cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Midsession Reversal Task with Pigeons Does a Brief Delay Between Choice and Reinforcement Facilitate Reversal Learning

In a midsession reversal task, the session begins with a simple simultaneous discrimination in which one stimulus (S1) is correct and the other stimulus (S2) is incorrect (S1+/S2-). At the midpoint of the session, the discrimination reverses and S2 becomes the correct choice (S2+/S1-). When choosing optimally, a pigeon should choose S1 until the first trial in which its choice is not reinforced and then it should shift to S2 (win-stay/lose-shift). With this task, pigeons have been shown to respond suboptimally by anticipating the reversal (making anticipatory errors) and continuing to choose S1 after the reversal (making perseverative errors). This suboptimal behavior may result from a pigeon's relative impulsivity due to the immediacy of reinforcement following choice. In other choice tasks, there is evidence that the introduction of a short delay between choice and reinforcement may decrease pigeons' impulsivity. In the present experiment, a delay was introduced between stimulus selection and reinforcement to assess whether it results in a decrease in anticipatory and perseverative errors. Pigeons that had a delay between choice and reinforcement were a bit slower in acquiring the midsession reversal task compared to those without a delay, but showed no decrease in either anticipatory or perseverative errors. It is likely that the pigeons' natural tendency to use time from the start of the session to the reversal as a cue to reverse prevented the delay from increasing accuracy on this task.
Disparities in Disaster Assistance: A Comparison of the Social Benefits of Flood Insurance and Compensation

With growing exposure to extreme events, there is a pressing need to identify effective strategies for mitigating and coping with losses. Two widely implemented policies — subsidized insurance and ...
The Matrix Exponential: Some Matrix Lie Groups

The purpose of this chapter and the next two chapters is to give a “gentle” and fairly concrete introduction to manifolds, Lie groups, and Lie algebras, our main objects of study.
Chosen Traumas and Their Impact on Current Political/Societal Conflicts

There are different types of massive traumas. Some are from natural causes, such as tropical storms, floods, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes. After nature shows its fury, as Robert Jay Lifton and Eric Olson (1976) illustrated years ago, victims ultimately tend to accept the event as fate or as the will of God. A different type of massive trauma can occur due to man-made accidents, like the 1986 Chernobyl accident that spewed tons of radioactive dust into the atmosphere. A huge wildfire, like those that occurred in California in 2019 as well as earlier years, can be started unintentionally by a person or professional mismanagement. After this type of disaster, survivors blame a small number of individuals or professional organizations for their carelessness. If possible, survivors seek compensation or legal settlements for being exposed to accidental man-made traumas. The death of a political leader or another “societal transference figure” by a killer belonging to the same large group or by an accident provokes collective traumatic responses—as did the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr., in the United States, Yitzhak Rabin in Israel, Prime Minister Olof Palme in Sweden, National Democratic Party leader Giorgi Chanturia in the Republic of Georgia, and former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in Lebanon, or the deaths of the American astronauts, especially teacher Christa McAuliffe, in the 1986 space shuttle Challenger explosion. Psychoanalysts have written about societal psychological responses to such events (see, e.g., Erlich, 1998; Moses-Hrushovski, 2000; Volkan, 1997, 2013a, 2013b; Wolfenstein & Kliman, 1965).
Population model analysis of chiral inversion and degradation of bupropion enantiomers, and application to enantiomer specific fraction unbound determination in rat plasma and brain

Pharmacologic effects elicited by drugs most directly relate to their unbound concentrations. Measurement of binding in blood, plasma and target tissues are used to estimate these concentrations by determining the fraction of total concentration in a biological matrix that is not bound. In the case of attempting to estimate R- and S-bupropion concentrations in plasma and brain following racemic bupropion administration, reversible chiral inversion and irreversible degradation of the enantiomers were hypothesized to confound attempts at unbound fraction estimation. To address this possibility, a kinetic modeling approach was used to quantify inversion and degradation specific processes for each enantiomer from separate incubations of each enantiomer in the two matrices, and in pH 7.4 buffer, which is also used in binding experiments based on equilibrium dialysis. Modeling analyses indicated that chiral inversion kinetics were two to four-fold faster in plasma and brain than degradation, with only inversion observed in buffer. Inversion rate was faster for S-bupropion in the three media; whereas, degradation rates were similar for the two enantiomers in plasma and brain, with overall degradation in plasma approximately 2-fold higher than in brain homogenate. Incorporation of degradation and chiral inversion kinetic terms into a model to predict enantiomer-specific binding in plasma and brain revealed that, despite existence of these two processes, empirically derived estimates of fraction unbound were similar to model-derived values, leading to a firm conclusion that observed extent of plasma and brain binding are accurate largely because binding kinetics are faster than parallel degradation and chiral inversion processes.
Getting Emotional: Wittgenstein, van Fraassen, and Making Sense of Revolution

