cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genetic rat model of cholinergic hypersensitivity: implications for chemical intolerance, chronic fatigue, and asthma.

: The fact that only some individuals exposed to environmental chemicals develop chemical intolerance raises the possibility that genetic factors could be contributing factors. The present communication summarizes evidence from a genetic animal model of cholinergic supersensitivity that suggests that an abnormal cholinergic system could be one predisposing genetic factor. The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats were established by selective breeding for increased responses to an organophosphate. It was subsequently found that these FSL rats were also more sensitive to direct-acting muscarinic agonists and had elevated muscarinic receptors compared to the selectively bred parallel group, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats, or randomly bred control rats. Increased sensitivity to cholinergic agents has also been observed in several human populations, including individuals suffering from chemical intolerance. Indeed, the FSL rats exhibit certain behavioral characteristics such as abnormal sleep, activity, and appetite that are similar to those reported in these human populations. In addition, the FSL rats have been reported to exhibit increased sensitivity to a variety of other chemical agents. Peripheral tissues, such as intestinal and airway smooth muscle, appear to be more sensitive to both cholinergic agonists and an antigen, ovalbumin. Hypothermia, a centrally mediated response, is more pronounced in the FSL rats after nicotine and alcohol, as well as agents that are selective for the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. In some cases, the increased sensitivity has been detected in the absence of any changes in the receptors with which the drugs interact (dopamine receptors), while receptor changes have been seen in other cases (nicotine receptors). Therefore, there may be multiple mechanisms underlying the multiple chemical sensitivity-chemical intolerance of the FSL rats. An elucidation of these mechanisms may provide useful clues to those involved in chemical intolerance in humans.
Ramanujan's "Lost" Notebook VI: The Mock Theta Conjectures

1. INTRODUCTION In this paper we shall consider only Ramanujan’s two families of fifth- order mock theta functions. These functions were briefly described in Ramanujan’s last letter to G. H. Hardy [ 11, pp. 354-3551, and G. N. Watson subsequently [ 12, 131 proved all the assertions about these functions contained in the letter. Subsequently the identities Watson proved were greatly generalized in [2], Also the fifth-order mock theta functions were shown to have double series expansions involving indefinite quadratic forms [7]. However, there remains a profound mystery about these functions. Namely, no one, including Ramanujan, has ever proved that these functions are indeed mock theta functions and not just some clever combination of theta functions. This problem was described in detail by Watson [ 12, p. 2741 and redescribed in [7, pp. 113-l 141. In [S, p. 97, Eqs. (3.5) and (3.6)], a formula from the “Lost” Notebook was pointed out that would, if valid, lead to the establishment of at least some of the fifth-order mock theta functions as truly mock theta functions in the sense of Watson [ 12; p. 78, footnote]. There are indeed ten such identities, live for each of the two families. We have two objects in this paper. First we wish to show that the identities in each family are equivalent (i.e., if one is true all five are true, and if one is false all five are false). To introduce our second objective we recall some basic notions from partition theory [4, p. 142; 8; p. 841. The rank of a partition is the largest
Dynamics and efficiency of DNA hole transport via alternating AT versus poly(A) sequences.

The dynamics and efficiencies of photoinduced charge separation across alternating AT, ATA, ATAT, and ATATA base pair sequences in synthetic DNA hairpins have been determined by means of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. When compared to our results for charge transport across poly(A) sequences, both the rate constants and efficiencies are lower for the poly(AT) sequences, especially at short distances (3 or 4 base pairs). At longer distances, charge separation becomes weakly distance-dependent for poly(AT) as well as poly(A) sequences. Both the poly(AT) and poly(A) sequences undergo charge separation via a multistep mechanism consisting of photochemical hole injection into the neighboring A followed by hole transport and hole trapping.
Induction and reversal of contact inhibition of growth by pH modification.

MANY normal mammalian cells in culture are sensitive to a growth-inhibitory effect of cellular interaction, evidenced by an almost complete arrest of macromolecular synthesis and cellular division at relatively low population densities (contact inhibition of growth)1. It has, however, been shown that the environmental pH is an important element in this phenomenon2. In the bicarbonate-buffered media ordinarily used for animal cell cultures, an initial alkalinization to pH 7.8–8.0 as a result of CO2 loss is followed by the metabolic acidification of the medium to pH 6.8–7.0, at a rate determined by the population density and the metabolic activity of the specific cell. If, by the use of appropriate non-volatile buffers3,4, cells are kept at or near the pH optimal for the specific strain (H. E., unpublished work), the early contact inhibition of growth does not develop, and the cells achieve population densities as much as two to four times greater than those ordinarily observed2.
Temperature induced immiscibility in the NaCl–H2O system at high pressure

