cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐428: Dosimetric Impact of Multileaf Collimator Leaf Width On Single and multiple Isocenter Stereotactic IMRT Treatment Plans for multiple Brain Tumors

Purpose: To assess the impacts that multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf width has on the dose conformity and normal brain tissue doses of single and multiple isocenter stereotactic IMRT (SRT) plans for multiple intracranial tumors. Methods: Fourteen patients with 2–3 targets were studied retrospectively. Patients treated with multiple isocenter treatment plans using 9 to 12 non-coplanar beams per lesion underwent repeat planning using single isocenter and 10 to 12 non-coplanar beams with 2.5mm, 3mm and 5mm MLC leaf widths. Brainlab iPlan treatment planning system for delivery with the 2.5mm MLC served as reference. Identical contour sets and dose-volume constraints were applied. The prescribed dose to each target was 25 Gy to be delivered over 5 fractions with a minimum of 99% dose to cover ≥ 95% of the target volume. Results: The lesions and normal brains ranged in size from 0.11 to 51.67cc (median, 2.75cc) and 1090 to 1641cc (median, 1401cc), respectively. The Paddick conformity index for single and multiple isocenter (2.5mm vs. 3mm and 5mm MLCs) was (0.79±0.08 vs. 0.79±0.07 and 0.77±0.08) and (0.79±0.09 vs. 0.77±0.09 and 0.76±0.08), respectively. The average normal brain volumes receiving 15 Gy for single and multiple isocenter (2.5mm vs. 3mm and 5mm MLCs) were (3.65% vs. 3.95% and 4.09%) and (2.89% vs. 2.91% and 2.92%), respectively. Conclusion: The average dose conformity observed for the different leaf width for single and multiple isocenter plans were similar, throughout. However, the average normal brain volumes receiving 2.5 to 15 Gy were consistently lower for the 2.5mm MLC leaf width, especially for single isocenter plans. The clinical consequences of these integral normal brain tissue doses are still unknown, but employing the use of the 2.5mm MLC option is desirable at sparing normal brain tissue for both single and multiple isocenter cases.
Macroinvertebrate grazers, current velocity, and bedload transport rate influence periphytic accrual in a field-scale experimental stream

Periphyton plays an important role in stream ecology, and can be sensitive to macroinvertebrate grazers, near-bed current velocity, and bedload abrasion. We manipulated conditions to examine influences on periphytic accrual in the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory Outdoor StreamLab in Minneapolis, MN, USA. Macroinvertebrate grazers were excluded from 27 of 65 clay tiles using electric pulses. We examined periphytic biomass accrual as a function of grazer presence, sampling run, and near-bed current velocity using ANCOVA. We found significant temporal differences between sampling runs but no significant effect of grazer presence. Along with a strong association between bedload transport rates and mean periphytic biomass, our results suggest that grazers are relatively unimportant in stream systems with high levels of physical disturbance from floods and associated sand bedload. However, the interaction between grazer presence and velocity was marginally significant. Regression analyses showed no relation between velocity and periphyton in the absence of grazers but a negative relation when grazers were present, suggesting that mechanical dislodgement of periphyton by grazers may increase with velocity. We conclude that grazers can have subtle effects on periphyton, particularly in streams with high bedload transport rates.
A compact differential isoperibol calorimeter with variable heat shields

Abstract The dynamic characteristics of an isoperibol solution calorimeter with electrical heating are discussed on a theoretical basis. The design requirements of a solution calorimeter are briefly reviewed. A calorimeter which satisfies these requirements was conducted and is described here. The dynamics of solutions heating by an electrical heater are mathematically developed and computer generated heating curves are compared to experimental curves.
Surface state and kinetic oscillations in the oxidation of hydrogen on nickel

Contact potential difference (CPD) and effluent O/sub 2/ concentration measurements were used to monitor oscillations in the surface state and reaction rate during the oxidation of hydrogen over a nickel plate in a continuous-flow reactor. Oscillatory states were observed over a wide range of temperatures (160 to 400/sup 0/C) for mixtures containing a large excess of hydrogen. CPD measurements indicate that the system oscillates between a state in which oxygen is chemisorbed on a reduced surface and an oxidized surface state. Periodic oscillations were observed when either significant mass or heat transfer limitations existed. Aperiodic (chaotic) behavior existed when the transport resistances were small. The characteristics of the oscillatory states became independent of linear velocity and residence time in the reactor, when the transport limitations were small, indicating that the coupling between the transport and chemical rate processes is not the cause of the oscillations.
C23–C31 n-alkan-2-ones are biomarkers for the genus Sphagnum in freshwater peatlands

Long chain, odd carbon-numbered n-alkan-2-ones are abundant in peatland sediments. We show that they are present in all species of Sphagnum we have examined but are absent from ten other plant species most common to ombrotrophic bogs. Combined with literature data, we conclude that n-alkan-2-ones are viable biomarkers for Sphagnum in ombrotrophic bogs.
The Effects of Material and Experiential Discretionary Purchases on Consumer Happiness: Moderators and Mediators

