cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating a Similarity Graph from WordNet

The paper addresses the problem of modeling the relationship between the words in the English language using a similarity graph. The mathematical model stores data about the strength of the relationship between words expressed as a decimal number. Both structured data from WordNet, such as that the word "canine" is a hypernym (i.e., kind of) of the word "dog", and textual descriptions, such as that the definition of the word "dog" is: "a member of the genus Canis that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times", are used in creating the graph. The quality of the graph data is validated by comparing the similarity of pairs of words using our software that uses the graph with results of studies that are performed with human subjects. To the best of our knowledge, our software produces better correlation with the results of both the Miller and Charles study and the WordSimilarity-353 study than any other published research.
Increased phosphotyrosine in breast cancer tissue is associated with a worse prognosis

We have previously demonstrated that phosphotyrosine can be identified in breast cancer cells using an immunohistochemical stain. We have subsequently used this technique to characterize 106 women with breast cancer (46 with Stage 1 and 60 with Stage 2) who have been followed for at least four years by one oncologist. We analyzed all primary breast cancer tissue using immunohistochemical staining and the amount of phosphotyrosine (PT) was scored on a 0 to 3 range. The PT score of the primary tumor was unrelated to either breast cancer stage or estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis, as high PT scores were noted in both disease stages and all receptor categories. We did find that patients with either no or trace (1+) amounts of PT survived longer than those patients with higher amounts of PT. The patients with low PT had significantly lower chance of relapse (Chi Square = 15.8, p < 0.001) and a lower mortality (Chi Square = 13.1, p = 0.001). We conclude that immunohistochemical methods to determine the PT score may identify patients at higher risk for disease relapse independent of tumor stage or hormonal status.
Teams and management control systems: a synthesis of three organizational development approaches

Purpose – This paper applies organizational development (OD) process‐cultural and structural change strategies to synthesize Etzioni's three approaches to power and compliance: normative, coercive and remunerative to study the management control systems of teams in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses library‐archives research.Findings – OD's process and structural differences have affected team members' commitment and operating performance in these three control systems. Advances in information technology have introduced new forms of normative: surveillance control.Research limitations/implications – If MCS are viewed as adaptive systems, the design and implementation of MCS center on identifying those contingent OD process and structural conditions that support team management in these three control systems.Originality/value – The management control literature has not applied Etzioni's basis of power and compliance typologies to study the administrative control of teams. This paper...
Increasing program capability to provide treatment for co-occurring substance use and mental disorders: Organizational characteristics

The Dual Diagnosis Capability in Addiction Treatment and the Dual Diagnosis Capability in Mental Health Treatment indexes were used to document change in the capability of 14 substance abuse and mental health agencies to provide services to clients with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders (COD). COD capability significantly increased over 2 years, with the largest improvements seen in client assessment and staff training for COD. The role of agency structural characteristics and organizational readiness for change was also investigated. The study found modest evidence that some structural characteristics (e.g., agency size) and organizational readiness for change were related to increased COD capability. Further study is needed of how these factors affect implementation and fidelity to evidence-based practices, including how programs might compensate for or modify the effects of organizational factors to enhance implementation efforts.
ENERGY TRANSFER IN TRITON X‐405 MICELLES: THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND BRIJ 35

–Energy transfer from the phenyl groups of micellar Triton X-405 (TX-405) to solubilized pyrene molecules has been measured at a range of temperatures and in the presence of different polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) concentrations. Increases in temperature lead to elimination of water from the outer, wet, micelle layer and an inward movement of associated pyrene. The addition of Brij also leads to a reduction in polarity of the microenvironment of pyrene. However, sensitization is observed even at high Brij concentrations. The donor/acceptor separation caused by the introduction of Brij proceeds slowly, continuing for several minutes after its addition to micellar TX-405.
Evaluation of Penetration Enhancement of Lidocaine by Nonionic Surfactants Through Hairless Mouse Skin In Vitro

The effect of two nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoesters) on percutaneous absorption of lidocaine in the presence of various concentrations of propylene glycol is reported. Comparisons were made in vitro using excised hairless mouse skin as the barrier membrane. Under infinite dose conditions, steady-state flux was enhanced by surfactants at high propylene glycol concentrations. The same trend was observed following application of a thin layer of formulation to the skin (finite-dose conditions). However, penetration behavior was complex due to: (a) changes in vehicle composition following application, (b) temperature changes resulting from evaporation or moisture uptake, and (c) depletion of lidocaine as a result of penetration with compositions that lost water by evaporation. Two peaks in the flux versus time curve were observed. Surfactant monomer concentration in the vehicles was increased in the presence of propylene glycol.
Transitional Protection During Conversion to a Personal Consumption Tax

This article constructs a transitional protection rule-an “old-wealth deduction” -for conversion of the income tax to a personal consumption tax and tests it in four stylized life cycle economies (identical, pension, bequest, and spender) by performing numerical simulations. It is assumed that the compensated elasticity of saving with respect to the interest rate is zero (the uncompensated elasticity is negative). In all four economies, the protection rule substantially reduces the harm to older cohorts from tax conversion; at the same time, young and future cohorts continue to benefit (in almost all cases) from tax conversion despite this protection rule. The results may be sensitive to the particular functions used in the model: a Cobb-Douglas production function and a Leontief utility function (implying a zero compensated saving elasticity).
Aging and Performance on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery.

