cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slot Coupled Beam Signal Pickup Development at Argonne National Laboratory

The overall performance of slot couplers, at least for frequenciees below 2 GHz, can probably not match that of stripline based pickups. A measured, typical coupling at 2 GHz correesponds to about 6 to 7 ohms/slot-pair and produces about 8/sup 0/ phase shift/slot on the TEM line. Suppose a 12 to 14 slot array were constructed with these parameters. It would have a total 90/sup 0/ phase shift at about 1.7 GHz, and the coupling would be about 80 ohms at 2.0 GHz. Such an array would be 30 cm long. In a 10 m long straight section, one could place perhaps 25 such modules. After power adding, the net coupling would be about 80 x ..sqrt..25 = 400 ohms. This is 75% of the value which can be obtained by stripline structures (e.g. the FNAL Tevatron-I design). On the other hand, stripline structures may be difficult to construct for, let's say, a 4 to 8 GHz band. Slot coupled devices may then prove to be the more attractive choice. Slot couplers for these higher frequencies will be the subject of our R and D program at this time in the future.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TREATMENT ON GLASS-TO-METAL SEALS*

It has been known for some time that glass cooled from temperatures well above the annealing temperature contracts at a rate depending upon its cooling rate and the temperature from which its cooling begins. Expansion measurements taken on the glass during later heating do not follow the original contraction curve. A photoelastic method is described which gives information on how the contraction of the glass is affected by these temperature conditions. The observations are of particular interest when applied to glass-metal seals.
E. coli virulence factor hemolysin induces neutrophil apoptosis and necrosis/lysis in vitro and necrosis/lysis and lung injury in a rat pneumonia model

Enteric gram-negative bacilli, such as Escherichia coli are the most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia. In this study a wild-type extraintestinal pathogenic strain of E. coli (ExPEC)(CP9) and isogenic derivatives deficient in hemolysin (Hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) were assessed in vitro and in a rat model of gram-negative pneumonia to test the hypothesis that these virulence factors induce neutrophil apoptosis and/or necrosis/lysis. As ascertained by in vitro caspase-3/7 and LDH activities and neutrophil morphology, Hly mediated neutrophil apoptosis at lower E. coli titers (1 x 10(5-6) cfu) and necrosis/lysis at higher titers (> or =1 x 10(7) cfu). Data suggest that CNF promotes apoptosis but not necrosis or lysis. We also demonstrate that annexin V/7-amino-actinomycin D staining was an unreliable assessment of apoptosis using live E. coli. The use of caspase-3/7 and LDH activities and neutrophil morphology supported the notion that necrosis, not apoptosis, was the primary mechanism by which neutrophils were affected in our in vivo gram-negative pneumonia model using live E. coli. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that Hly mediates lung injury. Neutrophil necrosis was not observed when animals were challenged with purified lipopolysaccharide, demonstrating the importance of using live bacteria. These findings establish that Hly contributes to ExPEC virulence by mediating neutrophil toxicity, with necrosis/lysis being the dominant effect of Hly on neutrophils in vivo and by lung injury. Whether Hly-mediated lung injury is due to neutrophil necrosis, a direct effect of Hly, or both is unclear.
Evaluating the reverse engineering capabilities of Web tools for understanding site content and structure: a case study

This paper describes an evaluation of the reverse engineering capabilities of three Web tools for understanding site content and structure. The evaluation is based on partitioning Web sites into three classes (static, interactive, and dynamic), and is structured using an existing reverse engineering environment framework (REEF). This case study also represents an initial evaluation of the applicability of the REEF in the related but qualitatively different domain of Web sites. The case study highlights several shortcomings of current Web tools in the context of aiding understanding to support evolution. For example, most Web tools are geared towards new page design and development, not to understanding detailed page content or overall site structure. The evaluation also identified some aspects of the REEF that might benefit from refinement to better reflect Web tool capabilities that support common evolution tasks. For example, Web server log file analysis as a specialized form of data gathering and subsequence information presentation.
Structure, Dielectric Properties, and Thermal Expansion of the New Phase Hf0.75Sn0.25O2

Abstract A new phase with the α-PbO 2 structure has been discovered with the composition Hf 0.75 Sn 0.25 O 2 . Single crystals were prepared in a potassium borate flux. The structure was refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data, leading to R = 0.026. The space group is Pbcn with a = 4.86(1), b = 5.699(1), and c = 5.204(1) A. Over the temperature range from 30 to 800°C, a rather low thermal expansion (∼4 × 10 −6 /°C) is observed. The dielectric constant of a Hf 0.75 Sn 0.25 O 2 sample measured from 10 3 to 10 7 Hz and from room temperature to 300°C was found to be 13; the dielectric loss is very low.
Catecholamine Responses to Central Volume Expansion Produced by Head-Out Water Immersion and Saline Infusion

