cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Accurate Determination of Contact Angle

Methods are proposed that exploit a microgravity environment to obtain highly accurate measurement of contact angle. These methods, which are based on our earlier mathematical results, do not require detailed measurement of a liquid free-surface, as they incorporate discontinuous or nearly-discontinuous behavior of the liquid bulk in certain container geometries. Physical testing is planned in the forthcoming IML-2 space flight and in related preparatory ground-based experiments.
Studies on human placental alkaline phosphatase: Purificatiion by immunoabsorption and comparison of the “A” and “B” forms of the enzyme

Abstract Human placental alkaline phosphate (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1) was pufiried from 150 000 × g (max.) pellets of pooled placental extracts by butanol extraction, immunoabsorbent chromatography, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography. The “A” (fast electrophoretic mobility) and “B” (slow electrophoretic mobility) forms were compared in several chromatographic and electrophoretic systems for their ability to raise monospecific antiserum, and by immunoquantitation. It was found that (1) the “A” form enzyme is able to enter polyacrylamide gels even if no Triton X-100 detergent is included in the sample ang gel matrix; the “B” form requires detergent (2) the “A” form has 3 times the specific activity and 3 times more of a specific protein subunit than the “B” form, detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, (3) the “A” form is readily resolved into distinct peaks on ion-exchange and salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography systems; the “B” form is poorly resolved on both systems in the absence of detergent, (4) monospecific antisera can be raised against the “A” form enzyme up to one year after primary immunization, with repeated boosters; the antisera raised against the “B” form enzyme have trace antibody contaminants, and (5) immunoquantitation by radial immunodiffusion followed by enzyme staining demonstrated both enzyme forms had the same immunoreactivity of active enzyme per unit of catalytic activity. These data, in conjunction with previous studies which demostrated that the “A” and “B” form enzymes differed in molecular weight and isoelectrci pH, support the conclusion that the “B” form enzyme is complexed with non-alkaline phosphatase protein and is not a polymer of the same protein species in an altered conformational state. The significance of the two enzyme forms in relation to the membrane localization of alkaline phosphatase is discussed.
Demand Shocks and Intertemporal Coordination: A Two Country Model

The effect of demand shocks is studied within an economy characterized by a temporally articulated production structure and bound by rational agents. Hicks' (1973) model is extended in order to include trade between two economies with demand links. This allows to tackle issues as the transmission of shocks and the coordination of monetary policies. By means of numerical simulations the author shows that because of irreversibilities, temporary demand shocks trigger disequilibrium dynamics with permanent effect on the economy. Market imperfections, namely a certain degree of wage and price stickiness, prove necessary to avoid the implosion of the system. An accommodating monetary policy, by softening financial constraints, is effective in stabilizing the economy. When considering trading economies, a certain degree of openness has positive effects, and independent monetary policies may in some occasions be desirable.
Porous organic polymers containing carborane for hydrogen storage

SUMMARY Three porous organic polymers (POPs) containing carborane were successfully synthesized as adsorbents for gas storage applications, particularly for hydrogen storage. The current physisorption-based materials generally suffer from low isosteric heat of adsorption toward hydrogen molecules. To enhance the interaction between the adsorbent hydrogen, we prepared a series of POPs containing highly electron-deficient carborane components. These polymers have narrow pore size distribution with majority of the dimensions falling in the 0.7- to 1.0-nm range. High Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-specific surface areas up to 1023 m2/g were obtained. Hydrogen adsorption capacities at 77, 195, and 298 K were measured using a Sievert isotherm apparatus. The initial heat of adsorption for the carborane -containing polymers was calculated to be 8–10 kJ/mol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
El sushi en una economía de oferta: mercancía, mercado y la ciudad global

Urban anthropology has been simultaneously challenged and transformed as forces of globalization- variously defined in economic, political, social, and cultural terms-have been theorized as "de-territorializing" many social processes and trends formerly regarded as characteristic of urban places. Against a seemingly dis-placed cityscape of global flows of capital, commerce, commodity, and culture, this paper examines the reconfiguration of spatially and temporally dispersed relationships among labor, commodities, and cultural influence within an international seafood trade that centers on Tokyo's Tsukiji seafood market, and the local specificity of both market and place within a globalized urban setting.
Rate-distortion optimized sender-driven streaming over best-effort networks

This paper addresses the problem of streaming packetized media over a lossy packet network, in a rate-distortion optimized way. Out of all the packets that a sender could transmit at a given transmission opportunity, we show how the sender should compute which packets, if any, to transmit in order to meet an average rate constraint while minimizing the average end-to-end distortion. Experimental results show that our system has steady-state gains of 3-7 dB or more over systems that are not rate-distortion optimized.
A metaobject-based version control mechanism in software object databases

