cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the colonization history of the Galápagos flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris).

Abstract The Galapagos archipelago has never been connected to any continental land masses, so it is of interest to know the colonization and diversification history of its endemic species. We analyzed the phylogenetic placement of the endemic Galapagos flycatcher, M. magnirostris, within Myiarchus by using the genes ND2 and cytb (1970 bp) to compare 16 of the 22 species that comprise this genus. We also analyzed variability in cytb sequences from 154 M. magnirostris individuals captured on seven Galapagos islands. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered the two main Myiarchus clades that had been described by previous genetic, morphological, and vocal analyses. M. magnirostris is monophyletic and its closest living relative is M. tyrannulus from Mexico and Central America. The average age for the split node between these two groups was approximately 850,000 years (95% C.I. 630,735–1,087,557). M. tyrannulus, M. nugator, M. nuttingi, M. sagrae, and M. stolidus are not monophyletic species. Within M. magnirostris itself, we found low nucleotide and haplotype diversities (π = 0.0009 and h = 0.4913, respectively) and a high genetic structure among populations. We also detected a star-shaped haplotype network and significantly negative values for Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs for this species. Our results suggest that M. magnirostris originated from a single colonization event and had a recent population expansion in the Galapagos archipelago.
Isolation and partial characterization of surface membranes from Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

Cell surface pellicular membranes (PM) were isolated from promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani by differential and discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation procedures. The PM had a density equivalent of approximately 1.19 g/cm3. As ascertained by electron microscopy, longitudinal parallel arrays of subpellicular microtubules (MT) remained attached to the isolated PM inner lamina, and this feature was used to assess membrane fraction purity. Gradient fractions having greater than or equal to 95% of all membranes combined with MT were obtained routinely. The attached MT imparted a structural asymmetry to the PM permitting uniequivocal identification of the membrane external and cytoplasmic surfaces. The supramolecular structure of attached MT was evident in negatively stained PM. In ultrathin sections, PM had a mean width of approximately 7.2 nm and attached MT a diameter of approximately 29 nm. The MT were apparently cross-bridged both to each other and to the PM via a flocculent filamentoid nexus. As determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isolated PM contained approximately 40 peptide bands ranging in apparent molecular weight from less than or equal 1.2 x 10(4) to greater than or equal to 2.2 x 10(5) daltons. Of these, 19 were stained with periodic acid-Schiffs' reagent suggesting that most PM carbohydrate constituents were present as glycopeptides. A presumpative glycolipid!polysaccharide PM constituent was also identified in such gels.
Nexus between distributed generation and urban water infrastructure

With the increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems and the concern of energy efficiency, the nexus between electrical and water systems is becoming more apparent and strengthened via combined heat and power (CHP). This paper investigates the nexus between DG penetration and urban water infrastructure. The AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) based optimization model is used to assess DG capacity and determinate DG location. The IEEE 123-bus distribution test system is selected as the test bed and the corresponding water distribution network is developed based on the system cost minimization to constrain the thermal output utilized by water and to check node pressure head. The results indicate which bus in the system is suitable to place a DER and the capacity that can be accommodated by the system. Finally, the nodal pressures of water system are checked to see if the existing water distribution system could support the large penetration of DG.
Analysis of the Adaptability of W. Edwards Deming's Management Philosophy to Institutions of Higher Education

Abstract In this study, W. Edwards Deming's management philosophy was examined for its adaptability to higher education institutions. Triangulation, or the use of multiple methods, was utilised to formulate valid propositions and reveal different aspects of the empirical reality. The study created three sources of data: 1. quantitative findings from 44 items listed on a research questionnaire; 2. qualitative findings from two open‐ended questions on the questionnaire; 3. qualitative findings from a thematic analysis of the related literature. Comparisons of the triangulation results revealed five major Deming themes adaptable to higher education: purpose, co‐operative systems, improvement, leadership, and methods‐processes. Limitations are primarly focused on establishing meaningful systemic change.
Field-Flow Fractionation: Potential Role in the Analysis of Energy Related Materials

Abstract The general principles and scope of field-flow fractionation (FFF) are presented with descriptions of individual FFF subtechniques and the macromolecular, colloidal, and fine particle systems to which they have been applied. Several specific examples of energy-related materials are presented for which FFF is expected to yield important analytical information.
On reducing the post-heat-treatment time of the weldment

Post heat treatment of weldments is one of the most extensively used techniques by the industrial community for relieving welding residual stresses. Such practice not only delays the manufacturing process, but also increases the cost of manufacturing. In this article, an idea of a new welding technique, which is a promising tool for relieving welding residual stresses, is presented. This method is anticipated to reduce the time and cost of the manufacturing process. The first part of the investigation focuses on simulation of an idea by using an auxiliary heat source for creating a weldment with a more uniform temperature distribution both spatially and temporally. A subroutine has been developed for optimizing the size of an auxiliary heat input (AHI). The details of the subroutine and the parameters considered for optimizing the AHI are presented. The results show that by increasing the stabilizing temperature and size of the AHI, the speed of cooling and spatial temperature gradient decreases. This may result in reducing the level of residual stresses.
Benthic invertebrate recolonization of small-scale disturbances in the littoral zone of a subtropical Florida Lake

