cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for the Large‐Scale Cultivation of an Oxytricha (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida)

Oxytricha strains used in biochemical studies have traditionally been grown in unaerated, unagitated culture tubes or Fernbach flasks. These cultures are limited in volume to about one liter and have a very nonuniform distribution of cells, with the majority of the cells at the very top or bottom of the medium. We have found conditions and designed experiments in which Oxytricha can be grown in 50-liter fermentation vats. The cultures grow to a uniform density of about 6000 cells/ml. 2 references, 2 figures.
Sensitivity of the three-step test in diagnosis of superior oblique palsy.

Purpose Although the Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test is the cornerstone of cyclovertical strabismus diagnosis, it has not been validated against an external benchmark. We evaluated the test's sensitivity in clinical diagnosis of superior oblique palsy in patients with unequivocal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of superior oblique atrophy. Methods A total of 73 strabismic patients were selected from a prospective MRI study because they exhibited superior oblique atrophy indicative of superior oblique denervation and thus confirmatory of superior oblique palsy. Of these, 50 patients who had no confounding factors were included for detailed study. Ocular motility data were evaluated to determine sensitivity of single and combined clinical findings in diagnosis of superior oblique palsy. Results Maximum mean ipsilesional superior oblique cross section was reduced to 9.6 ± 0.6 mm 2 (mean ± standard error) in superior oblique palsy, representing 52% of the 18.5 ± 0.6 mm 2 contralesional superior oblique maximum cross section and 52% of the 18.4 ± 0.4 mm 2 control maximum superior oblique cross section ( P 2 ) and those that did not (9.1 ± 0.7 mm 2 ; P = 0.58). Conclusions The complete three-step test fails to detect 30% of cases of superior oblique atrophy. Often only two of three steps are positive in superior oblique palsy.
Direct experimental observation of stacking fault scattering in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite meso-structures

Stacking fault defects are thought to be the root cause for many of the anomalous transport phenomena seen in high-quality graphite samples. In stark contrast to their importance, direct observation of stacking faults by diffractive techniques has remained elusive due to fundamental experimental difficulties. Here we show that the stacking fault density and resistance can be measured by analyzing the non-Gaussian scatter observed in the c-axis resistivity of mesoscopic graphite structures. We also show that the deviation from Ohmic conduction seen at high electrical field strength can be fit to a thermally activated transport model, which accurately reproduces the stacking fault density inferred from the statistical analysis. From our measurements, we conclude that the c-axis resistivity is entirely determined by the stacking fault resistance, which is orders of magnitude larger than the inter-layer resistance expected from a Drude model.
Search for efficient device-dependent action sequences in the user interface

This paper describes a design tool, under development, that identifies efficient low-level action sequences in the user interface, accounting for the relationships between the physical properties of an input device and the requirements of primitive tasks. A device representation and a task taxonomy are presented. These, along with a library of efficiency measures for specific devices, provide information to steer search through the space of action sequences.
Series solutions for shock tube laminar boundary layer and test time.

1 Van Dyke, M., "The supersonic blunt-body problem—review and extensions/' J. Aeronaut. Sci. 25, 485-496 (1958). 2 Garabedian, P. R. and Lieberstein, H. M., "On the numerical calculation of detached bow shock waves in hypersonic flow," J. Aeronaut. Sci. 25, 109-118 (1958). 3 Swigart, R., "Hypersonic blunt-body flowfields at angle of attack," AIAA J. 2, 115-117 (1964). 4 Swenson, E. V., "Numerical computation of hypersonic flow past a two-dimensional blunt body," Atomic Energy Commission Research and Development Rept. NYO 1480-1, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York Univ. (1964). 5 Bielotserkovskii, O. M., "On the calculation of flow past axisymmetric bodies with detached shock waves using an electronic computing machine," Prikl. Mat. Mekh. 24, 511-517 (1960). 6 Prosnak, W. J. and Luczywek, E., "The direct asymmetric hypersonic blunt-body problem," AIAA Preprint 64-552 (1964). 7 Bazzhin, A. P., "On the computation of the supersonic flow about a flat plate with a detached shock wave," Inzh. Zh. 3, 222227 (1963). 8 Waldman, G. D., "Integral approach to the yawed blunt body problem," AIAA Paper 65-28 (1965). 9 Godunov, S. K., Zabrodin, A. O., and Prokopov, G. P., "A difference scheme for two-dimensional unsteady flow with a detached shock wave," Zh. Vychyslitelnoi Mat. Mat, Fiz. I, 10201050 (1961); also available as a Cornell Aeronautical Lab. transl. 10 Bohachevsky, I. O. and Rubin, E. L., "A direct method for computation of nonequilibrium flows with detached shock waves," AIAA J. 4, 600-607 (1966). 11 Lax, P. D., "Weak solutions of nonlinear hyperbolic equations and their numerical computations," Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 7, 159-193 (1954). 12 Kaattari, G. E., "Shock envelopes of blunt bodies at large angles of attack," NASA TN D-1980 (December 1963). 13 Vaglio-Laurin, R., "Transonic rotational flow over a convex corner," J. Fluid Mech. 9, 81-103 (1960). 14 Kaattari, G. E., "Predicted shock envelopes about two types of vehicles at large angles of attack," NASA TN D-860 (April 1961).
Identification of the Protein Targets of the Reactive Metabolite of Teucrin A in Vivo in the Rat

