cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Indian Land in the Allotment Era: Northern California's Indian Rancherias

This essay examines the problem of Indian land recovery in three Northern California counties. In the late nineteenth century, Pomo wageworkers bought small community rancherias. The federal government made similar purchases in the early twentieth century for the “landless Indians of California” but held the land in trust for discrete groups of “wards.”
Turgut Özal and the Gates of Desire

A conservative spirit animated Turkey’s third military coup. The generals who carried it out sought only to restore stability to a Republican order that had come under unprecedented pressure by the reassertion of long-suppressed societal identities and interests — as, for example, economic stagnation and class conflict gave rise to spiraling violence between leftist revolutionaries and rightist militants during the late 1970s; as Necmettin Erbakan’s Islamist MSP routinely won around 10 per cent of the vote in local and national elections; and as the renewed stirrings of Kurdish discontent prompted the extension of martial law to six southeastern provinces in April 1979. All at a time when mainstream politicians seemed incapable of forming governments stable enough to address the intensifying class, sectarian, and ethnic challenges that together called into question the entire Republican paradigm. Externally, the generals worried that the new ‘National Security Doctrine’ Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit unveiled on 13 February 1978 heralded a move toward non-alignment, depriving Turkey of the Western security umbrella that had protected it since the mid-1940s.1 As one regional shock followed another — the Iranian revolution in February 1979, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the outbreak of the Iraq-Iran War in April 1980 — the TAF command’s confidence in elected politicians steadily eroded. Finally, on 12 September 1980, it carried out a plan it had been devising for two years at least, overthrowing the elected government (led at the time by Suleyman Demirel) and imposing military rule.
Scaffolding behavioral health concepts from more simple to complex builds NP students' competence.

Abstract Background Behavioral health disorders (psychiatric illness and substance abuse disorders) represent a significant burden across the nation's health care system. About one half of the problems that present in primary health care settings are behavioral in nature. There is urgent need to improve the integration of behavioral health care services into primary care. Methods The purpose of this paper is to describe how an asynchronous online graduate nurse practitioner program utilized a constructivist paradigm to creatively combine online problem based learning cases and on campus learning intensives to scaffold student learning. Results Student E -value scores were high and comments reflected improved knowledge, skill and comfort managing behavioral health problems in a primary care setting. Conclusion This innovative model can serve as a template for other educational programs and improve student's ability to identify, manage and treat common behavioral health care problems that present in primary care settings.
Ex vivo Co-culture of Lymphoid Tissue Stromal Cells and T Cells

Stromal cells within lymphoid tissues produce IL-7, which is critical for the survival and function of T cells. This protocol is to be used to isolate primary human lymphoid tissue stromal cells to study their impact on the survival of T cells in an ex vivo co-culture system.
Porphyrins and the Porphyrias

This chapter presents some basic concepts related to porphyrins and the porphyrias. The metal–porphyrin complexes are found widespread in nature as constituents of compounds of fundamental importance in the metabolic processes of life. The photosynthetic pigment of plants, chlorophyll, is a magnesium porphyrin. The iron–porphyrin complexes of animals are found as prosthetic groups of proteins, including the hemoglobins, myoglobins, and the heme enzymes peroxidase, catalase, and the cytochromes. The porphyrins also exist in nature in their free state or as zinc complexes, and it is this group that is associated with the porphyrias and the porphyrinurias. The term porphyria is used to define those disease states that have a hereditary basis with increased urinary or fecal excretion of uroporphyrins and coproporphyrins. Depending on the fundamental biochemical defect, the porphyrias can be broadly classified on the basis of their tissue of origin, the erythropoietic system, or the liver. The term porphyrinuria is used to define those acquired conditions in which the principal porphyrins being excreted are the coproporphyrins. Excess coproporphyrin excretion is observed in a wide variety of conditions including infections, hemolytic anemias, liver disease, and lead poisoning. The screening test for coproporphyrinuria has been especially useful for detecting exposure to lead. This chapter discusses the structure of porphyrins, and also elaborates the synthesis of porphyrins and heme. The chapter concludes with discussing classification of porphyrias, erythropoietic porphyrias, hepatic porphyrias, and porphyrinurias.
Investigating the link between $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ PM 2.5 and atmospheric profile variables via penalized functional quantile regression

