cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophical and Theological Perspectives on the Value of the Retarded: Responses to William F. May and John C. Moskop

Professor May’s essay is designed to locate the valuing of the retarded in the context of parenting and bonding [4]. Concrete relationships, he asserts, are a necessary ingredient of our thinking. Whether these relationships constitute a sufficient context for decisions about the retarded is an important question, to be addressed later.
Marcadores discursivos en la escritura del español como segunda lengua

espanolEste articulo presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado en torno al uso y la frecuencia de dos tipos de marcadores discursivos (MDs): los conectores discursivos (CDs) y los marcadores socio-pragmaticos (MSPs). En el contexto de tareas escritas con base en los generos textuales, cuarenta y cuatro aprendientes del espanol como segunda lengua (N=44), registrados en talleres de escritura durante un semestre academico, produjeron tres tipos principales de textos: uno narrativo, otro expositivo y un ensayo argumentativo. Los resultados muestran que los aprendientes usan los CDs con mayor frecuencia para construir la coherencia en sus textos narrativos y argumentativosy, en mucha menor escala, los MSPs para involucrar aspectos de la oralidad en sus narraciones. Un grupo principal de trece CDs parece asumir casi el 90% de las funciones metadiscursivas y cognitivas en la escritura del espanol como segunda lengua . EnglishThis paper reports on the use and frequency of two typesof discourse markers (MDs): Discourse Connectors (CDs) and Socio-Pragmatic Markers (MSPs). In the context of written tasks using a genre-based approach, forty-four learners of Spanish as a second language (N=44), enrolled in writing workshops during an academic semester, produced three types of texts: a narration, an expository essay, and an argumentative essay. Results show that learners use CDs more frequently to build text coherence in narrative and argumentative essays. The MSPs,used to a much lesser extent,allow learners to involve orality features in their narrations. A core group of thirteen CDs seems to fulfill almost 90% of the metadiscursive and cognitive functions in L2 Spanish writing
Hazard versus Outrage in the Public Perception of Risk

One goal of risk communication is to produce in the audience the appropriate level of concern and action. That is, risk communicators sometimes want to tell people to take a risk seriously—wear a seat belt, quit smoking, cut down on fats, check their homes for radon or their water for lead and take action if the level is high. On the other hand, risk communicators sometimes want to tell people not to worry so much about a risk. One would expect that at least one of these tasks would be a simple one, but it turns out that they both can be very difficult.
Synchronous atomic broadcast for redundant broadcast for redundant channels

We propose a synchronous atomic broadcast protocol for distributed real-time systems based on redundant broadcast channels. The protocol can tolerate a finite number f of concurrent processor crash failures, channel adapter performance failures and channel omission failures. Its message cost is optimal: when no failures occur only f+1 messages are sent per broadcast. The cost implications of providing tolerance to other failure classes are also investigated.
The heterogeneity and properties of folate binding proteins from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.

Previous studies have demonstrated that some chronic myelogenous leukemia cells contain a macromolecular binding factor for folic acid. This binder, which previously was believed to be a single factor, has now been resolved into two distinct binding proteins. Separation of each binder was obtained by DEAE chromatography of the partially purified lysate of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. One binder has a molecular weight of 30;000–35,000, and the second binder has a molecular weight of 40,000-45,000. Both proteins bind the mono-, di-, and triglutamates of folic acid, N10-methyl-folate, dihydro-folate, and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Neither binder has determinants for N5- formyltetrahydrofolate or methotrexate. The preferred substrates for both binders appear to be the fully oxidized and partially reduced folates rather than the fully reduced folates. The lower-molecular- weight folate binding protein shows reversible binding with partially and fully reduced folates but irreversible binding with oxidized folates. This property suggests that this binder may have some function in the transport and storage of folate. The higher-molecular-weight folate binding protein, however, has only slight reversibility of binding with the partially and fully reduced folates, and it is therefore more difficult to postulate a physiologic function for this binding factor.
The Snowden Disconnect: When the Ends Justify the Means

People react to Edward Snowden and his national security disclosures in radically different ways. Security hawks want his head and call him a traitor; privacy advocates think him a whistleblower and a national hero. This essay examines those positions and finds that there is a fundamental disconnect between them, which influences and prohibits an important national conversation concerning the scope of the NSA’s work, the laws under which it operates, and privacy rights of United States citizens. This essay concludes that the privacy advocates have the stronger interests, and that it is wildly inconsistent for the government to simultaneously seek Snowden’s prosecution at the same time it engages in substantive national-security legal reforms.
One-pot synthesis of dihydroquinazolinethione-based polycyclic system

Abstract A one-pot and diastereoselective synthesis of quinazoline-2(1H)-thione-containing polycyclic compounds is introduced. The reaction process includes [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides for pyrrolidines, Staudinger-aza-Wittig reaction of azides for iminophosphoranes, formation of isothiocyanates, and finally cyclization of amines to isothiocyanates for dihydroquinazolinethiones.
Treatment of EBV+ nasopharyngeal carcinoma with banked EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells.

