cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active Na+ transport across Xenopus lung alveolar epithelium

Bioelectric properties and unidirectional ion fluxes of alveolar epithelium were studied by utilizing excised Xenopus lungs mounted in the flux chamber under short-circuited conditions. Results show that the alveolar epithelium generates a potential difference (PD) of 8 mV (lumen negative) with a tissue resistance (Rt) of 1000 ohm.cm2. The short-circuit current (Isc) is inhibitable by 80% with alveolar amiloride. Alveolar or pleural exposure of ouabain slowly decreases Isc to zero. Rt is slightly increased by either agent. Control tissues exhibit a greater unidirectional 22Na+ flux in the alveolar to pleural (A----P) direction than in the opposite (P----A) direction, indicating a net removal of Na+ from the alveolar fluid. Amiloride and ouabain both decrease the A----P Na+ flux to the level of the P----A flux, thereby abolishing net Na+ absorption. In contrast, unidirectional 36Cl fluxes are not different in either direction. Neither amiloride nor ouabain affected these 36Cl fluxes and tissue resistance appreciably, indicating that Cl- passively permeates the alveolar epithelium.
Strain-shift coefficients for phonons in Si1-xGex epilayers on silicon.

The measurement of the strain coefficients for the three longitudinal-optical phonons in strained ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$ (0x0.35) molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown epilayers on (100) Si is reported. Strain in the epilayers was varied by annealing metastable pseudomorphically grown epilayers at various temperatures and was measured by double-crystal x-ray diffractometry. The strain-shift coefficients for the phonons were obtained from Raman-scattering measurements of the annealed specimens. For all compositions it was found that the Si-Si phonon frequencies vary linearly with strain. The strain-shift coefficient, however, showed a small composition dependence, varying from about -750 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ at x=0.08 to about -950 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ at x=0.35, corresponding to a stress factor \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.4+0.57x+0.13${\mathit{x}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$/kbar for this vibration. The magnitude of the corresponding coefficients for the Si-Ge and Ge-Ge lines are slightly less than that of the Si-Si line, and vary in a similar way with x.
Using the Arts in Teaching and Learning: Building Student Capacity for Community-based Work in Health Psychology

Perspectives have emerged within health psychology that focus on the social constitution of health and emphasize community development and social change strategies to reduce human suffering and improve quality of life. Education and training are needed to build student capacity in these areas. Our analysis, grounded in theoretical, empirical, and experiential evidences, suggests that the arts may play a leading role in building this student capacity for community research and action. Major themes are that the arts promote student understandings of the values, goals, and practices of community-based work and enable meaningful student roles in community-based partnerships. Narrative accounts of our use of creative writing, visual arts, poetry, film, and theater in classroom and community-based practice with students illustrate these themes.
Cancer screening in the United States, 2013: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines, current issues in cancer screening, and new guidance on cervical cancer screening and lung cancer screening

Each year the American Cancer Society (ACS) publishes a summary of its recommendations for early cancer detection, a report on data and trends in cancer screening rates, and select issues related to cancer screening. In this issue of the journal, current ACS cancer screening guidelines are summarized, as are updated guidelines on cervical cancer screening and lung cancer screening with low-dose helical computed tomography. The latest data on the use of cancer screening from the National Health Interview Survey also are described, as are several issues related to screening coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010.
Understanding Satellite Cirrus Cloud Climatologies with Calibrated Lidar Optical Depths

Abstract Optical depth measurements of transmissive cirrus clouds were made using coincident lidar and satellite data to improve our interpretation of satellite cloud climatologies. The University of Wisconsin High Spectral Resolution Lidar was used to measure the optical depth of clouds at a wavelength of 532 nm, while the GOES and AVHRR window channel imagers provided measurements at a wavelength of 10.8 µm. In single-layer cirrus clouds with a visible optical depth greater than 0.3, the ratio of the visible to the IR optical depth was consistent with the approximate 2:1 ratio expected in clouds comprised of large ice crystals. For clouds with visible optical depths <0.3, the visible/IR ratios were nearly always <2. It is likely that this reflects a measurement bias rather than a difference in cloud properties. Most cirrus clouds observed in this study were more than 1 km thick and were often comprised of multiple layers. Supercooled liquid water layers coexisted with the cirrus in 32% of the cases exam...
THE ISTHMIAN LINK, ANTITROPICALITY AND AMERICAN BIOGEOGRAPHY: DISTRIBUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE ATHERINOPSINAE (PISCES: ATHERINIDAE)

The worldwide occurrence of antitropical organisms is correlated with a reorga- nization of world climate culminating in the middle Miocene. It is suggested that rising tropical temperatures in the Miocene led to a global exclusion of stenothermic taxa from low latitudes. The phylogeny and distribution of the New World silversides are congruent with this inter- pretation of antitropical origins. Evidence bearing on the relationships of the American an- chovies is consistent with this paleoclimatic hypothesis as well. Alternative hypotheses pro- moting long-distance dispersal, tropical submergence, competition and predation contribute to a fuller understanding of the mosaic nature of the global antitropical pattern (Antitropical; bipolar; vicariance biogeography; isthmian link; silversides; Atherinidae; Atherinopsinae; Men- idiinae.)
Practical prevention of vaginal and rectal transmission of HIV by adapting the oral defense: use of commercial lubricants.

