cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The United States and the International Court of Justice: Coping with Antinomies

Since 1946, the United States has had an uneasy relationship with the International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court or Court). This chapter addresses certain salient aspects of that relationship. Following an introductory Part I, Part II briefly sets forth three "antinomies" (i.e. equally rational but conflicting principles) in U.S. foreign relations that have had important ramifications for the U.S. relationship with the Court from the outset. First, the United States operates on the basis of conflicting principles with respect to the relevance of international law and institutions for U.S. foreign policy. These conflicting principles have been referred to broadly in international relations theory as "realism" and "institutionalism." Second, the United States operates on the basis of conflicting principles with respect to whether states should be treated as equal sovereigns or as units characterized by inescapable power differentials. Third, the United States operates on the basis of conflicting principles with respect to whether international law should be "embedded" in U.S. law, including the manner in which international courts relate to U.S. law. Part III suggests that the International Court was initially designed to accommodate such antinomies (which also exist with respect to other states, to varying degrees) by providing the means for mediating between these conflicting principles. These techniques for mediating antinomies are discussed in the context of the history of the U.S. relationship with the Court from its inception to modern times. Part IV then briefly highlights the unfolding of these antimonies in some of the recent cases of the United States before the Court, with particular attention to the Oil Platforms case, the Israeli Wall advisory opinion, and the Breard/LaGrand/Avena cases. Among other things, Part V suggests that certain formal and informal means for mediating these antimonies may have been forgotten in the past twenty years, leading to a point where the Court readily finds fault in the United States and the United States holds the Court in very low regard. The chapter concludes that these antinomies are unlikely to be resolved through the further development of formal or informal mediating techniques. In the near term, American policymakers will seek to avoid any involvement in matters before the Court, while the Court will embrace opportunities to speak to the legality of U.S. actions.
A Review of Taxation Regulatory Documents Issued in the Period of June-July 2014

The Main Trends of the Budget Policy for 2015 and the Planning Period of 2016 and 2017 deserves a particular emphasis in reviewing the above period. This is the first detailed analytical document concerning the current situation and development prospects of the Russian economy facing economic sanctions. The following short-run trends of Russia’s economic policy are reflected in the document: the Russian Government intends to complete funding of a great deal of federal target programs, focusing efforts on those federal target programs which the Government considers relevant against sanctions aimed at increasing political and economic isolation of Russia, as well as due to the FIFA World Football Cup 2018 to be held in Russia; following a long period of financial stability, clear signs of impending problems caused by having to honor the obligations announced the Presidential Decrees issued in May 2014 have emerged against the backdrop of weakening financial potential, which results in reallocation of financial resources in the society for the benefit of the largest financial monopolies, namely banks established by the Russian Federation or the Central Bank of Russia (in particular, Vnesheconombank, Sberbank or Russia); the share of state debt as percentage of GDP is growing; financial support policies even more look like a hidden money issue; a few of the policies proposed in The Main Trends of the Budget Policy can be qualified as hidden and express hardening of the tax burden upon manufacturers and individuals in face of promises to keep the taxation rules intact until 2018; besides, wages of civil servants will see outstripping growth rates, which is quite a natural solution for an authoritarian mode of governance, with a view to ensuring loyalty and surveillance of government employees in a volatile economic environment.
Another way of saying enough: environmental concern and popular mobilization in Kyrgyzstan

This article is a foray into the understudied issue of environmental protest politics in Central Asia. Specifically, it uses Kyrgyzstan as a case study to test the argument that environmental concerns mobilized people to engage in protest and in ways different from other kinds of protest. This essay presents the first systematic study of public opinion about the environment in Kyrgyzstan. It includes results from a 2009 nationwide survey, over 100 expert and elite interviews, and newspaper content analysis. Furthermore, it spatially analyzes these results to identify geographical variation in public perception and political event occurrence patterns. Protest engagement is a complex process determined by the interaction of several factors, and is not explained solely by affluence, rationality, or grievances. Eco-mobilization – collective political action about the environment – represents a class of protest events that offers a different view into mass discontent in the former Soviet Union and neo-patrimon...
Persistent threat pattern discovery

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a complex (Advanced) cyber-attack (Threat) against specific targets over long periods of time (Persistent) carried out by nation states or terrorist groups with highly sophisticated levels of expertise to establish entries into organizations, which are critical to a country's socio-economic status. The key identifier in such persistent threats is that patterns are long term, could be high priority, and occur consistently over a period of time. This paper focuses on identifying persistent threat patterns in network data, particularly data collected from Intrusion Detection Systems. We utilize Association Rule Mining (ARM) to detect persistent threat patterns on network data. We identify potential persistent threat patterns, which are frequent but at the same time unusual as compared with the other frequent patterns.
Stereoscopic acuity and horizontal angular distance from fixation.

