cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isoscaling in statistical fragment emission in an extended compound nucleus model

Abstract Based on an extended compound nucleus model, isospin effects in statistical fragment emission from excited nuclear systems are investigated. An experimentally observed scaling behavior of the ratio of isotope yields Y i ( N , Z ) from two similar emitting sources with different neutron-to-proton ratios is predicted theoretically, i.e., the relationship of Y 2 / Y 1 ∝ exp ( α N + β Z ) is demonstrated. The symmetry energy coefficient C sym extracted from the simulation results is ∼ 27 MeV which is consistent with realistic theoretical estimates and recent experimental data. The influence of the surface entropy on the isoscaling behavior is discussed in detail. It is found that although the surface entropy increases the numerical values of isoscaling parameters α and β , it does not affect the isoscaling behavior qualitatively and has only a minor effect on the extracted symmetry energy coefficient.
Elemental carbon and sulfate aerosols over a rural mountain site in the northeastern United States: Regional emissions and implications for climate change

Abstract The effect of elemental carbon (EC) on global as well as regional climate forcing is potentially very important. However, the EC data for northeastern U.S. is sparse. Daily EC concentrations, [EC], and [SO4] were measured in the northeastern U.S. at a regionally representative rural site, Whiteface Mountain (WFM; 44.366°N, 73.903°W, 1.5 km amsl, above mean sea level), New York (NY), for 1997. The air mass origin was determined using 6-h backward in time air trajectories obtained from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT 4). [EC] and [SO4] were highly variable and influenced by synoptic–scale meteorology (rainy vs dry periods). The maximum daily [EC] and [SO4] were 364 ± 55 and 28,800 ± 3000 ng m−3, respectively. [EC] and [SO4] also showed seasonal variations at WFM. Occurrences of high daily [EC] were mainly in spring months, while peak daily [SO4] concentrations occurred in summer months. This behavior of aerosols is due to the fact that the sources of EC and SO4 are not the same and also due to the enhanced photochemical activity during summer months that increased the production of SO4 from SO2. High [EC] and [SO4] values were associated with westerly air flow from the industrialized Midwestern U.S. Sector analysis using HYSPLIT 4 air trajectories showed that regions lying between the southwest and northwest of the WFM contributed 81% and 83% of the [EC] and [SO4], respectively. The monthly net direct radiative forcing for shortwave (SW) due to EC and SO4 aerosols at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) varied from −0.05 to −0.50 W m−2, with an annual average of −0.20 ± 0.15 W m−2 that gives a net cooling effect. Average net radiative forcing at WFM for clear sky is lower than the global average radiative forcing reported by IPCC ( Foster and Ramaswamy, 2007 ).
Histamine H1 receptor occupancy triggers inositol phosphates and intracellular calcium mobilization in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.

Agonists and antagonists of histamine were used to characterize the stimulation of inositol phosphates formation and elevation of intracellular Ca2+ by histamine in cultured non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cells from human ciliary body. Agonists specific for the H1 histamine receptor subtype were 20-to 200-fold more potent than the H2-specific agonists tested, and 5–16% as potent as histamine in inositol phosphates stimulation. An H1 antagonist was 10,000-fold more potent than an H2 antagonist in blocking histamine stimulation of inositol phosphates. H1 agonists also mimicked and H1 antagonists inhibited the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ by histamine. The first phase of the Ca2+ response to histamine was largely independent of extracellular Ca2+ while the second phase required extracellular Ca2+. Dose-response curves for histamine elevation of intracellular Ca2+ (EC50 = 10 μM, maximum at 100 μM) and inositol phosphates (EC50 = 2 μM, maximum at 100 μM) were similar. These data support the characterization...
The Japygidae (Diplura) of North America, 3. Occasjapyx Silvestri and Hecajapyx N. Gen.

Descriptions of the male of californicus Silv. and both sexes of O. sierrensis follow a redescription of the genus Occasjapyx. Hecajapyx is allied to Occasjapyx; its type species, H. vulgaris , has been found in seven California counties north of San Francisco. Types of both new species are in the California Academy of Sciences.
Dynamics of a generalized Gause-type predator–prey model with a seasonal functional response

Abstract We extend a previous Gause-type predator–prey model to include a general monotonic and bounded seasonally varying functional response. The model exhibits rich dynamical behaviour not encountered when the functional response is not seasonally forced. A theoretical analysis is performed on the model to investigate the global stability of the boundary equilibria and the existence of periodic solutions. It is shown that, under certain well-defined conditions, the Poincare map of the model undergoes a Hopf bifurcation leading to the appearance of a quasi-periodic solution. Numerical results are given for the Poincare sections and bifurcation diagrams for Holling-types II and III functional responses, using the amplitude of seasonal variation as bifurcation parameter. The model shows a rich variety of behaviour, including period doubling, quasi-periodicity, chaos, transient chaos, and windows of periodicity.
Strategic Narratives in US Public Diplomacy: A Critical Geopolitics

