cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The National Project on Achievement in Twins

The National Project on Achievement in Twins (NatPAT) began in 2017 as part of the third funding cycle of the Florida Learning Disabilities Research Center, a program project grant funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development. NatPAT will have a nationally representative sample of elementary school-aged twins in the United States. The overall goal of the project is to uncover salient factors, including genetic and environmental influences, which contribute to the co-development of reading and math performance during the critical developmental period of elementary school. Here we present the specific aims, methods and materials, and future directions of the project.
Tree species at risk from nitrogen deposition in the northeastern United States: A geospatial analysis of effects of multiple stressors using exceedance of critical loads

Abstract A recently developed online GIS tool, Nitrogen Critical Loads Assessment by Site (N-CLAS), was used to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change on 23 tree species of management concern in the northeastern United States. The N-CLAS tool calculates and maps critical loads, target loads, and exceedances across the landscape by linking information on the relationships between N deposition, tree growth and environmental conditions with high resolution geospatial data for species composition and abiotic modifying factors (topography, climate, and soils). Outputs can be customized to capture specific species, locations or applications of interest to land managers. The summary analyses presented here show that most forests in the northeastern United States are at risk of detrimental effects from N deposition, although the extent and magnitude of the risk varies spatially. Eighty-six percent of the forested area in the region (98 M acres) is in exceedance of the critical load. The magnitude of this exceedance is highest (6–8 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in the southwestern part of the study region where N deposition is highest (e.g. North Central Hardwood Forests, Erie Drift Plain, Driftless Area, and Southern Michigan/Northern Indiana Drift Plains ecoregions). The magnitude of exceedance is lowest (1–2 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in the northeastern and northwestern part of the study area where N deposition is lowest (e.g. Acadian Plains and Hills and the Northern Minnesota Wetland ecoregions). White pine (Pinus strobus), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) are in exceedance of the critical load across large portions of the study area–between 31 and 56 million acres are in exceedance for each species. Red pine (Pinus resinosa), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and chestnut oak (Quercus montana), which occur over a small geographic extent, are in exceedance of the critical load over 89 to 100 percent of their range. N-CLAS provides land managers easy access to a tool with significant refinement in determining empirical critical loads at a spatial resolution applicable to forest management. This represents an important step towards improving our understanding of the potential risk to forests in the northeastern U.S and linking current state of the science to decision making processes on the ground.
Citizen Scientist: Frank von Hippel’s Adventures in Nuclear Arms Control PART 4. Soviet Nuclear Transparency, the Collapse and After

von Hippel describes a transparency tour during the summer of 1989 to the Soviet Union’s first plutonium-production complex in the Urals and to the Soviet test site for anti-satellite lasers in Kaz...
Divine law divided: Francisco de Vitoria on civil and ecclesiastical powers

Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1485–1546) is well-known for his philosophical contributions to natural rights and international law. However, his extensive work on the conflict between civil authority an...
Assignments: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow--Today.

OBSERVERS of mathematics teachers often comment how easy it is to predict what they will observe in a mathematics classroom. First the class will go over the homework. This includes checking an swers and answering any questions. Then there will be a short lesson?normally, in spite of all the lip service given to "dis covery" teaching, this will be a lecture. And finally the homework assignment will be given, and the students will begin working on it. The better mathematics teachers recog nize that monotony can result if their classroom organization falls into the rut described above. These teachers try to vary their classroom procedures. Labora tory lessons, discussions, inductive learn ing, multimedia aids, as well as lectures can be used in many different ways to provide some variety. Yet, in spite of this plethora of teaching techniques, even the most experienced teachers have a tend ency to fail to use the daily assignment to its best advantage. Mathematics educators generally agree that the experience a student receives while solving problems involving a given concept both enhances his understanding of that concept and improves his retention of it. In spite of this, little attention has been given to the structure of the assign ment that provides this vital experience. The purpose of this article is to analyze the assignment procedure most often used in the mathematics classroom, dis cuss areas in which this procedure is in consistent with empirical research evi dence and learning theories, and propose corrective measures that are available to the classroom teacher. Throughout this article the authors will use the term "assignment" to refer to work given to a student that should be completed by the next class meeting. Work on an assignment can be done not only at home but at any convenient loca tion?even at school in the mathematics classroom.
The consequences of gamma-ray burst jet opening angle evolution on the inferred star formation rate

