cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An overview of obesity in children with psychiatric disorders taking atypical antipsychotics.

Background: Children with psychiatric illness are at greater risk for obesity than those in the general population. In part, this greater risk is due to the escalating use of psychotropic medications. Second-generation antipsychotics effectively treat mental illness but are associated with weight gain. Data for management of obesity in this population is lacking. Methods: Articles on obesity, mental illness, and obesity management were reviewed. Keywords included children, adolescents, obesity, weight gain, psychiatric illness, therapy, treatment, and antipsychotic. Results: For pediatric obesity, educational, nutritional, behavioral, and family-based interventions were identified as nonpharmacological interventions. All nonpharmacological modalities indicate modest to moderate success in weight control or loss. Pharmacological agents, alone or with diet and exercise, appear promising in obesity management. Conclusion: Since there are limited intervention studies available for obese children with psychiat...
Clustering disjoint subspaces via sparse representation

Given a set of data points drawn from multiple low-dimensional linear subspaces of a high-dimensional space, we consider the problem of clustering these points according to the subspaces they belong to. Our approach exploits the fact that each data point can be written as a sparse linear combination of all the other points. When the subspaces are independent, the sparse coefficients can be found by solving a linear program. However, when the subspaces are disjoint, but not independent, the problem becomes more challenging. In this paper, we derive theoretical bounds relating the principal angles between the subspaces and the distribution of the data points across all the subspaces under which the coefficients are guaranteed to be sparse. The clustering of the data is then easily obtained from the sparse coefficients. We illustrate the validity of our results through simulation experiments.
Experimental habitat fragmentation increases linkage disequilibrium but does not affect genetic diversity or population structure in the Amazonian liverwort Radula flaccida.

Habitat fragmentation increases the migration distances among remnant populations, and is predicted to play a significant role in altering both demographic and genetic processes. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in light of information about population dynamics in the same set of organisms. In a 10 000-km 2 experimentally fragmented landscape of rainforest reserves in central Amazonia, we examine patterns of genetic variation (amplified fragment length polymorphisms, AFLPs) in the epiphyllous (e.g. leaf-inhabiting) liverwort Radula flaccida Gott. Previous demographic work indicates that colonization rates in this species are significantly reduced in small forest reserves. We scored 113 polymorphic loci in 86 individuals representing five fragmented and five experimentally unmanipulated populations. Most of the variation (82%) in all populations was harboured at the smallest (400 m 2 ) sampling unit. The mean ( ± ± ± SD) within-population genetic diversity (Nei’s), of forest remnants (0.412 ± 0.2) was indistinguishable from continuous (0.413 ± ± ± 0.2) forests. Similarly, F ST was identical among small (1- and 10-ha) and large (≥ 100-ha) reserves (0.19 and 0.18, respectively), but linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was significantly elevated in fragmented populations relative to those in continuous forests. These results illustrate that inferences regarding the long-term viability of fragmented populations based on neutral marker data alone must be viewed with caution, and underscore the importance of jointly evaluating information on both genetic structure and demography. Second, multilocus analyses may be more sensitive to the effects of fragmentation in the short term, although the effects of increasing linkage disequilibrium on population viability remain uncertain.
3D fiducials for scalable AR visual tracking

A new vision and inertial pose estimation system was implemented for real-time handheld augmented reality (AR). A sparse set of 3D cone fiducials are utilized for scalable indoor/outdoor tracking, as opposed to traditional planar patterns. The cones are easy to segment and have a large working volume which makes them more suitable for many applications. The pose estimation system receives measurements from the camera and IMU at 30 Hz and 100 Hz respectively. With a dual-core workstation, all measurements can be processed in real-time to update the pose of virtual graphics within the AR display.
A study of relationships between facial cold response and some variables of facial morphology.

An experimental pilot study was conducted to determine possible interrelationships between facial skin temperature, facial protrusion, and facial fat thickness; it employed 1°C cold air stress and thermocouple measurement of response. Elevan Japanese and 15 white American males were tested. Variation in the colder facial temperatures after 90 minutes of cooling could not be explained by morphological parameters, though the Japanese maintained significantly higher facial temperatures than did the Americans. The “hunting phenomenon” was possibly involved, and the anthropological implications were briefly discussed.
Temperament, Anxiety, and Attentional Control:

To regulate attention has been a significant component of individual differences in temperament, and other research supported a relation between measures of attentional control and anxiety, i.e., high scores on trait anxiety were correlated with inability to regulate attention in response to the environment, so enhanced attentional control may interact with dimensions of temperament to modify the effects of generalized anxiety. To test this hypothesis, 69 undergraduates completed the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey, the Burns Anxiety Scale, and the Derryberry and Reed measure of Attentional Control. Analysis suggested attentional control may be a significant factor in modifying reported anxiety. Further research is warranted, given the present small sample tested with numerous measures.
Acquired aversion to amphetamine solutions

