cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying opportunities for improving the organ supply through race-stratified data

Organ procurement in the US has received attention from government officials and policymakers the last two years, culminating in CMS releasing an updated Final Rule related to organ donation this year. This regulatory change revises how organ procurement organizations (OPOs), the federal contractors tasked with managing deceased donation, are evaluated and certified/de-certified. We used 2019 data and the CMS methodology to calculate race-stratified donation data among racial/ethnic minorities across the 57 OPOs. We found that the variability in donation rates across the 57 OPOs are greater among minority populations than non-Hispanic white potential donors. Among Tier 3 OPOs, there are: a) some with low donation rates across all racial/ethnic groups; b) some with low donation rates among only certain groups, and c) some where donation rates are lowest among non-Hispanic white patients. Among low-performing OPOs, these race/ethnicity-stratified data show that under-performance in certain areas is not due to the population demographics, and identifies areas for targeted interventions to increase donation and avoid decertification
Vim stimulation as a predictor of response to deep brain stimulation in patients of severe tremor undergoing dual stimulation

Deep brain stimulation, targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim), has been shown to be an effective management tool for tremors refractory to other therapies. There is some variance in response to Vim stimulation for severe essential and rubral tremors. This study looked at dual stimulations (addition, in which the Vim is stimulated along with an additional nucleus or augmentation, in which a second lead is placed within the Vim itself) for these types of tremors. A total of eight patients, four with rubral and four with severe essential tremors, were treated with deep brain stimulation. The responses of the patients were characterized on a scale from excellent improvement to worsening of condition. Two of the four patients with rubral tremor had an excellent response to Vim stimulation. These patients showed additional benefits when the prelemniscal radiation (Raprl) was stimulated, in addition to the Vim. Three of the four patients with severe essential tremor reported either a good or excellent response to Vim stimulation. One of these patients had the Raprl stimulated in addition to the Vim while another had an augmentation of the Vim, with ventralis oralis posterior (Vop) stimulation. Both showed additional benefits with the addition or augmentation performed. We conclude that if a patient with severe medically refractory tremor (essential or rubral tremor) responds to Vim stimulation but is still disabled he will likely also have a response to dual stimulation with an additional lead in the Raprl or an augmentation with an additional lead in the Vop. Patients who did not initially respond to Vim stimulation did not respond to the placement of a second lead. We also conclude that for severe essential tremor, Raprl stimulation showed a better response than Vim stimulation.
Consumer Logistics: The Inventory Subsystem

The field of consumer logistics includes the organizations and activities necessary to move good; from the commercial logistics system to the point of consumption or other disposition. A giver consumer logistics system comprises five subsystems, one of which is developed in this paper. By means of a paradigm and accompanying verbal explanation, the nature of the inventory subsystem is presented. The focal point for this presentation is the household, a primary organization for the performance oi consumer logistics activities.
An Introduction to Instructional Services in Academic Libraries

Part A. Library Instruction in College Libraries 1. Creating an "Information Literacy Across the Curriculum" Program from Scratch Jill Gremmels and Randall Schroeder 2. Experiential Learning: Teach Them and They Will Come James Andrew Buczynski and Carmen Genuardi 3. Taking the Best of Both Worlds: Success and Challenges with the Hybrid Model of Library Instruction Lucretia McCulley 4. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Using Clickers to Enhance Learning in the Library Janelle L. Wertzberger Part B. Library Instruction in University Libraries 5. Interdisciplinary Inquiry Through Collaboration Leslie Bussert, Suzan Parker and Mark Szarko 6. Immersion of Information Literacy and Technology into the Core Discovery Courses Nancy J. Young, Diane Prorak and Beth Hill 7. PUC 101: A Collaborative Effort for Freshman Orientation Tammy S. Guerrero and Kristin M. Harkin 8. Making the Case for Enhanced Learning: Using Case Studies in a Credit-Bearing Library Course Christopher V. Hollister 9. Using Problem-Based Learning to Teach Information Literacy Skills in a Freshman Seminar Emily Johnson, Cristine Prucha and Petra M. Roter 10. Introducing Primary Documents to Undergraduates Shelley Arlen, Chelsea Dinsmore and Merrie Davidson 11. A Tale of Two Syllabi: Program-Integrated Information Literacy Instruction in Chemistry and Journalism Margy MacMillan 12. Teaching Information Literacy to ESL Students Iona R. Malanchuk 13. Planning, Building, and Assessing a Library Instruction Tutorial Megan Oakleaf 14. Information Literacy for Nontraditional Students at the University of Rhode Island Joanna M. Burkhardt Part C. Library Instruction in Health Sciences University Settings 15. Turning Librarians into Teachers Patricia C. Higginbottom, Lee A. Vucovich and Martha E. Verchot 16. MeSHing with Medical Students: Effectiveness of Library Instruction Over Time-A Longitudinal Research Study Kathryn E. Kerdolff and Maureen M. Knapp 17. Preparing an Advanced Information Literacy Curriculum for Graduate Students Daniel G. Kipnis and Anthony J. Frisby 18. Graded Online Pharmacy Assignments Julia Shaw-Kokot and K. T. L. Vaughan 19. Information Literacy for a College of Nursing Sally Carroll-Ricks, Debra Shelton, Diane Graham-Webb, Susan T. Pierce, Laura Aaron and Debbie Moore 20. Librarians in the Online Classroom: Proactive Bibliographic Instruction for Distance Education Students Justin Robertson, Ellen Sayed and Linda Roussel Chapter Exercises Elizabeth Connor Index
Sources of intravascular ATP during exercise in humans: critical role for skeletal muscle perfusion

