cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic properties of lithium phthalocyanine

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility and specific heat of the organic semiconductor lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) are studied for temperatures 1.5 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K. LiPc has one unpaired electron on the inner ring of the macrocycle. These electrons are localized along the molecular stack and behave like spin chains. The spin susceptibility, as determined by electron spin resonance measurements, and the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity are well described by a model of a S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain. The exchange constant is given by J ≈ 40 K. In comparison the iodinated compound LiPcI is ESR silent. Due to oxidizing with iodine the unpaired electrons have been removed from the macrocycle.
A synopsis of elliptic PDE models for grid generation

This paper is devoted to an analytical comparison of the various elliptic partial-differential-equation (PDE) models which are in current use for grid generation. These comparisons, particularly between the equations from the Laplace-Poisson system and the equations from a Gaussian approach, have yielded useful expressions connecting the 3D Laplacians and the surface Beltramians. This effort specifically been successful when the transverse coordinate leaving the surface is orthogonal to the surface. Equations which are derivable from Cartesian-type Poisson and those obtained by using the variational priciple in surface coordinates have also been considered.
Determination of protease inhibitors using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract A method for the analysis of six protease inhibitors and one metabolite has been developed and validated. Amprenavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, and an active metabolite of nelfinavir (M8) are quantitated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI-LC–MS–MS). The validation data presented here shows that the method allows the rugged analysis of these species from one aliquot. The evolution of complex drug interactions assessments and the clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring for these antiretrovirals will be a potential immediate application of this method.
The Pediatric Penile Perception Score: an instrument for patient self-assessment and surgeon evaluation after hypospadias repair.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an instrument that allows assessment and comparison of penile perception of patients, parents and surgeons.Materials and Methods: A total of 77 boys 6 to 17 years old who had undergone hypospadias repair were interviewed by a psychologist with a standardized questionnaire concerning penile self-perception with regard to meatus, glans, skin and general appearance. The Pediatric Penile Perception Score was derived from the sum of these 4 items. The results were compared with a control group of age matched boys following inguinal hernia repair. Parents were asked via questionnaire to report the penile appearance of their son using the Pediatric Penile Perception Score. A total of 56 patients accepted standardized photographic documentation, and their pictures were sent for evaluation with the Pediatric Penile Perception Score to 6 blinded urologists.Results: The Pediatric Penile Perception Score allowed us to assess perception of the genitalia by pat...
Performance Analysis of a Glrt in Late-Time Radar Target Detection - Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of target detection in Gaussian noise for wideband radar systems. Through the use of the parsimonious singularity expansion method (SEM) representation of the late-time transient radar return and Bayesian detection theory, an aspect independent detection method based on a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is developed. The resulting decision rule has a non-central Χ2 distribution which is used to analyze the performance of the GLRT in terms of the probability of detection (PD) and the probability of false alarm (PF) . Results illustrating the performance of the GLRT for two different thin wire targets are displayed in the form of receiver operating characteristics. Simulation results are generated to verify the analytical receiver operating characteristics.
SECONDARY INSTABILITY AND MODE JUMPING OF DEEP THERMOELASTICALLY BUCKLED COMPOSITE LAMINATES

An analytic method is presented to study the secondary instability (bifurcation) and mode jumping of thermomechanically deep buckled composite laminates. Unlike most ad hoc approaches, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) and constitutive relations are rigorously derived from an asymptotically correct, geometrically nonlinear theory. A novel and simpler solution approach is developed to solve the two coupled fourth-order PDEs, namely, the compatibility equation and the dynamic governing equation. The generalized Galerkin method is used to solve boundary value problems corresponding to antisymmetric angle-ply and cross-ply composite plates. The variety of possible modal interactions is expressed in an explicit and concise form by transforming the coupled nonlinear governing equations into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The comparison between the present method and the finite element analysis (FEA) shows a pretty good match in their numerical results in the primary postbuckling region. While the FEA may lose its convergence when solution comes close the secondary bifurcation point, the analytic approach has the capability of exploring deeply into the post-secondary buckling realm and capture the mode jumping phenomenon for various combinations of plate configurations and in-plane boundary conditions. Qualitatively different propagations of buckling pattern are observed before and after mode jumping. Free vibration along the stable primary postbuckling and the jumped equilibrium paths are also studied.
Growth and production of sympatric brook and rainbow trout in an Appalachian stream

Abstract A small, second-order stream in the southern Appalachians was sampled every 2 months from September 1978 to October 1979. The 1.5-km study segment was divided into 50, 30-m sections grouped into three areas: A downstream area with only rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri; a middle, mixed-trout area; an upstream area with predominantly brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Although a few fish of both species exhibited substantial movements, the majority of fish moved less than 30 m either upstream or downstream. Growth rates of both species were approximately equal until the spring of their second year, when rainbow trout outgrew brook trout and thereafter maintained a size-at-age advantage. Rainbow trout, particularly the 1978 cohort, dominated trout production in the stream. Even in the brook trout area, where the density of 1978 cohort brook trout was twice that of 1978 cohort rainbow trout, rainbow trout outproduced brook trout by 1.20 g/m2 to 1.14 g/m2. Declining mean biomass of older fish of both spe...
CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy of small solitary pulmonary nodules

