cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientation of Grasshopper Sparrow and Eastern Meadowlark Nests in Relation to Wind Direction

Abstract. Orientation of the entrances of bird nests may be especially important in grasslands, where protective cover from solar radiation and wind is minimal. We examined orientation patterns of nest-dome entrances in two grassland bird species, the Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) and the Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). We noted how these patterns changed over the nesting season and how they related to prevailing wind direction. We found that Grasshopper Sparrow (n = 333) and Eastern Meadowlark (n = 272) nests were oriented nonrandomly, toward the northeast (ā = 33.4° and 52.9°, respectively). Prevailing wind in the study region was approximately from the south (ā = 171.1°); therefore, nests of the two species were generally oriented downwind. Nest orientation of the Eastern Meadowlark shifted northward as the nesting season progressed, coinciding with a southeastward shift in prevailing wind direction. Conversely, in one year we observed a seasonal shift toward the east in nest orient...
Oh No, Not the “A” word! Proposing an “Anarchism” for Education

Anarchist theory has a long-standing history in political theory, sociology, and philosophy. As a radical discourse, anarchist theory pushes educators and researchers towards new conceptualizations of community, theory, and praxis. Early writers, like Joseph Proudhoun and Emma Goldman, to more contemporary anarchists, such as Noam Chomsky, have established anarchist theory as an important school of thought that sits outside the Marxist discourses that have dominated the radical academic scene. Today, anarchists have been responsible for staging effective protests (specifically, Seattle, 1999) and have influenced autonomous groups like the Animal Liberation Front in their organizational and guiding philosophies. Interestingly, anarchism is glaringly absent from the literature in educational theory and research. In this article, I highlight aspects of anarchist theory that are particularly applicable to education, and also establishes specific ways that anarchist theory can inform one's own educational prax...
Grain Orientation Effect During Single Asperity Plowing of Two-Dimensionally Polycrystalline Aluminum Alloys

Results are presented from a series of atomic force microscope (AFM) experiments, wherein a sharp diamond indentor with a sub-micron tip radius. was directed to plow along specific crystallographic directions on selected alloy aluminum surfaces. A set of four. two-dimensionally polycrystalline aluminum alloys was chosen for this work. viz.. Al-99.99wt%. Al-0.2wt%Mg. Al-l.Owt%Mn. and Al-0.5wt%Cu. Crystallographic orientations of the surface grains upon which plowing was conducted were determined a priori through orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Two sets of plow tracks were generated in four crystallographic directions. each set containing four plow tracks generated at four different normal indentor forces. The plow tracks were subsequently imaged to provide measurements of the plow track depths. ridge heights, and ridge angles relative to the nominal (undisturbed) surface plane. This data was then input to a model of single asperity plowing based on the upper bound theorem of plasticity for isotropic. non-strain hardening materials. The model provided estimates of surface flow strength as a function of depth of cut for each of the crystallographic directions. Experimental measurements of the friction (or plowing) force and depth of cut variations with normal indentor force are also presented.
Communities of practice and organizational performance

As organizations grow in size, geographical scope, and complexity, it is increasingly apparent that sponsorship and support of communities of practice--groups whose members regularly engage in sharing and learning, based on common interests--can improve organizational performance. Although many authors assert that communities of practice create organizational value, there has been relatively little systematic study of the linkage between community outcomes and the underlying social mechanisms that are at work. To build an understanding of how communities of practice create organizational value, we suggest thinking of a community as an engine for the development of social capital. We argue that the social capital resident in communities of practice leads to behavioral changes, which in turn positively influence business performance. We identify four specific performance outcomes associated with the communities of practice we studied and link these outcomes to the basic dimensions of social capital. These dimensions include connections among practitioners who may or may not be co-located, relationships that build a sense of trust and mutual obligation, and a common language and context that can be shared by community members. Our conclusions are based on a study of seven organizations where communities of practice are acknowledged to be creating value.
Examining the developmental history of child maltreatment, peer relations, and externalizing problems among adolescents with symptoms of paranoid personality disorder

This study examined the childhood history of maltreatment, peer relations, and externalizing problems among individuals who manifested low, moderate, or high symptom levels of paranoid personality disorder (PPD) in adolescence. Participants included 174 children who attended a longitudinal summer camp research program between the ages of 9 to 12. Multiple sources of information (self-, peer, and counselor reports) were utilized. Subsequently, they participated in a personality disorder assessment during adolescence (mean age = 15.30). The results indicated that children who manifested higher levels of PPD symptoms in adolescence had higher odds of having a history of child maltreatment. Children who manifested high levels of PPD symptoms in adolescence showed a faster growth rate for peer bullying and externalizing problems in childhood. In addition, their peers rated them as less cooperative, less likely to be leaders, and more likely to initiate fights. These findings suggested that children who manifested elevated PPD symptoms in adolescence had shown early signs of behavioral disturbances in childhood, some of which gradually worsened as they approach adolescence.
CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE Never Married Chinese American and Japanese American Women

