cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Skeletal Trauma

There have been major changes in the imaging of trauma in the last few years, primarily secondary to advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the ab]Introduction of fast multislice CT. The use of cross-sectional imaging, however, is limited by availability, cost, and radiation exposure.
Detection of Cancer-Prone Individuals Using Cytogenetic Response to X-Rays

A number of genetic disorders manifesting widely different clinical symptoms predispose the affected individual to a high risk of cancer. These include, among others, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom’s syndrome, familial polyposis, Fanconi’s anemia, Gardner’s syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum (Setlow 1978). We have shown that skin fibroblasts from affected individuals or individuals with a family history of cancer, compared to cells from clinically normal controls, with few exceptions, show a significantly higher frequency of chromatid breaks and gaps following X-irradiation during the G2 cell cycle phase (Parshad et al. 1983, 1985a; Sanford et al. 1989). Furthermore, it appears that this enhanced chromatid damage results from deficient DNA repair during G2 phase (Parshad et al. 1983, 1985b; Gantt et al. 1986, 1989), that it has a genetic basis (Sanford et al. 1986), and that it is associated with genetic susceptibility to cancer (Gantt et al. 1989; Sanford et al. 1989).
Delinquency, Sociology of

This article examines the major ideas and questions that have motivated sociological theories of delinquency over the course of the twentieth century. Current trends and the direction that future research is likely to take in the twenty-first century are also examined. Delinquency is defined as criminal behavior committed by juveniles under the legal age of adulthood. Classical theories are reviewed first, with a focus on the concepts of social disorganization, differential association, anomie, subcultures, social control, and official labeling of deviance. Key issues in testing these theories are discussed, such as how to measure delinquency and whether or not a small group of juvenile delinquents later account for the problem of adult criminal careers. Developments in recent research are then highlighted, including the causal role of peers in delinquency, routine activities theory, age and crime, self-control theory, the life-course framework, and community-level theory. It is concluded that a focus on social processes and dynamics, for both individuals and communities, is the likely direction for future research on delinquency.
Smart hydrogels for bioseparation

Smart hydrogels are hydrogels which alter their dimension (i.e., either swell or shrink) dramatically upon a small change in an environmental condition, such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, salt type, solvent, etc. Due to large changes in the swelling ratio, the smart hydrogels have been used widely in the separation of various molecules including proteins. Bioseparation using smart hydrogels is convenient, cost effective, and operable in mild conditions. The use of mild conditions during separation is critical for proteins which can be easily denatured or degraded. Smart hydrogels currently used in bioseparation and their limitations as well as improvements to be made are described here.
Rivers and Fireworks: Social Constructivism in Education

This chapter examines sociocultural theory and social constructivism as a framework for effective classroom practices. The author begins by suggesting that teachers examine their own beliefs about teaching and learning, in particular whether they align with a traditional teacher-centric model or a more student-centred one. The author briefly explains Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory with the metaphor of a river of social, cultural, political, historical, and religious factors that mediate and regulate individuals’ experiences. The Zone of Proximal Development is defined as the range between the comfort zone and the fight-or-flight zone, where all learning takes place with the scaffolded and guided support of a teacher. The chapter then turns to social constructivism, a learner-centred paradigm that encourages students to be engaged, reflective, and interactive with each other and with the teacher. The notion of schema is portrayed using the imagery of coat hooks where new knowledge is hooked onto the old—and fireworks, that explode in an exponential web of learning. The author suggests ideas for translating constructivism into practice and gives an example from a classroom in an Indian village. The chapter closes by reminding teachers to examine their beliefs with an open hand and to aim to build strong relationships with students through courage, humility, and respect for all learners.
Use of Bronchoscopy and Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Evaluation of Chronic Pulmonary Aspiration

Chronic pulmonary aspiration presents a challenging problem to medical providers. Flexible bronchoscopy, coupled with bronchoalveolar lavage, can provide diagnostic clues for those patients suspected of aspirating. The gross appearance of the lungs, as viewed endoscopically, can demonstrate anatomic abnormalities or inflammation. Several biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid can provide more evidence, although no definitive test currently exists.
The Youth Satisfaction Questionnaire: What Kids Think of Services:

The authors describe the development of the Youth Satisfaction Questionnaire (YSQ), a brief self- report measure for children and youth nine years of age and older designed to assess general satisf...
Predicting the electrochemical behavior of Fe(II) complexes from ligand orbital energies

Abstract An attractive strategy for harvesting solar energy is to use dye-sensitized solar cells employing earth-abundant Fe(II) chromophores. These dyes need to meet several criteria to be effective for this purpose, including air stability, and an ability to be regenerated by common electrolytes. Both of these properties are related to the Fe(III/II) reduction potentials. Here we show how the Fe(III/II) reduction potentials of Fe(II) complexes can be estimated from a single experimental Fe(III/II) reduction potential and computationally cheap calculations on single isolated ligands. This method requires refinement, but could prove highly useful for large-scale computational screening and design of Fe(II) dyes.
Comparative Efficacy of Bortezomib and Carfilzomib Desensitization Protocols in Highly Sensitized Cardiac Transplant Candidates

