cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective interactions, Fermi–Bose duality, and ground states of ultracold atomic vapors in tight de Broglie waveguides

Abstract Derivation of effective zero-range one-dimensional (1D) interactions between atoms in tight waveguides is reviewed, as is the Fermi–Bose mapping method for determination of exact and strongly-correlated many-body ground states of ultracold bosonic and fermionic atomic vapors in such waveguides, including spin degrees of freedom. Odd-wave 1D interactions derived from 3D p-wave scattering are included as well as the usual even-wave interactions derived from 3D s-wave scattering, with emphasis on the role of 3D Feshbach resonances for selectively enhancing s-wave or p-wave scattering so as to reach 1D confinement-induced resonances of the even and odd-wave interactions. A duality between 1D fermions and bosons with zero-range interactions suggested by Cheon and Shigehara is shown to hold for the effective 1D dynamics of a spinor Fermi gas with both even and odd-wave interactions and that of a spinor Bose gas with even and odd-wave interactions, with even(odd)-wave Bose coupling constants inversely related to odd(even)-wave Fermi coupling constants. Some recent applications of Fermi–Bose mapping to determination of many-body ground states of Bose gases and of both magnetically trapped, spin-aligned and optically trapped, spin-free Fermi gases are described, and a new generalized Fermi–Bose mapping is used to determine the phase diagram of ground-state total spin of the spinor Fermi gas as a function of its even and odd-wave coupling constants.
Understanding and Using Early Learning Standards for Young Children Globally

Around the world, there is an increasing focus on the importance of the early years, with growing numbers of countries specifying early learning and development standards. The authors find that differences in country context and pre-primary service delivery influence the content and use of standards documents. Generally, within their documents, countries favor either specifying precise indicators of what children should know and be able to do, or including many elements that guide early education more broadly, such as broad learning goals for children and pedagogical guidance for teachers. Although the standards’ documents vary, countries generally use their documents for the purposes of curriculum development, professional development, parent engagement, and national monitoring and evaluation. By using the standards for multiple purposes, early education is better aligned and countries are advancing the integration of their services. Standards have made numerous positive contributions to the early childhood field, but, lacking rigorous outcome evaluations, it is too early to discern the effect of standards on children’s performance and learning. The authors recommend that countries devote greater attention to developing their early childhood infrastructure so that the standards documents are more effectively understood, utilized, and evaluated.
Rethinking the Sacred ‘Ho

Feminists and caregivers in various helping professions are exploring the concept and practice of sexual healing in a variety of ways. For some, this endeavor is linked to an ideal or vision of an archetypal and mystical sacred prostitute, sourced in stories about ancient temple priestesses who welcomed men back from war and cleansed them, left them renewed. For others, the sacred whore is a stereotype freighted with negative female gender-role expectations that problematically conflate sex work with therapeutic approaches while minimizing the contradictions between these two fields. This article discusses the author's research 10 years earlier into the embodied sacred whore in contemporary U.S. culture and reflects upon what has changed and remained the same over the past decade in relation to this topic.
Selective induction of B7/BB-1 on interferon-γ stimulated monocytes: A potential mechanism for amplification of T cell activation through the CD28 pathway☆

The B cell activation antigen B7/BB-1 is the natural ligand for the T cell antigen CD28 and these two molecules are capable of mediating T-B cell adhesion. Engagement of the CD28 pathway provides a costimulatory signal to T cells leading to enhanced lymphokine production. We report that interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) induces the expression of B7/BB-1 on monocytes. This induction was very specific since other cytokines and stimuli which activate monocytes including M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL3, TNF-alpha, and LPS were unable to induce B7/BB-1. Following culture of monocytes with INF-gamma, maximal mRNA and cell surface B7/BB-1 expression was detected at 12 and 24 hr, respectively. In addition to antigen presentation, optimal T cell activation and lymphokine synthesis require an additional cell to cell contact signal provided by the antigen presenting cell. The induction of B7/BB-1 on monocytes and subsequent heterophilic interaction of B7/BB-1 with CD28 may provide a mechanism for the amplification of T cell proliferation and lymphokine production by INF-gamma activated monocytes.
Mutational effects at the tetramerization site of nonerythroid alpha spectrin