ABSTRACT Experiential purchases are differentiated from material purchases in terms of objective; experiential purchases serve the purpose of acquiring a life experience, while material purchases serve the purpose of acquiring an object. Research has demonstrated that experiential purchases are associated with more happiness than material purchases. The current study investigated two explanations for this relationship that focused on the how the purchase influenced the self and how the purchase influenced interpersonal relationships. In addition, the study explored whether social economic status would influence the strength of the relationship between the type of purchase and happiness. Participants were required to recall either a recent experiential or material purchase and rate their happiness with the purchase. Then participants completed scales designed to measure the purchase's impact on the self and interpersonal relationships. Last, participants completed a scale to measure social economic status....
Epidemic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins.

Objective To better define the role of multiple risk factors for cytotoxic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Design Case-control study. Setting A Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients Thirty-three case patients with C difficile-associated diarrhea. Two control groups were used: one group consisted of 32 patients from the same ward as the case patients, and one group consisted of 34 patients with nosocomial diarrhea and negative C difficile toxin assays. Intervention None. Results Multivariate analyses revealed that exposure to second- or third-generation cephalosporins was the most important independent risk factor, even after controlling for other antimicrobial use (odds ratio [OR] = 8.3, 95% confidence interval [CI95] = 1.4 to 48.9 compared to ward controls; OR = 9.6, CI95 = 2.1 to 44.1 compared with diarrhea controls). Persons exposed to two or more antimicrobials simultaneously were at substantially elevated risk (OR = 18.7, CI95 = 4.1 to 85.8 compared with ward controls; OR = 21.5, CI95 = 3.2 to 141.9 compared with diarrhea controls). Conclusion Physicians should consider carefully the appropriateness of second- and third-generation cephalosporin use and combination antimicrobial therapy, especially during nosocomial C difficile-associated diarrhea outbreaks (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:88-94).
Chemical studies of (001)-oriented Er1Ba2Cu3O7−δ,Er5Ba7Cu12Oy, and Er4Ba5Cu9Oy high-temperature superconductor thin films by photoemission spectroscopy

Clean surfaces of (001)-oriented Er1Ba2Cu3O7−δ, Er5Ba7Cu12Oy, and Er4Ba5Cu9Oy high-temperature superconductor thin films were studied by photoemission spectroscopy using high-energy ultraviolet photons (hν in the 50 to 200 eV range). The surfaces were cleaned by heating in an ultrahigh-vacuum electron spectrometer at 400°C (or 350°C) in 1 × 10−3 Torr oxygen. Valence bands and outer core levels were studied. Ba 4d and Ba 5p doublet photopeaks showed spin-orbit splitting of 2.6 and 2.2 eV, respectively, as expected. Er, Ba, Cu, and O features in the valence band were identified.
In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of VP-16-213 and implications for chemotherapy.

VP-16-213 (Etoposide) is an active antineoplastic agent which has undergone extensive evaluation of clinical dose escalation. To corroborate a putative dose-response relationship, we studied, in a modified clonogenic assay, various doses and durations of exposure. VP-16-213 at doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/ml, each with exposure durations of 1, 3, 18, and 30 h, was studied in vitro against two human tumor cell lines, MOLT and 9812. The doses and durations of exposure were chosen to approximate some of the pharmacokinetic values achievable in either standard-dose or high-dose clinical studies. The results, summarized as linear regression lines, demonstrate with statistical significance (p<0.03) that there is correlation between dose and cytotoxicity and between dose x duration of exposure (representing the area under the concentration-time curve) and cytotoxicity. Our in vitro data thus support the concept of intensive use of VP-16-213 to maximize antitumor activity. However, how best to accomplish the manipulation of dose and duration of exposure is not yet clear and will be the subject of future clinical investigations.
A nonuniform shock wave subjected to an oblique magnetic field

A family of exact solutions for the one dimensional, unsteady, non-isentropic flow of an ideal, inviscid, perfectly conducting, compressible fluid subjected to an oblique magnetic field, is connected by a nonuniform shock wave to gas at rest in which the density distribution is nonuniform. The method of solution is inverse in the sense that the shock path is determined by the usual jump conditions, and then the density distribution in front of the shock is obtained in parametric form in terms of the equation of the shock locus.
Think inside the box! optimizing web services performance today [web services in telecommunications, part II]

Although Web services technology holds great promise for universal integration, several obstacles stand in the way of its acceptance. Work is being done to address these obstacles to enable the adoption of Web services technology in the future,, but where do we stand today? In particular, what can be done today to combat the often cited problem of slow response time for Web services? Although XML hardware acceleration and SOAP compression schemes can improve the overall response, the authors found that the appropriate selection of client software, server software, and data structures can have a substantial impact. It is possible to have a profound impact on performance using tools that are routinely and dependably available to us now.
Vibrational energy redistribution in liquid benzene

