cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Submarine Escape: Side, Tube, and Top Egress with Alternative Escape Appliances and Team Sizes

Egress capability with the British Mark VII Submarine Escape Immersion Suit (SEIS) and the Steinke Hood was evaluated for one-, two-, and three-man teams from side-, tube-, and top-egress escape trunks. Top egress was considerably more rapid than either tube or side egress; tube egress was superior to side egress. Egress time increased linearly as a function of team size for both escape appliances. For tube and side egress, escape with the Steinke Hood was more rapid than with the SEIS; the SEIS was superior for top egress. Escape position of a subject within a team had no effect on egress time. When compared to side and tube egress, top egress results in a substantial reduction of total bottom time.
Economic Foundations of the Current Regulatory Reform Efforts

raditional economic regulation focused on issues such as antitrust and setting prices for public utilities. But in the last few decades, the emerging role of environmental and risk regulation has transformed the role of reg- ulation in the American economy. Rough estimates of the economic costs of gov- ernment regulations exceed $500 billion (Hopkins, 1992). This total can be divided up in various ways. More than half the cost is attributable to paperwork require- ments arising out of regulation, but there is also more than $200 billion in direct costs of regulation, including costs to business. More than half of this amount is due to environmental regulation, and much of the remainder is attributable to various forms of risk regulation. About $100 billion involves government transfers, such as the effects of the minimum wage, while the rest involves costs paid by businesses. Regulatory benefits reduce the net burden of these efforts on society, but there are no good estimates of the total of regulatory benefits. Regulatory interventions often have a sound economic foundation. Many econ- omists would agree that markets have a difficult time spontaneously organizing to address all forms of environmental pollution and that consumers are unable to assess the risks associated with, say, prescription drugs. However, the existence of a rationale for some sort of government intervention in no way eliminates the need for obtaining the greatest benefit to society that can be derived from these regu- latory expenditures. During 1995 and 1996, the 104th Congress has considered a flurry of bills intended to foster more cost-effective regulatory policies by imposing greater
Automated optimization of JPEG 2000 encoder options based on model observer performance for detecting variable signals in X-ray coronary angiograms

Image compression is indispensable in medical applications where inherently large volumes of digitized images are presented. JPEG 2000 has recently been proposed as a new image compression standard. The present recommendations on the choice of JPEG 2000 encoder options were based on nontask-based metrics of image quality applied to nonmedical images. We used the performance of a model observer [nonprewhitening matched filter with an eye filter (NPWE)] in a visual detection task of varying signals [signal known exactly but variable (SKEV)] in X-ray coronary angiograms to optimize JPEG 2000 encoder options through a genetic algorithm procedure. We also obtained the performance of other model observers (Hotelling, Laguerre-Gauss Hotelling, channelized-Hotelling) and human observers to evaluate the validity of the NPWE optimized JPEG 2000 encoder settings. Compared to the default JPEG 2000 encoder settings, the NPWE-optimized encoder settings improved the detection performance of humans and the other three model observers for an SKEV task. In addition, the performance also was improved for a more clinically realistic task where the signal varied from image to image but was not known a priori to observers [signal known statistically (SKS)]. The highest performance improvement for humans was at a high compression ratio (e.g., 30:1) which resulted in approximately a 75% improvement for both the SKEV and SKS tasks.
In vivo quantitative imaging of photoassimilate transport dynamics and allocation in large plants using a commercial positron emission tomography (PET) scanner

Although important aspects of whole-plant carbon allocation in crop plants (e.g., to grain) occur late in development when the plants are large, techniques to study carbon transport and allocation processes have not been adapted for large plants. Positron emission tomography (PET), developed for dynamic imaging in medicine, has been applied in plant studies to measure the transport and allocation patterns of carbohydrates, nutrients, and phytohormones labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes. However, the cost of PET and its limitation to smaller plants has restricted its use in plant biology. Here we describe the adaptation and optimization of a commercial clinical PET scanner to measure transport dynamics and allocation patterns of 11C-photoassimilates in large crops. Based on measurements of a phantom, we optimized instrument settings, including use of 3-D mode and attenuation correction to maximize the accuracy of measurements. To demonstrate the utility of PET, we measured 11C-photoassimilate transport and allocation in Sorghum bicolor, an important staple crop, at vegetative and reproductive stages (40 and 70 days after planting; DAP). The 11C-photoassimilate transport speed did not change over the two developmental stages. However, within a stem, transport speeds were reduced across nodes, likely due to higher 11C-photoassimilate unloading in the nodes. Photosynthesis in leaves and the amount of 11C that was exported to the rest of the plant decreased as plants matured. In young plants, exported 11C was allocated mostly (88 %) to the roots and stem, but in flowering plants (70 DAP) the majority of the exported 11C (64 %) was allocated to the apex. Our results show that commercial PET scanners can be used reliably to measure whole-plant C-allocation in large plants nondestructively including, importantly, allocation to roots in soil. This capability revealed extreme changes in carbon allocation in sorghum plants, as they advanced to maturity. Further, our results suggest that nodes may be important control points for photoassimilate distribution in crops of the family Poaceae. Quantifying real-time carbon allocation and photoassimilate transport dynamics, as demonstrated here, will be important for functional genomic studies to unravel the mechanisms controlling phloem transport in large crop plants, which will provide crucial insights for improving yields.
Early comparison and decision strategies for datapaths that recover from transient faults

