cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monocytes but Not Lymphocytes Carrying HIV-1 on Their Surface Transmit Infection to Human Tissue Ex Vivo

ABSTRACT Unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected men is the major cause of new infections. HIV virions are released into semen by various cells of the male genital tract, as well as by infected monocytes and lymphocytes present in semen. Some of these virions may attach to the surfaces of cells, infected or uninfected. We investigated whether cells carrying attached HIV on their surfaces can transmit infection. We addressed this question in a model system of human tissue exposed ex vivo to monocytes and lymphocytes carrying HIV on their surfaces. We gamma irradiated the cells to prevent their productive infection. In spite of comparable amounts of HIV attached to monocytes and lymphocytes, only monocytes were capable of transmitting infection and triggering productive infection in tissue. This HIV-1 transmission was mediated by cell-cell contacts. Our experiments suggest that in vivo , HIV attached to infected or uninfected monocytes, which far outnumber lymphocytes in HIV-infected semen, may contribute to sexual transmission of HIV from men to their partners. IMPORTANCE The vast majority of new HIV infections occur through sexual transmission, in which HIV is transferred from the semen of an infected male to an uninfected partner. In semen, HIV-1 particles may exist as free-floating virions; inside infected cells; or attached to the surfaces of cells, whether they are infected or not. Here, we investigated whether HIV attached to the surfaces of monocytes or lymphocytes could transmit infection to human tissue. Incubation of human tissue with monocyte-attached HIV resulted in productive tissue infection. In contrast, there was no infection of tissues when they were incubated with lymphocyte-attached HIV-1. Our results highlight the important role that seminal monocytes may play in HIV transmission in vivo , especially since monocytes far outnumber lymphocytes in the semen of HIV-infected individuals.
Acceleration of Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations and Application to Diffusion/Clustering of As at High Concentrations

Kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations enable practical atomic-scale modeling of device fabrication processes. In this paper, we discuss implementation of an acceleration algorithm which can provide orders of magnitude speed-up. We apply the result to diffusion and clustering of As at very high doping levels, which are critically important in the formation of ultrashallow junctions.
Tuberculosis Screening and Reactivation Among a National Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Antagonists.

Background Tumor necrosis factor antagonists (anti-TNFs) are effective in treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but may cause reactivation of tuberculosis (TB). TB screening rates and related outcomes are not well described among patients with IBD. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and determinants of TB screening before anti-TNF initiation and related outcomes among patients with IBD. Methods We identified patients with IBD with filled prescriptions for anti-TNFs using the National Veterans Affairs administrative data sets. Determinants of TB screening were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. Patients with TB reactivation were identified by ICD9 codes or prescriptions for isoniazid, and confirmed by chart review. Results A total of 3357 patients with IBD were identified with filled anti-TNF prescriptions. Approximately 72% to 86% of patients received TB screening. In multivariate analyses, patients in rural areas were less likely to be screened for TB compared with those in urban areas (odds ratio 0.72, 95% confidence ratio 0.54-0.95). Patients who received care at academically affiliated facilities were more likely to have received screening for TB (odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence ratio 1.31-1.95). In 7210 patient-years of follow-up on anti-TNF, TB reactivation was confirmed in 2 patients, both of whom had a history and treatment of latent TB before anti-TNF initiation. Conclusions TB screening before anti-TNF is estimated to be between 72% and 86%. Receipt of care at urban, academic-affiliated, high-volume IBD facilities is associated with higher rates of screening. Reactivation of TB in a highly screened cohort is estimated to be 2.8 per 10,000 patient-years.
Introduction: Big Data in Political Economy

The massive growth in computing since the 1980s and 1990s has revolutionized data gathering and how people transact with one another. The result is that practically every economic and financial transaction is recorded somewhere by someone and can be linked to the individuals undertaking the
FamilyLog: A mobile system for monitoring family mealtime activities

