cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transpiration Cooling Experiment for Scramjet Engine Combustion Chamber by High Heat Fluxes

A transpiration cooling experiment using an optical heating method that provided a heat flux as high as 234 W/cm 2 on the surface of specimen for a scramjet engine was performed. In this experiment, 19-mm-diam sintered, powdered, stainless-steel tubes and a 25-mm square cross-sectional tube of perforated Inconel tube were used to investigate transpiration cooling effectiveness. The cooling effectiveness by transpiration for each specimen was measured and analyzed. As a result, the transpiration cooling mechanism appeared to be a promising approach to remove a large amount of heat from the engine wall. A preliminary analysis of the transpiration cooling mechanism and a scaling conversion study that translates the results from helium tests into the case when a hydrogen medium is used are included.
An experimental and modeling study of the propagation of cyclohexane and mono-alkylated cyclohexane flames

Abstract Laminar flame speeds of cyclohexane/air, methylcyclohexane/air, ethylcyclohexane/air, n-propylcyclohexane/air, and n-butylcyclohexane/air mixtures were determined in the counterflow configuration at atmospheric pressure, unburned mixture temperature of 353 K, and for a wide range of equivalence ratios. The results indicate that cyclohexane/air flames propagate somewhat faster than mono-alkylated cyclohexane/air flames. Flames of mono-alkylated cyclohexane compounds were found to have similar laminar flame speeds, from methylcyclohexane to n-butylcyclohexane, suggesting that the different alkyl groups have a secondary effect on flame propagation. The experiments were modeled using JetSurF (version 1.1) – a detailed kinetic model for the combustion of cyclohexane and its derivatives. Both experiment and model show satisfactory agreement with each other. Based on the analysis of the model results, the somewhat lower rates of mono-alkylated cyclohexane flame propagation are attributed to the greater production of propene and allyl and the increased H-atom scavenging by these C3 intermediates. Though these fuel-specific reaction kinetic features do not limit the overall oxidation rates, the distribution of the cracked products do exert influences on flame propagation, leading to the subtle differences in the laminar flame speeds observed experimentally.
CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE LOCATION OF THE SWATOW LACE AND NEEDLEWORK INDUSTRY

QO NE of the most inviting possibilities in the development of areas of great underemployment is the promotion of handicraft industries. Particularly appealing is production for export, especially to the United States, where high buying power promises volume orders, and the producing country hopes thereby to earn ample foreign exchange. The location of a successful export handicraft industry often represents a choice between enlarging an already-operating center that may be far inland, or setting up a new one close to coastal ports. The former may have the advantages of existing facilities, experienced labor, access to raw materials, and an established finance and marketing organization; the latter is close to exporters, foreign buyers, and ready capital and saves transport costs on the finished products. In actual practice the final location may result in a compromise somewhere between an inland and a coastal area.
Quantifying soil salinity in areas invaded by Tamarix spp.

Abstract Elevated soil salinity is often associated with Tamarix invasion; however, it's unclear whether soils are more saline because of Tamarix or other environmental factors. Surface soil salinity was investigated along a flow-regulated, arid river with dense Tamarix of varying age to determine which factors best explain soil salinity. Flooding was the most important predictor, reducing salinity by nearly 70%. Soils under Tamarix had lower salinity than adjacent areas without woody cover in non-flooded areas suggesting that evaporation in arid environments may contribute more surface salts than Tamarix or may exacerbate plant inputs. Under most conditions, higher salinities were found under Tamarix than natives. An exception to this pattern was that soils under the smallest trees were more saline for natives. Relationships between soil salinity and stem size suggest that salts increase over time under Tamarix unless they are removed by flooding. However, the most mature stands had lower salinity than expected, reflecting some additional mechanism. Soil texture and distance from the river were important, but interacted strongly with other factors. The observed relationships between surface soil salinity and Tamarix stem size, a predictor of aboveground age, suggest Tamarix plays an active role in floodplain salinization within the sampled area.
Investigations of protein-protein interactions using time-resolved fluorescence and phasors.

