cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magneto-hydrodynamic stirrer for stationary and moving fluids

A magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) stirrer that exhibits chaotic advection is designed, modeled, and tested. The stirrer can operate as a stand-alone component or it can be incorporated into a MHD-controlled network. The stirrer consists of a conduit equipped with individually controlled electrodes positioned along its opposing walls. The conduit is filled with an electrolyte solution and positioned in a uniform magnetic field. When a potential difference is applied across pairs or groups of electrodes, the resulting current interacts with the magnetic field to induce Lorentz forces and fluid motion. When the potential difference is applied across opposing electrodes that face each other, the fluid is propelled along the conduit's length. When the potential difference is applied across diagonally positioned electrodes, a circulatory motion results. When the potential difference alternates periodically across two or more such configurations, chaotic motion evolves and efficient mixing is obtained. This device can serve as both a stirrer and a pump. The advantage of this device over previous designs of MHD stirrers is that it does not require electrodes positioned away from the conduit's walls. Since this device has no moving parts, the concept is especially suitable for microfluidic applications.
A component-based parallel infrastructure for the simulation of fluid–structure interaction

The Uintah computational framework is a component-based infrastructure, designed for highly parallel simulations of complex fluid–structure interaction problems. Uintah utilizes an abstract representation of parallel computation and communication to express data dependencies between multiple physics components. These features allow parallelism to be integrated between multiple components while maintaining overall scalability. Uintah provides mechanisms for load-balancing, data communication, data I/O, and checkpoint/restart. The underlying infrastructure is designed to accommodate a range of PDE solution methods. The primary techniques described here, are the material point method (MPM) for structural mechanics and a multi-material fluid mechanics capability. MPM employs a particle-based representation of solid materials that interact through a semi-structured background grid. We describe a scalable infrastructure for problems with large deformation, high strain rates, and complex material behavior. Uintah is a product of the University of Utah Center for Accidental Fires and Explosions (C-SAFE), a DOE-funded Center of Excellence. This approach has been used to simulate numerous complex problems, including the response of energetic devices subject to harsh environments such as hydrocarbon pool fires. This scenario involves a wide range of length and time scales including a relatively slow heating phase punctuated by pressurization and rupture of the device.
Micro end mill tool temperature measurement and prediction

Abstract The objective of this work is to characterize the heat transfer in micro end mill tools during machining operations. This analysis will aid in the design of heat dissipation strategies that could potentially increase tool life and machining precision. Tool temperatures, above the unmachined workpiece surface, have been measured using an infrared camera during slot milling of aluminum (6061-T6) and steel (1018) with 300 μm-diameter two-flute tungsten carbide end mills. The measured temperatures compare favorably with temperature distributions predicted by a two-dimensional, transient, heat transfer model of the tool. The heat input is estimated by applying Loewen and Shaw’s heat partitioning analysis. Analysis of heat transfer in the tool found that 46 s into a cut conduction through the length of the tool, storage in the tool, and convection from the surface account for 41.5%, 45%, and 13.5% of the heat generated during machining. Thermal expansion and cooling strategies are discussed.
Hospice Care in the Nursing Home Setting: A Review of the Literature

The U.S. Medicare hospice benefit has expanded considerably into the nursing home (NH) setting in recent years. This literature review focuses on the provision of NH hospice, exploring its growth and the impact of such care on NH residents, cost and efficiency implications for NHs and government, and policy challenges and important areas for future research. Although hospice utilization is relatively modest among NH residents, its increased availability holds great promise. As an alternative to traditional NH care, hospice has been shown to provide high-quality end-of-life care and offer benefits, such as reduced hospitalizations and improved pain management. The provision of NH hospice also has been shown to have positive effects on nonhospice residents, suggesting indirect benefits on NH clinical practices. Importantly, the expansion of hospice in NHs brings challenges, on both clinical and policy dimensions. Research has shown that NH-hospice collaborations require effective communication around residents' changing care needs and that a range of barriers can impede the integration of hospice and NH care. Moreover, the changing case mix of hospice patients, including increased hospice use by individuals with conditions such as dementia, presents challenges to Medicare's hospice payment and eligibility policies. To date, there has been little research comparing hospice costs, service intensity, and quality of care across settings, reflecting the fact that few comparative data have been available to researchers. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have taken steps toward collecting these data, and further research is needed to shed light on what refinements, if any, are necessary for the Medicare hospice program.
Domain structure and magnetoresistance in Ni 81Fe19 zigzag wires

Abstract Domain wall (DW) contribution to the magnetoresistance (MR) is illustrated by direct observation of field-dependent magnetic force microscope images that are correlated with MR curves for micron sized zigzag wires. The Permalloy zigzag wires were formed using focused ion beam milling, a simple one-step microfabrication technique. Our results show domain walls cause a decrease in the resistance that is more closely associated with the creation of a large amount of DWs in each segment of the zigzag wire than with the DWs pinned at the corners.
The sequence of the 3.3-kilobase repetitive element from Dipodomys ordii suggests a mechanism for its amplification and interspersion.