Construction of spawning beds by the exotic cichlid fish, Sarotherodon aurea, produces numerous small-scale disturbances in shallow Florida lakes. Two experimental methods were used to simulate these disturbances (containers filled with defaunated sediment and disturbed natural substratum) and to determine benthic invertebrate recolonization patterns and rates.
The BTeV main spectrometer

Abstract BTeV is a second generation B-factory experiment that will use a double-arm, forward spectrometer in the C0 experimental hall at the Fermilab Tevatron. I will describe the motivation and design of the “main spectrometer”, consisting of a ring-imaging Cherenkov system for charged particle identification, an electromagnetic calorimeter of lead-tungstate crystals, a proportional tube muon system with magnetized filtering steel, and a straw-tube and silicon strip charged particle tracking system. The vertex system and trigger, as well as the physics motivations for BTeV, are described elsewhere in these proceedings.
Trends in total and marital fertility for black Americans, 1886–1899

Total fertility rates and age-specific marital fertility rates are estimated for the urban and rural black populations during the last fourteen years of the nineteenth century. The data source is a 1-in-750 sample of households from the 1900 .census manuscripts. The results show sharp differences in the levels of urban and rural reproduction, as well as differences in the timing of the well-known black fertility transition. Calculation of Coale-Trussell m-values suggests that, up to 1899, rural blacks were essentially a “natural fertility” population while urban residents apparently had a history of family limitation. These findings support the inference that at least some segments of the black population were practicing birth control before the turn of the twentieth century.
Historical and Current Influences on United States International Family Planning Policy

The United States has played a leading role in the international population arena for more than four decades. In the early years, support among US policymakers for family planning assistance to developing countries was strong, bipartisan, and centered on slowing the growth of these countries' populations. Since the early 1980s, US assistance has been highly politicized and increasingly partisan. Some blame this shift on feminists, who sought a role for government based on supporting individual freedom and women's health, rather than achieving demographic goals. This article suggests that the political shift resulted in large part from the growing political influence of the Religious Right in the United States.
Narrative and metacognition as consumer mystery: A comment on Hill, Gaines, and Wilson and animal companions

Abstract Hill, Gaines, and Wilson [Hill RP, Gaines, J, Wilson RM. Consumer behavior, extended self, and sacred consumption: An alternative perspective from our animal companions, J Bus Res this issue.] provide us with a stimulating, moving account of consumers' relationships with their animal companions while ostensibly taking the latter's point of view. However, even though their approach likely reflects the viewpoint of many consumers and has value as fable or metaphor, I suggest, based on insights from comparative psychology and ethology, that greater metacognitive understanding of animal consciousness could produce fuller narratives as well as better reflecting consumer mystery. In concluding, I encourage readers to explore the dynamics of their own human–animal mystery through an introspective exercise.
Extended follow-up of palatal implants for OSA treatment

Objective Evaluate long-term safety and outcomes of palatal implants for patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Study Design and Setting Continuation of a prospective case series of patients with palatal implants. Polysomnography, daytime sleepiness, and snoring intensity were measured at baseline, 90 days, and extended follow-up. Results Twenty-two (42%) patients from the previous study were followed for a median of 435.5 days. Thirteen were classified as responders, based on their 90-day evaluation. 76.9% of initial responders maintained improvements in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), daytime sleepiness, and snoring at extended follow-up. Nine patients were initial nonresponders for AHI and daytime sleepiness and remained unchanged at extended follow-up. However, snoring for these nine patients initially improved, and the improvement continued through extended follow-up. Conclusion Initial response or nonresponse to palatal implants remains stable over an extended period. The generalizability of these results is unknown because of significant loss to follow-up. Significance Study results report safety and beneficial long-term outcomes of palatal implants for mild to moderate OSA treatment in selected patients.
Studies of the structure of chemical mechanisms

Abstract A method for characterizing complex chemical systems has recently been developed and incorporated into a convenient computer program. In this paper we present applications of this methodology to studies that have appeared in the literature to illustrate its effectiveness. Special attention is devoted to the concept of directness.
Laboratory, morphologic, and immunophenotypic correlates of surface immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

