cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21).

Abstract Background Previous validity studies of Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were limited by yielding poor factor loading values and eventually skipping the critical process addressing convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. Without the crucial process, it was risky that past studies insisted DASS-21 be ready for use. Therefore, the current study examined DASS-21 regarding the three kinds of validity to determine if DASS-21 can be further used in the future. Methods The current study formulated a CFA model (i.e., modified one-factor model) of DASS-21, which yielded factor loading values over β = 0.70 and estimated a latent variable of Psychological Distress by employing indicators of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. The data collection was conducted at two universities in the U.S. and South Korea in November 2016 (N = 255). The study participants completed an online survey developed with DASS-21. With the collected data, the present study investigated the convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the modified one-factor model of DASS-21 through CFA. Results The model fit of the modified one-factor model was complete as saturated. The convergent validity coefficient of Psychological Distress was 0.87, and average variance extracted of the variable was 0.68. The three correlations among the measured variables (i.e., indicators) were 0.50 Limitations Application of the current study's findings to youth or older adults can be limited as the subjects were young adults. Conclusions The current study made substantial evidence regarding the convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of DASS-21 through CFA.
Barriers and assets to external funding for African American faculty

External funding is required for promotion and tenure in many disciplines, especially at research intensive universities. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and assets to external f...
A Neuropsychological Investigation of Perfectionism

Perfectionism entails a burdensome preoccupation with one's self-evaluation in the context of performance outcomes. Although perfectionism has been subject to extensive research, scant literature on its effect on cognitive functioning is available, let alone in nonclinical populations. The aim of the present study is to utilize a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive functions among college students with high and low levels of perfectionism. Participants were 98 college students who were screened for clinical status, completed a neuropsychological battery, and assessed for perfectionism and related symptomatology. Results revealed that the high negative perfectionism group had significantly higher levels of depression and stress compared to the low negative perfectionism group. However, no group differences were found across neuropsychological outcomes. Gradient differences on clinical outcome measures were found when three groups characterized by high adaptive, high maladaptive, and mixed perfectionism were compared. However, no differences were found on neuropsychological tests. These findings suggest that higher levels of negative perfectionism are associated with significant psychopathological burden, but with intact neuropsychological test performance. These results are important, particularly in the context of the need to identify and treat students struggling with high levels of perfectionism and related psychopathological burden, which can be overlooked given that they present with intact cognitive and academic performance.
Adiposity covaries with signatures of asymmetric feedback learning during adaptive decisions.

Unhealthy weight gain relates, in part, to how people make decisions based on prior experience. Here we conducted post hoc analysis on an archival data set to evaluate whether individual differences in adiposity, an anthropometric construct encompassing a spectrum of body types, from lean to obese, associate with signatures of asymmetric feedback learning during value-based decision-making. In a sample of neurologically healthy adults (N = 433), ventral striatal responses to rewards, measured using fMRI, were not directly associated with adiposity, but rather moderated its relationship with feedback-driven learning in the Iowa gambling task, tested outside the scanner. Using a biologically inspired model of basal ganglia-dependent decision processes, we found this moderating effect of reward reactivity to be explained by an asymmetrical use of feedback to drive learning; that is, with more plasticity for gains than for losses, stronger reward reactivity leads to decisions that minimize exploration for maximizing long-term outcomes. Follow-up analysis confirmed that individual differences in adiposity correlated with signatures of asymmetric use of feedback cues during learning, suggesting that reward reactivity may especially relate to adiposity, and possibly obesity risk, when gains impact future decisions more than losses.
Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitors Reduce Aortic Stiffness and Flow Reversal After a Cryptogenic Stroke

BACKGROUND Blood flow reversal is a possible mechanism for retrograde embolism in the setting of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques in the descending aorta (DAo). Evidence suggests that pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a determinant of blood flow reversal and can be reduced by the destiffening effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI). PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of antihypertensive therapy on in vivo changes in PWV and flow reversal in patients with cryptogenic stroke. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Sixteen patients (69 ± 9 years; 10 males) included after cryptogenic stroke. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T. 4D flow sequence (temporal resolution = 19.6 msec) ASSESSMENT: Patients underwent aortic MRI at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Patients received standard-of-care antihypertensive therapy that were classified as RASI vs. non-RASI medications (ie, destiffening vs. nondestiffening).We compared aortic PWV, flow reversal fraction (FRF), aortic measurements, cardiac function, and other aortic and cardiac measurements in the antihypertensive therapy groups. STATISTICAL TESTS Two-tailed paired or unpaired Student's t-tests (normal distributions) or Wilcoxon tests (nonnormal distribution). Univariate correlations using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in PWV in the RASI (n = 10) group (9.4 ± 1.6 m/s vs. 8.3 ± 1.9 m/s; P < 0.05), as well as FRF (18.6% ± 4.1% vs. 16.3% ± 4.0%; P < 0.05) between baseline and the 6-month MRI studies. There were no changes in PWV or FRF in the non-RASI (n = 6) group (P = 0.146 and P = 0.32). A decrease in FRF was significantly correlated with a decrease in PWV (r = 0.53; P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION The findings of our study suggest that RASI therapy after cryptogenic stroke resulted in a decrease of blood flow reversal and aortic stiffness. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 4.
Latinx enough?: whiteness, Latinidad and identity in memoirs of finding “home”

