cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biosynthesis of guanosine diphosphate mannose and phosphomannan by Hansanula holstii

The biosynthesis of phosphomannan by cultures of Hansenula holstii NRRL Y-2448 has been demonstrated to proceed from glucose with all carbons remaining intact. Enzymes were found in cell-free extracts capable of converting glucose to guanosine diphosphate mannose via mannose 1-phosphate. The isomerization of glucose to mannose occured as hexose phosphate and not as nucleotide hexose. The isolation and identification of guanosine diphosphate mannose from perchloric acid extracts gave further evidence for the proposal that guanosine diphosphate mannose is a precursor of phosphomannan.
Desiderata for product labeling of medical expert systems

The proliferation and increasing complexity of medical expert systems raise ethical and legal concerns about the ability of practitioners to protect their patients from defective or misused software. Appropriate product labeling of expert systems can help clinical users to understand software indications and limitations. Mechanisms of action and knowledge representation schema should be explained in layperson's terminology. User qualifications and resources available for acquiring the skills necessary to understand and critique the system output should be listed. The processes used for building and maintaining the system's knowledge base are key determinants of the product's quality, and should be carefully documented. To meet these desiderata, a printed label is insufficient. The authors suggest a new, more active, model of product labeling for medical expert systems that involves embedding 'knowledge of the knowledge base', creating user-specific data, and sharing global information using the Internet.
Novel soft error hardening design of Nanoscale CMOS latch

As CMOS technology is scaled down, the supply voltage and gate capacitance are reduced, which results in the reduction of charge storing capacity at each node and increase of the susceptibility to external noise in radiation environments. In this paper, a novel hardened latch design is proposed and compared with the previous hardened latch designs using 32nm technology node. Extensive simulation results using HSPICE are reported to show that the proposed hardened latch design achieves 15X improvement of critical charge (Qcrit) and 6X improvement of charge to power delay product ratio (QPR) compared to the most up to date hardened latch design.
The Effects of Latex Examination Gloves on Hand Function: A Pilot Study

Over the last decade the use of latex examination gloves by dental professionals has increased significantly. The proliferation in latex glove use is primarily due to recommendations and guidelines established by both the Centers far Disease Control and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Because a significant number of dental professionals are wearing latex examination gloves, it is important to understand the limitations and restrictions associated with wearing these gloves. This study investigated the effects of hand condition on three-jaw chuck pinch strength, power grip strength and manual dexterity. Hand condition consisted of three levels: (1) bare hand, (2) hand with a normal sized latex examination glove and (3) hand with a tight fitting latex examination glove. The results of the study indicated that latex examination gloves do not have an effect on three-jaw chuck pinch strength or power grip strength. However the study suggested that ill-fitting latex examination gloves signific...
Blind beamforming for suppression of instantaneously narrowband signals in DS/SS communications using subspace projection techniques

This paper proposes a novel blind beamforming method for interference mitigation in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) communications based on subspace projection. Instantaneously narrowband interference signals are considered. The interference signals are highly localized in the time-frequency domain, and their characteristics are different from those of the DS/SS signal. The instantaneous frequencies of the nonstationary interference signals are estimated from the time-frequency domain and used in the temporal domain for interference nulling. We derive the receiver SNRs, which shows improved performance in strong interference environments.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Infrared emission of organic compounds stimulated by a laser beam.

Abstract A modified long-pathlength cell is described for laser-excitation of infrared emission spectra. The sensitivity of detection is about 1 ng l . for acetone and methyl iodide.
Interferometric investigation of x-ray mask fabrication distortions

The investigation of x-ray mask fabrication distortions was initiated in an effort to identify the fabrication parameters responsible for the final x-ray mask shape and configuration. The investigation has identified the sources of fabrication-induced distortion in x-ray mask blank manufacture. The extraction of distortions at each process step allows for mask flatness control via distortion compensation as the mask fabrication process evolves. Interferometric characterization of the final mask blank configuration guarantees the mask flatness. Mask blanks with alignment windows are mapped to determine the locations of the alignment windows relative to the membrane. An additional interferometric wedge test is performed to determine the membrane tilt magnitude and orientation relative to the backside of the mask ring. With proper selection of mask blank materials and control of membrane material deposition and bonding parameters, x-ray masks up to 100 mm in diameter have been fabricated routinely with less than 5 micrometers of bow. Fine-tuning of the x-ray mask configuration may be controlled by variations in the anodic bonding process parameters. Optimization of the anodic bonding process is currently in progress.
Detection and identification using natural frequency of the perfect electrically conducting (PEC) sphere in the frequency and time domain

The electromagnetic scattering response from a target can be modeled by its natural SEM poles. In this paper, we describe two methodologies to detect and identify the target. One methodology is to make a library of the poles of the target using the Cauchy method. Another proposed methodology is to detect and identify the target using the matrix pencil method. Results are presented for a 0.1 m (diameter) perfect electrically conducting (PEC) sphere.
Clinical implications of inflammation for cardiovascular primary prevention