High-pressure polymorphs of H{sub 2}O are a major component in many outer planets, extra solar bodies, and icy satellites. This study sought to examine the influence of ionic impurities on the phase stability, thermal expansion, and melting curve of ice VII. Powder diffraction patterns of ice VII formed from pure H{sub 2}O and 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solutions were taken at room temperature up to 11.1 {+-} 0.3 and 26.6 {+-} 0.4 GPa, respectively. Thermal expansions, {alpha}, of all ice VII samples were recorded and modeled up to the melting point of the samples. Ice VII formed from a NaCl-bearing aqueous solution at pressures greater than 2.2 GPa and less than 500 K can be indexed by ice VII only, whereas at temperatures greater than 500 K, diffraction lines indicative of halite (NaCl) are observed and become more intense with increasing temperature and only disappear at the melting point of the high-pressure ice. This phenomenon was observed in all NaCl-bearing ice samples that were heated to greater than 500 K. The melting curves of ice VII formed from pure H{sub 2}O and a 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution suggest that the presence of Na{sup +} and Cl{sup -} in themore » ice VII structure results in a depression of the melting curve by approximately 40 K. The exsolution of halite from the NaCl-doped ice VII and the depression of the ice VII melting curve suggest that the presence of ionic impurities in ice VII may promote the formation of a self-segregating zone deep within ice-rich bodies. This zone could initiate the formation of solute-rich melt pockets that may ascend toward the surface and result in surface manifestations such as solute-bearing aqueous vents, unexplained domes/diapirism, and/or salt-rich regions.« less
The silent killer

High blood pressure or hypertension continues as a major medical problem in the United States and the world. Hypertension leads to stroke, heart attack, and other coronary diseases. Generally, except for those past age 70, it is a much greater problem for males than for females. Half of those with high blood pressure are not even aware of it and for over 90%, the cause is unknown. Blood pressure, and the resulting coronary problems, can be reduced significantly with lifestyle and health choices. The information presented at most of the medical Web sites applies to both men and women. Many of the behavioral changes are relatively simple to accomplish, but men need to be aware of those healthy lifestyle choices if they are to reduce their risks of later coronary disease.
Purification and properties of pig liver and muscle enolases.

Enolases (2-phospho-d-glycerate hydrolase, EC 4.2.1.11) were purified from both pig liver and muscle. Graphs of InC vs.r2 from sedimentation equilibrium experiments are linear, which suggests homogeneous preparations of liver and muscle enolases. From these data the molecular weight of liver enolase is calculated to be approximately 92,000 D and that of muscle enolase to be approximately 85,000 D. SDS-PAGE experiments give a molecular weight value of 46,000 D for liver enolase and a value of 44,000 D for muscle enolase. These molecular weight values for liver and muscle enzymes are within the range for other enolases and show that both of these pig enolases are dimers. Amino acid composition data support the sedimentation equilibrium data and also give a smaller molecule weight (84,968 D) for muscle enolase compared to that of the liver enzyme (89,021 D). The two enzymes differ in their content of lysine [liver enolase (L)=94 residues, muscle enolase (M)=68 residues], histidine (L=13, M=21), serine (L=53, M=36), proline (L=52, M=34), and cysteine (L=4, M=21). Partial specific volumes of 0.737 ml/g for liver enolase and 0.735 ml/g for muscle enolase were calculated from the amino acid composition data. Pig liver and muscle enolases differ radically in their isoelectric points (pI=6.4–6.5 for liver enolase, and pI=8.8–9.0 for muscle enolase), and in their degree of inactivation by 750 mM LiCI (liver enolase is inactivated to a greater degree than the muscle enolase). Despite these physical and chemical differences, the kinetic constantsKM values for Mg2+, 2-phosphoglyceric acid, and phospho(enol)pyruvate appear not to be significantly different for these two forms of enolase. The physical, chemical, and kinetic data for pig liver and muscle enolases are compared to similar data for pig kidney enolase.
Production and stability of multiply charged C60 and C70 fullerene ions

Abstract The stability of multiply charged C 60 and C 70 fullerene ions has been investigated through studies of charge transfer reactions with Cs at 1–2 keV energies. A simple electron impact ion source is used to produce surprisingly intense beams of C 2+ 60 , C 2+ 70 , C 3+ 60 , C 3+ 70 , and C 4+ 60 . Fragmentation of C 3+ 60 and C 4+ 60 following successive charge transfer reactions is observed by (energy/charge) analysis of the product ions. The usefulness of producing internally excited C 60 ions via electron capture from Cs is demonstrated. The results indicate that the lifetime of C n + 60 against metastable decomposition is on the order of 10–100 μs for internal energies of 30–35 eV. The stability of C 4+ 60 against Coulomb explosion is discussed.
Scholarly journals in the late 20th century

The scholarly journal has remained largely unchanged in purpose and structure during its three-century evolution. Current forces within the publishing industry, technology sector, the academy, and the related research environment are prompting rapid change in scholarly communication. Economic models for journals reflect both the unique challenges of the publisher as well as these broader environmental forces. Several constructs are described, followed by a preliminary report on an experimental project, PEAK (Pricing Electronic Access to Knowledge), which explores models for journal pricing and products. PEAK and other innovative projects that challenge traditional journal models may serve as both catalysts for change as well as prototypes for the scholarly journals of the early 21st century.
Utilization of high molecular weight cytokeratin on prostate needle biopsies in an independent laboratory