Research has shown that family mealtime plays a critical role in establishing good relationships among family members and maintaining their physical and mental health. In particular, regularly eating dinner as a family significantly reduces prevalence of obesity. However, American families with children spend only 1 hour on family meals while three hours watching TV on an average work day. Fine-grained activity-logging is proven effective for increasing self-awareness and motivating people to modify their life styles for improved wellness. This paper presents FamilyLog - a practical system to log family mealtime activities using smartphones and smartwatches. FamilyLog automatically detects and logs details of activities during the mealtime, including occurrence and duration of meal, conversations, participants, TV viewing etc., in an unobtrusive manner. Based on the sensor data collected from real families, we carefully design robust yet lightweight signal features from a set of complex activities during the meal, including clattering sound, arm gestures of eating, human voice, TV sound, etc. Moreover, FamilyLog opportunistically fuses data from built-in sensors of multiple mobile devices available in a family through an HMM-based classifier. To evaluate the real-world performance of FamilyLog, we perform extensive experiments that consist of 77 days of sensor data from 37 subjects in 8 families with children. Our results show that FamilyLog can detect those events with high accuracy across different families and home environments.
Health Care Service and Outcomes Among an Estimated 6.7 Million Ambulatory Care Diabetic Foot Cases in the U.S.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate ambulatory clinical cases of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in the U.S. from 2007 to 2013 and to assess outcomes of emergency department or inpatient (ED/IP) admission, number of clinic visits per year, and physician time spent per visit. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional historical cohort analysis was conducted by using the nationally representative Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 2007 to 2013, including patients age ≥18 years with diabetes and either DFIs or DFUs. Study outcomes were analyzed by using generalized linear models controlling for key demographics and chronic conditions. RESULTS Across the estimated 5.6 billion ambulatory care visits between 2007 and 2013, 784.8 million involved diabetes and ∼6.7 million (0.8%) were for DFUs (0.3%) or DFIs (0.5%). Relative to other ambulatory clinical cases, multivariable analyses indicated that DFUs were associated with a 3.4 times higher odds of direct ED/IP admission (CI 1.01–11.28; P = 0.049), 2.1 times higher odds of referral to another physician (CI 1.14–3.71; P = 0.017), 1.9 times more visits in the past 12 months (CI 1.41–2.42; P CONCLUSIONS This investigation of an estimated 6.7 million diabetic foot cases indicates markedly greater risks for both ED/IP admissions and number of outpatient visits, with DFUs also associated with a higher odds of referrals to other physicians and longer physician visit times.
The Racial Grammar of Kantian Time

ABSTRACTThis essay reconsiders Kant’s “Analogies of Experience” in The Critique of Pure Reason to show how Kant’s grounding of perception in temporally understood cause and effect helps to institutionalize a racialized grammar that continues in globalization today. Kant’s proof establishes subjective and non-subjective beings in a hierarchical cause and effect relation which is also a consecutive relation in time. One can recognize in Kant’s procedures a logic that underlies enlightenment notions of history, race, and globalization. Tracing Kant’s logic can help us to see how race is embedded in interlocking pieces of the apparatus of universal exchange, even where it is not named.
Classification of Vascular Anomalies: An Update.

Vascular anomalies present both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. Identification of these lesions is difficult due to their immense phenotypic variability, and naming conventions for vascular anomalies have historically been inconsistent. Terms such as “hemangioma” are informative when used correctly, but can cause confusion and miscommunication if applied indiscriminately to all vascular anomalies. Accuracy in classification is essential, as both disease course and therapeutic options differ greatly depending on the particular vascular anomaly present. In order for clinicians to properly diagnose and treat patients with these diseases, a unified nomenclature must be employed. This section provides an update on the current classification of vascular anomalies, with clinical descriptions of the most commonly encountered lesions, and clarifies the ambiguous nomenclature present in the existing literature.
Acute Kidney Injury Secondary to Cell Saver in Posterior Spinal Fusion.

Abstract Background Autologous blood transfusion, commonly referred to as cell saver, is frequently used in spinal fusion to salvage red blood cells because of the risk of significant intraoperative blood loss. This case report describes a case of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to cell saver use. Our objective is to increase the knowledge about the process of red blood cell salvage and this exceedingly rare complication. Methods Chart and renal biopsy results for a single case were reviewed and reported in this retrospective study. Results A healthy 18-year-old male patient underwent posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with utilization of intraoperative autologous blood transfusion. The patient subsequently developed hematuria and AKI with a peak creatinine of 13.9 mg/dL. An extensive clinical workup, including autoimmune serology, excluded any identifying causes. A renal biopsy showed pigment-induced acute tubular necrosis. Conclusions This case, to our knowledge, is the first and only case report of AKI secondary to cell saver demonstrated by renal biopsy. The literature has shown both the benefit of cell saver by decreasing the need for allogeneic transfusion and the risk of transient hematuria. However, this case demonstrates the importance of monitoring patients for potential complications.
DISCRIMINABLE STIMULI PRODUCED BY ANALGESICS

Narcotic analgesics are drugs primarily used to relieve pain. Although narcotic drugs were originally natural products, many new drugs are synthetic. All known narcotic analgesics also produce a number of effects other than analgesia which make them valuable for other clinical uses but also constitute potentials for abuse and narcotic dependence. In addition, there are several pharmacological properties which are characteristic of only a few narcotics and are absent in the rest of them. For example, morphine is known to initially cause vomiting and later show a strong anti-emetic property. All synthetic narcotics are purely anti-emetic and are devoid of the initial emetic action. Similarly, various narcotic analgesics differ in their respiratory depressant property. Whereas they all produce respiratory depression, with some a rapid tolerance develops which allows for further use to relieve pain without concommitant depression of respiration.
State Public Health Actions to Prevent and Control Diabetes, Heart Disease, Obesity and Associated Risk Factors, and Promote School Health.

