cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity and Optical Excess across the Substellar Boundary in Taurus

We present the results of a high-resolution imaging survey of 22 brown dwarfs and very low mass stars in the nearby (~145 pc) young (~1-2 Myr) low-density star-forming region Taurus-Auriga. We obtained images with the Advanced Camera for Surveys High Resolution Channel on HST through the F555W (V), F775W (i'), and F850LP (z') filters. This survey confirmed the binarity of [BHS98] MHO 8 (hereafter MHO-Tau-8) and discovered a new candidate binary system, [SS94] V410 X-ray 3 (hereafter V410-Xray3), resulting in a binary fraction of 9^(+10)_(-3)% at separations >4 AU. Both binary systems are tight ( 3M_J at projected separation >40 AU orbiting any of the Taurus members in our sample, implying that planetary-mass companions at wide separations are rare. Finally, based on fits to the optical and near-infrared spectral energy distributions, we identify several BDs with significant (≳1 mag) V-band excesses. The excesses appear to be correlated with signatures of accretion and if attributed to accretion luminosity may imply mass accretion rates several orders of magnitude above those inferred from line profile analyses.
A modified procedure for the palladium catalyzed borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl and heteroaryl halides utilizing bis-boronic acid

A modified Pd-catalyzed method of forming aryl- and heteroarylboron species and a two-step, one-pot borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling using the atom economical tetrahydroxydiboron (bis-boronic acid, BBA) is reported. By using ethylene glycol as an additive, the new method results in increased yields, lower BBA loading, faster reaction times, and a broader reaction scope, including previously problematic substrates such as heterocycles.
High pressure research: An overview and recent progress

Abstract A brief overview of high pressure science is presented. It is emphasized that the field is in the midst of a most exciting period brought about by (1) advances in apparatus and pressure range, (2) the availability of sophisticated microscopic probes and (3) advances in theory and the coupling of theory and experiments. Examples of recent work in three areas are presented. These areas are (i) III–V strained-layer superlattices, (ii) soft mode systems with dilute dipolar impurities and (iii) shock-induced chemical reactions.
SELF-AVOIDING WALKS WITH WRITHE

Abstract We map self-avoiding random walks with a chemical potential for writhe to the three-dimensional complex O ( N ) Chern-Simons theory as N → 0. We argue that at the Wilson-Fisher fixed point which characterizes normal self-avoiding walks (with radius of gyration exponent β ≈ 0.588) a small chemical potential for writhe is irrelevant and the Chern-Simons field does not modify the monomer-monomer correlation function. For a large chemical potential the polymer collapses.
Customer value analysis in a heterogeneous market

In recent years, customer value has become a major focus among strategy researchers and practitioners as an essential element of a firm's competitive strategy. Many firms have been interested in Customer Value Analysis (CVA) which involves a structural analysis of the antecedent factors of perceived value (i.e., perceived quality and perceived price) to assess their relative importance in the perceptions of their buyers. We develop a statistical approach for performing CVA utilizing a recursive simultaneous equation model that is formulated to accommodate buyer heterogeneity. In particular, the proposed finite-mixture methodology allows one to estimate the relative effects and integration rules of perceived value drivers at the market segment level, as well as to simultaneously determine the (unknown) segments themselves. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed methodology via an actual commercial application involving a large electric utility company. Finally, we discuss the contributions of our research from the perspective of firm strategy and how it may be extended in the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Practical Synthesis of 3,3‐Difluorocyclobutane Carboxylic Acid

Abstract We reported a straightforward, three step synthesis of 3,3‐difluorocyclobutane carboxylic acid.
Voting with Coarse Beliefs

The classic Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem says that every strategy-proof voting rule with at least three possible candidates must be dictatorial. Similar impossibility results hold even if we consider a weaker notion of strategy-proofness where voters believe that the other voters' preferences are i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed). In this paper, we take a bounded-rationality approach to this problem and consider a setting where voters have "coarse" beliefs (a notion that has gained popularity in the behavioral economics literature). In particular, we construct good voting rules that satisfy a notion of strategy-proofness with respect to coarse i.i.d.~beliefs, thus circumventing the above impossibility results.
A supply chain design model with unreliable supply

Uncertainties abound within a supply chain and have big impacts on its performance. We propose an integrated model for a three-tiered supply chain network with one supplier, one or more facilities and retailers. This model takes into consideration the unreliable aspects of a supply chain. The properties of the optimal solution to the model are analyzed to reveal the impacts of supply uncertainty on supply chain design decisions. We also propose a general solution algorithm for this model. Computational experience is presented and discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 54: 829-844, 2007
Measuring fundamental parameters of substellar objects. II: Masses and radii