Covalent modification of proteins is associated with the toxicity of many electrophiles, and the identification of relevant in vivo protein targets is a desirable but challenging goal. Here, we describe a strategy for the enrichment of adducted proteins utilizing single-chain fragment variable (ScFv) antibodies selected using phage-display technology. Teucrin A is a furan-containing diterpenoid found in the herb germander that is primarily responsible for the herb’s hepatotoxicity in rodents and humans following metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Conjugates of the 1,4-enedial derivative of teucrin A, its presumed toxic metabolite, with lysine- and cysteine-containing peptides were synthesized and used to select ScFvs from a rodent phage-displayed library, which recognized the terpenoid moiety of the teucrin-derived adducts. Immunoaffinity isolation of adducted proteins from rat liver homogenates following administration of a toxic dose of teucrin A afforded a family of proteins that were ide...
Use of the pneumo sleeve as an adjunct in laparoscopic nephrectomy

Abstract Having “a hand” in the abdomen when performing laparoscopic surgery offers tactile feedback, rapid finger dissection, enhanced retraction capabilities, and simplified hemostasis for the operating surgeon. We utilized the Pneumo Sleeve for technically challenging laparoscopic nephrectomies. This device may have applicability in select urologic laparoscopic operations.
High resolution electron microscopy on highly purified β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli

β-Galactosidase, a lactose-splitting enzyme of high molecular weight, was isolated from Escherichia coli ML 308. The crystalline enzyme was investigated by electron microscopy using the negative staining technique. Two structural patterns were commonly observed and interpreted to represent different orientations of the molecule. The size and shape of unfixed molecules and molecules fixed in formaldehyde solution were compared. A subdivision into four subunits was indicated for the molecule in the amorphous state. The molecular weight calculated from the observed dimensions of the molecule was estimated to be about 500,000. A substructure of the subunit was indicated. The molecule has been found to be asymmetric with regard to its quaternary structure.
Substrates and signalling complexes: the tortured path to insulin action.

In the last few years several potential substrates of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase have been identified, purified, and their cDNAs isolated. These putative substrates include: (1) pp15, a fatty acid-binding protein; (2) pp120, a plasma membrane ecto-ATPase; (3) pp42, a MAP serine/threonine kinase; (4) pp85, a subunit of the Type 1 phosphatidylinositol kinase; and (5) pp185, a phosphatidylinositol kinase binding protein. Although the tyrosine phosphorylation of several of these substrates correlates with the signalling capabilities of various mutant receptors, the role of these substrates in mediating any one of insulin's many biological responses is still unknown. In addition, recent data indicate that the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp42 may in fact be due to autophosphorylation, thereby removing it from the list of putative substrates of the insulin receptor kinase. Finally, the present review discusses the question of whether signalling occurs as a result of the tyrosine phosphorylation of substrates or via the formation of signalling complexes.
Stress, strain, and hardiness as predictors of adaptation in farm and ranch families

We examined the relationship between potential family vulnerability factors (stressor and strains), manifestations of maladaptation (family discord and distress), family strengths (hardiness), and measures of bonadaptation (quality of life) as reported by 188 men and women representing 100 Idaho farm and ranch families. Family strains, and stressors unique to farming and ranching, were positively associated with family discord and distress but negatively associated with hardiness and quality of life. Greater family hardiness as reported by both wives and husbands was positively correlated with their perceptions of family quality of life. The results have implications for mental health professionals and family life educators whose goal is to help farm and ranch families manage stress more effectively, increase hardiness, and enhance their overall quality of life.
The use of continuous infusion topotecan in persistent and recurrent ovarian cancer.

