cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-methylformycins: Reactivity with adenosine deaminase, incorporation into intracellular nucleotides of human erythrocytes and L1210 cells and cytotoxicity to L1210 cells

Abstract The N-methyl derivatives of the C-nucleoside, formycin (7-amino-3(β- d -ribofurano-syl)pyrazolo[4, 3-d]pyrirnidine) were compared to formycin and adenosine with regard to their substrate activity with human erythrocytie adenosine deaminase (ADA), their ability to form intracellular nucleotides and their cytotoxicity to L1210 cells. Only 2-methylformycin (Km = 6.1 mM, relative Vmax = 396) and N− -methylformycin (Km = 0.1 mM, relative Vmax = 3) showed substrate activity with ADA (corresponding kinetic parameters for adenosine were: Km = 0.025 mM, relative Vmax = 100). In contrast to previous hypotheses, these results suggest that the conformation (either syn or anti) of an adenosine analog is not a major factor in determining substrate activity with ADA. Neither 4-methylformycin nor 6-methylformycin formed their corresponding nucleotides when incubated with human erythrocytes, whereas both 1-methylfor-mycin and 2-methylformycin formed large amounts of their corresponding mono-, di- and triphosphate nucleotides. Inhibition of ADA by pretreatment of the erythrocytes with the potent ADA inhibitor, 2'-deoxycoformycin, had no effect on the incorporation of 1-methylformycin into erythrocytic nucleotides but greatly increased the incorporation of 2-methylformycin and N7-methylformycin. The conversion of both 1-methylformycin and 2-methylformycin into nucleotides was almost complete after 18 hr of incubation (in the presence of 2'-deoxycoformycin in the case of 2 methylformycin), whereas that of N7-methylformycin was only partially complete in the presence of 2'-deoxycoformycin. With both 1-methylformycin and N7-methylformycin, transient accumulation of the corresponding nucleoside 5'-monophosphate derivative was observed prior to the accumulation of the triphosphate nucleotide. Results, qualitatively similar to those found with erythrocytes, were obtained when the effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin on the incorporation of 1-methyl- and 2-methylformycins into the nucleotide pools of L 1210 cells in vitro were examined. Compounds capable of forming analog nucleotides in human erythrocytes or L1210 cells if deamination is prevented either by the molecular structure of the analog or by pretreatment of the cells with 2'-deoxycoformycin, also showed marked cytotoxicity to L1210 cells in culture, i.e. 1-methyl-, 2-methyl- and N7-methylformycin exhibited id 50 values of 0.5 to 2 μM, whereas 4-methyl- and 6-methylformyein were not significantly growth inhibitory. The potential usefulness of the various N-methyl derivatives of formycin (alone or in combination with an ADA inhibitor) as cytotoxic or antiviral agents is discussed.
Transdermal Delivery of Drugs with Microneedles—Potential and Challenges

Transdermal drug delivery offers a number of advantages including improved patient compliance, sustained release, avoidance of gastric irritation, as well as elimination of pre-systemic first-pass effect. However, only few medications can be delivered through the transdermal route in therapeutic amounts. Microneedles can be used to enhance transdermal drug delivery. In this review, different types of microneedles are described and their methods of fabrication highlighted. Microneedles can be fabricated in different forms: hollow, solid, and dissolving. There are also hydrogel-forming microneedles. A special attention is paid to hydrogel-forming microneedles. These are innovative microneedles which do not contain drugs but imbibe interstitial fluid to form continuous conduits between dermal microcirculation and an attached patch-type reservoir. Several microneedles approved by regulatory authorities for clinical use are also examined. The last part of this review discusses concerns and challenges regarding microneedle use.
Historical Perspective (of the Chesapeake Bay)

This study analyzes the legal problems in the development and management of Chesapeake Bay resources. There are threshold problems of definition - What is Chesapeake Bay? What are its resources? What role does law play in their development and management?The "Historical Perspective" traces the political controversies that have involved the Bay since the colonies of Maryland and Virginia were first founded. In a rough sense, it defines the traditional resources of the Bay by isolating occasions when individuals, businesses and governmental bodies found themselves at cross-purposes as to how the Bay was to be used and shared.
Analysis of coplanar waveguide multiple-step discontinuities

An analysis of multiple-step discontinuities for a shielded three-layer coplanar waveguide (CPW) based on the mode-matching technique is presented. The analyzed step discontinuities are general: the center strip width, the ground plane, or both can be varied, and changes can be made symmetrically or asymmetrically. There is a good agreement between the scattering (S) parameters of a CPW single-step discontinuity calculated using this analysis and those published previously. Calculated results for double- and triple-step discontinuities are presented. The convergence behavior of S-parameters for various discontinuities is also investigated. The analysis developed here should be very useful for the design of CPW-based MICs (microwave integrated circuits) and MMICs (monolithic MICs). >
The Problem of U.S. Civilian Human Factors Data1

