cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateralized spatial processes and their lexical implications

Numerous lateralized tasks have been identified as involving spatial processing, but the extent to which they use the same spatial process is largely unknown. The present research investigated relationships among significant asymmetries from seven visuo-spatial and two verbal tasks, combining samples from previous factor analytic experiments with those from three new studies (combined N=789). All of the spatial intercorrelations were negligible (r<0.20), unlike previous outcomes finding robust correlations within certain clusters of verbal asymmetries. However, lateral differences involving spatial quantitative processing on the one hand and figure-ground separation on the other, showed significant but independent correlations with one from visual lexical processing (word recognition). The results support three major conclusions. First, there are at least several and possibly many lateralized spatial processes. Second, hemispheric processes follow a modular architecture in preference to a diffuse or parallel distributed architecture. Finally, the dissociated correlations are consistent with a visual lexical processing model having both occipital and parietal components, potentially reconciling a current controversy over the cerebral localization of language.
Development of a New Set of MMPI Scales

By item analysis from clinical judgments, 45 new MMPI scales were derived to measure personality processes thought to be basic and clinically important, such as drives or urges, defense mechanisms, and patterns of personal interaction.
Methods for fractionation, separation and profiling of proteins and peptides.

In the last few years there has been an increased effort to develop technologies capable of identifying and quantifying large numbers of proteins expressed within a cell system (i.e., the proteome). The complexity of the mixtures being analyzed has made the development of effective fractionation and separation methods a critical component of this effort. This review highlights many of the protein and peptide fractionation and separation methods, such as electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which have experienced significant development over the past forty years. Modern instrumental strategies for the resolution of cell proteins, based on separations employing a single high-resolution or multidimensional approach, and the relative merits of each, will be discussed. The focus of this manuscript will be on the development of multidimensional separations such as two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), HPLC/HPLC, and HPLC-capillary electrophoresis and their application to the characterization of complex proteome mixtures.
SUBSURFACE DAMAGE IN GRINDING TITANIUM ALUMINIDE

Abstract This paper reports on an experimental investigation of grinding-induced subsurface damage in gamma titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl). Grinding was carried out with resin-bond diamond wheels having the same concentration but different grit sizes, and with a vitreous-bond silicon carbide wheel using various depths of cut. The extent of the subsurface damage was determined by a bonded interface technique and optical microscopy. The grinding-induced damage beneath the ground surfaces was found to consist of plastic deformation and microcracks. The severity and depth of the subsurface damage zone increased with an increase in the abrasive grit size and the depth of cut. Microcracks were observed when grinding was performed with the silicon carbide wheel at a depth of cut of 100 and 125 μm.
Taking Responsibility for Closing the Holes

Healthcare leaders must assume responsibility for closing the "holes" in their organizations. At the organizational level, this means taking personal responsibility for error, making safety an explicit organizational goal and building an organization with the people, resources and courage to achieve the goal. At the process level, it requires removing unnecessary complexity from processes. At the practitioner level, it means changing the design and administration of individual roles, and the way individuals work in teams
123D sculpt: designing a mobile 3d modeling application for novice users

In this case study, we describe the design approach taken in creating 123D Sculpt, a digital sculpting and painting application for the Apple iPad. This paper will focus on tailoring the user experience toward casual users, introducing 3D (three-dimensional) manipulation tools and concepts through the use of metaphors.
Three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic X windows

All known technologies for displaying 3D-stereoscopic images are more or less incompatible with the X Window System. Applications that seek to be portable must support the 3D-display paradigms of multiple hardware implementations of 3D-stereoscopy. We have succeeded in modifying the functionality of X to construct generic tools for displaying 3D-stereoscopic imagery. Our approach allows for experimentation with visualization techniques and techniques for interacting with these synthetic worlds. Our methodology inherits the extensibility and portability of X. We have demonstrated its applicability in two display hardware paradigms that are specifically discussed.
Integrity risk of cycle resolution in the presence of bounded faults

This paper introduces a method to compute an upper bound on the integrity risk of cycle resolution in the presence of bounded measurement errors and faults. In high accuracy applications such as shipboard landing and autonomous airborne refueling, carrier phase cycle ambiguities must be estimated and resolved as integers (or ‘fixed ambiguities’). In applications that also demand high integrity, the cycle resolution process must comply with a fault-free integrity risk requirement. Under normal error conditions, fault-free integrity risk can readily be quantified using existing cycle resolution methods; this is true even in the presence of known measurement biases. However, evaluating the integrity risk of a cycle resolution process under fault hypotheses has not yet been addressed. In the case of rare-event measurement faults such as satellite failures and atmospheric anomalies, the magnitude of the fault is never exactly known, but it can often be bounded. The bound can either be a result of a monitor's minimum detectable error, from extensive data analysis, or even from physical limitation. In this paper, we develop a method to account for these bounded errors in the computation of the integrity risk for navigation systems that rely on fixed carrier phase cycle ambiguities.
Reexamining the role of conference papers in scholarly communication

