cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of solution composition on the theoretical prediction of ice nucleation kinetics and thermodynamics

Predictions by various mathematical models of intracellular ice formation (proposed by Mazur, Pitt, Toner, and Karlsson, respectively) were compared to the known thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of ice formation in supercooled aqueous systems. The older models (Mazur, Pitt, and Toner) significantly underestimated the magnitude of colligative nonequilibrium freezing point depression in response to increased concentration of solutes, such as salts or cryoprotectants. Furthermore, kinetics predicted using phenomenological models (by Mazur and Pitt) exhibited implausible temperature-dependence, with the probability of intracellular ice formation being allowed to increase even at temperatures below the glass transition point. The Toner model, on the other hand, produced invalid results at temperatures below -48 degrees C. The Karlsson model was the only model that consistently yielded realistic predictions over a wide range of temperatures and solute concentrations, especially in the presence of cryoprotectant additives. To facilitate adoption of the Karlsson model of intracellular ice nucleation, the complete set of model equations has been collected and described in detail.
Comparative analysis of requirements change prediction models: manual, linguistic, and neural network

Requirement change propagation, if not managed, may lead to monetary losses or project failure. The a posteriori tracking of requirement dependencies is a well-established practice in project and change management. The identification of these dependencies often requires manual input by one or more individuals with intimate knowledge of the project. Moreover, the definition of these dependencies that help to predict requirement change is not currently found in the literature. This paper presents two industry case studies of predicting system requirement change propagation through three approaches: manually, linguistically, and bag-of-words. Dependencies are manually and automatically developed between requirements from textual data and computationally processed to develop surrogate models to predict change. Two types of relationship generation, manual keyword selection and part-of-speech tagging, are compared. Artificial neural networks are used to create surrogate models to predict change. These approaches are evaluated on three connectedness metrics: shortest path, path count, and maximum flow rate. The results are given in terms of search depth needed within a requirements document to identify the subsequent changes. The semi-automated approach yielded the most accurate results, requiring a search depth of 11 %, but sacrifices on automation. The fully automated approach is able to predict requirement change within a search depth of 15 % and offers the benefits of full minimal human input.
The Nature of the Influence of Speed on Adult Age Differences in Cognition.

Two studies were conducted to determine the relations among age, motor speed, perceptual speed, and 3 measures of cognitive performance: study time, decision time, and decision accuracy. Each study involved over 240 adults between I 8 and over 80 years of age who all performed a battery of tests, including computer-administered tests of memory, reasoning, and spatial ability. The results indicated that (a) increased age was associated with lower accuracy as well as with longer study time and decision time and (b) some ofthe relations between age and decision accuracy and between age and decision time appear to be mediated by a slower rate ofexecuting cognitive operations. Considerable evidence now exists indicating that a large proportion ofthe age-related variance in many different cognitive variables is shared with a measure of perceptual speed. Among the most pertinent results are the findings that the age-related diffbrences in various measures of cognitive functioning are greatly reduced when statistical control procedures are used to adjust for differences in perceptual speed. As an illustration of this phenomenon, Thble I in Salthouse (1993b) contains 44 comparisons across a wide range of cognitive variables. Age was associated with a mean of l6.2Vo of the total variance in the variables, but after the variance associated with measures of perceptual speed was held constant, age was associated with only 3.6Vo ofthe variance in the cognitive variables.
A Computer Program For Managing Lead Poisoning in Children

In 1991, the Centers forDisease Control (CDC) revised guidelines for management of childhood lead poisoning. 1 With acceptable blood lead levels lowered from 25 μg/dL to 10 μg/dL, the percentage of children requiring close monitoring for lead intoxication increased from 14 % to 65 % of children under age 7 years in our inner-city clinic. This report describes our experience with a computer program designed to facilitate compliance with the CDC revised guidelines.
Eliminating health disparities for racial and ethnic minorities: a nursing agenda for children.

Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
Lorentz-Invariant Equations of Motion of Point Masses in the General Theory of Relativity

