cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving predictions of summer climate change in the United States

[1] Across vast, agriculturally intensive regions of the United States, the spread in predictions of summer temperature and soil moisture under global warming is curiously elevated in current climate models. Some models show modest warming of 2-3C° and little drying or slight moistening by the 22nd century, while at the other extreme are simulations with warming as large as 7-8C° and 20-40% reductions in soil moisture. We show this region of large spread arises from differences in simulations of snow albedo feedback. During winter and early spring, models with strong snow albedo feedback exhibit large reductions in snowpack and hence water storage. This water deficit persists in summer soil moisture, with reduced evapotranspiration yielding warmer temperatures. Comparison of simulated feedback strength to observations of the feedback from the current climate's seasonal cycle suggests the inter-model differences are excessive. At the same time, the multi-model mean feedback strength agrees reasonably well with the observed value. We estimate that if the next generation of models were brought into line with observations of snow albedo feedback, the unusually wide divergence in simulations of summer warming and drying over the US would shrink by roughly one third to one half.
Variations In Measured Patient Entrance Exposure For Selected X-Ray Procedures

It has been proposed that single skin entrance exposure values be recommended for specific radiographic examinations. Numerous factors, however, contribute to large excursions in the measured skin entrance exposure (ESE) received by patients even in idealized conditions. Excluding the obvious effects of generator miscalibration, suboptimal film processing, film/screen spectral mismatches, et cetera, large variations in ESE are observed, even though clinically satisfactory radiographs are obtained. In particular, variations in ESE can be attributed to: selection of the film/screen combination, use of grids, patient thickness and tissue composition, kVp settings and the filtration employed. Data were taken at our institution for several representative examinations under various conditions. Lithium Fluoride TLD ribbons were placed on a series of patients undergoing PA and Lateral chest radiographs and PA abdomen radiographs with barium for Upper GI series. The patient ESE data observed at our institution, together with data taken with an anthropomorphic phantom will be presented. These data will be used to demonstrate that although a single ESE guideline may be appropriate under a specific set of conditions, a single value may be either too restrictive for a slower system or excessive for a faster system.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of preexisting and manipulated self-efficacy on weight loss in a self-control program

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of self-efficacy on weight loss utilizing self-control techniques. Subjects high and low in preexisting self-efficacy were randomly assigned to high or low manipulated self-efficacy groups in a 2 × 2 (preexisting self-efficacy × manipulated self-efficacy) factorial design. Preexisting self-efficacy was assessed using procedures employed byBandura and Adams (1977, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 287–308). Selfefficacy was manipulated by having subjects attribute successful task performance to a previously unrecognized capacity for self-control. Subjects met in groups once a week for a total of 8 weeks and received a comprehensive weight control program within the context of self-control. Results indicated significant manipulated and preexisting × trials interactions with both the high manipulated and preexisting self-efficacy groups losing more weight over the 8 weeks than the low preexisting and manipulated groups. In addition, locus of control was predictive of weight loss, with internals tending to lose more weight than externals. Results are discussed in terms of Bandura's (1977, Psychological Review, 84, 191–215) theory of self-efficacy.
Non-Abelian self-interaction of a test loop.

The classical reparametrization-invariant SU(2) self-interactions of a test string are analyzed. Dynamically noncollapsing loop configurations in real space and on the intrinsic S/sub 2/ manifold are shown to exist, reflecting a combined effect of non-Abelian charges and currents. The dynamics leads naturally to a double-well ''Weierstrass'' potential whose minima specify two discrete configurations in the internal space.
It's about time and gender: spousal employment and health.

This article considers the effect of husbands’ and wives’ hours of work on each others’ health. Theoretical analysis focuses on gendering of health‐related behavior, the time needed to promote a spouse's salubrious behavior, and the effects of work hours on the availability of time for nonwork activities. Empirical analyses are based on 1986 and 1989 longitudinal U.S. data. Fewer than 40 hours of work per week by wives has no effect on husbands’ health, but more than 40 hours has substantial negative effect. Long work hours by husbands are not detrimental to wives’ health. Wives’ work hours shows no effect on their own health, but husbands’ work hours show strong positive effect on their own health. Methodological issues are considered.
Atom in a damped cavity

The interaction of a damped cavity with a two-level atom is examined. The treatment is fully quantum mechanical. Expressions are obtained for the effect of damping and fluctuations in the walls of the cavity on the atom-cavity interaction, at zero temperature and in the limit of small damping. The physical situation can be realized with Rydberg atoms and a cavity.
Social Class, School and Non-School Environments, and Black/White Inequalities in Children's Learning.

