cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive models for adsorption of organic compounds by Graphene nanosheets: comparison with carbon nanotubes.

Abstract The Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) technique was applied in the present study for predicting models of organic compounds (OCs) adsorption by Graphene and Graphene oxide (GO), and the results were compared with those of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). Adsorption database of 38 OCs (28 aromatic and 10 aliphatic) for Graphene and 69 OCs (59 aromatic and 10 aliphatic) for GO were collected from the literature and our laboratory. The r2 of the LSER models on the adsorption of aromatic OCs by Graphene and GO at three different equilibrium concentrations gradually increased up to OC molecular weight of 400 g/mol, after which a declining trend was observed for GO, while there was no visible change for Graphene. Among descriptors for all LSER models, V (molecular volume) and B (hydrogen bond accepting) for Graphene nanosheets (GNS) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were the most significant descriptors (p values ≤ 0.05). B term had high value and was negatively correlated with adsorption of all OCs by Graphene (−1.24 to −9.45), GO (−0.55 to −9.31), SWCNT (−0.10 to −5.38) and MWCNT (−1.24 to −1.85). LSER successfully trained models for adsorption of OCs by GNS, and model coefficients were dependent on adsorbent type and OC properties.
Characteristic Analysis of Single-Phase Earth Fault Under Different Grounding Modes of Neutral Point

Faults in the distribution network are mainly divided into single-phase ground faults and short-circuit faults. The process of short-circuit fault is relatively simple and the features are obvious. However, the process of single-phase ground fault is complicated. Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes the transient and steady state of distribution line when ground single-phase fault occurs under different grounding conditions of neutral point status. In this paper, the equivalent phase transformation of the single-phase ground fault of the distribution line is carried out to analyze the phase voltage, line voltage and zero-sequence voltage, zero-sequence current, transient zero-sequence current, positive sequence sum in the steady state process under different neutral conditions. The characteristics of the negative sequence current. It lays the foundation for distribution network fault analysis and test simulation.
Dimensions of the Subaxial Lateral Mass: A Systematic Review of Anatomic (Morphometric) Measurement Studies.

STUDY DESIGN This was a systematic review. OBJECTIVE To review and synthesize information on subaxial lateral mass dimensions in order to determine the ideal starting point, trajectory, and size of a lateral mass screw. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The use of lateral mass instrumentation for posterior cervical decompression and fusion has become routine as these constructs have increased rigidity and fusion rates. METHODS A systematic search of Medline and EMBASE was conducted. Studies that provided subaxial cervical lateral mass measurements, distance to the facet, vertebral artery and neuroforamen and facet angle made either directly (eg, cadaver specimen) or from patient imaging were considered for inclusion. Pooled estimates of mean dimensions were reported with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Stratified analysis based on level, sex, imaging plane, source (cadaver or imaging), and measurement method was done. RESULTS Of the 194 citations identified, 12 cadaver and 10 imaging studies were included. Pooled estimates for C3-C6 were generally consistent for lateral mass height (12.1 mm), width (12.0 mm), depth (10.8 mm), distance to the transverse foramen (11.8 mm), and distance to the nerve. C7 dimensions were most variable. Small sex-based differences in dimensions were noted for height (1.2 mm), width (1.3 mm), depth (0.43 mm), transverse foramen distance (0.9 mm), and nerve distance (0.3-0.8 mm). No firm conclusions regarding differences between measurements made on cadavers and those based on patient computed tomographic images are possible; findings were not consistent across dimensions. The overall strength of evidence is considered very low for all findings. CONCLUSIONS Although estimates of height, width, and depth were generally consistent for C3-C6, C7 dimensions were variable. Small sex differences in dimensions may suggest that surgeons should use a slightly smaller screw in female patients. Firm conclusions regarding facet angulation, source of measurement, and method of measurement were not possible.
Errors in the Use of the Accelerated Bioconcentration Test

