cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency analysis of the 7–8 December 2010 extreme precipitation in the Panama Canal Watershed

Summary The 7–8 December 2010 rainfall event in Panama produced record rainfall and streamflow that are about twice as much as for the previously observed large event in record. In this study we ask whether before the occurrence of this rainfall event, a return period estimate using the historical record and the commonly used statistical asymptotic distributions of extreme values could have indicated that such an event is probable. We examined the daily and 24-h mean areal rainfall over the entire Panama Canal Watershed with the Generalized Extreme Value, Gumbel, and Generalized Pareto distributions using the maximum likelihood approach for the parameter and uncertainty bounds estimation. We found that the solutions that maximized the log likelihood for these three distributions yield return period estimates that are larger than 2000 years. These return periods imply that the 2010 rainfall event was practically unforeseen. It is only the careful implementation of these distributions with full uncertainty analysis to define confidence intervals that yields estimates of return periods with substantial probabilities for such an event to occur. The GEV was found to be the most adequate distribution for this analysis, and the commonly-used Gumbel distribution, although indicated a good fit to the annual maxima series, attributed an extremely low probability for the occurrence of this event.
Conditionally bilinear filter with tracking application

Abstract A recursive nonlinear filter and tracking methodology is developed here for a class of partially observable processes. The method is based on an approximation of a nonlinear system by a system which is linear in the unobservable states and has the unobservables conditionally Gaussian with respect to the observations initially. Model smoothness, such as required with most approximating filters is not required here, and applications to simulated tracking problems show the filter to be considerably more accurate than the modified second-order filter which in general sense includes the extended Kalman filter.
Germ cell-specific disruption of the Meig1 gene causes impaired spermiogenesis in mice.

Meiosis expressed gene 1 (Meig1) was originally identified in a search for mammalian genes potentially involved in meiosis. Seven mouse Meig1 transcripts with the same coding region, but different 5′-UTRs, have been identified. These transcripts have different tissue distributions, two are only present in the testis. In the testis, Meig1 is present in germ cells and Sertoli cells. A Meig1 conditional knockout model has been generated. When Meig1 was inactivated globally by crossing with Cmv-Cre transgenic mice, the Meig1-deficient males were sterile due to severe spermiogenic defects, and had no obvious defects in meiosis. To further study its role in individual cell types in the testis, the Meig1flox mice were crossed with Hsp2a-Cre, Prm-Cre, and Amh-Cre mice, in which the Cre recombinase is driven by the heat shock protein 2 (Hsp2a) gene promoter (expressed in spermatocytes), the protamine 1 gene promoter (expressed in post-meiotic spermatids) and the anti-Mullerian hormone (Amh) gene promoter (expressed in Sertoli cells) respectively. Both Meig1 mRNA and protein were undetectable in testis of the Hsp2a-Cre; Meig1flox/flox mice and all the mutant adult males tested were sterile. This phenotype mirrors that of the Cmv-Cre; Meig1flox/flox mice. Even though the total testicular Meig1 mRNA and protein expression levels were dramatically reduced in testis of the Prm-Cre; Meig1flox/flox males, all the mice tested were fertile, and there was no significant difference in sperm count and sperm motility compared with age-matched Meig1flox/flox male mice. Disruption of Meig1 in the Sertoli cells did not affect the MEIG1 protein expression. Amh-Cre; Meig1flox/flox males were fertile, and produced the same amount of spermatozoa as age-matched Meig1flox/flox mice. The testicular histology was also normal. Our results indicate that MEIG1 regulates spermiogenesis through effects in germ cells alone, and that the Meig1 gene must be active during a discrete period in spermatogenesis after which it is dispensable.
Counting the Costs of a Global Anglophonic Hegemony: Examining the Impact of U.S. Language Education Policy on Linguistic Minorities Worldwide

As the need for efficient communication between global participants in academia, business, and politics has grown in recent decades, English has quickly become the dominant universal language in these arenas. Language policy scholars have noted, however, that the rapid spread of English could present a substantial threat to the linguistic diversity of the world, as some scholars have estimated that as many as fifty percent of the world’s languages will be extinct by the end of the twenty-first century. This Note argues that the United States’ current stance in the area of language education will contribute to this global language decline by reinforcing an already strong Anglophonic hegemony. Additionally, the Note argues that the neoliberal tendency to rely on market-driven decisions is ill-advised in the context of language policy, as the seemingly rational decisions of individuals and nations to invest in developing English-language skills will collectively result in drastic language loss that will not be fully accounted for in the market.
Addition of mannose to both the amino- and carboxy-terminal propeptides of type II procollagen occurs without formation of a triple helix