Abstract Aversion to d -amphetamine solutions in a two-bottle amphetamine vs. water test increased as the concentration of d -amphetamine was increased. Initial exposure to a high concentration (0.5 mg/cc) of d -amphetamine resulted in a subsequent aversion to a low concentration (0.001 mg/cc). An aversion to a 0.1 mg/cc d -amphetamine solution was rapidly acquired even when the alternative solution was a nonpreferred bitter quinine solution. Significantly, the quinine solution continued to be consumed even when the amphetamine solution was replaced with water. The results were discussed in terms of a learned aversion to amphetamine.
The envelope theorem for locally differentiable Nash equilibria of finite horizon differential games

Abstract Envelope theorems are established for a ubiquitous class of finite horizon differential games. The theorems cover open-loop and feedback information patterns in which the corresponding Nash equilibria are locally differentiable with respect to the parameters of the game. Their relationship with extant envelope results is discussed and an application of them to a generalized capital accumulation game is provided. An important implication of the theorems is that, in general, the archetypal economic interpretation of the costate vector, namely, as the shadow value of the state vector along the Nash equilibrium, is valid for feedback Nash equilibria, but not for open-loop Nash equilibria.
Isospectrality for Spherical Space Forms

Consider the set S(q, Γ) of isometry classes of q-dimensional spherical space forms whose fundamental groups are isomorphic to a fixed group Γ. We define a certain group \({\cal A}(q,\Gamma)\) of transformations on the finite set \({\cal S}(q,\Gamma)\), prove that any two elements in the same \({\cal A}(q,\Gamma)\)-orbit are strongly isospectral, and study some consequences. Then a number of the results are carried over to riemannian quotients of oriented real Grassmann manifolds.
Hand-Motion Crane Control Using Radio-Frequency Real-Time Location Systems

Human operators have difficulty driving cranes quickly, accurately, and safely because the heavy structure of the crane responds slowly and its payload oscillates. Manipulation difficulty is increased by nonintuitive control interfaces (such as buttons, levers, and joysticks) that require substantial experience to master. This paper presents a new type of interface that allows operators to drive a crane by simply moving a hand-held radio-frequency tag through the desired path. Real-time location sensors are used to track the movements of the tag and its position is used in a feedback control loop to drive the crane. Unfortunately, crane movements usually induce large-amplitude payload oscillations. Therefore, an input-shaping control element is used to limit payload swing. Experimental results on an industrial bridge crane validate the controller performance.
Myosin-X is critical for migratory ability of Xenopus cranial neural crest cells

The neural crest is a highly migratory cell population, unique to vertebrates, that forms much of the craniofacial skeleton and peripheral nervous system. In exploring the cell biological basis underlying this behavior, we have identified an unconventional myosin, myosin-X (Myo10) that is required for neural crest migration. Myo10 is highly expressed in both premigratory and migrating cranial neural crest (CNC) cells in Xenopus embryos. Disrupting Myo10 expression using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides leads to impaired neural crest migration and subsequent cartilage formation, but only a slight delay in induction. In vivo grafting experiments reveal that Myo10-depleted CNC cells migrate a shorter distance and fail to segregate into distinct migratory streams. Finally, in vitro cultures and cell dissociation–reaggregation assays suggest that Myo10 may be critical for cell protrusion and cell–cell adhesion. These results demonstrate an essential role for Myo10 in normal cranial neural crest migration and suggest a link to cell–cell interactions and formation of processes.
Anatomical and Hemodynamic Response of the Right Ventricle During Increases in Left Ventricular Assist Device Speed

s S197 technically demanding HTx operation and that longer duration would have a higher incidence of post-operative vasoplegia. Methods: All patients who received a CF-LVAD for BTT at our center from 01/08-09/14 were evaluated (n= 116). Eighty (69%) patients underwent HTx, 12 (10%) died before HTx, and 24 (21%) remain listed for HTx and continue on LVAD support. Of the 80 transplanted patients, 29 (36%) were supported with an LVAD for ≤ 180 days (group 1) and 51 (64%) for > 180 days (group 2). Results: Mean time of LVAD support was 98±41 d for group 1 and 365±193 for group 2. Mean age for group 1 was 52±9 years vs 57±9 for group 2 (p= 0.02). Median operative time (473 vs 523 min), CPB time (205 vs. 219 min), aortic cross clamp time (119 vs 126 min) and intra-operative blood product transfusion (6 vs 6.3 units) did not differ between groups (p> 0.05). While median ICU time (88 vs 92 hrs) and the degree or duration of vasoconstrictor support after HTx were similar, there was a trend for prolonged ventilation (> 24h) in group 2 (24% vs 10%; p= 0.06). Median hospital length of stay was 9 d for both groups. Survival after HTx at 1 and 3 years was 93% for group 1 and 91% and 87% for group 2, respectively (Figure; Log rank p= 0.57). Conclusion: Shorter duration of CF-LVAD support does not appear to increase the technical difficulty of HTx operation and longer duration of support was not associated with a greater incidence of vasoplegia. Both groups had equivalent and excellent long-term survival.
Pushing the envelope: Developmental regulation by the nuclear lamina

