cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF CONCENTRATED PIMIENTO WASTES WITH POLYMERIC FLOCCULATING AGENTS

Chemical methods of treatment were investigated as a means to reduce the waste load of concentrated unit effluents from pimiento canning. Polymeric flocculating agents and inorganic salts were applied to unit effluents. Optimum laboratory conditions for suspended solids removal were then tested on a pilot plant scale. Turbidity of effluents from peel removal, core removal, and the total canning operation composite were reduced by 95, 93, and 74%, respectively. Corresponding values for suspended solids reduction were 95, 82, and 86%. Segregation and separate treatment of the peel removal effluent which contains 69% of the total load of suspended solids in only 18% of the waste water flow is recommended.
Frontier methods in coherent X-ray diffraction for high-resolution structure determination

In 1912, Max von Laue and collaborators first observed diffraction spots from a millimeter-sized crystal of copper sulfate using an X-ray tube. Crystallography was born of this experiment, and since then, diffraction by both X-rays and electrons has revealed a myriad of inorganic and organic structures, including structures of complex protein assemblies. Advancements in X-ray sources have spurred a revolution in structure determination, facilitated by the development of new methods. This review explores some of the frontier methods that are shaping the future of X-ray diffraction, including coherent diffractive imaging, serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering. Collectively, these methods expand the current limits of structure determination in biological systems across multiple length and time scales.
Nuclear Reactor Optimization

(1961). Nuclear Reactor Optimization. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 237-237.
Applications of the New Family of Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopies for Analytical Chemistry.

A new family of vibrational and electronic spectroscopies has emerged, comprising the coherent analogs of traditional analytical methods. These methods are also analogs of coherent multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This new family is based on creating the same quantum mechanical superposition states called multiple quantum coherences (MQCs). NMR MQCs are mixtures of nuclear spin states that retain their quantum mechanical phase information for milliseconds. The MQCs in this new family are mixtures of vibrational and electronic states that retain their phases for picoseconds or shorter times. Ultrafast, high-intensity coherent beams rapidly excite multiple states. The excited MQCs then emit bright beams while they retain their phases. Time-domain methods measure the frequencies of the MQCs by resolving their phase oscillations, whereas frequency-domain methods measure the resonance enhancements of the output beam while scanning the excitation frequencies. The resulting spectra...
Neck Muscle Moment Arms Obtained In-Vivo from MRI: Effect of Curved and Straight Modeled Paths

Musculoskeletal models of the cervical spine commonly represent neck muscles with straight paths. However, straight lines do not best represent the natural curvature of muscle paths in the neck, because the paths are constrained by bone and soft tissue. The purpose of this study was to estimate moment arms of curved and straight neck muscle paths using different moment arm calculation methods: tendon excursion, geometric, and effective torque. Curved and straight muscle paths were defined for two subject-specific cervical spine models derived from in vivo magnetic resonance images (MRI). Modeling neck muscle paths with curvature provides significantly different moment arm estimates than straight paths for 10 of 15 neck muscles (p < 0.05, repeated measures two-way ANOVA). Moment arm estimates were also found to be significantly different among moment arm calculation methods for 11 of 15 neck muscles (p < 0.05, repeated measures two-way ANOVA). In particular, using straight lines to model muscle paths can lead to overestimating neck extension moment. However, moment arm methods for curved paths should be investigated further, as different methods of calculating moment arm can provide different estimates.
Faculty Input for Future Allocation of Scarce Educational Technology Resources

Faculty are major stakeholders in the California community college (CCC) system’s ability to meet three primary mission objectives: increase student access, prepare students for transfer, and remain competitive. Educational technology (ET) can play a vital role in keeping the CCCs competitive, and modern learner-centric models rely heavily on faculty using ET, but ET is expensive. With 113 CCCs operating in an era of constrained budgets, the efficient allocation of scarce ET resources remains a challenge for the CCC system. Faculty input regarding their use of educational technology (ET) is invaluable, but no published empirical research explores the present and future use of ET by the CCC faculty. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey CCC faculty to determine their present ET hardware and software use, and their anticipated ET use five years in the future. Survey data from 655 active CCC faculty were analyzed using t-tests at the p < .05 threshold for statistical significance. Cohen’s D was used to describe the magnitude of anticipated change from current to future ET use. Results demonstrate that CCC faculty anticipate significant increases in their use of ET hardware and software over the next five years. Results also show that 42% of faculty had never been asked about their use of ET by an influencer, indicating that faculty are underutilized stakeholders in ET planning. Combined, these findings can be utilized by CCC administrative decision makers towards meeting their mission objectives by the efficient allocation of scarce ET resources.
Addressing the healthcare needs of older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender patients in medical school curricula: a call to action.

