cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady, finite-amplitude, rotating magnetoconvection and the mean poloidal circulation of the Earth's core

Abstract Certain features of the Earth's magnetic field remain stationary for at least a sizeable fraction of the presumed convective time-scale of the outer core. These features may result from forced convection (laterally variable boundary buoyancy conditions) in the core as a result of core-mantle thermal coupling and the longer convective time-scale of the mantle. Although time-dependent motions in the core are certainly present, the observation of stationary features has motivated us to develop a method to find steady, finite-amplitude solutions to the non-linear convective equations. In this paper, we develop the iterative numerical method, and apply it to free convection (laterally uniform boundary buoyancy conditions), which is better understood than forced convection. Although we cannot yet be sure of the stability with respect to time perturbations of our solutions, our method has computational advantages over time-stepping that allow us to examine a large parameter space. We provide destabilization in our model by uniformly fluxing buoyancy across the bottom boundary with a concominant buoyancy sink at the top boundary. The Rayleigh number Ra is a measure of the destabilization. All calculations are at infinite Prandtl number Pr and magnetic Prandtl number q = 1. We first apply our method to a non-rotating, electrically insulating, spherical fluid shell, to demonstrate the method's viability. We then look for solutions in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell (high Taylor number; Ta = O(106)). We obtain axisymmetric polar modes, but not the non-axisymmetric equatorial modes (columns) predicted by linear theory, which require an azimuthal drift in spherical geometry. We next impose a poloidal magnetic field, and look for the magnetic analog of the polar modes. When the Lorentz force is comparable with the Coriolis force (El (Elsasser number) = O(100)), the modes fill the shell and most efficiently transport buoyancy. Thus, gz, the component of gravity parallel to the rotation axis, may play an important dynamical role for supercritical rotating convection, especially for an electrically conducting fluid in which the polar modes are more efficient than for an insulating fluid. In conjunction with the greater amplitude of convection near the inner spherical boundary than near the outer one, we find that the non-linear interaction between the advectively created toroidal magnetic field and the associated radial electrical current leads to a consistent bias towards equatorial upwelling flow. Until we determine the growth rates of instabilities, we cannot be sure of the stability of any particular converged solution, but we nevertheless believe that this non-linear result is a general feature of the ω-effect, with possible relevance to the poloidal circulation in the Earth's core.
Augmentation of response and remission to serial intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment resistant depression

Abstract Background Ketamine has been showing high efficacy and rapid antidepressant effect. However, studies of ketamine infusion wash subjects out from prior antidepressants, which may be impractical in routine practice. In this study, we determined antidepressant response and remission to six consecutive ketamine infusions while maintaining stable doses of antidepressant regimen. We also examined the trajectory of response and remission, and the time to relapse among responders. Methods TRD subjects had at least 2-month period of stable dose of antidepressants. Subjects completed six IV infusions of 0.5 mg/kg ketamine over 40 min on a Monday–Wednesday–Friday schedule during a 12-day period participants meeting response criteria were monitored for relapse for 4 weeks. Results Fourteen subjects were enrolled. Out of twelve subjects who completed all six infusions, eleven (91.6%) achieved response criterion while eight (66.6%) remitted. After the first infusion, only three and one out of twelve subjects responded and remitted, respectively. Four achieved response and six remitted after 3 or more infusions. Five out of eleven subjects remain in response status throughout the 4 weeks of follow-up. The mean time for six subjects who relapsed was 16 days. Limitations Small sample and lack of a placebo group limits the interpretation of efficacy. Conclusions Safety and efficacy of repeated ketamine infusions were attained without medication-free state in patients with TRD. Repeated infusions achieved superior antidepressant outcomes as compared to a single infusion with different trajectories of response and remission. Future studies are needed to elucidate neural circuits involved in treatment response to ketamine.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION : III. PLANT TISSUE, AS A SOURCE OF GROWTH ACCESSORY SUBSTANCES, IN THE CULTIVATION OF BACILLUS INTLUENZAE.

1. Growth of Bacillus infiuenzoe depends on two distinct and separable substances. 2. These growth accessory substances are present in blood. 3. They occur in plant as well as in animal tissue. 4. Sterile, raw potato will serve as a substitute for blood in the cultivation of Bacillus influenzoe.
Materials chemistry and transport modeling for severe accident analyses in light-water reactors III. Fuel dissolution by molten cladding

Abstract The rate of fuel dissolution by melting cladding during a severe fuel damage accident is shown to be controlled by the flow of fission product decay heat to the interaction zone, which supplies the endothermic enthalpy changes accompanying UO2 dissolution and αZr(O) melting. Diffusion in the growing U-Zr-O melt is rapid and the liquid-phase concentrations remain at saturation. Reduction of the fuel by oxygen diffusion affects both the amount of oxygen in the melt and the heat balance in the melting region. Over a wide range of conditions, the time required to melt the cladding completely is approximately 100 s and the amount of fuel dissolved is approximately 5% of the pellet content of uranium. Detailed modeling of this process may not be critical to severe accident analyses.
Natural convection in power-law fluids