The threshold of stereopsis (mean deviation in sec of arc) of three observers was measured at 2° intervals from 8° right to 8° left in the horizontal meridian of the binocular field. A simple two-point target, along with a binocular fixation point, was presented by use of a mirror haploscope. Disparity was introduced by varying the separation of the two peripheral points in one eye. Judgments of the relative depth of the two binocular peripheral points, were based on these disparity cues. The data show a decrease of stereoscopic acuity as a function of horizontal offset. There is a slight discontinuity in the curve, near 4° to 6°, which may correspond to a rod–cone density change.
Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the Processed Meat of Chesapeake Bay Blue Crabs

A method for the recovery of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafoods is described. By this procedure, a total of 56 biochemically positive cultures of V. parahaemolyticus were recovered from market samples of Chesapeake Bay processed blue crab (cooked, picked, packed, and refrigerated meat). All of the isolates were tested serologically, and 22 strains were serotyped according to the schema of Sakazaki as follows: K3, K5, K28, K31, K36, K37, K39, K43, and K44. These results indicate the broad distribution of these specific serotypes in a seafood harvested from the Chesapeake Bay.
CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVISED DSM‐5 DEFINITION OF AGORAPHOBIA IN TREATMENT‐SEEKING ANXIOUS YOUTH

Background In DSM-5, the agoraphobia core symptom criterion has been revised to require fear about multiple situations from across at least two distinct domains in which escape might be difficult or panic-like symptoms might develop. The present study examined patterns and correlates of the recent change in a sample of anxious youth with symptom presentations consistent with the DSM-IV agoraphobia definition and/or specific phobia (SP) to consider how the recent diagnostic change impacts the prevalence and composition of agoraphobia in children and adolescents. Method Analyses (N = 151) evaluated impairment and correlates of agoraphobic youth who no longer meet the DSM-5 agoraphobia criteria relative to agoraphobic youth who do meet the new DSM-5 criteria. Secondary analyses compared agoraphobic youth not meeting DSM-5 criteria to SP youth. Results One-quarter of youth with symptom presentations consistent with the DSM-IV agoraphobia definition no longer met criteria for DSM-5 agoraphobia, but showed comparable severity and impairment across most domains to youth who do meet criteria for DSM-5 agoraphobia. Further, these youth showed higher levels of anxiety sensitivity and internalizing psychopathology relative to youth with SP. Conclusions A substantial proportion of impaired youth with considerable agoraphobic symptom presentations have been left without a specified anxiety diagnosis by the DSM-5, which may affect their ability to receive and/or get coverage for services and their representation in treatment evaluations. Future DSM iterations may do well to include a “circumscribed” agoraphobia specifier that would characterize presentations of fear or anxiety about multiple situations, but that do not span across at least two distinct situational domains.
Sensitivity of Na efflux from single barnacle muscle fibers to external H+ ions.

Abstract BITTAR, Caldwell and Lowe 1 showed that the efflux of Na from single crab muscle fibers is usually exponential and sensitive to the removal of external K ions. These findings have now been extended to muscle fibers from the barnacle Balanus nubilus , and confirmed. Barnacle fibers are about 3–5 cms long and 1–2 mm wide, hence are easily cannulated and ideal for microinjection experiments. The following communication describes experiments meant to shed some light on the part played by external pH in the Ussing mechanism. The results of this work show quite clearly that Na efflux into K-free artificial sea water is markedly stimulated by a low external pH and that the process of stimulation is reversible.
Factorization in the production and decay of the X(3872)

The production and decay of the $X(3872)$ are analyzed under the assumption that the $X$ is a weakly bound molecule of the charm mesons ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ and ${D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{0}$. The decays imply that the large ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ scattering length has an imaginary part. An effective field theory for particles with a large complex scattering length is used to derive factorization formulas for production rates and decay rates of $X$. If a partial width is calculated in a model with a particular value of the binding energy, the factorization formula can be used to extrapolate to other values of the binding energy and to take into account the width of the $X$. The factorization formulas relate the rates for production of $X$ to those for production of ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ and ${D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ near threshold. They also imply that the line shape of $X$ differs significantly from that of a Breit-Wigner resonance.
Defining and developing competence: A strategic process paradigm

In this paper, competence is defined in operational terms as the degree to which the firm or its subunits can reliably meet or exceed objectives. Two antecedents to competence (and thus competitive advantage) are then developed and defined. These are the ‘comprehension’ of the management team working on developing competence and the ‘deftness’ of their task execution. Empirical results from a study of 160 new initiatives in 40 organizations from 16 countries suggest that: (1) it is feasible to operationalize and measure these constructs; (2) comprehension and deftness are important correlates of an organization's degree of competence as defined; and (3) a process-centered paradigm for understanding competence development shows promise.
Three dimensional stress analysis of the femoral stem of a total hip prosthesis

