cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low defects density CsPbBr3 single crystals grown by an additive assisted method for gamma-ray detection

Metal halide perovskites have arisen as a new family of semiconductors for radiation detectors due to their high stopping power, large and balanced electron–hole mobility-lifetime (μτ) product, and tunable bandgap. Here, we report a simple and low-cost solution processing approach using additive-assisted inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) to grow cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) single crystals with low-defect density. Crystals grown from precursor solutions without additives tend to grow fastest along the [002] direction, resulting in crystals shaped as small elongated bars. The addition of choline bromide (CB) proves to mediate the crystallization process to produce large single crystals with a cuboid shape, allowing for more practical fabrication of gamma-ray detectors. This new additive-assisted growth method also improves the resulting crystal quality to yield a reduction in the density of trap states by over one order of magnitude, relative to a crystal grown without CB. The detector fabricated from a CB-assisted solution-grown perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal is able to acquire an energy spectrum from a cesium-137 (137Cs) source with a resolution of 5.5% at 662 keV.
Serotonergic sensitivity alleles moderate relations between attachment security at age three and socioemotional competence at age five.

Children with higher socioemotional competence are more likely to build constructive relationships with others and experience more positive adjustment outcomes in later periods. Securely attached children are likely to develop better socioemotional competence, but genetic moderation of associations between attachment and later socioemotional competence has received less attention. Using structural equation modeling, this study analyzed data collected from 1,337 children (51% male) born from 1998 to 2000 in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. The results demonstrated that relations between attachment security at age 3 years and their social competence at age 5 years differed by two serotonin transporter variants (5-HTTLPR, STin2). Effect sizes of these interactions were larger than effect sizes of main effects and the benefit of having sensitive alleles was consistently supported. This implies that having more secure attachment in the early developmental period is advantageous especially for children with minor alleles who have greater environmental sensitivity.
Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases

Microbial pathogen transmission within built environments is a main public health concern. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adds to the urgency of developing effective means to reduce pathogen transmission in mass-gathering public buildings such as schools, hospitals, and airports. To inform occupants and guide facility managers to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks, this study proposed a framework to assess room-level outbreak risks in buildings by modeling built environment characteristics, occupancy information, and pathogen transmission. Building information modeling (BIM) is exploited to automatically retrieve building parameters and possible occupant interactions that are relevant to pathogen transmission. The extracted information is fed into an environment pathogen transmission model to derive the basic reproduction numbers for different pathogens, which serve as proxies of outbreak potentials in rooms. A web-based system is developed to provide timely information regarding outbreak risks to occupants and facility managers. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated by a case study, in which building characteristics, occupancy schedules, pathogen parameters, as well as hygiene and cleaning practices are considered for outbreak risk assessment. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by computationally integrating building, occupant, and pathogen information modeling for infectious disease outbreak assessment, and communicating actionable information for built environment management.
"Tocilizumab-an option for patients with COVID-19 associated cytokine release syndrome: A single center experience", a retrospective study-original article.

Abstract Background The first case of Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was diagnosed in Wuhan, China in 2019. In the first half of 2020, this disease has already converted into a global pandemic. This study aimed to find that treatment of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with Tocilizumab or steroids was associated with better outcomes. Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness of Tocilizumab in moderate to severe Covid-19 patients based on predefined assessment criteria. Study Settings: Single-center, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. Study design Quasi-experimental. Duration of study From May 12, 2020 to June 12, 2020. Patients & Methods: Sample size and technique Sample size was 93; 33 patients were kept in the experimental group, given Tocilizumab, 8 mg/kg intravenously or 162 mg subcutaneously, and the rest of the 60 patients were given corticosteroids, methylprednisolone 80 mg/day. Consecutive sampling. Failure of therapy was labeled when patients were intubated or died, and the endpoints were failure-free survival which was the primary endpoint, and overall survival secondary at the time of discharge. Results A total of 93 patients were enrolled, the Tocilizumab (TCZ) group (case) and Corticosteroid (CS) group (Control). The median age was 58 years (IQR-21), 37 (39.8%) patients with diabetes mellitus, 11 (11.8%) in the TCZ group, and 26 (28%) in the CS group. On the whole, the total median hospital stay in days was 7 with IQR (4), a total of 83 (89.2%) patients recovered successfully and discharged, 27 (29%) in the TCZ group and 56 (60.2%) in the CS group. Total 10 (10.8%) patients died, out of which 6 (6.5%) belonged to the TCZ group and 4 (4.3%) belonged to the CS group The median Oxygen requirement with IQR was 8 (9) in both the groups and in total as well, p-value (0.714). Conclusions Tocilizumab is a quite effective treatment option for critically sick patients of Covid-19 by reducing their oxygen requirement drastically and so the ICU stay, median hospital stay and so the mortality as well. Clinicals trials registration UIN # NCT04730323
Global legislation for rubber materials in contact with food

