cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Early Childhood, Elementary, and Middle-Level Social Studies Teaching: An Interpretation of Illinois Social Studies Teachers' Practices and Beliefs.

Using data from a national social studies survey, the authors examined instructional trends among Illinois elementary and middle school social studies teachers. The authors found that teachers preferred whole-group and teacher-centered instructional strategies over more active, student-centered methods. While surveyed teachers predominately indicated that one of the primary goals of teaching social studies was to improve critical-thinking ability, their pedagogical preferences were more conducive to teaching basic facts. The authors also found that middle-level teachers were more likely to use teaching strategies that promoted critical thinking than were used by their elementary school colleagues.
The location of Fe3+ reduction in tumorous and normal stem tissue of sunflower and tomato

Abstract An agar embedding technique used to identify the location of Fe3+ reduction on roots was adapted to study the site of Fe 3+ reduction in normal and tumorous crown gall stem tissues. Crown gall tissue was induced on the stems of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by carefully inoculating injured stems with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Slices of normal and crown gall tissue were embedded in agar containing Fe 3+ and BPDS, an Fe 2+ indicator. In infected sunflower stem tissue, Fe 3+ was strongly reduced to Fe 2+ throughout the gall tissue as evidenced by the formation of Fe 2+ BPDS complex, but there was practically no reduction in the normal tissue. In tomato stem tissue, Fe 3+ was reduced at the outer edge of the stem of both normal and tumorous tissues. Although not quantitative, the technique was effective in locating actively reducing tissues.
Antenna sputtering in an internal inductively coupled plasma for ionized physical vapor deposition

Ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD) is an emerging technology for coating high aspect ratio vias and trenches for the microelectronics industry. Ionized physical vapor deposition systems typically utilize an inductive discharge generated by an internal antenna. Because the antenna is immersed in the plasma, the possibility of antenna material sputtering into the discharge is a contamination issue. In this investigation, optical emission spectroscopy is used to acquire spectra from an IPVD system to monitor the presence of antenna metal in the discharge. The observed presence of antenna material in the spectra confirms that antenna sputtering is occurring. Experimental sputter rates as determined from witness plate observations are in reasonable agreement with predictions of a simplified model of antenna sputtering, indicating that the sputtering results from large self-bias voltages on the rf antenna.
Predation on Horsehair Worms (Phylum Nematomorpha)

ABSTRACT Field observations revealed cases of predation on horsehair worms by brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Maryland and Minnesota, a rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) in Kentucky, and a crayfish in Wisconsin. Some fish contained more than one worm and may have consumed reproductive aggregations. In laboratory feeding trials with Gordius robustus, most individuals of several fish species either ignored the horsehair worms or rejected them after taking them into their mouths briefly, but a green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) consumed both individual worms and a compact ball of 18 worms. A literature review yielded cases of predation on horsehair worms by at least 12 fish species. Horsehair worms usually were only a trace component of the diet, but some individual fish had eaten multiple worms.
Some Microphysical Properties of an Ice Cloud from Lidar Observation of Horizontally Oriented Crystals

Abstract Lidar observations of a winter ice cloud in the zenith gave a very high reflection but a very small depolarization. When the lidar was tilted more than 0.5° away from the zenith, the reflection amplitude fell to 3% of it's zenith value, but the depolarization increased. The above properties proved unambiguously that reflection was occurring from the specular surfaces of horizontal crystals. These properties were used to estimate some cloud microphysical properties. At a selected time, the estimates gave a mean “diameter” of 74 μm for the horizontal faces, a crystal number density of 0.78 l−1, and a maximum departure of the crystal axis from the horizontal of 0.5°. The fraction of the total crystal cross section which was specularly reflecting was estimated as unity.
Orbital Carcinoid Tumor Metastatic from the Colon

Acute exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia of the left eye developed in a 58-year-old woman convalescing from a right hemicolectomy for a carcinoid tumor of the colon. Roentgenograms of the orbit and computed tomograms showed a large posterior left orbital mass. Lateral orbitotomy and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumor. Irradiation with radioactive cobalt (60Co) resulted in early relief of the ocular symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second documented case of orbital metastatic carcinoid tumor and the first patient with orbital involvement from a primary carcinoid tumor of the colon. Orbital irradiation for metastatic orbital carcinoid tumor has not been previously reported and should be used for symptomatic relief, because long-term survival is possible in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors.
The Failure of the New Orleans Levee System Following Hurricane Katrina and the Pathway Forward