DNA from the kangaroo rat,Dipodomys ordii, contains a 3.3-kb, highly repeated sequence that is interspersed throughout the genome in small tandem clusters. One 3.3-kb unit has been cloned into pBR322 and the nucleotide sequence determined. The clone used was shown to be representative of the bulk of such sequences found in the genomic DNA. The sequence contains 10 homologous subunits each ca. 260 bp in length. Comparison of these to one another yielded a 258-bp consensus sequence containing a 35-bp terminal inverted repeat. Two unique stretches also occur. One of these contains a region that could serve as a promoter for RNA polymerase III; the other contains a sequence related to the ARS sequences of yeast. It is proposed that an ancestral sequence similar to the consensus sequence was amplified to 10 or more units, and that, subsequently, two other sequences were inserted. The properties of these insertions may have led to the dispersal of the sequence throughout the genome.
Preliminary Investigation of Visual Attention to Human Figures in Photographs: Potential Considerations for the Design of Aided AAC Visual Scene Displays

Purpose Many individuals with complex communication needs may benefit from visual aided augmentative and alternative communication systems. In visual scene displays (VSDs), language concepts are em...
The ‘feminization of famine’, the feminization of nationalism: famine and social activism in treaty-port Shanghai, 1876-9

Between 1876 and 1879 five northern provinces of China were struck by the most lethal drought-famine in imperial China's long history of famines and disasters. The provinces directly affected were ...
Synthesis and characterization of abietadiene, levopimaradiene, palustradiene, and neoabietadiene: hydrocarbon precursors of the abietane diterpene resin acids

Abstract The abietane diterpenes—abietadiene, levopimaradiene, palustradiene, and neoabietadiene (1b–4b)—were prepared from the corresponding resin acids by diazomethane esterifications, LiAlH4 reductions, tosylations, and Zn/NaI reductions. Abietadiene was also obtained less efficiently by catechol borane reduction of abietadienal tosylhydrazone and Li/NH3 reduction of its 18-phenylthio derivative. These conjugated dienes were characterized by chromatographic properties (HPLC, TLC, GC), MS fragmentation patterns, optical rotations, and UV, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR data. Assignments for the 1H and 13C NMR spectra were made by COSY, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC, NOE data, H–H coupling analysis, and comparisons with literature data. The four diterpenes were identified as cyclization products of recombinant abietadiene synthase, supporting their likely role in the biosynthesis of the abietane resin acids in conifer oleoresin.
An ultrasensitive assay of β-galactosidase with C14-labeled o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside

Summary An ultrasensitive assay of β-galactosidase capable of measuring hydrolysis rates of less than 1 × 10−10 mole o-nitrophenyl-β- d -galactoside/20 min with an accuracy of ±10% is described. Radioactive o-nitrophenyl-β- d -galactoside labeled with C14 in the benzene ring was used as substrate, and the extent of hydrolysis was measured by radioassay of isooctane-extractable o-nitrophenol. Detailed descriptions of a small-scale synthesis of o-nitro-UC14-phenyl-β- d -galactoside and of the radioassay procedures are given, and the application of the method to some biological problems is discussed.
Areawide leasing on Alaska's North Slope

Abstract North Slope oil and gas leasing on State lands was expanded significantly with the implementation of ‘areawide’ (AW) leasing in 1998. This paper examines the oil industry's response to AW leasing. Under AW leasing, all unleased State lands within a broadly-defined geographic sale area are offered instead of lands in specific locations nominated by industry. In addition, AW leasing introduced greater frequency and regularity in State oil and gas lease sales, and simplified the lease sale authorization process. Fifteen North Slope and Beaufort Sea AW sales have been held since 1998 out of a grand total of fifty North Slope and Beaufort Sea sales since 1964. While the overall number of bids received per leased tract diminished, the participation of independent oil companies increased markedly under AW leasing, possibly in response to inplied lower effective entry costs. Empirical results suggest that the composition of bidding groups is an important determinant of bidding behavior.
EXPONENTIALITY WITHIN CLASS l AND STOCHASTIC EQUIVALENCE OF LAPLACE ORDERED SURVIVAL TIMES

We obtain necessary and sufficient moment conditions for exponentiality among all class l aging distributions. This result, which solves an open problem, is derived as a consequence of the answer to a more general question of investigating conditions for stochastic equivalence of Laplace ordered nonnegative r.v.'s and its ramifications.
Constitutive Modeling and Testing of Interface between Backfill Soil and Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

AbstractGeomaterials behave differently under different types of loadings, such as compression, shear, or tension; they exhibit weaker response in tension. To increase the tensile and shear strengths of the soil, different methods of reinforcement, such as geosynthetics, have been used in earth structures such as retaining walls, earth dams, and slopes. The use of geosynthetics has attracted the attention of engineers and researchers in recent years. However, there are some significant problems associated with geosynthetics, such as low tensile strength, creep, and for some applications, a low stiffness modulus. In this research, a geocomposite (GC), made of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP), is proposed and studied. The interface properties of the CFRP and backfill soil are investigated experimentally using a cyclic multidegree-of-freedom (CYMDOF) device. Then an elastic–plastic constitutive model, the hierarchical single surface (HISS), is used to characterize the behavior of the interface between ...
Thiol-ene oligomers as dental restorative materials.