We compared surface immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype expression with a number of laboratory, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features in a series of 76 cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Fifty-five cases were IgM+/IgD+, a phenotype associated with antigenically naive B cells; 16 cases expressed IgD without IgM, a phenotype seen in a subset of normal B cells with extensive somatic immunoglobulin variable region (IgV) gene mutations; and 5 cases were IgD–, a phenotype associated with memory B cells. WBC count, atypical morphologic features, atypical immunophenotypic characteristics, and CD38 expression were nonrandomly distributed among the 3 categories of heavy chain isotype expression. Moreover, a WBC count more than 30,000/µL (30 × 10 9 /L), atypical morphologic features, and CD38 expression in more than 30% of neoplastic cells (all adverse prognostic factors in B-CLL) were less common among IgD-only cases than among IgM+/IgD+ and IgD– cases. These data demonstrate that surface immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype expression is associated with several laboratory, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features in BCLL. The subset of B-CLL with the IgD-only phenotype is associated with several favorable prognostic factors, suggesting the possibility that IgD-only B-CLL may be associated with a favorable prognosis.
Adsorption and Simultaneous Dechlorination of PCBs on GAC/Fe/Pd : Mechanistic Aspects and Reactive Capping Barrier Concept

There are many concerns and challenges in current remediation strategies for sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Our efforts have been geared toward the development of granular activated carbon (GAC) impregnated with reactive iron/palladium (Fe/Pd) bimetallic nanoparticles (reactive activated carbon (RAC)). In this study, we elucidate the mechanistic aspects of the hybrid RAC system dechlorinating 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CIBP) in the aqueous phase. The following reactions occurred in parallel or consecutively: (i) 2-CIBP is promptly and completely sequestrated to RAC phase, (ii) the adsorbed 2-CIBP is almost simultaneously dechlorinated by Fe/Pd particles to form a reaction product biphenyl (BP), and (iii) the BP formed is instantly and strongly adsorbed to RAC. The 2-CIBP adsorption and dechlorination rate constants were estimated through simple first-order reaction kinetic models with an assumption for unextractable portion of carbon in RAC. The extent of 2-CIBP accumulation and BP formation in RAC phase could be well explained by the kinetic model and adsorption was found to be the rate limiting step for overall reaction. On the basis of our observations, a new strategy and concept of "reactive" cap/barrier composed of RAC was proposed as a new environmental risk management option for PCBs-contaminated sites.
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use in Older Patients with Heart Failure and Renal Dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use and clinical outcomes among recently hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and coexisting renal insufficiency. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Ten community hospitals in upstate New York. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1076 hospital survivors identified from a consecutive series of CHF inpatients. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were followed prospectively for 6 months after hospital discharge to track mortality, hospital readmission, and quality of life. Clinical outcomes were stratified by ACE inhibitor use among those with renal dysfunction, defined as serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL, and among the remaining patients, whose serum creatinine was > 1.9. RESULTS: ACE inhibitor use was lower among 187 patients with renal dysfunction than among 889 patients with preserved function (41 vs 69%, P < .001). Age and sex were among the significant determinants of drug use in both groups. After adjustment for covariables, ACE inhibitor use among those with abnormal renal function was not associated with a lower risk for death or readmission, or better quality of life. By comparison, ACE inhibition conferred meaningful clinical benefit among those whose creatinine was < 1.9 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: Convincing evidence of clinical benefit from ACE inhibitor use is not readily detectable among a sample of 187 unselected older patients with CHF and moderate or severe renal insufficiency. Further studies to identify subsets of this group who might benefit are warranted.
Dynamic Surface Tension Detection by Optically Probing a Repeating Drop Rate

Design and characterization of a dynamic surface tension detector (DSTD) for use with flow injection analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography is reported. The DSTD optically measures the refleating drop rate at the end of a capillary tube connected to the terminating end of the flow system. Surface-active analytes cause a significant decrease in the drop volume that is readily measured. The selectivity of the detector for ionic and nonionic surface-active species, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is described. The relationship between dynamic surface tension, analyte translational diffusion, and analyte inherent surface activity is examined in relation to detector signal and is presented in a preliminary model of the detection mechanism
Open-label study of s-citalopram therapy of chronic fatigue syndrome and co-morbid major depressive disorder

Abstract Objective Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating disorder with prominent symptoms of malaise, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, and impaired concentration. The symptoms of CFS may often overlap those of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Treatment of CFS has generally been disappointing. We hypothesized that s-citalopram therapy may improve the symptoms of both disorders in CFS patients with co-morbid depression. Methods 16 patients received s-citalopram 10 mg to 20 mg daily for up to 12 weeks. Outcome measures of CFS included the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ), the multi-dimensional Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), the CFS symptom rating (CFS-SR) 100 mm visual analogue scale, and the clinical global impressions severity (CGI/S) and change (CGI/C) ratings. Secondary outcomes of MDD included the Hamilton Depression Rating (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the CGI/S and CGI/C ratings of MDD. Results We observed reductions in the mean CFQ score ( p p p p p = 0.001), headaches ( p p p p p p = 0.001) and CGI/C ( p Limitations The sample size was limited and the study design was not double-blind or placebo controlled. Conclusion We observed a significant reduction in both CFS and co-morbid MDD symptom severity ratings, and improvement in 5 of 8 core somatic symptoms of CFS during s-citalopram therapy.
HOT ELECTRON SCATTERING AND OPTICAL DENSITY OF STATES OF YTTRIUM.

