cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase centers of microwave antennas

This paper is concerned with the location of the phase centers of microwave antennas. The inadequacy of conventional aperture theory for the accurate description of phase centers is discussed. Formulas are developed and, for numerical indications, calculations are made for paraboloidal reflectors of different f/D ratios and a class of primary patterns which provide an approximate representation of a great many common feeds. The results are presented in graphical form to provide useful design information and show the dependence of principal E- and H- plane phase center location on feed and dish parameters. Contrary to the prediction of aperture theory, it is shown that the phase centers of axially symmetric antennas are not in the aperture plane, but they are dispersed about it.
Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Oral Vaccine Strain Ty21a.

ABSTRACT Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain Ty21a is an important vaccine for controlling typhoid fever and serves as an oral vector for delivering heterologous antigens. The key attenuating features of this randomly mutated strain remain in question. Genome sequencing has revealed 679 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and will help define alterations contributing to Ty21a safety and immunogenicity.
The zero-rate spread-spectrum watermarking game

This paper develops a game-theoretic methodology to design and embed M messages in signals and images in the presence of an adversary. Here, M is assumed to be subexponential in the signal's sample size (zero-rate transmission), and the embedding is done using spread-spectrum watermarking. The detector performs statistical hypothesis testing. The system is designed to minimize probability of error under the worst-case attack in a prescribed class of attacks. The variables in this game are probability distributions for the watermarker and attacker. Analytical solutions are derived under the assumption of Gaussian host vectors, watermarks and attacks, and squared-error distortion constraints for the watermarker and the attacker. The Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) plays a central role in this study. The optimal distributions for the watermarker and the attacker are Gaussian test channels applied to the KLT coefficients; the game is then reduced to a maxmin power-allocation problem between the channels. As a byproduct of this analysis, we can determine the optimal tradeoff between using the most efficient (in terms of detection performance) signal components for transmission and spreading the transmission across many components (to fool the attacker's attempts to eliminate the watermark). We also conclude that in this framework, additive watermarks are suboptimal; they are, however, nearly optimal in a small-distortion regime. The theory is applied to watermarking of autoregressive processes and to wavelet-based image watermarking. The optimal watermark design outperforms conventional designs based on heuristic power allocations and/or simple correlation detectors.
Putting Patients First Social Marketing Strategies for Treating HIV in Developing Nations

It is more than mere coincidence that the highest rates of HIV occur in the world’s poorest countries. Of the over forty million people currently living with HIV, 95 percent are in the developing world. The first part of this article explores the economics of HIV and treatment from a social marketing perspective. The second part of the article uses three specific case histories of successful social marketing organizations in Africa, Asia, and South America to inductively generate a consumer (patient)-centric marketing model. The focal organizations are unique in that they all identify patient needs first, then work backwards to develop economically viable solutions. Their solutions are not without flaws, and the future of these programs remains uncertain, but the authors hope that illuminating specific cases within the consumer-centric marketing paradigm will shed light on ways in which other organizations may be able to serve the poor profitably.
Metafictions of development: The Enigma of Arrival, You Can’t Get Lost in Cape Town, and the place of the world in world literature:

This article examines two works of fiction: V.S. Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival and Zoe Wicomb’s You Can’t Get Lost in Cape Town. Although these are works by authors who write out of different cul...
Maximum likelihood decoding of Reed Solomon codes

We present a randomized algorithm which takes as input n distinct points {(x/sub i/,y/sub i/)}/sub i=1//sup n/ from F/spl times/F (where F is a field) and integer parameters t and d and returns a list of all univariate polynomials f over F in the variable a of degree at most d which agree with the given set of points in at least t places (i.e., y/sub i/=f(x/sub i/) for at least t values of i), provided t=/spl Omega/(/spl radic/(nd)). The running time is bounded by a polynomial in n. This immediately provides a maximum likelihood decoding algorithm for Reed Solomon Codes, which works in a setting with a larger number of errors than any previously known algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first efficient (i.e., polynomial time bounded) algorithm which provides some maximum likelihood decoding for any efficient (i.e., constant or even polynomial rate) code.
Saltmarshes as a source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to Southern California coastal waters