Little is known about the lives of the never married. Demographic data show that rates of nonmarriage have increased significantly across racial and ethnic groups. Among women, African Americans have the highest rates of nonmarriage, followed by Asian Americans and European Americans. This research used in-depth interviews with native- and foreign-born Chinese American and Japanese American never married women to explore why these women are delaying or rejecting heterosexual marriage. Respondents were asked a series of open- and closed-ended questions about their attitudes, experiences, and decisions concerning marriage and family life. Questions also focused on how their family backgrounds and occupational plans affected their decisions to marry. Preliminary findings reveal that Chinese American and Japanese American women express a number of reasons for being never married. The four most consistent factors were their parents' marriages, their status as the eldest or only daughter, their educational goal...
Using A Prenuptial Agreement to Protect the Small Business

A divorce or death in the small business owner family can threaten loss of assets and/or control of the business. A prenuptial agreement can be used to control the distribution of assets upon divorce and/or death in order to preserve the assets of the business and retain ownership and control of the business. Small business consultants are in a unique position to discuss this matter with their clients and suggest a policy regarding prenuptial agreements. General requirements of prenuptial agreements and possibilities for use in the small business are discussed.
‘Surprise Me!’ The (im)possibilities of agency and creativity within the standards framework of history education

AbstractIn the current culture of regulation in higher education and, in turn, the history discipline, it is timely to problematize discipline standards in relation to student agency and creativity. This article argues that through the inclusion of a critical orientation and engaged pedagogy, historians have the opportunity to bring a more agentic dimension to the disciplinary conversation. Discipline standards privilege that arrogant historical moment in the higher education sector when certain skills development and knowledge creation becomes a hegemonic discourse. As a result, there is less emphasis on creativity, agency, and individual opportunities for the demonstration of the historical imagination at work. We need to ensure that the insights gained from teaching and learning practice and research are not lost in the rush to meet discipline standards through compliance.
Vertical Recharge of Unconfined Aquifer

Linearized, unsteady seepage solutions are obtained for some flows which result when groundwater percolates vertically downward to the water table. Solutions are given for the case when the recharge water is spread uniformly over both a two-dimensional strip of finite width and a circular region of finite radius. Finally, the mathematical solution is compared with experimental results and with a solution obtained from the Dupuit theory.
Efficient and robust gradient enhanced Kriging emulators.

%E2%80%9CNaive%E2%80%9D or straight-forward Kriging implementations can often perform poorly in practice. The relevant features of the robustly accurate and efficient Kriging and Gradient Enhanced Kriging (GEK) implementations in the DAKOTA software package are detailed herein. The principal contribution is a novel, effective, and efficient approach to handle ill-conditioning of GEK's %E2%80%9Ccorrelation%E2%80%9D matrix, RN%CC%83, based on a pivoted Cholesky factorization of Kriging's (not GEK's) correlation matrix, R, which is a small sub-matrix within GEK's RN%CC%83 matrix. The approach discards sample points/equations that contribute the least %E2%80%9Cnew%E2%80%9D information to RN%CC%83. Since these points contain the least new information, they are the ones which when discarded are both the easiest to predict and provide maximum improvement of RN%CC%83's conditioning. Prior to this work, handling ill-conditioned correlation matrices was a major, perhaps the principal, unsolved challenge necessary for robust and efficient GEK emulators. Numerical results demonstrate that GEK predictions can be significantly more accurate when GEK is allowed to discard points by the presented method. Numerical results also indicate that GEK can be used to break the curse of dimensionality by exploiting inexpensive derivatives (such as those provided by automatic differentiation or adjoint techniques), smoothness in the response being modeled, and adaptive sampling. Developmentmore » of a suitable adaptive sampling algorithm was beyond the scope of this work; instead adaptive sampling was approximated by omitting the cost of samples discarded by the presented pivoted Cholesky approach.« less
Cognitive Modeling of Airline Crew Automation Errors

Cockpit automation has changed the roles, responsibilities, and activities of pilots, leading to new types of errors on the flight deck. This research is focused on understanding those errors through the development of a computational cognitive model that describes how pilots interact with automated systems. The cognitive model under development is based on a cognitive task analysis supplemented with eye tracking data collected from commercial pilots flying a low-fidelity simulator.
Associations between Repeated Measures of Maternal Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Thyroid Hormone Parameters during Pregnancy.