The Luria-Nebraska Battery has been shown to be a valid measure of neuropsychological functioning in younger adults; however, little validity research with the elderly has been reported. Seventy-eight healthy elderly adults (mean age = 72.2 years) were tested with the Luria-Nebraska Battery and 92 % of the profiles were found to be within normal limits. Significant age-related effects were also found on the Luria-Nebraska Battery. Similarly, the healthy elderly were divided into two age groups, young-old (60–74) and old-old (75 +). Only the expressive speech and writing scales showed significant differences, and these were in the opposite direction one might expect, in that the old-old group performed significantly better. Additionally, the performance of 100 elderly brain damaged patients (mean age = 68 years) was examined and 86 % of the profiles indicated the presence of brain damage. Overall, this study suggests that the Luria-Nebraska Battery may be a useful measure of neuropsycho-Ineical functionine...
Single-incision multiport laparoendoscopic (SIMPLE) surgery: early evaluation of SIMPLE cholecystectomy in a community setting

Background Conventional Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) is a safe, established procedure for gallbladder disease. This is usually performed through three to four small incisions. Although postoperative pain is minimal, there still exists some discomfort from multiple incisions. In theory, fewer incisions or incisionless surgery may decrease postoperative morbidity more than that already exists. Reports of microport instrumentation as well as normal orifice translumenal endosurgery (NOTES) cholecystectomy transvaginally, transcolonically, or transgastrically have recently surfaced. However, these require a different skill set and new technology, which is still in its developmental infancy. Single incision surgery has recently entered the minimally invasive arena. Methods Ten consecutive patients requiring laparoscopic cholecystectomy were performed with a single incision multiport technique as described below. Results All ten patients had a successful completion of a single incision multiport laparoendoscopic cholecystectomy without need for conversion to two, three, or four incisions. There were no complications and the recovery was comparable to a conventional LC. Conclusion We describe here a single incision multiport laparoendoscopic cholecystectomy (SIMPLE cholecystectomy) technique that is safe for the patient, reproducible, easy to learn, and uses commonly available instruments already in most operating rooms. Conversion, if required, is placement of the remaining two to three ports for a more conventional LC.
Phase Change Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Copper Porous Foam

A detailed experimental and analytical study has been performed to evaluate how copper porous foam (CPF) enhances the heat transfer performance in a cylindrical solid/liquid phase change thermal energy storage system. The CPF used in this study had a 95% porosity and the phase change material (PCM) was 99% pure eicosane. The PCM and CPF were contained in a vertical cylinder where the temperature at its radial boundary was held constant, allowing both inward freezing and melting of the PCM. Detailed quantitative time-dependent volumetric temperature distributions and melt/freeze front motion and shape data were obtained. As the material changed phase, a thermal resistance layer built up, resulting in a reduced heat transfer rate between the surface of the container and the phase change front. In the freezing analysis, we analytically determined the effective thermal conductivity of the combined PCM/CPF system and the results compared well to the experimental values. The CPF increased the effective thermal conductivity from 0.423 W/m K to 3.06 W/mK. For the melting studies, we employed a heat transfer scaling analysis to model the system and develop heat transfer correlations. The scaling analysis predictions closely matched the experimental data of the solid/liquid interface position and Nusselt number.
Synthesis of tin nanodendrites via galvanic replacement reaction and their thermal conversion to nanodendritic tin oxide for ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing

Tin nanodendrites have been fabricated using galvanic replacement reaction between stannous chloride (SnCl2) and thermal evaporated zinc film composed of Zn nanodiscs. The replacement reaction is completed in a few seconds, and the produced Sn nanodendrites possess a single crystalline structure. The growth process of Sn nanodendrites is studied by changing the concentration of SnCl2 in the replacement reaction, and the growth direction is identified by electron diffraction analysis. The as-prepared Sn nanodendrites are further oxidized by rheotaxial growth and thermal oxidation (RGTO) process to generate tin oxide nanodendrites. The electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanodendrites are demonstrated in the electrocatalytic reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the reduction of H2O2 is tremendously enhanced in terms of the onset potential and the magnitude of reduction current. The amperometric H2O2 sensor, using the as-prepared SnO2 nanodendrites as the electrochemical catalyst, shows a wide linear range, a good limit of detection, a high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. This study provides a promising route to the facile synthesis of functional metals/metal oxides with unusual nanostructures, which have great potential in sensing applications.
Coronary artery dilation and hemodynamic responses after isosorbide dinitrate therapy in patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract The response to sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) was studied in 10 men with suspected coronary artery disease undergoing coronary arteriography. A Swan-Ganz catheter was placed in the pulmonary artery to record hemodynamic response. Diseased coronary segments were identified during routine Judkins selective coronary angiograms. Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) (5 or 10 mg) was then given with the catheters in place. Multiple sequential single-view coronary angiograms and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses were recorded over 30 minutes after drug administration. At 30 minutes, there was a 53% reduction (p 2 ) and demonstrated maximal area dilation at 10 minutes of 55% (p 2 ) are 4 times more reactive than those in larger arteries (more than 8 mm 2 ), with peak dilation of 77 vs 21% (p
Interstellar chemistry: molecular nitrogen in space.

