ecosystem services; 2) determine objectives; 3) set stocking rates, criteria for livestock movement among pastures, and vegetation treatments; and 4) select monitoring techniques that would inform decision making. For this paper, we analyzed meeting transcripts, interviews, and focus group data related to stakeholder group decision making. We find two key lessons from the CARM project. First, the CAM process makes visible, but does not reconcile differences between, stakeholder experiences and ways of knowing about complex rangeland systems. Second, social learning in CAM is contingent on the development of trust among stakeholder and researcher groups. We suggest future CAM efforts should 1) make direct efforts to share and acknowledge managers’ different rangeland management experiences, epistemologies, and knowledge and 2) involve long-term research commitment in time and funding to social, as well as experimental, processes that promote trust building among stakeholders and researchers over time.
Clinic-Based Mobile Health Decision Support to Enhance Adult Epilepsy Self-Management: An Intervention Mapping Approach.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder involving recurrent seizures. It affects approximately 5 million people in the U.S. To optimize their quality of life people with epilepsy are encouraged to engage in self-management behaviors. These include managing their treatment (e.g., adhering to anti-seizure medication and clinical visit schedules), managing their seizures (e.g., responding to seizure episodes), managing their safety (e.g., monitoring and avoiding environmental seizure triggers), and managing their co-morbid conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression). The clinic-based Management Information Decision Support Epilepsy Tool (MINDSET) is a decision-support system founded on theory and empirical evidence. It is designed to increase awareness by adult patients (≥ 18 years) and their health care provider regarding the patient's epilepsy self-management behaviors, facilitate communication during the clinic visit to prioritize self-management goals and strategies commensurate with the patient's needs, and increase the patient's self-efficacy to achieve those goals. Methods: The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of Intervention Mapping (IM) to develop, implement, and formatively evaluate the clinic-based MINDSET prototype and in developing implementation and evaluation plans. Deliverables comprised a logic model of the problem (IM Step 1); matrices of program objectives (IM Step 2); a program planning document comprising scope, sequence, theory-based methods, and practical strategies (IM Step 3); a functional MINDSET program prototype (IM Step 4); and plans for implementation (IM Step 5); and evaluation (IM Step 6). IM provided a logical and systematic approach to developing and evaluating clinic-based decision support toward epilepsy self-management.
Plasma estriol and its conjugates following oral and vaginal administration of estriol to postmenopausal women: Correlations with gonadotropin levels

A study was designed to compared the metabolic fate and the biologic effects of 4 mg of estriol (E3) administered either orally or vaginally to six postmenopausal women. Blood samples were collected every hour for 6 hours and five different estriol fractions as well as gonadotropins were measured. Vaginal E3 administration resulted in a decline of 45% in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and 17% in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels at 6 hours after treatment (p < 0.05). In contrast, the administration of 4 mg of E3 orally did not produce a decline of LH and FSH, despite the fact that the serum levels of E3-3-sulfate, E3-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate, estriol-3-glucosiduronate, and estriol-16-glucosiduronate were all fourfold to 24-fold higher after oral administration than after vaginal estriol administration. However, since the levels of unconjugated E3 were higher after the vaginal than after the oral administration of estriol, we conclude that only unconjugated E3 suppresses gonadotropins.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Present, and Future

Although dementia has been described in ancient texts over many centuries (e.g., "Be kind to your father, even if his mind fail him." - Old Testament: Sirach 3:12), our knowledge of its underlying causes is little more than a century old. Alzheimer published his now famous case study only 110 years ago, and our modern understanding of the disease that bears his name, and its neuropsychological consequences, really only began to accelerate in the 1980s. Since then we have witnessed an explosion of basic and translational research into the causes, characterizations, and possible treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. We review this lineage of work beginning with Alzheimer's own writings and drawings, then jump to the modern era beginning in the 1970s and early 1980s and provide a sampling of neuropsychological and other contextual work from each ensuing decade. During the 1980s our field began its foundational studies of profiling the neuropsychological deficits associated with AD and its differentiation from other dementias (e.g., cortical vs. subcortical dementias). The 1990s continued these efforts and began to identify the specific cognitive mechanisms affected by various neuropathologic substrates. The 2000s ushered in a focus on the study of prodromal stages of neurodegenerative disease before the full-blown dementia syndrome (i.e., mild cognitive impairment). The current decade has seen the rise of imaging and other biomarkers to characterize preclinical disease before the development of significant cognitive decline. Finally, we suggest future directions and predictions for dementia-related research and potential therapeutic interventions. (JINS, 2017, 23, 818-831).
Structural Characterization of Loblolly Pine Derived Biochar by X-ray Diffraction and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Biochar from lignocellulosic biomass is emerging as a sustainable material with versatile applications, but its detailed properties are poorly understood because of its structural complexity. We propose a biochar structural development model based on experimental results including composition analysis, surface area and pore analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy imaging, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Loblolly pine derived biochars were produced at different carbonization temperatures between 300 to 1000 °C. Fixed carbon, sp2 content, and number of graphene layers increased with increased carbonization temperature. Alternating average C–C bond length, interlayer spacing distance, and layer coherence length were observed. Bulk plasmon excitation energy was correlated to the average C–C bond length, and it serves as a good indicator of the carbon structure development when compared to the perfect graphitic carbon structure. On the basis of the experimental results, four different ...
Demonstrations of Magnetism and Oxidation by Combustion of Iron Supplement Tablets

