cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical reaction rates and entrainment within the Endeavour Ridge hydrothermal plume

The aging of the hydrothermal plume over the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge was estimated by measuring the222Rn3He ratio in the plume as it dispersed. Despite uncertainties in the source function of hydrothermal input, it wa determined that the relative sequence of removal from the plume isH2 > Δc >222Rn>CH4 ≫Mn, whereΔc is a measure of particle concentration and the mean life of222Rn is 5.5 days. H2 is removed from the plume within hours of input while Mn is not removed within the two-week timescale of the radon-helium clock. Entrainment of bottom water within the buoyant plume may introduce additional chemical signatures into the spreading effluent layer over that which would be introduced by hydrothermal discharge alone. This is particularly significant for those chemical species which are not greatly enriched in the vent fluids relative to bottom water concentration and which display a nutrient-like profile in the deep ocean. Thus we found that significant fractions of the Si and226Ra anomalies in the plume were not of hydrothermal origin but were derived from entrained bottom water which has a higher concentration of these elements than ambient water at plume height.
Reflections on Stan Hollander: the early MSU years and CHARM

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into Stanley Hollander's early academic career at Michigan State University (MSU) and his role in founding the Conference on Historical Analysis and Research in Marketing (CHARM).Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes personal reflections and historical narrative.Findings – Hollander was a unique and valued member of the faculty at MSU and was instrumental in directing and shaping the CHARM and related activities.Originality/value – This brief note complements other biographical material about Hollander by providing unique insights into his early academic career.
Electron microscopy of surface-crater defects on HgCdTe/CdZnTe(211)B epilayers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

Surface-void defects observed in Hg1−xCdxTe (x ∼ 0.2–0.4) alloys grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) have been investigated using scanning and high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy (HRTEM) as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM). These surface craters, which have been attributed to Hg-deficient growth conditions, were found to originate primarily within the HgCdTe epilayer, rather than at the CdZnTe substrate, and they were associated with the local development of polycrystalline morphology. High-resolution observations established the occurrence of finely spaced HgCdTe/Te intergrowths with semicoherent and incoherent grain boundaries, as well as small HgCdTe inclusions embedded within the Te grains. This study is the first time that high-resolution electron microscopy has been used to investigate this type of defect.
Three-dimensional nano electronics by dielectrophoretic assembly on a flexible substrate

In this paper, we demonstrate three-dimensional assembly of nanoscale materials, including single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Au nanoparticles on a flexible parylene-C substrate. The assembly technology combines top down fabrication (fabrication of the three-dimensional microplatform) and bottom up dielectrophoretic (DEP) assembly of different nanomaterials.
Multiple mechanisms of cytochrome P450-catalyzed substrate hydroxylations.

We have examined the 5-exo-hydroxylation of camphor by cytochrome P450 in [18O] water/buffer solution. In the NADHO2-dependent reaction of the reconstituted multienzyme system, no 18O-label is observed in the product alcohol. Similarly, in the m-chloroperbenzoic acid or cumene hydroperoxide supported reactions with ferric P450, solvent oxygen is not incorporated into hydroxycamphor. When the analagous reaction is carried out using iodosobenzene as the exogenous oxidant, however, the alcoholic oxygen of the product is derived entirely from the solvent. These results cannot be explained by equilibration of the iodosobenzene oxygen with solvent water before reacting with P450, and suggest a unique mechanism for iodosobenzene-supported P450 oxygenations. We propose two distinct mechanistic activities for cytochrome P450: a hydroxylase, and an oxene transferase, with the former encompassing the classic oxygenase as well as “peroxygenase” reactions.
Confronting the Challenges of Political Development Aid

Development Aid Confronts Politics: The Almost Revolution. By Thomas Carothers, Diane de Gramont. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013. 347 pp., $17.96 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-870-03400-8). If politics is about “who gets what, when and how” (Lasswell 1948), then it is perhaps surprising that the government agencies tasked with redistributing financial resources from the developed world to the developing world for so long denied and often today continue to deny the political nature of their work. In Development Aid Confronts Politics , Thomas Carothers and Diane de Gramont argue that development aid is inherently political, that the historical failure to recognize this has lessened the developmental effectiveness of foreign assistance, and that “going further on both political goals and methods is both necessary and possible” (p. 277). The book urges development practitioners to fight against “the temptation of the technical” (p. 3) and to stop “pretending to be apolitical” (p. 21); at the same time, it reveals—sometimes unintentionally—exactly how much more difficult a path this can be. The first half of the book is dedicated to describing the ways in which the development industry historically ignored politics in favor of presenting apparently technical solutions to the problems of poverty and slow economic growth, and how this began to change with the end of the Cold War. The original apolitical mentality was fueled both by “the strong American faith of [the post-War] years in technology as a solution to all social and economic problems” (p. 27) and also by the challenges of working in authoritarian contexts during the Cold War, where attempting to change political structures could be professionally suicidal if not downright personally dangerous. At the same time, the book's account of Cold …
0°measurements of momentum distributions of projectile-like fragments