In the most widely accepted model of the growth of scientific literature, papers presented at conferences are seen as precursors leading to the creation of journal articles. A sample of papers presented at an annual meeting of the American Society for Information Science led to journal articles at a rate much lower than would be expected from studies of other disciplines. On the other hand, a sample of articles from the Journal of the Americal Society for Information Science had rates of follow-up publication similar to values reported in the literature. This suggests that it is not the case that information science as a discipline has different publication patterns from other scholarly areas. A more complex model of the growth of scientific literature is proposed. Among the features of this model are recognition that many new findings can be conveyed with relatively small amounts of information. A view that in complex systems novelty may not be as important as generalizability. And the emergence of new forms of dissemination including electronic communication, self-publishing, and “group monographs.” © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy in centrally and superiorly located stage I or isolated recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of image-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in centrally/superiorly located non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods We delivered SBRT to 27 patients, 13 with Stage I and 14 with isolated recurrent NSCLC. A central/superior location was defined as being within 2 cm of the bronchial tree, major vessels, esophagus, heart, trachea, pericardium, brachial plexus, or vertebral body, but 1 cm away from the spinal canal. All patients underwent four-dimensional computed tomography–based planning, and daily computed tomography-on-rail guided SBRT. The prescribed dose of 40 Gy ( n = 7) to the planning target volume was escalated to 50 Gy ( n = 20) in 4 consecutive days. Results With a median follow-up of 17 months (range, 6–40 months), the crude local control at the treated site was 100% using 50 Gy. However, 3 of 7 patients had local recurrences when treated using 40 Gy. Of the patients with Stage I disease, 1 (7.7%) and 2 (15.4%) developed mediastinal lymph node metastasis and distant metastases, respectively. Of the patients with recurrent disease, 3 (21.4%) and 5 (35.7%) developed mediastinal lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, respectively. Four patients (28.6%) with recurrent disease but none with Stage I disease developed Grade 2 pneumonitis. Three patients (11.1%) developed Grade 2-3 dermatitis and chest wall pain. One patient developed brachial plexus neuropathy. No esophagitis was noted in any patient. Conclusions Image-guided SBRT using 50 Gy delivered in four fractions is feasible and resulted in excellent local control.
Tracing the evolution of gene loss in obligate bacterial symbionts.

Abstract The γ-proteobacterial symbionts of insects are a model group for comparative studies of genome reduction. The phylogenetic proximity of these reduced genomes to the larger genomes of well-studied free-living bacteria has enabled reconstructions of the process by which genes and DNA are lost. Three genome sequences are now available for Buchnera aphidicola . Analyses of Buchnera genomes in comparison with those of related enteric bacteria suggest that extensive changes including large deletions, repetitive element proliferation and chromosomal rearrangements occurred initially, followed by extreme stasis in gene order and slow decay of additional genes. This pattern appears to be characteristic of symbiont evolution.
Thirty-day mortality and late survival with reinterventions and readmissions after open and endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in Medicare beneficiaries.

Objectives Late survival is similar after open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR), despite a perioperative benefit with EVAR. AAA-related reinterventions are more common after EVAR, whereas laparotomy-related reinterventions are more common after open repair. The effect of reinterventions on survival, however, is unknown. We therefore evaluated the rate of reinterventions and readmission after initial AAA repair, 30-day mortality, and the effect on long-term survival. Methods We identified AAA-related and laparotomy-related reinterventions for propensity score-matched cohorts of 45,652 Medicare beneficiaries undergoing EVAR and open repair from 2001 to 2004. Follow-up was up to 6 years. Hospitalizations for ruptured AAA without repair and for bowel obstruction or ventral hernia without abdominal surgery were also recorded. Event rates were calculated per year and are presented through 6 years of follow-up as events per 100 person-years. Thirty-day mortality was calculated for each reintervention or readmission. Results Through 6 years, overall reinterventions or readmissions were similar between repair methods but slightly more common after EVAR (7.6 vs 7.0/100 person-years; relative risk [RR], 1.1; P P P P P P P P P Conclusions Reintervention and readmission are slightly higher after EVAR. Survival is negatively affected by reintervention or readmission after EVAR and open surgery, which likely contributes to the erosion of the survival benefit of EVAR over time.
Phosphorus distribution between potassic alkali feldspar and metaluminous haplogranitic liquid at 200 MPa (H 2 O): the effect of undercooling on crystal–liquid systematics