After a general discussion of the problem of motion in the general theory of relativity a simple derivation of the law of motion is given for single poles of the gravitational field, which is based on a method originally developed by Mathisson. This law follows from the covariant conservation law for the matter energy-momentum tensor alone, without reference to any field equations, and takes the form of a geodesic of the (unknown) metric. Expanding this metric in terms of a power series in a parameter gamma and using the Minkowski proper time to parametrize the world lines of the particles, the (Lorentz-invariant) form of the approximate laws of motion follows. A method is developed to obtain the equations of motion (including the explicit form of the metric in terms of the particle variables) from Einsiein's field equations. A systematic linearization procedure leads to a series of second-order differential equations for the metric; the nth order approximation of the equations of motion, as well as the explicit form of the matter tensor in (n + l)st order, is obtained as an integrability condition on the (n + l)st order opproximation for the metric. No coordinate conditions are required to obtain themore » general form of the equations of motion; they are needed only to reduce the approximation equations to wave equations and thus to allow their explicit integration in terms of retarded or symmetric potentials. In developing the approximation method it is shown that consistency requires that any set of approximate equations is solved up to'' rather than in'' nth order; this implies that the form of the lower-order metric be maintained, but the motion corresponding to the nth order solutions rather than to lower order ones. In particular, the equations for the first- order metric imply zero-order equations of motion which restrict the particles to zero acceleration; the equations for the second-order metric imply first-order equation of motion involving the first-order metric, but without the previous restriction. In the retarded case the equations of motion contain retarded interactions and radiation terms of the form familiar from electrodynamics; no such terms appear in the symmetric case. The equations of the symmetric case are derivable from a Fokker-type variational principle. The relation of the results obtained to work on Lorentz-invariant equations by other autnors is discussed. In Appendix I a discussion of alternative derivations is prescnted; Appendix II contains remarks on Wheeler-Feynman type considerations for general relativistic equations of motion. (auth)« less
Towards more accurate molecular dynamics calculation of thermal conductivity: Case study of GaN bulk crystals

Significant differences exist among literature for thermal conductivity of various systems computed using molecular dynamics simulation. In some cases, unphysical results, for example, negative thermal conductivity, have been found. Using GaN as an example case and the direct nonequilibrium method, extensive molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo analysis of the results have been carried out to quantify the uncertainty level of the molecular dynamics methods and to identify the conditions that can yield sufficiently accurate calculations of thermal conductivity. We found that the errors of the calculations are mainly due to the statistical thermal fluctuations. Extrapolating results to the limit of an infinite-size system tend to magnify the errors and occasionally lead to unphysical results. The error in bulk estimates can be reduced by performing longer time averages using properly selected systems over a range of sample lengths. If the errors in the conductivity estimates associated with each of the sample lengths are kept below a certain threshold, the likelihood of obtaining unphysical bulk values becomes insignificant. Using a Monte Carlo approach developed here, we have determined the probability distributions for the bulk thermal conductivities obtained using the direct method. We also have observed a nonlinear effect that can become a source of significant errors. For the extremely accurate results presented here, we predict a [0001] GaN thermal conductivity of $185\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 300 K, $102\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 500 K, and $74\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 800 K. Using the insights obtained in the work, we have achieved a corresponding error level (standard deviation) for the bulk (infinite sample length) GaN thermal conductivity of less than $10\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$, $5\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$, and $15\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 300 K, 500 K, and 800 K, respectively.
Age-related changes of cyclic nucleotide levels in rat brain regions

Abstract Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels were measured in seven brain areas of rats 4–30 months old. In several brain areas cyclic nucleotides were higher in 4-month-old rats than in rats 12 months old or older. On the other hand, in the hypothalamus cyclic GMP levels were decreased only in 30-month-old rats, a pattern of onset similar to that of senile deterioration.
Adolescents and the internet: what mental health clinicians need to know

The Internet's permeation into daily life has profoundly changed the practice of psychiatry with adolescents, who mobilize online social media and related technologies in their efforts to develop identity and "hang out" with peers. Technology offers both challenges and opportunities to mental health professionals working with teens. Practitioners will need a new skill-set, including keeping abreast of technological developments; professionally incorporating technology into clinical assessment and practice; identifying the negative impacts of technology on teens' physical and mental health and the particular vulnerabilities of at-risk patients in a digital world; and guiding patients and parents about interventions. Particular patient factors related to race/ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, mental health and trauma history, family culture, parenting style, and personality traits will need to be considered. This article provides an overview of the literature on adolescents and the Internet focusing on recent research on Internet and digital technologies used for social communication among youth.
Earliest known Hipparion from Holarctica

THE three-toed horse Hipparion was ubiquitous in terrestrial mammalian faunas throughout Holarctica during parts of the Miocene. This report describes Hipparion from the early Barstovian Fleming Formation of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain. These specimens are assigned to Hipparion because of dental characters such as the diagnostic presence of isolated protocones in the upper molars. This Hipparion is also characterised by a well-developed and anteriorlyrimmed preorbital fossa similar to the condition seen in some Old World forms. Because of this earliest known occurrence, the widely used Hipparion datum concept should be restricted to some palaeogeographically finite area in the Old World.
Active control of flow separation and structural vibrations of wind turbine blades

