cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of cell markers in the study of human hematopoietic neoplasia.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the major findings that are significant in understanding the clonal development and progression of human hemopoietic neoplasia. Determination of whether a cellular proliferation is monoclonal or polyclonal has important pathogenetic implications. Polyclonal proliferations are often the result of normal processes in which a tissue responds appropriately to an exogenous stimulus. On the other hand, monoclonal proliferations reflect disordered hemopoiesis in which a clone of cells gains in vivo proliferative advantage. The ability to detect monoclonality in proliferating cells requires a marker system that enables the progeny of different cells to be recognized. Markers that are used effectively to investigate human lymphoid neoplasia include immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins synthesized by relatively mature cells of B-lymphoid origin, DNA sequences coding for these Igs, and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. Beyond determining whether a disease state is clonal at the time of presentation, studies with cell markers allow characterization of the clonal state throughout subsequent stages of the disease and the differentiative expression of the stem cell involved by the clonal proliferation. Many human hemopoietic neoplasias appear to have a multistep pathogenesis. The diploid cell may represent an early stage in leukemogenesis. Subsequent development of structural chromosomal alterations or aneuploidies may lead to frank leukemia by any of a number of mechanisms, such as activation of an oncogene, amplification of a gene whose product is important for growth, or loss of a gene involved in repressing or regulating growth. The malignant phenotype then progresses by stepwise evolution.
CO2 trapping in reservoirs with fluvial architecture: Sensitivity to heterogeneity in permeability and constitutive relationship parameters for different rock types

A number of important CO2 reservoir candidates exhibit sedimentary architecture reflecting fluvial deposition, which typically includes small-scale (decimeter to meter) textural facies among different rock types. As a result, highly contrasting spatial distribution of intrinsic permeability and constitutive relationship parameters (capillary pressure and relative permeability characteristic curves) are common for this type of reservoir. Previously, we showed that small-scale heterogeneity organized in fluvial depositional architecture controls the dynamics of a CO2 plume during the injection and postinjection periods. This is due to (1) highly anisotropic effective permeability causing CO2 to move in laterally, and (2) trapping by capillary pinning, which is in addition to snap-off capillary trapping. The detailed petrophysical and geological parameters of any specific reservoir are typically uncertain, which motivates studies of parameter sensitivity. The goal of this paper is to analyze the sensitivity of capillary trapping and dissolution to the variability in basic petrophysical parameters and rock composition in highly heterogeneous fluvial-type reservoirs. We show that (1) the larger the contrast in permeability between rock types the larger the CO2 plume and the larger the rate of capillary trapping and dissolution; (2) an increase in capillary pressure contrast increases pinning trapping; and (3) the variability in the proportion between high- and low-permeability rocks (difference in connectivity of high-permeability clusters) does not affect snap-off trapping and dissolution, although it does strongly affect their spatial distributions. Though dissolution and snap-off capillary trapping may vary by up to 40% because of parameter variability, the trapping by capillary pinning may vary by an order of magnitude.
Chance and design in proinsecticide discovery

Many insecticides are inactive on their target sites in the form that is sold and applied, needing first to be bioactivated. This proinsecticide strategy has often been achieved by design, through systematic derivatization of intrinsically active molecules with protecting groups that mask their toxic effects until their selective removal in target insects by metabolic enzymes generates the toxiphore. Proinsecticides can be designed to gain selectivity between target and non-target organisms, or to improve bioavailability by enhancing plant or insect uptake. In most cases, however, chance trumps design in proinsecticide discovery: most first-in-class products that we now know to be proinsecticides were only discovered a posteriori to be such, often after having been on the market for years. Knowing the active form of an insecticide is essential to mode of action identification, and early mode of action studies on novel chemotypes should take into account the possibility that the compounds might be proinsecticides. This paper reviews examples of proinsecticides in the marketplace, strategies for making proinsecticides and techniques for unmasking proinsecticides in mode of action studies. Our analysis of global agrochemical sales data shows that 34% of the dollar value of crop insecticides used in 2015 were proinsecticides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Travels in DNA land: approaching DNA sequence analysis through word play

Understanding the relationships between linear sequences of DNA and the structure and function of proteins is considered one of the greatest challenges in twenty-first century science. Not surprisingly, computing has emerged as a crucial player in this interdisciplinary work along with biology, chemistry, mathematics, and statistics. Computer science graduates with some familiarity with genomics (the analysis of DNA sequence on entire genomes) are prime candidates for the growing number of graduate programs and employment opportunities in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. This workshop involves a series of hands-on activities to enable faculty in computer science to (i) learn how to introduce, motivate, and explain DNA sequence analysis in their lab and programming assignments, (ii) engage in "word play" using regular expressions with English texts and DNA sequence, (iii) produce a draft of an assignment using DNA sequence analysis, (iv) take-away a series of classroom tested specifications used in a variety of computer science courses at various levels in the curriculum, and (v) consider strategies for starting collaborations with biology and other science faculty at their home institution.
Analyzing the influence of gastric intestinal metaplasia on gastric ulcer healing in Helicobacter pylori–infected patients without atrophic gastritis