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) data suggest that the jets from GRBs in the high redshift universe are more narrowly collimated than those at lower redshifts. This implies that we detect relatively fewer long GRB progenitor systems (i.e. massive stars) at high redshifts, because a greater fraction of GRBs have their jets pointed away from us. As a result, estimates of the star formation rate (from the GRB rate) at high redshifts may be diminished if this effect is not taken into account. In this paper, we estimate the star formation rate (SFR) using the observed GRB rate, accounting for an evolving jet opening angle. We find that the SFR in the early universe (z > 3) can be up to an order of magnitude higher than the canonical estimates, depending on the severity of beaming angle evolution and the fraction of stars that make long gamma-ray bursts. Additionally, we find an excess in the SFR at low redshifts, although this lessens when accounting for evolution of the beaming angle. Finally, under the assumption that GRBs do in fact trace canonical forms of the cosmic SFR, we constrain the resulting fraction of stars that must produce GRBs, again accounting for jet beaming-angle evolution. We find this assumption suggests a high fraction of stars in the early universe producing GRBs - a result that may, in fact, support our initial assertion that GRBs do not trace canonical estimates of the SFR.
Low-environmental-interference & highly-sensitive TMR biosensor for in-vitro diagnosis application

The Tunnel Magnetoresistance (TMR) biosensor with different magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) aspect ratios was developed. With the specific designs and the process development, the sensing distance of the active sensor could be shortened to 74.2 nm to obtain larger magnetic bead (MB) induced signal and the reference sensor, whose sensing distance was 350 nm thicker than that of the active sensor, was used as the baseline during the detection to eliminate the environment noise. The simulation method which could well characterize the TMR element was also developed. Finally, the experimental results of the MB detection was shown. W1/L8 MTJ structure, whose resistance was $40 \mathrm{k}\Omega$, had the highest sensitivity $(0.444 \Omega /$MB). Overall, according to the various designs of the MTJ structures, the TMR biosensor with low environmental interference and high sensitivity could be used in variety of the in-vitro diagnosis of Point of Care (PoC) applications in future.
Simulation of Creeping Wave Propagation in Electrically Large Curved Surface Using HFSS

A creeping wave propagating through a curved convex surface may contribute to electromagnetic scattering, which could be critical for potential applications such as RCS prediction and autonomous vehicles where many antennas are mounted. ANSYS HFSS provides a robust and reliable computer simulation for addressing such an important issue. The comprehensive solver utilizes the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) plus creeping wave (CW) approach, which ideally suited for the faster solution of electrically large electromagnetic problems. Moreover, it facilitates the multi-variable parametric optimization – desirable to achieve the mission objective.
Diagnosis of Trigeminal Nerve Conditions

Headaches and other mimics of trigeminal neuralgia can cause confusion in the workup of the underlying etiology of head and facial pain. Presented in this chapter are the diagnostic features including history, physical exam, and imaging that will assist clinicians in distinguishing trigeminal neuralgia and other painful trigeminal nerve conditions.
With High Court Blessing, Sports Gambling Set to Rocket

Nearing the close of its six-year lifespan, one of the most anticipated decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court term, Murphy v. NCAA, Docket No. 16-476, is poised to change both the gambling and sports industries. While the court looks ready to strike down the federal ban on sports gambling, namely the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act, or PAPSA, the battle to legalize sports gambling in the individual states the “right way” will see the real fight between the sports and gambling industries.
Understanding the EMR error control practices among gynecologic physicians

An “EMR error” refers to any incorrect, incomplete, or inconsistent patient information entered into electronic medical records (EMRs). Currently, the administering clinicians “manually” resolve such errors. Designing automated error control algorithms is a significant, and yet under-explored, informatics problem. In this study, we assess the EMR error detection abilities of physicians, reveal their strategies, and draw implications for computational algorithm design. Focusing on gynecologic practice, we conducted an error simulation study by fabricating several “erroneous” patient visit notes. We presented these notes to 20 experienced gynecologists, and asked them to detect any errors. Despite devoting substantial time, the participants could detect <50% of the introduced errors. Nevertheless, the successful cases helped reveal the 5 kinds of automatable “triggers” that helped participants sense an error candidate. The participants were able to recognize these triggers because of their comprehensive gynecologic knowledge accumulated through experience and medical school training.
Organoselenium chemistry : A study of intermediates in the fragmentation of aliphatic ketoselenoxides. Characterization of selenoxides, selenenamides and selenolseleninates by 1H-,13C-and 77Se-NMR

Abstract A series of β-ketoselenenic acids was generated at low temperature ( - 20° to - 50°) by selenoxide syn elimination of appropriate selenoxides (13-ox, 16-ox, 35-ox, 38-ox, and 39-ox). No evidence for the buildup of significant concentrations of selenenic acid was obtained. A selenolseleninate (15, 2,2' - diseleno - bis(1 - phenyl - 2 - methyl -1 - propanone) - Se - oxide) was detected as an intermediate in the decomposition of 13-ox and 16-ox. This compound, which is stable in solution below - 50° was charaeterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C,77Se) and by its thermal decomposition and reactions with phosphite (reduction to diselenide 6) and dialkylamines (formation of selenenamide 11). Decomposition of 15 in the presence of dibenzylamine resulted in trapping of a selenenic acid-like species (RSeSeOH) to give RSeSeN(CH2Ph)2 (R = PhC(O)C(CH3)2). Although 15 could not be prepared by oxidation of diselenide 6, it was possible to prepare a cyclic selenolseleninate (4,4-dimethyl-1,2-diselenolane monoxide, 20) by oxidation of the related diselenide (19). Attempts to prepare more stable aliphatic selenenic acids by blocking the principal decomposition pathway of 15 were not successful. Thus 1 - benzoyl -1 - cyclopropaneselenenic acid was generated from 35-ox and 38-ox and 1 - benzoyl - 2,2 - dimethylcyclopropaneselenenic from 39-ox. The former underwent normal disproportionation (to 36 and 37) even when prepared at -49°. The latter gave what appeared to be a selenolseleninate (40) which again disproportionated at -17°.
Cultural Reaffirmation Effect