3012Background: The expression of EBV antigens in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) makes EBV+NPC a candidate for cellular therapy. Prior reports demonstrate the potential of autologous EBV directed T...
Genes for Energy-Related Proteins

Proteins and protein systems involved directly with the production or employment of such energy-storing molecules as ATP and the other triphosphorylated nucleosides are of numerous types. Some of these form large families, such as the familiar cytochromes, while others comprise small groups of related varieties, and still others work as clusters of diversified composition. But even the large family just cited, the cytochromes, are not unified as to their specific function. Although all conduct electrons, the best known members of that group comprise the greater portion of an electron-transport chain whose end product is ATP or kin substance, but others, notably the cytochromes P-450, are concerned with syntheses that break down that type of nucleoside to liberate required energy. Still another category of energy-using compounds contains the varied components of a group involved in using such energy to convert free nitrogen into ammonia and thereby “fix” that element. Thus this chapter centers both on substances that create stores of energy and others that draw upon that supply. No relationship between the several classes involved here is to be expected; their sole common denominator is a direct interaction with high-energy nucleosides. But the possibility that this varied lot may show some features in common nevertheless needs to be explored—the two unrelated classes examined in the preceding chapter certainly were found to share some very significant traits.
Reaction Diffusion plus Growth: A Numerical Model for Turing Morphogenesis and Ben-Jacob Patterns

ABSTRACT Modeling the development of organisms and diseases has been of interest for decades. Often, complex systems of development or signaling pathways can be explained and modeled to a high degree of accuracy with only a few simplifying assumptions. Complex systems such as pattern development, bacterial growth, and tumor formation can be modeled numerically using a reaction diffusion model with relatively few factors and still give accurate results, allowing exploration of equilibrium and non-equilibrium solutions. Here, applications of numerical diffusion to morphogenesis and bacterial growth are presented for the test cases of leopard spots and Ben-Jacob bacterial fractals, with wide-reaching implications for biological modeling.
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared to Diabetes Mellitus and Association With All-Cause Mortality.

Objective Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a predictor of cardiac death in diabetes mellitus (DM) independent of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition, with excess CV risk compared to the general population, in which CMD is hypothesized to play a role; however, there are limited data on CMD in RA and any association with clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of CMD in RA to that in DM and to test the association with all-cause mortality. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from a registry of all patients undergoing stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography as part of routine clinical care from 2006 to 2017. The inclusion criterion was a normal perfusion scan. Patients with RA or DM were classified using previously published approaches. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was calculated for all patients in the registry and linked with mortality data. CMD was defined as CFR Results We studied 73 patients with RA and 441 patients with DM. Among patients with a normal perfusion scan, the prevalence of CMD in RA was similar to that in DM (P = 0.2). CMD was associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality in RA (hazard ratio 2.4 [95% confidence interval 1.4-4.2]) as well as increased risk for cardiac-related death at rates similar to those in DM. Conclusion These findings suggest an important role for CMD as a potential contributor to excess CV risk and mortality in RA, as previously observed in DM, as well as evidence for a mechanistic link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
Association of Arkansas's section 1115 Medicaid waiver with health insurance coverage.

Objective Evaluate how the use of a Section 1115 waiver in Arkansas was associated with health insurance coverage compared to Medicaid expansion states that did not use a waiver. Methods Difference in difference analysis was conducted of 1,320,790 adults aged 19-64 with family incomes at or below 138% of the federal poverty level from the 2010-2017 American Community Survey. Arkansas was compared to states that expanded without a waiver in calendar year 2014. States that expanded Medicaid with an approved Section 1115 waiver during the study period or expanded without a waiver after 2014 or did not expand Medicaid were excluded from the analysis. The outcome measures were no health insurance coverage, Medicaid coverage, employer sponsored private insurance, and non-group direct purchase private insurance. Results Arkansas's use of a waiver to expand Medicaid was associated with a lower uninsured rate (-3.7%, p Conclusion Compared to states that implemented traditional Medicaid expansion, we found that Arkansas's waiver was associated with increases in health insurance coverage rates.
The evolution of ideas in global climate policy

From carbon pricing to green industrial policy, economic ideas have shaped climate policy. Drawing on a new dataset of policy reports, we show how economic ideas influenced climate policy advice by major international organizations, including the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank, from 1990 to 2017. In the 1990s, the neoclassical notion of weak complementarity between environmental protection and growth dominated debates on sustainable development. In the mid-2000s, economic thought on the environment diversified, as the idea of strong complementarity between environmental protection and growth emerged in the green growth discourse. Adaptations of Schumpeterian and Keynesian economics identified investment in energy innovation and infrastructure as drivers of growth. We thus identify a major transformation from a neoclassical paradigm to a diversified policy discourse, suggesting that climate policy has entered a postparadigmatic period. The diversification of ideas broadened policy advice from market-based policy to green industrial policy, including deployment subsidies and regulation. This analysis of global climate policy reports shows how economic ideas have shaped climate policy. The authors find a shift from neoclassical dominance to a more diversified discourse, which has expanded policy choices beyond market-based policies to include green innovation and industrial policy.
Chapter 1 – Scope of the Produce Contamination Problem