Abstract Stress distributions in an implanted femoral stem were investigated using a three dimensional finite element model of the implanted stem, surrounding bone and cement. The model was constructed for evaluation of stem stress. Experimental studies were used to validate the stem stress predictions. Three orthogonal loads were applied to the ball of the stem directed inferiorly, laterally and posteriorly. The resulting stress distributions indicate that the inferiorly directed load is responsible for most clinically observed failures. However, the stresses that result from the lateral and posterior loads were found to be high enough to endanger the survival of these devices. The shear stress at the stem cement interface was found to resist stem subsidence or pull out, but was not a factor in supporting the bending moment.
Sustained cortical metabolic responsivity to physostigmine after nucleus basalis magnocellularis ablation in rats

Unilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) ablation, which causes partial cholinergic denervation of the ipsilateral anterior neocortex, results in an acute but transient depression of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) in deafferented areas; rCMRglc normalizes within 2 weeks. To seek possible compensatory changes in cholinergic mechanisms following NBM ablation that could lead to rapid metabolic normalization, we studied rCMRglc responses to the receptor agonists nicotine and arecoline and the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine in rats at 2 weeks after unilateral NBM destruction. Physostigmine increased rCMRglc in 10 of 30 cortical areas contralateral to the NBM lesion. Compared to the unlesioned side, rCMRglc after physostigmine in the lesioned cortex was significantly lower in 2, significantly higher in 1 and not different (P
Effect of nitric oxide inhibition on kidney function in experimental renovascular hypertension

We examined the effect of acute systemic blockade of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis on blood pressure and renal function in rats with angiotensin II dependent two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension. Hypertensive animals had significantly higher blood pressures, plasma NO metabolite concentrations and urinary NO metabolite excretion rates than control rats. Intravenous administration of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) (10 mg/kg) increased mean arterial pressure in both hypertensive and control animals with the magnitude of increase being greater in hypertensive than control rats (32 +/- 3 vs. 20 +/- 2 mmHg, p < 0.05). L-NAME did not affect glomerular filtration rates of normal and clipped kidneys but significantly decreased non-clipped kidney glomerular filtration rate (1.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.1 ml/min per g kidney wt, p < 0.05). Blood flow to normal and non-clipped kidneys fell in response to L-NAME. Percent reduction in renal blood flow produced by L-NAME was significantly greater in non-clipped than normal kidneys (38 +/- 3 vs. 24 +/- 2%, p < 0.05). In contrast, clipped kidney blood flow increased after L-NAME (3.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.2 ml/min per g kidney wt, p < 0.05). An identical improvement in clipped kidney blood flow occurred when arterial pressure was raised with aortic constriction indicating that the systemic pressor effect of L-NAME was responsible for this finding. These results indicate that NO plays an important role in systemic and non-clipped kidney hemodynamics in renovascular hypertension. Because NO has little influence on stenotic kidney function, the stimulus for increased NO system activity in this disease appears to be vascular shear stress rather than elevated circulating or intrarenal angiotensin II concentrations.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and ability to inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer by organotin polymers containing chelidonic acid

In this study, organotin polyesters have been formed from the interfacial reaction between the disodium salt of chelidonic acid and a variety of organotin dihalides. Reactions occur rapidly within less than 15 seconds. Yields vary from moderate to high, and chain length varies from 30 to 800 repeat units. Infrared spectral analysis shows the presence of the Sn–O linkage and is consistent with the geometry about the tin being generally a mixture of tetrahedral or nonbridging and octahedral or bridging. The organotin polyesters exhibit reasonable inhibition of two pancreatic cancer cell lines.
An electrophoretic study of lipoproteins from cellular nuclei.

Abstract An electrophoretic study of a lipoprotein from calf thymus and calf liver is presented. Each of the lipoproteins studied revealed the presence of only one component. Isoelectric points lie between pH 4.65 – 4.85.
Reminiscence intervention in nursing homes: what and who changes?

The results of experimental studies of reminiscing are not as uniformly optimistic about its therapeutic value as is the theoretical literature. Moreover, anecdotal evidence regarding the impact of reminiscence interventions is more positive than the statistical evidence. This study suggests reasons for these previous findings, and examines data from a discussion group intervention in thirty nursing homes, in which 185 residents completed pre- and posttests. It analyzes the characteristics of participants in relation to modifications in selected attitudes and behaviors over the intervention period. Analysis of variance and discriminant analysis revealed no significant relationships between attitudinal or behavioral modifications and demographic or other characteristics, with one exception. Value-choices made by participants were related to such modifications. The findings are interpreted in terms of the “mental adaptability” of participants and the compensatory nature of reminiscence in an institutional s...
Cyberpunk, Technoculture, and the Post-Biological Self

Ollivier Dyens presents in his article, "Cyberpunk, Technoculture, and the PostBiological Self," the argument that because of technology's intrusion in our perception and understanding of the world and because of its constant production of impossible images of the human body, today's representation of that same body must be fundamentally re-evaluated. As one can see in works of science fiction -films and literature alike -such as Terminator 2 or Neuromancer, the body must now be perceived as a quantum-like pattern whose form and essence depend on the human or machine observer. The human body entangled in technology wavers between life and non-life, between biology and matter, between the finite and the infinite and as the cyberpunk genre clearly illustrate, only a re-inventing of ontology and phenomenology can help us re-acquire our own bodies. Ollivier Dyens, "Cyberpunk, Technoculture, and the Post-Biological Self" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.1 (2000):
Lipid storage myopathy, ichthyosis, and steatorrhea.