Abstract In this chapter we discuss the international rules and regulations relating to the use of natural and synthetic rubber compounds, thermoplastic elastomers and silicone rubber–based materials for contact with food. Applications for these materials include conveyor belting for food transportation, seals, and gaskets as used with processing equipment, gloves for handling food, teats and soothers for babies, food hoses, kitchen utensils, food molds and meat netting. Regulatory requirements discussed include those in Europe (harmonized and national member state legislation and the Council of Europe (CoE) resolutions on rubber and silicone), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and requirements in Canada, Mercosur, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Research studies are detailed on the use of rubber for food contact including silicone rubber and potential migration of constituents into food.
Did TRIPS Spur Innovation? An Analysis of Patent Duration and Incentives to Innovate

How to structure IP laws in order to maximize social welfare by striking the right balance between incentives to innovate and access to innovation is an empirical question. It is a challenging one to answer, both because innovation is difficult to value and because changes in IP protection are rare. The 1995 TRIPS agreement provides a unique opportunity to explore this question for two reasons. First, the implementation of the agreement was uncertain until shortly before adoption, making it a plausibly exogenous change in patent duration. Second, the nature of the law change meant that the patent-duration change was heterogeneous across patent classes. Using both patent counts and citationweighted counts, I am able to exploit the TRIPS-induced law change to empirically evaluate the impact of patent duration on innovation. I find evidence for an increase in innovation due to patent-term extension following TRIPS. Both patent counts and citation-weighted counts increased more after TRIPS in those classes that received greater expected term extensions relative to classes receiving shorter extensions. While the precise calibration of innovation valuation is difficult, this Article provides the first attempt to empirically evaluate its response to a major change in patent duration from the TRIPS agreement.
A Review of How Researchers Have Used Theory to Address Research Questions About Fathers in Three Large Data Sets

The present article examines how the 3 national data sets in the Developing a Daddy Survey project studies have been used to address research questions regarding fathers based on various theories and theoretical frameworks. The data sets include Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Birth Cohort, and the Early Head Start Fathers' Study. The theoretically based studies that have been conducted using these data sets have greatly expanded our understanding of fathers in the context of their families and children's lives. Yet all large data sets have their advantages and disadvantages, and these are discussed here. Without a doubt, the pluses of using these data sets far outweigh any of the shortcomings of the data.
London penetration depth in single crystals of Ba(Fe 1-x Co x ) 2 As 2 spanning underdoped to overdoped compositions

The London penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ has been measured in single crystals of $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Co}}_{x})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ using the tunnel diode resonator technique. The measured doping levels of $x=0.038$, 0.047, 0.058, 0.074, and 0.10 range from underdoped to overdoped concentrations. The measurements have shown that the density of carriers participating in superconductivity decreases sharply in the underdoped regime but the penetration depth as a function of temperature exhibits a robust power law, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{n}$, for all measured dopings with $n$ being about 2 in underdoped samples and 2.5 in overdoped samples. We discuss the implications of these results and possible interpretations of such a robust behavior.
Abstract 18291: Computed Tomography Angiography Can Replace Cardiac Catheterization in the Surgical Planning of Select Neonates with Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals

Introduction: Neonates with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) routinely undergo cardiac catheterization in the neonatal period. We have recently incorporated CT angiography into the neonatal evaluation with the hope of eliminating catheterization in those not needing neonatal intervention. We reviewed our experience with CT angiography and its accuracy in determining the need for neonatal intervention. Methods: Retrospective review of all patients from April 2005-October 2013 with MAPCAs who had both CTA and cardiac catheterization during the first 120 days of life and within 14 days of one another. The radiologist and interventionalist responsible for reading the studies were blinded to the results of the procedures and each other’s readings. The need for neonatal intervention as predicted by CTA was compared to the ultimate, cath-based decision. Results: 19 patients (mean age 3.73 days, range 1-9 days of age) were included in the study. In all patients CT was able to predict the need for surgical intervention correctly. CTA was found to be 87% sensitive, 93% specific and 91% sensitive with respect to number of MAPCAs, origin and distribution. Conclusion: CT angiography can accurately predict the need for neonatal intervention. In those not requiring neonatal intervention, neonatal cardiac catheterization is not required. CTA may also aid in guiding the subsequent, pre-operative catheterization but cannot replace it. This algorithm eliminates neonatal catheterization in the majority of TOF/MAPCAs patients, and with it the associated risks, and radiation, as well as substantially reducing the cost of the initial hospitalization.
Transition Probabilities for the 1815 and 3344 Å Forbidden Lines of Ne III