We retrospectively review our experience with continuous infusion topotecan for the treatment of persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer in this paper. Nine patients were identified who were treated at the University of California Los Angeles Medical Center between January 1997 and December 1999 using a 14–21 day continuous infusion schedule (0.3–0.7 mg/m2/d). Dose adjustments were performed for grade 3–4 toxicities and treatment was discontinued for persistent severe toxicity or progressive disease. Response to treatment was analyzed and stratified by platinum refractory, resistant, and sensitive disease. A total of 41 treatment cycles were given to nine patients with a median of five per patient (range 1–11). Median follow-up was 8 months. There were two partial responses (22%) and four patients had stable disease (44%), which included two patients with platinum-refractory tumors. No grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities were observed. However, two patients suffered grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity during the first cycle leading to discontinuation of topotecan administration. There was no cumulative toxicity. Topotecan administered by continuous infusion demonstrated response rates comparable to other dosing schedules with minimal hematologic toxicity. Treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer with continuous infusion topotecan warrants further investigation.
Resolution calculus for the first order linear logic

This paper presents a formulation and completeness proof of the resolution-type calculi for the first order fragment of Girard's linear logic by a general method which provides the general scheme of transforming a cutfree Gentzen-type system into a resolution type system, preserving the structure of derivations. This is a direct extension of the method introduced by Maslov for classical predicate logic. Ideas of the author and Zamov are used to avoid skolomization. Completeness of strategies is first established for the Gentzen-type system, and then transferred to resolution. The propositional resolution system was implemented by T. Tammet.
Hippocampal excitability phase-locked to the theta rhythm in walking rats

Abstract Measures of monosynaptic activation of the CA1 and dentate regions of the hippocampus varied with the phase of the slow-wave theta rhythm in freely moving rats. Despite the fact that the theta rhythm recorded in CA1 is phase-reversed with respect to that recorded in the dentate region, peak excitability in both regions occurred about 110° after the positive peak of the dentate theta rhythm.
A Clinical Translation of the Article Titled, “The Utility of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Understanding Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature”

BACKGROUND: While magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a technique used in research related to substance use, MRS may be less familiar to practitioners. METHOD: This is a clinical translation of a systematic review by Hellem and Shi (this issue of JAPNA). The article provides an overview of the MRS technique and neurometabolites that are commonly studied with MRS in the human brain. The methods and results are presented for the systemic review of MRS studies among adults and focus on alcohol, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, opiates/opioids, marijuana, and nicotine. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies were included in the review of literature. Substance-specific studies indicated inconsistencies with respect to alterations in brain chemistry. A consistent finding across substances (alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine) was the decrease of two metabolites (N-acetylaspartate and choline). CONCULSION: MRS offers the possibility of identifying brain biomarkers for disease and evaluating treatment response. Neede...
Self-Regulation in Young Children: Is There a Role for Sociodramatic Play?.

Abstract This study tested Vygotsky’s assumption that sociodramatic play in early childhood contributes importantly to the development of self-regulation. It also explored whether the link between sociodramatic play and self-regulation differs for impulsive and nonimpulsive preschoolers. In a short-term longitudinal design, 51 middle-income 3- and 4-year-olds were observed in their preschool classrooms. Naturalistic observations of total dramatic play, complex sociodramatic (CSD) play, and solitary dramatic play and of self-regulation in two classroom contexts—clean-up periods and group circle time—were gathered at Time 1, in the fall of the school year. To assess development of self-regulation, clean-up and circle time observations were repeated at Time 2, in late winter and early spring. CSD play predicted development of self-regulation during clean-up periods, whereas solitary dramatic play was negatively correlated with improvement in clean-up performance. The CSD play/improved self-regulation relationship was particularly strong for high-impulsive children, nil for low-impulsive children. Findings are consistent with Vygotsky’s theory and suggest that sociodramatic experiences may be especially advantageous for impulsive children, who are behind their peers in self-regulatory development.
Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Tropical Cloud Systems during Phase III of GATE. Part I: Two-Dimensional Experiments.

Abstract A formal framework is established for the way in which cloud-resolving numerical models are used to investigate the role of precipitating cloud systems in climate and weather forecasting models. Emphasis is on models with periodic lateral boundary conditions that eliminate unrealistic numerically generated circulations caused by open boundary conditions in long-term simulations. Defined in this formalism is the concept of large-scale forcing and the cloud-environment interactions that are consistent with the periodic boundary conditions. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of the evolution of cloud systems during 1–7 September 1974 in Phase III of the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) are conducted. Based on the above formalism, a simple technique is used to force an anelastic cloud-resolving model with evolving large-scale horizontal wind field and large-scale forcing for the temperature and moisture obtained from the GATE data. The 7-day period selected i...
Imaging of Atherosclerosis in Apoliprotein E Knockout Mice: Targeting of a Folate-Conjugated Radiopharmaceutical to Activated Macrophages