Abstract In the case of natural convection to power-law fluids of high Prandtl number it is shown that the appropriate dimensionless parameters are the generalized Rayleigh number and the power-law index n. Such a presentation brings out more clearly the influence of n on the Nusselt number and facilitates comparison of experimental and analytical studies.
X33 Transient Liftoff Analysis

The successful design of a launch vehicle requires the careful characterization of the various loads the structure will experience over its lifetime. Many of the most demanding load environments occur during the launch/ascent phase of a mission, typically defined as the point of engine start through engine cut off. One of the critical events during the launch phase is the liftoff event. This event imparts high loads on the vehicle due to transient events such as thrust build-up and vehicle release. This paper describes the theory and procedures used to calculate structural loads due to the liftoff event for the Lockheed-Martin X33 technology demonstrator vehicle. These procedures were developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and verified previously on other advanced launch system concepts and the Space Shuttle system.
Modeling Biomass Gasification Using Thermodynamic Equilibrium Approach

In this paper, the thermodynamic equilibrium models for biomass gasification applicable to various gasifier types have been developed, with and without considering char. The equilibrium models were then modified closely matching the CH4 only or both CH4 and CO compositions from experimental data. It is shown that the modified model presented here based on thermodynamic equilibrium and taking into account local heat and mass considerations can be used to simulate the performance of a downdraft gasifier. The model can also be used to estimate the equilibrium composition of the syngas. Depending on the gasifier type and internal fluid flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics, with proper modification of the equilibrium model, a simple tool to simulate the operation and performance of varying types of biomass gasifier can be developed.
p53 As a mutagen test in breast cancer

The p53 gene is mutated in about half of all tumors. The p53 gene can be used as a "mutagen test," that is, the relative frequencies of the different types of mutation can be used as an epidemiological tool to explore the contribution of exogenous mutagens vs. endogenous processes in particular cancers. p53 has been used as a mutagen test in breast cancer. Surprisingly, the pattern of p53 mutations differs among 15 geographically and ethnically diverse populations. In contrast, mutation patterns in the human factor IX gene are similar in geographically and ethnically diverse populations. Diverse p53 mutation patterns in breast cancer are consistent with a significant contribution by a diversity of exogenous mutagens. Breast tissue may be uniquely sensitive to lipophilic mutagens because of its unique architecture, characterized by tiny islands of cancer-prone mammary epithelial cells surrounded by a sea of adipocytes. Mammary epithelial cells may be differentially susceptible to released lipophilic mutagens preferentially concentrated in adjacent adipocytes and originating in the diet. To test this hypothesis, we developed a method for measuring mutation load from ethanol-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissues immunohistochemically stained with anti-p53 antibodies. Single cells staining positively for p53 overabundance are microdissected and the gene is sequenced. It is possible to identify individuals with a high mutation load in normal breast tissue and who are presumably at increased risk for breast cancer. In addition, analysis of the p53 gene with appropriate mutation detection methodology markedly improves the prediction of early recurrence, treatment failure, and death in breast cancer patients. Mutagen tests and mutation load measurements are useful tools to identify the role of mutagens in breast cancer.
Precipitation of metastable carbonate phases from seawater.

BECAUSE of the widespread occurrence of carbonates in marine sediments there has been a continuing interest in the mineralogy of carbonate phases that can be chemically precipitated from seawater1–9. The discovery of metastable carbonate minerals (aragonite and high-magnesium calcites) of non-skeletal origin occurring as cementing material in submarine sedimentary environments10–12 has further stimulated interest in mechanisms that might explain these occurrences. Aragonites have been formed from seawater in a variety of experiments approximating natural conditions7,8,13. Attempts at the synthesis of high-magnesium calcites in such conditions have met with little success. We only know of three published papers in which high-magnesium calcites have been precipitated from seawater2,5,9,. In only one of these was supporting X-ray diffraction evidence presented to document the mineralogy and in all cases the phases were produced by the addition of Na2CO3 or NaHCO3.
An immunological investigation of the factor(s) responsible for the resistance of heliothis zea and susceptibility of heliothisvirescens to the parasitoid cardiochiolesnigriceps

Abstract 1. 1. Cardiochiles nigriceps eggs will not develop in Heliothis zea but will develop in H. virescens. 2. 2. Pretreatment of C. nigreceps eggs with anti-parasitic egg serum allows H.virscens to encapsulate eggs. 3. 3. Immunodiffusion studies revealed an additional antigenic band in H. zea not found in H. virscens. 4. 4. This immunological defference between H. zea and H. virscens might account for host susceptibility or resistance to the parasite egg.
Dipolar ferromagnetic order in a cubic system.