A 41-year-old man had ichthyosis, ectropion, steatorrhea, and slowly progressive proximal limb weakness. Biopsies showed abnormal lipid accumulation in muscle, liver, skin, leukocytes, and gastric mucosa. Lipid storage was particularly marked in cultures of skin and muscle, and it increased in subsequent cell generations. By electron microscopy, the lipid globules showed no limiting membranes. The stored lipid was identified by thin-layer chromatography as triglyceride; there was no excess of cholesterol or cholesteryl esters. Muscle carnitine concentration and activities of carnitine palmityltransferase and acid lipase were normal; 14CO2 production from labeled palmitate in leukocytes was not impaired. The excessive accumulation of triglyceride in different tissues and in the progeny of cells in tissue culture suggests a genetic error of lipid metabolism.
MINIMAL NONSIMPLE SETS OF VOXELS IN BINARY IMAGES ON A FACE-CENTERED CUBIC GRID

One can prove that a specified parallel thinning algorithm always preserves the topology of the input binary image by verifying that no iteration of that algorithm can ever delete a minimal non-simple ("MNS") set of 1's of an image. For binary images on a 3D face-centered cubic ("FCC") grid, we determine which sets of voxels can be MNS, and also determine which of those sets can be MNS without being a component of the 1's. These two problems are complicated by the fact that there are (at least) three reasonable ways of defining connectedness for sets of 1's and 0's in a binary image on an FCC grid, since one can: (a) use 18-connectedness for sets of 1's and 12-connectedness for sets of 0's; (b) use 12-connectedness both for sets of 1's and for sets of 0's; (c) use 12-connectedness for sets of 1's and 18-connectedness for sets of 0's. We solve the two problems in all three cases. The analogous problems for binary images on Cartesian grids were first solved by Ronse (in the 2D case) and Ma (in the 3D case). However, our treatment of simple 1's and MNS sets is rather different from theirs, in that it is based on the attachment sets of 1's in binary images. This concept was introduced in an earlier paper [T. Y. Kong, "On topology preservation in 2-D and 3-D thinning," Int. J. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence9 (1995) 813–844] and we use the same general approach to MNS sets as was used there. The voxels of an FCC grid are rhombic dodecahedra, which are rather more difficult to visualize and draw than the cubical voxels of a 3D Cartesian grid. An advantage of working with attachment sets is that such sets can be shown in a planar Schlegel diagram of a voxel, which is easy to draw.
Lethal toxicity of systemic residues of imidacloprid against Homalodisca vitripennis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) eggs and its parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the lethal effects of systemic imidacloprid against the egg stage of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis , and its mymarid egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi . During the development of the sharpshooter embryo within the egg, imidacloprid did not have a lethal effect, even at very high concentrations. However, upon emergence from the egg mass, the 1st instar nymph encountered residues of imidacloprid in the surrounding leaf tissues. When mortality was assessed within 48 h of emergence, there was an excellent dose–response between the imidacloprid concentration and nymph mortality, giving an LC 50 of 39 ng imidacloprid per cm 2 leaf. In the same way, G. ashmeadi did not succumb to lethal levels of imidacloprid during its development within the sharpshooter egg. However, parasitoid adults were sensitive to imidacloprid residues during emergence from the sharpshooter egg. When mortality was assessed within 48 h of emergence, the LC 50 for the parasitoid was 66 ng imidacloprid per cm 2 leaf. In a survey of commercial citrus trees that were treated with imidacloprid, the mean residues of the insecticide within the leaves did not exceed the LC 50 concentrations for either insect. The implications of these results for the integration of biological and chemical controls are discussed.
Surface complexation modeling of the removal of arsenic from ion-exchange waste brines with ferric chloride.

