cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling two-phase microfluidic thermal transport systems using a novel thermal-flux degassing and fluid charging approach

A novel two-port thermal-flux method has been proposed and demonstrated for degassing and charging two-phase microfluidic thermal transport systems with a degassed working fluid. In microscale heat pipes and loop heat pipes (mLHPs), small device volumes and large capillary forces associated with smaller feature sizes render conventional vacuum pump-based degassing methods quite impractical. Instead, we employ a thermally generated pressure differential to purge non-condensable gases from these devices before charging them with a degassed working fluid in a two-step process. Based on the results of preliminary experiments studying the effectiveness and reliability of three different high temperature-compatible device packaging approaches, an optimized compression packaging technique was developed to degas and charge a mLHP device using the thermal-flux method. An induction heating-based noninvasive hermetic sealing approach for permanently sealing the degassed and charged mLHP devices has also been proposed. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, induction heating experiments were performed to noninvasively seal 1 mm square silicon fill-hole samples with donut-shaped solder preforms. The results show that the minimum hole sealing induction heating time is heat flux limited and can be estimated using a lumped capacitance thermal model. However, further continued heating of the solder uncovers the hole due to surface tension-induced contact line dynamics of the molten solder. It was found that an optimum mass of the solder preform is required to ensure a wide enough induction-heating time window for successful sealing of a fill-hole.
Statistical analysis of cloud-cover mitigation of optical turbulence in the boundary layer

One atmospheric phenomenon that adversely affects laser propagation is optical turbulence. From ten months of observation, the refractive index structure constant in the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be significantly reduced under widespread cloudy conditions. The refractive index structure constant (C(n) (2)) depends upon the turbulent flux of momentum, sensible and latent heat. The intensity of a propagating laser beam will not be degraded nearly as much as would be expected under clear or lightly scattered cloud conditions. New experimental data are presented that support this hypothesis. The refractive index structure constant was measured for various cloud-cover conditions.
Laser spectroscopy of jet-cooled radicals

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in the near ultraviolet has allowed detailed investigations relating to jet-cooled free radicals that are of importance for the understanding of combustion and atmospheric processes.
Polar locally convex topologies and Attouch-Wets convergence

Let X be a Hausdorff locally convex space. We show that convergence of a net of continuous linear functionals on X with respect to a given polar topology on its continuous dual X′ can be explained in terms of the convergence of the corresponding net of its graphs in X × R , and the corresponding net of level sets at a fixed height in X , with respect to a natural generalisation of Attouch-Wets convergence in normable spaces.
Epitaxial growth of Ag on Au(111) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy.

The initial stages and formation of subsequent layers in the room-temperature epitaxy of Ag on Au(111) have been studied using a scanning tunneling microscope in ultrahigh vacuum. Overall, the growth is layer by layer. At submonolayer coverages growth in fingerlike rows locked to the Au(111) (p\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) rectangular reconstruction is observed. One monolayer of Ag removes the substrate surface reconstruction. Higher coverages exhibit clustering and coalescence by growth in terrace shapes consistent with the symmetry of the Ag(111) surface.
Family Therapy in a Women's Group: Integrating Marriage and Family Therapy and Group Therapy.

This article describes how a family therapy perspective can be integrated into group as a treatment modality. This conceptual approach offers new possibilities for marriage and family therapists when women alone seek help. Concepts from family therapy are illustrated through a description of a specific women’s group and case study. Techniques from family therapy applied in group are derived from multigenerational, experiential/humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Among them are the genogram, sculpting, role playing, reframing, and reconstructing the story. This integrative approach makes the process described available to therapists of many orientations. Similarly, the group therapy modality can have a great impact on family treatment.
Integrated infrared nanodevices based on graphene monolayers

We present the concept and designs of electrostatically-gated graphene infrared (IR) nanodevices for multi-functional biomedical sensing, detection of intracellular bio-events and rotation-vibration absorption, and for polarization sensing and thermal emitters. We exploit the dynamic tunability of the graphene conductivity as a function of gate voltage and the ultralow profile of graphene monolayers to realize tunable nanodevies suitable for chip-scale IR photonic circuit integration.
Full Rank Solutions for the MIMO Gaussian Wiretap Channel With an Average Power Constraint

This paper considers a multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) Gaussian wiretap channel with a transmitter, a legitimate receiver and an eavesdropper, each equipped with multiple antennas. We first study the rank of the optimal input covariance matrix that achieves the secrecy capacity of the MIMO Gaussian wiretap channel under an average power constraint. The rank and other properties of the optimal solution are derived based on certain relationships between the channel matrices for the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper. Next, by obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions on the MIMO wiretap channel parameters, we determine the conditions under which the optimal input covariance matrix is full-rank or rank-deficient. For the case that the optimal input covariance is full-rank, we fully characterize the solution. When the optimal input covariance is rank-deficient, we show that the given MIMO wiretap channel can be modeled by an equivalent wiretap channel whose optimal input covariance is full rank and achieves the same secrecy capacity as the original system. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the proposed theoretical findings.
Investigation of the electronic structure and spectroscopy of Jahn—Teller distorted C+60

