cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Interpretability of Three Function Structure Representations: A User Study

Function models are used during the conceptual design phase of the design process to model the intended use or objective of a product, independent of the products physical form. Function models also aid in guiding design activities such as generating concepts and allocating design team resources. Recent research effort have focused on the formalization of function models through a controlled vocabulary and archival of functional representations in computer-based repositories. However, the usefulness and interpretability of these function models has not fully been explored. This paper presents the results of a user study to ascertain the interpretability of functional representations at three levels of abstraction. In this interpretability is defined as the ability to identify the product based on a functional representation. These function models vary in abstraction in two dimensions: (1) the number of function within the model and (2) the specificity of the terms used within the functional models. Sixteen mechanical engineering graduate students are asked to identify the products from the functional models in these three abstraction levels. In addition to identifying the product, students are asked to record time and list any keywords in the functional model that help them to choose a product. Analysis of the results indicates that interpretability of a functional model increases substantially by using free language terms over a limited functional vocabulary and environmental context of the product. Additionally, the number of functions within the functional model correlates with the identification of similar products.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
15.2: Distinguished Paper: Assessment of Temporal Blur‐Reduction Methods Using a Computational Observer that Predicts Human Performance

We report on a method to assess the impact of temporal blur reduction techniques based on measured or modeled device temporal characteristics with a contrast-sensitive computational observer that predicts human performance. We applied the method to the comparison of different devices and temporal blur reduction approaches.
Ontogeny of knuckle-walking hand postures in African apes

Abstract Examination of the ontogeny of hominoid hands indicates that the majority of differences observed among adult bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the gross proportions of the hand are allometric due to ontogenetic scaling (Inouye, 1992). However, ray segment lengths depart from this pattern, resulting in relatively shorter fingers in the gorilla hand compared to the hands of chimpanzees and bonobos of comparable sizes. Furthermore, as adults and throughout ontogeny the fifth metacarpal is shorter than the second, third and fourth metacarpals in bonobos and chimpanzees, whereas gorillas have metacarpals which are more similar in length (Susman, 1979; Inouye, 1992). In addition, qualitative descriptions of knuckle-walking (Tuttle, 1967, 1969a,b,c; Tuttle & Basmajian, 1978) suggest that chimpanzees and gorillas use different hand postures and appear to bear their weight on different digits. Therefore, ontogenetic, descriptive kinematic data was taken from videotapes of knuckle-walking by chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas, and analysed to determine if differences among the African apes in length of the fifth digit was meaningfully correlated with variation in hand positions in load-bearing postures. Results indicate that throughout ontogeny there is no significant change in the frequency of use of digits II-V during knuckle-walking in all the African ape species. During ontogeny, chimpanzees and bonobos use their fifth digits consistently less often than the other digits when knuckle-walking, and comparisons between chimpanzees and bonobos reveal no significant difference in the frequencies of digits used during knuckle-walking. Gorillas, in contrast, use all four digits consistently in knuckle-walking postures throughout ontogeny, and comparative analyses reveal that the gorilla pattern is significantly different from the chimpanzee/bonobo pattern as adults and throughout ontogeny. Thus, metacarpal lengths and the comparative lengths among manual rays of the same hand are not a product of simple ontogenetic scaling between chimpanzees/bonobos and gorillas and instead, appear to be related to interspecific differences in hand postures used during knuckle-walking. These data, when considered with previous allometric data on other postcranial dimensions, indicate that differences between Pan and Gorilla in proportions of the hand may not be related to differences in weight distribution between forelimbs and hindlimbs or to differences in the frequency of knuckle-walking behavior. Rather, differences between Pan and Gorilla hand proportions are more likely related to kinematic differences in knuckle-walking behavior, increased efficiency of knuckle-walking in the latter, or perhaps to other locomotor behaviors, such as climbing.
Putting Differentials Back into Calculus

We argue that the use of differentials in introductory calculus courses provides a unifying theme which leads to a coherent view of calculus. Along the way, we will meet several interpretations of ...
Clusters and catalysis: on the requirement for multinuclear centers to catalyze the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide

Efficient homogeneous catalysis by mononuclear complexes of certain reactions, such as methanation and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has not been achieved. It has recently been demonstrated that temperature programmed decomposition (TPDE) of carbonyls adsorbed on silica or alumina leads to the formation of novel subcarbonyl species which are highly dispersed and which can be stable to 7250/sup 0/C, a temperature sufficient for catalysis of methanation over supported metals. A detailed study was undertaken of the dependence of CH/sub 4/ formation (during TPDE) on the nuclearity of the alumina supported complexes. The results suggest a novel reaction sequence for catalytic methanation: M + CO ..-->.. M(CO)ads (8); 4sigma - OH + M(CO)ads ..-->.. MO/sub 3/ + 2sigma - O/sup -/ + CH/sub 4/ (9); 3H/sub 2/ + MO/sub 3/ ..-->.. M + 3H/sub 2/O (10); 2H/sub 2/O + 2sigma - O/sup -/ ..-->.. 4sigma - OH (11); CO + 3H/sub 2/ ..-->.. CH/sub 4/ + H/sub 2/O (12). Reactions 8, 10, and 11 are well known. Reaction 9 simply expresses the known stoichiometry of CH/sub 4/ formation during the TPDE of carbonyls in flowing He. Reaction 9 presumedly represents a sequence of steps which would cycle with reactions equivalent to 10 and 11more » so that M only gets slightly oxidized during reaction. A unique feature of this scheme is that CH/sub 4/ is formed by reaction with sigma-OH, the role of the H/sub 2/ being to rereduce the metal. High reactivity for catalytic methanation of Mo(CO)/sub 6/ W(CO)/sub 6/ supported anAl/sub 2/O/sub 3/ has also been discovered, the activities being roughly 100-fold higher than for analogous traditional heterogeneous catalysts. 4 figures, 2 tables. (DP)« less
A graphical construction for shear stress on a fault surface

Abstract On a fault surface the orientation and sense of maximum resolved shear stress (τ) are controlled by the orientations and relative magnitudes of the principal stresses. A simple method is presented for determining the orientation and sense of τ using the orthographic projections of the greatest and least compressive stresses.
Soft-x-ray photoemission study of Co-n-type InP(110) interface

The room-temperature interaction of Co overlayers with the cleaved InP(110) surface has been studied using soft-x-ray core-level photoemission spectroscopy. We show that Co strongly reacts with the surface to form phosphide. For small metal coverages the reacted overlayer grows in a laminar fashion. The pinning position for the 1.5-A\r{} Co coverage is approximately 0.30 eV below the conduction-band minimum. For higher coverages the pinning is difficult to follow due to the uncertainty in accounting for the chemical reactions in the core-level spectra.
William E. Connolly on the modern dialectic of dissolution and discipline

(1989). William E. Connolly on the modern dialectic of dissolution and discipline. History of European Ideas: Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 721-727.
Modulation of anticipatory postural adjustments associated with unloading perturbation: effect of characteristics of a motor action

The purpose of the study was to determine whether characteristics of a motor action affect anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). Standing subjects held a load between their hands with arms extended in front of their body. Next, subjects performed bilateral shoulder abduction movements (motor action) of three amplitudes at three instructed speeds. This motor action led to the release of the same load, inducing unloading perturbation in the sagittal plane. Electromyographic activities were recorded for the leg and trunk muscles. A change in the background muscle activity in these muscles was observed prior to the unloading perturbation and was quantified as APAs. APAs were dependant on instructed speed of the motor action; larger APA activities were observed in the leg and trunk muscles with a faster speed instruction. Meanwhile, the modulation of APAs was not observed by altering the movement amplitude. Moreover, experiments showed that motor action itself without a load release did not generate APA activity. Therefore, we concluded that the central nervous system selects information within a motor action (i.e., speed instruction) to approximate the magnitude of the forthcoming perturbation and modulate APAs, even when the unloading perturbation was unchanged.
Selective discrete fourier transformation, an alternative approach for multidimensional NMR data processing

The original DFT can be used for developing limited frequency domains and projections in multidimensional spectra, a capability which has been unrecognized so far. A frequency-selective approach based on the original DFT algorithm is shown in this Communication to be an efficient and very flexible alternative to FFT
A secure play store for android

As Android becomes popular, Android security acquires more and more attentions. This paper proposes a new system design strategy for dissemination of high fidelity applications. We propose to use static and dynamic data flow analysis on Android applications to detect about how the apps leverage users'/enterprises' sensitive data. Also, we plan to build up a cloud-based back-end to safeguard mobile devices. The new secure system framework will not only analyze an individual app isolatedly, but also analyze the correlation between apps.
A stability result for distributed control of the beam

In this note we consider the closed loop control of the elastic beam where the control objective is to track a desired beam shape. A Lyapunov approach is utilized and a stability in measure theorem termed d2/d1 stability is proved. Numerical simulation is provided and an extension to adaptive control where beam parameters are not known is discussed.
Issues for low-power CAD tools: A system-level design study

A case study in low-power system-level design is presented. We detail the design of a low-power embedded system, a touchscreen interface device for a personal computer. This device is designed to operate on excess power provided by unused RS232 communication lines. We focus on the design and measurement procedures used to reduce the power requirements of this system to less than 50 mW. Additionally, we highlight opportunities to use system-level design and analysis tools for low-power design and the obstacles that prevented using such tools in this design.
Circulatory Anatomy in Bimodally Breathing Fish