Abstract The mean free path of hot electrons in Y has been determined as ∼ 10A at 7 eV above ther Fermi level EF using a new photoemission method. The importance of this strong electron≅electron scattering in photoemission spectroscopy work is shown via an analysis of the optical density of states of Y. We find an occupied d-band with a peak at EF and a width of 1.6 ± 0.2 eV (at 1 2 maximum).
Mild versus definite osteoporosis: Comparison of bone densitometry techniques using different statistical models

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of three bone densitometry techniques to discriminate subjects with mild vertebral deformities from those with definite compression fractures. We determined bone mineral density (BMD) in 68 postmenopausal women by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) of the spine, as well as single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) of the radius. Forty four individuals were classified as having mild deformities of the spine and 24 were considered to have definite vertebral compressions. Several statistical approaches were used to compare these subgroups and to estimate the relative risk of vertebral fracture. Included among these were percent decrements and zeta-scores, ROC curves, odds ratio estimations, and logistic regression analysis. Individuals with definite vertebral fractures had lower bone mineral density at all sites, but measurement of radial compact bone by SPA failed to reach significance. Using ROC analysis to distinguish mild deformities from true compressions, we found that measurement of spinal trabecular bone by QCT to be the most sensitive discriminator; although measurement of spinal integral bone by DPA also gave satisfactory discrimination, whereas assessment of radial compact bone did not adequately differentiate patients with mild deformities from those with definite compressions. Likewise, we found determination of spinal trabecular bone to be the most robust predictor of relative risk of definite fracture using either odds ratios or logistic regression analysis. Measurement of BMD in the peripheral cortical skeleton offered no predictive power for true vertebral fracture. We concluded that direct assessment of the spine, particularly of the trabecular portion, offered the strongest discrimination and relative risk prediction for definite osteoporotic fractures compared with milder forms of this condition.
Premature Termination in Marriage and Family Therapy within a Bowenian Perspective

The theoretical foundation for this investigation was Bowen Family Systems Theory (Bowen, 1978). The purpose of this study was to investigate premature termination (as defined by the therapist), predicted by presenting problem, psychological symptoms, and differentiation in a sample of 194 clients who came for at least one session of individual or family therapy to a university marriage and family therapy clinic. Premature termination was defined as “no show” after one or more sessions, or clients' leaving against therapist's recommendation. Findings suggested a complex relationship between differentiation and premature termination depending on the type of case. These findings are discussed as well as implications for clinicians.
Married female labour force participation: an analysis of probit model with a natural non-participation rate

Of the probit analysis with a natural no-response rate is applied to empirically examine the determinants of the labour force participation of married women using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in the 1989 interviewing year. The model features simultaneous determination of labour force participation status and the natural non-participation rate of of married women. A natural 2.6% non-participation rate was found among married women. The natural non-participation rate is also significant by the likelihood ratio test. The standard probit model underestimates the probability of non-participation of married women as well as the marginal effect of a particular explanatory variable.
Fate of the initial state perturbations in heavy ion collisions. III. The second act of hydrodynamics

The hydrodynamical description of the ``Little Bang'' in heavy-ion collisions is surprisingly successful, mostly owing to the very small viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma. In this paper we systematically study the propagation of small perturbations, also treated hydrodynamically. We start with a number of known techniques allowing for the analytic calculation of the propagation of small perturbations on top of the expanding fireball. The simplest approximation is the ``geometric acoustics,'' which substitutes the wave equation by mechanical equations for the propagating ``phonons.'' Next we turn to the case in which variables can be separated, where one can obtain not only the eikonal phases but also the amplitudes of the perturbation. Finally, we focus on the so-called Gubser flow, a particular conformal analytic solution for the fireball expansion, on top of which one can derive closed equations for small perturbations. Perfect hydrodynamics allows all variables to be separated and all equations to be solved in terms of known special functions. We can thus collect the analytical expression for all the harmonics and reconstruct the complete Green's function of the problem. In the viscous case the equations still allow for variable separation, but one of the equations has to be solved numerically. Summing all the harmonics we show real-time perturbation evolution, observing the viscosity-induced changes in the spectra and the correlation functions. The calculated angular shape of the correlation function is remarkably similar to the shape emerging from the experimental data, for sufficiently large viscosity. We predict a minimum at $m\ensuremath{\sim}7$ and maximum at $m\ensuremath{\sim}9$ harmonics, which also have some experimental evidence for it. We conclude that local ``hot spots'' in the initial state are the only visible origin of the observed correlations.
Static main storage packing problems

