cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relation between stimulated shear fractures and production in the Barnett Shale: Implications for unconventional oil and gas reservoirs

ABSTRACTEconomic production from extremely low permeability unconventional reservoirs is accomplished through multistage slick water hydraulic fracturing, which generates opening-mode hydraulic fra...
Electron Emission from Metal Emitters Subject to a High Intensity Laser in the Presence of DC Electric Fields

Electron emission driven by both a strong DC applied bias and a superimposed laser field is examined through numerical simulations. Heating at the electrode surface that creates a dynamic, nonequilibrium electron distribution is included based on appropriate rate-equation analyses for energy balance. Much higher emission currents are predicted that follow the AC oscillations over the femtosecond range. The hot carrier population are predicted to persist much longer to yield a more gradual decay in the emission current beyond laser termination. The numerical results are also extended to an emitter array, given the interest in such configurations for obtaining high output coherent currents. The capability can subsequently be extended to assess the coherence and emittance of the electron source based on Monte Carlo transport techniques.
Intermittent Hypoxemia in Preterm Infants: A Potential Proinflammatory Process

Objective A major consequence of prematurity is intermittent hypoxemia (IH). Data from both adult studies and neonatal animal models suggest that IH is proinflammatory; however, there is limited data in preterm infants. Here, we assess the relationship between IH and systemic inflammation, namely, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in preterm infants. Study Design Serum CRP was measured at 30 days of life, at the time of peak IH frequency. IH measures (e.g., per cent time in hypoxemia, frequency, duration) were calculated the week prior to CRP collection. Statistical analyses were based on Spearman's correlation. Results A total of 26 infants were included. Median gestational age and birth weight were 274/7 weeks and 980 g, respectively. There were positive correlations between primary IH measures and CRP levels, especially for events longer than 1-minute duration (r range: 0.56–0.74, all p Conclusion We demonstrate that IH is associated with increased CRP for the first time in preterm infants. Our findings are consistent with studies from adults and neonatal animal models suggesting that IH is a proinflammatory process. Key Points
C3 plant carbon isotope discrimination does not respond to CO2 concentration on decadal to centennial timescales

(1) Plant carbon isotope discrimination is complex, and could be driven by climate, evolution, and/or edaphic factors. We tested the climate drivers of carbon isotope discrimination in modern and historical plant chemistry, and focus in particular on the relationship between rising [CO2 ] over Industrialization and carbon isotope discrimination. (2) We generated temporal records of plant carbon isotopes from museum specimens collected over a climo-sequence to test plant response to climate and atmospheric change over the past 200 years (including Pinus strobus, Platycladus orientalis, Populus tremuloides, Thuja koraiensis, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata, Thuja standishii, Thuja sutchuenensis). We aggregated our results with a meta-analysis of a wide range of C3 plants to do a comprehensive study of the distribution of carbon isotope discrimination and values among different plant types. (3) We show that climate variables (e.g. mean annual precipitation, temperature, and key to this study, CO2 in the atmosphere) do not drive carbon isotope discrimination. (4) Plant isotope discrimination is intrinsic to each taxon, and could link phylogenetic relationships and adaptation to climate quantitatively and over ecological to geological time scales.
Heidegger’s Relative Essentialism

There is relatively little comprehensive treatment of Heidegger’s theory of essences despite his ubiquitous use of essences. It is commonplace in contemporary analytic philosophy to view essences a...
The National Cancer Institute's Role in Advancing Health-care Delivery Research.

Improvements in cancer care delivery have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality from cancer, however challenges to delivery of recommended care limit progress. These challenges include growing demands for care, increasing treatment complexity, inadequate care coordination, dramatic increases in costs, persistent disparities in care, and insufficient use of evidence-based guidelines. Recognizing the important role of research in understanding and addressing these challenges, the National Cancer Institute created the Healthcare Delivery Research Program (HDRP) in 2015 as a catalyst for expanding work in this area. Health-care delivery research is a multidisciplinary effort which recognizes that care delivery occurs in a multilevel system encompassing individuals, health-care systems, and communities. HDRP staff use a range of activities to fulfill the program's mission of advancing innovative research to improve delivery of care across the cancer control continuum. In addition to developing funding opportunities, HDRP staff support and facilitate the use of research infrastructure for conducting health-care delivery research, oversee publicly available data that can be used to evaluate patterns, costs, and patient experiences of care, contribute to development and dissemination of standardized health measurement tools for public use, and support professional development and training to build capacity within the field and grow the workforce. As HDRP enters its sixth year, we appreciate the opportunity to reflect on the program's progress in advancing the science of health-care delivery. At the same time, we recognize the need for the program to evolve and develop additional resources and opportunities to address new and emerging challenges.
Static and dynamic proprioceptive recognition through vibrotactile stimulation