Iron supplement tablets containing iron(II) sulfate can be used in chemistry demonstrations as a convenient, household source of small quantities of iron(II) ions. When the tablet is burned in air, oxygen converts the iron(II) in the tablet ultimately to iron(III) oxide in the hematite phase. Heating pure iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate also produces hematite. However, for the tablet, and for mixtures of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate and starch, other iron oxide species such as magnetite and maghemite are produced before complete conversion to hematite. The presence of the starch, and cellulose in the tablets, appears to slow the oxidation of the iron(II). Magnetite and maghemite can be captured, observed by X-ray diffraction, and are much more strongly attracted to a magnet than hematite. The changes in color and magnetic susceptibility during iron supplement tablet combustion enable it to be used as an interesting demonstration of oxidation.
A synthetic shunt for piezoelectric-based state switching

Piezoelectric-based state switching selectively switches between available stiffness states. Some state switching methods require switching from a high- to low-stiffness state at points in the vibration cycle of non-zero strain, resulting in a rapid dissipation of the stored piezoelectric voltage, and a corresponding rapid variation in the system stiffness. This manner of switching induces high-frequency, large-amplitude mechanical transients that are unavoidable and is analogous to an impact, where increasing the switch duration reduces the range of modes excited. Recent develops show that controlling the duration of the voltage dissipation by means of a resistor in the shunt circuit significantly reduces these induced transients; however, incorporating a resistor in the shunt can introduce damping which may be undesirable, depending on the application. As such, this paper numerically investigates an alternate method of controlling the duration of the switch via a variable capacitance shunt.
Monolithically Integrated Holmium Lasers on Silicon Chips

We demonstrate holmium-doped DFB lasers monolithically integrated on silicon. Single mode lasing at wavelength from 2.02 to 2.10 μm with 15 mW maximum output power are reported. This work extends silicon-photonic microsystems beyond 2 μm.
A Dubious Grail: Seeking Tort Law Expansion and Limited Personhood as Stepping Stones Toward Abolishing Animals' Property Status

Some grails are sought one piece at a time. The holy grail for many animal rights activists is abolishing animals' property status. This is an ambition befitting mythical grail status in its level of difficulty given current societal mores and values. It is too inconsistent with our strongly rooted societal paradigm to afford any hope of realization in the near future. Thus, rather than expecting to capture the grail in the short term, many animal rights legal advocates are seeking more manageable steps that may someday lead to the elimination or modification of property status. This article critiques such efforts, specifically focusing on two potential stepping stones that may be perceived as particularly desirable for animal rights activists: seeking limited personhood for intelligent species of animals, such as chimpanzees; and the possible expansion of tort law to provide animals standing as plaintiffs whose interests are represented by court-appointed humans.
From Statistics to Circuits: Foundations for Future Physical Unclonable Functions

Identity is an essential ingredient in secure protocols. Indeed, if we can no longer distinguish Alice from Bob, there is no point in doing a key exchange or in verifying their signatures. A human Alice and a human Bob identify one another based on looks, voice, or gestures.
Bayesian inference with efficient neural population codes

