cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Switching to a U.S. hydrogen fuel cell vehicle fleet: The resultant change in emissions, energy use, and greenhouse gases

This study examines the potential change in primary emissions and energy use from replacing the current U.S. fleet of fossil-fuel on-road vehicles (FFOV) with hybrid electric fossil fuel vehicles or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV). Emissions and energy usage are analyzed for three different HFCV scenarios, with hydrogen produced from: (1) steam reforming of natural gas, (2) electrolysis powered by wind energy, and (3) coal gasification. With the U.S. EPA’s National Emission Inventory as the baseline, other emission inventories are created using a life cycle assessment (LCA) of alternative fuel supply chains. For a range of reasonable HFCV efficiencies and methods of producing hydrogen, we find that the replacement of FFOV with HFCV significantly reduces emission associated with air pollution, compared even with a switch to hybrids. All HFCV scenarios decrease net air pollution emission, including nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, ammonia, and carbon monoxide. These reductions are achieved with hydrogen production from either a fossil fuel source such as natural gas or a renewable source such as wind. Furthermore, replacing FFOV with hybrids or HFCV with hydrogen derived from natural gas, wind or coal may reduce the global warming impact of greenhouse gases and particles (measured in carbon dioxide equivalent emission) by 6, 14, 23, and 1%, respectively. Finally, even if HFCV are fueled by a fossil fuel such as natural gas, if no carbon is sequestered during hydrogen production, and 1% of methane in the feedstock gas is leaked to the environment, natural gas HFCV still may achieve a significant reduction in greenhouse gas and air pollution emission over FFOV. © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Disturbance regimes and mountain plover habitat in shortgrass steppe: Large herbivore grazing does not substitute for prairie dog grazing or fire

Restoring historical disturbance regimes to enhance habitat for grassland birds can conflict with livestock production goals and has been controversial because of uncertainty in the frequency and pattern of different disturbances prior to European settlement. We studied nesting habitat for the mountain plover (Charadrius montanus) in relation to prescribed fire, grazing by large herbivores (cattle), and grazing by black- tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado. Breeding mountain plovers primarily occurred on black-tailed prairie dog colonies or areas burned during the previous dormant season. Vegetation surrounding mountain plover nests and foraging locations was characterized by a fine-scale mosaic of prostrate ( 35% bare soil in a given square meter, with this fine-scale pattern distributed over a broad (>100-m radius) area. Mountain plovers rarely occupied grassland lacking prairie dogs or recent fire, but those that did selected sites with similar vegetation height and bare soil exposure as sites on burns and prairie dog colonies. Vegetation structure at mountain plover-occupied sites was also similar to random sites on burns and prairie dog colonies, but differed substantially from sites managed only with cattle. Intensive cattle grazing at twice the recommended stocking rate during spring (Mar-May) or summer (May-Oct) for 6 years produced significantly less bare soil than burns and prairie dog colonies, particularly following years with average or above-average precipitation. Thus, intensive cattle grazing did not substitute for prairie dog grazing or fire in terms of effects on vegetation structure and mountain plover habitat. Both prescribed burning and increased size and distribution of black- tailed prairie dog colonies appear to be effective and complementary means to manage for mountain plover breeding habitat in shortgrass steppe. Provision of mountain plover habitat has tradeoffs with traditional management for livestock production. Thus, managers need to clearly define desired outcomes for manage- ment to provide multiple ecosystem goods and services. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
NOTES ON TETE DE BOULE ETHNOLOGY

THE TUte de Boule Indians, who call themselves Tcekamek'iriniwak' or Whitefish people, inhabit that region of western Quebec Province which is bounded by the Trenche river on the east and approximately by the Megiskan river on the west, a distance of about 160 miles. To the north, in general, it may be said that their country extends as far as the height of land separating the St. Lawrence basin from the James Bay and Hudson Bay watershed. The southern boundary however which is undergoing constant modification due to the northern invasion of white
Hierarchical microphase separation in bicontinuous ternary polymer blends

We describe the phase behavior of a ternary blend of poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (P), poly(cyclohexylethylene-b-ethylene-b-cyclohexylethylene) (CEC), and a CECEC–P amphiphilic hexablock where both CEC and CECEC–P are ordered in the bulk. In this system, designed to mimic A/B/A–B ternary polymer blends, CEC and P were mixed with CECEC–P along the 50 : 50 CEC/P volumetric isopleth, and the phase behavior of select blend compositions was probed with a combination of rheology, SANS, TEM and SEM. At low volume fractions of CECEC–P and above the TODT of CEC, the phase behavior is very similar to that of A/B/A–B systems, with a progression from swollen lamellae to microemulsion phases. Cooling through the TODT of CEC yields a striking change in morphology, precipitating a transition to microemulsion phases at a broader range of blend compositions. Within the CEC-rich domain of such a bicontinuous microemulsion, we identify alternating C–E lamellae which are oriented perpendicularly to the CEC/P interface. SEM images of porous templates of this phase created by selective removal of P confirm the bicontinuous structure. The mechanical properties of these templates are poor due to the alignment of C–E lamellae across the CEC-rich domain. These results illustrate the generalizability of A/B/A–B ternary blend phase behavior to significantly more complex linear architectures containing multiple ordering transitions, and offer a route for templating functional multiblock copolymers with the bicontinuous microemulsion morphology.
Delay-Cognizant Reliable Delivery for Publish/Subscribe Overlay Networks