An object model has been developed as a paradigm to specify software objects in software environment databases. Among other things, it provides a unified way to specify the software configuration management processes. The author briefly describes the object model for software environment databases. He then discusses a metaobject-based approach to the configuration management mechanism in software object databases. >
Food Security in a Global Age: Addressing Challenges from Malnutrition, Food Safety and Environmental Change

This paper examines the threats and vulnerabilities of the emerging network of global food systems to characterize present challenges to food security. Over the past few decades, local, regional, and national food systems have increasingly become intertwined in an emerging global food network, a complex web of relations that include the production, harvest, processing, transport, and consumption of food. The emerging shape of this global food network does not map onto many of the traditional political science models of the world such as developed and developing countries. Today there are malnourished people in both developed and developing counties, and all over the globe there are pockets of both abundance and scarcity. This paper considers the impacts that changes that science, technology, and mobility have had on global food systems. In this paper, we explore food security, using the recent global food price crisis as an example of the complex, multi-causal, and networked based phenomena that are transforming the global security landscape by creating new sources of threat and vulnerability. The first section of the paper provides a definition of food security and considers the current and historical relevance of food to security. Next, we provide an overview of key disruptors, or unexpected destabilizing factors, of food security including malnutrition (which manifests as undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency as well as overweight and obesity) and food safety. In the paper’s fourth section, we review the rise of a global network of food systems and implications of this network for food security. The fifth section assesses the 2007-2008 global food price crisis. Finally, the paper concludes with some thoughts on food security of in an age of transnational threats and converging crises.
The Ants of Nantucket: Unexpectedly High Biodiversity in an Anthropogenic Landscape

Abstract This first comprehensive assessment of the ant fauna of Nantucket Island, MA revealed that 43% of New England ant species and 70% of New England ant genera occur on an island occupying only 0.07% of New England's land area. Ants collected by four different research groups between 2000 and 2009 included 32, 158 individual ants (2911 incidences) from 384 spatially and temporally distinct samples representing 14 different vegetation community types. The majority of the ant species were collected from anthropogenically derived and maintained sandplain grasslands, sandplain heathlands, and Scrub Oak shrublands. These three communities are state-ranked S1 community types; the lower state-ranked communities of beaches and sand dunes, bogs, salt marshes, and forest fragments had distinct ant assemblages with much lower species richness. The large number of samples described here, from a wide range of vegetation community types, expands the known list of Nantucket ant species more than three-fold and prov...
High rates of antibiotic resistance among normal fecal flora Escherichia coli isolates in children from Greece

Objective To study the distribution of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in the fecal flora of healthy children in Greece. Methods Rectal swabs were collected from 181 children, not suffering from infections and not undergoing antibiotic treatment, aged 6 months to 6 years, outpatients of a pediatric hospital, and plated on McConkey agar with ampicillin or trimethoprim. Isolated resistant colonies were identified to the species level and E. coli strains were studied further by molecular methods. Results Forty-four per cent of the children carried resistant E. coli, and in 20% resistance was transferable. Forty-seven per cent of the children with no history of antibiotic consumption during the last year were found to carry resistant strains in their feces, and transferable R plasmids were present in 23% of them. Forty per cent of the strains and 30% of the transconjugants were multiresistant. Although plasmids of various molecular weights and restriction endonuclease digest patterns were identified, six 60-MDa and four 80-MDa plasmids, originating from epidemiologically unrelated children, were found to be similar. Conclusion Normal flora E. coli in Greece seems to constitute an important reservoir of resistance genes. Eradication of resistance from a population that comes into frequent contact with antibiotics seems to be difficult.
Repositioning Warts & All: A Response to Coteaching Researchers

Dieser Aufsatz antwortet auf die Stellungnahme unserer Kolleginnen und Kollegen zu unserem Artikel (GALLO-FOX, WASSELL, SCANTLEBURY & JUCK, 2006), der ethische Dilemmata thematisierte, mit denen wir bei der Implementierung des "Coteaching" in einer weiterfuhrenden Schule konfrontiert wurden. Zum einen wurden diese Probleme in den Stellungnahmen thematisiert, daruber hinaus beschaftigten sich unsere Kolleginnen und Kollegen mit weiteren Aspekten, die sich auf ihre eigenen Erfahrungen mit der Implementierung und dem Erforschen von Coteaching beziehen. In diesem Artikel bringen wir diese Perspektiven zusammen und diskutieren Schlussfolgerungen fur das Umsetzen von Coteaching. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0604239
Measurement of the degree of coupled isotopic enrichment of different positions in an antibiotic peptide by NMR.

