cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the scaling of the magnetically accelerated flyer plate technique to currents greater than 20 MA

In this article we discuss scaling the magnetically accelerated flyer plate technique to currents greater than is available on the Z accelerator. Peak flyer plate speeds in the range 7-46 km/s are achieved in pulsed power driven, hyper-velocity impact experiments on Z for peak currents in the range 8-20 MA. The highest (lowest) speeds are produced using aluminum (aluminum-copper) flyer plates. In either case, the =1 mm thick flyer plate is shocklessly accelerated by magnetic pressure to ballistic speed in =400 ns; it arrives at the target with a fraction of material at standard density. During acceleration a melt front, due to resistive heating, moves from the drive-side toward the target-side of the flyer plate; the speed of the melt front increases with increasing current. Peak flyer speeds on Z scale quadratically (linearly) with current at the low (high) end of the range. Magnetohydrodynamic simulation shows that the change in scaling is due to geometric deformation, and that linear scaling continues as current increases. However, the combined effects of shockless acceleration and resistive heating lead to an upper bound on the magnetic field feasible for pulsed power driven flyer plate experiments, which limits the maximum possible speed of a useful flyer plate to < 100 km/s.
Monitoring Damage by Yellowheaded Spruce Sawflies with Sawfly and Parasitoid Pheromones

Sex pheromone traps for the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), and its ichneumonid parasitoid, Syndipnus rubiginosus Walley, were placed in white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, plantations in north central Minnesota. The objective was to study the relationship between catches of the sawfly and its parasitoid and subsequent sawfly-caused defoliation. A significant linear relation was obtained when catches of both the sawfly and parasitoid were included in the model. The best-fit model was log( I ) = 1.36 − 0.17 log( S ) − 0.25 log( P ) + 0.13 log( S·P ) − 0.3 log( Ht ), where I is a trend index calculated using I = N (t)/ N (t-1), N is amount of defoliation during year t, S is sawfly catch, P is parasitoid catch, S·P is the interaction between the two, and Ht is tree height. Pheromone trap surveys of a host and parasitoid may provide information of the extent on natural control of the pest.
A proof of controllability of Jordan form state equations

A proof of controllability of Jordan form state equations is presented in this paper. The proof is purely algebraic and is applicable to continuous as well as discrete state equations
Characteristics of technically progressive firms

Abstract Carter and Williams' study of the organizational and managerial characteristics of technically progressive firms remains one of the most frequently cited studies in this field. In this paper we replicate and extend eight of Carter and Williams' findings in a study of innovation in the United States footwear industry. We replicate Carter and Williams' tests but extend their results by conducting the tests in a more rigorous fashion and calculating the independent relationships of each variable with technical progressiveness. Because of the more rigorous methodology we can specify what aspects of their general concepts are related to technical progressiveness. Our results indicate strong relationships between technical progressiveness and (1) the technical expertise of the managerial staff; and (2) the openness of the formal inter-departmental communications structure. Carter and Williams' findings are supported insofar as their general concepts reflect aspects of these variables.
Phosphorus Availability from the Ash of Unidentified Factor Sources

Abstract INTRODUCTION DURING the past few years, a number of reports have been published on the existence of an unknown mineral factor required, in addition to calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, for normal calcification. Morrison et al. (1956) showed that the ash of unidentified chick growth factor supplements (ash at 2 percent level equivalent to 6 percent distillers dried solubles, 3 percent fish solubles, 3 percent dried whey products, 3 percent forage juice and 3 percent penicillin mycelium meal) caused an increase in bone calcification of chicks. Scott (1957) presented data on the effect of the ash of four unidentified growth factors on calcification. This worker indicated the possibility of the use of the ash of unidentified growth factor supplements for increasing the utilization of phosphorus from certain phosphorus supplements. Edwards et al. (1958) on the other hand, showed no beneficial effect on the availability of phosphorus from a relatively unavailable …
A potential chemotherapeutic strategy for the selective inhibition of promutagenic DNA synthesis by nonnatural nucleotides.

This manuscript reports the development of nonnatural nucleotide analogues that are preferentially incorporated opposite an abasic site, a common form of DNA damage. Competition experiments confirm that all of the nonnatural nucleotides tested are poorly incorporated into unmodified DNA. However, two analogues that contain extensive π-electron density (5-nitro-indolyl-2‘deoxyriboside triphosphate (5-NITP) and 5-phenyl-indolyl-2‘deoxyriboside triphosphate (5-PhITP)) are selectively inserted opposite an abasic site and can prevent the incorporation of natural dNTPs. We demonstrate that the DNA polymerase is unable to extend beyond the incorporated nonnatural nucleotide, a result that provides direct evidence for their unique chain termination capabilities. Furthermore, these nonnatural analogues are more slowly excised once inserted opposite the DNA lesion compared to natural dNTPs. The rate of excision becomes significantly faster when the nonnatural analogues are paired opposite natural templating positio...
An improved branch and bound algorithm for single machine scheduling with deadlines to minimize total weighted completion time

We consider a scheduling problem in which n jobs with distinct deadlines are to be scheduled on a single machine. The objective is to find a feasible job sequence that minimizes the total weighted completion time. We present an efficient branch-and-bound algorithm that fully exploits the principle of optimality. Favorable numerical results are also reported on an extensive set of problem instances of 20-120 jobs.
Syntactic processing deficits in aphasia.

