cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical transformations of nitrogen oxides while sampling combustion products

The study reviews the sampling environments and chemical transformations of nitrogen oxides that may occur within probes and sample lines while sampling combustion products. Experimental data are presented for NO/sub x/ transformations in silica and 316 stainless steel tubing when sampling simulated combustion products in the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. A temperature range of 25 to 400/sup 0/C is explored. In the absence of CO and H/sub 2/, 316 stainless steel is observed to promote the reduction of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at temperatures in excess of 300/sup 0/C, and silica is found to be passive to chemical transformation. In the presence of CO, reduction of NO/sub 2/ to NO is observed in 316 stainless steel at temperatures in excess of 100/sup 0/C, and reduction of NO/sub 2/ to NO in silica is observed at 400/sup 0/C. In the presence of H/sub 2/, NO/sub 2/ is reduced to NO in 316 stainless steel at 200/sup 0/C and NO/sub x/ is removed at temperatures exceeding 200/sup 0/C. In silica, the presence of H/sub 2/ promotes the reduction of NO/sub 2/ to NO at 300/sup 0/C and the removal of NO/sub x/ above 300/sup 0/C.
Some preliminary considerations on the sobada: A traditional treatment for gastrointestinal illness in Costa Rica

Although Costa Rica has one of the most effective national health systems in Latin America, popular medicine still persists. The sobada is a traditional healing technique which involves rubbing. Used principally to treat pega, a folk-diagnosed gastrointestinal condition which mainly affects children and old people, it was used by 70% of a random sample of families from the poorer barrios of San Jose. In recent years Costa Rica's health system has been under great strain because of increased costs and numbers of users. The prevalence and possible resurgence of the sobada may be an adaptation of poor people to national health services which have grown suddenly very large and impersonal and to the recent introduction of oral rehydration in hospital settings.
Development and testing of the BONES physical activity survey for young children

Background: Weight-bearing and high intensity physical activities are particularly beneficial for stimulating bone growth in children given that bone responds favorably to mechanical load. While it is important to assess the contribution and impact of weight-bearing physical activity on health outcomes, measurement tools that quantify and provide information on these activities separately from overall physical activity are limited. This study describes the development and evaluation of a pictorial physical activity survey (PAS) that measures children’s participation and knowledge of high-intensity, weight-bearing ("bone smart”) physical activity. Methods: To test reliability, two identical sets of the PAS were administered on the same day to 41 children (mean age 7.1 ± 0.8 years; 63% female) and compared. To test validity, accelerometry data from 40 children (mean age 7.7 ± 0.8 years; 50% female) were compared to data provided by the PAS. Agreements between categorical and ordinal items were assessed with Kappa statistics; agreements between continuous indices were assessed with Spearman’s correlation tests. Results: The subjects produced reliable results in all 10 physical activity participation items ( range: 0.36-0.73, all p < 0.05), but less reliable in answering if the physical activities were “bone smart” ( range: -0.04-0.66). Physical activity indices, including metabolic equivalent time and weight-bearing factors, were significant in test-retest analyses (Spearman’s r range: 0.57-0.74, all p < 0.001). Minutes of very vigorous activity from the accelerometer were associated with the self-reported weight-bearing activity, moderate-high, and high activity scores from the PAS (Spearman’s r range: 0.47-0.48, all p < 0.01). However, accelerometer counts, counts per minute, and minutes of moderate-vigorous and vigorous activity were not associated with the PAS scores. Conclusions: Together, the results of these studies suggest that the PAS has acceptable test-retest reliability, but limited validity for early elementary school children. This survey demonstrates a first step towards developing a questionnaire that measures high intensity, weight-bearing activity in schoolchildren.
ACCURACY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF AN EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION BASED ON RATINGS OF PERCEIVED EXERTION FOR TREADMILL AND CYCLE ERGOMETER EXERCISE

The accuracy of regularing exercise intensity by Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was examined. Subjects underwent 4 production trials, 2 on a treadmill (PIA, P1B) and 2 on a cycle ergometer (P2A, P2B). 9 untrained subjects used only their perceptions of effort to regulate exercise intensity. Target intensity was the RPE equivalent to 60% VO2mx. Exercise intensity (VO2) during P1A, P1B, and P2A did not differ from the target, but during P2B was lower than target. During P1A and P1B heart rate did not differ from the target but was lower than target during P2A and P2B. RPE seems a valid means of regulating exercise intensity during repeated bouts of treadmill exercise at 60% VO2max; however, exercise intensity during repeated bouts on the cycle ergometer may be lower than target.
SQL in the Clouds