To delineate plasma catecholamine responses to central volume expansion, four salt-replete healthy adults were subjected to 4 h of thermoneutral head-out water immersion (WI) and infusion of 2 liters normal saline (SI) over 4 h on two separate occasions. Each study was preceded and followed by a control hour. Both of these maneuvers resulted in significant increases in urinary sodium excretion and suppression of PRA and plasma aldosterone levels. During WI studies, plasma norepinephrine levels fell steadily from a prestudy value of 453 ± 74 pg/ml to a nadir of 254 ± 71 pg/ml (P < 0.05) during the fourth immersion hour. In response to SI, plasma norepinephrine fell steadily from a prestudy level of 328 ± 56 pg/ml to a nadir of 261 ± 47 pg/ml during the fourth hour of infusion. Plasma dopamine levels rose and epinephrine levels were unchanged in response to WI as well as SI. When the mean urinary sodium excretion was plotted against the mean dopamine to norepinephrine ratio, there was a direct relationship ...
A Comprehensive Research Curriculum to Prepare Physician-Investigators: Design, Implementation and Early Outcomes

The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (CCLCM) was established as one of three tracks in the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine Program to prepare physician investigators through rigorous, comprehensive, longitudinal research training in a five-year undergraduate medical education setting. The curriculum includes specific research activities and dedicated research time, which culminates in a masterslevel thesis. The track has an administrative structure to facilitate student access to research-related opportunities. Basic scientists and clinicians participate in all curricular activities thereby fostering communication across the clinical medicine/research divide. The track features a centralized, portfolio-based assessment system. In this track, students submit portfolios to demonstrate their progress toward mastering nine competencies including research. A comprehensive program evaluation is in place to monitor the curricular impact on students. Results show that the CCLCM track has attracted a subset of students interested in research careers. Two cohorts of students (n = 56) have graduated. The Promotions Committee determined that all graduates successfully met the performance standards for the research competency. These graduates scored above mean USMLE Step 1 subscores in biostatistics and epidemiology. They successfully completed a research thesis where approximately 60% of the topics addressed basic science and translational research. Over 40% of graduates also obtained a masters degree concurrently with their medical degrees. Furthermore, 23% of CCLCM graduates received competitive awards to support their medical school research activities. Recommendations are included to expose students to research in multiple venues to create and sustain a passion for rigorous problem-solving Conclusions offer lessons learned from our experience.
The UCSC Archaeal Genome Browser

As more archaeal genomes are sequenced, effective research and analysis tools are needed to integrate the diverse information available for any given locus. The feature-rich UCSC Genome Browser, created originally to annotate the human genome, can be applied to any sequenced organism. We have created a UCSC Archaeal Genome Browser, available at http://archaea.ucsc.edu/, currently with 26 archaeal genomes. It displays G/C content, gene and operon annotation from multiple sources, sequence motifs (promoters and Shine-Dalgarno), microarray data, multi-genome alignments and protein conservation across phylogenetic and habitat categories. We encourage submission of new experimental and bioinformatic analysis from contributors. The purpose of this tool is to aid biological discovery and facilitate greater collaboration within the archaeal research community.
Psychometric Properties of the Osteoporosis-Specific Morisky Medication Adherence Scale in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis Newly Treated with Bisphosphonates

Background:Poor adherence to oral osteoporosis medications is common. Strategies for improving adherence begin with identification of the problem. The 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale for self-reported adherence to antihypertensive medications was modified for assessing adherence to oral osteoporosis medications. An evaluation of the measurement properties of the Osteoporosis-Specific Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (OS-MMAS) was needed.Objective:To examine the psychometric properties of the OS-MMAS in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.Methods:Five hundred women aged 55 years and older with osteoporosis who were newly prescribed daily or weekly oral bisphosphonates between May 15, 2010, and August 15, 2010, were randomly selected from Kaiser Permanente Southern California, a large integrated health care delivery system, and mailed a self-administered survey that included the 8-item OS-MMAS, Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS), Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (...
Irritability Without Elation in a Large Bipolar Youth Sample: Frequency and Clinical Description

Objective To determine whether some children with bipolar disorder (BP) manifest irritability without elation and whether these children differ on socio-demographic, phenotypic, and familial features from those who have elation and no irritability and from those who have both.
Linewidth broadening in single-mode sub-kHz fiber ring laser with unpumped Er-doped sagnac loop

We investigated a power dependent laser linewidth broadening effect in a sub-kHz single-longitudinal mode Er-doped fiber ring laser using an intra-cavity unpumped Erbium doped fiber loop.
Understanding English language variation in U.S. schools