The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funds a program to boost progress in reducing the prevalence and incidence of multiple chronic diseases and their associated risk factors. This article describes the program, State Public Health Actions to Prevent and Control Diabetes, Heart Disease, Obesity and Associated Risk Factors, and Promote School Health, and the program’s action model, design, and administration and management structure. This program is based on 4 domains of public health action: 1) epidemiology and surveillance, 2) environmental approaches, 3) health care system interventions, and 4) community programs linked to clinical services. The 4 domains of public health action leverage data to inform action, support healthy choices and behaviors, strengthen delivery of clinical preventive services, and help Americans better manage their health.
Children’s reactions and consequences of illness and hospitalization and transition of care from pediatric to adult settings

Evaluation of suspected alcohol withdrawal should start by obtaining a complete alcohol use history. Symptom-triggered treatment of alcohol withdrawal using assessment scales such as the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, Revised (CIWA-Ar) is the preferred method. A score of less than ten indicates the need for continued monitoring of the patient. A score of 10 to 15 indicates mild withdrawal, 16 to 20 moderate withdrawal, and greater than 20 severe withdrawal. Sedative/hypnotic (benzodiazepine, barbiturate, and related drug) withdrawal is managed by the same principles used to treat alcohol withdrawal. The consultant may be called upon to assist in managing opioid withdrawal related to illicit use, problems with prescription analgesics, or ongoing opioid agonist therapy (OAT) for addiction. Federally accredited opioid treatment programs (OTPs) can administer methadone or buprenorphine for detoxification or maintenance as part of a comprehensive treatment program.
Systems for Learning Assistance: Learners, Learning Facilitators, and Learning Centers

(1971). Systems for Learning Assistance: Learners, Learning Facilitators, and Learning Centers. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Interdisciplinary Aspects of Reading Instruction, pp. 32-41.
Real-space pseudopotential method for calculating magnetocrystalline anisotropy

We present a real-space pseudopotential method for calculating magnetocrystalline anisotropy within relativistic density-functional theory. The spin-orbit interaction, a fundamental origin of magnetocrystalline anisotropy, is incorporated with norm-conserving pseudopotentials expressed on a real-space grid. We demonstrate the utility of our method by calculating the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, ${K}_{1}$, of ${\mathrm{YCo}}_{5}$, which is a prototype compound with large ${K}_{1}$. Our calculated ${K}_{1}$ agrees with previous theoretical work. We show that our formalism also works for describing magnetocrystalline anisotropy in other transition-metal compounds, such as ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}\mathrm{Ga}$ and FeNi, which have modest values for ${K}_{1}$. Our real-space pseudopotential method is well suited for a parallel computing environment and is an efficacious approach to solving the relativistic Kohn-Sham equations, which include spin-orbit effects as well as noncollinear magnetism.
Fourth Year Medical Students Perceive High Educational Value to Innovative Geriatric Pharmacology Educational Tools Integrated into a Clerkship Elective

Background Several studies support that integrating pharmacotherapeutics education into clerkships can enhance clinical pharmacology knowledge and reinforce concepts essential to learners as they t...
Comparisons of Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality among Water-Based Beverage Consumers

Americans are encouraged to reduce intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Zero and low-calorie water-based beverages can provide alternative options to SSB, though limited data are available to understand measures of diet quality across different beverage consumer groups. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to quantify intake of added sugars, total sugars, carbohydrates, and diet quality among consumers of zero-calorie unsweetened beverages (ZCUB) compared to SSB; and, separately, among consumers of low- and no-calorie sweetened beverages (LNCSB) when compared to SSB. Dietary data from the 2009–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed among three life stages by SSB, ZCUB, and LNCSB consumer groups and adjusted for participant characteristics and energy intake. Across all life stages, ZCUB and LNCSB consumers had lower mean intakes of total sugars, added sugars, and carbohydrates when compared to SSB consumers. Diet quality as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) was also higher among ZCUB and LNCSB consumers compared to SSB consumers in analyses adjusted for participant characteristics. These results indicate that reduction of SSB from dietary patterns and replacement with ZCUB or LNCSB could help Americans improve overall diet quality.
Towards a global health practice based on the liberation and sovereignty of populations under siege: a theoretical analysis.