The number of real-world applications that require QoS guarantees is constantly increasing and they often follow the publish/subscribe (pub/sub)messaging paradigm, which provides loosely coupled many-to-many communication. Many QoS-aware systems use overlay networks as they allow flexible routing. To provide QoS-aware pub/sub messaging in overlay networks, the messaging system should be adaptive to the changes in network conditions (such as delay and failures). However, many pub/sub systems depend on a flexed routing topology and it is costly to rebuild this topology in case of failures. This study seeks to address this challenge with Delay-Cognizant Reliable Delivery (DCRD), a novel and delay-aware dynamic routing algorithm to provide reliable message delivery for pub/sub overlay networks. For reliable message delivery, DCRD no longer uses a flxed routing topology. Instead, it dynamically switches among different links to bypass link failures and increase the chance to meet QoS requirement. Each node tries different neighboring nodes in an order that is mathematically proven to minimize the expected delay of packet delivery. With all possible neighboring nodes sorted this way, DCRD guarantees that packets are delivered as long as there exists a path between the publisher and subscriber and that the expected delay is minimized. DCRD is extensively evaluated in simulation with comparison to existing tree-based routing approaches as well as a multi path approach using different network topologies, delay constraints, and loss probabilities. Simulation results show that DCRD performs better than all the baselines, providing reliable message delivery and satisfying the delay requirement for more than 98% of messages when the link failure probability is 4% or less.
Effects of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) and Depolarization on Neuropeptide Expression in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

We examined the effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and depolarization, two environmental signals that influence noradrenergic and cholinergic function, on neuropeptide expression by cultured sympathetic neurons. Sciatic nerve extract, a rich source of CNTF, increased levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, and somatostatin severalfold while significantly reducing levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY). No change was observed in the levels of leu-enkephalin (L-Enk). These effects were abolished by immunoprecipitation of CNTF-like molecules from the extract with an antiserum raised against recombinant CNTF, and recombinant CNTF caused changes in neuropeptide levels similar to those of sciatic nerve extract. Alterations in neuropeptide levels by CNTF were dose-dependent, with maximal induction at concentrations of 5–25 ng/ml. Peptide levels were altered after only 3 days of CNTF exposure and continued to change for 14 days. Depolarization of sympathetic neuron cultures with elevated potassium elicited a different spectrum of effects; it increased VIP and NPY content but did not alter substance P, somatostatin, or L-Enk. Depolarization is known to block cholinergic induction in response to heart cell conditioned medium and we found that it blocked the induction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and peptides by recombinant cholinergic differentiation factor/leukemia inhibitory factor (CDF/LIF). In contrast, it did not antagonize the effects of CNTF on either ChAT activity or neuropeptide expression. Thus, while CNTF has effects on neurotransmitter properties similar to those previously reported for CDF/LIF, the actions of these two factors are differentially modulated by depolarization, suggesting that the mechanisms of cholinergic and neuropeptide induction for the two factors differ. In addition, in contrast to CDF/LIF, CNTF did not alter levels of ChAT, VIP, substance P, or somatostatin in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. These observations indicate that CNTF and depolarization affect the expression of neuropeptides by sympathetic neurons and provide evidence for an overlapping yet distinct spectrum of actions of the two neuronal differentiation factors, CNTF and CDF/LIF.
The Nature of the Church in the Thought of John Knox

The leaders of the Protestant Reformation not only intended a revival of personal piety; they aimed as well to reshape the corporate forms of religion. They did not convert individuals to the Protestant faith only to abandon them to a state of religious detachment. Rather, the Protestant Reformers labored to rebuild the church and felt themselves called to be agents of its restoration. They steadfastly believed that the Holy Catholic Church had been instituted by God for the nurture and fellowship of souls and that outside of this body there exists ‘no ordinary possibility of salvation’. Accordingly, the founders of Protestantism laid great emphasis upon the nature and function of the church. Ecclesiology was a notable and principal part of their theology.
Crystal structures of apo wild-type M. jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and an engineered TyrRS specific for O-methyl-L-tyrosine

