cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of SLN benign capsular nevi in patients with melanoma.

BACKGROUND Benign capsular nevi (BCN) are not infrequent in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of patients with melanoma. Their prognostic significance is unknown and the literature is limited. This study evaluated the clinical significance of incidentally found BCN in these patients. METHODS A multi-institutional retrospective review of patients undergoing SLN biopsy for cutaneous melanoma between 2000 and 2016. Patients were divided into the following groups: (a) negative SLN and no BCN, (b) negative SLN and presence of BCN, (c) positive SLN seen only on immunohistochemistry (IHC), and (d) positive SLN via hematoxylin and eosin (HE P = .06). IHC- and HE P = .02 and 2.0, P < .0001, respectively). CONCLUSION Patients with BCN and negative SLN had lower recurrence rates than patients with negative SLN and no BCN. Our data suggest a possible protective effect against recurrence.
Poggio and Other Book Hunters

Seeking out rare and precious texts, or book hunting, was a favorite pursuit of the Renaissance humanists, but the activity had been practiced with enthusiasm (and often guile) since antiquity. This paper discusses the phenomenon over time, looking at representative book hunters from Aulus Gellius (second century CE) to Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459), who was probably the most famous book hunter of them all. I will consider the discoveries of Catullus, Cicero’s Letters to Atticus, and Apuleius as well as several of the most famous finds of Poggio himself, emhasizing in each case the circumstances and method of discovery, the importance of the find, and the fate of the discovered book. The paper will close with a brief epilogue on some modern book hunters.
A Coarse-to-Fine Data Generation Method for 2D and 3D Cell Nucleus Segmentation

Cell nucleus segmentation is a fundamental task in biomedical image analysis. Generating realistic cell nucleus data with ground truth masks can help tackle difficulties such as insufficient training data for deep learning models and the need to deal with "hard" cases (e.g., tightly clumped nuclei). Known nucleus generation methods generated individual nucleus masks from parametric models or based on direct transformations of real masks. It is difficult for these methods to capture and simulate the distributions of real nuclei and interactions among hard nuclei. In this paper, we propose a new three-stage coarse-to-fine nucleus generation method for 2D and 3D nucleus segmentation. The first stage simulates the positions and sizes of nuclei; the second stage simulates the shapes of nuclei and interactions among clumped nuclei; the third stage simulates the textures of nuclei. We evaluate our method on 2D and 3D cell nucleus image datasets. Experimental results show that our new nucleus generation method considerably helps improve cell nucleus segmentation performance and outperforms known nucleus generation methods for nucleus segmentation with a small amount of training data.
A favor de la narrativa como metodología para el estudio de lo social

The article presented here aims to describe and publicize the way to proceed with a qualitative research based on the social making use of narrative as a methodological option, which -beyond merely exploring the objective- uses the word to imagine, represent and give meaning to reality. This methodology is concerned with knowing from the inside, exceeding the threshold established by numerical or statistical data. This exploratory path will be delimited by the voice of someone who, in the role of narrator and informant, must know first-hand that reality that acts as a basis for the study and generously share their experience. It's about the subjective representation of a subject on the basis of which, using as a pretext the anonymous perspective of those who share their words about the subject addressed, one aspires to reach and make knowledge richer.
College students’ and Mechanical Turk workers’ environmental factors while completing online surveys

Few studies have investigated the environmental factors of participants completing online self-report surveys, such as the presence of others and engagement in multitasking. The current study examined the environmental factors of 1023 participants drawn from two popular convenience populations—college students (n = 512) and Mechanical Turk workers (n = 511). All participants completed online measures of computer self-efficacy, the five-factor model of personality, and social desirability, as well as a questionnaire about their environment and activities when completing the measures. The two samples differed in terms of environmental factors, with college students significantly more likely to report: (1) being in a location other than their place of residence, (2) interacting with others, (3) being interrupted, (4) engaging in multitasking, (5) being under the influence of alcohol or other substances, and (6) completing the study using a laptop computer. The presence of others interacted with sample to predict personality and social desirability scores. Additionally, both presence of others and engaging in multitasking predicted longer completion time.
Impact of diagnosis and type of sacroiliac joint fusion on postoperative complications.

Two main surgical approaches are available for fusing the sacroiliac joint (SIJ): an open or minimally invasive (MIS) approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze the associated total hospital charges and postoperative complications of the MIS and open approach. Using the 2016 and 2017 National Readmission Database, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 2521 patients who received a SIJ fusion with an open (N = 1990) or MIS (N = 531) approach for diagnosed sacrum pain, sacroiliitis, sacral instability, or spondylosis. Each cohort was analyzed for postoperative complications. We identified 604 patients diagnosed with sacrum pain, 1142 with sacroiliitis, 315 with spondylosis, and 288 with sacral instability. Patients who received the open approach for sacrum pain had significantly higher rates of novel post-procedural pain (p = 0.045) and novel lumbar pathology (p = 0.015) within 30 days. On 30-day follow-up, patients with sacroiliitis treated with open SIJ fusion had significantly higher rates of novel postprocedural pain compared to those treated with MIS fusion (p = 0.045). Patients who received the open approach for spondylosis resulted in significantly higher rates of non-elective readmission within 30 days compared to the MIS approach (p < 0.0001). In addition, the open technique for spondylosis resulted in significantly higher rates of non-elective readmissions for infection within 30 days (p = 0.014). On 30-day follow-up, patients with sacral instability treated with open SIJ fusion had significantly higher rates of UTI (p = 0.045). Our study suggests that there exist unique postoperative complications that arise after SIJ fusion specific to preoperative diagnosis and surgical approach.
Mutationen und Mutagenese