This paper aims to demonstrate the fecundity of pairing specific insights from On Certainty with research in the philosophy and history of the natural sciences. To do so, it discusses one set of related themes in the work that focus on the possibility of and nature of revolutionary change. Specifically, I argue that several of Wittgenstein’s rather gnomic remarks presage van Fraassen’s insistence on the need for decisions and emotions throughout scientific revolutions. Moreover, I argue that reading both together enriches each’s individual account and helps further make sense of why and how conversion is not just a ‘mad leap in the dark’.
Patterns of Fitbit Use and Activity Levels Among African American Breast Cancer Survivors During an eHealth Weight Loss Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose:This study examined adherence with a physical activity tracker and patterns of activity among different subgroups of African American/Black breast cancer survivors (AABCS).Design:Secondary ...
Application of the Asp3d Computer Program to Unsteady Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Analyses

A new computer program has been developed called ASP3D (Advanced Small Perturbation - 3D), which solves the small perturbation potential flow equation in an advanced form including mass-consistent surface and trailing wake boundary conditions, and entropy, vorticity, and viscous effects. The purpose of the program is for unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic analyses, especially in the nonlinear transonic flight regime. The program exploits the simplicity of stationary Cartesian meshes with the movement or deformation of the configuration under consideration incorporated into the solution algorithm through a planar surface boundary condition. The paper presents unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic applications of ASP3D to assess the time dependent capability and demonstrate various features of the code.
Countering Critique: Expressing the Value of the Arts through the Artistic Rebuttal Project

The Artistic Rebuttal Project asks individuals to express the value of, and to counter negative stereotypes about, the arts through the creation of rebuttals. Since its 2011 inception, 460 rebuttals have been collected. A thematic analysis reveals patterns in the rebuttals' descriptions of the arts' value. The amount of intrinsic expressions far outweighs that of instrumental ones. Themes most frequently expressed are Community Identity, Emotional Health, and Individual Identity. These themes and others are compared to existing frameworks describing the benefits of the arts, to better understand how the rebuttals reflect, advance, and counter existing paradigms in arts advocacy.
Yeast Mating Type

Mating type in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been extensively studied as a model system for cell fate determination, gene regulation, chromosome structure and genetic recombination. This work has shown that mating type is determined by alleles of a single genetic locus that codes for regulatory proteins governing genes encoding mating pheromones, pheromone receptors and downstream effectors controlling cell type. Some yeast strains are capable of switching mating type, a process involving gene replacement by information transferred from silenced copies of the mating-type locus found elsewhere in the genome. A combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches has elucidated the mechanisms of silencing and mating-type switching and has shown them to involve processes that are conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. Key Concepts Mating type in baker's yeast is determined by alleles of a single gene. Products of the mating-type locus are regulatory proteins that interact to control transcription at multiple other loci that determine cell fate. A genetic approach involving isolation of sterile mutants unable to mate provided the first clues to the structure and function of the mating-type locus. Mating involves production of soluble protein mating factors and membrane-bound receptors that trigger a signal transduction cascade upon binding of mating factor to receptor. Mating is coordinated with progression through the yeast cell cycle. Yeast can exist as either haploid or diploid cells with one or two sets of chromosomes; haploids can mate to form diploids. Some yeast strains are homothallic and can switch mating type. Mating-type switching involves silent copies of the mating-type locus and a site-specific endonuclease that directs recombination between the active mating-type locus and one of the silent copies. The silent copies of the mating-type locus are present in a heterochromatin-like configuration that prevents their expression. General recombination functions are required for mating-type switching. Keywords: mating type; sterile mutants; mating-type switching; cell cycle; signal transduction, chromatin structure, homothallism
Building Relationships with Business and Leisure Flyers: Perceived Loyalty and Frequent Flyer Programs

Abstract Frequency marketing programs are widely used by service providers to build relationships and loyalty. This study examines one particular form of frequency marketing program the frequent flyer program and the factors which influence loyalty to the service provider. A survey of frequent flyers shows that business and leisure flyers find different aspects of these programs to be important. Compared with leisure flyers, business flyers were somewhat more interested in the points per se as a way of “keeping score,” while leisure flyers were somewhat more concerned with the procedural aspects of frequent flyer programs.
Light entrainment and activation of signal transduction pathways in the SCN

