cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suitability of venous and arterial conduits used for coronary artery bypass grafting in conjunction with coronary disease risk factors.

Abstract Background/study objectives: We studied patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Risk factors for coronary disease were studied in conjunction with the histopathologic findings of the grafts prior to implantation. Our aim was to correlate the histologic condition of the grafts and evaluate the morphological changes in conjunction with existing risk factors. Design/patients: In 10 candidates for surgical revascularization (nine males, mean age 60.8 years), the risk factor profile was studied (smoking, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes, family history) and the Body Mass Index was calculated. Of a total of 14 grafts, 10 were saphenous vein grafts and four left internal thoracic artery grafts. Histologic samples were studied under optical and electron microscopy. We studied the intima morphology and thickness, the width of the intercellular spaces, the texture of the subendothelial layer, the endothelial status, and the condition of the basal lamina. Histopathological changes were correlated with risk factors. Results: Histopathological changes were observed in the wall structure of all grafts. The most important changes were found in the venous grafts, notably: intima thickening, existence of foam cells in the intima, widening of the intercellular spaces, subendothelial oedema, degeneration and detachment of endothelial cells, and wide multilayered basal lamina. The co-existence of two or more risk factors seems to exarcerbate morphological changes. Conclusion: Morphological changes are present principally in the walls of venous but also arterial conduits, even prior to implantation. These changes may be attributable to preparation techniques and preservation conditions of the grafts, but they could additionally be induced by coexisting risk factors. It is conceivable that these alterations could perhaps precipitate and accelerate atherosclerotic changes, inducing lumen narrowing or even occlusion of the graft postoperatively.
Effects of weight cycling and aging on body protein content in female wistar rats

The effects of body weight cycling (WC) on body protein content are inconclusive. This study was designed to investigate the interactive effects of WC and aging on body protein content in female Wistar rats. Young (2.5 months old at the beginning of the study) and old rats (11 months at the beginning of the study) were divided, within each age category, into: 1) low fat (LF) ad-lib fed control group (LFA); 2) LF restricted fed group (LFR); 3) high fat (HF) ad-lib fed group (HFA); 4) HF restricted fed group (HFR); 5) HF fed, weight cycled group by gaining weight first (HFG); and 6) HF fed, weight cycled group by losing weight first (HFL). WC was achieved by ad-lib and restricted feeding of the HF diet so rats' body weight was cycling between baseline and 20% above or below the baseline level. This WC was repeated 3 to 5 times. At sacrifice, rats in restricted groups and cycling groups weighed the same. Old rats weighed significantly more than the young rats. There was no age effect on total and percent body fat, and on total protein content, although young rats tended to have higher percent protein than old rats. In the young groups, the protein percent was significantly lower in HFA, HFG and HFL groups as compared to all other groups within that age. In old rats, the protein percent of cycling groups was not different from other groups, with the exception that HFL group had significantly lower protein percent than that of the HFR group. Within each age category, the HFA group had significantly higher body weight and fat content than all other groups. Therefore, weight cycling starting at a young age, when accumulation of body protein is not yet complete, may deprive the body of the opportunity to lay down the normal amount of protein. This may have significant health implications for human teenagers engaging in weight cycling practice.
Heat transfer bibliography

This periodic listing covers literature published during 1964. The references are divided into the following categories: (1) Application; (2) Books; (3) Boundary-Layer Flow; (4) Change of Phase; (5) Channel Flow; (6) conduction; (7) Flow with Separated Regions; (8) Heat and Mass Transfer; (9) Liquid Metals; (10) Low Density; (11) Magnetohydrodynamics; (12) Measurement Techniques; (13) Natural Convection; (14) Packed and Fluidized Beds; (15) Radiation; (16) Rotating Surfaces; (17) Thermodynamic and Transport properties; and (18) Transfer Mechanism. (346 refs.)
425: Multi-vessel Doppler parameters for the prediction of adverse neonatal outcome in the preterm growth-restricted fetus: does gestational age matter?