Fine particulate matter ( $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ ) events negatively affect the health of numerous persons globally each year. Previous works have described the association between air pollution and surface-level meteorological conditions; however, there has been less focus on the task of linking air pollution events with meteorological conditions at higher levels of the atmosphere. Working within the functional data framework, we develop a penalized functional quantile regression (PFQR) procedure to model conditional quantiles of a continuous response based on a functional covariate, with the ability to penalize selected derivatives of the estimated coefficient function. Our aim is to investigate the relationship between atmospheric profile variables (APVs), assumed to be functional, and key quantiles of the conditional distribution of surface-level $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ . Via a simulation study, we find that the performance of our PFQR procedure compares favorably to other related approaches. We conclude with an analysis of $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ data at two Southeastern US locations, Columbia, SC and Tampa, FL, where we estimate the coefficient functions for the APVs corresponding to both ‘typical’ and ‘high’ $$\hbox {PM}_{2.5}$$ events. As we believe that the true coefficient functions are smooth and may be exactly zero over subsets of their domains, we impose penalties on the 0th and 2nd derivatives. Our analysis indicates that the corresponding atmospheric conditions differ between the two locations, and that the conditions differ seasonally within location.
Effect of peripheral IV based blood collection on catheter dwell time, blood collection, and patient response.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the effect of daily PIV-based phlebotomy using the PIVO device on PIVC dwell times and replacement rates, as well as the reliability of blood sample collection, and patient response to this method of blood collection. Background Blood draws which are also known as phlebotomy for laboratory analyses are one of the most common experiences for hospitalized patients. When performed by venipuncture, they are often associated with pain and anxiety for patients. Most hospitals avoid phlebotomy from peripheral IV catheters due to sample hemolysis, sample dilution by fluids in PIVC line or infused medications, PIVC dislodgement or infiltration, and increased rates of phlebitis. Methods A prospective, randomized- controlled study of 160 GI surgery patients was enrolled. Patients were randomized to either control evaluation of PIVC dwell or to receive daily PIVO blood collections in addition to evaluation of PIVC dwell. Results Daily PIVO blood collections did not negatively affect PIVC dwell or replacement rates. Overall 81% of blood collection attempts were successful and the likelihood of success was strongly associated with PIVC condition. Patients reported 0.7/10 pain for PIVO blood collection on a 0–10 pain scale and a 9.1/10 preference for PIVO on a 0 (strongly prefer needle) to 10 (strongly prefer PIVO) preference scale. Results suggest that use of a PIV based blood collection was a reliable and valid approach and was superior to routine phlebotomy in self-reported responses from patients.
Integrating Social Justice into Engineering Education from the Margins: Guidelines for Addressing Sources of Faculty Resistance to Social Justice Education

A more socially just engineering profession will necessitate multiple changes to its pipeline—engineering education. If social justice education is to extend across and within the content of the engineering curriculum, it will need to inform and reform multiple educational components: foundational, design and engineering science—as well as humanities and social science—curricula. This chapter identifies common sources of faculty resistance to integrating social justice education in one of those curricular components: humanities and social science pedagogy and content. To facilitate the integration of social justice education in humanities and social science curricula within engineering education, this chapter proposes guidelines that address those sources of resistance. Although initially designed for humanities and social science curricula, the guidelines proposed here have multiple implications for addressing faculty resistance across the entire engineering curriculum. The chapter concludes with an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the guidelines.
50×50×50: Cardiovascular Health and the Cardiovascular Disease Endgame.

I. The Problem and a Proposal Throughout the 20th century, deaths, disability, disparities, and costs due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) grew in importance in the U.S. and globally. Although many countries have shown marked reductions in resulting death rates at specific ages, these gains have largely been offset by growing numbers of people at the oldest ages, where rates are highest.
Effects of the Frequency Dependence of Phase Response Curves on Network Synchronization

Neuronal phase response curves (PRCs) generally fall into one of two classes. Type I PRCs exhibit exclusively phase advances and lead to decreased propensity for synchronization of excitatory networks, while Type II PRCs show regions of both phase delay and phase advance and better facilitate synchronization of excitatory networks. One little-investigated feature of neuronal PRCs is that they are attenuated as neuronal firing frequency increases. Interestingly, Type II PRCs often experience greater attenuation of their phase delay region compared to their phase advance region, while Type I PRCs typically show uniform attenuation of phase shifts. We simulate large-scale excitatory networks of Morris–Lecar neurons in order to investigate the effects of these phenomena upon network synchrony, and we show that they lead to Type I network synchrony increasing with increased frequency and Type II network synchrony decreasing with increased frequency.
LGBT bullying in school: perspectives on prevention

You are not alone. You didn't do anything wrong. You didn't do anything to deserve being bullied. And there is a whole world waiting for you, filled with possibilities. There are people out there w...
Association of chronic kidney disease and locally-advanced RCC.

e16078Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is classified according to cause, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and proteinuria. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, reduced GFR has been rela...
Clinical Usefulness of Prostate and Tumor Volume Related Parameters following Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer.