Abstract An experimental strategy for determining the extent to which multiply isotopically labeled fragments are incorporated intact into relatively complicated compounds of interest is presented. The NMR methods employed are based on isotope-filtered one-dimensional spectra and difference HSQC spectra incorporating a spin echo designed to report on the presence of a second NMR active isotope at a coupled site. They supplement existing methods for determining the extent of isotopic incorporation at individual sites to reveal whether two coupled labeled sites in a precursor are incorporated as an intact unit into products. The methods described also circumvent 1 H signal overlap and distinguish between the effects of different nitrogens coupled to individual carbons. The somewhat complicated case of valclavam illustrates the method's utility in measuring the J coupling constants between 13 C and nearby sites that are only fractionally labeled with 15 N, and measuring the fraction of molecules in which 13 C is coupled to 15 N, at each of several sites. The 15 N of [2- 13 C, 15 N]-labeled glycine is found to be incorporated into all three N positions of valclavam but most heavily into the N11 position. Specifically, 15 N and 13 C are incorporated into the N11 and C10 positions together as an 15 N 13 C fragment approximately 8% of the time, whereas 15 N is incorporated largely independently at the other positions.
Trust Your Makers of Things!: The Metafictional Pact in Dave Eggers' You Shall Know Our Velocity

This article argues that Dave Eggers's You Shall Know Our Velocity invites the reader, via various textual markers, to enter into a “metafictional pact” with the author, through which the reader agrees to view the text as a writerly act, rather than as an object or event; through this pact, a new moral significance is granted to the text and to the relationship formed between author and reader.
The Impact of Cognitive Style on Communication

The effectiveness of communication withstaff is influenced by information processing preferences of both the originatorsand recipients of the communication.Understanding and accommodatingthese preferences can lead to communication that reduces misunderstandingand conflict.
Experience with fast neutron therapy for locally advanced sarcomas

Abstract Between October 1972 and April 1978, 34 patients with locally advanced sarcomas were treated with fast neutrons using the Texas A & M variable energy cyclotron. The clinical material included 29 patients with soft tissue sarcomas, 4 with chondrosarcomas, and one with an osteosarcoma. The best results were achieved for patients with soft tissue sarcomas; 69 % (2029) had local control of their tumor. Only one of 4 patients with chondrosarcomas was classified as having local tumor control, and one patient with osteosarcoma had persistent disease. With most fractionation schedules, local tumor control was superior for patients who received doses greater than 6500 rad eq (2100 rad nγ with 50 McV d→Be neutrons). The incidence of major complications was notably increased when maximum radiation doses of 7500 rad eq or greater were administered (2400 rad nγ with 50 MeV d→Be neutrons). In patients who underwent subsequent surgery, healing was satisfactory if the maximum radiation dose was limited to 4500 to 5500 rad eq (1450–1775 rad nγ with 50 MeV d→Be neutrons).
Time-Resolved Micro-Raman Thermometry for Microsystems

Micro-Raman thermometry has demonstrated to be a feasible technique for obtaining micron-scale spatial resolution of microelectronic and micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) temperatures. However, the low intensities of the Raman signals emerging from the device under study force the need for prolonged data collection times in order to obtain reliable temperature information. This characteristic currently limits Raman thermometry to steady state conditions, and thereby prevents temperature measurements of transient and fast time-scale events. In this paper we discuss the extension of the micro-Raman thermometry diagnostic technique to obtain transient temperature measurements on microelectromechanical devices with 100 μs temporal resolution. Through the use of a phase-locked technique we are able to obtain temperature measurements on electrically-powered MEMS actuators powered with a periodic signal. Furthermore, we demonstrate a way of obtaining reliable micro-scale temperature measurements on devices that undergo mechanical movement during the device operation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Terpenoid precursors of strigol as seed germination stimulants of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) and witchweed (Striga asiatica)

Strigol and some of its synthetic precursors and analogs are known to be germination stimulants for broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) and witchweed (Striga asiatica). Fifteen synthetic terpenoids, similar in structure to one of the four rings of the strigol molecule, were evaluated in two bioassays as seed germination stimulants with broomrape, and nine were found to be active. Five of the more active compounds contained ester groups. Whereas the study was intended primarily to evaluate forced germination of broomrape by aqueous solutions, the results are almost qualitatively identical for broomrape and witchweed. Monocyclic compounds with chemical structures similar to two of the rings of strigol have now been shown to possess significant bioactivity as germination stimulants.
Expression Levels of EGF, TGF-α, and EGF-R Are Significantly Reduced in Pre-Implantation Cloned Mouse Embryos