Purpose At our center, patients who are deemed highly sensitized may undergo a proteasome inhibitor-based desensitization protocol to shorten organ wait time and improve the probability of finding an acceptable donor. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the comparative effects on detectable anti-HLA antibodies between our center's bortezomib-based and carfilzomib-based protocol in sensitized patients awaiting heart transplantation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Highly sensitized patients awaiting cardiac transplant who underwent the desensitization protocol between April 2013 and February 2017 were included in the study. Protocol included either a bortezomib or carfilzomib-based regimen with multiple plasmapheresis sessions and a single dose of rituximab. Efficacy of these two desensitization regimens was evaluated by comparing trends in pre- and post-protocol positive (mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) greater than 500) anti-HLA antibody allele specificities. Results Of the 19 patients who underwent a desensitization protocol, 8 patients received a bortezomib-based regimen and 11 patients a carfilzomib-based regimen. When comparing trends in both HLA class I and class II antibodies pre- and post- desensitization protocol, patients who received a bortezomib-based regimen experienced a greater reduction (p Conclusion In our observed cohort, bortezomib-based desensitization protocol was associated with a greater percent reduction of anti-HLA antibody alleles with MFI>500 compared to the carfilzomib-based desensitization protocol. Larger, prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm these results.
Clinical Development of New Anthracyclines

The development of the anthracyclines began with the isolation, characterization, and development of daunomycin in the early 1960s and continued through the next decade in studies led by Di Marco and his associates [1]. Daunomycin, which is now called daunorubicin, was shown to have a therapeutic effect on human cancer (primarily in acute childhood leukemia) by Tan et al. [2] in 1967. Early in the course of clinical studies, it was recognized that the administration of daunorubicin was accompanied by several kinds of disturbing toxicity. Myelosuppression was not unexpected and was not different from that seen with many previously developed antitumor agents. The occurrence of marked alopecia was not an insurmountable problem. More disturbingly, severe cardiac toxicity presented major obstacles to the administration of this new therapeutic agent. It should be noted that cardiac toxicity was not recognized during the early Phase I studies. Only after patients had received large cumulative doses in the course of Phase II and Phase III studies was this problem defined.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in the setting of HIV-1 infection: a longitudinal analysis.

Patients with concomitant HIV-1 infection and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed longitudinally at an HIV outpatient clinic from 1994 to 2019 were examined. Patients met 1982 and 1997 ACR classification criteria for SLE at the Thomas Street clinic from 1994 to 2019. Clinical and demographic comparisons were made with a non HIV-SLE patient cohort, the Lupus in Minorities Studies, Nature versus Nurture (LUMINA) study. Twenty-two patients with concomitant HIV-1 infection and SLE were identified, including 18 females, 3 males, and 1 male to female transgender. Overall, 81.8% of SLE-HIV patients were African-American compared to 55.3% of the 5856 patients seen at the HIV clinic from 2016 to 2017 (p = 0.02, OR = 3.6). There were 12 patients that developed HIV-1 in the setting of SLE and 10 patients that developed SLE in the setting HIV-1. This demographic distribution was significant when compared with the 1604 unique patients in the HIV rheumatology clinic from 1994 to 2019 (p = 0.03, OR = 5.9) and also significant when compared with the 5856 patients attending the county HIV clinic overall in 2016–2017 (p = 0.008, OR = 7.2). When comparing with the non-HIV SLE cohort, anti-dsDNA antibodies were noted less frequently in all HIV-SLE patients (p = 0.0002) including all sub-cohorts of our patients. Skin/mucosal involvement (p = 0.0003) and cytopenias (p = 0.0001) occurred less frequently in the patients that were diagnosed with HIV after their SLE diagnosis compared to non-HIV SLE patients. In a large county HIV clinic setting, the prevalence of SLE was significantly higher in African American women. Anti-dsDNA antibodies were less frequent in HIV-1 positive SLE patients.
Slashed Interiors: Text/Space

This essay explores the relationship between text and space by considering the notion of writing interiors as a form of creative practice. The research focuses on the textual and spatial uses of the punctuation mark slash (/), as evidenced in a range of text-based works by Barbara Kruger, Glenn Ligon, Dom Sylvester Houedard, Anni Albers, and other artists. The first part of the essay surveys the typographic character’s varied uses in written language; the second part considers its role within artwork titles, namely how its presence shapes spatial interpretations of each artwork in question; in the third part, preceding the conclusion, the focus is on the use of the slash as a mark that is both material and graphic. The resulting interpretations support a call for a change in the conversation about the relationship between writing and interiors.
Adding Boost to Standard Neoadjuvant Radiation for Rectal Cancer Improves Likelihood of Complete Response

