cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing similarity search for arbitrary length time series queries

We consider the problem of finding similar patterns in a time sequence. Typical applications of this problem involve large databases consisting of long time sequences of different lengths. Current time sequence search techniques work well for queries of a prespecified length, but not for arbitrary length queries. We propose a novel indexing technique that works well for arbitrary length queries. The proposed technique stores index structures at different resolutions for a given data set. We prove that this index structure is superior to existing index structures that use a single resolution. We propose a range query and nearest neighbor query technique on this index structure and prove the optimality of our index structure for these search techniques. The experimental results show that our method is 4 to 20 times faster than the current techniques, including sequential scan, for range queries and 3 times faster than sequential scan and other techniques for nearest neighbor queries. Because of the need to store information at multiple resolution levels, the storage requirement of our method could potentially be large. In the second part, we show how the index information can be compressed with minimal information loss. According to our experimental results, even after compressing the size of the index to one fifth, the total cost of our method is 3 to 15 times less than the current techniques.
Parenting Sensitivity, Parental Depression and Child Health: The Mediational Role of Parental Self‐Efficacy

This paper discusses the theoretical role of parental self-efficacy, or parents' beliefs in their competence and effectiveness in the parental role, as a mediator of relations between parent–child risk and parental sensitivity. Evidence is marshalled from studies of parenting in the contexts of maternal depression and child health risk to support the premise that parent–child characteristics affect parental sensitivity indirectly via their more direct impact on parental feelings of efficacy, and that parenting efficacy represents the ‘final common pathway’ in the prediction of parenting sensitivity. Also considered in this working model are specific social-contextual factors as independent contributors to parenting efficacy and as possible moderators of relations between parent–child characteristics and self-efficacy. Implications for intervention are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perception of airborne odors by loggerhead sea turtles

SUMMARY Sea turtles are known to detect chemical cues, but in contrast to most marine animals, turtles surface to breathe and thus potentially have access to olfactory cues both in air and in water. To determine whether sea turtles can detect airborne chemical cues, captive loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) were placed into a circular, water-filled arena in which odorants could be introduced to the air above the water surface. Air that had passed across the surface of a cup containing food elicited increased activity, diving and other behavior normally associated with feeding. By contrast, air that had passed across the surface of an identical cup containing distilled water elicited no response. Increases in activity during food odor trials occurred only after turtles surfaced to breathe and peaked in the first post-breath minute, implying that the chemical cues eliciting the responses were unlikely to have been detected while the turtles were under water. These results provide the first direct evidence that sea turtles can detect airborne odors. Under natural conditions, this sensory ability might function in foraging, navigation or both.
Optical analysis of photoemission

The role of classical optics in the process of photoemission from thin films is analyzed. The generation of excited electrons throughout the film is assumed to be proportional to the divergence of the Poynting vector in the film. The film and substrate are allowed uniaxial optical anisotropy, with the optic axis normal to the plane of the film. The main results of the analysis, expressions for the reflectance, transmittance, and divergence of the Poynting vector in the film, are valid for all angles of incidence and arbitrary values of the dielectric functions of the nonabsorbing initial medium, film, and substrate. Expressions for the quantum yield are obtained with the aid of a simple function that describes the diffusion and escape of the excited electrons. Some applications to photoemission from metals in the vacuum-ultraviolet region are discussed.
Apathy and the politics of identity: García Márquez's one hundred years of solitude and contemporary cultural criticism

(2000). Apathy and the politics of identity: Garcia Marquez's one hundred years of solitude and contemporary cultural criticism. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 403-427.
Neutron branching in the reaction 12C + 12C

Abstract The cross section for the reaction 12C(12C, n)23Mg has been measured in the energy range Ec.m. = 3.54−4.94 MeV by counting the delayed γ-rays from 23Mg decays (half-life = 11.57 sec), and a theoretical model has been employed to extrapolate the results to threshold (Ec.m = 2.60 MeV). By combining these results with previous measurements of the reactions 12C(12C, p)23Na and 12C(12C, α)20Ne, the neutron branching ratio in the energy interval from threshold to 8 MeV is deduced, and a thermal average is computed that should be valid for use in astrophysical environments characterized by temperatures in the range (0.5–5) × 109 °K. The neutron branching at temperatures appropriate to hydrostatic carbon burning in stars (T ≈ 109 °K) is found to be much smaller than previously estimated.
Future Directions in Dermatology Quality of Life Measures

Within the last few decades, outcomes research, and in particular quality of life (QoL) outcomes research, has become integrated into clinical and research practices. QoL outcomes are important to dermatology, because many diseases carry significant psychosocial burdens and morbidity from appearance and symptoms with few cases of mortality. In this article, the authors discuss the future directions in QoL. Important areas are the determination, clinical significance and interpretation of measured QoL values. Additionally, the development of proxies for preference-based QoL measures and modules for health status QoL measures are discussed.
Characterization of the infection-responsive bovine lactoferrin promoter

