cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Secure Interdependent Infrastructure Network Design

In this chapter, we adopt the established model of network-of-networks to design optimal secure interdependent IoT-enabled infrastructures. IoT networks are vulnerable to cyber attacks which result in link removals. We develop a heterogeneous IoT network design framework in which a network designer can add links to provide additional communication paths between two nodes or secure links against attacks by investing resources. We characterize the optimal design strategy and then develop a method to construct networks that satisfy design specifications. Finally, we provide case studies on the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) to illustrate the obtained results.
Fluorescence Imaging of Mitochondrial Redox State to Assess Diabetic Wounds

Background: Diabetes is known to cause delayed wound healing, and chronic non-healing lower extremity ulcers may end with lower limb amputations and mortalities. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide, it is critical to focus on underlying mechanisms of these debilitating wounds to find novel therapeutic strategies and thereby improve patient outcome. Methods: This study aims to design a label-free optical fluorescence imager that captures metabolic indices (NADH and FAD autofluorescence) and monitors the in vivo wound healing progress noninvasively. Furthermore, 3D optical cryo-imaging of the mitochondrial redox state was utilized to assess the volumetric redox state of the wound tissue. Results: The results from our in vivo fluorescence imager and the 3D cryo-imager quantify the differences between the redox state of wounds on diabetic mice in comparison with the control mice. These metabolic changes are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and higher oxidative stress in diabetic wounds. A significant correlation was observed between the redox state and the area of the wounds. Conclusion: The results suggest that our developed novel optical imaging system can successfully be used as an optical indicator of the complex wound healing process noninvasively.
Vertical Distribution of Microplastics in the Water Column and Surficial Sediment from the Milwaukee River Basin to Lake Michigan

Microplastic contamination was studied along a freshwater continuum from inland streams to the Milwaukee River estuary to Lake Michigan and vertically from the water surface, water subsurface, and sediment. Microplastics were detected in all 96 water samples and 9 sediment samples collected. Results indicated a gradient of polymer presence with depth: low-density particles decreased from the water surface to the subsurface to sediment, and high-density particles had the opposite result. Polymer identification results indicated that water surface and subsurface samples were dominated by low-density polypropylene particles, and sediment samples were dominated by more dense polyethylene terephthalate particles. Of the five particle-type categories (fragments, films, foams, pellets/beads, and fibers/lines), fibers/lines were the most common particle-type and were present in every water and sediment sample collected. Fibers represented 45% of all particles in water samples and were distributed vertically throughout the water column regardless of density. Sediment samples were dominated by black foams (66%, identified as styrene-butadiene rubber) and to a lesser extent fibers/lines (29%) with approximately 89% of all of the sediment particles coming from polymers with densities greater than 1.1 g cm-3. Results demonstrated that polymer density influenced partitioning between the water surface and subsurface and the underlying surficial sediment and the common practice of sampling only the water surface can result in substantial bias, especially in estuarine, harbor, and lake locations where water surface concentrations tend to overestimate mean water column concentrations.
Fernando Arenas (1963-2019)

The untimely death of Fernando Arenas on October 30, 2019 has left his partner, mother and brothers, who were by his side at the time, with much pain and an indescribable sense of loss. For his colleagues, his death is a major loss in Lusophone Studies, the field that he helped to forge with unrelenting conviction, generosity and kindness. As I share the outline of a memory that others will want to fill-in, I mourn a close friend and colleague of more than two decades without whom life in Minnesota will never be the same.
Improving spatial resolution of cavitation dose mapping for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy by combining ultrafast interframe cavitation image and passive acoustic mapping

Non-thermal ablation introduced by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been demonstrated for noninvasive ablation of tumors deep within the body that can be challenging to treat surgically. In order to efficiently ablate the tumor and minimize damage to surrounding tissues, a feedback control strategy, including spatiotemporal monitoring of cavitation intensity and location, is required to guide non-thermal ablation. Active cavitation mapping can spatially localize cavitation bubbles, while alternatively, passive cavitation mapping can quantify the intensity of cavitation events, however, there is no technique for simultaneously monitoring both location and intensity with high resolution. To address this challenge, we propose a new cavitation mapping strategy in which localization of cavitation is achieved by filtering ultrafast ultrasound images, and then these images are weighted with cavitation intensity measurements acquired simultaneously by passive cavitation mapping. Results of cavitation imaging experiments in tissue-mimicking phantoms indicate that the proposed approach can be used to spatiotemporally locate the cavitation introduced by HIFU in a phantom channel filled with microbubbles while simultaneously monitoring the cavitation intensity.
Power and International Relations: a temporal view:

International Relations scholars are certain about two facts: power is the defining concept of the discipline and there is no consensus about what that concept means. One explanation for this probl...
The Objectification and Blame of Sexually Diverse Women who are Revenge Porn Victims

Research informs that bisexual women face harsher sexual stereotypes than lesbian and straight women. We, therefore, explored the relationship between objectification and victim blame in cases of r...
PRP and Hair Transplants

Androgenic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss that affects the majority of men and women by age 60. Limited therapies exist to treat this common yet emotionally devastating condition. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a minimally invasive intervention with growing popularity, thought to work by modulating the natural hair growth cycle when injected into the scalp. Patients may look to surgical restoration via hair transplant when conservative measures fail or in conjunction with medical therapies to optimize results. Key factors in transplant success include etiology of hair loss, extent of hair loss or potential for progression, follicular donor density, and hair type. Utilization of PRP before, during, or after transplant may be a useful adjunct to bolster results. The most common method involves intradermal injections at site of transplant, while other trials have applied PRP topically to wound beds or used it as a holding solution for grafts pending placement. However, negative studies also exist that do not support its use. To date, there is no standardization of how or when to apply PRP during the hair transplant process. Additional studies may help determine the true effect of combining PRP with hair transplant.
Imaging and analysis of isomeric unsaturated lipids through online photochemical derivatization of C=C bonds

Unraveling the complexity of the lipidome requires the development of novel approaches for the structural characterization of lipid species with isomer-level discrimination. Herein, we introduce an online photochemical approach for lipid isomer identification through selective derivatization of double bonds by reaction with singlet oxygen. Lipid hydroperoxide products are generated promptly after laser irradiation. Fragmentation of these species in a mass spectrometer produces diagnostic fragments, which reveal the C=C locations in the unreacted lipids. This approach uses an inexpensive light source and photosensitizer making it easy to incorporate into any lipidomics workflow. We demonstrate the utility of this approach for the shotgun profiling of C=C locations in different lipid classes present in tissue extracts using electrospray ionization (ESI) and ambient imaging of lipid species differing only by the location of C=C bonds using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI).
The Flaky Accretions of Infrastructure: Sociotechnical Systems, Citizenship, and the Water Supply

The convergence of networked digital infrastructures and built environments have given rise to the "urban user", a conflation of "the user" and "the resident" or "the citizen". The urban user and the city infrastructures are mutually constituted phenomena formed through the interactions between them. In this research, we contribute an ethnographic study that focuses on the everyday interactions between the urban user and water infrastructures in Pune, India. Using Nikhil Anand's concept of "hydraulic citizenship" to analyze our ethnographic data, we showcase the mutually constitutive process of infrastructuring and subjectivization of the "citizen", bringing attention to the ad hoc, heterogeneously constituted water infrastructures in Pune that aspire to be "smart" even before becoming functional infrastructures. In doing so, we hope to expand possible research trajectories within smart city research agendas by decoupling it from Western assumptions and also by linking them to an interactional account of the everyday relationships among residents, infrastructures, and municipalities.
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a progressive disorder that affects children. It is initially characterized by intrahepatic cholestasis which worsens over time. It may present with jaundice in the first weeks of life, or may appear after several months. Byler’s disease, another term for one type of PFIC, was coined after an immigrant who brought the disorder to the USA. PFIC is a rare inherited disorder in which at least three subtypes have been identified, and called PFIC-1, PFIC-2, and PFIC-3. These three subtypes carry descriptive names which partially describe them: PFIC-1 is called familial intrahepatic cholestasis, PFIC-2 may be called bile salt export pump deficiency, and PFIC-3 is multidrug resistant-associated protein deficiency. A mild not as severe form of PFIC is called benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis.
Reconstitution of the 50S Subunit with In Vitro-Transcribed 23S rRNA: a New Tool for Studying Peptidyltransferase

RNA plays a critical role in all the steps of protein synthesis. The idea that the modern ribosome evolved from the original RNA-only protein-synthesizing machinery was so appealing, and made so much sense from the evolutionary standpoint, that it immediately found many proponents. The high degree of rRNA sequence conservation is usually perceived as an indication of the functional importance of the corresponding rRNA segment. Several nucleotide sequence segments of 23S rRNA, as well as a number of individual nucleotides, are invariant among all the studied organisms. Peptidyltransferase substrates, aminoacyl- and peptidyl-tRNAs, form tight contacts with rRNA, which has been demonstrated most clearly by crosslinking and footprinting experiments. By contrast, the omission of 5S rRNA during reconstitution of Thermus aquaticus 50S subunits with either natural or in vitro-transcribed 23S rRNA had a significantly more severe effect on the peptidyltransferase activity, which was reduced to the level of no more than 0.03% of that of native 50S subunits. The RNA component of the peptidyltransferase center is composed of RNA segments scattered in the 23S rRNA primary structure. While some rRNA sequences are brought together in the rRNA secondary structure, other elements are brought into proximity with the catalytic center in the tertiary structure of the 50S subunit.
Memory of a Broken Dimension: a study in a politics of skill for experimental art games