Pathologic tumor response is a prognostic factor for survival in patients with rectal cancer. Standard neoadjuvant radiation (nRT) dosing for locally advanced rectal cancer ranges from 4500 to 5400 centigray (cGy), but it is unknown if tumor regression differs as a consequence adding a boost to the tumor bed. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) 2006–2016 was used to identify patients 18 years of age and older with clinical stage II and III rectal cancer who received pelvic nRT dosed between 4500 and 5400 cGy. Standard nRT dose (no boost, NB) and dose with boost (DWB) were defined respectively as 4500 and 5040–5400 cGy. Complete pathologic response (pCR) was defined as postoperative pathologic stage of zero. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between radiation dosing and pCR. The study cohort was 28,841 patients; the majority received DWB 22,701 (78.7%), while 6140 (21.3%) received NB. pCR was achieved in 3135 (14.4%) patients. On multivariate analysis, patients who received NB were significantly less likely to have complete tumor response (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.2–1.66, p < 0.001). Other factors significantly associated with pCR included insurance, facility type, tumor characteristics, clinical stage, and time between radiation and surgery. This is the first investigation demonstrating that standard dose neoadjuvant radiation for rectal cancer was associated with a lower likelihood of pCR compared with standard dose with boost. Past studies demonstrate that rectal cancer patient survival is strongly correlated with pCR. Prospective trials should focus on examining neoadjuvant radiation dosing to evaluate if DWB improves outcomes.
8 – Tidal Marshes

Saline, brackish, and freshwater tidal marshes are common in temperate regions of the coastal zone. They are characterized by hydrologic pulsing driven by the astronomical tides and are among the most productive of wetlands, supporting high levels of plant and animal biomass. Saline and brackish marshes are inundated with seawater diluted by freshwater from rivers and terrestrial landscapes. Tidal freshwater marshes are located in upper reaches of river-dominated estuaries where astronomical tides penetrate but saline water does not. Many tidal marshes have been lost to shoreline development and urbanization and, sometimes, agriculture. Efforts to restore tidal marshes consist of reintroducing tidal inundation by removing fill, dikes, levees, and tide gates. Reintroduction of saline water alters soil chemical properties by increasing salinity and alkalinity. Because of the vigorous energy associated with tidal inundation, reestablishment of vegetation by natural colonization or seeding is slow and planting often is required. Development of heterotrophic food webs depends on establishing good coverage of vegetation and accumulation of soil organic matter and nitrogen (N). Keys to successful restoration include selecting sites with large tidal range to support a wide expanse of vegetation, gentle slope to limit waterlogging, and enhancing connectivity by creating tidal creeks and vegetated edge to facilitate access and use by nekton and wading birds.
Prototype Lygus Spp. Vacuum Provides Improved Pest Management in California Strawberries

Lygus spp. are major pests of the California strawberry industry and have prompted growers to purchase and use machines called “bug vacuums” to mitigate damage throughout the production season. The...
Abstract 15147: Outcomes of Interventional Management of Coronary Artery Disease Prior to Renal Transplant

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a main cause of mortality in kidney transplant (KT) patients. Preoperative cardiovascular risk assessment is a crucial step before clearance for KT. H...
New Insights into the Multifaceted Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in High-Grade Gliomas: From Metabolic Reprograming, Immunosuppression, and Therapeutic Resistance to Current Strategies for Targeting MDSCs.

Cancer cells “hijack” host immune cells to promote growth, survival, and metastasis. The immune microenvironment of high-grade gliomas (HGG) is a complex and heterogeneous system, consisting of diverse cell types such as microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-cells. Of these, MDSCs are one of the major tumor-infiltrating immune cells and are correlated not only with overall worse prognosis but also poor clinical outcomes. Upon entry from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood, spleen, as well as in tumor microenvironment (TME) in HGG patients, MDSCs deploy an array of mechanisms to perform their immune and non-immune suppressive functions. Here, we highlight the origin, function, and characterization of MDSCs and how they are recruited and metabolically reprogrammed in HGG. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which MDSCs contribute to immunosuppression and resistance to current therapies. Finally, we conclude by summarizing the emerging approaches for targeting MDSCs alone as a monotherapy or in combination with other standard-of-care therapies to improve the current treatment of high-grade glioma patients.
Automated analyses for single-fiber electrophysiological recordings using a newly developed Microsoft Excel application and graphical user interface.