The use of CT guidance in performing transthoracic needle biopsy is well established. We evaluated its accuracy in the diagnosis of small solitary nodules and found it to be highly accurate regardless of size or location. While specific benign diagnoses were uncommon, additional confidence in a benign diagnosis can be gained by careful analysis of needle tip location using strict CT criteria.
Role of microphthalmia transcription factor in regulation of melanocyte differentiation marker TRP-1.

Tyrosinase and a family of tyrosinase-related proteins (TRPs) are melanocyte differentiation gene products involved in melanin pigmentation. Members of the tyrosinase family share upstream transcriptional regulatory elements suggesting that expression of these genes is regulated by shared mechanisms. Microphthalmia transcription factor MITF, a melanocyte-specific basic helix-loop-helix protein, has been shown to transactivate tyrosinase and TRP-1 genes in vitro by binding to a shared regulatory sequence known as M box. The role of MITF in concomitant regulation of these genes in vivo is not clear. We showed earlier that in human melanoma cells TRP-1 can be regulated independently of tyrosinase and pigmentation. To investigate the role of MITF in TRP-1 regulation, we studied the effect of pharmacological agents that modulate transcription of tyrosinase and TRP-1 on MITF. In melanoma cells treated with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), transcription of TRP-1 gene was selectively and completely inhibited while steady state levels of tyrosinase, TRP-2, MITF mRNA and melanin content showed a modest increase. HMBA caused no detectable change in cellular MITF or its nuclear localization. This MITF-independent regulation of TRP-1 required continued synthesis of RNA and protein. Selective down-regulation of TRP-1 by HMBA occurred even in the presence of cholera toxin which up-regulates TRP-1 by cAMP-mediated pathways. These data show that TRP-1 gene can be down-regulated independently of MITF by de novo activation of negative regulatory factors. Thus, both activation of positive factors such as MITF and inactivation of negative regulatory factors may be required for TRP-1 gene expression during melanocytic differentiation.
Interleukin-6 and Its Soluble Receptor Cause a Marked Induction of Collagenase 3 Expression in Rat Osteoblast Cultures

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine produced by skeletal cells, increases bone resorption, but its effects on collagenase expression are unknown. We tested the effects of IL-6 and its soluble receptor on collagenase 3 expression in osteoblast-enriched cells from fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). IL-6 caused a small increase in collagenase mRNA levels, but in the presence of IL-6-soluble receptor (IL-6sR), IL-6 caused a marked increase in collagenase transcripts after 2–24 h. In addition, IL-6sR increased collagenase mRNA when tested alone. IL-6 and IL-6sR increased immunoreactive collagenase levels. Cycloheximide and indomethacin did not prevent the effect of IL-6 and IL-6sR on collagenase mRNA levels. IL-6 and IL-6sR did not alter the decay of collagenase mRNA in transcriptionally arrested Ob cells and increased the levels of collagenase heterogeneous nuclear RNA and the rate of collagenase gene transcription in Ob cells. IL-6 and IL-6sR increased collagenase 3 mRNA in MC3T3 cells but only modestly in skin fibroblasts. IL-6 and IL-6sR enhanced the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1. In conclusion, IL-6, in the presence of IL-6sR, increases collagenase 3 synthesis in osteoblasts by transcriptional mechanisms. This effect may contribute to the action of IL-6 on bone matrix degradation and bone resorption.
Stratospheric ClO - In-situ detection with a new approach

Stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentrations were measured in situ using a new and improved observational method in which the detection package is lowered on a tether from a balloon-borne platform floating near 40 km altitude and then reeled back up. Two reel down and reel up sequences covering 38 to 31 km produced (ClO) profiles which agree with each other to + or - 12 percent. The measured (ClO) profile falls within the envelope of nine previous fast parachute drop results, but exhibits a different shape, peaking near 32 km as opposed to approximately 39 km for the average of the previous profiles. These results are lower than but consistent with the profiles derived from remote sensing methods, and indicate the need for simultaneous measurements of relevant species.
Personal Health Explorer: A Semantic Health Recommendation System

This paper introduces the concept, design, and implementation of the Personal Health Explorer (PHE), a semantic recommender system that allows an individual to perform semantic search and discovery related to conditions and diseases contained in his personal health record. The PHE system consults authoritative ontologies and reputable information sources to provide semantically enhanced recommendations that can be stored in the individual's personal health record for further research and consultation. The PHE is implemented using the Knowledge Sifter agent-based framework and Microsoft's HealthVault.
Revisiting Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory to Better Understand and Assist Victims of Intimate Personal Violence

Domestic violence or intimate personal violence, a matter once considered private, has gained increased attention as a public health crisis. In their efforts to better understand and prevent this behavior, social science researchers and epidemiologists have discovered the link between early exposure to violence and spousal abuse. This paper uses Albert Bandura's social learning theory to explain interpersonal and intergenerational violence. In the final analysis, it argues that effective treatment and prevention should include both criminal justice and public health strategies.
Dermal penetration of [14C]captan in young and adult rats.