The accelerated bioconcentration test is commonly used in aquatic toxicology to calculate the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for waterborne xenobiotics. This method assumes that when aquatic organisms accumulate chemicals,they behave as a single compartment with the chemical coming to an equilibrium between the organism compartment and the water. Experiments have shown, however, that for many lipophilic substances, the aquatic organism must be modeled as two or more compartments to characterize the accumulation process adequately. We studied the errors associated with the estimation of the BCF when the accelerated test is applied to substances that require two compartments to represent the fish. Body level/time data for xenobiotic uptake and depuration were simulated using the computer simulation program Minidynamo. The aquatic organism was modeled as two compartments; the amount of xenobiotic in the organism was a biexponential function of time; that is, for the uptake phase, X = Ae - α 1 + Be - β t where X is the amount in the organism, t is time, and A, B, α, and β are constants. These data sets were then fitted using NONLIN, an iterative nonlinear least-squares computer program, to the single-compartment model of the accelerated bioconcentration test to determine the apparent uptake and depuration rate constants, k, and k 2 , and to estimate the apparent BCF from their ratio. The larger the ratio of the 0 time intercepts of the two components of the biexponential curve, A/B, the larger was the error in estimating BCF. Estimates for the uptake rate constant, k 1 , were generally good but 10 to 30% smaller than the actual values, while the depuration rate constant, k 2 . was poorly estimated, even for cases where BCF was accurately estimated. In extreme cases, the calculated BCF was less than 5% of the actual BCF. Testing for fit to multicompartmental models and knowledge of multicompartmental characteristics and the infusion input can aid in reducing errors involved in estimates of BCF, k 1 , and k 2 by the accelerated bioconcentration test.
ASCA Observations of NLS1s

The study of NLS1s using ASCA has many advantages. A representative sample can be studied; to date, observations of more than 30 NLS1s have been made. ASCA observations are conducted contiguously, so their X-ray variability properties can be studied systematically. ASCA detectors have a broad band pass and moderate energy resolution, properties which allow their complex X-ray spectrum to be deconvolved. ASCA observations have revealed that a soft excess extending up to 1 keV is frequently found in the X-ray spectra from NLS1s. The hard X-ray photon index has been shown to be systematically steeper than in Seyfert 1 galaxies with broad optical lines. NLS1s also exhibit larger amplitude variability than broad-line Seyferts of similar hard X-ray luminosity. On occasion, features in the soft X-ray band have been detected that appear to be specific to NLS1s; ionized iron lines have also been observed. These results have been fundamental for building our current picture of the X-ray emission from NLS1s. Many of the properties can be explained if the specific accretion rate is larger in NLS1s than in Seyfert 1 galaxies with broad optical lines. NLS1s may exemplify an extreme state of an intrinsic physical parameter and therefore their study may lead to an enhanced understanding of AGN in general. This proceedings contribution has two parts. First I describe and discuss some of the results obtained from a study of the X-ray variability in NLS1s using ASCA data (Leighly 1999ab). Then, I discuss the results from our HST observations of NLS1s that were first presented during this meeting (Leighly & Halpern 2000).
LQ-MPC Design for Degradation-Conscious Control of PEM Fuel Cells

This paper presents a formulation for degradation-conscious control of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells with the particular goal of improving the membrane's mechanical durability. Specifically, a 1D through-the-membrane model of the PEM fuel cell is developed as the plant model based on the authors' previous work. The model is two-phase, non-isothermal, and has 36 states in total. This model is then reduced for control purposes to obtain an 8-state, parameter varying model that retains the main features of the full-order model. The reduced model is then linearized about the current operating point to render a linear model for a linear quadratic model predictive control (LQ-MPC) problem formulation. The control objective is to meet a power demand while satisfying various constraints on membrane hydration and temperature, liquid accumulation in the catalyst layers, and actuator limits. Simulation results demonstrate the promise of the resulting LQ-MPC framework in enabling degradation-conscious control for PEM fuel cells.
Modeling the Health and Budgetary Impacts of a Team-based Hypertension Care Intervention That Includes Pharmacists.

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the potential health and budgetary impacts of implementing a pharmacist-involved team-based hypertension management model in the United States. Research design In 2017, we evaluated a pharmacist-involved team-based care intervention among 3 targeted groups using a microsimulation model designed to estimate cardiovascular event incidence and associated health care spending in a cross-section of individuals representative of the US population: implementing it among patients with: (1) newly diagnosed hypertension; (2) persistently (≥1 year) uncontrolled blood pressure (BP); or (3) treated, yet persistently uncontrolled BP-and report outcomes over 5 and 20 years. We describe the spending thresholds for each intervention strategy to achieve budget neutrality in 5 years from a payer's perspective. Results Offering this intervention could prevent 22.9-36.8 million person-years of uncontrolled BP and 77,200-230,900 heart attacks and strokes in 5 years (83.8-174.8 million and 393,200-922,900 in 20 years, respectively). Health and economic benefits strongly favored groups 2 and 3. Assuming an intervention cost of $525 per enrollee, the intervention generates 5-year budgetary cost-savings only for Medicare among groups 2 and 3. To achieve budget neutrality in 5 years across all groups, intervention costs per person need to be around $35 for Medicaid, $180 for private insurance, and $335 for Medicare enrollees. Conclusions Adopting a pharmacist-involved team-based hypertension model could substantially improve BP control and cardiovascular outcomes in the United States. Net cost-savings among groups 2 and 3 make a compelling case for Medicare, but favorable economics may also be possible for private insurers, particularly if innovations could moderately lower the cost of delivering an effective intervention.
Research on Reverse Power Mechanism of Grid-connected Hydropower Units in Asynchronous Network