Background:Maintaining thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy is essential for normal fetal growth and development. Growing evidence suggests that phthalates interfere with normal thyroid function. F...
The Controversial Claim for Contributory Dilution Under the Trademark Dilution Revision Act

Various courts in which plaintiff’s claimed contributory dilution have failed to explain whether there is a valid claim and what its elements are. Most courts faced with the issue dealt with it in passing and not as the main issue in the case. The court that did deal with the issue also failed to provide much jurisprudence.The scarcity of discussion carried over to the academic world where the usual scholarly critique that is observed in relation to new phenomena is almost absent in the case of contributory dilution. The few authors to deal with it either discussed it as a foot note or briefly discuss it in passing. The only major article to deal with contributory and vicarious liability for trademark dilution was written by John T. Cross in 2001.This article will begin by introducing the reader to the concept of contributory dilution and the general background regarding trademark dilution. In part II, the judicial developments regarding contributory dilution will be discussed and analyzed. Part III involves discussion of the statutory interpretation of the TDRA and policy debates that may arise in relation to the claim for contributory dilution. A conclusion is given under part IV.
Subjective and objective sleepiness in monozygotic twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To examine the association of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with measures of objective and subjective sleepiness. DESIGN Monozygotic co-twin control study. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty monozygotic twin pairs discordant for CFS. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS All twins completed an Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), 4 Stanford Sleepiness Scales (SSS), and underwent a standard 4-nap multiple sleep latency test. We compared the ESS scores, average SSS scores, and average sleep latency in CFS and healthy twins. The CFS twins reported more sleepiness as measured by mean scores on the ESS (10.9 vs 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.3-5.5; P = .03) and the SSS (3.4 versus 2.1; 95% CI = 0.7-1.9; P < .001). The mean sleep latency on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test was not significantly different between the CFS and healthy twins (8.9 vs 10.0 minutes; 95% CI -4.4-1.7; P = .33). Mean SSS scores increased among the CFS twins and decreased among healthy twins from nap 1 to nap 4 (P < .001). The individual ESS scores and mean sleep latencies on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test were negatively correlated for all the twins (Pearson's r = - 0.40; P = .01), with a slightly stronger association among the healthy twins (Pearson's r = -0.42, P = .07) than the CFS twins (Pearson's r = -0.36, P = .15). CONCLUSIONS CFS twins reported significantly more subjective sleepiness than their healthy co-twins despite similar nonpathologic mean sleep latencies on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Patients with CFS may mistake their chronic disabling fatigue for sleepiness.
The Structure of an Economy

Any economy is a segment or subset of a larger system. The United States economy is a segment of the world economy, the world economy is a segment of the total system of Planet Earth. Any system, however large or however small, has two aspects involved in its description: one, its structure in space at a moment of time; the other, its structure in space and time. First we have to describe the system at a moment of time. This might be called a flashlight photograph or a single frame of a movie. The world globe provides a good example. The globe will show coastlines and oceans. It may also show national boundaries, mountains, plains, rivers, lakes and so on. Obviously what can be put on a globe a foot in diameter is a very small part of the reality of the world. Nevertheless it is a place to begin. Even on a small globe we can plot the density of the human population, the broad classification of the uses of land — forests, agriculture and so on — and perhaps give some indication of where the major industries are located. On a one-foot globe we obviously cannot plot the position of every one of the world’s 5.2 billion human inhabitants. To do that we would have to have a globe about a mile high, on which each human being could be plotted as a point about one-thousandth of an inch in diameter, a house about one-tenth of an inch in diameter.
A 5 V-only virtual ground flash cell with an auxiliary gate for high density and high speed application

A 5 V-only virtual ground flash EEPROM cell with an auxiliary gate is proposed for high-density and high-speed application. The virtual ground auxiliary gate structure achieves a cell area of 2.59 mu m/sup 2/ with a 0.5- mu m technology and enables a fast programming of less than 1 mu s with a drain voltage of 5 V. It also provides a read-out current higher than 100 mu A and a soft-write lifetime greater than 10 years in read operation. The cell is suitable for high-density flash memories beyond 16 M bits. >
Presence of Primary Cilia in Human Hematopoietic System