The United States has historically held a unique, complex, and dynamic relationship to international geopolitical space. From the Monroe Doctrine to Cold War demarcations such as containment and detente, the United States has sought to define its geopolitical position in relation to other nations through narratives which have served as popular reference points for interpreting shifts in international power relations. Why, then, is it unable to produce a compelling story of geopolitical space for the 21st century? This article examines historical examples of geopolitical discourse used by the United States in promoting its foreign policies in order to explore the question of why post-9/11 narratives have failed to successfully build upon narratives of popular struggle against the Soviet Union. There are, however, historical examples which suggest possible directions for rejuvenation.
Distributed shear, rotation, and partitioned strain along the San Andreas fault, central California

Folds commonly form along transform fault systems. In the San Andreas strike-slip fault, two mechanisms of folding have been described that are regarded as incompatible: (1) wrench tectonics, or distributed shear, and (2) strain partitioning, shortening being perpendicular to the fault. The compatibility and relative importance of these two mechanisms are not well understood, in part because folds are the result of lengthy deformation. This paper synthesizes paleomagnetic data, sedimentary thickness maps, fault patterns, and seismic reflection profiling data along the San Andreas transform fault system that indicate a 20°–30° clockwise (map view) reorientation of Pliocene en echelon folds to their present position, subparallel to the San Andreas fault. The folds continue to develop today as a result of shortening perpendicular to the fault. Folds apparently rotated with continuing strain in the wrench zone and with increasing shortening across the shear zone. Rotation likely occurred when changing Pacific plate motions increased the component of convergence across the fault system. This field example documents deformation by these two different mechanisms in the same fold belt, which has broad implications for interpreting other fold belts formed in similar settings. The geologic record suggests that the opposing theories of wrench deformation and strain-partitioned shortening perpendicular to the fault are both important and compatible processes that act at different times and places.
The Effect of 7 H -Dibenzo[ c,g ]carbazole and Benzo[ a ]pyrene Mixture on DNA Adduct Formation in Strain A/J Mouse Model: Preliminary Report

Complex mixtures consist of homocyclic and heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) represented by benzo[ a ]pyrene (B a P) and 7 H -dibenzo[ c,g ]carbazole (DBC), respectively. To exert their biological effects, PACs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which can form DNA adducts. In this preliminary report, male A/J mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection. Groups of three animals were treated with DBC (2 or 10 mg/kg) or B a P (10 or 100 mg/kg). Mixtures of DBC:B a P were given at doses of 2:10, 2:100, 10:10, or 10:100 mg/kg. DNA adduct levels in lungs collected three days posttreatment were determined by the 32 P-postlabeling method. The results indicate that, in the lungs, exposure to mixtures containing more B a P than DBC resulted in the absence of adduct 3 (DBC) and significantly higher total adduct levels. This suggests that B a P is being preferentially metabolized, resulting in less DBC adduction.
Computational and mathematical modeling of angiogenesis

Over the past two decades, a number of mathematical and computational models have been developed to study different aspects of angiogenesis that span the spatial and temporal scales encompassed by this complex process. For example, models have been built to investigate how growth factors and receptors signal endothelial cell proliferation, how groups of endothelial cells assemble into individual vessels, and how tumors recruit the ingrowth of whole microvascular networks. A prudent question to pose is: “what have we learned from these models?” This review aims to answer this question as it pertains to angiogenesis in the context of normal physiological growth, tumorigenesis, wound healing, tissue engineering, and the design of therapeutic strategies. We also provide a framework for parsing angiogenesis models into categories, according to the type of modeling approach used, the spatial and temporal scales simulated, and the overarching question being posed to the model. Finally, this review introduces some of the simplification strategies and assumptions used in model building, discusses model validation, and makes recommendations for application of modeling approaches to unresolved questions in the field.
Systemic and Periocular Deliveries of Plasminogen Kringle 5 Reduce Vascular Leakage in Rat Models of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy and Diabetes

Purpose: Increased retinal vascular permeability is a common complication of diabetes and a major cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. The current study is to determine the effect of plasminogen kringle 5 (K5) on vascular leakage via systemic and periocular deliveries. Methods: Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was generated by exposing newborn rats to 75% oxygen. Diabetes was induced in adult rats by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Retinal vascular permeability was measured by the Evans blue–albumin leakage method. Results: Subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, subconjunctival, and retrobulbar injections and topical eyedrop application of K5 significantly reduced retinal vascular permeability in both the OIR and STZ-diabetic rat models. Compared with the periocular deliveries, systemic administration requires higher doses of K5. K5 deliveries downregulated VEGF expression in the retina. Conclusions: K5 can reduce retinal vascular permeability through systemic and periocular deliveries. These delivery ro...
Running FIR and IIR filtering using multirate filter banks

