cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management and Leadership Theory

The management process and the problem-solving method are the procedures for all management responsibilities. These procedures outline how managers should function. Chapter 2 discusses the concepts and theories explaining why managers function in particular ways. This chapter also provides the rationale for the educational design of the book, the intent of which is to enable learners to grow and therefore change; change is synonymous with growing or learning. The goal of this book parallels the goal of health care managers and leaders, that leaders also facilitate change and growth in their personnel. The conceptual framework presented in this chapter applies to learning how to become a manager as well as to the role of being a manager. The conceptual framework, therefore, holds together the education of future leaders and managers as well as the process of management and leadership.
ACUTE EXUDATIVE PARANEOPLASTIC POLYMORPHOUS VITELLIFORM MACULOPATHY DURING VEMURAFENIB AND PEMBROLIZUMAB TREATMENT FOR METASTATIC MELANOMA.

Purpose To describe a patient with BRAF mutation-positive cutaneous melanoma who developed acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy during vemurafenib and pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. Methods Retrospective case report documented with wide-field fundus imaging, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence imaging. Results A 55-year-old woman with bilateral ductal breast carcinoma and BRAF mutation-positive metastatic cutaneous melanoma complained of bilateral blurred vision within 5 days of starting vemurafenib (BRAF inhibitor). She had been on pembrolizumab (program death receptor antibody) and intermittently on dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) and trametinib (MEK inhibitor), and had a normal ophthalmologic examination. On presentation three weeks after the introduction of vemurafenib, her visual acuity had declined to 20/40 in both eyes. Her examination showed diffuse elevation of the fovea with multifocal yellow-white, crescent-shaped subretinal deposits within the macula of both eyes and bilateral neurosensory retinal detachments by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Discontinuation of vemurafenib and introduction of difluprednate and dorzolamide led to a gradual resolution (over four months) of the neurosensory detachments with recovery of vision. Conclusion This case report suggests that acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy may be directly associated with the use of BRAF inhibitors as treatment for metastatic cutaneous melanoma, or indirectly by triggering autoimmune-paraneoplastic processes. Future identification of similar associations is required to unequivocally link vemurafenib and/or pembrolizumab to acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy in metastatic melanoma.
Extended Horizon Adaptive Control

Abstract The adaotive deadbeat controller drives the predicted output error to zero in minimuni time. This objective may in many cases be too strong and it is necessary to detune the controller to achieve acceptable performance. In this work we consider the Dcssibility of detuning the controller by using a control law based on an extended prediction horizon. This leads to a nultistep oolicy which has several advantages. Firstly: there is no need to specify delay times exactly, and secondly: by proper choice of time horizon it is possible to show that certain non-minimum phase systems can be stabilized.
Mechanisms of Memory Disruption in Depression

Depressed individuals typically show poor memory for positive events, potentiated memory for negative events, and impaired recollection. These phenomena are clinically important but poorly understood. Compelling links between stress and depression suggest promising candidate mechanisms. Stress can suppress hippocampal neurogenesis, inhibit dopamine neurons, and sensitize the amygdala. We argue that these phenomena may impair pattern separation, disrupt the encoding of positive experiences, and bias retrieval toward negative events, respectively, thus recapitulating core aspects of memory disruption in depression. Encouragingly, optogenetic reactivation of cells engaged during the encoding of positive memories rapidly reduces depressive behavior in preclinical models. Thus, many memory deficits in depression appear to be downstream consequences of chronic stress, and addressing memory disruption can have therapeutic value.
High‐Latitude Thermosphere Neutral Density Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Enhancement

We examine the response of the thermosphere to the impact of solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements using observations and global magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) simulations by the OpenGGCM model. Combining neutral density observations from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites with simultaneous Poynting flux measurements from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16, we find that thermospheric density as well as downward Poynting flux intensified shortly after a sudden enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. The intensification manifested mostly on the dayside high-latitude region with peak intensity in the vicinity of the noon and prenoon cusp. OpenGGCM modeling results show that the ionospheric Joule heating increased abruptly in response to the sudden enhancement of the dynamic pressure in the same region as the observed Poynting flux and neutral density enhancements. The modeling results show that the enhanced Joule heating coincides, both in time and location, with the appearance of a pair of high-latitude localized field-aligned currents (FACs) in the cusp region. The FACs intensified and extended azimuthally. Coincidental with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement, the y component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By became strongly positive and, in addition, had some large fluctuations. We explore the separate and combined effects of the dynamic pressure and IMF By perturbations, with specifically designed simulation experiments that isolate the effect of each solar wind parameter. We find that the dynamic pressure enhancement is the primary source for the Joule heating and neutral density enhancements, but the IMF By modulates the level of enhancement.
Neurosurgical Anatomy and Approaches to Simulation in Neurosurgical Training

