cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the hydrological history of a temporary pond from chemical and microscopic characterization of siliceous microfossils

The hydrological history of a temporary pond in South Carolina was inferred from a 5500-year record of siliceous microfossils, including diatoms, freshwater sponge spicules, chrysophyte cysts, plates of testate amoebae and plant phytoliths. Microfossil abundance was estimated by microscopic quantification of siliceous particles and by chemical extractions of silica. Diatom, sponge and mineral particle volumes were correlated with silica concentrations attributable to these fractions. Both techniques suggested a sequence of four distinct community types. Basal sediments (4630–5520 14C YBP) containing phytoliths and sponge spicules indicative of a wetland community were covered by sediments dominated by the remains of planktonic protists (3750–4630 14C YBP) suggesting a transition from a vegetated marsh to an open-water, permanently flooded pond. Microfossil assemblages above this zone indicate the return of a wetland community ca. 3750 YBP that persisted until recently, when pond water levels stabilized as a result of seepage from a reservoir constructed nearby in 1985. This study suggests that the suite of siliceous microfossils commonly found in pond sediments can be used to infer historical alternations between macrophyte and plankton-dominated states in shallow basins. Regional climate inferences from this record include a mid-Holocene hydrological maximum and the onset of the modern climate ca. 3500 YBP.
PUNISHMENT WITHOUT REASON: Isolating Retribution in Lay Punishment of Criminal Offenders

Research has suggested that criminal punishment decisions are driven primarily by retribution and that retributive judgments are achieved by a process of abstract moral reasoning. However, problems with construct validity limit confidence in these conclusions. Study 1 (N 254) used experimentally manipulated vignettes to isolate retributive motives. Participants’ sentencing recommendations were strongly provoked by indices of retribution (criminal intent) even when the most common consequentialist reasons for punishment (offender dangerousness and publicity of punishment) were minimized. In an exploratory fashion, Study 2 (N 49) used a semistructured interview to examine whether participants would persist in punishing a hypothetical offender without explicit reasons. Participants persisted in their original punishment judgments even when unable to justify the reasons for these judgments. These results increase confidence that lay punishment is motivated by retribution, but also suggest that this motive may be better explained by fallible, heuristic processes than by abstract moral reasoning. Implications for legal policy are discussed.
An Analysis of Senior U.S. Advertising Executives' Perceptions of Internet Communication Benefits

Abstract This study empirically examined current perceptions of internet capabilities for marketing and marketing communications among senior advertising professionals in the United States through an email survey of senior advertising agency executives. Overall opinion about internet use as a marketing tool was highly positive. Factor analysis identified six specific internet benefit dimensions: Cost/Time Efficiency, Customer Orientation, Customer Interactivity, Promotional Use, Personal Contact Replacement, and a more general benefit—Overall Value of Internet in Marketing. While Customer Orientation and Customer Responsiveness benefits were seen as significant drivers of future web site activity by clients, Cost/Time Efficiency and Customer Orientation were seen as significantly contributing to a company's competitive business edge. Managerial implications are that, at present, senior agency personnel are more confident about the internet's role in business building rather than brand building, and consid...
GENOMIC STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF A Q‐LIKE GENE IN THE GRC‐GIC REGION OF THE RAT

In the rat homologue of the mouse Q/TL region, grc-G/C, a TL-like gene (RT1.N) has been identified recently. This paper reports on a Q-like gene, designated RT1.0, that maps in the same region. It contains a 5' untranslated region (UT), signal peptide, alpha 3 domain, transmembrane region, cytoplasmic domain (three exons) and 3'UT region. Comparison with mouse class-I genes shows that the greatest similarity is to the H-2Q, K, D and L genes; it is very different from the TL genes of the mouse and rat. A sequence that includes many CT repeats occurs in the 3'UT region of RT1.0 and in three to five other class I-hybridizing fragments. Thus, the MHC-linked region of the rat contains both Q-like and TL-like class-I genes.
Relative Roles of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems in the Carotid Sinus Reflex in Dogs

Electrical stimulation effects of carotid sinus on sinus rate and atrioventricular conduction for vagi and sympathetic nerves interruption to heart in dogs
Current State of Military Hybrid Vehicle Development

Hybrid vehicles are common in the marketplace for passenger cars and commercial applications such as delivery trucks and transit busses. One of the biggest justifications for hybrids is their fuel efficiency. With fuel costs as high as $100 per litre in the battle field it is remarkable that there are no deployed hybrid military vehicles. This is not due to a lack of investment in research and development, since much work has been done. The goal of this survey paper is to summarise past research in both the commercial and government sectors towards achieving a military hybrid vehicle and provide recommendations for a path forward. Special attention is given to drive cycles and the unique requirements that impact military hybrid vehicle design.
Selection of fully processed HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein is required for optimal nucleic acid chaperone activity in reverse transcription.