Growing up in a mixed household with a Mexican father and a white mother, my identity as a Latinx was always in question. Through memoir writing and in conversation with Stephanie Elizondo Griest’s...
Machine Leaming to Set Meta-Heuristic Specific Parameters for High-Level Synthesis Design Space Exploration

Raising the level of VLSI design abstraction to C leads to many advantages compared to the use of low-level Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). One key advantage is that it allows the generation of micro-architectures with different trade-offs by simply setting unique combinations of synthesis options. Because the number of these synthesis options is typically very large, exhaustive enumerations are not possible. Hence, heuristics are required. Meta-heuristics like Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimizations (ACO) have shown to lead to good results for these types of multi-objective optimization problems. The main problem with these meta-heuristics is that they are very sensitive to their hyper-parameter settings, e.g. in the GA case, the mutation and crossover rate and the number of parents pairs. To address this, in this work we present a machine learning based approach to automatically set the search parameters for these three meta-heuristics such that a new unseen behavioral description given in C can be effectively explored. Moreover, we present an exploration technique that combines the SA, GA and ACO together and show that our proposed exploration method outperforms a single meta-heuristic.
Compositional safety rules for inter-triggering hybrid automata

In this paper, we present a compositional condition for ensuring safety of a collection of interacting systems modeled by inter-triggering hybrid automata (ITHA). ITHA is a modeling formalism for representing multi-agent systems in which each agent is governed by individual dynamics but can also interact with other agents through triggering actions. These triggering actions result in a jump/reset in the state of other agents according to a global resolution function. A sufficient condition for safety of the collection, inspired by responsibility-sensitive safety, is developed in two parts: self-safety relating to the individual dynamics, and responsibility relating to the triggering actions. The condition relies on having an over-approximation method for the resolution function. We further show how such over-approximations can be obtained and improved via communication. We use two examples, a job scheduling task on parallel processors and a highway driving example, throughout the paper to illustrate the concepts. Finally, we provide a comprehensive evaluation on how the proposed condition can be leveraged for several multi-agent control and supervision examples.
Diet Quality, Gut Microbiome and Metabolism

Objectives Dietary pattern is associated with circulatory and gut metabolome variation. However, it is unclear if this association is mediated by gut microbiome composition. We investigated whether the interaction between diet quality and gut microbiome influenced circulatory and gut metabolites.
“I feel the Responsibility”: The Nexus of Secondary Teacher Knowledge, Rural Education, and Emergent Bilinguals

Rural schools in the United States are facing an increase in the number of Emergent Bilinguals (EBs). Teachers in rural communities must facilitate learning for EB students whose linguistic and cultural backgrounds differ from the mainstream. However, rural teachers are less prepared to address EBs’ educational needs, and little is known about the actual teacher knowledge (TK) required to provide effective EB instruction in secondary rural settings. Grounded in teacher knowledge and place-based education frameworks, this qualitative study examined what teachers say they know related to the teaching and learning of EBs in a rural secondary school community. The study addressed two main questions: (1) What personal and professional knowledges do secondary teachers reveal about teaching EBs in rural settings? and (2) What place-based knowledges do secondary teachers reveal about their work with EBs? Primary data from four secondary teachers teaching EBs in a rural school in the southeastern United States consisted of video-recorded interviews and photo elicitation that illuminated teachers’ told narratives of their personal, professional, and place-based experiences via stories. Thematic data analysis followed an iterative approach. Findings from this study demonstrated that the teachers’ personal and place-based knowledges emerged as the most prominent influences in their work. Teachers’ bilingualism, hispanidad, and faith were leveraged to build relationships with their rural secondary EBs. Thus, relationship-building was central to teachers’ knowledge-base of working with EBs. A four-dimensional teacher knowledge model is proposed. Findings may inform teacher education programs and extend the research base on rural secondary EB education
Negotiating State and Non-State Law: International Precedent and the Practice of International Law