The computational complexity of running FIR (finite-impulse response) and IIR (infinite-impulse response) filtering using multirate filter banks is considered. No restrictions are put on signal, filter, or block lengths. It is shown how to map long running convolutions into smaller ones by using filter banks based on aperiodic convolution algorithms and short-time Fourier transforms. With the proposed approach, good tradeoffs among computational complexity, system architecture, and input-output delay are achieved. >
Molecular genetic perspectives on cross‐talk and specificity in abiotic stress signalling in plants

The perception of abiotic stresses and signal transduction to switch on adaptive responses are critical steps in determining the survival and reproduction of plants exposed to adverse environments. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signalling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps. Recently, progress has been made in identifying components of signalling pathways involved in salt, drought and cold stresses. Genetic analysis has defined the Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, in which a salt stress-induced calcium signal is probably sensed by the calcium-binding protein SOS3 which then activates the protein kinase SOS2. The SOS3‐SOS2 kinase complex regulates the expression and activity of ion transporters such as SOS1 to reestablish cellular ionic homeostasis under salinity. The ICE1 (Inducer of CBF Expression 1)‐CBF (CRepeat Binding Protein) pathway is critical for the regulation of the cold-responsive transcriptome and acquired freezing tolerance, although at present the signalling events that activate the ICE1 transcription factor during cold stress are not known. Both ABAdependent and -independent signalling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance. Components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades may act as converging points of multiple abiotic as well as biotic stress signalling pathways. Forward and reverse genetic analysis in combination with expression profiling will continue to uncover many signalling components, and biochemical characterization of the signalling complexes will be required to determine specificity and crosstalk in abiotic stress signalling pathways.
Patterning of the dorsal telencephalon and cerebral cortex by a roof plate-Lhx2 pathway

The organizing centers and molecules that pattern the cerebral cortex have been elusive. Here we show that cortical patterning involves regulation of the Lhx2 homeobox gene by the roof plate. Roof plate ablation results in reduced cortical size and Lhx2 expression defects that implicate roof plate signals in the bimodal regulation of Lhx2 in vivo. Bimodal Lhx2 regulation can be recapitulated in explants using two roof plate-derived signaling molecules, Bmp4 and Bmp2. Loss of Lhx2 function results in profound losses of cortical progenitors and neurons, but Lhx2 mutants continue to generate cortical neurons from dorsal sources that may include the roof plate region itself. These findings provide evidence for the roof plate as an organizing center of the developing cortex and for a roof plate-Lhx2 pathway in cortical patterning.
Variations on multioperand addition for faster logarithmic-time tree multipliers

A carry-free addition process for radix-2 numbers with the digit set [0, 3] is introduced and applied to the synthesis of tree multipliers using multi-operand adders built as binary trees. Such binary trees are more regular than standard carry-save adder (Wallace or Dadda) trees and thus offer advantages in terms of VLSI realization. We show that certain designs derived from binary stored-double-carry numbers with digit set [0, 3] compare favorably with previously proposed multipliers using binary-tree multioperand addition schemes based on reducing pairs of carry-save numbers with (4, 2) counters or combining pairs of borrow-save numbers using binary signed-digit adders. The advantages are particularly pronounced for word lengths that are at or close to halfway between consecutive powers of 2 (e.g. around 12, 24, or 48 bits).
Identification of a Regulated Alkaline Phosphatase, a Cell Surface-Associated Lipoprotein, in Mycobacterium smegmatis

Although alkaline phosphatases are common in a wide variety of bacteria, there has been no prior evidence for alkaline phosphatases in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Here we report that transposon insertions in the pst operon, encoding homologues of an inorganic phosphate transporter, leads to constitutive expression of a protein with alkaline phosphatase activity. DNA sequence analysis revealed that M. smegmatis does indeed have a phoA gene that shows high homology to other phoA genes. The M. smegmatis phoA gene was shown to be induced by phosphate starvation and thus negatively regulated by the pst operon. Interestingly, the putative M. smegmatis PhoA has a hydrophobic N-terminal domain which resembles a lipoprotein signal sequence. The M. smegmatis PhoA was demonstrated to be an exported protein associated with the cell surface. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation of PhoA from [(14)C]acetate-labeled M. smegmatis cell lysates demonstrated that this phosphatase is a lipoprotein.
Pathogenesis of arthritis induced in chickens by Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Gross and microscopic changes of the joint, heart, and brain were studied in chickens infected intravenously with M. gallisepticum (S6 isolate). Synovitis occurred within 3 days, followed by suppurative arthritis at 7 days, and osteomyelitis 5 days later. The pathologic changes were attributed to a severe vasculitis characterized by extensive fibrinoid necrosis and endothelial swelling. Ischemic change was observed in the heart and brain as a result of the acute arteritis.
Stat3 signaling regulates embryonic stem cell fate in a dose-dependent manner