Abstract Background The 1990s were dubbed the sanctions decade, typified by the situation in Iraq. The past 10 years have seen continued use of siege, ostensibly in the interest of promoting political change. For this decade, the Gaza Strip has been the model of siege. Siege regimes have also been imposed on Yemen, and to a lesser extent on Qatar, Iran, and areas of Syria. This paper examines the consequences of siege for those in the field of health-care provision, and what responsibilities medical staff have in the face of the human rights crises that accompany siege. Can public health needs be served without an explicit agenda that promotes sovereignty and liberation of populations under siege? Methods The primary source of data for this paper is secondary literature, popular media and non-governmental organisation (NGO) reports dealing with the effects of siege on health-care provision in Gaza, Yemen, Iraq during the Sanctions period, and Iran. These primary data are supported by participant observation and interviews with medical staff in the Gaza Strip. These data were analysed using a critical political economy framework. Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Bucknell University. Findings Siege continues to be promoted as an alternative to warfare in the press and in academic writing. Medical and other NGOs document the strain that blockades represent as they record the extent of health-care crises, but they do not confront the coalitions that impose siege. Discussions of the importance of sovereignty to the promotion of health care remain sidelined within a discourse of wars on terror. Interpretation Familiarity and engagement with geopolitical practices of isolation and resistance is important for health-care providers in territories under siege. As health-care providers represent front line witnesses of the effects of siege on local populations, their testimonies represent a substantial challenge to the status quo. International and local health workers should coordinate with activists and academics to create a global health paradigm of liberation by promoting local sovereignty and international solidarity. Funding Bucknell University.
Nonlinear relations between post-traumatic stress symptoms and electrocortical reactivity during emotional face processing in combat-exposed veterans.

Combat-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are prevalent among recently deployed veterans, making identification of biomarkers of PTSS in this population a public health priority. Given the link between threat processing neurobiology and PTSS, the threat-related late positive potential (LPP), an ERP reflective of attentional processing sensitive to emotion and its regulation, may have utility as a cost-effective biomarker. Existing PTSS/threat-related LPP findings are mixed, possibly due to variability in PTSS across samples, but this has never been explicitly tested. To address this gap, LPP amplitudes to angry, fearful, and happy emotional face stimuli were recorded among 81 combat-exposed veterans at a VA hospital. A quadratic relationship between self-reported PTSS and LPP amplitude modulation by angry faces emerged such that greater PTSS was related to a decreased LPP response to angry faces among veterans with subthreshold PTSD and an enhanced LPP response to angry faces among veterans with probable PTSD. These results suggest that prior mixed findings may be due to variability in PTSS severity. In addition, exploratory moderation analysis revealed that PTSS was positively associated with late LPP modulation for veterans reporting low cognitive reappraisal use and negatively associated with late LPP modulation for veterans reporting high cognitive reappraisal use. All results were specific to the 1,000-3,000 ms LPP time window. Thus, the functional nature of LPP modulation by direct threat cues may depend upon PTSS severity and/or related variables (e.g., cognitive reappraisal utilization).
PLAQUE-TYPE LICHEN PLANUS OR LEUKOPLAKIA WITH LYMPHOCYTIC HOST RESPONSE?

Introduction Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCAs) often exhibit a lymphocytic host response (LHR) present as a band at the epithelium-connective tissue interface. Because these are often diagnosed as dysplasia with lichenoid mucositis or lichenoid dysplasia, clinicians assume that such lesions represent dysplasia or SCCA arising within lesions of oral lichen planus (OLP). If the clinical lesion is a solitary plaque, the diagnosis of plaque-type OLP may be made. Lichenoid lymphocytic reactions are not specific to OLP and may be seen in drug-induced, contact hypersensitivity reactions and other conditions. The objective of this study is to review cases of leukoplakia with a lichenoid LHR. Materials and Methods Cases diagnosed as OED with lichenoid features or lichenoid mucositis that represented biopsies from solitary white lesions were identified from the files of one laboratory from January 2013 to December 2018. Results There were 13 males and 11 females (1.2:1 male to female ratio), and the median age was 61 (range 37– 90). All lesions were unilateral and the two most common locations were the tongue (12 cases, 50.0%) and the gingiva (5 cases, 20.8%). Hyperkeratosis and/or parakeratosis and epithelial atrophy was present in 23 (95.8 %) and 10 cases (41.6%) respectively while degeneration of the basal cells was present in 7 cases (29.1%) only. OED was present in 13 (54.1%) of the cases (5 mild, 5 moderate, 2 severe, and 1 carcinoma-in-situ); 36.3% of the cases that showed epithelial atrophy also showed OED. A lymphocytic band was present in 24 cases (100%). Conclusion These lichenoid lesions were solitary plaques located most commonly on the tongue and gingiva, common sites for leukoplakia with 54.1% exhibiting OED. As such, these lesions more likely represent leukoplakia with a LHR rather than OLP. Clinicopathologic correlation is essential for accurate diagnosis.
Synthesis and Characterization of (DIPPCCC)Fe Complexes: A Zwitterionic Metalation Method and CO2 Reactivity

