cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Condition of Community Streets and Parks: A Comparison of Resident and Nonresident Evaluations

Practitioners and scholars are concerned that citizen surveys about community services are heavily influenced by respondents' opinions on other issues and by their sociodemographic backgrounds. We search for these biases by examining the extent to which citizen assessments of streets and parks in Iowa communities match the assessments of a nonresident. The citizens' ratings correlate significantly with the nonresident's ratings, indicating that citizen evaluations are not entirely the product of other influences. However, further analysis reveals some bias. In particular, streets are rated higher in wealthy towns, towns high in political efficacy, and towns where residents rate government services good overall. Parks are rated higher in towns where people come together to solve problems and in towns where people rate government services good overall. Even with these biases, our research indicates that citizen evaluations convey reasonably accurate information about the condition of community streets and parks.
Observations of VLF hiss at very low L values

VLF radio noise at low altitudes near magnetic equator from Injun III satellite observations
Use of Ultrasonography to Evaluate Schistosoma japonicum-Related Morbidity in Children, Sichuan Province, China, 2000–2007

Liver ultrasonography is a convenient way to evaluate Schistosoma japonicum-related morbidity; however, no consensus standards exist, and data on use in Chinese children are scant. We describe 7 years of ultrasound findings in a prospective cohort of 151 children from an endemic area in Sichuan Province, China and evaluate technical aspects of the ultrasound methodology. Although prevalence of infection decreased over time, prevalence of hepatomegaly increased, which was likely caused by re-infections. The prevalence of late findings such as parenchymal fibrosis and splenomegaly were rare and did not increase over time; however, when present, they were associated with stunting. The use of adult thresholds versus height-adjusted standards underestimated pathology in children. Reliability of all measures except parenchymal grade was poor to fair. Our findings highlight the importance of early intervention and screening. We also suggest methodological refinements to improve reliability of ultrasonography for large-scale assessment of S. japonicum-related subclinical morbidity in children.
Jaws revisited (or give piece a chance): a comparison of three different biopsy (bx) forceps on porcine colon mucosa. was there a difference?

Jaws revisited (or give piece a chance): a comparison of three different biopsy (bx) forceps on porcine colon mucosa. was there a difference?
Time synchronization over networks using convex closures

This paper presents a general time synchronization algorithm that analyzes the time offset between any two computers clocks in a network and its evolution, by using mathematical topology properties. It builds a conversion function that produces precise and guaranteed bounds for each time conversion, and which provides accurate time synchronization. It is able to automatically adjust the observation process so as to maintain the error bound within some specified limit. It does not require adjustments to local clocks, and it features a way of filtering observation data based on a criterion of usefulness to improve precision, thus discarding only useless information. Advantages over approaches using other tools to filter out and analyze observation data (mean and variance, linear regression, midpoint functions, etc.) are exposed. Special attention is given to assessing the uncertainties and errors made in the observation process, and to their propagation in the estimation processes. The developed technique allows one to globally achieve a better precision than what has been reached on each single observation, given some conditions of operation that are explained.
Polarity of the Hepatocyte Surface Membrane: Influence of Lipids on Protein Function

The surface membrane of epithelial cells, including the liver, is organized into two major domains, apical (or bile canalicular) and the basolateral (or sinusoidal) (Simons and Fuller, 1985). These surface membrane domains are responsible for vectorial transport, secretion and uptake (or absorption), and are accomplished by localizing a distinct set of components to one of the two membrane surfaces. In addition to having distinct proteins such as enzymes, receptors, and carriers, localized to one pole, the lipid composition and fluidity of the apical and basolateral domains are different (van Meer and Simons, 1988; Schachter, 1984).
Social class differences in how children talk about television

Much time and space has been devoted to such questions as “What does television do to the child?”; and “How do children use television?”; The findings of research into these questions often are unsatisfactorily vague and ambiguous. Laymen (and our own common sense) tell us that there must be more effect from the spending of many hours a day before the television set than has been evidenced in formal research reports to date. One unusual— and provocative—effect of television is reported upon in the following article: there seems to be a difference in how children of different social classes talk about television. Both the observations and the speculations of the following article may lead others into the sort of byway that may prove more productive than the “mainline”; of research on television and children.
Detecting and Interpreting Variable Interactions in Observational Ornithology Data

In this paper we demonstrate a practical approach to interaction detection on real data describing the abundance of different species of birds in the prairies east of the southern Rocky Mountains. This data is very noisy---predictive models built from it perform only slightly better than baseline. Previous approaches for interaction detection, including a recently proposed algorithm based on Additive Groves, often do not work well on such noisy data for a number of reasons. We describe the issues that appear when working with such data sets and suggest solutions to them. In the end, we discuss results of our analysis for several bird species.
ExVis and wind tunnel experiment data