Stat3 is essential for mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal mediated by LIF/gp130 receptor signaling. Current understanding of Stat3-mediated ESC self-renewal mechanisms is very limited, and has heretofore been dominated by the view that Stat3 signaling functions in a binary "on/off" manner. Here, in contrast to this binary viewpoint, we demonstrate a contextual, rheostat-like mechanism for Stat3's function in mESCs. Activation and expression levels determine whether Stat3 functions in a self-renewal or a differentiation role in mESCs. We also show that Stat3 induces rapid differentiation of mESCs toward the trophectoderm (TE) lineage when its activation level exceeds certain thresholds. Stat3 induces this differentiation phenotype via induction of Tfap2c and its downstream target Cdx2. Our findings provide a novel concept in the realm of Stat3, self-renewal signaling, and pluripotent stem cell biology. Ultimately, this finding may facilitate the development of conditions for the establishment of authentic non-rodent ESCs.
Quantization as histogram segmentation: globally optimal scalar quantizer design in network systems

We propose a polynomial-time algorithm for optimal scalar quantizer design on discrete-alphabet sources. Special cases of the proposed approach yield optimal design algorithms for fixed-rate and entropy-constrained scalar quantizers, multi-resolution scalar quantizers, multiple description scalar quantizers, and Wyner-Ziv scalar quantizers. The algorithm guarantees globally optimal solutions for fixed-rate and entropy-constrained scalar quantizers and constrained optima for the other coding scenarios. We derive the algorithm by demonstrating the connection between scalar quantization, histogram segmentation, and the shortest path problem in a certain directed acyclic graph.
Adicciones y adaptaciones

Abstract This article analyzes the relationship between literature and film between 2000 and 2005, a period characterized by the immediate adaptations of best-seller novels about the different forms of violence in Colombia (Satanas, Rosario Tijeras, and Perder es cuestion de metodo) into films. It claims that the adaptation of Fernando Vallejo's La Virgen de los sicarios set a model that seemed to be successful for the exoticization of violence, the use of highly commodified novels, or the gaze of directors who return to Colombia after having lived or studied abroad. The article explores the resonance of those novels and film adaptations in their specific moment as a preamble to discuss the validity of this paradigm in the current process of industrialization of Colombian cinema.
Application of cellular neural networks to model population dynamics

In this paper, we show an application of the CNN paradigm to model spatial population dynamics. In particular, we present the procedure for determining the CNN template coefficients for implementing Schelling's model of social segregation. Simulation results are given. >
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polycarbonate at Cryogenic Temperature

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymers are of high interest for various industries due to their unique mechanical and electrical properties. Most research has been done at room temperature (RT), but little is known about properties at cryogenic temperature. This paper presents results on CNT-polycarbonate (PC) composites with respect to mechanical properties at 77 K in comparison with RT. CNT-PC composites with 0wt% (neat), 0.1wt%, and 1.0wt% CNTs have been studied. Results imply that the CNT effects are more obvious at low temperature and are seen in the form of serrations in the stress-strain plot. No significant difference has been noticed between the neat and reinforced samples at either temperature. However, it was determined that the strength increases drastically while the elongation decreases at low temperature as compared to RT. SEM images confirm that the samples at low temperature exhibit brittle failure. Additionally, it can be seen that at low temperature the nanotubes align with the direction of tensile force while the nanotubes at RT align with the sample surface.
Coevolution drives the emergence of complex traits and promotes evolvability.

The evolution of complex organismal traits is obvious as a historical fact, but the underlying causes—including the role of natural selection—are contested. Gould argued that a random walk from a necessarily simple beginning would produce the appearance of increasing complexity over time. Others contend that selection, including coevolutionary arms races, can systematically push organisms toward more complex traits. Methodological challenges have largely precluded experimental tests of these hypotheses. Using the Avida platform for digital evolution, we show that coevolution of hosts and parasites greatly increases organismal complexity relative to that otherwise achieved. As parasites evolve to counter the rise of resistant hosts, parasite populations retain a genetic record of past coevolutionary states. As a consequence, hosts differentially escape by performing progressively more complex functions. We show that coevolution's unique feedback between host and parasite frequencies is a key process in the evolution of complexity. Strikingly, the hosts evolve genomes that are also more phenotypically evolvable, similar to the phenomenon of contingency loci observed in bacterial pathogens. Because coevolution is ubiquitous in nature, our results support a general model whereby antagonistic interactions and natural selection together favor both increased complexity and evolvability.
An Apartheid of Knowledge in Academia: The Struggle over the "Legitimate" Knowledge of Faculty of Color.