Exercise hyperaemia is regulated by several factors, and one factor known to increase with exercise that evokes a powerful vasomotor action is extracellular ATP. The origin of ATP detected in plasma from exercising muscle of humans is, however, a matter of debate, and ATP has been suggested to arise from sympathetic nerves, blood sources (e.g. erythrocytes), endothelial cells and skeletal myocytes, among others. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that acute augmentation of sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA) results in elevated plasma ATP draining skeletal muscle, and that SNA superimposition during exercise increases ATP more than exercise alone. We showed that increased SNA via -40 mmHg lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at rest did not increase plasma ATP (51±8 nmol l(-1) at rest versus 58±7 nmol l(-1) with LBNP), nor did it increase [ATP] above levels observed during rhythmic hand-grip exercise (79±11 nmol l(-1) with exercise alone versus 71±8 nmol l(-1) with LBNP). Next, we tested the hypothesis that active perfusion of skeletal muscle is essential to observe increased plasma ATP during exercise. We showed that complete obstruction of blood flow to contracting muscle abolished exercise-mediated increases in plasma ATP (from 90±19 to 49±12 nmol l(-1)), and that cessation of blood flow prior to exercise completely inhibited the typical rise in ATP (3 versus 61%, obstructed versus intact perfusion). The lack of change in ATP during occlusion occurred in the face of continued muscular work and elevated SNA, indicating that the rise of intravascular ATP did not result from these extravascular sources. Our collective observations indicated that the elevation in extracellular ATP observed in blood during exercise was unlikely to originate from sympathetic nerves or the contacting muscle itself, but rather was dependent on intact skeletal muscle perfusion. We conclude that an intravascular source for ATP is essential, which indicates an important role for blood sources (e.g. red blood cells) in augmenting and maintaining elevated plasma ATP during exercise.
It's a wrap (Part 2): Implementing shrinkwrap preservation of selected serials

Abstract Due to cuts in the binding budget, librarians in the science libraries at Washington State University supported shrinkwrapping as an alternative preservation method for paper copies of reliably archived e-journals. Policy decisions included determining check-out procedures, recording statistics and dealing with repetitive package openings. Technical decisions included type of shrinkwrap machine and its set-up. Statistics show that most users utilize electronic access over print. We are hopeful that shrinkwrapping will prove a useful, inexpensive method of preservation.
Pizotifen Activates ERK and Provides Neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo in Models of Huntington’s Disease

Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative condition characterized by dysfunction in striatal and cortical neurons. There are currently no approved drugs known to slow the progression of HD.
Recent Progress in Three-dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer Research at BIAA

The studies of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers at Beijing Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics were initiated in the late seventies. The earlier works had been less emphasized on the fundamental aspects of the problem, and mostly engineering oriented. In the early eighties, major efforts were turned to the investigation of turbulence structures in incompressible boundary layers, and the research activities began to diversify thereafter to include the study of coherent structure, 3-D turbulent boundary layer modeling, research on drag reduction, investigation of shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, and the development of computational techniques for solving 3-D turbulent boundary layer problems. Some of the recent development will be summarized in the present paper.
Evaluation of Interactive Media in Science Education

An evaluation of an interactive media-based science education project is reported. One of the unique features of the evaluation is the application of a general program evaluation which stresses the assessment of contextual/environmental factors. The rationale is that without adequate facilitation and support from the context, large scale projects would have limited impact on education reform. The model was applied to a major, National Science Foundation funded, science teacher education project at Vanderbilt University. The findings revealed that a number of factors must come together for project success. They are: an environment conducive to innovation and development; strong administrative interest and commitment to further the cause of the project; faculty interest and commitment to be actively involved in the project and to integrate project ideas into their own practices. In addition, strong technical support is vital for research and developments efforts in technology-based science education projects.
Metabolic precursors in astrophysical ice analogs: implications for meteorites and comets

We report the synthesis of complex organic compounds including nicotinic and quinolinic acid, two members involved in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthetic pathway, in irradiated astrophysical ice analogs. If delivered to Earth by meteorites and comets, these compounds may have contributed to the origin and early evolution of life.
An X-ray scattering investigation of broad bean mottle virus in solutions of various electron densities