Abstract Brine disposal is a serious challenge of arsenic (V) removal from drinking water using ion-exchange (IX). Although arsenic removal with ferric chloride (FeCl3) from drinking waters is well documented, the application of FeCl3 to remove arsenic (V) from brines has not been thoroughly investigated. In contrast to drinking water, IX brines contain high ionic strength, high alkalinity, and high arsenic concentrations; these factors are known to influence arsenic removal by FeCl3. Surface complexation modeling and experimental coagulation tests were performed to investigate the influence of ionic strength, pH, Fe/As molar ratios, and alkalinity on the removal of arsenic from IX brines. The model prediction was in good agreement with the experimental data. Optimum pH range was found to be between 4.5 and 6.5. The arsenic removal efficiency slightly improved with higher ionic strength. The Fe/As ratios needed to treat brines were significantly lower than those used to treat drinking waters. For arsenic (V) concentrations typical in IX brines, Fe/As molar ratios varying from 1.3 to 1.7 were needed. Sludge solid concentrations varying from 2 to 18 mg L−1 were found. The results of this research have direct application to the treatment of residual wastes brines containing arsenic.
THE QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEM IN THE RAT ADRENAL AND THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY, ACTH, AND CORTISONE

No significant differences were detected in the quantitative histological distribution of the succinic dehydrogenase system in adrenals from adult male albino rats sacrificed at midnight and at noon. Peak activities were found in the reticularis. Subcutaneous injections of 25 mg. ACTH per kg. 3 hours before sacrifice had little if any effect on the enzyme activity per unit protein-nitrogen in the various histological zones of the rat adrenal. However, daily subcutaneous injections of 7 mg. cortisone acetate per kg. for 2 weeks before sacrifice elicited some increase in all zones. Six days after hypophysectomy lowered activity was found only in the reticular and in the mixed reticular and medullary zones.
Airborne antenna array calibration with signals of opportunity

An approach is presented for in-situ calibration of an airborne antenna array using a signal of opportunity. In-situ calibration requires determining location of the unknown signal, the array's response in the direction of the signal, and the application of updates to the stored antenna response. An example is given in which the approach significantly reduces the mismatch between a true antenna array response and an assumed antenna array response.
An Attempt to Derive the epsilon Equation from a Two-Point Closure

The goal of this paper is to derive the equation for the turbulence dissipation rate epsilon for a shear-driven flow. In 1961, Davydov used a one-point closure model to derive the epsilon equation from first principles but the final result contained undetermined terms and thus lacked predictive power. Both in 1987 and in 2001, attempts were made to derive the epsilon equation from first principles using a two-point closure, but their methods relied on a phenomenological assumption. The standard practice has thus been to employ a heuristic form of the equation that contains three empirical ingredients: two constants, c(sub 1 epsilon), and c(sub 2 epsilon), and a diffusion term D(sub epsilon) In this work, a two-point closure is employed, yielding the following results: 1) the empirical constants get replaced by c(sub 1), c(sub 2), which are now functions of Kappa and epsilon; 2) c(sub 1) and c(sub 2) are not independent because a general relation between the two that are valid for any Kappa and epsilon are derived; 3) c(sub 1), c(sub 2) become constant with values close to the empirical values c(sub 1 epsilon), c(sub epsilon 2), (i.e., homogenous flows); and 4) the empirical form of the diffusion term D(sub epsilon) is no longer needed because it gets substituted by the Kappa-epsilon dependence of c(sub 1), c(sub 2), which plays the role of the diffusion, together with the diffusion of the turbulent kinetic energy D(sub Kappa), which now enters the new equation (i.e., inhomogeneous flows). Thus, the three empirical ingredients c(sub 1 epsilon), c(sub epsilon 2), D (sub epsilon)are replaced by a single function c(sub 1)(Kappa, epsilon ) or c(sub 2)(Kappa, epsilon ), plus a D(sub Kappa)term. Three tests of the new equation for epsilon are presented: one concerning channel flow and two concerning the shear-driven planetary boundary layer (PBL).
Suppression of DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by a juice concentrate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Chronic inflammation contributes to many prevalent diseases worldwide, and it is widely accepted that inflammatory molecules contribute to DNA damage. In this ancillary study, we investigated the influence of an encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) DNA damage. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled approach, subjects were randomly assigned capsules containing placebo, or one of two formulations of the juice powder. Blood was drawn at baseline and after 60 days of capsule consumption. We found DNA damage in isolated PBL is suppressed after consumption of the encapsulated juice powder, and damage was correlated with the level of systemic inflammation. These data suggest a potential health benefit by consuming the juice concentrate capsules through their ability to suppress DNA damage as measured in surrogate tissues (PBL).
Dynamic high-g loading of MEMS sensors: ground and flight testing

Low-cost, micromachined inertial measurement sensors have been steadily emerging into the commercial marketplace. Some of these sensors were evaluated through ground and flight tests for their insertion potential into military applications. High-g shock test results suggest that some of these sensors are rugged enough for both low-g and high-g launch survivability. A description of dynamic loading on the sensors and techniques used to mitigate failures is presented. Artillery projectiles and rockets, instrumented with 'automobile grade: microelectromechanical (MEMS) accelerometers and telemetry units, have recently been flight tested with good success. Analyses of the accelerometer data show good comparison to radar-based acceleration measurements and 6-degree-of-freedom trajectory simulations. This paper presents the flight and ground test results and describe the challenges for using these strapdown devices on rolling projectiles.
Medicalization, Etiology and Hyperactivity: A Reply to Whalen and Henker