We present mass and radius derivations for a sample of very young, mid- to late-M, low-mass stellar and substellar objects in Upper Scorpius and Taurus. In a previous paper we determined effective temperatures and surface gravities for these targets from an analysis of their high-resolution optical spectra and comparisons to the latest synthetic spectra. We now derive extinctions, radii, masses, and luminosities by combining our previous results with observed photometry, surface fluxes from the synthetic spectra, and the known cluster distances. These are the first mass and radius estimates for young, very low mass bodies that are independent of theoretical evolutionary models (although our estimates do depend on spectral modeling). We find that for most of our sample, our derived mass-radius and mass-luminosity relationships are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions. However, our results diverge from the evolutionary model values for the coolest, lowest mass targets: our inferred radii and luminosities are significantly larger than predicted for these objects at the likely cluster ages, causing them to appear much younger than expected. We suggest that uncertainties in the evolutionary models—e.g., in the choice of initial conditions and/or treatment of interior convection—may be responsible for this discrepancy. Finally, two of our late-M objects (USco 128 and 130) appear to have masses close to the deuterium-fusion boundary (~9MJ-14MJ within a factor of 2). This conclusion is primarily a consequence of their considerable faintness compared to other targets with similar extinction, spectral type, and temperature (difference of ~1 mag). Our result suggests that the faintest young late-M or cooler objects may be significantly lower in mass than current theoretical tracks indicate.
Classifying Documents within Multiple Hierarchical Datasets Using Multi-task Learning

Multi-task learning (MTL) is a supervised learning paradigm in which the prediction models for several related tasks are learned jointly to achieve better generalization performance. When there are only a few training examples per task, MTL considerably outperforms the traditional Single task learning (STL) in terms of prediction accuracy. In this work we develop an MTL based approach for classifying documents that are archived within dual concept hierarchies, namely, DMOZ and Wikipedia. We solve the multi-class classification problem by defining one-versus-rest binary classification tasks for each of the different classes across the two hierarchical datasets. Instead of learning a linear discriminant for each of the different tasks independently, we use a MTL approach with relationships between the different tasks across the datasets established using the non-parametric, lazy, nearest neighbor approach. We also develop and evaluate a transfer learning (TL) approach and compare the MTL (and TL) methods against the standard single task learning and semi-supervised learning approaches. Our empirical results demonstrate the strength of our developed methods that show an improvement especially when there are fewer number of training examples per classification task.
Four observations on n-triviality and Brunnian links

Brunnian links have been known for a long time in knot theory, whereas the idea of n-triviality is a recent innovation. We illustrate the relationship between the two concepts with four short theorems.
Efficient shape representation using deformable models with locally adaptive finite elements

This paper presents a physics-based algorithm to efficiently represent shape using deformable models with locally adaptive finite elements. We implement our technique using our previously developed dynamic deformable models which support local and global deformations. We express global deformations with a few parameters which represent the gross shape of an object, while local deformations capture shape details of objects through their many local parameters. Using triangular finite elements to represent local deformations our algorithm ensures that during subdivision the desirable finite element mesh properties of conformity, non-degeneracy, and smoothness are maintained. Through our algorithm, we locally subdivide the triangles used for the local deformations based on the distance between the given datapoints and the model. Furthermore, to improve our results we use a new algorithm to calculate the forces that datapoints exert on the model which is based on the minimal distance to a finite element instead of to a model node. In this way not only can we represent more accurately an object surface, but also more efficiently because new model nodes are added only when necessary in a local fashion. We present model fitting experiments to 3-D range data.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effect of Conjugate Heat Transfer on Film Cooling Effectiveness

The film cooling effectiveness of a two-dimensional gas turbine endwall is compared for the cases of conjugate heat transfer and an adiabatic wall condition using five common turbulence models. The turbulence models employed in this study are: the RNG k–e model, the realizable k–e model, the standard k–ω model, the SST k–ω model, and the RSM model. The computed flow field and surface temperature profiles along with the film effectiveness for one and two cooling slots at different injection angles are presented. The results show the strong effect of conjugate heat transfer on the film effectiveness compared to the adiabatic case and also compared to the effectiveness values obtained from analytically solvable models.
Guidelines and selection criteria for secondary cytoreductive surgery in patients with recurrent, platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The benefit of cytoreductive surgery for patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer has not been defined clearly. The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors for survival in patients who underwent secondary cytoreduction for recurrent, platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer and to establish generally applicable guidelines and selection criteria. METHODS The authors reviewed all patients who underwent secondary cytoreduction for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer from 1987 to 2001. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS In total, 157 patients underwent secondary cytoreduction, and 153 of those patients were evaluable. After secondary cytoreduction, the median follow-up was 36.9 months (range, 0.2-125.6 months), and the median survival was 41.7 months (95% confidence interval, 36.0-47.2 months). For patients who had a disease-free interval prior to recurrence of between 6 months and 12 months, the median survival was 30 months compared with 39 months for patients who had a disease-free interval between 13 months and 30 months and 51 months for patients who had a disease-free interval >30 months (P = .005). For patients who had a single site of recurrence, the median survival was 60 months compared with 42 months for patients who had multiple sites of recurrence and 28 months for patients who had carcinomatosis (P 0.5 cm (P <.001). On multivariate analysis, disease-free interval (P = .004), the number of recurrence sites (P = .01), and residual disease (P <.001) were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS In the authors' analysis of secondary cytoreduction for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer, a significant survival benefit was demonstrated for residual disease that measured ≤ 0.5 cm. The disease-free interval and the number of recurrence sites should be used as selection criteria for offering secondary cytoreduction. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Principles of Blood Separation and Component Extraction in a Disposable Continuous-Flow Single-Stage Channel