This paper outlines a political theory of digital games using conceptual resources drawn from the history of art. Beginning with a close reading of a single game—Memory of a Broken Dimension—the author develops his theoretical concerns through a contrast between Ian Bogost’s theory or procedural representation and a theoretical framework focused on the politics of skill acquisition process, embodied activities of information access and manipulation, and the historically determined forms of material objects. By revisiting key texts pertaining to minimalist sculpture—specifically those of art historian Michael Fried and artist Robert Morris—the author elucidates the connection between Memory of a Broken Dimension and the lager political stakes of his project.
Environmental Macroeconomics: Simple Stylized Frameworks for Short-Run Analysis

Environmental economics has mostly focused on micro issues pertaining to welfare and efficiency analysis. I develop a general framework to address short-run issues both for a closed economy and for an open one where emission permits are globally traded. Fiscal policy and emission permit issuance can both be used as short-run stabilization tools in a closed economy although the former is ineffective in a small open economy. In a large open economy, issuing emission permits in excess of international agreements remains an effective instrument, although it acts as a beggar-thy-neighbor policy, highlighting the crucial role of global monitoring on macroeconomic grounds. JEL Categories:
Characterization of the human A1 adenosine receptor gene. Evidence for alternative splicing.

Abstract To approach transcriptional and translational regulation of adenosine receptors, we have isolated cDNA and genomic clones of the human A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR). The cDNA, when inserted into the pCMV5 expression vector and transfected into COS-7 or CHO cells, leads to the expression of a functional A1AR that displayed all the appropriate pharmacologic properties. The human A1AR gene consists of at least six exons and five introns. A single intron interrupts the coding sequence, while the remaining introns are within the 5'-untranslated region. Comparison of our cDNA with one by Libert et al. (Libert, F., Van Sande, J., Lefort, A., Czernilofsky, A., Dumont, J. E., Vasart, G., Ensinger, H. A., and Mendla, K. D. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187, 919-926) reveals that exon 4 in the 5'-untranslated region was completely missing from their sequence. Study of mRNAs from a range of human tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using a variety of primers revealed clear evidence for alternative splicing. Transcripts containing exons 4, 5, and 6 were found in all tissues expressing A1AR, while a separate transcript with exons 3, 5, and 6 was seen only in selected tissues. No transcript contains both exons 3 and 4. No evidence for expression of exons 1 and 2 could be discerned. Exon 4 contains two AUG initiation codons with reasonable Kozak consensus, suggesting the possibility of translational regulation. Exon 3 contains no AUG initiation codons.
SPATIAL VARIATION OF INFLUENTS ON AVIAN DIVERSITY: A MULTIVARIATE APPROACH

Breeding bird censuses from 132 homogeneous sites representing a variety of habitats throughout North America are analyzed and a bird species diversity model based on environmental characteristics and sampling procedures is presented. Bivariate regression models relate the number of bird species detected in a site (NSPECIES) to plot size, latitude, and the number of bird pairs encountered during censusing. These models consistently overestimate NSPECIES in desert shrublands, grasslands, tundra, and scrub and underestimate NSPECIES in forested habitats, which indicates that the effects of the environmental and methodological variables on NSPECIES vary with respect to habitat. The expansion method of regression analysis is used to generate a multivariate model that accounts for this spatial variation in the influence of the independent variables on NSPECIES. With the exception of temperate wetlands, which have the third highest mean value for NSPECIES of nine habitat groups, forested sites and woodlands hav...
Static protection against single multicast resource failure

The multicast paradigm offers tremendous benefits in efficiency for transmitting data across optical networks, allowing a single client to send information to an entire set of endpoints. A multicast request is most efficiently provisioned through the creation of a tree, with the end points, or resources, occasionally serving as branching points. This practice can lead to the source of the request becoming disconnected from the associated resources should one of those branching resources fail. We propose an optimal solution through Integer Linear Programming (ILP) for the static protected multicast Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) problem, where an entire set of requests are provisioned with built-in redundancy against single resource node failure. We compare the optimal performance against several heuristics, and find that protection against this type of failure can be provided without excessive wavelength consumption.
What Makes Clear Polypropylene Discolor

Clarity is one of the major quality factors considered during the selection of plastic medical devices, and packaging; product quality is generally regarded as poor if medical product becomes yellow. Therefore, in order to improve the clarity of Polypropylene (PP)-based medical products, materials selection, and manufacturing processes must be considered simultaneously. Specifically, the selection of the right virgin PP, the correct stabilizer package, and proper processing conditions should be done carefully to ensure high quality, and cost-effective product. This chapter aims to provide an easy guideline for the selection of clear PP for medical applications by analyzing various factors affecting the color of Polypropylene. For virgin PP flakes, these include catalysts, and processing temperature. The factors to be considered for PP pellets include additives, and additive components; percentage of recycled resin; secondary antioxidants; processing temperature, and compression temperature, time, and pressure.
Pediatric Circumcision and Release of Phimosis