In this coauthored book, Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools, Charity Hudley and Mallinson aim to translate linguistically informed research principles into practical classroom...
Reanalysis: Data Assimilation for Scientific Investigation of Climate

Reanalysis is the assimilation of long time series of observations with an unvarying assimilation system to produce datasets for a variety of applications; for example, climate variability, chemistry-transport, and process studies. Reanalyses were originally proposed for atmospheric observations as a method to generate “climate” datasets from “weather” observations. As the satellite records of chemical, land and oceanic parameters build with time, “reanalyses” are being developed for other types of observations. Coupled reanalyses, for example atmospheric-ocean reanalyses, are possible.
Algorithms for reconstructing and reasoning about chemical reaction networks

Recent advances in systems biology have uncovered detailed mechanisms of biological processes such as the cell cycle, circadian rhythms, and signaling pathways. These mechanisms are modeled by chemical reaction networks (CRNs) which are typically simulated by converting to ordinary differential equations (ODEs), so that the goal is to closely reproduce the observed quantitative and qualitative behaviors of the modeled process. This thesis proposes two algorithmic problems related to the construction and comprehension of CRN models. The first problem focuses on reconstructing CRNs from given time series. Given multivariate time course data obtained by perturbing a given CRN, how can we systematically deduce the interconnections between the species of the network? We demonstrate how this problem can be modeled as, first, one of uncovering conditional independence relationships using buffering experiments and, second, of determining the properties of the individual chemical reactions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on both synthetic and real CRNs. The second problem this work focuses on is to aid in network comprehension, i.e., to understand the motifs underlying complex dynamical behaviors of CRNs. Specifically, we focus on bistabilty—an important dynamical property of a CRN—and propose algorithms to identify the core structures responsible for conferring bistability. The approach we take is to systematically infer the instability causing structures (ICSs) of a CRN and use machine learning techniques to relate properties of the CRN to the presence of such ICSs. This work has the potential to aid in not just network comprehension but also model simplification, by helping reduce the complexity of known bistable systems.
Kangaroo mother care: a systematic review of barriers and enablers.

Objective To investigate factors influencing the adoption of kangaroo mother care in different contexts. Methods We searched PubMed Embase Scopus Web of Science and the World Health Organization’s regional databases for studies on “kangaroo mother care” or “kangaroo care” or “skin-to-skin care” from 1 January 1960 to 19 August 2015 without language restrictions. We included programmatic reports and hand-searched references of published reviews and articles. Two independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data on carers health system characteristics and contextual factors. We developed a conceptual model to analyses the integration of kangaroo mother care in health systems. Findings We screened 2875 studies and included 112 studies that contained qualitative data on implementation. Kangaroo mother care was applied in different ways in different contexts. The studies show that there are several barriers to implementing kangaroo mother care including the need for time social support medical care and family acceptance. Barriers within health systems included organization financing and service delivery. In the broad context cultural norms influenced perceptions and the success of adoption. Conclusion Kangaroo mother care is a complex intervention that is behavior driven and includes multiple elements. Success of implementation requires high user engagement and stakeholder involvement. Future research includes designing and testing models of specific interventions to improve uptake.
Thermal Excitations in Liquid He 3

Using recently obtained data on various thermal properties of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, the constant-volume heat capacity of the saturated liquid has been evaluated. This elementary heat capacity ${C}_{v}(T)$ was found to exhibit at least three inflection points over the temperature interval extending to the critical temperature. Of these, the one at the lowest temperature was shown to originate with the partial heat capacity of spin disorder. The inflection point at the approach of the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ is imposed by the thermodynamic result that ${C}_{v}(T)$ should reach its finite limit ${C}_{v}({T}_{c})$ from below with positively infinite first and second temperature derivatives. The laws governing the pressure dependence of the partial spin heat capacity over the liquid region of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ phase diagram have been deduced. The remarkable pressure effects displayed by the spin system of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ through its heat capacity may be expected to manifest themselves through the observable pressure dependence of the total liquid heat capacity at low enough temperatures where the spin heat capacity is dominant. A purely heuristic and indirect approach toward the problem of the existence of phonon type of partial excitations in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ yields a negative answer, without, however, a definite exclusion of such symmetrical excitations in this antisymmetric liquid.
Testing for insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome – a survey of american society for reproductive medicine (ASRM) physician members

WITHDRAWN O-270 Tuesday, October 15, 2013 04:15 PM DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS)-BASED 24-CHROMOSOME ANEUPLOIDY SCREENING SYSTEM. N. R. Treff, X. Tao, D. Taylor, K. H. Hong, E. J. Forman, R. T. Scott, Jr. Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Basking Ridge, NJ; Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Basking
Community Dispersion or Problem Resolution?: Hypothetical Plight of Community Residential Patients with Appendicitis