The accuracy with which the brain can infer the value of a stimulus variable depends on both the amount of stimulus information that is represented in sensory neurons (encoding) and the mechanism by which this information is subsequently retrieved from the responses of these neurons (decoding). Previous studies have mainly focused on either the encoding or the decoding aspect. Here, we present a new framework that functionally links the two. More specifically, we demonstrate that optimal (efficient) population codes which guarantee uniform firing rate distributions allow the accurate emulation of optimal (Bayesian) inference using a biophysically plausible neural mechanism. The framework provides predictions for estimation bias and variability as a function of stimulus prior, strength and integration time, as well as physiological parameters such as tuning curves and spontaneous firing rates. Our framework represents an example of the duality between representation and computation in neural information processing.
Design of a Fast Dynamic On-Resistance Measurement Circuit for GaN Power HEMTs

Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices are becoming an attractive option in industry to achieve high-power-density and high-efficiency converter design. However, the dynamic on-resistance of GaN devices still remains a major concern. In this paper, a new dynamic on-resistance measurement circuit is proposed for fast-switching GaN power HEMTs. Simple circuit design, fast sensing speed, and accurate measurement can be realized with exclusively passive components. Compared with existing circuits, detailed component selection guidelines to realize fast sensing speed is discussed considering the switching transients. Simulation results show an accurate tracking of on-resistance in 48.3 ns after the drain current reaches the load current in the turn-on process. The proposed circuit is implemented in a double-pulse test for a 650 V GaN device. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed circuit can work effectively at various gate resistance, dc-link voltage and load current. At 300 V/15 A turn-on process with R g,on = 20 Ω, the circuit can accurately obtain the dynamic on-state voltage within 49.6 ns after the load current is reached. Under the same switching condition with R g,on = 0 Ω, a faster sensing speed is achieved, and the circuit is able to track the dynamic on-resistance in 47.6 ns after the drain current starts to rise.
Frequent and Biased Odorant Receptor (OR) Re-Selection in an Olfactory Placode-Derived Cell Line

We previously characterized a clonal olfactory placode-derived cell line (OP6) as a model system for studying odorant receptor (OR) choice, where individual OP6 cells, similar to olfactory sensory neurons in vivo, transcribe one allele (“monoallelic”) of one OR gene (“monogenic”). The OP6 cell line provides a unique opportunity to investigate intrinsic properties of OR regulation that cannot easily be investigated in vivo. First, whereas OR-expressing cells in vivo are post-mitotic, OP6 cells are immortalized, raising interesting questions about the stability of epigenetic states associated with OR selection/silencing as OP6 cells progress through the cell cycle. Second, OP6 cells have been isolated away from extrinsic developmental cues, and therefore, any long-term OR selection biases are likely to arise from intrinsic epigenetic states that persist in the absence of developmental context. In this study, we investigated OR re-selection frequency and selection biases within clonal OP6 cell populations. We found no evidence of OR stability through the cell cycle: our results were most consistent with OR re-selection events transpiring at least once per cell division, suggesting that chromatin states associated with OR selection in this system might not be maintained in the subsequent generation. In contrast, we found strong evidence for OR selection biases maintained over prolonged culturing across a diverse set of OP6 cell lineages, suggesting the persistence of intrinsic epigenetic states that advantage some OR loci over others. Together, our data suggest that in the absence of instructive cues, intrinsic epigenetic states influencing OR eligibility, but not those determining OR choice, might persist through the cell cycle.
Qualitative investigation of the role of quality in online community support for people living with HIV and AIDS

AbstractThis research advances a new P2PSNSQual model, a peer-to-peer (P2P) social networking site quality construct. This study derived its theoretical background from SNSQUAL, a social networking quality model, and qualitatively confirmed that two independent dimensions -- perceived usefulness and information quality -- influence the quality of P2P support groups on social media and continued user engagement. For people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA), this study determined that perceived usefulness is based on five dimensions identified here: reduced felt stigma, reinforced safe space, critical life line, perceived social support, perceived material support. Information quality is determined for PLHA users by the availability of information critical to PLHA, access to which is facilitated by a social media-based health intervention. This study contributes to information systems (IS) research and practice by: 1) introducing a new quality construct, P2PSNS quality; 2) recognizing six required dimensions ...
The Trafficking Continuum: Service Providers’ Perspectives on Vulnerability, Exploitation, and Trafficking

Much of the research on human trafficking focuses on the prosecution of traffickers and protection of survivors after the crime has occurred. Less is known about the social disparities that make so...
Unsteady Model Estimation for Generic T-Tail Transport Aircraft Using Computational Data