ABSTRACTMedical students matriculating in the coming years will be faced with treating an expansive increase in the population of older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients. While these patients face healthcare concerns similar to their non-LGBT aging peers, the older LGBT community has distinct healthcare needs and faces well-documented healthcare disparities. In order to reduce these healthcare barriers, medical school curricula must prepare and educate future physicians to treat this population while providing high quality, culturally-competent care. This article addresses some of the unique healthcare needs of the aging LGBT population with an emphasis on social concerns and healthcare disparities. It provides additional curricular recommendations to aid in the progressive augmentation of medical school curricula.Abbreviations: Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME); LGBT: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender
Transport regimes spanning magnetization-coupling phase space

The manner in which transport properties vary over the entire parameter-space of coupling and magnetization strength is explored. Four regimes are identified based on the relative size of the gyroradius compared to other fundamental length scales: the collision mean free path, Debye length, distance of closest approach, and interparticle spacing. Molecular dynamics simulations of self-diffusion and temperature anisotropy relaxation spanning the parameter space are found to agree well with the predicted boundaries. Comparison with existing theories reveals regimes where they succeed, where they fail, and where no theory has yet been developed.
Solubility Enhancement of a BCS Class II Drug Using Granulated Fumed Silica as an Adsorbent

Aim: The aim of this study was to improve solubility and dissolution characteristics of Ibuprofen using granulated fumed silica (Aeroperl®300) as a carrier. Methods: Ibuprofen-silica complex was prepared by solvent evaporation technique using ethanol as the solvent. Formulation I and II consisted of polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5) and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP K-30) respectively. Each formulation was prepared using 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 ratio of drug, polymer and silica. Dried powder obtained was characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM). In-vitro dissolution studies were carried out using three different media including Phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 0.1N Hydrochloric Acid (pH 1.2) and de-ionized water. Results: Drug loading up to 30% w/w was successfully achieved with 1:1:1 ratio formulations. Physical characterization data confirmed change of crystalline Ibuprofen into amorphous form after processing. Maximum solubility increment of 33-37% was achieved in Phosphate buffer with formulations II A and II B within the first 5 minutes of dissolution as compared to the control (pure drug). Conclusion: Enhancement in drug solubility and subsequent dissolution rate can be attributed to adsorption of amorphous drug molecules onto porous silica that readily desorb on contact with dissolution media. High porosity and huge surface area of silica makes it a potential candidate for improving delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
The Legal Enforcement of Integrity

Talk of “integrity” is ubiquitous in law and legal discourse: Protecting the integrity of our political system has been cited as a basis for anti-corruption laws; preserving the integrity of the legal profession as a principle underlying the rules of lawyer ethics; ensuring integrity in policing and in the wider criminal justice system as a justification for excluding evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution; and protecting bodily integrity as a potential goal for the law of rape and sexual assault. This chapter examines what integrity means in each of these contexts, what these uses have in common, and whether thinking about these various rules and doctrines in terms of integrity rather than other moral concepts leads to any practical difference in outcome; and it asks what the examination of integrity in the law can tell us about the concept of integrity in other contexts.
Uptake and distribution of copper, lead, and zinc in dandelions (Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae) sampled from polluted and nonpolluted soils1

Abstract We investigated the hypotheses that (a) differences in metal uptake exist between dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber; Asteraceae) clones sampled from unpolluted and polluted sites when grown in polluted media, and (b) differences in metal uptake into dandelion roots versus leaves exist for clones sampled from unpolluted and polluted sites when grown in polluted media. These hypotheses were tested by performing a series of reciprocal, greenhouse-planting experiments in which distinct dandelion clones (12 clones, identified by DNA fingerprinting, from each site type) sampled from two unpolluted and two polluted (relatively high copper [Cu], lead [Pb], and zinc [Zn] soil concentrations) sites were grown pairwise in both unpolluted (nutrient solution only) and polluted (nutrient solution + 120 mg kg−1 Cu, 700 mg kg−1 Pb, and 260 mg kg−1 Zn) media (N = 48 pairwise plantings for each medium type). Analyzing the entire data set (including unpolluted and polluted treatments), dandelion clones sampled ...
LEUKOTRIENES AND OTHER EICOSANOIDS: SYNTHESES AND SYNTHETIC METHODS

Abstract Biologically active metabolites of arachidonic acid (eicosanoids), including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are best obtained by total synthesis based on new synthetic methods. This article illustrates this point with a variety of examples selected to illustrate new methodology. Included are: 1 A biomimetic synthesis of leukotrienes. 2 A stereospecific synthesis of Z , E , E -trienes as applied to leukotriene B. 3 New methods for carbon-carbon single and triple bond formation as applied to the synthesis of mono acetylenic dehydroarachidonic acids, potent irreversible inhibitors of lipoxygenase enzymes. 4 A synthesis of 5-desoxyleukotrienes utilizing a sulfinyl-stabilized pentadienyl anion and a novel 1, 5-rearrangement of sulfur. 5 A synthesis of trans -homoallylic alcohols from the new reagent lithiomethylenetriphenylphosphorane as a hyper-activated Wittig ylide. 6 An efficient synthesis of a medically interesting prostaglandin D metabolite employing new methods for functional group protection and reduction. 7 Finally, from a different area, new methodology which permits a most direct and effective synthesis of gibberellic acid.
Incompetence and Paternalism