Abstract Low-angle X-ray scattering data to a resolution of 30 A are presented for broad bean mottle virus suspended in buffer and in solutions of higher electron density produced by the addition of sucrose or the trisaccharide melezitose. Comparison of the scattered intensity distributions with those of simple model particles are made and radial electron density distributions are obtained. The results indicate that in buffer the virus particle has a radius of gyration of 117 A, a mean outer radius of about 147 A, and a nearly hollow core of about 60 A radius. The scattering data for the virus in sugar solutions supports these results and indicates that much of the region within the virus open to water is also open to penetration by the sugar molecules. Melezitose can penetrate about 60% of the volume of the virus open to water while sucrose can penetrate nearly 90%. The region of the virus within 90 A from the center is more easily penetrated by these sugars than the region from 90 A to the surface. It is concluded that the virus at this resolution appears as a hollow, approximately spherically symmetric object with a high density and probably well organized RNA region enclosed by a protein shell into which some of the RNA penetrates.
Role of endothelial chemokines and their receptors during inflammation

Chemokines are a large group of small cytokines known for their chemotactic ability to regulate the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. This occurs through the binding of chemokines to their receptors located on the leukocyte that results in cellular changes such as actin rearrangement and cell shape, which allow for the migration of the leukocyte. In addition to regulating leukocyte function, it is now becoming apparent that other nonhematopoetic cells, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, can also be regulated by chemokines. Studies within the past 10 years has demonstrated the presence of various chemokine receptors on endothelial cells as well as the ability of chemokines to activate these receptors resulting in various cellular responses including migration, proliferation, and cellular activation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the research that has been done to date demonstrating the important role for chemokines in regulating endothelial function during various inflammatory conditions associated with angiogenesis, homeostasis, and leukocyte transmigration. This review will focus specifically on the role of the endothelium in mediating chemokine effects associated with wound healing, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune diseases, conditions where leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis play a major role. Recent progress in the development and implementation of therapeutics agents against these small molecules, or their receptors, will also be addressed.
Genetic diversity and structure in two species of Leavenworthia with self-incompatible and self-compatible populations

Self-fertilization is a common mating system in plants and is known to reduce genetic diversity, increase genetic structure and potentially put populations at greater risk of extinction. In this study, we measured the genetic diversity and structure of two cedar glade endemic species, Leavenworthia alabamica and L. crassa. These species have self-incompatible (SI) and self-compatible (SC) populations and are therefore ideal for understanding how the mating system affects genetic diversity and structure. We found that L. alabamica and L. crassa had high species-level genetic diversity (He=0.229 and 0.183, respectively) and high genetic structure among their populations (FST=0.45 and 0.36, respectively), but that mean genetic diversity was significantly lower in SC compared with SI populations (SC vs SI, He for L. alabamica was 0.065 vs 0.206 and for L. crassa was 0.084 vs 0.189). We also found significant genetic structure using maximum-likelihood clustering methods. These data indicate that the loss of SI leads to the loss of genetic diversity within populations. In addition, we examined genetic distance relationships between SI and SC populations to analyze possible population history and origins of self-compatibility. We find there may have been multiple origins of self-compatibility in L. alabamica and L. crassa. However, further work is required to test this hypothesis. Finally, given their high genetic structure and that individual populations harbor unique alleles, conservation strategies seeking to maximize species-level genetic diversity for these or similar species should protect multiple populations.
Abstract 3529: Cisplatin-induced downregulation of OCTN2 affects carnitine (vitamin BT) wasting

Carnitine is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. It is normally maintained at a steady level in the blood, and is retained in the body by a rescue mechanism that involves renal tubular reabsorption of filtered carnitine by OCTN2, a luminal organic cation transporter. The physiological significance of OCTN2 has been confirmed by the identification of mutations that cause a potentially lethal autosomal recessive disease known as primary systemic carnitine deficiency. Heterozygosity for OCTN2 mutations is associated with an intermediate carnitine-deficiency phenotype, suggesting that even partial loss of transporter function may be detrimental. The nephrotoxic agent cisplatin was previously reported to cause urinary loss of carnitine in cancer patients, although the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. We hypothesized that cisplatin may influence the function of OCTN2 and/or catalytic enzymes involved in carnitine homeostasis. In wildtype mice, we found that the urinary excretion of carnitine and acetylcarnitine at baseline over a 24-hour period was about ∼3 fold higher than in mice lacking the organic cation transporters Oct1 and Oct2 [Oct1/2(−/−) mice] (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3529.
The cognitive antecedents and motivational consequences of the feeling of being in the zone