The feasibility of using synthetic jet actuators to enhance the performance of wind turbine blades was explored in wind tunnel experiments on a small scale model blade. Using this technique, the global flow field over the blade was altered such that flow separation was mitigated. Consequently, this resulted in a significant decrease in the vibration of the blade. Global flow measurements were conducted, where the moments and forces on the blade were measured using a six component wall-mounted load cell. The effect of the actuation was also examined on the surface static pressure at two spanwise locations; near the blade's root and near its tip. In addition, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to quantify the flow field over the blade. Using synthetic jets, the flow over the blade was either fully or partially reattached, depending on the angle of attack, and the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the changes induced on the moments and forces, as well as on the blade vibrations were found to be proportionally controllable by either changing the momentum coefficient, the number of synthetic jets used, or by the driving waveform. Finally, a proof-of-concept closed-loop control system was developed to test the ability of using synthetic jet actuators to restore and maintain flow attachment and reduce the vibrations in the blade during dynamic pitching maneuvers. The control system demonstrated the ability of synthetic jet actuators to reduce blade vibrations during dynamic motion depending upon their control concept, which might be either pitch or active stall control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The skewness of the distribution of RT trials does not correlate with psychometric g

Abstract Among the parameters of reaction time (RT) on elementary cognitive tasks (ECTs), the intraindividual variability of reaction time (SDRT) (measured as the SD of a subject's RT trials) is the best correlate of psychometric g . One aspect of RT performance that has not been investigated is the relationship between the skewness of the distribution of RT trials and g . Results of this study indicate that RT skewness is not importantly related to g .
Experience with approximate reliability-based optimization methods II: an exhaust system problem

Traditional reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) requires a double-loop iteration process. The inner optimization loop is to find the reliability and the outer is the regular optimization loop to optimize the RBDO problem with reliability objectives or constraints. It is known that the computation can be prohibitive when the associated function evaluation is expensive. This situation is even worse when a large number of reliability constraints are present. As a result, many approximate RBDO methods, which convert the double loop to a single loop, have been developed. In this research, an engineering problem with a large number of constraints (144) is designed to test RBDO methods based on the first-order reliability method (FORM), including single- and double-loop methods. In addition to the number of constraints, this problem possesses many local minimums. Some original authors of the RBDO methods are also asked to solve the same problem. The results and the efficiencies for different methods are published and discussed.
Early Iron Deficiency Alters Sensorimotor Development and Brain Monoamines in Rats

Iron deficiency in human infancy reportedly leads to developmental delays and changes in neurobiology that may be irreversible. Using a rodent model, the present study examined whether dietary iron deficiency late in pregnancy and during lactation alters sensorimotor development and brain monoaminergic systems. Rats were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments during gestation and lactation: 1) iron sufficient control; 2) prenatal iron deficiency beginning on gestational d 15 (G15); 3) postnatal iron deficiency beginning on postnatal d 4 (P4); 4) iron deficiency beginning on G15 followed by an iron sufficient diet on P4. Developmental milestones, open field behavior, brain iron and proteins, monoamines, and their transporters were evaluated between P6 and P21. Only G15 iron deficient rats had greater dopaminergic activity than controls as indicated by increased tyrosine hydroxylase levels, phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase levels, and cellular dopamine in prefrontal cortex and striatum at P15. These rats also showed delayed eye opening, ear development, and reduced locomotor activity. Iron repletion at P4 returned most measures to control levels by the time of weaning. Postnatal iron deficiency reduced striatal and ventral midbrain iron as well as cellular dopamine levels in prefrontal cortex and striatum at P21. Developmental delays in ear development and achievement in bar holding and surface righting also resulted from postnatal iron deficiency. These results indicate that iron deficiency begun at G15 affects early dopamine neurobiology, the development of specific developmental milestones, and behavior in preweaned rats.
Effects of task characteristics on group products

Abstract This study examined the effects of two task characteristics on written group products, and provided initial steps toward development of a general framework for the description and analysis of “intellective” group tasks. Task variables studied were: task type (production, discussion, and problem solving), and task difficulty. Measures of output characteristics were eight descriptive dimensions. Four hundred and thiry-two products were collected from 108 three-man groups, each of which worked on four different tasks. A total of 108 tasks were used. Task type determined up to 50% of the variance of products on some dimensions. Task difficulty moderately affected product characteristics, and incidental evidence indicated that order of task presentation had little effect on products. To explore further the nature of the differences among the task types, a multiple-discriminant analysis was computed to differentiate among the types in terms of product-dimension scores. Two vectors of discrimination were obtained, and the centroids of the three task types were located in the discriminant space. On the basis of these and other data, the nature of the “task space” within which the three types lie was reconceptualized. The revised “taks space” is two-dimensional: one dimension consists of categories of “task contents,” and the other consists of kinds of “process emphases.”
A comparison of semi-custom and custom foot orthotic devices in high- and low-arched individuals during walking.