Die erste Aufgabe, die sich den fruhen Bakteriengenetikern stellte, war der Nachweis, das auch Bakterien vererbbare Merkmale besitzen. Die fruheste Annahme war die, das Bakterien und andere Mikroorganismen zu klein seien, um irgendwelche phanotypischen Merkmale zu haben, die man untersuchen konnte. Dieses Konzept wurde durch die Arbeit von Beadle und Tatum verworfen, die zeigten, das biochemische Reaktionen als phanotypische Merkmale genutzt werden konnen, und die die beruhmte „Ein-Gen-ein-Enzym”-Hypothese erstellten. Dennoch gab es noch Unsicherheit um die Existenz einer Bakteriengenetik. Viele Forscher nahmen an, das die Lamarck’sche Hypothese von der Vererbbarkeit erworbener Merkmale fur Bakterien gultig sei, obwohl sie fur hohere Eukaryonten schon widerlegt war. Es war daher die erste Aufgabe fur die entstehende Wissenschaft der Bakteriengenetik zu beweisen, das die gleichen Prozesse der Mutation, die fur Eukaryonten schon nachgewiesen waren, auch in Prokaryonten vorkommen.
The cytoskeletal system of nucleated erythrocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cytoskeleton formation and function of the marginal band (MB) of microtubules (MTs). It highlights the cytological, ultrastructural, and molecular observations on nonmammalian erythrocytes. The chapter also discusses comparative work on the cytoskeleton of primitive nucleated erythrocytes in developing mammals. All of the mature nucleated erythrocytes of nonmammalian vertebrates contain marginal bands (MBs). The MB is principally a hooplike continuous microtubule (MT) bundle located close to the plasma membrane in the plane of flattening. For erythrocytes of nonmammalian vertebrates, MB thickness in the light microscope and MT number per electron microscopic (EM) cross section are positively correlated with cell size. The MB is flexible both in situ and after isolation—that is, it can bend and twist without breaking. Tubulin is the major molecular component of MBs. Tubulin was found to constitute 1% of total cell protein, with less than one-half in the MB. The assembly of long MTs typical of MBs might be regulated by a tubulin oligomer pool, limiting the nucleation rate and accounting for at least some non-MB tubulin in the cell.
A More Precise Fine Structure Constant

The fine structure constant, a vital quantity in quantum theory, sets the scale for the physical world. Recent measurements have improved its precision by a factor of 10.
The Siberian Water Transfer Schemes

The twentieth century was the era of mega-engineering thinking. This was a worldwide phenomenon, but perhaps had its clearest expression in the Soviet Union, a nation with a well-developed ideology promoting man subduing nature for purported human betterment. Soviet plans to transfer huge amounts of water long distances from Siberian rivers to Central Asia were initially conceived, during the Stalinist era, as a way to fundamentally transform the physical environment of this region. During the period 1960 to the mid 1980s, these projects were primarily seen as the best means to provide more water for irrigation expansion and, secondarily, as a way to provide more water to the Aral Sea. After several decades of intense scientific study and engineering development, a final design for Siberian water transfers was on the verge of implementation when an abrupt change of national policy in 1985–1986 put it in on hold for the foreseeable future. The plan foundered owing to Russian nationalist opposition, enormous costs, a changing political environment, and the threat of significant environmental damage. The collapse of the USSR has probably doomed the project although it continues to be promoted by Central Asian governments and even some prominent Russians as a means to bring back the Aral Sea.
Eccentricity in Columns

By relating eccentricity to slope a t the end of a column, the mechanism of eccentricity behavior in flat-end loadings is discussed. For both flat-end and pin-end cases, explanation is offered for the experimentally observed tendency, at failing loads, for the grouping ec/r (called y) to assume a value below a definite maximum. Two non-dimensional graphical representations of the loadmaximum stress relation for columns are given, and values of length and y are stated for use with such charts, which can be employed to solve most column problems involving primary failure by translation, regardless of slenderness ratio or material involved. KL/2<TT/20 L/
Motor Learning Consolidates Arc-Expressing Neuronal Ensembles in Secondary Motor Cortex