Age dependence in dermal absorption has been a major concern in risk assessment. Captan, a chloroalkyl thio heterocyclic fungicide, was selected for study of age dependence as representative of this class of pesticides. Dermal penetration of [14C]captan applied at 0.286 μmol/cm2 was determined in young (33‐d‐old) and adult (82‐d‐old) female Fischer 344 rats in vivo and by two in vitro methods. Dermal penetration in vivo at 72 h was about 9% of the recovered dose in both young and adult rats. The percentage penetration was found to increase as dosage (0.1, 0.5, 2.7 μmol/cm2) decreased. Two in vitro methods gave variable dermal penetration values compared with in vivo results. A static system yielded twofold higher dermal penetration values compared with in vivo results for both young and adult rats. A flow system yielded higher dermal penetration values in young rats and lower penetration values in adults compared with in vivo results. Concentration in body, kidney, and liver was less in young than in adul...
Computer model for simulating almond moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) population dynamics.

We developed a computer model for simulating the population dynamics of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). The model incorporates previously published life history data for the almond moth developing on stored peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., including stage-specific immature developmental time and survival and adult longevity and fecundity. The model was modified so that it also could be used to simulate almond moth population dynamics on stored, dried citrus pulp and stored corn ( Zea mays L.). We tested the validity of the model by using 4 previously published data sets. The model was useful for interpreting population dynamics observed in the previously published studies and will be useful for optimizing management strategies for the almond moth.
Primer registro en Chile de diciémidos simbiontes en el pulpo pigmeo Robsonella fontaniana (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)

Dicyemids are commensals or parasites which live in the renal organs of benthic cephalopods. This study reports the presence of a dicyemid species in the kidney of the small octopus Robsonella fontaniana collected in the southern Pacific Ocean on the central coast of Chile. Smeared renal tissues on glass slides and histological sections were prepared for microscopical observation. All host octopuses observed (n= 7) had dicyemids in the renal tissues. The dicyemids were Dicyemennea characterized by calottes composed of 4 propolar cells and 5 metapolar cells. This is the first record of dicyemids in Chile and also in R. fontaniana.
The effect of temperature changes on the development of Urechis caupo Fisher and MacGinitie 1928 (Echiuroidea)

Abstract The development rates of embryos of Urechis caupo under various temperature regimes were examined. The percentage of normally-formed embryos at the 16-cell stage was used as an indicator of favorable conditions. A thermal tolerance zone was established for developing Urechis embryos. Constant temperature regimes differing as little as 1 °C produced statistically significant differences in development rates. Embryos were subjected to thermal shock programs similar to the conditions produced by the Humboldt Bay Power Plant. Shock-treated embryos experienced temporarily accelerated development rates and reduced percentages of normally-formed embryos.
Perforated colon carcinoma presenting as a suprarenal mass.

Abstract A patient with fever and anemia was found to have a left suprarenal mass on excretory urography. Computed tomography (CT) accurately delineated abscess formation in the perinephric space external to the renal capsule. A perforated carcinoma of the transverse colon was the underlying cause of the abscess. Pertinent radiological and CT findings are presented. The value of CT in the analysis of disease processes adjacent to the kidney is emphasized.
Effects of temperature on the kinetics of malate dehydrogenases in the developing eggs and adult muscle of Ascaris lumbricoides (Nematoda).

The effects of temperature on the kinetics of the different cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenases which are present during the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides were studied. Aerobic development of the eggs occus below 32°C, whereas anaerobic energy metabolism in adults occurs at 38–40°C. Eggs developed for one day have one cytoplasmic MDH (MDH-1), fully developed infective 21-day eggs have 3 dehydrogenases (MDH-1, 2, 3) and adult muscle has the same three isozymes but in proportions favoring MDH-2 and 3. Values for Vmax, energy of activation, and the thermal stability of the total enzyme or of individual isozymes were not clearly correlated with temperature changes occurring during the life cycle. In contrast, the apparent Michaelis constants (Kma) were directly correlated. The Kma of MDH-1 and MDH-3 passed through minima at 25°C and 38°C, respectively; the Kma of MDH-2 showed no clear minimum. The distribution of the isozymes during development was such that the Kma of total malate dehydrogenase at one day, 21 days, and in adult muscle was minimal at 25°C, 30°C, and 38°C, respectively. The result are considered in terms of epigenetic adaptation, i.e., malate dehydrogenase in one-day eggs and adult muscle is adapted to function efficiently at temperatures normal to those stages, whereas infective eggs also possess large amounts of isozymes which are probably only functional during the succeeding stages of development.
No-Till Corn/Soybean Systems Including Winter Cover Crops

