cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new semiconductor: Ti 0.5 Mg 0.5 N(001)

Ti 0.5 Mg 0.5 N has recently been predicted to be a semiconductor with a 1.3 eV band gap and promising properties for thermoelectric and plasmonic devices. As a first step towards experimental validation, epitaxial Ti 0.5 Mg 0.5 N(001) layers are deposited on MgO(001) by reactive magnetron co-sputtering from titanium and magnesium targets at 600 °C in pure N 2 atmospheres. X-ray diffraction ω-2θ scans, ω-rocking curves, φ-scans, and high resolution reciprocal space maps show that Ti 0.5 Mg 0.5 N alloys form a pseudobinary rocksalt structure and are single crystals with a cube-on-cube epitaxial relationship with the substrate: (001) TiMgN || (001) MgO and [100] TiMgN || [100] MgO . A 275-nm-thick Ti 0.5 Mg 0.5 N layer is fully relaxed and exhibits a 002 ω-rocking curve width Γ ω = 0.73°, while a 36-nm-thick layer is fully strained and has a Γ ω = 0.49°. These results indicate a thickness-dependent strain state which suggests a critical thickness for misfit dislocation nucleation and glide which is between 36 and 275 nm. A measured negative temperature coefficient of resistivity in combination with a low optical absorption coefficient of 0.25 × 105 cm−1 for λ = 740 nm, and a vanishing density of states at the Fermi level measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy support the prediction that Ti 0.5 Mg 0.5 N is a semiconductor.
Understanding drug–drug interaction and pharmacogenomic changes in pharmacokinetics for metabolized drugs

Here we characterize and summarize the pharmacokinetic changes for metabolized drugs when drug-drug interactions and pharmacogenomic variance are observed. Following multiple dosing to steady-state, oral systemic concentration-time curves appear to follow a one-compartment body model, with a shorter rate limiting half-life, often significantly shorter than the single dose terminal half-life. This simplified disposition model at steady-state allows comparisons of measurable parameters (i.e., area under the curve, half-life, maximum concentration and time to maximum concentration) following drug interaction or pharmacogenomic variant studies to be utilized to characterize whether a drug is low versus high hepatic extraction ratio, even without intravenous dosing. The characteristics of drugs based on the ratios of area under the curve, maximum concentration and half-life are identified with recognition that volume of distribution is essentially unchanged for drug interaction and pharmacogenomic variant studies where only metabolic outcomes are changed and transporters are not significantly involved. Comparison of maximum concentration changes following single dose interaction and pharmacogenomic variance studies may also identify the significance of intestinal first pass changes. The irrelevance of protein binding changes on pharmacodynamic outcomes following oral and intravenous dosing of low hepatic extraction ratio drugs, versus its relevance for high hepatic extraction ratio drugs is re-emphasized.
Subversive Service Learning: Shifting the Locus of the Problem

This article introduces subversive service learning, a new type of critical service learning that shifts the locus of the “problem” from the marginalized group to the mainstream society, subverting both mainstream perspectives and the deficit model of a community being “helped.” Inspired by Whiteness studies, it pursues social change through service learning. This article illustrates how this subversive service learning works in three cases from the author’s college 200-level class in Fall 2016.
Should Pre-Transplant Esophageal Dysmotility Preclude Candidacy for Lung Transplantation?

Purpose Esophageal dysmotility can decrease luminal clearance and increase the risk of aspiration and GERD and contribute to allograft dysfunction. We sought to determine the impact of pre-transplant esophageal dysmotility on allograft function, GERD, rejection and survival after lung transplantation. Methods From 2012 to 2018, 699 patients underwent lung transplantation at our institution. Gastroesophageal physiological testing included esophageal manomentry, 24 hour pH measurement and gastric emptying tests before and after transplantation. High resolution manometry (HRM) was available in 337 patients including 120 patients with abnormal HRM (20-aperistalsis, 10-Distal Esophageal Spasms, 8-Jackhammer Esophagus and 82-Ineffective Motility). Allograft function was assessed by Forced Expiratory Volume in 1-second (FEV1) over time. Long-term risk of mortality was assessed non-parametrically by Kaplan-Meier method and parametrically by a multiphase hazard model. Results Pre-transplant esophageal dysmotility was not associated with worse survival after lung transplantation (P= .7). One year overall survival was 95%, 92% and 90% respectively for patients with aperistalsis, dysmotility and normal motility while 5-year OS was 67%, 69% and 65% respectively. On univariate analysis, patients with non-caucasian ethnicity and group B disease were more likely to have dysmotility. On post-transplant pH testing, patients with abnormal motility had greater acid exposure time and higher Demeester scores along with lower residual LES pressure. Abnormal HRM prior to lung transplantation was not significantly associated with biopsy proven acute lung rejection (P= .5) or allograft function (P= .5). Conclusion Esophageal dysmotility is not associated with poor allograft function or worse post-transplant survival. Favorable outcomes can be achieved with careful selection and post-transplant management. Such patients should not be disqualified solely on the basis of esophageal dysmotility.
Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus-adapted group prenatal care.