Objective.Proprioceptive information provides individuals with a sense of our limb's static position and dynamic movement. Impaired or a lack of such feedback can diminish our ability to perform dexterous motions with our biological limbs or assistive devices. Here we seek to determine whether both static and dynamic components of proprioception can be recognized using variation of the spatial and temporal components of vibrotactile feedback.Approach.An array of five vibrotactors was placed on the forearm of each subject. Each tactor was encoded to represent one of the five forearm postures. Vibratory stimulus was elicited to convey the static position and movement of the forearm. Four experimental blocks were performed to test each subject's recognition of a forearm's simulated static position, rotational amplitude, rotational amplitude and direction, and rotational speed.Main results.Our results showed that the subjects were able to perform proprioceptive recognition based on the delivered vibrotactile information. Specifically, rotational amplitude recognition resulted in the highest level of accuracy (99.0%), while the recognition accuracy of the static position and the rotational amplitude-direction was the lowest (91.7% and 90.8%, respectively). Nevertheless, all proprioceptive properties were perceived with >90% accuracy, indicating that the implemented vibrotactile encoding scheme could effectively provide proprioceptive information to the users.Significance.The outcomes suggest that information pertaining to static and dynamic aspects of proprioception can be accurately delivered using an array of vibrotactors. This feedback approach could be used to potentially evaluate the sensorimotor integration processes during human-machine interactions, and to improve sensory feedback in clinical populations with somatosensory impairments.
The Recessionary Impact on the Earnings and Unemployment of High School and College Graduates

According to the College Board’s (2014) most recent report, the cost of investing in a four-year undergraduate degree in the United States has nearly tripled within the past twenty years. This trend in tuition prices and student debt has sparked the question as to whether it still pays to go to college. Specifically, several scholars believe that the increased costs of investing in higher education outweigh the economic benefits of higher wages and job security that are often provided to workers with a college degree. On the other hand, many continue to value a college education and believe that such an investment is important for acquiring the necessary skills that will help them become successful in the labor market. In order to determine whether the major economic benefits of a college degree continue to outweigh the gains of not pursuing higher education, a comparison of the wage and unemployment rate fluctuations of high school graduates and college graduates during the most recent economic downfall can be utilized to reveal which group is least susceptible to the adverse impacts of a recession. Due to the higher productivity levels often associated with a college degree that increase the likelihood of receiving specific on-the-job training, it can be hypothesized that workers with a bachelor’s degree will be less vulnerable to decreased earnings and unemployment during periods of
Key Parameters Used in Modeling Pressure Loss of Fibrous Filter Media

Accurate pressure loss modeling of randomly oriented fibrous filter structures over a broad range of solidity requires that one accurately account for the following effects: 1) Fiber crossings and the resulting effective transverse boundary proximity and shape parameters and the fiber dynamic shape factor which all vary with the average solidity. 2) Slip and transition flow effects on small fibers or at low gas densities. 3) Perturbations due to manufacturing processes and multi modal fiber size distributions which cause fiber curvature, random orientation and solidity gradients in both the transverse and axial directions. Prominent pressure loss models of both the pore and fibrous type have been found lacking in their ability to predict measured pressure loss of randomly oriented fibrous filters made of near uniform size fibers over a broad range of solidity. A mitered cylinder layered screenlike pressure loss model is described which is capable of accurately accounting for the effects described.
Remarks on Whitham and RG

We collect a number of facts and conjectures concerning Whitham theory and the renormalization group. Some explicit relations and problems are indicated in the context of N=2 susy Yang-Mills.
An initial estimate of the global distribution of diurnal variation in sea surface salinity

Diurnal variations in sea surface salinity (SSS) have been observed at a few selected locations with adequate in situ instrumentation. Such variations result primarily from imbalances between surface freshwater fluxes and vertical mixing of deeper water to the surface. New observations becoming available from satellite salinity remote sensing missions could help to constrain estimates of diurnal variations in air-sea exchange of freshwater, and provide insight into the processes governing diurnal variability of mixing processes in the upper ocean. Additionally, a better understanding of variation in near surface salinity is required to compare satellite measured SSS with in situ measurements at a few meters depth. The diurnal SSS variations should be reflected as differences between ascending and descending pass retrievals from the Aquarius and SMOS satellites; however, the diurnal signal can be masked by inadequacies of the geophysical corrections used in processing the satellite measurements. In this study, we quantify the expected range of diurnal SSS variations using a model developed for predicting diurnal sea surface temperature variations. We present estimates for the mean and variance of the global diurnal SSS cycle, contrasting it with the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature. We find the SSS diurnal cycle can be significant throughout the tropics, with mean amplitudes of up to 0.1 psu in areas with heavy precipitation. Predicted maximum diurnal ranges approach 2 psu in select regions. Surface freshening in Aquarius salinity retrievals is shown to be larger for ascending than descending passes, consistent with the expectations from the model simulation.
Reconnaissance Marine Geophysical Survey for the Shallow Water Acoustics Program