Astronomers have found evidence of molecular nitrogen in the clouds of gas between the Earth and a distant star. The chemistry involved in the formation of these diffuse clouds might need to be rethought.
An atomic absorption method for cation measurements in Kjeldahl digests of biological materials

Abstract Sulfate ion produced little or no interference in absorption by sodium, potassium, and magnesium, but produced a large depression in calcium absorbance in the atomic absorption spectrophotometric measurement of these cations in an acetylene-air flame. Nearly maximal depression of calcium absorbance by 2 m M sulfate was followed by a plateau region of only slight depression from 2 m M to 1 M sulfate concentration. Presence of 25 m M lanthanum in the samples resulted in no depression of calcium absorbance up to 2 m M sulfate, a sharp decrease to about 30 m M sulfate and a plateau from 30 m M up to 1 M sulfate. From these observations, it was determined that the addition of H 2 SO 4 to provide approximately 40 m M added sulfate in standards and samples permitted accurate measurement of calcium even though the original sample contained relatively high and variable sulfate. The results provided the basis for a practical method for the measurement of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in Kjeldahl digests of biological materials. The optimum condition for analysis was determined to be addition of reagents to give 25 m M lanthanum, 4 m M cesium, 300 m M hydrogen ion, and 40 m M sulfate in standards and samples for analysis in an acetylene-air flame by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Application of this method to a study of the recovery of cations added to dialyzed rat liver homogenate demonstrated that sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium could be accurately measured in Kjeldahl digests, which could also be used for the measurement of total nitrogen.
A nuclear-encoded chloroplast RNP-80 protein from bean binds to a thymine-rich sequence of single-stranded DNA☆

Abstract A cDNA encoding a chloroplast homolog of RNP-80, designated bean-RNP1, has been isolated from a library constructed from bean cotyledon RNA. The protein contains a chloroplast transit peptide sequence, an acidic domain, and two RNP-80 domains. Gel mobility shift assays with a purified fusion proteins from Escherichia coli demonstrated that the protein binds specifically to thymine-rich single-stranded DNA. The protein interaction with double-stranded DNA was not detectable. S1 nuclease footprinting assays demonstrated that the protein protects a 21-nucleotide thymine-rich sequence from S1 nuclease digestion. In addition, hypersensitive sites were generated upstream of the binding site. Implications of these findings for the possible in vivo function of bean RNP1 are discussed.
Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of 3,4-dihydro-1,2-dioxin, 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxin, 4H-1,3-dioxin (1,3-diox-4-ene), and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxin (1,4-dioxene)

Optimized geometries and total energies for 3,4-dihydro-1,2-dioxin (1), 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxin (2), 4H-1,3-dioxin (1,3-diox-4-ene, 3), and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxin (1,4-dioxene, 4) were calculated using ab initio 3-21G, 6-31G*, and MP2/6-31G*//6-31G* methods. The half-chair conformers of 1 (C1), 2 (C2), 3 (C1), and 4 (C2) are more stable than their respective planar structures [1 (Cs), 2 (C2v), 3 (Cs), and 4 (C2v)]. Among the four isomers 1–4, the half-chair conformer of 3 is the most stable. It is 53.1, 54.6, and 3.4 kcal mol−1 more stable than 1, 2, and 4, respectively. The largest energy difference (19.0 kcal mol−1) is observed between the half-chair and planar conformers of 2. The boat conformers of 2 and 4 are less stable than their respective half-chair conformers, but are more stable than their planar structures. Hyperconjugative orbital interactions (anomeric effects) contribute to the greater stability of 3(nO(3) →σ*C(2)—O(1), nO(3)→σ*,nO(3)→σ*) and of 4 (nO(1)→ σ*). The ab initio calculated structural features of the half-chair conformations of the dihydrodioxins 1–4 are compared with the half-chair conformations of cyclohexene and the chair conformations of cyclohexane, oxacyclohexane (tetrahydropyran), 1,2-dioxacyclohexane (1,2-dioxane), 1,3-dioxacyclohexane (1,3-dioxane), and 1,4-dioxacyclohexane (1,4-dioxane) © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem18: 1392–1406, 1997
Beyond competence: The choice to be a leader