Under normal conditions, the hydropower unit is less equipped with reverse power protection. In order to solve the problem of large frequency oscillation caused by the reverse power of the hydropower unit when the hydroelectric unit is connected to the grid due to the large amplitude of the frequency oscillation, the paper passes the simulation. Through analysis and on-site comparison test, the frequency deviation range of different power plants connected to the grid is given, and the impact curve of power under different frequency differences is fitted. After the asynchronous networking of regional power grids, the theory of safe and reliable grid connection of hydropower units is provided.
Culture and the Consumer Journey

Abstract The consumer journey metaphor emphasizes the steps that individuals take in their path toward relationships with brands or satisfying shopping experiences. However, in many non-Western cultures, these steps are less likely to be shaped by individual preferences and priorities. Instead, they emerge from a collectivistic motivation to adapt to prevailing norms and others’ expectations, and are shaped by a holistic thinking style that emphasizes context and relationships. As a result, the meaning of each step in the consumer journey is likely to be normatively infused and contextually embedded. This paper will review research showing cross-cultural differences in responses to prices, ads, store displays, retailer reputations, coupons, and other characteristics important to the retail context. Our focus is on contrasting the consumer journey in individualistic contexts versus collectivistic ones, but we also address emerging findings on other key cultural differences, such as power distance belief. Taken together, these findings suggest that the patterns and drivers of consumers’ pre-purchase activities, purchase decisions, and post-purchase commitment may differ significantly across cultures. In describing these culturally distinct processes, we illustrate how a deep consideration of cultural differences can enhance our understanding of the consumer journey.
Loss of Rnf43 to accelerate KRAS-mediated neoplasia in a clinically relevant genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

733Background: The genetic heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) demands a personalized molecular-targeted treatment approach. While activating KRAS mutations are a near ubiquito...
Particle representation for $NN{\bar K}$ system

In the framework of the Faddeev equations in configuration space we perform an analysis of quasi-bound state of the $NN{\bar K}$ system within a particle model. In our approach, the system $NN{\bar K}(s_{NN}=0)$ ($NN{\bar K}(s_{NN}=1))$ is described as a superposition of $ppK^{-}$ and $pn{\bar K}^0$ ($nn{\bar K}^{0}$ and $pn{ K}^-$) states, which is possible due to a particle transition. The relation of the particle model to the theory of a two-state quantum system is addressed and discussed taking into account the possibilities of deep and shallow $NN{\bar K}(s_{NN}=0)$ quasi-bound states.
Efforts to catalogue non-governmental organizations with a role in global burn relief.

Abstract Introduction Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been instrumental in the treatment of traumatic injuries, including burns, particularly in low- and middle-income counties. The purpose of this project was to catalogue burn injury related NGO activities, describe coordinated efforts, and provide insight to burn health care professionals seeking volunteer opportunities. Methods Eligible burn NGOs were identified through internet searches, literature reviews, and social media. The organizations’ websites were reviewed for eligibility and contact was attempted to confirm details. Global health organizations, including the World Health Organization, were consulted for their viewpoints. Results We identified 27 unique NGOs working in the area of burn care in African countries, all with differing missions, capacities, recruitment methods, and ability to respond to disaster. We also describe 14 global NGOs, some of which accept volunteers. Some NGOs were local, while others were headquartered in western countries. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first effort towards the establishment of a Burn-NGO catalogue. Challenges included: frequent shifts in geographical regions supported, lack of collaboration among organizations, availability of public information, and austere environments. We invite collaborators to assist in the creation of a comprehensive, interactive and complete catalogue.
Extranodal Tumor Deposits in the Axillary Fat Indicate the Need for Axillary Dissection Among T1-T2cN0 Patients with Positive Sentinel Nodes