Abstract Objectives Immunoperoxidase staining of prostate tissues with antibodies to high molecular weight cytokeratin, which selectively labels basal cells, has recently been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in academic centers. A growing sector in pathology is large independent laboratories, where little is known regarding practice patterns. The following study evaluated the use of high molecular weight cytokeratin in an independent laboratory specializing in prostate needle biopsies. Methods In a 2-month period (July 1, 1994 to August 31, 1994), 4047 prostate needle biopsies were evaluated. Results Without the use of ancillary studies, 2710 (67%) were diagnosed as benign, 978 (24.1%) were diagnosed as cancer, and 23 (0.6%) were diagnosed as high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. The remaining 336 atypical cases (8.3%) were further evaluated with antibodies to high molecular weight keratin. Of the 336 cases, 253 (6.2% of total) were resolved as diagnostic for cancer, 68 (1.7% of total) were diagnosed as benign, and 15 (0.4% of total) remained atypical. The cost of performing high molecular weight cytokeratin was approximately $5.00 per case, which was not passed on to the patient. Conclusions The use of high molecular weight cytokeratin decreased the rate of an atypical prostate biopsy from 8.3% to 0.4% at a negligible cost to the pathologist and patient.
Milk Demand, Supply, and Price Relationships, 1950–1968

Demand supply, and price relationships in the dairy sector were measured for the 1950–1968 period by two-stage least squares. Actual cow numbers adjusted more quickly to desired levels than production per cow. Own price elasticities of milk supply and consumer demands for fluid and manufactured milk were not statistically significant.
Mucosal-sparing posterior septectomy for endoscopic endonasal approach to the craniocervical junction

Recent technological advances and developments in surgical technique have made the craniocervical junction (CCJ) accessible through the transnasal surgical corridor. Endoscopic endonasal transclival and transodontoid approaches have been previously described in the literature. Traditionally, these approaches entail a posterior bony and mucosal septectomy. This posterior bony and mucosal septectomy can compromise the integrity of the posterior septum and damage the vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNSF), a robust reconstructive option. With the possibility of an intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and the reported success of the PNSF for repair of these defects, preserving the integrity of the PNSF is beneficial during the endoscopic endonasal approach to the CCJ. Here, we present a new variation which preserves the mucosal integrity of the posterior nasal septum and PNSF. This mucosal-sparing variation of the traditional endoscopic endonasal transclival and transodontoid approaches allows for the preservation of posterior mucosal nasoseptal integrity, and salvages a reconstructive option for future usage. This is accomplished at no expense to visualization, surgical access, or maneuverability.
Breeding soybean for resistance to iron-deficiency chlorosis and soybean cyst nematode

Abstract Iron-deficiency chlorosis (IDC) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) result in yield and income losses for soybean growers in the U.S. Breeding programs are identifying soybean genotypes with resistance to IDC using calcareous soils infested with SCN, where SCN might interfere with evaluation. Our first objective was to examine whether associations could be established for chlorosis symptoms with SCN infestation of soybean grown on SCN-infested calcareous soils. Two breeding populations, their parents, and five SCN-susceptible, IDC-control genotypes (IDC controls) were evaluated for IDC symptoms on SCN-infested calcareous soils in 2000 and 2001. In general, no significant correlations were detected between chlorosis expression and SCN infestation in either year, although a negative correlation (r = −0.93, p ≤ 0.05) was observed for the IDC controls in 2001. For our second objective, we examined the relationship between genotype resistance to SCN and IDC. Although IDC controls were all equally suscepti...
Differential RNA-dependent ATPase activities of four rRNA processing yeast DEAD-box proteins.

S. cerevisiae ribosome biogenesis is a highly ordered and dynamic process that involves over 100 accessory proteins, including 18 DExD/H-box proteins that act at discrete steps in the pathway. Although often termed RNA helicases, the biochemical functions of individual DExD/H-box proteins appear to vary considerably. Four DExD/H-box proteins, Dbp3p, Dbp4p, Rok1p, and Rrp3p, involved in yeast ribosome assembly were expressed in E. coli, and all were found to be active RNA-dependent ATPases with kcat values ranging from 13 to 170 min−1 and KM(ATP) values ranging from 0.24 to 2.3 mM. All four proteins are activated by single-stranded oligonucleotides, but they require different chain lengths for maximal ATPase activity, ranging from 10 to >40 residues. None of the four proteins shows significant specificity for yeast rRNA, compared to nonspecific control RNAs since these large RNAs contain multiple binding sites that appear to be catalytically similar. This systematic comparison of four members of the DExD/H...
Personality Variables in Probability-Learning, Decision-Making, and Risk-Taking