Abstract Many people in leadership positions have the competencies characteristic of effective leaders, but do not provide leadership for their organizations. A framework is proposed suggesting that they are “choosing not to use” competencies they possess. The choice to enact the role of a leader or manager or professional (i.e., individual contributor) is made in terms of a preference for one of these roles at any point in a person's career. Although in positions of leadership, participants in “leadership development” activities often do not become leaders after such experiences. It is proposed that “effectiveness” of these activities may be a function of the appropriateness of the activity, and its underlying assumptions about competence, to the individual's “mode of growth” at a point in his/her career or life. Three modes of growth are described: 1. Performance (i.e., seeking job mastery); 2. Learning (i.e., seeking novelty and variety); and 3. Development (i.e., seeking fulfillment of one's purpose, or calling). The nature of the appeal, assessment, training, and education activities appropriate to a person in each of these modes of growth should be different because the underlying theory of competence, and therefore, perceived relevance of developmental activities are different at each mode of growth.
A close form solution of stress intensity factors for cracks in three dimensional finite bodies by energy release rate method

Abstract In this paper, the energy release rate method is used systematically to establish a close form solution about stress intensity factors of three dimensional finite bodies with five kinds of cracks on the basis of achievements in stress intensity factors of two dimensions. The computations are very time-saving and the results are in good agreements with that obtained from finite element method of three dimensions.
The metabolism and DNA binding of the cooked-food mutagen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in precision-cut rat liver slices

Precision-cut liver slices prepared from Aroclor 1254 pretreated male rats were used to investigate the metabolism of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). The acetyltransferase and sulfotransferase inhibitors, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), and the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), were used to modulate PhIP metabolism and DNA and protein adduct formation. PCP and DCNP had similar effects on the formation of some PhIP metabolites. PCP and DCNP decreased the formation of 4'-(2-amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyrid-6-yl)phenyl sulfate (4'-PhIP-sulfate) and 2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-hydroxy-PhIP)-glucuronide to 10% and 55% of controls, respectively. 2-Amino-1-methyl-4'-hydroxy-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4'-hydroxy-PhIP) was increased by 50% relative to control levels due to PCP and DCNP treatment. PCP and DCNP had different effects on the formation of other PhIP metabolites. Metabolite formation as percent of control for the uncharacterized metabolite, 'Peak A', was 50% and 100% in incubations with PCP and DCNP, respectively. Formation of 4'-hydroxy-PhIP-glucuronide was decreased to 10% of controls with PCP and increased to 147% of controls with DCNP. PCP and DCNP had no effect on the formation of an unidentified metabolite, 'Peak B'. ANF decreased metabolite formation by 60-95%. None of the enzyme inhibitors had a statistically significant effect on PhIP-DNA binding. Covalent binding of PhIP to protein was slightly decreased in incubations containing DCNP or PCP. The lack of significant changes in covalent binding to either DNA or protein suggests that additional pathways may be important in PhIP bioactivation in rat liver slices. With ANF, there was a significant decrease (35%) in protein binding. These observations on the effects of PCP, DCNP and ANF on PhIP metabolism as well as on covalent binding of PhIP to tissue macromolecules are in close agreement with what was reported earlier in hepatocytes. This indicates that tissue slices from various target tissues for tumorigenesis will be a useful in vitro tool for future studies on heterocyclic amine metabolism. This study provides another important example of the utility of precision-cut tissue slices to investigate xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity.
Effects of fasting on hepatic catecholamine receptors

Catecholamines through both aand fl-adrenergic receptors activate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the rat liver [1-4]. There is considerable evidence that epinephrine activates glycogenolysis through interaction with the al-adrenoceptors in livers of adult rats. Glycogenolytic activation via the fl-receptor is negligible in these animals. The characteristics of catecholamine activation of these processes have been reported to be altered in adrenalectomized [5,6] and hypothyroid rats [7-9]. In these animals, a decrease in a-adrenergic action concomitant with an increase in fl-adrenergic action was observed [5,6,8,9]. It was further reported that the number of a-adrenergic receptors either remained unaltered [5,6], or decreased [9] whereas fl-adrenergic receptor number was shown to increase [6-8]. The increase in fl-receptor numbers was also associated with increases in the catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity [5,7,8]. Adrenalectomy as well as abnormal thyroid states often affect animals' food intake and normal weight-gain. We have reported that decreases in hepatic glycogen phosphorylase activities (a form and total) as well as cAMP-dependent protein kinase elution pattern in adrenalectomized rats which lost weight after surgery, resembled those in briefly-fasted rats [5]. These observations prompted us to investigate the effects of fasting on the catecholamine-mediated regulation of hepatic glucose production. Here, we report that 20-24 h fasting resulted in no significant change in the number of binding sites for the mixed al-,a2-adrenergic antagonist [3H]dihydroergocryptine ([3H]DHE). However, there was a 25% decrease in the density of al-adrenergic binding sites labeled with [3H]prazosin, and a 50% reduction in the number of binding sites for the selective a 2-adrenergic antagonist [3H]yohimbine. Reciprocally, there was a marked increase (100%) in the density of the binding sites for the fl-antagonist [125I]iodocyanopindolol ([125I]CYP). In isolated hepatocytes, 20-24 h fasting caused an increase in the catecholamine-sensitive accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and in gluconeogenesis.
A mathematical model for the polarization impedance of cardiac pacemaker electrodes.

