cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Sustainability: Public Policy, Global Social Innovations for Base-of-the-Pyramid Markets, and Demarketing for a Better World

Abstract In numerous country markets (particularly emerging and less developed markets), inadequate and/or ineffective investments in infrastructure and the resultant quantity and quality gaps in public goods (e.g., water, electricity, sanitation, public transportation) often require consumers to engage in ecologically harmful consumption behaviors that are inconsistent with their prosustainability attitudes and values. Quantity and quality gaps in public goods also have major social and economic consequences because they necessitate consumers at the base of the market pyramid to spend significant portions of their income to purchase substantially higher-priced substitute private goods. This article presents a framework of the interdependencies among public policy actions, quantity and quality gaps in public goods, abnormal demand for certain broad types of unsustainability-accentuating products (intrinsically zero demand, intrinsically lower demand, and ecologically more harmful substitute products), sus...
Integral versus local conservation laws in metric theories of gravity

Abstract Previously we considered extensions of metric theories of gravitation with non-zero divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. We confirm here that lack of local conservation laws does not exclude, a priori, existence of integral conservation laws.
Study of genetic relationships among marine species of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium by means of in vitro DNA/DNA hybridization.

Strains representative of species of the marine genera Beneckea and Photobacterium were used as reference standards in in vitro DNA/DNA competition experiments. Within a given species, strains were found to be related by over 80% competition. (Competition was defined as the amount of radioactive DNA displaced by heterologous DNA relative to the amount displaced by homologous DNA.) On the basis of interspecies competition values (expressed as averages), the following groupings could be made: 1. "Photobacterium" fischeri was related to strain ATCC 15382 by a competition of 38% and was distinct from all the other strains tested (competition less than or equal to 11%). 2. The genus Photobacterium consisted of 3 species, P.phosphoreum, P.leiognathi, and a newly designated species, P.angustum (composed of non-luminous strains). The latter species was found to be related to P.leiognathi and P.phosphoreum by 56 and 28% competition, respectively, while P.phosphoreum was related to P.leiognathi by 29%. 3. In the genus Beneckea, 65% competition was detected between B.harveyi and B.campbellii as well as between B.parahaemolytica and B.alginolytica. These pairs of species were related to each other by 51-58% and to B.natriegens by 34-56% competition. A newly designated pathogenic species, B.vulnifica, appeared to have a low but significant relationship to all the above mentioned species of Beneckea. 4. Two biotypes, related by 68% competition, were recognized in the species B.splendida. Similarly, B.pelagia was found to consist of 2 biotypes related by a competition of 67%. The competition values between these species were 38-40%. 5. B.nereida, B.nigrapulchrituda, and "Vibrio" anguillarum had competition values less than or equal to 30% to each other as well as to other species of Beneckea. 6. With Vibrio cholerae as the reference standard, V.albensis was found to be related by a competition of 82%, while V.proteus and V.metschnikovii had competition values of 22 and 12%, respectively. These results suggested that V.albensis should be synonymized with V.cholerae, while the latter two organisms should remain distinct from this species. V.cholerae as well as the other terrestrial organisms tested did not appear to be significantly related to any of the marine strains (competition values less than or equal to 27%). The speciation derived from the results of the DNA/DNA competition experiments was compared to previous speciation based on phenotypic similarities.
P-856 - Self-esteem in iranian university student and it's relationship with academic achievement

Introduction Nowadays, self-esteem has become very important because it is thought to be essential to mental health. Yearly, a large number of students leave the university although they are smart and talented. This rate is reported about 15% in America (Zarei et al., 2010). Some factors that are influential in leaving university are low self -esteem, and test anxiety. Methods 370 Students from the psychology, computer and sciences faculties were selected in a multi randomized manner. 38.1% male (n = 141) and 61.9% female (n = 229), they were handed to fill the five scale test of self-esteem (SET) questionnaire. Finally, questionnaires data, demographic information and the averages of one semester past have been used for analysis. In analysis of data, one-way analysis of variance, t and Post-Hoc and regression analysis are applied. Results Results indicated that significant difference is observed in self-esteem among male and female students. However, male students for family self-esteem received higher scores than female students (t=−2/12), p Conclusions According to the results there was significant difference between total score of various faculties’ self-esteem. In the vector of family self-esteem, there existed significant difference between male and female students. Plus, there were meaningful positive relationships between academic and family self-esteem with academic achievement.
A Visual Control System for Scheduling of Surgery