Gastric epithelial hyper-proliferation was reported in patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)–infected gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia (IM) changes. In patients with gastric ulcer (GU) and IM, the GU may have a different healing rate in comparison to patients without IM. This study aimed to compare the difference in GU healing between H. pylori–infected patients with IM and those without IM. We retrospectively analyzed patients at the Keelung Chung Gung Memorial Hospital during the period from March 2005 to January 2011. The inclusion criteria were: 1) endoscopic findings of GU and biopsy histological examination plus rapid urease test indicating H. pylori infection; 2) gastric IM adjacent to a GU but with no atrophic gastritis changes; 3) patients receiving H. pylori eradication triple therapy and 8 weeks of maintenance therapy with a proton pump inhibitor; and 4) patients receiving follow-up endoscopy within the 3rd and the 4th months after treatment. In total, 327 patients with GU and H. pylori infection (136 with IM and 191 without IM) were included. Patients with IM had a higher GU healing rate than those without IM (91.9% vs. 84.3%, P = 0.040). Multivariate logistical regression analysis revealed that failure of H. pylori eradication (Odds = 4.013, 95% CI: 1.840–8.951, P < 0.001) and gastric IM (Odds = 0.369, 95% CI: 0.168–0.812, P = 0.013) were the predictors of non-healing GU following treatment. Patient with gastric IM change may have a higher GU healing rate than those without gastric IM. However, successful H. pylori eradication is a more important factor for GU healing than gastric IM.
Evaluating the Utilization of Prophylactic Inferior Vena Cava Filters in Trauma Patients.

Background The lack of evidence-based guidelines on the use of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) in patients after trauma has led to variation of its application. We seek to understand the national trend of the use of prophylactic IVCF in trauma population. Methods A retrospective review of the National Trauma Databank (2002–2014) was performed to identify patients who received an IVCF after trauma. Those without a preexisting venous thromboembolism or discharge diagnosis of VTE were classified as receiving prophylactic IVCF. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between the use of prophylactic IVCF and risk factors for VTE. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among the 2,189,994 patients evaluated, 41,155 (2%) received a prophylactic IVCF. The rate of overall IVCF placement (2.9% in 2002–2006 to 1.6% in 2014, P Conclusions The utilization of prophylactic IVCF in trauma patients has decreased over time between 2008 and 2014. Considerable variation exists in its use, which is not fully accounted for by the VTE rate. Further study is required to evaluate appropriate indications for placement of prophylactic IVCF in trauma patients.
Responses of intraocular pressure and the pupil of feline eyes to prostaglandin EP1 and FP receptor agonists.

PURPOSE Previous studies suggested that FP receptors do not mediate the relaxation of the ciliary muscle and reduction of intraocular pressure in cats by prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the reduction of intraocular pressure in cats induced by PGF2alpha is mediated by FP or other prostaglandin receptors. METHODS One eye of each cat was treated topically with prostaglandin F2alpha, fluprostenol (FP receptor agonist), or 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (EP1 receptor agonist) in a dose range of 12.5 to 50 microg. The effects of SC19220 and SC51089 (EP1 receptor antagonists), BWA868c, and SQ29548 (DP and TP receptor antagonists, respectively) on the intraocular response to PGF2alpha were also examined. At intervals up to 6 hours after treatment, intraocular pressure was measured with a pneumotonometer, and pupil diameters were measured with a millimeter ruler. RESULTS In the dose ranges used, PGF2alpha and 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 decreased intraocular pressure and pupil diameter. The greatest reduction of intraocular pressure by 50.0 microg PGF2alpha was 5.0+/-1.4 mm Hg, whereas that by 50 microg 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 was 6.2+/-1.5 mm Hg. The isopropyl ester of PGF 2alpha at a dose of 1.25 microg reduced intraocular pressure by 3.75+/-0.25 mm Hg at 2 hours. At doses up to 100 microg, fluprostenol did not decrease intraocular pressure but did reduce pupil diameter. SC19220, a weak but selective EP1 receptor antagonist, inhibited the intraocular pressure response to both PGF2alpha and 17-phenyl trinor PGE2. The more potent EP1 receptor antagonist SC51089 had a greater inhibitory effect than SC19220 on the intraocular pressure response to PGF2alpha. Both of these antagonists had a small but non-dose dependent and statistically insignificant effect on the pupil response to PGF2alpha. These observations suggest that in cats, intraocular pressure and pupil responses to PGF2alpha, are mediated by EP1 and FP receptors, respectively. However, SC19220 significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the pupil response to 17-phenyl trinor PGE2alpha suggesting that EP1 receptors mediate pupil response to this agonist. DP and TP receptor antagonists at doses 5- to 20-fold greater than the IC50 values had no effect on the ocular hypotensive response to PGF2alpha. The concurrent administration of 12.5 microg of each of PGF2alpha and 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 did not produce an additive effect on intraocular pressure, indicating that in cats PGF2alpha and 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 act on the same receptor type. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a significant proportion of the ocular hypotensive action of PGF2alpha in cats is mediated by EP1 but not by FP receptor. Evidence was also provided to show that 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 is an ocular hypotensive agent in cats.
Conclusion: Towards the Realization of an Artificial Leaf