To evaluate the applicability of P2O5 concentration in potassic alkali feldspar as a monitor of P2O5 in melt for undercooled systems, crystal–melt partitioning for P was evaluated via feldspar growth experiments in P-bearing ((3 wt% P2O5), water-saturated haplogranitic liquids at 200 MPa, with liquidus undercoolings (ΔT) of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300°C. Increasing undercooling in the range ΔT=25–200°C shows an evolution of crystal morphologies, from euhedral and well-filled individuals at ΔT=25–50°C to radial clusters with increasingly skeletal habit at greater undercooling. Experiments at ΔT=100–200°C also document the development of P- (up to (9 wt% P2O5) and Si-enriched, more alkaline boundary layers adjacent to crystals. Experiments at ΔT=300°C show an additional change in crystallization fabric in which spherulites of skeletal crystals form in open (vapor) space created by the dissolution of bulk silicate, and compositional boundary layers are not observed. We interpret the changes in reaction products at ΔT=300°C to indicate conditions below a glass transition; hence, partition coefficients were not determined for this undercooling. Values of K d(P)Kfs/melt from experiments at ΔT=25–200°C, calculated from pairs of crystal and immediately adjacent liquid compositions (including boundary layers at higher undercooling), are mostly in the range of 0.25–0.55 and show no effective change with increased undercooling. Essentially no change in K d(P)Kfs/melt with undercooling apparently stems from an interplay between boundary layer composition and a change in the substitution mechanism for P in feldspar from AlPSi−2, common in peraluminous to metaluminous liquids near equilibrium, to increasing proportions of ([ ],P)(M+,Si)−1 with increased undercooling. Bulk glass and liquid beyond boundary layers in experiments with significant percentages of crystallization are homogeneous, and show pronounced fractionation primarily due to the removal of an orthoclase component. Because crystallization was still in progress in experiments with ΔT≤200°C, compositional homogeneity in the bulk liquid requires extremely rapid diffusion of most haplogranite components (Na, K, and Al), apparently resulting from chemical potential gradients stemming from the removal of components from the liquid by crystal growth. Similar homogeneity and bulk fractionation in experiments with ΔT=300°C requires rapid diffusive equilibration for the alkalis even at temperatures below an apparent glass transition. Unlike the haplogranite components, P is only concentrated in liquid boundary layers (ΔT≤200°C) or low-density aqueous vapor (ΔT=300°C) adjacent to crystals. Hence, the P2O5 contents of melt inclusions likely are not representative of bulk melt concentrations in significantly undercooled systems (ΔT≤50–100°C).
The regulation of lupus-associated autoantibodies: immunoglobulin transgenic models

Several advances have been made regarding the regulation of lupus-associated autoantibodies, including the identification of factors that lead to their production in autoimmunity. Recent studies have further defined the receptor-editing mechanisms used to eliminate autoreactive B cells, and have shown that these may be altered in autoimmune mice. In addition, evidence that autoreactive B cells persisting in the periphery can be activated by both T-dependent and T-independent stimuli suggests potential pathways by which autoantibodies may arise in lupus.
Emission of the maternal pheromone in nulliparous and lactating females

Abstract Lactating female rats emit a maternal pheromone in their feces. When injected with the prolactin inhibitor, ergocornine, these animals cease to emit the pheromone. Maternally-behaving nulliparous females also emit a pheromone that is located in the feces and that is also blocked by ergocornine. Preweanling rats do not distinguish between the pheromones of the two females. These shared characteristics lead to the conclusion that the same attractant, the maternal pheromone, is emitted by both the lactating female and the maternally-behaving nulliparous female. That the maternally-behaving nulliparous female does not exhibit the hyperphagia characteristically found in lactating females leads to the conclusion that hyperphagia is not essential for pheromonal emission.
Non straightenable complex lines in C2

Abhyankar and Mob, in [1, (1.6), p. 151], and M. Suzuki, in [11, w proved that if P is a polynomial embedding of C into C 2, then there exists ~b, a polynomial automorphism of C 2, such that (~boP)(C)=C x {0}. The corresponding and much easier result has been proved for polynomial embeddings of C into C '~, for n > 4 by Z. Jelonek [7] (more generally, Jelonek treats the case of embeddings of C k into C ~, for n > 2 k + 2 ) . The case of polynomial embeddings of C into C 3 seems open. See also [8]. The main goal of this paper is to show that the above results do not generalize to holomorphic embeddings of C. Another goal is an interpolation theorem (Proposition 2 below).
Novel Chemical Biology Methods Illuminate the Function of Single G Protein-Coupled Receptors