In a cloud computing context, the MapReduce algorithm comprises two massively parallel operations linked by a generic sorting and data-distribution process. Although this algorithm is the workhorse in most cloud computing strategies, it's a special case of a more general dataflow. In place of the two cloud operations, the proposed method substitutes longer sequences and then lets the user direct outputs to any subsequent downstream operation. However, the method retains the job-supervisor infrastructure, which performs the necessary sorting, collating, and distributing of these outputs prior to initiating operations. To evaluate SQL database queries, particularly those with correlated subqueries, a computation identifies and aligns data elements from widely separated storage locations, suggesting cloud algorithms that exploit the supervisory sorting process to achieve the desired alignments. Exploring such algorithms reveals that a few customizable templates, assembled recursively as necessary, can handle a wide class of SQL data-mining queries.
COMMENTS ON THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT GROWTH

There has been much discussion about whether population growth causes employment growth or vice versa. This study supplements the work of Mathur and Song by confirming that population growth causes employment growth in die Snowbelt and die reverse in die Sunbelt. Also, regional growth rates of population and employment alternated between convergence, divergence, and convergence during 1955-88.
Evaluation of surface water fluxes of the pan‐Arctic land region with a land surface model and ERA‐40 reanalysis

[1] The seasonal, spatial, and latitudinal variability of precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (E), and runoff (R) are examined for large Arctic river basins and for the entire pan-Arctic domain using a 21-year off-line simulation of the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model and the ERA-40 reanalysis. Observed P used in the VIC model (corrected for gauge catch deficiency) is compared with that from the ERA-40 reanalysis. Gridded values of evapotranspiration minus precipitation (E-P) are calculated from the ERA-40 atmospheric water budget, and estimates of implied E are obtained as the residual of observed P and ERA-40 E-P. The ERA-40 P is surprisingly close to observations on an annual basis over the large river basins (especially accounting for known errors in the observations). Furthermore, ERA-40 P is quite consistent with observations in terms of interannual, spatial, and latitudinal variations. ERA-40 E is generally higher than both VIC E and implied E in spring and autumn. However, VIC estimates more E in June and July than either ERA-40 or the atmospheric budget for the Yenisei, Ob, and Mackenzie River basins. The ERA-40 bias toward early snowmelt and a double runoff peak (not present in VIC or observations) indicates the need for improvements in the ECMWF land surface scheme. The long-term means of ERA-40 vapor convergence P-E for the Lena, Yenisei, Ob, and Mackenzie are not in balance with observed runoff, mainly due to the uncertainties in computed P-E and observed streamflow.
Continuous derivation of the pressure-flow relationship and outflow resistance for living human eyes from tonographic, manometric and pressure cup pressure-decay curves

A continuous relationship between the outflow of aqueous humor and the intraocular pressure during pressure decay in living human eyes has been derived by fitting an equation to the pressure decay curve and using the formulation F out = F in + d V d t = F in + d V d P d V d t . d P d t is obtained from the equation fit to the pressure decay curve, Fout is the flow of aqueous humor from the eye during pressure decay, and d V d P is the derivative of the Friedenwald pressure-volume equation. Various types of pressure decay equations and the resulting pressure-flow equations and facility values are considered, and a comparison is made between the continuous analysis presented here and the current approximation method F out = F in + Δ V Δ t . This has been done for pressure decay curves obtained by three methods: tonography, direct cannulation of the living human eye, and temporary closure of the outflow channels by a pressure cup.
The discrete bid first auction

Abstract In a first auction in which buyers can bid only multiples of an increment and have uniformly distributed values, the expected price is less than the continuous bid expected price.
Distal upper extremity function following proximal humeral resection and reconstruction for tumors: Contralateral comparison

Background: Most functional analyses after limb salvage operations about the shoulder have focused on proximal function with the assumption that distal function is largely unaffected. This analysis examines distal function objectively. Methods: Objective laboratory data regarding distal upper extremity strength after reconstructive procedures for tumors near the shoulder joint was collected over a 16-year period. Thirty-two patients were able to participate fully in the data collection at an average most recent follow-up duration of >3.5 years. Results: Statistically significant reductions on the involved side compared with the uninvolved side in grip, forearm pronation, forearm supination, elbow flexion, and elbow extension strength were documented (p<0.05). The magnitude of reduction in strength diminishes distally, with the greatest effect in this group of patients being observed in elbow extension, followed by elbow flexion, forearm supination, and forearm pronation. Grip strength consistently showed the least amount of strength reduction compared with the uninvolved side, even within resection and reconstruction groups. Subjective patient rating of dexterity was no less than 3 of 5. Ninety percent of patients rated their dexterity 4 of 5 (52%) or 5 of 5 (38%). Conclusions: Despite the insistence of “normal” function in the distal upper extremity after limb salvage procedures, complete normality is not maintained. However, the degree of maintenance of distal function appears to be high, especially for grip strength and forearm pronation strength, and patient satisfaction is acceptable.
Patterns of translational regulation in the mammalian testis