Protein interactions are critical for biological specificity and techniques able to characterize these interactions are of fundamental importance in biochemistry and cell biology. Fluorescence methodologies have been extremely useful for studying many biological systems including protein–ligand and protein–protein interactions. In this review we focus on the application of time-resolved fluorescence approaches to macromolecular systems. We also include a detailed discussion of a relatively new time-resolved technique, the phasor method, for studying protein interactions both in vitro and in live cells.
Corrections to "Avoiding packaging mismatch with flexible packaging"

To integrate a software component into a system, it must interact properly with the system’s other components. Unfortunately, the decisions about how a component is to interact with other components are typically committed long before the moment of integration and are difficult to change. This paper introduces the Flexible Packaging method, which allows a component developer to defer some decisions about component interaction until system integration time. The method divides the component’s source into two pieces: the ware, which encapsulates the component’s functionality; and the packager, which encapsulates the details of interaction. Both the ware and the packager are independently reusable. A ware, as a reusable part, allows a given piece of functionality to be employed in systems in different architectural styles. A packager, as a reusable part, encapsulates conformance to a component standard, like an ActiveX control or an odbc database accessor. Because the packager’s source code is often formulaic, a tool is provided to generate the packager’s source from a highlevel description of the intended interaction, a description written in the architectural description language UniCon. The method and tools are evaluated with two case studies, an image viewer and a database updater.
Building school support systems for parents of handicapped children: the parent education and guidance program

The Parent Education and Guidance Program was motivated by the belief that the fostering of a positive, ongoing relationship between the school and home can have a significant bearing on the development of family strengths for coping with a handicapped child. The training program utilized parent support groups and professionals from various fields to involve parents of handicapped children in group process directed toward the holistic approach to meeting the child's social, emotional, and intellectual needs. During the course of the program it became apparent that parents needed the help and support of other parents who shared similar difficulties related to having a handicapped child in the family. Issues related to developing personal awareness as well as interpersonal skills were dealt with at the parent meetings. An atmosphere of mutual understanding and support between members of the Child Study Team and parents developed as a result of less formalized and more relaxed contact during the 8-month program.
ETIOLOGY OF HEARING LOSS IN CHILDREN: Nongenetic Causes

The identification of a specific cause of hearing loss in children facilitates optimal management. When a specific cause of a child's hearing loss is identified, parents are usually relieved. In many of the disorders associated with hearing loss, other organ systems are involved, and frequently hereditary factors are present. 61 In the article by Grundfast on the genetic causes of hearing loss, identification of the various hereditary causes and genetic counseling are discussed. Grundfast notes that a specific diagnosis (e.g., Usher syndrome) can allow the anticipation of associated complications and their appropriate management. Occasionally, medical or surgical intervention may be needed (e.g., syphilis). Therefore, knowledge of a specific cause facilitates habilitation planning and family planning. The frequency of the various causes of hearing loss in children has changed over the past 30 years and will probably continue to change as newborn hearing screening becomes available to all children and as we develop more ways to prevent hearing loss. The greatest victories in the arena of prevention of hearing loss in children have been in the infectious diseases. Congenital rubella has become almost nonexistent in the United States with the introduction of the vaccine. With the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine, the bacterial meningitis that has been responsible for most meningitis-induced hearing loss has been enormously decreased. These advances have resulted in hereditary causes and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) graduates contributing most children with hearing loss. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a common cause of hearing loss in children. 42 In this article, the many nongenetic causes of hearing loss are discussed. The article focuses on the most common causes of nongenetic hearing loss in children and attempts to place them in the context of the changes in the major causes of hearing loss over the past few decades.
Returning genetic research results: study type matters

Aim: The return of individual genetic research results has been identified as one of the most pressing ethical challenges warranting immediate policy attention. We explored the practices and perspectives of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) investigators on this topic. Materials & methods: Corresponding authors of published GWAS were invited to participate in a semistructured interview. Interviews (n = 35) were transcribed and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: Most investigators had not returned GWAS results. Several had experience returning results in the context of linkage/family studies, and many felt that it will become a larger issue in whole-genome/-exome sequencing. Conclusions: Research context and nature of the study are important considerations in the decision to return results. More nuanced ethical guidelines should take these contextual factors into account.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Study

An adult woman with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder who was nonresponsive to 20 sessions of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is presented in this case study. Two months after her CBT trial, she was treated with 21 sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for PTSD. Measurements of PTSD severity, depression, anxiety, psychological flexibility and trauma-related thoughts and beliefs were taken at pretreatment, after Sessions 8 and 16, and at posttreatment. Results showed significant reduction on all measures throughout treatment, except for trauma-related thoughts and beliefs, which did not decrease until near the end of treatment. Strengths, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Common iliac vein stenosis and risk of symptomatic pulmonary embolism: an inverse correlation.