SYNOPSIS. The development of air-breathing organs in bimodally breathing fish has necessitated a degree of vascular remodelling in order to enhance gas exchange and support other homeostatic activities. Macrocirculatory changes include several plumbing schemes that allow perfusion of the gills, air-breathing organ, and systemic circulations in a variety of in-parallel and in-series arrangements. The incorporation of structural adaptations designed to minimize admixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in transit through the heart as well as vascular shunts further increases the efficiency of the gas exchange process. A number of anatomical modifications in capillary architecture and endothelial cell structure are found in air-breathing fish and appear to be unique to these vertebrates. The physiological significance of the microcirculatory adaptations remains, to a large extent, speculative.
LISA measurement of gravitational wave background anisotropy: Hexadecapole moment via a correlation analysis

We discuss spatial fluctuations in the gravitational wave background arising from unresolved Galactic binary sources, such as close white dwarf binaries, due to the fact the galactic binary source distribution is anisotropic. We introduce a correlation analysis of the two data streams of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) to extract spherical harmonic coefficients of the hexadecapole moment (l = 4) related to the projected two-dimensional density distribution of the binary source population in an independent manner. In this analysis, we use a free parameter with which we can effectively control the frequency of the cartwheel rotation of LISA. The proposed technique complements and improves over previous suggestions in the literature to measure the gravitational wave background anisotropy based on the time modulation of data as LISA orbits around the Sun. Such techniques, however, are restricted only to certain combinations of spherical harmonic coefficients of the galaxy with no ability to separate them individually. With LISA, m = 2,3 and 4 coefficients of the hexadecapole (l = 4) can be measured with signal-to-noise ratios at the level of ten and above in a certain coordinate system. In addition to the hexadecapole coefficients, when combined with the time modulation analysis, the correlation study also can be used, in principle, to measure quadrupole coefficients of the binary distribution.
Policing International Terrorism: Options

Analysis of issues and options in efforts to curtail international terrorism, focusing on recent and current events. Key issues include (1) the legal orientation toward individualized justice when dealing with organizations, networks, and movements; and (2) the problem of balancing (a) repression of immediate threats with (b) policies aimed at the conditions under which terrorist ideologies are generated and accepted - which means going beyond 'public relations's rhetoric to real investments in alleviating the social injustices that fuel terrorism. Options for dealing with terrorism are reviewed, including monitoring confiscation, extradition, extraction, assassination, and war. The immediate goal of stopping terrorists has obvious priority, but the ultimately more important goal is to uproot terrorism. Ideologically and economically as well as militarily and diplomatically, the democracies must go on the offensive.
On the Generation of Mesoscale Eddies and their Contribution to the OceanicGeneral Circulation. I. A Preliminary Numerical Experiment

Abstract Numerical experiments on the wind-driven ocean circulation in a closed basin show that mesoscale eddiescan appear spontaneously during the integration of the equations of motion for a baroclinic ocean. For somevalues of the basic parameters governing the flow, the solutions reach a steady state while for other valuesfinite-amplitude eddies remain a part of the final statistically steady state. In the eddying cases the solutionscan be regarded as a mean flow upon which is superimposed a set of eddies which propagate westward at afew kilometers per day. The eddies typically have horizontal wavelengths of a few hundred kilometers. Analyses of die energetics show the eddies to be generated by the process of baroclinic instability. Thepotential energy of the mean flow is released to supply energy to the eddies. The computed Reynoldsstresses, while small compared to the terms in the geostrophic balance of the mean momentum equations, dohave a strong influence on the mean circulation and, in fact, the d...
The stabilization of the particles of turnip rosette virus and of other members of the southern bean mosaic virus group.