Visualization specialists and aeroscientists at NASA Ames collaborated in investigating how information technology can improve the aeronautical design process. The author discusses ExVis software tool created to support interactive display and analysis of data collected during wind tunnel experiments.
Estimation of atmospheric CO2 concentration using Kalman filtering

Using a dynamic state model for the observed upward trend and sinusoidal variation, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate the atmospheric CO2 concentration, The process noise is assumed to be white with an unknown covariance, so an adaptive scheme is used to estimate the steady-state Kalman gain matrix. Several tests for optimality are performed on the adaptive filter. Measured data are then filtered using the Kalman algorithm. The filtering results are shown to reduce the variability of the airborne fraction of fossil-fuel-produced atmospheric CO2.
The Effect Of NAFTA On Trade And Investment Between Member Countries

Literature is full of studies on the relationship between trade and investment. Since trade agreements have the potential of altering this relationship, this study employed gravity model analysis to determine how NAFTA might have affected trade and investment among member countries. Overall improvement in NAFTA economy enhanced exports in the region; however, it was relative improvement in domestic economy that attracted foreign investment. Responsiveness plots show that the impact of NAFTA on exports was short lived, but was longer on FDI.
The Cold Ocean-Warm Land Pattern: Model Simulation and Relevance to Climate Change Detection

Abstract Surface air temperatures from a 1000-yr integration of a coupled atmosphere–ocean model with constant forcing are analyzed by using a method that decomposes temperature variations into a component associated with a characteristic spatial structure and a residual. The structure function obtained from the coupled model output is almost identical to the so-called cold ocean–warm land (COWL) pattern based on observations, in which above-average spatial mean temperature is associated with anomalously cold oceans and anomalously warm land. This pattern features maxima over the high-latitude interiors of Eurasia and North America. The temperature fluctuations at the two continental centers exhibit almost no temporal correlation with each other. The temperature variations at the individual centers are related to teleconnection patterns in sea level pressure and 500-mb height that are similar to those identified in previous observational and modeling studies. As in observations, variations in the polarity...
Mucosal immunity in mollusks

Abstract The growing economical importance of mollusks has been associated with an increased awareness of, and attention to, infectious diseases affecting these animals. Of great concern is the fact that most studies on molluscan immunity focus on the circulating hemocytes and the humoral defense factors in the plasma while most relevant host-microbe interactions occur at mucosal interfaces. Mucus is produced from virtually all molluscan epithelia and plays an essential role in functions as diverse as lubrication, feeding, protection from environmental stress, and physical and biological barrier to infections. This chapter summarizes information available on the characteristics of mucosal tissues and mucus secretions in mollusks and on the their role in host-microbe interactions and overall animal health. Overall, current data underline the diversity and the dynamic nature of immune effectors associated with molluscan mucosal interfaces.
Characterizing Market Segments for a General Aviation Airport

This study investigates the relationship between awareness, attitudes, intentions, media habits, and demographics and the frequency of flying during a one year period. Multiple discriminant analysis is used to profile market segments based on services offered by a general aviation airport. Awareness was found to have the least predictive power and intentions to use specific services was the most useful in characterizing market segments.
Atypical sensory reactivity influences auditory attentional control in adults with autism spectrum disorders.

Frequent observations of atypical sensory reactivity in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suggest that the perceptual experience of those on the Spectrum is dissimilar to neurotypicals. Moreover, variable attention abilities in people with ASD, ranging from good control to periods of high distractibility, may be related to atypical sensory reactivity. This study used auditory event-related potential (ERP) measures to evaluate top-down and bottom-up attentional processes as a function of perceptual load, and examined these factors with respect to sensory reactivity. Twenty-five age and IQ-matched participants (ASD: 22.5 year, SD = 4.1 year; Controls: 22.8 year, SD = 5.1 year) completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile prior to performing a modified 3-stimulus (target, non-target, and distractor) auditory oddball target detection task EEG was recorded during task completion. ERP analysis assessed early sensory processing (P50, ∼50 ms latency; N100, ∼100 ms latency), cognitive control (N200, ∼200 ms latency), and attentional processing (P3a and P3b, ∼300 ms latency). Behavioral data demonstrates participants with ASD and neurotypical performed similarly on auditory target detection, but diverged on sensory profiles. Target ERP measures associated with top-down control (P3b latency) significantly increased under greater load in controls, but not in participants with ASD. Early ERP responses associated with bottom-up attention (P50 amplitude) were positively correlated to increased sensory sensitivity. Findings suggest specific neural mechanisms for increased perceptual capacity and enhanced bottom-up processing of sensory stimuli in people with autism. Results from participants with ASD are consistent with load theory and enhanced perceptual functioning. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1079-1092. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactive Acoustic Transfer Approximation for Modal Sound

