cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Friends-and-Neighbors Voting

Although the friends-and-neighbors factor helps explain the results of Democratic primaries in several Southern states, an adequate measure of the phenomenon is conspicu ously missing. A procedure for measuring the hometown support, the concentration of that support, and the importance of friends-and-neighbors is developed herein. The 1947 special general election and the 1978 Democratic primaries for the Mississippi U.S. Senate seat are analyzed to show how the measure is better than a previous one, how the im portance of friends-and-neighbors in determining election outcomes can be calculated, and how one can detect if the importance is spurious. The analysis demonstrates that friends-and-neighbors was as important in the 1978 first primary as it was in the 1947 special general election. The high importance in the 1978 runoff is partially explained, however, by the emerging North-South cleavage in Mississippi politics.
The effect of immunization with jackbean urease on antibody response and nitrogen recycling in mature sheep

Abstract Immunization against Jackbean urease (JBU) has been postulated to reduce urease activity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is associated with decreased production and re-absorption of ammonia from the gut. To investigate this hypothesis, 24 mature ewes (68–75 kg) were fed a single high protein diet (164 g/kg DM) and allocated in a completely randomized design to three treatments. Sheep were injected with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (C), 5000 IU JBU and saline (S) or 5000 IU of JBU and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (F) on days 1 and 22 of the experiment. Treatment F sheep had IgM and IgG titers significantly greater than S and C ( P P P =0.30). Urea kinetics, determined with the 15 N 15 N-urea technique, among treatments was not different ( P >0.10). Mean daily urea production, urea excretion, urea recycled and returned to the ornithine cycle were 25.3, 12.8, 12.5 and 5.8 g N/days, respectively. We concluded that JBU immunization was ineffective in altering urea kinetics in mature sheep fed a high protein diet.
Sociocommunicative and Sensorimotor Impairments in Male P2X4-Deficient Mice

Purinergic P2X receptors are a family of ligand-gated ion channels gated by extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Of the seven P2X subtypes, P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) are richly expressed in the brain, yet their role in behavioral organization remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the behavioral responses of P2X4R heterozygous (HZ) and knockout (KO) mice in a variety of testing paradigms designed to assess complementary aspects of sensory functions, emotional reactivity, and cognitive organization. P2X4R deficiency did not induce significant alterations of locomotor activity and anxiety-related indices in the novel open field and elevated plus-maze tests. Conversely, P2X4R KO mice displayed marked deficits in acoustic startle reflex amplitude, as well as significant sensorimotor gating impairments, as assessed by the prepulse inhibition of the startle. In addition, P2X4R KO mice displayed enhanced tactile sensitivity, as signified by a lower latency in the sticky-tape removal test. Moreover, both P2X4R HZ and KO mice showed significant reductions in social interaction and maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in pups. Notably, brain regions of P2X4R KO mice exhibited significant brain-regional alterations in the subunit composition of glutamate ionotropic receptors. These results collectively document that P2X4-deficient mice exhibit a spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities partially akin to those observed in other murine models of autism-spectrum disorder. In conclusion, our findings highlight a putative role of P2X4Rs in the regulation of perceptual and sociocommunicative functions and point to these receptors as putative targets for disturbances associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
An analysis of the microwave dielectric properties of solvent-oil feedstock mixtures at 300-3000 MHz.

Abstract Microwaves can be a more efficient method than traditional thermal treatment to deliver the energy required for heating in solvent-oil extraction due to its volumetric, direct coupling with the material. An understanding of the behavior of dielectric properties of solvent–feedstock mixtures is important for designing and optimizing any microwave-based extraction process. In this study rice bran and soybean flour were mixed separately with four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, hexane and isopropanol) at different ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1 w/w). For the samples mixed with ethanol, the dielectric properties were measured at 23, 30, 40 and 50 °C, while for all other sample-solvent mixtures experiments were performed at room temperature. Dielectric properties were determined using a vector network analyzer and dielectric probe kit using the open-ended coaxial probe method in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz. Results from the study indicate that dielectric constants were dependent on frequency and were strongly influenced by temperature, mix ratio and solvent type. The dielectric loss of all mixtures except those with hexane (which were virtually zero) varied with frequency and temperature, solvent type, and mix ratio. Most of the results presented are emphasized at 433, 915 and 2450 MHz, frequencies allocated by the Federal Communication Commission (F.C.C.) for microwave applications. The results of the study, presented here for the first time to our knowledge, will help in selection of appropriate solvent, mixing ratio and frequency for designing microwave-assisted oil extraction systems.
Soluble Feather Keratin

