cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D-3D alignment using particle swarm optimization

Three-dimensional datasets of complex objects are readily available from the tomographic modalities, and fusion of these data sets leads to new understanding of the data. Automatic alignment of the objects is difficult or time consuming when substantial misalignments are present or point correspondences cannot be established, or the solution space is non-convex. These issues effectively exclude most optimization algorithms used in conventional data alignment. Here, we present the particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach which is not sensitive to initial conditions, local minima or non-convex solution space. Intercommunicating particle swarms are randomly placed in the solution space (representing the parameters of the rigid transformations). Each member of each swarm traverses the solution space, constantly evaluating the objective function at its own position and communicating with other members of the swarm about theirs. In addition, the swarms communicate between themselves. Through this information sharing between swarm members and the swarms, the space is searched completely and efficiently, and as a result all swarms converge near the globally optimal rigid transformation. To evaluate the technique, high-resolution micro-CT data sets of single mouse heads were acquired with large initial misalignments. Using two communicating particle swarms in the same solution space, six distinct mouse head objects were aligned finding the approximate global minima in about 25 iterations or 140 seconds on a standard PC independent of initial conditions. Faster speeds (better accuracy) can be obtained by relaxing (restricting) the convergence criteria. These results indicate that the particle swarm approach may be a valuable tool for stand-alone or hybrid alignments.
Identifying the combination of the transcriptional regulatory sequences on prostate specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein genes.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The combination of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and human glandular kallikrein (KLK2) promoters and/or enhancers was used to establish a new model to determine the feasibility of tissue specific expression for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: In vitro studies used the construction of PSA and KLK2 promoters/enhancers vectors to elucidate the link between the promoter/enhancer of PSA and KLK2. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine cell specific expression. Therefore, an attractive tissue specific expression vector for PSA and KLK2 gene was identified. Results: The reporter vectors driven by KLK2 promoter had much lower luciferase activities than those of the reporter vectors driven by PSA promoter in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, the most efficient and cell specific reporter activity after 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one treatment among the reporter vectors constructed in this study was that of pKLK2EPSABHE, which was driven by KLK2 enhancer and PSA promoter/enhancer. The pKLK2EPSABHE reporter vector could induce 800-fold higher than the KLK2 basic promoter and its reporter activity was 16 times that of the enhancer/promoter element of KLK2 following induction by androgen. Conclusions: The results verify that the PSA promoter/enhancer must be combined with KLK2 to ensure the full activity and cell specificity of the gene. These expressions coupled with mechanic target validation yield valuable clues regarding the model of action of complex mixtures. This model is a potentially useful tool in gene therapy for metastatic prostate cancer.
Effects of severe hemodynamic pressure overload on the properties of canine left ventricular myosin: mechanism by which myosin ATPase activity is lowered during chronic increased hemodynamic stress.

Left ventricular myosin ATPase activity, expressed as enzymatic Vmax values, was analyzed in dogs subjected to severe left ventricular pressure overload (aortic stenosis). K+ and Ca2+ activated myosin ATPase activities in the left ventricle (LV) were significantly depressed (P < .01) in the experimental animals. For normal K+ activated myosin the Vmax values in micromoles of Pi per mg per min were: right ventricle 2.10; left ventricle, 2.84. For Ca2+ activated myosin the Vmax values were: right ventricle, 0.77; left ventricle 0.97, when assayed at 37°C. Myosin enzymatic activity in the left ventricle progressively declined following severe aortic banding, reaching a value similar to that observed for normal right ventricular myosin; NH4+ activated left ventricular myosin ATPase activity remained unchanged (7.20 ± 0.4 μmol PO4/mg.min). Left ventricular myosin from the hearts subject to severe stress simulated normal right ventricular myosin in ATPase activity, chain proportions and degree of calcium binding, Normal left ventricular myosin contained approximately 10% of the myosin protein concentration in the light chains; myosin from the left ventricles of the hemodynamically overloaded hearts contained 20% of the myosin protein concentration in the light chains (P < .001). With only one of the myosin light chains binding calcium left ventricular myosin from the stressed hypertrophied tissue bound approximately 2 mol Ca2+ mol−1 myosin similar to myosin of the normal right ventricle; normal left ventricular myosin bound approximately 1 mol of Ca2+ mol−1 myosin.
Zero weight spaces and the Springer correspondence

Abstract It is known that an irreducible representation of SL n ( C ) whose highest weight is a partition of n affords in its zero weight space the irreducible representation of S n corresponding to the dual partition. We generalize this to groups of type D and E .
Excretion in the house cricket Acheta domesticus: Effects of diuretics on the structure of the mid-tubule.