In recent years, outbreaks of foodborne illness in the U.S. have been attributed with increasing frequency to fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Contamination of produce with human pathogens has important public health and economic consequences. U.S. government statistics indicate that the most commonly implicated commodities are green salads and lettuce, other leafy vegetables and herbs, sprouts, tomatoes, melons, fruit salads, and unpasteurized juices. The pathogens most often implicated are norovirus, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp., although large outbreaks also have been associated with hepatitis A virus, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora. While these pathogens have been isolated from fresh produce and the farm environment, the sporadic nature of produce-related outbreaks makes systematic study of contamination sources difficult. Human pathogens can adhere strongly to produce surfaces and form-resistant biofilms or become internalized within pores and at cut surfaces. These factors can reduce the efficacy of cleaning and sanitizing treatments, thereby increasing the risk of contamination. Improvements in produce safety will require better understanding of contamination sources, environmental influences, and agricultural practices affecting pathogen survival and growth. Improved methods of pathogen reduction in contaminated produce are needed. Such information can be incorporated in Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and more effective postharvest interventions to reduce the risk of produce contamination.
Paying for Performance Improvement in Quality and Outcomes of Cardiovascular Care: Challenges and Prospects

Over the past two decades, Medicare and other payers have been looking at ways to base payment for cardiovascular care on the quality and outcomes of care delivered. Public reporting of hospital performance on a series of quality measures began in 2004 with basic processes of care such as aspirin use and influenza vaccination, and it expanded in later years to include outcomes such as mortality and readmission rates. Following the passage of the Affordable Care Act in March 2010, Medicare and other payers moved forward with pay-for-performance programs, more commonly referred to as value-based purchasing (VBP) programs. These programs are largely based on an underlying fee-for-service payment infrastructure and give hospitals and clinicians bonuses or penalties based on their performance. Another new payment mechanism, called alternative payment models (APMs), aims to move towards episode-based or global payments to improve quality and efficiency. The two most relevant APMs for cardiovascular care include Accountable Care Organizations and bundled payments. Both VBP programs and APMs have challenges related to program efficacy, accuracy, and equity. In fact, despite over a decade of progress in measuring and incentivizing high-quality care delivery within cardiology, major limitations remain. Many of the programs have had little benefit in terms of clinical outcomes yet have led to marked administrative burden for participants. However, there are several encouraging prospects to aid the successful implementation of value-based high-quality cardiovascular care, such as more sophisticated data science to improve risk adjustment and flexible electronic health records to decrease administrative burden. Furthermore, payment models designed specifically for cardiovascular care could incentivize innovative care delivery models that could improve quality and outcomes for patients. This review provides an overview of current efforts, largely at the federal level, to pay for high-quality cardiovascular care and discusses the challenges and prospects related to doing so.
Levels of problem-solving competency identified through Bebras Computing Challenge

As computational thinking (CT) gains more attention in K-16 education, problem-solving has been more emphasized as a core competency that can be found across various domains. To develop an evaluation framework that reveals students’ problem-solving competency, this study examined solutions for the Bebras Computing Challenge which requires students to utilize problem-solving skills in a CT domain. A total of 246 solutions of three Bebras tasks were analyzed based on a qualitative content analysis method and four levels of solutions were identified. The solution levels revealed how students (1) failed to understand a problem (No solution), (2) solved the problem but failed to identify the pattern (Premature level), (3) identified principles embedded in the problem but failed to apply them to devise an automized solution (Intermediate level), and (4) identified principles and solved the problem by applying them (Advanced level). This study presented solution levels across Bebras tasks and discussed how task difficulty affected student solutions differently. Implications for teaching problem-solving skills were discussed.
The Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: Channels and Policy Implications

Addressing the poverty and distributional impacts of carbon pricing reforms is critical for the success of ambitious actions in the fight against climate change. This paper uses a simple framework to systematically review the channels through which carbon pricing can potentially affect poverty and inequality. It finds that the channels differ in important ways along several dimensions. The paper also identifies several key gaps in the current literature and discusses some considerations on how policy designs could take into account the attributes of the channels in mitigating the impacts of carbon pricing reforms on households.
Nucleoporin 98 Localization Is Disrupted in Primary Tauopathies (5194)