Purpose:We evaluated whether the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy is enhanced by any of 6 parameters, including prostate volume, total tumor volume, high grade total...
Real-Time Data Retrieval in Named Data Networking

The Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture names and secures data directly at the network layer, thus enabling in-network data caching, which in turn facilitates large scale data dissemination. Applications fetch the desired data by names, and the data can come from either the original data producers or router caches. This data retrieval design works seamlessly when the applications know the exact names of data, but poses challenges for realtime applications, such as video and audio conferencing, where new participants may not know the exact names of the latest data production when they join. In this paper we present Realtime Data Retrieval (RDR), a simple protocol that enables applications to discover the latest data. Through prototyping and simulation-based study, we show that RDR can effectively retrieve realtime data with minimal additional delays.
New Directions to Improve Preventive Care Discussions for Adolescents and Young Adults.

The passage of the Affordable Care Act reduced financial barriers to preventive care,1 and the development of adolescent vaccines prompts patients to visit their primary care providers more frequently.2 This provides a rich opportunity to improve the delivery of adolescent preventive services. In this month’s Pediatrics , Santelli et al3 report findings from a national survey of adolescents and young adults about discussing potentially sensitive topics with medical providers during primary care visits. Notably, private time with providers, explanation of confidentiality, and risk-factor screening were associated with discussing more topics during these visits. Collectively, these findings provide important direction for efforts to improve the delivery of adolescent preventive care. Advances in primary care management of chronic conditions, preventive care for young children, and quality improvement science over the past 2 decades inform how best to implement these elements of primary care. Changing office systems to promote consistent screening, private time with providers, and confidentiality policies can be done through changing office culture, assigning new roles to office staff, working in teams, and measuring performance. … Address correspondence to Jeanne Van Cleave, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 300, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: jeannemarie.vancleave{at}childrenscolorado.org
Report of the committee on glaciers, 1936–37

The Committee was enlarged during the past year by one more member, Prof. J. E. Church of Reno, Nevada, Chairman of the Committee on Snow, who agreed to serve on it while the Chairman of the Committee on Glaciers in turn accepted membership on the Committee on Snow. Thus the two Committees, whose spheres of work are in some respects intimately related, have been brought into closer touch with each other. Although the Committee on Glaciers has assembled considerable data on different lines of glaciologic research during the past few years, it seems best to confine this report, like the preceding ones, to a record of the variations—advance or recession—of glaciers in the continental United States and Alaska, and to reserve the other data for presentation later, in separate papers. The variations of glaciers here reported are for the 12-month period from the autumn of 1935 to the autumn of 1936.
Simulation of the leaky pipeline: Gender diversity in U.S. K-graduate education

What is the future trend of gender (dis)parity in the U.S. higher education and workforce populations? I take a systems approach to develop a dynamic simulation model of gender diversity in U.S. hi...
Acute levodopa dosing around-the-clock ameliorates REM sleep without atonia in hemiparkinsonian rats

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA), a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), is frequently comorbid with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although rodent models are commonly used for studying PD, the neurobiological and behavioral correlates of RBD remain poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a behavior-based criteria to identify RSWA in the hemiparkinsonian rat model of PD. Video recordings of rats were analyzed, to develop a criteria consisting of behavioral signs that occurred during polysomnographically confirmed epochs of sleep-wake stages. The sleep-slouch, a postural shift of the body or head caused only by gravity, was identified as a unique behavioral sign of REM sleep onset and was altered in hemiparkinsonian rats during RSWA. There was a significant correlation between the behavior-based criteria and polysomnograms for all sleep-wake stages in control but not hemiparkinsonian rats indicating a deterioration of sleep-wake architecture in parkinsonism. We then tested the efficacy of levodopa in ameliorating RSWA using intermittent and around-the-clock (ATC) dosing regimens. ATC levodopa dosing at 4 mg/kg for 48 h caused a significant reduction of RSWA as measured by polysomnography and the behavioral-based criteria along with an amelioration of forelimb motor deficits. Our findings show that the phenomenological correlates of RSWA can be reliably characterized in the hemiparkinsonian rat model. ATC levodopa administration ameliorates RSWA in this model without deleterious consequences to the overall sleep-wake architecture and therapeutic benefits for parkinsonian motor deficits. These findings suggest that further study may allow for the application of a similar approach to treat RBD in PD patients.
Bis(3-methyl-1-propyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) bis­(4,6-disulfanidyl-4,6-disulfanyl­idene-1,2,3,5,4,6-tetra­thia­diphosphinane-κ3S2,S4,S6)nickel

The title salt, (PMIM)2[Ni(P2S8)2] (PMIM = 3-methyl-1-propyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium, C7H13N2+), consists of a nickel–thio­phosphate anion charge-balanced by a pair of crystallographically independent PMIM cations. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The structure exhibits the known [Ni(P2S8)2]2− anion with two unique imidazolium cations in the asymmetric unit. Whereas one PMIM cation is well ordered, the other is disordered over two orientations with refined occupancies of 0.798 (2) and 0.202 (2). The salt was prepared directly from the elements in the ionic liquid [PMIM]CF3SO3. Whereas one of the PMIM cations is well behaved (it does not exhibit disorder even in the propyl side chain), the other is found in two overlapping positions. The refined occupancies for the two orientations are roughly 80:20. Here, too, there appears to be little disorder in the propyl arm.
Soy food intake associates with changes in the metabolome and reduced blood pressure in a gut microbiota dependent manner.