The feeling of being in the zone (related to "flow") is marked by an elevated yet effortless sense of concentration. Prior research suggests that feelings of being in the zone are strongest when the demand posed by a task matches one's level of ability (i.e., the balance hypothesis). In the present article, we tested this hypothesis using a novel experimental paradigm. By collecting numerous zone judgments for each participant, we were able to examine intra-individual sources of variance that explain why people often feel more or less in-the-zone on the same task from one moment to the next. The results of two experiments provide support for what we have termed the balance-plus hypothesis, which posits that zone experiences are strongest (Experiments 1-2) and have the greatest motivational force (Experiment 2) when the balance between task demand and ability is accompanied by positive assessments of one's own performance.
Improving Patient Activation in Crisis and Chronic Care Through Rhetorical Approaches to New Media Technologies

As the U.S. population both increases and ages over the next 40 years, the numbers of patients requiring healthcare for both crisis-oriented and chronic conditions will grow in tandem (USHHS, 2009). This growth requires that healthcare practitioners and patients master new methodologies for communicating about care. Among these methodological possibilities are new and social media, such as websites, mobile phone text messaging, interactive websites, YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook. Here, communication and rhetoric of science scholars can help shape the future efficacy of Web 2.0 healthcare communication and the strategies its practitioners use toward patient activation.
Soil adherence to human skin.

Dermal exposure to soils contaminated with toxic chemicals represents a potential public health hazard. These soils, contaminated with chemicals such as PCBs and dioxins, may be found at various locations throughout the US. Furthermore, dermal contact with pesticide-containing particles and contaminated soil particles is of importance for exposures to agricultural workers who reenter fields after pesticide application. With respect to dermal exposure to pesticide-contaminated particulate matter, several occurrences of human toxicity to ethyl parathion in citrus groves have been reported. These exposures resulted from dermal contact with high concentrations of the toxic transformation product paraoxon in soil dust contaminated as a result of application of pesticide to the overhead foliage of trees. To assess dermal exposure to chemically-contaminated soil at sites of concern, dermal adherence of soil must be determined prior to the assessment of dermal absorption. The purpose of the experiment reported herein was to determine the amount of soil (mg/cm{sup 2}) that adheres to adult hands under various soil conditions. These conditions include the type of soil, the organic content of the soil, and the particle size of the soil.
Parents' Evaluations of Wheezing in Their Children With Asthma

Objective Wheezing is a widely used physical sign of asthma that physicians assess in evaluation of their asthmatic patients. It may be possible to teach the parents to recognize it and to assess its severity so as to help them make better informed judgment in monitoring their children with asthma. Study design Parents were taught to recognize wheezing by placing their ear over the chest and in front of the open mouth of their child. One session lasting a few minutes was sufficient for teaching. Subsequently, the parent and a physician evaluated the child independently for the presence and the severity of wheezing categorized as easily, barely, and none detected, and results were compared. Severity of wheezing was also compared with peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) whenever possible. Results Six hundred thirty-six observations were made in 89 parent-child pairs. Wheezing was detected by the physician in 64% of examinations and by the parents in 56% (p 2 ). When the physician heard the wheezing easily on 240 occasions, the parents also heard it in 99%. When the physician heard the wheezing barely on 170 occasions, the parents heard it only on 68% of the time. Mean PEFR was 55% predicted when the parents heard the wheezing easily, 75% when heard barely, and 93% when not heard (the difference is significant, p Conclusions Parents can be taught to detect wheezing in their child with considerable accuracy when it is easily detectable to a physician. Such skills should be helpful to the parents in monitoring their child with asthma and in deciding when to increase medications and when to seek emergency care.
FINITE-VOLTAGE BEHAVIOR OF HIGHLY-DISORDERED GRANULAR SUPERCONDUCTORS

Abstract We study a percolating network of highly hysteretic Josephson junctions in which each junction is modelled as a piecewise-Ohmic hysteretic device. At the percolation threshold, the average voltage drop across a network on a large L × L grid is assumed to fall to zero as V ∼ ( I − I c ( L )) η as the applied current is reduced to the critical current I c ( L ). Our finite-size Monte Carlo study gives the value η = 2.0±0.1. This value is remarkably close to the result η =2 obtained by a scaling analysis of a continuum version of the model.
B-Cell-Delivered Gene Therapy Induces Functional T Regulatory Cells and Leads to a Loss of Antigen-Specific Effector Cells

Previous reports have shown that B-cell-mediated gene therapy can induce tolerance in several animal models for autoimmune diseases and inhibitory antibody formation in hemophilia A mice. We know from our previous work that the induction of tolerance following B-cell therapy is dependent upon CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). To extend these studies and identify the effects of this gene therapy protocol on the target CD4 T cells, we have adapted in vitro suppression assays using Tregs isolated from treated and control mice. Using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution as a measure of T-cell responsiveness to FVIII, we show that CD25+ Tregs from treated mice are more suppressive than those from control animals. To monitor the induction of antigen-specific Tregs, we repeated these studies in ovalbumin (OVA) peptide-specific DO11.10 T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. Tregs from DO11.10 mice treated with a tolerogenic OVA–Ig construct are better than polyclonal Tregs at suppressing the proliferation of responder cells stimulated with OVA peptide 323–339 (pOVA). Furthermore, we show that following B-cell therapy, there is an increase in antigen-specific FoxP3+ Tregs, and there is also a distinct decrease in antigen-specific CD4+ effector T cells. These changes in the lymphocyte population shift the balance away from effector function toward a tolerogenic phenotype.
Enzyme-Amplified Receptor Assay Predictive Model and Analytical Limits