F' ew topics have generated as much controversy as pediatric circumcision. An estimated one-sixth of the world's population practices circumcision for religious, cultural, or social reasons. 1 Today it remains one of the most common surgical operations in the United States; approximately 70% of newborn males undergo circumcision, at an estimated cost of more than $150 million per year. 2 In contrast, European, Chinese, and South American parents rarely circumcise their newborn males) Indications for childhood circumcision have been influenced by parental preferences, presumptions about medical necessity and health benefits, physician bias, and societal norms. This procedure is performed by a variety of medical and religious practitioners, including obstetricians, neonatologists, pediatricians, family practitioners, urologists, and surgeons, as well as religious authorities. To ensure that the procedure is performed safely with good results, all those performing circumcision need to be well informed so as to be able to provide objective, nonbiased advice to parents and also to perform the procedure with minimal risk. This article reviews the indications, recommendations, contraindications, and details of the surgical technique for pediatric circumcision.
Hybrid dysgenesis and the P factor in Drosophila

Several seemingly unrelated phenomena-sterility, chromosome breakage, mutability, male recombination, and distorted segregation ratios-have been discovered independently by several investigators. They all have three striking properties: (1) The effects are confined to cells in the germ line; (2) they appear in hybrids between two strains, arbitrarily designated M and P; and (3) reciprocal matings differ, the effects appearing only when M females are mated to P males. The suggestion that these have a common etiology was first made by Kidwell, Kidwell, and Sved (1977), who also suggested that the syndrome be named "hybrid dysgenesis". This is now known to be caused by a transposable element, the P factor. The first suggestion that such an element is involved was made by Green (1977). I will discuss especially the research of my colleagues, William Engels, Christine Preston, and Michael Simmons, but I will mention work done by many others. The very rapid progress in understanding the P factor has been made possible by the friendly cooperation and exchange of materials among several laboratories. This report is necessarily abbreviated. For those who would like to know more there is a recent review (Engels 1983), which contains much additional information and many references.
137 New Thoughts, Old Problem: Lessons from Denervation and Phosphate Wasting in the Transplanted Kidney

NEW THOUGHTS, OLD PROBLEM: LESSONS FROM DENERVATION AND PHOSPHATE WASTING IN THE TRANSPLANTED KIDNEY Ali Kashkouli, Michael Zeigler, Robert Steiner UC San Diego Medical Center, Dept of Nephrology, San Diego, CA, USA While phosphate (PO4) homeostasis in CKD has attracted renewed interest, PO4 wasting has been observed for decades in kidney transplant (KT) populations, where hypotheses implicating only preexisting hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and recently FGF 23 have been unsatisfying. “Bench and bedside” observations suggest that persisting KT denervation may largely explain this enduring phenomenon. A normal kidney has a fractional excretion of catechols (FEC, epinephrine [E], and norepinephrine [NE]) of 300%, due to substantial contribution from renal nerves. FEC falls to 100% in KT’s reflecting excretion of only circulating catechols. (Ziegler et al (J. of HTN, 1990). In the longstanding KT’s from our own institution shown below, FEC, urinary E/Cr, and urinary NE/Cr are reduced by approximately 50%. Eplasma NEplasma UE/CR UNE/Cr FEE FENE C 88±11 pg/mL 516±91 pg/mL 32±3 μg/g 126±13 μg/gm 4.2±.5 3.4±.8
Influence of the site of stimulation on atrioventricular nodal refractory periods and the effect of verapamil

The refractory periods of the atrioventricular (AV) node appear dependent on the pattern of AV nodal input. In 21 superfused AV rabbit heart preparations stimulated from each of the 2 principal input regions, crista terminalis or atrial septum, the effect of changing the site of stimulation of the AV nodal refractoriness and the relative effect of verapamil on AV nodal refractoriness was determined. In 6 of 21 preparations the functional AV refractory curve became discontinuous only when stimulation was applied at the atrial septum and suggested dual AV nodal pathways (dual pathways group). In the 15 other preparations no interruption of the curve occurred with either crista terminalis or atrial septal stimulation (normal conduction group). In the normal conduction group, the difference in the effective refractory period of the AV node obtained by crista terminalis vs atrial septal stimulation was not significant (154 ± 25 vs 150 ± 28 ms). However, the functional refractory period was significantly longer with crista terminalis vs atrial septal stimulation (232 ± 19 vs 239 ± 19 ms, p < 0.001). After verapamil administration, the effective and functional refractory periods during crista terminalis vs atrial septal stimulation were prolonged to 270 ± 49 vs 285 ± 55 ms (p <0.01) and 335 ± 43 vs 351 ± 41 ms (p < 0.001), respectively. Thus, the difference in refractory periods associated with changing the stimulation site was exaggerated with verapamil. In the dual pathways group, dual atrionodal pathways and echo beats were observed in all 6 cases only when the atrial septum was stimulated. The ΔH1–H2 max (the maximal difference in H1–H2 interval resulting from crista terminalis vs atrial septal stimulation with the same coupling interval) was 57 ± 20 ms in this group. Thus, these studies demonstrate that elucidation of dual pathways, determination of AV nodal refractory periods and evaluation of interventions such as verapamil can be influenced by the site of input stimulation to the AV node.
Eine spektrophotometrische Bestimmungsmethode für saure und alkalische Phosphatasen