The results of momentum distribution measurements at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for projectile-like fragments produced by several intermediate-energy beams and separated using the A1200 beam-analysis device are described. The most detailed measurements were performed for neutron-rich fragments from the reaction of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ (E/A=80 MeV) projectiles with $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ and $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ targets. The analysis of the centroids and widths of the parallel momentum distributions of the fragments indicated that no ``pure'' fragmentation occurs, but rather, along with fragmentation, direct stripping and/or pickup channels contribute significantly to the production mechanism, especially for fragments close in mass to the projectile. Apart from nucleon-removal products, nuclei with a net number of nucleons picked up from the target were observed with momentum distributions peaked at velocities considerably lower than that of the beam. These distributions are consistent with momentum conservation and the previously established feature of lower energy transfer reactions that the excitation energy is preferentially given to the nucleon acceptor.
Methylation of DNA in early development: 5-methyl cytosine content of DNA in sea urchin sperm and embryos

By separating formic acid hydrolysates with high pressure chromatography on an Aminex-10 column, we determined the ratio of 5-methyl cytosine to cytosine and other bases of DNA from sea urchin sperm and nuclei of embryos from early cleavage through pluteus stages. Contrary to several previous reports, we could not find any measurable changes in the methylation levels of embryonic nuclear DNAs at different stages of development. We also found no consistent differences between the methylation levels of sea urchin sperm and embryonic nuclei or the 5-methyl cytosine content of fish (Mugil cephalus) sperm and liver nuclei. While these measurements would not have detected subtle variations associated with differentiation, they would have indicated the gross changes previously reported for embryos or between sperm and somatic nuclei had those changes been present.
The prevention of cell division by anti-clotting agents

We have continued to interpret cell division in terms of the colloidal theory. This theory maintains that cell division is initiated by those substances which induce mitotic gelation and is prevented by those which inhibit this gelation, and that furthermore the mitotic gelation represents a type of clotting in many respects similar to the clotting of vertebrate blood. The bacterial polysaccharide of Shear, a substance which has a marked effect in causing regression of tumors, is a heparin or heparinlike substance. It prevents mitotic gelation and cell division in theChaetopterus egg. Dicoumarol has marked effects on protoplasmic viscosity, first causing enhanced gelation and then pronounced liquefaction. Its action on cell division is related to these effects. A synthetic vitamin K (2-methyl-1, 4 naphthoquinone) tends to liquefy and then markedly to clot the protoplasm of theChaetopterus egg. In very low concentrations it stops mitosis irreversibly.
Crystal structure of muconate lactonizing enzyme at 3 A resolution.

Abstract The crystal structure of muconate lactonizing enzyme has been solved at 3 A resolution, and an unambiguous alpha-carbon backbone chain trace made. The enzyme contains three domains; the central domain is a parallel-stranded alpha-beta barrel, which has previously been reported in six other enzymes, including triose phosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase. One novel feature of this enzyme is that its alpha-beta barrel has only seven parallel alpha-helices around the central core of eight parallel beta-strands; all other known alpha-beta barrels contain eight such helices. The N-terminal (alpha + beta) and C-terminal domains cover the cleft where the eighth helix would be. The active site of muconate lactonizing enzyme has been found by locating the manganese ion that is essential for catalytic activity, and by binding and locating an inhibitor, alpha-ketoglutarate. The active site lies in a cleft between the N-terminal and barrel domains; when the active sites of muconate lactonizing enzyme and triose phosphate isomerase are superimposed, barrel-strand 1 of triose phosphate isomerase is aligned with barrel-strand 3 of muconate lactonizing enzyme. This implies that structurally homologous active-site residues in the two enzymes are carried on different parts of the primary sequence; the ancestral gene would had to have been transposed during its evolution to the modern proteins, which seems unlikely. Therefore, these two enzymes may be related by convergent, rather than divergent, evolution.
Cooperative sensor localization with NLOS mitigation using semidefinite programming

Cooperative time-of-arrival-based sensor localization in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment is investigated. Cooperative sensor localization plays an important role in indoor networks where GPS is limited. However, indoor networks suffer from NLOS propagation which degrades localization accuracy significantly. In this paper, we assume that the estimator is able to discriminate NLOS connections from line-of-sight (LOS) connections. We introduce a novel semidefinite programming (SDP) approach for cooperative localization which exploits NLOS connections to enhance the accuracy of localization. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of the maximum likelihood estimator and previously considered algorithms. Computer simulations show the excellent performance of the proposed SDP approach.
Epidermal or dermal specific knockout of PHD-2 enhances wound healing and minimizes ischemic injury.

Introduction: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, part of the heterodimeric transcription factor that mediates the cellular response to hypoxia, is critical for the expression of multiple angiogenic growth factors, cell motility, and the recruitment of endo
Nitric oxide synthase type II expression by different cell types in MHV-JHM encephalitis suggests distinct roles for nitric oxide in acute versus persistent virus infection

Intranasal inoculation with mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM (MHV-JHM) results in acute meningoencephalitis. We found NOS II mRNA expression in brains of acutely infected animals on days 5 through 7 after infection. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated NOS II message and protein in infiltrating macrophages. Persistent infection with MHV-JHM results in chronic demyelinating encephalomyelitis. NOS II mRNA was detected in persistently infected spinal cords. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed expression of NOS II in astrocytes in and around demyelinated lesions. These results suggest the role of NO release in acute versus persistent infection with this virus, and its contribution to the resulting pathology, may be different.
Structural control at the organic–solid interface

The structure–function relationships of a series of bistable [2]rotaxane and [2]pseudorotaxane-based devices have been evaluated across different length scales. The switching characteristics of bistable [2]rotaxanes and self-assembled [2]pseudorotaxanes, which can be controlled chemically, electrochemically, or photochemically, enable them to function as prototypes of molecular machines. The switching processes are operative, not only in solution, but also in a wide variety of condensed phases. The universality of the switching mechanism demonstrates that these functional organic materials can be incorporated onto solid metallic and inorganic supports for device applications, despite the fact that interactions at the organic substrate interface can influence molecular structure and function. Through iterative design–analysis feedback loops that focus upon fine-tuning device performance, based on molecular structures and molecule-substrate interactions, the fabrication of functioning micro-actuators, nanovalves and light-harvesting devices has been achieved.
Processing and properties of glass bead particulate-filled functionally graded Nylon-11 composites produced by selective laser sintering

Abstract This article investigates the fabrication of functionally graded materials (FGMs) by selective laser sintering (SLS) of Nylon-11 composites filled with different volume fractions of glass beads (0–30%). The investigation involved a combination of experimental studies, theoretical modeling and numerical analysis. Optimal processing parameters for each composition were developed by design of experiments (DOE). These parameters were then compared with parameters predicted by numerical modeling. Specimens for tensile and compressive testing for each composition and for a 1D FGM composition were fabricated and tested. The experimentally measured tensile and compressive moduli were compared with moduli predicted by Halpin's theoretical model and were found to be in excellent agreement. The results showed that the tensile and compressive modulus increases while strain at break and strain at yield decreases as a function of glass bead volume fraction. A finite element model for the compressive properties of the 1D FGM specimen showed good agreement with experimentally measured values. Finally, to demonstrate the SLS-based FGM approach, two components exhibiting a one-dimensional functional gradient of particulate-filled polymer composites were fabricated.
Developing a Unified Professional Identity in Counseling: A Review of the Literature

The rationale behind establishing a strong professional identity in counseling includes increasing the likelihood of ethical performances, an advanced awareness of counseling roles, and, ultimately, a better chance for the profession to survive. Scholars have underscored the importance of developing a unified professional identity, but have yet to do so in a way that has generated widespread support. This article presents a review of the literature detailing efforts to define professional identity and its components.
Effects of neonatal and adult 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on random-interval behavior

Abstract Rats were given intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) or saline-ascorbate vehicle as neonates (3-days old) and as adults (49 and 51 days old). At 73 days of age, they were trained on a random interval 90-sec schedule of water reinforcement. The rats treated with 6-HDA as adults stabilized at response rates approximately twice those of vehicle-treated rats, while rats treated with 6-HDA as neonates showed response rates which were not significantly different from vehicle-treated rats. Both L-Dopa and apomorphine decreased response rates at all doses tested. There were no differences among the groups with respect to the effect of these drugs. Adult-treated rats showed greater response rate decreases following peripheral decarboxylase inhibition with Ro 4-4602. Catecholamine analyses revealed the rats treated with 6-HDA as neonates had greater depletions in the striatum and the remainder of telencephalon than adult-treated rats but an increase in brainstem norepinephrine. These findings suggest that age of treatment is an important determinant of the biochemical and behavioral effects of treatment with 6-HDA.
MANAGING THE RESOURCE CONSULTATION PROCESS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE JIREH GROUNDING RESPONSE

ABSTRACT The grounding of the 202-foot freight vessel JIREH, which occurred on June 21, 2012 on the Mona Island Natural Reserve in Puerto Rico, triggered a three month long response in what is argu...
Graceful Exits: Intersection of Aging, Transgender Identities, and the Family/Community