THE stability of feather keratin in the solid state is due to cross-Unking of the polypeptide chains by hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages and electrostatic forces, and under conditions where these bonds are broken solutions of the protein are obtained. The molecular characteristics of the particles in solution are of interest because of their relevance to the interpretation of the data obtained by the diffraction and scatter of X-rays by solid keratin, and the interaction of the particles in solution is relevant to the problem of the manufacture of fibres from the regenerated keratin. I wish to present here data of this sort for soluble feather keratin and in particular to identify the keratin monomer, which it was considered would be a particle in which bonding between the polypeptide chains due to hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages and electrostatic attraction was absent.
The Saddlepoint Approximation of Moran's I's and Local Moran's Ii's Reference Distributions and Their Numerical Evaluation

Global Moran's I and local Moran's Ii are the most commonly used test statistics for spatial autocorrelation in univariate map patterns or in regression residuals. They belong to the general class of ratios of quadratic forms for whom a whole array of approximation techniques has been proposed in the statistical literature, such as the prominent saddlepoint approximation by Offer Lieberman (1994). The saddlepoint approximation outperforms other approximation methods with respect to its accuracy and computational costs. In addition, only the saddlepoint approximation is capable of handling, in analytical terms, reference distributions of Moran's I that are subject to significant underlying spatial processes. The accuracy and computational benefits of the saddlepoint approximation are demonstrated for a set of local Moran's Ii statistics under either the assumption of global spatial independence or subject to an underlying global spatial process. Local Moran's Ii is known to have an excessive kurtosis and thus void the use of the simple approximation methods of its reference distribution. The results demonstrate how well the saddlepoint approximation fits the reference distribution of local Moran's Ii. Furthermore, for local Moran's Ii under the assumption of global spatial independence several algebraic simplifications lead to substantial gains in numerical efficiency. This makes it possible to evaluate local Moran's Ii's significance in large spatial tessellations.
The joy fuck club: Prolegomenon to an Asian American porno practice∗

Abstract A history of exclusionism, segregation, and even incarceration are material forces that have shaped the sexuality of Asian Americans. Drawing from a range of feminist theory, film studies, and current scholarship in Asian American studies, this essay examines the role that the dominant media has played in enforcing a sex/power regime that helps maintain a system of racial subordination. The piece concludes with the suggestion that the illustrious history of Asian erotica be reclaimed and extended to include a porno practice that becomes part of a larger cultural politics of Asian American jouissance.
Employment and alcohol use after liver transplantation for alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease: A systematic review

The purpose of the study is to evaluate patterns of employment and alcohol use among liver transplant recipients with alcoholic (ALD) and nonalcoholic liver disease (non-ALD). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and bibliographic searches identified 5,505 potentially relevant articles published between January 1966 and October 1998. Eighty-two studies reporting data on 5,020 transplant recipients met our inclusion criteria. Pre-orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), 29% of transplant recipients with ALD and 59% of those with non-ALD worked versus 33% and 80% at 3 years for transplant recipients with ALD and non-ALD, respectively (P <.00001 for each interval). We found no difference in the proportion of transplant recipients with ALD and non-ALD reporting early alcohol use post-OLT: 4% versus 5% at 6 months and 17% versus 16% at 12 months. However, among post-OLT drinkers, transplant recipients with non-ALD were more likely to drink moderately and those with ALD to drink excessively. At 7 years post-OLT, 32% of the patients with ALD reported using alcohol. The odds ratio for alcohol use among patients who maintained abstinence for fewer than 6 months pre-OLT versus those who maintained abstinence for greater than 6 months was 7.8 (95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 15.3). Before OLT and at long-term follow-up, substantially more transplant recipients with non-ALD than ALD were employed. The proportions of transplant recipients with ALD and non-ALD reporting alcohol use did not differ, although those with ALD tended to consume greater quantities.
HENLE'S LOOP AND THE OSMOTIC STRESS PROTEOME

![Figure][1] Cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) in the human kidney are exposed to extreme hyperosmotic stress during urine formation. They are actively involved in transporting salts (mostly NaCl) from the renal tube into the extracellular space of the medulla. However
London Metropolitan Police: experiences and perceptions of citizen disrespect

Although a body of research exists examining the influence of citizen disrespect on police decision-making and use of force, that research is limited in its capacity to appropriately conceptualize citizen disrespect. In fact, little is known about the verbal and non-verbal behaviors that signify disrespect for officers in the UK (and abroad). Utilizing survey data from officers in the London Metropolitan Police, this descriptive research sought to understand the breadth of behaviors that officers found disrespectful, to discover how often officers anticipated disrespect and perceived that they are experiencing disrespectful citizens, and identify the behaviors officers found most egregious. Overall, officers estimate that they experienced low-level verbally disrespectful behaviors more often than physical acts of disrespect. They also estimated that they anticipated and experienced disrespectful behaviors more often in potentially dangerous encounters or ones where the citizen’s sobriety is in question. T...
Cloud software upgrades: Challenges and opportunities

