cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric CO2 evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary

Direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were made over a 2-yr period in surface waters of the York River estuary in Virginia. The pCO2 in surface waters exceeded that in the overlying atmosphere, indicating that the estuary was a net source of CO 2 to the atmosphere at most times and locations. Salinity-based DIC mixing curves indicate there was also an internal source of both DIC and alkalinity, implying net alkalinity generation within the estuary. The DIC and alkalinity source displayed seasonal patterns similar to that of pCO2 and were reproducible over a 2-yr study period. We propose that the source of inorganic carbon necessary for both the sustained CO2 evasion to the atmosphere and the advective export of DIC is respiration in excess of primary production (e.g., net heterotrophy). The rates of CO2 evasion and DIC export were estimated to provide an annual rate of net heterotrophy of ; 100 gCm 22 yr 21 . Approximately 40% of this excess inorganic carbon production was exported as DIC to the coastal ocean, whereas 60% was lost as CO2 evasion to the atmosphere. The alkalinity generation needed to sustain the export of inorganic carbon, as HCO3 2 , is most likely provided by net sulfate reduction in sediments. Accumulation of sulfide in the sediments of a representative site directly adjacent to the York River estuary is sufficient to account for the net export of alkalinity. The seasonality of net heterotrophy causes large variations in annual CO 2 and DIC concentrations, and it stresses the need for comprehensive temporal data sets when reporting annual rates of CO 2 evasion, DIC advection, and net heterotrophy.
General Bounds and Finite-Time Improvement for the Kiefer-Wolfowitz Stochastic Approximation Algorithm

We consider the Kiefer-Wolfowitz (KW) stochastic approximation algorithm and derive general upper bounds on its mean-squared error. The bounds are established using an elementary induction argument and phrased directly in the terms of tuning sequences of the algorithm. From this we deduce the nonnecessity of one of the main assumptions imposed on the tuning sequences by Kiefer and Wolfowitz [Kiefer, J., J. Wolfowitz. 1952. Stochastic estimation of the maximum of a regression function. Ann. Math. Statist.23(3) 462--466] and essentially all subsequent literature. The optimal choice of sequences is derived for various cases of interest, and an adaptive version of the KW algorithm, scaled-and-shifted KW (or SSKW), is proposed with the aim of improving its finite-time behavior. The key idea is to dynamically scale and shift the tuning sequences to better match them with characteristics of the unknown function and noise level, and thus improve algorithm performance. Numerical results are provided that illustrate that the proposed algorithm retains the convergence properties of the original KW algorithm while dramatically improving its performance in some cases.
Mapping bathymetric and hydrographic features of Glover's Reef, Belize, with a REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle

We used an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to survey bathymetry and water mass properties at Glover's Reef atoll in Belize as part of a multidisciplinary study of population connectivity of Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). Nassau grouper populations are declining dramatically throughout its range in the Caribbean because of overfishing. In response, Marine Protected Areas have been established at several spawning aggregation (SPAG) sites. However, effectiveness of these measures is presently unclear, as the regional patterns of transport and recruitment of grouper larvae have not been measured in extensive field studies. As part of a pilot study to relate oceanographic processes with transport and recruitment of Nassau grouper larvae, we used a Remote Environmental Monitoring Unit(S) (REMUS) AUV to measure the bathymetry, stratification, current velocity, and chlorophyll a fluorescence around Glover's Reef. The portability of the REMUS system enabled comprehensive oceanographic data collection in a remote location with minimal infrastructure. Using REMUS, we were able to effectively map the bathymetry of the reef and the shelfbreak. These data were merged with historical bathymetric data to develop a new chart of the atoll margin. A distinct contrast in the width of the shelves on the eastern and western sides of the atoll was demonstrated, with the widest shelf coinciding with the SPAG site. Water mass structure in the vicinity of SPAG site was also markedly different from other locations on the reef, suggesting an offshore advective influence on eggs and early-stage larvae released there.
Operating Temperature Trends in Amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O Thin-Film Transistors

The electrical performance as a function of operating temperature of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) is assessed by measuring drain current versus gate voltage [log(ID) - VGS] transfer curves at temperatures from -50°C to +50°C. These bottom-gate staggered a-IGZO TFTs are fabricated using thermal silicon dioxide as the gate insulator. An almost rigid log(ID) - VGS transfer curve shift to lower (more negative) turn-on voltage (VON) with increasing temperature is observed. The extent of the VON operating temperature dependence of a TFT appears to be correlated to its trap density. A lower trap density gives rise to less VON operating temperature dependence. Although log(ID) - VGS transfer curves are observed to shift almost rigidly with temperature, a more detailed temperature-dependence assessment indicates that the shift is not exactly rigid. The mobility is found to increase slightly with increasing operating temperature. This trend is attributed to enhanced detrapping at a higher operating temperature.
Marketplace Competition in the Personal Computer Industry

