cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of CaNiSi2O6 (“Niopside”) and Activity–Composition Relations of CaMgSi2O6– CaNiSi2O6 Solid Solutions at 1350°C

A complete solid-solution series exists between diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and its nickel analogue, “niopside”(CaNiSi2O6). Activity–composition relations within this solid solution, and the stability of the end member CaNiSi2O6, have been determined by equilibrating CaNiSi2O6 with SiO2, CaSiO3, and metallic Ni in atmospheres of known oxygen pressures. Within limits of accuracy of the experiments, the solution is ideal at 1350°C. From the experimental data obtained in the present investigation, the standard free energy (ΔG°) of formation of CaNiSi2O6 according to the equation CaO + NiO + 2SiO2= CaNiSi2O6 is calculated to be ΔG°=−165862 + 42.40T J. Experiments in the system CaO–NiO–SiO2 have shown that the nickel analogue of the phase pseudo-enstatite (MgSiO3) is unstable with respect to SiO2 and nickel olivine (Ni2SiO4), and the nickel analogues of the phases akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) and monticellite (CaMgSiO4) are unstable relative to the phase assemblage pseudo-wollastonite (CaSiO3) plus NiO. In the system CaO–MgO–NiO–SiO2, however, substitution of Ni for Mg in these phases was observed. The percentage substitution of Ni for Mg in the phases is given in parentheses: diopside (100%), olivine (100%), enstatite (18%), akermanite (20%), and monticellite (57%).
Opioid-dependent growth of glial cultures: Suppression of astrocyte DNA synthesis by met-enkephalin

Abstract The action of met-enkephalin on the growth of astrocytes in mixed-glial cultures was examined. Primary, mixed-glial cultures were isolated from 1 day-old mouse cerebral hemispheres and continuously treated with either basal growth media (controls), 1 μM)met-enkephalin plus the opioid antagonist naloxone (3 μM), or naloxone alone (3 μM). Absolute numbers of neural cells were counted in unstained preparations, while combined [ 3 H]-thymidine autoradiography and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry was performed to identify specific changes in astrocytes. When compared to control and naloxone treated cultures, met-enkephalin caused a significant decrease in both total cell numbers, and in [ 3 H--thymidine incorporation by GFAP-positive cells with flat morphology. These results indicate that met-enkephalin suppresses astrocyte growth in culture.
The concept of educación: Latino family values and American schooling

Abstract Do traditional, agrarian values put minority culture children at a disadvantage in North American schools? The available results are mixed. In this chapter we attempt to “unpack” some of the effects of traditional Latino family values on their children's early school adaptation and achievement. Our research suggests that agrarian-origin values, which differ from academic-occupational orientation of school personnel, do not necessarily work to the disadvantage of students. On the contrary, under certain conditions, these values may be complementary to those of the school and in fact serve to support educational adaptation and achievement. A key to our findings and analyses is the concept of educacion beliefs among the parents in our sample. Not all strongly endorsed cultural beliefs are instantiated in ways that impact children's experiences and development. Some cultural beliefs lead to instantiation into everyday routines of families, while others seem to be readily available, expressed, and endorsed but not reliably acted on (D'Andrade & Strauss, 1992). Those beliefs that are instantiated into the daily routine are more likely to produce detectable effects on children's development, a conclusion supported by cross cultural evidence (Weisner, 1984).
Tropomyosin's Periods Are Quasi-Equivalent for Actin Binding but Have Specific Regulatory Functions†

Tropomyosin is a coiled coil that associates N-terminus to C-terminus to form a continuous strand along both sides of the actin filament and regulates its function. One long, high molecular weight tropomyosin molecule spans the length of seven actin subunits. In these forms there is a 7-fold periodicity in noninterface residues that have been proposed to correspond to seven quasi-equivalent actin binding sites. Interruption of the stable, canonical coiled coil by residues that destabilize the interhelical interface, such as Ala clusters, is required for actin binding. Previous studies have shown that the N-terminal half of period 5 (residues 165-188) is critical for actin binding and regulatory function and that both the surface "consensus" residues and the embedded, destabilizing Ala cluster are required for function. In the present work we test the hypothesis of quasi-equivalence of tropomyosin's periodic sites by replacing the proposed binding sites by substituting the crucial period 5 region with regions of period 1 or 2. Replacement mutants were designed to test the importance of the coincidence of the consensus residues and a destabilizing interface. The results show that generic (interface instability) and specific periodic surface residues are essential for function and that the periods tested (periods 1, 2, and 5) are quasi-equivalent for actin binding. However, regulatory functions are period-specific: periods 1 and 5 for binding to actin in the force-producing state and period 5 for Ca2+-dependent regulation with troponin.
Electrical self-calibration of nonideal bolometers.