Primary cilia are non-motile microtubule-based organelles that are present on the cellular membrane of all eukaryotic cells. The presence of cilia is required for the response to developmental signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt/β-catenin. Loss of primary cilia or their function has been linked to a number of human genetic diseases, called ciliopathies (Dorn et al., Dev Cell, 2012). Recent studies suggest that abnormal hedgehog Hh pathway activity due to ciliary dysfunction could lead to various cancers such as glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, breast, prostate and ovarian cancer (Menzl et al., Cilia, 2014, Moser et al., BMC cancer 2009). Although the Hh pathway has emerged as an exciting new therapeutic target in leukemia and myeloproliferative diseases, to date, there have been no reports describing the presence of primary cilia in human blood or leukemia cells. In the present study, we have successfully identified primary cilia in hematopoietic system (Fig. 1). Primary cilia are well characterized in hedgehog responsive NIH3T3 cells; therefore, these cells were included in the study as a positive control for cilia staining. Localization of acetylated tubulin (which stains for the ciliary body) and gamma tubulin (which stains the basal body) was used to confirm the presence of primary cilia in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and normal bone marrow (BM) cells. Furthermore, we have also identified primary cilia in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (KG1, KG1a, K562). Additionally, hedgehog pathway components such as, Smoothened and Gli3 were localized in primary cilia of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Interestingly, the frequency of primary cilia in AML cells (10-36%) was found to be lower than normal PBMCs and BM (97-99%) (Fig. 1). Moreover, cilia present on leukemic cells were often shorter and dysmorphic, with less well defined basal bodies. KG1 cells, which have a higher number of cilia, retain sensitivity to Hh pathway inhibitors, but K562 and KG1a, which have high levels of Hh activity but very low numbers of cilia, are resistant. Loss of cilia is, therefore, associated with activation of Hh signaling that is resistant to SMO antagonists, and could have important implications for the development of this class of drugs. In conclusion, we present the first evidence showing the presence of primary cilia in hematologic system and implicate the loss of primary cilia in development of hematological malignancies through deregulated Hh signaling. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Vibrio cholerae autoinducer-receptor pair that controls biofilm formation

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-cell communication process that enables bacteria to track cell population density and orchestrate collective behaviors. QS relies on the production and detection of, and the response to, extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. In Vibrio cholerae, multiple QS circuits control pathogenesis and biofilm formation. Here, we identify and characterize a new QS autoinducer-receptor pair. The autoinducer is 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol (DPO). DPO is made from threonine and alanine, and its synthesis depends on threonine dehydrogenase (Tdh). DPO binds to and activates a transcription factor, VqmA. The VqmA-DPO complex activates expression of vqmR, which encodes a small regulatory RNA. VqmR represses genes required for biofilm formation and toxin production. We propose that DPO allows V. cholerae to regulate collective behaviors to, among other possible roles, diversify its QS output during colonization of the human host.
Weight History and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Three Prospective Cohort Studies

The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality has been a focus of research and debate. In this study, the authors examined the relationship between maximum BMI over a 16-ye...
Prevalence of Os Styloideum in National Hockey League Players

Background:Os styloideum describes an accessory carpal ossicle between the trapezoid, the capitate, and the second and third metacarpals. Injuries to this tissue have been described as part of the ...
Convergence of neck and vestibular signals on spinal interneurons.

The activity of interneurons in the cat cervical spinal cord, some in the enlargement and others in the upper cervical segments, is modulated by both whole body and body-on-head rotation. The two inputs, vestibular and neck, invariably oppose each other. The neurons, which include propriospinal neurons, presumably play a role in vestibulospinal and tonic neck reflexes. The dynamics of responses to sinusoidal stimulation indicate that for individual interneurons vestibular activity may originate in semicircular canals, otolith organs, or both receptor types. One source of neck input is from muscle spindles whose axons enter the spinal cord in the upper cervical segments. Response dynamics of these spindle afferents are very similar to those of interneurons.
3-D Performance Analysis and Multiobjective Optimization of Coreless-Type PM Linear Synchronous Motors

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) performance analysis and multiobjective design optimization of coreless-type permanent magnet linear synchronous motors. The average of open circuit magnetic field distribution is analytically predicted by solving two Laplace's equations. The winding factor calculation, which requires an approach different from conventional slotted motors, is provided to evaluate the motor performances. As a result, average thrust and thrust ripple can be obtained without loss of accuracy compared with results of 2-D finite element analysis (FEA). The 3-D leakage influences are subsequently incorporated into the analysis using lumped parameter magnetic circuit model because end effects are not neglected due to a relatively large air gap. Consequently, two meaningful contributions of this paper are summarized as follows: first, 3-D electromagnetic performances can be accurately predicted by the proposed analytical method. Second, with no need for the time-consuming 3-D FEA, differential evolution, a practical approach to global optimization, can simply be employed to search for solutions which belong to the Pareto optimal set. Finally, the validity of the analytical results is confirmed with the experimental results.
God meets Satan’s Apple: the paradox of creation

It is now the majority view amongst philosophers and theologians that any world could have been better. This places the choice of which world to create into an especially challenging class of decision problems: those that are discontinuous in the limit. I argue that combining some weak, plausible norms governing this type of problem with a creator who has the attributes of the god of classical theism results in a paradox: no world is possible. After exploring some ways out of the paradox, I conclude that the classical theist should accept Marilyn Adams’s view that no norms (of morality or of rationality) apply to gods.
Aseismic Transform Fault Slip at the Mendocino Triple Junction From Characteristically Repeating Earthquakes

