cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granular Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Granules in blasts are most typical of acute myeloblastic leukemia. However, there have been scattered reports of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that have lymphoblasts with azurophilic cytoplasmic granules. These reports do not describe immunologic markers or cytogenetics. We report five additional cases with detailed cytologic, immunologic, and cytogenetic studies. At diagnosis one of these patients had central nervous system disease, while the others had no unusual features. Four of the five patients attained remission. The blasts of all five patients contained distinct cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. The granules were negative for peroxidase and chloroacetate esterase and positive for PAS, acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase incompletely fluoride inhibited, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and in one case, Sudan black B. In the one patient studied by electron microscopy, characteristic lymphoblasts contained membrane-bound electron lucent inclusions, which stained positively with non-specific esterase. Immunologic markers showed a common ALL phenotype. Different cytogenetic abnormalities were seen in all cases. It is important to recognize the characteristics of this morphologic subtype of ALL in order to avoid a misdiagnosis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
Strong Sums in Focused Logic

A useful connective that has not previously been made to work in focused logic is the strong sum, a form of dependent sum that is eliminated by projection rather than pattern matching. This makes strong sums powerful, but it also creates a problem adapting them to focusing: The type of the right projection from a strong sum refers to the term being projected from, but due to the structure of focused logic, that term is not available.In this work we confirm that strong sums can be viewed as a negative connective in focused logic. The key is to resolve strong sums' dependencies eagerly, before projection can see them, using a notion of selfification adapted from module type systems. We validate the logic by proving cut admissibility and identity expansion. All the proofs are formalized in Coq.
Frequency Selectivity, Adaptation, and Suppression in Goldfish Auditory Nerve Fibers

The acoustic portions of the fish ear are otolith organs (the saccule, lagena, and in some species, the utricle), which are specialized to respond to acoustic energy in the frequency range from below 100 Hz to 2 to 3 kHz in some species. These organs contain a sensory epithelium, made up of type II hair cells, a solid calcium carbonate otolithic stone, and an otolithic membrane intervening between the hair cell cilia and the otolith. In most fish species, sound can reach the ear and cause a displacement of the hair cell cilia through at least two pathways; a direct route through which acoustic particle motion is detected by the otolithic organs operating in an inertial “accelerometer” mode, and an indirect route through which the motion of a gas sac (e.g. swimbladder), as it expands and contracts with the sound pressure waveform, is efficiently transmitted to the ear. See Fay and Popper (1980) for a general review of fish hearing.
Chapter 4 Analysis of vehicle routing and inventory-routing problems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses analysis of vehicle routing (VRP) and inventory-routing problems. The main reason for an analytical analysis of a heuristic algorithm is to identify classes of the VRP in which a specific heuristic is highly efficient. In addition, this approach enables us to better understand models that integrate vehicle routing with other issues important to the firm such as integrating inventory control and vehicle routing. The chapter introduces and analyzes a model that incorporates bin-packing features into the vehicle routing problem. It is shown how such results can be used in integrating inventory control and vehicle routing costs. The analysis to the multi-depot case is generalized. The chapter concludes with a brief statement on the impact of analytical analyses on the development of new algorithms for vehicle routing problems as well as its use in practice.
Child Maltreatment and Global Health: Biocultural Perspectives

In this chapter, the challenges of applying cultural, biological, and structural models to child maltreatment are discussed. As a prolegomenon toward more biocultural approaches of conceptualizing maltreatment in the field of global mental health, the relationship between culture and biology is explored from multiple vantages. First, culture moderates the relationship risk of maltreatment and biological factors such as sex, disabilities, and medical illness. Second, the evidence for biological sequelae of maltreatment is scarce from a cross-cultural perspective. Some forms of maltreatment are overrepresented in low and middle income countries such as female genital cutting, and forced conscription of child soldiers, leading to increased and diverse health consequences. Third, the cross-cultural evidence for gene-by-environment interactions is limited by variation in prevalence of alleles and exposures. Fourth, structural factors and macro-cultural processes underlie most biocultural interactions. Macro-cultural process should be targets of intervention.
The Kalman Swarm

Particle Swarm Optimization is gaining momentum as a simple and effective optimization technique. We present a new approach to PSO that significantly reduces the number of iterations required to reach good solutions. In contrast with much recent research, the focus of this work is on fundamental particle motion, making use of the Kalman Filter to update particle positions. This enhances exploration without hurting the ability to converge rapidly to good solutions.
The Representation of Limbo in Medieval Drama

The subject of limbo does not occupy much interest in contemporary theological studies, and, as far as more general interests in the subject of the stratification of hell or its environs, limbo has suffered greatly both in popular understanding and knowledge of its cultural implications, for example, in the studies of the Harrowing of Hell plays from medieval mystery cycles. Even the location of hell, not to even mention that of limbo, is no longer a hotly debated issue for both theologians and artists.
Diseases Associated With or Mimicking Achalasia

