cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photodetectors: General Concepts

A detector can be defined as a device that converts one type of signal into another as illustrated in Fig. 8.1. Various forms of input signal can be entered into the detector, which then generates the measurable output signal, such as an electrical current or voltage. There exist many different types of detectors depending on the objects or physical properties that they sense. The input signal can be mechanical vibrations, electromagnetic radiation, small particles, and other physical phenomena. Smoke detectors can sense the soot particulates caused by fire and seismometers sense the mechanical vibrations caused by the earth. The human body has various types of detectors: the eyes can sense electromagnetic radiation in the visible range, the ears detect sound from pressure variations through a medium such as atmospheric air or water, the tongue senses various types of chemicals, and the skin can detect temperature and pressure. Our natural sensory skills have been augmented through the development of advanced instruments such as the microscope and the thermometer, that were made possible thanks to the development of technology.
Necrolytic acral erythema in a human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected patient: A case report

Necrolytic acral erythema in a human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected patient: A case report
Stabilization of proteins encapsulated in cylindrical poly(lactide-co-glycolide) implants: mechanism of stabilization by basic additives.

Purpose. A previous study from our group has shown that in theacidic microclimate of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) implants,encapsulated BSA forms insoluble noncovalent aggregates and ishydrolyzed during in vitro release. Incorporation of Mg(OH)2 stronglyinhibits these mechanisms of instability and facilitates continuousprotein release. The purpose of this study was to determine the proteinstabilization mechanism in the presence of basic additives.
Weaker Memory Performance Exacerbates Stress-Induced Cannabis Craving in Youths’ Daily Lives

Theories of addiction posit that stimuli associated with drug use, including both exteroceptive (e.g., paraphernalia) and interoceptive (e.g., feeling tense or "stressed"), evoke craving and contribute to the pathogenesis of substance misuse. Control over drug cue response and stress is essential for moderating use. Building from laboratory data supporting associations between cue exposure, stress, and craving, this study tested whether these associations generalize to real-world settings and examined whether a well-vetted neurocognitive control capacity, i.e., working memory (WM), moderated associations. Youth (N = 85; 15-24 years) completed baseline and ecological momentary assessments. Cue exposure and participants' average stress predicted higher craving. Youth with weaker WM experienced stronger craving at higher-stress moments but not when faced with cues. Interactions were present for both previous-moment and same-moment stress. Craving among adolescents with stronger WM was not swayed by momentary stress. Findings suggest stronger WM protects against craving at more stressful moments.
Nevermind the Gap: Judith Merril Challenges the Status Quo

Judith Merril was a writer committed to breaking down norms, barriers, and boundaries. This chapter examines four ways in which Merril challenges the boundaries or barriers between ideas. First, Merril bridges the gaps between science and pseudoscience. Second, Merril breaks down the notion of nation or nationality, especially in her treatment of human/alien encounters. Third, Merril challenges gender divisions, often featuring female characters at a time when they tended to be secondary at best; she also includes conventional “feminine” concerns such as love, maternity, and domestic work. Finally, she challenges the division between mainstream and genre literature, seeing the gap between “science fiction” and “literature” as artificial.
Mössbauer study of permanent‐magnet materials: Sm2Fe17−xAlx compounds

The Fe57 Mossbauer spectra of Sm2Fe17−xAlx, where x=0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0, have been measured at room temperature and analyzed. The ternary compounds Sm2Fe17−xAlx have the rhombohedral Th2Zn17 structure. Mossbauer measurements showed that all the compounds studied were ferromagnetic. The average hyperfine field was found to decrease with the increasing aluminum concentration, which is in qualitative agreement with magnetic measurements. The decrease in the average hyperfine field was from 224 kOe at x=0 to 174 kOe at x=4. By fitting the spectra we found that the hyperfine fields for the iron sites decrease in the order 6c, 9d, 18f, and 18h. The measured average isomer shift relative to α‐iron was found to increase linearly with x. Analysis of the spectra showed that Al atoms occupy the 6c, 18h, and 18f, but not 9d, Fe sites and the fraction of occupancy of Al was found to depend on x.
PiRV-2 stimulates sporulation in Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight. This pathogen, which caused the Irish potato famine, is of profound historical significance and still poses a major threat in today's agroecosystems. Research on late blight epidemics usually focuses on pathogen virulence, host resistance, environmental factors and fungicide resistance. In this study, we examined the effect of PiRV-2, an RNA virus harbored by some P. infestans isolates, on its host. Comparing isogenic isolates with or without the virus demonstrated that the virus stimulated sporangia production in P. infestans. Transcriptome analysis suggested that it achieved sporulation stimulation likely through down-regulation of ammonium and amino acid intake in P. infestans. Survey of a limited P. infestans collection found PiRV-2 presence in most strains in the US-8 lineage, a very successful clonal lineage of P. infestans in North America. We suggest that PiRV-2 may affect the ecological fitness of P. infestans and thus could contribute to late blight epidemiology.
Engineered collagen-binding serum albumin as a drug conjugate carrier for cancer therapy.