Quality of neurosurgical care and patient outcomes are inextricably linked to surgical and technical proficiency and a thorough working knowledge of microsurgical anatomy. Simulated neurosurgical training is essential for the development and refinement of technical skills prior to their use on a living patient. Recent biotechnological advances—including 3D microscopy and endoscopy, 3D printing, virtual reality, surgical simulation, surgical robotics, and advanced neuroimaging—have proved to reduce the learning curve, improve conceptual understanding of complex anatomy, and enhance visuospatial skills in neurosurgical training. For developing neurosurgeons, such tools can reduce the learning curve, improve conceptual understanding of complex anatomy, and enhance visuospatial skills. We explore the current and future roles and application of virtual reality and simulation in neurosurgical training.
Automated Three-Dimensional Image Analysis Methods for Confocal Microscopy

Image analysis is the process of making quantitative structural and functional measurements from an image. With the widespread availability of three-dimensional (3D) microscopy, coupled with a growing trend towards quantitative studies, there is an increasing need for 3D image analysis. The goal of this chapter is to describe 3D image analysis techniques, with an emphasis on highly automated methods.
More than "mentally-ill": Differentiating help-seeking from mental-illness stigma in a college population

iv CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW 1 The Present Study 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 The Process of Stigmatization 6 The Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help 7 Conceptual Models of Stigmatizing Attributes 8 The Distinction Between Mental Illness and Help-seeking Stigma 9 Public stigma 10 Self Stigma 11 Self-stigma as internalized public stigma. 11 Self-stigma as the opposite of personal empowerment. 12 Self-stigma as diminished self-esteem and self-efficacy. 14 Toward a unified conceptualization of self-stigma 14 Assessing Self-Stigma 16 Measuring the self-stigma of mental illness. 16 Measuring the self-stigma of seeking help. 17 Correlates of Self-Stigma 18 Predictors of the self-stigma of mental illness. 18 Predictors of self-stigma of seeking psychological help. 18 Self-Stigma in College Populations 19 Stigma Before and After Treatment 20 Mental Illness and Help-Seeking Stigma in Decisions to Seek Help 22 Interventions to Decrease Self-Stigma 23 Hypotheses and Rationale of the Present Study 27 CHAPTER 3: METHOD 32 Sample Size Planning 32 Participants 32 Procedure 33 Instruments 33 Psychological symptoms 33 Public stigma of seeking psychological help 34 Public stigma of mental illness 35 Self-stigma of seeking psychological help 36 The self-stigma of mental illness 36 Self-esteem 37 The self-stigma of depression 38 Attitudes toward seeking psychological help 39
Hepatitis C continuum of care and utilization of healthcare and harm reduction services among persons who inject drugs in Seattle.

Abstract Background To describe the “continuum of care” for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related health service utilization among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the Seattle metropolitan area. Methods The study analyzed data from the 2015 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system focused on PWID, which included local questions on HCV treatment and testing. We calculated respondent driven sampling (RDS)-adjusted percentages of participants who had completed each step of the care continuum and compared healthcare harm reduction services among participants who were HCV + vs. HCV- using bivariate analyses. Results 513 PWID were screened for HCV antibodies (Ab). Of those, 59.7% were HCV Ab+. Among those HCV Ab+, 86.4% had been tested for HCV at least once; 69.9% reported a previous diagnosis. Of those diagnosed, 55.9% had received a confirmatory test, 17.2% had ever received any medications for HCV, and 7.2% had completed treatment. The majority of HCV Ab + participants had seen a health care provider in the past 12 months (85.6%). Conclusions There is a large gap between HCV screening and treatment among Seattle area PWID.
The Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience and Transcendence to Understand Disparities in Depression Amongst Indigenous Peoples

Given chronic experiences of historical oppression, Indigenous peoples tend to experience much higher rates of depression than the general US population, which then, drives disproportionately high rates of suicide and other health disparities. The purpose of this research was to examine the core components of the culturally grounded Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence as they relate to depressive symptoms experienced by Indigenous peoples. As part of a larger convergent mixed-methods study, in this quantitative survey component, we utilised data from a sample of 127 Indigenous adults across two Southeastern US tribes. Regression analysis results signified support for the framework, indicating that historical oppression and proximal stress (daily stressors and lower incomes) were risk factors, whereas family resilience and life satisfaction (a measure of transcendence) were protective factors related to depressive symptoms. The results provide a foundation for future research to build upon in identifying culturally relevant risk and protective factors to ameliorate depression and other health disparities.
Veganism and Children: Physical and Social Well-Being