Achalasia may be associated with some rare systemic diseases. In addition, a few conditions produce a syndrome often indistinguishable from achalasia. Most of these diseases are malignant and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of idiopathic achalasia.
1930s: The Techno-Body

During the Great Depression, the U.S. deported hundreds of thousands of Mexican workers. At the same time, Americans laid out the red carpet for the creme de la creme of Mexican artists, setting the stage for confusion between neighbors. This chapter examines the ballet H.P. (Horsepower) that composer Carlos Chavez and muralist Diego Rivera created for a Philadelphia audience in 1932. The piece aimed to represent U.S. industry working together harmoniously with the natural resources of Mexico. Rivera’s design for the principal dancer H.P. melded an ancient deer dance of the south with the modern machinery of the north. However, the story seemed to also subtly critique Pan-Americanism; misunderstandings arose between the Mexican creators, the conductor Leopold Stokowski, and the U.S. press and public.
Instability in Underdeveloped Countries: The Impact of the International Economy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basis for the widespread presumption that the international economy, dominated by mature countries, has had a net destabilizing impact on less developed countries (LDCs) in the postwar period and discusses whether more autarkic policies have succeeded in achieving greater freedom from short-run variations in real output. Fluctuations in investment expenditures and in the foreign-trade components of aggregate output are compared across developed and less-developed countries. These comparisons are then related to the size, wealth, and openness—dependence on foreign trade—of rich and poor countries. Although instability in poor countries is indeed substantial, there is no persuasive evidence that the international economy generally exerted a net destabilizing influence on LDCs from 1950 to 1968; and there is the contrary indication that outward-looking trade policies may yield greater stability.
Cemented Versus Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty of the Same Modern Design: A Prospective, Randomized Trial.

Background:Highly porous surfaces promoting biologic fixation have renewed interest in cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but the potential for failed biologic fixation remains. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of cemented and cementless versions of the same TKA
Paving the way for cristobalite TiO2 and GeO2 attainable under moderate tensile stress: A DFT study of transformation paths and activation barriers in cristobalite-rutile transformations of MO2 (M = Si, Ge, Ti)

Abstract We investigate energetics of interconversions between cristobalite-type and rutile-type structures of SiO2, GeO2, and TiO2 at different pressures within Density Functional Theory. Cristobalite-SiO2 is succeeded by the rutile-type, stishovite-SiO2, at high pressures. The rutile-types of GeO2 and TiO2 are favored at ambient pressure, but small tensile stresses are sufficient to yield cristobalite-GeO2 and TiO2. The transition from one structure-type into the other is modeled using collective movements of cations or anions with different degrees of freedom for the remaining structure parameters. We find that increasing the external pressure decreases activation barriers of the cristobalite-rutile transformation. Activation barriers of the reverse transformation from rutile to critobalite decrease with decreasing pressure. If only a fraction of cations follows the collective movement we find even lower activation barriers. The final states are still tetrahedrally or octahedrally coordinated structures, albeit not the high-symmetry variants of cristobalite or rutile, respectively. The small tensile stresses needed to favor cristobalite-GeO2 and TiO2 over their respective rutile counterparts, and the low activation barriers involved in their interconversion let us propose a simple route to synthesize cristobalite-GeO2 and a new cristobalite-TiO2.
Cancer Pain Social Processes and Pain Management in Home Hospice Care

Abstract Background The high incidence of pain associated with end-stage cancers indicates the need for a new approach to understanding how and why patients, caregivers, and clinicians make pain management choices. Aims To provide pilot data and preliminary categories for developing a middle-range nursing theory and framework through which to scrutinize and identify problematic processes involved in management of poorly controlled pain for home hospice patients, caregivers, and nurses, the “caring triad.” Design A qualitative pilot study using constructivist grounded theory methodology to answer the question, “In the context of hospice, what are the social processes occurring for and between each member of the hospice caring triad and how can these processes be categorized?” Settings Home hospice care. Participants/Subjects Hospice patients experiencing cancer pain, family caregivers, hospice nurses. Methods From a sample of triads including hospice patients, caregivers and nurses, data were collected at observational visits, individual interviews, and a focus group over the course of each triad's study involvement. We used recursive coding processes to interpret data. Results Three preliminary categories of social processes were identified: Pain Meaning, Working Toward Comfort, and Bridging Pain; and six subcategories: perceiving pain and discomfort, knowing what to do, planning activities, negotiating a pain plan, talking about pain, and being together in pain. Conclusions As illustrated in the caring triad cases presented, this study moved the management approach of pain from a dichotomous realm of nurse-patient, to the more naturalistic realm for home hospice of nurse-patient-caregiver. In analyzing social processes within and across triad members, we identified categories of impact to target assessment, intervention, and education to improve pain outcomes.
Robotics Technology Kernel for Radiation Sensing and Site Exploitation

This paper details the design and operational prototype of a small unmanned ground vehicle capable of site exploitation and radiation sensing in an indoor, GPS-denied environment. By leveraging the Robotics Technology Kernel and Android Tactical Assault Kit, users and researchers can reduce non-recurring engineering costs associated with autonomous sensing and navigation algorithm development, testing, integration, and reuse. This paper presents recent test results of the system and its sensors using the proposed hardware and software infrastructure connecting back to an end user device.
National survey of home injuries during the time of COVID-19: who is at risk?