Abstract : The outer New Jersey shelf has, over the past 25+ years, evolved into a premier natural laboratory for Office of Naval Research efforts to understand the geology and the acoustic response of the seabed in shallow water environments. In great measure because of the large body of seabed information that exists in this region, the SWA06 program chose this locale for a combined low and mid frequency acoustics experiment, which was completed during summer, 2006. The SWA program sought to utilize these prior data related to the geology, geophysics and geoacoustics of the seabed, as well as new CHIRP reflection data collected in 2006 and coring samples collected in 2007, to establish an a priori structural/geoacoustic constraints of the seafloor and subsurface along the intended propagation pathways used in the experiment (Figure 1). The successful integration of geological/geophysical/geoacoustic data into SW06 acoustic modeling efforts has led to recognition, expressed clearly at the recent SW06 workshop in Austin, that gathering such data should be considered an essential component of any forthcoming SWA experiment. Ideally, reconnaissance geophysical data will be collected well prior to the acoustic experiment in order to provide background data for planning purposes. During or after the experiment, additional data should be collected that directly supports the acoustic path geometries associated with the experiment.
Part 1: early recognition and treatment of birth trauma: injuries to the head and face

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) Sentinel Event Alert from July 21, 2004 states that there have been 47 cases of birth trauma-related perinatal death or permanent disability reported for JCAHO review since 1996. This report clearly illustrates the importance of birth trauma in clinical practice for neonatal and perinatal nurses. Estimates suggest that birth trauma occurs in 2% to 7% of all deliveries and is associated with an increase in both mortality and morbidity. Birth trauma to the head may result in minor superficial extracranial injuries, such as caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma, or more serious and potentially life threatening lesions such as subgaleal hemorrhages. The potential for deeper intracranial injury, such as subarachnoid or subdural hemorrhage exists; these may be isolated or associated with skull fractures and/or other extracranial injuries. Injury to the eye, nasal structures, and paralysis of the vocal cords may also result from birth trauma during a difficulty delivery. Part 1 of this 2-part article will focus on birth injuries to the head and face. Part 2 of the series will review more systemic birth injuries that may involve abdominal organs, the spine and skeletal system, and peripheral and facial nerves.
Interactive categorization of containers and non-containers by unifying categorizations derived from multiple exploratory behaviors

The ability to form object categories is an important milestone in human infant development. We propose a framework that allows a robot to form a unified object categorization from several interactions with objects. This framework is consistent with the principle that robot learning should be ultimately grounded in the robot's perceptual and behavioral repertoire. This paper builds upon our previous work by adding more exploratory behaviors (now 6 instead of 1) and by employing consensus clustering for finding a single, unified object categorization. The framework was tested on a container/non-container categorization task with 20 objects.
米国ロースクール教員の現場レポート(3)(4) (A Field Report from a Japanese Professor at an American Law School (3)(4))

Japanese Abstract: 筆者は,2013年11月以来,日本の法律雑誌NBLに,UC Hastingsとアメリカの法学教育に関する連載を行ってきた。これらは,その第3回と第4回である。English Abstract: The author has been writing a series of essays on UC Hastings and American legal education in a Japanese law journal, NBL (New Business Law), since November 2013. These are his third and fourth essays.
Chlorocarbons and Chlorohydrocarbons, Toxic Aromatics

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and naphthalenes (PCNs) are halogenated aromatic industrial compounds produced and marketed for a wide variety of applications. PCBs were used as heat-transfer fluids, organic diluents, lubricant inks, plasticizers, fire retardants, paint additives, sealing liquids, immersion oils, adhesives, dedusting agents, waxes, and as dielectric fluids for capacitors and transformers. PCNs were used as waxes and impregnants (for protective coatings), water repellents, and wood preservatives. PCBs have been identified as contaminants in almost every component of the global ecosystem including the air, water, sediments, fish, wildlife, and humans. PCNs are only infrequently detected because these products had been used much less than the commercial PCBs. The toxicology of PCBs has been extensively studied and the commercial mixtures elicit a broad spectrum of toxic and biochemical responses. γ-Lindane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide that has also been widely identified in the environment. The toxic responses elicited by γ-lindane in laboratory animals include hepato- and nephrotoxicity, reproductive and embryotoxicity, mutagenicity in some short term in vitro bioassays, and carcinogenicity. Only minimal data are available on the mammalian toxicities of hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The impact of environmental exposure to γ-lindane is unknown and only minimal toxic effects have been observed in occupationally-exposed individuals.
THE ROLE OF CA2+ IN DEFLECTION-INDUCED EXCITATION OF MOTILE, MECHANORESPONSIVE BALANCER CILIA IN THE CTENOPHORE STATOCYST