The fast evolution pace for cloud computing software is on a collision course with our growing reliance on cloud computing. On one hand, cloud software must have the agility to evolve rapidly, in order to remain competitive; on the other hand, more and more critical services become dependent on the cloud and demand high availability through firm Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for cloud infrastructures. This race between the needs to increase both the cloud upgrade frequency and the service availability is unsustainable. In this paper we highlight challenges and opportunities for upgrades in the cloud. We survey the release histories of several cloud applications to analyze their evolution pace, and we discuss the shortcomings with current cloud upgrade mechanisms. We outline several solutions for sustaining this evolution while improving availability, by focusing on the novel characteristics of cloud computing. By discussing several promising directions for realizing this vision, we propose a research agenda for the future of software upgrades in the cloud.
Exonuclease 1 preferentially repairs mismatches generated by DNA polymerase α.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae EXO1 gene encodes a 5′ exonuclease that participates in mismatch repair (MMR) of DNA replication errors. Deleting EXO1 was previously shown to increase mutation rates to a greater extent when combined with a mutator variant ( pol3-L612M ) of the lagging strand replicase, DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ), than when combined with a mutator variant ( pol2-M644G ) of the leading strand replicase, DNA polymerase ɛ (Pol ɛ). Here we confirm that result, and extend the approach to examine the effect of deleting EXO1 in a mutator variant ( pol1-L868M ) of Pol α, the proofreading-deficient and least accurate of the three nuclear replicases that is responsible for initiating Okazaki fragment synthesis. We find that deleting EXO1 increases the mutation rate in the Pol α mutator strain to a significantly greater extent than in the Pol δ or Pol ɛ mutator strains, thereby preferentially reducing the efficiency of MMR of replication errors generated by Pol α. Because these mismatches are closer to the 5′ ends of Okazaki fragments than are mismatches made by Pol δ or Pol ɛ, the results not only support the previous suggestion that Exo1 preferentially excises lagging strand replication errors during mismatch repair, they further imply that the 5′ ends serve as entry points for 5′ excision of replication errors made by Pol α, and possibly as strand discrimination signals for MMR. Nonetheless, mutation rates in the Pol α mutator strain are 5- to 25-fold lower in an exo1Δ strain as compared to an msh2 Δ strain completely lacking MMR, indicating that in the absence of Exo1, most replication errors made by Pol α can still be removed in an Msh2-dependent manner by other nucleases and/or by strand displacement.
I. Segregation of Active Constituents from Tablet Formulations During Grinding: Theoretical Considerations

AbstractThe preparatory step in the analysis of active drugs in tablet dosage forms has generally consisted of the grinding or milling of a given number of the tablets into a uniformly composited powder. Since the advent of content uniformity testing (individual tablet analysis) where the compositing step is bypassed, numerous reports have cited the large percentage difference in results observed between the average composited assay value and the average assay value for the individual tablets.This paper describes some of the factors responsible for these observed differences, as well as some of the causative events that develop during tablet grinding. Certain active constituents become separated from other tablet components during grinding because of differences in the size, shape, density, surface roughness, and resilience of their particles. At particle sizes of less than approximately 400 µm additional forces and mechanisms, namely Van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, adsorption, and valency for...
SOME THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS PERTAINING TO THE CONTEXT OF TRUST

This conceptual paper focuses on trust and its context. Previous research indicates the importance of the specific‐situational nature of trust, which is affected by both interpersonal and organizational contextual factors. Hypotheses are formulated, and they revolve around trust and various interpersonal and organizational contextual variables. The interpersonal contextual factors included are the types of trustor‐trustee relationships, ethnicity of the trustors and trustees, perceived inequity, and the importance of a cooperative or noncooperative act to the receiving party. The organizational contextual factors included are politics, ownership structure, and organizational form. In addition to main effects, some of these variables may have interaction effects on trust. Also, the organizational contextual variables mediated by the interpersonal contextual variables may have indirect effects on trust.
The Buck Stops here: Why Universities Must Reclaim Business Ethics Education