Paternalism is the coercing of people primarily for what is believed to be their own good. When, for example, a person is committed to a mental hospital, not because he is believed to be dangerous to others, but because he isbelieved to be dangerous to himself or at least in need of treatment, we have a clear example, of paternalistic intervention. The coercion involved in such intervention comes into conflict with certain basic principles of political liberty, however, and is usually regarded as justified only if the individual in question is judged incompetent to make a certain class of decisions — e.g. to refuse treatment for supposed mental illness. John Stuart Mill’s classic liberal limitation on coercion (“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others”.1) is normally thought to apply only to persons who are competent — e.g. not to children or the insane.
Precarious Rocks: Providing Upper Limits on Past Ground Shaking from Earthquakes

Abstract Precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) are naturally occurring geological features that could be easily toppled by strong earthquake shaking. They bring two forms of information valuable for understanding seismic hazard. In the specific regions where PBRs occur, they provide direct information about strong ground motions not exceeded during their lifetimes. Their more general application is to provide useful limits on ground motion variability. This article explains how precarious rocks may be interpreted, and why they are important for understanding strong ground motions in engineering application.
Management of Lung Diseases Associated with NTM Infection

A variety of lung diseases are either the cause or the consequence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. The most common of these diseases are COPD, bronchiectasis, and fibrotic lung disease. Identifying and treating underlying lung diseases and coexisting infections with bacteria, fungi, and other organisms are critical elements for mitigating the impact of the NTM infection. The quality of life of patients with NTM infection can be improved by addressing coexisting lung disease and other complicating factors that contribute to morbidity and possibly mortality. A multimodality therapeutic approach and a collaborative approach between treating clinicians can maximize therapeutic benefit to the individual patient.
An Exploration of the Network Installation and Recovery Problem with Blackstart Nodes.

The Neighbor Aided Network Installation Problem asks how best to install the nodes in a network under the assumption that the cost of installing a node depends solely on the number of its neighbors which have been previously installed. We study a version which incorporates blackstart nodes into the model. Under the assumption of a decreasing convex cost function and a single blackstart node, we solve the problem for subclasses of almost-complete and augmented-tree networks. We also describe two heuristics and present experimental results on real world networks.
Surface oxidation mechanism of a refractory high-entropy alloy

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) synthesized using refractory elements are being strongly considered as candidates for high temperature structural applications. The role of compositional changes of HEA surfaces due to oxidation is crucial to sustain the material properties, but a detailed description of the thermodynamic mechanism driving the adsorption of oxygen on such complex surfaces is absent. We examine and explain the reaction process of oxygen on a representative refractory HEA surface using first principles and atomistic thermodynamic models. The HEA surface is highly reactive to oxygen yielding a full monolayer coverage at temperatures between 300 and 1500 K. The preferential adsorption of oxygen to specific sites of the HEA surface is attributed to the electronic configuration of the bonding shells of the constituent surface atoms. On further oxygen addition, the oxygen atoms diffuse into the bulk regions of the alloy. Manipulation of temperature and oxygen pressure reveals that it is difficult to rid the alloy surface of oxygen even at extremely low pressures of 10−9 bar at 2000 K.
Lower carotid revascularization rates after stroke in racial/ethnic minority-serving US hospitals.

Objective We sought to determine whether the use of carotid revascularization procedures after stroke due to carotid stenosis differs between minority-serving hospitals and hospitals serving predominantly white patients. Methods We identified ischemic stroke cases due to carotid disease, identified by ICD-9-CM codes, from 2007 to 2011 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The use of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) was recorded. Hospitals with ≥40% racial/ethnic minority patients (minority-serving hospitals) were compared to hospitals with Results Of the 26,189 ischemic stroke cases meeting inclusion criteria, 20,870 (79.7%) were treated at 1,113 white hospitals and 5,319 (20.3%) received care at 325 minority-serving hospitals. Compared to patients in white hospitals, patients in minority-serving hospitals were less likely to undergo CEA/CAS (17.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 16.6%–18.6%, in minority-serving vs 21.2%, 95% CI 20.7%–21.8%, in white hospitals; p Conclusion The odds of carotid revascularization after stroke is lower in minority- compared to white-serving hospitals, suggesting system-level factors as a major contributor to explain race disparities in the use of carotid revascularization.
Evaluation of gefitinib biological effects in patients with solid tumors amenable to sequential biopsies—Final results