BACKGROUND Efforts to further decrease perinatal transmission of HIV include efforts to improve engagement and retention in prenatal care. Group prenatal care has been reported to have benefits in certain other high-risk groups of pregnant women but has not been previously evaluated in pregnant women living with HIV. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate changes in HIV knowledge, stigma, social support, depression, self-efficacy, and medication adherence after HIV-adapted group prenatal care. STUDY DESIGN All women living with HIV who presented for prenatal care at ≤30 weeks' gestation in Harris Health System (Houston, TX) between September 2013 and December 2017 were offered either group or individual HIV-focused prenatal care. Patients were recruited for the study at their initial prenatal visit. HIV topics, such as HIV facts, disclosure, medication adherence, safe sex and conception, retention in care, and postdelivery baby testing, were added to the standard CenteringPregnancy curriculum (ten 2-hour sessions per pregnancy). Knowledge and attitudes toward factors associated with adherence to HIV treatment regimens (stigma, loneliness, perceived social support, and depressive symptoms) were compared on written pre- and postsurveys. Surveys included 58 items derived from validated scales, with Likert and dichotomous responses. McNemar's test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and paired t-tests compared pre- and postsurvey responses. RESULTS A total of 190 women living with HIV received prenatal care in the clinic during the study period, 93 (49%) of whom participated in CenteringHIV. A total of 66 Centering participants enrolled in the study and 42 of those completed the pre- and postsurveys. Among women in the Centering program who completed pre- and postsurveys, significant differences were noted with improved perceived social support from family (P=.011) and friends (P=.005), decreased depression (Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale, ≥10; 43% vs 18%; P<.001; Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale score mean (standard deviation), 9.3 (5.8) pre vs 5.2 (4.9) post; P<.001), and decreased missed medication doses related to depressed mood (P=.014). No statistically significant differences were noted in HIV knowledge, HIV stigma, attitude, or self-efficacy. CONCLUSION HIV-focused group prenatal care may positively affect perceived social support and depression scores, factors that are closely associated with antiretroviral adherence and retention in the care for pregnant women living with HIV.
The Effects of Early Voting on Congressional Campaign Expenditures: 1980-2004

By increasing the number of days voters are able to vote, candidates in states with early voting are forced to spend more on voter mobilization activities. The expectation is that campaign spending will rise in states with early voting, ceteris paribus. We study the effects of early voting on campaign spending in elections to the U.S. House of Representatives for the period 1984-2006. House races provide a modicum of control for the variety of factors that impact campaign expenditures across the 50 states. Controlling for other determinants of congressional campaign spending, we observe significantly higher congressional spending per vote cast in states with early voting.
Heterogeneous Integration for Silicon Photonic Systems: Challenges and Approaches

The promise of silicon integrated circuits with their electronic or photonic functionality enhanced via heterogeneous integration has motivated significant work in understanding and overcoming the barriers to realizing such an IC. Additional hurdles must be overcome when integrating devices that are highly sensitive to temperature variation such as semiconductor lasers. Challenges in the heterogeneous integration process will be reviewed, and approaches for heterogeneous integration that have the potential to enable silicon ICs with enhanced functionality will be discussed in the context of integrated photonic systems.
The Effects of Prey Species Presence on Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) Foraging Behaviors

We investigated Sistrurus miliarius (Pygmy Rattlesnake) foraging in field behavior trials by filming rattlesnakes found in typical foraging postures and randomly exposing each snake to 1 of 3 prey-stimulus treatments: frog, anole, or control. Treatment snakes were presented with a prey item tethered away from the snake using dental floss, while control snakes were exposed to a similarly placed piece of floss with no attached prey. We observed 3 instances of caudal luring and found that Pygmy Rattlesnakes tongue-flicked and respired at significantly higher rates if they relocated during the trial. There was no statistically significant effect of prey type on relocation or respiration rate. Our research provides an adaptable methodological framework for studying foraging behavior in free-ranging predators using introduced, responsive prey.
Telehealth to increase access to transplant survivorship care for allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients regardless of distance to transplant center or neighborhood income.