Most structural studies of insect Malpighian tubules focus on freshly dissected tissue, which is in fact stimulated by diuretic factors. In this study, we examine tubules from the house cricket Acheta domesticus in four discrete secretory states: control (freshly dissected); unstimulated (held in vitro for 90 min prior to fixation); corpus cardiacum-stimulated (held in vitro for 60 min, then stimulated with corpus cardiacum homogenates for 30 min prior to fixation); and cAMP-stimulated (held in vitro for 60 min, then stimulated with dibutyryl cAMP for 30 min prior to fixation). In unstimulated tubules, we see a reduction in vacuolization and a near-complete collapse of the basolateral infolds. Stimulated tubules show several major structural shifts: mitochondria are darkly stained with well-defined cristae, there is extensive vacuolization of the tissue and expansion of the basolateral spaces, and the CaPO4 spherites appear to be ejected into the lumen. cAMP-stimulated tubules showed the most pronounced structural changes, including the presence of a newly reported ultrastructural feature for A. domesticus Malpighian tubules, referred to here as paracrystalline arrays, which appear as stacks of membrane localized in the perinuclear region. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermal expansion coefficients for indialite, emerald, and beryl

Thermal expansion coefficients ɛ1 and ɛ3 calculated for the hexagonal minerals indialite, emerald and beryl are, in general, small with ɛ3 being negative near room temperature. This unusual behavior leads to low volume coefficients of thermal expansion (β=2ɛ1+ɛ3) making these materials ideal ceramic bodies for catalyst carriers in air-pollution control. The temperature at which the c-cell edge length of beryl is a minimum is strongly dependent upon the presence of trace amounts of impurity atoms. This effect is ascribed to changes in the Gruneisen parameters.
Ammonium bicarbonate secreted by surgical maggots stimulates healing in purulent wounds

Abstract In a further analysis of the secretions of surgical maggots, ammonium bicarbonate has been found present in comparatively large quantities. With the aid of a number of physicians and surgeons this product has been tested clinically and found to have marked healing properties similar to the other two maggot products, allantoin and urea. Ammonium bicarbonate is inexpensive and is easily prepared for use in solution form. It was applied to purulent wounds as a 1 or 2 per cent sterile solution on gauze packs. The occurrence of this compound in maggot secretions is associated with the presence of the enzyme urease in maggot tissues. The blowfly Phormia regina was the species used.
A quantitative assay for assessing the effects of DNA lesions on transcription

DNA damage products influence DNA replication but also may induce stalling or mutagenesis during transcription. A competitive transcription and adduct bypass assay provides a new approach for assessing the transcriptional effects of DNA lesions and links transcriptional arrest of several lesions to nucleotide excision repair pathways.
087 Extreme biology: Probing life at low water contents and temperatures

Germplasm that is dried or cryopreserved appears quiescent. However, changes occur in preserved germplasm, albeit slowly. Viability time courses follow a sigmoidal curve where there is a lag phase when changes can’t be detected, followed by a period of rapid mortality. Predicting longevity under extreme dry or cold conditions requires that we understand the interactions of temperature, moisture and cell constituents on the duration of the initial lag phase. Moreover, to elucidate why germplasm eventually succumbs, we need better assays to detect change under conditions where changes are presumed to not occur. The conceptual model we use is derived from investigations of movement and structure in visco-elastic materials and centers around measuring the properties of glasses formed in preserved germplasm. Orthodox seeds survive extreme drying and naturally form glasses at ambient temperatures. In contrast, cryopreservation treatments are needed to form glasses in desiccation-sensitive propagules, and strategies vary among labs and tissue types: vitrification by chemical dehydration, freeze desiccation during very slow cooling (∼1 °C/hr to −30 °C), or partial air-drying and rapid cooling. The objective of our work consists of measuring the properties of glasses formed in an array of germplasm using different methods. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) can determine the propensity for ice and lipid crystallization and recrystallization events during storage. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) measures structural properties within the formed glasses and temperatures associated with relaxation events that destabilize the glass. The combination of techniques provides unique insight into the mechanisms and kinetics of change as well as thermo-dynamically based estimates of longevity of cryopreserved materials. Source of funding: USDA Agricultural Research Service. Conflict of interest: None declared. christina.walters@ars.usda.gov
Bursting with PIP3

Comment on Condliffe et al, page [1432][1] Signaling enzymes of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family are essential for neutrophil respiratory burst. Condliffe and colleagues have made use of novel selective PI3K inhibitors and mutant mouse strains to illuminate the roles of distinct PI3K
Epigenetic control of dendritic cell development and fate determination of common myeloid progenitor by Mysm1