Background. Orthotic devices can be a successful treatment for lower extremity injuries. However, the high cost of custom devices prevents some patients from purchasing them. Some orthotic companies have begun to offer a less expensive, semi-custom alternative. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the semi-custom devices can provide similar rearfoot control and comfort as custom devices in individuals with excessively high- and low-arches. Methods. Thirty-seven subjects walked through the motion analysis lab under three conditions: no-orthotic, custom orthotics, and semi-custom orthotics. Rearfoot kinematics and comfort were collected in each device. Findings. Both devices were effective at reducing eversion velocity and excursion. As compared to the no-orthotic condition, the custom device significantly decreased eversion velocity (P = 0.03), while the semi-custom device showed a trend toward decreased eversion velocity (P = 0.09). Eversion excursion was significantly reduced in both orthotic conditions (P < 0.01). In terms of comfort, high-arched individuals tended to be more comfortable in the semi-custom device in the heel and arch regions. However, the differences in comfort between the devices were generally small (<7%). Interpretation. Overall, with respect to a comfort and ability to control rearfoot motion, the semi-custom orthotic device is a feasible alternative to the custom orthotic device for high- and low-arched individuals. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Imaging lateral heterogeneity using reflected surface waves

Surface waves that reflect or backscatter from sharp lateral changes in the near surface provide information about the location, depth, and amount of these variations. We developed a 2D semianalytic forward model for surface-wave propagation and used it to design a processing flow for determining surface-wave reflection coefficients as a function of spatial location along a survey line and frequency (or depth). Using these reflection coefficients, we updated surface-wave phase-velocities (determined by picking dispersion curves) across the survey line. The result was a sharply defined phase-velocity model in the lateral direction, which can be inverted for an S-wave velocity model. Two synthetic examples of blind faults with data simulated by the spectral-element method were developed for our processing flow. Buried faults were properly located, and the S-wave velocity model was improved in the lateral direction. In addition, our method effectively identified faults for seismic data acquired across the Hockley Fault system near Houston, Texas.
Anesthesia for Structural Heart Interventions

Surgeries in general and cardiac procedures in particular are increasingly performed using catheter-based or minimally invasive techniques, often with sedation or general anesthesia. These new approaches require close cooperation and communication between the cardiologist and anesthesiologist to ensure patient safety. Anesthesia-related respiratory complications arising in the catheterization laboratory are more frequent and more severe than are seen in the operating room. The principals of safe anesthetic practice as they apply to procedures performed outside the operating room and suggestions to improve safety and outcome are reviewed in this article.
Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs

Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs. Cathy A, Small. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. 252 pp.
Functional testing and chemical composition of cryptococcal extracts

Three antigens were compared for their ability to detect immune responses in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized to Cryptococcus neoformans. Elicitation of responses in vitro was greatest with a urea extract antigen, followed in efficiency by an alkali extract and a soluble capsular polysaccharide preparation. The reactivity paralleled the protein content of the preparation.
Pregnancy in the college population

Conclusions: Despite readily available contraceptive resources and high educational levels unintended pregnancies as a result of inadequate contraception is a significant issue among university students. The large proportions of International students and Asian-American women in the sample compared to the demographics of the university (15.1% International 16.8% Asian- American) suggest that pregnancy education programs should examine these groups closely. Despite existing education programs readily available contraceptives and free condoms on campus 35.6% of the women in the sample still reported using no method of contraception at the time of risk. The pregnancies among the 51.3% of the women using condoms suggest less than ideal condom use among this university population. The low use of oral contraceptive pills among this population despite easy access and availability also suggests the need for further educational programs about hormonal contraceptives and a further examination of reasons for the lack of use of oral contraceptives in this particular population. Lastly the high percent of unintended pregnancies and high percent of women either undecided or choosing termination emphasizes the need for pregnancy counseling to assist young women in coping and resolving their difficult situations. (excerpt)
Nanoscale mechanical properties of polymer composites: Changes in elastic modulus and measurement of ion penetration depth due to α-radiation