To determine chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) sources in Southern California coastal waters, optical properties of a river outlet and adjacent tidally flushed salt marshes were monitored (dry season; June– July 2001). Average absorption coefficients doubled at ebb vs. flood tides (4.8 6 1.5 vs. 2.1 6 0.9 m21; 300 nm), suggesting significant salt marsh CDOM inputs into coastal waters. Average spectral slopes were not statistically different for any sites or tides (0.010 6 0.002 nm21), consistent with salt marsh CDOM dominating coastal waters. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) at ebb tide showed contributions from terrestrial, protein, and marine humic-like peaks, suggesting production and output of these materials from the marsh. A marine humic signal at the river outlet during an offshore upwelling event indicated an additional sporadic nonmarsh marine humic-like source. EEMs of six common salt marsh plant leachates showed protein, terrestrial, and marine humic-like peaks. To estimate CDOM photodegradation in the marsh, fluorescence intensity decays from photobleaching experiments were fit to first-order kinetics. Most humic peaks degraded with a half-life of t1/2 5 10–20 h, which overlaps the estimated residence time of water in the marshe s( ,12 h). Most protein peaks were resistant to photodegradation, suggesting that the low levels of protein vs. humic-like material measured in natural waters was due to rapid bioutilization of proteinaceous material. The rapid photodegradation of plant leachate humic material and the low spectral slopes for the field sites suggest that marsh sediments would be an important source of CDOM.
Co-channel interference cancellation for DS-SS CDMA mobile communication system

In this paper, an elaborate co-channel interference (CCI) cancellation technique is introduced for the DS-SS CDMA mobile communication system. The performance of the CCI canceller (Yoon, et al., 1993) is extended and evaluated at the mobile station (MS) receiver operating in an extreme (worst) interference condition. The interference is a result of intersymbol interference (ISI) and multi-access interference (MAI) generated within the mother cell and from the neighboring cells. The MS, operating in a mobile communication system with a reuse factor of one, is assumed to be at the center of a triangle formed by three heavily loaded base stations (BS). The theoretical analysis of the system indicates that the co-code CCI (CCCCI), which is a CCI from users operating with the same spreading sequences in the neighboring cells, is a major degradation factor for the proposed systems' performance. Simulation results are also used to evaluate the system performance using the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) versus the number of interfering users from within the cell and from the surrounding cells, and the normalized mean square error in parameters estimation (MSE). >
The marginal likelihood for parameters in a discrete Gauss-Markov process

We use Laplace's method to approximate the marginal likelihood for parameters in a Gauss-Markov process. This approximation requires the determinant of a matrix whose dimensions are equal to the number of state variables times the number of time points. We reduce this to sequential evaluation of determinants and inverses of smaller matrices, we show this is a numerically stable method.
Comparative gross anatomy of ratites

The four most common ratites kept in captivity, emus, rheas, ostriches, and cassowaries, share similar musculoskeletal features based on their common evolution to a flightless form. However, they differ in body size and coloration, wing size relative to entire body size, extent of leg feathering, and number of toes. During necropsies we observed the differences among the birds, which include the shape of tongue and tonsils, a tracheal cleft found only in emus, varied shapes of the thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, proventriculus, duodenal loop, and ceca, different lengths of colon and ceca relative to the entire intestinal length, and different coloration of the gonads. Several of the structural differences reflect the phylogeny of the ratites. Rheas and ostriches share common features in relatively large wings, kidney-bean shaped spleen, tan gonads, and long ceca, whereas emus and cassowaries have relatively small wings, short ceca, and similar proventriculi. The anatomical variations may reflect their varied diets in the wild and the different behaviors among the groups such as their characteristic vocalizations. Knowledge of the differences may be useful in formulating proper diets for captive birds and is important for the recognition of clinically normal structures in the ratites.
Staining of cleavage cells in yolk rich eggs of Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera) with toluidine blue and pyronin B.

(1975). Staining of Cleavage Cells in Yolk Rich Eggs of Acheta Domesticus (Orthoptera) with Toluidine Blue and Pyronin B. Stain Technology: Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 360-361.
Lung transplantation for Williams-Campbell syndrome with a probable familial association.

Williams-Campbell syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by deficiency of subsegmental bronchial cartilage and development of airway collapse and bronchiectasis that may subsequently progress to respiratory failure and death. There are only 2 published reports suggesting a familial association, and only one report of lung transplantation being used as a therapeutic modality. Due to postoperative airway complications, transplantation has not been recommended for this disease. We report the first lung transplant with prolonged survival, approaching 10 years, in a patient with Williams-Campbell syndrome, and provide further evidence to support a familial association.
OCR-Driven Writer Identification and Adaptation in an HMM Handwriting Recognition System

We present an OCR-driven writer identification algorithm in this paper. Our algorithm learns writer-specific characteristics more precisely from explicit character alignment using the Viterbi algorithm and shows significant reduction of close-set writer identification error rates, compared with the GMM-based method. With writers' identities retrieved, we improve the performance of handwriting recognition using the HMM trained adapted on the training data of that writer. In our system, writer identification and OCR are highly interactive. They improve the performance of each other and thus show close approximation of supervised text-dependent writer identification and writer-dependent HMM handwriting.
The Effect of a Single-Session Attention Modification Program on Response to a Public-Speaking Challenge in Socially Anxious Individuals