As social and economic stratification between black and white Americans persists at the dawn of the twenty-first century, disparities in educational outcomes remain an especially formidable barrier. Recent research on the black/white achievement gap points to a perplexing pattern in this regard. Schools appear to exacerbate black/white disparities in learning while simultaneously slowing the growth of social class gaps. How might this occur? Using 1st grade data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), I test—and find support for—the proposition that school factors play an elevated role in generating the black/white achievement gap while non-school factors primarily drive social class inequalities. These findings help explain why black/white achievement disparities grow mostly during the school year (when schools are in session and have their greatest impact on students' learning) while class gaps widen mostly during the summer (when school is out of session and non-school...
MOLECULAR ORBITAL STUDIES OF THE INTRAMOLECULAR REACTION OF PROTONATED CIS- AND TRANS-3,4-EPOXYPENTAN-1-OL

The transition structures for the intramolecular reaction of protonated cis- and trans-3,4-epoxypentan-1-ol (13) and (16), which result in the formation of protonated cis- and trans-2-methylfuran-3-ols (14) and (18) with inversion and retention, have been determined at the ab initio MP2/6-31G* and hybrid density functional B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations for the lower energy inversion pathways for formation of the 2-methylfuran-3-ols show that intramolecular attack occurs in concert with ring opening. The reaction pathways are far from optimum for best orbital overlap, reflecting the strained bicyclic nature of the transition structures.
Limits on the Variation of Fundamental Atomic Quantities over Cosmic Time Scales

The detection of Mg ii fine structure and hydrogen hyperfine absorption lines toward the radio source AO 0235 + 164 allows us to place upper limits on the variability of three products of the fine-structure constant, the nuclear $g$ factor of the proton, and the ratio of electron to proton mass, viz. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{g}_{p}m}{M}$ $\frac{{g}_{p}m}{M}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Since the spectral lines are observed at a high red shift, $z=0.5$, the limits obtained on the variation with time of these quantities (adopting $z$ as a measure of the Hubble expansion) apply over at least 35% of the age of the universe.
Long-term survival after pharmacologic and mechanical recanalization in acute myocardial infarction

Previous studies . Thrombolysis has become an integral part of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction . The contention that early percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty will improve hospital and long-term outcome was intensively tested and remains under investigation . Three trials (1-3) recently demonstrated that immediate coronary angioplasty after thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is not advisable, and that left ventricular function in general is not compromised by delayed angioplasty . The second Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction study (TIMI-IIB) (4) showed that a conservative strategy after thrombolysis with "watchful waiting" and prompt attention to recurrent ischemic events had results as favorable as those of thrombolysis and deferred angioplasty. Subgroup analysis is being conducted to identify high risk patients . Several investigators (5-10) demonstrated that patients at high risk after acute myocardial infarction, such as those in cardiogenic shock or with low ejection fraction, benefit from immediate mechanical recanalization . At present, the impact of early "complete coronary recanalization" on shortand long-term outcome in the general population of patients with infarction is under debate and investigation . Stack et al . (8), using intravenous streptokinase and immediate coronary angioplasty, accomplished a >90% patency rate of the infarct artery in the acute phase and before hospital discharge . Despite inclusion of 13% of patients in cardiogenic shock, the hospital and 1 year postdischarge mortality rate was low (11% and .7%, respectively) and was associated with a low reinfarction rate . However, there was no control group . Other studies (11-13)
The portable rod-and-frame test and the short-form embedded-figures test: A combined index of the field-dependence dimension

The utilization of the portable rod-and-frame test and the short-form embedded-figures test as a combination index of the field-dependence/independence dimension that takes no longer in administration time than a single standard test was explored. Both normative data and the relationship between these instruments are presented. Marked scatter for the field-dependent Ss on these two measures was found. An alternative strategy for selecting Ss and difficulties with that alternative is discussed.
INFLUENCING THE PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES

The study reported in this paper examined the influence of certain factors on the perception of organizational change in 12 community colleges within a single state community college system. The sample consisted of 510 professional staff who completed an original 71-item survey instrument. Results suggest that the primary areas where change is perceived in significantly different ways include the value of organizational change and the process by which change occurs. A conceptual model was developed based on a review of the literature. Descriptive statistics, factor analyses, and multiple regression were then conducted to explore the efficacy of the model. Overall, the model explained 29% of the variance in the dependent variables. Strategic understanding and years of service were two of the most significant factors influencing the perception of change. Implications for research and practice are discussed to explore insights on critical aspects for understanding and managing organizational change successfully.
Substrate resistance calculation for latchup modeling