Early detection of heart disease is essential for the implementation of intervention strategies that reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Radioimaging methods that have been explored for this purpose include 18F-FDG, which measures sites of elevated metabolic activity; 99mTc-annexin A5, which reveals regions of enhanced apoptosis and thrombosis; and 99mTc-labeled anti–lectinlike oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 antibody, which detects the lectinlike oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 that is overexpressed on a variety of vasculature-associated cells. In this study, we examine the use of a folate-targeted chelate of 99mTc, termed 99mTc-EC20, for imaging of folate receptor (FR)–expressing macrophages that accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques, internalize cholesterol-rich lipoprotein particles, and evolve into foam cells that form components of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions. Methods:99mTc-EC20 was injected into apoliprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mice fed a normal or Western (high-fat) diet for 25 wk and imaged by γ-scintigraphy. Treated mice were also dissected, and radioactivities in excised aortas were quantified by γ-counting and imaged by autoradiography. The role of FR-expressing macrophages in uptake of 99mTc-EC20 was also examined by comparing images of apoE−/− mice before and after treatment with clodronate liposomes to deplete tissue macrophages, comparing the sites of 99mTc-EC20 enrichment with sites of macrophage accumulation in thin sections of atherosclerotic tissues, and examining the expression of FRs on atherosclerotic plaque–derived macrophages by flow cytometry. Results: ApoE−/− mice on Western chow exhibited significantly greater accumulation of 99mTc-EC20 in atherosclerotic lesions than their counterparts on normal chow. The aortas of apoE−/− mice on a Western diet demonstrated greater numbers of FR-positive macrophages by flow cytometry than did those of apoE−/− mice on a normal diet. Clodronate liposome treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of 99mTc-EC20 in atherosclerotic tissues, suggesting that macrophages or monocytes are responsible for uptake of the folate-linked radioimaging agent. Histologic and autoradiographic analysis of tissue sections demonstrated that macrophage accumulation correlated with regions of 99mTc-EC20 uptake. Conclusion:99mTc-EC20 can be used for the imaging of atherosclerosis by selectively targeting FR-positive activated macrophages.
A Unified-Birth Through Grade Three Early Childhood Endorsement: Challenges to IHE Faculty Across Iowa

Iowa, like many states, must respond to the developing and expanding needs for teachers in early intervention. This article describes one state's jaurney to establish and implement a unified endorsement in early childhood and early childhood special education, birth through third grade. A detailed description provides an understanding of the process that Iowa went through to develop a unified endorsement. It describes the formation of the Unified Institute of Higher Education (IHE) Cansartium and the support the consortium provided to help faculty make major curriculum changes. The results of a statewide faculty needs survey are described to help understand what issues confront IHEs and faculty as they undertake such a major transformation of teacher preparation, The article also describes some challenges for the future.
Sport-specific assessment of lactate threshold and aerobic capacity throughout a collegiate hockey season

The purpose of this study was to examine lactate threshold (LT) and maximal aerobic capacity with a sport-specific skating protocol throughout a competitive season in collegiate hockey players. We hypothesized that maximal aerobic capacity and skating velocity at LT would increase as the season progressed. Sixteen Division I college hockey players performed a graded exercise skating protocol to fatigue at 3 different times (pre-, mid-, and postseason). Subjects skated for 80 s during each stage, followed by 40 s of rest to allow for blood lactate sampling. Velocity at LT was similar during preseason (4.44 +/- 0.08 m.s-1) and postseason (4.52 +/- 0.05 m.s-1) testing, but was significantly elevated at midseason (4.70 +/- 0.08 m.s-1; p < 0.01), compared with preseason. In contrast, LT as a percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax) was unchanged throughout the season. HRmax remained constant throughout the season, at approximately 190 beats.min-1. Preseason maximal aerobic capacity (48.7 +/- 0.8 mL.kg-1.min-1) was significantly higher than that at postseason (45.0 +/- 1.1 mL.kg-1.min-1; p < 0.01). In conclusion, skating velocity at LT improved from pre- to midseason, but this adaptation was not maintained at postseason. Additionally, maximal aerobic capacity was reduced from pre- to postseason. These findings suggest a need for aerobic training throughout the college hockey season.
The δ15N signature of the detrital food web tracks a landscape-scale soil phosphorus gradient in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest

In this study. we investigated whether landscape-scale variation of soil P accounts for 13 C and ' ' N composition of detrital invertebrates in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. The top 10-cm soil, leaf-litter samples and plant foliage were collected among 18 plots representing a three-fold soil P gradient during 2007-2009. Body tissue of litter invertebrates (extracted from leaf-litter samples) along with soil, leaf litter and green foliage were analysed for total C, total N, δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. Differences in δ 13 C and δ 15 N signatures across plots and relative trophic distances of detrital food webs (Δ δ 15 N), and their variation with soil P gradient were evaluated. We found soil P gradient had a significantly positive correlation with δ 15 N of Asterogyne martiana foliage, leaf litter, collembolans and oribatid mites. The δ 15 of the collembolans and pseudoscorpions positively correlated to leaf-litter δ 15 N. Δ δ 15 N between the trophic levels remained consistent across the soil P gradient. Higher δ 15 N in the collembolans and oribatid mites might be derived from their consumption on 15 N-enriched decayed debris or fungal hyphae growing on it. It suggests that fine-scale soil P variation can affect trophic dynamics of detrital arthropods via regulation of microbial community and nutrient dynamics.
Original and Ongoing Theological Issues through One Hundred Years of the Harvard Theological Review

