cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Azasydnones and their use in Energetic Materials

Abstract Recent publications demonstrate exciting new uses of azasydnones in the development of energetic materials. Facile synthesis routes support a remarkabe variety of substituents for various uses. This heterocycle enjoys several inherent benefits as an explosophore: high nitrogen content, balanced oxygen content, high thermal stability, and high densities and detonation performance. The thermal behavior and combustion analysis of azasydnones reveals two azasydnone compounds as possible fillers in propellants.
Enterprise Risk Management & the Oil Industry

First, this paper aims to identify the impact that enterprise risk management (ERM) has on the Oil & Gas industry. This paper will examine the strategic initiative that involves a viable plan that will reduce risk exposure to natural gas companies that affects the internal culture and external environment of air, water, land, and sea. Since the Oil & Gas companies are imperative to the world, enabling society to grow, this paper will discover the effectiveness of enterprise risk management from the senior management desk. Hence, the ERM systems to control for risk management is to provide safety to employees, as well as, the oilrigs and to be aware that catastrophic events happen to the company and when it does it damages the reputation of the brand name. Moreover, Oil & Gas companies appear to have a common theme of reporting gaps in the infrastructure, while the ERM officer can become complacent within the organization with the internal culture. When this happens and it does operational risk become a concern because market risk affects both the data management system, as well as, intellectual property. More importantly, these are the ongoing concerns of senior management who must concentrate their efforts on revenue, operational risk and profitable targets, which contributes to the problem of risk exposure because they are overwhelmed with responsibilities.
“Not Today, Diabetes”: Using Blog Analysis to Understand Emotional Interactions and Support Among People With Type 1 Diabetes

The goal of this study is to understand how internet blogs are used by people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to provide or exchange social support. A stratified, clustered proportionate probability sample of entries from 10 Internet blogs focusing on T1D was obtained. A random sample of 100 days generated 200 blogger posts and 1606 commenter responses. Entries were coded using qualitative analysis software and analyzed thematically. Blogs were used as a dynamic, interactional form of emotional support from others who understood diabetes from personal experience; and as a source of sharing lived user experience of having diabetes, more often than as a way of communicating medical knowledge or facts about diabetes. Blog participation contributed to a sense of belonging for participants in the “Diabetes Online Community” where there was a shared culture. In conclusion, blogs provide unobtrusive access to the experiences of people with T1D that are driven by their interests rather than those of qualitative research interviewers or healthcare providers. In addition to permitting analysis of the way that participants use blogs to address their own personal wants and needs, blog data can serve as an inexpensive and unobtrusive method for studying topics of interests to researchers and healthcare providers.
Selection of Sites for Field Trials of Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes with Gene Drive

Abstract Novel malaria control strategies using genetically engineered mosquitoes (GEMs) are on the horizon. Population modification is one approach wherein mosquitoes are engineered with genes rendering them refractory to the malaria parasite coupled with a low-threshold, Cas9-based gene drive. When released into a wild vector population, GEMs preferentially transmit these beneficial genes to their offspring, ultimately modifying a vector population into a non-vector one. Deploying this technology awaits evaluation including ecologically contained field trials. Here, we consider a process for site selection, the first critical step in designing a trial. Our goal is to identify a site that maximizes prospects for success, minimizes risk, and serves as a fair, valid, and convincing test of efficacy and impacts of a GEM product intended for large-scale deployment in Africa. We base site selection on geographical, geological, and biological, rather than social or legal, criteria. We recognize the latter as critically important but not preeminent. We propose physical islands as being the best candidates for a GEM field trial and present an evaluation of 22 African islands. We consider geographic and genetic isolation, biological complexity, island size, topography, and identify two island groups that satisfy key criteria for ideal GEM field trial sites.
Effects of Affect and Cognition on Wellbeing

This chapter examines wellbeing research related to affect and cognition. Specifically, the chapter covers research related to mood, casual attribution, appraisals, meaning to life, habituation, cognitive frames, and cognitive outlooks. The latter (cognitive outlooks) includes research on mindfulness, gratitude, optimism, self-esteem, autonomy, locus of control, competence, connectedness, attributional style, ruminative style, and strengths.
Prevalence of sacroiliitis among patients referred for hip MR arthrography.