A rapid and very sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of the acid and alkaline phosphatases is given, using o-carboxyphenyl-phosphate as a substrate. This compound has been purified and characterized by its melting point and absorption spectra in aqueous solutions of different pH. Hydrolysis of the ester can be followed continuously by measuring the increase of extinction at 298 mm.
NONSTATISTICAL EFFECTS IN RADIATIVE NEUTRON CAPTURE.

In 1934, Fermi and collaborators [1] reported the results of their investigations of neutron interactions with nuclei; two years later N. Bohr [2] enunciated the statistical theory of the compound nucleus according to which the decay mode of the compound state is independent of its method of formation. A significant and important development in the theory of neutron capture was the complete mathematical formulation of the theory of channel and direct capture by Lane and Lynn [3] in 1959. This theory stimulated considerable experimental and theoretical effort in studying simple reaction mechanisms of neutron capture. Some of these simple processes, described in fig. 1, are: 1. The direct potential or hard sphere capture in which an incident s-wave neutron is scattered by the boundary of the nuclear surface into a low-lying p-state. In the process enhanced electric dipole radiation is emitted. The amplitude of the direct capture component can be experimentally determined through its interference with the amplitude of the compound nucleus component. 2. The channel capture of Lane and Lynn or valence neutron capture of Lynn [4]in which an incident neutron scattered via a resonance undergoes a transition to a low-lying final single-particle state. Specialized to p-wave capture, the important transitions are p → s and p → d. By considering the motion of a neutron in a potential well, Lynn [4] derived simple expressions for electric and magnetic partial radiative widths. In this derivation the core excited states are neglected in the radiative process, i.e., the valence neutrons are not coupled to the giant dipole resonance. Recently Lane [5] examined the justification for this assumption and advanced an interpretation that it is due to a compression effect at the neutron threshold. This effect arises because of the special properties of the wave function outside the nuclear surface.
Respiratory gating and 4-D tomotherapy

Helical tomotherapy is a new intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) delivery process developed at the University of Wisconsin and TomoTherapy Inc. Tomotherapy may be of advantage in lung cancer treatment due to its rotational delivery mode. As with conventional IMRT delivery, however, intrafraction respiratory motion during a tomotherapy treatment causes unnecessary radiation to the healthy tissue. Possible solutions to these problems associated with intrafraction motion have been studied in this thesis. A spirometer is useful for monitoring breathing because of its direct correlation with lung volume changes. However, its inherent drift prevents its application in long-term breathing monitoring. With calibration and stabilization algorithms, a spirometer is able to provide accurate, long-term lung volume change measurements. Such a spirometer system is most suited for deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) treatments. An improved laser-spirometer combined system has also been developed for target tracking in 4-D treatment. Spirometer signals are used to calibrate the displacement measurements into lung volume changes, thereby eliminating scaling errors from daily setup variations. The laser displacement signals may also be used to correct spirometer drifts during operation. A new 4-D treatment technique has been developed to account for intrafraction motion in treatment planning. The patient's breathing and the beam delivery aremore » synchronized, and the target motion/deformation is incorporated into treatment plan optimization. Results show that this new 4D treatment technique significantly reduces motion effects and provides improved patient tolerance.« less
Iterative solutions of the inverse problems of frequency sounding and electrical prospecting of layered media

The paper presents the iterative solutions of two coefficient inverse problems (CIPs) arising in frequency sounding and electrical prospecting. An iterative algorithm is constructed to obtain such solutions. Exploiting the Beilina–Klibanov approach to CIPs, this algorithm possesses the new iterative and refinement procedures. These features enhance significantly both the spatial and contrast resolutions of reconstructed coefficients. The computational effectiveness of the proposed numerical technique is demonstrated in computational experiments with two applied CIPs: electromagnetic or acoustic frequency sounding and electrical prospecting of layered media. The Slichter–Langer–Tikhonov formulation is exploited as a mathematical model of the latter.
Endangered Peoples of Southeast and East Asia: Struggles to Survive and Thrive