An analytical method for determining the absorbed energy calibration of an IR bolometer from purely electrical measurements is presented. The technique is targeted at detectors with purely electrical nonlinearities. It is shown that the responsivity can be derived from the I-V plot if the limiting high-frequency impedance is measured. The electrical nonlinearity is then the difference between the impedance and the dc resistance. The model is used for designing a circuit for measuring the relative impedance parameters. The results are applicable to studies of IR sources and the detection of energy pulses with bolometers.
The efficacy of two types of cues in aphasic patients

Abstract This study investigated the efficacy of two types of cues (phonemic and semantic) in aphasic patients with naming deficits. Subjects consisted of ten Broca's, ten Wernicke's, eight conduction, and eight anomic aphasic subjects. Cues were administered following failure to name on confrontation. Responsiveness to cueing was dependent on type of cue and type of aphasia. Subjects performed better on phonemic as compared to semantic cues. In addition, aphasic subgroups responded differentially, with conduction subjects responding significantly better to cueing than Wernicke's subjects. These findings are discussed with respect to the neuropsychological mechanisms involved in cueing.
Electrical resistivity of an aluminium-graphite composite between 77 K and 300 K

Abstract The electrical resistivity, ϱ, of a composite consisting of 6061 aluminium alloy containing 28 vol. % graphite (Thornel 50) fibres has been studied using temperatures, T, between 77 K and 300 K as a function of thermal annealing. These studies have been made with the electrical current parallel to the fibres. The value of ϱ decreases linearly with increasing annealing temperature. The annealing process also changes the temperature dependence of ϱ. The values of ϱ of the matrix, which depend on the annealing temperature, have been calculated from the experimental data and are compared with the estimated values of pure 6061 alumimium alloy with different temper degrees. These results indicate that the fabrication process can cause the composite electrical resistivity to be different from the theoretical estimates based on values of components.
The editor's roundtable: medical management of atrial fibrillation.

Dr. Friedewald has received honoraria for speaking from Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey. Dr. Kowal has received honoraria for advisory board membership from Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr. Olshansky has received honoraria for speaking and consulting from Medtronic; Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts; and St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, Minnesota. Drs. Roberts and Yancy have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
A gender gap in the dermatology literature? Cross-sectional analysis of manuscript authorship trends in dermatology journals during 3 decades.

Background Despite a dramatic influx of female dermatologists during the last 30 years, women in academic dermatology departments remain relatively clustered in junior faculty positions. Research in other specialties showing a disparity in the academic productivity of women has led to many hypotheses regarding factors that may place them at a competitive disadvantage. It is unknown, however, whether similar differences in academic productivity might also serve as barriers to advancement in dermatology, or whether any productivity gap actually exists in this specialty that experienced a more substantial entry of women. Objective Because publication in peer-reviewed journals is one of the core measures of academic productivity used in the promotion process, we evaluated trends in the prevalence of female authorship in top dermatology journals during the last 3 decades. Methods We conducted an observational study of trends in the sex distribution of US authors in 3 prestigious general dermatology journals (in 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006) and 3 subspecialty dermatology journals (in 2006 only). Journals were chosen based on published impact factors and citation half-lives. Results During the last 3 decades, the proportion of women authoring manuscripts in the 3 major general dermatology journals increased from 12% to 48% of US-affiliated first authors ( P P Limitations Although the publications selected for this study capture many of the most respected US journals in dermatology, they may not be representative of all journals in which dermatologists publish. Conclusions Female dermatologists are authoring publications in growing numbers that match or exceed their prevalence in the academic and overall workforce. This suggests that other factors (differences in productivity outside of the publishing arena, differences in job descriptions or opportunities, differences in career aspirations, a lack of institutional support or flexibility, or gender bias) may be associated with the ongoing reduced advancement of women to senior academic dermatology ranks relative to their male colleagues, and further research is warranted to explore these possibilities.
PINK1 and Parkin Flag Miro to Direct Mitochondrial Traffic

The Parkinson's disease proteins PINK1 and Parkin are proposed guardians of mitochondrial fidelity, targeting damaged mitochondria for degradation by mitophagy. In this issue of Cell, Wang et al. (2011) now show that PINK1 and Parkin also regulate mitochondrial trafficking and quarantine damaged mitochondria by severing their connection to the microtubule network.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte chemoattractants produced by human fibroblasts.