Models including nonlinear and unsteady behaviors are developed for the longitudinal axis of the NASA Generic T-Tail Aircraft over a large range of angle of attack. These models are based on computational simulations of forced-oscillation tests in a wind tunnel. This work continues a recent study and an ongoing effort by NASA to improve aircraft simulations for pilot training in loss-of-control and stalled conditions. The objective of this work is to develop appropriate aerodynamic models that provide representative responses in simulation for a given class of aircraft. In the stall region, nonlinear unsteady responses are often present and may require an extended aerodynamic model compared to that used in the conventional flight envelope. In this study, two objectives are addressed. The first is to obtain representative models for the NASA Generic T-Tail aircraft over a wide range of angle of attack and the second is to continue development of a specialized CFD test technique that uses Schroeder sweeps to create information rich responses for unsteady aerodynamic model identification.
Effective Stress Theory of Soil Compaction

The application of a compaction pressure to an unsaturated soil results in the development of shearing stresses at the points of contact between soil particles until the contacts fail. The particles then slide over one another with an increase in density. The compaction characteristics of soil are thus controlled by the shearing resistance of these contacts. The shearing strength is a function of the effective normal stress. When the compaction pressure is applied to a dry soil, the effective stress is approximately equal to the total stress, because the χ-coefficient is small. The addition of water increases the degree of saturation and increases the pore pressures, thus weakening the soil. Hence, the soil deforms more under stress, and higher densities result. The density must increase during compaction until the total stress, the pore-air pressure, and the pore-water pressure combine to give the required effective stresses. The theory is qualitative because little is known of the dynamic stress-strain properties of unsaturated soils.
Perceptions of Infidelity: A Comparison of Sexual, Emotional, Cyber-, and Parasocial Behaviors

Previous research indicates that extradyadic sexual behaviors and other behaviors including emotional infidelity, pornography use, and online infidelity are considered to be acts of betrayal. However, perceptions of infidelity occurring through social media and of romantic parasocial relationships (one-sided romantic attachments formed with media figures) have not been well researched. In two exploratory studies, I examined a) the extent to which participants rated parasocial, sexual, emotional, and social media behaviors as infidelity, and b) how hurtful these behaviors would be if a partner were to enact them. I also examined how often participants reported having been negatively affected by their partner’s parasocial romances. Results indicate that activities such as sexting and sexy Snapchatting are perceived similarly to both cybersex and physical sexual infidelity, and that parasocial infidelity is seen similarly to pornography use. These similarities apply to whether the acts are seen as infidelity, and in terms of the emotional pain the acts may cause. These results indicate that extradyadic social media and parasocial behaviors can be negatively perceived, and may be likely to negatively affect real-life romantic relationships.
A Radical Reexamination of the Association Between Pathological Lying and Factitious Disorder.

Pathological lying (also known as pseudologia fantastica or phantastica ) has been associated with Munchausen syndrome since 1951 when Asher first coined the term Munchausen syndrome.[1][1] The association was concretized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (
Upcoding of hospital admissions in Medicare Part A: Not a Significant issue Now

A relatively small but influential economics literature is devoted to financial abuse in Medicare. Much of that literature focuses on upcoding/no upcoding for inpatient hospital care in Medicare Part A, where reimbursements requested are greater/the same as justified by the cost of care provided. Analysis of Medicare claims data from 1985 – 1996 suggested that upcoding was a substantial issue. We used a different approach to examine this issue from 2011 – 2019, analyzing audit data from the Comprehensive Error Rate Testing program (CERT). Upcoding represented less than 0.5% of all Medicare fee-for-service reimbursements, a small fraction of improper bills for hospitalization, and was not significantly correlated with diagnosis related group (DRG) weights. Audit data does not discriminate between intentional (fraudulent) and unintentional upcoding. We therefore used Office of the Inspector General reports, showing that of all cases successfully prosecuted for healthcare fraud from 2013 – 2019, only 0.39% were for upcoding of hospital admissions, or 7.2% of all prosecutions for hospitals. Other forms of improper billing/fraud constituted more than 90% of all cases, both for hospital admissions and for Medicare Part B, paid on a fee-for-service basis.
Is Facebook Easier to Use than WeChat?: A Critical Comparative Analysis of Interface Features of WeChat and Facebook