Abstract The particles of turnip rosette virus and of other members of the southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) group can be swollen and become salt labile by the addition of EDTA at alkaline pH values. By studying the effects of type and concentration of chelator, of pH and of salt concentration, it is concluded that the particles of these viruses are stabilized by three types of bond, one involving divalent cations, one being pH-dependent, and one a salt link between protein and RNA. Carnation mottle virus (not a member of the SBMV group) particles are stabilized by the first two bond types but not effectively by the protein-RNA link.
Effects of deuterium labeling on azido amino acid mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The mutagenic effects of azide (N 3 − ) anion in bacterial test systems require the formation of the novel mutagenic metabolite, 3-azido- L -alanine (AZAL). Although the mechanism of AZAL-induced mutagenicity is unknown, subsequent bioactivation of this metabolite appears likely. Earlier studies have shown that other azide-containing amino acids are mutagenic as well. In fact, the mutagenic potency of the synthetic AZAl homologue, l -2-amino-4-azidobutanoic acidobutanoic acid (HomoAZAL), was several timesthat of AZAL. To gain insight into the biochemical processing and mutagenicity of azido amino acids in Salmonella typhimurium , several specifically deuterium-labeled azido amino acids have been prepared and tested for mutagenic potency. In addition, the effect of (aminooxy)acetic acid (AOA) (a potent inhibitor of pyridoxal-dependent processes) on AZAL-induced mutagenesis was examined. The results showed that 2-deuterium substitution of AZAL resulted in a slight increase in mutagenic potency, while AOA treatment resulted in no change in AZAL potency. Taken together these findings did not support the involvement of pyridoxal-dependent processes in AZAL bioactivation. In contrast, deuterium substitution adjacent to the azide group in HomoAZAL and 5-azido- l -norvaline (N 3 -Norval) resulted in a large decrease in mutagenic potency when compared to the non-deuterium labeled compounds. These observations are consistent with a bioactivation mechanism involving rate-limiting CH bond cleavage in the formation of the ultimate mutagen. Moreover, this effect of deuterium labeling points to processing of the azide-containing side chain as a key feature in the mutagenic activation mechanism.
A molecular mechanics simulation of cracks and fractures in a sheet of ice

Rectangular, two dimensional sheets of ice molecules are both stressed and compressed. Computer examples compare dynamical responses when the plate has a slot or does not have a slot. The mechanisms for both crack and fracture development are clearly delineated on the molecular level.
Surface Tension in the Developing Mammal: Anisotropic Tension Generation in the Dorsal Skin of the Perinatal Rat

Abstract It is common knowledge that skin biopsies retract following excision. The direction and the magnitude of this retraction is thought to be related to the field of tension previously experienced by the skin sections in vivo. We utilized this phenomenon to investigate the ontogeny, directionality, and regulation of skin tension in the perinatal rat from gestational day 20 to postnatal day 6. In this study, geometrically-precise biopsies (circles and rectangles) were excised from the dorsal skin of perinatal rats and placed in tissue culture media. The excised skin sections rapidly exhibited changes in shape (to ellipses and helices). These resulting conformations were characterized with regard to selected spatial attributes; i.e., the ratio of major to minor axes for elliptical figures and the "winding number" for helices. This simple methodological approach allowed the following conclusions: 1) skin retraction in the rat is anisotropic and is maximal in the rostral-caudal direction; 2) skin retraction is inversely related to postnatal age and to ambient temperature; 3) retraction is inhibited by in vivo treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) as well as by metabolic poisons such as sodium azide; 4) retraction is augmented in vitro by calcium chloride. Overall, these data support the hypothesis of a metabolically active, temperature-dependent, anisotropically organized retractile mechanism in the dorsal skin of the perinatal rat.
European “Federalism” and its Encroachments on National Institutions

The European Union is a supranational governance organization that is more federal than unitary but which, instead of a constitutionally established balance of powers, exhibits a dynamic confusion of powers. This institutional structure has not only served to subordinate member-states' institutional structures, whetherfederal or unitary, and to alter their traditional balance of powers, it has also served to reduce national governmental autonomy in the name of a shared supranational authority, diminish national control over subnational units, and undermine democratic legitimacy at both the national and EU levels. It has had a differential effect on member states, with a greater disruptive impact on unitary states, such as France and Britain, than on federal states, such as Germany.
The effect of temperature and food density on survival and growth of Menidia peninsulae larvae (Pisces: Atherinidae)

Day of hatch tidewater silversides, Menidia peninsulae, were stocked at 5 fish per liter in 3 1 of seawater at 30‰ and raised for 16 days at 20°, 25° and 30 °C. Food organisms (Brachionus sp. or Artemia nauplii) were maintained at 500, 1,000, 5,000 or 10,000 organisms per 1. The influence of food density on growth of larval M. peninsulae was temperature dependent. At 20 °C, there was no difference in final size of fish based on food densities. But at 25° and 30 °C there was an increase in final body size as food density increased. There were no significant differences in survival among food densities in tests at 20°, 25° or 30 °C. However, for any given temperature and food density, the number of survivors in a replicate affected the final size attained. Optimal culture condition for larval M. peninsulae, considering both survival and growth was determined to be 5,000 food organisms per 1 at 25 °C.
A physical-model-based, field-wise and self-contained algorithm for removing directional ambiguities of ocean surface winds retrieved from scatterometer measurements

An algorithm is introduced to remove the directional ambiguities in ocean surface winds measured by scatterometers, which requires scatterometer data only. It is based on two versions of PBL (planetary boundary layer) models and a low-pass filter. A pressure field is first derived from the median-filtered scatterometer winds, is then noise-filtered, and is finally converted back to the winds, respectively, by an inverted PBL model, a smoothing algorithm, and a PBL model. The derived wind field is used to remove the directional ambiguities in the scatterometer data. This new algorithm is applied to Hurricane Eugene and produces results comparable to those from the current standard ambiguity removal algorithm for NASA/JPL SeaWinds project, which requires external numerical weather forecast/analyses data.
Modeling unsteady reacting flow with operator splitting and ISAT