Abstract Four aphasic patients were tested in several tasks to determine their ability to use syntactic information. Two patients classified as Broca's aphasics and presenting markedly different levels of severity of aphasia were deficient in their ability to use syntactic information in sentence comprehension and construction. It is argued that the syndrome of Broca's aphasia undermines patients' ability to perform the syntactic analyses that are necessary to understand and to produce sentences in both language modalities. a third patient tested was a conduction aphasic who presented a pattern of sentence comprehension similar to the Broca patient, but produced no other evidence of syntactic impairment. The argument is advanced that the conduction patient's apparently selective impairment of syntactic .processing in comprehension is actually a reflection of a severe auditory-verbal short-term memory deficit. The fourth patient was classified as a mildly-impaired Wernicke's aphasic, who presented no evidence of a selective disturbance of syntactic processing abilities. These results are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the syndrome of Broca's aphasia results from an impairment to the syntactic component of the language processing system.
Coupling two-step laser desorption/ionization with aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of individual organic particles

Analysis of organic compounds in aerosol particles using real-time single particle techniques is difficult because of extensive fragmentation that occurs in the laser desorption/ionization step. In an effort to avoid such fragmentation processes, we coupled a “soft” two-step laser desorption/ionization technique (L2MS) with aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS). In these studies, we find this combination preserves intact organic molecules while providing the real-time mass spectra of suspended aerosol particles. Mass spectra of particles analyzed by one-step desorption mass spectrometry and L2MS are presented for comparison. These include 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a test case and wood and cigarette combustion particles as real world examples. This is the first published demonstration of L2MS performed on single particles not deposited on a substrate prior to analysis.
Central and peripheral contributions to dynamic changes in nucleus accumbens glucose induced by intravenous cocaine

The pattern of neural, physiological and behavioral effects induced by cocaine is consistent with metabolic neural activation, yet direct attempts to evaluate central metabolic effects of this drug have produced controversial results. Here, we used enzyme-based glucose sensors coupled with high-speed amperometry in freely moving rats to examine how intravenous cocaine at a behaviorally active dose affects extracellular glucose levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical structure within the motivation-reinforcement circuit. In drug-naive rats, cocaine induced a bimodal increase in glucose, with the first, ultra-fast phasic rise appearing during the injection (latency 6-8 s; ~50 µM or ~5% of baseline) followed by a larger, more prolonged tonic elevation (~100 µM or 10% of baseline, peak ~15 min). While the rapid, phasic component of the glucose response remained stable following subsequent cocaine injections, the tonic component progressively decreased. Cocaine-methiodide, cocaine’s peripherally acting analog, induced an equally rapid and strong initial glucose rise, indicating cocaine’s action on peripheral neural substrates as its cause. However, this analog did not induce increases in either locomotion or tonic glucose, suggesting direct central mediation of these cocaine effects. Under systemic pharmacological blockade of dopamine transmission, both phasic and tonic components of the cocaine-induced glucose response were only slightly reduced, suggesting a significant role of non-dopamine mechanisms in cocaine-induced accumbal glucose influx. Hence, intravenous cocaine induces rapid, strong inflow of glucose into NAc extracellular space by involving both peripheral and central, non-dopamine drug actions, thus preventing a possible deficit resulting from enhanced glucose use by brain cells.
AB INITIO NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN LIGHT NUCLEI

There has been significant progress in the ab initio approaches to the structure of light nuclei. One such method is the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM). Starting from the realistic two- and three-nucleon interactions, this method can predict the low-lying levels in p-shell nuclei. It is a challenging task to extend the ab initio methods to describe nuclear reactions. In this contribution, we present a brief overview of the NCSM with examples of recent applications as well as the first steps taken toward nuclear reaction applications.
Mohs' technique (cancer chemosurgery). Treatment of recurrent cutaneous carcinomas.