Given the dominant role that Facebook and WeChat play in their respective contexts, researchers have explored users’ behavior and uses of these two globally leading social networking sites (SNSs). However, there is scant research comparing the interface features of these two SNSs and their contextual interactions within and across cultures. Utilizing Sun's “culturally localized user experience” (CLUE) framework [27, 28], this study employs critical data analysis to investigate the defining interface features of Facebook and WeChat in four sections of moments/status, official accounts, digital currency, and group chat. Our study expands the understanding of cultural considerations in interface design and encourages factoring contextualized use of technology and the sociological approach to interface design. The findings reveal cultural and local differences are the driving force for the unique interface features of the two SNSs and highlight “glocalization” (mixing forces into local elements) in SNS design [27].
HIVinfo and ClinicalInfo

HIVinfo and ClincalInfo are useful resources for both health-care professionals and consumers to use in better understanding one of the biggest health care challenges of the late twentieth century ...
Abstract MP75: Characterization of Physical Activity Patterns From Mid-Life to Older Adulthood: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: Lack of physical activity is associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Studies that characterize patterns of change in physical activity from mid- to late-life are limited. Objectives: To examine variation in physical activity patterns from mid-life to older adulthood in a large, population-based cohort by socio-demographic and cardiovascular factors. Methods: The study population included 5,627 (58% female, 21% African American, mean age at visit 1: 52 years) ARIC participants who completed a modified Baecke physical activity questionnaire at visits 1 (1987-1989), 3 (1993-1995), and 5 (2011-2013). Using the reported type, duration (hours/week), and frequency (months/year) of up to four leisure activities over the past year, estimates of average min/wk spent on moderate to vigorous intensity activities (MVPA) were computed. The AHA “Life’s Simple 7” physical activity recommendations for adults were applied: Poor (0 min/wk MVPA), Intermediate (1-74 min/wk vigorous or 1-149 min/wk ...
Lessons from a standardized program using PET–CT to avoid neck dissection after primary radiotherapy for N2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx

Summary Objectives To report the results of a standardized program using positron emission tomography (PET)–computed tomography (CT) approximately 12 weeks after primary radiotherapy to determine the need for a planned neck dissection in patients with radiographic N2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx. Methods Fifty consecutive patients with T1–4 and hemineck radiographic stage N2A–B SCC of the oropharynx for whom the only indication for planned neck dissection was a positive PET–CT performed ∼12 weeks after completing primary treatment with radiotherapy. Results Results of PET–CT to identify residual neck disease were as follows: sensitivity and positive predictive value, 0%; specificity, 89%; negative predictive value, 91%; potential neck recurrence from using this 12-week PET–CT program, 2%. The time between negative PET–CT and detection of neck recurrence was 0.5, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.0 years. The rate of successful (>1 year) salvage of neck recurrence was 25% (1/4). Conclusions PET–CT approximately 12 weeks after radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer is an excellent way to identify patients who do not need neck dissection. Approximately half of neck recurrences present over 1 year after negative PET–CT and the chance of successful salvage is low.
Reducing the Monopole Abundance

When a typical grand unified theory (GUT) is considered in the context of standard cosmology, one is led immediately to the conclusion that far too many magnetic monopoles would have been produced in the very early history of the universe.1,2 In this talk I will discuss two possible mechanisms which might suppress monopole production. The first is the idea of a high temperature superconductor, as proposed by Langacker and Pi.3 The second is the inflationary universe.4,5,6 Befitting my biases, I will devote most of my time to the latter.
Design issues of a novel toolkit for parallel application performance monitoring and analysis in cluster and grid environments

The low-cost and availability of network of workstations have made them attractive solution for high performance computing. Striking progress of network technology in enabling high-performance global computing, with the utilization of cluster and grid technologies, in which computational and data resources in a local or wide area network are transparently employed to solve large-scale problems. In this paper, we present implementation and design rationale of Visuel toolkit for performance measurement and analysis of parallel applications, in cluster and grid environments. Most of performance visualization tools available today for high-performance platforms show solely system performance data (e.g., CPU load, memory usage, network bandwidth, server average load), and thus, being suitable for visualisation of computing platform system activities. The Visuel toolkit, is Web-based interface designed to show performance activities of all computing nodes of a cluster or grid computing platform involved in the execution of a parallel application, such as CPU load level and memory usage of each computing node. In addition, this toolkit is able to display comparative performance data visualizations generated from a number of executions of an application under investigation, analyzing the performance of different implementations. Evaluations using this toolkit show that it outperforms in easing the process of investigation and implementation of parallel applications, in effective way.
Oral Reading Behaviors in the Learning Disabled.