The local mechanical properties of silica-reinforced silicone composites were investigated using a modified atomic force microscopy technique. Elastic modulus measurements (1.5{+-}0.1 MPa) are consistent with bulk measurements (1.9 MPa), and changes in the modulus at the surface of the composite samples (E=1.5 to 3.5 MPa) were observed as a result of {alpha}-irradiation (dose=1.7x10{sup 10} to 2.0x10{sup 12} {alpha}/cm{sup 2}). The sensitivity of the technique was demonstrated by a detectable change in modulus at even the small dose of 1.7x10{sup 10} {alpha}/cm{sup 2}. The penetration depth of the {alpha}-particles into the material, estimated to be 22{+-}2 {mu}m from the sample edge, was determined by cross-section depth profiling; and modeling of the ion penetration depth using transport of ions in matter codes (24.4{+-}0.4 {mu}m) closely matched experimental observations. (c) 2000 Materials Research Society.
Inventing Conflicts of Interest: A History of Tobacco Industry Tactics

Confronted by compelling peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the harms of smoking, the tobacco industry, beginning in the 1950s, used sophisticated public relations approaches to undermine and distort the emerging science.The industry campaign worked to create a scientific controversy through a program that depended on the creation of industry–academic conflicts of interest. This strategy of producing scientific uncertainty undercut public health efforts and regulatory interventions designed to reduce the harms of smoking.A number of industries have subsequently followed this approach to disrupting normative science. Claims of scientific uncertainty and lack of proof also lead to the assertion of individual responsibility for industrially produced health risks.
POTENTIAL OF SELECT YOGURTS FOR DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT

Select brands of dairy and soy yogurt, enriched with strawberry, blueberry and peach, were screened for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and inhibition of a-glucosidase, pancreatic a-amylase inhibition and the angiotensin converting enzyme-I (ACE-I). Blueberry yogurt had the highest phenolic content in all selected brands (A, 104 mg/mL; B, 79 mg/mL; C, 105 mg/mL; D, 91 mg/mL). Blueberry yogurt also had the highest activity in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (A, 93%; B, 92%; C, 93%; D, 80%) and a-glucosidase inhibition (A, 58%; B, 78%; C, 90%; D, 83%), which correlated to phenolic content. The a-amylase inhibitory activity was not correlated to any specific type of yogurt, whether it was plain, soy based or fruit enriched. a-Amylase inhibition ranged from 48 to 69% in brands that were plain or soy based and/or fruit enriched. However, with ACE-I inhibition, the highest activity was found in soy-based and fruitenriched yogurts.
A very low-complexity space-time block decoder (STBD) ASIC for wireless systems

This paper presents a computationally efficient application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation for the decoding of space-time block codes (STBCs) . Alternative methods of evaluating the originally proposed maximum-likelihood decision metrics are explored at the algorithm and architectural level. At the algorithm level, unique decoding techniques are developed that result in computation savings of as much as 65%. At the architectural level, a low-computation symmetrical approach for the implementation of the proposed algorithm is presented. The proposed ASIC architecture offers considerable computation reductions leading to substantial power and area savings compared to a direct implementation of the original algorithm. The proposed architecture was realized in an ASIC referred to as the ST block decoder ASIC. The chip was fabricated using 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and occupies a core area of 0.25 mm/sup 2/. The ASIC architecture is highly scalable and can implement 2 /spl times/ 2, 8 /spl times/ 3, and 8 /spl times/ 4 STBCs with modulation formats ranging from binary-phase shift keying (BPSK) to 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and can operate at any symbol rate up to 20 Mbaud. Depending on the mode of operation, the decoder power consumption ranges from 0.54 mW for 2 /spl times/ 2 BPSK systems to 1.89 mW for 8 /spl times/ 4 16-QAM systems.
A radiographic analysis of tooth morphology following the use of a novel cyclical force device in orthodontics

Background The purpose was to determine whether or not a novel device used in conjunction with orthodontic treatment produced root resorption shown on 3D images generated from a new cone beam computerized tomography.
4B5B decoder for FDDI

A 2- mu m CMOS FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) 4B5B decoder with an elastic self-timed buffer is presented. The design operates at 125 MHz and meets the requirements specified by the ANSI X3.139-1987 standard. The characteristic features of this design are logical simplicity, compact silicon area, operational speed well above that specified for FDDI, and metastable operation resistivity. These features have been obtained by self-timed implementation of the elastic buffer. >
PPARγ ligands induce ER stress in pancreatic β-cells: ER stress activation results in attenuation of cytokine signaling

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ ligands are known to have anti-inflammatory properties that include the inhibition of cytokine signaling, transcription factor activation, and inf...
Towards a local Kalman filter for visual tracking

This paper considers the task of closed curve filtering for visual tracking. Segmentation-based visual tracking strategies provide the closed curve measurements to filter. This paper discusses the derivation of a local, linear description for planar curve variation and curve uncertainty. It consists of a family of non-intersecting trajectories transverse to a given curve. Along one of the single-dimensional transverse trajectories, linear curve operations are feasible. Using the linear operation, a simple, locally optimal filtering procedure is derived. The filtering procedure is then used to define an observer for segmentation-based visual tracking. Experiments conducted validate the proposed method and resulting observer design.
An embryonic myosin converter domain influences Drosophila indirect flight muscle stretch activation, power generation and flight