with a birthweight less than the 10th percentile without malformations were included. Group A (study group); GRF delivered at term without other clinical signs of PI. Group B, (1st control group); GRF accompanied with clinical signs of PI and delivered at term. Group C, (2nd control group), GRF accompanied with early severe preeclampsia, placental abruption or abnormal Doppler and delivered before 34 weeks. Group D, (3rd control group); term placentas from healthy women who delivered fetuses appropriate for age. Placental lesions examined included maternal and fetal vascular obstructive lesions, villitis and perivillous fibrinoid deposition. Primary outcome was the incidences of placental lesions among the study group compared to the controls. RESULTS: The most frequent placental lesions found among all groups were maternal obstructive lesions (Table). For women in group A, the odds of having any maternal obstruction lesion was 3.3 times higher than women in group D (p 0.0006). There were no differences between groups A and B (p 0.98). The incidence of any obstructive maternal lesion was significantly higher among group C compared to group A (p 0.0004) and B (p 0.0003). The incidence of any placental lesion was significantly higher among all the groups with GRF (A, B and C) compared to group D. The incidence of any lesion among group A (69.4%) was 7.9 times higher than women in group D (22.3%) (p 0.0001) and comparable to group B (61.7%), (p 0.3). CONCLUSION: The incidence of placental lesions among GRF delivered at term was comparable regardless of whether clinical signs of PI exist or not. Antepartum management of GRF at term probably needs to be similar regardless of other signs of PI.
Black Applicants’ Reactions to Affirmative Action Plans: Influence of Perceived Procedural Fairness, Anticipated Stigmatization, and Anticipated Remediation of Previous Injustice1

This research was conducted to understand why Black applicants might react negatively to affirmative action plans (AAPs) designed to benefit them. Black engineering students (N= 2,480) reacted to 1 of 8 AAPs, to which they were randomly assigned. Two manipulations were used to form the 8 different plans: plan content (eliminate discrimination, recruitment, training, weak preferential treatment) and plan frame (affirmative action vs. diversity). The effect of plan content on job-pursuit intentions was mediated by perceived procedural fairness, anticipated remediation of injustice, and anticipated stigmatization. Job-pursuit intentions were related to interactions between perceived fairness and anticipated remediation, between perceived fairness and anticipated stigmatization, and between plan content and respondent experiences with discrimination and racism. Plan frame affected only anticipated remediation of previous injustice. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Basic amino acids stimulate the activation of the glucocorticoid--receptor complex.

Rat liver glucocorticoid receptor has been shown to require ‘activation’ after complexing with the steroid in order to bind to nuclei [l] or to DNA-cellulose [2] . Activation of the complex can be accomplished not only by heating but also by exposure at 0°C to various agents such as high ionic strength 131, calcium ions [2j and theophylline (41. Dilution initiates slow activation [.5,6] and evidence for the participation of a macromolecule [7] or a small molecule [6] as an inhibitor of the process has been presented. Recent evidence also indicates that the use of Tris buffer increases the level of activation much more than phosphate buffer during dilution or ion exchange chromatography [8]. In this report we show that activation of glucocorticoid receptor can be stimulated by basic amino acids and other primary amines. The amount of stimulation is dependent on the pH of the cytosol.
Core competencies: A systems approach for training and organizational development in extension

The authors present a rationale for developing core competencies for training and organizational development in extension. Core competencies are defined as “the basic knowledge, attitudes, skills, and observable behaviors that lead to excellence in the workplace.” Competency-based models can be used to create an infrastructure that promotes innovation and continuous learning in every dimension of an extension organization. Competency models are designed around the skills individuals and groups need to be effective now and in the future. Competencies must be tied directly to the mission and strategic issues of the organization. A ten-step model is offered for identifying, validating and developing core competencies for an extension training and organizational development system. The seven core competencies developed by North Carolina Cooperative Extension using this process are defined. These competencies are being used or adapted by several states in the Southern Extension Region of the United States, and...
Robust validity index for a modified subtractive clustering algorithm

A novel robust validity index is proposed for subtractive clustering (SC) algorithm. Although the SC algorithm is a simple and fast data clustering method with robust properties against outliers and noise; it has two limitations. First, the cluster number generated by the SC algorithm is influenced by a given threshold. Second, the cluster centers obtained by SC are based on data that have the highest potential values but may not be the actual cluster centers. The validity index is a function as a measure of the fitness of a partition for a given data set. To solve the first problem, this study proposes a novel robust validity index that evaluates the fitness of a partition generated by SC algorithm in terms of three properties: compactness, separation and partition index. To solve the second problem, a modified algorithm based on distance relations between data and cluster centers is designed to ascertain the actual centers generated by the SC algorithm. Experiments confirm that the preferences of the proposed index outperform all others.
Functional Analysis of the Borrelia burgdorferi bba64 Gene Product in Murine Infection via Tick Infestation