Publisher Summary The molecular mechanisms by which the circadian clock is entrained are largely unknown; there is considerable and growing evidence that gene expression and macromolecular synthesis are essential for both the function and entrainment of the circadian clock in a wide range of organisms. For this reason, the identification of intracellular signaling pathways and subsequent changes in gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that are activated by light may lead to the elucidation of entrainment mechanisms. The photic and circadian regulation of c-fos gene expression in the SCN is, therefore, important for several reasons. This chapter focuses on the second utility of c-fos induction—that is, the insight it can provide about how light and the circadian clock regulate signal transduction pathways in the SCN. The chapter investigates the signaling pathway involving mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and the serum response element (SRE) on the c-fos promoter to determine how it is regulated by light in the SCN. Using immunoblot analysis of SCN extracts with MAP kinase antibodies, the chapter finds that MAP kinase in the SCN is rapidly phosphorylated on specific threonine and tyrosine residues in response to light, indicating that this signaling pathway is also activated. The further elucidation of the mechanisms of the circadian gating of photic induction of c-fos and jun-B may lead to broader insights about how gene expression is controlled by a mammalian circadian pacemaker.
Optimal robust disturbance attenuation for MIMO uncertain systems in H/sup /spl infin//

We consider the optimal robust disturbance attenuation problem (ORDAP) for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) uncertain plants. Duality theory is used to show the existence of optimal feedback laws. Next a key multiplication operator acting on particular vector-valued Hardy spaces is introduced. It is then proved that ORDAP for MIMO systems is equal to the operator induced norm of a specific operator. The latter is shown to be a combination of multiplication and Toeplitz operators. An "infinite matrix" representation with respect to a canonical basis is derived, and the norm of the relevant operator is approximated by special matrix norms.
Children's Behavior Problems in Single-Parent and Married-Parent Families

Abstract A model integrating prevailing perspectives on children's functioning following divorce was used to predict children's behavior problems. The data were collected from 30 custodial mothers, 30 custodial fathers, and 30 married parents with children 6 to 10 years of age, using face-to-face interviews and standardized questionnaires. Results using path analysis indicated that marital status and parental control had significant direct effects on children's behavior problems. Sex of parent, economic strain, co-parental conflict, coping with roles, and parenting indirectly influenced children's behavior through parental control. The findings suggest that the pressures inherent in raising a child alone, combined with too few resources for coping with role demands, are disruptive to both parenting and parental control, and that children in single-parent families appear to respond to these deficits with disruptive behaviors. Implications for family practice and policy are discussed.
Sword or Sheath? The Benefits of Imperfect Containment (Tate to Hoko Toshiteno Hujikome Seisaku No Koyo)

In a world characterized by complexity and connectedness, transnational threats – such as terrorism, cyber attack, environmental disaster, and disease – are virtually impossible to contain completely. But, how perfect does containment have to be to accomplish its core objective of limiting the reach and intensity of such threats? Using insights from a social exchange perspective on power in world politics, we argue that strategies of containment against many contemporary security threats do not need to be perfect to be effective. While critics of containment strategies are correct that containment structures often leak and typically fail to achieve some objectives fully, we argue that pursuing partial containment may be more cost effective than full containment as part of a strategy to alter threatening behavior and decrease the potency of extant or potential threats.
Review of "Fundamentals of Collection Development and Management (3rd ed.)," by Peggy Johnson

FUNDAMENTALS OF COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT (3rd ed.). Peggy Johnson. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2014, 554 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8389-1191-4, $77.00.In the opening of her latest book, Peggy Johnso...
A subdivision approach to the construction of smooth differential forms

Vertex- and face-based subdivision schemes are now routinely used in geometric modeling and computational science, and their primal/dual relationships are well studied. In this thesis we interpret these schemes as defining bases for discrete differential 0- resp. 2 -forms, and present a novel subdivision-based method of constructing smooth differential forms on simplicial surfaces. It completes the picture of classic primal/dual subdivision by introducing a new concept named r-cochain subdivision. Such subdivision schemes map scalar coefficients on r-simplexes from the coarse to the refined mesh and converge to r-forms on the mesh. We perform convergence and smoothness analysis in an arbitrary topology setting by utilizing the techniques of matrix subdivision and the subdivision differential structure. The other significance of our method is its preserving exactness of differential forms. We prove that exactness preserving is equivalent to the commutative relations between the subdivision schemes and the topological exterior derivative. Our construction is based on treating r- and (r + 1)-cochain subdivision schemes as a pair and enforcing the commutative relations. As a result, our low-order construction recovers classic Whitney forms, while the high-order construction yields a new class of high order Whitney forms. The 1-form bases are C1, except at irregular vertices where they are C0. We also demonstrate extensions to three-dimensional subdivision schemes and non-simplicial meshes as well, such as quadrilaterals and octahedra. Our construction is seamlessly integrated with surface subdivision. Once a metric is supplied, the scalar 1-form coefficients define a smooth tangent vector filed on the underlying subdivision surface. Design of tangent vector fields is made particularly easy with this machinery as we demonstrate. The subdivision r-forms can also be used as finite element bases for physical simulations on curved surfaces. We demonstrate the optimal rate of convergence in solving the Laplace and bi-Laplace equations of 1-forms.
Deregulation of the Ras-Erk Signaling Axis Modulates the Enhancer Landscape