The Methanococcus jannaschii tRNATyr/TyrRS pair has been engineered to incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins in E. coli. To reveal the structural basis for the altered specificity of mutant TyrRS for O-methyl-l-tyrosine (OMeTyr), the crystal structures for the apo wild-type and mutant M. jannaschii TyrRS were determined at 2.66 and 3.0 A, respectively, for comparison with the published structure of TyrRS complexed with tRNATyr and substrate tyrosine. A large conformational change was found for the anticodon recognition loop 257–263 of wild-type TyrRS upon tRNA binding in order to facilitate recognition of G34 of the anticodon loop through π-stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions. Loop 133–143, which is close to the tRNA acceptor stem-binding site, also appears to be stabilized by interaction with the tRNATyr. Binding of the substrate tyrosine results in subtle and cooperative movements of the side chains within the tyrosine-binding pocket. In the OMeTyr-specific mutant synthetase structure, the signature motif KMSKS loop and acceptor stem-binding loop 133–143 were surprisingly ordered in the absence of bound ATP and tRNA. The active-site mutations result in altered hydrogen bonding and steric interactions which favor binding of OMeTyr over l-tyrosine. The structure of the mutant and wild-type TyrRS now provide a basis for generating new active-site libraries to evolve synthetases specific for other unnatural amino acids.
Influence of surface states on the measurement of field-effect mobility

The effect of surface states on the measurement of field mobility has been analyzed. The result shows that this effect is important when the rate of change of the surface charge density with respect to the surface potential is larger than the mobile charge density at the conductive channel of the MOSFET.
The Modelling of Nonlinear Stellar Pulsations

A brief introduction to stellar pulsations and a discussion of some of the physical problems facing the investigator are presented. Then the achievements and remaining difficulties of the numerical modelling of the linear and nonlinear properties of the pulsations are summarized. We conclude with desiderata for an ideal code.
The generation of disinhibition bursts of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia

The majority of the synapses onto dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are GABAergic and originate from spontaneously active neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and globus pallidus (GP) [1]. This tonic GABAA–mediated inhibition [2] is opposed by tonic NMDA-mediated excitation from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) [3], suggesting that dopaminergic neurons may be in a high conductance state [4]. Thus, in vivo we expect SNpc activity to depend on the neuron’s intrinsic pacemaking currents acting in tandem with tonic NMDA and GABAA-mediated synaptic currents. We first investigated the high conductance state in a coupled-oscillator model of the SNpc dopaminergic neuron [5]. This neuron model is capable of producing bursts through phasic activation of NMDA receptors, but strong excitation can prevent firing due to inactivation block. However, by adding GABAA receptors (EGABA = -60 mV), we found that in the high conductance state the model is capable of firing single spikes. This was parametrically explored using a range of constant NMDA and GABAA conductances. The likelihood of strong GABAergic tone in vivo raises the possibility that phasic disinhibition may be an alternative mechanism to phasic excitation for triggering reward-related bursts of action potentials [6]. To investigate the possible dynamics of disinhibition and how it may cause bursting, we used a modified version of an integrate-and-fire based model of the basal ganglia [7]. A SNpc nucleus receiving afferent inputs from the striatum, GP, STN, and SNpr were added to the network model. We captured the spike input to a random SNpc dopaminergic neuron in the network model and used these spike trains to generate synaptic input to the conductancebased coupled oscillator model of the dopaminergic neuron. Phasic activation of the D1-expressing medium spiny neurons in the striatum (D1STR) produced disinhibition bursts in dopaminergic neurons through the direct pathway (D1STR to SNpr to SNpc). It has previously been shown that direct pathway medium spiny neurons have collaterals that terminate in the GP [8]. This connection was added to the network model (D1STR to GP). We found that striatal activation of the indirect pathway (D1STR-GP-STN-SNpr) through this connection increased the disinhibition burst frequency. These studies suggest that striatal activation is a robust means by which disinhibition bursts can be generated by SNpc dopaminergic neurons, and that the indirect pathway may enhance disinhibition bursting.
Introductory Lecture: Interpreting and predicting Hofmeister salt ion and solute effects on biopolymer and model processes using the solute partitioning model

Understanding how Hofmeister salt ions and other solutes interact with proteins, nucleic acids, other biopolymers and water and thereby affect protein and nucleic acid processes as well as model processes (e.g. solubility of model compounds) in aqueous solution is a longstanding goal of biophysical research. Empirical Hofmeister salt and solute “m-values” (derivatives of the observed standard free energy change for a model or biopolymer process with respect to solute or salt concentration m3) are equal to differences in chemical potential derivatives: m-value = Δ(dμ2/dm3) = Δμ23, which quantify the preferential interactions of the solute or salt with the surface of the biopolymer or model system (component 2) exposed or buried in the process. Using the solute partitioning model (SPM), we dissect μ23 values for interactions of a solute or Hofmeister salt with a set of model compounds displaying the key functional groups of biopolymers to obtain interaction potentials (called α-values) that quantify the interaction of the solute or salt per unit area of each functional group or type of surface. Interpreted using the SPM, these α-values provide quantitative information about both the hydration of functional groups and the competitive interaction of water and the solute or salt with functional groups. The analysis corroborates and quantifies previous proposals that the Hofmeister anion and cation series for biopolymer processes are determined by ion-specific, mostly unfavorable interactions with hydrocarbon surfaces; the balance between these unfavorable nonpolar interactions and often-favorable interactions of ions with polar functional groups determine the series null points. The placement of urea and glycine betaine (GB) at opposite ends of the corresponding series of nonelectrolytes results from the favorable interactions of urea, and unfavorable interactions of GB, with many (but not all) biopolymer functional groups. Interaction potentials and local-bulk partition coefficients quantifying the distribution of solutes (e.g. urea, glycine betaine) and Hofmeister salt ions in the vicinity of each functional group make good chemical sense when interpreted in terms of competitive noncovalent interactions. These interaction potentials allow solute and Hofmeister (noncoulombic) salt effects on protein and nucleic acid processes to be interpreted or predicted, and allow the use of solutes and salts as probes of interface formation and large-scale conformational changes in the steps of a biopolymer mechanism.
Use of BPPV processes in emergency department dizziness presentations: a population-based study.