To determine the prevalence of sacroiliitis among patients who have been referred for MR arthrography. A retrospective search identified 130 consecutive MR arthrograms of the hip performed on a 1.5T Siemens Avanto at our institution from August 2013 to August 2014. Four studies were excluded due to the absence of a coronal short tau inversion recovery sequence of the pelvis, leaving 126 studies for analysis. A musculoskeletal radiology fellow and three attending musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed the images for the presence of bone marrow edema affecting the sacroiliac joints. Only cases of bone marrow edema meeting the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society definition were considered positive. The two-tailed Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the prevalence of positive MRI findings among age and gender groups. GraphPad InStat (GraphPad Software) was used for statistical calculations. Patients less than 40 years of age demonstrated a statistically higher prevalence of positive MRI findings of sacroiliitis when compared to patients older than 40 (p = 0.0082). No difference in prevalence was found between genders. Overall prevalence of MRI signal alteration suggestive of sacroiliitis as defined by the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society was 4.8%. Among the six patients with positive findings, two were subsequently diagnosed with spondyloarthritis. Hip pain may be a presenting symptom of spondyloarthritis and attention should be paid to the sacroiliac joints during screening examinations, particularly in patients less than 40 years of age.
Cullin4 E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Regulate Male Gonocyte Migration, Proliferation and Blood-Testis Barrier Homeostasis.

Ubiquitination, an essential posttranslational modification, plays fundamental roles during mammalian spermatogenesis. We previously reported the requirement of two Cullin 4 ubiquitin ligase family genes, Cullin 4a (Cul4a) and Cullin 4b (Cul4b), in murine spermatogenesis. Both genes are required for male fertility despite their distinct functions in different cell populations. Cul4a is required in primary spermatocytes to promote meiosis while Cul4b is required in secondary spermatocytes for spermiogenesis. As the two genes encode proteins that are highly homologous and have overlapping expression in embryonic germ cells, they may compensate for each other during germ cell development. In the present study, we directly address the potential functional redundancy of these two proteins by deleting both Cul4 genes, specifically, in the germ cell lineage during embryonic development, using the germ-cell specific Vasa-Cre line. Conditional double-knockout (dKO) males showed delayed homing and impaired proliferation of gonocytes, and a complete loss of germ cells before the end of the first wave of spermatogenesis. The dKO male germ cell phenotype is much more severe than those observed in either single KO mutant, demonstrating the functional redundancy between the two CUL4 proteins. The dKO mutant also exhibited atypical tight junction structures, suggesting the potential involvement of CUL4 proteins in spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche formation and blood–testis-barrier (BTB) maintenance. We also show that deleting Cul4b in both germ and Sertoli cells is sufficient to recapitulate part of this phenotype, causing spermatogenesis defects and drastically reduced number of mature sperms, accompanied by defective tight junctions in the mutant testes. These results indicate the involvement of CUL4B in maintaining BTB integrity.
Mind-body wellness: A complement to dental education and professional development

We strive in dental education to train our students to leave dental school with a skill set that enables them to be competent in diagnosis, treatment planning, and in their technical skills to treat their patients. We do not however train our students in practices to maintain their physical and mental well-being, cope with the demands of the dental school curriculum, and provide a toolbox of skills to manage the stresses of dentistry that will be with them for as long as they practice. The COVID-19 pandemic has added a new layer of stress on dental students and although the topic of wellness has been addressed in various ways in dental school environments, integrating a wellness component that supports our student's vulnerabilities while also teaching skills to build resilience to adversity is a needed and missing component in the dental curriculum. Elective stress management wellness courses have been implemented in dental schools and although this is a promising start, the demands of the dental school curriculum make it a difficult environment to become relaxed, grounded, and focused. Based on 6 years of experience in creating and implementing an integrated wellness program at an academic dental institution, this article aims to outline the benefits and applications for teaching mind-body practices in the dental school curriculum as preventative approaches to maintaining overall student wellness, for developing effective strategies to manage academic and clinical challenges and how it sets the foundation for the health, well-being, and professional mindset of future dentists.
Effect of Prolonged Enteral Leucine Supplementation on Muscle Protein Synthesis and mTOR Activation in Neonatal Pigs Fed a Restricted Protein Diet

Many low birth weight infants experience growth failure due to insufficient nutrient intake. The objective of this study was to determine if prolonged leucine supplementation increases muscle prote...
Tsunamigenic Sea-Floor Deformations

In addition to the primary damage they do, earthquakes can cause tsunamis, massive ocean swells that can inundate coastal regions. In their Perspective, Synolakis et al. describe results presented at a workshop on the interface between seismology and tsunami hydrodynamics held in Santa Monica in May 1997. The authors discuss the highlights of the meeting and summarize future directions for research.
The Structure of Ferrocytochrome c at 2.45 A Resolution

Abstract The crystal structure analysis of tuna heart cytochrome c has been carried out at 2.45 A resolution using three isomorphous heavy atom derivatives. The space group of P21212 contrasts with the P43 of oxidized cytochrome c. Changes in conformation are seen near the heme crevice and on the right side of the molecule. The entire molecule in the reduced state is more compact and more closed to its surroundings. The heme group moves slightly within its protein framework. A mechanism for reduction is proposed based on orientations of aromatic groups and on recent chemical modification studies. The over-all chain folding is observed to be very similar in mammalian-type cytochrome c and in c-type cytochromes from two bacteria.
EUV Observations of the Active Sun from the Harvard Experiment on ATM