Unrestrained receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and epigenetic deregulation are root causes of tumorigenesis. We establish linkage between these processes by demonstrating that aberrant RTK signaling unleashed by oncogenic HRas(G12V) or loss of negative feedback through Sprouty gene deletion remodels histone modifications associated with active typical and super-enhancers. However, although both lesions disrupt the Ras-Erk axis, the expression programs, enhancer signatures, and transcription factor networks modulated upon HRas(G12V) transformation or Sprouty deletion are largely distinct. Oncogenic HRas(G12V) elevates histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) levels at enhancers near the transcription factor Gata4 and the kinase Prkcb, as well as their expression levels. We show that Gata4 is necessary for the aberrant gene expression and H3K27ac marking at enhancers, and Prkcb is required for the oncogenic effects of HRas(G12V)-driven cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that dynamic reprogramming of the cellular enhancer landscape is a major effect of oncogenic RTK signaling.
Optimal power flow with storage

Solution algorithms for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem are well established for traditional electricity networks. However, there is an increasing need for integrating renewable sources and energy storage into electricity networks. These newer devices have physical characteristics that require modification of standard OPF algorithms. In particular, energy storage devices introduce temporal coupling over the optimization horizon. Also, the modeling of non-unity storage efficiency requires complementarity conditions. This paper explores two algorithms that extend OPF methods to incorporate energy storage devices and wind generation. The first method is based on the well-known AC-LP OPF method, while the second is a quadratic program with DC power flow constraints. The algorithms are demonstrated using several test cases that consider a modified RTS-96 system. The performance of the two algorithms is compared in terms of convergence properties and quality/optimality of their respective solutions.
Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor

Bipedalism has traditionally been regarded as the fundamental adaptation that sets hominids apart from other primates. Fossil evidence demonstrates that by 4.1 million years ago1, and perhaps earlier2, hominids exhibited adaptations to bipedal walking. At present, however, the fossil record offers little information about the origin of bipedalism, and despite nearly a century of research on existing fossils and comparative anatomy, there is still no consensus concerning the mode of locomotion that preceded bipedalism3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Here we present evidence that fossils attributed to Australopithecus anamensis (KNM-ER 20419)11 and A. afarensis (AL 288-1)12 retain specialized wrist morphology associated with knuckle-walking. This distal radial morphology differs from that of later hominids and non-knuckle-walking anthropoid primates, suggesting that knuckle-walking is a derived feature of the African ape and human clade. This removes key morphological evidence for a Pan–Gorilla clade, and suggests that bipedal hominids evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor that was already partly terrestrial.
Chronic effects of methadone on a line tilt generalization gradient in the pigeon

Abstract Using an adjusting interval schedule, pigeons were trained to key peck at a relatively constant rate during 45° line tilt presentations and at an extremely low rate in the presence of 0° and 90° line angles. Subsequently, the birds received intramuscular injections of methadone hydrochloride every 8 hr in doses beginning at 3 mg/kg/day and increasing progressively to 90 mg/kg/day. Stimulus generalization tests were run on the first day and on the last day a given dose was administered to assess the development of tolerance. Although chronic methadone treatment was associated with an overall decrement in key peck rate, the gradients of line tilt generalization were indistinguishable from saline control gradients as doses as high as 90 mg.kg/day. Though the birds exhibited gross behavioral incoordination, visual stimulus control appeared unaffected.
Assembly and testing of germanium/silica optical fibers for flexible endoscopic delivery of erbium:YAG laser radiation

Endoscopic applications of the Erbium:YAG laser have been limited due to the lack of an optical fiber delivery system that is robust, flexible, and biocompatible. This study reports the assembly and testing of hybrid optical fibers consisting of 1-cm-length, 550-micron-core, silica fiber tips attached to either 350-micron or 425-micron germanium oxide “trunk” fibers. Er:YAG laser radiation with a wavelength of 2.94 microns, pulse lengths of 70 and 220 microseconds, repetition rates of 3-10 Hz, and laser output energies of up to 300 mJ was delivered through the fibers for testing. Maximum fiber output energies measured 180 ± 30 mJ and 82 ± 20 mJ (n=10) under straight and tight bending configurations, respectively, before fiber interface damage occurred. By comparison, the damage threshold for the germanium fibers without silica tips during contact soft tissue ablation was only 9 mJ (n=3). Studies using the hybrid fibers for lithotripsy also resulted in fiber damage thresholds (55-114 mJ) above the stone ablation threshold (15-23 mJ). Hybrid germanium / silica fibers represent a robust, flexible, and biocompatible method of delivering Er:YAG laser radiation during contact soft tissue ablation. Significant improvement in the hybrid fibers will be necessary before their use in Er:YAG laser lithotripsy.
Second to fourth digit ratios and individual differences in women's self-perceived attractiveness, self-esteem, and body-esteem