Current linear modal sound models are tightly coupled with their frequency content. Both the modal vibration of object surfaces and the resulting sound radiation depend on the vibration frequency. Whenever the user tweaks modal parameters to adjust frequencies the modal sound model changes completely, necessitating expensive recomputation of modal vibration and sound radiation.We propose a new method for interactive and continuous editing as well as exploration of modal sound parameters. We start by sampling a number of key points around a vibrating object, and then devise a compact, low-memory representation of frequency-varying acoustic transfer values at each key point using Prony series. We efficiently precompute these series using an adaptive frequency sweeping algorithm and volume-velocity-preserving mesh simplification. At runtime, we approximate acoustic transfer values using standard multipole expansions. Given user-specified modal frequencies, we solve a small least-squares system to estimate the expansion coefficients, and thereby quickly compute the resulting sound pressure value at arbitrary listening locations. We demonstrate the numerical accuracy, the runtime performance of our method on a set of comparisons and examples, and evaluate sound quality with user perception studies.
The Nuptials Between Justice and Law in the Philosophy of John Rawls: It's Impact in Contemporary Political Philosophy

John Rawls has made an authorative contribution to contemporary political philosophy by enlightning the interactions between Justice, Law, Citizenship, Government by consent and, fundamentaly, the accountability required to rulers and governments. As a liberal John Rawls stress that in a pluralistic and free society different and contradictory conceptions of Good are acceptable since they accomodate in an overlaping societal consensus about the ends and the Good. The two principles: liberty and difference are tools to keep society open to newcomers and drive the State to concentrate in defending liberty and assuring a fair equality of opportunities. More than that is to open credits for an intolerable interference of the public powers in the freedom of the individuals in the sense he envisage in John Stuart Mill, 'the liberty of enjoyment'. John Rawls was akeen of the terrible methods the communist countries pursued by majorating equality in detriment of individual liberty and its doctrine of Justice is a cry of revolt against that detour. In this paper I look deep in how Rawls the need of Justice in a liberal society with the requirements of a accurate but balanced positive law.
Public Health Action: a new home for operational research.

This month sees the appearance of the new scientific journal, Public Health Action. Is there a need for such a journal? What does it bring to a field where many other journals already publish new knowledge? The journal has been launched by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) for the purpose of encouraging critical thinking directed to improving the quality of health services and systems for the poor. When we consider the burden of disease the poor suffer, we must conclude that relieving this burden is not primarily in knowing what to do, but rather in knowing how to do it. If we took the knowledge we already have and applied it in a feasible, sustainable, efficient and appropriate manner, we would go a long way to addressing the goal The Union has set for itself, namely ‘Health solutions for the poor’. This is what operational research is about. What is the specific focus of the new journal? It welcomes submissions that provide new knowledge concerning health services and systems for the poor so that action can be taken to improve these services and systems and to reduce their burden of disease. The articles in this first issue of PHA illustrate this very well: they report operational research from health services in Malawi,1–3 Pakistan,4 Ethiopia 5 and South Africa.6 The publications focus on services in the public sector as well as humanitarian projects addressing tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition and malaria. The articles illustrate exactly what PHA is aiming to address, i.e., those conditions that are prevalent among the poor and that pose risks to life and health. Moreover, the focus of these manuscripts is on the practical work of those caring for such patients and clients, from services and systems for diagnosis, to treatment and to management of health information. When I mentioned to a respected colleague who specializes in clinical trials that we were planning to launch a new journal focused on operational research, he posed the question, ‘Is that really scientific research?’ Such a question is neither rare nor surprising. The place of operational research in the canon of science is far from generally recognized and it needs to be defended. The series of articles published in this issue demonstrate the scientific nature of operational research. They use rigorous scientific methods, generally address hypotheses, make comparisons, employ statistical analysis, draw conclusions that have relevance for the services and systems they are studying and provide new knowledge from which action can be taken to improve these services and systems. Public Health Action is here, it is freely accessible and it welcomes reports of research of the type illustrated in this issue. We hope that the new knowledge it publishes will provide the ‘Health solutions for the poor’ that is the reason The Union launched this journal.
Review of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: What is New and Why?

