cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NS 398 radiosensitizes an HNSCC cell line by possibly inhibiting radiation-induced expression of COX-2.

Abstract Purpose Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein is frequently elevated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). The aim of this study was to determine if COX-2 inhibitors have radiosensitizing effects in HNSCC and understand the mechanism by which this occurs. Methods and materials The radiosensitizing effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, on a HNSCC cell line HEp3, were determined using clonogenic survival assay. Cells were pretreated with the dose of NS398 at which 50% growth inhibition occurred (IC 50 ) and then irradiated. COX-2 protein and mRNA were then determined in the presence and absence of NS398. Results NS398 significantly decreased ( p Conclusions The radiosensitizing effect of NS398 could be due to inhibition of radiation-induced COX-2 upregulation by this drug. NS398, known as an inhibitor of COX-2 enzyme activity, down-regulated COX-2 protein expression, which may indicate that NS398 can act upstream of COX-2, and this change appears to be post-transcriptional.
226Ra in phosphate nodules from the Peru/Chile seafloor

Abstract 226Ra and other uranium-series radionuclides have been measured in a suite of marine phosphorite samples from the upwelling area off Peru/Chile by gamma-ray spectrometry and radiochemical techniques. Our results lead to the following conclusions: (1) phosphorite nodules typically show unidirectional growth at rates of 1 to 10 mm/Kyr; (2) very young samples (less than a few thousand years) contain slight excess amounts of 226Ra probably derived from pore fluids; and (3) slow but persistent leakage of 226Ra out of phosphate nodules occurs resulting in systematically lower 226Ra ages compared to 230Th ages for samples older than about twenty thousand years. Radium fluxes from these phosphate nodules appear to be 1 to 3 orders of magnitude less than those calculated for deep-sea sediments and ferromanganese nodules.
Outburst flood origin of the Central Kalamazoo River Valley, Michigan, USA

Abstract Geomorphic evidence and stratigraphic information from boreholes suggest that the oversized Central Kalamazoo River Valley (CKRV) in southwest Michigan resulted from a catastrophic outburst flood emanating from subglacial channels under the Saginaw lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The CKRV occurs as a deeply incised trench over 2 km wide and in excess of 50 m deep situated in a reentrant formed by the Lake Michigan, Saginaw and Huron-Erie lobes. The course of the CKRV follows an irregular flow path that bisects the Kalamazoo Moraine of the Lake Michigan lobe. Erosional terraces near the mouth of the channel indicate that Lake Michigan lobe meltwater drained eastward prior to the westward Saginaw outburst. Prior to valley formation the Lake Michigan lobe had retreated westward to at least the Lake Border Moraine. With the Lake Michigan lobe absent to impede flow, drainage from the CKRV proceeded southwesterly until draining into glacial Lake Chicago near St. Joseph, Michigan. The outburst originated from a system of Saginaw tunnel channels that display convex-up flow profiles and contain eskers. Meltwater drainage transitioned from subglacial-to-ice marginal and proglacial environments. During the interval represented by the outburst, the Saginaw Lobe appears to have been in a relatively stationary position.
I/sub DDQ/ test: will it survive the DSM challenge?

Deep-submicron technologies pose difficult challenges for I/sub DDQ/ testing in the future. The low threshold voltage used by DSM devices decreases the defect resolution of I/sub DDQ./ However, because I/sub DDQ/ is a valuable test method, researchers are working to augment with other test parameters to prolong its effectiveness.
Increased Expression of a Proline-Rich Akt Substrate (PRAS40) in Human Copper/Zinc-Superoxide Dismutase Transgenic Rats Protects Motor Neurons from Death after Spinal Cord Injury

The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, plays an important role in the cell survival signaling pathway. A proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40, has been characterized, and an increase in phospho-PRAS40 (pPRAS40) is neuroprotective after transient focal cerebral ischemia. However, the involvement of PRAS40 in the cell death/survival pathway after spinal cord injury (SCI) is unclear. Liposome-mediated PRAS40 transfection was performed to study whether overexpression of pPRAS40 is neuroprotective. We further examined the expression of pPRAS40 after SCI by immunohistochemistry and Western blot using copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) transgenic (Tg) rats and wild-type (Wt) littermates. We then examined the relationship between PRAS40 and Akt by injection of LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibitor, or Akt inhibitor IV, a compound that inhibits Akt activation after SCI. Our data demonstrated that increased pPRAS40 resulted in survival of more motor neurons compared with control complementary DNA transfection. Phosphorylated PRAS40 increased in the Wt rats after SCI, whereas there was a greater and prolonged increase in the SOD1 Tg rats. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that binding of pPRAS40 with 14-3-3 increased 1 day after SCI in the Wt rats, whereas there was a significant increase in the Tg rats. The inhibitor studies showed that phospho-Akt and pPRAS40 were decreased after injection of LY294002 or Akt inhibitor IV. We conclude that an increase in pPRAS40 by transfection after SCI results in survival of motor neurons, and overexpression of SOD1 in the Tg rats results in an increase in endogenous pPRAS40 and a decrease in motor neuron death through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Evaluation of artificial neural networks and kriging for the prediction of arsenic in Alaskan bedrock-derived stream sediments using gold concentration data