A surprising realization in recent years was that proteins of the nuclear lamina directly regulate gene expression and cell differentiation. Presented here are examples that highlight the diverse roles these proteins can inhabit. Accompanying the primer is a discussion of current topics in the field with nuclear lamina experts Colin Stewart, Ph.D., and Yosef Gruenbaum, Ph.D.
Improving prenatal HIV screening with tailored educational interventions: an approach to guideline implementation

Background A healthy, uncomplicated pregnancy undergoes approximately 13 tests performed over an average of 12.5 prenatal visits. Published rates of compliance with routine prenatal testing are generally >90%, with lower rates for newer tests or those that require additional inputs prior to ordering. New CDC guidelines for prenatal HIV testing highlight the importance of prenatal testing and motivated the authors to explore our routine prenatal testing performance. The authors found the conceptual framework of simple/complicated/complex problems in healthcare helpful in understanding the rates for tests and for developing interventions. Methods The setting for this work was a single, rural, academic tertiary care centre. Baseline rates of four routine prenatal tests (HBsAg, 1 h GTT, GBS, HIV) were determined by analysing 12 months of data from a web-based delivery registry. All rates were >90% except HIV, which was 79.2%. Process mapping and discussions with ordering providers were performed to plan the improvement intervention. Targeted educational interventions specific to each ordering provider type were followed by audit and feedback. HIV testing rates were monitored and analysed monthly using process control charts. Results The HIV testing rate increased significantly from 79.2% to 94.2%. Rates greater than 90% were maintained for 10 of 11 months reported. Conclusions Targeted educational interventions combined with audit and feedback can increase rates of routine testing successfully in an outpatient setting. These interventions can be used to improve implementation and compliance with new guidelines when informed by an understanding of local context and processes coupled with an appropriate conceptual framework.
Habitat-Associated Differences in Flea Assemblages of Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Mammalian carnivores may be important to the dynamics of many vector-borne zoonotic diseases, yet relationships between carnivores and their ectoparasites are largely unstudied. I sampled striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in Boulder County, Colorado, U.S.A., to de- termine how prevalence, abundance, and species assemb- lages of fleas vary by habitat association. I found that skunks sampled from foothills habitats carry significantly richer flea species assemblages than those sampled in grassland habitats, though flea prevalence, abundance, and mean intensity did not differ statistically between habitat types. Skunks in both habitat types were most commonly parasitized by fleas of the genus Pulex. Skunks from foothills habitats were also found to carry fleas typically associated with rodents, including Oropsylla montana, Anomiopsyllus nudatus, and Orchopeas neotomae, whereas skunks sampled in grassland habitats did not carry rodent fleas. Given that striped skunks may be involved in main- tenance and transmission of several flea-borne diseases, it is important to understand how the flea species assemblages of striped skunks vary depending on habitat association.
The matter of size: On the moment magnitude of microseismic events

ABSTRACTWe investigated the method of estimating seismic moment and moment magnitude for microseismic events. We determined that the M0T defined by Bowers and Hudson is the proper scalar moment to be used in microseismic studies for characterizing the size of an event and calculating its moment magnitude. For non-double-couple sources, the proportional relationship between body-wave amplitude and seismic moment in the Brune model breaks down. So under such situations, the Brune model is not an appropriate way to estimate the seismic moment and magnitude. Moreover, the S-wave alone is not sufficient for determining the total seismic moment. Instead, the P-wave must be analyzed. An example Barnett Shale data set was studied, and the results concluded that the magnitudes estimated with the Brune model could be off by as much as 1.92, with an absolute average of 0.35. The moment magnitudes based on the scalar moment M0T also gave a significantly different event size distribution and b-value estimation. Finall...
A Laboratory-Based Examination of Responses to Social Rejection in Borderline Personality Disorder: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation

This study sought to build upon existing research on interpersonal sensitivity in borderline personality disorder (BPD) by examining whether emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between BPD and cognitive and emotional responses to social rejection. Participants with (n = 53) and without (n = 34) BPD reported on levels of negative affect and threat to four social needs (perceived control, belonging, selfesteem, and meaningful existence) in response to a laboratory-based social ostracism task (Cyberball). Results revealed heightened interpersonal (rejection) sensitivity among BPD (vs. non-BPD) participants, as evidenced by heightened threat to all social needs and nonspecific distress (although not overall negative affect) in response to the task. Furthermore, both overall emotion dysregulation and the specific dimensions involving emotion modulation strategies, emotional clarity, and the control of behaviors when distressed mediated the relationship between BPD status and several cognitive (threats to meaningful existence, belonging, and self-esteem) and emotional (nonspecific distress) responses to the task.
The Incumbent's Curse? Incumbency, Size and Radical Product Innovation