Abstract Spectrin, a prominent cytoskeletal protein, exerts its fundamental role in cellular function by forming a sub-membrane filamentous network. An essential aspect of spectrin network formation is the tetramerization of spectrin αβ heterodimers. We used laboratory methods, the yeast two-hybrid system and random mutagenesis, to investigate, for the first time, effects of amino acid mutations on tetramerization of nonerythroid (brain) spectrin (fodrin). Based on high sequence homology with erythroid spectrin, we assume the putative tetramerization region of nonerythroid α-spectrin at the N-terminal region. We introduced mutations in the region consisting of residues 1–45 and studied mutational effects on spectrin αβ association to form tetramers. We detected single, double, and triple mutations involving 24 residues in this region. These amino acid mutations of nonerythroid α-spectrin exhibit full, partial, or no effect on the association with nonerythroid β-spectrin. Single amino acid mutations in the region of residues 1–9 (D2Y, G5V, V6D, and V8M) did not affect the association. However, seven single mutations (I15F, I15N, R18G, V22D, R25P, Y26N, and R28P) affected the αβ association. These mutations were clustered in the region predicted by sequence alignment to be crucial in nonerythroid α-spectrin for tetramerization, a region that spanned residues 12–36, corresponding to the partial domain Helix C′ (residues 21–45) in erythroid α-spectrin. In addition, two other mutations, one upstream and one downstream of this region at positions 10 (E10D) and 37 (R37P), also affected the αβ association. Our results implied nonerythroid α-spectrin partial domain helix may be longer than Helix C′ (residues 21–45 and a total of 25 residues) in erythroid α-spectrin and spanned at least residues 10–37. It is interesting to note that seven out of these nine single mutations (I15F, I15N, R18G, V22D, R25P, Y26N, R37P) were at the a, d, e or g heptad positions based on sequence alignment with erythroid α-spectrin. Four of the mutated residues (I15, R18, V22, R25) are conserved in both erythroid and nonerythroid spectrin. These positions were previously identified as hot spots in erythroid α-spectrin that lead to severe hematological symptoms. This study clearly demonstrated that single mutation in a region predicted to be critical functionally in nonerythroid α-spectrin indeed leads to functional abnormalities and may lead to neurological disorders.
Hormonal effects on amino acid incorporation into lysine-rich histones in the mouse mammary gland.

Abstract Mammary tissue explanted from mice was cultured in chemically defined media containing radioactive amino acids and either insulin or a combination of insulin, cortisol and prolactin. The incorporation of lysine was determined in five chromatographically resolved peaks which were identified as lysine-rich histones by Chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior, by solubility in trichloroacetic acid, by ratio of lysine: arginine incorporation, and by lack of tryptophan incorporation. Cortisol and prolactin, which are lactogenic hormones in mice, depress the incorporation of lysine in one of the chromatographic components and later elevate incorporation in another. The incorporation pattern of explants cultured in insulin matched that of in vivo incorporation pattern for mammary tissue in late pregnancy while the incorporation pattern for explants cultured in insulin, cortisol, and prolactin matched that of in vivo incorporation in lactating mice. The in vitro effects develop between 16 and 32 hours of culture during a wave of DNA synthesis and mitosis in the epithelial cells. While the mechanism of these effects is not yet established, these observations indicate that the multiplicity of lysine-rich histones is physiologically important.
Understanding Why People Give: Help for Struggling AIDS-Related Nonprofits

ABSTRACT In this increasingly competitive environment for individual donors' time and money, it is especially important for nonprofits and especially AIDS-related nonprofits to better understand why people behave altruistically. Using the empathy-altruism hypothesis from social psychology, we develop and test a model of altruistic behavior in an AIDS-related context. By understanding the impact that cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, and dispositional empathy have on altruistic behavior, AIDS-related nonprofits should be able to implement a strategy that improves their competitive position with potential and current donors. Initiatives in communication and marketing strategy are described to offer a more effective strategic focus that should improve donor development and fund-raising success not only for AIDS-related nonprofits but nonprofits in general.
Graph-based semi-supervised acoustic modeling in DNN-based speech recognition

This paper describes the combination of two recent machine learning techniques for acoustic modeling in speech recognition: deep neural networks (DNNs) and graph-based semi-supervised learning (SSL). While DNNs have been shown to be powerful supervised classifiers and have achieved considerable success in speech recognition, graph-based SSL can exploit valuable complementary information derived from the manifold structure of the unlabeled test data. Previous work on graph-based SSL in acoustic modeling has been limited to frame-level classification tasks and has not been compared to, or integrated with, state-of-the-art DNN/HMM recognizers. This paper represents the first integration of graph-based SSL with DNN based speech recognition and analyzes its effect on word recognition performance. The approach is evaluated on two small vocabulary speech recognition tasks and shows a significant improvement in HMM state classification accuracy as well as a consistent reduction in word error rate over a state-of-the-art DNN/HMM baseline.
Dietary energy density is associated with obesity and other biomarkers of chronic disease in US adults

Purpose Given the current prevalence of obesity, it is important to identify dietary factors that may aid in disease prevention. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between consumption of an energy-dense diet and established markers factors for chronic disease, including body weight and measures of body fatness.
Error-reduction techniques and error analysis for fully phase- and amplitude-based encryption