ObjectiveA common cause of dizziness, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), is effectively diagnosed and cured with the Dix-Hallpike test (DHT) and the canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM)....
An Analysis of ANES Items and Their Use in the Construction of Political Knowledge Scales

show the impact of invariance by comparing results from the valid and invalid scales. We provide an analysis of differential item functioning based on grouping variables commonly used in political science research to explore the utility of each item in the construction of valid knowledge scales. An application of the VTT suggests it is more appropriate to conceive of these items as effects of a latent variable rather than cause or formative indicators. These results suggest that models attempting to explain apparent knowledge gaps between subgroups have been unsuccessful because previously constructed scales were validated by fiat.
Omeprazole: inhibitor of both acid formation and translocation in gastric mucosa.

Omeprazole, believed to inhibit H+, K+-ATPase, was used to study acid secretion dynamics in isolated gastric mucosa. Tissue was mounted in a chamber and continuously supplied with both fresh nutrient and secretory solution (flow-through). Acid secretion was monitored on and recorded by a pH-stat microprocessor set-up. In spontaneously secreting mucosa the continuous presence of omeprazole causes a monotonic decline in secretion rate to a new lower steady state. The relationship between the inhibited steady-state acid secretion rate and omeprazole concentration is expressed by the sum of two hyperbolic functions with K1s differing by a factor of more than 100. When omeprazole is removed, the secretion rate always recovers. The amount of acid suppressed depends uniquely on omeprazole exposure: it is proportional to the exposure at low exposure and disproportionate (logarithmic) at high exposure. The index of conservation declines with omeprazole exposure, i.e. the inhibition by omeprazole ranges from conservative (no net loss of acid) to non-conservative (net loss of acid). Dithiothreitol causes the inhibition by omeprazole to be conservative (index of conservation = 0) at even higher omeprazole exposure. The index of conservation was introduced to allow for numerical evaluation of both inhibitory and stimulatory effects regardless of the magnitude of the effect. It is concluded that omeprazole acts at two different sites, possibly with inhibition by sulphoxide derivatives on the formation step and sulphide derivatives on the translocation step.
SELECTIVE TRADE‐OFFS AND SEX‐CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN SILENE LATIFOLIA

Alleles of sexually antagonistic genes (i.e., genes with alleles affecting fitness in opposite directions in the two sexes) can avoid expression in the sex to which they are detrimental via two processes: they are subsumed into the nonrecombining, sex-determining portion of the sex chromosomes or they evolve sex-limited expression. The former is considered more likely and leads to Y-chromosome degeneration. We mapped quantitative trait loci of major effect for sexually dimorphic traits of Silene latifolia to the recombining portions of the sex chromosomes and found them to exhibit sex-specific expression, with the Y chromosome in males controlling a relatively larger proportion of genetic variance than the X in females and the average autosome. Both reproductive and ecophysiological traits map to the recombining region of the sex chromosomes. We argue that genetic correlations among traits maintain recombination and polymorphism for these genes because of balancing selection in males, whereas sex-limited expression represses detrimental alleles in females. Our data suggest that the Y chromosome of S. latifolia plays a major role in the control of key metabolic activities beyond reproductive functions.
The Effects of Application Discoverability on User Benefits in Mobile Application Stores

This document is in the required format. Mobile applications and mobile application stores are becoming people’s commodities in everyday life, offering unprecedented mobile services. In mobile application stores with numerous applications finding the right applications is painstaking for users. Therefore, this study aims to explicate the effect of application discoverability on user benefits in mobile application stores by identifying the relationships of need specificity, application discoverability, and application quantity. Using a survey methodology, we found that app users’ need specificity has an impact on application discoverability and quantity-sufficiency of applications, but not quantity-overload of applications. Our findings also show that application discoverability plays a substantial role in enriching users’ utilitarian and hedonic benefits in mobile application stores.
Losses due to quantum size effects in thermionic currents in III-V MQW solar cells

