cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of hydrodenitrogenation of SRC-II liquids and synfuel-simulating blends

Abstract The kinetics of hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of two blended feeds (blend A, a SRC-II middle-heavy distillate blended with 4.76 wt % of 1,10-phenanthroline and blend B, a synfuel-simulating reference blend containing tetralin, 85.5, phenanthrene, 3.5, and 1,10-phenanthroline, 11.0 wt %), were measured in an autoclave reactor at four temperatures between 300–375 °C, using sulphided 3Co-8Mo and 3Ni-8Mo catalysts prepared by stepwise addition of the Co or Ni promoter to Mo-impregnated γ-Al 2 O 3 . Linear increase in nitrogen removal as a function of time was found at each reaction temperature, indicating pseudo-zero-order HDN kinetics for both feeds. Faster hydrogen consumption is observed with both catalysts in the early stage of the HDN process, in agreement with previous kinetic studies of isomeric benzoquinolines, phenanthridine and carbazoles, showing rapid initial hydrogen consumption by hydrogenation of both N-heterocyclic and carbocyclic aromatic rings prior to the less-consuming C-N hydrogenolysis steps. The hydrogen consumption for HDN of blend A at 350–375 °C is in the range of 8.0–10.3 moles of H 2 per N g atom removed. This is drastically higher than the ideal H 2 consumption of 3–4 moles H 2 per N g atom removed, calculated on the basis of selective hydrogenation of N-heterocyclic rings only, followed by C-N hydrogenolysis. Results obtained indicate the need for catalysts of augmented C-N hydrogenolysis selectivity for more efficient HDN of heavy oils and synfuels.
Discriminating between memories: evidence for children's spontaneous elaborations.

Children are more confused than adults about memories for what they said and what they imagined saying. The present studies examine the extent to which this confusion is related to the person subjects imagine. In Experiment 1, subjects (7, 10, and adult) said words and imagined someone (themselves, a parent, or a friend) saying other words. They were then asked to distinguish words they said from words they imagined. Performance varied with age as well as with the person subjects imagined. Further, performance was better for words subjects imagined than for words they said. Metamemory responses indicated subjects of all ages remembered elaborative processing activated spontaneously during imagination when discriminating between memories. When the nature of subjects' encodings was constrained (i.e., subjects said and imagined someone saying words as part of a sentence completion task, Experiment 2), performance declined for all age groups. Experiments 3 and 4 suggest that elaborations reported in response to our metamemory questions occurred during imagination and were not solely prompted by our metamemory questions.
THERAPEUTIC LASERS AND OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY IN DENTISTRY

OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDE PAINLESS PROGRESS IN DENTAL DISEASE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.
Mechanism of microparticle formation in the compressed antisolvent precipitation and photopolymerization (CAPP) process

We investigated the mechanism of particle formation in a new process that combines the principles of photopolymerization and compressed antisolvent processing. In this process, photopolymerization occurs when homogeneous solutions of monomer, initiator, and solvent are exposed to initiating light while being simultaneously introduced into a compressed antisolvent, which can result in highly cross-linked microparticles with a spherical morphology. The resulting particles, when examined using aerodynamic particle sizing, exhibit a bimodal particle size distribution. Ternary phase diagrams of antisolvent, monomer, and solvent solutions were measured and used to explain the mechanism(s) of particle formation. Specific concentration paths from the resulting ternary phase diagrams were investigated, and the significance of crossing the binodal, as well as the importance of where the binodal was crossed, was explained. In addition, manipulation of atomization conditions, varying process residence times, and nucleation rate calculations were used to further investigate the means of particle formation.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXII. Karyotypic changes in malignant melanoma

Detailed karyotypic analysis with G- and C-banding has been performed on cells of four malignant melanomas. The modal number in two cases was in the hypodiploid range, the chromosome numbers varying from 39 to 43. These two tumors had 5 to 13 marker chromosomes. The other two tumors were in the polyploid range, with modal numbers of 63 to 157 chromosomes. The cells had a minimum of 11 and a maximum of 40 marker chromosomes. Chromosome no. 1 was more frequently involved in aberrations than any other chromosome. The most common breakpoints on this chromosome were 1q21, 1q25 and 1q32. Frequent breakpoints were also noticed in the centromeric region in various chromosomes. In chromosome no. 1, however, the centromeric area does not seem to be involved. The more common breakpoints on the various chromosomes were 1q21, 1q25, 1q32, 5p13, 9q13, 11q23, 12q13. No common markers were noticed among these four cases of melanoma, but are noticed in unrelated tumors.
Femtosecond Pulse Amplification and Cross-Phase Modulation in Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers-Theory and Experiment

We have recently reported a theoretical model [1,2] for subpicosecond pulse amplification in semiconductor laser amplifiers (SLA). The model includes a variety of dispersive and nonlinear effects, and has been succesful in quantitatively describing [1,2] experimental results of spectral distortions, as well as time domain gain dynamics, during subpicosecond strong signal amplification in an SLA. Here, we present the results of two different experiments, each on a different device, and apply the theoretical model to explain the results. The purpose is not only to test the behavior of the devices with regard especially to the effects of fast nonlinearities and gain dispersion, but also to test the general applicability of the model and its range of validity. The model consists of a nonlinear propagation equation with auxiliary equations describing the slow and fast gain dynamics self-phase modulation and gain dispersion, as given in [1,2].
Comparative activities of thyroxine and its monosodium and disodium salts.

