cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Rheology of New Liquid Crystalline Thermosets (LCTs): Influence of Shear on Disclination Texture

Liquid crystalline thermosets (LCTs) have been under intensive study because of their outstanding mechanical performance and low viscosity during processing. We have successfully synthesized four kinds of nematic bismaleimide thermosets that differ in the nature of a pendant group substitution and that feature a thermally stable nematic phase. Importantly, the pendant groups were found to be efficient in depressing the melting point to a level that allows for flow and cure at reasonably low temperatures. By blending two particular monomers with monofunctional maleimide that we synthesized, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide (HPMI), the melting point is depressed and the curing process is postponed to higher temperatures. Such a blend has a processing window amenable to much-needed thermal and rheological characterization, particularly the evolution of disclination density during shear flow as cure progresses. Our previous work on disclination density measurements during shear flow has revealed particular scaling of dimensionless disclination density with dimensionless shear rate. The influence of shearing on the disclination density, flow patterns, and molecular orientation though gelation of thermosetting liquid crystals remains unexplored. In this presentation, we will follow a description of material synthesis with a report on the results of optical rheology experiments applied to the ternary blends containing HPMI and two bismaleimide monomers, detailing the influence of shear on disclination density though gelation.
Nuclear structure information derived from proton radioactivity measurements

Abstract Recent results on proton radioactivity are described. Nuclear structure information such as spins, single particle orbital orderings, spectroscopic factors, and mass excesses have been obtained for a number of spherical proton emitters. New results on deformed proton emitters are discussed.
Dilepton and photon productions from a coherent pion oscillation

Abstract Since the electromagnetic current for a pion system coincides with the third component of the isovector current, the isospin angular oscillation of a coherent field can be a significant source for the electromagnetic emissions. We study the characteristic dilepton and photon emissions from the classical pion field oscillation in the QCD vacuum. The general analytical solution obtained in the nonlinear σ model is used to calculate the electromagnetic current density, which exhibits a light-front singularity and decreases rapidly as inverse square of the proper time due to a longitudinal expansion. The momentum and invariant mass spectra of the direct photon and dilepton are calculated using the space-time evolution of the chiral condensate field.
The Creation of Effective Property Rights

Traditionally, general-equilibrium models have taken effective property rights to be given and have been concerned only with analyzing the allocation of resources among productive uses and the distribution of the resulting product. But, this formulation of the economic problem is incomplete because it neglects that the appropriative activities by which people create the effective property rights that inform allocation and distribution are themselves an alternative use of scare resources. This paper develops two canonical general-equilibrium models of resource allocation and income distribution that allow for the allocation of time and effort to the creation of effective property rights to valuable resources. In one model the valuable resources are initially in common pool. In the other models the analysis reveals how the amount of time and effort that agents allocate to the creation of effective property rights, on the technology of production, and on the scale of the economy. The paper also analyses the security of initial claims to valuable resources and speculates about why initial claims are perfectly secure.
Quantitative phase microscopy of cellular fluctuations modulated by optogenetic stimulation

Significant progress has been made in the application of optogenetic stimulation as a means to modulate and control cellular functions within chemically-identical groups of cells. High resolution imaging can detect subtle morphological (shape/refractive index) changes in cells subsequent to optogenetic stimulation. Invasive topographical measurement methods such as mainstream AFM and other scanning probe techniques suffer from low temporal resolution and restricted field of view, resulting in reduced throughput, even though these methods exhibit high sensitivity to morphological changes. QPM, integrated with optogenetic stimulation incorporates a wide-field, label-free, non-invasive optical imaging technique for all optical stimulation and detection with high spatial and temporal resolution. We dynamically monitored phase of cells, sensitized with and without ChR2, using quantitative phase microscopy with and without light stimulation. The variation of phase in optogenetically stimulated cells (expressing ChR2) was found to be higher than that of the control cells. We report that our method could potentially evaluate effectiveness of various opsins and stimulation parameters including cellular function under different physiological surroundings via spatiallymodulated optogenetic stimulation and wide-field quantitative phase imaging.
Can a Wise Society Be a Free One

This article invokes the idea of a wise society, something that has received little attention from contemporary philosophers. It argues that, given plausible interpretations of the relevant terms, the wiser a society is, the less free it is. Even if one prefers a different account of a wise society, the argument in question is significant, for on this account a wise society possesses features that would seem to be desirable whatever their relationship to wisdom in particular: it makes many true value judgments. What is it for a society to make a true value judgment? An account is offered, and it is argued that all else being equal, a society that increases its stock of true value judgments so understood becomes less free. A number of questions that this argument may prompt are discussed.
Development of selective inhibitors for aldehyde dehydrogenases based on substituted indole-2,3-diones.