Research suggests that individuals with social anxiety show an attention bias for threat-relevant information However, few studies have directly manipulated attention to examine its effect on anxiety. In the current article, the authors tested the hypothesis that an attention modification program would be effective in reducing anxiety response and improving performance on a public-speaking challenge. Socially anxious participants completed a probe detection task by identifying letters (E or F) replacing one member of a pair of faces (neutral or disgust). The authors trained attention by including a contingency between the location of the neutral face and the probe in one group (Attention Modification Program; AMP). Participants in the AMP group showed significantly less attention bias to threat after training and lower levels of anxiety in response to a public-speaking challenge than did the participants in the Attention Control Condition (ACC) group. Moreover, blind raters judged the speeches of those in the AMP group as better than those in the ACC group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that attention plays a causal role in the maintenance of social anxiety.
Observers for a special class of bilinear systems: design, analysis, and application

This paper presents full and reduced order observation strategies for a subclass of systems that are bilinear in the immeasurable states. Lyapunov analysis is carried out to derive the conditions for convergence of the observed states for all strategies. The full order observer is then utilized in the problem of bus voltage regulation effected by a STATCOM acting as a controlled reactive current source. Simulations results are presented to show efficacy of the observation strategy integrated with the nonlinear STATCOM controller with regard to bus voltage regulation in the presence of disturbances in load and uncertainty in system frequency.
Predicate-aware scheduling: a technique for reducing resource constraints

Predicated execution enables the removal of branches wherein segments of branching code are converted into straight-line segments of conditional operations. An important, but generally ignored side effect of this transformation is that the compiler must assign distinct resources to all the predicated operations at a given time to ensure that those resources are available at run-time. However, a resource is only put to productive use when the predicates associated with its operations evaluate to True. We propose predicate-aware scheduling to reduce the superfluous commitment of resources to operations whose predicates evaluate to False at run-time. The central idea is to assign multiple operations to the same resource at the same time, thereby oversubscribing its use. This assignment is intelligently performed to ensure that no two operations simultaneously assigned to the same resource will have both of their predicates evaluate to True. Thus, no resource is dynamically oversubscribed. The overall effect of predicate aware scheduling is to use resources more efficiently, thereby increasing performance when resource constraints are a bottleneck.
Resource allocation for remote desktop sessions in Utility Grids

SUMMARY Emerging large scale utility computing systems such as Grids promise computing and storage to be provided to end users as a utility. System management services deployed in the middleware are a key to enabling this vision. Utility Grids provide a challenge in terms of scale, dynamism, and heterogeneity of resources and workloads. In this paper, we present a model based architecture for resource allocation services for Utility Grids. The proposed service is built in the context of interactive remote desktop session workloads and takes application performance QoS models into consideration. The key design guidelines are hierarchical request structure, application performance models, remote desktop session performance models, site admission control, multi-variable resource assignment system, and runtime session admission control. We have also built a simulation framework that can handle mixed batch and remote desktop session requests, and have implemented our proposed resource allocation service into the framework. We present some results from experiments done using the framework. Our proposed architecture for resource allocation services addresses the needs of emerging utility computing systems and captures the key concepts and guidelines for building such services in these environments.
Soil management to enhance bacterivore and fungivore nematode populations and their nitrogen mineralisation function

We tested the hypotheses that management of the soil food web in the fall would enhance grazing on bacteria and fungi by microbivorous nematodes in the spring, consequently increasing N availability in cover-crop driven organic and low-input farming systems. The food web was manipulated by irrigating the dry soil of late summer and/or providing carbon sources. By creating conditions conducive for biological activity, we increased the abundance of bacterivore and fungivore nematodes in the fall and the following spring. Greater biological activity in the soil enhanced concentrations of mineral N available to the subsequent summer tomato crop. Mineral N concentration in the spring was associated with abundance of bacterivore nematodes, and with the corresponding Enrichment Index (EI) provided by nematode community analysis. Because environmental conditions that favour increase of bacterivore nematodes probably also favour other microbial grazers, including protozoa, the abundance of bacterivore nematodes may be an indicator of overall grazing activity and N mineralisation rates from soil fauna. Decomposition pathways in the spring, inferred from nematode bioindicators, were dominated by bacteria in plots that had been irrigated the previous fall while fungi were more prevalent in those that had not. The responses of omnivore and predator nematodes to our treatments were not consistent and there was no evidence that regulation of opportunist species by predators would be enhanced by the management practices imposed.
The effects of REM sleep deprivation on the level of sleepiness/alertness.

Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute REM deprivation on daytime sleepiness/alertness, as measured by the MSLT. Participants: Twenty-six healthy, normal volunteers (14 males and 12 females) participated in this study. Participating subjects were in good physical and psychological health and were asymptomatic as to sleep/wake complaints. Interventions: Subjects spent 5 nights and 5 days in the laboratory. The first night and day were utilized for screening purposes. The remaining stay in the laboratory consisted of a baseline night and day, 2 deprivation nights and days, and a recovery night and day. Each night, a nocturnal polysomnogram was employed to monitor subjectsi sleep. Each day, subjects underwent an MSLT to evaluate their sleepiness/alertness. Subjects were randomized into REM-deprivation (RD) and yoked-control (YC) groups. On deprivation nights, RD subjects were awakened each time they entered stage REM sleep, and the YC subjects were awakened concomitantly with the RD subjects, assuming they were not in stage REM sleep. Results: The REM-deprived subjects did not demonstrate any changes in MSLT scores across experimental days. In contrast, the YC subjects documented significantly lower MSLT scores on deprivation days due to decreased total sleep
The Trigeminal System and Ingestive Behavior

For the past thirty years neurobehavioral research on ingestive behavior has been characterized by a decline in the study of peripheral sensorimotor mechanisms and an increasing concentration upon the role of central neural structures in general and of the hypothalamus in particular. The consequence of this “hypothalamocentric” strategy has been a subtle shift in research goals and tactics. What had begun, at first, as a search for the neural basis of hunger and thirst gradually evolved into a search for the causal basis of the lateral hypothalamic (LH) syndrome (Anand and Brobeck, 1951; Epstein, 1971; Stricker and Zigmond, 1976; Teitelbaum and Epstein, 1962). Although some aspects of this research have paid handsome empirical and conceptual dividends (see, e.g., Teitelbaum, 1977), our continued preoccupation with this one behavioral syndrome and this one brain region may actually have impeded the neurobehavioral analysis of ingestive behavior mechanisms.
Configuration structures

Configuration structures provide a model of concurrency generalising the families of configurations of event structures. They can be considered logically, as classes of propositional models; then, sub-classes can be axiomatised by formulae of simple prescribed forms. Several equivalence relations for event structures are generalized to configuration structures, and also to general Petri nets. Every configuration structure is shown to be ST-bisimulation equivalent to a prime event structure with binary conflict; this fails for the tighter history-preserving bisimulation. Finally, Petri nets without self-loops under the collective token interpretation are shown to be behaviourally equivalent to configuration structures, in the sense that there are translations in both directions respecting history-preserving bisimulation. This fails for nets with self-loops.
Quantitative studies on viral interference in suspended L cells: I. Growth characteristics and interfering activities of vesicular stomatitis, Newcastle disease, and influenza A viruses

Abstract L cells growing in suspension were found to respond to infection with vesicular stomatitis (VSV), Newcastle disease (NDV), and the PR8 strain of influenza A viruses in the same manner as monolayer cultures. All cells were susceptible to infection with VSV. NDV engaged only a limited number of cells in viral synthesis, and small amounts of virus persisted in the culture indefinitely. Excessively high multiplicities of PR8 were required to infect all the cells, and noninfectious hemagglutinins were synthesized. The same viruses, after inactivation by ultraviolet light, differed in their interfering capacities. NDV UV established a high degree of protection against heterologous challenge and interferon was produced. VSV UV proved to be cytotoxic, precluding its use as interfering agent PR8 UV failed altogether to induce heterologous interference, and interferon could not be detected. The differences in interfering capacity between NDV UV and PR8 UV may be associated with the ability of L cells to support full multiplication of NDV but not of PR8 virus.
4701 A randomized trial comparing a clinical pathway versus usual care for patients with non-low risk upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Background: Clinical pathways for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH) have been proposed to standardize care and reduce hospital length of stay (LOS). Previous retrospective studies have shown UGIH treatment pathways to safely decrease LOS in low-risk patients to 2-3 days. Prior to this study, median LOS at our hospital for non-low risk (NLR) UGIH patients was 5 days. Aims: 1) To assess if a clinical pathway decreases LOS in patients with NLR UGIH. 2) To compare rates of adverse outcomes between pathway and usual care in NLR patients with UGIH. Methods: 54 patients with signs of UGIH were assessed in the emergency room and designated as NLR by clinical and/or endoscopic criteria and admitted to either a medical floor (28) or ICU (26). Patients were then randomized to receive either usual care or pathway care consisting of a standardized orders set to assess stability and expedite discharge. Adverse outcomes (exacerbation of comorbid conditions, rebleeding, need for surgery, death), transfusion requirement and LOS were compared between groups. Phone interviews were conducted 7 and 30 days after discharge. Results: Both groups were similar with respect to age, sex, comorbidities, initial hemoglobin, cause of bleeding, high risk stigmata, and endoscopic therapy. Outcomes were similar between groups (Table). All adverse outcomes were secondary to rebleeding. Only 1 of 54 patients developed an adverse event from 3-14 days from time of admission. Conclusion: 1) LOS of pathway and usual care groups were similar but decreased as compared to pre-pathway care. 2) Adverse outcomes were comparable between groups and uncommon after 48 hours of admission.
Detailed simulations of weak-to-strong ignition of a H 2 /O 2 /Ar mixture in shock-tubes