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, 44% of all reported injuries in U.S. households occurred in the home. Spending more time at home due to the pandemic may increase the number of home injuries. A nationally representative sample of 2011 U.S. adults were surveyed online between June 17 – June 29, 2020. Propensity score weighting and T-tests were used. Twenty-eight percent (28%) of households reported a home injury or ingestion during the pandemic; 13% reported experiencing both. Injuries were most often due to falls (32%). Medication ingestions were reported by 6%; household product ingestions were reported by 4%. Relative to households that experienced no injuries or ingestions, those that reported either or both were more likely to: be in urban areas, have household incomes > $100,000, and have children living in them. Among households reporting more time spent at home, those with children were significantly more likely than those without to report an injury or ingestion. Results help target prevention messages while U.S. families are continuing to work and learn remotely. During this pandemic and future stay-at-home orders, there is a need for public health efforts to prevent home injuries and ingestions.
Music therapy as a method to improve the communication and social-emotional adjustment abilities of elementary students in self-contained classrooms for children with autism

Q (1) Are there communication and socialization differences in subjects at baseline?;(2) Do subjects improve at similar or different rates based upon baseline performance?;(3) Do demographic variab...
Profiles of Dysregulation Moderate the Impact of PreschoolTeacher–Student Relationships on Elementary School Functioning

Research Findings: Children’s readiness to handle the expectations of elementary school depends heavily on their self-regulation skills. Self-regulation includes both cognitive and behavioral eleme...
Barriers to implementation of STRIDE, a national study to prevent fall-related injuries

Author(s): Reckrey, Jennifer M; Gazarian, Priscilla; Reuben, David B; Latham, Nancy K; McMahon, Siobhan K; Siu, Albert L; Ko, Fred C | Abstract: Background/objectivesEvaluations of complex models of care for older adults may benefit from simultaneous assessment of intervention implementation. The STRIDE (Strategies To Reduce Injuries and Develop confidence in Elders) pragmatic trial evaluated the effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention to reduce serious fall injuries in older adults. We conducted multi-level stakeholder interviews to identify barriers to STRIDE intervention implementation and understand efforts taken to mitigate these barriers.DesignQualitative interviews with key informants.SettingTen clinical trial sites affiliated with practices that provided primary care for persons at increased risk for fall injuries.ParticipantsSpecially trained registered nurses working as Falls Care Managers (FCMs) who delivered the intervention (nn=n13 individual interviews), Research Staff who supervised trial implementation locally (nn=n10 group interviews, 23 included individuals), and members of Central Project Management and the National Patient Stakeholder Council who oversaw national implementation (nn=n2 group interviews, six included individuals).MeasurementsA semi-structured interview guide derived from the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR).ResultsWe identified eight key barriers to STRIDE intervention implementation. FCMs navigated complex relationships with patients and families while working with Research Staff to implement the intervention in primary care practices with limited clinical space, variable provider buy-in, and significant primary care practice staff and provider turnover. The costs of the intervention to individual patients and medical practices amplified these barriers. Efforts to mitigate these barriers varied depending on the needs and opportunities of each primary care setting.ConclusionThe many barriers to implementation and the variability in how stakeholders addressed these locally may have affected the overall STRIDE intervention's effectiveness. Future pragmatic trials should incorporate simultaneous implementation aims to better understand how research interventions translate into clinical care that improves the lives of older adults.
Enhancing Anatomical Instruction: Impact of a Virtual Canine Anatomy Program on Student Outcomes.

Innovative reforms in medical education will require instructional tools to support these changes and to give students more flexibility in where and how they learn. At Colorado State University, the software program Virtual Canine Anatomy (VCA) was developed to assist student learning both inside and outside the anatomical laboratory. The program includes interactive anatomical photographs of dissected canine cadavers, dissection instructions with accompanying videos and diagrams, radiographs, and three-dimensional models. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of instructional tools like VCA so that decisions on pedagogical delivery can be evidence-based. To measure the impact of VCA on student outcomes in a dissection laboratory, this study compared student attitudes, quiz scores, dissection quality and accuracy, and instructor reliance between students with and without access to VCA. Students with VCA needed less time with teaching assistants (P < 0.01), asked teaching assistants fewer questions (P = 0.04), felt that the dissection was easier (P = 0.02), and were in stronger agreement that they had access to adequate resources (P = 0.02). No differences were found in the dissection quality or accuracy, quiz scores, or attitudes regarding overall enjoyment of the activity between the two groups. This study shows that VCA increases student independence and can be used to enhance anatomical instruction.
Towards a Serverless Bioinformatics Cyberinfrastructure Pipeline

Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) and the serverless computing model offer a powerful abstraction for supporting large-scale applications in the cloud. A major hurdle in this context is that it is non-trivial to transform an application, even an already containerized one, to a FaaS implementation. In this paper, we take the first step towards supporting easier and efficient application transformation to FaaS. We present a systematic scheme to transform applications written in Python into a set of functions that can then be automatically deployed atop platforms such as AWS Lamda. We target a Bioinformatics cyberinfrastructure pipeline, CIWARS, that provides waste-water analysis for the identification of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Based on our experience with enabling FaaS-based CIWARS, we develop a methodology that would help the conversion of other similar applications to the FaaS model. Our evaluation shows that our approach can correctly transform CIWARS to FaaS, and the new FaaS-based CIWARS incurs only negligible(≤2%) less than 2% overhead for representative workloads.
Perspectives on Radiopharmaceutical Agents from the FDA: A Conversation between Lou Marzella, Johannes Czernin, and Thomas Hope.

![Figure][1] Lou Marzella, MD, PhD Johannes Czernin, MD, editor in chief of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine , and Thomas Hope, MD, associate professor-in-residence at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), talked with Lou Marzella, MD, PhD, about his work in federal
Communities of Practice and Makerspaces: DMAC's Influence on Technological Professional Development and Teaching Multimodal Composing

Abstract This article examines how the Digital Media and Composition Institute (DMAC) influences participants’ approaches to facilitating technological professional development and to teaching multimodal composing. The authors, alumnae of the 2006 DMAC institute, explain how they identified and adapted effective practices from DMAC “in support of their own educational and professional goals, in light of the specific context at their home institutions and within their varied personal experiences” (DMAC, 2014). The authors trace the influence of DMAC, first, on their approaches to facilitating professional technological development in their department, describing lessons learned about framing, hands-on learning, and community building. Second, the authors discuss DMAC's influence on their approaches to teaching an upper-level Writing in Digital Environments course that emphasizes the digital writing course as a makerspace and community of practice in which enactive learning is encouraged as a method of promoting self-efficacy.
Use of Electrical Stimulation for Hot Boning of Meat

With ever-increasing processing costs, the meat industry is being forced to look into new and innovative processing methods. The efficiency of marketing meat and moving it to the consumer must be increased. The meat industry must face these new challenges and demands in order to survive.
Forest Inventory and Analysis National Data Quality Assessment Report for 2000 to 2003

The Forest Inventory and Analysis program (FIA) is the key USDA Forest Service (USFS) program that provides the information needed to assess the status and trends in the environmental quality of the Nation's forests. The goal of the FIA Quality Assurance (QA) program is to provide a framework to assure the production of complete, accurate and unbiased forest information of known quality. Specific Measurement Quality Objectives (MQO) for precision are designed to provide a window of performance that we are striving to achieve for every field measurement. These data quality goals were developed from knowledge of measurement processes in forestry and forest ecology, as well as the program needs of FIA. This report is a national summary and compilation of MQO analyses by regional personnel and the National QA Advisor.The efficacy of the MQO, as well as the measurement uncertainty associated with a given field measurement, can be tested by comparing data from blind check plots where, in addition to the field measurements of the standard FIA crew, a second QA measurement of the plot was taken by a crew without knowledge of the first crew's results. These QA data were collected between 2000 and 2003 and analyzed for measurement precision between FIA crews.The charge of this task team was to use the blind-check data to assess the FIA program's ability to meet data quality goals as stated by the MQO. The results presented indicate that the repeatability was within project goals for a wide range of measurements across a variety of forest and nonforest environments. However, there were some variables that displayed noncompliance with MQO goals. In general, there were two types of noncompliance: the first is where all the regions were below the MQO standard, and the second is where a subset of the regions was below the MQO standards or was substantially different from the other remaining regions. Results for each regional analysis are presented in appendix tables. In the course of the study, the task team discovered that there were difficulties in analyzing seedling species and seedling count variables for MQO compliance, and recommends further study of the issue. Also the task team addresses the issue of trees missed or added and recommends additional study of this issue. Lastly, the team points out that traditional MQO analysis of the disturbance and treatment variables may not be adequate.Some attributes where regional compliance rates are dissimilar suggest that regional characteristics (environmental variables such as forest type, physiographic class, and forest fragmentation) may have an impact on the ability to obtain consistent measurements. Additionally, differences in data collection protocols may cause differences in compliance rates. For example, a particular variable may be measured with a calibrated instrument in one region, while ocularly estimated in another region.
A Broadcast Protocol: Functional Properties and Specification

This paper concerns a reliable broadcast protocol which we have been investigating within the context of programming distributed systems [Ram1989(a)]. The protocol can be used to simplify the design of distributed computation algorithms. We prove certain important properties of this protocol and provide a concise functional specification of this protocol. The specification is required in order to help understand the behavior of the protocol.
Victims and Significance of Causing Harm

Many criminal law theorists find the punishment of harm puzzling. They argue that acts should be evaluated only on the basis of the risks they create and the actors' awareness of those risks; that punishing results violates both desert and utility. This article explains punishment of harm on the basis of political theory rather than moral philosophy. Punishing harm helps legitimize the rule of law by vindicating victims. A rule of law state precludes cycles of organized retaliatory violence by asserting a monopoly on retaliatory force, thereby depriving individuals and groups of the option of securing their own dignity. We punish harm in order to maintain the fairness and integrity of an institution that has undertaken to stand up for the equal status of victims while precluding them from doing this for themselves.
Computer Simulations of Emissions and Fuel Economy

A simulation of the exhaust emission testing system including a vehicle, dynamometer and driver on General Motors' analog-digital hybrid computer is described. The simulation predicts instantaneous and average results for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and fuel economy over a predefined speed schedule such as the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) city and highway schedules. Among the potential applications of the simulation are characterization of sensitivity relationships between important parameters of the test system and emission results on tests conducted in the laboratory. Examples include sensitivity to dynamometer characteristics, driver, Driver's Aid and ambient conditions; determination of sensitivity of emissions and fuel economy to performance characteristics of various components of the vehicle which influence them such as engines, axles and transmissions; estimation of the effect of product mix on emissions and fuel economy, and determination of the effect of road load, aerodynamic drag, etc., on fuel economy driving any specified speed schedule. The ability of the model to predict absolute emission levels would be highly dependent upon the quality of performance maps, the extent to which the engine dynamics are simulated and the validity of any underlying assumptions.
Corrosion-Related Consequences of Biodiesel in Contact with Natural Seawater

Abstract : Experiments were designed to evaluate corrosion-related consequences of storing/transporting biodiesel in contact with natural seawater under anaerobic conditions. Coastal Key West, FL (KW) and Persian Gulf (PG) natural seawaters were used in these 60-day studies. The highest corrosion rates measured by electrochemical techniques were for unprotected carbon steel exposed to natural KW seawater with biodiesel addition. However, the deepest pits were measured in biodiesel with PG seawater. Microbial sulfide production was stimulated in both seawaters by the presence of biodiesel either as a separate phase or as a fuel-in-water emulsion. The presence of seawater influenced the chemistry of the biodiesel, contributing both sulfur and chloride.
CONCENTRATIONS OF DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE AND DIMETHYL SULFIDE ARE STRAIN-SPECIFIC IN SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATES (SYMBIODINIUM SP., DINOPHYCEAE)(1).

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are sulfur compounds that may function as antioxidants in algae. Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium show strain-specific differences in their susceptibility to temperature-induced oxidative stress and have been shown to contain high concentrations of DMSP. We investigated continuous cultures of four strains from distinct phylotypes (A1, A13, A2, and B1) that can be characterized by differential thermal tolerances. We hypothesized that strains with high thermal tolerance have higher concentrations of DMSP and DMS in comparison to strains with low thermal tolerance. DMSP concentrations were strain-specific with highest concentrations occurring in A1 (225 ± 3.5 mmol · L(-1 ) cell volume [CV]) and lowest in A2 (158 ± 3.8 mmol · L(-1 ) CV). Both strains have high thermal tolerance. Strains with low thermal tolerance (A13 and B1) showed DMSP concentrations in between these extremes (194 ± 19.0 and 160 ± 6.1 mmol · L(-1 ) CV, respectively). DMS data further confirmed this general pattern with high DMS concentrations in A1 and A13 (4.1 ± 1.22 and 2.1 ± 0.37 mmol · L(-1 ) CV, respectively) and low DMS concentrations in A2 and B1 (0.3 ± 0.06 and 0.5 ± 0.22 mmol · L(-1) CV, respectively). Hence, the strain-specific differences in DMSP and DMS concentrations did not match the different abilities of the four phylotypes to withstand thermal stress. Future work should quantify the possible dynamics in DMSP and DMS concentrations during periods of high oxidative stress in Symbiodinium sp. and address the role of these antioxidants in zooxanthellate cnidarians.
Money and market incompleteness in overlapping generations models

Abstract This paper investigates the extent to which the character of equilibria in stochastic overlapping generations models stems from the model's generic market incompleteness. In addition, it addreses the question of whether money serves to complete markets in these models. We show that money does not complete markets in the sense of expanding the set of state-contingent commodities that an individual may trade. The introduction of money effects state-contingent transfers of wealth between individuals; this is a generalization of a result obtained by Marshall, Sonstelie, and Gilles (1987). Numerical simulation of the model suggests that the risk-sharing induced in the monetary economy leads to substantial increases in welfare levels relative to the nonmonetary economy.
Peak and end effects in patients' daily recall of pain and fatigue: a within-subjects analysis.

Abstract Clinical research often relies on retrospective recall of symptom levels, but the information contained in these ratings is not well understood. The “peak-and-end rule” suggests that the most intense (peak) and final (end) moments of an experience disproportionately influence retrospective judgments, which may bias self-reports of somatic symptoms. This study examined the extent to which peak and end symptom levels systematically affect patients' day-to-day recall of pain and fatigue. Rheumatology patients (N = 97) completed 5 to 6 momentary ratings of pain and fatigue per day as well as a daily recall rating of these symptoms for 28 consecutive days. For pain, peak and end momentary ratings predicted daily recall of average pain beyond the actual average of momentary ratings. This effect was small, yet was confirmed in both between-person and within-person (repeated measures) analyses. For fatigue, neither peak nor end momentary symptoms significantly contributed to daily recall. Of note, the evidence for peak- and end-effects in recall of pain and fatigue varied significantly between individual patients. These findings suggest that peak- and end-effects create a small bias in recall reports of pain, but not fatigue. However, there are considerable individual differences in susceptibility to peak and end heuristics. Perspective The peak-end cognitive heuristic could bias end-of-day recall of pain and fatigue. An effect was shown for pain, but not for fatigue. The effects were small and were unlikely to substantially bias end-of-day assessments. Individuals were shown to differ in the degree that the heuristic was associated with recall.
Engendering Transition: Portrayals of Female Politicians in the Bulgarian Press

This study focuses on how the social, political, and cultural changes after the fall of the Berlin Wall have affected the presentation and role of female politicians in Bulgaria, and, in general, in Eastern Europe. Textual analysis of Trud, the highest-circulation daily in Bulgaria, was used to examine how female politicians were portrayed during the 2005 parliamentary elections. The analysis unequivocally indicated that press coverage of female politicians was refracted through the prism of gender stereotypes, which, in turn, exemplified the current trend of the post-communist masculinization of democracy. The findings of this study also supported the gendered mediation thesis, which argues that politics is treated by the media as a male-oriented realm, where female politicians are either treated as novelty or framed within typical stereotypes of femininity. The overall conclusion is that gendered media portrayals of female politicians lead to the creation of a social climate tolerant towards sexism, whi...
Determining the effect of hydration upon the properties of ligaments using pseudo Gaussian stress stimuli.

Abstract The level of tissue hydration is known to effect viscoelastic material properties. However, prior studies have not fully investigated the effect of hydration on dynamic behavior nor compared the results of transient and dynamic behavior. The material properties of medial collateral rat knee ligaments were studied in relation to hydration, using (sequentially) 0.3 osmolar artificial interstitial fluid (AIF), solutions of AIF plus sucrose with osmolarity 1.05, 1.80 or 2.55, and then AIF. In each solution, the complex compliance was determined as a function of frequency, and the creep response was measured. Complex compliance was determined from a constitutive model created by applying a 0.4±0.2 MPa pseudo Gaussian (PGN) stress stimulus to the ligament. Dehydration caused a reduction in cross-sectional area that was linearly related to the osmolarity of the solution. Reductions of up to 52% were observed and were reversible upon rehydration. Dehydration caused a reduction in the creep rate that was not immediately recovered upon rehydration. The storage compliance was reduced by up to 50% with dehydration; these changes were reversed upon rehydration. The loss compliance and phase angle were not affected by dehydration. Transient and dynamic experiments examine different viscoelastic characteristics and both types of tests appear to be necessary to fully characterize the effects of hydration.
Far-infrared spectrum of the internal rotation in methylamine

Abstract The far-infrared spectra of the Q branches of hindered rotation of CH 3 NH 2 were studied in the 80 to 280 cm −1 spectral region with resolutions up to 0.12 cm −1 . Through the theoretical analysis 11 of the 12 b -type parameters I a 1 , I a 2 , V 3 , V 6 , k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , k 4 , k 5 , k 6 , k 7 , D KK are determined using a nonlinear least-squares fit. The agreement between the observed and the final theoretical spectrum is satisfactory considering that only Q -branch lines were studied. Experimentally more lines, especially at low frequencies, were observed which probably belong to P - and R -branch lines of clusters thereof.
Efficacy of ziprasidone in dysphoric mania: Pooled analysis of two double-blind studies