In a previous series of papers, this author investigated many of the challenges of growing old within the transgender population. Challenges with respect to violence, abuse, and hate crimes were examined as they related to institutional organizations such as the health care system, religious organizations, the military, and the legal system. Medical and general health care needs of transgender-identified elders were also addressed. However, within all of these articles, the central discussion has been around the needs of the transgender-identified elder. In this paper, I revisit the challenges of being an elder trans-person from the perspective of family members and community. I explore how they intersect with constructs of family as well as family relationships. I take on some of the normative aging processes discussed in these earlier papers and examine the overlap of transgender and aging with family/community. Examples are drawn from the author's field studies and surveys.
1C-gene array for toxic response using RNA isolated from HepG2 cells treated with anticancer drugs

The possibility of using microarray technology for mechanistic understanding of drug toxicity has opened up a new research field in Toxicology. In an attempt to build knowledge in the field, we have designed a 1C-gene array composed of 85 known human genes with toxicological interests and 15 control genes. HepG2 cells were treated with ethanol and two anticancer drugs, mitomycin C and doxorubicin. RNA were isolated and labeled by fluorescent dyes, then hybridized to the 1C-gene array. Our results showed that a number of cytochrome P450 genes, such as CYP4F2/3, CYP3A3, CYP24, and CYP51, were consistently responsive to the toxicant treatment. However, different genes response to different toxicants. For example, CYP24 and CYP51 were up regulated by the ethanol treatment but remained unresponsive to the other two drugs. The anticancer drugs, but not ethanol differentially regulated several other genes including CYP3A3, TNFRSF6 and CHES1, implying that the two drugs might function through a similar mechanism, which differs from that of ethanol. The reproducibility of our results suggests that microarray- based expression analysis may offer a rapid and efficient means of assessing drug toxicity.
Doubling down on PKC benefits allogeneic BMT

In this issue of Blood , using genetically deficient donor T cells or posttransplant pharmacologic inhibition, Haarberg et al have conclusively demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC)-θ and PKC-α each contribute to alloreactivity after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT).[1
Clinical aspects of chronic venous insufficiency

Abstract The clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency are reviewed. These include venous stasis, stasis dermatitis and venous ulceration. The pathophysiology of these manifestations is discussed in detail. The changes seen in chronic venous insufficiency result from interstitial microedema and successful treatment of these problems requires reduction of interstitial edema. Compression is the cornerstone of treatment for chronic venous insufficiency problems. When ulceration is present a compressive protocol of infection control, adequate debridement, moist dressings and protection of the area provides an effective adjunct to compression.
Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding the integrin α2 and α3 subunits from Xenopus laevis

Abstract Integrins containing the α2 and α3 subunits associate with the β1 subunit to form distinct receptors with partially overlapping adhesive specificities. We report the cloning and sequence of cDNAs that encode the Xenopus orthologues of integrins α2 and α3 and the expression of these subunits during embryogenesis. Integrin α2 and α3 mRNAs are first expressed in the dorsal mesoderm and developing notochord at gastrulation. We also show that α3 mRNAs are expressed in the entire marginal zone of gastrulae dorsalized with LiCl but that this localization is lost in embryos ventralized by ultraviolet light. Immunoblots reveal that the α3 protein is expressed throughout early development, however, the α2 protein is not detected until late tailbud stages. Injection of full-length α3 transcripts into the animal poles of fertilized eggs results in embryonic defects in paraxial mesoderm attributed to the failure of somites to form segments. Injection of the α3 transcripts into the vegetal pole and overexpression of a 5′-truncated α3 control construct have no apparent affect on development or somite formation. These data suggest that normal position-specific expression of integrins is important in maintaining the proper organization of tissues during early amphibian morphogenesis.
Turbulence induced beam spreading of higher order mode optical waves

It is well known that laser beams spread as they propagate through free space due to natural diffraction, and that there is additional spreading when optical waves propagate through atmospheric turbulence. Previous studies on Gaussian beams have mainly involved the lowest order mode (zero order). The study of higher order mode Gaussian beams has involved Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian beams for rectangular and cylindrical geometry, respectively. These studies have developed expressions for the field and intensity in free space, in addition to developing new definitions of beam size in the receiver plane for the higher order modes. We calculate the mean intensity of higher order mode Gaussian beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence, and, based on previously developed definitions for beam radius, we calculate the additional beam spreading due to random media. It is shown that higher order mode Gaussian beams experience less percentage of additional broadening due to atmospheric fluctuations than the zero-order mode beams.
Study of π π Scattering in the Isotopic-Spin-2 Channel

We have carried out a study of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ scattering using the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pp}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at an incident ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ momentum of 7 GeV/c. We have extracted the isotopic-spin-2 $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase shifts and elastic cross section using a modified Chew-Low extrapolation. We obtain a value of - 7.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the $s$-wave phase shift at the ${K}^{0}$ mass. Our measurements are in good agreement with current-algebra predictions.
Making Life Work in Crowded Places