The superfamily of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) is one of the largest in the human genome. GPCRs are targets for about a quarter of all prescription drugs. Recent progress in the structural biology of GPCRs renews the interest in rational drug design and discovery. Rational design of “functionally selective” drugs or ligands presents a particularly difficult problem. Agonist ligands frequently display functional selectivity where activated receptors are biased to either G protein- or arrestin-mediated downstream signaling pathways. However, functional characterization of GPCRs has largely been limited to cell-based high-throughput screening assays. The complexity of the cellular milieu introduces biological variables that make quantitative analysis of structure and dynamics of ligand-receptor complexes that underlie functional selectivity virtually impossible. We are developing single-molecule fluorescence methods to eliminate this biological noise and study such complexes in biochemically-defined systems.[1] Systematic introduction of signaling partners, such as G proteins and arrestins, enables us to study their allosteric effects on ligand-receptor interactions. Recent methodological advances enabled us to express GPCRs with genetically-encoded unnatural amino acids (uaas). We showed that bioorthogonal functional groups on these site-specifically introduced uaas might be used for bioorthogonal reactions. Among a broad spectrum of bioorthogonal reactions, strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SpAAC) with the uaa p-azido-phenylalanine and dibenzocyclooctyne (DIBO) reagents is specific and efficient and presents the best option to obtain stoichiometric receptor-fluorophore conjugates. We designed and built a fully-automatic, multi-color, single-molecule detection fluorescence microscope for long-timescale, multiplexed data acquisition using a multi-well tethered membrane “chip” system. Our convergent technology platform presents a new approach for single-molecule fluorescence studies of the kinetics and dynamics of GPCR signalosomes.[1] T. Huber and T.P. Sakmar. Chemical Biology Methods for Investigating G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Chem Biol. 18:1224-1237 (2014)
The Influence of Bottom Topography on Upwelling off Peru

Abstract The x-y-t, two-layer β-plane numerical model developed by Hurlburt (1974) is used to examine the upwelling system off Peru. The region off Peru from 14 to 15°30's is one of strong and persistent upwelling. The most distinctive feature of the Peruvian upwelling circulation is a predominant poleward flow. A local area model, when forced by wind stress only, cannot account for the observed Peruvian circulation. When an additional barotropic forcing is applied in the model, a dominating poleward flow results. The effects of wind stress are felt on the upper layer and by the third day of integration an equatorward flow develops near the coast. Two functional representations of the actual topography are used in the model and compared to a flat-bottom case. Model results, when compared to observations, show that the observed upwelling maximum ∼40 km south of 15°S is the result of a mesoscale topographic feature, a seamount. Variations of longshore and cross-shelf flow in cases with sloping topography ar...
On the Static-Kinetic Friction Transition in Dry Contact of Rough Surfaces

This paper shows that the Mindlin problem involving two spheres in contact under the action of oscillating tangential force can lead to the account of static-kinetic friction transition. In Mindlin’s problem two spheres experience partial slip as a result of application of oscillating tangential load. When the problem is extended to multi-sphere contact, i.e. two rough surfaces, the application of tangential oscillating load results in partial slip for some asperity contacts while others experience full slip. Increase in the amplitude of the oscillating tangential force results in more contacts experiencing full slip, thereby decreasing the number of contacts in parial slip. Constitutive relation proposed by Mindlin at small scale, governing asperity interaction, is used to obtain the large scale slip function through a statistical summation of asperity scale events. The slip function establishes the fraction of asperity contact in full slip. The complement of the slip parameter is a fraction of asperities in partial slip. Through slip function it is shown that it is possible to define a slip condition for the entire surface. The derivation of the slip function allows the account of transition between static friction and kinetic friction.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
GLUCOSINOLATES AND TRICHOMES TRACK TISSUE VALUE IN TWO SYMPATRIC MUSTARDS

Glucosinolates, trichomes, nitrogen, and carbon are not distributed uniformly through the canopies of mustards. In this study, we asked whether glucosinolate concentrations and trichome densities in two sympatric mustards, Brassica kaber and B. nigra, are highest in tissues of greatest value to the plant. We also asked whether nitrogen or carbon content is the stronger predictor of tissue value, and what fraction of each resource is incorporated in glucosinolates. To quantify tissue values, we removed three equal-area fractions (lower, middle, and upper) from the canopies of B. kaber and B. nigra in the greenhouse, as well as whole canopies of naturally growing B. nigra in the field, at two times during growth and measured reductions in their performance relative to controls. We also measured trichome density in both experiments, as well as glucosinolate, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations for the equal-area fractions in the greenhouse. We found that upper leaves had the highest glucosinolate concentrations, trichome densities, and tissue values. Furthermore, young plants in the field had higher trichome densities and tissue values than did older plants. Collectively, these data provide strong support for optimal defense theory and are among the first such evidence for glucosinolates and for physical defenses. The positive relationship between trichome density and tissue value was strong even after we accounted for the effects of leaf expansion. While nitrogen and carbon have both received attention as currencies for trade-offs, our data suggest that nitrogen concentration is a significantly better predictor of tissue value in these two mustard species. Interestingly, <1% of the nitrogen or carbon in leaves was incorporated in glucosinolates, which may explain why glucosinolates lack a consistent response to nitrogen fertilization.
New directions for predicting carcinogenesis

