cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Released Prisoners “Make It”? Examining Formerly Incarcerated Persons’ Belief in Upward Mobility and the “American Dream”

The American Dream is rooted in the notion that anyone who works hard enough and has the necessary skills can achieve a comfortable lifestyle, despite economic or societal barriers. Given that formerly incarcerated persons already must overcome a host of barriers to successfully reenter society from prison, an interesting and unanswered question concerns whether or not formerly incarcerated persons’ believe in the American Dream, and the implications of these beliefs. This chapter addresses this gap in the literature using a sample of 258 formerly incarcerated persons participating in, or staff members of, prisoner reentry programs in New York State. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to determine the characteristics of formerly incarcerated persons most strongly related to the belief in the American Dream, and correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the belief in upward economic mobility and psychological well-being, the forecast of rearrest, and concealment of one’s criminal record on applications. Analyses reveal that the vast majority of formerly incarcerated persons believe that the American Dream is obtainable for all people in society, and that any former prisoner can “make it” if they want to do so. Among the factors related to the belief that all people can achieve, the American Dream include lower perceptions of personal stigma (due to being a former prisoner), lower scores on a scale for the illegitimacy of the criminal justice system, having served less time in prison, less formal education, identifying more strongly with other former prisoners, and remorse for prior crimes. Stronger agreement that any former prisoner can “make it” was significantly related to group identification, lower perceptions of stigma, having more parole violations, feelings of remorse, current employment status, not living in New York City, being married, and believing that the criminal justice system is illegitimate. Those believing more strongly in the American Dream had higher self-esteem, were more satisfied with their life as a whole, were less likely to forecast a rearrest, and less likely to conceal their criminal record on applications. Implications of the findings for prisoner reintegration policy and practice are discussed.
Adaptive Encoding of Outcome Prediction by Prefrontal Cortex Ensembles Supports Behavioral Flexibility

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a critical role in behavioral flexibility by monitoring action–outcome contingencies. How PFC ensembles represent shifts in behavior in response to changes in these contingencies remains unclear. We recorded single-unit activity and local field potentials in the dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) of male rats during a set-shifting task that required them to update their behavior, among competing options, in response to changes in action–outcome contingencies. As behavior was updated, a subset of PFC ensembles encoded the current trial outcome before the outcome was presented. This novel outcome-prediction encoding was absent in a control task, in which actions were rewarded pseudorandomly, indicating that PFC neurons are not merely providing an expectancy signal. In both control and set-shifting tasks, dmPFC neurons displayed postoutcome discrimination activity, indicating that these neurons also monitor whether a behavior is successful in generating rewards. Gamma-power oscillatory activity increased before the outcome in both tasks but did not differentiate between expected outcomes, suggesting that this measure is not related to set-shifting behavior but reflects expectation of an outcome after action execution. These results demonstrate that PFC neurons support flexible rule-based action selection by predicting outcomes that follow a particular action. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tracking action–outcome contingencies and modifying behavior when those contingencies change is critical to behavioral flexibility. We find that ensembles of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex neurons differentiate between expected outcomes when action–outcome contingencies change. This predictive mode of signaling may be used to promote a new response strategy at the service of behavioral flexibility.
Illuminating the Cell's Biochemical Activity Architecture.

All cellular behaviors arise through the coordinated actions of numerous intracellular biochemical pathways. Over the past 20 years, efforts to probe intracellular biochemical processes have undergone a fundamental transformation brought about by advances in fluorescence imaging, such as the development of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters and new imaging technologies; the impact of these approaches on our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of biological function cannot be understated. In particular, the ability to obtain information on the spatiotemporal regulation of biochemical processes unfolding in real time in the native context of a living cell has crystallized the view, long a matter of speculation, that cells achieve specific biological outcomes through the imposition of spatial control over the distribution of various biomolecules, and their associated biochemical activities, within the cellular environment. Indeed, the compartmentalization of biochemical activities by cells is...
Photo- and Electro-Catalysis: CO2 Mitigation Technologies

Abstract The replacement of fossil fuels by clean and renewable energy sources is one of the major challenges for modern human civilization. The photo- and electro-catalytic conversion of CO 2 to value-added chemicals and fuels is an attractive processes to address both energy and environmental issues. Here we present an overview of photo- and electro-catalytic conversion of CO 2 to useful chemicals. We aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the scientific and technological challenges inherent to the transformation of CO 2 . Specifically, we focus on the difficulty in activating the thermochemically stable CO 2 molecule, complex reaction mechanisms that involve multiple electron transfer steps, catalyst stability, high overpotential and efficiency losses encountered in electrocatalytic processes, low conversion rates, and many other topics.
Microchamber Cultures of Bladder Cancer: A Platform for Characterizing Drug Responsiveness and Resistance in PDX and Primary Cancer Cells