Stretch activation (SA) is critical to the flight ability of insects powered by asynchronous, indirect flight muscles (IFMs). An essential muscle protein component for SA and power generation is myosin. Which structural domains of myosin are significant for setting SA properties and power generation levels is poorly understood. We made use of the transgenic techniques and unique single muscle myosin heavy chain gene of Drosophila to test the influence of the myosin converter domain on IFM SA and power generation. Replacing the endogenous converter with an embryonic version decreased SA tension and the rate of SA tension generation. The alterations in SA properties and myosin kinetics from the converter exchange caused power generation to drop to 10% of control fiber power when the optimal conditions for control fibers – 1% muscle length (ML) amplitude and 150 Hz oscillation frequency – were applied to fibers expressing the embryonic converter (IFI-EC). Optimizing conditions for IFI-EC fiber power production, by doubling ML amplitude and decreasing oscillation frequency by 60%, improved power output to 60% of optimized control fiber power. IFI-EC flies altered their aerodynamic flight characteristics to better match optimal fiber power generation conditions as wing beat frequency decreased and wing stroke amplitude increased. This enabled flight in spite of the drastic changes to fiber mechanical performance.
Aerodynamics and Flow Control of Flapping Wings

The objective of the present study is to explore the aerodynamics of flapping wings. The study is done in two main phases. A finite volume CFD code is used to perform a 2D study to compare the performance of the fixed (no flapping) and flapping airfoils. A single element high-lift airfoil section is used in the study. Then, three flow control techniques are applied near to the leading edge to strengthen the leading edge vortices formed during the downstroke namely; blowing with angles 90 and 45° and an alternative blowing suction synthetic jet at 45°. The study indicated that the flapping might increase the generated lift up to two times. This amount can be further increased with the use of the appropriate flow control techniques. The choice of this technique depends on many parameters including the flapping frequency and amplitude and the flying conditions.
Nourishing Conversations: Urban Adolescents, Literacy, and Democratic Society.

This essay explores the implications of literacy instruction aimed at “nourishing conversations” about life experience in literacy classrooms (Robinson, 1991, p. 264). Drawing on literacy projects ...
A missing element in reports of divine encounters

Many people claim to have had direct perceptual awareness of God. William Alston, Richard Swinburne, Gary Gutting, and others have based their philosophical views on these reports. But using analogies from our encounters with humans whose abilities surpass our own, we realize that something essential is missing from these reports. The absence of this element renders it highly unlikely that these people have actually encountered a divine being.
The changing quality of business education

Abstract There is a pervasive perspective that both students and college courses are not what they used to be. A utility maximization model exhibits why students prefer easier courses to those that provide more challenge, and presumably more knowledge. The model also demonstrates why faculty members accommodate these students with less stringent courses. Survey data from professors in various disciplines in colleges of business across the United States verify the perception of declining quality in many of 18 different categories.
Nonlinear balance on an equatorial beta plane

Extension of the nonlinear balance model to include the equator is examined here from a theoretical perspective. It is found that this model is ill-posed, in that zonally symmetric equatorial Kelvin waves of arbitrary amplitude can occur. Two possible solutions are outlined. The zonally-averaged zonal momentum equation provides auxiliary information that can be imposed on the flow. This equation can be solved simultaneously with the other parts of the problem. Alternatively, when small, isolated disturbances can be considered to have a negligible effect on the mean flow; one can simply assume that zonal means remain unchanged.
An Analysis Of The Institutional And Individual Authorship Sources Of Articles In The Journal Of Applied Business Research: 1985-1993

This study traces the development of the Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) in terms of the institutional and individual sources of published articles. The study is based on an analysis of 478 article published in the JABR from Fall 1985 through Fall 1993. The analysis of the data provides a taxonomy of the subject areas for the articles, summary information on authorship including the impact of collaboration, and an assessment of the institutional affiliations of the contributing authors. The study finds that there has been widespread participation in the development of the JABR based on the breadth of interest from a diverse range of authorship sources such that the journal, to its credit, is not regarded as being dominated by a few prolific scholars. The results also show that the JABR has developed into a respected outlet for refereed business research as evidenced by the substantial number of contributing authors affiliated with high quality institutions.
An assessment strategy for interprofessional interactions of primary care practitioner trainees

