cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on wave isolation performance of periodic barriers

Abstract A wave barrier—combining the advantages of trench-type wave barriers and metamaterials—is made by infilling the trench-type wave barrier with metamaterials. In this research, a series of full-scale field experiments are conducted to investigate the screening effectiveness of both empty trench and periodic barriers. The precast unit cells of periodic barriers are arranged to form one long barrier with a length of 2.44 m, one short barrier with a length of 1.22 m, or two short barriers with a length of 1.22 m to examine the influence of barrier length and the number of unit cells on the wave isolation performance. The state-of-the-art high-force triaxial (T-Rex) shaker truck is used to generate excitation in the vertical, horizontal inline, and horizontal crossline directions. Three excitation inputs are tested, including fix-frequency harmonic excitations, frequency sweeping excitations, and the earthquake excitation. For each test, a benchmark test is conducted prior to the barrier installation. The ground surface responses at each geophone location are recorded in all three directions. The normalized response of each point, the responses in front of the barrier and behind the barrier, and the frequency response function (FRF) are presented in detail. Test results show that the various excitation inputs lead to similar results. The performance of the periodic barrier is found to depend on the excitation directions due to the dominate wave form. By comparing the FRF between the benchmark case and the case with periodic barriers, the screening effectiveness of periodic barriers can be identified in some frequency ranges, which are expected to be the frequency band gaps of the periodic barriers.
Condition-based sensor-health monitoring and maintenance in biomanufacturing

Abstract In the Biotechnology 4.0 paradigm, process analytical technology (PAT) tools are being increasingly deployed in biomanufacturing to gain improved process insights through extensive use of advanced and automated sensing techniques. Critical parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and metabolite concentrations, are routinely measured and controlled in a cell culture process. While these extensive networks of sensors generate critical process information and insights, they are also prone to failures and malfunctions. In this paper, we propose a condition-based maintenance (CbM) framework for real-time sensor-health management, with a focus on fault detection, diagnosis, and prognostics. To this effect, a slow-feature analysis (SFA)-based platform is proposed for the detection and diagnosis of sensor-health. For health prognostics, a Gaussian process (GP) model is proposed for forecasting the remaining useful life (RUL) of the sensor along with the probability of failure. The efficacy of the proposed sensor-heath management strategy is demonstrated in a biomanufacturing process.
Sacha Baron Cohen, Anti-Semitism, and Borat: Using Advocacy and Irony to Speak Out Against Hate

The research compares the ironically anti-Semitic Sacha Baron Cohen character of Borat Sagdiyev from the 2020 Borat Subsequent Moviefilm with Cohen’s 2019 uncharacteristic out-of-character public advocacy work with the Anti-Defamation League in an effort to stop the spread of hate online via social media. Discussing the use of irony and antiphrasis to promote a greater understanding of society’s tolerance of anti-Semitism and indifference to hate, Cohen’s comic work is contrasted with the use of his public celebrity to spread the same message against hate and indifference. The manuscript suggests that despite backlash to Borat Subsequent Moviefilm, the 2020 comic effort offers an impactful antidote to the rapid spread of hate and anti-Semitism online via social media and successfully advances Cohen’s use of extreme and exaggerated characters to ironically advocate for greater tolerance. In a political environment ripe with the spread of misinformation and the rise of hate speech, Cohen’s ironic characters and his celebrity activism both stand as important contributions to our public discourse.
Brainstem disconnection

Brainstem disconnection is a very rare neonatal abnormality, with only seven cases reported. We report a unique case of a neonate who presented at delivery with hypertonia, dysmorphic facial features, and respiratory distress, as well as numerous musculoskeletal and genitourinary abnormalities. MRI of the brain showed disconnection between the pons and medulla with cerebellar hypoplasia and absent cerebellar peduncles. It aided in the description of the neurological and vascular anomalies associated with this diagnosis.
Gay Pride in the Urban New South: Politics, Neighborhood, and Community in Atlanta and Charlotte:

Atlanta, Georgia, and Charlotte, North Carolina, serve as urban centers of the Southeast and archetypal New South cities. In the last decades of the twentieth century, city and corporate leaders in...
Photoluminescence study of carrier recombination processes in InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices

This paper reports a study of Shockley-Read-Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination processes in a series of molecular beam epitaxy grown InAs/InAsSb mid-wavelength infrared and long-wavelength infrared type-II superlattice samples using temperature- and excitation -density-dependent photoluminescence measurements, which are carried out from 12 to 77 K with excitation densities from 5 mW/cm2 to 20 W/cm2. A theoretical model is applied to describe the relation between integrated photoluminescence intensity and excitation density. Shockley-Read-Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination coefficients are extracted by fitting this relation. The results show that the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination lifetimes in all InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice samples are longer than 100 ns, specifically the lifetime in a long-wavelength infrared sample reaches 358 ns at 77 K, in good agreement with the previously reported result of 412 ns measured using time-resolved photoluminescence on a similar sample.
Comparative Analysis of the Glycosylation Profiles of Membrane-Anchored HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Soluble gp140