Precision cancer medicine seeks to target the underlying genetic alterations of cancer; however, it has been challenging to use genetic profiles of individual patients in identifying the most appropriate anti-cancer drugs. This spurred the development of patient avatars; for example, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) established in mice and used for drug exposure studies. However, PDXs are associated with high cost, long development time and low efficiency of engraftment. Herein we explored the use of microfluidic devices or microchambers as simple and low-cost means of maintaining bladder cancer cells over extended periods of times in order to study patterns of drug responsiveness and resistance. When placed into 75 µm tall microfluidic chambers, cancer cells grew as ellipsoids reaching millimeter-scale dimeters over the course of 30 days in culture. We cultured three PDX and three clinical patient specimens with 100% success rate. The turn-around time for a typical efficacy study using microchambers was less than 10 days. Importantly, PDX-derived ellipsoids in microchambers retained patterns of drug responsiveness and resistance observed in PDX mice and also exhibited in vivo-like heterogeneity of tumor responses. Overall, this study establishes microfluidic cultures of difficult-to-maintain primary cancer cells as a useful tool for precision cancer medicine.
Laser Processing of Direct-Write Nano-Sized Materials

Abstract: The specifics of laser sintering of nano-sized direct-write materials on polymer substrates are discussed in light of a suggested two-phase sintering mechanism. A system for in-situ resistance measurements is described to monitor the real-time dynamics of material properties during laser sintering. Results of CW 1.06-μm Nd:YAG laser sintering of 1 mm or less thick conductors printed with silver nano-sized inks on polyimide substrates clearly show that sintered bulk resistivity is a function of the laser energy deposited per unit volume of deposited materials (μJ/μm3) and that laser sintering produces superior results to temperature limited conventional thermal sintering.
The Contribution of Weight Status to Black-White Differences in Mortality

This article examines the contribution of weight status to black-white (B-W) differences in mortality at ages 40-79 using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We measured body mass index (BMI) based on the highest BMI attained and contrasted the contribution of BMI to that of smoking and educational attainment. We estimated both additive and multiplicative models. In addition to estimating regression coefficients we asked what would happen to B-W differences in mortality if blacks had the BMI distribution of whites, the smoking prevalence of whites, or the educational distribution of whites. B-W differences in BMI account for close to 30 percent of the B-W difference in female mortality but only about 1 percent of the B-W difference in male mortality at ages 40-79. In contrast, smoking makes a much larger contribution to the B-W difference in male (17 percent) than female (6 percent) mortality. Differences in educational attainment in turn explain 19 to 25 percent of the B-W mortality difference among men and women, respectively. Our results underscore the importance of two key risk factors as well as educational attainment in generating B-W differences in mortality.
Sociophonetic trends in studies of Southern U.S. English

Although the U.S. South was usually avoided for phonetic studies in earlier years, phonetic analyses of Southern U.S. English have expanded in numerous directions in recent years. Studies of vocalic variation have dominated the enterprise, with a broad range of studies that have examined the phonetic peculiarities and distribution of variants within the region, the characteristics of particular communities, and the phonetic attributes of African American and Latino groups. However, other phonetic phenomena are finally seeing more study. Several consonantal variables have attracted acoustic analysis. Other studies have focused on intonation and certain timing-related phenomena. Numerous experimental studies have tested the abilities of listeners to identify dialects and a few other perceptual issues. These developments are outlined here, including advancements in segmental, prosodic, and perceptual analyses.
Increased mitochondrial DNA diversity in ancient Columbia River basin Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.

The Columbia River and its tributaries provide essential spawning and rearing habitat for many salmonid species, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Chinook salmon were historically abundant throughout the basin and Native Americans in the region relied heavily on these fish for thousands of years. Following the arrival of Europeans in the 1800s, salmon in the basin experienced broad declines linked to overfishing, water diversion projects, habitat destruction, connectivity reduction, introgression with hatchery-origin fish, and hydropower development. Despite historical abundance, many native salmonids are now at risk of extinction. Research and management related to Chinook salmon is usually explored under what are termed “the four H’s”: habitat, harvest, hatcheries, and hydropower; here we explore a fifth H, history. Patterns of prehistoric and contemporary mitochondrial DNA variation from Chinook salmon were analyzed to characterize and compare population genetic diversity prior to recent alterations and, thus, elucidate a deeper history for this species. A total of 346 ancient and 366 contemporary samples were processed during this study. Species was determined for 130 of the ancient samples and control region haplotypes of 84 of these were sequenced. Diversity estimates from these 84 ancient Chinook salmon were compared to 379 contemporary samples. Our analysis provides the first direct measure of reduced genetic diversity for Chinook salmon from the ancient to the contemporary period, as measured both in direct loss of mitochondrial haplotypes and reductions in haplotype and nucleotide diversity. However, these losses do not appear equal across the basin, with higher losses of diversity in the mid-Columbia than in the Snake subbasin. The results are unexpected, as the two groups were predicted to share a common history as parts of the larger Columbia River Basin, and instead indicate that Chinook salmon in these subbasins may have divergent demographic histories.
Simultaneous cancer and tumor microenvironment subtyping using confocal infrared microscopy for all-digital molecular histopathology.