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, is transmitted to humans from the bite of Ixodes spp. ticks. During the borrelial tick-to-mammal life cycle, B. burgdorferi must adapt to many environmental changes by regulating several genes, including bba64. Our laboratory recently demonstrated that the bba64 gene product is necessary for mouse infectivity when B. burgdorferi is transmitted by an infected tick bite, but not via needle inoculation. In this study we investigated the phenotypic properties of a bba64 mutant strain, including 1) replication during tick engorgement, 2) migration into the nymphal salivary glands, 3) host transmission, and 4) susceptibility to the MyD88-dependent innate immune response. Results revealed that the bba64 mutant's attenuated infectivity by tick bite was not due to a growth defect inside an actively feeding nymphal tick, or failure to invade the salivary glands. These findings suggested there was either a lack of spirochete transmission to the host dermis or increased susceptibility to the host's innate immune response. Further experiments showed the bba64 mutant was not culturable from mouse skin taken at the nymphal bite site and was unable to establish infection in MyD88-deficient mice via tick infestation. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that BBA64 functions at the salivary gland-to-host delivery interface of vector transmission and is not involved in resistance to MyD88-mediated innate immunity.
Numerical Simulation of Bubble Formation in Co-Flowing Mercury

In this work, we present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of helium bubble formation and detachment at a submerged needle in stagnant and co-flowing mercury. Since mercury is opaque, visualization of internal gas bubbles was done with proton radiography (pRad) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE2 ). The acoustic waves emitted at the time of detachment and during subsequent oscillations of the bubble were recorded with a microphone. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model was used to simulate the unsteady two-phase flow of gas injection in mercury. The VOF model is validated by comparing detailed bubble sizes and shapes at various stages of the bubble growth and detachment, with the experimental measurements at 1.66 mg/min helium gas flow rate and different mercury velocities. The experimental and computational results show a two-stage bubble formation in stagnant mercury. The first stage involves growing bubble around the needle, and the second follows as the buoyancy overcomes wall adhesion. The comparison of predicted and measured bubble sizes and shapes at various stages of the bubble growth and detachment is in good agreement.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Energy Transport and Nanostructuring of Dielectrics by Femtosecond Laser Pulse Trains

This study analyzes single burst ablation of dielectrics by a femtosecond pulse train that consists of one or multiple pulses. It is found that (1) there exist constant-ablation-depth zones with respect to fluence for one or multiple pulses per train and (2) for the same total fluence per train, although the ablation depth decreases in multiple pulses as compared to that of a single pulse, the depth of the constant-ablation-depth zone decreases. In other words, repeatable structures at the desired smaller nanoscales can be achieved in dielectrics by using the femtosecond pulse train technology, even when the laser fluence is subject to fluctuations. The predicted trends are in agreement with published experimental data.
Hall Polynomials for Symplectic Groups, II

Abstract This is the second paper on Hall polynomials for symplectic groups. The definition is analogous to that of Hall polynomials for general linear groups. In both papers we compute the number of all totally isotropic subspaces W of type μ in a vector space with symplectic geometry V of type λ denoted g λ μ (see Section 0.1 for definitions). Let the dimensions of V and W be 2 m and m , respectively. We represent the basis of V of type λ= r d 1 1 r d 2 2 … r d s s with a diagram consisting of s blocks. The entries of this diagram represent elements of a basis of V consisting of m hyperbolic pairs (see Definition 0.1.1). Because of the existence of S–S basis (see 0.2 for definition) we always have an obvious totally isotropic subspace. Our method is to “deform” this initial subspace into all others by adding and discarding basis elements from the current basis. We must keep track of the type of subspace we thus obtain and the geometric structure (that is, the positions of hyperbolic pairs in the diagram) of the entire space, ensuring isotropy at each step. In our first paper [10] we obtain the result for the case when λ= r d , corresponding to a diagram with one block. In this case we can choose our basis so that each type of W corresponds to one geometric structure of V only. This makes our task and notation simpler and we obtain a closed formula for g λ μ (see Theorem 0.5.5). Unfortunately it is not so in the case of λ= r d 1 1 r d 2 2 … r d s s , s ≠1, where two subspaces may have the same type but induce different geometric structures in V (see the example in Section 1). This case is studied below. The Hall polynomials for general linear groups have been computed by T. Klein [4] (later, I. G. Macdonald [5] and F. M. Maley [6]). Our method differs from that of either author substantially. Many of the results of [10] are used in this paper. A quick review of those results is given in the first section of this paper.
Sex chromosomes and brain gender

In birds and mammals, differences in development between the sexes arise from the differential actions of genes that are encoded on the sex chromosomes. These genes are differentially represented in the cells of males and females, and have been selected for sex-specific roles. The brain is a sexually dimorphic organ and is also shaped by sex-specific selection pressures. Genes on the sex chromosomes probably determine the gender (sexually dimorphic phenotype) of the brain in two ways: by acting on the gonads to induce sex differences in levels of gonadal secretions that have sex-specific effects on the brain, and by acting in the brain itself to differentiate XX and XY brain cells.
Sugar Toxicity—Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms: α-Dicarbonyl, Electron Transfer, and Radicals

There has been much recent attention devoted to sugar toxicity. There are claims of danger equal to that from alcohol and tobacco. This review provides a summary of the toxic aspect, mainly involving glucose, fructose, and galactose. Chronic hyperglycemia is a characteristic of the diabetic condition, in which glucose toxicity is akin to that of ethanol. The metabolite major pathway for galactose metabolism is believed to be conversion to glucose. A focus is on the novel, α-dicarbonyl toxic mechanism. This functionality is potentially capable of electron transfer leading to toxic reactive oxygen species. Large numbers of toxic reactions are cited.
Overall self-rated health as an outcome indicator in primary care.