In this paper we review some preliminary results from the Harvard College Observatory Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroheliometer on ATM that pertain to solar activity. The results reviewed here are described in more detail in other papers referred to in the text. In the following paragraphs we first describe the instrument and its capabilities, and then turn to results on active regions, sunspots, flares, EUV bright points, coronal holes, and prominences.
Aldolase II. Spectrophotometric Determination Using an Ultraviolet Procedure

Two commercial kits for the measurement of serum aldolase activity by a spectrophotometric (UV) method were evaluated. Neither was satisfactory in their present forms, since aldolase activity was not rate-limiting in one, and side reactions utilizing NADH occurred in the other. A study was made of the optimum concentrations of substrate, NADH, buffer, and coupled enzymes (triosephosphate isomerase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase) in the procedure utilized by one kit, and a method based upon these findings is proposed. The key feature of the proposed method is an increase in the amount of the auxiliary enzymes, GDH/TIM, so that aldolase becomes the rate-limiting enzyme. The proposed method also differs from the kit procedure in the concentrations of substrate and NADH, in the choice of buffer, volume of reaction mixture, and in the order of adding solutions to the reaction mixture.
Differential Effects of Partial Hepatectomy on Hepatic and Renal Heme and Cytochrome P450 Metabolism

Partial hepatectomy has been suggested to affect hepatic and renal cytochrome P450 content and the related drug metabolizing enzyme system. In addition, cytochrome P450 and its dependent activities have been shown to be regulated by the availability of cellular heme. We, therefore, studied cytochrome P450 in addition to the level of heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of heme catabolism, and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis, in the remnant liver and intact kidneys of rats after two-thirds hepatectomy. The level of hepatic heme oxygenase was elevated threefold in partially hepatectomized rats as compared to sham-operated rats, while ALA synthase was decreased by 40%. This was reflected in decreased hepatic cytochrome P450 content, ie, from 0.689 +/- 0.175 nmole/mg to 0.505 +/- 0.089 nmole/mg protein and associated decreased drug metabolizing enzymes: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, and benzphetamine N-demethylase, by 40%, 40%, and 47%, respectively. In contrast, renal heme oxygenase was not changed after hepatectomy, whereas renal ALA synthase was increased by fourfold. Renal cytochrome P450, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, and benzphetamine N-demethylase were increased after partial hepatectomy by 84%, 360%, 165% and 406%, respectively. These data indicate that partial hepatectomy decreases liver cytochrome P450 levels by inducing heme oxygenase and inhibiting ALA synthase activities. In this situation the kidney plays a substitutive role in metabolizing endogenous substrates oxygenated by cytochrome P450 isozymes.
Trochanteric area pain, the result of a quartet of bursal inflammation.

Bursitis is quite responsive to therapeutic intervention, once the afflicted area is accurately identified. This is especially notable for some hip complaints. Patients’ use of the term “hip” can relate to anything from the low back to groin to lateral thigh pain. Trochanteric area surface localization of “hip” pain may afford an opportunity for immediate cure. Effectiveness of therapeutic intervention is predicated upon injection of not one or two, but all four peri-trochanteric bursa with a depot (minimally water-soluble) corticosteroid. The term trochanteric bursitis suggests that the inflammation is more focal than what is clinically observed. While easier to express, perhaps it is time to refer to inflammation in this area, naming all four affected bursae.
The Ethic of Genetic Counseling and the Ethos of Managed Care

: This essay explores how the values at the heart of the ethic of genetic counseling are and are not congenial with the institutional habits of managed care. As integrated delivery systems with the resources to look at the big picture of the patient's health, managed care organizations (MCOs) can be very good at helping patients to look at the genetic parts of that picture. Genetic counseling aimed at truly informed consent is a crucial feature of looking at the genetic part of the picture. As such, there is a fundamental respect in which the ethic of genetic counseling and the ethos of managed care are congenial. But nondirective genetic counseling, which aims at truly informed consent, takes time and thus costs money. It will be tempting for some MCOs to balk at reimbursing the time- and skill-intensive counseling called for by the ethic of genetic counseling. More generally, MCOs are committed to aggregating risks and benefits for populations. But genetic counselors are concerned solely with the needs and decisions of individuals. And whereas one of the main missions of MCOs is disease prevention, it is not for genetic counselors. Moreover, whereas MCOs derive much of their efficacy from sharing information among the parts of the organization, genetic counselors are committed to ensuring clients that their genetic information will remain private unless written consent is given. In principle it is possible that MCOs will provide genetic counseling much like that called for by professional genetic counselors. But to do so, MCOs will have to recognize and directly address the tensions between the ethos of managed care and the ethic of genetic counseling.
Octree generation from object silhouettes in perspective views