Summary Objective The aim of this work was to prereact thiol-ene monomers to create reactive thiol or vinyl (ene)-functionalized oligomers, and to investigate the use of these materials as novel dental restorative material. Investigation has focused on the application of oligomeric thiol-ene materials as dental restorative resins with lower polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress as compared to monomeric thiol-ene systems and particularly with respect to current dimethacrylate-based systems. Methods Reactive thiol-functionalized oligomers were created via photopolymerization using triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione (TATATO), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (trithiol) and pentaerythritol tetramercaptopropionate (tetrathiol). Kinetic and mechanical investigation of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, and oligomeric and monomeric thiol-ene systems were conducted. More specifically, polymerization shrinkage and stress, polymerization kinetics, glass transition temperature, flexural strength and flexural modulus were evaluated. Results Upon evaluation, the polymerization stress of oligomeric thiol-ene systems was dramatically reduced by as much as 33% when compared with the stress exhibited by monomeric thiol-ene systems and as much as a 92% reduction in stress relative to the current dimethacrylate-based dental restorative materials. Furthermore, the flexural strength and modulus of the monomeric and oligomeric thiol-ene resins were not significantly different. Significance Oligomeric thiol-ene systems offer potential as alternative dental restorative resins due to the significant reduction in polymerization shrinkage and stress while retaining the mechanical properties of monomer-based thiol-ene resins.
Changes in earnings announcement tone and insider sales

Abstract The evidence from prior literature suggests that insider trading is related to firms' reported financial results and disclosure choices. I contribute to the literature by examining the association between narrative disclosure in earnings announcements and insider trading. Specifically, I hypothesize and find a positive association between changes in the optimistic tone of earnings announcements and CEOs' subsequent equity sales. In addition, I hypothesize and find that this relation is mitigated by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and litigation risk. CEOs' financial gain from selling equity after more optimistic earnings announcements is small relative to their total compensation.
A vanishing theorem for Seiberg-Witten invariants

It is shown that the quotients of Kahler surfaces under free anti-holomorphic involutions have vanishing Seiberg-Witten invariants. Various vanishing theorems have played important roles in gauge theory. The first among them, due to S. K. Donaldson [2], states that the Donaldson invariants vanish for any smooth closed oriented 4-manifold X which decomposes to a connected sum X1#X2 with b2 (X1) > 0, b + 2 (X2) > 0. (Here b + 2 (Xi) is the dimension of a maximal subspace of H2(Xi,Z) on which the intersection pairing is positive definite.) E. Witten [12] has shown more recently that such a connected-sum manifold has also vanishing Seiberg-Witten invariants. Even though its proof is simple, Witten’s vanishing theorem is equally useful as Donaldson’s vanishing theorem; for example, it implies that any symplectic 4-manifold cannot be decomposed into the above connected sum by combining with Taubes’ theorem in [9]. In this note we show that Seiberg-Witten invariants vanish for another class of 4manifolds. These manifolds are obtained in connection with real algebraic geometry, and the construction was originally proposed in Donaldson [3]. See Remark 4 below. To state our theorem, recall that a map σ between two almost complex manifolds is called anti-holomorphic if σ∗J1 = −J2σ∗ on the tangent bundles, where Ji are the almost complex structures of the manifolds. In the following, K denotes the canonical bundle of an almost complex manifold (underlying a Kahler manifold). Theorem 1. Let X be a Kahler surface with Ke X > 0 and b2 (X) > 3. Suppose that σ : X → X is an anti-holomorphic involution without fixed points. Then the quotient manifold X = X/σ has vanishing Seiberg-Witten invariants. In view of Witten’s vanishing theorem, it is natural to examine whether the quotient X can be decomposed into a connected sum: Proposition 2. If X is a simply-connected Kahler surface or more generally symplectic 4-manifold with b2 (X) > 1 and σ : X → X is a free involution, then the quotient manifold X = X/σ is not diffeomorphic to any connected sum X1#X2 with both b2 (Xi) > 0. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 57R55, 57R57, 57N13; Secondary 14P25. Work supported by the Research Board grant of University of Missouri. Typeset by AMS-TEX 1
Effect of Terrain Masking on GPS Position Dilution of Precision

Published values for position dilution of precision (PDOP) that will be achieved with the GPS 21 primary satellite constellation have assumed an unobstructed view of the sky. Masking of the receiver field of view due to terrain will be an important consideration for many applications. This paper presents an analysis of PDOP for a GPS receiver in an idealized valley. It is shown that PDOP varies significantly with time of day, can be large for a substantial fraction of a 1 day period, and is a strong function of latitude. The results characterize GPS receiver performance relevant to land vehicles, aircraft at low altitudes, and some precision guided missiles.
Grid patterns in the retinal organization of the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus.