While many questions remain unanswered in this challenging arena, the emerging status of biomarkers of inflammation provides an excellent illustration of how application of basic and clinical science of inflammation can lead to advances in clinical care. Yet we need to do better. We need to improve the number needed to treat. We should strive for further refinements in risk prediction to individualize interventions. Imaging and genetic biomarkers will likely find their place in clinical practice alongside traditional risk factors and biomarkers of inflammation in the years to come. We must aim to assure that individuals targeted for statin therapy do not lessen their adherence to a healthy lifestyle, believing that they enjoy pharmacological protection from unhealthy behaviours. At the other extreme, we need to counsel carefully certain patients to avoid creating a cohort of ‘cardiac neurotics’ with above median high-sensitivity C-reactive protein readings. We need to understand more about the mechanisms and clinical significance of unwanted actions of statins, including dysglycaemia. We need to devise measures to optimize lifestyle change at both a medical and societal level. For our individual patients, implementation of sustained lifestyle change has proved very challenging in practice, given the multiplicity of behaviours that require vigilance. The clinical use of biomarkers of inflammation may provide the practitioner with a tool to help gauge residual risk, and chart a course for its optimal management.
Generalized stable models for financial asset returns

A new model utilizing generalized stable distributions for financial asset returns is presented. A comparison of fit to interest and exchange rate data is provided.
Improving retrieval quality for airborne limb sounders by horizontal regularisation

Abstract. Modern airborne infrared limb sounders are capable of measuring profiles so fast that neighbouring profiles are very similar to one another. This can be exploited by retrieving whole 2-D cross-sections instead of simple 1-D profiles. This paper presents algorithms that are able to perform such a large-scale retrieval and that efficiently produce typical diagnostic quantities. The characteristics and capabilities of the proposed method are analysed and demonstrated in a detailed case study using a series of profiles that were measured by CRISTA-NF (Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescope for the Atmosphere–New Frontiers). It is shown that cross-section retrievals can either reduce noise-induced artefacts or produce finer vertical structures while maintaining the same image noise level. Further, it is discussed how the presented methodology can also be applied to improve the retrievals for other instrument types including current satellite-borne nadir-sounders and near-future satellite-borne limb sounders.
Computer-assisted studies of molecular structure and carcinogenic activity

Both quantitative and qualitative studies of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of carcinogenic compounds are discussed. Using the ADAPT software system, examples are given of (1) predicting the gas and liquid chromatographic retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic compounds, (2) predicting the carcinogenicity of N-nitrosamines, and (3) predicting the mutagenic behavior of pesticides and other compounds in short-term test systems. It is concluded that the complexity and lack of understanding of the carcinogenic response should not prevent scientists from searching for useful empirical relationships between molecular structure and carcinogenicity. Computer generated molecular descriptors and statistical and pattern recognition techniques can be useful tools in this research.
Nonlinear response of suspended high temperature superconducting thin film microwave resonators

The nonlinear microwave surface impedance, Z/sub s/(H/sub rf/) of Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/(-/spl delta/) thin films is measured using suspended patterned resonators. We find that the nonlinear response is well described in terms of a single mechanism, namely the hysteretic ac response of the current-induced critical state. >
Physical model study of circulation patterns in Lake Ontario1

A distorted hydraulic model of Lake Ontario has been constructed and operated in a rotating laboratory. The model study includes the cffccts of the earth’s rotation, gravity, and hydraulic through-flow. Boundary shear in the model was checked against theoretical predictions of scichc decay. Wind shear was adjusted to achieve appropriately scaled drift velocities in the model. Observed surface and subsurface circulation patterns are presented for a homogeneous and stratified lake model with and without a westerly wind. Bordcrcd on the north by Canada, and on the south by New York State, Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes. Water from the other Great Lakes drains into it through the Niagara River and lcavcs by way of the St. Lawrcncc- River. The lake has the following physical characteristics : length, 306 km; average width, 85.3 km; average depth, 86.3 m; maximum depth, 256 m; volume, 1,681 kms; and surface area, 19,477 km2. The Niagara River inflow averages just over 5,560 m3 s-l while the outflow through the St, Lawrence River averages about 6,640 m3 s-l; the difference is accounted for by the net accumulation of rainfall and the tributary inflows from the Lake Ontario drainage basin which covers about 70,707 km2. The purpose of this physical model study was to acquire a basic understanding of the behavior of the Lake Ontario water mass in response to a wind stress at the free surface with and without thermal stratification. Thr: major inflow and outflow streams were modeled. The model was rotatcd to simulate the effect of the earth’s rotation on the motion of large water bodies. This physical modcling approach is similar to earlier investigations of Lake Eric (Rumer and Robson 1968; Bucchi
A Simple and Efficient Feature Extraction Algorithm for Geophysical Phenomena