The cultural reaffirmation effect refers to the assertion of one's culture in response to an outside culture. This term was coined by, who proposed that bicultural individuals (i.e., those who have internalized two cultures) need to feel secure in their native (heritage, minority, or non-dominant) cultural identity before they can explore and have contact with the out-group (i.e., dominant cultural group members). This proposition stemmed from a study she conducted comparing bicultural (i.e., Germans in the United States and Americans in Germany) and monocultural (i.e., Germans in Germany and Americans in the United States) individuals. She found that compared to monocultural individuals, bicultural individuals rated themselves as more similar to their native cultural group, evaluated that group more favorably, and perceived their native group less similar to the dominant group. Keywords: acculturation; cultural identity
Les sarcomes, exemple d'une organisation en réseau des pathologistes

Sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous with many subtypes explaining the high level of diagnostic difficulty with frequent important therapeutic consequences. In 2009, a national network of pathologists has been set up with the main objective to perform a systematic histological review of every new sarcoma, gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and desmoid tumor. We describe the network organization and report the results of the first two years of activity. These results clearly show the interest of this organization for the patients as well as for all pathologists. Moreover, data and material collect allows a better knowledge of these tumors and an improvement of the rules for their diagnostic management.
Risk factors for Ki-ras protooncogene mutation in sporadic colorectal adenomas

The Ki-ras protooncogene frequently is mutated in colorectal adenocarcinomas, but the etiology of this molecular event is uncertain. We investigated the association between variables known or suspected to be related to risk for colorectal cancer and the occurrence of Ki-ras mutations in colorectal adenomas. This study was conducted among 678 male and female participants, 40-80 years of age, enrolled in a phase III trial testing the effects of a wheat bran fiber supplement on adenoma recurrence. Exposure information on the risk factors of interest was assessed through self-administered questionnaires. Mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the Ki-ras protooncogene were analyzed in baseline adenomas 0.5 cm or larger by PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing. Eighteen percent (120 of 678) of the participants had one or more adenoma(s) with Ki-ras mutations. A higher risk of Ki-ras mutations was associated with increasing age and a lower intake of total folate. The odds ratio (OR) for Ki-ras mutations for individuals >72 years of age was 1.98 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-3.27; P for trend = 0.008] compared with those less than 65 years of age. Compared with individuals in the lower tertile of total folate, those in the upper tertile had an approximately 50% lower risk of having Ki-ras mutation-positive adenomas (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.30-0.88; P for trend = 0.02). There was a suggestion of a stronger inverse association of total folate with G-->T transversions (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.20-0.87) than G-->A transitions (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.31-1.21), although the CIs for the associations overlap. The results of these analyses suggest that the protective effect of folate in colon cancer observed in published studies may be mediated through folate's effect on Ki-ras mutations.
FDTD analysis of printed circuit boards containing wideband Lorentzian dielectric dispersive media

A Lorentzian model as the general case of a frequency-dependent behavior of a dispersive dielectric material is considered in this paper. Recursive convolution algorithms for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique for two cases of a Lorentzian medium, narrowband and wideband, depending on the ratio of a resonance line half-width at -3 dB and the resonance frequency of the material, are detailed. It is shown that a wideband Lorentzian model of a dielectric FR-4 used in printed circuit boards is more flexible and gives good agreement with experimental curves, and may be preferable as compared to a Debye model.
Microtubule fragmentation and partitioning in the axon during collateral branch formation

Axons within the brain branch principally by the formation of collaterals rather than by bifurcation of the terminal growth cone (O'Leary and Terashima, 1988). This same behavior is recapitulated in cultures of embryonic hippocampal neurons (Dotti et al., 1988), rendering them ideal for studies on the cell biological mechanisms underlying collateral branch formation. In the present study, we focused on changes in the microtubule (MT) array that occur as these axons branch. In particular, we explored the mechanism by which MT number is locally increased to accommodate the need for more MTs during collateral branch formation. Serial reconstruction analyses indicate that MT number increases by severalfold and that MT length decreases correspondingly within the parent axon in the discrete region giving rise to the branch. These observations strongly suggest that MTs within the parent axon undergo a local fragmentation in this region, and hence raise the possibility that a portion of these new MTs might be destined for transport into the branch. To address this latter issue, we used quantitative immunofluorescence to compare the proportion of newly assembled to total MT polymer in different regions of the axon. As previously reported (Brown et al., 1992), the region of the axon contiguous with the terminal growth cone is particularly rich in newly assembled polymer. In contrast, there was no distinguishable difference in the proportion of newly assembled polymer in the newly formed collateral branches compared to the shaft region of the parent axon. These results indicate that the MTs within the newly formed collateral branches are on average assembled at the same time as those within the parent axon, and thus strongly suggest that the MTs in the collateral branch were assembled in the parent axon and then translocated into the branch. We conclude on the basis of these observations that collateral branch formation requires a local fragmentation of MTs within the parent axon, followed by the partitioning of a portion of the MT fragments into the branch. These short MTs presumably then resume their movement and elongation down the collateral branch as well as down the parent axon for the steady and orderly increase of both MT arrays.
Tire Rolling Resistance and Vehicle Fuel Consumption

