cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary sclerosing paraganglioma of the thyroid gland: a case report.

Objectives Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors derived from extra-adrenal paraganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system. Paragangliomas of the thyroid are rare, with only 28 cases reported in the literature. The sclerosing paraganglioma variant, characterized by marked stromal sclerosis and hyalinization, has scarcely been reported. Methods A 36-year-old woman with a history of a 1-cm vagal schwannoma followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging presented with a new solitary 2.5-cm enhancing soft tissue mass in the left thyroid. Results Ultrasound examination of the thyroid revealed a hypoechoic, hypervascular, malignant-appearing mass. Two fine-needle aspirations were insufficient for diagnosis, and the mass was deemed a lesion of undetermined significance with subsequent indeterminate molecular testing. A diagnostic left thyroid lobectomy was performed, and pathologic examination revealed a lesion consistent with a sclerosing paraganglioma. Conclusions Sclerosing paragangliomas are rare tumors, and only 1 case involving a primary thyroid mass has been reported in the literature. Although the sclerosing variant has features suggestive of malignancy, the true incidence of malignancy is unknown, given the rarity of its presentation. However, given the overall benign nature of paragangliomas, the sclerosing variant is also likely benign, despite its malignant features on ultrasound and histopathologic examination.
Access Control As a Service in Cloud: Challenges, Impact and Strategies

The evolution of service-oriented architecture has given birth to the promising cloud technology, which enables the outsourcing of existing hardware and software information technology (IT) infrastructure via the Internet. Since the cloud offers services to a variety of organizations under the same umbrella, it raises security issues including unauthorized access to resources and misuse of data stored in third-party platform. The fact that the cloud supports multiple tenants is the cause for the biggest concern among organizations: how to prevent malicious users from accessing and manipulating data they have no right to access. In this regard, various access control techniques have been proposed, which concentrate on certain authorization issues like the ease of privilege assignment or the resolution of policy conflicts, while ignoring other important weaknesses such as the lack of interoperability and management issues which arise in the dynamic cloud environment. To cover all these challenges, access control as a service (ACaaS), which stems from its significantly more popular parent, security as a service (SECaaS), is considered a viable solution for mediating cloud service consumers’ access to sensitive data. In this chapter, we assist the cloud community in understanding the various issues associated with providing authorization services in the cloud that may be technical, such as privilege escalation and separation of duties, or managerial, such as the steep requirement of time and money for this purpose. ACaaS is the comprehensive solution to some of the issues highlighted previously. We have also discussed the significance and impact of ACaaS, along with the strategies reported in the literature for providing a secure access to the applications hosted on the cloud. We then holistically cover the authorization requirements of the cloud environment, specifically for software as a service (SaaS) model, evaluating the extant relevant solutions based on certain defined factors from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-. The outcome of our research is that an ideal ACaaS should be extensive and holistic, which encompasses all the requisite security and managerial features and provides an efficient and reliable access control mechanism to the cloud consumers that complies with international standards.
Critique of Previous Theories

We have already noted that in his ethical studies, Scheler was intensely interested in determining the structure of man and the living ethical relations which bind man as a social being to other men. The ethical relations of man were not the sole concern of Scheler, however, for his investigations extend into the whole problem of sociality in general and specific social relations in particular. Guided by his analysis of man as a being living in two spheres, the “vital” and the “spiritual,” Scheler undertook to give a detailed account of the various types of community in which each man is ontologically engaged.
Active Vision Dataset Benchmark

Several recent efforts in computer vision indicate a trend toward studying and understanding problems in larger scale environments, beyond single images, and focus on connections to tasks in navigation, mobile manipulation, and visual question answering. A common goal of these tasks is the capability of moving in the environment, acquiring novel views during perception and while performing a task. This capability comes easily in synthetic environments, however achieving the same effect with real images is much more laborious. We propose using the existing Active Vision Dataset to form a benchmark for such problems in a real-world settings with real images. The dataset is well suited for evaluating tasks of multiview active recognition, target driven navigation, and target search, and also can be effective for studying the transfer of strategies learned in simulation to real settings.
Implementing Engineering in Diverse Upper Elementary and Middle School Science Classrooms: Student Learning and Attitudes