Miss Lucy J o Atkinson is Assistant Director of Nursing Service in charge of the Operating Room and Recovery Room at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, California. She developed a visuul control system for scheduling surgery in taking over the responsibility of this function from the Admitting Ofice. Miss Atkinson is a graduate of Western Reserve University School of Nursing, and had training in work simplification and methods improvement at the University of Pittsburgh. Miss Ellen Brazell is a medical secretary, graduated from Fisher Junior College, Boston, Massachusetts. She has been employed for more thun two years as the surgery-scheduling secretary at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, California. Her akrtness to detail and personal rapport have endeared her to the surgeons and nursing supervisory s tat of the Operating Room in which she serves a vital role. to save ourselves countless hours of clerical labor. The hospital industry, especially nursing, has been slow to adopt control and computer systems. Other industries have mechanized many phases of their work such as production, inventory, control, accounting, payroll, and personnel departments, for instance. Perhaps the hospital industry has been reluctant because it deals in “human service” rather than mechanics. But if we are to counteract the shortages and cost of labor today, we must take advantage of the tools which will simplify our tasks. Some of the major companies’ that deal in control and computer systems have “hospital systems” departments. The Remington Rand Corporation assisted with the development of the visual control system for scheduling of surgery that is described in this article. We have ten major and three minor op’ erating rooms in our surgical suite. There are 285 surgeons on the surgical staff and we begin to operate at 7:30 A.M. We do surgery in the afternoon but rarely to begin after 3:OO P.M. We schedule elective surgery for a five-day week; on Saturday and Sunday only unscheduled emergency surgery is done.
Dissolution and Uniformity Properties of Ordered Mixes of Micronized Griseofulvin and A Directly Compressible Excipient

AbstractOrdered mixes of micronized griseofulvin were prepared with a commercially available directly compressible excipient. The excipient consisted of a combination of maltose and dextrose and a particle size fraction of approximately 250-850µ was employed in the mixing studies. Ordered mixes containing 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% active ingredient were prepared and after thirty minutes of mixing, excellent content uniformity of the mixes was seen. Rapid dissolution of drug from the sugar granules was observed when the drug coated granules were tested using the U.S.P. Paddle Method. The ordered mixing process provided an even coat of the micronized drug onto the granules. As the granules dissolved, particle-particle interactions and aggregation problems with the hydrophobic drug were eliminated. The properties of griseofulvin tablets prepared from these ordered mixes were evaluated and the tablets showed excellent content uniformity and rapid dissolution of griseofulvin from the dosage form.
Red Imported Fire Ants Can Decrease Songbird Nest Survival

Abstract. Invasive species are often implicated in population declines of native species because of predation. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) has been documented to prey on songbird nests. We conducted a replicated manipulative experiment to determine the decrease in nest survival caused by S. invicta. In 2006 and 2007 we monitored 71 nests, 44 of the White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and 27 of the Black-capped Vireo (V. atricapilla), in nine patches of 36–103 ha each in central Texas. We prevented S. invicta from preying on nests by applying insect-specific chemical and physical barriers at individual nests. Excluding S. invicta increased nest survival from 10% to 31% for the White-eyed Vireo and from 7% to 13% for the Black-capped Vireo. Our results suggest the decrease in nest survival of songbirds susceptible to predation by S. invicta may be substantial in the areas this ant occupies.
Nursing assessment and patient management.

Objectives: To review contemporary knowledge and recent research in the nursing assessment and management of patients receiving radiation therapy Data Sources: Published scientific papers, review articles, book chapters, and clinical practice. Conclusions: Despite the enormous advances in treatment technology, dose-limiting acute and late effects of radiation therapy have not been eliminated. Astute assessment and early interventions can have a positive impact on the quality of life of the patient receiving radiation therapy. Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses need to be well-informed about treatment advances and be able to integrate research findings into clinical practice. The increased use of concurrent or sequential combined modality therapy requires nurses to broaden their skills of assessment and management.
Chewing Efficiency and Body Size of Kid Goats

Abstract Thirty-two observations were made on 27 goats (18 mature, nonlactating females and 9 doe kids) to study the relationship among metabolic body size (body weight .75 ), cell wall constituent intake, and chewing efficiency. A jaw motion recorder determined the minutes spent eating and ruminating during 24h. Greater cell wall intake increased the amount of cell wall chewed per minute. Body size was directly related to cell wall eaten and ruminated per minute. In 2- and 3-mo-old kids, incomplete development of rumen function and body size both appeared to affect chewing efficiency. The chewing efficiency of 9-mo-old kids resembled that of the mature goats after adjustments for body size. Because rumination time seldom exceeds 10h per day, the efficiency with which the time available for rumination is used will affect intake.
The asexual stage of Apodachlya minima

The zoosporangia of Apodachlya minima are described for the first time. A re-description of the oogonia and antheridia of the fungus is included.
Dopamine, neuroleptics and reinforced behavior.