Why do international lawyers cite and argue from precedents? States, jealously guarding their authority to interpret international law, have usually denied the international courts they have created the power of precedent, at best remaining coy whether international courts should follow even their own prior decisions. And yet, arguments from precedent are everywhere; the decisions of international courts, tribunals, and expert bodies are regularly invoked as authority in arguments over what international law requires. International precedent is like the embarrassing family member who no one talks about but whose presence is impossible to ignore. Uninvited, it keeps coming anyway. This chapter, part of an edited volume on state and non-state law, suggests a different model of international law that can better explain the ubiquity of precedent in international law arguments. Shifting away from a state-centric model of international law focused on the formal instruments and formal institutions that states create, this chapter instead focuses on what Robert Cover has described as the “jurisgenerative process” through which “communities do create law and do give meaning to law through their narratives and precepts.” It develops a model of international law as the product of a series of overlapping “communities of practice,” in which a varied group of international actors continually interact, negotiate, and argue over the law’s meaning. It is in this practice, this chapter argues, that precedents are proffered, and it is in these communities that those precedents’ relative worth are hashed out.
How to commit a perfect murder

Abstract The perfect murder is a recurring theme in many works of art, high and popular. Scientific inquiry has generally overlooked the issue, though a considerable body of cross-disciplinary evidence documents wide variation in the handling of homicide in human societies. At one extreme lie those intentional homicides that result in no legal sanctions and popular praise for the killer, homicides that may be fairly termed perfect murders. But when will killers get away with murder? The present paper draws upon pure sociology to specify the conditions under which the combination of maximal legal and popular leniency for homicide occurs. Data on the killing of civilians by police in the United States and Brazil illustrates the continuum of murder perfection, with those in Brazil providing an especially close fit with the theoretical model.
Creativity, Invention and the Computational Metaphor: Prolegomenon to a Case Study

Philosophy of science has traditionally been concerned with the logical and epistemological foundations of the natural sciences. Furthermore, following a distinction, usually attributed to Hans Reichenbach (1938), between the ‘context of discovery’—the actual process whereby a discovery is made—and the ‘context of justification’—that is, the logical structure of scientific theories and theory justification—much of the philosophy of science of the first half of this century was preoccupied with the latter problem. The context of discovery, according to Reichenbach, belongs properly to psychology. Philosophy of science is to be concerned with the construction of the logical grounds for why scientific theories, laws, hypotheses, etc., are (or are not) deemed ‘correct’; or with what constitutes a valid ‘explanation’ in science. A similar view was expressed at about the same time by Karl Popper (1934/1968) who, like Reichenbach, distinguished between the psychology and the logic of knowledge and, arguing that every process of discovery entailed a degree of irrationality or intuition, consigned the problem of discovery to the scrapheap of psychology.
NS309 decreases rat detrusor smooth muscle membrane potential and phasic contractions by activating SK3 channels

Background and Purpose Overactive bladder (OAB) is often associated with abnormally increased detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) contractions. We used NS309, a selective and potent opener of the small or intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK or IK, respectively) channels, to evaluate how SK/IK channel activation modulates DSM function. Experimental Approach We employed single-cell RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, whole cell patch-clamp in freshly isolated rat DSM cells and isometric tension recordings of isolated DSM strips to explore how the pharmacological activation of SK/IK channels with NS309 modulates DSM function. Key Results We detected SK3 but not SK1, SK2 or IK channels expression at both mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry in DSM single cells. NS309 (10 μM) significantly increased the whole cell SK currents and hyperpolarized DSM cell resting membrane potential. The NS309 hyperpolarizing effect was blocked by apamin, a selective SK channel inhibitor. NS309 inhibited the spontaneous phasic contraction amplitude, force, frequency, duration and tone of isolated DSM strips in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of NS309 on spontaneous phasic contractions was blocked by apamin but not by TRAM-34, indicating no functional role of the IK channels in rat DSM. NS309 also significantly inhibited the pharmacologically and electrical field stimulation-induced DSM contractions. Conclusions and Implications Our data reveal that SK3 channel is the main SK/IK subtype in rat DSM. Pharmacological activation of SK3 channels with NS309 decreases rat DSM cell excitability and contractility, suggesting that SK3 channels might be potential therapeutic targets to control OAB associated with detrusor overactivity.
Gender-specific medicine: yesterday's neglect, tomorrow's opportunities