Rollback and retry is a common approach used to achieve error recovery in datapaths that tolerate transient faults. In this approach, each segment of a computation is duplicated and the results are compared using fault-tolerant comparators. If the compared values are unequal, the segment is rolled back to the preceding correct state (rollback point) and retried from that state. We introduce early comparison and rollback strategies for use in such datapaths. These strategies utilize comparators during the computational portion of the segment and can initiate a rollback before the segment is completed. We illustrate through examples how these strategies can reduce hardware costs (number of comparators needed) and the delay in recovering from a transient fault compared to conventional strategies.
A process-based diagnostic approach to model evaluation: Application to the NWS distributed hydrologic model

Received 29 November 2007; revised 12 May 2008; accepted 23 May 2008; published 11 September 2008. [1] Distributed hydrological models have the potential to provide improved streamflow forecasts along the entire channel network, while also simulating the spatial dynamics of evapotranspiration, soil moisture content, water quality, soil erosion, and land use change impacts. However, they are perceived as being difficult to parameterize and evaluate, thus translating into significant predictive uncertainty in the model results. Although a priori parameter estimates derived from observable watershed characteristics can help to minimize obstacles to model implementation, there exists a need for powerful automated parameter estimation strategies that incorporate diagnostic information regarding the causes of poor model performance. This paper investigates a diagnostic approach to model evaluation that exploits hydrological context and theory to aid in the detection and resolution of watershed model inadequacies, through consideration of three of the four major behavioral functions of any watershed system; overall water balance, vertical redistribution, and temporal redistribution (spatial redistribution was not addressed). Instead of using classical statistical measures (such as mean squared error), we use multiple hydrologically relevant ‘‘signature measures’’ to quantify the performance of the model at the watershed outlet in ways that correspond to the functions mentioned above and therefore help to guide model improvements in a meaningful way. We apply the approach to the Hydrology Laboratory Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-DHM) of the National Weather Service and show that diagnostic evaluation has the potential to provide a powerful and intuitive basis for deriving consistent estimates of the parameters of watershed models. Citation: Yilmaz, K. K., H. V. Gupta, and T. Wagener (2008), A process-based diagnostic approach to model evaluation: Application to the NWS distributed hydrologic model, Water Resour. Res., 44, W09417, doi:10.1029/2007WR006716.
The Use, Misuse, and Abuse of Data

Coal transportation models are compared in terms of their capacity to accurately state transport costs, which are central to coal utilization. Two types of models are discussed briefly: (1) network the Bechtel--Stanford Research Institute and Manalytics Incorporated models); and (2) comparative-cost analysis of transport systems over specific routes and using different modes, such as unit train, slurry pipeline, barge, truck, or conveyor belt. The comparative-cost models require more reliable engineering and cost data. Cost comparisons are developed and a variety of problems, both economic and engineering, identified, with the suggestion that cooperation between the two disciplines is necessary for the problems to be solved.
Against Wind and Tide: The African American Struggle against the Colonization Movement

The African colonization movement remains a complex topic in nineteenth-century American history and Power-Greene’s contribution to the subject makes this fact abundantly clear. Unlike most studies...
A Note on the Sources of Portfolio Returns: Underlying Stock Returns and the Excess Growth Rate

A Note on the Sources of Portfolio Returns: Underlying Stock Returns and the Excess Growth Rate
European Corn Borer Trapping in North Carolina with Various Sex Pheromone Component Blends

Both the (Z) and the (E) pheromone strains of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) were found to occur sympatrically in North Carolina. Traps baited with a blend of 97%Z and 3%E 11-tetradecenyl acetate (11–14: Ac) caught significantly more male moths than did traps baited with a 4%Z:96%E blend. An intermediate number of males was caught in traps baited with blends of 50%Z:50%E or 35%Z:65%E 11–14:Ac. Correlations between the numbers of moths caught in traps baited with the different blends were not consistently significant. The sex pheromone baited traps were far less effective than a BL trap for monitoring seasonal activity of the European corn borer moth population.
First Findings of Cotton Leafworm Larvae in the United states, 1922 to 1963