A fresh role for fading institutions is suggested: resolution of problems migrating now to new community settings.
Clap and Fling Aerodynamics-An Experimental Evaluation

The ‘Clap and Fling’ hypothesis, which describes augmentation of lift during the wingbeat of certain insects and birds, was evaluated experimentally in model form. Using induced velocity output as a lift index, and testing at a Reynolds number of roughly 83000, it was learned that: 1. The main ‘Clap and Fling’ aerodynamic effect consists of raising the lift output realized at the beginning of the stroke. After one chord of travel, ‘Clap and Fling’ effects are minor. 2. Considered over a complete stroke, ‘Clap and Fling’ lift output is limited to 1.15 times the lift output of an identical fixed incidence wing undergoing the same jump start trajectory. 3. ‘Clap and Fling’ output is limited by considerations of maximum circulation and circulation persistence. These limitations are not envisioned in current analyses.
Discussion on the Basic Mode of Future Grid

With reference to WU Jian-dong's paper"The Basic Power Grid Model for the Next Generation All Over the World",this paper describes the different views about the basic power gird model,interactive power grid,the main method of the improvement for energy efficiency,basic man's production manner,development strategy of Chinese power grid.The evaluation is given about the principles of grid construction presented by WU Jian-dong.The main points of"Grid 2030 of USA"is introduced in brief.
A Study on the Farmer Association Legislation of Nanjing National Government

Chinese farmer association appeared in the late Qing Dynasty,but its role was limited at the time.In the period of the Republic of China,the Nanjing National Government realized its vital role for the governance in the rural areas.The Government encouraged the establishment of farmer associations through successive promulgation and revision of related laws and regulations to support them.But Government had neither practically considered the reality of the countryside,nor been able to carry on the reforms from the essence to the rural areas,thus it treated the farmers' associations in the very great degree as a tool of its basic dominion.So the legislation for farmer associations of Nanjing National Government had its own limitation in promoting the development of modern agriculture and was inevitable to drop out of the stage of history.
Determination of psoralen and isopsoralen Contained in Wenweishu granules by RP-HPLC

Aim To establish an RP-HPLC method for determination of the contents of psoralen and isopsoralen contained in Wenweishu granules.Methods The determination was carried out by using a Shimadzu C18 column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) with methanol-0.1%Phosphate(40∶60) as mobile phase.The UV detection wavelength was 245 nm and the flow rate was 1ml·min-1.Results Under the chromatographic conditions used,there were no interferences found in the positions of psoralen peak and isopsoralen peak.Psoralen and isopsoralen had good linear responses(r=0.999 9) in the concentration ranges from 4.32 to 10.08 mg·L-1 and from 5.76 to 13.44 mg·L-1 respectively.The average recoveries of psoralen and isopsoralen in wenweishu granules were 99.85% with the relative standard deviation of 1.48 %(n=6) and 99.43% with the relative standard deviation of 1.07%(n=6) respectively.Conclusion The method employed in this analysis is reliable and convenient with good repetition and can be used for quality control in the production of Wenweishu granules.
Sparse geodesic paths

In this paper we propose a new distance metric for signals that admit a sparse representation in a known basis or dictionary. The metric is derived as the length of the sparse geodesic path between two points, by which we mean the shortest path between the points that is itself sparse. We show that the distance can be computed via a simple formula and that the entire geodesic path can be easily generated. The distance provides a natural similarity measure that can be exploited as a perceptually meaningful distance metric for natural images. Furthermore, the distance has applications in supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised learning settings.
Assessment of Sacroiliitis at Diagnosis of Juvenile Spondyloarthritis by Radiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Clinical Examination

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of sacroiliitis at diagnosis of juvenile spondyloarthritis (SpA) and the accuracy of physical examination and back pain to detect sacroiliitis, using imaging as the reference standard. Methods We performed a prospective cross-sectional study of 40 children with newly diagnosed juvenile SpA and 14 healthy controls. Subjects were assessed using physical examination, anteroposterior pelvic radiograph, and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Differences in clinical features between those children with and without sacroiliitis were assessed by Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon's rank sum test for continuous variables. Accuracy of physical examination and back pain for detection of sacroiliitis was determined using MRI as the reference standard. Predicted probability of sacroiliitis was determined using exact multivariate logistic regression. Results Eight children (20%) with juvenile SpA had active sacroiliitis. Of those subjects with active changes on MRI, 7 of 8 (88%) also had evidence of erosions or sclerosis. Five children (13%) with juvenile SpA and 1 control (7%) had nonperiarticular bone marrow edema. Of the subjects with active sacroiliitis, only 3 (38%) reported a history of back pain or tenderness on palpation of the sacroiliac joints. The positive and negative predictive values of clinical examination features and back pain for detection of sacroiliitis were low. The estimated probability of having sacroiliitis was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.40–1.00) in HLA–B27–positive patients with an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Conclusion Active sacroiliitis by MRI is common at diagnosis in juvenile SpA and is frequently asymptomatic. Children who are HLA–B27–positive and have elevated CRP levels have the highest probability of sacroiliitis.
Completeness, Cofinal Completeness And Uniform Paracompactness