Whalen and Henker (1977) and I agree on several points: (1) the concept of hyperactivity is expanding beyond school-aged children to preschool children and adolescents and adults; (2) the treatment-etiology fallacy has neither logical or empirical justification; and (3) interactionist explanations of hyperactivity are more valid than monocausal approaches. Beyond that, Whalen and Henker have misread my paper and imputed to me positions and motives that I do not espouse. The basic source of their error is a tendency to focus exclusively on the etiology of deviant behavior. This leads them to an irrelevent critique of labeling theory. In the final analysis, the medicalization of deviant behavior is a hypothesis about the definition of deviant behavior-and the etiology of this definition-quite independent of the etiology of the behavior itself. The purpose of the original paper was "To describe how certain forms of deviant behavior in children become defined as a medical problem and how medicine has become an agent for their social control since the discovery of hyperkinesis . . . (and to) discuss the medicalization of deviant behavior and its ramifications (Conrad 1975: 12)." The paper is a sociohistorical analysis of the development of medical definition for deviance and the consequences of adopting such a definition. Whalen and Henker suggest that I proposed a social causation model of hyperactivity (a politicization model, if you will) in opposition to the biological causation (medical) model, and that I discount recent biological findings. However, the etiology of hyperkinesis is not a central concern of my paper at all. Rather, I state:
Population dynamics of a tropical palm: use of a genetic algorithm for inverse parameter estimation

Abstract The tropical palm species Iriartea deltoidea is an important resource in Amazonian Ecuador. Population models, based on short-term field measurements, have been used to analyze management scenarios for Iriartea sustainable harvesting. An existing matrix population model for Iriartea in secondary and mature forests could not adequately simulate the population dynamics from clearing to 30 years or more. In order to find a better model of the Iriartea population, we used inverse analysis with two optimization techniques (Golden Section search and genetic algorithm (GA)) to find fecundity and seedling demographic parameters that best matched the observed secondary forest (30 years after clearing) and mature forest size class distributions. Re-estimation of fecundity using the Golden Section optimization resulted in a good match to seedling numbers, but a poor fit for other size classes. Genetic algorithm optimization of fecundity and seedling survival and transition parameters found good fits from clearing to age 30 with an exponential or density-dependent model. In order to find a single model that described the population trajectory from clearing to mature forest, we used the genetic algorithm to best fit the observed size class distributions at age 30 and for the mature forest (assumed ages of 65–150 years). The genetic algorithm produced plausible density-dependent models for each of the assumed mature forests ages. Simulated seedling demographic parameters 40–60 years after clearing were similar to field estimates from 30-year-old and mature forest populations.
Ten simple rules for getting ahead as a computational biologist in Academia.

Getting a promotion or a new position are important parts of the scientific career process. Ironically, a committee whose membership has limited ability to truly judge your scholarly standing is often charged with making these decisions. Here are ten simple rules from my own experiences, in both getting promoted and serving on such committees, for how you might maximize your chances of getting ahead under such circumstances. The rules focus on what might be added to a CV, research statement, personal statement, or cover letter, depending on the format of the requested promotion materials. In part, the rules suggest that you educate the committee members, who have a range of expertise, on what they should find important in the promotion application provided by a computational biologist. Further, while some rules are generally applicable, the focus here is on promotion in an academic setting. Having said that, in such a setting teaching and community service are obviously important, but barely touched upon here. Rather, the focus is on how to maximize the appreciation of your research-related activities. As a final thought before we get started on the rules, this is not just about you, but an opportunity to educate a broad committee on what is important in our field. Use that opportunity well, for it will serve future generations of computational biologists.
Access to Orthopedic Care for Children With Medicaid Versus Private Insurance in California

Objective. To compare the availability of timely orthopedic care to a child with a fractured arm insured by Medi-Cal (California state Medicaid) and by private insurance. Study Design. Fifty randomly chosen offices of orthopedic surgeons were telephoned with the following scenario: “My 10-year-old son broke his arm last week during a vacation” followed by a request for an appointment that week. Each office was called twice with an identical script except for insurance status: once with Medi-Cal and once with private insurance. Results. All 50 offices offered an appointment to see the child with private insurance within 7 days. Only 1 of the same 50 offices offered an appointment to see the child with Medi-Cal within 7 days. Of the offices that would not see a child with Medi-Cal, 87% were unable to recommend an orthopedic office that accepted Medi-Cal. Conclusions. Timely access to orthopedic care was available in 100% of offices polled to a child with private insurance versus in 2% of offices to a child with Medi-Cal. This is a significant difference. Lack of timely orthopedic care may result in poor outcome, ie, if a fracture is not properly aligned in the first few weeks, a permanent deformity may result. Although causation cannot be established from this study, we suspect that Medi-Cal reimbursement rates below the cost of office overhead may be of significance. Although federal guidelines require that payments must be sufficient to enlist enough providers so that services to Medi-Cal recipients are available to the same extent as those available to the general population, this study finds that that children with Medi-Cal insurance have significantly less access to timely orthopedic care.
Driving magnetic cells for information storage and propagation