The dream of realising artificial photosynthesis can probably be best compared to the dream of flying at the turn of the 19th century; early aviation pioneers looked at birds, the function of the wings, the tail, fuselage and the aerodynamics of flying to come up with biomimetic aeroplane design features.
Reproductive Tract Infections: Challenges for International Health Policy, Programs, and Research

In resource-poor settings around the world, reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common, and the consequences for the health and social well-being of women and their children are frequent and potentially devastating.1,2 RTIs include three types of infection: sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes, genital warts, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; endogenous infections, which are caused by overgrowth of organisms that can be present in the genital tract of healthy women, such as bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis; and iatrogenic infections, which are associated with medical procedures. All these infections are preventable or treatable causes of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, fetal wastage, low birth weight, infant blindness, neonatal pneumonia, and mental retardation.3,4 In addition, they facilitate transmission of HIV.5,6 Because of sociocultural factors and structural barriers to care, both the incidence and the impact of RTI sequelae are likely to be particularly great in the Third World.
34 Negative Katalyse in homogenem, wässrigem, unbelichtetem System

Es wird der Versuch unternommen, die Erscheinungsformen der negativen Katalyse unter allgemeinen Gesichtspunkten zusammenzufassen. Negative Katalyse ist ein an die Gegenwart positiver Katalyse gebundener Effekt. Dieser kommt auf zweierlei Art zustande, einerseits im Wege der Hemmung des Zutrittes positiver Katalysatoren zu der betreffenden Reaktion (Defektkatalyse; Stabilisatoren), andererseits im Wege positiver Katalyse reaktionswidriger Umsetzungen (Antikatalyse; Inhibitoren). Zu der erstgenannten Gruppe gehoren einerseits jene—trivialen—negativen Katalysen, in denen (unerwunschte) positive Katalysatoren durch chemische Methoden aus ihrem Wirkungskreise beseitigt werden, andererseits solche, die nicht zu dauernder, sondern zu vorubergehender Minderung der Wirksamkeit eines positiven Katalysators fuhren, etwa dadurch bedingt, dass dieser im Wege eines eigenartigen, uber Zwischenreaktionen fuhrenden Mechanismus zeitweise nicht Konzentrationen zu erreichen vermag, die ihn zu hinreichender Beschleunigung befahigen konnten. Weitaus vielfaltiger ist die zweitgennante Gruppe. Da Verkurzung der Kettenlange ein reaktionswidriger Vorgang ist, gehort das weite Gebiet der Kettenmechanismen in diese Gruppe. Hierher gehoren aber auch zahlreiche Autoxydationen—insbesondere anorganischer wassriger Systeme—, deren Verzogerung durch positive Katalyse der Autoxydations-Gegenreaktion, katalysiert durch den Inhibitor, deutbar ist. Die, wie ich glaube, begrundete Ansicht, dass der primare Autoxydationsschritt in Aufnahme eines Elektrons durch das O2-Molekul besteht unter gleichzeitiger Anlagerung des letzteren an den Elektronsender, bringt diese Auffassung insofern nahe, als das entstehende Anlagerungsprodukt wasserstoffperoxydartigen und daher sowohl oxydativen als reduktiven Charakter hat.
Recursive Specification of Data Types

Just as posets generalize categories, the Kleene fixed point theorem of 6.2.13 generalizes to provide a “co-continuous” endofunctor ψ: C→C with a least fixed point as the “colimit” of the “right chain”
COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE VALUES IN SCIENCE: RETHINKING THE DICHOTOMY'