HIV is transmitted to 6.4 million human beings per year and the majority of these transmissions are sexual. Condoms are highly effective and are recommended as the primary preventive. However, the fact that there are millions of sexual transmissions each year indicates that many people do not use condoms and that additional preventives are needed. The mechanisms of natural prevention of oral transmission by saliva may be adaptable to the susceptible vagina and rectum. The objective of our study was to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV by mimicking saliva's targeting of the transmitting infected leukocytes and any cell-free HIV in seminal fluid. The previously recommended anti-HIV topical microbicide, nonoxynol-9, has not prevented HIV transmission in humans, probably because it causes mucosal irritation and attracts CD4(+) cells. To identify effective preparations that are nonirritating, we studied the anti-HIV activity of commercially available, over-the-counter (OTC) lubricants and vaginal preparations that are judged safest by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and are nonirritating. The effect of OTC preparations on both the production of HIV by infected leukocytes and cell-free HIV suspended in seminal fluid was measured under simulated in vivo conditions. We surveyed 22 OTC vaginal preparations and excluded those with low inhibitory activity and those that were inhibitory but likely to be irritating. Three included preparations are highly active against both HIV-infected leukocytes suspended in seminal fluid and active against cell-free HIV, under in vitro conditions that simulate in vivo conditions. Since the preparations identified here as anti-HIV substances have the advantages of being widely available, inexpensive, acceptable, in the safest U.S. FDA category, and may be used by recipient women or men, they should be tested in clinical trials to help prevent sexual transmission of HIV.
Influence of evaporation on waste package environment and radionuclide release from a tuff repository

Conceptual and mathematical models are presented for predicting waste package environment and radionuclide release in an unsaturated repository. Presence and ionic strength of water are viewed as a balance between water influx, evaporation, and condensation as modified by salinity-caused vapor pressure lowering. The model is used to examine the influence of thermal loading on waste package environment. Increased thermal gradients near the waste packages are shown to be as important as overall temperature in drying the waste package. The waste package environment is predicted to be highly variable, ranging from a concentrated brine to more dilute solutions. Under certain sets of conditions, water vapor condensation is predicted to occur on the waste package in the absence of liquid water influx.
Adsorption of silicon on molybdenum in a field emission microscope

Abstract The adsorption, surface diffusion, and thermal desorption of silicon on molybdenum have been investigated by field emission microscopy. The average work function of silicon covered molybdenum field emitter decreases with a simultaneous reduction in the total field emission current. This suggests the resonance tunneling of the field-emitted electrons. With low coverage, boundary free surface diffusion occurs at 565 °K on the [111] zones. Above 585 °K diffusion occurs with a sharp boundary and an activation energy of 50.9 kcal/mole in the (211) → (100) direction. Adsorption of silicon on molybdenum tips at and above room temperatures is anisotropic. The activation energy of thermal desorption from (111) and (411) planes is 63.3 and 123.9 kcal/mole respectively. Annealing the silicon covered tip at 1000°K produces a silicon enriched surface phase with new crystal planes.
Keyboard Gangsters: Analysis of Incidence and Correlates of Cyberbullying in a Large Urban Student Population

The prevalence and pervasive nature of technology has fundamentally changed how individuals interact. Social networking has significantly altered communication and interaction patterns and created a dynamic venue for perpetration and victimization of bullying. A large population of middle and high school students was surveyed on perceptions and engagement in drug and alcohol usage, school violence, social networking usage, and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Findings indicate that although cyberbullying has many similarities to traditional bullying, there are important differences. Participation in school violence and usage of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs predict both victimization and perpetration of cyberbullying.
Adaptive fuzzy control via modification of linguistic variables

A fuzzy knowledge-based control system developed for mobile robot motion control is introduced. The method for deriving a fuzzy knowledge-base is established, based on a commercially available mobile robot. The adaptation method for fuzzy knowledge-based systems reacts to environmental variations and modifies the definitions of linguistic state variables instead of modifying the knowledge-base itself. Some simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed adaptive scheme makes significant improvements in system performance even when there are severe environmental variations. >
Living with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Qualitative Analysis of Physical, Psychological, and Social Sequelae