The instruction set of many computers permits referencing certain areas of main storage more efficiently than others. For example, "base-offset" addressing favors small offsets. This report discusses the problem of how to optimally assign data to storage on such a machine, subject to the restriction that the locations chosen are not to change with time. The emphasis is on truly optimal solutions, although many simplifying assumptions are made. Some of the results apply to the problem of optimally placing "read-only" files on auxiliary storage. Areas for further work are suggested.
A Method of Co‐registering Multiple Magnetic Resonance Imaged Vocal Tract Volumes for Fricatives

In a study of fricative production, Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to acquire three‐dimensional tract geometries of fricatives produced in four different vowel contexts. Short scan sequences were used to image multiple productions of each fricative in a single session. Although minimizing the number of tokens, this resulted in a coarser spatial resolution in some parts of the tract, which required a different approach to assembling vocal tract volumes. Sagittal, axial and oblique‐coronal imaging orientations were chosen to best resolve the tract in the mid‐sagittal plane, the pharynx, and around the fricative constriction. Each fricative token was acquired using a 37 second imaging sequence. Dental impressions were imaged separately. Three corresponding point clouds were created by sampling air‐tissue boundaries in each image stack, and aligned using anatomical landmarks on the face and spinal column, creating a single, multiply‐sampled volume. Area functions were estimated using the most suitable da...
Modeling of moist plumes in turbulent, stratified atmospheres

Abstract A widely applicable computational model of buoyant moist plumes in turbulent atmospheres has been constructed and its approach is illustrated. A one-dimensional Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) model has been developed to account for atmospheric turbulence while the two-dimensional time dependent fluid mechanics equations which govern plume behavior are numerically integrated. An equilibrium thermodynamics moisture model has been used to account for the water content of the plume. The overall dynamics of the plume are general. The buoyancy source in the plume include both the sensible heat and the latent heat absorbed or released in the plume. The turbulence of the plume accounts for buoyancy generated or destroyed turbulence and a universal K - e model has been incorporated along with a K - σ model. The plume model is validated against complex field cases to demonstrate its ability to reproduce solutions to problems that are known. Comparisons to visible plume data show that both the dynamics of the plume are calculated successfully. Comparisons with ‘conventional’ entrainment models indicate that the model can simulate some plume cases better since it explicitly takes into account more physical phenomena than do such models. This is especially true in cases with complex atmospheric structure, where different entrainment models will disagree greatly with one another and with data.
Comparison of laparoscopic-assisted and open total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis in children and adolescents.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic techniques have been applied to restorative proctocolectomy since the early 2000's. We have employed a technique for laparoscopic-assisted total proctocolectomy (TPC) and ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for the treatment of children with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 68 laparoscopic-assisted TPCs and 39 open TPCs performed at our institution for UC between January 1997 and February 2011. Case duration, postoperative length of stay, and complications of the two groups were compared, and multivariable analysis was applied. Results The two groups were comparable with respect to gender, age, and postoperative length of stay. Total abdominal colectomy (TAC) duration was significantly longer in the laparoscopic-assisted group ( P P = .003). Kaplan–Meier estimated freedom from SBO at 1 year follow-up is 99% for patients treated laparoscopically (95% CI: 98%–100%) and 76% for those undergoing an open surgical approach (95% CI: 64%–88%). Conclusions The significantly lower SBO rate, low complication rates, and equivalent length of stay favor use of the laparoscopic-assisted approach for TPC and IPAA in children.
Mapping coexistence lines via free-energy extrapolation: Application to order-disorder phase transitions of hard-core mixtures

In this work, a variant of the Gibbs-Duhem integration (GDI) method is proposed to trace phase coexistence lines that combines some of the advantages of the original GDI methods such as robustness in handling large system sizes, with the ability of histogram-based methods (but without using histograms) to estimate free-energies and hence avoid the need of on-the-fly corrector schemes. This is done by fitting to an appropriate polynomial function not the coexistence curve itself (as in GDI schemes) but the underlying free-energy function of each phase. The availability of a free-energy model allows the post-processing of the simulated data to obtain improved estimates of the coexistence line. The proposed method is used to elucidate the phase behavior for two non-trivial hard-core mixtures: a binary blend of spheres and cubes and a system of size-polydisperse cubes. The relative size of the spheres and cubes in the first mixture is chosen such that the resulting eutectic pressure-composition phase diagram is nearly symmetric in that the maximum solubility of cubes in the sphere-rich solid (∼20%) is comparable to the maximum solubility of spheres in the cube-rich solid. In the polydisperse cube system, the solid-liquid coexistence line is mapped out for an imposed Gaussian activity distribution, which produces near-Gaussian particle-size distributions in each phase. A terminal polydispersity of 11.3% is found, beyond which the cubic solid phase would not be stable, and near which significant size fractionation between the solid and isotropic phases is predicted.
CHALLENGES TO RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES IN CHEMISTRY AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY

This editorial is based on talks one of us (ELE) gave in Canada, in the USA, in Argentina and in Chile. We realize that not everything said here will apply to all four countries; readers will have to take their pick
Adult Attachment Style and Narcissistic Vulnerability

Although attachment theory has traditionally emphasized adaptive responses in the child-parent relationship, researchers have more recently applied attachment theory to adult love relationships. Both the child and adult literature have explored individual differences in attachment behavior and identified stylistic categories of secure and insecure attachments. Although the insecure categories are characterized by overt behavior which appears quite different (i.e., clinging vs. distance), in adult relationships where attachment is reciprocal, these stylistic patterns may achieve a similar function. In this article, I argue that, in adult relationships, insecure attachments reflect strategies for managing a greater level of narcissistic vulnerability than exists in secure attachment.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CELLULOSE ON FECAL AND INTESTINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICE

Currently food products are being developed to which purified plant fiber is added. Few investigations have attempted to correlate the effects of added fiber with changes in other dietary components. Purified cellulose powder (10%) was added to the artificial diets based upon corn starch or sucrose (60%). Daily fecal output showed the expected increase with a fibrous diet. Transit times decreased in the fiber-fed mice with the sucrose based diet having the most rapid rate of traverse. Measurement of the moisture content of the feces revealed no correlation with diet. Greater force was required to deform fibrous fecal pellets. The intestines of mice fed fiber or sucrose containing diets tended to have a lower force for a given level of strain.
The emergence of GABA-accumulating neurons during retinal histogenesis in the embryonic chick.

The emergence of GABA-accumulating neurons was studied from stages 29 to 40 during retinal histogenesis in the chick, covering embryonic (E) days E6–E14, using autoradiographic analysis following incubation of isolated retinas with [3H]GABA (2 μ m ). Analysis was restricted to central retina which is more advanced in its differentiation than the periphery. On E6 numerous mitotic figures were present along the scleral border of the unstratified neuroepithelium. Specific localization of [3H]GABA was associated initially with somata situated in middle regions of the retinal expanse. Occasionally contiguous pairs of labeled cells were seen. The inner plexiform layer makes its appearance during E7; at that time silver grains were present over cell bodies located in the ganglion cell layer and the proximal portion of the inner nuclear layer, those of probable amacrine cells. As retinal stratification continued, more cells were observed to have elaborated membrane systems for GABA uptake with varying degrees of affinity. By E8, although dividing, non-labeled cells were in close proximity, GABa-labeled cells were observed in positions of horizontal cells. By E14, the pattern of label distribution appeared essentially similar to that reported for adult retina, i.e. [3H]GABA labeling was observed over horizontal cells and their processes, subpopulations of amacrine cells which appear to ramify extensively across the inner plexiform layer, selected perikarya of the ganglion cell layer, and the nerve fiber layer. In addition, a subpopulation of labeled photoreceptors, some identified as cones by virtue of oil droplets, was observed. Thus, preferential accumulation of GABA appears during E6, prior to formation of either inner or outer plexiform layers. The localization of [3H]GABA demonstrates that ganglion and amacrine cell bodies are labeled initially, followed by horizontal cells. Specific accumulation of [3H]muscimol, a potent agonist of GABA receptors, appears about E12 over cells located in proximal regions of the inner nuclear layer; these somata later ramify in sublaminae 2 and 4 of the inner plexiform layer.
Mantle‐wide sequestration of carbon in silicates and the structure of magnesite II

[1] The participation of the deep mantle in the global carbon cycle and its ability to sequester carbon over billion-year time scales depends upon the mineralogical host for carbon. Density-functional theory calculations for MgCO3-magnesite and structures with tetrahedrally coordinated carbon reveal the stability of magnesite up to ∼80 GPa, with a bulk modulus of 110 (±2) GPa. Magnesite undergoes a structural transition to a pyroxene-like structure at ∼80–100 GPa, with a density increase of 4.5–7.1%. Combined with thermodynamic models for the MgSiO3—MgCO3 system, the inter-solubility of MgCO3 with MgSiO3 orthoenstatite and perovskite constrains the carbon content in the silicates to an upper bound of 4 and 20 ppm (wt), respectively. The carbon content in lower mantle silicates is estimated to be no more than 1% of the mantle's total carbon budget for degassed regions, such that in even the mantle's most depleted regions, most carbon must be stored in carbonates or diamond.
Normalization of chromosome measurements: A new method