Abstract A theoretical basis for enzyme amplified receptor assay (ERA) is presented and criteria are established for the general case of any receptor system. Analytical criteria necessary to perform this assay are identified based upon the relevant affinity constants, the concentrations of the enzyme-labelled ligand and receptor, and the analyte.
Organic Surface Analysis by Two-Laser Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. 2. Improved Desorption/Photoionization Configuration

We previously described a two-laser ion trap mass spectrometer for molecular surface analysis of organic, biological, and polymeric surfaces (Kornienko, O.; et al. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1536-1542). We have made several improvements in this instrument: a new 118-nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization source and an improved desorption/ionization geometry in the ion trap. The improved surface analysis capabilities of this instrument are demonstrated on C 18 alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers on silicon, polypeptide thin films, mixed polystyrene thin films, and ion beam-modified polystyrene films. The new instrumental configuration has submonolayer sensitivity and the capability to perform tandem mass spectrometry on monolayer samples. The advantages of VUV photoionization for surface analysis studies are demonstrated to be lower fragmentation and relatively nonselective ionization when compared with multiphoton ionization with ultraviolet light.
Stochastic models for software science

Abstract The current development of software measures is the result of treating software construction as a deterministic process. In this article, stochastic models for the software construction process are developed. The models are based on absorbing Markov chains and can be used to estimate standard software measures and their variability. The focus is on the length measure. The predictive properties of the models are investigated in an empirical study based on data from PASCAL and C language software.
Implications of till deformation on glacier dynamics

The dynamics of glacier motion are governed to a large extent by the properties of the basal interface. In this paper we address the interaction of a glacier with a layer of till at its bed in an attempt to test whether our physical understanding of till is sufficient to explain general features of the observed flow field and changes in geometry of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A. We also investigate whether or not a till layer has a clear surface-observable signature in the dynamics of the glacier. Towards this end we use a finite-element ice-flow model with a Coulomb failure criterion within the basal till layer. We find that simple “till physics” can be used to describe decadal, seasonal and short-term (hours to days) velocity variations, and possibly uplift events. Mechanisms for each of these variations involve an increase in the extent of till at failure, a transfer of shear stress across the bed, and a consequent increase in ice deformation. “Effective shape factors” are calculated that permit a simple incorporation of this boundary condition into glacier response models. Our analyses, however, have not resulted in the identification of a clear and unique signature of a till layer in the surface dynamics of a glacier.
Revision Cochlear Implant Surgery: Causes and Outcome

Abstract Objective To review experience with cochlear implant reimplantations, including effect of reinsertion on audiological performance. Study design and setting Retrospective review of cochlear implant reinsertions in patients seen in a private tertiary neurotologic practice. Forty-three patients (8 adults and 35 children) underwent revision cochlear implant surgery for device failure or upgrade. Findings at initial and repeat operations were noted, including number of electrodes inserted, and speech perception performance data were obtained when available. Results Five complications occurred in the reinsertion operations, 2 (6%) intraoperative cerebral spinal fluid leaks and 3 (7%) postoperative flap breakdowns with implant extrusion. Number of electrodes inserted was unchanged in 40/43 patients. Speech perception abilities remained stable or improved. Conclusion Cochlear reimplantation is technically feasible and allows for continued auditory stimulation. Significance Patients facing reimplantation must be aware of the possibility of differences in sound quality and speech recognition performance with their replacement device, but speech perception ability will typically remain the same or improve.
Familial multiple sclerosis and other inherited disorders of the white matter.

BACKGROUND An objective demonstration of lesions disseminated in time and space remains the core of the last revision of diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS), but this update is now empowered by a weighted use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which results in an earlier and more unambiguous diagnosis ("MS," "not MS," or "possible MS"). Nevertheless, the exclusion of other entities still remains an integral element of the diagnostic process. REVIEW SUMMARY Exclusion of genetic disorders can be challenging in some cases with familial recurrence of MS, particularly when the transmission is mimicking a mendelian or a maternal pattern of inheritance. Vice versa, many forms of mendelian leukodystrophies and leukoencephalopathies present with juvenile or adult onset, progressive or relapsing-remitting courses, intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity and MRI signs of multifocal white matter (WM) pathology, features potentially leading to a temporary confusion with MS. With the recent availability of disease modifying medications in MS, the development of specific molecular therapies in inherited WM disorders, and the general recognition of the effectiveness of early treatments, the accuracy of initial diagnostic assessment has become critical. CONCLUSION Considering the importance of disease specific treatments, here we review the major characteristics of familial MS and some of the inheritable diseases of the WM. Although no direct genetic link between MS and these WM abnormalities is known, molecular data from the field of rare genetic disorders may also provide some experimental paradigms to a further exploration of MS.
Treatment of Human-Caused Trauma Attrition in the Adult Outcomes Research