Summary and ConclusionsExperiments, using 110-120 g Sprague-Dawley male rats, were conducted to compare the activity of L-Thyroxine, sodium-L-Thyroxine and disodium-L-Thyroxine administered by subcutaneous and oral routes. There are no significant differences in the antipropylthiouracil effect of the three synthetic thyroxine compounds when administered by the same route. Considering that the gavage method permits some technical error, the amount of thyroxine necessary to inhibit the effect of propylthiouracil is approximately 50% more by the oral method than that necessary by subcutaneous injection.Addendum. Since this paper went to press, a report of clinical work with sodium L-thyroxine has been published (Salter, William T., and Rosenblum, Ira, Am. J. Med. Sc., 1952, v224, 628). An assimilation by the patients of 67% of the orally given sodium L-thyroxine was reported.
Uniting To Introduce Multiple Intelligences Teaching Approaches (MITA)

Whenver we build together, as did Houghton College and the Cuba-Rushford School, we take ownership of the curriculum together. It takes time to include genuine contributions from each participant, ...
3D shape inferencing and modeling for semantic video retrieval

In this paper we present a geometry based indexing method for the semantic retrieval of large video databases. It combines two separate modules i.e., 3D object shape inferencing from a video sequence and geometric modeling from the reconstructed shape, to achieve better performance. First, a motion-based segmentation algorithm employing feature block tracking and hierarchical principal component split is used for multi-moving-object motion classification and segmentation. After segmentation, feature blocks for an individual moving scene or object can be used to reconstruct the 3D motion and shape structure of this scene or object by a factorization method. We assume object is rigid and relatively far away from the camera so that perspective distortion can be ignored. The estimated shape structure and motion parameters are then used to generate the implicit polynomial (IP) representation for the object. The system starts with a very coarse representation of the 3D shape. When more frames are available from the video stream and are properly segmented and classified, the IP representation will change accordingly by varying the coefficients of the implicit polynomial to minimize the estimation error. This process will stop when enough information is obtained to generate a reliable IP shape representation or until the video stream runs out. The semantic retrieval of the video databases is achieved by using the geometric structure of the objects and their spatial relationship. We generalize the 2D sting concept to 3D to compactly encode the spatial relationship among objects. The algebraic invariants of the implicit polynomial are used as the geometric feature vector for the object. A similarity value can be computed for two sets of objects or two video sequences to allow fast retrieval of video databases.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NATURAL HISTORY OF REFLUXING DISTAL URETERAL STUMPS AFTER NEPHRECTOMY AND PARTIAL URETERECTOMY FOR VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the natural history of refluxing distal ureteral stumps after nephrectomy and partial ureterectomy.Materials and Methods: Between 1985 to 1996, 38 patients a mean age of 37 months underwent nephrectomy and partial ureterectomy for reflux into a nonfunctioning kidney. The diagnosis included primary reflux in 23 patients, reflux associated with posterior urethral valves in 10 and ipsilateral ureterocele in 5. Mean followup was 45 months.Results: Only 1 patient with an ipsilateral ureterocele and 1 with contralateral reflux (5%) had symptomatic infections during postoperative followup, and each underwent a secondary procedure to remove the ureteral stump. No patient with only primary unilateral reflux required surgery for the refluxing stump.Conclusions: Because of the low risk of morbidity associated with a refluxing ureteral stump, we recommend nephrectomy and proximal ureterectomy in patients with reflux into a nonfunctioning kidney.
ONE-TO-ONE PARAMETRIZATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS

In contrast to the many-to-one and quadratic nature of correspondence in the conventional representation of quantum channels, such as the operator-sum or the unitary representation, we present a one-to-one and linear (affine) parametrization of quantum channels. This parametrization enables us to visualize the convex structure of the space of quantum channels. To demonstrate its usefulness, we apply it to the analysis of quantum binary channels.
School Resistance in American High Schools: The Role of Race and Gender in Oppositional Culture Theory

Oppositional culture theory has been primarily used to explain race and ethnic differences in education. It argues that members of involuntary minority groups tend to underachieve for fear of being...
Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose/Arabinoxylan Residual Mixtures from Corn Fiber Gum Processes