Abstract Matrix-free cells obtained from chick embryo cartilage were incubated in the presence of α,α′-dipyridyl and radioactive mannose in order to examine the incorporation of mannose into the propeptide extensions of Type II procollagen. Cell proteins were digested with bacterial collagenase and the digests were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radioactive mannose was found in fragments from both the N- and C-propeptides, and therefore the results provided the first indication that both these propeptides of Type II procollagen contain mannose. The results also supported previous indications that addition of carbohydrate to the propeptides of procollagen does not require folding of the collagen domain into a triple helix.
Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus

Ship-based radar measurements obtained during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate 2001 stratocumulus (Sc) cruise are used to derive characteristics of the rainfall from drizzling Sc. Reflectivity to rain rate (Z–R) relationships are determined from shipboard raindrop-size distribution measurements obtained from observations using filter-paper, and compared to Z–R relationships derived from aircraft probe data from below north-east Atlantic drizzling Sc and stratus. A model for the evaporation and sedimentation of drizzle is combined with reflectivity profiles from a millimetre-wavelength cloud radar to derive information on the mean raindrop radius and drizzle drop concentrations at cloud base, and to show how Z–R relationships change with height below the cloud base. The Z–R relationships are used in conjunction with shipborne C-band radar reflectivity data to estimate areal average precipitation with uncertainties at cloud base and at the surface. In the Sc drizzle Z–R relationship, Z = aRb (where a and b are constants), the estimated exponent b = 1.1 to 1.4 is lower than commonly observed in deep convective rain (b = 1.5). Analyses indicate that variations in Sc rain rates and reflectivities are influenced both by fluctuations in drizzle drop concentration and in mean radius, but that number concentration contributes more to the modulation of rain rate in Sc. Rain rates derived using the scanning C-band radar are found to be spatially variable, with much of the accumulation originating from a small fraction of the drizzling area. The observations also suggest that rain rate in marine Sc is strongly dependent on cloud liquid-water path, and inversely correlated with cloud droplet concentration. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of maze structure upon the performance of a multiple-goal task

The ability of rats to find food in three kinds of mazes (radial, parallel, antiradial) was studied. Each maze had eight goalboxes. All goals were baited at the beginning of a trial, and the animal’s task was to retrieve food from all eight goals. The task was divided into two phases. In the first phase, the animal was allowed access to four randomly chosen goalboxes. Once the animal had visited all four of the goals, the second phase of the trial began, in which the animal was allowed access to all eight goalboxes. The animals showed a strong initial tendency to avoid already visited goalboxes in the radial maze, but not in the parallel maze. In the antiradial maze, the animals showed a strong initial tendency to avoid already visited goalboxes during the first phase of the trial, but not in the second phase. Significant improvement in performance over sessions was seen only in groups that did not have a strong initial tendency to avoid already visited goalboxes. These data suggest that maze structure influences performance by producing different initial patterns of exploration that may be either appropriate or inappropriate to the multiple-goal task.
Medical management of right dorsal colitis in 5 horses: a retrospective study (1987-1993)

Right dorsal colitis in horses has been associated with administration of phenylbutazone. Although reports of right dorsal colitis in this species have described surgical treatment associated with a poor prognosis, we have had success treating this condition medically. This report describes 5 horses with right dorsal colitis confirmed during celiotomy that were initially managed medically. All horses had a history of intermittent abdominal pain; weight loss was noted in only 1 horse. The doses (2.0 to 4.6 mg/kg PO bid) and duration (5 to 30 days) of administration of phenylbutazone were not unusually high relative to those recommended (4.4 mg/kg PO bid). Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in all horses at the time of admission; packed cell volume was low in 4 horses, and hypocalcemia was also observed in 4 horses. Three of 5 horses (60%) appeared to respond to dietary management and discontinuation of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Dietary management consisted of feeding pelleted feed, and restricting or eliminating roughage for a period of at least 3 months. Two horses developed strictures of the right dorsal colon. One horse that developed a colonic stricture, possibly because its owners did not comply with recommendations for management, was subsequently treated surgically. The remaining horse that developed a stricture of the right dorsal colon was euthanized. These data indicate that some horses with right dorsal colitis can be successfully managed with medical treatment.
Measurements of the optical functions of uniaxial crystals using two-modulator generalized ellipsometry (2-MGE)

A new 2-modulator generalized ellipsometer (2-MGE) is used to determine the optical functions of uniaxial materials. This new instrument measures 8 parameters, compared with two parameters measured by standard spectroscopic ellipsometers. These 8 parameters can be used to determine the 6 independent elements in the reduced Jones matrix describing light reflecting from a surface. For orientations of the optical axes significantly different from normal incidence, these measurements can be used to determine the optical functions of uniaxial materials. The resulting optical functions are the most accurate available for photon energies greater than the band gap (where transmission measurements cannot be performed), and they compare well with minimum deviation techniques which are more accurate for photon energies in the transparent region. Several examples will be given, including rutile (TiO2), ZnO, and BiI3.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Agent-Based Modeling of Ambidextrous Organizations: Virtualizing Competitive Strategy