The synthesis and characterization of a series of novel iron complexes has been accomplished using a monoanionic pincer bis(carbene) ligand framework. Metalation first proceeded through an isolated...
Gobernar un mundo en guerra: el rol de los cabildos en el primer orden colonial peruano (1529-1548)

espanolAunque los cabildos fueron una institucion clave en la conquista de America, no se conoce en detalle el rol que desempenaron en las diversos partes del nuevo continente antes de la instauracion del poder real. Este trabajo sostiene que la instauracion de cabildos durante la Conquista del Imperio inca permitio la creacion de un espacio politico local hispano que hizo posible el establecimiento de la primera estructura administrativa y de gobierno del Peru colonial. Al permitir negociar y repartir algunos de los tempranos beneficios del territorio, la institucion redujo las tensiones entre los miembros de la expedicion y brindo con ello estabilidad a este primer orden, incluso en los lugares que resistieron el dominio directo del gobernante de turno. Los diversos jefes de conquista de la epoca buscaron el dominio de este primer orden basado en los cabildos, y su mantenimiento frente al embate de sus rivales y la Corona EnglishAlthough the cabildo was a key institution in the conquest of America, the role it played in the various regions of the continent before the establishment of royal power is not known in detail. This article argues that the establishment of cabildos during the conquest of the Inca Empire allowed the creation of a local Hispanic political space, which enabled the establishment of colonial Peru’s first administrative and government structure. By facilitating the early negotiation and distribution of territorial resources, the institution reduced tensions among members of the expedition and thus provided stability to this first order, even in places that resisted direct control by the current governor. The various leaders of conquest sought to dominate this first order via the cabildos and to maintain it against the onslaught of their rivals and the Crown
Measurement of commitment.

Accurate measurement is a prerequisite for advancing our understanding of work commitment, because it helps us achieve objectivity in the interpretation of data about the nature of commitment: what it is, how it develops, and what it affects (Schwab, 1980). In this chapter, what we know about commitment measurement will rst be assessed from different theoretical perspectives, some of which are discussed by Klein, Molloy, and Cooper in chapter 1. Then, general technical issues related to commitment measurement methods will be addressed, and techniques useful for developing new commitment measures and improving the construct validity of existing measures will be described. I conclude with a discussion of the contention that there is a core essence of commitment that is common to all theoretical formulations, and how measurement can contribute to addressing this issue.
Utilization of Multiparametric MRI of Prostate in Patients under Consideration for or Already in Active Surveillance: Correlation with Imaging Guided Target Biopsy

This study sought to assess the value of multiparametric magnetic resonance image (mp-MRI) in patients with a prostate cancer (PCa) Gleason score of 6 or less under consideration for or already in active surveillance and to determine the rate of upgrading by target biopsy. Three hundred and fifty-four consecutive men with an initial transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy-confirmed PCa Gleason score of 6 or less under clinical consideration for or already in active surveillance underwent mp-MRI and were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred and nineteen of 354 patients had cancer-suspicious regions (CSRs) at mp-MRI. Each CSR was assigned a Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score based on PI-RADS v2. One hundred and eight of 119 patients underwent confirmatory imaging-guided biopsy for CSRs. Pathology results including Gleason score (GS) and percentage of specimens positive for PCa were recorded. Associations between PI-RADS scores and findings at target biopsy were evaluated using logistic regression. At target biopsy, 81 of 108 patients had PCa (75%). Among them, 77 patients had upgrading (22%, 77 of 354 patients). One hundred and forty-six CSRs in 108 patients had PI-RADS 3 n = 28, 4 n = 66, and 5 n = 52. The upgraded rate for each category of CSR was for PI-RADS 3 (5 of 28, 18%), 4 (47 of 66, 71%) and 5 (49 of 52, 94%). Using logistic regression analysis, differences in PI-RADS scores from 3 to 5 are significantly associated with the probability of disease upgrade (20%, 73%, and 96% for PI-RADS score of 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Adding mp-MRI to patients under consideration for or already in active surveillance helps to identify undiagnosed PCa of a higher GS or higher volume resulting in upgrading in 22%.
Development and characterization of a chronic photoreceptor degeneration model in adult zebrafish that does not trigger a regenerative response.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a highly-utilized model system in the field of regenerative biology because of their endogenous ability to regenerate many tissues and organs, including the retina. The vast majority of previous research on retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish utilizes acute methodologies for retinal damage. Acute retinal cell death triggers a reactive gliosis response of Muller glia (MG), the resident macroglia of the retina. In addition, each activated MG undergoes asymmetric cell division to produce a neuronal progenitor, which continues to divide and ultimately gives rise to new retinal neurons. Studies using these approaches have uncovered many crucial mechanisms by which MG respond to acute damage. However, they may not adequately mimic the chronic neuronal degeneration observed in many human retinal degenerative diseases. The current study aimed to develop a new long-term, chronic photoreceptor damage and degeneration model in adult zebrafish. Comparing the subsequent cellular responses to that of the commonly-used acute high-intensity model, we found that low, continuous light exposure damaged the outer segments of both rod and cone photoreceptors, but did not result in significant apoptotic cell death, MG gliosis, or MG cell-cycle re-entry. Instead, chronic light nearly completely truncated photoreceptor outer segments and resulted in a recruitment of microglia to the area. Together, these studies present a chronic photoreceptor model that can be performed in a relatively short time frame (21 days), that may lend insight into the cellular events underlying non-regenerative photoreceptor degeneration observed in other model systems.
Engaging traits of reasonableness for civic and moral development: against an unchecked apprehension of indoctrination

This article emerges from a stream of scholarship demonstrating the inadequacy of broad arguments favouring ‘neutrality’ as an alternative to ‘directive normative instruction’ in the early childhoo...
Effect of circadian variability in frequency of premature ventricular complexes on left ventricular function.