Recent reforms in education call for science teachers to incorporate STEM concepts into their curricula. This study explores the association among student and teacher demographics, and student learning of engineering content and attitudes towards STEM after participation in an elementary or middle school engineering-based science curricula. Analysis of 732 students’ scores on engineering content knowledge assessment and STEM learning attitudes survey revealed several significant factors that influence students’ post-survey and assessment scores. Our analysis identified English language learner (ELL) status and special education (SPED) status as significant predictors for post-test scores at the elementary school level. At the middle school level, SPED status and ethnicity were found to have significant effects for students’ post-test scores. Student gender was found to be a significant predictor of student attitudes after taking the curriculum. Additionally, students who were taught by teachers that participated in two consecutive years of STEM professional development (PD) program had more positive attitudes towards engineering compared to students taught by teachers attending the PD program for only 1 year. These results suggest the ability of design-based science curricula to close the achievement and attitudinal gaps towards STEM in some student demographics. Additionally, our data revealed that continued PD can have positive effects on student attitudinal outcomes, suggesting long-term PD as an avenue to improve science education.
Staging soft tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: Evaluation of the AJCC 8th edition revised T classifications.

Background The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has proposed new T classifications for head and neck sarcomas in the 8th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, but these classifications have not been evaluated for prognostic utility in tumor staging. Methods The predictive ability of revised AJCC T classifications was evaluated by nonlinear multivariable regression using records from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (N = 2756). A proposed staging algorithm was developed using a subset of records and compared to the AJCC 7th edition using a separate validation dataset. Results Categorization of tumor size using revised AJCC 8th edition T classifications accurately reflected the predictive information of this intrinsically continuous variable. A proposed staging system based on revised AJCC T classifications showed significant improvement in clinical performance compared to the previous AJCC 7th edition staging system. Conclusions Stratifying risk of sarcoma-specific death by categorization of tumor size is informative for head and neck sarcoma. A staging algorithm based on revised AJCC 8th edition T classifications is validated and proposed for further evaluation in staging sarcomas of the head and neck.
Regularized Sample Average Approximation for High-Dimensional Stochastic Optimization Under Low-Rankness

This paper concerns a high-dimensional stochastic programming problem of minimizing a function of expected cost with a matrix argument. To this problem, one of the most widely applied solution paradigms is the sample average approximation (SAA), which uses the average cost over sampled scenarios as a surrogate to approximate the expected cost. Traditional SAA theories require the sample size to grow rapidly when the problem dimensionality increases. Indeed, for a problem of optimizing over a $p$-by-$p$ matrix, the sample complexity of the SAA is given by $\tilde O(1)\cdot \frac{p^2}{\epsilon^2}\cdot{polylog}(\frac{1}{\epsilon})$ to achieve an $\epsilon$-suboptimality gap, for some poly-logarithmic function ${polylog}(\,\cdot\,)$ and some quantity $\tilde O(1)$ independent of dimensionality $p$ and sample size $n$. In contrast, this paper considers a regularized SAA (RSAA) with a low-rankness-inducing penalty. We demonstrate that the sample complexity of RSAA is $\tilde O(1)\cdot \frac{p}{\epsilon^3}\cdot {polylog}(p,\,\frac{1}{\epsilon})$, which is almost linear in $p$ and thus indicates a substantially lower dependence on dimensionality. Therefore, RSAA can be more advantageous than SAA especially for larger scale and higher dimensional problems. Due to the close correspondence between stochastic programming and statistical learning, our results also indicate that high-dimensional low-rank matrix recovery is possible generally beyond a linear model, even if the common assumption of restricted strong convexity is completely absent.
4D Printing A-line

In this video, we showcased "A-line", a 4D printing system for designing and fabricating morphing three-dimensional shapes out of simple linear elements. A-line integrates a method of bending angle control in up to eight directions for one printed line segment, using a single type of thermoplastic material. A software platform to support the design, simulation and tool path generation is developed to support the design and manufacturing of various A-line structures. The video showcases the design space of A-line, including the unique properties of line sculpting, the suitability for compliant mechanisms and the ability to travel through narrow spaces and self-deploy or self-lock on site.
When science was groovy

In the summer of 1969, just a month before the Woodstock festival, hundreds of millions of people watched American astronauts walk on the surface of the Moon and return safely to their home planet. A half-century later, the confluence of the Ages of Aquarius and Apollo presents historians of science with a challenge. How do we reconcile one of the 20th century9s most impressive technoscientific achievements with bucolic images of young Americans frolicking in Woodstock9s muddy fields? As we mark the twin anniversaries of Woodstock and the first Moon landing, let us appreciate the groovy overlaps—sympathetic vibrations as much as head-on collisions—that have threaded knowledge production and innovation throughout the American experience.
Teaching the Low Achiever in Mathematics.

graders taking mathematics, or two million children in this one grade, enrolled in general mathematics classes;1 in economic terms: a nation handicapped by millions of mathematically illiterate adults when two-thirds of all skilled and semiskilled job opportunities are already closed to the mathematically incompetent2 and when technological change is demand ing more and more mathematics of the average citizen every day; in social terms: thousands of families
Auf dünnem Eis

