cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirement of certain epitope specificities of glycosylation inhibiting factor for the suppression of in vivo IgE and IgG antibody responses

The ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell hybridoma 71B1, which constitutively secretes glycosylation inhibiting factor (GIF) and is specific for the immunogenic epitope represented by amino acids 323-339 in the OVA molecules, failed to form GIF having affinity for nominal antigen upon stimulation with OVA-pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APC). However, the GIF produced by the antigen-stimulated 71B1 cells bound to the mAb 14-12, which is specific for the antigen-binding chain of effector type suppressor T cell factor (TseF), and to mAb specific for TCR. The GIF constitutively released from unstimulated 71B1 cells failed to bind to any of these antibodies. Gel filtration of GIF preparations showed that the 14-12+ GIF from the antigen-stimulated 71B1 cells are composed of 80-100 and 25-35 kDa species, while the GIF from unstimulated cells was 12-15 kDa. Reduction and alkylation treatment of the GIF from the antigen-stimulated cells resulted in the disappearance of the 80-100 and 25-35 kDa GIF, which was accompanied by the formation of the 12-15 kDa GIF. Thus, the GIF from the antigen-stimulated 71B1 cells was similar to the previously described OVA-binding GIF from the 231F1 cells with respect to their antigenic structures and molecular size, and both factors appear to be composed of the 14-12+ polypeptide chain and 12-15 kDa non-specific GIF. However, the GIF from the antigen-stimulated 71B1 cells lacked affinity for the native OVA or synthetic peptide 323-339, and failed to suppress the in vivo antibody response to dinitrophenyl (DNP)-OVA. In contrast, the OVA-binding GIF has affinity for native OVA and the peptide 307-317, to which the cell source of the factor is specific, and suppressed the in vivo anti-hapten antibody response to DNP-OVA. The results suggest that formation of antigen-specific TsF is confined to T cells with certain epitope specificities. It was also found that the OVA-binding GIF failed to suppress the in vivo anti-hapten antibody response to DNP-conjugates of urea-denatured OVA (UD-OVA), which does not bind OVA-binding GIF. However, APC pulsed with UD-OVA appear to express the epitope 307-317 for which the OVA-binding GIF has affinity. The results collectively suggest that the affinity of GIF for an immunizing antigen, rather than processed antigen, is required for immunosuppression.
Characterization of a Natural Antioxidant from Shrimp Shell Waste

The chemical structure of an antioxidant purified from shrimp shell was analyzed. Positive reactions with both Folin−Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and ferric chloride−potassium ferricyanide reagent in...
Influence Of Therapist And Client Behaviors On Therapy Alliance

This study considers the combined effect of therapist behaviors and couples’ interaction dynamics on therapeutic alliance because it seems to be a significant predictor of successful therapy outcomes. We measured therapeutic alliance using the Working Alliance Inventory, Observer Version (WAI-O), which includes three subscales: goals, tasks, and bond. We investigated the combined effect of therapist behaviors and couples interactions on therapeutic alliance. There were three significant findings: (1) the models better predicted therapeutic alliance for men clients than women clients; (2) combined consideration of partner behaviors and therapist behaviors provided the stronger prediction of therapeutic alliance; and (3) different variables predicted alliance for women clients versus men clients.
HELLAS: a specialized architecture for interactive deformable object modeling

Applications involving interactive modeling of deformable objects require highly iterative, floating-point intensive numerical simulations. As the complexity of these models increases, the computational power required for their simulation quickly grows beyond the capabilities of current general purpose systems. In this paper, we present the design of a low--cost, high--performance, specialized architecture to accelerate these simulations. Our aim is to use such specialized hardware to allow complex interactive physical modeling even on consumer-grade PCs. In this paper, we present details of the target algorithms, the HELLAS architecture, simulation results and lessons learned from our implementation.
Modified residual gas analyzers as sources of mass-selected ion beams

Abstract Inexpensive sources which can produce high current beams of mass-selected ions, formed using several ionization techniques, have been constructed through the modification of residual gas analyzers (RGAs). Through a combination of computer modeling and ion beam visualization, a series of ion optical modifications has been performed and characterized that allow for production, manipulation, and detection of the mass-selected ion beam produced by the RGA. These sources can be used in a broad range of experiments, in some cases replacing larger mass spectrometers.
Long, Accurate Time Series Measurements of Radial Velocities of Solar-Type Stars

We have been measuring changes in the radial velocities (RV’s) of solar-type stars to search for gravitational perturbations by planets. We transmit violet starlight through a Fabry-Perot etalon interferometer and sense changes in Doppler shift from changes in the fluxes of light on the slopes of stellar absorption lines. Our data now span 6 years. Our observations of the Sun showed earlier that both our technique and the profiles of solar photospheric violet absorption lines can be stable enough to reveal planetary perturbations. We now carry this validation to the spectra of other near-solar-type stars. Annual averages of our RV’s of σ Draconis and β Virginis are stable to ±6 m s-1. The slope of our five-year series of RV’s of ξ Bootis A is consistent with the star’s well-determined visual astrometric orbit about ξ Bootis B. The Fabry-Perot technique of Doppler shift measurement is fully capable of detecting perturbations due to planets with masses and orbits similar to those of Jupiter.
Activated human T lymphocytes express cyclooxygenase-2 and produce proadipogenic prostaglandins that drive human orbital fibroblast differentiation to adipocytes.