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, which consists of the gp120 and gp41 subunits, is the focus of multiple strategies for vaccine development. Extensive Env glycosylation provides HIV-1 with protection from the immune system, yet the glycans are also essential components of binding epitopes for numerous broadly neutralizing antibodies. Recent studies have shown that when Env is isolated from virions, its glycosylation profile differs significantly from that of soluble forms of Env (gp120 or gp140) predominantly used in vaccine discovery research. Here we show that exogenous membrane-anchored Envs, which can be produced in large quantities in mammalian cells, also display a virion-like glycan profile, where the glycoprotein is extensively decorated with high-mannose glycans. Additionally, because we characterized the glycosylation with a high-fidelity profiling method, glycopeptide analysis, an unprecedented level of molecular detail regarding membrane Env glycosylation and its heterogeneity is presented. Each glycosylation site was characterized individually, with about 500 glycoforms characterized per Env protein. While many of the sites contain exclusively high-mannose glycans, others retain complex glycans, resulting in a glycan profile that cannot currently be mimicked on soluble gp120 or gp140 preparations. These site-level studies are important for understanding antibody-glycan interactions on native Env trimers. Additionally, we report a newly observed O -linked glycosylation site, T606, and we show that the full O -linked glycosylation profile of membrane-associated Env is similar to that of soluble gp140. These findings provide new insight into Env glycosylation and clarify key molecular-level differences between membrane-anchored Env and soluble gp140. IMPORTANCE A vaccine that protects against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection should elicit antibodies that bind to the surface envelope glycoproteins on the membrane of the virus. The envelope glycoproteins have an extensive coat of carbohydrates (glycans), some of which are recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies and some of which protect the virus from neutralizing antibodies. We found that the HIV-1 membrane envelope glycoproteins have a unique pattern of carbohydrates, with many high-mannose glycans and also, in some places, complex glycans. This pattern was very different from the carbohydrate profile seen for a more easily produced soluble version of the envelope glycoprotein. Our results provide a detailed characterization of the glycans on the natural membrane envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, a carbohydrate profile that would be desirable to mimic with a vaccine.
Experiments in Differential Speckle Interferometry

We propose to develop a technique to achieve submillisecond of arc resolution on stellar objects. It uses the fact that the spectrum of the light emitted by such an object often changes across its surface either because of Doppler shifts, Zeeman splitting, abundance anomalies or changes in the stellar atmosphere. By an appropriately designed ex-periment using narrow band (0.5 – 1 A) filters, it is then possible to obtain differences between the position of speckles in the stellar image when viewed in slightly different wavelengths. It is possible to determine these differences in the position of the speckles with an accuracy much higher than the speckle size itself using techniques which are already developed for binary star-speckle research. We propose to use the technique of “Differential Speckle Interferometry” to study stellar rotation, evolution of stellar systems, spectroscopic binaries, the mass-luminosity relation, and peculiar A stars.
Use of an Infrared-Imaging Camera to Obtain Convective Heating Distributions

The IR emission from the surface of a wind-tunnel model is determined as a function of time with the aid of an infrared-sensitive imaging camera. Prior calibration of the IR camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature is then related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is recorded in analog form, digitized, and processed by a computer. In addition, real-time visual displays of the IR emissions are obtained as pictures on an oscilloscope screen.
Cutting Edge: Acute and Chronic Exposure of Immature B Cells to Antigen Leads to Impaired Homing and SHIP1-Dependent Reduction in Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Responsiveness

An encounter of B cells with cognate self Ags in the periphery can lead to anergy, a condition characterized by altered anatomical localization, shortened life span, and refractility to Ag stimulation. We recently reported that an immature B cell encounter with cognate self-Ag in the bone marrow can also lead to anergy. In this study we show that anergic as well as acutely Ag-stimulated immature B cells are defective in stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-induced calcium mobilization and migration and do not localize to bone marrow following adoptive transfer. This hyporesponsiveness does not involve CXCR4 modulation. However, BCR signal-mediated hyporesponsiveness to SDF-1 is associated with phosphorylation of the 5-inositol phosphatase SHIP1 and requires SHIP1 expression. Therefore, an encounter with cognate Ag may, by preventing SDF-1-induced phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate accumulation, trigger premature emigration of immature B cells from bone marrow.
Coarsening kinetics of Cu-rich precipitates in a concentrated multicomponent Fe–Cu based steel