Tires have a very significant effect on the fuel consumption of a vehicle; consequently both SAE and EPA have developed test procedures for a laboratory measurement of the energy dissipation characteristic of tires. This paper demonstrates a good correlation between the tire rolling resistance coefficients of three radial and one bias-ply tire and the fuel consumption of vehicles when equipped with these tires. A change of 0.001 in the tire rolling resistance coefficient resulted in an average fuel consumption effect of 2.2 cc/km on the EPA urban cycle and 1.5 cc/km on the highway cycle. In general, a 10% change in the rolling resistance coefficient resulted in a 2% change in the vehicle fuel consumption.
A Net In Which

we grew up through pictures, a net was what we wore, we wore what we would as we worked to the open, the factory of weight, an order announced, barrier of threads and chords, we were strung into a network of fibers, after programs wires remained, the rite of being born, a sin into structure of sidepieces to gain in importance, a series of ascending social rungs used for downward climbing, once comes to visit, walking under belief we found our running origin.
Escherichia coli glycerol kinase. Cloning and sequencing of the glpK gene and the primary structure of the enzyme.

The glpK gene, which codes for Escherichia coli K-12 glycerol kinase (EC 2.1.7.30, ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase), has been cloned into the HindIII site of pBR322. The gene was contained in a 2.8-kilobase DNA fragment which was obtained from a lambda transducing bacteriophage, lambda dglpK100 (Conrad, C.A., Stearns, G.W., III, Prater, W.E., Rheiner, J.A., and Johnson, J.R. (1984) Mol. Gen. Genet. 195, 376-378). The DNA sequence of 2 kilobases of the cloned HindIII fragment was obtained using the dideoxynucleotide method. The start of the open reading frame for the glpK gene was identified from the N-terminal sequence of the first 22 amino acid residues of the purified enzyme, which was determined by automated Edman degradation. The open reading frame codes for a protein of 502 amino acids and a molecular weight of 56,106 which is in good agreement with the value previously determined by sedimentation equilibrium. The primary structure of the protein as deduced from the gene sequence was corroborated by the isolation and sequencing of four tryptic peptides, which were found to occur at the following amino acid locations: 173-177, 203-211, 279-281, 464-468. The N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme shows that the enzyme undergoes post-translational processing. Restriction digestion as well as DNA sequencing of the supercoiled plasmid shows that the HindIII fragment is inserted into pBR322 such that the glpK gene is transcribed in a counterclockwise direction. Examination of the upstream DNA sequence reveals two possible promoters of essentially the same efficiency: the P1 promoter of pBR322 and a hybrid promoter which contains both bacterial and pBR322 DNA sequences.
Predicting abnormal stock returns with a nonparametric nonlinear method

Neural networks (NN) can be applied to the prediction of stock market trends based on information from legal insider trading. These data are available because officers of companies are required by law to submit to the Securities Exchange Commission a record of the sales and purchases of their companies' stock. Because purchases are more useful in this endeavor than are sales, all smallcap, midcap, and largecap companies that averaged multiple buys made by insiders of companies over a 4 1/2 year period (1993 to the middle of 1997) were assessed in relation to the price fluctuation of the company's stock in the forthcoming period (3, 6, 9 and 12 months ahead) as related to the index of stocks and individual stock reaction to the market as a whole. The use of NN has advantages over alternative methods as evidenced by its accuracy without using assumptions involved in other techniques.
STOCHASTIC KINETIC ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAY BIFURCATION IN PHAGE LAMBDA -INFECTED ESCHERICHIA COLI CELLS