The input and output circuits are the main triggering mechanisms of latchup in CMOS technology. We have studied the triggering capability of these circuits and the effectiveness of using guard rings to suppress triggering. We present a method to estimate the substrate potential induced by a triggering current in these circuits and the effect of using guard rings to prevent latchup. It was necessary to include effects of the field-threshold implant to obtain good agreement between theory and measurements.
Benzyl alcohol poisoning in a premature newborn infant

later stages often result in stillbirth or premature delivery. The most common site of union is thoracopagus (anterior thoracoabdominal fusion) and is found in 75% of cases. Gray and associates established a list of criteria for the antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins: (1) The heads are at the same level and body plane; (2) the spines are in unusual proximity; (3) the spines are unusually extended; (4) the fetuses do not change position relative to one another after movement or manipulation. We found the fourth criterion to be most important since ultrasound scanning of the patient on several occasions always showed the area of the two chests to be in the same position relative to each fetus whenever fetal movement occurred. The single shared fetal heart also remained in the same position relative to each fetus whenever fetal movement occurred. It is suggested that whenever genetic amniocentesis reveals twins one should carefully ascertain if one or more amniotic sacs are present. This may be confirmed with indigo carmine dye injected into the amniotic cavity at the first puncture site and blue amniotic fluid obtained at a second puncture site. When monoamniotic twins are diagnosed, the fetuses should be carefully studied with ultrasound for the possibility of conjoined twins. The diagnosis of conjoined twins at an early stage of pregnancy allows the option of termination of the pregnancy. This is important because the chance of successful separation of the twins is usually low, especially if only one heart is present. I Many conjoined twins also have malformations not associated with the site of conjoining.
Enhancing Coparenting, Parenting, and Child Self-Regulation: Effects of Family Foundations 1 Year after Birth

This study investigated whether a psycho-educational program with modest dosage (eight sessions), delivered in a universal framework through childbirth education programs and targeting the coparenting relationship would have a positive impact on observed family interaction and child behavior at 6-month follow-up (child age 1 year). One hundred sixty-nine couples, randomized to intervention and control conditions, participated in videotaped family observation tasks at pretest (during pregnancy) and at child age 1 year (2003-2007). Coparenting, parenting, couple relationship, and child self-regulatory behaviors were coded by teams of raters. Intent-to-treat analyses of program effects controlled for age, education, and social desirability. Evidence of significant (p < 0.05) program effects at follow-up emerged in all four domains. Effect sizes ranged from 0.28 to 1.01. Targeting the coparenting relationship at the transition to parenthood represents an effective, non-stigmatizing means of promoting parenting quality and child adjustment.
Issues in Intraindividual Variability: Individual Differences in Equilibria and Dynamics Over Multiple Time Scales

This article addresses three issues germane to experimental design and statistical analysis of intraindividual variability such as the articles contained within this special section. First, the time scale of the measurement of a process can have profound effects on the outcome of analyses of the resulting time series. Measurement in time poses special problems in the design of experiments: the time scale of the measurements must be appropriate for the time scale of the process. Second, deterministic and stochastic models should be fit at the individual level and only at a second level should individual differences in parameters be modeled. Third, one must consider the possibility that nomothetic relations may be exposed by the invariance of covariance between latent variables rather than within a factor analytic measurement model.
Spatial and temporal modulation of joint stiffness during multijoint movement

Joint stiffness measurements during small transient perturbations have suggested that stiffness during movement is different from that observed during posture. These observations are problematic for theories like the classical equilibrium point hypothesis, which suggest that desired trajectories during movement are enforced by joint stiffness. We measured arm impedances during large, slow perturbations to obtain detailed information about the spatial and temporal modulation of stiffness and viscosity during movement. While our measurements of stiffness magnitudes during movement generally agreed with the results of measurements using fast perturbations, they revealed that joint stiffness undergoes stereotyped changes in magnitude and aspect ratio which depend on the direction of movement and show a strong dependence on joint angles. Movement simulations using measured parameters show that the measured modulation of impedance acts as an energy conserving force field to constrain movement. This mechanism allows for a computationally simplified account of the execution of multijoint movement. While our measurements do not rule out a role for afferent feedback in force generation, the observed stereotyped restoring forces can allow a dramatic relaxation of the accuracy requirements for forces generated by other control mechanisms, such as inverse dynamical models.
Toward tactile sensor-based exploration in a robotic environment

In this paper we discuss efforts directed to study touch as the primary sensing modality for a robotic manipulatory system. We provide a framework for active robotic exploration strategy and discuss the role of tactile and force/torque sensors in the exploration of a robotic workcell. Further, we describe a number of techniques useful in processing tactile information acquired using passive as well as active sensing modes. Successful adaptation of touch in robotic manipulatory systems entails in both enhancing the tactile sensor technology, and developing techniques for efficient and accurate analysis of the tactile information. Concepts and algorithms developed in this paper are evaluated using a laboratory test bed which includes an industrial robot with a parallel jaw end-effector with dynamic feed-back from a 10 x 16 tactile sensor and a force/torque sensor. Results of the experimental studies show promise for the basic active exploration framework and various algorithmic modules constituting the exploration process.
The Law of Muscular Exhaustion and Restoration