The differentiation of preadipocyte fibroblasts to adipocytes is a crucial process to many disease states including obesity, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. In Graves' disease, the orbit of the eye can become severely inflamed and infiltrated with T lymphocytes as part of the autoimmune process. The orbital fibroblasts convert to fat-like cells causing the eye to protrude, which is disfiguring and can lead to blindness. Recently, the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and its natural (15d-PGJ2) and synthetic (thiazolidinedione-type) PPAR-gamma agonists have been shown to be crucial to the in vitro differentiation of preadipocyte fibroblasts to adipocytes. We show herein several novel findings. First, that activated T lymphocytes from Graves' patients drive the differentiation of PPAR-gamma-expressing orbital fibroblasts to adipocytes. Second, this adipogenic differentiation is blocked by nonselective small molecule cyclooxygenase (Cox)-1/Cox-2 inhibitors and by Cox-2 selective inhibitors. Third, activated, but not naive, human T cells highly express Cox-2 and synthesize prostaglandin D2 and related prostaglandins that are PPAR-gamma ligands. These provocative new findings provide evidence for how activated T lymphocytes, through production of PPAR-gamma ligands, profoundly influence human fibroblast differentiation to adipocytes. They also suggest the possibility that, in addition to the orbit, T lymphocytes influence the deposition of fat in other tissues.
Assess the Effects of Culturally Relevant Intervention on Breast Cancer Knowledge, Beliefs, and Mammography Use Among Korean American Women

A pre-post test, two-group study was conducted to examine the effects of a culturally competent targeted intervention titled GO EARLY Save Your Life on the breast cancer and early screening-related knowledge and beliefs and mammography use among 180 Korean American (KA) women aged 40 years or older who had not had mammograms within the past 12 months. The intervention group received an interactive education session focused on breast cancer, early screening guidelines, and beliefs (breast cancer-related and Korean cultural beliefs). The control group received no education. There was no statistically significant intervention effect on mammography use between the intervention (34%) and control groups (23%) at 24 weeks post baseline. The rates of mammography use for both groups significantly increased from 16 to 24 weeks post baseline. The education was effective in increasing breast cancer/early screening-related knowledge and modifying beliefs (decreasing barriers, fear, seriousness, and fatalism, and increasing preventive health orientation).
Rapid and stable gene expression in hippocampal slice cultures from a defective HSV-1 vector.

Stable transfer of genetic information into neurons is a powerful strategy to elucidate specific mechanisms of neurophysiology and to develop therapies for neurological disorders. To evaluate the optimal parameters for efficient gene delivery of defective herpes simplex virus type one (HSV-1) vectors into a specific brain region, an HSV-1 vector expressing E. coli β-galactosidase was used to infect organotypic cultures of hippocampal slices. β-Galactosidase was expressed as early as 2 h after infection in a dose-dependent manner as measured on immunoblots, and reached a maximum level after ∼ 35 h. Expression of the RNA and the antigen was still evident after the longest time sampled (11–12 days), whereas no β-galactosidase was ever detected in cultured slices infected with a control virus lacking the reporter gene. Hippocampal cells expressing the reporter gene outlined the contour of the neuronal cell body layers in fields CA3 and dentate gyrus; such correspondence was less evident in field CA1. Anatomical, morphological, and immunohistochemical criteria also confirmed that the majority of these infected cells were neurons. β-Galactosidase was also detected in the somata and processes of infected interneurons. Tests for synaptic pathology associated with virus infection showed no changes in pre- and postsynaptic markers.
Suitability of Selected Marine Algae for Growing the Marine Heterotrich Ciliate Fabrea salina1

. Forty-five axenically grown algal (sensu lato) species representing six divisions—that is. 13 Chlorophyceae, 14 Chrysophycophyta, five Dinophycophyta, seven Cryptophycophyta, two Rhodophycophyta, and four Cyanochloronta—were aseplicaily presented separately as potential food sources to the marine helerotrich ciliate Fabrea salina under standardized algal number, medium, lighting, and temperature. The algae can be placed into three groups based on their effect on the intrinsic growth rate of the ciliate. Nutritious: Rhodomonas lens, cryptomonad LIS1, Dunaliella parva, Prasinodadus marinus, Chroomonas salina, D. tertiolecta, Chaeloceros galvestonensis, D. primolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, D. salina, Isochrysis galbana, Cylindrothecaclosterium, cryptomonad strains M2, WH2 & FSA, Chroomonas sp., P. lubricus, and Peridinium trochoideum. Maintamers: Cyanobacterium strain Tigriopus blue green, P. triquetum. Monochrysis lutheri, Exuviella gracilis, Platymonas tetrathele. Cyclotella caspa, Crypthecodinium cohnii, Prasinocladus C5 strain, D. viridis, Nannochloris occulata, Tetraselmis gracilis, Anacystis marinum, Rhodosorus marinum, and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Nonnutritious: Stichococcus immobilis, Hymenomonas sp. strain 150, Syracosphaera sp. strain 181, Tetraselmis verrucosa, Thalassiosira fluviatilis, Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Synechococcus sp., Pavlova gyrans, Prymnesium parvum, Coccolithus huxleyi, Olisthodiscus luteus, Amphidinium carterii, and Porphyridium aerugineum. There was no apparent relationship between a given taxon and the nutritional value of the group, with the possible exception of the Cryptophycophyta.
Vibrations of rectangular plates with arbitrary non-uniform elastic edge restraints

Abstract Arbitrary non-uniform elastic edge restraints represent the most general class of boundary conditions for plate problems, and are encountered in many real-world applications. The vibrations of plates with this kind of boundary conditions, however, are rarely studied in the literature perhaps because there is a lack of suitable analytical or numerical techniques. In this investigation, a general analytical method is derived for the vibration analysis of rectangular plates with elastic edge restraints of varying stiffness. Both rotational and translational restraints can be arbitrarily applied to an edge, and their stiffness distributions are generally described in terms of a set of invariants, cosine functions. The displacement solution is sought simply as a linear combination of several one- and two-dimensional Fourier cosine series expansions. All the unknown Fourier coefficients are treated equally as a set of independent generalized coordinates and solved directly from the Rayleigh–Ritz formulation. Unlike the existing techniques, the current method does not require any special procedures or schemes to deal with different boundary conditions. A few “classical” problems involving non-uniform rotational restraints are first solved and used to check the current solution against some of the existing techniques. The modal results are also presented for plates with more complicated boundary conditions in which an edge is no longer completely restrained in the translational direction. The accuracy and reliability of the current method are repeatedly demonstrated through all these examples.
An optimal synthetic aperture for circular tomosynthesis

In circular tomosynthesis obtained from a sufficient number of radiographs with projection directions forming a single cone, object detail at a distance from the plane of interest is blurred according to the zero order Bessel function. The main lobe of this window function defines slice thickness, while its ringing side lobes are undesirable because they permit further outlying structures to "leak" through. Using the orthogonality of Bessel functions, a sampling scheme consisting of multiple, concentric projection cones was designed to synthesize by a finite Fourier-Bessel series a slice window with superior side lobe suppression. The window that concentrates the most "energy" within a finite slice, and can be realized by a limited number of sampling cones, is the zero order circular prolate spheroidal function. Its application to tomosynthesis of 3 mm thick slices with a characteristic detail size of 0.5 mm, concentrated 95% of the total series expansion to only 3 concentric circular scans, yielding a theoretical suppression of the first side lobe of -38 dB, to be compared to -8 dB achieved with the Bessel function. Experimental implementation of this optimal sampling scheme using 3, 8, and 14 projection views, distributed over cones with opening half-anges of 1.92, 4.39, and 6.88 degrees, respectively, resulted in a side-lobe attenuation of at least -20 dB. This attenuation reduced significantly artifacts arising from out-of-plane detail of high spatial frequency (e.g., edges) in tomosynthetic images of clinical interest in dentistry.
CD4+CD28– costimulation-independent T cells in multiple sclerosis

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD4+ lymphocytes initiate autoimmune responses against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis (MS). The increased frequency of activated myelin-specific cells in MS patients indicates that the activation of autoreactive cells represents a central event in the pathogenesis of the disease. We identified a CD4+ subpopulation that is characterized phenotypically by the persistent absence of surface CD28 expression and functionally by CD28-independent activation and Th1 cytokine secretion. Owing to their costimulation-independent activation and their expression of a full agonist signaling activation pattern, CD4+CD28- cells have the potential to initiate autoimmune responses in the central nervous system, a compartment devoid of professional antigen presenting cells. Long-term memory CD4+CD28- cells produce high amounts of IFN-gamma and maximally upregulate IFN-gamma and IL-12Rbeta2 chain expression in the absence of costimulation. They exhibit prominent growth characteristics and increased survival after activation, likely related to their persistent lack of CTLA-4 surface expression. The CD4+CD28- population is expanded in a subgroup of MS patients. Myelin basic protein-specific cells detected in this cell subset may play an important role in the inflammatory response within the central nervous system.
New Layered Oxide-Fluoride Perovskites: KNaNbOF5 and KNaMO2F4 (M = Mo6+, W6+)

KNaNbOF5 and KNaMO2F4 (M = Mo6+, W6+), three new layered oxide-fluoride perovskites with the general formula ABB’X6, form from the combination of a second-order Jahn-Teller d0 transition metal and an alkali metal (Na+) on the B-site. Alternating layers of cation vacancies and K+ cations on the A-site complete the structure. The K+ cations are found in the A-site layer where the fluoride ions are located. The A-site is vacant in the adjacent A-site layer where the axial oxides are located. This unusual layered arrangement of unoccupied A-sites and under bonded oxygen has not been observed previously although many perovskite-related structures are known.
Molecular Alignment of Axially-Symmetric Sheared Polymer Network Liquid Crystals

An axially-symmetric sheared polymer network liquid crystal (AS-SPNLC) device is demonstrated and its performances characterized. The formation mechanism of the AS-SPNLC is investigated by observing the dynamic pattern change of the structure during the fabrication process. We also analyze the structure from the electro-optic properties and then construct a simulation model to explain the observed phenomena. Several potential applications, such as tunable-focus negative lens and spatial polarization converter, are discussed.
Psychoactive drug research in the Soviet scientific tradition.

Abstract During the past 200 years, Soviet scientists have extensively investigated and evaluated the effects of psychoactive drugs in humans. An examination of the resultant literature provides insight into the four distinct periods that comprise this era of research.
Predictors of Completion of a Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Court for Repeat Offenders

Driving under the influence (DUI) courts are a somewhat recent adaptation of the widely popular drug courts.1 As such there is a need for more research on these specialty courts that target DUI off...
GONADOTROPIC MODIFYING ACTION OF SERA OF ANIMALS TREATED WITH HYPOPHYSEAL EXTRACTS

THE PRESENT communication concludes our study of the effects produced by the chronic treatment of animals with implants or extracts of pituitaries of the same species. In our last publication on this topic (Katzman, Wade and Doisy, 1939), we reported that the sera obtained from sheep during 262 days of treatment with sheep pituitary extract continued to exhibit progonadotropic activity when tested with the same pituitary extract in immature female rats. In no instance during this period did this serum manifest inhibitory activity. Data were also presented showing that the sera of pigs treated for as long as 364 days with pig pituitary extract failed to exhibit consistent augmentatory or inhibitory properties. At this time we wish to present the data which we have obtained from a continuation of the above studies. The animals Sh 2 (ewe), Sh 3 (ram), Sh 4 (ram) and Pg 2 (sow)
E-048 Carotid blowout syndrome: emergent endovascular management by stenting

Introduction Carotid blowout syndrome (CBOS) is a catastrophic emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. The usual causes are postoperative, inflammation, traumatic, and head and neck tumor invasion. The conventional surgical management is fraught with high morbidity, mortality and complication rates and is ineffective in some cases. This includes carotid artery and/or branch ligation. Carotid artery bypass can be performed with limited success. With the advent of uncovered and covered stents, the emergent management of CBOS has improved and, perhaps, at this time, a desperately fatal disease can be managed with temporary success. Materials and methods During the past 3 years, we have studied five patients (men and women of middle and advanced age) with CBOS of different etiologies, who were considered difficult or not manageable by emergency surgery. Insertion of different types of both uncovered and covered stents, both self-expanding and balloon expandable was performed: Gore Viabahn Endoprosthesis, iCast (Atrium) covered stent, Fluency Plus Stent-Graft (Bard), Wallstent (Boston Scientific) and Protege (Bard). Results The procedures were done in the interventional radiology suite and were successful in temporarily managing the CBOS. No major complications related to the procedures were encountered. No arterial rupture, occlusion, thrombosis, stroke or infection resulted in a short follow-up. Conclusions Emergent insertion of covered and uncovered stents, self-expanding and balloon expandable, is a safe, effective and easy way to temporarily manage CBOS. A longer follow-up and more patients are necessary to assess the long term role of stenting in CBOS.
What does it take to eliminate the use of a strategy strictly dominated by a mixture

This paper reports an experiment to determine whether subjects will learn to stop using a strictly dominated strategy that can be an above average reply. It is difficult to find an experimental design that eliminates the play of the strictly dominated strategy completely. The least effective treatment used money to motivate behavior directly. The most effective treatment used a binary-lottery with money prizes to induce preferences, but even this treatment required giving subjects plenty of experience. Doing so reduced the play of the strictly dominated strategy to around 10 percent by the end of a session. There is no evidence for the explosive cycling needed to make the strictly dominated strategy an above average reply.
Market-Based Approach for Manifesting Shuttle Secondary Payloads

One of the many activities required to launch a Space Shuttle is the determination of its manifest, that is, the selection of those payloads to be launched on a given mission. This task is complicated because payload demands for Shuttle resources are requested from multiple users, the individuals generating the manifests are different from those requesting the resources, and a relatively large amount of time must be spent justifying why certain payloads were manifested at the expense of others. To improve this process, a market-based system was developed to explore its ability to increase the efe ciency of manifesting Space Shuttle secondary payloads. These payloads, located in the Shuttle middeck lockers, are requested by many users. The proposed market-based system allocates a budget of tokens to users, who in turn use the tokens to bid for access to resources in the Shuttle middeck. The results of our experiments with this market-based process show that it can produce higher-quality manifests than a committee-driven process and requires less time to arrive at a solution.
Experimental studies of three‐dimensional filtration on a circular leaf

Filter cake growth and filtration rate on circular leaf in three dimensions, noting Lucite-sugar water runs
Reducing exposure to exchange rate risk: A case study

Abstract During the last decade, with the advent of large fluctuations in the values of currencies, business managers came to realize that effective international financial management could be a major contributor to a firm's profitability. This same period showed aggressive marketing by U.S. firms in foreign markets. The resulting expansions have led to requirements for increased knowledge concerning foreign consumer behavior, pricing procedures and trade regulations. In addition, transactions with foreign customers have resulted in a more complex cash management environment. The firms may desire all payments received to be denominated in U.S. dollars, but such a policy could result in reduced exports if potential foreign importers wished to make payment in their own currency. Consequently, the U.S. firms should accomodate importers' desires and then implement a strategy to deal with the exchange rate risk. This paper develops such a strategy and illustrates how the strategy can be applied to a realistic case.
Revision Control System (RCS) in computational sciences and engineering curriculum

The Revision Control System (RCS) is an essential aspect of software development process and software configuration management. While continuing to be an integral component of the real world, it is often left out of the main stream curriculum in most academic institutions. Instead, students are expected to learn it on their own, as a hobby or as an independent study, out of personal interest. The author describes the experiences gained from attempting to implement a distributed Revision Control System, Git, as part of the computational sciences and engineering curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The author also describes the advantages for both parties involved: improving the competency of students and preparing them for the real world expectations while providing the teacher an opportunity to provide timely feedback to the students and monitor their progress. The availability of free and open source tools used to analyze and visualize the commit history to the repository helps teachers and students observe submission and feedback patterns respectively.
Towards sustainability of engineered processes: Designing self-reliant networks of technological–ecological systems

Abstract Sustainability of human activities is entirely dependent on the availability of ecosystem goods and services such as carbon sequestration, mineral and fossil resources, sunlight, biogeochemical cycles, soil formation, pollination, etc. However, existing methods in most disciplines, including sustainable engineering and industrial ecology ignore this crucial role played by nature. The use of such a narrow boundary can lead to misleading results and perverse decisions. This paper introduces the idea of designing networks of technological systems along with their supporting ecological systems. Such networks of technological and ecological systems exploit the synergy between them and can help in closing material loops and minimize exergy loss, leading to truly self-sustaining systems. Methods for designing such technological–ecological synergy (TES) networks could be developed by extending existing process synthesis and design approaches to include ecological models. Such an approach would integrate industrial ecology with ecological engineering and require collaboration between engineers and ecologists. It presents many new challenges and opportunities for process systems engineering to contribute to the sustainability of engineered systems. The idea of TES networks is illustrated via several practical case studies, with focus on the life cycle of corn ethanol and a typical American residential system.
Neighborhoods, Banks, and Capital Flows: The Transformation of the U.S. Financial System and the Community Reinvestment Movement

Substantial changes in the structure and operation of the U.S. financial system during the last quarter century have reduced the flows of credit and banking services to low-income and minority communities. This article explains how the operation of basic technological, economic, and political forces has transformed the financial institutions of U.S. capitalism; examines the consequences of this transformation for the residents of low-income and minority communities; and explores how the grassroots-based community reinvestment movement has effectively adapted its strategy and objectives to "the ongoing revolution In American banking."
Melting Point and Sublimation of Molybdenum Disulphide

MOLYBDENUM disulphide has until recently been reported as having a melting point1 of 1,185° C. In 1956, however, Zelikman and Belyaevskaya2 reported that samples of molybdenum sulphide did not melt at temperatures up to 1,350°, and only those which had been heated to temperatures in excess of 1,650° C. showed any (microscopic) signs of melting. The purpose of the present communication is to report experiments made in connexion with the preparation of clean molybdenum disulphide surfaces, which are relevant to the question of the melting point of the material.
The Participation of Latin America and the Caribbean in International Supply Chains

As mentioned in the previous chapter, the concept of international supply chain is typically understood as a group of firms in different countries that work together—from the design to the distribution of a product—under the coordination of a lead firm that seeks to minimize total system costs. Unfortunately, very few existing trade or foreign direct investment databases provide enough information to verify that the cross-border transactions that economists observe conform to this definition. Therefore, short of working with case studies, empirical research in this area has relied primarily on proxies to measure value-chain participation.
Tolerance of the facial bones to impact

A study of the tolerance of the facial bones to blunt impact has been conducted for the purpose of determining the mechanics and important parameters affecting fracture. Such information is urgently needed for the safe design of vehicles and protective equipment, and would serve a useful purpose as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of facial injuries. Work to date has been concentrated around the zygomatic bone because of its amenability to mathematical analysis and susceptibility to damage due to its relative fragility and prominence. The force to fracture the bone has been found to be time dependent. For example, high forces up to 1,000 pounds can be tolerated for extremely short time durations of 3 milliseconds or less. Impacts lasting beyond 4 milliseconds produce fracture near 200 pounds. These figures are for a 1 inch square area, and it has been found that for impulses lasting longer than 4 milliseconds the tolerance of the zygomatic bone can be raised by a factor of 150 to 250% if the load is distributed over the entire bone. A linear fracture around one zygomatic bone has been found not to affect the structural integrity of the opposite side of the face, which fact has been very useful in comparing parameters on the same cadaver. In comparing the impact strength of three facial bones on each of four cadavers, the frontal bone has been found to tolerate a force three or four times higher than the mandible and zygomatic bone which are about equal.
Improving SER Immunity of Combinational Logic Using Combinations of Spatial and Temporal Checking

Radiation-induced soft errors on large-scale integrated circuits are becoming increasingly problematic as device sizes are scaled down, operating voltages are reduced, and node capacitances shrink. Therefore, chip reliability has become a big issue in modern VLSI design and the importance of detecting soft error in combinational logic circuits has been recognized. In this paper a method incorporating two error detecting methods, parity check and shadow latch, is presented. The results show that the proposed method combines the best of both previously proposed methods and achieves the soft error rate reduction of 70% with 50% cost overhead for random logic blocks, providing a better cost return for using either method along.
Side-valley tributary fans in high-energy river floodplain environments: Sediment sources and depositional processes, Navarro River basin, California

Side-valley tributary fans within the main axial valley river floodplain system are integral components of the sediment assemblage characterizing floodplains in the high-energy Navarro River basin, California. Laboratory analyses of subsurface core and auger samples from four study sites reveal that sediment-size distributions within the floodplain are controlled by spatial and temporal variation in sediment sources and depositional processes. Over 75% of sediment within individual lower-fan strata are poorly sorted and include gravel clasts inferred to be contributions from the side-valley tributary, whereas remaining strata are composed of fine sediment less than 2 mm without gravel. High-water marks indicate that portions of the side-valley tributary fans are episodically inundated by axial valley overbank flow, a factor that influences fan relief and profile. Thus, two dominant sources supply sediment to this transitional environment: side-valley tributaries and the axial valley river. The transport and depositional processes that supply sediment to the fans operate under three conditions: (1) Tributary debris or fluvial flows, and selective entrainment of fines by fan surface flows, deposit sediment when there is no overbank flow from the axial channel; (2) overbank flow deposits sediment derived from the axial valley river when there is no tributary input; and (3) tributary flows deposit sediment while the floodplain is inundated by floods from the axial valley river. The mixing and interlayering of sediment from these disparate sources within the active floodplain illustrate the significance of both hillslope-floodplain and channel-flood-plain interactions in high-energy fluvial systems with floodplains.
GSK3β Forms a Tetrameric Complex with Endogenous PS1‐CTF/NTF and β‐Catenin: Effects of the D257/D385A and FAD‐linked Mutations

We have previously shown that the endogenous C-terminal fragment of presenilin 1 co-immunoprecipitates with endogenous beta-catenin. Since PS1 has been suggested to be involved in beta-catenin stabilization, we further investigated whether GSK3 beta, responsible for beta-catenin phosphorylation and degradation, is part of the PS1/beta-catenin complex. In naive H4 and CHO cells, PS1 co-immunoprecipitated with both endogenous beta-catenin and GSK3 beta. In addition, GSK3 beta endogenously binds to the PS1-CTF/NTF complex and beta-catenin in naive CHO cells. GSK3 beta also co-immunoprecipitated with PS1 full length in CHO cell lines overexpressing PS1 wild type. Given that it has been recently shown that PS1 mutations of aspartate 257 or 385 result in prevention of PS1 endoproteolysis and inhibition of gamma-secretase activity, we also tested whether PS1 endoproteolysis is required for beta-catenin/GSK3 beta/PS1 binding and whether PS1 FAD-linked mutations affect GSK3 beta recruitment in the PS1/beta-catenin complex. GSK3 beta was detected in PS1 immunoprecipitates from H4 cell lines overexpressing PS1 wild type, delta E10, A286E, L246V and in CHO cell lines overexpressing aspartate or M146L mutations. The latter data show that the absence of PS1 endoproteolysis (D257A/D385A and delta E10) or the presence of PS1-FAD mutations does not interfere with beta-catenin/GSK3 beta/PS1 complex formation.
Gadd45γ Is Dispensable for Normal Mouse Development and T-Cell Proliferation

Gadd45γ, a family member of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene family 45 (Gadd45), is strongly induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2) in peripheral T cells. While in most tissues all Gadd45 family members are expressed, Gadd45γ is the only member that is induced by IL-2. Here we show that the IL-2-induced expression of Gadd45γ is dependent on a signaling pathway mediated by the tyrosine kinase Jak3 and the transcription factors Stat5a and Stat5b (signal transducer and activator of transcription). Previous studies with ectopically overexpressed Gadd45γ in various cell lines implicated its function in negative growth control. To analyze the physiological role of Gadd45γ we used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking Gadd45γ. Gadd45γ-deficient mice develop normally, are indistinguishable from their littermates, and are fertile. Furthermore, hematopoiesis in mice lacking Gadd45γ is not impaired and Gadd45γ-deficient T lymphocytes show normal responses to IL-2. These data demonstrate that Gadd45γ is not essential for normal mouse development and hematopoiesis, possibly due to functional redundancy among the Gadd45 family members. Gadd45γ is also dispensable for IL-2-induced T-cell proliferation.
Accident Prevention through Production Control: Lessons from High Reliability Foremen

An important challenge for construction practitioners and researchers is to develop production systems that are highly productive and safe. Towards this aim, this study investigated the work practices of field supervisors who consistently achieve very high levels of productivity and safety. In the context of this research, such supervisors are called “High Reliability” (HR) supervisors. In-depth field studies documented the work practices of HR supervisors in three trades: residential framing, masonry, and concrete. The HR foremen used several strategies that prevented errors and variability, while at the same time, increased the speed of production. An unexpected finding was that there were significant differences with regards to the control of hazards and exposures. The HR supervisors were able to prevent accidents even under conditions of significant exposures to hazards. The findings provide empirical evidence that the production practices that prevent errors and variability not only improve production, but they also prevent accidents.
Functional status after critical illness: agreement between patient and proxy assessments

Background: assessment of baseline functional status of older patients during and after intensive care unit (ICU) admission is often hampered by challenges related to the critical illness such as cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychological morbidity and pain. To explore the reliability of assessments by carefully chosen proxies, we designed a discriminating selection of proxies and evaluated agreement between patient and proxy responses by assessing activities of daily living (ADLs) at 1 month post-ICU discharge. Methods: patients ≥60 years old admitted to the medical ICU were enrolled in a prospective parent cohort studying delirium. Proxies were carefully screened at ICU admission to choose the best available respondent. Follow-up interviews, including instruments for ADLs, were conducted 1 month after ICU discharge. We examined 179 paired patient–proxy follow-up interviews. Kappa statistics assessed inter-observer agreement, and McNemar's exact test assessed response differences. Results: patients averaged 73.3 ± 8.1 years old with 29% having evidence of cognitive impairment. Proxies were most commonly spouses (38%) or children (39%). Overall, there was substantial (κ ≥ 0.6) to excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.8) between patients and proxies on assessment of all but one basic and one instrumental ADL. Conclusion: proxies carefully chosen at ICU admission show high levels of inter-observer agreement with older patients when assessing current functional status at 1 month post-ICU discharge. This motivates further study of proxy assessments that could be used earlier in critical illness to assess premorbid functional status.
Decentralized multi-vehicle path coordination under communication constraints

We present a mathematical programming based decentralized framework to generate time optimal velocity profiles for a group of path constrained mobile vehicle robots subject to communication connectivity constraints. Each vehicle robot starts from a fixed start point and moves towards a goal point along a fixed path so as to avoid collisions with other robots, and remain in communication connectivity with other robots. The main contribution of this paper is the discrete time decentralized Receding Horizon Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (RH-MINLP) formulation of the multi-vehicle path coordination problem with constraints on kinematics, dynamics, collision avoidance, and communication connectivity, and the application of state-of-the-art MINLP solution techniques. We test scenarios involving up to ten (10) robots to demonstrate (i) the effect of communication connectivity requirements on robot velocity profiles; and (ii) the dependence of the solution computation time on communication connectivity requirements.
The Budding Yeast Mei5 and Sae3 Proteins Act Together With Dmc1 During Meiotic Recombination

Here we provide evidence that the Mei5 and Sae3 proteins of budding yeast act together with Dmc1, a meiosis-specific, RecA-like recombinase. The mei5 and sae3 mutations reduce sporulation, spore viability, and crossing over to the same extent as dmc1. In all three mutants, these defects are largely suppressed by overproduction of Rad51. In addition, mei5 and sae3, like dmc1, suppress the cell-cycle arrest phenotype of the hop2 mutant. The Mei5, Sae3, and Dmc1 proteins colocalize to foci on meiotic chromosomes, and their localization is mutually dependent. The localization of Rad51 to chromosomes is not affected in either mei5 or sae3. Taken together, these observations suggest that the Mei5 and Sae3 proteins are accessory factors specific to Dmc1. We speculate that Mei5 and Sae3 are necessary for efficient formation of Dmc1-containing nucleoprotein filaments in vivo.
Role of High Schools in Undocumented Students' College Choice.

In recent years, some states in the United States have enacted policies that grant some higher education benefits—primarily in-state resident tuition eligibility—to certain undocumented students. While in existence since 2001, little is known of the role of high school institutional agents in implementing such policies. This study describes the efforts of seven New York City high schools to educate their undocumented students about such educational benefits within their college choice process. It details five categories of activities that institutional agents developed to address undocumented students’ college choice needs. These college choice activities included: one-on-one counseling, presentations, outreach, scholarship, and curriculum. This study also examined the effects of institutional demographics on the process of educating undocumented students about their college choice. It discovered that those high schools that had higher percentages of undocumented students had a greater number of college choice activities and had organized their implementation in such a way as to make information more available to this student population. This article concludes with a section that is devoted to implications for research and practice.
Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene

Modern complex societies exhibit marked resilience to interannual-to- decadal droughts, but cultural responses to multidecadal-to-multicentury droughts can only be addressed by integrating detailed archaeological and paleoclimatic records. Four case studies drawn from New and Old World civilizations document societal responses to prolonged drought, including population dislocations, urban abandonment, and state collapse. Further study of past cultural adaptations to persistent climate change may provide valuable perspective on possible responses of modern societies to future climate change.
Chevalley Algebras and Groups

The notation is that of earlier chapters.L is a semisimple Lie algebra over the algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0,H a CSA, Φ the root system.
Graph representations of a bicircular matroid

The bicircular matroid B(G) of a graph G is known to be a transversal matroid. There are, in general, many graphs that represent the matroid as well as many presentations. We discuss the graphs that represent the same bicircular matroid. Given any presentation of a bicircular matroid, we show how to find a graph representing the matroid, and that, in some cases, there is more than one such graph. In the first four sections, we describe background and pertinent results on bicircular matroids. Many of the lemmas and theorems in these sections have straightforward proofs but these results have not been previously stated. In the final section, we illustrate how the graph constructed via the techniques developed by Brualdi and Neudauer (Quart. J. Math. Oxford (2) 48 (1997) 17) for finding the minimal presentations of a bicircular matroid, combined with the earlier results of this paper, relate to the operations developed by Coullard et al. (Discrete Appl. Math. 32 (1991) 223).
Ecosystem-Scale Rates of Primary Production Within Wetland Habitats of the Northern San Francisco Estuary

Salt marsh restoration is hypothesized to provide shoreline stabilization, increased fish habitat, and organic carbon subsidies for estuarine food webs. Organic carbon comes from diverse primary producers that differ in carbon fixation rates and areal extent within wetland systems. This study was designed to obtain some of the first estimates of the relative contribution of different primary producers to total organic carbon production within open water and tidally flooded wetlands of the northern San Francisco Estuary (SFE). Carbon fixation rates of phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, and low marsh emergent vegetation were measured in two natural and four restoring wetlands in 2004. Areal (m2) rates of carbon fixation were greatest for low marsh vegetation, while phytoplankton and microphytobenthos rates were one and two orders of magnitude lower, respectively. However, when areal production rates were scaled to the amount of habitat available for each primary producer group, the relative importance of each group varied by location. Given that each primary producer group supports a different subset of estuarine consumers, the type of food subsidy desired should influence the amount open water channel, mudflat and low marsh area restored. Large-scale wetland restoration activities should consider the types of primary producers likely to occupy restored habitats when estimating future food web impacts.
Heme oxygenase-1: from bench to bedside.

As aspects of basic science come to play an increasingly prominent role in clinical medicine, heme oxygenase-1 is one of several molecules emerging as a central player in diseases of the lung and intensive care unit. Although the apparent raison d'etre of this enzyme is to dispose of heme, its activity results in cytoprotection against oxidative injury and cellular stresses. As the lung interfaces directly with an oxidizing environment, it is expected that heme oxygenase-1 would be involved in many aspects of lung health and disease. The protective effects of heme oxygenase-1 and products of its enzymatic activity, including carbon monoxide, biliverdin and bilirubin, and ferritin, have opened the door to potential therapeutic and disease-monitoring possibilities that one day may be applicable to pulmonary medicine. This article introduces readers to the history of heme oxygenase research, the role of this enzyme in the lung, and related new developments to look forward to in the fields of pulmonary and critical care medicine.
Modeling of isotropic reacting turbulence by a hybrid mapping-EDQNM closure

A hybrid model is developed and implemented for predicting the limiting bound of the reactant conversion rate in an isotropic turbulent flow under the influence of a reaction of the type A + B Products. This model is based on the amplitude mapping closure of Kraichnan for the molecular mixing of a stochastically distributed scalar, and the eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) spectral closure for the two-point scalar covariance. The results predicted by this model compare well with available experimental data in both gaseous and aqueous plug-flow reactors, but point to the need for more detailed measurements in future experimental studies. With the implementation of the mapping closure, a simple analytical expression is obtained for the decay rate of the unmixedness. This expression is very convenient and is recommended for direct practical applications in the modeling and design of plug-flow reactors.