Single domain magnets serve as an excellent mechanism to store and preserve Boolean information. This work is an effort to establish that information can not only be stored and altered as in memory but also can be propagated in a causal fashion from the driver to the driven cell in presence of an external clocking field.
Spontaneous and light-induced compound action potentials in the isolated eye ofAplysia: Initiation and synchronization

Abstract (1) The isolated eye of Aplysia shows a bursting pattern of spontaneous compound action potentials (CAPs) in the dark. The ‘light response’, also composed of CAPs, may be separated into a phasic initial response and a tonic late response similar in form to the dark discharges when the illumination is of low intensity. (2) Blockage of chemical synapses with La 3+ or hi Mg 2+ -lo Ca 2+ stops the dark discharge and tonic light response but not the phasic light response. Synchrony of the CAPs is not affected. (3) Ca 2+ -free solutions produce continuous rapid firing of CAPs, seldom coordinated into bursts. (4) Replacement of chloride by propionate abolishes all CAPs for several hours, but leaves the ERG intact and the optic nerve electrically excitable. (5) Low sodium levels (about 50% normal) suppress dark discharge and tonic light activity but allow a normal phasic light response. (6) It is concluded that receptors transmit light-induced excitation to a higher order neuron population via electrical junctions, and that synchrony of the CAPs is also due to electrical junctions, interconnecting the higher order population. One or more pacemaker cells are postulated to drive the higher order neurons by chemical synapses, producing the dark discharge and the low intensity tonic light response. The pacemaker mechanism may be sodium dependent.
Endogeneity and Individual Consumer Choice

Abstract In many markets, there is likely to be correlation both across periods in terms of the choices of one consumer and across consumers in terms of their choices in each period. The former is caused by consumer heterogeneity, and the latter may be the result of demand common shocks across consumers. Furthermore, if firms partially observe these common shocks, their market decisions may end up being endogenous and correlated with the common shocks. Because researchers cannot typically fully observe consumer heterogeneity and the common shocks, the estimation method must account for the endogeneity of firms' decisions. In this article, the authors present a test for endogeneity under unobserved consumer heterogeneity and common shocks, which is based on a quasi-likelihood estimation method, to estimate the model parameters consistently when endogenous firm behavior, unobserved heterogeneity, and common shocks are present. The test examines the differences in general method of moments coefficient estima...
Gastric secretion during aging in pyloric-ligated rats and effects of pentagastrin.

Abstract Changes in basal- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid, pepsin secretion as well as gastric mucosal histidine decarboxylase activity were examined in 4- to 21-month-old pyloric ligated Fischer-344 rats. In addition, serum gastrin levels, gastric mucosal DNA, and RNA content were determined in these rats. The results revealed that whereas acid secretion decreased progressively with age, pepsin output increased between 4 and 14 months of age and then decreased sharply. Serum gastrin levels decreased progressively with age, and 3 h of pyloric obstruction produced no apparent change in serum gastrin levels in any of the age groups. Gastric mucosal weight, DNA, and RNA content in 4-month-old rats were not significantly different from those of 14-month-old animals. However, in 21-month-old rats, each of these values were found to be significantly lower than in their 4- or 14-month-old counterparts. A single injection of pentagastrin (250 μg/kg) significantly stimulated acid and pepsin secretion (45–52%) in 4-month-old rats, but not in 14- and 21-month-old animals, when compared with the corresponding saline-injected controls. Gastric mucosal histidine decarboxylase activity increased steadily between 4 and 21 months of age. Pentagastrin caused a significant 78% stimulation in histidine decarboxylase activity in 4-month-old rats, but had no effect on the enzyme activity in 14-month-old animals, when compared with the corresponding saline-injected controls. However, in 21-month-old rats, pentagastrin inhibited histidine decarboxylase activity by 55% when compared with the saline-injected controls. It is concluded that a) aging decreases capacity of the gastric mucosa to secrete acid and pepsin, b) in aged rats, decreased acid and pepsin output could in part be attributed to mucosal atrophy; c) responsiveness of the gastric mucosa to pentagastrin decreases with age; and d) in aged animals, gastric acid secretion is not regulated by histamine.
Paperwork management and nuclear power regulation: An opportunity for improvement☆

Presentation de la loi destinee a etablir une politique d'information nationale pour la gestion des ressources d'information en matiere d'energie nucleaire
Abstract 2073: The parp inhibitor olaparib (AZD2281) greatly enances the effect of temozolomide in soft tissue sarcoma cell lines.