YOUR issue of Jan. 28 is just received, containing a paper (vol. xi. p. 256) by Prof. Frank E. Nipher, wherein he condemns as “entirely unreliable” his first series of experiments on the subject of the exhaustion of the muscles of the arm by mechanical work. A like condemnation he pronounces in the February number of the American Journal of Science.
Regulatory interaction between myogenic and shear-sensitive arterial segments: Conditions for stable steady states

Myogenic and shear stress-sensitive mechanisms control the caliber of a small blood vessel in this modeling study. This blood vessel in our model was composed of a pressure-sensitive (myogenic) component and a series-connected shear-sensitive component. The response of this model to imposed pressure and the conditions that result in a stable steady-state vessel diameter were investigated. The requirement that the model parameters need to satisfy for a stable steady state to exist are expressed by the numerical solution of simultaneous nonlinear equations. Also, if a vessel is put into an initial state that is not an equilibrium state, then the system must occupy a range of initial conditions to arrive at a stable equilibrium. These are described graphically for three cases. In general, the initial shear stress should be higher than the equilibrium value of shear stress, and/or the initial transmural pressure should be low, compared with the imposed feed pressure. Increasing the imposed pressure on the vessel can lead to elimination of the equilibrium state and vasospasm, according to this model. When a stable steady state is not reached, the model predicts elimination of the vessel or vasospasm. The model is in qualitative agreement with experimental observations that, during angiogenesis, vessels with low flow are often eliminated.
Clinical implications of p53 mutations

The ultimate goal of basic cancer research is to provide a theoretical foundation for rational approaches to improve cancer therapy. Our extensive insight into the biology of the p53 tumour suppressor and the clinical behaviour of tumours harbouring p53 mutations indicates that information concerning p53 will be useful in diagnosis and prognosis, and may ultimately produce new therapeutic strategies. At the same time, efforts to understand the clinical implications of p53 mutations have revealed conceptual and technical limitations in translating basic biology to the clinic. The lessons learned from p53 may lay the groundwork for future efforts to synthesize cancer gene function, cancer genetics and cancer therapy.
Resection of Mediastinal Teratoma

Mediastinal germ cell tumors are caused by malignant change in a primordial germ cell. Like their gonadal counterparts, mediastinal teratomas are composed of tissues representing one or more of tile embryonic germ cell layers foreign to the organ or anatomic site in which they occur. The tumor may attempt organ formation and can contain teeth, skin, and hair (ectodermal derivatives); cartilage and bone (mesodermal derivatives); or bronclfial, intestinal, and pancreatic tissue (endodermal derivatives). Mature teratomas represent approximately 60% to 70% of mediastinal germ cell tumors and are well differentiated and benign. 3 Those composed exclusively of mature ectoderm are often termed "dermoids." The presence of any fetal or immature neuroeetodermal or mesenehymal elements characterizes a teratoma as immature, which lms a good pro~losis but a greater likelihood of recurrence or metastasis. Rarely, a mature teratoma can contain a focus of careinonla, sarcolna, or malignant germ cell tumor; one that does is termed a nlallgnant teratoma" or teratocarcinonla . Most mature mediastinal teratonias occur in children and young adults, with tile average age at presentation approximately 20 years. ~ Unlike malignant germ cell tumors, which occur nearly exclusively in men, teratomas occur with equal frequency in men antl women. Although the asymptonlatic lesion is more likely benign, tile lack of symptoms does not ensure a benign process. Similarly, a symptomatic lesion is ulore likely malignant, but benign lesions also may be symptomatic. In infants and children, the relatively smaller mediastinal dimeusions and tile predominance of malignant lesions make most mediastinal masses symptomatic. Mature teratomas can be asymptomatic in up to 50% of patients, particularly in chihiren and young aduhs. 5 Older individuals ulorc typically present with signs and symptoms related to intrathoracic compressiou from tile local growth of the mass, with chest pain, cough, and dyspnea as tile most connnon complaints. ConstiOperative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol tutional synlptOUlS snell as fever, weight loss, and endocrine dysfunction lmve also been described. Digestive enzymes secreted by intestinal mucosa or pancreatic tissue in the tumor can precipitate rupture into the bronelfi, pleura, pericardium, or lung. Expectoration of hair (trychoptysis) or sebmn is a rare but pathognomonic event, indicating that the tmnor has rul)tured into a bronchus.
Pulsus alternans: Physiologic study by noninvasive techniques

Pulsus alternans study by noninvasive techniques for assessing cardiovascular function in hemodynamics and muscular physiology
Decision Making and Integration in the European Community