In 1915, A paper by E. H. Moore appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. titled Definition of limit in general integral analysis. This study of unordered summability of sequences led to a theory of convergence by Moore and H. L. Smith titled A general theory of limits which appeared in the American Journal of Mathematics in 1922. In 1937, G. Birkhoff applied the Moore-Smith theory to general topology in an article titled Moore-Smith convergence in general topology, which appeared in the Annals of Mathematics, No. 38, pp. 39-56. In 1940, J. W. Tukey made extensive use of the theory in his monograph titled Convergence and uniformity in topology published in the Annals of Mathematics Studies series. Tukey worked with objects that were generalizations of sequences that he referred to as phalanxes. They were a special case of the objects that are usually called nets today.
The Artist Initiative at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

The Artist Initiative at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) is piloting models for increased collaboration between conservators and curators through joint work with artists. We seek a more integrated, holistic approach to the care and research of our collection. The project, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, comprises five robust research engagements that serve the curatorial collecting departments of the museum (Photography, Painting and Sculpture, Media Art, and Architecture and Design). Three of the projects are monographic studies, examining the work of Ellsworth Kelly, Vija Celmins, and Julia Scher in depth, while two more are thematic, exploring modes of displaying digitally-driven design objects, and developing strategies for addressing the problem of color shift common to photographic prints made with experimental materials during the 1970s and 1980s. The Artist Initiative is also charged with developing hybrid working spaces to advance collaborative approaches to collections...
The Behavior of the Class Group in Constant Field Extensions

In Chapter 8, we discussed constant field extensions and, toward the end of the chapter, we gave particular attention to the case when the base field has a finite field of constants. We begin by recalling some notation.
Correlation of amine lysis with species differentiation in the genus Bacillus.

Numerous amines, acridines, and phenothiazines, added in low concentration to postlogarithmic phase cultures of Bacillus subtilis, induce complete lysis of the cells as determined by turbidimetry and microscopy (Weinberg et al., 1958). Many strains of species of the genus Bacillus other than B. subtilis are resistant to amine lysis, however, and in this study an attempt was made to learn if lytic sensitivity and resistance can be correlated with the taxonomic classification of Bacillus species.
Does gender matter? Female representation on the corporate boards: the case study of New Zealand

This paper investigates the issue of gender diversity on corporate boards in New Zealand companies. Despite the increased interest in diversity on corporate boards, most previous studies have focused on women's representation in the management positions within companies, rather than women's representation at the corporate board level. This benchmark study contributes to the literature on corporate governance by analysing the presence of women on corporate boards in New Zealand. The research results indicate that women are severely underrepresented. The situation becomes more dangerous when we observe that only 35% of New Zealand corporate boards have only one female director, 11% have two women directors and only 1% have three or more directors. The figures depicting female board members as a proportion of total board member spotlight the need for New Zealand government and companies to develop effective strategies to increase the representation of women on corporate boards.
A Novel Frameless Linac-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Technique – Clinical Implementation

Due to small targets and their anatomical locations, intracranial SRS demands stringent physical and clinical requirements for safe clinical implementation. These include stable patient immobilization, accurate target localization, and accurate dose delivery. Historically, the stable patient immobilization has been mainly achieved with invasive rigid head frames that don’t allow for hypo-fractionated treatments. Recently, we have commissioned a novel frameless stereotactic system specifically designed for intracranial SRS applications on a Varian Trilogy machine. In this paper, we present this new frameless SRS technique and our initial clinical experience.
HISTORICAL TELEOLOGY: THE GRAND ILLUSION