Serum albumin (SA) is used as a carrier to deliver cytotoxic agents to tumors via passive targeting. To further improve SA’s tumor targeting capacity, we sought to develop an approach to retain SA-drug conjugates within tumors through a combination of passive and active targeting. SA was recombinantly fused with a collagen-binding domain (CBD) of von Willebrand factor to bind within the tumor stroma after extravasation due to tumor vascular permeability. Doxorubicin (Dox) was conjugated to the CBD-SA via a pH-sensitive linker. Dox-CBD-SA treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth compared to both Dox-SA and aldoxorubicin treatment in a mouse model of breast cancer. Dox-CBD-SA efficiently stimulated host antitumor immunity, resulting in the complete eradication of MC38 colon carcinoma when used in combination with anti–PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. Dox-CBD-SA decreased adverse events compared to aldoxorubicin. Thus, engineered CBD-SA could be a versatile and clinically relevant drug conjugate carrier protein for treatment of solid tumors.
Antimicrobial Coatings for Food Contact Surfaces: Legal Framework, Mechanical Properties, and Potential Applications.

Food contact surfaces (FCS) in food processing facilities may become contaminated with a number of unwanted microorganisms, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus aureus. To reduce contamination and the spread of disease, these surfaces may be treated with sanitizers or have active antimicrobial components adhered to them. Although significant efforts have been devoted to the development of coatings that improve the antimicrobial effectiveness of FCS, other important coating considerations, such as hardness, adhesion to a substrate, and migration of the antimicrobial substance into the food matrix, have largely been disregarded to the detriment of their translation into practical application. To address this gap, this review examines the mechanical properties of antimicrobial coatings (AMC) applied to FCS and their interplay with their antimicrobial properties within the framework of relevant regulatory constraints that would apply if these were used in real-world applications. This review also explores the various assessment techniques for examining these properties, the effects of the deposition methods on coating properties, and the potential applications of such coatings for FCS. Overall, this review attempts to provide a holistic perspective. Evaluation of the current literature urges a compromise between antimicrobial effectiveness and mechanical stability in order to adhere to various regulatory frameworks as the next step toward improving the industrial feasibility of AMC for FCS applications.
Effects of Language History on Sentence Recognition in Noise or Two-Talker Speech: Monolingual, Early Bilingual, and Late Bilingual Speakers of English.

Purpose Language history is an important factor in masked speech recognition. Listeners who acquire the target language later in life perform more poorly than native speakers. However, there are in...
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation improves oncologic outcomes in low and mid clinical T3N0 rectal cancers.

Controversial data exists in the current literature in regard to the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) in patients with clinical T3N0 (cT3N0) rectal cancers, specifically based on location and relation to peritoneal reflection. We aimed to analyze the impact of nCRT on oncologic outcomes among cT3N0 rectal cancers, depending on the tumor height from anal verge (AV). A retrospective analysis of patients with cT3N0 rectal cancers was included from a query of a prospectively maintained rectal cancer database from 1980 to 2016. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the tumor height: low (1–5 cm from AV), mid (6–10 cm from AV), and upper (11–15 cm from AV). Patients were stratified by use of nCRT. Main outcomes: 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and local recurrence (LR) using Kaplan-Meier curves. Five hundred ninety-two patients were included. Overall, 364 (61.4%) patients received nCRT and 228 (38.6%) patients did not. There were 251 (43%) patients with low, 302 (51%) with mid, and 39 (7%) with upper rectal cancer. Patients with low and mid rectal cancers received nCRT more frequently than those with upper rectal cancers (68.5% and 61.2% vs 43.6%, p = 0.007). The 5-year OS was 78% and 63%, DFS—88% and 73%, LR—1% and 8% in nCRT followed by resection vs. surgery alone (p < 0.001). In regard to cancer location after nCRT compared with surgery alone, low and mid cancers had better OS, DFS, and CSS, compared with upper ones. nCRT prolongs survival among patients with rectal cancer below 10 cm from AV; however, it has no effect on 5-year oncologic survival of patients with upper rectal cancer located below peritoneal reflection.
Animal species classification using deep neural networks with noise labels

Abstract In this paper, we developed a robust learning method for animal classification from camera-trap images collected in highly cluttered natural scenes and annotated with noisy labels. We proposed two different network structures with and without clean samples to handle noisy labels. We use k-means clustering to divide the training samples into groups with different characteristics, which are then used to train different networks. These networks with enhanced diversity are then used to jointly predict or correct sample labels using max voting. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on two public available camera-trap image datasets: Snapshot Serengeti and Panama-Netherlands datasets. Our experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods from the literature and achieved improved accuracy on animal species classification from camera-trap images with high levels of label noise.
Excluding Pulmonary Embolism with End-tidal Carbon Dioxide: Accuracy, Cost, and Harm Avoidance:

A non-randomized single center prospective, descriptive, correlational design was used to determine what end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) level provided the best sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value to exclude pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis in hemodynamically stable hospitalized adults (n = 111). The financial impact and harm avoidance of adding EtCO2 to the PE diagnostic process also were examined. PE diagnosis was determined by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). PE prevalence was 18.9%. Mean±SD EtCO2 was lower for PE positive than negative participants (28 ± 7.8 to 33 ± 8.1 mmHg respectively 95% CI: 1.22-8.96; P = .01). For PE exclusion, an EtCO2 cutoff ≥42 mmHg yielded 100% sensitivity, 12.2% specificity, and 100% negative predictive value. For every six inpatients assessed with EtCO2, one could be saved from unnecessary CTPA. Eliminating unnecessary CTPA removes the potential harm associated with radiation and intravenous contrast exposure. Additionally, an EtCO2 cutoff ≥42 mmHg could eliminate ~$88,000/year in healthcare waste at this institution.
A Conceptual Model for Residents as Teachers in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

The learning environment in obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) may have intrinsic differences that require modifying existing resident as teacher models for high-quality teaching. To explore medical students’ views of resident teaching on the OB/GYN clerkship in order to develop more effective educators. Between October 2017 and June 2018, we performed medical student focus groups at the end of the 2-month OB/GYN clerkship. Topics discussed included positive and negative teaching interactions with residents, barriers specific to the OB/GYN clerkship, and best methods for resident teaching. Qualitative analysis utilizing 3 reviewers and N-Vivo software were used to identify themes. A total of 37 students participated in five focus groups. The most common barriers were a learning environment that was less predictable than on other rotations and lack of autonomy due to patient advocacy concerns. The three main contributors to positive learning experiences were team inclusion, clear expectations, and feedback. Negative interactions were passive learning experiences and inconsistent expectations. The best methods for resident teaching were verbalization of cognitive processes, preparation to use common patient encounters as teaching moments, and modeling skills needed for proficient patient care. The learning environment on OB/GYN is unpredictable and influenced by four Ps: patient autonomy, passive experiences, procedures, and preconceived notions. The strategy of a resident teacher should focus on medical student inclusion and preparation for teaching role. We thus suggest a TEAM (Thinking Aloud, Expectations, Advanced Preparation, Modeling) approach to improve resident teaching on the OB/GYN clerkship.
Toxicity of particles emitted by fireworks.

Particle matter (PM) has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates across the world. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that pyrotechnic firework displays introduce significant amounts of toxic metals into the atmosphere and are hazardous to human health. Size-selective emissions from 10 different fireworks displays were collected during particle generation in a dynamic, stainless steel chamber and tested for toxicity in cells. A subset of 2 particle types were tested in vivo in mice. At doses that did not produce cytotoxicity in an LDH assay, in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured in bronchial epithelial airway (BEAS-2B) and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial (HPMEC-ST1.6R) cell lines treated with size-fractionated particles from the emissions of fireworks. Significant increases in ROS, in both cell types, were dependent upon the type of firework but not particle size. The in vitro ROS activity was correlated with lung inflammation produced in groups of mice treated by oropharyngeal aspiration with 0, 50, or 100 μg fireworks PM10/mouse. Trace metal analyses of the PM10 samples showed significant differences in metal content among fireworks type. Interestingly, the PM10 sample for the fireworks type producing the greatest in vitro ROS response in BEAS-2B cells contained ~ 40,000 and ~ 12,000 ppm of lead and copper, respectively. This sample also produced the greatest inflammatory response (i.e., increased neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) in mice. These findings demonstrate that pyrotechnic display particles can produce adverse effects in mammalian cells and lungs, thus suggesting that further research is needed to expand our understanding of the contribution of metal content to the adverse health effects of fireworks particles. This information will lead to the manufacture of safer fireworks.
Design of a 100 kW Surface Permanent Magnet Machine with Wide Constant Power Speed Ratio for Traction Applications

Surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines are considered to be strong candidates for traction applications due to their high power density and high efficiency. By adopting fractional-slot concentrated windings, SPM machines can achieve a wide constant power speed range. A carbon fiber sleeve is applied to ensure the retainment of the magnets at high speed operating conditions. The purpose of this paper is to present the design of a high speed SPM machine for traction applications with 25 kW/Liter active power density and a wide constant-power speed range that is consistent with guidelines and targets presented in the Electrical and Electronics Technical Team Roadmap published by the US Department of Energy. The predicted electromagnetic performance and structural characteristics are presented based on both analytical and FEA results.
Pharmacological Disruption of Maladaptive Memory

Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by intrusive, distracting, and disturbing memories that either perpetuate the illness or hinder successful treatment. For example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves such strong reemergence of memories associated with a traumatic event that the individual feels like the event is happening again. Furthermore, drug addiction is characterized by compulsive use and repeated relapse that is often driven by internal memories of drug use and/or by exposure to external stimuli that were associated with drug use. Therefore, identifying pharmacological methods to weaken the strength of maladaptive memories is a major goal of research efforts aimed at finding new treatments for these disorders. The primary mechanism by which memories could be pharmacologically disrupted or altered is through manipulation of memory reconsolidation. Reconsolidation occurs when an established memory is remembered or reactivated, reentering a labile state before again being consolidated into long-term memory storage. Memories are subject to disruption during this labile state. In this chapter we will discuss the preclinical and clinical studies identifying potential pharmacological methods for disrupting the integrity of maladaptive memory to treat mental illness.
Lessons from history: industrial arts/technology education as a case

In focusing chronologically on the past century of American education, this study suggests that the current state of American practical and vocational education is not unique, even given the popularity of school-to-work legislation and programs, tech prep, applied academics, and the like. Furthermore, if history is any indication, these advances will be lost in the coming decades unless past mistakes are not repeated. Particular attention will be paid to the case of industrial education
Evaluation of Cracking Performance Indices from Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Testing

Performance-engineered mix designs and performance-based specifications for asphalt mixtures rely on not only establishing performance properties but relevance and representation of field performance of asphalt mixtures. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of various performance indices from fracture tests with respect to asphalt mix properties and field reflective cracking performance of asphalt overlays. Fracture energy (Gf) is currently the primary index used when evaluating the disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) test results. However, Gf does not directly take into consideration the behavior of the post peak region of the load-displacement curve, which may indicate the mixture’s ability to resist crack propagation and provide insight into fracture processes (e.g., crack growth velocity). It is possible to have two DCT specimens with similar Gf values but significantly different load-displacement responses. This study evaluates Gf in addition to three other indices that consider the full load-displacement behavior: fracture strain tolerance (FST), rate-dependent cracking index (RDCI) and a newly proposed DCTIndex. A total of 5 asphalt mixtures and corresponding reflective cracking performance of these mixtures from 4 full-scale pavement test sections (asphalt overlay on Portland cement concrete) are used to compare field performance and equivalent Gf, FST, RDCI and DCTIndex values for the various overlay sections. Results from this study provide insight into the applicability of the various indices from DCT testing in performance-engineered mix design approaches.
Effects of small platform catheter-based left ventricular assist device support on regional myocardial signal transduction.

Abstract Objectives Left ventricular (LV) assist device (LVAD) support reduces pathological loading. However, load-induced adaptive responses may be suppressed. Pathological loading dysregulates cardiac G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Signaling through G proteins is deleterious, whereas beta (β)-arrestin-mediated signaling is cardioprotective. We examined the effects of pathological LV loading/LV dysfunction and treatment via LVAD, on β-arrestin-mediated signaling, and genetic networks downstream of load. Methods An ovine myocardial infarction (MI) model was used. Sheep underwent sham thoracotomy (n = 3), mid-left anterior descending coronary artery ligation to produce MI (n = 3), or MI with placement of a small-platform catheter-based LVAD (n = 3). LVAD support was continued for 2 weeks. Animals were maintained for a total of 12 weeks. Myocardial specimens were harvested and analyzed. Results MI induced β-arrestin activation. Increased interactions between epidermal growth factor receptor and β-arrestins were observed. LVAD support inhibited these responses to MI ( P P P not significant); however, MI resulted in regional activation of load-induced GPCR signaling via G proteins, as assessed by the induction of atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA expression in the MI-adjacent zone relative to the MI-remote zone ( P Conclusions LVAD support inhibited cardioprotective β-arrestin–mediated signaling. However, net benefits of normalization of load-induced GPCR signaling were observed in the MI-adjacent zone. These findings may have implications for the optimal extent and duration of unloading, and for the development of adjunctive medical therapies.
Glutathione metabolism and some possible functions of glutathione in the nervous system.

Publisher Summary Glutathione is the most ubiquitous peptide found in living cells. It plays an important role as a coenzyme in several enzymic reactions. The enzymic reactions of the synthesis and degradation of glutathione are linked in a cyclic process called “γ-glutamyl cycle.” The cycle functions in amino acid transport. Pyrrolidone carboxylate formed by cyclization of the γ-glutamyl moiety of γ-glutamyl amino acids in a reaction of the γ-glutamyl cycle is accepted as a normal intermediate of mammalian metabolism. The detection of neurological disorders in patients with inherited deficiencies in glutathione synthesis indicates the importance of this tripeptide in brain function. Glutathione has two structural features responsible for much of its biochemistry: the sulfhydryl group (because of cysteine) and the γ-glutamyl bond (the bond linking cysteine to glutamate). The sulfhydryl group is responsible for most of the catalytic and reactive properties of glutathione.
Trace Elements in Cellular Function