In September 2014, the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE-ACS) was released electronically; it was published in print 3 months later, in December 2014. The management of NSTE-ACS has evolved significantly in recent years, and a number of novel agents are now available for use (e.g., prasugrel, ticagrelor). In addition, several key diagnostic and therapeutic agents that were formerly considered hallmarks in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome have fallen out of favor (e.g., glycoprotein inhibitors, CK-MB). The 2014 AHA/ACC NSTE-ACS guideline document is the first comprehensive publication for the treatment of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes since 2007; this review paper serves as an overview of the 2014 NSTE-ACS guideline, with emphasis on several paramount changes since the 2007 version.
Medical Resources after nuclear war

Using a government model of a massive nuclear attack on the United States, the author argues that the undestrayed medical personnel, facilities and supplies would fall far short of the needs of survivors.
Technicways in American Civilization: Notes on a Method of Measuring Their Point of Origin

HIS report is an exercise in the methodology of sociological research, intended to show how a student adopts a general frame of reference related to his own knowledge and interests, delimits the field of study, states his problem, locates sources, and chooses a method. The study in folk sociology used to illustrate this process was designed to work out a simple quantitative method of describing the growth pattern of the technicways and locating their point of origin in time. By a discussion of the logical assumptions underlying the growth curve used to describe the pattern of change for our data we try to show how a more precise quantitative study may help to interpret cumulative processes of cultural change in terms of sociological meaning. It is suggested that the use of the statistical method is worth the student's labor not primarily as a tool to summarize a vast field of data conveniently, but as a way of interpretation and understanding which offers an approach to the central problem of folk sociology-the place of value and motivation in the dynamics of folk-regional society. The general frame of reference for the study is given in Howard W. Odum's hypothesis' of the process of societal
HIV incidence in the United States, 1978-1999.

Context: HIV incidence measurements, which reflect recent or current transmission, are valuable for monitoring the epidemic and evaluating prevention programs. Objectives: To summarize HIV incidence patterns and trends in U.S. population groups. Data Sources: Publications in English from 1980 through mid-2000. Study Selection and Statistical Methods: We searched the literature for reports of HIV incidence in the United States. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing was used to generate smooth curves to estimate trends in incidence. Spearman rank correlation was used to estimate the correlation coefficient between prevalence and incidence. Data Synthesis: In 74 eligible reports, HIV incidence varied widely (0.002-19.8 per 100 person-years [py]) depending on risk group. Among men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV incidence peaked in the early 1980s (5-20/100 py) and then declined but remained high during the 1990s (2-4/100 py). Among injection drug users (IDUs), incidence decreased since the mid-1980s but differed by geographic area; in the 1990s, incidence remained high in the East (1-3/100 py) but was lower in the West (<0.5/100 py). Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, incidence was low and stable in broader populations (blood donors: <0.01/100 py; military personnel: 0.01-0.07/100 py). The correlation between HIV incidence and prevalence was strong in populations with a prevalence less than 1% (r = 0.94, p <.0001), moderate in populations with a prevalence from 1% to less than 10% (r = 0.57, p <.0001), and weak in populations with a prevalence at least 10% (r = 0.23, p =.09). Conclusions: HIV prevention in the United States should continue to focus on MSM and IDUs. HIV incidence measurements should be considered for monitoring HIV transmission in MSM, IDUs, and other populations in which seroprevalence is high.
CNTFET-RFB: An Error Correction Implementation for Multi-valued CNTFET Logic

This paper presents a solution for fault-tolerance in logic circuits comprised of Carbon Nanotube FETs (CNTFETs). This work builds on a recently proposed method for errorcorrection called Restorative Feedback (RFB). The RFB method is a variant of Triple-Modular Redundancy (TMR) that utilizes the fault masking capabilities of the Muller C element to provide added protection against transient faults caused by electronic noise. A novel design is proposed for implementing a ternary C element. We also show the ability of RFB method to suppress internal transient noise in CNTFET multi-valued logic (MVL) circuits.
Estrogen activation of microglia underlies the sexually dimorphic differences in Nf1 optic glioma-induced retinal pathology

Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) develop low-grade brain tumors throughout the optic pathway. Nearly 50% of children with optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) experience visual impairment, and few regain their vision after chemotherapy. Recent studies have revealed that girls with optic nerve gliomas are five times more likely to lose vision and require treatment than boys. To determine the mechanism underlying this sexually dimorphic difference in clinical outcome, we leveraged Nf1 optic glioma (Nf1-OPG) mice. We demonstrate that female Nf1-OPG mice exhibit greater retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and only females have retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning, despite mice of both sexes harboring tumors of identical volumes and proliferation. Female gonadal sex hormones are responsible for this sexual dimorphism, as ovariectomy, but not castration, of Nf1-OPG mice normalizes RGC survival and RNFL thickness. In addition, female Nf1-OPG mice have threefold more microglia than their male counterparts, and minocycline inhibition of microglia corrects the retinal pathology. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of microglial estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) function corrects the retinal abnormalities in female Nf1-OPG mice. Collectively, these studies establish that female gonadal sex hormones underlie the sexual dimorphic differences in Nf1 optic glioma-induced retinal dysfunction by operating at the level of tumor-associated microglial activation.
Experimental and computational comparison of baffled-culvert hydrodynamics for fish passage