The Institute of Medicine has stated that analyzing data according to sex and gender may change practices used by clinicians and taught in medical education. Gender-specific medicine embraces the concept that differences between men and women encompass the entire organism, not just their reproductive biology, and that recognizing these differences will improve the precision and quality of health care for both men and women. Research conducted to date has deepened our scientific understanding of sex and gender differences in the etiology, diagnosis, progression, outcomes, treatment, and prevention of many conditions that affect both women and men. The rapid growth and maturation of emergency medicine (EM) research provides a major opportunity to make an impact in this broad area of scientific inquiry. However, recent evidence suggests that barriers to the recognition of gender in funded and published research persist. Without systematic inclusion in research, and medical school and residency curricula, gender-based medicine cannot be translated into widespread clinical practice. Collaborations between women's health researchers across fields of medicine will be essential, given the large knowledge deficits to be addressed and the gender-based issues that span all specialties. We provide one model for a multifaceted initiative targeting improvements in gender medicine for the specialty of EM. If emergency health services are to meet the needs of both women and men at modern-day standards, then they must acknowledge the emerging science demonstrating that sex and gender differences influence the delivery of high-quality clinical care.
Guided Play: Where Curricular Goals Meet a Playful Pedagogy

Decades of research demonstrate that a strong curricular approach to preschool education is important for later developmental outcomes. Although these findings have often been used to support the implementation of educational programs based on direct instruction, we argue that guided play approaches can be equally effective at delivering content and are more developmentally appropriate in their focus on child-centered exploration. Guided play lies midway between direct instruction and free play, presenting a learning goal, and scaffolding the environment while allowing children to maintain a large degree of control over their learning. The evidence suggests that such approaches often outperform direct-instruction approaches in encouraging a variety of positive academic outcomes. We argue that guided play approaches are effective because they create learning situations that encourage children to become active and engaged partners in the learning process.
Cost-effective and stochastic dominance approaches to stochastic pollution control

Most economic studies of pollution externalities focus on the relative efficiency or cost-effectiveness of alternative pollution control instruments. Much less attention has been paid to policy goals and objectives. However, a comprehensive pollution control strategy depends on all of these choices. This paper examines several efficiency properties of cost-effective pollution control strategies in a stochastic setting when economic damages from pollution are unknown. A number of policy goals are considered. In this setting and under a primal approach, it is found that certain stochastic dominance conditions must be satisfied for the strategies to exhibit desirable efficiency properties. A dual approach to cost-effective pollution control, which is based on a stochastic dominance objective, is also considered.
Attention, Models of

Attention is the ability of an organism to select and process only the relevant or ‘interesting’ parts of its sensory inputs, while discarding other potentially irrelevant parts. Models of attention seek to explain the mechanisms and neuronal substrates underlying this evolutionarily important sensory ability. Keywords: shifter circuits; dynamic routing; attentional gating; saliency map; spatial attention; object-based attention; thalamic reticular nucleus; pulvinar
Fine genetic mapping of the nuclear gene, Rf-1, that restores the BT-type cytoplasmic male sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by PCR-based markers

The Rf-1 gene restores the pollenfertility disturbed by the BT-type malesterile cytoplasm. Nine restrictionfragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markerson chromosome 10, where the Rf-1 geneis located, were converted to PCR-basedmarkers. Genetic analysis was conductedusing the nine markers and a segregatingpopulation consisting of 1042 plants. As aresult, the Rf-1 gene was mappedbetween S12564 Tsp509I and C1361 MwoI. The genetic distance of the twomarker loci was estimated as 0.3 cM. Basedon the map information of the Rf-1gene, it will be possible to introduce alimited chromosomal segment of the Rf-1 region derived from a donor intojaponica rice varieties efficiently andeffectively by marker-assisted selection(MAS). Also, examination of seed purity ofhybrid rice varieties and their parentallines will be facilitated. Furthermore,judging from the genetic distance from theRf-1 locus to S12564 Tsp509Iand C1361 MwoI loci, it seems thatthe Rf-1 gene could be isolated bychromosomal walking from either or both ofthe two marker loci.
Density Functional Reformulation of Molecular Orbital Theories

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses molecular orbital theories: density driven self- consistent field theory; and density driven self- consistent field theory (fomalism) followed by the construction of one- particle wavefunctions. The molecular orbital theories, such as self-consistent field, configuration interaction and multi-configurational, constitute minimization of the energy functional. The formalism presented in the chapter can be easily extended to other molecular orbital theories. One can obtain explicit expressions for the exclusion potential and the associated variational equations for the auxiliary functions and the variational coefficients. This allows approximating the exact pseudo- Schrodinger equation for the density amplitude up to any desired degree of accuracy. Because the density amplitude is a function of only three Cartesian coordinates, the equation can be solved numerically. The auxiliary functions can be approximated by finite basis sets. These bases can be of a significantly lower quality that the bases currently used in an ab initio calculations. Another possibility offered by the present formalism is the analysis of the results of molecular orbital calculations in terms of the Pauli and exchange-correlation potentials.
One-day wave forecasts using buoy data and artificial neural networks