College students were preselected on the personality variables need Achievement (nAch) and manifest anxiety (Anx) to form a 3 by 3 factorial arrangement and to relate these measures to probability-learning, decisionmaking, and risk-taking behaviors. After receiving 90 training trials on each of three green lights which had probabilities of 1/6, 1/2, and 5/6 of being followed by a red event light (probability-learning), Ss were asked to make decisions about the predictive reliabilities of these lights when they occurred in combinations or singly, while the red light was covered (decision-making). Ss were then given a zero expected value gambling game and a double-or-nothing final bet. Neither personality variable showed a consistent relationship to probability-learning, decision-making, or risk-taking behavior according to various criteria.
Personality factors of the hypertensive patient

Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, U.S.A. In this study the authors attempt to describe the patterns of personality attributes of those people with hypertension. Within this framework, a group of heterogeneous patients were compared with a group of apparently normal subjects and a standardized population given by Cattell and Eber (1962). The hypertensive patients were examined to describe personality factor differences between the control groups based on sex, age and race. Diagnostic categories within the hypertensive group itself were examined for differences in their personality traits. Even though hypertensive patients may have symptoms related to their disease or its treatment, this socio-psychological study broadens the traditional approach of the biochemical and symptomatic versions of hypertension. The 16 Personality Factor test (16PF) was used in conducting the research on hypertensive patients after they were diagnosed. There has been much confustion in the study of hypertension, involving many factors for consideration in the etiology of this disease. Various factors such as age, diet, race, sex, disease, obesity and heredity have been reported to be associated with high blood pressure. Researchers have explored personality traits for inclusion in this list of associated factors. Psychoanalytic and experimental studies of man and animals revealed that the blood pressure becomes higher when unresolved conflict or negative stimuli are perceived. (Binger, Ackerman, Cohn, Schroeder and Steele, 1945; Liberman, 1974). These authors noted that, although a specific psychological profile has not been found, a correlation exists between blood pressure variations and emotional tension. Furthermore, no consistent trends have emerged from the available soc Genest, Koiw and Kuchel, 1977; Henry and Cassel, 1969; Howard and Holman, 1970; Kasi and Cobb, 1966). Nevertheless there have been consistent trends to implicate personality as a contributor to the development of hypertension (Binger et al., 1945; MacCulloch, 1972; Saslow, Gressel, Shobe, Dubois and Schroeder, 1950). Henry and Cassel(l969) reported that evidence is presented suggesting that obesity and dietary factors such as salt or fat intake may not be as significant in explaining variations in blood pressure levels in different populations as is the organism’s perception of events in the social environment. These authors argued that animal and human studies indicate
A Symptoms Extraction Method for Self-Management based on Decomposition of Disturbances

In this paper we present a simple but effective methodology based on the decomposition of system test disturbances and their associated incidents in order to create complex symptoms that can be used in the enablement of a completely autonomic solution and be used for self-management purposes.
Unified approach to design linear and nonlinear acoustic metamaterials

We review a new approach to design active acoustic metematerials that results in artificial media covering a large range of linear acoustic responses. We show how this method can be extended to obtain metamaterials having highly non-linear responses. We illustrate it experimentally by implementing a medium that produces second harmonics of higher intensity than the fundamental. This is an important property that can be leveraged in many non-linear applications, including the implementation of highly sub-wavelength unidirectional media capable of breaking the time-reversal symmetry.
MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE ACTIVATION OF PLASMINOGEN. II. COMPARISON OF PEPTIDE LIBERATION DURING INCUBATION WITH AND WITHOUT STREPTOKINASE.

Abstract Activation of plasminogen by streptokinase (a peptide peptidohydrolase), at pH 7.6, is accompanied by a gradual release of acid-soluble material. Even in the absence of streptokinase, an acid-soluble product is liberated, but in smaller amounts. In most of the studies, the precipitating medium was a 1 N HCl-1 M NaCl mixture. Under these conditions, these preparations showed an immediate release at 6–m8% soluble material, and a subsequent release which was essentially complete at 15 min. In the absence of streptokinase (incubation study) this reached to 10–15%, but in the presence of streptokinase (activation study) this reached values as high as 19–25%. If trichloroacetic acid was used as the precipitating agent, the same general time curve was obtained, but the whole curve was shifted to lower values. If the incubation was performed at pH 2.0, essentially no acid-soluble fraction was liberated with time. The incubation product was isolated and characterized. Approx. 71% of it was retained by dialysis membrane. This peptide fraction showed a single sharp sedimentation coegfficient of 1.1 S. Electrophoretically, three overlapping boundaries were observed in some preparations, although others showed two additional (minor) components. The mobilities of the major components were, at pH 2.0, approx. 9.2·10−5, 6.3·10−5 and 3.2·10−5 cm2 V−1 sec−1.
MATING SYSTEM INSTABILITY IN SCHIEDEA MENZIESII (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)