The performance of fully phase- and amplitude-based encryption processors is analyzed. The effects of noise perturbations on the encrypted information are considered. A thresholding method of decryption that further reduces the mean-squared error (MSE) for the fully phase- and amplitude-based encryption processes is provided. The proposed thresholding scheme significantly improves the performance of fully phase- and amplitude-based encryption, as measured by the MSE metric. We obtain analytical MSE bounds when thresholding is used for both decryption methods, and we also present computer-simulation results. These results show that the fully phase-based method is more robust. We also give a formal proof of a conjecture about the decrypted distribution of distorted encrypted information. This allows the analytical bounds of the MSE to be extended to more general non-Gaussian, nonadditive, nonstationary distortions. Computer simulations support this extension.
Electron tunneling in ruthenium-modified cytochromec

Distant Fe2+-Ru3+ electronic couplings have been extracted from intramolecular electron-transfer rates in Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)2(imidazole)(histidine-X)2+ (X = 33,39,62,72,79) derivatives of cytochromec. The rates are > 1 · 108 (79); 3.2(4) · 106 (39); 2.6(3) · 106 (33); 9.0(3) · 105 (72); 1.0(2) · 104 s−1 (62); the couplings increase according to 62 (0.006) 0.6 cm−1). The rates (and the couplings) correlate with the lengths of σ-tunneling pathways comprised of covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and through-space jumps from the histidines to the heme group.
Reflections on the U(1) problem in general relativity

After reviewing the known stability results for vacuum, U(1) symmetric solutions to Einstein’s field equations, we shall describe some mathematical ideas and techniques that were unavailable during the earlier research in this area and which might conceivably be exploited to shed new light on the large data global Cauchy problem for this interesting class of spacetimes.
Mass spectra of prostaglandins. I. Trimethylsilyl and alkyloxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives of prostaglandin A1

Abstract The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of prostaglandin A1 and of its O -ethyl and O -methyl oximes are reported and discussed. The high resolution spectra of these compounds are also considered. These spectra are compared with those of the corresponding d 9-trimethylsilyl derivatives and of the selectively labeled trimethylsilyl ester d 9-trimethylsilyl ethers. The 15-trimethylsilyloxy group is found to exert a strong fragmentation-directing effect, but the ring is very stable. A novel cyclisation process is invoked to account for the formation of certain fragment ions.
Evaluating mercury transformation mechanisms in a laboratory--scale combustion system

Mercury speciation measurements during injections of 10 μg/m3 Hg0(g) into a 42-MJ/h combustion system containing gaseous O2–Ar- and O2–N2-rich mixtures indicate that 43 and 55% of the Hg0(g) spike was transformed rapidly (<0.1 s) to Hg2+X(g) within a refractory-lined heat exchanger where gas temperatures decrease from ≈620 to 200°C. O2(g) is the probable Hg0(g) oxidant (i.e. X=O2−). The apparent formation of HgO(g) involves a heterogeneous reaction with adsorbed Hg0 or O2 on refractory surfaces or a Hg0(g)–O2(g) reaction catalyzed by corundum (Al2O3) and/or rutile (TiO2) components of the refractory. The potential catalytic effects of Al2O3 and TiO2 on Hg0(g) oxidation were investigated by injecting Al2O3 and TiO2 powders into ≈650°C subbituminous coal (Powder River Basin, Montana, USA) combustion flue gas. On-line Hg0(g) and total mercury measurements indicate, however, that Al2O3 and TiO2 injections were ineffective in promoting the formation of additional Hg2+X(g). Apparently, either the chemically complex flue gas hindered the catalytic effects of Al2O3 and TiO2, or these compounds are simply not Hg0(g) oxidation catalysts.
Genetics of systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: Recent progress and current concepts

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Although there are screening tests for PAH, such as carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and Doppler echocardiography, these tests are far from perfect, patients are still identified late in the course of disease, and the underlying mechanisms of SSc-associated PAH are poorly understood. Understanding the genetic differences between those patients with SSc who do and do not develop PAH may improve our ability to identify and treat patients earlier in the course of disease. To date, only a few candidate gene association studies and one gene expression analysis have investigated the genetics of PAH in SSc. These studies highlight the important opportunities and challenges for exploration of genetics of complex traits. By appreciating the optimal conduct of genetic studies, along with the role of bioinformatics resources such as the International HapMap database, investigators and clinicians will be better equipped to understand the genetics of SSc-associated PAH.
Left ventricular dyskinesia reversed by intravenous nitroglycerin: a manifestation of silent myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently have left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities in the absence of symptoms. Thirty-one patients with such LV wall motion abnormalities in the absence of symptoms participated in a study of the response of these abnormalities to ascending doses of intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG). In a subgroup of 20 patients the relation between the location of LV wall motion abnormalities and the presence or absence of significant CAD (≥50% diameter reduction), in the vessel supplying the LV region, was assessed. Wall motion improved after intravenous NTG; the ejection fraction increased by 3.7% (mean p
Leveraging Online Communities for Novice Designers