Objective: To evaluate for alterations in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in primary tauopathies. Background: Mislocalization of NPC components has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases, including TDP-43 proteinopathies and Alzheimer’s disease. As the NPC is the conduit for nucleocytoplasmic transport, abnormalities in the NPC may lead to nucleocytoplasmic transport defects. The localization of NPC components has not previously been examined in primary tauopathies, such as frontotemporal lobar degenerationtau (FTLD-tau), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Design/Methods: Sections from frontal and occipital cortices from five cases each of neurologically normal controls, FTLD-tau, PSP, and CBD were obtained from the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. Midbrain sections for five cases each of control, PSP, and CBD were also obtained. Multiplex immunofluorescence was used to stain the sections for NPC component nucleoporin 98 (Nup98), phospho-tau (AT8 antibody), and neuronal soma marker MAP2. Slides were visualized on an Olympus VS120 Virtual Slide Microscope. Results: In frontal cortex, control and PSP cases showed a generally uniform nuclear localization of Nup98, but FTLD-tau and CBD cases showed a more heterogenous nuclear localization of Nup98 and a mislocalization of Nup98 to the cytoplasm in AT8-positive neurons. In occipital cortex, Nup98 had a generally uniform nuclear localization in control and primary tauopathy sections, except for some FTLD-tau cases that showed cytoplasmic mislocalization in AT8-positive neurons. In midbrain, control tissue had a generally uniform nuclear localization of Nup98, whereas AT8-positive neurons in PSP and CBD cases had a cytoplasmic mislocalization of Nup98. Conclusions: Disruption of the normal nuclear staining pattern and/or cytoplasmic mislocalization of NPC component Nup98 was seen in AT8-positive neurons in several primary tauopathies, suggesting alterations in the NPC are a common feature of a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Further understanding of the functional implications of NPC disruption may give insights into the pathophysiology of primary tauopathies. Disclosure: Dr. Dickson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hyman has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Pfizer, Neurophage, Novartis, Lilly, Genentech, Calico, Biogen, Celgen, Sunovian, and Dewpoint. Dr. Hyman has received research support from Abbvie, Amgen, Arvinas, F Prime, GE, Lilly, Merck, Denali, and Sangamo.
The evolution of widespread recombination suppression on the Dwarf Hamster (Phodopus) X chromosome

The mammalian X chromosome shows strong conservation among distantly related species, limiting insights into the distinct selective processes that have shaped sex chromosome evolution. We constructed a chromosome-scale de novo genome assembly for the Siberian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus), a species reported to show extensive recombination suppression across an entire arm of the X chromosome. Combining a physical genome assembly based on shotgun and long-range proximity ligation sequencing with a dense genetic map, we detected widespread suppression of female recombination across ~65% of the Phodopus X chromosome. This region of suppressed recombination likely corresponds to the Xp arm, which has previously been shown to be highly heterochromatic. Using additional sequencing data from two closely-related species (P. campbelli and P. roborovskii), we show that recombination suppression on Xp appears to be independent of major structural rearrangements. The suppressed Xp arm was enriched for genes primarily expressed in the placenta and some transposable elements, but otherwise showed similar gene densities, expression patterns, and rates of molecular evolution when compared to the recombinant Xq arm. Phodopus Xp gene content and order was also broadly conserved relative to the more distantly related rat X chromosome. Collectively, these data suggest that widespread suppression of recombination has likely evolved through the transient induction of facultative heterochromatin on the Phodopus Xp arm without major changes in chromosome structure or genetic content. Thus, dramatic changes in the recombination landscape have so far had relatively subtle influences on overall patterns of X-linked molecular evolution. Significance StatementSex chromosome evolution represents a dynamic process of genomic specialization that is thought to be dependent on evolution of recombination. Here we use genome sequencing and genetic mapping to show that one arm comprising the majority of the X chromosome in a species of dwarf hamsters has largely lost the ability to recombine in males and females. Although these dramatic shifts in recombination frequencies might eventually lead to sex chromosome degeneration, loss of recombination on this arm is associated with only relatively minor in changes in chromosome structure and gene contents in this species. These results underscore the conservation of the X chromosome across mammals, and allow us to test predictions about how genetic recombination influences sex chromosome evolution.
Continental shelf morphology and stratigraphy offshore San Onofre, California: The interplay between rates of eustatic change and sediment supply