Hohe Temperaturen, schmelzendes Eis, ansteigende Luffeuchtigkeit: Das Klima der Arktis stellt einen Extremwert nach dem anderen auf – mit erheblichen Folgen fur das Wetter rund um den Globus. Viele Prozesse verstarken sich dabei gegenseitig. Die Veranderungen laufen schneller ab, als von Wissenschaftlern vorhergesagt wurde.
Using Pictures and Written Descriptions for Learning

This teaching strategy incorporates a picture of a child performing the target motor skill along with a written description to support physical literacy and skill comprehension. Providing this addi...
When the wave breaks you: magnetic resonance imaging findings after surfing injuries

Background:There are approximately 2.1 million recreational surfers in the United States. However, little has been reported on surfing-related injuries and, to date, no study has utilized magnetic ...
Issues with integrating carbonate sand texture data generated by different analytical approaches: A comparison of standard sieve and laser-diffraction methods

Abstract Palaeoenvironmental reconstructive work relies on sediment-texture information as a proxy for particle-transport dynamics. As the integration of data from multiple sources is often sought for studies at the regional scale, a body of work exists that addresses compatibility levels of different analytical approaches. Past insights are derived predominantly from siliciclastic deposits. This study instead addresses standard sieve and laser-diffraction methods of texture analysis on a suite of carbonate beach sands from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. While the near-equant grain shapes of siliciclastic sands generate comparable results between methods, our findings show that laser diffraction tends to overestimate the coarser fractions in carbonate sands, given indiscriminate measurement of elongate particle axes. Peloidal grains that have width-to-length ratios on the order of 0.5 can pass through much smaller mesh sizes when sieved than diffraction would suggest. The resulting deviation in analytical outputs significantly influences measures of skewness, sorting, and other derivative metrics, which vary by up to several Wentworth classes between procedures. Meaningful integration of texture data obtained by different methods is ill-advised when dealing with carbonate beach sands. Similar problems are documented for muddy deposits, wherein platy clay minerals favor size-overestimation by laser diffraction and a size underestimation by settling tube technique. An improved understanding of methodological biases resulting from application of different particle-size methods is needed to help facilitate data-reconciliation efforts. This study provides a glimpse of issues facing the integration of carbonate sand-texture information, troublesome given prevalence of irregular grain shapes.
Involvement of POLA2 in Double Strand Break Repair and Genotoxic Stress

Cellular survival is dependent on the efficient replication and transmission of genomic information. DNA damage can be introduced into the genome by several different methods, one being the act of DNA replication. Replication is a potent source of DNA damage and genomic instability, especially through the formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). DNA polymerase alpha is responsible for replication initiation. One subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha replication machinery is POLA2. Given the connection between replication and genomic instability, we decided to examine the role of POLA2 in DSB repair, as little is known about this topic. We found that loss of POLA2 leads to an increase in spontaneous DSB formation. Loss of POLA2 also slows DSB repair kinetics after treatment with etoposide and inhibits both of the major double strand break repair pathways: non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination. In addition, loss of POLA2 leads to increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and PARP1 inhibition. Lastly, POLA2 expression is elevated in glioblastoma multiforme tumors and correlates with poor overall patient survival. These data demonstrate a role for POLA2 in DSB repair and resistance to genotoxic stress.
Using Stochastic Variation of Cyclic Green Distributions to Populate SAE J2735 Message Confidence Values along a Signalized Corridor

The communication between connected vehicles and traffic signal controllers is defined in SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2735. SAE J2735 defines traffic signal status messages and a series of 16 con...
An Algorithm for Out-Of-Distribution Attack to Neural Network Encoder

Deep neural networks (DNNs), especially convolutional neural networks, have achieved superior performance on image classification tasks. However, such performance is only guaranteed if the input to a trained model is similar to the training samples, i.e., the input follows the probability distribution of the training set. Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) samples do not follow the distribution of training set, and therefore the predicted class labels on OOD samples become meaningless. Classiﬁcation-based methods have been proposed for OOD detection; however, in this study we show that this type of method has no theoretical guarantee and is practically breakable by our OOD Attack algorithm because of dimensionality reduction in the DNN models. We also show that Glow likelihood-based OOD detection is breakable as well.
Cost Estimation Methods in Quality Management and Continuous Improvement: A Reflection of the Relationship