Author(s): Materna, K; Taira, T; Burgmann, R | Abstract: The Mendocino Triple Junction (MTJ), at the northern terminus of the San Andreas Fault system, is an actively deforming plate boundary region with poorly constrained estimates of seismic coupling on most offshore fault surfaces. Characteristically repeating earthquakes provide spatial and temporal descriptions of aseismic creep at the MTJ, including on the oceanic transform Mendocino Fault Zone (MFZ) as it subducts beneath North America. Using a dataset of earthquakes from 2008 to 2017, we find that the easternmost segment of the MFZ displays creep during this period at about 65% of the long-term slip rate. We also find creep at slower rates on the shallower strike-slip interface between the Pacific plate and the North American accretionary wedge, as well as on a fault that accommodates Gorda subplate internal deformation. After a nearby M5.7 earthquake in 2015, we observe a possible decrease in aseismic slip on the near-shore MFZ that lasts from 2015 to at least early 2017.
Multichip Module Planarity Requirements Derived From Solder Surface Tension Models

The number of die and routing layers in multichip modules and fan-out packages has been steadily increasing, which has exasperated the problem of maintaining module planarity for interconnect to a ...
Discrete-to-continuum scale bridging

The book chapter describes several information-passing and concurrent discrete-to-continuum scale bridging approaches. In the concurrent approach both, the discrete and continuum scales are simultaneously resolved, whereas in the information-passing schemes, the discrete scale is modelled and its gross response is infused into the continuum scale. Most of the information-passing approaches provide sublinear computational complexity, (i.e., scales sublinearly with the cost of solving a fine scale problem). Among the information-passing bridging techniques, we present the Generalized Mathematical Homogenization (GMH) theory, which constructs an equivalent continuum description directly from molecular dynamics (MD) equations; the Multiscale Enrichment based on Partition of Unity (MEPU) method, which gives rise to the enriched coarse grained formulation, the Heterogeneous Multiscale Method (HMM), which provides equivalent coarse scale integrands; the Variational Multiscale Method (VMS), which can be viewed as an equivalent coarse scale element builder; the Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics (CGMD), which derives effective Hamiltonian for the coarse-grained problem; the Discontinuous Galerkin Method, which constructs discontinuous enrichment; the Equation-Free Method (EFM), which makes no assumption on the response of the coarse scale problem; and the Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC)-based methods, which bridge diverse time scales by calibrating certain KMC parameters from molecular dynamics or quantum mechanics calculations. The second part of the book chapter focuses on multiscale systems, whose response depends inherently on physics at multiple scales, such as turbulence, crack propagation, friction, and problems involving nano-like devices. For these types of problems, multiple scales have to be simultaneously resolved in different portions of the problem domain. Among the Concurrent Multiscale techniques, we describe Domain Bridging (DBCM), Local Enrichment (DBCM) and Multigrid (MGCM) based concurrent multiscale methods. A space-time variant of the MGCM for bridging discrete scales with either coarse grained discrete or continuum scales is presented. The method consists of the wave-form relaxation scheme aimed at capturing the high frequency response of the atomistic vibrations and the coarse scale space-time solution (explicit or implicit) intended to resolve the coarse scale features of the discrete medium.
Rebel with a cause? Iconography and public memory in the Southern United States

Recent years have witnessed debates in the American South between traditional white Southerners and African American Southerners over whether and how symbols from the region's two defining historical events – the Civil War and the Civil Rights movement – are displayed on the region's landscape. This paper examines the most contentious of these debates, the conflict over government sanction for flying the various flags of the Confederate States of America. This article first discusses the concepts of iconography and public memory, and then the role of Confederate flags in traditional white Southern iconography. We then examine four recent attempts in the states of Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina, and within the chambers of the U.S. Senate to remove government sanction for flying Confederate flags. We conclude from these debates that while icons can act as centripetal forces binding a people together, they can also emerge as centrifugal forces, further splitting apart a region's population along major cultural and racial divisions.
Aphakic keratoplasty: visual acuity and optical errors.

Abstract Sixty-four consecutive patients with aphakic penetrating keratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty combined with intracapsular cataract extraction were reviewed in a prospective fashion with a minimum of a one-year follow-up. Five were lost to follow-up. There were seven graft failures at the end of one year. Five of these were from 11 patients who underwent second operations because of failed grafts. Visual acuity was 20/80, or better in 29 of the patients. Pathology accounted for decreased visual acuity in all of those with visual acuity less than 20/80. Problems were macular degeneration in 11 of the 23 patients with poor visual acuity (48%); marked cystoid macular edema in four patients (17%), advanced glaucoma in three patients (13%) and amblyopia in three patients (13%). Graft size had no significant effect on visual acuity. In terms of the final refractive error and astigmatism, there were no significant differences seen in those in whom a larger donor was used compared with those in whom a donor the same size as the recipient opening was used. Aphakic penetrating keratoplasty has shown outstanding technical success with poor visual acuity representing a difficulty in screening for non-corneal pathology. With an otherwise normal eye, the chances for excellent optical success are very good at the present time with modern techniques in aphakic penetrating keratoplasty.
Critical Item Ranking for the Space Shuttle Main Engine