The sixteen essays in this volume treat a broad array of topics related to the idea of teleology in history. The majority are not concerned with evaluating or even analyzing arguments for or against the teleological view of history. Their purpose is more to display the wide variety of teleological views. In their introduction, the editors speak of the Enlightenment origins of the teleological view of history, but the volume “seeks to explore that enlightened project … across its fragmentation and multiplication in the nineteenth century” (13). In fact, they believe that “the very idea that a single, however powerful, conception of time could function as the unifying principle of all modern historicity is cast in doubt. Our volume intends to expand on this doubt” (14). Thus, in addition to discussions of Kant, Hegel, Marx, Darwin, and so on, we learn about the Canudos revolt in Brazil, the Taiping rebellion in China, missionary writings in colonial India, John Brown, Scholem on Zionism, and much more. But this often fascinating profusion of microhistorical research suffers from considerable conceptual confusion. Terms like teleology, eschatology, providence, and messianism are not adequately distinguished. In my essay I point out that the teleological view of history does not date from the Enlightenment but is part of the religious tradition of the West. Many nineteenth- and twentieth-century versions discussed here simply continue or adapt these religious views. The puzzling question is why those modern thinkers who question or reject the idea of divine providence continue to think in teleological terms about history. This question, which could have served as an organizing principle for these essays, is for the most part not even addressed.
Variation in human gape cycle kinematics and occlusal topography.

Objectives This study tested hypotheses relating intraspecific variation in occlusal morphology and intraspecific variation in jaw movements during feeding. Gape cycle kinematic variation was hypothesized to correlate with gape cycle number within a chewing sequence as well as with food toughness and stiffness. Gape cycle kinematic variation was also hypothesized to correlate with variation in occlusal area, slope, and volume. Methods and Materials Twenty-six adult human subjects chewed four foods with varying material properties while their jaw movements were recorded using three-dimensional coordinates of facial markers captured with a Vicon camera system. Post-canine occlusal morphology of each subject was quantified in ArcGIS using dental topographic analysis of dental casts. Results Gape cycle duration did not vary with gape cycle number, food toughness, or food stiffness. Gape cycle vertical and lateral displacement correlated negatively with gape cycle number, while foods with higher toughness and Young's modulus had greater jaw vertical and lateral displacement. Subjects with steeper occlusal slopes had longer gape cycle durations and greater amounts of vertical displacement during the slow closing phase of the gape cycle. Discussion The results suggest that gape cycle durations are relatively consistent despite changes in food properties and gape cycle number, while occlusal slope affects gape cycle duration and vertical displacement during inferred occlusal contact. However, gape cycle number and bolus properties explain greater amounts of kinematic variation than does occlusal morphology.
Deep Structure of the Human Affectional System: Introduction to Interpersonal Acceptance–Rejection Theory

Interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory (IPARTheory) proposes that across cultures and other sociodemographic groups, interpersonal acceptance and rejection consistently predict the psychological and behavioral adjustment of children and adults (Rohner, 1986, 2004). The goals of this article are to provide a description of the major tenets of IPARTheory, summarize findings from empirical tests of the theory, and suggest future directions tied to the other articles in this special collection as well as for the field moving forward.
Global Television Formats and Their Impact on Production Cultures: The Remaking of Music Entertainment Television in India:

This article focuses on the impact of global television formats on local (nonformat) homegrown shows and examines how formats reshape industrial–cultural conventions for local productions. Empirica...
Model-checking task-parallel programs for data-race

Data-race detection is the problem of determining if a concurrent program has a data-race in some execution and input; it has been long studied and often solved. The research in this paper reprises the problem in the context of task parallel programs with the intent to prove, via model checking, the absence of data-race on any feasible schedule for a given input. Many of the correctness properties afforded by task parallel programming models such as OpenMP, Cilk, X10, Chapel, Habanero, etc. rely on data-race freedom. Model checking for data-race, presented here, is in contrast to recent work using run-time monitoring, log analysis, or static analysis which are complete or sound but never both. The model checking algorithm builds a happens-before relation from the program execution and uses that relation to detect data-race similar to many solutions that reason over a single observed execution. Unlike those solutions, model checking generates additional program schedules sufficient to prove data-race freedom over all schedules on the given input. The approach is evaluated in a Java implementation of Habanero using the JavaPathfinder model checker. The results, when compared to existing data-race detectors in Java Pathfinder, show a significant reduction in the time required for proving data race freedom.
On the ordering, ranking, and random generation of basic combinatorial sets

A model for linearly ordering basic classes of combinatorial sets is developed in terms of chains of partitions. In this context general procedures for locating the position of an object given the object (ranking) and for constructing an object given its position (unranking) are described. A general method of associating a labeled tree with a chain of partitions together with a reduction operation producing classes of labeled graphs from trees is presented. These latter operations relate these ideas to a general setting for sequencing, ranking, and selection algorithms due to H. S. Wilf.
Results of a Video Prompting Intervention Package Impacting Dishwashing Skill Acquisition for Adolescents With Autism

In order to maximize the future level of independence learners with autism spectrum disorder display, daily living tasks can be taught in K–12 programs using a variety of instructional methods, inc...
Immunohistochemical characterization of procaspase-3 overexpression as a druggable target with PAC-1, a procaspase-3 activator, in canine and human brain cancers