The detection of arsenic in sediments of placer gold mining areas is critical for planning future controls on migration and mitigation, or tapping uncontaminated groundwater resources for public water use. Arsenic (As) is often found to be collocated and correlated with gold in sediments. However, due to biogeochemical processes, arsenic can partition between the solid and the dissolved fractions in sediments and their interstitial waters. Such partitioning can mobilize arsenic into areas away from the co-located gold distribution in the sediments. In such cases, it is critical to detect the dispersed arsenic concentration. In this paper, neural network (NN) and kriging techniques were used to predict the presence of arsenic in the sediments of Circle City, Alaska using the gold concentration distribution within the sediments. The results obtained using kriging were more promising than those using NNs, albeit a statistically low correlation existed between the observed and the predicted arsenic concentrat...
Stage III papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary in a 15-year-old female

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death due to gynecologic malignancies in adults, but is rare in children and adolescents. The majority of ovarian cancers in children and adolescents are stage I at diagnosis and conservative management with preservation of fertility is often possible. Twenty-nine serous epithelial cancers have been reported in females under age 20, only two of which are known to be advanced stage (both stage III). We present a case of advanced stage papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma in a 15-year-old female treated with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and debulking surgery followed by combination chemotherapy.
Photometric scanning techniques for measurement of blood vessel dimensions.

Abstract Two methods are described for measurement of vessel diameter in the microcirculation. One technique consists of scanning across the vessel with a moving spot of light. The drop in light transmission as the light moves behind the vessel is detected by a photomultiplier tube. The period of time that the spot is hidden behind the vessel is used as a measure of vessel diameter. The second technique consists of scanning the image of a microvessel across a small slit in front of the phototube. The phototube output pattern is similar to that seen with the spot scanning technique except that greater tissue detail can be obtained with use of a small slit. With use of analog computer circuitry a continuous readout of vessel diameter is obtained. In studies to date the two methods have been used to measure dimensional changes in arterioles 20 μm i.d. or greater.
trans-Bis(tetracarbonylcobaltato)bis(pyridine)platinum(II) and trans-bis(pentacarbonylmanganato)bis(pyridine)- platinum(II)

The preparation and properties of trans-PtPy2[Co(CO)4]2 and trans- PtPy2[Mn(CO)5]2 are described. The metal carbonyl anion Co(CO)−4 is studied as a leaving group by measuring the rate of the cleavage reaction PtPy2[Co(CO)4]2+2 Y ⇌ [PtPy2Y2]2+ + 2 Co(CO)−4 Y = (C6H5)3P, (n-C4H9)3P in tetrahydrofuran. The products of these reactions are also described.
Management of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast I. Noninflammatory

Background. The treatment of patients with locally advanced noninflammatory breast cancer has evolved substantially over the past 30 years. From 1968 to 1989, 281 women were treated at Mallinckrodt Radiation Oncology Center with four different treatment methods. Median follow-up was 6.2 years (range 3-22 years); no patient was lost to follow-up. Methods. Retrospective review of records and analysis of data on a computer file were carried out. Thirty-five patients were treated with irradiation alone, 33 with irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy, 81 with mastectomy and irradiation, and 132 with mastectomy, irradiation, and chemotherapy (triple-modality)
One-Dimensional Model for Multi-Barge Flotillas Impacting Bridge Piers

: The serious consequence of barge-bridge collisions necessitates the study of barge impact loadings on bridges. This article introduces an elastoplastic spring-mass model for the analysis of multi-barge flotillas colliding with bridge piers at zero angle of attack. The model accounts for the essential factors pertaining to barge/flotilla impacts, such as pier geometry and stiffness, and dynamic interaction between barges. A method to identify the elastoplastic behavior of barge crushing is also presented. The proposed method generates impact force time-histories for a multitude of flotilla configurations in a matter of minutes, which is especially valuable in probabilistic analysis requiring many collision simulations. The results from this study are compatible with the respective impact time-histories produced by exhaustive finite element simulations. A bridge pier impacted by a three-barge and a 15-barge flotilla is studied.
Photocaged T7 RNA Polymerase for the Light Activation of Transcription and Gene Function in Pro- and Eukaryotic Cells