One hundred-two cutaneous carcinomas recurrent after radiation, curettage and desiccation, excision or a combination of these 3 were treated by Mohs' technique (cancer chemosurgery). A 5-year cure rate of 93.1% was obtained on the total series; this became a 96% 5-year cure rate when 3 nontreatable cases were excluded. Mohs' technique should be considered first in the treatment of recurrent cutaneous carcinomas.
Climatology of aerosol and cloud optical properties at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Climate Research Facility Barrow and Atqasuk sites

The long-term measurements at the Barrow and Atqasuk sites have been processed to develop the climatology of aerosol and cloud properties at interannual, seasonal, and diurnal temporal scales. At the Barrow site, the surface temperature exhibits an increasing trend in both thawed and frozen seasons over the period studied here, about one decade. Corresponding to the warming, the snow melting day arrives earlier, and the non-snow-cover duration increases. Aerosol optical depth increased during 2001–2003 and 2005–2009 and decreased during 2003–2005. The liquid water path (LWP), cloud optical depth (COD), and cloud fraction exhibit apparently decreasing trends from 2002 to 2007 and increased significantly after 2008. In the frozen season, the arctic haze and ice clouds are dominant, while in the thawed season, the oceanic biogenic aerosols and liquid water clouds or mixed-phase clouds are dominant. The cloud droplet effective radius during the thawed season is larger than that during the frozen season. The diurnal variations of aerosol and cloud-related atmospheric properties are not obvious at these two sites. During the sunshine periods, the aerosol has a cooling effect on the surface through direct aerosol radiative forcing. In the frozen season, clouds have a positive impact on the net surface radiation, and the water vapor path, LWP, and COD have good positive correlations with the surface temperature, suggesting that the cloud radiation feedback is positive. In the thawed season, clouds have a negative impact on the net surface radiation.
Portraying the Contribution of Individual Behaviors to Team Cohesion and Performance

Behaviors of individuals in teams both contribute to and are molded by team dynamics. How they do so has been the subject of much research. A method of portraying individuals' behaviors in teams, the Team Diagramming Method (TDM) is presented. Behaviors are rated by other team members on three important dimensions: positivity/negativity, dominant/submissive, and task-orientedness/expressiveness. A study of 5-person teams engaging in a 3-day moon simulation task demonstrated that measures of these perceived behaviors as well as the variances of these behaviors correlated with cohesion measures and performance. The method shows strengths and weaknesses of particular teams and, by comparison with high-performing teams, suggests interventions based on individual as well as team behaviors. The primary goal of this study was to determine the extent to which these team level variables, derived from all team members' rated behaviors, were associated with previous methods of measuring cohesion and with performance. A secondary goal was to determine the stability of TDM measures over time by comparing team level variables based on ratings early and later in the team s work together.
Dopamine is not Required for the Hyperlocomotor Response to NMDA Receptor Antagonists

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can elicit symptoms in humans that resemble those seen in schizophrenic patients. Rodents manifest locomotor and stereotypic behaviors when treated with NMDA receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) or dizocilpine maleate (MK-801); these behaviors are usually associated with an activated dopamine system. However, recent evidence suggests that increased glutamatergic transmission mediates the effects of these NMDA receptor antagonists. The role of dopamine in PCP- and MK-801-induced behavior (eg hyperlocomotion) remains unclear. We used dopamine-deficient (DD) mice in which tyrosine hydroxylase is selectively inactivated in dopaminergic neurons to determine whether dopamine is required for the locomotor and molecular effects of PCP and MK-801. DD mice showed a similar increase in locomotor activity and c-fos mRNA induction in the striatum in response to these NMDA receptor antagonists as control mice. Restoration of dopamine signaling in DD mice enhanced their locomotor response to PCP and MK-801. Administration of LY379268, a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist that inhibits glutamate release, blocked PCP- and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion in both DD and control mice. These results suggest that glutamate, rather than dopamine, is required for the locomotor and molecular effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, but that glutamate and dopamine can act cooperatively.
Thin-layer chromatography of laser dyes and dye analogs with cyclodextrins in the mobile phase.

Abstract The addition of β-cyclodextrin and substituted hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins to aqueous urea-containing mobile phases, can be used to enhance the migration of various laser dyes on thin layer chromatography. Selected laser dyes from the coumarin, rhodamine and bimane families were examined, as well as a number of dye analogs. Silica gel, polyamide and C18 reverse phase plates were utilized. Overall, the substituted hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins appeared to be the most effective for increasing dye migration.
A methodology for knowledge acquisition in a group decision support system environment

A Group Decision Support System (GDSS) environment provides computer and group-process support to individuals working together toward common goals. Knowledge acquisition from multiple experts can be structured as a group activity. This paper discusses a methodology of employing a GDSS environment to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge from a group of experts. Observations of a field study which utilized the methodology to develop an expert system for an information centre are discussed.
Ability of Streptomyces spp. aryl carrier proteins and coenzyme A analogs to serve as substrates in vitro for E. coli holo-ACP synthase