Abstract Background Electrophysiological recordings of isolated sensory afferents are commonly used in the field of pain research to investigate peripheral mechanisms of nociception in various pain models. The method involves skillful and tedious recordings of teased fibers from nerve preparations as well as time-consuming post-recording analyses. To increase efficiency and productivity of data analyses of recorded action potentials, we developed and validated a novel, easy-to-use Microsoft Excel-based application using Visual Basic Programming. New method A code for the novel program, shigraspike1.0, was written to create a module to include customizable subroutines for analyses for electrical and mechanical responses. Using previously recorded action potentials with tongue-lingual nerve preparations, the program was validated for appropriate execution, ease-of-use, accuracy of the output data and time taken for analyses. Results We observed appropriate execution of shigraspike1.0 on Windows and iOS desktop platforms that included computation of response latency of the spike of interest using electrical stimulus as well as estimation of the number of impulses at each force with a step-and-hold mechanical ramp of 10–200mN. Output data obtained by shigrapsike1.0 for both stimulus types were accurate and statistically insignificant from manual analyses. Comparison with existing method The novel application shigraspike1.0, allows for rapid analyses for single-fiber recordings and takes less than half the time to analyze electrical and mechanical responses compared to manual analyses. Conclusions The newly developed shigraspike1.0 application can be a very productive tool to be routinely used for efficient analyses of single-fiber electrophysiology in pain research.
Costs and Limitations of Marine Synechococcus Blue-Green Chromatic Acclimation

Benefits and trade-offs of blue/green chromatic acclimation (CA4) have received limited study. We investigated the energetic costs associated with executing chromatic acclimation using a fluorescence-based calculation of light use efficiency. Using laboratory cultures and artificial light environments, we show that the delayed response to acclimation known to occur in marine Synechococcus acclimating strains (generalists) in green light do not reduce light use efficiency in green light, but that only one generalist, RCC307, with a much smaller range of acclimation, had higher light use efficiency than blue and green light specialist strains. Generalists with a wider acclimation range either had the same or >30% lower light use efficiencies in blue and green light environments. From this work, we propose that advantages from CA4 may not be geared at direct competition with other Synechococcus specialists with fixed pigment types, but may serve to expand the ecological range of Synechococcus in spectral competition with other genera. As all eight Synechococcus strains tested had higher light use efficiency in green light, regardless of a fixed or flexible light harvesting strategy, we add evidence to the suitability of the Synechococcus genus to greener ocean niches, whether stable and variable.
Combat Deployment Experiences and Soldier Mental Health: Examining the Factor Structure of a Combat Experiences Scale.

Introduction Researchers and practitioners are invested in understanding how deployment experiences impact the nearly 193,000 U.S. service members who deploy in a given year. Yet, there remains a need to adequately identify salient deployment experiences through survey measurement tools and understand how differential experiences are uniquely related to mental health outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the factor structure of an established combat experiences measure from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (Army STARRS) dataset to identify underlying survey constructs that reflect nuanced deployment experiences. Then, we examined the association between diverse combat experiences and current mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms) and the mediating role of coping. Materials and methods Data were drawn from the Army STARRS data (N = 14,860 soldiers), specifically the All Army Study component. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the dimensionality of the combat experiences scale, and then a path model was conducted to examine the relationships between combat experiences, coping with stress following a deployment, and mental health symptoms while controlling for relevant individual and interpersonal factors. Results Results from the principal component analysis suggested that the Army STARRS combat experiences scale encompasses two components, specifically: "Expected combat experiences" and "Responsible for non-enemy deaths." Both "Expected combat experiences" and "Responsible for non-enemy deaths" were associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively, and "Responsible for non-enemy deaths" was also indirectly linked to these mental health outcomes through coping with stress after deployment. Conclusions These findings provide insight into the dimensionality of combat experiences and offer practitioners a more nuanced understanding of how to process unique combat experiences that differentially relate to mental health symptoms.
Percutaneous penetration enhancement in vivo measured by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy.

A novel application of attenuated total reflectance IR Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) was used to monitor the outer several microns of the stratum corneum (SC) and, thereby, demonstrate enhanced percutaneous absorption in vivo in man. 4-Cyanophenol (CP) as a model permeant yielded a unique IR signal, distinct from those of the stratum corneum and the vehicle components. CP was administered for 1, 2, or 3 hr as a 10% (w/v) solution either in propylene glycol or in propylene glycol containing 5% (v/v) oleic acid. The absorbance at 2230 cm−1, which corresponded to C≡N bond stretching, diminished significantly faster when CP was codelivered with oleic acid. An IR absorbance due primarily to propylene glycol at 1040 cm−1 (C–O stretching) also disappeared more quickly following application of the enhancer-containing solution. In addition, only the formulations with oleic acid induced a higher wavenumber shift in the frequency of the asymmetric C–H bond stretching absorbance. This change indicates increased lipid-chain disorder, the mechanism by which oleic acid is believed to cause enhanced drug transport across the stratum corneum. Therefore, ATR-IR permits one to examine noninvasively the kinetics, extent, and mechanism of percutaneous penetration enhancement in vivo in human subjects.
Regeneration: Nerve-dependent and Nerve-independent