This paper investigated cost estimation methods and continuous improvement in terms of project management planning, as well as the factors that influenced these actions. Estimating the cost was one of the most imperative tasks to be done by the managers for a project. Key factors, such as cost, size, schedule, quality, people resources, maintenance costs, and complexity, were usually estimated in the beginning of project development. The techniques used for cost estimation included data composed from past projects that were combined with mathematical formulae to get the closest estimation. In regards to continuous improvement, the four-step quality model (PDCA cycle) was used as an ongoing effort to improve products or services. PDCA stands for plan, do, check, and act, which were the steps to successfully implement change. Notably, project management, when tasked with cost estimation and continuous improvement, was challenged to cope with evolving and situational alterations, which required a different set of skills.
Reaching Kinesthetic Learners Over Distance

Erickson, a New York City high school student, and I were working on his algebra homework over Zoom, specifically parabolas. We broke down the motion of a basketball and compared it to a parabola. He happened to have a small hoop on the back of his door and when he tried the motion himself, it was clear something clicked. You see, Erickson is a kinesthetic learner. During the pandemic, it has been challenging to design interactive materials and lessons for different types of learners. Distance learning disproportionality favors visual learners, followed by aural; however, reaching our kinesthetic learners has been a challenge.
On Modeling the Social-Psychological Foundations of Support for Donald Trump:

Scholars have identified many social-psychological factors correlated with support for Donald Trump; however, attempts at modeling these factors tend to suffer from omitted variable bias on the one...
Neonatal chemokine markers predict subsequent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and delayed development.

Immune dysregulation has been found to be related to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, investigations in very early childhood examining immunological abnormalities such as altered neonatal cytokine/chemokine profiles in association with an aberrant developmental trajectory, are sparse. We assessed neonatal blood spots from 398 children, including 171 with ASD, which were subdivided according to severity (121 severe, 50 mild/moderate) and cognitive/adaptive levels (144 low-functioning, 27 typical to high-functioning). The remainder were 69 children with developmental delay (DD), and 158 with typical development (TD), who served as controls in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study. Exploratory analysis suggested that, in comparisons with TD and DD, CTACK (CCL27) and MPIF-1 (CCL23), respectively, were independently associated with ASD. Higher neonatal levels of CTACK were associated with decreased odds of ASD compared to TD (odds ratio [OR]= 0.40, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 0.21, 0.77), whereas higher levels of MPIF-1 were associated with increased odds of ASD (OR= 2.38, 95% Cl 1.42, 3.98) compared to DD but not to TD. MPIF-1 was positively associated with better scores in several developmental domains. Dysregulation of chemokine levels in early life can impede normal immune and neurobehavioral development, which can lead to diagnosis of ASD or DD. This study collectively suggests that certain peripheral chemokines at birth are associated with ASD progression during childhood and that children with ASD and DD have distinct neonatal chemokine profiles that can differentiate their diagnoses.
Surface Constituents of Kinetoplastid Parasites

Publisher Summary This chapter explains membrane phenomena, such as surface antigens, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, surface glycoproteins, signal transduction, receptors, transporters and important extracellular glycoconjugates of Kinetoplastid parasites. A clear understanding of the properties of these macromolecules contributes to a more complete interpretation of the roles they play in pathogenesis. Extensive knowledge of the cell surface of the parasites may lead to rational approaches to parasite chemotherapy that exploit fundamental molecular differences among the mammalian host, the insect vector, and the parasite. Cell surface components play key roles in the survival of protozoan parasites in hostile environments and in confrontation with host immune responses. In the bloodstream of the host, African trypanosomes, as best demonstrated with Trypanosoma brucei, have the ability to conduct antigenic variation in which the parasite periodically switches its surface antigens and thereby evades its host's immune defenses. In spite of their relevance to disease processes that the parasites cause, the biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology of the surface constituents remain largely unexplored, this chapter tries to discuss and throw some light on the same..
NEAR-FIELD THERMAL RADIATION: RECENT PROGRESS AND OUTLOOK

Any materials at temperatures higher than absolute zero emit electromagnetic waves due to the thermal fluctuations of free charges or ions. When two or more bodies at different temperatures are brought sufficiently close to each other with vacuum gap spacing smaller than the characteristic thermal wavelength, near-field radiative heat flux can exceed the far-field blackbody limit, governed by the well-known Stefan-Boltzmann law, by orders of magnitude. This article reviews the recent progress on both theoretical and experimental studies of near-field thermal radiation with an emphasis on its potential applications. Recent theoretical developments are presented, such as near-field radiation of general anisotropic materials and 2D materials, application condition of effective medium theory, and exact numerical methods for dealing with arbitrary particles or periodic nanostructures. Recent experimental achievements are also discussed, focusing on tip–plane and plane–plane configurations with various material...
Accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in limbal cornea and conjunctiva of rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet: Detection with filipin