Abstract The concentration of lactoferrin in bovine milk is dramatically increased in response to infection. The high levels of lactoferrin may have a role in the prevention of microbial infection of the mammary gland. However, molecular mechanisms of how the lactoferrin gene is regulated in the mammary gland in response to infection remain unknown. In this study, we isolated and characterized the 5′ flanking region of the bovine lactoferrin gene. An 8.2 kilobase (kb) fragment of the bovine lactoferrin gene, containing 4.4 kb of 5′ flanking region, exon 1, intron 1, and exon 2, was isolated from a bovine genomic library on two overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. Sequence analysis of the isolated lactoferrin gene revealed that the promoter region contains a high GC content, a noncanonical TATA box, multiple stimulating protein 1 (SP1)/GC elements, and other putative binding sites for transcription factors including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP1), signal transducer and activator of transcriptions 3 and 5 (STAT3 and STAT5), and steroid hormone receptors. To demonstrate that the isolated promoter is functional, 4.4 kb of 5′ flanking region was inserted upstream from the firefly luciferase gene and the chimeric construct was transiently transfected into murine mammary epithelial cells. Transfection studies showed that the basal promoter activity is quite potent, being similar in strength to that of the simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter/enhancer. In addition, a 24-h treatment with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly stimulated its activity up to 2.3-fold in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, promoter deletion analysis indicated that the sequence up to − 543 was sufficient for basal activity, whereas the sequence up to − 1029 was required for maximal basal activity. The basal activity of the promoter is affected by both positive regulatory regions (− 2462/− 1879 and − 1029/− 75) and a negative regulatory region (− 1407/− 1029). LPS-responsive regions of the promoter were localized to the region from − 1029 to − 543 containing one STAT3 site and two NF-κB sites, and the region from − 4355 to − 2462 containing three AP1 sites and six NF-κB sites. Taken together, our findings suggested that the lactoferrin promoter responds to infection via the NF-κB pathway.
Crustal structure beneath the Florida-to-Edmonton broadband seismometer array

[1] Ps receiver functions were stacked to determine crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratios for the 28 stations of the Florida-to-Edmonton Broadband Seismometer Array and 6 adjacent permanent stations. Roots of thickened crust exist beneath the Paleozoic Appalachian orogen and the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen. The ratios of surface elevation to root thickness are lower than observed in young, active orogens, as are average crustal root buoyancies determined from gravity data. These results are consistent with global trends, and may be explained by increased crustal root density due to metamorphism. Crustal thickening is also observed beneath the Mid-Continent Rift in Iowa, consistent with compressional inversion of the rift during the Grenville orogeny.
A study of the robustness of PRNU-based camera identification

We investigate the robustness of PRNU-based camera identification in cases where the test images have been passed through common image processing operations. We address the issue of whether current camera identification systems remain effective in the presence of a nontechnical, mildly evasive photographer who makes efforts at circumvention using only standard and/or freely available software. We study denoising, recompression, out-of-camera demosaicing.
Asymptotic quantization for signal estimation with noisy channels

The authors consider signal estimation using a communication system which consists of a quantizer, a noisy channel, and a decision device. By assuming that the lengths of the quantization intervals become arbitrarily small, they derive the asymptotic signal estimation error for the communication system. The asymptotic error consists of an interaction term which depends on both the quantization error and the channel error. The most significant property of the interaction term is that it can be negative. Next, the authors use the companding approach to find the optimal uniform quantizer. They then suggest using a suboptimal piecewise uniform quantizer to approximate the optimal nonuniform quantizer. Finally, they present several analytic and numerical results to justify the validity of the obtained asymptotic expression. >
A method for determining insensible water loss from premature infants by psychrometric techniques

Described is a new method employing psychrometric principles for determining total insensible water loss from premature infants. The method, based on the concept of mass conservation, requires only simple measurements of relative humidity and temperature and thus lends itself well to the role of a clinical technique. Presented is a brief mathematical analysis of the method along with results obtained from in vitro and in vivo comparisons of the new method to the weight-loss method used in the past.
The Behavior of U. S. Public Debt and Deficits

How do governments react to the accumulation of debt? Do they take corrective measures, or do they let the debt grow? Whereas standard time series tests cannot reject a unit root in the U. S. debt-GDP ratio, this paper provides evidence of corrective action: the U. S. primary surplus is an increasing function of the debt-GDP ratio. The debt-GDP ratio displays mean-reversion if one controls for war-time spending and for cyclical fluctuations. The positive response of the primary surplus to changes in debt also shows that U. S. fiscal policy is satisfying an intertemporal budget constraint.
Thermodynamics and the other chemical engineering sciences: old models for new chemical products and processes