Abstract Background and aims Consumption of soy foods has been associated with protection against cardiometabolic disease, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that habitual soy food consumption associates with gut microbiome composition, metabolite production, and the interaction between diet, microbiota and metabolites. Methods and results We analyzed dietary soy intake, plasma and stool metabolites, and gut microbiome data from two independent cross-sectional samples of healthy US individuals (N = 75 lean or overweight, and N = 29 obese). Habitual soy intake associated with several circulating metabolites. There was a significant interaction between soy intake and gut microbiome composition, as defined by gut enterotype, on metabolites in plasma and stool. Soy consumption associated with reduced systolic blood pressure, but only in a subset of individuals defined by their gut microbiome enterotype, suggesting that responsiveness to soy may be dependent on microbiome composition. Soy intake was associated with differences in specific microbial taxa, including two taxa mapping to genus Dialister and Prevotella which appeared to be suppressed by high soy intake We identified context-dependent effects of these taxa, where presence of Prevotella was associated with higher blood pressure and a worse cardiometabolic profile, but only in the absence of Dialister. Conclusions The gut microbiome is an important intermediate in the interplay between dietary soy intake and systemic metabolism. Consumption of soy foods may shape the microbiome by suppressing specific taxa, and may protect against hypertension only in individuals with soy-responsive microbiota. Clinical trials registry NCT02010359 at clinicaltrials.gov .
Vancomycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads compared with vancomycin powder in adult spinal deformity patients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion

Abstract Introduction Adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery patients are at higher risk for surgical site infections (SSIs) due to large incisions, high blood loss, long surgical duration, and extensive instrumentation. The use of vancomycin powder has demonstrated inconsistent results in ASD surgery. Antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate beads have been used in arthroplasty and foot and ankle surgery with promising results. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data on the use of vancomycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads in the prevention of SSI following ASD surgery and provide comparisons to the use of vancomycin powder. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for 95 consecutive surgical ASD patients at a tertiary care center from January 2017 until March 2020. Patients received either vancomycin powder (powder group) or vancomycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads (bead group) intrawound prior to closure. Patient demographics, operative course, and incidence of postoperative infections were recorded. A two-tailed chi-squared test was performed to compare infection rates. Results Ninety-five patients were included for review. Forty-two patients were in the powder group and 53 patients were in the bead group. The bead group was older (59.8 vs 67.8 years, p Conclusion Preliminary examination of the use of vancomycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads demonstrated a 1.9% surgical site infection rate in adult spinal deformity surgical patients, which was not significantly different compared with the 9.5% infection rate in patients who received vancomycin powder. Prospective study is needed to determine if the differences found are significant in a larger number of patients.
Improving Pediatric Residents’ Screening for Access to Firearms in High-Risk Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department

Abstract Background/Objective Access to a firearm is a significant risk for completed suicide or homicide. We sought to increase the rate of screening for access to firearms in patients who presented to the emergency department with suicidal or homicidal ideation or suicide attempt through the use of quality improvement methodology. Methods Patient records were eligible for inclusion if the child was under the age of 19 and presented to the emergency room of our tertiary medical center with a diagnosis of suicidal ideation, homicidal ideation, or suicide attempt. Records were manually reviewed for demographic information and documentation of screening for access to firearms. A baseline survey of the pediatric residents was completed to identify perceived barriers to screening for access to firearms. Subsequently, three “Plan, Do, Study, Act” (PDSA) cycles consisting of a noon conference, a dedicated grand rounds, and an electronic health record template were completed. Results During the baseline and study period, 501 patients met inclusion criteria. Forty-one of sixty-six (62.1%) residents completed a baseline survey and identified barriers to screening. There was no significant increase in screening following the first or second PDSA cycles. Following the third PDSA cycle, screening rates increased from 4% to 34%. Conclusions Quality improvement methodology can be used to increase the rates of screening for access to firearms in high-risk patients. Further work is necessary to identify additional strategies to further increase screening rates.
Studies on Microbial Quality, Protein Yield, and Antioxidant Properties of Some Frozen Edible Insects