Progressive cholesterol deposition frequently occurs in the corneas, tendons, and arteries of those individuals who have hypercholesterolemia. Many investigators have noted histochemical and chemical similarities in the nature of the lipid that accumulates in these tissues. Lipid-soluble dyes have been used to stain hydrophobic lipids such as cholesteryl ester and triglyceride in previous studies of corneal lipid deposits. In this report, deposits of unesterified cholesterol have been detected in the limbal cornea and conjunctiva of hypercholesterolemic rabbits using the fluorescent dye filipin. Whereas, oil red O-stained lipid accumulated both intra- and extracellularly, unesterified cholesterol accumulated extracellularly, similar to its predominant location in tendon xanthoma and atherosclerotic lesions. The source and mechanism by which unesterified cholesterol accumulates in limbal cornea and conjunctiva, tendons, and arteries remains to be determined.
A Self-Stabilizing Synchronization Protocol for Arbitrary Digraphs

This paper presents a self-stabilizing distributed clock synchronization protocol in the absence of faults in the system. It is focused on the distributed clock synchronization of an arbitrary, non-partitioned digraph ranging from fully connected to 1-connected networks of nodes while allowing for differences in the network elements. This protocol does not rely on assumptions about the initial state of the system, other than the presence of at least one node, and no central clock or a centrally generated signal, pulse, or message is used. Nodes are anonymous, i.e., they do not have unique identities. There is no theoretical limit on the maximum number of participating nodes. The only constraint on the behavior of the node is that the interactions with other nodes are restricted to defined links and interfaces. This protocol deterministically converges within a time bound that is a linear function of the self-stabilization period. We present an outline of a deductive proof of the correctness of the protocol. A bounded model of the protocol was mechanically verified for a variety of topologies. Results of the mechanical proof of the correctness of the protocol are provided. The model checking results have verified the correctness of the protocol as they apply to the networks with unidirectional and bidirectional links. In addition, the results confirm the claims of determinism and linear convergence. As a result, we conjecture that the protocol solves the general case of this problem. We also present several variations of the protocol and discuss that this synchronization protocol is indeed an emergent system.
Face recognition using more than one still image: what is more?

While face recognition from a single still image has been extensively studied over a decade, face recognition based on more than one still image, such as multiple still images or a video sequence, is an emerging topic Using more than one image introduces new recognition settings In terms of recognition algorithm, multiple still images or a video sequence can be treated as a single still image in a degenerate manner However, this treatment neglects additional properties present in multiple still images and/or video sequences In this paper, we review three properties, manifested in multiple still images and/or video sequence, and their implications to different recognition settings We also list corresponding approaches proposed in the literature that utilize these properties.
Mechanism of pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens: I. Virulence for the adult boll weevil

Abstract The LD50 of the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, for the adult boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, was 5.1 ± 1 organisms per weevil by intrahemocoelic inoculation. Ingestion of grossly contaminated food also infected the weevils.
Nonparasitic splenic cysts: Case report of epidermoid cyst with review of the literature

Summary The classification, incidence, signs and symptoms, x-ray findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment of benign nonparasitic splenic cysts are presented, and a case of epidermoid cyst of the spleen is described. The correct preoperative diagnosis of this rare entity by selective arteriography is emphasized.
Wall conditioning studies for ORMAK and ISX.

Laboratory studies of various discharge cleaning techniques and the resulting surface trapping of hydrogen have been carried out in an attempt to explain conditions existing in the ORMAK tokamak. Gold and stainless steel samples have been both directly and indirectly exposed to oxygen and hydrogen glow discharges. Samples exposed either directly or indirectly to oxygen discharges experienced a more rapid removal of carbon (hydrocarbons) than samples exposed in a similar manner to hydrogen discharges, and similar results have been obtained during discharge cleaning in ORMAK. Samples directly bombarded as the cathode of a glow discharge were more rapidly cleaned than those indirectly exposed, i.e., facing away from and not immersed in the discharge. The oxygen concentration was found to increase on the surfaces of those samples which were oxygen discharge cleaned. Similarly, an increase in the oxygen impurity in ORMAK discharges is sometimes noted after oxygen discharge cleaning, however, the hydrogen discharge cleaning cycle which always preceeds the initiation of normal tokamak plasmas tends to mask this effect. The presence of impurities (CH4 and H2O) in the cleaning discharge influences the composition of the surface in equilibrium with the discharge, thus it is important to remove impurities (reaction products) as efficiently as possible during the cleaning operation. Direct hydrogen ion bombardment of stainless steel surfaces and subsequent thermal desorption demonstrated that 20–50 monolayers of H2 were present in the surface oxide layer. Similar bombardment of nickel and gold surfaces showed little hydrogen loading. Hydrogen desorption from oxidized stainless steel surfaces is significant at room temperature and increases rapidly with even a few degrees rise in temperature thus suggesting that thermal desorption may be an important mechanism of hydrogen release from tokamak walls.
Sediment disentrainment and the concept of local versus nonlocal transport on hillslopes