Events since January 1963 have confronted participant and observer alike with a number of fundamental political questions about the European Community. How can we reconcile repeated newspaper stories about its imminent collapse because of one crisis or another with its persistence and seemingly ever more impressive accomplishments? Can the Community continue to develop in the face of major policy differences among its members? Does the existence of the Community change the ground rules and operating conditions of the relations between its members, or does it only place naive European idealists at the mercy of more cynical, wily, and “realistic” politicians by introducing merely gentler ways of coercing or cajoling the less powerful members? Does it have any enduring impact on the political process or on political attitudes within the member states, or are such changes as occur insignificant or easily reversible?
Investigation of Nuclear Motion by Electron Diffraction

IT has long been known that the amplitude of nuclear vibrations in free molecules could be studied by electron diffraction if sufficiently accurate intensity measurements were made. Several years ago, Karle and Karle1 developed the first successful experimental procedure for investigating nuclear motion. Since that time results for a number of molecules have been obtained, both by the Karles and by this laboratory. It is hoped that such information will prove useful in studies of potential fields of molecules, and will also serve to help in the interpretation of diffraction patterns of more complicated molecules with similar interatomic linkages.
Social coordination in toddler's word learning: interacting systems of perception and action

We measured turn-taking in terms of hand and head movements and asked if the global rhythm of the participants' body activity relates to word learning. Six dyads composed of parents and toddlers (M=18 months) interacted in a tabletop task wearing motion-tracking sensors on their hands and head. Parents were instructed to teach the labels of 10 novel objects and the child was later tested on a name-comprehension task. Using dynamic time warping, we compared the motion data of all body-part pairs, within and between partners. For every dyad, we also computed an overall measure of the quality of the interaction, that takes into consideration the state of interaction when the parent uttered an object label and the overall smoothness of the turn-taking. The overall interaction quality measure was correlated with the total number of words learned. In particular, head movements were inversely related to other partner's hand movements, and the degree of bodily coupling of parent and toddler predicted the words that children learned during the interaction. The implications of joint body dynamics to understanding joint coordination of activity in a social interaction, its scaffolding effect on the child's learning and its use in the development of artificial systems are discussed.
Predicting the drug interaction potential of AMG 853, a dual antagonist of the D-prostanoid and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper 2 cells receptors.

AMG 853 is an orally bioavailable and potent dual antagonist of the D-prostanoid (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) receptors. The drug interaction potential of AMG 853, both as a victim and perpetrator, was investigated using in vitro , in silico and in vivo methodologies. Experiments in human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant enzymes identified CYP2C8, CYP2J2 and CYP3A as well as multiple UGT isoforms as being responsible for the metabolic clearance of AMG 853. Using HLM and selective probe substrates, both AMG 853 and its acyl glucuronide metabolite (M1) were shown to be inhibitors of CYP2C8. AMG 853 and M1 did not inhibit any of the other CYP isoforms tested and AMG 853 exhibited minimal enzyme induction properties in human hepatocytes cultures. In light of the in vitro findings, modeling and simulation approaches were utilized to examine the potential for ketoconazole (a CYP3A inhibitor) to inhibit the metabolism of AMG 853 as well as for AMG 853 to inhibit the metabolism of paclitaxel, rosiglitazone and montelukast, commonly used substrates of CYP2C8. A weak and clinically insignificant drug interaction (AUCi/AUC < 2) was predicted between ketoconazole and AMG 853. No drug interactions were predicted for AMG 853 and paclitaxel, rosiglitazone or montelukast. Finally, administration of AMG 853 to healthy human subjects in clinical trials in the presence or absence of ketoconazole confirmed that AMG 853 is unlikely to be involved in clinically significant drug interactions.
Possible Adaptive Significance of Pigmentation in Simocephalus (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae)

ABSTRACT Differences in amount of pigmentation were observed in individuals of Simocephaluesx exspinosus, Simocephalus serrulatus, and Simocephalus vetulus collected from water bodies with or without visually oriented fish. In each species, individuals from permanent waters with fish were more pigmented than were individuals from temporary waters without fish. Pigmentation may reduce the ability of visually oriented predators to detect these crustaceans against structures in benthic habitats.
The surgical treatment of hand deformities in systemic lupus erythematosis

Ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosis hand deformities were studied. Wrist involvement included distal ulnas subluxation in 14 wrists (with four requiring excision) and various degrees of carpal instability in 12 wrists (usually asymptomatic). Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint subluxation treated by soft tissue procedures for passively correctable deformities in 30 joints had a failure rate of 70%. MP joint arthroplasties performed in 33 joints gave fair results in 16 joints with fixed deformities and good results in 17 joints with passively correctable deformities. Thumb deformities always involved all three joints, and maintenance of carpometacarpal (CMC) joint stability was the key to thumb reconstruction. CMC joint stabilization with ligamentous reconstruction gave good results in three of four thumbs. Four CMC joint fusions and two CMC joint implant arthroplasties gave good results. Each was accompanied by appropriate procedures on the MP joint or interphalangeal joint.
Photoperiod alters hypothalamic cytokine gene expression and sickness responses following immune challenge in female Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)