Abstract The mature HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) is generated by sequential proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins containing additional C-terminal peptides: NCp15 (NCp7-spacer peptide 2 (SP2)-p6); and NCp9 (NCp7-SP2). Here, we compare the nucleic acid chaperone activities of the three proteins, using reconstituted systems that model the annealing and elongation steps in tRNA Lys3 -primed (−) strong-stop DNA synthesis and subsequent minus-strand transfer. The maximum levels of annealing are similar for all of the proteins, but there are important differences in their ability to facilitate reverse transcriptase (RT)-catalyzed DNA extension. Thus, at low concentrations, NCp9 has the greatest activity, but with increasing concentrations, DNA synthesis is significantly reduced. This finding reflects NCp9's strong nucleic acid binding affinity (associated with the highly basic SP2 domain) as well as its slow dissociation kinetics, which together limit the ability of RT to traverse the nucleic acid template. NCp15 has the poorest activity of the three proteins due to its acidic p6 domain. Indeed, mutants with alanine substitutions for the acidic residues in p6 have improved chaperone function. Collectively, these data can be correlated with the known biological properties of NCp9 and NCp15 mutant virions and help to explain why mature NC has evolved as the critical cofactor for efficient virus replication and long-term viral fitness.
Effects of Mg2+ on activation of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase by Na+1☆

Abstract The effects of MgCl2 on Na activation of three different enzymatic reactions catalyzed by a rat brain (Na + K)-dependent ATPase (adenosine 5′-triphosphatase) were studied. For the Na+-dependent ATPase reaction measured with 6 μ m ATP, the K0.5 for Na increased from 0.4 to 1.7 m m as the MgCl2 concentration was raised from 50 to 2000 μ m ; the half-maximal effect occurred at a free Mg2+ concentration near 0.8 m m . By contrast, with 3 m m ATP and 3 m m MgCl2 the K0.5 for Na was again 0.4 m m , but further addition of 2 m m MgCl2 then had little effect on the K0.5 for Na. For the Na-dependent phosphorylation of the enzyme, measured with 6 μ m ATP, the K0.5 for Na increased similarly, from 0.2 to 0.8 mM, as the MgCl2 concentration was raised from 50 to 2000 μ m , but for the (Na + K)-dependent ATPase reaction the K0.5 for Na was 13 m m and increased by only one-third as the MgCl2 concentration was raised. The K0.5 for K was also little affected by changes in MgCl2 concentration. Finally, with 3 m m ATP and 3 m m MgCl2 the K0.5 for Na in the (Na + K)-dependent ATPase reaction decreased to 5 m m . These observations are considered in terms of an enzyme having high-affinity and low-affinity substrate sites, with occupancy of the low-affinity sites modifying Na activation differently, depending both on the specific reaction catalyzed and on whether occupancy is by free Mg2+ or by Mg-ATP.
Prospects for a Contemporary Republicanism

My discussion of the prospects for a contemporary republicanism will revolve around, primarily, Philip Pettit's Republicanism and, secon darily, J?rgen Habermas's The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere.1 Pettit and Habermas may be understood as describing how the conceptions of certain central concepts in political philosophy, in particu lar, conceptions expressing ideals associated with the republican tradition, were transformed with the expansion of the citizenry in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Their interest in the matter is more than historical. For both Pettit and Habermas, the pre-transformation world espoused attractive ideals which were lost in the post-transformation world, and indeed are lost in our contemporary world. Beyond their his torical interest is a concern for the viability of reinstating republican conceptions of those ideals in our contemporary political culture. In this paper, I would like to ask and answer the following two sets of questions, mostly as they pertain to Pettit's republicanism.2 First: what are the prospects for a contemporary republicanism, given the sources of the modern demise of traditional republicanism? Have these ideologies been relaxed or intensified in our contemporary culture and political phi losophy? If they have not been relaxed, how will a contemporary repub licanism succeed where its traditional counterpart failed? Second: what does it mean to say that a contemporary republicanism is able to cope with an expansion of the citizenry, in a way that its traditional counterpart could not? How do different understandings of this idea bear on the prospects for a contemporary republicanism?
Adsorption Behavior of Germanium(IV) on Branched-saccharide Chitosan Derivatives

Branched-saccharide-chitosan resins and beads selectively adsorbed germanium(IV) from aqueous solutions containing semimetals over the range of weakly acidic to basic media by a batch method. The chitosan derivatives had large adsorption capacities of up to about 2 mmol g -1 . On the other hand, by a column method, the chitosan derivatives adsorbed both germanium(IV) and boron. However, when a mixture of germanium(IV) and boron was applied to the column, boron, initially adsorbed on the column, was gradually substituted by germanium(IV), and was finally eluted. The germanium(IV), adsorbed on the column, was almost quantitatively recovered by elution with hydrochloric acid.
The role of CD40 ligand and tumor necrosis factor α signaling in the transgenic K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis

Objective Spontaneous arthritis in the KRN transgenic mouse (K/BxN) model is due to the autoreactivity of the transgenic T cell receptor and subsequent induction of autoantibodies directed against glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI). This study sought to analyze the potential of anti–CD40 ligand (anti-CD40L) and anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) antibodies in preventing and treating arthritis in this murine model. Methods Groups of K/BxN mice were injected with anti-CD40L and anti-TNFα antibodies during various stages of arthritis. Disease was assessed by clinical scoring, measurements of paw swelling, and histology. The results were correlated with the levels of autoantibodies in the serum, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Anti-CD40L antibody treatment was able to diminish significantly the arthritis development in K/BxN mice when given a week before the onset of clinically apparent disease. However, no effect on disease was seen when the antibodies were administered after clinical onset. Surprisingly, neutralizing anti-TNFα antibodies were unable to prevent arthritis in K/BxN mice. The success of antibody treatment in preventing disease correlated with low levels of anti–G6PI antibodies in the serum. Conclusion These results suggest that anti-CD40L treatment can prevent arthritis development in a model of immunoglobulin-mediated arthritis, but anti-TNFα treatment cannot. The unsuccessful treatment of established disease was possibly due to the continued presence of autoreactive antibodies in the arthritic mice.
The Decomposition Mechanisms and Thermal Stability of ZDOL Lubricant on Hydrogenated Carbon Overcoats

Tribo-chemical studies of the head/disk interface (HDI) were conducted using hydrogenated (CH x ) carbon disk samples coated with perfluoropolyether ZDOL lubricant. The studies involved drag tests with uncoated and carbon-coated Al 2 O 3 -TiC sliders and thermal desorption experiments in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) tribochamber. The friction and catalytic decomposition mechanisms as well as the thermal behavior of ZDOL are described, and data demonstrating the chemical reactions of the lubricant and carbon overcoat are also presented. During the sliding at the carbon-coated slider/ZDOL lubricated CH x disk interface, frictional heating is the primary decomposition mechanism of ZDOL.
Moving beyond the Russian‐American Ghetto: The Fiction of Keith Gessen and Michael Idov

In the wake of Gary Shteyngart's novel The Russian Debutante's Handbook (2002), Russian-American immigrant fiction written in English has enjoyed an unprecedented boom in recent years. At the same time, a certain weariness seems to have settled in among some of the providers of these narratives. How can an immigrant author avoid being confined to an ethnic niche? This article explores this question by analyzing the work of two Russian-American authors, Keith Gessen (b. 1975 in Moscow) and Michael Idov (b. 1976 in Riga), who have been bucking the trend by refusing to openly play the “Russian card,” the “Jewish card,” or the “immigrant card” in their fictional work. As I will argue, their debut novels All the Sad Young Literary Men (2008) and Ground Up (2009) were written in dialogue with and at the same time as an implied repudiation of the currently fashionable literature capitalizing on an author's ethnic identity. As “global Russians” and “cosmopolitan Americans,” Gessen and Idov tap into a reservoir of Russian intellectuality that differs from the usual focus on Russian-Jewish cliches and the stereotypical narrative of immigrant hardship. In doing so, they may be charting a possible future for Russian-American literature that is moving beyond the ethnic ghetto.
Manufacture of nonfat yogurt from a high milk protein powder.

Nonfat yogurts were manufactured from skim milk fortified with a new high milk protein powder. The powder, containing approximately 84% milk protein, was added to skim milk to obtain 5.2 to 11.3% total protein, 11.1 to 15% total solids, and 1.6 to 7.9% lactose in the yogurt mix. Mixes were homogenized, pasteurized at 90 degrees C for 10 min, and fermented with a yogurt culture at 42 degrees C to pH 4.6. Controls were made from the same skim milk fortified with NDM to approximately 14% total solids. Yogurts made with the protein powder and containing 5.6% protein were similar in firmness to the control and had good flavor when fresh and after 2 wk of storage. Yogurts with more than 5.6% protein were too firm and had an astringent flavor. Acetaldehyde content of all yogurts was comparable with that of the control, and fat content ranged from .18 to .33%. As the protein content of yogurts increased, the porosity of yogurts, as seen by scanning electron microscopy, decreased. Good quality nonfat yogurts can be produced by supplementing skim milk with a high milk protein powder up to 5.6% protein. The added protein assists in providing a firm body and minimal whey separation without the use of stabilizers.
Radioactive Isotopes of Ga and Ge

The radioactive germanium isotope of 1.65-day half-life has been produced by $\mathrm{Zn}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$, $\mathrm{Ga}(d,2n)$, and $\mathrm{Ge}(n,2n)$ reactions, but not by deuteron bombardment of germanium. This isotope is reassigned and placed at ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{69}$. It decays with emission of positrons, x-rays, and gamma-rays. No evidence for the existence of the 195-day period has been found at ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{69}$ by deuteron bombardment of gallium. The characteristic x-ray lines of gallium from decay activity of the 11.4-day ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{71}$ have been photographed by a curved crystal camera. Deuteron bombardment of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{76}$, enriched electromagnetically to 70 percent, has given no evidence of a 9-day period at ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{74}$. The half-life of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{75}$, produced by fast neutron bombardment of arsenic, is 1.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 hours. The half-life of ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{67}$, produced by alpha-particle bombardment of zinc, is 3.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 days.
An experimental technique to study impulse-wave propagation in materials

Summary A reliable experimental technique designed to study impulse-wave propagation in materials is described. This technique uses a mechanical shaker to subject vertically mounted cylindrical specimens to impulsive forces. The method is applicable to the study of impulse-wave propagation in cylindrical specimens when the length of the pulse is great compared to the diameter of the specimen, and the material is not stressed beyond its proportional elastic limit. The procedure is particularly suited for biomechanical measurements in which the specimen is to be subjected to repeated impulsive loading. Shockabsorption capacity of bone joints can be studied with this setup. The apparatus can also be used for modal analysis.
A modified melting model for plastifying extruders

The extursion melting model of Tadmor et al. (1967) has been modified to include the effects of screw channel curvature and melt leakage through the screw flight-barrel clearance. An alternate coordinate system was used in modifying the model to simplify the addition of curvature corrections. Also proposed is an improved method of computing solid bed velocity. A substantial number of typographical errors and truncations appeared in the original data published by Tadmor et al., and verification of their computations with corrected data was successful in all cases. Channel curvature corrections and the improved method of computing solid bed velocity increased the predicted rate of solid bed width decrease by approximately 14% during the initial stages of melting. Addition of leakage flow to the model tended to offset this effect completely or in part. Leakage flow effects always predominated during the later stages of melting, however. These effects may interact differently for other extruder sizes or screw designs; therefore, the modified melting model should be a more accurate model for use in the design of extruder screws and in studies of extruder performance.
On Nonexistence of Algebraic Curve Solutions to Second-order Polynomial Autonomous Systems Over the Complex Field

In this paper, by using the method of algebraic analysis, the results in our previous work are generalized. These results are of importance in the qualitative theory of polynomial autonomous systems.
Inferences of mental illness from noninvolvement

These studies continue the exploration of variables related to a person's use of the mental illness categorization. The central concern in the present studies was the effect of perceived variation in a target person's level of involvement in a social situation. While a low level of involvement, as portrayed in videotaped scenarios, prompts attribution of mental illness, other features of implicit personality theories also relate to greater or lesser attribution of mental illness. Those participants who gave evidence of having attributed lower levels of involvement, regardless of filmed information, also attributed higher levels of mental illness. Social workers, compared to general population participants, attributed higher levels of mental illness at all levels of target involvement. We discuss the implications of these findings for dissemination and assignment of the mentally ill role.
Bifurcate origin of the long head of the biceps tendon

This report illustrates an anatomic variation of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. A bifurcate tendon origin attaching separately onto the supraglenoid tubercle and the posterosuperior capsulolabral tissue is described. The clinical histories and arthroscopic identification of this anatomic finding observed in 2 patients are reviewed. Recognition of the described anatomic variant at arthroscopy can aid the shoulder surgeon in focusing treatment on the actual pathology and not on aberrant anatomy. Several other anatomic variations in the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii have been previously described. The role of a bifurcate biceps tendon origin in the function of the shoulder is unclear.
Protection against cadmium toxicity and enzyme inhibition by dithiothreitol

In the present in vivo studies the alterations in cation transporting enzymes of the brain, kidney and liver tissues were assessed at intervals between 0 to 48 h after a single, acute (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) dose of cadmium (Cd). The inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase during the first 24 h does not parallel the changes in K+-PNPPase suggesting differential effects on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation steps of the overall ATPase reaction. Between 30 min to 2 h the inhibition in enzyme activity was steep (27 per cent in brain, 54 per cent in liver) followed by a rapid reversal between 2-6 h. This critical period may correspond to the time of induction of metallothionein. This enzyme reversal was followed by a significant decrease in Na+-K+ ATPase (40-68 per cent) and K+-PNPPase (44-60 per cent) between 24 to 48 h. A similar pattern was observed in Ca2+-ATPase in all the three tissues. A 33 per cent mortality was observed in rats after 48 h of cadmium challenge. Administration of dithiothreitol (DTT, 20 mg kg-1, i.p.) to CdCl2 pretreated rats at 24 h resulted in mortality reduced from 33 per cent to 0 and reversal in the inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase in brain and kidney and Ca2+-ATPase in brain. Since protection of brain and kidney enzymes by DTT paralleled its protection against Cd toxicity, their inhibition by Cd may, in part, constitute the biochemical basis of Cd toxicity.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells

Transcription of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene is one of the earliest events that occurs after stimulation of B or T cells via their antigen receptors. Antibody directed at surface immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) on B cells has previously been shown to induce a rapid burst of TNF-alpha gene transcription, which can be blocked by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. Here, TNF-alpha gene transcription is shown also to be highly and rapidly induced in human B cells after stimulation via the CD40 and interleukin 4 pathways, which similarly is inhibited by CsA and a panel of CsA or FK506 analogues that block calcineurin phosphatase activity. Endogenous TNF-alpha produced after stimulation was involved in B-cell proliferation since anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody inhibited both anti-Ig- and anti-CD40-induced B-cell proliferative responses. Moreover, addition of TNF-alpha during stimulation resulted in augmentation of B-cell proliferation, which was also inhibited by anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody. Although lymphotoxin alpha (LT-alpha) mRNA is induced by both pathways, it is not blocked by CsA, whereas LT-beta mRNA is constitutively expressed in B cells. Thus, TNF-alpha is a necessary autocrine growth factor for human B cells stimulated via two independent CsA-sensitive pathways and plays a role similar to that of interleukin 2 in T-cell proliferation. The autocrine nature of TNF-alpha in activated B cells implies a potential role for this cytokine in infection-related polyclonal B-cell expansion and in B-cell malignancies.
Heat transfer to blood vessels

Heat transfer to individual blood vessels has been investigated in three configurations: a single vessel, two vessels in counterflow, and a single vessel near the skin surface. For a single vessel the Graetz number is the controlling parameter. The arterioles, capillaries, and venules have very low Graetz numbers, Gz < 0.4, and act as perfect heat exchangers in which the blood quickly reaches the tissue temperature. The large arteries and veins with Graetz numbers over 10(3) have virtually no heat exchange with the tissue, and blood leaves them at near the entering temperature. Heat transfer between parallel vessels in counterflow is influenced most strongly by the relative distance of separation anad by the mass transferred from the artery to the vein along the length. These two effects are of the same order of magnitude, whereas the film coefficients in the blood flow are of significant but lesser importance. The effect of a blood vessel on the temperature distribution of the skin directly above it and on the heat transfer to the environment increases with decreasing depth-to-radius ratio and decreasing Biot number based on radius. The absolute magnitude of these effects is independent of other linear effects, such as internal heat generation or a superimposed one-dimensional heat flux.
Electrophoresis of DNA. II. Specific interactions of univalent and divalent cations with DNA

The effect of small quantities of metal ions on the electrophoretic mobility of calf thymus DNA in solutions maintained at 0.2 ionic strength with weakly interacting (CH3)4N+ ions yields information about interactions occurring in a region very close to the polymer chain. By means of this technique, it is demonstrated that the binding order to DNA is Li+ > Na+ > K+ for the alkali metal ions and Mn++ > Mg ++ > Ca++ for the divalent ions studied. The quantitative details are compared to earlier work on the long-chain polyphosphates. Close agreement between the two systems is obtained indicating that an intrinsic property of individual phosphate groups is being observed and that minor discrepancies probably arise from secondary factors. Three types of stability constants representing the binding of alkali metal ions to DNA are calculated and although differing in absolute magnitude, they all satisfactorily represent the result that the order of interaction is Li+ > Na+ > K+ with respective relative strengths of 1.5 : 1 : 0.8.
Propargyl from the reaction of singlet methylene with acetylene

The technique of infrared kinetic spectroscopy has been used to study the production of propargyl radical from the reaction of singlet methylene with acetylene. The rate constant for this product channel was determined to be (3.5 ± 0.7) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 295 K, measured relative to the known rate for 1CH2 with H2 or CH4. Methylene was produced in the singlet state by excimer laser photolysis of ketene at 308 nm in the presence of acetylene and either H2 or CH4. Reaction of 1CH2 with acetylene produces propargyl, and reaction of 1CH2 with either H2 or CH4 produces CH3. The intensity of a propargyl infrared absorption line was compared with that of a methyl infrared absorption line, and the rate of formation of propargyl was determined from the ratio of these two intensities and the known rate of reaction of singlet methylene with H2 (or CH4) to produce CH3. The relative peak infrared absorption cross sections of methyl and propargyl were calibrated under the conditions of the experiment by phot...
Sub-Bergman Hilbert spaces

In this paper we analyze sub-Bergman Hilbert spaces in the unit disk associated with finite Blaschke products. We also analyze their analogues in weighted Bergman spaces.
Cloning and expression of an adenylyl cyclase localized to the corpus striatum.

THE neurotransmitter dopamine acts through various receptor subtypes that are largely associated with enhancement or inhibition of adenylyl cyclases1,2. These dopamine-sensitive adenylyl cyclases are highly concentrated in the corpus striatum and associated limbic structures of the brain, where their levels exceed by orders of magnitude3,4 those in other areas of the brain. Here we use in situ hybridization to show that messenger RNA for three of these adenylyl cyclases5–7 is not found in the corpus striatum. We have isolated and expressed a complementary DNA encoding new adenylyl cyclase whose selective concentration in the corpus striatum indicates that it may be responsible for the synaptic actions of dopamine.
S35 taurine metabolism in normal and mongoloid individuals.

SummaryThe metabolism of S35 taurine has been studied in normal individuals and mongols. The latter contains a group that excretes very low amounts of urinary taurine and urine from these individuals yields radiograms similar to those obtained from fasting normal individuals. These radiograms are characterized by the appearance of taurine metabolites in relatively greater amounts than taurine itself. In contrast, normal individuals after a meal produce patterns characterized by large taurine peaks compared to taurine metabolites. When administered loads of taurine, the low excretors among the mongols excrete much less of the load than do higher excretors. The low excretors behave as if deficient in body taurine.
Synthesis and characterization of high coercivity rare-earth ion doped Sr0.9RE0.1Fe10Al2O19 (RE: Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd)

Abstract Influence of replacing Sr 2+ ions by rare-earth ions (RE 3+ ) ions on the structural and magnetic properties of high coercivity ( H c ) SrFe 10 Al 2 O 19 hexaferrite have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, and SQUID. A 73% increase in intrinsic coercivity is observed for Al 3+ doped SrFe 10 Al 2 O 19 as compared to that of pure SrFe 12 O 19 . The RE 3+ doping brings in further 50% increase in the coercivity to Sr 0.9 RE 0.1 FeAl l2 O 19 . Overall the Curie temperature of Sr 0.9 RE 0.1 Fe 10 Al 2 O 19 reduced upon RE 3+ substitution, however, among rare-earth ions Pr 3+ doping showed highest T c ∼ 620 K. Doping SrFe 10 Al 2 O 19 with RE 3+ ions seems to be detrimental to the saturation magnetization but was observed to be favorable to the coercivity enhancement.
Specific binding of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis to the DNA of the histidine operon

Studies were done to examine direct binding of the first enzyme of the histidine biosynthetic pathway (phosphoribosyltransferase) to 32P-labeled phi80dhis DNA and competition of this binding by unlabeled homologous DNA and by various preparations of unlabeled heterologous DNA, including that from a defective phi80 bacteriophage carrying the histidine operon with a deletion of part of its operator region. Our findings show that phosphoribosyltransferase binds specifically to site in or near the regulatory region of the histidine operon. The stability of the complex formed by interaction of the enzyme with the DNA was markedly decreased by the substrates of the enzyme and was slightly increased by the allosteric inhibitor, histidine. These findings are consistent with previous data that indicate that phosphoribosyltransferase plays a role in regulating expression of the histidine operon.
Abstract planning for reactive robots

Hybrid reactive-deliberative architectures in robotics combine reactive sub-policies for fast action execution with goal sequencing and deliberation. The need for replanning, however, presents a challenge for reactivity and hinders the potential for guarantees about the plan quality. In this paper, we argue that one can integrate abstract planning provided by symbolic dynamic programming in first order logic into a reactive robotic architecture, and that such an integration is in fact natural and has advantages over traditional approaches. In particular, it allows the integrated system to spend off-line time planning for a policy, and then use the policy reactively in open worlds, in situations with unexpected outcomes, and even in new environments, all by simply reacting to a state change executing a new action proposed by the policy. We demonstrate the viability of the approach by integrating the FODD-Planner with the robotic DIARC architecture showing how an appropriate interface can be defined and that this integration can yield robust goal-based action execution on robots in open worlds.
Improving Ammonia Emission Modeling and Inventories by Data Mining and Intelligent Interpretation of the National Air Emission Monitoring Study Database

Ammonia emission is one of the greatest environmental concerns in sustainable agriculture development. Several limitations and fundamental problems associated with the current agricultural ammonia emission modeling and emission inventories have been identified. They were associated with a significant disconnection between field monitoring data and knowledge about the data. Comprehensive field measurement datasets have not been fully exploited for scientific research and emission regulations. This situation can be considerably improved if the currently available data are better interpreted and the new knowledge is applied to update ammonia emission modeling techniques. The world’s largest agricultural air quality monitoring database with more than 2.4 billion data points has recently been created by the United States’ National Air Emission Monitoring Study. New approaches of data mining and intelligent interpretation of the database are planned to uncover new knowledge and to answer a series of questions that have been raised. The expected results of this new research idea include enhanced fundamental understanding of ammonia emissions from animal agriculture and improved accuracy and scope in regional and national ammonia emission inventories.
Monoclonal antibody substrates facilitate long-term regenerative growth of adult primate retinal neurons.

A culture system for adult monkey and human retinal cells was developed utilizing monoclonal antibodies as substrates. Monoclonal antibodies were made using monkey retinal membranes as immunogen, and screening for the ability to bind and facilitate growth of dissociated retinal neurons when used as a culture substrate. Two antibodies, MR1 and 9B5, which recognize immunohistochemically distinct cell surface antigens, were found to work effectively as a culture substrate for dissociated monkey retinal cells. A variety of dissociated monkey retinal neurons and glial cells grew extensive processes on MR1 and 9B5, and continued to express cell-specific antigens. In addition, many multipolar neurons remained electrically excitable after several days in culture. Dissociated human retinal cells did not cross-react with MR1 but grew well on 9B5. These results extend previous work showing that antibody substrates can support the growth of neurons derived from other vertebrate species (e.g., neonatal rat, adult salamander). The long-term survival and growth of primate cells in culture supports the current view that neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) may regenerate under permissive circumstances. Further, these data provide evidence that direct support by non-neuronal cells is not required and that regeneration in vitro may be mediated by suitably adhesive non-cellular substrates.
Fault detection and localization in distributed systems using invariant relationships

Recent advances in sensing and communication technologies enable us to collect round-the-clock monitoring data from a wide-array of distributed systems including data centers, manufacturing plants, transportation networks, automobiles, etc. Often this data is in the form of time series collected from multiple sensors (hardware as well as software based). Previously, we developed a time-invariant relationships based approach that uses Auto-Regressive models with eXogenous input (ARX) to model this data. A tool based on our approach has been effective for fault detection and capacity planning in distributed systems. In this paper, we first describe our experience in applying this tool in real-world settings. We also discuss the challenges in fault localization that we face when using our tool, and present two approaches - a spatial approach based on invariant graphs and a temporal approach based on expected broken invariant patterns - that we developed to address this problem.
Diversifying curriculum as the practice of repressive tolerance

Diversifying curriculum is often assumed to be an unequivocal good in higher education—a way of opening up an educational conversation to include the widest possible diversity of perspectives and intellectual traditions. This democratic attempt to be open and inclusive springs from a humanistic concern to have all student voices heard, all experiences analyzed, and all viewpoints honored. Herbert Marcuse's concept of repressive tolerance stands directly against these sentiments. Marcuse argues that an alternative idea, concept or text can be inserted into a curriculum of familiar, mainstream materials in such a way that serves only to underscore the normality of the center while positioning the alternatives as exotic others. As a result, the attempt to diversify actually undercuts the serious consideration of diverse perspectives. This paper explores how this process occurs and suggests how it might be countered.
Stumbling Into Relating: Writing a Relationship With My Father

Father–son relationships can be tricky, often fraught with tension or bogged down in painful shared histories. Writing about these relationships is similarly tricky, and fraught with various tensions. As an accidental ethnographer who follows the organic flow of my own emergent writing—and who wholeheartedly embraces writing into and through communication problems—I have written my way into some messy little corners while writing about others. But I have also stumbled into some intriguing, deep, and powerful relational turning points. In this essay, I stumble into writing my relationship with my father, and thus toward re-writing the terms of our relationship.
Bankrolling racism: "science" and the Pioneer Fund

Abstract Founded by Wickliffe Preston Draper in 1937, the Pioneer Fund has long been the major source of support for researchers who conclude that blacks are genetically less intelligent than whites. The fund’s president, New York attorney Harry F. Weyher, has steadfastly maintained that his only interest has been to promote the advancement of scientific knowledge. Archival records indicate, however, that Weyher, Draper and others connected with the fund have a lengthy history of surreptitiously opposing the extension of constitutional guarantees to black citizens.
Comparison of stored and secreted rat pancreatic digestive enzymes by mass spectrometry: α-amylase

Abstract As part of a continuing effort to better understand the mechanisms of protein secretion, we compared the mass of pancreatic digestive enzymes, in resting and stimulated states, both in secretion and in the zymogen granule to determine whether their secretion is accompanied by chemical modification. Mass spectra were obtained applying the electrospray method on samples separated by reverse-phase HPLC. We report here our results for αmylase (1,4-α- D -glucan glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.1). The data illustrate structural differences between states and compartments for this enzyme. Multiple isozymes were identified from the mass spectra, varying roughly from 52 to 60 kDa. On the basis of mass comparisons, not all of the products seen in the zymogen granule were found in secretion, nor were all secreted isoforms in the granule. Stimulation of protein secretion with a cholinergic agonist, led to time-dependent changes in the number and masses of isoforms in secretion, leaving only one of five resolvable forms in the granule. Only one form, 55.5 kDa, was found in all samples, granule and secretion. In addition to these differences, microheterogeneities of 400 Da or less were observed. The data suggest the differential or non-parallel release of different amylase forms and their chemical modification during the secretion process. As such, release appears to involve a third, intermediate compartment, between zymogen granule to ductal space, such as the cytoplasm, in which chemical modification takes place.
State-space algorithm for multivariable phase matching approximation

In this paper, a set of formulas is presented as the state-space algorithm implementation of the multivariable phase matching approximation problem initiated by Jonckheere and Helton. Both the balanced model reduction and the one-step-at-a-time Hankel reduction versions of the algorithm are provided.
Review of thermal boundary resistance of high-temperature superconductors

Solid-solid thermal boundary resistance plays an important role in the thermal stability of many electronic circuits, microdevices, and superconducting devices. The thermal boundary resistance (R b ) at any interface causes a temperature discontinuity, which can result in heat accumulation on one side of the boundary and raise the temperature much above the stable region, causing device failure. With the advent of high-critical-temperature (high-T c ) superconductors, it is possible to make superconducting devices at practically achievable temperatures. As the current trend goes toward the development of more and more high-Tc superconducting devices, the need for a better understanding of the thermal boundary resistance of high-Tc superconductors becomes mandatory. This paper compiles all the theoretical and experimental work to date onR b in high-Tc superconductors, both in thin-film and bulk forms, and provides a critical review of the cited works. This paper also describes the possible effect of the superconducting state onR b for high-T c superconductors, based on the experiments for both high-Tc and low-Tc bulk superconductors, and a possible explanation for these data based on the existing theory for low-T c superconductors.
PREDICTING STATE ABORTION LEGISLATION FROM U.S. SENATE VOTES: THE EFFECTS OF APPARENT IDEOLOGICAL SHIRKING

The recent Supreme Court decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services giving more discretion to states to regulate abortion has led to speculation concerning which states might move to limit abortions. Medoff (1989) attempts to predict how state legislatures might vote on state-level abortion legislation by examining the 1983 Senate vote on the Hatch/Eagleton Amendment. We expand upon Medoff's analysis by incor- porating recent developments in agency theory as it applies to the political agents (i.e., Senators) in the empirical model. The results demonstrate that accounting for Senatorial “shirking” and state ideology substantially im- proves the predictive ability of the model for the Senate abortion vote. The predicted votes of the state's Senators, after eliminating the effects of apparent Senatorial shirking, are used to infer the likelihood of state-level legislation substantially restricting abortion. We compare these results to a base model that ignores the issue of shirking and find increased predict- ability and several differing results.
Selective internal radiation therapy: quantifying distal penetration and distribution of resin and glass microspheres in a surrogate arterial model.

Abstract Purpose To experimentally investigate the effects of microsphere density and diameter on distal penetration. Materials and Methods A surrogate hepatic arterial system was developed to replicate the hemodynamics (pressures, flow rates, pulsatile flow characteristics) and anatomic geometry (vessel diameters) proximal and distal to the microsphere injection point. A planar tumor model, placed distal to the injection point, allowed visualization of deposited microspheres. Bland resin and glass microspheres, with physical characteristics approximating the characteristics of commercially available products, were injected into the surrogate system. Microsphere type, injection rate, systemic flow rate, and tumor model inclination were varied among tests (glass, n=7; resin, n=6) with replicates for 2 conditions. After injection, 254 micrographs were obtained at previously defined locations throughout the tumor model to document microsphere distributions. Average microsphere distributions and mass measurements of microspheres collected at the tumor outlet were analyzed to quantify distal penetration for each case. Results Across all test conditions, average penetration depths of resin microspheres were higher compared with glass microspheres (45.1 cm ± 11.8 vs 22.3 cm ± 9.9). The analysis of variance indicated that the observed difference between microsphere type (glass vs resin) was significant ( P = .005, df = 1,2). The observed distance means did not differ significantly across flow rate or inclination angle. Conclusions Penetration depths of resin microspheres were significantly higher than penetration depths of glass microspheres in the surrogate hepatic arterial system.
Effects of temperature and volume on intraperitoneal saline-induced changes in blood pressure, nociception, and neural activity in the rostroventral medulla.

Abstract ON and OFF cells of the rostral ventromedial medulla are hypothesized to modulate nociception with ON cells facilitating pain and OFF cells inhibiting pain. The current study analyzed the effects of intraperitoneal saline at different volumes and temperatures on nociception (tail flick reflex), blood pressure, and the activity of ON and OFF cells in lightly anesthetized rats. At large volumes (20 cc/kg), room temperature saline excited 7/11 ON cells and inhibited 10/12 OFF cells for 2–5 min. In contrast, large volumes (20 cc/kg) of body temperature saline (37 °C) excited only 1/10 ON cells and inhibited only 3/13 OFF cells, and small volumes (1–2 cc/kg) of room temperature saline excited only 3/10 ON cells and inhibited only 4/11 OFF cells. Tail flick latency increased following saline administration at large volumes with a significant effect of time, but not temperature. The excitation of ON cells and inhibition of OFF cells indicate that cold intraperitoneal saline could be painful and the increase in tail flick latency may indicate a diffuse noxious inhibitory control. It is also possible that the changes in ON and OFF cell activity caused a hyperalgesia that was masked by a simultaneous hypoalgesia that was mediated independent of the ON and OFF cells. Because intraperitoneal saline may produce pain or hyperalgesia, care should be used when saline is used experimentally or clinically.
Plasma corticosterone levels during extinction of a lever-press response in hippocampectomized rats.

Abstract Male Long-Evans rats with bilateral lesions of the hippocampus or of the cortex overlying the hippocampus and unoperated rats were trained to lever press for water reinforcement on a continuous reinforcement schedule, and then extinguished. The hippocampectomized animals responded at higher rates than controls during early acquisition sessions, the difference decreasing over training and increasing again during extinction. Plasma levels of corticosterone were determined in the resting (non-stressed) state on ad lib and deprivation watering schedules, and following ether anesthesia, exposure to a novel environment, a reinforced operant session and the first extinction operant session. The results indicated that hippocampal lesions produced by aspiration cause no essential deficit in pituitary-adrenal function. However, the hippocampectomized rats failed to exhibit the normal elevation of plasma corticosterone during the first extinction session. This finding contradicts proposals that hippocampectomy increases the frustrative-emotional response to unmet reward expectancies. It is supportive of attentional process theories of hippocampal function.