Underdetermination arguments support the conclusion that no amount of empirical data can uniquely determine theory choice. The full content of a theory outreaches those elements of it (the observational elements) that can be shown to be true (or in agreement with actual observations).2 A number of strategies have been developed to minimize the threat such arguments pose to our aspirations to scientific knowledge. I want to focus on one such strategy: the invocation of additional criteria drawn from a pool of cognitive or theoretical values, such as simplicity or generality, to bolster judgements about the worth of models, theories, and hypotheses. What is the status of such criteria? Larry Laudan, in Science and Values, argued that cognitive values could not be treated as self-validating, beyond justification, but are embedded in a three-way reticulational system containing theories, methods, and aims or values, which are involved in mutually supportive relationships (Laudan, 1984). My interest in this paper is not the purportedly self-validating nature of cognitive values, but their cognitive nature. Although Laudan rejects the idea that what he calls cognitive values are exempt from rational criticism and disagreement, he does seem to think that the reticulational system he identifies is independent of non-cognitive considerations. It is this cognitive/non-cognitive distinction that I wish to query in this paper. Let me begin by summarizing those of my own views about inquiry in which this worry about the distinction arises.
Transitive Actions on Lorentz Manifolds with Noncompact Stabilizer

If a topological group G acts on a topological space X, then we say that the action is orbit nonproper provided that, for some x ∈ X, the orbit map g↦gx:G → X is nonproper. We consider the problem of classifying the connected, simply connected real Lie groups G admitting a locally faithful, orbit nonproper, isometric action on a connected Lorentz manifold. In an earlier paper, we found three collections of groups such that G admits such an action iff G is in one of the three collections. In another paper, we effectively described the first collection. In this paper, we show that the second collection contains a small, effectively described collection of groups, and, aside from those, it is contained in the union of the first and third collections. Finally, in a third paper, we effectively describe the third collection, thus solving the stated problem.
Ethnic differences in pegfligrastim onpro kit (on-body injector) use among cancer patients.

e18668Background: Most studies of racial and ethnic disparities in health care have focused on technical aspects of care, such as diagnostics or therapies while less is known about ethnic differenc...
Crustal extension in North China since the Mesozoic: A numerical study

Abstract The ∼1.8 billion years old North China Craton (NCC) has been thermally rejuvenated during the Mesozoic, experiencing two major phases of crustal extension and volcanism since then. The earlier phase of extension, lasted from middle Mesozoic to early Cenozoic, was widespread in eastern NCC and accompanied with extensive volcanism. The later phase of extension, started in late Cenozoic and is active today, has been localized around the Ordos block, a residual core of the NCC, with limited volcanism. Here we investigate the causes of the NCC extension using finite element method. Numerical results indicate that the diffuse and closely-spaced extension during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic requires a thin and weak lithosphere, which supports the notion of significant lithospheric thinning under the eastern NCC, perhaps by delamination or thermal erosion of the lithospheric root. The western NCC, including the Ordos block, was largely spared by this phase of extension. The late Cenozoic extension around the Ordos block is commonly attributed to the Indo-Asian collision and mantle flow under eastern NCC. Our numerical results show that, regardless of the causing mechanism, a relatively thick and strong lithosphere is needed for the localized extension in western NCC, and preexisting weak zones in the lithosphere is a necessary condition for localized rifting around the Ordos. This preexisting lithospheric weakness is most likely inherited from the amalgamation of the NCC basement ∼1.8 billion years ago. The late Cenozoic circum-Ordos rifting thus illustrates the control of ancient continental structures on recent tectonics.
Far-field thermal emission from a semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterial

This paper investigates the far-field thermal emission of a Si:InAs/AlSb semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM). Understanding the thermal emission of HMMs could result in advancements in thermophotovoltaics and thermal emission management. In recent years, there has been controversy about whether the large wavevector volume plasmon polariton (VPP) modes that exist in HMMs could be outcoupled into the far field using a grating and give rise to super-Planckian thermal emission. In this experiment, gold gratings with varying periods were applied to the surface of the HMM to outcouple the VPP modes into free space. The sample was heated to 185°C, and the polarized thermal emission was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The HMM showed minimal angle sensitivity up to 50°. The sample showed multiple peaks in emission which corresponded to the resonant wavelengths of the VPP modes, demonstrating outcoupling from these modes. Although these modes showed increases in the emissivity, super-Planckian emission was not observed. Emission from VPP modes could be leveraged to create materials with designer emissivity profiles.
Beyond the Rope: The Impact of Lynching on Black Culture and Memory

Beyond the Rope is an interdisciplinary study that draws on narrative theory and cultural studies methodologies to trace African Americans' changing attitudes and relationships to lynching over the twentieth century. Whereas African Americans are typically framed as victims of white lynch mob violence in both scholarly and public discourses, Karlos K. Hill reveals that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries African Americans lynched other African Americans in response to alleged criminality, and that twentieth-century black writers envisaged African American lynch victims as exemplars of heroic manhood. By illuminating the submerged histories of black vigilantism and consolidating narratives of lynching in African American literature that framed black victims of white lynch mob violence as heroic, Hill argues that rather than being static and one dimensional, African American attitudes towards lynching and the lynched black evolved in response to changing social and political contexts.
Towards the Meaningful 3D-Printed Object: Understanding the Materiality of 3D Prints