Hurricane Katrina made landfall as a fast-moving Category 3 storm. Thereafter, 85 percent of Greater New Orleans was flooded, 1,500 lives were lost, and approximately 100,000 were left homeless. New Orleans’ hurricane protection system failed catastrophically, leaving miles of levees without protection from waves. With global warming accelerating, smarter planning is needed for many coastal cities and communities. Surge defenses that make full use of natural and man-made components need to be augmented with sustainable development and retreat from low-lying coastal regions. Coastal restoration is the key to the future habitation of southeast Louisiana, together with an east–west levee/surge protection system across the mid-coast. This latter system must be complimented and protected by aggressive coastal wetland and barrier island restoration.
Scale-up Technique of Slurry Pipelines—Part 1: Turbulence Modeling

A kinetic energy turbulence model is proposed for the flow simulation and scale-up of slurry pipelines. The numerical integration is performed by using a modified finite volume technique with application to high convective, two-phase flows, in two and three dimensions. The mixture kinetic energy and eddy viscosity one-equation turbulence models are compared. The constitutive equations and model constants are tested using laboratory experiments and then employed for large-scale applications. The governing equations are derived from the space/time averaging of the momentum equations and integrated in the pipe cross section using the finite volume approach. The specific interaction stresses (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, solid-solid and solid-wall) are expressed in the mathematical formulation. The predictions for the velocity and concentration distributions, as well as on the mean velocity-headloss correlations, have been compared to available experimental data (water-sand, water-glass, water-coal mixtures; of concentrations ..cap alpha../sub s/ = 5 - 40 vol percent, in pipes of various diameters D=40-500 mm). The suggested model can simulate multi-species particulate pipe flow for which the semi-empirical methods cannot be satisfactorily applied. The numerical tests and comparison to experiments show the model capabilities to scale-up data from laboratory to real flow situations via infinitesimal two-phase flow analysis.
Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (Acari: ixodidae), a neotropical tick species, found in Ohio

Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, an ectoparasite of deer and other large mammals from Mexico southward through Central and South America, was recovered from the ear of a white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann, in Ohio. This represents the first record of H. juxtakochi from the United States.
Magnetic helicity and flux tube dynamics in the solar convection zone: Comparisons between observation and theory

[1] Magnetic helicity, a conserved topological parameter in ideal MHD systems, conditions close to which are realized in the solar plasma, is intimately connected to the creation and subsequent dynamics of magnetic flux tubes in the solar interior. It can therefore be used as a tool to probe such dynamics. In this paper we show how photospheric observations of magnetic helicity of isolated magnetic flux tubes, manifested as the twist and writhe of solar active regions, can constrain the creation and dynamics of flux tubes in the solar convection zone and the nature of convective turbulence itself. We analyze the observed latitudinal distribution of twists in photospheric active regions, derived from solar vector magnetograms, in the largest such sample studied till-date. We confirm and put additional constraints on the hemispheric twist helicity trend and find that the dispersion in the active region twist distribution is latitude-independent, implying that the amplitude of turbulent fluctuations does not vary with latitude in the convection zone. Our data set also shows that the amplitude and dispersion of twist decreases with increasing magnetic size of active regions, supporting the conclusion that larger flux tubes are less affected by turbulence. Among the various theoretical models that have been proposed till-date to explain the origin of twist, our observations best match the Σ effect model, which invokes helical turbulent buffeting of rising flux tubes as the mechanism for twist creation. Finally, we complement our analysis of twists with past observations of tilts in solar active regions and tie them in with theoretical modeling studies, to build up a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of twisted magnetic flux tubes throughout the solar convection zone. This general framework, binding together theory and observations, suggests that flux tubes have a wide range of twists in the solar convection zone, with some as high as to make them susceptible to the kink instability mechanism that results in the formation of δ spot or non-Hale active regions.
Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms

Phylogenetic analyses of angiosperm relationships have used only a small percentage of available sequence data, but phylogenetic data matrices often can be augmented with existing data, especially if one allows missing characters. We explore the effects on phylogenetic analyses of adding 378 matK sequences and 240 26S rDNA sequences to the complete 3-gene, 567-taxon angiosperm phylogenetic matrix of Soltis et al. We performed maximum likelihood bootstrap analyses of the complete, 3-gene 567-taxon data matrix and the incomplete, 5-gene 567-taxon data matrix. Although the 5-gene matrix has more missing data (27.5%) than the 3-gene data matrix (2.9%), the 5-gene analysis resulted in higher levels of bootstrap support. Within the 567-taxon tree, the increase in support is most evident for relationships among the 170 taxa for which both matK and 26S rDNA sequences were added, and there is little gain in support for relationships among the 119 taxa having neither matK nor 26S rDNA sequences. The 5-gene analysis also places the enigmatic Hydrostachys in Lamiales (BS = 97%) rather than in Cornales (BS = 100% in 3-gene analysis). The placement of Hydrostachys in Lamiales is unprecedented in molecular analyses, but it is consistent with embryological and morphological data. Adding available, and often incomplete, sets of sequences to existing data sets can be a fast and inexpensive way to increase support for phylogenetic relationships and produce novel and credible new phylogenetic hypotheses.
Screening for Patients with Alcohol Problems: Severity of Patients Identified by the Cage:

Primary care physicians are well situated to identify patients with substance abuse problems and motivate them to seek appropriate assistance, but active programs are the exception. A study in a community setting was undertaken to assess the CAGE (the first letters of key words in a series of four questions about drinking: cut down; annoyed; guilty; and eye-opener), instrument in the routine screening for alcohol problems in both new and established patients. The screening process identified subjects for a pilot evaluation of a motivational interview designed to encourage problem-solving behavior. This article focuses on the screening results and the use of the CAGE instrument. During June and July of 1990, 687 patients of two primary care physicians belonging to a large group practice were asked to complete a health questionnaire that included the CAGE. Those who responded affirmatively to at least two of the four CAGE questions were requested to participate in follow-up assessment of problems associated...
Persistence of adenovirus nucleic acids in nasopharyngeal secretions: A diagnostic conundrum

Background Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays increase the rate of viral detection in clinical specimens, compared with conventional virologic methods. Studies suggest that PCR may detect virus nucleic acid (NA) that persists in the respiratory tract. Methods We analyzed virologic data from children having frequent upper respiratory infections (URI), who were followed up in a longitudinal study. Nasopharyngeal secretions were collected at URI onset and when acute otitis media was diagnosed; virus studies were performed using conventional diagnostics and PCR. Repeated presence of adenovirus by PCR was further studied by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results Of 581 URI episodes in 76 children, 510 viruses were detected. Of the viruses detected by PCR, 15% were those detected previously; repeated positives occurred most frequently with adenovirus. Sequencing results were available in 13 children with repeated adenovirus detection; the following 4 patterns of infection were identified (16 instances): (1) adenovirus of the same serotype and strain detected continuously (n = 8 instances), (2) adenovirus of different serotypes detected during sequential URI episodes (n = 3), (3) adenovirus of the same serotype but different strains detected during sequential URI episodes (n = 3), and (4) adenovirus of the same serotype and strain detected intermittently (n = 2). Conclusions Among children with frequent URIs, repeated positive PCR results for adenovirus NA may represent a new serotype/strain, or persistence of viral NA. Results must be interpreted with caution; clinical correlation and presence of other viruses are important. Further longitudinal studies of children during and after infection are required for better understanding of the clinical significance of positive PCR tests for adenovirus NA in the respiratory tract.
Tutorial: Capillary Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is electrophoresis performed in a capillary tube [1–3]. It is the most efficient separation technique available for the analysis of both large and small molecules. The transformation of conventional electrophoresis to modern CE was spurred by the production of inexpensive narrow-bore capillaries for gas chromatography (GC) and the development of highly sensitive on-line detection methods for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Why Are Traits Inferred Spontaneously? A Developmental Approach

This study tested the hypothesis that the extent to which traits are inferred from behavior spontaneously (without intentions or awareness) covaries with the perceived usefulness of dispositional information for predicting behavior. In Experiment 1, first-graders, fifth-graders, and adults received trait-diagnostic information about target people and guessed how they would behave in other situations. As predicted, fifth-graders were most likely to expect trait-consistent behavior, though subjects from an urban school with a large Latino population were more sensitive to situational factors. For Experiment 2, a reaction time measure of spontaneous inference based on McKoon and Ratcliff's (1986) word recognition paradigm was developed. Supporting the hypothesis, those fifth-graders more attuned to the predictive value of trait-related information were also more likely than other subjects to spontaneously infer the trait meanings of behavior.
Abstract 3493: ON 01910. Na, a clinical trial stage multi-kinase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells through inhibition of PI3K/AKT and activation of the JNK pathway resulting in NOXA and BIM upregulation

Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in Western countries, is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by the accumulation of mature B lymphocytes, where disease progression is driven by survival and proliferation signals provided by the tumor microenvironment. ON 01910. Na (Onconova Therapeutics) belongs to the family of styryl benzyl sulfones, a novel family of non-ATP competitive kinase inhibitors. ON 01910. Na is under clinical development in hematologic and solid tumors. Here we show that ON 01910. Na induced apoptosis in CLL samples (n=28) in vitro, without showing significant toxicity against T-cells or normal B-cells. Twenty four CLL samples were highly sensitive to ON 01910. Na (mean IC50=0.89 μM) a concentration readily achieved in phase I clinical trials, three showed moderate sensitivity (mean IC50=4.26 μM) and one was resistant (IC50 >8 μM). There were no significant differences in ON01910. Na cytotoxicity against CLL cells expressing mutated (mean IC50=1.33 μM) or unmutated (mean IC50 =1.22μM) IgVH sequences. ON 01910. Na was similarly effective against tumor cells carrying 17p or 11q deletions. ON 01910. Na activated Bax and Bak, leading to mitochondrial depolarization. To delineate the upstream pathways underlying ON 01910. Na induced apoptosis, we performed Gene Expression Profiling (GEP) in CLL cells treated in vitro for 4 and 10 hours with ON 01910. Na. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified gene sets indicating BCR and PI3K inhibition (FDR Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3493.
Nasojejunal feeding in high risk infants: recent trends.

