cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Der Neue Dreizylinder-Erdgasmotor von Volkswagen

Volkswagen erweitert die so genannte New-Small-Family-Fahrzeugbaureihe um ein neues Modell mit der Bezeichnung Eco Up. Die Modelle der New-Small-Family-Baureihe sind als Stadtfahrzeuge konzipiert, die auf geringer Verkehrsflaeche viel Innenraum bieten. Der Dreizylindermotor des Eco Up mit 1,0 l Hubraum ist auf den Betrieb mit Erdgas (Compressed Natural Gas, CNG) ausgelegt. Er leistet 50 kW und verbraucht im NEFZ nur 2,9 kg Erdgas, was einem CO2-Aequivalent von 79 g/km entspricht. Beim Einsatz von Biogas statt fossilem CNG-Gas wird dieser Wert in der Betrachtung von der Quelle zum Rad (well to wheel) noch einmal deutlich reduziert. Aufgrund des guenstigen Preises fuer Erdgas ergeben sich niedrige Kraftstoffkosten im Bereich von etwa 3,00 Euro pro 100 km. Mit zwei Gastanks und einem kleinen Benzintank hat der Eco Up eine Gesamtreichweite von etwa 580 km. Im Eco Up erfolgt erstmals der serienmaessige Einsatz des BlueMotion-Technology-Pakets in Verbindung mit einem CNG-Antrieb. Es umfasst ein Start-Stopp-System, ein Rekuperationssystem und Reifen mit besonders geringem Rollwiderstand.
Rapid microassay of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity☆

Abstract A simple, rapid, and reproducible microassay has been developed to measure the activity of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase. The assay is based on making the conversion of cyclic AMP to 5′-AMP the rate-limiting step in a sequence of reactions beginning with cyclic AMP and ending with the formation of ATP. The ATP is quantitated by the firefly luciferin-luciferase technique. The method offers several advantages over the more commonly used procedures, the major one being its extreme sensitivity (0.1 μg rat cerebrum is sufficient for an assay). Moreover, since less than 1% of the substrate is consumed during the assay, maximum reaction velocities can be maintained for long periods of time and over a wide range of tissue concentrations. This procedure is useful not only for determining phosphodiesterase activity in minute quantities of tissue but also for studying the kinetic properties of the different phosphodiesterases.
Exploring the role of supervisor trust in the associations between multiple sources of relationship conflict and organizational citizenship behavior

Abstract We develop and test a model that builds directly on social exchange theory to predict different roles for supervisor trust in the relationships between organizational citizenship behavior and relationship conflict occurring between supervisors and subordinates and between peers. Specifically, we posit that the association between citizenship behavior and relationship conflict between employees and supervisors is mediated by supervisor trust, while the association between citizenship behaviors and relationship conflict occurring between peers is moderated by supervisor trust. We test our dual role for supervisor trust in a field study of 160 supervisor–employee dyads. Results support the different roles played by supervisor trust. We close by discussing the implications of our results for theory and practice in the relationship conflict and citizenship domains.
Probabilistic reporting of EUS-FNA cytology: Toward improved communication and better clinical decisions.

BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine threshold probabilities needed to perform endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and those needed to treat patients suspected of having malignancy and then to compare these thresholds to the pre- and posttest probabilities of malignancy associated with benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant diagnoses. The goal was to aid endoscopists in making appropriate clinical decisions based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. METHODS The study included 633 consecutive patients. A decision tree was constructed to estimate the “treatment” threshold. Using treatment threshold and likelihood ratios, the authors determined the “no-test-test” and “test-treatment” thresholds. Pretest probability was compared with no-test-test and test-treatment thresholds, and the post-EUS-FNA probability of malignancy for each diagnostic category with the treatment threshold. Results were stratified by lesion site, lesion size, and cytopathologist. RESULTS EUS-FNA has a wide range of pretest probabilities within which it could be performed (0.06–0.98). The posttest probabilities for malignancy, 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.967–0.996) and 0.09 (95% CI, 0.057–0.126), after a positive or a negative result, respectively, were significantly different from the treatment threshold but not those of suspicious, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.767–0.994) diagnosis. The posttest probability of atypical diagnosis, 0.60 (95% CI, 0.407–0.772), was not significantly different from that of pretest probability. Results did not vary by lesion size, organ site, or cytopathologist. CONCLUSION The authors demonstrated the uncertainty associated with EUS-FNA diagnostic categories and used the threshold approach to qualify quantitatively the decision to perform EUS-FNA and the decision to treat patients suspected of having malignancy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Psychotropic Medication Use with Troubled Children and Youth

This article serves as an introduction to a Special Issue focused on the use of psychotropic medication with children and youth identified with psychiatric disorders and emotional and behavioral disturbance. In this editorial, we provide a brief summary of why research examining psychotropic medication use for children and youth is increasingly important and a brief background on what research to date has identified. We also provide a brief description of the manuscripts selected for inclusion in this Special Issue.
2D data locality: definition, abstraction, and application

Data locality has been a central theme in the compiler optimization world for a long time. Most of the prior compiler techniques try to optimize data locality in a one-dimensional linear address space. However, there are many problems out there where the domain for data locality can be two or higher dimensional. For example, in a 2D mesh network environment, each node has connections with its four neighbors, and therefore, the data locality can potentially be exploited in two dimensions from a given processor's viewpoint. Because of this, maximizing the number of communications with any of four neighbors (instead of other nodes) helps improve performance. Similar examples can be given from the areas of embedded sensor processing and 3D systems as well. In this application domain, we make two specific contributions. First, we show how array data of a loop-intensive application can be mapped onto a 2D mesh so that the communication distances between the nodes are reduced. Second, we discuss how code restructuring through loop transformation can help us achieve better data locality in the 2D space.
Carbon partitioning in sugarcane (Saccharum species).

Focus has centered on C-partitioning in stems of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) due to their high-sucrose accumulation features, relevance to other grasses, and rising economic value. Here we review how sugarcane balances between sucrose storage, respiration, and cell wall biosynthesis. The specific topics involve 1) accumulation of exceptionally high sucrose levels (up to over 500 mM), 2) a potential, turgor-sensitive system for partitioning sucrose between storage inside (cytosol and vacuole) and outside cells, 3) mechanisms to prevent back-flow of extracellular sucrose to xylem or phloem, 4) apparent roles of sucrose-P-synthase in fructose retrieval and sucrose re-synthesis, 5) enhanced importance of invertases, and 6) control of C-flux at key points in cell-wall biosynthesis (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) and respiration (ATP- and pyrophosphate-dependent phospho-fructokinases). A combination of emerging technologies is rapidly enhancing our understanding of these points and our capacity to shift C-flux between sucrose, cell-wall polymers, or other C-sinks.
Signal transduction of eicosanoid CB1 receptor ligands.

Abstract The eicosanoid ligand, arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide), interacts with the CB 1 cannabinoid receptor in the brain to signal its response. Pharmacophoric points of interaction between this agonist and the receptor have been proposed based upon structure-activity relationship studies of ligand binding to the receptor. Three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models have been constructed based upon the corresponding pharmacophoric points predicted for cannabinoid ligands Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and 9-nor-9β-hydroxyhexa-hydrocannabinol. A novel data set has been used to test the statistical validity of these models. Once the ligand interacts with the CB 1 receptor, signal tranduction occurs via G-proteins of the Gi/o family which are shown to be associated with the receptor. Evidence suggests that the juxtamembrane region of the C-terminal of the CB 1 receptor is critical for activation of these G-proteins.
The application of gene technology to improve organisms

Abstract The industrially important lactic add bacteria are used extensively for the production of fermented dairy, meat and vegetable products. Recent developments in genetic engineering have resulted in the construction of starter cultures with unique and improved metabolic capabilities. The essential elements required for genetic manipulation of microorganisms of interest to the food industry will be discussed including a general description of host/vector systems, gene transfer systems, and strategies for cloning and expression of homologous and heterologous genes in the dairy lactococci. Electroporation has been demonstrated to be a very effective method for physically introducing DNA into Gram‐positive microorganisms. Recent results obtained with two commercially available electroporation units, a BTX Transfector 100 and a BioRad Gene Pulser, will be discussed. Examples of successful cloning experiments in the lactococci will be highlighted. Finally, the social and regulatory issues surrounding the ...
Brinkman's theorem in general relativity and non-Riemannian field theories

A theorem due to Brinkman states that, given a solution of the vacuum general relativistic field equations, it is never possible to generate a further solution by means of a nontrivial conformal transformation. It is pointed out here that there are exceptions to this result. The discussion is then extended to the nonsymmetric unified field theory, and the circumstances under which this theory admits a rigidly valid analog of Brinkman's theorem are investigated.
On Linear Distributed Parameter System Control

This paper attempts to clarify several issues related to the control of linear distributed parameter systems. Special attention is given to hereditary systems.
Pulmonary Venous Obstruction in the Atrial Switch Operation: A Forgotten Complication

The reported case involved a 7-year-old girl with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) and situs inversus who after surgical management experienced symptoms of dyspnea and left-sided obstructive heart disease. Her symptoms, chest X-ray, and cardiac catheterization demonstrated pulmonary venous obstruction, a known but rare complication associated with intra-atrial baffle obstruction. The incidence of the reported disorder, the follow-up assessment, and the current literature regarding complications of Senning/Mustard surgery are discussed in the context of patients with ccTGA.
Test of Significance Based on Wavelet Thresholding and Neyman's Truncation

Abstract Traditional nonparametric tests, such as the Kolmogorov—Smirnov test and the Cramer—Von Mises test, are based on the empirical distribution functions. Although these tests possess root-n consistency, they effectively use only information contained in the low frequencies. This leads to low power in detecting fine features such as sharp and short aberrants as well as global features such as high-frequency alternations. The drawback can be repaired via smoothing-based test statistics. In this article we propose two such kind of test statistics based on the wavelet thresholding and the Neyman truncation. We provide extensive evidence to demonstrate that the proposed tests have higher power in detecting sharp peaks and high frequency alternations, while maintaining the same capability in detecting smooth alternative densities as the traditional tests. Similar conclusions can be made for two-sample nonparametric tests of distribution functions. In that case, the traditional linear rank tests such as th...
Hamstrings loading contributes to lateral patellofemoral malalignment and elevated cartilage pressures: an in vitro study.

Background Hamstrings loading has previously been shown to increase tibiofemoral posterior translation and external rotation, which could contribute to patellofemoral malalignment and elevated patellofemoral pressures. The current study characterizes the influence of forces applied by the hamstrings on patellofemoral kinematics and the pressure applied to patellofemoral cartilage.
Theorizing Disaster: Analogy, historical ethnography, and the Challenger accident

Building explanations from data is an important but usually invisible process behind all published research. Here I reconstruct my theorizing for an historical ethnography of the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and the NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Administration) decisions that produced that accident. I show how analogical theorizing, a method that compares similar events or activities across different social settings, leads to more refined and generalizable theoretical explanations. Revealing the utility of mistakes in theorizing, I show how my mistakes uncovered mistakes in the documentary record, converting my analysis to a revisionist account that contradicted the conventional explanation accepted at the time. Retracing how I developed the concepts and theory that explained the case demonstrates the connection between historic political and economic forces, organization structure and processes, and cultural understandings and actions at NASA. Finally, these analytic reflections show ho...
Scalable synthesis of sequence-defined, unimolecular macromolecules by Flow-IEG

We report a semiautomated synthesis of sequence and architecturally defined, unimolecular macromolecules through a marriage of multistep flow synthesis and iterative exponential growth (Flow-IEG). The Flow-IEG system performs three reactions and an in-line purification in a total residence time of under 10 min, effectively doubling the molecular weight of an oligomeric species in an uninterrupted reaction sequence. Further iterations using the Flow-IEG system enable an exponential increase in molecular weight. Incorporating a variety of monomer structures and branching units provides control over polymer sequence and architecture. The synthesis of a uniform macromolecule with a molecular weight of 4,023 g/mol is demonstrated. The user-friendly nature, scalability, and modularity of Flow-IEG provide a general strategy for the automated synthesis of sequence-defined, unimolecular macromolecules. Flow-IEG is thus an enabling tool for theory validation, structure–property studies, and advanced applications in biotechnology and materials science.
A technique for controlling the placement of the thin area in electrojetpolished tem foils of tungsten

Recently we have been making extensive use of TEM observations of grain boundaries in a research program concerned with the deformation behavior of tungsten bicrystals. A major problem in this research involved the preparation of thin foils which contained the grain boundary in the electron tranparent region, since standard cell type electrojetpolishing techniques do not allow adequate control of the placement of the thin area. Since the grain boundary comprises a very small percentage of a foil, good thin area placement control is critical to obtaining useful samples consistently. Masking techniques which use electrically insulating lacquers are not precise enough to guarantee the position of the thin area. However, we have found that one can use the dishing characteristic of the jetpolisher (i.e., the fact that the center of the foil thins faster than the perimeter) in conjunction with the masking technique to predict the position of the thin area within a preferentially thinned region created by the masking procedure outlined below. This is the essence of the procedure outlined below.
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Spectrum of Hemorrhage and Thrombosis—Case Presentations:

Three cases of the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome are presented. Two of the patients died of thrombotic sequelae and 1 patient survived but suffered a significant bleeding complication. ...
Structural Bases of Stability-Function Tradeoffs in Enzymes

The structures of enzymes reflect two tendencies that appear opposed. On one hand, they fold into compact, stable structures; on the other hand, they bind a ligand and catalyze a reaction. To be stable, enzymes fold to maximize favorable interactions, forming a tightly packed hydrophobic core, exposing hydrophilic groups, and optimizing intramolecular hydrogen-bonding. To be functional, enzymes carve out an active site for ligand binding, exposing hydrophobic surface area, clustering like charges, and providing unfulfilled hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Using AmpC {beta}-lactamase, an enzyme that is well-characterized structurally and mechanistically, the relationship between enzyme stability and function was investigated by substituting key active-site residues and measuring the changes in stability and activity. Substitutions of catalytic residues Ser64, Lys67, Tyr150, Asn152, and Lys315 decrease the activity of the enzyme by 10{sup 3}-10{sup 5}-fold compared to wild-type. Concomitantly, many of these substitutions increase the stability of the enzyme significantly, by up to 4.7 kcal/mol. To determine the structural origins of stabilization, the crystal structures of four mutant enzymes were determined to between 1.90 {angstrom} and 1.50 {angstrom} resolution. These structures revealed several mechanisms by which stability was increased, including mimicry of the substrate by the substituted residue (S64D), relief of stericmore » strain (S64G), relief of electrostatic strain (K67Q), and improved polar complementarity (N152H). These results suggest that the preorganization of functionality characteristic of active sites has come at a considerable cost to enzyme stability. In proteins of unknown function, the presence of such destabilized regions may indicate the presence of a binding site.« less
Mammals as prey: estimating ingestible size.

Most mammals have deformable bodies, making it difficult to measure the size of living or freshly killed ones accurately. Because small rodents are common prey of many snakes, and because nearly all snakes swallow their prey whole, we explored four meth- ods for determining the ingestible size (the smallest cross-sectional area that the largest part of the rodent can be made into without breaking bones or dislocating joints) of 100 intact rodents, including 50 Mus musculus and 50 Rattus norvegicus. Cross-sectional areas derived from maximal height and width of specimens at rest or the same specimens wrapped snout to pelvic girdle are roughly 1.53 higher than areas calculated either by the height and width of the same specimens rolled into cyl- inders or by volumetric displacement. Rolling rodents into cylinders reduces cross-sectional area by straighten- ing the vertebral column, lengthening the abdominal cavity, elevating the sternum, compressing the thoracic cavity, and protracting the shoulder joint, that is, changes similar to those seen in rodents eaten by snakes. Reduced major axis regression of the smallest attainable cross-sectional area, y, on mass, x, shows that y (in log mm 2 ) approximates 1.53x (in log grams) 0.69 for rats and 1.63x 0.64 for mice. Our results suggest that vis- ual cues provided by live rodents might lead most preda- tors, like snakes, to overestimate ingestible size and hence rarely attack prey too large to ingest. J. Morphol.
Utility of four strains of white‐rot fungi for the detoxification of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in liquid culture

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of four different strains of white-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phanerochaete sordida, Phlebia brevispora, and Cyathus stercoreus) to degrade 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in liquid medium. Loss of TNT from the culture medium was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while the mutagenicity of the medium residues was evaluated using the Salmonella/microsome bioassay. The data indicate that within 21 d of incubation, all fungi were able to reduce the TNT concentration (from 90 mg/L) in the liquid medium to below detection limits. In this study, P. sordida showed a relatively high growth rate and the fastest rate of TNT degradation. The fungal treatment also produced a significant reduction of TNT mutagenicity. Treatment with C. stercoreus, P. brevispora, P. sordida, and P. chrysosporium resulted in the elimination of 94%, 90%, 87%, and 67% of the initial TNT-amended medium mutagenicity, respectively. The data also demonstrate that during incubation, TNT was eliminated from the culture medium two to eight times faster than the reduction in mutagenic potential. These results suggest that TNT disappearance alone cannot be used as the sole criterion in TNT remediation. Chemical analysis revealed that the major metabolites in the initial transformation of TNT were the monoamino-dinitrotoluenes, which were also degraded by the selected white-rot fungi. The study demonstrated that the white-rot fungi are capable of metabolizing and detoxifying TNT under aerobic conditions in nonligninolytic liquid medium.
Older adults learn less, but still reduce metabolic cost, during motor adaptation.

The ability to learn new movements and dynamics is important for maintaining independence with advancing age. Age-related sensorimotor changes and increased muscle coactivation likely alter the tri...
Who’s Got the Power? Religious Authority and the Internet

While many themes have been explored in relation to religion online—ritual, identity construction, community—what happens to religious authority and power relationships within online environments is an area in need of more detailed investigation. In order to move discussions of authority from the broad or vague to the specific, this article argues for a more refined identification of the attributes of authority at play in the online context. This involves distinguishing between different layers of authority in terms of hierarchy, structure, ideology, and text. The article also explores how different religious traditions approach questions of authority in relation to the Internet. Through a qualitative analysis of three sets of interviews with Christians, Jews, and Muslims about the Internet, we see how authority is discussed and contextualized differently in each religious tradition in terms of these four layers of authority.
Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts

Children consume restaurant-prepared foods at high rates, suggesting that interventions and policies targeting consumption of these foods have the potential to improve diet quality and attenuate excess energy intake. One approach to encouraging healthier dietary intake in restaurants is to offer fruits and vegetables (FV) as side dishes, as opposed to traditional, energy-dense accompaniments like French fries. The aims of the current study were to examine: children's views about healthier side dishes at restaurants; current side dish offerings on children's menus at leading restaurants; and potential energy reductions when substituting FV side dishes in place of French fries. To investigate children’s attitudes, a survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of U.S. 8- to 18-year-olds (n = 1178). To examine current side dish offerings, children's menus from leading quick service (QSR; n = 10) and full service restaurant chains (FSR; n = 10) were analyzed. Energy reductions that could result from substituting commonly-offered FV side dishes for French fries were estimated using nutrition information corresponding to the children's menu items. Two-thirds of children reported that they would not feel negatively about receiving FV sides instead of French fries with kids' meals. Liking/taste was the most common reason that children gave to explain their attitudes about FV side dishes. Nearly all restaurants offered at least 1 FV side dish option, but at most restaurants (60% of QSR; 70% of FSR), FV sides were never served by default. Substituting FV side dishes for French fries yielded an average estimated energy reduction of at least 170 calories. Results highlight some healthy trends in the restaurant context, including the majority of children reporting non-negative attitudes about FV side dishes and the consistent availability of FV side dish options at leading QSR and FSR. Yet the minority of restaurants offer these FV sides by default. Promoting creative, appealing FV side dishes can result in healthier, less energy-dense meals for children. Substituting or displacing energy-dense default side dishes with such FV dishes show promise as part of continued, comprehensive efforts to increase the healthfulness of meals consumed by children in restaurant settings.
Tumor promoter-induced changes in the permeability of epithelial cell tight junctions

Abstract Treatment of the kidney epithelial cell line MDCK with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces a large increase in the permeability of tight junctions within 2–4 hr. This change in transepithelial permeability is accompanied by alterations in cell morphology that include the opening of tight junctions, loss of apical surface microvilli and the formation of cytoplasmic processes containing numerous microtubules, microfilaments and 10 nm intermediate filaments. Simultaneously, TPA also stimulates a 10–20 fold increase in the synthesis and secretion of the serine protease plasminogen activator (PA); however, the inhibition of PA synthesis by cycloheximide does not prevent the morphological changes or the increased tight junctional permeability, suggesting that PA is not involved in these early TPA-induced events. Drugs that inhibit cytoskeletal function, such as cytochalasins B and D, colchicine, and vinblastine sulfate, are all relatively effective in preventing the TPA-induced morphological changes but not the increases in transepithelial permeability. Our results provide evidence that possible sites of TPA action include epithelial tight junctions as well as components of the cytoskeleton.
Effects of Substrate Orientation and Metal Film Thickness on the Intrinsic Strength, Intrinsic Fracture Energy, and Total Fracture Energy of Tantalum–Sapphire Interfaces

Parameters that characterize interface fracture are defined, and procedures to measure them are discussed. The interface strength σ o is measured by using a novel laser spallation experiment, which uses a laser-induced stress wave to separate the interface. The intrinsic (Go) and total (G c ) fracture energies are measured using a double cantilever beam experiment performed at ambient and cryogenic temperatures, respectively. These experiments are used to obtain relationships between G c and G o , and between σ o and G o , for interfaces between sputter-deposited polycrystalline Ta coatings and sapphire substrates. The intrinsic toughness and strength were modified by changing the orientation of the sapphire surface (basal and prismatic), while G c was varied by changing the test temperature (ambient and cryogenic) and the thickness (1-3 μm) of the ductile Ta layer. Besides providing values that have interest in their own right, the work presented here provides a general framework for designing interfaces in bonded structures and serves as a basis to develop atomistic and continuum interface fracture models.
The Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) of Plummers Island, Maryland

ABSTRACT The published records of the fleas (Siphonaptera) known to occur on Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland are reviewed. Peromyscopsylla scotti is reported for the first time, bringing the total number of species known from the Island to ten.
Hybrid processing systems&#8212;An assessment

The potential of hybrid processing systems is reviewed. The specific systems discussed involve the combination of coherent optical, electrooptical, electronic, and digital subsystems. In particular, progress in diffraction-pattern analysis is reviewed when the diffraction pattern is produced optically, detected, and then operated on electronically. The second type of system is the optical processing system, in which the diffraction pattern is appropriately changed to produce a modified image of the original input. Input transducers, addressable filters, and detection and logic subsystems are key elements of these systems.
Postpartum Group Cohesion of Sympatric Deer in Texas

Abstract Postpartum behavior of maternal deer may be specific to species of deer and predators. We captured sympatric white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus eremicus) fawns from radiocollared adult females in 2004–2006 on rangelands of west central Texas, USA, where predators larger than bobcats (Lynx rufus) were absent. Our objective was to determine whether differences in postpartum antipredator behavior existed between deer species, and if so, examine efficacy of those strategies. We collected postpartum group cohesion data in 2004 and 2005 by using radiotelemetry and examined dead fawns for cause of mortality. During fawns' hider phase, <3 weeks postpartum, mule deer females kept fawns closer to themselves (95% CI = 39–66 m) and twins closer to each other (95% CI = 25–49 m) than did white-tailed deer females (95% CIs = 152–234 m and 163–255 m, respectively). After 30 days postpartum, familial group cohesion was similarly tight for both species. During hider phases ...
Mapping of an automated target recognition application from a graphical software environment to FPGA-based reconfigurable hardware

A significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of FPGA-based configurable computing hardware has been the difficulty of mapping applications onto this hardware. We are developing a software development system called CHAMPION to automate the process of mapping applications in the graphical software environment Khoros to multiple FPGA-based architectures. The work described were consists of the development of requirements for thee library primitives used by CHAMPION and the manual mapping of an automatic target recognition algorithm onto FPGA hardware.
Recurring translocation (10;17) and deletion (14q) in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.