A common perception in the field of innovation is that large, incumbent firms rarely introduce radical product innovations. Such firms tend to solidify their market positions with relatively incremental innovations. They may even turn away entrepreneurs who come up with radical innovations, though they themselves had such entrepreneurial roots. As a result, radical innovations tend to come from small firms, the outsiders. This thesis, which we term the incumbent's curse, is commonly accepted in academic and popular accounts of radical innovation. This topic is important, because radical product innovation is an engine of economic growth that has created entire industries and brought down giants while catapulting small firms to market leadership. Yet a review of the literature suggests that the evidence for the incumbent's curse is based on anecdotes and scattered case studies of highly specialized innovations. It is not clear if it applies widely across several product categories. The authors reexamine the incumbent's curse using a historical analysis of a relatively large number of radical innovations in the consumer durables and office products categories. In particular, the authors seek to answer the following questions: (1) How prevalent is this phenomenon? What percentage of radical innovations do incumbents versus nonincumbents introduce? What percentage of radical innovations do small firms versus large firms introduce? (2) Is the phenomenon a curse that invariably afflicts large incumbents in current industries? Is it driven by incumbency or size? and (3) How consistent is the phenomenon? Has the increasing size and complexity of firms over time accentuated it? Does it vary across national boundaries? Results from the study suggest that conventional wisdom about the incumbent's curse may not always be valid.
Dynamic Computational Topology for Piecewise Linear Curves.

A piecewise linear (PL) approximation often serves as the graphics representation for a parametric curve. Algorithms for preserving correct topology for a single static image are available, but signicant challenges remain to ensure correct topology when the PL curve is changing shape during synchronized visualization with an ongoing simulation, such as a molecule writhing over time. A tubular neighborhood of the curve is dened to preserve topology under perturbation, but as the perturbed geometry approaches the boundary of that tubular neighborhood, any required update of the neighborhood should maintain the synchronization. The algorithimic performance of these updates is directly dependent upon the number of approximating edges and the techniques presented here decrease that data volume versus previous methods, as shown by a comprehensive comparative analysis and a representative example.
Comparative Evaluation of Sequencing Batch Reactors

The performance of many processes and operations can be improved appreciably by the controlled unsteady operations that are provided by sequencing batch (fill and draw) biological reactors. The lack of design and operation experience in batch treatment has resulted in an experience void that has fostered the selection of continuous flow rather than batch treatment schemes. System selection should depend instead upon suitability of the system, reliability, efficiency, consistency, and economics. Bench, pilot, and full-scale investigations, and desk top and computer analyses must supplement existing bench scale studies if the experience void is to be filled. Several hypothetical examples are used to partially fill the void by comparing volumes for both the batch and continuous flow system. In the examples, sequencing batch treatment provides the potential for achieving effluent limitations in a total volume notably less than that for a conventional continuous flow system. This adds to previously recognized advantages that include holding a waste until proper treatment is achieved.
The Commensal Politics of Early States and Empires

Food and feasting are increasingly recognized as having played a prominent role in the emergence of social hierarchies and the negotiation of power and identity (Clark and Blake 1994; Dietler 1996; Dietler and Hayden 2001; Gero 1992; Goody 1982; Gummerman 1997; Nielsen and Nielsen 1998; Wiessner and Shieffenhovel 1996). The notion of ‘feasting,’ as used here, refers to a communal food consumption event that differs in some way from everyday practice (after Dietler 1996). Given the culinary nature of feasts, the use of containers for both food preparation and consumption is generally involved, a fact that increases the archaeological visibility of such events. The papers in this volume utilize culinary equipment as a window into the commensal politics of early states and empires, focusing on the question of whether and how food and feasting figured in the political calculus of archaic states. Using both New and Old World examples, the assembled papers offer particular case studies that serve as the basis for a comparative assessment of the role of feasting in the emergence and expansion of early states.
The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism

This book is the first detailed philosophical examination of the morality of the IRA's violent campaign and of the British government's attempts to end it. Written in clear accessible prose it is essential reading for scholars and students who wish to acquire a deeper understanding of one of the paradigmatic conflicts of the late 20th century.
Cooperation, Not Collision: A Response to When Worlds Collide