The translational activity of more than 40 different mRNAs in rodent testes has been analyzed by determining the proportions of inactive free-mRNPs and active polysomal mRNAs in sucrose gradients. These mRNAs can be sorted into several groups comprising mRNAs with similar patterns of translational activity in particular cell types. mRNAs in testicular somatic cells sediment primarily with polysomes, indicating that they are translated efficiently, whereas the vast majority of mRNAs in late meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells display high levels of free-mRNPs, indicative of a block to the initiation of translation. Protamine mRNAs exemplify a group of mRNAs that is transcribed in round spermatids, stored as free-mRNPs for several days, and translated in elongated spermatids after the cessation of transcription. The extent to which the free-mRNPs in primary spermatocytes and round spermatids are due to developmental changes in translational activity is unclear. mRNAs at these stages can often be detected earlier than the corresponding protein, implicating either a delay in translational activation or difficulties in detecting the protein. In contrast, sucrose gradients consistently indicate little difference in the proportions of various mRNAs in free-mRNPs in primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, implying that the proportions of translationally active mRNAs remain essentially constant. Since the levels of some mRNAs appear to greatly exceed the amount that is translated, the biological significance of some free-mRNPs in meiotic and early haploid cells in unclear. There are numerous examples of controls over the translation of individual mRNAs in meiotic and haploid cells; the proportions of various mRNAs in free-mRNPs range from virtually none to virtually all, and individual mRNAs are activated at specific stages in elongated spermatids. Existing evidence is contradictory whether the mRNAs in the protamine/transition protein gene family are repressed by mRNP proteins of sequestration. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A multifrequency technique for frequency response computation with application to switched-capacitor circuits with nonlinearities

Frequency domain analysis of switched-capacitor and other clocked circuits including nonlinearities is a difficult problem requiring special attention. Conventional nonlinear frequency response methods are computationally intensive and time consuming for circuits with large transient components. In this paper, we present a novel technique for the rapid estimation of the nonlinear frequency response of switched-capacitor circuits. The analysis technique is formulated using a multifrequency sinusoidal excitation to drive the circuit into its steady-state condition. Then, the fundamental components are extracted using a frequency-directed Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in order to construct the frequency response. The key steps of this approach include the selection of noninterfering input frequencies and the determination of properly scaled input amplitudes. In addition, a method is proposed to reach steady-state quickly and to detect the steady-state condition for use in conjunction with the multifrequency approach described here.
Impact of Microfinance on Seasonal Hardship in Northern Bangladesh: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

Daily income and food consumption of poor households in northern Bangladesh fall drastically during the autumn lean season of the year. In local terms, this seasonal hardship is known as monga, a near famine situation. Using the propensity score matching technique on cross-sectional data from Kurigram, one of the most poverty-stricken districts of northern Bangladesh, a study was conducted, which finds that participation in microfinance programmes reduces fluctuations in daily income and food consumption in the autumn lean period. Households’ capacity to cope with risk increases as the length of membership in microfinance programmes increases. The study further suggests that it is the relatively poorer households that benefit more from microfinance.
Measuring Male Body Image: A Review of the Current Methodology.

Much body image research has been directed toward the study of males (H. G. Pope, K. A. Phillips, & R. Olivardia, 2000). However, little attention has been devoted to consideration of which methods yield the most accurate measurement of this population. Based on numerous social psychological studies indicating the salience of a muscular appearance (e.g., H. G. Pope, R. Olivardia, A. Gruber, & J. Borowiecki, 1999), 3 guidelines were derived for assessing male body image. Existing methods of male body image assessment were evaluated based on their adherence to these guidelines and avoidance of methodological shortcomings. The most effective measures of male body image were the Drive for Muscularity Scale (D. R. McCreary & D. K. Sasse, 2000), somatomorphic matrix (A. J. Gruber, H. G. Pope, J. Borowiecki, & G. Cohane, 1999), and a modification to the somatomorphic matrix introduced here.
Knowledge-based techniques in instrumentation

Opportunities for the application of knowledge-based techniques in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry are examined. Three issues are considered: (1) the new functionalities that can be implemented by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques; (2) the kind of AI techniques that can be used in this specific problem; and (3) how to merge AI techniques with existing, relatively small instruments, such as FTIR systems. The ADVICE facility developed to support the experiment design phase of the FTIR operation is described. Spectrum interpretation is discussed. >
Independence of clones as a criterion for voting rules

“Independence of clones” is a generalization of the condition of not being subject to the perverse consequences of vote splitting that arise under plurality voting. A new voting rule that is at least “almost always” independent of clones is obtained by the following algorithm: Require the collective ranking of the candidates to be consistent with the paired comparisons decided by the largest and second largest margins, and then, if possible, with the paired comparison decided by the third largest margin, and so on. The advantages of this “ranked pairs” rule over previously proposed voting rules that are independent of clones is that it possesses Condorcet consistency, non-negative responsiveness, and “resolvability” (the property that every tie be within one vote of being broken).
A Randomized Comparison of Azithromycin and Doxycycline for the Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium–Positive Urethritis in Men