Abstract The elaboration of leukocyte chemotactic factors by human fibroblasts was studied. 12 lines of normal fibroblasts obtained by skin biopsy and then cultured in vitro produced chemoattractants (assessed by modified Boyden-chamber techniques) for both peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes (obtained by Hypaque-Ficoll and dextran sedimentation). Chemotactic activity was not present performed in fibroblasts, and cycloheximide blocked its elaboration. The chemotactic activity of crude-culture supernate was heat stable (56 degrees C for 30 min), trypsin- and pronase-sensitive, and neuraminidase resistant. Characterization of the chemotactic activity by gel filtration (Sephadex G-75) showed two active fractions, one with mol wt greater than 100,000 and the other less than 10,000. In studies designed to relate these chemotactic factors to collagen, we have confirmed that type I collagen and alpha 1-chain; are chemotactically active for monocytes but not polymorphonuclear leukocytes. However, the chemotactic activity in fibroblast-culture media was media was distinct from collagen in that it attracted neutrophils, it was not precipitated by 25% ammonium sulfate, and it was resistant to collagenase treatment; ascorbic acid, in concentrations known to stimulate fibroblast collagen synthesis, had no effect on the elaboration of the chemotactic factors. Furthermore, amino acid analysis of Sephadex G-75 fractions with chemotactic activity failed to reveal amino acids such as hydroxyproline characteristic of collagen. In addition to the chemotactic factors secreted by fibroblasts, a heat-resistant factor (30 min at 56 degrees C) which generated the chemotactically active fragment of C5 (C5a) from human serum was also secreted. The elaboration of mediators of the inflammatory and immune responses by fibroblasts may initiate and(or) modulate local skin inflammatory reactions and play a protective role in vivo.
PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE MAMMALIAN KIDNEY

The concentrations of amino acid and polypeptide nitrogen in plasma samples from the aorta, renal vein, and inferior vena cava of the rabbit have been determined. It was demonstrated that there were significantly higher concentrations of amino acids and polypeptides in the renal vein than in either aorta or inferior vena cava. The possible implications of these findings in relation to the role of the kidney in protein metabolism has been discussed.
Subacute effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on lung function in lambs

We examined the effects of ovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on lung mechanics, lung histology, and airway reactivity in lambs. Nine lambs were inoculated with ovine RSV and seven control lambs with normal saline or viral media. Serum neutralization titers were obtained prior to and 3 weeks post-inoculation (PI). Open lung biopsies were performed 1 and 3 weeks PI. Lung mechanics including dynamic compliance (C dyn ), resistance of the lung (R L ), and functional residual capacity (FRC) were measured 2 and 6 weeks PI using a plethysmograph
Cricadian variatons in hepatic glutathione content, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and γ-glutamyl transferase activities in mice

Experiments were conducted to determine if the circadian variations previously observed in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations also occurred in the associated enzymatic activities involved in the synthesis (gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase) and degradation (gamma-glutamyl transferase) of glutathione using male CF-1 mice. All parameters were measured at four hour intervals over a 24-h period under normal (L: 0600-1800 h) and reversed (L: 1800-0600 h) lighting schedules. Circadian rhythms were found in each parameter under both lighting schedules. With GSH content, the rhythms' peak occurred at 0200 h and the nadir at 1400 h under the normal lighting schedule and was reversed (peak: 1800 h; nadir; 0600 h) under reversed lighting. The enzymatic activities also varied in a circadian manner with a phase shift in the peak and nadir occurring with a change in lighting schedule. Liver weight varied in a circadian manner under both lighting schedules with greatest weights occurring at the end of the dark phase. These data show that not only does GSH content vary in a circadian manner but that associated enzyme activities do as well. However, the hepatic enzyme activities did not correlate well with the GSH rhythm and, thus, do not provide a mechanistic rationale for the GSH rhythm.
YC-1 Binding to the β Subunit of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Overcomes Allosteric Inhibition by the α Subunit

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a heterodimeric heme protein and the primary nitric oxide receptor. NO binding stimulates cyclase activity, leading to regulation of cardiovascular physiology and making sGC an attractive target for drug discovery. YC-1 and related compounds stimulate sGC both independently and synergistically with NO and CO binding; however, where the compounds bind and how they work remain unknown. Using linked equilibrium binding measurements, surface plasmon resonance, and domain truncations in Manduca sexta and bovine sGC, we demonstrate that YC-1 binds near or directly to the heme-containing domain of the β subunit. In the absence of CO, YC-1 binds with a Kd of 9–21 μM, depending on the construct. In the presence of CO, these values decrease to 0.6–1.1 μM. Pfizer compound 25 bound ∼10-fold weaker than YC-1 in the absence of CO, whereas compound BAY 41-2272 bound particularly tightly in the presence of CO (Kd = 30–90 nM). Additionally, we found that CO binds much more weakly to hete...
Development of 1- and 2-μm coherent Doppler lidars for atmospheric sensing

Coherent Doppler lidar has been studied for a wide range of velocity sensing applications. While most of the developed coherent lidars use 10 micrometers CO2 laser sources, the newly emerging solid-state lasers at 1-2 micrometers are being actively investigated for use as efficient and long-lived optical sources in remote sensing applications. This paper reviews recent work in the development of 1 and 2 micrometers coherent Doppler lidars for atmospheric sensing.
Resting metabolic rates in boid snakes: allometric relationships and temperature effects