The anatomical and functional restoration of parts removed from an organism is known as regeneration. In some systems, as in the regenerating amphibian limb, this process occurs under the influence of nerves, whereas in other systems nerves are not required. Keywords: peripheral nerves; growth factors; axonal growth; blastema; transferrin
Does Catheter Type Effect Pregnancy Rate in Intrauterine Insemination Cycles

Purpose : To determine if a soft insemination catheter increases pregnancy rates. Methods : Seven hundred forty-seven consecutive intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles in 364 women in a reproductive endocrinology office between October 1998 and March 2000. Patients with even birth years were inseminated with the Tomcat catheter, and those with odd birth year with the Wallace IUI catheter. Clinical pregnancy rates were compared. Results : The Wallace catheter group included 180 women for 372 cycles and an overall pregnancy rate of 16.4%. The Tomcat catheter group included 184 women for 375 cycles and an overall pregnancy rate of 18.1%. This difference is not statistically significant (P = 0.61). Potential confounders were accounted for. Conclusions : When comparing the softer Wallace catheter to the less pliable Tomcat catheter during IUI cycles, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rate when using a standard gentle technique that includes not touching the top of the fundus with the catheter.
Trinkets and Beads

Trinkets and Beads. 1996.52 minutes, color. video by Christopher Walker. For more information contact First Run/Icarus Films, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10014.
uvby photometry in McCormick proper motion fields

The Danish 50 cm telescope at the European Southern Observatory was used to obtain high-precision uvby photometry for 50 F2 to G2 stars, with V values in the 9.4-12.3 mag range, which were selected in the southern galactic polar regions of the McCormick proper motion fields and measured on six different nights. The brighter stars are found to systematically exhibit smaller m(1) indices, of about 0.02 mag, upon comparison with the earlier data of Blaauw et al (1976). Single measurements are given for 98 stars in eight McCormick fields at intermediate southern galactic latitudes.
Comparison of iteration convergences of SIE and VSIE for solving electromagnetic scattering problems for coated objects

[1] The surface integral equation approach and the hybrid surface-volume integral equation approach are compared for solving the problem of electromagnetic scattering by conducting objects with dielectric coating. The surface integral equation is formulated by the PMCHW method, and it is efficient for modeling bulk material scattering. The hybrid surface-volume integral equation approach is better conditioned for the volume scattering problems. For a special class of problems in which the dielectric coating is electrically thin (one to two grid sizes), the numbers of unknowns needed by the two approaches are of the same order, and the surface-volume integral equation approach converges significantly faster than the pure surface integral equation approach. Several numerical examples are given, and the results showed good agreements with the above statement.
Effects of short- and long-term changes in auditory feedback on vowel and sibilant contrasts.

Purpose To assess the effects of short- and long-term changes in auditory feedback on vowel and sibilant contrasts and to evaluate hypotheses arising from a model of speech motor planning. Method T...
Three-Dimensional Stress Concentration Around a Cylindrical Hole in a Semi-Infinite Elastic Body

This paper contains a three-dimensional solution, exact within classical elastostatics, for the stresses and deformations arising in a half space with a semi-infinite transverse cylindrical hole, if the body -- at infinite distances from its cylindrical boundary -- is subjected to an arbitrary uniform plane field of stress that is parallel to the bounding plane. The solution presented is in integral form and is deduced with the aid of the Papkovich stress functions by means of an especially adapted, unconventional, integral-transform technique. Numerical results for the non-vanishing stresses along the boundary of the hole and for the normal displacement at the plane boundary, corresponding to several values of Poisson's ratio, are also included. These results exhibit in detail the three-dimensional stress boundary layer that emerges near the edges of the hole in the analogous problem for a plate of finite thickness, as the ratio of the plate-thickness to the diameter of the hole grows beyond bounds. The results obtained thus illustrate the limitations inherent 1n the two-dimensional plane-strain treatment of the spatial plane problem; in addition, they are relevant to failure considerations and are of interest 1n connection with experimental stress analysis.
Effect of methionine-enkephalin on xanthophore aggregation

The intracranial injection of an opioid antagonist (naloxone) caused aggregation of xanthophores in goldfish scales. This aggregating effect produced by naloxone was inhibited by an injection of methionine-enkephalin (M-ENK). M-ENK, when injected together with melatonin which normally produces aggregation of xanthophores, interfered with the effect of melatonin by inhibiting the aggregation. An injection of naloxone together with melatonin showed no difference in the aggregation from that of either naloxone or melatonin alone. The possibility of interaction between melatonin and M-ENK was discussed.
Making Meaning of Work: Uncovering the Complexity of Immigrant Experience in a Multicultural Landscape

Many educators draw the public's attention to the need for diversifying the teaching force. They argue that teachers from diverse cultures offer a variety of perspectives (Delpit, 2001), encourage ...
Retrotransposon reverse-transcriptase-mediated repair of chromosomal breaks