This research investigated the microbial quality and the protein contents of Thai commercial frozen products of silkworm (Bombyx mori), bamboo caterpillar (Omphisa fuscidentalis), and field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus). Total mesophilic aerobic counts were about 8-8.4 log cfu/g, while lactic acid bacteria numbers were up to 5.2 log cfu/g samples. Yeasts and mold as well as Enterobacteriaceae numbers were found to be no more than 6.3 and 6.6 log cfu/g, respectively, while Clostridium spp. enumeration detected 3.2-3.6 cfu per gram frozen insect samples. The protein content in cases of cricket and bamboo caterpillar after the Soxhlet defatting method and the Folch lipid extraction combined with isoelectric point precipitation were similar when compared at pH 3.5 or pH 4.5. In contrast, the protein yield from silkworm was higher at pH 3.5 in the Soxhlet defatted sample, as opposed to the Folch method treated sample where higher protein yield was obtained at pH 4.5. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of field cricket subcritical water (121 or 135°C for 15 or 30 minutes) hydrolysates were also measured on a pilot basis. These tests revealed higher antioxidant activities in treated samples than in the untreated control. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP values were detected in samples treated at 135°C, while the protein content of these samples was lower than that of the untreated control. These results indicate that hydrolytic compounds of proteins and probably other types of cricket materials are possibly involved in the antioxidant activities of the treated defatted cricket samples.
To Provide or Protect? Masculinity, Economic Precarity, and Protective Gun Ownership in the United States

Protection is now the modal motivation for gun ownership, and men continue to outnumber women among gun owners. While research has linked economic precarity (e.g., insecurity and anxiety) to gun ow...
Low Rank Approximation in Simulations of Quantum Algorithms.

Simulating quantum algorithms on classical computers is challenging when the system size, i.e., the number of qubits used in the quantum algorithm, is moderately large. However, some quantum algorithms and the corresponding quantum circuits can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer if the input quantum state is a low-rank tensor and all intermediate states of the quantum algorithm can be represented or approximated by low-rank tensors. In this paper, we examine the possibility of simulating a few quantum algorithms by using low-rank canonical polyadic (CP) decomposition to represent the input and all intermediate states of these algorithms. Two rank reduction algorithms are used to enable efficient simulation. We show that some of the algorithms preserve the low-rank structure of the input state and can thus be efficiently simulated on a classical computer. However, the rank of the intermediate states in other quantum algorithms can increase rapidly, making efficient simulation more difficult. To some extent, such difficulty reflects the advantage or superiority of a quantum computer over a classical computer. As a result, understanding the low-rank structure of a quantum algorithm allows us to identify algorithms that can benefit significantly from quantum computers.
Measurements of the Hg Fill Level in Low-Pressure Hg Discharge Lamps via Macrophotography

Using a simple macro-photographic method and standard image analysis software we determined the dimensions and subsequently the mass of Hg droplets contained in small, cylindrical, rf-excited discharge lamps like those used in Hg-ion atomic clocks. The mass derived from an analysis of these photographs was compared to that determined from a measurement of heat required to melt condensed Hg in the lamp using the technique of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). These two mass determination methods were found to agree within ≈ 25 % in an investigated Hg mass fill range that varied from 0.2 to 17.3 mg.
Dimensional Synthesis of One-Jointed Multi-fingered Hands

Wristed, multi-fingered hands can be designed for specific tasks, leading to an optimized performance and simplicity. In this work we present the design of the simplest family of multi-fingered hands, with one revolute joint at the wrist and a set of fingers attached to the palm with a single revolute joint each. It is shown that hands with two to five fingers can be designed for meaningful tasks, and that two arbitrary positions can be defined at most for these hands, yielding a good tool for pick-and-place, or grasp-and-release, tasks. For each of those possible designs, dimensional synthesis is performed and an algebraic solution is derived. It is proved that two solutions exist for the general case of this family of hands. Coupled actuation for the grasp-and-release task can be easily implemented for these hands, to create an underactuated design able to be driven with a single actuator. Some examples are presented.
SU-E-T-519: Investigation of the CyberKnife MultiPlan Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Using EBT3 Film Absolute Dosimetry for Delivery in a Heterogeneous Thorax Phantom