Abstract Context.—Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is a prognostically unfavorable renal neoplasm of childhood. Previous cytogenetic studies of CCSK have reported balanced translocations t(1...
Structural symmetry and protein function

▪ Abstract The majority of soluble and membrane-bound proteins in modern cells are symmetrical oligomeric complexes with two or more subunits. The evolutionary selection of symmetrical oligomeric complexes is driven by functional, genetic, and physicochemical needs. Large proteins are selected for specific morphological functions, such as formation of rings, containers, and filaments, and for cooperative functions, such as allosteric regulation and multivalent binding. Large proteins are also more stable against denaturation and have a reduced surface area exposed to solvent when compared with many individual, smaller proteins. Large proteins are constructed as oligomers for reasons of error control in synthesis, coding efficiency, and regulation of assembly. Symmetrical oligomers are favored because of stability and finite control of assembly. Several functions limit symmetry, such as interaction with DNA or membranes, and directional motion. Symmetry is broken or modified in many forms: quasisymmetry, i...
Risky Behavior, Juveniles, Guns, and Unintentional Firearms Fatalities:

Risky behaviors contribute to a host of teenage misfortunes, including high rates of sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancies, and accidental deaths. This state-level study examines whether these behaviors also contribute to unintentional firearms fatalities in juvenile populations. Controlling for indicators of socioeconomic status, social disorganization, and the firearms density, the authors found that these unintentional deaths are consistently associated with state-level indicators of risky behavior. Accidental firearms deaths were also associated with rural populations as well as reductions in socioeconomic status. Also examined were the influences of child access prevention (safe storage), overall firearms laws, and background checks on firearms fatalities. Contrary to initial expectations, child access prevention laws were significantly associated with lower rates of unintentional firearms fatalities in the general population but were not associated with reductions in accidental firearms deaths in juvenile populations.
Membrane interaction of calcium channel antagonists modulated by cholesterol: Implications for drug activity

The interactions of lipophilic calcium channel antagonists with the membrane lipid bilayer are complex and highly dependent on membrane composition and structure. Variability in membrane lipid composition (e.g. cholesterol content, acyl chain saturation) can dramatically affect the membrane partitioning of calcium channel antagonists. The membrane binding properties of these drugs did not correlate with traditional measurements of drug lipophilicity, such as a simple hydrocarbon system (Table 2). These data indicate the need for directly measuring the binding of drug molecules to membranes in order to understand better certain pharmacological parameters, including bioavailability, under both normal and pathological conditions in which membrane composition is altered. The interaction of certain lipophilic amphipathic drugs with the membrane lipid bilayer may be an important component of their overall receptor binding mechanism. Specifically, the membrane bilayer may serve to concentrate and orient these drug molecules with respect to a hydrophobic receptor site at the protein receptor/membrane bilayer interface. Thus, the design of drugs which target membrane bound receptors should take into consideration the interaction of the drug molecule with the membrane lipid compartment. This understanding of drug/membrane interactions may lead to the development of drugs with more desirable pharmacokinetics, greater efficacy, and reduced side effects.
Electron microscopical studies on axonal degeneration in the rat iris following ganglionectomy

Superior cervical ganglionectomy causes a very rapid and complete distintegration of adrenergic axons in the rat iris commencing less than 24 hours after operation. At 48 hours post-operatively the electronmicroscopical appearance of the iris is normal with osmium tetroxide fixation because the debris has vanished and the abundant surviving cholinergic axons in the autonomic ground plexus give the impression that the total innervation is still intact. However, with permanganate fixation the denervated iris examined 48 hours to one year after operation lacks granular vesicles in its axons and appears in this single respect different from normal. After ciliary ganglionectomy the same kind of degeneration of individual axons begins within 24 hours, but continues for several days, involving a greater number of axons than the previous operation. Removal of both sets of ganglia intensifies the loss of axons and causes some atrophy of the iris tissues. A residue of apparently intact axons persists, however, for as long as ten months. The previously discordant results of ganglionectomy on iris innervation obtained by light microscopy are shown to be dependent on technical inadequacies, combined with the fact that in the earlier literature it was not known that there is a close intermingling of adrenergic and cholinergic axons in all parts of the iris plexuses.
Comparison of Farnsworth and Kinnear method of plotting the Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue test scores