We have measured the radiative lifetime of the 2s22p4 1S0 metastable level of Ne2+ (Ne III) to be 223 ± 11 ms at the 90% confidence level by observing the photons emitted at 1815 A by a decaying population of 1S0 Ne2+ ions produced and stored in a radio-frequency ion trap. This is the first lifetime measurement for an excited term of a ground configuration ion in the second row of the periodic table. The transition probabilities (A-values) for the forbidden transitions in the ground configurations of these ions are required for astrophysical line-ratio diagnostics. Using calculated branching ratios, we estimate that A(λ1815) = 1.94 ± 0.17 and A(λ3344) = 2.55 ± 0.19 s-1. Because these numbers have a sum with an experimentally determined uncertainty of 5%, they will provide more accurate results than the calculated A-values for determining electron temperature and density from astrophysical Ne III line ratios.
Studies on convulsive disorders in young children. V. Excess of early fetal deaths among pregnancies preceding the birth of children with febrile or nonfebrile convulsions.

In a large cohort of children, those with febrile or nonfebrile convulsions were identified and the outcomes of their mothers' previous pregnancies were compared with those of mothers of control children who had not had convulsions. The frequency of prior early fetal deaths had been considerably greater among the mothers each of whom subsequently gave birth to a child who had seizure activity within the first six years of life than it had been among mothers of the selected control children, none of whom had had a seizure.
Fixation indices in subdivided populations.

Without restricting the evolutionary forces that may be present, the theory of fixation indices, or F -statistics, in an arbitrarily subdivided population is developed systematically in terms of allelic and genotypic frequencies. The fixation indices for each homozygous genotype are expressed in terms of the fixation indices for the heterozygous genotypes. Therefore, together with the allelic frequencies, the latter suffice to describe population structure. Possible random fluctuations in the allelic frequencies (which may be caused, e.g. , by finiteness of the subpopulations) are incorporated so that the fixation indices are parameters, rather than random variables, and these parameters are expressed in terms of ratios of evolutionary expectations of heterozygosities. The interpretation of some measures of population differentiation is also discussed. In particular, F ST is an appropriate index of gene-frequency differentiation if and only if the genetic diversity is low.
Visualizing Arp2/3 complex activation mediated by binding of ATP and WASp using structural mass spectrometry

Actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex nucleates new branches in actin filaments playing a key role in controlling eukaryotic cell motility. This process is tightly regulated by activating factors: ATP and WASp-family proteins. However, the mechanism of activation remains largely hypothetical. We used radiolytic protein footprinting with mass spectrometry in solution to probe the effects of nucleotide- and WASp-binding on Arp2/3. These results represent two significant advances in such footprinting approaches. First, Arp2/3 is the most complex macromolecular assembly yet examined; second, only a few picomoles of Arp2/3 was required for individual experiments. In terms of structural biology of Arp 2/3, we find that ATP binding induces conformational changes within Arp2/3 complex in Arp3 (localized in peptide segments 5–18, 212–225, and 318–327) and Arp2 (within peptide segment 300–316). These data are consistent with nucleotide docking within the nucleotide clefts of the actin-related proteins promoting closure of the cleft of the Arp3 subunit. However, ATP binding does not induce conformational changes in the other Arp subunits. Arp2/3 complex binds to WASp within the C subdomain at residue Met 474 and within the A subdomain to Trp 500. Our data suggest a bivalent attachment of WASp to Arp3 (within peptides 162–191 and 318–329) and Arp2 (within peptides 66–80 and 87–97). WASp-dependent protections from oxidation within peptides 54–65 and 80–91 of Arp3 and in peptides 300–316 of Arp2 suggest domain rearrangements of Arp2 and Arp3 resulting in a closed conformational state consistent with an “actin-dimer” model for the active state.
Ti-LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide serrodyne modulator with ultrahigh sideband suppression for fiber optic gyroscopes

The theoretical and experimental performance of guided-wave serrodyne phase modulators formed through indiffusion of Ti and LiNbO/sub 3/ substrates is discussed. Basic serrodyne theory is reviewed and a modified model of the serrodyne modulator incorporating effects of polarization, light-source coherence, device response time, and device-related intensity modulation is developed. Sources of modulation errors and harmonic suppression limitations imposed by each are identified. Experimental results showing greater than 50-dB suppression to 200-kHz ramp frequency and correspondence to expected limitations are then presented. Good agreement between theory and experiment is found. The results indicate that very high suppression, greater than 60 dB, at frequencies to several hundred kilohertz are possible with Ti-LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide devices. >
School building condition, school attendance, and academic achievement in New York City public schools : A mediation model