The use of winter cover crops (WCC) such as hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), in a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation provides long-term benefits that are generally overlooked. There is a particular lack of information regarding the effects of WCC on soil physical and chemical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of four crop sequences (C/S, corn-fallow/soybean-fallow; C-R/S-R, cornrye/soybean-rye; C-R/S-V, corn-rye/soybean-vetch; and C-R/S-VR, corn-rye/soybean-vetch and rye) under no-till on several soil physical and chemical properties. Soil chemical properties included soil organic matter (SOM), pH, total nitrogen (TN), nitrates (NO3–N), and available phosphorus (P). The analyzed soil physical properties analyzed were: water-aggregate stability (WAS), bulk density (Db), penetration resistance(PR),totalporosity(TP),pore-sizedistribution,waterretention properties, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). The experimental design was a split-split-plot where whole-plot treatments (sampling period) had a Latin square design and subplot treatments (crop sequences) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Compared with winter fallow, crop sequences that included WCC provided substantial benefits from the soil productivity standpoint. Specifically, the use of the C-R/S-Vor C-R/SVR increased SOM down to 30 cm. All WCC sequences improved WAS with increases of 9, 13, and 17% for C-R/S-R, C-R/S-V, and C-R/ S-VR, respectively. Winter cover crop sequences reduced Db and PR of the soil surface and increased total and storage porosity along with plant available water. While the C-R/S-V sequence was the most effective in reducing soil NO3–N, the C-R/S-R sequence was the most effective in fixing soil P.
Selective interactions of cytochromes P-450 with the hydroxymethyl derivatives of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

Competition between a hydroxylated metabolite and the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) for metabolism at cytochromes P-450 may result in the generation of hydroxylated dihydrodiol epoxides. The effectiveness of the competition between 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7HOMMBA) or 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene (12HOMMBA) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is highly dependent on the form(s) of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes. The inhibitory effects of exogenously added 7HOMMBA or 12HOMMBA on DMBA metabolism were 30- to 50-fold greater in 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced rat liver microsomes (Ki = 0.4 microM) compared to either uninduced or phenobarbital (PB)-induced liver microsomes (Ki = 14 and 11 microM, respectively). Similarly, product inhibition of total DMBA metabolism by metabolites generated in situ was significant only in MC-induced liver microsomes (Ki' = 2.5 microM). Metabolism of 7HOMMBA in these microsomes was strongly restricted by an unusual substrate inhibition derived from the inhibitory binding of a second molecule of 7HOMMBA. This same phenomenon was observed with reconstituted cytochrome P-450c but not with PB-induced or uninduced microsomes. Complex formation by binding of DMBA, 7HOMMBA, and 12HOMMBA to purified P-450c reconstituted in phospholipid micelles was determined by optical spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching. Binding affinities of both the 7HOMMBA and 12HOMMBA (Kd = 95 and 110 nM, respectively), were 2.5-fold higher compared to that of DMBA (Kd = 265 nM). These results provide a first demonstration that hydroxylation of a PAH can lead to preferential metabolism through an increased affinity for cytochrome P-450.
2.4 A 25Gb/s 5.8mW CMOS equalizer

The power consumption of broadband receivers becomes particularly critical in multi-lane applications such as the 100 Gigabit Ethernet. However, the powerspeed trade-off tends to intensify at higher rates, making it a greater challenge to reach the generally-accepted efficiency of 1mW/Gb/s. Prominent among the power-hungry receiver building blocks are the clock-and-data-recovery circuit, the deserializer, and the front-end equalizer. The use of charge-steering techniques has shown promise for the low-power implementation of the first two functions [1]. This paper introduces a half-rate 25Gb/s equalizer employing charge steering and achieving an efficiency of 0.232mW/Gb/s.
Influence of host plant on the susceptibility of the fall armyworm to insecticides.

Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) from a laboratory culture (originally collected from rice near Hammond, La.) reared on bermudagrass, corn, millet, and soybean were treated topically with carbaryl, methyl parathion, permethrin, and trichlorfon to establish log dose-probit lines for each insecticide on each host. Differences among hosts were not detected ( P < 0.05) in the toxicological response of larvae treated with methyl parathion. Larvae reared on millet were 6X more susceptible ( P < 0.05) to trichlorfon than larvae reared on the other 4 hosts. Larvae reared on bermudagrass and millet were more susceptible ( P < 0.05) to carbaryl and permethrin than larvae reared on corn, cotton, or soybean. Cultures collected from corn and signalgrass, previously treated with carbaryl, near Hammond in 1979 exhibited resistance to carbaryl (41X), methyl parathion (113X), permethrin (17X), and trichlorfon (31X) in comparison to the laboratory culture.
Comparison of shear bond strength relative to two testing devices.