After the Challenger tragedy, industry has performed intensive reanalysis of the space shuttle’s Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. As a result of this effort, the associated Critical Items List for the space shuttle main engine has grown from fifty items to more than five hundred. Clearly, some type of prioritization was warranted to direct management attention to those items of greatest concern and aid them in allocating resources to address these items. Lack of data has made a pure probabilistic analysis unfeasible. This paper discusses the semi-quantitative analytical method used to ordinally rank the critical items. The approach uses a hierarchy of technical and failure history questions to generate a point score which, in turn, is used to rank the critical items. Results of these methods were compared with a delphi-style survey of in-house engineering experts. Spearman ranking correlation analysis was used to assess the agreement between the analytical method and the consensus of expert opinion. Some ties were encountered when the ranking was performed; this paper also discusses the three different methods considered for resolution of ties, and which method was finally selected.
Human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal cancer among patients aged 70 and older: Dramatically increased prevalence and clinical implications

Abstract Background Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing in incidence among older adults. However, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in driving this trend and its prognostic significance in this population have not been established. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with OPSCC diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 undergoing either surgery or radiotherapy (RT) with known HPV status. Older adults were defined as those aged 70 years or older. Results Among 43,427 OPSCC patients, the proportion of HPV-positive OPSCC increased from 45.1% to 63.3% in older adults (P Conclusions The epidemiologic landscape of HPV-positive OPSCC is evolving, with a dramatic increase in the proportion of HPV-associated OPSCC among patients 70 years or older. HPV remains a powerful predictor of improved survival in elderly patients, but with less pronounced effect on older adults undergoing definitive RT.
Carbon(sp3)-nitrogen bond-forming reductive elimination from phosphine-ligated alkylpalladium(II) amide complexes: A DFT study

Abstract DFT methods were employed to investigate C(sp3)-N bond-formation via reductive elimination from alkylpalladium(II) amide complexes. The hemi-lability of an ortho-methoxy substituent is computed to have minimal impact on reductive elimination barriers. In general, for both anilide and phosphine substituents, their steric impact is more substantial than electronic/Hammett factors. β-Hydrogen elimination is competitive with reductive elimination while β-methyl elimination is much less favorable. For phosphine-ligated Pd(II) amide complexes, the solvent impact on reductive elimination free energy barriers is small, and overall the substituent effects on either the phosphine or anilide ligand are subtle.
Fox Populism: Branding Conservatism as Working Class

Fox Populism offers fresh insights into why the Fox News Channel has been both commercially successful and politically effective. Where existing explanations of Fox's appeal have stressed the network's conservative editorial slant, Reece Peck sheds light on the importance of style as a generative mode of ideology. The book traces the historical development of Fox's counter-elite news brand and reveals how its iconoclastic news style was crafted by fusing two class-based traditions of American public culture: one native to the politics in populism and one native to the news field in tabloid journalism. Using the network's coverage of the late-2000s economic crisis as the book's principal case study, Peck then shows how style is deployed as a political tool to frame news events. A close analysis of top-rated programs reveals how Fox hails its audience as 'the real Americans' and successfully represents narrow, conservative political demands as popular and universal.
Automorphism groups of designs with λ=1

Abstract If G is a finite group and k = q > 2 or k = q + 1 for a prime power q then, for infinitely many integers v , there is a 2- ( v , k , 1 ) -design D for which Aut D ≅ G .
The Benefits of Multi-Stage Filtration for Improved CMP Slurry Large Particle Retention

It is well understood that large particles and agglomerates in CMP (chemical mechanical planarization) slurries can generate defects on wafer which can result in yield loss. To minimize defects caused by large particles/agglomerates many fabs filter the slurry in the sub-fab’s SDS (slurry delivery system). It is less common to employ filtration at the Point of Use (POU), the POT (point of tool) or POD (point of dispense), to further mitigate large particles that form in the slurry loop during recirculation.A bench setup using a combination of filters, representing those that are commonly used in the SDS and POU systems, was used to simulate both single-pass and recirculation modes. Optical particle measurement data showed a reduction in LPC (large particle count) (>0.5 um) of 60% with improved SDS filtration, and an even more significant reduction (80-90%) with additional POU filtration, which should result in fewer defects on wafer.
Sensorimotor Cross-Behavior Knowledge Transfer for Grounded Category Recognition