Abstract Fibrous grid patterns are found in the outer and inner plexiform layers of the retina of the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus . The grid in the outer plexiform layer and the outermost grid in the inner plexiform layer have the same orientation and dimensions as the squares of the mosaic formed by the double cones. The innermost grid in the inner plexiform layer is offset from the other grid patterns in the retina by an angle of 45°. Horizontal cell and amacrine cell processes are intimately associated with the plexiform grids. It is likely that these morphological patterns play a role in the processing of visual information within the retina, by orienting processes of horizontal and amacrine cells in specific directions for lateral inhibition or summation, and perhaps also sorting processes from like types of receptor cells for convergence on ganglion cell dendrites.
Luminescence decay analysis of doped sol-gel films

Fluorescence decay of the well-known fluorophore, ruthenium (II) 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline perchlorate, has been studied in a series of sol-gel matrices, including non-polar methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and highly polar tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)-based gels. Systematic changes in composition and processing techniques have been fabricated to examine the structural properties of sol-gel silicates for possible oxygen sensor supports. Measurements were performed using both brush-coated and spin-coated sol- gel thin films as well as sol-gel monoliths. Gel compositions consisted of either 100% MTMS, 100% TEOS, or a 1:1 molar ratio of MTMS to TEOS. Quenching behavior was analyzed as a function of varying sol-gel composition, processing technique (spin-coated, brush-coated, etc.), and fluorophore concentration. The use of modeling techniques were employed to enable determination of possible singe or multi-exponential decay behavior in different sol-gel samples. Causes for the variations in quenching properties as a function of gel composition and processing technique were explained by a two-domain model. In addition, phase fluorimetric analysis was conducted on all doped sol-gel samples to determine the change in phase between the quenched and unquenched states of the films. Direct experimental phase data was compared to phase results calculated from the experimental lifetime data in order to examine the accuracy of the luminescence decay times. Possible design of sol-gel supports for oxygen sensors was also discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enantiospecific synthesis of 3-fluoromethyl-, 3-hydroxymethyl-, and 3-chloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase versus the α2-adrenoceptor

An enantiospecific method was developed for the synthesis of 3-fluoromethyl-, 3-hydroxymethyl-, and 3-chloromethyl-7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) from phenylalanine. Biochemical evaluation of the enantiomers of these compounds at both PNMT and the α2-adrenoceptor indicates that both sites display similar stereoselectivity. Overall the R-enantiomer was usually the more potent enantiomer at both PNMT and the α2-adrenoceptor for these 3-fluoromethyl-, 3-hydroxymethyl-, and 3-chloromethyl-THIQs. The one exception is 3-hydroxymethyl-7-nitro-THIQ (9), which was found to display the opposite stereoselectivity at the α2-adrenoceptor. A comparison of the PNMT inhibitory potency of the enantiomers of these 3-fluoromethyl-, 3-hydroxymethyl-, and 3-chloromethyl-THIQs indicates that all of the 3-substituted-THIQs displayed similar inhibitory potency for PNMT. However, the nature of the 3-substituent was found to have a major effect on the α2-adrenoceptor affinity of these compounds with the 3-hy...
New Developments in Understanding Skilled Performance

Skilled performance, whether it involves rapid and accurate motor movements (such as playing a video game or using a scalpel in the operating room) or a high degree of domain knowledge (such as finding a small tumor in an X-ray or writing a journal article) typically involves learning and practice over an extended period of time. In light of recent theory and empirical research, I consider two enduring issues associated with skill acquisition: whether individuals become more alike in performance or more different over the course of skill acquisition, and what the determinants of individual differences in skilled performance are. Two broad classes of tasks are considered: tasks that involve speed and accuracy of motor movements and tasks that primarily involve domain knowledge. Issues of practice, ability, and other determinants of skilled performance such as gender and aging are discussed.
P‐170: Color Writable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display and its Operation Principle

Color Writable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display (CHLCD) and its operation principle were developed. By applying strong-enough electric field (ex: ±10V/100Hz square wave for 4um cell gap) to specific pixels, we could choose the color and directly write it to color CHLCD, because the pressure we released was canceled by the electric field. By applying appropriate electric field and/or pressure, gray levels could be achieved. In the application that we wrote a different color to CHLCD on which a written color existed, the electric field and the pressure had to be coordinated (ex: ±5.5V/10Hz, 1kgw/cm2), and other approaches were also proposed.
Additiom of Grignard reagents to 1-acyl-4-methoxypyridinum salts. An approach to the synthesis of quinolizidinones.