Abstract Statement of Problem. Dentin adhesives are characterized on the basis of their bond strength to dentin; however, great variation exists within the same material depending on the testing apparatus. To realistically compare bond strengths, the testing mechanisms must be the same. Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to use 2 testing devices to evaluate the shear bond strength of 3 single-bottle adhesives with their multistep counterparts. Material and Methods. The occlusal surfaces of 120 freshly extracted third molars were ground to expose the dentin and polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. Three single-bottle, (Optibond Solo Plus, 3M Single Bond, and Excite) and 3 multistep adhesives (Optibond FL, 3M MultiPurpose Plus, and Syntac) were each used to bond a composite cylinder (made from a 2.379 ±.001-mm diameter by 4-mm-high mold) of Tetric Ceram to 20 teeth. The specimens were stored in 100% humidity for 24 hours. The shear bond strength at failure was measured in kilograms and converted to megapascals for each material, using a knife (conventional method) and an Ultradent testing device on a universal testing machine (Instron) at a loading rate of 0.5 mm/min. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed comparing the 2 testing devices and the materials at P P t test at P Results. The results showed that Optibond Solo Plus (26.85 ± 8.76 MPa), Optibond FL (25.40 ± 4.44 MPa), 3M Single Bond (28.12 ± 5.01 MPa), and 3M MultiPurpose Plus (34.40 ± 7.90 MPa) had significantly higher bond strengths when tested with the Ultradent testing device. The mean values for Excite (19.47 ± 6.17 MPa) and Syntac (20.20 ± 7.07 MPa) were also higher with the Ultradent testing device, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, all bonding agents tested resulted in higher mean shear bond strengths when tested with the Ultradent testing device compared with the unrestricted knife. The single-step bonding agents exhibited mean bond strengths comparable to their multistep counterparts. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:511-5.)
DTN - data terminal network computer system

Abstract This paper describes a real time computer system designed for use by the Bubble Chamber Group at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Some of the design decisions are discussed, and an attempt is made to generalize some of the criteria used to select the approach employed. After discussing the hardware, the operating system is discussed. First, the necessary responses are outlined. A scheduling algorithm and control transfer structure which meets these performance requirements is then exhibited. Various special services provided to users by the system are listed, and the more important ones are discussed in detail.
Melanocortins and opiate addiction

Abstract Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are centrally acting melanocortin peptides with numerous reported functions, including induction of excessive grooming and antipyresis, among others. Also reported is a role for melanocortins in aspects of opiate action. Although early work examined the effects of ACTH and MSH on opiate-induced behaviors, further progress has been limited. Recently, however, advances in the identification and characterization of melanocortin receptor (MC-R) subtypes have provided novel tools with which to study interactions between melanocortins and addiction. The present review discusses the effects of ACTH and MSH on opiate-induced behaviors and relates these findings to more recent reports on the regulation of melanocortin systems by exogenous opiates. Emerging from these data is the possibility that melanocortin receptor activation, specifically at the MC4-R subtype, may act to antagonize certain properties of exogenous opiates, including perhaps addiction.
Isomerization of fluorophors on a treated silicon surface

In contrast to the green and familiar orange-red emissions associated with UV excited porous silicon (PS), the origins of the longer wavelength photoluminescence (PL) excited in the visible and near-infrared regions on a PS surface at 298 K are considered within an alternate molecular model. Ab initio molecular orbital theory is used to suggest that the longest wavelength PL observed as a result of the nitrogen laser pumping of post-etch dye and HCI treated PS samples and that accessed with near-infrared excitation sources (PLE) at 298 K arises in large part from singlet-triplet transitions in silylene-based moieties (:SiRY) attached to the PS surface or present as uncoupled defect sites at or near the surface. This long-wavelength PL is distinct from the ultraviolet light excited PL associated with PS which has previously been attributed to a silanone-based silicon oxyhydride moiety attached to the surface. Ab initio molecular theory at the MP2 level with polarized double-basis sets (MP2/DZP) has been used to calculate the singlet-triplet separation for a number of silylenes with a variety of combinations of R, Y=H, OH, SiH{sub 3}, Cl, and NH{sub 2} and to evaluate their thermodynamic stability relative to the silanones. The calculations show that the singletmore » silylene is always more stable than its triplet with transition wavelengths ranging from 1,100 to 420 nm, where the highest transition energies are found to correlate with the most electronegative substituents. The silylene isomers are found to be more stable than the corresponding silanones in most cases. The relative stabilities are strongly coupled to the electronegativity of the substituents and to the formation of an Si-O bond in the silylene as compared to the much weaker Si-Si bond in the silanone.« less
A Disease-associated Polymorphism Alters Splicing of the Human CD45 Phosphatase Gene by Disrupting Combinatorial Repression by Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)