The author of City: Urbanism and its End (2003) recounts his stint as Chief Administrative Officer of New Haven, Connecticut under that city’s first Black mayor and during one of its toughest fiscal crises. The piece seeks, first, to interpret the failure of Black political succession, which is increasingly evident in many American cities, and to chart the changing features of urban regimes such as New Haven’s. Among the regime changes to which the paper gives special attention are: (1) the decline and delocalization of business, (2) the shift of labor politics from private to public (and nonprofit) institutions, (3) the rising importance of well-capitalized nonprofits such as hospitals and universities, (4) the declining significance of political parties, and (5) the expanding importance of state government in local governance.
Independent auditors, bias, and political agency

Abstract This paper analyzes political agency with endogenous information collection and revelation by third-party auditors. While increasing incentives for auditors to provide information straightforwardly improves political control, a small amount of pro-incumbent bias can also be useful for maintaining high levels of control. When the equilibrium level of control is high, most investigations uncover positive information about the incumbent. Since positive information increases reelection rates, mildly pro-incumbent auditors are willing to work harder than unbiased auditors in these equilibria. For moderate levels of control, pro-incumbent auditors are again useful due to their extra effort, even though they may suppress some negative information in equilibrium. Only when market incentives are low, so equilibrium control is weak, are unbiased or anti-incumbent biased auditors better for voters than mildly pro-incumbent auditors.
Dropping Out in a Working Class High School: adolescent voices on the decision to leave

Abstract Although many high school drop‐outs share a history of academic failure and truancy behaviour, their underlying reasons for leaving school are far more complex, and involve a web of both personal and school‐related problems. Interviews with drop‐outs from a working class high school in the USA revealed how the school's response, or lack of response, to their problems compounds their difficulties and creates a tension over the source of blame for their failure. On the one hand, these adolescents criticised the school for its failings, but on the other hand, they attributed much of their failure to themselves. In resolving this issue of blame, these suburban white drop‐outs, in contrast to inner‐city minority youth, indicated that, ultimately, they themselves must be at fault for failing to conform to the expectations and demands of school. An explanation for this difference is offered by contrasting their lack of collective identity with the racial consciousness of African American drop‐outs.
Preparation and reactivity of the heterobimetallic ReIr face-shared bioctahedral compounds Cp*Ir(μ-Cl)3Re(CO)3 and Cp*Ir(μ-SC6H4Me-4)3Re(CO)3: X-ray diffraction structures and redox behavior

Abstract Thermolysis of the dinuclear compound [Cp*IrCl2]2 (1) with ClRe(CO)5 (2) leads to the formation of the confacial bioctahedral compound Cp*Ir(μ-Cl)3Re(CO)3 (3) in high yield. Whereas the substitution of the chloride ligands in 3 is observed on treatment with excess p-methylbenzenethiol to furnish the sulfido-bridged compound Cp*Ir(μ-SC6H4Me-4)3Re(CO)3 (4), 3 undergoes fragmentation upon reaction with tertiary phosphines [PPh3 and P(OMe)3] to furnish the mononuclear compounds Cp*IrCl2P and fac-ClRe(CO)3P2. Both 3 and 4 have been isolated and fully characterized in solution by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and their solid-state structures have been established by X-ray crystallography. The redox properties of 3 and 4 have been explored by cyclic voltammetry, and the results are discussed relative to extended Huckel MO calculations.
The management of expatriates: Implications for agribusiness

The global nature of modern agribusinesses has international implications for human resource management. This survey research addresses expatriate management policies along various dimensions of international human resource management: selection, culture, training, adjustment, and repatriation. All have implications for multinational firms. In conjunction with efficacious selection and training of executives, repatriation programs allow firms and expatriates to benefit from international assignments. Primary corporate benefits include reduced turnover among repatriates and higher rates of acceptance of overseas assignments. An expatriate profile of two multinationals illustrates the importance of global operational efficiency for international agribusinesses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Meeting Review: Extra-Nuclear Steroid Receptors: Integration with Multiple Signaling Pathways

The FASEB Summer Research Meeting entitled “Extra-Nuclear Steroid Receptors: Integration with Multiple Signaling Pathways,” was held from July 27 through August 1, 2008 in Carefree, Arizona. The meeting served as an excellent opportunity for scientists interested in both nuclear and extra-nuclear steroid signaling to exchange ideas in a relatively small, informal setting. The meeting began with a short talk by Richard Pietras (University of California at Los Angeles) on the history of extra-nuclear, or nongenomic, steroid signaling. His presentation covered work from the 1970s up to the present, and served as a wonderful introduction to the field. After Dr. Pietras, Margaret Shupnik (University of Virginia) presented the keynote lecture on the integration of membrane and nuclear receptor functionality. The talk focused on the role of membrane-initiated kinase cascades in regulating nuclear steroid receptor signaling, and introduced many important concepts that were addressed throughout the meeting.
A Comparison of Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall-Pressure Spectra