Publisher Summary The investigations of the metabolic roles of the trace elements are based on the concept of their association with enzymes. Once the nature of such an association is defined, the metabolic function of the metal may be identified with the significance that the enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction plays in the cellular economy. The other basis of these investigations is that it is necessary to identify and to measure the metals of the biological system under study. The low concentrations and the large numbers of the metals intrinsic to biological systems, even partially purified ones, impose stringent demands on the analytical method to be used. The intellectual demands of accurate, precise, sensitive, and complete metal analyses cannot be avoided, and, at the same time, the operational needs for economy of effort and expense must also be met. In the experiments to be cited emission spectrography is employed as an analytical tool for metal analyses.
Controlling a ball to bounce at a fixed height

A ball bouncing on a vibrating plate is perhaps one of the simplest physical systems which can produce chaotic motion. The objective here is to design a control algorithm for the plate so that the ball, started at rest on the plate, can be bounced up to and maintained bouncing at a prescribed maximum height. Complications include the fact that not all heights represent stable motion, more that one cycle of the plate may be necessary to achieve a given height, multiple height solutions are possible, and chaotic motion can result at certain height-frequency combinations. Keeping the amplitude of the vibrating plate fixed, we use the frequency of the plate as a control input. Two state variables define the motion. One state variable is the phase angle of the plate at the time of bounce and the other is related to the maximum height of the ball. Motion is initiated by controlling the plate, open loop, in such a fashion so that chaotic motion is produced. Due to the random like nature of chaotic motion, many phase-height combinations are obtained. By switching to closed loop control in the neighborhood of the desired phase-height combination it is possible to stabilize the ball to the desired bounce height specification. A basic requirement with this approach is knowledge of when to turn on the closed loop control. The following method is used. The system is first linearized about the desired periodic solution. If necessary, a feedback controller is designed so that this reference solution has suitable stability properties. A Lyapunov function is then obtained based on this stable linear system.
Structure of the Marek's disease virus BamHI-H gene family: genes of putative importance for tumor induction.

The BamHI H fragment of Marek9s disease virus (MDV), which has been hypothesized to contain a tumor-inducing gene, was partially sequenced and analyzed for transcriptional activity. Transcription of several RNAs was found to initiate within BamHI-H, with the major transcripts initiating on either side of a putative MDV origin of lytic replication. A 1.8-kilobase gene family found to be produced only by pathogenic MDV was detected, and its transcription map was produced. It is hypothesized that the 1.8-kilobase gene family is directly associated with the tumorigenic potential of MDV. Images
Distribution of human placental lactogen in the last half of normal and complicated pregnancies.

Abstract Serum human placental lactogen (HPL) was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique in 7,443 samples obtained from 1,814 pregnant women beyond their twentieth week of gestation. The pattern demonstrated by the 3,014 samples from 804 normal women confirmed the fact that abnormally low HPL values can be defined by the F-D zone ( 160/110). There was no relation noted between the presence of albuminuria in primiparous toxemia and the level of HPL in maternal serum. It would appear that the measurement of HPL in women with potential vascular disease will help to identify those with concurrent abnormal placental function.
Mobile Computing in the Humanitarian Assistance Setting: An Introduction and Some First Steps

We developed a Palm operating system-based handheld computer system for administering nutrition questionnaires and used it to gather nutritional information among the Burmese refugees in the Mae La refugee camp on the Thai–Burma border. Our experience demonstrated that such technology can be easily adapted for such an austere setting and used to great advantage. Further, the technology showed tremendous potential to reduce both time required and errors commonly encountered when field staff collect information in the humanitarian setting. We also identified several areas needing further development.
Green’s functions for elliptic and parabolic equations with random coefficients II

This paper is concerned with linear parabolic partial differential equations in divergence form and their discrete analogues. It is assumed that the coefficients of the equation are stationary random variables, random in both space and time. The Green's functions for the equations are then random variables. Regularity properties for expectation values of Green's functions are obtained. In particular, it is shown that the expectation value is a continuously differentiable function in the space variable whose derivatives are bounded by the corresponding derivatives of the Green's function for the heat equation. Similar results are obtained for the related finite difference equations. This paper generalises results of a previous paper which considered the case when the coefficients are constant in time but random in space.
Predicting Placement in Learning Disabilities Programs: Do Predictors Vary by Ethnic Group?