Abstract This research examined the relationship between women’s digit ratios (2D:4D) and self-perceived attractiveness, self-esteem and body-esteem. Sixty women rated their physical and sexual attractiveness, self-esteem, and body-esteem. Digit ratios (2D:4D) were determined from tracings of their hands. Based on prior research, it was hypothesized that women with high 2D:4D ratios would find themselves more physically attractive and possibly exhibit higher self-esteem and body-esteem. The results obtained supported the hypothesis for attractiveness. Women with high 2D:4D ratios rated their physical attractiveness higher. These results are discussed in terms of evolutionary theory and prior research.
Single-electron states and conductance in lateral-surface superlattices.

The electronic properties of a two-dimensional lateral-surface superlattice are simulated by using the split-operator technique based on the solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation involving the propagation of the wave functions in the imaginary time domain. The two-dimensional dispersion relation and the density of states are derived and the transport characteristics of the system are calculated in linear-response theory. The results compare well with recent experimental data and show clear evidence of single-electron states in the system.
Implementation of enhanced dynamic wedges in pinnacle treatment planning system

Enhanced dynamic wedges (EDW) provide many advantages over traditional hard wedges for linear accelerator treatments. Along with these advantages comes the responsibility of ensuring that this complex technology delivers the correct dose to patients. This involves determining the enhanced dynamic wedge factors for various field sizes and depths for use in the hand calculation of monitor units (MUs). The accurate representation of dynamic wedges in the treatment planning computer must also be ensured. This is required so that the final isodose distributions are correct and the MUs calculated by the treatment planning computer match those determined by hand calculation. We have commissioned and implemented the use of EDW in the Pinnacle radiation therapy planning system. The modeled dose profiles agree with the measured ones with a maximum difference of 2%. The MUs generated by Pinnacle are also within 2% of those calculated independently. The process of data collection and verification, beam modeling, and a discussion of a potential pitfall encountered in this process are presented in this paper.
56.3: Electrowetting Light Valves with Greater than 80% Transmission, Unlimited View Angle, and Video Response

Greater than 80% transmission has been demonstrated for electrowetting light valves (ELVs). The ELV pixel structure consists of a backlit oil/water-on-dielectric electrowetting cell. Recent improvements in pixel design and oil formulation now allow for lower voltage and higher contrast operation. The ELVs are also video rate capable and unlimited in view angle.
Transneuronal labeling of cochlear nucleus neurons by HRP-labeled auditory nerve fibers and olivocochlear branches in mice

Auditory nerve fibers were labeled by extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase into the spiral ganglion in mice. The labeled fibers were traced in an anterograde direction through the auditory nerve into the cochlear nucleus. In almost half of the injections, the labeled endings of auditory nerve fibers contacted cochlear nucleus neurons that were also labeled with horseradish peroxidase and were presumably transneuronally labeled. Only darkly labeled endings were associated with transneuronally labeled neurons, but not all darkly labeled endings had targets that were transneuronally labeled. Transneuronal labeling occurred almost exclusively in the ventral cochlear nucleus, often between endbulbs and bushy cells. Both "modified" endbulbs and the larger endbulbs of Held transneuronally labeled the bushy cells that they contacted. At the ultrastructural level, transneuronal labeling was evident as a darkening of ribosomes and the membrane surfaces of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus. Transneuronal labeling occurred rarely in octopus, small, and stellate cells, and in neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Spiral ganglion injections also label olivocochlear fibers, efferent fibers that pass through the ganglion en route to the hair cells. These fibers give off branches to the cochlear nucleus that were rarely associated with transneuronal labeling. In eight instances, the targets of olivocochlear branches were stellate cells or small cells. We suggest that in our mouse preparation, horseradish peroxidase is effective as a transneuronal marker because the short distance from injection site to the cochlear nucleus results in a high concentration of horseradish peroxidase in the endings of the auditory nerve fibers.
Critical and opposing roles of the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR3 in prostate tumor growth.