A mathematical model for the linear properties of the polarization impedance of cardiac pacemaker electrodes is presented. This model reproduces frequency and time domain behavior of the electrodes in physiological saline.
Ecological and morphological shifts in Lake Michigan fishes: glimpses of the ghost of competition past

Both historical patterns and recent evidence of resource partitioning and complementarity within the Lake Michigan fish community provide circumstantial evidence for interspecific competition. But competition is difficult to document in the field without controlled experimentation. In Lake Michigan, controlled experiments on competition within the fish community are nearly impossible, but we still need to understand the interactions among the dominant fishes. For this purpose, I have relied upon hypothesis-based field observation, ‘ natural experiments’ in the field and designed laboratory experiments to evaluate competitive interactions. Resource use patterns and trophic morphology of the bloater, Coregonus hoyi, a native cisco, from samples taken before alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus,became abundant (1960) were compared to more recent data (1979–80). After the alewife density increase, bloaters had significantly fewer and shorter gill rakers. This suggests a morphological shift toward greater benthic foraging efficiency in response to high abundances of an efficient pelagic planktivore, alewife. Resource use comparisons suggested that bloaters now shift from pelagic zooplanktivory to benthic habitats and diets at least two years earlier in their life history than they did before alewife became abundant. This evidence, albeit not experimental, provides strong support for the importance of competition in the structure of the current Lake Michigan fish community.
John Humphrey Noyes as the New Adam

What passes in the world for life and health, is nevertheless a palpable counterfeit. It is at best but a long disease, having sooner or later the same inevitable ghastly termination, death.Forget all past history as forming a standard of hope and expectations.… We must doggedly reject the inferences of past experience.… There is no fanaticism in this position; because in respect to the circumstances which make and govern experience, the world has nothing in common with us.
Comorbidity-Polypharmacy Score: A Novel Adjunct in Post-Emergency Department Trauma Triage

Objective: Posteemergency department triage of older trauma patients continues to be challenging, as morbidity and mortality for any given level of injury severity tend to increase with age. The comorbidity-polypharmacy score (CPS) combines the number of pre-injury medications with the number of comorbidities to estimate the severity of comorbid conditions. This retrospective study examines the relationship between CPS and triage accuracy for older (� 45 y) patients admitted for traumatic injury. Methods: Patients aged 45 y and older presenting to level 1 trauma center from 2005 to 2008 were included. Basic data included patient demographics, injury severity score, morbidity and mortality, and functional outcome measures. CPS was calculated by adding total numbers of comorbid conditions and pre-injury medications. Patients were divided into three triage groups: undertriage (UT), appropriate triage (AT), and overtriage (OT). UT criteria includedinitialadmissiontothefloororstep-downunitfollowedbyanunplannedtransferto
Raman spectroscopy of coated pharmaceutical tablets and physical models for multivariate calibration to tablet coating thickness

Raman spectra of a set of coated pharmaceutical tablets were analyzed for the purpose of calibrating the spectra to tablet coating thickness. Acetaminophen tablets were coated with a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose/polyethylene glycol film coating whose thickness was varied from 0 to 6% weight gain. Coatings were also prepared with two concentrations of TiO2 at several film thicknesses. The resulting spectral data set was analyzed using several different multivariate calibration procedures. The procedures examined in this study included spectral correction followed by target factor analysis, spectral correction with baseline subtraction followed by principal component regression, and first derivative computation followed by principal component regression. The results demonstrate that target factor analysis is a viable method for calibration of Raman spectra to tablet coating thickness. Calibration based on derivative spectra resulted in linear correlation that was equal to that of the results of target factor analysis for coatings without TiO2. However, target factor analysis was found to be superior to other methods when TiO2 was present in the tablet coatings. The effect of sample fluorescence on each of these chemometric methods was also examined. It was found that when photobleaching of fluorescent impurities due to exposure to the Raman excitation source was controlled, the tablet coating thickness could be calibrated to the intensity of the fluorescence signal. The results also demonstrate that for the samples examined here, calibration by target factor analysis is insensitive to variation in fluorescent intensity when the tablet coating emission spectrum is included in the matrix of target vectors.
Anderson localization for discretely disordered metamaterials: polarization and off-axis incidence effects