I claim that there is pro tanto moral reason for parents to not raise their child on a vegan diet because a vegan diet bears a risk of harm to both the physical and the social well-being of children. After giving the empirical evidence from nutrition science and sociology that supports this claim, I turn to the question of how vegan parents should take this moral reason into account. Since many different moral frameworks have been used to argue for veganism, this is a complex question. I suggest that, on some of these moral frameworks, the moral reason that some parents have for not raising their child on a vegan diet on account of this risk is plausibly as strong as the reason they have for raising their child on a vegan diet. In other words, the moral reason I outline is weighty enough to justify some vegan parents in plausibly finding it permissible to not raise their child on a vegan diet.
The Metaphysics of Establishments

I present two puzzles about the metaphysics of stores, restaurants, and other such establishments. I defend a solution to the puzzles, according to which establishments are not material objects and...
Gross motor skill performance in children with and without CHARGE syndrome: Research to practice.

Abstract Background CHARGE syndrome is a multifaceted syndrome of complex birth defects. The heterogeneous nature of children with CHARGE syndrome brings unique issues and challenges affecting the overall motor development of the child, often resulting in developmental delays including motor delays. Aims The purpose of this research was to assess children with CHARGE Syndrome on locomotor and object control skills to better understand their motor development. This information is relevant to adapted physical education teachers, paraeducators, vision teachers, health care professionals (occupational therapists, physical therapists, and physicians) and parents and family members of children with CHARGE Syndrome. Methods and Procedures Thirty-seven children with CHARGE syndrome and thirty peers without disabilities participated in the study. Each participant was assessed on two object control and three locomotor skills with modifications, if necessary. In addition, the age of onset of independent walking was recorded for each participant. Outcome and results Children with CHARGE syndrome performed significantly behind their same age peers in most gross motor skills with the biggest deficits found in the run and kick. Age of onset of walking was associated with performance in jumping, running, and throwing. Conclusions and implications Early intervention services should focus on gross motor skills such as throwing, kicking, as well as walking at an early age.
Northward subglacial drainage during the Mackinaw Interstade in the Cayuga basin, central New York, USA

The history of deglaciation in the Finger Lakes region since the Valley Heads readvance is questioned by recent research in the Cayuga basin, which concludes that, instead of forming a series of pr...
Computational modeling of drug transport and mixing in the chemofilter device: enhancing the removal of chemotherapeutics from circulation

Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is the preferred treatment for non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. A large fraction of IAC drugs, e.g., Doxorubicin, pass into systemic circulation, causing cardiac toxicity and reducing effectiveness of the procedure. These excessive drugs can be captured by the Chemofilter—a 3D-printable, catheter-based device deployed in a vein downstream of the liver during IAC. In this study, alternative configurations of the Chemofilter device were compared by evaluating their hemodynamic and filtration performance through multiphysics computational fluid dynamics simulations. Two designs were evaluated, a honeycomb-like structure of parallel hexagonal channels (honeycomb Chemofilter) and a cubic lattice of struts (strutted Chemofilter). The computationally optimized Chemofilter design contains three honeycomb stages, each perforated and twisted, which improved Doxorubicin adsorption by 44.6% compared to a straight channel design. The multiphysics simulations predicted an overall 66.8% decrease in concentration with a 2.9 mm-Hg pressure drop across the optimized device compared to a 50% concentration decrease observed during in-vivo experiments conducted with the strutted Chemofilter. The Doxorubicin transport simulations demonstrated the effectiveness of the Chemofilter in removing excessive drugs from circulation while minimizing pressure drop and eliminating flow stagnation regions prone to thrombosis. These results demonstrate the value of the multiphysics modeling approach in device optimization and experimental burden reduction.
Polymeric Persulfide Prodrugs: Mitigating Oxidative Stress through Controlled Delivery of Reactive Sulfur Species

Related biologically to the known gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S), persulfides (R-SSH) have recently been recognized as native signaling compounds and redox regulators in their own right. Reported here is the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of a small molecule persulfide donor and its polymeric counterpart, both of which release N-acetyl cysteine persulfide (NAC-SSH) in response to esterases. The donors, termed EDP-NAC and poly(EDP-NAC), underwent controlled decomposition in response to porcine liver esterase, resulting in pseudo-first-order release half-lives of 1.6 h ± 0.3 h and 36.0 h ± 0.6 h, respectively. In cell experiments, slow-releasing poly(EDP-NAC) rescued H9C2 cardiomyocytes more effectively than EDP-NAC when cells were treated with 5-fluorouricil (5-FU), which induces sustained production of ROS. Neither EDP-NAC nor poly(EDP-NAC) rescued MCF-7 breast cancer cells from 5-FU-induced oxidative stress, suggesting that polymeric persulfide donors could be used as adjuvants to reduce the deleterious cardiotoxic effects of many chemotherapeutics.
What Private Equity Does Differently: Evidence from Life Insurance