The error scores of the Farnsworth Munsell 100-hue tests were plotted for 30 congenital red-green color deficient subjects using the Farnsworth and Kinnear methods. The scores were analyzed using Knoblauch's and Smith et al., methods. Results: the choice of plotting method has a significant effect when using Knoblauch's analysis method.
The effect of familiarization on associative latency

Two experiments dealing with the effects of familiarization on the associative latency of responses to CVC trigrams are reported. In the first experiment, familiarization instructions stressed spelling trigrams, and in the second experiment the stress was placed on pronouncing trigrams. The significant effects (decrease in associative latency) of the second experiment are attributed to the change in instructions. The implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
Idempotent Ideals and Noetherian Polynomial Rings

If R is a commutative Noetherian ring and I is a nonzero ideal of R, it is known that R+I[x] is a Noetherian ring exactly when I is idempotent, and so, when R is a domain, I = R and R has identity. In this paper, the noncommutative analogues of these results, and the corresponding ones for power series rings, are proved. In the general case, the ideal I must satisfy the idempotent condition that TI = T for each right ideal T of R contained in I. It is also shown that when every ideal of R satisfies this condition, and when R satisfies the descending chain condition on right annihilators, R must be a finite direct sum of simple rings with identity.
The Nutritive Requirements of the Salmonellas. I. Tryptophane and the Growth of the Typhoid Bacillus.

A number of years ago Braun and Cahn-Bronner1 showed that some strains of the typhoid bacillus would grow in synthetic solutions containing no organic nitrogen while others would grow only when tryptophane was present. They attributed these results to impurities in their preparations of tryptophane. After it was later shown2 that this and other amino acids may be essential to the growth of some bacteria, essential in the sense that the contained molecular configurations could not be synthesized by the organisms, Fildes, Gladstone and Knight3 undertook a reinvestigation of the typhoid bacillus. These workers, in addition to confirming the results of Braun and Cahn-Bronner, found that some strains which initially required tryptophane could be "trained" to grow without it, while others could not. It appeared, therefore, that, from a nutritive point of view, three varieties of the typhoid bacillus existed: (a) those which could grow with ammonia as a sole source of nitrogen, (b) those which required tryptophane but could be trained to grow without it and (c) those which could not be so trained. During the course of an investigation on bacterial growth it was necessary to repeat the experiments of the above workers. The results were such as to suggest that tryptophane is not the only substance which will stimulate the growth of some strains of this organism in glucose-ammonia solutions and that tryptophane alone will not suffice to induce the growth of all strains in such solutions. Furthermore, it was found that tryptophane is not essential to the growth of any of the strains of the typhoid bacillus studied, in the sense that1 it cannot be synthesized by the organism. Eight strains of typhoid were used. These included the well-known Rawlings, Hopkins, Barmore and Sommersby strains in addition to others isolated in this and other laboratories. All 8 strains are a part of the Jordan Collection.4 Although these strains had been thoroughly studied before inclusion in
The Effect of Re-solution and Re-ageing on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 7175 Aluminum Alloy

The effects of re-solution and re-ageing on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of 7175 aluminum alloy were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),mechanical properties and conductivity tests.The best general properties could be attained by reageing of 100℃×2h+130℃×6h+180℃×5h.When the microstructural characteristics of 7175 exhibited more fine Guinier-Proston zones andη′phase in the matrix and large particles in the grain boundary,the alloy had the best general properties.
Long-term observations of Alaska Coastal Current in the northern Gulf of Alaska

Abstract The Alaska Coastal Current is a continuous, well-defined system extending for ~1700 km along the coast of Alaska from Seward, Alaska to Samalga Pass in the Aleutian Islands. The currents in this region are examined using data collected at >20 mooring sites and from >400 satellite-tracked drifters. While not continuous, the mooring data span a 30 year period (1984–2014). Using current meter data collected at a dozen mooring sites spread over four lines (Seward, Gore Point, Kennedy and Stevenson Entrances, and the exit to Shelikof Strait) total transport was calculated. Transport was significantly correlated with alongshore winds, although the correlation at the Seward Line was weak. The largest mean transport in the Alaska Coastal Current occurred at Gore Point (1.4×10 6 m 3 s −1 in winter and 0.6×10 6 m 3 s −1 in summer), with the transport at the exit to Shelikof Strait (1.3×10 6 m 3 s −1 in winter and 0.6×10 6 m 3 s −1 in summer) only slightly less. The transport was modified at the Seward Line in late summer and fall by frontal undulations associated with strong river discharge that enters onto the shelf at that time of year. The interaction of the Alaska Coastal Current and tidal currents with shallow banks in the vicinity of Kodiak Archipeligo and in Kennedy–Stevenson Entrance results in mixing and prolonged primary production throughout the summer.
Splenogonadal Fusion Associated with an Anaplastic Seminoma