Little is known about how the condition of school facilities affects academic outcomes. This study examines the role of school attendance as a mediator in the relationship between facilities in disrepair and student grades in city and state tests. Data on building condition and results from English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics (Math) standardized tests were analyzed using a sample of 95 elementary schools in New York City. Variables relevant to academic achievement such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, teacher quality, and school size were used as covariates. In run-down school facilities students attended less days on average and therefore had lower grades in ELA and Math standardized tests. Attendance was found to be a full mediator for grades in ELA and a partial mediator for grades in Math. This study provides empirical evidence of the effects of building quality on academic outcomes and considers the social justice issues related to this phenomenon.
Investigating the recall inhibition effect: A test of practical considerations

Alba and Chattopadhyay (1985, 1986) have demonstrated that having consumers think about a familiar brand can interfere with the retrieval of competitive brand names, including those that might otherwise be considered for purchase. However, their research is silent about two issues of pragmatic importance. First, is it possible to inhibit retrieval of the consumer's preferred brand? Second, can an unfamiliar brand evoke recall inhibition? Our findings indicate that recall inhibition does not extend to the preferred brand. Our findings further suggest that recall inhibition can be induced by cueing consumers with an unfamiliar brand name, but that such inhibition is less pervasive than evoked by a highly familiar brand name.
Laser-induced color filter transmission reduction

A feasibility study was conducted on the use of laser radiation to darken color filters in liquid crystal displays in order to convert a failed-on pixel to failed-off. Successful darkening of red, green and blue color filters was demonstrated. Although the study did not yield a production ready process, feasibility of process was verified.
Iepatic vitamin D 25‐hydroxylase: Inhibition by bile duct ligation or bile salts

Bone disease and low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are prevalent in cholestatic syndromes such as primary biliary cirrhosis and biliary atresia. Defective hydroxylation, along with malabsorption of vitamin D, could be a factor in 25-hydroxyvitamin D depletion. To assess hepatic hydroxylation during experimental cholestasis, we studied vitamin D 25-hydroxylase activity in liver homogenates of rats after 7, 14, and 21 days of bile duct ligation. We have also studied the effects of bile acids on this enzyme in vitro. Hepatic 25-hydroxylation was depressed after 7 days ligation in only 1 of 4 animals, but by 14 days, all animals showed a marked reduction with a mean decrease of 64% in specific activity. Total liver enzyme activity was reduced by 43% at 14 days. In the ligated animals, liver histology showed progressive bile stasis, focal necrosis, bile ductular proliferation, periductular and periportal inflammation, and fibrosis. Addition of bile acids to the in vitro assay in concentrations approximating those found in cholestasis produced marked inhibition of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase activity.
A fundamental aeroservoelastic study combining unsteady CFD with adaptive control

This paper describes a two-dimensional aeroservoelastic study in the time domain. The model, which is based on exact inviscid aerodynamics, correctly represents the large amplitude motions and the associated strong shock dynamics in the transonic regime. The aeroservoelastic system consists of a two degree-of-freedom airfoil with a trailing edge control surface. Using first-order actuator dynamics, a digital adaptive controller is applied to provide active flutter suppression. Comparisons between time-responses of the open-loop and closed loop systems show the ability of the trailing edge control surface to suppress non-linear transonic aeroelastic phenomena. A relation between actuator dynamics, sampling time-step and limits on the flap deflection angle to guarantee the effectiveness of the adaptive controller was demonstrated by the results generated.
Non-native plant invasions in managed and protected ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range

Abstract We examined patterns of non-native plant diversity in protected and managed ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range. Cheesman Lake, a protected landscape, and Turkey Creek, a managed landscape, appear to have had similar natural disturbance histories prior to European settlement and fire protection during the last century. However, Turkey Creek has experienced logging, grazing, prescribed burning, and recreation since the late 1800s, while Cheesman Lake has not. Using the modified-Whittaker plot design to sample understory species richness and cover, we collected data for 30 0.1 ha plots in each landscape. Topographic position greatly influenced results, while management history did not. At both Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek, low/riparian plots had highest native and non-native species richness and cover; upland plots (especially east/west-facing, south-facing and flat, high plots) had the lowest. However, there were no significant differences between Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek for native species richness, native species cover, non-native species richness, or non-native species cover for any topographic category. In general, non-native species richness and cover were highly positively correlated with native species richness and/or cover (among other variables). In total, 16 non-native species were recorded at Cheesman Lake and Turkey Creek; none of the 16 non-native species were more common at one site than another. These findings suggest that: (1) areas that are high in native species diversity also contain more non-native species; (2) both protected and managed areas can be invaded by non-native plant species, and at similar intensities; and (3) logging, grazing, and other similar disturbances may have less of an impact on non-native species establishment and growth than topographic position (i.e., in lowland and riparian zones versus upland zones).
Data Acquisition, Reduction, and Analysis in Infrared and Optical Spectroscopy