Turbulence, uncertainty, dynamic processes, and networks increasingly characterize competitive markets and business strategies. Consequently, there's a need to model such markets and strategies as dynamic, evolutionary processes that is, as complex adaptive systems. Agent-based modeling, a rich platform for studying complex evolving systems, is used to model a market where ambidextrous and nonambidextrous organizations compete for buyers. Viewing competitive market and business processes as interactions among agents who mutually influence each other reduces economics to its most microscopic level. Social networks such as the Internet have attracted much research attention because of the rise in stock fraud on the Internet.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) in lymphocytes from patients with stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

In vivo skin tests using multiple recall and primary antigens such as dinitrochlorobenzine (DNCB) have established that there is decreased cellular-mediated immune response in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. In vitro testing of lymphocytes using blastogenic mitogens as a measure of lymphocyte function has not always shown a statistical difference between patients and controls. cAMP-PDE was assayed in lymphocytes from normal controls - patients with benign conditions in various age groups. No significant difference was found in the specific activity (Vmax) or affinity (Km) in these groups. The mean average was used as a normal control value. In lymphocytes from untreated patients with Stage III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, the Vmax and Km of cAMP-PDE were higher than the controls. This difference was statistically significant. Postoperative values were also determined but were not statistically different. There were no differences found in blastogenesis in these two groups.
Molecular Mechanisms of Acquired Proteasome Inhibitor Resistance

The development of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) has transformed the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. To date, two PIs have been FDA approved, the boronate peptide bortezomib and, most recently, the epoxyketone peptide carfilzomib. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to PIs, for which the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, may limit their efficacy. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances in the molecular understanding of PI resistance through acquired bortezomib resistance in human cell lines and evolved salinosporamide A (marizomib) resistance in bacteria. Resistance mechanisms discussed include the up-regulation of proteasome subunits and mutations of the catalytic β-subunits. Additionally, we explore potential strategies to overcome PI resistance.
Capsaicin Displays Anti-Proliferative Activity against Human Small Cell Lung Cancer in Cell Culture and Nude Mice Models via the E2F Pathway

Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by rapid progression and low survival rates. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed for this disease. Capsaicin, the active ingredient of chilli peppers, displays anti-proliferative activity in prostate and epidermoid cancer in vitro. However, the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin has not been studied in human SCLCs. The present manuscript fills this void of knowledge and explores the anti-proliferative effect of capsaicin in SCLC in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings BrdU assays and PCNA ELISAs showed that capsaicin displays robust anti-proliferative activity in four human SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, capsaicin potently suppressed the growth of H69 human SCLC tumors in vivo as ascertained by CAM assays and nude mice models. The second part of our study attempted to provide insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. We found that the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin is correlated with a decrease in the expression of E2F-responsive proliferative genes like cyclin E, thymidylate synthase, cdc25A and cdc6, both at mRNA and protein levels. The transcription factor E2F4 mediated the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. Ablation of E2F4 levels by siRNA methodology suppressed capsaicin-induced G1 arrest. ChIP assays demonstrated that capsaicin caused the recruitment of E2F4 and p130 on E2F-responsive proliferative promoters, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of capsaicin could be useful in the therapy of human SCLCs.
Pattern of Immediate Type Hypersensitivity Reactions in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Background In the period between July 1992 and July 1994, 1,159 patients in our Allergy Clinic tested positive to one or more inhalants. The nationalities of the population tested included 806 Saudi Arabs and 241 Western expatriates (mainly North Americans). The others were of various different nationalities. Objectives Our objective was to determine the pattern of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions among the atopic population in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods A standard prick skin test was applied and the reaction was considered positive if there was a 3-mm wheal associated with 10 mm of erythema, greater than the negative control. Results The ten most common reactions in the Saudi Arab patients were as follows: Chenopodium album 53%, Kochia 51%, mesquite 46%, cottonwood 38%, alfalfa 36%, dust mitefarinae 36%, cockroach 35%, house dust 31%, Bermuda grass 29%, and acacia 29%. For North American expatriates living in the area, the 10 most common reactions were dust mitefarinae 43%, house dust 41%, Alternaria 36%, grass mix 34%, Bermuda grass 33%, mesquite 32%, cat 31%, Kochia 28%, alfalfa 24%, and Chenopodium album 24%. Conclusions Hypersensitivity to pollens, house dust, dust mite, and cockroach was common. Mold and cat allergies were only common among Western expatriates.
Epitheliotropic lymphoma of the small bowel report of a fatal case with cytotoxic/suppressor T‐cell lmmunotype