The accurate description of chemical-kinetic models is critical for characterizing effects of new fuel compositions on existing propulsion systems and for developing future combustion technologies. Among other facilities, shock tubes remain hereby invaluable in providing detailed information about ignition delay times, extinction limits, and species time-histories for the development and validation of reaction mechanisms.
Estimating birth weight in twins: Comparison of eight sonographic models

OBJECTIVE : To establish the relative accuracy of eight sonographic models that use one to four fetal biometric measurements to derive birth weight in twin pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN : Over three years, 181 twin gestations with sonographic mensuration of biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) within 96 hours of delivery were analyzed. Analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keul's test was used to determine the relative accuracy of the eight models. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the sonographic estimate that would consistently identify a non vertex twin B with a birth weight of ≤1,500 g. RESULTS : The mean gestational age was 32.4 4.3 (SD) weeks, and the mean birth weights for twins A and B were 1,851 676 and 1,883 655 g, respectively. For both fetuses, the mean standardized absolute error was significantly higher for estimates based on one fetal parameter (AC or FL). Regardless of presentation (A or B, vertex or nonvertex) or whether the actual birth weight was ≤1,500 or >1,500 g, accuracy was similar between the six models that used two or more fetal parameters to predict the newborn's weight. ROC analysis revealed that among non vertex twins B, an estimate of birth weight (based on BPD and AC or AC and FL) ≤1,700 g will consistently identify the newborn with a birth weight ≤1,500 g. CONCLUSION : Sonographic models that use two fetal parameters are adequate for assessing birth weight in twin gestations regardless of position or if the birth weight is ≤ or >1,500 g.
The strategy of limited retaliation

Both the strategy that leaves something to chance and the strategy of limited retaliation attempt to relate force or the threat of it to states' efforts to further their ends in the same fundamental way. An array of limited options bridges the gap between doing too much and doing too little. What distinguishes these two approaches to the credibility problem is not their reliance on limited options but rather the way in which these options are differentiated. Each option in brinkmanship generates a different risk of losing collective control of events. Each option in the strategy of limited retaliation inflicts a different level of punishment. The strategy that leaves something to chance and the analysis of the problem of crisis stability are direct conceptual descendants of the doctrine of massive retaliation. All of them ultimately appeal to the same sanction: a massive, unlimited nuclear attack. The strategy of limited retaliation, in contrast, relies on limited sanctions. The crucial difference between a limited sanction and an unlimited sanction is that if a state imposes the former on an adversary, the adversary still has something left to lose, and the fear of losing what is left may constrain its retaliation. Imposing an unlimited sanction, however, leaves an adversary with nothing more to lose and little, if any, incentive to restrain its retaliation.
Overlapping Mythologies: The Political Afterlives of Frame Narratives in Gower’s Confessio Amantis and Lydgate’s Fall of Princes

“Overlapping Mythologies: The Political Afterlives of Frame Narratives in Gower’s Confessio Amantis and Lydgate’s Fall of Princes” provides an overview of the increasingly political emphases of the frame narrative during the late Middle Ages, observing how it came to be intertwined with mirrors for princes. Examining Gower’s Confessio Amantis and Lydgate’s Fall of Princes in particular, this chapter uses evidence from Ovidian commentaries as well as Chaucerian and Boccaccian adaptations to reveal how both Gower and Lydgate deviated from the traditional allegorical approaches to which scholars tend to connect them. Focusing instead on the interpretive context generated for their embedded narratives, this chapter uncovers a network of competing discourse communities that both authors blend into cohesive poetic texts.
Interest group competition and cooperation at legislative hearings

Legislative committee hearings have attracted little attention from scholars, yet Schlozman and Tierney (1986) found that testifying is the advocacy tactic most frequently used by interest group lobbyists. I argue that opportunities to testify are valuable enough to lobbyists that they may be willing to put aside competitive differences with rival groups to jointly support committee agendas. I test this argument using data on lobbyist testimony before 20 committees on six issues from 1999 to 2002. The results suggest that whether legislators actually desire competing lobbyists to present a united front behind the committee may depend on the committee's own ideological relationship with the parent chamber. I also find that the attractiveness of the incentive to testify is less enticing to lobbyists when it requires them to compromise their organization's position on issues of importance to their members, or when competition between interest groups is especially great.
An Attributional Basis for Evaluating the Concept of Free will of Young Smokers