For some applications, fish passage through culverts may be enhanced by adding weir baffles along the culvert invert. In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of computation techniques as a design tool for baffled-culvert design, turbulent free-surface flow conditions through a weir-baffled-lined culvert were simulated numerically using a three-dimensional numerical model utilizing three different turbulence models: k–, renormalized group k–, and large Eddy simulation. Experimental data from a small prototype-scale baffled-lined culvert, measured using particle image velocimetry, were used to assess the ability of these turbulence models to predict the turbulent flow characteristics for various culvert slopes and discharges. All computer simulations struggled in the regions of high shear and reverse flow, independent of the specific turbulence model used. Comparisons between the measured and computed flow field velocity and turbulent kinetic energy data, however, found that the renormalized group k– mod...
Genetic and environmental sources of covariation between early drinking and adult functioning

The vast majority of individuals initiate alcohol consumption for the first time in adolescence. Given the widespread nature of its use and evidence that adolescents may be especially vulnerable to its effects, there is concern about the long-term detrimental impact of adolescent drinking on adult functioning. While some researchers have suggested that genetic processes may confound the relationship, the mechanisms linking drinking and later adjustment remain unclear. The current study utilized a genetically informed sample and biometric modeling to examine the nature of the familial influences on this association and identify the potential for genetic confounding. The sample was drawn from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS), a longitudinal study consisting of 2,764 twins assessed in 2 cohorts at regular follow-ups from age 17 to age 29 (older cohort) or age 11 to age 29 (younger cohort). A broad range of adult measures was included assessing substance use, antisocial behavior, personality, socioeconomic status, and social functioning. A bivariate Cholesky decomposition was used to examine the common genetic and environmental influences on adolescent drinking and each of the measures of adult adjustment. The results revealed that genetic factors and nonshared environmental influences were generally most important in explaining the relationship between adolescent drinking and later functioning. While the presence of nonshared environmental influences on the association are not inconsistent with a causal impact of adolescent drinking, the findings suggest that many of the adjustment issues associated with adolescent alcohol consumption are best understood as genetically influenced vulnerabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record
MULTI-SCALE COLLABORATIVE SEARCHING THROUGH SWARMING

This paper presents a multi-scale searching and target-locating algorithm for a group of agents moving in a swarm and sensing potential targets. The aim of the algorithm is to use these agents to efficiently search for and locate targets with a finite sensing radius in some bounded area. We present an algorithm that both controls agent movement and analyzes sensor signals to determine where targets are located. We use computer simulations to determine the effectiveness of this collaborative searching. We derive some physical scaling properties of the system and compare the results to the data from the simulations.
Roles of Chemical Functionality and Pore Curvature in the Design of Nanoporous Proton Conductors.

Nanoporous proton-transporting media are critical components in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices, yet general molecular design criteria for new materials with enhanced performance remain obscure. Aqueous lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) comprise a platform for detailed studies of the molecular-level features governing proton transport in monodisperse, water-filled nanopores lined with well-defined chemical functionalities. We report new alkylsulfonic acid LLCs that exhibit H+ conductivities as high as σ = 380 mS/cm at 80 °C, which rival those of more acidic, perfluorinated polymers, thus demonstrating that the acidity of the pore functionality is not the sole determinant of proton transport. Direct experimental comparisons of LLCs with convex and concave nanopores of similar dimensions indicate that H+ conductivities therein sensitively depend on the hydration state of the acid functionalities and the pore curvature. These experiments suggest that judicious manipulation of pore curvature provi...
Mixed stimulation rates to improve sensitivity of interaural timing differences in bilateral cochlear implant listeners

Normal hearing listeners extract small interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs) to locate sounds and segregate targets from noise. Bilateral cochlear implant listeners show poor sensitivity to ITDs when using clinical processors. This is because common clinical stimulation approaches use high rates [∼1000 pulses per-second (pps)] for each electrode in order to provide good speech representation, but sensitivity to ITDs is best at low rates of stimulation (∼100-300 pps). Mixing rates of stimulation across the array is a potential solution. Here, ITD sensitivity for a number of mixed-rate configurations that were designed to preserve speech envelope cues using high-rate stimulation and spatial hearing using low rate stimulation was examined. Results showed that ITD sensitivity in mixed-rate configurations when only one low rate electrode was included generally yielded ITD thresholds comparable to a configuration with low rates only. Low rate stimulation at basal or middle regions on the electrode array yielded the best sensitivity to ITDs. This work provides critical evidence that supports the use of mixed-rate strategies for improving ITD sensitivity in bilateral cochlear implant users.
Marxian Paradigms Versus Microeconomic Structures