A phenomenon is defined as any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning, and thus is an observable event, especially something special or unusual. A geophysical phenomenon in the context of geoscience data can be characterized as a spatial region which is significantly different from the rest of the image; having higher/lower than average background intensity value; and having higher variation in intensity when compared to the remaining data points. This paper will describe two variations of the Phenomena Extraction Algorithm (PEA). The PEA consists of three components: a hierarchical splitting to efficiently decompose geoscience data into smaller regions; a set of statistical tests to determine whether decomposed region meets the definition of a geophysical phenomenon and an optimization algorithm to determine the best thresholds needed by these statistical tests. The two variations of the algorithm were tested on a synthetic dataset in a series of experiments. The results from these experiments will be presented in this paper. The use of PEA in a proof-of-concept effort within Linked Environment for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD), a large NSF funded Information Technology Research project, will also be described.
Synthesis and characterization of mono β-diketiminatosamarium amides and hydrocarbyls

Reaction of SmCl3 with 1 eq of KL (L = [DippNC(Me)CHC(Me)NDipp]; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) in THF afforded the dimeric samarium dichloride LSmCl2(THF)Cl2SmL (1) in high yield. Reactions of 1 with NaN(SiMe3)2, KNHAr (Ar = 2,4,6-t-Bu3C6H2), KBHEt3, and KCp* (Cp* = C5Me5) yielded various new complexes: LSmClN(SiMe3)2 (2), LSm[N(SiMe3)2]2 (3), LSmNHAr(HBEt3) (4), LSm(NHAr)2 (5), and LSmCp*Cl (6). Reaction of 1 with one eq of NaN(SiMe3)2 followed by treatment with excess AlMe3 afforded a unique bimetallic samarium tetramer Cl3L2Sm2(AlMe4)2Sm2L2Cl3 (7). Reaction of 6 with LiMe or LiCH2SiMe3 afforded LSmCp*Me (8) and LSmCp*CH2SiMe3 (9) in excellent yield. Methyl abstraction from 8 with B(C6F5)3 in toluene yielded the cationic borate species (LSmCp*)[MeB(C6F5)3] (10). Molecular structures of 1–7 and 9 were determined by X-ray single crystal analysis.
Aboriginal Autonomy and Development in Northern Quebec and Labrador.

Aboriginal Autonomy and Development in Northern Quebec and Labrador. Colin H. Scott. ed. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001. 448 pp.
Researches on Soft Fault Diagnosis Algorithm of Analogy Circuits Based on DDAGSVMs

Aiming at to the characteristics of analog circuits with tolerances, noise and poor controllability and testability of the internal nodes, a novel method of fault diagnosis based on the multi-frequency feather extraction technique and decision directed acyclic graph support vector machines (DDAGSVMs) multi-class classification was proposed. Generally non-linear support vector machines were applied for the impartibility of the fault patterns of analog circuit in the input space. Comparing testing accuracies with several common kernel functions, the proper kernel for this problem was chosen. The simulation experimental results show us that compared with the some existent multi-class classification methods, this algorithm has a better performance on fault diagnosis accuracy and speed.
Analysis of oscillations in a reciprocally inhibitory network with synaptic depression

We present and analyze a model of a two-cell reciprocally inhibitory network that oscillates. The principal mechanism of oscillation is short-term synaptic depression. Using a simple model of depression and analyzing the system in certain limits, we can derive analytical expressions for various features of the oscillation, including the parameter regime in which stable oscillations occur, as well as the period and amplitude of these oscillations. These expressions are functions of three parameters: the time constant of depression, the synaptic strengths, and the amount of tonic excitation the cells receive. We compare our analytical results with the output of numerical simulations and obtain good agreement between the two. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the oscillations in our network are qualitatively different from those in networks that oscillate due to postinhibitory rebound, spike-frequency adaptation, or other intrinsic (rather than synaptic) adaptational mechanisms. In particular, our network can oscillate only via the synaptic escape mode of Skinner, Kopell, and Marder (1994).
Multi-year convergence of biometric and meteorological estimates of forest carbon storage