We examine the utility of in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) for the simulation of two-dimensional unsteady laminar reacting flow. The numerical scheme used to solve the low-Mach-number reacting flow equations is an operator-split projection scheme which incorporates ISAT by a Strang subsplitting procedure. The scheme is parallelized using a combination of OpenMP and MPI. ISAT is used for the pure reaction substeps, while convection and diffusion are treated explicitly by a stabilized Runge–Kutta method. We apply the scheme to a two-dimensional problem involving a laminar premixed methane–air flame interacting with a counterrotating vortex pair using detailed GRIMech3.0 chemical kinetics. Computational performance is examined; we observe an overall speed-up factor due to ISAT of approximately 2.5–3.
A substructure mixtures model for the cyclic plasticity of single slip oriented nickel single crystal at low plastic strain amplitudes

Abstract The cyclic plasticity behavior of nickel single crystals oriented for single slip is characterized by uniaxial, symmetric, tension–compression, strain controlled tests carried out at constant plastic strain amplitudes ranging from 5(10 −5 ) to 1(10 −3 ). Annealed single crystals are cycled in this manner to post-cyclic saturation and microstructural characterizations, including transmission electron microscopy and optical micrographs of specimen surface replicas are used to verify and evaluate dislocation substructures. Stress–strain and microstructure data are used to construct a mixtures model that couples cyclic plasticity models for three substructures as well as a model for reverse magnetostriction (Villari effect) that is a significant component of inelastic strain at the lower plastic strain amplitudes. The model is used to correlate the stress–plastic strain hysteresis loop responses over the range of plastic strain amplitudes and from cumulative plastic strains from 0.3 to post-cyclic saturation. Complex evolution of substructure plastic strain amplitudes toward their so-called intrinsic values upon the formation of persistent slip bands is modeled. Additionally, bulk Young’s modulus is found to vary significantly with plastic strain amplitude and cumulative plastic strain. A correlation of this behavior is included.
Ambient-sensitive semiconductivity of lead iodide crystals☆

Abstract The equilibrium semiconductivity of hydrogel grown Pbl 2 crystals is found to depend on the ambient oxygen pressure. The semiconductivity increases with increasing oxygen pressure at high temperatures and decreases with increasing oxygen pressure at low temperatures. The effect originates with the interaction between the p -type semiconductor and the acceptor-like oxygen chemisorption state coupled with an Arrhenius dependence of the hole mobility in which the activation energy increases with increasing oxygen pressure.
Role of technetium-99m planar bone scanning in the evaluation of low back pain.

The records of 1018 patients with low back pain in a tertiary spine referral practice were reviewed. One hundred thirty-nine out of 1018 (13.6%) underwent technetium-99m planar bone scanning as part of their investigation. Seventy-three out of 139 scans (52%) showed increased uptake in some area, but only 27 out of 139 (19.4%) showed increased uptake specifically in the low back. Scans consistently yielded no findings with reference to the back when the prescan diagnosis was spinal stenosis, lumbar pain syndrome, herniated nucleus pulposus, or postlaminectomy syndrome. Some scans gave positive findings in patients with a diagnosis of degenerative disc disease, pseudarthrosis, spondylolisthesis, fracture, infection, metabolic disorder, or tumor. Positive scans were generally obtained early after presentation (within 3 months) and negative scans obtained later (after 6 months), suggesting that clinical suspicion is still the main indication for early scanning. Planar bone scanning was helpful in both diagnosis and therapeutic decisionmaking in many conditions.
The spermatid cell membrane in Melanoplus differentialis.

1. The cell membrane of the spermatid of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is shown to be composed of a double-layered membrane 10 mµ thick. Closely applied to this is an additional outer covering 25 to 35 mµ thick which has a regular geometrical pattern. 2. Models of cell membrane structure are discussed briefly. It is suggested that the pattern results from preferential adsorption of material onto a particular component of the double-layered membrane.
Working women: where have we been? Where are we going?