We investigated inbreeding depression and selfing in hermaphroditic Schiedea menziesii to assess the stability of the breeding system. A combination of high selfing rates and strong inbreeding depression suggests that the mating system is unstable. The population-level selfing rate measured in three years ranged considerably from 0.425 (SE = 0.138) to 0.704 (0.048); family measures of selfing rate varied from zero to one in all three years. Inbreeding coefficients did not differ from zero, suggesting that inbred plants do not survive to reproduction in the field. Average inbreeding depression measured in two greenhouse experiments was 0.608-0.870, with values for individual plants ranging from -0.170 to 0.940. The magnitude of inbreeding depression expressed at different life-history stages depended on experimental conditions. When plants were grown during the winter, inbreeding depression was expressed at early and late life-history stages. When plants were grown during the summer, inbreeding depression was detected for germination but not for later life-history stages. Inbreeding depression for vegetative and inflorescence biomass was also measured using field-collected seeds where cross status was assigned using genotypes determined electrophoretically. We did not detect a relation between inbreeding depression and the selfing rate at the level of the individual plant. We saw no evidence for intrafloral selfing, suggesting that the evolution of increased selfing through autogamy is unlikely, despite high selfing rates. A more likely outcome of breeding system instability is the evolution of gynodioecy, which occurs in species of Schiedea closely related to S. menziesii. Females have been detected in progeny of S. menziesii that have been raised in the greenhouse. In the absence of biotic pollen vectors, the failure of these females to establish in the natural population may result from the absence of adaptations for wind pollination.
Purtscher-like retinopathy associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy that occurred in association with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: A 63-year-old woman presented with multiple gray patches in the central vision of both eyes. Visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Funduscopy showed large peripapillary yellow-white patches within the superficial retina and small superficial retinal hemorrhages in both eyes. The patient subsequently had abdominal pain. Computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated a large pancreatic mass with extension into the liver. Histologic examination of a percutaneous needle biopsy specimen showed mucinous pancreatic adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma should be added to the list of systemic diseases that can be associated with Purtscher-like retinopathy.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and stimulation of systemic vasopressin secretion by recombinant interleukin-6 in humans: potential implications for the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion

We recently demonstrated that sc administered interleukin-6 (IL-6) strongly stimulates the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with mild toxicity and no hypotensive effects. In this study, we evaluated the response of the human HPA axis to escalating iv doses of recombinant IL-6 in six patients with cancer and good performance status who received daily, every 8 h, three equal doses of 0.3-30 micrograms/kg IL-6. The plasma levels of IL-6 assayed by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during the 4 h following the first IL-6 injection were elevated for 2-4 h, proportionally to the amount of injected IL-6. Administration of the cytokine was followed by marked elevations of plasma ACTH (53.0-98.6 pmol/L) and cortisol (824.9-1729.9 nmol/L) independently of the IL-6 dose administered, suggesting that the doses employed were at the top of the dose-response curve for these hormones. Interestingly, plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were also elevated during the 2 h after IL-6 injection in all patients who received a dose of 3 micrograms/kg or more, suggesting that IL-6 activated the magnocellular AVP-secreting neurons and that it might be involved in the syndrome of inappropriate AVP secretion. Cortisol elevations with peaks similar to those observed after the first injection of IL-6 were also detected in plasma sampled every 2 h after the second and third injections, suggesting that there was no rapid tachyphylaxis in response to IL-6 administration. Plasma IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations, assayed by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays during the 4 h after the first IL-6 injection, were either within the normal range or undetectable, confirming in vitro observations that IL-6 does not stimulate IL-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion and suggesting that it exerts its effect on the HPA axis and AVP secretion independently of them. We conclude that IL-6 is a potent stimulator of the human HPA axis and a secretagogue of magnocellular AVP secretion, which might be employed as a challenge test of the axis and the magnocellular AVP neuron.
Full-scale study of the behavior of tall buildings under winds

This study chronicles the first stages of an ongoing research initiative to monitor several tall buildings in Chicago under the action of wind. From these measurements, comparisons with predicted analytical values and wind tunnel tests will provide valuable insights into the accuracy of current design strategies, highlighting areas for improvement to advance the state-of-the-art in tall building design. This paper overviews the entire project with detailed treatment of the current phase: the instrumentation of the four buildings.
Parsing Items into Separate Categories: Developmental Change in Infant Categorization.

Three experiments report developmental change in infants' tendency to parse exemplars into separate categories. In Experiment 1, a familiarization-novelty preference procedure was used. Fifty-four 4-, 7-, and 10-month-old infants were familiarized with members of two basic-level animal categories (cats and horses) and tested with novel members of the familiarized categories and with members of a third category (dogs). In Experiment 2, a habituation-dishabituation procedure was used. Forty-eight 7- and 10-month-old infants were habituated to examples of both male and female faces and tested with novel gender-typical and gender-ambiguous faces. In both experiments, 10-month-old infants appeared to form differentiated categories, whereas younger infants formed a single category to include the range of items presented during familiarization. Experiment 3 ruled out a priori stimulus preferences as an explanation for the 10-month findings in Experiment 2.
Prospects for trade in manufactured goods between industrial and developing countries, 1978–1990