Motile, mechanoresponsive cilia (balancers) in ctenophore statocysts, like vertebrate hair cells, are excited or inhibited depending upon the direction in which they are deflected. Balancers, however, may become either excited (beat rapidly) or inhibited (beat slowly) by deflection in the same direction, depending on the sign of ctenophore geotaxis (positive or negative). The beat frequency of many cilia is controlled by concentrations of Ca2+, membrane potential and neural input. How these factors affect deflection-induced ciliary beating in balancers was investigated. Deflection-induced excitation of balancers in whole Mnemiopsis leidyi larvae and dissected adult (Mnemiopsis leidyi, Pleurobrachia pileus) statocysts was reversibly inhibited by the Ca2+ channel inhibitors Co2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+. Deflection-induced excitation in balancers of isolated adult M. leidyi balancer groups was also inhibited by Co2+ or by Ca(2+)-free medium. Isolated balancer group cilia, like balancer cilia of intact ctenophores, exhibited responses to either sign of geotaxis and graded responses to deflection. Isolated balancers that were chemically depolarized in high-[K+], Ca(2+)-free medium were excited by local application of Ca2+ onto the ciliary bases, but not onto the cell bases or the ciliary tips. It is proposed that deflection-induced excitation of balancers is due to influx of Ca2+ through stretch- and voltage-activated channel activity. The sign of geotaxis of whole larvae and dissected adult statocysts was switched by electrical stimulation. Thus, neural input may participate in reversing the directional sensitivity of balancer cells.
Web-enabled conversational interactions as a method to improve cognitive functions: Results of a 6-week randomized controlled trial

Abstract Introduction Increasing social interaction could be a promising intervention for improving cognitive function. We examined the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to assess whether conversation-based cognitive stimulation through personal computers, webcams, and a user-friendly interactive Internet interface had high adherence and a positive effect on cognitive function among older adults without dementia. Methods Daily 30-minute face-to-face communications were conducted during a 6-week trial period in the intervention group. The control group received only a weekly telephone interview. The cognitive status of normal subjects and those with mild cognitive impairment was operationally defined as a global clinical dementia rating of 0 and 0.5, respectively. Age, sex, education, mini mental state examination score, and clinical dementia rating score were balancing factors in randomization. The subjects were recruited using mass-mailing invitations. The pre- to postintervention differences in the cognitive test scores and loneliness scores were compared between the control and intervention groups using linear regression models. Results Eighty-three subjects participated (41 in the intervention group and 42 in the control group). Their mean ± standard deviation age was 80.5 ± 6.8 years. Adherence to the protocol was high. There was no dropout and mean percentage of days completed of the targeted trial days among the intervention group was 89% (range 77%–100%). Among the cognitively intact participants, the intervention group improved more than did the control group on a semantic fluency test ( P = .003) at the post-trial assessment and a phonemic fluency test ( P = .004) at the 18-week assessments. Among those with mild cognitive impairment, a trend ( P = .04) toward improved psychomotor speed was observed in the intervention group. Conclusion Daily conversations by way of user-friendly Internet communication programs demonstrated high adherence. Among the cognitively intact, the intervention group showed greater improvement in tests of language-based executive functions. Increasing daily social contacts through communication technologies could offer cost-effective home-based prevention methods. Additional studies with a longer follow-up duration are required to examine whether the intervention slows cognitive declines and delays the onset of dementia.
Guilty Until Proven Innocent - Regulation with Costly and Limited Enforcement

Abstract We consider optimal regulations for a polluting firm when regulators cannot observe emission control costs and can only observe emissions via costly monitoring. Fines (or subsidies) for enforcing compliance are also limited. The optimal regulations resemble a deposit-refund system. The firm reports its emissions and pays an initial tax based on this report. If the firm is monitored, it receives a rebate when actual and reported emissions coincide. The enforcement constraints and the firm′s rights determine whether the incentives to reduce emissions are optimally provided by varying the rebate for compliance, the monitoring probability, or the initial tax.
AHFA-a real-time expert system for the incremental diagnosis of multiple faults on a transmission network using the sequence and timing of switching indications

A real time Alarm Handling and Fault Analysis (AHFA) expert system has been developed to assist Area Control Engineers by diagnosing multiple faults in real time on the power system from switching indications received at the Control Centre. Switching indications are received passively through a serial link from the Control Room printer. The reasoning strategy used in AHFA goes beyond the 'generate and test' approach used in most other comparable expert systems, incrementally following the sequence and timing of messages according to a generalised protection 'signature'. Consequently the diagnosis is fast and of high confidence, removing the need for any verification by simulation to generate the expected switchings. There is no need for a fixed time-window and both multiple faults and imperfect data can be handled. AHFA has undergone a two-month evaluation trial at an Area Control Centre, where it has operated continuously, successfully diagnosing about 95% of faults despite telemetry data problems. Under demonstration conditions, AHFA has diagnosed 20 simultaneous faults, including adjacent faults involving the same circuit breaker. AHFA is implemented in Smalltalk-80, allowing portability to workstations and PCs.
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma with sternal invasion. A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION Surgical resection of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma with direct invasion of the sternum has not been previously reported. Only 4 cases of concomitant thyroidectomy and sternal resection and reconstruction for sternal metastases have been published.
Barriers to Communication During Interviews for Accounting Jobs