Each year millions of young Americans aged between the ages of 18 to 24 years start smoking. Only 5% of these smokers are expected to live to the ripe old age of 50 (CDC, USA). This is largely because nicotine, one of the many chemicals present in cigarettes, produces a compulsive need to continuously use the substance. Most individuals believe that they can easily quit smoking before it produces an harm (Ho, 1988); but this is often a mirage
A Soviet System of Professions: Psychiatry, Professional Jurisdiction, and the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences, 1932–1951

This chapter examines the way in which the medical profession developed within the Soviet state. It argues that professionals in the USSR secured jurisdiction over specific domains of expert work both by controlling key positions of authority within the increasingly centralized state bureaucracy, and also by demonstrating their discipline’s mastery of a unique domain of knowledge. The chapter focuses on Soviet psychiatrists, who in the 1930s claimed to have unique knowledge of the physiological causes of mental illness. This claim was used against them in the 1940s, when Pavlovian physiologists successfully asserted that psychiatry was simply applied physiology. The USSR Institute of Psychiatry was removed from the prestigious USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1949.
Impact of PV Sources on the Overcurrent Relays in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks

Integration of renewable sources to the power grids has become more economical and prevalent. These sources cause the load flow to change in the network which can affect the overcurrent (OC) relays as the main protective device in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks. In other words, increasing the current flowing through the lines will result in operating OC relays during normal conditions of the network. In addition, the generation of renewables varies due to change in the weather conditions, which can make it difficult to determine appropriate OC relay settings. In this paper the impact of Photovoltaic (PV) sources on the operation of the OC relays will be examined. It will be shown that the integration of PV sources bring about the operation of OC relays inadvertently due to changes in magnitude and/or direction of flowing current through the relays. To address this problem, recalculation of OC relay settings will be studied. EMTDC/PSCAD software is used in this paper to simulate the impact of PV source on the OC relays in the MV distribution network.
A framework for a programmer's minion

Programming environments should help the programmer. Today's environments do a lot along these lines, yet more is possible. We are developing facilities within the Code Bubbles environment to proactively assist the programmer. These facilities attempt to take care of mundane tasks that the programmer otherwise would need to do, effectively acting as a programmer's minion. This paper describes the framework provided by the environment to support these tasks and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the initial minion implementation.
Sphingolipids in Parasitic Protozoa

The surface of most protozoan parasites relies heavily upon lipid-anchored molecules, to form protective barriers and play critical functions required for infectivity. Sphingolipids (SLs) play important roles through their abundance and involvement in membrane microdomain formation, as well as serving as the lipid anchor for many of these molecules and in some but possibly not all species, as important signaling molecules. Interactions of parasite sphingolipid metabolism with that of the host may potentially contribute to parasite survival and/or host defense. In this chapter we summarize current knowledge of SL structure, synthesis and function in several of the major parasitic protozoan groups.
The Influence of Mentoring on the Academic Trajectory of a 17-Year-Old Black Male College Sophomore from the United Kingdom: A Single Case Study.

AbstractThere has been a national- and state-level call for colleges and universities to develop targeted mentoring programs for Black males. However, there is limited published scholarship that has investigated the experiences of non-U.S.-born Black males in these college mentoring programs generally, and at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) specifically. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the experiences of a 17-year-old Black male college sophomore from the United Kingdom who enrolled in a HBCU male-focused mentoring program. Findings reveal that he benefited from pre-college mentoring as he developed strategies to respond to racist encounters during his K–12 schooling in the United Kingdom. In the university mentoring program, he benefited most from one-on-one mentoring opportunities with university officials. Implications for universities and future research are discussed.
Conduction of Metal-Thin Organic Film-Metal Junctions at Low Bias

A model for the low bias electric conductance of junctions, consisting of a thin organic film (TOF) positioned between two metallic electrodes (M), has been developed. In contrast with other theore...
A Social Networks Approach to Online Social Movement: Social Mediators and Mediated Content in #FreeAJStaff Twitter Network:

The movement to free Al Jazeera journalists (#FreeAJStaff), imprisoned by Egyptian authorities, utilized social media over almost 2 years, between 2013 and 2015. #FreeAJStaff movement emerged as a ...
Minimal cosmetic revision required after minimally invasive pectus repair.