Abstract The coarsening kinetics of Cu-rich precipitates in a concentrated multicomponent Fe–Cu based steel, containing 1.12 at.% Cu, aged at 550 °C or at 550 °C plus 2 h at 200 °C is investigated. The temporal evolution of the precipitates, heterophase interfaces, and a-Fe matrix compositions and precipitate morphology are presented. Coarsening time exponents are determined for the mean radius, , and number density, Nv(t), and compared to the Lifshitz – Slyzov – Wagner model for coarsening, modified for concentrated multicomponent alloys by Umantsev – Olson. The experimental results indicate that and Nv(t) are in reasonable agreement with Umantsev – Olson model behavior. Additionally, we compare the results to earlier investigations of similar concentrated multicomponent steels containing 1.82 at.% Cu and 1.17 at.% Cu, aged at 500 °C.
Effect of Certain Drugs on Perfused Human Placenta VII: Serotonin Versus Angiotensin-II

Serotonin produced vasoconstriction in perfused human placental vessels primarily via stimulation of α -adrenergic receptors and secondarily via direct stimulation of the vascular smooth muscle, whereas angiotensin-II produced vasoconstriction primarily via direct stimulation of the vascular smooth muscle and secondarily via stimulation of α -adrenergic receptors. In this system, serotonin was shown to cause a wider variation in its pressor action than angiotensin-II.
Effect of pregnancy sera on isolated lysosomes.

INFLAMMATORY diseases, notably rheumatoid arthritis1, frequently subside during the last 3 months of pregnancy and recur several weeks after parturition. Evidence implicating lysosomes in the pathogenesis of inflammation2 suggested that the subsidence of this phenomenon in pregnant human females could be mediated by an effect on these subcellular organelles. We present here evidence that serum from pregnant females stabilizes leucocyte lysosomes. In addition, we have data suggesting that hydrocortisone is not responsible for the stabilizing activity observed.
Stage 3: Adventures in Team Teaching:

This article examines the trials and tribulations of team teaching in the integrated MBA format. Beginning with a discussion of various forms and issues associated with team interdependence, it then addresses several key aspects of team teaching: differing teaching styles, sharing the workload, team grading, and team decision making. The article concludes with general observations about the team teaching process.
Blends of ultrasonically devulcanized and virgin carbon black filled ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubbers

Ultrasonically devulcanized ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (dEPDM) rubber was blended with virgin ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (vEPDM) rubber. The properties of these blends were investigated and compared with those of blends of ground ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (gEPDM) and vEPDM. The dynamic properties and curing characteristics were studied. The dynamic properties of the uncured blends showed that the gEPDM/vEPDM compounds were more elastic than the dEPDM/vEPDM compounds at a low frequency range, whereas the opposite trend was observed at a high frequency range. In contrast, the dynamic properties of gEPDM/vEPDM vulcanizates were less elastic than those of dEPDM/vEPDM vulcanizates at a low frequency range. The curing characteristics of the blends indicated that an increase in the dEPDM content in the dEPDM/vEPDM blends reduced the scorch time and the maximum torque and increased the minimum torque. A similar but more pronounced tendency was also found for the gEPDM/vEPDM blends. The tensile properties of the dEPDM/vEPDM vulcanizates were much better than those of the gEPDM/vEPDM vulcanizates, indicating the significant benefit of ultrasonic devulcanization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 132–138, 2004
A comparision of growth and nutrient uptake inPhalaris arundinacea L. growing in a wetland and a constructed bed receiving landfill leachate

We compared seasonal growth patterns and nutrient (N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb) uptake ofPhalaris arundinacea in an unpolluted wetland (Ithaca site) to those growing in a constructed wetland (Fenton site) receiving landfill leachate. Winter aboveground living biomass was higher at Fenton than at Ithaca probably owing to the longer growing season at Fenton caused by the warm leachate, which averaged 4–8°C during the winter. Uptake of nutrients was also greater at Fenton, with aboveground and belowground N uptake by plants approximately 35 g m−2. Such uptake means thatP. arundinacea over the total area of the beds may utilize about 10% of the yearly N input and lesser amounts of other nutrient elements.
The Effects of Time Compression and Time Expansion on Passage Comprehension by Elderly Listeners

The purpose of the investigation was to examine the comprehension performance of elderly listeners in response to rate-altered passages. A group of 56 persons was divided equally into two groups: y...
Regulation of lymphocyte activation by the cell-surface molecule CD22

Accessory molecules play an important role in the regulation of lymphocyte activation mediated by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). CD22 is one such accessory molecule expressed on B-lineage cells. Here, Che-Leung Law and colleagues review current knowledge on the structure-function relationship between CD22 and the BCR, discuss the role of CD22 as a cell-adhesion molecule and suggest models for potential in vivo functions of CD22.
Abstract 248: Vitamin D deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma tumor growth in TGF-β impaired mice by Smad3 heterozygous deletion