Rodents that live in changing environments dis- play different immune responses mediated in part by photoperiod (day length) cues. Siberian hamsters main- tained in winter-like (short) photoperiods display smaller physiological and behavioral responses to immune chal- lenges as compared with hamsters housed in summer-like (long) photoperiods. We hypothesized that these different response patterns are attributable to altered cytokine pro- duction in the hypothalamus in response to photoperiod changes. Female hamsters were housed in long or short days for 10 weeks to induce photoperiodic alterations, then injected with either LPS (a bacterial endotoxin) or saline. Fever and food intake were assessed 3 h post-injection; hypothalami and blood were collected 3, 6, and 12 h post- injection. LPS induced lower fever and reduction in food intake responses in short-day hamsters as compared with long-day hamsters. Additionally, short-day hamsters re- duced IL-1 and Tnf expression in the hypothalamus 6 h after LPS injection, as measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Plasma estradiol concentrations did not differ between long- and short-day hamsters. These data suggest that differences in cytokine production in the hypothalamus may underlie the photoperiod-induced differences in sick- ness responses, and that these changes are not mediated by estradiol. © 2005 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Teachers Who Left the Teaching Profession: A Qualitative Understanding

In this study, the researchers investigated public school teacher attrition in the State of Texas. The study examined the problem by focusing on the predominant reasons teachers give for leaving the profession after working only one year as a teacher. Eight persons who had left the teaching profession after one year teaching were contacted and interviewed concerning their reasons for leaving. The three most influential factors found were lack of administrative support, difficulties with student discipline, and low salary levels. Study findings and implications for policy are discussed. Key Words: Teacher Attrition, Teacher Retention, and Teacher Shortage
Transcritical two-layer flow over topography

The evolution of weakly-nonlinear two-layer flow over topography is considered. The governing equations are formulated to consider the effects of quadratic and cubic nonlinearity in the transcritical regime of the internal mode. In the absence of cubic nonlinearity an inhomogeneous Kortewegae Vries equation describes the interfacial displacement. Numerical solutions of this equation exhibit undular bores or sequences of Boussinesq solitary waves upstream in a transcritical regime. For sufficiently large supercritical Froude numbers, a locally steady flow is attained over the topography. In that regime in which both quadratic and cubic nonlinearity are comparable, the evolution of the interface is described by an inhomogeneous extended Kortewegde Vries (EKdV) equation. This equation displays undular bores upstream in a subcritical regime, but monotonic bores in a transcritical regime. The monotonic bores are solitary wave solutions of the correspondmg homogeneous EKdV equation. Again, locally steady flow is attained for sufficiently large supercritical Froude numbers. The predictions of the numerical solutions are compared with laboratory experiments which show good agreement with the solutions of the forced EKdV equation for some range of parameters. It is shown that a recent result of Miles (1986), which predicts an unsteady transcritical regime for single-layer flows, may readily be extended to two-layer flows (described by the forced KdV equation) and is in agreement with the results presented here. Numerical experiments exploiting the symmetry of the homogeneous EKdV equation show that solitary waves of fixed amplitude but arbitrary length may be generated in systems described by the inhomogeneous EKdV equation.
Natural Killer Cell Consolidation for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: A Cell Therapy Ready for Prime Time?

body radiation therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:S115-S117, 2007 10. Timmerman R, Galvin J, Pass H, et al: RTOG 0618: A Phase II Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Operable Stage I/II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Philadelphia, PA, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, 2007, p 67 11. Hurkmans CW, Cuijpers JP, Lagerwaard FJ, et al: Recommendations for implementing stereotactic radiotherapy in peripheral stage IA non-small cell lung cancer: Report from the Quality Assurance Working Party of the randomised phase III ROSEL study. Radiat Oncol 4:1, 2009 12. Dawood O: M. D. Anderson Cancer Center to Lead Study of Surgery vs. CyberKnife Radiosurgery for Operable Lung Cancer Patients. http://www.accuray. com/PressReleases.aspx?release 676 13. Grills IS, Mangona VS, Welsh R, et al: Outcomes after stereotactic lung radiotherapy or wedge resection for stage I non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:928-935, 2010 14. Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV: Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg 60:615-622, 1995; discussion 622-623 15. Reed CE, Harpole DH, Posther KE, et al: Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: The utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126:1943-1951, 2003 16. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS: Survival of patients with true pathologic stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 88:917-922, 2009; discussion 922-923 17. Lee Y, Auh SL, Wang Y, et al: Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8 T cells: Changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood 114:589-595, 2009
The Motivational Effects of the Classroom Environment in Facilitating Self-Regulated Learning:

Students can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, lack initiative and responsibility for their learning. Self-regulated learning involves learning strategies and mental processes that learners deliberately engage to help themselves learn and perform better academically. The results of this study provide empirical support for the theoretical relationships among cognitive evaluation theory, achievement goal theory, and self-regulated learning strategies in the context of the classroom. Superficial learning strategies were linked to extrinsic motivation, while intrinsic motivation determined deep cognitive and metacognitive strategy usage. Perceived autonomy, perceived competence, and task mastery orientation mediated the classroom environment’s effect on intrinsic motivation. These findings suggest that active applicationoriented experience delivered by enthusiastic faculty, who provide high interaction, supportive feedback, and clear goals that emphasize learning over grades, will increase intrinsic...
Distributed multiuser visualization of time varying anatomical data

We describe a networked environment for navigating and visualizing 3-dimensional anatomical data with extensions for time varying volumes. The Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy (CIVM) has been capturing volumetric data of mice using magnetic resonance microscopy. Current data sets are 512/sup 3/ with 16 bit precision per voxel at an isotropic resolution of 50 microns. A new instrument will provide larger 512*512*2048 volumes. Because magnetic resonance imaging is nondestructive, both rapid time series and longer interval developmental series can be taken from living specimens. Our work builds on techniques put in place at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and the University of Michigan for navigating Visible Human data using a client-server implementation, but applied to CIVM mouse data. Extension of the system to 4-dimensional data sets involves changes to compressed data representations and client viewing mechanisms. An essential aspect of the mouse studies is to facilitate comparison between different specimens, or even the same specimen over time, for studies of morphologic phenotype expression in gene knockouts.
Temporal expression of 8 growth factors in tendon-to-bone healing in a rat supraspinatus model.

Growth factors play an important role in supraspinatus tendon-to-bone healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal expression of 8 different growth factors in tendon-to-bone healing in an animal model. We hypothesize that growth factors exhibit unique temporal profiles that correlate to specific stages in the acute process of the supraspinatus tendon. To test this hypothesis, rats underwent bilateral supraspinatus tendon detachment and repair. Animals were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Immunohistochemical staining was done using antibodies for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP-12), BMP-13, BMP-14, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Immunoassays showed an increase in the expression of all growth factors at 1 week, followed by a return to control or undetectable levels by 16 weeks in both the insertion and midsubstance. Future studies will investigate the different impacts of growth factor expression in tendon to bone healing.
Implementation of smoothing by spectral dispersion on Beamlet and NIF

The performance of the Beamlet laser with one dimensional smoothing by spectral dispersion (1D SSD) implemented is investigated. Measurements of the near field beam quality, nonlinear breakup, and transmission through spatial filter pinholes show a modest effect only at large SSD divergence. No measurable effect was found at the divergence level planned for indirect drive ignition experiments. The efficiency of conversion to the third harmonic was also measured with SSD present and found to be somewhat larger than expected from an ideal plane wave model.
Mineralogy of intrusions in the Diablo Plateau, northern Trans-Pecos magmatic province, Texas and New Mexico

Electron probe microanalyses of minerals in the nine intrusive rock types of the Diablo Plateau document compositional changes accompanying magmatic differentiation. Plagioclase occurs only in the least differentiated rock type. Alkali feldspar phenocrysts show little compositional variation. Groundmass feldspar compositions were modified by exsolution and deuteric alteration, particularly during growth of natrolite. Nepheline compositions in these hypabyssal rocks are intermediate between those of volcanic and plutonic nephelines elsewhere. Mafic minerals show wider compositional variations. Clinopyroxene, the most abundant of these, changed from sodian augite toward hedenbergite, and then toward acmite. The more sodic pyroxenes crystallized later than feldspars and nepheline from residual liquids after emplacement at the now-exposed level. Amphiboles and biotites show progressive decreases in Ti, Mg, and tetrahedral Al/Si. In the least differentiated rock type and in some autoliths, the amphibole is kaersutite; in later formed rocks, hornblendes and sodic amphiboles are widespread. Other prominent minerals showing compositional variation are manganoan fayalite, aenigmatite, and eudialyte. For the nepheline syenites, crystallization temperatures are estimated at 700 to 725 °C, with log ( f O 2 ) = −20 and log ( f H 2 O ) = + 1.6 to 2.1.
Interplanetary shocks seen by Ames plasma probe on Pioneer 6 and 7

Interplanetary shocks and discontinuities observed by the Ames Research Center plasma probe on Pioneer 6 and 7 are analyzed with Goddard Space Flight Center magnetometer data. Several shock normals are used for the MHD model of a shock where the mixed data shock normals, which use plasma and magnetic field data, give the best agreement with the theoretical requirements. The requirements are the satisfaction of the Rankine-Hugoniot conservation equations across the shock where angles (predicted theoretically from the conservation equations) between certain combinations of plasma and magnetic field data vectors in the shock normals are explicitly checked. The results for the August 29, 1966, shock are compared with previous results.
Steady state organ distribution and metabolism of thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in intestines, liver, kidneys, blood, and residual carcass of the rat in vivo