The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 trial demonstrated the safety of omitting axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in T1–T2cN0 patients with fewer than three positive sentinel nodes (SLNs) undergoing breast-conservation therapy. While microscopic extracapsular extension (mECE) > 2 mm is associated with increased nodal burden, the significance of extranodal tumor deposits (ETDs) in the axillary fat is uncertain. Consecutive patients with T1–T2cN0 breast cancer undergoing sentinel node biopsy and ALND for SLN metastases from January 2010 to December 2018 were identified. ETDs were defined as intravascular tumor emboli or metastatic deposits in the axillary fat. Clinicopathologic characteristics and nodal burden were compared by ETD status. Among 1114 patients, 113 (10%) had ETDs: 81 (72%) were intravascular tumor emboli and 32 (28%) were soft tissue deposits. Patients with ETDs had larger tumors (median 2.2 vs. 2.1 cm; p = 0.033) and more often had mECE (83% vs. 44%; p < 0.001). On univariable analysis, presence of ETDs (odds ratio [OR] 9.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.36–14.68), larger tumors (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.25–1.72), and mECE (OR 10.73, 95% CI 6.86–16.78) were associated with four or more additional positive non-SLNs (NSLNs; all p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, ETDs remained associated with four or more positive NSLNs (OR 5.67, 95% CI 3.53–9.08; p < 0.001). ETDs were strongly associated with four or more positive NSLNs (OR 7.15, 95% CI 4.04–12.67) among patients with one to two positive SLNs (n = 925). Among T1–T2cN0 patients with SLN metastases, ETDs are strongly associated with four or more positive NSLNs at ALND. Even among those who may otherwise meet the criteria for omission of ALND, the presence of ETDs in axillary fat warrants consideration of ALND.
Lived experiences of women reporting fatigue during PARP inhibitor maintenance treatment for advanced ovarian cancer: A qualitative study

Abstract Objective Oral PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have dramatically changed the treatment landscape for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. However, a subset of patients discontinue PARPi due to treatment-related fatigue. The current study sought to explore patients' lived experiences with fatigue on PARPi. Methods We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with N = 23 women receiving PARPi for advanced ovarian cancer who reported moderate to severe fatigue. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed and we used thematic analysis to code transcripts for emergent themes. Results Four overarching themes emerged. First, participants described their fatigue as milder than what they experienced on intravenous chemotherapy, but noted it consistently limited their daily activities, including work, and interfered with participation in family and social events. Second, fatigue negatively impacted participants' sense of self and identity. Third, most wanted to continue treatment and believed discontinuing PARPi would lead to a cancer recurrence or death. Finally, many participants reported that their support networks were unaware of their ongoing cancer treatment or the resulting fatigue; a situation that may prove isolating and result in reduced social support. Conclusions Our findings underscore patients' persistent experience of fatigue on PARPi, the impact of fatigue on multiple domains of functioning, and a lack of understanding of side effects resulting from oral maintenance treatments among patients' social networks. Our findings highlight the need for interventions to address treatment-related fatigue to limit the negative impacts of fatigue on ovarian cancer patients' well-being.
Racial and ethnic differences in uptake of cell-free fetal DNA aneuploidy screening in an urban safety net hospital.

OBJECTIVE To identify racial disparities in cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) first-line aneuploidy screening use among advanced maternal age women at a safety net hospital. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective cohort study of women 35 and older who delivered at Boston Medical Center from 2012 to 2015 compared to women who used cffDNA for first-line aneuploidy screening to those who did not. Maternal conventional demographics and social determinants of health were collected. We investigated the relationship between race and odds of cffDNA use, adjusting for covariates by stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS We identified 1223 women. Seventy-two percent were publicly insured. Upon adjusting for parity, prenatal care site, year of delivery, and insurance status, odds of cffNDA use remained lower for Black and Hispanic women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30, 0.71 and aOR 0.34 [0.21, 0.55]) compared to White women. Language proved to be an effect modifier among Hispanic women that attenuated but did not resolve the disparity in use among Hispanic compared to White women. Racial differences in cffDNA use persisted across the study period. CONCLUSION Disparity in cffDNA screening uptake exists by race in this diverse urban population. The gap in utilization between Hispanic and White women may be related to primary preferred language.
The Ancient Quarrel between Philosophy and Poetry: Dilthey: Poetry and the Escape from Metaphysics

In Plato's Republic , it was clear that establishing the relationship of poetry and philosophy was important. William Dilthey agrees. But Dilthey's conclusions differ considerably, and he embraces a near inversion of the Platonic view. Whereas for Plato the transcendent was most real, for Dilthey the transcendent in principle can play no role in philosophy; and in Dilthey's work, unlike in the Republic , poetry takes a preeminent place among the arts and, along with the other arts, is of critical importance to the work of philosophy: “It is one of the most vital tasks of contemporary philosophy to reestablish, through the further development of aesthetics, the natural relationship among art, criticism, and an engaged public.” The content of both poetry and philosophy ranges across all of human experience. When one asks about the relationship of the two, no answer that does not attend to this common content will finally be satisfying. This may be especially true for Dilthey, for whom, some have argued, the entire conception of the human sciences is rooted in the conception of aesthetics. The efforts of poetry and, more broadly, of art in general aim at the understanding of human life. Indeed, Dilthey goes so far as to say, “None of us would possess more than a meager part of our present understanding of human conditions, if we had not become used to seeing through the poet's eyes.”
Essays on internet markets and information goods