Resting metabolic rates (RMR) of 34 species from 18 genera of boas and pythons (Serpentes: Boidae), with body masses ranging from 2 to 67,800 g, were determined as oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ) and carbon dioxide production ( $$\dot V_{CO_2 }$$ ) at three ambient temperatures (T a). The temperature coefficient of metabolism (Q10) averaged 2.61 betweenT a of 20–30°C and 2.65 between 30 and 34°C. The respiratory exchange ratio RE (= $$\dot V_{CO_2 }$$ / $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ) increased slightly with increasingT a (0.795 at 20°C, 0.819 at 30°C, and 0.834 at 34°C). Interspecific differences in Q10 and RE were slight or insignificant. A multiple regression relating metabolism ( $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ) to mass andT a explained 97% of the variance in the pooled interspecific data. The mass exponent was 0.806, which is approximately the same as reported for squamates and for all reptilian taxa combined. The mean within-species slope (0.732) was significantly less than the slope for pooled data, but did not differ significantly from 0.75. In 40 of 42 cases (14 species at 3T a), within-species slopes did not differ from each other. Values of the adjusted mean Y, from covariance analysis, were significantly and positively correlated with mass, indicating that the mass coefficient increases with increasing mass. Considerable variation in metabolic rate is apparent both within and between ecological and taxonomic categories.
Fractionation of menhaden oil and partially hydrogenated menhaden oil: Characterization of triacylglycerol fractions

Menhaden oil (MO) and partially hydrogenated menhaden oil (PHMO) were dry-fractionated and solvent-fractionated from acetone. After conversion to fatty acid methyl esters, the compositional distribution of saturated, monounsaturated, trans, and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the isolated fractions was determined by gas chromatography. Acetone fractionation of MO at −38°C significantly increased the n−3 PUFA content in the liquid fractions over that of starting MO (P<0.05). For PHMO, liquid fractions obtained by low-temperature crystallization (−38, −18, and 0°C) from acetone showed significant increases (P<0.05) in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content over that of the starting PHMO. For selected MUFA-enriched fractions, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate, isolate, and characterize the major triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species present. Thermal crystallization patterns for these fractions also were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results demonstrated that under the appropriate conditions it is possible to dry-fractionate or solvent-fractionate MO and PHMO into various solid and liquid fractions that are enriched in either saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, or the n−3 classes of fatty acids. Moreover, characterization of these TAG fractions by reversed-phase HPLC gives insight into the compositional nature of the TAG that are concentrated into the various fractions produced by these fractionation processes. Finally, the DSC crystallization patterns for the fractions in conjunction with their fatty acid compositional data allow for the optimization of the fractionation schemes developed in this study. This information allows for the production of specific TAG fractions from MO and PHMO that are potentially useful as functional lipid products.
Underlying Dimensions of Apparel Involvement in Consumers' Purchase Decisions:

The purposes of this study were (a) to determine if apparel involvement is composed of more than one dimension and, if composed of more than one dimension, (b) to determine if variation in apparel ...
Fault macromodeling and a testing strategy for opamps

In this paper, we propose a simple testing technique based on DC measurements for operational amplifiers. We first develop a comprehensive macromodel for the transistor-level opamp to alleviate the efforts of fault simulation. By incorporating appropriate I/O characteristics into the macromodel, the output deviation due to the modeling error can be significantly reduced. We use the transistor short/bridging faults to illustrate the efficiency of our proposed technique. Experimental results show that a high fault coverage can be achieved for the stand-alone opamp by measuring two DC parameters V o-max * and V o-min *. For the embedded opamps, many short/bridging faults cannot be detected by traditional functional testing. However, by using similar DC measurements along with a design for testability (DFT) scheme, we can improve the fault coverage dramatically.
Doping dependence of thermoelectric performance in Mo 3 Sb 7 : First-principles calculations

We study the effects of doping Mo3Sb7 with transition metals (Ni,Fe,Co,Ru) via first principles calculations, including electronic structure, lattice dynamics and Boltzmann transport. We find heavy-mass bands and large, rapidly varying density-of-states, generally favorable for high thermopower, near the band gap of this material. Transport calculations predict large Seebeck coefficients exceeding 300 $$\mu$$V/K in a wide temperature range above 500 K (a range suitable for waste heat recovery), if the material can be doped into a semiconducting state. These thermopowers are much higher than those that have previously been experimentally observed; we find that performance exceeding current limits may be found at lower carrier concentration than achieved presently. We also discuss the selection of dopant and the potential thermoelectric performance of optimally doped Mo3Sb7.
Crystal Structure of a Complex of Acridine, Cytosine, and Water (1: 1 : 1)

X-ray structural analysis of a crystalline complex between acridine C13H9N, cytosine C4H5N3O, and water (1:1:1) has been completed. The cytosine and water molecules form a sheet-like structure through a series of hydrogen bonds. The acridine molecules are bound to this layer through a hydrogen bridge from the water to the ring nitrogen. The acridine molecules stack in a parallel fashion normal to the cytosine-water sheets, with an average interplanar spacing of 3.5 angstroms.
Interleukin-33 overexpression is associated with gamma-glutamyl transferase in biliary atresia

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) plays a crucial role in inflammation. However, it is not clear whether IL-33 levels are of clinical significance for patients with biliary atresia (BA). The purpose of this study was to determine correlations between serum IL-33 levels and the clinicopathologic features of BA. Serum samples were collected from 18 BA infants, 12 nonicteric choledochal cyst (CC) infants with normal liver function, and 10 healthy controls (HCs). Serum IL-33 levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Routine liver function tests were performed on the serum samples. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to detect IL-33 expression in BA liver biopsy tissues. Hepatic lobule localization of IL-33 expression in the hepatic lobule was conducted by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IL-33 levels in serum collected from BA infants were significantly elevated in comparison with CC and HC patients. Furthermore, the elevated serum levels of IL-33 in BA infants were correlated with gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels. The expression of IL-33 mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in BA liver biopsy tissues in comparison with CC patients. IHC analysis revealed increased positive immunostaining for IL-33 in BA liver tissues as compared to that in CC tissues. These results suggest that IL-33 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BA. In addition, the correlation of serum IL-33 levels with GGT levels may provide a novel marker for the diagnosis of BA.
Evolution of conflict and cooperation of nematodes associated with solitary and social sweat bees

Parasites and mutualists can wield great influence on the fitness of social organisms, yet the effect that the host’s social structure has on the evolution of parasites, commensals, and mutualists (collectively referred to here as symbionts) is poorly known. Evolutionary theory suggests that host social structure may select for more cooperative symbiont strains in comparison to symbionts of solitary hosts. We compared the productivity of one social and one solitary bee species (Halictus ligatus and Augochlora pura) in the family Halictidae with and without the presence of their nematode symbionts (Acrostichus halicti and Acrostichus puri, respectively). We measured the number of offspring produced, the number of cells provisioned, and nesting activity (for Au. pura) to test the hypothesis that symbionts specific to a social host exhibit greater cooperation than symbionts specific to a solitary host. Infected and uninfected nests of both species did not differ in any fitness estimates indicating that: (1) Acrostichus species are commensals, or at least lack large fitness effects on their hosts, and (2) the transition from association with a solitary host to association with a social host that lives in small colonies does not have detectable effects on the evolution of conflict and cooperation in this system. This is the first comparative study to test the idea that host social structure may influence the evolution of symbionts; future work should compare closely related mutualists and parasites of more advanced eusocial insects to mutualists and parasites of solitary insects.
Significance of detecting epstein-barr–specific sequences in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients

Pediatric allograft recipients are at increased risk for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated illnesses. The early identification and diagnosis of EBV-associated disorders is critical because disease progression can often be curtailed by modification of immunosuppression. We have previously shown that detection of EBV-specific sequences in the circulation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) correlated well with the clinical symptoms of EBV infection. The purpose of the current study is to determine the significance of detecting EBV-specific sequences by PCR in asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients. Peripheral-blood DNA was analyzed for the EBV genes, coding from the nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and the viral capsid antigen (gp220) by PCR. Samples from asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients were analyzed from the immediate postoperative period and at 2- to 4-month intervals thereafter. We followed up 13 of these asymptomatic recipients who tested positive for EBV compared with 7 asymptomatic recipients who tested negative for EBV during the early posttransplantation period. Follow-up ranged from 1.5 to 4 years posttransplantation. Nine patients (69%) initially positive for EBV and asymptomatic ultimately developed symptoms of EBV infection, including fever, lymphadenopathy, rash, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or hepatitis. Five of these patients (56%) went on to develop posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder based on histological examination of biopsied tissue and immunohistochemical identification of the EBV antigen/DNA in tissue. This is the first report suggesting that detection of EBV-specific sequences in the absence of symptoms may herald impending EBV-associated disorders. Thus, routine monitoring for circulating EBV sequences in asymptomatic recipients may be useful in the early identification of those at risk for developing EBV-associated disease and its ultimate prevention.
Corner problems and global accuracy in the boundary element solution of nonlinear wave flows

Abstract The numerical model for nonlinear wave propagation in the physical space, developed by Grilli, et al. 12,13 , uses a higher-order BEM for solving Laplace's equation, and a higher-order Taylor expansion for integrating in time the two nonlinear free surface boundary conditions. The corners of the fluid domain were modelled by double-nodes with imposition of potential continuity. Nonlinear wave generation, propagation and runup on slopes were successfully studied with this model. In some applications, however, the solution was found to be somewhat inaccurate in the corners and this sometimes led to wave instability after propagation in time. In this paper, global and local accuracy of the model are improved by using a more stable free surface representation based on quasi-spline elements and an improved corner solution combining the enforcement of compatibility relationships in the double-nodes with an adaptive integration which provides almost arbitrary accuracy in the BEM numerical integrations. These improvements of the model are systematically checked on simple examples with analytical solutions. Effects of accuracy of the numerical integrations, convergence with refined discretization, domain aspect ratio in relation with horizontal and vertical grid steps, are separately assessed. Global accuracy of the computations with the new corner solution is studied by solving nonlinear water wave flows in a two-dimensional numerical wavetank. The optimum relationship between space and time discretization in the model is derived from these computations and expressed as an optimum Courant number of ∼0.5. Applications with both exact constant shape waves (solitary waves) and overturning waves generated by a piston wavemaker are presented in detail.
Tuberculous Pneumonia with the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone: Cause of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Bilateral tuberculous pneumonia with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was the cause of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in an elderly patient. Early recognition and prompt therapy enabled the patient to make a complete recovery without the necessity for mechanical ventilation. With the shift of care of tuberculous patients out of the sanitorium, the practicing physician should be aware of the varied manifestations of tuberculosis.
Class/racial conflict, intolerance, and distortions in urban form: Lessons for sustainability from the Detroit region

In this qualitative analysis into the equity conditions of urban sustainability, an examination is presented into the complexity of one particular aspect of intra-generational equity, racial and class discrimination and its role in distorting urban form and in generating resource inefficient and environmentally destructive human activity patterns. The article, therefore, focuses on the role of discrimination itself in encouraging ecological degradation. The Detroit region shows that racial and class conflicts can facilitate the shaping of the urban built environment as one population sub-group, largely white and upper-income, attempts to distance itself from another sub-group that is largely black, lower income, and considered a threat. The outcome is not only disinvestment and decline in the urban core, but also excessive suburbanization, as whites seek homogenous urban environments and use space to increase the distance between themselves and the black population. The study shows that the lack of cooperation and tolerance across ethnic/racial and class subgroups facilitates inefficient low-density and scattered developments, and excessive degradation of natural ecological systems.
Right hemisphere specialization for mental rotation in normals and brain damaged subjects.

Abstract Hemisphere specialization for mental rotation was investigated utilizing Shepard's (1971) paradigm. In each of two experiments, the procedure involved presenting pairs of novel nonverbal stimuli at various angles of disparity. Subjects were instructed to construct a mental image of one stimulus, rotate this image, judge whether or not the image was a congruent match with its mate. Both response time and accuracy were measured. In Experiment 1, the testing of right-handed normals revealed a significant left visual field advantage for accuracy (p .0001) and response time (p>.01). Right hemisphere specialization for mental rotation was documented for both normals and brain damaged subjects.
Revisiting heritability accounting for shared environmental effects and maternal inheritance

Heritability measures the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetic factors. In addition to a shared nuclear genetic component, a number of additional variance components, such as spousal correlation, sibship, household and maternal effects, may have strong contributions to inter-individual phenotype variation. In humans, the confounding effects of these components on heritability have not been studied thoroughly. We sought to obtain unbiased heritability estimates for complex traits in the presence of multiple variance components and also to estimate the contributions of these variance components to complex traits. We compared regression and variance component methods to estimate heritability in simulations when additional variance components existed. We then revisited heritability for several traits in Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants. Using simulations, we found that failure to account for or misclassification of necessary variance components yielded biased heritability estimates. The direction and magnitude of the bias varied depending on a variance structure and an estimation method. Using the best fitted models to account for necessary variance components, we found that heritability estimates for most FHS traits were overestimated, ranging from 4 to 47 %, when we compared models that considered necessary variance components to models that only considered familial relationships. Spousal correlation explained 14–36 % of phenotypic variation in several anthropometric and lifestyle traits. Maternal and sibling effects also contributed to phenotypic variation, ranging from 3 to 5 % and 4 to 7 %, respectively, in several anthropometric and metabolic traits. Our findings may explain, in part, the missing heritability for some traits.
Developing a New Paradigm for Conducting Research on Accommodations in Mathematics Testing