In this comment on the AALS Section on Legal Writing, Reasoning, and Research 2007 program, When Worlds Collide, Professor Bach describes how the panelists illustrated the intersections between clinical and legal writing education. She points out the common denominators of curricula that actively infuse legal writing teaching into clinical work and clinic cases into legal writing teaching: motivating students via real world work, teaching them to develop and exercise their judgment via indeterminate problem solving, and bringing pro bono work into the mainstream of law school. Bach then describes her use of problem-based service learning in the legal writing classroom, where her students use their research, analysis, and writing skills to help local non-profits address environmental health law problems. She concludes by observing that cooperation, not collision, between clinical and legal writing professors benefits law students, communities needing legal research and analysis, and the academy.
Critical Tax Theory: Heteronormativity and Federal Tax Policy

This Article discusses the heteronormativity of the scholarly debate over the choice of the "appropriate" taxable unit. It illustrates that marital status is pervasive throughout the tax code by contrasting the marital provisions with the current federal tax treatment of same-sex couples. It presents DOMA and the recent "pro-family" tax reform as prescriptive measures to define family that are grounded in moral judgments informed by religion. A brief conclusion notes that since taxation is indeed political, it makes sense that the battle over the changing face of the American family is being mediated, at least in part, through the tax code. The seemingly discordant marital rules offer a composite picture of marriage as 1) an economic unit, 2) a fundamental unit of society, and 3) an intimate association whose members may not deal with each other at arm's length. To the contrary, same-sex partners always act as strangers under the tax code regardless of the economic or contractual realities of their relationship and regardless of a valid marriage under state law. The exclusion of same-sex couples also carries a symbolic cost. No matter how much taxpayers resent paying tax, the tax code continues to send a strong prescriptive message each year when millions of taxpayers check the appropriate box for their filing status. Your filing status, the way you present yourself and the annual tally of your accomplishments to the state depends, not simply on your marital status, but on the sex of your partner.
Tumor Cell–Driven Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Drives Haptotaxis during Metastatic Progression

Fibronectin (FN) is a major component of the tumor microenvironment, but its role in promoting metastasis is incompletely understood. Here, we show that FN gradients elicit directional movement of breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo . Haptotaxis on FN gradients requires direct interaction between α5β1 integrin and MENA, an actin regulator, and involves increases in focal complex signaling and tumor cell–mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Compared with MENA, higher levels of the prometastatic MENAINV isoform associate with α5, which enables 3-D haptotaxis of tumor cells toward the high FN concentrations typically present in perivascular space and in the periphery of breast tumor tissue. MENAINV and FN levels were correlated in two breast cancer cohorts, and high levels of MENAINV were significantly associated with increased tumor recurrence as well as decreased patient survival. Our results identify a novel tumor cell–intrinsic mechanism that promotes metastasis through ECM remodeling and ECM-guided directional migration. Significance: Here, we provide new insight into how tumor cell:ECM interactions generate signals and structures that promote directed tumor cell migration, a critical component of metastasis. Our results identify a tumor cell–intrinsic mechanism driven by the actin regulatory protein MENA that promotes ECM remodeling and haptotaxis along FN gradients. Cancer Discov; 6(5); 516–31. ©2016 AACR. See related commentary by Santiago-Medina and Yang, [p. 474][1] . This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, [p. 461][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/6/474?iss=5 [2]: /lookup/volpage/6/461?iss=5
Modafinil decreases hypersomnolence in the English bulldog, a natural animal model of sleep-disordered breathing

The English bulldog is a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). This condition is marked by 1) hypersomnolence and 2) disordered breathing episodes that are most frequent and severe during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Modafinil has been found to increase arousal levels in animals and decrease excessive daytime sleepiness in humans. Therefore, in this study we focused mainly on the effects of the drug on total sleep time and sleep latency and secondarily assessed its effect on REM SDB. Five English bulldogs were implanted with subcutaneous electroencephalographic/electrooculographic (EEG/EOG) electrodes and instrumented with respiratory oscillation belts to measure abdominal and rib cage movements and an ear oximeter to measure saturation. The dogs were studied for approximately 8 hours each subsequent day on two consecutive days. On the first day, they received the vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) i.v. as a control. On the following day they received 10 mg/kg body weight of modafinil i.v. dissolved in the DMSO vehicle. Our findings indicate that modafinil significantly alleviates hypersomnolence (p < 0.05) in the bulldog, as evidenced by dramatically decreased mean total sleep time (from a control value of 50.5% to 8.3% with the drug) and increased mean sleep latency (from a control value of 71.0 minutes to a value of 346.6 minutes with the drug). We obtained limited data on the effect of modafinil on SDB because the drug either greatly diminished or entirely eradicated REM sleep in all five dogs.
Assessing the Political Environment for Business: A New Role for Political Scientists?

Political scientists are only now, and dimly, beginning to recognize that something called “political risk analysis” (PRA) is very much in vogue in the corporate and banking communities of this country. Any attempt to assess this uncommon development should begin with this question: Why would any banker or corporate manager wish to spend hard cash on anything political scientists might have to say about places overseas where banks and multinational corporations lend or invest their capital? After all, the profession is not exactly distinguished by its ability to make accurate forecasts. Indeed, Sartori has argued that political scientists ought to eschew forecasting entirely in that they are best able to explain what happened as opposed to what may come to pass.Sartori's assertion of course would make historians of us all—and burden us with the historian's smug claim that, if the history examined is too recent, the immediacy of events will distort our vision and bias our judgments. Thus, rather than try to foretell where, say, Germany will move politically next year we should expend (more!) of our resources to establish once and for all what really caused Weimar to collapse and Hitler to come to power.This is not the stuff of political risk analysis. Growing interest in this activity is little based on broad analyses of the past or on long-term forecasts of future events. The potential consumers of political assessments are intelligent, harried bankers and corporate managers who are pressed to make relatively short-term decisions that affect the viability of enterprise and investment-and, equally important, careers-in professions where tenure is unknown.
Factors affecting growth of ovine foetuses during early gestation

Year, type of gestation (single or twin foetuses) and age of foetus all had highly significant independent effects on both foetal weight and length (P>0·01). Twin foetuses were both longer and heavier than single foetuses at 21 to 30 days post coitum. Continuous illumination, continuous darkness and intermittent light appeared to reduce foetal length and weight (P>0·05). Control foetuses were longer and heavier than those on other treatments. Neither feeding level (75 to 150% N.R.C. maintenance requirements) nor body weight of the dam had significant effects on foetal size within the age range studied.
Immunohistochemistry of liver in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. A comparative study.

A retrospective light microscopic study was performed on liver tissue obtained at autopsy from three adults with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and from eight additional patients with a variety of hepatic diseases. A comparison of the efficacy of immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase methods for the identification of alphaj-antitrypsinpositive granules in liver cells was undertaken. In formalin-fixed frozen sections, specific intracellular globule staining was demonstrated in the deficiency state with all technics. While immunofluorescent methods failed to stain the globules in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, immunoperoxidase technics gave consistently positive and reproducible results. The immunoperoxidase technic utilizing an unlabeled antibody bridge was found to be better for demonstrating alpharantitrypsin deposits in paraffinembedded tissue specimens. The implications of these findings for retrospective studies of routinely processed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens as well as for ultrastructural studies are emphasized.
Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) action thresholds and cotton photosynthesis

Action thresholds for whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., are being developed to determine the whitefly densities at which cotton should be treated with insecticides to prevent lint yield losses. However, the effects action threshold treatments have on cotton photosynthesis have not been determined. Changes in the photosynthetic rate of cotton can be used to assess damage to cotton early in the season before lint is harvested. In this study photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance of cotton treated at 4 different action thresholds for whiteflies were measured 12 times during July and August 1995 in the Imperial Valley of California using a portable photosynthesis system. Action thresholds were 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 adults per leaf. Untreated control plots were also used for comparison in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Adult, egg, and nymphal whitefly densities on untreated cotton were significantly higher than those on all other treatments. In general, no differences in densities of any stage were seen among the 2.5, 5, and 10 treatments. Densities from the 20 treatment were variable. Photosynthetic rates of untreated cotton leaves were usually significantly lower compared with those of 2.5, 5, and 10 treatments. In general, no significant differences in photosynthetic rates were seen among the 2.5, 5, and 10 treatments. Photosynthetic rates of leaves from the 20 treatment were significantly lower and higher than leaves from the other treatments and the untreated control, respectively, on some dates. In general, no significant differences were detected in stomatal conductance among the 2.5, 5, and 10 treatments, and results were similar to those seen with photosynthesis. Based on photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance, measurable physiological damage to cotton leaves occurs between action thresholds of 10–20 adult whiteflies per leaf.
Does Circulating Antibody Play a Role in the Protection of Piglets against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

The contribution of circulating antibody to the protection of naive piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was evaluated using a passive antibody transfer model. Piglets (n = 62) derived from 6 sows were assigned to one of 6 different treatments using a randomized block design which provided for allocation of all treatments to all sows' litters. Each treatment was designed to achieve a different level of circulating anti-PEDV antibody via intraperitoneally administration of concentrated serum antibody. Piglets were orally inoculated with PEDV (USA/IN/2013/19338E, 1 x 103 TCID50 per piglet) 24 hours later and then monitored for 14 days. Piglets remained with their dam throughout the experiment. Sow milk samples, piglet fecal samples, and data on piglet clinical signs, body weight, and body temperature were collected daily. Fecal samples were tested by PEDV real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Serum, colostrum, and milk were tested for PEDV IgG, IgA, and virus-neutralizing antibody. The data were evaluated for the effects of systemic PEDV antibody levels on growth, body temperature, fecal shedding, survival, and antibody response. The analysis showed that circulating antibody partially ameliorated the effect of PEDV infection. Specifically, antibody-positive groups returned to normal body temperature faster and demonstrated a higher rate of survivability than piglets without PEDV antibody. When combined with previous literature on PEDV, it can be concluded that both systemic antibodies and maternal secretory IgA in milk contribute to the protection of the neonatal pig against PEDV infections. Overall, the results of this experiment suggested that passively administered circulating antibodies contributed to the protection of neonatal piglets against PEDV infection.
Isolated Fourth Ventricle: Review of seven cases

