cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The engineering of intrinsic point defects in silicon wafers and crystals

Using new techniques which manage intrinsic point defect concentrations during the growth of silicon crystals and subsequent processing of silicon wafers, it is possible to achieve two highly desirable results. First, using techniques which maintain crystals sufficiently close to equilibrium during growth such that it is possible to grow large diameter CZ silicon crystals which are completely free of agglomerates of vacancies (voids) or self interstitials (dislocation loops). Secondly, through the control of quenched-in vacancy concentration profiles in thin silicon wafers during rapid thermal annealing processes, it is possible to obtain ideal oxygen precipitation behavior in silicon wafers. Such vacancy concentration engineered wafers are effectively programmed to produce robust defect distributions suitable for internal gettering (IG) applications. The performance of such wafers is independent of all parameters previously important to engineering of IG structures: oxygen concentration, crystal growth method and even the application in which the wafer is used. These two new types of material represent important simplifications to the successful defect engineering of silicon wafers in advanced IC applications. It is shown that, taken together, results from both crystal growth and wafer processing studies place a large number of constraints on the parameter set used to describe the properties of the vacancies and self interstitials in silicon. A model for the oxygen precipitation enhancement in the MDZ process is given.
Talk, Work, and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation, and Management Settings

Talk, Work, and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation, and Management Settings. Srikant Sarangi and Celia Roberts, eds. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. 529 pp., tables, index.
Are amps and volts created equal

This paper briefly reviews the way current IT and consumer electronics safety standards treat the risk of electrically caused fire is purely proportional to power. That implies it is symmetrical in regards to available voltage and current. It then proposes a simple general model to divide electrical failure modes that may be fire risks into two distinct types series and parallel resistive faults. It considers the relative merits of real inductors and capacitors as energy storage devices. Then it looks at some real world high voltage and high current electrical sources and failure modes, and finally argues based on the previous points that the available voltage is a greater risk factor than the available current.
Car-Following Headways on Freeways Interpreted by the Semi-Poisson Headway Distribution Model

The goal of this work is to investigate driver car-following patterns on freeways, particularly as a function of traffic flow level, using a headway distribution model. A number of authors have developed “two-component” vehicular headway distribution models that assume vehicles on a road can be divided into two groups according to whether or not they are interacting with the vehicle ahead. A model of this type, the “semi-Poisson” model proposed by Buckley, is applied to a data base consisting of 42,000 observed headways from a single lane of an urban freeway over a range of flow from 900 to 2,000 vehicles per lane per hour. A previously developed computational method allows the distribution of followers headways to be calculated directly from the observed total headway distribution by numerically solving an integral equation without introducing a parametric form for the followers distribution. The resulting followers headway distribution is found to be independent of the flow with a mean of 1.32 s and a standard deviation of 0.52 s. No statistically significant discrepancies are found between the model results and the observed data. The theoretical basis for the semi-Poisson model is discussed and compared with those of other models in order to assess the plausibility of the interpretation with respect to car following.
Applying public health strategies to the protection of cyberspace

Abstract Modern society has made massive strides in public health that have contributed to the quality of life we enjoy today. However, the current cyberspace health environment is arguably similar to the public health environment that existed in nineteenth century New York City, if not Europe during the Middle Ages. How would the critical infrastructure cope with a pandemic cyberspace infection with the virulence and potency of the Black Death? This paper presents a strategy for cyberspace health that is inspired by constructs and initiatives in the public health domain. The strategy has five components: (i) sanitizing the environment; (ii) controlling community infections; (iii) educating the actors; (iv) organizing detection and prevention services; and (v) creating the social machinery for cyberspace health.
Membrane changes associated with assembly of visna virus

Abstract The maturation of visna virus at the surface membranes of sheep choroid plexus cells has been studied by freeze-fracture, deep-etching, surface replication, and scanning EM techniques. The results were integrated with data obtained from thin sections. The first changes detectable in the membranes of infected cells consist of flat regions which lack intramembrane particles and show clusters of globular units on corresponding areas of the surface. Protrusion of the cell membrane, characteristic of the budding process, appears to be initiated after a capsid attaches to these modified membrane regions. During the growth of the viral bud, the areas lacking intramembrane particles, the crescent capsids, and the surface covered with globular units increase in size simultaneously. The surface units become more widely spaced as if they were anchored to the bending capsid. At the end of this development, viruses bud off singly or in rows from the soma and long processes of the infected cells. The capsid detaches from the envelope and forms a central core, the surface units become larger and more closely apposed, and free viruses become smaller than viral buds. Thus, visna virus formation requires insertion and growth of surface units probably representing viral-coded proteins, reorganization of host cell membrane proteins under these units, and, initially, attachment of a coiled capsid to the modified membrane.
Effect of calibration environment on the performance of direct-reading organic vapor monitors