A light-activatable bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (T7RNAP) has been generated through the site-specific introduction of a photocaged tyrosine residue at the crucial position Tyr639 within the active site of the enzyme. The photocaged tyrosine disrupts polymerase activity by blocking the incoming nucleotide from reaching the active site of the enzyme. However, a brief irradiation with nonphototoxic UV light of 365 nm removes the ortho-nitrobenzyl caging group from Tyr639 and restores the RNA polymerase activity of T7RNAP. The complete orthogonality of T7RNAP to all endogenous RNA polymerases in pro- and eukaryotic systems allowed for the photochemical activation of gene expression in bacterial and mammalian cells. Specifically, E. coli cells were engineered to produce photocaged T7RNAP in the presence of a GFP reporter gene under the control of a T7 promoter. UV irradiation of these cells led to the spatiotemporal activation of GFP expression. In an analogous fashion, caged T7RNAP was transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. Irradiation with UV light led to the activation of T7RNAP, thereby inducing RNA polymerization and expression of a luciferase reporter gene in tissue culture. The ability to achieve spatiotemporal regulation of orthogonal RNA synthesis enables the precise dissection and manipulation of a wide range of cellular events, including gene function.
Prevalence of folate deficiency in emergency department patients with alcohol-related illness or injury.

Abstract To assess the prevalence of folate deficiency in emergency department patients with alcohol-related illness or injury, a prospective, nonconsecutive case series with nonrandomized controls was used. All patients presenting to a 60,000-visit public hospital emergency department with alcohol-related illness or injury were ellgible; patients were excluded if they had received folate in our health care facility within the previous 4 months. An alcohol and brief dietary history was obtained, and a complete blood cell count and red blood cell folate level was pertormed on each palient. Analysis was undertaken by χ2 to evaluate the prevalence of folate deficiency in the alcohol-related versus the control population. One hundred three patients were entered into the study. Three patients were subsequently excluded from analysis. Of 52 study patients, three (5.8%) were found to be folate deficient. Of 48 controls, two (4.2%) were found to be folate deficient. This difference is not statistically significant (P > .05, χ2; mean difference 1.6%, 95% confidence interval −6.9% to 10.1%). The prevalence of folate deficiency in patients presenting to this emergency department with alcohol-related illness or injury is low, and does not differ from the general emergency department population. Empiric folate therapy in these patients is not indicated.
An Evaluation of the Comparative Metabolism and Kinetics of 1-Nitropyrene by Rabbit, Rat, and Hamster Tracheal Epithelial Cells

Abstract The comparative metabolism of 1-nitropyrene was studied in isolated rabbit, rat, and hamster tracheal epithelial cells commonly used in neoplastic transformation assays. The maximum total metabolite production for all species was attained at 2.0 × 10 6 cells and 4 hr incubation, with no significant increase after 20 hr. The majority of the metabolites produced by tracheal epithelial cells from each species were released into the surrounding medium. The metabolites retained by tracheal epithelial cells were qualitatively identical to those identified in the medium but were present at lower concentrations. The apparent K m for the metabolism of 1-nitropyrene by tracheal epithelial cells was in the order of rabbit (5.1 μM) V / K value for the metabolism of 1-nitropyrene by tracheal epithelial cells was also in the order of rabbit (2.0 nmol/hr/mg protein) > hamster (1.6 nmol/hr/mg protein) > rat (0.48 nmol/hr/mg protein). Intrinsic clearance of the previously characterized mutagenic metabolites (3-OH-1-NAAP, K-DHD, 10-OH-1-NP, 1-AMP, and phenols 6- or 8-OH-1-NP) produced by tracheal epithelial cells at their approximate K m values also indicated that rabbit tracheal cells were more active in the production of these metabolites than either hamster or rat tracheal cells. Although the metabolism of 1-NP in isolated tracheal epithelial cells of these three species was qualitatively similar, rabbit tracheal cells are the most active in metabolizing 1-NP. These results are consistent with the possibility that tracheal epithelial cells may be a target tissue for NO 2 -PAHs carcinogenesis.
Pathogenicity of Eimeria mivati in Light and Heavy Coccidial Infections

Abstract EIMERIA MIVATI is the most recently described of the nine recognized species of chicken coccidia (Edgar and Siebold, 1964). No controlled experiments have been reported comparing the long range effects of mild and heavy infection with this species. Such background information would aid the diagnostician in deciding if a flock has coccidiosis, requiring treatment, or coccidiasis, requiring none. Coccidiasis (Levine, 1961) has been defined as a mild infection resulting in no measurable damage. In a recent study conducted on E. acervulina, an upper intestinal coccidium, it was concluded that a lesion score of +1 and possibly +2 lesions should be diagnosed as coccidiasis in field cases (Reid and Johnson, 1970; Johnson and Reid, 1970) while the more severe +3 and +4 lesion scores should be classed as coccidiosis and treated accordingly. To determine the effects of light, moderate and heavy infections of E. mivati on broiler-type chickens, graded doses of…
Localization of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) in human gastrointestinal tract