Most social scientists and social philosophers today regard their sciences, such as sociology and economics, as mere cognitive, passive disciplines that have the sole purpose of obtaining the best possible knowledge of the past and present states of our society. We may call this well-known view the ‘cognitive view’. It seems that only a minority of social scientists and philosophers view their sciences as active, dynamic disciplines with which they can not only invent and construct new societal structures and models, but also feel the obligation to realise models of a new society. Marx was a clear case of the latter type. However, whereas he was quite sure that the social scientist, as a scientist, has to begin historically and cognitively, he was never sure of his role as a realizer of the new. Should he be a mere architect or a revolutionary? An architect, e.g., should, according to a plan, propose better housing via continuous changes of existing housing, or proceed, as Marx did in Capital,in a democratic Keynesian manner; a revolutionary might even do this without a plan by appealing to the masses directly. He might appeal for a radical overthrow of the old in favor of something radically new as Marx did in the Manifesto. But appealing to the masses cannot be done in a merely rational, scientific manner. One has to conjure up the deeper layers of the human psyche, i.e., the emotional, irrational, and mythical foundations of social life. Marx did exactly that. He conjured up an almost religious paradigm of alienation — and entrenched belief and hope, and mobilized social anxieties, all to achieve his socio-revolutionary goal. In this paper we shall not discuss how this demagogic enterprise has been undertaken by Marx and his political followers, but we shall restrict ourselves solely to showing how and why, under the influence of the paradigm of alienation on the social and economic theories of his time, Marx became a revolutionary. The role of paradigms in revolutionary scientific development and their influence on scientific theories has been discussed widely in recent literature and has also been analyzed by the author in some publications.1 One of the results of these analyses is that important paradigms are by no means created merely to change sciences; this is only a by-product of their cultural efficiency; more importantly, they tend to change society. They resemble far more powerful religious remnants of past cultures and societies that only secretly and randomly influence scientific development, very often simply by being the contrary position to all that the current science teaches us.
Dielectric Strength of Helium Vapor and Liquid at Temperatures between 1.4 and 4.2 K

Liquid and gaseous helium are used both as a coolant and dielectric material in superconducting magnets and superconducting power transmission lines. The dielectric strength of helium at 4.2 K and above has been investigated extensively [1–4]. Recently, superfluid helium at 1.8 K has been proposed for cooling superconductive magnets [5] because higher critical current and better heat transfer can be obtained. Charging or discharging superconductive magnets generate inhomo- geneous electric fields between the magnet turns and the surrounding dewar which require the superfluid helium to function as a high-voltage insulator. High-current leads are cooled and electrically insulated with helium vapor. Therefore, knowledge of the dielectric strength for vapor and liquid helium near 1.8 K is essential.
Part I Commentary: So What Is Student Engagement Anyway?

This chapter, by the esteemed motivation scholar Jacque Eccles and Ming-Te Wang, provides a commentary on the five chapters in Part I. The authors offered additional critique of the issues raised by authors in this part, as well as their perspectives on future directions for the engagement construct. In addition, Eccles and Wang described links between the theories of engagement and the Expectancy-Value Theoretical Model of Achievement-Related Behavior espoused by Eccles.
A Factorization Method for Symmetric Differential Operators and its Applications to Dirichlet Inequalities and to the Dirichlet Index

We write certain self-adjoint extensions of minimal symmetric ordinary differential operators whose non-leading coefficients may have suitably bounded negative parts as a Von Neumann composition I*I where I is a closed densely defined operator naturally induced by the quadratic form. This device is then used to prove Dirichlet inequalities and to extend the Kauffman theory of the Dirichlet Index to the negative coefficient case.
Partner Influence, Emotion, and Relational Outcomes: A Test of Relational Turbulence Theory in Early Dating Relationships

Burgeoning romantic relationships are times of transition that can be both fruitful and satisfying and yet full of stress and confusion for the individuals involved. The current study explores asse...
KEY CONJUNCTURES IN THE TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM

In our work of socialist construction, we are stili to a very large extent acting blindly. For us the socialist economy is still in many respects a realm of necessity not yet understood [Mao Zedong].
The Journey of Humanizing Care for People With Disabilities

The Max Bramer keynote address at the annual Special Care Dentistry Association (SCDA) conference provided an opportunity for reflection on our journey as health care professionals to humanize care...
Stiffness Mitigation in Stochastic Particle Flow Filters

The linear convex log-homotopy has been used in the derivation of particle flow filters. One natural question is whether it is beneficial to consider other forms of homotopy. We revisit this question by considering a general linear form of log-homotopy for which we derive particle flow filters, validate the distribution of flows, and obtain conditions for the stability of particle flows. We then formulate the problem of stiffness mitigation as an optimal control problem by minimizing the condition number of the Hessian matrix of the posterior density function. The optimal homotopy can be efficiently obtained by solving a one-dimensional second order two-point boundary value problem. Compared with traditional matrix analysis based approaches to condition number improvements such as scaling, this novel approach explicitly exploits the special structure of the stochastic differential equations in particle flow filters. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a numerical example.
Design of tight-binding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors.