Abstract The art as well as the science of data acquisition and analysis in the IR and visible regions of the spectrum has a long and often elegant history. Nevertheless, this review is a discussion of the state-of-the-art in data acquisition and analysis in spectrophotometry. String galvanometers and huge gratting circles and the Herculean labors of those persons who acquired early data, though fascinating, are left to a more competent historian of spectroscopy.
Stable and short‐lived isotopes in the study of tissue distribution

Two relatively novel techniques that are utilized in the study of tissue distribution of drugs are discussed. The first technique, GC-MS fragmentography, provides an opportunity for the identification and quantification of several compounds and internal standards, in the same analysis, at picogram to nanogram amounts. The second technique utilizes short-lived radioisotopes and external scintigraphy. This approach can continuously monitor the tissue and organ distribution of an appropriately labeled compound. It produces quantifiable results and provides an opportunity for doing several experiments on the same animal in a noninvasive manner.
Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys by Victor M. Rios

The societal consequences of the War on Drugs may already be clear to the majority who read this review: mass incarceration, escalating correctional and other criminal justice costs, neighborhood d...
Nitrate therapy in the elderly

Changes in the heart and blood vessels with age alter the response of the cardiovascular system to pharmacologic agents. Nitrate plasma half-life is longer and volume of distribution is larger in older persons. Apparently, these pharmacokinetic differences in older persons lead to increased venous smooth muscle responsivity to nitrates which, in turn, leads to greater reductions in central venous and pulmonary arterial pressures after nitrate administration. This is probably the explanation for the greater frequency of nitrate-induced severe hypotension and bradycardia in elderly patients with myocardial infarction compared with younger patients. Clinicians should be cognizant of the changes in the cardiovascular system which occur with age that sensitize the elderly patient to the action of organic nitrates. Initial dosages of nitrates should accordingly be less than in younger patients.
Noise Exposure and its Effects

Cochlear cell damage in the wake of broad-band noise stimulation has been found to be widespread throughout the length of the basilar membrane. This appears to be the case not only with experimental animals, but is also noted in post-mortem specimens of human ear tissues. The speculation is offered that pure-tone hearing tests do not fully depict the status of the cochlear end organ in that greater damage may exist than in apparent from the audiometric findings. It is suggested that signal-to-noise ratio test techniques provide informative supplementary evidence pertaining to the degree of cochlear destruction caused by noise exposure.Kokleaer celleskade efter stimulation med bredbandstoj er fundet spredt i hele basilarmem-branens langde – bade hos forsogsdyr og i sektionspraeparater af humane orer. Den teori fremsaettes, at det almindelige toneaudiogram ikke fuldt aftegner cochleas status, idet der kan eksistere storre skade end audiometrifundene lader formode. Formentlig vil en proveteknik med bestemmelse ...
ARS, USDA updates food sampling strategies to keep pace with demographic shifts

The National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) was implemented in 1997 as a collaborative food composition research effort between USDA and NIH. The goal of this program is to obtain nationally representative estimates of the nutritional components of important foods consumed in the US for inclusion in the USDA National Nutrient Databank System; to date, analytical food composition data generated for over 1800 foods have vastly improved overall data quality in the database. The NFNAP sampling approach was updated in 2001 using 2000 US Census data and recently updated to use 2010 Census population estimates. This design, like the 2001 design, employs a three-stage, stratified, probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) sample selection process; 1) county selection (based on population density); 2) supermarket outlets within selected counties (based on annual sales); and 3) specific brands of foods (based on market share data). In the first stage, Census regions (4), divisions and states were used to obtain a self-weighting sample of population centres, ensuring geographic dispersion across the 48 conterminous states; 48 locations were selected, with nested subsets of 24, 12 and 6 locations. Due to demographic changes in the population and congressional redistricting it was necessary to revise the sampling scheme to reflect these changes. With the increased penetration of warehouse-type retail outlets into the grocery industry, the sampling frame must be adjusted to include these purchase locations. Food samples which are collected nationally according to a statistically rigorous sampling approach are consistent with national representativeness and allow better estimates of the mean and variability than convenience sampling or less rigorous options.
Effect of Charge on Autoinhibition of Kinesin-1

Kinesin-1 is autoinhibited at physiological salt concentrations through an inhibitory interaction of C-terminal tail domains with the N-terminal motor (head) domains. This interaction of heads with the tail is highly dependent on the ionic strength, with high ionic strength strongly favoring dissociation. Unexpectedly the binding stoichiometry is one tail peptide binding to the two heads of a motor domain dimer, as originally indicated by biochemical titrations and recently confirmed by the determination of the structure of a head dimer - tail complex by X-ray crystallography (Kaan, et al., Science 333, 832 (2011)). A short region of the tail centered on lysine-944 (the IAK region) is sufficient for binding of a single tail to two heads. However, the binding affinity of this short region on its own is low. Tight binding of the tail to the heads requires the inclusion of an adjacent region with a large excess of positive charge. This positive region is designated the auxiliary binding site (ABS) because it is also responsible for the nucleotide-independent binding to the tail to microtubules. Kinesin motor domains have several negatively charged side chains near where the heads are cross linked by the tail domain. Mutation of these negative head residues to Ala decreases the affinity for heads of tail domains that contain both the ABS and the IAK region. This suggests that the increased affinity produced by the ABS region is due to interactions with these negative regions of the heads.Supported by NIH grant NS058848.
Nucleolar localization of Aspergillus fumigatus CgrA is temperature-dependent.