Given the groundswell of corporate misconduct, the need for better business ethics education seems obvious. Yet many business schools continue to sidestep this responsibility, a policy tacitly approved by their accrediting agency, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Some schools have even gone so far as to cut ethics courses in the wake of corporate scandals. In this essay I discuss some reasons for this failure of business school responsibility and argue that top university officials must go beyond weak accrediting standards to insist that ethics courses be required in business school curriculum. Otherwise, students will continue to get the message that practicing managers have little or no legal and ethical responsibilities to society.
Differential D1 and D2 receptor-mediated effects on immediate early gene induction in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Abstract The diminished expression of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors is a well-documented hallmark of Huntington’s disease (HD), but relatively little is known about how these changes in receptor populations affect the dopaminergic responses of striatal neurons. Using transgenic mice expressing an N-terminal portion of mutant huntingtin (R6/2 mice), we have examined immediate early gene (IEG) expression as an index of dopaminergic signal transduction. c-fos, jun B, zif268, and N10 mRNA levels and expression patterns were analyzed using quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry following intraperitoneal administration of selective D 1 and D 2 family pharmacological agents (SKF-82958 and eticlopride). Basal IEG levels were generally lower in the dorsal subregion of R6/2 striata relative to wild-type control striata at 10–11 weeks of age, a finding in accord with previously reported decreases in D 1 and adenosine A 2A receptors. D 2 -antagonist-stimulated IEG expression was significantly reduced in the striata of transgenic animals. In contrast, D 1 -agonist-induced striatal R6/2 IEG mRNA levels were either equivalent or significantly enhanced relative to control levels, an unexpected result given the reduced level of D 1 receptors in R6/2 animals. Understanding the functional bases for these effects may further elucidate the complex pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease.
Torsional properties of carbon fibers

Abstract The torsional behavior, together with the tensile behavior, of PAN-based and mesophase pitchbased carbon fibers was studied by means of single-filament test methods, followed by scanning electron microscope examination. The torsional modulus decreased with increasing Young's modulus for both fibers. And the mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers exhibited lower torsional moduli than those of PAN based carbon fibers, in particular markedly lower moduli at higher Young's modulus. The torsional modulus depended to a large extent on the orientation structure of the graphite crystallites in the cross-section, but also upon the linking force between neighboring graphitic-layer planes. The torsional strength of both the carbon fibers increased with increasing tensile strength and that of the PAN-based carbon fibers increased as the torsional modulus increased. The spiral face of torsional fracture surfaces of the PAN based carbon fibers and the very long longitudinal faces which the torsional-fracture surfaces of the mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers have, were also considered to be associated with the orientation structures.
EUS for rectal disease

The diagnostic applications for EUS have grown tremendously over the last decade. Most of the early development involved the use of EUS for upper GI indications. Until recently the rectal applications of EUS have largely remained unexplored. Several recent publications have demonstrated the usefulness of EUS in the evaluation of rectal diseases.1-3 At our center, there has been a steady increase in the number of patients referred for rectal indications. This review describes rectal endosonographic anatomy, highlights the technical aspects of rectal EUS, and summarizes available data on the major clinical indications for rectal EUS including imaging of perianal fistulas, the evaluation of anal sphincter injuries, and the staging of rectal cancer.
An Investigation on the Detectability of Deeper Rebar Layer in Concrete Bridge Decks Using GPR

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most extensively used nondestructive evaluation methods with rapid development in civil engineering in the past few years for its efficiency and high resolution. The evaluation mechanism of concrete materials using GPR is generally based on the reflected signals from the rebar. According to rebar reflections, the corrosion level of the rebar and the material deteriorating condition above the rebar can be deduced. GPR has been successfully applied to shallow subsurface rebar detection in concrete structures. However, very few literatures have addressed the detectability of reflected signal from the deeper layer of rebar. As the result, only a small shallow section of the bridge deck can be evaluated by GPR data so far. In this paper, the detectability of the deeper rebar layer in concrete bridge decks using GPR is investigated with the help of data processing and image processing techniques. The GPR data collected from both a simulation model and a test slab are used to demonstrate the proposed methods and the preliminary results show the reflected signals from the second layer of rebar can be extracted using proposed methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ex vivo activated memory t-lymphocytes as adoptive cellular therapy of human soft-tissue sarcoma targets with potentiation by Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)