Classical theories and their quantum generalizations for the ordered state of a dipole magnet make universal predictions for cubic lattices. In particular, fcc dipolar systems are predicted to be ferromagnets. We present the first direct test of this prediction, in several of the fcc ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$Na R (${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$${)}_{6}$ rare-earth salts, and find agreement with theory. Predicted quantum anisotropy due to zero-point motion of the spins is not observed.
Green Building Policy Options for New Orleans

This document is adapted from a memo and report delivered to the City Council of New Orleans, the office of the Mayor of New Orleans, the Chairperson of the Citizen Stakeholders Group (New Orleans Energy Task Force) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Project Officer in 2008. The report outlines ideas for and potential impacts of various green building policies in New Orleans in the years following Hurricane Katrina.
The Glass–Steagall Act in historical perspective

Abstract Implementation of Volcker's Rule requires a historical perspective on the original Glass–Steagall Act of 1933 that separated commercial banking from investment banks in the United States. Like the Dodd-Frank legislation, the Banking Act of 1933 was passed before full analysis of the financial crisis was possible. The intended consequences of Glass–Steagall made Federal deposit insurance feasible by limiting entry of new banks while preserving unit banking. The unintended consequences, however, cut off access by small- and medium-size enterprises to external finance and also reduced the capital base for investment banks. Despite these harmful effects, the American economy did recover eventually.
ASSAULT PREVENTION AS SOCIAL CONTROL: WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVENTION ON URBAN COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Sexual assault on U.S.A. college campuses is increasingly recognized as an urgent and pervasive national problem. To prevent assault, school administrators and individual women promote and adopt safety strategies that often compromise women's free and independent use of the campus environment. Such strategies may fail to correspond to the actual nature of sexual assault on campus. Based on open-ended interviews with college personnel and women students, this study examines sexual assault and personal crime prevention strategies at two midwestern, urban universities. School and individual strategies are characterized according to type, goals, and orientation. Findings explore the relationship of strategies to sexual assault on campus, and implications of strategies for women's use of public space. Conclusions suggest means to increase real safety while enhancing women's freedom and mobility on and near campus.
Some properties of spaced responding in pigeons.

Abstract Pigeons exposed to a schedule which reinforces interresponse times (IRTs) longer than a given value (DRL schedule) eventually reach a stable pattern of responding which is shown to be a function both of the DRL value and of previous experience with other DRL values. On any given DRL schedule, the stable performance of most pigeons which have been previously exposed to a variety of such schedules, shows an IRT distribution with median equal to the DRL value. For DRL values longer than about 30 sec, however, the median IRT falls short of the DRL value; this failure of adjustment to longer values appears to be a species characteristic of pigeons. The function relating reinforcement rate to 1/DRL value is also shown to be approximately linear over the same range, with variable slope (less than 45°) and a downturn in the vicinity of DRL 30.
A Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem with Bounded Multitasking

Abstract The Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) is the sub-class of the Scheduling Problem that deals with scenarios where personnel or workforce employed to perform the tasks are limited and each job has an arrival time, a due date, and a penalty associated to delays. In this article, we consider a special case of the RCPSP, which we will denote as the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem with Bounded Multitasking (RCPSPBM), where human analysts are able to perform a limited number of tasks in parallel in exchange for cognitive overhead costs. We present a description of the problem and introduce an exact Mixed-Integer Linear Program formulation of the (RCPSPBM), used to evaluate the efficiency of (typically online) algorithms employed by dispatchers.
The Weird Divergence of Ethics and Regulation With Regard to Informed Consent

In order for a research study to be ethical, potential study subjects must be given relevant information about the risks and benefits of a study and then decide whether or not to enroll. Current re...
Editors' Introduction: Universities in Troubled Times—Institutional Responses

The rapid pace of change under way in America's colleges and universities has sparked a wide-ranging and often heated public debate about the social role and responsibilities of higher education in...
Acousto-electric deep-level transient spectroscopy in semiconductors

Abstract The electric field, generated by the propagation of a surface acoustic wave on a piezoelectric crystal, is used as a probing tool to study the transient behavior of deep levels. This field interacts with the free carriers present in the semiconductor resulting in an alteration of the carrier density at the surface of the semiconductor. The rate at which these excess charges are induced at the semiconductor surface, or diminished after the passage of the SAW pulse, can be related to the position and the cross section of the deep levels in the semiconductor. The technique is employed to study deep levels in a GaAs epilayer grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The theoretical analysis of the transient phenomenon is presented along with experimental verification. Due to the analogy to DLTS measurements we refer to this technique as acousto-electric deep-level transient spectroscopy (AEDLTS).
Production of isoprenoid pharmaceuticals by engineered microbes