Publisher Summary Most potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease reported are peptidomimetics and are based on the transition-state mimic concept. The study of inhibitors of HIV-1 protease is a relatively new field of less than a decade. Despite this short period, the discovery of potent inhibitors has proceeded at a rapid pace, partly due to the experience of designing tight-binding inhibitors of other aspartic acid proteases. The HIV-1 protease field has relied heavily on the use of X-ray structures in optimizing old series of inhibitors. Advances have been made toward the design of totally novel structures based on enzyme–inhibitor interactions. Although great progress has been made in developing potent enzyme inhibitors, it remains to be seen whether or not these compounds will be effective in altering the course of the disease. The HIV-1 protease will serve as a way to expand the usefulness of computer modeling and in improving de novo drug design.
GAUGE FIELDS AND THE ALGEBRA OF POLARIZATIONS.

Rigorousc-number solutions of the source-free (but non-linear, because of the curvature tensor) field equations of a gauge fieldBμ for the local groupG are found. The polarization matrices are forced thereby to satisfy a Lie algebra. If this is Abelian, one gets the usual gauge-field theory, with any Lie groupG desired. In the non-Abelian case, some curious new features emerge. The polarizations turn out to be the generators of the little group of a timelike momentum, andG is fixed as a group containing the homogeneous Lorentz groupL. If one uses these well-determined polarizations to build the interaction-picture quantized gauge field, and requiresG to be «internal» (i.e. to commute with the «external» Poincare group), then a continuous infinity of independent polarization states are required, even though as a group-theoretical objectBμ belongs to the mass >0, spin-1 representation space. InterpretingBμ asWμ, the intermediate boson, one gets an effective current-current interaction invariant against this internal Lorentz group which, sinceSU3⊅L, breaksSU3 in a specific way.
High luminosity /spl beta/*=0.5 m RHIC insertions

An increase in RHIC collision luminosity is possible by reducing the beam size at the interaction point (IP). We present a method for reducing the IP beta function, /spl beta/*, from the design minimum of 1 m to 0.5 m. We demonstrate that this /spl beta/*=0.5 m configuration is achievable with existing RHIC power supplies for 100 GeV protons. We discuss the correction of the higher order IR multi-poles and the second order chromaticity.
Sensitivity and specificity of a recombinant transmembrane glycoprotein (rgp21)-spiked western immunoblot for serological confirmation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and type II infections.

Serum specimens (n = 2,712) obtained from individuals residing in diverse geographic regions and categorized as seropositive (n = 122), seroindeterminate (n = 523), or seronegative (n = 2,067) for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection in accordance with U.S. Public Health Service guidelines were retested by recombinant transmembrane protein (rgp21)-spiked Western immunoblotting. Of the 122 HTLV-positive specimens, those from 85 of 85 (100%) U.S. blood donors, 2 of 2 (100%) Brazilians, 1 of 2 (50%) Indonesians, 14 of 14 (100%) Solomon Islanders, and 18 of 19 (95%) Papua New Guineans reacted with rgp21, yielding an overall sensitivity of 98% (120 of 122). Specimens from individuals whose infections were confirmed to be HTLV type I or HTLV type II by the polymerase chain reaction assay reacted equally well with rgp21. Of the 523 HTLV-indeterminate specimens, those from 21 of 379 (5.5%) U.S. blood donors, 3 of 6 (50%) Brazilians, 10 of 23 (44%) Ugandans, 8 of 49 (16%) Indonesians, 4 of 36 (11%) Solomon Islanders, and 5 of 30 (17%) Papua New Guineans reacted with rgp21. None of these 51 specimens reacted with native gp46 and/or gp61/68 in a radioimmunoprecipitation assay, suggesting a false-positive reaction (9.75%). Of the 2,067 HTLV-negative specimens, 12 reacted with rgp21, yielding a false-positivity rate of 0.6%. These data indicate that while detection of rgp21 is highly sensitive, it can yield false-positive results. Thus, specimens exhibiting reactivity with rgp21 in the absence of reactivity with native gp46 and/or gp61/68 by Western blot should be tested further by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay to verify HTLV type I or type II infection.
Propagation of neutralized plasma beams