Carcinogenicity testing today normally includes conducting 2-yr studies of rats and mice of both sexes and following widely accepted procedures for husbandry, selection of dose levels, pathology and toxicity observations, and statistical interpretation of tumor data. These studies are usually preceded by tests for genetic toxicity and subchronic toxicity studies to select dose levels for the 2-yr studies. While these data are used for quantitative risk assessment, the mechanistic basis for effects is usually unknown, and such series of studies are very expensive and require five or more years to conduct. Alternate approaches are being developed that would provide more mechanistic information and perhaps would permit decisions to be made about carcinogenic potential without the need to conduct 2-yr studies of rats and mice of both sexes. Decisions could be based on a profile of data rather than the result of one test. Regulatory acceptance of new approaches for carcinogenicity testing is critical to future progress in the field of carcinogenesis.
Developing natural language-based program analyses and tools to expedite software maintenance

With as much as 60-90% of software life cycle resources spent on program maintenance, there is a critical need for automated software tools to help explore and understand today's large and complex software. One important source of information software maintenance tools can draw from is lexical information in comments and identifiers. Identifier names often communicate a programmer's intent when writing code, and help developers map real-world concepts to code during comprehension. My dissertation will develop specialized information retrieval techniques and natural language analyses for software so that software maintenance tools can take full advantage of the wealth of information in program identifiers, and integrate these techniques into software tools to expedite the maintenance activities of program exploration, concern location, and fault localization.
EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON LEUCINE METABOLISM IN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN VITRO.

Paired samples of rat epididymal adipose tissue were incubated in bicarbonate buffer in the presence of glucose and dl-leucine-2-C14. Bovine growth hormone added to the incubation medium at a concentration of 1 μg/ml doubled the conversion of leucine-C14 to fatty acids in adipose tissue from hypophysectomized rats. Porcine, ovine and human growth hormone preparations had similar effects. However, no such stimulation of leucine metabolism was seen when adipose tissue from normal rats was used. Corticotropin, thyrotropin and oxytocin had no effect on leucine metabolism, but ovine prolactin in high doses (25–100 μg) was found to stimulate the conversion of leucine to fatty acids. Growth hormone also increased the uptake of leucine from the incubation medium but did not influence the oxidation of leucine to CO2.
Should amplitude-integrated electroencephalography be used to identify infants suitable for hypothermic neuroprotection?

Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) has been used adjunctively to identify infants suitable for hypothermic neuroprotection following severe intrapartum asphyxia. To determine whether an early aEEG predicts short-term adverse outcome in infants with significant hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) evaluated for hypothermic neuroprotection. The aEEG recordings were obtained within 6 h of birth in infants ⩾36 weeks' gestational age during evaluation for possible selective head or whole-body cooling. Recordings were subsequently re-evaluated for both background pattern and voltage abnormalities by a certified reader masked to clinical history and brain-oriented interventions. All infants with moderate or severe HIE evaluated for hypothermic neuroprotection also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain at a median postnatal age of 7 days. The predictive value using the aEEG for determining short-term dichotomous outcomes, defined as early death related to HIE, or a characteristic pattern of abnormalities consistent with hypoxic–ischemic injury on the MRI brain scans was assessed. Fifty-four infants with moderate or severe HIE were evaluated with aEEG for hypothermic neuroprotection; 34 infants received selective head cooling, 12 infants underwent total body cooling and 8 infants were not cooled. Outcome data, available for 46 of the 54 infants, revealed a poor correlation between the early aEEG and short-term adverse outcomes, with a sensitivity of 54.8% and negative predictive value (NPV) of only 44%. Because of the poor NPV of an early aEEG for a short-term adverse outcome, its use as an ‘additional selection criterion’ for hypothermic neuroprotection may not be appropriate.
Solvent viscosity dependence of the folding rate of a small protein: Distributed computing study

By using distributed computing techniques and a supercluster of more than 20,000 processors we simulated folding of a 20-residue Trp Cage miniprotein in atomistic detail with implicit GB/SA solvent at a variety of solvent viscosities (gamma). This allowed us to analyze the dependence of folding rates on viscosity. In particular, we focused on the low-viscosity regime (values below the viscosity of water). In accordance with Kramers' theory, we observe approximately linear dependence of the folding rate on 1/gamma for values from 1-10(-1)x that of water viscosity. However, for the regime between 10(-4)-10(-1)x that of water viscosity we observe power-law dependence of the form k approximately gamma(-1/5). These results suggest that estimating folding rates from molecular simulations run at low viscosity under the assumption of linear dependence of rate on inverse viscosity may lead to erroneous results.
Millimeter waves electromagnetic simulation and CAD