How do private equity firms impact their portfolio companies? We study this question using comprehensive data on their investments in the life insurance industry, which grew ten-fold from $23 billion to $250 billion between 2009 and 2014. Private equity-backed insurers exhibit superior returns. But there is no evidence that this is a consequence of general partners' skill. Rather, private equity firms increase the asset risk of their subsidiaries without commensurate capital charges and decrease tax liabilities. Results based on high-frequency event studies and matching techniques support a causal interpretation. Indeed, private equity firms deliver these changes to their subsidiaries within days of taking over. This improves insurers' performance, but also introduces risks that rating agencies appear to ignore.
The Effects of Sodium Chloride versus Sodium Bicarbonate at the Same Dietary Sodium Concentration on Efficacy of Dietary Phytase and a Carbohydrase-Protease Cocktail in Broilers

ABSTRACT A trial was conducted to determine the effect of phytase (PHY) or a carbohydrase/protease cocktail (CPX) on broilers fed diets with two different levels of chloride (0.28% or 0.43%) created by altering dietary salt (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). There were 6 combination dietary treatments (3 enzyme x 2 NaCl treatments) applied to 4 replicate pens. The treatments were as follows: Control diet (CON), CON+PHY and CON+CPX, with 0.5% or 0.25% NaCl. The 0.25% NaCl versions contained 0.35% sodium bicarbonate. The 0.5% salt versions had no sodium bicarbonate. Replicate pen BW, and feed consumption (FC) were measured at 1, 14, and 35 d, and mortality was weighed daily for feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculations. Feed consumption at 14 d tended to be lower (p<0.10) for CON+CPX diets compared to CON and CON+PHY diets. The birds fed CON+CPX diet consumed less feed but exhibited improved FCR in the presence of 0.5% NaCl at 14 d. The birds fed the CON, and CON+PHY diets exhibited higher BW at 14 d (p<0.05) and 35 d (p<0.01) of age than did CON+CPX birds. From 15 d to 35 d, birds fed the CON+CPX diet exhibited poorer BW gain (BWG) in the presence of 0.25% NaCl (p<0.05). In conclusion, Cl, as NaCl versus NaH2CO3, could affect CPX but not PHY feed enzyme function in broilers. Further, it may be suggested that certain feed enzymes may be best utilized at later broiler ages rather than in initial feeds.
Assembling land for urban revitalization in the presence of linchpin parcels and information asymmetries: An experimental investigation

This study uses economic experiments to determine if information asymmetries are likely to frustrate government efforts to assemble land for urban revitalization when there is a linchpin parcel that must be acquired to move a development project forward. Results suggest holdout behavior is more pronounced when landowners know a linchpin parcel exists. Surprisingly, landowners who know they control such parcels are found to be more willing to sell than those who are uncertain about the strategic importance of their properties. These observations raise interesting questions about the nature of holdout problems and how they can potentially be overcome by approaching land assembly in a transparent manner.
Abstract B01: Simultaneous targeting of mTOR and mLST8 in human breast cancer cells

Despite our continually increasing knowledge of cancer biology and intracellular mechanisms, identifying targets for cancer treatment remains a challenge. Cancer cells are heterogeneous and plastic, which are involved in innate and acquired resistance to molecularly targeted anticancer drugs, respectively. This project focuses on the PI3K/Akt cell signaling pathway, specifically mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and GβL (mLST8), to halt cell proliferation. The breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and AU565 were exposed to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting mTOR or mLST8, as well as a combination of both. The cell protein expression profile was studied to investigate the efficiency of protein silencing, and potential synergistic effect on downstream effectors of the pathway. Due to poor cellular internalization of siRNA, we also investigated the efficiency of small cell-penetrating peptides specifically designed as siRNA carriers. Three cyclic peptides (WR5, [R5K]W5 and [R6K]W6) incorporating ring-forming arginines (as a cationic moiety for inter-ionic interaction with nucleic acids), tryptophan (as a hydrophobic chain to enhance interaction with cell membrane, and lysine as the conjugation site for tryptophan chain were studied for in vitro siRNA delivery. The siRNA complexes formed with these amphiphilic peptides were delivered to the same breast cancer cell lines, and the efficiency of cellular internalization and mTOR and mLST8 silencing was investigated. Our findings confirm the efficiency of siRNAs in interrupting formation of mTOR complexes, and the activation of downstream proteins. Further studies are required to confirm these findings in patient cells and to evaluate the efficacy of this approach in vivo. Citation Format: Melissa Coyle, Romina Nabiee, Robert Lamboy, Parvin Mahdipoor, Keykavous Parang, Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi. Simultaneous targeting of mTOR and mLST8 in human breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling; 2018 Nov 30-Dec 8; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(10_Suppl):Abstract nr B01.
"Sex Can Be a Great Medicine": Sexual Health in Oncology Care for Sexual and Gender Minority Cancer Patients.