Abstract Octrees are useful for object representation when fast access to coarse spatial occupancy information is necessary. This paper presents an efficient algorithm for generating octrees from multiple perspective views of an object. The algorithm first obtains a polygonal approximation of the object silhouette. This polygon is then decomposed into convex components. For each convex component, a pyramid is formed treating the view point as its apex and the convex components as a cross section. The octree representation of each of these pyramids is obtained by performing intersection detection of the object with the cubes corresponding to octree nodes. The intersection detection step is made efficient by decomposing it into a coarse-to-fine sequence of intersection tests. The octree for one silhouette is obtained by taking the union of octrees obtained for each component. An intersection of octrees corresponding to different viewing directions gives the final octree of the object. An implementation of the algorithm is given. The accuracy of the octree representation of the objects is evaluated. The ratio of the actual volume of the object to the volume of the object reconstructed from the octree representation is used as a performance index of the algorithm.
Redox Potential and Seasonal Porewater Biogeochemistry of Three Mountain Wetlands in Southeastern Kentucky, USA

Redox potentials (Eh) were monitored bimonthly and porewater chemistry was analyzed seasonally at three slightly-acidic, high-elevation Kentucky wetlands that differed in hydrology, parent materials, and vegetation. At all sites, Eh values were below 300 mV, which indicated that reducing conditions persisted within the upper 90 cm and fluctuated mainly within the range of iron and sulfate reduction. Significant relationships of Eh values with depth were observed only at the Martins Fork wetland, where precipitation was the primary water source. The strongest and most stable reducing conditions, observed at the Kentenia site, reflected consistently high water levels, which were sustained by ground water. The third wetland (Four Level) was distinguished by irregular Eh fluctuations coinciding with strong seasonal ground-water upwelling. Although Fe3+ and SO4 2− were the primary terminal electron acceptors in all wetlands, porewater chemistry also varied significantly by season and soil depth in response to piezometric water level fluctuations. Additional factors that influenced porewater chemistry included: (1) the presence of limestone parent materials that affected porewater pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+; and (2) the prevalence of sphagnum moss or graminoid species that influenced dissolved organic carbon, CO2, and CH4. Results from this study indicated the diverse range and importance of multiple factors in controlling biogeochemical processes and properties in small, high-elevation Appalachian wetlands.
Ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase, a nuclearly-coded enzyme unaffected by tentoxin treatment.

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that tentoxin prevents the incorporation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a nuclearly-coded protein, into the chloroplasts of sensitive species. In this study, we show, by comparison of electrophoretically separated isozymes, that ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) is nuclearly coded in Nicotiana. Electrophoresis of FNR isozymes from tentoxin treated seedlings of a sensitive and a resistant species demonstrated that, unlike PPO, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase was unaffected by tentoxin treatment. These data indicate that tentoxin selectively inhibits transport of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into the chloroplast, and does not produce a generalized disruption of cellular integration.
The effect of neuroleptics on dysfunction in a prefrontal substrate of sustained attention in schizophrenia.

Abstract Regional brain metabolism was measured in patients with schizophrenia during the performance of auditory discrimination to evaluate the effect of neuroleptic medication on the middle prefrontal cortex, an area that appears to be an important biological determinant of the sustained attention required of subjects in this task. While unmedicated patients with schizophrenia have lower than “normal” metabolic rates in this cortical area that area unrelated to performance, patients receiving neuroleptics appear to have this metabolic deficit attenuated with higher metabolism in this area associated with greater accuracy of performance. This change occurs in the context of differential neuroleptic effects on the cortical regions of the frontal cortex, increased metabolism in the basal ganglia, thalamus and temporal lobes, and no apparent effect in the pariental and occipital cortices. The findings suggest that only part of the abnormality in the prefrontal cortex determination of sustained attention in schizophrenia is sensitive to neuroleptic treatment.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS ON INCORPORATION OF PRECURSORS INTO DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN OF HELA MONOLAYERS.