The interest of the National Bureau of Standards in human factors data was sketched out in the context of the national need. An offer was made to host at NBS a meeting of interested parties to examine this need and identify a course of action. The HFS was invited to help organize the meeting.
Children at Risk: the Identification of the Gifted Among the Minority

This article discusses the major problems in urban inner city schools in the U.S.A. It discusses the issue of the validity of the use of conventional psychometric tests to assess the abilities of disadvantaged pupils; and the writer justifies the use of alternative assessment procedures. She emphasises the importance of changing teacher attitudes toward the disadvantaged gifted since many teachers seek to identify high achievement in conventional school subjects rather than to identify pupils with a high potential for learning. The paper concludes with suggestions of how to nurture and develop the talents of disadvantaged youngsters.
ATR Regulates Fragile Site Stability

Conditions that partially inhibit DNA replication induce expression of common fragile sites. These sites form gaps and breaks on metaphase chromosomes and are deleted and rearranged in many tumors. Yet, the mechanism of fragile site expression has been elusive. We demonstrate that the replication checkpoint kinase ATR, but not ATM, is critical for maintenance of fragile site stability. ATR deficiency results in fragile site expression with and without addition of replication inhibitors. Thus, we propose that fragile sites are unreplicated chromosomal regions resulting from stalled forks that escape the ATR replication checkpoint. These findings have important implications for understanding both the mechanism of fragile site instability and the consequences of stalled replication in mammalian cells.
Observations on persistently dilated ureter after posterior urethral valve ablation

Abstract The persistent ureteral dilatation frequently seen months or even years after posterior urethral valve ablation, continues to present a dilemma to the urologist. We have classified these dilated ureters into 3 types; (I) unobstructed with either an empty or filling bladder, (II) unobstructed with an empty bladder but obstructed with a filling bladder, and (III) obstructed with either an empty or filling bladder. The majority of ureters with persistent dilatation were found to be of the type II variety where appropriate treatment is not obvious. Classic ureteral tailoring and reimplantation offers little advantage since in such cases a narrower ureter is passed through a new hiatus in an otherwise unchanged bladder. When high renal pelvic pressures are found only with bladder filling, then consideration must be given to not only reconstructing the ureter but also to affecting the dynamics of the bladder and the large urinary output characteristically found in these patients.
VBA/EXCEL: An Alternative Computer Programming Tool for Engineering Freshman

VBA/EXCEL is incorporated in an Engineering Freshman course in computer programming. The course presents generic programming concepts such as variables, arrays, loops, decisions and sub procedures. VBA/EXCEL and Visual Basic are used as the language of choice. This course involves a semester-long project which forces students to research some engineering, mathematics and scientific concepts at the same time as learning computer programming skills. This paper presents a description of this course and sample projects that are suitable for an engineering freshmen course in computer programming.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Shock-Induced Martensitlc Transformation of Highly Oriented Graphite to Diamond

Shock-wave profiles of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite shocked normal to the basal plane of the graphite crystal structure have been measured. For graphite with sufficient orientational order a martensitic transformation to a diamond-like phase is observed with a transition onset pressure 19.6±0.7 GPa, the stability limit of the graphite structure under shock compression. The minimum overpressure required for the transformation is not more than 6 GPa.
Electrophoretic studies on the mixed nitrilotriacetate-penicillamine complexes of Pb2+ and UO 2 2+

A technique involving the use of paper electrophoresis is described for the study of binary and mixed-complex systems in solution. This technique is based on the movement of a spot of metal ion in an electric field with the complexants added in the background electrolyte at pH 8.5. The concentration of primary ligand (nitrilotriacetate) was kept constant, while that secondary ligand (penicillamine) was varied. A graph of log[penicillamine] versus mobility was used to obtain information on the mixed complexes and to calculate stability constants. The stability constants of mixed-ligand complexes lead(II)-nitrilotriacetate-penicillamine and uranyl(II)-nitrilotriacetate-penicillamine have been found to be 5.68 ± 0.09 and 6.56 ± 0.05 (logarithm stability constant values), respectively, at ionic strength 0.1 M and a temperature of 35°C.
Configuration for Predicting Travel-Time Using Wavelet Packets and Support Vector Regression