Turbulent boundary layer wall-pressure spectra from various experimental investigations and a recent numerical simulation are presented. The spectra are compared in nondimensional form with three commonly used scaling laws. Attenuations resulting from inadequate sensor spatial resolution are shown to be of primary importance at the higher frequencies. The dependence of the scaling laws on momentum thickness Reynolds number is discussed. The ratio of the outer to the inner boundary layer length scale is shown to provide insight into the observed trends in the spectra
Differences Over the Life Span in Daily Life-Style Regularity

A diary-based instrument-the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM)-was used to assess the level of stability of daily social and behavioral rhythms in a group of 239 healthy subjects (112 male, 127 female) ranging in age from 20 to 89 years. Each subject completed the instrument for two consecutive weeks, which were averaged to yield one measure (SRM score) of life-style regularity [range 0 (least regular) to 7 (most regular)] and another of activity level index (ALI), corresponding to the number of (diary listed) activities done per week (max. = 119). SRM score increased reliably with age group at an average rate of 0.018 units per year. ALI showed an "inverted U"-shaped function with a maximum at about 50 years. SRM changes appeared not to be related to demographic differences between the age groups, although ALI differences may have been so related. No main effects or interactions were found with gender. Life-style regularity appears to increase over the life span in response to both biological and psychosocial changes and may represent an adaptation to age-related changes in the circadian system's sensitivity to entraining agents. Regular behavioral rhythms may be conducive to continued good health and well-being.
An analysis of the role of fear in the kamin effect

Abstract In Experiment I 36 rats were given 20 food-rewarded trials in a straight alley runway and then two trials in which the S s were given shock in the goalbox. The amount of approach was then measured on the 21st trial which was conducted 5 min, 3 hr, or 48 hr after the fear-conditioning trials. It was found that the amount of approach was greatest at the 3-hr interval. Experiment II was identical except that no fear-conditioning trials were given. It was found that the amount of approach was the same at all three intervals.
Dietary reconstruction of Miocene Gomphotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Great Plains region, USA, based on the carbon isotope composition of tusk and molar enamel

Abstract The Miocene of the Great Plains of North America has long been recognized as an interval of major ecological reorganization. To reconstruct the dietary response of the proboscidean Gomphotherium to Miocene ecosystem change in the Great Plains, we analyzed the carbon isotope composition of 185 serial samples of tusk enamel from 17 individuals and bulk samples of posterior molars from 15 individuals of Gomphotherium from localities in the Great Plains ranging in age from the Early Barstovian land mammal age (ca. 15 Ma) to the Early Hemphillian land mammal age (ca. 8 Ma). Sets of samples from each tusk were designed to encompass about 1 year of tusk growth. Based on cheek tooth morphology, Gomphotherium is thought to be a browser with a diet primarily of dicots. The mean δ 13 C of all samples is −9.8±1.2‰, indicating that the diet of Gomphotherium was dominated by C 3 biomass. If Gomphotherium habitually foraged on water-stressed plants in arid habitats, which would have δ 13 C values higher than the average composition for C 3 and C 4 plants, then all but one individual in this study consumed less than 50% C 4 biomass. The maximum percentage of C 4 in the diet would be much lower if food plants had average δ 13 C values or if Gomphotherium foraged in closed-canopy habitats. Differences in δ 13 C values between specimens from the southwestern US and the Great Plains, as well as between some coeval specimens from Nebraska, suggest geographic differences in either diet or typical foraging habitat. The data do not indicate a trend toward inclusion of more C 4 vegetation in the diet of Gomphotherium during the Miocene, and none of the serially sampled tusks exhibit seasonally varying δ 13 C profiles. For most of its history in North America, Gomphotherium was a C 3 browser or a mixed feeder with a preference for browse. Our results indicate that areas of wooded habitat sufficient to support herds of large-bodied herbivores remained available in the Great Plains through the Late Miocene.
Synthesis of tritium‐labeled (+)loxistatin (E‐64d)

The enantioselective synthesis of tritium-labeled (+)loxistatin is described. N-Boc-[U-3H]L-leucine was the starting material for the threestep synthesis. Boc-leucine was amidated with isoamylamine. The Bocgroup was removed with 4N HCl in dioxane. Transesterification with ethyl p-nitrophenyl-L-trans-epoxysuccinate led to (+)loxistatin with a specific radioactivity of 4.4 mCi/mmole and a radiochemical purity of > 97%.
Testosterone in MPOA elicits behavioral but not neuroendocrine responses in ferrets