Abstract Much recent academic research in molecular thermodynamics has been directed toward ever-more-complex theories without adequate attention to how such theories may be used in contemporary chemical technology; too often, researchers develop theories for their own sake, delegating to others (who?) to figure out how to use them. For new chemical product design, it is typically necessary to inter-relate thermodynamics with other sciences (notably mass transfer); for chemical process design, it is desirable to direct molecular–thermodynamic ideas toward evolving industries (e.g., biotechnology). Toward those ends, conventional models can often provide helpful information. To illustrate, three examples are briefly discussed: first, design of a drug-delivery system and second, design of polymer blends to achieve desired mechanical properties. In both examples, the key to success is not the conventional molecular model but its combination with Fickian diffusion. The third example concerns precipitation of proteins from aqueous salt solutions; a remarkably simple model shows how equilibria in protein solutions are qualitatively different from those in conventional solutions. Calculations show that, for protein solutions, on a plot of temperature vs. concentration, the freezing line (for liquid–solid equilibria) lies above the liquid–liquid coexistence curve, as verified by experiment.
Effects of Prostaglandins on Sexual Receptivity in the Female Lizard, Anolis carolinensis*

Prostaglandins (PGs) have been implicated in the mediation of sexual behavior in vertebrates. In this study, the effects of administered PGs on sexual receptivity were examined in the ovariectomized female green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Injection (ip) of 15 μg PGF2o failed to induce sexual receptivity in nonreceptive females which were either untreated or estrogen primed. On the other hand, PGF20 treatment of sexually receptive estrogen-pretreated females inhibited sexual receptivity 1 h post injection. A dose of 7.5 fig PGF2a was as effective as 15 μg in inhibiting sexual receptivity, while a dose of 1.5 fig was near the minimum effective level. Treatment with 15 fig PGE2 and, to a lesser extent, PGEi also reduced sexual receptivity. In contrast, arginine-8-vasotocin, a neuropeptide capable of stimulating smooth muscle contractions in reptiles, did not decrease sexual receptivity. The inhibitory effects of PG treatment observed at 1 h were diminished by 3 h and were no longer present 6 and 24 ...
Temporal and spatial expression of the yellow gene in correlation with cuticle formation and DOPA decarboxylase activity in drosophila development

The yellow (y) gene of Drosophila is required for the formation of black melanin and its deposition in the cuticle. We have studied by immunohistochemical methods the temporal and spatial distribution of the protein product of the y gene during embryonic and pupal development and have correlated its expression with events of cuticle synthesis by the epidermal cells and with cuticle sclerotization. Except for expression in early embryos, the y protein is only found in the epidermal cells and may be secreted into the cuticle as it is being deposited. The amount of y protein in various regions of the embryo and pupa correlates directly with the intensity of melanization over any section of the epidermis. Expression of the y gene begins in the epidermal cells at 48 hr after pupariation and is well correlated with the beginning deposition of the adult cuticle. At this stage the adult cuticle is unsclerotized and unpigmented and dopa decarboxylase levels, a key enzyme in catecholamine metabolism which provides the crosslinking agents as well as the precursors for melanin, is low. As a separate event 26 hr after the onset of y gene expression, the first melanin deposition occurs in the head bristles and pigmentation continues in an anterior to posterior progression until eclosion. This melanization wave is correlated with elevated dopa decarboxylase activity. Crosslinking of the adult cuticle also occurs in a similar anterior to posterior progression at about the same time. We have shown by imaginal disc transplantation that timing of cuticle sclerotization depends on the position of the tissue along the anterior-posterior axis and that it is not an inherent feature of the discs themselves. We suggest that actual melanization and sclerotization of the cuticle by crosslinking are initiated at this time in pupal development by the availability of the catecholamine substrates which diffuse into the cuticle. Intensity of melanization and position of melanin pigment is determined by the presence or absence of the y protein in the cuticle, thus converting the y protein prepattern into the melanization pattern.
Photochemical dissociation of p-nitrobenzyl 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate films and selective polycation adsorption following irradiation

Abstract The effects of 397 nm laser irradiation of spin-coated films of the photoacid generator, p -nitrobenzyl 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate (NBAS), have been studied by X-ray photoelectron and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (XPS and FTIR). With the exception of a broadening of the C 1s peak, irradiation in vacuum does not lead to significant changes in the XPS spectra. Thin layer chromatography of a dissolved irradiated film shows that at least five photodissociation products are formed, identical to those from an irradiated degassed NBAS solution. Previous solution photochemistry studies identified several decomposition products, including 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonic acid. XPS and FTIR results are consistent with those products, except that a previously undetected ketone-containing photodissociation product has been identified. Exposure of NBAS films to oxygen, in the absence of light, has been found to cause dramatic changes in the N 1s XPS spectrum; this reaction is accelerated by 397 nm light. XPS has also been used to study the adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), a cationic polyelectrolyte, on NBAS films as a function of pH. Significantly greater adsorption occurs on irradiated NBAS films compared to unirradiated ones. This may have implications for patterning polyelectrolyte adsorption with light.
Adjuvant recombinant human growth hormone normalizes plasma amino acids in parenterally fed trauma patients.