Rationale, aims and objectives The ultimate goal of health care systems is to improve overall health from the patient’s point of view. However, overall self-rated health is not routinely monitored as a performance indicator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a measure normally employed in community health surveys as a quality indicator in primary care clinics. Methods In order to do so, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of community medicine patients treated in five clinics in Amarillo, Texas to test the theory that, in primary care patients, a single-item measure of self-rated health is significantly related to the usual risk factors found in community health surveys (environmental factors, demographic characteristics and health behaviours). Results Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age, race, frequent mental distress, current smoking and health confidence were independently related to the odds of reporting good health. Conclusion Our results support using a single-item measure of self-rated health in primary care. Our data also suggest that encouragement of health confidence would appear to be in the best interests of patients.
Detecting Objects in Scene Point Cloud: A Combinational Approach

Object detection is a fundamental task in computer vision. As the 3D scanning techniques become popular, directly detecting objects through 3D point cloud of a scene becomes an immediate need. We propose an object detection framework combining learning-Based classification, local descriptor, a new variance of RANSAC imposing rigid-body constraint and an iterative process for multi-object detection in continuous point clouds. The framework not only takes global and local information into account, but also benefits from both learning and empirical methods. The experiments performed on the challenging ground Lidar dataset show the effectiveness of our method.
College student adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: a study of two Texas universities in Fall 2009.

Abstract Objective College students were at high risk for contracting the 2009 H1N1 virus. Many universities implemented campaigns to encourage use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce the spread of the virus. The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to student adoption of NPIs. Methods Online surveys were conducted at two universities prior to the availability of the H1N1 vaccine. In total, 909 students participated. Results More than 80% of students adopted at least one action to reduce the likelihood of contracting the flu. Perception of the public health threat was associated with use of each of the NPIs. Perceived susceptibility, previous seasonal flu vaccination, and symptom knowledge were associated with four of the five NPIs. Conclusion Increasing college student understanding of the threat posed by a pandemic, as well as their susceptibility to that threat, could encourage the use of NPIs prior to availability of a vaccine.
Education state, welfare capitalism regimes, and politics

Esping-Andersen’s welfare state capitalism typology can be extended by including education as one component of the welfare regime. An analysis shows that Liberal welfare regimes put more relative effort into the education state compared with their lower levels of welfare state spending and this acts as a kind of functional substitute for welfare state spending. This pattern is consistent with Liberalism’s emphasis on equality of opportunity over equality of outcomes. In contrast, Social Democratic and Conservative welfare regime countries put less effort into accumulated education investment compared with their welfare state spending. A number of political factors shape this outcome. Greater Left party support tends to expand both welfare state spending and accumulated education investment. Stronger unions tend to expand overall welfare state spending and reduce accumulated education investment. Greater Center party support leaves accumulated education investment unaffected but raises overall welfare state spending. More Catholicism in a country leaves overall welfare state spending unaffected but tends to lower accumulated education investment.
Time courses of amnesia development in two areas of the chick forebrain.

The roles of different forebrain structures in stages of memory formation were investigated by injecting agents into either the left medial hyperstriatum ventrale (MHV) or right lateral neostriatum (LNS) close to the time of one-trial taste-avoidance training. Withl-glutamate injected into either the left MHV or right LNS 5 minutes pretraining, retention was good 1 minute posttraining but significantly impaired at 5 minutes and each subsequent time point. With emetine injected into either area, retention was still good 60 minutes posttraining but significantly impaired at 90 minutes. With ouabain, retention declined more slowly following injection into the right LNS (at 45 minutes) compared to injection in the left MHV (at 30 minutes). A second experiment confirmed the regional difference in amnesia development produced by ouabain. These results indicate that the duration of short-term memory is longer following inhibition of intermediate-term memory (ITM) in the right LNS, compared to inhibition of ITM in the left MHV.
TRAINING TO INCREASE SAFE TRAY CARRYING AMONG COCKTAIL SERVERS