Cotton leafworm, Alabama argillacea (Hubner), adults migrate into southern Texas from Central and South America every year. First findings of larvae were important because they indicated when population buildup and spread to other areas by subsequent generations might be expected. Dates of first findings of larvae in Texas from 1922 to 1963, locations where they were found, and persons who made the findings are presented.
Survey on the Knowledge,Attitude and Behavior to Schistosomiasia in 862 People

Objective To investigate the health education mode which can be accepted easily by people who live in schistosomiasis epidemic area.Methods 862 people in Gangxia village,Fuchi town,and Yangxin country of Hubei province were investigated by questionnaire on their knowledge and attitude to schistosomiasis prevention and behavior.Results 85% people investigated know schistosomiasis.The major ways which can be accepted for the health education on schistosomiasis are instruction in school and propaganda.Conclusion Pamphlets and audio visual are the most effective way of educating people on the prevention of transmitting schistosomiasis.
Nucleic acid and protein synthesis in epiphyseal plates of rachitic rats. An autoradiographic study.

The epiphyseal plates of normal rats, of rats made rachitic by a diet deficient in vitamin D, and of rachitic rats treated for six days with vitamin D2 were studied autoradiographically after administration of thymidine-3H, cytidine-3H, glycine-3H, and Na235SO4. The data obtained demonstrated that: 1. Thymidine-3H incorporation (indicating DNA synthesis) occurred chiefly in the proliferative zone and was only minimally affected by the rachitic state or during recovery with Vitamin-D therapy. In animals with florid rickets, a secondary zone of DNA synthesis was noted in the lowermost portion of the maturation zone. 2. Incorporation of cytidine-3H (indicating RNA synthesis), glycine-3H (indicating protein synthesis), and 35SO4– (indicating polysaccharide synthesis) was qualitatively unchanged in the proliferative zone of the rachitic animals but was profoundly altered in the maturation zone. A marked decrease in autoradiographic localization of the isotopes in this area indicated a virtual suspension of synthetic activities. With vitamin-D therapy, the isotopic labels were seen to increase rapidly on the epiphyseal side, the increase sweeping toward the metaphysis as the duration of treatment increased. This manifestation of healing is in direct contradistinction to the calcification and bone formation which begin in the metaphysis and move toward the epiphysis. 3. The relationship of these observations to alterations in intermediary metabolism and energy production were discussed.
Transitional cell carcinoma replacing the intrarenal pelvis of a solitary kidney.

AbstractA case of transitional cell carcinoma replacing the intrarenal pelvis in a solitary kidney, with treatment alternatives and management, is presented.
Production of immunogenic West Nile virus-like particles using a herpes simplex virus 1 recombinant vector

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that swept rapidly across North America in 1999, declined in prevalence, and then resurged in 2012. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent infection in the human population. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication-defective vaccine vectors induce a durable immunity characterized by strong antibody and CD8(+) T cell responses even in HSV-immune animals. In this study, a WNV protein expression cassette was optimized for virus-like particle (VLP) production in transfection studies, and the cassette was recombined into an HSV-1 d106-WNV virus vector, which produced extracellular VLPs, as confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Immunization of mice with the d106-WNV recombinant vector elicited a specific anti-WNV IgG response. This study highlights the flavivirus coding sequences needed for efficient assembly of virus-like particles. This information will facilitate generation of additional vaccine vectors against other flaviviruses including the recently emerged Zika virus.
GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF HUMAN BRAIN PROTEINS AND THEIR DIAGNOSIS IN LIVING PATIENTS

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 9M urea extracts of the human cortex allows reproducible identification of 260 polypeptides. Some of these have been identified. This technique allows the examination of most of the major human brain proteins for mutation associated with specific genetic diseases or for normal polymorphisms in the population. Mutations of brain specific proteins can potentially be identified by recombinant DNA techniques using peripheral blood DNA. The results obtained to date are discussed.
Management of Early Post-transplant Portal Vein Thrombosis: Results of Interventional Techniques Versus Surgical

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an uncommon complication of liver transplantation, occurring in less than 4 % of patients. PVT can be immediately life-threatening when it presents with signs and symptoms during the acute stage in the general population or early after liver transplantation. In transplant recipients, most cases present early, which results in a greater risk of loss of the liver graft. Despite substantial morbidity associated with PVT in liver transplant recipients, scant published literature exists to guide clinical management. Limited, small retrospective series address PVT in the general population, but the surgical or endovascular management of PVT in transplant recipients is rarely addressed. Anticoagulation is standard therapy in patients with native livers, but in the setting of early post-transplant PVT, this treatment as a sole option is usually insufficient given the tendency toward clinical progression and graft loss. No consensus exists regarding the appropriate application of surgical or endovascular revascularization, but endovascular therapies may avoid the risks of re-do operations in transplant patients.
4,6-Di­chloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione

The title compound, C8H3Cl2NO2, has a single, almost planar, mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit, with the non-H atoms having a mean deviation from planarity of 0.027 A. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form infinite C(4) chains along [100]. No π–π inter­actions were observed in the structure.
Empowering Questions Affect How People Construe Their Behavior: Why How You Ask Matters in Self-Attributions for Physical Exercise and Healthy Eating:

Subtle manipulations of wording can significantly affect behavior. We examine differences in how people respond to empowering questions (e.g., “What could you do to exercise more?”) compared with disempowering questions (e.g., “Why aren’t you exercising more?”). Responding to two different topics (exercise and eating behavior), participants in empowering question conditions offered more solutions in their responses, placed more responsibility on themselves rather than on external factors, were more optimistic, and referred more to the future. Participants in disempowering conditions gave more excuses, placed more responsibility on situational factors, were more pessimistic, and focused more on obstacles.
Near-exponential surface densities as hydrostatic, non-equilibrium profiles in galaxy discs

Apparent exponential surface density profiles are nearly universal in galaxy discs across Hubble types, over a wide mass range, and a diversity of gravitational potential forms. Several processes have been found to produce exponential profiles, including the actions of bars and spirals, and clump scattering, with star scattering a common theme in these. Based on reasonable physical constraints, such as minimal entropy gradients, we propose steady state distribution functions for disc stars, applicable over a range of gravitational potentials. The resulting surface density profiles are generally a power-law term times a Sersic-type exponential. Over a modest range of Sersic index values, these profiles are often indistinguishable from Type I exponentials, except at the innermost radii. However, in certain parameter ranges these steady states can appear as broken, Type II or III profiles. The corresponding velocity dispersion profiles are low order power-laws. A chemical potential associated with scattering can help understand the effects of long range scattering. The steady profiles are found to persist through constant velocity expansions or contractions in evolving discs. The proposed distributions and profiles are simple and solve the stellar hydrodynamic equations. They may be especially relevant to thick discs, which have settled to a steady form via scattering.
Progressive Decline of Lung Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Objective Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is associated with substantial morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but very little is known about its long-term progression. This study was undertaken to investigate the progression of pulmonary disease using a large single-center cohort of patients with RA-associated ILD. Methods Records of all patients with RA-associated ILD seen at Mayo Clinic between 1998 and 2014, with at least 4 weeks follow-up and at least 1 pulmonary function test, were identified and manually screened for study inclusion. Progression was defined as a diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) <40% predicted (or patients whose illness was too advanced to undergo screening) or a forced vital capacity (FVC) <50% predicted. Time to progression was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Of the 167 patients included in the study, 81 (49%) were female, with a mean ± SD age of 67 ± 10 years at diagnosis of ILD. Median follow-up time from diagnosis of ILD was 3.3 years (range 0.01–14.8). One-third of the patients required supplemental oxygen, 40% developed DLco <40% predicted, and 22% developed FVC <50% predicted within 5 years after ILD diagnosis. Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) versus nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) was a risk factor for DLco progression (hazard ratio 3.29 [95% confidence interval 1.28–8.41]). Lower DLco and FVC at baseline increased the risk for progression to DLco <40% predicted and FVC <50% predicted, and higher rates of change in the first 6 months also increased the risk of progression. Conclusion Progressive loss of pulmonary function is common in RA-associated ILD and is worse in patients with UIP than in those with NSIP. Predictors of progression in patients with RA-associated ILD may aid clinicians in identifying patients at highest risk for progression of ILD.
Regional energy budget control of the intertropical convergence zone and application to mid-Holocene rainfall

Shifts in the latitude of the intertropical convergence zone—a region of intense tropical rainfall—have often been explained through changes in the atmospheric energy budget, specifically through theories that tie rainfall to meridional energy fluxes. These quantitative theories can explain shifts in the zonal mean, but often have limited relevance for regional climate shifts, such as a period of enhanced precipitation over Saharan Africa during the mid-Holocene. Here we present a theory for regional tropical rainfall shifts that utilizes both zonal and meridional energy fluxes. We first identify a qualitative link between zonal and meridional energy fluxes and rainfall variations associated with the seasonal cycle and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. We then develop a quantitative theory based on these fluxes that relates atmospheric energy transport to tropical rainfall. When applied to the orbital configuration of the mid-Holocene, our theory predicts continental rainfall shifts over Africa and Southeast Asia that are consistent with complex model simulations. However, the predicted rainfall over the Sahara is not sufficient to sustain vegetation at a level seen in the palaeo-record, which instead requires an additional large energy source such as that due to reductions in Saharan surface albedo. We thus conclude that additional feedbacks, such as those involving changes in vegetation or soil type, are required to explain changes in rainfall over Africa during the mid-Holocene. Shifts in the latitude of the tropical rainfall band are constrained by meridional energy fluxes. Calculations show that combining zonal and meridional energy fluxes can explain past regional rainfall variations like the African Humid Period.
Digital Strategies and African LGBTI Organizing

African lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) organizing has become transnational in scope, partly due to the efforts of activists who use digital strategies to bring international attention to LGBTI human rights violations and to generate wider visibility for their plans. These digital strategies have succeeded in eliciting international concern about political homophobia and anti-LGBTI discrimination and violence. However, international interest in African LGBTI organizing has generated unwanted consequences for activist organizations; these consequences include anti-LGBTI backlash and draconian anti-gay legislation. In other cases, using digital strategies has put some LGBTI activist organizations in positions that allow them to marshal international influence and to pressure government officials to capitulate to their demands. Scholars have raised ethical questions about the transnational dimensions of African LGBTI movements’ digital strategies. By publicizing local LGBTI human rights abuses, activist campaigns contribute to the image that African nations are by and large homophobic, a cause for concern. In addition, when activists in the global North become involved in transnational campaigns that draw attention to discrimination and violence against LGBTI people in different African countries, there is a risk that Northern activists can hijack online petitions and campaigns for their own ends (Gunkel 2013). In this chapter, we discuss the merits of and drawbacks to African LGBTI activists’ use of digital strategies and analyse how mobile technologies and digital tactics can betray activists’ intentions. We use several case studies to explain the contours of LGBTI movements’ deployment of digital strategies in different African countries.
A Student-Centered Framework for Teaching Undergraduate Parasitology

Many biology subdisciplines are re-evaluating their undergraduate curriculum amid changing student attitudes towards education. However, a modern framework for undergraduate parasitology has yet to be formally outlined. We present a student-centered approach to teaching parasitology, which diminishes the power of the lectern and emphasizes the use of active learning techniques.
Fundamental Insights into Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Soybean Lipoxygenase from Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Free Energy Simulations

The proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase has served as a prototype for understanding hydrogen tunneling in enzymes. Herein this PCET reaction is studied with mixed quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy simulations. The free energy surfaces are computed as functions of the proton donor–acceptor (C–O) distance and the proton coordinate, and the potential of mean force is computed as a function of the C–O distance, inherently including anharmonicity. The simulation results are used to calculate the kinetic isotope effects for the wild-type enzyme (WT) and the L546A/L754A double mutant (DM), which have been measured experimentally to be ∼80 and ∼700, respectively. The PCET reaction is found to be exoergic for WT and slightly endoergic for the DM, and the equilibrium C–O distance for the reactant is found to be ∼0.2 A greater for the DM than for WT. The larger equilibrium distance for the DM, which is due mainly to less optimal substrate bindi...
Adaption from LWIR to visible wavebands of methods to describe the population of GEO belt debris

Prior efforts to characterize the number of GEO belt debris objects by statistically analyzing the distribution of debris as a function of size have relied on techniques unique to infrared measurements of the debris. Specifically the infrared measurement techniques permitted inference of the characteristic size of the debris. This report describes a method to adapt the previous techniques and measurements to visible wavebands. Results will be presented using data from a NASA optical, visible band survey of objects near the geosynchronous orbit, GEO belt. This survey used the University of Michigan's 0.6-m Curtis-Schmidt telescope, Michigan Orbital DEbris Survey Telescope (MODEST), located at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The system is equipped with a scanning CCD with a field of view of 1.6°×1.6°, and can detect objects smaller than 20 cm diameter at GEO.
Effects of Mycoestrogens on Female Reproduction

Zearalenone (ZEA) is produced by Fusarium species and a common contaminant in food. ZEA and its metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol, α- and β-zearalanol, and zearalanone, are mycoestrogens that can interfere with estrogen signaling. High levels of mycoestrogens reduced female fertility in farm animals and rodents, in which adverse effects of mycoestrogens on major events in female reproduction, including ovarian folliculogenesis, ovulation, ovarian steroidogenesis, fertilization, preimplantation embryo development and transport, embryo implantation, placentation, parturition, and lactation, have been reported in different experimental settings. Here, we review the in vivo effects of mycoestrogens on the main events in female reproduction.
The lanthanum-indium system