Autolymphocyte therapy (ALT) is tumor-specific, adoptive cellular therapy of neoplastic disease using nonspecific ex vivo activation of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), which are composed primarily of memory T-cells (ALT-cells) and are active in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. Ex vivo pretreatment of tumor target cells with certain chemotherapeutic agents can enhance susceptibility to lysis by antitumor lymphocytes. To determine if cis-diamminedichloro-platinum(II) (CDDP) enhances ex vivo antitumor cytotoxicity of ALT-cells and if this lysis is mediated by T- and/or NK-cells and is human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted, human soft tissue sarcoma (STS) target cells were derived from primary and metastatic surgical specimens and were incubated with and without CDDP. ALT-cells were prepared from autologous PBL obtained prior to surgery. Primary (PSTS) and metastatic (MSTS) target cells from each group were labelled with chromium 51 (51Cr) and used as targets for ALT-cells, CD45-depleted ALT-cells, CD56 (NK)-depleted ALT-cells, and PBL in a standard (4-hour) and delayed (18-hour) 51Cr) release assay. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release was measured as an indication of antitumor effect and recognition by the noncytolytic lymphocytes in ALT-cells. Primary tumor target cells incubated in CDDP showed enhanced lysis as measured by the 51Cr release assay compared to non-CDDP-treated controls. Metastatic tumor target cells showed less lysis than the primary targets, although this was enhanced by pretreating metastatic tumor targets with CDDP. Lysis of all tumor targets was significantly greater when ALT-cells were used as the effector cells rather than PBL. Depletion of memory T-cells abrogated ex vivo lysis. Depletion of NK cells (CD56+) affected ex vivo lysis of autologous targets during the 4-hour but not the 18-hour assay. Ex vivo ALT-cell lysis and IFN-γ release against only the autologous tumor targets confirmed tumor specificity in one patient. Restriction of ALT-cell lysis and IFN-γ release against HLA-A2+ autologous and one allogeneic HLA-A2+ STS tumor target, but not other non-STS targets, was demonstrated in another patient. These data suggest that CDDP may help render STS susceptible to tumorspecific, immune-mediated attack and that the combination of ALT and CDDP may lead to effective tumor-specific chemoimmunotherapy in patients with metastatic STS. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the nonlinear joint transform correlator and the nonlinearly transformed matched filter based correlator for noisy input scenes

of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Abstract. We compare the performance of the nonlinear joint transform correlator, the nonlinearly transformed filter based correlator, and the conventional linear correlator. The pattern recognition systems are com- pared in the areas of correlation peak, peak to sidelobe ratio, and corre- lation width. We show that for some noisy input scenes, the linear cor- relator produces an autocorrelation peak that is smaller than the maximum cross-correlation signal, resulting in false signal detection. On the other hand, compared to the linear correlator, both types of nonlinear correlators produce better correlation performance.
Nanobioimaging and sensing of infectious diseases

New methods to identify trace amount of infectious pathogens rapidly, accurately and with high sensitivity are in constant demand to prevent epidemics and loss of lives. Early detection of these pathogens to prevent, treat and contain the spread of infections is crucial. Therefore, there is a need and urgency for sensitive, specific, accurate, easy-to-use diagnostic tests. Versatile biofunctionalized engineered nanomaterials are proving to be promising in meeting these needs in diagnosing the pathogens in food, blood and clinical samples. The unique optical and magnetic properties of the nanoscale materials have been put to use for the diagnostics. In this review, we focus on the developments of the fluorescent nanoparticles, metallic nanostructures and superparamagnetic nanoparticles for bioimaging and detection of infectious microorganisms. The various nanodiagnostic assays developed to image, detect and capture infectious virus and bacteria in solutions, food or biological samples in vitro and in vivo are presented and their relevance to developing countries is discussed.
The role of thyroid hormone administration in potential organ donors.

Hypothesis Levothyroxine sodium therapy should be used in brain-dead potential organ donors to reverse hemodynamic instability and to prevent cardiovascular collapse, leading to more available organs for transplantation. Design Prospective, before and after clinical study. Setting A surgical intensive care unit of an academic county hospital. Patients During a 12-month period (September 1, 1999, through August 31, 2000), we evaluated 19 hemodynamically unstable patients with traumatic and nontraumatic intracranial lesions, who were candidates for organ donation following brain death declaration. Interventions All patients were resuscitated aggressively for organ preservation by fluids, inotropic agents, and vasopressors. If, despite all measures, the patients remained hemodynamically unstable, a bolus of 1 ampule of 50% dextrose, 2 g of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, 20 U of insulin, and 20 µg of levothyroxine sodium was administered, followed by a continuous levothyroxine sodium infusion at 10 µg/h. Results There was a significant reduction in the total vasopressor requirement after levothyroxine therapy (mean ± SD, 11.1 ± 0.9 µg/kg per minute vs 6.4 ± 1.4 µg/kg per minute, P = .02). Ten patients (53%) had complete discontinuation of vasopressors. There were no failures to reach organ donation due to cardiopulmonary arrest. Conclusions Levothyroxine therapy plays an important role in the management of hemodynamically unstable potential organ donors by decreasing vasopressor requirements and preventing cardiovascular collapse. This may result in an increase in the quantity and quality of organs available for transplantation.
A triggered nanosecond light source

Abstract A nanosecond light source based on a corona discharge started by field emission has been developed for attachment to scintillation counters. These individual light sources, placed to illuminate each phototube and fired by a pulse generator through splitting transformers and cable delays, have facilitated the coincidence timing of an array of photomultiplier detectors. Pulse generation, a pulse-splitting transformer, light-source construction, and timing properties, as well as spectral intensity are discussed. An optical attenuator designed for the source is described.
Central Mineralocorticoid Receptors and Cardiovascular Disease

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is expressed in many cell types throughout the body, including specific neurons, and mediates diverse functions, many of which are just now being appreciated. MR that pertain to the central modulation of cardiovascular function and health are addressed herein.
Statistical group testing with queueing involved

We consider a queueing model in which items wait to undergo group testing in batches of sizem. However, if fewer thanm items are present at the beginning of a service, items are tested singly. Ifm or more items are waiting at such an epoch, a group of sizem is tested and, if the group passes the test, allm items leave the system. When a group is found to contain at least one defective item, them items in it are retested individually. An algorithm is developed to compute many steady-state probabilities related to this queue. Comparisons of these probabilities are used to assess the effect of the group sizem on the behavior of the queue of items waiting for testing.
The size of the intermolecular energy funnel in protein-protein interactions.