Motor behaviors recruit task-specific neuronal ensembles in motor cortices, which are consolidated over subsequent learning. However, little is known about the molecules that can identify the participating neurons and predict the outcomes of the consolidation process. Using a mouse rotarod-learning task, we showed that lesion or inactivation of the secondary motor (M2) cortex disrupts learning of skilled movements. We tracked the endogenous promoter activity of the neuronal activity-regulated gene Arc in individual M2 neurons during rotarod learning by in vivo two-photon imaging of a knockin reporter. We found that task training initially recruits Arc-promoter-activated neurons and then consolidates them into a specific ensemble exhibiting persistent reactivation of Arc-promoter. The intensity of a neuron's initial Arc-promoter activation predicts its reactivation probability and neurons with weak initial Arc-promoter activation are dismissed from the ensemble during subsequent training. Our findings demonstrate a task-specific Arc-dependent cellular consolidation process in M2 cortex during motor learning.
Chemistry of bone marrow. VII. Composition of rabbit bone marrow in experimental hemolytic anemia.

Abstract Hemolytic anemia was produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of acetylphenylhydrazine. The marrow of the anemic animals was analyzed during a period of 5–34 days. Changes were found in the chemical composition of the active marrow as early as 5–6 days; and with a period of 27–34 days, the normally inactive marrow approached the cellular and chemical composition of the active marrow. The water, residue, and nitrogen contents of the marrow were increased and the lipide concentration decreased. The sulfur and phosphorus components were essentially normal in the anemic marrow.
Ancestry reported by white adults with cutaneous melanoma and control subjects in central Alabama.

Background We sought to evaluate the hypothesis that the high incidence of cutaneous melanoma in white persons in central Alabama is associated with a predominance of Irish and Scots descent.
A Vermont Yankee in King Burger’s Court: Constraints on Judicial Review Under NEPA

This article examines the impact of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation vs Natural Resources Defense Council on environmental law, with particular emphasis on how the decision weakens the constraints imposed on agency discretion by prior cases under the National Environmental Policy Act. The first section discusses both the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's failure to consider the environmntal impact of nuclear fuel reprocessing and waste disposal in the Vermont Yankee licensing, and the sufficiency of the procedures used at the fuel cycle rulemaking proceedings held to consider that impact. The second section addresses the Commission's refusal to consider energy conservation as an alternative in the Midland plant's environmental impact statement and the Supreme Court's interpretation of the role of the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards in the licensing process.
Reduction of Pyridine Nucleotides Induced by Adenosine Diphosphate in Kidney Mitochondria THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND INHIBITORS OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Abstract Rat kidney cortex mitochondria incubated in an isotonic solution containing sodium chloride, EDTA, and Pi exhibit a hitherto unreported phenomenon. The addition of substrate induces a rapid respiratory rate, accompanied by a marked oxidation of pyridine nucleotides measured by dual wave length spectroscopy. In contrast to the typical response, subsequent addition of ADP induces a slowing of respiration associated with reduction of pyridine nucleotides (reverse acceptor control). The phenomenon will not occur if Mg++, rutamycin, or uncoupling agents are present. However, if an uncoupling agent is added after substrate, the ADP effects on respiration and pyridine nucleotides are mimicked. The marked susceptibility of kidney mitochondria to uncoupling in sodium-containing solutions appears to be closely related to the mechanism of this phenomenon.
The effects of vitamin A and reichstein's compound L on the thyroid, adrenal and lymphoid systems of the rat.

WE HAVE previously reported (1950-1951) that various steroids influence thyroid function in the rat as measured by radioactive iodine collection. Moreover, some of these compounds have marked effects on the adrenal glands and lymphoid tissue (Money, Fager and Rawson, 1952). One of the steroids we investigated was Reichstein’s Compound L (3β-acetoxy-17-hydroxyallo-pregnan-20-one). Under the experimental conditions used in the above studies, this compound decreased the I131 collected by the thyroid, produced some hypertrophy of the adrenals, decreased thymus weight, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Biochemical studies done on these animals indicated that a relationship might exist between this steroid and the circulating level of vitamin A (Bodansky and Markardt, 1951). Since Compound L appeared to influence vitamin A concentration in various tissues, it was decided to investigate the relationship of known vitamin A intake on the previously observed effects of Compound L. This report is the result of th...
Point-countable bases and k-networks

Abstract We present a space with a point-countable base but no point-countable closed k -network.
The Historical Impact of Welfare Programs on Poverty: Evidence from the American States

Over the years, there has been a spirited debate over the impact of the welfare expansion associated with the War on Poverty. Many analysts have maintained that public assistance expansion during this period decreased poverty by raising the incomes of the poor (an income enhancement effect), while others have contended that welfare expansion increased poverty by discouraging the poor from working (a work disincentive effect). There has been considerable empirical research about the historical effect of welfare on poverty, nearly all of which relies on the poverty rate (i.e., the percentage of persons with income less than the “poverty threshold”) as an indicator of the extent of poverty. However, this work has not employed designs that allow researchers to sort out distinct income enhancement and work disincentive effects. We develop a model of poverty rates in the American states that permits estimation of these distinct effects—based on state-level time-series data observed annually for the years 1960– 90—and we find that welfare had both effects during our period of analysis. We also calculate the net impact of increases in welfare benefits on the poverty rate—taking into account both work disincentive and income enhancement effects. Our results indicate that this net impact is dependent on three variables: the initial level of cash benefits, wage levels for unskilled workers, and the share of the benefit increase provided through cash rather than in-kind assistance. Because of historical trends in these variables, since the 1970s welfare spending has become increasingly less effective in reducing the poverty rate. However, the significance of this result for policymakers must be tempered by evidence that flaws in the poverty rate as an indicator of poverty make it so that any finding about the net effect of an increase in welfare benefits on the poverty rate underestimates welfare’s ability to lessen the true extent of poverty.
Preparing Language Teachers to Teach Language Online: A Look at Skills, Roles, and Responsibilities