Throughout human history, natural products have been the foundation for the discovery and development of therapeutics used to treat diseases ranging from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Their chemical diversity and complexity have provided structural scaffolds for small-molecule drugs and have consistently served as inspiration for medicinal design. However, the chemical complexity of natural products also presents one of the main roadblocks for production of these pharmaceuticals on an industrial scale. Chemical synthesis of natural products is often difficult and expensive, and isolation from their natural sources is also typically low yielding. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering offer an alternative approach that is becoming more accessible as the tools for engineering microbes are further developed. By reconstructing heterologous metabolic pathways in genetically tractable host organisms, complex natural products can be produced from inexpensive sugar starting materials through large-scale fermentation processes. In this Perspective, we discuss ongoing research aimed toward the production of terpenoid natural products in genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Inability of an aggressive policy of thromboprophylaxis to prevent deep venous thrombosis (dvt) in critically injured patients: are current methods of dvt prophylaxis insufficient?

Abstract Background: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in severely injured patients is a life-threatening complication. Effective and safe thromboprophylaxis is highly desirable to prevent DVT. Low-dose heparin (LDH) and sequential compression device (SCDs) are the most frequently used methods. Inappropriate use of these methods because of the nature or site of critical injuries (eg, brain lesion, solid visceral or retroperitoneal hematoma, extremity fractures) may lead to failure of DVT prophylaxis. Study Design: A prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a policy of aggressive use of LDH and SCDs in patients who are at very high risk for DVT. From January 1996 to August 1997, 200 critically injured patients were followed by weekly Doppler examinations to detect DVT at the proximal lower extremities. Only 3 patients did not receive any thromboprophylaxis. SCDs were applied in 97.5% and LDH was administered to 46% of the patients; 45% had both. Results: DVT was found in 26 patients (13%). The majority (58%) developed DVT within the first 2 weeks, but new cases were found as late as 12 weeks after admission. The incidence of DVT was the same among patients who had SCDs only or a combination of LDH and SCDs. Mechanism of injury, type and number of operations, site of injury, Injury Severity Score, and the incidence of femoral lines were not different between patients with and without DVT. Differences were found in the severity of injury to the chest and the extremities and the need for high-level respiratory support. Patients with DVT had prolonged ICU and hospital stays (on average, 34 and 49 days, respectively) and a high mortality rate (31%). Conclusions: The incidence of DVT remains high among severely injured patients despite aggressive thromboprophylaxis. A combination of LDH and an SCD showed no advantage over SCD alone in decreasing DVT rates. Risk factors in this group of patients who are already at very high risk are hard to detect; Doppler examinations are justified for surveillance in all critically injured patients. Current methods of thromboprophylaxis seem to offer limited efficacy, and the search for more effective methods should continue.
The effect of variations in intragastric pressure and gastric emptying of a saline meal in humans.

We have investigated the effect of variations in intragastric (IG) pressure on gastric emptying (GE) of a saline meal in six healthy subjects and six vagotomized patients. IG pressure was measured by an IG flaccid bag and GE by a marker. Studies were done during infusion of 0, 3, and 9 μg · kg-1 · min-1 dopamine without and after an injection of domperidone, a dopamine antagonist. Graded doses of dopamine decreased IG pressure and delayed GE emptying in both healthy and vagotomized subjects. A significant correlation was found between variations of IG pressure and GE. Both dopamine effects were antagonized by domperidone. These studies indicated that dopamine or its agonist and domperidone may be indicated in vagotomized patients with accelerated or delayed GE of liquids, respectively.
Natural history of hereditary cancer of the breast and colon

The natural history of 106 patients from eighteen families manifesting hereditary breast cancer syndromes, and 117 affected patients from twenty families manifesting nonpolyposis hereditary colon cancer were evaluated. Findings were compared with the American College of Surgeons (ACS) long-term audits for breast and colon cancer respectively. The cardinal features of hereditary cancer were observed within the study group, including: (1) a significant younger age of onset (49 years, breast; 46 years, colon); (2) an excess of proximal lesions in the hereditary colon series (49%); and (3) an excess of bilaterality in the hereditary breast cancer patients. The clinical stage at presentation was similar for the hereditary and ACS audit patients. Five-year survival was significantly improved (P less than .05) for both hereditary cancer populations as compared to the ACS audits (67% hereditary breast cancer and 52% nonpolyposis hereditary colon cancer). Improved survival in hereditary colon and breast cancer patients may have a bearing on the design of future clinical protocols.
Promotion of water-mediated carbon removal by nanostructured barium oxide/nickel interfaces in solid oxide fuel cells