The first words of the inaugural issue of the Harvard Theological Review in January 1908 were those of Francis Greenwood Peabody, Plummer Professor of Christian Morals and sometime Dean of the Faculty of Divinity, from 1901–1906. An ordained Unitarian minister, Peabo, as he was affectionately called by the undergraduates, was known most prominently around College haunts for having convinced the Corporation (the President and Fellows of Harvard College) to make Chapel attendance optional while he was Preacher to the University. More importantly, however, he was the main proponent of Social Ethics in both the College and the Divinity School and Harvard's own expositor of the Social Gospel some years before Walter Rauschenbusch made that term popular. Peabody was also a key professor of German thought and theology in the Divinity School.
Before the Creative Class Blight, Gay Movies, and Family Values in the Haight-Ashbury Neighborhood, 1964

During the summer of 1964, the Haight Theater in San Francisco operated briefly as “gay movie house” that screened B-movies, held drag shows, and hosted male physique contests. For Haight-Ashbury n...
Activation of PXR induces hypercholesterolemia in wild-type and accelerates atherosclerosis in apoE deficient mice

The nuclear hormone receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR; also called SXR) functions as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism via transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. Although many clinically relevant PXR ligands have been shown to affect cholesterol levels, the role of PXR in cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we report that activation of PXR by feeding the PXR agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (0.02%) for 2 weeks to wild-type (WT) mice significantly increased total cholesterol levels and atherogenic lipoproteins VLDL and LDL levels, but had no effect in PXR knockout (PXR−/−) mice. Chronic PXR activation in atherosclerosis prone apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−) mice was found to decrease HDL levels and increase atherosclerotic cross-sectional lesion area at both the aortic root and in the brachiocephalic artery by 54% (P < 0.001) and 116% (P < 0.01), respectively. PXR activation significantly regulated genes in the liver involved in lipoprotein transportation and cholesterol metabolism, including CD36, ApoA-IV, and CYP39A1, in both WT and ApoE−/− mice. Furthermore, PXR activation can increase CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in peritoneal macrophages of ApoE−/− mice. In summary, PXR activation in WT mice increases levels of the atherogenic lipoproteins VLDL and LDL, whereas in ApoE−/− mice, PXR increases atherosclerosis, perhaps by diminishing levels of the antiatherogenic ApoA-IV and increasing lipid accumulation in macrophages.—Zhou, C., N. King, K. Y. Chen, and J. L. Breslow. Activation of PXR induces hypercholesterolemia in wild-type and accelerates atherosclerosis in apoE deficient mice.
Late 20th‐century trends in Iowa watersheds: an investigation of observed and modelled hydrologic storages and fluxes in heavily managed landscapes

Many climate change studies have shown that streamflow has been changing across the US over the last century. However, there are fewer studies examining trends in hydrologic variables such as soil moisture and snow, which tend to be poorly observed in some regions. Hydrologic models can be applied to understand changes in processes with limited spatial or temporal observational records. However, the application of hydrologic models to long time periods can be complicated by human influences on the hydrologic cycle. In this study, we explore hydrologic changes and the applicability of a commonly used hydrologic modelling system for climate change analysis in a heavily managed landscape. Historical streamflow observations and model-derived time series of subsurface storage, frozen ground, and snow cover were analysed for 10 Iowa watersheds. The modelled data were generated using precipitation and temperature data spanning 1948–2003 as inputs to common hydrologic prediction models. Time series were tested for trends and significance using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test with the Trend-Free Pre-Whitening procedure at a p = 0.1 significance level. Plots of 10-year running averages were also examined. Significantly increasing trends in mean daily discharge and the number of high-flow days were found for several watersheds. Increasing monthly subsurface water content was observed throughout the year in most basins, and was greatest during the winter. The number of modelled frozen-ground days declined at all sites. Three different model calibration periods were tested and found to reproduce the general upward trend observed in the daily mean discharge. However, the model results varied from the observed in both magnitude and the number of sites identified to have MK trends. Additional functionality that considers land management and land cover change may make the models applied here more accurate for studying climate change impacts in regions such as Iowa. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Accuracy in the Measurement of Compartment Pressures: A Comparison of Three Commonly Used Devices

