cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrosophic Perspectives: Triplets, Duplets, Multisets, Hybrid Operators, Modal Logic, Hedge Algebras. And Applications.

This book is part of the book-series dedicated to the advances of neutrosophic theories and their applications, started by the author in 1998. Its aim is to present the last developments in the field. This is the second extended and improved edition of Neutrosophic Perspectives (September 2017; first edition was published in June 2017). For the first time, we now introduce: — Neutrosophic Duplets and the Neutrosophic Duplet Structures; — Neutrosophic Multisets (as an extension of the classical multisets); — Neutrosophic Spherical Numbers; — Neutrosophic Overnumbers / Undernumbers / Offnumbers; — Neutrosophic Indeterminacy of Second Type; — Neutrosophic Hybrid Operators (where the heterogeneous t-norms and t-conorms may be used in designing neutrosophic aggregations); — Neutrosophic Triplet Loop; — Neutrosophic Triplet Function; — Neutrosophic Modal Logic; — and Neutrosophic Hedge Algebras. The Refined Neutrosophic Set / Logic / Probability were introduced in 2013 by F. Smarandache. Since year 2016 a new interest has been manifested by researchers for the Neutrosophic Triplets and their corresponding Neutros-ophic Triplet Algebraic Structures (introduced by F. Smarandache & M. Ali). Subtraction and Division of Neutrosophic Numbers were introduced by F. Smarandache - 2016, and Jun Ye – 2017. We also present various new applications in: neutrosophic multi-criteria decision-making, neutrosophic psychology, neutrosophic geographical function (the equatorial virtual line), neutrosophic probability in target identification, neutrosophic dynamic systems, neutrosophic quantum computers, neutrosophic theory of evolution, and neutrosophic triplet structures in our everyday life.
Spectroscopic Diagnostics using Line-Radiation in Laser Driven Non-Equilibrium Plasmas in a Ti-Doped Silica Aerogel Foam Target

Experiments were performed at the Jupiter Laser Facility at LLNL, where x-ray spectroscopic measurements among other data were acquired from sub-critical-density, Ti-doped silica aerogel foams driven by a 2ω laser at~ 5x1014 W/cm2. The main obj ective is to study the effect of external B- field in thermally insulating the hot plasma and investigating line-radiation in multi -ke V, non-equilibrium plasmas for applications in ICF hohlraums and targets, high-photon-energy x-ray sources for radiography, as well as in the MagLIF scheme. The near term goal is to use spectroscopy to infer a time-integrated temperature at several positions along the laser propagation axis for several B- field cases and observe any sensitivity to density for estimated plasma conditions of ne/nc ~ 0.2 and Te~ 1 keV with 4.5% of Ti by atomic fraction in SiO 2 foam target. Spatially resolved, time-integrated spectral simulations using accurate atomic and radiation transport models will provide synthetic Ti K - and L-shell spectra with which to compare and analyze the available data. We present synthetic Ti spectra employing a recently developed non-LTE collisional-radiative spectroscopic model with detailed multi-frequency radiation transport scheme. This approach was successfully used to replicate observed xray line spectra and diagnose plasma conditions from various wire arrays and gas puff implosions on the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories.
Unraveling the avian paradox: Avian resistance to protein glycation

Avian plasma glucose (PGlu) concentrations are naturally 1.5-2 times those of mammals of similar body mass. Avian tolerance of exceptionally high PGlu is enigmatic considering that mammals with sim...
Cognitive Science: Experimental methods

Cognitive activity can be studied in a variety of ways, including observation, simulation by computer modeling, and controlled experimentation. Keywords: laboratory experiments; field methods; case studies; model building
Intra-host Diversity and Evolution of Hepatitis C Virus Endemic to Côte D’Ivoire

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents an important, but underappreciated public health problem in Africa. In Cote d'Ivoire, very little is known about the molecular dynamics of HCV infection. Plasma samples (n ¼608) from preg- nant women collected in 1995 from Cote d'Ivoire were analyzed in this study. Only 18 specimens (� 3%) were found to be HCV PCR-positive. Phylogenetic analysis of the HCV NS5b sequen- ces showed that the HCV variants belong to genotype 1 (HCV1) (n ¼12, 67%) and genotype 2 (HCV2) (n ¼6, 33%), with a maximum genetic diversity among HCV variants in each genotype being 20.7% and 24.0%, respectively. Although all HCV2 variants were genetically distant from each other, six HCV1 variants formed two tight sub-clusters belonging to HCV1a and HCV1b. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic structure of HCV iso- lates from West Africa with Cote d'Ivoire includ- ed were significantly different from Central African strains (P ¼0.0001). Examination of intra- host viral populations using next-generation sequencing of the HCV HVR1 showed a signifi- cant variation in intra-host genetic diversity among infected individuals, with some strains composed of sub-populations as distant from each other as viral populations from different hosts. Collectively, the results indicate a com- plex HCV evolution in Cote d'Ivoire, similar to the rest of West Africa, and suggest a unique HCV epidemic history in the country. J. Med. Virol. 2014. Published 2014. This article is a U. S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Preface to the special issue: ecological and evolutionary genomics of populations in nature.

This Special Issue focuses on the application of genomic approaches for addressing central questions in ecology and evolutionary biology using populations in nature. Most of these studies focus on non-model systems, as many key questions in ecology and evolutionary biology cannot be addressed solely using model systems (Gracey & Cossins 2003). While model systems have been instrumental in yielding fundamental insights into genetic and evolutionary mechanisms, they represent only a tiny fraction of organismal diversity. Model organisms tend to have short generation times, cosmopolitan geographic distributions, and generalist strategies under diverse environmental conditions (such as the laboratory). As such, studies using model systems tend to exclude locally adapted species and rare endemics, parasites and symbionts, and species with complex life histories or long generation times. While applying genomic approaches to non-model
A knowledge-based multi-modal interface

The construction of the user interface is extremely costly, with some estimates as high as 60% of the development of a software system. Compounding the problem is the large number of interface modalities which exist (graphics, forms, natural language, etc.) and which the end-user would like to have available. The author chose a Navy command-and-control briefing task currently performed manually at the headquarters of the commander in chief of the US Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. The Integrated Interface (II) project developed a model of the domain of the naval application and of the capabilities of the various interface modalities available. With a relatively small collection of rules, a multi-modal interface to the task was generated. It responds to user requests dynamically, taking into account the specific data to be displayed and its representation of the semantics of the domain and the user's request. Briefing maps which take hours to produce manually are generated by II in minutes. >
Opsin synthesis and mRNA levels in dystrophic retinas devoid of outer segments in retinal degeneration slow (rds) mice.

Opsin gene regulation, as a function of outer segment structure, was studied in normal and mutant retinal degeneration slow (rds) mice. We investigated the level of expression of the opsin gene in the rds mutant to determine if the reduced opsin content observed in this mutation (around 3% of normal) is a consequence of lowered expression of its gene. Normal BALB/c and rds mice were analyzed for levels of opsin mRNA and opsin content by Northern and immunoblot analysis, respectively. The rate of opsin synthesis in isolated retinas was measured by 35S-methionine incorporation in vitro, followed by analysis of the radiolabeled opsin by SDS-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Photoreceptor cell loss at various stages of degeneration was determined by quantitation of surviving photoreceptor nuclei. Opsin was localized in the mutant photoreceptors by immunoelectron microscopy of LR gold-embedded retinas using anti-opsin and antibody gold conjugates. The results indicate that 11- and 30-d- old mutant mice have considerable levels of opsin mRNA (60–70% of normal) and opsin synthetic rates (76–92% of normal), after the data from mutant mice are corrected for photoreceptor cell loss. We conclude, therefore, that the very low level of opsin observed in rds mice (approximately 3%) is not a result of greatly reduced expression of the opsin gene. Rather, continuous turnover of newly synthesized opsin as a result of its failure to become sequestered into an intact outer segment appears to account for the low levels of opsin in the rds mutant.
Exact kink-gas phenomenology at low temperatures

We show that the low-temperature ideal kink-gas phenomenology developed by Currie et al. for the classical statistical mechanics of one-dimensional kink-bearing systems is exact for all potentials in the nonlinear Klein-Gordon family (e.g., sine-Gordon, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$, double-sine-Gordon, etc.). A general kink-density formula is presented which does not require explicit knowledge of the kink wave form or its small oscillations.
Visual Plant Differentiation by the Milfoil Weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Euhrychiopsis lecontei Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an aquatic weevil native to the northern United States that specializes on plants in the genus Myriophyllum (milfoils). Euhrychiopsis lecontei is currently being used in the U.S. as a biological control agent for the invasive Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.: Haloragaceae; Newman 2004). The weevil has expanded its host range to include M. spicatum since the plant’s introduction from Eurasia in the 1940s. Field and laboratory studies have shown that E. lecontei reduces M. spicatum densities, and also prefers M. spicatum over other (native) milfoils (see Newman 2004 for summary of E. lecontei life history and use as a biological control agent). Euhrychiopsis lecontei can use visual cues for plant location (Reeves et al. 2009). However, during no-choice plant differentiation trials, weevils were attracted to both M. spicatum and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.: Ceratophyllaceae; Reeves et al. 2009). Specifically, weevils swam equally quickly to sealed vials containing one or the other of these plants when one individual plant stem was the only visual stimulus in the behavioral arenas used. We present results here describing how the weevils responded to choice trials where both M. spicatum and C. demersum were placed side by side in the behavioral arenas. This short communication expands on the work presented by Reeves et al. (2009) which showed that weevils can use vision for at least initial host-plant detection, but may not be able to visually differentiate between plant species. Because Reeves et al. (2009) did not conclusively show in no-choice trials that weevils were unable to visually J Insect Behav (2009) 22:473–476 DOI 10.1007/s10905-009-9186-z
High-Precision Measurement of the Target Mass of the Daya Bay Antineutrino Detectors

Abstract The Daya Bay experiment aims to measure the last unknown neutrino mixing angle, sin 2 (2θ 13 ), to a sensitivity of .01. The detection method requires “identical” near and far detectors each with a precisely known target mass on the order of 20,000 kg. A calibrated filling system able to fill the required 20,000 kg of Gd-doped scintillating liquid (GDLS) to an accuracy of
Statistics and the average cross section

Abstract Average fluctuation cross sections were computed numerically from a unitary analytic K -matrix with normally distributed pole residue amplitudes and pole spacings having the Wigner distribution. Unexpected results included an elastic enhancement factor of 2.12 in the many channel limit, regardless of transmission factors. The enhancement factors were found to be very sensitive to variations in the statistical assumptions regarding both pole amplitudes and pole spacings. The results are discussed in the light of various theories of the fluctuation cross section.
Robust, Non-Gaussian Wideband Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios

In this paper, we propose detectors (both parametric and robust) for wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radios (CR's). The proposed detectors are able to detect spectral activity over a wide frequency range, while assuming little knowledge about the signals of interest. The parametric detector is based on a locally optimal (LO) Neyman-Pearson (NP) test and assumes a known non-Gaussian noise distribution. The corresponding decision statistic of the LO NP detector is expressed in frequency domain, allowing to identify the active channels within the wide frequency band of interest. On the other hand, for situations in which the noise distribution is only approximately known, we propose a robust signal detector that is immune to deviations of the noise model from a certain nominal distribution. The proposed wideband robust detector is based on a robust spectral estimator and is formulated as a non-linear regression. This regression problem can be solved using a fixed-point iteration algorithm at a quadratic computational complexity, in contrast with the Newton's method which would have cubic complexity order. The simulation results show that the proposed detectors can achieve better detection performance in the presence of non-Gaussian noise, compared to existing detectors under the same conditions.
Syntheses and properties of octa-, tetra-, and di-hydroxy-substituted phthalocyanines

The synthesis and photophysical properties of a new series of zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) bearing multiple hydroxy and tert-butyl groups are reported. The X-ray structures of two phthalonitriles and one ZnPc are presented. All hydroxy-substituted ZnPcs show low fluorescence quantum yields in DMSO and complete fluorescence quenching in aqueous solutions, but high singlet oxygen quantum yields in DMSO (0.2–0.7). Our results suggest that the tetra- and octa-hydroxy ZnPcs might find application as photosensitizers in the PDT treatment of cancer.
Changing behavioral risk for pregnancy among high school students in the United States, 1991-2007.

Abstract Purpose After dramatic declines in teen births and pregnancies from 1991 to 2005, teen birth rates in the United States increased in 2006 and 2007. We examined behavioral determinants of these trends and the likely direction of future trends. Methods Pregnancy risk was estimated based on recent sexual activity, method of contraception used, and method-specific contraceptive efficacy, using data from young women on the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N∼125,000). Weighted logistic and linear regression were used to test for linear and quadratic (curved) trends over time. Results Between 1991 and 2007, behavioral risk for pregnancy declined, with all of the decline occurring between 1991 and 2003. Improvements in contraceptive use from 1991 to 2003 were found in condom use, nonuse, and use of withdrawal. Recent sexual activity (past 3 months) was unchanged over the entire period, except among black students. Quadratic changes were found in pregnancy risk for black teens and in condom use among all teens and black teens, suggesting that trends had reversed or flattened out. Although no change was found for any behavior between 2003 and 2007, pregnancy risk among sexually active teens demonstrated a borderline increase ( p =.06) and small nonsignificant declines were seen for specific contraceptive methods. Pregnancy risk estimated from behavioral data correlated well with actual changes in teen pregnancy rates (1991–2004) and birth rates (1991–2006). Discussion After improvement in the 1990s and early 2000s, trends in behavioral risk for pregnancy appear to have stalled or even reversed among certain groups since 2003. These behavioral trends are consistent with the 2006 and 2007 increases in the teen birth rate. They may well portend further increases in 2008.
Polarized Raman Measurements of Uniaxially Oriented Poly(∊-caprolactam)

The anisotropic scattering properties of a uniaxially oriented filament of nylon-6 have been investigated by polarized Raman scattering measurements. The high orientation of polymer chains which resulted during processing allowed the recording of unique polarized Raman spectra whose relative intensity pattern reflected the ordered chain conformation and the symmetry of the unit cell. To assign the observed bands to their respective symmetry species, the anisotropic scattering results for four different combinations of incident and scattered polarization were compared with those predicted by group theoretical analysis, existing IR data, and the results from normal coordinate calculations. In this way a complete assignment of the Raman bands of nylon-6 has been possible for the first time.
Measurement of the dc Stark shift of the 6S⃗7S transition in atomic cesium

We have measured the dc Stark shift of the $6\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{S}7S$ transition in atomic cesium using laser spectroscopy. The result of our experiment is $0.7262(8){\mathrm{Hz}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}.$ This value disagrees with a previous experiment but is within 0.3% of the value predicted by ab initio calculations. This measurement removes the largest outstanding disagreement between experiment and ab initio theory of low-lying states in atomic cesium.
Resistance to Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in the Eye Gnat, Hippelates collusor

Populations of Hippelates collusor (Townsend) collected in 1960 in the Coachella Valley and in Orange County of southern California were compared by a contact method for susceptibility to dieldrin, lindane, DDT and parathion. The Coachella Valley population demonstrated nearly complete immunity to dieldrin and resistance factors of 50 × and 11 × to lindane and DDT, respectively. A Coachella Valley population collected in 1957 and reared in the laboratory without further exposure to insecticides, was found in 1960 to have evidently retained nearly complete immunity to dieldrin and 15- and 2-fold levels of resistance to lindane and DDT, respectively. Susceptibility to parathion was almost identical in all populations tested. Resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in the Coachella Valley population is a consequence of the widespread use of insecticides in agricultural soils in which the species normally breeds.
Entry into primary care-based buprenorphine treatment is associated with identification and treatment of other chronic medical problems

Background Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid dependence that can be provided in a primary care setting. Offering this treatment may also facilitate the identification and treatment of other chronic medical conditions.
Ocean Drilling Program Leg 112, Peru continental margin: Part 2, Sedimentary history and diagenesis in a coastal upwelling environment

On the shelf and upper slope off Peru the signal of coastal upwelling productivity and bottom-water oxygen is well preserved in alternately laminated and bioturbated diatomaceous Quaternary sediments. Global sea-level fluctuations are the ultimate cause for these cyclic facies changes. During late Miocene time, coastal upwelling was about 100 km west of the present centers, along the edge of an emergent structure that subsequently subsided to form the modern slope. The sediments are rich in organic carbon, and intense microbially mediated decomposition of organic matter is evident in sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. These processes are accompanied by the formation of diagenetic carbonates, mostly Ca-rich dolomites and Mg-calcites. The downhole isotopic signatures of these carbonate cements display distinct successions that reflect the vertical evolution of the pore fluid environment. From the association of methane gas hydrates, burial depth, and low-chloride interstitial fluids, we suggest an additional process that could contribute to the characteristic chloride depletion in pore fluids of active margins: release of interlayer water from clays without a mineral phase change. The shelf sediments also contain a subsurface brine that stretches for more than 500 km from north to south over the area drilled. The source of the brine remains uncertain, although the composition of the oxygen isotopes suggests dissolution of evaporites by seawater.
Observation of an optical Stark effect on vibrational and rotational transitions

Vibrational and rotational Raman transitions are shown to be shifted to lower frequencies in the presence of a nonresonant, high-intensity optical field. Experimental results using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for hydrogen and nitrogen are presented. The magnitude of the observed shift is in agreement with a calculation which considers the coupling of the optical field to the internuclear separation via the molecular electronic polarizability. The magnitude of the shift is predicted to be proportional to the optical field intensity.
Family Caregivers as Lay Trainers: Perceptions of Learning and the Relationship Between Life Experience and Learning

This article describes an initiative to train lay people, predominantly parents of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN), to teach Bridge to Independence—a care coordination cu...
Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy of a degenerate mode of guanidinium chloride.

Nearly degenerate asymmetric stretches with perpendicular transition dipole moments of the deuterated guanidinium cation (DGdm+) in D2O and d-glycerol/D2O mixtures at 1600 cm−1 were investigated by linear FTIR spectroscopy and polarization dependent femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. The vibrational coupling of the asymmetric stretches of guanidinium occurs within 0.5 ps and leads to fast decay of the anisotropy to a level of 0.1. A systematic study of the influence of the coherence transfer on pump−probe signals is given. Following this decay, the anisotropy decays with a time constant of 4.1 ps in D2O by rotational diffusion about an axis perpendicular to the DGdm+ mean plane. The presence of aggregation was demonstrated for concentrations higher than 0.2 M.
Why Kohut’s Ideas Will Endure: The Contributions of Self Psychology to the Treatment of Children and to the Practice of Psychotherapy

This article describes the contributions that self psychology has made to the treatment of children and to psychotherapy under various circumstances: in hospital settings and in cases when psychotherapy is combined with the use of psychotropic medication. The relevance of self psychology beyond psychoanalysis is related two of its fundamental aspects: the empathic listening perspective and the selfobject concept. A therapeutic failure of a hospitalized patient is offered as an example where these two aspects of self psychology were not utilized.
Effects of Dietary Oils and α-Tocopherol Supplementation on Lipid Composition and Stability of Broiler Meat

Broilers were fed diets containing oils of varying degrees of unsaturation, namely coconut oil, olive oil, linseed oil and partially hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO), with and without α-tocopherol supplementation. The different oils significantly (P<0.01) affected the fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids and, to a lesser extent, the fatty acid composition of the phopholipids. Fatty acid composition, in turn, influenced the oxidative stability of the meat during refrigerated and frozen storage. Meat from broilers fed olive oil or coconut oil was consistently more stable than meat from the linseed oil group. Dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol significantly (P<0.01) improved the oxidative stability of the dark and white broiler meat during refrigerated and frozen storage compared to meat from the broilers fed HSBO.
Purine biosynthesis in Helix aspersa: Metabolic fate of labelled precursors

1. The hepatopancreas of terrestial snails actively synthesizes purines from labelled formic acid. 2. The guanine nucleotides are initially labelled to the highest specific activity followed by adenine and hypoxanthine. 3. The labelling patterns suggest that uric acid synthesis is the primary catabolic process for nitrogen excretion while guanine excretion is due to an inability to reutilize the base.
The mei-9a test for chromosome loss in Drosophila: a review of assays of 21 chemicals for chromosome breakage.

In Drosophila, detection of chemical induced chromosome breakage for many compounds in conventional chromosome loss or reciprocal translocation (RT) tests requires considerably higher concentrations than for sex-linked recessive lethals, or fails entirely even at concentrations giving substantial to high rates of recessive lethals. Accordingly, relatively high LDs may be necessary before evidence of chromosome breakage is observed raising questions of ''false positives'' resulting, for example, from aberrant metabolic effects/products not found at lower concentrations. Accordingly, efforts in this laboratory have been directed toward improvements in the sensitivity of the test for chromosome loss. Major advances have been made by using excision repair deficient mei-9/sup a/ females as P1 females to which treated males are mated. Of the 21 compounds tested, 17 are classified as carcinogens and four are unknown in this regard. At the concentration reported, 21/21 compounds were positive for CL + PL and 21/21 for PL in the mei-9/sup a/ test. At the same concentration, only 10/20 compounds were positive for CL and PL and 2/21 compounds for PL with repair proficient females; the mei-9/sup a/ test is clearly more sensitive than the conventional test for chromosome breakage. Data were compared with results from RT tests primarily frommore » the work of others where the concentration was no lower or the duration of treatment less than that in the mei-9/sup a/ experiments. 14/21 compounds were judged positive and seven negative in the RT test; four of the negatives are classified as carcinogens. Most positives required sperm storage.« less
Analysis of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay

Abstract The assay method and the properties of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were studied with rat liver microsomes. The assay could be carried out by two methods: (1) the microsomes (initially at 15–20°) were pre-incubated at 37° and then benzo[a]pyrene and NADPH were added to initiate the assay; and (2) benzo[a]pyrene was added to microsomes at 15–20°, pre-incubated at 37°, and then NADPH was added to initiate the reaction. The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity obtained by method 1 was usually 60–120 per cent higher than that obtained by method 2. Several lines of study suggested that the microsomes can exist in two states. Binding of benzo[a]pyrene at temperatures lower than 20° would limit the microsomes to a low activity state whereas binding at temperatures above 25° would enable the microsomes to exist in a high activity state. The molecular basis of these activity states remains to be investigated. The effects of acetone and methanol, both having been widely used as the solvents for benzo[a]pyrene, on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase have also been studied. The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities of control and phenobarbital-induced microsomes were higher with acetone as the solvent for benzo[a]pyrene as compared with methanol. The hydroxylase activity of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomes, however, was slightly higher with methanol.
Zooplankton excretion and NH 4 + cycling in near-surface waters of the Southern Ocean. I. Ross sea, austral summer 1977–1978

Ammonium (NH 4 + ) is a preferred nitrogen source for Antarctic phytoplankton growth and the principal nitrogenous waste excreted by zooplankton and micronekton. In austral summer 1977–1978, NH 4 + was present at average concentrations of 0.1–0.3 μg-at liter-1 in the upper 50 m of the Ross Sea and was excreted by resident mixed zooplankton at rates of 1.6 μg-at NH 4 + g-1 wet weight h-1. Zooplankton biomass sampled by vertically-towed 0.5 m nets averaged 0.06 ml m-3 in the upper 200 m over the Ross Sea shelf and 0.09 ml m-3 in the upper 200 m north of the shelf-slope front. Olson (1980) has reported that phytoplankton nitrogenous requirements were 110 and 170 μg-at NH 4 + m-3 day-1 in these respective regions. A synthesis of these data predicts that average summertime standing crops of zooplankton might regenerate only about 2% of the daily NH 4 + requirements of Ross Sea phytoplankton. For comparison, the potential NH 4 + excretion impact of microheterotrophs, seabirds, and local aggregations of zooplankton are discussed and contrasted with non-biogenic inputs of NH 4 + associated with basal meltwater from the Ross Ice Shelf and the seasonal melting of the sea ice pack.
Accuracy assessment of geo-locations using multiresolution interpolated DEMs

This paper provides novel analysis of existing interpolation techniques and suggests improvement for more accurate orthorectification of satellite imagery. Traditional methods for measuring geo-location use Ground Control Points (GCPs). The accuracy of these methods depends on the accuracy of GCPs. The accuracy of geolocations can also be improved by using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which incorporates topographic relief displacement to measure geographic locations. Since the accuracy of geographic locations is dependent on the resolution of DEM, in our study, the accuracy of geo-locations was assessed using interpolated DEMs of multiple resolutions. The comparative analysis showed that the accuracy of geo-locations can be improved by increasing the resolution of DEM using interpolation.
Childhood obsessive compulsive disorder: a two-year prospective follow-up of a community sample

A 2-year prospective follow-up of a community-based sample of adolescents previously diagnosed as having obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or "obsessive compulsive spectrum" disorder and a control sample was completed by clinicians experienced with OCD but blind to prior diagnosis. An initial diagnosis of OCD or "other psychiatric disorder with OC features" was most likely to predict a diagnosis of OCD at follow-up. Subclinical OCD at baseline did not strongly predict continuing psychopathology. A prior diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality predicted continued obsessive-compulsive symptoms but its relationship to OCD remains obscure.
Temporal Stability of the Learning Efficiency Test–II for Adults

This study examined the temporal stability of the Learning Efficiency Test-II with 101 undergraduate students over a mean test-retest time interval of 19 days. Temporal stability estimates were .79 for the Visual Modality factor score, .75 for the Auditory Modality factor score, and .80 for the Global Memory factor score. A repeated measures analysis of variance for these three factor scores indicated no significant mean differences from Test 1 to Test 2. Slightly lower retest correlations were obtained for each of the 12 subtests, with correlations ranging from .44 to .70. The findings indicate that some subtests are reliable to assess the memory processing of adults over time and also highlight the stability over 19 days of memory processes for intact learners. Other studies with older groups of persons are needed to examine the stability of scores.
Silver-filled alumina membrane: metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion and near-zero singularity

We have developed a class of metamaterials- alumina membranes filled with silver nanowires - which have unique physical properties and are potentially suitable for a variety of applications ranging from transformation optics to quantum optics.
Multifunctional Ferromagnetic Disks for Modulating Cell Function

In this work, we focus on the methods for controlling cell function with ferromagnetic disk-shaped particles. We will first review the history of magnetically assisted modulation of cell behavior and applications of magnetic particles for studying physical properties of a cell. Then, we consider the biological applications of the microdisks such as the method for induction of cancer cell apoptosis, controlled drug release, hyperthermia and MRI imaging.
A Pyrenylpropyl Phosphonic Acid Surface Modifier for Mitigating the Thermal Resistance of Carbon Nanotube Contacts

Efforts to utilize the high intrinsic thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for thermal transport applications, namely for thermal interface materials (TIMs), have been encumbered by the presence of high thermal contact resistances between the CNTs and connecting materials. Here, a pyrenylpropyl-phosphonic acid surface modifier is synthesized and applied in a straight forward and repeatable approach to reduce the thermal contact resistance between CNTs and metal oxide surfaces. When used to bond nominally vertically aligned multi-walled CNT forests to Cu oxide surfaces, the modifier facilitates a roughly 9-fold reduction in the thermal contact resistance over dry contact, enabling CNT-based TIMs with thermal resistances of 4.6 ± 0.5 mm2 K W−1, comparable to conventional metallic solders. Additional experimental characterization of the modifier suggests that it may be used to reduce the electrical resistance of CNT-metal oxide contacts by similar orders of magnitude.
High Resolution Linear Laser Absorption Spectroscopy-Review

Abstract Throughout the optical spectral region from the visible to the far infrared, lasers have in recent years become increasingly important for high resolution spectroscopy in both laboratory measurements and practical applications. In general, laser sources can be classified into broadly tunable and discretely tunable types with the gas laser belonging to the latter. While gas lasers oscillate in narrow lines scattered throughout the optical spectral region, broadly tunable laser emissions cover a range of wide spectral region depending on the lasing media and operating characteristics. For example, the Pb-salt diode laser covers the spectral region from about 2.6 to 30 μm, the dye laser from 400 to 700 nm, the color center laser from 0.8 to 3.3 μm, the difference frequency spectrometer from 2.2 to 4.2 μm and the spin-flip Raman laser from 5.2 to 6.0 μm. The very limited tunability of the gas laser can sometimes be extended to many times the Doppler width by Zeeman tuning the gain medium or pressure ...
Racial differences in functional status among elderly U.S. migrants from the south

This study describes patterns of functional status among older blacks and whites by their his- tory of birth in and migration out of the South. We used multivariate regression to analyze data on functional status of US-born non-Hispanic blacks (N = 1868) and whites (N = 13 469) age 60 years or above. In general, the functional status of blacks who were born in the South and migrated was similar to that of blacks born outside the South and better than those born in the South who did not migrate. Whites who migrated from the South had functional status similar to those who did not migrate and worse than those born outside of the South. Socioeconomic status did not explain diAerences by race and migration history. These results diAer sharply from mortality studies, which have found a consist- ent pattern of high mortality among black migrants from the South. DiAerences among race groups by migration history vary across health measures. Selective migration and selective survival may account for the complex patterns of racial diAerences in geographic distributions of function and health. # 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Institutional Realignment: the Composition of the U.S. Congress

A CCORDING to James Sundquist (1983) scholars have generally agreed that realignments have occurred at certain broadly defined periods throughout American history. For example, scholars have generally agreed that critical realignments occurred during the 1850s, the 1890s, and during the late 1920s or early 1930s. Despite this general agreement, there has been considerable disagreement over the precise election or elections in which these realignments occurred. For example, scholars have disagreed over the exact demarcation of the realignment of the 1890s and its cause. Walter Dean Burnham (1970: 38-39) found that the interval from 1893 to 1896 constituted the period of realignment, with the Panic of 1893 providing the triggering mechanism. James Sundquist (1983: 160), on the other hand, concluded that the parties realignment "can be attributed more to the circumstances of 1896 [and the election of that year] than to the depression, whose effect was felt primarily in 1894." In order to understand which factor or factors promoted the realignment of the 1890s, it would be useful to more precisely demarcate the election in which a realignment actually occurred. With regard to the 1920s and 1930s, there has been even greater controversy regarding the timing of a critical realignment. Walter Dean Burnham (1970: 98-99), stated that "there is an impression of 'crispness,' of a clean break, in the [realignment of the 1890s] which is not apparent in the 1930s. .. ." Similarly, Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes (1964: 277) wrote that the New Deal realignment can best be viewed as an "electoral era" from 1928 through 1936; that is an era in which partisan change occurred slowly over time, rather than abruptly during one particular election. Other scholars have agreed that partisan change occurred over time, but have disagreed with regard to the proposed cause. Kristi Andersen (1976: 83-84; 1979) has stated that the realignment process began as early as 1924, as younger voters were "mobilized" into the Democratic party. In advancing the
Ultrafast Bit and Byte addressing of All-Optical Memory based on Microring Resonators for Next-Generation Optical Networks

We present a novel ultrafast all-optical memory scheme that has the potential to meet the demanding requirement for 100 Gb/s all-optical data storage. The all-optical memory integrates an all-optical ring resonator flip-flop with an innovative GMCI (gain manipulation of coupler interference) based all-optical switch for ultrafast READ and WRITE. The potential device performance advantages include very low operating power for the memory element (<50 muW per bit), low read-write power for the GMCI based all-optical switch (<0.5-5 mW), ultrafast operation (10-100 Gbit/s), very compact size (<10 mumtimes10 mum per bit), addressable at bit or byte level, and monolithically integrated on InP chip
A multicenter trial of bupropion for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients

We conducted a multi-site, placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing bupropion HCL (300 mg/day) to placebo for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained subjects. A total of 149 subjects at three sites participated in a 12-week study. Outcome measures included cocaine use, level of depression, and psychosocial functioning. Results showed no significant differences between placebo and bupropion. Exploratory analyses suggested a medication effect for the subset of subjects depressed at study entry. The need to target subgroups of cocaine abusers in future pharmacotherapy trials and the possible role of treatment readiness are discussed.
Serum IgG4 anti-Fab antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis are constitutively expressed

IgG4 comprises a significant proportion of the total anti-Fab antibody (aFABA) response in many but not all patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Analyses of the dynamics of IgG aFABA subclass expression in 11 RA patients for periods of up to 11 months demonstrated that IgG4 aFABA was restricted to 6 of the 11 RA patients' sera initially studied and comprised approximately 25% (or more) of the total IgG aFABA response. Quantities of IgG4 aFABA in subsequent, serially obtained serum samples from these patients remained stable throughout the study period, whereas the remaining RA patients whose initial sera possessed small quantities of serum IgG4 aFABA failed to generate any augmented IgG4 aFABA response during the study. Elevated expression of IgG4 aFABA did not appear to be a consequence of a generalized polyclonal gammopathy or a generalized increase in autoantibody expression, though patients with higher total IgG4 serum levels expressed significantly greater quantities of IgG4 aFABA. These results indicate that the differential expression of IgG4 aFABA among RA patients reflects constitutive production within a subset of RA patients in whom IgG4 appears to comprise a significant proportion of the total IgG aFABA response.
Dynamic portfolio choice with market impact costs

Illiquidity and market impact refer to the situation where it may be costly or difficult to trade a desired quantity of assets over a desire period of time. In this paper, we formulate a simple model of dynamic portfolio choice that incorporates liquidity effects. The resulting problem is a stochastic linear quadratic control problem where liquidity costs are modeled as a quadratic penalty on the trading rate. Though easily computable via Riccati equations, we also derive a multiple time scale asymptotic expansion of the value function and optimal trading rate in the regime of vanishing market impact costs. This expansion reveals an interesting but intuitive relationship between the optimal trading rate for the “illiquid” problem and the classical Merton model for dynamic portfolio selection in perfectly liquid markets. It also gives rise to the notion of a “liquidity time scale” which shows how trading horizon and market impact costs affect the optimal trading rate.
Open Science Conference honors posters and papers

One hundred students and early-career scientists were honored for outstanding poster and paper presentations given at the World Climate Research Programme's Open Science Conference, which took place 24–28 October 2011 in Denver, Colo. AGU presented 5 honorees with waivers for the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting; 10 honorees received AGU books; and 59 of the students and early-career scientists were awarded membership to AGU. Other groups providing gifts to the honorees included the American Meteorological Society and the European Geophysical Union. The recipients' presentations were among the 1750 posters and 182 papers at the conference.
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Observations of Activity Level and Sustained Attention in a Normative Sample

This study examined developmental changes in playroom observations of activity level and sustained attention among 47 elementary school-age boys. The boys were observed at two different times, approximately 2 years apart. The playroom observations consisted of two 15-minute periods, a relatively unstructured freeplay period and a structured restricted academic period. In general, both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses suggested developmental improvements in the observed behaviors. Both gross and fine motor activity decreased with increasing age, while the time spent on task increased. Consistent with the selective attention literature, there appeared to be a dramatic increase in the boys' ability of focus attention at around age 11. Finally, most of the behaviors in the restricted academic period showed significant stability over time, whereas few of the free-play behaviors did so.
Bureaucracy, Political Parties, and Political Development

The growing role of governmental bureaucracy has been one of the most noted and discussed characteristics of developing political systems. The phenomenon of bureaucratic intervention in politics, already discernible in the 1950's in many of these states, has, so it seems, become the rule rather than the exception in the years that have followed. Despite the prevalence of the politicized bureaucracy, however, and the amount of discussion engendered by the phenomenon, die sources of bureaucratic growth and dominance in the developing states remain obscure. Most analysts emphasize the superior organization of the bureaucracy and argue that this organization, reinforced by die transfer of techniques from abroad and uncontested because of weak indigenous political institutions, provides much of the explanation for the aggrandizement of the bureaucracy in die policy-making process.
Strict Constraint Feasibility in Analysis and Design of Uncertain Systems

This paper proposes a methodology for the analysis and design optimization of models subject to parametric uncertainty, where hard inequality constraints are present. Hard constraints are those that must be satisfied for all parameter realizations prescribed by the uncertainty model. Emphasis is given to uncertainty models prescribed by norm-bounded perturbations from a nominal parameter value, i.e., hyper-spheres, and by sets of independently bounded uncertain variables, i.e., hyper-rectangles. These models make it possible to consider sets of parameters having comparable as well as dissimilar levels of uncertainty. Two alternative formulations for hyper-rectangular sets are proposed, one based on a transformation of variables and another based on an infinity norm approach. The suite of tools developed enable us to determine if the satisfaction of hard constraints is feasible by identifying critical combinations of uncertain parameters. Since this practice is performed without sampling or partitioning the parameter space, the resulting assessments of robustness are analytically verifiable. Strategies that enable the comparison of the robustness of competing design alternatives, the approximation of the robust design space, and the systematic search for designs with improved robustness characteristics are also proposed. Since the problem formulation is generic and the solution methods only require standard optimization algorithms for their implementation, the tools developed are applicable to a broad range of problems in several disciplines.
Modeling stress wave passage times in wood utility poles

The objective of this study was to develop an appropriate mathematical model to study the behavior of the stress waves in the radial-tangential plane of utility poles. It is hoped that such a study could increase the ability to use the sonic testing method in field testing procedures.
Adaptive coloration in Peromyscus polionotus experimental selection by owls

Predation experiments were conducted in field enclosures using two naturally occurring phenotypes of the old-field mouse ( Peromyscus polionotus ) as prey, with barn owls and screech owls as predators. Two mice, one light brown and one dark brown, were released into enclosures each containing one owl. The phenotype of the first mouse captured was recorded. Effectiveness of selection against the conspicuous prey by owls under the experimental conditions was estimated using the selection index from Dice (1947). Owls captured more of the conspicuous than the matching phenotype on both dark and light soils. Changes in intensity of illumination altered the intensity of selection and this effect differed on light and dark soils.
Catalysts for selective hydrogenation of soybean oil.1 II. Commercial catalysts

A survey of commercial hydrogenation catalysts demonstrated the higher selectivity (SL= 2.4\s-2.7) of certain platinum, palladium and rhodium catalysts for hydrogenating linolenic components in soybean oil. Nickel catalysts generally showed selectivities below SL=2.0 although skeletal nickel achieved higher values.Trans-isomers were in the range 7.8\s-15.4% for the above noble metal catalysts. Nickel catalysts provide a lesser degree of isomerization, 5.2\s-7.4% oftrans-isomers for the most selective catalysts.