The mechanisms controlling the development of dendritic cells (DCs) remain incompletely understood. Using an Mysm1 knockout (Mysm1(-/-)) mouse model, we identified the histone H2A deubiquitinase Mysm1, as a critical regulator in DC differentiation. Mysm1(-/-) mice showed a global reduction of DCs in lymphoid organs, whereas development of granulocytes and macrophages were not severely affected. Hematopoietic progenitors and DC precursors were significantly decreased in Mysm1(-/-) mice and defective in Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3(Flt3) ligand-induced, but not in granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced DC differentiation in vitro. Molecular studies demonstrated that the developmental defect of DCs from common myeloid progenitor (CMP) in Mysm1(-/-) mice is associated with decreased Flt3 expression and that Mysm1 derepresses transcription of the Flt3 gene by directing histone modifications at the Flt3 promoter region. Two molecular mechanisms were found to be responsible for the selective role of Mysm1 in lineage determination of DCs from CMPs: the selective expression of Mysm1 in a subset of CMPs and the different requirement of Mysm1 for PU.1 recruitment to the Flt3 locus vs GM-CSF-α and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor receptor loci. In conclusion, this study reveals an essential role of Mysm1 in epigenetic regulation of Flt3 transcription and DC development, and it provides a novel mechanism for lineage determination from CMP.
Vibrational spectra, conformational stability and ab initio calculations of trifluoromethylsulfonyl isocyanate

Abstract The infrared (2500-30 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid trifluoromethylsulfonyl isocyanate, CF 3 SO 2 NCO, and the Raman (2500-10 cm −1 ) spectrum of the solid have been recorded. Additionally the Raman spectrum of the liquid with quantitative depolarization ratios and the infrared spectra of xenon solutions at low temperatures (− 60 to − 100°C) have been recorded. All of these data have been interpreted on the basis of a single gauche conformer (CSNC ≅ 108°) present in all three physical states. A complete vibrational assignment is provided on the basis of infrared and Raman relative intensities, depolarization values and group frequencies. The proposed assignment is supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing force constants from ab initio calculations. The ab initio calculations have been carried out at the RHF/6–31G∗, MP2/3–21G∗ and/or MP2/6–31G∗ levels from which structural parameters, conformational stabilities and vibrational data have been obtained. The theoretical predictions are compared to the experimental results where appropriate, as well as to the corresponding results for the FSO 2 NCO and CISO 2 NCO molecules.
Regeneration of triangle-leaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea: Asteraceae): Germination behavior and persistent seed bank

As has been well documented, many woody plants in the Sonoran Desert experience episodic recruitment as a consequence of poor seedling survival (Shreve, 1917; Steenbergh and Lowe, 1977; McAuliffe, 1986; Sherbrooke, 1989). Episodic recruitment can also be a result of infrequent opportunities for germination. Observation of emergence events in nature (Table 1) is a first step toward determining natural germination requirements and estimating the frequency of opportunities for germination. An understanding of plant population dynamics in deserts is incomplete without adequate information about the environmental conditions that foster regeneration; such conditions include influence of rain and
The conversion of ergosterol to a ring c-benzenoid steroid by a selective aromatization reaction☆☆☆★

Abstract Filtration of benzene solution of 7,11,22,23-tetrabromoergost-8-en-3β-yl acetate(XIX) through alumina causes partial dehydrobromination to yield a benzenoid product in yields surpassing 90%. Evidence is presented that this product is a 12-methyl-18 norsteroid and can be assigned the structure, 222,23-dibromo-12-methyl-18-norergosta-8,11,13-trien-3β-yl acetate(XX).
Development of a Practical and Efficient Synthesis of CP-945,598-01, a CB1 Antagonist for the Treatment of Obesity

Development of an efficient bond-forming sequence and optimization of reaction conditions are described for the synthesis of CP-945,598-01 (1·HCl), a CB1 antagonist in clinical studies for the treatment of obesity. Reordering of the bond-forming sequence provided a more efficient synthesis and avoided the use of phosphorous oxychloride. A telescoped reaction sequence (4 → 9) was developed to avoid a problematic isolation. Product isolations were developed so as to provide efficient throughput by minimizing solvent volumes and avoiding slow filtrations.
Safe and Secure Software Systems: The Role of Professional Licensure

Licensure of certain software engineers in the US will be required in at least 10 states by 2013 and, likely, by all US states and jurisdictions within a few years. States license engineers to ensure that those who offer services directly to the public are minimally competent. But what kinds of kinds of software systems affect public health, safety, and welfare? Which software engineers will need to be licensed? The answers to these questions are a matter of both law and science. This department introduces some of the scientific aspects of these two questions from the perspective of reliability engineering and suggests new research directions to help answer these questions.
Fully Lagrangian Modeling of Dynamics of MEMS With Thin Beams―Part I: Undamped Vibrations