The forecasting of wave heights is an essential prerequisite for planning, operation, and maintenance works associated with offshore engineering, navigation, and other activities. The requisite wave height information is currently derived from numerical models which use predicted wind information based on wind-wave relationships. These models sometimes cannot be applied easily at remote locations or on small geographic scales where forcing functions (wind-fields and open ocean boundary conditions) may be unavailable. This paper attempts to forecast waves based on observed wave data only, using the data-driven artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Wave heights with varying lead times of 6 to 24 hours are predicted at five different NDBC buoy locations around the US, viz. two near Alaska (in Prince William Sound), two off the northeast coast (in the Gulf of Maine) and one in the northern Gulf in Mexico (south of Galveston, Texas). Three-layered feed-forward back-propagation networks were used along with the conjugate gradient algorithm. The results show that ANN models perform extremely well at all five locations for the 6 to 12 hour predictions and moderately well for 18 to 24 hours predictions. Online models were also developed using these trained networks and run daily for a period of two months (April-May 2005) to forecast the next day's wave heights. The results of these models also follow the same level of accuracy achieved in testing these networks as mentioned earlier. When large grid-scale modeling is not possible, buoys that measure wave heights provide the requisite wave information. The present work can be viewed as an attempt to enhance the value of buoy data by providing a forecast. This modeling approach will provide a useful tool for forecasting or supplement wave data especially for locations where buoys have been recently installed or where established wave models are difficult to use due to area limitations.
Theoretical Analysis of Capillary Rise in Porous Media

In this work, we study the dynamics of capillary-driven fluid invasion in three different settings including: (1) a single capillary tube, (2) a homogeneous porous medium, and (3) a fractured porous medium. A Lambert W functional form is proposed to describe the invasion dynamics in a single capillary tube, that predicts both early-time Washburn-type behavior ( $$\sqrt{t}$$ ) and late-time behavior. We extend the formulation to describe homogenous porous media and to include viscosity, pressure, and gravity effects in both advancing and defending fluids. Solutions for closed systems, where the advancing fluid compresses the defending fluid, are then developed. Finally, we extend the theory to describe fractured systems and propose a convolution integral formulation and a new explicit solution for fluid invasion into a fractured porous medium.
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Run Antiarrhythmic Clinic in an Ambulatory Practice

Abstract Objective To describe the impact of a pharmacist-run antiarrhythmic clinic in an outpatient practice. Setting Blanchard Valley Medical Associates (BVMA) in Findlay, OH. Practice description BVMA is a 15-physician private practice with five pharmacists on staff who run several disease management clinics. Practice innovation Patients receiving amiodarone or sotalol are referred to a pharmacist-run antiarrhythmic clinic within an outpatient physicians' office. The pharmacist is responsible for coordinating, monitoring, and reviewing results with patients. Evaluation A retrospective chart review was conducted to compare adherence to monitoring protocols between patients referred to the pharmacist-run clinic and patients managed solely by physicians, and to evaluate the type and frequency of pharmacist-initiated interventions. Patients had received antiarrhythmic treatment for at least 6 months before the beginning of the retrospective review. Results A total of 130 patient charts were reviewed. Adherence for each recommended testing parameter for patients on amiodarone and sotalol was significantly higher among patients managed by a pharmacist, compared with usual care. A total of 62 adverse events were detected, and 39 interventions were made by the pharmacist group. Conclusion Patients with pharmacist monitoring of outpatient antiarrhythmic medications had greater adherence to recommended testing protocols compared with usual care.
Efficient Mobile Computation Using the Cloud

Mobile devices have limited resources in terms of power and bandwidth. Cloud computing offers a way to reduce the power consumption of mobile devices by offloading computation to the cloud. However, offloading computation means an increase in communication energy consumption. The trade-off between energy and network characteristics (bandwidth/latency) in a mobile device is very important. Therefore computation offloading must be done strategically. The optimum utilization of the available mobile device resources needs to be assured. In this paper, we propose an intelligent and dynamic algorithm to offload computation to the cloud. We focus on offloading computation based upon the communication topology, device energy and user inputs. We analyze the cost of offloading computation for different user inputs. Based on the inputs, we decide whether to offload the application to the cloud or not. We have simulated our algorithm in MATLAB®, and compared our result to previous approaches. We have found out that our algorithm saves more time, compared to a previous approach, and also reduces device energy usage by moving energy hungry processes to the cloud.
Perspectives on Engineering Biobetter Therapeutic Proteins with Greater Stability in Inflammatory Environments