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Vitamin D (VD) has been implicated in the prevention of multiple cancers, some of which are characterized by inactivation of TGF-β signaling. Recently, inactivation of TGF-β signaling has been associated with development of HCC. We examined the potential role of VD in HCC chemoprevention in the context of TGF-β inactivation in a mouse model. Methods: Wild type, Sptbn1+/- and Smad3+/- male mice were treated with 50 mg/kg of the chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) via i.p. injection at 14 days of age. At 8 months, the animals were changed from regular chow (2,200 IU/kg VD) to one of two diets: lower than normal VD (200 IU/kg) or high VD (10,000 IU/kg). At one year of age, the livers were harvested for tissue analysis. Several metrics were assessed including expression levels of 164 proteins from liver tumors by Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA). Results: Twenty three mice were treated with lower than normal dose VD while 26 received high dose VD. We did not find significant differences in blood calcium levels in animals on either diet. As expected, high VD intervention after 8 months of DEN injection did not affect the total number of tumors the mice developed; however, the lower than normal VD regimen promoted tumor growth in the context of Smad3 disruption (liver-to-body weight ratio 18.37% in Smad3+/- mice treated with low dose VD vs. 6.25% in Smad3+/- animals treated with high dose, p=0.028). Furthermore, RPPA data revealed that the lower than normal VD intake in DEN-treated Smad3 heterozygous null mice results in repression of tumor suppressing genes such as PDCD4 and concomitant up-regulation of tumor promoting genes like Stat5A, Bcl2-XL, PDGFRB and PEA15. Conclusions: Remarkably, lower than normal VD in the context of Smad3 disruption promotes tumor growth possibly through repression of tumor suppressing genes such as PDCD4 and up-regulation of oncogenes like Stat5A, Bcl2-XL, PDGFRB and PEA15. These results suggest that VD treatment strategies could potentially be significant for chemoprevention and treatment of HCC in the context of inactivation of TGF-β signaling in patient populations with underlying deficiency of VD. Citation Format: Nina M. Munoz, Lior H. Katz, Keigo Machida, Hidekazu Tsukamoto, Kirty Shetty, Aiwu R. He, Lynt B. Johnson, Asif Rashid, Sang Bae Kim, Ju-Seog Lee, Lopa Mishra. Vitamin D deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma tumor growth in TGF-β impaired mice by Smad3 heterozygous deletion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 248. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-248
Alcohol, task difficulty, and incentives in drill press operation

The effects of alcohol, task difficulty, and incentives on a drill press simulation were examined. On four nonconsecutive days the subject received four alcohol levels, one level per day. The levels were: 0.00%, 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.09% blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The drill press simulation task consisted of placing a drill probe alternatively into two holes in a metal plate. For every level of alcohol, each subject received eight levels of task difficulty which were varied by changing the hole size and distance between holes. Task difficulty was in units of bits of information ranging from two to nine and was derived from a portion of Welford's (1968) version of Fitts' Law. For every level of task difficulty, each subject received two levels of incentive: productivity and accuracy which were enforced by monetary rewards.The subject's response was measured by hits and misses. A hit was defined as fully inserting the metal drill probe in either of two holes in the top metal plate of the workpiece wit...
The reliability of psychiatric and psychological diagnosis

Abstract Experience suggests that many psychologists and psychiatrists, as well as most attorneys, judges, and other individuals whose work requires a knowledge of the extent of the reliability of psychologic and psychiatric diagnosis are not aware that recent research has dramatically influenced the conclusions one may draw in regard to the fallability of such human judgments. The purpose here is to provide a brief introduction of the history of such diagnostic judgments from the time of the early Greek philosophers through the decade of the 1960's. This will be followed by a review of a series of important studies from several research centers which were published during the past decade and which presented the first robust evidence that such clinician-to-clinician diagnoses have now attained remarkably high levels of reliability. In the last section, studies will be reviewed which show that the concurrent development of standardized interview schedules now allow layperson interviewers to achieve levels of reliability for psychiatric and psychologic interviews which are comparable to the high levels now attainable by mental health professionals.
Comparison of Acral Nevomelanocytic Proliferations in Japanese and Whites

The preponderance of malignant melanomas that occur in the Japanese population affect the palmar and plantar areas, in contrast to those of whites, which occur predominantly on the head, neck, and trunk. Furthermore, a precursor lesion, the dysplastic nevus, has been well defined in nonacral white skin but not in the Japanese. In this paper, a similarity between benign and atypical acral nevomelanocytic proliferations in Japanese and whites is described. However, it appears that in the Japanese group the melanocytes in benign and atypical proliferations are less dendritic than those noted in whites, and, in both groups, extensive pigmentation was noted in both the epidermal and dermal components of benign and malignant lesions in this limited review. A practical approach to classifications of atypism is, likewise, offered.
The generalized carnivore jaw

A model is presented of the jaw mechanism that relies on the geometrical similarities among mammalian carnivores with carnassial teeth. These similarities, together with estimates of the location of the resultant force of the jaw muscles, allow the model to predict that the mechanical advantage of the jaw lever system is the same in all carnivores with carnassials and, therefore, that the magnitude of the bite force is mainly determined by the absolute amount of jaw musculature.
Experimental verification of focus tailoring using circularly polarized vortex beams with annular pupil mask

Abstract The focusing properties of circularly polarized vortex beam are experimentally verified by examining two-photon fluorescent emission patterns inside an 8 μ m fluorescent microsphere. Very good agreements between the experimental and theoretical results have been obtained. Annular pupil masks are used to tailor the profile at the focus. When an LG 0 1 circularly polarized beam with the appropriate handedness is used in combination with an annular pupil aperture, a strong longitudinal component is observed, which results in a raised center and a smaller focal spot. This interesting focusing property can be utilized in applications that require a distinct longitudinal component.
Enzyme Interactions with Labile Oxovanadates and Other Polyoxometalates

Abstract Aqueous solutions of vanadate contain several labile oxovanadates; each interacts differently with enzymes and other proteins. Vanadate monomer, V1 can act as a ground state or transition state analog of phosphate. Vanadate dimer, V2 inhibits a series of enzymes including dehydrogenases, one aldolase and a phosphatase. V2 can also activate enzymes, and this activation has been observed with a mutase and dehydrogenase. Vanadate tetramer, V4 (often referred to as “metavanadate”), inhibits a large number of enzymes including dehydrogenases, isomerases, and one aldolase. V4 also binds to a series of enzymes including superoxide dismutase, myosin and possibly adenylate kinase. V4 has been identified as the species responsible for the specific UV-light induced photocleavage of the active site of myosin and possibly adenylate kinase. Redox chemistry between V1 and V4 and proteins has been reported. Vanadate pentamer, V5 has not yet shown high affinity for proteins, and studies with related oxomolybdates...
Differential mobility spectroscopy for chemical agent detection

ABSTRACT General Dynamics ATP (GDATP) and Sionex Corporation (S ionex) are carrying out a cooperative development for a handheld chemical agent detector, being called JUNO, which will have lower false positives, higher sensitivity, and improved interference rejection compared with presently available detectors. This enhanced performance is made possible by the use of a new principle of ion separation called Differential Mobility Spectrometry (DMS). The enhanced selectivity is provided by the field tunable nature of the Sionex differential mobility technology (microDMxTM) which forms the analytical heart of the JUNO system and enables fingerprinting of molecules by characterization of the ionized molecular behavior under multiple electric field conditions. This enhanced selectivity is valuable in addressing not only the traditional list of chemical warfare agents (CWA) but also the substantial list of Toxic Industrial Compounds (TICs) and Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs) which may be released in warfare or terrorist situations. Experimental results showing the ability of the microDMx to reject interferences, detect and resolve live agents are presented. An additional breakthrough in the technology was realized by operating the device at a reduced pressure of around 0.5 atmospheres. This reduced pressure operation resulted in roughly doubling the spectrometers resolution over what has previously been reported [1]. Advances have also been made in power consumption and packaging leading to a device suitable for portable, handheld, applications. Experimental results illustrating the performance of the microDMx technology employed in JUNO are highlighted. Keywords: Differential Mobility Spectroscopy, Chemical Warfare Agent Detection, Analytical Instrumentation *tgriffin@gdatp.com ; Phone: (980) 235-2247; Fax: (980) 235-2247; 4205 Westinghouse Commons Drive, Charlotte, NC 28277
Roccom: an object-oriented, data-centric software integration framework for multiphysics simulations

We describe an object-oriented software integration framework, Roccom, abstracted from our five years of experience in developing a complex, integrated code for rocket simulation. Roccom provides a flexible mechanism for inter-module data exchange and function invocation in parallel multiphysics simulations. It is designed to minimize user effort and code changes for integration, facilitate interoperability between different programming languages (in particular, C++ and Fortran 90), and enable plug-and-play of different implementations of physics and computer science modules in an integrated system. Its unique abstraction of distributed objects allows cleaner inter-module interfaces and maximizes concurrency in development of different modules. Our framework also provides a set of reusable service utilities that allow rapid prototyping of various coupling algorithms without sacrificing performance.
Beyond the FAQ: Explicit and implicit norms in Usenet newsgroups

Drawing on reference group and socialization theories, this article examines the social norms of online communities. These theories are modified through an examination of the history of Usenet and a review of the scholarly literature related to social norms and normative behavior in Usenet newsgroups and other virtual communities. The article proposes a modification of Merton's paradigmatic division of norms into behavioral and attitudinal norms by dividing social norms found in online interactions into two types: explicit norms and implicit norms. Explicit norms are codified in documents such as FAQs that outline the purpose and rules of a group, whereas implicit norms are those norms that emerge informally through day-to-day interactions of the group. Both categories of norms are examined in two specific newsgroups.
Localization of proteins associated with the outer hair cell plasma membrane in the gerbil cochlea.