Background: In situations in which accurate physical diagnosis is inconclusive, an objective method for measuring compartment pressure can aid in the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. Previous studies have compared measurement devices with each other but not with an accurately determined gold standard. The purpose of the present study was to devise a reproducible in vitro model of compartment pressure and to compare commonly used measurement devices in order to determine their accuracy. Methods: With a graduated cylinder being used to generate a known pressure, freshly harvested ovine muscle was placed into a chamber for testing. The cylinder was incrementally filled with saline solution (in fifty-five steps), and measurements of tissue pressure were obtained with use of the Stryker Intracompartmental Pressure Monitor System, an arterial line manometer, and the Whitesides apparatus. Each device was tested with a straight needle, a side-port needle, and a slit catheter, for a total of nine setups in all. Five trials were done with each setup. Control pressures were calculated on the basis of the height of the saline solution column (test range, 0.13 to 10.80 kPa). Multiple regression analysis was used to compare measured tissue pressures with calculated control pressures. Results: Most methods demonstrated excellent correlation (R2 > 0.95) between calculated and measured pressures. The arterial line manometer with the slit catheter showed the best correlation (R2 = 0.9978), and the Whitesides apparatus with the side-port needle showed the worst (R2 = 0.9115). Furthermore, the Stryker system with the side-port needle demonstrated the least constant bias (+0.06 kPa). Straight needles tended to overestimate pressure. Two of the three needle configurations involving the Whitesides apparatus overestimated pressure. The data for the Whitesides methods had the highest standard errors, showing clinically unacceptable scatter. Conclusion: Side-port needles and slit catheters are more accurate than straight needles are. The arterial line manometer is the most accurate device. The Stryker device is also very accurate. The Whitesides manometer apparatus lacks the precision needed for clinical use. Clinical Relevance: When physical examination findings are inconclusive, accurate measurement of compartment pressures can aid in timely management and can minimize patient morbidity. Measurement should be done with use of the most accurate technique available.
Fraud in the governmental and private sectors

The objective of this paper is to identify and provide a description, assessment, and analysis of frauds occurring in governmental entities at the federal, state, and local levels and to compare these findings to data from the private sector. Analyses are conducted along the following dimensions: the victim of the fraud, its perpetrator(s), the fraud scheme, and the detection and investigation of the fraudulent activity. In addition, the conditions under which the frauds occurred in both the public and private sectors are described, discussed, and analyzed. Data were obtained from a mail survey distributed to the membership of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. A total of 2,471 responses containing details of actual fraud cases were received. Of these, 611 cases described frauds that had occurred in governmental units and 1,860 depicted frauds that had occurred in the private sector. The findings of this study clearly indicate that no entity is immune to victimization by criminal activities of a financial nature.
Reflections on Conference Proceedings for the Center for Teacher Education Evaluation

Reflections provided in this summary paper are a result of observations made during the May conference sponsored by the Tennessee Technological University Center for Teacher Education Evaluation. The conference, entitled “Teacher Education Evaluation: Missing Links,” served as a forum for presenting multiple perspectives on issues and concerns related to teacher education program evaluation. Specifically, the conference focused on six major aspects of teacher education program evaluation. Those six aspects included the following: outcome assessment, candidate selection, pupil achievement, program evaluation, evaluation of the educational unit, and follow-up studies. The Center for Teacher Education Evaluation along with the State of Tennessee should be complimented for their initiative.
Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Publisher Summary A number of facts have been accumulated suggesting that there is far more to carbohydrate degradation and origin than the classical form of the reversible Embden-Meyerhof scheme. Among these are the discovery of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, which led the glucose molecule into unfamiliar paths, the existence of pentoses, hexoses, and heptoses and their derivatives such as ribose, desoxyribose, galactose, glucosamine, uronic acids, sedoheptulose, and numerous other compounds whose origin from any point on the classical pathway is not immediately evident, and the metabolism of these substances themselves, as each can be used by one type of organism or another as a source of energy and carbon for growth. As work on the individual steps of the classical scheme proceeded in one particular tissue or organism, some significant variations on the main metabolic theme have appeared. The metabolism of fructose is an important example of these variations and divergencies. The conversion of glucose to uronic acid and hexosamine by two additional pathways appears likely from isotopic evidence, although details of stepwise mechanism are almost completely lacking.
Conducting the instrumentalists: a framework for engineering liberal education

This short paper comments upon a concern repeatedly voiced by would-be engineering education reformers, namely what to do about the profound instrumentalist orientation to education prevalent across engineering. Especially among promoters of engineering and liberal education integration, great anxiety arises in response to today's slide toward instrumentalist rationales for higher education generally and their acute manifestation within engineering programs in particular. This paper reviews one program's strategy for responding to this instrumentalism. Rather than merely augment the existing technical core with liberal education content, our program strives to frame the entire educational experience of our students: It seeks to provide the curricular, conceptual, and pedagogical frameworks to situate students’ engineering coursework (i.e. the technical core) as well as their identities within a more expansive vision of engineering in society. The paper reviews three mechanisms through which we embrace our...
Villagers into Comrades: Literacy Education in the Jiangxi Soviet