A decision regarding development and introduction of a potential new product depends, in part, on the intensity of compeitition anticipated in the marketplace. In the case of a technology-based product such as a personal computer (PC), the number of competing products may be very dynamic and consequently uncertain. We address this problem by modeling growth in the number of new PCs as a stochastic counting process, incorporating product entries and exits. We demonstrate how to use the resulting model to forecast competition five years in advance.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci That Influence Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-5 Levels in F2 Mice (MRL/MpJ X SJL/J)

Recent studies using twins and inbred strains of mice reveal evidence for genetic mechanisms contributing to variation in circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3. To examine the hypothesis that serum IGFBP-5 levels have a strong heritable component, we intercrossed two inbred strains of mice, MRL/MpJ and SJL, which exhibit 79% difference in serum IGFBP-5 levels (554 ± 68 vs. 309 ± 51 ng/ml respectively, P < 0.001). A genome-wide scan was carried out using 137 polymorphic markers in 633 F2 female mice. Serum IGFBP-5 levels in the F2 progeny showed a normal distribution with an estimated heritability of 74%. Whole genome-wide scans for cosegregation of genetic marker data with high or low serum IGFBP-5 levels revealed six different quantitative trait loci (QTL) in chromosomes 1, 9 (two), 10, and 11 (two), which together explained 24% of F2 variance. Chromosome 11 QTL exhibited the highest LOD score (7.5). Based on the past findings that IGFBP-5 is an important bone formation s...
Aberrant Ligand-Induced Activation of G Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER) Results in Developmental Malformations During Vertebrate Embryogenesis

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) unrelated to nuclear estrogen receptors but strongly activated by 17β-estradiol in both mammals and fish. To date, the distribution and functional characterization of GPER within reproductive and nonreproductive vertebrate organs have been restricted to juvenile and adult animals. In contrast, virtually nothing is known about the spatiotemporal distribution and function of GPER during vertebrate embryogenesis. Using zebrafish as an animal model, we investigated the potential functional role and expression of GPER during embryogenesis. Based on real-time PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization, gper was expressed as early as 1 h postfertilization (hpf) and exhibited strong stage-dependent expression patterns during embryogenesis. At 26 and 38 hpf, gper mRNA was broadly distributed throughout the body, whereas from 50 to 98 hpf, gper expression was increasingly localized to the heart, brain, neuromasts, craniofacial region, and somite boundaries of developing zebrafish. Continuous exposure to a selective GPER agonist (G-1)-but not continuous exposure to a selective GPER antagonist (G-15)-from 5 to 96 hpf, or within three developmental windows ranging from 10 to 72 hpf, resulted in adverse concentration-dependent effects on survival, gross morphology, and somite formation within the trunk of developing zebrafish embryos. Importantly, based on co-exposure studies, G-15 blocked severe G-1-induced developmental toxicity, suggesting that G-1 toxicity is mediated via aberrant activation of GPER. Overall, our findings suggest that xenobiotic-induced GPER activation represents a potentially novel and understudied mechanism of toxicity for environmentally relevant chemicals that affect vertebrate embryogenesis.
Polarisation characteristics of scattered fields

Waves scattered by all obstacles are depolarised to some degree except in certain symmetrical situations. Expressions of some generality are derived that demonstrate this fact and, furthermore, it is shown that the method of physical optics predicts no depolarisation, even in the absence of symmetry.
Thermionic FEEM, PEEM and I/V Measurements of N-Doped CVD Diamond Surfaces

Imaging of field emission and photoemission from diamond surfaces is accomplished with a high resolution photo-electron emission microscope (PEEM). Measurements obtained as a function of sample temperature up to 1000°C display thermionic field emission images (TFEEM). The system can also record the emission current versus applied voltage. N-doped diamond films have been produced by MPCVD with a N/C gas phase ratio of 48. The surfaces display uniform emission in PEEM at all temperatures. No FEEM images are detectable below 500°C. At ∼680°C the T-FEEM and PEEM images are nearly identical in intensity and uniformity. This is to be contrasted with other carbon based cold cathodes in which the emission is observed from only a low density of highly emitting sites. The I/V measurements obtained from the N-doped films in the T-FEEM configuration show a component that depends linearly on voltage at low fields. At higher fields, an approximately exponential dependence is observed. At low temperatures employed (<700°C), the results indicate a thermionic component to the emitted current.
Tournaments and Vandermond's determinant

We prove that det |xii–1|n × n = Π1≤i<i≤n (Xj – Xi) by associating a tournament to each term in the expansion of the product. All terms cancel except those corresponding to transitive tournaments, and their sum of the determinant.
A Demand Analysis of the Korean Wine Market Using an Unrestricted Source Differentiated LA/AIDS Model