ABSTRACT White, fluffy cellulose/arabinoxylan mixtures (CAX) were generated from the solid residues remaining after corn fiber gum (CFG) production. Most CAX were produced using variations of a process in which a single alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) step was used for delignification and for CFG (arabinoxylan) extraction. The optimal ratio of H2O2 to corn fiber to water was 0.1:1:20. Holding this ratio constant, time and temperature conditions were systematically varied, and yields of CAX and CFG determined. Parallel processes were conducted without H2O2 to determine its effect on CAX and CFG yield. CAX prepared under identical conditions but without H2O2 retained nearly twice the levels of CFG sugars, as revealed from L-arabinose, D-xylose, and D,L-galactose levels. Even the CAX prepared under extreme AHP conditions (1 hr, 100°C), however, contained 32.9% of these CFG sugars. This CAX was obtained in a 25.1% yield, whereas those produced under less vigorous conditions were obtained in higher yields, be...
Metaqualitative reflections in sport and exercise psychology

In responding to a series of questions regarding qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology, we offer our reflections on the: (a) strengths/merits and weaknesses/limitations of qualitative research; (b) frustrations, joys, concerns and dilemmas associated with evaluating, teaching or reading qualitative research and (c) future of qualitative research. We identify numerous positive aspects of qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology, which are tempered only slightly by several negative aspects. We argue that qualitative methods hold considerable promise for future research in sport and exercise psychology.
Free cyclic AMP increases in PC12 cells on depolarization

The temporal dynamics of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) were monitored in living PC12 cells by digital fluorescence ratio imaging using FlCRh, a single-excitation dual-emission cAMP indicator. When the cells were depolarized by exposure to high K+, the free cAMP concentration was elevated, and then slowly decreased back to resting levels when the depolarizing stimulus was removed. Furthermore, the cAMP elevation due to depolarization decreased with successive depolarizations.
A comparative analysis of parallel delta-sigma ADC architectures

Parallelism can be used to increase the conversion bandwidth of delta-sigma (/spl Delta//spl Sigma/) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Time-interleaved, parallel /spl Delta//spl Sigma/, and frequency-band-decomposition ADCs are three parallel architectures that are shown to be explained using the same underlying theory. This common structure is then used to explore the design tradeoffs among these architectures. It is shown that the frequency-band-decomposition ADC is insensitive to channel mismatches but it is the most complex to design. The Hadamard modulated parallel /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADC provides the best performance (without considering nonidealities) but requires large digital filters. Finally, a randomization technique is described that can be used with parallel /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ architectures to spread out the tonal energy due to channel mismatches over the frequency spectrum.
Automated Threat Avoidance with 4-D Trajectory Replanning in Resource-Constrained Cockpits

Military aircraft equipped with tactical data links and onboard sensors can receive information about pop-up threats, such as surface-to-air missiles and storm cells, which can put the safety of the aircraft in jeopardy. Pilots currently need to mentally combine hazard information from various sources to determine whether these hazards will endanger the safety of the aircraft. If an avoidance maneuver is required, preferably at standoff ranges so that a less-drastic evasive maneuver can be used, pilots also need to decide what necessary maneuver should be performed to avoid these potential hazards as well as terrain and surrounding traffic. This paper presents a 4-D trajectory replanning algorithm that can operate very efficiently in cockpits with limited computational resources to automate the threat avoidance task. A layered approach is used by the proposed algorithm to transform the long-range pathplanning problem that is NP-hard into a problem that can be solved rapidly in embedded computational environments. In addition, the generated flight path is flyable and compatible with onboard flight-management systems to enable the automatic loading of a modified flight plan. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated with a high-fidelity flight-deck simulator for operationally relevant scenarios.
Effects of ovarian steroids on serotonin metabolism within grossly dissected and microdissected brain regions of the ovariectomized rat

Brain serotonin (5-HT) levels and accumulation rate within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) were elevated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats after ovarian steroid treatment, which consisted of estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by progesterone (P) 48 hr later. Some animals were also given the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline at designated times 10–40 min prior to sacrifice. Decapitation occurred 5 hr following the second steroid injection and 4–6 hr into the dark phase of a 14:10 light/dark cycle. Basal 5-HT levels and the rate of 5-HT accumulation (5-HTr) following MAO inhibition were estimated by radioenzymatic assay of brain tissue punched from frozen sections or dissected freehand. Within the DR, 5-HT levels and 5-HTr rates were respectively 13.8% (p < 0.001) and 23.2% (p < 0.025) higher in EB + P treated females compared with oil controls. Differences in basal 5-HT were found within the median raphe nucleus, but these were inconsistent from experiment to experiment. No differences were found in tissue immediately adjacent to these nuclear regions or within other brain regions including the ventral medial nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Increased levels of 5-HT were also found in grossly dissected tissue containing the mesencephalic raphe nuclei.
Structures of the superoxide reductase from Pyrococcus furiosus in the oxidized and reduced states.