Altered expression of genes encoding mitogenic growth factors thought to play key regulatory roles in preimplantation development may contribute to poor cloning efficiency. In this study, we compared the pattern, timing, and level of expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor–alpha (TGF-α) genes and their cognate receptor EGFR in mouse embryos derived by cloning with in vivo–(naturally fertilized) and in vitro–fertilized embryos at four preimplantation stages of development. In cloned embryos, EGF, TGF- α, and EGF-R expression levels were nearly undetectable, while expression of a housekeeping gene, transcription factor SP1, was normal. In contrast, growth factor genes were expressed in in vitro–fertilized embryos, although significantly less than in in vivo embryos (p < 0.05). In all embryos examined, the timing and pattern of gene expression were similar. Expression in the gravid uterus paralleled that in preimplantation embryos, while no expression was measured in non-gr...
Vibrational spectra of internal modes of oriented single crystal potassium sulfate

Abstract Single crystals of K2SO4 have been prepared taking special precautions to fabricate specimens with 100, 010, 001 faces, i.e., principal planes for the dielectric constant in the orthorhombic system. Polarized i.r. and Raman experiments were made in order to assign the observed frequencies of the sulfate internal vibration modes to the symmetry species of the D2h16 unit cell. Although i.r. transmission was useful for the weak i.r. modes ν1 and ν2 which are forbidden in the Td molecule but allowed at the Cs sites in the crystal, it was found necessary to employ reflectance techniques to obtain meaningful frequencies for the strong, molecularly allowed ν3 and ν4 modes. An analysis is given of both normal incidence and off-axis experiments. Both the transverse and longitudinal mode frequencies are reported for these intense modes and the molecular dipole derivatives are calculated. From the dipole derivatives found in this manner, a detailed dipole coupling theory is developed, and with the aid of the necessary lattice sums, the multiplet splittings due to the dipole part of the intermolecular coupling are calculated. The calculated splittings are comparable in order of magnitude to the observed ones, but the detailed correlation is quite poor. This is attributed to the neglect of short range forces in the coupling Hamiltonian.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay and erythrocyte partitioning of fleroxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic.

Abstract A rapid technique for sample preparation and HPLC was developed to study in vitro the erythrocyte binding and plasma protein binding of fleroxacin in the concentration range 0.2–15 μg ml −1 . The red blood cell partition coefficient of fleroxacin was 1.45 ± 0.18 at 25°C and was independent of concentration, incubation time and temperature. The in vitro plasma protein binding of fleroxacin in humans, determined by two independent methods, was 47–51%. Partition studies using erythrocytes as a simple in vitro model may be useful to predict the degree of tissue uptake and the volume of distribution.
A model of mental model construction

Learning to control a computer system from limited experience with it seems to require constructing a mental model adequate to indicate the causal connections between user actions, system responses, and user goals. While many kinds of knowledge could be used in building such a model, a small number of simple, low-level heuristics is adequate to interpret some common computer interaction patterns. Designing interactions so that they fall within the scope of these heuristics may lead to easier mastery by learners.
Utility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome

Objective: To determine the utility of near-infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of lower extremity compartment syndrome (CS). Methods: Nine patients with CS confirmed by physical examination and elevated compartment pressures (64 ± 17 mm Hg) were evaluated before and after fasciotomy. Control readings were also performed on 33 surgical patients who had no evidence of CS. The deltoid muscle was used as a reference value. Results: The deltoid muscle oxygen saturation (Sto 2 ) readings revealed a mean = 84 ± 17% prefasciotomy and mean = 83 ± 12% postfasciotomy in the CS group. The control group had a mean Sto 2 of 83 ± 11%. In the CS group, the leg compartment with the highest pressure had a Sto 2 mean = 56 ± 27% before fasciotomy. This value was statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) than either the postfasciotomy mean Sto 2 in that compartment (82 ± 16%) or the values found in matched control patients with no evidence of CS (87 ± 7%). Conclusion: Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived Sto 2 values in the lower extremities of trauma patients with CS were diminished relative to the control patients and usually normalized after fasciotomy. Near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation may offer a rapid, noninvasive method of assessing extremities at risk for CS.
Pocosins: An ecological perspective

Pocosins and associated wetlands (PAAWS) of the North Carolina Plain are among the least studied ecosystems in the U.S. The purpose of this overview is to (1) classify pocosins and give their geographical location, (2) provide information on their geological origin, and give an ecological analysis of these ecosystems, and (3) analyze development trends. Recent surveys have shown that pocosins occur on the southeastern coastal plain from Virginia to north Florida and once covered more than one million hectares in North Carolina. A broad definition of pocosins (sensu lato) would include all shrub and forested bogs, as well as Atlantic white cedar stands and some loblolly pine stands on flooded soils on the Coastal Plain. A stricter definition (sensu stricto) of pocosin for delineation purposes would only include the classic shrub-scrub (short pocosin) and pond-pine-dominated tall pocosin. Common synonyms for pocosin, including bay, bayland, bayhead, xeric shrub bog, and evergreen shrub bog, further confuse what is and is not classified as a pocosin. The advanced identification and delincation of pocosins from upland and other associated wetland types will require detailed field analyses following the stricter definition of pocosins. Over 51% of the forested palustrine wetlands in North Carolina have been disturbed, and approximately 33% of pocosins have been destroyed. The 1991 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service data follow the general trends for pocosin loss reported by Richardson in 1981. The high rate of wetland modification, especially for pocosin-type palustrine wetlands, suggests that stricter wetland laws are needed if we are to follow the concept of “no net loss of wetlands.”
Understanding sickle cell brain drain.