Women with metastatic breast cancer face a wide range of medical, practical, and emotional challenges that impact their quality of life. Research to date, however, has not focused on the quality-of-life concerns of metastatic breast cancer patients with significant distress. The present study examined a range of concerns among distressed metastatic breast cancer patients, including physical and emotional distress, social functioning, and existential issues. Forty-four distressed women with metastatic breast cancer wrote their deepest thoughts and feelings regarding their illness. These essays were thematically analyzed for effects of the illness on quality of life. Three themes were identified in patients' essays. First, metastatic breast cancer and its treatment may result in a number of quality-of-life concerns, including physical symptom burden, emotional distress, body image disturbance, and disrupted daily activities. Second, social constraints on disclosure of cancer-related concerns may exacerbate patients' distress. Third, many women experience a heightened awareness of life's brevity and search for meaning in their cancer experience. Results highlight a range of quality-of-life concerns following a metastatic breast cancer diagnosis and suggest that addressing social constraints on cancer-related disclosure and the search for meaning may improve patients' psychological adjustment.
Key Competencies Required of Performance Improvement Professionals

Despite the growing literature about the criticality of a performance focus in our field, the literature on empirically formulated competencies for performance improvement professionals reflecting this shift has been scarce (Dean, 1999). While this study was being conducted (2000–2001), there were no formally recognized standards to guide performance improvement professionals. What the literature did offer was standards for instructional designers, specifically, the International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction (IBSTPI) released the third edition of Instructional Design Competencies: The Standards (Ritchey et al., 2000). Around this same time, The International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) was simultaneously, and independently, working on developing such standards. This study pursued similar efforts through two overarching purposes. The first purpose was to identify competencies required of competent performance improvement professionals. While previous studies had generally addressed what constitutes ideal practice, no data had been collected on current practice. Thus, the second purpose was to determine how often performance improvement practitioners believed they (1) should be, and (2) are currently applying each of the identified competencies. The relationships and gaps between these two indicators were also examined.
Percent Total Attrition: A Poor Metric for Study Rigor in Hosted Intervention Designs

Health behavior interventions delivered at point of service include those that yoke an intervention protocol with existing systems of care (e.g., clinical care, social work, or case management). Though beneficial in a number of ways, such "hosted" intervention studies may be unable to retain participants that specifically discontinue their use of the hosting service. In light of recent practices that use percent total attrition as indicative of methodological flaws, hosted interventions targeting hard-to-reach populations may be excluded from consideration in effective intervention compendiums or research synthesis because of high attrition rates that may in fact be secondary to the natural flow of service use or unrelated to differential attrition or internal design flaws. Better methods to characterize rigor are needed.
Igneous Activity, Metamorphism, and Heart Mountain Faulting at White Mountain, Northwestern Wyoming

The spire of brown volcanic rock at White Mountain, long regarded as a filled volcanic conduit associated with eruption of the Eocene Wapiti Formation, is actually an erosional remnant of volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks of the Eocene Cathedral Cliffs Formation that has been transported 10 to 15 mi southeastward as part of a Heart Mountain detachment fault block. Prevolcanic Paleozoic carbonate rocks, which comprise the western part of this block, are metamorphosed and strongly folded, in contrast to the rocks of other Heart Mountain fault blocks. This metamorphism ends abruptly downward at the Heart Mountain fault plane. Rounded fragments of metamorphosed carbonate rock in Heart Mountain fault breccia and in related clastic dikes show that the metamorphism occurred before the faulting, presumably as a result of the Cathedral Cliffs igneous activity. Igneous rock fragments in the Heart Mountain fault breccia at White Mountain seem to have been derived from allochthonous sills and dikes that predate the Heart Mountain fault. Therefore these fragments are not evidence for volcanic activity during Heart Mountain faulting, nor for introduction of volcanic gases along the fault plane as suggested by Hughes (1970a). A fault plate would have to be large and coherent to be buoyed up by volcanic gas or other fluids. The present widespread distribution of the remnants of the upper plate indicates that the upper plate broke up to form a number of fault blocks very soon after the Heart Mountain faulting began.
Coexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in Wilms' tumor

Abstract Background/Purpose: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is an important transcriptional factor responsible for regulating expression of the angiogenic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Little information is available regarding factors involved in the hypoxic cascade, such as HIF or VEGF in Wilms' tumor. We concomitantly evaluate the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in ex vivo human Wilms' tumor specimens. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) utilizing a monoclonal human anti-HIF-1α or a polyclonal anti-VEGF antibody was performed on ex vivo specimens of Wilms' tumor (n = 18). Predominant tumor histologic subtype was divided equally between epithelial (n = 6), blastemal (n = 6), and mixed (n = 6). Specimens were scored on a predetermined scale for distribution (percent positive cells) and intensity of HIF-1α/VEGF expression within areas of tumor. Results: IHC analysis found that HIF-1α and VEGF were expressed in all Wilms' tumor specimens. Strong nuclear staining for HIF-1α was seen in all samples evaluated, (n = 18), mean score 2.7 (>50% cells exhibiting nuclear HIF-1α expression). Cytoplasmic staining for HIF-1α also was seen in 15 of 18 samples (83%). Distribution of VEGF was equivalent between blastemal and epthelial components, mean score 2.23 versus 2.35. Conclusions: HIF-1α and one of its regulatory end-products, the angiogenic cytokine VEGF, are simultaneously expressed in human Wilms' tumor. In Wilms' tumor, intratumoral hypoxia may stimulate tumor conversion to the angiogenic phenotype and incite production of VEGF. Strategies targeting the hypoxic cascade ultimately may prove efficacious against Wilms' tumor. J Pediatr Surg 35:1749-1753. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
George Antonius: The Formative Years