The existing Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) perform poorly in carbon-containing fuels because of coking and deactivation at desired operating temperatures. Here we report a new anode with nanostructured barium oxide/nickel (BaO/Ni) interfaces for low-cost SOFCs, demonstrating high power density and stability in C(3)H(8), CO and gasified carbon fuels at 750°C. Synchrotron-based X-ray analyses and microscopy reveal that nanosized BaO islands grow on the Ni surface, creating numerous nanostructured BaO/Ni interfaces that readily adsorb water and facilitate water-mediated carbon removal reactions. Density functional theory calculations predict that the dissociated OH from H(2)O on BaO reacts with C on Ni near the BaO/Ni interface to produce CO and H species, which are then electrochemically oxidized at the triple-phase boundaries of the anode. This anode offers potential for ushering in a new generation of SOFCs for efficient, low-emission conversion of readily available fuels to electricity.
Hot-Spot Temperatures in Dry-Type Transformer Windings

With the increasing use of dry-type transformers, attention has been focused upon the fact that the difference between the average temperature rise by resistance and the hottest-spot temperature rise is much greater than in liquid-immersed transformers. In this paper there are given the results of an extended series of thermal tests on a variety of dry-type transformer coils. Data are presented in regard to the effect of different heights of coil stacks, different configurations, and, in addition, some essential precautions in making temperature measurements are pointed out. Hot-spot temperatures were investigated in coils cooled by natural draft and by forced-air circulation at different velocities for both directed flow and random flow. Sufficient data are given to determine the ratio between the average temperature rise of the windings and the hottest-spot temperature rise. Based upon this relationship, the need is shown for review and modification of the conventional hot-spot allowances for dry-type transformers.
ATPase Activity of Purified Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein

Human multidrug resistance protein (MRP) was expressed at high levels in stably transfected baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. These cells exhibited a pattern of cross-resistance to several different drugs typical of an MRP-mediated phenotype despite the addition of 10 histidine residues at the C terminus to facilitate purification. Consistent with this functional evidence of the presence of MRP at the surface of these transfectants, strong signals were detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence using a specific monoclonal antibody to MRP. There was intense uniform staining of the cell surface as well as weaker staining of intracellular membranes. MRP-containing membranes were solubilized in 1% N-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside in the presence of 0.4% sheep brain phospholipids. Two sequential affinity purification steps on Ni-NTA agarose and wheat germ agglutinin agarose provided substantial enrichment, and contaminating bands were not detected. ATPase activity of the purified protein was assayed in the presence of the phospholipids, which had been maintained throughout all purification steps. ATP was hydrolyzed in proportion to the amount of purified protein assayed, and typical Michaelis-Menten behavior was exhibited, yielding estimations of Km of approximately 3.0 mM and Vmax of 0.46 micromol mg-1 min-1. This activity was moderately stimulated by the drugs that others have shown to be transported by MRP-containing membrane vesicles. This stimulation was enhanced by reduced glutathione as is its drug transport, and oxidized glutathione, itself a substrate for transport, caused a strong stimulation. These data describe the first purification of MRP and provide the first direct evidence that the molecule possesses drug-stimulated ATPase activity.
Association of the 17-kDa extrinsic protein with photosystem II in higher plants.

The structural association of the spinach 17-kDa extrinsic protein of photosystem II with other extrinsic and membrane-bound components of the photosystem was investigated by labeling the 17-kDa extrinsic protein with theamino-group-specific reagent N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin both on intact photosystem II membranes or as a free protein in solution. After isolation of the biotinylated molecules, the modified 17-kDa proteins were allowed to rebind to photosystem II membranes which were depleted of the 17-kDa component. Differential binding of the protein biotinylated in solution compared to unmodified 17-kDa protein or 17-kDa protein modified on PS II membranes was observed. This indicated possible steric or ionic interference because of biotinylated lysyl residues present on the protein modified in solution. Biotinylated sites on the different modified 17-kDa proteins were identified by trypsin and Staphylococcus V8 protease digestion, followed by affinity chromatography enrichment of the biotinylated peptides and analysis of the peptide fragment mixture by nanospray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Four lysyl residues that were modified when the protein was biotinylated in solution were not biotinylated when the protein was modified on the PS II membrane ( 9 0 K, 9 6 K, 1 0 1 K, and 1 0 2 K). These residues appear to identify a protein domain involved in the interaction of the 17-kDa protein with the other components of the photosystem.
Phencyclidine selectively blocks a spinal action of N-methyl-D-aspartate in mice.

Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) administered intrathecally (i.t.) in the mouse elicit a caudally directed biting and scratching behavior. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is a potent agonist that produces this behavior, and its action is inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonist, D-2-aminophosphonovaleric acid (D-APV). The behavioral response to the agonists resembles the response to i.t. substance P (SP) except that the response to the EAAs is more intense and, at higher doses, is accompanied by vocalization. The behavioral response to i.t. EAAs is not enhanced by i.t. SP. Whereas [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADL) and norepinephrine (NE) inhibit SP-induced biting and scratching, these compounds only partially inhibit EAA-induced behavior. Phencyclidine (PCP), on the other hand, inhibits completely NMDA-induced behavior but not behavior induced by SP or other EAAs. We conclude that the behavior induced by i.t. EAAs is mediated by spinal EAA receptors and that this response is pharmacologically distinct from responses to SP.
Effects of Modulation Nonlinearity on the Range Response of FM Radars

The effect of modulation nonlinearity on the range response of FM radars with harmonic processing and ?triangle? modulation is derived. The nonlinearity may be desirable or undesirable; that is, the sidelobe level of the range response may be decreased or increased depending on the shape and amount of nonlinearity. The results of this paper may be used to predict the actual range laws of existing ?linear? FM radars; or, alternately, to specify the desired amount of modulation nonlinearity for new FM radars so that superior sidelobe suppression can be realized.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH PH UPON DIPHTHERIA TOXIN CONFORMATION AND MODEL MEMBRANE ASSOCIATION : ROLE OF PARTIAL UNFOLDING

Abstract Penetration of membranes by diphtheria toxin in vivo is at least partially triggered by a low pH-induced conformational change occurring within the lumen of an acidic organelle. In order to gain insight into the nature of this change the behavior of the toxin at high pH was characterized and compared to that previously determined at low pH. We find that near pH 10.5 a major conformational change occurs. This change is accompanied by a marked decrease in fluorescence intensity, a red shift in fluorescence emission maximum, and increased suseptibility of protein fluorescence to acrylamide quenching. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the high pH conformational change involves a cooperative endothermic unfolding transition. These changes at high pH are very similar to those induced by low pH, supporting the conclusion that the changes at low pH also involve a denaturation-like process. In addition, at high pH the toxin gains the ability to bind to model membranes, again similar to its behavior at low pH. On the basis of these studies we conclude that exposure of hydrophobic sequences due to partial unfolding is one dominating component in inducing hydrophobic behavior at both high and low pH, but that at low pH Asp/Glu protonation also contributes to hydrophobicity.
Perceived Usability of Ergonomic Interventions for Steel Bucking Bars

Steel bucking bars used in sheet metal assembly tasks lack application of ergonomic principles. Four bucking bar interventions were evaluated for perceived usability and compared to a steel bucking bar. The interventions included a tungsten bucking bar, Viscolas® rubber wrap adhered to a steel bucking bar, a steel bar paired with an anti-vibration glove, and a steel bar with a detachable handle. Usability measures included rank order of interventions, Borg Perceived Exertion Scale results, rivet quality, and participant willingness to recommend each intervention to others. Participants perceived less exertion using the tungsten bucking bar and were more likely to recommend the tungsten bucking bars to others. Half of the participants ranked the tungsten bucking bar as their first choice of all the interventions tested. The handle and the wrap were also considered usable by most participants. Participants perceived the most exertion using the steel bucking bar and were less likely to recommend the steel ba...
Experimental evaluation of dynamic models for a fixed‐bed catalytic reactor

Experimental observations of a reactor's frequency response when compared with mathematical models of the reactor revealed the need for accurate modeling of heat generation, heat exchange, and heat storage processes. The experiments were performed in a laboratory reactor with the exothermic reaction between hydrogen and oxygen catalyzed by platinum on granules of silica gel. This system permitted observation of several nonlinear effects. One- and two-dimensional, locally linear, plug-flow models of the continuum type were used for the comparison. One of the models included the effects of intraparticle diffusion of reactants. However, models that neglected intraparticle dynamic effects were found suitable here because the decay time for the diffusion process within the catalyst was short compared to the reactor's major thermal time constant. A two-dimensional model was found to give an excellent representation of the very complex movement of concentration and temperature waves in this type of reactor, while a one-dimensional model was found to serve well when radial gradients are small.
Designing a newe‐business model for a commercial real estate enterprise: a case study

A new e‐business model for implementing complex business transactions via the Internet has been created. The model involves search, negotiation, and legal closing, and its implementation, as described here, is able to: quantitatively evaluate preferences of potential customers (tenants and landlords), and define permissible search areas and allowable ranges for bargaining; search all publicly available databases and generate a statistical model of the current market situation and future tendencies as they relate to the customer's preferences; and organise interactive multi‐party negotiations pertaining to the information received, and formulate suggestions that will establish the basis for a compromise.
Estimating the total ultrasound attenuation along the propagation path by applying multiple filters to backscattered echoes from a single spherically focused source