This paper reviews and critiques an existing skills framework for online language teaching. This critique is followed by an alternative framework for online language teaching skills. This paper also uses a systems view to look at the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders in an online learning system. Four major recommendations are provided to help language teacher training programs prepare future language teachers for online language teaching.
Groups with a T. I. Cyclic Sylow subgroup

order p” for some prime p. Let P be a trivial intersection (t.i.) set. Assume that G has a sinzple nonsolvable Jordan-Holder constituent E with E $ PSL(2, p) alzd pf ! j E 1. Suppose that G has a faithful indecomposable representation R oj degree n , (213) p” - 1. This is a result of Feit’s when t = 1. The proof we give follows the same argument as Feit’s, except that first we have to calculate the tensor products of indecomposables of N where throughout this paper ?V is a finite group with a normal, cyclic Sylow p-subgroup P of order pt. These tensor products are given by Lemma 2.9 which uses the notation of Lemmas 2.7 and 2.5 where Lemma 2.5(i) may be taken as the definition of B(a, b). This is done by [3] and Cl] in the case where t = 1 with slight restrictions on N. It is also done inexplicitly by Srinivasan [S] for N = P and any t, but her answer is in terms of ranks of matrices. Our answer is only in terms of the multiplication table for H-modules where throughout this paper H is a p’-complement to P in N. Existence of H follows from Schur-Zassenhaus.
Rousseau's Discriminating Defense of Compassion

Political theorists from Martha Nussbaum to Amitai Etzioni appeal to compassion as a basis that liberalism otherwise lacks for refraining from exploiting and even for helping others. However, critics like Clifford Orwin and Richard Boyd have raised this question: is compassion too weak and undiscriminating to rely on in politics? Jean-Jacques Rousseau's account of compassion helps answer it. Rousseau understands compassion as a useful manifestation of the otherwise dangerous desire to extend the self and show signs of power. Consequently, he considers compassion's relative weakness a strength and explains how it can be supplemented and complemented by other, independent motives for serving others, including gratitude, friendship, and obligation. Compassion's weakness also makes it less likely than self-love, narrowly conceived, to overwhelm reason. Rousseau excels compassion's contemporary defenders in his awareness of the complex relationship between compassion and other social passions and of the dangers that his understanding of compassion addresses.
Photonic devices in low-temperature laser-crystallized deposited silicon

We demonstrate integrated optical devices in deposited silicon crystallized at room temperature for 3D photonic integration. These devices can enable electro-optic switching and modulation on low-temperature substrates such as glass, plastic, and post-back-end CMOS wafers.
A resurvey of hypertensive patients detected in a dental office screening program.

Summary In order to ascertain the fate of hypertensive patients who were discovered through the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry Hypertension Screening Program, a telephone survey was conducted whereby the first 128 patients discovered to be hypertensive through the program were interviewed concerning their current state of care. All 128 patients were at least three months postreferral. Patients were asked whether or not they were still under a physician's care; those responding positively were further questioned regarding medications prescribed, medication consumption, and frequency of physician visits. In all, 109 patients were contacted. The 109 patients consisted of 18 patients treated at the hypertension clinic at Medical College of Virginia and 91 patients being treated by private physicians. Of the 18 clinic patients contacted, 17 (94 percent) were still being treated. Of the patients being treated by private physicians 62 (68.1 percent) were still being followed. Of the 109 patients contacted, 79 (72.5 percent) were still under care and 30 (27.5 percent) were no longer under care. Of the patients still under care 56 (71 percent) had been prescribed medicine and only two had discontinued medication. Forty-one patients saw their physician more frequently than every three months; 21 saw their physician every three to four months and 17 saw their physician semiannually or annually. Of the delinquent hypertensives in this study, 72 percent were still under care at the time of survey and of the previously undetected hypertensives 73 percent were still under care. It is concluded that there is still a significant drop-out rate among hypertensives after referral and that some void exists in the follow-up of hypertensives. The suggestion is made that the dentist may be able to assist in follow-up and possibly reduce the drop-out rate.
Is sulfur-doped TiO2 an effective visible light photocatalyst for remediation?