Purpose To characterize the Cyberknife (CK) robotic system’s dosimetric accuracy of the delivery of MultiPlan’s Monte Carlo dose calculations using EBT3 radiochromic film inserted in a thorax phantom. Methods The CIRS XSight Lung Tracking (XLT) Phantom (model 10823) was used in this study with custom cut EBT3 film inserted in the horizontal (coronal) plane inside the lung tissue equivalent phantom. CK MultiPlan v3.5.3 with Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm (1.5 mm grid size, 2% statistical uncertainty) was used to calculate a clinical plan for a 25-mm lung tumor lesion, as contoured by the physician, and then imported onto the XLT phantom CT. Using the same film batch, the net OD to dose calibration curve was obtained using CK with the 60 mm fixed cone by delivering 0– 800 cGy. The test films (n=3) were irradiated using 325 cGy to the prescription point. Films were scanned 48 hours after irradiation using an Epson v700 scanner (48 bits color scan, extracted red channel only, 96 dpi). Percent absolute dose and relative isodose distribution difference relative to the planned dose were quantified using an in-house QA software program. Multiplan Monte Carlo dose calculation was validated using RCF dosimetry (EBT3) and gamma index criteria of 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm for absolute dose and relative isodose distribution measurement comparisons. Results EBT3 film measurements of the patient plans calculated with Monte Carlo in MultiPlan resulted in an absolute dose passing rate of 99.6±0.4% for the Gamma Index of 3%/3mm, 10% dose threshold, and 95.6±4.4% for 2%/2mm, 10% threshold criteria. The measured central axis absolute dose was within 1.2% (329.0±2.5 cGy) of the Monte Carlo planned dose (325.0±6.5 cGy) for that same point. Conclusion MultiPlan’s Monte Carlo dose calculation was validated using the EBT3 film absolute dosimetry for delivery in a heterogeneous thorax phantom.
Robust coordinated control of satellite formations subject to gravity perturbations

In this paper, we address the coordinated control of leader/follower satellite formations, in presence of gravitational J/sub 2/ perturbation. We derive a robust, decentralized controller which makes use of measurements of the relative position error between the follower satellite and the leader of the formation. The controller is designed using an internal model based approach. Internal models of the reference trajectories and of the gravitational disturbance are employed to generate autonomously the control required to induce a "natural" invariant motion on a specified orbit, which is then rendered semi-globally attractive by means of a dynamic stabilizer. The proposed methodology handles parametric uncertainties, unknown disturbances and uncertainties on the reference trajectory in a simple, unifying fashion. The resulting controller architecture allows the problem of formation planning and formation reconfiguration to be cast as a synchronization problem for controlled linear oscillators.
Catholic Social Thought and Human Rights

As the dominant moral vocabulary of modernity, the language of human rights establishes significant points of contact between the religious and the secular. Yet, the human rights movement increasingly finds itself in a contested relationship with religious ideas and communities. Even as it draws on the inherited moral resources of religion, the human rights movement, at least in its dominant institutional and intellectual expressions, presents itself as a totalizing moral theory that challenges countervailing theological accounts of human rights. This article considers the distinctive account of human rights that has emerged within Catholic social teaching. Particular attention is given to the process by which Catholic thinking about human rights has embraced political liberalism while also bounding liberalism within a particularistic theologically-informed account of the human person.
Degree Angular Scale Interferometer First Results: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Angular Power Spectrum

We present measurements of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from the first season of observations with the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI). The instrument was deployed at the South Pole in the austral summer 1999-2000, and we made observations throughout the following austral winter. We present a measurement of the CMB angular power spectrum in the range 100 < l < 900 in nine bands with fractional uncertainties in the range 10%-20% and dominated by sample variance. In this paper, we review the formalism used in the analysis, in particular the use of constraint matrices to project out contaminants such as ground and point source signals and to test for correlations with diffuse foreground templates. We find no evidence of foregrounds other than point sources in the data, and we find a maximum likelihood temperature spectral index β = -0.1 ± 0.2 (1 σ), consistent with CMB. We detect a first peak in the power spectrum at l ~ 200, in agreement with previous experiments. In addition, we detect a peak in the power spectrum at l ~ 550 and power of similar magnitude at l ~ 800, which are consistent with the second and third harmonic peaks predicted by adiabatic inflationary cosmological models.
Degradation of protocatechuate in Pseudomonas testosteroni by a pathway involving oxidation of the product of meta-fission

In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, formed by meta-fission of protocatechuate, Pseudomonas testosteroni also possesses a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(phosphate)-linked dehydrogenase for this compound and can degrade protocatechuate to pyruvate and oxaloacetate.
The Spreading of Immiscible Fluids in Porous Media under the Influence of Gravity

We use an approach based on invasion percolation in a gradient (IPG) to describe the displacement patterns that develop when a fluid spreads on an impermeable boundary in a porous medium under the influence of gravity (buoyancy) forces in a drainage process. The approach is intended to simulate applications, such as the spreading of a DNAPL in the saturated zone and of a NAPL in the vadose zone on top of an impermeable layer, or the classical problems of gravity underruning and gravity override in reservoir engineering. As gravity acts in a direction transverse to the main displacement direction, a novel form of IPG develops. We study numerically the resulting patterns for a combination of transverse and parallel Bond numbers and interpret the results using the concepts of gradient percolation. A physical interpretation in terms of the capillary number, the viscosity ratio and the gravity Bond number is also provided. In particular, we consider the scaling of the thickness of the spreading gravity ‘tongue’, for the cases of gravity‐dominated and viscous‐unstable displacements, and of the propagating front in the case of stabilized displacement at relatively high rates. It is found that the patterns have percolation (namely fractal‐like) characteristics, which cannot be captured by conventional continuum equations. These characteristics will affect, for example, mass transfer and must be considered in the design of remediation processes.
Membrane potential modulates plasma membrane phospholipid dynamics and K-Ras signaling