The performance of two direct-reading organic vapor monitors (monitors) when calibrated at different environmental conditions was compared with charcoal tube results. Three MIRAN SapphIRe portable ambient air analyzers (SAP) and three Century portable toxic vapor analyzers (TVAs) were evaluated. Prior to sampling, the monitors were calibrated per the manufacturer's instructions using methane for the TVA flame ionization detector (FID) and isobutylene for the photoionization detector (PID), whereas the SapphIRe instruments were zeroed and the instrument's manufacturer-supplied library was used. For the first series of tests (“Part 1—Same condition”), the monitors were calibrated under the same environmental conditions as those present during sampling. They were then challenged with four cyclohexane concentrations (30, 150, 300, and 475 ppm) under two extreme environmental conditions: 5 °C and 30% relative humidity (RH) (same/cold) and 38 °C and 90% RH (same/hot). For the second series of tests (“Part 2—Dif...
A robust alternate repeater technique for high performance busses in the multi-core era

This paper describes an alternate repeater insertion technique that uses correct-by-construction polarities to reduce worst-case miller coupling factor (MCF) across any multiple segmented portion of a repeated bus. Simple static CMOS circuits with nominal p-n skews allow drop-in replacement while maintaining robust operation. For the same repeater area, number and position of repeaters of conventional busses, this technique simultaneously reduces delay by 15%, energy by 29% and peak current by 12% for 2-8 mm on-chip busses in 1.2 V, 65 nm CMOS. Under equal delay constraints, the proposed technique reduces worst-case energy and peak current by 39% and 36%, respectively. The technique easily extends to shared busses for multi-core designs and shows a 41% improvement in energy-efficiency for a 10 mm 5 GHz multi-cycle on-chip core-to- core bus.
Efficient cooperative detection for wireless sentinel networks

In this paper, we propose an energy efficient cooperative detection scheme for wireless sentinel networks monitoring for surreptitious wireless communications. Our solution exploits the multiuser diversity in the network by proposing a cooperative randomized monitoring approach for individual sentinel nodes, that leads to more efficient resource expenditure and good detection and intruder localization performance for the network. A game theoretic framework is proposed to analyze the achievable operating point for the system. Simulation results show very good detection performance together with increased localization accuracy and energy efficient operation.
Plasma Insulin A-Chain in Obesity and Diabetes

ABSTRACT The responses of the plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and insulin A-chain (IRA) to glucose loading were studied in normal, obese nondiabetic, obese diabetic, and non-obese diabetic subjects. Fasting IRA was elevated above the normal values for the 3 latter groups. A significant rise in IRA occurred following glucose only in the obese diabetics. Greater variability occurred in IRA than in IRI responses, although all cases of exaggerated IRA response also showed a correspondingly high IRI response. The converse was not true.
The Los Angeles Automobile Industry in Historical Perspective

From the turn of the century to the present, industrial production has taken various forms from an initial craft orientation, to a period of ‘Fordism’ when industrialization was characteristically dominated by mass production, to the present when increasing numbers of sectors are adopting ‘flexible specialization’ techniques which incorporate aspects both of mass production and of the craft tradition. As a location with strong craft and mass production lineages, Los Angeles offers unusual insights for understanding developments in the industry. In this paper the evolution of both sides of the Los Angeles automobile industry is traced and its prospects for remaining a viable economic entity are discussed in the region in light of overarching trends.
Constructing Locally Computable Extractors and Cryptosystems in the Bounded-Storage Model

We consider the problem of constructing randomness extractors that are locally computable; that is, read only a small number of bits from their input. As recently shown by [Lu] locally computable extractors directly yield secure private-key cryptosystems in Maurer’s bounded-storage model.We suggest a general “sample-then-extract” approach to constructing locally computable extractors: use essentially any randomness-efficient sampler to select bits from the input and then apply any extractor to the selected bits. Plugging in known sampler and extractor constructions, we obtain locally computable extractors, and hence cryptosystems in the bounded-storage model, whose parameters improve upon previous constructions. We also provide lower bounds showing that the parameters we achieve are nearly optimal.The correctness of the sample-then-extract approach follows from a fundamental lemma of Nisan and Zuckerman, which states that sampling bits from a weak random source roughly preserves the min-entropy rate. We also present a refinement of this lemma, showing that the min-entropy rate is preserved up to an arbitrarily small additive loss, whereas the original lemma loses a logarithmic factor.
Isolated Chromatin in the Study of Gene Expression