Abstract New high-resolution CHIRP seismic data acquired offshore San Onofre, southern California reveal that shelf sediment distribution and thickness are primarily controlled by eustatic sea level rise and sediment supply. Throughout the majority of the study region, a prominent abrasion platform and associated shoreline cutoff are observed in the subsurface from ~ 72 to 53 m below present sea level. These erosional features appear to have formed between Melt Water Pulse 1A and Melt Water Pulse 1B, when the rate of sea-level rise was lower. There are three distinct sedimentary units mapped above a regional angular unconformity interpreted to be the Holocene transgressive surface in the seismic data. Unit I, the deepest unit, is interpreted as a lag deposit that infills a topographic low associated with an abrasion platform. Unit I thins seaward by downlap and pinches out landward against the shoreline cutoff. Unit II is a mid-shelf lag deposit formed from shallower eroded material and thins seaward by downlap and landward by onlap. The youngest, Unit III, is interpreted to represent modern sediment deposition. Faults in the study area do not appear to offset the transgressive surface. The Newport Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault system is active in other regions to the south (e.g., La Jolla) where it offsets the transgressive surface and creates seafloor relief. Several shoals observed along the transgressive surface could record minor deformation due to fault activity in the study area. Nevertheless, our preferred interpretation is that the shoals are regions more resistant to erosion during marine transgression. The Cristianitos fault zone also causes a shoaling of the transgressive surface. This may be from resistant antecedent topography due to an early phase of compression on the fault. The Cristianitos fault zone was previously defined as a down-to-the-north normal fault, but the folding and faulting architecture imaged in the CHIRP data are more consistent with a strike-slip fault with a down-to-the-northwest dip-slip component. A third area of shoaling is observed off of San Mateo and San Onofre creeks. This shoaling has a constructional component and could be a relict delta or beach structure.
Relation between chemical composition and bread-making potentialities of wheat flour.

Publisher Summary Over half the people in the world depend on wheat as one of their chief foods. More of the earth's surface is covered by wheat than by any other food crop. While rice is still the most popular grain in the Orient, wheat is man's basic food in Europe, North and South America, Australia, and a large part of Asia. The bread-making potentialities of wheat flour depends on several factors including wheat variety, environmental and soil conditions under which the wheat was grown, the process used to mill the wheat into flour, the extraction of the flour, and the chemical composition of the flour. Wheat varies widely in chemical composition. Percentages of protein, minerals, vitamins, pigments, and enzymes show up to a 5-fold range among cargoes of wheat. Such differences have far-reaching effects on processing and best use. All wheat flours are capable of producing some type of leavened bakery product. However, on the basis of the various forms of bakery products known today, flours could be classified roughly by end use, as pastry, biscuit, cracker, or bread type. Durum is the only commercially grown tetraploid wheat in the United States. It is used to make semolina flour for macaroni products. The problem of relating the chemical composition and structure of wheat flour components to the functional properties is complicated by the large number of components present, the high molecular weight and limited solubility of proteins, interaction of the various components, and difficulty of isolating pure components without altering them. This chapter is confined primarily to the relation between chemical composition and the functional properties in bread-making, and only indirectly to the nutritional value of the grain.
The Conditional CAPM Explains the Value Premium

This paper proposes alternative specifications of the conditional CAPM with dynamic conditional beta and tests the models' performance in explaining the value premium for the period 1963-2011. The conditional alphas on the value-minus-growth portfolio are estimated to be economically and statistically insignificant, indicating superior performance of the conditional CAPM in explaining the value premium. The results also show that the dynamic conditional covariances of book-to-market portfolios with default spread, dividend yield, and unemployment rate are significant predictors of future returns, implying that default risk, dividend and unemployment related shocks contain systematic risks rewarded in the stock market and they can be viewed as state variables proxying for consumption and investment opportunities. Hence, the superior returns to value stocks represent compensation for bearing the risk of unfavorable shifts in the investment opportunity set along the lines of Merton's (1973) ICAPM.
Chromosomal regions associated with dollar spot resistance in colonial bentgrass

With 1 figure and 4 tables Abstract Interspecific hybridization between colonial bentgrass and creeping bentgrasses may be a useful approach for introducing resistance to Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot disease, into creeping bentgrass. An interspecific backcross population of 271 genotypes was evaluated for dollar spot in a 2-year field study, and 11% of the genotypes were resistant to dollar spot. In the subset of the backcross population used for genetic linkage mapping, some resistant plants were identified, but no quantitative trait locus (QTL) was detected. A model of qualitative 3-gene recessive epistasis for dollar spot resistance in colonial bentgrass was proposed, and the limitations of QTL analysis to detect genomic regions conferring multigenic qualitative traits were examined. In the simulations, monogenic traits and 2-gene recessive epistatic traits were readily detectable by QTL analysis, whereas for 3-gene recessive epistasis, a QTL was not detectable. As an alternative to QTL analysis, screening of resistant plants from the backcross population for genomic regions held in common suggests that linkage groups 2A1 and 3A1 are possibly genomic locations of dollar spot resistance in colonial bentgrass.
Functional dissection of systemic lupus erythematosus using congenic mouse strains.

We describe the in vivo phenotypes associated with three genomic intervals containing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-susceptibility genes derived from the SLE-prone NZM2410 strain on a C57BL/6 genome. These intervals were identified previously via a genome-wide analysis of SLE susceptibility in a (NZM2410 x C57BL/6)F1 x NZM2410 backcross, and transferred independently on a C57BL/6 background to produce three congenic strains: B6.NZMc1 carrying Sle1, B6.NZMc4 carrying Sle2, and B6.NZMc7 carrying Sle3. B6.NZMc1 develops high titers of IgG anti-nuclear autoantibodies in the absence of any severe nephritis. B6.NZMc4 spontaneously develops elevated levels of IgM, but not IgG Abs against several Ags, indicative of polyclonal activation or polyreactivity affecting the B cell lineage. B6.NZMc7 causes the production of IgM and IgG Abs against both nuclear and non-nuclear Ags and the development of severe lupus nephritis. Therefore, our results show that three defined genomic intervals from the NZM2410 SLE-prone strain each contribute specific component phenotypes that have been associated with SLE, which in combination can mediate severe disease.
Septic shock in obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract 1. 1. Thirty-five women in septic shock treated with metaraminol were studied. Their ages ranged from 17 to 65 years with the median age being 37 years. The most common cause of shock was septic abortion. 2. 2. Twenty-three patients survived, but whereas 21 of 24 patients in moderate shock survived, only 3 of 11 patients in severe shock remained alive. This emphasizes the great need for early diagnosis as well as adequate treatment. 3. 3. Metaraminol appears to be a useful agent in the management of septic shock. It has a relatively rapid onset and protracted action with minimal side effects. Patients who failed to respond to metaraminol were not improved when given other more potent vasopressor agents such as l-norepinephrine. 4. 4. Corticosteroids were combined with vasopressor therapy in 18 patients and 16 of these responded satisfactorily. 5. 5. Three patients maintained on metaraminol for over 48 hours, including one for 96 hours, recovered. Although vasopressors should be discontinued as soon as possible, these survivals suggest that perhaps the dangers of prolonged vasopressor therapy have been exaggerated. 6. 6. In the patient with a septic incomplete abortion, the use of a suitable vasopressor is particularly useful to allow time for adequate evaluation of the patient, the institution of antibiotic therapy, and prompt evacuation of the uterus.
Hereditary ovarian cancer. Pedigree studies, part II

Hereditary ovarian carcinoma is heterogenous. There are at least three genetic variants, namely, hereditary site-specific ovarian carcinoma, hereditary breast/ovarian carcinoma syndrome, and Lynch syndrome II. Early age of onset characterizes these disorders. A crucial hallmark of these disorders is the integral association of extraovarian cancers, such as carcinoma of the endometrium and colon in Lynch syndrome II. We have described 24 pedigrees of ovarian cancer-prone families in order to depict the several differing heterogenous variants. Interest in hereditary ovarian cancer has increased remarkably, due in part to the fact that its surveillance has been wholly unsatisfactory, as have therapeutic measures. Prevention through prophylactic oophorectomy offers hope. However, there is a risk for extraovarian peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma, consonant with primary cancer of the ovary. This must be discussed with these at-risk patients. Until a biomarker of acceptable sensitivity and specificity is identified, the family history must remain the key to hereditary ovarian cancer diagnosis.
The Time of Sands: Quartz-rich Sand Deposits as a Renewable Resource

What is sand, where it originates, some of its many uses, its importance as a natural resource that helps build our society, and its renewable nature.
Determination of Components Candidacy for Second Side Reflow with Lead-Free Solder

For double-sided assemblies, the solder joints on the topside of the board are inverted and reflowed again. During the second reflow, the components are held in place by the surface tension, which may prevent the components from falling off under the gravitational force. A method is needed to determine a component's candidacy for bottom-side attachment based on the component weight and total pad area. In this paper, a theoretical model was introduced to determine the critical value for component fall-off during the second reflow. Design of experiments (DOE) and ANOVA analysis for lead-free solder boards were performed to examine the main process factors which have different effects on the component fall-off for different components, and comparison was made between lead-free and SnPb solders. Optical inspection and cross-sectioning were carried out for further investigation. The test results indicated no significant difference of Cg/Pa value between SnPb and lead-free solders
Young versus old: factors affecting mortality after blunt traumatic injury.