Travel-time prediction has gained significance over the years especially in urban areas due to increasing traffic congestion. In this paper, the basic building blocks of the travel-time prediction models are discussed, with a small review of the previous work. A model for the travel-time prediction on freeways based on wavelet packet decomposition and support vector regression (WDSVR) is proposed, which used the multi-resolution and equivalent frequency distribution ability of the wavelet transform to train the support vector machines. The results are compared against the classical support vector regression (SVR) method. Our results indicated that the wavelet reconstructed coefficient when used as an input to the support vector machine for regression performed better (with selected wavelets only), when compared with the support vector regression model (without wavelet decomposition) with a prediction horizon of 45 minutes and more. The data used in this paper was taken from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) of District 12 with a detector density of 2.73, experiencing daily peak hours except most weekends. The data was stored for a period of 214 days accumulated over 5-minute intervals over a distance of 9.13 miles. The results indicated MAPE ranging from 12.35% to 14.75% against the classical SVR method with MAPE ranging from 12.57% to 15.84% with a prediction horizon of 45 minutes to 1 hour. The basic criteria for selection of wavelet basis for preprocessing the inputs of support vector machines are also explored to filter the set of wavelet families for the WDSVR model. Finally, a configuration of travel-time prediction on freeways is presented with interchangeable prediction methods.
A flexible simulation environment for command and control

A 1995 vision statement for Air Force Modeling and Simulation (MS an environment wherein warfighters could train and exercise on their real-world equipment while immersed in a realistic contingency or wartime environment. This paper describes our efforts to develop a Joint Synthetic Battlespace for Research and Development (JSB-RD), which will provide a realistic environment within which technologies being developed at AFRL's Information Directorate can be analyzed and tested. Where possible, this environment will attach to operational systems in order to provide military realism that will ultimately improve and shorten the tech transition process. This reconfigurable testbed will provide scalability and evolve over time building upon previous federations, attaching to other federations, while incorporating lessons learned along the way.
A Retrospective Review of the Use and Safety of Droperidol in a Large, High-risk, Inner-city Emergency Department Patient Population

Droperidol (DROP) is used in the emergency department (ED) for sedation, analgesia, and its antiemetic effect. Its ED safety profile has not yet been reported in patients (pts). Objectives: To document the use of DROP in highrisk pts (those with head injury, alcohol or cocaine intoxication, and/or remote or recent seizures), and to determine the number of serious and minor adverse events (AEs)—seizures, hypotension, extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)—after DROP. Methods: The ED database (EmSTAT) was queried to determine who received intramuscular or intravenous DROP in the ED in 1998; further chart review was done if the patient was considered high risk for or had experienced an AE. Multiple regression analysis using a random-effects model determined the significance of each variable in the occurrence of AEs. Results: 2,468 patients (aged 20 months to 98 years; 112 ≤17 years; 141 ≥66 years) received DROP for agitation (n = 1,357), pain (1,135), anxiety (99), vomiting (173), or other reasons (50). There were 945 pts considered high risk; 933 charts were reviewed (DROP mean dose 4.1 ± 2.0 mg); of these, 50 patient visits did not meet the criteria for high risk. There were 622 pts with head trauma (401 with alcohol use), including 47 with computed tomography (CT) scans positive for brain injury, 64 with cocaine use, and 197 with recent or remote seizures (137 with alcohol use). Minor AEs such as transient hypotension occurred in 96 pts after DROP (73 with alcohol use); 20 received intravenous fluids, while an additional 28 pts (8 with alcohol use) received rescue medications for EPSEs. Six possible serious AEs occurred in pts with serious comorbidities; 2 cases of respiratory depression, 3 post-DROP seizures, and 1 cardiac arrest (resuscitated) 11 hours after DROP in a cocaine-intoxicated pt (normal QT interval). There was no significant difference among high-risk groups in the occurrence of AEs. Conclusions: The vast majority of pts who received DROP in the ED did not experience an AE. A few serious AEs were noted following DROP in patients with serious comorbidities; it is not clear that DROP was causative.
Effect of plating temperature on Sn surface morphology

Abstract The present study documents the effect of electroplating bath temperature on the surface brightness/reflectivity and the evolution of surface morphology of electrodeposited pure Sn films, and its subsequent effect on whisker formation. The brightness/reflectivity of the films increased with increase in temperature. Detailed microstructural analysis of the electroplated Sn films showed that unique pyramid shaped features formed at elevated temperatures (below 85 °C) and the underlying surface became increasingly smooth with temperature. The plating temperature also affected the morphology of the whiskers that formed upon aging at room temperature. The whisker diameter increased whereas the size decreased with increase in plating temperature. It was also observed that the diameter and length of each whisker depend on the Sn grain size.
Observer efficiency and weights in a multiple observation task

A sequence of seven tones, sampled from one of two distributions differing in mean frequency, is presented to observers who try to report which distribution was sampled. Estimates are obtained of the weight or importance given to each tone as a function of its temporal position. In five experiments, the reliability of the information is varied by changing the variance of the distributions; tones with high reliability are sampled from distributions with relatively small variance, whereas tones with low reliability are sampled from distributions with relatively large variance. Results show that the observations are weighted more efficiently when the tones have equal rather than unequal reliability, and when the most reliable tones have the greater intensity. Additional results show that the most intense tones often receive the greatest weight, even when those tones have the least reliability.
Demonstration of frequency control and CW diode laser injection control of a titanium-doped sapphire ring laser with no internal optical elements

Theoretical and experimental frequency narrowing studies of a Ti-sapphire ring laser with no intracavity optical elements are reported. Frequency narrowing has been achieved using a birefringent filter between a partially reflecting reverse wave suppressor mirror and the ring cavity output mirror. Results of CW diode laser injection seeding are reported. >
The lottery as an alternative source of state revenue

In this paper the authors have developed an economic model of state lotteries that determines the probability of whether a given state will adopt a lottery or not, determines the probability of whether a given state is likely to adopt a lottery sooner rather than later, and determines the state's expected net spendable revenues generated by adopting and operating a lottery. The authors found that a given state will tend to adopt a lottery and will tend to adopt the lottery sooner, the higher the relative tax effort of the state, the higher the mean personal income of the state's residents (or the lower the fraction of the state's residents that are in poverty), the greater the restrictions on raising other taxes in the state, the greater the state's spendable revenue generated from parimutuel betting in the state, the larger the fraction of the state's border that is contiguous with other states with lotteries, and since 1980, the greater the annual number of tourists or visitors in the state. A state's expected net spendable revenue from adopting and operating a lottery is greater the higher the mean personal income of residents in the state, the greater the annual number of tourists or visitors in the state, the smaller the fraction of the state's border that is contiguous with other states with lotteries, and the smaller the parimutuel industry in the state. The ability of a given state's residents to cross the border to purchase lottery tickets in contiguous states, and the ability to engage in parimutuel betting in a state are substitutes for the purchase of lottery tickets in the given state and significantly reduce the expected net spendable revenue from adopting and operating a lottery in that state. From a policy making standpoint, legislators often appear to support the adoption of a lottery for their state without fully considering a realistic expected level of net spendable revenue that the proposed lottery is likely to generate for that particular state.8 Often these legislators apparently do not consider important determinants of expected lottery profits such as the level of personal income of state residents, the annual number of tourists in the state, and the presence or absence of adjacent states with lotteries. Also, legislators do not consider fully the impact that adopting a lottery will have on existing parimutuel betting industries in the state. Likewise, legislators apparently do not consider the negative impact of parimutuel betting on the expected net spendable revenue generated by the proposed lottery. Legislative decisions made in the absence of full information often tend to be inefficient decisions. The present study may encourage policy makers to become better informed on the issue of lottery adoption for their state.
Incentive effects upon attention in children's discrimination learning

Abstract Following a 40-trial training procedure in which high and low incentive values were conditioned to stimulus dimensions, 276 children in Grades 2, 4, 5, and 6 were tested on an 80-trial, two-choice discrimination learning test. Differential, incentive associated, dimension preferences from training were hypothesized to facilitate or impair test performance by altering observing responses to the relevant dimension in which the correct stimulus eue was found. After exploring boundary conditions of instructions, incentive type. definition of samples as learners or nonlearners, and mode of stimulus presentation in training, the hypothesis was clearly confirmed for males in the second grade. Equivocal support was found for girls and for older children under varying experimental conditions. Results, taken together with back-ward learning curves, strongly suggest that differential incentive values influence the point at which learning starts, rather than slope or asymptoie. The application of attention theory under certain conditions was commended as a possible explanation for some past findings of acquisition differences as a function of different reinforcement values.
Transplant site affects splenic T- and B-cell survival and function

• We killed control animals and those with intraperitoneal and subcutaneous splenic autotransplants at intervals of up to one year to study gross, microscopic, and immunologic characteristics that might explain previously observed experimental variations in protection against postsplenectomy sepsis. Lymphocyte cell populations were studied qualitatively using concanavalin A (ConA)–and phytohemagglutinin—stimulated tritiated thymidine incorporation, and quantitatively by immunofluorescence assay. Subcutaneous implants showed fibrosis and lost mass, which was reflected in reduced numbers of functional B- and T-cell lymphocytes. Intraperitoneal implants grew during the observation period and demonstrated normal numbers of functional B- and T-cell lymphocytes. Previous experimental results showing protection against postsplenectomy sepsis following intraperitoneal but not subcutaneous autotransplantation may be the result of maintaining normal numbers of functional lymphocytes in the transplanted splenic tissue rather than a qualitative change in cellular function. ( Arch Surg 1985;120:89-92)
Time of day differences in IL1β and TNFα mRNA levels in specific regions of the rat brain

Interleukin-1beta (IL1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) are involved in several physiological functions regulated by brain. The current studies were performed to determine whether a diurnal rhythm of IL1beta and TNFalpha mRNAs, determined by real time RT-PCR, existed in specific brain regions linked to the functions of these cytokines. Rats were sacrificed 2 h after light onset (AM) and 1 h prior to dark onset (PM). IL1beta mRNA levels in the AM were significantly higher than those obtained from rats sacrificed in the PM in the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, amygdala/piriform cortex, ventral hippocampus, hypothalamus, nucleus tractus solitarius, and nucleus accumbens, but not in the dorsal hippocampus. Time-of-day differences in TNFalpha mRNA levels were observed in all these brain regions. These results support the hypothesis that TNFalpha and IL1beta have physiological roles within the brain.
Astral signals spatially bias cortical myosin recruitment to break symmetry and promote cytokinesis.