One of the salient features of eukaryotic chromatin is that its transcription by RNA polymerase is limited. Only a small percentage of the DNA sequences in the genome is transcribed in a given tissue at a given time. Although there can be considerable overlap of sequences transcribed, the pattern of RNA transcription is tissue specific (Paul and Gilmour, 1966, 1968; Bekhor et al., 1969; Smith et al., 1969; McConaughy and McCarthy, 1972). We would like to understand the mechanism by which this tissue specific transcription is dictated, and the means by which the program of transcription is changed. One effective method used in studying these problems during the last several years has been the analysis of the macromolecular components and the reactions of isolated chromatin in vitro. Chromatin, the interphase form of the cell’s chromosomes, is a complex of DNA, RNA, histone, and non-histone chromosomal protein (NHC protein or hertones).b We will discuss here some of the more important recent findings concerning the chemical and physical characteristics of the latter three components and some experiments aimed at elucidating their association with the DNA and/or their possible biological roles.
Poisson's ratios of technological materials

Poisson's ratio (PR), the relation between lateral contraction of an elastic rod when subjected to a longitudinal extension, has a long and interesting history. For isotropic bodies, it can theoretically range from + ½ to – 1; the experimental gamut for anisotropic materials is even larger. For the vast majority of materials the PR is positive for all combinations of directions. But as far back as the 1800s, Voigt and others found that for some materials negative values were encountered. Negative PR (nPR) values remained for many years merely a curiosity, but more recently some of the interesting technological consequences have come to be recognized [1–3]. Some of the counterintuitive acoustic possibilities of nPRs are analogous, in a certain fashion, to those arising with negative refraction electromagnetic materials [4]. Even when a material does not have nPR properties, if it is piezoelectric, then the PR can be altered, sometimes by appreciable amounts, by changing the electrical boundary conditions [5–6]. We review Poisson's ratio in crystals, describing technologically important materials that have small, or negative PRs. Potential applications of the nPR property are also mentioned.
Patients with chronic asthma found medicine information to be unclear or confusing, did not receive complete information on medicine use and side effects, and found leaflets to be unhelpful.

Raynor DK, Savage I, Knapp P, et al. We are the experts: people with asthma talk about their medicine information needs. Patient Educ Couns 2004;53:167–74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assessment of Stage 35 With APNASA

†An assessment of the turbomachinery analysis code, APNASA, was conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center under the Fundamental Aeronautics Program to determine its predictive capabilities. The geometry selected for this study was the Stage 35 single stage transonic compressor. A speedline was generated using two turbulence models and compared to experimental data at 100% speed. Performance of the stage and profiles of several key aerodynamic parameters are compared to the survey data downstream of the stator in this report. In addition, hub leakage was also modeled and compared to solutions without leakage and to available experimental data.
Coded continuous phase modulation using ring convolutional codes

Rate 1/2 convolutional codes over the ring of integers modulo M are combined with M-ary continuous phase modulation (CPM) schemes whose modulation indices are of the form h=1/M. An M-ary CPM scheme with h=1/M can be modeled by a continuous-phase encoder (CPE) followed by a memoryless modulator (MM), where the CPE is linear over the ring of integers modulo M. The fact that the convolutional code and the CPE are over the same algebra allows the state of the CPE to be fed back and used by the convolutional encoder. A modified Euclidean distance function that substantially simplifies the search for good codes has been derived and used to find new codes. Numerical results show that this approach consistently improves the performance as compared to coded schemes using binary convolutional codes with the same decoding complexity.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake in Infancy and Obesity at 6 Years

Objective To examine whether sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake during infancy predicts obesity at age 6 years. Methods We included 1189 children who participated in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II in 2005-2007 and were followed up at 6 years in 2012. Children's weight and height were measured by mothers. Obesity was defined as gender-specific BMI-for-age ≥95th percentile. We used logistic regression to estimate the associations of any SSB intake and age at SSB introduction before 12 months and mean SSB intake during ages 10 to 12 months with obesity at 6 years controlling for baseline characteristics. Results The obesity prevalence at 6 years among children who consumed SSBs during infancy was twice as high as that among non-SSB consumers (17.0% vs 8.6%). The adjusted odds of obesity at 6 years was 71% higher for any SSB intake and 92% higher for SSB introduction before 6 months compared with no SSB intake during infancy. Children who consumed SSBs ≥3 times per week during ages 10 to 12 months had twice the odds of obesity compared with those who consumed no SSBs in this period. However, among children who consumed SSBs, the odds of obesity at 6 years did not differ by age at SSB introduction during infancy or by mean weekly SSB intake during ages 10 to 12 months. Conclusions Children who consumed SSBs during infancy had higher odds of obesity at 6 years than non-SSB consumers. SSB consumption during infancy may be a risk factor for obesity in early childhood. Whether unmeasured behaviors contributed to the association is unclear.
Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole

Hawking has predicted that a black hole will emit particles as if it had a temperature proportional to its surface gravity. This paper combines Hawking's quantum formalism with the black-hole perturbation methods of Teukolsky and Press to calculate the emission rate for the known massless particles. Numerical results indicate that a hole of mass $M\ensuremath{\gg}{10}^{17}$ g should emit a total power output of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\ensuremath{\hbar}{c}^{6}{G}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{M}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, of which 81% is in neutrinos, 17% is in photons, and 2% is in gravitons. These rates plus an estimate for the emission rates of massive particles from smaller holes allow one to infer that a primordial black hole will have decayed away within the present age of the universe if and only if its initial mass was $Ml(5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ g.
Ferrit(in)ing Out New Mechanisms in Iron Homeostasis

Exquisite control of intestinal iron absorption prevents iron deficiency and toxic iron overload. Absorption is modulated by a circulating hormone, hepcidin, which inactivates the iron transporter ferroportin. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Vanoaica and colleagues show that absorption is also regulated within the intestinal epithelium, through production of the iron-sequestering protein H-ferritin.
Reply to: comment on: aripiprazole-associated hiccups: a case and closer look at the association between hiccups and antipsychotics.

We would like to thank the author for detailing two additional pieces of literature related to aripiprazole and hiccups. As the author points out, a thorough review of the literature is crucial when it comes to building the association between medications and rare adverse events. Additionally, the author’s letter provides us with worthy reminders for any publication. First, we do not know whether Hori and Nakamura’s May 2014 publication was available when we submitted our final version to Journal of Pharmacy Practice also in May 2014. However, we are reminded in this fast-paced arena of publishing and exponentially growing number of journals that even in the final phases of publication, ongoing literature searches should still be conducted. Second, a detailed evaluation of each report should be conducted to assess for any duplicate publication or report which later has been incorporated into a case series and published again. This is an unfortunate occurrence that we have encountered in the literature. Currently, there appears to be a similar situation. The author suggests that we did not include a specific case report by Ginsberg, but upon careful evaluation of this piece in Primary Psychiatry, Ginsberg is referencing the published case from Behere et al rather than describing an original case report. Ginsberg states ‘‘There is now a report of aripiprazoleinduced hyponatremia’’ (p. 19–20), and follows with the citation by Behere et al. This same case reported by Behere et al and referenced by Ginsberg is included in our case report. We summarize both Ginsberg’s and Behere’s publications in Table 1. We wish to highlight this because each article has been cited multiple times in the literature and both have been cited within the same publication.
The pycnidiospore of Phyllosticta ampelicida: surface properties involved in substratum attachment and germination

Pycnidiospores of Phyllosticta ampelicida germinate only after they become attached to a hydrophobic substratum. They do not readily attach or germinate on hydrophilic surfaces or on nutrient-rich media. The properties of the spore surface that function in attachment and signal mediation for germination were investigated in this study. Pycnidiospores were surrounded by a sheath that bound Concanavalin A (Con A)-TRITC and only weakly bound wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-FITC. Galanthus nivalis lectin-FITC selectively bound primarily to the apical region of the sheath associated with the appendage. Con A, but not WGA or GNL, disrupted spore attachment. The Con A effect on spore attachment was significantly reduced when the lectin was pre-mixed with methyl-D-α-mannoside. The sheath as well as the associated appendage was removed with either Novozym 234 or crude β-glucuronidase. Such sheathless spores were initially adhesion incompetent but, by 40 min, the spores regained their ability to adhere to hydrophobic surfaces through the secretion of material that had an affinity toward colloidal gold. Non-treated pycnidiospores surrounded by sheath remained spatially separate; however, sheathless spores readily agglutinated. Addition of cations enhanced attachment to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces presumably through the masking of electronegative groups on the sheath or by reduction of the ordered water-shell surrounding the sheath. In particular, Ca 2+ induced both attachment and germination on normally non-inductive hydrophilic surfaces, suggesting an additional role for Ca 2+ in signal mediation for germination.
Sequential/parallel matrix picture languages

A new system, that of matrix grammars, for two-dimensional picture processing, is introduced. A hierarchy, induced on Chomsky's is found. Language operations such as union, catenation (row and column), Kleene's closure (row and column), and homomorphisms are investigated. It is found that the smallest class of these languages may serve as the class of arrays, which is defined as the smallest class of arrays closed under union, catenation (row and column) and Kleene's closure (row and column). Eight possible ways of defining a matrix language are discussed and it is suggested that one of them may lead to a normal form of matrix grammars. The method is advantageous over others on several points. Perhaps the most interesting of all is that it provides a compromise between purely sequential methods, which take too much time for large arrays and purely parallel methods, which usually take too much hardware for large arrays.
Lysine requirement of pigs weighing 5 to 15 kg fed practical diets with and without added fat.