Humans use exploratory behaviors coupled with multi-modal perception to learn about the objects around them. Research in robotics has shown that robots too can use such behaviors (e.g., grasping, pushing, shaking) to infer object properties that cannot always be detected using visual input alone. However, such learned representations are specific to each individual robot and cannot be directly transferred to another robot with different actions, sensors, and morphology. To address this challenge, we propose a framework for knowledge transfer across different behaviors and modalities that enables a source robot to transfer knowledge about objects to a target robot that has never interacted with them. The intuition behind our approach is that if two robots interact with a shared set of objects, the produced sensory data can be used to learn a mapping between the two robots' feature spaces. We evaluate the framework on a category recognition task using a dataset containing 9 robot behaviors performed multiple times on a set of 100 objects. The results show that the proposed framework can enable a target robot to perform category recognition on a set of novel objects and categories without the need to physically interact with the objects to learn the categorization model.
Innovators in atherosclerosis research: A historical review

This review presents a retrospective analysis of the significance of the contributions of pathologists and kindred investigators in the latter half of the twentieth century to the advancement of understanding of atherosclerosis, a major disease and affliction of humankind. These outstanding investigators contributed importantly to the development of a large body of evidence encompassing population-based autopsy studies, experimental animal studies and cell biological investigations that, coupled with insights from epidemiological studies, serve as the underpinning for the current dominant response to injury theory of atherogenesis. Their collective contributions have been highly meritorious and will remain seminally important into the future.
Spontaneous inflammation and necrosis of the falciform and round ligaments: a case report and review of the literature

Necrosis of the falciform and round ligaments is extremely rare, thus making the diagnosis challenging. It is often misdiagnosed as gallbladder pathology due to the presenting symptoms. Due to the rarity of this pathology, there is limited literature available. A 53-year-old white man presented to our hospital with signs and symptoms of gallbladder pain but turned out to have the rare entity of necrosis of the falciform and round ligaments. An extensive review of the world literature was performed using PubMed. Manual cross-referencing of reference lists was performed to obtain all available articles. The personal operative log of the senior author was also searched to reveal one additional case. Statistical analysis was descriptive only, given the small number of reported cases. Thirty-nine articles were found, among which forty-three case were identified, and one additional case was extracted from the operative log of the senior author. Unlike previous reports, we found that isolated inflammation and necrosis of the ligaments occurs at nearly the same frequency in both men and women, not predominantly in women as previously reported in smaller series. The mean age at presentation was 59.5 years old, and cases were typically initially diagnosed as gallbladder pathology, most commonly acute cholecystitis. Computed tomography more frequently than ultrasound revealed the falciform and round-ligament pathology. Isolated falciform and round-ligament inflammation and necrosis is a rare condition that is difficult to diagnose because it can present mimicking a wide variety of intra-abdominal pathologies, particularly gallbladder pathologies. It is often best treated by laparoscopic resection. Unlike prior reports, our review of the literature, which is the largest that we know of to date, shows that males and females are equally affected. Greater awareness of this entity will aid in future diagnosis.
High-velocity interstellar absorption associated with the supernova remnant W28

We present an analysis of moderately high resolution optical spectra obtained for the sight line to CD-23 13777, an O9 supergiant that probes high velocity interstellar gas associated with the supernova remnant W28. Absorption components at both high positive and high negative velocity are seen in the interstellar Na I D and Ca II H and K lines toward CD-23 13777. The high velocity components exhibit low Na I/Ca II ratios, suggesting efficient grain destruction by shock sputtering. High column densities of CH+, and high CH+/CH ratios, for the components seen at lower velocity may be indicative of enhanced turbulence in the clouds interacting with W28. The highest positive and negative velocities of the components seen in Na I and Ca II absorption toward CD-23 13777 imply that the velocity of the blast wave associated with W28 is at least 150 km/s, a value that is significantly higher than most previous estimates. The line of sight to CD-23 13777 passes very close to a well-known site of interaction between the SNR and a molecular cloud to the northeast. The northeast molecular cloud exhibits broad molecular line emission, OH maser emission from numerous locations, and bright extended GeV and TeV gamma-ray emission. The sight line to CD-23 13777 is thus a unique and valuable probe of the interaction between W28 and dense molecular gas in its environs. Future observations at UV and visible wavelengths will help to better constrain the abundances, kinematics, and physical conditions in the shocked and quiescent gas along this line of sight.
The Political Heritage of Textile Districts: Shanghai and Mumbai

This article examines the evolution of mill districts in Shanghai and Mumbai across the 20th century as cases of political heritage—in which the socio-spatial formations of factory and neighbourhood produced new meanings of citizenship for the workers in each city. Using historical materials from the textile industry in each city, government reports, housing data, and secondary sources, this article first traces the origins of Shanghai’s textile industry in the 19th century to its connections with Bombay’s textile mills, then examines the emergence of working-class neighbourhoods as they acquired distinctive patterns of tenement housing, shopfronts, and street life. The main finding is that despite clear differences in the two cities in terms of religion, culture, and politics, the ‘mill district’ became a socio-cultural formation central to the identity and memory of generations of textile workers in Shanghai and Mumbai. A concluding section examines the similar process in each city in the 21st century in which mill compounds and neighbourhoods were converted into high-end commercial real estate and sites for consumption and leisure.
Multiphysics Modeling and Validation of Spent Fuel Isotopics Using Coupled Neutronics/Thermal-Hydraulics Simulations