A general view of the progress of women in the work force since the turn of the century places women firmly within full-time force participation in the present and future. Within a growing economy it is likely that women will move toward more equitable treatment. The periods described were the turn of the century the war years the 1960s 1970s and the 1990s and the future. The issues addressed were full or part-time work earnings families single mother families wives and children of working mothers. Women decades ago were primarily engaged in factory work or traditional occupations. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics considered these women "honest and virtuous." Working and living conditions were harsh and the pay was poor. Change took place slowly. It was not until women were needed to fill jobs left by men engaged in World War II that women found acceptance in the labor market. During the 1969s and the 1970s womens labor force involvement increased. Women were better educated and had smaller families. The feminist movement promoted womens role in the work force and the Civil Rights Movement emphasized the status of minority groups. The 1970s brought with it a decade of divorce and family stress. 1 out of every 2 marriages ended in divorce. Single-parent families increased in number. In 1988 55 million women were counted in the labor force (45% of the total working population of the US). In some industries such as health services women comprise over 50% of the work force. In 1988 13 million women were engaged in managerial and professional specialty occupations. Previously male-dominated occupations were filled by women. 4 out of 5 working women today are engaged full time. 3 million are multiple job holders which is a 5-fold increase over multiple job holders in 1970. The gap in earnings is slowly closing. Women 16-24 years have median earnings today that are more than 90% of the earnings of men of comparable age; median earnings in 1979 were only 77% of male earnings. Older women however still are concentrated in low-paying traditional occupations. Currently 3 out of 4 young married middle-class women work. Less than 5% of couples with families have a male head supporting a nonworking wife. 1 out of every 6 of the 66 million families is a single female head. 1 in every 3 lives below the poverty line. 6 out of 10 children have working mothers of which 20% live in poverty.
On the differing acidities of tri- vs. tetradentate copper(II) chelates and its effects on their catalytic properties

Abstract Hydroxo complex formation constants for a series of Cu(II) chelates have been determined, and Bronsted plots of the log of the rate constants of Cu(L) x+ promotion of methyl glycinate hydrolysis vs. the log of the hydroxo complex formation constants indicate that the different catalytic activities of tri vs. tetradentate Cu(II) chelates are mainly due to ground state effects, i.e. , differences in the Lewis acidities of the two sets of metal chelates. Previously proposed rate profiles for Cu(L) x+ promotion of methyl glycinate hydrolysis are in agreement with these data and are also dicsussed in terms of the differing Lewis acidities of the Cu(II) chelates. Correlations of λ max values for tridentate Cu(II) chelates were found with both the log of the rate constant for Cu 2+ complex-catalysis of methyl glycinate hydrolysis and with the log of the hydroxometal-complex formation constants.
The characterization of Si–Al ordering in A-type zeolite (ZK4) by 29 Si NMR

The study of the 29Si NMR spectra of two A-type zeolites (ZK4) with Si/Al ratios of 1.18 and 1.40 shows that the Si, Al distribution obeys Loewenstein's rule. The NMR absorption observed at −89.1 p.p.m. for both compositions is assigned to Si(4Al). This result suggests that the single peak observed for NaA (Si/Al = 1) should also be assigned to Si(4Al) and not Si(3Al) as recently proposed1–4.
Parametric scaling of the stability of relativistic laminar flow magnetic insulation

The short wavelength limit of the magnetron instability of a relativistic sharp boundary electron sheath is examined. For short wavelengths the mode is localized to the sheath edge. This localization leads to a simple relationship (essentially a Lorentz transformation) between the relativistic and nonrelativistic growth rates. This relationship involves only equilibrium quantities evaluated at the sheath edge and explains previously noted trends that have been observed numerically.
Mechanisms of vaporization for silver and gold using electrothermal atomization

Abstract Electrothermal atomization (ETA) of Ag and Au within graphite tubes was studied at atmospheric pressure. Vaporization for Ag and Au appears to occur from varying sizes of microdroplets or from adsorbed atoms, depending on the conditions of the analysis. Using as criteria the shifting of the peaks to later times with increasing concentrations, a fractional order of release for both metals was suggested under normal ETA analytical conditions. However, a first order process was obtained when formation of adsorbed atoms was expected. The activation energies for desorption (Ea) of Ag and Au are mass dependent. The decreasing influence of the graphite as the droplet size becomes larger might explain the increase in Ea observed at increasing concentrations. The highest Ea values obtained for both metals approach the respective ΔHv and indicate desorption from the surface of large microdroplets. The lowest Ea might represent the interaction between individual adsorbed atoms and the graphite surface. The dry and thermal pretreatment stages affect Ea and the shape of the absorption profiles because they probably produce changes in the surface topology of these metals before atomization takes place. Chemisorbed O2 seems to reduce the size of the microdroplets in the case of Ag, but the effect on Au has not been completely rationalized. The tendency of the Ag and Au microdroplets to disperse on graphite seems to be reduced by mechanical roughening of the furnace surface, which probably increases the number of active sites on graphite.
On the influence of ionic strength on the melting temperature of DNA.