This paper describes three emerging trends in the area of millimeter-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation and CAD. Diakoptics techniques for EM simulation methods, the ANN modeling approach, and applications of knowledge-based tools are discussed.
Overview of packaging for the IBM Enterprise System/9000 based on the glass-ceramic copper/thin film thermal conduction module

The ES/9000 models 820 and 900 high-performance mainframe processors have been significantly enhanced with respect to their predecessors, due to the following packaging advances: multilayer glass-ceramic/copper cofired substrate; multilayer polyimide/copper thin-film structure; discrete decoupling capacitors; buried engineering change conductors; enhanced pistons for very high thermal conduction cooling; and enhanced flip-chip solder connections. Some aspects of these advances are examined. The connectors and printed wiring board technologies used in this family of systems are summarized. >
LAST: a layout area and shape function estimator for high level applications

The author addresses the problem of area prediction of VLSI layouts. They present an approach based on two models, analytical and constructive. A circuit design is recursively partitioned down to a level specified by the user thus generating a slicing tree. An analytical model is then used to predict the shape functions of the leaf subcircuits. By traversing the tree bottom up the shape function of the entire layout design can then be constructively predicted. This approach permits the user to trade off the accuracy of the prediction versus the run time of the predictor. Such a scheme is quite useful for high-level synthesis and system level partitioning. The experimental validation results are quite good, indicating an average error of the order of 5% in predicting shape functions for standard cell benchmark designs with sizes ranging from 125 to 12000 cells. >
The Vasculature in Diabetic Nephropathy: All Tied Up?

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of ESRD in the United States, and its global occurrence is rising rapidly. As evidenced by the wide spectrum of debilitating macro- and microvascular complications that patients eventually experience, the vascular endothelium is a prominent target of
NPM–RAR, not the RAR–NPM reciprocal t(5;17)(q35;q21) acute promyelocytic leukemia fusion protein, inhibits myeloid differentiation

The t(5;17) variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) fuses the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene at 5q35 with the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) at 17q12-22. We have previously shown that leukemic cells express both NPM-RAR and RAR- NPM reciprocal translocation products. In this study we investigated the potential role of both proteins in modulating myeloid differentiation. Expression of NPM-RAR inhibited vitamin D3/transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-mediated differentiation of U937 cells by more than 50%. In contrast, RAR-NPM expression did not alter vitamin D3/TGFβ-induced differentiation of U937 clones. These results indicate that NPM-RAR, not RAR-NPM, is the prime mediator of myeloid differentiation arrest in t(5;17) APL.
Global ENA observations of the storm mainphase ring current: Implications for skewed electric fields in the inner magnetosphere

[1] The local time distribution of the ring current in the 27–119 keV range during several geomagnetic storm main phases have been investigated. The data was obtained by the high energy neutral atom (HENA) imager onboard IMAGE. Global proton distributions are derived from the observed energetic neutral atom (ENA) images using a linear inversion technique. During storms with low IMF By the peak of the proton distribution is around 01 MLT. For storms with high IMF By the peak can rotate to dawn. The rotation angle depends on solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By, but less on IMF Bz. We discuss how this morphology implies the existence of strong and skewed equatorial electric fields in the inner magnetosphere. Our results are consistent with in-situ ring current measurements, radar observations and with kinetic models that self-consistently calculate the electric field produced by the closure of the partial ring current.
Estimation of the Number of Terms in a Sum

Abstract Fixed sample size and sequential procedures are investigated for estimating the parameter n from observations on a sequence of iid random variables each of which is the sum of n iid random variables with known mean and variance.
Measuring cell viability with membrane impermeable zinc fluorescent indicator

Recent findings suggest that the accumulation of cytoplasmic zinc [Zn2+]i is a ubiquitous component in the cell death cascade. Zn2+ can be liberated from intracellular stores following oxidative stress and contribute to cell death processes. Here we show that the membrane/cell impermeable Zn2+ fluorescent indicator Newport Green (NG), which is non-toxic and impermeable to the membranes of healthy cells, can label unhealthy cells in tissue slices in a manner comparable to the traditional viability indicator propidium iodide (PI). Using confocal microscopy, we detected PI labeled nuclei colocalized with NG fluorescence. Our results indicate that cells which absorbed PI into their nuclei also allowed cell-impermeable Zn2+ dye to penetrate their plasma membranes, subsequently exhibiting cytosolic and nuclear fluorescence. As in PI staining, we observed marked increases in NG fluorescence in damaged/dead cells of tissue slices. Two other cell impermeable fluorescent Zn2+ dyes, Fluozin-3 and Zinpyr-4, also stained cytosolic Zn2+ in PI labeled cells. Our data indicates that the application of a Zn2+ fluorescent indicator is a fast, simple, non-toxic and reliable method for visualizing cell viability within in vitro tissue preparations. Accordingly, we demonstrate that intracellular accumulation of Zn2+ correlates with neuronal death.
Estimation of mean body temperature from mean skin and core temperature.