Superoxide reductase (SOR) is a blue non-heme iron protein that functions in anaerobic microbes as a defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species by catalyzing the reduction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide [Jenney, F. E., Jr., Verhagen, M. F. J. M., Cui, X., and Adams, M. W. W. (1999) Science 286, 306−309]. Crystal structures of SOR from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus have been determined in the oxidized and reduced forms to resolutions of 1.7 and 2.0 A, respectively. SOR forms a homotetramer, with each subunit adopting an immunoglobulin-like β-barrel fold that coordinates a mononuclear, non-heme iron center. The protein fold and metal center are similar to those observed previously for the homologous protein desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans [Coelho, A. V., Matias, P., Fulop, V., Thompson, A., Gonzalez, A., and Carrondo, M. A. (1997) J. Bioinorg. Chem. 2, 680−689]. Each iron is coordinated to imidazole nitrogens of four histidines in a planar arrangement, with a cysteine ligand occupying an axial position normal to this plane. In two of the subunits of the oxidized structure, a glutamate carboxylate serves as the sixth ligand to form an overall six-coordinate, octahedral coordinate environment. In the remaining two subunits, the sixth coordination site is either vacant or occupied by solvent molecules. The iron centers in all four subunits of the reduced structure exhibit pentacoordination. The structures of the oxidized and reduced forms of SOR suggest a mechanism by which superoxide accessibility may be controlled and define a possible binding site for rubredoxin, the likely physiological electron donor to SOR.
Semiempirical, Quantum Mechanical Calculation of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals

A new, semiempirical model of metals and impurities (embedded atom method) makes possible a static treatment of the brittle fracture of a transition metal in the presence of hydrogen. Results indicate that hydrogen can reduce the fracture stress in nickel.
A model for the development of crenulations in shear zones with applications from the southern appalachian piedmont

Abstract Two sets of crenulations are associated with a major, Alleghanian, dextral shear zone which deformed stratigraphic and structural boundaries in the eastern Piedmont of South Carolina. Both sets of crenulation planes are oblique to the boundaries of the shear zone. The morphologies and orientations of the crenulation sets and their spatial distributions indicate that they are related to slip along foliation planes, and that they serve to compensate for displacement components of foliation slip normal to the overall movement direction in the shear zone. The crenulations act to maintain the initial thickness of the shear zone. Our evaluation of the recent literature on shear zones suggests that crenulations related to foliation slip are abundant and constitute a reliable sense of shear indicator.
On the performance of an algebraic multigrid solver on multicore clusters

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) solvers have proven to be extremely efficient on distributed-memory architectures. However, when executed on modern multicore cluster architectures, we face new challenges that can significantly harm AMG's performance. We discuss our experiences on such an architecture and present a set of techniques that help users to overcome the associated problems, including thread and process pinning and correct memory associations. We have implemented most of the techniques in a MultiCore SUPport library (MCSup), which helps to map OpenMP applications to multicore machines. We present results using both an MPI-only and a hybrid MPI/OpenMP model.
An Armenian gospelbook in the soas collection (MS 11521)

Etude d'un manuscrit armenien (Ms 11521) contenant les Evangiles et conserve a la Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Etudes Africaines et Orientales (Londres) : description materielle, presentation du contenu, traduction des colophons et etude des enluminures
An examination of cheating and its antecedents among marketing and management Majors

This study examines cheating behaviors among 742 marketing and management majors at three public AACSB-accredited business schools. Specifically, we studied the simultaneous influence of demographic and attitudinal characteristics on: (1) reported prior cheating behavior; (2) the tendency to neutralize cheating behaviors; and, (3) likelihood of future cheating. We additionally examined the impact of in-class deterrents on neutralization of cheating behaviors and the likelihood of future cheating. We also directly tested potential mediating effects of neutralization on cheating behavior.
Hydrogen bonding, Part 72. Infrared and thermodynamic study of the lower hydrates of N,N-dimethyl-1-adamantylammonium chloride and bromide, and tri-n-pentylammonium chloride

Abstract The monohydrate of N , N -dimethyl-1-adamantylammonium chloride (DMAACl), like that of tri- i- pentylammonium chloride (TIPACl), is extraordinarily stable and contains a planar (H 2 O·Cl − ) 2 cluster sandwiched between DMAA + cations with N–H⋯Cl − hydrogen bonds to each Cl − in the cluster. The thermodynamic parameters determined by dissociation vapor pressure measurements for DMAACl·H 2 O are essentially identical to those previously determined for TIPACl·H 2 O, and again demonstrate a positive Δ H lattice change on dehydration. DMAABr·H 2 O, unlike TIPABr·H 2 O, does not contain a similar planar cluster; rather the bromide forms a dihydrate with an extended hydrogen bonded water–bromide ion structure. The thermodynamics of dissociation of this bromide dihydrate are remarkable. Although it loses H 2 O with alacrity under ambient conditions, the Δ H of dissociation per H 2 O is one of the highest we have ever recorded for a bromide hydrate, which indicates a large positive Δ H lattice change on dehydration. The instability of DMAABr·H 2 O results from its very large positive Δ S of dissociation. In a search for other tertiary amine monohydrates that would resemble DMAACl·H 2 O, TIPACl·H 2 O and TIPABr·H 2 O we have investigated tri- n- pentylammonium (TNPA + ) and tri- n- butylammonium chlorides and bromides, and tri- i -butylammonium and quinuclidinium chlorides. Only TNPACl formed a stable hydrate; however, this monohydrate does not contain a (H 2 O·Cl − ) 2 cluster.
Electron‐Transfer reactions of organometallic and coordination compounds in the absence of solvent: Experimental results and theoretical approaches