Abstract Pathogenic fungi must adapt to multiple adverse environmental conditions during the transition from the environment to a mammalian host, one of which is temperature. The ability of Aspergillus fumigatus to grow optimally under conditions of thermal stress requires the nucleolar protein CgrA. In this study, we have determined how temperature affects the intracellular localization of CgrA in A. fumigatus using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagging approach. At 22 °C, CgrA was almost exclusively in the nucleolus, with a ratio of nucleolar to cytoplasmic fluorescence of 10:1. At 37 °C, the ratio of nucleolar to cytoplasmic fluorescence was reduced fivefold, and increased correspondingly in the cytoplasm. This effect was not seen with the nucleolar protein NopA in wild-type A. fumigatus. However, in a ΔcgrA mutant NopA was delocalized from the nucleolus at 37 °C but not at 22 °C. These results provide evidence for a temperature-dependent mechanism of intracellular localization for CgrA, and suggest that CgrA facilitates nucleolar compartmentalization of NopA at higher temperature.
Human kidney diamine oxidase: heterologous expression, purification, and characterization.

Human kidney diamine oxidase has been overexpressed as a secreted enzyme under the control of a metallothionein promoter in Drosophila S2 cell culture. This represents the first heterologous overexpression and purification of a catalytically active, recombinant mammalian copper-containing amine oxidase. A rapid and highly efficient purification protocol using chromatography on heparin affinity, hydroxyapatite, and gel filtration media allows for the recovery of large quantities of the recombinant enzyme, which is judged to be greater than 98% homogenous by SDS/PAGE. The availability of large quantities of highly purified enzyme makes it now possible to investigate the spectroscopic, mechanistic, functional, and structural properties of this human enzyme at the molecular level. Visible absorption, circular dichroism, electron paramagnetic resonance, and resonance Raman spectroscopic results are presented. The recombinant enzyme contains the cofactors 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalaninequinone and copper at stoichiometries of up to 1.1 and 1.5 mol per mol homodimer, respectively. In addition, tightly bound and stoichiometric calcium ions were identified and proposed to occupy a second metal-binding site. The apparent molecular weight of the recombinant protein, determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, suggests 20–26% glycosylation by weight. Detailed kinetic studies indicate the preferred substrates (k cat/K M) of human diamine oxidase are, in order, histamine, 1-methylhistamine, and putrescine, with K M values of 2.8, 3.4, and 20 µM, respectively. These results, demonstrating the substrate preference for histamine and 1-methylhistamine, were unanticipated given the available literature. The pH dependence of k cat for putrescine oxidation gives two apparent pK a values at 6.0 and 8.2. Tissue-specific expression of the human diamine oxidase gene was investigated using an mRNA array. The relevance of this work to earlier work and the suggested physiological roles of the human enzyme are discussed.
The effects of grain boundary structure on binding of He in Fe

Computer simulations were performed to explore the effect of grain boundary (GB) structure and properties on the binding of He to boundaries in Fe. Symmetrical tilt GBs spanning a range of GB energies and excess volumes were examined. Molecular statics was used to map the He trapping efficiency at numerous substitutional and interstitial sites in and near each GB. The results showed that both substitutional and interstitial He atoms were trapped at GBs. Interstitial He was more strongly bound ({approx}0.5 to 2.7 eV) to the GB core than substitutional He ({approx}0.2 to 0.8 eV). The He binding energy was found to increase linearly with GB excess volume. The He capture radius varied from {approx}0.3 to 0.7 nm and also depended on GB properties. Finally, the He binding energy varied significantly within the GB core and approximately corresponded to the variation in atomic excess volume normal to the GB plane.
QUALITY OF LIFE IN HYPOPITUITARY ADULT PATIENTS DIAGNOSED DURING CHILDHOOD