Abstract There is substantial evidence that the motility of mammalian outer hair cells is generated close to or within the plasma membrane. Several analogies between the outer hair cell cortical lattice and the membrane-related cytoskeleton of erythrocytes have been noted. In erythrocytes a member of the anion exchanger protein family, AE1, also known as Band 3, is involved in membrane-cytoskeleton linkage via Protein 4.1. In the following paper, the presence of these two proteins in gerbilline outer hair cells is confirmed by western blot. Furthermore, co-localization of these two proteins was detected in the lateral wall of outer hair cells by immunofluorescence and postembedding electron immunohistochemistry. Band 3 is restricted to this region, whereas Protein 4.1 has a somewhat more dispersed distribution. Thus, the structure of these sensory receptor cells may result from an adaptation of a strategy used by other motile cells. The proteins investigated likely have a support function and may comprise “pillars” seen between the lateral plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton in micrographs of outer hair cells. The possibility that Band 3 comprises “protein particles” seen in the lateral plasma membrane, or maybe directly involved in the voltage-dependent force generation in outer hair cells, is also discussed.
Linear programming optimal power flow utilizing a trust region method

The optimal power flow (OPF) is an extremely complex, nonlinear programming (NLP) problem encountered in power system transmission planning and operations. In this paper, the application of the incremental linear programming (LP) method to the OPF is explored. A trust region method is proposed for determining the size of the optimization region for the linearized model during each iteration. Generator real power limits, reactive power limits, and bus voltage limits are included in the model. Using the proposed strategy, performance results for the IEEE 14 bus power system test case are provided. Results show that the method achieves a very fast rate of convergence to a high accuracy.
Auxin and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Pea Stem Tissue as Studied by Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Ribonucleic Acid Hybridization

The ability of auxin to alter gene transcription in pea (Pisum sativum L.) stem tissues has been investigated by means of DNA/RNA hybridization-competition techniques. In order to obtain reproducible hybridization with total nucleic acid preparations from plants it was found necessary to remove interfering substances, probably polysaccharides; this was accomplished by methoxyethanol extraction and precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. When purified in this fashion, plant nucleic acids could be made to form hybrids which showed both species specificity and high thermal stability.No change in hybridizable RNA of stem sections in response to auxin could be detected over a 2- to 24-hour period, regardless of the auxin level employed. In contrast, when large doses of auxin were applied to intact pea seedlings, definite changes in the hybridizable RNA of stem tissue were detected both 8 and 24 hours after treatment. Many of the 2,4-D-induced species of RNA which were present at 24 hours were also present at 8 hours. Sections apparently lack a factor needed for the manifestation of the auxin effect on RNA synthesis.Since the hybridization assay employed does not measure all cellular RNA, it is still possible that certain RNA species may be synthesized in sections in response to auxin. However, the auxin promotion of cell elongation in such sections is clearly not associated with changes in hybridizable RNA such as have been reported for several hormonal responses in animal systems.
Avalanche Diode Amplifiers for Microwave Radio Equipment

Avalanche diode amplifiers (ADAs) with power outputs of 0.5 - 2.0 Watts have been developed for communication systems. Circuit design technique for these ADAs and their performance characteristics in high-capacity microwave communication systems are described. In addition, recent experimental results on high power (5 - 10 Watts) amplifiers using Readprofile IMPATT diodes are presented.
Robustness properties of multivariate EWMA control charts

In this paper, the robustness of the multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) control chart to non-normal data is examined. Two non-normal distributions of interest are the multivariate distribution and the multivariate gamma distribution. Recommendations for constructing MEWMA control charts when the normality assumption may be violated are provided. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasticity of isotropic composites with randomly oriented and packeted inclusions

Abstract Based on an energy approach, the nonlinear elastoplastic behavior of a two-phase, isotropic composite with two kinds of inclusion morphologies are determined as a function of inclusion shape at the low concentration range. Both types of morphology involve the three-dimensional randomly oriented spheroidal inclusions, but one is homogeneously dispersed, resulting in an ordinary two-phase composite, and the other possesses a packeted structure in a form similar to a polycrystalline arrangement. The overall elastoplastic response of these two kinds of composite is found to be strongly dependent upon the inclusion shape and their morphological arrangement. Disc-shaped inclusions generally give a superior reinforcing effect, but when the inclusions become very stiff or totally rigid, needle-shaped inclusions tend to be more effective. In line with the known elastic behavior, the overall elastoplastic response of an ordinary two-phase composite is markedly stiffer than that of the packeted composite at a given inclusion shape and concentration. The theory is finally compared with the finite-element calculations of a particle-reinforced composite and of a packeted one with oblate and prolate inclusions, and also with some experimental data for a silicon-carbide/aluminium system. In both cases, reasonable agreement is found in the comparison.
A Smart Capsule With GI-Tract-Location-Specific Payload Release