Abstract Acute effects of drugs on incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA, RNA, and protein of HeLa cells were assayed by means of a sequential isotope technique. The technique involves a 15- to 30-min control preincubation of the cells without drugs, followed by a 30-min experimental incubation with drugs. During the control incubation the medium contains a precursor labeled with 14C; during the experimental period the same precursor is present, now labeled with tritium. The precursors used are 14C- and 3H-thymidine for DNA, 14C- and 3H-uridine for RNA, and 14C- and 3H-leucine for protein. The 3 H 14 C ratios for groups of monolayers are determined by liquid scintillation techniques. Drugs which change the 3 H 14 C ratio from that obtained in control monolayers are assumed to have an acute effect. Twenty cytotoxic compounds and two normal nucleosides were tested. Maximal drug concentrations of 10 to 1,000 times the reported IC50 (that level inhibiting growth of cells in vitro by 50%) usually were employed before excluding an acute effect. Deoxyadenosine, 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine, cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, and hydroxyurethan inhibited incorporation of thymidine. Puromycin, cycloheximide, and acetoxy-cycloheximide inhibited incorporation of both leucine and thymidine. Actinomycin D inhibited incorporation of uridine and thymidine. Streptonigrin inhibited incorporation of all three precursors. 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine, urethan, vinblastin, deoxyguanosine, triethylene melamine, and mitomycin C had no significant effect.
Chemically and Thermally Activated Decomposition of Secondary Butyl Radical

Experimental literature data on the chemically and thermally activated decomposition of sec-C4H9 radical were analyzed by weak collision master equation modeling. A reaction model with very little flexibility in its properties was created on the basis of ab initio calculations and experimental kinetic and thermochemical data. Rate constants and branching fractions for the chemically activated reaction were calculated using the virtual component formalism. The resultant model quantitatively describes (1) data on the stabilization-to-decomposition ratios as functions of temperature and pressure obtained in experiments using H + butene reactions as the sources of chemical activation and (2) experimental data on the thermal decomposition of sec-C4H9 radicals. Values of 〈ΔE〉down, the average energy transferred per deactivating collision, derived from modeling of experimental data demonstrate strong positive temperature dependencies for a variety of bath gases. Qualitative shapes of falloff curves for the chemi...
Sailing into the “wondrous now”: The myth of the American navy's world cruise

When President Theodore Roosevelt announced that America's battleship fleet was making an unprecedented world cruise, Congress condemned him for provoking foreign militancy; the media chastised him for leaving the country unprotected and went so far as to call for the president's impeachment. Despite this, the world cruise became a cause celeebre at home and abroad, helping to establish the United States as a technologically powerful and culturally sophisticated agent of world peace. This essay argues that the media's coverage, under Roosevelt's influence, mythologized the world cruise. By redefining mythic images of the universe and the hero in American culture, the popular press submerged the martial nature of the cruise. The resulting myth focused temporally on a “wondrous now” that avoided reminding audiences of its violent past and/or projecting an uncertain future.
Zum Nachweis mitogenetischer Strahlung durch Hefesprossung

Hefen in normalem Wachstum zeigen eine konstante maximale Sprossenzahl, die unabhangig von der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit ist. Nur wenn gealterte Hefezellen auf frischen Nahrboden ubertragen werden, kann man mit zunehmender Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit auch eine Zunahme der Sprossenzahl beobachten.
The Rearrangement of Fluorenylideneallene Oxide. A DFT Study

Density functional calculations indicate that the rearrangement of fluorenyl allene oxide to the spiro fluorenyl cyclopropanone proceeds through the reactive intermediate fluorenyl oxyallyl. The calculated energetics of this conversion are in agreement with that observed experimentally. The spiro fluorenyl cyclopropanone was calculated to have a low activation energy for its conversion to fluorene and carbon monoxide.
Neighborhoods of compacta in 4-manifolds

Abstract In this paper we investigate conditions under which a compact set in a piecewise linear 4-manifold has close neighborhoods with 1-dimensional spines. We prove that such neighborhoods exist in case the compactum satisfies the inessential loops condition and either has fundamental dimension 0 or has the shape of S 1 . Corollaries include two complement theorems and a weak flatness theorem for compacta in S 4 .
Ind Manual for Sponsor-Investigators

(1989). Ind Manual for Sponsor-Investigators. Clinical Research Practices and Drug Regulatory Affairs: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 69-116.
A Picture Postcard View of the Persian Constitutional Revolution

A narrative of the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906-09 is provided as seen through about forty picture post cards privately printed in the immediate aftermath of that event. Privately printed post cards have only recently received attention by postal historians and included in postal history exhibits. Iranian postal history itself has been flourishing in the past twenty years with the publication of numerous books on the subject and the display of several award winning exhibits at major shows.
Characterization of organic film with scanning acoustic microscopy

The present article reports a technique to measure velocity of an organic film deposited on a homogeneous substrate, wherein the thickness of the film and the diameter of the measured area of the specimen are in the order of a few microns. A thinly sliced human kidney was selected as an example of an organic film. The thickness of the specimen was substantially 3 μm. For the substrate, fused quartz was used because its elastic properties are known and stable. The spherical acoustic lens was used to determine the position for measurement. The frequencies at 400 MHz and 600 MHz were used for the measurement and the visualization, respectively. The generation of the Rayleigh waves under the above conditions was simulated by numerical calculations based onthe wave propagation theory for layered media.
Integration of the retical systematic CD errors into an OPC modeling and correction