Abstract This study explored accounting student interviewees' perceptions of the seriousness of possible barriers to effective communication during on-campus interviews. The accounting student interviewees perceived items indicating closed-mindedness or tending to result in onesided communication as the most serious, whereas physical or environmental barriers were perceived to be less serious. Compared with business interviewees' perceptions reported by Golen and Lynch (1987), the accounting interviewees generally viewed all barriers to communication to be less serious problems. The accounting and business interviewees did have similar views on the manner in which the barriers relate to one another. On the other hand, recruiters were less concerned with prejudice or bias and lack of feedback and more concerned with lack of credibility and lack of interest than were the interviewees.
A study of grain boundary translational states in a Σ3[110]/(111) bicrystal

High-resolution electron microscopy images of a 27311"10)/(II1) bicrystal produced by heavy cold rolling and annealing show a multiplicity of grain boundary core structures. Two grain boundary states are separated by a partial grain boundary dislocation with Burgers vector b = 1/2 b~ (where b I = 1/6(112) is the Burgers vector of a secondary dislocation). This implies a change in translational state. All other structures are related through continuous transport of atoms from one grain to the other resulting in (IIl) grain boundary steps. Calculations of the energy associated with the observed structures indicate that the two perfect twin states t = 0 and 2bt are stable, while all other grain boundary translational states are metastable.
The effect of polymer additives on transition in pipe flow

Small amounts of long chain water soluble polymers have a marked effect on turbulent flow resulting in an appreciable reduction of turbulent friction. The maximum reduction in pipe flow resistance is obtained at such low concentrations that the density and viscosity are not altered appreciably. The minimum friction curve varies as Re−2/3 and appears to be the same for all effective additives tested. The transition process is affected by these additives. Quantitative results are presented showing a reduction in the intensity of the turbulent flashes and the fraction of the time the flow is turbulent at a given Reynolds number.
The puzzle of early retirement and permanent layoffs in Japanese labor markets

Abstract In Japan, especially for males in larger corporations, the fixed age for retirement from the primary firm is at a relatively young age. Initially and for many years the fixed age for retirement from the firm was age 55. It is now 60 years of age (Ministry of Labour, 1988b). In addition, layoffs when they are utilized involve the permanent separation of long-service employees. These two practices are at variance with patterns in the United States and Europe.
Computer Simulation and New Ways of Creating Matched-Guise Techniques

Matched-guise experiments have passed their 40th year as a powerful attitudinal research tool, and they are becoming more relevant and useful as technology is applied to language research. Combining the specificity of conversation analysis with the generalizability of social psychology research, technological innovations allow the measurement of attitudes in more realistic situations and allowed multiple language varieties to be studied with comparable stimuli. Innovations such as computer animation and voice-dubbing enable matched-guise experiments to be more efficient and to answer more complex research questions. Researchers have already taken this technique from its home in social psychology and applied it to variationist sociolinguistics, education, business, and medicine. This article describes two innovations that could further expand the use of matched-guise techniques, and presents a guide to the technique and relevance of the matched-guise experiment.
A polycistronic transcript in transformed cells encodes the dihydrofolate reductase of herpesvirus saimiri

Herpesvirus saimiri, an oncogenic gamma herpesvirus of primates, is the only eukaryotic virus that carries the entire metabolic gene set for a complex biochemical synthesis. Every element of the thymidine synthesis gene cascade is present in the virus, and their function is probably related to the uniquely high A + T content of the genome. Although one member of the gene set, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is mapped in a region required for oncogenesis, very little is known of the expression and function of this gene in transformed cells. We report the expression of the DHFR sequence on a novel, unique tricistronic transcript in virally transformed tumor cells. The DHFR sequence is the first open reading frame on a 5.3 kb minor transcript. Alpha-amanitine sensitivity indicates that it is an RNA polymerase II transcript, and since it is also polyadenylated it appears to be a functional, relatively unstable (half-life 3 hr) mRNA. Initiation of transcription uniquely overlaps with the HSUR3 small RNA gene. Expression of the small transcript appears to be alpha-amanitine resistant, implicating polymerase III transcription. Together with the remarkably low-level expression of HSUR3 in tumor cells, the data may indicate transcription interference between two different RNA polymerases, with unusual overlapping regulation and initiation.
Elastic fibers in the aortic valve spongiosa: A fresh perspective on its structure and role in overall tissue function