Nasojejunal feeding is one of the methods of feeding sick and/or LBW babies. It does not require expensive new technology save for the appropriate feeder tubes. The importance of maintaining adequate nutrition in growing premies using this simple technique cannot be overemphasised. There are advantages of NJ feeding such as decreased risk of aspiration and provision of adequate calories early with less initial weight loss. But there are disadvantages like it requires trained medical and nursing personnel for insertion. It carries increased risk for complications of NEC, intestinal perforation and intussusception. However, NJ feeding may be of value when intravenous supplementation is not possible or when the risks of gastric feeding are increased, e.g., tbabies on nasal CPAP or babies with severe RDS and esophageal chalassia.
Analysis of plasmin binding and urokinase activation of plasminogen bound to the Heymann nephritis autoantigen, gp330.

Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that the Heymann nephritis autoantigen, gp330, can serve as a receptor site for plasminogen. This binding was not significantly inhibited by the lysine analogue ϵ-amino caproic acid (EACA), indicating that plasminogen binding was not just through lysine binding sites as suggested for other plasminogen binding sites. We now report that once plasminogen is bound to gp330, it can be converted to its active form of plasmin by urokinase. This conversion of plasminogen to plasmin proceeds at a faster rate when plasminogen is first prebound to gp330. Although there is a proportional increase in the V max of the urokinase-catalyzed reaction with increasing gp330 concentrations, no change in K m was observed. Once activated, plasmin remains bound to gp330 in an active state capable of cleaving the chromogenic tripeptide, S-2251. The binding of plasmin to gp330 did not significantly change its enzymatic activity; however, gp330 did have a stabilizing effect on plasmin activity at 37 °C. While bound to gp330, plasmin is protected from inactivation by its natural inhibitor α 2 -antiplasmin. The binding of plasmin to gp330 as analyzed by ELISA was shown to be time dependent, reversible, saturable, and specific for gp330. Inhibition of binding of both plasminogen and plasmin to gp330 by benzamidine was similar, although EACA inhibited the binding of plasmin to gp330 slightly more than the binding of plasminogen to gp330. These results indicate that the binding of plasminogen to gp330 serves as an effective means of increasing the rate of plasmin production on the glomerular and tubular epithelial cell surface while protecting the active plasmin from natural inhibitors.
Characterization of Column Hold-Up Volume with Static and Dynamic Methods on an Immobilized Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Stationary Phase

Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) are efficient for enantioseparation of many chiral compounds. Immobilized polysaccharide CSP, as used in the Chiralpak IA column, is a new configuration that was recently introduced for application in chiral separation. As shown in several previous studies, the characteristics of Chiralpak IA columns cannot be simply extrapolated from the coated version. In this study, hold-up volume of a Chiralpak IA column was evaluated by static and dynamic methods. The static pyconometry method gave similar hold-up volumes either as an average value from a range of solvents or a direct measurement from the carbon tetrachloride-isopropanol (IPA) solvent pair. The dynamic method with 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene (TTBB) was influenced by the ratio of n-hexane and 2-propanol in the mobile phase but not by the dissolving solvent of TTBB. The two methods resulted in the same hold-up volume of ∼3.0 mL. TTBB showed weaker retention on the IA column after correction of isobaric thermal expansion of the mobile phase. During temperature variations in the range of 15–50 °C, the hold-up volume of TTBB was highly reproducible. Results of this study improve our understanding of the chromatographic features of the immobilized polysaccharide IA column.
Thermal Response and Inequivalence of Pulsed Ultraviolet-Laser Calorimeters

This work investigates the thermal response of calorimeters that are used for measuring pulsed-laser energies at a wavelength of 193 nm, based on finite element models, and evaluates the inequivalence between laser heating and electrical heating. An axisymmetric model is built to study the thermal response of the cavity under both pulsed-laser heating and average-power (laser) heating. The small relative differences between pulsed-laser heating and average-power heating establish the feasibility of predicting calorimeter's thermal behavior for pulsed-laser heating by using the corresponding average-power heating. A three-dimensional finite element model of the entire cavity is developed and then used to predict the thermal response for average-power laser heating and electrical heating. The calibration factors (i.e., sensitivity factors) are obtained, and the inequivalence of the 193-nm laser calorimeter is calculated to be approximately 0.4%. The theoretical prediction provides a good reference for experimentally evaluating the inequivalence of the 193-nm pulsed-excimer-laser calorimeters.
Concentrations of estrone sulfate in peripheral serum of pregnant goats: Relationships with gestation length, fetal number and the occurrence of fetal death in utero.