Histopathology based on spatial patterns of epithelial cells is the gold standard for clinical diagnoses and research in carcinomas; although known to be important, the tissue microenvironment is not readily used due to complex and subjective interpretation with existing tools. Here, we demonstrate accurate subtyping from molecular properties of epithelial cells using emerging high-definition Fourier transform infrared (HD FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging combined with machine learning algorithms. In addition to detecting four epithelial subtypes, we simultaneously delineate three stromal subtypes that characterize breast tumors. While FT-IR imaging data enable fully digital pathology with rich information content, the long spectral scanning times required for signal averaging and processing make the technology impractical for routine research or clinical use. Hence, we developed a confocal design in which refractive IR optics are designed to provide high-definition, rapid spatial scanning and discrete spectral tuning using a quantum cascade laser (QCL) source. This instrument provides simultaneously high resolving power (2-μm pixel size) and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (>1,300), providing a speed increase of ∼50-fold for obtaining classified results compared with present imaging spectrometers. We demonstrate spectral fidelity and interinstrument operability of our developed instrument by accurate analysis of a 100-case breast tissue set that was analyzed in a day, considerably speeding research. Clinical breast biopsies typical of a patients’ caseload are analyzed in ∼1 hour. This study paves the way for comprehensive tumor-microenvironment analyses in feasible time periods, presenting a critical step in practical label-free molecular histopathology.
Oscillations of the Interventricular Septum in Aortic Insufficiency

The regurgitant stream in aortic insufficiency (A1) may strike the interventricular septum or anterior mitral valve leaflet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not rarpid oscillations of the septum analogous to those of the mitral valve could be seen echocardiographically in oatients with A1. 29 patients with A1 were studied. 14 of the 29 had abnormal early diastolic oscillations of the septum, usually near the aortic root. This finding was equivocal in 3 additional cases. 22 of the 29 patients had mitral oscillations, but in onlv 6 cases was this motion present in both mitral valve and septum. It is concluded that the presence of septal high frequency oscillations early in diastole is helpful in the echocardiographic diagnosis of A1.
Tobacco Pest Management

Tobacco is a solanaceous plant which originated in the Americas; but, since colonial days, it has spread throughout the world. Since Sir Walter Raleigh’s day, the tobacco plant and its culture have been altered dramatically, and changes wrought by plant breeders and other technologists have been particularly rapid during the past 30 years. Today, there are many classes, types, and varieties of tobacco grown under many different environmental conditions; and, in the different ecosystems modified for tobacco culture, there are many pest species among the associated flora and fauna.
Genetic Control of Immune Responses and Cellular Interactions

This chapter discusses the fundamental information concerning histocompatibility or H-linked genetic control of immune responses. The recent discovery of biologically active molecules produced by T cells and bearing determinants of histocompatibility gene products has introduced a new molecular dimension to cellular immunology; it is reviewed in the chapter. The recognition of specific antigens as immunogens by individual animals and inbred strains is governed by the products of individual dominant immune response ( Ir ) genes located in the genome in close relationship with genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These genes have been termed histocompatibility or H-linked Ir genes. The presence of the relevant genes permit immune responses to be formed, characterized by cellular immunity, and antibody synthesis against the determinants on the antigens concerned. Three types of antigens have been most useful in the identification of H-linked Ir genes: (1) synthetic polypeptides with limited structural heterogeneity, (2) allo-antigens that differ slightly from their autologous counterparts, and (3) complex multideterminant antigens administered in limiting immunizing doses in conditions where presumably only the most immunogenic determinants are recognized.
Peer reporting of suspected physician misconduct.

Physicians are ethically required to investigate the actions of problematic colleagues, even if the entire practice will come under scrutiny. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Inflammation After Acute Brain Injuries Affects the Developing Brain Differently than the Adult Brain

Emerging data show that the mechanisms of injury, including neuroinflammation, differ greatly in the immature brain and adult brain. This chapter will discuss the maturation-dependent contribution of glial and peripheral immune cells, differences in the blood–brain barrier structure and function in relation to injury, as well as the effect of immaturity on the function of several receptors on microglia/macrophages related to innate and acquired immune responses. We will discuss how age-related differential inflammatory and vascular responses to injury would impact development of treatments for newborns affected by stroke.
Embodied Practices in Dialysis Care: On (Para)Professional Work