Despite surgical correction procedures for pectus deformities, remaining cosmetic asymmetry may have significant psychological effects. We sought to evaluate factors associated with plastic surgery (PS) consultation and procedures for these deformities at an academic institution. We reviewed patients aged 0–21 diagnosed with a pectus excavatum or carinatum deformity at our institution between January 2001 and October 2016. Pectus diagnoses were identified by ICD-9/ICD-10 codes and surgical repair by CPT codes; patients receiving PS consultation were identified by clinical note service codes. Student’s t tests, Fisher’s exact tests, and Chi-squared tests were utilized. 2158 patients were diagnosed with a pectus deformity; 442 (20.4%) underwent surgical correction. 19/442 (4.3%) sought PS consultation, either for pectus excavatum [14/19 (73.7%)], carinatum [4/19 (21.0%)], and both [1/19 (5.3%)], (p = 0.02). Patients seeking PS consultation were more likely to be female (p < 0.01), have scoliosis (p = 0.02), or undergo an open repair (p < 0.01). The need for PS consultation did not correlate with Haller index, p = 0.78. PS consultation associated with pectus deformity repair was rare, occurring in < 5% of patients undergoing repair. Patients who consulted PS more commonly included females, patients with scoliosis, and those undergoing open repair. These patients would likely benefit most from multidisciplinary pre-operative discussions regarding repair of the global deformity.
Urban Histories of Place and Labour: The Chillia Taximen of Bombay/Mumbai

When it comes to historical and ethnographic accounts of transport labour outside the West, scholars have only recently intervened to correct the paucity of systematic scholarship in this area. This article is in conversation with scholarship in both labour history and urban anthropology through which it links the modern history of a particular mode of urban transport (the taxi) and the labouring history of those who drive, move, and fix it. Through a focus on a community of hereditary taxi drivers known as chillia in the Indian city of Bombay/Mumbai, this article expands our understanding of labour experiences of the city through the twentieth century and into the present. It moves between historical archives, oral history, and lived experience to illuminate how the labour of transport workers structures circulations, collective identities, and urban space. It explores several dimensions of the history and present of transport labour in India. First, it is concerned with the connection between the work of hereditary motoring and the reconfiguration and constitution of communal identities in contexts of urban labour migration. Second, it is interested how labour practices become embedded in broader social and cultural space. Third, given that chillia have continued in the trade for over 100 years, the article explores the circuits of work and labour surrounding their trade to illuminate intersections between political and cultural shifts in Mumbai, changing conditions of work in contemporary contexts of globalizing capital, and the forms of ‘non-consent’ that emerge out of these networks.
Abstract 19226: 2-Methoxyestradiol Down-regulates Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Through G protein Coupled Receptor 30 Dependent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation at Tyrosine 1148

The estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) elicits its pharmacological effects through G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and has therapeutic potential in a number of cardiovascular diso...
Abstract 5679: The Critical Role of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (p90RSK) in Endothelial eNOS Expression is Mediated by ERK5 Transactivation via Its SUMOylation and Phosphorylation

Emerging evidence shows the reduction of vascular reactivity in diabetic patients. We have reported that advanced glycated end products and reactive oxygen species inhibit laminar steady flow (s-flow) mediated-eNOS expression in endothelial cells (EC) via ERK5-SUMOylation, which subsequently inhibits ERK5 and KLF2 transactivation. However, it remains unknown how ERK5-SUMOylation is regulated in EC. In this study we investigated the involvement of redox sensitive kinase p90RSK on ERK5 activation and eNOS induction. Inhibition of ERK5 transactivation by H 2 O 2 was reversed by dominant negative p90RSK (21±7%-increase compared with H 2 O 2 treated cells, p 2 O 2 -mediated inhibition of s-flow-mediated eNOS expression. Ad-DN-p90RSK significantly inhibited H 2 O 2 -mediated ERK5-SUMOylation, suggesting that p90RSK inhibits ERK5 by increasing ERK5-SUMOylation. To elucidate how p90RSK increases ERK5-SUMOylation, we investigated the effect of de-SUMOylation enzyme SENP2, which contains potential p90RSK phosphorylation sites. Depletion of SENP2 by SENP2 siRNA increased ERK5-SUMOylation. Over-expression of SENP2 inhibited ERK5-SUMOylation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that ERK5 is a substrate for SENP2. An in vitro kinase assay revealed that active p90RSK phosphorylated SENP2, suggesting SENP2 as a novel substrate of p90RSK. In addition, H 2 O 2 induced SENP2 nuclear export, which was inhibited by Ad-DN-p90RSK. These data suggest that p90RSK inactivates SENP2 by phosphorylating it, thus increasing ERK5-SUMOylation and decreasing ERK5/KLF2 transactivation and eNOS expression. En face confocal microscopy of normal mouse aorta showed p90RSK localization in the perinuclear region in EC. Interestingly, while p-p90RSK exhibited nuclear localization in s-flow areas, p-p90RSK localized in the cytoplasm of EC in disturbed flow (d-flow) areas which are prone to atherosclerosis. ApoE −/− mice revealed increased p90RSK activation in d-flow areas and early atherosclerotic lesions, also supporting the patho-physiological role of the p90RSK-SENP2 axis on EC dysfunction. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, National Center.
Surgical wound healing