Quantifying the correlation length of the tissue microstructure has shown potential for differentiating between benign and malignant tumors. To implement these advances in the clinic, the total frequency-dependent attenuation along the propagation path must be determined on a patient specific basis. Previously, an algorithm was developed to estimate this attenuation using echoes from multiple sources. In this study, the developed algorithm was extended to echoes from a single source by filtering the echoed signal into multiple frequency bands. This step was needed because it would be challenging to scan exactly the same tissue region using multiple sources in the clinic. Computer simulations and phantom experiments were conducted to verify the attenuation could be determined by filtering the echoes from a single source. The simulations utilized a spherically focused single-element source (5 cm focal length, f/4, 14 MHz center frequency, 50% bandwidth) exposing a homogeneous tissue region (Gaussian scattering structures with effective radii of 5 to 55 ?m at a density of 250/mm3, attenuation of 0.1 to 0.9 dB/cm.MHz). The phantom experiments utilized a spherically focused single-element source (5.08 cm focal length, f/4, 7.5 MHz center frequency) exposing a 0.5 dB/cm.MHz homogeneous glass bead phantom. The computer simulations and phantom experiment confirmed that the total attenuation along the propagation path can be determined by appropriately applying multiple filters to the backscattered echoes from a single source.
The implications of patterns of occlusion in arteriosclerosis

W ith the advent of operative approaches to the arteries came the necessity for an exact localization of the lesions of arteriosclerosis. So far, more of such data are available for the lower extremities than for other parts of the body. As more information is gained, it becomes apparent that certain patterns of the arterial involvement may be expected in certain clinical situations. As examples, I may cite the youth of patients with occlusion commencing in the aortic bifurcation, the tendency for diffuse arterial involvement in diabetes, and the association of pulmonary arteriosclerosis with previous pulmonary embolism for hypertension. These associations strongly suggest that arteriosclerosis is not a disease per se, but rather the end result of a variety of causative disease states. There are additional indications that some sites of initial involvement are associated with relative discreteness of disease, others with diffuseness. This, in turn, carries an implication of varying prognosis, since diffuse disease involves many areas in the body, and also shows a tendency to a more rapid progression of disease. I will attetipt in this paper to review what is known of the locations of arteriosclerosis, with some consideration of the means of recognizing the lesions in these places, and I will mention the varying prognoses which attach to different sites of involvement. Anatomic factors in the efects of occlusion. Peculiarities in the anatomic pattern of the arteries, particularly with respect to their anastomotic connections, are important in varying the effects of occlusion from one site to another, and between individuals as well. Ischemia of a limb often fails to follow a glove or stocking distribution because of a relative circumscription that exists for the blood supply to muscle, nerve, and even to portions of the integument.ga For this reason, ischemia may be limited to parts of an extremity, as may be seen in interruption to the vessels of a viscus in the abdominal cavity. Thus, because of occlusion of the hypogastric artery, claudication often persists in the buttock after successful restoration of flow to the rest of the limb. Similarly, a neuritis or a cutaneous infarct may be due to an occlusion of the nutrient artery to those parts quite out of proportion to the vascular status of the limb as a whole. Unexpectedly severe ischemia may occur in organs with multiple sources of supply if the anastomoses between these sources are imperfect. -A detailed consideration
Estimating suspended solids concentrations from backscatter intensity measured by acoustic Doppler current profiler in San Francisco Bay, California

Abstract The estimation of mass concentration of suspended solids is one of the properties needed to understand the characteristics of sediment transport in bays and estuaries. However, useful measurements or estimates of this property are often problematic when employing the usual methods of determination from collected water samples or optical sensors. Analysis of water samples tends to undersample the highly variable character of suspended solids, and optical sensors often become useless from biological fouling in highly productive regions. Acoustic sensors, such as acoustic Doppler current profilers that are now routinely used to measure water velocity, have been shown to hold promise as a means of quantitatively estimating suspended solids from acoustic backscatter intensity, a parameter used in velocity measurement. To further evaluate application of this technique using commercially available instruments, profiles of suspended solids concentrations are estimated from acoustic backscatter intensity recorded by 1200- and 2400-kHz broadband acoustic Doppler current profilers located at two sites in San Francisco Bay, California. ADCP backscatter intensity is calibrated using optical backscatterance data from an instrument located at a depth close to the ADCP transducers. In addition to losses from spherical spreading and water absorption, calculations of acoustic transmission losses account for attenuation from suspended sediment and correction for nonspherical spreading in the near field of the acoustic transducer. Acoustic estimates of suspended solids consisting of cohesive and noncohesive sediments are found to agree within about 8–10% (of the total range of concentration) to those values estimated by a second optical backscatterance sensor located at a depth further from the ADCP transducers. The success of this approach using commercially available Doppler profilers provides promise that this technique might be appropriate and useful under certain conditions in spite of some theoretical limitations of the method.
Determine perceptual laser modulation threshold for embedding sinusoidal signature in electrophotographic half-toned images