Doping titania with main group elements increases the visible light absorbance by introducing a localized band of orbitals within the band gap, but the effect of such dopants on the oxidizing power of the catalysts remains ambiguous. Three aromatic organic probe molecules – 4-methoxyresorcinol, quinoline, and 1-(p-anisyl)neopentanol – have been used to evaluate the oxidative chemistry of S-doped TiO2 and test the efficacy of the catalyst with visible irradiation. With visible irradiation, a phenol is degraded efficiently, apparently through absorption by a CT band. For the other two probes, the most straightforward interpretation is that visible irradiation does not produce hydroxyl-type chemistry, but can accomplish single-electron transfers in favorable cases. The utility of sulfur-doped TiO2 as a photocatalyst over undoped titania depends entirely whether the requirement for visible-light functionality, even if at low efficiency, outweighs a modest drop in the efficiency of catalysis using UV light.
Proof of the Bogoliubov-Parasiuk theorem on renormalization

A new proof is given that the subtraction rules ofBogoliubov andParasiuk lead to well-defined renormalized Green's distributions. A collection of the counter-terms in “trees” removes the difficulties with overlapping divergences and allows fairly simple estimates and closed expressions for renormalized Feynman integrals. The renormalization procedure, which also applies to conventionally non-renormalizable theories, is illustrated in the ϕ4-theory.
Postpartum varicella vaccination: is the vaccine virus excreted in breast milk?

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether the varicella vaccine virus is detected in breast milk after vaccination of breast-feeding women and whether there is serologic evidence of exposure of the infant to varicella virus after maternal vaccination. Methods We enrolled women identified as varicella seronegative during routine prenatal screening at Group Health Cooperative. Participants received the first dose of varicella vaccine at least 6 weeks postpartum and the second dose at least 4 weeks later. They collected ten breast milk samples after each vaccine dose. Breast milk samples were tested for varicella zoster virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum specimens were collected from the mothers 1 month after each vaccine dose, and peripheral blood from their infants was collected onto filter spots 1 month after the mother's second dose. These samples were tested for varicella immunoglobulin (Ig) G by whole-virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or by the more sensitive glycoprotein ELISA. When possible, filter spots from the infants were also tested by PCR for the presence of varicella zoster virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Results Twelve women were enrolled; all seroconverted after the first vaccine dose. Varicella DNA was not detected by PCR in any of the 217 postvaccination breast milk specimens. None of the infants was seropositive. Samples from six infants were tested for varicella zoster virus DNA by PCR, and all were negative. Conclusion We found no evidence of varicella vaccine virus excretion in breast milk. These findings suggest that postpartum vaccination of varicella-susceptible women need not be delayed because of breast-feeding.
Understanding the design space of DRAM-optimized hardware FFT accelerators

As technology scaling is reaching its limits, pointing to the well-known memory and power wall problems, achieving high-performance and energy-efficient systems is becoming a significant challenge. Especially for data-intensive computing, efficient utilization of the memory subsystem is the key to achieve high performance and energy efficiency.We address this challenge in DRAM-optimized hardware accelerators for 1D, 2D and 3D fast Fourier transforms (FFT) on large datasets. When the dataset has to be stored in external DRAM, the main challenge for FFT algorithm design lies in reshaping DRAM-unfriendly memory access patterns to eliminate excessive DRAM row buffer misses. More importantly, these algorithms need to be carefully mapped to the targeted platform's architecture, particularly the memory subsystem, to fully utilize performance and energy efficiency potentials. We use automatic design generation techniques to consider a family of DRAM-optimized FFT algorithms and their hardware implementation design space. In our evaluations, we demonstrate DRAM-optimized accelerator designs over a large tradeoff space given various problem (single/double precision 1D, 2D and 3D FFTs) and hardware platform (off-chip DRAM, 3D-stacked DRAM, ASIC, FPGA, etc.) parameters. We show that generated pareto-optimal designs can yield up to 5.5× energy consumption and order of magnitude memory bandwidth utilization improvements in DRAM, which lead to overall system performance and power efficiency improvements of up to 6× and 6.5× respectively over conventional row-column FFT algorithms.
Substrate Activity of Rh(III)ATP with Phosphoglycerate Kinase and the Role of the Metal Ton in Catalysis

Abstract An exchange-inert Rh(H 2 O) 4 ATP complex showed a one-turnover substrate activity with yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Transfer of the phosphoryl group between ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate occurs with both substrates in the coordination sphere of the metal ion. Because of the slow ligand exchange rates of Rh 3+ , the reaction product 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-dPGA) remained coordinated to the metal ion. During the course of the reaction, the enzyme was inactivated, suggesting that the metal ion is coordinated to a protein side chain. Thus the product Rh(H 2 O) n ADP · 1,3-dPGA remained bound to the enzyme even after removal of excess substrate. These results suggested that the metal ion may not only act as an electron sink to activate the electrophile, but it may also help to optimally align both substrates for phosphoryl transfer by coordination to both substrates. It is therefore likely that entry of 3-phospho-D-glycerate into the coordination sphere of metal of a metal-ATP complex may start the proposed hinge-bending motion of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase to form a "closed" active site between the two substrate binding domains of the enzyme.
Dystroglycan in development and disease