Digital fabrication (e.g. 3D printing) provides opportunities for people to act as a product designer and create or adapt objects to their needs and preferences. While research has frequently studied the applications of 3D printing, little is understood on how people engage with the 3D-printed objects after production. This paper begins to fill in this gap by investigating how people perceive 3D-printed objects at two levels: first, basic material properties, and second, meaning or interpretation. A study was conducted with 22 participants comparing 3D-printed objects made of two materials (SLA resin and PLA) with mass-manufactured plastic objects. Qualitative and quantitative results revealed that people perceive material differences in texture, shine, and quality, and that they interpret 3D-printed and mass-manufactured objects differently. The study results can inform the design of 3D printing technology and software such that resultant objects are better aligned with users’ design intents and preferences.
An Integrated Biosensor System With a High-Density Microelectrode Array for Real-Time Electrochemical Imaging

Electrochemical methods have been shown to be advantageous to life sciences by supporting studies and discoveries in metabolism activities, DNA analysis, and neurotransmitter signaling. Meanwhile, the integration of Microelectrode Array (MEA) and the accessibility of CMOS technology permit high-density electrochemical sensing method. This paper describes an electrochemical imaging system equipped with a custom CMOS microchip. The microchip holds a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm sensing area containing 16,064 Pt MEA, the associated 16,064 integrated read channels, and digital control circuits. The novel three-electrode system geometry with a 27.5 μm spatial pitch enables cellular level chemical gradient imaging of bio-samples. The noise level of the on-chip read channel array allows amperometric detection of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) with concentrations from 4 μM to 512 μM with 4.7 pA/μM sensitivity (R2 = 0.98). Electrochemical response to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was also characterized by deoxygenated deionized water containing 5% to 80% of the ambient oxygen concentrations with 86 pA/mg/L sensitivity (R2 = 0.89). The system also demonstrated selectivity to different target analytes using cyclic voltammetry method to simultaneously detect NE and uric acid. Also, a custom indium tin oxide with deposited Au glass electrode was integrated into the microfluidic system to enable pH measurement, ensuring the viability of bio-samples during experiments. Electrochemical images confirm the spatiotemporal performance at four frames per second while maintaining the sensitivity to target analytes. Finally, the overall system is controlled and continuously monitored by a MATLAB-based custom user interface, which is optimized for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution chemical imaging.
Patient social risk factors and continuity of care for Medicare beneficiaries

Objective To identify patient social risk factors associated with Continuity of Care (COC) index. Data sources/study setting Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS), the Dartmouth Institute, and Area Resource File for 2006-2013. Study design We use regression methods to assess the effect of patient social risk factors on COC after adjusting for medical complexity. In secondary analyses, we assess the effect of social risk factors on annual utilization of physicians and specialists for evaluation and management (EM these same social risk factors are associated with reduced patient-realized access to specialist physician care.
Twisted Traces and Positive Forms on Quantized Kleinian Singularities of Type A

Following arXiv:1601.05378 and arXiv:1909.13588, we undertake a detailed study of twisted traces on quantizations of Kleinian singularities of type $A_{n-1}$. In particular, we give explicit integral formulas for these traces and use them to determine when a trace defines a positive Hermitian form on the corresponding algebra. This leads to a classification of unitary short star-products for such quantizations, a problem posed in arXiv:1601.05378 in connection with 3-dimensional superconformal field theory. In particular, we confirm the conjecture from arXiv:1601.05378 that for $n\le 4$ a unitary short star-product is unique and compute its parameter as a function of the quantization parameters, giving exact formulas for the numerical functions from arXiv:1601.05378. If $n=2$, this, in particular, recovers the theory of unitary spherical Harish-Chandra bimodules for ${\mathfrak{sl}}_2$. Thus the results of this paper may be viewed as a starting point for a generalization of the theory of unitary Harish-Chandra bimodules over enveloping algebras of reductive Lie algebras to more general quantum algebras. Finally, we derive recurrences to compute the coefficients of short star-products corresponding to twisted traces, which are generalizations of discrete Painleve systems.
Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Scenes Classification