The kinetics of gas-phase electron transfer reactions for a variety of metal-containing reactants have been studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Classes of ion/molecule processes studied include both self-exchange (thermoneutral) and exoergic cross reactions. The molecules investigated include metallocenes and octahedral coordination complexes of the transition elements. In a few cases, direct comparisons of condensed-phase and gas-phase reactivities can be made. The experiments with octahedral coordination complexes are the first studies of Werner-type metal complexes in electron-transfer reactions in the gas phase. Simple theoretical models involving unimolecular rate theory, classical reorganization barriers, and quantum mechanical approaches are used to rationalize the dependence of the overall rates of these reactions on the molecular properties of the reactants. In particular, the role of Franck–Condon factors in charge-transfer reactions is examined, and theoretically estimated factors are compared with experiment for a typical metallocene, ferrocene.
Spectral sensitivity studies on the whirligig beetle, Dineutes ciliatus.

Abstract Spectral sensitivity curves of dorsal and ventral eyes of Dineutes ciliatus, using a constant electroretinogram response as an index of sensitivity, show a peak of sensitivity at 520 mμ and a u.v. ‘shoulder’. With long-wave-length light adaptation the 520 mμ peak becomes more depressed than the u.v. shoulder, and under these conditions the ventral eye has a far greater u.v. sensitivity than the dorsal eye. Variations in waveform of electroretinograms throughout the spectrum, non-parallel response-energy functions, and the results of selective adaptation experiments indicate that both pairs of eyes probably possess at least two visual pigments, one absorbing in the visible and one in the u.v. region of the spectrum.
Three-dimensional treatment planning for postoperative treatment of rectal carcinoma.

Abstract The role of three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning for postoperative radiation therapy was evaluated for rectal carcinoma as part of an NCI contract awarded to four institutions. It was found that the most important contribution of 3-D planning for this site was the ability to plan and localize target and normal tissues at all levels of the treatment volume, rather than using the traditional method of planning with only a single central transverse slice and simulation films. There was also a slight additional improvement when there were no constraints on the types of plans (i.e., when noncoplanar beams were used). Inhomogeneity considerations were not important at this site under the conditions of planning, i.e., with energies >4 MV and multiple fields. Higher beam energies (15–25 MV) were preferred by a small margin over lower energies (down to 4 MV). The beam's eye view and dose-volume histograms were found quite useful as planning tools, but it was clear that work should continue on better 3-D displays and improved means of translating such plans to the treatment area.
Strategies for preventing respiratory syncytial virus.

Purpose. Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection—crucial for decreasing the burden associated with this disease—is discussed. Summary. Predictable outbreaks of RSV occur annually throughout the U.S. During these outbreaks, RSV infection spreads readily among children through close contact with infected individuals or contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. RSV is the leading cause of infant hospitalization and is associated with life-changing and life-threatening complications. Prevention is important for reducing the associated morbidity and mortality. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has outlined ways to prevent RSV transmission. According to the AAP, frequent hand washing is the most important strategy for reducing the burden of RSV disease. Other methods for controlling nosocomial spread of RSV include the use of gloves, frequent glove changes, and isolating or cohorting patients. General prevention measures that can be undertaken by family members include smoking cessation, breastfeeding, and avoiding situations, whenever possible, where exposure to RSV cannot be controlled. Passive immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab, the only agent approved by the FDA, reduces hospitalization in high-risk children. Palivizumab is currently the only agent approved by the FDA for the prevention of RSV infections in high-risk children. Not every child is equally at risk for serious RSV disease, and immunoprophylaxis is indicated only for certain high-risk children. The AAP has issued specific guidelines for RSV immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab. Other therapies are emerging for the prevention of RSV, including a new, enhanced-potency, humanized RSV monoclonal antibody and several different types of vaccines. Conclusion. RSV causes an annual, predictable epidemic. Treatment remains exclusively supportive. Prevention remains the cornerstone of disease management. The AAP has issued guidelines to protect those at high risk.
Rheological Characterization of Rice Flour-Based Batters