Sarcomas are heterogeneous mesenchymal neoplasms which have very limited treatment options. Chemotherapies for advanced sarcoma include DNA damaging agents such as doxorubicin, dacarbazine and gemcitabine with very low response rates. We elected to study the effects of olaparib (AZD2281), a novel, potent orally active PARP inhibitor in combination with standard chemotherapy Temozolomide (TMZ) in various sarcoma subtypes. We examined the effects of olaparib and TMZ in a panel of 7 sarcoma cell lines including leiomyosarcoma (SK-LMS, SK-UT1, SK-UT1b), liposarcoma (LS141, DDLS) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST, ST8814). In vitro results have shown inhibition of cell viability with combination treatment in all cell lines at concentrations of 300uM TMZ and 1 uM olaparib. After 48 hrs of drug treatment, we also examined biochemical effects showing PAR inhibition, p53 induction and γH2AX increase, indicative of DNA damage. Flow cytometric analysis of each cell line indicated G2/M cell cycle arrest with combination treatment. These observations correlated with enhanced apoptosis as measured by biochemical PARP cleavage and DNA content (sub-G1 population). Taking these observations and results, there is strong evidence to support combining standard chemotherapy TMZ with the PARP inhibitor olaparib in various sarcoma subtypes. Citation Format: Elgilda Musi, Grazia Ambrosini, Gary K. Schwartz. The parp inhibitor olaparib (AZD2281) greatly enances the effect of temozolomide in soft tissue sarcoma cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2073. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2073
Complementation and transformation by temperature-sensitive mutants of polyoma virus.

Abstract Temperature-sensitive mutants of polyoma virus have been studied in an attempt to understand the genetic structure of the virus, and to identify the viral functions required to promote malignant transformation. Six temperature-sensitive mutants of polyoma fall into three classes on the basis of complementation and transformation at the nonpermissive temperature. Two mutants (class I) are able to synthesize infectious viral DNA, but not mature virus particles. These two mutants transform normally at the nonpermissive temperature. Three mutants (class II) are defective in the synthesis of infectious viral DNA and are also defective in transformation. One mutant (class III) is defective in the synthesis of infectious viral DNA, but transforms normally.
Recent Advances in Epidural Analgesia

Neuraxial anesthesia is a term that denotes all forms of central blocks, involving the spinal, epidural, and caudal spaces. Epidural anesthesia is a versatile technique widely used in anesthetic practice. Its potential to decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated by numerous studies. To maximize its perioperative benefits while minimizing potential adverse outcomes, the knowledge of factors affecting successful block placement is essential. This paper will provide an overview of the pertinent anatomical, pharmacological, immunological, and technical aspects of epidural anesthesia in both adult and pediatric populations and will discuss the recent advances, the related rare but potentially devastating complications, and the current recommendations for the use of anticoagulants in the setting of neuraxial block placement.
Observation of plasma heating due to parametric instabilities at the upper hybrid and at the cyclotron harmonic frequencies

Strong plasma heating is observed in external electric fields near the upper hybrid frequency or near the electron cyclotron harmonics. It is shown that the fast plasma heating is associated with the presence of the parametric instability of Bernstein waves, ionacoustic waves, and lower hybrid waves.
Rif1 regulates initiation timing of late replication origins throughout the S. cerevisiae genome.

Chromosomal DNA replication involves the coordinated activity of hundreds to thousands of replication origins. Individual replication origins are subject to epigenetic regulation of their activity during S-phase, resulting in differential efficiencies and timings of replication initiation during S-phase. This regulation is thought to involve chromatin structure and organization into timing domains with differential ability to recruit limiting replication factors. Rif1 has recently been identified as a genome-wide regulator of replication timing in fission yeast and in mammalian cells. However, previous studies in budding yeast have suggested that Rif1’s role in controlling replication timing may be limited to subtelomeric domains and derives from its established role in telomere length regulation. We have analyzed replication timing by analyzing BrdU incorporation genome-wide, and report that Rif1 regulates the timing of late/dormant replication origins throughout the S. cerevisiae genome. Analysis of pfa4Δ cells, which are defective in palmitoylation and membrane association of Rif1, suggests that replication timing regulation by Rif1 is independent of its role in localizing telomeres to the nuclear periphery. Intra-S checkpoint signaling is intact in rif1Δ cells, and checkpoint-defective mec1Δ cells do not comparably deregulate replication timing, together indicating that Rif1 regulates replication timing through a mechanism independent of this checkpoint. Our results indicate that the Rif1 mechanism regulates origin timing irrespective of proximity to a chromosome end, and suggest instead that telomere sequences merely provide abundant binding sites for proteins that recruit Rif1. Still, the abundance of Rif1 binding in telomeric domains may facilitate Rif1-mediated repression of non-telomeric origins that are more distal from centromeres.