The authors report the clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features of a case of jejunal cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell lymphoma associated with intractable malabsorption. Histologically, the tumor exhibited striking involvement of small bowel surface and glandular epithelium, and of epithelium in sites of disease dissemination. This epitheliotropism consisted of both cell clusters resembling Pautrier 's microabscesses and single cells within epithelium. Grossly, the jejunal mucosal fold pattern was completely obliterated by lymphoma which formed miliary nodules and multiple distinct tumor masses. Despite aggressive chemotherapy the patient developed widespread disease, and died 11 months after presentation. At autopsy, in addition to disseminated lymphoma, there was a notable activation of hematopoiesis evidenced by extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis and bone marrow hypercellularity. Many lymph nodes spared by the lymphoma showed a polyclonal proliferation of plasma cells and immunoblasts. In view of recent immunologic evidence that normal cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells selectively home to the gut surface epithelium, striking tumor cell epitheliotropism may be a morphologic marker for visceral lymphomas of cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell origin. This unique case broadens the clinical and morphologic spectrum of T-cell disorders.
Scan by Numbers: Interlibrary Loan Lending Statistics Shape Digital Initiative

In 2004, the Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery Services Department at the University of Central Florida Libraries began forwarding requests to Special Collections for review and potential lending. After compiling three years of data, an evaluation of the requests showed 23% of the requested items were in the public domain. Interlibrary Loan (ILL), Special Collections, and Digital Services began collaborating to digitize ILL requests on demand and create a digital collection of materials requested via interlibrary loan.
Analysis of Ecstasy (MDMA)-induced transcriptional responses in the rat cortex

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a popular drug of abuse. MDMA is pharmacologically classified as an entactogen because of its affinities to classical hallucinogens and stimulants. Oral ingestion of a single dose of the drug is associated with euphoria, elevated self-confidence, and heightened sensory awareness in humans. Evidence for neurotoxicity in the human serotonin (5-HT) system has been provided. In rats, a single injection of MDMA induces hyperthermia and formation of reactive oxygen species. These effects may cause MDMA-associated, long-term 5-HT depletion, with the cortex being quite sensitive to the biochemical effects of MDMA. It has been suggested that these MDMA effects may be associated with molecular changes in this brain region. To test these ideas, we have made use of the cDNA array analysis, which can provide a more global view of the molecular changes secondary to MDMA injections. Our results show that the genes regulated by MDMA encode proteins that belong to signa...
Tonic Inhibition of TRPV3 by Mg2+ in Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 channel (TRPV3) is abundantly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and has important roles in sensory biology and skin health. Mg 2+ deficiency causes skin disorders under certain pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we investigated the effect of Mg 2+ on TRPV3 in primary epidermal keratinocytes. Extracellular Mg 2+ ([Mg 2+ ] o ) inhibited TRPV3-mediated membrane current and calcium influx. TRPV3 activation induced a calcium signaling pathway culminating in activation of the cAMP response element binding. TRPV3 inhibition by [Mg 2+ ] o , the TRPV3 blocker ruthenium red, or TRPV3 siRNA suppressed this response. In TRPV3-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells, both extracellular and intracellular Mg 2+ inhibited TRPV3 single-channel conductance, but not open probability. Neutralization of an aspartic acid residue (D641) in the extracellular pore loop or two acidic residues (E679, E682) in the inner pore region significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of extracellular or intracellular Mg 2+ on TRPV3-mediated signaling, respectively. Our findings suggest that epidermal TRPV3 is tonically inhibited by both extracellular and intracellular Mg 2+ , which act on both sides of the channel pore loop. Mg 2+ deficiency may promote the function of TRPV3 and contribute to the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
An empirically validated, short-term psychoeducational group treatment program for bulimia

The present study examined the effectiveness of an empirically based, psychoeducational, group treatment program for bulimia. The seven-week program focused primarily on decreasing depression, enhancing self-esteem, increasing assertion and improving body image. In addition, women monitored their own bingeing and purging. Relative to no treatment controls (N = 7), women who received treatment (N = 11) showed significant improvements in their number of binges per month, self-esteem, and depression. Also, the number of purges per month tended to decrease. Women in both groups showed significant improvements in body image. The treatment gains were maintained at a ten-week follow-up. These results suggest that a short-term group treatment approach that focuses on personality and behavioral deficits as well as the maladaptive eating pattern is an effective treatment strategy for bulimia.
Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 6

The previous report of the Committee for Fossil Plants appeared in Taxon 54 (1): 175-176. Four new conservation proposals and three proposals to amend the ICBN that only apply to fossil plants have been considered by the commit tee since the last report. Composition of the committee remains the same; 14 members responded with opinions and one did not respond directly and is recorded as an absten tion. Nine for or against are necessary to decide on a pro posal.
Feasibility of Integrating Research Data Collection into Routine Clinical Practice Using the Electronic Health Record