Background Angiogenic and angiostatic CXC chemokines mediate their effects via the receptors, CXCR2 and CXCR3, respectively. The current study sought to determine whether the presence of these receptors alters prostate tumor growth. Methods Endothelial cell chemotaxis of prostate cell-derived products was determined in vitro. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice was bred with CXCR2- or CXCR3-knockout mice to determine the effects of these genes on prostate tumor growth. Results Normal prostate epithelial cells release CXCR3 ligands that limit endothelial cell chemotaxis. Prostate cancer cells release CXCR2 ligands that stimulated endothelial cell chemotaxis. Tumors in TRAMP/CXCR2−/− mice were significantly smaller than those in TRAMP/CXCR2+/+ mice and had reduced angiogenesis. In contrast, tumors in TRAMP/CXCR3−/− mice were palpable much earlier than TRAMP/CXCR3+/+ mice and had greatly increased angiogenesis. Conclusions The data suggest that signaling through CXCR2 and CXCR3 represents important counter-regulatory mechanisms that control the growth of prostate tumors. Prostate © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development and characterization of CD22-targeted pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin (IL-PLD).

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the sixth most common cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Most NHLs initially respond well to chemotherapy, but relapse is common and treatment is often limited due to the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin (PLD, Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc), a produces less myelotoxicity than non-liposomal (NL) doxorubicin. To further enhance efficacy and NHL targeting and to decrease toxicity, we conjugated an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody (HB22.7) to the surface of PLD, thereby creating CD22-targeted immunoliposomal PLD (IL-PLD). HB22.7 was successfully conjugated to PLD and the resulting IL-PLD exhibits specific binding to CD22-expressing cells as assessed by immunofluorescence staining. IL-PLD exhibits more cytotoxicity than PLD in CD22 positive cell lines but does not increase killing of CD22 negative cells. The IC50 of IL-PLD is 3.1 to 5.4 times lower than that of PLD in CD22+ cell lines while the IC50 of IL-PLD is equal to that of PLD in CD22- cells. Furthermore, IL-PLD remained bound to the CD22+ cells after washing and continued to exert cytotoxic effects, while PLD and NL- doxorubicin could easily be washed from these cells.
Effects of hemofiltration on serum aprotinin levels in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of hemofiltration on serum aprotinin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Design: Prospective, randomized study. Setting: University of Washington Medical Center, single institution. Participants: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery without contraindications to aprotinin administration. Interventions: Patients were randomized to full-Hammersmith and half-Hammersmith dosing regimens of aprotinin and were further randomized to hemofiltration or no hemofiltration. Measurements and Main Results: Serum aprotinin levels were studied before CPB, 60 and 120 minutes into CPB, and at the end of CPB before protamine administration. Each group experienced a decrease in serum aprotinin levels with the institution of CPB, attributable to hemodilution and redistribution of aprotinin outside of the vascular compartment. During CPB, aprotinin levels declined further, but no significant difference was observed between patients who received hemofiltration and those who did not. Hematocrit values were significantly higher at the end of CPB in the hemofiltration groups. Patients receiving half-Hammersmith dosing regimens maintained aprotinin levels throughout CPB, which have been shown to inhibit plasmin but were lower than levels previously shown to inhibit kallikrein. Conclusions: Hemofiltration during CPB did not significantly alter serum aprotinin levels in patients receiving half-Hammersmith and full-Hammersmith dosing regimens of aprotinin. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL IX. THE COOPERATIVE ACTION OF HEMOPHILUS GALLINARUM AND THE COCCOBACILLIFORM BODIES IN THE CORYZA OF RAPID ONSET AND LONG DURATION

Coccobacilliform bodies were regularly demonstrable, in addition to H. gallinarum, in exudate from birds infected with a passage strain of the coryza of rapid onset and long duration (type III). Both agents were present throughout the entire course of the disease. The characteristics of type III coryza were reproduced by injecting a mixture of the two agents. The behavior of each component was altered by the association, indicative of a synergistic relation. Evidence that the coccobacilliform bodies might occasionally develop in birds infected with H. gallinarum following transfer by indirect contact was also obtained. The combined action of the two infective agents adequately accounts for the etiology of this particular strain of type III coryza.
Applications of multivariate techniques to the analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography-UV data

Abstract In this paper high-performance liquid chromatography—UV data are analyzed by multivariate techniques in order to obtain information about a specific analyte of interest in the presence of interfering compounds. It will be shown that small model errors can be encountered in practice and their effect on the results of multivariate data analysis will be demonstrated. The results will be explained in the context of the results from previous evaluation studies. In the first experiment target testing is used in order to test for the presence of N -benzyl- p -aminophenol- o -glucuronide in samples of patients' urine. Malinowski's F -test is compared with the target testing algorithm of Ho, Christian and Davidson. In the second experiment generalized rank annihilation factor analysis (GRAFA) and iterative target transformation factor analysis (ITTFA) are used for the quantitative analysis of anthracene in the presence of an interfering compound (phenanthrene). Anthracene—phenanthrene mixtures with varying resolutions and concentration ratios are analyzed. In the third experiment 3-methyl chrysene is quantified in six-component mixtures of polyeyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by GRAFA and ITTFA.
Optimizing coupled enzyme assays