Surgeons usually take wound healing for granted. We assume that after the tumor has been removed and the wound closed the patient will heal the wound within a week or two, and that the tissues will be restored with only a scar and the absence of resected tissues, indicating that an operation has been done. For the most part, wound healing can be taken for granted, and it is unusual for a patient to have difficulty healing a clean, elective operative wound unless there is another condition compromising wound healing. There are a number of known conditions that compromise the ability of a patient to heal a wound, including: excessive trauma to the tissues during surgery, inadequate vascularization of tissues due to preexisting vascular disease or poor flap design, a postoperative wound infection, extreme nutritional deficit, and most importantly for the surgical oncologist, prior irradiation or concomitant chemotherapy.
A review of the AATS guidelines for the prevention and management of sternal wound infections.

To summarize the AATS guidelines for the prevention and treatment of sternal wound infections. The current AATS guidelines for the prevention of sternal wound infections during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods, and the most effective methods and techniques to treat sternal wound infections were reviewed. The guidelines identified multiple interventions that can be instituted during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods to reduce sternal wound infections during cardiac surgery. These include the use of perioperative antibiotics, glycemic control to maintain serum glucose < 180 mg/dl, avoidance of bone wax and the use of vancomycin paste to the sternal edges, and figure of eight suture techniques to re-approximate the sternum. Wound Vac therapy should be instituted whenever possible to treat and enhance recovery from mediastinitis. The prevention of sternal wound infections and mediastinitis can be achieved by adherence to the AATS guidelines. The institution of these interventions requires a multi-disciplinary team effort among surgeons, anesthesiologists, referring physicians, nurses, and OR and ICU personnel.
Lipopeptisomes: Anticancer peptide-assembled particles for fusolytic oncotherapy

Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are cationic amphiphiles that preferentially kill cancer cells through folding-dependent membrane disruption. Although ACPs represent attractive therapeutic candidates, particularly against drug-resistant cancers, their successful translation into clinical practice has gone unrealized due to their poor bioavailability, serum instability and, most importantly, severe hemolytic toxicity. Here, we exploit the membrane-specific interactions of ACPs to prepare a new class of peptide-lipid particle, we term a lipopeptisome (LP). This design sequesters loaded ACPs within a lipid lamellar corona to avoid contact with red blood cells and healthy tissues, while affording potent lytic destruction of cancer cells following LP-membrane fusion. Biophysical studies show ACPs rapidly fold at, and integrate into, liposomal membranes to form stable LPs with high loading efficiencies (>80%). Rational design of the particles to possess lipid combinations mimicking that of the aberrant cancer cell outer leaflet allows LPs to rapidly fuse with tumor cell membranes and afford localized assembly of loaded ACPs within the bilayer. This leads to preferential fusolytic killing of cancer cells with minimal collateral toxicity towards non-cancerous cells and erythrocytes, thereby imparting clinically relevant therapeutic indices to otherwise toxic ACPs. Thus, integration of ACPs into self-assembled LPs represents a new delivery strategy to improve the therapeutic utility of oncolytic agents, and suggests this technology may be added to targeted combinatorial approaches in precision medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite their significant clinical potential, the therapeutic utility of many ACPs has been limited by their collateral hemolysis during administration. Leveraging the membrane-specific interactions of ACPs, here we prepare self-assembled peptide-lipid nanoparticles, or 'lipopeptisomes' (LPs), capable of preferentially fusing with and lysing cancer cell membranes. Key to this fusolytic action is the construction of LPs from lipids simulating the cancer cell outer leaflet. This design recruits the oncolytic peptide payload into the carrier lamella and allows for selective destruction of cancer cells without disrupting healthy cells. Consequently, LPs impart clinically relevant therapeutic indexes to previously toxic ACPs, and thus open new opportunities to improve the clinical translation of oncolytics challenged by narrow therapeutic windows.
DWT-Based Aggregated Load Modeling and Evaluation for Quasi-Static Time-Series Simulation on Distribution Feeders

This paper presents an extension of a previously reported discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based load modeling methodology which targets at modeling time-series load profiles to enable the more effective and realistic quasi-static time-series simulation of distribution feeders. The time-series load model is composed of two major parts: 1) The low-resolution field-measured load data which usually have a resolution of 30 or 15 min., 2) The high-resolution load variability model data extracted from the established variability database which can have resolution up to 1 sec. A load aggregation methodology is developed to aggregate the load profiles so that load profiles at different transformer ratings can be effectively modeled. Validation, evaluation, and analysis of the developed load modeling approach has been performed on the IEEE-123 feeder and an actual utility feeder from California. The analysis completed on the two feeders have demonstrated the effectiveness and revealed the value of the developed model for distribution feeder quasi-static time-series simulation at high temporal resolution.