3090 Background: Biological effects of gefitinib are not well understood. The goals of this study are to assess the effects of gefitinib on EGFR signaling pathways in tumor and normal tissue, as we...
Analytical solutions for material line and plane in triple slip, with inverse solutions for the slips from a finite deformation experiment on iron crystals

Abstract Triple-slip analytical solutions are derived for rotation and extension of crystal material lines and planes relative to the underlying lattice, applicable to any crystal class. An algebraic inverse solution is then developed for the amounts of slip on the three systems (two collinear) in terms of initial and final positions of material line and plane. The solutions are applied to a finite deformation experiment (from the recent literature) on a bcc iron crystal in uniaxial compression, considering both {110} and {112} slip-planes. The respective slips and areal and length changes are determined from the initial and final experimental positions of the compression plane and an edge line. Such analyses can assist in assessment of relative hardening rates of the slip systems.
Creating Value Through Information and Knowledge Flow: Lessons from the Public Sector Applied to the Private Sector:

AbstractInformation sharing can be an enabler for generating value. An organization’s ability to disseminate accurate, complete and timely information has been related to higher levels of organizat...
De-Democratization of Firms: A Case Study of Publicly-Listed Private Equity Firms

This paper develops a definitional and conceptual framework to assess the extent to which firms are democratically organized and applies the framework to thirty-nine publicly-listed private equity firms (“PPE”). The proposed definitional framework merges the criteria used by influential observers of political democracies together with the metaphor of “corporate democracy” that has been used by state legislators, federal regulators, the judiciary, and legal scholarship that have shaped U.S. corporate governance. Under the proposed definitional framework, democratic corporate governance refers to a regime that invites broad participation by shareholders, treats shareholders equally, protects shareholders from misconduct, and facilitates mutually binding consultation. By the same token, de-democratization of firms refers to a trend towards a regime that is less inclusive, less equal, less protective, and unilateral. This case study focuses on mechanisms that are chosen by PPEs to facilitate shareholders’ participation in governance and to hold managers accountable to shareholders. PPEs are an appropriate subject for this case study because they are firms that have adjusted their once highly private and sophisticated governance structures to accommodate public investors. The organizational and contractual features that are chosen by these firms reveal the balance between shareholder and managerial power within these newly public institutions. This review finds evidence of de-democratization across all four dimensions (inclusion, equality, protection, and mutuality) of the proposed definition of corporate democracy. This account of the de-democratization within one segment of firms yields new insights about the relationship between firms and government. This article takes the first step toward categorizing these various relationships between democratic principles in the corporate and political contexts and suggests tailored policy responses to the trend of de-democratization among firms.
A phase 1 trial of itacitinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor, in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a primary cause of nonrelapse mortality and a major barrier to successful transplant outcomes. Itacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK)1-selective inhibitor that has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of aGVHD. We report results from the first registered study of a JAK inhibitor in patients with aGVHD. This was an open-label phase 1 study enrolling patients aged ≥18 years with first HCT from any source who developed grade IIB to IVD aGVHD. Patients with steroid-naive or steroid-refractory aGVHD were randomized 1:1 to itacitinib 200 mg or 300 mg once daily plus corticosteroids. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability; day 28 overall response rate (ORR) was the main secondary endpoint. Twenty-nine patients (200 mg, n = 14; 300 mg, n = 15) received ≥1 dose of itacitinib and were included in safety and efficacy assessments. One dose-limiting toxicity was reported (grade 3 thrombocytopenia attributed to GVHD progression in a patient receiving 300 mg itacitinib with preexisting thrombocytopenia). The most common nonhematologic treatment-emergent adverse event was diarrhea (48.3%, n = 14); anemia occurred in 11 patients (38%). ORR on day 28 for all patients in the 200-mg and 300-mg groups was 78.6% and 66.7%, respectively. Day 28 ORR was 75.0% for patients with treatment-naive aGVHD and 70.6% in those with steroid-refractory aGVHD. All patients receiving itacitinib decreased corticosteroid use over time. In summary, itacitinib was well tolerated and demonstrated encouraging efficacy in patients with steroid-naive or steroid-refractory aGVHD, warranting continued clinical investigations. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02614612.
The Final Frontier: China, Taiwan, and the United States in Strategic Competition for Central America.