This dissertation consists of three essays on Internet markets and information goods. The first essay, “Consumer Surplus in the Digital Economy: Estimating the Value of Increased Product Variety at Online Booksellers”, presents a framework and empirical estimates that quantify the economic impact of increased product variety made available through electronic markets. While efficiency gains from increased competition significantly enhance consumer surplus, for instance by leading to lower average selling prices, our present research shows that increased product variety made available through electronic markets can be a significantly larger source of consumer surplus gains. One reason for increased product variety on the Internet is the ability of online retailers to catalog, recommend and provide a large number of products for sale. There may also be large welfare gains in other SKU-intensive consumer goods such as music, movies, consumer electronics, and computer software and hardware. The second essay, “Performance-based Pricing Models in Online Advertising”, applies the economic theory of incentive contracts to the study of performance-based pricing models in online advertising and provides explanations as to when and how incorporating them into advertising deals can be profitable. We argue that using these pricing models appropriately can give both the publisher and the advertiser proper incentives to make non-contractible efforts that may improve the effectiveness of advertising campaigns. It also allows the publisher and the advertiser to share the risk caused by uncertainty in the product market. We show that key factors that influence the use of performance-based pricing models are the importance of the publisher's incremental efforts, precision of click-through measurement, uncertainty in the product market, and risk aversion parameters. We also clarify issues that are being debated in the industry, such as how the importance of the advertiser's incremental efforts and existence of non-immediate purchases affect the use of performance-based pricing models. The third essay, “Renting versus Selling Durable Information Goods”, studies whether a monopoly producer of a durable information good should sell or rent its good to consumers. We study whether the producer obtains a higher profit under a selling strategy or a renting strategy. Our analysis shows that the conventional wisdom that a durable good monopolist would always prefer renting to selling is no longer valid in the context of durable information goods, because of the existence of “individual depreciation”. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
IKOS: A Framework for Static Analysis Based on Abstract Interpretation

The RTCA standard (DO-178C) for developing avionic software and getting certification credits includes an extension (DO-333) that describes how developers can use static analysis in certification. In this paper, we give an overview of the IKOS static analysis framework that helps developing static analyses that are both precise and scalable. IKOS harnesses the power of Abstract Interpretation and makes it accessible to a larger class of static analysis developers by separating concerns such as code parsing, model development, abstract domain management, results management, and analysis strategy. The benefits of the approach is demonstrated by a buffer overflow analysis applied to flight control systems.
Photoionization of the 5d6p 3D1 state of barium.

We have carried out a relative measurement of the photoionization cross section of the 5d6p $^{3}$${\mathit{D}}_{1}$ state of barium from the 6s ionization threshold to 875 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (\ensuremath{\sim}0.109 eV) above the 5${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$ ionization threshold. The cross section was measured for two different final-state symmetries by varying the angle between the laser polarization vectors. Both photoionization cross sections contain ``forbidden lines'' which arise through a breakdown of the selection rules on J and ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{J}}$ due to the hyperfine interaction in the odd isotopes of barium. These experimental results are compared with jj-coupled eigenchannel R-matrix calculations and show good agreement. Approximate incorporation of the hyperfine effects into the calculations was necessary for a complete understanding of the measured photoionization cross sections. We found that for the odd isotopes (\ensuremath{\sim}18% of natural barium) the excited 5d6p $^{3}$${\mathit{D}}_{1}$ state was substantially depolarized by the effect of the hyperfine interaction.
The Millennium Project: Constructing a dynamic 3+D virtual environment for exploring geographically, temporally and categorically organized historical information

This paper describes a conceptual and computational approach for enabling understanding of a large, multidimensional set of information. The goal of the Millennium Project is to provide a knowledge seeker the ability to move through virtual time and space to explore and discover the connections between artifacts of philosophy, painting, music, literature, science, and political events of a pivotal time in world history: the years from 1906 to 1918. This virtual space continually constructs and reconstructs itself based on the knowledge seeker's movements through and within it, much like the process of moving through the conceptual spaces of our minds as we construct meaning.
Talar impingement by the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. A cause of chronic pain in the ankle after inversion sprain.