This study characterizes the elastic fiber structure within the aortic valve spongiosa, the middle layer of the tri-laminate leaflet. The layer is rich in glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, through which it resists compression and lubricates shear between the outer layers. Elastin in this layer forms a fine, interweaving structure, yet it is unclear how this particular structure, which uses elasticity to preload the leaflet, assists spongiosa function. In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize spongiosa elastin, as well as investigate regional differences in structure. IHC for elastin highlights an intermediate structure which varies in thickness and density between regions. In particular, the spongiosa elastin is thicker in the hinge and coaptation region than in the belly. SEM of NaOH-digested leaflets shows a rectilinear pattern of elastic fibers in the hinge and coaptation region, as opposed to a radially oriented stripe pattern in the belly. In conclusion, elastic fibers in the spongiosa connect the two outer layers and vary regionally in structure, while possibly playing a role in responding to regionally specific loading patterns.
The Effect of Accountability and Time Budgets on Auditors' Testing Strategies*

This study investigates the joint effects of accountability and time budgets on auditors' testing strategies. The task studied, substantive analytical procedures, requires auditors to identify and test hypotheses when investigating the cause of unexpected fluctuations. Thus, auditors must determine the number of tests to conduct (i.e., extent), the number of potential hypotheses to directly test (i.e., breadth), the number of tests for each hypothesis (i.e., depth) and the number of potential error or non-error hypotheses to test (i.e., focus). Testing strategies, which we define as choices made with respect to extent, focus, depth, and breadth of testing, have significant practical and theoretical implications. For example, reducing the breadth of testing may result in failure to test the correct hypothesis, potentially impairing audit effectiveness. In this study, auditors inherited five potential causes of an unexpected increase in the gross margin of a client. As in practice, their task was to conduct tests to investigate and identify the actual cause of the fluctuation. Auditors were randomly assigned to one of four conditions created by fully crossing accountability and time budgets. The results indicate that accountability leads to an increase in the extent and breadth of testing but does not affect the depth of testing. Further, accountability leads to an increase in the testing of errors but results in a decrease in the testing of non-errors. The focus on breadth and error testing is consistent with the notion that accountability, to a superior with unspecified preferences, promotes more cautious behavior. The results also show that a time budget decreases the extent and depth of testing but does not affect the breadth of testing. There was no evidence that the two factors interactively affected testing strategies or performance. Finally, increased breadth of testing was the mechanism that led to better performance as measured by the identification of the actual cause of the unexpected fluctuation.
Transport in two dimensions. I the self-diffusion coefficient

Abstract The Mori formalism is used to study generalized transport coefficients in two dimensions. All finite multilinear products of the single particle density and momentum density comprise the set of the variables in the calculation of the self-diffusion coefficient. A self-consistent equation, which is a non-linear integral equation, is obtained for the leading asymptotic behavior of the generalized self-diffusion coefficient. An asymptotic solution is presented which for small wavevector (k) and frequency (s) behaves like In 1 2 (s + k 2 D) −1 , where D has the dimensions of a diffusion coefficient. The mean square and mean fourth displacements of a tagged particle are also calculated. The long time behavior of the momentum correlation function exhibits a tail of the form [t In 1 2 (t)] −1 whose coefficient is dependent of the intermolecular potential.
The development of a standard method for rapid ecdysis of infective Haemonchus contortus cayugensis larvae

Infective Haemonchus contortus cayugensis larvae were rapidly exsheathed (20 min) using 0·02 m -Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10H 2 O, a gas mixture of 40 % CO 2 –60 % N 2 , and subsequent aeration with compressed air as reported previously. Several variables in this system were examined. The optimum concentration of sodium tetraborate was found to be 0·02 m . The exsheathment rate decreased with increasing molarities of the salt over the range 0·02–0·08 m . Exsheathment rates were low when the larvae received the full stimulus to exsheath for only 5 and 10 min before aeration. The larvae required at least 15 min of the full stimulus before aeration to ensure high exsheathment rates. The rapid method of ecdysis caused no abnormalities in or death of larvae, and all the larvae at the end of the incubation period were very motile and appeared normal. The exsheathment rate was consistently high as the larval concentration was increased from 2 ×10 3 to 2×10 6 /10 ml of 0·02 m -Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10H 2 O.
Flux-dependent growth kinetics and diameter selectivity in single-wall carbon nanotube arrays.