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) exerts its diverse effects on vasodilation, nociception, secretion, and motor function through a heterodimeric receptor comprising of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). Despite the importance of CLR·RAMP1 in human disease, little is known about its distribution in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it participates in inflammation and pain. In this study, we determined that CLR and RAMP1 mRNAs are expressed in normal human stomach, ileum and colon by RT-PCR. We next characterized antibodies that we generated to rat CLR and RAMP1 in transfected HEK cells. Having characterized these antibodies in vitro, we then localized CLR-, RAMP1-, CGRP- and intermedin-immunoreactivity (IMD-IR) in various human GI segments. In the stomach, nerve bundles in the myenteric plexus and nerve fibers throughout the circular and longitudinal muscle had prominent CLR-IR. In the proximal colon and ileum, CLR was found in nerve varicosities of the myenteric plexus and surrounding submucosal neurons. Interestingly, CGRP expressing fibers did not co-localize, but were in close proximity to CLR. However, CLR and RAMP1, the two subunits of a functional CGRP receptor were clearly localized in myenteric plexus, where they may form functional cell-surface receptors. IMD, another member of calcitonin peptide family was also found in close proximity to CLR, and like CGRP, did not co-localize with either CLR or RAMP1 receptors. Thus, CGRP and IMD appear to be released locally, where they can mediate their effect on their receptors regulating diverse functions such as inflammation, pain and motility.
More than good intentioned help: Volunteer tutoring and elementary readers

In this study, researchers examined whether tutoring implemented by volunteer tutors impacted struggling elementary readers’ reading skills, their attitudes toward reading, and their self-confidence. The study involved two elementary schools and 30 students who were participating in the community based tutoring program and who were randomly assigned to reading-only or reading/writing tutoring conditions. Findings suggested that students could improve their reading fluencies if they had the support of trained adult tutors, even just once each week for 30 to 40 minutes for a semester. Female students improved in their reading fluency measure more so than did male students, but such improvement was not notable in other areas, including attitudes toward reading or self-confidence. Based upon the findings, implications and methodological issues for future study are addressed.
Precomputing possible configuration error diagnoses

Complex software packages, particularly systems software, often require substantial customization before being used. Small mistakes in configuration can lead to hard-todiagnose error messages. We demonstrate how to build a map from each program point to the options that might cause an error at that point. This can aid users in troubleshooting these errors without any need to install or use additional tools. Our approach relies on static dataflow analysis, meaning all the analysis is done in advance. We evaluate our work in detail on two substantial systems, Hadoop and the JChord program analysis toolkit, using failure injection and also by using log messages as a source of labeled program points. When logs and stack traces are available, they can be incorporated into the analysis. This reduces the number of false positives by nearly a factor of four for Hadoop, at the cost of approximately one minute's work per unique query
A simple and effective solvent system for elution of gonadotropins from concanavalin A affinity chromatography

Elution of gonadotropins and other glycoproteins from concanavalin A has been previously performed with competitive ligands such as α-methyl-d-mannopyranoside and α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside. In comparative studies we found that 1 m NH4OH was a highly effective eluent solution and gave nearly complete recovery of gonadotropin as revealed by protein contents, immunological, and biological activities. Advantages of 1 m NH4OH over the sugar derivatives are its low cost and volatile nature, and its ability to irreversibly inactivate concanavalin A. The use of this system permits further steps of purification to be performed directly or after lyophilization without dialysis.
LARGE SOLID ANGLE MOMENTUM-ANALYZING SPARK CHAMBER SYSTEM.

Abstract This article describes the design and operation of an array of cylindrical spark chambers mounted in a 15.8 kG magnetic field. The array provided momentum analysis of charged prongs and γ-ray detection over approximately 2π steradian. A system of conical mirrors permitted photography of the sparks through small holes in the pole-pieces of the magnet. The equipment was operated in an unseparated beam of π − and K − particles of momentum 7.7 GeV/ c with a neutral-link trigger requirement which permitted observation of neutral V-particles.
Comparing Geometric Object and Conventional Displays in Patient Monitoring

Anesthesiologists are highly trained professionals who are usually determined to maintain high standards while performing difficult tasks in life-threatening environments. Anesthesiologists must make a variety of decisions, in real-time, based on inputs from a myraid of monitoring instruments in much the same way as pilots of high performance air craft or nuclear power plant operators. Unfortunately the design of their displays is much poorer. This paper reports research aimed at extending the capabilities of the current monitoring system to integrative displays supporting the anesthesiologist's tasks of compensation and diagnosis.
Modelling 3-configurations on Surfaces

Abstract A 3-configuration is a finite geometry satisfying axioms: (i) each line contains exactly 3 points; (ii) each point is on exactly r lines, where r is a fixed positive integer; and (iii) each pair of distinct points are on at most one common line. Such geometries correspond to K 3 − decompositions of their Menger graphs, and hence to bichromatic dual surface (or pseudosurface) imbeddings of these graphs where one color class consists of triangular regions modelling the lines of the geometry. Such imbeddings have been found for all 320 pairs (v, r), where v is the number of points in the geometry, satisfying 2r + 1 ≤ v ≤ 50 and vr ≡ 0 (mod 3). Here we discuss some of the more interesting among these.
The Pleasures and Pitfalls of Teaching Human Evolution in the Museum