Abstract:Guest Editor's Introduction: By 1977, the NCI/IBM 2990 and the Amico Celltrifuge, a conceptually similar instrument that had an identical centrifuge bowl, were being used worldwide. However, a major technical problem remained in that the blood path was still not completely disposable. To overcome this drawback, IBM 2977 was developed. The centrifuge bowl was changed from an axial flow separator to a circumferential flow geometry. The IBM 2997 single-stage channel instrument was first introduced and followed by the dual-stage channel instrument to obtain platelet concentrate with minimum lymphocyte contamination. This paper describes the basic design, operation conditions, and collection performance of the single-stage channel IBM 2977. This paper was printed in Blood, vol 54, page 254–268 (1979) and reprinted here with permission. A single-stage disposable channel and seal that provides for leukocyte and granulocyte collection by continuous-flow cell separation (CFCS) has been designed by the IBM Corporation. This paper describes (1) the separation characteristics of whole blood as it responds to varying gravitational (G) forces and flow rates through the channel; (2) the mechanism by which the buffy coat accumulates and is extracted; (3) the efficiency of extraction; (4) those donor and procedural variables that contribute to the final yield; (5) posttransfusion increment response in patients; and (6) the functional integrity of the cells collected.
Some theorems on the existence of competitive equilibrium

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to point out a relationship between theorems on the existence of competitive equilibrium in economies with externalities, and recent results (pioneered by A. Mas-Colell) on the existence of equilibrium for economies in which consumer preferences are neither complete nor transitive. This observation leads both to a substantial strengthening of the theorem on the existence of equilibrium with externalities, and at the same time to a revealing perspective on the Mas-Colell theorem.
The Quality of China's GDP Statistics

Abstract Since the 1998 “wind of falsification and embellishment,” Chinese official statistics on gross domestic product (GDP) have repeatedly come under scrutiny. This paper evaluates the quality of China's GDP statistics in four stages. First, it reviews past and ongoing suspicions of the quality of GDP data and examines the evidence. Second, it documents the institutional framework for data compilation and concludes on the implications for data quality. Third, it asks how the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics could possibly go about credibly falsifying GDP data without being found out. Fourth, it examines if the first- and second-digit distributions of official GDP data conform to established data regularities (Benford's Law). The findings are that the supposed evidence for GDP data falsification is not compelling, that the National Bureau of Statistics has much institutional scope for falsifying GDP data, and that certain manipulations of nominal and real data would be virtually undetectable. Official GDP data, however, exhibit few statistical anomalies (conform to Benford's Law) and the National Bureau of Statistics thus either makes no significant use of its scope to falsify data, or is aware of statistical data regularities when it falsifies data.
Free Antineutrino Absorption Cross Section. II. Expected Cross Section from Measurements of Fission Fragment Electron Spectrum

A measurement of the electron spectrum from the thermal neutron fission of U/sup 235/ is described. From this spectrum the antineutrino spectrum is calculated, and on the basis of the two-component theory of the antineutrino a predicted average cross section for the absorption of antineutrinos by protons is (6.1 the J-57 engin 1) x 10/sup -43/ cm/sup 2/fission. This agrees with the measured cross section of (8.7 the J-57 engin 1.5) x 10/sup -43/ cm/sup 2/ fission. The four-component theory of the antineutrino would have predicted (5.05 the J-57 engin 0.5) x 10/sup -43/ cm/sup 2/fission. (auth)
The combinatorial game theory of well-tempered scoring games