[1] A local formulation of the sediment flux on a hillslope describes the flux as a unique function of local hillslope conditions at any contour position x, whereas a nonlocal formulation must take into account nonlocal (upslope or downslope) conditions that influence the flux at x. Local formulations are reasonable when particle motions involve small length scales associated with localized bioturbation of the soil column or with proximal surface transport such as rain splash. Nonlocal formulations may be more appropriate in steeplands where patchy, intermittent motions involve large travel distances, mostly over the surface. Once sediment motions are initiated, the disentrainment process determines the distribution of particle travel distances, which, in turn, forms the basis of nonlocal formulations that involve a convolution of hillslope surface conditions, for example, the land-surface slope. The kernel in the convolution integral, which weights the effect of land-surface conditions (e.g., slope) at all positions upslope or downslope of x, derives from the formulation of the disentrainment rate and characterizes whether particle travel distances depend on conditions at the position where motions originate or vary as particles experience changing surface conditions during their downslope motions. If hillslope properties controlling transport (e.g., surface slope) are defined or measured at a specified resolution, then motions smaller than this resolution cannot be attributed to these properties resolved at a smaller scale. In essence, the relative importance of local and nonlocal transport depends on the scale of particle motions compared to the relevant scale of hillslope properties that drive transport.
Why Science Education Alone Is Not Enough.

Science did not come into existence independent of the other disciplines. It is one dimension of a complex culture. We err in attempting to theorize how best to teach it with little or no regard for the broader cultural matrix. How we have transformed our curriculum into its present fragmented condition is not difficult to trace. A reductionist and materialist orientation has resulted in a serious loss of coherence, of beauty, and of any real depth of meaning for the subjects we teach. In this paper, I will argue that the tendency to think of science and science education in isolation from a broad and intellectually noble cultural design is damaging, not only to the teaching of our culture in general, but also to the teaching of science. A substantial and fundamental reorientation is called for.
Seizure tests distinguish intermittent fasting from the ketogenic diet.

For the one-third of epilepsy patients who fail to achieve adequate seizure control with the two leading medications (Kwan & Brodie, 2000), treatment options include surgery for a resectable focus or dietary therapy (Guerrini, 2006; Freeman et al., 2007). The ketogenic diet, a high-fat diet that also restricts carbohydrate calories, was designed to mimic the beneficial effects of fasting on seizure control (Freeman et al., 2007). Several successful rodent models have been developed to pursue the underlying mechanisms of seizure protection through metabolic interventions. Restricted daily calorie consumption is anticonvulsant in juvenile rats (Bough et al., 2003) and in epilepsy-like (EL/suz) mice, a model of partial-onset epilepsy with genetic and environmental antecedents (Greene et al., 2001). Calorie restriction (CR) achieved by intermittent fasting (fasting and feeding ad lib on alternate days) provides neuroprotection against intrahippocampal or systemic kainic acid injection in adult rats (Bruce-Keller et al., 1999; Contestabile et al., 2004; Youssef et al., 2008). CR and the ketogenic diet are generally assumed to share anticonvulsant mechanisms (Maalouf et al., 2009). However, juvenile mice on a ketogenic diet (6:1, ratio of fat-to-protein and carbohydrate) also weigh less, even without restricting intake (Samala et al., 2008), raising the possibility that CR is an important component of the ketogenic diet. In fact, a 4:1 ratio ketogenic diet was reported to prevent pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)–induced seizures in juvenile rats (Bough et al., 1999) and in the EL mouse, only when animals were restricted to 20–25% of their normal consumption (Mantis et al., 2004). Therefore, the relative contributions of high ketone levels versus CR are not clear (Bough & Rho, 2007). If the ketogenic diet protects against seizures by the same underlying mechanism as CR, then these two metabolic interventions should have similar effects in multiple seizure tests. To confirm or dispel this hypothesis, we tested juvenile mice, corresponding to the patient age group for which dietary therapy is most frequently used for seizures. We found consistent differences, and even opposite outcomes with these dietary regimens, implying important differences in the underlying mechanisms of action between the ketogenic diet and CR by daily or intermittent fasting.
Combined Analog-Digital Techniques in Simulation