Background: Mean-body temperature (MBT) is the mass-weighted average temperature of body tissues. Core temperature is easy to measure, but direct measurement of peripheral tissue temperature is painful, risky, and requires complex calculations. Alternatively MBT can be estimated from core and mean skin temperatures with a formula proposed by Burton in 1935: MBT = 0.64. TCore + 0.36. TSkin. This formula remains widely used, but not been validated in the perioperative period and seems unlikely to remain accurate in dynamic perioperative conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass. We thus tested the hypothesis that MBT, as estimated with Burton’s formula, poorly estimates measured MBT at a temperature range between 18 and 36.5° C. Materials and Methods: We re-evaluated four of our previously published studies in which core and mass-weighted mean peripheral tissue temperatures were measured in patients undergoing substantial thermal perturbations. Peripheral compartment temperatures were estimated using fourth-order regression and integration over volume from 18 intramuscular needle thermocouples, 9 skin temperatures, and "deep" hand and foot temperature. MBT was determined from mass-weighted average of core and peripheral tissue temperatures and estimated from core temperature and mean skin temperature (15 area-weighted sites) using Burton’s formula. Results: 913 data pairs from 44 study subjects were included in the analysis. Measured MBT ranged from 18 to 36.5°C. There was a remarkably good relationship between measured and estimated MBT: MBTmeasured = 0.94 · MBTestimated + 2.15, r2 = 0.98. Differences between the estimated and measured values averaged -0.09 ± 0.42°C. Conclusions: We concluded that estimation of MBT from mean skin and core temperatures is generally accurate and precise.
What Teachers Need to Know about Augmented Reality Enhanced Learning Environments.

Augmented reality (AR) enhanced learning environments have been designed to teach a variety of subjects by having learners act like professionals in the field as opposed to students in a classroom. The environments, grounded in constructivist and situated learning theories, place students in a meaningful, non-classroom environment and force them to collaborate with each other in order to solve an ill-defined problem. AR content, accessed via a mobile broadband device (MBD) such as a phone or tablet, is used to guide the learning experiences. Student participants have reported an increased interest in the settings of the experiences and have expressed a positive attitude towards this innovative form of instructional delivery. Using newly available software loaded on MBDs, teachers and/or students can design and share AR enhanced learning environments that are tied to unique places in their communities.
VALUE MAXIMIZATION AND STAKEHOLDER THEORY: COMPATIBLE OR NOT?

Complicating the current corporate governance controversy is a major disagreement about the fundamental purpose of the corporation. There are two main views on what should constitute the principal goal of the firm. Most economists tend to endorse value maximization—that is, maximization of the value of the firm's debt plus equity—or a version of value maximization known as “value-based management” (VBM) that aims to maximize shareholder value. The main challenger is “stakeholder theory,” which argues that the corporation exists to benefit not just investors but all its major constituencies—employees, customers, suppliers, the local community, and the federal government, as well as shareholders. Thus, whereas the success of a corporation under VBM could be assessed simply by its long-run return to shareholders, under stakeholder theory a company's success would be judged by taking account of its contributions to all its stakeholders. Using statistical analysis of various measures of corporate success in satisfying non-investor stakeholders, the author investigates whether a broader focus on multiple stakeholders is necessarily inconsistent with the pursuit of long-term shareholder value. His main findings in fact suggest just the opposite—namely, that long-term value creation appears to be a necessary condition for maintaining corporate investment in stakeholder relationships. More specifically, the author's study shows that companies with higher levels of value creation tend to have stronger reputations for treating stakeholders well while companies that create little value end up shortchanging not just their shareholders but all their constituencies. For profitable companies that have previously failed to devote the optimal level of resources to their non-investor stakeholders, the message of this article is that investing in stakeholders can add value—and, in fact, it pays for companies to spend an additional dollar on stakeholder relationships as long as the present value of the expected (long-run) return is at least a dollar.
Magnetohydrodynamic Stagnation Flow and Heat Transfer toward a Stretching Permeable Cylinder

We perform an analysis of MHD flow and heat transfer on a stretching, permeable cylinder. We prove existence of solutions for all values of the relevant parameters and provide uniqueness results in the case of a monotonic solution. The nonlinear boundary value problem that is derived from a similarity transformation of the governing system of nonlinear partial differential equations is solved numerically and the results are presented with graphs and tables.
High School Achievement, Self-Efficacy, and Locus of Control as Predictors of Freshman Academic Performance:

78 male and 241 female college students completed self-report measures of social and general self-efficacy and academic locus of control midway through their first term in college. Fall semester cr...
Sialidase enhances recovery from spinal cord contusion injury

Axons fail to regenerate in the injured spinal cord, limiting motor and autonomic recovery and contributing to long-term morbidity. Endogenous inhibitors, including those on residual myelin, contribute to regeneration failure. One inhibitor, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), binds to sialoglycans and other receptors on axons. MAG inhibition of axon outgrowth in some neurons is reversed by treatment with sialidase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes sialic acids and eliminates MAG–sialoglycan binding. We delivered recombinant sialidase intrathecally to rats following a spinal cord contusive injury. Sialidase (or saline solution) was infused to the injury site continuously for 2 wk and then motor behavior, autonomic physiology, and anatomic outcomes were determined 3 wk later. Sialidase treatment significantly enhanced hindlimb motor function, improved bulbospinally mediated autonomic reflexes, and increased axon sprouting. These findings validate sialoglycans as therapeutic targets and sialidase as a candidate therapy for spinal cord injury.
IXIR: A statistical information distillation system

The task of information distillation is to extract snippets from massive multilingual audio and textual document sources that are relevant for a given templated query. We present an approach that focuses on the sentence extraction phase of the distillation process. It selects document sentences with respect to their relevance to a query via statistical classification with support vector machines. The distinguishing contribution of the approach is a novel method to generate classification features. The features are extracted from charts, compilations of elements from various annotation layers, such as word transcriptions, syntactic and semantic parses, and information extraction (IE) annotations. We describe a procedure for creating charts from documents and queries, while paying special attention to query slots (free-text descriptions of names, organizations, topic, events and so on, around which templates are centered), and suggest various types of classification features that can be extracted from these charts. While observing a 30% relative improvement due to non-lexical annotation layers, we perform a detailed analysis of the contributions of each of these layers to classification performance.
Who Experiences Foreclosures? The Characteristics of Households Experiencing a Foreclosure in Minneapolis, Minnesota

Much of the existing research on disparities in residential foreclosures provides strong, but not conclusive, evidence that minority households disproportionately experience foreclosures. Data commonly used in foreclosure research do not allow researchers to use household characteristics of foreclosed properties to test for disparities in experiencing foreclosure. This is a significant omission in the literature since understanding the types of households that most typically experience foreclosure might result in the creation of better targeted and more effective foreclosure prevention and mitigation programs. Using a unique data set this paper explores the characteristics of households that experienced a foreclosure in Minneapolis, Minnesota during fiscal years 2006 and 2007. Research results confirm that African American households disproportionately experience foreclosures, but also indicate that renter households, households with children and foreign-born homeowners are all over-represented among fore...
Factors predicting early childhood education and care use by immigrant families

Abstract Using 2005 National Household Education Survey data, this paper compares the effects of child and family characteristics on early childhood education and care use for children of foreign born mothers versus children of native-born mothers. Maternal nativity serves as a proxy for maternal immigration status in an effort to determine if child and family characteristics differentially predict enrollment. We consider relative, non-relative, and center-based care arrangements in two age groups: 0–2 and 3–5 years old. Multivariate analyses reveal that once demographic differences are controlled, patterns of use are mostly similar irrespective of maternal nativity.
REVIEW PAPER: Human Tissues for Discovery Biomarker Pharmaceutical Research: The Experience of the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center-Lilly Research Labs Tissue/Fluid BioBank

Over the past 10 years, pharmaceutical companies have found compelling reasons to use human tissue in drug discovery and development. In preclinical work, human tissue enables researchers to select and validate drug targets based on humandisease phenotypes, find inherited gene variation that contribute to disease, validate animal disease models, and reclassify disease based on molecular signature. Human tissue allows researchers to overcome some of the inherent disadvantages of animal disease models, which are often poor predictors of similar disease states in man. Also, therapeutic interventions in these animal models often do not have the same pharmacologic results seen in human clinical trials. In clinical research, use of human tissue helps medical teams segment patient populations based on biomarker profiles and thereby better target new medicines for greater patient safety and efficacy. Patients with similar clinical profiles can have different tissue pathology and disease etiology, therefore, combining standard clinical evaluations with assessment of variations in genetic expression or sequence provides clinicians with critical tools to improve patient care. Given the benefits of human tissue, many pharmaceutical companies and academic research centers are motivated to increase its use in target validation and early drug development but encounter a multitude of hurdles in the process. Use of human tissue requires rigorous patient confidentiality and data-security measures, because tissue could be used to reconstruct a patient’s genome, with potential implications for compromising privacy, insurability, and job security. 2,3,18,25 This article discusses the regulatory, pathology, information technology, and administrative issues involved in establishing, managing, and using pathologic samples from surgical specimens in a tissue bank. 22