Accommodations influence the measurement of student proficiency. However, with discrepant research findings, it is difficult to evaluate the effects of these practices on the measurement of performance of students with special needs. In this article, we present results from an experimental study investigating the effects of item characteristics on lower and higher readers' differential benefit for two reading-based accommodations on a third-grade mathematics test. Students with lower reading skills differentially benefited from the read-aloud accommodation on items with high mathematics difficulty and high linguistic complexity but did not benefit from a simplified-language accommodation. This study illustrates the need to consider the interaction between item features and student characteristics in accommodations research. Implications for accommodations research as well as practice are discussed.
Hemodynamic Consequences of Induced Changes in Blood Volume

The effects of transfusion or bleeding on cardiac output and blood pressure have been followed for periods of seven to ten hours in trained, conscious dogs. When blood volume is increased by transfusion of blood, supplemented by dextran to minimize the expected change in hematocrit, cardiac output and blood pressure increase initially. After one and one-half hours the cardiac output returns to the initial level but blood pressure remains elevated and calculated peripheral resistance increases. This state has been maintained for a period of ten hours by repeated transfusion. After bleeding, with replacement of packed cells, again to minimize the change in hematocrit, cardiac output decreases initially and peripheral resistance increases, but after three hours, output returns to its former level, and peripheral resistance falls below the control value. These changes become more prominent when a second hemorrhage is performed two hours after the first one. The reduction of resistance was then maintained for seven hours. These findings demonstrate that the effects of changes in blood volume are not limited to the acute changes in cardiac output and filling pressure. After periods of one to three hours, changes in peripheral resistance also become evident.
The OstialPro positioning system for a renal artery stenosis

Aorto-ostial lesions pose complex technical challenges in percutaneous revascularization procedures. The successful use of the ostial positioning system OstialPro has been reported in coronary arteries. This nitinol device has self expanding legs that open just distal to the guide catheter. This allows the stent to be deployed in the ostium of the vessel with the guide catheter positioned in the aorta and allows for accurate anatomic visualization of the plane between the ostium and the aorta. Besides coronary interventions, the OstialPro could be useful in peripheral vascular interventions for ostial renal, mesenteric or vertebral arteries stenoses. We report the case of a patient with a significant ostial renal artery stenosis who underwent a successful percutaneous intervention using the OstialPro device. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ka-band waveguide phase shifter using tunable electromagnetic crystal sidewalls

Tunable electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) structures have been used as sidewalls in special waveguides for frequencies of 30-40 GHz. This has the effect of substituting tunable impedance surfaces in place of the normal conducting metal sidewalls. The resulting EMXT waveguide boundary conditions can then be controlled in situ to achieve desired phase shifting and/or field flattening effects. Proof-of-concept experiments have been done using fix-tuned EMXT sidewalls with various resonant frequencies, and the measurements indicate that the insertion loss is low. An InP quantum barrier varactor approach is used to implement the tunable Ka-band EMXT waveguide phase shifter. The dependence of transmission amplitude and phase on the center frequency of sidewall resonance has been simulated and measured. Measurements and simulation results agree very well. The loss mechanism of the demonstrated phase shifter is well understood. Our results indicate that tunable EMXT waveguide will provide simple and low-loss phase-shifting systems.
Mandibular narrowing: Advantage in transverse problems

The mandibular midline osteotomy is a useful surgicaltechnique for dealing with transverse problemswhenever a bilateral sagittal osteotomy is to be used.Surprisingly, it is an osteotomy that is not often used.This may be due to the fact that little literature existson this topic. Although there have been other reviewsof symphyseal ostectomies,
Quantitative image analysis of F-actin in endothelial cells.

Objective:Filamentous actin (F-actin) plays a central role in maintaining endothelial barrier function. Thrombin and histamine, two inflammatory mediators that increase endothelial permeability, can alter F-actin production and distribution. In this study, we use a newly developed image analysis technique to show that these two inflammatory mediators differentially alter F-actin structure. Methods:Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown to confluence and treated with either histamine (1 µM), thrombin (1 µM) or the agonist's vehicle. The endothelium was stained with BODIPY-phallodin, and digitized images were taken of the treated cells. The digitized images of individual human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were imported into a F-actin image analysis program (FAAP) and converted to layers, each one-pixel thick. The program then determined the mean gray level (which corresponded to the amount of F-actin) in each layer starting from the outside of the cell (layer 1) and progressing in one...
Infrared technique for the measurement of structural changes during the orientation process in polymers

Polarized infrared measurements were made on polymer samples to obtain the structural changes occurring during the orientation process. The absorbances of the infrared bands were measured by determining the three components of the absorbance. Two components were obtained directly with plane-polarized light while the third is obtained by tilting the sample and extrapolating. Corrections were made for machine optics polarization, sample birefringence, polarizer inefficiency, anisotropy of the index of refraction, and scattering from the film surface. Data are reported for polyethylene obtained from cold-drawn specimens as a function of draw temperature. Polyethylene exhibits no strain-induced crystallization as a result of the chain-alignment process. Annealing of the drawn samples reperfects the distorted crystals.
Verbindungsbildung und Phasengleichgewicht in den Systemen Cr2O3 ? H2O, Sc2O3 ? H2O und Tl2O3 ? H2O