The general behavior of combinatorial scoring games is not well-understood. In this paper, we focus on a special class of “well-tempered” scoring games. By analogy with Grossman and Siegel’s notion of even- and odd-tempered normal play games, we declare a dicot scoring game to be even-tempered if all its options are odd-tempered, and odd-tempered if it is not atomic and all its options are even-tempered. Games of either sort are called well-tempered. These show up naturally when analyzing one of the “knot games” introduced by Henrich et al. We consider disjunctive sums of well-tempered scoring games, and develop a theory for them analogous to the standard theory of disjunctive sums of normal play partizan games. We isolate a special class of inversive well-tempered games which behave like normal play partizan games or like the “Milnor games” considered by Milnor and Hanner. In particular, inversive games (modulo equivalence) form a partially ordered abelian group, and there is an effective description of the partial order. Moreover, the full monoid of well-tempered scoring games (modulo equivalence) admits a complete description in terms of the group of inversive games. We also describe several examples of well-tempered scoring games and provide dictionaries listing the values of some small positions in two of these games.
Police officer attitudes towards intranasal naloxone training

Abstract Background One approach to reduce fatal opioid overdose is by distributing naloxone to law enforcement officers. While several cities have implemented these naloxone programs, little research has investigated officer attitudes about their training. The present research attempts to fill this gap by analyzing survey data from police officers following intranasal naloxone training. Methods All of the police officers within the same district in Indianapolis, Indiana, underwent training to recognize opioid overdose and to administer intranasal naloxone (N = 117). Following training, officers completed a survey that measured prior experience with opioid overdose, perceived importance of training, and items from the Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) to measure attitudes following training. Results The officers had overwhelmingly positive feelings about the training, that it was not difficult, and that other officers should be trained to use naloxone. The OOAS items suggest that officers know the appropriate actions to take in the event of an overdose and feel that administering intranasal naloxone will not be difficult. Finally, we found that officers who had more experience with opioid overdose had more positive attitudes about the training. Conclusion Distributing naloxone to police officers is likely a trend that will continue so it is important to understand how police officers respond to training to assure that future trainings are as effective as possible. Further research is needed to investigate the impact that these programs have on the community.
A UNIFIED REPRESENTATION OF GAS-PHASE ELEMENT DEPLETIONS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM*

A study of gas-phase element abundances reported in the literature for 17 different elements sampled over 243 sight lines in the local part of our Galaxy reveals that the depletions into solid form (dust grains) are extremely well characterized by trends that employ only three kinds of parameters. One is an index that describes the overall level of depletion applicable to the gas in any particular sight line, and the other two represent linear coefficients that describe how to derive each element's depletion from this sight-line parameter. The information from this study reveals the relative proportions of different elements that are incorporated into dust at different stages of grain growth. An extremely simple scheme is proposed for deriving the dust contents and metallicities of absorption-line systems that are seen in the spectra of distant quasars or the optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. Contrary to presently accepted thinking, the elements sulfur and krypton appear to show measurable changes in their depletions as the general levels of depletions of other elements increase, although more data are needed to ascertain whether or not these findings are truly compelling. Nitrogen appears to show no such increase. The incorporation of oxygen into solid form in the densest gas regions far exceeds the amounts that can take the form of silicates or metallic oxides; this conclusion is based on differential measurements of depletion and thus is unaffected by uncertainties in the solar abundance reference scale.
Strongly enhanced paramagnetism in CeNi5—xGax and LaNi3Ga2

Abstract Low temperature magnetic properties of CeNi5—xGax (x=1, 2, 2.2 and 2.8) and LaNi3Ga2 were investigated. CeNi5—xGax show low temperature behaviors that are characteristic of strongly enhanced paramagnetic 3d metals. Gallium additions tend to bring the systems closer to the paramagnetic-itinerant ferromagnetic transition. The valence state of cerium remains at nearly 4+ throughout the series. LaNi3Ga2 shows T2 dependence in both its low temperature resistivity and susceptibility. This implies that the material is a spin fluctuator which possesses a positive curvature in the density of states at the Fermi level.
Three-Dimensional Space Charge Calculation Method

We present a method for calculating space-charge forces suitable for use in a particle tracing code. We solve Poisson's equation in three dimensions with boundary conditions specified on an arbitrary surface by using a weighted residual method. Using a discrete particle distribution as our source input, examples are shown of off-axis, bunched beams of noncircular crosssection in radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and drift-tube linac geometries.
First order phase transitions in neutron star matter: droplets and coherent neutrino scattering

Abstract A first order phase transition at high baryon density implies that a mixed phase can occupy a significant region of the interior of a neutron star. In this article, we investigate the effect of a droplet phase on neutrino transport inside the core. Two specific scenarios of the phase transition, one having a kaon condensate and the other having quark matter in the high density phase, are examined. The coherent scattering of neutrinos off the droplets greatly increases the neutrino opacity of the mixed phase. We comment on how the existence of such a phase will affect a supernova neutrino signal.
Space systems survivability - the protection environment