Animals working for any one of a variety of positive reinforcers (food, water, brain-stimulation...) produce dramatic decrements in operant performance when challenged with dopamine antagonist neuroleptic drugs. This well-established fact has generated considerable research aimed at identifying the precise nature of the drug-induced behavioral impairment. The two most oft-cited hypotheses suggest that much of the reduction in operant responding can be accounted for by either an “anhedonic” or “motoric” consequence of dopamine antagonism. Several novel behavioral paradigms are described which were devised to more clearly elucidate both the motor and reward impairing qualities of neuroleptic agents. Motor performance was assessed in a food-reinforced task in which a computer-operated force-transducer was used to obtain detailed analyses of the biophysical properties of operant responding. These studies suggested that neuroleptics impair the temporal nature (i.e., “timing”) of normal operant behavior and not the physical capacity of the animals (i.e., the ability to emit “force”). This identification of a robust “slowing” effect of neuroleptic challenge, suggested that the investigation of putative “reward” impairments should best be conducted with behavioral paradigms in which the test data are collected from undrugged animals. Three such paradigms are described: a partial reinforcement extinction test, an incentive motivation test, and a conditioned place preference test. To date, our results suggest that when motor confounds are avoided, dopamine antagonist drugs can still produce patterns of operant behavior that very closely resemble those observed with actual reductions in reward magnitude. Such data provide support for the contention that central dopaminergic substrates play a role in the neurobiology of positive reinforcement.
Effect of a screening-based prevention policy on prevalence of early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effectiveness and feasibility of implementing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) screening–based guidelines for preventing early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis. Methods: We compared prevalence of early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis after institution of the CDC screening–based protocol (October 1, 1995 through August 31, 1999) with that of historical controls (January 1, 1992 through June 30, 1995). We reviewed medical records for a cohort of deliveries of at least 23 weeks’ gestation (January 1, 1996 through December 31, 1996) for group B streptococcal colonization status, risk factors, and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: The prevalence of early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis was 1.16 per 1000 (36 of 31,133) live births before and 0.14 per 1000 (four of 28,733) live births after institution of the CDC protocol (P Conclusion: Institution of the CDC screening–based protocol was accomplished at a specialty women’s hospital, staffed by full-time faculty and community physicians, with 93.8% compliance for vaginal deliveries, and was associated with an 88% reduction in early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis.
Angiosarcoma at the site of a Dacron vascular prosthesis: a case report and literature review.

Abstract Four of 32 reported sarcomas related to the aorta have arisen around previously placed aortic vascular prostheses suggesting that the graft may have been an etiologic factor. Our recent experience with such an angiosarcoma arising around a Dacron aortic graft prompted a review of the lesion to identify risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. The diagnosis of these sarcomas is seldom made before operation. Animal studies have implicated plastic polymers including Dacron as carcinogenic materials capable of inducing sarcoma in 7% to 50% of exposures. Because of the rarity of these tumors and the thousands of vascular implants used over the past 30 years, it is unlikely that this degree of risk can be extrapolated to humans. However, a tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of any mass or thromboembolic event associated with a vascular prosthesis. (J VASC SURG 1991;14:87-91.)
An In-Class Exercise Which Demonstrates Some of the Benefits and Problems Associated with Probability-Based Sampling in Marketing Research

A sampling exercise is described which has proved effective for both undergraduate and graduate sections of marketing research. The goal of this sampling exercise is to give students experience in drawing various types of samples, including simple random, systematic, cluster, and snowball samples. In addition, this exercise enables students to appreciate, perhaps for the first time, some of the underlying theories and benefits of probability-based sampling methods.
Basal cell carcinoma, Hedgehog signaling, and targeted therapeutics: the long and winding road.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common and most visible of all human tumors, frequently arises on sun-exposed skin and can produce extensive local damage if left untreated. Targeted therapeutics are now available that interfere with uncontrolled Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, the molecular hallmark of BCC, ushering in a new era in cutaneous oncology. This review describes some of the pivotal work that contributed to our current understanding of BCC and Hh signaling, and ultimately led to the development of drugs targeting the Hh pathway in BCC patients.
Calibration of coincidence counting assay of thyroidal iodine-125 by Monte Carlo simulation.