Fifty-three adult patients (14 women and 39 men), with a mean age of 23.7 ± 6.1 years (range 18 - 45 yr) with idiopathic hypopituitarism (77% MPHD) diagnosed during childhood and treated with growth hormone for different periods of time, were interviewed. Each of the patients answered a questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to determine depression status. Men had attained a final heiaht of 154.9 ± 8.7 cm and women 145.8 ± 7.2 cm. Results. Social Aspects, 43 of 53 patients are still livino witn their parents. Only 4 (7.5%) are married and 2 of them have one son each. Fifty per cent have never dated, and more than 61% have never experienced sexual relationships. 35 of 53 patients have very few friends. More than 2/3 of the patients are not satisfied with their appearance. The most frequently cited complaints were related to poor height and excess weight in females, and poor virilization, reduced muscle mass and strength in men. Almost all patients complained of being treated as younger than their chronological age. Half of the total sample showed depression symptoms in the BDI test. 2/3 of the patients with gonadotropin deiiciency felt that sex hormone replacement therapy was started later than they would have desired. Laboral Aspects. 30% of the patients are unemployed and have never worked. Employment was obtained through relatives in 60% of the cases. Educational Aspects. Primary school was finished bv 20% of the patients. Half of the patients did not finish secondary school and 11% finished or are still at the University. 64.2% were held back at school for one or more years. 36% complained or being overprotected by teachers and more than 50% of being “teased” by their peers. In soite of being disappointed with their final height, 95% of patients think that treatment with growth hormone helped them and they would recommend it to younger patients. Hormone treatment is not enough, however, so psychosocial support must be considered to help these patients go through life.
Theoretical Possibilities in an Internally Heated Bimetal Type of Thermal Watt-Demand Meter

There are two generally recognized methods of measuring demand. The block-interval type has been used extensively where great accuracy is desirable, a simple explanation necessary, and a quick testing method essential, but the ``logarithmic'' type has received increased attention in recent years, and a greater dissemination of knowledge of its characteristics is desirable. A mathematical expression for ``logarithmic'' average is given which can apply to a variable load as well as to a uniform load. It is shown that a meter with a simple exponential time-deflection characteristic will indicate this ``logarithmic'' average, but that meters with characteristics obtainable in present commercial thermal meters will theoretically differ from it except when used with certain loads. The accuracy of commercial meters has increased in recent years. So besides indicating that the various types of characteristics available in commercial meters have apparently been satisfactory on normally encountered loads, it is shown that sturdiness and high torques are desirable features to sustain these accuracies. The internally heated thermal watt-demand principle is discussed, and the conclusion is reached that by its use high torque can be obtained using the time tested bimental type of meter. In addition, the rapid diffusion of heat in the bimetal where it is generated theoretically allows shorter ``heat-up'' time when the meter is being tested and results in a time-deflection characteristic much closer to the ideal simple exponential.
“Incorporating” American Colonialism: Accounting and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act

ABSTRACT: The history of Alaska is a colonial history (Pomeroy 1947; Haycox 2002). The purpose of this paper is to examine how the corporate form of organization and corporate accounting were used by the United States (U.S.) government to rationalize decisions, exercise control, and exploit Alaskan resources to benefit corporate America and the existing U.S. states. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) established Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), whose stock was distributed to qualifying Alaska Natives in exchange for their agreement to extinguish all aboriginal land claims. Guided by prior work in accounting and postmodern colonialism, our analysis uncovers ways in which ANCSA, though lauded by the U.S. government as an innovative and generous settlement, perpetuated a historical pattern of indigenous exploitation by western economic interests, and employed corporate accounting policies and techniques to further the interests of the U.S. government and large corporations at the expen...
“Maybe I can teach those kids.” The influence of contextual factors on student teachers’ efficacy beliefs

Abstract This study investigated student teachers’ efficacy beliefs, collective teacher efficacy beliefs, and perceived cooperating teachers’ efficacy beliefs. These student teacher beliefs were examined with the focus on context, primarily the school setting (i.e., rural, suburban, and urban), to determine whether setting played a role in the development of the student teachers’ efficacy beliefs. The research participants included 102 student teachers. All three setting groups exhibited significant increases in teachers’ sense of efficacy following student teaching. Urban student teachers exhibited significantly lower perceived collective efficacy. Perceived cooperating teachers’ efficacy was predictive of and positively related to the student teachers’ post-TSES scores.
A Unified Strategy to ent-Kauranoid Natural Products: Total Syntheses of (−)-Trichorabdal A and (−)-Longikaurin E

The first total syntheses of (−)-trichorabdal A and (−)-longikaurin E are reported. A unified synthetic strategy is employed that relies on a Pd-mediated oxidative cyclization of a silyl ketene acetal to generate an all-carbon quaternary center and build the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework. These studies, taken together with our previous synthesis of (−)-maoecrystal Z, demonstrate that three architecturally distinct ent-kauranoids can be prepared from a common spirolactone intermediate.
Grassland Bird use of Oak Barrens and Dry Prairies in Wisconsin