An unrestricted source differentiated LA/AIDS model was used to estimate Korean wine demand. In doing so, this study tested the null hypotheses of product aggregation, block separability and substitutability. The test results show that the unrestricted source differentiated model is significantly different from the aggregated model, separated model, and restricted source differentiated model at the conventional level. By using this system-wide model, this study estimated price and expenditure elasticities to identify the price effect on Korean wine consumption. (JEL Classification: F10, F11, F13)
Zinc-suppressed inflammatory cytokines by induction of A20-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor-κB

Abstract Objective Chronic generation of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species are implicated in atherosclerosis, aging, cancers, and other chronic diseases. We hypothesized that zinc induces A20 in premonocytic, endothelial, and cancer cells, and A20 binds to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor associated factor, and inhibits Iκ kinase-α (IKK-α)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), resulting in downregulation of TNF-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Methods To test this hypothesis, we used HL-60, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and SW480 cell lines under zinc-deficient and zinc-sufficient conditions in this study. We measured oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, A20 protein and mRNA, A20–FRAF-1 complex, and IKK-α/NF-κB signaling in stimulated zinc-deficient and zinc sufficient cells. We also conducted antisense A20 and siRNA studies to investigate the regulatory role of zinc in TNF-α and IL-1β via A20. Results We found that zinc increased A20 and A20–tumor necrosis factor-receptor associated factor-1 complex, decreased the IKK-α/NF-κB signaling pathway, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines in these cells compared with zinc-deficient cells. We confirmed that zinc-induced A20 contributes to downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β by antisense and short interfering RNA A20 studies. Conclusion Our studies suggest that zinc suppresses generation of NF-κB–regulated inflammatory cytokines by induction of A20.
Functional expression of the rat glucagon-like peptide-I receptor, evidence for coupling to both adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase-C.

In man, glucagon-like peptide-I-(7-37) [GLP-I-(7-37)] is the most potent endogenous insulin-stimulating hormone. Although GLP-I-(7-37)-stimulated insulin secretion from the beta-cell is associated with an increase in cAMP accumulation, little is known about the signal transduction pathways used by this peptide. Using a cDNA encoding a high affinity rat GLP-I-(7-37) receptor [Kd = 4.1 nM for GLP-I-(7-37); Kd = 1 microM for GLP-I-(1-36) amide] expressed in a monkey kidney cell line (COS-7), we have demonstrated that the receptor is not only coupled to adenylyl cyclase, but is associated with an increase in the free cytosolic calcium level ([Ca2+]i). GLP-I-(7-37) increased both cAMP and [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner and with equal potency (ED50 = 2.0 nM). The major source of the increased [Ca2+]i was found to be through the release of intracellular pools of Ca2+ associated with an increase in phosphoinositol turnover. Northern blot hybridization studies demonstrated that the GLP-I-(7-37) receptor gene w...
An efficient and robust Web caching system

Summary form only given. Well-organized proxy caching systems can greatly reduce the user perceived latency and decrease the network bandwidth consumption. In this paper, we propose a new hash based Web caching architecture, Tulip. Tulip extends the locality-based algorithm in UCFS as the basic data grouping scheme in hash based proxy systems, uses it to aggregate Web objects which are likely to be accessed together into object clusters and uses these clusters as the primary access units between memory and disk. The overhead of slow disk I/Os is greatly reduced. It also presents a simple and efficient data duplication scheme. Along with the local caching strategy, Tulip can achieve both fault tolerance and load balance with minimal overhead introduced. Our simulation results show Tulip is scalable and robust, it has better performance than previous approaches.
New microarchitecture challenges in the coming generations of CMOS process technologies (keynote address)(abstract only)

Over the last 15 years, CMOS scaling simplified the task of the microprocessor architect. With each new process technology, frequency increased by -50%, and transistor density increase by 100 percent. Also, the improvements in manufacturing technology (larger wafers and higher yields) allowed for increasing die sizes without increasing cost. Projections of die sizes of 1 square inch or higher were common.However, the end of these easy times is in sight, and several new challenges are facing the architect. Die size is no longer going to be limited by equipment or manufacturing cost, but rather by power. To date the approach has been to lower voltage with each process generation. But as voltage is lowered, leakage current and energy increase, contributing to higher power. And the problems extend beyond power dissipation to power delivery/distribution and increasing power density.This talk will first look at the historical trends of CMOS process technology in the context of past microprocessors. It will then look at the implications of continued CMOS scaling, as described above, and the new challenges they pose. Microarchitecture techniques that have exacerbated the power problem will also be covered. Finally, the talk will describe some of the microarchitecture directions that may lead to more power-efficient and cost-efficient microprocessors.
Bevacizumab treatment of prostate cancer.