Background Frequent idiopathic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) can result in a reversible form of cardiomyopathy. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of variability in PVC frequency throughout the day on PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods The subjects of this study were 107 consecutive patients (58 men [54%]; mean age 49.7 ± 15.0 years; left ventricular ejection fraction 50.4% ± 11.4%) referred for ablation of frequent PVCs. All patients underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring before the ablation procedure. The circadian variation in PVC burden was determined and correlated with the presence or absence of cardiomyopathy. Results A total of 43 patients (40%) had cardiomyopathy. Patients with cardiomyopathy had an ejection fraction of 38.4% ± 6.9%, a higher PVC burden (28.5% ± 11.5% vs 19.5% ± 10.5%; P = .0001), less variability in circadian PVC distribution (coefficient of variation hourly: 31.5% ± 21% vs 59.8% ± 32.4%; P = .0001), and more frequent interpolated PVCs (20 patients [47%] vs 15 patients [23%]; P = 0.022), and were more frequently asymptomatic than patients without cardiomyopathy (56% vs 19%; P = .0001). In multivariate analysis, consistency in PVC burden throughout the day was an independent predictor of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy (odds ratio 16.3; 95% confidence interval 1.7–155.3; p=0.015). Conclusion In patients with frequent PVCs, consistency in hourly PVC frequency throughout the day is an independent predictor of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.
Cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl Metomidate: Studies in a Lipopolysaccharide Inflammatory Model of Sepsis.

Background:Cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl metomidate (CPMM) is a rapidly metabolized etomidate analog that is currently in clinical trials. The goal of this study is to assess CPMM’s potential value as an anesthetic agent for use in patients with sepsis by defining its actions in an acute inflammatory
La mosquée et le cimetière. Espaces du sacré et pouvoir symbolique à Constantine en 1936

Cet essai propose une lecture de la signification d’un moment et d’un espace, vers la fin des annees trente a Constantine. Deux episodes d’affrontement entre acteurs de la societe constantinoise autour du rassemblement de la communaute lors d’evenements religieux (le retour des pelerins, fete a la Grande mosquee en avril 1936, et la zarda dite ‘de Sidi Aty’, celebree en octobre dans le cimetiere de la ville), rendent visible un ensemble d’enjeux et de conflits au sein de la societe citadine a un moment,charniere de l’histoire algerienne. L’analyse de ces deux evenements dans des espaces,cles de la ville nous montre les contours d’un important moment d’affrontement entre des tenants de differentes positions d’autorite sociale, affrontement qui se deroule dans la creation de nouveaux espaces publics et autour de la prise,en,main de nouvelles formes de pouvoir symbolique. Il s’agit, surtout, de la construction de nouvelles facons de rassembler la communaute, de la ‘mettre en scene’ dans des espaces a fortes connotations symboliques, de pouvoir parler a son adresse et en son nom.
Assessment of early response to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients with FDG-PET

471 Objectives: FDG-PET is the procedure of choice for staging cancer and evaluating recurrence. The procedure has been suggested for assessing early success or failure of therapy. We have studied 16 patients (mean age 67 years; range 50 – 80 years) with inoperable NSC lung cancer that had received prior radiation and/or chemotherapy. Each patient had an FDG-PET study immediately before initiation of additional chemotherapy (Taxotere plus Carboplatin and Taxotere) and weekly FDG-PET studies for the six following weeks. Methods: Each patient was studied on a biograph-16 PET/CT scanner (Siemens Molecular Imaging) one hour after the IV injection of 370 MBq of FDG. The first and seventh PET scans were diagnostic scans covering the area from chin to pelvis. For the other five scans, the coverage was restricted to 300 mm (2 bed positions) to minimize the radiation dose from the x-ray CT. The CT scan was acquired at 120 kVp and 100 mAs; each PET bed position was acquired for 3 to 4 minutes. Average SUVs were obtained from ROIs drawn in the tumor(s), the liver, and the unaffected lung. Linear regression was calculated for the data from the six time points following initiation of chemotherapy for each of the structures identified. Results: One patient, age 80, withdrew from the study after the initial scan. For the remaining 15 patients, the slope of the regression through the healthy lung or liver data points was not different from zero, indicating no global change in metabolic activity throughout the course of chemotherapy. The mean change in SUV was 0.03 (range -0.1 to 0.2) in the lung, and 0.08 (range -0.5 to 1.2) for the liver. In 7 of 15 cases, the slope of the regression through the tumor data points was either positive or not different from zero, indicating little change in tumor activity over the course of the treatment. In this group, the mean change in SUV by the 6th week was 0.3 (range -1.4 to 2.4). The mean age of the group was 68 years (range 50 to 79). Two of 7 patients survived while 5 died within 19 weeks of the end of chemotherapy (range 8 to 30 weeks). In the remaining 8 cases, the slope of the regression through the tumor data points was negative, suggesting a decrease in tumor activity. The mean decrease in SUV in this group was 6.1 (range -8.9 to -3.3). The mean age of the group was 68 years (range 50 to 79). Of these 8 patients, five survived while 3 died within 45 weeks (range 25 to 76 weeks). Conclusions: FDG-PET shows promise in assessing early response to chemotherapy in NSC lung cancer patients.
Differential age effects on lexical ambiguity resolution mechanisms