Abstract Purpose To test the hypothesis that a common iliac vein (CIV) stenosis may impair embolization of a large deep venous thrombosis (DVT) to the lungs, decreasing the incidence of a symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and Methods Between January 2002 and August 2007, 75 patients diagnosed with unilateral DVT were included in a single-institution case-control study. Minimum CIV diameters were measured 1 cm below the inferior vena cava (IVC) bifurcation on computed tomography (CT) images. A significant stenosis in the CIV ipsilateral to the DVT was defined as having either a diameter 4 mm or less or a greater than 70% reduction in lumen diameter. A symptomatic PE was defined as having symptoms and imaging findings consistent with a PE. The odds of symptomatic PE versus CIV stenosis were assessed using logistic regression models. The associations between thrombus location, stenosis, and symptomatic PE were assessed using a stratified analysis. Results Of 75 subjects, 49 (65%) presented with symptomatic PE. There were 17 (23%) subjects with a venous lumen 4 mm or less and 12 (16%) subjects with a greater than 70% stenosis. CIV stenosis of 4 mm or less resulted in a decreased odds of a symptomatic PE compared with a lumen greater than 4 mm (odds ratio [OR] 0.17, P = .011), whereas a greater than 70% stenosis increased the odds of DVT involving the CIV (OR 7.1, P = .047). Conclusions Among patients with unilateral DVT, those with an ipsilateral CIV lumen of 4 mm or less have an 83% lower risk of developing symptomatic PE compared with patients with a CIV lumen greater than 4 mm.
Specificity of the Cannabinoid Metabolite and Phencyclidine EMIT d.a.u. Assays

An Investigation to determine the specificity of the EMIT d.a.u, assays was conducted. Samples of drug-free urine from healthy volunteers were spiked Individually with one of 162 drugs to a concentration of 1000 mg/L. These samples were analyzed with the EMIT d.a.u, assays for phencyclldine and cannabinoids. Although some of the assays yielded positive results at this concentration, negative results were obtained In all samples diluted to 100, 10, and 1 mg/L. were vortexed and stored for 24 hours in a refrigerator. One hour before assaying, the tubes were removed, vortexed, and allowed to return to room temperature. These urines were then analyzed with the EMIT d.a.u, assays for phencyclidine and cannabinoid metabolites (Table I), according to the manufacturer's recommendations (2). Samples giving positive results at the 1000-mg/L concentration were diluted to concentrations of 100, 10, and 1 mg/L. The EMIT assay was performed again and the results recorded.
Experiences and directions in pushpin computing

Over the last three years we have built and experimented with the Pushpin computing wireless sensor network platform. The Pushpin platform is a tabletop multihop wireless sensor network testbed comprised of 100 nodes arbitrarily placed within a one-square-meter area. The Pushpin platform's concise form factor and extreme node density allow for fine-grained control of its environment and immediate user interaction, thereby uniquely situating it between simulated and real world sensor networks. This paper details our salient successes and lessons learned along the way. We also discuss how these experiences have shaped our vision of the future of wireless sensor networks and some concrete research directions to follow.
Variation in hospital rates of intraaortic balloon pump use in coronary artery bypass operations.

Abstract Background . Little is known about regional patterns of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) use in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. Our objectives were (1) to identify clinical variables associated with IABP use, and (2) to examine risk-adjusted rates of IABP use for 12 Massachusetts hospitals performing CABG operations. Methods . We used hospital discharge data to identify 6944 CABG surgical cases. Logistic regression was used to identify clinical variables associated with IABP use, and the resulting multivariate model was then used to risk adjust hospital rates of IABP use. Results . The IABP was used in 13.4% of the CABG surgical cases. The clinical variables independently associated with IABP use were cardiogenic shock, same admission angioplasty, prior CABG operation, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, and urgent admission status. Risk-adjusted rates of IABP use varied widely across hospitals from 7.8% to 20.8% ( p Conclusions . Hospital rates of IABP use vary considerably in Massachusetts. This practice variation may be related to the persistent uncertainty regarding the precise clinical indications for the IABP in this patient population.
Preparation of bis(heteroaryl)iodonium salts via an iodonium transfer reaction between di(cyano)iodonium triflate and organostannes

Di(cyano)iodonium triflate 5 generated in situ from iodosyl triflate (0 = I-OTf) and cyanotrimethylsilane is a preferred reagent for the preparation of various bis(heteroaryl)iodonium triflate salts 11–15 via an iodonium transfer reaction with the corresponding tributyltin substituted heterocycles 6–10. Novel heteroaromatic iodonium salts 3, 11–15 were isolated in good yields as relatively stable microcrystalline solids and characterized by multinuclear nmr, ir and hrms data.
Holistic health care for native women: an integrated model.

Gathering together to support each other has been a traditional custom for Native women. An integrated health care model is discussed that offers Native women an opportunity to deal with the challenge of mental health and health issues through traditional activities, enhancing their physical and spiritual health and receiving education while creating an atmosphere of empowerment and mutual support. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1573‐1575) AS A RESULT OF CENTURIES of colonization, the lives of Native American women have changed. These women have gone from having a valued position in their communities to leading lives marked by illness, early death, and domestic violence. Today we see an increase in alcoholism, divorce, mortality, suicide, depression, health behavior‐related illness, oppression, and loss of identity and tribal traditions among American Indian women. 1 McGrath et al. found that the health status and mental health status of American Indian women are generally worse than those of other women. Moreover, the suicide rate is twice as high among American Indians of both sexes as in the general American population. The death rates of Native American women are 2 to 6 times higher than those of other American women for alcoholism, liver disease, homicide, accidental death, and motor vehicle accidents. 2
Comments on the Convergence of Finite Element Solutions

(Uc ~ UJ/(Ui tfco) oc i/x This result indicates that there is a possibility to define the proportionality constant such that the flow will be selfpreserving. Applying the transformations reported for the stagnant external conditions did not yield the necessary transformation. It is necessary, also, to postulate that further transformation is possible, and that the proportionality constant is a function of the external fluid velocity such that /3 = 1 when Um ' = 0. By analyzing the data reported in Ref. 9 we obtain 0 = 1 + Q.2(Um/Ui). Combining this result with Boynton's correlation we obtain an empirical result with good approximation.
Human Resource Management: A Troubling Issue for the Global Hotel Industry

Although economic issues cast a long shadow, a survey of 243 hotel managers and executives has identified human resources as the most persistent problem they face. Different aspects of the HR issue...
Nicotine intervention during detoxification and treatment for other substance use.

This preliminary study evaluated the efficacy of a brief smoking cessation intervention (30 controls, 34 intervention groups) on a smoke-free inpatient unit for substance use detoxification. Controls received usual care, including the transdermal nicotine patch and referral to an outpatient smoking program. The intervention group additionally received a structured motivational enhancement program. Biochemically confirmed smoking cessation rate and abstinence/reduction of alcohol or other drug use were the main outcome measures taken 6 months after treatment initiation. The smoking cessation intervention did not result in greater participation in formal outpatient smoking cessation treatment and was not associated with either enhanced smoking cessation (6 vs. 0%) or greater smoking reduction at follow-up. Both groups significantly reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd) from about 24 at baseline to 10 cpd. The groups did not differ on abstinence from nonnicotine addictive substances. Smoking ...
Structuring unstructured clinical narratives in OpenMRS with medical concept extraction

We have developed a new software module for the open source Electronic Medical Record System OpenMRS to analyze unstructured clinical narratives. This module leverages Named Entity Recognition (NER) to deliver concise, semantic-type driven, interactive summaries of clinical notes. To this end, we performed an extensive empirical evaluation of four Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems using textual clinical narratives and full biomedical journal articles. The four NER systems under evaluation are MetaMap, cTAKES, BANNER. We studied several ensemble approaches built upon the above four NER systems to exploit their collaborative strengths. Evaluations are performed on the manually annotated patient discharge summaries from the Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside group (I2B2) and the CRAFT dataset. The main results include (1) BANNER significantly outperforms the other three systems on the I2B2 dataset with F1 values in the range of .73–.89, in contrast to .28 – .60 of other systems; and (2) Surprisingly, an ensemble approach of BANNER with any combinations of the other three approaches tends to degrade the performance by .08 – .11 in F1 when evaluated on the I2B2 dataset. Based on the evaluation results, we have developed a BANNER-based NER module for OpenMRS to recognize semantic concepts including problems, tests, and treatments. This module works with OpenMRS versions 2.×. The user interface presents concise clinical notes summaries and allows the user to filter, search and view the context of the concepts. We have also developed a companion web application to retrain the BANNER model using data from OpenMRS. The module and source code are available at wiki.openmrs.org/display/docs/Visit+Notes+Analysis+Module
Stomatitis Associated With Use of mTOR Inhibitors: Implications for Patients With Invasive Breast Cancer.

Background The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus is approved (in combination with exemestane) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer resistant to endocrine therapy. Stomatitis is among the most frequently reported dose-limiting adverse events associated with everolimus use, often requiring treatment interruption or dose reduction. Objectives This article aims to educate nurses on the identification and management of stomatitis associated with mTOR inhibitors in hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer and to assist nurses with additional management techniques to improve patient outcomes. Methods An evaluation of the literature highlighting the incidence, identification, and management of stomatitis in cancer was performed with a particular focus on breast cancer. In addition, the experiences of the authors' cancer center on managing stomatitis are described. Findings A growing body of clinical evidence shows the benefits of adding steroid-based mouth rinses to the treatment plan. Clinical experience provides additional insight into stomatitis preventive and management strategies for patients with breast cancer receiving treatment with everolimus.
ID: 137: GRK2 INHIBITION REDUCES POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION CARDIAC FIBROBLAST MEDIATED ADVERSE REMODELING

Objectives Remote (non-infarct) territory fibrosis is a significant cause of post-infarction heart failure (HF). We have previously shown that increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) activity in adult human cardiac fibroblasts (CF) isolated from failing hearts is an important mechanism of cardiac fibrosis through uncoupling β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling. This study investigates the potential therapeutic role of GRK2 inhibition on CF biology in vivo. Methods Adult male rats underwent LAD ligation to induce post-MI HF. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography. Myocardial fibrosis was quantitated by histologic staining. LV CF were isolated and cultured. GRK2 was inhibited by intra-coronary adenoviral-mediated delivery of a GRK2 inhibitor (Ad-GRK2ct) immediately following LAD ligation (n=11). Control rats received a null adenovirus (n=10). Animals were studied prior to and 12 weeks post-MI and adenoviral delivery. Results There was a significant decline in LV function at 12 weeks post-MI which [Fractional shortening: 0.35±0.01 vs. 0.52±0.01, p Conclusions Uncoupling of β-adrenergic signaling in CF via increased GRK2 appears to be a key mechanism of post-MI fibrosis. Targeted inhibition of GRK2 and restoration of b-adrenergic signaling/cAMP production in CF may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent pathological fibrosis and maladaptive remodeling.
Wright's as A Differential Spore Stain

A method of differential spore staining utilizing Wright's stain diluted one to five in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.6 and following the general technic of the Dorner method is outlined. Spores are stained a deep blue while the cytoplasm of the sporangium is stained a pinkish red.
Killing the Dream

Killing Sitting Bull did not stop trouble on the Sioux reservations; instead, it proved to be only a prelude to greater tragedy. Two weeks later, amid continuing tensions occasioned by the spread of the Ghost Dance religion, soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry slaughtered some two hundred Miniconjou people at Wounded Knee. The event marked the end of the armed conflict between Plains Indians and the United States Army and came to symbolize the end of a way of life.
Requirements Control System Applied to Collider Dipole Magnet Development

A number of Myths abound in the area of requirements development. The Requirements Control System (RCS) developed and used by General Dynamics on the CDM contract aims to dispel these myths and ensure comprehensive requirements flowdown to elements of the Collider Dipole Magnet (CDM) and the supporting Analysis, Demonstration, Quality Assurance and Master Test Plans. RCS also provides requirements traceability information by providing the source for each requirement, whether it be from a higher level specification, or from a supporting analysis or trade study. The computer is put to work doing what it does best, keeping track of details and checking for consistency and completeness.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL CONTROLLABILITY: SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS AND EXAMPLES

We shall introduce our subject with an example from control theory. Consider the controlled differential equation $$x(t)\, = \,\int\limits_0^t {f(s,x(s),\,u(s))} ds\,\forall t\, \in \,[0,1]$$
Stretch Reflexes in Shoulder Muscles Are Described Best by Heteronymous Pathways

The shoulder is a highly mobile joint spanned by complex musculature. Careful coordination of muscles is required to maintain shoulder integrity and stability. The objective of this study was to determine the role of stretch reflexes in maintaining this coordination. Specifically, we quantified whether stretch reflexes elicited in muscles spanning the glenohumeral joint were best described by homonymous pathways linking each muscle to itself, or heteronymous pathways coordinating activity between muscles. We used a novel robotic manipulandum to perturb shoulder posture in three degrees of freedom as subjects exerted isometric torques. Electromyograms were used to measure the elicited stretch reflexes. Our results suggest that stretch reflexes are coordinated between muscles, and that this coordination is mediated at least in part through rapid, spinal networks.
Smart engineering education: The ontology of Internet-of-Things applications

The performed analysis of the current smart systems, smart technology, smart devices and their applications in education clearly shows that a combination of Smart Learning concept and Internet-of-Things innovative technology will be a dominant paradigm of learning in upcoming 5–15 years. This paper presents the up-to-date findings and outcomes of research, design and development project aimed to identify the ontology of Internet-of-Things applications in smart engineering education — concepts, levels of "smartness", components, features, and functions.
State and unknown input observers for discrete-time nonlinear systems

The presence of unmeasured or uncontrolled inputs to dynamical systems can lead to instability or degraded performance. It becomes imperative, therefore, to estimate system states in conjunction with these exogenous disturbance inputs in order to design mitigative robust control strategies. In this paper, a systematic unknown input observer design methodology is proposed for discrete-time nonlinear systems with additive bounded disturbance inputs. Sufficient conditions in the form of linear matrix inequalities are proposed for constructing the observer gains, and providing levels of guaranteed state and unknown input estimation performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on a numerical example.
Price Transparency in Primary Care: Can Patients Learn About Costs When Scheduling an Appointment?

Background Cost-sharing in health insurance plans creates incentives for patients to shop for lower prices, but it is unknown what price information patients can obtain when scheduling office visits.
Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Selective Interactions of Cytochrome c with Cardiolipin That Correlate with Membrane Permeability

Permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane is an integral step in apoptosis. The resulting release of pro-apoptotic signaling proteins leads to cell destruction through activation of the cysteine-aspartic protease (caspase) cascade. However, the mechanism of outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeabilization remains unclear. It was recently shown that cytochrome c can induce pore formation in cardiolipin-containing phospholipid membranes, leading to large dextran and protein permeability. In this work, the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin-containing phospholipid vesicles, serving as models of the OMM, is investigated to probe cytochrome c-induced permeability. Lipid vesicles having either a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) or mixed-DPPC/cardiolipin membrane and containing a membrane-impermeable Raman tracer 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (3-NBS) were optically trapped, translated into a solution containing cytochrome c, and monitored for 3-NBS leakage. Cytochrome-correlat...
Corporate Lending in Early 2017

The corporate segment of Russia’s loan market is experiencing stagnation. The volumes of new loans are declining relative to the size of the economy, while the amount of debt has been demonstrating practically no increase. Interest rates are continuing to follow their downward trend. The quality of the credit portfolio is no longer improving, although this trend may possibly be associated with seasonality.
Ambiguous Figures: A Paradigm for Separation of Superimposed Images

How does the brain separate simultaneously viewed images? A number of preattentive, primitive, hardwired visual processes are discussed in other chapters in Part III A. These include stereo viewing, motion as a disambiguating process, accommodation, and vergence. The residual “classical” case can be defined as two clearly viewed superimposed images not in relative motion with respect to one another. Still, the brain can handle this case. Figure-ground separations and cognitive shifts with different interpretations of an ambiguous figure form the paradigm that here concerns us.
A Multi-Functional In-Memory Inference Processor Using a Standard 6T SRAM Array

A multi-functional in-memory inference processor integrated circuit (IC) in a 65-nm CMOS process is presented. The prototype employs a deep in-memory architecture (DIMA), which enhances both energy efficiency and throughput over conventional digital architectures via simultaneous access of multiple rows of a standard 6T bitcell array (BCA) per precharge, and embedding column pitch-matched low-swing analog processing at the BCA periphery. In doing so, DIMA exploits the synergy between the dataflow of machine learning (ML) algorithms and the SRAM architecture to reduce the dominant energy cost due to data movement. The prototype IC incorporates a 16-kB SRAM array and supports four commonly used ML algorithms—the support vector machine, template matching, $k$ -nearest neighbor, and the matched filter. Silicon measured results demonstrate simultaneous gains (dot product mode) in energy efficiency of 10 $\times $ and in throughput of 5.3 $\times $ leading to a 53 $\times $ reduction in the energy-delay product with negligible ( $\le $ 1%) degradation in the decision-making accuracy, compared with the conventional 8-b fixed-point single-function digital implementations.
Review of time-Domain Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy: from theory to human subject studies

Time-Domain Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (TD-DCS) is a novel approach that aims at merging Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) with time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) in a single modality [1]. The idea is to excite the tissue with a long-coherence, pulsed laser and acquire the temporal point spread function (TPSF) through the measurement of the photons time-of-flight (ToF). The optical properties of the tissue are recovered by TD-NIRS analysis, while DCS processes the temporal speckle fluctuations due to the moving scatterers in tissue (blood cells) to measure an index of microvascular blood flow (BFi) [2]. Furthermore, the time-domain information allows us discriminate between short and long photon paths to perform NIRS and DCS processing only on photons that have travelled deep into the tissue, increasing the sensitivity to the brain. This discrimination allows us to shorten the source-detector separation, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, and making the optical sensor more compact.
Analyst Forecast Properties and the Return-Earnings Relation: When are Earnings Surprises More Surprising?*

This paper documents the impact of two analyst forecast properties, analyst following and analyst forecast divergence, on the market reaction to earnings announcements. We examine how these forecast properties affect investors' perceptions of earnings forecasts, measured using short-window market reactions to unexpected quarterly earnings. We find that analyst following has a positive impact on short-window market reactions to earnings surprises. We further find that greater divergence of analysts' forecasts has a negative impact on short-window market reactions to earnings surprises. We identify forecast properties as additional determinants of earnings response coefficients in event studies, and provide insight regarding a particular dimension of the information environment that is usually represented by firm size. Our findings support the theoretical predictions from prior studies. This research contributes to the literature on the value relevance of forecast properties.
Modeling Gender Inequity in Household Decision-Making

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that if female farmers in developing countries had access to the same resources as men, the number of undernourished people would decrease by 12%–17% [9]. Clearly, gender equity is a vital part of increasing agricultural production to feed the world’s projected 9.7 billion people by 2050. However, programs designed to empower women in agricultural systems are expensive, and no quantitative model exists to define and explore the efficacy of policies in cultural contexts. We introduce a formal model of household decisions embedded in an agent-based model of community gender dynamics and show how the explicit definition of gender inequity can help inform decision-making about programs intended to empower women.
Risks of cause-specific mortality in offspring of pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disease of pregnancy

Abstract Background Fetal environment has a substantial influence on an individual’s health throughout their life course. Animal models of hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) have demonstrated adverse health outcomes among offspring exposed to HDP in utero. While there are numerous descriptions of the neonatal, infant, and pediatric outcomes of human offspring affected by HDP, there are few data in United States populations on later life outcomes, including mortality. Objective To assess risk for early mortality among offspring of pregnancies complicated by HDP. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of offspring born to women with singleton or twin pregnancies between 1947-1967 with birth certificate information in the Utah Population Database. We identified offspring from delivery diagnoses of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Offspring from these pregnancies (exposed) were matched to offspring of pregnancies without HDP (unexposed) by maternal age at delivery, birth year, sex, and multiple gestation. We also identified unexposed siblings of exposed offspring for a separate sibling analysis. Mortality follow-up of all offspring continued through 2016, at which time they would have been 49-69 years old. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for cause-specific mortality comparing exposed to unexposed offspring were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Results We compared mortality risks for 4,050 exposed offspring and 6,989 matched unexposed offspring from the general population and 7,496 unexposed siblings. Mortality risks due to metabolic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and external causes of death did not differ between exposed and unexposed groups. Mortality risks from cardiovascular disease (CVD) were higher in exposed offspring compared to unexposed offspring (aHR 1.57, 95% CI 1.16-2.12). In sex-specific models among the general population, CVD mortality was significantly associated with exposure among males (aHR 1.92, 95% CI 1.27-2.88) but not among females (aHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81-1.94). An interaction between HDP exposure and birth order on CVD mortality was significant (p=0.047), suggesting that the effect of HDP on CVD mortality increased with higher birth order. Among siblings, the association between HDP exposure and CVD mortality was not significant (aHR 1.39, 95% CI 0.99-1.95), and this was also true for sex-specific analyses of males (aHR 1.26, 95% CI 0.81-1.94) and females (aHR 1.71, 95% CI 0.96-3.04). As in the general population, there was a significant interaction between HDP exposure and birth order on CVD mortality (p=0.011). Conclusion In a United States population, overall mortality risks are higher for offspring of pregnancies complicated by HDP compared to unexposed offspring. Among siblings, there was not a significant association between HDP exposure and CVD mortality.
Change My Mind: The Impact of Online Client Ratings and Reviews on Perceptions of Therapists

AbstractHealth practitioners are increasingly using social media to market their services to potential clients. No research has experimentally examined the impact of base-rate (e.g., numerical rati...
Modeling managed aquifer recharge processes in a highly heterogeneous, semi-confined aquifer system

Widespread groundwater overdraft in alluvial aquifer systems like the Central Valley (CV) in California, USA, has increased interest in managed aquifer recharge (MAR). Like most clastic sedimentary basins, recharge to the productive semi-confined CV aquifer system remains a challenge due to the presence of nearly ubiquitous, multiple confining units (silt and clay) that limit recharge pathways. Previous studies suggest the presence of interconnected networks of coarse-texture sand and gravel deposits that bypass regional confining units over a small fraction of the CV near the American and Cosumnes rivers. Here, variably saturated infiltration and recharge processes were simulated across a domain that includes high-resolution representation of the heterogeneous alluvial geologic architecture in this area. Results show that recharge potential is highly dependent on subsurface geologic architecture, with a nearly 2 order-of-magnitude range of recharge across the domain. Where interconnected coarse-texture recharge pathways occur, results show that these features can (1) accommodate rapid, high-volume MAR and (2) propagate widespread and rapid pressure responses over multi-kilometer distances in the semi-confined aquifer system. For all MAR simulations, results show that the majority of MAR is accommodated by filling unsaturated-zone (UZ) pore volume. Results also show that coarse-texture UZ facies (where present) accommodate the majority of MAR volume during early time, but fine-texture facies ultimately accommodate the majority of the total MAR volume, even for coarse-dominated sites. These findings highlight the large variability of MAR potential across the landscape and demonstrate the importance of fine-texture facies for accommodating MAR in alluvial aquifer systems.
Integrate qualitative biological knowledge for gene regulatory network reconstruction with dynamic bayesian networks

Reconstructing gene regulatory networks, especially the dynamic gene networks that reveal the temporal program of gene expression from microarray expression data, is essential in systems biology. To overcome the challenges posed by the noisy and under-sampled microarray data, developing data fusion methods to integrate legacy biological knowledge for gene network reconstruction is a promising direction. However, large amount of qualitative biological knowledge accumulated by previous research, albeit very valuable, has received less attention for reconstructing dynamic gene networks due to its incompatibility with the quantitative computational models. In this dissertation, I introduce a novel method to fuse qualitative gene interaction information with quantitative microarray data under the Dynamic Bayesian Networks framework. This method extends the previous data integration methods by its capabilities of both utilizing qualitative biological knowledge by using Bayesian Networks without the involvement of human experts, and taking time-series data to produce dynamic gene networks. The experimental study shows that when compared with standard Dynamic Bayesian Networks method which only uses microarray data, our method excels by both accuracy and consistency.
Endovascular repair of infected carotid pseudoaneurysm: A case report.

Abstract Background Pseudoaneurysm (PA) of the carotid artery is a rare but life-threatening complication following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Management of carotid PAs is challenging due to the increased risk of stroke and nerve injury in an infected and re-operative field. Open surgery has been the mainstay for this complicated pathology however some patients have characteristics which make an endovascular approach more advantageous. Yet endovascular intervention for infected fields is scrutinized and used as a last option. History and Treatment Plan 72 year old female with history of basilar artery aneurysm embolization and right internal carotid artery occlusion presented with a left carotid pseudoaneurysm after a CEA 6 months prior. She presented with 2 days of increasing left neck swelling, erythema, and a small ulcerated area with bloody discharge from incision site. A Computed Tomagraphy scan (CTA) showed hematoma surrounding the left ICA concerning for PA. Wound cultures were obtained which grew coagulase (-) staphylococcus. We elected to perform an endovascular procedure to temporize the bleeding by placing a stent graft (7 mm × 7.5 cm Gore Viabahn) across the left ICA. She remains asymptomatic with no recurrent symptoms 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion Our experience in this patient indicates that endovascular stenting could be feasible and potentially effective intervention for infection-associated post-CEA PA in patients with an excessively high risk for stroke and nerve injury. We suggest each patient should be evaluated individually and all pertinent characteristics should be considered to make the best decision.
Implications of the 2020 Election for U.S. Health Policy

The 2020 Election and U.S. Health Policy The authors analyze voters’ views on health care issues as represented in 19 national public opinion polls, including some as recent as October 2020. The co...
External Finance and the Real Economy

In this paper we explore the possibility that external finance has benefits over internal finance in a world where reallocation of funds across firms is important. In the model, outside investors (the external financiers) have an excessive tendency to liquidate existing investment projects, since they get the full benefits from liquidation but only partial benefits from continuation of existing projects. Excessive liquidation is inefficient for firms individually, but it may have social benefits if the efficient allocation of resources requires funds to be reallocated across firms. Excessive liquidation increases the supply of funds in the reallocation market and makes this market "deeper" in the sense that it becomes easier for firms to raise capital. In anticipation of this deep market, firms invest more in information acquisition. This information acquisition increases overall productivity since it allows capital to flow to the most productive projects. Thus, a need for external finance may actually improve the equilibrium allocation of the economy. The model generates comparative statics' results as the degree of pledgeability of cash flows (which can be proxied, for example, by the degree of investor protection) and the need for external finance change. For example, the model predicts that measures of external finance will be positively correlated with the availability of information about firms.
Loss of Nitric Oxide Induces Fibrogenic Response in Organotypic 3D Co-Culture of Mammary Epithelia and Fibroblasts-An Indicator for Breast Carcinogenesis.

Excessive myofibroblast activation, which leads to dysregulated collagen deposition and the stiffening of the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays pivotal roles in cancer initiation and progression. Cumulative evidence attests to the cancer-causing effects of a number of fibrogenic factors found in the environment, diseases and drugs. While identifying such factors largely depends on epidemiological studies, it would be of great importance to develop a robust in vitro method to demonstrate the causal relationship between fibrosis and cancer. Here, we tested whether our recently developed organotypic three-dimensional (3D) co-culture would be suitable for that purpose. This co-culture system utilizes the discontinuous ECM to separately culture mammary epithelia and fibroblasts in the discrete matrices to model the complexity of the mammary gland. We observed that pharmaceutical deprivation of nitric oxide (NO) in 3D co-cultures induced myofibroblast differentiation of the stroma as well as the occurrence of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the parenchyma. Such in vitro response to NO deprivation was unique to co-cultures and closely mimicked the phenotype of NO-depleted mammary glands exhibiting stromal desmoplasia and precancerous lesions undergoing EMT. These results suggest that this novel 3D co-culture system could be utilized in the deep mechanistic studies of the linkage between fibrosis and cancer.