Abstract The electronic structure and spectroscopy of C+60 is examined using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) model. The ground state of the ion distorts from Ih symmetry to either D5d, D3d or D2h symmetry. The present study reveals that the D5d structure is the equilibrium structure with a Jahn—Teller stabilization energy of 8.1 kcal/mol and that the D3d structure is a cusp on the potential energy surface. We also find that fifteen equivalent D2h structures represent transition states for pseudo-rotation between the six equivalent D5d structures, the pseudorotation barrier being 2.2 kcal/mol. We predict the electronic spectrum of C+60 in D5d and Ih symmetry as well as the ionization spectrum of C60, and compare these results with others.
"Booyah Jim": The construction of hegemonic masculinity in CNBC 'Mad Money' phone-in interactions

This paper presents hegemonic masculinity as it is achieved during interactions between television host Jim Cramer and his callers in the “Lightening Round” segment on the CNBC television show “Mad Money”. Cramer's persona and interactions adhere to a hegemonic masculinity dominant in American culture, and they create a sphere in which it is the only normative identity possible. This hegemonic masculinity is created by the use of specific phrases (e.g. the “booyah” salutation), actions (e.g. compliments to the host), by the insertion of sports as a topic of discussion, and by Cramer's dominant positioning as an expert. After presenting these features we demonstrate how this arena creates problems for the very few female callers participating in it. We therefore conclude that the “Lightening Round” helps to construct and reproduce masculinist authority in this mass-mediated window into the world of finance.
SURFACTANT SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION AND PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW. † 2046

Introduction: In utero ligation of the fetal trachea(CDH+TL) reverses the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), but produces a severely surfactant deficient lung(O'Toole et al 1995, Pediatr Res; 37, A 228). Previously we reported improvement in pulmonary hemodynamics after surfactant replacement in the lamb model of CDH (O'Toole et al 1995, Pediatric Res; 37, A 227) Here we report our observations of pulmonary blood flow in the surfactant deficient fetal lamb model of CDH+TL.
Off the Couch and Onto the Streets: Toward an Ethnographic Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis has much to gain by incorporating ethnographic methods into its repertoire. Recent works in ethnographic psychoanalysis demonstrate how psychoanalysis stands to function better as both community intervention and participatory action research. This article describes the historical convergence between psychoanalysis and cultural anthropology and situates ethnographic psychoanalysis within interdisciplinary theory and practice.
Comments on Theodore Sider's Four Dimensionalism

Theodore Sider has given us a terrific book, bursting at the seams with new arguments and new takes on old arguments. Whether or not one is convinced by his conclusions, the thoroughness, lucidity, fair-mindedness and the sheer exuberance of his discussions make Four Dimensionalism a major contribution to contemporary metaphysics. Sider defends a four-dimensionalist position committed to temporal parts and unrestricted mereological composition. The following may serve to illustrate both what the position amounts to and how it stands to common sense. Suppose that an ordinary tree is in the yard, and consider with respect to that situation the sentence A : "Something in the yard is a highly visible brown wooden object that contains branches during the daytime and contains no branches during the nighttime." I will take it as obvious that non-philosophers would tend to regard A as insane. Four-dimensionalists, however, accept A by virtue of the object that is the sum of the daytime parts of the tree and the nighttime parts of the trunk. I am going to try to present a reductio ad absurdum refutation of fourdimensionalism. Sider has a position in his book, spelled out especially in the Introduction, that would answer my argument. Although I don't agree with that answer I think it's one of the most important ideas in the book, and I would like Sider to clarify it. If we are four-dimensionalists we will draw a rough distinction between those objects that are typically countenanced by non-philosophers and the additional objects that we accept as four-dimensionalists. The latter are mereological constructions out of (temporal parts) of the former. For present purposes, I will simply call the latter "Siderian objects." In the situation imagined earlier, the tree and its trunk and branches are non-Siderian objects, and the object that is the sum of the daytime parts of the tree and the nighttime parts of the trunk is a Siderian object. Here, then, is my reductio argument.
Theory of Electrostatically Regulated Binding of T4 Gene 32 Protein to Single- and Double-Stranded DNA

Bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein (gp32) is a single-stranded DNA binding protein, which is essential for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. In a recent article, we described a new method using single DNA molecule stretching measurements to determine the noncooperative association constants Kds to double-stranded DNA for gp32 and *I, a truncated form of gp32. In addition, we developed a single molecule method for measuring Kss, the association constant of these proteins to single-stranded DNA. We found that in low salt both Kds and Kss have a very weak salt dependence for gp32, whereas for *I the salt dependence remains strong. In this article we propose a model that explains the salt dependence of gp32 and *I binding to single-stranded nucleic acids. The main feature of this model is the strongly salt-dependent removal of the C-terminal domain of gp32 from its nucleic acid binding site that is in pre-equilibrium to protein binding to both double-stranded and single-stranded nucleic acid. We hypothesize that unbinding of the C-terminal domain is associated with counterion condensation of sodium ions onto this part of gp32, which compensates for sodium ion release from the nucleic acid upon its binding to the protein. This results in the salt-independence of gp32 binding to DNA in low salt. The predictions of our model quantitatively describe the large body of thermodynamic and kinetic data from bulk and single molecule experiments on gp32 and *I binding to single-stranded nucleic acids.
Oxidation States and Fractionation of Plaque Iron on Roots of Common Reeds

Characterization of iron plaque stability on roots of wetland plants is of value in consideration of several wetland issues. Active and dormant roots of common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel] sampled from a constructed wetland were treated sequentially with 0.5 M MgCl 2 (salt extraction), HCl solution at pH 3, 2, 1.6, 0.6, 0.3, and 0 (acid extraction), and 0.385 M Na 2 S 2 O 4 (reductant extraction). Iron was measured with an orthophenanthrolene method. Results indicated that dormant roots contained 6, 890, 180, and 140 μg Fe g -1 fresh root weight in salt extractable, acid extractable, reductant extractable, and residual fractions, respectively, and active roots had a higher proportion of acid extractable Fe and lower proportions of reductant extractable and residual Fe than dormant roots. Following acid extraction, substantial Fe 2+ was detected. Ferric iron reduction after extraction was also found. The models of Fe extraction dynamics at different pH levels were fit to standard equations. According to the comparison of the constants in these models, the Fe release rate and potential for extraction in the acid solutions tended to increase as the pH decreased, but the effect on Fe extraction became saturated when pH approached zero. The oxidation state of Fe in root plaque was examined with Mossbauer spectroscopy after the roots were dried at 80°C in a regular oven and were powdered. The results indicated that the Fe(II) proportion is 33% in powdered dormant roots, and 27% in active roots. Based on these results, we suggest that the previously accepted concept of plaque composed entirely of Fe 3+ needs to be further examined.
Anaphylaxis after ingestion of a recently introduced hydrolyzed whey protein formula

9. Hamburger RN. General discussion for section V. In: Hamburger RN, ed. Food intolerance in infancy: allergology, immunology, and gastroenterology. New York: Raven Press, 1989:294. 10. Guesry PR, Secretin MC, Jost R, et al. Hypoallergenic formulas. In: Hamburger RN, ed. Food intolerance in infancy: allergology, immunology, and gastroenterology. New York: Raven Press, 1989:261. 11. AAP News 1989;5:6, 15. 12. Pahud J J, Monti JC, Jost R. Allergenicity of whey protein: its modification by tryptic in vitro hydrolysis of the protein. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1985;4:408-13. t 3. Bahna SL, Gandhi MD. Reliability of skin testing and RAST in food allergy diagnosis. In: Chandra RK, ed. Food allergy. St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada: Nutrition Research Foundation, 1987:139-47. 14. Sampson HA, McCaskill CM. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: evaluation of 113 patients. J PEDIATR 1985; 107:669-80.
Selective analysis of secondary amino acids in gelatin using pulsed electrochemical detection

A method was developed for selective analysis of the secondary amino acids proline and 4-hydroxyproline from gelatin hydrolysates using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography followed by integrated pulsed amperometric detection (HPLC-IPAD). An extraction scheme was implemented prior to HPLC-IPAD analysis to isolate the secondary amino acids by the removal of primary amino acids through derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde followed by solid-phase extraction with C18 packed columns. The use of the IPAD technique eliminated the need for a second derivatization step to detect secondary amino acids. The removal of interfering primary amino acids prior to chromatographic analysis allowed the use of isocratic mobile-phase conditions to achieve effective and efficient separation of the amino acids. This led to a more precise and accurate quantitation of their content in gelatin hydrolysates. Detection limits approach 10 parts per billion (∼2 pmol/injection) with a chromatographic analysis time unde...
Fundamental time-domain approaches for variable time delay

Abstract The partial differential equation that characterizes variable time delay is analyzed. Analytical solution methods are applicable when endpoint conditions and variable delay time are known in advance; two such methods are given. When variable time delay is but one part of a larger system, however, the simulation of the larger system on a computer can be facilitated by the use of finite difference approximations of the variable delay element. A class of variable delay approximations is developed from which several commonly used approximations follow as special cases. A particular approximation having truncation error of the order of ( Δx ) 4 is found to be near optimum. Simulation results are presented.
Conditions for characterizing the structure of optimal strategies in infinite-horizon dynamic programs

The study of infinite-horizon nonstationary dynamic programs using the operator approach is continued. The point of view here differs slightly from that taken by others, in that Denardo's local income function is not used as a starting point. Infinite-horizon values are defined as limits of finite-horizon values, as the horizons get long. Two important conditions of an earlier paper are weakened, yet the optimality equations, the optimality criterion, and the existence of optimal “structured” strategies are still obtained.
The hepatotoxicity of chloroform in precision-cut rat liver slices.