China’s rise as a global power corresponded with a diminution of Taiwanese diplomacy, which has left Central America as the last region to host a continuous bloc of countries that recognize the ROC. In this article, we argue that China’s success in gaining diplomatic recognition from Taiwan’s former allies has largely resulted from China's economic policy, specifically its promises of large-scale infrastructure projects and the integration of Central American economies with Chinese markets. However, there are limits to how far China has advanced in gaining full recognition from the region. The competing political and economic interests of China, Taiwan, the United States, and the Central American countries themselves, continue to influence patterns of diplomatic switching. More specifically, we argue that the threat of punitive measures from the United States combined with a turn in Taiwanese diplomacy toward assistance efforts to combat Covid-19 may deter future switching in the short to medium-term. Our analysis offers case studies of four Central American countries (Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador and Nicaragua) to illustrate the multi-year processes by which China’s economic strategy leads to diplomatic switching and examine the paths ahead for the remaining holdouts facing the prospect of economic and political penalties by the United States.
Sub-national Fiscal Activity as a Determinant of Individual Happiness: Ideology Matters

Though there has been a recent outpouring of studies on the determinants of individual happiness, there remains a paucity of research on the influence of specific sub-national government policies. Additionally, theoretical expectations about how fiscal variables influence happiness are unclear, making further empirical research imperative. Combining survey data and aggregate information about state and local government revenue and expenditures within the United States, we draw inferences about whether or not such activities affect individual happiness. We find no indication that the overall level of state or local fiscal activity affects life satisfaction. However, we offer evidence that personal happiness could be increased with an increase in the percentage of sub-national expenditure devoted to public safety. We also find that there are notable differences across ideological groups (conservatives, moderates, and liberals) with respect to how much public safety influences happiness, as well as how some other fiscal variables influence happiness. We conclude that ideology mediates the impact of fiscal variables on life satisfaction.
Perceived Discrimination against Black Americans and White Americans

A widely-cited study reported evidence that White Americans reported higher ratings of how much Whites are the victims of discrimination in the United States than of how much Blacks are the victims of discrimination in the United States. However, much fewer than half of White Americans rated discrimination against Whites in the United States today to be greater or more frequent than discrimination against Blacks in the United States today, in data from the American National Election Studies 2012 Time Series Study or in preregistered analyses of data from the American National Election Studies 2016 Time Series Study or from a 2017 national nonprobability survey. Given that relative discrimination against Black Americans is a compelling justification for policies to reduce Black disadvantage, results from these three surveys suggest that White Americans’ policy preferences have much potential to move in a direction that disfavors programs intended to reduce Black disadvantage.
A pilot study on the biochemical effects of repeated administration of 24% oral sucrose vs. 30% oral dextrose on urinary markers of adenosine triphosphate degradation.

OBJECTIVES Premature neonates often receive oral sucrose or dextrose before tissue-damaging procedures (TDPs). Previous work showed that a single dose of sucrose, but not dextrose, increased cellular energy utilization and ATP degradation. This pilot study probes the effects of repeated administration of sucrose or dextrose on energy metabolism. METHODS Urinary markers of ATP metabolism (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid) are measured in premature neonates randomized to receive: (a) standard of care, (b) 0.2 ml 24% oral sucrose, or (c) 0.2 ml 30% oral dextrose, before every painful procedure on days-of-life 3-7. RESULTS Standard of care is associated with highest xanthine/creatinine and uric acid/creatinine, likely because of fewer pain treatments. Benefits of repeated oral sucrose are unclear. Neonates receiving oral dextrose had lower xanthine/creatinine and uric acid/creatinine. CONCLUSIONS Repeated treatments of neonatal procedural pain with 30% oral dextrose are less energetically demanding. Larger clinical studies are needed for comparison with sucrose treatments.
Emergence of polyclonal BRCA2 reversions following PARP inhibitor treatment: An illustrative case report.

Abstract Cancers with mutations in BRCA2 have defective DNA repair capacity which is potentially targetable with poly-ADP(ribose) polymera se (PARP) inhibitors such as olaparib and rucaparib. However, the development of a secondary mutation that restores BRCA2 function is a well-documented mechanism of resistance to PARP inhibitors. Here, we present a case report of a man with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with a germline BRCA2 frameshift mutation. Treatment with olaparib resulted in an initial response but was followed by progression. Cell-free DNA testing after progression revealed the presence of polyclonal BRCA2 mutations that were estimated to restore it into the correct reading frame. We describe his treatment course and genetic testing results and then discuss the biological mechanisms driving this mechanism of resistance.
Histology with Regional and Ethnic Variation

The human skin comprises a complex trilaminar consisting of the superficial epithelium, mid-dermis with adnexae and deeper subcutaneous fat. The histological features of skin and the adnexae are diverse and confounded by limitations imposed by frozen section technique, racial/gender variation and degenerative conditions ascribed to the aging process and exposure to ultraviolet light. This chapter will provide a comprehensive review of the histological features of the epithelium dermis and subcutaneous fat with associated adnexae seen on the skin and mucous membranes. It will include individual variations due to racial or gender difference as well as co-generative alterations as seen in the aged or sun-damaged patient.
A hydraulic capture application for optimal remediation design