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) participate in multiple metabolic pathways and have been indicated to play a role in several cancerous disease states. Our laboratory is interested in developing novel and selective ALDH inhibitors. We looked to further work recently published by developing a class of isoenzyme-selective inhibitors using similar indole-2,3-diones that exhibit differential inhibition of ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and ALDH3A1. Kinetic and X-ray crystallography data suggest that these inhibitors are competitive against aldehyde binding, forming direct interactions with active-site cysteine residues. The selectivity is precise in that these compounds appear to interact directly with the catalytic nucleophile, Cys243, in ALDH3A1 but not in ALDH2. In ALDH2, the 3-keto group is surrounded by the adjacent Cys301/303. Surprisingly, the orientation of the interaction changes depending on the nature of the substitutions on the basic indole ring structure and correlates well with the observed structure–activity re...
Characterizing strategic cascades on networks

Transmission of disease, spread of information and rumors, adoption of new products, and many other network phenomena can be fruitfully modeled as cascading processes, where actions chosen by nodes influence the subsequent behavior of neighbors in the network graph. Current literature on cascades tends to assume nodes choose myopically based on the state of choices already taken by other nodes. We examine the possibility of strategic choice, where agents representing nodes anticipate the choices of others who have not yet decided, and take into account their own influence on such choices. Our study employs the framework of Chierichetti et al. [2012], who (under assumption of myopic node behavior) investigate the scheduling of node decisions to promote cascades of product adoptions preferred by the scheduler. We show that when nodes behave strategically, outcomes can be extremely different. We exhibit cases where in the strategic setting 100% of agents adopt, but in the myopic setting only an arbitrarily small e do. Conversely, we present cases where in the strategic setting 0% of agents adopt, but in the myopic setting (100-e)% do, for any constant e > 0. Additionally, we prove some properties of cascade processes with strategic agents, both in general and for particular classes of graphs.
Kinetics of the Reactions of Benzylidene Meldrum's Acid with Thiolate and Alkoxide Ions in Aqueous Dimethyl Sulfoxide

A kinetic study of the reaction of benzylidene Meldrum's acid, PhCHC(COO)2C(CH3)2 (5-H), with a series of thiolate and alkoxide ions in 50% DMSO−50% water (v/v) at 20 °C is reported. The reactions ...
Unsteady Multicellular Natural Convection in a Narrow Horizontal Cylindrical Annulus

Numerical and analytical solutions are presented for multicellular flow instability and the subsequent nonlinear development in a horizontal cylindrical annulus. The Boussinesq approximated Navier-Stokes equations are simplified to Cartesian-like boundary layer equations by means of a high Rayleigh number small gap asymptotic expansion. The full numerical problem is explored for the limiting case of zero Prandtl number. At a finite scaled gap spacing, an instability sets in, which results in periodic multicellular flow. The numerical solutions are found to progress through an increasingly complex sequence of periodic solutions, culminating in a very complex unsteady solution that has features normally associated with chaotic systems.
Oxygen-17 hyperfine structures in the pure rotational spectra of SrO, SnO, BaO, HfO and ThO.

Hyperfine structures arising from the couplings of the nuclear spin angular momentum of 17O (I = 5/2) with the end over end rotation of several metal-containing diatomic monoxides have been observed using a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The molecules have been produced by reacting 17O2 with laser ablated metal atoms. The oxygen-17 nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have been determined for the title molecules and are interpreted in terms of a simple Townes–Dailey model. Also, the oxygen-17 nuclear spin-rotation constants have been determined and used to calculate the oxygen-17 shieldings for each molecule.
Determinants of the sacrifice ratio: Evidence from OECD and non-OECD countries

Abstract This paper measures sacrifice ratios for all countries in the world over an approximately forty year time period, in addition to exploring the determinants of worldwide sacrifice ratios. We test the most commonly-cited determinants: the speed of disinflation, openness, inflation targeting, central bank independence, and political factors for both OECD and non-OECD countries. We find that the speed of disinflation is the most important determinant of OECD sacrifice ratios, but puzzlingly has no effect on non-OECD nations' disinflation costs. Instead we find evidence that greater central bank independence and more openness are associated with lower non-OECD sacrifice ratios. We also find that the ratio of government debt to GDP – a variable that is not important when it comes to OECD countries – is highly significant for non-OECD economies. Specifically, we find that higher indebtedness is associated with lower sacrifice ratios in non-OECD nations, suggesting that greater levels of debt do not lead to higher expectations of inflation. Furthermore we find evidence that the negative impact of debt on non-OECD sacrifice ratios is being driven by middle income economies.
High-sensitivity x-ray polarimetry with amorphous-silicon active-matrix pixel proportional counters

Photoelectric X-ray polarimeters based on pixel micropattern gas detectors (MPGDs) offer order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity over more traditional techniques based on X-ray scattering. This new technique places some of the most interesting astronomical observations within reach of even a small, dedicated mission. The most sensitive instrument would be a photoelectric polarimeter at the focus of a very large mirror, such as the planned XEUS. Our efforts are focused on a smaller pathfinder mission, which would achieve its greatest sensitivity with large-area, low-background, collimated polarimeters. We have recently demonstrated a MPGD polarimeter using amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) readout suitable for the focal plane of an X-ray telescope. All the technologies used in the demonstration polarimeter are scalable to the areas required for a high-sensitivity collimated polarimeter.
Context, socialization, and newcomer learning