Abstract Equations are given for minimizing the cost and calculating the maximum practical rates for coupled assays when two or more coupling enzymes are involved, and a lag of a predetermined size can be tolerated. The lag caused by obligatory mutarotation of an intermediate is also calculated.
Modeling, analysis and control design complexities in future electric energy systems

In this paper we suggest that a successful evolution of future electric energy systems will be critically dependent on having a systematic framework for communications and control architectures. These must be capable of ensuring stability and quality of frequency and voltage response in qualitatively different ways than it is currently being done. The main drivers of such change are described first. In particular, the focus of this paper is on the stability problems caused by the wind turbulence in systems with significant wind penetration. Next, solutions to the small signal stability problem, frequency regulation and large wind surge problem are proposed. The solutions are based on the concepts which honor the change in system dynamics caused by the new technologies. The claims are illustrated using realistic data for a small island power system in Flores, Portugal.
Vascular tumors and vascular malformations: Evidence for an association

Abstract Background: The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies classification is an updated biologic classification that distinguishes vascular tumors from vascular malformations on the basis of clinical and histologic characteristics and biologic behavior. Objective: We propose that in a minority of cases there is an association between vascular tumors and vascular malformations. Methods: We retrospectively identified clinical cases in our medical centers and others reported in the medical literature that demonstrate an association between vascular tumors and vascular malformation clinically or histologically. Results: We identified several clinical or histologic settings in which vascular tumors and vascular malformations were associated: (1) coexistence of hemangioma and vascular malformation at the same anatomic site or in close proximity; (2) pyogenic granuloma arising within a vascular malformation; (3) hemangioma associated with developmental vascular anomalies; (4) spindle-cell hemangioendothelioma and venous malformation; (5) kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and lymphatic malformation. Conclusion: The biologic classification of vascular birthmarks distinguishing vascular tumors from vascular malformations is clinically useful and forms the framework for our understanding of vascular anomalies. These examples suggest that in a small minority of patients there is an association between vascular tumors and vascular malformations. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:275-9.)
Modeling Amyloid β-Peptide Insertion into Lipid Bilayers

Inspired by recent suggestions that the Alzheimer's amyloid β peptide (Aβ) can insert into cell membranes and form harmful ion channels, we model insertion of the 40- and 42-residue forms of the peptide into cell membranes using a Monte Carlo code which is specific at the amino acid level. We examine insertion of the regular Aβ peptide as well as mutants causing familial Alzheimer's disease, and find that all but one of the mutants change the insertion behavior by causing the peptide to spend more simulation steps in only one leaflet of the bilayer. We also find that Aβ42, because of the extra hydrophobic residues relative to Aβ40, is more likely to adopt this conformation than Aβ40 in both wild-type and mutant forms. We argue qualitatively why these effects happen. Here, we present our results and develop the hypothesis that this partial insertion increases the probability of harmful channel formation. This hypothesis can partly explain why these mutations are neurotoxic simply due to peptide insertion behavior. We further apply this model to various artificial Aβ mutants which have been examined experimentally, and offer testable experimental predictions contrasting the roles of aggregation and insertion with regard to toxicity of Aβ mutants. These can be used through further experiments to test our hypothesis.
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature, 2002–2012

Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMNR) is a rare condition that primarily affects young women in their reproductive years. Many of the affected young women are on oral contraceptives. Patients report a sudden decrease in visual acuity, usually a few days after the onset of a febrile illness, with paracentral scotomas either unilaterally or bilaterally. Although AMNR was initially thought to be an inner retinal pathology, with the publication of 84 case reports in the English medical literature and the advent of new imaging modalities, it is now thought to be a disease of the outer retina. In 2003, Turbeville et al published a review of more than 41 AMNR cases reported from 1975 to March 2002, which summarized the available literature and suggested potential fields of research to be explored. This article summarizes the 43 case reports that were published in the English literature from April 2002 to October 2012 and also presents a unique case of AMNR.
Applied Biology Courses in Secondary Schools

Some comments on existing courses, the accumulated experience of which is in danger of being ignored in the development of new curricula in science.
Predictors of Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Evidence suggests that single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction does not reliably prevent the development of knee osteoarthritis (OA).Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of and risk factors for the development of radiographic knee OA after single-bundle ACL reconstruction.Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: There were 249 individuals who had undergone primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction included in this retrospective cohort study. Follow-up radiographs were scored by a single orthopaedic surgery sports medicine fellow using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) scale to determine the degree of OA in the medial, lateral, and patellofemoral compartments. Radiographic OA of the involved knee was considered to be present if, compared with the noninvolved knee, there was at least a 2-grade difference in the KL score in at least 1 compartment or a 1-grade difference in at least 2 compartments. Predictors of OA that were exp...
Quantum tunneling between inequivalent locations small polaron motion