e13615Background: Transplant Survivorship Clinic at our institution serves to improve outcomes and overall health of allogeneic transplant survivors. The COVID19 pandemic allowed for growth of tele...
Detection of high-valent iron species in alloyed oxidic cobaltates for catalysing the oxygen evolution reaction

Iron alloying of oxidic cobaltate catalysts results in catalytic activity for oxygen evolution on par with Ni-Fe oxides in base but at much higher alloying compositions. Zero-field 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) are able to clearly identify Fe4+ in mixed-metal Co-Fe oxides. The highest Fe4+ population is obtained in the 40–60% Fe alloying range, and XAS identifies the ion residing in an octahedral oxide ligand field. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, as reflected in Tafel analysis of CoFeOx films in 1 M KOH, tracks the absolute concentration of Fe4+. The results reported herein suggest an important role for the formation of the Fe4+ redox state in activating cobaltate OER catalysts at high iron loadings. The capturing of high valent iron in a catalytic reaction is important but difficult task. Here, the authors report identification of a high-valent Fe(IV)-species with different spectroscopic tools such as Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy during the course of an oxygen evolving reaction.
Photonic Meron Spin Texture in Momentum Space

We show that a momentum-space meron spin texture for electromagnetic fields in free space can be generated by controlling the interaction of light with a photonic crystal slab having a nonzero Berry curvature. Our work highlights the opportunities of using photonic structures for the exploration of topological spin textures. .
A Case of Steroid-Associated Expressive Aphasia.

Expressive aphasia (non-fluent aphasia) is characterized by the inability to produce words or sentences. The most common cause of expressive aphasia is stroke, usually due to thrombus or emboli in the middle cerebellar artery or internal carotid artery affecting Broca's area. We present an important, reversible, and previously undescribed cause of a purely expressive aphasia secondary to steroid use. A case of a steroid-induced expressive aphasia has not yet been described in the medical literature. Recognition of this presentation is critical to appropriate therapy and excess morbidity, particularly as steroid (dexamethasone) utilization has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Peritoneal fluid cytology associated with benign neoplastic ovarian tumors in women

Abstract Cellular morphologic examinations and cytogenetic analyses of peritoneal fluid were performed in women who had the most common types of benign neoplastic ovarian tumors. These ovarian tumors exfoliate cells into the peritoneal cavity which are either like those cells seen in the tumor or suggestive of the tumor. An office procedure, culdocentesis, was used to obtain the peritoneal fluid specimens. Morphologic examination of the cells can assist the physician to detect ovarian neoplasms in the early stages of development and to differentiate benign from malignant neoplasms.
Parents’ Aggression Toward Children and Children’s Own Aggression

The topic of parenting and aggression can be approached from two main perspectives. The first involves understanding parents’ aggression toward children. The second involves understanding how parenting is related to children’s own aggression. Parents’ aggression toward children can take physical (corporal punishment, physical abuse) or nonphysical forms (derogatory verbal comments, psychological control). Aggression toward children is associated with negative child outcomes and is a violation of children’s right to protection. Children’s own aggression is predicted by harsh, coercive forms of parenting and by a lack of warmth, acceptance, and positive responsiveness. Cultural contexts shape parents’ and children’s aggression, in large part by providing a context in which aggression is condoned or condemned.
Much Ado About Very Little: Derek Brereton on the Purported Death of Cultural Relativism

(2011). Much Ado About Very Little. Journal of Critical Realism: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 511-519.
User-defined types and procedural data structures as complementary approaches to data abstraction

User-defined types (or modes) and procedural (or functional) data structures are complementary methods for data abstraction, each providing a capability lacked by the other. With user-defined types, all information about the representation of a particular kind of data is centralized in a type definition and hidden from the rest of the program. With procedural data structures, each part of the program which creates data can specify its own representation, independently of any representations used elsewhere for the same kind of data. However, this decentralization of the description of data is achieved at the cost of prohibiting primitive operations from accessing the representations of more than one data item. The contrast between these approaches is illustrated by a simple example.
CULTURAL PRODUCTION AND THE DIGITAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

The Digital Rights Movement is an effort by activists and advocacy organizations to expand consumer rights in media content use. A central argument for legitimating those rights pivots on a view of culture as a participatory endeavour. This article focuses on the Movement's use of the discourse of culture and digital technology describing (1) how the Movement positions culture as necessarily participatory; (2) the role of mediating technologies in achieving a culture that is participatory; and (3) the connection of those visions to a discourse of free speech in the form of what is termed here, remix speech. The article suggests that adopting this view of culture and media consumption can result in a politics of participatory culture, where the political economic arrangements of the cultural industries and consumers are realigned.
Involvement of the δ‐opioid receptor in exercise‐induced cardioprotection