Alternative splicing is typically controlled by complexes of regulatory proteins that bind to sequences within or flanking variable exons. The identification of regulatory sequence motifs and the characterization of sequence motifs bound by splicing regulatory proteins have been essential to predicting splicing regulation. The activation-responsive sequence (ARS) motif has previously been identified in several exons that undergo changes in splicing upon T cell activation. hnRNP L binds to this ARS motif and regulates ARS-containing exons; however, hnRNP L does not function alone. Interestingly, the proteins that bind together with hnRNP L differ for different exons that contain the ARS core motif. Here we undertake a systematic mutational analysis of the best characterized context of the ARS motif, namely the ESS1 sequence from CD45 exon 4, to understand the determinants of binding specificity among the components of the ESS1 regulatory complex and the relationship between protein binding and function. We demonstrate that different mutations within the ARS motif affect specific aspects of regulatory function and disrupt the binding of distinct proteins. Most notably, we demonstrate that the C77G polymorphism, which correlates with autoimmune disease susceptibility in humans, disrupts exon silencing by preventing the redundant activity of hnRNPs K and E2 to compensate for the weakened function of hnRNP L. Therefore, these studies provide an important example of the functional relevance of combinatorial function in splicing regulation and suggest that additional polymorphisms may similarly disrupt function of the ESS1 silencer.
Perceptual selectivity and the fate of unemphasized information in a stimulus complex

The potential role of selectivity in visual perception was investigated for stimuli containing multiple components. Primary interest centered on the role of prior emphasis on the perceptual processing of one component, relative to the perceptual fate of the remaining components in the stimulus, and whether unemphasized components fared less well than those same components on an uninstructed trial. On each trial, a face, scrambled face, or single-component stimulus was briefly presented, followed by a patterned mask and a forced choice test of each of the components teye, nose, mouth). On a cued trial, the subject was instructed to emphasize one component, although all three components were subsequently tested; on an uncued trial, no prior instructions were given. The results indicated that identification of an emphasized stimulus component was enhanced, but only at the detriment of the remaining components; that is, components were perceived more accurately on an uncued trial than unemphasized components on a cued trial. Although face and scrambled face stimuli were perceived unequally, the effectiveness of prior instructions was equivalent. Surprisingly, the overall identifiability of the components within a stimulus was independent of prior instructions, and suggested that a finite capacity is available for perceptual analysis.
Interfacial activity of particles at PI/PDMS and PI/PIB interfaces: analysis based on Girifalco–Good theory

Particles that are partially wetted by oil and water are known to adsorb at oil/water interfaces. By the same mechanism, particles that are partially wetted by two immiscible polymers should adsorb at the interface between those two polymers. However, since chemical differences between immiscible polymers are relatively modest, particle adsorption at polymer/polymer interfaces may be expected to be relatively uncommon. We have conducted experiments with several particle types added to two pairs of model polymers, polyisoprene/polydimethylsiloxane and polyisoprene/polyisobutylene. Contrary to our expectation, in every case, particles readily adsorbed at the polymer/polymer interfaces. We evaluated the Girifalco–Good theory as a means to predict the interfacial activity of the particles. The solid surface energy required by the Girifalco–Good theory was assumed to be equal to the critical surface tension, which was then found by float/sink tests. Our results suggest that this approach is not able to predict the observed interfacial activity of particles at polymer/polymer interfaces.
Large eddy simulation of polydisperse particles in turbulent coaxial jets using the direct quadrature method of moments

Abstract Modeling coal particles in turbulent coal flames is a challenging but nonetheless critical step for predicting flame characteristics. Traditional approaches such as Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) coupled with Lagrangian solvers are unable to correctly predict particle concentrations and velocities in complex systems. This study shows how Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled with an Eulerian solver can address those issues. Previous Direct Numerical Simulations and Stokes number analysis suggest that LES has the capabilities to resolve all the turbulent length scales affecting coal particles in a coal flame and could therefore lead to more accurate simulation. The effects of fluid aerodynamics on the particle motion in the near field region of non-reacting coaxial particle-laden jets were simulated using LES. The Direct Quadrature Method of Moments (DQMOM) was used to track the particle phase in an Eulerian framework. Simulation results were compared to experimental data and accurately modeled a wide range of particle behaviors, such as particle jet waviness, spreading, break up, particle clustering and segregation, in different conditions. Simulations also predicted the mean axial velocity along the centerline for both the gas phase and the solid phase with a maximum error of 12% relative to experimental data. This study therefore provides a solid validation of the LES with DQMOM approach to model particles in turbulent flows and justifies its use for coal flame simulations.
Thermal response of composite cylinders

Abstract Composite cylinders are not uncommon in present-day technology. Insulated pipes, nuclear fuel rods, optical fibers and heat pipes may be cited as examples. A complex composite cylinder is an industrial thermometer of the immersion type. Such thermometers contain at least three components: an outer sheath usually made of stainless steel, a ceramic insulant such as magnesia, and the sensing element which is usually a thermocouple junction or a resistance temperature detector. Models of such cylinders have been developed and are briefly described. The thermal response of these cylinders depends on a number of factors. These include physical properties and dimensions which can be influenced by manufacturing tolerances. Some theoretical and experimental results are presented to exemplify this. Simple representation of complex cylinders is briefly discussed. Some results of thermal processing of food cans are also presented.
It's about time: the evolution of acute coronary syndrome evaluation in the emergency department.