Abstract A new method is proposed for normalizing chromosome measurements based on the maximum likelihood principle. The method can be applied to any number of chromosomes and does not require measurements on all the chromosomes of a cell. Thus it is ideally suited for normalizing measurements from cells with partial or aberrant karyotypes. Several measures of performance for normalizers are proposed and used to evaluate the new method. Data from human metaphase chromosomes are used to illustrate the new method.
The theory of active involvement: Processes underlying interventions that engage adolescents in message planning and/or production

Adolescence is a time of increased risk taking, and recent intervention strategies have included adolescents planning or producing antirisk messages for their peers. Although these projects may generate enthusiasm, we know little about message planning or production as a strategy for changing adolescent decision-making and behavior. This article articulates the Theory of Active Involvement (TAI) to describe and explain the processes through which these active involvement interventions influence adolescents. TAI is based on social cognitive theory's notion of self-regulation and examines multiple perspective taking and activating the self-reflection processes. The theory specifically describes the process of cognitive changes experienced by participants in active involvement interventions. The sequence is conceptualized as starting when engagement with the intervention (arousal and involvement) produces skill and knowledge gains (immediate outcomes) that lead to reflection (perceived discrepancy) and then other cognitions (expectancies, norms, intentions), with the ultimate outcome being behavior change. Engaging the target audience in a process of self-reflection is conceptualized as the crucial ingredient for meaningful and sustainable change in cognitions and behavior. This article provides valuable insight into how active involvement strategies function and how to best design these interventions, particularly those targeting adolescents.
Kinetic-energy transport equation for the modeling of ballistic MOSFETs

Using the first two moment equations of the Vlasov equation, we have developed a transport model based on the convective kinetic energy. This K.E. transport model is applied to the simulation of a ballistic gate-all-around MOSFET. The simulation results show that the current increases substantially under ballistic transport compared to the drift-diffusion model. Limitation and errors of this transport model are associated with the one parameter modeling of the stress tensor for the closure of the moment equation hierarchy.
Sucrose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans, SL-I.

Abstract 1. 1. Specifically labelled sucrose, labelled uniformly in either its glucosyl or fructosyl half, was used to study the fate of glucosyl and fructosyl moieties of sucrose metabolized by non-growing Streptococcus mutans SL- I . 2. 2. The products of fermentation of glucosyl and fructosyl moieties of sucrose are identical of those produced by homofermentive microorganisms. 3. 3. Only the glucosyl moiety of sucrose is synthesized into glucans. However, most of the glucosyls of sucrose are fermented. 4. 4. The heterogeneity of the glucans of S. mutans is indicated. 5.0 M NaOH-soluble polymers formed from glucosyl residues are degraded by dextranase. In addition, some polymer formed from glucosyl residues is not solubilized by either 5.0 M NaOH or dextranase. 5. 5. S. mutans SL- I has as least three means of splitting sucrose. In addition to dextran (glucan) sucrase and levan (fructan) sucrase systems, another means of scission of sucrose independent of these transferases exists.
Effect of argon annealing of phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn,Mg)O thin films grown pulsed laser deposition

The transport and annealing properties of phosphorus-doped (Zn,Mg)O thin films grown via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are studied. The electron carrier concentration for (Zn,Mg)O:P films decreases with increasing deposition and Ar annealing temperature. All the films exhibit good crystallinity with c-axis orientation. This result indicates the importance of activation of the P dopant in (Zn,Mg)O:P films. The as-deposited ZnO:P film properties show less dependence on the deposition growth temperatures. The resistivity of the (Zn,Mg)O:P films is significantly higher than the ZnO:P films grown under similar conditions, indicating separation of the conduction band edge relative to the defect donor state. The annealed ZnO:P films are n-type with resistivity dependent on annealing temperature.
The formation of Sharpey's fibres in the hamster under nonfunctional conditions.

Abstract Mandibular second molar buds from 2-day-old hamsters were transplanted subcutaneously to the cheek area of adult hamsters and allowed to develop for 28 days. Tooth size and shape were consistent with those of control animals. Those elements derived from the dental papilla, namely the cementum, dentine and pulp cavity, were essentially normal; however, there was generally a lack of enamel formation. In addition to development of the tooth, a periodontal ligament and shell of alveolar bone formed around the roots of the tooth. Sharpey's fibres were found inserting into the cementum of the external root surfaces, and these fibres were continuous with the principal fibre bundles of the periodontal ligament. No Sharpey's fibres were found inserting into the cementum or alveolar bone in the apical or interradicular areas. Sharpey's fibres do form under nonstress or nonfunctional conditions, and are not completely dependent on external forces for their development.
Absorption Saturation Effects on High-Power CO 2 Laser Beam Transmission

A theoretical and numerical investigation is made of the effect on a beam of 10.6-μm radiation of absorption saturation of the CO2 molecules in its path. Saturation of the CO2 absorption cross section sets in under irradiation at high power levels when induced emission balances the resonant absorption. We show by means of computer plots that soon after a high-power beam with a parabolic profile is turned on, a caustic may form near its boundary as a result of CO2 absorption saturation in the central portion. At high altitudes we show that absorption saturation can lead to enhanced transmission over long distances.
Communicating colposcopy results: what do patients and providers discuss?