Advanced age predicts poor outcome after trauma. We have previously demonstrated that prolonged occult hypoperfusion (POH), defined as serum lactic acid >2.4 mmol/L persisting for >12 hours, is also associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that older patients-a group with potentially less physiologic reserve-would be at greater risk from POH. Prospective data from adult blunt trauma patients admitted to a surgical/trauma intensive care unit from January 1, 1998 through December 31, 1999 were analyzed. Mortality, POH, Injury Severity Score (ISS), chronic health designation (CH) from the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, emergency department Glasgow Coma Scale score (EDGCS), emergency department systolic blood pressure (EDSBP), and gender were compared between older (>55 years) and younger (<56 years) patients and then between nonsurvivors and survivors within age cohorts. Two hundred sixty-four patients were analyzed: 195 younger and 69 older. Mortality was 8.3 per cent (22/264). Older patients had higher mortality (20.3% vs 4.1%, P < 0.05), higher CH (42.9% ± 1.3 vs 8.4% ± 0.6), lower ISS (22.6 ± 1.5 vs 25.6 ± 0.8, P < 0.05), higher EDGCS (12.9 ± 0.5 vs 10.7 ± 0.4, P < 0.05), and higher EDSBP (141.5 ± 4.1 vs 129.3 ± 2.2). There were no differences in incidence of POH and gender. Within both age cohorts nonsurvivors had higher ISS, lower EDGCS, and higher CH. Older patients with POH had 34.6 per cent mortality as compared with 11.6 per cent for no POH (P < 0.05). Mortality in younger patients was no different in the presence of POH, and all nonsurvivors were male. Despite lower ISS and higher EDGCS and EDSBP older patients had five times the mortality of younger patients. Age-specific mortality was influenced by POH and gender. POH was associated with higher mortality only in older patients. With less physiologic reserve older patients may not have been able to adequately compensate for POH; this emphasizes the importance of rapidly correcting serum lactic acid as an endpoint in resuscitation in this population.
The generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by long wavelength free stream disturbances

The paper is primarily concerned with explaining how very long wavelength free stream disturbances are able to generate very short wavelength Tollmien-Schlichting waves in laminar boundary layers. We consider the case where the disturbances are of small amplitude and have harmonic time dependence and where the Mach number is effectively zero. It is shown that the free stream wavelength reduction occurs as a result of nonparallel flow effects which can arise from: (1) the slow viscous growth of the boundary layer, and (2) small but abrupt changes in surface geometry that produce only very weak static pressure variations. Analyses of these two mechanisms are carried out by linearizing the unsteady motion about an appropriate steady flow and asymptotically expanding the result in inverse powers of an appropriate Reynolds number. The analyses are compared with each other and with available experimental data, and they are used to explain the physics of the two mechanisms.
Round robin with look ahead: a new scheduling algorithm for Bluetooth

We propose two new media access control (MAC) scheduling algorithms for Bluetooth whose objective is to achieve high channel utilization (throughput). Conventional scheduling policies such as round robin (RR) in the Bluetooth environment results in wastage of slots and hence poor utilization of the network resources. As Bluetooth devices are designed to carry both voice and data, scheduling becomes a complex task as slots are reserved for voice traffic at periodic intervals and the data packets are allowed to have variable size. We view the MAC scheduling problem in Bluetooth as an online bin packing problem. The two scheduling policies being proposed in the paper, look ahead (LA) and look ahead round robin (LARR), can be viewed as online bin packing with lookahead. We first analytically demonstrate that an optimal scheduling policy can have about 66% improvement in throughput over the round robin policy. Our extensive simulation shows that both LA and LARR achieves nearly 10% improvement in throughput over RR. As the computational complexity of LARR is lower than that of LA and also LARR avoids the possibility of starvation, we suggest the use of this algorithm over RR.
Prospective Evaluation of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT for the Diagnosis of Renal Oncocytomas and Hybrid Oncocytic/Chromophobe Tumors

Abstract Nuclear imaging offers a potential noninvasive means of determining the histology of renal tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of technetium-99m ( 99m Tc)–sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography/x-ray computed tomography (SPECT/CT) for the differentiation of oncocytomas and hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors (HOCTs) from other renal tumor histologies. In total, 50 patients with a solid clinical T1 renal mass were imaged with 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT prior to surgical resection. Preoperative SPECT/CT scans were reviewed by two blinded readers, and their results were compared with centrally reviewed surgical pathology data. Following surgery, 6 (12%) tumors were classified as renal oncocytomas and 2 (4%) as HOCTs. With the exception of 1 (2%) angiomyolipoma, all other tumors were renal cell carcinomas (82%). 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT correctly identified 5 of 6 (83.3%) oncocytomas and 2 of 2 (100%) HOCTs, resulting in an overall sensitivity of 87.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.4−99.7%). Only two tumors were falsely positive on SPECT/CT, resulting in a specificity of 95.2% (95% CI, 83.8−99.4%). In summary, 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT is a promising imaging test for the noninvasive diagnosis of renal oncocytomas and HOCTs. Patient summary We found that the imaging test 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT/CT can be used to accurately diagnose two types of benign kidney tumors. This test may be eventually used to help better evaluate patients diagnosed with a renal tumor.
A kinetic approach to the effect of temperature on algal growth1

A simple model incorporates the combined effects of temperature and nutrient limitation on the growth rate of algae. The temperature function is described by the Arrhenius equation and the nutrient relationship with the Monod model. The Arrhenius equation is inserted into the Monod model for the maximum growth rate µ, so that the growth rate is described by the product of temperature and nutrient expressions. The utility of the Arrhenius equation in describing the effect of temperature on µ for phytoplankton is tested with data from the literature on continuous culture experiments with freshwater and marine algae; the Arrhenius model describes the relationship between µ and temperature extremely well. Several restrictions to widespread use of the model limit its application to laboratory studies, but its general concepts may apply to natural water situations.
Pemphigus foliaceus sera recognize an N-terminal fragment of bovine desmoglein 1