Rapid progression of genetic engineering technology has accelerated the development and availability of protein-based biopharmaceuticals for clinical use. However, their unique and complex structures render them susceptible to a plethora of post-translational modifications (PTMs) as well as chemical degradative processes they may encounter in distinct in vivo environments. Among the more common degradative reactions that can impact the structure and function of therapeutic proteins are oxidation, proteolysis, phosphorylation, and deamidation. Several PTMs such as oxidation further render modified proteins vulnerable to aggregation or proteolytic degradation by enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanisms (Torosantucci et al., Pharm Res 31(3):541–553, 2014). Degradation of a therapeutic protein in vivo becomes problematic when the structural modification alters its intended function and safety or efficacy profile (Foye, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2008). As a result of protein aggregation or degradation, therapeutic activity can be decreased, increased, or altered to have off-target effects. Protein degradation or aggregation could be facilitated under inflammatory circumstances in diverse clinical settings such as cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, organ transplants, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disorders, and can exacerbate an inflammatory response with unintended consequences (Chennamsetty et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(29):11937–11942, 2009; Hermeling et al., Pharm Res, 21(6):897–903, 2004). Therefore, characterizing and controlling the degradation or aggregation profiles for a therapeutic protein, especially for indications where the physiological environment presents additional opportunity for instability, is an essential component of a drug manufacturer’s control strategy. Evaluating a manufacturer’s control strategy is a key risk assessment tool for the regulation of investigational and licensed biologic drugs for human use. Better risk assessment can result from (1) greater characterization of critical structural modifications that can influence therapeutic protein function (2), application of sensitive and suitable methods to objectively measure protein modifications, and (3) use of relevant preclinical models or human tissue samples for predicting the in vivo impact of the inflammatory environment on such protein alterations. The increasing number of novel investigational drugs and the simultaneous demand for safer and more effective drugs warrants the need to examine the mechanisms by which therapeutic proteins are modified in vitro and in vivo, as well as apply modern analytical and genetic engineering techniques to design biobetter biologic drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles. This chapter will examine factors known to alter the stability of therapeutic proteins in vivo, potential interactions of susceptible proteins with the inflammatory environment, and review some challenges and potential strategies for designing biobetters.
High temperature operation of two-junction photovoltaic converters

Multijunction solar cells can have important application in combined photovoltaic/thermal systems. Over one-third of industrial process heat is used at temperatures below 400° K. Optimized two-cell photovoltaic converters are predicted to have efficiencies up to 39 percent at 300° K and up to 29 percent at 450° K, thus maintaining high efficiencies at temperatures compatible with thermal applications. Operating the cells independently rather than in series provides no major gain in efficiency except where the cells would operate at different temperatures.
A network model for deep bed filtration of solid particles and emulsion drops

A network model has been developed to simulate the flow of emulsions and solid particles through porous media. Particle deposition due to direct interception, as well pore plugging by straining are accounted for in the model. The effects of two important factors-the ratio of particle size to pore size, and the fluid velocity-on particle deposition are also investigated. The strength of the model lies in its ability to predict accurately effluent concentration profiles, permeability changes occurring during deep bed filtration, and the evolution of the filter coefficient with time. Model predictions for different particle and pore size distributions of both solid and emulsion particles are in agreement with experimental data.
Softlifting: A model of motivating factors

Softlifting (software piracy by individuals) is an unethical behavior that pervades today's computer dependent society. Since a better understanding of underlying considerations of the behavior may provide a basis for remedy, a model of potential determinants of softlifting behavior is developed and tested. The analysis provides some support for the hypothesized model, specifically situational variables, such as delayed acquisition times, and personal gain variables, such as the challenge of copying, affect softlifting behavior. Most importantly, the analysis indicated that ethical perception of softlifting has no significant affect on softlifting behavior. These findings suggest major implications for both software manufacturers and academicians attempting to reduce piracy behavior through ethics instruction.
EFFECTIVE DENSITY OF PHONON STATES FOR NdCl$sub 3$ FROM VIBRONIC SPECTRA AND APPLICATIONS TO ION-LATTICE INTERACTIONS.