The US military, civilian agencies, and commercial sectors of our economy are becoming increasingly dependent on space systems and their unique capabilities. The aspects of space systems which lend themselves to a concept of Global Virtual Presence also create requirements and technological challenges for protecting the space assets and assuring their operation in the presence of the natural and man-made space environments which can potentially degrade system performance or cause lifetime-limiting damage. This will discuss the “protection environment,” the process and methods used for determining protection needs, and the framework employed to identify potential protection solutions. The emphasis will be on the orbital segments of space systems.
Io as the trigger of energetic electron disturbances in the inner Jovian magnetosphere

Abstract Io adds approximately a ton of mass per second to the Jovian magnetosphere, mass that is consequently energized to circle Jupiter at the corotation velocity with a commensurate thermal velocity. The plasma moves radially outward and eventually is lost down the tail. The mass addition process and its subsequent transport are far from uniform and are thought to be ultimately responsible for driving much of the dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. One of the manifestations of this dynamic behavior is a disturbance of the energetic electron fluxes measured by the Galileo spacecraft. When we examine disturbances in the dipolar portion of the magnetosphere, that we conservatively take to be within 12 Jovian radii ( R J ), we find that energetic electron events are more often seen on passes in which Io is close to Galileo's perijove longitude. The majority of these events occur when Galileo is within ±25° of Io. For those events for which injection longitudes can be calculated, the injection point is consistent with the longitude of Io at the time of injection. This correlation suggests that disturbances initiated by Io are affecting energetic particles as far out as jovicentric distances of 12 R J , 6 R J outside the Io orbit.
Comparison of hadronic rescattering calculations of elliptic flow and HBT with measurements from RHIC

Abstract Results from the data obtained in the first physics run of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have shown surprisingly large elliptic flow and suprisingly small HBT radii. Attempts to explain both results in a consistant picture have so far been unsuccessful. The present work shows that a simple thermal-like initial state model coupled to a hadronic rescattering calculation can explain reasonably well both elliptic flow and HBT results from RHIC. The calculation suggests a very early hadronization time of about 1 fm/c after the initial collision of the nuclei.
Multi-superthreads and supersheets

We obtain new BPS solutions of six-dimensional, $ \mathcal{N} $ = 1 supergravity coupled to a tensor multiplet. These solutions are sourced by multiple “superthreads” carrying D1-D5-P charges and two magnetic dipole charges. These new solutions are sourced by multiple threads with independent and arbitrary shapes and include new shape-shape interaction terms. Because the individual superthreads can be given independent profiles, the new solutions can be smeared together into continuous “supersheets”, described by arbitrary functions of two variables. The supersheet solutions have singularities like those of the three-charge, two dipole-charge generalized supertube in five dimensions and we show how such five-dimensional solutions emerge from a very simple choice of profiles. The new solutions obtained here also represent an important step in finding superstrata, which are expected to play a role in the description of black-hole microstates, due to their ability to store a large amount of entropy in their two-dimensional profile.
Multigraded Hilbert schemes

We introduce the multigraded Hilbert scheme, which parametrizes all homogeneous ideals with fixed Hilbert function in a polynomial ring that is graded by any abelian group. Our construction is widely applicable, it provides explicit equations, and it allows us to prove a range of new results, including Bayer's conjecture on equations defining Grothendieck's classical Hilbert scheme and the construction of a Chow morphism for toric Hilbert schemes.
Lunar-forming collisions with pre-impact rotation

Abstract Prior models of lunar-forming impacts assume that both the impactor and the target protoearth were not rotating prior to the Moon-forming event. However, planet formation models suggest that such objects would have been rotating rapidly during the late stages of terrestrial accretion. In this paper I explore the effects of pre-impact rotation on impact outcomes through more than 100 hydrodynamical simulations that consider a range of impactor masses, impact angles and impact speeds. Pre-impact rotation, particularly in the target protoearth, can substantially alter collisional outcomes and leads to a more diverse set of final planet–disk systems than seen previously. However, the subset of these impacts that are also lunar-forming candidates—i.e. that produce a sufficiently massive and iron-depleted protolunar disk—have properties similar to those determined for collisions of non-rotating objects [Canup, R.M., Asphaug, E., 2001. Nature 412, 708–712; Canup, R.M., 2004a. Icarus 168, 433–456]. With or without pre-impact rotation, a lunar-forming impact requires an impact angle near 45 degrees, together with a low impact velocity that is not more than 10% larger than the Earth's escape velocity, and produces a disk containing up to about two lunar masses that is composed predominantly of material originating from the impactor. The most significant differences in the successful cases involving pre-impact spin occur for impacts into a retrograde rotating protoearth, which allow for larger impactors (containing up to 20% of Earth's mass) and provide an improved match with the current Earth–Moon system angular momentum compared to prior results. The most difficult state to reconcile with the Moon is that of a rapidly spinning, low-obliquity protoearth before the giant impact, as these cases produce disks that are not massive enough to yield the Moon.
Controlled Sensing for Multihypothesis Testing