Outpatient dialysis is both an intimate, life-sustaining procedure and a public performance of technological, routinized care. Informed by feminist theory and practice theory, this chapter illuminates ways in which tensions between caring for patients and exhibiting professionalism are negotiated by nurses and patient care technicians through their embodied workplace practices. This study is written as a ‘layered account’; that is, it alternate detailed ethnographic narratives and critical qualitative analysis. The chapter concludes with insights into how providers’ and patients’ practices collectively constitute dialysis care and offer implications for embodied practice theory and for improving quality of dialysis care.
Letter: The effect of surface viscosity on the translational speed of droplets

This paper quantifies the effect of interfacial viscosity on the translational speed of a drop in Stokes flow. In the limit of negligible droplet deformation and surface concentration inhomogeneities, the droplet mobility is equal to a clean droplet with a modified interior viscosity ηin*=ηin+2ηκ3a, where ηκ is the interfacial dilational viscosity and a is the droplet radius. This paper focuses on the physical explanation of these results via symmetry/scaling arguments, which illustrates why interfacial shear viscosity is unimportant. We conclude by calculating how surface concentration inhomogeneities and two-body hydrodynamic interactions alter these results.
Climatology and Variability of Tropical Cyclones Affecting Charleston, South Carolina, from 1670 to 1850

ABSTRACT Lindner, B.L., Climatology and variability of tropical cyclones affecting Charleston, South Carolina, from 1670 to 1850. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(2), 397–409. Coconut Creek (Florida...
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition in NAFLD leads to an underlying intestinal fibrotic pathology that is NOX2 dependent

Increased oxidative stress exacerbates the condition of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) which is a global pandemic, leading to its progression to the state of chronic inflammation and fibrosis (NASH). Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an enzyme that plays an important role in fibrosis, but its role in controlling the production of reactive oxygen species is unclear. Our studies show that the environmental toxin microcystin, an inhibitor of PP2A, specifically inhibits the enzyme and generates higher oxidative stress. The above process activated TGF-β fibrotic signaling pathway in the intestines that was mediated by NOX2. Results using mouse NAFLD models and transformed rat intestinal epithelial cells showed that inhibiting PP2A by administration of microcystin led to increased NOX2 activation, increased SMAD2/3-SMAD4 co-localization and increased alpha smooth muscle actin immuno-reactivity. This process was greatly attenuated in p47 phox knockout mice signifying an important role of NOX2. Mechanistically, rat intestinal epithelial cells were treated with apocynin, DMPO and phenylboronic acid which showed significantly decreased NOX2 activation, SMAD co-localization and α-SMA immuno-reactivity. A significant decrease of NOX2 and TGF-β signaling in NOX4 inhibitor treated samples indicated that there might be a possibility of dependency of NOX isoforms on each other. This study gives us hope to explore novel therapeutic strategies by increasing PP2A in situ by administration of PP2A agonists for the treatment of NASH.
Life Course Socioeconomic Position, Allostatic Load, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes among African American Adults: The Jackson Heart Study, 2000-04 to 2012.

Objective: We examined whether life course socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes (t2DM) among African Americans. Design: Secondary analysis of data from the Jackson Heart Study, 2000-04 to 2012, using Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for t2DM incidence by measures of life course SEP. Participants: Sample of 4,012 nondiabetic adults aged 25-84 years at baseline. Outcome Measure: Incident t2DM identi­fied by self-report, hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or use of diabetes medication. Results: During 7.9 years of follow-up, 486 participants developed t2DM (incidence rate 15.2/1000 person-years, 95% CI: 13.9-16.6). Among women, but not men, childhood SEP was inversely associated with t2DM incidence (HR=.97, 95% CI: .94-.99) but was no longer associated with adjust­ment for adult SEP or t2DM risk factors. Up­ward SEP mobility increased the hazard for t2DM incidence (adjusted HR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.05-2.21) among women only. Life course allostatic load (AL) did not explain the SEP-t2DM association in either sex. Conclusions: Childhood SEP and up­ward social mobility may influence t2DM incidence in African American women but not in men. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):39-46; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.39
Measuring Perceived Transfer of Responsibility Learning From Physical Education: Initial Validation of the Transfer of Responsibility Questionnaire

Purpose: Research indicates that physical education can be an effective setting for promoting positive values, attitudes, and behaviors that transfer to other settings. However, there is a lack of instrumentation to assess the cognitive and motivational aspects of the transfer process. Therefore, this study proposed and validated the Transfer of Responsibility Questionnaire (ToRQ). Methods: After instrument development and pilot testing, an initial version of the ToRQ was completed by 442 adolescents. Data analysis began with exploratory factor analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The exploratory factor analysis yielded a stable three-factor structure that measured the participants’ cognitive and motivational processes related to transfer. This factor structure was affirmed using confirmatory factor analysis, which also examined convergent and discriminant validity. Discussion/Conclusion: The model was a good fit for the data, and the ToRQ correlated positively with related scales from an existing life skill transfer survey. These analyses support the initial validation of the ToRQ.
The Klebsiella pneumoniae citrate synthase gene, gltA, influences site specific fitness during infection

Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), one of the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections, increases patient morbidity, mortality and hospitalization costs. Kp must acquire nutrients from the host for successful infection. However, the host is able to prevent bacterial nutrient acquisition through multiple systems, including the innate immune protein lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) that prevents Kp iron acquisition by sequestering the siderophore enterobactin. To identify novel Kp factors that mediate evasion of nutritional immunity during lung infection, we undertook an InSeq study using a pool of >20,000 transposon mutants administered to Lcn2+/+ and Lcn2-/- mice. Comparing mutant frequencies between mouse genotypes, this genome-wide screen identified the Kp citrate synthase GltA as potentially interacting with Lcn2, and this novel finding was independently validated. Interestingly, in vitro studies suggest that this interaction is not direct. Given that GltA is involved in oxidative metabolism, we screened the ability of this mutant to use a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. The results indicated that the gltA mutant has a distinct amino acid auxotrophy and is unable to use a variety of carbon sources. Specifically, we show that gltA is necessary for growth in bronchioloalveolar lavage fluid, which is amino acid-limited, but dispensable in serum, which is amino acid rich. Deletion of Lcn2 from the host leads to increased amino acid levels in bronchioloalveolar lavage fluid, and thus abrogates the loss of gltA during pneumonia in the Lcn2-/- background. GltA was also required for gut colonization, but dispensable in the bloodstream in a bacteremia model, demonstrating that deletion of gltA leads to an organ-specific fitness defect. Together, this study is the first to mechanistically describe a role for gltA in Kp infection and provide unique insight into how metabolic flexibility impacts bacterial fitness during infection. Author Summary The bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is an important cause of infection in healthcare settings. These infections can be difficult to treat, as they frequently occur in chronically ill patients and the bacteria has the ability to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance markers. Kp is a common colonizer of the intestinal tract in hospitalized patients, and can progress to infections of the bloodstream, respiratory and urinary tract. However, the bacterial factors that allow Kp to replicate in these different body sites is unclear. In this study, we found that the Kp citrate synthase, GltA, enables bacterial replication in the lung and intestine by enhancing the ability of Kp to use diverse nutrients, in a mechanism known as metabolic flexibility. Kp lacking GltA require specific amino acids that are abundant in blood, but not other body sites. The work in this study provides novel insight into why Kp is a successful hospital pathogen that can colonize and infect multiple body sites.
"Wasting away": Diabetes, food insecurity, and medical insecurity in the Somali Region of Ethiopia.

Abstract Most research on diabetes has taken place in cities or in high-income countries, even though most diabetes deaths occur in low and middle-income countries, and diabetes disproportionately affects the poor. This research, by contrast, investigates rising concerns about diabetes among Somalis in eastern Ethiopia--in communities where obesity is rare and people face chronic food insecurity, forced displacement, recurrent humanitarian crises, and lack of access to medical care. Findings presented in this article build on ethnographic research with Somalis in eastern Ethiopia since 2007, and include anthropometric and demographic data collection with Somali diabetes patients and select adult siblings of these patients (n = 108) plus in-depth ethnographic interviews with a subset of the diabetes patients, their siblings, and medical providers serving Somali communities (n = 29) in July–August 2018. Most Somali patients we spoke with shared symptoms of progressive weight loss, weakness, and loss of teeth--or what people called “wasting away”--even when complying with prescribed pharmaceutical regimens and/or insulin. Diabetes and “wasting away” were characterized by Somalis as humoral pathologies; but rather than a consequence of obesity or pathological weight gain, these were perceived to be a consequence of stress, trauma, anger, displacement, loss of healthy fatness, and lack of access to fresh and healthy food over their lifetimes. Somalis' simultaneous experiences of progressive nutritional wasting and adult-onset diabetes echo how “tropical diabetes” was defined and experienced for thousands of years prior to the development of effective early diagnostics and biomedical treatments. This analysis therefore suggests heterogeneity and overlaps within and between categories of “type 1” and “type 2 diabetes” in populations with differential exposures to stress, crisis, and poverty. Exposures to food insecurity and medical insecurity, in particular, are pathogenic, and shape diabetes patients' clinical presentations and prognoses, as well as local etiologies and patterns of disease.
Neuroscience in Motion: The Application of Schema Theory to Mobile Robotics