Background Several uncontrolled observational studies have suggested that the tetracycline class of antibiotics may not be effective in treating Mycoplasma genitalium infection. The present study compared the efficacy of 1 g of azithromycin given as a single dose with that of 100 mg of doxycycline given twice a day for 7 days in eliminating M. genitalium infection. Methods Men with signs or symptoms of urethral disease who were attending a New Orleans sexually transmitted disease clinic and who met clinical criteria for nongonococcal urethritis were enrolled in the study. They were randomized to receive either doxycycline (100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days) or azithromycin (1 g orally as a single dose). All participants were asked to return for a follow-up visit 10-17 days after enrollment. M. genitalium-positive men at enrollment were invited to return for a second follow-up visit between 31 and 41 days after enrollment. Results Of the 398 men who enrolled, 197 were randomized to receive azithromycin, and 201 were randomized to receive doxycycline. Thirty-six (18%) and 42 (21%) men in these 2 groups, respectively, were infected with M. genitalium. At the early initial follow-up visit, 3 (13%) of 23 azithromycin-treated men were M. genitalium positive, compared with 17 (55%) of 31 doxycycline-treated men (P = .002). Of 15 persistently infected men who were clinically cured at the early initial follow-up visit, 7 (47%) experienced clinical relapse over the subsequent 2-6 weeks. Conclusions A single 1-g dose of azithromycin is more effective than multidose doxycycline for the treatment of M. genitalium-associated urethritis in men. M. genitalium may be an important cause of recurrent nongonococcal urethritis after administration of the treatment regimens currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
5. Genetics of hypersensitivity.

Abstract Genetics provides the basis for the host response to a variety of environmental factors that can play a role in the generation of complex genetic diseases, such as asthma and atopy. An understanding of the genetic bases for these conditions is therefore essential to understand their pathophysiology. Studies of the genetics of asthma and atopy have suffered from several daunting challenges. These include the recognition that these are conditions caused by numerous genes, with each gene assuming variable roles in different individuals. In addition, each gene presumably contributes only a small percentage to a given individual's genetic risk of asthma. This has led to the current situation, in which studies often demonstrate a lack of replication that can be explained by their being insufficiently powered. Furthermore, the pathophysiologies of asthma and atopy are incompletely understood, and the lack of clearly defined phenotypes also contributes to the inadequacies of the current literature. Nonetheless, regions of the human genome have been reproducibly associated with asthma and atopy. These regions have undergone intense study, and many genetic variants within them have been implicated as asthma and allergy genes. In addition, through candidate gene approaches, several genetic polymorphisms have been convincingly linked to increased risks for the development of asthma and atopy. Many of these genes are associated with alterations in responsiveness to therapeutic agents used in the treatment of these conditions. These genetic studies have an exciting potential for individually tailoring the therapeutic regimen to a given subject's genotype. It is to be hoped that they will also define new targets for the next generation of asthma and allergy therapeutic agents. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:S495-501.)
The influence of strain on confined electronic states in semiconductor quantum structures

A continuum finite element technique is adopted to study electronic properties of submicron electronic devices where function hinges on quantum mechanical eAects. Of particular interest is the influence of mechanical strain on confined electronic states. The steady state Schrequation, which governs the electronic behavior of such devices, is modified to include the potential induced by a strain field which is present as a consequence of the fabrication. The governing equation is cast in a variational form, and it is discretized on a standard finite element mesh which is more refined in regions where large quantum mechanical wave function gradients are expected. Multiple energy bands and three-dimensional structures can be considered, and eAects including strain enhanced charge confinement and strain induced energy band mixing are studied. As examples, a Ge (5 0 1) faceted island, or quantum dot, on a Si substrate and a Ge v-groove quantum wire on a Si substrate are considered. The technique is used to determine size ranges in which these devices are expected to be most useful. The nonuniform mismatch strain field in the structures is found to aAect the energies of experimentally accessible confined states and in some cases to enhance quantum mechanical confine- ment. " 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analysis of test data from an automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) test

Data collected during a test of the location sub-system of four Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) systems in Philadelphia have been examined to determine characteristics useful in the employment of each technique in an operational system. A properly chosen algorithm can give accurate time point results of buses stopping at bus stops, but the addition of a door switch can provide greater reliability. Components of location error of each system can be fit graphically on normal probability paper, using linear segments with two different slopes. Some of the error components can be fit very well by a probability distribution composed of a sum of two normal distributions. The resultant distribution has more small errors and more large errors than would result from a single normal distribution. Although most systems exhibit a statistically significant bias, which could be removed during the location determination process, the amount is small compared to system requirements. Incorporation of signpost data improved LORAN-only accuracy approximately threefold.
Internal Dielectric Transduction in Bulk-Mode Resonators