The problem of multiple hypothesis testing with observation control is considered in both fixed sample size and sequential settings. In the fixed sample size setting, for binary hypothesis testing, the optimal exponent for the maximal error probability corresponds to the maximum Chernoff information over the choice of controls, and a pure stationary open-loop control policy is asymptotically optimal within the larger class of all causal control policies. For multihypothesis testing in the fixed sample size setting, lower and upper bounds on the optimal error exponent are derived. It is also shown through an example with three hypotheses that the optimal causal control policy can be strictly better than the optimal open-loop control policy. In the sequential setting, a test based on earlier work by Chernoff for binary hypothesis testing, is shown to be first-order asymptotically optimal for multihypothesis testing in a strong sense, using the notion of decision making risk in place of the overall probability of error. Another test is also designed to meet hard risk constrains while retaining asymptotic optimality. The role of past information and randomization in designing optimal control policies is discussed.
Movements in the Equity Premium: Evidence from a Time-Varying VAR

Previous literature has recognized the importance of regime changes in the calculation of ex-ante equity premia. However, the methodologies used to esti- mate equity premia only allow for very restrictive forms of regime transitions. This paper addresses the issue by postulating an evolving model for the law of motion of dividend growth, consumption growth and dividend-price ratio. Model parameters are then used to compute conditional and unconditional U.S. equity premia. We substan- tially extend and confirm previous work on the declining equity premium and perform exploratory data analysis in search of clues about macroeconomic factors driving the equity premium. We find that the equity premium has declined, particularly from 1950 to 1971 and from 1988 to 2000, and this decline suggests that high post-war equity returns represent the end of a high equity premium. Our results point to changing consumption volatility as an important priced factor. We find that volatility of con- sumption growth is a good indicator of economic uncertainty, and as such, its changes are reflected in expected returns, and are priced by the market.
Inhomogeneous states with checkerboard order in the t − J model

We study inhomogeneous states in the $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model using an unrestricted Gutzwiller approximation. We find that $pa\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}pa$ checkerboard order, where $p$ is a doping dependent number, emerges from Fermi surface instabilities of both the staggered flux phase and the Fermi liquid state with realistic band parameters. In both cases, the checkerboard order develops at wave vectors $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ensuremath{\pi}∕pa,0)$, $(0,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ensuremath{\pi}∕pa)$ that are tied to the peaks of the wave-vector dependent susceptibility, and is of the Lomer-Rice-Scott type. The properties of such periodic, inhomogeneous states are discussed in connection to the checkerboard patterns observed by scanning tunneling microscopy in underdoped cuprates.
Results of the GPS JPO's GPS Performance Baseline Analysis: The GOSPAR Project*

The GPS Operational Control System (OCS) Performance Analysis and Reporting (GOSPAR) project was initiated by the GPS Joint Program Office (JPO) to establish an in-depth definition of current GPS Precise Positioning Service (PPS) performance characteristics. This paper provides a description of the key findings of the GOSPAR project to date. Specifically, the following topics are addressed: project overview, performance metric review, how GPS is doing, why GPS is doing so well, and bottom line to users. The results of the GOSPAR project have established a GPS performance baseline and set the stage for development of the next-generation GPS OCS. The next-generation OCS has as an objective to reduce GPS PPS user range errors (UREs) to 1.5 m root mean square (RMS) or better.
Photonic band structure of bcc colloidal crystals

Self-ordering colloidal systems are being recognized as possible candidates for optical photonic crystals. Such structures exhibit three-dimensional periodicity in refractive index, and possess lattice dimensions comparable to optical wavelengths. Recently, fcc colloidal crystals of water-suspended polystyrene microspheres were investigated in the context of photonic band structure. At lower polystyrene volume fractions, these colloidal suspensions crystallize in the bcc crystal lattice. This work extends our investigation of this system to cover the bcc phase and reiterates the use of Kossel lines in mapping the underlying photonic band structure. Along certain crystal directions, numerous Kossel lines intersect, giving rise to unusually large optical stop bands.
Rigid Body Motion in Special Relativity

We study the acceleration and collisions of rigid bodies in special relativity. After a brief historical review, we give a physical definition of the term ‘rigid body’ in relativistic straight line motion. We show that the definition of ‘rigid body’ in relativity differs from the usual classical definition, so there is no difficulty in dealing with rigid bodies in relativistic motion. We then describe
Extended neighborhood: Definition and characterization