Multiphysics coupling of neutronics/thermal-hydraulics models is essential for accurate modeling of nuclear reactor systems with physics feedback. In this work, SCALE/TRACE coupling is used for neutronic analysis and spent fuel validation of BWR assemblies, which have strong coolant feedback. 3D axial power profiles with coolant feedback are captured in these advanced simulations. The methodology is applied to two BWR assemblies (2F2DN23/SF98 and 2F2D1/F6), discharged from the Fukushima Daini-2 unit. Coupling is performed externally, where the SCALE/T5-DEPL module transfers axial power data in all axial nodes to TRACE, which in turn calculates the coolant density and temperature for each of these nodes. Within a burnup step, the data exchange process is repeated until convergence of all coupling parameters (axial power, coolant density, and coolant temperature) is observed. Analysis of axial power, criticality, and coolant properties at the assembly level is used to verify the coupling process. The 2F2D1/F6 benchmark seems to have insignificant void feedback compared to 2F2DN23/SF98 case, which experiences large power changes during operation. Spent fuel isotopic data are used to validate the coupling methodology, which demonstrated good results for uranium isotopes and satisfactory results for other actinides. This work has a major challenge of lack of documented data to build the coupled models (boundary conditions, control rod history, spatial location in the core, etc.), which encourages more advanced methods to approximate such missing data to achieve better modeling and simulation results.
Trends in Triple-organ Transplantation

Background Triple-organ transplants are rare, challenging operations necessitated by multi-organ failure. The difficulty of matching patients with a prospective donor, as well as the high level of complexity and coordination involved, prevents most transplant centers from performing these procedures, leaving patients who are in need of a triple-organ transplant searching for willing centers or opting for palliative care. We assessed the trends in frequency of various triple-organ transplants involving the heart over the last three decades by exploring the UNOS database. Methods Collected data was obtained from the UNOS Transplant Database and U S Department of Health & Human Services OPTN National Data web app. Triple-organ transplants performed from January 1988 to February 2020 were included in the analysis, while excluding transplants not involving the heart. Results To date, a total of 54 triple-organ transplants involving the heart have been performed. Although the overall number of transplants per year has remained relatively constant over time, it increased from one to three in 2017 and then to five and seven in 2018 and 2019, respectively (Figure 1). In particular, the growth in the frequency of heart-liver-kidney transplants is responsible for 75% of the rise in transplants performed from 2017 to 2019. However, whether these increases will persist as a long-term trend remains to be determined. Notably, the University of Chicago Medical Center (UCMC) has performed 10 of the 23 heart-liver-kidney transplants to date, transplanting 6 in the past two years. Thus, this particular center is responsible for two-thirds of all heart-liver-kidney transplants and half of all triple-organ transplants involving the heart performed between 2018 and 2019 (Figure 2). Conclusion Not only has the total number of triple-organ transplants involving the heart steadily increased in the last three decades, but also the frequency of transplants per year has increased from 2017 to 2019. In the same time period, the UCMC has been responsible for 50% of the increase in transplants performed. Further studies should be done to evaluate strategies for coordination and care of triple-organ transplants involving the heart. Additionally, complexity of procedure and donor organ shortages remain issues of concern.
Study of Dy ( Ar 40 , x n ) Po Reactions

Cross sections have been measured for the production of Po nuclides with mass numbers 194 to 200 in bombardments of a 92.7% $^{164}\mathrm{Dy}$ target with $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ ions in the ion-energy range 160-280 MeV. The maximum cross sections were 0.5, 2.1, 8.0, 35, 50, 70, and 20 mb for the production of mass numbers 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, and 200, respectively. Isomer ratios for the odd-$A$ nuclides were obtained. A good fit is obtained between the shapes of calculated and experimental excitation-function curves. The fit involved (a) calculation of the compound-nucleus cross section by the use of the parabolic approximation to the real part of the optical-model potential with the parameters ${V}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}70$ MeV, ${r}_{0}=1.26$ F, and $d=0.44$ F; (b) modification of Jackson's formula for the probability for neutron emission to include angular-momentum effects using $T=1.2$ MeV and $\frac{\mathfrak{J}}{{\mathfrak{J}}^{0}}=1.4$; and (c) assumption of an energy independence for the average partial level width for neutron emission. In the fitting process, experimental values for the latter quantity are obtained to which an empirical formula is fitted. Fission is the main competing mode of decay.