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to find out if there were differences between the linguistic cue use of thirty-six learning disabled children and that of forty-three normal children. Participants, after proceeding through a three-step process designed to equate error rate, read orally a version of a story written at eight levels of difficulty. The learning disabled children made proportionally more errors that marred sentence meaning and they did not correct serious meaning-change errors as much as control readers. By contrast, they used phonic cues more frequently than (but proportionally equal to) the normal children. These findings suggest that some learning disabled children may benefit from help in the use of context as a word recognition strategy.
Abstract 439: Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 promotes skin carcinogenesis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Mitochondrial uncoupling uncouples mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. There are five uncoupling proteins (UCPs), UCP2 is ubiquitous expressed and plays an important role in the reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism. However, little is known about at what stage of cancer development mitochondrial uncoupling occurs and what the role of UCP2 in cancer etiology. We will try to address these puzzles in present study. The well-established chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis mouse model was used and UCP2 wide-type (WT) and homozygous knockout (KO) mice were added to this study as direct evidence for the role of UCP2 during skin carcinogenesis. After forty-week treatment with chemical carcinogens, the incidence of papillomas in WT and KO TPA mice was 92.3% and 77.8%, respectively; and tumor multiplicity was 2.6 and 1.3, respectively. The incidence of carcinomas in WT and KO TPA treatment was 76.9% and 22.2%, respectively, and tumor multiplicity was 0.9 and 0.2, respectively. We next detected how the mitochondrial function and ATP generation would be changed in this model. UCP2 knockout slightly increased oxygen consumption compared with WT, whereas tumor promoter treatment suppressed oxygen consumption in both UCP2 KO and WT group. As for ATP generation, there was no significant change between WT and KO, or between vehicle and tumor promoter treatment. We next examined the mechanisms of tumor promotion by mitochondrial uncoupling by overexpressing UCP2 in JB6 P+ cells, which are the only characterized skin cell model to study tumor promotion. Anchorage-independent growth assay was performed and the results showed that overexpression of UCP2 enhanced colony formation in response to tumor promoter treatment. In addition, overexpression of UCP2 induced the upregulation of the oncoprotein Fra-1 whereas inhibited the increase in p53 expression. In summary, this study will add new knowledge to the understanding of the role of mitochondrial uncoupling in cancer etiology, and many help design a mitochondrial uncoupling-targeted approach for the suppression of cancer development. Citation Format: Wenjuan Li, Chunjing Zhang, Runhua Shi, Xin Gu, Yunfeng Zhao. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 promotes skin carcinogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 439. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-439
Evaluation of scan registration algorithm in cardiac imaging with SPECT/CT

2804 Objectives To evaluate the effects of a quality control step in cardiac perfusion imaging in which a scan registration algorithm is used to identify and correct misregistration between the CT transmission map and the emission images. Methods SPECT Rest/Stress images were acquired with electrocardiogram-gating. The nuclear medicine and CT images were then reconstructed, followed by a quality control step to ensure proper alignment of the data sets. The two data sets were overlaid in axial, coronal, and sagittal views with the option to realign the emission and CT scans. Once the fused images were properly registered, attenuation correction was performed. The images were processed with and without applying the scan registration algorithm to compare the effects. Results Studies which were reprocessed without adjusting the fused images showed a decrease in blood flow to the inferior wall. The appearance of decreased blood flow may have resulted in positive findings. In some studies, there was high uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the bowel causing the algorithm to overcorrect. Conclusions Applying the scan registration algorithm to the images showed an improvement in image quality and accuracy of coronary artery disease detection. Applying this algorithm to the images prevents many false positives and therefore prevents many patients from unnecessary cardiac catheterizations. Therefore, motion correction is a notable advancement in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging and has improved the assessment of cardiac patients
Nonbiological Sequence-Specific Oligomers by Repetitive Syntheses

The sections in this article are Introduction Bridging the Gap from Small Molecules to Macromolecules: A Brief Historical Sketch Overview of Synthetic Strategies Repetitive Oligomer Syntheses Oligomerizations Based on Carbon-Carbon Bond Constructions Oligomerizations Based on Heteroatom Bond Constructions Architectures Derived from Sequence-Specific Oligomers Conclusions
Charge Equilibration Force Fields for Lipid Environments: Applications to Fully Hydrated DPPC Bilayers and DMPC-Embedded Gramicidin A

Polarizable force fields for lipid and solvent environments are used for molecular dynamics simulations of a fully hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer and gramicidin A (gA) dimer embedded in a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer. The lipid bilayer is modeled using the CHARMM charge equilibration (CHEQ) polarizable force field for lipids and the TIP4P-FQ force field to represent solvent. For the DPPC bilayer system, results are compared to the same system simulated using the nonpolarizable CHARMM27r (C27r) force field and TIP3P water. Calculated atomic and electron density profiles, head group orientations as measured by the phosphorus−nitrogen vector orientation, and deuterium order parameters are found to be consistent with previous simulations and with experiment. The CHEQ model exhibits greater water penetration into the bilayer interior, as demonstrated by the potential of mean force calculated from the water density profile. This is a result of the variation of the water ...
Experimental measurements of some Ar II transition probabilities and a comparison of published values.

Argon II line transition probabilities, observing UV spectral region, upper energy levels and temperature differences
Primary CNS lymphoma

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) affects all age groups with a peak incidence in the fifth to seventh decades in non-AIDS patients. A slight male predominance is observed. The disease represents 2.6% of all primary brain tumors and 2–3% of NHLs [1, 53]. After a threefold rise observed between 1970 and 1990, the incidence of PCNSL has increased only slightly in the past 10 years in individuals above the age of 60, and now stands at 0.44/100,000 patient-years [1, 71]. With all forms of PCNSL, an occult systemic lymphoma is seldom found. Fewer than 10% of PCNSL patients present with brain and systemic lymphoma [85], and a similar percentage develop systemic disease after brain involvement.
Separation and Detection of Intact Noncovalent Protein Complexes from Mixtures by On-Line Capillary Isoelectric Focusing-Mass Spectrometry

Separation and mass spectrometric analysis of intact noncovalent protein−protein complexes from mixtures is described. Protein complexes were separated using isoelectric focusing in a capillary under native conditions. During the mobilization, molecular masses of the intact complexes were measured on-line (as they emerged from the capillary) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. An FTICR “in-trap” ion cleanup procedure was necessary for some complexes to reduce high levels of adduction and to obtain accurate molecular mass measurements. Optimization of the conditions for analysis of different intact complexes is discussed. We have shown that either the intact noncovalent complexes or their constituent protein subunits can be detected by variation of sheath liquid (i.e., NH4OAc vs HOAc) added at the electrospray−mass spectrometer interface. Thus, two successive experiments permit a fast and efficient characterization of intact complex stoichiometry, the individual compl...
Efficient implementation of essentially non-oscillatory shock-capturing schemes,II

In this paper we extend our earlier work on the efficient implementation of ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) shock-capturing schemes. We provide a new simplified expression for the ENO construction procedure based again on numerical fluxes rather than cell-averages. We also consider two improvements which we label ENO-LLF (local Lax-Friedrichs) and ENO-Roe, which yield sharper shock transitions, improved overall accuracy, for lower computational cost than previous implementation of the ENO schemes. Two methods of sharpening contact discontinuities-the subcell resolution idea of Harten and the artificial compression idea of Yang, which those authors originally used in the cell average framework-are applied to the current ENO schemes using numerical fluxes and TVD Runge-Kutta time discretizations. The implementation for nonlinear systems and multi-dimensions is given. Finally, many numerical examples, including a compressible shock turbulence interaction flow calculation, are presented.
Documentation of Nonroutine Communications of Critical or Significant Radiology Results: A Multiyear Experience at a Tertiary Hospital

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of radiology reports that contain nonroutine communications of results and categorize the urgency of such communications. Methods A rule-based text-query algorithm was applied to a database of 2.3 million radiology reports, which has an accuracy of 98% for classifying reports containing documentation of communications. The frequency of such communications by year, modality, and study type was then determined. Finally, 200 random reports selected by the algorithm were analyzed, and reports containing critical results were categorized according to ascending levels of urgency. Results Critical or noncritical results to health care providers were present in 5.09% of radiology reports (116,184 of 2,282,923). For common modalities, documentation of communications were most frequent in CT (14.34% [57,537 of 402,060]), followed by ultrasound (9.55% [17,814 of 186,626]), MRI (5.50% [13,697 of 248,833]), and chest radiography (1.57% [19,840 of 1,262,925]). From 1997 to 2005, there was an increase in reports containing such communications (3.04% in 1997, 6.82% in 2005). More reports contained nonroutine communications in single-view chest radiography (1.29% [5,533 of 428,377]) than frontal/lateral chest radiography (0.80% [1,815 of 226,837]), diagnostic mammography (9.42% [3,662 of 38,877]) than screening mammography (0.47% [289 of 61,114]), and head CT (26.21% [20,963 of 79,985]) than abdominal CT (15.05% [19,871 of 132,034]) or chest CT (5.33% [3,017 of 56,613]). All of these results were statistically significant ( P Conclusions From 1997 to 2005, there was a significant increase in documentation of nonroutine communications, which may be due to increasing compliance with ACR guidelines. Most reports with nonroutine communications contain critical findings.
Relationship between Salt-Bridge Identity and 14-Helix Stability of β3-Peptides in Aqueous Buffer