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMSs) often use beam or plate shaped conductors that can be very thin―with h/L≈O(10 ―2 ―10 ―3 ) (in terms of the thickness h and length L of the beam or side of a square plate). Such MEMS devices find applications in microsensors, micro-actuators, microjets, microspeakers, and other systems where the conducting beams or plates oscillate at very high frequencies. Conventional boundary element method analysis of the electric field in a region exterior to such thin conductors can become difficult to carry out accurately and efficiently―especially since MEMS analysis requires computation of charge densities (and then surface traction) separately on the top and bottom surfaces of such beams. A new boundary integral equation has been proposed to handle the computation of charge densities for such high aspect ratio geometries. In the current work, this has been coupled with the finite element method to obtain the response behavior of devices made of such high aspect ratio structural members. This coupling of electrical and mechanical problems is carried out using a Newton scheme based on a Lagrangian description of the electrical and mechanical domains. The numerical results are presented in this paper for the dynamic behavior of the coupled MEMS without damping. The effect of gap between a beam and the ground, on mechanical response of a beam subjected to increasing electric potential, is studied carefully. Damping is considered in the companion paper (Ghosh and Mukherjee, 2009, "Fully Lagrangian Modeling of Dynamics of MEMS With Thin Beams―Part II: Damped Vibrations," ASME J. Appl. Mech. 76, p. 051008).
Dusty, But Useful, Data: Applied Anthropology and Archival Research

Until the late 1970s, Tampa, Florida, was essentially barren of research concerning its African American population. Reflecting upon this dearth of inquiry, I often envision Central Avenue after its obliteration by the city's Urban Renewal policies. Dale Wilson (Tampa Daily Times, February 11, 1978: p. 2-D, c. 2), a writer for a local newspaper, aptly described the area at that time as a "moonscape of bricks, rock, sand and broken bottles." While not as void of life as Wilson's description, the aftermath of this destruction offers an apt metaphor for the historical record on this district, and on most facets of the African American experience in Tampa. The strivings and accomplishments of generations were cleared away, unacknowledged and unappreciated.
Therapy of autoinflammatory syndromes

The therapy of autoinflammatory syndromes is an excellent example of the power of translational research. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and immunologic basis of this newly identified classification of disease have allowed for the application of novel, effective, targeted treatments with life-changing effects on patients. Although colchicine and TNF-α inhibitors are important therapies for specific autoinflammatory syndromes, the novel IL-1–targeted drugs are particularly effective for many of these diseases. Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has adopted a strategy of confirming the efficacy of new targeted drugs in often-ignored patients with orphan diseases, and US Food and Drug Administration policies have allowed for accelerated approval of these drugs, creating a win-win situation for patients and industry. This article reviews the general approach to the therapy of autoinflammatory diseases, focusing on current approved therapies and novel approaches that might be used in the future.
Favorable cardiac risk among elderly breast carcinoma survivors.

BACKGROUND There are two reasons why women who survive breast carcinoma may be at a lower risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) compared with women without a history of breast carcinoma. First, estrogens may be etiologic in the development of breast carcinoma and protective of CHD. Second, a common therapy for breast carcinoma (tamoxifen) may be associated with cardiac protection. METHODS In this population-level cohort study, the authors analyzed data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare program to study the cardiac risk of elderly female Medicare beneficiaries with and without a history of breast carcinoma. Using the SEER file, the authors identified elderly women survivors of Stage 0, I, or II breast carcinoma (n = 5980) diagnosed between the ages of 55 and 64. Using the Medicare 5% noncancer file, the authors also identified elderly women without a history of cancer (n = 23,165). They followed women from age 67 for up to 5 years for hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) through a review of Medicare claims. The authors controlled the analyses for race, socioeconomic status, geographic location, cohort entry year, and medical comorbidity. RESULTS The hazard of hospitalization for AMI for breast carcinoma survivors relative to comparison patients was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.49–0.88). This apparent cardioprotective effect of breast carcinoma survivorship was stronger in breast carcinoma survivors with documented cardiac risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Survivors of early-stage postmenopausal breast carcinoma are at a significantly lower risk of hospitalization for AMI than women who do not have a history of breast carcinoma. That survivors' risk varies with previous cardiac risk factors may be consistent with effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators. This phenomenon should be evaluated further with individual-level data containing information on patient cardiac risk factors and tamoxifen use to help clarify the mechanism behind the risk reduction. Cancer 2003;98:2–10. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11467
Travel Time and Influencing Factors for Migrating Adult Sockeye Salmon in Karluk River, Alaska

Abstract Travel time of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) through the Karluk River, Alaska, was determined from fish tagged with Petersen disks about 2 miles (3 km) inside the river mouth and timed as they reached a weir at Karluk Lake, 21 miles (34 km) upstream. Migration time to the weir averaged 7 days for spring run and l0 days for fall run fish. The influence of three factors on travel time was determined by multiple regression analysis. Most important was time of season, followed by number of fish and rainfall.
Effect of partial recording protocols on estimates of prevalence of periodontal disease.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the degree of underreporting in the estimates of prevalence of periodontal attachment loss due to different partial recording protocols (PRP) in epidemiological studies, and to derive a correction factor to adjust for this bias. Methods: The study sample included 1,460 dentate persons 14 to 103 years old who were examined clinically to assess the clinical attachment loss at six sites per tooth. Seven PRP based on full-mouth or half-mouth designs were assessed, and the bias and sensitivity in the assessment of attachment loss prevalence for these protocols were assessed. Results: All partial protocols underestimated the prevalence of attachment loss. Bias estimates for any full-mouth PRP were smaller than those for the corresponding site-combination PRP for the half-mouth design. The PRP using the mesio-buccal (MB), mid-buccal (B), and disto-lingual (DL) sites of teeth in all four quadrants showed the smallest bias and highest sensitivity of prevalence estima...
Evaluation of crack opening times and leakage areas for longitudinal cracks in a pressurized pipe Part I. Model for maximum leak areas and its validation