This article sheds light on the literacy-education mechanism by which the literacy programs of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) were able to mobilize villagers during the Jiangxi Soviet period (1931–1934). Beginning in the late 1920s and continuing throughout the Jiangxi period, the CCP gave substantial attention to literacy education. Based on political documents and published literacy primers, this article explores the CCP's notion of what was possible and desirable with respect to the way the party and villagers would participate in political life. The Jiangxi Soviet conceived of literacy education within the context of military and political struggle against the Nationalists. Literacy education in this period reflected the party's desire to socialize villagers into its revolution, equipping them with a class-centered worldview and transforming them into Communist comrades. Meanwhile, owing to the modernization ideology of literacy formed around the turn of the twentieth century in China, literacy edu...
Effects of oxidized fatty acids on ascites tumor metabolism.

Summary1. Extracts of irradiated methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate inhibited respiratory and glycolytic activities of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Respiration showed a greater sensitivity than glycolysis to the oxidation products of both esters. 2. The oxidation products of methyl linolenate inhibited both glycolysis and respiration at lower concentrations than those for methyl linoleate. 3. In contrast to the normal tissues of the mouse, the oxidation of tumor cell lipids by aerobic incubation and ultraviolet light could not be demonstrated fatty acids of ascites tumor cells are presented.
Dissection of left iliac artery during anterior lumbar interspace fusion: Report of a case

Vascular injury is an uncommon complication of spine surgery. Among the different approaches, anterior lumbar interbody fusion has increased potential for vascular injuries, since the great vessels and their branches overly the disc spaces to be operated on, and retraction of these vessels is necessary to gain adequate surgical exposure. The reported incidence for anterior lumbar interbody fusion-associated vascular injuries ranges from 0% to 18.1%, with venous laceration as the most common type. We report a case of anterior lumbar interbody fusion-associated left common iliac artery dissection leading to delayed acute limb ischemia developing in early post-operative period.
An Empirical Study on the Moderating Effects of Organization Distribution System on the Correlation between Job Satisfaction and Performance

Based on the standpoint of moderator theory,the paper first explores the moderating effects of organization distribution system on the relationship between employee's job satisfaction and performance;secondly,it subdivides the job satisfaction and performance,and proposes five assumptions about how organization distribution system influence the correlation between job satisfaction and performance;thirdly,it makes an empirical research on the assumptions,finding the influence is significant;finally,based on the conclusion,it gave some advice to business management.
Primary Parametric Resonance of Inclined Beam Subjected to Harmonic Excitation in Temperature Field

Based on nonlinear vibration equation of inclined beam subjected to harmonic excitation in temperature field,the first approximate solution of primary parametric resonance of the nonlinear vibration system is obtained by means of the method of multiple scales for nonlinear oscillations.Results of numerical analysis of the influence of temperature and the ratio of length to height on amplitude frequency response curves are as follows.An analysis is made of stability of steady state solutions and the resonant region of the primary paratric resonance system is narrow.With the decreasing of the temperature and the ratio of length to height,the resonant region of primary parametric resonance of the system increases.
Detection and analysis of urinary iodine level for healthy children from 2 to 14 years old in Yandu

Objective To understand the iodine nutrition level among 2 ~ 14 years old children in Yandu area,and provide a scientific basis for the adjustment of local salt iodine content.Methods Urine specimens were collected from 2 ~ 14 years old children in 18 communities,not less than 100 of each community,the content of urine iodine is studied by ammonium persulfate digestion-arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometric method.Results The urine iodine range is 10.1 μg / L ~ 916.3 μg / L in 2716 samples,median is 195.6 μg / L,four percentile interval Q(P 50) is 126.1 μg/L.The test results showed no significant differences between boys and girls.Conclusion Children's iodine nutrition level in Yandu is in a suitable state.Reducing iodine content of local salt is scientific in 2012.Iodine nutrition level is mainly related with the iodized salt intake,not the location in the coastal areas.
The Jewish–Israeli Ethos of Conflict

One of Bar-Tal’s main contributions is the concept of ethos of conflict. Ethos is defined as configuration of central societal beliefs that provides central characterization to the society and gives it a particular orientation. Ethos of conflict evolves during an intractable conflict. It is a major component of the psychological repertoire that allows a society to cope effectively with the stressful conditions produced by a conflict. But at the same time, the ethos functions as a barrier to the peace process by providing an epistemic basis for continuation of the conflict. It includes the following specific themes: shared beliefs about the goals in the conflict, security, own victimization, positive self-image, delegitimization of the opponent, patriotism, the need for national unity, and peace. The chapter elaborates on the content of these shared beliefs while focusing specifically on the Israeli–Jewish ethos during the years 1967–2013. The way ethos of conflict changes is also discussed as are potential causes of changes in ethos. In this context, the chapter refers to major events and major information as causes of change in ethos. It further discusses the reciprocal relationship between ethos of conflict and conflict resolution.
Serious bacterial infections in children. When can outpatient treatment be used

PreviewChildren with a serious bacterial infection were once routinely hospitalized for parenteral administration of antibiotics. However, hospitalization is expensive and inconvenient and places children at risk for iatrogenic complications. Many studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of sequential parenteral-oral and once-daily administration of antibiotics to pediatric outpatients. Dr Gordon reviews the results of these studies and describes the criteria for selecting candidates for outpatient care.
Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube: a history and update.