The University as an institution is a key arena where "legitimate" knowledge is established. While discourses of power may have qualities of constraint and repression, they are not, nor have they ever been, uncontested. Indeed, the process of determining what is "legitimate knowledge" and for what purpose that knowledge should be produced is a political debate that rages in the University. Our presence, as working-class people of color (especially women of color), in an institution which values itself on its elitist criteria for admission, forces the debates and challenges previously sacred canons of objective truth. It is probably for this reason that our presence here is so complex--and so important (Cordova, 1998, p. 18).
Group oral exams: Exploring assessment techniques for new instructional paradigms

Abstract As educational practices change, educators must search for appropriate assessment tools. The social‐constructivist paradigm, in particular, demands innovative techniques. A group oral final exam was designed and administered in a block of two teacher education courses taught within the social‐constructivist perspective. Students participated in interactive discussions with their peers about their understandings of the course content and about their beliefs concerning the learning and reading processes of middle school children. This group‐oral final exam appears to be consistent with not only the instructional paradigm, but also with valid assessment guidelines. Limitations are presented.
Development of Multiple- Wheel CBR Design Criteria

Aircraft landing gear assemblies using multiple wheels in various configurations create need for air field design criteria for this type of loading; improved method for developing multiple-wheel CBR design criteria from proven single-wheel criteria.
Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Eicosanoid Metabolism in Intact Skin

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on skin have been under intense study in the past decade. This is in part related to the recent large body of knowledge which has accumulated about eicosanoids and their important role as mediators of cutaneous inflammation, including UV-induced cutaneous changes. In this chapter, we will review the known effects of UV radiation on cutaneous eicosanoid metabolism,
The confluence of ancient wisdom and future technology in our profession

The theme of this year`s Annual Meeting is ``Ancient Wisdom-Future Technology.`` The panel assembled for this session has been asked to think metaphorically about the theme and how it relates to their profession of human factors and ergonomics. Originally conceived as a debate centering around the older technologies and research techniques versus the newer ways of finding answers, it was soon realized that there was no dichotomy, but more of a synergy between the old and the new. If human factors is truly a philosophy of design rather than simply a body of knowledge, then one would expect consistency in approach regardless of field of application or new discoveries of human performance. Just as when two or more rivers combine to become a force mightier than the simple summation, the synergistic power of established techniques or knowledge and recent innovation is available to everyone in the profession. The invited panelists represent diverse perspectives in human factors and ergonomics, and this made for a stimulating discussion.
Striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor regulation by stress inoculation in squirrel monkeys.

Intermittent mildly stressful situations provide opportunities to learn, practice, and improve coping in a process called stress inoculation. Stress inoculation also enhances cognitive control and response inhibition of impulsive motivated behavior. Cognitive control and motivation have been linked to striatal dopamine D2 and/or D3 receptors (DRD2/3) in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Here, we study squirrel monkeys randomized early in life to stress inoculation with or without maternal companionship and a no-stress control treatment condition. Striatal DRD2/3 availability in adulthood was measured in vivo by [11C]raclopride binding using positron emission tomography (PET). DRD2/3 availability was greater in caudate and putamen compared to ventral striatum as reported in PET studies of humans and other non-human primates. DRD2/3 availability in ventral striatum was also consistently greater in stress inoculated squirrel monkeys compared to no-stress controls. Squirrel monkeys exposed to stress inoculation in the presence of their mother did not differ from squirrel monkeys exposed to stress inoculation without maternal companionship. Similar effects in different social contexts extend the generality of our findings and together suggest that stress inoculation increases striatal DRD2/3 availability as a correlate of cognitive control in squirrel monkeys.
A Proof-of-Concept Study of Game-Based Learning in Higher Education

Background. Much literature has theorized on the potential educational benefits offered by game-based learning GBL. However, recent meta-data analyses of studies conducted on the efficacy of GBL offer mixed results. Furthermore, many of the studies available rely more on close reading, inference, small sample sizes, and qualitative responses than on quantitative, data-driven analyses. Aim. This article describes a proof-of-concept study designed to assess the effects of GBL on enjoyment, engagement, and learning in higher education using a large sample size and quantitative measures. Method. The study uses a large data set n = 440 involving English, Math and Science undergraduate courses. For the first semester, faculty participants were trained in how to implement game-based pedagogy and created analog game-based lessons. In the following semester, each professor taught one section of a course using games and another section of the same course without games. Students in the game-based and control groups were given attitude surveys about the subject at the beginning of the semester, a post-lesson survey after the game or regular lesson, and a post-lesson quiz with separate questions to assess surface learning and deep learning. Results. Enjoyment correlated with improvements in deep learning in both the game and non-game classes. Games increased reported enjoyment levels, especially in subjects where students reported the greatest anxiety about learning, and this increase in enjoyment correlated positively with improvements in deep learning and higher-order thinking. These results may have particular impact on non-traditional students. Conclusion. While further investigation is necessary to assess the specific affordances and long-term effects of GBL in higher education, this study offers preliminary support for the claim that GBL can improve deep learning in this setting, by increasing enjoyment.
The effects of buoyancy on the critical heat flux in forced convection