Notwithstanding the historical persistence of the disproportionate representation of ethnic minority students in special education, there is a scarcity of research on factors affecting the placement of minority students in these programs. The purpose of this study was to identify placement predictors in learning disabilities (LD) programs for Latino, African-American, and Anglo students. We used 12 predictor variables from two key domains (student and family) and used placement data from a national database of eighth-grade students. We found that although some factors predicted placement in LD programs for all ethnic groups, placement predictors also varied by student ethnicity. Based on these findings, we provide implications for research and practice from a sociocultural perspective.
Time-domain solution of the temperature increase induced by diagnostic ultrasound

Presents a complete time-domain solution to estimate the temperature increase induced by pulsed ultrasonic fields, such as those used in diagnostic applications. The authors' computational model includes 3 steps: (1) calculation of the acoustic field, (2) of the rate of heat generation and (3) of the temperature distribution. For step 1 and 3, the acoustic and thermal fields are computed by integrating the known acoustic and thermal Green functions of the homogenous medium, respectively, over the surface of the transducer and over the volume of interest. For step 2, the authors derive a new expression for the instantaneous rate of heat generation. Previous expressions gave only the average rate of heat for a single frequency excitation. The authors finally present computational results of the temperature increase induced by a point source and by a circular focused transducer.
Animalized Others in El lugar sin límites

Jose Donoso’s novel El lugar sin limites is a fictional portrayal of a small agrarian town in Chile in the midst of transformation. The end of the novel suggests that the outdated landowning system will soon be replaced by the emerging middle class, but it is also clear that traditional, reductive categories of economics, gender and sexuality will remain in place. This article explores Donoso’s use of animal symbolism depicting don Alejo as a rooster, La Manuela as both a female dog and hen, and Pancho as a violent dog. The repeated use of symbols serves as a way of calling attention to the hierarchy of the town and the “othering” of marginal characters including La Manuela, the homosexual transvestite, and the other prostitutes in the brothel. Many of the male characters, and especially Pancho, are depicted as dogs that mistreat the prostitutes and ultimately punish Manuela’s transgressions. Overall the novel serves as a metaphor of hell on earth for those marginal figures who fall outside of the conventional expectations defined by the powerful figure of don Alejo.
The Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions with Cancer Patients: An Integrative Review of the Literature (2006–2011)

Background. Previous integrative literature reviews and meta-analyses have yielded conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for cancer patients. Methods. An integrative review of the literature focused on 19 randomized, controlled trials (2006–2011) was completed to examine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for cancer patients. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria were the study was an English language randomized controlled clinical trial. Results. Seven studies involved nurses. Eleven studies resulted in positive outcomes. Overall, study quality was limited. In eight studies the intervention was not adequately described, 7 studies did not contain a hypothesis, 4 did not include clear eligibility criteria, 10 studies did not randomize appropriately, 9 did not list recruitment dates, 11 did not include a power analysis, 14 did not include blinded patients or data collectors, 11 did not use an intent-to-treat analysis, 10 did not clarify reasons for drop outs, and 11 did not discuss treatment fidelity. Conclusions. Future studies should build on previous findings, use comparable outcome measures, and adhere to standards of quality research. Qualitative studies are needed to determine what cancer patients of varied ages, cancer stages, and racial/ethnic backgrounds believe would be an effective intervention to manage their psychosocial needs.
Race Differences in Cohort Effects on Non-Marital Fertility in the United States

We employ newly developed methods to disentangle age, period and cohort effects on non-marital fertility ratios from 1972 through 2002 for black and white women ages 20-44 in the United States. We focus on three cohort factors: family structure, school enrollment and the sex ratio. For both blacks and whites, cohorts with less traditional family structures have higher NFRs. Other results differ by race. The impact of school enrollment on NFRs is significantly negative for whites, but significantly positive for blacks. The impact of sex ratio is significantly negative for blacks, but insignificant for whites. If black women and white women had cohort characteristics typical of the other group, age-specific NFRs for black women would decline markedly, while those for whites would increase markedly.
Electron microscopy of the differentiating rat incisor ameloblast

Incisors of adult rats were fixed with a glutaraldehyde—OsO4 sequence. The enamel organs were embedded in Araldite without decalcification. Two phases of differentiation of preameloblasts could be defined. In the early phase, preameloblasts have many free ribosomes and microtubules. The cells elongate, Golgi vesicles move into the apex (toward the predentin), and dense material with a coarse granular texture appears between preameloblasts and within the predentin. In the late phase of differentiation, there is increasing evidence of synthetic activity and lysosome formation. Preameloblast processes push through the basal lamina and invade the predentin. Odontoblast processes come in contact with the apical border of preameloblasts. Electron dense material which may be an enamel precursor appears in the extracellular space between preameloblast bases. After the basal lamina has completely disappeared, predentin starts to be mineralized. Enamel deposition begins when a complete layer of calcified dentin is present. Origin and nature of the very first enamel matrix were not clear. After a thin layer of enamel has been deposited, large droplets of extracellular material appear at the apex of ameloblasts in preparation for the formation of Tomes' processes.
Precipitation anomalies in Eastern-Central Iowa from 1640 – Present