We evaluated the effects of training on proper carrying techniques among 3 cocktail servers to increase safe tray carrying on the job and reduce participants' risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders. As participants delivered drinks to their tables, their finger, arm, and neck positions were observed and recorded. Each participant received individual safety training that focused on proper carrying positions and techniques after baseline data were collected. A multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of the safety training. Results showed that the training increased safe carrying for all 3 participants.
Comparison of fluorescence properties of wild type and the W15F mutant of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase is a homodimeric protein; each subunit has two tryptophan residues that are in distinctly different microenvironments. Trp-15 is located on the surface and Trp-314 is buried at the intersubunit interface. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and phosphorescence studies have enabled the assignment of parameters, e.g., quantum yield, emission maximum, decay times, to the individual tryptophan residues of the protein. We have prepared, by site-directed mutagenesis, the mutated W15F protein and have characterized its fluorescence properties. We show that the Trp-314 of the mutant experiences an apolar microenvironment, but that the fluorescence decay and exposure to solute quenchers of the mutant are somewhat different than was expected from the assignments for the wild type.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A promoter element with enhancer properties, and the orphan nuclear receptor RORα, are required for Purkinje cell-specific expression of a Gi/o modulator

The promoter and structural portion of the gene, Pcp-2(L7), has frequently been used to target expression of proteins to cerebellar Purkinje cells. In our continuing analysis of the transcription of this gene and how it relates to the G-protein and Ca2+ channel modulatory functions of the encoded protein, we have dissociated the promoter and structural gene and identified cooperative functions. A 0.9 kb fragment of the proximal promoter has positional properties of a classical enhancer, yet its function requires the presence of the structural gene. We demonstrate that RORalpha, the gene product of the mutant mouse locus called staggerer (Rora(sg)), binds to and activates expression through this promoter element using functional assays in vitro and in vivo. The structural gene has a repressive effect on gene expression outside Purkinje cells, and likely participates in the suppression of Pcp-2(L7) gene expression in the many other brain and non-neuronal cell types, besides Purkinje cells, known to express RORalpha. Additional studies in vivo show that while Pcp-2(L7) expression is dependent on RORalpha throughout the cerebellum, this dependence is greatest in the intermediate region between the vermis and far lateral hemispheres. Thus, in addition to its recently indicated role in Ca2+-mediated reciprocal cell-cell signaling in Purkinje cells, RORalpha may also contribute to functional differences in cerebellar subregions.
An fMRI motor activation paradigm demonstrates abnormalities of putamen activation in females with panic disorder.

Abstract Background The neurobiology of panic disorder is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine if functional abnormalities of the putamen occur in panic disorder. Methods Activation patterns of 12 female subjects with panic disorder were compared to 18 female healthy controls using functional MRI at 3 T. A motor activation paradigm was used to probe putamen function. Results A complex motor activation paradigm for the non-dominant hand revealed decreased activation of the bilateral putamen among subjects with panic disorder. Limitations The sample size was a relatively small cohort of non-depressed females. Further, some panic disorder subjects were taking medications and/or had comorbid conditions. However, second-level regression analyses did not reveal any correlations between medication use or comorbidity and activation patterns demonstrated by the non-dominant hand complex task. Finally, we used a post-hoc approach to determine the magnitude of global fMRI signal as a surrogate index of the global cerebral blood flow as a means of controlling for possible confounds from reduction of BOLD signal secondary to cerebral vasoconstriction resulting from possible hyperventilation among panic subjects. A more compelling approach would have been to record the respiratory data from subjects during scanning. Conclusions Our findings suggest that putamen dysfunction occurs in at least some cases of panic disorder. We also provide preliminary evidence that a complex motor task for the non-dominant hand is a useful probe of putamen function in this disorder.
Impact of temperature gradient on modulus of asphaltic concrete layers

Temperature is one of the most dominant factors that impact the variation in modulus of asphalt concrete (AC) layers. An accurate relationship between temperature and modulus is necessary to successfully characterize asphalt concrete pavements. The variation in modulus is typically related to the average temperature of a layer. However, the temperature gradient within a layer also plays a role in that relationship. The impact of temperature gradient on modulus of AC layers is reported in this paper. A test setup that can simulate the variation in temperature with time of day was developed and used. With the data obtained, a preliminary relationship between temperature gradient and modulus has been developed. The next step of this study is to develop a model that can be used in pavement analysis.
Does Alcohol or Delinquency Help Adolescents Feel Better Over Time? A Study on the Influence of Heavy Drinking and Violent/Property Offending on Negative Emotions:

Conceptualizing adolescent drinking and delinquency as adaptations to strain, we explore whether they (a) decrease or increase the probability of feeling depression and anxiety later and (b) ameliorate or aggravate the effect of strain on the negative emotions over time. These relationships are also examined for gender differences by analyzing data separately for males and females as well as both combined. We conducted ordinary least squares regression analysis of panel data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Heavy drinking and serious delinquency were found to increase the probability of feeling depression and anxiety later, whereas they tend to ameliorate the emotionally deleterious effect of strain for males and, to a lesser extent, females.
Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Getting started: why study satistics? basic concepts and ideas. Descriptive statistics: frequency distributions and graphs summary measures relative measures and the normal curve linear correlation linear regression. Concepts of inferential statistics: sampling distributions logic of hypothesis testing. Methods of inferential statistics: one-sample t statistic - when a t ratio is not practical two-sample t tests analysis of variance two-way analysis of variance repeated-measures analysis of variance nonparametric tests bringing it all together. Appendices: statistical tables answers to selected review questions computer applications of statistics.
Hailing and boarding: the psychological impact of US coast guard boardings

Measures the impact of armed US Coast Guard boardings on those aboard boarded vessels. A sample of fifty subjects (half members of a graduate class on “Maritime Crime and its Prevention”, half others), completed questionnaires after experiencing a (pre‐arranged but undisclosed) interception and boarding by a US Coast Guard Cutter of the vessel on which they were traveling. Subjects reported satisfaction with the conduct of the boarding, but experienced different anxiety levels during the encounter, ranging from low levels (one third), medium levels (one third) to relatively high levels of anxiety. Boarding parties should be concerned with the latter group. Training and sensitivity to deal with that group needs to be emphasized.
Type X collagen gene expression is transiently up-regulated by retinoic acid treatment in chick chondrocyte cultures

Abstract During endochondral ossification, resting and proliferating chondrocytes mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes that initiate synthesis of type X collagen. The mechanisms regulating the differential expression of type X collagen gene were examined in confluent Day 12 secondary cultures of chick vertebral chondrocytes in monolayer treated with the vitamin A analog retinoic acid (RA). Preliminary results showed that major effects of RA on chondrocyte gene expression occurred between 24 and 48 h of treatment. Thus in subsequent experiments cultures were treated for 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Total RNAs were isolated and analyzed by hybridization with 32 P-labeled plasmid probes coding for five matrix macromolecules including type X collagen. We found that the steady-state levels of mRNAs for the large keratan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (KS:CS-PG) core protein and type II collagen decreased several fold between 24 and 48 h of treatment compared to untreated cells, and remained low with further treatment. In sharp contrast, the level of type X collagen mRNA increased threefold by 42 h of treatment; thereafter it began to decrease and reached minimal levels by 72–120 h of treatment. The changes in steady-state mRNA levels during RA regimen paralleled similar changes in relative rates of protein synthesis. The transient up-regulation of type X collagen gene expression at 42 h of treatment was preceded by a five-fold increase in fibronectin gene expression, was followed by a several fold increase in type I collagen gene expression, and was accompanied by cell flattening and loss of the pericellular proteoglycan matrix. Thus, RA treatment leads to a unique biphasic modulation of type X collagen gene expression in maturing chondrocyte cultures. The underlying, RA-sensitive mechanisms effecting this modulation may reflect those normally regulating the differential expression of this collagen gene during endochondral ossification.
The semantics of space : Experiential and linguistic aspects of selected english spatial terms

To investigate relationships between spatial terms and the human experience of space, participants in three separate experiments were asked to sort 35 English spatial terms into groups on the basis of which items seemed most similar to one another. Participants also were asked to provide a descriptive rationale for each of their groupings. Once all groupings were recorded, they were subject to hierarchical clustering analysis and results of all three studies produced five different clusters centering around issues of: (1) barrier and passage, (2) distance, (3) embodiment, (4) boundary and containment, and (5) verticality. Meanings for each cluster were named on the basis of participant descriptions and from independent evaluations made by the research team. Using these thematic meanings as a guide, a first-person description of spatial experience was developed and related to current analyses of the Whorf Hypothesis concerning issues of spatial experience and memory.
Modeling Social Opposition to Infrastructure Development

Social and political dynamics increasingly determine the fate of infrastructure development around the world. Decision makers involved with projects such as the Keystone XL pipeline in North America, the Belo Monte Dam in Brazil, and the Bujagali Dam in Uganda have been forced to substantially change their plans as a result of opposition. This study looks at such emergent dynamics to provide a quantitative assessment of risks associated with social sustainability in infrastructure development. An interactional model is proposed to analyze emergent risks in a complex system of systems and it is applied to emergent risks in infrastructure development. The analysis is based on the game-theoretic equilibria for an interaction between two actors, namely, the developer and the opposition. Using simulation the structural and contextual variations were investigated in the context of the project along with consequent emergent patterns of outcomes and associated risk profiles. The model comprises informal and formal interactional stages to investigate the impact of alternative mitigation strategies on project risk. The application of the proposed methodology is showcased in an analysis of informal and formal strategies to deliver socially sustainable projects.
Food acquisition by competing surfperch on a patchy environmental gradient