The addition of Grignard reagents to 1-acyl-4-methoxypyridinium salts gives 2-substituted 1-acyl-2,3-dihydropyridones. This reaction was utilized to synthesize (±)-epi-myrtine and trans-4-phenylquinolizidin-2-one.
Local thermodynamic formalism for space charge in ionic crystals

Abstract The equilibrium space charge distributions obtained for single crystals with Schottky or Frenkel defects by global free energy minimization also arise in a natural way from local chemical potential considerations. At a simple but useful level of approximation, the local formulation may be generalized to more complex systems than have been considered to date.
On simulating complex actions

Abstract We describe and compare various methods to numerically simulate measures that are non-positive definite. We argue that variations of importance sampling will fail for large enough volume but some type of Riemann integration scheme might work. Using exact results for the three-dimensional Ising model, we show that to get anything distinguishable from noise, the phase of the measure must be known extremely precisely. We suggest that a recent method to compute the density of states may be the best method to use.
Lepromin responses in recipients of a candidate antileprosy bacterin vaccine (WHO-IMMLEP mycobacterium leprae killed preparation) in the USA

Background. Identification of the nine-banded armadillo as a potential source of massive numbers of Mycobacterium leprae led to the development of a candidate bacterin vaccine for possible immunoprophylaxis. Methods. Volunteers were from a leprosy-hypoendemic, nonBCG-using area (USA). They had been vaccinated intradermally 3 years earlier with a candidate antileprosy bacterin vaccine of irradiated and autoclaved Mycobacterium leprae obtained from experimental nine-banded armadillos. They were tested for dermal responsiveness to standard lepromin A. Results. Values for induration and erythema appeared slightly greater for the vaccinated group; however, the differences were not statistically significant, indicating no appreciable ‘anamnestic’ effect on either Fernandez (early) or Mitsuda (late) reactions after 3 years. Conclusions. Because previous studies had demonstrated that administration of this bacterin produced no humoral changes, it now appears less probable that laboratory methods will be of much help in assessing even possible effectiveness of such vaccination.
Kin recognition in birds.

I develop the argument that for a true kin recognition system to evolve, selection must act on both parties: not only must recognition be favored in the donor of care, but reliable identification must be favored in the potential recipient of the care. This perspective suggests two complementary hypotheses, which I discuss and evaluate with data drawn from studies of birds. According to thesignature adaptation hypothesis, when the sender benefits by reliably identifying itself, selection will act directly on phenotypic characters so as to enhance their signature properties. I summarize our studies on parent-offspring recognition in four species of swallows which are consistent with this hypothesis. In particular, acoustical and perceptual analyses of chick calls show that the calls of colonial swallows are more individually distinctive than are the chick calls of noncolonial swallows. According to theantirecognition hypothesis, when the sender doesnot benefit by reliably identifying itself, selection will act so as to minimize signature characteristics. I suggest two contexts for research on this hypothesis. The first context occurs when parentage is uncertain due to extrapair copulations and/or egg-dumping, and the second context occurs when there is a long period between the onset of chick mobility and chick fledging, as occurs typically in gulls. In both instances, parents will be favored to recognize genetic relatedness of offspring but offspring will be favored to conceal it. To date, data from bird studies are consistent with the prediction that the interests of chicks win out in this situation.
Theory of the structural phase transition of GeTe

A completely ab initio theoretical investigation of the rocksalt-rhombohedral structural phase transition of GeTe is described. Starting from an anharmonic lattice Hamiltonian, a model Hamiltonian that includes coupling of the order parameter to long-wavelength strain is constructed. The parameters appearing in the model are calculated using the self-consistent ab initio pseudopotential total-energy method. The phase transition in the model system is studied through a momentum-space renormalization-group-theory approach, leading to the prediction of a fluctuation driven first-order transition at 657\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100 K. The strain coupling is found to be crucial in determining the first-order character of the transition. A discussion of approximations made in this approach and considerations relevant to its application to structural transitions in other systems is included.
Quantification of rat cervical microstructure using fourier transform-second-harmonic generation imaging

We apply Fourier transform-second-harmonic generation imaging to evaluate unstained rat cervical tissue in both 2D and 3D. Our technique validates the existence of 3D microstructures consisting of collagen fibers in rat cervical tissue.
Description of Pseudomonas asuensis sp. nov. from biological soil crusts in the Colorado plateau, United States of America