High spatial resolution remote sensing (HSRRS) image classification and detection are playing an increasingly important role in land planning and resource utilization. At present, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have made great achievements in computer vision and natural language processing. CNN is also widely used in various tasks such as HSRRS image classification and detection. However, existing neural networks generally have the redundant parameters and the slow computation speeds, which are inconvenient to implement them into the mobile terminals. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a lightweight CNN model, which is named as the MobileNet. Simulation results are given to confirm that MobileNet can greatly reduce the parameters and accelerate the computation while ensuring high accuracy.
Intraarticular Pain Catheter Is Not a Necessary Modality for Postoperative Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Effective pain control balanced with maintaining physical function and minimizing medication side effects is essential to accelerated recovery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Multimodal pain management regimens combining oral medications as well as local analgesia have shown promise in facilitating these goals. Some regimens use anesthetics delivered via a local infiltration catheter while others use periarticular injections (PAIs). However, it is uncertain if an infiltration catheter provides additional pain relief or decreases opioid consumption when compared with conventional PAI alone. Methods Fifty patients undergoing TKA at one institution were randomized equally into 2 groups for a prospective trial. Group I received an intraarticular catheter (On-Q∗) in combination with injection of 30 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine the day after surgery before removal. Group II received no pain catheter. Both groups received a conventional intraoperative PAI and postoperative oral pain medication. Pain scores were measured with visual analog scale and opioid medication consumption in morphine milligram equivalents (mgs). Results There were no differences in pain scores or opioid consumption in the first 48-hours postoperatively (P = .05). Reported maximum pain scores were low in both groups; 3.33 in group I and 2.97 in group II. Although not statistically significant in this cohort, there was increased opioid consumption in the catheter group: 14.78 mg vs 12.76 mg. Conclusion An intraarticular pain catheter in conjunction with a multimodal approach with intraoperative PAI after TKA does not improve 48-hour pain scores or opioid consumption compared with PAI alone in this randomized controlled trial. Overall pain scores were very low.
The Personal is Political: Reconsidering the Impact of Scandals on Congressional Incumbents

While a number of studies reveal that incumbent members of the House of Representatives are adversely affected by scandal, rarely do these studies analyze a scandal’s impact both on election outcom...
The role of employee ownership in Privatisation of state enterprises in eastern and central Europe

(1993). The role of employee ownership in Privatisation of state enterprises in eastern and central Europe. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 463-481.
The Unusual Journey of a Pericardial Drainage Catheter in Pentalogy of Cantrell

A 4-month-old male infant diagnosed with Pentalogy of Cantrell presented to the cardiac catheterization laboratory with a large pericardial effusion. During an urgent pericardial drain placement, the patient, whose prior hemodynamics and clinical findings had suggested a noncritical cardiac lesion, had a profound desaturation, with echocardiography suggesting minimal or no flow across the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). The position of the drainage catheter on fluoroscopy and echocardiography suggested that the spell was being caused by obstruction of the main pulmonary artery (MPA) by the pericardial drain. After partially withdrawing the drain to reposition it, there was immediate resolution of the hypoxemia, and echocardiography once again showed adequate flow across the outflow tract.
Developments in the Chemistry of Reissert Compounds (1968-1978)

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the developments in the chemistry of Reissert compounds. Reissert compounds are prepared from quinoline or isoquinoline and an acid chloride, using trimethylsilyl cyanide and a catalytic amount of aluminum chloride in methylene chloride. The chapter presents the chemical properties and reactions of Reissert compounds focusing on the reactions under acidic conditions; reactions involving the formation of an anion of the Reissert compound; and reduction reactions. The spectral properties of Reissert compound are also reviewed. The mass spectra of Reissert compounds derived from quinoline, isoquinoline, and phthalazine are discussed. Proton magnetic resonance spectra of Reissert compounds are presented emphasizing the stereochemistry, and some tentative assignment of predominant tautomers. The chapter also discusses several related compounds and reactions of Reissert compounds including reduced and open-chain analogs; analogs with groups other than cyano; and analogs with groups other than acyl.
A Model for Estimating the Cancellation Probabilities of TARP Warrants

Under the Capital Purchase Program (CPP), U.S. taxpayers hold warrants issued by over 270 publicly traded banks. The provisions of the CPP allow for half of the warrants to be cancelled if the recipient bank issues enough preferred or common stock by the end of 2009. This paper develops a model to estimate the probability of a qualified equity issuance that is consistent with standard option pricing techniques. The model is based on the transaction costs of issuing new equity and can be solved numerically.
On the Composition of Anthranilate Synthetase-Anthranilate 5-Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Phosphoribosyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The molecular weight of purified anthranilate synthetase-anthranilate 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyl-transferase (PR transferase), determined by sedimentation equilibrium was 280,000. A molecular weight of approximately 62,000 was obtained for each of the nonidentical subunits, anthranilate synthetase Component I and PR transferase (anthranilate synthetase Component II) by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The two types of subunits were separated by disc gel electrophoresis in 8 m urea. Anthranilate synthetase-PR transferase contained approximately equal amounts of each subunit. Two high affinity tryptophan-binding sites which exhibited positive cooperativity were detected. Binding of tryptophan to these sites was antagonized by both chorismate and Mg2+. Two chorismate-binding sites were detected which had a dissociation constant equal to the Km value for chorismate in the anthranilate synthetase reaction. Binding of chorismate was strongly antagonized by tryptophan. These properties establish that binding of chorismate and tryptophan was to anthranilate synthetase Component I of the aggregate. It is proposed that end product inhibition of anthranilate synthetase activity by tryptophan is due to antagonism of chorismate binding. The results of binding studies and of subunit separation indicate that anthranilate synthetase-PR transferase is composed of two polypeptide chains each of anthranilate synthetase Components I and II.
The interactions of bilirubin with model and biological membranes.