Abstract Differential thermal, X-ray diffraction and metallographic methods have been used to establish the lanthanum-indium phase diagram. Eutectic reactions occur at 742°C and 13.5 at.% In, at 1086°C and 54.0 at.% In, at 1120°C and 71.2 at.% In, and at 155°C and greater than 99.5 at.% In. A eutectoid reaction at 702°C and 8.1 at.% In develops as a result of indium additions for the 861°C γ-β transformation of lanthanum. The intermetallic compounds, La 3 In, La 2 In, and LaIn 2 , decompose peritectically at 816, 955, and 1153°C, respectively. Lain, La 3 In 5 , and Laln 3 melt congruently at 1125, 1185 and 1140°C, respectively. Another compound is believed to exist in the temperature range 905–1073°C between 50 and 60 at.% In. Crystallographic data are given for most of these compounds. The maximum solid solubility of In in β-La is 3.5 at.% In and that in γ-La is 10.2 at.% In. Thermodynamic analyses of the La-rich end of the LaIn system were made, and activities, activity coefficients and partial molal free energies were derived for liquid lanthanum and γ-La. These data verify the close similarity of the LaIn and PrTl systems for the liquid ⇄ γ-La (or β-Pr) transformation. But they also show that there is a significant difference for the γ-La (or β-Pr)⇄ β-La (or α-Pr) transformation which is not evident from a visual examination of the two diagrams. The existence of LaIn 2 with the CeCu 2 -type structure is discussed in view of the present understanding of the occurrence of this structure type.
The role and mechanisms of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and 2 (BMP-4 and BMP-2) in postnatal skeletal development

This paper is dedicated to Holger Kulessa who developed the BMP-4 floxed mouse model used in these studies.
THE FATIGUE LIFE OF INORGANIC BONE -- PMMA COMPOSITES

Presented in this paper are fatigue crack propagation characteristics of PMMA bone cement with addition of inorganic bone particles. It was found that crack extension rates decreased with increasing bone concentration. At the 30 percent bone level fatigue life was improved by approximately a factor of ten. In consideration of the molding characteristics of this composite, several different cement viscosities were used.
Mechanobiology throughout development

Abstract Morphogenesis is a physical process that integrates cellular behaviors and interactions with each other and the surrounding microenvironment, at multiple time and length scales, to generate structure that is intimately tied to tissue and organ function. The size, shape, and interactions of cells during development are influenced by both internal and external forces. In this chapter, we highlight some of the mechanical forces and mechanobiology that underlie the physical mechanisms that drive tissue and organ morphogenesis, such as neural tube morphogenesis, lung morphogenesis, and appendicular limb development. In addition, methods that have been developed to quantify and understand the intricate dance cells perform to build functional tissues are described.
Historical Study in the U.S.: Assessing the impact of Tuning within a professional disciplinary society

The U.S.-based American Historical Association (AHA), the largest – and most influential – professional organization for historians, was the first disciplinary society in the world to lead a Tuning project, launching its work in 2012. This essay analyzes a survey distributed to historians on campuses that have taken part in the AHA Tuning project. The purpose is to understand, after six years of work on the project, what practical difference Tuning has made for historians, students, courses, curricula, and departments. Survey data indicate that, under the disciplinary society’s guidance and encouragement, historians have created meaningful learning outcomes, implemented the objectives in courses and curricula, and begun work in the measurement of student learning. Not surprisingly, the project has faced limits and obstacles, particularly with leadership of the work, faculty buy-in, administrative support, follow-up assistance, enrollment concerns, student engagement, and outreach to stakeholders. However, after half a dozen years of activity, U.S. historians have made marked progress not only in articulating disciplinary learning outcomes (as have colleagues in other parts of the world) but also in implementing and assessing those objectives. While precise readings of “impact” remain elusive, a Tuning project under the direction of a disciplinary society has helped generate significant pedagogical, curricular, and cultural changes in the field of history.. Received : 03 April 2018 Accepted : 12 November 2018 Published online : 29 November 2018
Multimodal cell type correspondence by intersectional mFISH in intact tissues

Abstract Defining a complete set of cell types within the cortex requires reconciling disparate results achieved through diverging methodologies. To address this correspondence problem, multiple methodologies must be applied to the same cells across multiple single-cell experiments. Here we present a new approach applying spatial transcriptomics using multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization, (mFISH) to brain tissue previously interrogated through two photon optogenetic mapping of synaptic connectivity. This approach can resolve the anatomical, transcriptomic, connectomic, electrophysiological, and morphological characteristics of single cells within the mouse cortex.
Magnitude and Delay Approximation of 2-D IIR Filters