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does the δ-opioid receptor trigger exercise-induced cardioprotection against ischaemia–reperfusion injury? What is the main finding and its importance? In exercised hearts, the δ-opioid receptor appears to trigger cardioprotection against ischaemia–reperfusion-induced tissue necrosis but not apoptosis. Abstract Endogenous opioids mediate exercise-induced cardioprotection against ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, although the opioid receptor subtype mediating this effect is unknown. We investigated whether the δ-opioid receptor mediates exercise-induced cardioprotection against IR injury. Endogenous opioids are produced in various tissues, including the heart and skeletal muscle; therefore, we also sought to identify the effect of exercise on circulating endogenous opioid as well as transcript, protein and receptor expression in heart and skeletal muscle. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 73) were assigned randomly to treadmill exercise or sedentary treatments. Cardiac tissue and serum were harvested 0, 20 and 120 min following exercise and from sedentary animals (n = 32) to quantify effects on proenkephalin and δ-opioid receptor mRNA and protein levels, as well as serum enkephalin. Skeletal muscle (soleus) was harvested at identical time points for determination of proenkephalin protein and mRNA. A separate group of rats (n = 41) were randomly assigned to sham operation (Sham; surgical control), sedentary (Sed), exercise (Ex) or exercise + δ-opioid receptor antagonist (ExD; naltrindole, 5 mg kg−1 i.p.) and received IR by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in vivo. After IR, tissues were harvested to quantify treatment effects on necrosis and apoptosis. Cardiac proenkephalin mRNA expression increased following exercise (0 min, P = 0.03; 120 min, P = 0.021), while soleus expression was unaffected. Exercise-induced changes in serum enkephalin were undetectable. After IR, tissue necrosis was elevated in Sed and ExD hearts (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) compared with the Sham group, while the Ex group was partly protected. After IR, apoptosis was evident in Sed hearts (P = 0.016), while Ex and ExD hearts were protected. Data suggest that cardioprotective opioids are produced by the heart, but not by the soleus. After IR, the δ-opioid receptor may mediate, in part, cardioprotection against necrosis but not apoptosis.
Retinal direction selectivity after targeted laser ablation of starburst amacrine cells

Directionally selective retinal ganglion cells respond strongly when a stimulus moves in their preferred direction, but respond little or not at all when it moves in the opposite direction. This selectivity represents a classic paradigm of computation by neural microcircuits, but its cellular mechanism remains obscure. The directionally selective ganglion cells receive many synapses from a type of amacrine cell termed 'starburst' because of its regularly spaced, evenly radiating dendrites. Starburst amacrine cells have a synaptic asymmetry that has been proposed as the source of the directional response in the ganglion cells. Here we report experiments that make this unlikely, and offer an alternative concept of the function of starburst cells. We labelled starburst cells in living retinas, then killed them by targeted laser ablation while recording from individual directionally selective ganglion cells. Ablating starburst cells revealed no asymmetric contribution to the ganglion cell response. Instead of being direction discriminators, the starburst cells appear to potentiate generically the responses of ganglion cells to moving stimuli. The origin of direction selectivity probably lies with another type of amacrine cell.
That avatar is looking at me! social inhibition in virtual worlds

What effect does controlling an avatar, while in the presence of other virtual agents, have on task performance in virtual worlds? Would the type of view have an influence on this effect? We conducted a study to observe the effects of social inhibition/facilitation traditionally seen in human-to-human interaction. The theory of social inhibition/facilitation states that the presence of others causes people to perform worse on complex tasks and better on simple tasks. Simple tasks are well-learned, easy tasks, while complex tasks require more thought processes to complete the task. Participants interacted in a virtual world through control of an avatar. Using this avatar, they completed both simple and complex math tasks in both 1st person and 3rd person views, either in the presence of another female virtual agent, male agent, or alone. The results from this study show that gender of virtual agents has an effect on real humans' sense of presence in the virtual world. Trends exist for inhibition and facilitation based on the gender of the agent and the view type. We have also identified several challenges in conducting experimental studies in virtual worlds. Our results may have implications on designing for education and training purposes in virtual worlds.
Effects of transport container and ambient storage temperature on motion characteristics of equine spermatozoa.