Abstract Ultrafast anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy after mid-IR excitation of a C–H stretching transition is used to study vibrational energy relaxation (VER) and vibrational cooling (VC) of liquid benzene. By adding CCl4 to benzene and monitoring the CCl4 Raman transitions, the time-dependence of energy build-up in the bath was measured, which showed that VC in benzene occurs about 10 times slower than the 8 ps decay of the C–H stretch. A surprising result is that most VER lifetimes are practically the same as in a low-temperature crystal. This result is explained by the VC model of Hill and Dlott (J. Chem. Phys. 89 (1988) 830).
The impact of pharmacist’s counseling on pediatric patients’ caregiver’s knowledge on epilepsy and its treatment in a tertiary hospital

Background Epilepsy is a chronic condition requiring compliance to long treatment regimes. Knowledge on epilepsy can affect compliance to treatment. Pediatric epileptic patients need caregivers for their care; however, prior research showed that caregivers had inadequate knowledge in epilepsy. In view of this, outpatient pharmacist epilepsy service was set up in collaboration with neurologists to bridge knowledge gaps. Objective To determine if caregiver education provided by outpatient pharmacists is associated with improved knowledge in epilepsy and its management. Setting Pediatric outpatient clinic at a pediatric and women’s health hospital. Methods A cross-sectional pre- to post-intervention study using scores of caregiver knowledge of epilepsy as the primary outcome was conducted. The intervention was one counseling session by pharmacists. A knowledge questionnaire (A) was administered to the caregiver to obtain baseline information before the session and readministered by telephone (C) 2 weeks post-session. Additionally, a perception questionnaire (B) was administered immediately after the session. Main outcome measure Knowledge scores pre and post pharmacist counseling. Results Twenty-seven completed questionnaire sets (A, B and C) were collected from 55 caregivers who received the intervention (response rate = 49 %) between September 2010 and May 2011. Average post-counseling knowledge scores was significantly higher than pre-counseling scores (14.7 vs. 10.4, p = 0.000) (score range −21 to 21). Caregivers’ confidence to administer antiepileptic drugs to the child increased significantly from 3.60 to 3.94 post-counseling (p = 0.002, score range 0–5). Mean total satisfaction score was 36.00 (score range 5–40). Conclusion A specialized counseling session given by pharmacists increased caregiver’s knowledge about epilepsy and medication adherence. The session was well received by caregivers. Pharmacists should continue to be involved in the care of epileptic patients.
NEUTRON EMISSION PROBABILITIES FROM THE INTERACTION OF 14-Mev NEUTRONS WITH Be, Ta, AND Bi

The spatial and spectral distributions of the neutrons from 14-Mev neutron interactions with Ta and Bi have been obtained by using nuclear emulsion detectors in conjunction with a neutron collimator. These results indicate that roughly 85 to 90% of the interactions proceed via compound-nucleus formation while approximately 10 to 15% proceed by "direct" interactions. The space-integrated neutron spectrum has been obtained for Be by means of a sphere experiment. Cross sections for neutron emission, nonelastic scattering, ($n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), and ($n, 2n$) are derived for all three elements.
Hormonal Correlates of Ontogeny in Baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) and Mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)

This study investigates the relationship between serum hormone levels and morphometrics during ontogeny in olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) and sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), to test hypotheses about the endocrine regulation of species size differences. First, we expect that levels of hormones and binding proteins predict size change during ontogeny in both species. Second, a high level of integration among the hormones and binding proteins analyzed is expected, with the implication that they act in combination to influence the development of body size and shape. Utilizing a mixed longitudinal sample, we compare change in 18 different measurements, which reflect overall size growth as well as growth in length and circumference, with levels of six growth-related hormones and binding proteins. We examine the relationship between hormone and binding protein levels and morphometrics, using multivariate analyses and "arithmetically-estimated" velocity curves of hormones, binding proteins, to characterize how the endocrine factors analyzed relate to growth. Results suggest that levels of these endocrine factors can be used to predict local and overall growth during ontogeny and that integration between multiple hormone axes is indicated. While important for growth in both species, ontogenetic changes in hormone and binding protein levels are more tightly correlated with changes in morphometric measurements in baboons than mangabeys. These results have important implications for understanding why some smaller-bodied species have higher absolute growth-related hormone levels than larger-bodied species.
A Study of Instructional Methods Used in Fast-Paced Classes

This study involved 15 secondary-level teachers who taught fast-paced classes at a university-based summer program and similar regularly paced classes in their local schools in order to examine how...
HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN LABORATORY MECHANICAL MIXERS AND MORTARS