The critical heat flux (CHF) in forced convection over a flat surface at relatively low flow velocities has been found, not unexpectedly, to depend upon the orientation of the buoyancy. The CHF for R-113 was measured at various heating surface orientations for test section Reynolds numbers ranging between 3000 and 6500. In this flow range, the buoyancy force acting on the vapor generally dominates over the flow inertia, yet the inertia would still be substantial were gravity to be reduced. In the experiments of this study, the CHF is determined for heating surface orientations ranging from 0 deg to 360 deg, for flow velocities between 4 cm/s and 35 cm/s, and for subcoolings between 2.8 C and 22.2 C. The results presented here demonstrate the strong influence of buoyancy at low flow velocities, which diminishes as the flow velocity and subcooling are increased.
A Preliminary Report on the Preparation of Insecticide Emulsions with a Colloidal Clay

This paper deals with the use of bentonite, a colloidal clay, as an emulsifier for kerosene, red engine oil, paraffin oil and furfural. The experiments included tests on potted bean plants for injury and tests on one species of aphid ( AmphoroPhora rhois Monell) for insecticidal properties.
THE ROLE OF BACKGROUND IN MEDIATING APPARENT MOVEMENT

Summary.-The spatial structure of the background upon which figures engage in apparent movement has been a neglected variable in research. In this pilot study, the presence of a sine-wave-grating as background had a strong influence on the quality of apparent movement that was perceived by 3 observers. In its simplest form, apparent movement is an illusion produced when two stimuli differing only in position are alternated over time. With a properly chosen stimulus duration and often a brief interstimulus interval, the display gives rise to the appearance of a single stimulus moving between two endpoints. Apparent movement has been studied extensively over the last 60 years or so, and several reviews of factors that influence it have been produced (e.g., Anstis, 1978; Kolers, 1972). In most studies of apparent movement, timing has been an important factor as has the design of the stimd in alternation. However, little attention has been paid to the spatial structure of the background upon which the stimuli for apparent motion are figures. To demonstrate the influence of spatial variations of the background, a bistable display for apparent motion as first studied by Ternus (1938) was used. In our version of the display, each of two stimulus frames contains three evenly spaced vertical gray bars; the bars are shlfted horizontally in one frame relative to the other by the same distance that separates the tenters of two adjacent bars. When presented on a homogeneous (black or white) background, the resulting percept is bistable and is controlled by varying the alternation rate. Rapid alternation rates result in end-to-end movement, the percept of a single bar shhing or jumping back and forth to the "outsides" of two bars that remain stationary; slow alternations in group movement, the percept of a whole collection of three bars shifting back and forth together; and intermedate alternations, the labile bistab~Lity or the frequent changeover between group and end-to-end movement; see Peterslk (1989, 1994) for reviews of this effect. Stimd were presented on an Arniga 600 microcomputer. Three backgrounds consisting of quasi-sine-wave gratings were created. When viewed from 118 cm away, the spatial frequencies of these gratings were 1.78, 0.85,
Municipal governments’ (mis)governance

Since the 1970s, major financial disasters have occurred frequently in the public finance sector leading to taxpayers bearing the losses and paying higher taxes for many years. During the past few decades public entities such as New York City, California's Orange and San Diego Counties, Ohio's Cuyahoga County, and many public funds, local governments and public pension pools have suffered losses due to financing strategies involving excessive leverage and risky derivative trades, and public officials relying on investment bankers’ sales presentations without understanding the underlying risks. Jefferson County, Alabama, is the latest case of a large municipal entity at the edge of municipal bankruptcy caused by poor investment policies. Cities including Chicago, Detroit, Denver, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Oakland and Richmond are experiencing financial distress. The states of Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Oregon and entities such as Bay Area Toll Authority are losing money on poorly designed interest rate swaps, and are trying to exit the contracts by paying hefty exit fees. Issues related to fraud and poor internal control procedures are surfacing in municipal entities of all sizes. While public entities have performed quite well in their risk management efforts relating to disasters and terrorist threats, risk management practices relative to financial assets have been quite inadequate. This article reviews some of the reasons leading to the financial disasters, and discusses key components of regulatory reforms proposed to strengthen the municipal securities market and the roles and responsibilities of audit committee members in government entities. It offers a suggested implementation template for public entities’ risk management practices based on COSO Enterprise Risk Management and Internal Control frameworks and for meeting their strategic objectives combined with better governance and stewardship of taxpayer assets.
Prospective Diagnosis and Treatment of Pandas