Purpose of reviewCurrent opinions and trends in the management of upper lacrimal obstruction include design variations on the original Lester Jones tube and updated awareness and management of the problems associated with the tubes. This article includes a brief review of the fascinating history of
Visions in Jewish Education

Abstract After clarifying the concepts of existential and educational visions as they figure in this discussion, situating the interest in vision in historical context, and indicating the importance of the subject, the chapter moves on to identify obstacles that have interfered with the advancement of educational practice and thinking in which vision, as understood in this chapter, is central. Then, after an attempt to further sharpen the questions and concerns that constitute the domain of interest, the chapter goes on to discuss two kinds of pertinent research: research streams concerning guiding visions that have already emerged and research streams that are in need of being developed if ideas relating to guiding educational visions are to effectively and most meaningfully influence practice in Jewish education. The chapter concludes by urging that a recent emphasis on the need for more empirical, data-based research concerning the conditions and outcomes of high-quality Jewish education not blind the field to the need for research that is sometimes more theoretical and philosophical into the kinds of matters identified in this discussion. They too need serious attention if the field is to advance as it should.
Hot chips 18 industry panel: Who owns the living room?

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on a panel discussion that examined the home entertainment and mobile computing market. Some of the specific topics discussed include: key trends in home automation and home entertainment; major consumer products and communications/digital systems that support these prducts and services; the market for digital entertainment; snd platforms supported;
Reducing risk, reducing pollution

“We aren't passengers on Spaceship Earth; we're the crew. We aren't residents of this planet; we're citizens. The difference in both cases is responsibility.” Astronaut Rusty Schweikart Some pollution problems are daunting; others less so. This chapter begins with a brief overview as to how we can separate the “trivial” from the serious, whether the risk of a chemical or of a broader environmental problem. The chapter emphasis is on preventing or controlling pollution. Also introduced are the tools that assist us in moving toward sustainable societies. Section I introduces risk assessment concepts, how to evaluate the magnitude of a given risk, chemical risk assessment, and comparative risk assessment. Section II asks, how do we reduce, even eliminate, pollution's risks? Legislation is important. Many laws stress trapping pollutants already produced. The pollution prevention (P 2 ) paradigm, also called source reduction, is more effective. P 2 involves changing a process so that it produces less pollution or, sometimes, none at all. Section III introduces industrial ecology (IE), which goes beyond P 2 . IE examines pollution holistically, searching for means to mesh the human enterprise into the natural environment. Some tools of IE are briefly examined including life-cycle assessment and design for the environment. SECTION I Risk assessment For many years, society has struggled with the problem of how to evaluate environmental risks. Risk assessment tools have been developed over decades, and continue to be refined. ▪ Chemical risk assessment examines the risk of individual chemicals.
Evaluation of amino acid content and composition in spelt wheat varieties

Ten varieties of winter spelt wheat Triticum spelta L. (Ostro, Altgold, KR 489-11-15, Oberkulmer, Ostroschwarzer, Lueg, H9227, H9228, Rouquin, Hercule) and winter common wheat Triticum aestivum L. variety Samara were cultivated in Ceske Budějovice under the low input conditions during years 1996-1998. A mixed crop was cultivated in the preceding year and no nitrogen fertilisation was applied after the foregoing crop harvest. Chemical composition was analysed in the wheat and spelt grains - content of total nitrogenous compounds was determined using Kjeldahl method and amino acid contents were determined using an analyser AAA-339. Mean content of nitrogenous compounds in spelt grains was for about 0.5 % higher than in common wheat grain and this difference was not statistically significant. Old Swiss varieties Ostro (12.52 %) and Oberkulmer (12.60 %), and also new breeding material KR 489-11-15 (13.72 %) had a little higher content of nitrogenous compounds. KR 489-11-15 had also higher content of lysine (4.21 g/kg). There was found the positive correlation between nitrogenous compounds and lysine contents. Within essential amino acids, there were observed significantly increased contents of lysine and threonine among varieties KR 489-11-15, Oberkulmer and Rouquin. From the viewpoint of nutritional value (content of essential amino acids), it would be suitable to focus on the new breeding material KR 489-11-15.