This paper examines prospective changes in trade in manufactured goods between the industrial and the developing countries. Assuming the continuation of the policies followed by the industrial countries, it is projected that the manufactured imports of these countries from the developing countries would rise at an average annual rate of 12.5 percent between 1978 and 1980 while their manufactured exports would increase 9.7 percent a year. Nonetheless, the export surplus of the industrial countries in trade in manufactured goods would rise, contributing to the growth of industrial output. The expansion of their exports of manufactured goods would also contribute to economic growth in the developing countries, and both groups of countries would benefit from specialization according to comparative advantage.
Changes in cochlear blood flow due to intra-arterial infusions of angiotensin II (3–8) (angiotensin IV) in guinea pigs

The effects of a newly discovered form of angiotensin, angiotensin IV (ANGIV), on cochlear blood flow (CBF) have been investigated utilizing the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) technique. Two specific questions were addressed: What are the effects of anterior inferior cerebellar artery infusions (AICA) of ANGIV on CBF and do angiotensin fragments other than ANGIV influence CBF in mature male and female guinea pigs. Infusions of ANGIV, and C-terminal shortened fragments were accomplished via micropipette into the AICA and changes in CBF were observed using LDF. The results demonstrated that 10 and 100 pmol/min doses of ANGIV increased CBF 22% and 75% (n = 6; P < 0.01) from baseline, respectively, with little change in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Pretreatment with the ANGIV antagonist divalanal-ANGIV (1 nmole/min) blocked increases in CBF due to infusions of 100 pmol/min of ANGIV. The infusion of the C-terminal shortened fragment ANGIV(1-5) and saline had no significant effect on either CBF or MAP. These results provide the evidence for a new subtype of the angiotensin receptor and indicate the likely role of circulating hormones in blood flow regulation in the inner ear.
Inhibitory control of local excitatory circuits in the guinea-pig hippocampus.

1. Exposure to the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist, picrotoxin, causes the discharge of hippocampal pyramidal cells to become synchronized. Synaptic mechanisms underlying the development of synchrony were investigated by recording from pairs of cells in the CA3 region of guinea-pig hippocampal slices. 2. Picrotoxin suppressed unitary inhibitory synaptic events. It appeared not to affect monosynaptic excitatory connections. Picrotoxin revealed latent excitatory connections in seven out of twenty-one dual recordings from burst-firing cells. 3. Post-synaptic events revealed by picrotoxin were elicited rarely by single action potentials. They were evoked with mean latencies of at least 8 ms and with more than 30% failures of transmission by bursts of three or more action potentials. They were suppressed by increasing extracellular Ca2+. They were considered to be mediated by polysynaptic excitatory pathways. 4. Polysynaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) had a smooth rising phase with time-to-peak of 15-40 ms and a falling phase of similar duration. Their amplitude was 2-3 mV at membrane potentials close to -70 mV. This shape was similar to that of summed e.p.s.p.s evoked by a burst of three to six action potentials at monosynaptic connections between CA3 cells. 5. One cell could evoke excitatory synaptic events in more than one follower cell, suggesting that axon collaterals mediating recurrent excitation were divergent. More than one polysynaptic excitatory pathway could exist between two cells. 6. We examined the role of recurrent excitatory synapses in the development of synchrony. As inhibition was suppressed by picrotoxin, simultaneous excitatory synaptic events appeared in recordings from pairs of cells. They occurred rhythmically at intervals of 0.5-3 s and grew in amplitude with time. Synchronous neuronal discharges were observed when the threshold for action potential generation was exceeded. 7. Firing induced in one cell could sometimes evoke a sequence of post-synaptic events in another cell as inhibition was suppressed. Initially, no connection was detected. On adding picrotoxin, a polysynaptic e.p.s.p. was revealed and with time longer-latency components were recruited to the synaptic event. The amplitude of later components grew until firing threshold was reached. 8. We suggest that synchronous firing develops due to the loss of inhibitory control over the spread of firing between CA3 pyramidal cells via divergent, polysynaptic, recurrent excitatory pathways.
Ultrastructural study of synapses at the time of neuronal migration and early differentiation in the tangential vestibular nucleus of the chick embryo in vivo

The chick tangential nucleus is a primary vestibular nucleus whose two main neuron types migrate and begin to differentiate between 5 and 8 days in the embryo (gestation takes 20-21 days). Based on rapid Golgi impregnations of developing tangential neurons and growing fibers, we have identified ultrastructural counterparts and characterized interactions in the nucleus from 5 to 8 days. Developing tangential neurons received the earliest synapses at 5 days on their primitive processes and subsequently on their cell bodies by longitudinal fibers of unknown origins. In contrast, the primary vestibular afferents did not form identified synapses on the developing tangential neurons until 7½ days. In conclusion, the earliest synapses in the tangential nucleus are formed by longitudinal fibers, which are probably not primary vestihular afferents. Since a specific class of fibers forms particular synapses on the tangential neuron precursors at predictable times prior to and during neuronal migration and also at the onset of differentiation, the role of these synapses in developmental events should be explored.
Disposition of 14C-dapoxetine in rats: Complementary experiments with whole-body autoradiographic and tissue dissection techniques