Abstract Chloroform hepatotoxicity was investigated in precision-cut liver slices from male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with phenobarbital to predispose animals to CHCl 3 intoxication. Liver slices were exposed to 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mM chloroform for a total of 9 h in a roller culture system. Intracellular K + loss was found to be concentration- and time-dependent over the duration of the experiment. Histophathological changes were also evident. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase were significantly decreased at 3 h relative to controls where a loss of 61% and 36% occurred, respectively. Enzyme levels of alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, both found predominantly in periportal hepatocytes, remained identical to controls over the duration of the experiment. A significant time-dependent depletion of glutathione occurred as early as 3 h following the administration of 0.5 mM chloroform. Mitochondrial viability, measured by the reduction of a specific dye, was significantly lower than controls in treated slices at 6 h following chloroform administration. Precision-cut liver slices appear to be especially useful for the biochemical and histopathological examination of site-specific hepatotoxicants such as CHCl 3 .
Modeling Surface Temperatures of Human Targets for Unattended Infrared Intrusion Detection

The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory is currently developing a human Intruder Thermal Model (ITM) for predicting the average surface temperature of an intruder. ITM provides steady-state predictions of average surface temperature. It accounts for metabolically generated heat and heat exchange with the environment via conduction, convection, perspiration and respiration. It also accounts for long and short-wave radiation exchanges with the environment, the short-wave component being extremely important to daytime surface temperature predictions. Clothing thermal properties and intruder height and weight are factored into model calculations as well.
Recent results from Jefferson Lab

Abstract A selection of the first set of electron-scattering experiments on the few-nucleon systems at Jefferson Lab (JLab) is presented. The experiments utilized up to 4 GeV CW electrons and the Short Orbit and High Momentum Spectrometers in Hall C. Liquid hydrogen and liquid deuterium targets were used in conjunction with a series of solid targets.
A Framework to Evaluate the Cultural Appropriateness of Intervention Research

Marked racial disparities exist in the prevalence, mortality, and treatment of asthma, between African American and White children and adolescents, despite increases in intervention trials to improve asthma outcomes. Yet, interventions to improve African American children’s health must be culturally appropriate. To date, limited frameworks are available to decide whether an intervention tested with a targeted minority population employs a culturally appropriate design. In this article, we applied Bernal, Bonilla, and Bellido’s Ecological Validity Model to examine the cultural appropriateness of 12 randomized controlled trials of asthma self-management interventions published from 2000 to 2010. Most frequently met criteria were culturally appropriate methods of development and/or adaptation of interventions and inclusion of theoretical models. Least often met criteria were incorporating metaphors pertinent to participants and application of the language dimension. Based on this analysis, it is clear that a...
Correlation of the effects of viscosity and surface tension on gas absorption rates into freely falling turbulent liquid films

Abstract Experimental data for gas absorption into freely falling turbulent liquid films are presented. Carbon dioxide was absorbed into methanoi and aqueous propanol solutions at 25°C to obtain a surface tension range of 22.2 – 72 × 10− 3N/m. Hydrogen, oxygen and CO2 were absorbed into ethanol at 25°C to obtain a diffusion coefficient range of 3.88–17.6 × 10−9 m2/s in a low surface tension liquid. The data obtained, together with earlier data ofLamourelle and Sandall, and Chung and Mills, was used to develop a correlation of the mass transfer coefficient which properly accounts for the effects of liquid phase properties.
Molecular charge mediated transport of a 13 kD protein across microporated skin

Abstract Transport of proteins across the skin is highly limited owing to their hydrophilic nature and large molecular size. This study was conducted to assess the skin transport abilities of a model protein across hairless rat skin during iontophoresis alone and in combination with microneedles as a function of molecular charge. The effect of microneedle pretreatment on electroosmotic flow was also investigated. Skin permeation experiments were carried out in vitro using daniplestim (DP) (MW, 12.76 kD; isoelectric point, 6.2) as a model protein molecule. The effect of molecular charge on protein transport was evaluated by performing studies in two different buffers – TRIS (pH 7.5) and acetate (pH 4.0). Iontophoretic transport mechanisms of DP varied with respect to molecular charge on the protein. The combination approach (iontophoresis and microneedles) gave much higher flux values compared to iontophoresis alone at both pH 4.0 and pH 7.5, however, the delivery in this case was also found to be charge dependent. The findings of this study indicate that electroosmosis persisted upon microporation, thus retaining skin's permselective properties. This enables us to explore the combination of microneedles and iontophoresis as a potential approach for delivery of proteins.
An inexpensive silent unlocking device for manipulanda

An electromagnetically controlled armature was developed which silently unlocks manipulanda (shuttle box doors, wheels, levers) for response control in discrete trial situations. The device was found to produce no cue to Ss as to when responding was possible in a shuttlebox situation.
Economic Volatility and Capital Account Liberalization in Emerging Countries

Abstract Economic volatility has increased drastically in the age of financial liberalization. The tendency among mainstream economists has been to explain this trend by government misdeeds and various market imperfections. For instance, government overspending was the main culprit in the first generation models of currency crises. Following the Asian crisis the emphasis shifted onto capital flow reversals, and arguments based on the ‘moral hazard’ problems began to replace the emphasis on the monetized government deficits. This paper outlines an explanation of economic volatility that is not based on moral hazard problems or other market distortions. Two stylized facts associated with the aftermath of financial and capital account liberalization are singled out for emphasis and brought together in the context of a macroeconomic framework that draws from Keynes’ Treatise. These are: (i) liquidity preference becomes intertwined with currency substitution, producing a macroeconomic destabilizer that explain...
Characterization of the metal ion-binding domains from rat α- and β-parvalbumins

We have examined the metal ion-binding domains from rat α and β parvalbumin. We find that the CD-EF fragments differ markedly in their tendency to self-associate. Whereas Ca2+-free α CD-EF is monomeric, the Ca2+-free β peptide dimerizes weakly (K2 = 2400 ± 200 M-1). In buffer containing 1.0 mM Ca2+, the apparent dimerization constant for β CD-EF (191 000 ± 29 000 M-1) is more than 50 times that of α (3400 ± 200 M-1). α CD-EF binds two Ca2+ with positive cooperativity. Titration calorimetry data afford binding constants of 3.7(0.1) × 103 M-1 and 8.6(0.2) × 104 M-1. β CD-EF also binds two Ca2+ cooperatively but with lower affinity. Equilibrium dialysis yields Adair constants of 4.2(0.1) × 103 and 6.1(0.2) × 103 M-1. Significantly, the difference in Ca2+ affinity is substantially smaller than that observed for the full-length proteinssuggesting that the AB domain can modulate divalent ion affinity. Analysis of β calorimetry data requires explicit consideration of the self-association behavior. Data collected...
Base-enhanced catalytic water oxidation by a carboxylate–bipyridine Ru(II) complex

In aqueous solution above pH 2.4 with 4% (vol/vol) CH3CN, the complex [RuII(bda)(isoq)2] (bda is 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate; isoq is isoquinoline) exists as the open-arm chelate, [RuII(CO2-bpy-CO2−)(isoq)2(NCCH3)], as shown by 1H and 13C-NMR, X-ray crystallography, and pH titrations. Rates of water oxidation with the open-arm chelate are remarkably enhanced by added proton acceptor bases, as measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). In 1.0 M PO43–, the calculated half-time for water oxidation is ∼7 μs. The key to the rate accelerations with added bases is direct involvement of the buffer base in either atom–proton transfer (APT) or concerted electron–proton transfer (EPT) pathways.
School intervention for the neuromuscularly handicapped child

School problems are common in children with neuromuscular disease irrespective of their degree ofhandicap. They are related to difficulties in transportation and access, difficulties with adaptation of school tasks to the motorically handicapped, and difficulties that arise because of misunderstanding of the disease processes by teachers and parents. Most of these can be easily rectified by efforts by the clinic stoff to educate school personnel and to enlist them as members of the treatment team. In view of the importance of the school experience to this group of patients, it is urged that these problems be identified and aggressively managed by those involved in the care of neuromuscularly handicapped children.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE METASTRONGYLOIDEA (NEMATODA: STRONGYLIDA) INFERRED FROM RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE SEQUENCES

Phylogenetic relationships among nematodes of the strongylid superfamily Metastrongyloidea were analyzed using partial sequences from the large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA) and small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes. Regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, directly sequenced, aligned, and phylogenies inferred using maximum parsimony. Phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from the SSU rRNA gene supported the monophyly of representative taxa from each of the 7 currently accepted metastrongyloid families. Metastrongyloid taxa formed the sister group to representative trichostrongyloid sequences based on SSU data. Sequences from either the SSU or LSU RNA regions alone provided poor resolution for relationships within the Metastrongyloidea. However, a combined analysis using sequences from all rDNA regions yielded 3 equally parsimonious trees that represented the abursate Filaroididae as polyphyletic, Parafilaroides decorus as the sister species to the monophyletic Pseudaliidae, and a sister group relationship between Oslerus osleri and Metastrongylus salmi. Relationships among 3 members of the Crenosomatidae, and 1 representative of the Skrjabingylidae (Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum) were not resolved by these combined data. However, members of both these groups were consistently resolved as the sister group to the other metastrongyloid families. These relationships are inconsistent with traditional classifications of the Metastrongyloidea and existing hypotheses for their evolution.
Early acquisition of epistemic meanings in Korean: a study of sentence-ending suffixes in the spontaneous speech of three children

This study investigates the form and function of sentence-ending suffixes in the speech of three Korean children between 1;8 and 2;11. The major findings are that before 2;0 years Korean children make a clear morphological distinction between requests and statements, and that when they make statements they distinguish among three types of propositions, each with a distinct form: (1) the information has been recently acquired by the child through direct experience, and it is in the process of being assimilated to the child's knowledge system (-TA); (2) the information has been assimilated to his/her knowledge system (-E); (3) the information is established and, in addition, it is certain and is shared by the interactant (-CI). These denote different types of epistemic meaning in that they mark various degrees of integration of knowledge in the child's mind. Our data also suggest that Korean children make these epistemic distinctions before deontic ones, e.g., desire, intention.
POSIX - Inside: A Case Study

The POSIX (UNIX) standards activities, from /usr/group and IEEE through ISO WG15 and X/Open reflect one of the major success and failure stories in the standards process. This paper provides a case study of the POSIX effort from 1983 through the turn of the century. Key events and turning points in the activity are identified along with their apparent impact on the overall activities. The ultimate benefit from this evaluation is lessons learned that can be applied to future standards activities.
Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the evolution of mixed P and M populations maintained at high temperature.

The ability of hybrid dysgenesis P factors to survive and multiply under conditions of strong negative sterility selection was studied in mixed P and M laboratory cultures. Eight populations were initiated with varying proportions of P and M strains. Mixed populations and controls were maintained for seventeen generations at 27 °C, a temperature sufficiently high to induce maximum frequencies of sterility in dysgenic hybrids. The two components of dysgenesis, P factor activity and cytotype, were monitored every generation for the first ten generations and intermittently thereafter. With one exception, all the mixed populations evolved to the P type indicating that P factors can survive and multiply, despite low initial frequency and strong negative selection against dysgenic hybrids. However, the average level of P factor activity attained at equilibrium was considerably lower than that of the P strain control population maintained under the same conditions. It was also lower than the equilibrium level of P factor activity attained in a similar experiment carried out at a lower temperature, suggesting that selection favoured P factors with weak rather than strong sterility potential.
Early Meiji Policies Towards the Ryukyus and the Taiwanese Aboriginal Territories

This article focuses on Meiji Japan's policies towards the Ryukyus and the Taiwanese aboriginal territories in the early 1870s. The Meiji Government incorporated the Ryukyus by abolishing the kingdom in 1872 and sent expeditionary forces to the Taiwanese aboriginal territories on the pretext of the massacre of the shipwrecked Ryukyuans by the aboriginal tribes in 1874. Many Japanese and non-Japanese historians have argued that Japan started aggression on China by annexing its tributary state and invading its territories. In this article, I contend that the Ryukyu–Taiwan policies in the early Meiji period grew out of Japanese concerns over national security and prestige in a Western-dominated international environment but had no intention to secure Japan's independence and to aggrandise its national prestige by encroaching on China's territorial sovereignty.
A secure and efficient satellite-based multicast architecture

Low earth orbit satellite-based multicasting technologies are well-suited for secure group communications in a widely distributed, highly mobile environment. We present a novel modular multicasting architecture designed to increase system scalability for secure operations in a low earth orbiting satellite system. Simulation results demonstrate superior per-user average re-keying performance over baseline and clusterized architectures in various modeled scenarios. In scenarios with highly mobile users, the architecture achieved a nine-fold reduction in average user re-keying.
Right hepatic lobe donation for living donor liver transplantation: Impact on donor quality of life

Adult right hepatic lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has rapidly gained widespread acceptance as an effective procedure for selected patients with end-stage liver disease. However, there are currently no published data on the effect of this procedure on the quality of life of donors. We report the results of a survey of our living liver transplant donors to determine the effect of right hepatic lobe donation on quality of life. We have performed 30 LDLTs since 1997; 24 of these have a follow-up of 4 months or longer. In August 2000, these patients were sent a questionnaire (including a Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Survey) regarding psychosocial outcomes and symptoms after surgery. Major complications occurred in 4 of 24 patients (16%), and minor complications, in 4 of 24 patients (16%). Complete recovery occurred in 75% of patients at a mean time of 3.4 months. Ninety-six percent of patients returned to the same predonation job after a mean time of 2.4 months, and 66% of patients required a period of light-duty work for a mean of 2.8 months before returning to full-duty work. A change in body image was reported in 42% of patients, and 71% reported mild ongoing symptoms (primarily abdominal discomfort) that they related to the donor surgery for which 29% sought evaluation by a physician. The donor's relationship with the recipient was the same or better in 96% of donors, and the relationship with the donor's significant other was the same or better in 88% of donors. Mean out-of-pocket expenses incurred by donors were $3,660. Sixty-three percent of donors reported experiencing more pain than anticipated. All patients would donate again if necessary, and 96% benefited from the donor experience. In conclusion, (1) all our donors are alive and well after donation; (2) almost all donors were able to return to predonation employment status within a few months; (3) most donors have mild persistent abdominal symptoms, and some donors had a change in body image that they attribute to the donor surgery; and (4) this information should be provided to potential donors so they may better understand the impact of donor surgery.
The freeze-fracture study of alveolar type II cells and alveolar content in fetal rabbit lung.

Freeze-fracture replication technique was utilized to study the morphology of type II alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar contents in the late gestation of rabbit fetuses. It was shown that the lamellar inclusion bodies of type II cells were enveloped by the usual type of unit membrane with membraneassociated particles of 15 nm diameter. The interior of the inclusion bodies was composed of multiple stacks and/or whorls of membranes which were devoid of membrane-associated particles. Small vesicles within the inclusion were found more frequently with this technique than in chemically fixed thin-sectioned preparations. The intra-alveolar contents were comprised of two components; spherical bodies, which were identical to the internal contents of the lamellar bodies of type II cells, and tubular elements. These tubules most often appeared rectangular on cross-fractured faces. Triangular and hexagonal fracture faces were also noted. The tubules were seen to rest on the surfaces of the spherical components. Our observations suggest that the tubular element of the alveolar contents is formed through the interaction between the discharged lamellar body content and the alveolar fluid, and further suggest that at least the major constituent of type II cell lamellar bodies is lipid not bound to protein. Three new observations were made in this study; the absence of membraneassociated particles on the interior of the lamellae of the inclusions, the crossfractured profiles of tubular elements of the alveolar contents, and the occasional multicompartmental nature of type II cell inclusions.
Forearm norepinephrine spillover during standing, hyperinsulinemia, and hypoglycemia

Plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations are a fallible index of sympathetic neural activity because circulating NE can be derived from sympathetic nerves, the adrenal medullas, or both and becaus...
Are the Interpersonal and Identity Disturbances in the Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria Linked to the Traits of Affective Instability and Impulsivity

This study examines the degree to which two putative biologically influenced personality traits, affective instability and impulsive aggression, are associated with some of the interpersonal and intrapsychic disturbances of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and with choice of defense mechanism. In a sample of 152 personality disorder patients, affective instability and impulsive aggression were measured. Defense mechanisms were assessed in 140 of these patients using the Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ). The correlations between the traits of affective instability and impulsive aggression and the eight DSM-III-R criteria for borderline personality disorder and 20 DSQ defenses were examined. Affective instability was significantly correlated with the DSM-III-R criteria of identity disturbance, chronic emptiness or boredom, inappropriate anger, suicidality, and the affective instability criteria. It also was associated with the defenses of splitting, projection, acting out, passive aggression, undoing, and autistic fantasy. Impulsive aggression was related to unstable interpersonal relationships, inappropriate anger and impulsiveness and with the defense of acting out. It was negatively correlated with the defenses of suppression and reaction formation. A number of the interpersonal and experiential disturbances and defense mechanisms that are features of BPD are associated with the traits of affective instability and impulsive aggression among patients with personality disorders.
Structural Study of Monomethylammonium and Dimethylammonium-Exchanged Vermiculites

Vermiculite crystals from Santa Olalla, Spain, were first Na exchanged and then intercalated with monomethylammonium (= NH3(CH3)+, MMA) and dimethylammonium (= NH2(CH3)2+, DMA) molecules, respectively, by immersion in 1 M ammonium-chloride solutions at 65°C for 2–3 wk. MMA-and DMA-exchange with vermiculite resulted in crystals with near perfect three-dimensional stacking, suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Unit cell parameters are: a = 5.353(2) A, b = 9.273(3) A, c = 11.950(6) A, and s = 98.45(4)° for MMA-exchanged vermiculite and a = 5.351(2) A, b = 9.268(4) A, c = 12.423(8) A, and s = 98.33(5)° for DMA-exchanged vermiculite. Refinement results are R = 0.059 and wR = 0.073 (MMA-exchanged vermiculite) and R = 0.059 and wR = 0.064 (DMA-exchanged vermiculite). The results are based on structures which show substitutional disorder, and thus the presented models are derived from average structures. There are two distinct sites for the MMA molecule in MMA-exchanged vermiculite. One crystallo-graphically unique MMA is oriented such that the N-C axis of the molecule is perpendicular to the basal oxygen plane, with the N ion offset from the center of the interlayer by 1.04 A. The other MMA is located such that the N ion is at the center of the interlayer between adjacent 2:1 layers, presumably with the N-C axis of the molecule oriented parallel to the basal oxygen plane. This represents the first known occurrence of an organic molecule located exactly between the two adjacent 2:1 layers. Both sites are located between hexagonal cavities of adjacent layers. DMA molecules in DMA-exchanged vermiculite are located such that the N ion is offset from the central plane in the interlayer by 0.95 A. A static model is proposed with two orientations of DMA to produce a DMA “zigzag” orientation of molecules parallel to the (001) plane. The plane defined by the C-N-C atoms in the molecule is perpendicular to the (001) plane. An alternate model is more dynamic, and it involves the rotation of DMA molecules about one C-N axis. Identical starting material was used in previous studies on tetramethylammonium (TMA)-exchanged vermiculite and tetramethylphosphonium (TMP)-exchanged vermiculite. The effect of onium-ion substitutions on the 2:1 layer shows that the tetrahedral rotation angle, α, is significantly smaller for MMA-and DMA-exchanged vermiculite vs. TMA and TMP-exchanged vermiculite. Tetrahedral and octahedral bond distances of the 2:1 layer of the TMA, TMP, MMA, and DMA-exchanged structures may be explained by the location of the organic cation relative to the basal oxygen atom plane and by the differences in the geometries of the organic molecule. Thus, the 2:1 layer is affected by the interlayer molecule, and the 2:1 layer is not a rigid substrate, but interacts significantly with the onium ions.
Duration but not intensity of alcohol and tobacco exposure predicts p16INK4A homozygous deletion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

In tobacco-associated solid tumors, evidence suggests that the pattern of carcinogen exposure is related to the nature of somatic gene inactivation within crucial pathways, including the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway. One somatic event in this pathway, homozygous deletion of the p16INK4A gene, is commonly observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Alcohol and tobacco are both well-established risk factors for HNSCC but there has been little characterization of the relationship of exposure to these carcinogens and inactivation of the p16INK4A gene. Hypothesizing that p16INK4A homozygous deletion is associated with tobacco and alcohol exposure, we investigated 330 consecutive HNSCC tumors. The odds ratio (OR) for p16INK4A homozygous deletion among alcohol consumers in the upper tertile (>43 years used) was 5.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.1-12.8] as compared with those with ≤43 years of alcohol consumption. Intensity of alcohol exposure, measured as average alcoholic drinks per week, was not associated with gene deletion. When we examined the distribution of duration of tobacco use, the OR for p16INK4A homozygous deletion was 1.3 (95% CI, 0.5-3.0) and 1.9 (95% CI, 0.9-4.0) for 29 to 39 years and >39 years of tobacco smoking, respectively, as compared with those that smoked ≤28 years. As in the case of alcohol use, intensity of tobacco exposure (measured as packs per day) was not associated with gene deletion. Hence, the duration of alcohol use and duration of smoking, but not intensity of either, significantly predicted p16INK4A homozygous deletion in HNSCC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4512-5)
A parasite-free non-orthogonal frequency-domain finite difference method for the electromagnetic analysis of anisotropic waveguides

A methodology is presented for the development of a discrete vector eigenvalue problem for the dispersive analysis of inhomogeneous, anisotropic waveguiding structures. The methodology is based on the discretization of the the frequency-dependent Maxwell's equations on a non-orthogonal grid using covariant and contravariant representation for the fields and a simple point-matching procedure. The occurrence of spurious modes is avoided by the direct enforcement of Gauss' law in the development of the matrix eigenvalue problem. Results from the application of the proposed method to the dispersive analysis of planar, anisotropic microwave and optical waveguides compare favorably with published data obtained using alternative finite element formulations.
Maintaining quality of fresh-cut kiwifruit with volatile compounds

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ) were cut into 5 mm slices and placed in polystyrene trays. Various volatile compounds were introduced inside the trays before the lids were covered. The development of decay and the shelf life of the slices were evaluated during storage at 10 8C. Kiwifruit slices treated with 2.24, 11.2, or 22.4 m ll � 1 methyl jasmonate maintained good quality after 3 weeks at 10 8C compared to the control slices. Comparable results were obtained with absolute ethyl alcohol (300 m ll � 1 ) or isopropyl alcohol (300 m ll � 1 ). However, 1-propanol was less effective and methyl alcohol was not effective in maintaining the quality of kiwifruit slices. Methods of application affected the efficacy of the volatile compounds. In general, suspension of the source of volatile compounds within the trays yielded better results compared to volatilization of the volatile compounds from beakers placed inside the trays. In addition to having less decay, kiwifruit slices treated with methyl jasmonate also maintained higher levels of sugars and organic acids compared to the untreated slices. Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the trays indicated that oxygen never dropped below 19.5% and carbon dioxide remained at approximately 0.8% in all treatments during the 3 weeks at 10 8C. No differences in respiration rates between methyl jasmonate treatment and control were detected. Ethylene production increased during the first 7 days and then decreased gradually. However, no differences in ethylene production between methyl jasmonate treatment and control were found. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Position control of a two-bar linkage with acceleration-based identification and feedback

In this paper, the use of inertial sensors in combination with system identification methods is proposed to develop a model of the compliance transfer function that can be used for position-following control of a linkage. The inertial sensors are used off-line to develop the compliance model and on-line as signals for feedback. The advantage of this approach is that inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyros are less expensive than position sensors. However, the method is limited to small amplitude motion with control accuracy limited by the fidelity of the identified transfer functions.