Abstract A simple statistical theory which has been developed by the authors and used to explain melting experiments of DNA is outlined and applied to the problem of finding a theoretical basis for the effect of ionic strength on the melting temperature of DNA. Numerical results of Kotin & Nagasawa (1962) are used, and the end result is in agreement with the thermodynamic theory proposed by Kotin (1963). It is felt that these results lend further evidence that the statistical theory is essentially correct.
Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I therapy for children with growth disorders

Until recently, the only possible therapy available for treatment of children with significant short stature was recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). However, recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) has now become commercially available as a therapeutic option to treat children of short stature caused by severe primary IGF-I deficiency, defined as: height standard deviation score (SDS) less than or equal to −3.0, basal IGF-I SDS less than or equal to −3.0, and normal or elevated levels of GH. Published data demonstrate that rhIGF-I therapy in patients with primary IGF-I deficiency accelerates growth significantly during the first year of treatment, but progressive attenuation is likely in subsequent years. The growth response to rhIGF-I is neither as intense nor as well sustained as the growth response to rhGH among children with GH deficiency. Despite increasing interest in the possibility for broader use of rhIGF-I for growth promotion, especially in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), it is necessary to wait for studies assessing the efficacy and safety of rhIGF-I therapy in this condition. In this particular population (ISS patients), the combination of rhIGF-I and rhGH, compared with either hormone used alone, may have theoretical advantages. Hypoglycemia has been the most common side effect reported with use of rhIGF-I and is reasonably controlled with adequate food intake. Most of the other (long-term) adverse effects appear to be related to hyperstimulation of lymphoid tissue growth. Little is known about the long-term effects of IGF-I therapy in growing children, but caution and long-term, controlled, prospective trials of rhIGF-I-treated children and adolescents are needed.
Construction and Characterization of cDNA Encoding the α2 Chain of Chicken Type IX Collagen

We have isolated and characterized a cDNA encoding the carboxy-terminal half of one of the polypeptide subunits of a novel disulfide-bonded collagen found in hyaline cartilage. This collagen has been given the type assignment type IX, and it has several unusual characteristics. First, the polypeptide subunits are shorter than alpha-chains of the fibrillar collagens types I, II, and III. Second, type IX molecules are heterotrimers of three genetically distinct polypeptide subunits. Third, type IX molecules contain three triple-helical collagenous domains interspersed with noncollagenous domains. When chicken cartilage collagens are extracted with pepsin, type IX collagen is cleaved and gives rise to the triple-helical fragments HMW and LMW. The identification of the cDNA reported here is based on a comparison of the amino acid composition of tryptic peptides derived from LMW with the composition of tryptic peptides predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA. We also show that the amino-terminal sequence of one of the subunits of LMW is identical with the sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of a tryptic peptide isolated from one of the subunits of HMW is identical with a sequence predicted from the cDNA. We have given the polypeptide chain encoded by the cDNA reported here the name alpha 2(IX), and we show that it is homologous to the alpha 1(IX) chain previously characterized by us.
The Efficacy of Embedded Instruction for Students with Developmental Disabilities Enrolled in General Education Classes

A multiple baseline across behaviors design was used to evaluate the efficacy of embedded instruction with 3 students with developmental disabilities who were enrolled in general education classes. Two general education teachers and 1 paraprofessional delivered embedded instruction to students during regularly scheduled instructional activities. The skills taught to students included answering probe questions drawn from the general science curriculum, identifying functional sight-words drawn from the general reading curriculum, and making requests using an electronic communication device. Student data showed that embedded instruction was effective with all 3 students. The results also indicate that both general education teachers and paraprofessionals were able to implement the procedure with a high degree of fidelity without disrupting the ongoing instructional activities of the general education classes. Teacher ratings of the acceptability and perceived effectiveness of the procedures suggested that te...
On Extensions of Q by Square Roots

(1971). On Extensions of Q by Square Roots. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 392-393.
RADAR-BASED SHORT-TERM PREDICTION OF SEVERE RAINSTORMS-PRELIMINARY RESULTS

A new method is developed in order to track and predict in short-term (15min-2 hr lead times) the spatial configurations, the velocity vectors and the rain intensity textures of the potentially flood producing rain fields that are detected on a radar scope. First, the rain field is decomposed into simple, tractable elements. Then a statistical adaptive forecasting scheme is developed in order to predict the evolution of each of these elements in time and space. The composition of these elements forms the complete rain field with respect to its spatial configuration, location and rain intensity texture at each prediction lead time. The method is currently being applied to the radar data of rain fields. Some preliminary application results are given.
High-pressure mass spectrometry: Ion energies and their distributions in chemical ionization sources