Summary Weanling crossbred pigs (average weight 5 kg) were fed diets containing two levels of fat and six levels of lysine in a 2  6 factorial design to determine the lysine requirement of young pigs fed practical diets with and without added fat. The diets were based on corn and soybean meal and contained either 5% sucrose or ,5..% lard. Lysine levels ranged from .95% (basal) to 1.45% in .10% increments. The growth trial was 28 days long and pigs were bled at 14 and 28 days. Feed intake (ADFI), weight gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F) and changes in plasma levels of urea and lysine were the response criteria. Dry matter, protein and energy digestibilities of the diets were measured at the end of the growth trial. As expected, the addition of fat caused a decrease in ADFI and an increase in G.'F but did not influence ADG. The addition of lysine significantly improved ADG and G:F and tended to increase ADF1 (P<.065). Plasma urea levels were not influenced b); fat addition, and the response was the same at both bleeding periods. Urea levels decreased in response to added lysine, reaching a plateau at 1.25% dietary lysine, Plasma lysine levels increased with dietary lysine, but the shape of the response was different for the two bleeding periods. At 14 days, it was curvilinear, indicating a lysine requirement of 1.15 to 1.25%; at 28 days, it was linear, suggesting that at this time the requirement was less than .95%. Findings indicate that pigs weighing 5 to 15 kg and fed practical diets containing 19% crude protein
Hypnosis: A Useful Strategy for Symptom Relief

Nurses are well positioned to use hypnosis to relieve symptoms, but they may lack knowledge about its clinical effectiveness. Hypnosis can help clients alleviate anxiety, reduce arousal, control behavior, and develop control when they become upset or worried. With education and supervision, psychiatric nurses in general or advanced practice can use hypnosis to help clients achieve symptom control and improve self-esteem and self-confidence.
Identification of a New Vertebrate Nucleoporin, Nup188, with the Use of a Novel Organelle Trap Assay

The study of the nuclear pore in vertebrates would benefit from a strategy to directly identify new nucleoporins and interactions between those nucleoporins. We have developed a novel two-step “organelle trap” assay involving affinity selection and in vitro pore assembly. In the first step, soluble proteins derived from Xenopus egg extracts are applied to a column containing a ligand of interest. The bound proteins are then tagged by biotinylation and eluted. In the second step, potential nucleoporins are selected for by virtue of their ability to assemble into annulate lamellae, a cytoplasmic mimic of nuclear pores. The incorporated proteins are then recognized by their biotin tag. Here we use the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) as ligand; WGA inhibits nuclear transport and has been shown to directly bind three known nucleoporins from Xenopus extract, Nup62, Nup98, and Nup214, all of which contain N-acetylglucosamine residues. Under reducedstringency conditions, three additional proteins bind to WGA‐Sepharose and are revealed by the organelle trap assay. We identified all three as partner nucleoporins. Two were discovered to be Xenopus Nup93 and Nup205. The third is a novel vertebrate nucleoporin, Nup188. This new vertebrate protein, Xenopus Nup188, exists in a complex with xNup93 and xNup205. The Nup93Nup188-Nup205 complex does not bind directly to WGA but binds indirectly via the N-acetylglucosamine‐modified nucleoporins. A gene encoding human Nup188 was also identified. The discovery of vertebrate Nup188, related to a yeast nucleoporin, and its novel protein‐protein interactions illustrates the power of the two-step organelle trap assay and identifies new building blocks for constructing the nuclear pore.
The real-time simulation of ball-beam system based on dSPACE

Based on dSPACE real-time simulation technology, the mathematical model is built and servo control simulation system of ball-beam is designed by applying modeling methods of Matlab/Simulink system and environment of dSPACE system software and hardware. Actual controlled object, ball-beam system is placed inside simulation loop for simulation study, the controller is designed and the virtual instrument is built. By watching system running, system performance is tested on line. And the parameters of controller are tuned and optimized by the ITAE criterion, satisfactory control result is achieved.
Decision-making in mixed uncertainty environments: a look at importances

Concerns the handling of multicriteria decision functions in the framework of fuzzy set theory. The inclusion of differing importances and the closely related issue of priority are considered. A formalism to handle importances which depend on the alternative as well as the criteria is introduced. >
Adaptive protocols for energy-efficient spread-spectrum wireless networks

A set of adaptive protocols for mobile wireless frequency-hop spread-spectrum communication networks is described. The primary elements of the protocol suite are the adaptive-transmission protocol, the adaptive-routing protocol, and the adaptive-forwarding protocol. Together, these protocols control the transmission of packets on each link in the network and the routing of packets through the network. Each protocol interacts with the other protocols and with elements of the physical layer in order to obtain information about the energy requirements and interference conditions of the alternative routes. The protocols adapt their responses to the observed changes in these energy requirements and interference conditions. No measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio or the received power are required by the adaptive protocols.
Physicochemical properties of liquid virgin whey protein isolate