Seven cases of isolated fourth ventricle (IFV) are reported. They presented with an enlarged fourth ventricle on CT scans following V-P shunting for hydrocephalus. These cases are reviewed in respect to their etiology, clinical course and management. The IFV can be considered as a reversible state with a “disproportionately large communicating hydrocephalus.” Reopening of the aqueduct is commonly observed in the IFV. Spontaneous involution can be expected in asymptomatic cases. (Shoni no Noshinkei 13:103–108, 1988)
Meta-Analysis of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Treating Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders

We evaluated the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) for treating symptoms of internalizing disorders with youth and adults across 26 between-group studies representing the data ...
Regulation of globin gene expression in human K562 cells by recombinant activin A

Recent studies indicate that a purified protein, activin A, belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Similar to TGF-beta, activin A can have different biologic activities, depending on the target tissues. We used recombinant activin A to demonstrate a possible regulatory role of this protein in modulating human erythroid differentiation in the human erythroid cell line, K562. Using genomic probes containing the second exon of alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon globins, relative abundance of various types of globin transcripts in untreated and activin-treated K562 cells was examined with S1 nuclease analysis. Despite considerable homology amongst various globin sequences, these globin probes were highly specific for their unique mRNA species in the analyses. It was shown that the abundance of specific globin probe fragments for gamma and epsilon globins (209 nucleotides) as well as alpha (180 nucleotides), which were protected from S1 digestion, increased many fold in K562 cells treated with activin A. In contrast, there were no specific transcripts of beta globin detected in either the control or activin-treated cells. The increases in the level of fetal and embryonic beta-like and alpha globin transcripts also confirmed earlier studies of Northern and slot- blot analyses using globin cDNA as probes. In addition, nuclear run-off transcription assay using isolated nuclei indicated that most of the increase in the globin transcripts after activin treatment could be attributed to the stimulation of transcription rate for globin genes. Transient transfection assays also provide evidence that activin A significantly stimulated transcriptional activity of an epsilon globin promoter in K562, but not in the nonerythroid Chinese hamster ovary cells. Therefore, it was concluded that activin A exerts its effects on globin gene expression at the level of transcription in erythroid cells.
KINETIC MECHANISM OF METALLO-BETA -LACTAMASE L1 FROM STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA

The reaction of nitrocefin with metallo-β-lactamase L1 from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was studied using rapid-scan and stopped-flow ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) studies in an effort to discern the kinetic mechanism used by L1 to hydrolyze penicillins and cephalosporins. Rapid-scan and stopped-flow UV−vis studies of nitrocefin hydrolysis by L1 identified three species: (1) the substrate (nitrocefin) displayed an absorbance peak at 390 nm (e = 11 500 M-1 cm-1) that decreased during the reaction with a rate constant of 170 ± 30 s-1; (2) the product (hydrolyzed nitrocefin) displayed an absorbance peak at 485 nm (e = 17 420 M-1 cm-1) that increased during the reaction with rate constant of 40 ± 1 s-1; and (3) an intermediate displayed an absorbance peak at 665 nm (e = 32 000 M-1 cm-1) that increased initially with a rate constant of 190 ± 3 s-1 and then decreased with a rate constant of 38 ± 2 s-1. Single-turnover experiments demonstrated that there were no pre-steady-state bursts in the reaction of L1 wit...
Results of uncemented cups: a critical appraisal at 15 years.