Until recently, sexual and gender minority (SGM) people have been largely invisible in health care and health services research. However, understanding the needs and experiences of SGM cancer patients is critical to providing high-quality care, including needs and experiences related to sexual health. In this narrative review, we highlight that the literature on sexual health for SGM people with cancer is lacking, summarize existing literature on disparities affecting SGM patients with cancer, and discuss factors associated with these disparities. We conclude with recommendations and suggestions for future research in this area. Emerging evidence suggests that SGM people are at a higher risk for breast, cervical, endometrial, HPV-related, and lung cancers, as well as poor cancer outcomes, due to behavioral risk factors and health care system factors (e.g., lower access to health care insurance, discrimination in non-affirming care settings, negative health care interactions with providers). Additional research suggests that lack of clear guidelines for cancer screening in SGM patients, particularly for transgender and gender diverse patients, negatively impacts cancer screening uptake among SGM people. A growing number of studies have suggested greater sexual challenges following cancer treatment for sexual minority men with prostate cancer, while other studies highlight positive outcomes for sexual minority women following cancer treatment, such as benefit finding and resilience. Research on transgender and gender diverse patients is lacking. Collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data across clinical enterprises and population-based surveys, mandatory health care provider training on cultural and clinical competency with SGM patients, and additional research inclusive of and focused on SGM cancer patients are key strategies to advance evidence-based clinical cancer care for diverse SGM populations.
Coping with Ecological Crises from a Queer Ecological Theory Perspective: Eros and Melancholy

There is strong consensus among many that the Earth is undergoing dramatic changes in climate, resulting in increasingly destructive weather patterns, the mass extinction of species, and other effe...
Contemplating Alternatives: Britain and Danubian Europe Between War and Peace, March 1940–April 1941

In the first 6 months of war, the question of neutrality was at the heart of British European strategy. The issue whether the rights of neutrals should be allowed to tie the hands of the Allies, whom, from the British standpoint, after all, were fighting for them, was a regular debate in the Cabinet. Mining Norwegian territorial waters in order to stop Swedish iron ore from reaching Germany was rejected several times by ministers due to ‘fear of German counteractions’ and also on the grounds that ‘any benefit accruing would be offset by the adverse reaction of international and neutral [particularly American] opinion’.
Centering Race at the Medical-Legal Partnership in Hawaii

For over ten years, the Medical-Legal Partnership for Children in Hawaii (MLP) has provided direct legal services on-site at the Kokua Kalihi Valley pediatrics clinic. MLP also engages in extensive provider and community education, as well as policy advocacy work alongside the mostly Micronesian communities we serve. This article centers a racial justice vision and community lawyering approach practiced in Hawaii that is currently missing from the mainstream “Medical-Legal Partnership” literature and endorsed practice model. Part II critiques the absence of race data and a racial consciousness in the National MLP despite the significant roles of race and racism as key social determinants of health. Part III addresses both the peril and the promise of the MLP practice of this large and diverse MLP national network. In particular, I address what’s at stake if we fail to operate within the “messy social realities” of our community and promote community power in a racial justice context. Part IV shares stories from our MLP Hawaii program to illustrate how we work to uncover and combat racial discrimination and, ultimately, to promote community power. Without a vision to promote community agency and leadership while working to dismantle institutional racism, the MLP model severely limits its potential to make lasting, meaningful social change.
Homochirality Is Originated from Handedness of Helices

Homochirality is a common feature of amino acids and carbohydrates, whose origin is still unknown. For example, 19 of 20 natural amino acids are L-chiral but deoxyribose sugars in DNA are always D-chiral. Meanwhile, right-handed helices are ubiquitous in nature. Are these two phenomena intrinsically correlated? Here, we propose that homochirality of amino acids and nucleotide sugars is originated from the handedness of helices. We show that right-handed 310-helix and alpha-helix favor the L-chiral form for amino acids, but for deoxyribose sugars right-handed helices prefer the D-chiral form instead. Our analyses unveil that there exist strong cooperativity effects dominated by electrostatic interactions. This work not only resolves the mystery of homochirality by providing a unified explanation for the origin of homochirality in proteins and DNA using helical secondary structures as the root cause, but also ratifies the Principle of Chirality Hierarchy, where chirality of a higher hierarchy dictates that of lower ones. Possible applications of the present work to asymmetric synthesis and macromolecular assembly are discussed.
Pass-Through of Public Subsidies in Health Insurance

Public health insurance is increasingly provided indirectly by private health insurers receiving government subsidies. Previous models find that these subsidies can cause insurers to distort benefits towards services that attract profitable individuals and conversely to provide less favorable benefits for services preferred by unprofitable individuals. This theoretical analysis incorporates an upstream medical provider from whom the insurer must purchase medical services and who takes government subsidies into account when choosing service price. In this setting, government subsidies are "passed-through'' both to consumers (in the form of benefit design) and the upstream service provider (in the form of service price). In this setting, insurer benefit design responds less strongly to subsidies than in the case of exogenous service prices. In addition, this paper demonstrates how pass-through of government subsidies in health insurance markets depends critically on the concavity or convexity of log-demand (a common feature of pass-through models) as well as the relative curvature of demand for insurance relative to demand for medical services.
Randomization in parallel algorithms and its impact on computational geometry (invited)

Randomization offers elegant solutions to some problems in parallel computing. In addition to improved efficiency it often leads to simpler and practical algorithms. In this paper we discuss some of the characteristics of randomized algorithms and also give applications in computational geometry where use of randomization gives us significant advantage over the best known deterministic parallel algorithms.
Live programming as a lecture technique

The Computer Science Department at Montana State University offered a 2 credit Java seminar each Spring Semester from 1997 through 2001. Our students were taught Ada and C++ at the time so the purpose of the seminar was to provide a fairly sophisticated introduction to the Java programming language. In the seminar, students worked on a semester long project that culminated in a networked version of a two person game that could be played on the World Wide Web. Starting in Fall Semester, 2001, the Java seminar was no longer necessary because our department decided to use Java as its introductory programming language instead of Ada.I had the privilege of teaching the seminar during each of its five offerings. By the fifth and final offering in Spring Semester, 2001, the seminar incorporated many unique elements including a live programming lecture technique, no required textbook and a semester long project. In this paper, I will evaluate each of these features using student surveys that I constructed. Special attention will be paid to the live programming aspect of the course.
Where Do Companies Attempt Earnings Management, and When Do Auditors Prevent It?

Research about earnings management ("EM") is sometimes criticized as insufficiently useful to standard setters (e.g., Healy and Whalen 1999). Because prior studies necessarily focus on those areas of EM that have resulted in SEC enforcement actions or for which empirical tests are most powerful, little is known about EM with respect to many accounts. Also, relatively little research has examined factors that limit EM. For example, because prior studies focus on post-audit financial statements, they cannot separate managers' attempts to manage earnings and auditors' decisions to waive adjustment of earnings-management attempts. Our study complements prior research by constructing a database of 526 earnings-management attempts ("EMAs") that span the issues regulated by SFAS's 1-132 and their precursors. We obtain EMAs by surveying audit partners and managers from one Big-5 firm and eliciting specific experiences they have had with audit clients who they believe were attempting earnings management. This database allows us to examine how managers' decisions to attempt EM and auditors' decisions to waive EMAs are affected by financial-accounting-standard precision, transaction structuring, current-year-income effect, materiality, and/or client size. We also assess the relative frequency of EMAs in various accounts, as well as the relative frequency with which EMAs are waived by auditors to become EM in the audited financial statements. Regarding managers' EMAs, analyses indicate that transaction structuring is infrequent, and tends to occur with respect to precise standards. Of those EMAs that affect current-period income, 60% are income increasing. EMAs are more likely to increase current-period income when standards are precise and/or transactions have been structured. Regarding auditors' waive decisions, analyses indicate that auditors are more likely to waive adjustment of an EMA when it decreases current-year income, is governed by an imprecise standard, is structured (particularly to meet a precise standard), is considered by the auditor to be immaterial, or is attempted by a large client. In our database, EMAs occur most frequently with respect to reserves, followed by, in order of frequency, revenue recognition, business combinations, intangibles, fixed assets, investments, leases, compensation, and many other areas. While revenue-recognition EMAs are second most frequent, auditors infrequently waive them, so they are the third most frequent category of EM. Auditors require adjustment of 43% of EMAs. They waive adjustment of 22% because they conclude the EMA is allowed by GAAP, 18% because the auditor has no convincing evidence that their client's position is incorrect, and 17% for another reason (usually, immateriality). At the conclusion of our paper we discuss limitations and implications of our results for earnings-management research, audit practice, and financial-accounting and auditing regulation.
The anisotropic Young's modulus of equine secondary osteones and interstitial bone determined by nanoindentation