Publisher Summary One of the most common types of problems to which computers have been applied is the study of complex nonlinear dynamic systems subjected to external disturbances. Such systems are represented mathematically by nonlinear systems of differential equations with time as the independent variable. The comparative characteristics of analog and digital computers when applied to the solution of dynamic systems problems are presented in this chapter. Many simulation type problems may be solved almost equally well on either an analog or a digital computer. Many types of problems are not handled well and consideration has been given to the advantages to be derived from interconnecting analog and digital machines through appropriate analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter equipment. In such a system, part of the problem can be solved on the digital computer and part on the analog computer, with exchange of data taking place through interconnecting data channels. An example of a combined solution is given here. Combined analog-digital techniques have been devised to perform the arithmetic operations in a digital computer. A digital-to-analog converter is inherently a multiplier and the analog-to-digital converter a divider. A different method of combining analog and digital techniques is by representing quantities not by numbers—as in the digital computer—or by electrical voltages—as in the electronic analog but by the sum of a number and an electrical voltage, where full scale on the electrical voltage is equivalent to one in the least significant digit of the digital part of the number. The usefulness of such a combined system would be on simulation problems where the precision required is greater than that obtainable by analog methods and that requires the real-time speed of the analog computer.
The tech bubble

During the late 1990s, the investment attention and economic resources of growth stock investors became riveted on the Nasdaq 100. Not since the early 1970s, and the days of the Nifty 50, had US investor interest been so narrowly focused on a relative handful of growth stock favorites. Never before had a group of US stocks been accorded the price–earnings (P/E) multiple and extreme market capitalizations accorded to the Nasdaq 100 during the period leading up to the 2000 market peak. In a US investment environment where conventional P/E ratios for the most successful corporations tend to fall in a broad range from 10–20, P/E ratios of roughly 100 for the Nasdaq 100 can only be described as extraordinary. Many financial economists and market observers argue that stock market prices sometimes reflect a bubble component. These critics of efficient markets theory point out that conventional theory cannot account for unusual periods of volatility in security prices. Similarly, conventional economic analysis of stockmarket fundamentals sometimes fails to explain extreme valuations for individual equities and market sectors. This is the situation with respect to the Nasdaq 100 during the period leading up to the 2000 market peak.
Teacher responses to student gender differences

The recent uncertainties in computer science (CS) enrollments have prompted computer science educators to seek ways to increase interest in CS, especially among women. Several current approaches to increasing gender balance in CS have been based on pre-college intervention, recruitment, and curriculum change. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which instructors respond differently - even unconsciously - to females and males in computer science learning environments, and whether these differences can affect achievement or interest in CS. Our study looks at early learners (fourth through sixth graders, where gender differences seem first to become more prominent) and their teachersin a summer enrichment program using robotics. We examine the ways teachers interact with groups of girls and of boys and the changes in attitude and achievement shown by the girls and boys during the summer programs. These observations help us understand the extent to which teachers can affect student interest in computing and can prepare us better to address the ways in which we can achieve CS gender balance.
New Guidelines for Chemistry Education Research Manuscripts and Future Directions of the Field

The field of chemistry education research (CER) has matured since 1997 when Bunce and Robinson announced the CER feature in the Journal, and it is time to set out a revised set of guidelines for high-quality manuscripts in CER. Herein, we announce the guidelines, briefly describe them, then use the National Academy of Sciences Discipline-Based Education Research report to identify areas of research and future directions in CER. Our hope is that this stimulates high-quality research manuscripts in areas of need that will drive CER forward, influencing and impacting CER and classroom practices.
Self-regulated learning activities in engineering design education

The major aim of this five-year research project is to study the self-regulated learning (SRL) activities of college seniors engaged in a capstone engineering design project. Specific objectives of the research activities in this project are to (1) develop and field-test tools for researching SRL in engineering design; (2) conduct a two-phase, descriptive study that investigates SRL activities employed by engineering students; (3) describe potential differences in self-regulation processing by gender. To advance practice, and extend this initial research project, integration of research and education will occur by (1) designing a teaching guide that will help instructors develop materials and tools that foster the development of student SRL in engineering design; and (2) disseminating the materials and tools, and evidence of their effectiveness, within a workshop designed to train engineering teachers. This project is currently at the survey instrument development and initial validation stage. Six undergraduate engineering students were invited in the face validity process. Moreover, the content validity involved two engineering professors and two experts in self-regulated learning. The resulting survey instrument contains 127 questionnaire items assessing five SRL features.
Mutational analysis of the purine riboswitch aptamer domain