Purpose: The electronic health record is becoming central to routine medical practice and has the potential to facilitate large scale clinical research. We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of data collection using designated research fields integrated into a semistructured clinical note. We hypothesized that prospective research data collection as part of routine clinical charting is feasible, with a high rate of utilization (greater than 80%) and accuracy (kappa greater than 0.80).Materials and Methods: Infants with congenital hydronephrosis were followed prospectively at a single institution. Existing functionality in the electronic health record was used for data collection by creation of 28 different data elements captured from a hydronephrosis note or phrase template. Completeness (percent utilization) was calculated and accuracy was assessed by comparing the structured data to manual chart review. Comparisons were conducted using the chi-square test, with 2-tailed p values <0.05 considered st...
Complete atrioventricular block during cardiac catheterization: Two case reports in patients without pre-existing conduction abnormalities

Third-degree atrioventricular block has been well documented during ventricular catheterization of patients with underlying conduction abnormalities. Two cases reported here describe patients with normal conduction at baseline who sustained complete heart block during ventricular catheterization. Catheterizing physicians should be aware of this risk, which has not been previously reported.
Vortices and confinement at weak coupling

We discuss the physical picture of thick vortices as the mechanism responsible for confinement at arbitrarily weak coupling in SU(2) gauge theory. By introducing appropriate variables on the lattice we distinguish between thin, thick and {open_quotes}hybrid{close_quotes} vortices, the latter involving Z(2) monopole loop boundaries. We present numerical lattice simulation results that demonstrate that the full SU(2) string tension at weak coupling arises from the presence of vortices linked to the Wilson loop. Conversely, excluding linked vortices eliminates the confining potential. The numerical results are stable under an alternate choice of lattice action as well as a smoothing procedure which removes short distance fluctuations while preserving long distance physics. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Experimental verification of thermal remote sensing method for recovering temperature distribution in glass

Abstract The thermal remote sensing method for recovering the temperature distribution in glass from spectral emission data is examined experimentally. An analytical model is formulated and the desired temperature distribution is obtained using an optimization scheme which determines the temperature profile in the form of a polynomial or a set of discrete points. In order to evaluate the accuracy and validity of the thermal remote sensing method, the recovered temperatures are compared with independent measurements using surface thermocouples and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Experimental results are reported for fused silica (Corning Code 7940) glass samples using a Perkin-Elmer spectrometer to measure the spectral radiant energy emerging from the layer of glass. Opaque (high and low emittance) boundary conditions at the heated surface of the glass were considered. Temperatures in the range from 500 to about 900 K were examined. Spectral emission data between 3.3 and 4.8 μm were used in recovering the temperature distribution in the glass samples. The results showed that the recovered and interferometrically measured temperature profiles agreed well, with the maximum deviation never exceeding approximately 2 per cent.
Rehabilitation of People with Lower-Limb Amputations

Rehabilitation of persons with lower-limb amputation is a complex endeavor that requires the consideration of a multitude of factors. This article provides an overview of the current practice of prosthesis prescription, mobility training, and the utilization of wheeled mobility options in the clinical care for this population. Recent technological advancements have helped fit persons with lower-limb amputation with more functional, better fitting, and less activity-limiting artificial limbs and wheelchairs. This is exemplified in modern computer-controlled prosthetic components and biomechanically optimized socket-fitting methods, as well as light weight and versatile wheelchairs to supplement or replace prosthetic devices. In the research setting, technology has enabled new approaches to the kinematic and kinetic assessment of prosthetic interventions, and the development of more accurate fitting and evaluation methods. Despite the noted progress in the field, there is still a considerable gap between the functionality of a sound leg and even the most advanced prosthesis. It can be predicted that continued research efforts will be undertaken to further close this gap.
Blended/hybrid courses: a review of the literature and recommendations for instructional designers and educators

This article explores some of the literature on blended/hybrid learning and identifies recommendations for instructional designers and faculty. Terminology and definitions are discussed first including the debate between the words “blended” and “hybrid.” A working definition for the article is discussed but the article does not propose a standard definition for the field. The learning advantages of using a blended/hybrid format are identified from the literature including improved grades, retention and communication and teamwork. The recommendations are discussed in four broad categories: (a) face to face and online scheduling, (b) communication, (c) course content, and (d) other recommendations. The article concludes with a call for future research into blended/hybrid learning and how to best construct blended/hybrid courses from an instructional design standpoint.
Differential effect of postnatal lead exposure on gene expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex

Although developmental lead exposure is known to have detrimental effects on a variety of cognitive functions that depend on the integrity of the hippocampus and frontal cortex, little is known about how low levels of lead exposure affect expression of key families of genes in these structures. The present study examined the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant levels of lead during the sensitive early post-weaning period in the rat on the expression profiles of a select number of neurobiologically relevant genes (i.e., genes for neurotrophic factors, NMDA receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, synaptic function/plasticity, cell signaling, and transcription/regulation) in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Exposure to lead (180 and 375-ppm lead acetate in food for 30 days) significantly increased blood lead levels (5.8 to 10.3 μg/dl) and significantly affected expression of many of the genes examined. In many instances, lead exposure had different effects on the same gene depending on the brain region in which the expression of that gene was examined. Gene expression in the frontal cortex was often more sensitive to modification than gene expression in the hippocampus. These results suggest that even past infancy, exposures to low levels of lead can have significant effects on gene expression in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus with the potential to exert long-term effects on behavior and cognition.
A conserved mechanism of DEAD-box ATPase activation by nucleoporins and InsP6 in mRNA export.