We consider polarization and off-axis incidence effects for one-dimensional random stacks consisting of alternating and non-alternating layers of positive and negative index materials, with index of refraction and thickness discretely disordered. Such long randomly disordered systems exhibit Anderson localization, whose effects can be studied via the Lyapunov exponent of the product of independent identically distributed random transfer matrices modeling the stack. We use Furstenberg’s integral formula to calculate Lyapunov exponents for s and p polarizations, and for a range of angles of incidence for these random matrix models. Furstenberg’s integral formula requires integration with respect to the probability distribution of the randomized layer parameters, and integration with respect to the so-called invariant probability measure of the direction of the vector propagated by the long chain of random matrices. This invariant measure can rarely be calculated analytically, so some numerical technique must be used to produce the invariant measure for a given random matrix product model. Here we use the algorithm of Froyland-Aihara, especially suited for discretely disordered parameters, to calculate the invariant measure. This algorithm produces the invariant measure from the left eigenvector of a certain sparse row-stochastic matrix. This sparse matrix represents the probabilities that a vector in one of a number of discrete directions will be transferred to another discrete direction via the random transfer matrix. The Froyland-Aihara algorithm thus provides a non-Monte Carlo method to calculate localization effects, with potential reduction in computation time compared to traditional layer or vector iteration methods.
The rise and run of a computational understanding of slope in a conceptually focused bilingual algebra class

This paper uses a multilevel analysis of mathematical reasoning rooted in Cultural Historical Activity Theory to examine how mathematical discourse and student reasoning about linear functions developed across 3 weeks in a ninth grade bilingual algebra class. Despite the teacher’s expertise teaching with a conceptual focus, and her stated intention to focus on slope as a rate of change, the case study students in her class appeared to appropriate a procedural understanding of slope. By examining the nested activity systems of the students’ group discussions, the classroom, school, and district, this analysis shows how external assessment pressures shaped the teacher’s selection of tasks, her and her students’ use of mathematical discourse, and ultimately, her students’ opportunity to learn a critical algebraic concept.
CdSe–CdSexTe1−x nanorod heterostructures: tuning alloy composition and spatially indirect recombination energies

In exploiting enhanced/new properties of the emerging class of heterostructured nanocrystals, challenges remain in the synthetic control over crystal size, composition and morphology. Parallel advances in characterization that provides atomic-level details of structure and composition along with their effects on materials' properties are necessary to be able to tailor nano-heterostructures for high-end applications. Here, we develop a synthetic strategy for forming type-II nanorod heterostructures with tunable band offsets by growing CdSexTe1−x alloys of variable composition on the tips of CdSe seeds. Composition in the nanorod heterostructures is quantified with atomic column resolution using aberration-corrected high-resolution STEM Z-contrast. The combination of Z-contrast analysis, high-resolution bright-field TEM imaging and photoluminescence studies reveals the energy of charge transfer transition across the heterointerface to be linearly dependent on both lattice constant and composition. The ability to vary the valence band offset, which is difficult to achieve by quantum size effect alone due to the effective mass of the hole often being large, is also demonstrated.
Nickel Complexes of Cysteine- and Cystine-Containing Peptides: Spontaneous Formation of Disulfide-Bridged Dimers at Neutral pH

A series of nine tripeptide ligands of the type XCH (X = glycine or lysine, C = cysteine, H = histidine) was prepared, and the coordination chemistry of these peptides with Ni(II) was investigated. The cysteine residues were incorporated as free thiols, as protected (tert-butyl) thiols, or as disulfide-bridged cystine dimers, and the histidine residues had either carboxylate (CO2H) or carboxamide (CONH2) C-termini. The Ni(II) complexes of the protected thiols exhibited no interaction of the side chain with the metal, giving UV and electrochemical data which were consistent with related tripeptide species. The Ni(II) complexes of the free thiol-containing ligands GCH−CONH2, KCH−CONH2, and GCH−CO2H were found to dimerize rapidly via disulfide bond formation in the presence of air at pH 7. These processes were confirmed by independent synthesis of the dimeric (cystine) ligands and preparation of their Ni(II) complexes. The disulfide-bridged complex with a carboxylate terminus Ni2(GCH−CO2H)2 showed no further...
Characterization of immunoreactive β-endorphin secreted from cultured human corticotropin-secreting adenomas

Seven human corticotropin-secreting adenomas causing Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome were maintained in long-term culture. Pooled media from the individual adenomas were analyzed for the composition of their secretory products. From a radioimmunoassay (RIA) with 100% cross-reactivity for human beta-endorphin (beta h-EP) and beta-lipotropin (beta h-LPH), immunoreactive beta h-EP (IR X beta h-EP) was found to be the predominant secretory product after Sephadex G-50 analysis in 4 cases (40-80% of total IR), immunoreactive beta h-LPH (IR X beta h-LPH) predominated in 1 case, and both were equipresent in 2-cases. IR X beta h-EP was further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed in 4 cases with ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25 and a RIA which completely cross-reacts with beta h-EP, [N alpha-Ac]-beta h-EP, beta h-EP-(1-27) and [N alpha-Ac]-beta h-EP-(1-27). In all cases, the IR X beta h-EP was the main component (40-70%); the remaining IR material was attributable partially to [N alpha-Ac]-beta h-EP or other, less defined immunoreactive material. In 3 cases, enough IR X beta h-EP material was available for HPLC and to perform a radioreceptor assay using tritiated beta h-EP as primary ligand. The displacing potency of these preparations relative to synthetic beta h-EP was related to the content of the immunoreactive component eluting in the position of synthetic beta h-EP.
Openness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and family health and aging concerns interact in the prediction of health-related Internet searches in a representative U.S. sample.

Recent estimates suggest 60 % of the U.S. adult population uses the Internet to find health-related information. The goal of the present study was to model health-related Internet searches as a function of an interdependent system of personality adaptation in the context of recent health and aging-related concerns. Assessments of background factors, Big Five personality traits, past-month health and aging-related concerns, and the frequency of past-month health-related Internet searches (via Google, Yahoo, AOL, Bing, or some other search engine) were obtained from a representative U.S. sample (N = 1,015). Controlling for background factors, regression analyses showed more frequent health-related Internet searches were predicted by a drive for exploration and investigation (high openness), as well as alarm sensitivity (high openness and high neuroticism) and an anticipatory inclination (high openness and high conscientiousness) in the context of recent problems with aging parents and recent health concerns for a family member. Consistent with interdependent models of personality adaptation, as well as prior evidence for “surrogate” health-related Internet searches, the results suggest a personality process model of search behavior that is partially dependent upon dispositional levels of exploration, emotional stability, control, and health and aging concerns for family members.
An efficient and secure data sharing framework using homomorphic encryption in the cloud

Due to cost-efficiency and less hands-on management, data owners are outsourcing their data to the cloud which can provide access to the data as a service. However, by outsourcing their data to the cloud, the data owners lose control over their data as the cloud provider becomes a third party. At first, encrypting the data by the owner and then exporting it to the cloud seems to be a good approach. However, there is a potential efficiency problem with the outsourced encrypted data when the data owner revokes some of the users' access privileges. An existing solution to this problem is based on symmetric key encryption scheme and so it is not secure when a revoked user rejoins the system with different access privileges to the same data record. In this paper, we propose an efficient and Secure Data Sharing (SDS) framework using homomorphic encryption and proxy re-encryption schemes that prevents the leakage of unauthorized data when a revoked user rejoins the system. Our framework is secure under the security definition of Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMC) and also is a generic approach - any additive homomorphic encryption and proxy re-encryption schemes can be used as the underlying sub-routines. In addition, we also modify our underlying Secure Data Sharing (SDS) framework and present a new solution based on the data distribution technique to prevent the information leakage in the case of collusion between a user and the Cloud Service Provider.
Cyclic di-GMP Allosterically Inhibits the CRP-Like Protein (Clp) of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

The protein Clp from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri regulates pathogenesis and is a member of the CRP (cyclic AMP receptor protein) superfamily. We show that unlike the DNA-binding activity of other members of this family, the DNA-binding activity of Clp is allosterically inhibited by its effector and that cyclic di-GMP serves as that effector at physiological concentrations.
Composition and dominance in Los Angeles Basin urban vegetation

Abstract A survey of Los Angeles area urban vegetation was done in 1982 as an integral part of a larger project to determine an emmissions inventory for reactive organic compounds such as isoprene and monoterpenes. A random, multistage sampling procedure was used. The Los Angeles coastal plain was subdivided into 20 polygons based on distinctive reflective characteristics on color-infrared images obtained from a 1972 U-2 overflight. Ground sampling in randomly selected sub-areas of each polygon identified a total of 184 plant species distributed in six structural classes: broadleaf trees, conifers, palms, shrubs, grasses, and ground covers. The leafy crown volume and the area of ground surface occupied was determined for the most frequently encountered species, and the dry leafmass constant (gm-3) was determined for 51 common species. A similarity index was used to compare the species composition of ground-sampled areas. All areas classed as residential had a mean index of 0.57 ± 0.07. Nonresidential compared with residential areas gave a mean index of 0.41 ± 0.16. Species with the highest importance values were California fan palm, Italian cypress, Monterey pine, Cocos palm and Canary Island pine. These data have implications for several aspects of landscape planning including the proper selection of species to provide maximum shading, air filtering capacity, noise suppression and a capacity for surviving polluted air and limited root space.
Purification and properties of a blue protein from etiolated mung bean seedlings.