While universities teach students how to build new products, few students choose to further implement their work due to limited resources and mentorship. Theories of learning and innovation describe the importance of working in a social context to acquire resources from peers. While HCI researchers have built recommender and expert routing systems to identify help givers, novice designers still fail to contact expert peers for various psychological reasons, such as fear of contacting someone older or more experienced. By designing online tools and platforms that encourage and scaffold that act of help-seeking, we can connect more designers with informal mentors who can help them improve and implement their work as a professional product. The goal of my dissertation is to support help-seeking among novice designers by 1) developing an emergent model of help-seeking behavior in the context of crowdfunding, and building a tool that 2) recommends potential help-givers from one's social network and 3) presents their information in a way that encourages reaching out for advice.
Network periodic solutions: full oscillation and rigid synchrony

We prove two results about hyperbolic periodic solutions in networks of systems of ODEs. First, we show that generically hyperbolic periodic solutions of network admissible systems of differential equations oscillate in each node if and only if the network is transitive. We can associate a polydiagonal Δ(Z(t)) with each hyperbolic periodic solution Z(t) as follows. The cell coordinates of a point in Δ(Z(t)) are equal if the corresponding cell coordinates of Z(t) are equal for all t; that is, the outputs from the two cells are synchronous. Second, we prove that Δ(Z(t)) is rigid (unchanged by small admissible perturbations) if and only if it is flow-invariant for all admissible vector fields.
Modular robots for on-orbit satellite servicing

Today satellites are mostly monolithic systems and offer hardly any facilities to facilitate servicing or maintenance. Consequently, no servicer satellites are present as well. In this work, supported by the German Space Agency, we propose a modular concept for satellites based on standardized building blocks. These can be replaced in orbit requiring significantly less manipulation skills than ordinary repair missions would need. The building blocks could be replaced using robot satellites instead of sending astronauts on maintenance missions as has been performed few times in the past. The possible benefits are numerous: the concept enables cheaper and faster development of satellites, it enables repair missions extending the life expectancy of satellites by replacing damaged blocks or those run out of fuel, and finally old satellites can be refitted for new missions, reducing space debris and the cost of launching new systems. Developing our concept, we faced the same challenges known from modular robots on earth: interfaces had to be developed for connecting blocks, a distributed software architectures was needed, and algorithms were necessary which calculate suitable configurations of blocks according to given constraints. In this paper we will present solutions from which a concept of a modular satellite system emerges which is strongly inspired by earthbound heterogeneous robotic systems. We will complete the paper with thoughts on the servicing itself and on setting up maintenance infrastructures in the earth orbit.
Student teachers’ use of learning theories to diagnose children’s learning difficulties

Understanding how people learn is the foundation of informed teaching, yet it is difficult for teachers to articulate and effectively use. This study investigated how two preservice teachers’ conceptions of learning theories transferred to their decisionmaking during student teaching. This paired-sample case study examined Research-Based Framework papers, oral defenses, student teaching practices, and reflection on-action. Findings indicate that knowledge from a video case analysis assignment given in the science methods course can transfer to classroom decisions during student teaching; however, perceived institutional constraints can override such knowledge, resulting in decisions that meet district requirements yet are knowingly detrimental to students.
Measuring Interdisciplinary Perceptions of Collaboration on Hospice Teams

This project modified the Index for Interdisciplinary Collaboration to create a tool that could measure perceptions of collaboration by all members of the hospice team. Questions on the 42-item instrument were reworded to be more inclusive. This new Modified Index for Interdisciplinary Collaboration (MIIC) showed strong reliability for the total instrument and the original instrument subscales. Further use and testing of this instrument is recommended.
Cost System and Incentive Structure Effects on Innovation, Efficiency and Profitability in Teams

The small number of full‐scale adoptions of activity‐based costing (ABC) coupled with ABC implementation failures have fueled a debate about the costs and benefits of ABC relative to more traditional volume‐based costing (VBC) systems. ABC differs from VBC by focusing attention on activities and resources that are under the control of multiple workers. Reducing these costs often requires a coordinated effort. Therefore, incentives that motivate workers to cooperate are a prerequisite to successful process improvements based on ABC. Alternatively, when competitive incentives are combined with ABC, the result can be unexpected and negative. We examine how accounting cost system and incentive structure choices interact. We find that profits are highest when ABC is linked with group‐based incentives, which provide high motivation to cooperate. In contrast, the lowest level of profit occurs when the same information‐rich cost system, ABC, is coupled with tournament‐based incentives. VBC, a cost system that pro...
Developing a pedagogical infrastructure for teaching globally distributed software development