Our understanding of the structure and function of dystroglycan, a cell surface laminin/agrin receptor, has increased dramatically over the past two years. Structural studies, analysis of its binding partners, and targeted gene disruption have all contributed to the elucidation of the biological role of dystroglycan in development and disease. It is now apparent that dystroglycan plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several muscular dystrophies and serves as a receptor for a human pathogen as well as being involved in early development, organ morphogenesis, and synaptogenesis.
Identifying The Strangers: Exploring Part-Time Faculty Integration in American Community Colleges:

Moving from the ranks of afifth-year adjunct instructor to afull-time position for me was equivalent to stepping from the shadows to center stage, from invisible understudy to recognized performer In reality, my role didn't change; it merely expanded. But perceptions changed. From my students' angle as audience, I had always been a key performer Butfrom the vantage point of thefull-time cast, I was unusually invisible, swallowed by darkness. Suddenly with afull-time position, the shadows vanished. Even though I hadn't done anything differently, special effects lighting illuminated my place on stage. (Bethke, 1993)
Impaired metabolism of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in old rats--an in vitro study.

Liver, kidney, and lung homogenates from 45‐ and 630‐d‐old rats were incubated with 0.5 μCi of 14 C‐labeled di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for 40 min at 37°C. Radiochromatogram scans of the ether extracts of the incubated mixtures showed the presence of a peak corresponding to the hydrolytic product monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), in addition to the parent DEHP. Preparations from old animals revealed another radioactive zone along with MEHP. A dramatic reduction in the formation of MEHP was observed only with homogenates of livers from the old animals. It is shown that this difference is probably attributable to differences in Km values of the enzymes from adult and old rats respectively. Protein content in the three tissues did not differ between young and old animals. Formation of MEHP is a major step in the metabolic pathway of the plasticizer DEHP. Impairment of this conversion could possibly alter the rate of its excretion and hence its toxicologic significance.
The crystal structure of the C-nucleoside, 1,3-Dimethyl-8-β-D-ribofuranosylxanthine monohydrate

Abstract 1,3-Dimethyl-8-β- D ribofuranosylxanthine monohydrate, C 12 H 16 N 4 O 6 ·H 2 O, is monoclonic, P 2 1 , with two molecules in a unit cell having a = 8.186(1), b = 19.222(3), c = 4.7655(8) A, β = 103.79(1)°, V = 728.2 A, and D x = 1.506 g·cm -3 .The structure was solved by the direct methods, using Mo K α radiation and refined with anisotropic temperature-factors. The final agreement factors were R = 0.061, R w = 0.042 for 2254 structure amplitudes having | F o | > 2 σ( F o ). The ribose ring has the C-2’;- exo -C-3’;- endo ( 2 T 3 ) conformation with pseudorotation parameters P = -3.2, τ m = 39.9°, and a gauche-gauche conformation around the ribose C-4’;-C-5’; bond. The β-link conformation is anti , with 0-4’;-C1’;-C-8-N-9 = -162.6°. The pyrimidine and imidazole rings are planar, making an interplanar angle of 1.0(1)°. The molecular conformation is stabilized by an unsymmetrical, three-center hydrogen bond from N-7-H to O-5’;-H as the major component and to O-4’;Has the minor component. The hydrogen bonding includes a cooperative cycle involving the HN-C-C=O moiety, two hydroxyl groups, and a water molecule.
The technical editor and document databases: What the future may hold

Technical editors ensure a document communicates with the reader. With XML, active server pages, and dynamic document creation, Web pages are no longer simple hand‐crafted text objects, but dynamic groupings of text assembled moments before the reader views the page. With dynamic documents, high‐level editing tasks will be, at best, vaguely defined during text creation. To maximize the information content, future technical editors require tighter control over information consistency and content.
Radiation Dose Intensification in Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Multiple studies have confirmed the value of radiation therapy in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. The appropriate dose of radiation and the optimal fractionation scheme, however, remain controversial. This article will examine the history of radiation therapy in the management of small-cell lung cancer. It will review the rationale for the various approaches to radiation dose intensification, and review the results of important trials investigating the issue of radiation dose in the management of this disease. Survival outcomes and toxicity of various approaches to radiation dose intensification, including dose escalation and hyperfractionation, will be assessed. The implications of advancements in technology will be examined, and the optimal design of future trials will be discussed.
Two modes of evolution.

IN some ways mammals evolve much faster than most other animals. In other ways however it now seems that they evolve at the standard rate. This dichotomy is quite unexpected, but seems post facto to be predicted by a new and ecological explanation of evolution.
Estimation of maximum current envelope for power bus analysis and design

In this p ap er we pr esent an inputpattern independent method to compute the maximum current envelope, which is an upper bound over all possible curr ent waveforms drawn by a circuit. The maximum current envelope can be used to compute the worst-c ase RMS current and average cur rent dr awn by a set of gates. These current values can be used in the design of the p ower bus to ensure that the power bus interconne cts are not susc eptible to ele ctromigration (EM) induced failur e. We also present comparisons with exhaustive/long simulations for MCNC/ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits to verify the accuracy of the method.
Effect of Fibers on the Fracture Strength of Bone-Cement Interfaces

Background: The interfacial mechanics at the bone-cement or implant-cement interfaces is a critical issue for implant fixation and the filling of tissue defects created by disease. Electro spanning is a process by which fibers with sub-micron diameters can be obtained from an electrostatically driven jet of polymer solution. These fibers have a high surface area to volume ratio, which have numerous engineering applications. The present study is based on the hypothesis that the differences of the surface properties at bone/ cement interface due to incorporation of micro and sub-micron diameters fiber may have significant influence on the quality of bone/cement union.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The perception of scatterplots

Four experiments investigated the perception of correlations from scatterplots. All graphic properties, other than error variance, that have been shown to affect subjective but not objective correlation (r) were held constant. Participants in Experiment 1 ranked 21 scatterplots according to the magnitude of r. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants made yes/no judgments to indicate whether a scatterplot was high (signal) or low (noise). Values of r for signal and noise scatterplots varied across participants. Differences between correlations for signal and for noise scatterplots were constant in r in Experiment 2, and constant in r2 in Experiment 3. Standard deviations of the ranks in Experiment 1 and d' values in Experiments 2 and 3 showed that discriminability increased with the magnitude of r. In Experiment 4, faculty and graduate students in psychology and sociology made point estimates of r for single scatterplots. Estimates were negatively accelerated functions of objective correlation.
Diamond: A high power optical material

Single-crystal cheinically/isotopically pure synthetic diamond operated at low temperature offers an unusual opportunity for a small transparent optic that may transmit as much as tens to hundreds of megawatts of light , even in the presence of high peak power in the light beam. This property stems from the probable very low absorption of light in such material and the nature of the phonon energy transport at low temperatures.
The unconventional replacement algorithms

This work proposes several new schemes for the replacement of cache lines/blocks in high performance computer systems. Our algorithms rely on judiciously chosen neural networks for accurate real-time statistical predictions. These algorithms, therefore, provide better cache performance as compared to the conventional LRU (Least Recently Used) algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the proposed set of replacement strategies can provide a performance improvement of as much as 16.4711% over the LRU algorithm for our selected benchmark trace files. The results are based on an experimentation involving 6 neural network paradigms and 21 different cache configurations. Excellent performance of the neural network-based replacement strategies means that this new approach can be studied as an alternative to the existing page replacement and prefetching algorithms in virtual memory systems.
Introduction: Life of Infrastructure

Infrastructures are both durable yet fragile, hidden but ever present, solidly embedded in the collective world yet open to speculation and uncertainty. The essays in this section of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East volume 34, number 3, explore the many ways in which, whether as scholars or as political subjects, we think about forms of infrastructure and make them a focus of collective life. The essays also consider how infrastructures can enable, transform, or inhibit ways of thinking and living collectively.
Double-outlet right ventricle: intact ventricular septum, mitral stenosis, and blind left ventricle.

Abstract The clinical course, physical findings, and postmortem observations have been described in a child with double-outlet right ventricle complicated by congenital mitral stenosis and a hypoplastic and nonfunctioning left ventricle with an intact ventricular septum. A continuous murmur was considered to be due to the continuous flow of blood across a small foramen secundum atrial septal defect.
Recent Research in Language Learning Studies: Promises and Problems

From the perspective of a psycholinguist, I discuss 3 leading questions that have arisen from a number of foundational, descriptive SLA studies: First, considering the language to be learned, why are certain L2 constructions learnable and others not? What is it about these constructions which makes them so difficult to acquire? Second, in considering input requirements, can we say that adult learners can take advantage of metalinguistic information about the language and negative input? Do adults differ from child learners in the L2 input requirements? And finally, is focal attention required for the acquisition of the syntax and the phonological rules of a target language? Do we need to notice in order to learn, or can we learn subconsciously ? I review recent studies and make suggestions for further investigations.
Molecules in focus Paxillin

Abstract Paxillin is a 68 kDa cytoplasmic protein that localizes to discrete sites of cell attachment to the extracellular matrix called focal adhesions. It is a multi-domain adapter protein capable of interacting with several structural and signaling proteins including vinculin, FAK, PYK2, Src and Crk. Phosphorylation of paxillin in response to integrin-mediated cell adhesion and growth factor stimulation regulates some of these interactions. Thus, paxillin functions as a scaffold for the recruitment of molecules into a signal transduction complex that is closely apposed to the plasma membrane. This is likely to facilitate the efficient processing of external stimuli that modulate important cellular events including cell adhesion, cell motility and growth control. Since paxillin interacts with several proteins known to cause cell transformation, the binding sites for these proteins on paxillin represent potential targets for therapeutic agents.
Effects of Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS) on the Murine Innate Immune Microenvironment Induced by Heat-Killed Staphylococcus aureus