Over the past decade, the evaluation of patients presenting with the chief complaint of chest pain and possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department has undergone significant change. The advent of chest pain observation units (CPUs) with a variety of protocols has replaced, in most hospitals, a multiple-day ICU or telemetry admission with a diagnostic risk stratification period of 6 to 9 hours in the ED. This concept is further advanced with the 2 articles published in this issue of Annals. First, Baxt et al1 present a study using a neural network to diagnose myocardial ischemia in the emergency setting. Previously, this group has pioneered this evaluation technique for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).2 Although identifying patients with myocardial necrosis is important, the spectrum of ACS is clearly more complex because unstable angina and AMI represent a critical diagnostic challenge for any existing algorithm. Baxt et al’s neural network uses 40 variables of patient history, physical examination, and ECG findings and includes the initial cardiac marker determination to identify patients likely to have ACS as the cause of their symptoms. Incorporation of these many variables in the training and validation of the network objectifies and then enhances future patient evaluation. Essentially, the neural network uses computer C A R D I O L O G Y / E D I T O R I A L
Studies on primary cultures of adult lens cells from normal and hereditary cataractous mice

Abstract Lens epithelial cells from normal and congenital cataractous mice strains were cultured under similar conditions. Both normal and cataractous cells actively propagated and reached confluency on the eleventh day. These cells, thereafter, underwent morphological changes characterized by cell elongation, aggregation and formation of lentoid bodies at about 15 days. Electron microscopy revealed these lentoid bodies to consist of immature lens cells. These structures derived from cataractous cells had numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm much more so than in the normal lens cells. In addition, some lentoid bodies closely resembled mature fibers of the intact lens. It was also demonstrated that these lentoid bodies showed positive immunofluorescence when reacted with fluorescent antiserum to γ-crystallin. There were certain differences observed between the cultured cells derived from normal lens and Nakano cataract. The disappearance of organelles and denucleation process were delayed in the lentoid bodies found in cultured Nakano cells when compared to normal cell culture. In addition a second type of lentoid body, although present as a minor population, was observed in the Nakano cell culture. Other subtle differences were observed during the course of culturing normal and cataractous lens cells.
Relationship of some physical properties of oil dispersants and their toxicity to marine organisms

Oil spill dispersants contain one or more surface-active agents. The surfactant properties that allow dispersants to work are nonspecific and can also affect the lipid-bilayer membranes of living cells. One important parameter used to characterize the physical behavior of surfactants is the concentration at which dissolved surfactant monomers begin to aggregate—the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC can be toxicologically relevant because toxic effects are generally linked to monomers rather than micelles. The CMCs of four different oil dispersants (Corexit® 9527, Corexit® 7664, Nokomis® 3, and Slik-A-Way®) in seawater were measured using surface tension as the indicative metric. From these data, predicted surface tensions were calculated for NOEC and median-effect concentration estimates obtained with the same dispersants for the early life stages of four marine species. In three of the four agents, toxicity to all four species occurred below the CMC; however, in the fourth, toxicity to three of the species occurred well above the CMC. No biologically significant relationship between surface tension and toxicity was noted.
Changes in avoidance behavior following epileptogenic lesions of the mesencephalon.

Abstract Irritative lesions caused by penicillin or sodium sulfadiazine were created in various brain sites, particularly in the mesencephalic region of rats. All animals were then tested on a two-way active avoidance task. Lesions in the region of the interpeduncular nucleus produced severe impairments in the avoidance task while similar treatments of the reticular formation and red nucleus produced only moderate levels of impairment. Lesions at other sites failed to produce any deficits in the avoidance task.
Political Tolerance and God's Wrath in the United States*

Ever since Stouffer (1955) began to measure political tolerance a half century ago, multiple studies have shown that church attendance and denominational affiliation play a significant role in influencing whether individuals want to extend civil liberties to fringe groups. However, there is little theoretical understanding of why religion should affect an individual’s unwillingness to grant free expression to minority opinions. Drawing upon the theoretical innovations of Greeley (1995) we argue that the key to understanding when religion negatively affects political tolerance is the individual’s conception of God. Using data from the General Social Survey we find that a wrathful image of God is significantly related to the denial of civil liberties to unpopular groups, even controlling for attendance, affiliation and view of the Bible. These findings indicate that religious faith and civil liberties are in tension mainly when believers think that God actively punishes sinners.
A conceptual model for culture change evaluation in nursing homes.