We measured annual C storage, or net ecosystem production (NEP), from 1999 to 2003 in an aspen-dominated, mixed-deciduous forest in Michigan, USA. Measurements of the annual production of above- and below-ground live and dead mass, foliar herbivory, and soil respiration were used to develop biometric estimates of NEP (NEPB). Eddy-covariance measurements made above the canopy were used to construct meteorological estimates of NEP (NEPM). Over the 5-year study period, C stored annually in live mass (above- and below-ground wood) averaged 2.13MgCha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while annual detritus production (fine roots, leaf litter, woody debris) averaged 4.35MgCha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Fine root inputs were the largest component (41%) of annual net primary production. The forest was a consistent C sink, with annual NEP ranging from 0.80 to 1.98MgCha⁻¹ year⁻¹, comparable in magnitude to other eastern North American forests. When annual NEPB and NEPM were compared in a given year, they differed from each other by 13-148%. However, when compared over 5 years, these independent estimates of C storage converged to within 1% of each other. Differences between same-year biometric and meteorological NEP estimates were explained in part by a lag between late-season net canopy photosynthesis and C allocated to tree growth the following spring. Weekly assessments of bole radial growth in 2001 and 2002 indicated that woody mass growth began prior to positive net canopy photosynthesis in the spring and that >25% of annual photosynthetic C assimilation occurred after growth had stopped in the autumn. Thus, while the temporal separation between photosynthesis and growth reduced agreement between annual NEPB and NEPM estimates, these metrics converged over several years. These results suggest that the allocation of recent photosynthate to storage carbohydrates, rather than to immediate growth, may obscure the relationship between shorter term, annual biometric and meteorological C storage estimates. Moreover, the 5-year convergence of biometric and meteorological NEP estimates serves as an important cross-validation, demonstrating that both approaches can yield accurate forest C storage assessments.
Parents’ Responses to Stress in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background Parents' stress resulting from hospitalization of their infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) produces emotional and behavioral responses. The National Institutes of Health-sponsored Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) offers a valid and efficient means of assessing parents' responses. Objective To examine the relationship of stress to anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption among parents of infants hospitalized in the NICU. Methods Thirty parents completed the Parental Stressor Scale (PSS:NICU) containing subscales for NICU Sights and Sounds, Infant Behavior and Appearance, and Parental Role Alteration, and the PROMIS anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance short-form instruments. Results PSS total score was significantly correlated with anxiety (r = 0.61), depression (r = 0.36), and sleep disturbance (r = 0.60). Scores for NICU Sights and Sounds were not significantly correlated with parents' outcomes; however, scores for Alteration in Parenting Role were correlated with all 4 outcomes, and scores for Infant Appearance were correlated with all except fatigue. Conclusion Stress experienced by parents of NICU infants is associated with a concerning constellation of physical and emotional outcomes comprising anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption.
Maximizing the sum of certain quasiconcave functions using generalized benders decomposition

In this paper we consider the problem of maximizing the sum of certain quasi-concave functions over a convex set. The functions considered belong to the classes of functions which are known as nonlinear fractional and binonlinear functions. Each individual function is quasi-concave but the sum is not. We show that this nonconvex programming problem can be solved using Generalized Benders Decomposition as developed by Geoffrion.
Bacterial Meningitis—An Update

This report emphasizes new clinical information about bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Important elements of diagnosis include examination for the presence of shock and increased intracranial pressure. In such cases, initial treatment should focus on appropriate fluid therapy, administration of oxygen, reduction of intracranial pressure and use of corticosteroids. Currently, antibiotics of choice include ampicillin plus either cefotaxime or ceftriaxone in young infants, and one of these cephalosporins in older patients (beyond 3 months of age). Shorter durations of therapy (5 to 7 days for meningococcus, 7 days for haemophilus and 7-10 days for pneumococcus) are now commonly employed. In many centers, dexamethasone is started before the first dose of antibiotic and continued for 4 days to reduce neurologic and audiologic sequelae. Future trends will include studies of endotoxin neutralizers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce further tissue injury in meningitis. Prevention of meningitis is the ultimate goal. Since Haemophilus influenzae vaccination can now begin at 2 months, this approach may bring important results soon.
Time-variable gravity observations of ice sheet mass balance: Precision and limitations of the GRACE satellite data

Time-variable gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission have been available since 2002 to estimate the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. We analyze current progress and uncertainties in GRACE estimates of ice sheet mass balance. We discuss the impacts of errors associated with spherical harmonic truncation, spatial averaging, temporal sampling, and leakage from other time-dependent signals (e.g., glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)). The largest sources of error for Antarctica are the GIA correction, the omission of l=1 terms, nontidal changes in ocean mass, and measurement errors. For Greenland, the errors come mostly from the uncertainty in the scaling factor. Using Release 5.0 (RL05) GRACE fields for January 2003 through November 2012, we find a mass change of −258 ± 41 Gt/yr for Greenland, with an acceleration of −31 ± 6 Gt/yr2, and a loss that migrated clockwise around the ice sheet margin to progressively affect the entire periphery. For Antarctica, we report changes of −83 ± 49 and −147 ± 80 Gt/yr for two GIA models, with an acceleration of −12 ± 9 Gt/yr2 and a dominance from the southeast pacific sector of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.
Edgelist phase unwrapping algorithm for time series InSAR analysis