In this issue of Blood , Helton et al highlight the neuroradiological findings of children enrolled in the Strokes With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (SWiTCH) trial.[1][1] This study, which screened 161 children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) receiving chronic transfusion therapy for
Management of patients with chronic, refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Abstract Chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is defined as ITP with persistent thrombocytopenia despite conventional initial management with prednisone and splenectomy. Rare in children, it may occur in as many as one third of adults with ITP. The goal of treatment is not cure of the ITP, but only to achieve a safe platelet count, which is arbitrarily assumed to be greater than 30,000 to 50,000/μL. The risk for major bleeding seems great only when the platelet count is less than 10,000/μL. Treatment of patients with moderate thrombocytopenia and no clinically important bleeding symptoms should be avoided. There is no accepted algorithm for management of patients with chronic refractory ITP. Observation without specific treatment must be considered a cornerstone of management. Combination regimens of immunosuppressive agents may be required for patients with severe and symptomatic thrombocytopenia. Additional supportive care measures are also important.
Mapping Spatial Relationships between Residues in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the 5-Ht3 Receptor Using a Molecular Ruler

The serotonin 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT3R) is a member of the Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel family. We used a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, homology modeling, and ligand-docking simulations to analyze antagonist-receptor interactions. Mutation of E236, which is near loop C of the binding site, to aspartate prevents expression of the receptor on the cell surface, and no specific ligand binding can be detected. On the other hand, mutation to glutamine, asparagine, or alanine produces receptors that are expressed on the cell surface, but decreases receptor affinity for the competitive antagonist d-tubocurarine (dTC) 5-35-fold. The results of a double-mutant cycle analysis employing a panel of dTC analogs to identify specific points of interactions between the dTC analogs and E236 are consistent with E236 making a direct physical interaction with the 12 –OH of dTC. dTC is a rigid molecule of known three-dimensional structure. Together with previous studies linking other regions of dTC to specific residues in the binding site, these data allow us to define the relative spatial arrangement of three different residues in the ligand-binding site: R92 (loop D), N128 (loop A), and E236 (near loop C). Molecular modeling employing these distance constraints followed by molecular-dynamics simulations produced a dTC/receptor complex consistent with the experimental data. The use of the rigid ligands as molecular rulers in conjunction with double-mutant cycle analysis provides a means of mapping the relative positions of various residues in the ligand-binding site of any ligand-receptor complex, and thus is a useful tool for delineating the architecture of the binding site.
A method for the statistical analysis of dual labeled isotope polypeptides separated by gel electrophoresis

Abstract Analysis of cellular polypeptides following separation by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels often takes advantage of radioactive isotopes that are introduced into the polypeptides during cell growth. Comparisons of polypeptides between differing organisms conveniently involve the use of two radioactive labels such as 3 H and 14 C. The gels on which the polypeptides have been separated are cut into 1 mm slices and the radioactivity associated with each slice is determined and expressed as 3 H or 14 C counts per minute (cpm). This paper describes a simple method of detecting differences in the polypeptides in the two differently labeled organisms. After the observed counts are suitably transformed to stabilize the between-slice variability, we compute the regression of the transformed 3 H counts on the transformed 14 C counts. For those slices corresponding to polypeptides that are the same in both organisms, the regression line should give a good fit to the observed data. Where the polypeptides of the organisms differ, the fit of the regression line should be poor. Hence, we examine the deviations from the regression line to assess the differences in polypeptides between the organisms.
Comparison of frozen and freeze-dried particulate bone allografts

Freeze-dried and frozen particulate bone allografts are used interchangeably on the assumption that the biologic behavior of these grafts is similar. Dissimilarities in biologic behavior and differences in the rate and extent of bone incorporation of freeze-dried and frozen particulate grafts were demonstrated in a comparative study using a non-human primate model. Freeze-dried particulate allografts induced new bone formation and healing of the osseous defects much faster than the frozen allografts.
Effects of treadmill activity on cerebellar cyclic GMP

Ovariectomized, female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to run on a treadmill for up to several minutes. On the day of the experiment the treadmill speed was adjusted to either 680, 1360 or 2720 cm/minute and separate groups of 5 rats were required to run at each of these speeds for either 15, 30, 45 or 60 seconds. Immediately after running on the treadmill, each rat was killed by microwave irradiation, and the cerebellum was collected for subsequent determination of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The time to the onset of an elevation of cGMP and the maximal elevation obtained were functions of the speed of running. The first significant increase in cerebellar cGMP over that observed in inactive control rats occurred within 15 seconds after the onset of running. Regardless of the speed of running, the cGMP content reached a plateau after 45 seconds.
Cerebello-olivary fibers: their origin, course and distribution in the North American opossum.