A case of the rare anomaly of splenogonadal fusion is presented. The literature related to this anomaly is reviewed and the 2 principal classifications are discussed. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of splenogonadal fusion associated with an intra-abdominal testicular neoplasm.
Predictors of Satisfaction With Doctor and Nurse Communication: A National Study

ABSTRACTPrior research indicates that effective communication between medical providers and patients is associated with a number of positive patient outcomes, yet little research has examined how ecological factors (e.g., hospital size, local demographics) influence patients’ reported satisfaction with doctor and nurse communication. Given the current emphasis on improving patient satisfaction in hospitals across the United States, understanding these factors is critical to interpreting patient satisfaction and improving patient-centered communication, particularly in diverse and dense populations. As such, this study examined county-level data including population density, population diversity, and hospital structural factors as predictors of patient satisfaction with doctor and nurse communication. Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS), U.S. Census data, and number of hospital beds were obtained from publicly available Hospital Compare, U.S. Census, and American Hospi...
Uniformity Based Haptic Alert Network

We experience haptic feedback on a wide variety of devices in the modern day, including cellphones, tablets, and smartwatches. However haptic alerts can quickly become disruptive rather than helpful to a user when multiple devices are providing feedback simultaneously or consecutively. Thus in this paper, we propose an intercommunicating, turn-based local network between a user's devices. This will allow a guaranteed minimal time span between device alerts. Additionally, when multiple devices provide a notification-based haptic alert, devices often produce different feedback due to the varying materials they are placed on. To address this, our framework allows devices to self-regulate their levels of haptic responses based on the material density of the surface they are placed on. This allows the framework to enforce a uniform level of haptic feedback across all the surface-device combinations. Finally, we will also utilize this common network to eliminate redundant alerts across devices.
Serotonin transporter deficiency drives estrogen-dependent obesity and glucose intolerance.

Depression and use of antidepressant medications are both associated with increased risk of obesity, potentially attributed to a reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) function. However, how SERT deficiency promotes obesity is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SERT −/− mice display abnormal fat accumulation in both white and brown adipose tissues, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance while exhibiting suppressed aromatase (Cyp19a1) expression and reduced circulating 17β-estradiol levels. 17β-estradiol replacement in SERT −/− mice reversed the obesity and glucose intolerance, supporting a role for estrogen in SERT deficiency-associated obesity and glucose intolerance. Treatment of wild type mice with paroxetine, a chemical inhibitor of SERT, also resulted in Cyp19a1 suppression, decreased circulating 17β-estradiol levels, abnormal fat accumulation, and glucose intolerance. Such effects were not observed in paroxetine-treated SERT −/− mice. Conversely, pregnant SERT −/− mice displayed normalized estrogen levels, markedly reduced fat accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance, which can be eliminated by an antagonist of estrogen receptor α (ERα). Together, these findings support that estrogen suppression is involved in SERT deficiency-induced obesity and glucose intolerance, and suggest approaches to restore 17β-estradiol levels as a novel treatment option for SERT deficiency associated obesity and metabolic abnormalities.
Non-Culture Diagnostics for Invasive Candidiasis: Promise and Unintended Consequences.

Blood cultures are positive for Candida species in < 50% and < 20% of hematogenously disseminated and intra-abdominal candidiasis, respectively. Non-culture tests such as mannan, anti-mannan antibody, Candida albicans germ tube antibody (CAGTA), 1,3-β-d-glucan (BDG), the T2Candida nanodiagnostic panel, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are available for clinical use, but their roles in patient care are uncertain. Sensitivity/specificity of combined mannan/anti-mannan, BDG, T2Candida and PCR for candidemia are ~80%/80%, ~80%/80%, ~90%/98%, and ~90%/90%, respectively. Limited data for intra-abdominal candidiasis suggest CAGTA, BDG sensitivity/specificity of ~65%/75% and PCR sensitivity of ~85–90%. PCR specificity has varied widely for intra-abdominal candidiasis (33–97%), and T2Candida data are lacking. Tests will be useful if restricted to cases in which positive and negative predictive values (PPVs, NPVs) differ in a clinically meaningful way from the pre-test likelihood of invasive candidiasis. In some patients, PPVs are sufficient to justify antifungal treatment, even if blood cultures are negative. In most patients, NPVs of each test are excellent, which may support decisions to withhold antifungal therapy. If test results are not interpreted judiciously, non-culture diagnostics may have unintended consequences for stewardship and infection prevention programs. In particular, discrepant non-culture test-positive/culture-negative results may promote inappropriate antifungal treatment of patients who are unlikely to have candidiasis, and lead to spurious reporting of hospital-acquired infections. In conclusion, non-culture Candida diagnostics have potential to advance patient care, but this promise will be realized only if users understand tests’ strengths and limitations, and plan proactively for how best to employ them at their hospitals.