Abstract Effective communication between team members can enhance health care outcomes. Training practicing health professionals in interprofessional communication skills is widely recognized to be important, but the effect of training is challenging to evaluate. To address this gap, we describe an innovative Interprofessional Objective Structured Clinical Examination (IPOSCE) that we designed to investigate patient-centered behaviors of medical residents and nurse practitioner residents. Trainees first interacted with standardized patients (SPs), modeled after actual patients with chronic medical and complex psychosocial issues. Subsequently, trainees rotated through a series of stations with individual standardized interprofessional colleagues (SIs), who were coached to deliver a non-patient-centered “challenging line” within each interaction. In focus groups, trainees related that they felt that the IPOSCE was representative of their typical practices. Objective assessment of trainees' skills using a validated instrument demonstrated moderately- to highly-effective patient-centered communication during SP and SI interactions. In conclusion, this IPOSCE successfully assessed interactions of our graduate-level trainees with SPs and SIs in a high-fidelity workplace simulation setting. Future work will determine how the assessment correlates with actual practice.
Peacebuilding in the Age of New Media

This editorial provides the historical context for the current state of peacebuilding media and introduces the articles featured in the issue.
When Race Matters: What Newspaper Opinion Pieces Say about Race and Poverty

This article investigates discussions of race and poverty in newspaper opinion pieces during a period of welfare reform debates in the United States, 1994–2010. Results show that, often, the poor are identified as deserving of societal support, and outside entities (external causes) are identified as the source of their hardship. However, when the poor are identified by race, how contributors say poverty should be remedied shifts. When identified as African Americans, poor individuals are blamed for their poverty and solutions obviate structural explanations. Our research advances dialogue around the racialization of poverty and creates an opportunity to understand the relationship between public discussions of race and poverty and shifts in policy.
The Thirteenth Villa

In a 1994 essay titled “New Variations on the Rowe Complex,” Greg Lynn reflects on the architectural issues of formal and spatial difference, variation, and, more generally, the ideal. Lynn presents what he identifies as a blind spot in Colin Rowe's comparative analysis of villas designed by Andrea Palladio and Le Corbusier—“the capacity for formal and spatial order to differentiate and become innovative.” The Thirteenth Villa is a conceptual project inspired by Lynn's provocations and attempts to generate a new villa, one comprised solely of the nonideal characteristics and traits of each of Palladio's eleven villas studied by Rudolf Wittkower.
Analysis of TPD Spectra on Semiconductor Surfaces by Monte Carlo Simulations

This work aims to provide a systematic approach for deriving desorption mechanisms on semiconductor surfaces from a coupling of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. MC simulations are used to evaluate different desorption schemes to identify mechanisms consistent with experimental results. Effects of nearest neighbor interactions, island formation, and surface reconstructions are quantified through the simulations. Methyl desorption from Ga-rich GaAs is used as a case study to illustrate the MC procedure for interpretation of TPD spectra.
A Noble Cause?: America and the Vietnam War

"The white man is finished in Asia" "ask not..." the Vietnamese Ally the Vietnamese enemy limited war turning point? - Tet and the 1968 election rolling thunder peace with honour? the fall of Saigon an American defeat a grunt's life "muddled actors in a theater of the absurd" "a country, not a war" remembering and forgetting.
Antagonism of erythropoietin production in rabbits by atropine.

SummaryAtropine was found to inhibit the elevation in plasma ESF levels in rabbits following exposure to hypoxia. The effects of ESF on radioactive iron incorporation in red cells of polycythemic mice was not modified by atropine. The dosage of atropine used in these studies was sufficient to antagonize the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine but not the ganglionic stimulating properties of DMPP on arterial blood pressure in rabbits. The present studies suggest a cholinergic mechanism in the erythropoietic response to hypoxia.
Attributed Power, Response Strategies and Non-Zero Sum Game Behavior

43 female Ss and 46 male Ss played three Prisoner's Dilemma games. The three games were 100% cooperative, 100% competitive, and 50% random cooperative. The other independent variable was attributed...
Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Sensitive Detection of Covalent Bond Breakage in Hydrogels

A novel strategy is reported for sensing chemical bond breakage in hydrogels at low levels of mechanical stress using a mechanochemical reaction cascade to generate fluorescence. Hydrogels are promising substrates and frameworks for cell growth and tissue engineering, particularly for cardiovascular repair and cartilage replacement. For these applications, it is important to maintain careful control over gel mechanical properties so that these hydrogels not only match the properties of the desired tissue for replacement but also retain their integrity for extended periods. Since the failure of hydrogels begins with the breakage of cross-links within the structure, methods are needed to sense these initial events for monitoring the performance of implants. In this work, it was hypothesized that nonspecific covalent bond breakage would produce radicals that would react with water to produce reactive oxygen species, which in turn could activate fluorophores sensitive to these. A series of multiarm poly(ethyl...
Milestones: Critical elements in clinical informatics fellowship programs