Multiple neurocognitive subsystems are involved in resolving lexical ambiguity under different circumstances. We examined how processing in these subsystems changes with normal aging by comparing ERP responses to homographs and unambiguous words completing congruent sentences (with both semantic and syntactic contextual information) or syntactic prose (syntactic information only). Like young adults in prior work, older adults elicited more negative N400s to homographs in congruent sentences, suggesting mismatch between the context and residual activation of the contextually irrelevant sense. However, the frontal negativity seen in young adults to homographs in syntactically well-defined but semantically neutral contexts was absent in older adults as a group, suggesting a decline in recruiting additional neural resources to aid difficult semantic selection. A subset of older adults with high verbal fluency maintained a young-like effect pattern.
Napoleon's soldiers

This paper presents a counting problem the goal of which is to calculate the number of soldiers in Napoleon's army. Several approaches to solving the problem are given that are suitable for implementation in various contexts in a multitude of Mathematics and Computer Science undergraduate and graduate courses. Further generalizations of the problem are also discussed.
Extraperitoneal Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy

The extraperitoneal approach to robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has many key advantages when compared to its transperitoneal counterpart. It is useful for urologists to gain proficiency in this technique as it may be more suitable for a number of patients. Herein, we will summarize its indications and relative contraindications. A comprehensive approach to this procedure will be described via an instructional template with accompanying schematic drawings and color intraoperative images. Primary emphasis will be placed on surgical technique in a chronological, stepwise fashion. Finally, consideration will be given to troubleshooting special scenarios and methods to avoid complications.
Multiobjective Fractional Programming Problems and Second Order Generalized Hybrid Invexity Frameworks

In this paper, first generalized sufficient efficiency conditions for multiobjective fractional programming based on the generalized hybrid invexities are developed , and then efficient solutions to multiobjective fractional programming problems are established. The obtained results generalize and unify a wide range of investigations in the literature.
Optimal baseplate rotational alignment for locking-screw fixation in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a three-dimensional computer-aided design study

Background Baseplate loosening in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) remains a concern. Placing peripheral screws into the 3 pillars of the densest scapular bone is believed to optimize baseplate fixation. Using a 3-dimensional computer-aided design (3D CAD) program, we investigated the optimal rotational baseplate alignment to maximize peripheral locking-screw purchase. Methods Seventy-three arthritic scapulae were reconstructed from computed tomography images and imported into a 3D CAD software program along with representations of an RTSA baseplate that uses 4 fixed-angle peripheral locking screws. The baseplate position was standardized, and the baseplate was rotated to maximize individual and combined peripheral locking-screw purchase in each of the 3 scapular pillars. Results The mean ± standard error of the mean positions for optimal individual peripheral locking-screw placement (referenced in internal rotation) were 6° ± 2° for the coracoid pillar, 198° ± 2° for the inferior pillar, and 295° ± 3° for the scapular spine pillar. Of note, 78% (57 of 73) of the screws attempting to obtain purchase in the scapular spine pillar could not be placed without an in-out-in configuration. In contrast, 100% of coracoid and 99% of inferior pillar screws achieved full purchase. The position of combined maximal fixation was 11° ± 1°. Conclusions These results suggest that approximately 11° of internal rotation is the ideal baseplate position for maximal peripheral locking-screw fixation in RTSA. In addition, these results highlight the difficulty in obtaining optimal purchase in the scapular spine.
Empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: evidence to date

In the last decade, researchers have gained a greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes as a chronic and progressive disease. One of the more recent treatment targets is the kidney. The kidneys become maladaptive in diabetes by increasing the reabsorption of glucose above the normal physiologic renal threshold. This discovery has led to the development of the sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2). These agents readjust the renal threshold for glucose reabsorption to a lower level and decrease glucose reabsorption, while increasing urinary glucose when the glucose is above the renal threshold and subsequently lowering plasma glucose. The mechanism of action of the SGLT2 inhibitors is insulin independent, which makes them a novel treatment of diabetes. At the time of preparation of this manuscript, there were three SGLT2 inhibitors available in the US. This manuscript focuses on empagliflozin, the newest SGLT2 inhibitor, the trials in its development, and the clinical data available to date. Further, the authors propose future applications of empagliflozin, including in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, and its potential role in renoprotection.
Methodologies for Cross-Domain Data Fusion: An Overview