Although degeneration techniques suggest that cerebello-olivary fibers are limited in their origin and distribution, horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic experiments make it clear that they arise within all cerebellar nuclei and project to most, if not all, areas of the contralateral inferior olive. Autoradiographic preparations show that cerebello-olivary fibers are highly ordered and suggest that the dentate nucleus projects primarily to the principal olive, the interpositus anterior relays particularly heavy to the dorsal accessory nucleus and the interpositus posterior distributes extensively to the medial accessory complex. Evidence for a small projection from the fastigial nucleus to the caudal medial accessory nucleus is also available. However, it appears clear that neither the dentate nor the interpositus nuclei project to just one subdivision of the olive. For example, although dentate fibers end extensively within the principal nucleus some of them also distribute to portions of the medial accessory nucleus and perhaps the dorsal accessory nucleus as well. The medial accessory olive is particularly complex and at rostral levels receives input from both interposed and dentate nuclei, whereas more caudally it receives a projection from the fastigial nucleus. Olivary fibers from both the interposed and dentate nuclei traverse the brachium conjunctivum descendons and distribute primarily to the rostral 2/3 to 3/4 of the olive, whereas those from fastigial neurons take a different route and end more caudally. Experiments utilizing horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde tracer suggest that cerebello-olivary fibers from both the interpositus anterior and dentate nuclei take origin from a population of generally small neurons.
Gravity and capillary pressure-driven drainage in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell: Thin film deposition

Abstract The stable-downward vertical displacement of an air–liquid meniscus in a two-dimensional Hele-Shaw cell is studied in the limit of small capillary ( Ca ⁎ ) and Bond ( Bo H ⁎ ) numbers. Subsequently, a thin film of thickness h is deposited on the substrate walls for Ca ⁎ ⪯i Bo H ⁎ . Using a reverse Washburn analysis as it applies to two-dimensional geometries in the Stokes flow limit, we develop mathematical expressions for the speed of the average location of the meniscus x ¯ N spanning the smallest gap dimension a . Furthermore, we show that the other spanwise meniscus is stable using classic linear stability analysis for immiscible fluid displacements. Asymptotic analysis of the average meniscus speed yields an expression for the film thickness as a function of several measurable parameters. Experiments are performed using silicone oil (kinematic viscosities 1 × 10 − 5 , 1 × 10 − 4 and 1 × 10 − 3 m 2 /s) while varying the initial displacement height of the meniscus before descent x ¯ N 0 , and the Hele-Shaw cell gap spacing. Analysis of the transient film thickness h , estimated from the average meniscus position, speed and physical properties, is in good agreement and suggests self-similarity.
Crystal growth and optical properties of CdGa2S4

Abstract High optical quality crystals of CdGa 2 S 4 have been grown from the melt by the vertical Bridgman method. Melt composition was found to affect both the color of the crystals (varying shades of pale yellow) and the occurence of optical scattering defects. The scattering defects are thought to be precipitates caused by retrograde solubility; however, their composition is currently unknown. Quantitative electron microprobe analysis and differential thermal analysis were used to confirm the identity of the CdGa 2 S 4 phase, and its congruent melting behavior at 980° ± 5°C. Our results verify the phase equilibria proposed by Radaoustan and co-workers.
Chemical disintegration of coal in triaxial stress fields

Abstract This paper studies the effects of stress and flow rate on comminution rates of a coal sample. Chemical disintegration of coal involves introducing a solvent or comminution reagent into a coal seam and converting the monolithic coal into a particulate slurry of coal particles. A 2.5 molar solution of methanol and sodium hydroxide solution at 55 °C was used as the chemical reagent and its comminution ability was studied under different applied stress and solvent flow rates. The comminution rates ranged from 19.5 to 1.2 mg/(cm2·h) as the overburden stress was increased from 0 to 17 MPa. The results showed a substantial increase in the comminution rate at stresses higher than 10 MPa and the disintegrated particles demonstrated a high degree of angularity, indicative of physical breakage. It was also shown that the fracturing rates increased with a rise in the solvent flow rate.
Stability Analysis using a Decrescent Quadratic Lyapunov Function

This paper presents the preliminary results of a method which proposes to assure the determination of the stability attributes of all linear and of a large class of nonlinear 1st and 2nd order systems. V(t,X,s) = W(X)e-st, a decrescent function is selected as the Lyapunov function, where W(X) is a general quadratic function of the state variables and s ? 0. Initial results indicate that a good to an exact domain of attraction is achieved using the method presented in this paper. Four examples are included which demonstrate the application of the proposed hypothesis.
Matched asymptotic expansion of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation for aeroassisted plane-change maneuvers