Phonon states effective density in neodymium trichloride from vibronic spectra accompanying electronic transitions in trivalent Pr and Nd ions
Cisplatin, vindesine and bleomycin (CVB) combination chemotherapy of advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Fifty-four patients with advanced squamous, large-cell or adeno-carcinoma of the lung were treated with a three drug regimen of high-dose cisplatin, vindesine and a four-day bleomycin infusion (CVB). All patients had measurable disease; none had previously received chemotherapy. Of 52 patients evaluable for response, 20 (38%) had complete or partial remissions. The median duration of remission was 8 months (range, 6 1/2-19+ months), with eight patients continuing in remission. The median duration of survival for responding patients was 16 months versus five months for nonresponding patients (P greater than 0.001). Toxicity included mild to moderate myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy, and nephrotoxicity, and was generally manageable. The addition of a four-day bleomycin infusion did not appear to offer a significant advantage over the combination of high-dose cisplatin and vindesine in the treatment of NSCLC. The response rate and survival duration produced by the CVB protocol were similar to those reported for the two-drug combination of vindesine and high-dose cisplatin.
Effects of prior environmental enrichment and amygdaloid lesions on consumatory behavior, activity, predation, and shuttlebox avoidance in male and female rats

Male and female rats were exposed to environmental enrichment or impoverishment for 55-64 days after weaning. Medial amygdaloid lesions or control operations were then followed by consumatory, activity, predation, and shuttle-avoidance tests. Amygdaloid lesions reduced daily water consumption and prandial drinking, increased novel foods consumption and activity, impaired predatory behavior, and facilitated avoidance acquisition. Female rats showed increased rejection of quinine solution, more activity, more rapid predation, and superior avoidance when compared with males. Prior environmental enrichment decreased entrance latency into an open field, increased activity, and facilitated both predation and avoidance acquisition. The sex of the subjects interacted with lesion effects in both open-field and predation tests, while both sex and enrichment interacted with lesion effects on avoidance. Sex and enrichment interacted in open-field and avoidance tests. It is suggested that both sex and enrichment modify the behavioral effects of amygdaloid lesions by contributing in different ways to levels of generalized arousal.
The role of lithospheric phase transitions on seafloor flattening at old ages

Abstract Uplift of old ocean seafloor relative to the familiar t 1/2 curve is generally presumed to be a consequence of an additional heat source at the base of the oceanic lithosphere. Several geodynamical mechanisms have been invoked to explain this behavior. We have taken a petrological rather than geodynamical approach and considered whether the causes of the flattening can be found within the conductive portion of the lithosphere, where viscous creep is insignificant. Accordingly, self-consistent calculations of the phase assemblages of several candidate mantle compositions have been performed, subject to the constraint of experimentally determined calorimetric measurements. We have found that, in general, for temperatures below around 800°C and pressures greater than 10 kbar, the phase change from spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite has a significantly negative Clapeyron slope, which could cause some amount of uplift of old seafloor. The transition, for representative thermal profiles, should be depressed from about 35 km (at 40 Ma) to 45 km (at 160 Ma). Since spinel peridotite is of lower density the net effect is to raise the seafloor topography. The extent of the uplift, which depends primarily on the Al 2 O 3 content of the peridotite and on the effective thermal diffusivity of the lithosphere, should be on the order of 140–220 m.
Role of Visual Feedback for Response Guidance and Response Confirmation in Typewriting

The purpose of this study was to determine the use of visual feedback by typists at various skill levels. 73 volunteers from 5 college typewriting classes completed three 1-min. timed typewriting trials and four 3-min. trials. Subjects' gross words per minute were used to classify subjects by skill level into five groups: 35 gross words per minute or less, 36 to 45, 46 to 55, 56 to 65, or 66 or more gross words per minute. Subjects performed each of the four 3-min. trials in a different condition of visual feedback: unrestricted visual feedback, visual feedback for response confirmation, visual feedback for response guidance, and restricted visual feedback. Three analyses of variance (groups × conditions) were calculated using gross words per minute, percent dependable feedback, and total errors as dependent variables. Main effects of groups and conditions were significant for gross words per minute and percent dependable feedback. Only the main effect of conditions was significant for total errors. There...
Above the cloud computing: applying cloud computing principles to create an orbital services model