We have directly measured the relative distribution and steady state pool sizes of T4 and T3 in blood and extrathyroidal tissues of the whole euthyroid male rat, plus several steady state T3 and T4 metabolism indices in the whole animal, in eight rats infused sc for 7 days with labeled 125I-T3 (T3*) or 125I-T4 (T4*) via implanted minipumps. Liver, kidneys, complete intestine, and residual carcass homogenate extracts and sera were chromatographed on both Sephadex and HPLC. Total tissue T3* and T4* in steady state were assessed and corrected for hormone trapped in residual blood in tissues using radioactive albumin as a vascular marker. Labeled Triac* and/or Tetrac* were prominent among steady state metabolites of T3* or T4* in intestines, feces, and residual carcass, but not in liver or kidneys. Extrathyroidal steady state T3 and T4 pools in residual carcass were 52.8 +/- 5.74 (SD) % of total T3 and 41.2 +/- 4.57% of total T4. The largest extrathyroidal organ pools containing exchangeable T3 and T4 were intestines, with 33.1 +/- 5.46% of total (extrathyroidal) T3 and 18.1 +/- 2.80% of total T4, whereas liver and kidney pools, previously reported as the largest measured, had only 8.0 +/- 1.45% and 2.30 +/- 0.26% of total T3 and 8.72 +/- 1.56% and 1.01 +/- 0.111% of total T4, respectively. Whole blood contained 3.6 +/- 0.385% of total T3 and 31.2 +/- 1.70% of total T4. Also, 21.3 +/- 8.2% of total body T4 was converted to T3 in the whole rat (residual carcass+intestines+liver+kidneys), the production rate of T4 was PR4 = 37.1 +/- 5.28 ng/h.100 g BW and the plasma appearance rate of T3 (PR3min) was 10.6 +/- 2.83 ng/h.100 g BW. T3 production from extrathyroidal T4 was CR3-4 = 6.63 +/- 0.94 ng/h and the minimum T3 secretion rate (SR3min) was 4.02 +/- 0.94 ng/h, each per 100 g BW, indicating that the thyroid secretes more than 38% of whole body T3 in euthyroid steady state. T4 and T3 plasma clearance rates (PCR) were 1.01 +/- 0.29 (T4) and 23.7 +/- 4.36 (T3) ml/h.100 g BW.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Observe-mine-adopt (OMA): an agile way to enhance software maintainability

We introduce the observe-mine-adopt (OMA) paradigm that assists organizations in making improvements to their software development processes without committing to and undertaking large-scale sweeping organizational process improvement. Specifically, the approach has been applied to improve software practices focused on maintainability. This novel approach is based on the theory that software teams naturally make observations about things that do or do not work well. Teams then mine their artifacts and their recollections of events to find the software products, processes, metrics, etc. that led to the observation. In the case of software maintainability, it is then necessary to perform some measurement to ensure that the methods result in improved maintainability. We introduce two maintainability measures, maintainability product and perceived maintainability, to address this need. Other maintainability measures that may be used in the mine step are also examined. Finally, if the mining activities lead to validated discoveries of processes, techniques or practices that improve the software product, they are formalized and adopted by the team. OMA has been studied experimentally using two project studies and a Web-based health care system which is maintained by a large industrial software organization.
Online max-margin weight learning with Markov logic networks

Most of the existing weight-learning algorithms for Markov Logic Networks (MLNs) use batch training which becomes computationally expensive and even infeasible for very large datasets since the training examples may not fit in main memory. To overcome this problem, previous work has used online learning algorithms to learn weights for MLNs. However, this prior work has only applied existing online algorithms, and there is no comprehensive study of online weight learning for MLNs. In this paper, we derive new online algorithms for structured prediction using the primaldual framework, apply them to learn weights for MLNs, and compare against existing online algorithms on two large, real-world datasets. The experimental results show that the new algorithms achieve better accuracy than existing methods.
The dependency structure of coordinate phrases: a corpus approach.

Hudson (1990) proposes that each conjunct in a coordinate phrase forms dependency relations with heads or dependents outside the coordinate phrase (the “multi-head” view). This proposal is tested through corpus analysis of Wall Street Journal text. For right-branching constituents (such as direct-object NPs), a short-long preference for conjunct ordering is observed; this is predicted by the multi-head view, under the assumption that structures resulting in shorter dependencies are preferred. A short-long preference is also observed for left-branching constituents (such as subject NPs), which is less obviously accommodated by the multi-head view but not incompatible with it. The repetition of determiners was also examined (the dog and cat versus the dog and the cat), and a stronger preference was found for repetition with singular count nouns as opposed to mass or plural nouns; this accords well with the multi-head view, under the reasoning that single-determiner constructions require crossing dependencies with count nouns but not with plural or mass nouns.