Fluctuations in rates of gene expression can produce highly erratic time patterns of protein production in individual cells and wide diversity in instantaneous protein concentrations across cell populations. When two independently produced regulatory proteins acting at low cellular concentrations competitively control a switch point in a pathway, stochastic variations in their concentrations can produce probabilistic pathway selection, so that an initially homogeneous cell population partitions into distinct phenotypic subpopula- tions. Many pathogenic organisms, for example, use this mechanism to randomly switch surface features to evade host responses. This coupling between molecular-level fluctuations and macroscopic phenotype selection is analyzed using the phage l lysis-lysogeny decision circuit as a model system. The fraction of infected cells selecting the lysogenic pathway at different phage:cell ratios, predicted using a molecular- level stochastic kinetic model of the genetic regulatory circuit, is consistent with experimental observations. The kinetic model of the decision circuit uses the stochastic formulation of chemical kinetics, stochastic mechanisms of gene expression, and a statistical-thermodynamic model of promoter regulation. Conven- tional deterministic kinetics cannot be used to predict statistics of regulatory systems that produce probabilis- tic outcomes. Rather, a stochastic kinetic analysis must be used to predict statistics of regulatory outcomes for such stochastically regulated systems.
A ribosome binding site sequence is necessary for efficient expression of the distal gene of a translationally-coupled gene pair

Expression of trpB and trpA of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon is shown to be "translationally coupled", i.e., efficient translation of the trpA coding region is dependent on prior translation of the trpB coding region and termination of translation at the trpB stop codon. To examine the dependence of trpA expression on the ribosome binding site sequence in the distal segment of trpB, deletions were produced that replaced this trpB sequence. Analysis of trpA expression in these deletion mutants established that the ribosome binding site sequence is required for efficient translation of the trpA segment of trp mRNA. A modest effect of translation over the trpA ribosome binding site on independent initiation at that site was also observed.
Bisphenol A: An endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. This compound is a building block of polycarbonate plastics often used for food and beverage storage, and BPA is also a component of epoxy resins that are used to line food and beverage containers. Studies have shown that BPA can leach from these and other products in contact with food and drink, and as a result, routine ingestion of BPA is presumed. This compound is also found in an enormous number of other products that we come into contact with daily, and therefore it is not surprising that it has been detected in the majority of individuals examined. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor. Although initially considered to be a weak environmental estrogen, more recent studies have demonstrated that BPA may be similar in potency to estradiol in stimulating some cellular responses. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that BPA may influence multiple endocrine-related pathways. Studies in rodents have identified adverse effects of BPA at levels at or below the current acceptable daily intake level for this compound. The various reported adverse effects of BPA are reviewed, and potential mechanisms of BPA action are discussed. Much more investigation is needed to understand the potential adverse health effects of BPA exposure in humans and to understand the multiple pathways through which it may act. Although many questions remain to be answered, it is becoming increasingly apparent that exposure to BPA is ubiquitous and that the effects of this endocrine disruptor are complex and wide-ranging.
Prostate cancer screening: what we have learned from the PLCO and ERSPC trials.

Two large randomized trials on prostate cancer screening have recently reported their 10-year results with somewhat differing conclusions. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening (PLCO) study found a slightly higher risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis in the screening cohort, but no cancer-specific survival advantage was seen for this group. However, the study had widespread screening contamination in the control arm that significantly weakens the study’s ability to reach a valid conclusion about the benefits of screening. The European Randomized Study of Screening in Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) was less affected by screening contamination of the control arm, and a cancer-specific survival benefit for the screening arm was seen by 7–8 years (RR, 0.70–0.80). Based on these studies, it is reasonable to conclude that there is a survival benefit for screening, but it may not extend to older men (>75 years) who have undergone prior screening.
Research "Fitting" Practice: Firth and Wagner, Classroom Language Teaching, and Language Teacher Education

This article argues that Firth and Wagner's 1997 contribution gained influence in second/foreign language teaching partly owing to a loose group of conceptual and ideological preconditions that drew on classroom methodologies, debates over educating second language teachers, and new views of how teachers could document and analyze their own practices. The article is organized around four issues drawn from Firth and Wagner: focus (How was classroom language teaching refocused by their critique?); meaning (What is the nature of meaning as the central driver in instructed learning?); locus (Given the preceding questions, how then does the locus of activity in the language classroom shift?); and identities (How are the notions of learner and teacher identities reshaped by this critique?). The discussion draws connections between the thinking articulated by Firth and Wagner and the practices of classroom language teaching, and includes suppositions that are susceptible to further investigation.
Changes induced by gibberellic acid on growth and alkaloid patterns in Datura stramonium linné and in Atropa belladonna linné

Stramonium and belladonna were administered single 100-mcg. doses of gibberellic acid by application to the uppermost leaves of the plants. Growth and alkaloid patterns following treatment are described. A modified assay procedure for 25-mg. samples of material is outlined. The total plant alkaloids in treated stramonium were slightly less than controls at each harvest period. Total root alkaloid production, however, was increased about 50 per cent. Interesting differences in fresh and dry weights were induced in belladonna at different stages of maturity. Younger seedlings indicated significantly decreased growth, whereas older plants demonstrated significant increases. Due to increased growth the older plants displayed about a 3 2 per cent increase in total alkaloid production. The age of the plant when treated appeared to be an important factoi in causing increased alkaloid production.
Prevalence of Thyroid Disease and Abnormal Thyroid Tests in Older Hospitalized and Ambulatory Persons