Introduction: Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a primary mediator of this process and is a target for novel therapies. Bevacizumab is a recombinant anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody that has demonstrated antitumor activity in a variety of cancers. Areas covered: In this review, we present the results of several clinical trials for bevacizumab in prostate cancer. Overall, these trials have shown improvements in progression-free survival but no changes in overall survival. Ongoing clinical trials are testing bevacizumab in combination with novel cytotoxic drugs and targeted therapies in metastatic and localized settings. Expert opinion: Bevacizumab has biological activity in prostate cancer. However, the mixed clinical trial results support the theory that prostate cancers may be driven only in part by angiogenesis. Questions remain about the future role of bevacizumab in the treatment of prostate cancer.
FAD, DCCs and Minimax

There is a need to more fully exploit the intrinsic diversity of hadron-hadron collisions. The Full-Acceptance Detector (FAD) initiative was a proposal to do so at the SSC. With the demise of the SSC, it is useful to review the motivation for FAD, and the prospects for pursuing Full-Acceptance Physics at present and future hadron colliders. Particular attention is paid to T864 (MiniMax) at Fermilab, a chiral condensate search which has developed out the FAD enterprise.
Preoperative Frailty Increases Risk of Nonhome Discharge after Elective Vascular Surgery in Home-Dwelling Patients

Background Patient-centered quality outcomes such as disposition after surgery are increasingly being scrutinized. Preoperative factors predictive of nonhome discharge (DC) may identify at-risk patients for targeted interventions. This study examines the association among preoperative risk factors, frailty, and nonhome DC after elective vascular surgery procedures in patients living at home. Methods The 2011–2012 National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database was queried to identify all home-dwelling patients who underwent elective vascular procedures (endovascular and open aortic aneurysm repair, suprainguinal and infrainguinal bypasses, peripheral endovascular interventions, carotid endarterectomy, and stent). Preoperative frailty was measured using the modified frailty index (mFI; derived from Canadian Study of Health and Aging). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of frailty and nonhome DC. Results Of 15,843 home-dwelling patients, 1,177 patients (7.4%) did not return home postoperatively. Frailty (mFI > 0.25) conferred a significantly increased 2-fold risk of nonhome DC disposition for each procedure type. Frailty, female gender, open procedures, increasing age, end-stage renal disease, and occurrence of any postoperative complication were associated with increased risk of nonhome DC. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, frailty increased the odds of nonhome DC by 60% (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.4–1.8) after adjusting for other covariates. In the presence of complications, the risk of nonhome DC was 27.5% in frail versus 16.5% in nonfrail patients ( P P Conclusions Frail home-dwelling patients undergoing elective vascular procedures are at high risk of not returning home after surgery. Preoperative frailty assessment appears to hold potential for counseling regarding postsurgery disposition and DC planning.
Effect of electrode manufacturing defects on electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries: Cognizance of the battery failure sources

Abstract During LIB electrode manufacturing, it is difficult to avoid the certain defects that diminish LIB performance and shorten the life span of the batteries. This study provides a systematic investigation correlating the different plausible defects (agglomeration/blisters, pinholes/divots, metal particle contamination, and non-uniform coating) in a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 positive electrode with its electrochemical performance. In addition, an infrared thermography technique was demonstrated as a nondestructive tool to detect these defects. The findings show that cathode agglomerates aggravated cycle efficiency, and resulted in faster capacity fading at high current density. Electrode pinholes showed substantially lower discharge capacities at higher current densities than baseline NMC 532electrodes. Metal particle contaminants have an extremely negative effect on performance, at higher C-rates. The electrodes with more coated and uncoated interfaces (non-uniform coatings) showed poor cycle life compared with electrodes with fewer coated and uncoated interfaces. Further, microstructural investigation provided evidence of presence of carbon-rich region in the agglomerated region and uneven electrode coating thickness in the coated and uncoated interfacial regions that may lead to the inferior electrochemical performance. This study provides the importance of monitoring and early detection of the electrode defects during LIB manufacturing processes to minimize the cell rejection rate after fabrication and testing.
Fast Directed Motion of “Fakir” Droplets

In this Letter, we report on the motion of water droplets on surfaces decorated with molecular gradients comprising semifluorinated (SF) organosilanes. SF molecular gradients deposited on flat silica substrates facilitate faster motion of water droplets relative to the specimens covered with an analogous hydrocarbon gradient. Further increase in the drop speed is achieved by advancing it along porous substrates coated with the SF wettability gradients. The results of our experiments are in quantitative agreement with a simple scaling theory that describes the faster liquid motion in terms of reduced friction at the liquid/substrate interface.
Great Expectations? Variation in Educational Plans of Students in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe

Using all available waves of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) from 1995 to 2011, this study examines the factors influencing educational expectations of students in five Eastern European countries (Hungary, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, Romania, and Slovenia). We consistently find across countries and waves that parental completion of a college degree, better material well-being of the family, and being a female are positively associated with students’ expectations to complete college. Furthermore, we find that students who come from more advantaged families are more likely to have formed their academic plans by the eighth grade compared to their disadvantaged peers.
Seeing in the Dark

In a dark time, the eye begins to see. — Theodore Roethke The clouds were heavier, the air thicker. The wind picked up. The news that the subways would be shut down at 7 p.m. spread quickly by word of mouth. The streets in our Greenwich Village neighborhood were filled with people carrying food and water to their apartments. From my home, I could see the lights of LaGuardia and Kennedy airports and the imposing red-brick power station with its four smokestacks on 14th Street and the East River. We spent the weekend filling our bathtub with water and . . .
SOME THEOREMS ON SYMMETRIC SCHLICHT FUNCTIONS

Let the k-symmetric funtions(?)be regular andschlicht in the unit circle |z|1,and the k-symmetric functions F_k(?)(?)be regular and schlicht in the region 1|ξ|∞.In this note,we obtain the following theorems:(?)In particular if a_3~((2))=0,then(?)In particular if a_4~((3))=0,then(?)(?)which is equivalent to(?)(?) (?)(?)whereξ_1,ξ-2 are any two points in the region 1|ξ|∞,and w_1,w_2,……,w_(2k)are the roots of x~(2k)-1=0.The theorems 1,3 and 2,improve Takahashi's results~[4](?)andLevin's results~[3] |α_n~((2))|3.39 respectively.The theorem 4 is an extension of Basilewitsch's~[8] inequality(?)
A Study on the Selection of Marine Leading Industries in Zhejiang Province——Based on the Perspective of Construction of National Marine Economy Demonstrating Plots

The reasonable choice of marine leading industries will be of great importance to the development of regional marineeconomy and the national economy. The paper,using the data during the year of 2008 to 2012 from China Marine StatisticalYearbook,establishes index system to identify leading industries by means of AHP,then the leading industries are chosen byprincipal component analysis. Marine fishery,seaside tourism and marine shipbuilding industry should be selected as threeleading industries of Zhejiang marine economy. The paper also puts forward some suggestions on rational development of Zheji-ang marine leading industries.
Pulsed radiofrequency for occipital neuralgia.

Background The clinical application of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) by interventional pain physicians for a variety of chronic pain syndromes, including occipital neuralgia, is growing. As a minimally invasive percutaneous technique with none to minimal neurodestruction and a favorable side effect profile, use of PRF as an interventional neuromodulatory chronic pain treatment is appealing. Occipital neuralgia, also known as Arnold's neuralgia, is defined by the International Headache Society as a paroxysmal, shooting or stabbing pain in the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerve distributions. Pain intensity is often severe and debilitating, with an associated negative impact upon quality of life and function. Most cases of occipital neuralgia are idiopathic, with no clearly identifiable structural etiology. Treatment of occipital neuralgia poses inherent challenges as no criterion standard exists. Initially, conservative treatment options such as physical therapy and pharmacotherapy are routinely trialed. When occipital neuralgia is refractory to conservative measures, a number of interventional treatment options exist, including: local occipital nerve anesthetic and corticosteroid infiltration, botulinum toxin A injection, occipital nerve subcutaneous neurostimulation, and occipital nerve PRF. Of these, PRF has garnered significant interest as a potentially superior, safe, non-invasive treatment with long-term efficacy. Objective The objective of this article is to provide a concise review of occipital neuralgia; and a concise, yet thorough, evidence-based review of the current literature concerning the use of PRF for occipital neuralgia. Study design Review of published medical literature up through April 2013. Setting The Center for Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia, the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Results A total of 3 clinical studies and one case report investigating the use of PRF for knee occipital neuralgia have been published worldwide. Statistically significant improvements in pain, quality of life, and adjuvant pain medication usage have been demonstrated. Limitations Lack of randomized control trials, small study sample sizes, an absence of diagnostic block imaging guidance, and the use of outcome measures that are inherently subjective, limiting objectivity and introducing an unquantifiable degree of bias. Conclusion Clinical studies to date examining the efficacy of PRF as a treatment for occipital neuralgia have yielded promising results, demonstrating sustained improvement in pain, quality of life, and adjuvant pain medication usage. Despite these encouraging clinical studies, conclusive evidence in support of PRF as an interventional treatment option for occipital neuralgia awaits to be seen.
Protecting Metals at High Temperatures (It’s a stressful business.)

Most metals and alloys intended for use at high temperatures are required to form a barrier layer of oxide for protection against reaction with the environment. To be effective for long times this oxide scale must be dense, slow-growing, adherent to the metal, and able to resist fracturing. Indeed, the most common form of alloy degradation or failure due to high temperature oxidation is a result of fracture and spallation of the scale.
Russian Devonian brachiopod genera Cyrtinoides and Komiella in North America

The Middle Devonian brachiopod genus Cyrtinoides, described from the southern Urals, is a senior subjective synonym of Mucroclipeus, previously known only from eastern and western North America. The Middle and Late Devonian cyrtinid brachiopod genus Komiella, previously known only from the Timan Range of eastern Europe, is identified from west-central Alaska and Nevada. A new family Komiellidae is proposed. New species are Komiella gilberti, K. magnasulca, and K. stenoparva. Known species of both genera occupy carbonate platform foreslope facies or shelf basins, allowing open marine migration via peripheral biofacies.
Using Taxes to Improve Cap and Trade: Efficient Pricing

This essay analyzes how state-level cap-and-trade regimes can be improved by incorporating tax elements. This essay explains how tax elements could improve the efficiency of auction pricing, with a focus on evaluating California's cap-and-trade regime (AB 32).
Isolating exciton extraction pathways with electric field-dependent ultrafast photocurrent microscopy

We develop a new, systematic approach to determine a material's intrinsic photocurrent generation efficiency through E Field -dependent ultrafast photocurrent and transient absorption microscopy. For WSe 2 devices, we find both measurements yield the same high efficiency.
Synthesis and electrochemical performance of hydrothermally synthesized Co3O4 nanostructured particles in presence of urea

Abstract Morphology controlled nanostructures of Co3O4 were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis method in presence of varying content of urea as hydrolyzing agent. We demonstrate that change in weight content of hydrolyzing agent, yield profound variations in the oxide microstructure, with plate and brush like structure. This in turn resulted in significant variations in the electrocapacitive properties of these materials. Specifically, Co3O4 nanostructures that were synthesized at low urea content exhibited very favorable electrochemical properties. Amongst the Co3O4 studied, Co3O4-U0.37, prepared with 0.37 g of urea, displayed moderate surface area (50.10 m2/g), highest specific capacitance (764 F/g at 5 mV/s) and energy density (19.56 Wh/kg). The specific capacitance of all Co3O4 decreased with the increase in scan rate. The cyclic stability of Co3O4-U0.37 was studied up to 5000 cycles and about 64% retention of charge storage capacity was observed. The superior electro-capacitive behavior of the Co3O4-U0.37 was attributed to high surface area and brush like structure amongst studied Co3O4. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the high specific capacitance is achievable in same oxide materials by the tight control of morphology of the oxides. Low hydrolyzing concentration was desired in producing high surface area architecture which provided high specific capacitance.
How J M Keynes's Mathematical IS-LP (LM) Model in the General Theory in Part IV of Chapter 21 Was Overlooked by the Economics Profession

Keynes created, developed, taught and applied his version of the IS-LM model between Dec. 1933 and February 1936 when the General Theory appeared in print. Keynes used a terminology that substituted Liquidity Preference (LP) for the later designations used by Hicks, LL, and Hansen’s LM. The question that remains to be answered is how could the entire economics profession, worldwide, fail to recognize Keynes’s clear cut mathematical model that was contained in chapter 15, summarized briefly in Section IV of chapter 15, and then presented in great detail in Section IV of chapter 21 of the General Theory.
Colonizing, Decolonizing, and Globalizing Kolkata. From a Colonial to a Post-Marxist City, Siddhartha Sen (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017)

This book is an essentially chronological account of architecture and urban planning and design in Kolkata. Located on the Hooghly River, today it is one of India’s most populous urban agglomeratio...
Drought Variability and Trends over the Central United States in the Instrumental Record

AbstractWe examined drought variability and trends over the last century (1916–2013) over the conterminous United States (CONUS) using observed precipitation P, temperature T, and reconstructed tot...
Mechanical Energy Recovery through Work Exchanger Network Integration: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract Heat and mass integration are two types of process integration technologies that have been practiced for improving energy and material efficiency in the process industries. Heat integration, frequently through integrating a heat exchanger network (HEN) into a process system, is for the recovery of thermal energy. However, recovery of mechanical energy, another form of energy, has not been fully explored. In this paper, we discuss the concept of work integration and its fundamentals. This will be followed by a general review of the frontier research on work exchanger network (WEN) synthesis, which is a system approach to implementing work integration. Challenges in WEN synthesis, such as energy targeting, equipment innovation and costing, and system configuration when heat integration is incorporated, are discussed. Preliminary studies on energy targeting, heat-incorporated WEN synthesis, and cost estimation are presented. Future research opportunities in WEN design and deployment are also discussed.
Battling Tax Haven Banks

This chapter summarizes Levin-led investigations into tax haven banks facilitating tax evasion by U.S. clients. In one inquiry, whistleblowers expose how UBS opened secret Swiss accounts with $20 billion in assets for U.S. clients, and how Liechtenstein’s LGT Bank concealed its U.S. client accounts. Another inquiry exposes how Credit Suisse dragged its feet closing secret Swiss accounts for U.S. clients and was fined $2.6 billion. The chapter also examines U.S. enforcement actions taken against tax haven banks as well as the role of tax treaties. It also explains how the investigations helped spur enactment of landmark legislation known as FATCA to expose foreign bank accounts held by U.S. clients and helped inspire similar transparency measures abroad.
Brief motivational interviewing intervention to reduce alcohol and marijuana use for at-risk adolescents in primary care.