We consider neighborhood search defined on combinatorial optimization problems. Suppose that N is a Neighborhood for combinatorial optimization problem X. We say that N′ is LO-equivalent (locally optimal) to N if for any instance of X, the set of locally optimal solutions with respect to N and N′ are the same. The union of two LO-equivalent neighborhoods is itself LO-equivalent to the neighborhoods. The largest neighborhood that is LO-equivalent to N is called the extended neighborhood of N, and denoted as N*. We analyze some basic properties of the extended neighborhood. We provide a geometric characterization of the extended neighborhood N* when the instances have linear costs defined over a cone. For the TSP, we consider 2-opt*, the extended neighborhood for the 2-opt (i.e., 2-exchange) neighborhood structure. We show that number of neighbors of each tour T in 2-opt* is at least (n /2 -2)!. We show that finding the best tour in the 2-opt* neighborhood is NP-hard. We also show that the extended neighborhood for the graph partition problem is the same as the original neighborhood, regardless of the neighborhood defined. This result extends to the quadratic assignment problem as well. This result on extended neighborhoods relies on a proof that the convex hull of solutions for the graph partition problem has a diameter of 1, that is, every two corner points of this polytope are adjacent.
FIRST STRUCTURE FORMATION: A SIMULATION OF SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURE AT HIGH REDSHIFT

We describe the results of a simulation of collisionless cold dark matter in a ΛCDM universe to examine the properties of objects collapsing at high redshift (z = 10). We analyze the halos that form at these early times in this simulation and find that the results are similar to those of simulations of large-scale structure formation at low redshift. In particular, we consider halo properties such as the mass function, density profile, halo shape, spin parameter, and angular momentum alignment with the minor axis. By understanding the properties of small-scale structure formation at high redshift, we can better understand the nature of the first structures in the universe, such as Population III stars.
Luminosities and Space Densities of Gamma-Ray Bursts

We use a homogeneous sample of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) extracted from 5.9 yr of BATSE DISCLA data and a variety of assumed broken power-law luminosity functions to derive GRB luminosities and space densities. Luminosity functions that are narrow or exhibit no density evolution produce expected redshift distributions that are incompatible with the observation of a GRB redshift of 3.4. For q0 = 0.1 and density evolution rising to 10 at z = 1, we find for a variety of slopes of the luminosity function values of the local space density around 0.18 Gpc-3 yr-1 with a range of only 40%. Characteristic 50-300 keV peak luminosities exhibit a range of a factor of 6 around 6 ? 1051 ergs s-1, corresponding to a characteristic total luminosity of 1.2 ? 1053 ergs in the 10-1000 keV band. For q0 = 0.5, densities are higher and luminosities lower, both by a factor of 2.5. The local emissivity of GRBs is 1.0 ? 1052 ergs Gpc-3 yr-1 in the 10-1000 keV band.
Calculations of the early evolution of Jupiter

Abstract The evolution of the protoplanet Jupiter is followed, using a hydrodynamic computer code with radiative energy transport. Jupiter is assumed to have formed as a subcondensation in the primitive solar nebula at a density just high enough for gravitational collapse to occur. The initial state has a density of 1.5 × 10 −11 g cm −3 and a temperature of 43 K; the calculations are carried to an equilibrium state where the central density reaches 0.5 g cm −3 and the central temperature reaches 2.5 × 10 4 K. During the early part of the evolution the object contracts in quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium; later on hydrodynamic collapse occurs, induced by the dissociation of hydrogen molecules. After dissociation is complete, the planet regains hydrostatic equilibrium with a radius of a few times the present value. Further evolution beyond this point is not treated here; however the results are consistent with the existence of a high-luminosity phase shortly after the planet settles into its final quasistatic contraction.
Molecular/Organic Ferromagnets

Quantitative bulk ferromagnetic behavior has been established for the molecular/organic solid [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE].(-). Above 16 K the dominant magnetic interactions are along a 1-D chain and, near T(c), 3-D bulk effects as evidenced by the value of the critical exponents dominate the susceptibility. The extended McConnell model was developed and provides the synthetic chemist with guidance for making new molecular materials to study cooperative magnetic coupling in systems. Assuming the electron-transfer excitation arises from the POMO, ferromagnetic coupling by the McConnell mechanism requires stable radicals (neutral, cations/anions, or ions with small diamagnetic counterions) with a non-half-filled POMO. The lowest excited state formed via virtual charge transfer (retro or forward) must also have the same spin multiplicity and mix with the ground state. These requirements limit the structure of a radical to D(2d) or C>/=(3) symmetry where symmetry breaking distortions do not occur. Intrinsic doubly and triply degenerate orbitals are not necessary and accidental degeneracies suffice. To achieve bulk ferromagnetism, ferromagnetic coupling must be established throughout the solid and a microscopic model has been discussed. These requirements are met by [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE].(-). Additionally this model suggests that the Ni(III) and Cr(III) analogs should be antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic, respectively, as preliminary data suggest. Additional studies are necessary to test and further develop the consequences of these concepts. Some molecular/organic solids comprised of linear chains of alternating metallocenium donors (D) and cyanocarbon acceptors (A) with spin state S = 1/2 (...D.(+)A.(-)D.(+)A.(-)...) exhibit cooperative magnetic phenomena, that is, ferro-, antiferro-, ferri-, and metamagnetism. For [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE](-). (Me = methyl; TCNE = tetracyanoethylene), bulk ferromagnetic behavior is observed below the Curie temperature of 4.8 K. A model of configuration mixing of the lowest charge-transfer excited state with the ground state was developed to understand the magnetic coupling as a function of electron configuration and direction of charge transfer. This model predicts that ferromagnetic coupling requires stable radicals with a non-half-filled degenerate valence orbital and a charge-transfer excited state with the same spin multiplicity that mixes with the ground state. Ferromagnetic coupling must dominate in all directions to achieve a bulk ferromagnet. Thus, the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are crucial considerations for the design of molecular/organic ferromagnets.
LOGISMOS-B for primates: primate cortical surface reconstruction and thickness measurement

Cortical thickness and surface area are important morphological measures with implications for many psychiatric and neurological conditions. Automated segmentation and reconstruction of the cortical surface from 3D MRI scans is challenging due to the variable anatomy of the cortex and its highly complex geometry. While many methods exist for this task in the context of the human brain, these methods are typically not readily applicable to the primate brain. We propose an innovative approach based on our recently proposed human cortical reconstruction algorithm, LOGISMOS-B, and the Laplace-based thickness measurement method. Quantitative evaluation of our approach was performed based on a dataset of T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans from 12-month-old macaques where labeling by our anatomical experts was used as independent standard. In this dataset, LOGISMOS-B has an average signed surface error of 0.01 ± 0.03mm and an unsigned surface error of 0.42 ± 0.03mm over the whole brain. Excluding the rather problematic temporal pole region further improves unsigned surface distance to 0.34 ± 0.03mm. This high level of accuracy reached by our algorithm even in this challenging developmental dataset illustrates its robustness and its potential for primate brain studies.
Properties of iron at the Earth's core conditions

Summary. The phase diagram of iron up to 330 GPa is solved using the experimental data of static high pressure (up to 11 GPa) and the experimental data of shock wave data (up to 250 GPa). A solution for the highest triple point is found (P= 280 GPa and T= 5760 K) by imposing the thermodynamic constraints of triple points. This pressure of the triple point is less than the pressure of the inner core–outer core boundary of the Earth. These results indicate that the density of iron at the inner core–outer core boundary pressure is close to 13 g cm−3, which lies close to the seismic solutions of the Earth at that pressure. It is thus concluded that the Earth's inner core is very likely to be virtually pure iron in its hexagonal close packed (hcp) phase. It is shown that four properties of the Earth's inner core determined from seismology are close in value to the corresponding properties of hcp iron at inner core conditions: density, bulk modulus, longitudinal velocity, and Poisson's ratio. The density–pressure profile of hcp iron at inner core conditions matches the density–pressure profile of the inner core as determined by seismic methods, within the spread of values given by recent seismic models. This indicates that the Earth is slowly cooling, the Earth's inner core is growing by crystallization, and the impurities of the core are concentrated in the outer core. The calculated temperature at the Earth's centre is 6450 K.
Gas-Phase Ionic Reactions: Dynamics and Mechanism of Nucleophilic Displacements

Nucleophilic displacement reactions (the SN2 reaction) of ions in the gas phase are a prototypical reaction system that allows a study of dynamics, mechanisms, and structure-energy relations. This article reviews aspects of the kinetics (especially the applicability of statistical reaction rate theory), the relation of structure and reactivity, and the effects of small numbers of solvent molecules on the reaction and compares the behavior of the ionic reaction in the gas phase with that in solution.
Charge pumping and DCIV currents in SOI FinFETs

Abstract Charge pumping (ACIV) and direct current–voltage (DCIV) measurements were performed on standard floating-body n -channel FinFETs. The resulting recombination currents are monitored directly at the drain and source contacts, and are found to depend strongly on frequency, gate voltage, and FinFET geometry. The DCIV current reaches a maximum when the body potential transitions from accumulation to inversion in response to the applied gate bias and the body-to-source and body-to-drain diodes become forward biased. The ACIV current is dominated by contributions from interface traps when the surface potential is swept from accumulation to inversion during the gate pulse. It is sensitive to recombination currents at the body-to-source and body-to-drain diodes at intermediate voltage levels. At the highest applied gate voltages, band-to-band tunneling is also observed. We demonstrate that the change in ACIV current with frequency before and after electrical stress allows charge-pumping estimates of stress-induced interface trap densities in standard SOI FinFETs without body contacts.
Networking with small computers: applications for home delivery of library services

Converging forces are shaping a new environment for libraries and as a consequence the present is full of opportunity. Within this new environment, one scenario ---a scenario which suggests a framework for the information industry in the 1980's---calls for establishment of libraries as the information source of choice.