Abstract The present study (Part I and Part II) deals with a method of evaluating the average time to crack opening as well as the maximum leakage areas in the case of longitudinal through-wall cracks in a cylinder with internal pressure. Part I deals with the leakage areas. Starting from the linear elastic theory as applied to the case of a central crack in a plate, leak areas are evaluated in a cylinder under elastoplastic conditions by using an amplification factor and a plasticity correction factor. A reasonable upper bound is proposed which takes into account the interaction between plasticity and curvature effects as a first approximation and considers the crack opening uniform all over the crack surface. The method is validated using the available experimental and/or computational results.
Commercial bakers and the relocalization of wheat in western Washington State

Interest is growing in the relocalization of staple crops, including wheat, in western Washington (WWA), a nontraditional wheat-growing area. Commercial bakers are potentially important food chain intermediaries in the case of relocalized wheat production. We conducted a mail survey of commercial bakers in WWA to assess their interest in sourcing wheat/flour from WWA, identify the characteristics of bakeries most likely to purchase wheat/flour from WWA, understand the factors important to bakers in purchasing regionally produced wheat/flour, and identify perceived barriers to making such purchases. Sixty-one percent of survey respondents were interested in purchasing WWA wheat/flour. Bakers who used retail strategies to market their products were more likely to be interested in WWA wheat/flour compared to those not using retail methods. Bakers’ current purchases of Washington wheat/flour were not related to their interest in purchasing WWA flour. The most important factors bakers would consider in purchasing regionally produced wheat/flour were consistency of flour quality, quality of flour, and reliability of supply. Cost was the most frequently mentioned barrier to the purchase of regionally produced wheat/flour. Our results are relevant for other areas attempting to reconnect grain producers, commercial bakers, and consumers in mutually beneficial ways.
Current management of prepubertal yolk sac tumors of the testis

Over the last 3 decades, the management of pediatric yolk sac tumors of the testis has changed significantly. These changes reflect improvement in the treatment of testicular tumors in adults and children, such as the advent of platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. They also reflect increased understanding of the biology and natural history of prepubertal yolk sac tumors of the testis as a unique disease entity.
Errata---Zone Scheduling of Bus Routes to Improve Service Reliability

The following corrections should be made to the above article, which appeared in Transportation Science, 13, No. 3, August, 1979.
Progress toward a Biomimetic Synthesis of Phomoidride B

[reaction: see text]. An intramolecular cyclization strategy for effecting a biomimetic synthesis of the core structure of the fungal secondary metabolites phomoidrides A and B is described. The cyclization substrate 20 is prepared in eight steps from dibromide 10. Treatment of 20 with triethylamine in acetonitrile results in a rapid cyclization to give 21 and 22 in good yield.
The Effect of Initial pH on Morphology of Biomimetic Apatite Coating

Bone-like apatite coatings were prepared using a biomimetic method in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The effect of initial pH values on the surface morphology of biomimetic apatite coating was studied. The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction and environmental scanning electron microscope. It was revealed that the morphology of the biomimetic apatite coating could be tailored by manipulating the initial pH of the SBF solution.
Antennafier Arrays for Electronic Beam Control

Integration of antennas with circuits can provide sophisticated receiving performance, with fewer parts and an accompanying savings in size, weight, and cost more easily than conventional separate design. This is illustrated by the beam shaping capability of a four element array of controllable-gain transistorized dipole antennafiers using an equal-amplitude corporate feed structure. Effective amplitude taper was obtained by individual gain adjustments in the integrated elements. Patterns and noise temperatures are given for various amplitude distributions, including uniform, edge, binomial, and Dolph-Chebyshev. The antennafier element used was a gamma-matched half-wave dipole integrated with a 2Nl 742 VHF transistor amplifier. Adjustable base bias was used for gain control. Up to 12 db circuit gain was obtainable in each element with an effective noise temperature under 400°K at 148 Mc.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Induces Activation and Recruitment of Protein Kinase C to the Nuclear Membrane and Increased Phosphorylation of Lamin B

We report that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to the recruitment of protein kinase C (PKC) to the nuclear rim. In HEp-2 cells, PKC recruitment to the nuclear rim was initiated between 8 h and 12 h postinfection. PKCdelta, a proapoptotic kinase, was completely recruited to the nuclear rim upon infection with HSV-1. PKCalpha was less dramatically relocalized mostly at the nuclear rim upon infection, although some PKCalpha remained in the cytoplasm. PKCzeta-specific immunofluorescence was not significantly relocated to the nuclear rim. The UL34 and UL31 proteins, as well as their association, were each required for PKC recruitment to the nuclear rim. The HSV-1 US3 protein product, a kinase which regulates the phosphorylation state and localization of UL34, was not required for PKC recruitment to the nuclear rim; however, it was required for proper localization along the nuclear rim, as PKC appeared unevenly distributed along the nuclear rim of cells infected with US3 null and kinase-dead mutants. HSV-1 infection induced the phosphorylation of both lamin B and PKC. Elevated lamin B phosphorylation in HSV-1-infected cells was partially reduced by inhibitors of PKC. The data suggest a model in which kinases that normally disassemble the nuclear lamina during apoptosis are recruited to the nuclear membrane through functions requiring UL31 and UL34. We hypothesize that the recruitment of PKC functions to phosphorylate lamin B to help modify the nuclear lamina and promote budding of nucleocapsids at the inner nuclear membrane.
Non-Thermal Control of Shock-Wave Induced Boundary Layer Separation using Magneto-Hydrodynamics

This study investigates the non-thermal impact of a magnetically driven surface discharges (“snow-plough” arc) on shock induced boundary layer separation. The surface plasma column appears as a transverse “arc” between two diverging electrodes which is driven by j x B force so that it sweeps the gas near the surface either in the downstream direction or in the upstream direction. Initial results have been reported previously using a Mach 2.8 indraft wind tunnel show that upstream forcing of boundary layer induced separation in the interaction zone of an oblique shock, generated by a 10 degree wedge, with turbulent boundary layer. This interaction, of oblique shock with boundary layer, is shown not to induce a recirculation bubble or separation in the boundary layer without plasma actuation. A 14 degree wedge is used to generate an oblique shock that impinged on the turbulent boundary layer generating a separation zone and recirculation in the flow. Downstream plasma actuation, against the recirculating flow, in such a case resulted in modified geometry of interaction zone as seen in Schlieren images. Various new configurations of plasma – flow interaction are developed, mainly applying magnetic field at an angle such that plasma column forces the core flow into the boundary layer increasing the momentum and thus avoiding separation.
A simplified framework for 21st century leader development

Abstract A simplified framework for leader development, structured into webs of belief, is proposed as a starting point for learning to lead in complex contexts and environments. The framework (a) provides a simplified belief set adaptable to changing contexts and conditions, and (b) engages the developing leader in ongoing constructive self and other development practices. The five webs of belief proposed for 21st century leader development are learning , reverence , service , authenticity , and flaneur . The five constructs are cognitive schemas for the developing leader to use as guiding principles, then adapt with new information, new experiences, new levels of complexity and new contexts over the course of the life and career spans.
Acid deposition and watershed characteristics in relation to lake chemistry in northeastern Minnesota

Abstract The relationship between lake sensitivity to atmospheric acidic inputs and the neutralization capacity of watersheds is examined for 267 lakes in northeastern Minnesota. Three water chemistry/sensitivity measures (color, sulfate, and alkalinity) are correlated with variables representative of precipitation and sulfate inputs, hydrology, and the acid neutralization capacity of various watershed components. An ordinal scale for ranking bedrock and surficial deposit neutralization capacity is presented. The watershed variables found to account for the largest percentages of the variability in measured color, sulfate, and alkalinity levels are determined. Color is strongly related to the presence of peat or marsh and hydrologic renewal time, whereas sulfate is primarily related to atmospheric deposition, evaporative concentration, bedrock type, and the presence of coniferous forest. Variation in alkalinity is the most difficult of the water chemistry measures to explain; for headwater lakes, atmospheric sulfate input, water renewal time, the presence of deciduous forest, and the weatherability of underlying bedrock determine much of its variability. The results illustrate important averaging properties of watersheds from small headwater systems to large drainages and the difficulty in obtaining correlations for some water quality measures (e.g., alkalinity) when some variables, such as soils and land cover, are available only as large-area averages.
New method for estimating survival curves based upon subpopulations

The overall Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival curve underlying a study population does not individually account for the ages at which patients were first seen and thence followed up in the study. Since the number of patients in these age-specific subgroups varies quite arbitrarily for a given study, the overall Kaplan-Meier curve which assumes that all patients were seen from the beginning of the study usually either overestimates or underestimates the survival probability, depending on the varying sample sizes. In this paper, we therefore propose an estimate of the overall survival curve underlying a study population based on the individual age-specific Kaplan-Meier estimates and the probability distribution of the age at which patients were first seen in the study. In the particular case when there is no censoring, it is shown that the usual overall Kaplan-Meier survival curve which assumes that all patients irrespective of their age at entry into the study were followed from the beginning of the study is identical with the proposed estimate. This result does not seem to necessarily hold good in the presence of arbitrary censoring. Further, the estimate is unbiased and consistent, a property which the Kaplan-Meier estimate also enjoys. The efficiency of the proposed estimate relative to the Kaplan-Meier estimate is being investigated and will be reported along with results of its application in a separate communication.
Life-History Variation Under Varying Degrees of Intraspecific Competition in the Tadpole Shrimp Triops Longicaudatus (Leconte)