As natural history museums are increasingly challenged to represent the complexities of human evolution, new innovations are required to create dynamic, dialogic experiences between museum scientists and museum audiences. After the opening of the Spitzer Hall of Human Origins in 2006, I had the opportunity to take my academic experience in physical anthropology to public education in the Sackler Educational Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Human Origins. In the lab, I was able to intervene in museum visitors’ preconceptions of human evolution in a novel, informal educational setting.
Stretch—bend interactions in the presence of fermi resonances: A semiclassical view

Abstract For some mode-selective excitation experiments, energy flow from stretching to bending vibrational modes is thought to be the first stage of intramolecular energy transfer. In this article a simultaneous treatment of these two coupled motions in the presence of Fermi resonances is provided using semiclassical techniques.
Angular distribution of neutron inverse beta decay, ν ¯ e + p → e + + n

The reaction νe+p→e++n is very important for low-energy (Eν≲60 MeV) antineutrino experiments. In this paper we calculate the positron angular distribution, which at low energies is slightly backward. We show that weak magnetism and recoil corrections have a large effect on the angular distribution, making it isotropic at about 15 MeV and slightly forward at higher energies. We also show that the behavior of the cross section and the angular distribution can be well understood analytically for Eν≲60 MeV by calculating to O(1/M), where M is the nucleon mass. The correct angular distribution is useful for separating νe+p→e++n events from other reactions and detector backgrounds, as well as for possible localization of the source (e.g., a supernova) direction. We comment on how similar corrections appear for the lepton angular distributions in the deuteron breakup reactions νe+d→e++n+n and νe+d→e-+p+p. Finally, in the reaction νe+p→e++n, the angular distribution of the outgoing neutrons is strongly forward peaked, leading to a measurable separation in positron and neutron detection points, also potentially useful for rejecting backgrounds or locating the source direction.
Optical determination of Fermi-level pinning using electroreflectance

We have investigated the low-field electrolyte electroreflectance (EER) spectra of matte, polycrystalline, electrodeposited $n$-CdSe in the vicinity of the ${E}_{0}(A,B)$ transitions (direct gap at $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}=0$. As the applied bias voltage ${V}_{\mathrm{dc}}$ is varied from near flatband to depletion, the EER amplitude for electrodeposited CdSe decreases by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim}40. We interpret this decrease in EER signal as evidence of Fermi-level pinning, which we attribute to the presence of surface states.
Diurnal rhythm in cyclic GMP/nitric oxide efflux in the medial preoptic area of male rats

Since nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in the neuroendocrine control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion and sexual behavior which show diurnal variations, we monitored cGMP levels (an index of NO activity) in the extracellular compartment of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) using microdialysis. It was observed that MPOA cGMP levels rose significantly in the afternoon in both castrated and intact male rats, thereby suggesting the existence of a diurnal rhythm in MPOA cGMP/NO efflux which may participate in eliciting the well-known diurnal variations in LHRH neuronal activity and male sexual behavior.
The Influence of a Biological Therapy on Physicians' Narratives and Interrogations: The Case of General Paralysis of the Insane and Malaria Fever Therapy, 1910-1950

Les effets de la therapie biologique sur la folie et le paludisme sont etudies et montrent que cette nouvelle technologie a transforme les observations cliniques des medecins aupres de leurs patients neurosyphilitiques
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FLORIDA BURROWING OWL: THE POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF NONURBAN AREAS

DISTRIBUCION DE ATHENE CUNICULARIA FLORIDANA: IMPORTANCIA POTENCIAL DE AREAS NO URBANAS Se conoce relativamente poco sobre las caracteristicas ecologicas criticas para Athene cunicularia floridana, particularmente para las poblaciones de areas remotas no urbanas. Investigamos la distribucion actual a nivel del estado de Florida y el estatus de las poblaciones no urbanas de A. c. floridana. Recopilamos y evaluamos varias bases de datos de observaciones historicas y realizamos visitas de campo a 19 condados para investigar los informes de presencia de la especie y actualizar las bases de datos historicas. Detectamos actividad reproductiva en 12 condados, y documentamos nuevos lugares reproductivos en ambientes no urbanos en cinco de estos. La baja cantidad o la mala calidad de los datos historicos para ambientes no urbanos restringieron su utilidad. El acceso restringido a las propiedades privadas fue otra limitacion. Sugerimos que dichos problemas pueden ser solucionados promoviendo la cooperacion con los ...
Inelastic scattering of broadband electron wave packets driven by an intense midinfrared laser field.

Intense, 100 fs laser pulses at 3.2 and $3.6\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ are used to generate, by multiphoton ionization, broadband wave packets with up to 400 eV of kinetic energy and charge states up to ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+6}$. The multiple ionization pathways are well described by a white electron wave packet and field-free inelastic cross sections, averaged over the intensity-dependent energy distribution for ($e$, $ne$) electron impact ionization. The analysis also suggests a contribution from a $4d$ core excitation, or giant resonance, in xenon.
Detecting Population III Stars through Observations of Near-Infrared Cosmic Infrared Background Anisotropies

Following the successful mapping of the last scattering surface by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and balloon experiments, the epoch of the first stars, when Population III stars formed, is emerging as the next cosmological frontier. It is not clear what these stars' properties were, when they formed, or how long their era lasted before leading to the stars and galaxies we see today. We show that these questions can be answered with the current and future measurements of the near-IR cosmic infrared background (CIB). Theoretical arguments suggest that Population III stars were very massive and short-lived stars that formed at z ~ 10-20 at rare peaks of the density field in the cold dark matter universe. Because Population III stars probably formed individually in small minihalos, they are not directly accessible to current telescopic studies. We show that these stars left a strong and measurable signature via their contribution to the CIB anisotropies for a wide range of their formation scenarios. The excess in the recently measured near-IR CIB anisotropies over that from normal galaxies can be explained by contribution from early Population III stars. These results imply that Population III were indeed very massive stars and that their epoch started at z ~ 20 and lasted past z 13. We show the importance of accurately measuring the CIB anisotropies produced by Population III with future space-based missions.
Computer-based tracking of living cells☆

A computer-based tracing technique has been developed to follow the movement of living cells and keep them centered in the field of view of an optical microscope. With the use of an image-processing system, the video image of a cell can be sufficiently processed to allow computer-recognition of the cell boundaries. Determination of the location of the center of the cell enables comparison of successive cell positions and correction for any cell movement. In order to illustrate the versatility of this technique, patterns of movement were obtained of cancerous and non-cancerous cells in an effort to determine the difference in motility between the two cell types. After examination of the data gathered, it was found that there is no difference in the motility between the two cell types over 1-h periods.
Estimation of parameters where dependent observations are related by equality constraints

Pirt's model for microbial growth and product formation are reparameterized to obtain multiresponse models with common parameters. The dependent variables in the models are related through the available electron and carbon balance constraints. Covariance adjustment is used to reduce the growth model to a unit variate linear model with covariates. Therefore, standard multiple regression programs can be used to obtain combined point and interval estimates of true biomass energetic yield, true product yield and maintenance coefficient. This approach may yield “better” estimates than the maximum likelihood approach when an appropriately selected subset of covariates is used. Nonlinear estimation procedures are also considered; these procedures are efficient with few responses; however, as the number of responses per observation increase, they may require a lot of computing time. For illustration several data from the biochemical engineering literature are analyzed by the proposed methods.
Hyperthermia-induced changes in the vascular permeability of rats: a model system to examine therapeutic interventions.

Extravasation in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, gastrocnemius, and duodenum was quantified in normothermic and hyperthermic (core temperature (Tc)=41.5, 42, or 42.6°C) rats. Following attainment of the target Tc, Evans blue (Eb) was administered via jugular cannula; the animals were anesthetized, exsanguinated, tissues removed and washed in saline, and Eb extracted with formamide. There was significantly (p<0.05) more Eb (μg/g of dry wt of tissue, mean±SD) in the tissues of severely hyperthermic (Tc=42.6°C) rats vs that of control rats: liver — 198±39 vs 125±28, kidney — 376±68 vs 176±60, and small intestine — 170±49 vs 106±20. This model may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of treatment modalities designed to sustain vascular integrity in the face of environmental insult.
Catalytic Oxidation of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene over Supported Transition Metal Oxides

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene has been systematically investigated over a series of transition metal oxides (i.e., Cr 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Co 3 O 4 ) supported on TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 . The activity of the different catalysts for this reaction depends on the nature of the transition metal oxide used, with Cr 2 O 3 -and V 2 O 5 -based catalysts being the most active ones. With the exception of the cobalt oxide catalysts, the TiO 2 -supported systems were more active than the corresponding Al 2 O 3 -supported ones, indicating that the metal oxide–support interactions are significant in this reaction. Experiments conducted in the presence of water indicate an inhibiting effect for the V 2 O 5 - and Cr 2 O 3 -based catalysts and a promoting effect for Co 3 O 4 /TiO 2 . The Fe 2 O 3 - and MoO 3 -based catalysts were unaffected by the presence of water. Competitive adsorption between the surface species and water is suspected to be the reason for the inhibition, while the promoting effect can be attributed to the reaction of water with surface Cl − . In situ FTIR studies indicate the presence of carboxylates (i.e., acetates and formates), maleates, and phenolates on the surfaces of all catalysts studied under reaction conditions. These surface species were reactive in the presence of gas-phase oxygen and are potential intermediates for the oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene.
Vector lattice topology

Some innovations in vectorial topology [l] are adapted to vector lattices. The constructions yield an elementary computation of topologies on the space g(S) of continuous real-valued functions on a completely regular space S which are compatible with vector lattice structure. The generalization of the Riesz representation for positive linear functionals on g(S) is a corollary. Topological spaces are assumed to be Hausdorff. Vector spaces are taken over the real numbers. A vector lattice is a partiallty ordered vector space in which a least upper bound max(f, g) and a greatest lower bound min(f, g) exist for any pair of elements f and g. A lattice-homomorphism of a vector lattice A into a vector lattice B is a linear transformation T of A into B such that the identities
Integrating renewable and nonrenewable energy sources

Using renewable energy sources along with fossil fuels can help reduce our dependency on imported oil while also cutting greenhouse gas emissions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A model system for the in vivo determination of the thrombolytic effect of plasminogen activators

Abstract An in vivo model system for measuring the thrombolytic efficiency of plasminogen activators was used. The formation of radiolabelled microthrombi was induced by infusion with I-125 labelled fibrinogen and thrombin. Reactive fibrinolysis was inhibited by administration of suboptimal levels of e-aminocaproic acid. The thrombolytic and subsequent fibrinolytic events were followed in the capillary bed of the lungs of anesthetized rats by external monitoring of the I-125 activity over the lung field. The model was successfully employed to demonstrate the thrombolytic effect of plasminogen activator produced by a transplanted spontaneous rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (PA III). The system proved to be reproducible with detection limits of 6000 I.U. using the PA-III cell line derived activator.
Experience with a new antibiotic agent as an adjunct to colon surgery.

We have concluded that Keflordin has a wide margin of safety. There was only one slight skin reaction, and no renal complications. Compared with other broadspectrum antibiotic agents, it has a respectable range of effectiveness. We believe that it will be quite useful in dealing with infection after colon surgery.
Life History and the Critique of American Sociological Practice

This paper is a contribution to the uses of life histories and the dialogue regarding the “standards” for their use. Through a meta-analysis of life histories in the United States since the publication of the Polish Peasant, we develop a typology to critically evaluate their methodological/theoretical practices in sociology. We find a broad range of uses of life histories in the areas of substantive focus, analysis, relationship of oral history and the subject, relationship of oral/life history to other materials, purpose of the research, and relationship of oral/life history to other phenomena. We conclude that life history methods have not had the transformative effect on sociology that they have had in other disciplines. By and large, the actual production of life histories continues to be a historical, to be characterized by abstract empiricism, to extinguish subjects, and to ignore the link between biography and history.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms Including Failure Theories

This paper will present a version of failure theory suitable for designing optimal compliant mechanisms. The resulting theory will be incorporated as design objective functions within a multi-objective optimizing engine with the purpose of producing optimal and robust compliant mechanisms suitable for manufacture. Combining these failure-based objective functions with the classical ones measuring efficiency in performing a task, in the context of diversity promoting multiobjective optimization (see [1]) will demonstrate the tool’s ability to produce optimal compliant mechanisms that are failure-proof as well as provide insights into the complexity of particular design problems.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
National trends in long-term use of antidepressant medications: results from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVE To assess the trend in long-term use of antidepressants by persons aged ≥ 18 years, and the correlates of such use, in the United States from 1999 to 2010. METHOD We examined trends in duration of antidepressant use and correlates of long-term use in data from 6 waves of the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 35,379), a representative survey of the general population. RESULTS The overall prevalence of antidepressant use increased from 6.5% in 1999-2000 to 10.4% in 2009-2010 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.31-1.81; P < .001). This included an increase from 3.0% to 6.9% in long-term use (≥ 24 months; OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.75-2.57; P < .001). Medium-term (6 to < 24 months; from 1.3% to 1.6%) and short-term use (< 6 months; from 2.2% to 1.8%) of antidepressants did not change appreciably in this period. The increasing trend in long-term antidepressant use was limited to adults who received their care from general medical providers (adjusted OR = 3.86; 95% CI, 2.57-5.80; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS From 1999 to 2010, there was a marked increase in long-term use of antidepressant medications in the United States, explaining the overall increasing trend in antidepressant use. This trend calls for greater vigilance in prescribing antidepressants for long periods of time.
Identifying novel spatiotemporal regulators of innate immunity.

The innate immune response plays a critical role in pathogen clearance. However, dysregulation of innate immunity contributes to acute inflammatory diseases such as sepsis and many chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma, arthritis, and Crohn’s disease. Pathogen recognition receptors including the Toll-like family of receptors play a pivotal role in the initiation of inflammation and in the pathogenesis of many diseases with an inflammatory component. Studies over the last 15 years have identified complex innate immune signal transduction pathways involved in inflammation that have provided many new potential therapeutic targets to treat disease. We are investigating several novel genes that exert spatial and in some cases temporal regulation on innate immunity signaling pathways. These novel genes include Tbc1d23, a RAB-GAP that inhibits innate immunity. In this review, we will discuss inflammation, the role of inflammation in disease, innate immune signal transduction pathways, and the use of spatiotemporal regulators of innate immunity as potential targets for discovery and therapeutics.
Prenatal and early childhood blood lead levels and cardiovascular functioning in 9½ year old children

Abstract A number of studies have found that increasing lead exposure is associated with increases in blood pressure in humans. Studies with animals suggest that lead-induced increases in vascular resistance account for these increases in blood pressure. The present study assessed cardiovascular functioning at rest and in response to acute stress for 9½ year old children (N = 122) having relatively low prenatal (cord) blood lead levels (M = 1.98 μg/dL, SD = 1.75) and low postnatal (early childhood) blood lead levels (M = 4.62 μg/dL, SD = 2.51). Higher cord blood levels were associated with higher baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP), and higher early childhood lead levels were associated with greater total peripheral (vascular) resistance (TPR) responses to acute stress. In addition, a negative association between blood lead levels and stroke volume (SV) suggests that lead-induced increases in vascular resistance were sufficient to produce cardiac afterload, a situation arising when blood pressure in the aorta makes it difficult for the left ventricle to eject blood. These effects were not mediated by differences in task performance or emotional responses to the acute stress tasks. Finally, these effects were significant for lead levels considered low, notably, below the 10 μg/dL threshold currently adopted by the CDC for deleterious effects.
Finite element analysis of creep fracture initiation in a model superalloy material

Detailed finite element analyses were performed for a single edge-cracked specimen geometry under both plane stress and plane strain constraint for a superalloy material that obeys a power-law creep relationship. The objectives of these analyses were to elucidate the stationary creep crack-tip fields and to provide guidance for the experimental measurement of crack-tip deformations. New results demonstrate that, for both plane stress and plane strain, the angular variations in the creep strain fields do not agree with HRR-type predictions, although the radial variations are in agreement with HRR-type creep strain field predictions in a zone very near the crack tip. Thus, the use of experimental measurement of surface displacement and/or strain data for the location of HRR-type fields may not be possible, unless modifications to the existing HRR-type theory are made. It is also noted that the size of the stress-based HRR-dominance zone is only a fraction of the creep zone size in plane stress, and is very small (especially along θ=0°) compared to the creep zone size in plane strain. Furthermore, the dominance of the singular strain fields are at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding stress dominance zones. As such, unless the microstructural features of the material are smaller than the dimensions of the dominance zones, the basis for using stress or strain-based fracture parameters derived from the HRR-type fields for prediction of creep fracture initiation is unclear.
More Oxygen Please!: How Polyamorous Relationship Strategies Might Oxygenate Marriage

The verdict is in: We (well, at least most of us) are guilty of psychologically suffocating our significant others. We thought long and hard about this verdict recently delivered by Finkel, Hui, Ca...
Modeling the benefit of e-recruiting process integration

While e-recruiting has been widely adopted as one of the most successful e-business applications, it constitutes an under-researched area in e-business research. This study reviews the integration issues in e-recruiting and presents an e-recruiting integration decision model. The benefits of the investment in e-recruiting process integration are discussed in comparison to separate e-recruiting investments. We show that the optimal investment in the e-recruiting process integration results in a lower total cost than the separate e-recruiting investments. In addition, in light of the widely practiced resource constrained investments, we present the method of Lagrange multipliers which is used to find the optimal investment under a budget constraint.
Xenopus laevis 28S ribosomal RNA: a secondary structure model and its evolutionary and functional implications

Abstract Based upon the three experimentally derived models of E. coli 23S rRNA (1-3) and the partial model for yeast 26S rRNA (4), which was deduced by homology to E. coli, we derived a secondary structure model for Xenopus laevis 28S rRNA. This is the first complete model presented for eukaryotic 28S rRNA. Compensatory base changes support the general validity of our model and offer help to resolve which of the three E. coli models is correct in regions where they are different from one another. Eukaryotic rDNA is longer than prokaryotic rDNA by virtue of introns, expansion segments and transcribed spacers, all of which are discussed relative to our secondary structure model. Comments are made on the evolutionary origins of these three categories and the processing fates of their transcripts. Functionally important sites on our 28S rRNA secondary structure model are suggested by analogy for ribosomal protein binding, the GTPase center, the peptidyl transferase center, and for rRNA interaction with tRNA and 5S RNA. We discuss how RNA-RNA interactions may play a vital role in translocation.
Three-dimensional motion of the center of gravity of the body during walking

Abstract A kinematic gait analysis system was used to determine the 3-D motion of the center of the pelvis during walking, in 10 normal adults of both sexes. At the same time, force platform data were integrated twice to determine the 3-D motion of the center of gravity of the body. In general the center of the pelvis showed greater excursions than the center of gravity of the body, so that within the pelvis, the center of gravity moved in the opposite direction to the motion of the trunk. In the medio-lateral and vertical directions, the phasing of motion was very similar between the center of gravity and the center of the pelvis. In the direction of progression, the motion of the center of the trunk led that of the center of gravity of the body with a phase difference of about 5 °. Although the motion of the center of gravity within the pelvis during gait clearly relates to movements of the arms, legs and trunk, further studies would be needed to examine this motion in detail.