Revealing the fundamental principles of protein interactions is essential for the basic knowledge of molecular processes and designing better predictive tools. Protein docking procedures allow systematic sampling of intermolecular energy landscapes, revealing the distribution of energy basins and their characteristics. A systematic search docking procedure GRAMM-X was applied to a comprehensive nonredundant database of nonobligate protein–protein complexes to determine the size of the intermolecular energy funnel. The unbound structures were simulated using rotamer library. The procedure generated grid-based matches, based on a smoothed Lennard-Jones potential, and minimized them off the grid with the same potential. The minimization generated a distribution of distances, based on a variety of metrics, between the grid-based and the minimized matches. The metric selected for the analysis, ligand interface RMSD, provided three independent estimates of the funnel size: based on the distribution amplitude for the near-native matches, deviation from random, and correlation with the energy values. The three methods converge to similar estimates of ∼6–8 A ligand interface RMSD. The results indicated dependence of the funnel size on the type of the complex (smaller for antigen–antibody, medium for enzyme–inhibitor, and larger for the rest of the complexes) and the funnel size correlation with the size of the interface. Guidelines for the optimal sampling of docking coordinates, based on the funnel size estimates, were explored. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Back to the city: an analysis of trends in the sixties and seventies

The authors examine "the ability of [U.S.] central cities within 61 large metropolitan areas to attract high status in-migrants and those in their most economically productive years. The emerging literature on central city revitalization suggests that the position of cities improved between the late fifties and late sixties a pattern generally supported by the data. However the data indicate that large northeastern and midwestern cities improved more rapidly than either smaller cities in the same region or their large southern and western counterparts. These data suggest a kind of evolutionary sequence and support the hypothesis that the worst may indeed be over for northern central cities." (EXCERPT)
Multipole plasmon resonances of submicron silver particles.

Single crystal, silver particles of 215 ± 10 nm size were synthesized in solution using the hydrogen reduction method and were characterized by UV−visible extinction spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The extinction spectra reveal the presence of higher order multipoles of the plasmon resonance, such as quadrupole, octupole, and hexadecapole, in addition to the dipole. The formation of higher order multipoles was continuously monitored during the particles growth. Mie extinction calculations were performed and are in good agreement with the measured extinction spectra. The frequency shift of all plasmon modes was measured as a function of the refractive index of the surrounding dielectric medium.
Psychological Measurements of Future Scientists

For the past three summers there has been on the campus of Florida State University a summer institute for mathematically talented senior high school students. The institute, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the University, and directed by Dr. Eugene Nichols, has drawn students from mist of the 50 states. Selection is based upon performance on a competitive mathematics examination, presently The National Merit Examination conducted by the Mathematical Association of America and the Society of Actuaries. During the six-week program described by Nichols elsewhere ( 5 ) , these students are exposed to intensive course work in higher mathematics such as numerical methods, number theory, statistical probability, symbolic logic, and functions and relations. In addition, they are given an introductory course in Russian and taught programming of the IBM 650. The program, designed as a talent search and a pedagogical experiment, provides an opportunity to study a highly select group of high school students who present obvious promise of becoming future scientists. In a previous study (4) with a similar group of gifted students (herein called the 1959 group), the author noted several trends which seemed worthy of continued study. One of these was the marked difference in scores between the Verbal and Performance scales on the Wechsler Intelligence Test. For the group of 40 students, the mean Verbal IQ and the mean Performance IQ were, respectively, 139 and 130. The mean Full Scale IQ was 138; the range was from 133 to 152. I t is significant to note that when correlations were computed between the Wechsler test and other measures, it was the Verbal IQ which showed the greatest concurrent validity. The test utilized as the criterion measure for accepting the students to Math Camp was the Sequential Test of Educational Progress (STEP). Correlation of the Wechsler Verbal scale with the STEP Test was .56, while a similar correlation utilizing the Performance scale produced an r of only .08. The low concurrent validity of the Wechsler Performance scale apparently was the factor which caused a similar nonsignificant correlation when the Full Scale IQ was utilized. A Cochrane Q Test was run between the Verbal and Performance IQs; the differences were shown to be significant at the .01 level of confidence.
Enhancing Incremental Influence: A Focused Approach To Leadership Development:

In an effort to construct a framework for understanding leadership development (LD), this paper examines the available evidence regarding exactly what organizations attempt to develop under the rubric of LD, and how they attempt to develop it. After considering the conceptual and practical implications associated with various LD perspectives, the paper builds on the notion of leadership as "incremental " influence (Katz & Kahn, 1978) to propose a more precise approach to LD. This more precise approach argues that LD is the process of acquiring particular personal qualities and skills that create influence independent of the individual's positional influence. The paper then suggests how this more precise view provides a useful lens for organizations interested in assessing their LD undertakings.
The Thermodynamic Influence of Subgrid Orography in a Global Climate Model

Assessments of the impacts of climate change typically require information at scales of 10 km or less. Such a resolution in global climate simulations is unlikely for at least two decades. We have developed an alternative to explicit resolution that provides a framework for meeting the needs of climate change impact assessment much sooner. We have applied to a global climate model a physically based subgrid-scale treatment of the influence of orography on temperature, clouds, precipitation, and land surface hydrology. The treatment represents subgrid variations in surface elevation in terms of fractional area distributions of discrete elevation classes. For each class it calculates the height rise/descent of air parcels traveling through the grid cell, and applies the influence of the rise/descent to the temperature and humidity profiles of the elevation class. Cloud, radiative, and surface processes are calculated separately for each elevation class using the same physical parametrizations used by the model without the subgrid orography parametrization. The simulated climate fields for each elevation class can then be distributed in post-processing according to the spatial distribution of surface elevation within each grid cell. Parallel 10-year simulations with and without the subgrid treatment have been performed. The simulated temperature, precipitation and snow water are mapped to 2.5-minute (∼5 km) resolution and compared with gridded analyses of station measurements. The simulation with the subgrid scheme produces a much more realistic distribution of snow water and significantly more realistic distributions of temperature and precipitation than the simulation without the subgrid scheme. Moreover, the 250-km grid cell means of most other fields are virtually unchanged by the subgrid scheme. This suggests that the tuning of the climate model without the subgrid scheme is also applicable to the model with the scheme.
Picosecond Laser Induced Melting: The Dielectric Function of Molten Silicon and Superheating in the Liquid Phase

The complex dielectric function of molten silicon produced after picosecond illumination is found to be well described by a Drude model from 1.1 eV to 3.5 eV. Close to the melting temperature, we obtain ω p = 2.50 10 16 rad/s and τ = 212 10 −18 s. Transiently, the liquid temperature can exceed the melting temperature or even the boiling temperature T b . We observe this transient heating and model it with a relatively simple computer code which includes superheating of the liquid above T b . These measurements are possible thanks to a novel pump and probe technique.
Plurals, All, and the Nonuniformity of Collective Predication

L'A. developpe une nouvelle analyse de la nature non maximale de la quantification distributive et propose une signification de all qui interagit de maniere cruciale avec cette theorie de la non-maximalite. Il developpe ensuite un cadre base sur la semantique des evenements pour l'analyse des predicats collectifs appartenant a certaines classes de modes d'action. En combinant l'analyse de la distributivite et de all a l'analyse des predicats collectifs, il peut ainsi prevoir de maniere precise un certain nombre de donnees liees a la predication collective et a all
Methodological Issues Regarding Eating Behavior of High‐risk Adolescents

Teens exist in multiple environments that offer a variety of foods and a range in nutrient intakes. Currently used dietary data-collection methods may not be contemporary and encompass the real world of today's youth. If we consider respondent capability when we design our dietary assessment methods, then we can increase accuracy and reduce errors in our data. Our methodological challenge is to improve collection methods and to: Focus on the teen and his or her respective environments, Develop environment-specific probes within food records, recalls, checklists, and frequencies, Inbed safeguards to assure impartial reporting when surrogate respondents-for example, parents or school food service staff-are queried, Differentiate between foods "as offered or available at the home or school" versus foods as actually selected and eaten, Tease out the influence of peers and older siblings on food choices versus selections based on personal choice or cost, Employ cooperative education in the classroom so teens will feel comfortable with spontaneous interviews by unfamiliar people, Train students in dietary recordkeeping procedures by incorporating assessment activities into the classroom instruction. In conclusion, the teen lives in multiple environments that influence his or her food and nutrient intake. To increase validity, reliability, and our confidence in the dietary data about teens, we must acknowledge these microenvironments and evolve our methods. The process must be evolutionary not revolutionary like the lives of many teens. The result will be an increased accuracy in both defining actual nutrient intakes and exploring the role foods and nutrients have in the overall health or nutrient deficit teens face.
A dynamic Leontief model for a productive system

Static input-output analysis of economic systems via Leontief matrices and related concepts has been well known for many years. There have been Various attempts to extend this to dynamic systems. A dynamic model is proposed in this paper which takes advantage of the Leontief matrix formulation. This model makes possible the description of the dynamic transition from one state of production to another. It is also shown how labor affects this transition as well as how uncertainty enters in.
Transportation or noise is associated with tolerance to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Myocardial stress can result in myocellular phenotypic changes including enhanced activity of antioxidant enzyme systems. Accordingly, endogenous tissue antioxidant enzyme activity has been associated with resistance to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. The present study was designed to determine if environmental perturbations could alter myocardial antioxidant enzyme (catalase) activity and function after ischemia. Isolated perfused rat hearts (Langendorff apparatus, 37°C) were subjected to 20 min global ischemia (37°C) and 40 min reperfusion. Rats studied immediately following shipment had increased myocardial catalase activity (1330 ± 3.5 U/g, P < 0.05 vs quarantined control) and increased resistance to ischemia and reperfusion injury (end reperfusion developed pressure, DP 55 ± 4.0 mm Hg, P < 0.05 vs quarantined control). However, control rats that were quarantined for 4 weeks exhibited a progressive decrease in catalase activity (760 ± 10 U/g) for 3 weeks of quarantine. There was a concurrent decrease in resistance to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (DP 40 ± 3.6 mm Hg). Similarly, quarantined rats subjected to construction-related noise levels in excess of 90 dB (A scale) had increased myocardial catalase activity (1140 ± 3.3 U/g, P < 0.05) and functional tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion (DP 66 ± 3.3 mm Hg, P < 0.05). Finally, rats experiencing 90-dB noise levels for 2 days exhibited increased myocardial catalase activity (1125 ± 30 U/g, P < 0.05) and myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury tolerance (DP 62 ± 1.7 mm Hg, P < 0.05). We conclude that variations in environmental conditions can relate to changes in antioxidant defense mechanisms and tolerance to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat.
Word to the Wise

G angue (pronounced "gang") is the term used to collectively describe the valueless minerals in an ore deposit. This view of gangue equates value with ore minerals. The table gives the most common gangue minerals (Rimstidt 1997). As one reads through this list, however, it becomes obvious that many gangue minerals may be of great value in the mineral-specimen market. Also, inclusion in the table does not preclude a mineral from being economically important in some deposits; it only indicates that it is commonly found in uneconomic concentrations associated with other minerals that are ores. For example, fluorite (our major source of fluorine) is a primary ore mineral in many deposits, such as the manto fluorite deposits of the Buenavista-Encantada and El Tule mining districts, northern Coahuila, Mexico (Temple and Grogan 1963; Rakovan 2003), but it is a common gangue mineral in most Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits (Misra 1999). An important exception to this last example are anomalously fluorite-rich MVTs such as those found in the Kentucky-Illinois fluorite district (once the world's largest source of fluorite ore; Park and MacDiarmid 1975).
Accuracy of Surface Geostrophic Wind Forecasts in the Central Arctic

Surface geostrophic winds are related simply to observed surface winds (Figure 1) and pack ice motion in the central Arctic (Albright, 1980; Thorndike and Colony, 1982). Their prediction, therefore, assumes special importance for sea ice forecasting, air and marine navigation and offshore resource exploration and development.
Application of partial least square regression in uncertainty study area

The aim of this work is to show how partial least squares (PLS) regression when combined with two other techniques Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) can be efficient and effective at addressing parameter uncertainties that affect the predictive ability of a model for critical applications such as monitoring and control. We introduce a combination of PLS regression and KL to develop a reduced-order model (ROM) that captures the uncertain parameters effect on the model outputs, and the combination of PLS regression and MCMC for efficient updates of the uncertain parameter distributions. Two examples, a tubular reactor and an oil producing reservoir are presented to demonstrate these concepts.
Spatial and spectral radio resource enhancement for urban spectrum reuse

Radio networks experience the greatest spectrum scarcity in urban environments. Dynamic radio access enables simultaneous and opportunistic spectrum reuse. This paper considers frequency division duplexing cellular networks, where every mobile user (MU) is allocated a frequency channel for uplink transmission to the base station (BS). Previously a frequency reuse model has been proposed for low power communications among secondary users (SU) in a cell. In the system the secondary user controls its transmit power to minimize interference at the nearest base station. This paper considers reusing frequencies within a cell to allow mobile users in outage to use other active users as relays to the base station. Different criteria are compared for choosing the relay frequency channels to be reused. Simulations consider urban large scale propagation conditions in a multicell environment. Results show significant reduction in the overall outage probability for the enhanced cellular network. The algorithm allows cooperation to share available resources without changing hardware or networks.