The nucleation and growth kinetics of single-wall carbon nanotubes in aligned arrays have been measured using fast pulses of acetylene and in situ optical diagnostics in conjunction with low pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Increasing the acetylene partial pressure is shown to decrease nucleation times by three orders of magnitude, permitting aligned nanotube arrays to nucleate and grow to micrometers lengths within single gas pulses at high (up to 7 μm/s) peak growth rates and short ∼0.5 s times. Low-frequency Raman scattering (>10 cm–1) and transmission electron microscopy measurements show that increasing the feedstock flux in both continuous- and pulsed-CVD shifts the product distribution to large single-wall carbon nanotube diameters >2.5 nm. Sufficiently high acetylene partial pressures in pulsed-CVD appear to temporarily terminate the growth of the fastest-growing, small-diameter nanotubes by overcoating the more catalytically active, smaller catalyst nanoparticles within the ensemble with...
The Working Alliance in Intervention for Partner Violence Perpetrators: Recent Research and Theory

The working alliance consists of therapist and client agreement on the goals and tasks of therapy, and the therapeutic bond. Measures of the working alliance, assessed during the course of therapy, have consistently predicted positive therapeutic change across various client populations and treatment approaches. This paper reviews recent research highlighting the importance of the working alliance with respect to treatment compliance and outcome in interventions for perpetrators of partner violence. The common promotion and use of confrontational intervention tactics in these interventions and the potentially negative impact of confrontational tactics on the working alliance is also discussed.
Finite canonical rewriting systems for congruences generated by concurrency relations

WhenC is a concurrency relation on alphabet Σ, then Σ*/=C is a free partially commutative monoid. Here we show that it is decidable in polynomial time whether or not there exists a finite canonical rewriting systemR on Σ such that the congruences ↔R* generated byR and =C induced byC coincide. Further, in case such a systemR exists, one such system can be determined in polynomial time.
Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts

An efficient system for genetic modification and large-scale cloning of cattle is of importance for agriculture, biotechnology, and human medicine. Here, actively dividing fetal fibroblasts were genetically modified with a marker gene, a clonal line was selected, and the cells were fused to enucleated mature oocytes. Out of 28 embryos transferred to 11 recipient cows, three healthy, identical, transgenic calves were generated. Furthermore, the life-span of near senescent fibroblasts could be extended by nuclear transfer, as indicated by population doublings in fibroblast lines derived from a 40-day-old fetal clone. With the ability to extend the life-span of these primary cultured cells, this system would be useful for inducing complex genetic modifications in cattle.
Automatic grid generation of complex geometries in Cartesian co‐ordinates

A method of automatic grid generation for complex boundaries in Cartesian co-ordinates is proposed in this paper. In addition to the Cartesian grid lines the diagonal segments are used for the approximations of complex geometries in Cartesian co-ordinates. A structured Cartesian grid is employed for the sake of the numerical simplicity and the potential of automatic grid generation. The automatic grid generation is achieved by this diagonal Cartesian method and the accuracy estimations of geometry approximations are given. The approximations of a few complex geometries, such as the multibody system in porous media, lake banks, grooved channels and spheres are shown and analyzed. The proposed method is verified by the numerical solutions of a rotated cavity flow. It is shown that the diagonal Cartesian method improves both the accuracy of geometry approximations and the numerical solution of a rotated cavity flow, comparing with the traditional saw-tooth method in which only Cartesian grid lines are utilized for geometry approximations. The stability and convergence of the proposed method is demonstrated. Finally, the application of the diagonal Cartesian method for the prediction of a grooved channel flow is presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compression of graphical structures

F. Brooks argues in [3] there is “no theory that gives us a metric for information embodied in structure” Shannon himself alluded to it fifty years earlier in his little known 1953 paper [14]. Indeed, in the past information theory dealt mostly with “conventional data,” be it textual data, image, or video data. However, databases of various sorts have come into existence in recent years for storing “unconventional data” including biological data, web data, topographical maps, and medical data. In compressing such data structures, one must consider two types of information: the information conveyed by the structure itself, and the information conveyed by the data labels implanted in the structure. In this paper, we attempt to address the former problem by studying information of graphical structures (i.e., unlabeled graphs). In particular, we consider the Erdos-Renyi graphs G(n; p) over n vertices in which edges are added randomly with probability p. We prove that the structural entropy of G(n; p) is ( 2 nh(p) − log n! + o(1) = ( 2 nh(p) − n log n + O(n); where h(p) = −p log p − (1 − p) log(1 − p) is the entropy rate of a conventional memoryless binary source. Then, we design a two-stage encoding that optimally compresses unlabeled graphs up to the first two leading terms of the structural entropy.
Hyperplastic mesothelial cells in lymph nodes: Report of six cases of a benign process that can simulate metastatic involvement by mesothelioma or carcinoma