In the current paper, we provide a formal taxonomy of the organizational context relevant to newcomer socialization. We also propose that what newcomers learn during socialization periods (i.e., socialization content) and how they could learn the new information and knowledge (i.e., socialization process) are two distinct but related aspects of newcomer socialization. Based on these conceptual developments, we establish a theoretical model that articulates the mechanisms via which different contextual factors may impact newcomer socialization content and socialization process. Implications and future directions related to this theoretical model are discussed.
Patients in context--EHR capture of social and behavioral determinants of health

An Institute of Medicine committee has recommended ways of incorporating standardized measures of social determinants of health into electronic health records, proposing a measure set addressing four currently assessed domains and eight others.
Use of Pentamethyldisiloxane in the Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization/Hydrosilylation of Functionalized Dienes

Pentamethyldisiloxane reacts with a range of functionalized dienes in the presence of a catalytic 1:1 mixture of (N−N)Pd(Me)Cl [N−N = 1,10-phenanthroline or (R)-(+)-4-isopropyl-2-(2-pyridinyl)-2-oxazoline] and NaBAr4 [Ar = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2] to form the corresponding silylated carbocycles in good yield and with good stereoselectivity. Treatment of these silylated carbocycles with excess KF and peracetic acid at room temperature for 48 h formed the corresponding alcohols in excellent yield with retention of stereochemistry.
Synthesis of function-oriented 2-phenyl-2H-chromene derivatives using L-pipecolinic acid and substituted guanidine organocatalysts.

Abstract Organocatalytic domino oxa-Michael/aldol reactions between salicylaldehyde with electron deficient olefins are presented. We screened guanidine, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and l -pipecolinic acid as organocatalysts for this transformation. 3-Substituted 2-phenyl-2H-chromene derivatives are synthesized with high yields and with poor enantioselectivity (5–17% ee) using l -pipecolinic acid while TMG works well with cinnamaldehyde without using co-catalyst. These 3-substituted-2-phenyl-2H-chromene derivatives are further derivatized to synthesize triazole and biotin-containing chromene derivatives, to facilitate purification of protein targets.
Enzyme Catalysis: Beyond Classical Paradigms†

Despite many decades of intense study, a full description of enzyme catalysis at the molecular level remains to be achieved. A number of aspects of biocatalysis are widely accepted, including (i) the conversion of a chemical reaction from an inter- to an intramolecular process with the concomitant decrease in the entropy of activation and (ii) the stabilization of the transition state (TS) by the precise orientation of multiple functional groups at the enzyme active site. These functional groups perform the roles of general acid/base, electrophilic/nucleophilic catalysis and charge neutralization via electrostatic and H-bonding interactions. The process of covalent bond breaking and forming in enzyme catalysis is accompanied by substrate binding, product release, and protein rearrangement steps, which are rate determining for many enzymes. The resulting, multibarrier
Mergers with differentiated products: the case of the ready-to-eat cereal industry

Traditional merger analysis is difficult to implement when evaluating mergers in industries with differentiated products. I discuss an alternative, which consists of demand estimation and the use of a model of postmerger conduct to simulate the competitive effects of a merger. I estimate a brand-level demand system for ready-to-eat cereal using supermarket scanner data and use the estimates to (1) recover marginal costs, (2) simulate postmerger price equilibria, and (3) compute welfare effects, under a variety of assumptions. The methodology is applied to five mergers, two of which occurred and for which I compare predicted to actual outcomes.
Multicatalytic synthesis of complex tetrahydrofurans involving bismuth(III) triflate catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of unactivated olefins.

A multicatalytic synthesis of complex tetrahydrofurans has been developed involving a Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed nucleophilic addition/hydroalkoxylation sequence. Complex tetrahydrofuranyl products may be formed rapidly in high yield and with good diastereoselectivity. The demonstrated scope of hydroalkoxylation has also been expanded to include substrates bearing useful functional handles including carboxylate ester, olefin, nitrile, and nitro groups.
Ribbon tableaux and the Heisenberg algebra

In [LLT] Lascoux, Leclerc and Thibon introduced symmetric functions Open image in new window which are spin and weight generating functions for ribbon tableaux. This article is aimed at studying these functions in analogy with Schur functions. In particular we will describe:
Summary of parallel session I: grid testbeds and applications

This paper is a summary of talks presented at ACAT 2002 in parallel session I on grid testbeds and applications. There were 12 presentations on this topic that show a lot of enthusiasm and hard work by many people in bringing physics applications onto the grid. There are encouraging success stories and also a clear view that the middleware has a way to go until it is as robust, reliable and complete as we would like it to be.
On Local Borg-Marchenko Uniqueness Results