Beams of neutralized plasma will cross a transverse magnetic field, magnetized plasma, and neutral gas, by a combination of single particle and collective‐plasma processes. At low density the beam will deflect; at higher density the beam will exhibit undeflected motion by the E×B drift or diamagnetic (high‐beta) exclusion of the magnetic field. In the high‐beta regime, where β>1 (β is the ratio of plasma‐beam energy density to magnetic field energy density), beam magnetization occurs on a time scale orders of magnitude faster than the classical Spitzer time scale. Recent studies of fast magnetization suggest that transport processes in large ion gyroradius beams, y/ρi 1, where y and ρi are the beam transverse width and ion gyroradius, respectively. Although quantitative aspects of the small gyroradius propagation physics theory are still valid, most notably the E×B drift, much work remains ...
The Metallicity Distribution Function of Extremely low-Metallicity Stars

We discuss new results based on the many thousands of extremely metal-poor stars discovered in the ongoing HK survey of Beers and collaborators. The present status of the photometric and spectroscopy follow-up efforts are summarized, and the nature of the halo metallicity distribution function is considered. We point out the existence of apparent complexities in the kinematics of the lowest abundance stars in the Galaxy, and discuss the presence of a large fraction of carbon-enhanced stars among the HK survey stars with [Fe/H] ≤ −2.0.
Powder XRD, SEM, and Multinuclear MAS‐NMR Investigations of the Interactions Between Glass and Crystalline Phases of Li, Na, or K Ceramic Waste Forms

Interactions between the glass and crystalline phases of ceramic waste forms were investigated via powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and 29 Si, 27 Al, 23 Na, 7 Li, and 35 Cl magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectros- copy. LiCl, NaCl, or KCl waste form samples were made with or without glass. The waste forms containing glass consist of sodalite and glass phases with minor amounts of nepheline. Samples without glass form varying amounts of sodalite and nepheline. The glass frit, intended to bind the zeolite particles together, changes in composition, showing marked increases in aluminum and alkali content. chloride, and sodium chloride. These surrogate waste forms were used to study the interaction between the glass and crys- talline phases. The three phases present in these samples are sodalite, ne- pheline, and glass. Sodalite, one of the few aluminosilicates that contains chloride within its matrix, is a cubic zeolite consisting of alternating rings of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra joined at the corners to form four- and six- unit rings. These rings make up b- cages similar to those found in zeolite A (LTA), 3 among others. For the sodium chloride form of sodalite (NaCl-SOD), a chlo- rine atom lies in the center of each cage tetrahedrally coordi- nated to four sodium atoms. The sodium atoms are further coordinated to three of the oxygen atoms of the six-unit rings. The empirical formula is M8Al6Si6O24X2 (MX-SOD), where M is a 11 valence metal and X represents a halide. The halide in our samples is chloride. Sodalite forms when the salt-occluded zeolite (SOZ), LTA (Na12Al12Si12O48), is heated in an inert atmosphere. The reac- tion follows the following stoichiometry: Na12Al12Si12O48 þ 4N aCl! 2N a8Al6Si6O24Cl2 This process calls for a deficiency of salt to be used to assure complete salt occlusion. The experiments studied here also fol- low this format, using the same molar ratio of salt to zeolite. (This ratio comes from the ceramic waste form process. The process uses a 10 wt% deficit of salt:zeolite to minimize free salt levels in the final product.) A secondary phase, nepheline, forms in the samples made without glass. Sodalite and nepheline are related to one another through the reversible reaction 4-6
Partial Contact Force Controllability in Active Wheeled Vehicles

This paper presents a geometric approach for solving the force distribution problem in active wheeled vehicles (AWVs) moving on uneven surfaces. Here an active vehicle is defined as a system that includes independent actuators for all its internal joints. In general, AWVs do not possess omni-directional mobility, and they possess fewer actuators than the number of wheel-ground contact force components. This article presents an approach for separating the contact force vectors into active and passive components such that there exists an invertible square matrix that maps the active contact forces to the actuator efforts. An appropriate force allocation algorithm can then be developed for these systems. The concepts introduced in this article are demonstrated via an example of AWVs on uneven terrain. An example of force distribution in active legged vehicles (ALVs) that possess the same number of actuators as contact forces is also provided for comparison.
Small aortic valve annulus in children with fixed subaortic stenosis

Twenty-one hearts with fixed subaortic stenosis (FSAS) were examined pathologically. Thirty children with no hemodynamically significant heart disease, 31 children with valvar aortic stenosis, and 25 children with FSAS were studied by echo- and angiocardiography. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Patients with FSAS often have abnormal aortic valve leaflets as well as small aortic valve annulus. (2) A small aortic annulus/descending aorta ratio is probably present at birth, and may decrease with increasing age. (3) In some patients with FSAS the aortic valve annulus is too small for simple resection of the fibroelastic tissue. A Konno operation is needed for these patients. (4) M-mode echocardiography has not been useful in identifying abnormally small aortic valve annulus in FSAS patients.