cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magneto-Aerodynamic Flow Past Bodies

Publisher Summary The class of magneto-fluid dynamic problems that involves streaming flow about solid obstacles has attracted attention by virtue of the interesting phenomena that are predicted by its theory rather than its practical utility. Some of these phenomena are analogous to the familiar features of conventional gas dynamics—standing waves, elliptic and hyperbolic fields, boundary layers, and wakes—and others present surprising contrasts. The chapter discusses the exclusively steady flows that consist of a uniform stream at great distances from the solid bodies. It is assumed that thermodynamic equilibrium is maintained at every point, and the perfect-gas law is used to describe the thermodynamic state. The assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium also implies that the acting mechanical stresses are adequately described under Stokes' Hypothesis. This implies that the mechanical equations of the problem are the Navier–Stokes equations. The chapter also describes the electrical properties of a fluid with the assumption that electrical conductivity and magnetic and electrical permittivities (both usually equal to those of empty space) are assigned to it.
Whole Microorganisms Studied by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Significance for Extraterrestrial Life Detection Experiments

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies of two microorganisms, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis var. niger, indicate that the majority of thermal fragments originate from the principal classes of bio-organic matter found in living systems such as protein and carbohydrate. Furthermore, there is a close qualitative similarity between the type of pyrolysis products found in microorganisms and the pyrolysates of other biological materials. Conversely, there is very little correlation between microbial pyrolysates and comparable pyrolysis studies of meteoritic and fossil organic matter. These observations will aid in the interpretation of a soil organic analysis experiment to be performed on the surface of Mars in 1975. The science payload of this landed mission will include a combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument as well as several “direct biology experiments” which are designed to search for extraterrestrial life.
Survival of plant mitochondria in vitro: Form and function after 4 days at 25 °C

Abstract The energy-dependent maintenance of morphological and functional integrity by avocado mitochondria during incubation for 4 days at 25 °C is confirmed by (1) sustained levels of oxidation, phosphorylation, and respiratory control; (2) membrane intactness as evidenced by three diagnostic enzymes: succinate:cytochrome c, NADH:cytochrome c, and α-ketoglutarate:K3Fe(CN)6 oxidoreductase; and (3) the retention of physical properties as shown by rate-zonal centrifugation and electron microscopy. Some changes do occur in the mitochondrial population during the 4 days. These include an increase in density and the conversion of some organelles to dumbbell shapes. Bacterial growth, though difficult to control, does not appear to be directly responsible for the eventual loss of energy-linked functions.
A 2.3Gb/s fully integrated and synthesizable AES Rijndael core

The growth of the Internet as a vehicle for secure communication and electronic commerce has brought cryptographic processing performance to the forefront of high throughput system design. This trend will gain further momentum with the widespread adoption of secure protocols such as secure IP (IPSEC) and virtual private networks (VPNs). In this paper, we present a fully integrated and synthesizable cipher core supporting the advanced encryption standard - Rijndael. We designed and fabricated the fully integrated core $key scheduler, encipher, and decipher using TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m technology. The core operating frequency is 465 MHz and throughput is 2.3 Gb/s.
Transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase from Escherichia coli. II. Purification, physical properties, and substrate specificity.

Abstract Transfer RNA nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.25) from Escherichia coli has been purified to near homogeneity. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme is about 50,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. No evidence for subunits was obtained. The enzyme is rapidly and irreversibly inactivated in the absence of magnesium. The enzyme incorporates only 1 AMP and 2 CMP residues into tRNA from which the terminal -pC-C-A had been removed. All E. coli amino acid acceptor tRNA species as well as heterologous tRNA can serve as substrates.
IFE TARGET INJECTION AND TRACKING EXPERIMENT

An experiment is being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to investigate and demonstrate the engineering feasibility of accurately • injecting and tracking IFE targets into a vacuum...
The diagnostic confusion of ovarian metastases from endometrial carcinoma with primary ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Thirty-eight of the 292 patients (13.0 per cent) with endometrial cancer at the New York Hospital from 1933 to 1950 had metastases to the ovaries. Thirteen were bilateral and 25 were unilateral. Ovarian metastases were present in 5 (3 per cent) of the patients with well-differentiated carcinoma, in 12 (20 per cent) of the patients with intermediate carcinoma, and in 21 (28 per cent) of the patients with poorly differentiated cancer. Both lymphatic and transtubal dissemination of cancer were observed. Five patients are reported in detail in whom the size and extent of the ovarian metastases led to the opinion that they were primary carcinomas of the ovaries. This resulted in inadequate and delayed therapy in two of these patients. It is suggested that the possibility of metastases to the ovary from the endometrium be considered in the presence of a large ovarian tumor, especially if some bleeding has occurred. Preliminary curettage, bisection of the uterus in the operating room, the suspicion that an apparently primary ovarian tumor, especially if it is necrotic, may be metastatic from the endometrium, and the treatment of ovarian cancer by hysterectomy (total preferably) and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are suggested as measures to prevent these diagnostic and therapeutic errors.
Cluster Scores for the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale: Reliability and Independence