Attrition or dropout is the failure of a participant to complete, comply, or the prematurely discontinuation or discharge from treatment, resulting in lost data and affecting outcomes. This review of 10 years of adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment outcome literature specific to Criterion A events of human origin examines how attrition is defined and addressed, methodologically and statistically. Of the 13 experimental or quasi-experimental studies, 11 report attrition information. Compared to treatment completers, attriters more often had elevated pretest scores on PTSD and other symptom measures. The characteristics of dropouts given the intentional nature of the traumatic events reviewed in this study are shared to inform clinical practice. Recommendations for consistent methods in examining, analyzing, and interpreting treatment outcome data are also discussed.
Thermally enhanced 3 dimensional integrated circuit (TE3DIC) packaging

Commercial packaging roadmaps clearly depict the imminence of chip stacking utilizing through silicon via (TSV) technology (commonly referred to as 3-dimensional integrated circuits (3DIC)) as a means to improve system performance by reducing routing lengths, latency, and drive power while increasing functionality per unit volume. Roadmaps and packaging research focus areas also depict complex 3DIC and packaging architecture concepts to include heterogeneous materials, components and features [1-2]. This added diversity often exacerbates physical proximity effects such as thermal and electromagnetic (EM) coupling. To reduce unwanted thermal and EM coupling, we propose interleaving 25μm thick, flexible, high thermal conductivity (1600 W/m·K, in-plane) pyrolytic graphite sheets (PGS) [3] into 3DIC stacks. The PGS provides passive parallel thermal paths from each die to the package heat spreader with potential significant reduction in overall package thermal resistance (0 JC ). This also provides design flexibility to thermally decouple sensitive components within the package from intermittent power sources by thermal routing. Interleaving PGS is also expected to impart EM shielding benefits between die and serve to reduce overall package emissions. This paper focuses on potential junction-to-case thermal resistance improvements of a Thermally Enhanced 3-Dimensional Integrated Circuit (TE3DIC) packaging solution. By utilizing a path-finding set of thermal models of a TE3DIC BGA package, design parameters are adjusted to assess various cases, promote design intuition, and ultimately lead to a final test vehicle design. This test vehicle includes three TSV die with both uniform and localized (fireball) Ni80Cr20 heater traces and include resistive platinum temperature sensors. These die are copper pillar bonded with PGS interleaved and flip chip soldered to a 37mm BGA carrier. The perimeter of the PGS is bonded to a terraced copper heat spreader. Detailed modeling estimates a 44% reduction in package thermal resistance with PGS interleaves in a three die stack compared with a similar direct bonded die stack. Reductions are greater for 3DIC designs with copper pillar bonding compared to covalently bonded die stacks.
Developmental responses to oxygen, arachidonic acid, and indomethacin in the fetal lamb ductus arteriosus in vitro

Abstract It has been suggested that ineffective constriction in response to an increase in P0 2 is the primary cause for delayed closure of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. The isometric contractile effects of increased P0 2 and prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin and tranylcypromine) were studied on isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus from animals of two gestational ages (87–110 days and 135–150 days, term is 150 days). Rings from animals less than 110 days have a significantly smaller oxygen-induced contraction (2.5 ± .3 g/mm 2 , n=16) when compared with rings from animals near term (4.6 ± .7 g/mm 2 , n=9).Oxygen-contracted rings from both gestational age groups contract further upon addition of either prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. Rings from animals less than 110 days have a significantly larger indomethacin-induced contraction (1.10 ± 1.7 g/mm 2 , n=16) than vessels near term (0.52 ± .12 g/mmm 2 , n=9). In addition, arachidonic acid produces a greater relaxation in the immature oxygen contracted ring (42 ± 9%, n=10) than in the vessel near term (6 ± 2%, n=4). This is consistent with the hypothesis that, early during gestation, endogenous prostaglandins inhibit the vessel's ability to contract in response to oxygen. These observations are also consistent with the ability of indomethacin to constrict the patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants.
Osmotic and Autotoxic Effects of Leaf Extracts on Germination and Seedling Growth of Alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is autotoxic to seed germination and root growth of alfalfa seedlings. The objective was to determine if effects of leaf extracts were due to toxic factors, osmotic factors, or both. Rates of imbibition were slowed slightly by the leaf extract, mainly by osmotic factors. Germination at 22°C occurred in 20 h when imbibed with distilled water but was progressively delayed at higher extract concentrations. Initiation of germination events occurred in less than 10 h, and seed had completed germination when water content was 65% of total weight. An exudate with toxic activity to root growth was released during imbibition. Seed imbibed in extract solution for 10 h and then transferred to water-agar medium had a slight delay in germination but no effect on root elongation rate (RER). Conversely, seed imbibed in water for 10 h before transfer to the extract showed a delay in germination and strong inhibition of RER as extract concentrations increased. Transfer to polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) at 10 h showed some of the germination delay was due to osmotic properties. Root elongation rate was increased slightly by PEG solutions greater than -0.20 MPa, which was lower than those of the strongest extracts, -0.10 MPa in agar and -0.05 MPa on filter paper. These extracts reduced RER by up to 90% due to the toxicity factors. Inhibition was slowed mainly by osmotic factors whereas delayed seed germination and, especially, reduced root elongation were due mainly to toxic factors of the leaf extract.
A taxonomy of neurobehavioral functions applied to neuropsychological assessment after head injury.