One of the most important advances in total hip arthroplasty is the development of successful cementless acetabular components. Cemented acetabular components in older patients showed increasing loss of fixation after the first decade. Loosening commonly occurred during the first decade in young patients and after revision surgeries. Although some cementless designs failed, the hemispheric design with a porous exterior surface now is adopted widely. Assessment of acetabular reconstructions should be evaluated as primary operations in the older age group, primary operations in younger patients, and revisions. In all three categories, the cementless hemispheric design has proven remarkably successful. For example, a compilation of three reports on acetabular revisions using the HGP design revealed that by 12.5 years, only five of 263 shells required shell rerevision (2%). Periprosthetic osteolysis and dislocation are problems, but are being addressed by improved articulations and designs. These advances are remarkable in generating successful long-term acetabular reconstructions.
Critical role of Rho in cell transformation by oncogenic Ras

We demonstrate that Rho, a regulator of cytoskeletal actin, is necessary for Ras transformation. A dominant inhibitory Rho gene (RhoBN19) specifically suppressed Rat1 cell focus formation induced by oncogenic Ras but not by Raf. An activated Rho gene (RhoBV14) lacked focus formation activity but augmented the focus formation activity of both oncogenes. NIH3T3 cell lines expressing RhoBV14 grew to higher saturation density and displayed reduced serum and anchorage requirements for growth. We concluded that Rho played a role in cell growth regulation and was required for transformation by oncogenic Ras but not Raf. A model for Ras signal transduction proposing separate Rho-dependent and Raf-dependent pathways is discussed.
Narrating and Navigating Authorities: Evangelical and Mainline Protestant Interpretations of the Bible and Science

Research on the way Protestants interpret the Bible in relationship to science has tended to focus on biblical literalists; less research, however, has examined the heterogeneity of how nonliteralists interpret the Bible. Utilizing data from semi-structured interviews with 77 evangelical and mainline Protestants who attend high-SES congregations, we find that members of both groups draw on similar interpretation strategies in discussing the Bible and evolution. Both eschew literal interpretations of the Bible, demarcate boundaries between the Bible and science, and subsume evolution under broader theological beliefs. Mainline Protestants and evangelicals differ in the way they interpret miracles, with mainline Protestants revealing more openness to scientific and social interpretations of the Bible's miracles, while evangelicals emphasize God's authority over nature. Findings show that different strategies are evoked depending on the issue discussed, revealing implications for a deeper understanding of the way different traditions provide resources for interpreting the Bible and its relationship to scientific issues. Finally, findings contribute to a more robust knowledge of boundary work between the Bible and science as institutional and epistemic authorities.
Zäh-plastische und ideal-plastische Stoffe

Schubspannungen, das heist Spannungszustande mit nicht verschwindendem Deviator, konnen in einer zahen Flussigkeit nur dort auftreten, wo die Verformungsgeschwindigkeit von null verschieden ist. Zum Beispiel entspricht bei der stationaren laminaren Stromung in einem kreiszylindrischen Rohr dem Druckgefalle in der Stromungsrichtung nach dem Impulssatz (IV, 2.7) eine Schubspannung an der Rohrwandung. Infolgedessen mus bei zaher Flussigkeit bereits ein beliebig kleines Druckgefalle eine Stromung verursachen. Dies wird durch die Poiseuillesche Gleichung (VI, 2.16) bestatigt, nach der ceteris paribus die Geschwindigkeit dem Druckgefalle proportional ist.
Distributed cavity phase and the associated power dependence

We discuss the power dependence of distributed cavity phase errors for cylindrical TE011 cavities in laser-cooled atomic fountain clocks. The azimuthally symmetric phase variations produce a surprisingly large distributed cavity phase error for two 2pi, 4pi, and 6pi pulses. This is due to the correlation between the transverse variation of the Rabi frequency over the cavity aperture and a quadratic density variation of the atomic sample, along with the symmetry of the longitudinal phase variation in the cavity. We show that the large azimuthally symmetric fields and phase shifts near the walls of the endcap holes produce very small errors at optimal power for a uniform wall resistance. We also show the power variation for higher order azimuthal variations m=1, 2, and 4. These may be caused by fountain tilts, nonuniform detection of atoms, and asymmetries in the laser trapping and cooling of the atoms. We demonstrate that distributed cavity phase errors in physical cavities may have no variation with the microwave power. A combination of rigorous calculations of cavity losses, measurements of power dependence, the atomic distributions, and fountain tilts, and electrical measurements that show the lower limit of the cavity Q and the cavity symmetry, should provide stringent limits on distributed cavity phase errors for current atomic clocks
Departing from the beaten path: international schools in China as a response to discrimination and academic failure in the Chinese educational system

ABSTRACTInternational schools are commonly depicted in the academic literature and popular press as offering elite educational credentials to an elite, oftentimes international, student body. In this paper, I draw on a case study of a Canadian international school to argue that a new form of international school is emerging in China – one that offers a haven for domestic students from certain competitive and discriminatory features of the Chinese educational system. Fieldwork was conducted at a Canadian curriculum high school for Chinese citizens in Beijing. Most students at the school were internal migrants or children of China’s ‘new rich’ entrepreneurial class; that is, their families had economic resources but occupied precarious social positions in contemporary Chinese society. Analyses reveal that the international school offers a pathway to obtain baseline academic credentials in the absence of other opportunities for progress in the Chinese educational system. Together with evidence of dramatic gr...