Background: The addition of an anabolic stimulant dig intensive nutrition therapy in trauma patients seems to be a reasonable adjuvant for minimizing muscle-mass erosion. The plasma free amino acid pattern is the mirror of the net amino acid metabolism, and we have measured the progressive changes resulting from recombinant human growth hormone therapy in trauma victims dig nutritional repletion in the early catabolic flow phase of injury. Methods: In 20 severely injured (injury severity scale=31±2), highly catabolic, and hypermetabolic adult multiple-trauma patients, we have measured the fasting (day 0) plasma amino acid levels (48 to 60 hours after injury before starting the nutrition therapy) and their progressive changes dig 7 days of IV nutrition support (total parenteral nutrition, 1.1× resting energy expenditure calories, 250 mg of nitrogen per kilogram per day) with or without adjuvant recombinant human growth hormone. Group H (n=10) randomly received daily recombinant human growth hormone (0.15 mg of Somatropin per kilogram per day) and Group C (n=10) received the vehicle of infusion. Results: Hypoaminoacidemia of trauma is normalized by infusion of recombinant human growth hormone, which indicates its anabolic nature, and this is confirmed in the cumulative nitrogen balance (-281±139 mg of nitrogen per kilogram per 7 days compared with -809±151 mg of nitrogen per kilogram per 7 days without recombinant human growth hormone; p≤.005). This improved nitrogen retention is also reflected in the signicantly low blood urea nitrogen levels in the recombinant human growth hormone group, which represents the efficient utilization of the infused amino acids for synthesis of proteins. Elevated plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in Group H compared with those in Group C may also account for this altered amino acid metabolism. Conclusions: Recombinant human growth hormone treatment in combination with conventional total parenteral nutrition in the immediate posttraumatic period improved nitrogen metabolism and normalized the plasma free amino acid levels
On local total strain redistribution using a simplified cyclic inelastic analysis based on an elastic solution

Strain redistribution corrections were developed for a simplified inelastic analysis procedure to economically calculate material cyclic response at the critical location of a structure for life prediction purposes. The method was based on the assumption that the plastic region in the structure is local and the total strain history required for input can be defined from elastic finite element analyses. Cyclic stress-strain behavior was represented by a bilinear kinematic hardening model. The simplified procedure has been found to predict stress-strain response with reasonable accuracy for thermally cycled problems but needs improvement for mechanically load cycled problems. This study derived and incorporated Neuber type corrections in the simplified procedure to account for local total strain redistribution under cyclic mechanical loading. The corrected simplified method was exercised on a mechanically load cycled benchmark notched plate problem. Excellent agreement was found between the predicted material response and nonlinear finite element solutions for the problem. The simplified analysis computer program used 0.3 percent of the CPU time required for a nonlinear finite element analysis.
Olfactory bulb uptake and determination of biotransfer factors in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) exposed to manganese and cadmium in environmental habitats.

Manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd) profiles in olfactory bulbs of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) trapped at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Site 300 facility in California were determined with proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). As a reference, Mn profiles in olfactory bulbs from laboratory rats exposed via nose-only inhalation to 0.53 mg/m3 Mn in the form of MnCl2 were also determined with PIXE. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure soil Mn and Cd contents from the trapping sites and Mn and Cd contents in ground squirrel liver and leg muscle tissues. The data from laboratory rats revealed that Mn uptake into the olfactory bulb occurs via inhalation exposure. Data from ground squirrels and knowledge of the collection sites indicate that although several routes of exposure may occur, fossorial rodent olfactory uptake affords a significant exposure route to Mn and Cd in soils. Measured biotransfer factors (ratio of leg muscle tissue metal content to soil metal ...
A Multipoint Method for Detecting Genotyping Errors and Mutations in Sibling-Pair Linkage Data