In this chapter, we will discuss a few methods that are available for the design of two-dimensional (2-D) IIR filters which approximate not only a specified magnitude response but also a constant group delay. The first three methods assume a certain structure for the desired transfer function that allows the computer-aided optimization procedure to assure stability of the 2-D filter. Optimization of a suitably defined performance index (objective function) is carried out such that the magnitude and group delay are approximated in either maximally flat, or equiripple sense but more often in the least squares sense. Depending on the performance index chosen and the optimization criteria, the complexity of computation can be very high; but irrespective of such choices, there is always the problem of choosing an optimal order for the desired filter. If only the magnitude is to be approximated and the specified response is piece-wise constant over finite regions like circular, or elliptic regions in the ω1 — ω2 plane, then these approximation techniques have to try different order for the filter and choose the ‘best’ design that meets the magnitude specifications. These three methods can be applied to the design of 1-D IIR filters as a special case of the 2-D IIR filter approximation problem. In turn, these methods can be viewed as extensions of the methods used for approximating the magnitude and group delay response of the 1-D IIR filters.
[Analysis of factors related to human soil-transmitted nematode infections in Chongqing City].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the related factors of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Chongqing City, so as to provide the basis for scientific prevention and treatment of the infections. METHODS From 2011 to 2015, the stool samples of residents of the surveillance sites in Chongqing City were collected every year, and the soil-transmitted nematode eggs were examined by the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (three smears for a single stool sample). The respondents were surveyed by questionnaires, and the factors affecting soil-transmitted nematode infections were identified. RESULTS The prevalence of human soil-transmitted nematode infections were 6.44%, 7.30%, 6.85%, 6.93% and 5.56% in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015, respectively. The more unclean drinking water and the lower frequency of washing hands after using the toilet were the risk factors for Ascaris lumbricoides infection. The more harmless toilets, the higher level of fertilizer application, the lower frequency of drinking raw water, and the lower frequency of food without washing were the protective factors for A. lumbricoides infection. CONCLUSIONS The local soil-transmitted nematode infections are at a low epidemic level in Chongqing City, and it is necessary to ad-here to the classified guidance, comprehensive prevention and further monitoring on the basis of health education, water and toilet improvement, and environmental sanitation improvement in order to consolidate the prevention and control achievements.
Accidental ethnographers: the Islamic State’s tribal engagement experiment

The disillusionment with U.S.-led counter insurgent efforts to gain a deeper understanding of social dynamics in countries with extensive tribal structures has led to a rejection of programs aimed ...
Applications of Sequential Methods in Multiple Hypothesis Testing

One of the main computational burdens in genome-wide statistical applications is the evaluation of large scale multiple hypothesis tests. Such tests are often implemented using replication-based methods, such as the permutation test or bootstrap procedure. While such methods are widely applicable, they place a practical limit on the computational complexity of the underlying test procedure. In such cases it would seem natural to apply sequential procedures. For example, suppose we observe the first ten replications of an upper-tailed statistic under a null distribution generated by random permutations, and of those ten, five exceed the observed value. It would seem reasonable to conclude that the P-value will not be small enough to be of interest, and further replications should not be needed.
Synthetic polymeric fibers

In this chapter we describe synthetic polymeric fibers, which saw tremendous advancement in the last half of the twentieth century. In fact, a reasonable case can be made that the so-called age of fibers began with the advent of synthetic fibers such as nylon, polyester, etc. in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Many companies such as DuPont, Monsanto, BASF, Hoechst, ICI, etc. contributed very heavily in this area. For a historical account of the scientific and technological progress made in this area, the reader is referred to a study of research and development activities at DuPont during the period of 1902–1980 (Hounshell and Smith, 1988). Most of these synthetic polymeric fibers such as polyester, nylon, etc. have very uniform and reproducible properties. They have a rather low elastic modulus, however, which restricts them mostly to the apparel or textile market. It was the research work aimed at making strong and stiff synthetic polymeric fibers for use as reinforcements in polymers, which started sometime in the late 1960s, that resulted in the commercial availability of strong and stiff fibers such as aramid and polyethylene. We describe below the processing, structure, and properties of some important synthetic polymeric fibers in some detail. The age of synthetic polymeric fibers A brief historical review of the work in the area of organic fibers will be helpful in placing things in perspective. We begin with the discovery of nylon, also known as polyamide (PA). Nylon was discovered and commercialized by DuPont in 1938 (Magat and Morrison, 1976). Wallace Carrothers of DuPont is generally regarded as the father of nylon. Nylon first penetrated the silk hosiery market just before the start of World War II. In fact, 1988 marked the 50th anniversary of the introduction of nylon silk stockings. Nylon is made by melt spinning. It is a very flexible, knittable, and durable fiber; all these attributes have made it one of the most important fibers for the textile industry. Nylon's reasonably high strength, good impact, and fatigue resistance also led to its use in the tire industry. It should be noted that the term nylon is a generic term that represents a group of similar materials, in the same vein as glass, steel, or carbon. Accordingly, we spell it without a capital letter.
Variation in pesticide use across crops in California agriculture: Economic and ecological drivers.