Abstract Liquid virgin whey protein isolate (LVWPI) was produced by concentrating and fractionating virgin whey, the permeate from microfiltration of acidified (pH 6) skim milk before cheesemaking. The virgin whey was subjected to a two-stage ultrafiltration system, which consisted of spiral wound and hollow fiber polysulfone membrane (10 kDa cut-off) modules. The LVWPI contained 26.1% (w/w) total solids, about 91% of which were whey proteins (WPs). Density and viscosity at 20 °C were 1.11 g mL −1 and 11.65 mPa s, respectively. The pH was constant for 38 days at 4 °C. Apparent viscosity at 122.3 s −1 shear rate and activation energy of flow were lower than those of WP isolate (WPI) and concentrate (WPC-80) solutions at 10–50 °C and 5–25% (w/w) WP concentrations. The LVWPI apparent viscosity after heating became identical to unheated WPI solution. The results of the study indicate that LVWPI was richer in native WP than commercial products and may serve as an excellent source of easy-to-use and nutritionally superior WPs.
Directed natural forces of affinity between a bacterium and mineral

The formation of a bond between a bacterium and a mineral is ultimately controlled by forces that operate over length scales of a few nanometers. This manuscript presents evidence that bacteria may actively modulate forces at the cell-mineral interface to promote contact with specific mineral phases. Nano- to pico-Newton forces were measured between goethite (FeOOH) and each of two species of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis) in aqueous solution of varying oxygen concentration. The interactions were dominated by electrostatic and steric forces as either bacterium approached to within 10 to 12 nm of the surface of goethite. The van der Waals force exhibited an influence on each bacterium-mineral pair at separations of ∼2 nm. These types of nonspecific forces were all that were observed for the E. coli-goethite pair. However, S. oneidensis exhibited a selective disposition to form a specific bond with goethite, particularly under anaerobic conditions. These data suggest that S. oneidensis is able to perceive and recognize the surface of metal oxyhydroxides and regulate attractive forces at the cell-oxide interface. This may be a vestige of the close evolutionary linkage between iron oxyhydroxides and metal-reducing bacteria like Shewanella, which can use Fe(III) in the crystal structure of a mineral as a terminal electron acceptor.
Three-dimensional super-resolution single-molecule fluorescence imaging using a double-helix point spread function

Fluorescence imaging with resolution ten times better than the diffraction limit in three dimensions over a depth of field of 2 µm is demonstrated with a widefield microscope that exhibits a double-helix point spread function.
Universal Grammar—SLA—Grammar from a Vygotskian Position

The Chomskyan revolution in linguistics took place during a time in history when there was a massive effort in the United States to rectify injustice and restore rights to the socially disadvantaged. The underlying linguistic philosophy Chomsky offered was the innateness each individual had in theunfoldingof the mother tongue, which also implied an innate sense of equality. Chomsky did cause a real revolution and his theories are perhaps the most discussed linguistic theories around the world, all of which have lasted for almost half a century. Chomsky’s primary aim was to establish a “holistic” framework for linguistics, beyond the S—R understanding of the times by philosophically placingintuitionat a higher level thanreflexes.This philosophy was admirable at that point in history; however, insurmountable problems have appeared within the practical components ofcompetence.One problem which arises, from a Vygotskian perspective, is the following: “of further importance to the structural or descriptive linguist was the notion that language could be dismantled into small pieces or units and that these units could be described scientifically, contrasted, and added up again to form the whole” (Brown, 1987, p. 9). In viewing Chomskyan linguistics from the perspective of the contemporary world, it appears that linguistics is not hermetically sealed from political and economic events that influence world opinion, hence scientific opinion, all of which change over time. Indeed, the scope and direction linguistic theories will take in the future will reflect a conscious (and unconscious) need to establish acceptable parameters, all of which will be defined by collective needs. The traditional picture of the “ideal speaker–hearer” will soon be a part of history, not only as a result of new images being produced, but also because of a global shift in dominant populations
A Study of Thrombopoiesis in Induced Acute Thrombocytopenia