In this paper, we present a smart capsule for location-specific drug release in the gastrointestinal tract. Once activated through a magnetic proximity fuse, the capsule opens up and releases its powdered payload in a location specified by an implanted miniature magnetic marker or an externally worn larger magnet. The capsule (9 mm × 26 mm) comprises of two compartments: one contains a charged capacitor and a reed switch, while the second one houses the drug reservoir capped by a taut nylon thread intertwined with a nichrome wire. The nichrome wire is connected to the capacitor through the reed switch. The capacitor is charged to 2.7 V before ingestion and once within the proximity of the permanent magnet; the reed switch closes, discharging the capacitor through the nichrome wire, melting the nylon thread, detaching the cap, and emptying the drug reservoir.
Mechanisms of flow induced crystallization

This paper presents a review of the field of flow induced crystallization from solution. Experimental facts concerning the nature of fibrous nucleation and the “shishkebob” morphology which results are reviewed. The discussion of growth models emphasizes the details of the nucleation control and flow control calculations which have been presented in the literature. A major problem in the development of quantitative models for the growth mechanisms has been the lack of a reproducible growth rate data base and the reasons for this are discussed. The review emphasizes those areas of the field both experimental and theoretical, where further studies are needed before a unified theory of flow induced crystal growth can emerge.
A Typology of Personified Wisdom Hymns

The author undertakes an evaluation and classification of those texts in First Testament Wisdom Literature which personify Wisdom in hymnic fashion. Such a classification may have value not only in itself, but it may be useful for understanding the nature of traditions known to writer of the Johannine Prologue. The author proposes a division of such hymns into the categories of “Hidden,” “Accessible,” and “Apocalyptic.”
CD36 may determine our desire for dietary fats

There is a strong link between high fat intake and obesity. In addition to its high caloric density, dietary fat has a hyperphagic effect, in part as a result of its high palatability. The recent identification by Laugerette et al. of CD36 as a taste receptor for fatty acids provides insight into the molecular basis of our preference for fat. As we gain more information regarding the function of this receptor, we may be able to devise better strategies to address the addictive potential of dietary fat.
Analysis of embryoid bodies derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells as a means to assess pluripotency.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have core properties of unlimited self-renewal and differentiation potential and have emerged as exciting cell sources for applications in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, understanding of development, and disease etiology. Key among numerous criteria to assess pluripotency includes the in vivo teratoma assay that has been widely proposed as a standard functional assay to demonstrate the pluripotency of hiPSCs. Yet, the lack of reliability across methodologies, lack of definitive clinical significance, and associated expenses bring into question use of the teratoma assay as the “gold standard” for determining pluripotency. We propose use of the in vitro embryoid body (EB) assay as an important alternative to the teratoma assay. This paper summarizes the methodologies for creating EBs from hiPSCs and the subsequent analyses to assess pluripotency and proposes its use as a cost-effective, controlled, and reproducible approach that can easily be adopted to determine pluripotency of generated hiPSCs.
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )-based gate insulators

Titanium dioxide has been deposited on silicon for use as a high-permittivity gate insulator in an effort to produce low-leakage films with oxide equivalent thicknesses below 2.0 nm. Excellent electrical characteristics can be achieved, but TEM and electrical measurements have shown the presence of a low-resistivity interfacial layer that we take to be SiO2. The leakage current follows several mechanisms depending on the bias voltage. Reasonably good agreement has been seen between current-voltage measurements and a 1D quantum transport model.
Swarm-NG a CUDA Library for Parallel n-body Integrations with focus on Simulations of Planetary Systems

Abstract We present Swarm-NG, a C++ library for the efficient direct integration of many n-body systems using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), such as NVIDIA’s Tesla T10 and M2070 GPUs. While previous studies have demonstrated the benefit of GPUs for n-body simulations with thousands to millions of bodies, Swarm-NG focuses on many few-body systems, e.g., thousands of systems with 3…15 bodies each, as is typical for the study of planetary systems. Swarm-NG parallelizes the simulation, including both the numerical integration of the equations of motion and the evaluation of forces using NVIDIA’s “Compute Unified Device Architecture” (CUDA) on the GPU. Swarm-NG includes optimized implementations of 4th order time-symmetrized Hermite integration and mixed variable symplectic integration, as well as several sample codes for other algorithms to illustrate how non-CUDA-savvy users may themselves introduce customized integrators into the Swarm-NG framework. To optimize performance, we analyze the effect of GPU-specific parameters on performance under double precision. For an ensemble of 131072 planetary systems, each containing three bodies, the NVIDIA Tesla M2070 GPU outperforms a 6-core Intel Xeon X5675 CPU by a factor of ∼ 2.75 . Thus, we conclude that modern GPUs offer an attractive alternative to a cluster of CPUs for the integration of an ensemble of many few-body systems. Applications of Swarm-NG include studying the late stages of planet formation, testing the stability of planetary systems and evaluating the goodness-of-fit between many planetary system models and observations of extrasolar planet host stars (e.g., radial velocity, astrometry, transit timing). While Swarm-NG focuses on the parallel integration of many planetary systems, the underlying integrators could be applied to a wide variety of problems that require repeatedly integrating a set of ordinary differential equations many times using different initial conditions and/or parameter values.
Thermoresponsive block copolymer micelles with tunable pyrrolidone-based polymer cores: structure/property correlations and application as drug carriers