The impact of mask CD non-uniformity on the accuracy of optical proximity correction (OPC) models has been observed on several critical levels. In the current OPC model calibration flow, the mask effect is not explicitly separated from the optical and resist models. Instead, the resist model is compensating for the mask errors. In this paper, we report a detailed study of the effect of mask CD non-uniformity on OPC model accuracy using the established OPC model calibration flow. The influence of mask CD non-uniformity on the through process behavior of an OPC model is also discussed. A possible OPC flow to take the systematic mask CD error into consideration is proposed and a detailed study of mask modeling is present.
Molecular astronomy using heterodyne detection at 691 GHz

Observations of the CO J=6→5 transition at 691 GHz (434 μm) in new interstellar and planetary sources have been made. The heterodyne receiver uses an optically pumped laser local oscillator and a quasi-optical Schottky diode mixer, with measured noise temperatures consistently under 4000 K (double sideband). Continued improvements in system performance and antenna coupling have made possible the mapping of 434 μm emission from W3, and the detection of CO J=5→6 absorption in the atmosphere of Venus. A detailed description of the instrumentation and recent observational data are provided.
Income distribution along the United States Border with Mexico: 1970-1990

Abstract This article examines income inequality along the U.S. side of the U.S.‐Mexican border region in the context of national trends toward greater income inequality. The focus is on two questions. First, is there a greater or lesser degree of inequality in the border counties than in the border states or the nation? Second, what changes in income distribution have occurred in the border region in recent decades? Data from three U.S. censuses are used together with various measures of distribution to address these questions. Among the conclusions reached are: (1) income inequality in the border counties is generally greater than in either the border states or the nation; (2) there was some improvement in border county income inequality in the 1970s while the reverse was the case in the 1980s; and (3) the results are not particularly sensitive to the choice of statistical measure of distribution.
Modified laparoendoscopic gastrostomy tube (LEGT) placement.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of our modified LEGT technique.
Unified approach to the calculation of inertial corrections in diffusion

Inertial effects in diffusion due to the nonlinear equations of motion are investigated. The starting point is a Fokker-Planck equation for a general mechanical system with Lagrange function L = 12gij(q1,…,qn)qiqj − U(q1,…,qn) under the influence of random forces. The reduction to a description in position space is achieved by using the time ordered cumulant expansion and the boson operator representation. The first term of the expansion gives the Smoluchowski type diffusion equation. The next term leads to inertial corrections. This theory can be applied, for example, to the diffusion of N asymmetric molecules immersed in a fluid undergoing coupled translational and rotational diffusion and interacting via intermolecular and hydrodynamic forces. Comparison with the literature is presented.
The Effects of Social Change Within a Group on Membership Preferences: To Leave or Not to Leave?

Two studies examined immediate (Study 1) and long-term (Study 2) behavioral consequences of previously documented asymmetries in cognitive and evaluative reactions to change in majority and minority positions within a group. Study 1 found an overall decrease in preferences for group membership immediately following change, which was preceded by decategorization and devaluation of the group in response to loss, together with lack of categorization and positive evaluation in response to gain of the majority position. Study 2 found a gradual increase in preference to stay with (vs. exit) the group among former minorities with prolonged interactions that confirmed their gained majority position. A gradual increase in preference for group membership was paralleled with gradual increases in perception of both inclusion within and differentiation from the group.
Effect of sonic driving on maximal aerobic performance.

The study purpose was to evaluate antecedent binaural stimulation (ABS) on maximal aerobic physical performance. Twenty-two healthy, physically active subjects, 21-34 years, randomly received one of two preparations for each session: 15 min of quiet (BLANK) or percussive sonic driving at 200+ beats per minute (bpm) using a recorded compact disc (FSS, Mill Valley, CA) with headphones (ABS). Baseline HR, blood pressure (BP), and breathing frequency (f(br)) were obtained. During each condition, HR and f(br) were recorded at 3-min intervals. The graded maximal treadmill testing was administered immediately postpreparation session on separate days, with at least 48 h rest between sessions. There were significant differences in the antecedent period means between the two conditions, ABS (HR: 70.2 +/- 10.7 bpm; f(br): 18.5 +/- 3.3 br min(-1); BP: 134.5/87.9 +/- 13.6/9.2 mm Hg) and BLANK (HR: 64.6 +/- 7.9; f(br): 14.3 +/- 2.9; BP: 126.7/80.3 +/- 12.1/8.6). Differences were noted for each 3-min interval and pre- postantecedent period. The maximal graded exercise test (GXT) results showed that there was a small but significant (P 0.05). There may be a latency to ABS related to entrainment or imagery-enhanced warm-up. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:558-565, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Blockade of the antinociceptive activity of centrally administered ketorolac by nor-binaltorphimine.