George Antonius was born in Dayr al-Qamar (Lebanon) on 19 October 1891 at a time when, after four centuries of Ottoman rule, the Arab nationalist movement was in an embryonic stage. The early movement was a Damascus-based, urban, elite phenomenon which sought autonomy, rather than the independence, of Arabic-speaking provinces from the Ottoman Empire. Akin to the future political activists from aristocratic and middle class families in Syria and Palestine, Antonius was not moved to support Arab nationalism until after the liberation of Arab territories from Ottoman rule in 1918. As a member of a generation of leadership which had been educated in Ottoman professional schools, the American University in Beirut, or in Europe, Antonius was the product of an intellectual training which led him to adopt a secular form of Arab nationalism, rather than pan-Islamism. With a European-oriented education, this generation also trusted in a Weberian model of modernization, which encouraged the development of Western institutions.1 In Antonius' case, affinity with the West and loyalty to Great Britain were particularly encouraged because he was a member of a Syrian Christian minority which had historically assisted in the European economic, cultural, and political penetration in the Middle East.2 After moving to Alexandria, Egypt, where his father entered into the lucrative cotton trade, Antonius was groomed to work for the British. Integrated into a rich and
Efficiency of Fatty Acids as Chemical Penetration Enhancers: Mechanisms and Structure Enhancement Relationship

Purpose The present study evaluated the effects of fatty acids commonly present in cosmetic and topical formulations on permeation enhancement across human epidermal membrane (HEM) lipoidal pathway when the fatty acids saturated the SC lipid domain without cosolvents (Emax).
Students’ behaviour playing an online information literacy game

This paper describes how college students played the web-based BiblioBouts Information Literacy (IL) game, which ushers players through the library research process while they complete a research-and-writing assignment. The game teaches students basic IL skills including creating citations, judging citation completeness, assessing author expertise, assessing source relevance and credibility, judging quality, and assessing accuracy. BiblioBouts’ collaborative and social mechanisms help students leverage their own research efforts in finding sources, evaluating their usefulness, and choosing the best sources, with their classmates’ efforts so that everyone benefits. Players benefit from receiving hands-on practice and experience with the wide range of information literacy (IL) skills that confront them during the process from conducting library research to completing writing assignments. Both quantitative and qualitative game-play data were gathered from game-play logs, game diaries, focus group interviews with student game players, and personal interviews with instructors. These data were analyzed to determine typical game-play styles, how long students played the game, and the impact of scoring on the way the students played the game and engaged in IL activities. The results were used to improve game mechanics and player engagement. The R&D team’s experience building an online, interactive IL game demonstrates that game design must first focus on evaluations of player behavior followed by game-system improvements that are expected to affect the desired game-play behavior. The BiblioBouts game presents an innovative method for learning IL competencies and is unique in its social, collaborative, and interactive approach to educational gaming. It is hoped that this article will encourage IL librarians to explore games and other alternative forms of IL instruction.
Analysis of resolution and feature size in extreme ultraviolet microscopy images

We describe a correlation algorithm that allows for the simultaneous determination of object size and resolution in images of nanoscale objects. The method was used to analyze images recorded with a 13.2 nm laser.
Structural Studies of the Nudix Hydrolase DR1025 From Deinococcus radiodurans and its Ligand Complexes.

Abstract We have determined the crystal structure, at 1.4 A, of the Nudix hydrolase DR1025 from the extremely radiation resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. The protein forms an intertwined homodimer by exchanging N-terminal segments between chains. We have identified additional conserved elements of the Nudix fold, including the metal-binding motif, a kinked β-strand characterized by a proline two positions upstream of the Nudix consensus sequence, and participation of the N-terminal extension in the formation of the substrate-binding pocket. Crystal structures were also solved of DR1025 crystallized in the presence of magnesium and either a GTP analog or Ap4A (both at 1.6 A resolution). In the Ap4A co-crystal, the electron density indicated that the product of asymmetric hydrolysis, ATP, was bound to the enzyme. The GTP analog bound structure showed that GTP was bound almost identically as ATP. Neither nucleoside triphosphate was further cleaved.
ON PREDICTION OF THE TURBULENT FLOW OVER A WAVY BOUNDARY

The importance of fluctuating turbulent stresses in the flow over a wave is examined. It is shown that anisotropic stresses, which are most likely to be turbulent Reynolds stresses, are essential to the process of energy flow to the wave. Two fundamentally different methods of predicting fluctuating turbulent Reynolds stresses are examined. One method makes use of a phenomenological closure of the conservation equation for the turbulent Reynolds stresses and is similar to the turbulent boundary-layer calculation scheme of Bradshaw, Ferriss & Atwell (1967). The second method is based on the assumption that the turbulent stresses are determined by the recent history of velocity shear experienced by a fluid parcel and results in a viscoelastic constitutive relation for the turbulence; in the limit of shortest’ memory’ this relation becomes the eddy viscosity model proposed by Hussain & Reynolds (1970). Comparison of predicted and measured values of surface pressure indicates that the eddy viscoelasticity model can explain measured pressure distributions but the comparison is not conclusive. Suggestions for further measurements are made.
MIMO Interference Channel With Confidential Messages: Achievable Secrecy Rates and Precoder Design

We study the achievable rate regions of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel with confidential messages sent to two receivers, assuming the transmitters use linear precoding. Each receiver is assumed to be an eavesdropper for the other link, and the transmitters employ various techniques to increase the secrecy rate of their own link or that of the network. We describe both cooperative and noncooperative transmission schemes for Gaussian interference channels, and derive their achievable secrecy rate regions. Cooperation is made possible if the transmitters share a portion of their channel state information, allowing them to appropriately adjust their precoders and improve the overall secrecy performance of the network. A game-theoretic formulation of the problem is adopted to allow the transmitters to find an operating point that balances network performance and fairness. The benefit of cooperation is demonstrated via several numerical examples.
Bruton's tyrosine kinase targets NF‐κB to the bcl‐x promoter via a mechanism involving phospholipase C‐γ2 following B cell antigen receptor engagement

Abstract Disruption of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) function leads to x-linked immunodeficiency (xid) in mice. BTK-deficient (btk−/−) B cells are defective for survival. Prior studies show that BTK is required for the induction of Bcl-xL following B cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement. However, the mechanism underlying Bcl-xL induction in response to BCR ligation remains unresolved. We now demonstrate that BTK regulates bcl-x expression by transcriptional control in response to BCR engagement. BTK targets nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to activate the bcl-x promoter via a phospholipase C-γ2 (PLC-γ2)-dependent mechanism. Perturbation of the BTK/PLC-γ2/NF-κB signaling axis likely contributes to the defective expression of bcl-x and compromised survival of xid B cells.
Using distributed objects for digital library interoperability

Information repositories are just one of many services tomorrow's digital libraries might offer. Other services include automated news summarization, trend analysis across news repositories, and copyright-related facilities. This distributed collection of services has the potential to be enormously helpful in performing information-intensive tasks. It could also turn such tasks into confusing, frustrating annoyances by forcing programmers and users to learn many interfaces and by confronting users with the bewildering details of fee-based services that were previously only accessible to professional librarians. The Stanford Digital Library project is addressing the problem of interoperability, which is particularly important because standardization efforts are lagging behind the development of digital library services. The authors used CORBA to implement information-access and payment protocols. These protocols provide the interface uniformity necessary for interoperability, while leaving implementers a large amount of leeway to optimize performance and to provide choices in service performance profiles. The authors' initial experience indicates that a distributed object framework does give clients and servers the flexibility to manage their communication and processing resources effectively.
The association of testosterone levels with overall sleep quality, sleep architecture, and sleep-disordered breathing.

Context: Little is known about the association of low endogenous testosterone levels and abnormal sleep patterns in older men, although pharmacological doses of testosterone are associated with increased severity of sleep apnea and other sleep disturbances. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the association between serum testosterone levels with objectively measured sleep characteristics. Design: This was a cohort study. Setting: Community-dwelling men aged 65 yr or older from six clinical centers in the United States participated in the study. Participants and Main Outcome Measures: A total of 1312 men had baseline total testosterone levels measured in 2000–2002, followed 3.4 yr later by 72-h (minimum) actigraphy and one-night in-home polysomnography to assess sleep duration, sleep fragmentation, and sleep apnea. Analyses were performed by quartile of total testosterone and categorically defined low vs. higher total testosterone (<250 ng/dl vs. ≥250 ng/dl). Lifestyle and body size were covariates. Results: Total testosterone levels were unrelated to age or duration of sleep. Men with lower testosterone levels had lower sleep efficiency, with increased nocturnal awakenings and less time in slow-wave sleep as well as a higher apnea-hypopnea index and more sleep time with O2 saturation levels below 90%. Low testosterone levels were associated with overweight, and all significant associations were attenuated or absent after adjusting for body mass index or waist circumference. In a post hoc analysis in men with higher body mass index (>27 kg/m2), testosterone was significantly associated with more periods awake after sleep onset and lower sleep efficiency. Conclusion: Low total testosterone levels are associated with less healthy sleep in older men. This association is largely explained by adiposity. Clinical trials are necessary to determine whether body weight acts directly or indirectly (via low testosterone) in the causal pathway for sleep-disordered breathing in older men.
Utility of the peripheral blood white blood cell count for identifying sick young infants who need lumbar puncture.

Abstract Study objective: We assess the utility of the peripheral blood WBC count as a screen for lumbar puncture among young infants evaluated for serious bacterial infections. Methods: We performed logistic regression modeling and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of peripheral blood WBC count and cerebrospinal fluid WBC count for results obtained from 3- to 89-day-old infants undergoing a full sepsis evaluation. Results: Twenty-two of 5,353 (4.1 per 1,000) infants had acute bacterial meningitis. For diagnosing acute bacterial meningitis, the peripheral blood WBC count was poorly discriminating and significantly inferior to the cerebrospinal fluid WBC count. This was true both when the odds of meningitis were modeled to vary linearly and as a U-shaped function of the peripheral blood WBC count. When relying on single and interval-based high-risk thresholds of peripheral blood WBC counts alone, the majority of infants with acute bacterial meningitis would have been missed. Conclusion: Decisions to perform or withhold lumbar puncture should not be based on prevailing interpretations of the total peripheral blood WBC counts to maximize detection of bacterial meningitis in young infants. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:206-214.]
Meta-perception for pathological personality traits: do we know when others think that we are difficult?

The self allows us to reflect on our own behavior and to imagine what others think of us. Clinical experience suggests that these abilities may be impaired in people with personality disorders. They do not recognize the impact that their behavior has on others, and they have difficulty understanding how they are seen by others. We collected information regarding pathological personality traits—using both self and peer report measures—from groups of people who knew each other well (at the end of basic military training). In previous papers, we have reported that agreement between self-report and peer-report is only modest. In this paper, we address the question: Do people know that others disagree with their own perceptions of themselves? We found that expected peer scores predicted variability in peer report over and above self-report for all 10 diagnostic traits. People do have some incremental knowledge of how they are viewed by others, but they do not tell you about it unless you ask them to do so; the knowledge is not reflected in ordinary self-report data. Among participants who expect their peers to describe them as narcissistic, those who agree with this assessment are viewed as being less narcissistic by their peers than those who deny being narcissistic. It therefore appears that insight into how one is viewed by others can moderate negative impressions fostered by PD traits.
The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory

We present DNA-hybridization data on 21 amniotes and two anurans showing that discrimination is obtained among most of these at the class and lower levels. Trees generated from these data largely agree with conventional views, for example in not associating birds and mammals. However, the sister relationships found here of the monotremes to marsupials, and of turtles to the alligator, are surprising results which are nonetheless consistent with the results of some other studies. The Marsupionta hypothesis of Gregory is reviewed, as are opinions about the placement of chelonians. Anatomical and reproductive data considered by Gregory do not unequivocally preclude a marsupial-monotreme special relationship, and there is other recent evidence for placing turtles within the Diapsida. We conclude that the evidential meaning of the molecular data is as shown in the trees, but that the topologies may be influenced by a base-compositional bias producing a seemingly slow evolutionary rate in monotremes, or by algorithmic artefacts (in the case of turtles as well).
Long-term changes in quiescent degassing at Mount Baker Volcano, Washington, USA; Evidence for a stalled intrusion in 1975 and connection to a deep magma source

Abstract Long-term changes have occurred in the chemistry, isotopic ratios, and emission rates of gas at Mount Baker volcano following a major thermal perturbation in 1975. In mid-1975 a large pulse in sulfur and carbon dioxide output was observed both in emission rates and in fumarole samples. Emission rates of CO 2 and H 2 S were ∼ 950 and 112 t/d, respectively, in 1975; these decreased to ∼ 150 and 2 /CH 4 ratio since 1975 suggest a long steady trend back toward a more hydrothermal gas signature. The helium isotope ratio is very high (> 7 R c / R A ), but has declined slightly since the mid-1970s, and δ 13 C–CO 2 has decreased by ≥ 1‰ over time. Both trends are expected from a gradually crystallizing magma. While other scenarios are investigated, we conclude that magma intruded the mid- to shallow-crust beneath Mount Baker during the thermal awakening of 1975. Since that time, evidence for fresh magma has waned, but the continued emission of CO 2 and the presence of a long-term hydrothermal system leads us to suspect some continuing connection between the surface and deep convecting magma.
Seasonal Variation of Liquid and Ice Water Path in Nonprecipitating Clouds over Oceans

Abstract Seasonal variations of liquid and ice water paths (LWP and IWP) in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans are estimated for 4 months by combining the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data. The ISCCP data are used to separate clear/cloudy skies and warm/cold clouds and to determine cloud optical thickness, cloud-top temperature, and sea surface temperature. SSM/I data are used to separate precipitating and nonprecipitating clouds and to determine LWP. About 93% of all clouds are nonprecipitating clouds, and about half of nonprecipitating clouds are warm (cloud-top temperature > 0°C). The average LWP for warm nonprecipitating clouds is about 6 mg cm−2. The values of total water path obtained from the ISCCP values of optical thickness for cold nonprecipitating clouds are larger than the LWP values from SSM/I, which the authors explain in terms of IWP. The average IWP for cold nonprecipitating clouds is about 7 mg cm−2, with LWP being ...
Medications for addiction treatment: an opportunity for prescribing clinicians to facilitate remission from alcohol and opioid use disorders

Substance use disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Medications for the treatment of substance use disorders are effective yet underutilized. This article reviews recent literature examining medications used for the treatment of alcohol and opioid use disorders. The neurobehavioral rationale for medication treatment and the most common ways medications work in the treatment of substance use disorders are discussed. Finally, the medications and the evidence behind their effectiveness are briefly reviewed. Physicians and other prescribing clinicians should take an active role in facilitating remission and recovery from substance use disorders by prescribing these effective medications with brief medical management counseling.
Cohomology of Vector Bundles and Syzygies: The Determinantal Varieties

This is the first of a series of chapters where we apply the techniques of chapter 5 to concrete examples. We consider the determinantal varieties for the generic, generic symmetric, and generic skew symmetric matrices. We describe explicitly the terms of their minimal free resolutions over fields of characteristic 0. We also show that in characteristic p > 0 the resolution can be different than in characteristic 0. In section 6.1 we deal with ideals of minors of generic matrices over a field of characteristic 0. We prove Lascoux's result providing the description of terms in minimal free resolutions of these ideals. We also treat in more detail the special cases of Eagon—Northcott and Gulliksen—Negard complexes. Section 6.2 is devoted to determinantal ideals in positive characteristic. We prove Hashimoto's result that the resolution of 2 × 2 minors of a 5 × 5 generic matrix over a field of characteristic 3 is different than the corresponding resolution over a field of characteristic 0. Here we make use of theory of Schur complexes developed in section 2.4. Section 6.3 deals with the ideals of minors of a generic symmetric matrix. Again we calculate the terms of a minimal free resolutions of such ideals over a field of characteristic 0.
A pilot study of students learning outcomes using didactic and Socratic instructional methods: An assessment based on Blooms taxonomy

This work is a pilot study on the learning outcomes of students, who were taught a research course for seven weeks, using didactic and Socratic instruction methods. The course was taught in two sessions concurrently. The students were divided into two groups (A and B) and both groups were taught either with Socratic instruction method or didactic instruction method. At the end of the 7 weeks, the students were tested. The test, which was valid and reliable, was categorized into 5 domains of Bloom’s taxonomy: analysis, comprehension, evaluation, knowledge and synthesis. Based on the results, there was no evidence to show if there is a difference in the learning outcomes of groups A and B. There was an outlier in the synthesis domain. Interpretation of students’ projects and final papers shows a difference in the degree of creativity. This is however tangential to the main research question. Key words: Didactic method, Socratic method, Bloom’s taxonomy, pilot method.
Tumor imaging of the head and neck in 18F-FDG PET/CT: Anatomy and patterns of disease spread

1352 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the complex cross sectional anatomy of the head and neck (HN) region. 2. Diagnosing HN cancers by localizing it to its proper space of origin, and understanding the patterns of local disease spread. 3. Recognize the pitfalls of PET/CT in this region. 4. Know the manifestations and limitations of PET/CT in nodal staging. 5. Become aware of perineural spread of HN tumors. 6. Value of PET/CT in detection of distant metastasis and second primaries. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) with 2-[fluorine 18]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) imaging is an integral part of the multidisciplinary approach to accurately diagnose and stage head and neck (HN) cancer. PET/CT imaging of HN cancers can be complicated and difficult to interpret due to the complex anatomy of this region. The aim of this presentation is to provide PET/CT readers with a simple road map to help analyze the multifaceted aspects of HN tumors. Localizing the HN tumor in the correct anatomical space is essential in reaching the accurate diagnosis of the tumor. Understanding the pattern of spread is critical in local staging. We will demonstrate the different anatomical spaces of the HN region, including the pharyngeal mucosal, parapharyngeal, masticator, parotid, carotid, retropharyngeal and pre/paravertebral, oral tongue, floor of mouth and laryngeal spaces. We will highlight the pattern of spread of tumors in these spaces, the hidden areas in the HN, and the PET/CT pitfalls in this area. We will demonstrate the PET/CT criteria of malignant lymph nodes, illustrating the cross section by level, nodal staging and highlight some PET/CT limitations in nodal staging. We will raise the awareness about the possibility of detecting spread of HN tumors along the cranial nerves (perineural spread), which could be incidentally seen on PET/CT. Finally we will discuss the unique role of PET/CT in M staging of HN patients.
Polymer-Supported Bifunctional Amidoximes for the Sorption of Uranium from Seawater

Bifunctional amidoxime fibers are synthesized from commercially available polyacrylonitrile as sorbents for the recovery of U(VI) from seawater. The purpose of introducing a second ligand is to enhance the affinity of the amidoxime (AO) ligand via two possible mechanisms: by acting directly upon the AO to increase its ability to ion exchange or providing additional coordination sites to the uranyl ion. Amines are chosen as the second ligand since they have a high affinity for U(VI) at ppm levels from synthetic seawater. Diethylenetriamine (DETA) is utilized as the amine because it is sufficiently flexible to interact with AO and able to bind metal ions. Along with AO and AO-DETA fibers, the primary NH2 moieties were modified with phosphonic acid ligands (AO-phon-DETA). All fibers have high affinities (>99% sorption) for the uranyl ion when initially present at 0.90 ppm in synthetic seawater. When contacted with actual seawater at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for 20.8 days, the loadings for th...
Second-Trimester Cervical Length Screening Among Asymptomatic Women: An Evaluation of Risk-Based Strategies.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate whether there are demographic or clinical characteristics that are associated with the likelihood of having a short cervix and whether these characteristics can be used to optimize cervical length screening.METHODS:This is a cohort study of women with a singleton gestation with
FRI0530 Factors influencing selection of biologic therapy and comparative effectiveness in patient reported outcomes among patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background Biologic use among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasingly common. Given different anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) options, a better understanding of factors that influence physicians’ and patients’ selection of RA therapies and comparative effectiveness between them is warranted. Objectives To describe physicians’ and patients’ preferences in selecting specific biologics and comparing clinical response using patient reported outcomes (PROs) among RA patients started on different anti-TNF therapies. Methods Eligible patients for this analysis were enrollees in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large, well-characterized integrated care organization. RA patients with at least 2 Kaiser visits who started a new anti-TNF therapy from 10/2010 – 8/2011 were initially eligible for participation in a longitudinal telephone survey at baseline (initiation of anti-TNF therapy) and 6 months later. There were 384 patients eligible available to be contacted. Ordinary least squares regression evaluated the change at 6 months across PROs comparing etanercept (ETA) vs. adalimumab (ADA) initiators and controlled for multiple potential confounders. Results A total of 267 RA patients were recruited and completed the baseline survey; 244 completed the follow-up survey. Mean age was 54.4 (SD ± 12.1) and 73.4% were females. Of these, 42% were employed and 14% were disabled. A total of 56% of patients self-reported that they were involved in the selection of their specific biologic. The majority of patients (57%) preferred an injectable biologic, 22% preferred an infused biologic, and 21% had no preference. Preferences for injection biologics were mainly motivated by convenience (92%); those preferring infusion therapy were motivated by dislike or lack of self-efficacy for self-injection (15.7%). After 6 months of treatment with anti-TNF biologics, 44% of the patients reported a level of burning and stinging with injection of ≤ 4 in a scale of 0-10 with the last biologic dose, 30% experienced a level > 5 and 26% reported no burning and stinging. RAPID 3, MDHAQ and SF12_pcs were significantly better at 6 months favoring ETA compared to ADA (table). Image/graph Conclusions Convenience, fears of self-injection and self-efficacy for self-injection were important aspects to patients when selecting an individual therapy. There were small but statistically significant differences in efficacy based on PROs at 6 months between etanercept and adalimumab. Acknowledgements Thi work was supported by (R01 HS01857). Dr. Curtis receives support from the NIH (AR 053551). Disclosure of Interest J. Curtis Grant/research support from: Roche/Genentech, UCB, Janssen, CORRONA, Amgen, Pfizr, BMS, Crescendo, AbbVie, Consultant for: Roche/Genentech, UCB, Janssen, CORRONA, Amgen, Pfizr, BMS, Crescendo, AbbVie, I. Navarro-Millan: None Declared, L. Chen: None Declared, L. Harrold Grant/research support from: NIH K23AR053856, Consultant for: CORRONA, L. Liu: None Declared
Diagnosing infective endocarditis.

The diagnosis has been based on the presence of fever, a new heart murmur, peripheral stigmata, and sustained bacteremia with a typical microorganism—all of which are not invariably present. New criteria offer greater diagnostic accuracy.