Summary Background After anaphase, the segregated chromosomes are sequestered by cytokinesis into two separate daughter cells by a cleavage furrow formed by the actomyosin-based contractile ring. The failure to properly position the contractile ring between the segregated chromosomes can result in aneuploidy. In both C. elegans embryos and human cells, the central spindle regulates division-plane positioning in parallel with a second pathway that involves astral microtubules. Results We combined genetic and pharmacological manipulations with live cell imaging to spatially separate the two division cues in a single cell. We demonstrate that the two pathways for furrow formation are mechanistically and genetically distinct. By following the distribution of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged nonmuscle myosin, we have found that the astral pathway for furrow formation involves the negative regulation of cortical myosin recruitment. An asymmetrically positioned spindle induces the asymmetric cortical accumulation of myosin. This cortical myosin behaves as a coherent contractile network. If the cortical network is nonuniform over the cell, the cortical contractile elements coalesce into a single furrow. This coalescence requires interconnections among contractile elements. Conclusions We conclude that the two pathways of cleavage-furrow formation are mechanistically distinct. In particular, we conclude that the astral pathway for cleavage-furrow formation involves the negative regulation of myosin distribution by astral cues.
Predicted survival of the bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli ) in the heated effluent of a power plant on Galveston Bay, Texas

The bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), collected from the intake canal of the P.H. Robinson Generating Station, Bacliff, Texas, were tested for 180 min at various constant temperatures during June 1974 through September 1975 to determine if they could survive passage through the discharge canal system.
Psychological and implied contracts in organizations.

Two forms of unwritten contracts derive from relations between organizations and their members. Psychological contracts are individual beliefs in a reciprocal obligation between the individual and the organization. Implied contracts are mutual obligations characterizing interactions existing at the level of the relationship (e.g., dyadic, interunit). Employee/employer relations and changing conditions of employment give rise to issues not addressed in conventional transaction-oriented models of motivation and individual responses. The development, maintenance, and violation of psychological and implied contracts are described along with their organizational implications.
Alignment of the human body in standing.

Alignment of the body in typical symmetrical standing was studied by photographing fifteen subjects in profile on a reaction board. Two aspects of alignment were studied: (1) the anteroposterior position of the body landmarks of knee joint, hip joint, shoulder joint, and ear, compared to the ankle joint; and (2) the positions of the partial centers of gravity above the knee and hip, as a measure of how the body is balanced above these joints.
An atomistic-continuum hybrid scheme for numerical simulation of droplet spreading on a solid surface

We present an atomistic–continuum hybrid method to investigate spreading dynamics of drops on solid surfaces. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved by the finite-volume method in a continuum domain comprised of the main body of the drop, and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are used in a particle domain in the vicinity of the contact line. The spatial coupling between the continuum and particle domains is achieved through constrained dynamics of flux continuities in an overlap domain.
Bin2, a functionally nonredundant member of the BAR adaptor gene family.

BAR family proteins are a unique class of adaptor proteins characterized by a common N-terminal fold of undetermined function termed the BAR domain. This set of adaptors, which includes the mammalian proteins amphiphysin and Bin1 and the yeast proteins Rvs167p and Rvs161p, has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including synaptic vesicle endocytosis, actin regulation, differentiation, cell survival, and tumorigenesis. Here we report the identification and characterization of Bin2, a novel protein that contains a BAR domain but that is otherwise structurally dissimilar to other members of the BAR adaptor family. The Bin2 gene is located at chromosome 4q22.1 and is expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. Bin2 is upregulated during differentiation of granulocytes, suggesting that it functions in that lineage. Bin2 formed a stable complex in cells with Bin1, but not with amphiphysin, in a BAR domain-dependent manner. This finding indicates that BAR domains have specific preferences for interaction. However, Bin2 did not influence endocytosis in the same manner as brain-specific splice isoforms of Bin1, nor did it exhibit the tumor suppressor properties inherent to ubiquitous splice isoforms of Bin1. Thus, Bin2 appears to encode a nonredundant function in the BAR adaptor gene family.
Decolonizing Dance Curriculum in Higher Education: One Credit at a Time

Most dance departments in the United States require rigorous study of traditional Western dance forms. This is common; many developed countries cultivate the art forms that reflect the aesthetics a...
Availability and Average Inventory of Balanced Assembly-Like Flow Systems

Abstract An assembly-like system is one that requires resources simultaneously from more than one input source and produces a single output. Here we consider a balanced assembly-like flow system, where an assembly machine is fed from storage buffers of two input machines that are subject to random failures, and compute its average throughput and average inventories. We also show how to optimize the buffer sizes in this system
Spectroscopic, voltammetric, and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopic study of underpotentially deposited Cu corrosion and passivation with self-assembled organomercaptan monolayers