Large satellites and exquisite planetary missions are generally self-contained. They have, onboard, all of the computational, communications and other capabilities required to perform their designated functions. Because of this, the satellite or spacecraft carries hardware that may be utilized only a fraction of the time; however, the full cost of development and launch are still bone by the program. Small satellites do not have this luxury. Due to mass and volume constraints, they cannot afford to carry numerous pieces of barely utilized equipment or large antennas. This paper proposes a cloud-computing model for exposing satellite services in an orbital environment. Under this approach, each satellite with available capabilities broadcasts a service description for each service that it can provide (e.g., general computing capacity, DSP capabilities, specialized sensing capabilities, transmission capabilities, etc.) and its orbital elements. Consumer spacecraft retain a cache of service providers and select one utilizing decision making heuristics (e.g., suitability of performance, opportunity to transmit instructions and receive results – based on the orbits of the two craft). The two craft negotiate service provisioning (e.g., when the service can be available and for how long) based on the operating rules prioritizing use of (and allowing access to) the service on the service provider craft, based on the credentials of the consumer. Service description, negotiation and sample service performance protocols are presented. The required components of each consumer or provider spacecraft are reviewed. These include fully autonomous control capabilities (for provider craft), a lightweight orbit determination routine (to determine when consumer and provider craft can see each other and, possibly, pointing requirements for craft with directional antennas) and an authentication and resource utilization priority-based access decision making subsystem (for provider craft). Two prospective uses for the proposed system are presented: Earth-orbiting applications and planetary science applications. A mission scenario is presented for both uses to illustrate system functionality and operation. The performance of the proposed system is compared to traditional self-contained spacecraft performance, both in terms of task performance (e.g., how well / quickly / etc. was a given task performed) and task performance as a function of cost. The integration of the proposed service provider model is compared to other control architectures for satellites including traditional scripted control, top-down multi-tier autonomy and bottom-up multi-tier autonomy.
Lenalidomide in AML: del(5q) or who?

Outcomes for older adults diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) continue to be poor, especially for patients with therapy-related AML or AML arising from an antecedent hematologic disorder such as a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). 1 Even the subset of older patients deemed fit enough to receive intensive induction chemotherapy have only a modest (40%-50%) likelihood of achieving complete remission (CR), and the average duration of such remissions is less than a year; reported 5-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with AML after age 70 are as low as 5%.
Specificity of cleavage by ribonuclease III

Abstract The specificity of RNase III for various synthetic homopolymeric doublestranded RNA substrates have been examined. Although RNase III appears to cleave all homopolymeric RNA duplex structures, with Poly (U)·Poly (A) as the substrate, the enzyme cleaves the Poly (U) strand much faster than it cleaves the Poly (A) strand. Under conditions where the Poly (U) strand is quantitatively cleaved into acid-soluble fragments ranging in size between 5–8 nucleotides in length, the poly (A) strand is cleaved into large fragments 40–60 nucleotides in length. These results indicate that RNase III recognizes duplex RNA structures for binding, and makes single-stranded scissions and suggests that the enzyme has a preference for cleaving adjacent to UMP residues over AMP residues in polynucleotide chains.
The kinetics and mechanism of the carbon monoxide exchange reaction with cobalt nitrosyl tricarbonyl and mercury Bis(tetracarbonylcobaltate)

Abstract The exchange of carbon monoxide with CoNO(CO) 3 has been determined by an infrared technique using C 18 O. The results differ from the reported exchange studies on this system, but are in agreement with the first-order rates of substitution. The rates of carbon monoxide exchange with Hg[Co(CO 4 )] 2 were also determined by this technique and the results are in accord with those reported earlier.
SKIN POTENTIAL AND SKIN RESISTANCE RECORDING FROM THE MINIMALLY RESTRAINED CAT

Procedures are described for recording skin potential and skin resistance at the carpal pad of the foreleg of the cat with minimal restraint of the animal. Skin potential or skin resistance activity at the carpal pad is similar to that at the foot pad.
Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder

To analyze differences between apes and monkeys and the affinities of man, we have studied the shoulder girdle of 327 specimens of anthropoid primates. The scapula, clavicle and humerus are viewed as an integrated functional complex on the basis of 18 measurements. Several varieties of multivariate analysis show that man is clearly closer to other hominoids than to the included monkey taxa (whether terrestrial or arboreal, Old World or New World). The marked shoulder differences between apes and monkeys and similarities between apes and man correlate with the muscular anatomy, which in hominoids allows the motions involved in their locomotion and feeding behavior. As the hominid-pongid correspondence in shoulder morphology is especially detailed regarding the functionally important joint surfaces, it is consistent with a fairly recent period of common ancestry and behavior. No hypothetical evolutionary pathway or ancestral form of the human shoulder need look far beyond the model afforded by extant pongids. In contrast with previous studies on the primate shoulder, these results agree with information accumulationg from other systems--comparative anatomy, primate behavior, and molecular biology-- in suggesting very close relationship between man and extant African pongids.