A–B block copolymer micelles comprised of thermoresponsive hydrophilic PNIPAAm (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) coronae and hydrophobic PNP (poly(N-acryloyl-2-pyrrolidone)), PMNP (poly(N-acryloyl-5-methoxy-2-pyrrolidone)), or PBNP (poly(N-acryloyl-5-butoxy-2-pyrrolidone)) cores were examined to identify how systematic adjustments to core–segment structure affect micellar physicochemical properties, drug loading efficiency (DLE), and thermoresponsive drug release among these novel systems. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) were found to decrease by two orders of magnitude in the order of PNIPAAm–PNP, PNIPAAm–PMNP, and PNIPAAm–PBNP indicating that minor modifications to the pyrrolidone scaffold significantly affect its hydrophobic character. Moreover, the structural modifications were also found to influence micelle size and intermicellar aggregation that occurs above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In line with the CMC data, DLE values of doxorubicin-loaded (i.e., DOX-loaded) micelles increase in the order of PNIPAAm–PNP, PNIPAAm–PMNP, and PNIPAAm–PBNP, a trend attributed to enhanced cohesive forces (i.e. London dispersion forces) between DOX and core as the latter becomes more hydrophobic. When heated above the LCST, DOX release decreases in the order of PNIPAAm–PNP, PNIPAAm–PMNP, and PNIPAAm–PBNP suggesting that release processes are impeded by the cohesive forces responsible for efficient encapsulation. Finally, cytotoxicity assays performed above the LCST reveal that DOX-loaded micelles are as cytotoxic as the free drug in formulations where DOX concentrations are equivalent.
Development of reproducible histologic injury severity scores: Skeletal muscle reperfusion injury

Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle is a common clinical and experimental problem. To date, there has been no uniform and reproducible method to assess the extent of histologic injury. In this study, we developed a novel statistical methodology for evaluating injury in individual myocytes and 3 distinct methods for the interpretation of this data. Methods C57/BL6 mice underwent 2 h of hindlimb ischemia followed by reperfusion for 3 (n = 11), 24 (n = 12), or 48 (n = 10) h. The gastrocnemius muscles were harvested, stained, and evaluated under microscopy. Standardized criteria were applied to score individual myocytes as healthy or injured, and injury score was expressed as injured fibers/total fibers %. Three methods of analyzing myocyte data were developed and evaluated with statistical Block-Random Sampling to determine the number of counted fibers required to represent accurately the total injury. The Full-Frame Counting , Fourfold Divided Counting , and Stratified Individual Counting methods differ in the random order in which fibers or microscopic fields are scored. Results The 3 methods were found to be statistically sound at all experimental time points. Using the Full-Frame , Fourfold , and Stratified methods, the maximum number of required fibers at all time points was 600, 300, and 100, respectively, to obtain an estimation of injury with a 95% confidence interval. Conclusions These criteria and statistical methods for histologic evaluation of ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle are accurate and reproducible. The Fourfold method is the most practical and technically efficient method of assessing injury. Such a quantitative, direct assessment of injury is important and will be useful for future studies.
A Criterion for Stability of Matrices

A necessary and sufficient condition for the stability ofn × nmatrices with real entries is proved. Applications to asymptotic stability of equilibria for vector fields are considered. The results offer an alternative to the well-known Routh–Hurwitz conditions.
Levels of cytochrome P-450-mediated aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) are higher in differentiated than in germinative cutaneous keratinocytes.

Induction of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450 was observed in epidermal cells obtained from the skin of newborn rats exposed to benz(a)anthracene by topical exposure and in submerged cultures exposed to the procarcinogen in vitro. The level of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was increased 2.5-fold in vivo and six- to sevenfold in vitro when the measurements were made on the entire epidermis or the entire culture, respectively. However, separate measurement on germinative (basal) and on differentiated cells revealed that AHH was sevenfold higher in differentiated cells as compared with basal cells in the skin of both unexposed animals and animals exposed in vivo. Similar results were obtained in cultured cells exposed in vitro. Immunocytochemical staining of sections of skin from animals exposed to benz(a)anthracene in vivo with a monoclonal antibody generated against cytochrome P-450c showed a higher binding of the antibody in lower spinous cells than in basal cells in the epidermis. Although more stained cells were observed in exposed cultures than in untreated cultures, the antibody, which inhibits at least 85% of the hydroxylase activity in the skin, inhibited only 6% – 16% of the activity in culture. These observations support the interpretations that a) differentiated keratinocytes have a higher capacity in the metabolic activation of PAH than do germinative cells, although both types of cell are susceptible to induction of cytochrome P-450 by exposure to BA, and b) the cytochrome P-450 induced by exposure of epidermis to benz(a)anthracene in vivo exhibits some differences from the one induced upon exposure of keratinocytes to this procarcinogen in vitro.