This paper investigates electrostatic transduction of a longitudinal-mode silicon acoustic resonator with internal dielectric films. Geometric optimization of internal dielectrically transduced resonators is derived analytically and shown experimentally. Analysis of internal dielectric transduction shows a maximum transduction efficiency with thin dielectric films at points of maximum strain of the desired resonant mode. With this design optimization, a silicon bar resonator is realized with a ninth harmonic resonance of 4.5 GHz and a quality factor of over 11 000, resulting in a record high f middotQ product in silicon of 5.1 times 1013. The novel dielectric transducer demonstrates improved resonator performance with increasing frequency, with optimal transduction efficiency when the acoustic wavelength is twice the dielectric thickness. Such frequency scaling behavior enables the realization of resonators up to the super-high-frequency domain.
Closing Mitosis: The Functions of the Cdc14 Phosphatase and Its Regulation

▪ Abstract Completion of the cell cycle requires the temporal and spatial coordination of chromosome segregation with mitotic spindle disassembly and cytokinesis. In budding yeast, the protein phosphatase Cdc14 is a key regulator of these late mitotic events. Here, we review the functions of Cdc14 and how this phosphatase is regulated to accomplish the coupling of mitotic processes. We also discuss the function and regulation of Cdc14 in other eukaryotes, emphasizing conserved features.
Optimal Component Composition for Scalable Stream Processing

Stream processing has become increasingly important with emergence of stream applications such as audio/video surveillance, stock price tracing, and sensor data analysis. A challenging problem is to provide optimal component composition in a distributed stream processing environment. The goal of optimal component composition is to achieve load balancing subject to multiple function, resource, and quality-of-service (QoS) constraints while composing stream applications. In this paper, we present an adaptive composition probing (ACP) approach to the problem. Different from previous work, ACP provides a new hybrid approach that combines distributed composition probing with coarse-grain global state management. Guided by the coarse-grain global state information, ACP selectively probes a subset of candidate components to discover an approximately optimal component composition. Further, ACP is self-tuning, which can adoptively adjust the number of probes to maintain a specified composition performance target (i.e., composition success rate) in a dynamic stream environment. While the optimal component composition problem is NP-hard, our ACP approach provides an adaptive polynomial approximation solution. We have conducted extensive simulation experiments to show the efficiency, scalability, and adaptability of the ACP approach by comparing with other alternative solutions
Pressure dependency for heavy isotope enhancement in ozone formation

It has previously been shown that a 18O, 17O mass independent isotopic enrichment accompanies O3 formation. Precise definition of the mechanism has proven difficult and further experimental characterization of the mediating parameters is needed. The potential role of activated complex lifetime is determined by measuring the effect of pressure in the region where third body kinetic fall-off is known to occur (∼ 4 atmospheres). In the pressure region ∼ 8 to 45 atmospheres, the 18O, 17O enrichment decreases by nearly 84‰. For pressures between 45 to 66 atmospheres (1.6 × 1021 molecules cm−3), the enhancement decreases by only 6‰ and is absent (δ18O = O) at 56 atmospheres. For pressures 56 to 87 atm, the product ozone is depleted in 18O in a nearly mass dependent fashion. The decrease in O3-18O enrichment with pressure initiates at a significantly lower pressure than expected, based upon the known reaction order pressure dependency. At present, no theoretical model quantitatively accounts for the observations.
Meal-induced insulin secretion in dogs is mediated by both branches of the autonomic nervous system

We investigated the relationship between autonomic activity to the pancreas and insulin secretion in chronically catheterized dogs when food was shown, during eating, and during the early absorptiv...
Editorial: I (still) see no ships: all's (still) well

This editorial is based on a presentation to The City University of New York Department of Sociology and Cultural Studies Situations Salon. Drawing on the 'Twelve steps to deregulatory heaven' documented in Multinational Monitor, Friday, 6 March 2009, the authors outline their own 15 steps to their deregulatory heaven, with Admirial Nelson's "I see no ships. All's well" as the underlying mantra.
Theoretical Prediction of Disrupted Min Oscillation in Flattened Escherichia coli

The dynamics of the Min-protein system help Escherichia coli regulate the process of cell division by identifying the center of the cell. While this system exhibits robust bipolar oscillations in wild-type cell shapes, recent experiments have shown that when the cells are mechanically deformed into wide, flattened out, irregular shapes, the spatial regularity of these oscillations breaks down. We employ widely used stochastic and deterministic models of the Min system to simulate cells with flattened shapes. The deterministic model predicts strong bipolar oscillations, in contradiction with the experimentally observed behavior, while the stochastic model, which is based on the same reaction-diffusion equations, predicts more spatially irregular oscillations. We further report simulations of flattened but more symmetric shapes, which suggest that the flattening and lateral expansion may contribute as much to the irregular oscillation behavior as the asymmetry of the cell shapes.
The Preoperative Evaluation