The use of biological scaffold materials for wound healing and tissue remodeling has profoundly impacted regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a licensed bioscaffold material regularly used in wound and tissue repair, often in contaminated surgical fields. Complications and failures due to infection of this biomaterial have therefore been a major concern and challenge. SIS can be colonized and infected by wound-associated bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. In order to address this concern and develop novel intervention strategies, the immune microenvironment orchestrated by the combined action of S. aureus and SIS should be critically evaluated. Since the outcome of tissue remodeling is largely controlled by the local immune microenvironment, we assessed the innate immune profile in terms of cytokine/chemokine microenvironment and inflammasome-responsive genes. BALB/c mice were injected intra-peritoneally with heat-killed S. aureus in the presence or absence of SIS. Analyses of cytokines, chemokines and microarray profiling of inflammasome-related genes were done using peritoneal lavages collected 24 hours after injection. Results showed that unlike SIS, the S. aureus-SIS interactome was characterized by a Th1-biased immune profile with increased expressions of IFN-γ, IL-12 and decreased expressions of IL-4, IL-13, IL-33 and IL-6. Such modulation of the Th1/Th2 axis can greatly facilitate graft rejections. The S. aureus-SIS exposure also augmented the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, Tnf-α, CD30L, Eotaxin and Fractalkine. This heightened inflammatory response caused by S. aureus contamination could enormously affect the biocompatibility of SIS. However, the mRNA expressions of many inflammasome-related genes like Nlrp3, Aim2, Card6 and Pycard were down-regulated by heat-killed S. aureus with or without SIS. In summary, our study explored the innate immune microenvironment induced by the combined exposure of SIS and S. aureus. These results have practical implications in developing strategies to contain infection and promote successful tissue repair.
Opioids prolong nuclear hepatobiliary imaging when given prior to scanning.

Opioid-mediated contraction of the distal common bile duct (CBD) may delay tracer passage during nuclear hepatobiliary imaging (NHI), mimicking pathologic obstruction. We sought to determine if opioid administration before NHI delays CBD visualization and prolongs imaging. The records of 198 Emergency Department patients who underwent NHI were reviewed (after excluding those with evidence for pathologic CBD obstruction). Opioids were administered before NHI in 56 cases. Delayed CBD visualization occurred in 28.6% of subjects who had received opioids and in 12.0% of those who had not (p < 0.01). Delayed imaging was performed in 77.8% of those who had received opioids and in 53.5% of those who had not (p < 0.01). The relative risk of delayed CBD visualization was 1.46 [95%CI 0.65-3.28] for meperidine, 4.18 [95%CI 2.00-8.82] for morphine, and 2.38 [95%CI 1.29-4.39] for any opioid. We conclude that opioids given before NHI are associated with delayed CBD visualization and more imaging sessions.
The influence of structural defects on intra-granular critical currents of bulk MgB/sub 2/

Bulk MgB/sub 2/ samples were prepared under different synthesis conditions and analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The critical current densities were determined from the magnetization versus magnetic field curves of bulk and powder-dispersed-in-epoxy samples. Results show that through a slow cooling process, the oxygen dissolved in bulk MgB/sub 2/ at high synthesis temperatures can segregate and form nanometer-sized coherent precipitates of Mg(B,O)/sub 2/ in the MgB/sub 2/ matrix. Magnetization measurements indicate that these precipitates act as effective flux pinning centers and therefore significantly improve the intra-grain critical current density and its field dependence.
The Association Between Lifestyle Activities and Late-Life Depressive Symptoms.

The association between lifestyle activities and incident depressive symptoms was examined within the Women’s Health and Aging Study II. Measures of activity and depressive symptoms were collected on four occasions spanning six years. Discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine the effects of baseline activity on depressive symptoms over time. Overall, activity was not associated with incident depressive symptoms. When specific activity domains were examined, greater participation in creative activities was associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms (hazard ratio = 0.92; CI 95% [0.87, 0.98]). Further longitudinal research between diverse activities and incident depressive symptoms is warranted.
Comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity for cyclic analogs of clofibrate in normolipemic rats.

Abstract Chronic administration of ethyl 2-methyl-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-propionate [clofibrate, CPIB], ethyl 6-cyclohexylchroman-2-carboxylate, and ethyl 6-phenylchroman-2-carboxylate to normolipemic rats, in vivo, reduced serum cholesterol levels and inhibited the activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A. Only clofibrate was found to lower liver cholesterol content after pretreatment for 4 or 18 days. The cyclic analogs, ethyl 6-chlorochromone-2-carboxylate and 9-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,4-dioxepino[6,5-b]benzofuran were ineffective as cholesterol lowering agents in normolipemic rats. These finding indicate that appropriate modification of clofibrate can lead to the development of compounds which are selective and equally effective to clofibrate as potential hypocholesterolemic agents. Results obtained in these studies are also discussed in terms of the known structural requirements of biological activity for this series of cyclic analogs in the Triton WR-1339 hyperlipemic rat model and modes of action of the parent compound.