The X-ray coincidence method of assaying thyroidal 125I has been calibrated by Monte Carlo simulation. Analysis of the simulations yields a correction factor to the ratio of counts in two channels. Dependence of the correction factor on several model parameters was observed, but this dependence was small enough to be ignored. Advantages and disadvantages of the coincidence method relative to the usual comparison-to-standard method are described.
The limited influence of global civil society: international environmental non-governmental organisations and the Methyl Bromide Controversy in the Montreal Protocol

Governance scholars have demonstrated that the agendas, discourses, and actions of global civil society groups are affected by powerful states. In neoliberal globalisation, powerful states push for market-based schemes to resolve global environmental problems, and civil society groups often contribute to that agenda. Through the lens of governmentality, scholars have shown how civil society acts in ways that relegitimise and sustain state power/influence at the global scale. This study illustrates how international environmental non-governmental organisations operating in the Montreal Protocol contribute to the neoliberalisation of ozone governance, in some cases changing tactics to fit the neoliberal discourse of the treaty. Consequently, some international environmental non-governmental organisations have recently abandoned discourses of global environmental health, global security, and general welfare to address neoliberal concerns of individualism, competition, and transparency in ozone politics.
Strategies toward the development of integrated chemical sensors fabricated from light emitting porous silicon

In this work several different approaches designed to produce an opto-electronic chemical sensor based on light-emitting porous Si are described, all of which entail modification of the as-formed porous Si surface in order to alter device characteristics. The issue of selectivity and sensitivity of a given porous Si sensor can be modified by coating the porous Si surface with 'basket'-shaped molecules known as calixarenes; the ability of such a structure to detect copper ions and organonitrogen compounds is reported. Surface modification of porous Si through etching and deposition of conducting polymers in order to alter Si light emission color and intensity is also discussed. The fabrication of porous Si- based waveguides on Si and the impact of surface modification with erbium ions are also described.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HIV/STI Risk Among Venue-Based Female Sex Workers Across the Globe: A Look Back and the Way Forward

Female sex workers (FSWs) continue to represent a high-risk population in need of targeted HIV prevention interventions. Targeting environmental risk factors should result in more sustainable behavior change than individual-level interventions alone. There are many types of FSWs who operate in and through a variety of micro- (eg, brothels) and macro-level (eg, being sex-trafficked) contexts. Efforts to characterize FSWs and inform HIV prevention programs have often relied on sex work typologies or categorizations of FSWs by venue or type. We conducted a systematic search and qualitatively reviewed 37 published studies on venue-based FSWs to examine the appropriateness of sex work typologies, and the extent to which this research has systematically examined characteristics of different risk environments. We extracted information on study characteristics like venue comparisons, HIV/STI prevalence, and sampling strategies. We found mixed results with regards to the reliability of typologies in predicting HIV/STI infection; relying solely on categorization of FSWs by venue or type did not predict seroprevalence in a consistent manner. Only 65 % of the studies that allowed for venue comparisons on HIV/STI prevalence provided data on venue characteristics. The factors that were assessed were largely individual-level FSW factors (eg, demographics, number of clients per day), rather than social and structural characteristics of the risk environment. We outline a strategy for future research on venue-based FSWs that ultimately aims to inform structural-level HIV interventions for FSWs.
Differences in health and welfare between homeless and homed welfare applicants in Los Angeles County.

Abstract Studies of homelessness have rarely addressed the differences between homed and homeless groups. Such differences may have significant impacts for subgroups of the homeless population, especially the mentally disabled homeless. This paper examines the characteristics of a sample of homed and homeless welfare applicants (N = 372) in Los Angeles Country based on a recent survey conducted by the Department of Public and Social Services. First, a social geography of the homed and homeless is presented. Second, an analysis of these survey data indicates that these two populations differ in terms of demographic characteristics, types of employment, and access to institutional and social support. These results suggest that greater institutional and social support, labor market access, and stable and affordable housing resources are all necessary elements in policy which prevents and ameliorates homelessness.
Consistency of rank tests against some general alternatives

The proof of consistency of rank tests against some general alternatives is given. The alternatives considered include arbitrary, not necessarily monotone, trend in location or change points (change surfaces) under the infill asymptotics. One-dimensional and multi-dimensional cases are studied. The numerical experiment illustrating the usage of the above results for image analysis (edge detection) is presented.
Should trade barriers be phased-out slowly? A case study of North America