The goal of a hydraulic capture model for remediation purposes is to design a well field so that the direction of groundwater flow is altered, thereby halting or reversing the migration of a contaminant plume. Management strategies typically require a well design that will contain or shrink a plume at minimum cost. Objective functions and constraints can be nonlinear, non-convex, non-differentiable, or even discontinuous. The solution uses optimization algorithms with groundwater flow and possibly transport simulators. The formulation of the objective function dictates possible optimization algorithms that can be used. For example, a gradient based method is likely to fail on a discontinuous objective function or gradient information may not be available. Computational efficiency as well as accuracy is desirable and often influences the choice of solution method. In this paper we present three hydraulic capture models. Our motivation is a hydraulic capture application proposed in the literature for benchmarking purposes. We present numerical results for the three models using the implicit filtering algorithm.
Abnormal overexpression of p53 is a predictive molecular biomarker of Advexin (adenoviral p53) efficacy in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)

B52 The p53 signaling pathway integrates diverse environmental stimuli and serves as the nodal point for regulation of cell proliferation or cell death via apoptosis. This pathway is disrupted or dysfunctional in >50% of human tumors. In squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), overexpression of p53 protein (p53 + ) is associated with poor patient outcome and poor tumor response to therapy. With the goal of evaluating p53 pathway markers, we have used immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to evaluate tumor samples from 64 individuals with SCCHN. Overexpression of p53 protein (p53 + ) was found in 47/64 (73.4%) samples examined, as defined by ≥20% of cells positive for nuclear staining using the monoclonal DO7 antibody. Additional p53 pathway proteins were also examined, including HDM2, Bcl-2, p14 ARF , and survivin. Utilizing ≥20% of cells positive as criteria for expression, 47.6% (30/63) of tumors analyzed expressed HDM2, 27.0% (17/63) Bcl-2, 21.9% (14/64) p14 ARF , and 74.6% (44/59) survivin. A subset of the individuals with recurrent SCCHN was treated in Phase II clinical trials using p53 gene therapy (Advexin; Adenovirus-p53). In order to determine whether any of these proteins could potentially be used as a predictive biomarker for p53 gene therapy efficacy, analysis was carried out on the subset of patients treated with Advexin for whom clinical outcome information was available (n=18). Of the markers evaluated, only p53 protein overexpression had a statistically significant correlation with locoregional tumor disease control (CR, PR, or SD, all of >3 months duration) and increased median survival following Advexin treatment. 72.7% of patients with p53 + tumors demonstrated locoregional disease control, compared to only 14% of patients with p53 - tumors (p=0.05). In addition, the median survival of patients with tumors overexpressing p53 protein (p53 + ) was 11.0 months (95% CI 6.5-16.0), compared to only 3.0 months (95% CI 1.5-3.5) in patients whose tumors were p53 - (p
Dissipation inequalities for distributed systems on graphs

This paper considers linear dynamic systems with an interconnection structure specified by a directed graph. We formulate linear matrix inequalities for computation of performance of the system based on dissipation inequalities, and define a notion of local dissipation. We derive a computational test for this which may be solved via semidefinite program. The structure of the resulting matrix inequalities is related to recent approaches to distributed control, and the results of this paper reduce to recent results in the case where the underlying graph structure is a rectangular array. Based on the analytical result, a state feedback synthesis approach is presented and it also can be cast as a semidefinite program.
An injector for heavy ion fusion accelerator research

A multibeam injector being built to provide 16-500 mA beams of C/sup +/ at 2 MeV energy is presented. The sources are carbon cathode multiple arcs that provide plasma to a double-grid plasma switch. The plasma switch is a planar electrostatic device that prevents ions from entering the extraction gap before the extraction voltage pulse is fired. Data on the performance of this source in a test stand have been obtained. The 1- mu s current pulse will be injected into the acceleration column approximately 30 mu s after the voltage pulse is applied to the column. This allows voltages to equilibrate and the flat spot in the voltage pulse to be reached. The ions are accelerated in a column that consists of titanium electrodes mounted inside aluminum oxide insulator modules. Most of the 16 beam holes are in thick plates which are machined to provide a set of alternating aperture lenses. These lenses focus the beam and inhibit propagation of back streaming electrons. >
Soft Clustering Criterion Functions for Partitional Document Clustering

Abstract : Recently published studies have shown that partitional clustering algorithms that optimize certain criterion functions, which measure key aspects of inter- and intra-cluster similarity, are very effective in producing hard clustering solutions for document datasets and outperform traditional partitional and agglomerative algorithms. In this paper we study the extent to which these criterion functions can be modified to include soft membership functions and whether or not the resulting soft clustering algorithms can further improve the clustering solutions. Specifically, we focus on four of these hard criterion functions, derive their soft-clustering extensions, present a comprehensive experimental evaluation involving twelve different datasets, and analyze their overall characteristics. Our results show that introducing softness into the criterion functions tends to lead to better clustering results for most datasets and consistently improve the separation between the clusters.
Sexual Behavior and Contraceptive Use among 18- to 19-Year-Old Adolescent Women by Weight Status: A Longitudinal Analysis.