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped, yellow pigmented bacterium CP155-2T was isolated from a biological soil crusts sample collected in the Colorado plateau, USA and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Strain CP155-2T contained summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω5c/C16:1 ω7c) and C18:1 ω7c as major fatty acids and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) along with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as major polar lipids. Based on these characteristics CP155-2T was assigned to the genus Pseudomonas. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence further confirmed the affiliation of CP155-2T to the genus Pseudomonas and showed a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of less than 98.7% with already described species of the genus. Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas zeshuii, and Pseudomonas duriflava were identified as the closest species of the genus Pseudomonas with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.7%, 98.6%, and 96.9%, respectively. The values for DNA¨CDNA relatedness between CP155-2T and Pseudomonas luteola and Pseudomonas zeshuii were 23% and 14% respectively a value below the 70% threshold value, indicating that strain CP155-2T belongs to a novel taxon of the genus Pseudomonas lineage. The novel taxon status was strengthened by a number of phenotypic differences wherein CP155-2T was positive for oxidase, negative for gelatin hydrolysis, could utilize D-cellobiose, D-raffinose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol but not L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid. Based on the collective differences strain CP155–2T exhibited, it was identified as a novel species and the name Pseudomonas asuensis sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain of Pseudomonas asuensis sp. nov. is CP155–2T (DSM 17866T =ATCC BAA-1264T =JCM13501T =KCTC 32484T).
New assumptions concerning IPAs and cost of dental care.

Objectives Previous studies suggest that fee-for-service (FFS) patients receive more treatment and at a greater cost than capitation patients. In this study treatment plans of dentists who are members of an independent practice association (IPA), a preferred provider organization (PPO), or who are paid their usual fee for service are compared. Methods A carefully selected and trained professional actor, with actual dental disease and recent radiographs, was sent to the offices of general practice dentists for an examination and treatment plan. To one group of dentists (n = 21) the patient said he was a member of a PPO plan served by that dentist, to a second group (n = 15) he said he was a member of an IPA plan served by that dentist, and to the third group (n = 19) he said he would pay by the traditional FFS method. Results IPA dentists recommended more restorations (mean = 9.60) than those in the PPO program (mean = 5.95) or those paid by the traditional FFS method (mean = 5.58). The anticipated mean cost to the patient was higher for the IPA dentists ($1,815.20) compared to the other two types (PPO = $1,186.24, FFS = $1,470.42). Conclusions The IPA models studied in this investigation permitted dentists to charge copayments for most treatments beyond basic services. This type of IPA might be similar to a fee-for-service model that provides practitioners with an incentive to do more rather than less treatment.
Specific Effects of Neurotransmitter Antagonists on Ganglion Cells in Rabbit Retina

Directionally sensitive ganglion cells in rabbit retina lose their directional sensitivity when picrotoxin, an antagonist of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, is infused into the retinal blood supply. Strychnine, an antagonist of glycine, does not produce this effect. Other receptive field types are affected by strychnine but not picrotoxin. Inhibitory transmitters therefore have specific functions in information processing in the retina.
Soft-matter capacitors and inductors for hyperelastic strain sensing and stretchable electronics

We introduce a family of soft-matter capacitors and inductors composed of microchannels of liquid-phase gallium‐indium‐tin alloy (galinstan) embedded in a soft silicone elastomer (Ecoflex R 00-30). In contrast to conventional (rigid) electronics, these circuit elements remain electronically functional even when stretched to several times their natural length. As the surrounding elastomer stretches, the capacitance and inductance of the embedded liquid channels change monotonically. Using a custom-built loading apparatus, we experimentally measure relative changes in capacitance and inductance as a function of stretch in three directions. These experimental relationships are consistent with theoretical predictions that we derive with finite elasticity kinematics. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
The Fragile Bridge: Paterson Silk Strike, 1913

Acknowledgments Introduction: The Moment of 1913 1. Bimson's Mistake 2. The Strike as a Way of Life 3. Deadlock 4. The Bridge: New York 5. The Bridge: Paterson 6. The Paterson Pageant 7. Defeat 8. Defeat Becomes Disaster Conclusion: View from the Bridge Notes Index
Implementation of a nanomagnetic full adder circuit

The development and characterization of a nanomagnet full adder circuit is demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the most complex magnetic circuit attempted to date. The circuit comprises 53 magnets that perform as three majority gates plus internal interconnections, with only one internal error. The inputs of the gate can be set independently, allowing an exhaustive test of the magnetic operation. Because completely error-free computing in this structure was not achieved, strategies to eliminate errors are proposed.
Estimation of Variance of the Regression Estimator

Abstract The regression estimator and the ratio estimator are commonly used in survey practice. In the past more attention has been given to the ratio estimator because of its computational ease and applicability for general sampling designs. The ratio estimator is appropriate for populations whose regression line passes close to the origin. If the intercept of the regression line is significantly nonzero, however, it is much less efficient than the regression estimator (Deng 1984). In general, apart from n –2 terms, the mean squared error (MSE) of the former is bigger than that of the latter (Cochran 1977, p. 196). Given the present computing capacity, the computational advantage of the ratio estimator should be less of a concern and the regression estimator will gain wider popularity. The main purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical and empirical comparison of several variance estimators for the regression estimator in simple random sampling without replacement. The companion problem for the...
A crowded Solar System