The abundance of short and long interspersed nuclear sequences (SINEs and LINEs) and pseudogenes in eukaryotic genomes indicates that reverse transcriptase (RT)-mediated phenomena are important in genome evolution. However, the mechanisms involved in their spread are largely unknown. We have developed a selection system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to test whether RT-mediated events could be linked to the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here we show that DSBs can be fixed by the insertion of complementary DNAs at the break site. In the presence of functional RT (from human L1, yeast Tyl or Crithidia CRE1), and in the absence of homologous recombination, an HO endonuclease-induced DSB at the mating type (MAT) locus is the primary site at which a marked cDNA is observed among surviving cells. The structure and junctional sequences of these insertions suggest that repair occurs primarily by non-homologous recombination. Our data support a role for endogenous retroelements in the repair of chromosomal breaks.
Controlled viable release of selectively captured label-free cells in microchannels.

Selective capture of cells from bodily fluids in microchannels has broadly transformed medicine enabling circulating tumor cell isolation, rapid CD4+ cell counting for HIV monitoring, and diagnosis of infectious diseases. Although cell capture methods have been demonstrated in microfluidic systems, the release of captured cells remains a significant challenge. Viable retrieval of captured label-free cells in microchannels will enable a new era in biological sciences by allowing cultivation and post-processing. The significant challenge in release comes from the fact that the cells adhere strongly to the microchannel surface, especially when immuno-based immobilization methods are used. Even though fluid shear and enzymes have been used to detach captured cells in microchannels, these methods are known to harm cells and affect cellular characteristics. This paper describes a new technology to release the selectively captured label-free cells in microchannels without the use of fluid shear or enzymes. We have successfully released the captured CD4+ cells (3.6% of the mononuclear blood cells) from blood in microfluidic channels with high specificity (89% ± 8%), viability (94% ± 4%), and release efficiency (59% ± 4%). We have further validated our system by specifically capturing and controllably releasing the CD34+ stem cells from whole blood, which were quantified to be 19 cells per million blood cells in the blood samples used in this study. Our results also indicated that both CD4+ and CD34+ cells released from the microchannels were healthy and amenable for in vitro culture. Manual flow based microfluidic method utilizes inexpensive, easy to fabricate microchannels allowing selective label-free cell capture and release in less than 10 minutes, which can also be used at the point-of-care. The presented technology can be used to isolate and purify a broad spectrum of cells from mixed populations offering widespread applications in applied biological sciences, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, rare cell and stem cell isolation, proteomic/genomic research, and clonal/population analyses.
Influence of periodie and random two-dimensional nuclei distribution on the recrystallization kinetics

The recrystallization process is modeled by using both a periodic lattice and a random array of nuclei for the two-dimensional, instantaneous nucleation case. Recrystallization kinetics is obtained with analytical expressions for the periodic model and computer-generated results for the random situation. The resulting kinetics shows some disagreement with the classical Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmorogav kinetics, and stresses the fact that there is a finite time for the completion of the whole process. The time for completion is calculated for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases.
Soil geomorphic classification, soil taxonomy, and effects on soil richness assessments

The study of pedodiversity and soil richness depends on the notion of soils as discrete entities. Soil classifications are often criticized in this regard because they depend in part on arbitrary or subjective criteria. In this study soils were categorized on the basis of the presence or absence of six lithological and morphological characteristics. Richness vs. area relationships, and the general pattern of soil variability and diversity, were then compared to analyses of pedodiversity based on Soil Taxonomy. The study area consists of sixteen 0.13-ha plots on forested sideslopes of the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, with a minimum of 20 classified soil pits per plot. An ad hoc classification was developed, from the standpoint of soil geomorphology and studies of the coevolution of soils and landscapes, and based on the regional environmental framework. Soils were classified based on (1) underlying geology (shale, sandstone bedrock, or transported sandstone rock fragments), and on the presence or absence of (2) texture contrast subsoils, (3) eluvial horizons, (4) surface and/or subsurface stone lines or zones, (5) lithological contrasts between soil and underlying geology, and (6) redoximorphic features. The soil geomorphic classification (SGC) yielded 40 different soil types (out of 288 possible different combinations of the criteria), compared to 19 different series or taxadjuncts identified by standard soil classification. However, 21 of the SGC soil types had only one or two representatives. Individual plots contained five to 11 different SGC soil types with extensive local variability. A standard power-function relationship between soil richness ( S ) and area or number of samples ( A ) provided the best fit for most plots ( S = cA b ). The exponent b was slightly higher than for the taxonomy-based analysis, but in general the analyses lead to similar conclusions with respect to the relationship between richness and area, and the relative importance of local, within-plot versus regional, between-plot variability. Results support the view that soils can be viewed and treated as discrete entities, that richness assessments are not necessarily extremely sensitive to the classification used, and that highly localized variability may be critical to pedodiversity. The suggested criteria for identifying discrete soil types are given, based on qualitative morphological differences and state factor relations, contiguity, and connectivity.
A Berry and A Russell Without Self-Reference