In this paper we develop a general procedure for constructing a matched asymptotic expansion of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation based on the method of characteristics. The development is for a class of perturbation problems whose solution exhibits two-time-scale behavior. A regular expansion for problems of this type is inappropriate since it is not uniformly valid over a narrow range of the independent variable. Of particular interest here is the manner in which matching and boundary conditions are enforced when the expansion is carried out to first order. Two cases are distinguished - one where the left boundary condition coincides with or lies to the right of the singular region and one where the left boundary condition lies to the left of the singular region. A simple example is used to illustrate the procedure, and its potential application to aeroassisted plane change is described.
Rotor isolation for vibration and noise reduction

A technique for reducing the vibration and noise from marine propulsors is examined theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. A single layer of elastomer is incorporated into a rotor to form a rotating vibration isolation mount. The mount isolates the rotor hub and shaft from the unsteady forces generated on the blades due to their interaction with circumferentially non-uniform, time-averaged inflow and turbulence. This results in reduced vibration and noise. Nonrotating isolated rotor transmissibility is well predicted with a simple lumped parameter rotor model for frequencies below the first bending mode of the blades. Tests performed under operational (i.e., rotating) conditions have shown that rotor isolation provides a reduction of up to 15 dB in transmissibility compared to an identical rotor without isolation.
Nanofabrication via atom optics

Owing to the continuing reduction in the scale of microelectronic and micromagnetic technology, new microfabrication methods are constantly being explored. This is particularly true in the case of nanostructure fabrication. Here, the phenomenon of optical diffraction limits the resolution obtainable by exposing a photoresist to a pattern of light, as is done in conventional lithography. We are investigating a different paradigm. Since both light and matter can be thought of as waves, instead of focusing light waves with objects made of matter, why not focus matter waves with objects made of light? To accomplish this we use lasers to form lenses from optical waves. These lenses focus a beam of neutral atoms prior to the atom's deposition on a silicon substrate. In this way, we have fabricated chromium structures consisting of thousands of parallel lines or millions of dots with dimensions as small as 28 nanometers. We describe the basis of this new technology, present examples of its application to date, detail its advantages and limitations, and discuss the future of optical nanostructure fabrication.
Relativistic second-order energy functional for finite fermion systems

A second-order energy functional is calculated for a finite system of fermions interacting via meson fields. The positive-type projection operator is utilized to relegate most corrections due to holes to higher than second order. The second-order functional is the basis for the relativistic analog of the Hartree-Fock procedure.
Friction mechanisms in wood cutting

The variation of the coefficient of friction with normal load and tool surface finish in slow speed orthogonal cutting of white fir was investigated to determine the relative importance of different sources of friction. Cutting forces were measured as a function of tool-chip contact length and tool surface roughness. The coefficient of friction was independent of tool roughness for roughness in the range of typically well-finished cutting tools but did become a factor for large values of tool surface roughness. The data indicate that for well-finished cutting tools the primary friction mechanism is adhesion between the tool and work and that for rough tool surfaces the effect of tool surface asperities (unevennesses) as they advance through the chip becomes an important source of friction.
Miocene sedimentation and subsidence during continent-continent collision, Bengal basin, Bangladesh

Abstract The Bengal basin, a complex foreland basin south of the eastern Himalayas, exhibits dramatic variability in Neogene sediment thickness that reflects a complicated depositional and tectonic history. This basin originally formed as a trailing margin SE of the Indian continental crust, complicated by convergence with Asia to the north and oblique convergence with Burma to the east. Newly compiled isopach data and previously reported seismic data show evidence of thickening of basin fill toward the south, opposite of the pattern typically seen in foreland basins. This is presumably due to sedimentary loading of voluminous deltaic sediments near the continent–ocean boundary and basinward downfaulting analogous to that in the Gulf of Mexico. Isopach data show that there is considerable vertical relief along the base of the Miocene stratigraphic sequence, probably due to down-to-the-basin faulting caused by focused deltaic sedimentation and associated crustal flexure. In contrast, when viewed in east–west profile, basin shape is more typical of a foreland basin, with strata thickening eastward toward the Indo–Burman ranges, which reflects east–west convergence with Southeast Asia. Comparison of the lateral and vertical extent of the Bhuban and Boka Bil Formations with the Bouguer anomaly map of Bangladesh suggests that considerable subsidence of the Sylhet trough (in the northeastern part of the Bengal basin), which has the lowest gravity value of the region, had not taken place by the end of the Miocene. This post-Miocene subsidence is attributed to tectonic loading from southward thrusting of the Shillong Plateau along the Dauki fault. Relatively uniform Miocene isopachs across the Sylhet trough confirm that this began in the Pliocene, consistent with results of recent research on sediment provenance. In the northwest, in the region south of the Siwalik foreland basin, continental crust has not as yet been loaded, allowing relatively little accommodation space for sediment accumulation. The Miocene here is very thin. Deltaic progradation across most of Bangladesh during the Miocene followed earlier, more proximal progradation across Assam, immediately northeast of the Bengal basin, and has been followed by continued progradation into the southern Bangladesh coastal and offshore region.
Increasing Shrub Use by Livestock in a World with Less Grass