Twelve school-aged children with new-onset pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS) were identified over a 3-year period (1998-2000) at the University of Rochester, NY.
Experimental Trypanosomiasis: T. Equiperdum Infection in the Dog

In the previous studies from this department on the relation of the spleen to blood destruction and regeneration, we have used sodium oleate, toluylendiamin and hemolytic immune serum as hemolytic agents. Such agents, even when given in repeated doses, produced only a temporary transient effect, and it seemed desirable, in connection with the problem of iron metabolism and of the elimination of urobilin, to use a hemolytic agent which will cause a more chronic anemia. To this end, Ave ^have employed Trypanosoma equiperdum, which causes the disease dourine in horses, and is transmissible to lower animals. The disease which T. equiperdum produces in dogs presents so many points of interest that it seems wise to report the general picture of this experimental disease at this time. The chemical studies will appear in a later communication.1
Microstructures and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr stainless steel parts fabricated by ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser engineered net shaping process

Abstract This paper studied fabrication of Fe-Cr stainless steel parts using the novel ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser engineered net shaping (UV-A LENS) process and investigated the effects of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructures and mechanical properties. The results showed that cross-sectional morphology as well as internal microstructure of the parts were changed by applying ultrasonic vibration in LENS process. Porosity, micro-cracks, and microstructural grain size were remarkably decreased due to the actions and influences of ultrasonic vibration. In addition, mechanical properties of the parts fabricated by UV-A LENS process were significantly improved compared with that of the parts fabricated by LENS without ultrasonic vibration. These findings indicated that UV-A LENS was an effective process to generate uniform morphology and fine microstructures to improve the mechanical properties of the parts.
Comparing the Effect of U.S. Tax and Transfer Programs on Relative and Absolute Income Inequality: Research and Policy Implications

ABSTRACTWe estimate the effect of U.S. tax and transfer programs on income inequality in 2012 and show that different methods produce very different results and policy implications. In our main results, the programs reduced the relative Gini index by 14.8% and the absolute Gini index by 20.3%. With other methods, our estimates of the reduction in income inequality range from 10.3% to 49.4%. The two policy options that would be effective in reducing income inequality and that seem most politically feasible are expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit and reducing tax deductions for high-income taxpayers.
CRF formulation of active contour population for efficient three-dimensional neurite tracing

We present a conditional random field for three-dimensional neurite tracing, using a population of open curve active contours. We aim at increased robustness under spatially varying neurite-background contrast, and at the same time reducing the computational complexity compared to the state-of-the-art. While most existing active contour based methods perform tracing by evolving multiple snakes along the neurite centerline in a sequential manner, our approach implements a simultaneous evolution, reducing the complexity as we show theoretically in our algorithm analysis and experimentally. Our approach provides increased accuracy in ambiguous regions (e.g., low contrast, neurite bifurcations and crossovers, etc.), by exploiting interactions among spatially neighboring snakes. We illustrate the performance of our method and compare it with existing frameworks using sample volumes of wild-type sensory neurons in the larval Drosophila.
Wall-bounded multiphase flows of N immiscible incompressible fluids

We present an effective method for simulating wall-bounded multiphase flows consisting of N (N2) immiscible incompressible fluids with different densities, viscosities and pairwise surface tensions. The N-phase physical formulation is based on a modified thermodynamically consistent phase field model that is more general than in a previous work, and it is developed by considering the reduction consistency if some of the fluid components were absent from the system. We propose an N-phase contact-angle boundary condition that is reduction consistent between N phases and M phases (2MN1). We also present a numerical algorithm for solving the N-phase governing equations together with the contact-angle boundary conditions developed herein. Extensive numerical experiments are presented for several flow problems involving multiple fluid components and solid-wall boundaries to investigate the wettability effects with multiple types of contact angles. In particular, we compare simulation results with the de Gennes theory for the contact-angle effects on the liquid drop spreading on wall surfaces, and demonstrate that our method produces physically accurate results.
Searches for invisible axions

Abstract The axion, a hypothetical elementary particle, emerged from a compelling solution to the Strong-CP problem in QCD. Subsequently, the axion was recognized to be a good Cold Dark Matter candidate. Although dark matter axions have only feeble couplings to matter and radiation, extremely sensitive searches are underway around the world. We review the state of experiments searching for the axion through its coupling to photons. Besides answering an outstanding question in particle physics, the discovery of dark matter axions may provide a detailed history of the formation of our Milky Way galaxy through the structure of the axion signal.
Vaccine development for respiratory syncytial virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important and ubiquitous respiratory pathogen for which no vaccine is available notwithstanding more than 50 years of effort. It causes the most severe disease at the extremes of age and in settings of immunodeficiency. Although RSV is susceptible to neutralizing antibody, it has evolved multiple mechanisms of immune evasion allowing it to repeatedly infect people despite relatively little genetic diversity. Recent breakthroughs in determining the structure and antigenic content of the fusion (F) glycoprotein in its metastable untriggered prefusion form (pre-F) and the stable rearranged postfusion form (post-F) have yielded vaccine strategies that can induce potent neutralizing antibody responses and effectively boost pre-existing neutralizing activity. In parallel, novel live-attenuated and chimeric virus vaccine candidates and other novel approaches to deliver vaccine antigens have been developed. These events and activities have aroused optimism and a robust pipeline of potential vaccine products that promise to provide a means to reduce the public health burden of RSV infection.
Wayfinding and Glaucoma: A Virtual Reality Experiment

Author(s): Daga, Fabio B; Macagno, Eduardo; Stevenson, Cory; Elhosseiny, Ahmed; Diniz-Filho, Alberto; Boer, Erwin R; Schulze, Jurgen; Medeiros, Felipe A | Abstract: PurposeWayfinding, the process of determining and following a route between an origin and a destination, is an integral part of everyday tasks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of glaucomatous visual field loss on wayfinding behavior using an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 31 glaucomatous patients and 20 healthy subjects without evidence of overall cognitive impairment. Wayfinding experiments were modeled after the Morris water maze navigation task and conducted in an immersive VR environment. Two rooms were built varying only in the complexity of the visual scene in order to promote allocentric-based (room A, with multiple visual cues) versus egocentric-based (room B, with single visual cue) spatial representations of the environment. Wayfinding tasks in each room consisted of revisiting previously visible targets that subsequently became invisible.ResultsFor room A, glaucoma patients spent on average 35.0 seconds to perform the wayfinding task, whereas healthy subjects spent an average of 24.4 seconds (P = 0.001). For room B, no statistically significant difference was seen on average time to complete the task (26.2 seconds versus 23.4 seconds, respectively; P = 0.514). For room A, each 1-dB worse binocular mean sensitivity was associated with 3.4% (P = 0.001) increase in time to complete the task.ConclusionsGlaucoma patients performed significantly worse on allocentric-based wayfinding tasks conducted in a VR environment, suggesting visual field loss may affect the construction of spatial cognitive maps relevant to successful wayfinding. VR environments may represent a useful approach for assessing functional vision endpoints for clinical trials of emerging therapies in ophthalmology.
ENERGY, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE: A CROSS-NATIONAL TREND ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between energy consumption and several social indicator variables for 24 advanced market societies for the period 1950 to 1975. Its purpose is to assess the implications of energy policy arguments that call for maintaining high levels of energy comsumption in the advanced industrial societies. The results do not support the view that a moderate decline in energy consumption will seriously affect Quality of Life.
Community Engagement and Cultural Building Projects

ABSTRACTThis study explores whether community engagement efforts among nonprofit arts organizations pursuing major building projects are effective mechanisms for generating support from other organizations. Specifically, the study analyzes the degree to which context—such as the perceptions of the goals of community engagement efforts, competitive environment, and institutional characteristics—affect managers' perceptions of community engagement strategies. The study uses data on thirteen different cultural building projects in counties across the United States between 1994 and 2008 coupled with data on 444 arts organizations in the same county. The results of this study indicate that managers of nonprofit arts organizations perceive other organizations' community engagement efforts differently based on their own perceptions of the goals of those efforts, their own organization's competitive status, and perhaps even the age of their organization.
Does Digital Curricula Matter? An Examination of Online versus Traditional Multicultural Education Course Delivery.

Digital curricula and online learning materials are necessary to reach the next generation of teachers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an online introductory multicultural education course on the culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy (CRTSE) and culturally responsive teaching outcome expectancy (CRTOE) of pre-service teachers. The results suggest that online multicultural education has a moderate effect on pre-service teacher CRTSE and CRTOE. Implications are provided for pre-service teacher education and further research.
Removal of RTF2 from Stalled Replisomes Promotes Maintenance of Genome Integrity.

The protection and efficient restart of stalled replication forks is critical for the maintenance of genome integrity. Here, we identify a regulatory pathway that promotes stalled forks recovery from replication stress. We show that the mammalian replisome component C20orf43/RTF2 (homologous to S. pombe Rtf2) must be removed for fork restart to be optimal. We further show that the proteasomal shuttle proteins DDI1 and DDI2 are required for RTF2 removal from stalled forks. Persistence of RTF2 at stalled forks results in fork restart defects, hyperactivation of the DNA damage signal, accumulation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sensitivity to replication drugs, and chromosome instability. These results establish that RTF2 removal is a key determinant for the ability of cells to manage replication stress and maintain genome integrity.