Objective To describe the association between weight status and sexual practices among 18- to 19-year-old women. Studydesign Weanalyzedapopulation-basedlongitudinalstudyof18-to19-year-old women residinginaMichigan county at cohort inception. Weekly journal surveys measured sexual practices, including contraceptive behaviors. Outcomesincluded proportion ofweeks witha partner,proportion of weeks with sexual intercourse, number of partners, average length of relationships, proportion of weeks with contraception use, and proportion of weeks where contraception was used consistently. We examined 26545 journal surveys from 900 women over the first study year. Ordinary least squares regression models for each outcome examined differences by weight status, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results The mean proportion of weeks in which adolescents reported sexual intercourse was 52%; there was no difference by weight status. Among weeks in which adolescents reported sexual activity, obese adolescents had a lower proportion of weeks where any contraception was used compared with normal weight adolescents (84% vs 91%, P = .011). Among weeks in which adolescents reported sexual activity and contraceptive use, obese adolescents had a lower proportion of weeks with consistent contraceptive use (68% vs 78%, P = .016) and oral contraceptive pill use (27% vs 45%, P = .001) compared with normal weight adolescents. All other relationships by weight status were not statistically significant. Conclusions In this longitudinal study, obese adolescent women were less likely to use contraception, and less likely touseitconsistentlywhencompared withnormal weightpeers. Findingssuggest obesitymaybeanimportant factor associated with adolescent women’s sexual behavior. (J Pediatr 2015;-:---).
Preservation of enteroviruses by freeze-drying

A method was developed for freeze-dry stabilization of poliovirus type 3. An ultrafiltration procedure was used to remove salts from infected tissue culture fluid, and the virus was freeze-dried after suspension in an alkaline organic buffer. This method was further tested with other picornaviruses including poliovirus types 1 and 2, coxsackieviruses A9, A20, B2, and B5, echovirus 11, and the encephalomyocarditis virus. Freeze-dried preparations of the poliovirus could be shipped to distant laboratories at ambient temperature with excellent retention of infectivity. Data are presented showing effects of freeze-drying as well as results of exposure to temperatures to 37 C.
Gigahertz SiGe BiCMOS FPGAs with new architectures and novel power management schemes

The demand for high speed Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) has been on a rise. These were never possible using CMOS as the basic device. People were able to achieve frequencies in the range of 70-250 MHz using CMOS. The availability of Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) devices has opened the door for Gigahertz FPGAs. An FPGA with a speed of over 5 GHz was reported by B.S. Goda (2000) using SiGe 5HP technology. However in order to scale up FPGAs significantly, a serious power management scheme must be in place. Apart from this, architectural changes can be made to improve the speed and reduce the power. This paper elaborates on the architecture of the new SiGe FPGA and its advantages over the previous generation SiGe FPGAs. The entire Configuration Logic Block (CLB) has been implemented using seven Current Mode Logic (CML) trees. Apart from these, a novel power management scheme is implemented which allows the FPGA to operate at multiple modes: fast, non-critical, slow and off. The new FPGA can run in the fast mode when speed is critical or in the slow mode when power is the limiting issue. The CLB can run up to 5.96 GHz.
Consequences of the axiom of choice

Numerical list of forms Topical list of forms Models Notes References for relations between forms Bibliography Table 1 and Table 2 Subject index Author index Software.
Women and Bullfighting: Gender, Sex and the Consumption of Tradition.

Women and Bullfighting: Gender, Sex and the Consumption of Tradition. Sarah Pink. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers, 1997. 234 pp.
Nucleic Acid Structural Energetics

Nucleic acids perform many functions essential for life, and exhibit a correspondingly diverse array of structures. This article provides an overview of nucleic acid structure, as well as the forces that govern its formation. The current state of knowledge of nucleic acid thermodynamics is discussed, as well as techniques for predicting and designing structures of interest. Experimental methods used to determine the structure of nucleic acids and the thermodynamics of their reactions are also surveyed. Keywords: nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; DNA structure; RNA structure; RNA thermodynamics; RNA folding; secondary structure; tertiary structure
The Trading Crowd: An Ethnography of the Shanghai Stock Market

The Trading Crowd: An Ethnography of the Shanghai Stock Market. Ellen Hertz. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 238 pp.
Some implications of a two-component reduction of Dirac phenomenology☆

Abstract A two-component reduction of Dirac wavefunctions and operators is used to identify situations where Dirac and Schrodinger phenomenology differ significantly. In this two-component form pseudovector and pseudoscalar coupling operators differ in a fashion that reduces the pseudovector coupling strength in the nuclear medium. This reduction promises to improve agreement between theory and experiment for various nuclear direct reactions.
Reduced Electronic Spaces for Modeling Donor/Acceptor Interactions†

Diabatic states for donor (D) and acceptor (A) interactions in electron transfer (ET) processes are formulated and evaluated, along with coupling elements (HDA) and effective D/A separation distances (rDA), for reduced electronic spaces of variable size, using the generalized Mulliken Hush model (GMH), applicable to an arbitrary state space and nuclear configuration, and encompassing Robin−Day class III and as well as class II situations. Once the electronic state space is selected (a set of n ≥ 2 adiabatic states approximated by an orbital space based on an effective 1-electron (1-e) Hamiltonian), the charge-localized GMH diabatic states are obtained as the eigenstates of the dipole moment operator, with rotations to yield locally adiabatic states for sites with multiple states. The 1-e states and energies are expressed in terms of Kohn−Sham orbitals and orbital energies. Addressing questions as to whether the estimate of HDA “improves” as one increases n, and in what sense the GMH approach “converges” w...
Cost of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia among patients with lymphoma or solid tumors

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to estimate the mean incremental cost of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia and the drivers of cost. Another goal was to estimate the impact of depth and duration of thrombocytopenia on the cost of thrombocytopenia. METHODS A retrospective cohort, consisting of a random sample of 75 solid tumor or lymphoma patients who developed chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (≤ 50,000 platelets per μl), was chosen. The number of each type of resource used during 217 cycles with and 300 cycles without thrombocytopenia were multiplied by the cost of each resource and summed to yield the total cost of care (in 1999 dollars from the provider's perspective). RESULTS Compared with cycles without thrombocytopenia, the mean incremental cost of thrombocytopenia was $1037 per cycle. However, 60% of cycles were usual cost, with a mean cost of thrombocytopenia of $43 per cycle less than control cycles. Twelve percent of cycles were high cost (mean incremental cost = $612 per cycle); 28% were very high cost (mean incremental cost = $3519). The excess cost during high-cost cycles was due to high consumption of prophylactic platelet transfusions and during very high-cost cycles to both higher platelet transfusion consumption and to a high incidence of major bleeding episodes. CONCLUSIONS Although thrombocytopenia is a common complication of chemotherapy, only 40% of cycles with thrombocytopenia would be considered high or very high cost. Interventions targeted at this subset of cycles could significantly reduce the cost of thrombocytopenia provided they are initiated early enough in the chemotherapy experience to be effective. Cancer 2003;97:1541–50. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11195
Characterization of endogenous and recombinant human calpain-10

Calpain-10 is a novel ubiquitous calpain family member that has been implicated as a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes. One of the major challenges is that the function of calpain-10 is not yet known. To address this problem, we purified human calpain-10 from different sources, including the endogenous and the recombinant calpain-10 from HeLa S3 and 293F cells, respectively. Both endogenous and recombinant calpain-10 were present as two major forms with different origins. Interestingly, radiolabeled calpain-10 was found to be efficiently cleaved at the N-terminal region by calpain-2, but not by other proteases. None of these calpain-10 proteins have putative proteolytic activity under in vitro conditions when examined using different peptide substrates, including more than 70 in vitro translated, radiolabeled oligopeptides. Our results raise the possibility that calpain-10 may require a special intracellular localization or interacting partner(s) to acquire proteolytic activity, or it functions by interacting with other proteins rather than through its proteolytic activity.
Two satiety systems revealed by hypothalamic knife cuts in hypophysectomized rats.

Abstract When pituitaries are intact, hypothalamic knife cuts produce obesity in adult rats but not in weanlings. Knife cut weanling females do not usually begin to become obese until after they are 7 weeks old. When pituitaries are removed, symmetrical or asymmetrical knife cuts produce obesity promptly in both adults and weanlings. Obesity indices that correct for stunted linear growth reveal that in adults the degree of obesity is independent of the presence or absence of the pituitary. Based on these findings we speculate that there may be two appetite regulating systems, a juvenile one involving the pituitary, and an adult one involving the hypothalamus.
Remodeling Collective Violence: James Tong's Rational Choice Model and the Great Strikes of 1877

James Tong develops a rational choice model for collective violence by peasant outlaws in pre-modem Ming Dynasty China. I argue that Tong's model can, with some alterations, be used to explain sudden, widespread outbursts of unorganized, collective violence by workers-phenomena which are anomalous vis-a-vis the "expanded logic of collective action." I apply Tong's model to the Great Strikes of 1877. The spark that lighted this prairie fire was a spontane ous nationwide strike by railroad workers. Consistent with Tong's model, rail road workers struck when their wages were reduced below subsistence levels. Because this subsistence crisis coincided with coercive crises at the local and state level and the slow mobilization by the United States Army-which reduced the likelihood of arrest, injury or death in action-these strikes quickly deep ened. They ignited an explosion of concurrent disturbances; sympathy strikes, protest marches and rallies, riots, and general strikes.