The effect of extraction or repeller fields in chemical ionization sources on the ion energy distribution is analyzed; a quantitative model based on a constant mean collision free period and the separate achievement of statistical equilibrium coaxial and at right angles to the direction of drift motion is developed. The resultant ion energy distributions yield the correct mean ion energies. They lose Maxwell—Boltzman character at field strengths in excess of about 1 or 2 V cm−1 torr−1. The deviation becomes more serious as the field strength increases; mean ion energies increase rapidly but the change in the high energy segment of the distribution is more gradual so that neither gas temperature nor mean ion energy can be employed to define a temperature.
William C. Carter Award paper

Dr. William C. Carter was a key figure in the formation and development of the field of dependable computing and fault tolerance. His career spanned over four decades, from programming, debugging, and recovery in ENIAC, through reliability, availability and serviceability during the evolution and definition of IBM mainframes. In particular, he took great interest in the future of the field and was instrumental in promoting the work of young contributors. It was characteristic of Bill to take the initiative in reaching out to students and younger colleagues. Despite the demands of his own career, he knew the value of taking the time to encourage, mentor, and inspire newcomers to the field.
Requirements for future aerospace

For civil aviation to be successful for decades to come, a number of factors are involved. Probably the first requirement is for an advanced global communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) system. The present plan with augmented GPS will be quite inadequate, being short in functions, economy and especially security, with upcoming air traffic increases. A system concept called the Integrated Global Surveillance and Guidance System, when implemented, will meet these requirements for a number of decades to come. However, an advanced CNS system for ATC/ATM is only the first step. Many new procedures will be required to handle the substantially increased air traffic expected. The more precise guidance and surveillance provided by IGSAGS will permit increased traffic density both horizontally and vertically. While the enroute structure can be built to handle substantial traffic increases, the terminal area is another story. The 3 to 5 miles required spacing between jets on the final approach because of vortex turbulence is a serious limiting factor for airport traffic. The National Research Council (NRC) has brought out the need for major improvements in aircraft, including vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. This would eliminate the need for long runways and allow changes in airports that would permit substantial increases in traffic. What will we have by the end of the century possibly "flying cars" that won't have wings, propellers, jets or even hydrogen as fuel.
Acute Iron Intoxication with Intestinal Infarction Managed in Part by Small Bowel Resection

(1975). Acute Iron Intoxication with Intestinal Infarction Managed in Part by Small Bowel Resection. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3-12.
Quality of life after solid organ transplantation

Despite a proliferation of literature concerning quality of life (QOL) after transplantation, there remains a good deal of confusion in the transplant community over how to best interpret QOL data and measure QOL in patients. This article examines what exactly is meant by “QOL,” examines the existing literature in transplantation focused on QOL, and makes several recommendations concerning future research directions. Also, the responsibilities of individual programs in measuring, reporting, and interpreting QOL data in patients are discussed.
Mineral and lipid composition of Glycine ‐ Glomus ‐ Bradyrhizobium symbioses

Soybean [Glyeine max (L.) Merr. cv. Amsoy 71] plants were inoculated with either the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum. with a strain of Bradyrizobobium Japonicum. or with both endophytes in combintion. Noninoculated controlplantes were fertilized with levels of N and P previously found to compensate for nutrient input following infection by Bradyhizobium or Glomus Temporal differences in N and P assimilation in nodulated or mycorrhizal plants indicated that Glomus was most effective during early vegetative growth and Bradyrhizobion was active until the mid-pod-fill stage in soybean. In general. soybeans colonized by Glomus contained more Cu but less Mn and P than corresponding P-fertilized plants. Soyubean roots infected with G. fasciculaum contained five unusual fatty acids: [16: 1 (11c): 8:3 (6c, 9c, 12c): 20:3 (8c, 11c, 14c): 20:4 (5c, 8c, 11c, 14c): 20:5 (5c, 8c, 11c, 14c, 17c)] that were absent in non-infected roots. Fatty acid 16:1 (11c) comprised 43% of total fatty acids in Glomus-infected roots at week 9 and 29% of total root fatty acids at week 15. This isomer of hexadecenoic acid was positively correlated with vesicle number (r = 0.92**). and 16:1 (11c) was probably the principalstorage fatty acid in fungal vesicles. These five unusual fatty acids were not found in the leaves. pods or seeds of either VAM or non-VAM plants. Specific leaf area increased with time in nodulated soybeans. but these plants contained lessCu than corresponding N-fertilized plants. Soybeans nodulated with Bradyrthizobium contained more total lipid and proportionately more fatty acid 16:0 than N-fertilized plants. Infection by Glomus or Bradyrhizobium also altered the fatty acid composition of above-ground plant parts, although these changes were subtle compared to the markedly different fatty acid found in Glomus-infected roots. These findings suggest that seed quality may be altered due to the physiological changes resulting from infection by N2-fixing bacteria and/or endomycorrhizal fungi. Observed differences in the plant nutrition of inoculated soybeans could not be replicated by fertilizer addition alone.