S ummario in I nterlingua Esseva examinate in rattos normal Ie alterationes occurrente in le plachettas circulante e in le megacaryocytos medullar post depletion acute del plachettas. Un reduction del numeration plachetta in le circulation usque a un nivello amontante a 10 pro cento del valores normal esseva effectuate per transfusion de excambio. Le depletion del plachettas in le circulation occurreva in proportion directe con le quantitate de displachettate sanguine usate in le transfusion de excambio, e nulle indicio pro le presentia de reservas de plachettas esseva observate. Immediatemente post le induction de thrombocytopenia, marcate alterationes deveniva manifeste in le morphologia del megacaryocytos medullar. Iste alterationes consisteva de un reduction del massa cytoplasmic e del perdita del membranas de demarcation in le cytoplasma. Esseva notate un periodo latente de duo dies ante que le apparition de plachettas in le sanguine del circulation ganiava in intensitāte. Post un transiente thrombocytosis, nivellos normal esseva establite pro le plachettas Ie septime die post le transfusion de excambio. Le nove plachettas esseva plus grande que plachettas normal. Le numeration del megacaryocytos medullar se augmentava levemente al tempore del augmentate thrombopoiese, sed non in proportion al augmento de intensitate in le production de plachettas. In studios de thrombocytosis inducite per splenectomia, le numeration del megacaryocytos medullar esseva levemente augmentate. Quando spleno-megalia esseva inducite per methylcellulosa, le numero del megacaryocytos esseva levemente reducite. Iste observationes, insimul con mesurationes del superviventia plachettal in similemente preparate animales (que esseva reportate alterubi), indica que le splen exerce su effecto super le nivello del plachettas in le circulation per alterar le intensitate del thrombopoiese. In omne le animales il pareva que le responsa a thrombocytopenia acute consisteva predominantemente de un alteration del production cytoplasmic plus tosto que de un augmento del numero de megacaryocytos.
Cocatalyst Binding Effects in Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization of l-Lactide

Thiourea/alkylamine cocatalysts have previously been shown to be effective systems for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide, but an experimental explanation for the varied activity and selectivity of these structurally similar alkylamine cocatalysts combined with thiourea is elusive. In this work, several alkylamine bases are shown to be weakly associated with a thiourea cocatalyst in solution, and the nature of cocatalyst interactions vary with the identity of the alkylamine. Kinetic analyses of the organocatalytic ROP reactions reveal noninhibitory behavior in [alkylamine] and a new mode of activity for thiourea. Reactivity patterns are proposed based on computed cocatalyst geometries, and a new cocatalyst pair for the ROP of lactide is disclosed.
Programming narrative

With the introduction of the computer, narrative experiences can be found in new media applications as diverse as MUDs, arcade games and 3D immersive environments-and new applications are being created all the time. The form these narrative experiences take are as diverse as their mediums: from the experiential stories of MUDs to the intricate branching plot paths of adventure games. But as with the introduction of television after decades of radio, a new medium calls for a new aesthetic, a new method of writing for that medium. Good functional models are needed to help define this aesthetic and specialized tools required to help build the work. The writing tool described, Agent Stories, is software currently under development for visually designing nonlinear cinematic stories for new digital media.
Study of vibrational and rotational relaxations in D2O.

Vibrational-relaxation and rotational-thermalization time constants of the D2O (010) state are studied in detail. A rotational level with an exceptionally long rotational-relaxation time constant is identified.
Fish remnants from the excavations of the Bronze Age barrow near Maryanskoe village (Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine)

The Bronze Age mound (2.5–2.3 kya BC) is located near the Maryanskoe village (Apostolovskyi district, Dnepropetrovsk region) and was excavated in 1953. The results of determination of the fish remnants, which were found during the excavation, are presented in the paper. Eleven species belonging to 9 genera, 5 families and 5 orders (Acipenseriformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Esociformes, Perciformes) were identified: russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt et Ratzeburg, 1833, stellate sturgeon A. stellatus Pallas, 1771, common ide Idus idus (Linnaeus, 1758), common roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758), pontic roach R. frisii (Nordmann, 1840), common bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758), common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758), european catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758, northern pike Esox lucius (Linnaeus, 1758), and zander Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758). Most of them are quite common in the Dnieper river basin. It was found that carp fishes predominate in the number of species. Most of the bone remnants in the collection belong to zander, catfish and pike, while common roach, pontic roach and common bream are identified by the few bones. This may indicate a different role of these species in the diet of the local population. The ratio of skeletal elements in the collection is the evidence of the fish cutting on the site. Body length and weight was reconstructed for 64 fish specimens. It was found that they were mature and small-sized, except for catfish, pike and perch. Taking into account the characteristics of the funeral rituals of the Yamna culture population, fish bones from the mound near Maryanskoe can be remnants of the parting meal.
Overwintering Survival and Emergence of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Cotton Bolls in Arizona

Studies were conducted in Phoenix, Ariz., to determine the occurrence of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, infestations in late-season cotton bolls, and the pattern of boll weevil emergence and survival and mortality in the bolls. Boll weevils emerged from bolls buried in moist vermiculite over a period of 232 to 239 d, from 29 January to 2 August. Higher percentages of emergence and lowest mortality in bolls occurred in bolls collected in November as compared with bolls collected in December. Few boll weevils emerged from bolls held under dry conditions in an outdoor in sectary for 174 d. However, an average of 16% of the weevils were found alive in the dry bolls in late May.
P6.049 PHC Coordinators’ STI and HIV - AIDS Technical Assistance

PHC Coordinators’ STI and HIV – AIDS Technical Assistance Background Technical teams (TA) from Indonesia FHI 360 visits to 25 health centres in four provinces in the Indonesian capital. In order to assure and improve the quality and quantity of STI and HIV-AIDS services to be Able to provide comprehensive and sustainable service. As the follow-up of previous series of events in STI and HIV-AIDS; such as HSS, QA/QI, clinical trainings on STI and HIV-AIDS. To get the baseline data for management condom. Methods TA team consists of HIV-AIDS coordinator at Provincial Health Officer and District Health Officer, SUM 1, and some other partners such as WHO. TAs were done by direct observation, role play, staff interview, management interview, and document checking. Results 22 out of 25 PHCs give STI & HCT service. 9% of the PHCs with STI&HCT service, had met the minimum criteria for Management Component. 64% of PHCs have written assignment with job description for the STI Team. 36% of PHCs have written STI and HIV service flow and SOP. 86% PHCs have the latest STI&HCT guidelines from MoH. Most of the PHCs already do Universal Precaution, but only 36% of PHCs have PEP treatment flow. Conclusion Encourage STI, PITC and VCT implementation at the PHCs with trained staffs. Prepare new staff to replace staff who will retire or move. Use all the latest form for recording and reporting HCT activities, and fill the form completely. Distribute guidelines to the PHCs. Re-set the counselling room and prepare counselling kit. Help the PHCs in developing internal referral flow between services. Increase the capacity of counsellor for other skill. Encourage counsellor to do condom use demonstration during counselling session.
Price Cutting and Monopoly Power

Sometimes price cutting serves to repress or destroy competition.This article suggests means of identifying harmful forms of price cutting. It also provides a further exploration of the relationshi...
Emotion regulation during threat: Parsing the time course and consequences of safety signal processing

Improved understanding of fear inhibition processes can inform the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Safety signals can reduce fear to threat, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Safety signals may acquire attentional salience and affective properties (e.g., relief) independent of the threat; alternatively, safety signals may only hold affective value in the presence of simultaneous threat. To clarify such mechanisms, an experimental paradigm assessed independent processing of threat and safety cues. Participants viewed a series of red and green words from two semantic categories. Shocks were administered following red words (cue+). No shocks followed green words (cue-). Words from one category were defined as safety signals (SS); no shocks were administered on cue+ trials. Words from the other (control) category did not provide information regarding shock administration. Threat (cue+ vs. cue-) and safety (SS+ vs. SS-) were fully crossed. Startle response and ERPs were recorded. Startle response was increased during cue+ versus cue-. Safety signals reduced startle response during cue+, but had no effect on startle response during cue-. ERP analyses (PD130 and P3) suggested that participants parsed threat and safety signal information in parallel. Motivated attention was not associated with safety signals in the absence of threat. Overall, these results confirm that fear can be reduced by safety signals. Furthermore, safety signals do not appear to hold inherent hedonic salience independent of their effect during threat. Instead, safety signals appear to enable participants to engage in effective top-down emotion regulatory processes.
Algorithm Based on Vertex Influence for Detecting Local Community Structure

In order to detect community structure in social network fast and correctly,from perspective of vertex influence,an algorithm for detecting local community is proposed in this paper.The algorithm introduces the vertex weight which can measure the size of vertex influence.First,we selectively detects community in Breadth First Search according to the weight of " seed" vertex,and the vertexs which have more weight can constantly influence the vertexs which have less weight,then we can get the community structure which the " seed" vertex belongs to,we search a new " seed" vertex outside the known community,then repeat this process we can get the community structure of entire network.The algorithm is optimized and its application to social network,the experiment results verifies the feasibility of the algorithm.Compared to the classical algorithm,the accuracy and computational speed of the algorithm are improved.
Live Working Technology Research and Standards Formulation

According to the rapid development of power grid and the increasing requirements for power supply reliability in China,significant development has been made to the live working technology and standards formulation.In this paper,considering the higher voltage,the relatively large size and other characteristics of the EHV and UHV transmission lines,the minimum approach distances(MAD)for live working were obtained by risk rate calculation,which is based on the analysis of over-voltage level of live working and the experiment of typical working positions.The distribution characteristics of the electric field and the inhibition of electric field by the DC line corona were also discussed.Then the requirements of the screen clothes and other protective measures were proposed.After discussing the live working on distribution lines and especially under operating situation,the basic principles and main equipments and their requirements for bypass work were described.Then some key issues in live working on distribution lines especially under bypass work,e.g.bypass flow,parameter matching of bypass transformers,and putting in and cutting out bypass apparatus,were discussed.Furthermore,the working process of standards formulation for live working of both IEC and China was presented.Finally,a series of problems on live working need to be studied were presented based on summarizing the characteristics and experience of live working in China.