The amount of time male ferrets were engaged in neck gripping, mounting, and thrusting was quantified in 30-min tests with a receptive female before and after castration. Bilateral cannulae containing a total of approximately 2 mg testosterone propionate (TP) in cocoa butter were then stereotaxically aimed at the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Tests for sexual behavior were conducted on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 postimplantation. Ferrets were histologically categorized as either 1) Miss (implants not in MPOA), 2) Unilateral implant in MPOA, or 3) Bilateral implants in MPOA. The mean amount of time spent neck gripping, mounting, and thrusting increased significantly over castrate levels on postimplantation day 14 in the Bilateral group, but not in the Miss or Unilateral groups. In all groups, mean plasma testosterone concentrations were below or near the lower limit of detectability on the day before TP implantation and on postimplantation test days. In the same plasma samples, luteinizing hormone concentrations were within the normal range of castrated ferrets, and did not significantly decline after TP implantation. These results suggest that the MPOA is a neural site for androgen activation of certain components of reproductive behavior but not for negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion in male ferrets.
Recombination in the space-charge region of Schottky barrier solar cells

Abstract The expression for the recombination rate as a function of voltage, of illumination level, and of position in the space-charge region of the semiconductor is derived analytically. The recombination current density is derived by numerical integration of the above expression. The results show good agreement with experiment for the typical Au- n -type Si near-ideal Schottky barrier solar cells, and the comparison provides information on the uncovering of deep recombination centers by the hole quasi-Fermi level under increasing illumination. It is found that the principal effect of recombination under illumination is the reduction of the photocurrent. A rather surprising but gratifying result is that, once the above effect is taken into account by using short-circuit currents rather than photocurrents, the remaining (voltage dependent) effect of recombination is extremely close to the one in the dark, provided the increase in “uncovered” recombination centers with illumination is taken into account.
Prolactin and human breast cancer.

Hormones and their effects on neoplastic and other tissues have long been a major research interest of my professor, Doctor Zollinger. I suppose it is only natural that my stu.dies of malignant disease would lead to an investigation of the effects of prolactin on breast cancer. The discovery that Ldopa could suppress serum prolactin levels [1 ] and the implications from animal studies that the hormone prolactin plays an important role in the metabolism of breast cancer, at least in DMBA rats [2], prompted a clinical test of the effect of L-dopa on excruciating bone pain from metastatic breast cancer in two women who were serendipitously hospitalized in the same room [3]. One patient had no change in symptoms; the other became dramatically pain-free in several hours. It is interesting to note the previous responses to endocrine manipulation in these two women. The patient who did not respond to L-dopa was forty-six years of age and had had no response to oophorectomy or androgen therapy. The patient who did respond to L-dopa was thirty-seven years old; she had had a two year pain-free interval after oophorectomy and then a six month pain-free period with androgen therapy when the pain recurred after oophorectomy.
Purification and Properties of Phosphoglucomutase from Potato Tubers

SUMMARY— The level of phosphoglucomutase in potato tubers has been found to be about 400 times higher than previously reported. This enzyme has been purified 40-fold over the dialyzed crude extract by a procedure consisting of fractionation with ethanol and acetone, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, and filtration through Sephadex G-100. The potato enzyme is similar to phosphoglucomutases obtained from other sources, but most closely resembles the rabbit muscle enzyme. It requires Mg2+ and cysteine for activity, is activated by preincubation with Mg2+ and cysteine, possesses a molecular weight of 63,000, exhibits optimal activity at pH 7.6, and is inhibited by anions.
Effect of Heparin on the Inhibition of the Contact System Enzymes

1. One can accurately predict the contribution of each inhibitor to the total inactivation of an enzyme in plasma once its pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant and concentration are known. 2. Because the mechanism of augmentation of the inactivation rate of an enzyme by ATIII occurs via formation of an ATIII-heparin complex, the degree of potentiation can be predicted by knowing the binding capacity (sites per mole) of the heparin preparation and the concentration of heparin in the reaction (to calculate the concentration of the ATIII-heparin complex). 3. The augmentation by heparin of the inactivation rate of a particular enzyme by ATIII is dependent upon the presence of other enzymes with higher kassoc, since these would strongly compete for the ATIII-heparin complex. 4. In a plasma environment, using therapeutic levels of heparin, there is no augmentation of the inactivation rate of any of the contact enzymes.
The skidding of an elliptic plate on a wet surface