Antinociceptive activity of intracerebroventricularly administered ketorolac tromethamine was evaluated in mice by measuring inhibition of abdominal stretching induced by p-phenylquinone. Ketorolac tromethamine produced dose-dependent antinociception with an ED50 of 7.34 μg/mouse (4.97–10.82) and a maximal effect at 30 μg. Selective antagonists of opioid receptors were used to determine ketorolac's mechanism of action. The ketorolac tromethamine-induced antinociception was not blocked by the μ- and δ-opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone and ICI-174,864 (N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu), respectively; however, the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride significantly blocked this effect. These findings suggest that activation of κ-opioid receptors appears to play a role in the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of ketorolac tromethamine. Ketorolac tromethamine may induce the release of endogenous κ-opioids to produce central nervous system antinociception.
Estimating forest attribute parameters for small areas using nearest neighbors techniques

Nearest neighbors techniques have become extremely popular, particularly for use with forest inventory data. With these techniques, a population unit prediction is calculated as a linear combination of observations for a selected number of population units in a sample that are most similar, or nearest, in a space of ancillary variables to the population unit requiring the prediction. Nearest neighbors techniques are appealing for multiple reasons: they can be used with categorical response variables for which the objective is classification and with continuous response variables for which the objective is prediction; they can be used for both univariate and multivariate prediction; they are non-parametric in the sense that no assumptions regarding the distributions of response or predictor variables are necessary; they are synthetic in the sense that they can readily use information external to the geographic area for which an estimate is sought; they are useful for map construction, small area estimation, and inference; and they can be used with a wide variety of data sets. Recent advances and emerging issues in nearest neighbors techniques are reviewed for four topic areas: (1) distance metrics, (2) optimization, (3) diagnostic tools, and (4) inference. The focus of the study is estimation of mean forest stem volume per unit area for small areas using a combination of forest inventory observations and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. However, the concepts and techniques are generally applicable for all nearest neighbors problems.
The use of sediment cores to reconstruct historical trends in contamination of estuarine and coastal sediments

Most studies using sediment cores to reconstruct the contamination history of coastal and estuarine areas around the world have dealt with trace metals, and only a few have focused on organic contaminants. Almost without exception, the studies published up to 1990 have shown that sediment contamination increased in the late 1800s, accelerated in the 1940s, and reached a plateau or a maximum in the 1960–1970s. For some pollutants, such as Pb, a decrease in concentration occurred in the 1980s, following the implementation of new discharge and emission regulations. Little is known, however, about concentration trends from the mid-1980s to present and about the effect of legislation recently passed to protect the environment.
Initial Management of the Trauma Patient

Regardless of the injuries sustained or the capabilities of the treating facility, the principles described in ATLS should guide the initial assessment, resuscitation, and treatment of the multiply injured patient.3 The primary and secondary survey should be continually repeated to identify deterioration in the patient's condition and to make appropriate interventions. The use of a prioritized and systematic approach to initial management of the trauma patient ensures that optimal care is delivered and the best possible outcome is achieved.
Failure to Produce Dental Caries with High Carbohydrate, and with Extremely Low Fat Diets

ConclusionsHigh carbohydrate diets of glucose, lactose, and maltose, and extremely low fat diets (butter fat and cod liver oil) failed to produce dental caries in albino rats.
Probability logic in the twentieth century

This essay describes a variety of contributions which relate to the connection of probability with logic. Some are grand attempts at providing a logical foundation for probability and inductive inference. Others are concerned with probabilistic inference or, more generally, with the transmittance of probability through the structure (logical syntax) of language. In this latter context probability is considered as a semantic notion playing the same role as does truth value in conventional logic. At the conclusion of the essay two fully elaborated semantically based constructions of probability logic are presented.
Reflected brownian motion in a wedge: Semimartingale property

In this paper, the object of study is reflected Brownian motion in a two-dimensional wedge with constant direction of reflection on each side of the wedge. The basic question considered here is “When is this process a semimartingale?”. It is first shown that a related process, defined by specifying the corner of the wedge to be an absorbing state, rather than an instantaneous one, is a semimartingale. Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the process for which the corner is an instantaneous state were given by Vardhan and Williams (“Brownian motion in a wedge with oblique reflection”, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., to appear). Under these conditions, it is shown that starting away from the corner, the process is a semimartingale if and only if there is a convex combination of the directions of reflection that points into the wedge. This equivalence is also shown to hold starting from the corner, except in one unresolved case for which the wedge angle exceeds π and the directions of reflection are exactly opposed.
The effects of social pressure on group recall.