THE mechanical action of simple laboratory grinders, mortars and similar devices has occasionally been used to assist in chemical reactions in addition to performing their primary physical functions. Among these chemical reactions are phase transformations. That the effect is due to some kind of a pressure component in the mechanical action may appear obvious, but the magnitude of the pressures is not readily appreciated, nor can it be calculated or measured. However, in the course of work in this laboratory on the high-pressure polymorphism of lead dioxide (PbO2), the information that a phase identical with the new high-pressure polymorph, which had been shown to be stable only in the region above 10,000 bars, had been formed by simple grinding1 was noted with no little surprise. The observation was promptly confirmed by grinding a small amount (2 gm.) of the common rutile form (I) of lead dioxide in a mechanical mortar and pestle combination of laboratory pattern. Grinding in air for a few hours converted an estimated one-third to the denser orthorhombic form (II). After preliminary work, it transpired that nothing new in principle had been added to some similar results which had been reported by Burns and Bredig2 on the transformation of calcite to aragonite by grinding in a mortar. The high-pressure phase was formed from the low-pressure one, the amount of change was dependent on time, and subsequent heating would form the low-pressure phase. A significant difference is that phase equilibrium and thermochemical studies3 place the calcite–aragonite transformation at about 3,000 bars at room temperature, which is considerably lower than the 10,000 bars necessary for the lead oxide I ⇌ II transformation.
Tools and philosophy for software education

This paper describes a set of tools and a philosophy for teaching software that have been found very useful in courses at MIT over the past seven years. The tools include programs such as simulators, graders, compilers, and monitors. These allow the instructor to augment the basic concepts with relevant, exciting, and economical student project activities.
Notes on renewal processes and neuronal spike trains

Abstract Some stochastic models of neuronal spike trains are discussed. First, the equivalence between a model of neuronal spike trains and a two-unit standby redundant model is shown. Second, modified models of S. K. Srinivasan and G. Rajamannar are proposed and are analyzed.
Differential Effect of 17-ß-Estradiol on Smooth Muscle Cell and Aortic Explant MMP21

Objective The present investigation tested the hypothesis that intrinsic gender-related differences exist in rat aortic smooth muscle cell matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). Methods This investigation comprised 3 sets of experiments. Experiment I: Adult male and female rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) at passages 4-8 were stimulated in serum-free media for 48 h with interleukin(IL)1s at doses encountered in human abdominal aortic aneurysms (2 ng/mL). Messenger RNA was extracted from the RASMCs, and gene expression of MMP2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), a major MMP2 inhibitor, was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MMP2 protein levels in conditioned media were measured by Western blotting, and MMP2 and TIMP2 activity quantified by standard and reverse gelatin zymography. Experiment II: Male and female RASMCs were incubated for 48 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagler's medium containing IL-1β and 17-β-estradiol at doses from 1 × 10 −10 to 1 × 10 −6 molar. MMP2 activity in the conditioned media was then determined. Experiment III: Male rats underwent sustained 17-β-estradiol exposure for 21 d using extended-release, subcutaneously implanted pellets prior to sacrifice and aortic explantation. Aortas from males, females, and estradiol-treated males were stimulated with IL-1β for 48-h, and MMP2 activity in the conditioned media was determined. Results Experiment I: MMP2 gene expression was 3-fold higher in male compared with female IL-1β stimulated RASMCs ( P versus female RASMCs. MMP2 protein levels were 3-fold higher (2.68 versus 0.96 o.d./mg total protein, P = 0.003) in male versus female RASMCs. Gelatinolytic activity was more than 6-fold higher (15,010 versus 2,472 o.d./mg total protein, P = 0.002) in male versus female RASMCs. Experiment II: MMP2 activity in male and female RASMCs was not altered by a wide range of 17-β-estradiol concentrations. Experiment III: When pretreated with 17-β-estradiol, MMP2 activity in the media of male rat whole-aortic explants decreased 2-fold ( P = 0.002). This post-17-β-estradiol treatment male level was not different than baseline female aortic explant MMP2 levels. Conclusions MMP2 is higher in male RASMCs compared to female RASMCs. Exogenous 17-β-estradiol did not alter MMP2 activity in vitro , but in vivo 17-β-estradiol exposure greatly decreased male aortic MMP2 production to levels seen in the female aorta. Gender differences in MMP2 are speculated to be associated with phenotypic differences in human abdominal aortic aneurysm formation.
Generalization of neural networks to the complex plane

A complex-valued generalization of neural networks is presented. The dynamics of complex neural networks have parallels in discrete complex dynamics which give rise to the Mandelbrot set and other fractals. The continuation to the complex plane of common activation functions and the resulting neural dynamics are discussed. An activation function with more desirable characteristics in the complex plane is proposed. The dynamics of this activation function include the possibility of self oscillation. Possible applications in signal processing and neurobiological modeling are discussed
Set isometries and their extensions in the max metric

(1990). Set Isometries and Their Extensions in the Max Metric. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 97, No. 9, pp. 795-808.
New Orleans on parade: tourism and the transformation of the Crescent City

New Orleans on parade: tourism and the transformation of the Crescent City, by J. M. Souther, Baton Rouge, LA, Louisiana State University Press, 2006, 303 pp., US $34.95 (hardback) ISBN 978-0-8071-...
Asymptotic analysis of the flow deviation method for the maximum concurrent flow problem