We present here a new integer programming formulation for phase unwrapping of multidimensional data. Phase unwrapping is a key problem in many coherent imaging systems, including time series synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), with two spatial and one temporal data dimensions. The minimum cost flow (MCF) [IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.36, 813 (1998)] phase unwrapping algorithm describes a global cost minimization problem involving flow between phase residues computed over closed loops. Here we replace closed loops by reliable edges as the basic construct, thus leading to the name “edgelist.” Our algorithm has several advantages over current methods—it simplifies the representation of multidimensional phase unwrapping, it incorporates data from external sources, such as GPS, where available to better constrain the unwrapped solution, and it treats regularly sampled or sparsely sampled data alike. It thus is particularly applicable to time series InSAR, where data are often irregularly spaced in time and individual interferograms can be corrupted with large decorrelated regions. We show that, similar to the MCF network problem, the edgelist formulation also exhibits total unimodularity, which enables us to solve the integer program problem by using efficient linear programming tools. We apply our method to a persistent scatterer-InSAR data set from the creeping section of the Central San Andreas Fault and find that the average creep rate of 22 mm/Yr is constant within 3 mm/Yr over 1992-2004 but varies systematically with ground location, with a slightly higher rate in 1992-1998 than in 1999-2003.
Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia was first described in the 19th century, yet our understanding of its pathogenesis continues to evolve. The list of drugs implicated in drug-induced thrombocytopenia is extensive and growing. Many, if not most, of these medications induce thrombocytopenia by immune mechanisms. Because the degree of thrombocytopenia can put patients at risk for serious bleeding, a prompt diagnosis is key to clinical management. The laboratory approach to diagnosing drug-induced thrombocytopenia is 2-pronged. First, nondrug causes of thrombocytopenia must be ruled out. Second, testing for drug-dependent platelet antibodies, available at specialized reference laboratories, often can identify the offending medication, although usually not in time for initial clinical management. Once a medication is suspected of causing thrombocytopenia, it must be discontinued promptly, and the patient should be monitored closely. Thrombocytopenia generally resolves quickly after offending medication withdrawal, and the prognosis of drug-induced thrombocytopenia is then excellent.
Adhesive strength and curing rate of marine mussel protein extracts on porcine small intestinal submucosa.

Abstract An adhesive protein extracted from marine mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) was used to bond strips of connective tissue for the purpose of evaluating the use of curing agents to improve adhesive curing. Specifically, mussel adhesive protein solution (MAPS, 0.5 mM dihydroxyphenylalanine) was applied, with or without the curing agents, to the ends of two overlapping strips of porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS).The bond strength of this lap joint was determined after curing for 1 h at room temperature (25 °C). The strength of joints formed using only MAPS or with only the ethyl, butyl or octyl cyanoacrylate adhesives were determined. Although joints bonded using ethyl cyanoacrylate were strongest, those using MAPS were stronger than those using butyl and octyl cyanoacrylates. The addition of 25 mM solutions of the transition metal ions V 5+ , Fe 3+ and Cr 6+ , which are all oxidants, increased the bond strength of the MAPS joints. The V 5+ gave the strongest bonds and the Fe 3+ the second strongest. In subsequent tests with V 5+ and Fe 3+ solutions, the bond strength increased with V 5+ concentration, but it did not increase with Fe 3+ concentration. Addition of 250 mM V 5+ gave a very strong bond.
Memory‐Efficient Simulation of Frequency‐Dependent Q

Memory‐variable methods have been widely applied to approximate frequency‐independent quality factor Q in numerical simulation of wave propagation. The frequency‐independent model is often appropriate for frequencies up to about 1 Hz but at higher frequencies is inconsistent with some regional studies of seismic attenuation. We apply the memory‐variable approach to frequency‐dependent Q models that are constant below, and follow a power‐law above, a chosen transition frequency. We present numerical results for the corresponding memory‐variable relaxation times and weights, obtained by nonnegative least‐squares fitting of the Q ( f ) function, for a range of exponent values; these times and weights can be scaled to an arbitrary transition frequency and a power‐law prefactor, respectively. The resulting memory‐variable formulation can be used with numerical wave‐propagation solvers based on methods such as finite differences (FDs) or spectral elements and may be implemented in either conventional or coarse‐grained form. In the coarse‐grained approach, we fit effective Q for low‐ Q values (<200) using a nonlinear inversion technique and use an interpolation formula to find the corresponding weighting coefficients for arbitrary Q . A 3D staggered‐grid FD implementation closely approximates the frequency–wavenumber solution to both a half‐space and a layered model with a shallow dislocation source for Q as low as 20 over a bandwidth of two decades. We compare the effects of different power‐law exponents using a finite‐fault source model of the 2008 M w 5.4 Chino Hills, California, earthquake and find that Q ( f ) models generally better fit the strong‐motion data than the constant Q models for frequencies above 1 Hz. Online Material: Figures comparing finite difference and frequency–wavenumber seismograms for an elastic layered‐model point source simulation. Median spectral acceleration centered at 1 s and Fourier amplitude centered at 0.25 and 2.25 Hz for strong ground motion recordings and synthetics from the Chino Hills earthquake.
Seat Belt And Mobile Phone Use Among Drivers In Doha City: An Observational Study