Background: Milestones refer to points along a continuum of a competency from novice to expert. Resident and fellow assessment and program evaluation processes adopted by the ACGME include the mandate that programs report the educational progress of residents and fellows twice annually utilizing Milestones developed by a specialty specific ACGME working group of experts. Milestones in clinical training programs are largely unmapped to specific assessment tools. Residents and fellows are mainly assessed using locally derived assessment instruments. These assessments are then reviewed by the Clinical Competency Committee which assigns and reports trainee ratings using the specialty specific reporting Milestones. Methods and Results: The challenge and opportunity facing the nascent specialty of Clinical Informatics is how to optimally utilize this framework across a growing number of accredited fellowships. The authors review how a mapped milestone framework, in which each required sub-competency is mapped to a single milestone assessment grid, can enable the use of milestones for multiple uses including individualized learning plans, fellow assessments, and program evaluation. Furthermore, such a mapped strategy will foster the ability to compare fellow progress within and between Clinical Informatics Fellowships in a structured and reliable fashion. Clinical Informatics currently has far less variability across programs and thus could easily utilize a more tightly defined set of milestones with a clear mapping to sub-competencies. This approach would enable greater standardization of assessment instruments and processes across programs while allowing for variability in how those sub-competencies are taught. Conclusions: A mapped strategy for Milestones offers significant advantages for Clinical Informatics programs.
Multidimensional Family Therapy for Adolescent Substance Abuse: A Developmental Approach

Treating adolescent substance abuse is challenging. The clinical profile of referred adolescents is complex. It can include the secretive and illegal aspects of drug use; involvement in criminal activities with antisocial or drug-using peers; despairing, stressed and poorly functioning families; involvement in multiple social agencies and services that may but typically do not meet the youth’s and family’s needs; disengagement from school and other prosocial contexts of development; and lack of intrinsic motivation to change. Many contemporary developments in the drug abuse and delinquency specialties offer guidance for clinicians and hope for parents, adolescents, and families. The volume and, more critically, the quality of basic and treatment research in the adolescent treatment area have increased. At least until the recent economic downturn, an increased funding for specialized youth services could be noticed. And an expanded interest in the problems of youth from developmental psychopathology researchers, applied prevention and treatment scientists,
Panhandling Regulation After Reed v. Town of Gilbert

In Reed v. Town of Gilbert the Supreme Court rearticulated the standard for when a speech regulation is content based. This determination has already had a large impact on cases involving panhandling regulations and is likely to result in the invalidation of the majority of this nation’s panhandling laws. This Note will begin with a discussion of First Amendment doctrine and how panhandling is protected speech. This Note will then demonstrate that it is helpful to think of panhandling regulations categorically and explore how these categories of panhandling laws have fared in lower courts. This Note will then discuss the holding in Reed and how jurisdictions have already begun to invalidate panhandling laws. Finally, this Note proposes using the captive-audience doctrine to uphold the validity of some salutary panhandling regulations while invalidating laws that are burdensome and oppressive to free expression.
Evaluating the perceived impact of an interprofessional childhood obesity course on competencies for collaborative practice

Interprofessional education (IPE) is needed to prepare health professional students to address the complexities of childhood obesity in practice. This mixed-method study sought to evaluate the perceived impact of a childhood obesity IPE intervention on health professional students' collaborative competency development within two domains: roles/responsibilities and teams/teamwork. Fourteen health professional students participated in this mixed-methods study. Quantitative data were collected through pre/post surveys, while qualitative data were collected through reflection assignments. Survey findings indicated that students reported significant increases in growth within both interprofessional competency domains. Qualitative data elaborated on the types of learning students experienced relative to each domain. Implications of this study for research and practice related to IPE to address complex health issues, such as childhood obesity, are shared.
Study of TCM Activating Spleen Treatment Effect and Relationship between Cell Apoptosis and Changes of Tongue Cells of Children with Anorexia

Objective:To observe the effect of TCM activating spleen treatment and the tongue cells apoptosis of children with anorexia.Methods: The apoptosis of tongue cells of children with anorexia wad detected by TUNEL in situ cell apoptosis detection technology.Results:The difference of apoptosis index(AI) was significant not only between the children before and after treatment,but also between the children with anorexia before treatment and the normal children.However the difference was not significant after treatment.Conclusions:The changes of tongue cells(muskeg tongue cells or map tongue cells) were related to the apoptosis level of tongue cells of children with anorexia,and TCM activating spleen treatment could regulate the apoptosis.