The equine radius is a useful subject for examining the adaptation of bone histology to loading because in life the anterior cortex is loaded almost entirely in tension, the posterior cortex in compression. The histology of the two cortices is correspondingly different, the osteones and the interstitial lamellae in the posterior cortex having a more transversely oriented fibre arrangement than those in the anterior cortex. Presumably as a result of this histological difference, the posterior cortex is stronger in compression than the anterior cortex; the anterior cortex is stronger in tension than the posterior cortex. We here use nanoindentation to examine how the Young's modulus of elasticity of secondary osteones and interstitial lamellae in the anterior and posterior cortices varied as a function of angle. The anterior osteones were stiffer than the posterior osteones when tested in the direction parallel to the bone's long axis, but became progressively relatively less stiff as the angle increased; at 90 degrees, they were less stiff than the posterior osteones. Although the interstitial lamellae were stiffer than their neighbouring osteones, the same relationship between anterior and posterior interstitial lamellae as a function of angle was found as for the osteones. The anisotropy of these Young's moduli determined by nanoindentation shows a close relationship with what was to be expected from the histological findings.
A genetic comparison of strains of zymomonas mobilis by analysis of plasmid DNA

Strains ofZymomonas mobilis were examined for their ability to act as recipients of plasmid DNA and for the relatedness of native plasmids which these strains harbor. We conclude that the high ethanol producing strains CP3 and CP4 are identical.
Myosin head rotation in muscle fibers measured using polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery

The technique of polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery (PFPR) has been applied for the first time to investigation of the rotational correlation time of the myosin head in muscle fibers. This is a novel application of PFPR because it is the first time PFPR has been applied to a sample which is not cylindrically symmetric about the optical axis. Therefore we present a method for analysis of PFPR results from an oriented sample such as the muscle fibers aligned perpendicularly to the optical axis used here. Control experiments performed on fluorescently labeled myosin heads in solution demonstrate that, under some conditions, our PFPR apparatus can easily measure a rotational correlation time of less than 200 μs. Validity of this application of PFPR to muscle fibers is provided by the agreement of our results with published results from a variety of other spectroscopic techniques. In particular, using glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers, we find that for relaxed fibers and isometrically contracting fibers, the myosin heads undergo high-amplitude rotations on the submillisecond time domain. For fibers in rigor the myosin heads are highly oriented and nearly immobile. For fibers in ADP the myosin heads are highly ordered in a distribution quite different from that in rigor, and they are slightly more mobile than in rigor.
Calculated patterns of slotted elliptic-cylinder antennae

The model assumed is a perfectly conducting elliptic cylinder of infinite length which has a narrow axial slot of finite length. Patterns are presented for various ratios of the major to minor axis. It is indicated that for reasonably large elliptic cylinders the patterns are dependent mainly on the surface curvature in the neighborhood of the slot.
MO-B-I-611-01: The Role of the Medical Physicist in Preparing for Radiation Disasters

Since 9/11, hospitals have seen the need to examine their emergency management plans to ensure that radiation disasters are adequately addressed. Hospitals need to be ready to deal with radiation casualties in addition to the possibility of many self‐presenters who want to know whether they are contaminated. Hospitals need to be prepared to handle this situation in the first day or two after a disaster until state and federal agencies can mobilize. Medical physicists will play a vital role as responders and sources of accurate information for hospital staff, patients and the public. Medical physicists will be asked to assist in the decision‐making process if an event does occur. This course provides information on the handling of patients who are injured and may be irradiated and/or contaminated with radioactive material. The Center for Disease Control website has guidance on ways to handle self‐presenters who may exceed the number of radiation casualties. The psychosocial considerations after a disaster will be discussed and its effects on staff, patients and the public. The course will also address issues to be anticipated for facility recovery after a disaster. Educational Objectives: 1. To provide resources that are available for developing emergency plans that address radiation disasters and their unique policy considerations. 2. To show how to utilize radiation protection procedures and practices and know how to prepare the facility for radiological emergency medical response. 3. To provide a framework for handling self‐presenters who will seek help from their local hospital to determine whether they are contaminated. 4. To understand the psychosocial considerations in responding to a radiological emergency. 5. To know what activities can occur during facility's recovery from a radiation disaster.
Comparisons of P-Yield, Riparian Buffer Strips, and Land Cover inSix Agricultural Watersheds

Riparian buffer strips may protect streams from phosphorus (P) pollution. We compared 2 years of daily P-yield (μg m−2 day−1) from six southeast Wisconsin watersheds with contrasting riparian buffer attributes. Of the variables measured, mean daily P-yield was most closely correlated with the variability in riparian patch size. Variability in P-yield was most closely correlated with characteristics of the riparian buffer, such as percent wetland land cover, riparian continuity, and stream sinuosity. During the most extreme events, mean P-yield was negatively correlated with the percentage of wetland land cover in the upland watershed. Correlations suggest that riparian continuity may influence P-loading in these watersheds. Our results corroborate the importance of continuity and uniformity of riparian buffers as moderators of P flow from upland agricultural lands into streams.
Observation of laser-induced penning and associative ionization in Li-Li collisions

We report the direct observation of /sup 6/Li/sup +/, /sup 7/Li/sup +/, /sup 1/3Li/sub 2//sup ts+/, /sup 1/4Li/sub 2//sup ts+/ arising from single collisions between beams of lithium atoms in the presence of a laser field. Although the relative intensity of atomic ions relfects the natural isotopic abundance, a pronounced enrichment of /sup 1/3/sub 2//sup ts+/ relative to /sup 1/4/sub 2//sup ts+/ is observed.
Treg identity protection by an epigenetic switch

The homeostasis of complex multicellular organisms requires coordinated actions of many types of differentiated cells providing distinct functions. Instability of cell fate can lead to pathological consequences due to loss of original function of the cell and/or gain of undesired function associated with newly acquired cell identity. What signals destabilize cell fate and how cell identity is preserved under homeostatic conditions is poorly understood. On the other hand, differentiated cells may display natural plasticity of cell fate in response to environmental changes. Plasticity of cell identity can also be artificially induced and harnessed for medical purposes as in cellular reprogramming. Thus, a better understanding is needed on the mechanisms controlling stability and plasticity of cell identity.
Incidence, appropriateness, and consequences of recommendations for additional imaging tests in oncological PET/CT reports.

Aim To assess the incidence, appropriateness, and outcomes of recommendations for additional imaging tests (RAI) in oncological combined 2-[ 18 F]-fluoro-2-deoxy- d- glucose positron-emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) reports. Material and methods In this retrospective study, conducted with institutional review board approval, the first oncological FDG-PET/CT reports in 2008 for 250 consecutive patients were reviewed to identify RAI. PET/CT reports containing RAI were retrospectively reviewed by two blinded readers. PET/CT findings prompting RAI, appropriateness of RAI, results of additional imaging tests actually performed, and the ultimate clinical significance of findings prompting RAI were recorded. Confirmation of clinical significance required pathology confirmation, unequivocal imaging progression, imaging stability for 12 months, or clinical follow-up for 24 months or end of life. Results Eighty-four RAI were identified for 88 PET/CT findings in 29.6% (74/250) of PET/CT reports, of which 51.2% (43/84) were deemed unnecessary by reviewers. Referring clinicians only followed 31% (26/84) of RAI by requesting additional imaging tests, and these tests resolved the PET/CT question in 76.9% (20/26) of those cases. Only 11.4% (10/88) of all findings prompting RAI proved to be clinically significant. Only 4.7% (2/43) of RAI deemed unnecessary by reviewers and 5.2% (3/58) of RAI not pursued by clinicians were found to be clinically significant; however, PET/CT alone was sufficient for diagnosis or guiding appropriate clinical management in each of these cases. Conclusion RAI were found in 29.6% of oncological PET/CT reports. No potential adverse impact on patient management or outcome, by not issuing or following RAI, was identified in the 51.2% of RAI deemed unnecessary by study readers or in the 69% of RAI not pursued by referring clinicians.
Antioxidant Activity of Sugar Molasses, Including Protective Effect Against DNA Oxidative Damage

Extracts were obtained from molasses, a byproduct of the sugar industry, via a number of chromatographic steps. Their antioxidant capacity was studied, including the inhibitory effect upon DNA oxidative damage; the phenolic compound profile thereof was ascertained as well. Two extracts exhibited significant antioxidant features, expressed by their capacity to decolorize ABTS radical cation and to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals (via deoxyribose assay). Those 2 extracts also brought about protection against induced DNA oxidative damage (via decreasing DNA scission, as assessed by electrophoresis). The phenolic compounds syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and ferulic acid were positively identified and quantified.
Structure of Haemoglobin Seattle

HAEMOGLOBIN Seattle is a mutant displaying a considerable decrease in oxygen affinity with almost normal haem-haem interaction and normal Bohr effect1. Structural studies have indicated that the chemical abnormality in this mutant is a substitution of alanine by glutamic acid in tryptic peptide βTp9. This peptide includes residues 67 to 82 of the β chain with alanines occupying positions 70 and 76. Structural analysis of the Seattle βTp8–9 and βTp9 using the Edman degradation and exopeptidase digestion suggested that the substitution was located at residue 76β. Therefore, it was concluded that the structure of Hb Seattle was 76β alanines→glutamic acid2.
In vitro synthesis and repression of argininosuccinase in Escherichia coli K12; partial purification of the arginine repressor.

Φ80dargECBH DNA has been used to direct cell-free synthesis of argininosuccinase, the argH gene product in Escherichia coli K12. In vitro enzyme synthesis is sensitive to repression by partially purified preparations from an argR + strain but not by corresponding preparations from an argR - strain. Using DNA-cellulose chromatography, approximately seventyfold purification of repressor has been obtained. The partially purified preparation represses argininosuccinase synthesis but has no effect on β-galactosidase synthesis.