A potential candidate for coronary bypass surgery is carefully evaluated in a process that involves the combined efforts of the primary physician, clinical cardiologist, angiographer, and cardiac surgeon working together as a team. The several stages in the evaluation include: 1. Recognition of coronary artery disease 2. Quantification of the anatomic and physiologic abnormalities 3. Assessment of response to medical treatment 4. Comparison between the expected course of the medical and surgical therapy for a given category of patient 5. Final selection of patients for surgery In addition to the clinical evaluation, three objective diagnostic tools are used in the evaluation of the potential surgical patient: exercise testing, coronary arteriography, and contrast ventriculography.
Test of Kinetic Models for Interface Velocity, Temperature, and Solute Trapping in Rapid Solidification

During rapid solidification, deviations from local interfacial equilibrium are manifested by solute trapping and interfacial undercooling. Both the solute trapping function and the interface velocity-temperature function have been measured in the Si:As alloy system following pulsed laser melting, permitting them to test models for nonequilibrium interface kinetics. The results are consistent with the Continuous Growth Model without solute drag of Aziz and Kaplan and are inconsistent with models that incorporate solute drag effects during solidification.
Structure of Graduate Medical Education Programs in Preventive Medicine

Organizing and structuring graduate education programs in preventive medicine is a complex and often obscure process. This article describes the interrelated organizations that affect directly or indirectly the process of preventive medicine graduate education. A brief description of the overall structure of the educational process and suggestions for individuals interested in participating in the determinative organizations are given.
Action potentials recorded from inside a Mauthner cell of the catfish.

1. With intracellular microelectrodes electric responses of the catfish Mauthner cell to antidromic stimulation were recorded. The responses were composed the parts, namely of brief cell-body responses and long dendritic responses.2. The duration of the cell-body response was 1-1.5 msec. and that of the dendritic response longer than 7 msec.3. Due to this great difference in the spike-duration and the difference in refractoriness between the cell body and the dendrites, multipe responses of the cell body were frequently observed during the course of a single dendritic response.4. The possibility of injuring a neurone by insertion of a microelectrode was stressed.
Hole Cutting of Curved Discontinuous Galerkin Chimera Overset Meshes using a Direct Cut Method

The Chimera overset method has enabled the use of high-order nite di erence and nite volume approaches such as WENO and compact di erencing schemes, which require structured meshes for modeling uid ow associated with complex geometries. The exibility of the Chimera scheme is due, in large measure, to its ability to exclude regions of grids that lie outside the computational domain. The exclusion process is commonly known as hole cutting. However, the large stencils required by high-order nite di erence and nite volume schemes complicate the process of generating holes. Unlike the high-order nite di erence and nite volume schemes, the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method always retains a stencil that involves only the immediate neighbors of a given cell regardless of the order of approximation. The small stencil implies hole cutting can be performed without regard to maintaining a minimum stencil, which greatly simpli es the hole cutting process. However, DG schemes also require the use of curved cells to correctly represent curved geometries. This paper presents a form of the Direct Cut hole cutting method that is generalized for curved cells.
The adenovirus E4-ORF3 protein functions as a SUMO E3 ligase for TIF-1γ sumoylation and poly-SUMO chain elongation

The adenovirus (Ad) early region 4 (E4)-ORF3 protein regulates diverse cellular processes to optimize the host environment for the establishment of Ad replication. E4-ORF3 self-assembles into multimers to form a nuclear scaffold in infected cells and creates distinct binding interfaces for different cellular target proteins. Previous studies have shown that the Ad5 E4-ORF3 protein induces sumoylation of multiple cellular proteins and subsequent proteasomal degradation of some of them, but the detailed mechanism of E4-ORF3 function remained unknown. Here, we investigate the role of E4-ORF3 in the sumoylation process by using transcription intermediary factor (TIF)-1γ as a substrate. Remarkably, we discovered that purified E4-ORF3 protein stimulates TIF-1γ sumoylation in vitro, demonstrating that E4-ORF3 acts as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase. Furthermore, E4-ORF3 significantly increases poly-SUMO3 chain formation in vitro in the absence of substrate, showing that E4-ORF3 has SUMO E4 elongase activity. An E4-ORF3 mutant, which is defective in protein multimerization, exhibited severely decreased activity, demonstrating that E4-ORF3 self-assembly is required for these activities. Using a SUMO3 mutant, K11R, we found that E4-ORF3 facilitates the initial acceptor SUMO3 conjugation to TIF-1γ as well as poly-SUMO chain elongation. The E4-ORF3 protein displays no SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase activity in our assay system. These studies reveal the mechanism by which E4-ORF3 targets specific cellular proteins for sumoylation and proteasomal degradation and provide significant insight into how a small viral protein can play a role as a SUMO E3 ligase and E4-like SUMO elongase to impact a variety of cellular responses.
Measurement of the Topology of Large-Scale Structures in Turbulent Reacting Flows

Turbulent combustion involves a complex interplay between fluid motion and chemistry. A widely held view is that large-scale structures play an important role in this interaction. Experimental work that concentrates on providing new information on the spatial characteristics of large-scale structures in flames has been done. Laser imaging techniques that can provide two-, and more recently, three-dimensional data on quantities such as species concentrations, temperatures, and densities in turbulent flames have been developed.
DiFS: Distributed Flow Scheduling for adaptive switching in FatTree data center networks

Abstract Data center networks leverage multiple parallel paths connecting end host pairs to offer high bisection bandwidth for cluster computing applications. However, the state-of-the-art routing protocols such as Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) is load-oblivious due to the static flow-to-link assignment. They may cause bandwidth loss due to flow collisions. Recently proposed centralized scheduling algorithm or host based adaptive routing that requires network-wide state information may suffer from scalability problems. In this paper, we present Distributed Flow Scheduling (DiFS), a new adaptive switching method, for FatTree data center networks, which is a localized and switch-only solution. DiFS allows switches to cooperate to avoid over-utilized links and find available paths without centralized control. DiFS is scalable and can react quickly to dynamic traffic because it is independently executed on switches and requires no synchronization. DiFS provides global bounds of flow balance based on local optimization. Extensive simulations show that the aggregate throughput of DiFS using various traffic patterns is much better than that of ECMP, and is similar to or higher than those of two representative protocols that use network-wide optimization.
Liquid phase epitaxy of indium antimonide for high-performance infrared detectors

InSb has served as an important midwave (λ = 3–5-μm) IR detector material for several decades. Until recently, the only detector quality material available was LEC grown bulk form; the minority carrier lifetimes in this LEC material restricted detector use to operating temperatures ranging from 70 to 90 K to ensure adequate performance. LPE grown InSb epilayers have minority carrier lifetimes up to 2 orders of magnitude greater than those found in the best available bulk and permit system designers to trade off potential higher performance with elevated operating temperatures.
Treatment of Respiratory Infections with Quinolones

Publisher Summary The quinolone antibiotic class is extremely useful for the therapy of common respiratory infections, including the community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and the acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. These agents have become popular due to their antimicrobial spectrum of activity combined with the pharmacokinetic advantages that include excellent penetration into respiratory tissue and high bioavailability with oral therapy. The latest members of the quinolone class, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, have the added advantages of effective activity against multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae , two bacterial targets that impede resistance development, improved activity against anaerobes, metabolism that does not rely on the cytochrome P450 system, and dosage that does not require alteration in the setting of renal or hepatic impairment (moxifloxacin) or hepatic impairment alone (gatifloxacin). Current clinical practice has several important utilities for quinolone use that include the therapy of difficult-to-treat infections such as acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) in complicated patients and patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia, the early switch from intravenous to oral therapy in patients with either CAP or HAP, and the possibility of using oral therapy for patients who would otherwise require admission for parenteral therapy with other antimicrobials. Trovafloxacin has activity against both P. aeruginosa and respiratory tract anaerobes, but the use of this agent has been greatly restricted because of its hepatic toxicity. The place of these new quinolones in the future management of respiratory infection is still being defined, but they are likely to become the drugs of choice for various patient groups.
Japan — The First Superstate?

In 1970 Herman Kahn, physicist and nuclear war theorist, predicted that Japan would become the ‘First Superstate’ — that its GDP would double between 1970 and 1975, and again between 1975 and 1980 — a fourfold expansion in a decade. Between 1970 and 2000, annual growth rates would average 9 percent a year, so that by the year 2000 GDP in Japan would be nearly 16 times the 1970 level. The news was heartening to the Japanese and frightening to most other countries because continued rapid growth would lead to declines in the world prices of the goods that the Japanese produced — and to comparable declines in the prices of similar goods produced in other industrial countries.
Application of Mass Spectrometry in Translational Epigenetics

Eukaryotic chromatin is a highly dynamic structure composed of proteins and DNA. Epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation and posttranslational modification (PTM) of nucleosome core histone proteins, alters chromatin architecture and regulates gene expression. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been accepted as a powerful technology to study epigenetic mechanisms, understanding the importance of the combinatorial histone codes on the determination of cell phenotypes and in the etiology of diseases. In this chapter, we introduce the principles of mass spectrometry. Then we review recent accomplishments of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in the field of epigenetics, including histone sample preparation, enrichment of low abundant PTMs, different mass-spectrometry-based analytic strategies and bioinformatics tools in identification and quantification of histone PTMs, histone variants and characterization of chromatin interactome. With the demand for both chromatin biology and translational epigenetics, we think mass spectrometry will continue to serve as a key and complementary technology for the analysis of gene regulation networks.
The Curvature-Augmented Closest Point method with vesicle inextensibility application

Abstract The Closest Point method, initially developed by Ruuth and Merriman, allows for the numerical solution of surface partial differential equations without the need for a parameterization of the surface itself. Surface quantities are embedded into the surrounding domain by assigning each value at a given spatial location to the corresponding value at the closest point on the surface. This embedding allows for surface derivatives to be replaced by their Cartesian counterparts (e.g. ∇ s = ∇ ). This equivalence is only valid on the surface, and thus, interpolation is used to enforce what is known as the side condition away from the surface. To improve upon the method, this work derives an operator embedding that incorporates curvature information, making it valid in a neighborhood of the surface. With this, direct enforcement of the side condition is no longer needed. Comparisons in R 2 and R 3 show that the resulting Curvature-Augmented Closest Point method has better accuracy and requires less memory, through increased matrix sparsity, than the Closest Point method, while maintaining similar matrix condition numbers. To demonstrate the utility of the method in a physical application, simulations of inextensible, bi-lipid vesicles evolving toward equilibrium shapes are also included.
Sirolimus for Graft-Versus-Host-Diseases Prophylaxis in Non-Myeloablative Matched Related Transplantation: Safety and Efficacy.

Abstract 4329 The use of sirolimus (rapamycin) as an immunosuppressive agent after allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation is appealing given its antitumor and tolerance-inducing properties. Its safety and efficacy have been studied but are not completely understood in this patient population. We have compared GVHD prophylaxis with sirolimus together with early withdrawal of concomitant tacrolimus to standard tacrolimus in 49 patients receiving non-myeloablative transplant from matched related donors. All patients received identical conditioning with Cyclophosphamide 1g/m 2 days –7 and –6 and Fludarabine 25mg/m 2 days –7 through –3. Twenty-three patients received standard GVHD prophylaxis with methotrexate and tacrolimus. Twenty-six patients received methotrexate, sirolimus, with tacrolimus tapering over 15 days beginning day 20 or 30. Overall survival (OS) was similar in sirolimus and no sirolimus groups (median 526 vs 723 days, p=0.77). Similarly progression-free survival (PFS) was comparable (median 300 vs 382days p=0.78). Full chimerism was achieved in 73% patients received sirolimus vs. 58%patients received no sirolimus by day 100 (p=0.46). Chimerism was similar in the two groups at all time points examined. Toxicities including microangiopathy (MA), hypertriglyceremia and nephrotoxicity were analyzed. In patients receiving sirolimus MA developed in 2/26(8%) vs. in 1/23(4%) patients receiving no sirolimus (p=0.28). Creatinine >3mg/dl was seen in 6/26 (23%) patients receiving sirolimus vs. 6/23 (26%) patients receiving no sirolimus (p=0.47). In contrast the incidence of hypertriglyceremia (>500mg/dl) was significantly higher in the sirolimus group (10/26, 38% vs 2/23, 9% p Disclosures: Off Label Use: Sirolimus for GVHD prophyllaxis.
Hazard Analysis and Control of Roast Beef Jus Preparation in Foodservice Establishments.

Roast beef preparation practices were examined in eight foodservice establishments for the likelihood of contamination and the possibilities of survival or growth during each step of the operations. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from raw beef, equipment, and cooked beef. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from raw beef, equipment, workers' hands, and cooked beef. Salmonellae were isolated from neither meat nor equipment. Numerous opportunities were observed for contamination of cooked beef during operations in most of the establishments. No opportunities for multiplication of foodborne disease bacteria were observed during thawing of frozen beef. From recorded time-temperature data, it was calculated that vegetative foodborne pathogens could survive in 76% of the geometric centers and on 5% of the surfaces of beef during cooking. Survival of these organisms could occur in 36% of the geometric centers and on 11% of the surfaces of the cooked beef during post-oven temperature rise periods. These organisms could have survived in 25% of the geometric centers and on 33% of the surfaces of the cooked roasts during hot holding; they could have multiplied on 25% and 27%, respectively. During cooling, the potential for multiplication of vegetative cells of foodborne pathogens existed in 83% of the geometric centers and 79% of the surfaces of the roasts. During reheating, these organisms would have survived in 71% of the geometric centers and on 13% of the surfaces of the roasts. Recommendations are given for hot holding, cooling, and reheating so as to minimize microbiological problems.
Normal Tissue Constraints for Abdominal and Thoracic Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Although stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy has become an established standard of care for the treatment of a variety of malignancies, our understanding of normal tissue dose tolerance with extreme hypofractionation remains immature. Since Timmerman initially proposed normal tissue dose constraints for SBRT in the 2008 issue of Seminars of Radiation Oncology, experience with SBRT has grown, and more long-term clinical outcome data have been reported. This article reviews the modern toxicity literature and provides updated clinically practical and useful recommendations of SBRT dose constraints for extracranial sites. We focus on the major organs of the thoracic and upper abdomen, specifically the liver and the lung.