The last five years have seen a boom in exploration of the Solar System. Barbara Cohen explains that the biggest gains have been right here on Earth.
Insights from Longitudinal Data on the Earnings Growth of U.S. Foreign-Born Men*

Does the growth in earnings of foreign-born men exceed that of U.S. natives? We use longitudinal data on earnings from a Social Security Administration (SSA) database matched to the 1994 March Current Population Survey to shed new light on this important issue. We also examine the trend over time in the foreign-born men’s earnings growth and illuminate the various ways that SSA data can be used to explore the earnings patterns of immigrants.
Alternative micropulses and fractional Brownian motion

Abstract We showed in an earlier paper (1995a) that negatively correlated fractional Brownian motion (FBM) can be generated as a fractal sum of one kind of micropulses (FSM). That is, FBM of exponent H 1 2 is the limit (in the sense of finite-dimensional distributions) of a certain sequence of processes obtained as sums of rectangular pulses. We now show that more general pulses yield a wide range of FBMs: either negatively (as before) or positively ( H> 1 2 ) correlated. We begin with triangular (conical and semi-conical) pulses. To transform them into micropulses, the base angle is made to decrease to zero, while the number of pulses, determined by a Poisson random measure, is made to increase to infinity. Then we extend our results to more general pulse shapes.
Second law of thermodynamics and quantum feedback control: Maxwell’s demon with weak measurements

Recently Sagawa and Ueda [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 080403 (2008)] derived a bound on the work that can be extracted from a quantum system with the use of feedback control. For many quantum measurements their bound was not tight. We show that a tight version of this bound follows straightforwardly from recent work on Maxwell's demon by Alicki et al. [Open Syst. Inf. Dyn. 11, 205 (2004)], for both discrete and continuous feedback control. Our analysis also shows that bare, efficient measurements always do non-negative work on a system in equilibrium, but do not add heat.
P‐31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis

Objective. To explore alterations in energy utilization as a potential etiology for weakness in polymyositis and dermatomyositis (PM/DM). Methods. P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies were performed in patients with acute and treated PM/DM and in normal controls, at rest and with exercise. Results. Patients with acute and treated PM/DM showed increased ratios of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine (PCr) during exercise, with loss of ATP disproportional to loss of PCr. Conclusion. This study demonstrates changes in energy utilization in PM/DM, thus supporting the notion of a metabolic etiology for the weakness associated with these diseases.
How do topical nasal corticosteroids improve sleep and daytime somnolence in allergic rhinitis

Therapy for rhinitis improves sleep quality and symptoms of daytime sleepiness. This improvement with therapy may be secondary to anti-inflammatory effects, leading to a reduction of inflammatory mediators, or to a mechanical reduction of congestion directly leading to improvement in sleep disturbance. We combined our data from 3 placebo-controlled studies of intranasal corticosteroids in patients with perennial rhinitis to determine whether a correlation between the reduction of congestion and improved sleep and daytime somnolence existed. The pooled data of budesonide, flunisolide, and fluticasone demonstrated significantly decreased nasal congestion, sleep problems, and sleepiness in treated patients. The data demonstrated a correlation between a reduction in nasal congestion and an improvement of sleep ( P P = .01). Thus, topical intranasal corticosteroids should be used to decrease nasal congestion and to improve sleep and daytime somnolence in patients manifesting these symptoms.
A Source Accessibility Effect on Media Selection

Understanding information acquisition behavior is increasingly important because the amount of and access to information is growing at a staggering pace. Combining the media and source selection li...
Annual lipid cycle of the gray bat, Myotis grisescens

Abstract 1. 1. Fat indices in Myotis grisescens ranged (May–October) from 0·09 to 1·38 units in males and 0·08–1·45 units in females. In percentage fat, sample means ranged from 11·7 to 52·5 in males and 10·6–55·8 in females. 2. 2. Rapid fat deposition began sooner (September) in females than males (October), and their fat utilization rate was approximately double (5·4mg/g fat-free dry weight (FFDW) per day) that of males (2·7 mg/g FFDW per day) in the last two weeks of hibernation (1–15 March). 3. 3. Maximum mean water indices of 2·68 and 2·70 were noted in July for both sexes. The minimum water index for males was 2·20 (May) and for females 2·22 (February). FFDW remained constant throughout the year in both sexes.
Time-Optimal Control of Two Robots Holding the Same Workpiece