We report a systematic analysis of the relationship between salt bridge composition and 14-helix structure within a family of model β-peptides in aqueous buffer. We find an inverse relationship between side-chain length and the extent of 14-helix structure as judged by CD. Introduction of a stabilizing salt bridge pair within a previously reported β-peptide ligand for hDM2 led to changes in structure that were detectable by NMR.
Trypanosoma cruzi: explant organ cultures from mice with chronic Chagas' disease.

Abstract Explants of 13 different organs obtained from C3H/HEN, Swiss-Webster, and C57B1/6 mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) were cocultivated with mouse embryo fibroblasts to determine the organs that contain T. cruzi during the chronic infection. Explant cultures frequently yielded T. cruzi as late as 12 months after infection. Spleen and skeletal muscle were most frequently positive; heart cultures were rarely positive in any mouse strain. C3H/HEN mice had significantly more cultures positive than Swiss-Webster mice, as expected from relative susceptibility of C3H/HEN mice to acute infection. In contrast, C57B1/6 mice, relatively resistant to acute infection, had significantly more cultures positive at 12 months of infection than Swiss-Webster mice. Also, C57B1/6 mice had a significant increase in the number of positive cultures at 12 months of infection compared to 6 months of infection. These results show that organisms can be recovered routinely from some tissues during the chronic infection, that murine susceptibility to infection should differentiate between acute and chronic infection, and that C57B1/6 mice may lose control of infection during the chronic infection.
Analysis of a Bonded Joint in a Composite Tube Subjected to Torsion

The stress state in the bonded joint region of a laminated composite tube subjected to torsional and hygrothermal loadings is analyzed. A finite ele ment solution technique is utilized. The composi...
Enhanced acetone-butanol fermentation using repeated fed-batch operation coupled with cell recycle by membrane and simultaneous removal of inhibitory products by adsorption.

A novel acetone-butanol production process was developed which integrates a repeated fed-batch fermentation with continuous product removal and cell recycle. The inhibitory product concentrations of the fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum were reduced by the simultaneous extraction process using polyvinylpyridine (PVP) as an adsorbent. Because of the reduced inhibition effect, a higher specific cell growth rate and thus a higher product formation rate was achieved. The cell recycle using membrane separation increased the total cell mass density and, therefore, enhanced the reactor productivity. The repeated fed-batchoperation overcame the drawbacks typically associated with a batch operation such as down times, long lag period, and the limitation on the maximum initial substrate concentration allowed due to the substrate inhibition. Unlike a continuous operation, the repeated fed-batch operation could beoperated for a long time at a relatively higher substrate concentration without sacrificing the substrate loss in the effluent. As a result, the integrated process reached 47.2 g/L in the equivalent solvent concentration (including acetone, butanol, and ethanol) and 1.69 g/L . h in the fermentor productivity, on average, over a 239.5-h period. Compared with a controlled traditional batch acetone-butanol fermentation, the equivalent solvent concentration and the tormentor productivity were increased by 140% and 320%, respectively. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Cu adsorption on Co films: edge decoration versus intermixing

Abstract Heteroepitaxial growth of the CoCu system is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Cu deposited on Co Cu (001) decorates the step edges of Co islands and forms nanometer-sized rings. Subsequent deposition of Co transforms the film morphology from compact to heterogeneously intermixed. We relate this growth asymmetry to the largely different surface free energies of Co and Cu, which impose a diffusion barrier at CoCu boundaries, and to atomic exchange processes that occur in the presence of Co adatom gas.
A new oxidation procedure for organoaluminum compounds [1]

Organoaluminum compounds are conveniently oxidized by trimethylamine N-oxide. The corresponding alcohols are obtained in nearly quantitative yields. Triphenylaluminum is oxidized readily using the new procedure but vinyl moieties appear to be unaffected.