Quantum wells in solar cells are important probes for the study of free carrier behavior. Photogenerated carriers in quantum wells contribute to transport and hence current only via thermionic escape, and once they are in the conduction band continuum, they can be treated as propagated plane waves subject to constraints of the crystal lattice. It is pointed out that neighboring quantum wells act as scattering centers causing back-scattering and trapping (standing waves). On the other hand, thermionically escaping electrons comprise traveling quantum mechanical waves liable to trapping and backscattering due to nearest neighbor quantum wells in a multi-layer photovoltaic device. Such losses due to scattering and trapping are taken into consideration in this communication, where transmitted waves are calculated after scattering and trapping take place. In such lossy multiquantum well "lines", computations show that only 16 to 25% of thermionically escaping carriers get through, and the rest remain trapped in quantum wells and/or reflect back to neighboring unit cells. For 6nm-width (GaAs-AlGaAs) undoped quantum wells, illuminated at room temperature, current densities are expected to drop from 0.4 mA/cm2/qu. well (with recombination losses but with no scattering) down to a range between 0.064 to 0.100 mA/cm2/qu. well (with both recombination losses and overall scattering included in this study).
Resistance as Process

As a longtime libertarian, I find myself from time to time in the position of supporting an unpopular cause, taking up the cudgels for some concept fallen from popular esteem or misidentified among the public enemies. Thus I rose to the defense of denial and proposed that this maligned mechanism is actually one of man’s best friends. I now champion the cause of all of denial’s associates, its alleged partners in crime, the members of the “resistance” gang who are alleged to oppose the good works of the analytic establishment.
Equiconsistencies at subcompact cardinals

We present equiconsistency results at the level of subcompact cardinals. Assuming SBH ?, a special case of the Strategic Branches Hypothesis, we prove that if ? is a Woodin cardinal and both ?(?) and ?? fail, then ? is subcompact in a class inner model. If in addition ?(?+) fails, we prove that ? is $${\Pi_1^2}$$?12 subcompact in a class inner model. These results are optimal, and lead to equiconsistencies. As a corollary we also see that assuming the existence of a Woodin cardinal ? so that SBH ? holds, the Proper Forcing Axiom implies the existence of a class inner model with a $${\Pi_1^2}$$?12 subcompact cardinal. Our methods generalize to higher levels of the large cardinal hierarchy, that involve long extenders, and large cardinal axioms up to ? is ?+(n) supercompact for all n < ?. We state some results at this level, and indicate how they are proved.
The beginnings of long QT syndrome

Purpose of review The purpose of this study is to update the perinatal cardiologist and obstetrical care provider on the presentation and management of the fetus with long QT syndrome (LQTS). Recent findings LQTS is a known cause of sudden death in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood that presents during fetal life, but is often not recognized. Torsades de pointes (TdP) ±2° atrioventricular block (AVB) are not always attributed to LQTS, although the most common LQTS rhythm, a fetal heart rate of less than third percentile for gestational age (GA), is not recognized as abnormal because it does not meet the standard obstetrical criteria for bradycardia. Early recognition and appropriate treatment can be life saving for the fetus and unsuspecting LQTS family members. Fetal rhythm phenotype and postnatal QTc can predict postnatal rhythm and suggest genotype: bradycardic fetuses usually have KCNQ1 mutation, while those with TdP and/or a postnatal QTc more than 500 ms have SCN5A, KCNH2 or uncharacterized mutations. Summary The fetus with repeated heart rates of less than third percentile of GA and those with TdP ±2° AVB are likely to manifest the same rhythm after birth and have an LQTS mutation.
A comparison of nuclear morphometry and Gleason grade as a predictor of prognosis in stage A2 prostate cancer: a critical analysis.

AbstractThe natural history of stage A2 prostate cancer is unknown. Previous studies from this institution have shown that, without treatment, a third of the men with clinically localized stage A2 prostatic adenocarcinoma will have disease progression within 4 years. Presently, most patients who present with stage A2 prostate cancer receive surgical or radiation therapy. The degree of differentiation of the tumor (Gleason score) presently is used to predict the prognosis among patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. The Gleason score does well to predict the prognosis for patients with scores of 2 to 4 and 8 to 10. Unfortunately, the majority of patients fall within the range of Gleason scores of 5 to 7. Better methods are needed to predict which patients diagnosed with stage A2 prostate cancer have a high probability of disease progression. Several studies have reported that morphometrically determined nuclear shape descriptors provided accurate separation of these patients that was superior ...
Three-year clinical performance of eight amalgam alloys

Eight amalgam alloys were clinically assessed for fracture at the margins and tarnish after 3 years. The amalgams that exhibited the least fracture at the margins were Epoque. Dispersalloy and Amalcap. The alloys Permite, Lojic and Tytin followed closely behind and the materials Arjalloy and Futura showed the greatest amount of breakdown. Tytin had the highest luster with Lojic and Futura having a generally dark surface after 3 years clinical service. Of the 260 restorations, six had been lost due to (a) tooth fracture (three restorations), (b) bulk fracture of the amalgam (two restorations), and (c) endodontic treatment (one restoration).
Deletion of Virus-specific T-cells Enhances Remyelination in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis (P1.178)