FTIR−external reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemistry, and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) were used to study the effect of aromatic and linear-chain thiol adsorbates on the oxidation of underpotentially deposited Cu on Au (Au/Cu-UPD) in HClO4-containing electrolyte solutions. The morphology of the corroding Cu layer and its stripping potential are influenced by the presence of the organomercaptan self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). For n-alkanethiol SAMs, the Cu-UPD stripping potential shifts positive as the SAM thickness increases. Aromatic SAMs were found to passivate the Cu−UPD surface more effectively than linear-chain SAMs of equal thickness. Furthermore, a methyl-terminated aromatic SAM shifts the potential for Cu−UPD oxidation more positive than a hydroxy-terminated aromatic SAM. For longer chain n-alkanethiol SAMs, the presence of the Cu−UPD layer markedly improves the stability of the SAM compared to when it is adsorbed di...
A comparison of information visualization methods

Large hierarchies of information (such as maps, graphs, amd web pages) that must be fit onto small areas are present everywhere. The size restriction prevents the user from viewing the entire structure at once, which causes the context of the information to be lost. Conversely, if the entire structure is visible all at once, the details are too small to read and specific information is lost to the user. The present research studies different visualization techniques that present detailed specific information from large hierarchies on a single screen, while preserving the information's context within the global structure. Results show that Internet Explorer supported superior user performance in both time and accuracy when compared to three other methods of information visualization.
Characteristics of the lithium-mediated proximal US-preexposure effect in flavor-aversion conditioning.

Taste-aversion learning in rats is disrupted if the subjects are exposed to the unconditioned stimulus (US) shortly before the conditioning trial but not if this single US preexposure treatment occurs 1 day or more before conditioning. Several characteristics of this proximal US-preexposure phenomenon were explored. Experiment 1 showed that the time course of the interference with conditioning is directly related to the preexposure drug dose. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the interference effect is evident even if the test for aversion learning is conducted following a drug injection, thereby minimizing stimulus generalization decrement for the preexposed subjects. Finally, Experiment 3 showed that disruption of the contingent relationship between tastes and drug effects is probably not responsible for the proximal US-preexposure phenomenon because the interference with conditioning occurs regardless of whether or not the preexposure drug treatment is paired with a novel flavor. These findings, together with previous research, demonstrate the remarkably robust character of the proximal US-preexposure phenomenon.
Treatment possibilities for unstable angina

Unstable angina is frequently encountered by general practitioners and cardiovascular specialists. In the United States, of the 2.5 million patients admitted to hospital every year with suspected acute coronary syndromes, 1.5 million have unstable angina. The rest have myocardial infarction with or without ST elevation.1 Earlier published literature classified acute ischaemic episodes as unstable angina and either non-Q wave or Q wave infarction. As Q wave and non-Q wave infarctions can only be definitely distinguished by electrocardiography several days after the clinical event, the classification does not help with emergency patients. Moreover, the prognostic value of Q wave versus non-Q wave infarction classification is limited.2 A new nosological scheme has derived from the need to rapidly assess patients at presentation so that powerful new treatments can be appropriately selected. All acute presentations suggesting acute coronary syndromes can be further divided into infarction with ST elevation (possibly including patients with new bundle branch blocks) and infarction without ST elevation and unstable angina combined. The distinction between the last two conditions can be reliably made by measuring serum markers. This classification makes sense because early thrombolytic treatment saves the lives of patients with infarction with ST elevation but has no beneficial, and probably some deleterious, effect in those with infarction without ST elevation or unstable angina. Moreover, the therapeutic approaches in the last two conditions are similar.3 Hence we consider unstable angina and infarction without ST elevation as a single entity, especially regarding treatment. Figure 1 shows a plan for assessment and classification of suspected acute coronary syndrome. Fig 1 Assessment and classification of suspected acute coronary syndrome We extracted data from the personal collection of journal articles of the authors and from Medline whenever necessary. We also obtained information from review articles on different subtopics. Braunwald described unstable angina as …
Side effects of mandatory EDI order processing in the automotive supply chain

Describes a case study of a process reengineering project conducted by a tier 1 supplier in the automotive industry. The process that was reengineered was the bill‐to‐cash process for its OEM customer. Deficiencies in the process came to light as a result of implementing OEM mandated support for the firm’s material flow process. The case analysis examines the interconnectedness of processes within a firm and how changing one through adoption of EDI can affect or draw attention to a number of related processes. Describes the role played by a very active industry interest group, which has served as a supporter and advocate for the adoption of EDI within the automotive supply chain.
Perceptions of Children’s Parental Preferences in Lesbian Two‐Mother Households

This study explores how lesbian mothers perceive their 3½-year-old children’s parental preferences in families in which one mother is genetically linked to the child. Thirty lesbian couples (60 women) were interviewed about their children’s parental preferences, their explanations of why preferences for one parent existed (or not), and their affective and behavioral reactions to such preferences. Many women acknowledged that their children, as infants, preferred their birth mothers due to biological factors (i.e., breastfeeding) or differential time spent with the child. Despite this initial preference, most women perceived little stability in children’s preferences over time, such that children preferred both mothers equally. Findings support the power of “social motherhood” in fostering maternal connections that transcend biological relatedness over time.
Involvement of CRAF1, a relative of TRAF, in CD40 signaling

CD40 is a receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes, the activation of which leads to B cell survival, growth, and differentiation. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified a gene, CRAF1, encoding a protein that interacts directly with the CD40 cytoplasmic tail through a region of similarity to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor-associated factors. Overexpression of a truncated CRAF1 gene inhibited CD40-mediated up-regulation of CD23. A region of CRAF1 was similar to the TNF-alpha receptor-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2 and so defined a shared TRAF-C domain that was necessary and sufficient for CD40 binding and homodimerization. The CRAF1 sequence also predicted a long amphipathic helix, a pattern of five zinc fingers, and a zinc ring finger. It is likely that other members of the TNF receptor superfamily use CRAF-related proteins in their signal transduction processes.
Implementation of optical dielectric metamaterials: A review

Abstract Metamaterials are a class of man-made materials with exotic electromagnetic properties. The ability to fabricate three-dimensional macroscale metamaterials would enable embedding these structures in engineering applications and devices, to take advantage of their unique properties. This paper reviews the implementation of optical Mie resonance-based dielectric (MRD) metamaterials, as opposed to the more commonly used metallic-based metamaterials. Design constraints are derived based on Mie theory and related to fabrication specifications. Techniques to fabricate optical dielectric metamaterials are reviewed, including electron-beam lithography, focused ion beam lithography, nanoimprint lithography, and directed self-assembly. The limitations of each fabrication method are critically evaluated in light of the design constraints. The challenges that must be overcome to achieve fabrication and implementation of macroscale three-dimensional MRD metamaterials are discussed.
ASSOCIATION OF CANDIDATE GENES WITH ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS (AVSD's) IN TRISOMY 21 AND NON-SYNDROMIC CASES. |[bull]| 168

We are using candidate genes identified from human and animal studies to search for genetic factors involved in syndromic and non-syndromic (NS) AVSD's. PCR-based polymorphisms have been identified and examined using denaturing PAGE or single strand conformational (SSCP) analysis for the candidate genes TGF-alpha, TGFβ's (β-2 and β-3), MSX-1 (Hox-7) and the telomeric region of human chromosome 21 containing the type VI collagen locus (COL6). Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) and NS AVSD populations from Iowa have been analyzed using as controls either individuals from the same geographic, cultural and chromosomal background (trisomy 21 or 46X_ without AVSD's) or non-transmitted (NT) parental alleles, when available. Association studies in the trisomy 21 population with AVSD's demonstrate a p value of 0.03 for a CA repeat near MSX-1. Analysis of a newly identified SSCP in the 3′ UTR of the alpha-2 chain of type VI collagen showed a significant difference of transmitted to NT alleles for Down's infants without AVSD's, but not for Down's infants with AVSD's (p = 0.04 vs. 0.275, respectively). Association studies in the NS AVSD population demonstrate a p value of 0.06 for a GATA repeat element in the most telomeric region of human chromosome 21 (21q22.3) compared to the NT parental alleles. Mothers of NS AVSD infants have a significant association (p = 0.02) with TGF-alpha when compared to the Iowa control population, suggesting maternal effects may be important in these cases. No significant association was found for the candidate gene for MSX-1 in the NS AVSD population. These data indicate that MSX-1 may play a role in AVSD's in trisomy 21 individuals, but not NS cases. Furthermore, the most telomeric region of human chromosome 21 containing the COL6 locus may be involved in AVSD's in the background of trisomy 21 or euploidy. (Supported by NIDR grants DE08559, DE09170 and NIH SCOR Grant in Congenital Heart Disease, HL 42266-06)
Synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies of waste incineration