The purine riboswitch is one of a number of mRNA elements commonly found in the 5′-untranslated region capable of controlling expression in a cis-fashion via its ability to directly bind small molecule metabolites. Extensive biochemical and structural analysis of the nucleobase-binding domain of the riboswitch, referred to as the aptamer domain, has revealed that the mRNA recognizes its cognate ligand using an intricately folded three-way junction motif that completely encapsulates the ligand. High affinity binding of the purine nucleobase is facilitated by a distal loop-loop interaction that is conserved between both the adenine and guanine riboswitches. To understand the contribution of conserved nucleotides in both the three-way junction and the loop-loop interaction of this RNA we performed a detailed mutagenic survey of these elements in the context of an adenine-responsive variant of the xpt-pbuX guanine riboswitch from B. subtilis. The varying ability of these mutants to bind ligand as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), uncovered the conserved nucleotides whose identity is required for purine binding. Crystallographic analysis of the bound form of five mutants and chemical probing of their free state demonstrate that the identity of several universally conserved nucleotides are not essential for formation of the RNA-ligand complex but rather for maintaining a binding-competent form of the free RNA. These data show that conservation patterns in riboswitches arise from a combination of formation of the ligand-bound complex, promoting an open form of the free RNA, and participating in the secondary structural switch with the expression platform.
Diagnostic Value of Coagulation Factor and Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Acute Liver Failure from Heat Stroke: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Exertional heat stroke (HS) with resultant acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare condition with high mortality. Diagnosis of ALF in the context of HS is confounded by numerous laboratory abnormalities related to multisystem organ dysfunction. Case Report We present the case of a 20-year-old male athlete with exertional HS who developed ALF and was treated successfully with orthotopic liver transplantation. He remained well after 1 year with normal liver function and no permanent neurologic impairment. Diagnosis and treatment was guided by serial monitoring of coagulation factors and intracranial pressure (ICP). Conclusions Currently, there are no well validated prognostic tools that predict the need for or survival with orthotopic liver transplantation for HS. We propose that serial monitoring of coagulation factors and, when safe and feasible, ICP monitoring may help to guide clinical decision making in this context.
Cell based metabolic barriers to glucose diffusion: Macrophages and continuous glucose monitoring

It is assumed that MQ are central to glucose sensor bio-fouling and therefore have a major negative impact on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) performance in vivo. However to our knowledge there is no data in the literature to directly support or refute this assumption. Since glucose and oxygen (O2) are key to glucose sensor function in vivo, understanding and controlling glucose and O2 metabolic activity of MQ is likely key to successful glucose sensor performance. We hypothesized that the accumulation of MQ at the glucose sensor-tissue interface will act as “Cell Based Metabolic Barriers” (CBMB) to glucose diffusing from the interstitial tissue compartment to the implanted glucose sensor and as such creating an artificially low sensor output, thereby compromising sensor function and CGM. Our studies demonstrated that 1) direct injections of MQ at in vivo sensor implantation sites dramatically decreased sensor output (measured in nA), 2) addition of MQ to glucose sensors in vitro resulted in a rapid and dramatic fall in sensor output and 3) lymphocytes did not affect sensor function in vitro or in vivo. These data support our hypothesis that MQ can act as metabolic barriers to glucose and O2 diffusion in vivo and in vitro.
Proliferative response of normal rabbit and mouse bone marrow cells in vitro

Bone marrow cells from both normal rabbits and mice are stimulated by exposure to antigens in vitro. Responsiveness is not removed by prior injection of the antigen into the animals. The specificity of this phenomenon is doubtful in view of a lack of additive effects between antigens, unrelatedness to immunogenicity of the antigen, and occurrence in cells from immunologically immature rabbits.
Influence of differences in thermochemistry data upon high-temperature gas composition

Thermochemistry data changes influence in form of heat of formation, partition functions, specie free energy or specific heat on high temperature gas mixtures composition
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL TWO-FLUID MODELS FOR VAPOR/LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOWS

Abstract The status of multidimensional two-fluid modeling of vapor/liquid two-phase flows is reviewed. In particular, a three dimensional two-fluid model is derived using ensemble averaging. It is proposed that realistic interfacial closure laws should: • Be mathematically objective • Lead to well-posed models • Satisfy the second law of thermodynamics • Agree with all relevant experimental data. Unfortunately, most two-fluid models in use today do not satisfy these fundamental constraints.
Prediction of wiring space requirements for LSI

A stochastic model is developed for estimating wiring space requirements for one-dimensional layouts. This model uses as input the number of devices in the complex to be wired, the average length of a connection, and the average number of connections per device, to compute the probability of successfully wiring the devices as a function of the number of tracks provided.A heuristic approach is used to extend this model to the two-dimensional case, and tested against experimen-tal studies. Satisfactory agreement is found between a priori calculations of track requirements for the two-dimensional case against global wiring solutions for artificially generated problems, and for some layouts of actual logic complexes.