We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the Flow Deviation Method, first presented in 1971 by Fratta, Gerla and Kleinrock, and show that when applied to packing linear programs such as the maximum concurrent flow problem, it yields a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme.
Auditory averaged evoked potentials in man during selective binaural listening

Auditory averaged evoked potentials to clicks in man subjected to selective listening task, comparing effect on attended and rejected ear
Reactions of carbohydrates, including cellulose, with boron alkoxides under anhydrous conditions

Abstract The reactions under anhydrous conditions of methyl α- d -glucoside, methyl α- d -mannoside, sucrose, cellobiose, O -methylcellulose, and purified cotton cellulose with such boron alkoxides as boron ethoxide, boron propoxide, and boron isopropoxide were investigated. The neat boron alkoxide, or a solution of the alkoxide in the parent alcohol, benzene, pyridine, ethylenediamine, or pyridineethylenediamine was used as the solvent in different experiments. With increase in molecular weight, reaction of the carbohydrate with boron alkoxides (neat, in benzene, or in the parent alcohol) either did not occur or was decreased, its extent being very low for higher members. In pyridine or ethylenediamine, the reactivity of carbohydrates toward boron alkoxides was increased. Cellulose did not react with the neat alkoxides, and, in pyridine, reacted with them to only a small extent, but in ethylenediamine, cellulose (both ground and in fiber form) reacted with the alkoxides.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases expressed in developing brain and retinal Müller glia.

Abstract Regulation of protein function through tyrosine phosphorylation is critical to many developmental processes involving cell-cell communication. A number of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been identified in the early postnatal and mature central nervous system (CNS), but the PTPs expressed during its development have not been well characterized. Using a polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers, we analyzed PTPs expressed in fetal (E18) rat brain and Muller glia cultures from embryonic chick retina, two systems in which cell-to-cell contacts are numerous. Fetal rat brain expressed four known receptor-like PTPs (PTPδ, LAR, LAR-PTP2, LRP (PTPα)) and the non-receptor phosphatase PTPlB. Muller glia exhibited a distinct but overlapping pattern of expression: four known receptor PTPs (PTPα, PTPγ, PTPδ, PTPζ) and PTP1B. In addition, two novel PTPS, termed MG-PTPI and 2 (Muller glia PTP 1 and 2) were identified in Muller.glia cDNA. MG-PTP1 was related to, but distinct from PTPδ, while MG-PTP2 was related to, but distinct from the cytosolic T-cell phosphatase. These results demonstrate that a distinct but overlapping set of PTPs is expressed in the developing brain and retinal Muller glia, including two novel PTPs that may participate in neural cell communication.
Hybrid effects of carbon fibers on mechanical properties of Portland cement mortar

Abstract This study investigates the effects of carbon fiber with different sizes on the mechanical properties of Portland cement mortar through laboratory testing. To achieve the goal, Portland cement mortars reinforced with hybrid-sized carbon fibers were tested for potential improvement in mechanical properties. The sizes of carbon fibers used in the study include micro-length (in micrometers), macro-length (in millimeters), and a combination of both. The properties of the mortar mixes were evaluated based on the results from indirect tension test, semicircular notch fracture test, mortar cube compression test, as well as unit weight and specific gravity tests. The laboratory test results show that the hybrid fiber mix exhibited superior tensile performance to the microfiber mix. Although all three types of fiber reinforcement improved the pre-peak load energy absorbing capacity of the mortar, only hybrid fiber blend improved the mortar’s fracture resistance. The test results also showed that the hybrid fiber mix had lower air-to-cement mortar ratio than the macrofiber mix.
Noise measurements of a 45-GHz mode-locked laser diode

Summary form only given.The noise of a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD) can be broken into four orthogonal fluctuations: energy, carrier phase, frequency, and timing. We measure the carrier phase noise as well as the energy fluctuations of a bisection monolithically integrated 45-GHz repetition rate MLLD and compare it to theory. The width of pulses are 1.3 ps, the overall length of the laser diode is 960 /spl mu/m (driven at 38.2 mA), and the length of the saturable absorber section is 60 /spl mu/m (biased at 0.225 V). Implications for short pulse systems are discussed.
Government Fragmentation and Suburban Services: The Equality of Consumer Choice

The predominant reform tradition of centralizing suburban government to deal with problems of inequality in the distribution of local services has been attacked recently by a new school of thought often labelled “New Political Economists”. This school believes that the existing structure of local government can maximize citizen choice by allowing citizens to “shop around” between the level and mix of public goods and services offered by alternate communities. The term “polycentricity” has been coined to describe this situation. Critics of polycentricity believe that the resulting “quasi-market” would be unfair to low and moderate income suburbanites. This paper examines the actual extent of choice in service levels available to different income groups located in the suburban ring of six metropolitan areas. The extent of inequality in choice between different income groups is measured and the implications of these findings for the conflict between polycentric and centralizing reformers is discussed.
Numerical algorithm comparison for the accurate and efficient computation of high-incidence vortical flow

Computations from two Navier-Stokes codes, NSS and F3D, are presented for a tangent-ogive-cylinder body at high angle of attack. Features of this steady flow include a pair of primary vortices on the leeward side of the body as well as secondary vortices. The topological and physical plausibility of this vortical structure is discussed. The accuracy of these codes are assessed by comparison of the numerical solutions with experimental data. The effects of turbulence model, numerical dissipation, and grid refinement are presented. The overall efficiency of these codes are also assessed by examining their convergence rates, computational time per time step, and maximum allowable time step for time-accurate computations. Overall, the numerical results from both codes compared equally well with experimental data, however, the NSS code was found to be significantly more efficient than the F3D code.
Reduction of work-family conflict through the use of selection, optimization, and compensation behaviors.

Prior research has examined both the antecedents to and outcomes of work-family conflict. However, little is known about the existence and efficacy of behavioral strategies that may be used by individuals to reduce the amount of stressors experienced both on the job and at home, which result in work-family conflict. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) behaviors in relation to both job and family stressors and work-in-family (WIF) conflict and family-in-work (FIW) conflict. Results suggest that the use of general SOC behaviors in both the work and family domains are related to lower amounts of job and family stressors and subsequently lower amounts of WIF conflict and FIW conflict. In general, these results held true even when additional variables (e.g., hours worked, gender, job involvement, family involvement, social support, and supervisor support) were controlled. Implications of these results are discussed.
Comparison of recovery and delivery in vitro for calibration of microdialysis probes

One approach to calibrating a microdialysis probe in vivo is to determine the amount of a test compound that diffuses out of the membrane relative to the amount in the perfusate (i.e., the probes delivery) and assume that the same relation exists for the amount of analyte that will diffuse into the probe relative to the concentration in the sample (i.e., the probes recovery). This concept was systematically tested in vitro with a wide range of compounds, microdialysis probe configurations, dialysis membrane types, and solution conditions. Recovery was found to depend on the identity of the analyte, the type of dialysis membrane, the membrane length, the perfusion flow rate, and the perfusate pH. Recovery was independent of the analyte concentration. No statistically significant difference was found between the recovery and delivery of a given compound with a given probe under any of the conditions tested.
The Complications of Coronary Arteriography

A nationwide survey was undertaken to determine the rate of complications due to coronary arteriography during 1970-71. The responses from 173 hospitals-including a total of 46,904 coronary arteriograms-were analyzed in relationship to the technique employed and to the number of examinations performed at each hospital during the two-year period. The overall mortality rate was 0.45% (brachial 0.13%, femoral 0.78%). The mortality rate in institutions performing fewer than 200 examinations per two years was eight times higher than in institutions performing more than 800 examinations per two years. Similarly, the incidence of myocardial infarction and cerebral embolism was significantly higher when a smaller number of examinations was performed. The incidence of major complications-including death, myocardial infarction, and cerebral embolism-was higher in examinations using the femoral approach than the brachial approach. The incidence of arterial thrombosis and contrast agent reactions was higher for the b...
Mobility and velocity-field relationship in graphene

Graphene holds great promise for applications in future integrated-circuit technology. Despite studies at low fields and low temperatures, surprisingly little data exists on the properties of graphene at practical temperatures and high electric fields required by modern transistors. In this study, we characterized graphene mobility as a function of carrier density at temperatures from 300–500 K. In addition, we obtained electron drift velocity at high-fields up to 2 V/µm, at both 300 K and 80 K.
Deuterium oxide effect on spermatogenesis in the mouse.

Drinking water containing 30 per cent D2O by volume was given to young adult S and C57 black mice. Quantitative histological study of the testes at weekly intervals indicated a progressive decline in number of spermatogonia to about 60 per cent of control by the end of the 7-week experimental period. Number of degenerating mononuclear giant cells, abnormal clumps of spermatids, and frequency of tubules with missing cell layers were more frequent in D2O-treated mice. The normality of spermatogenesis was surprising in view of the known effect of D2O on fertility of C57 male mice, and investigations on both number and functional capacity of spermatozoa of these males are indicated.
Age-related changes among 25 patients with congenital cardiac left-to-right shunts and irreversible plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy.

Abstract Background Some patients with congenital heart disease and irreversible plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy survive into adulthood. The purpose of this study was to compare histopathological and antigen expression patterns in adults and children with congenital heart disease and plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy. Methods Autopsy/explant lung tissues from 25 patients with congenital heart disease and plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy were reviewed for 24 histopathological parameters associated with plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, including the prevalence and character of plexiform lesions. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CD31, C-kit, smooth muscle actin, CD68, and Fli-1 was performed to evaluate plexiform lesions. Results Group 1 consisted of 14 patients aged P =.081), whereas involuted plexiform lesions more frequently affected Group 2 than Group 1 ( P =.0037). In addition, recent platelet–fibrin thrombi within plexiform lesions occurred more often in Group 1 than in Group 2 ( P =.0419). Intimal proliferation/fibrosis of elastic arteries and pulmonary vein dilation were more common in Group 2 ( P =.0172 and P =.0048, respectively). CD31 and C-kit staining in non-lumen-lining cells of plexiform lesions was more frequent in Group 2 than in Group 1 ( P =.0858 and P =.0173, respectively). No statistically significant differences in expression patterns between cellular and involuted plexiform lesions existed. Conclusions Among patients with congenital heart disease and plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, histopathological differences were observed between those surviving into adulthood and those dying in childhood/adolescence. Plexiform lesions in adults undergo remodeling from a cellular morphology to an involuted morphology. It is unclear whether this simply represents the natural progression of plexiform lesions or also confers a survival advantage.
Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.

This study examined emotional processing and outcome in 17 Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, with and without the eye movement component, in a crossover design. Results supported the occurrence of partial emotional processing, but there were no differences in its extent in the eye-movement versus eyes-fixed conditions. Therapy produced a modest to moderate overall improvement, mostly on the Impact of Event Scale. There was slightly more improvement in the eyes-fixed than eye-movement condition. There was little association between the extent of emotional processing and therapeutic outcome. In our hands, EMDR was at least as efficacious for combat-related PTSD as imaginal flooding proved to be in a previous study, and was better tolerated by subjects. However, results suggest that eye movements do not play a significant role in processing of traumatic information in EMDR and that factors other than eye movements are responsible for EMDR's therapeutic effect. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Comparative Study of Motion Features for Similarity-Based Modeling and Classification of Unsafe Actions in Construction

AbstractRapid development of motion sensors and video processing has triggered growing attention to action recognition for safety and health analysis, as well as operation analysis, in construction. Specifically for occupational safety and health, worker behavior monitoring allows for the automatic detection of workers’ unsafe actions and for feedback on their behavior, both of which enable the proactive prevention of an accident by reducing the number of unsafe actions that occur. Previous studies provide insight into tracking human movements and recognizing actions, but further research efforts are needed to understand the following characteristics of motion data, which can significantly affect classification performances: (1) various motion data types extracted from motion capture data, (2) variations of postures and actions, and (3) temporal and sequential relations of motion data. This paper thus presents a modeling and classification methodology for the recognition of unsafe actions, particularly fo...
The Influence of Celebrity Endorsements on Young Adults’ Political Opinions:

This research contributes to our understanding of the increasing mixture of entertainment and politics by examining the impact of the political statements made by celebrities on the opinions of Ang...
Global Optimization of H-Passivated Si Clusters at the Ab Initio Level via the GAM1 Semiempirical Method

A genetic algorithm (GA)-based procedure for finding the global minimum of medium-sized Si x H y clusters at the ab initio level is presented. Semiempirical calculations are used to prescreen the relative energies of the many locally optimized Si x H y structures generated by the GA. The AM1 semiempirical method used in our original global optimization strategy produces cluster energies appreciably different from the ab initio ranking. To improve the AM1 energy ranking we recently explored using for each specific Si x H y stoichiometry two coupled GAs: (1) a parametrization GA (PGA) for finding better semiempirical GAMI parameters for Si and (2) a cluster global optimization GA (CGA) that uses the GAM1 parameters in the cluster energy prescreening. The two GAs method is a more reliable approach for global optimization of different Si x H y stoichiometries because the GAM1 parameters adjust to whether the Si atoms are partially or completely passivated by H atoms. Unfortunately, even for medium-sized Si x H y clusters we find the two GAs method is too computationally demanding. In this paper we examine under what conditions the GAM 1 parameters obtained for a specific small Si x H y stoichiometry could be successfully transferred to larger clusters so that only the CGA global search need be performed. We choose Si 7 H 1 4 as the starting stoichiometry since it can adopt various possible structures which model a Si 7 core completely passivated by H atoms. We find the resulting GAM1 parameters obtained from the Si 7 H 1 4 training set produce relative cluster energies matching well with the ab initio energy rankings for larger Si x H y clusters which also have complete H atom passivation. Whereas for the low H-passivated Si x H y clusters, the GAMI energy rankings are no better than the previous AM 1 results. We use Si 7 H 1 4 GAMI parameters to repeat our search for the Si 1 0 H 1 6 and Si 1 4 H 2 0 global minima. Unlike the AM1 method, now both GAMI and MP2 ab initio calculations give the lowest energy for the cluster with a completely passivated diamond-like Si core structure. The Si 7 H 1 4 GAMI parameters not only improve our confidence that we are finding the true global minima but also reinforce our earlier conclusion that Si 1 0 H 1 6 and Si 1 4 H 2 0 are at their preferred level of H passivation. We illustrate the range of applicability of the Si 7 H 1 4 GAMI parameters by determining the global minima for Si 1 0 H 1 4 and Si 1 4 H 1 8 stoichiometries. The global minima for these two later clusters demonstrate why global optimization methods are useful since their structures cannot be easily obtained by local optimization calculations initiated by simply removing two H atoms from the Si 1 0 H 1 6 and Si 1 4 H 2 0 global minima.
A continuum treatment of growth in biological tissue: the coupling of mass transport and mechanics

Growth (and resorption) of biological tissue is formulated in the continuum setting. The treatment is macroscopic, rather than cellular or sub-cellular. Certain assumptions that are central to classical continuum mechanics are revisited, the theory is reformulated, and consequences for balance laws and constitutive relations are deduced. The treatment incorporates multiple species. Sources and fluxes of mass, and terms for momentum and energy transfer between species are introduced to enhance the classical balance laws. The transported species include: (i) a fluid phase, and (ii) the precursors and byproducts of the reactions that create and break down tissue. A notable feature is that the full extent of coupling between mass transport and mechanics emerges from the thermodynamics. Contributions to fluxes from the concentration gradient, chemical potential gradient, stress gradient, body force and inertia have not emerged in a unified fashion from previous formulations of the problem. The present work demonstrates these effects via a physically consistent treatment. The presence of multiple, interacting species requires that the formulation be consistent with mixture theory. This requirement has far-reaching consequences. A preliminary numerical example is included to demonstrate some aspects of the coupled formulation.
Inhibition of axoplasmic transport in the rat vagus nerve alters the numbers of neuropeptide and tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA-containing and immunoreactive visceral afferent neurons of the nodose ganglion.

Abstract Previous work showed that axotomy-induced deafferentation of the placode-derived visceral afferent neurons of the nodose ganglion altered their expression of some neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase. The present studies were designed to selectively evaluate the loss of axonal transport on the numbers of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA-containing and immunoreactive neurons in the nodose ganglion of the adult rat. Vinblastine (0.15 mM) application to the cervical vagus nerve was used to block axonal tranport between ganglionic perikarya and peripheral targets. In situ hybridization histochemistry with 35 S-labeled oligonucleotide probes was used to both quantify the number of mRNA-containing neurons and to assess the density of mRNA expression per neuron, and immunocytochemistryk was used to visualize the number of immunoreactive neurons. The efficacy of vinblastine to inhibit axonal transport was verified by evaluating the build-up of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive in the vagus nerve immediately rostral to the site of drug application. The absence of vinblastine-induced neuronal damage was verified by the relative absence of degenerating nerves in the vagus nerve caudal to the site of drug application. Vinblastine treatment of the vagus nerve increased the numbers of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA-containing neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the nodose ganglion at three, seven and 14 days, and increased the numbers of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA-containing and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the nodose ganglion at one, three and seven days. The average labeling density of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA-containing neurons was also increased following vinblastine treatment. Vinblastine treatment of the cervical vagus nerve, however, led to the appearance of low-labeling density calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA-neurons and resulted in reduction of the average labeling density for calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA-containing neurons. In contrast, application of vinblastine to the cervical vagus nerve, decreased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA-containing and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the nodose ganglion. In summary, inhibition of the axoplasmic transport between the periphery and the visceral sensory perikarya appeared to alter vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and tyrosine hydroxylase expression and content in visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion. These data suggest the presence of an axonally transported influence on the regulation of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter enzyme synthesis in mature placode-derived visceral sensory neurons.
Tripius gyraloura n. sp. (Aphelenchoidea: Sphaerulariidae) parasitic in the gall midge Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

A new nematode, Tripius gyraloura n. sp., is described from the arundo gall midge, Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). This gall midge is being considered as a biological control agent for use in North America against the introduced giant reed Arundo donax (L.) (Poaceae: Cyperales). Thus the present study was initiated to investigate a nematode parasite that was unknown at the time studies with L. donacis were initiated. The new species has a rapid development in the fly host and the mature parasitic female nematodes evert their uterine cells in the hosts’ hemolymph. Because large numbers of nematodes sterilise the host, eradication of the parasite from laboratory colonies of the midge may be necessary before populations of the fly are released.
Social comparison standards spur immediate assertion: “So you think you're submissive?”

Before entering formal therapy, unassertive college students heard descriptions of a “typical” case, portrayed as much, somewhat, or not more submissive than most clients. In an immediate behavioral test (reliably rated by blind judges) the differential social exemplars produced sharp differences on various assertion indices. Thus clients given the most submissive model surpassed each of the other modeling groups and no-model controls in overcoming “barriers” posed by a resistive telephone confederate and in clarity of requests (ps < .001). Clients given the most-submissive exceeded those given the least-submissive model on loudness, firmness, and duration of speech (ps < .05). However, after all 84 clients received the same brief treatment for assertiveness, their initial telephone differences did not alter final self-rated progress.