Abstract A blue protein has been isolated from the soluble fraction prepared from etiolated mung bean ( Phaseolus aureus ) seedlings. It was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and electrophoresis on starch. In the oxidized form, the absorption spectrum shows major bands at 280 and 598 mμ, and a smaller band around 450 mμ. On reduction by hydrosulfite, ascorbate, or hydroquinone, the pigment loses its color. It can also be reduced by DPNH in the presence of isolated mitochondria. The reduced pigment is not rapidly reoxidized by molecular oxygen, but it is oxidized by ferricyanide. The blue protein contains copper, in the amount of 0.28% on a dry-weight basis; this corresponds to a minimum molecular weight of approximately 23,000. Sedimentation coefficients obtained with the ultracentrifuge using schlieren optics varied between 2.1 and 2.8 S , depending on the preparation. The same S value is obtained when the sedimentation is followed with either schlieren optics or with absorption optics at 574 mμ. More than one form of the blue protein is present in the extracts, as indicated by differences in sedimentation and chromatographic behavior. The blue pigment contains some nonprotein material, and it gives a positive test for carbohydrate.
Price incentives for commercial fresh tomatoes

Hedonic price models are estimated to determine if there are incentives to supply higher quality tomatoes. Price premiums are associated with extra-large tomatoes originating from shipping points located closer to consumption points. Price differences between mature-green and vine-ripe tomatoes are not significant. Vine-ripe tomatoes are favored by consumers in the summer while mature-green tomatoes are favored the rest of the year. The U.S. Department of Agriculture should consider changing the present tomato grading system, which is based on shape and smoothness, to include a flavor indicator based on harvest maturity.
The determinants and measurement of a country brand: the country brand strength index

Purpose – A strong country brand can stimulate exports, attract tourism, investments, and immigration. The purpose of this paper is to construct and present a country brand strength index (CBSI) which assesses the strength of a country brand based on objective secondary data.Design/methodology/approach – By applying a company‐based brand equity approach, we present a standardized CBSI.Findings – The results show that the countries with the strongest country brand are smaller, developed countries in Europe. The proposed index leads to results similar to the widely‐used Anholt GfK Roper nation brand index (NBI), which measures perceptions of a country brand based on subjective survey data. Countries that are perceived positively (based on NBI) have a stronger country brand (CBSI) and countries perceived negatively (based on the NBI) have a weak country brand (CBSI). The two indexes are highly and significantly correlated, indicating they measure the same phenomena, although they use different approaches, me...
Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts.

Objective: This article provides a review of conceptual and empirical studies on the role of social norms in college student al- cohol use and in prevention strategies to counter misuse. The norma- tive influences of various constituencies serving as reference groups for students are examined as possible factors influencing students' drink- ing behavior. Method: A review of English language studies was con- ducted. Results: Parental norms have only modest impact on students once they enter college beyond the residual effects of previously instilled drinking attitudes and religious traditions. Faculty could theoretically provide a positive influence on student drinking behavior, but there is little evidence in the literature that faculty norms and expectations about avoiding alcohol misuse are effectively communicated to students. Al- though the norms of resident advisers (RAs) should ideally provide a restraint on student alcohol misuse, the positive influence of RAs is lim- ited by their negotiated compromises with students whom they oversee and by their misperceptions of student norms. Research reveals student peer norms to be the strongest influence on students' personal drinking behavior, with the more socially integrated students typically drinking most heavily. The widespread prevalence among students of dramatic misperceptions of peer norms regarding drinking attitudes and behav- iors is also a consistent finding. Permissiveness and problem behaviors among peers are overestimated, even in environments where problem drinking rates are relatively high in actuality. These misperceived norms, in turn, have a significant negative effect promoting and exacerbating problem drinking. Conclusions: Interventions to reduce these misper- ceptions have revealed a substantial positive effect in several pilot studies and campus experiments. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 164- 172, 2002)
Flow Cytometry II: Mass and Imaging Cytometry

Correction to: Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015) 135, e36; doi:10.1038/id.2015.263
Mechanisms of apnea.

Instabilities in breathing pattern are a common feature of sleep, giving rise to a variety of syndromes that vary in the magnitude of respiratory disturbance but that all lead to frequent arousals and sleep fragmentation. Although these syndromes vary in intensity of respiratory disturbance, the underlying mechanism of each is determined to a large extent on the neural processes that promote periodicities in net respiratory output. This review focuses on recent publications that have evaluated central brainstem processes for their involvement in the initiation and resolution of an apneic episode. In particular, this review focuses on several neural processes that can play an important role in promoting respiratory instability. These include spontaneous oscillations within the respiratory network, instability in the chemical control system due to increased gain in the feedback controller, differences in the controller gains of the upper airway and pump muscle effectors, state-dependent instabilities, and loss of stabilizing processes (eg, poststimulus potentiation.)