Printer identification based on a printed document can provide forensic information to protect copyright and verify authenticity. In addition to intrinsic features (intrinsic signatures) of the printer, modulating the printing process to embed specific signatures (extrinsic signatures) will further extend the encoding capacity and utility. One of the key issues with embedding extrinsic signature is the embedded signature should not be detectable by the human observer but is detectable using a matched sensing device and detection algorithm. In this paper, we will investigate the modeling and experimental characterization of the EP process to obtain the modulation threshold such that the embedding signatures are below human visual threshold. An empirical model is established and a heuristic functional inverse is used to obtain the process modulation threshold.
Self-aligned, self-assembled organosilicate line patterns of ∼20nm half-pitch from block copolymer mediated self-assembly

We report the formation of robust organosilicate line patterns of ~20nm half-pitch on surfaces from the self-assembled lamellar phase of a diblock copolymer of polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide), PS-b-PEO, and an oligomeric organosilicate precursor mixtures. We could control the orientation and alignment of microdomains of this hybrid to the same degree of the thin films of organic block copolymers. By controlling the surface energy of substrates using dense organosilicate, the perpendicular orientation of lamellae to the surface was achieved. Topographic prepatterns were generated by E-beam lithography and used for alignment of the line patterns from lamellar phase. Upon removing the organic component (i.e. PS-b-PEO) by thermal treatment, the organosilicate microdomains remain as periodic line patterns with global alignment on surfaces. This method gives well-aligned silicon-containing line patterns with sublithographic length scales on surface. The self-assembled organosilicate line patterns were successfully transferred into underlying silicon substrate using anisotropic plasma etching.
Unrecognized bulimia nervosa: a potential cause of perioperative cardiac dysrhythmias.

Purpose To report serious cardiac dysrhythmias in two patients whose bulimia nervosa was not revealed during preoperative screening.
Tissue morphology from spectral polarimetry

An important issue in the development of cultured tissues is the alignment of the cells within the scaffold, or on the substrate. Proper alignment leads to optimum tissue strength and it has been demonstrated that proper alignment is engendered by application of physiologically realistic stresses during the cell proliferation process. In situ monitoring of cell alignment during development can provide important feedback information in determining the optimum stresses. Numerical calculations suggest that cell aspect and orientation can be inferred from the polarization of the light scattered by these cells. In this paper, we demonstrate that a measurement of the wavelength-dependent depolarization of the light scattered from the cell layer reveals the alignment of these cells. We present results of experimental measurements on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC's) layered onto glass cover slips and of simulations using T -matrix methods.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALT INTAKE AND PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT SALT LEVELS IN SOUP

Two experiments are reported with subjects divided according to questionnaire responses into low and high total sodium intake, and low and high table salt use. The stimuli were tomato soup with varying salt concentrations. In Experiment 1 these were rated for salt intensity, pleasantness and intensity relative to ideal. In Experiment 2 the stimuli were presented in restricted concentration ranges or using a method designed to minimise range bias; relative-to-ideal intensity rating was again used. Subjects with a high total intake were found to prefer higher concentrations of salt assessed both with the hedonic and relative-to-ideal intensity ratings, though not with restricted stimulus ranges. Subjects with high table salt use were found to prefer higher concentrations only when assessed using the hedonic ratings. Sensitivity to salt taste was not found to differ between the groups.
E-Learning Quality: The Concord Model for Learning from a Distance.

Three major approaches for distance learning strategies are identified: course supplement, online lecture and correspondence, and the Concord model, based on the centrality of asynchronous student collaboration. Eight design characteristics of the Concord model that fit together to create a practical, powerful design for online courses are detailed. Experiences in applying this model to student courses, teacher professional development, and online course developers are summarized.
A Spectrochemical Method for the Analysis of M-252 Nickel Base High Temperature Alloy and the Preparation of Standards by Powder Metallurgy

M-252 nickel base high temperature alloy is completely analyzed by instruments at the general Electric River Works. Molybdenum, cobalt, iron, and chromium are determined by X-ray fluorescence; titanium, aluminum, manganese, and silicon by ultraviolet emission spectroscopy and carbon by the high frequency induction furnace. The remainder, nickel, is calculated by difference.
How polls drive campaign coverage: The Gallup/CNN/USA today tracking poll and USA today's coverage of the 1992 presidential campaign

This study examines the way in which USA Today used tracking poll data in its strategy‐oriented coverage of the 1992 presidential campaign. Scrutiny of the methodological features of tracking polls suggests the news media's potential misuses of them. Studies on media polling lead to the general hypothesis that tracking polls serve the mass media as a device for generating news accounts that focus on candidate strategy. Using the ARIMA modeling technique, I conclude that as changes in the margin of difference between Bush and Clinton in the Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll increased, USA Today cited the poll results more frequently. The increase in the number of tracking poll references corresponded to an increase in the number of strategy‐oriented words in USA Today's campaign coverage. I discuss the implications within the context of the 1992 election campaign coverage.