We used transgenic expression of capsid antigens to Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) to study how the immune response to VP1 and VP2 influences spinal cord demyelination, remyelination and axonal loss during the acute and chronic phases of infection. Expression from birth of capsid antigen under the ubiquitin promoter resulted in tolerance to the antigen and absence of an immune response to the respective capsid antigen following virus infection. The transgenic mice were crossed to B10.Q mice normally susceptibleto demyelination but which, when compared to FVB mice of the same H2q haplotype, show poor remyelination. The major finding in this study was that VP1+ and VP2+ animals featured more remyelination at all three chronic time points (90, 180 and 270 dpi) than transgene-negative controls. Interestingly, at 270 dpi, remyelination in VP1+ mice tended to be higher and more complete than that in VP2+ mice. Compared with transgene-negative controls, VP1+ and VP2+ animals showed similar demyelination but only late in the disease (270 dpi). The number of mid-thoracic axons at the last time point correlated with the levels of remyelination. The increase in number of axons in VP1+ mice with remyelination was driven by counts in medium- and large-caliber axons. This study supports the hypothesis that expression of viral capsid proteins as self and subsequent genetic deletion of capsid-specific T cells influences the extent of spinal cord remyelination following Theiler’s virus-induced demyelination. We propose that VP1- and, to a lesser extent, VP2-specific CD8 + T cells limit and/or prevent the naturally occurring process of remyelination. This finding may have relevance to human multiple sclerosis, as targeted removal of CD8+ T cells specific for a yet-to-be-discovered causative peptide may enhance remyelination and prevent axonal loss in patients.
The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society

This report offers a window onto the struggles within women’s organizations in 1839, as women chose sides in the break between the AASS and the “new organization.”
Algorithm Selection Using Performance and Run Time Behavior

In data mining, an important early decision for a user to make is to choose an appropriate technique for analyzing the dataset at hand so that generalizations can be learned. Intuitively, a trial-and-error approach becomes impractical when the number of data mining algorithms is large while experts’ advice to choose among them is not always available and affordable. Our approach is based on meta-learning, a way to learn from prior learning experience. We propose a new approach using regression to obtain a ranked list of algorithms based on data characteristics and past performance of algorithms in classification tasks. We consider both accuracy and time in generating the final ranked result for classification, although our approach can be extended to regression problems.
Valuation of travel time reliability in freight transportation: A review and meta-analysis of stated preference studies

Abstract In an effort to advance the understanding of value of reliability (VOR) in freight transportation, this paper provides a comprehensive review of existing studies. This study focused on reliability measures adopted by various studies, the theoretical and mathematical foundation of modeling the valuation of reliability, and the contributing factors that influence the values. Since nearly all the studies in VOR analysis employed stated preference (SP) surveys and the survey design directly affects the study elements and modeling approaches, this synthesis pays close attention to the various survey design components. Through a comparative analysis among existing studies, this paper aims to shed some lights on the potential factors that contribute to the variations in VOR estimation. The results indicated that the estimated VOR values varied largely from one study to another; probably due to the use of different units, reliability measures and survey design approaches. This review showed the complexity and challenges faced when studying freight users’ VOR. Insufficient data has also been cited as a major obstacle to advances in the understanding of how the freight industry values travel time reliability. Furthermore, the large variations in the VOR values indicate the need for further research efforts in this area.
Recommendations for quantitative analysis of small molecules by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been used for quantitative analysis of small molecules for many years. It is usually preceded by an LC separation step when complex samples are tested. With the development several years ago of “modern MALDI” (automation, high repetition laser, high resolution peaks), the ease of use and performance of MALDI as a quantitative technique greatly increased. This review focuses on practical aspects of modern MALDI for quantitation of small molecules conducted in an ordinary way (no special reagents, devices or techniques for the spotting step of MALDI), and includes our ordinary, preferred methods The review is organized as 18 recommendations with accompanying explanations, criticisms and exceptions.
Patch Dynamics Inform Management Decisions in a Threatened Frog Species

Using a variety of techniques, we tracked dispersing juvenile and migrating adult Crawfish Frogs (Lithobates areolatus) to determine how these movements produce the relatively high degree of interconnectivity we previously found among breeding wetlands at Hillenbrand Fish and Wildlife Area-West (HFWA-W) in southwestern Indiana. We found that newly metamorphosed juveniles disperse in all directions, with average daily movements between 27 m (2015) and 35 m (2011) and maximum daily movements of 114 m (2011) and 297 m (2015). When placed in artificial burrows, juveniles tended to abandon them in order to continue dispersing. Of the 196 juveniles produced at Nate's Pond and subsequently captured as breeding adults, 141 (71.9%) returned to Nate's; the remainder dispersed to five other breeding wetlands, including one that was 1.35 km away. Adults were also vagile. At Nate's, only 137 (50.6%) of the 271 adults that bred there from 2012–2016 were produced there. Further, of the 255 Crawfish Frog adults breeding ...
Mode-and Bond-Selected Bimolecular Reaction of Water