This study was conducted to compare the cooling rates and storage temperatures within equine semen transport containers exposed to different ambient temperatures, and to evaluate the ability of these containers to preserve spermatozoal motility following 24 h of storage under these conditions. In Experiment 1, nonfat dried milk solids, glucose, sucrose, equine semen extender was divided into seven 40-mL aliquots and loaded into seven different semen transport containers: Equitainer I, Equitainer II, Equitainer III, ExpectaFoal, Bio-Flite, Lane STS, and Equine Express. After containers were loaded, they were subjected to one of three ambient storage temperatures: 1) 22 degrees C for 72 h, 2) -20 degrees C for 6 h followed by 22 degrees C for 66 h, or 3) 37 degrees C for 72 h. Cooling rates and storage temperatures of semen extender in each container were monitored with thermocouples and a chart recorder. In Experiment 2, semen from each of three stallions (3 ejaculates per stallion) was diluted to 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL with semen extender, divided into 40 mL aliquots and loaded into transport containers as in Experiment I. Containers were subjected to one of three ambient storage conditions: 1) 22 degrees C for 24 h, 2) -20 degrees C for 6 h, followed by 22 degrees C for 18 h, or 3) 37 degrees C for 24 h. After 24 h of storage, spermatozoal motion characteristics (percentage of motile spermatozoa; MOT, percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa; PMOT, and mean curvilinear velocity; VCL) were evaluated using a computerized spermatozoal motion analyzer. Significant interactions were detected among storage conditions and semen transport containers for the majority of the temperature endpoints measured. When exposed to temporary ambient freezing conditions, the lowest temperatures attained by samples in containers ranged from -2.8 to 0.8 degrees C. Lowest temperature samples attained was not correlated (P > 0.05) with spermatozoal motility under any ambient condition. However, time below 4 degrees C was highly correlated (P 0.05). Results suggest that stallion semen may be able to tolerate a wider range of cooling rates and storage temperatures than previously considered safe.
Mechanical compatibilization of immiscible blends

The mechanical properties of a variety of immiscible binary blends, with and without third component polymeric compatibilizers, are reviewed and qualitatively related to the degree of adhesion between blend components as determined by lap shear testing. Generally, blends comprised of components which adhere well, one to the other, show improved ductility relative to blends of components which do not adhere, Similarly, polymeric compatibilizers are found to be more effective for improving the properties of a binary blend system if they adhere well to both primary components of the immiscible mixture. These results suggest that adhesion between phases in the mixture strongly influences the ultimate properties of the blend. Some evidence is presented which suggests that components which adhere well are partially miscible.
An extension of the monocentric urban spatial equilibrium model to a multicenter setting: The case of the two-center city

Abstract Firms in a monocentric city conforming in substance to the “new urban economics” produce an export commodity under agglomeration economies and employ homogeneous labor and capital. Workers reside about the CBD in decreasing densities with distance. A developer establishes a second export production center within the city's residential area. Conditions for economic viability and growth of the subcenter are examined, and its impacts on short-run and long-run city location patterns are discussed. A limiting condition on subcenter employment size is provided.
Insectan aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase generates benzo[a]pyrene metabolites that bind to protein and DNA

Abstract 1. Oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by Spodoptera eridania microsomal enzymes generates metabolites that bind to biological macromolecules. 2. Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by topical application of polychlorinated biphenyls stimulates benzo[a]pyrene metabolite binding. 3. Procudures that inhibit aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity also decrease metabolite binding. 4. The data imply that insectan microsomal oxidases, in addition to their role in detoxication mechanisms, are capable of metabolically activating polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens.
Developments in geodetic theory

Advanced Physical Geodesy. By H. Moritz. Pp.500. (Abacus: Tunbridge Wells, UK/International Scholarly Book Services: Oregon, 1980.) £26, $57.
Integrated performance of liquid-based solar heating systems

Abstract A closed form model for the integrated performance of liquid-based solar heating systems is presented. The model is general enough to be used for most liquid-based systems. It can be used for systems with either flat plate or concentrating collectors and the load is not restricted to space heating applications. Three new system parameter are introduced by this model. These are the system heat storage factor, the solar distribution factor and the load distribution factor. These three factors respectively account for the reduction in system performancev which results from finite storage, non-uniform solar flux and non-uniform load. These factors are discussed in detail and closed form mathematical expressions, from which numerical values can be calculated, as persented.
Reported incidence of injuries caused by street glass among urban children in Philadelphia.

Setting—Children (18 years of age or younger) in the Ludlow community of Philadelphia. Methods—A retrospective analysis of lacerations sustained while walking outdoors. A personal survey was conducted with 241 children on a door to door basis. Glass litter was measured by visual inspection of individual streets. Results—Of 241 children, 83 (34%) had been cut at least once while walking outdoors. Of the 83, 62 were not wearing footwear at the time of injury. The majority of lacerations (86%) were caused by broken glass. Thirty nine of the 83 children received professional medical care for the laceration. Broken glass was estimated to be present on 30% of the outdoor walking area. Conclusions—Broken glass is a significant health problem on littered urban streets. Preventive measures such as street cleaning, footwear education, and glass recycling incentives are needed to address this public health hazard.
Improving extreme-scale problem solving: assessing electronic brainstorming effectiveness in an industrial setting.

Objective: An experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of individual versus group electronic brainstorming to address difficult, real-world challenges. Background: Although industrial ...
Determinants of the success of whole-genome association testing

The convergence of an aging population and spiraling health care costs have produced a perfect storm of urgency for understanding the causal basis for common chronic disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. At issue is the role of genetics in providing solid, practical answers to contemporary public health challenges. The International HapMap Project has staked out ambitious claims, and the time to deliver on these promises approaches. We anticipate that analyses of HapMap data will suggest better study designs for identifying genetic variants that predict risk of chronic complex disorders. These studies will entail enormous costs, yet the answers to many important questions about the optimal design remain unanswered. The brave and the wealthy will be able to proceed without answers to these questions, and, indeed, some have experienced success (Hinds et al. 2004; Klein et al. 2005). At a time when many research groups are about to leap into the enterprise of whole-genome association testing, it seems prudent to reflect on assumptions that are being made and challenges that lie ahead. Our intent is not to question the fundamental idea of linkage disequilibrium mapping (Weiss and Terwilliger 2000), but rather to point out the hidden and untested assumptions implicit in using tag SNPs for linkage disequilibrium mapping of common diseases using samples from human populations. Our hope is to avoid expensive mistakes that may emerge if we ignore the assumptions related to study design and analysis, and blindly generate genotypes for large population studies with the hope that somehow LD mapping analysis will produce useful results. Some of the factors that will have an impact on the efficacy of HapMap for providing guidelines for whole-genome association testing can be summarized as follows:
Robust Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Using Taguchi Method

The robust design of horizontal axis wind turbines, including both parameter design and tolerance design, is presented. A simple way of designing robust horizontal axis wind turbine systems under realistic conditions is outlined with multiple design parameters (variables), multiple objectives, and multiple constraints simultaneously by using the traditional Taguchi method and its extensions. The performance of the turbines is predicted using the axial momentum theory and the blade element momentum theory. In the parameter design stage, the energy output of the turbine is maximized using the Taguchi method and an extended penalty-based Taguchi method is proposed to solve constrained parameter design problems. The results of the unconstrained and constrained parameter design problems, in terms of the objective function and constraints are compared. Using an appropriate set of tolerance settings of the parameters, the tolerance design problem is formulated so as to yield an economical design, while ensuring a minimal variability in the performance of the wind turbine. The resulting multi-objective tolerance design problem is solved using the traditional Taguchi method. The present work provides a simple and economical approach for the robust optimal design of horizontal axis wind turbines.
Near-infrared radiometer standards

We are developing new detector-based radiometric scales in the near infrared to extend existing spectral radiant power calibrations to spectral irradiance and radiance calibrations. High accuracy irradiance and radiance meters have been developed to realize these new detector-based radiometric scales. Mechanical, optical, and radiometric design considerations of Ge and InGaAs radiometers are discussed. Calibration principles and design considerations of the calibration setup are also described. Several results of preliminary radiometric characterizations are reported.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Forest production and the organization of foliage within crowns and canopies

Abstract A non-foliated area (or ‘bare inner core’) develops in the interior of tree crowns as the size of the crown increases during stand development. We examined the relationship between mean bare core volume and both stand density and mean crown volume, and its association with the production of stemwood volume for two conifer species, Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Abies lasiocarpa . Mean bare core volume decreased with absolute stand density and increased with mean crown volume for both species. As crown size increased, so did the proportion of total crown volume occupied by the bare core. Small bare core volumes were associated with small, efficient crowns, and large bare core volumes were associated with large, less efficient crowns. Mean bare core volume was negatively related to the mean ratio of crown surface area to volume but was not correlated with an index of crown slenderness, two characteristics which are assumed to be important in the development of crop tree ideotypes. The small mean bare core volume and associated increased efficiency of stemwood production at high stand densities increased per hectare productivity for both species, thereby indicating how differing density management regimes influence stand production.
Toward the Functional Analysis of the Dictyostelium discoideum Genome1

Dictyostelium discoideum is a useful model for molecular studies of cell biology and development. The 34-megabase Dictyostelium genome is currently being sequenced through the efforts of an international consortium. The genome is expected to encode 8-10,000 genes, including all those required for a free-living eukaryote capable of multicellular development. A complete description of the Dictyostelium genome will open the way toward the application of genome-based experimental approaches to studies of cell biology and development in this organism, and allow detailed physiological and evolutionary comparisons to other species.
Brain Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mechanistically Distinguishes the Saline-Intake and Hypertensive Response to Deoxycorticosterone Acetate–Salt

Endoplasmic reticulum stress has become an important mechanism in hypertension. We examined the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating the increased saline-intake and hypertensive effects in response to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt. Intracerebroventricular delivery of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-reducing chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid did not affect the magnitude of hypertension, but markedly decreased saline-intake in response to DOCA-salt. Increased saline-intake returned after tauroursodeoxycholic acid was terminated. Decreased saline-intake was also observed after intracerebroventricular infusion of 4-phenylbutyrate, another chemical chaperone. Immunoreactivity to CCAAT homologous binding protein, a marker of irremediable endoplasmic reticulum stress, was increased in the subfornical organ and supraoptic nucleus of DOCA-salt mice, but the signal was absent in control and CCAAT homologous binding protein-deficient mice. Electron microscopy revealed abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum structure (decrease in membrane length, swollen membranes, and decreased ribosome numbers) in the subfornical organ consistent with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Subfornical organ-targeted adenoviral delivery of GRP78, a resident endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, decreased DOCA-salt-induced saline-intake. The increase in saline-intake in response to DOCA-salt was blunted in CCAAT homologous binding protein-deficient mice, but these mice exhibited a normal hypertensive response. We conclude that (1) brain endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates the saline-intake, but not blood pressure response to DOCA-salt, (2) DOCA-salt causes endoplasmic reticulum stress in the subfornical organ, which when attenuated by GRP78 blunts saline-intake, and (3) CCAAT homologous binding protein may play a functional role in DOCA-salt-induced saline-intake. The results suggest a mechanistic distinction between the importance of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating effects of DOCA-salt on saline-intake and blood pressure.
Performance of Ductile Iron Pipes. I: Characterization of External Corrosion Patterns

AbstractDuctile iron pipes have been used in North America since the late 1950s. This paper describes research that endeavored to gain a thorough understanding of the geometry of external corrosion pits and the factors (e.g., soil properties, appurtenances, and service connections) that influence this geometry. This understanding is subsequently used in the companion paper to devise a sampling scheme and to infer the condition of ductile iron buried water mains. Soil corrosivity is not a directly measurable parameter, and pipe external corrosion is primarily a random phenomenon. The literature is replete with methods and systems that attempt to use soil properties (e.g., resistivity, pH, and redox potential) to quantify soil corrosivity and subsequently predict pipe corrosion. In this research, varying lengths of ductile iron pipes were exhumed by several North American water utilities. The exhumed pipes were cut into short sections, sandblasted, and tagged. Soil samples were also obtained at discrete loc...
Natural and Hydraulic Fracture Interaction Study Based on Semi-Circular Bending Experiments

Hydraulic fracturing is an indispensable technique for developing uncon ventional resources such as shale gas and tight oil. According to micro -seismic data, when hydraulic fractures interact with pre -existing natural fractures, the result can be a complex fracture network. While most simul ation studies treat natural fractures as frictional interface s with cohesion, core observations show that partially cemented and fully cemented natural fractures are widely present. We use semi-circular bending tests to examine propagation paths and strength of samples with pre-existing cemented fractures. In this study, s ynthetic Hydrostone samples with embedded inclusions of different mechanical properties are used to mimic cemented natural fractures. In a series of experiments, we assess the influence of the fracture approach angle , inclusion strength, and inclusion thickness on fracture propagation. Results show that fractures tend to cross inclusion with high approach a ngle and divert into the inclusion with low approach angle. The inclusion thickness does not c hange the crossing/diverting behavior for orthogonal approaching samples, but it changes the jog dis tance along the interface. Preliminary simulation results are used to explain the experimental observation. The asses sments of fracture interaction in this study are in good agreement with previous work and theories.
Linking Wrongdoing and Consequence: A Developmental Analysis of Children's Punishment Orientation

Abstract Young children's ability to use open-ended punishment decisions as a way of distinguishing between different types of transgressions (moral, safety-related, and social-conventional) was examined. A structured interview based on a series of 6 transgression vignettes was administered to 20 children in each of 3 age groups: 4 to 5 years old, 7 to 8 years old, and 10 to 11 years old. Intensity ratings of the children's punishment decisions suggested that they found moral transgressions to be those least acceptable to violate, followed by safety-related, and finally social-conventional transgressions. Children's open-ended punishment choices also revealed the belief, regardless of age, that moral transgressions should be punished more than safety-related or social-conventional transgressions. In addition, analyses of the justifications children provided for their punishment choices revealed that with increasing age children are more likely to recognize the preventive function of punishment and the neg...
Axially symmetric aligned microcell (ASM) mode: Electro-optical characteristics of new display mode with excellent wide viewing angle