Neuropsychological dysfunctions after traumatic brain injury are classified into a taxonomy to plan a comprehensive examination, and organize and report findings for diagnosis and treatment: consciousness, information processing, sensorimotor, neurophysiological, cerebral personality disorders, intelligence, memory, language, stress, psychodynamic, identity and weltanschauung, adaptation, complex adaptive functions, and development of children. Widerange sampling enhances the detection of acute and late-developing dysfunctions, and diagnosis of complex syndromes. Historical, personality, and injury data are components of the assessment. Issues discussed include underestimation of brain injury, malingering, interaction of symptoms, symptom persistence, and noncerebral lesional contributors to impairment after mild head injury.
Sraffian Indeterminacy in General Equilibrium

The indeterminacy claim for competitive price systems made by Sraffa (1960) is examined by placing Sraffa's work in an intertemporal general equilibrium model. We show that indeterminacy occurs at a natural type of equilibrium. Moreover, the presence of linear activities instead of a differentiable technology is crucial and the indeterminacy is constructed, as in Sraffa, by fixing some or all of the economy's aggregate quantities. On the other hand, an extra condition, that some factors have inelastic excess demand is necessary, and, unlike Sraffa's model, relative prices must be allowed to vary through time. Sraffian indeterminacy and the generic finiteness of the number of equilibria are reconciled by showing that indeterminacy occurs at a measure-zero set of endowments. We use an overlapping-generations model to show that these endowments nevertheless arise systematically and that indeterminacy does not occur when relative prices are constant through time. Near the beginning of his Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (1960), Sraffa specifies a system of equations that prices must obey if the capital invested in each sector of an economy is to earn the same rate of profit. The system contains one more unknown than equation, leading Sraffa to conclude that prices, and wage and interest rates in particular, are indeterminate. Sraffa's book has since been read as arguing that some outside, non-economic consideration must therefore set prices and the distribution of income. Part of the controversy the book has provoked is due to Sraffa's apparent agreement with the neoclassical emphasis on optimization and competitive markets. The standard Sraffian system of equations is nothing other than the first-order conditions that hold for price-taking, profit-maximizing firms using linear activities. But if Sraffa's assumptions are in accord with neoclassical theory, how can his assertions of indeterminacy be correct? I examine Sraffa's indeterminacy argument and his critique of neoclassical economics by embedding his equations in a general equilibrium model. As we will see, the indeterminacy claim, properly interpreted, correctly describes the equilibria with strictly positive prices. Moreover, the indeterminacy demonstrated here closely duplicates the indeterminacy Sraffa claimed. First, it is prices alone that are indeterminate. I follow Sraffa's striking procedure of fixing the quantities of goods produced: an infinity of (normalized) price vectors support a single vector of aggregate quantities. Second, Sraffa seemed to claim, and his advocates (e.g. Robinson (1961)) have certainly claimed that his book is a critique of marginal productivity theory. Correspondingly, indeterminacy in the present model hinges on marginal products not being everywhere well-defined when there are linear activities; with smooth production sets, our indeterminacy arguments do not work. Third, the dimension of the indeterminacy I demonstrate matches Sraffa's accounting of the dimension of indeterminacy.
The boron isotope ratio in the interstellar medium

OBSERVATIONS of the abundances of elements provide insight into their production and distribution. The production of light elements (in particular, lithium, beryllium and boron) is dominated by spallation reactions1, in which cosmic rays break apart more massive nuclei. Models2,3 suggest that the 11B/10B ratio should be about 2.5, but the observed ratio in the Solar System is about 4 (refs 4,5). This has led to the suggestion5 that the pre-solar nebula was subjected to bombardment by low-energy Galactic cosmic rays, leading to an overproduction of 11B (ref. 6). Until now, it has not been possible to measure the 11B/10B ratio in the interstellar medium, because the lines are very weak. Here we present a spectroscopic measurement of the 11B/10B ratio in the interstellar gas lying between the Earth and the star δ Scorpii, made using the Hubble Space Telescope. Our measured ratio, 3.4+1.3−0.6, is comparable to the meteoritic value5, but somewhat lower. Further measurements will be needed to establish whether the ratio reported here is characteristic of the interstellar medium in general.
Hydrogen ion equilibria of wheat glutenin and gliadin