Abstract The partitioning of bilirubin between albumin and model and biological membranes and the differential partitioning of bilirubin between membranes with different lipid and protein compositions were measured. Partition coefficients were independent of the concentration of bilirubin in membranes up to at least 7 mol of bilirubin/mol of phospholipid. The avidity of albumin for bilirubin was greater than that of membranes, but the avidity of the latter for bilirubin depended on the composition of the membrane. Bilirubin partitioned preferentially into model membranes comprised of microsomal lipids greater than dioleoylphosphatidylcholine = plasma membrane lipids much greater than egg phosphatidylcholine = dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Partitioning into membranes was increased if these contained proteins, but the effect of proteins could not be attributed to specific binding to sites on proteins, as reflected by the temperature independence of partition coefficients. Differential partitioning of bilirubin into different membranes of pure lipids also was independent of temperature. Differences in the bulk phase fluidity of membranes does not appear to account for the preferential partitioning of bilirubin into some membranes. It appears that bilirubin partitions into elements of free volume of differing sizes in membranes with variable lipid compositions and that the size of these elements can be increased by adding proteins to membranes.
Studies on the action of nerve growth factor. I. Characterization of a simplified in vitro culture system for dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia.

Abstract Neurite outgrowth from dorsal root (DRG) and sympathetic ganglia has been studied utilizing a simplified in vitro culture system for intact ganglia. Attachment of ganglia to tissue culture plates was achieved after a brief incubation of ganglia on the plates in the presence of 100% fetal calf serum or 5% ovalbumin in F12 medium. Neurite outgrowth from dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia was dependent on the continued presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and on the NGF concentration. The NGF induced neurite outgrowth from DRG cultured in serum-free medium was delayed approximately 24 hr compared to the outgrowth in serum-containing medium.
Abstract 13453: Macrophage-driven Expression of IL-37 Protects Against Atherosclerosis

As the most prominent cell type in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, macrophages are the first cells to infiltrate into the intima where they induce inflammatory events that further exacerbate the disease. We have found recently that the human protein IL-37, a relatively unknown member of the IL-1 family of cytokines with no known mouse homolog, has potent anti-inflammatory activities. Accordingly, we sought to determine if macrophage-specific expression of IL-37 would be effective in curbing atherosclerosis via its ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduce transmigration, and to regulate the accumulation of lipids in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), ultimately proving to reduce the development of atherosclerosis in a mouse model of the disease. We achieved robust and long-term expression of IL-37 using a macrophage-specific retroviral overexpression system utilizing the CD68 promoter in mouse BMDMs via transduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Cytokine expression was measured by antibody array as well as RT-qPCR, transmigration of transduced BMDM was measured using a transwell filter assay, and lipid homeostasis by cholesterol uptake as well as efflux. The mouse study was accomplished through bone marrow transplantation (BMT) of transduced wt HSC (IL-37 vs GFP ctl, N=14) into irradiated ldlr-/- mice, with subsequent induction of atherosclerosis development over 10 weeks of HFD-feeding. IL-37 expression reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine transcript and protein, reduced macrophage transmigration, as well improved macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. In vivo, mice that received IL-37-transduced HSC transplants showed significantly less plaque formation than mice that received GFP-transduced control HSCs. The potent anti-inflammatory as well as anti-atherogenic properties of IL-37 make it an attractive target for possible future therapy against atherosclerosis as well as other inflammatory conditions.
Deconstructing Innocence: Reflections from a Public Defender: Can student attorneys accept the paradigm of guilt and continue zealous representation?