To determine the utility of laboratory tests for diagnosing thyroid disease in the hospitalized elderly, we measured serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine index (FT4I), triiodothyronine (T3), and free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) in 125 geriatric inpatients, mostly men, and compared the results to those in elderly ambulatory patients. Hypothyroidism (TSH > 10 μU/mL with a low T4 and FT4I or clinical findings) was present in 7.8% (nine of 116) of male inpatients compared to only 0.7% of male ambulatory controls (P 10 μU/mL with a normal T4 and FT4I and no overt clinical findings), a condition which may lead to overt hypothyroidism, was more common in male inpatients (4.3%) than in male ambulatory controls (1.8% [P 10 μU/mL) was more common in inpatient (12.1%) than in ambulatory (2.4%) elderly men (P < 0.01). Four inpatients and nine ambulatory controls had an elevated T4 and FT4I, but in only one (0.8%) inpatient and one (0.6%) control was a final diagnosis of hyperthyroidism made; the others had no clinical findings and a normal or low T3 and FT3I. A low T3 and FT3I or T4 and FT4I occurred with equal prevalence in inpatient (19%) as in ambulatory older men (14.9%); three of 12 women inpatients also had a low T3 and FT3I. This finding did not aid in diagnosing thyroid dysfunction. Because of the high prevalence of thyroid disease, predominantly hypothyroidism, in the inpatients (9.4%, or 14.1% if decreased thyroid reserve is included) and the difficulty in detecting thyroid disease on clinical grounds (27% of inpatients with thyroid disease had no specific clinical manifestation), we recommend that geriatric patients, including men, be screened for thyroid dysfunction by measurements of serum TSH and T4 (or FT4I) upon hospital admission.
Automated conversion between different knowledge representation formats

Abstract One problem in knowledge based systems is the problem of knowledge sharing. Many systems use proprietary frameworks for storing knowledge, and even those systems that use standard knowledge representation formats have the problem that more than one such format exists. Conceptual Graphs and Resource Description Framework are two general-purpose knowledge representation models. Since they are structurally similar in syntax, concepts, and semantics, converting Conceptual Graph models to Resource Description Framework models without loss of semantic meaning is feasible. In this paper, we introduce a semantic converter which converts knowledge representation in Conceptual Graphs into representation in Resource Description Framework, as an experiment to overcome the barriers in knowledge sharing and reuse due to lack of consensus of knowledge representation formats between these two knowledge representation models.
PERMEABILITY OF THE OVARIAN FOLLICLE OF AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITOES

The passage of tracers of various molecular weights into resting and vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was studied ultrastructurally. The outermost layer of the follicular sheath (the basement lamina) is a coarse mechanical filter. It is freely permeable to particles with molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 500,000 (i.e. cytochrome c, peroxidase, hemoglobin, catalase, ferritin, immunoglobulin (IgG)-peroxidase, iron dextran and Thorotrast) that have dimensions less than 110 A. Molecules as large as carbon (300–500 A) are totally excluded. Whereas proteins and polysaccharide tracers permeate the basement lamina with apparent ease, certain inert particles (e.g. Thorotrast, Fellows-Testager Div., Fellows Mfg. Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich.) penetrate more slowly. With respect to the tracers tested, resting follicles are as permeable as vitellogenic follicles. The follicle epithelium of resting or vitellogenic follicles is penetrated by narrow intercellular channels. Our observations suggest that these spaces are lined with mucopolysaccharide material. After permeating the basement lamina, exogenous tracers fill these channels, while the bulk of material accumulates in the perioocytic space. Within 3 hr after imbibing blood, the pinocytotic mechanism of the oocyte is greatly augmented. Pinocytosis is not selective with regard to material in the perioocytic space, since double tracer studies show that exogenous compounds are not separated, but are incorporated into the same pinocytotic vesicle. During later stages of vitellogenesis, 36–48 hr after the blood-meal, the pinocytotic mechanism of the oocyte is diminished. Simultaneously, the intercellular channels become occluded by desmosomes, and the vitelline membrane plaques separate the oocyte and follicle epithelium.
Predicting Treatment Outcome after Ten Years among American Indian Alcoholics

Forty-five American Indian alcoholics were intensively studied in 1970-1971. In addition to the usual demographic characteristics, research scales included Alcoholism History Scale, Alcohol Withdrawal Scale, Indian Culture Affiliation Scale, Social Competence Scale, Legal Problems Scale, Psychiatric Problems Scale, Liver Dysfunction Scale, Malnutrition Scale, and Abnormal Laboratory Screening Scale. These findings in 1970-1971 were then correlated with a four-item outcome rating obtained in 1980-1981. Better outcome was associated with less parental loss, ever having been married, compliance with treatment recommendations, and having predominantly Indian rather than non-Indian friends. Women alcoholics were unlikely to deteriorate and still survive, although this was the most frequent pattern among the men. Higher Indian Culture Affiliation and more severe Liver Dysfunction in 1970-1971 were correlated with better outcome in 1980-1981. Possible explanations for these findings are considered.
A radiation-hardened delay-locked loop (DLL) utilizing a differential delay line topology