Selective excitation of overtone vibrations permits the control of the bimolecular reaction of water with either H atoms or Cf atoms, in a demonstration of both mode-selected and bond-selected chemistry. The reaction rate depends strongly on the identity of the initially excited mode, even for states having comparable energies, and the distribution of the products among their quantum states also strongly reflects the distribution of energy in the excited reactant. In isotopically substituted water, HOD, initial excitation of the O-H stretching vibration causes preferential cleavage of that bond in the bimolecular reaction.
Using a Modified Dividend Discount Model for Stock Market Games

This paper presents a dividend discount model (DDM) modified for high-growth stocks as an investment decision tool for participants of stock market games. The participants input data from Value Line Investment Survey reports to the modified DDM for making their investment decisions. Comparing pre- and post-tests of economic and financial literacy on participants conducted during a stock market game period, the authors of this paper find anecdotal evidence that the performance improvement of the experimental group is statistically significant at 0.1 level, confirming the usefulness of the game for improving economic and financial literacy.
A Comparison of Two Brief Group Behavior Therapy Techniques on the Reduction of Avoidance Behavior

A comparison was made between two brief group behavior therapy techniques, systematic desensitization and in vivo contact desensitization, on the effectiveness of each to reduce snake avoidance behavior. Results showed contact desensitization to be significantly superior to systematic desensitization and controls. Theory, problems, and fruitfulness of further research with these therapeutic techniques was discussed.
Marketing activities of vape shops across racial/ethnic communities.

Author(s): Garcίa, Robert; Sidhu, Anupreet; Allem, Jon-Patrick; Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes; Unger, Jennifer B; Sussman, Steve | Abstract: IntroductionThere has been a surge in the number of vape shops in the USA. Research on the marketing practices of e-cigarette manufacturers is scarce and even less known are the practices of vape shop retailers. Past research on tobacco marketing has shown differences in the amount and content of marketing material, based on a community's demographic profile. This study examined marketing strategies in vape shops and explored differences among vape shops located in communities that differ by ethnic composition.MethodsData was gathered in 2014 from a pilot-study on vape shops (n=77) in Los Angeles, which documented the characteristics of shops through employee interviews and in-store observations. Data were collected from shops located in communities that were predominantly, African-American (n=20), Hispanic (n=17), Korean (n=18), or non-Hispanic White (n=22).ResultsSixty-one percent of vape shops had advertisements (print ads and posters) for e-cigarettes and 84% offered discounts. Vape shops in Hispanic communities were more likely to have ethnic specific marketing material compared to shops in other communities. All the shops provided customers with free samples, however those in Korean and non-Hispanic White communities had a significantly higher prevalence of customer accessible free samples.ConclusionsVape shop marketing practices differed by ethnic community. A large majority of shops provided free samples to their customers, a practice which is now banned by the FDA. It will be important to monitor how vape shops will adjust their marketing strategy because of this ban. Future research should expand on the findings presented here to provide regulators with further crucial information.
Substituents Have a Large Effect on Photochemical Generation of Benzyl Cations and DNA Cross-Linking.

Photoactivated DNA interstrand cross-linking agents have a wide range of biological applications. Recently, several aryl boronates have been reported to induce DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation via carbocations upon photoirradiation. Herein, we synthesized a series of new bifunctional phenyl compounds to test the generality of such a mechanism, and to understand how the chemical structure influences carbocation formation and the DNA cross-linking process. These compounds efficiently form DNA ICLs via generated benzyl cations upon 350 nm irradiation. The DNA cross-linking efficiency and the pathway for carbocation generation depend on both the aromatic substituents and the leaving groups. Bromine as a leaving group facilitates the DNA cross-linking process in comparison with trimethyl ammonium salt. Both electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents induce bathochromic shifts, which favor photoinduced DNA ICL formation. For the bromides, the benzyl cation intermediates were generated through oxidation of the corresponding benzyl radicals. However, for the ammonia salts, the benzyl cations were formed through two pathways: either through oxidation of the benzyl radicals or by direct heterolysis of the C-N bond. Photoinduced C-N homolysis to form benzyl radicals occurred with compounds having donating substituents, whereas direct heterolysis of the C-N bond occurred with those bearing withdrawing substituents. The adducts formed between 1 a and four natural nucleosides were characterized, indicating that the alkylation sites for the photogenerated benzyl cations are dG, dA, and dC.
Regional cervical lymph nodes. A CT-based classification

748 Learning Objectives: 1. Describe appropriately the different levels and regions of cervical lymph node structures. 2. Identify and differentiate normal anatomic structures in the neck from potentially malignant lymphadenopathy. 3. Increase accuracy of CT and PET/CT diagnostic interpretation. Abstract Body: In the era of hybrid anatomic and metabolic/functional imaging, precise anatomic demarcation of body structures is imperative. Regions of high structural complexity, such as the neck, are always challenging. Three hundred of the estimated 800 lymph nodes in the body are situated in the neck. By improving the ability to identify and differentiate benign from pathologic structures, one can increase the accuracy of CT and PET/CT diagnostic interpretation. This educational exhibit provides an image-based nodal classification for the evaluation of cervical adenopathy. It will classify nodal group regions in a N0 neck by determining levels, using structures such as the hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage, and peripheral boundaries, such as muscle groups and vessel structures. These regions will be further detailed using color-coded, area outlines with matching legends for each transaxial CT slice. Supporting text explanations will also be available.
Abstract 3569: Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Promotes Pulmonary Smooth Muscle Cell Motility by Activation of the Wnt/RhoA-Rac1 Pathway via Recruitment of Disheveled by Integrin Linked Kinase 1

Background: Migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) to areas of ongoing vascular injury may contribute to the abnormal vascular remodeling seen in idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension (IPAH). While mutations in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling promote PASMC growth, their impact on motility is unknown. We have previously reported that BMP-2 recruits Wnt/RhoA-Rac1 signaling in pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) to promote motility while simultaneously activating Wnt/β catenin (β C) to induce proliferation and survival. Based on this work, we hypothesized that BMP-2 promotes PASMC motility via Wnt/RhoA-Rac1 signaling independent of β C activation. Results : BMP-2 (10ng/ml) stimulated PASMCs exhibited higher motility compared to unstimulated cells (P Conclusions : BMP induced hPASMC motility is dependent on cross-talk with both Wnt/βC and Wnt/RhoA-Rac1 pathways. Abnormalities in both pathways may predispose to abnormal cellular motility responses and contribute to development of IPAH.
Beyond Unidimensionality: Segmenting Contemporary Pro-Environmental Worldviews Through Surveys and Repertory Grid Analysis

Environmental organizations have become increasingly interested in identifying groups in the general population that understand scientific issues in an internally cohesive way. However segmenting t...
Comparing quantitative prediction methods for the discovery of small-molecule chiral catalysts

Advances in density functional theory (DFT) mean that it is now possible to study catalytic reactions with sufficient accuracy that the results compare favourably with experiment. These high-level calculations have been applied to understand and predict variations in catalytic performance from one catalyst to another, but can require substantial computational resources. By contrast, multivariate linear regression (MLR) methods are rapidly becoming versatile, statistical tools for predicting and understanding the roles of catalysts and substrates and act as a useful complement to complex transition state calculations, with a substantially lower computational cost. Herein, we compare these approaches, DFT calculations and data analysis techniques, and discuss their ability to provide meaningful predictions of catalyst performance. Examples of applications are selected to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of both tools. Several ongoing challenges in the predictions of reaction outcomes are also highlighted. Multivariate linear regression methods have become useful predictive tools that can complement potentially computationally expensive and complex transition state calculations. This Review compares these methods, highlights the advantages of each and identifies challenges for the future.
Evaluation of Indoor Positioning Technologies for Prototyping at Kettering University

This paper presents research performed on indoor positioning technologies to identify a technology that would be best to implement in a prototype at Kettering University's campus. The indoor positioning techniques evaluated are mainly based on beacon sources including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Geomagnetic, Visual Light Communication (VLC), and Ultra-Wideband (UW). Target-side wearable sensors will be considered. The algorithms commonly used for calculating the user's position will be discussed, including Trilateration, Fingerprinting, and K-Nearest-Neighbor.
Fluid oscillations in a laboratory geyser with a bubble trap

Abstract Geysers are rare geologic features that episodically erupt water and steam. While it is understood that the eruptions are triggered by the conversion of thermal to kinetic energy during decompression of hot fluids, geysers commonly exhibit a range of dynamic behaviors in-between and during eruptions that have yet to be adequately explained. In-situ measurements of temperature and pressure as well as remote geophysical techniques have revealed oscillatory behavior across a range of timescales from eruption cycles to impulsive bubble collapse events. Many geysers, including Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park, USA, are believed to have laterally-offset subsurface reservoirs (referred to as a ‘bubble trap’) that can trap and accumulate noncondensable gas or steam entering the system. The impact of a bubble trap on the dynamic behaviors of the system, however, has not been fully established. We constructed a laboratory bubble trap and performed a series of experiments to study how fluids oscillate back and forth between the eruption conduit and laterally-offset reservoir in-between eruptions. We present a new theoretical model based on Hamiltonian mechanics that successfully predicts the oscillation frequencies observed in our experiments based on the conduit system geometry, the amount of gas that has accumulated in the bubble trap, and the amount of liquid water in the system. We demonstrate that when scaled to Old Faithful Geyser, this mechanism is capable of producing oscillations at the observed frequencies.