We provide a new short proof of the following fact, first proved by one of us in 1998: If two Weyl–Titchmarsh m-functions, m_j(z), of two Schrodinger operators, H_j = -d^2/dx^2 + q_j, j = 1,2 in L^2((O,R)), O < R ≤ ∞, are exponentially close, that is, |m_1(z) - m_2(z)|_|z|→∞ = O(e^(-2 IM(z^1/2)a), O < ɑ <R, then q_1 = q_2 a.e. on [O,ɑ]. The result applies to any boundary conditions at x = O and x = R and should be considered a local version of the celebrated Borg–Marchenko uniqueness result (which is quickly recovered as a corollary to our proof). Moreover, we extend the local uniqueness result to matrix-valued Schrodinger operators.
PLATYPUS: A PLA Test Pattern Generation Tool

PLATypus (PLA Test pattern generation and logic simulation tool) is an efficient tool for large PLA's which is interfaced with other existing PLA tools such as the folding program PLEASURE [12] and the logic minimizer ESPRESSO II-C [11] developed at the University of California at Berkeley. A new algorithm is proposed based on complementation and the tautology check of a logic cover, derived from the PLA personality matrix. Both complementation and tautology check are performed by advanced logic manipulation algorithms used in the logic minimization program ESPRESSO II-C [11]. The algorithm is exact, i.e., every testable crosspoint fault is tested, and maximum fault coverage is guaranteed. A quick preprocess, the biased random test generation, is used followed by the proposed algorithm to achieve the best balance between run time and test-set compactness. The program is refined at various stages by many powerful heuristics in the area of fault processing order, backend fault simulation, "don't-care" bit fixing, and on-the-fly test compaction. Both single stuck-at and crosspoint fault models are supported. PLATYPUS can also be used as a logic simulation tool and redundancy identifier. Test pattern generation has been performed by PLATYPUS on a large number of industrial PLA's.
The Life of Isaac Newton

Acknowledgements A note about dates 1. A sober, silent, thinking lad 2. The solitary scholar 3. Anni Mirabilis 4. Lucasian professor 5. Publication and crisis 6. Rebellion 7. Years of silence 8. Principia 9. Revolution 10. The Mint 11. President of the Royal Society 12. The priority dispute 13. Years of decline Biographical essay Index.
Acid induced reactions of a sydnone ketoxime

3-(2-Acetylphenyl)sydnone oxime 1a reacts with acids (methanesulfonic-, p-toluenesulfonic, trifluoroacetic-acid or Amberlite IR 118) to give products apparently derived from protonation of the oxime oxygen or nitrogen atom followed by cyclization to the sydnone ring or interception by water.
The determinants of job choice by rural labor migrants in Shanghai

Abstract Based upon data collected in 1993 on 54,372 individuals in the Fifth Sampling Survey of the Floating Population of Shanghai, this paper examines the characteristics and occupations of 32,967 rural labor migrants, defined as those migrants whose previous occupation was in agriculture and who held an agricultural household registration. These migrants comprised approximately three-fifths of Shanghai's floating population in 1993. The data support the conventional wisdom that labor migrants are most often young males who work in the “hard and dirty” jobs of construction and manual labor — jobs left vacant by Shanghai's educated and aging registered population. But there also exists significant sorting of rural labor migrants among occupations and sectors (state, collective, township and village enterprises (TVEs), and private enterprises) by gender, age, marital status, education, and especially region of origin. Thus, it appears that these characteristics and village-based networks are important in channeling migrants into particular occupations and destinations, undermining the notion of a “blind” migration from rural areas to coastal cities during China's rapid economic transition.
Some unusual reactions of weinreb amides

Abstract Certain N-methoxy-N-methyl amides yield products of formal reduction and/or rearrangement upon exposure to tert-butyldimethylsilyl triflate and collidine or triethylamine.
RISE: An Incremental Trust-Region Method for Robust Online Sparse Least-Squares Estimation

Many point estimation problems in robotics, computer vision, and machine learning can be formulated as instances of the general problem of minimizing a sparse nonlinear sum-of-squares objective function. For inference problems of this type, each input datum gives rise to a summand in the objective function, and therefore performing online inference corresponds to solving a sequence of sparse nonlinear least-squares minimization problems in which additional summands are added to the objective function over time. In this paper, we present Robust Incremental least-Squares Estimation (RISE), an incrementalized version of the Powell's Dog-Leg numerical optimization method suitable for use in online sequential sparse least-squares minimization. As a trust-region method, RISE is naturally robust to objective function nonlinearity and numerical ill-conditioning and is provably globally convergent for a broad class of inferential cost functions (twice-continuously differentiable functions with bounded sublevel sets). Consequently, RISE maintains the speed of current state-of-the-art online sparse least-squares methods while providing superior reliability.
Examining the base stacking interaction in a dinucleotide context via reversible cyclobutane dimer analogue formation under UV irradiation.