Teaching students about Globally Distributed Software Development (GDSD) is becoming increasingly important as a significant percentage of current projects are being developed by globally distributed teams. We discuss the pedagogical infrastructure used to teach GDSD at DePaul University and its partner institutions. We cover the educational, technical and institutional challenges that need to be resolved in order to successfully partner with globally distributed teaching institutions in order to teach GDSD in a realistic environment.
Efficient range distribution query in large-scale scientific data

Frequent access to raw data is no longer practical, if possible at all, for answering queries on large-scale data. This has led to the use of distribution-based data summaries, which can substitute for raw data to answer statistical queries of different kinds. Our work is concerned with range distribution query, which returns the distribution of an axis-aligned region of any size. We address the challenge of maintaining the interactivity and accuracy of such query results in the presence of large data. This work presents a novel and efficient framework for pre-computing and storing a set of distributions which can be used to query any arbitrary region during post-processing. We adapt an integral image based data structure to answer such queries in constant time, and propose a similarity-based encoding technique to reduce the storage cost of the data structure. Our scheme utilizes the similarity present among different regions in the data, and hence, their respective distributions. We demonstrate the use our technique in various applications, which directly or indirectly require distributions.
The Dialectics of the International Olympic Committee

The purpose of the paper is to present a dialectical and materialist analysis of the nation- class struggle taking place in the Olympic Movement and the International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.) in particular. Benson's model of organizational and institutional change has been employed. The dialectical study of the ideology and structure of the I.O.C. elucidates possible limitations imposed upon the further development of the process of democratization in the Olympic Movement. Relations of power and control in the I.O.C. are examined in connection with the current selection system for the membership of the I.O.C. The conclusion is reached that it may be necessary to reform the I.O.C. ideology and structure in order to accommodate evolutionary progress. New criteria and standards are suggested for the selection of I.O.C. members.
670B MICROCOMPUTER SIMULATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN A SICK NEWBORN

Mechanical ventilation in caring for sick newborns is an important element of pediatric resident and medical student training. Practical learning is now accomplished by actual patient care in the newborn intensive care unit. The purpose of this program is to provide an interactive, hands on learning experience for pediatric house staff and students. A BASIC language computer program was developed utilizing the alveolar-air equation and reported data on oxygen consumption, airway resistance and lung compliance to calculate oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. Utilizing these calculations, the student is presented with a hypothetical patient and is required to enter appropriate orders to adequately ventilate the child. Various other metabolic parameters, such as hematocrit, blood pressure and bicarbonate level must also be watched for their effects on the newborn's status. The program has been extensively tested and has been found to give a relatively accurate simulation of the sick newborn on a mechanical ventilator. One group of students was given an objective written test before and after spending time with the computer. With no other instruction than that given by the program, their scores went from 60% (±7) to 72.5 (±8.7). This improvement is significant at a 95% confidence level.
Ligand-stabilized copper(I) hexafluoroacetylacetonate complexes: NMR spectroscope and the nature of the copper-alkene bond

Abstract Ligand-stabilized copper(I) hexafluoroacetylacetonate complexes display varying degrees of stability to oxidation and thermal decomposition. In an effort to understand the nature of the copper-alkene bond in these complexes better, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained and compared to the spectra of the free alkene. In accord with Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson theory, the extent of π and σ bonding contributions can be qualitatively determined by the observed chemical shift changes upon complexation of the alkene to the copper(I) center.
An Analysis of the Use of Analogies and Metaphors in Science

(1968). An Analysis of the Use of Analogies and Metaphors in Science. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 97-116.
Reevaluation of transient ischemic attacks as a risk factor for early mortality

The prevailing belief that transient ischemic attack is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is based primarily on comparisons of survival of patients after transient ischemic attacks to that of an age-, race-, and sex-adjusted general population. Concomitant conditions that carry a high risk of premature mortality or morbidity, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, are very prevalent among patients with transient ischemic attacks. Hence, the poor prognosis of such patients may be attributable to these factors rather than their transient ischemic attack per se, which may only serve to bring patients into the medical system. We compared the survival of 336 patients after transient ischemic attack to that of a control group with a similar risk factor profile consisting of 6,710 patients evaluated for cardiac catheterization. Survival estimates, both unadjusted and adjusted for risk factors, did not differ between the two groups. Three-year survival estimates, after adjustment to the mean value of covariates, were 94% for the patients with transient ischemic attacks and 91% for the controls. These results suggest that the transient ischemic attack may not be an independent risk factor for mortality, although it may identify patients already at increased risk from coexisting conditions.
Remarks on average pion multiplicities at high energies