The new LCD display mode (ASM mode) which has the axially symmetric orientation of liquid crystal molecules and the micro-cell structure corresponding to each pixel is described in this paper. The electro-optic characteristics of this mode afford high contrast (CR ≥ 200, at normal direction) and the wide viewing angle characteristics without contrast inversion (±60° in both up-down and left-right directions).
Kinetic analysis of isotope exchange from a cylinder containing dissociable non-permeable interacting substance

Abstract A kinetic analysis was determined of an isotopic exchange between a cylinder containing non permeable interacting substance and an infinitely large sink. Fick's second law of diffusion coupled with reversible first-order reaction was used for the analysis. The analysis was made in two conditions, one without mixing and the other with complete mixing of the sample in the cylinder. The equations expressing the amount of radioisotope remaining in the cylinder were derived as a function of time. These show that the appearance of the multi-exponential curves occur whenever the chemical reaction rate constant is close to or smaller than the diffusion constant. If the reaction rate constant is very large, the overall rate of decrease in the isotope in the cylinder is expressed as straight diffusion from a cylinder. The observable “rate constant” in the latter case is a function of the ratio of isotope between “free” and “bound” phases. The equation can be used experimentally to determine the ratio of the isotope in the “bound” and “free” phases of the sample if the membrane is a truly rate-determining step of the isotopic exchange.
PREVENTION OF POST-ANAESTHESIA SHIVERING

This study involves ventilation of the lungs with warmed humidified anaesthetic gases during prolonged elective abdominal operations. Tympanic, oesophageal and toe temperatures were compared between twenty warmed and twenty un-warmed patients at various times during operation and recovery. Fifty per cent (10/20) unwarmed patients shivered in the recovery room, while none of the warmed patients shivered. Our data indicate that pulmonary ventilation with warm humidified anaesthetic gases provides heat transfer by the lungs, preventing hypothermia during operation and post-anaesthesia shivering is prevented by maintaining the patient normothermic in both the operating room and the recovery room.
A prospective survey for central line skin-site colonization by the pathogen Malassezia furfur among hospitalized adults receiving total parenteral nutrition

BACKGROUND Over 50 case reports suggest that Malassezia furfur is an emerging systemic pathogen in neonates who receive IV lipid emulsions. Because isolation of this fungus requires special culture techniques, which are not routinely used, the authors of many case reports of M. furfur infections in adults question whether infections caused by this organism are being underdiagnosed in older patients. METHODS Catheter insertion site colonization rates in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were prospectively evaluated in 149 hospitalized patients with 928 cultures handled specifically for M. furfur detection. Positive control samples consisted of M. furfur cultures in neonates and in adults, who had not been enrolled in the study, and of a separate positive culture obtained from a skin site inoculated with M. furfur. RESULTS M. furfur was not cultured from any of the 928 study samples (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.4% to +0.4%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that M. furfur is less of a threat to hospitalized adults receiving TPN than has been otherwise postulated. These data do not support the inclusion of special cultures for M. furfur in routine skin-site surveillance programs among hospitalized adults receiving TPN.
A road map to new product success: warranty, advertisement and price

In today’s hyper-competitive marketplace, new product introduction is commonly viewed as a vehicle for profitably growing businesses, yet market success remains rare and new innovative products fail at stunning rates. Current corporate thinking identifies a number of potential reasons, one of which lies in the poor execution of marketing-mix strategies. In this paper, we analyze how best to structure the marketing strategy of a company to foster and leverage his innovative new product with a focus on three variables—namely warranty duration, advertising spending and selling price—and attempt to provide a theoretical explanation for factors that affect optimal trajectories of these variables over time. We also conduct a detailed numerical study in order to test which market- and product-related factors have the most influence on and best explain the company’s new product introduction strategy, and illustrate the associated profit impacts. Our analysis proposes a time-variant threshold on advertising spending that structures the company’s marketing strategy over time. Secondly, we point out that warranty duration and price collectively follow the pattern of the diffusion curve of the new product, but reach their maximum levels before the new product matures. We also provide guidance about the effect of such market- and product-related factors as referral power, failure rates and effectiveness of advertising spending on a company’s new product introduction strategy.
The canonical function game

The canonical function game is a game of length ω1 introduced by W. Hugh Woodin which falls inside a class of games known as Neeman games. Using large cardinals, we show that it is possible to force that the game is not determined. We also discuss the relationship between this result and Σ22 absoluteness, cardinality spectra and Π2 maximality for H(ω2) relative to the Continuum Hypothesis.