The identification of genes contributing to complex diseases and quantitative traits requires genetic data of high fidelity, because undetected errors and mutations can profoundly affect linkage information. The recent emphasis on the use of the sibling-pair design eliminates or decreases the likelihood of detection of genotyping errors and marker mutations through apparent Mendelian incompatibilities or close double recombinants. In this article, we describe a hidden Markov method for detecting genotyping errors and mutations in multilocus linkage data. Specifically, we calculate the posterior probability of genotyping error or mutation for each sibling-pair-marker combination, conditional on all marker data and an assumed genotype-error rate. The method is designed for use with sibling-pair data when parental genotypes are unavailable. Through Monte Carlo simulation, we explore the effects of map density, marker-allele frequencies, marker position, and genotype-error rate on the accuracy of our error-detection method. In addition, we examine the impact of genotyping errors and error detection and correction on multipoint linkage information. We illustrate that even moderate error rates can result in substantial loss of linkage information, given efforts to fine-map a putative disease locus. Although simulations suggest that our method detects ≤50% of genotyping errors, it generally flags those errors that have the largest impact on linkage results. For high-resolution genetic maps, removal of the errors identified by our method restores most or nearly all the lost linkage information and can be accomplished without generating false evidence for linkage by removing incorrectly identified errors.
Apolipoprotein E in synaptic plasticity and alzheimer’s disease: Potential cellular and molecular mechanisms

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically characterized with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature that occurs prior to neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction. Mounting evidence suggests that aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau leads to synaptic deficits and neurodegeneration, thereby to memory loss. Among the established genetic risk factors for AD, the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor. We and others previously demonstrated that apoE regulates Aβ aggregation and clearance in an isoform-dependent manner. While the effect of apoE on Aβ may explain how apoE isoforms differentially affect AD pathogenesis, there are also other underexplored pathogenic mechanisms. They include differential effects of apoE on cerebral energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, neurovascular function, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. ApoE is a major carrier of cholesterols that are required for neuronal activity and injury repair in the brain. Although there are a few conflicting findings and the underlying mechanism is still unclear, several lines of studies demonstrated that apoE4 leads to synaptic deficits and impairment in long-term potentiation, memory and cognition. In this review, we summarize current understanding of apoE function in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its role in synaptic plasticity and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, involving low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), syndecan, and LRP8/ApoER2.
Fragmentation dynamics of CS22+ on collision with a self-assembled monolayer surface

Abstract Surface-induced dissociation of doubly charged CS 2 2 + ions colliding with a self-assembled monolayer surface of fluorinated alkyl thiol on Au(1 1 1) crystal has been studied using a beam scattering instrument. Two energetically distinct processes, corresponding to Coulomb explosion and charge transfer induced dissociation have been observed and the latter process dominates the dissociation process.
Investigation of maximum wind power extraction using adaptive virtual lookup-table approach

With the advance of power electronic technology, direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) have increasingly drawn interests to wind turbine manufacturers. Unlike a fixed-speed wind turbine, the maximum power extraction of a PMSG wind turbine is affected by (1) electrical characteristics of the generator, (2) aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine blades, and (3) maximum power extraction strategies. In an environment integrating all the three characteristics, it is found in this paper that the existing commercial lookup-table maximum power extraction mechanism suitable to a DFIG wind turbine is not suitable to a PMSG wind turbine. Through the integrative study of all the three characteristics, this paper proposes a novel PMSG maximum power extraction design. The special features of the proposed strategy include (i) an adaptive virtual lookup-table approach for PMSG maximum power extraction and (ii) an implementation of the peak power-tracking scheme based on a novel direct-current vector control configuration. The proposed maximum power extraction mechanism with a nested speed- and current-loop control structure is built by using MatLab SimPowerSystems. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed PMSG peak power-tracking strategy has superior performance in various aspects under both stable and gust wind conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixing and dispersion of particle ropes in lean phase pneumatic conveying

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate mixing mechanisms in lean phase pneumatic conveying, with the emphasis on techniques for dispersing the severe particle stratification caused by flow through a 90° elbow. This type of stratification is referred to as a particle rope. The paper describes a combined numerical and experimental study of the rope dispersion characteristics of various mixing devices that were installed immediately downstream of the elbow. The laboratory experiments were conducted in a 0.154 m I.D. vertical test section. Local particle velocities and concentrations were measured using a reflective type fiber optic probe. The numerical simulations were carried out using the CFX-4.2 code developed by AEA Technology. The effect of secondary velocities on rope dispersion was investigated by using a flow straightener installed after the elbow. The results show that the rope dispersion rate in both the axial and radial directions was significantly reduced in the absence of secondary velocities. The types of flow mixers investigated included nozzles, air jet injection, and swirl vanes. Although all mixing techniques were able to disperse the particle rope within nine pipe diameters from the bend exit plane, nozzles with beta ratios of 0.5 and 0.67 and air jet injection from the inner wall caused the most rapid rope dispersion. However, the nozzles cause excessive pressure drop and the air jet injection technique increases the flow rate of conveying fluid carried by the pipe.
Partial asymmetric synthesis in the diels-alder reaction☆