As mRNA-protein complexes are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, they pass through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Dbp5, an RNA helicase associated with the NPC through the Nup159 subunit, remodels such mRNA-protein complexes. Montpetit et al. present the structure of Dbp5 bound to Gle1 and the small-molecule activator InsP6, with and without Nup159 and RNA. Similarities to the structure of the translation initiation complex, eIF4G–eIF4A suggests that Gle1InsP6 activates Dbp5 by relieving an autoinhibitory mechanism, by promoting release of RNA, and (with Nup159) by stabilizing a conformation that cannot bind RNA. Superfamily 1 and superfamily 2 RNA helicases are ubiquitous messenger-RNA–protein complex (mRNP) remodelling enzymes that have critical roles in all aspects of RNA metabolism1,2. The superfamily 2 DEAD-box ATPase Dbp5 (human DDX19) functions in mRNA export and is thought to remodel mRNPs at the nuclear pore complex (NPC)3,4,5,6,7,8. Dbp5 is localized to the NPC via an interaction with Nup159 (NUP214 in vertebrates)3,4,5,8,9 and is locally activated there by Gle1 together with the small-molecule inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6)10,11. Local activation of Dbp5 at the NPC by Gle1 is essential for mRNA export in vivo10,12; however, the mechanistic role of Dbp5 in mRNP export is poorly understood and it is not known how Gle1InsP6 and Nup159 regulate the activity of Dbp5. Here we report, from yeast, structures of Dbp5 in complex with Gle1InsP6, Nup159/Gle1InsP6 and RNA. These structures reveal that InsP6 functions as a small-molecule tether for the Gle1–Dbp5 interaction. Surprisingly, the Gle1InsP6–Dbp5 complex is structurally similar to another DEAD-box ATPase complex essential for translation initiation, eIF4G–eIF4A, and we demonstrate that Gle1InsP6 and eIF4G both activate their DEAD-box partner by stimulating RNA release. Furthermore, Gle1InsP6 relieves Dbp5 autoregulation and cooperates with Nup159 in stabilizing an open Dbp5 intermediate that precludes RNA binding. These findings explain how Gle1InsP6, Nup159 and Dbp5 collaborate in mRNA export and provide a general mechanism for DEAD-box ATPase regulation by Gle1/eIF4G-like activators.
Ontogenetic coupling of growth rate with RNA and P contents in five species of Drosophila

Summary 1 We studied the associations among growth rate, RNA content and P content at ∼12-h intervals during the larval stage in five species of Drosophilids that specialize on host foods that differ substantially in P content. 2 Consistent with expectations based on the ‘growth rate hypothesis’ (GRH), within each species there were significant positive correlations between growth rates and RNA and P contents and in each species variation in P content was largely determined by differences in RNA content. However, there was a significant difference among species in how these three parameters were associated with each other, primarily due to differences in the intercept of the relationships rather than in their slopes. 3 Consistent with the GRH, we also observed positive associations among the average growth rates, RNA contents and P contents of the five species. Furthermore, these differences were broadly consistent with differences in the P content of their host resources: for example, Drosophila falleni, a species that specializes on P-rich mushrooms, had the highest growth rates and P and RNA contents while D. pachea and D. mettleri, species that specialize in low-P exudates from necrotic cacti and trees, had the lowest growth rates and P and RNA contents. 4 While data for additional species are needed, our findings provide further evidence consistent with the GRH and highlight a potential role of P limitation in shaping growth rate evolution in the Drosophilids.
NF-κB controls expression of inhibitor IκBα : evidence for an inducible autoregulatory pathway