We report six cases of hyperplastic mesothelial cells located in the sinuses of lymph nodes. All patients but one had a concurrent serosal fluid collection (two pericardial, two pleural, one abdominal) at the time of the lymph node biopsy. All effusions cleared with treatment of the underlying disorder, which included lymphoproliferative processes, congestive heart failure, and inflammatory diseases (Dressler syndrome, vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis). Four cases were associated with vascular prominence of the involved nodal sinuses, a feature that may reflect the cause of the underlying effusion or support the transient persistence of benign mesothelial cells in lymph nodes. Two cases were characterized by distention of the nodal sinuses by sheets of mitotically active mesothelial cells. The differential diagnosis includes metastatic carcinoma, keratin-positive dendritic cells native to lymph nodes, and metastatic malignant mesothelioma. Because the latter shares both clinical and morphological features with cases of benign mesothelial cells in lymph nodes, we believe that this distinction may not always be possible in a given biopsy specimen and therefore that careful clinical follow-up is required in such cases.
The effect of varying percentage of positive and negative instances and instructions on conjunctive and disjunctive learning

Conjunctive and disjunctive problems were compared, using two differen t stimulus lists. The results indicated that both conjunctive and disjunctive problems were solved significantly faster when the percentages of positive and negative instances were equal rather than when the naturally occurring percentages of positive and negative instances were used. Two sets of instructions were also compared. Typical concept-learning instructions led to significantly better performance on both problems than did instructions in which S was told that some of the patterns would be “yeses” and some would be “nos.” The three-way interaction between Rule, Instructions, and Percentage of Positive and Negative Instances was also significant. This interaction was due to the lack of difference between the conjunctive and disjunctive problems in the unequal, yes-no condition. In all other conditions, the conjunctive problem was significantly easier than the disjunctive problem.
Kinetics of elementary steps in the reaction of atomic bromine with 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene under atmospheric conditions

We have employed the laser flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence technique to investigate the gas-phase kinetics of elementary steps in the Br-initiated oxidation of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (TME) under atmospheric conditions. At T⩾ 274 K, measured rate coefficients are independent of pressure suggesting hydrogen abstraction as the dominant pathway. The following Arrhenius expression adequately describes all kinetic data at 274 K ⩽T⩽ 420 K: k1a(T) = (3.84 ± 0.84) × 10− 11 exp[(−169 ± 61)/T] cm3 molecule−1s−1 (uncertainties are 2σ, precision only). At 203 K ⩽T⩽ 241 K, kinetic evidence for reversible addition, Br + TME Br−TME (k1b, k−1b), is observed. Analysis of the approach to equilibrium data allows evaluation of the rate coefficients k1b and k−1b. At atmospheric pressure addition of Br to TME occurs at a near gas kinetic rate. Equilibrium constants are obtained from k1b/k−1b. Combining the experimental results with electronic structure calculations allows third-law analyses of the equilibrium data. The following thermochemical parameters for the addition reaction (1b) at 0 and 298 K are obtained (standard state = 1 atm): ΔrH0= −47.1 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1, ΔrH298=−47.3 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1, and ΔrS298=−101.5 ± 10.0 J mol−1 K−1. Examination of the effect of added O2 on Br atom kinetics under conditions where reversible adduct formation is observed allows determination of the rate coefficient for the Br–TME + O2 reaction (k2). At 223 K, we find that k2 increases from 3.9 to 5.5 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1s−1 as pressure increases from 25 to 200 Torr. Our results suggest that under most atmospheric conditions the Br–TME reaction with O2 occurs more rapidly than the Br–TME unimolecular decomposition. Hence, the fast addition reaction appears to control the rate of TME loss by reaction with Br in the atmosphere. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 13–26, 2012
Darwin as a social evolutionist.

The question of Darwin's views on social evolution has long been a controversial one. At one extreme, writers like the anthropologist Marvin Harris have represented Darwin as a Spencerian in his general outlook, accusing him of "biological Spencerism" or racial determinism. To these writers Darwin was a powerful exponent, though not the originator, of "social Darwinism" the belief that competitive struggle between individuals, tribes, nations, and races has been the chief engine of progress in social evolution. Authors of this persuasion have not hesitated to call Darwin a "racist."' At the other end of the spectrum, writers like the Australian anthropologist Derek Freeman have insisted that Darwin had nothing to do with "social Darwinism" and that his views on biological and social evolution were entirely different from those of Herbert Spencer, whose speculative methods he distrusted. Darwin, Freeman would have us believe, was an "interactionist" who "recognized that human history had long since reached a phase in which learned behavioural adaptations had become 'much more' important than genetic variables in determining social change, while still attaching importance to the nature of the brain and body of man as these evolved, in earlier times, predominantly by means of natural selection."2 The fifteen commentaries on Freeman's essay published in the September 1974 issue of Current Anthropology illustrate the wide disparity of opinions prevailing on the subject of Darwin's concept of social evolution. Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson, Carl Bajema, John Blacking, U. M. Cowgill, Santiago Genov&s, Michael Ghiselin, Neven P. Lamb, and Johannes Raum support Freeman's position with few qualifications. Marvin Harris defends his own position against Freeman's attack. Charles Gillispie, John Greene, Robert Carneiro, Daniel Heyduk, and Kinji Imanishi take