Dysphoric mania is a common and often difficult-to-treat subset of bipolar mania that is associated with significant depressive symptoms. In addition to improving mania, ziprasidone has been found to reduce HAM-D scores in subjects with mixed mania. This post-hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy of ziprasidone in the treatment of depressive and other symptoms in patients with dysphoric mania. Pooled data were examined from 2 similarly designed, 3-week, placebo-controlled trials in acute bipolar mania. Subjects were considered to have dysphoric mania if they scored ≥ 2 on at least 2 items of the extracted HAM-D scale (dysphoric mood, worry, self-reproach, and negative self-evaluation). Changes in HAM-D scores from baseline to Days 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 were evaluated by a mixed-model analysis of variance. Additional assessments included changes in the MRS, CGI-S, PANSS, and GAF scores. Starting on Day 4, HAM-D scores were significantly lower at all visits in subjects treated with ziprasidone compared with those treated with placebo (P < 0.05). Mean (± SD) improvement in HAM-D score in subjects treated with ziprasidone at study endpoint was –4.2 ± 0.7), a reduction of 44% from baseline. Ziprasidone-treated subjects also demonstrated significant and persistent improvements on the MRS, CGI-S, PANSS, and GAF scores compared with placebo, starting at Days 2, 2, 7, and 7, respectively. In conclusion, in placebo-controlled trials, ziprasidone significantly improved depressive and other symptoms associated with dysphoric mania.
Combining chiral elements in asymmetric phase-transfer catalysts: styrene oxide and chiral α,α-disubstituted pyrroline and piperidine derived structures

Abstract A new asymmetric phase-transfer catalyst, designed by combining the chiral building blocks styrene oxide and 2,5-dimethylpyrroline, is described. Catalytic testing using standard glycine imino ester alkylations shows good yields and moderate to good enantioselectivities with a surprising change in enantioselectivity over the course of the reaction. Alkylation of the β-hydroxyl group lead to catalysts with improved selectivity and a larger change in enantioselectivity during the reaction.
Introduction to Reliability, Security and Trust Minitrack

This minitrack focuses on topics related to advanced concepts to enhance reliability, and security and trust issues associated with operating the future electric power infrastructure. The increasing reliance of the electric power industry on information technologies introduces a new class of cyber vulnerabilities and threats to the electric power infrastructure that are only beginning to be effectively addressed through common industry standards and best practices. In addition, we invite papers that examine issues of resiliency and secure interoperability of future grid systems. This minitrack will explore the application of these technologies that are being considered to enhance the reliability of the rapidly evolving modern electric power system, and the associated cyber security issues associated with these and related technologies.
Fragmentation of cyclobutoxychlorocarbene: the cyclopropylcarbinyl/cyclobutyl cations revisited

Fragmentations of cyclobutoxychlorocarbene (13, kfrag = 7.1 × 105 s−1) and cyclopropylmethoxychlorocarbene (14, kfrag = 7.6 × 105 s−1) in MeCN proceed to tight and distinct [R+ OC Cl−] ion pairs, which collapse to different distributions of cyclopropylcarbinyl, cyclobutyl and allylcarbinyl chlorides. B3LYP/6–31G* calculations support these conclusions, affording computed fragmentation activation energies of 6.4 (13) and 3.0 (14) kcal mol−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic structure of human lysosomal glycosylasparaginase

The gene structure of the human lysosomal enzyme glycosylasparaginase was determined. The gene spans 13 kb and consists of 9 exons. Both 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of the gene are uninterrupted by introns. A number of transcriptional elements were identified in the 5′ upstream sequence that includes two putative CAAT boxes followed by TATA-like sequences together with two AP-2 binding sites and one for Sp1. A 100 bp CpG island and several ETF binding sites were also found. Additional AP-2 and Sp1 binding sites are present in the first intron. Two polyadenylation sites are present and appear to be functional. The major known glycosylasparaginase gene defect G488→C, which causes the lysosomal storage disease aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU) in Finland, is located in exon 4. Exon 5 encodes the post-translational cleavage site for the formation of the mature α/β subunits of the enzyme as well as a recently proposed active site threonine, Thr206.
Evidence for automatic sentence priming in the fusiform semantic area: Convergent ERP and fMRI findings