Theories for path planning behavior in animals can be of great value in providing significant insights into the design of functioning mobile robot systems. A mobile robot path execution system has been developed that strongly correlates with a model for detour behavior in the frog. The robot’s motor schema based navigation system draws on potential field methodology to produce “intelligent” behavior based on environmental perception. Both simulation and actual experimental results are presented.
The Association of Nurse–Physician Teamwork and Mortality in Surgical Patients:

In this study we describe nurse-physician teamwork, estimate its association with surgical patient outcomes (30-day mortality and failure-to-rescue), and determine whether these relationships depend upon other modifiable hospital nursing characteristics (nurse staffing and education levels) known to be associated with patient outcomes. This cross-sectional analysis included linked data from 29,391 nurses representing 665 acute care hospitals and 1,321,904 adult patients who underwent a general surgical, vascular, or orthopedic procedure. Surgical patients cared for in hospitals with better nurse-physician teamwork had significantly lower odds of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95) and failure-to-rescue (OR = 0.95). In addition, the odds of death and failure-to-rescue were lower for patients in hospitals with both higher nurse-physician teamwork and more favorable patient-to-nurse staffing ratios. Similar trends were observed related to nursing education levels. Improving interprofessional teamwork is one strategy to improve patient outcomes with the added importance of also considering additional features of their nursing workforce.
Synthesis of 2H-1,2-Benzothiazine 1,1-Dioxides via Heteroannulation Reactions of 2-Iodobenzenesulfonamide with Ketone Enolates under SRN1 Conditions§

2-Iodobenzenesulfonamide (1a) underwent photostimulated SRN1 reactions in liquid NH3 with the potassium enolates derived from acetone, pinacolone, butanone, and 3-methyl-2-butanone to give fair to good yields of 2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxides 2. Reductive dehalogenation of 1a was found to predominate in photoinduced reactions of 1a with 3-pentanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, the extent of reduction being proportional to the number of β-hydrogen atoms present in the ketone enolate. Isotopic labeling studies with 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone-d14 (24) confirmed the major role of the β-hydrogens in the reduction process. Reactions of 1a with cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cyclooctanone enolates afforded new tricyclic benzothiazine derivatives 26−29. Attempts to extend the heteroannulation reaction to the preparation of 2H-1,2-benzothiazin-3(4H)-one 1,1-dioxides 3 (R = H, Ph) through reactions of 1a with tert-butyl acetate and ethyl phenylacetate enolates resulted only in hydrodeha...
Automotive LED Driver based on Resonant DC-DC Converter with Wide Input and Output Voltage Ranges

This paper presents an immitance-network based resonant dc-dc converter capable of operating efficiently over wide input and output voltage ranges. The resonant network results in current-source property on the output side, together with zero-voltage switching and near zero-current switching of switching devices. On the inverter side, a pair of phase-shifted half bridges enables output current control with reduced circulating currents over wide input voltage range. These features are well suited for automotive LED drivers supplied from a battery with wide input voltage range, and regulating output current through a string of LEDs, where the number of LEDs may vary. Experimental results are shown for a 2 MHz converter prototype operating from an input voltage from 8 V to 18 V, and delivering 0.5 A output current to a string of 1-15 LEDs, which corresponds to an output voltage range of 3-to-50 V.
Task but not arm restriction influences lower extremity joint mechanics during bilateral landings.

ABSTRACTBox and jump landing tasks are commonly used to study lower extremity injury mechanisms, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Arm restriction during these tasks is typically d...
Biomechanical Comparison of a New Dynamic Ankle Orthosis to a Standard Ankle-Foot Orthosis During Walking

Patients who sustain irreversible cartilage damage or joint instability from ankle injuries are likely to develop ankle osteoarthritis (OA). A dynamic ankle orthosis (DAO) was recently designed with the intent to offload the foot and ankle using a distractive force, allowing more natural sagittal and frontal plane ankle motion during gait. To evaluate its efficacy, this study compared ankle joint kinematics and plantar pressures among the DAO, standard double upright ankle-foot orthosis (DUAFO), and a nonorthosis control (CON) condition in healthy adults during walking. Ten healthy subjects (26 ± 3.8 yr; 69.6 ± 12.7 kg; and 1.69 ± 0.07 m) walked on a treadmill at 1.4 m/s in three orthosis conditions: CON, DAO, and DUAFO. Ankle kinematics were assessed using a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture system and in-shoe plantar pressures were measured for seven areas of the foot. DAO reduced hallux peak plantar pressures (PPs) compared to CON and DUAFO. PPs under toes 2-5 were smaller in DAO than DUAFO, but greater in DUAFO compared to CON. Early stance peak plantarflexion (PF) angular velocity was smaller in DAO compared to CON and DUAFO. Eversion (EV) ROM was much smaller in DUAFO compared to CON and DAO. Early stance peak eversion angular velocity was smaller in DAO and much smaller in DUAFO compared to CON. This study demonstrates the capacity of the DAO to provide offloading during ambulation without greatly affecting kinematic parameters including frontal plane ankle motion compared to CON. Future work will assess the effectiveness of the DAO in a clinical osteoarthritic population.
In Situ Visualization of Performance Metrics in Multiple Domains