OBJECTIVE The primary care (PC) setting provides a unique opportunity to address adolescent alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. METHOD We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 4 PC clinics from April 2013 to November 2015 to determine whether a 15-min brief motivational interviewing (MI) AOD intervention, delivered in PC, reduced alcohol and marijuana use and consequences. Adolescents ages 12-18 who came for an appointment during the 2.5-year study period were asked to be in the study and screened using the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide. Those identified as at risk were randomized to the CHAT intervention or usual care (UC). Adolescents completed 4 web-based surveys at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months postbaseline. RESULTS The sample (n = 294) was 58% female and 66% Hispanic, 17% Black, 12% White, 5% multiethnic or other, with an average age of 16 years. Compared to UC adolescents, CHAT adolescents reported significantly less perceived peer use of alcohol and marijuana at 3 months (alcohol: p < .0001; marijuana p = .01) and 6 months (alcohol: p = .04; marijuana p = .04). CHAT adolescents also reported marginally fewer negative alcohol consequences experienced at 6 months (p = .08). At 12 months, compared to UC, CHAT adolescents reported less perceived peer alcohol (p = .04) and marijuana (p < .01) use and fewer negative consequences from alcohol (p = .03) and marijuana (p = .04) use. CONCLUSIONS A brief MI intervention delivered in PC reduced negative consequences from alcohol and marijuana use 1 year later. Findings emphasize that adolescents can benefit from PC interventions that briefly and effectively address both alcohol and marijuana use. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Evolving Nature of Disaster Management in the Internet and Social Media Era

Traditional means for contacting emergency responders depend critically on the availability of the 911 service to request help. Large-scale natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes often result in overloading and sometimes failure of communication facilities. Affected citizens are increasingly using social media to obtain and disseminate information. Social media is not only being used to communicate with first responders but also for people to organically volunteer and seek help from each other, complementing the role of first responders. In this paper, we examine the use of Twitter during two major hurricanes in the U.S. in 2017. We find that there exists a sizable number of people with access to the Internet even in areas where 911 services were down, and they tweet disaster-related information including requests for help. Our analysis indicates that social media can potentially help in disaster management and improve outcomes.
Quantum Enhanced Sensing with Squeezed Light

We study the use of quantum states of light generated with an atomic system to enhance the sensitivity of plasmonic sensors. We show a quantum-based sensitivity enhancement of 56% with transmission-based measurements and analyze the use of phase-based measurements for further enhancements.
ПОДБОР ПАРАМЕТРОВ ФИЛЬТРА ПРИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ ВОДОЗАБОРНЫХ СКВАЖИН

The article is devoted to present the problem of optimal design, construction and operation of water supply systems and their elements. A key element of the downhole water intake is water intake well. The quality of its design and construction determines the operation of the water intake as a whole. Disadvantages in the design of the well lead to disruption of the entire water supply system of a particular facility. The choice of a filter suitable for specific geological conditions of the well and ensuring a long operating time is a very complex technical task. When calculating the filters, it is necessary to determine their length, diameter, duty cycle and the size of the through holes. These filter parameters are determined so that the input speed does not exceed the permissible speed for the filter, i.e. V ф ≤ V доп. . The article suggests a method for selecting the optimal diameter and length of a downhole filter of a water intake well. Based on the methodology, an example is given of the selection of filter parameters for hydro-geological conditions in the city of Kursk. The calculation showed that application of the input speed criterion for well design allows to significantly reduce the cost of wells while ensuring the design production rate and permissible level reduction.
Colonialism, Civilization, and Progress

John Stuart Mill’s intellectual success is underscored by the fact that his writings were widely studied during his lifetime and they remain of great interest to the lay public and scholars in a variety of academic disciplines. Yet despite the considerable attention paid to Mill, his professional career remains among the least explored and most misunderstood aspects of his life. Now that the Mill Project at the University of Toronto has completed the publication of his Collected Works,particularly the volumes Writings on India and Public and Parliamentary Speeches, information on his professional career is widely available for the first time. Scholars now have a wealth of information for comparing and analyzing Mill’s actions as a colonial administrator and member of Parliament with his well-known theories on political economy, ethics and social philosophy. Careful study of Mill’s professional life is likely to provide us with great insights into his practical beliefs on a whole range of related topics. This chapter does not focus on the details of his employment at the India House or his term as a Member of Parliament. Instead, it concentrates on an important, revealing, and neglected topic—Mill’s colonialism—and shows how it is inextricably intertwined with his belief in human growth.
The Impact of Iron Deficiency and Low Hemoglobin on Aerobic Exercise Capacity is Matched by Obesity Alone in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Introduction Peak exercise oxygen uptake (pVO2) is significantly worsened when obesity and low hemoglobin (Hb) are present in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Iron deficiency (ID) combined with low Hb (ID+Hb) also limits pVO2, but not at the strength initially suspected. The presence of ID+Hb and excess body mass, presumably fat mass and not metabolically active, should further impair pVO2. This study tested the hypothesis that obesity in HFrEF weakens the positive predictive value (PPV) associated with pVO2 in separating patients with ID+Hb from those with normal Hb and no ID (no ID+norm Hb). Methods Treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed by 160 HFrEF (overall: 77% men; LVEF 22±8%; BMI 18.5-39.9 kg/m2) (N=50, non-obese ID+Hb; N=40, obese ID+Hb; N=35, non-obese no ID+norm Hb; N=35, obese no ID+norm Hb). BMI was 25±3, 34±3, 26±3, 34±4 kg/m2, respectively. Patients met ESC/HFA criteria for ID: serum ferritin Results Group differences for age, LVEF, and sex were not significant. The pVO2 indexed to body weight for non-obese no ID+norm Hb (19±6 mL/kg/min) was greater (P 0.05). A PPV=92% and AUC=0.77 (P Conclusions For HFrEF with normal Hb and no ID, obesity markedly limits pVO2 to critical levels demonstrated by non-obese patients with ID+Hb. This is an important finding in demonstrating high BMI alone plays a powerful role in impairing pVO2 in HFrEF. Secondary prevention should emphasize weight management therapy for patients with HFrEF.
Newer Techniques for Assessment of Foot Perfusion

There has been significant progress in limb salvage in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) over the past 2 decades. These advancements have been promoted by the increased knowledge and understanding of the disease processes as well as the refinement in the interventions and enhanced patient care after revascularization. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard for visualizing the atherosclerotic lesions but it is slowly being supplanted in clinical practice by noninvasive imaging standards—such as computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Newer technology is now emerging as vascular specialists shift their focus from a macro limb perspective to a more regional foot perspective. Among the current and emerging regional perfusion imaging modalities are transcutaneous oximetry, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), indocyanine green (ICG) dye-based fluorescent angiography, and nuclear diagnostic imaging. These tests attempt to delineate regional foot perfusion for guiding directed revascularization therapy of PAD/CLI.
Ubiquitin Ligase MARCH5 Regulates Apoptosis through Mediation of Stress-Induced and NOXA-Dependent MCL1 Degradation

MCL1 has critical antiapoptotic functions and its levels are tightly regulated by ubiquitylation and degradation, but mechanisms that drive this degradation, particularly in solid tumors, remain to be established. We show here in prostate cancer cells that increased NOXA, mediated by activation of an integrated stress response, drives the degradation of MCL1, and identify the mitochondria-associated ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 as the primary mediator of this NOXA dependent MCL1 degradation. Therapies that enhance MARCH5-mediated MCL1 degradation markedly enhance apoptosis in response to a BH3 mimetic agent targeting BCLXL, which may provide for a broadly effective therapy in solid tumors. Conversely, increased MCL1 in response to MARCH5 loss does not sensitize to BH3 mimetic drugs targeting MCL1, but instead also sensitizes to BCLXL inhibition, revealing a codependence between MARCH5 and MCL1 that may also be exploited in tumors with MARCH5 genomic loss.
Analytical transport network theory & structural mechanics: Towards computationally inexpensive multi-functional materials design

Abstract Analytical transport network (ATN) theory is extended to account for static, structural mechanics. The extension provides a consistent, computationally economical, and interpretable formalism for examining morphological/topological trade-offs relevant to the design of multi-functional materials. The approach is demonstrated through application to over 100,000 computationally-generated lattice structures consisting of non-uniform channels. It is orders of magnitude faster and less memory intensive than finite element analysis. This, along with its compact mathematical formalism, present the opportunity for future integration into multi-functional characterization/design frameworks (e.g., topology optimization and machine learning).
Pore-scale experimental investigation of oil recovery enhancement in oil-wet carbonates using carbonaceous nanofluids

This study investigates the pore-scale displacement mechanisms of crude oil in aged carbonate rocks using novel engineered carbon nanosheets (E-CNS) derived from sub-bituminous coal. The nanosheets, synthesized by a simple top-down technique, were stable in brine without any additional chemicals. Owing to their amphiphilic nature and nano-size, they exhibited dual properties of surfactants and nanoparticles and reduced the oil/brine interfacial tension (IFT) from 14.6 to 5.5 mN/m. X-ray micro-computed tomography coupled with miniature core-flooding was used to evaluate their ability to enhance oil recovery. Pore-scale displacement mechanisms were investigated using in-situ contact angle measurements, oil ganglia distribution analysis, and three-dimensional visualization of fluid occupancy maps in pores of different sizes. Analysis of these maps at the end of various flooding stages revealed that the nanofluid invaded into medium and small pores that were inaccessible to base brine. IFT reduction was identified as the main displacement mechanism responsible for oil recovery during 1 to 8 pore volumes (PVs) of nanofluid injection. Subsequently, wettability alteration was the dominant mechanism during the injection of 8 and 32 PVs, decreasing the average contact angle from 134° (oil wet) to 85° (neutral wet). In-situ saturation data reveals that flooding with only 0.1 wt% of E-CNS in brine resulted in incremental oil production of 20%, highlighting the significant potential of this nanofluid as a recovery agent.