Summary The Midwest has experienced several extreme hydrologic events over the last few decades, including severe drought events in 1988, 1989 and most recently in 2012. The economic impact of drought on the Midwest, specifically on the state of Iowa, is particularly substantial because of the region’s reliance on agriculture. The Midwest drought in 2012 lead to decreased crop yield across most of Iowa and record high temperatures throughout the growing season (April–October). However, the severity of this and other recent extreme hydrologic events are better understood when placed in the context of multiple centuries of Midwest hydroclimatic variability. In this study we combine a 350 year tree ring reconstruction of annual precipitation from 17 archives in Eastern-Central Iowa to a shorter-term instrumental record from 43 COOP precipitation stations. We analyze precipitation anomalies between 1640 and 2013 and report the return rates of specific drought and pluvial events. The results show that the last 20 years in Iowa have been the wettest 20-year period on record, including the only three years which are 3 or more standard deviations wetter than the (1640–2013) mean. The 1990–2013 period coincides with previously reported increases in annual precipitation and extreme precipitation events, along with decreases in drought severity and spatial extent. The 2012 drought was the driest anomaly over the last 20 years. However, the event was not anomalous with respect to the entire 373 year record and had a return period of approximately 6 years.
Superconductivity close to magnetic instability in Fe ( Se 1 − x Te x ) 0.82

We report our study of the evolution of superconductivity and the phase diagram of the ternary $\text{Fe}{({\text{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Te}}_{x})}_{0.82}$ $(0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1.0)$ system. We discovered a superconducting phase with ${T}_{c,\text{max}}=14\text{ }\text{K}$ in the $0.3lxl1.0$ range. This superconducting phase is suppressed when the sample composition approaches the end member ${\text{FeTe}}_{0.82}$, which exhibits an incommensurate antiferromagnetic order. We discuss the relationship between the superconductivity and magnetism of this material system in terms of recent results from neutron-scattering measurements. Our results and analyses suggest that superconductivity in this class of Fe-based compounds is associated with magnetic fluctuations and therefore may be unconventional in nature.
MR imaging of liver abscesses; application of Gd-DTPA

The potential utility of Gd-DTPA contrast enhancement of MR images in the evaluation of liver abscesses was assessed in rodents. Twelve rats with surgically implanted sterile liver abscesses were imaged at various stages of focal hepatic inflammation, 48 hours, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days after lesion induction. Spin echo images, acquired before and repeatedly after intravenous injection of 0.2 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA, demonstrated improvement of the lesion-to-background contrast ranging from 2% to 40% depending on the stage of the disease. The enhancement pattern also varied with abscess evolution. Two, four and seven-day-old abscesses typically showed a ring enhancement, whereas two- and three-week-old abscesses presented largely homogeneously enhancing lesions. In the earlier lesions, contrast enhanced rim surrounding the low intensity center corresponded histologically to the formation of a capsule consisting of fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells. The center was necrotic. Data show that abscesses can be detected on images acquired with long repetition and echo times without injection of Gd-DTPA. The administration of Gd-DTPA, however, improved the lesion-to-background contrast and helped to define the abscess capsule evolution.
QUE NÃO VENHAM OS POBRES! REFLEXÕES SOBRE SEGMENTAÇÃO SOCIAL, ESTIGMAS E SER “TORCEDOR”. CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A PARTIDA JOGADA ENTRE COLO-COLO E UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA NO ESTÁDIO SÃO CARLOS DE APOQUINDO

El 16 de Octubre del ano 2011, despues de trece anos, se jugo un partido correspondiente al campeonato de futbol chileno entre Universidad Catolica y Colo-Colo, en el estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo. Las implicancias del desarrollo de los hechos visualizaron algunos elementos dignos de analisis. Y como es la tonica de los estudios socioculturales del futbol, fue posible indagar en aspectos que constantemente han sido invisibilizados en la sociedad chilena: los prejuicios, las distinciones de clase, la segmentacion social y la violencia. En el presente articulo se propone un analisis comparativo entre dos barrios para comenzar a comprender y reflexionar sobre dinamicas socio-territoriales ligadas a expresiones de pobreza, al futbol y a las hinchadas.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF DIAZOXIDE: A NEW TREATMENT FOR ACUTE HYPERTENSION.

Forty-six hypertensive patients have received diazoxide intravenously. Three hundred milligrams (one ampule) administered rapidly undiluted resulted in a 27 per cent average reduction in mean arterial pressure in 1 to 2 minutes. During the next 3 to 5 minutes the arterial pressure increased gradually to a 15 per cent average reduction as compared to the control. The average duration of diazoxide in these patients was 4.7 ± 1.7 hours. No signs of postural hypotension, cerebral ischemia, or collapse were noted. At the peak of hypotensive action there was a 41 per cent average reduction in total peripheral resistance. Repeated doses of diazoxide in both nonpregnant patients with acute hypertension and pregnant patients with toxemia adequately controlled the arterial pressure and were not associatetd with the development of drug resistance. The standard dosage of 300 mg. (one ampule), the immediate onset of action and the moderately long duration of action, the maintenance of cardiac output, the lack of significant side effects, and the fact that it can be administered repeatedly without the development of drug resistance make diazoxide administered intravenously the ideal therapy for acute hypertension.
An Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Development of Total Parenteral Nutrition-Induced Cholestasis

The risk of developmental of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-associated cholestatic jaundice in neonates receiving intravenous hyperalimentation is high. Numerous factors have been cited as contributing to TPN cholestasis; however, the exact etiology remains obscure. This retrospective study was undertaken in order to identify any factors which might contribute to this syndrome. The hospital records of 172 neonates requiring TPN for a minimum of 1 week were reviewed. In addition, a subgroup of 32 infants requiring TPN for a minimum of 7 weeks was also examined. Cholestasis was defined as a direct serum bilirubin greater than 2.0 mg/dl during the course of TPN therapy. Significant factors for the development of cholestasis in both groups (n = 172, n = 32) included: number of operations (2.56 vs. 1.08, p = 0.0000), the number of days the patients received antibiotics (40.3 vs 12.9, p = 0.0000), and delayed start of enteral feedings (33.8 vs 14.1, p = 0.0000). Fifteen of the 32 patients who received TPN for at least 7 weeks did not develop cholestasis. In this subgroup (n = 32), there were no differences in birth weight, gestational age, days from birth to the start of TPN, or respiratory distress between those who developed cholestasis and those who remained anicteric. In contrast, there were significant differences between the cholestasis and noncholestasis groups in number of operations (13 vs 6, p = 0.0407), and days until enteral feedings were started (33.1 vs 18.9, p = 0.0289). This study suggests that the factor(s) contributing to the development of TPN-associated cholestasis are likely multifactorial. There appears to be a direct correlation between increasing severity of cholestatic jaundice and duration of TPN. This review does add a new parameter to the various causative factors suggested, namely the number of operative procedures. This new variable could be related to the stress of surgery itself or to the repeated administration of anesthetic agents.
VERTICALLY INTEGRATED PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES: TESTS OF STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS

In this paper we use an input-output framework to examine two criticisms of standard measures of total factor productivity. These criticisms are (1) that the contribution of capital to productivity growth is underestimated, and (2) that the use of cost shares to weigh factor input contribution is questionable. Using various vertically integrated productivity measures we find that capital's productivity contribution is underestimated in the neoclassical formulation. We also find that in a Pasinetti-Rymes growth model, factor shares do not approximate output elasticities. We conclude that the argument made by Pasinetti, Rymes, and others is supported, that in long-run productivity analysis capital should not be treated as a primary input, but should be measured as an intermediate, produced input.
Surfactant self-assembly ahead of the contact line on a hydrophobic surface and its implications for wetting

The carryover of surfactant ahead of contact lines on hydrophilic surfaces results in unusual wetting behavior of surfactant solutions, such as the autophobic effect. This carryover of surfactant ahead of the contact line is due to the strong interactions between the hydrophilic surface and the headgroup of ionic and nonionic surfactants. However, in the case of a nonionic surfactant and a hydrophobic surface, the possibility of self-assembly of surfactant ahead of the contact line has been neglected because of the absence of any obvious strong interactions and any unusual wetting behavior. In this paper, we provide evidence of carryover of a nonionic surfactant (octaethyleneoxide monododecyl ether, C12E8) ahead (i.e., on the solid−vapor, SV, side) of advancing and receding contact lines on hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers of octadecyltrichlorosilane. This system of a nonionic surfactant and hydrophobic surface was thought to be an unlikely system to show the presence of surfactant ahead of the conta...
Time domain simulation and modeling of Si-GaAs MSM photodetectors

The two-dimensional modeling of the semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI-GaAs) interdigitated photodetectors is presented. The model considers full bipolar transport, effects of nonuniform carrier generation, field dependent mobilities, carrier diffusion, recombination and includes the effects of the external circuit elements. Dynamic simulation is performed after applying an ideal optical impulse and the simulated response is compared with the experimentally observed response.
Tokamak D-T fusion neutron source requirements for closing the nuclear fuel cycle

This paper summarizes a series of conceptual design studies conducted with the purpose of determining if tokamak fusion neutron sources based on ITER physics and technology could meet the neutron source requirements for sub-critical fast-spectrum nuclear reactors that would help to close the nuclear fuel cycle by transmuting the transuranics in spent nuclear fuel. The studies were constrained to nuclear reactor and materials technologies under consideration in the US nuclear programme. Fuel cycle studies indicate that fusion neutron sources in the range ~200–500 MW would meet the needs of transmutation reactors, depending on other constraints such as materials damage to the nuclear fuel. A tokamak with R = 3.75 m, a = 1.1 m, B = 5.7–5.9 T, q95 = 3.00–4.0, I = 8.3–10 MA, βN = 2.0–2.85, HIPB98 = 1.0–1.06, γcd = 0.6 A Wm−2 would meet these requirements.