Black surfperch, Embiotoca jacksoni, and striped surfperch, Embiotoca lateralis, coexisted along steep sloping rocky habitats at Santa Cruz Island, California. The range of depths occupied (to 15 m) was characterized by a strong gradient in abundance of prey and a changing mosaic of substrate types from which surfperch harvested food. Availability of prey and diversity of benthic substrates were greatest in shallowest areas and both declined with increasing depth. Individuals of both surfperch species were residential within a narrow range of depths, with the result that different segments of their populations were consistently exposed to different foraging environments. These two phenomena (residential behavior combined with a gradient in availability of resources) resulted in variation in foraging behaviors and diets among individuals that resided at different depths. The pattern of within-population variation differed between the surfperch species. Black surfperch individuals achieved similar taxonomic diets and expended similar foraging effort at all depths, but deep-water foragers captured much less prey biomass per unit effort. The taxonomic composition of striped surfperch diets differed among depths, and although similar amounts of prey biomass were captured everywhere, individuals in deep areas expended much greater effort to obtain that level of food return. For both species, habitat profitability (food return to foraging effort) declined with depth. The difference in habitat profitability appeared to influence fitness components of both surfperches. Individuals occupying deep habitats were about 5% shorter in standard length than conspecifics of the same chronological age living in shallow areas; the disparity in body size resulted in an estimated difference in clutch size of 10–18%.
Neither Primary nor Memory Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Compromised in Mice with Chronic Enteric Helminth Infection

Previously we had reported that Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a helminth with a lung migratory phase, affected host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through the induction of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. Several helminth species do not have an obligatory lung migratory phase but establish chronic infections in the host that include potent immune downregulatory effects, in part mediated through induction of a FoxP3+ T regulatory cell (Treg) response. Treg cells exhibit duality in their functions in host defense against M. tuberculosis infection since their depletion leads to enhanced priming of T cells in the lymph nodes and attendant improved control of M. tuberculosis infection, while their presence in the lung granuloma protects against excessive inflammation. Heligmosomoides polygyrus is a strictly murine enteric nematode that induces a strong FoxP3 Treg response in the host. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether host immunity to M. tuberculosis infection would be modulated in mice with chronic H. polygyrus infection. We report that neither primary nor memory immunity conferred by Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination was affected in mice with chronic enteric helminth infection, despite a systemic increase in FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. The findings indicate that anti-M. tuberculosis immunity is not similarly affected by all helminth species and highlight the need to consider this inequality in human coinfection studies.
Analysis of a molten carbonate fuel cell: Numerical modeling and experimental validation

Abstract A detailed dynamic model incorporating geometric resolution of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) with dynamic simulation of physical and electrochemical processes in the stream-wise direction is presented. The model was developed using mass and momentum conservation, electrochemical and chemical reaction mechanisms, and heat-transfer. Results from the model are compared with data from an experimental MCFC unit. Furthermore, the model was applied to predict dynamic variations of voltage, current and temperature in an MCFC as it responds to varying load demands. The voltage was evaluated using two different approaches: one applying a model developed by Yuh and Selman [C.Y. Yuh, J.R. Selman, The polarization of molten carbonate fuel cell electrodes: I. Analysis of steady-state polarization data, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 (1991) 3642–3648; C.Y. Yuh, J.R. Selman, The polarization of molten carbonate fuel cell electrodes: II. Characterization by AC impedance and response to current interruption, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 (1991) 3649–3655] and another applying simplified equations using average local temperatures and pressures. The results show that both models can be used to predict voltage and dynamic response characteristics of an MCFC and the model that uses the more detailed Yuh and Selman approach can predict those accurately and consistently for a variety of operating conditions.
Thermal polymerization of amino acids under various atmospheres or at low pressures

Abstract The kinds and proportions of amino acids formed in two simulated prebiotic experiments or detected in hydrolyzed extracts of three extraterrestrial samples were found to polymerize thermally under various atmospheres or at low pressures. Yields, tested properties, and amino acid compositions of the polymers were not influenced by the type of enveloping atmosphere, including two simulated prebiotic atmospheres and five pure gases. However, polyamino acids prepared at low pressure (0.02, 10 −4 atm) were obtained in appreciably greater yield than those synthesized at 1 atm; amino acid composition was somewhat influenced by low pressure. The results indicate that polyamino acids could have been formed thermally under a variety of possible prebiotic atmospheres and on planetary bodies of low atmospheric pressure.
The root invariant and v1-periodic families

THIS PAPER assembles some evidence toward the conjecture (see [II, Conjecture 121) that the root invariants of pi-periodic elements of n”, contain u, + , -periodic elements (see 92 for definitions). We relate the root invariant of px to the root invariant of I, and for x~n,(M(p)) we relate the root invariant of o,x to the root invariant of X. In our statements of results we use certain Toda brackets to represent multiplication by v,+ L on spectra that have only c,-self maps. We take advantage of dimensional restrictions on R(X); because of the cell structure of (BI,)(,,,, I R(x)1 1x1 5 0 or I (mod 4). We prove the following theorem.
Clinical pharmacology of adrenergic drugs.