Much of the world’s rangeland is dominated by woody species. Competing land uses and continued encroachment of woody species into non–woody-dominated rangelands have reduced grasslands in many parts of the world. Land use conversions to fuel and feed global populations, especially the increasing number of middle class people seeking broader, meat-based diets, will certainly continue. Halting and/or reversing further encroachment of woody species into grasslands is slow, expensive, and in some cases not possible. Yet, global livestock numbers continue to increase to meet the growing demand for red meat and other livestock products. How do we reconcile a world with less grass and the concurrent increased demand for forages to feed livestock? Strategies and mechanisms are needed to safely enhance shrub use by ruminants in order to capitalize on a presently underutilized forage resource. A number of approaches are presently available (e.g., choosing appropriate species and breeds, providing dietary supplements and additives, behavior modification, genetic selection) to increase shrub consumption, and new technologies such as biochemical markers of shrub intake need to continue to be identified and developed. Such strategies could provide important means for rural communities to adapt to changing land cover and climate.
Laser microchemical etching of waveguides and quasi-optical components

Laser induced micro chemical etching of silicon can be used to quickly and cheaply machine high-quality three-dimensional structures that would otherwise be nearly impossible to fabricate, in particular THz waveguide structures and quasi-optical components. At the University of Arizona, the construction and characterization of the first laser micro-machining system designed for waveguide components fabrication has been completed. Our system can be used to fabricate focal plane heterodyne mixer arrays, coherent beam combiners, AR grooved silicon lenses, phase gratings, single mode filters and more. Laser micro machining enables the fabrication of three-dimensional structures down to a few microns accuracy and up to 6 inches across in a short time. This presentation discusses the design and performance of our micro-machining system, and illustrates the type, range and performance of quasi- optical components this exciting new technology will make accessible.
Duality of open and closed superstring compactifications in four-dimensions

Abstract I review some recent developments in type I superstring theory in the context of type I - heterotic duality. In particular, I discuss the determination of type I prepotentials and the relation to their heterotic counterparts. I emphasize the existence of open string states that enhance the gauge beyond what is naively expected from heterotic perturbation theory.
Choral Warm-Ups for Changing Adolescent Voices

How did you start your last choral rehearsal? Did you begin with the same warm-up procedures you used the day before (and the day before that)? Did you carefully choose the pitches of the vocalises so that each student could be successful, regardless of his or her current stage of vocal development? Did you design vocalises that addressed specific vocal issues found in the repertoire to be rehearsed that day? During two decades of observing and leading middle school choral rehearsals, I've discovered that teachers frequently repeat exactly the warm-ups they present to their young adolescent choirs at every rehearsal. If we know one thing about middle school students, we know that they are constantly changing-physically, intellectually, and emotionally. Why is it that our warm-ups usually don't reflect these changes? Think about this: if we start our warm-ups with a unison, descending, five-note, stepwise vocalise (sol, fa, mi, re, do) and then ascend sequentially by half steps for multiple repetitions, whom have we left out? Everyone who can't sing that pattern on those specific notes. We might say, "Well, that kid can't match pitch, or he or she can't do X, Y, or Z." What if we were wrong? What if we simply hadn't selected an instructional task that was achievable by everyone in the ensemble? Over time, the effects on the musical self-confidence of those "marginalized singers" would be devastating, and there would be deleterious effects on the ensemble's performance. We would have failed to take advantage of what these young singers could do, instead focusing on what they physically couldn't do. Consider how young children learn to speak: they begin by babbling combinations of vowels and consonants and gradually refine and combine them to form words. We encourage young children to experiment with vocal sounds on the path toward speech, and we need to similarly encourage young adolescents to explore their new vocal capabilities made possible by the maturation process. The vocal warm-up processes used in choirs with changing adolescent voices must, in some ways, be different from the warm-up processes used in choirs of either early elementary children or older high school students. This article is an exploration of principles that need to underlie the development of warmups that meet the needs of changing voices, encourage even the most reluctant singer, and build toward ever-greater levels of choral success. In a Music Supervisors' Journal article printed more than 80 years ago, well-regarded pedagogue Charles Farnsworth wrote about the development of vocal technique: