cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guard Cells Possess a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates the KAT1 Potassium Channel

Increasing evidence suggests that changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and phosphorylation play important roles in the regulation of stomatal aperture and as ion transporters of guard cells. However, protein kinases responsible for Ca2+ signaling in guard cells remain to be identified. Using biochemical approaches, we have identified a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase with a calmodulin-like domain (CDPK) in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba. Both autophosphorylation and catalytic activity of CDPK are Ca2+ dependent. CDPK exhibits a Ca(2+)-induced electrophoretic mobility shift and its Ca(2+)-dependent catalytic activity can be inhibited by the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide. Antibodies to soybean CDPK alpha cross-react with CDPK. Micromolar Ca2+ concentrations stimulate phosphorylation of several proteins from guard cells; cyclosporin A, a specific inhibitor of the Ca(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin enhances the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation of several soluble proteins. CDPK from guard cells phosphorylates the K+ channel KAT1 protein in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. These results suggest that CDPK may be an important component of Ca2+ signaling in guard cells.
A Comprehensive Test of the Health Belief Model in the Prediction of Condom Use among African American College Students

This study tested an expanded version of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in the prediction of condom use during vaginal intercourse among African American college students. Results from regression analyses indicated that only the core HBM explained a significant amount of variance in condom use. Perceived barriers and gender were the only significant predictors of condom use. Perceived barriers were found to mediate the correlation between gender and condom use. Specifically, controlling for perceived barriers, the tendency for men to use condoms increased. Consistent with past research findings, high levels of HIV/AIDS risk knowledge was not significantly correlated with condom use. The findings suggest a need to consider additional (e.g., sociocultural) factors associated with African American sexual decision making and condom use to develop applicable conceptual models and HIV/AIDS prevention approaches.
Plastic distributed feedback laser biosensor

A wide variety of optical resonator structures have been used for label-free detection of chemical compounds, biomolecules, and cells, and several approaches have been developed commercially for application in life science research, environmental monitoring, quality control testing, and diagnostic testing. Label-free resonant optical sensors generally detect shifts in resonant wavelength or coupling angle caused by the interaction between the target molecule and the evanescent portion of resonant modes. Active resonator sensors, such as the distributed feedback laser (DFB) biosensor demonstrated in this work, have been drawing special interest because they generate their own narrow linewidth stimulated emission, while retaining simple light coupling instrumentation. Altering the refractive index (RI) of the media exposed to the DFB laser surface or surface adsorption of biomolecules changes the effective RI associated with the resonant mode, and results in modulation of the stimulated emission wavelength. The DFB laser sensor biosensor was fabricated with organic material on a flexible plastic substrate using a large surface-area nanoreplica molding process.
Data fusion using the expected output membership function

Fuzzy set methods can be used for data fusion of uncertain sensor data. The expected output membership function (EOMF) method computes a fusability measure based on the sensor uncertainty. The EOMF is the expected fuzzy output based on the input data and the system parameters. The most likely position of the EOMF occurs when the weighted average of the intersections of the fuzzified sensor inputs with the proposed EOMF is maximum. An example from a robotics system which combines the output of ten sensors shows the effectiveness of the EOMF method in comparison with other sensor fusion methods.
An Unusual Case of Hemoperitoneum: Uterine Rupture at 9 Weeks Gestational Age

woman with a history of three previous cesarean ections and one elective abortion presented to the Emerency Department (ED) at 9 weeks’ gestation complainng of 3 days of worsening abdominal pain, bloating, omiting, and diarrhea. She denied trauma, fever, vagial bleeding, discharge or dysuria. On presentation, she appeared pale and uncomfortble. The vital signs were: temperature 37°C (98.9°F), lood pressure 104/55 mm Hg, and heart rate 83 beats/ in. The oxygen saturation was 100%. On physical xamination, the abdomen was diffusely tender and sugested peritonitis. The pelvic examination demonstrated terine tenderness. A transvaginal ultrasound was perormed by the ED attending. This demonstrated an inrauterine pregnancy (IUP) at 9 weeks gestational age ith cardiac activity. Blood was noted in the cul-de-sac. he hemoglobin was 8.7 g/dL, hematocrit was 26.9%, nd the serum chemistries were normal. An ultrasound performed by radiology demonstrated n IUP with cardiac activity implanted in the lower terine segment adherent to a fluid-filled sac in the uterus Figure 1). Hemoperitoneum was noted. Obstetrics was
Familiar Phrases as Peripheral Persuasion Cues

Abstract Three experiments compare the effects of familiar phrases (e.g., “don't put all your eggs in one basket”) to literal phrases conveying the same meaning (i.e., “don't risk everything on a single venture”) on attitude formation. It is argued that the meaning and value of familiar phrases are quickly and easily understood. It is further argued that such phrases tend to be most frequently used in limited-thinking situations and should be effective as peripheral persuasion cues when utilized in the context of a commercial message. All three experiments support this expectation of peripheral-cue effectiveness. Familiar, relative to literal, phrases resulted in more favorable attitudes under low (but not high) involvement conditions (Experiment 1), under conditions of message distraction (Experiment 2), and for persons with a low (but not high) need for cognition (Experiment 3). The results of all three experiments are discussed as being consistent with the predictions of the elaboration likelihood model.
Process evaluation results from the HEALTHY nutrition intervention to modify the total school food environment

The process evaluation of HEALTHY, a large multi-center trial to decrease type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle school children, monitored the implementation of the intervention to ascertain the extent that components were delivered and received as intended. The purpose of this article is to report the process evaluation findings concerning the extent to which the HEALTHY nutrition intervention was implemented during the HEALTHY trial. Overall, the observed fidelity of implementing nutrition strategies improved from baseline to the end of the study. By the last semester, all but two nutrition process evaluation goals were met. The most challenging goal to implement was serving high fiber foods, including grain-based foods and legumes. The easiest goals to implement were lowering the fat content of foods offered and offering healthier beverages. The most challenging barriers experienced by research dietitians and food service staff were costs, availability of foods and student acceptance. Forming strong relationships between the research dietitians and food service staff was identified as a key strategy to meet HEALTHY nutrition goals.
Seed dispersal by spider monkeys and its importance in the maintenance of neotropical rain-forest diversity

Seed dispersal by frugivores is thought to play an important role in the maintenance of tropical forest diversity. Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) are amongst the most frugivorous primates known, and they incorporate a diverse array of fruit species in their diets. In a 1-y study in lowland Ecuador, 670 h of focal observations and data on 916 faecal depositions were collected, and these data are used to describe the seed dispersal patterns of one group of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in terms of both the quantity of seeds dispersed and the primary seed shadows generated. Spider monkeys fed on the fruits of at least 152 plant species and swallowed seeds from more than 98% of these. Collected faecal samples contained seeds from at least 133 different plant species, with an average of 1.9 species (range: 0–7) per defecation. Individual spider monkeys dispersed a minimum of ∼195 000 seeds >1 mm in diameter per year, ∼35 000 of which were >3 mm in diameter. Mean retention time for seeds was 4.5 h. Seed dispersal distances averaged 443 m, but some seeds were moved >1250 m away from parental sources. These results suggest that declines in populations of spider monkeys might have a direct effect on forest dynamics, especially if other disperser species cannot compensate for their lost ecological services.
Account clustering in multi-tenant storage management environments

Multi-tenant storage management environments typically manage multiple enterprise accounts with heterogeneous storage footprints. Identifying and grouping accounts with similar storage footprints into clusters reduces account management overhead, and provides a framework for data-driven storage recommendation services. This paper describes a method for the clustering of accounts in multi-tenant storage management environments. Storage system vendors, models, and footprints are captured as a set of properties, and a pairwise distance function is employed to grade similarity between accounts along multiple dimensions. A graph representation is created based on account similarity values. Finally, the clustering algorithm is defined as a graph algorithm with the purpose of repeatedly finding maximum cliques, and removing them from the graph. The result of the graph algorithm is a set of clusters, each grouping together accounts with very similar storage footprints. Clusters are then rated along multiple metrics, are compared to their peers along multiple performance dimensions, and receive recommendations on how to further improve storage efficiency.
Interactions of Highly Charged Ions with C60 and Surfaces

Slow collisions between highly charged ions and many-electron targets, such as large atoms, molecules, clusters, or surfaces, usually lead to the transfer of several electrons from the complex target to the projectile. The efficient capture of target electrons is related to the relatively long (on an atomic time scale) interaction time of typically several femtoseconds and the strong Coulomb force of the highly charged projectile that acts like a vacuum cleaner for loosely bound target electrons while offering a large number of excited projectile states into which electrons can be captured. This chapter will cover part of the interesting physics involved in collisions with two particular types of complex targets: gaseous C60 (as a representative for easily mass-selected carbon-cage molecules called “fullerenes”) and solid surfaces. The theoretical description of these collisions is presented as simply as possible, with a strong emphasis on the modeling of basic electronic interaction mechanisms. For C60 targets, a variety of observables recently have been measured in laboratories around the world against which existing models can be scrutinized. While for C60 targets modern coincidence experiments allow for the selection of distant projectile trajectories that do not result in the destruction of the target’s carbon cage, even in the most grazing collisions between highly charged ions and surfaces, close encounters cannot be avoided. This complicates the study of collisions with surfaces to the extent that the interaction mechanisms which dominate while the ion is close to (and possibly inside) a surface are not yet understood in full detail. These mechanisms are a matter of intense ongoing research to which the reader will be introduced in this chapter.
Zinc stimulates the activity of the insulin- and nutrient-regulated protein kinase mTOR

Recent studies indicate that zinc activates p70 S6 kinase (p70S6k) by a mechanism involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and Akt (protein kinase B). Here it is shown that phenanthrol...
Agreements That Restrict an Attorney's Practice

May an attorney enter into an agreement settling a client's matter if that agreement in some way restricts the attorney's right to practice? For example, as part of a settlement of a client's legal claim, could an attorney agree to not represent other clients against the same defendant? Could an attorney agree to not use information gained in the representation? Could an attorney agree not to solicit clients who might have a claim against the defendant? Could an attorney agree to represent or serve as a consultant to the defendant in the future?
Persistent Human Chorionic Gonadotropin After Methotrexate Treatment and an Emergency Surgical Procedure for Ectopic Pregnancy

The case study is a 33-year-old white female with persistently elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels following methotrexate treatment and emergency surgery for ectopic pregnancy. At the time of the first methotrexate dose, the serum hCG concentration was 27,995 IU/L. The laboratory was consulted 3.5 months after the surgery, because serum hCG levels had stopped declining and had leveled off to around 80 to 90 IU/L but with negative urine pregnancy tests. Laboratory studies ruled out heterophile antibody interference and hook effect by multiple methods including analysis by different serum hCG assays, treatment with heterophile antibody blocking agents, and dilution studies. Three additional doses of methotrexate over six months were required for serum hCG concentrations to decline to undetectable levels. This case illustrates challenges that may arise with serum hCG measurements in management of ectopic pregnancies. Close collaboration between the laboratory and clinical service is key for optimal patient care. * hCG : human chorionic gonadotropin MTX : methotrexate
Chloridobis[diphenyl­glyoximato(1–)-κ2N,N′](1H-imidazole-κN3)cobalt(III) hemihydrate

The Co centre in the title compound, [Co(C14H11N2O2)2Cl(C3H4N2)]·0.5H2O, shows a slightly distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry. The glyoximate units of the mol­ecule are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the H atom almost in the middle of the two O atoms. The crystal packing is stabilized through inter­molecular N—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The uncoordinated water mol­ecule shows half-occupation.
Msx1 (Hox-7.1) in the adult mouse uterus : cellular interactions underlying regulation of expression

We report here that Msx1 (formerly Hox-7.1) is expressed at high levels in uterine epithelial cells of the non-pregnant adult. These cells undergo pronounced changes in morphology in response to embryo implantation and show a concomitant decrease in Msx1 levels. While Msx1 is restricted to the uterus in adulthood, we observe Msx1 expression throughout the entire perinatal Mullerian duct epithelium in the prospective uterus, cervix and vagina. Through analysis of tissue recombinants, the expression of Msx1 in the epithelium was shown to be dependent upon an interaction with the underlying mesenchyme of uterine origin. The capacity of uterine mesenchyme to support or induce Msx1 expression in Mullerian epithelium is correlated with mesenchymal expression of Wnt-5a. Whereas Msx1 expression in the epithelium results from interaction with uterine mesenchyme, Wnt-5a expression is an intrinsic property of the uterine mesenchyme and does not depend upon the epithelium. The observation that Msx1 is expressed in the adult uterine epithelium and that conversion of the presumptive vaginal epithelium to uterine epithelium can be elicited only during the first week of postnatal development when Msx1 expression is detected suggests that, in addition to regulating various aspects of uterine epithelial morphology and function (e.g. gestation), this homeobox-containing gene plays a role in maintaining the uterus in a morphogenic and developmentally responsive state prerequisite for its unique function.
Effect of 5-Bromouracil on Utilization of Thymidine by Streptococcus faecalis.

Summary1. Whereas 5-bromouracil competitively inhibited the growth of S. faecalis in a medium supplemented with thymine, an incomplete, and non-competitive inhibition was observed in the presence of thymidine. 2. 5-Bromouracil prevented the disappearance of desoxyribose when resting S. faecalis cells are incubated with thymidine, and this is interpreted as signifying the formation of the desoxyriboside of 5-bromouracil. 3. Possible pathways of thymidine metabolism in S. faecalis are discussed.
FRETTING OF SINGLE CRYSTAL/POLYCRYSTALLINE NICKEL CONTACTS AT ELEVATED FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE

Fretting is a structural damage mechanism arising between two nominally clamped surfaces subjected to an oscillatory loading. A critical location for fretting-induced damage has been identied at the blade/disk interfaces of gas turbine engine turbomachinery components. The elevated temperature, high-frequency loading environment experienced by these components lead to severe stress gradients at the edge-of-contact that could potentially foster crack growth leading to component failure. These stresses drive crack nucleation in fretting and are very sensitive to the contacting bodies’ geometry, loads, materials, temperature, and surface tribology (friction). To push the envelope of engine performance, the trend of turbine engines is moving toward higher operational temperatures and lighter weight designs resulting in more taxing load requirements for engine structural components. Realization of these goals has required the use of advanced materials amenable to these design evolutions. To diagnose the threat such loading demands incur on these advanced materials, a well-characterized fretting experimental rig and associated analysis tools capable of simulating engine-type hardware are required. Any developed fretting modeling tool requires a rm understanding and characterization of the underlying mechanics that drive damage accumulation. In response to this need, a well-characterized experimental fretting rig to investigate fretting behavior of advanced aerospace alloys at high frequency and high temperature has been constructed. This experimental eort is aimed at simulating the temperature, loading conditions and advanced material contacts typical to the engine hardware in today’s gas turbine engines. Motivated by a survey of recent fretting issues, a detailed description of the high-frequency, high-temperature fretting rig design is then presented. This is followed by progress in the development of a numerical (nite element) submodeling technique for capturing fretting stresses.
Susceptibility to Convulsions in Relation to Age. II. Influence of Bile in Rats

SummaryThe intraperitoneal injection of bile results in the production of convulsive seizures in rats up to 10 days of age and not thereafter. The intracerebral injection of bile produces convulsions in adult rats. The hypothesis is developed that young animals are more susceptible to convulsive seizures because of an inherent cerebral dysrhythmia and a deficient hematoencephalic barrier.
Structural anatomy of telomere OB proteins

Telomere DNA-binding proteins protect the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotes. A subset of these proteins are constructed with one or more OB folds and bind with G+T-rich single-stranded DNA found at the extreme termini. The resulting DNA-OB protein complex interacts with other telomere components to coordinate critical telomere functions of DNA protection and DNA synthesis. While the first crystal and NMR structures readily explained protection of telomere ends, the picture of how single-stranded DNA becomes available to serve as primer and template for synthesis of new telomere DNA is only recently coming into focus. New structures of telomere OB fold proteins alongside insights from genetic and biochemical experiments have made significant contributions towards understanding how protein-binding OB proteins collaborate with DNA-binding OB proteins to recruit telomerase and DNA polymerase for telomere homeostasis. This review surveys telomere OB protein structures alongside highly comparable structures der...
Antihypertensive prescription patterns of nonspecialist general practitioners in Lagos, Nigeria

Context: Concerns have been expressed about the antihypertensive prescription patterns of nonspecialist physicians who care for the majority of patients with hypertension in developing countries. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the antihypertensive prescription pattern of nonspecialist general medical practitioners in Lagos, Nigeria. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional survey carried out among nonspecialist general medical practitioners within Lagos State, Nigeria. Subjects and Methods: A total of 132 doctors completed questionnaires about their demographics, duration and location of practice, and antihypertensive prescription patterns. Statistical Analysis Used: Continuous variables are presented as means or medians while categorical variables are presented as percentages. Comparison between means was done using the Student's t-test, while comparison between percentages was carried out using Chi-square test. Results: Majority (61.2%) considered thiazide diuretics their first choice antihypertensive. The most frequently prescribed antihypertensives were calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (88.6%), thiazide diuretics (85.6%), and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (84.8%). These were also the most frequently combined with the CCB-thiazide diuretic combination being the most frequently prescribed (81.1%) followed by the ACEIs - thiazide diuretic combination (65.9%). The most frequently considered factors when prescribing antihypertensive medications were side effects of the medications (92.4%), additional benefits beyond blood pressure (BP) lowering (90.9%), patients' BP at the time of presentation (89.4%), dosage frequency of the drug (87.9%), and available scientific evidence for efficacy in lowering BP (87.1%). Conclusions: The antihypertensive prescription pattern of nonspecialist physicians practicing in Lagos aligns with current hypertension treatment guidelines.
Role of Doppler Sonography in Early Detection of Splenic Steal Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES To retrospectively investigate the role of Doppler sonography in the early detection of splenic steal syndrome. METHODS Fifty cases of splenic steal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation were identified. A control group was matched to the splenic steal syndrome group. Information was collected about the clinical presentation, liver enzyme levels, Doppler sonographic results, and follow-up after patients underwent splenic artery embolization. RESULTS A persistent hepatic arterial diastolic reversal waveform was observed in 25 patients with splenic steal syndrome versus 0 control patients. The mean hepatic arterial resistive index (RI) values ± SD were 0.95 ± 0.09 in patients with splenic steal syndrome and 0.80 ± 0.10 in control patients (P < .0001). One week after orthotopic liver transplantation, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the RI was 0.884 (95% confidence interval, 0.793-0.975; P = .001) for splenic steal syndrome diagnosis. After splenic artery embolization, there was normalization of the reversal waveform, with an average RI of 0.77 ± 0.11 (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic changes in the hepatic arterial waveform and RI are keys to detecting splenic steal syndrome with Doppler sonography.
Apolipoprotein E in nerve injury and repair.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines several studies, which have led to the identification of the 37 kD protein as apolipoprotein E and to the assertion that this protein is an essential component of the environment of the distal nerve sheath and that it may contribute significantly to nerve fiber repair. Several studies have shown that large amounts of a 37 kD protein, identified as apolipoprotein E, are secreted as an initial response to an injury of either the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or the central nervous system (CNS) nerve fibers. While this protein fails to accumulate appreciably in the CNS, it comprises a significant part of the extracellular pool of a peripheral nerve. Preliminary experiments suggest that this protein may play an important role in both the degeneration of nerve fibers and in their regeneration. During degeneration, it may aid in the clearing of lipid rich myelin and axonal debris generated after injury and in the intracellular storage of the lipid. Then, during regeneration, it may facilitate the reutilization of the degraded lipid for use by both Schwann cells and axons in membrane assembly.
Sporadic and Recurrent Luteal Phase Defects in Cyclic Women: Comparison with Normal Cycles

Luteal phase defects occurred sporadically in one and repeatedly in three cyclic women. Daily blood levels of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total estrogen, and progestin (P) were measured in these cycles with luteal insufficiency. Although the short cycle which occurred sporadically had a luteal phase of 6days' duration, results of the daily hormonal evaluation of this cycle were within the normal range with the exception of an inappropriate FSH:LH ratio and a P level 2 SD below normal on the 6th postovulatory day. Previous and subsequent study cycles of this subject were completely normal. The three cycles with recurrent luteal phase defects demonstrated the following general deviations from normal values: (1) elevated PRL concentrations, more specifically during the periovulatory phase; (2) absence of a midcycle FSH surge; (3) inappropriate FSH:LH ratios; and (4) subnormal P levels in amount and/or duration during the luteal phase. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
Arab Soccer in a Jewish State: “These points are Arab”: nationalist rhetoric in the sports press

Previous chapters have emphasized the integrative aspects of soccer and the historical role it played in inhibiting national protest among the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel. Soccer's conservative role has been challenged by the new Arabic press that has been developed in Israel since the mid 1980s. Analyzing Arab soccer in Israel as a “contested terrain” is meaningful mainly because of the vocal and concrete opposition of Arab sports journalists to the hegemonic meanings produced both in the stadiums and in the Hebrew media. This active and extensive nationalist tone in the Arabic press is relatively new. The effect of the 1948 war on the Arab-Palestinian media was similar to its implications for the Palestinian independent sports infrastructure. Namely, the media elite – most of the publishers, editors, and journalists – were exiled and Palestinian newspapers ceased to exist (Caspi and Kabaha 2001). Under Israeli rule, these newspapers were replaced by official mouthpieces of the Histadrut and the Zionist parties. The only newspaper that survived the war was al-Ittiḥad , the mouthpiece of the Communist Party, which had expressed an oppositional line but was subjected to strict censorship. Since the mid 1980s however, the Arabic press in Israel has experienced relative prosperity in the number and diversity of newspapers and has undergone a significant shift in political tone. This shift is described by Caspi and Kabaha (2001) as a “transformation from a [status quo oriented] mobilized press, to a nationally conscious press, self mobilized for the struggle of the Palestinian minority in Israeli society.”
Torah and Testament: Teaching and Learning Scripture in Dialogue and in Hermeneutics

In this chapter, the author offers his perception on innovative undergraduate classroom pedagogy, which embraces midrashic dialogue and theological hermeneutics. He discusses dialogue, the Rabbinic Torah, testimony of Jesus, pedagogical musings on teaching methodology, Pshat and Midrash, and Midrash hermeneutics. The author's goal is to integrate teaching and learning, rooted in the way of Midrash, and the reward is in the participatory doing In introducing a teaching unit on God and natural evil in the classroom, before text and theology, there is confrontation and impact: not thought and theology but a visceral experience of the void le by natures wrath. He continues to make sense of the Christ of faith in the context of post-Shoah Jewish-Christian dialogue, and informed by an admonition attributed to the Jewish Jesus, tThe scribes and Pharisees sit on Moses' seat; therefore, do whatever they teach you and follow it. Keywords: dialogue; hermeneutics; Jesus Christ; Jewish-Christian dialogue; learning scripture; midrash; Rabbinic Torah; Second Testament
The Effects of Tryptophan Depletion in Depression

Hypotheses suggesting decreased serotonin function in patients with depression can be evaluated by using an amino acid drink to rapidly deplete levels of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan. Data from this experimental paradigm support an important role for serotonin in the mechanism of action of many antidepressant medications. In addition, there is preliminary data suggesting that this method may prove useful in predicting antidepressant drug response.
Household sanitation facilities and women's risk of non-partner sexual violence in India.

Globally, one in ten individuals practice open defecation. Despite media speculation that it increases women’s risk of sexual violence, little empirical evidence supports the claims. We investigate the relationship between household sanitation facilities and women’s risk of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) in India, where nearly half of the population lives without a pit or toilet. We use the most recent NPSV data, from the National Family Health Survey-III, to estimate logistic regression models of the effects of household sanitation facilities (toilet, pit, or none) on NPSV in the last year among women who have resided in their current home for one year or more. These effects are estimated net of other socioeconomic factors, compared to effects of household sanitation facilities on child diarrhea, and, as a falsification test, compared to effects of household sanitation facilities on intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) in the last year. Net of their socioeconomic status, women who use open defecation are twice as likely to face NPSV as women with a household toilet. This is twice the association between open defecation and child diarrhea. The results of our falsification test indicate that open defecation is not correlated with IPSV, thus disconfirming a simultaneous selection of women into open defecation and sexual violence. Our findings provide empirical evidence that lacking household sanitation is associated with higher risk of NPSV.
Behavioral evidence of emotion dysregulation in binge eaters

Binge eating is the most common disordered eating symptom and can lead to the development of obesity. Previous self-report research has supported the hypothesis that individuals who binge eat report greater levels of general emotion dysregulation, which may facilitate binge-eating behavior. However, to date, no study has experimentally tested the relation between binge eating history and in-vivo emotion dysregulation. To do this, a sample of female college students who either endorsed binge eating (n = 40) or denied the presence of any eating pathology (n = 47) completed the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and a behavioral distress tolerance task (the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task-Computer: PASAT-C) known to induce negative affect and distress. The binge eating group was 2.96 times more likely to quit the PASAT-C early (χ2 = 5.04, p = 0.025) and reported greater irritability (F(1,84) = 7.09 p = 0.009) and frustration (F(1,84) = 5.00, p = 0.028) after completing the PASAT-C than controls, controlling for initial levels of these emotions. Furthermore, across the entire sample, quitting early was associated with greater emotion dysregulation on the DERS (rpb = 0.342, p < 0.01). This study is the first to demonstrate that individuals who binge eat show in-vivo emotional dysregulation on a laboratory task. Future studies should examine the PASAT-C to determine its potential clinical utility for individuals with or at risk of developing binge eating.
Landscape Patterns of Burn Severity in the Soberanes Fire of 2016

The Soberanes Fire started on July 22, 2016 in Monterey County on the California Central Coast from an illegal campfire. This disastrous fire burned for 10 weeks at a record cost of more than $208 million for protection and control. A progressive analysis of the normalized burn ratio from the Landsat satellite showed that the final high burn severity (HBS) area for the Soberanes Fire comprised 22% of the total area burned, whereas final moderate burn severity (MBS) area comprised about 10% of the total area burned of approximately 53,470 ha (132,130 acres). The resulting landscape pattern of burn severity classes from the 2016 Soberanes Fire revealed that the majority of HBS area was located in the elevation zone between 500 and 1000 m, in the slope zone between 15% and 30%, or on south-facing aspects. The total edge length of HBS areas nearly doubled over the course of the event, indicating a gradually increasing landscape complexity pattern for this fire. The perimeter-to-area ratio for HBS patches decreased by just 3% over the course of the fire, while the HBS clumpiness metric remained nearly constant at a relatively high aggregation value. Weather conditions during the Soberanes Fires showed maximum daily temperatures exceeding 30°C on seven different days (including the date of ignition), which puts the HBS to total area burned of this 2016 event near the expected percentage for large wildfires on the California central coast since the 1980s.
Bombs and Missiles: Reinforcers for the Few

The current arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union is examined from an applied behavioral perspective. After identifying those behaviors that define the "arms race" two variables are examined that are plausibly related to changes i n those behaviors, m oney and the so-called threat from the Soviet Union. An examination of a variety of published sources suggests that (a) weapons producers receive more reinforcers for the manufacture of arms than for civilian goods; (b) the United States government is the principal source of these reinforcers; and (c) the "threat" posed by the Soviet Union ratio nalizes this alloca tion of reinforcers, a lthough the evidence indicates that other variables (e.g., competition between the military services , political-economic co ntrol by United States based corporations of other countries, etc.) are functionally related to such allocations. P ublished data reveal the im mediate and probable long- term aversive effects on the majority of the world's population. Finally, countercontrolling measures are discussed, with special attention to conditions that potentially weaken countercontrolling e fforts.
Computer-controlled Raman microspectroscopy (CC-Raman): A method for the rapid characterization of individual atmospheric aerosol particles

ABSTRACTThe ability of an atmospheric aerosol particle to impact climate by acting as a cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) or an ice nucleus (IN), as well as scatter and absorb solar radiation is determined by its physicochemical properties at the single particle level, specifically size, morphology, and chemical composition. The identification of the secondary species present in individual aerosol particles is important as aging, which leads to the formation of these species, can modify the climate relevant behavior of particles. Raman microspectroscopy has a great deal of promise for identifying secondary species and their mixing with primary components, as it can provide detailed information on functional groups present, morphology, and internal structure. However, as with many other detailed spectroscopic techniques, manual analysis by Raman microspectroscopy can be slow, limiting single particle statistics and the number of samples that can be analyzed. Herein, the application of computer-controlled Ra...
Adaptive Pole Assignment Control of Blood Pressures using Bilinear Models

Abstract Control of arterial blood pressures has been successfully achieved using adaptive control based upon linear models. This paper presents an adaptive PID control algorithm based upon the use of a bilinear model. A closed loop pole assignment method is used together with a least squares parameter estimation algorithm. Results of computer simulations of a single-input, single-output control system are given.
Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi

Meiosis is a specialized form of nuclear division which ordinarily results in a reduction of chromosome number from the diploid to the haploid value. August Weissman (1887) pointed out that regular biparental inheritance in which each parent makes an equal contribution to heredity “depends upon the removal of half of the germ-plasma (nuclear substance)... in both male germ cells as well as in female ones...” prior to fertilization. Cytological, genetic, and biochemical approaches have been taken in a variety of systems to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the process so central to sexually reproducing eukaryotes.
Expression profiling of disease progression in canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) causes progressive disability in 1 of every 5,000 boys due to the lack of functional dystrophin protein. Despite much advancement in knowledge about DMD disease presentation and progression—attributable in part to studies using mouse and canine models of the disease–current DMD treatments are not equally effective in all patients. There remains, therefore, a need for translational animal models in which novel treatment targets can be identified and evaluated. Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is a phenotypically and genetically homologous animal model of DMD. As with DMD, speed of disease progression in GRMD varies substantially. However, unlike DMD, all GRMD dogs possess the same causal mutation; therefore genetic modifiers of phenotypic variation are relatively easier to identify. Furthermore, the GRMD dogs used in this study reside within the same colony, reducing the confounding effects of environment on phenotypic variation. To detect modifiers of disease progression, we developed gene expression profiles using RNA sequencing for 9 dogs: 6 GRMD dogs (3 with faster-progressing and 3 with slower-progressing disease, based on quantitative, objective biomarkers) and 3 control dogs from the same colony. All dogs were evaluated at 2 time points: early disease onset (3 months of age) and the point at which GRMD stabilizes (6 months of age) using quantitative, objective biomarkers identified as robust against the effects of relatedness/inbreeding. Across all comparisons, the most differentially expressed genes fell into 3 categories: myogenesis/muscle regeneration, metabolism, and inflammation. Our findings are largely in concordance with DMD and mouse model studies, reinforcing the utility of GRMD as a translational model. Novel findings include the strong up-regulation of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) in faster-progressing GRMD dogs, suggesting previously unexplored mechanisms underlie progression speed in GRMD and DMD. In summary, our findings support the utility of RNA sequencing for evaluating potential biomarkers of GRMD progression speed, and are valuable for identifying new avenues of exploration in DMD research.
Roles of Mechanical Forces and Extracellular Matrix Properties in Cellular Signaling in the Lung

The biomechanical properties of connective tissues play fundamental roles in the functioning of virtually every organ. These properties are critical determinants of how mechanical interactions of the body with its environment produce physical forces at the cellular level.
Health Care, Needs and Rights of Retarded Persons

In my few brief remarks, I should like to address the health care, needs and rights of the mentally retarded, especially the noninstitutionalized retarded, and their families. I will emphasize that the mentally retarded not only have needs and rights, but also obligations to their families. Similarly, families have responsibilities for their mentally retarded members as well as certain rights.
The Informational Interest

This essay, to be published in the Journal of Law and Politics, describes how the debate over disclosure in campaign finance has changed and how the Supreme Court has limited the rationales that can justify it. Although in Buckley v. Valeo the Supreme Court identified three separate constitutional interests that disclosure served — an anticorruption interest, an enforcement interest, and an informational interest — in Citizens United v. FEC it effectively threw out the first two. Now the constitutionality of campaign finance disclosure requirements rests almost solely on the informational interest. The essay then shows how Citizens United creates an unstable paradox. The assumptions it makes in the central part of the decision in striking down source and amount regulation of so-called independent expenditures undercut the ones in makes in upholding disclosure under the informational interest. In the former case, it assumes voters are quite savvy and actively engaged in politics; in the latter, it assumes the opposite. The essay concludes with some thoughts about what this conflict may portend.
An Open System-on-Chip Platform for Education

Million-gate integrated circuits are increasingly being designed as system-on-chip (SoC) platforms since platform design mitigates the risks involved with integrating a CPU core and other virtual components by a fixed deadline. Using this approach, designers can overcome uncertainties about the quality of the components and their interaction and can produce derivative designs rapidly. The development of a SoC platform is described in this paper. In the process of conducting this team project, students learned not only to reuse existing cores but also the requirements to create high quality cores for reuse. The SoC platform, which uses only open cores that can be obtained by anyone at no charge, can also serve as an “industrial strength” design for students to learn about optimizations at the logic and physical levels. Thus, students can exercise synthesis and place/route tools to explore the power-delayarea solution space of a million-gate design. Having internal visibility of the components at both the source code level and at the physical layout level greatly facilitates their understanding of SoC issues. The SoC platform is being placed in the public domain so that others may contribute to its enhancement.
Fast local registration measurements for efficient e-beam writer qualification and correction

Mask data are presented which demonstrate local registration errors that can be correlated to the writing swathes of stateof-the-art e-beam writers and multi-pass strategies, potentially leading to systematic device registration errors versus design of close to 2nm. Furthermore, error signatures for local charging and process effects are indicated by local registration measurements resulting in systematic error, also on the order of 2nm.
The myth of the biological threshold: A review of biological responses to soil heating associated with wildland fire

Abstract Soil heating caused by prescribed or wildland fire commonly focuses on a single biological thermal threshold of 60 °C for the duration of one minute to represent organism death. This metric severely misrepresents the heterogeneity of the soil environment, the physiological attributes and tolerances of organisms, and the complexity of heat transfer through soils. Measurements of biotic death in simulated laboratory experiments render research findings difficult to extrapolate to forest and grassland soils. The disparity between assumed biological responses and the diversity of biological responses after wildland fire events calls for a thorough review of soil biological heating thresholds. In this review, we synthesize and compare research that directly relates soil heating temperature and duration to biological responses, provide relevant models for temperature-duration responses of soil organisms in lieu of a strict threshold, and recommend applications of soil heating data for wildland fire and ecosystem management. For no single study or group of organisms was a threshold of 60 °C for one-minute duration evidenced. All soil organisms reviewed, which included roots, mesofauna, bacteria, fungi, microbial biomass, and soil respiration, displayed both positive and negative responses to soil heating across temperature and duration gradients. We, therefore, discourage the use of the traditionally accepted metric of 60 °C for the duration of one minute. Instead, we present models of duration-temperature relationships of soil biota and invite interdisciplinary efforts from researchers and managers to directly measure biological responses on a case-by-case basis.
Creative Curricula for Changemaking Engineers

A curriculum has been designed to help students become Changemaking Engineers with a sense of social responsibility and social justice. Courses include: (1) a User-Centered Design (UCD) course for first year students, (2) a Circuits course for second year students, (3) an Engineering and Social Justice course for third year students, and (4) an upper division elective on Engineering Peace. Students in UCD learn methods for engineering innovation that meet the needs of users in the local community. In Circuits, students explore how electrical circuits are related to conflict minerals, recycling, and design considerations for responsible social innovation. In Engineering and Social Justice, students consider historical and contemporary contexts to analyze impacts of engineering designs, systems, processes, and products. In Engineering Peace, students from the School of Engineering and the School of Peace Studies come together to design a drone with a positive impact on society and recognize the value of perspectives from other disciplines. This paper details the methods and highlights the successes and challenges experienced as these different but coordinated course offerings were developed.
Same-gender and same-race bias in assessment center ratings: A rating error approach to understanding subgroup differences

This study investigated leniency and similar‐to‐me bias as mechanisms underlying demographic subgroup differences among assessees in assessors’ initial dimension ratings from three assessment center (AC) simulation exercises used as part of high‐stakes promotional testing. It examined whether even small individual‐level effects can accumulate (i.e., “trickle‐up”) to produce larger subgroup‐level differences. Individual‐level analyses were conducted using cross‐classified multilevel modeling and conducted separately for each exercise. Results demonstrated weak evidence of leniency toward White assessees and similar‐to‐me bias among non‐White assessee–assessor pairs. Similar leniency was found toward female assessees, but no statistically significant effects were found for assessee or assessor gender or assessee–assessor gender similarity. Using traditional d effect size estimates, weak individual level assessee effects translated into small but consistent subgroup differences favoring White and female assessees. Generally small but less consistent subgroup differences indicated that non‐White and male assessors gave higher ratings. Moreover, analyses of overall promotion decisions indicate the absence of adverse impact. Findings from this AC provide some support for the “trickle‐up” effect, but the effect on subgroup differences is trivial. The results counter recent reviews of AC studies suggesting larger than previously assumed subgroup differences. Consequently, the findings demonstrate the importance of following established best practices when developing and implementing the AC method for selection purposes to minimize subgroup differences.