Die binaren Systeme Cr2O3H2O, Sc2O3H2O und Tl2O3H2O wurden an Hand gutbekannter hydrothermaler Methoden studiert, die es ermoglichten, Gesetzmasigkeiten innerhalb der Phasengleichgewichte zu ermitteln. Im System Cr2O3H2O konnten die drei stabilen Phasen Cr(OH)3, CrO(OH) und Cr2O3 bestatigt und ihre Stabilitatsbereiche als eine Funktion von Druck und Temperatur bestimmt werden. Eine Verbindung der Formel Sc(OH)3 wurde nicht aufgefunden. Die Struktur des ScO(OH) lies sich dem Diaspor-Typ zuordnen, seine Gleichgewichtskurve bei der Zersetzung zu Sc2O3 wurde festgelegt. Es konnte bestatigt werden, das Tl2O3 keinerlei Hydrate zu bilden vermag. Die Strukturen von Oxyden, Oxydhydroxyden und Hydroxyden dreiwertiger Elemente wurden miteinander verglichen und in schematischer Form dargestellt.
Catheter microwave ablation therapy for cardiac arrhythmias.

Abstract This article describes three microwave catheter antennas for percutaneous cardiac ablation. A particular design feature of these antennas is that there is no reflected microwave current from the antenna flowing up the transmission line. Thus, it minimizes heating of the coaxial cable. The power reflection coefficients are very low (4% or less) in phantom equivalent materials. These antennas can also serve as bipolar electrodes for sensing endocardiac electrograms. Our studies in dogs, during both cardiopulmonary bypass and closed-chest operations via the femoral vein, have shown microwave energy greater than 200 joules (J) delivered to the heart through a split-tip dipole catheter antenna can produce irreversible block of the heart rhythms. This energy was achieved either by increasing the delivered power from 20 to 40 watts or by increasing the treatment duration from 7 to 11 s (210 to 330 J per application). It produced an endocardium temperature of about 65 degrees C. We found that the percutaneous, transcatheter microwave system is capable of inducing AV blocks consistently in dogs using the flexible, curved tip, split-tip catheter antenna. In addition, our studies have shown that the width and height of SAR distributions for cap-choke and split-tip catheter antennas are similar for the same antenna length. The cap-slot design had a much longer SAR distribution compared to the others. Moreover, a longer (4 mm) split-tip antenna can also induce larger lesions. These results suggest that it could be possible to ablate a ventricular tachycardia focus using the 4 mm split-tip as well as the cap-slot microwave catheter antennas.
Activation of MAPK by TRH Requires Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis and PKC but Not Receptor Interaction with β-Arrestin or Receptor Endocytosis

To determine whether the interaction of the TRH receptor withβ -arrestin is necessary for TRH activation of MAPK, cells expressing either intact or truncated, internalization-defective TRH receptors were transfected with a β-arrestin-green fluorescent protein conjugate. In cells expressing the wild-type pituitary TRH receptor, TRH caused translocation of the β-arrestin-green fluorescent protein conjugate from the cytosol to the plasma membrane within 30 sec. After 5 min, the β-arrestin-green fluorescent protein conjugate was visible in vesicles, where it colocalized with rhodamine-labeled TRH. In hypertonic sucrose, the β-arrestin-green fluorescent protein conjugate translocated to the plasma membrane after TRH addition but did not internalize. In cells expressing the truncated TRH receptor, TRH did not cause translocation of the β-arrestin-green fluorescent protein conjugate. TRH activated MAPK strongly in cells expressing intact or truncated TRH receptors, indicating that the receptor does not need to b...
The Case for Impact Evaluations in Special Education

Currently, formative evaluation strategies are used in special education programs to the near exclusion of impact or outcome evaluations. Fast practices, misconceptions concerning group impact evaluation designs, and philosophical orientations have all contributed to this trend. Impact evaluations of special education programs, however, can be designed and conducted so that they produce information useful for program improvement—regardless of whether the intervention is massive or results are statistically significant. Illustrative case studies of recent impact evaluations support this position. Assessment of program implementation and measurement of outcome, two critical areas that can greatly improve the usefulness of evaluation results, are emphasized in the concluding discussion.
The Solution of Second-Order Functional Difference Equations

This paper reviews analytical and numerical techniques for solving second-order functional difference equations. A periodic multiplier aside, solutions to these equations can be expressed as linear combinations of two linearly independent particular solutions. One of these solutions can often be found either analytically, by exploiting a known relationship between both solutions, or numerically, by solving a simple integral equation. Knowledge of one particular solution permits construction of the second by solving a first-order functional difference equation.