ABSTRACT: The flow behavior and the applicability of rheological models to predict the viscosity of rice flour-based batter (RFBB) for deep-fat frying at 5,15, and 25 °C were investigated. The Herschel-Bulkley model was found to be the best fit for all RFBBs formulated with different ratios of rice to corn flour, oxidized corn starch, and methylcellulose (R2= 0.85–0.99). Rheological parameters depended on RFBB compositions, temperature, and shear rate. The relationship between temperature and RFBB apparent viscosity can be predicted within shear rate range between 30 to 132 s−1. Correlation coefficient (r) of model validation decreased as temperature increased.
ROS Links Glucose Metabolism to Breast Cancer Stem Cell and EMT Phenotype

Cancer stem cells display an epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype and are resistant to current therapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Dong and colleagues demonstrate that these phenotypes in basal-like breast cancer are promoted by a metabolic switch to glucose metabolism, resulting in decreased reactive oxygen species levels.
Molecular mass measurement of intact ribonucleic acids via electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry

The use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of molecular masses of polynucleotides and small nucleic acids is developed. The common problem of gas phase cation adduction that is particularly prevalent in the mass spectrometric analysis of nucleic acids is reduced through the use of ammonium acetate precipitations and by the addition of chemical additives that compete for adduct ions in solution. The addition of chelating agents such as trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N,′,N′-tetraacetic acid to remove divalent metal ions and triethylamine to displace monovalent cations from the analyte, in conjunction with ammonium acetate precipitation, reduces cation adduction to levels that permit accurate mass analysis (mass errors of less than 0.01%) without further complex cleanup procedures. The potential utility of accurate mass measurements of small ribonucleic acids is discussed.
Cerebral Microembolization during Radiofrequency Ablation of Lung Malignancies

Three patients underwent radiofrequency (RF) ablation for treatment of malignant lung tumors. During three of the four RF ablation sessions, duplex ultrasound was used to intermittently sample the carotid arteries for the presence of emboli; microemboli were detected in all three patients. Embolization occurred within 1 minute of "roll-off." The rate of embolization ranged from 2 to 50 per minute. No new neurologic defects were found on examination. No cognitive, memory, or behavioral changes were noted by any of the three patients or their spouses. Microemboli to the cerebral circulation occurred during RF ablation of lung tumors. The clinical significance of these emboli is unknown.
Professional Socialization and Attitudes Toward Collective Bargaining An Exploration Among Law Students

This study examines the basis of hostility toward collective bargaining by professionals as attitudes develop during professional training. Comparisons are made among law students in different class years within a school. Data on the relationship between background, motivation to enter law, careerplans, stage of legal training, and attitudes toward bargaining show that hostility toward professional collective bargaining increases with training. Background factors, motivation, and career plans are initially important predictors of hostility, but become insignificant by the third year of law school. The ability to distinguish the activity of unions from that of professional associations becomes more important as background effects attenuate.
Schistosoma mansoni: Effect of some cations on the proteolytic enzymes of cercariae

Abstract The effects of various salts on the proteolytic activity of extracts from Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were tested. Using an Azocoll substrate, stimulation (2 to 2.5-fold) of activity by the monovalent cations Na + and K + was demonstrated, with maximum stimulation at 20–40 m M concentrations. The divalent cations Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ stimulated proteolytic activity at low concentrations (between 0 and 10 m M ) but inhibited activity at higher concentrations. The divalent cations Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Co 2+ were inhibitory even at very low concentrations. The results presented here are discussed in relation to previously described ion effects on cercarial infectivity.
An analysis of the effects of N2 absorption on the O+ 834‐Å Emission from rocket observations

Altitude profiles of the O(+) 834-A emission, obtained from rocket observations at moderate and high solar conditions, are compared with model calculations. The model showed that when viewing the atmosphere horizontally at altitudes below the F2 layer, the 834-A intensity was virtually independent of the O(+) density. The 834-A intensity was found to be highly sensitive to the N2 absorption cross section. Comparisons with model calculations suggest that absorption by N2 is a factor of 10 lower than the currently accepted values.
Martingales, the smoothing index and ergodic theory

Abstract A classical theorem of Meyer Jerison which shows that the convergence in the pointwise ergodic theorem is equivalent to the convergence of an associated martingale is expanded to a conditional setting. An equiconvergence theorem of the type established for martingales by N.F.G. Martin and E. Boylan is established in the ergodic case for an ergodic, non-invertible, measure-preserving transformation.
Thermo-Mechanical and ILSS Properties of Woven Carbon/Epoxy-XD-CNT Nanophased Composites