Introduction: The polyketide natural products are assembled by a series of decarboxylation/condensation reactions of simple carboxylic acids catalyzed by polyketide synthase (PKS) complexes. The growing chain is assembled on acyl carrier protein (ACP), an essential component of the PKS. ACP requires posttranslational modification on a conserved serine residue by covalent attachment of a 4′-phosphopantetheine (P-pant) cofactor to yield active holo-ACP. When ACPs of Streptomyces type II aromatic PKS are overproduced in E. coli , however, typically little or no active holo-ACP is produced, and the ACP remains in the inactive apo-form. Results: We demonstrate that E. coli holo-ACP synthase (ACPS), a fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme, can catalyze P-pant transfer in vitro to the Streptomyces PKS ACPs required for the biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotics granaticin, frenolicin, oxytetracycline and tetracenomycin. The catalytic efficiency of this P-pant transfer reaction correlates with the overall negative charge of the ACP substrate. Several coenzyme A analogs, modified in the P-pant portion of the molecule, are likewise able to serve as substrates in vitro for ACPS. Conclusions: E. coli ACPS can serve as a useful reagent for the preparation of holo-forms of Streptomyces ACPs as well as holo-ACPs with altered phosphopantetheine moieties. Such modified ACPs should prove useful for studying the role of particular ACPs and the phosphopantetheine cofactor in the subsequent reactions of polyketide and fatty acid biosynthesis.
S-State Dependence of the Calcium Requirement and Binding Characteristics in the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II †

The functional role of the Ca2+ ion in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II is not yet clear. Current models explain why the redox cycle of the complex would be interrupted after the S3 state without Ca2+, but the literature shows that it is interrupted after the S2 state. Reinterpretation of the literature on methods of Ca2+ depletion [Miqyass, M., van Gorkom, H. J., and Yocum, C. F. (2007) Photosynth. Res. 92, 275−287] led us to propose that all S-state transitions require Ca2+. Here we confirm that interpretation by measurements of flash-induced S-state transitions in UV absorbance. The results are explained by a cation exchange at the Ca2+ binding site that, in the absence of the extrinsic PsbP and PsbQ polypeptides, can occur in minutes in low S-states and in seconds in high S-states, depending on the concentration of the substituting cation. In the S2(K+) or S2(Na+) state a slow conformational change occurs that prevents recovery of the slow-exchange situation on return to a lower S-state b...
Correlation between nicotine-induced inhibition of hematopoiesis and decreased CD44 expression on bone marrow stromal cells

This study demonstrates that in vivo exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and in vitro treatment of long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) with nicotine, a major constituent of CS, result in inhibition of hematopoiesis. Nicotine treatment significantly delayed the onset of hematopoietic foci and reduced their size. Furthermore, the number of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) within an adherent layer of LTBMCs was significantly reduced in cultures treated with nicotine. Although the production of nonadherent mature cells and their progenitors in nicotine-treated LTBMCs was inhibited, this treatment failed to influence the proliferation of committed hematopoietic progenitors when added into methylcellulose cultures. Bone marrow stromal cells are an integral component of the hematopoietic microenvironment and play a critical role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and self-renewal. Exposure to nicotine decreased CD44 surface expression on primary bone marrow–derived fibroblastlike stromal cells and MS-5 stromal cell line, but not on hematopoietic cells. In addition, mainstream CS altered the trafficking of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in vivo. Exposure of mice to CS resulted in the inhibition of HSPC homing into bone marrow. Nicotine and cotinine treatment resulted in reduction of CD44 surface expression on lung microvascular endothelial cell line (LEISVO) and bone marrow–derived (STR-12) endothelial cell line. Nicotine treatment increased E-selectin expression on LEISVO cells, but not on STR-12 cells. These findings demonstrate that nicotine can modulate hematopoiesis by affecting the functions of the hematopoiesis-supportive stromal microenvironment, resulting in the inhibition of bone marrow seeding by LTC-ICs and interfering with stem cell homing by targeting microvascular endothelial cells.
Health-related quality of life and asthma among United States adolescents.

Objective To examine the direction and the magnitude of associations between asthma and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a population-based sample of US adolescents. Study design We obtained data from the 2001-2010 cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used multinomial logistic regression and negative binomial regression to estimate corresponding percentages, prevalence ratios (PRs), and predicted days of 4 domains of HRQoL by 3 asthma status categories: never having asthma, having asthma without symptoms, and having asthma with symptoms. Results Compared with those who never had asthma, adolescents with asthma with symptoms of dry cough or wheezing reported significantly worse self-rated health (13.58% [95% CI, 10.32%-17.67%] vs 7.54% [95% CI, 6.50%-8.72%] for fair or poor health), significantly impaired physical health (PR = 1.34, P = .004; adjusted physically unhealthy days, 2.7 days vs 2 days), and impaired mental health (PR = 1.26, P = .025). Among adolescents having asthma with symptoms, those who currently smoked reported 1 more physically unhealthy day and 2.4 more mentally unhealthy days than those who did not smoke and did not have asthma. Those reporting limited physical functioning reported 2 more physically unhealthy days and 1.5 more mentally unhealthy days than those who did not report limited functioning. Conclusion Adolescents with asthma and symptoms reported worse HRQoL compared with those with asthma not reporting symptoms and those without asthma. Those who smoked or reported limited physical functioning reported worse physical and mental HRQoL. Reducing symptoms, quitting smoking, and improving physical functioning may improve HRQoL among adolescents with asthma.
Differences in Young Adult Psychopathology Among Drug Abstainers, Experimenters, and Frequent Users