Abstract A dynamic computable general is developed to analyze the effects of different phase-in rates of the Canada–US and North American Free Trade Agreements on their member countries, as well as the impact on the rest of their trading partners. The model is based on intertemporal optimization behavior of households and firms with fully specified countries/regions in which all prices and quantities are endogenously determined. I show that the size and the distribution of the welfare gains from these trade agreements are quite sensitive to the speed of trade liberalization. In particular, I find as a general rule that smaller member countries are better off under a more rapid phase-out of trade barriers, while larger member countries/regions are better off under a slower phase-out.
Activation and inactivation of signal transducers and activators of transcription by ciliary neurotrophic factor in neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Neurons in vivo are exposed to a variety of different growth factors and cytokines. A principal signalling pathway for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-like cytokines is the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) system of kinases and transcription factors. In the human cell line (SH-SY5Y), STAT1 and STAT3 activation by CNTF-like cytokines showed tyrosine phosphorylation peaking at 0.5 h and inactivating within 2 h. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor-associated tyrosine kinases Jak1 and Jak2 showed a similar time course of activation and inactivation in response to CNTF. The STAT1 response to the non-CNTF-like cytokine, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) did not inactivate. Inactivation to CNTF was not due to a decrease in CNTF receptor subunit gp130 or in levels of Jak1 or Jak2. STAT inactivation was inhibited by the protein kinase blocker H7 and a tyrosine phosphatase blocker, but not by inhibitors of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase, mTOR-P70/S6 kinase or phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI-3 kinase). Surprisingly, CNTF caused only a minor increase in levels of suppressors of cytokine signalling, SOCS-1 and SOCS-3. CNTF pretreatment desensitized the cells to the CNTF-like cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin-M but not to IFN-γ. These results reveal a complex level of regulation of shared signalling pathways for cytokines that is dependent on both the type of cell and cytokine.
Implementation of a Novel, Integrative Approach for Optical 3D Positional Tracking towards Accurate Co-registered Imaging Using Hand-Held Optical Imagers

Hand-held optical imaging devices are one of the recent developments in the area of near-infrared optical imaging, used to non-invasively image breast cancer. Many of these imagers obtain measurements that can be easily contaminated by motion artifacts. The current work presents the implementation of a novel, custom build and miniaturized tracking system utilized alongside a unique co-registration approach for obtaining accurate NIR optical images using hand-held devices. The tracking system uses two CCD cameras, 4 LED s for the wand and 4 LEDs for the patient markers alongside a custom built algorithm to accurately determine 3D positions of the probe and patient in space. This is all done at fraction of the cost of commercially available trackers with acceptable accuracy, stability and precision. Studies are done using curved surfaces to estimate positional information and co-register images based on such positions onto their true locations. This novel approach shows a unique method for obtaining, co-registering and positioning optical images by synchronizing and integrating multiple independent systems using custom-built tracking methodology toward accurate 3D co-registration and tissue-characteristic 3D reconstructions. This integrative approach shows great promise for the development of a commercial system that can be implemented on multiple types of hand-held imagers.
Odorant exposure increases olfactory sensitivity: olfactory epithelium is implicated.

Abstract Exposure-induced shifts in sensitivity to odors may involve peripheral and/or central components of the olfactory system. The ability to disconnect the olfactory epithelium from the bulbs provides a unique opportunity to examine how odorant exposure affects each component. In one experiment, odor thresholds were established for either amyl acetate or androstenone. The mice were then exposed for 10 days to the same test odorant for which a threshold was obtained. After exposure, sensitivity to the odorant increased relative to preexposure levels. The mice then underwent bilateral olfactory nerve transection (BNX). When both groups of mice were tested 45–50 days after recovery from surgery and return of olfactory function, increased sensitivity to the exposed odorant persisted; however, 121–203 days after surgery, sensitivity returned to preexposure levels. Another experiment was similar to the first except that mice were exposed to an odorant, either amyl acetate or androstenone, for 10 days beginning 1 day after BNX or sham surgery. When the mice were tested 45–50 days after surgery, sensitivity to the exposed odorant was increased relative to preexposure levels, whereas sensitivity to the nonexposed odorant remained at preexposure levels. Although further work is needed to determine the precise mechanism(s) underlying shifts in sensitivity to odors, these studies provide additional evidence for peripheral involvement in exposure-induced sensitization to odorants and demonstrate the remarkable capacity of the olfactory system to maintain or even regain sensitivity after injury.
Improved Sizing of Impact Damage in Composites Based on Thermographic Response

Impact damage in thin carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites often results in a relatively small region of damage at the front surface, with increasing damage near the back surface. Conventional methods for reducing the pulsed thermographic responses of the composite tend to underestimate the size of the back surface damage, since the smaller near surface damage gives the largest thermographic indication. A method is presented for reducing the thermographic data to produce an estimated size for the impact damage that is much closer to the size of the damage estimated from other NDE techniques such as microfocus x-ray computed tomography and pulse echo ultrasonics. Examples of the application of the technique to experimental data acquired on specimens with impact damage are presented. The method is also applied to the results of thermographic simulations to investigate the limitations of the technique.
The use of rice crop residues as a non-commercial energy source in the developing world: The energy and environmental implications