Substituted tolyl groups are considered as close isosteres of the thymine (T) residue. They can be recognized by DNA polymerases as if they were thymine. Although these toluene derivatives are relatively inert toward radical additions, our recent finding suggests that the dinucleotide analogue TpTo (To = 2′-deoxy-1-(3-tolyl)-β-D-ribofuranose) supports an ortho photocycloaddition reaction upon UV irradiation, producing two cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) analogues 2 and 3. Our report here further shows that formation of these CPD species is reversible under UVC irradiation, resembling the photochemical property of the CPD species formed between two Ts. Analyzing the stability of these CPD analogues suggests that one (2) is more stable than the other (3). The TpTo conformer responsible for 2 formation is also more stable than that responsible for 3 formation, as indicated by the Gibbs free energy change calculated from the constructed Bordwell thermodynamic cycle. These different stabilities are not due to the varying photochemical properties, as proved by quantum yields determined from the corresponding photoreactions. Instead, they are ascribed to the different stacking interaction between the T and the To rings both in the TpTo dinucleotide as well as in the formed CPD analogues. Factors contributing to the ring stacking interactions are also discussed. Our proof-of-concept approach suggests that a carefully designed Bordwell cycle coupled with reversible CPD formations under UV irradiation can be very useful in studying DNA base interactions.
The Economic Theory of Rights

A right is a claim by a specific individual, which is honored by other individuals, that some specific treatment is due him.1 How is an individual able to make such a claim, and why are others willing to honor it? The answers to both of these questions are the same. An individual will claim a right because he believes that having the right will make him better off. Likewise, others will honor the claim because they believe they are better off honoring the claim than not honoring it. The first step in developing a theory of rights is the recognition of the fact that people honor the rights of others because those honoring the rights believe it is in their self-interest to do so.
Experimental Stiffness of Tapered Bore Seals

The stiffness of tapered-bore ring seals was measured with air as the sealed fluid. Static stiffness agreed fairly well with results of a previous analysis. Cross-coupled stiffness due to shaft rotation was much less than predicted. It is suggested that part of the disparity may be due to simplifying assumptions in the analysis; however, these do not appear to account for the entire difference observed.
“Tailored” organometallics as precursors for the chemical vapor deposition of high-purity palladium and platinum thin films

The fabrication of electronic devices by chemical vapor deposition is a rapidly expanding area of great current interest. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) routes to the preparation of semiconductor thin films, such as GaAs from GaMe/sub 3/ and AsH/sub 3/, are becoming increasingly attractive, due largely to the high growth rates, high purity, high crystal quality, and ease of process control that are characteristic of the MOCVD method. However, despite the intensive study of the synthesis of main-group materials by MOCVD, relatively few studies of the deposition of thin films that contain transition metals have been reported, largely because suitably volatile and reactive molecular CVD precursors are scarce. For example, palladium films are of interest as a potential replacement for gold as an electrical contact material in integrated circuits. This interest arises from its high electrical conductivity, its resistance to oxidation, and its economic advantages over gold. While palladium films have been made by electroplating, vacuum sputtering, and laser direct-write metallization, no CVD methods have been reported to date, despite the advantages offered by this technique. Here they report the synthesis of high-quality Pd and Pt films by MOCVD from tailored organometallic precursors under mild conditions.
Intellectual property protection mechanisms in research partnerships

A set of US-based companies is investigated regarding the effectiveness of intellectual property protection mechanisms (IPPMs) in the formation of research partnerships. Patents are the most frequently used IPPM to protect both background and foreground knowledge in partnerships. Other IPPMs are used to protect know-how, especially in the early, forming stages of a partnership. Existing IP titles are quite useful when negotiating new partnerships. IPR negotiations are reported to be more complex in horizontal partnerships and when universities are involved.
Minkowski-space correlators in AdS/CFT correspondence: recipe and applications

We formulate a prescription for computing Minkowski-space correlators from AdS/CFT correspondence. This prescription is shown to give the correct retarded propagators at zero temperature in four dimensions, as well as at finite temperature in the two-dimensional conformal field theory dual to the BTZ black hole. Using the prescription, we calculate the Chern-Simons diffusion constant of the finite-temperature = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in the strong coupling limit. We explain why the quasinormal frequencies of the asymptotically AdS background correspond to the poles of the retarded Green's function of the boundary conformal field theory.
“Machinery Has Completely Taken Over”: The Diffusion of the Mechanical Cotton Picker, 1949–1964

Hand picking of cotton in the United States virtually disappeared twenty years after the first mechanical harvester was marketed in 1949. Contrary to received accounts, southern social institutions did not impede the diffusion of the mechanical cotton picker from the West to the cotton belt in the South so much as environmental factors and educational attainment did. Rising cotton yields and exogenous technological change drove diffusion by reducing the costs of machine harvesting. Labor displacement resulting from the cotton picker occurred only in a concentrated burst after 1959.
Unsafe but calculable: ratios of angularities in perturbative QCD