Abstract Event-related potential (ERP) studies of semantic processing have generally focused on the N400, a component that peaks at about 400 ms in response to words and which is larger when words are incongruent with the preceding sentence context. An earlier left-lateralized posterior N2 p3 has also been found to be correlated with an “unexpectedness” rating for incongruent sentence endings [Dien, Frishkoff, Cerbone, and Tucker, 2003, Parametric analysis of event-related potentials in semantic comprehension: evidence for parallel brain mechanisms, Cognitive Brain Research, 15: 137–153]. Because the incongruent endings were too odd to be explicitly predicted, we here hypothesize that this rating, and hence the N2 p3 , reflects the degree of automatic spreading activation (ASA) in the visual lexical network rather than semantic expectancy, an interpretation also consistent with the early latency of this ERP (208 ms). In order to identify the brain systems involved in these linguistic processes, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was utilized in a replication of the ERP study [Dien, Frishkoff, Cerbone, and Tucker, 2003, Parametric analysis of event-related potentials in semantic comprehension: evidence for parallel brain mechanisms, Cognitive Brain Research, 15: 137–153]. We found that activation in the fusiform semantic area (FSA), an area that converges with the source solution for the N2 p3 , responded to the “unexpectedness” parameter in the same manner as the N2 p3 component. These findings suggest that the FSA helps mediate ASA processes and that the N2 p3 can serve as an index of ASA. Furthermore, cloze effects were found in the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus that could reflect subvocalization and semantic selection processes respectively.
Magnetic scattering in AuCo and AgCo with weak localization.

Magnetic scattering due to Co with Au or Ag as the host has been studied with the method of weak localization. Below 20 K the magnetic scattering rate decreases with decreasing temperature. A weak Kondo maximum is found for Co on the surface of Au with ${T}_{K}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}19 K. The magnetic scattering rate for Co in the bulk of Au shows a square-root law in the temperature dependence and this is interpreted as an interacting Kondo system with a high Kondo temperature. For Co on the surface of Ag, the magnetic scattering rate increases with increasing temperature and then becomes almost constant within the accuracy of the experiment.
The Final Steps of the Retrograde Technique: Wire Externalization, Stenting, and Wire Removal

A guidewire can be externalized after retrograde lesion crossing. Wire externalization provides excellent support for ballooning and stenting and for the treatment of chronic total occlusion lesions that are long calcified, tortuous, and difficult to treat. This review discusses the final steps of the retrograde technique via wire externalization, stenting, and wire removal.
The thinning of Arctic sea ice, 1988-2003 : Have we passed a tipping point?

Recent observations of summer Arctic sea ice over the satellite era show that record or near-record lows for the ice extent occurred in the years 2002–05. To determine the physical processes contributing to these changes in the Arctic pack ice, model results from a regional coupled ice–ocean model have been analyzed. Since 1988 the thickness of the simulated basinwide ice thinned by 1.31 m or 43%. The thinning is greatest along the coast in the sector from the Chukchi Sea to the Beaufort Sea to Greenland. It is hypothesized that the thinning since 1988 is due to preconditioning, a trigger, and positive feedbacks: 1) the fall, winter, and spring air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean have gradually increased over the last 50 yr, leading to reduced thickness of first-year ice at the start of summer; 2) a temporary shift, starting in 1989, of two principal climate indexes (the Arctic Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation) caused a flushing of some of the older, thicker ice out of the basin and an increase in the summer open water extent; and 3) the increasing amounts of summer open water allow for increasing absorption of solar radiation, which melts the ice, warms the water, and promotes creation of thinner first-year ice, ice that often entirely melts by the end of the subsequent summer. Internal thermodynamic changes related to the positive ice–albedo feedback, not external forcing, dominate the thinning processes over the last 16 yr. This feedback continues to drive the thinning after the climate indexes return to near-normal conditions in the late 1990s. The late 1980s and early 1990s could be considered a tipping point during which the ice–ocean system began to enter a new era of thinning ice and increasing summer open water because of positive feedbacks. It remains to be seen if this era will persist or if a sustained cooling period can reverse the processes.
Delivering Road Weather Information to the Traveling Public

Data obtained from road weather information system (RWIS) technology have been successfully applied to road maintenance and to a lesser extent traveler information. Before the information is disseminated publicly, several questions must be asked. For instance, what RWIS information does the public want and how do they want to receive it? Insight into the answers to such questions was provided by a study that involved a series of questionnaires provided to four potential user groups of RWIS information: commuters, recreational travelers, long-distance travelers, and truckers (including dispatchers). The results show that variable message signs, commercial radio, and highway advisory radio are the most popular forms of delivery methods. No strong preference was identified for telephone services, paging services, or in-car navigation systems. Road condition information is preferred by all groups over information on alternate routes, travel times, or travel speeds. The surveys indicate that road conditions th...
A Network Flow Solution to a Rectilinear Distance Facility Location Problem

Abstract The problem of locating new facilities is considered with respect to existing facilities so as to minimize a sum of costs which consists of costs proportional to the rectilinear distances between new and existing facilities, and costs proportional to the rectilinear distances among new facilities. The location problem decomposes into two independent sub-problems, each of which is equivalent to a linear programming problem which is essentially the dual of a minimal cost network flow problem. Fulkerson's out-of-kilter algorithm provides an efficient means of solving each of the network flow problems as well as the location problem. The dual variables in each of the optimum tableaus to the two flow problems give the x and y coordinates respectively of the optimum locations of the new facilities. Several alternative approaches to solving the equivalent linear programming problems are also discussed, and some research questions are identified.