An algorithm is given which minimizes the time for two robots holding the same workpiece to move along a given path. The unique feature of these systems is that they have more actuators than degrees of freedom. The method can be applied to any constrained robot system, including the case where one robot arm moves in contact with a surface. In addition to finding the optimum torque histories, the algorithm determines the optimum contact force between the each robot and the workpiece throughout the motion. Constraints on these internal forces are easily introduced into the algorithm
British intelligence on the Russian revolution and civil war — A breach at the source

(1995). British intelligence on the Russian revolution and civil war — A breach at the source. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 468-485.
Everolimus in colorectal cancer

Introduction: There has been a strong preclinical rationale for studying mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors as single agents or in combination, in multiple malignancies and colorectal cancer in particular. Areas covered: The authors summarize the complete clinical experience to date of all trials, both published and in abstract form, of everolimus in colorectal cancer. While initial Phase I trials showed promise, further studies have confirmed that single agent everolimus is not active in advanced metastatic colorectal carcinoma with trials showing single agent tolerability, but without significant hints of efficacy in terms of either objective tumor responses or prolonged stable disease. Combination regimens, including combinations with cytotoxic chemotherapy, and inhibitors of VEGF, EGFR and HDAC have been tested specifically in the colorectal setting in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. The authors discuss the potential reasons for mixed results and suggest future directions for the de...
Coronal mass ejection interaction and particle acceleration during the 2001 April 14–15 events

Abstract Two successive solar energetic particle (SEP) events associated with fast and wide coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on 2001 April 14 and 15 are compared. The weak SEP event of April 14 associated with an 830 km/s CME and an M1.0 flare was the largest impulsive event of cycle 23. The April 15 event, the largest ground level event of cycle 23, was three orders of magnitude more intense than the April 14 th event and was associated with a faster CME (1200 km/s) and an X14.4 flare. We compiled and compared all the activities (flares, CMEs, interplanetary conditions and radio bursts) associated with the two SEP events to understand the intensity difference between them. Different coronal and interplanetary environments of the two events (presence of preceding CME and seed particles ahead of the April 15 event) may explain the intensity difference.
Status of the Berkeley small cyclotron AMS project

Abstract A small, low-energy cyclotron (“cyclotrino”) has been designed and built at Berkeley for direct detection dating of 14 C. The system combines the use of a negative ion source to reject 14 N with the high resolution of a cyclotron to reject other background ions. In order to allow the dating of old and small samples, the present system incorporates a high-current external ion source and injection beamline. The system is expected to be operational by mid-1988.
Forced Migration, the Refugee Regime and the Responsibility to Protect

Forced migration has many causes and takes many forms. People leave because of persecution, human rights violations, repression, conflict, natural and human-made disasters, and environmental hazards. Through most of the 20 th century, international protection was focused—if at all—on persons who had crossed international borders in seek of refuge from war and persecution. This article asks if the responsibility to protect concept—applied heretofore to persons displaced by conflict and repression—could usefully provide a framework for determining who among the broader category of forced migrants should be of concern to the international community. It sets out criteria under which the refugee regime would appropriately be the mechanism through which the international community would respond to these new displacements. I argue that the UN High Commissioner for Refugees has evolved to protect persons whose own governments cannot or will not provide such protection. Other UN and international agencies, such as the International Organization for Migration, have a demonstrated capacity to provide assistance to persons displaced by natural disasters and environmental hazards, but only UNHCR has a history of providing protection to displaced populations. To the extent that States are unwilling to protect their own citizens who are displaced from these causes, the refugee regime would legitimately have a role to play in advocating for and, when possible, assisting and protecting these forced migrants.
Markov chains satisfying simple drift conditions for subgeometric ergodicity

This paper is concerned with ergodic Markov chains satisfying a sequence of drift conditions that imply (f, r)- regularity of the chain, by which subgeometric ergodicity is ensured. An interesting exact trade-off result between the exponents of f and r for a special class of state space models by Tuominen and Tweedie (1994) is extended here from integers to real numbers for general Markov chains satisfying these drift conditions simultaneously as well as standard requirements for ergodic Markov chains. In Section 3, we will illustrate by the state space models that the utilization of these drift conditions is a very convenient way to show subgeometric ergodicity of Markov chains including the exact trade-off between the exponents of f and r.
Numerical studies of steady, viscous incompressible flow in a quasi two-dimensional problem

A quasi two-dimensional fluid flow problem, a channel with a cavity, is solved by finite-difference techniques. The numerical method used gives convergent results for all Reynolds numbers studied.
Variation of Time-of-Flight of Electrons Through a Photomultiplier*

A new experimental method utilizing a property of the gas laser has been developed that permits the measurement of the variation of the time of flight of electrons through a photomultiplier as a function of the position on the cathode from which they are emitted. The measurement of time variation is accomplished by comparing it with the distance traveled by a light beam during the same time and is capable of a time resolution of approximately 10−11 sec.