In two experiments, individual subjects worked in conjunction with two perceived group members to recall six 30-item categorized word lists. The perceived group members’ recall levels were manipulated to establish either high or low group standards. After participating in the perceived group, subjects completed a surprise final individual recall test that covered all of the presented material. On the basis of the hypothesis that the subjects’ performance would be affected by social pressure, it was predicted that subjects working in high-performing groups would recall more words than subjects working in low-performing groups on both the group recall tests and the final individual recall test. These predicted results were observed. Thus, a complete analysis of the group recall environment should include a consideration of conformity theory whereby subjects’ memories can be affected by their group members’ output levels.
The Relationship to Death as a Source of Stress for Nurses on a Coronary Care Unit.

This paper attempts to understand one of the ways in which nurses on a coronary care unit may be subjected to stress around the problem of establishing a meaningful relationship to death. The themes that nurses expressed during the course of a support group which they had requested are analyzed and discussed. The paper focuses on the stress felt by the nurses over responsibility for controlling illness and death which indicated an unconscious confusion between the feeling of being responsible for the care of an ill or dying patient and the feeling of being responsible for the occurrence of the patient's illness or death. The possible source of this stressful confusion in medicine's and society's own relationship to death is discussed.
The Pathophysiology of Pancreatitis

The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland that is required for normal digestion and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory process of the pancreas that involves peripancreatic tissues and remote organs. Mild AP occurs in 80% of patients requiring hospitalization and severe AP occurs in the other 20%. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disorder that causes anatomic changes, including infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells and fibrosis of the pancreas. This review discusses biochemical and histologic features of pancreatic injury in AP and CP and some of the important clinical sequelae associated with these abnormalities.
Gas Holdup in Opaque Cellulose Fiber Slurries

Three different cellulose fiber types are used to study their effect on gas holdup and flow regime transition in a 10.2 cm semi-batch bubble column. The three natural fiber types include bleached softwood chemical pulp (softwood), bleached hardwood chemical pulp (hardwood), and bleached softwood chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP). Gas holdup is recorded over a range of fiber mass fractions (0 ≤ C ≤ 1.6%) and superficial gas velocities (Ug ≤ 23 cm/s). Experimental results show that gas holdup decreases with increasing fiber mass fraction. Homogeneous, transitional, and heterogeneous flow is observed for all three fiber types at low fiber mass fractions. All three fiber types produce similar results in the homogeneous flow regime while significant differences are recorded in the heterogeneous flow regime; those being low mass fraction hardwood (softwood) fiber slurries produce the highest (lowest) gas holdup. At higher fiber mass fractions, only pure heterogeneous flow is observed and softwood fiber slurries still produce the lowest gas holdup, although the differences in gas holdup between fiber types are small. The Zuber-Findlay drift flux model is used to describe the gas holdup results in cellulose fiber slurries when the flow conditions are heterogeneous. The Zuber-Findlay drift flux model is also used to identify the superficial gas velocity at which homogeneous flow is no longer observed with some success. Generally, the superficial gas velocity at which the flow deviates from homogeneous flow decreases with increasing fiber mass fraction.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reduction of Mutual Coupling Between Neighboring Strip Dipole Antennas Using Confocal Elliptical Metasurface Cloaks

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to reduce the mutual coupling between two closely spaced strip dipole antennas with the elliptical metasurfaces formed by conformal and confocal printed arrays of subwavelength periodic elements. We show that by covering each strip with the metasurface cloak, the antennas become invisible to each other and their radiation patterns are restored as if they were isolated. The electromagnetic scattering analysis pertained to the case of antennas with frequencies far from each other is shown to be as a good approximation of a 2-D metallic strip scattering cancellation problem solved by expressing the incident and scattered fields in terms of radial and angular Mathieu functions, with the use of sheet impedance boundary conditions at the metasurface. The results obtained by our analytical method are confirmed by full-wave numerical simulations.
Age Differences in Mystical Experience

Age differences are examined in reports of deja vu, ESP, clairvoyance, spiritualism, and numinous experience. According to the 1988 General Social Survey (N = 1481), these mystical experiences are somewhat more common now than in 1973, and deja vu, clairvoyance, and a composite mysticism score have increased with successively younger age cohorts. Further, private and subjective religiosity are positively related to overall mystical experience, while organizational religiosity is inversely related.
Parties as the Political Safeguards of Federalism: The Impact of Local Political Party Activity on National Elections

A variety of scholars have theorized about the importance of political forces as safeguards of federalism. However, many of these theories have yet to be tested empirically. This study draws on data from a survey of 1,182 local party chairs in 49 states in 2010 to determine whether political parties may act as bridging mechanisms between the interests of political officials at the state and national levels. The results suggest local party activity has an impact on the election outcomes of candidates for national office, and this effect is more pronounced in state contexts that are competitive or unfavorable to the local party.