Synthetic fuel is prepared to imitate municipal solid waste (MSW) in experimental studies of incineration processes. The fuel is composed based on the Environmental Protection Agency reports on the materials contained in MSW. Uniform synthetic fuel pellets are prepared using available and inexpensive components including newsprint, hardwood mulch, low density polyethylene, iron, animal feed, sand, and water to imitate paperbound, wood, yard trimming, plastic, metal, food wastes, and other materials in MSW. The synthetic fuel preparation procedure enables one to reproduce and modify the fuel for a wide range of experiments in which the mechanisms of waste incineration are addressed. The fuel is characterized using standard ASTM tests and it is shown that its parameters, such as combustion enthalpy, density, as well as moisture, ash and fixed carbon contents are adequate for the representation of municipal solid waste. In addition, chlorine, nitrogen, and sulfur contents of the fuel are shown to be similar to those of MSW. Experiments are conducted in which the synthetic fuel is used for operation of a pilot-scale incinerator research facility. Steady-state temperature operation regimes are achieved and reproduced in these experiments. Thermodynamic equilibrium flame conditions are computed using an isentropic one-dimensional equilibrium code for a wide range of fuel/air ratios. The molecular species used to represent the fuel composition included cellulose, water, iron, polyethylene, methanamine, and silica. The predicted concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, and oxygen in the combustion products are compared with the respective experimental concentrations in the pilot-scale incinerator exhaust.
Simple relativistic parametrization of the δ(1236)

Abstract A relativistic generalization of the Breit-Wigner formula is extended to higher spin resonances and applied to the P′ 33 resonance. A good fit is obtained. Several coupling constants involving the δ(1236) are determined.
An encounter-based multicast scheme for disruption tolerant networks

Some ad hoc network scenarios are characterized by frequent partitions and intermittent connectivity. Hence, existing ad hoc routing schemes that assume that an end-to-end path exists from a source to a destination do not work in such challenging environment. A store-and-forward network architecture known as the disruption tolerant network (DTN) has been designed for such challenging network environments. Several unicast and multicast routing schemes have been designed for DTNs. However, the existing multicast routing schemes assume a route discovery process that is similar to the existing ad hoc network routing approach. Thus, in this paper, we design an encounter-based multicast routing (EBMR) scheme for DTNs which uses fewer hops for message delivery. We first describe how the EBMR scheme works and then present an analytical framework to estimate the delivery performance of the EBMR scheme. Next, we present some comparisons of the analytical and simulation results to show that our analytical framework provides delivery performance estimates that match closely the observed simulation results. Last but not least, we present simulation results to study the delivery performance of EBMR in different scenarios, e.g. different mobility models, different multicast group size, different number of multicast groups and different node speed. We also compare the performance of the EBMR scheme with other DTN multicast strategies. Our simulation results indicate that the EBMR scheme can achieve higher delivery ratio while maintaining high data transmission efficiency compared to other multicast strategies.
A rotated nonconforming rectangular mixed element for elasticity

We present a low-order nonconforming mixed element for plane elasticity on rectangular meshes. The 3-dimensional space of rigid body motions is used to approximate the displacement and a 16-dimensional space is used to discretize the space of symmetric tensors. This element may be viewed as the rectangular analogue of the nonconforming Arnold-Winther element and is related to a discrete version of the elasticity differential complex with a nonconforming H2 element related to the rotated Q1 element.
Improving Quality of Life for Seniors: New Governance Tools

This analysis examines new governance tools that can be applied to security issues among the aging population in the United States, particularly in Central Florida. The authors explain the problem about the structure of law enforcement agencies today. Traditional bureaucratic organizations have a hierarchical and centrally structured system, which operates with strict rules and regulations. The authors proceed to compare two models of governance: the traditional bureaucratic government and the new model governance. The latter is better in that it uses indirect methods and innovative tools. These tools are (1) grants, (2) needs assessments, (3) senior volunteers, (4) co-production, and (5) citizen participation.
Cytoplasmic inositol hexakisphosphate production is sufficient for mediating the Gle1-mRNA export pathway.

Production of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) by Ipk1, the inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase, is required for Gle1-mediated mRNA export in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. To examine the network of interactions that require IP6 production, an analysis of fitness defects was conducted in mutants harboring both an ipk1 null allele and a mutant allele in genes encoding nucleoporins or transport factors. Enhanced lethality was observed with a specific subset of mutants, including nup42, nup116, nup159, dbp5, and gle2, all of which had been previously connected to Gle1 function. Complementation of the nup116Δipk1Δ and nup42Δipk1Δ double mutants did not require the Phe-Gly repeat domains in the respective nucleoporins, suggesting that IP6 was acting subsequent to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein targeting to the nuclear pore complex. With Nup42 and Nup159 localized exclusively to the nuclear pore complex cytoplasmic side, we speculated that IP6 may regulate a cytoplasmic step in mRNA export. To test this prediction, the spatial requirements for the production of IP6 were investigated. Restriction of Ipk1 to the cytoplasm did not block IP6 production. Moreover, coincident sequestering of both Ipk1 and Mss4 (an enzyme required for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate production) to the cytoplasm also did not block IP6 production. Given that the kinase required for inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate production (Ipk2) is localized in the nucleus, these results indicated that soluble inositides were diffusing between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Additionally, the cytoplasmic production of IP6 by plasma membrane-anchored Ipk1 rescued a gle1-2 ipk1-4 synthetic lethal mutant. Thus, cytoplasmic IP6 production is sufficient for mediating the Gle1-mRNA export pathway.