Abstract Blood sampling was initiated shortly after breeding and continued weekly through 60 to 72 days post breeding in 20 pregnant and 5 nonpregnant dairy goat does. In does not showing a return to estrus by 72 days, collection of blood was continued at 10- to 14-day intervals until 135 days post breeding. At parturition, the numbers of does delivering one, two, three, four or five kids was four, ten, three, two and one, respectively. Immunoreactive estrone sulfate (ES) was measured in serum by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In nonpregnant does, the mean ± SD concentration of ES was 0.1 ± 0.1 nmol/l (n = 36 samples). At 40 to 50 days post breeding, ES concentrations increased dramatically in pregnant does. Statistically, does were classified as pregnant when serum ES increased and remained above 1.1 nmol/l (P
Period-2: a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer

Previous reports have suggested that the ablation of the Period 2 gene (Per 2) leads to enhanced development of lymphoma and leukemia in mice. Employing immunoblot analyses, we have demonstrated that PER 2 is endogenously expressed in human breast epithelial cell lines but is not expressed or is expressed at significantly reduced level in human breast cancer cell lines. Expression of PER 2 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and, when PER 2 was co-expressed with the Crytochrome 2 (Cry 2) gene, an even greater growth-inhibitory effect was observed. The inhibitory effect of PER 2 on breast cancer cells was also demonstrated by its suppression of the anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 cells as evidenced by the reduced number and size of colonies. A corresponding blockade of MCF-7 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle was also observed in response to the expression of PER 2 alone or in combination with CRY 2. Expression of PER 2 also induced apoptosis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells as demonstrated by an increase in PARP [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase] cleavage. Finally, our studies demonstrate that PER 2 expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is associated with a significant decrease in the expression of cyclin D1 and an up-regulation of p53 levels.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of oligonucleotides and other nucleic acid constituents on multifunctional stationary phases

Abstract A new class of stationary phases has been created for high-performance liquid chromatography bonding various proportions of ionic and hydrophobic ligands to the surface of silica supports. The ratio of hydrophobic to ionic character can be reproducibly controlled by varying the volume ratio of monochlorosilane reagents in the bonding mixture. In this study, both octyl- and 3-chloropropyldimethylmono-chlorosilane ligands were bonded, after which the chloro groups were converted into quaternary amines by nucleophilic substitution with benzyldimethylamine. The resulting hydrophobic ion exchangers proved to be well suited for the separation of the oligonucleotides up to about 20 in chain length, improved separations being observed in comparison to existing ion-exchange or reversed-phase separations alone. Selectivities of these mixed-mode packings towards polynueleotides were found to be comparable with those observed for RPC-5 and similar resins.
Characterization of the naphthalene‐degrading bacterium, Rhodococcus opacus M213

Bacterial strain M213 was isolated from a fuel oil-contaminated soil in Idaho, USA, by growth on naphthalene as a sole source of carbon, and was identified as Rhodococcus opacus M213 by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and growth on substrates characteristic of this species. M213 was screened for growth on a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons, and growth was observed only on simple 1 and 2 ring compounds. No growth or poor growth was observed with chlorinated aromatic compounds such as 2,4-dichlorophenol and chlorobenzoates. No growth was observed by M213 on salicylate, and M213 resting cells grown on naphthalene did not attack salicylate. In addition, no salicylate hydroxylase activity was detected in cell free lysates, suggesting a pathway for naphthalene catabolism that does not pass through salicylate. Enzyme assays indicated induction of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase on different substrates. Total DNA from M213 was screened for hybridization with a variety of genes encoding catechol dioxygenases, but hybridization was observed only with catA (encoding catechol 1,2-dioxygenase) from R. opacus 1CP and edoD (encoding catechol 2,3-dioxygenase) from Rhodococcus sp. I1. Plasmid analysis indicated the presence of two plasmids (pNUO1 and pNUO2). edoD hybridized to pNUO1, a very large (∼750 kb) linear plasmid.
Acute alcohol exposure during gestational day 8 in the rat: Effects upon physical and behavioral parameters

Pregnant rats on the eighth day of gestation (GD 8) received 2 intraperitoneal injections (0.015 ml/g body weight) spaced by an interval of 4 hours, of either 0, 6, 12 18, or 24% (v/v) alcohol solution. Brains of pups sacrificed 24 hours after delivery revealed a dose-related impairment in hemispheric and cerebellar length, width and weight. Statistically significant differences were also observed in body weights of culled pups during Post-partum Day 1. An open field test performed when offspring were 40-45 days old demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in ambulation and rearing scores for both males and females and in defecation scores for females only. Although behavioral studies revealed no effects on acquisition or retention of an active avoidance response, there was a dose-dependent impairment in transfer to passive avoidance conditioning. The present results demonstrate that in the rat, an alcohol insult during GD 8 is sufficient to induce morphological and behavioral alterations in the offspring.
Notes on residential fuel use: Thermostat and window management