As application scientists develop and deploy simula- tion codes on to leadership-class computing resources, there is a need to instrument these codes to better understand performance to efficiently utilize these resources. This instrumentation may come from independent third-party tools that generate and store performance metrics or from custom instrumentation tools built directly into the application. The metrics collected are then available for visual analysis, typically in the domain in which there were collected. In this paper, we introduce an approach to visualize and analyze the performance metrics in situ in the context of the machine, application, and communication domains (MAC model) using a single visualization tool. This visualization model provides a holistic view of the application performance in the context of the resources where it is executing.
Meddling with Medals, Defending the Dead: Late Ottoman Soft Power from South Asia to North America

Before the Ottoman and British empires clashed on the battlefields of World War I, imperial rivalries between Istanbul and London often took more subtle forms. In the diplomatic realm, late Ottoman...
A Democratic View of Public Employee Speech Rights

The current law of public employee free speech rights amounts to a near-perfect storm of jurisprudential undesirability. The Supreme Court's imposition of a gate-keeping requirement that the speech have been made in one's role as citizen, and not in one's role as a government employee, has led to disturbing, and specifically, democracy-undermining results. The case law manages to combine murkiness with adverse impacts on the public accountability, openness, and transparency essential for genuine democracy. The cases commonly display ironic, paradoxical, deeply incongruous, and broadly counterintuitive reasoning and results. These outcomes indicate that the Court should revise its current approach to public employee speech so as to better protect democratic values.
Estimation of Forearm, Deltoid, and Trapezius Muscle Activities Due to Overuse of Smartphone with and Without Armrest

Recent boom of smartphone technology and attractive new features with affordable price are continuously convincing new users to upgrade their phone and eventually they spend far more screen-time than ever before. Recent studies have shown that deltoid, trapezius, and forearm muscles mostly get affected among other muscular regions. But previous studies have some research gap in measuring combined effect of these three muscles due to smartphone use and they did not consider armrest conditions while measuring the combined muscular effect. Eight participants were recruited and EMG of six muscles (Upper Trapezius (UT), Anterior Deltoid (AD), Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL), Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU), Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL), and Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB)) was recorded. Results found difference of UT MVC% when using cellphone on the chair with or without armrest. Gender had influence on part of muscles activity.
ASTROMETRIC MICROLENSING AS A METHOD OF DISCOVERING AND CHARACTERIZING EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

We introduce a new method of searching for and characterizing extrasolar planets. We show that by monitoring the center-of-light motion of microlensing alerts using the next generation of high-precision astrometric instruments the probability of detecting a planet orbiting the lens is high. We show that adding astrometric information to the photometric microlensing light curve greatly helps in determining the planetary mass and projected separation. We introduce astrometric maps as a new way for calcu- lating astrometric motion and planet detection probabilities. Finite source eUects are important for low- mass planets, but even Earth-mass planets can give detectable signals. Subject headings: astrometrygravitational lensingplanetary systems
Design of ‘Floating, Medium and Sinking’ Pressure Simulation System for Remote Reduction of Pulse Condition in TCM

In order to solve the problem of simulating ‘floating, medium and sinking’ in remote diagnosis of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), we designed a set of ‘floating, medium and sinking’ pressure simulation system which can feedback the remote pulse condition, including automatic pressurization device and pressure detection feedback device. The system uses a piezoresistive sensor to collect the compression force at the bionic prosthetic hand of the pulse recovery terminal and sends it back to the pulse collection terminal. The automatic pressure device at the collection end simulates the TCM doctor to automatically find the appropriate pressure intensity. In this paper, the pulse collection algorithm and pulse reduction algorithm are designed to make the pulse recovery more accurate. Through the collection of a large number of experimental data, and the experience of some professional doctors of TCM, it is believed that the system can well simulate the actual pulse process of ‘floating, medium and sinking’ pressure.
Exploring Perceptions of Bystander Intervention Training using Virtual Reality

This paper presents a virtual reality (VR) application that allows users to view a series of 360 degree videos, depicting bystander intervention scenarios, from a bystander perspective. Bystander intervention is a commonly used training on how to prevent and de-escalate potentially harmful or violent scenarios [5]. This application enables users to witness, from a first-hand perspective, a successful bystander intervention strategy being used by another person. This paper discusses motivations for creating such an application by giving an overview of the state of the art in bystander intervention training methods. It also discusses the application flow and design of the created system. Additionally, a preliminary user study was conducted to gain initial feedback and user perspectives on the system.
EEG Findings in 73 Persons Accused of Murder