Abstract The Diels-Alder condensation of (−)-dimenthyl fumarate with butadiene followed by reduction of the adduct with LiAlH 4 , produced (−)-(1R:2R)-4-cyclohexene- trans -1,2-dimethanol in 1–3% optical purity depending on the temperature used to carry out the reaction. However, when AlCl 3 , SnCl 4 or TiCl 4 are used to catalyze the reaction then the condensation occurs at much lower temperatures and the product after reduction with LiA1H 4 has the opposite sign and configuration . Furthermore the optical purity of the product ranges from 27–78% depending on reaction conditions. Parameters such as solvent, temperature and catalyst, as they affect asymmetric syntheses, are discussed.
Effects of antipsychotic medication on the movement pathologies of chronic schizophrenics

Characteristics movement pathology as symptomatic of schizophrenia has long been cited in the literature. This pilot study postulates that these movement features are particular to the illness and distinct from medication side-effects. In conjunction with the National Institute of Mental Health's study on individual responsiveness of schizophrenics to neuroleptics, this study compared movement pathology across neuroleptic and placebo conditions. The videotapes of seven subjects were analyzed according to the Movement Diagnostic Scale, Version B. Of the five movement features postulated to be symptomatic of schizophrenia, and therefore predicted not to differ across medication conditions, ‘integration,’ ‘posture/locomotion,’ and ‘spatial complexity’ showed significant differences. Of the three movement features predicted to reflect medication effect, only ‘mobility’ was found to be significantly different. The results support a relationship between ‘fragmentation’ and large number of hospitalizations. Hence, the study suggests that some extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptic medication remain unrecognized and that the distinction between motor symptoms related to the illness or due to neuroleptics is blurred.
ALTERNATING POLYNOMIALS OF ALTERNATING LINKS

Given an s-component alternating link L with general Alexander polynomial Δ(x1, …, xs), the polynamial (1 - xi) Δ (x1, …, xs) is alternating for all i. That is, with (-1)∑ ij ci1 ⋯ is ≥ 0.
Special Editorial: Technology Leadership for Preparing Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology

AbstractTeacher education leaders must attend to leadership practices that set direction, develop people, and redesign their programs of teacher education to develop technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge (TPACK) and skills in preservice teachers. This special editorial shares the results of a leadership‐strand discussion at the past two National Technology Leadership Summits (NTLS) focused on good teaching and organizational change that incorporates TPACK‐based practices. It highlights focus‐group results from College of Education deans, the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) Innovation & Technology Committee, and other leaders attending NTLS regarding context‐specific products and processes needed to create change in teacher education at the local level.
Reversed‐phase HPLC of peptides: Assessing column and solvent selectivity on standard, polar‐embedded and polar endcapped columns

We desired to evaluate the chromatographic selectivity for peptides of silica-based RP high-performance liquid chromatography stationary phases with various modifications (polar embedding and polar endcapping on C(18) columns; ether-linked phenyl column with polar endcapping) compared with n-alkyl (C(18), C(8)) and aromatic phenylhexyl columns. Thus, we have designed and synthesized two series of synthetic peptide standards with the sequence Gly-Gly-Leu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Leu-Gly-X-Leu-Lys-Lys-amide, where the N-terminal either contains a free α-amino group (AmC series) or is N(α)-acetylated (AcC series) and where position X is substituted by Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Phe or Tyr. These represent series of peptides with single substitutions of n-alkyl (Gly<Ala<Val<Ile in order of increasing hydrophobicity), alkyl versus aromatic side-chains (Phe, Tyr) and a side-chain also with polar character (Tyr). Peptide mixtures were run on all columns at pH 2 (linear gradients of ACN or methanol in aqueous mobile phases). Our initial results clearly demonstrate the useful complementarity of different RP high-performance liquid chromatography packing materials, with peptide mixtures showing profound selectivity differences between n-alkyl versus polar-embedded and polar endcapped C(18) stationary phases. In addition, changing the polarity of the RP matrix in combination with changing the polarity of the mobile phase (ACN versus methanol) is shown to be synergistic to maximize selectivity of peptide separations.
Evaluation of anion exchange resins for plutonium-uranium separations in nitric acid

Pellicular, macroreticular and microreticular (gel-type) anion exchange resins were compared for the separation of plutonium from nitric acid solutions of mixed plutonium-uranium. AS Pellionex SAX (pellicular resin) and Amberlite IRA-93 (weak base macroreticular anion exchange resin) were found to have better uranium washing and plutonium eluting characteristics than any of the resins tested. However, the capacity of the pellicular resin was much lower than the other resins.
It's my way or the highway: academic success and social mobility in dangerous minds and Boston public

In this paper we explore dichotomies that exist between/within/through the (re)presentations of students and teachers found in the television shows Dangerous Minds and Boston Public. These dichotomized relationships engender a school culture organized by and through either/or conditions. More specifically, these dichotomized relationships force students and teachers into specific positions of inclusion and/or exclusion (i.e., It's my way or the highway). We begin by giving a short overview of both television shows. Then we make connections and comparisons between the media (re)presentations and school/pedagogical practices that advance or impede students' academic success and social mobility while simultaneously providing a theoretical lens from which to view these media texts within the context of urban schools and schooling.
Intersection forms of non-spin four manifolds

1 IntroductionIt remains a central question in four manifold topology which quadratic formoccurs as the intersection form of an orientable four manifold. In the topologicalcategory, there is a beautiful answer. The celebrated result of Freedman assertsthat all the quadratic forms can be realized. However, in the smooth category, wehave a rather different picture. By the surprising result of Donaldson ([D], [FS],[A]), among the deﬁnite quadratic forms, only the diagonalizable ones can berealized.Thereisalsoalongstanding11
Association of testosterone levels and future suicide attempts in females with bipolar disorder

Background Considerable evidence suggests that testosterone may play a role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders in females. This is the first prospective study to examine whether blood testosterone levels predict suicide attempts in females with bipolar disorder.
Application of a method for determination of the internal stress in polycrystalline NiAl

The concept of the internal stress is widely accepted, however, its measurement has proven difficult. Qian and Reed-Hill have developed a simplified approach for determining [sigma][sub i] which implies a zero entropy of activation. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated for the commercial purity niobium data of Fries et al., the experimental Nb-O data of Park et al. and the Cu[sub 3]Sn data of Qian and Reed-Hill. In this paper, the general approach is reviewed and an attempt is made to apply it to the polycrystalline Ni-48.9 at.% Al and Ni-43.0 at.% Al data of Pascoe and Newey. The authors conclude that the approach of Qian and Reed-Hill is useful for determining the internal stress in NiAl and for modeling the strain rate sensitivity and flow stress as a function of temperature and strain provided data is available below the regime of DSA and when the strain rate dependence of the flow stress can be approximated with a power law.
Analysis of airport stakeholders

Airports are of significant economic importance to regional businesses and to the quality of life of residents by providing access to safe, secure, rapid, affordable air transportation services. At the major U.S. airports, regional airport authorities operate the airports as public utilities providing infrastructure to service providers and their supply chain under “revenue neutral” financial regulations. As public entities with no stockholder profit motives, the airport authorities are obliged to work to balance the interests of all of their stakeholders to build the airport infrastructure, lease space to service providers, and ensure that the service providers collaborate to provide seamless, safe, secure service to the consumers of air travel services. A review of published airport benchmarks revealed that they are largely ambiguous on stakeholders and stakeholder boundaries.
Psychometric instability of measures in novel settings: Use of psychiatric rating scales in nursing homes

Researchers have become increasingly concerned about problems of the quality of measurement in applied evaluation settings. Of particular importance is change in both the reliability and the validity of a measure that is used in a novel setting. This problem is illustrated by an attempt to use psychiatric rating scales to assess the behavior of chronic mental patients currently residing in nursing homes. Methods for assessing changes in both reliability and validity are presented, along with suggestions for how to deal with these problems.
Predictive Friction Compensation for Control of Pneumatic Actuators

Pneumatic actuators possess several attractive qualities: high power and force density, potentially adaptable compliance, and clean, safe, and low cost actuation. However, control of pneumatic actuators has proven difficult, limited by inherent compliance of the actuator, nonlinear and discontinuous third order dynamics, and friction. Stiction and compliance lead to a sandwiched nonlinearity that causes stick-slip and can cause significant tracking error and even instability. A broadly applicable method of friction compensation is addition of a feedforward term updated from a friction estimate at each time step. Since pneumatic dynamics are slow, achievable compensation can be insufficient. In this work, friction is estimated over a prediction horizon and then input into a model-based predictive controller as an offset term, so that compensation is planned and optimal over the prediction horizon. The controller is tested in simulation. Results are compared to control using instantaneous compensation and are characterized based on performance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effects of strange particles on neutron-star cores.

We show that uncertainties in the strength of interactions of hyperons among themselves and with nucleons lead to an uncertainty in the maximum allowed neutron-star mass of nearly a factor of 2, even if the properties of nuclear and neutron matter were known with infinite precision around normal nuclear density and below. The possibility of a transition to quark matter places some constraint on the strength of the hyperonic interactions.
Robustness, variability, phase dependence, and longevity of individual synaptic input effects on spike timing during fluctuating synaptic backgrounds: a modeling study of globus pallidus neuron phase response properties.

Abstract A neuron’s phase response curve (PRC) shows how inputs arriving at different times during the spike cycle differentially affect the timing of subsequent spikes. Using a full morphological model of a globus pallidus (GP) neuron, we previously demonstrated that dendritic conductances shape the PRC in a spike frequency-dependent manner, suggesting different functional roles of perisomatic and distal dendritic synapses in the control of patterned network activity. In the present study we extend this analysis to examine the impact of physiologically realistic high conductance states on somatic and dendritic PRCs and the time course of spike train perturbations. First, we found that average somatic and dendritic PRCs preserved their shapes and spike frequency dependence when the model was driven by spatially-distributed, stochastic conductance inputs rather than tonic somatic current. However, responses to inputs during specific synaptic backgrounds often deviated substantially from the average PRC. Therefore, we analyzed the interactions of PRC stimuli with transient fluctuations in the synaptic background on a trial-by-trial basis. We found that the variability in responses to PRC stimuli and the incidence of stimulus-evoked added or skipped spikes were stimulus-phase-dependent and reflected the profile of the average PRC, suggesting commonality in the underlying mechanisms. Clear differences in the relation between the phase of input and variability of spike response between dendritic and somatic inputs indicate that these regions generally represent distinct dynamical subsystems of synaptic integration with respect to influencing the stability of spike time attractors generated by the overall synaptic conductance.
Ureteral ligation prevents the haemodynamic effect of frusemide in pentobarbitol anaesthetised horses

Summary Frusemide reduces pulmonary vascular pressures in resting horses and attenuates exercise-induced increases in these pressures in exercising horses. The mechanism underlying these effects of frusemide is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the haemodynamic effects of frusemide are dependent on diuresis by examining the effect of frusemide in anaesthetised horses in which diuresis was prevented by ligation of ureters. Twenty four horses were assigned randomly to one of 4 treatments: 1) frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt i.v.) and intact ureters; 2) frusemide and ligated ureters; 3) saline placebo and ligated ureters; and 4) frusemide and phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt i.v. 12 h and 15 min before frusemide) and ligated ureters. Frusemide administration to anaesthetised horses with intact ureters increased plasma total protein concentration and reduced mean right atrial, pulmonary artery and aortic pressures. There was no significant effect of frusemide administration on haemodynamic variables or plasma total protein concentration in horses with ligated ureters. The combination of frusemide and phenylbutazone increased mean right atrial, pulmonary artery and aortic pressures in horses with ligated ureters. This study demonstrates that, in anaesthetised horses, the haemodynamic effect of frusemide is dependent upon diuresis. We interpret these results as providing further evidence that the haemodynamic effect of frusemide in horses is attributable to a reduction in plasma and blood volume.
Why should radiologists be interested in technology assessment and outcomes research

Why should radiologists be interested in technology assessment and outcomes research? The primary answer relates to optimizing the use of imaging examinations in daily practice such that this results in the most effective, efficient, and highest quality patient care possible. In formal outcomes research, this is measured in terms of quality of life and perceptions of patients' well-being. Thus, the primary answer is that radiologists need to become better informed and knowledgeable about research methods and be able to critically review the results in the literature of technology assessment and outcomes research regarding the use of imaging examinations. This will enable radiologists to become more effective consultants for their referring physician colleagues by optimizing the use of imaging examinations to affect patient outcomes. Radiologists also will be more effective participants in guidelines task force groups.
Specifications for interactive environmental management

In response to the need for comprehensive assessment of environmental quality, the development of a large-scale computer model called SEAS was initiated by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1972. Although SEAS has provided a framework for the collection, storage, and treatment of environmental data, it has increasingly become apparent that such large-scale models have several major limitations that preclude their usefulness as strategic environmental management tools. These major limitations are reviewed, key design specifications are offered, and a design process to ameliorate some of the limitations of using such models for environmental management are proposed.
Reaction time and movement time relationships with intelligence in three different simple tasks

Abstract The purposes of the present study were 1. (a) to investigate the MT/IQ relationship in a task involving a more complex movement than is typically required 2. (b) to compare RT/IQ and MT/IQ relationships across three different types of tasks. Forty-one adult subjects were administered the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and three tasks at different speeds: 1. (1) a computer-administered Hick paradigm task at five levels of task complexity, 2. (2) a simple target-striking task that allows for a complex movement, and 3. (3) a paper-and-pencil copying task. Results were: 1. (a) the direction of RT/IQ and MT/IQ correlations were as expected for the Hick paradigm task, but the sizes of correlations were low; 2. (b) no significant relationships with IQ were found for the RT or MT components of the target-striking task; 3. (c) significant correlations with RT but not MT were found for the copying task; 4. (d) little evidence for inter-task similarity was found; 5. (e) relationships were stronger for the non-verbal than the verbal part of the intelligence test.