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (CFEC) were fabricated infusing 0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.40 wt% amino-functionalized XD-grade carbon nanotubes (NH2-XDCNTs) using the compression molding process under 16 kips. The thermo-mechanical and interlaminar shear properties of CNT incorporated carbon/epoxy composite samples were evaluated by performing dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and short beam shear (SBS) tests. XD-CNTs were infused into Epon 862 resin using a mechanical stirrer followed by a high intensity ultrasonic liquid processor for better dispersion. After the sonication, the mixture was placed in a three roll milling processor for 3 successive cycles at 140 rpm, with the gap spaces incrementally reduced from 20 to 5 μm, to obtain the uniform dispersion of CNTs throughout the resin. Epikure W curing agent was then added to the modified resin and mixed using a high-speed mechanical stirrer. Finally, the fiber was reinforced with that modified resin using the compression molding process. The results obtained from the DMTA test were analyzed based on the storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and loss modulus. The analysis indicated that the thermo-mechanical properties were linearly increasing from 0 to 0.3 wt% XDCNT loading. The SBS test results exhibited that the incorporation of XDCNTs into the composite increased the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) by up to 22% at 0.3 wt% CNT loading. Better dispersion of XDCNTs might be attributed to more crosslinking sites and better interaction between fiber and matrix resulting in an improved fiber-matrix interface, whereas, the reaction between functional groups–NH2 of XDCNTs with epoxide groups of resin and epoxy silanes of fiber surfaces improved the crosslinking and thereby ILSS properties of carbon/epoxy composites.
Detection of fecal contamination on apples with nanosecond-scale time-resolved imaging of laser-induced fluorescence

Detection of apples contaminated with feces is a public health concern. We found that time-resolved imaging of apples artificially contaminated with feces allowed optimization of timing parameters for detection. Dairy feces were applied to Red Delicious and Golden Delicious apples. Laser-induced fluorescence responses were imaged by use of a gated intensified camera. We developed algorithms to automatically detect contamination iteratively by using one half of the apples and validated them by applying the optimized algorithms to the remaining apples. Results show that consideration of the timing of fluorescence responses to pulsed-laser excitation can enhance detection of feces on apples.
Erythropoietin in cardiac surgery

Erythropoietin is the primary growth factor for red blood cells. A glycoprotein hormone synthesized by the kidneys, erythropoietin serves to increase red blood cell production in response to tissue hypoxia. It exerts its effect by increasing the numbers of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, and by increasing the rate at which their development is accomplished. With the introduction of recombinant erythropoietin in 1987, an important pharmacological agent became available for the manipulation of erythropoiesis. While used primarily for the treatment of the anemia of renal failure, recombinant erythropoietin has also shown usefulness in treating other types of anemias in which the endogenous erythropoietin response is insufficient. Perioperative use of the drug grew as a natural extension of this, and erythropoietin has been applied to correct preoperative anemia, augment autologous blood donation, and improve postoperative red cell recovery. Analysis of these perioperative clinical studies reveals success in these areas, but it also reveals that closer attention to the physiology of the natural response, and to the pharmacology of the recombinant product, might significantly improve results. Such an improvement in efficacy is both desirable and necessary when use of the drug is viewed in the setting of today's changing health care environment. By optimizing dosing schedules and targeting the drug to those most at risk for red cell transfusion, recombinant erythropoietin will likely become an important tool in efforts to achieve the elusive goal of bloodless cardiac surgery.
Increasing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Controllable Mobile Cluster Heads

This paper proposes a scheme for improvement of network lifetime and delay by employing a connected group of mobile cluster heads in a wireless sensor network (WSN). As data sensing is triggered by an event, the sensors relaying the aggregated data to the base station run out of energy at a much faster rate than sensors in other parts of the network. This gives rise to an unequal distribution of residual energy in the network, making the nodes with lower remaining energy level to die much faster than others. To distribute the remaining energy more evenly in the network, some energy-rich nodes are designated as cluster heads which move in a controlled manner toward locations rich in energy and data. This reduces the transmission energy required by the static sensors to send data and thus increases the overall lifetime of the network. Along with transmission energy, time taken for transmitting data to the BS is also reduced as the CHs follow a connectivity strategy to always maintain a connected path to the BS. Simulation shows that lifetime of the network can be increased by 42% over existing scheme by making the CHs always move towards a stable equilibrium point, i.e., a point where the total residual energy of the network and data are concentrated. Our connectivity algorithm also provides 40% improvement in the transmission delay as compared to existing schemes.
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex Reveals Functional Organization in the Absence of an Orientation Map

Neural responses to sensory stimuli are not independent. Pairwise correlation can reduce coding efficiency, occur independent of stimulus representation, or serve as an additional channel of information, depending on the timescale of correlation and the method of decoding. Any role for correlation depends on its magnitude and structure. In sensory areas with maps, like the orientation map in primary visual cortex (V1), correlation is strongly related to the underlying functional architecture, but it is unclear whether this correlation structure is an essential feature of the system or arises from the arrangement of cells in the map. We assessed the relationship between functional architecture and pairwise correlation by measuring both synchrony and correlated spike count variability in mouse V1, which lacks an orientation map. We observed significant pairwise synchrony, which was organized by distance and relative orientation preference between cells. We also observed nonzero correlated variability in both the anesthetized (0.16) and awake states (0.18). Our results indicate that the structure of pairwise correlation is maintained in the absence of an underlying anatomical organization and may be an organizing principle of the mammalian visual system preserved by nonrandom connectivity within local networks.
Species diversity in space and time: Patterns in space

The job of this chapter is to present some spatial diversity patterns. It is not to judge them or explain them. That part of my agenda comes much later in the book, i.e. Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 12. So read this chapter (and the next two also) as if it were merely an attempt to define what it is that needs explaining. Species–area curves You will find more species if you sample a larger area . That rule has more evidence to support it than any other about species diversity. Ecologists noticed it before any other diversity pattern. Williams (1964) credits H. C. Watson with its discovery in 1859 (Figure 2.1). Dony (1963) credits him with the discovery in 1835. I have also seen de Candolle cited as its originator a few years before 1859. But, as Williams (1943) pointed out, it is not one pattern. Williams detected three. There are actually four: Species–area curves among tiny pieces of single biotas. Species–area curves among larger pieces of single biotas. Species–area curves among islands of one archipelago. Species–area curves among areas that have had separate evolutionary histories. Williams did not distinguish between the second and third patterns. Preston (1962a, b) did.
A Circadian Rhythm-Regulated Tomato Gene Is Induced by Arachidonic Acid and Phythophthora infestans Infection

A cDNA clone of unknown function, DEA1, was isolated from arachidonic acid-treated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves by differential display PCR. The gene, DEA1, is expressed in response to the programmed cell death-inducing arachidonic acid within 8 h following treatment of a tomato leaflet, 16 h prior to the development of visible cell death. DEA1 transcript levels were also affected by the late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. To gain further insight into the transcriptional regulation of DEA1, the promoter region was cloned by inverse PCR and was found to contain putative stress-, signaling-, and circadian-response elements. DEA1 is highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, but not in flowers. Leaf expression of DEA1 is regulated by circadian rhythms during long days with the peak occurring at midday and the low point midway through the dark period. During short days, the rhythm is lost and DEA1 expression becomes constitutive. The predicted DEA1 protein has a conserved domain shared by the eight-cysteine motif superfamily of protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors, seed storage proteins, and lipid transfer proteins. A DEA1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein localized to the plasma membrane in protoplasts and plasmolysis experiments, suggesting that the native protein is associated with the plasmalemma in intact cells.
Geographic Variation in Size and Oviposition Depths of Romalea microptera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Is Associated with Different Soil Conditions

Intraspecific geographic variation in morphology and behavior can be indicative of populations that are adapted to local environmental conditions. Heterogeneity in the abiotic environment, such as soil conditions, can be an important driver of local adaptation. In south Florida, mean body sizes in populations of the lubber grasshopper Romalea microptera (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), increase from west to east. We tested how body size variation, population origin, and soil physical characteristics are associated with oviposition depth in the soil. In a laboratory experiment with homogeneous soil conditions, size-corrected oviposition depth (analysis of covariance) differed among three populations: females from a western population oviposited at the shallowest depths; females from an eastern population oviposited the deepest; and a central population oviposited at intermediate depths. A similar pattern also was observed in two field experiments conducted on two additional populations not used in the laboratory experiments. In addition, size-corrected oviposition depth in the field experiments declined with increasing soil compaction for both populations but the decline was significantly steeper for the eastern population. High soil moisture yielded significantly shallower size-corrected oviposition depth only for the eastern population. Female size was positively related to oviposition depth in both field experiments, but the relationship between female size and oviposition depth did not differ among populations (i.e., equal slopes). We suggest that local soil conditions might be an important selection pressure and behavioral cue in determining oviposition depth. Choice of vertical position of the egg pod within the soil is discussed as one possible mechanism by which females can influence offspring viability.
Preventing IC Piracy Using Reconfigurable Logic Barriers

Hardware metering to prevent IC piracy is a challenging and important problem. The authors propose a combinational locking scheme based on intelligent placement of the barriers throughout the design in which the objective is to maximize the effectiveness of the barriers and to minimize the overhead.
C‐ring requirement in flagellar type III secretion is bypassed by FlhDC upregulation

Summary The cytoplasmic C-ring of the flagellum consists of FliG, FliM and FliN and acts as an affinity cup to localize secretion substrates for protein translocation via the flagellar-specific type III secretion system. Random T-POP transposon mutagenesis was employed to screen for insertion mutants that allowed flagellar type III secretion in the absence of the C-ring using the flagellar type III secretion system-specific hook–β-lactamase reporter (Lee and Hughes, 2006). Any condition resulting in at least a twofold increase in flhDC expression was sufficient to overcome the requirement for the C-ring and the ATPase complex FliHIJ in flagellar type III secretion. Insertions in known and unknown flagellar regulatory loci were isolated as well as chromosomal duplications of the flhDC region. The twofold increased flhDC mRNA level coincided in a twofold increase in the number of hook-basal bodies per cell as analysed by fluorescent microscopy. These results indicate that the C-ring functions as a nonessential affinity cup-like structure during flagellar type III secretion to enhance the specificity and efficiency of the secretion process.