Plasma membrane depolarization can trigger cell proliferation, but how membrane potential influences mitogenic signaling is uncertain. Here, we show that plasma membrane depolarization induces nanoscale reorganization of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate but not other anionic phospholipids. K-Ras, which is targeted to the plasma membrane by electrostatic interactions with phosphatidylserine, in turn undergoes enhanced nanoclustering. Depolarization-induced changes in phosphatidylserine and K-Ras plasma membrane organization occur in fibroblasts, excitable neuroblastoma cells, and Drosophila neurons in vivo and robustly amplify K-Ras–dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Conversely, plasma membrane repolarization disrupts K-Ras nanoclustering and inhibits MAPK signaling. By responding to voltage-induced changes in phosphatidylserine spatiotemporal dynamics, K-Ras nanoclusters set up the plasma membrane as a biological field-effect transistor, allowing membrane potential to control the gain in mitogenic signaling circuits.
Serum Proteins of Gnotobiotic Rats

Cellulose-acetate and agar gel immunoelectrophoresis were used to study the serum protein patterns of germfree rats before and after monoassociation with a pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus (phage type 80/81), Streptococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacteroides fragilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Proteus vulgaris. All six bacteria quickly established themselves in the gastrointestinal tract of the germfree rat, and all six increased the animals' total serum proteins. Only S. aureus and P. aeruginosa caused a noticeable rise in gamma globulins. L. acidophilus, S. faecalis, and B. fragilis multiplied readily in the gastrointestinal tract but caused only minimal alterations in the serum proteins. P. vulgaris caused a marked increase in the alpha and beta, but not the gamma globulins.
Dynamic Lane Grouping at Isolated Intersections: Problem Formulation and Performance Analysis

This paper presents some fundamentals of the dynamic lane grouping (DLG) concept, the aim of which is to improve lane utilization under variations in traffic demand. The problem was formulated as a mathematical programming model to determine the optimal lane allocation of an isolated intersection in relation to minimizing the maximum lane flow ratio (defined as the assigned flow divided by the saturation rate). Shared lanes and user equilibrium status for lane use were also considered in the model. Numerical analyses were conducted for four cases with different numbers of lanes, saturation levels, and methods for setting signal timing (adaptive and fixed timing). The results indicated that DLG might provide significant performance improvement in reducing the maximum-flow ratio under the spatial variation in demand. The performance of DLG was also compared with real-time adaptive signal timing by means of the average delay; improvements to the average delay were also observed when the spatial variation was...
Inhibition of lipolysis causes suppression of endogenous glucose production independent of changes in insulin.

We have shown that insulin controls endogenous glucose production (EGP) indirectly, via suppression of adipocyte lipolysis. Free fatty acids (FFA) and EGP are suppressed proportionately, and when t...
The quantification of liver anatomical changes and assessment of occupant liver injury patterns

Liver injuries can be significant in vehicle crashes. In this study, the liver anatomy was quantified in both adult and pediatric populations as a function of gender and age. Five anatomical liver measurements were determined using CT scans of 260 normal livers. These measurements include the area and volume, and the length, width, and girth of the liver (IRB HUM00041441). To characterize geometrical shape, an inscribed sphere and circumscribed ellipsoid were fitted on the measurements. In the pediatric population the liver area and volume continuously increased with age. When normalized by patient weight, volume measurements show a decrease in volume with age, suggesting that the liver occupies a smaller proportion of the body with age. In the adult population, liver measurements varied with gender. The superior and inferior locations of the liver were also recorded with respect to the spine. The lower portion was at the L3 in small children and at L2 as children approached puberty. It stayed in that area through the 60+ group, offering more ribcage protection. Liver injury patterns were also assessed in crash occupants. Seventy-two occupants with moderate to severe (AIS 2+) liver injuries were investigated. A new methodology was presented and consisted of quantifying blood volumes. The results were compared to overall liver volume and injury scales. No clear distinction on the injury pattern was observed by age group. Liver injuries were more commonly associated with AIS 2+ thoracic injuries in adults than in children. Most injuries occurred in the right lobe.
Women, Work, and Family

How do macrolevel social changes affect individual well-being and distress? Specifically, how do lags—situations in which one change lags behind another—affect individuals? Women’s labor force participation is changing much faster than the household division of labor. This means that many women are employed, yet solely responsible for the housework. The labor force participation of mothers of young children is changing much faster than the availability of child care. This means many employed mothers have difficulty arranging child care. These lags, and others, may be experienced by individuals as stressful.
Supporting application quality of service in shared resource pools

any enterprises are beginning to exploit large shared resource pools indata center environments to lower theirinfrastructure and management costs.These environments may have tens, hundreds, or even thousands of serverresources. Capacity management for resource pools decides how manyresources are needed to support a given set of application workloads, whichapplications must be assigned to each resource, and per-application schedul-ing parameters to ensure appropriate sharing and isolation for the applica-tions. Capacity management is a challenging task for shared environmentsthat currently requires significant manual effort and tends to overprovisionresources. Here, we describe our approach to automate the steps of a capacityself-management system that best matches resource supply with demand.
Non-1/mbn power suppressed contributions to inclusive B → Xsl+l− decays

Abstract We compute non-perturbative contributions to B → X s l + l − that are not explicitly suppressed by powers of the b -quark mass. They are proportional to 〈B| h σ · Gh|B〉 and arise from an interference between the free-quark amplitude and high order terms in the matrix element of the four-quark operator s − α γ μ (1 − γ 5 ) c α c − β γ μ (1 − γ 5 ) b β . This correction is found to be small over most of the dalitz plot except near the charm threshold. Unfortunately, the perturbative computation we have performed is invalid near charm threshold and we do not except to see the structure found at lowest order reproduced in the data. We conclude that these non-perturbative contributions do not significantly modify the previous analysis of B → X s l + l − .
Intelligent Vehicle Highway System: Advanced Public Transportation Systems

A major program of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 [1] is the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS). This program seeks technological methods to increase the capacity of the existing transportation infrastructure. Although private automobiles are the major focus of the IVHS program, it also seeks improvements in the public transportation system. This paper addresses the public transportation component, known as the Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS). A future vision of an Advanced Public Transportation System is presented, providing a unifying framework for the proposed enhancements to user services. A ''bus hub'' structure is presented that increases the quality and attractiveness of the system for users, operators, and traffic managers. Also, the importance of APTS to the goals of the IVHS program are discussed.
Randomized comparison of G-CSF + GM-CSF vs G-CSF alone for mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells: effects on hematopoietic recovery after high-dose chemotherapy

Fifty patients with either lymphoid or selected solid tumor malignancies were apheresed an identical number of times for PBSC collection after being randomized to receive either G-CSF 10 μ g/kg/day alone (arm I), or G-CSF at the same dose with GM-CSF 5 μ g/kg/day (arm II). Growth factor(s) was/were given as the stem cell mobilizing agent for 5 days before the start of PBSC collection, and were continued throughout the 4 days of apheresis. Aspiration and cryopreservation of autologous bone marrow occurred on day 3 or 4 of growth factor(s). Thirty-one of 50 patients received one cycle only at time of evaluation, and 19 patients received two cycles of HDCT, each supported with PBSC with or without autologous bone marrow. No patients received growth factors post-autologous stem cell transplant, unless the absolute neutrophils count (ANC) failed to recover to ⩾100/μ l by day +18 post-transplant. The median number of days to recovery of ANC to 100/μ l, 500/μ l and 1000/μ l, and of platelet counts to 20 000/μ l, 50 000/μ l and 100 000/μ l after either cycle 1 or cycle 2 of HDCT and the number of febrile days and platelet and PRBC transfusion requirements was not significantly different between the two arms of the study. The duration of hospitalization was similar between study arms for cycle 1 of HDCT, but was 3.5 days less with arm II compared to arm I (P = 0.0248) for cycle 2 of HDCT. The bone marrow buffy coat and PBSC product mononuclear cell count (× 108/kg) and CD34+ cell count (× 106/kg) collected by each method of stem cell mobilization was not significantly different. There is questionable clinical benefit with PBSC products mobilized with the combination of G-CSF and GM-CSF vs G-CSF alone. Perhaps different dosages, schedules, or other growth factor combinations with G-CSF might enhance these differences.
The susceptibility of the eye gnat Hippelates collusor to entomogenous bacteria and fungi.

Abstract A number of entomogenous bacteria and fungi were tested for their pathogenicity to the eye gnat Hippelates collusor. None of the bacteria at the concentrations used caused high mortality when tried against larvae. Those that were relatively more pathogenic, producing mortalities in the range of 40 to 60%, included Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti, B. thuringiensis var. entomocidus, B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, a Bacterium sp. originally isolated from the house fly, and several pigmented strains of Serratia marcescens. The only fungus that possessed pathogenicity against the eye gnat was Beauveria bassiana. It caused up to 100% mortality in both adults and larvae and, therefore, appeared to the much more effective than the best of the bacteria that were tested.