Gliomas and meningiomas are the most common brain neoplasms affecting both humans and canines, and identifying druggable targets conserved across multiple brain cancer histologies and comparative species could broadly improve treatment outcomes. While satisfactory cure rates for low grade, non-invasive brain cancers are achievable with conventional therapies including surgery and radiation, the management of non-resectable or recurrent brain tumors remains problematic and necessitates the discovery of novel therapies that could be accelerated through a comparative approach, such as the inclusion of pet dogs with naturally-occurring brain cancers. Evidence supports procaspase-3 as a druggable brain cancer target with PAC-1, a pro-apoptotic, small molecule activator of procaspase-3 that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Procaspase-3 is frequently overexpressed in malignantly transformed tissues and provides a preferential target for inducing cancer cell apoptosis. While preliminary evidence supports procaspase-3 as a viable target in preclinical models, with PAC-1 demonstrating activity in rodent models and dogs with spontaneous brain tumors, the broader applicability of procaspase-3 as a target in human brain cancers, as well as the comparability of procaspase-3 expressions between differing species, requires further investigation. As such, a large-scale validation of procaspase-3 as a druggable target was undertaken across 651 human and canine brain tumors. Relative to normal brain tissues, procaspase-3 was overexpressed in histologically diverse cancerous brain tissues, supporting procaspase-3 as a broad and conserved therapeutic target. Additionally, procaspase-3 expressing glioma and meningioma cell lines were sensitive to the apoptotic effects of PAC-1 at biologically relevant exposures achievable in cancer patients. Importantly, the clinical relevance of procaspase-3 as a potential prognostic variable was demonstrated in human astrocytomas of variable histologic grades and associated clinical outcomes, whereby tumoral procaspase-3 expression was negatively correlated with survival; findings which suggest that PAC-1 might provide the greatest benefit for patients with the most guarded prognoses.
Integrating data analysis into an introductory macroeconomics course

Abstract Data analysis and applying knowledge to real-world settings rank among key skills of college graduates. This paper shows how to completely integrate data analysis and application of knowledge to real-world settings into an introductory macroeconomics course. Every class meeting is structured as a series of activities that students work through using free, publicly available data. Time can be allotted to these activities during class because the course takes advantage of two previously documented active learning pedagogies (flipped classroom and team-based learning). Students benefit by gaining data analysis skills, applying knowledge to real-world settings, digging deeper into the material and contentious topics, and learning that results from combining the data analysis approach with the active learning approaches.
Characterization of a Miniaturized IR Depth Sensor With a Programmable Region-of-Interest That Enables Hazard Mapping Applications

Ultrasonic sensors have dominated miniaturized depth measurement applications such as robot collision avoidance and walking cane hazard detection yet have limited spatial resolution. Optical time-of-flight (ToF) depth sensors offer the potential for improved spatial resolution, however, ToF depth-sensing cameras may be too large and power-hungry for hand-held applications. We address this gap by experimentally evaluating an infrared ToF sensor (the ST VL53L1X) that uses a single-photon avalanche photodiode array to provide coarse spatial resolution while remaining miniaturized and low-power, thus allowing the generation of hazard maps in hand-held applications. We develop methods and present characterization results for distance measurement accuracy, noise, error, and tolerable ambient illumination. The IR ToF sensor sustains accuracy better than 2% up to a distance of 3000mm for a 73% reflective target in the presence of zero interfering ambient light. We characterize the spatial resolution enabled by this region-of-interest and find off-axis pointing of up to 15.7° in steps of 2.5°. Many hazard detection systems may be moving, which dynamically changes the position and pointing of the depth sensor. We demonstrate the use of a 9-degree-of-freedom (3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer) inertial measurement unit (IMU) to track sensor pointing. The ToF sensor combined with an IMU forms the basis for a miniaturized depth mapping solution that consumes 97.5mW when operating at 30Hz, and requires simple serial interfaces to a microcontroller.
Investigating an orally available small-molecule inhibitor (vemurafenib) of BRAFV600E in a novel preclinical model of human papillary thyroid cancer.

e17014 Background: Patients with BRAFV600E-positive human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have poorer prognosis, higher rates of metastases and mortality, and resistance to radioiodine treatment. Th...
A critical appraisal of IBM’S patent pledge model: The impact of patent quality on open source software START-UP’S market entry decision

Abstract In 2005, IBM provided open access to 500 of their software patents to establish a platform to further innovation. Recently, a paper by Wen and her colleagues empirically analyzed this relationship and found a positive association between IBM's patent pledge and open source software start-up firms' market entry. Despite their seminal findings, it is somehow questionable whether start-up firms enter markets regardless of the patent value of the market, as small-to medium-sized firms such as start-ups have a practice of selectively entering markets. By complementing Wen, Ceccagnoli and Forman's paper, we not only provide more contextual explanations, but also show that start-up firms tend to selectively enter markets where patents are filled with younger and higher citation rates.
T cell regeneration after immunological injury.