Series Foreword Preface Identities, Ecologies, Rights, and Futures: All Endangered by Leslie E. Sponsel The Ainu of Japan by Richard Siddle The Akha of the Southwest China Borderlands by Cornelia Ann Kammerer The Amis of Taiwan by Hsiang-mei Cheng The Ayukawa-hamans of Japan by Masami Iwasaki-Goodman The Batak of the Philippines by James F. Eder The Batek of Malaysia by Kirk Endicott The Bulusu' of East Kalimantan, Indonesia by George N. Appell The Karen of Myanmar and Thailand by Yoko Hayami and Susan M. Darlington The Kubu of Central Sumatra, Indonesia by Gerard A. Persoon The Okinawans of the Ryukyu Islands by James E. Roberson The Rungus Dusun of Sabah, Malaysia by George N. Appell The Semai of Malaysia by Robert K. Dentan The Uyghur of China by Dru C. Gladney The Yi of China by Margaret Byrne Swain Glossary General Bibliography Index
Bridged ferrocenes. VI. Hydrogenation with Pd/C catalyst ☆

Abstract The method of Van Meurs et al. [1] for hydrogenation of ferrocene has been extended to include a variety of bridged ferrocenes. Singly bridged and dibridged ferrocenes containing tri-, tetra-, or pentamethylene bridges were hydrogenated to the corresponding polycyclic hydrocarbons. Conditions required were consistent with a mechanism that involves an initial protonation of the iron atom. Bridge opening to a propylferrocene derivative was observed for the compound with three not-all adjacent trimethylene bridges, and no hydrogenation reaction was observed for the corresponding derivative with tetramethylene bridges. Without catalyst or hydrogen, trifluoroacetylation and a rearrangement of a bridge were observed in the tris(trimethylene) compound. In the presence of catalyst but no hydrogen, an alpha alcohol and the corresponding diferrocenyl ether were obtained. Possible mechanisms are suggested for these reactions.
Integrating Culture Into Health Information for African American Women

Communication can be a powerful tool for helping meet public health objectives, including eliminating disparities in disease burden that exist between different population subgroups. Health information culturally appropriate for a specific group may be more effective in capturing attention, stimulating information processing, and motivating changes in health behavior than information that does not integrate culture. This article (a) describes and compares different communication strategies and message tactics for integrating culture into health information; (b) examines in detail the process and impact of tailoring cancer prevention and screening information to African American women based on their individual levels of religiosity, collectivism, racial pride, and time orientation; and (c) critically analyzes data from a cultural tailoring study to illustrate pros and cons of customizing health information to the cultural characteristics of a population subgroup versus different individuals within that group.
Effect of porphyrins and host iron transport proteins on outer membrane protein expression in Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis: identification of a novel 26 kDa hemin-repressible surface protein.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is capable of in vitro growth when iron sources are either complexed to hemin or host iron transport proteins, or exist in an inorganic form. This study examined the effect of these iron sources on outer membrane protein (OMP) expression in P. gingivalis W50. Hemin (iron) starved P. gingivalis was transferred into growth medium containing hemin, hemoglobin, hemin-saturated human serum albumin, hemin-free human serum albumin, transferrin, lactoferrin, or inorganic iron. Surface proteins were identified by 125I-labeling and resolved by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. When grown under hemin starved conditions, P. gingivalis W50 and related strains expressed a major 26 kDa OMP, as revealed by 125I-autoradiography. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated the absence of this 26 kDa OMP from the P. gingivalis surface in hemin-containing environments. Growth of P. gingivalis W50 in the presence of host iron transport proteins (hemin-free) or inorganic iron resulted in surface expression of a 26 kDa OMP. The presence of protoporphyrin IX or substitution of hemin-associated iron with zinc, resulted in continued surface expression of the 26 kDa OMP, indicating that repressibility of this OMP required the coordination of iron to the protoporphyrin IX molecule (i.e. hemin). A survey of 125I-labeled OMPs from several hemin starved P. gingivalis and related strains, demonstrated that a hemin-repressible 26 kDa OMP occurred only in P. gingivalis. We report here a newly described 26 kDa hemin-regulated surface protein occurring in several strains of P. gingivalis which is expressed on the cell surface in hemin starved conditions and is lost from the cell surface in response to an environment containing iron coordinated specifically to protoporphyrin IX (i.e. hemin).
Analysis of the time-resolved FTIR spectra produced by the photolysis of alkyl phenylglyoxylates.