Abstract The ISR data on pp → γ imply a Π° transverse momentum spectrum which is consistent with the average of the Π + and Π − spectra, at the same energy, both in shape and in normalization. We are, therefore, able to compare the average numbers of produced pions per inelastic pp collision at the ISR with data at lower energies, and with cosmic ray results.
General Properties of Some Graphs Defined by Systems of Equations

Abstract In this paper we present a simple method for constructing infinite families of graphs defined by a class of systems of equations over commutative rings. We show that the graphs in all such families possess some general properties including regularity and bi-regularity, existence of special vertex colorings, and existence of covering maps — hence, embedded spectra — between every two members of the same family. Another general property, recently discovered, is that nearly every graph constructed in this manner edge-decomposes either the complete, or complete bipartite, graph which it spans. In many instances, specializations of these constructions have proved useful in various graph theory problems, but especially in many extremal problems. A short survey of the related results is included. We also show that the edge-decomposition property allows one to improve existing lower bounds for some multicolor Ramsey numbers.
The roles of Drosophila cyclins A and B in mitotic control

We have cloned, sequenced, and characterized the expression of a Drosophila cyclin B gene. The independent evolutionary conservation of A- and B-type cyclins implies that they have distinct roles. Indeed, in mutant embryos deficient in cyclin A, cells that accumulate only cyclin B do not enter mitosis. Thus, in vivo, cyclin B is not sufficient for mitosis. Furthermore, we find that the two cyclins are coexpressed in all proliferating cells throughout development. Though lacking a formal demonstration that cyclin B is essential as it is in other organisms, we propose that each of these proteins fulfills a distinct and essential role in the cell cycle.
Hybrid Hinge Model for Polarization-Mode Dispersion in Installed Fiber Transmission Systems

A hybrid hinge model is proposed to characterize polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) in installed optical fiber communication systems. The model reduces to previously considered PMD generation mechanisms in special cases, but can also simulate more general hinge behavior. A combination of importance sampling and the cross entropy method is used to calculate the probability density function of the differential group delay and the outage probability for individual wavelength bands, and results are averaged over all wavelength bands to obtain the non-compliant capacity ratio (NCR). These results suggest that, for practical outage specifications, the NCR of a system lies between upper and lower bounds provided by the isotropic hinge model and the waveplate hinge model, respectively.
Having Versus Consuming: Failure to Estimate Usage Frequency Makes Consumers Prefer Multifeature Products

Abstract The authors investigate whether consumers systematically consider feature usage before making multifunctional product purchase decisions. Across five studies and four product domains, the article shows that consumers fail to estimate their feature usage rate before purchasing multifunctional products, negatively affecting product satisfaction. The findings demonstrate that when consumers do estimate their feature usage before choice, preferences shift from many-feature products toward few-feature products. The authors show that this shift in preferences is due to a change in elaboration from having features to using features, and they identify three key moderators to the effect: need for cognition, feature trivialness, and materialism. Finally, the authors investigate the downstream consequences of usage estimation on product satisfaction, demonstrating that consumers who estimate usage before choice experience greater product satisfaction and are more likely to recommend their chosen product. Th...
Solitary Nonparasitic Cysts of the Liver: The Boston Children's Hospital Experience

A 3-3/12-year-old female child with abdominal distention, new onset pain, and tenderness is described. The child underwent surgical resection of a multilocular cyst of the right lobe of the liver. We reviewed the autopsy and surgical files of Children's Hospital for the past 63 years to identify other congenital cysts of the liver. We found 30 additional cases including 4 multilocular cysts. The origin of these cysts, a review of the literature, and a discussion of diagnostic parameters for the identification of such cysts in context with other hepatobiliary cystic lesions are presented.
Attitudes toward Suicide among Attempters, Contemplators, and Nonattempters

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ) was administered to a sample (N=738) of undergraduate volunteers, and responses were analyzed comparing attempters (N = 35), contemplators (N = 131) and nonattempters (N = 483). A factor analysis indicated seven significant factors accounting for 24.2 percent of the total variance. A discriminant function analysis, using the seven factors, yielded two significant functions that discriminated respondents on the basis of sex and prior suicide history. The results are considered in the context of three issues (acceptability, lethality, and mental illness) important to the dynamics of suicide, and in terms of Goffman's theory of deviance.
Effect of low-frequency mechanical vibration on orthodontic tooth movement

Introduction Our objective was to investigate the effect of low-frequency mechanical vibration (LFMV) on the rate of tooth movement, bone volume fraction, tissue density, and the integrity of the periodontal ligament. Our null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in the amount of tooth movement between different values of LFMV. Methods Sixty-four male CD1 mice, 12 weeks old, were used for orthodontic tooth movement. The mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: control groups (baseline; no spring + 5 Hz; no spring + 10 Hz; and no spring + 20 Hz) and experimental groups (spring + no vibration; spring + 5 Hz; spring + 10 Hz; and spring + 20 Hz). In the experimental groups, the first molars were moved mesially for 2 weeks using nickel-titanium coil springs delivering 10 g of force. In the control and experimental groups, LFMV was applied at 5, 10, or 20 Hz. Microfocus x-ray computed tomography analysis was used for tooth movement measurements, bone volume fraction, and tissue density. Additionally, immunostaining for sclerostin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and picrosirius red staining were used on the histologic sections. Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the outcomes across treatment groups. Results LFMV did not increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Microfocus x-ray computed tomography analysis showed increases in bone volume fractions and tissue densities with applications of LFMV. Sclerostin expression was decreased with 10 and 20 Hz vibrations in both the control and experimental groups. Additionally, the picrosirius staining showed that LFMV helped in maintaining the thickness and integrity of collagen fibers in the periodontal ligament. Conclusions There was no significant increase in tooth movement by applying LFMV when compared with the control groups (spring + no vibration).
Aroma: A New Data Protection Method with Differential Privacy and Accurate Query Answering

We propose a new local data perturbation method called Aroma. We first show that Aroma is sound in its privacy protection. For that, we devise a realistic privacy game, called the exposure test. We prove that the αβ algorithm, a previously proposed method that is most closely related to Aroma, performs poorly under the exposure test and fails to provide sufficient privacy in practice. Moreover, any data protection method that satisfies e-differential privacy will succeed in the test. By proving that Aroma satisfies e-differential privacy, we show that Aroma offers strong privacy protection. We then demonstrate the utility of Aroma by proving that its estimator has significantly smaller errors than the previous state-of-the-art algorithms such as αβ, AM, and FRAPP. We carry out a systematic empirical study using real-world data to evaluate Aroma, which shows its clear advantages over previous methods.
Hormonal Regulation of de Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis and Utilization in Human Breast Cancer Cells in Tissue Culture

The hormonal regulation of pyrimidine synthesis and utilization is examined in the estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. [14C]Acetate is used as a novel marker in assaying the incorporation of pyrimidine nucleotides derived through de novo synthesis into DNA. Technical verification of the validity of this tracer in DNA synthesis is presented. The experimental conditions permitting extrapolation from radioactivity incorporated into DNA to pmol of DNA synthesized/unit of time are discussed. We observe that estrogen administration increases the incorporation of [14C]acetate into DNA, and this effect is most evident after 36 hr of exposure to hormone. Treatment with the antiestrogen tamoxifen produces substantial reductions in the rate of incorporation of [14C]acetate into DNA. Incorporation correlates well with net rates of DNA synthesis, as measured by 32Pi incorporation into DNA. Concomitant administration of thymidine in concentrations in excess of 10-7 m partially relieves tamoxifen inhibition of net DNA synthesis and increases the apparent stimulation of net DNA synthesis following 18 to 32 hr of estrogen treatment. Activity of de novo enzymes such as carbamylphosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamylase, orotidine pyrophosphorylase, and orotidine decarboxylase also varies with hormone treatment. All characteristically increase following estrogen treatment and decrease after tamoxifen administration. These results suggest that changes in de novo pyrimidine synthesis after hormone treatment are directly linked to hormone-induced alterations in the activity of specific enzymes in the de novo pathway.
Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Defectiveness of a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Restricted in Assembly