Abstract This article describes the development and particulars of a new, comprehensive model of nursing home culture change, the Nursing Home Integrated Model for Producing and Assessing Cultural Transformation (Nursing Home IMPACT). This model is structured into four categories, "meta constructs," "care practices," "workplace practices," and "environment of care," with multiple domains under each. It includes detailed, triangulated assessment methods capturing various stakeholder perspectives for each of the model's domains. It is hoped that this model will serve two functions: first, to help practitioners guide improvements in resident care by identifying particular areas in which culture change is having positive effects, as well as areas that could benefit from modification; and second, to emphasize the importance in culture change of the innumerable perspectives of residents, family members, staff, management, and leadership.
Effects of contraceptive education on adolescent male contraceptive behavior and attitudes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between contraceptive education and adolescent male contraceptive behavior and attitudes. A limitation of the study is that a convenience sample of 6 high schools was used to collect data. A modified version of a questionnaire used by Kantner and Zelnik was pilot tested revised and administered to 801 high school males in the spring of 1987. Results showed that 88% had received some contraceptive education in school. 71% reported having had sexual intercourse and 54% remained sexually active. Of the currently active sexually males who were exposed to contraceptive education only 14% used no birth control method. There were no statistical differences among those who had varying degrees of contraceptive education and the use or nonuse of any of the contraceptive methods. The findings suggest that for this sample contraceptive education had no effect on contraceptive behavior but did affect contraceptive attitudes. (authors)
Adaptive control of Markov chains, I: Finite parameter set

Consider a controlled Markov chain whose transition probabilities depend upon an unknown parameter α taking values in finite set A . To each α is associated a prespecified stationary control law \phi(\alpha) . The adaptive control law selects at each time t the control action indicated by \phi(\alpha_{t}) where α t is the maximum likelihood estimate of α. It is shown that α t converges to a parameter α*such that the "closed-loop" transition probabilities corresponding to α*and \phi(\alpha^{\ast}) are the same as those corresponding to α0and \phi(\alpha) where α0is the true parameter. The situation when α0does not belong to the model set A is briefly discussed.
Efflux of drugs and solutes from brain: the interactive roles of diffusional transcapillary transport, bulk flow and capillary transporters.

We examined the roles of diffusion, convection and capillary transporters in solute removal from extracellular space (ECS) of the brain. Radiolabeled solutes (eight with passive distribution and four with capillary or cell transporters) were injected into the brains of rats (n = 497) and multiple-time point experiments measured the amount remaining in brain as a function of time. For passively distributed compounds, there was a relationship between lipid:water solubility and total brain efflux:diffusional efflux, which dominated when kp, the transcapillary efflux rate constant, was > 10 0 h � 1 ; when 10 � 1 < kp <1 0 � 2 h � 1 both diffusion and convection contributed, and when kp <1 0 � 3 h � 1 , convective efflux dominated. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) experiments (n = 112) showed that PAH entered the brain passively, but had efflux transporters. The total efflux rate constant, keff, was the sum of a passive component (kp = 0.0018 h � 1 ), a convective component (kcsf = 0.2 h � 1 ), and a variable, concentration-dependent component (kx = 0 to 0.45 h � 1 ). Compounds with cell membrane transporters had longer clearance half times as did an oligonucleotide, which interacted with cell surface receptors. Manipulation of physiologic state (n = 35) did not affect efflux, but sucrose efflux half time was longer with pentobarbital anesthesia (24 h) than with no anesthesia or ketamine–xylazine anesthesia (2 to 3 h). These results show that solute clearance from normal brain ECS may involve multiple physiologic pathways, may be affected by anesthesia, and suggests that convection-mediated efflux may be manipulated to increase or decrease drug clearance from brain.
Interprocedural static analysis of sequencing constraints

This paper describes a system that automatically performs static interprocedural sequencing analysis from programmable constraint specifications. We describe the algorithms used for interprocedural analysis, relate the problems arising from the analysis of real-world programs, and show how these difficulties were overcome. Finally, we sketch the architecture of our prototype analysis system (called Cesar) and describe our experiences to date with its use, citing performance and error detection characteristics.
A Reciprocity Method for Multiple-Source Simulations

Reciprocity is applied to the situation where numerical simulations are needed for a number of source locations but relatively a few receiver positions. By invoking source-receiver reciprocity, the number of simulations can be generally reduced to three times the number of receiver positions. The procedure is illustrated for a heterogeneous medium with both single-force and double-couple sources. The numerical tests using a finite-difference implementation show that the reciprocal simulations can be performed with the same level of accuracy as the forward calculations.