Tissue distribution studies, utilizing whole-body autoradiography and organ dissection techniques, were conducted in male Fischer 344 rats following the oral administration of 14C-dapoxetine HCl, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The preliminary study using whole-body autoradiography proved invaluable in locating radioactivity in an organ not usually harvested in a tissue distribution study, namely the preputial gland. Selected organs, based on whole-body autoradiography findings, were dissected from rats and analyzed for radiocarbon content by liquid scintillation counting and for parent drug and N-dealkylated metabolites by extraction and HPLC analysis. Highest concentrations of radiocarbon were observed in the organs of absorption and elimination (ileum, cecum, stomach, duodenum, liver, colon, and kidney) but notable quantities were observed in the lung and preputial and Harderian glands. Most tissues had returned to background radioactive levels 72 h after dosing but persistent concentrations of radiocarbon were present in the preputial gland and liver one week after the single dose of 14C-dapoxetine. Analysis by HPLC demonstrated the presence of parent drug and N-desmethyl metabolite (nor-dapoxetine) in those organs examined; however, the majority of the radioactivity remained unidentified.
Lifetime measurement of the 23p state of helium

Abstract The lifetime of the 2 3 p state of He has been determined experimentally to be 125±7 nsec. The measurement was made using delayed coincidence with an invertron as the excitation chamber. A simple tunnel-diode preamplifier was designed to extend the usefulness of single photon counting photomultipliers into the infra-red.
Visible Luminescence of Water-Soluble Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters

A highly efficient, visible wavelength (λMAX = 700 to 800 nm) fluorescence is reported for four water-soluble monolayer-protected gold clusters (MPCs). For 451 nm excitation, the quantum yield of the luminescence of MPCs with 1.8 nm diameter cores and protected by monolayers of tiopronin thiolate is estimated as 0.003 ± 0.001. The efficiency and wavelength of the luminescence vary with the ligands of the monolayer around the gold core. The mechanism for the luminescence is hypothesized to be associated with interband transitions between the filled 5d10 band and 6(sp)1 conduction band.
The apparent domain structure of polystyrene as revealed by liquid and vapor crazing

Domains, or areas of inhomogeneities and imperfections, may be made visible in polystyrene by treatments of the plastic with certain liquids and vapors. Different types of domains are revealed by different techniques, depending upon the solvent power of the liquids and vapors. One type of domain reveals itself as craze cracks when polystyrene is first soaked in a nonsolvent such as methanol, and then exposed to the vapors of a solvent such as hexane or benzene. A second type of domain may be revealed by exposing polystyrene to certain mixtures of solvents and nonsolvents which produce a rough, whitened surface on the polystyrene. For the first type of crazing, the size of the domains is influenced by the frozen-in thermal stresses, and the shape of the domains is influenced by molecular orientation. The domains of the second type are due to heterogeneity of molecular orientation and are not found in annealed specimens. A theory has been proposed which explains crack crazing in terms of adsorbed vapors in cracks and areas of imperfections in the polystyrene.
Training and Sustaining Effective Teachers of Sheltered Instruction.

This article provides guidelines for programs to deliver and sustain effective professional development on sheltered instruction to teachers who teach content to English learners. Many content area teachers have not had university coursework on second-language acquisition or the integration of language and content instruction in teacher preparation courses, yet they face students learning a new language at the same time they are studying subjects such as mathematics, science, and social studies. A methodology these teachers can employ is sheltered instruction that incorporates techniques for making content accessible to English learners and develops students' academic English skills. This article offers recommendations for ongoing professional development that includes a mixture of face-to-face workshops, classroom observations and coaching, school-based professional learning communities, and measurement of implementation. The guidelines are illustrated with research practices and findings related to one ...
Managing Disputes with Nonmarket Stakeholders: Wage a Fight, Withdraw, Wait, or Work It Out?

How do managers respond when confronted with the demands of activist stakeholders over whom they exercise no direct control? What strategies do managers adopt, and why? Which of these are most effective—and under what conditions? Increasingly, businesses today face difficult challenges in response to changing public expectations and newly emergent techniques of stakeholder influence. New communications technologies enable activists concerned about business behavior to mobilize supporters around the world in real time. Many firms conduct their work on a global stage, where damage to reputation in one location can quickly reverberate around the world. This article develops a typology of managerial strategies to respond to complex disputes with activist stakeholders. It argues that management strategies fall into four categories: wage a fight, withdraw, wait, or work it out. Which strategy is chosen is likely to vary according to: the firm's dependence on stakeholders for critical resources, the firm's power in the particular situation, and the urgency of the contested issue. Managers' effectiveness is, in large part, a function of their ability to assess these three conditions correctly.
Who goes there