AbstractObjective.We describe the content of providers' postcolposcopy consultations and women's perceptions of consultations and their conditions.Materials and Methods.Consultations (n = 47) were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed. Women were interviewed immediately after consultations.Results.P
The Attitudes of College Students toward War and the Germans Before and During the Second World War

(1942). The Attitudes of College Students toward War and the Germans Before and During the Second World War. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 317-324.
On the fundamental group of type II1 factors

We present here a shorter version of the proof of our earlier work, showing that the von Neumann factor associated with the group Z(2)SL(2,Z) has trivial fundamental group.
Biomass and nutrient removal by willow clones in experimental bioenergy plantations in New York State

The development of short-rotation intensive cultural (SRIC) willow systems as a source of bioenergy and bioproducts is growing in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Important data for sustainable management such as nutrient removal and nutrient use e8ciency in willow bioenergy plantations is lacking. This study reports wood biomass production, annual removal of nutrients, and nutrient use e8ciency in experimental plantings of SRIC willow and poplar at Tully, New York. E9ects of clone, fertilization, irrigation, planting density, and harvest cycle were analyzed. Annual biomass production of 15 –22 dry Mg=ha removed 75 –86, 10 –11, 27–32, 52–79 and 4 –5 kg=ha=year of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively. For all the variables studied, the responses depended on clone. Fertilization and irrigation increased rates of nutrient removal by means of increased biomass production. Unlike planting density, harvest cycle signiBcantly a9ected rates of nutrient removal and nutrient use e8ciency. For clone SV1 ( Salix dasyclados), an irrigated and fertilized planting with a density of 36,960 trees=ha harvested on a 3-year rotation had the highest biomass production and nutrient use e8ciency, and the lowest rates of nutrient removal. The annual harvest cycle had the lowest nutrient use e8ciency and the highest annual removal of nutrients suggesting that this choice would be most appropriate for biomass crops that are to be used as bu9er strips to manage nutrient runo9 from agricultural Belds. An appropriate choice of clone, planting density, and harvest cycle could tailor the rates of nutrient removal and nutrient use e8ciency to match the objective of the planting. c 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Site-specific cleavage of DNA by E. coli DNA gyrase.

Abstract E. coli DNA gyrase, which catalyzes the supercoiling of DNA, cleaves DNA site-specifically when oxolinic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate are added to the reaction. We studied the structure of the gyrase-cleaved DNA because of its implications for the reaction mechanism and biological role of gyrase. Gyrase made a staggered cut, creating DNA termini with a free 3′ hydroxyl and a 5′ extension that provided a template primer for DNA polymerase. The cleaved DNA was resistant to labeling with T4 polynucleotide kinase even after treatment with proteinase K. Thus the denatured enzyme that remains attached to cleaved DNA is covalently bonded to both 5′ terminal extensions. The 5′ extensions of many gyrase cleavage fragments from φX174, SV40 and Col E1 DNA were partially sequenced using repair with E. coli DNA polymerase I. No unique sequence existed within the cohesive ends, but G was the predominant first base incorporated by DNA polymerase I. The cohesive end sequences of four gyrase sites were determined, and they demonstrated a four base 5′ extension. The dinucleotide TG, straddling the gyrase cut on one DNA strand, provided the only common bases within a 100 bp region surrounding the cleavage sites. Analysis of other cleavage fragments showed that cutting between a TG doublet is common to most, or all, gyrase cleavages. Other bases common to some of the sequenced sites were clustered nonrandomly around the TG doublet, and may be variable components of the cleavage sequence. This diverse recognition sequence with common elements is a pattern shared with several other specific nucleic acid-protein interactions.
California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory: further factor analytic examination.

Summary The stability of the factor structure of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory was re-examined using a convenience sample of 800 undergraduate students from nursing (n = 520 first bachelors' and n = 185 second bachelors' students) and biology (n = 95) enrolled in introductory courses in their majors at a 4-yr. mid-Atlantic public university. Ages ranged from 17 to 54 years (M = 23.0, SD = 5.9), with 92 men and 707 women (1 missing). 685 participants identified themselves as Euro-American, 65 as African American, 9 as Hispanic, 26 as Asian, and 11 as “Other” (4 missing). The inventory developed by Facione in 1994 is a 75-item, forced-choice, adjective checklist, yielding seven subscores and a total score assessing testees' disposition toward critical thinking. A principal components factor analysis did not replicate the original factor structure of seven factors but supported the stability of a four-factor structure which had emerged in previous work by Walsh and Hardy and by Kakai...