Shedler and Block offered the provocative proposal that individuals who experiment with drugs are psychologically healthier than either those who abstain completely or those who are frequent users. Not all studies have come to such conclusions, however. In an effort to specify under what conditions Shedler and Block's conclusions might hold, the present study examined three groups of drug users (abstainers, experimenters, frequent users) classified according to three different criteria: (a) marijuana use at age 20; (b) alcohol use during 10th grade; and (c) alcohol use at age 20. The three groups were compared at age 20 in terms of personality, deviant behavior, and psychopathology. The results revealed that abstainers were never more psychologically impaired, and were occasionally healthier, than experimenters. Frequent users of marijuana were consistently more imparied than both the abstainers and experimenters, in terms of both internalizing and externalizing disorders. Classification according to marijuana use appeared to be more related to psychopathology than did classification according to alcohol use.
Motion analysis for moving object detection from UAV aerial images: A review

Motion analysis for moving object from UAV aerial images is still an unsolved issue in computer vision research field due to fast abrupt motion of object and UAV, low resolution, noisy imagery, cluttered background, low contrast and small target size. The main reason for the inability to handle motion is the weakness of existing approaches for moving object detection. This paper presents critical analysis of the various methods used for motion analysis which states lack of relevancy with motion analysis along with some unsolved problems need to be solved for optimum performance of moving objects detection from UAV aerial images. The overall reviews proposed in this paper have been extensively studied in various research papers which can significantly contribute to computer vision research and can be potential for future development and direction for future research.
A Calmodulin Binding Domain of RyR Increases Activation of Spontaneous Ca2+ Sparks in Frog Skeletal Muscle

The calmodulin C lobe binding region (residues 3614-3643) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel (RyR1) is thought to be a region of contact between subunits within RyR1 homotetramer Ca2+ release channels. To determine whether the 3614-3643 region is a regulatory site/interaction domain within RyR in muscle fibers, we have investigated the effect of a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region (R3614-3643) on Ca2+ sparks in frog skeletal muscle fibers. R3614-3643 (0.2-3.0 microM) promoted the occurrence of Ca2+ sparks in a highly cooperative dose-dependent manner, with a half-maximal activation at 0.47 microM and a maximal increase in frequency of approximately 5-fold. A peptide with a single amino acid substitution within R3614-3643 (L3624D) retained the ability to bind Ca(2+)-free calmodulin but did not increase Ca2+ spark frequency, suggesting that R3614-3643 does not modulate Ca2+ sparks by removal of endogenous calmodulin. Our data support a model in which the calmodulin binding domain of RyR1 modulates channel activity by at least two mechanisms: direct binding of calmodulin as well as interactions with other regions of RyR.
High throughput isolation of DNA and RNA in 96-well format using a paint shaker

Most steps in plant nucleic acid isolation are easily adapted to 96-well format; however, tissue disruption typically is performed on samples individually and often is the rate-limiting step in sample processing. We have found that DNA and RNA isolation from Arabidopsis tissue can be carried out in 96-well format using a paint shaker fitted with an adapter for tissue disruption.
Semiconductor microcrystallites in porous glass and their applications in optics

Abstract Fabrication of semiconductor microcrystallites is of much current interest in the rapidly advancing field of artificial superlattices and quantum well structures. We wish to report on the utilization of the microporosity in Vycor® brand porous glass to produce microcrystallites of semiconductors of groups II–VI, IV–VI and layered transition metal chalcogenides. Based on electronic spectral evidence, quantum confinement effects have been observed in some of the semiconductors when confined spatially within the pores of the porous glass. Nonlinear optical applications of the porous glass doped with semiconductor microcrystallites will be briefly discussed.
The adenosine kinase inhibitor, 5-iodotubercidin, is not protective against cerebral ischemic injury in the gerbil

Abstract 5-lodotubercidin is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine kinase. It has a recognized ability to enhance interstitial fluid levels of the cerebroprotective purine, adenosine, in the hypoxic brain, and an anticonvulsant action, which is thought to be a consequence of its ability to increase extracellular adenosine levels. 5-lodotubercidin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was therefore tested for its ability to reduce cerebral ischemic injury in a gerbil model. Unanesthetized gerbils were subjected to a 5 min period of bilateral carotid artery occlusion and then maintained in an environmental chamber at 30° C for 5 hr to counteract the hypothermia-inducing action of 5-iodotubercidin. As estimated from the extent of the increases in locomotor activity and the magnitude of hippocampal CAl layer pyramidal cell loss, 5-iodotubercidin (1 mg/kg) failed to have a cerebroprotective effect against ischemic injury.
SU‐FF‐T‐171: TomoTherapy HI‐ART Heterogeneity Calculations