Worldwide 1.24 million deaths occur annually due to road traffic injuries. Additionally, 20-50 million are injured or disabled. Similarly, within the Gulf Cooperation Council countries injury and mortality due to road traffic injury are high. In the State of Qatar, for example, the road traffic fatality rate for the year 2010 is estimated to be 14 per 100,000. Young adult males are disproportionate ly affected. Road safety risk factor laws namely, seat belt use, driving under the influence of alcohol, helmet use and speed management exist in Qatar but enforcement is lax. An additional new risk factor causing distraction while driving and causing road traffic injury and fatalities is the use of mobile phone whilst driving a vehicle. Currently, in Qatar baseline national data pertaining to seat belt and mobile phone use among drivers is not available. We have thus conducted an observational study to estimate the prevalence of these two variables among vehicle drivers in Doha. Additionally, we will examine and present the associations between phone and seat belt use, and variables such as the gender of the driver, type of vehicle and the time of the day during which the observations were made. Furthermore, policy implications of the study findings will be discussed. Acknowledgement:
Pharmacogenomics: A focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics

Abstract The study of pharmacogenomics is rapidly growing, particularly in the field of mental health. Understanding pharmacogenomic principles can be a challenge for many clinicians. Most mental h...
Surgical correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge: A preliminary report on a new concept of treatment

Inferior repositioning of the atrophic maxillary edentulous alveolar ridge by LeFort I osteotomy and simulataneous bone grafting, and superior repositioning of the atrophic mandibular edentulous ridge by horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular body and simultaneous bone grafting have been accomplished successfully. These two new surgical procedures add a new dimension to treatment of severe atrophy of the alveolar ridges in edentulous or partially edentulous patients.
4-Bromo-N 2,N 2,N 6,N 6-tetra­ethyl­pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide

The title compound, C15H22BrN3O2, consists of a pyridine ring with a bromine atom in the para position and two diethyl­amide groups in the ortho positions of the ring. Despite the positions of the three substituents on the pyridine ring, the mol­ecule does not exhibit either local or crystallographic twofold symmetry as the two diethyl­amido units exhibit significantly different Npy—C—C—Nam torsion angles of 46.3 (4) and 62.7 (4)° (py is pyridine and am is amine). Inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions support the packing.
‘It wasn’t racism; it was more misunderstanding.’ White teachers, Latino/a students, and racial battle fatigue

AbstractThis article explores how and why a group of Latino/a high school students identify and explain racism differently over the course of an 18-month participatory action research (PAR) project. To do this we examine what recent scholarship has termed racial microaggressions in what is thought of as the Post-Racial America public school system. Pulling examples from student and teacher interview, focus group, and class discussion data we first examine how these students’ teachers conceptualize and talk about racism, cross-racial relationships, and racial misunderstandings, and then we juxtapose that with students’ discursive work to make sense of the ways their teachers make their conceptualizations known and/or seen in school. Focusing on the K-12 context, this study finds racial battle fatigue may be why students switch between how they label these aggressions.
A fine-grained understanding of emotions: Young children match within-valence emotional expressions to their causes.

Previous research suggests that the ability to make finegrained distinctions among emotions emerges gradually over development. However, such studies have looked primarily at children’s first-person responses to emotional expressions or at whether children can match emotion labels to emotional expressions. Relatively little work has looked at children’s ability to link emotional responses to their probable causes. Here we ask two, three, and four year-old children and adults to identify the causes of vocal expressions. Because we were interested in the ability to make nuanced distinctions, we looked within a single valence and asked whether children could distinguish expressions elicited by exciting, delicious, adorable, funny, and sympathetic events. Our results suggest both an early emerging ability to distinguish within-valence emotions and rapid development; by four, children’s performance mirrored that of the adults. This suggests that very early in development, children have a rich representation of emotions that allows them to link distinct positively valenced emotional expressions to their probable causes.
Experimental pseudomonas osteomyelitis: treatment with sisomicin and carbenicillin.

Pseudomonas osteomyelitis was produced in forty-seven rabbits by the injection of sodium morrhuate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the tibial marrow cavity. Sisomicin (4-5 dehydro-gentamicin) and carbenicillin were administered alone and in combination. The disease process was evaluated by observation, leukocyte counts, roentgenograms, and at death by gross pathology and bone cultures. Treatment begun on the day of infection markedly inhibited the development of disease. Three weeks of therapy were required to sterilize the infected bone regardless of the time of initiation of treatment. The combination of carbenicillin and sisomicin was significantly more effective than either drug alone in producing a bacteriological cure and preventing sequestrum formation.
A refractory arachnoid cyst presenting with tremor, expressive dysphasia, and cognitive decline.

Background Arachnoid cysts are common incidental findings on intracranial imaging, although they are rarely symptomatic. Case description We present a case of a 49 year-old woman with a recurrent left supraorbital arachnoid cyst who developed staring spells, expressive dysphasia, and tremor after cyst fenestration and cystoperitoneal shunting. Her symptoms resolved after removing the shunt valve and creating a valveless system. The case is discussed and the literature reviewed. Conclusion We present a case of a recurrent arachnoid cyst that developed worsening and new symptoms after cysto-peritoneal shunting with a programmable valve, which reducing the pressure in the cyst resulted in remarkable resolution of her symptoms.
Hemoptysis as an indication for surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in the aged.

Pulmonary hemorrhage in an elderly patient who previously has had tuberculosis more likely indicates bronchiectasis than a relapse of tuberculosis.Diagnostic procedures should include an x-ray of the chest, examination of sputum, hematologic studies, and bronchoscopy.If the source of bleeding can be determined, resection is advisable after a single major recurrence.
Exosome-mediated Transfer of αvβ3 Integrin from Tumorigenic to Nontumorigenic Cells Promotes a Migratory Phenotype

The αvβ3 integrin is known to be highly upregulated during cancer progression and promotes a migratory and metastatic phenotype in many types of tumors. We hypothesized that the αvβ3 integrin is transferred through exosomes and, upon transfer, has the ability to support functional aberrations in recipient cells. Here, for the first time, it is demonstrated that αvβ3 is present in exosomes released from metastatic PC3 and CWR22Pc prostate cancer cells. Exosomal β3 is transferred as a protein from donor to nontumorigenic and tumorigenic cells as β3 protein or mRNA levels remain unaffected upon transcription or translation inhibition in recipient cells. Furthermore, it is shown that upon exosome uptake, de novo expression of an αvβ3 increases adhesion and migration of recipient cells on an αvβ3 ligand, vitronectin. To evaluate the relevance of these findings, exosomes were purified from the blood of TRAMP mice carrying tumors where the expression of αvβ3 is found higher than in exosomes from wild-type mice. In addition, it is demonstrated that αvβ3 is coexpressed with synaptophysin, a biomarker for aggressive neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Implications: Overall this study reveals that the αvβ3 integrin is transferred from tumorigenic to nontumorigenic cells via exosomes, and its de novo expression in recipient cells promotes cell migration on its ligand. The increased expression of αvβ3 in exosomes from mice bearing tumors points to its clinical relevance and potential use as a biomarker. Mol Cancer Res; 14(11); 1136–46. ©2016 AACR.
Guideline Update for Article on Pharmaceutical Industry-Sponsored Meals.

To the editor: The published version our article “Pharmaceutical Industry– Sponsored Meals and Physician Prescribing Patterns for Medicare Beneficiaries” 1 referenced an outdated version of the American Medical Association (AMA) Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs’ Guidelines, Opinion E-8.061: Gifts to Physicians from Industry. The current guideline states that physicians should (a) decline cash gifts in any amount from an entity that has a direct interest in physicians’ treatment recommendations; (b) decline any gifts for which reciprocity is expected or implied; and (c) accept an in-kind gift for the physician's practice only when the gift (i) will directly benefit patients, including patient education; and (ii) is of minimal value. The correction appearing with this letter updates our article to reflect the change and the original article has been corrected online. 1. Dudley RA, DeJong C, Aguilar TU, et al. Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Meals and Physician Prescribing Patterns for Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(6.3). doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2765.
Collaborative practice model for management of pain in patients with cancer

Purpose The use of a collaborative drug therapy agreement (CDTA) by oncology pharmacists in a comprehensive pain clinic is described. Summary Recognizing the complex clinical services required by patients with cancer, the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance began offering cancer pain management through a specialized pain service. Initially, the clinic was staffed by one attending physician; however, as the volume of patient referrals increased, the clinic expanded into an interprofessional team that includes physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, and pharmacists. Through an extensive credentialing process and under the guidance of a CDTA, pharmacists in the pain clinic are able to evaluate patients, develop treatment plans, and prescribe pain medication therapies for oncology patients. By having pharmacists provide these services, the pain clinic can improve medication dosing, ensure that medications are managed consistently, improve patients’ quality of care, and save providers time by allowing tasks to be completed by appropriately trained ancillary staff. For cancer-related pain, the pharmacist, in conjunction with the attending provider, develops a pain medication plan following the principles of the World Health Organization’s analgesic ladder. The pain clinic has implemented the routine use of several validated tools for screening and assessment of opioid risk as well as state guidelines for managing chronic opioid therapy. The pharmacists in the pain clinic also emphasize functional goals and improvement in functional status rather than complete relief of pain. Conclusion As members of an interprofessional pain clinic team, oncology pharmacists use their specialized knowledge of cancer and pharmacotherapy to help manage and treat pain in complex cancer cases.
Representations of Context in Recognizing the Figurative and Literal Usages of Idioms.

Many idiomatic expressions can be interpreted literally or figuratively, depending on the context in which they occur. Developing an appropriate computational model of the context is crucial for automatic idiom usage recognition. While many existing methods incorporate some elements of context, they have not sufficiently captured the interactions between the linguistic properties of idiomatic expressions and the representations of the context. In this paper we perform an in-depth exploration of the role of representations of the context for idiom usage recognition; we highlight the advantages and limitations of different representation choices in existing methods in terms of known linguistic properties of idioms; we then propose a supervised ensemble method that selects representations adaptively for different idioms. Experimental result suggests that the proposed method performs better for a wider range of idioms than previous methods.
Modulation of Type IV pili phenotypic plasticity through a novel Chaperone-Usher system in Synechocystis sp.

Controlling the transition from a multicellular motile state to a sessile biofilm is an important eco-physiological decision for most prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic and bio-geochemically significant cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Syn6803) uses Type IV pili (TFP) for surface-associated motility and light-directed phototaxis. We report the identification of a novel Chaperone-Usher (CU) system in Syn6803 that regulate secretion of minor pilins as a means of stabilizing TFP morphology. These secreted minor-pilins aid in modifying TFP morphology to suit the adhesion state by forming cell to surface contacts when motility is not required. This morphotype is structurally distinct from TFP assembled during motile phase. We further demonstrate by examining mutants lacking either the CU system or the minor-pilins, which produce aberrant TFP, that are morphologically and functionally distinct from wild-type (WT). Thus, here we report that in Syn6803, CU system work independent of TFP biogenesis machinery unlike reported for other pathogenic bacterial systems and contributes to provide multifunctional plasticity to TFP. cAMP levels play an important role in controlling this switch. This phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the TFP, in response to cAMP levels would allow cells and cellular communities to adapt to rapidly fluctuating environments by dynamically transitioning between motile and sessile states.
Adaptive Leadership in a Socially Revolving World: A Symbolic Interactionist Lens of Adaptive Leadership Theory

Through adaptive leadership, a team member can be trained to become a leader. Symbolic Interaction (SI) theory explains that we perceive society through our interactions with persons and objects. SI analysis of adaptive leadership can help leaders to develop desired characteristics or to evaluate and change their tactics. The response that leaders give and receive from their team can indicate the effectiveness of their leadership. This article analyzes the way leadership is affected by interaction within a team.
Deficiency of aldose reductase exacerbates early pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and autophagy in mice.

Abstract Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is associated with the accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and acrolein in the heart. These aldehydes are metabolized via several pathways, of which aldose reductase (AR) represents a broad-specificity route for their elimination. We tested the hypothesis that by preventing aldehyde removal, AR deficiency accentuates the pathological effects of transverse aortic constriction (TAC). We found that the levels of AR in the heart were increased in mice subjected to TAC for 2 weeks. In comparison with wild-type (WT), AR-null mice showed lower ejection fraction, which was exacerbated 2 weeks after TAC. Levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and myosin heavy chain were higher in AR-null than in WT TAC hearts. Deficiency of AR decreased urinary levels of the acrolein metabolite, 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid. Deletion of AR did not affect the levels of the other aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme - aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in the heart, or its urinary product - (N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)- l -cystiene). AR-null hearts subjected to TAC showed increased accumulation of HNE- and acrolein-modified proteins, as well as increased AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy. Superfusion with HNE led to a greater increase in p62, LC3II formation, and GFP-LC3-II punctae formation in AR-null than WT cardiac myocytes. Pharmacological inactivation of JNK decreased HNE-induced autophagy in AR-null cardiac myocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that during hypertrophy the accumulation of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes promotes pathological remodeling via excessive autophagy, and that metabolic detoxification of these aldehydes by AR may be essential for maintaining cardiac function during early stages of pressure overload.
Surface Science Approach to the Molecular Level Integration of the Principles in Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis

Heterogeneous, homogeneous, and enzymatic catalysis have generally been treated and studied as three separate fields. However all three fields have many aspects that unify them, therefore it is useful to study catalysts from each field in similar manners. Heterogeneous catalysts have been studied extensively under reaction conditions to monitor dynamic changes that occur during catalytic reactions, their atomic and molecular structure, and composition and oxidation state with high spatial and time resolution. The techniques used to monitor these catalysts include sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, high pressure scanning tunneling microscopy, and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In order to use these techniques to study homogeneous catalysts and enzymes under reaction conditions, we have heterogenized homogeneous catalysts by encapsulating small metal clusters in dendrimers and immobilized enzymes through the use of DNA tethers. By studying all three fields under reaction conditions with the same techniques we aim to show that heterogeneous, homogeneous, and enzymatic catalysts all behave similarly at the molecular level.