The six cluster scales of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale were examined for reliability and independence. Half of the 155 sixth to eighth graders completing the scale were receiving some special education services. Results suggested the cluster scales showed adequate reliabilities with alphas ranging from .74 to .83, but the scales were quite highly intercorrelated with a mean r of .54. Removal of all overlapping items from the cluster scales reduced the interscale correlation mean to .44, with only a small drop in internal consistencies. Removal of overlapping items seems to be a favorable procedure if relative independence between self-concept dimensions is desired.
Objectively Determined Fair-Weather NBL Features in ARW-WRF and Their Comparison to CASES-97 Observations

AbstractHeights of nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) features are determined using vertical profiles from the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF), and then compared to data for three moderately windy fair-weather nights during the April–May 1997 Kansas-based Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-97) to evaluate the success of four PBL schemes in replicating observations. The schemes are Bougeault–LaCarrere (BouLac), Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ), quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE), and Yonsei University (YSU) versions 3.2 and 3.4.1. This study’s chosen objectively determined model NBL height h estimate uses a turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) threshold equal to 5% , where TKE′ is relative to its background (free atmosphere) value. The YSU- and MYJ-determined h could not be improved upon. Observed heights of the virtual temperature maximum hTvmax and wind speed maximum hSmax, and the heights h1wsonde and h2wsonde, between which the radiosonde slows from ~5 to ~3 m s...
One-Step, Regioselective Synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA Oligomers by Montmorillonite Catalysis

5‘-Nucleotides of A and U with the phosphate activated with 1-methyladenine generate RNA oligomers containing 40−50 monomers in 1 day in reactions catalyzed by montmorillonite. The corresponding monomers of C give oligomers that are 20−25-mers in length after a 9-day reaction. It was not possible to determine the chain lengths of the oligomers of G since they did not give well-defined bands on gel electrophoresis. Co-oligomers of A and U as well as A, U, G, and C were also prepared. The oligo(A)s formed were separated by gel electrophoresis, and the bands of the 7−39-mers were isolated, the 3‘,5‘-phosphodiester bonds were cleaved by RNase T2, and the terminal phosphate groups were cleaved with alkaline phosphatase. HPLC analysis revealed that the proportions of A5‘pp5‘A, A, A2‘pA, and A2‘pA2‘pA formed were almost the same for the long and shorter oligomers. A similar structure analysis performed on the oligo(U)s established that the proportions of U5‘pp5‘U, U, U2‘pU, U2‘pU2‘pU, U2‘pU2‘pU2‘pU, and U2‘pU2‘p...
Identification and Functional Characterization of the Varicella Zoster Virus ORF11 Gene Product

The deletion of ORF11 severely impaired VZV infection of human skin xenografts. Here, we investigate the characteristics and functions of the ORF11 gene product. ORF11 is expressed as a 118kDa polypeptide in VZV-infected cells; the protein is present in the nucleus and cytoplasm and is incorporated into VZ virions. Although ORF11 had little effect in transactivating VZV gene promoters in transfection assays, deleting ORF11 from the virus was associated with reduced expression of immediate early proteins IE4, IE62 and IE63, and the major glycoprotein, gE. ORF11 was identified as an RNA binding protein and its RNA binding domain was defined. However, disrupting the ORF11 RNA binding domain did not affect skin infection, indicating that RNA binding capacity, conserved among the alphaherpesviruses homologues, is not essential while the contribution of ORF11 to the expression of the IE proteins and gE may be required for VZV pathogenesis in skin in vivo.
Automated search for the most critical flutter configuration in models with uncertainty

This paper presents methods for the automated computation of the most critical flutter configuration in aircraft structural models with uncertainty. To solve the problem local and global methods were developed for optimizing in the parameter space the damping or the flutter speed. These methods are derived from structural optimization techniques with aeroelastic constraints. Local methods are fast, but there is not guarantee that the configuration found is indeed the worst one. Furthermore, they do not allow for an accurate determination of the flutter zone or for an extension to cases where parameter uncertainties are treated as random. Global methods sweep the parameter space with a varying step. They are much slower than local methods but allow for the determination of the worst configuration and can be used to determine the flutter zone and for probabilistic computations. A method for determining a priori the parameters or combination of parameters which play a significant role in flutter is presented. Results of preliminary tests on a cantilevered aircraft wings are presented.
Test-retest reliability of a questionnaire that identifies elders at risk for hospital admission.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the test-retest reliability of a questionnaire designed to measure elderly persons' probability of repeated admission (Pra) to a hospital within 4 years. DESIGN: Participants received the test questionnaire by mail; respondents to the test questionnaire received the retest questionnaire 3 weeks later. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly (65+) community-dwelling enrollees in the Medical Assistance (Medicaid) program of Ramsey County, MN (n = 192). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The correlation (r) between the Pra values computed from the test-retest correlations (k) of the questionnaire's individual items were also measured. RESULTS: The response rate was 63% (121/192) for the test questionnaire and 69% (84/121) for the retest questionnaire. The test and retest values of Pra computed from responses to the questionnaires were highly correlated (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001). For the individual questionnaire items, the range of k values was 0.50–1.00 (P < 0.0001 for all items). Slightly higher values of r and k were obtained when the respondents were women and when the same person (either proxy or self) completed both questionnaires. Age was not consistently related to reliability. CONCLUSION: the test-retest reliability of individual items and of the computed Pra was high, suggesting that responses by elderly persons to mailed questionnaires pertaining to health status are stable over brief periods of time. The resulting Pra values may be useful in identifying elders at high risk for hospital admission.
The Portland Problem Behavior Checklist: Sex and Age Differences in Teacher-Rated Behavior Problems:

Sex and age differences in teacher-rated behavior problems were examined. Teacher ratings on 306 randomly selected children from grades kindergarten through high school, using the Portland Problem Behavior Checklist, were factor-analyzed. Factors were developed and compared for each sex at grade levels kindergarten through sixth grade and seventh through twelfth grade. The younger boys exhibited four factors: (a) Conduct Problems, (b) Academic Problems, (c) Anxiety Problems, and (d) Peer Problems. Younger girls exhibited three factors: (a) Conduct Problems, (b) Peer Problems, and (c) Personal Problems. Older boys exhibited five factors: (a) Academic Problems, (b) Anxiety Problems, (c) Conduct Problems, (d) Peer Problems, and (e) Personal Problems. Finally, older girls exhibited four factors: (a) Academic Problems, (b) Personal Problems, (c) Conduct Problems, and (d) Anxiety Problems. These factors were used to compare sex and age differences of teacher-rated behavior problems. The findings were compared t...
THE FLOW AND COMPOSITION OF LYMPH IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF EDEMA

1. The experimental observations have been summarized at the end of an earlier section. The more important facts only will be recapitulated here. The capacity of the lymphatics for removing fluid from the tissues greatly exceeds the rate at which freshly formed tissue fluid can be made available for removal. Edematous regions can be rendered non-edematous by the application of measures, such as massage, passive motion, or normal exercise, which activate the lymphatics. During continuous activity the rate of lymph flow is first variable and later relatively constant. Constant rates of flow must correspond to the production of fresh lymph. A study of the constant rates indicates that lymph formation in the edematous animal is certainly only slightly greater, and possibly not greater at all, than under conditions of normality. When the protein of plasma decreases, the protein of lymph is also lowered. The loss of protein from lymph takes place at a faster rate than from plasma, so that the ratio of serum protein to lymph protein is greater in the edematous than in the normal animal. In edematous animals the concentration of protein in lymph is of the same order of magnitude as the concentration in edema fluids. The two fluids are not, however, identical in composition. Minor fluctuations in the protein content of lymph always occur during a period of continuous collection. 2. The factors involved in the circulation and accumulation of tissue fluid are discussed. Reasons are given for offering the following suggestions. Significant differences in tissue pressure or tension exist between the states resulting from quiescence and activation of the lymphatics. The differences give rise to variations in the relative areas of capillary wall, functioning for filtration and reabsorption. When the lymphatics are activated it is possible that capillary reabsorption may be completely in abeyance. A decline in the proteins of plasma may be associated with a diminished permeability of the capillaries. Such a lowering of capillary permeability would account for two features, both of which have been demonstrated: (1) failure to observe an appreciably increased rate of lymph formation in the edematous animal, and (2) the extremely low concentration of protein in lymph from edematous animals. Although the difference between the protein concentrations of edema fluid and lymph from the same region is small, the conclusion is not yet justified that a similarly small difference exists between normal tissue fluid and normal lymph.
Localisation of Substance P Immunoreactivity in Amacrine Cells of the Retina

Since its actions on smooth muscle were first described by von Euler and Gaddum, substance P has been isolated and characterised as an undecapeptide. The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and its reported excitatory action on neurones implicate substance P as a possible neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. Previous studies using bioassay and radioimmunoassay techniques have reported substance P in retinal extracts. Here we describe the specific immunohistochemical localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity in a population of morphologically distinct amacrine cells of the pigeon retina. The localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity and the recent localisation of enkephalin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in other types of amacrine cells suggest that the neuropeptides have a specific role in retinal function.
Synthetic oligonucleotide tails inhibit in vitro and in vivo translation of SP6 transcripts of maize zein cDNA clones.

Abstract A maize zein cDNA clone was used to synthesize mRNA with the SP6 in vitro transcription system. Although we obtained full-length transcripts of the cDNA sequence, these were inefficient templates for protein synthesis. Removal of the 5' oligo(G) sequence that was synthesized during the cDNA cloning procedure allowed efficient translation of the mRNAs in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system or in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The alteration in translational efficiency did not result from an interaction of the 5' oligo(G) homopolymer tail with the 3' oligo(C) sequence, as transcripts with or without the oligo(C) tail were translated similarly in both protein synthesis systems. Ribosome interaction with the mRNA may be affected due either to the secondary structure of the oligo(G) sequence itself, or an unusual secondary structure between the oligo(G) sequence and another region in the mRNA. Synthetic oligonucleotides at the 5' end of cloned cDNA sequences may generally be inhibitory for translation of mRNAs transcribed in vitro.
Immunoregulation of natural and lymphokine-activated killer cells by selenium

Abstract The effect of selenium (Se) on natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activities and proliferative responses of human lymphocytes was studied in vitro. Direct addition of Se at 1.0 μg/ml final concentration to the mixture of target and effector cells during a 4 h cytotoxicity assay significantly suppressed the NK activity of normal lymphocytes. When lymphocytes were preincubated with Se at concentrations as low as 0.2 μg/ml for a period of 48 h, a significant inhibitory effect on NK activity was observed. In the LAK cell assay, direct addition of Se at concentrations of 0.2–1.0 μg/ml to a mixture of target and effector cells did not show any effects on LAK cell activity, whereas LAK cells generated in the presence of Se at 0.8 μg/ml showed significant inhibition of their functions. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to T cell mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were also significantly suppressed by direct addition of Se at 0.5–1.0 μg/ml. The inhibitory effect of Se was not due to nonspecific toxicity of effector cells as demonstrated by viability nor was the effect directed against target cells. These studies suggest that although Se is an essential micronutrient for various immune mechanisms, an excess of Se may have a deleterious effect on certain immunological functions. As these activities are considered to be important defense mechanisms against tumors and virus infections, a nutritional imbalance of Se could result in an increased risk of these disorders.
Noise reduction for chaotic data by geometric projection

andGuan-Hsong Hsu*Department of MathematicsUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO 65211ABSTRACTWe present a method for noise reduction that does not depend on detailed prior knowledge of system dynamics.The method has performed reasonably well for known maps and flows. Also we present an empirically basedtechnique to estimate the initial signal—to—noise ratio for time series whose dynamical origin may be unknown.1. INTRODUCTIONThere has been a remarkable growth of interest over the last ten years in the analysis of chaotic data, and ofnoisy chaotic data in particular.17 The mere kinematic phenomenon of chaos allows for the possibility of exper-imental detection of the existence of low—dimensional dynamics in physical systems exhibiting complex behavior.In specific circumstances this information might aid the construction of a simple physical model embodying theessential dynamics. Noise caused by instrumentation or by effects associated with unwanted background contami-nation, either statistical or dynamical, can cloud the analysis of chaotic data and even the diagnosis of the presenceof of low—dimensional dynamics. Correspondingly, there has been considerable interest in developing methods toreduce the level of noise in experimental data, especially in recent years.814In this paper, we present new results based on a local geometric projection scheme for noise reduction. Thescheme possesses considerable structure and flexibility in how it can be applied. Our method : (1) does not requireprior knowledge of an underlying dynamics, (2) in extensive numerical studies has performed reasonably well invery high noise environments (noise amplitude up to 100%, or 0db signal—to—noise ratio (SNR)) as well as low; (3)can be used for both map and flow data, and (4) has performed reasonably well for both low and high samplingrate flow data. Finally, (5) from systematic studies of performance of the method we have been able to develop anempirically based technique to estimate in some cases the noise level actually present in an experimental chaotictime series.
Reconstructing and visualizing dense global visual maps for extended passive navigation

We consider the task of passive navigation, where a stereo visual sensor system moves around an unknown scene. In order to guide an autonomous navigation, it is important to build a visual map which records the location and the shape of the objects in the scene and their world coordinates. The extended global visual map is an integration of local maps. The approach described in this paper integrates the processes of motion estimation, stereo matching, temporal tracking, and Delaunay triangulation interpolation. Through stereo matching, each frame (a stereo image pair) can produce a set of 3D points of the current scene. The global structures of these 3D points are obtained using the results of the motion estimation. Delaunay tetrahedralization interpolates three-dimensional data points with a simplicial polyhedral surface. The experiment includes 151 frames of stereo images acquired from the moving mobile robot.
Effectiveness of spouse involvement in cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder

Objective This study examined whether involving the spouse in group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for binge eating disorder (BED) enhances treatment outcome relative to standard group CBT. Method Ninety-four overweight women with BED were randomly assigned to either (1) standard group CBT, (2) group CBT with spouse involvement, or (3) a wait-list control group. Eating and general psychopathology assessments were completed at baseline, after treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Results Although both CBT groups fared significantly better than the wait-list control group on measures of binge eating, weight, eating psychopathology, and general psychopathology, CBT with spouse involvement did not result in any additional benefit over and above standard CBT. Discussion These results are in contrast to the success of spouse involvement in the treatment of several other physical and psychological disorders. Possible reasons for this disparity, and suggestions for improving spouse involvement in BED treatment, are discussed. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 421–433, 2003.
Determination of Proton Flux and Conductance at pH 6.8 through Single Fo Sectors from Escherichia coli

We have developed a mathematical model in concert with an assay that allows us to calculate proton (H+) flux and conductance through a single Fo of the F1Fo ATP synthase. Lipid vesicles reconstituted with just a few functional Fo from Escherichia coli were loaded with 250 mM K+ and suspended in a low K+ solution. The pH of the weakly buffered external solution was recorded during sequential treatment with the potassium ionophore valinomycin, the protonophore carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, and HCl. From these pH traces and separate determinations of vesicle size and lipid concentration we calculate the proton conductance through a single Fo sector. This methodology is sensitive enough to detect small (15%) conductance changes. We find that wild-type Fo has a proton flux of 3100 ± 500 H+/s/Fo at a transmembrane potential of 106 mV (25°C and pH 6.8). This corresponds to a proton conductance of 4.4 fS.
Effects of prolonged training, differential housing, and response prevention on persisting avoidance in rats

Eight groups of five rats were trained to jump to a retractable shelf to avoid footshock. Before footshock was terminated and tests conducted for extinction of responding, one-half were trained for about 35 trials and one-half for about 310 trials. For 50 days prior to training, one-half of the rats lived individually in small cages and one-half lived in large cages, 12 rats a cage. These two pretesting factors, plus a factor of presence or absence of response prevention given just before testing for extinction of avoidance, combined to yield a 2 by 2 by 2 experimental design. Rats took reliably longer to extinguish avoidance if they were trained more and if they were from group housing. The demonstration that pretraining housing is a reliable source of variance suggests that this factor should be controlled in studies of deconditioning of avoidance.
Control of the morphology and size of PbS nanowires using gold nanoparticles

Anisotropic growth of nanocrystalline PbS with a variety of morphologies was achieved via hot colloidal synthesis in the presence of Au nanoparticles. Synthesis using Au nanoparticles produced more uniform diameter nanowires than could be obtained in their absence. A variety of other morphologies, such as nanorods, nanocubes, nanocauliflowers, and core−shell particles, were also obtained by varying the molar ratios of the precursor ions. The effect of Au seed particles appears to result from their ability to provide nucleation sites to seed anisotropic growth of the semiconductor nanocrystals. The method demonstrated here provides a facile hot colloidal method of producing high-quality high-aspect-ratio PbS nanowires of controlled diameter in high yield. The ability of these nanowires to provide infrared photosensitization in a polymeric photoconductive device is demonstrated.
Phase I clinical evaluation of oral and intravenous 4-demethoxydaunorubicin

Thirteen patients were treated with both the oral and intravenous preparations of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (DMDR). The drug was well tolerated in both forms. Neutropenia was the dose-limiting side-effect. Approximately 30% of the compound was absorbed when given orally. The maximum tolerated dose was 12.5 mg/m2 intravenously or 50 mg/m2 (10 mg/m2 q d X 5) orally, given every 21-28 days.
Coherent state approach to the N-representability problem

Abstract The N -representability problem is reviewed and formulated for the first time in the context of group-related coherent states. The particular family of states chosen is based on the group of special unitary transformations of one-particle space. Density operators are analyzed in terms of their P and Q symbols associated with these states, and the holomorphic representations of quantum mechanics that they induce. The time-independent Schrodinger equation for the ground state of an electronic system is expressed as a variational problem over a set of positive distributions. This set of distributions solves in an abstract sense the N -representability problem. The computational feasibility of the solution is discussed.
Conceptual, Empirical, and Practical Issues in Developing Valid Measures of Public Communication Campaign Exposure

The ability to validly measure campaign exposure is central to claims of public communication campaign effectiveness. Surprisingly, scholars have paid remarkably little attention to questions about the validity of various ways to measure campaign exposure. This paper begins to address this gap by outlining conceptual, empirical, and practical issues in developing valid measures of campaign exposure. First, I offer a brief definition of measurement validity and describe a variety of measurement options utilized in recent, large–scale health communication campaign evaluations. Next, I outline conceptual and empirical assumptions behind these various measurement strategies. I continue with a review of research that has applied validation criteria to specific measures of campaign exposure. I conclude by offering a series of guidelines for exposure measurement and validation practices based on the evidence to date, which I caveat by describing tensions and emergent issues that researchers will need to consider...
Inverse Agonists: Tools to Reveal Ligand-Specific Conformations of G Protein–Coupled Receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) traverse the plasma membrane seven times and produce intracellular effects through interaction with G proteins. Three classes of ligands bind and regulate the activity of GPCRs: agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists. To describe the activity of these ligands at GPCRs, a two-state receptor model has been proposed in which receptors exist in an equilibrium between inactive (R) and active (R*) states. Agonists preferentially bind and stabilize the active (R*) state. This results in an enrichment of the proportion of active receptors, producing an increase in receptor activity. In contrast, inverse agonists preferentially bind and stabilize receptors in the inactive (R) state. This results in an enrichment of the proportion of inactive receptors, producing a reduction in spontaneous receptor activity. Neutral antagonists have equal preferences for both R and R* states, lack any intrinsic activity, and are able to block actions produced by either agonists or inverse agonists. Exciting observations reported in two recent manuscripts by Gbahou et al. and Azzi et al. indicate that some inverse agonists act not only in opposition to agonists by suppressing constitutive receptor activity, but may also initiate unique signal transduction cascades as well. Specifically, it is proposed that these unique ligands are able to enrich several distinct active receptor conformations, each demonstrating a preference for regulation of a discrete intracellular effector. This suggests that inverse agonists are not merely "the opposite of agonists," but instead may serve as useful tools to investigate ligand-specific conformations of GPCRs.
Enrichment and separation of alkaline phosphatase activities of human tissues by chromatography on cellulose ion-exchange adsorbents.

Abstract Human alkaline phosphatase activity from intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen has been concentrated by chromatography on CM-cellulose, followed by chromatography of active fractions on DEAE-cellulose. By these procedures, the specific activity has been increased from 15- to 140-fold, starting from crude preparations obtained by fractionation with ethanol, with from 50 to 60% recovery of activity. Enzymic activity from each of the tissues was resolved into more than one chromatographic component upon elution from DEAE-cellulose. Kidney and intestine exhibited the more complex elution patterns (four and three components, respectively) whereas liver and spleen each contained only a few per cent of a second component. Enzyme from sarcomatous bone eluted from DEAE-cellulose as a single component accounted for 60% of the applied activity; the remaining enzyme was not recovered.
Quantum Coherence in a Superfluid Josephson Junction

We report a new kind of experiment in which we take an array of nanoscale apertures that form a superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ Josephson junction and apply quantum phase gradients directly along the array. We observe collective coherent behaviors from aperture elements, leading to quantum interference. Connections to superconducting and Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junctions as well as phase coherence among the superfluid aperture array are discussed.
A vertical profile of currents near Plantagenet Bank

Abstract A vertical profile of currents on the southern slope of Plantagenet Bank southwest of Bermuda is obtained by tracking acoustically a slowly sinking float. It is found that the Bank has a pronounced influence on the local flow. At depths less than 500 m the currents are swift at more than 30 cm/sec whereas at this depth transition to aslow drift of the deep water along the topography is observed. Changes in horizontal velocities with depth are not gradual but occur in regions of limited vertical extent where velocity differences of 10–20 cm/sec in 10 m were observed. The effective blocking of the deep water by the Bank caused a local depression of the main thermocline deeper than in typical for the Bermuda area.
Spontaneous fission yields for 246Cm

Abstract Cumulative yields for 17 fission products in the spontaneous fission of 246Cm have been determined with γ-ray spectrometry. These yields are compared with those determined in the spontaneous fission of 244Cm and 248Cm.
HIV replication enhances production of free fatty acids, low density lipoproteins and many key proteins involved in lipid metabolism: a proteomics study.

Background HIV-infected patients develop multiple metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia. Although progression of these disorders has been associated with the use of various protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral drugs, HIV-infected individuals who have not received these treatments also develop lipid abnormalities albeit to a lesser extent. How HIV alters lipid metabolism in an infected cell and what molecular changes are affected through protein interaction pathways are not well-understood.
RANS and DES Computations for a Wing with Ice Accretion

A computational investigation was performed to assess the effectiveness of Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) as a tool for predicting icing effects. The AVUS code, a public domain flow solver, was employed to compute solutions for an iced wing configuration using DES and steady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation methodologies. The wing section considered here was a business jet airfoil (GLC305) with a 22.5-minute glaze ice accretion (944-ice shape). The section was extruded to form a rectangular planform. The model was mounted between two walls so no tip effects were considered. The numerical results were validated by comparison with experimental data for the same configuration. The time-averaged DES computations showed some improvement in lift and drag results near stall when compared to steady RANS results. However, comparisons of the flow field details did not show the level of agreement suggested by the integrated quantities. More validation is needed to determine what role DES can play as part of an overall icing effects prediction strategy.
Creating a Constructivist Online Instructional Environment

This paper describes the ways in which social constructivist learning was fostered in an online teacher education program. In fall, 2010 we launched an online Masters of Education (M.Ed) and in spring, 2011 and began an online version of the on-campus Masters of Arts in Teaching (MAT) at a small liberal arts university. The development and implementation of these online programs presented new pedagogical challenges and questions. We focused the inquiry on how to adapt a community-focused, constructivist, oncampus pedagogy to an online format. Grounded in and driven by social constructivism, we identified several essential online tools and instructional methods that facilitated the kind of candidate-candidate and candidate-teacher interaction desired. This paper explores the potential of certain online tools and methods to facilitate a social constructivist approach to preparing teachers in a virtual program model.
Reduced instruction set computers

Reduced instruction set computers aim for both simplicity in hardware and synergy between architectures and compilers. Optimizing compilers are used to compile programming languages down to instructions that are as unencumbered as microinstructions in a large virtual address space, and to make the instruction cycle time as fast as possible.
The unity of the normative

Two questions that puzzle me about normativity, the subject of Judy Thomson's excellent book, concern the scope of the normative domain and its degree of unity. I am tempted to characterize the normative domain as consisting simply of truths about reasons, including reasons for action and reasons for belief and other attitudes. But there seem to be truths about attributive goodness that are not, at least on the surface, claims about reasons. If such claims are normative, then the characterization of the normative I have just mentioned is too narrow. An alternative, to which I have also sometimes been drawn, is a (not very satisfying) dualism, or even pluralism, about the normative, according to which there at least two kinds of normative truths truths about reasons and truths about attributive goodness, and perhaps even other kinds if a wider pluralism is correct. This view might also involve a dualism, or pluralism, about 'ought' judgments: some 'ought' judgments are clams about what people have all things considered reason to do while others are of a different kind, such as the judgment that a root ought to deliver water and nutrients to the plant of which it is a part. Thomson argues with characteristic clarity and trenchancy for a thesis of unity of the opposite kind to the one I find appealing: the thesis that the basic truths of the normative domain are all truths about
Genealogies of the Text: Literature, Psychoanalysis, and Politics in Modern France

In this 1995 book, which includes a substantial introduction, Jeffrey Mehlman confronts the politically devastating resonances in the work of several leading French writers. The essays focus on the series of enigmas surrounding the 'Blanchot affair' - a scandal provoked by Mehlman's revelation in 1977 that Maurice Blanchot, one of the tutelary figures of contemporary French thought, had in the 1930s been a prominent fascist journalist. Mehlman takes the issue of Blanchot's forgotten political essays deep into the most revered - and misunderstood - of his novels, L'Arret de mort. Using this affair as a point of departure, Mehlman sheds light on the question of the usability of psychoanalysis for literary readings (examining, for example, Baudelaire, Mallarme and Valery); he also investigates the ideological and political connotations of similar literary and theoretical material. The volume as a whole provides a consistently provocative meditation on literature, ethics, and the experience of the French in World War II.
Inelastic hot-electron Bloch scattering from quantum-confined systems

Abstract The phenomena of electric field-assisted inelastic Bloch-electron scattering from an atomically confined bound-state electron is reported. A novel formalism for treating Bloch electron dynamics and quantum transport in electric fields of arbitrary strength and time dependence is utilized. The two-electron inelastic scattering rate obtained herein shows an electric field-dependent broadening; as a novel addition, the calculated scattering rate includes an explicit dependence on band structure, predicting a strong influence from band non-parabolicity and anisotropy.
Molecular characterization of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes that are differentially expressed and induced by iron deficiency in Populus

Two Populus bHLH genes ( PtFIT and PtIRO ) were cloned and characterized. The iron deficiency tolerance may be regulated by the PtFIT -dependent response pathway in Populus. Five orthologs of eight Arabidopsis basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes responding to iron deficiency in Populus were analyzed. Open reading frame (ORF) regions of two bHLH genes (PtFIT and PtIRO) were isolated from the iron deficiency tolerant (PtG) and susceptible (PtY) genotypes of Populus tremula ‘Erecta’. Gene sequence analyses showed that each of the two genes was identical in PtG and PtY. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PtFIT was clustered with the bHLH genes regulating iron deficiency responses, while PtIRO was clustered with another group of the bHLH genes regulating iron deficiency responses in a FIT-independent pathway. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that PtFIT was only detected in the root among all tested tissues, while PtIRO was rarely detected in all tested tissues. Real-time PCR showed that PtFIT was up-regulated in roots under the iron-deficient condition. A higher level of PtFIT transcripts was detected in PtG than in PtY. Pearson Correlation Coefficient calculations indicated a strong positive correlation (r = 0.94) between PtFIT and PtIRT1 in PtG. It suggests that the iron deficiency tolerance of PtG may be regulated by the PtFIT-dependent response pathway. The PtFIT-transgenic poplar plants had an increased expression level of PtFIT and PtIRT1 responding to iron deficiency. One PtFIT-transgenic line (TL2) showed enhanced iron deficiency tolerance with higher chlorophyll content and Chl a/b ratio under iron deficiency than the control plants, indicating that PtFIT is involved in iron deficiency response in Populus. The results would provide useful information to understand iron deficiency response mechanisms in woody species.
Thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinusduring infancy

Early diagnosis of thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus during life is possible ifconsidered in infants with severe infection and dehydration who develop the sudden onset of central nervous system manifestations. The finding of blood-tinged xanthochromic spinal fluid with elevated protein content and increased pressure suggests the presence of superior longitudinal sinus thrombosis. Two instances of this lesion in infants are presented. Pulmonary arterial emboli, probably dislodged from the sinus thrombus, were found in the second patient.
Multibody Dynamics Modeling of Segmented Booms of the Mars Express Spacecraft

We provide an independent modeling and dynamic analysis of the antenna segmented booms deployed on the Mars Express Spacecraft. The Mars Express Spacecraft, built by the ESA, was launched in June 2003 and arrived at Mars in December 2003 to begin a four-year study of the planet’s atmosphere, surface, and subsurface. The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Mapping is a key instrument in the search for water on Mars. Our objective was to determine the antenna’s dynamic interaction with the spacecraft bus. Numerical simulations of a model of the spacecraft in the perigee phase of its elliptical Mars orbit were performed, with all booms fully deployed and reaction wheels used to both disturb and control the spacecraft attitude. The simulation results verify the antenna system modeling fidelity and provide data on worst-case dynamic interactions between the flexible booms and the spacecraft bus that demonstrates the dynamic compatibility with the spacecraft.
Laryngeal reinnervation with the hypoglossal nerve: II. Clinical evaluation and early patient experience.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine whether the hypoglossal nerve (XII) can serve as a suitable donor for human laryngeal reinnervation. Study Design Prospective, nonrandomized. Methods Measurements were made on patients undergoing open neck procedures to determine the length of XII available and that required to perform XII–recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) anastomosis. The morbidity of combined XII and RLN injuries was studied using temporary lidocaine block of the ipsilateral XII in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). A pilot series of patients with UVFP who underwent XII-RLN reinnervation was evaluated for morbidity of the procedure, and for improvement in voice and swallowing. Results In 89 necks the average available length of XII was 2 cm less than that needed to reach the larynx, indicating the RLN stump must be at least 3 cm to allow tension-free anastomosis. Twenty-five patients with untreated UVFP underwent temporary lidocaine block of XII; 8 had slight changes in their speech, none had increased aspiration. Nine patients underwent XII-RLN reinnervation. Postoperative speech analysis correlated well with the findings of the temporary lidocaine block of XII. One-year follow-up of five patients showed excellent voice quality, resolution of any preoperative aspiration, and minimal morbidity. Slight adductory movement of the reinnervated vocal fold was seen during tongue thrust. Electromyography confirmed substantial polyphasic action potentials in the thyroarytenoid muscle. Conclusions The hypoglossal nerve is a very suitable donor for reinnervation of patients with UVFP. There should be enough length for primary XII-RLN anastomosis in most patients. Donor site morbidity is acceptable. Preoperative lidocaine block of XII is a good predictor of actual donor site morbidity and could be used to assess patients undergoing facial-hypoglossal anastomosis as well.
Millimetre-wave (39 GHz) fibre-wireless transmission of broadband multichannel compressed digital video

The advantages of a millimetre-wave fibre link in a broadband fibre-wireless system architecture are described. Multichannel digital video has been successfully transmitted over a 39 GHz fibre-wireless link.
Prospective analysis of mental status progression in ethanol-intoxicated patients

Abstract Distinguishing patients with uncomplicated ethanol intoxication from intoxicated patients with other causes of mental status depression is a common clinical dilemma. The authors serially tested mental status in a group of ethanol-intoxicated patients to determine the interval over which mental status changes could be attributed to uncomplicated intoxication. Study patients were identified by (1) admission breath ethanol ≥100 mg/dL; (2) ethanol-related impairment necessitating further observation or treatment; and (3) not critically ill or exhibiting focal neurologic signs. Mental status scores (sums of specific indices of alertness, orlentation, and agitation) were determined initially, 1 hour after arrival, then every 2 hours. Causes of mental status depression other than acute intoxication were diagnosed in 16 patients, while another 18 failed to completely normalize mental status by the time of emergency department discharge or hospital admission. The remaining 71 with uncomplicated ethanol intoxication required (mean ± SD) 3.2 ± 3.6 hours to normalize mental status scores. A large proportion, however, took considerably longer to normalize mental status: 15 (21%) took 7 or more hours, and three (4%) took as long as 11 hours. Although patients with ethanol-associated depression of mental status lasting 3 hours after emergency department admission should be carefully evaluated for other causes of mental status abnormalities, the author's observations indicate considerable individual variation in the duration of mental status depression caused by uncomplicated ethanol intoxication.