The rate at which an electron transfers between bound states with differing energies as well as different spatial locations is examined. The coupling to a phonon bath not only serves to provide or dissipate the excess electronic energies involved in the transition, but also dephases the quantum coherence thereby dramatically increasing the time or Poincare reccurence of the system. At high temperatures, the description of a particle at a site is reasonable, and the inter-site transition rate is calculated. At lower temperatures, when thermally activated phonons are scarce, the description in terms of bonding and antibonding states is more appropriate. For this regime, the rate for transfer between the bonding and antibonding states is calculated. Nous examinons la vitesse de transfert d'un electron entre des etats lies qui ont des energies differentes aussi bien que des emplacements spatials differentes. L'accouplement a un bain de phonons sert non seulement pour fournir ou dissiper les energies electroniques exces impliquees dans la transition, mais aussi pour de phaser la coherence quantum, ainsi augumentant dramatiquement le temps pour la recurrence Poincare du systeme. Aux temperatures elevees, la description d'une particule a une site est raisonnable, et nous calculons la vitesse de transitions inter-site. Aux temperatures plus basses, oo l'occurence de phonons actives thermiquement est rare, la description en termes de liants et non-liants est plus indiquee. Pour ce regime nous calculons la vitesse des transferts entre les etats liants et non-liants.
Unifiable model with large neutrino magnetic moment.

We present a model which embeds Voloshin symmetry to suppress neutrino masses while giving a large magnetic moment. A special feature of the model is that there is no neutrino mixing. The model can be easily embedded in a grand unified group, as we discuss.
Effect of channel dimensions and shape in the flow-field distributor on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Abstract This work concentrates on the improvement in the performance of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) through optimization of the channel dimensions and shape in the flow-field of bipolar/end plates. Single-path serpentine flow-field design was used for studying the effect of channel dimensions on the hydrogen consumption at the anode. Simulations were done ranging from 0.5 to 4 mm for different channel width, land width and channel depth. Optimum values for each of the dimensions (channel width, land width and channel depth) were obtained. For high hydrogen consumptions (∼80%), the optimum dimension value for channel width, land width and channel depth was close to 1.5, 0.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Studies on the effect of channel shapes showed that triangular and hemispherical shaped cross-section resulted in increase in hydrogen consumption by around 9% at the anode. Consequently, their use would lead to improved fuel cell efficiency.
Rate of Oil Evaporation from Egg Shells

Abstract The use of oil to maintain the albumen condition of eggs has been investigated by numerous researchers. The results of recent investigations have shown that the best time to apply oil for maximum protection is within one hour of lay (Goodwin et al., 1962). Oiling within this period by aerosol application will maintain higher Haugh units than later oil applications and will not produce a cloudy albumen (Froning and Swanson, 1961). Homler and Stadelman (1963) observed no statistical significant difference between Haugh units of eggs oiled before or after cleaning. Oiling before and after cleaning was significantly better in reducing weight loss when compared to non-oiled eggs and eggs oiled before cleaning. Previous investigations have measured the effectiveness of oil to maintain the albumen condition of shell eggs. This investigation was conducted to determine the rate of oil loss from aerosol oiled egg shells. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The shells utilized in…
Adaptive nearest neighbor queries in travel time networks

Nearest neighbor (NN) searches represent an important class of queries in geographic information systems (GIS). Most nearest neighbor algorithms rely on static distance information to compute NN queries (e.g., Euclidean distance or spatial network distance). However, the final goal of a user when performing an NN search is often to travel to one of the points of the search result. In this case, finding the nearest neighbors in terms of travel time is more important than the actual distance. In the existing NN algorithms dynamic real-time events (e.g., traffic congestions, detours, etc.) are usually not considered and hence the pre-computed nearest neighbor objects may not accurately reflect the shortest travel time. In this paper we propose a novel travel time network that integrates both spatial networks and real-time traffic event information. Based on this foundation of the travel time network, we develop a local-based greedy nearest neighbor algorithm and a global-based adaptive nearest neighbor algorithm that both utilize real-time traffic information to provide adaptive nearest neighbor search results. We have performed a theoretical analysis and simulations to verify our methods. The results indicate that our algorithms remarkably reduce the travel time compared with previous nearest neighbor solutions.
I Don't Exist: Conflicting Communities and the Nature of Sexual Belonging

Through the usage of academic autobiography, this paper examines the difficulties inherent to embodying seemingly incongruous identities outside of the mainstream. Examining metrics for inclusion often utilized in the black, feminist, queer, and BDSM communities, I attempt to locate where women with intersecting identities find and build networks that enable them to both “belong” and to fully express the complexities of their subjectivities without compromise.