Purpose: To examine the accuracy of the TomoTherapy HI‐ART® treatment planning system's dose heterogeneity algorithm. Method and Materials: The TomoTherapy HI‐ART® treatment planning system uses the superposition/convolution dose algorithm for calculating heterogeneous dose distributions. To evaluate the combined delivery and dose calculation of this system, a series of treatment plans and corresponding measurements were made with: (1) calibrated CT density plugs and embedded TLD (2) film phantom and calibrated CT density plugs, (3) anthropomorphic phantoms containing TLD and film, and (4) different phantom materials with chamber inserts. Treatment plans were delineated with one cylindrical target calculated with homogeneous dose distributions at 60 Gy (1 Gy/fx, S.D. < 0.7). Results: The film studies using the film phantom show that the predictions are within 5–10 % along the interface and within the heterogeneity materials. TLD values using embedded plugs in various phantoms indicate comparable agreement. Phantoms with slab materials, composed of electron densities within 10% of water, are within 5% between calculations and ion chamber measurements. The lung phantom indicates that the readings agree with predictions to within 4%. Conclusion: The heterogeneity calculations agree with measurements to within 10%. Film measurements demonstrate more variability and discrepancy than the other measurements. The interface measurements demonstrate the largest disagreement where the dose gradient is approximately 10% for a uniform dose calculation between two different electron density materials.
General Purpose Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Chip For Computer Vision With Fault-Tolerant Hardware

This article describes a VLSI NMOS chip suitable for parallel implementation of computer vision algorithms. The chip contains a two dimensional array of processors, each connected to its four neighbors. Each processor currently has 32 bits of internal storage in three shift registers, and can do arbitrary boolean functions as well as serial bit arithmetic. Our objective is to make a vision processor with one processor for each pixel. This will require a very high density VLSI implementation, filling an entire wafer. We will need fault-tolerant hardware to deal with the fabrication errors present in such large circuits. We plan to do this by incorporating redundant links in the processor interconnections and routing the links around faulty processors. Current work focuses on testing a prototype chip with one processor, redesigning the chip for a more compact and regular layout, and designing the redundant link interconnections and hardware support for picture size arrays of processors.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrophysiologic approach to therapy of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia

The refinement of the techniques of programmed stimulation and intracardiac recording has led to understanding of the mechanism of ventricular tachycardia and these techniques can be applied clinically to the development of therapeutic regimens. The efficacy of drug therapy can be assessed in sequential studies evaluating the ability of drugs to prevent initiation of the arrhythmia by electrical stimulation. The efficacy of pacemaker therapy can be evaluated by assessing the effects of stimulation during the tachycardia. The recent development of endocardial mapping provides the surgeon with a tool to guide therapeutic surgical ablation of the site of origin of the tachycardia. Such an electrophysiologic approach to recurrent ventricular tachycardia can lead to the rapid development of successful therapy under controlled conditions.
Polarized Expression of the Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase Cek5 in the Developing Avian Visual System

Abstract Receptor protein tyrosine kinases of the Eph subfamily have been proposed to play roles in pattern formation based on their distribution during embryonic development. Cek5 (chicken embryo kinase 5) and Cek8 (chicken embryo kinase 8) are Eph-related kinases highly expressed in the chicken embryonic retina. To assess their potential roles in the development of the visual pathway, we examined their distribution by immunoperoxidase labeling. Cek8 is expressed throughout the pathway of the retinal ganglion cell axons, including the nerve fiber layer of the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and stratum opticum of the tectum. Cek5 immunoreactivity is highly concentrated in only a portion of the optic nerve and optic chiasm, and in retinal cultures, Cek5 is detected in neurons. This prompted us to examine the regional distribution of Cek5 in the developing retina and led to the observation that Cek5 is most concentrated in the ventral aspect. RT-PCR established that the differential regulation of Cek5 expression in different portions of the retina occurs at the transcriptional level. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that this unusual expression pattern is distinctive for Cek5, as three other mem- bers of the Eph subfamily, Cek4, Cek8, and Cek9, are evenly expressed across the dorsal–ventral axis of the retina. Both Cek5 and Cek8 are distributed in manners which are consistent with their regulating the outgrowth of retinal gan- glion cell axons to the tectum. Furthermore, Cek5 represents the first signal transduction molecule found to exhibit the polarized pattern of expression predicted for proteins that control the specificity of the retinotectal projections.
Detecting change in BOLD signal between sessions for atlas-based anatomical ROIs.