ABSTRACT Four lines (3 selfing and 1 sexual) of the tadpole shrimp Triops longicaudatus (LeConte), reared in the laboratory, exhibited significant reductions in growth and egg production with increasing density (5, 10, and 16 shrimp per 40-1 aquarium). Growth and fecundity were similar within the 2 morphologically distinguishable forms (long and short), whereas the long-form shrimp grew larger but produced fewer eggs than the short-form shrimp. Growth and age at death did not differ between the 2 reproductive classes. The sexual shrimp showed lower average egg production than the 3 selfing lines. Life-history trade-offs were not apparent between egg production, growth, and survivorship within any of the 4 lines examined. However, a nonsignificant negative correlation was found between mean egg production and growth among the 4 shrimp lines. These ecological results, combined with electrophoretic and morphological measures, reveal a consistent pattern of differences between the long and short forms of T. longicaudatus.
A Class-G Supply Modulator and Class-E PA in 130 nm CMOS

A class-G supply modulator utilizes parallel low- dropout (LDO) regulators that are controlled by comparators and negative feedback. It optimizes the power consumption of a nonlinear power amplifier (PA) operating with supply modulation, such that it draws current from one of multiple appropriately sized supply voltages as determined by the input signal envelope. The class-G modulator is used in conjunction with a class-E PA operating in an envelope elimination and restoration (EER) mode to efficiently amplify signals with large peak-to-average ratios. The measured maximum output power and power added efficiency (PAE) are 29.3 dBm and 69%, respectively. The class-G technique is demonstrated for a 64 QAM, OFDM input signal (symbol period = 4 mus) wherein the measured error vector magnitude (EVM) is 2.5% and the average efficiency of 22.6%.
The Behavioral Impact of Entrepreneur Identity Aspiration and Prior Entrepreneurial Experience

This study examines entrepreneurial motivation in three diverse samples from an identity–possible self–perspective. We propose a model describing antecedents and outcomes of entrepreneur identity a...
Fundamentals of Japanese Grammar: Comprehensive Acquisition by JOHNSON, YUKI

The article reviews the book "Fundamentals of Japanese Grammar: Comprehensive Acquisition," by Yuki Johnson.
Remarks on Backcopying

This article presents a rule-based serial model of reduplication that is empirically and conceptually capable of handling backcopying effects in reduplication, contrary to McCarthy and Prince's (1995) claim that serial models of phonology are incapable of adequately accounting for this phenomenon. The model of reduplication presented here claims that reduplication is the result of loops in underlying temporal precedence structures of segments in formatives and reduces over- and underapplication effects in reduplication to cases of opacity.
Modifications to harmonic current bunching of electron beams from RF cavities due to radial boundary conditions

Harmonic current bunching of an electron beam after it passes through a standing-wave RF cavity is well known, with analytic solutions in both the transversely infinite space-charge regime and the ballistic regime. The Wallander formula is often used between these regimes for finite-sized beams, with pretty good accuracy. These formulas describe simple space-charge modes that are launched by the RF cavity, and assume a single space-charge reduction factor. However, upon close examination these formulas do not provide the complete story. Additional space-charge modes are introduced by the radial boundary conditions, and the actual total harmonic current is modified somewhat from the simple formulas, and includes beating effects between the different modes, even in the small-signal, or linear, regime. This beating leads to mode mixing and eventual damping, which also affects the long-term propagation of longitudinal space-charge waves in accelerator structures.
Verifying policy-based security for web services

WS-SecurityPolicy is a declarative configuration language for driving web services security mechanisms. We describe a formal semantics for WS-SecurityPolicy, and propose a more abstract link language for specifying the security goals of web services and their clients. Hence, we present the architecture and implementation of fully automatic tools that (1) compile policy files from link specifications, and (2) verify by invoking a theorem prover whether a set of policy files run by any number of senders and receivers correctly implements the goals of a link specification, in spite of active attackers. Policy-driven web services implementations are prone to the usual subtle vulnerabilities associated with cryptographic protocols; our tools help prevent such vulnerabilities, as we can verify policies when first compiled from link specifications, and also re-verify policies against their original goals after any modifications during deployment.
Measured Acculturation and MMPI-168 Performance of Native American Adults

To test the hypothesis that acculturation influences MMPI performance of Native Americans, a 32-item instrument was developed to measure five components of acculturation. The MMPI-168 and the acculturation instrument were administered to 69 Rosebud Sioux. Significant elevations occurred on F and Scales 4, 6, 8, and 9. Intercorrelations among the acculturation subscales suggested a common dimension underlying social, language, and blood quantum, with values and education/occupation being relatively independent. The social, values, and language subscales were significantly related to validity scales L and F. A preponderance of significant correlations were obtained between values, language, and education/ occupation, and MMPI-168 clinical Scales 2, 4, 7, 8, and 0. These results suggest that caution be used in interpreting the MMPI profiles of Native Americans.
Tensegrity and mechanoregulation: from skeleton to cytoskeleton

Summary Objective: To elucidate how mechanical stresses that are applied to the whole organism are transmitted to individual cells and transduced into a biochemical response. Design: In this article, we describe fundamental design principles that are used to stabilize the musculoskeletal system at many di#erent size scales and show that these design features are embodied in one particular form of architecture that is known as tensegrity. Results: Tensegrity structures are characterized by use of continuous tension and local compression; architecture, prestress (internal stress prior to application of external force), and triangulation play the most critical roles in terms of determining their mechanical stability. In living organisms, use of a hierarchy of tensegrity networks both optimizes structural e$ciency and provides a mechanism to mechanically couple the parts with the whole: mechanical stresses applied at the macroscale result in structural rearrangements at the cell and molecular level. Conclusion: Due to use of tensegrity architecture, mechanical stress is concentrated and focused on signal transducing molecules that physically associate with cell surface molecules that anchor cells to extracellular matrix, such as integrins, and with load-bearing elements within the internal cytoskeleton and nucleus. Mechanochemical transduction may then proceed through local stress-dependent changes in molecular mechanics, thermodynamics, and kinetics within the cell. In this manner, the entire cellular response to stress may be orchestrated and tuned by altering the prestress in the cell, just as changing muscular tone can alter mechanical stability and structural coordination throughout the whole musculoskeletal system.
Photodeactivation of ethyl violet: a potential hazard of Sodasorb.

Breathing circuit cannisters containing functional CO2 absorbent are critical to prevent rebreathing CO2 during general anesthesia using closed or semiclosed breathing systems. Ethyl violet is the indicator dye added to Sodasorb® to indicate impending exhaustion of the absorbent. A case of CO2 rebreathing due to failure of ethyl violet indicator in exhausted Sodasorb® was encountered. Laboratory investigation demonstrated that dye failure could result from photodeactivation caused by fluorescent lights. Using a fixed intensity fluorescent light source and quantitative spectrophotometric analysis, a highly significant dose-response relationship was demonstrated between duration of light exposure and the decrease in ethyl violet concentration. After 24 h of fluorescent light exposure with a received flux density of 46 nwatts/cm2 at 254 nm, the concentration of functional ethyl violet remaining in pulverized Sodasorb® was 16% of the baseline value. Furthermore, using multiple light sources of various intensities, the greater the intensity of light, the more rapid the rate of decline of the ethyl violet concentration. It is recommended to minimize the problem by using ultraviolet filters and incorporating additional ethyl violet in Sodasorb®. Finally, ethyl violet undergoes temporal deactivation after a Sodasorb® container is opened, even if it is stored in the dark.
Ranking and necessity: the Fusional Reduction Algorithm

Understanding a linguistic theory within OT requires an exact characterization of the ranking conditions necessitated by data. These conditions determine the formal shape of the grammar while providing the crucial link between the data and its interpretation. We introduce an algorithm (‘Fusional Reduction’, FRed) which calculates the necessary and sufficient ranking conditions inherent in any collection of candidates and presents them in a maximally concise and informative way. The algorithm, stemming from the original proposal of Brasoveanu 2003, is set within the fusional ERC theory of Prince 2002a. In this context, the Most Informative Basis and the Skeletal Basis emerge as the two important types of reduced representations of ranking structure. We examine their properties and show how FRed produces them from data. Fine-grained FRed is compared with broad-stroke RCD (Tesar and Smolensky 1993, Tesar 1995 et seq.), and RCD is reinterpreted and embraced within FRed as a simplified, information-losing sub-case. Finally, FRed is compared with other related algorithms in structure, worst-case complexity, and relevance to the analytical enterprise. This paper revises Brasoveanu and Prince 2005, 2007; Prince and Brasoveanu 2010 gives a more formal perspective, with proof of the theorems.
Multidimensional Filter Bank Signal Reconstruction From Multichannel Acquisition

We study the theory and algorithms of an optimal use of multidimensional signal reconstruction from multichannel acquisition by using a filter bank setup. Suppose that we have an -channel convolution system, referred to as analysis filters, in dimensions. Instead of taking all the data and applying multichannel deconvolution, we first reduce the collected data set by an integer uniform sampling matrix , and then search for a synthesis polyphase matrix which could perfectly reconstruct any input discrete signal. First, we determine the existence of perfect reconstruction (PR) systems for a given set of finite-impulse response (FIR) analysis filters. Second, we present an efficient algorithm to find a sampling matrix with maximum sampling rate and to find a FIR PR synthesis polyphase matrix for a given set of FIR analysis filters. Finally, once a particular FIR PR synthesis polyphase matrix is found, we can characterize all FIR PR synthesis matrices, and then find an optimal one according to design criteria including robust reconstruction in the presence of noise.