In this paper I present two new paradoxes, a definability paradox (related to the paradoxes of Berry, Richard and Konig), and a paradox about extensions (related to Russell’s paradox). However, unlike the familiar definability paradoxes and Russell’s paradox, these new paradoxes involve no self-reference or circularity.
Application of the phase and amplitude modulating properties of LCTVs

Liquid Crystal Televisions have received extensive attention in the literature for use as input and Fourier plane devices in joint transform correlators, and for use in other optical processing architectures requiring television rate inputs. The device has also been used in incoherent optical neural network systems at Penn State University. Recent research has also investigated the hybrid phase and amplitude modulating properties of the LCTV in a joint transform correlator. These properties will now be applied to the well known Vander Lugt matched filter correlator. The results of employing the LCTV as a phase-only input device for making and addressing photographic matched filters is presented. Experiments using the LCTV as both the input and filter plane modulator in a mixed phase and amplitude mode also is discussed.
Speckle Reduction by Spatial Sampling

It is well known that speckle reduction can be achieved by the noncoherent addition of independent image samples. Sampling can occur at either an image plane or at a Fresnel or Fraunhofer plane of a coherent imaging system. In the literature various comparisons have been made between continuous and discrete sampling methods which take place at a Fraunhofer plane. Because of difficulties in obtaining general closed form expressions in these calculations, no sampling function with optimum characteristics has been specified. This paper shows that continuous sampling at a Fresnel or Fraunhofer plane is precisely equivalent to image plane sampling, provided certain simple criteria are satisfied. This result is valuable since the degree of speckle reduction for a given resolution loss in image plane sampling can be easily calculated and optimized.
Retrieval of Green’s functions of elastic waves from thermal fluctuations of fluid-solid systems

Fluctuation-dissipation and flow reversal theorems are used to study long-range correlation of thermal phonons in a stationary heterogeneous mechanical system comprised of arbitrary inhomogeneous fluid flow and anisotropic solid. At thermal equilibrium, with an appropriate choice of physical observables to characterize thermal fluctuations within the fluid and within the solid, the general integral expression for the two-point correlation function of the fluctuations reduces to a linear combination of deterministic Green’s functions, which describe wave propagation in opposite directions between the two points. It is demonstrated that the cross-correlation of thermal noise contains as much information about the environment as can be obtained in active reciprocal transmission experiments with transceivers placed at the two points. These findings suggest a possible application of ambient noise cross-correlation to passive acoustic characterization of inhomogeneous flows in fluid-solid systems in laboratory and geophysical settings.
Comparison of scalar measures used in magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging.

The tensors derived from diffusion tensor imaging describe complex diffusion in tissues. However, it is difficult to compare tensors directly or to produce images that contain all of the information of the tensor. Therefore, it is convenient to produce scalar measures that extract desired aspects of the tensor. These measures map the three-dimensional eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor into scalar values. The measures impose an order on eigenvalue space. Many invariant scalar measures have been introduced in the literature. In the present manuscript, a general approach for producing invariant scalar measures is introduced. Because it is often difficult to determine in clinical practice which of the many measures is best to apply to a given situation, two formalisms are introduced for the presentation, definition, and comparison of measures applied to eigenvalues: (1) normalized eigenvalue space, and (2) parametric eigenvalue transformation plots. All of the anisotropy information contained in the three eigenvalues can be retained and displayed in a two-dimensional plot, the normalized eigenvalue plot. An example is given of how to determine the best measure to use for a given situation by superimposing isometric contour lines from various anisotropy measures on plots of actual measured eigenvalue data points. Parametric eigenvalue transformation plots allow comparison of how different measures impose order on normalized eigenvalue space to determine whether the measures are equivalent and how the measures differ. These formalisms facilitate the comparison of scalar invariant measures for diffusion tensor imaging. Normalized eigenvalue space allows presentation of eigenvalue anisotropy information.
Splenic abscess as a complication of septic yersinia: CT evaluation

Abstract Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) frequently causes gastrointestinal illness, but is rarely a cause of systemic infection. The complications of septic YE include a wide variety of extraintestinal manifestations, with a 34–50% mortality rate. We present a patient with septic YE complicated by a splenic abscess. The clinical presentation was nonspecific, and the diagnosis of splenic abscess was made by computed tomography (CT). Because of the nonspecific clinical presentation and the wide range of extraintestinal manifestations of septic YE, CT can prove helpful in the diagnosis and management of these patients.
An Integrated Service Model Approach for Enabling SOA