Following periods of haematopoietic cell stress, such as after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, infection and transplantation, patient outcomes are linked to the degree of immune reconstitution, specifically of T cells. Delayed or defective recovery of the T cell pool has significant clinical consequences, including prolonged immunosuppression, poor vaccine responses and increased risks of infections and malignancies. Thus, strategies that restore thymic function and enhance T cell reconstitution can provide considerable benefit to individuals whose immune system has been decimated in various settings. In this Review, we focus on the causes and consequences of impaired adaptive immunity and discuss therapeutic strategies that can recover immune function, with a particular emphasis on approaches that can promote a diverse repertoire of T cells through de novo T cell formation. Reconstitution of the immune system after depletion by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, infection or transplantation is crucial to maintain protection from infection and to respond to immune-based therapy. Here the authors describe the ways in which a diverse T cell compartment can be restored, focusing on therapeutic strategies that drive the production of new T cells.
Target profiling of beer styles by their iso-α-acid and phenolic content using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight–mass spectrometry

Beer styles show wide variation in color, flavor, and clarity, due to differences in their chemical content. Some of the major flavor compounds in beer are isomerized alpha acids and phenolic compounds. These were investigated as potentially discerning features between beer styles. A selection of 32 American beers covering five styles was analyzed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which resulted in high mass accuracy chromatograms of the studied analytes. Distinctions between the presence or relative concentrations of certain compounds were observed and related back to brewing ingredients and procedures. For example, vanillin was only observed in stout beers due to the use of roasted barley malts for brewing, while chlorogenic acid isomers were found in two sours at relatively high concentrations (189 and 34 mg/L) because of the fruits used to flavor the beers. Distinctions were further confirmed using multivariate analysis techniques, which separated three of the five beer styles (India pale ales, stouts, and sours).
Characterization of Generalizability of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity Trained Spiking Neural Networks.

A Spiking Neural Network (SNN) \hlt{is trained with Spike Timing} Dependent Plasticity (STDP), which is a neuro-inspired unsupervised learning method for various machine learning applications. This paper studies the generalizability properties of the STDP learning processes using the Hausdorff dimension of the trajectories of the learning algorithm. The paper analyzes the effects of STDP learning models and associated hyper-parameters on the generalizability properties of an SNN. The analysis is used to develop a Bayesian optimization approach to optimize the hyper-parameters for an STDP model \hlt{for improving} the generalizability properties of an SNN.
Screening rate for primary aldosteronism among patients with apparent treatment resistant hypertension: retrospective analysis of current practice.

Abstract Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Patients with PA experience significant cardiovascular and other complications compared to patients with primary hypertension for the same degree of blood pressure control. Guidelines recommend screening all patients with resistant hypertension for PA. Objective The objective of this study was to assess screening rate for PA among patients with apparent treatment resistant hypertension and to determine the rate of positive screening test result among the group screened. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of electronic medical record data of all patients with hypertension and > 18 years within a single health system in Minnesota from September 2018 – September 2020. Results Out of 140,734 patients who were > 18 years with a diagnosis of hypertension, 13.4% (18,908) fulfilled the criteria for apparent treatment resistant hypertension after excluding those with congestive heart failure. Only 4.2% (795) of patients with apparent treatment resistant hypertension had screening for PA in our cohort. Of the 795 patients who had screening for PA, 16.9% (134) had a positive screening test result. Conclusion The screening rate for PA among patients with resistant hypertension is low. Clinical and public health strategies directed at improving screening rate for PA are vital.
Computers as persuasive tools

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of computers as persuasive tools. It describes the seven types of persuasive technology tools, such as reduction, tunneling, tailoring, suggestion, self-monitoring, surveillance, and conditioning. Each type of tool applies a different strategy to change attitudes or behaviors. Reduction technologies make target behaviors easier by reducing a complex activity to a few simple steps. Tunneling is a useful persuasion strategy; this technology is effective because people value consistency. For users, tunneling makes it easier to go through a process. Tailoring technologies make life simpler for computer users who don't want to wade through volumes of generic information to find what's relevant to them. It can be embedded in a variety of persuasive technology products. Suggestion technologies often build on people's existing motivations—to be financially stable, to be healthy, and to be admired by others. Self-monitoring technologies work in real time, giving users ongoing data about their physical state, their location, or their progress on a task. While self-monitoring technology enables individuals to learn about themselves, surveillance technology enables them to learn about others. Conditioning technology is a computerized system that uses principles of operant conditioning to change behaviors.