Traditional data mining usually deals with data from a single domain. In the big data era, we face a diversity of datasets from different sources in different domains. These datasets consist of multiple modalities, each of which has a different representation, distribution, scale, and density. How to unlock the power of knowledge from multiple disparate (but potentially connected) datasets is paramount in big data research, essentially distinguishing big data from traditional data mining tasks. This calls for advanced techniques that can fuse knowledge from various datasets organically in a machine learning and data mining task. This paper summarizes the data fusion methodologies, classifying them into three categories: stage-based, feature level-based, and semantic meaning-based data fusion methods. The last category of data fusion methods is further divided into four groups: multi-view learning-based, similarity-based, probabilistic dependency-based, and transfer learning-based methods. These methods focus on knowledge fusion rather than schema mapping and data merging, significantly distinguishing between cross-domain data fusion and traditional data fusion studied in the database community. This paper does not only introduce high-level principles of each category of methods, but also give examples in which these techniques are used to handle real big data problems. In addition, this paper positions existing works in a framework, exploring the relationship and difference between different data fusion methods. This paper will help a wide range of communities find a solution for data fusion in big data projects.
Laboratory studies of homing orientation in the eastern red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

The orientation behaviour of adult male eastern red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) was studied in laboratory tests. Newts were collected from ponds located 10-30 km from the laboratory, and housed in water-filled, all-glass aquaria located in a greenhouse or outdoors adjacent to the laboratory building. The aquaria were aligned on the magnetic north-south axis. Newts were tested in a dry, enclosed arena in four magnetic fields: the ambient magnetic field (magnetic north at North) and three altered fields (magnetic north rotated to East, West or South). Newts tested during January-March exhibited weak bimodal magnetic orientation along the axis of the holding tank. However, during the spring migratory period (April until early May), the bimodal response shifted to coincide with the direction of the pond from which the newts had been collected. Much stronger unimodal orientation was elicited by elevating the water temperature to 33-34 degrees C immediately prior to testing. If newts were held in a training tank with an artificial shoreline at one end and exposed to elevation of water temperature after several days of stable water temperatures, they exhibited unimodal shoreward orientation and did not show the seasonal switch to homing behaviour observed in the earlier tests. If, however, the elevation of water temperature followed a period of fluctuating water temperature (over a 20 degrees C range), the newts exhibited strong unimodal orientation in the direction of the pond from which they had been collected. These results suggest that newts possess a navigational system that enables them to home from distances in excess of 20 km. Moreover, these experiments provide the first opportunity to examine the sensory basis of navigational ability in any animal under controlled laboratory conditions.
Optimization and prediction of the electron–nuclear dipolar and scalar interaction in 1H and 13C liquid state dynamic nuclear polarization

During the last 10–15 years, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has evolved as a powerful tool for hyperpolarization of NMR and MRI nuclides. However, it is not as well appreciated that solution-state dynamic nuclear polarization is a powerful approach to study intermolecular interactions in solution. For solutions and fluids, the 1H nuclide is usually dominated by an Overhauser dipolar enhancement and can be significantly increased by decreasing the correlation time (τc) of the substrate/nitroxide interaction by utilizing supercritical fluids (SF CO2). For molecules containing the ubiquitous 13C nuclide, the Overhauser enhancement is usually a profile of both scalar and dipolar interactions. For carbon atoms without an attached hydrogen, a dipolar enhancement usually dominates as we illustrate for sp2 hybridized carbons in the fullerenes, C60 and C70. However, the scalar interaction is dependent on a Fermi contact interaction which does not have the magnetic field dependence inherent in the dipolar interaction. For a comprehensive range of molecular systems we show that molecules that exhibit weakly acidic complexation interaction(s) with nitroxides provide corresponding large scalar enhancements. For the first time, we report that sp hybridized (H–C) alkyne systems, for example, the phenylacetylene–nitroxide system exhibit very large scalar dominated enhancements. Finally, we demonstrate for a wide range of molecular systems that the Fermi contact interaction can be computationally predicted via electron–nuclear hyperfine coupling and correlated with experimental 13C DNP enhancements.
On iterative solutions of the LTE model atmosphere problem

Abstract We discuss iterative methods for solving the coupled radiative-transfer and energy-balance equations in the LTE model atmospheres problem including isotropic coherent scattering. We show that iterative solution (e.g. by SOR techniques) of the grand matrix encountered in such problems is vastly more efficient than a direct solution, and is easily vectorized. The final computational effort is linear in the number of depths and frequencies considered, and thus this approach opens the door for the computation of both static and dynamic line-blanketed models using large numbers of depth-points and huge numbers of frequencies. The iterative methods discussed here can be applied to line-formation problems with complete redistribution and to certain classes of problems with partial redistribution (e.g. Compton scattering problems in the Fokker-Planck approximation).