Are there parallel processing streams for auditory spatial and object processing? At this point, the data do not adequately support this position. As we have discussed, auditory spatial and object processing appear to be mediated in the same cortical regions, which suggests that there are not independent processing streams. At best, studies have indicated that different cortical areas are involved preferentially in spatial or object processing (cf. Weeks et al. 1999xWeeks, R.A, Aziz-Sultan, A, Bushara, K.O, Tian, B, Wessinger, C.M, Dang, N, Rauschecker, J.P, and Hallett, M. Neurosci. Lett. 1999; 12: 155–158Crossref | Scopus (152)See all ReferencesWeeks et al. 1999). Of course, this may not be surprising, since most of the discussed cortical areas are strongly interconnected (9xKaas, J.H and Hackett, T.A. Audiol. Neurootol. 1998; 3: 73–85Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (152)See all References, 12xRomanski, L.M, Tian, B, Fritz, J, Mishkin, M, Goldman-Rakic, P.S, and Rauschecker, J.P. Nat. Neurosci. 1999; 2: 1131–1136Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (683)See all References). More experimentation is necessary to further specify the contribution of different cortical areas to spatial and object processing. For example, it will be important to determine whether, in the prefrontal and parietal cortices, there are distinct neuronal populations that separately mediate auditory spatial and object processing or whether the same neuronal populations can subserve both processes (Rao et al. 1997xRao, S.C, Rainer, G, and Miller, E.K. Science. 1997; 276: 821–824Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (558)See all ReferencesRao et al. 1997).*To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail: yec@dartmouth.edu).
Case Studies of Autonomy

Autonomy is a quality for devices and creatures that perform tasks with relative independence from their designers and sources of authority. We discuss the idea and present two case studies to illustrate that the parameters for Autonomy are highly domain dependent.
Short-time instabilities in the LMS algorithm

The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is known to converge in the mean and in the mean square. This does not imply that the algorithm converges strictly at every time step k. In short-time periods the algorithm's convergence can burst up and cause severe disturbances in speech applications. As long as Gaussian processes are used to drive the filter input and the order of the filter is relatively large, the occurrence of these instabilities is very rare. However, for other statistics this does not need to be true. The paper closes this gap in the literature by discussing potential short-time unstable behavior of the LMS algorithm. For spherically invariant random processes (SIRP), like Gaussian, Laplacian, and K/sub 0/, the probabilities for the occurrence of instability at a single time instant k are investigated. >
The Statistical Analysis of Single-Subject Data: A Comparative Examination

Background and Purpose. The purposes of this study were to examine whether the use of three different statistical methods for analyzing single-subject data led to similar results and to identify components of graphed data that influence agreement (or disagreement) among the statistical procedures. Methods. Forty-two graphs containing single-subject data were examined. Twenty-one were AB charts of hypothetical data. The other 21 graphs appeared in Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Physical Therapy, Journal of the Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps , and Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry . Three different statistical tests—the C statistic, the two-standard deviation band method, and the split-middle method of trend estimation—were used to analyze the 42 graphs. Results. A relatively low degree of agreement (38%) was found among the three statistical tests. The highest rate of agreement for any two statistical procedures (71%) was found for the two-standard deviation band method and the C statistic. A logistic regression analysis revealed that overlap in single-subject graphed data was the best predictor of disagreement among the three statistical tests (β=.49, P <.03). Conclusion and Discussion. The results indicate that interpretation of data from single-subject research designs is directly influenced by the method of data analysis selected. Variation exists across both visual and statistical methods of data reduction. The advantages and disadvantages of statistical and visual analysis are described.
The Virginia pharmacy practice transformation conference: outcomes and next steps.

Thought leaders in Virginia came together to achieve consensus on the pharmacy practice innovations required to advance the medication-related health outcomes of patients in the Commonwealth, The participants identified key elements and strategies needed for practice transformation and these became the foundation for practice change. The primary key elements included legislation and regulation modifications, payment reform, and business model development. The Virginia Pharmacy Congress, which represents key pharmacy stakeholders in the Commonwealth, became the home for the transformation movement and the development and implementation of a unified action plan for achieving the envisioned practice transformation.
Attempted Glass Formation in Pure KHSO4

Recent attempts to vitrify KHSO4 have been fruitless, bringing into question the glass-forming ability of this, the only hitherto known glass-forming sulfate. Since KHSO4 is easily converted to the pyrosulfate at temperatures above its melting point, it is likely that previously reported KHSO4 glass samples were actually mixtures of the bisulfate and the pyrosulfate, with the pyrosulfate aiding vitrification.
CELLS CULTURED FROM THE DIABETIC (DB/DB) MOUSE HAVE A PERMANENT DECREASE IN INSULIN RECEPTORS*

Investigation of mechanisms responsible for the decreased numbers of insulin receptors observed in obesity and diabetes has been facilitated by the development of cell culture systems permitting study of cellular events independent of fluctuating hormone levels and multiple endocrine interactions present in the whole organism. With such a system, we have found that cells cultured from the skin of diabetic mice have 45–48% fewer receptors for insulin than those from nondiabetic littermates. This difference is maintained in culture over many generations, suggesting that the decreased expression of insulin receptors in these cells is related to the genetic trait for diabetes.