A viscous fluid separates a massed, sliding, free elliptic plate and a smooth bottom plate. Due to the weight, the gap width between the plates decreases. The increased viscous drag eventually stops the skidding. The Navier-Stokes equations are expanded in terms of a small squeeze number. It is found that the gap width decrease as (time)−1/2 and the maximum skidding distance depends on five nondimensional groups. An example shows it is easier for the elliptic plate to side longitudinally than laterally.
Role of c-Met in Cancer: Emphasis on Lung Cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. It is often diagnosed at late stages and is treated systemically with cytotoxic chemotherapy, which is generally ineffective. Research efforts have focused on developing therapies targeted to growth factor receptor pathways, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), but the results from clinical trials overall show very small improvements in survival. Research on signaling pathways dysregulated in lung cancer is ongoing, including investigation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) or c-Met. Protein tyrosine kinases, such as EGFR and c-Met, are a family of oncogenes that regulate important cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, cell cycle, motility, and apoptosis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a ligand for c-Met, is secreted by mesodermal cells during development. It produces multiple effects upon binding to its receptor (HGFR/c-Met) and regulates proliferation, motility, mitogenesis, and morphogenesis. Studies in cell lines isolated from various tumors show that several intracellular pathways participate in c-Met signaling, including growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma). c-Met is overexpressed in many tumors. However, overexpression may not be sufficient to cause increased activity; the receptor needs to be activated. In some cases, the kinases are constitutively active due to mutations in the gene. The cytoskeletal protein paxillin also appears to be activated along with c-Met. Correlative studies from patient tissue samples and cell lines have rendered the same information, indicating that the signaling pathways dysregulated are complex and interdependent. Mutations in human c-Met have been exogenously expressed in Caenorhabditis elegans, which can serve as a model for determining the role of gene mutations in a whole organism. Several inhibitors of c-Met/HGF binding are in development, including some in phase I trials. Their effectiveness in improving cancer outcomes will be determined in the near future.
The Distribution of Zorotypus hubbardi (Zoraptera)

The known range of Zorotypus hubbardi Caudell, originally thought restricted to subtropical areas, has been greatly expanded northward in recent years and now extends beyond the 41st parallel. Colonies, most of which probably overwinter in decaying sawdust piles, have been found throughout the deciduous forest region as far north as Iowa and Pennsylvania. Wind-borne, fertilized, alate females are regarded as responsible for the range extension of this species. New locality records and a distribution map are given, together with notes on the biology of Z. hubbardi .
Contraband and Private Property in the Age of Imperialism

A belligerent declaration of war binds all of its subjects, so that merchants of a belligerent state are forbidden from trading with the enemy. But when a neutral state declares neutrality, that act does not bind all subjects of the neutral state. Neutral merchants are free to trade with belligerents – even in contraband, at their own risk. This essay examines international negotiations over contraband during the first decade of the 1900s while highlighting, in particular, the contradiction between the wish to maintain belligerent rights to determine contraband and to capture it on the high seas and, at the same time, to uphold neutral rights of free trade, which meant protecting private property in trade, including contraband. This asymmetry of the rules of contraband demonstrated that war is not a relation exclusively between states and, as a consequence, some within the international community proposed making individuals subjects of international law or, as an alternative, making neutral states responsible for prohibiting their subjects from trading contraband.
The Fermilab Main Injector: high intensity operation and beam loss control

From 2005 through 2012, the Fermilab Main Injector provided intense beams of 120 GeV protons to produce neutrino beams and antiprotons. Hardware improvements in conjunction with improved diagnostics allowed the system to reach sustained operation at 400 kW beam power. Transmission was very high except for beam lost at or near the 8 GeV injection energy where 95% beam transmission results in about 1.5 kW of beam loss. By minimizing and localizing loss, residual radiation levels fell while beam power was doubled. Lost beam was directed to either the collimation system or to the beam abort. Critical apertures were increased while improved instrumentation allowed optimal use of available apertures. We will summarize the improvements required to achieve high intensity, the impact of various loss control tools and the status and trends in residual radiation in the Main Injector.
A METHOD FOR THE FRACTIONATION AND PURIFICATION OF SEA URCHIN SPERM

Procedures for fractionation and purification of sea urchin sperm subunits were studied. Fragmentation of cells was observed rather than fractionation of cell subunits when classic sonication or homogenization techniques were used. Calcium shock in alcohol solution which successfully removes Protozoa cilia was not effective in removing sperm flagella. Alcohol was found to induce cohesion among whole sperm rendering separation of isolated subunits by centrifugation impossible. Calcium shock without alcohol in the medium was not effective in achieving dissociation of sperm subunits. Successful fractionation of sperm subunits was achieved by application of a stepwise vortex-shearing action in a 0.22 micron filtered calcium-free medium. Analysis by Nomarski optics indicated little or no cellular fragmentation. Centrifugation with various discontinuous sucrose-sea water solutions proved to be a successful technique to purify the fractionated heads, midpieces, and tails. The procedures reported here can be used to obtain fractionated and purified sperm cell heads, midpieces, and tails. These procedures do not require enzyme, homogenization, or sonication treatment of the material.