Abstract Hydrogen ion titration curves of twice-precipitated wheat glutenin and gliadin have been obtained in 3 M urea plus 0.15 M KCl at 25 °C. The data have been analyzed by equations treating the electrostatic effect as an empirical factor. The ionizing groups per 10 5 g. glutenin, and their intrinsic p K 's at 25 °C. are: 38 carboxyl (4.76), 13 imidazole (6.6), 2 α-amino (8.4), 1 sulfhydryl (9.4), 23 tyrosyl (10.42), and 12 lysyl (10.6); those for gliadin are: 22 carboxyl (4.85), 14 imidazole (6.45), 2 α-amino (8.0), 1 sulfhydryl (10.0), 16 tyrosyl (10.31), and 5 lysyl (10.7). The guanidyl groups with p K greater than 13 do not affect the titration curves except through the net charge Z of glutenin and gliadin. The ionizing groups all appear to be normal. Empirical values of the electrostatic factor, w , are significantly larger for carboxyl groups than for tyrosyl groups. This change in w suggests that the conformations of both molecules depend on pH.
Simulated Tropical Response to a Substantial Weakening of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation

Abstract In this study, a mechanism is demonstrated whereby a large reduction in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) can induce global-scale changes in the Tropics that are consistent with paleoevidence of the global synchronization of millennial-scale abrupt climate change. Using GFDL’s newly developed global coupled ocean–atmosphere model (CM2.0), the global response to a sustained addition of freshwater to the model’s North Atlantic is simulated. This freshwater forcing substantially weakens the Atlantic THC, resulting in a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone over the Atlantic and Pacific, an El Nino–like pattern in the southeastern tropical Pacific, and weakened Indian and Asian summer monsoons through air–sea interactions.
Ultrastructure of the human submaxillary gland. IV. Serous granules.

Acinar serous granules in specimens of human submaxillary gland fixed with aldehydes followed by osmium were examined in the electron microscope. Typical mature granules had a tripartite substructure: (1) an eccentrically placed dense spherule; (2) material of intermediate density adherent to the inner aspect of the granule membrane in the form of a crescent; and (3) a less dense, homogeneously fibrillo-granular matrix. The dense spherules appeared within expanded Golgi saccules; other granule constituents apparently were of secondary acquisition. A few cells contained atypical serous granules in which material of intermediate density was disposed in random loops, whorls, and striae. Such granules usually lacked dense spherules. It is postulated that the two morphologically distinct types of granules represent separate classes of serous secretory products.
Behavior therapy in a case of multiple sexual disorders

Abstract A case is presented to illustrate an approach to the treatment of a case of multiple sexual disorders. The intervention program described involved careful orchestration of a variety of behavioral techniques in order first to differentiate the complex contingency relationships and then modify the target behaviors.
Estrogen- and xenoestrogen-induced ERK signaling in pituitary tumor cells involves estrogen receptor-α interactions with G protein-αi and caveolin I

Abstract Multiple physiologic estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone), as well as xenoestrogenic compounds (including alkylphenols and bisphenol A), can act via nongenomic signaling initiated by liganding of the plasma membrane estrogen receptor-α (mERα). We examined heterotrimeric G protein involvement leading to extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in GH3/B6/F10 rat anterior pituitary tumor cells that express abundant mERα, and smaller amounts of mERβ and GPR30. A combination of microarrays, immunoblots, and quantitative immunoassays demonstrated the expression of members of all α, β, and γ G protein classes in these cells. Use of selective inhibitors showed that the G αi subtype was the primary initiator of downstream ERK signaling. Using antibodies against the GTP-bound form of G α protein subtypes i and s, we showed that xenoestrogens (bisphenol A, nonylphenol) activated G αi at 15–30 s; all alkylphenols examined subsequently suppressed activation by 5 min. GTP-activation of G αi for all estrogens was enhanced by irreversible cumulative binding to GTPγS. In contrast, G αs was neither activated nor deactivated by these treatments with estrogens. ERα and G αi co-localized outside nuclei and could be immuno-captured together. Interactions of ERα with G αi and caveolin I were demonstrated by epitope proximity ligation assays. An ERα/β antagonist (ICI182780) and a selective disruptor of caveolar structures (nystatin) blocked estrogen-induced ERK activation. Conclusions: Xenoestrogens, like physiologic estrogens, can evoke downstream kinase signaling involving selective interactions of ERα with G αi and caveolin I, but with some different characteristics, which could explain their disruptive actions.