The eukaryotic transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) participates in many parts of the genetic program mediating T lymphocyte activation and growth. Nuclear expression of NF-kappa B occurs after its induced dissociation from its cytoplasmic inhibitor I kappa B alpha. Phorbol ester and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induction of nuclear NF-kappa B is associated with both the degradation of performed I kappa B alpha and the activation of I kappa B alpha gene expression. Transfection studies indicate that the I kappa B alpha gene is specifically induced by the 65-kilodalton transactivating subunit of NF-kappa B. Association of the newly synthesized I kappa B alpha with p65 restores intracellular inhibition of NF-kappa B DNA binding activity and prolongs the survival of this labile inhibitor. Together, these results show that NF-kappa B controls the expression of I kappa B alpha by means of an inducible autoregulatory pathway.
Effect of osmotic agents on regional cerebral blood flow in traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Purpose Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is reduced after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with considerable regional variation. Osmotic agents are used to reduce elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), improve cerebral perfusion pressure, and presumably improve CBF. Yet, osmotic agents have other physiologic effects that can influence CBF. We sought to determine the regional effect of osmotic agents on CBF when administered to treat intracranial hypertension. Materials and Methods In 8 patients with acute TBI, we measured regional CBF with positron emission tomography before and 1 hour after administration of equi-osmolar 20% mannitol (1 g/kg) or 23.4% hypertonic saline (0.686 mL/kg) in regions with focal injury and baseline hypoperfusion (CBF Results The ICP fell (22.4 ± 5.1 to 15.7 ± 7.2 mm Hg, P = .007), and cerebral perfusion pressure rose (75.7 ± 5.9 to 81.9 ± 10.3 mm Hg, P = .03). Global CBF tended to rise (30.9 ± 3.7 to 33.1 ± 4.2 mL per 100 g/min, P = .07). In regions with focal injury, baseline flow was 25.7 ± 9.1 mL per 100 g/min and was unchanged; in hypoperfused regions (15% of regions), flow rose from 18.6 ± 5.0 to 22.4 ± 6.4 mL per 100 g/min (P Conclusion Osmotic agents, in addition to lowering ICP, improve CBF to hypoperfused brain regions in patients with intracranial hypertension after TBI.
Biomass Not Linked to Perennial Grass Mortality Following Severe Wildfire in the Southern High Plains

Abstract In March 2006 the East Amarillo Complex (EAC) wildfires burned over 367 000 ha of short and mixed grass prairie of the southern High Plains, USA. We studied EAC wildfire effects on perennial grass mortality and peak standing crop on Deep Hardland and Mixedland Slopes ecological sites. Deep Hardlands were dominated by blue grama ( Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K. [Griffiths]) and buffalograss ( Buchloe dactyloides [Nutt.] Engelm.); common species on Mixedland Slopes were little bluestem ( Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash.) and sideoats grama ( Bouteloua curtipendula [Michx.] Torr.) with scattered sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia Torr.) sometimes present. We hypothesized that perennial grass mortality would increase and standing crop would decrease following severe wildfire, and that these responses would be greater than documented prescribed fire effects. Frequency of perennial grass mortality was higher on both sites in burned areas than nonburned areas through three growing seasons following wildfire; however, standing crop was minimally affected. Results suggest that post-wildfire management to ameliorate wildfire effects is not necessary, and that wildfire effects in this area of the southern High Plains are similar to prescribed fire effects.
A Sparse Object Coding Scheme in Area V4

Summary Sparse coding has long been recognized as a primary goal of image transformation in the visual system [1–4]. Sparse coding in early visual cortex is achieved by abstracting local oriented spatial frequencies [5] and by excitatory/inhibitory surround modulation [6]. Object responses are thought to be sparse at subsequent processing stages [7, 8], but neural mechanisms for higher-level sparsification are not known. Here, convergent results from macaque area V4 neural recording and simulated V4 populations trained on natural object contours suggest that sparse coding is achieved in midlevel visual cortex by emphasizing representation of acute convex and concave curvature. We studied 165 V4 neurons with a random, adaptive stimulus strategy to minimize bias and explore an unlimited range of contour shapes. V4 responses were strongly weighted toward contours containing acute convex or concave curvature. In contrast, the tuning distribution in nonsparse simulated V4 populations was strongly weighted toward low curvature. But as sparseness constraints increased, the simulated tuning distribution shifted progressively toward more acute convex and concave curvature, matching the neural recording results. These findings indicate a sparse object coding scheme in midlevel visual cortex based on uncommon but diagnostic regions of acute contour curvature.
Pressor Activity of l- and d-Norepinephrine, U. S. P. Reference Standard Epinephrine, and Synthetic l-Epinephrine*

l-Norepinephrine has a higher pressor activity than the d-isomer, in the ratio of 46:1 in pithed dogs, and 45:1 in pithed cats. There is no demonstrable difference in the pressor activity of U. S. P. reference standard epinephrine, l-norepinephrine, and synthetic l-epinephrine in pithed dogs. U. S. P. reference standard epinephrine has about the same pressor activity as synthetic l-epinephrine in pithed cats, but it has a lower potency than l-norepinephrine in the same preparation. Synthetic l-epinephrine in phenobarbitalized or etherized dogs is less active than l-norepinephrine, but more active in phenobarbitalized or etherized cats.
Multivariable study on homoepitaxial diamond growth using isotopically enriched carbon-13 gas mixtures