(1984). Clinical Pharmacology of Adrenergic Drugs. Journal of Asthma: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 183-207.
Permeability of acetic acid through organic films at the air-aqueous interface.

Recent field studies of collected aerosol particles, both marine and continental, show that the outermost layers contain long-chain (C ≥ 18) organics. The presence of these long-chain organics could impede the transport of gases and other volatile species across the interface. This could effect the particle's composition, lifetime, and heterogeneous chemistry. In this study, the uptake rate of acetic acid vapor across a clean interface and through films of long-chain organics into an aqueous subphase solution containing an acid−base indicator (bromocresol green) was measured under ambient conditions using visible absorption spectroscopy. Acetic acid is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and is an atmospherically relevant organic acid. The uptake of acetic acid through single-component organic films of 1-octadecanol (C18H38O), 1-triacontanol (C30H62O), cis-9-octadecen-1-ol (C18H36O), and nonacosane (C29H60) in addition to two mixed films containing equimolar 1-triacontanol/nonacosane and equimolar 1-triacon...
Swedish model or swedish culture

The historical roots of the Swedish welfare state are surveyed in an attempt to show how culture accounts for certain peculiarities of the “Swedish Model,”; as compared to other welfare states like Germany or the U.S. It is argued that most of the socio‐cultural patterns that have become firmly associated with the past fifty years of Social Democratic hegemony in fact are of ancient origins and are perhaps most aptly described as simply “Swedish.”; From this perspective the relevance and usefulness of the Swedish experience for the reformers in Eastern Europe are also considered.
Competitive effects of metal dissolution and passivation modulated by surface structure: An AFM and EBSD study of the corrosion of alloy 22

Abstract Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to correlate crystallographic grain orientation with corrosion rates of polycrystalline alloy 22 following immersion in 1 and 3 molar (M) hydrochloric acid. For each acid concentration, relative corrosion rates are simultaneously characterized for approximately 50 unique grain orientations. The results demonstrate that the corrosion rate anisotropies are markedly different in the two acid concentrations. In very aggressive acidic environments (3M HCl), where electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry data demonstrate that the passive oxide film of alloy 22 is completely dissolved, alloy dissolution rates scale inversely with the average coordination number of surface atoms for a given grain orientation, where highly correlated surfaces dissolve the slowest. Thus, similar to simple metallic systems, the corrosion rates scale with the surface plane-normal crystallographic orientations as {1 1 1}
Strategic planning in smaller rapid growth companies

The research reported in this article is based on a study of the strategic planning practices of the 500 fastest growing privately held smaller companies in the United States ranked according to percentage of sales increases from 1978 to 1982.p1 Based on the information provided, a clear picture emerges regarding the actual role of strategic planning in rapid growth companies.
Advance mesoscale product development for GOES-R using operational and experimental satellite observations

This paper discusses activities related to mesoscale product development in preparation for the GOES-R satellite to be launched in 2012. These new image products will feature improved spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolution compared to current GOES imagery. Emphasis in this paper is on simulations of GOES-R date using observations from existing operational and experimental satellites.
Carbohydrate Reserves and Tillering of Switchgrass Following Clipping

Stands of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) often decline following defoliation, a response often attributed to a high fertile/vegetative stem ratio and a paucity of basal shoots and foliage. Information is lacking on interactions among meristem removal, tiller development, and energy reserves. Field studies on a Mexico silt loam soil (Udollic Ochraqualf) were conducted for 2 yr to examine tillering and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) trends of «Pathfinder» switchgrass following clipping
Head-scatter factors and effective x-ray source positions in a 25-MV linear accelerator.

The behavior of the effective source position and the correction factor associated with the collimator opening (head‐scatter factor) were investigated for the 6‐ and 25‐MV x‐ray beams of a linear accelerator. The primary photon fluence was measured in air for square field sizes from 5×5 cm to 40×40 cm at distances from the nominal source of 80 to 140 cm, for open and wedged fields (wedge angle 60 deg). An inverse‐square analysis shows that, for open fields, the effective source position of the accelerator is about the same (approximately 1 cm downstream) at 6 and 25 MV, for all field sizes. For the wedged fields, the effective source position depends on field size and ranges from about 2 to 4 cm. The head‐scatter correction factors for given collimator settings were found to be essentially independent of distance at both energies.