Seven patients who had pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle were found to have a thickened distal fascicle of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. Each patient had a history of an inversion sprain of the ankle followed by chronic pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle. The thickened distal fascicle was resected without loss of stability of the ankle. Five patients needed debridement of an area of abraded hyaline cartilage on the anterolateral aspect of the talus. Six patients were followed for a mean of thirty-nine months (range, twenty-four to fifty-nine months). Four of them had no pain in the ankle or limitation in activities, and two reported marked improvement, with only occasional pain in the ankle related to overuse. A separate distal fascicle of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament is present in most human ankles and can be a cause of talar impingement, abrasion of the articular cartilage, and pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle. Resection of this ligament usually will alleviate the pain caused by the impingement.
Allergen databases and allergen semantics

The efficacy of any specific bioinformatic analysis of the potential allergenicity of new food proteins depends directly on the nature and content of the databases that are used in the analysis. A number of different allergen-related databases have been developed, each designed to meet a different need. These databases differ in content, organization, and accessibility. These differences create barriers for users and prevent data sharing and integration. The development and application of appropriate semantic web technologies, (for example, a food allergen ontology) could help to overcome these barriers and promote the development of more advanced analytic capabilities.
Curvature and solidification

A method is presented for finding the osculating circle, and thus the curvature and the normal, of a curve defined by an array of partial volumes. This method is applied, within the framework of an enthalpy formulation, to the solutions of model equations that describe the motion of a front separating ice and supercooled water. For short to moderate times the numerical results agree well with available theory; at longer times a morphological oscillation is observed. Such an oscillation was seen in earlier calculations but is not predicted by linearized stability theory. Some speculations regarding its origin are offered.
Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides Using HPMA Polymer: Synthesis of A Thiol Polymer and Its Conjugation to Water-Soluble Molecules

Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of an HPMA-based polymer for use as a carrier for the delivery of water soluble drugs. The polymer contains active-sulfhydryl groups for coupling of ligands through a disulfide linkage. The polymer can also be prepared containing pendant amino groups in addition to the active-sulfhydryl moiety. This allows the use of different chemistries to conjugate a variety of ligands to the polymer. We demonstrate that a sulfhydryl-terminated antisense oligonucleotide can be efficiently and rapidly conjugated to the polymer. The polymer−oligonucleotide conjugate is efficiently taken up by cultured cells.
Comparisons of Infrared Multiple Photon Reaction Yields of Some C3–C6 Hydrocarbons

Low pressure (53 μ ) infrared multiple photon decomposition of several hydrocarbons requiring large fluences to produce measurable decomposition was investigated. Cyclopropane, propylene, methylcyclopropane, cis- and trans-2-butene, vinylcyclopropane, cyclopentene and 1-methylcyclopentene exhibit wide variations in reaction product yield and the spectral dependence of yield at constant pressure and fluence. The role vibrational state density, torsional vibrations and low intensity absorption cross section play in determining yields was examined. The results show the complex interplay of factors affecting multiple photon decomposition. Although the maximum observed yields tend to increase with increasing vibrational state density and absorption cross section, they were poorly correlated with either state density or cross section. The dependence of yield upon excitation wavenumber revealed several unexpected features which indicate that low energy vibrational level structure must be the dominant factor in determining yields. Also, the data suggest that torsional vibrations can ease the excitation bottleneck.
Parameter estimation and related problems for external input—output models

The purpose is to consider the stopping time for the identification of external input-output models. Discussion of confidence-region approach and the stopping criterion is provided. The application of a stopping rule to a binary distillation process is investigated
Estimation of erythorbic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid by use of the ascorbase of Myrothecium verrucaria.

Abstract A method for the estimation of erythorbic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid utilizing the unique properties of the spore ascorbase of Myrothecium verrucaria has been described. Measurements were made during partially inhibited enzyme oxidations of ratios from 10:1 to 300:1 of the substrate (ascorbic acid) to the enzyme inhibitor (erythorbic acid). Chemical analyses for reduced and oxidized ascorbic acid followed the manometric measurements. Regression lines of the amount of reduced or oxidized ascorbic acid on the logarithm of the corresponding ratio of ascorbic acid to erythorbic acid were developed from the three sets of data and were used satisfactorily for the estimation of the quantity of erythorbic acid present in “unknown” synthetic solutions. Trial measurements were made of erythorbic acid in blood and urine following test loads. Adjustments in the method must be made before definitive results can be obtained with the small amounts of the acids present in plasma. The presence of erythorbic acid was established qualitatively in urine by the method but quantitative relationships were not clearly defined due to limited data and great variation in excretion of the test load.
Pyruvate : NADP+ oxidoreductase from Euglena gracilis : mechanism of O2-inactivation of the enzyme and its stability in the aerobe

O2-inactivation of pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase from mitochondria of Euglena gracilis was studied in vitro, and a mechanism which consists of two sequential stages was proposed. Initially, the enzyme is inactivated by the direct action of O2 in a process obeying second-order kinetics. Although the catalytic activity for pyruvate oxidation is lost by this initial inactivation, NADPH oxidation with artificial electron acceptors still occurs. Subsequently, a secondary, O2-independent inactivation occurs, rendering the enzyme completely inactive. Pyruvate stimulates the O2-inactivation while CoA and NADP+ protect the enzyme from O2. The O2-inactivation is accelerated by reduction of the enzyme with pyruvate and CoA. Reactivation of the O2-inactivated enzyme was studied in Ar by incubation with Fe2+ in the presence of some other reducing reagent such as dithiothreitol. The evidence obtained indicates that the partially inactivated enzyme, which retains catalytic activity for NADPH oxidation, can be reactivated, but the completely inactivated enzyme is not. When Euglena cells were exposed to 100% O2 the enzyme in the cells was inactivated by O2, but the rate was quite slow compared with that observed in vitro. The enzyme inactivated by O2 in the cells was almost completely reactivated in vitro by incubation with Fe2+ and other reducing reagents in Ar, suggesting that the secondary, O2-independent inactivation does not occur in situ. When the cells were returned to air, reactivation of the O2-inactivated enzyme in the cells began immediately. The enzyme, kept in isolated, intact mitochondria, was stable in air; however, the enzyme was inactivated by O2 when the mitochondria were incubated with a high concentration of pyruvate.
Reconstruction of the extrahepatic portal vein after pancreatic trauma – Report of two cases

Abstract Obstruction of the extrahepatic portal vein blocks the outflow through the superior mesenteric (SMV), splenic (SV), and coronary veins (CV) and causes portal hypertension of the prehepatic type. We present two case reports of patients who developed SMV obstruction after pancreatic trauma treated by reconstruction of the extrahepatic portal vein with an autologous venous graft between the SMV and portal veins. Restoration of normal hepatopedal flow was achieved in these two cases by replacing the thrombosed segments of the retropancreatic superior mesenteric vein following pancreatic trauma.
Resonant enhancement factor in three-band model of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) in the cuprates

We discuss the nature of the resonant enhancement factor which enters the K-edge RIXS cross-section within the framework of a three-band Hubbard model of the cuprates. The enhancement factor is shown to display peaks as a function of the incident photon energy related to the Van Hove singularities (including band edges) in the underlying Cu 4p density of states.
Fifty years of radical ideas

My role in the free radical theory of oxygen toxicity is discussed. Rebeca Gerschman and I published several papers on this subject. This sparked my interest in geochemistry and I developed the idea that oxygen was the best qualified biological potential energy source for the following reasons: great abundance, easily accessible, possession of a high thermodynamic potential, and its slow reaction rate. Ionization radiation can be viewed as a catalyst for reactive oxygen species since a killing dose imparts an infinitesimal small amount of energy. Next, Carol A. Colton and I showed that in the mammalian brain that stimulated microglia produce the superoxide radical anion and its implications in Alzheimer's disease is discussed. More recently, I have become interested in the role of sulfhydryl groups in transcription factors.
The State of World Hunger

Three distinct but related concepts have been used to estimate the numbers of people affected by hunger and to analyze the global food situation: food shortage, food poverty, and food deprivation. They focus on different aspects of the phenomenon of hunger and different levels of aggregation involved in its study. Food shortage occurs when total food supplies within a designated area--the world as a whole or continents, countries, or regions within countries--are insufficient to meet the needs of its population. Food poverty refers to the situation in which households cannot obtain enough food to meet the needs of all their members. Food deprivation refers to inadequate individual consumption of food or specific nutrients, also known as undernutrition. The relationships between food shortage, food poverty, and food deprivation are complex. If a region suffers a food shortage, some households will be food poor, and at least one household member will suffer food deprivation. Conversely, food poverty also can (and does) occur within regions where there is no aggregate food shortage, and individual food deprivation can occur in households that are not food poor. The key factor in both cases is distribution.
Family-based winter territoriality in western bluebirds, Sialia mexicana: the structure and dynamics of winter groups.

Winter residency is characteristic of the majority of cooperatively breeding birds, but the composition and dynamics of winter groups have been examined in relatively few. In 1996–1998, we examined winter territoriality in the western bluebird, a year-round resident that shows a limited degree of helping behaviour in central coastal California, U.S.A. In spring, most western bluebirds breed as socially monogamous pairs, but a small proportion of pairs (3–16%) have additional breeding-age males helping at the nest, usually assisting parents or brothers. We found that year-round residents commonly wintered in family groups that defended territories similar to those used in spring. Winter groups had an even sex ratio and formed early in the autumn, when hatch-year birds dispersed. More females than males left their natal groups to be replaced by an influx of immigrant hatch-year birds. Winter groups typically consisted of breeders and one or two sons from the prior breeding season along with one or more immigrant females. A second period of dispersal occurred in spring when winter groups broke up and most birds other than the breeding pair left the winter territory. When they bred, yearling males and females often bred with unrelated individuals from their winter groups. Sons were more likely to remain on the study area as yearlings when they wintered with both parents than when they wintered with just one parent. We suggest that young males stay the winter due to benefits of remaining in family groups on mistletoe-based winter territories. Subsequent localized dispersal of sons then leads to opportunistic kin-based interactions later in life.
Educational Interventions to Improve Recognition of Delirium: A Systematic Review