Abstract The potential biomass energy that can be derived from the harvest of rice crop residues is calculated for three methods of crop production. The potential energy available amounts to 3.70 × 10 10 J ha −1 year −1 for traditional methods, 7.93 × 10 10 J for the labor-intensive and 8.36 × 10 10 J for the capital-intensive methods. The net energy benefits available for cooking, heating and biogasification are calculated on a per hectare basis taking into account the costs of collection, transportation and processing. The amounts of energy available for cooking and heating range from 3.70 × 10 9 to 8.33 × 10 9 J ha −1 , and the amounts of energy for methanol use range from 1.85 × 10 9 to 4.17 × 10 9 J ha −1 year −1 . The ecological problems associated with soil erosion, nutrient loss and pesticide use are evaluated in terms of the compensatory energy costs involved, and the resultant net energy balance for each method of rice production is calculated. The net energy available per hectare for the traditional method is 3.43 × 10 10 J, for the labor-intensive method, 7.25 × 10 10 J and for the capital-intensive method, 7.02 × 10 10 J. The harvest of rice crop residues in the developing world could provide up to 5.80 × 10 18 J year −1 . The use of rice crop residues is investigated within the context of the rural village energy system. The prospects for the use of rice crop residues are evaluated in relation to alternative energy sources and it is concluded that regional residue harvest programs should be implemented cautiously, integrating soil management and environmental planning procedures where appropriate.
The power of scenario

Teaching wilderness medicine to medical students comes alive when nontraditional methods are used. In our wilderness medicine elective at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, the teaching is primarily experientially based. The following anecdote illustrates the magic that can happen when teaching is done via the scenario-debriefing method.
A Contact Thermal Stimulator for Neurobehavioral Research on Temperature Sensation

A thermal stimulation system is described which is suitable for use in psychophysical, behavioral and neurophysiological studies of temperature sensation. Skin temperature over a restricted area can be maintained at temperatures of 30 to 60°C. Heating from this initial temperature can be achieved at rates from 1.0°C to 30°C/second, up to a maximum temperature of 70°C. Stimulus duration can be varied from 1–15 sec. Safety features are employed to avoid accidental burning of subjects. The system can be used during electrophysiological recording with no electronic interference.
Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality.

Background: Models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest developmental influences may feed into components of the disorder separately from associated disruptive behavior problems. We investigated this in terms of key personality/temperament traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality. Methods: A sample of 179 children (age 6–12, 63% boys), of whom 92 had ADHD, 52 were Controls, and 35 were borderline or not otherwise specified cases of ADHD, were examined. Dispositional trait scores were derived from parent-completed California Q-sort and the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Child ADHD symptoms were evaluated using maternal structured diagnostic interview and teacher-completed symptom ratings. Results: Traits were differentially associated with symptoms. Reactive Control was related to hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by both parents and teachers. Negative Emotionality was related to oppositional-defiance. Resiliency was primarily related to inattention-disorganization as rated by both parents and teachers; Effortful Control was related uniquely to inattention in parent but not teacher data. A moderation effect emerged; the relationship between parent-rated Negative Emotionality and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms was stronger for children with high levels of both Reactive and Effortful Control. Conclusions: Results are interpreted in relation to a two-pathway model of ADHD; regulation problems contribute to the emergence of symptoms of inattention-disorganization, reactive or motivational control problems to the emergence of hyperactivity-impulsivity, and these are distinct from negative affectivity. Children with regulation deficits and a reactive motivational style are especially at risk for the development of ADHD.
Adenovirus Serotype Evolution Is Driven by Illegitimate Recombination in the Hypervariable Regions of the Hexon Protein

The origin of AIDS-associated adenoviruses (AV 43-AV 49) was investigated by examining evolutionary relationships among 18 serologically related subgenus D serotypes and 3 intermediates and determining the mutation rate of a single serotype, AV 48, among clinical isolates from AIDS patients over a 6-year period. Nucleotide sequence of conserved and seven hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the hexon protein, the pVI core protein signal peptide, and noncoding region between the two genes was determined. Among AV 48 isolates the base misincorporation rate was 3.2 per 10,000 bases over 6 years. A 6-bp deletion occurred in one isolate between short direct repeats in HVR 7. Among subgenus D serotypes mutation rates were extremely low in the pVI peptide, the 5' hexon noncoding region, and first 187 bases of hexon protein. Small 2- and 3-bp deletions between short direct repeats in a polypurine stretch in the noncoding region occurred in 3 strains. Mutation increased with proximity to the HVRs. Within HVR 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 variability consisted of extensive intrachromosomal illegitimate recombination, including deletions between short direct repeats, insertions and duplications in repetitive polypurine stretches, and numerous base substitutions. All serotypes and intermediates differed by at least one illegitimate recombination event, with one exception. We conclude that AV serotype evolution is driven by illegitimate recombination events (antigenic shift), concommitant with single base mutation (antigenic drift), and that the HVRs are "hot spots" for both. These events could be explained by slippage-misalignment of the AV DNA polymerase in repetitive polypurine stretches during single-strand DNA replication. This mutability in the surface regions of the major viral coat protein confers a distinct survival advantage to this family of viruses.
Association of Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Component XMAD2 with Unattached Kinetochores