Abstract An algorithm using pre-defined regions of interest (ROIs) to detect differences between sessions in Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) signal is proposed and results from a reproducibility study are reported here. It is important to know whether tests for change have the desired statistical properties, e.g., low variability between sessions and unbiased false-positive rates, under null conditions so one is confident in any conclusions based on the metric and test used. This study examined three cognitive tasks: Stroop, response inhibition, Sternberg digits, and a visually-cued finger tapping task, in 20 healthy subjects. Each subject had two fMRI sessions, one week apart. A series of ROI summaries was constructed by choosing different proportions of voxels from the ROI and calculating the mean of t values for the selected voxels. The choice of voxels was based on the magnitude of the t values, selecting the maximum value, then the top 1%, and so on until all voxels in the ROI were included. No ROIs were found to have significant differences between sessions based on paired comparison t tests. Generally, the observed false-positive rates were near the expected rates for all summaries and tasks, although the Sternberg and Response Inhibition tasks did have higher false-positive rates when α ≥ 0.1 for some ROI summaries. This study indicates results are reproducible and also have the desired statistical properties under null conditions.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE REGULATION OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE FORMATION.

Abstract The activity and regulation of nicotinic acid mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase (nicotinic acid mononucleotide: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase) the rate-limiting enzyme in pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis, was compared in seven species. The enzyme from all species exhibited a uniform requirement for ATP. That pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis in Escherochia coli is regulated, at least in part, by a repression-derepression mechanism was substantiated. In contrast, pyridine nucleotide formation from nicotinic acid in Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, Torula cremoris, Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the rat was regulated neithe r by a repression-derepression mechanism nor by feedback inhibition by NAD. It is concluded that the repression-depression control mechanism may not be widespread in nature.
Repair of a Coronal Fracture that Involved the Pulp of a Deciduous Incisor: Report of Case

Pulp tissue in some instances is capable of repair after tooth fracture. An example is presented in which repair of a broken crown took place through formation of a bridge of dentin. Further investigation of nonsurgical treatment of coronal fractures is indicated.
Phasic changes in upper airway impedance

To identify within breath variations in the mechanical properties of the isolated upper airway, we examined changes in impedance spectra over the course of the respiratory cycle. Changes were evaluated with a modified forced oscillation technique applied to the isolated, sealed upper airways of nine anesthetized mongrel dogs. Upper airway impedance spectra were studied during sequential 350 msec epochs. We found spectral changes which were reproducible within the respiratory cycle. Impedance spectra revealed that during mid-inspiration at the point of peak upper airway muscle activity, the low frequency real part decreased and the imaginary part was less negative and less steep. During late inspiration and early expiration the impedance values returned to their end-expiratory values. The only significant change in parameter estimates from a three-parameter model indicated an increase in compliance. Since these changes correlated not only with tidal flow through the lower trachea and lung but also with upper airway muscle activation, we reasoned that changes in impedance could have resulted from an increase in upper airway size. Therefore, we used a sealed speaker system and, while the animal was apnoeic, evaluated impedance at two different airway pressures and the resultant volumes. The changes in impedance spectra with a volume increase were similar to those seen during spontaneous breathing efforts. We conclude that the mechanical properties of the upper airway change during the respiratory cycle and that these changes correlate with the respiratory activation of upper airway muscles. We suspect that these changes in input impedance could reflect a change in the size of the airway rather than a true increase in elasticity.
Supremum Concentration Inequality and Modulus of Continuity for Sub-nth Chaos Processes

Abstract This article provides a detailed analysis of the behavior of suprema and moduli of continuity for a large class of random fields which generalize Gaussian processes, sub-Gaussian processes, and random fields that are in the nth chaos of a Wiener process. An upper bound of Dudley type on the tail of the random field's supremum is derived using a generic chaining argument; it implies similar results for the expected supremum, and for the field's modulus of continuity. We also utilize a sharp and convenient condition using iterated Malliavin derivatives, to arrive at similar conclusions for suprema, via a different proof, which does not require full knowledge of the covariance structure.
Control of an Uninhabited Air Vehicle: A Synthetic Task Environment for Teams

A synthetic team task is presented in which a three-person team controls a UAV (Uninhabited Air Vehicle) in the context of a reconnaissance mission. This synthetic task has been designed to provide a flexible research platform, yet realistic task environment, for team performance research and the measurement of team cognition.
Localized acquired cutis laxa in one of identical twins.

A 21-year-old man in excellent health had a 6-year history of progressive premature sagging, wrinkling, and apparent aging of his face. The patient had an identical twin brother who lacked these changes
Review of substance use disorder treatment research in Indian country: future directions to strive toward health equity.