ABSTRACT: Grassland bird populations have declined more than any other group of birds in North America and are of conservation concern to state and federal agencies. We determined relative abundances of grassland birds in oak barrens and dry sand prairies—native habitat types rare in the state of Wisconsin. We also investigated the association of relative abundance, patch size, and patch vegetation. Our study was conducted May–July 2000–2002 on Fort McCoy Military Installation in Monroe County, Wisconsin. Fourteen grassland bird species were found in native habitat patches. Vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) were the most abundant grassland bird species; all are species of management concern in Wisconsin. Of the most abundant species, only grasshopper sparrow relative abundance increased as patch size increased; vesper sparrow and field sparrow relative abundances decreased as patch size increased. Though found at lower r...
Iterative solver techniques in fast dynamic calculations of power systems

In this paper, iterative solver techniques belonging to the family of conjugate-gradient methods for solving the system of linear equations, Ax=b, are discussed. Specifically, we consider the Bi-Conjugate Gradient (BCG) Method, CGS Method, CGSTAB Method and the Generalized Minimal Residual Method (GMRES), which can handle unsymmetric matrices. In transient stability simulations, sparse matrices occur during the solution process of the differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) by the simultaneous implicit (SI) method. This paper investigates the effects of a new preconditioning technique, the dishonest preconditioner, on these methods. All of these methods are inherently vectorizable/parallelizable.
Network-regularized bi-clique finding for tumor stratification

Complex diseases such as cancer are known to be highly heterogeneous which results in tumor subtypes that show varying behavior, including different survival time, treatment responses, and recurrence rates. One important problem in biomedical research is to identify tumor subtypes as well as specific genetic markers associated with corresponding subtypes. This tumor stratification problem has been studied using computational approaches, including traditional clustering and bi-clustering algorithms based on available genomic data. In this study we discuss the issues and challenges in existing computational approaches for tumor stratification. We show that the problem can be formulated as finding densely connected sub-graphs (bi-cliques) in a bipartite graph representation of genomic data. We propose a novel algorithm that takes advantage of prior biology knowledge through gene-gene interaction network to find such sub-graphs, which helps simultaneously identify both tumor subtypes and their corresponding genetic markers. Our experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms current state-of-the-art methods for tumor stratification.
The magnetic susceptibility of lutetium-hydrogen solid solution alloys from 2 to 300 K and a re-evaluation of the low temperature heat capacity results

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility, χ, of several lutetium-hydrogen solid solution alloys was measured between 2–300 K. Compositions varied from an electrotransport purified Lu (0.018 at% H) sample to 6.4 at% H alloy. Several samples exhibited large magnetic anisotropies, which complicated the analysis. The measured susceptibilities were compared to low temperature heat capacity results measured earlier on the same samples. It appears that pure Lu is a spin fluctuation material and the fluctuations are quickly degraded by impurities. While the variation of χ vs. composition is similar to that of γ (the electronic specific heat constant) vs. composition, the low temperature χ peaks near 3.0 at% H compared to 1.4 at% H for γ. This difference is thought to be due to hydrogen tunneling, which gives rise, in part, to a linear contribution to the heat capacity. Correcting for this brings the concentration dependence of γ in good agreement with the χ dependence of the hydrogen content.
Recruitment and Reform in the East India Company Army, 1760-1800

During the second half of the eighteenth century, the role of the East India Company was significantly altered. In the early part of the century, the main thrust of Company activity was commercial, but this began to change as the French challenged British interests in India and conditions on the sub-continent demanded political and military involvement. Lucy Sutherland has summed up these changes succinctly:The new period was to see a network of English control spread over the neighboring Indian territories and an expansion of territorial power which the whole history of the Company in India made inevitable but which, thanks to the clash with the French and the spectacular exploits of Clive and his colleagues, came more suddenly than anyone could have expected. The Company had long had experience of the problems of government as well as those of administration of commerce; but now (except in the rising China trade) it was those of the government which began to prevail.
Aldosterone production after short-term culture of rat adrenal capsule: responsiveness to angiotensin II, potassium and ACTH

In vitro studies of aldosterone production have traditionally used freshly isolated adrenal glomerulosa tissue. In the present study we examined the effects of short-term culture of rat adrenal capsule on its secretory capacity by measuring both basal and stimulated aldosterone production. Capsules were maintained in culture for 24 h, and then responses to administered angiotensin II (1 X 10(-7) M), potassium (an increase of 2mM) and ACTH (1 X 10(-8) M) were determined during perifusion. Results were compared with responses by freshly isolated adrenal capsule. Although short-term culture reduced basal aldosterone production, responsiveness to administered stimuli was intact and often was greater than that observed with fresh capsular tissue. The results indicate that short-term culture of zona glomerulosa provides a suitable in vitro preparation for examining aldosterone secretory responsiveness to stimuli.