We report our observations on the homoepitaxial diamond growth by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) experiments on Type Ib diamond substrates conducted by varying three independent variables. In a feed gas mixture of H2, N2, O2, and 13CH4, the amount of nitrogen was varied in the range of 0 to 4000 ppm, the amount of methane was varied from 2% CH4/H2 to 6% CH4/H2, and the substrate temperature was varied in the range of 850 to 1200 °C. We used isotopically enriched carbon-13 methane gas as the source of carbon in the plasma to clearly distinguish the grown diamond layer from the underlying substrate using Raman spectroscopy. The x-ray rocking curve measurements confirmed the homoepitaxial nature of the deposited layers with a slight increase in the full width at half-maximum for sample grown with the highest nitrogen content in the plasma. Optical and atomic force microscopy revealed dramatic changes in surface morphology with variation in each parameter. The nitrogen incorporation in carbon-13 diamond layers was monitored through photoluminescence spectroscopy of nitrogen–vacancy complexes. A twentyfold increase in diamond growth rate was clearly achieved in this multivariable study.
Circadian rhythm of distal retinal pigment migration in the fiddler crab, Uca Pugilator, maintained in constant darkness and its endocrine control∗∗

Abstract The distal retinal pigment in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, displays a circadian rhythm in constant darkness. The pigment approaches the fully light adapted position by day and the fully dark adapted position by night. This rhythm is presumably due at least to rhythmical release by day of a distal retinal pigment light‐adapting hormone. Extracts of eyestalks from Uca produce a light‐adaptational response in the crab, but extracts of eyestalks from the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris, do not produce a light‐adaptational response in the crab, but a dark‐adaptational response instead. In contrast, both types of extract produce a light‐adaptational response of the distal retinal pigment in Palaemonetes. The possibility of a species specificity in the action of distal retinal pigment light‐adapting hormones in crustaceans is discussed.
Effect of data collection mode on self-reported sexual and drug using behaviors for persons with severe mental illness

Few studies have examined methodological issues for self-reported sexual and substance-using behaviors for persons with severe mental illness (SMI). In this study we examined the impact of using face-to-face interviews (FTFIs) or self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) on the frequencies of self-reported sexual and substance-using behaviors. In addition, we examined the reliability of four commonly used predictors of HIV risk. Both assessment methods yielded generally equivalent estimates of the frequency with which participants engaged in a number of sexual and substance-using behaviors, although there were some trends toward differences that failed to reach statistical significance. Internal consistency was equivalent for three of the four measures; the knowledge of HIV transmission risk factors scale had significantly lower internal consistency in the FTFI condition. It is concluded that data from the two methods yield relatively equivalent results for persons with SMI and that when self-reported frequencies are different, the effect size is small. Researchers must balance many factors, including administration costs, when deciding which method to use.
Bayesian system identification based on probability logic

Probability logic with Bayesian updating provides a rigorous framework to quantify modeling uncertainty and perform system identification. It uses probability as a multi-valued propositional logic for plausible reasoning where the probability of a model is a measure of its relative plausibility within a set of models. System identification is thus viewed as inference about plausible system models and not as a quixotic quest for the true model. Instead of using system data to estimate the model parameters, Bayes' Theorem is used to update the relative plausibility of each model in a model class, which is a set of input–output probability models for the system and a probability distribution over this set that expresses the initial plausibility of each model. Robust predictive analyses informed by the system data use the entire model class with the probabilistic predictions of each model being weighed by its posterior probability. Additional robustness to modeling uncertainty comes from combining the robust predictions of each model class in a set of candidates for the system, where each contribution is weighed by the posterior probability of the model class. This application of Bayes' Theorem automatically applies a quantitative Ockham's razor that penalizes the data-fit of more complex model classes that extract more information from the data. Robust analyses involve integrals over parameter spaces that usually must be evaluated numerically by Laplace's method of asymptotic approximation or by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. An illustrative application is given using synthetic data corresponding to a structural health monitoring benchmark structure.
Hyperspectral infrared microscopy of explosives particles using an external cavity quantum cascade laser

A hyperspectral infrared microscope using external cavity quantum cascade laser illumination and a microbolometer focal plane array is used to characterize nanogram-scale particles of the explosives RDX, tetryl, and PETN at fast acquisition rates.
The Anti-Hunger Empowerment Act of 2013 Streamlining Children’s Access to Food Security

Hunger and poverty affect countless Americans. Food security plays a critical role in establishing positive medical and health outcomes. As the national nutritional safety net, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is essential to combating hunger and malnutrition. It provides substantial nutritional and economic benefits to children and families living in impoverished conditions. Yet these families often struggle with accessing SNAP benefits. This article examines current literature on the consequences of food insecurity and potential barriers to the SNAP program, particularly its impact on children. It also introduces current policy, H.R. 208 “Anti-Hunger Empowerment Act.” Finally, future policy recommendations are suggested based on expert opinion and literature synthesis.