The effect of temperature shiftdown on the assembly of ts3 virions was investigated by both scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Ts3 is a spontaneous temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) which previous studies indicated to be defective in assembly or release of the virions. In the present study, both SEM and TEM revealed the following: (i) there were more cell-associated virions in ts3-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) than either in cells grown at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C) or in wild-type MuLV-infected cells grown at 39 degrees C; (ii) there were more normal single particles than multiploids (virions with two or more pieces of genomic RNA) in ts3-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature; (iii) there were more multiploids in ts3-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature than either in cells grown at the permissive temperature or in wild-type MuLV-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature; (iv) upon temperature shift from 39 to 34 degrees C, about 90% of the cell-associated virions dissociated from the cell surface. TEM studies also indicated that upon temperature shiftdown, virion assembly rapidly occurred. The above observations suggest that faulty assembly, which results in the production of multiploids, may not be the reason why ts3 virions accumulate on the cell surface at the nonpermissive temperature. The relatively higher proportion of multiploids found in ts3-infected cells grown at 39 degrees C compared with those grown at 34 degrees C may be due to the higher density of budding virions at the cell surface at the nonpermissive temperature, which increases the possibility of two or more particles assembling close to one another. The accumulation of ts3 virions in all stages of assembly at the nonpermissive temperature, together with the fact that rapid assembly and release of ts3 virions occurred on temperature shiftdown, indicates that virion assembly is restricted after it has been initiated. The probable role of altered glycoprotein(s) in restricting virion assembly is discussed.
Community air monitoring for pesticides—part 2: multiresidue determination of pesticides in air by gas chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Two multiresidue methods were developed to determine pesticides in air collected in California. Pesticides were trapped using XAD-4 resin and extracted with ethyl acetate. Based on an analytical method from the University of California Davis Trace Analytical Laboratory, pesticides were detected by analyzing the extract by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine chlorothalonil, chlorthal-dimethyl, cycloate, dicloran, dicofol, EPTC, ethalfluralin, iprodione, mefenoxam, metolachlor, PCNB, permethrin, pronamide, simazine, trifluralin, and vinclozolin. A GC with a flame photometric detector was used to determine chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, diazinon, diazinon oxon, dimethoate, dimethoate oxon, fonophos, fonophos oxon, malathion, malathion oxon, naled, and oxydemeton. Trapping efficiencies ranged from 78 to 92 % for low level (0.5 μg) and 37–104 % for high level (50 and 100 μg) recoveries. Little to no degradation of compounds occurred over 31 days; recoveries ranged from 78 to 113 %. In the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) method, pesticides were detected by analyzing the extract by GC-MS to determine chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, dicofol, endosulfan 1, endosulfan sulfate, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, propargite, and trifluralin. A liquid chromatograph coupled to a MS was used to determine azinphos-methyl, chloropyrifos oxon, DEF, diazinon, diazinon oxon, dimethoate, dimethoate oxon, diuron, EPTC, malathion, malathion oxon, metolachlor, molinate, norflurazon, oryzalin, phosmet, propanil, simazine and thiobencarb. Trapping efficiencies for compounds determined by the CDFA method ranged from 10 to 113, 22 to 114, and 56 to 132 % for 10, 5, and 2 μg spikes, respectively. Storage tests yielded 70–170 % recovery for up to 28 days. These multiresidue methods represent flexible, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective ways to determine residues of various pesticides in ambient air.
Effects of recovery water salinity on secondary stress responses of hybrid striped bass fingerlings

Abstract Fed and fasted (for 3d) fingerling hybrid striped bass, female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis, raised in freshwater were subjected to an acute handling stress in groups of six, Fish were then allowed to recover in salt water of 5, 10, or 15%o. Severity of the stress response was quantitated by measuring whole-body glucose, glycogen and lactic acid and blood osmolality. Measurements were taken at rest, immediately after the stress, and at 0.5, 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h poststress. Feeding state and salinity of the recovery water had effects on the stress response. The glucose response was greater in fed fish, The lactate response in fed and fasted fish was similar in all salinity recovery treatments, The glycogen response was dominated by feeding state: salinity of the recovery water did not have a significant effect. None of the fasted groups regained resting glycogen levels within 48 h, but all the fed groups did. Blood osmolality was not affected greatly, but fish gain...
Comparison of Two Gamma Interferon Release Assays and Tuberculin Skin Testing for Tuberculosis Screening in a Cohort of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases Starting Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy

Gamma interferon release assays (IGRAs) are increasingly used for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening in patients with rheumatic diseases starting anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies. We compared the performances of two IGRAs, an enzyme-linked immunospot release assay (T-SPOT.TB) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube [QFT-GIT]), to that of tuberculin skin testing (TST) for LTBI screening of 157 consecutive rheumatic patients starting anti-TNF therapies. Among 155 patients with valid results, 58 (37%) were positive by TST, 39 (25%) by T-SPOT.TB assay, and 32 (21%) by QFT-GIT assay. IGRAs were associated more strongly with at least one risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) than TST. Risk factors for a positive assay included chest X-ray findings of old TB (TST), advanced age (both IGRAs), origin from a country with a high TB prevalence, and a positive TST (T-SPOT.TB assay). Steroid use was negatively associated with a positive QFT-GIT assay. The agreement rate between IGRAs was 81% (kappa rate = 0.47), which was much higher than that observed between an IGRA and TST. If positivity by either TST or an IGRA was required for LTBI diagnosis, then the rate of LTBI would have been 46 to 47%, while if an IGRA was performed only for TST-positive patients, the respective rate would have been 11 to 17%. In conclusion, IGRAs appear to correlate better with TB risk than TST and should be included in TB screening of patients starting anti-TNF therapies. In view of the high risk of TB in these patients, a combination of one IGRA and TST is probably more appropriate for LTBI diagnosis.