I am a true believer. I was a public defender for nine years and represented thousands of guilty defendants without guilt or emotional angst. The public defender credo is to give zealous representation without consideration for the innocence or guilt of the client. As a clinical instructor I must impart ethical and diligent representation to my students.3 I found, however, when discussing cases during our weekly case rounds the paradigm of innocence would inevitably become a question for the student attorney. The students imputed guilt and innocence to be mutually exclusive. Imparting the ethical component of criminal defense – to be competent in having legal knowledge, skill and thoroughness of preparation – to the students was a job I was thoroughly prepared to teach. I found, however, that beyond ethical considerations of representing clients, I needed to deconstruct innocence. I wanted to present to students a paradigm that guilt or innocence is secondary to servicing the needs of the client and protecting the client’s rights through the maze of a convoluted and dispassionate court system. Creating a dialogue that evolved from loaded terms such as guilt, truth or innocence and creating representation where the focal point became servicing the needs of the client became my goal. This article examines the impact and the importance of the innocence movement and the unintended effects on criminal defense representation. Part I examines the impact of innocence in my juvenile clinic. Part II proceeds to examine the paradigm of the innocence movement and its impact on the criminal justice system. Part III examines the rise of Innocence Projects and the effect on clinical legal education. Part IV deconstructs the importance of innocence and the substantive and procedural problems with innocence. Part V concludes the article with an assertion of the importance of zealous representation regardless of innocence or guilt.
Intracranial Hypertension Without Papilledema in Children

This study aims to determine the frequency of intracranial hypertension without papilledema in children. Charts of patients evaluated in a pediatric intracranial hypertension clinic at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they had presence or absence of optic nerve edema at the time of presentation. Age, body mass index, and opening cerebrospinal fluid pressures were considered continuous variables and compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test because of non-normality. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 228 charts were reviewed; 152 patients met the criteria for intracranial hypertension, and 27 patients (17.8%) met the criteria of headache without optic nerve edema. There was no clinically significant difference in age, body mass index, opening pressure, and modified opening pressure between the 2 groups.
Targeting endocannabinoid signaling in tumor-associated macrophages as treatment for glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain tumor and is diagnosed in approximately 15,000 people each year in the United States alone. No cure for this type of cancer exists, and the current standard of care treatments provide little benefit and are associated with debilitating side effects. Recent evidence shows that a large number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) invade the GBM tumor mass and secrete factors that directly and indirectly promote tumor growth. TAMs express a panel of unique receptors that could be targeted for therapeutic benefit. One such receptor, cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), is a member of the endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system, and its activation has been shown to tightly control the migration and phenotype of both macrophages and microglia. Additional receptors, also engaged by eCBs and cannabinoid-like compounds, are expressed by macrophages and microglia. These receptors also control cell migration and phenotype, but exhibit distinct pharmacological profiles and operate through a different mechanism of action. Strong evidence accumulated over the past decade indicates that membrane receptors expressed by TAMs represent novel targeting opportunities to treat GBM tumor progression. Here we review studies that significantly increased our understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of receptors engaged by eCBs and cannabinoid-like compounds expressed by GBM tumor cells and TAMs. This evidence provides a strong rationale for developing new therapeutics that target the eCB signaling of TAMs for the treatment of GBM while minimizing the typical side effects associated with standard care. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014,3:39–51. doi: 10.1002/wmts.101 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Sequential bevacizumab and oral cyclophosphamide for recurrent ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective Test the safety and efficacy of sequentially blocking angiogenesis by adding oral cyclophosphamide to bevacizumab following cancer progression on bevacizumab in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Methods Eligibility included ≤2 lines of treatment for recurrence and measurable cancer by RECIST 1.0. Patients received bevacizumab (15mg/kg every 3weeks IV) and upon RECIST progression, oral cyclophosphamide (50mg orally daily) was added. Objectives included safety, toxicities, 3- and 6-month PFS rates, response rate, PFS, and OS. Results 20 patients were enrolled. Overall response rate was 10%, and 65% of patients had confirmed stable disease (SD). Thirteen of 20 patients received oral cyclophosphamide added to bevacizumab upon bevacizumab progression. Of these 13 patients, 1 patient subsequently achieved a PR (this patient had SD as best response during bevacizumab) and 3 patients had a confirmed SD. For all patients, median PFS was 8.41months, 6month PFS rate was 65%, duration of response (DOR) was 7.3months, and median OS was 22.72months. Median DOR for patients receiving both bevacizumab and cyclophosphamide was 8.4months. Most toxicities were grades 1 and 2 and manageable. Grades 3 and grade 4 toxicities included 1 myocardial infarction, 1 gastrointestinal perforation (GIP), and 12/20 patients (60%) developed grade 3 HTN. Conclusions Addition of oral cyclophosphamide to bevacizumab at the time of cancer progression on bevacizumab appears to have continued anti-cancer effects in a subgroup of patients and appears to be safe. Randomized trials testing combination versus sequential anti-angiogenic therapy for recurrent ovarian cancer are warranted.