Abstract Our computer model shows that night temperature setback to 60°F in homes saves up to 30% of fuel in warm climates. It commercial buildings night/weekend setback to 50 or 40°F saves 0.33–0.5 the fuel. Permanent reflective film, e.g. Scotchtint, reflects valuable winter heat. If used as a shade, managed to admit winter sunlight, 25% fuel savings can be achieved.
Difícil hierarquia: a avaliação do Supremo Tribunal Federal pelos magistrados da base do Poder Judiciário no Brasil

O artigo discute a imagem frequentemente negativa do Supremo Federal Tribunal junto a parte significativa dos magistrados de primeira e segunda instâncias do Poder Judiciario no Brasil contemporâneo. O trabalho insere-se no debate sobre a sociologia das instituicoes judiciais brasileiras e integra, portanto, o quadro mais amplo das discussoes que envolvem a sociologia do campo juridico. Partindo de dados coletados em surveys e previamente apresentados em outros estudos, o artigo confere nova sistematizacao e interpretacao voltada a debater o tema proposto. Como resultado, observa-se que as diferencas nas formas de recrutamento dos magistrados dos diferentes niveis hierarquicos conduzem a visoes dispares com relacao ao exercicio da funcao judicial e a uma visao aparentemente estereotipada que os magistrados da base do Poder Judiciario apresentam da Suprema Corte brasileira.
Designed as designer

Conceptual integrity arises not (simply) from one mind or from a small number of agreeing resonant minds, but from sometimes hidden co-authors and the thing designed itself.
ITEM DIFFICULTY LEVEL AND SEQUENCE EFFECTS IN MULTIPLE-CHOICE ACHIEVEMENT TESTS

Certain testing authorities have implied that the proportion of examinees who answer an item correctly may be influenced by the difficulty of the immediately preceding item. If present, such a "sequence effect" would cause p (as an estimate of item difficulty level) to misrepresent an item's "true" level of difficulty. To investigate this hypothesis, a balanced Latin square design was used to rearrange examination items into various test forms. A unique analysis of variance procedure was used to analyze the resulting data. The alleged sequence effect was not found. Certain limitations preclude the generalization of this finding to all students or to all testing situations. However, the evidence provided by this investigation does suggest that comments relating to sequence effects should be qualified as compared with presently appearing statements. One of the most widely used estimates of item difficulty level is p, the proportion of examinees who correctly answer an item. Because of the need for accuracy in the estimation of item difficulty level, test specialists have been concerned as to whether certain factors might operate in such a way as to cause the p-level associated with an item to misrepresent that item's "true" level of difficulty.' In accordance with this concern, attention has been directed to the possible influence of (a) examinee guessing, (b) the location of the correct answer among the response alternatives, and (c) the serial location of the item within the test. In addition, various authorities in the field of testing have made statements which imply that item p-levels may be biased by a "sequence effect." These individuals contend that the proportion of examinees who answer an item correctly may be influenced by the difficulty level of the immediately preceding item. For example, Cronbach (1970) claims that an examinee's motivational level may be altered by the "discouragement resulting from failure on a particular item (p. 128)." Supporting this belief, Stanley (1961) has asserted that "serial errors within the test may occur, as when a particularly troublesome item causes failures on the next few items (p. 182)." The theoretical basis for the hypothesis of a sequence effect apparently resides in the general area of test anxiety and its effect upon performance. The presumed relationship between test anxiety and the hypothesized phenomenon of a sequence effect has been explicated most clearly by McKeachie, Pollie, and Speisman (1955): Most students begin a test with some anxiety as a result of their uncertainty about the outcome of the test and their high degree of motivation for achieving a "good" grade in the course. As they progress through the test they inevitably encounter some questions that are too difficult or ambiguous for them to answer. Each such item adds to the student's anxiety. As he attacks the succeeding items either the anxiety, or the Zeigarnik effect aroused by the items which he has failed to pass, interferes with his performance, or in Maier's terms, his
Surface Studies of Solids by Total Reflection of X-Rays

Analysis of the shape of the curve of reflected x-ray intensity vs glancing angle in the region of total reflection provides a new method of studying certain structural properties of the mirror surface about 10 to several hundred angstroms deep. Dispersion theory, extended to treat any (small) number of stratified homogeneous media, is used as a basis of interpretation.Curves for evaporated copper on glass at room temperature are studied as an example. These curves may be explained by assuming that the copper (exposed to atmospheric air at room temperature) has completely oxidized about 150A deep. If oxidation is less deep, there probably exists some general reduction of density (e.g., porosity) and an electron density minimum just below an internal oxide seal. This seal, about 25A below the nominal surface plane, arrests further oxidation of more deeply-lying loose-packed copper crystallites.All measurements to date have been carried out under laboratory atmospheric conditions which do not allow satisfactory separation or control of the physical and chemical variables involved in the surface peculiarities. The method, under more controlled conditions of preparation and treatment of the surface, promises to be useful.
The serine protease nature of the C3 and C5 convertases of the classical and alternative complement pathways.

Activated Factor B, incorporated into the cobra venom factor (CVF)-dependent C3/C5 convertase, was inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). In-activation was time- and dose-dependent and was enhanced by the presence of substrate. Treatment of the zymogen of Factor B with DFP effected significant inactivation. Incorporation of [3H]diisopropylphosphate into the zymogen and into the activated form of Factor B was demonstrated after [3H]DFP treatment and subsequent electrophoresis of the proteins on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Inactivation of activated C2 incorporated into the classical c5 convertase was observed on DFP treatment of the enzyme. DFP also reduced the activity of the C2 zymogen. The description of their serine proteinase nature further emphasizes the close structural and functional relationship of C2 and Factor B.
Radioactive Isotopes of Gadolinium

A 236-day neutron induced activity in gadolinium purified by ion exchange methods is assigned to ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{153}$. The activity decays by $K$-electron capture emitting a 106-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray giving rise to $K$- and $L$-electron groups. A 7.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 day and approximately 24-hour activity present in the neutron bombarded gadolinium were separated on an ion exchange column. The 7.2-day activity assigned to ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{161}$ decays by emission of 0.50-Mev $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles. The 24-hour activity is tentatively assigned to ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{159}$.Half-life measurements on gadolinium produced by deuteron bombardment of europium extend over 600 days. The activity decaying with a half-life of 155 days initially is slowly lengthening into a longer half-life. A 265-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray is detected in addition to the 106-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray previously found in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{153}$. The 265-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray is assigned to ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{151}$ which decays with a half-life of 150 days. This half-life is based on ratios of the 106-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray to the 265-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray observed over a 600-day period.
Compositional Space Parameterization: Multicontact Miscible Displacements and Extension to Multiple Phases

This paper (SPE 113492) was accepted for presentation at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 20–23 April 2008, and revised for publication. Original manuscript received for review 12 February 2008. Revised manuscript received for review 18 August 2008. Paper peer approved 21 August 2008. Summary We generalize the compositional space parameterization (CSP) approach, which was originally developed for immiscible twophase multicomponent problems, to multicontact miscible displacements. The tie-line based parameterization method improves both the accuracy of the phase-behavior representation as well as the efficiency of equation of state (EOS) computations in compositional flow simulation. For immiscible compositional simulation, compositional space adaptive tabulation (CSAT) can be used to avoid most of the redundant EOS calculations. Because the supercritical region cannot be parameterized using tie-lines, the original CSAT approach is not effective for modeling multicontact miscible gas injection processes. To deal with supercritical compositions, a supercritical state criteria (SSC) algorithm based on adaptive tabulation of the minimal critical pressure (MCP) tie-lines is proposed. For general-purpose simulation of miscible and immiscible compositional displacement processes, we combined the adaptive CSAT strategy in the region of tie-line extensions and the adaptive SSC scheme; we refer to the overall framework as CSAT. Results of several challenging tests of practical interest indicate that the general CSAT strategy is quite robust and that it leads to an order of magnitude gain in computational efficiency. We also describe the extension of the CSP framework for mixtures that form more than two phases.
A simple model for myocardial changes in a failing heart

Abstract In a simplified setting, a multi-network model for remodeling in the left ventricle (LV) is developed that can mimic various pathologies of the heart. The model is an extension of the simple model introduced by Nardinocchi and Teresi [9] , Nardinocchi et al. [10] , [11] that results in an algebraic relation for LV pressure–volume–contraction. We considered two networks, the original tissue and a new tissue, each of which has its own volume fraction, stress-free reference configuration, elastic properties, and contractility. This is used to explore the consequences of microstructural changes in the muscle tissue on LV function in terms of the pressure–volume loop during a single cardiac cycle. Special attention is paid to the stroke volume, which is directly related to cardiac output, and changes in LV wall stress caused by various disease states, including wall thinning (dilated cardiomyopathy), wall thickening (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), contractility degradation, and stiffness changes (scarring). Various scenarios are considered that are of clinical relevance, and the extent and nature of remodeling that could lead to heart failure are identified.
A Microscopic Study of the Leaf, Stem, and Root of Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urban*

A study of the microscopic structure of Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urban is reported.- Some of the significant features include the structure of the pulvinus, the types of epidermal hairs present, and the character and distribution of starch.
A NEW INTELLECTUAL HISTORY? JONATHAN ISRAEL'S ENLIGHTENMENT

This review points out the dangers of taking Jonathan Israel's volumes on the Enlightenment as a new framework for Enlightenment studies. Despite Israel's claim in Enlightenment contested to have historicized our understanding of the Enlightenment, his modus operandi is fundamentally unhistorical, and the result is a presentist interpretation with an oversimplified classification of thinkers into ‘radical’ and ‘moderate’ camps. The review suggests more effective ways to make a truly historicized Enlightenment present for us now, especially by devoting more attention to the literary and rhetorical properties of Enlightenment texts.
The Decision to Blow the Whistle: A Social Information Processing Framework

In this article we integrate the power, justice, and prosocial literature on whistle-blowing with the attribution and emotion literature to develop a social information processing model. This model illustrates how individuals' attributions and responsibility judgments for wrongdoing, as well as their cost-benefit analyses of acting, influence their emotions and decisions to blow the whistle. In addition, we demonstrate how wrongdoers can use impression management tactics to manipulate whistle-blowing decisions.
The year of critical thinking at Prince George's Community College: An integrated professional development program

This chapter describes the context, development, and fall 2004 implementation of the Year of Critical Thinking at Prince George's Community College, an effort to engage all full-time and adjunct faculty in teaching critical thinking in their classes.
Managing Problem Emotions and Behaviors in Children With ASD: An Assessment-Driven Three-Step Approach

Emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) interfere with daily functioning and their ability to learn new skills. Thus, promoting emotional and behavioral s...
A mechanistic basis for Mre11-directed DNA joining at microhomologies

Repair of DNA double-strand breaks in vertebrate cells occurs mainly by an end-joining process that often generates junctions with sequence homologies of a few nucleotides. Mre11 is critical for this mode of repair in budding yeast and has been implicated in the microhomology-based joining. Here, we show that Mre11 exonuclease activity is sensitive to the presence of heterologous DNA, and to the structure and sequence of its ends. Addition of mismatched DNA ends stimulates degradation of DNA by Mre11, whereas cohesive ends strongly inhibit it. Furthermore, if a sequence identity is revealed during the course of degradation, it causes Mre11 nuclease activity to pause, thus stabilizing the junction at a site of microhomology. A nuclease-deficient Mre11 mutant that still binds DNA can also stimulate degradation by wild-type Mre11, suggesting that Mre11-DNA complexes may interact to bridge DNA ends and facilitate DNA joining.
Why Do Women Justify Violence Against Wives More Often Than Do Men in Vietnam

Intimate partner violence (IPV) harms the health of women and their children. In Vietnam, 31% of women report lifetime exposure to physical IPV, and surprisingly, women justify physical IPV against wives more often than do men. We compare men’s and women’s rates of finding good reason for wife hitting and assess whether differences in childhood experiences and resources and constraints in adulthood account for observed differences. Probability samples of married men (n = 522) and women (n = 533) were surveyed in Vietnam. Ordered logit models assessed the proportional odds for women versus men of finding more “good reasons” to hit a wife (never, 1-3 situations, 4-6 situations). In all situations, women found good reason to hit a wife more often than did men. The unadjusted odds for women versus men of reporting more good reasons to hit a wife were 6.55 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [4.82, 8.91]). This gap disappeared in adjusted models that included significant interactions of gender with age, number of ...
Issues affecting the reliability of dynamic dip testing as a method to assess the condensate drainage behavior from the air-side surface of dehumidifying heat exchangers

Abstract For years dynamic dip testing has been working as a simple, fast, and easy method to assess the condensate drainage behavior for dehumidifying heat exchangers, because it was found that a heat exchanger holding more water in a dip test also tends to hold more condensate in a wind-tunnel experiment. This work addresses several issues which can affect the reliability of this method but have been previously overlooked. Dip test results as well as retention visualization for 22 heat exchanger specimens with different configurations and surface wettability are reported and discussed with relevant dip test and wind-tunnel experimental data available in the literature. The data demonstrate that when dealing with round-tube heat exchangers with unusual wettability, dip test can sometimes give an evaluation which is counter to the results in the wind-tunnel. In terms of surface wettability, receding contact angle ( θ R ) is found to be the primary factor affecting a dip test, while the contact angle hysteresis ( θ A − θ R ) becomes more important in a condensing environment. It has also been observed that dip test measurement is very sensitive to the “dipping rate”, or the speed at which a specimen is withdrawn from the water reservoir. The differences in condensation and drainage mechanisms between wind-tunnel experiments and dip tests are elaborated in this paper, and a proper and effective use of dynamic dip testing is recommended.