Pesticide use is a key component of efficient crop production, but is associated with a suite of costs. Understanding the main drivers of pesticide use will help us target research to develop effective alternatives. Although economic models predict, and empirical tests confirm, that the value of the crop being protected is an important determinant of between-crop variation in pesticide use, previous tests of this prediction have examined only modest numbers of crops and have not assessed the relative importance of crop value versus ecological determinants of pesticide use. Here we analyze variation in pesticide use across 93 crops grown in California, USA. We examine the joint roles of crop value and ecological determinants of pesticide use, including (i) the number of pest species associated with each crop; (ii) the distinction between annual vs. perennial crops; and (iii) the distinction between unprocessed vs. processed crops. As predicted, crop value was the dominant driver of the use of pesticides directed at arthropods and at plant pathogens, explaining 52.7% and 54.6% of total deviance, respectively. Ecological determinants of pesticide use were, however, also detected. Pesticide use was greater on crops that hosted a larger number of arthropod pest species (r = 0.32) or plant pathogen species (r = 0.29); for these pest groups, we saw no differences in pesticide use between annual vs. perennial crops, or processed vs. unprocessed crops. Perhaps surprisingly, crop value failed to explain the substantial between-crop variation in use of pesticides targeting weeds (1.7% of deviance explained, n.s.). Instead, an ecological factor, whether the crop was an annual versus a perennial plant, was the most important predictor of pesticide use against weeds, with more frequent applications on perennial crops. We conclude that both economic and ecological drivers influence the magnitude of potential crop losses, thereby shaping farmer pest control practices.
Genome Resources for Seven Fungal Isolates That Cause Dollar Spot Disease in Turfgrass, Including Clarireedia jacksonii and C. monteithiana.

Fungi in the genus Clarireedia are widespread and destructive pathogens of grasses worldwide, and are best known as the causal agents of dollar spot disease in turfgrass. Here, we report genome assemblies of seven Clarireedia isolates, including ex-types of the two most widespread species, Clarireedia jacksonii and C. monteithiana. These datasets provide a valuable resource for ongoing studies of the dollar spot pathogens that include population diversity, host–pathogen interactions, marker development, and disease control.
SERGIO: A Single-Cell Expression Simulator Guided by Gene Regulatory Networks.

Summary A common approach to benchmarking of single-cell transcriptomics tools is to generate synthetic datasets that statistically resemble experimental data. However, most existing single-cell simulators do not incorporate transcription factor-gene regulatory interactions that underlie expression dynamics. Here, we present SERGIO, a simulator of single-cell gene expression data that models the stochastic nature of transcription as well as regulation of genes by multiple transcription factors according to a user-provided gene regulatory network. SERGIO can simulate any number of cell types in steady state or cells differentiating to multiple fates. We show that datasets generated by SERGIO are statistically comparable to experimental data generated by Illumina HiSeq2000, Drop-seq, Illumina 10X chromium, and Smart-seq. We use SERGIO to benchmark several single-cell analysis tools, including GRN inference methods, and identify Tcf7, Gata3, and Bcl11b as key drivers of T cell differentiation by performing in silico knockout experiments. SERGIO is freely available for download here: https://github.com/PayamDiba/SERGIO .
American Psychiatric Association's Leadership Fellowship Program: Short-term and Longer-term Outcomes.

This study assessed the impact of a Leadership Fellowship, sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and APA Foundation, on the careers of psychiatry residents and examined the influence of gender and year of Fellowship completion. This 2-year program for residents offered multiple opportunities to interact with professional leaders at various levels. A retrospective online survey of alumni of the APA Leadership Fellowship, who had completed this Fellowship between 2003 and 2019, was conducted. Out of the 93 psychiatrists who were sent the survey, 59 alumni responded (60.8% response rate). Most respondents had remained involved with organized psychiatry groups and 80% held leadership positions. Respondents reported high levels of satisfaction with the APA Fellowship experience, noting the importance of peer networking. Overall, male and female respondents were similar in their subsequent leadership positions and satisfaction with the survey. Similarly, Fellows who completed the Fellowship in 2003–2015 had responses about the experience that were largely similar to those in the 2016–2019 cohort that had not yet completed their residency. A vast majority of alumni of the APA Leadership Fellowship had become leaders in their workplace or organized psychiatry groups. The leadership-focused career development programs for psychiatry trainees are important avenues to develop a diverse cohort of future leaders in psychiatry.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in the Older Athlete.

Context:Limited data are available to guide cardiovascular screening in adult or masters athletes (≥35 years old). This review provides recommendations and the rationale for the cardiovascular risk...
Mapping Texas: A Cartographic Journey, 1561–1860, by John S. Wilson, with Sierra M. Wilson and Rachel DeShong.: Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4813-1181-6. Pp. vii, 124, illus. US $39.95 (cloth).

This beautiful 12 by 14-inch (approx. 30 × 35 cm) cloth-bound book highlights forty-six maps from the Texas Collection of the Frances C. Poage Map Room at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. The over...