To effectively align business and IT using a service-oriented architecture (SOA), a proposed integrated service model divides service construction into three loosely coupled perspectives according to the service's business logic, interface, and implementation. The resulting hierarchical model and associated methodology can help software architects more effectively and efficiently design and develop services-oriented systems.
Effects of studying a subset of familiar items on recall of the remaining items: The John Brown effect

Prior to attempting recall of the 50 U.S. states, two experimental groups studied subsets of 25 states each while the control group read unrelated material. The experimental groups differed in that one group studied the 25 states most easily recalled, as determined by norms, and the other group studied the 25 most difficult states. Interference was found for the states not studied, replicating Brown’s (1968) findings. In Experiment 2, Ss were required to recall the studied states before recalling those not studied. Again, recall of the subset not studied was poorer for the experimental groups. Output interference was implicated in discussing the findings.
Diurnal variation in low-energy cosmic ray cutoffs

Abstract Balloon observations are presented of the daily variation in the flux of nuclear γ-rays which were produced by proton bombardment of the terrestrial atmosphere over Byrd Station, Antarctica ( L ≈ 7) during the January–February 1967 solar particle events. This modulation is interpreted as the result of a local geomagnetic-time dependence for the cutoff of the solar proton influx at low energies (≈ 1–30 MeV). The observations are compared with predictions of existing theory and, while the predicted effect is confirmed qualitatively, significant discrepancies in quantitative detail are evident. Lack of better agreement lies, most probably, in the assumed simplicity of the magnetospheric models presently in use.
Nicotinic Antagonists Enhance Process Outgrowth by Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells in Culture

Functional nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found on mammalian retinal ganglion cell neurons in culture. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) can be detected in the medium of many of these retinal cultures, after release presumably from the choline acetyltransferase-positive amacrine cells. The postsynaptic effect of endogenous or applied ACh on the ganglion cells can be blocked with specific nicotinic antagonists. Here it is shown that within 24 hours of producing such a pharmacologic blockade, the retinal ganglion cells begin to sprout or regenerate neuronal processes. Thus, the growth-enhancing effect of nicotinic antagonists may be due to the removal of inhibition to growth by tonic levels of ACh present in the culture medium. Since there is a spontaneous leak of ACh in the intact retina, the effects of nicotinic cholinergic drugs on process outgrowth in culture may reflect a normal control mechanism for growth or regeneration of retinal ganglion cell processes that is exerted by ACh in vivo.
Optimal control of Volterra integral equations in two independent variables

We prove an extremality condition for optimal control problems for systems of integral equations of Volterra type with two independent variables. These systems generalize both, the hyperbolic control problems in two independent variables, and the optimal control of ordinary (i.e. with one independent variable) Volterra integral equations.
Abbreviation of the period of sexual behavior in female guinea pigs by the progesterone antagonist RU 486.

Abstract In preious studies we have tested the hypothesis that the termination of the period of sexual behavior in female guinea pigs results from the loss of progestin receptors from hypothalamic cell nuclei. We have shown that hormonal manipulations that delay heat termination also delay loss of hypothalamic nuclear progestin receptors. In order to determine if accelerated nuclear receptor loss results in abbreviation of the period of sexual behavior, we tested the effect of 17β-hydroxy-11β-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17α-(1-propyl)-estra-4,9-diene-3- one (RU 486), a progesterone antagonist, on heat termination. Ovariectomized guinea pigs were treated with estradiol benzoate. Forty hours later, they received progesterone followed 4 h later by injection of RU 486 or vehicle. RU 486 injected 4 h after progesterone caused heat abbreviation. We have found that RU 486 administration to estradiol-treated guinea pigs causes accumulation of progestin receptors in cell nuclear extract. Because this accumulation can be detected only when assay conditions are used that promote exchange of RU 486 progestin receptor complexes (15 °C incubation rather than 0 °C); our routine assay conditions (at 0 °C) can be used to measure primarily receptors that are occupied by progesterone. In order to confirm that RU 486 decreased progesterone-occupied nuclear progestin receptor levels when injected 4 h after progesterone, animals treated as in the behavioral experiment were killed 6 or 10 h after progesterone injection (2 or 6 h after RU 486) , and nuclear progestin receptor levels were measured. RU 486 treatment resulted in lowered nuclear concentrations of hypothalamic progestin receptors at both times. These results support out hypothesis that the termination of the period of sexual receptivity in female guinea pigs is the result of loss of progestin receptors from hypothalamic cell nuclei.
IFNγ inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in macrophages

This study reports the effect of IFNγ on the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in macrophages. Pretreatment with IFNγ profoundly affected PRRSV replication in porcine macrophages evaluated by reduction in titer and percentage of positive cells. The effect of IFNγ on PRRSV replication was both dose-dependent and related to the time of exposure. The mechanism of action was not due to blocking virus attachment. The inhibitory effect on PRRSV replication in macrophages suggests that IFNγ may play an important role in protection.