A radiation-hardened-by-design DLL is proposed. The proposed DLL uses a radiation hardened voltage-controlled delay line and charge pump, resulting in the mitigation of all missing pulses and inverted lock errors in the SET response. The RHBD DLL was designed in IBM 90nm and 180 nm PDK, we also observe the same simulations result for node technologies using two different type of current injection to simulate the SET response of the DLLs designs. The RHBD DLL has been proven to be hard up to 80 MeV-cm2/mg at max operating frequency of 1GHz for the 90 nm PDK and 100 MeV-cm2/mg at operating frequency of 500 MHz for the 180nm PDK. This RHBD DLL also offers low power consumption and area penalty when compared to the hardening technique such as TMR.
Research for a new age of magnesium in the automotive industry

Abstract Motivation for (more) magnesium in the automotive industry — research strategies for bringing about a “new age of magnesium” by means of the vehicle modules drive train, interior, body and chassis — use of realised and potential future magnesium components, differentiated according to the time frame and conceivable likelihood of realisation — R&D activities for the implementation of the predicted use of magnesium illustrated by example components and projects.
Joining Together with Other Associations: Strategies for Cooperation.

Presidents of professional education associations and parent organizations were surveyed in Mississippi to determine the perceived interests and needs of their members in relation to gifted education. All of the respondents reported interest in gifted education workshops at future state conferences. A mean priority of 3.9 on a scale of 1 to 6 was given to gifted education by the presidents of the surveyed associations. Strategies for working with organizations and associations interested in gaining information on the gifted are discussed.
Open-label, long-term safety study of zonisamide administered to children and adolescents with epilepsy.

Abstract Background Zonisamide is licensed in the EU and USA for the adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults but there are few data about its use in children. Aims To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in children and adolescents. Methods Zonisamide-naive patients ( n =109, aged 3–15 years, weight ⩾12.5 kg) with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy (⩾4 seizures/month, receiving 1–2 antiepileptic drugs [AEDs] daily) received zonisamide once or twice daily in an open-label trial. The starting dose was 1 mg/kg/day, increased by 2 mg/kg/day every 1–2 weeks at the investigator's discretion to an initial maximum of 12 mg/kg/day. The occurrence of adverse events (AEs) was the primary safety measure. Efficacy was measured via the reductions in seizure frequency and via investigator- and carer-rated global assessment ratings. Results The mean dose received was 8.5 mg/kg/day. Of the 109 children, 52 (48%) completed 15 months’ treatment. Treatment-related AEs, mostly mild-to-moderate in severity, were reported by 58 patients. Seven patients discontinued due to treatment-related AEs. Serious AEs (pancreatitis, decreased sweating, and vertigo) were reported by three patients. A significant ( p =0.033) median reduction in ‘all seizure’ frequency of 2.60 seizures per week was observed. Additionally, a significant ( p =0.029) median reduction of 1.80 seizures/week in ‘complex partial’ seizures was reported. Improvements in investigator- and carer-rated global assessments were noted. Conclusions Zonisamide treatment was generally well tolerated and was associated with significant reductions in seizure frequency in this pediatric population with a variety of both partial and generalized medically refractory epilepsy syndromes.
Color Doppler study of mitral regurgitation during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract Mitral regurgitation (MR) was evaluated by color Doppler echocardiography during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 28 patients with one-vessel coronary artery disease (left anterior descending artery in 11, right coronary artery in 8, and circumflex artery in 9) and normal left ventricular function. In all three groups, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion score index (WMSI) decreased significantly during artery occulusion in comparison with baseline values (no differences among various groups). Anterior and inferior akinesia/dyskinesia was observed in all patients during left anterior descending and right coronary artery occulusion, respectively. Lateral akinesia/dyskinesia was induced by occlusion of the circumflex artery in six patients (all with proximal lesions [ p 2+ in two). LVEF and WMSI were similar during artery occlusion in patients with and without MR. Neither mitral leaflet prolapse nor anulus dilation occurred during PTCA in any of the patients. Our data show that during brief occlusion of the proximal circumflex artery, functional MR (usually mild) frequently occurs in relation to specific lateral akinesia/dyskinesia.
Superficial siderosis: associations and therapeutic implications

Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system results from hemosiderin deposition in the subpial layers of the brain and spinal cord. A clinical history of subarachnoid hemorrhage is often absent. Patients present with slowly progressive gait ataxia and sensorineural hearing impairment. A history of prior intradural surgery or trauma is common. With widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging, presymptomatic cases are being diagnosed and it is difficult to be certain about the true incidence of this disorder. Despite extensive investigations, the cause of bleeding is often not apparent. An intraspinal fluid-filled collection is a common accompaniment and may be the likely bleeding source. An early diagnosis and prompt intervention directed at removal of the bleeding source may prevent progression. This review discusses the role of multimodality imaging in evaluation of superficial siderosis and the therapeutic implications of identified associations.
Regulatory mechanisms of tryptic inhibitory activity in cabbage plants.

Abstract Tryptic inhibitory activity in cabbage (Brassica oleracea cv Superpack) foliage was primarily regulated by developmental factors. Low, background levels of tryptic inhibitory activity were present in the succulent foliage of the cabbage seedling. As the plant matured, all the leaves (young and mature) began to toughen. At the time of leaf toughening, the tryptic inhibitory activity significantly increased in the young foliage. After the transition from succulent to tough leaves, the level of tryptic inhibitory activity significantly increased in young and mature leaves as the plant aged, reaching a maximum in the young foliage on plants with solid cabbage heads. Environmental stresses such as pot-bound roots and acute exposure to high intensity lighting, had no significant affect on foliar tryptic inhibitory activity. Acute wounding of leaves that were succulent or in transition from succulent to tough, resulted in a significant increase in their tryptic inhibitory activity. However, wounding of one leaf did not significantly increase the tryptic inhibitory activity in adjacent leaves on the same plant.
Mechanistic Linkage of Hydrologic Regime to Summer Growth of Age-0 Atlantic Salmon

Abstract Significant reductions in juvenile stream salmonid growth have been observed in association with low summer flow, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and predictive power is limited. We conducted a stage-specific analysis of the relationship between summer flow and the growth of age-0 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in two rearing sites in the upper Connecticut River basin, New Hampshire. We contrasted effects of variation in foraging habitat availability and temperature on individual age-0 Atlantic salmon mass during one high-flow year and two low-flow years and from high- and low-flow sites within years. Overall age-0 Atlantic salmon mass was positively correlated with the availability of model-predicted favorable foraging locations and negatively correlated with density during the summer. Individual Atlantic salmon mass and the proportion of temperature-predicted maximum mass were lowest during the two low-flow years and were lower in upstream than in downstream sections. Between-year ...
Signals in plant disease resistance

fr Les animaux possedent un systeme immunitaire qui leur permet de developper une resistance aux agents pathogenes, generale, de longue duree et de haute specificite. Apres infection par un agent pathogene necrosant, les plantes peuvent egalement etablir une resistance durable, systemique, mais non specifique, appelee resistance systemique acquise (RSA). L'acide salicylique (AS) semble etre un important signal pour le developpement de la RSA. Le fait que l'AS peut lier et inhiber la catalase suggere que des augmentations de H 2 O 2 et d'autres ≪ROS≫ (reactive oxygen species) sont impliquees dans la ≪transduction≫ du message. Un accroissement des ROS se trouve associe a la mort cellulaire et a l'activation de genes ≪lies au stress≫ chez les plantes et les mammiferes. Si l'action precise des ROS reste a definir, il apparait que les voies conduisant a certaines reactions de defense restent comparables chez les plantes et les mammiferes.
57Fe Mössbauer and magnetic studies of RFe4B (R = Tm, Er) alloys

Abstract Magnetic and Mossbauer measurements have been carried out in the borides (RFe4B (R = Er, Tm), which have the hexagonal Ce Co4B-type structure with an interchange of sites between Fe and B. Powder X-ray diffraction diagrams were indexed with the space group P6/mmm. Magnetization studies in the temperature range from 4.2 to 700 K reveal the presence of compensation temperatures arising from the antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe and R sublattices. There was no indication of spin reorientation for both Mossbauer and magnetic measurements. Mossbauer spectra were analysed with a program which assumes binomial distributions of the B atoms. Independent occupancy probabilities for the i and (c, d)-sites of the CeCo4B-type structure were determined by this analysis.
Tactical Release of a Sexually-Selected Pheromone in a Swordtail Fish

Background Chemical communication plays a critical role in sexual selection and speciation in fishes; however, it is generally assumed that most fish pheromones are passively released since most fishes lack specialized scent glands or scent-marking behavior. Swordtails (genus Xiphophorus) are widely used in studies of female mate choice, and female response to male chemical cues is important to sexual selection, reproductive isolation, and hybridization. However, it is unclear whether females are attending to passively produced cues, or to pheromones produced in the context of communication. Methodology/Principal Findings We used fluorescein dye injections to visualize pulsed urine release in male sheepshead swordtails, Xiphophorus birchmanni. Simultaneous-choice assays of mating preference showed that females attend to species- and sex-specific chemical cues emitted in male urine. Males urinated more frequently in the presence and proximity of an audience (conspecific females). In the wild, males preferentially courted upstream of females, facilitating transmission of pheromone cues. Conclusions/Significance Males in a teleost fish have evolved sophisticated temporal and spatial control of pheromone release, comparable to that found in terrestrial animals. Pheromones are released specifically in a communicative context, and the timing and positioning of release favors efficient signal transmission.