The photochemistry of alkyl phenylglyoxylates (APG) was further investigated using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. The primary focus was on the analysis of weak transient bands around 1828 and 1730 cm−1 in the time-resolved FTIR spectra of glyoxylates. The observed transients were assigned to benzoyl and alkyl mandelate ester radicals, respectively. The formation of benzoyl radical was fast and attributed to the Norrish Type I process. In addition, the intensities of the strong FTIR bands around 1680 and 2100 cm−1 were used to analyze the yields of the triplet state and ketene, respectively. These new and previous data on APG photochemistry are discussed in relation to the acrylate polymerization photoinitiation by alkyl phenylglyoxylates.
Development of the child/adolescent activity log: a comprehensive and feasible measure of leisure-time physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to test the utility of a new instrument, the Child/Adolescent Activity Log (CAAL), designed to measure children’s physical activities in a school setting efficiently, yet comprehensively. At baseline, 459 participants (mean age 12 ± 1.4. 59% White, 34% African American. 7% other) were recruited to participate in a 2-year study focusing on patterns and predictors of physical activity at critical school transition points. The CAAL was administered daily for a 1-week period on 6 occasions to this cohort. From the CAAL, information about the pattern of specific activities chosen, average daily duration of activity, and average daily expenditure per kg body weight was obtained. The validity of the log was supported by its (1) correlation with Caltrac readings, (2) relation in the predicted direction with a single-item measure of typical level of physical activity and fitness indices, and (3) expected changes in exercise patterns over time and by gender. If future studies corroborate the psychometric properties and ease of administration of the CAAL, its utility in community-based studies is promising.
A titer plate-based polymer microfluidic platform for high throughput nucleic acid purification

A 96-well solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) reactor plate was designed to demonstrate functional titer plate-based microfluidic platforms. Nickel, large area mold inserts were fabricated using an SU-8 based, UV-LIGA technique on 150 mm diameter silicon substrates. Prior to UV exposure, the prebaked SU-8 resist was flycut to reduce the total thickness variation to less than 5 μm. Excellent UV lithography results, with highly vertical sidewalls, were obtained in the SU-8 by using an UV filter to remove high absorbance wavelengths below 350 nm. Overplating of nickel in the SU-8 patterns produced high quality, high precision, metal mold inserts, which were used to replicate titer plate-based SPRI reactors using hot embossing of polycarbonate (PC). Optimized molding conditions yielded good feature replication fidelity and feature location integrity over the entire surface area. Thermal fusion bonding of the molded PC chips at 150°C resulted in leak-free sealing, which was verified in leakage tests using a fluorescent dye. The assembled SPRI reactor was used for simple, fast purification of genomic DNA from whole cell lysates of several bacterial species, which was verified by PCR amplification of the purified genomic DNA.
Treatments for prostate cancer in older men: 1984–1997

Abstract Objectives. To examine the temporal trends in radical prostatectomy (RP), brachytherapy (BT), and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) rates among men aged 65 years or older for the period 1984 to 1997. Methods. We used the retrospective population-based analysis of treatments for prostate cancer among Medicare beneficiaries. The rates of RP were obtained from Part A (hospital) Medicare data for 20% of the national sample for 1984 to 1997. The BT and EBRT rates for the period 1993 to 1997 were obtained from a 5% national sample of Physician/Supplier Part B data. The rates of treatment, 30-day mortality, and readmissions were included. Results. The rate of RP peaked in 1992. From 1993 to 1997, its use decreased by 6% among men aged 65 to 69 years, 34% among men aged 70 to 74 years, and 50% for men aged 75 years or older. However, by 1997, the RP + BT treatment rate again approached the 1992 levels of RP alone; BT was used twice as often as RP in men aged 75 years or older. By 1997, the RP + BT + EBRT rate exceeded the 1993 rate for men aged 65 to 69 years and was again approaching the 1993 rate for men aged 70 to 74 years. From 1984 to 1997, the presence of comorbid conditions gradually declined for RP and accounted for more than 60% of the decrease in the short term mortality during this period. Variations in RP use by geographic region have also decreased. Conclusions. RP is now more selectively targeted for treatment of prostate cancer in men older than 70 years than in the past. However, since BT has been substituted for radical surgery in many of these older men, the total population-based treatment rates have changed very little over time.
Research and Evaluation Data Banks: A Comparative Study.

Computerized data banks for ongoing research and evaluation are becoming increasingly common in institutions of health professions education. An organization wishing to create such a system must choose among a virtually infinite set of alternatives for software design. Such choices are made in an uncertain environment since the exact nature of system use cannot be predicted. Tofacilitate software design, this article identifies numerous "rational" and "nonrational" factors affecting such decisions and a set of characteristics descriptive of the designs themselves. Using as examples four systems currently in operation in schools of medicine, the narrative examines ways in which software designs differ on these characteristics and some of the operating implications of these differences.
1‐(o‐Tolylmethyl)naphthalene‐2‐carboxylic Acid

The title acid, C19H16O2, crystallized in space group P1. In this structure, a hydrogen bond of the 'cyclic dimer' type is formed about a center of symmetry. The O(donor)...O(acceptor) distance is 2.647 (1) A. The carboxylic H and O atoms are ordered. The dihedral angle between the best-fit naphthalene plane and the carboxylic acid group plane is 11.1 (2) degrees.
Measurement of binding kinetics using the gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay

The gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay is a technique for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein-DNA complexes. The ability to resolve reactants, reaction intermediates and products makes this method particularly well-suited for the measurement of the assembly and dissociation rates of protein-nucleic acid complexes. Here we identify conditions that must be met and variations of the technique that are useful for the measurement of reaction rates.
Morbidity and Mortality of Cytoreduction with Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Outcomes from the ACS NSQIP Database

Cytoreduction with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) for treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies is increasingly utilized. However, the described morbidity and mortality rates are based predominantly on the experience at high-volume centers. We analyzed the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database for a nationwide perspective on morbidity and mortality associated with IPC. The NSQIP database was queried for all patients undergoing IPC and cytoreduction from 2005 to 2011. Univariate and forward stepwise multivariate regression identified factors associated with 30-day death and morbidity. A total of 795 patients underwent IPC. Patients underwent a median of seven operative procedures (range 2–13). Median hospital stay was 9 days (range 2–79 days). A total of 521 complications occurred in 249 (31 %) patients, and there were 19 (2.3 %) mortalities. The most common complications were bleeding (15.1 %) and sepsis (14.6 %). Univariate analysis identified age ≥60 years, ascites, weight loss, recent prior operation, albumin 500 min (46 %). In this nationwide cohort, the death and morbidity rate associated with cytoreduction and IPC is consistent with other large series. Age ≥60 years, albumin <3 g/dl, gastrectomy, operative time, and intraoperative transfusion requirement were associated with 30-day death and morbidity. These factors may help guide patient selection, counseling, and preoperative optimization before IPC.
A New Approach for Numerically Solving Nonlinear Eigensolution Problems

By considering a constraint on the energy profile, a new implicit approach is developed to solve nonlinear eigensolution problems. A corresponding minimax method is modified to numerically find eigensolutions in the order of their eigenvalues to a class of semilinear elliptic eigensolution problems from nonlinear optics and other nonlinear dispersive/diffusion systems. It turns out that the constraint is equivalent to a constraint on the wave intensity in L-(p+1) norm. The new approach enables people to establish some interesting new properties, such as wave intensity preserving/control, bifurcation identification, etc., and to explore their applications. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the method.
Party registration and party self-identification: Exploring the role of electoral institutions in attitudes and behaviors

How do electoral institutions affect self-identified partisanship? I hypothesize that party registration acts to anchor a person's party identification, tying a person to a political party even when their underlying preferences may align them with the other party. Estimating a random effects multinomial logit model, I find individuals registered with a party are more likely to self-identify with that party and away from the other party. Party registration also affects voting in presidential elections but not in House elections, leading to greater defection in the former where voters have more information about the candidates. These insights illuminate varying rates of electoral realignment, particularly among southern states, and the makeup of primary electorates in states with and without party registration.
Ion–Neutral Collision Modeling Using Classical Scattering With Spin-Orbit Free Interaction Potential

A particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision model is developed to explore dominant collisional effects on high-velocity xenon ions incident to a quiescent xenon gas at low neutral pressures. The range of neutral pressure and collisionality examined are applicable for electric propulsion as well as plasma processing devices; therefore, the computational technique described herein can be applied to more complex simulations of those devices. Momentum and resonant charge-exchange collisions between ions and background neutrals are implemented using two different models, classical scattering with spin-orbit free potential and variable-hard-sphere model, depending on the incident particle energy. The primary and charge-exchange ions are tracked separately, and their trajectories within a well-defined “Test Cell” domain are determined. Predicted electrode currents as a function of the Test Cell pressure are compared with electrode currents measured in an ion gun experiment. The simulation results agree well with the experiment up to a Test Cell pressure corresponding to a mean free path of the Test Cell length and then start to deviate with increasing collisionality at higher pressures. This discrepancy at higher pressures is likely due to the increasing influence of secondary electrons emitted from electrodes due to the high-velocity impacts of heavy species (i.e., beam ions and fast neutrals created by charge-exchange interaction) at the electrode surfaces.
Where not to go?: detecting road hazards using twitter

Conventional approaches to road hazard detection involve manual inspections of roads by government transportation agencies. These approaches are usually expensive to execute, and sometimes are not able to capture the most recent hazards. Moreover, they often only focus on major highways due to a lack of sufficient manpower. Consequently, many hazards on minor roads get ignored, which may pose serious dangers to drivers. In this paper, we demonstrate an application of Twitter to atomically determining road hazards. By building language models based on Twitter users' online communication, our system aims at pinpointing potential road hazards that pose driving risks. The likelihood of poor driving conditions can then be exposed via map overlays to warn drivers about potentially dangerous driving conditions in their locale or on current routes, thereby significantly reducing the chances of an accident occurring. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work demonstrating the utility of social media to automatically detect road hazards. We conduct experiments on a testbed of tweets discussing road conditions and the initial results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.