The spindle assembly checkpoint delays anaphase until all chromosomes are attached to a mitotic spindle. The mad (mitotic arrest-deficient) and bub (budding uninhibited by benzimidazole) mutants of budding yeast lack this checkpoint and fail to arrest the cell cycle when microtubules are depolymerized. A frog homolog of MAD2 (XMAD2) was isolated and found to play an essential role in the spindle assembly checkpoint in frog egg extracts. XMAD2 protein associated with unattached kinetochores in prometaphase and in nocodazole-treated cells and disappeared from kinetochores at metaphase in untreated cells, suggesting that XMAD2 plays a role in the activation of the checkpoint by unattached kinetochores. This study furthers understanding of the mechanism of cell cycle checkpoints in metazoa and provides a marker for studying the role of the spindle assembly checkpoint in the genetic instability of tumors.
A higher-order Godunov method for the hyperbolic equations modelling shock dynamics

A numerical method of solution is developed for steady–state hyperbolic equations in conservation form. An upwind direction is identified and a smooth mapping is introduced to align the equations with that direction. A flux F ( u ) in the upwind direction is regarded as the ‘state’ variable and advanced numerically on a grid according to a second–order extension of Godunov' method. The solution u is determined from the computed flux, and a constraint on the mapping is that the Jacobian, det( ∂F ∂u ), is of one sign. The method is applied to the equations modelling shock–wave propagation according to Whitham' theory of geometrical shock dynamics. In this context the solution vector u gives the components of the gradient of a function whose level curves determine the shock positions at successive times. Shock propagation in both uniform and non–uniform gases is considered and several example calculations are presented. A further application of the numerical method is inviscid supersonic flow, as governed by the steady Euler equations. The steady supersonic flow in a converging–diverging duct is computed to illustrate the numerical method for this latter application.
Behaviour of foodborne pathogens in cooked liver sausage containing lactates

Previous reports from our laboratory showed sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to lactates in cooked pork liver sausage. Further studies were undertaken to explain the antilisterial effects and to examine the sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium strains to lactates. To determine the effect of heat treatment on the antilisterial activity during storage at 5 and 20°C, 3% sodium or calcium lactate (NaL or CaL) were added to sausage emulsion, followed by (1) sterilization (121°C, 15 min); (2) processing in a water bath to internal temperature of 70°C; or (3) added to ready-to-eat sausage (no additional heat treatment). Inhibition of L. monocytogenes strain Scott A was highest after heat sterilization and storage at 5°C. Growth of S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 was abated in sterilized sausage by 3% NaL and CaL. Changes in log cfu g −1 after 4 days at 20°C were (1) L. monocytogenes : control, 5·96; 3% NaL, −0·17; 3% CaL, −0·77; (2) E. coli : control, 4·01; NaL, 0·34; CaL, −0·06; (3) S. typhimurium : control, 3·92; NaL, 1·14; CaL, 0·92. While CaL was consistently more effective than NaL, examination of other calcium salts (carbonate, chloride, citrate and phosphate, dibasic) confirmed that lactate is the principal antibacterial factor.
Recovery of urinary function after radical prostatectomy: identification of trajectory cluster groups.

Purpose: Post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence can impact health related quality of life in men treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Currently no consensus exists on which patients are at risk for impaired health related quality of life secondary to post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Using trajectory clustering analysis we identified predictors of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence recovery in unique patient groups.Materials and Methods: In a 5-year period health related quality of life was evaluated in patients treated with radical prostatectomy using UCLA-PCI preoperatively, and 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. We used a novel cluster modeling technique to identify unique group trajectories of urinary function recovery with time.Results: Group based modeling of UCLA-PCI urinary function scores identified 3 distinct post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence recovery patterns. The 73 group 1 patients had a significant postoperative decrease with only 33.4% of optimum funct...
Calibration and evaluation of seven fracture models

Abstract Over the past 5 years, there has been increasing interest of the automotive, aerospace, aluminum, and steel industries in numerical simulation of the fracture process of typical structural materials. Accordingly, there is a pressure on the developers of leading commercial codes, such as ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, and PAM-CRASH to implement reliable fracture criteria into those codes. Even though there are several options to address fracture in these and other commercial codes, no guidelines are given for the users as to which fracture criterion is suitable for a particular application and how to calibrate a given material for fracture. The objective of the present paper is to address the above issues and present a thorough comparative study of seven fracture criteria that are included in libraries of material models of non-linear finite element codes. A set of 15 tests recently conducted by the authors on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy is taken as a reference for the present study. The plane stress prevails in all these tests. These experiments are compared with the constant equivalent strain criterion, the Xue–Wierzbicki (X–W) fracture criterion, the Wilkins (W), the Johnson–Cook (J–C) and the CrachFEM fracture models. Additionally, the maximum shear (MS) stress model, and the fracture forming limit diagram (FFLD) are included in the present evaluation. All criteria are formulated in the general 3-D case for the power law hardening materials and then are specified for the plane stress condition. The advantage of working with plane stress is that there is one-to-one mapping from the stress to the strain space. Therefore, the fracture criteria formulated in the stress space can be compared with those expressed in the strain space and vice versa. Fracture loci for all seven cases were constructed in the space of the equivalent fracture strain and the stress triaxiality. Interesting observations were made regarding the range of applicability and expected errors of some of the most common fracture criteria. Besides evaluating the applicability of several fracture criteria, a detailed calibration procedure for each criterion is presented in the present paper. It was found rather unexpectedly that the MS stress fracture model closely follows the trend of all tests except the round bar tensile tests. The X–W criterion and the CrachFEM models predict correctly fracture in all types of experiments. The W criterion is working well in certain ranges of the stress triaxiality.
Which media are most likely to solve the archival problem

The clinical application of quantitative methods for coronary arteriography remains limited, due in large part to the absence of a suitable replacement for cinefilm as the procedure record. The extension to the clinical environment of the validated objective methods which have found such widespread acceptance in clinical research studies is difficult to implement if the time-consuming and variable process for digitization of selected cinefilm frames is required. In addition, the complete integration of the angiographic procedure record with other patient records and procedures stored in a digital data format requires that the angiographic data eventually be converted to a digital format as well. Replacement of cinefilm requires that the media chosen for the task provide at least the same capabilities and preferably improved functions as those provided by cinefilm as a display, transport, and archival media. The demanding set of requirements imposed on the replacement options include high capacity, high acquisition rate, high transfer rate, application in a distributed environment, portability between institutions, and low expense. A true digital solution should also provide immediate access to the results of the angiographic procedure, transfer of image data over digital networks, multiple-user viewing capability, and quantitative analysis on a routine basis for all patients. In fact, a single media may not provide all the capabilities listed above but, rather, different media may need to be used for specialized tasks, i.e. the solution for archival may not be the same that will be employed as the portable patient record. Separation of the archival function from the acquisition/display and portable transfer functions increases the likelihood that cinefilm can be replaced in the imminent future by reducing the demands on a single media. Among the archival options available today are: (1) magnetic disks; (2) analog laser optical disks; (3) digital laser optical disks; (4) digital file-based magnetic tape; (5) digital video magnetic tape. In evaluating each of these alternatives, an accounting is required of how each meets the archival requirements along with an approximate breakdown of cost and readiness for implementation as a clinical solution today.
Social Exchange Theory in Resort and Non-resort Casino Settings

(2008). Social Exchange Theory in Resort and Non-resort Casino Settings. Anatolia: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 155-160.
Transfer of reactive nitrogen in Asia: development and evaluation of a source-receptor model

Abstract A simple model of chemistry and transport, ATMOS-N, has been developed to calculate source–receptor relationships for reactive nitrogen species within Asia. The model is intended to support discussion of energy and environmental issues in Asia, to compare sulfate and nitrate contributions to regional acidification, and to estimate how each nation's acid deposition and air quality relates to domestic versus foreign emissions. ATMOS-N is a Lagrangian “puff” model in which non-interacting puffs of emissions are advected horizontally and mixed between three vertical layers. Results are compared with wet nitrate deposition observations in Asia. On an annual average, the model estimates that long-range transport contributes a significant percentage of total nitrate deposition throughout east Asia. China, the largest emitter of the region, contributes 18% to nitrate deposition in Taiwan, 18% in Japan, 46% in North Korea, and 26% in South Korea. South Korea contributes 12% to nitrate deposition in Japan, due to its close upwind proximity. Compared with total acid deposition (nitrate+sulfate), nitrate contributes 30–50% over northern Japan, 30–60% in India, and 50–90% in southeast Asia where biomass burning emits high levels of NOx. The percentage contribution of nitrate is very low in China, where emissions and deposition of sulfur are extraordinarily high.
The Selection of Alphanumeric Code Sequences

Maintaining secure radio communications in the armed forces places an especially heavy cognitive load on all involved personnel. For example, in the Army each individual must memorize on a daily basis at least three new five character codes. The current Army code consists of the sequence letter-digit-letter followed by the sequence digit-digit (LDL-DD.) Research on paired associate learning suggests that recall could be improved by using either a letter only stimulus pair (LLL-LL) or a letter-digit stimulus pair (LLL-DD). An experiment was run to test this hypothesis. Recall for the experimental letter-digit code was over twice as good as recall for the current code.