Abstract It has previously been demonstrated that sera from endemic and nonendemic pemphigus foliaceus patients recognize three immunoreactive fragments of 80, 62, and 45 kilodaltons (kD) from extracts of the envelope fraction of human and bovine epidermis. These polypeptides are also immunoprecipitated by approximately 50% of pemphigus vulgaris sera, but are unreactive with sera from bullous pemphigoid patients or normal controls. The 80-kD antigen has been shown to be a glycoprotein with N-linked oligosaccharides. Complete removal of the carbohydrate moieties produced a 76-kD polypeptide that continued to react with pemphigus foliaceus autoantibodies in a Ca ++ -dependent manner. To further characterize this antigen/antibody system, the 80-kD pemphigus foliaceus antigen solubilized from a bovine epidermal envelope extract was purified by affinity chromatography using a pemphigus foliaceus patient's immunoglobulin (Ig)G immobilized on agarose. After elution with 0.2 M glycine/HCl, pH 2.8, 5 mM ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid, the polypeptide was mixed with a small amount of 125 I-labeled 80-kD antigen, added as a tracer, fractionated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electrotransferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The 80-kD band detected by amido black staining and autoradiography was excised and characterized by amino acid sequence analysis. The resulting sequence, EXIKFAAAXREGEXNSKRNPIA, matched perfectly with the N-terminal 22 amino acids of the mature form of bovine desmoglein 1. These findings demonstrate that the 80-kD bovine autoantibody-reactive polypeptide is the glycosylated ectodomain of desmoglein 1, which may contain epitopes recognized by pathogenic autoantibodies.
The development and validation of the Spanish adaptation of the Protective Factors Survey

Latinos comprise a rapidly growing segment of families seeking child maltreatment prevention services. Children of Latino families face an increased risk of maltreatment due to acculturation and immigration stressors. Currently the child maltreatment prevention field lacks a cadre of valid and reliable Spanish language tools to measure program outcomes and families' resources and needs at service entry. The Protective Factors Survey (PFS) is an evaluation tool used increasingly among child maltreatment prevention programs. The PFS is a measure of five family-level protective factors against child abuse and neglect: Family Functioning/Resiliency, Concrete Support, Social Support, Nurturing and Attachment, & Knowledge of Parenting/Child Development. In this study we test the validity, reliability and stability of a Spanish adaptation of the PFS (S-PFS) among seven agencies and 148 Latino participants across the nation. The results from this study indicate that the S-PFS is a valid, reliable and stable measure. Implications for the child maltreatment prevention field are discussed.
Expression and Function of SNAP-25 as a Universal SNARE Component in GABAergic Neurons

Intracellular vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion are important processes for nervous system development and for the function of neural circuits. Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is a component of neural soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) core complexes that mediate the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses. Previous results from mouse mutant models and pharmacological/neurotoxin blockades have demonstrated a critical role for SNAP-25-containing SNARE complexes in action potential (AP)-dependent release at cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses and for calcium-triggered catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. To examine whether SNAP-25 participates in the evoked release of other neurotransmitters, we investigated the expression and function of SNAP-25 in GABAergic terminals. Patch-clamp recordings in fetal Snap25-null mutant cortex demonstrated that ablation of SNAP-25 eliminated evoked GABA(A) receptor-mediated postsynaptic responses while leaving a low level of spontaneous AP-independent events intact, supporting the involvement of SNAP-25 in the regulated synaptic transmission of early developing GABAergic neurons. In hippocampal cell cultures of wild-type mice, punctate staining of SNAP-25 colocalized with both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic markers, whereas stimulus-evoked vesicular recycling was abolished at terminals of both transmitter phenotypes in Snap25-/- neurons. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed coexpression of SNAP-25, VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter), and GAD65/67 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67) in interneurons within several regions of the adult brain. Our results thus provide evidence that SNAP-25 is critical for evoked GABA release during development and is expressed in the presynaptic terminals of mature GABAergic neurons, consistent with its function as a component of a fundamental core SNARE complex required for stimulus-driven neurotransmission.
PERCEPTUAL LEARNING IN THE REACTIVE-PROCESS SCHIZOPHRENIAS.

Abstract In normal vision, the various “gestalt-free” combinations which form early in a percept, are repressed by the emergence of the veridical composite perception; but in schizophrenic vision, with its inadequate repressive powers, the early combinations emerge as the completed composite. This completed composite, if at all veridical, is so only partially. Rorschach studies support the idea of a range of perceptual abortions among schizophrenics, varying directly with the process-reactive range.