Background: American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) have disproportionately high rates of substance use disorders (SUDs). Effective treatment can help to reduce these disparities. Objective: To review and summarize the AI/AN SUD treatment research literature. Methods: The literature between 1965 and 2011 was reviewed to identify AI/AN SUD treatment articles. Results: Twenty-four unique studies were identified. Earlier treatment research focused on clinical ratings of improvement; later studies employed formal assessment measures. Poor outcomes were attributed to psychosocial factors. Where treatment outcomes appeared to be similar to comparison samples, interpretation was hampered by methodological concerns. Conclusions: The research has improved across the decades, as has the inclusion of cultural adaptations. Future research should examine factors that influence treatment effectiveness and improve retention to bolster confidence in findings. Scientific Significance: AI/ANs experience SUD-related he...
Attitudes of Housing Professionals Toward Residential Options for the Elderly

Abstract In response to the need to house the older population, a variety of alternatives have surfaced. However, these have been met with disparate responses-favorable from older consumers, but negative from some housing professionals. This research was conducted to better understand the attitudes of housing professionals toward various alternatives for the elderly. Randomly selected housing professionals practicing in a Midwestern county responsed to a mailed questionnaire addressing their knowledge of the older population and attitudes toward senior housing options. Results show few respondents had accurate information about seniors. Additionally, while housing professionals were highly aware of traditional housing alternatives, they were less familiar with more innovative options. Further findings reflect that some groups of housing professionals are significantly less likely than others to support innovative housing options. Suggestions are made for developing educational programs for housing profess...
Senior services: exploring nursing home services for community‐based seniors

Purpose – This study aims to examine the extent to which certain organizational characteristics of a nursing home impact its decision to target the community‐based seniors' (CBS) market by offering nursing home services to non‐residents. The study aims to hypothesize that service provision would be greater in not‐for‐profit, innovative nursing homes, those with organizational slack, and those that are chain‐affiliated.Design/methodology/approach – Data came from the 1999 National Nursing Home Survey. There are 1,075 nursing homes in the sample population. The data were analyzed using logistic regression.Findings – The results show that for‐profit nursing homes were predisposed to offer these services. However, innovative nursing homes were less likely to offer these services. Finally, homes with slack in the form of physical therapists offered these services, but homes with nurse's aide slack were less likely to offer these services.Research limitations/implications – The findings support the theoretical ...
ARL1 participates with ATC1/LIC4 to regulate responses of yeast cells to ions.

Abstract ATC1/LIC4, previously identified as a suppressor of the Li+-sensitive phenotype of calcineurin mutants, was also identified as a suppressor of the hygromycin B-sensitive phenotype of strains lacking the G protein gene, ARL1. Although loss of ARL1 confers several phenotypes, including sensitivity to hygromycin B and Li+, reduced influx of K+, and increased secretion of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY), loss of ATC1 was without effect by these and other measures. However, loss of ATC1 in an arl1 background exacerbated ion sensitivities, although not the CPY phenotype. Moreover, overexpression of ATC1 in an arl1 background partially suppressed ion sensitivities, but not the CPY phenotype. Additionally, expression of ENA1, the Na+/Li+ efflux ATPase, and activated calcineurin, but not normal calcineurin, suppressed the Li+-sensitive phenotype of the arl1 atc1 double mutant. These results show ARL1 and ATC1 interact to control intracellular ion levels, but ATC1 has little influence on other functions of ARL1.
Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging

An ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging system is developed for deep-tissue high-resolution imaging. The system includes acoustic, optical, electronic, mechanical scanning and data acquisition sub-systems. Results show the feasibility of high-resolution fluorescence imaging using the system.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF ROOTS OF PISUM SATIVUM INFLUENCED BY THE G2 FACTOR FROM COTYLEDONS

A G2 Factor present in cotyledons of Pisum sativum influences several developmental events in roots. G2 Factor present in dry seeds (cotyledons and radicles) is transported to roots after germination and promotes cell arrest in G2 in about 35% of all root meristem cells. Present evidence suggests the G2 Factor promotes cell arrest in G2 only in cells that undergo normal cell differentiation (arrest) because the proportion of cells labeled with 3H-TdR after 16 hr does not differ among both seedlings or excised roots in the presence or absence of this substance. In this manner, trigonelline differs from chalones of animal tissues that usually suppress cell proliferation by cell arrest either in GI or in G2. Experimental results suggest that cortex cells and not cells of vascular tissues in mature root tissues (20-22 mm from the meristem) are influenced by G2 Factor. Other recent publications indicate that the G2 Factor is trigonelline (N-methyl nicotinic acid) and concentrations of synthetic trigonelline from 10-5 to 10-7 M are effective in promoting cell arrest in G2 in one of the G2 Factor
Using Experimental Analysis to Determine Interventions for Reading Fluency and Recalls of Students with Learning Disabilities

This study assessed the efficacy of experimental analysis for determining a best intervention program for improving oral reading fluency for students with learning disabilities. Following a two-session baseline condition, four treatments to increase reading fluency (repeated reading, listening passage preview, repeated reading with easier material; and listening passage with easier materials) were administered in one session each for the purpose of briefly assessing which method was most effective for each student. The methods producing the highest response rate for each student were then subjected to an extended analysis. Finally, the best interventions for each student were implemented and their effectiveness was monitored across time. Functional relationships among the number of words read correct per minute and best intervention programs determined through brief experimental analysis were shown for all students in instructional passages. Generalized outcomes were consistent only when a reinforcement c...