Infrared- and collinear-safe (IRC-safe) observables have finite cross sections to each fixed-order in perturbative QCD. Generically, ratios of IRC-safe observables are themselves not IRC safe and do not have a valid fixed-order expansion. Nevertheless, in this paper we present an explicit method to calculate the cross section for a ratio observable in perturbative QCD with the help of resummation. We take the IRC-safe jet angularities as an example and consider the ratio formed from two angularities with different angular exponents. While the ratio observable is not IRC safe, it is “Sudakov safe”, meaning that the perturbative Sudakov factor exponentially suppresses the singular region of phase space. At leading logarithmic (LL) order, the distribution is finite but has a peculiar expansion in the square root of the strong coupling constant, a consequence of IRC unsafety. The accuracy of the LL distribution can be further improved with higher-order resummation and fixed-order matching. Non-perturbative effects can sometimes give rise to order one changes in the distribution, but at sufficiently high energies Q, Sudakov safety leads to non-perturbative corrections that scale like a (fractional) power of 1/Q, as is familiar for IRC-safe observables. We demonstrate that Monte Carlo parton showers give reliable predictions for the ratio observable, and we discuss the prospects for computing other ratio observables using our method.
Free Radical-Mediated Aryl Amination and Its Use in a Convergent [3 + 2] Strategy for Enantioselective Indoline α-Amino Acid Synthesis

The scope of aryl radical additions to the nitrogen of azomethines is described. Aryl, trifluoromethyl alkyl, and α,β-unsaturated ketimines engage in regioselective aryl−nitrogen bond formation via 5-exo cyclizations of an aryl radical to azomethine nitrogen. Selectivity for carbon−nitrogen over carbon−carbon bond formation is generally high (>95:5) and competes only with direct aryl radical reduction by stannane (0−10%). α-Ketoimines are a promising new class of carbon radical acceptors for which no competitive aryl radical reduction is observed. The reaction conditions are pH-neutral and are therefore among the mildest methods available for amination of an aromatic ring. The ketimines examined did not suffer from competitive reduction by stannane, offering an advantage over the use of diazo and azide functional groups as nitrogen sources for carbon radicals. The free radical-mediated aryl amination was sequenced with the O'Donnell phase transfer-catalyzed enantioselective alkylation strategy of glycinyl...
Reduced-dose radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas.

Objective To evaluate tumor control and complications associated with low-dose radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. Methods Between December 1993 and January 2000, 47 patients with vestibular schwannomas were treated at our center with gamma knife radiosurgery. The marginal tumor doses ranged from 7.5 to 14.0 Gy (median, 12.0 Gy) for patients treated after microsurgery and from 10.0 to 15.0 Gy (median, 12.0 Gy) for patients in whom radiosurgery was the primary treatment. The median maximum tumor diameter was 18 mm (range, 3-50 mm). Evaluation included audiometry, neurological examination, and serial imaging tests. A survey was conducted at the time of analysis. Results Follow-up data were available for 45 patients and ranged from 1 to 7 years (median, 3.6 yr). In 43 patients (96%), tumor control (no radiographic progression or surgical resection) was observed. All 33 previously untreated patients had tumor control. Transient facial weakness, experienced in two patients (4%), had resolved completely within 6 months. No patient developed trigeminal neuropathy. Hearing was diminished from baseline in 12% of patients with useful hearing (Gardner-Robertson Class III). However, all patients with pretreatment hearing Gardner-Robertson Class I or II maintained testable hearing (Class I to III) at the most recent examination. Conclusion Low-dose radiosurgery in this series provided comparable local control and decreased incidences of complications in relation to other reports. Additional follow-up will allow more definitive conclusions to be reached regarding the ultimate rates of tumor control and hearing preservation. Nevertheless, the current dose used for vestibular schwannomas at the University of Maryland Medical Center is 12.0 Gy to the tumor periphery.
Relational quantum mechanics

I suggest that the common unease with taking quantum mechanics as a fundamental description of nature (the “measurement problem”) could derive from the use of an incorrect notion, as the unease with the Lorentz transformations before Einstein derived from the notion of observer-independent time. I suggest that this incorrect notion that generates the unease with quantum mechanics is the notion of “observer-independent state” of a system, or “observer-independent values of physical quantities.” I reformulate the problem of the “interpretation of quantum mechanics” as the problem of deriving the formalism from a set of simple physical postulates. I consider a reformulation of quantum mechanics in terms of information theory. All systems are assumed to be equivalent, there is no observer-observed distinction, and the theory describes only the information that systems have about each other; nevertheless, the theory is complete.
Faculty Mentoring: A Unique Approach to Training Graduate Students How to Teach

A summary of the motivations and observations of a recent faculty mentoring project designed to provide a graduate student with practical teaching experience is provided. The motivation for the project, the approach taken, and the results of the project are described from the perspective of the faculty mentor, the student trainee, and the student being taught in the class.
Learning Manufacture: Education and Shop-Floor Schooling in the Family Firm:

On September 8, 1902, a young man "21 yr. 5 mos. old" commenced work in the machine shop at James Doak, Jr.'s, yarn factory, a worsted spinning mill in the Kensington section of Philadelphia.' The Doak Company was fairly typical of the local textile manufacture, a proprietary firm located in a substantial brick building, employing about 200 workers in the production of specialty textiles, in this case a variety of yarns for men's suitings and fine carpets. Hundreds of such firms operated similarly in the various industrial trades in the nation's greatest manufacturing center, engaging the talents of over 60,000 workers on textiles alone.2 Yet this young man was special, if not unusual. He was Charles Doak, son of the proprietor, and he, like hundreds of others, was being groomed to succeed to a family business through embarking on his manufacturing apprenticeship, a shop-floor education in the social and technical relations of production. Aided by the diary young Doak kept from 1902 to 1906, we may reconstruct his experiences and come to understand their role in the factory culture of the private firm. Situating this tale within the larger context of industrial (and educational) development will help expose the rarely glimpsed imperatives of proprietary businesses, long overshadowed by historical attention to mass-production corporate enterprises.
Superconductivity in Ca-intercalated bilayer graphene

Recent observation of proximity effect [H.B. Heersche, P. Jarillo-Herrero, J.B. Oostinga, L.M.K. Vandersypen, and A.F. Morpurgo, Nature, bf 446 (2007) p. 05555.] has ignited interest in superconductivity in graphene and its derivatives. We consider Ca-intercalated graphene bilayer and argue that it is a superconductor, and likely with a sizeable T c . We find substantial and suggestive similarities between Ca-intercalated bilayer (C6CaC6), and CaC6, an established superconductor with T c = 11.5 K. In particular, the nearly free electron band, proven to be instrumental for superconductivity in intercalated graphites, does cross the chemical potential in (C6CaC6), despite the twice smaller doping level, satisfying the so-called “Cambridge criterion”. Calculated properties of zone-center phonons are very similar to those of CaC6. This suggests that the critical temperature would probably be on the same scale as in CaC6.
Capture Theory and the Public Interest: Balancing Competing Values to Ensure Regulatory Effectiveness

Problems arise when a regulatory agency acts in the interests of the industry it is charged with regulating, rather than in the public interest. When a governmental agency established to regulate an industry for the benefit of society acts instead for the interests of the industry it is regulating, it has been “captured” by the industry. This article examines the level of input received from the regulated community and the tendency of regulatory agency capture. Here, the proposed zone of effectiveness suggests a balance between the two scopes by incorporating a stronger focus on public interest.
Evaluating indirect branch handling mechanisms in software dynamic translation systems

Software Dynamic Translation (SDT) is used for instrumentation, optimization, security, and many other uses. A major source of SDT overhead is the execution of code to translate an indirect branch's target address into the translated destination block's address.This article discusses sources of Indirect Branch (IB) overhead in SDT systems and evaluates techniques for overhead reduction. Measurements using SPEC CPU2000 show that the appropriate choice and configuration of IB translation mechanisms can significantly reduce the overhead. Further, cross-architecture evaluation of these mechanisms reveals that the most efficient implementation and configuration can be highly dependent on the architecture implementation.
Active control of bending wave propagation at acoustic frequencies

Abstract An analytical and experimental investigation of the possibility of actively blocking the propagation of bending waves along a uniform beam is described. The investigation has the form of a case study; a thin brass plate-beam is used, it is excited with a short duration impulse, and the resulting disturbance spreads dispersively as it travels along the beam. A short portion of the beam is used as an active block. Strain gage sensors are used to drive thin piezoceramic bending moment actuators through a dynamic compensator. The compensation is designed in the frequency domain with reference to the beam equation, but independent of boundary conditions. The analytical work described includes the nominal design and its performance, the performance degradation due to modeling errors, and the performance degradation due to approximate implementation of the dynamic compensator. The laboratory implementation, in which analog electronics were used for the compensator, essentially verifies some of the sensitivity predictions.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of the CD subunit of the marine macrolide altohyrtin A

Abstract A synthesis of the C17C18 segment of altohyrtin A is reported. The synthesis uses a coupling step between two chiral subunits, both of which were synthesized from L-malic acid. The remaining stereocenters were obtained through a combination of stereoselective reactions and thermodynamic equilibration.
Reach of the CERN LHC for the minimal anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking model

Abstract We examine the reach of the CERN LHC pp collider for supersymmetric models where the dominant contribution to soft SUSY breaking parameters arises from the superconformal anomaly. In the simplest viable anomaly mediated SUSY breaking (AMSB) model, tachyonic slepton squared masses are made positive by adding a universal contribution m02 to all scalars. We use the event generator ISAJET to generate AMSB signal events as a function of model parameter space. Assuming an integrated luminosity of 10 fb−1, the LHC can reach to values of m g ∼2.5 TeV for low values of m0, where the dilepton plus jets plus E / T channel offers the best reach. For large m0, the best signature is typically 0 or 1 isolated lepton plus jets plus E / T ; in this case the reach is typically diminished to values of m g ∼1.3 TeV. The presence of terminating tracks in a subset of signal events could serve to verify the presence of a long lived chargino which is generic in the minimal AMSB model.
Effects of External Compression on an Axisymmetric Turbulent Near Wake

An experimental study of base flows for a 5.715-cm-diam projectile at Mach 3 with and without disturbances simulating external burning is reported. Base pressure and wake structure measurements from systematic variations in axisymmetric external compression fields show that substantial base thrust can be produced and that the pressure and length scales of the external disturbances are imposed on the near wake. Measurements with comparable axisymmetric and asymmetric compression contours show that peripherial gradients reduce the base pressure rise. Furthermore, relatively large changes in the near wake length scales and a slight reduction in the base pressure occur when the solid-body blockage effects of discrete radial fuel jets are modeled with pegs mounted near the base of the test projectile.
Conceptualizing and evaluating career success

Within the vast literature on the antecedents of career success, the success criterion has generally been operationalized in a rather deficient manner. Several avenues for improving the conceptualization and measurement of both objective and subjective career success are identified. Paramount among these is the need for greater sensitivity to the criteria that study participants, in different contexts, use to construe and judge their career success. This paper illustrates that contextual and individual factors are likely to be associated with the relative salience of objective and subjective criteria of career success. Drawing on social comparison theory, propositions are also offered about when self- and other-referent success criteria are likely to be most salient. A broader research agenda addresses career success referent choice, organizational interventions, and potential cultural differences. This article maps out how future research can be more sensitive to how people actually do conceptualize and evaluate their own career success. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano-array based monolithic catalysts: Concept, rational materials design and tunable catalytic performance

Abstract Monolithic catalysts, also known as structured catalysts, represent an important catalyst configuration widely used in automotive, chemical, and energy industries. However, several issues associated with washcoat based monolithic catalyst preparation are ever present, such as compromised materials utilization efficiency due to a less-than-ideal wash coating process, difficulty in precise and optimum microstructure control and lack of structure–property correlation. In this mini-review, we introduce the concept of nano-array catalyst, a new type of monolithic catalyst featuring high catalyst utilization efficiency, good thermal/mechanical robustness, and catalytic performance tunability. A comprehensive overview is presented with detailed discussion of the strategies for nano-array catalyst preparation and rational catalytic activity adjustment enabled by the well-defined nano-array geometry. Specifically their scalable fabrication processes are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their various catalytic oxidation reaction performances at low temperature. We hope this review will serve as a timely and useful research guide for rational design and utilization of the new type of monolithic catalysts.
Erasure coding for real-time streaming

We consider a real-time streaming system where messages are created sequentially at the source, and are encoded for transmission over a packet erasure channel. Each message must subsequently be decoded at the receiver within a given delay from its creation time. We consider code design and maximum message rates when all messages must be decodable by their respective deadlines under a specified set of erasure patterns (erasure model). Specifically, we provide a code construction that achieves the optimal rate for an asymptotic number of messages, under erasure models containing a limited number of erasures per coding window, per sliding window, and containing erasure bursts of a limited length.
A multiprocessor with replicated shared memory

A multiprocessor includes five 8086 microprocessors interconnected with replicated shared memory. Such a memory structure consists of a set of memories, one for each processor, with identical contents. This minimizes read interference since each processor simply accesses its own private copy of the shared memory. To ensure shared memory integrity, write requests transfer data over the MULTIBUS to all copies in parallel. Overall, replicated shared memory structures provide improved concurrency.An HP 64000 Logic Development System serves as a host computer for program development and a bulk storage device. A power-on and restart monitor in shared PROM provides a run-time debug and method for down-loading the operating system and application programs. The real-time, multi-tasked operating system (called MPX) distributes a sequence of high and low priority tasks, with possible preemption, among the processors. MPX floats from processor to processor while balancing the system load for maximum concurrency and throughput.
Testing for Adverse Selection in Insurance Markets

This article reviews and evaluates the empirical literature on adverse selection in insurance markets. We focus on empirical work that seeks to test the basic coverage–risk prediction of adverse selection theory—that is, that policyholders who purchase more insurance coverage tend to be riskier. The analysis of this body of work, we argue, indicates that whether such a correlation exists varies across insurance markets and pools of insurance policies. We discuss various reasons why a coverage–risk correlation may not be found in some pools of insurance policies. The presence of a coverage–risk correlation can be explained either by moral hazard or adverse selection, and we discuss methods for distinguishing between them. Finally, we review the evidence on learning by policyholders and insurers.