Delirium is a common and serious condition that is underrecognized in older adults in a variety of healthcare settings. It is poorly recognized because of deficiencies in provider knowledge and its atypical presentation. Early recognition of delirium is warranted to better manage the disease and prevent the adverse outcomes associated with it. The purpose of this article is to review the literature concerning educational interventions focusing on recognition of delirium. The Medline and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) databases were searched for studies with specific educational focus in the recognition of delirium, and 26 studies with various designs were identified. The types of interventions used were classified according to the Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE) model, and outcomes were sorted according to Kirkpatrick's hierarchy. Educational strategies combining predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors achieved better results than strategies that included one or two of these components. Studies using predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing strategies together were more often effective in producing changes in staff behavior and participant outcomes. Based on this review, improvements in knowledge and skill alone seem insufficient to favorably influence recognition of delirium. Educational interventions to recognize delirium are most effective when formal teaching is interactive and is combined with strategies including engaging leadership and using clinical pathways and assessment tools. The goal of the current study was to systematically review the published literature to determine the effect of educational interventions on recognition of delirium.
Personality And Leadership Composition in Top Management Teams: Implications For Organizational Effectiveness

This study examines whether top management team (TMT) personality and leadership are associated with organizational effectiveness beyond the effects of CEO personality and leadership, as suggested by upper echelons theory. Using direct measures of personality and leadership, rather than proxy variables from archival sources or demographic data, we found that mean levels of conscientiousness among TMT members were related to lagged indicators of organizational performance, as were CEO conscientiousness and transformational leadership. Follower commitment to the organization was found to be associated with higher levels of transformational leadership from both the CEO and TMT. The results are consistent with the upper echelons perspective that organizational effectiveness is influenced not only by the CEO but also by a dominant coalition of leaders. Yet, the results also show that the CEO plays a distinct role in influencing organizational financial performance and collective organizational commitment. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Private Sector Influences on Monetary Policy in the United States

I examine the extent to which the Federal Reserve's monetary policy actions are correlated with the expressed wishes of private sector lobbying groups. I update and extend work by Havrilesky (1990, 1993) regarding the effect of signals from the banking industry through the Federal Advisory Council (FAC). I also construct a new database containing statements from non-financial interest groups. I find that monetary policy actions are correlated with signals from non-financial groups before 1979 but not after, and are correlated with signals from the FAC after 1979 but not before. I also find that the Fed's policy stance more closely matches the preferred stance of the banking industry after 1979.
Absence of spin transport in the organic semiconductor Al q 3

There have been differing interpretations regarding the magnetoresistance (MR) reported in spin-valve structures containing thick layers of the organic semiconductor tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum $(\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3})$. While some attribute it to spin injection and transport in $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}$, others suggest tunneling through locally thin regions of the $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}$ layer as the mechanism. We present results of magnetotransport and charge transport measurements on $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}$-based spin valves and unipolar devices where the $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}$ thickness is beyond the tunneling limit. We observe no measurable MR in the $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}∕\mathrm{Co}$ spin valve structures. Measurements of temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics and comparisons with unipolar devices show that charge transport in $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}∕\mathrm{Co}$ spin valves is by holes only and is injection-limited. The hole-only transport in $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{q}}_{3}$ is stable only at low current densities. This supports the tunneling interpretation of the earlier reported MR. Similar to inorganic semiconductors, the large conductivity mismatch between the metal electrodes and the organic semiconductor prevents spin injection. However, inserting a tunnel barrier between the magnetic electrode and the organic semiconductor did not improve spin injection.
Taming of Fluoroform: Direct Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation of Si, B, S, and C Centers

Fluoroform (CF(3)H), a large-volume by-product of the manufacture of Teflon, refrigerants, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fire-extinguishing agents, and foams, is a potent and stable greenhouse gas that has found little practical use despite the growing importance of trifluoromethyl (CF3) functionality in more structurally elaborate pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Direct nucleophilic trifluoromethylation using CF(3)H has been a challenge. Here, we report on a direct trifluoromethylation protocol using close to stoichiometric amounts of CF(3)H in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether, and toluene. The methodology is widely applicable to a variety of silicon, boron, and sulfur-based electrophiles, as well as carbon-based electrophiles.