There have been previous reports of high incidences of anomalous EEG findings in persons charged with felonious assault or with murder (Hill and Parr, 1950, Hill and Pond, 1952). Gibbs, Bagchi, and Bloomberg (1945) have not, however, found impressive abnormalities in prisoners.
When Heroes Sing: Sophocles and the Shifting Soundscape of Tragedy

Introduction: poetry, tragedy, and Sophocles Part I. Poetic Authority: 1. Poetic progress in Ajax 2. Waxing heroic in Trachiniae and Oedipus Tyrannus Part II. Poetic Power: 3. Addressing lament in Electra 4. Philoctetes' apostrophes 5. The end and afterlife of poeticity: Oedipus at Colonus.
Cells in midline thalamus, central amygdala, and nucleus accumbens responding specifically to antipsychotic drugs.

Rationale Determining brain regions in which neuroleptic drugs of different types produce similar effects, especially where these effects are not shared with drugs lacking antipsychotic efficacy, provides evidence as to how and where the clinical effects of neuroleptic drugs are mediated.
A High‐Quality Professional Development for Teachers of Grades 3–6 for Implementing Engineering into Classrooms

With the increasing emphasis on integrating engineering into K-12 classrooms to help meet the needs of our complex and multidisciplinary society, there is an urgent need to investigate teachers' engineering-focused professional development experiences as they relate to teacher learning, implementation, and student achievement. This study addresses this need by examining the effects of a professional development program focused on engineering integration, and how teachers chose to implement engineering in their classrooms as a result of the professional development. 198 teachers in grades 3–6 from 43 schools in 17 districts participated in a yearlong professional development program designed to help integrate the new state science standards, with a focus on engineering, into their teaching. Posters including lesson plans and student artifacts were used to assess teachers' engineering practices and the implementation in their classrooms. Results indicated that the majority of the teachers who participated in the professional development were able to effectively implement engineering design lessons in their classrooms suggesting that the teachers' success in implementing engineering lessons in their classroom was closely related to the structure of the professional development program.
Fear and Loathing in Democratic Times: Affect, Citizenship and Agency

This article engages some questions raised by recent work on civil society: What is missed by a rationalist reduction of politics, and why does it matter? How does the somatic dimension of citizenship open deliberation to social economies of power? From these questions, the article interrogates what agency is possible if power is inscribed within the affects that mobilize action and judgment – with particular attention to the work of William Connolly. Over the course of the article, it is argued that Connolly’s politics of sensibility makes an ambivalent contribution to these problems. While critics charge that he undermines possibilities for associational agency, this article proposes a rather more productive contribution to the arts of coalition building. And yet, these resources must be pressed beyond recent trends in the literature if they are to do justice to the unruly movements of civil society.
Normal DNA sequence variations in humans

Within the past quarter century, researchers have been able to study variation directly in the human DNA sequence. Though almost all of the human DNA sequence is identical in all humans, the small fraction, less than 1%, that does vary is more than sufficient to make each independently conceived human genetically unique. Many types of normal variation exist, from differences in a single nucleotide to the presence or absence of blocks of DNA hundreds of nucleotides long. The distributions among populations of the variant forms can differ but overall, they are consistent with a pattern of human expansion from an origin in Africa to occupation of all major continents. Keywords: polymorphism; DNA; human; SNP; STRP; haplotype; population; linkage disequilibrium
Relative Precision in the Inductive Assertion Method

The inductive assertion method of Floyd is here applied to programs involving floating point numbers, using a new verification condition generator for C programs known as ProveIt. The exit assertions of such programs need to state that the answers are correct to within some tolerance. We define this notion of tolerance, and show that it is equivalent to Olver's notion of relative precision. As an example, we present an O(ln n) program which takes the nth power of a, and show that the speed of the program does not improve the relative precision, which remains 2n rather than the expected 2 ln n.
Metabolic Regulation by Homoserine in Escherichia coli B/r

A mathematical analysis of branched pathway regulation has led to the prediction of a novel homoserine control in Escherichia coli B. Experimental support for such control is presented in this paper. Homoserine, the precursor of both threonine and methionine, inhibits nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(+))-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4), the enzyme catalyzing the first reaction in ammonia assimilation. Physiological and biochemical evidence for this effect are offered. Homoserine depresses the growth rate of the organism, and glutamate, the product of the inhibited reaction, reverses this effect. The NADP(+)-specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity in cell-free extracts is inhibited by homoserine, and this inhibition parallels the restriction of growth rate. These effects are found in other enteric bacteria which share a similar overall pattern of control for the amino acids derived from aspartate. On the other hand, a sampling of more distantly related species which have different pathways and/or regulatory patterns provides no evidence for homoserine inhibition of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction.