cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motives for acquiring and saving in hoarding disorder, OCD, and community controls

Abstract Hoarding disorder (HD) was classified as a separate disorder in DSM-5 ( APA, 2013 ). However, only recently research on hoarding has begun in earnest, and as of yet, very little research exists on the motivation to acquire and save the excessive volume of possessions seen in patients with this disorder. This investigation examined the frequency of four motives for acquiring and saving possessions that are often reported anecdotally by people with HD (information, emotional reasons, avoid waste, and aesthetic reasons). Comparisons in a sample of 443 participants indicated that those with HD reported higher frequencies of each of these four motives for acquiring and saving compared to OCD participants and community controls. The intention to avoid waste emerged as the most prominent motive in people with HD. Understanding waste avoidance may be key to better understanding and treating HD.
Shock Acceleration of Ions in the Heliosphere

Energetic particles constitute an important component of the heliospheric plasma environment. They range from solar energetic particles in the inner heliosphere to the anomalous cosmic rays accelerated at the interface of the heliosphere with the local interstellar medium. Although stochastic acceleration by fluctuating electric fields and processes associated with magnetic reconnection may account for some of the particle populations, the majority are accelerated by the variety of shock waves present in the solar wind. This review focuses on “gradual” solar energetic particle (SEP) events including their energetic storm particle (ESP) phase, which is observed if and when an associated shock wave passes Earth. Gradual SEP events are the intense long-duration events responsible for most space weather disturbances of Earth’s magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. The major characteristics of gradual SEP events are first described including their association with shocks and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their ion composition, and their energy spectra. In the context of acceleration mechanisms in general, the acceleration mechanism responsible for SEP events, diffusive shock acceleration, is then described in some detail including its predictions for a planar stationary shock, shock modification by the energetic particles, and wave excitation by the accelerating ions. Finally, some complexities of shock acceleration are addressed, which affect the predictive ability of the theory. These include the role of temporal and spatial variations, the distinction between the plasma and wave compression ratios at the shock, the injection of thermal plasma at the shock into the process of shock acceleration, and the nonlinear evolution of ion-excited waves in the vicinity of the shock.
Sputum Autoantibodies in Patients With Established Rheumatoid Arthritis and Subjects at Risk of Future Clinically Apparent Disease

Objective To evaluate the generation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)–related autoantibodies in the lung. Methods Simultaneous collection of serum and induced sputum was performed in 21 healthy controls, 49 at-risk subjects without inflammatory arthritis but at risk of RA due to family history or seropositivity for anti–citrullinated protein antibodies, and 14 subjects with early RA. Samples were tested for anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti-CCP2), anti-CCP3, anti-CCP3.1, rheumatoid factor isotypes IgM, IgG, and IgA, and total IgM, IgG, and IgA. Results One or more autoantibodies were present in sputum of 39% of at-risk seronegative subjects, 65% of at-risk seropositive subjects, and 86% of subjects with early RA. In at-risk seronegative subjects, the rate of anti-CCP3.1 positivity and the median number of autoantibodies were elevated in sputum versus serum. In subjects with early RA, the rate of positivity for several individual autoantibodies and the median number of autoantibodies were higher in serum than in sputum. Results in at-risk seropositive subjects were intermediate between these groups. In at-risk subjects with autoantibody positivity in sputum, the ratios of autoantibody to total Ig were higher in sputum than in serum, suggesting that these autoantibodies are generated or sequestered in the lung. Conclusion RA-related autoantibodies are detectable in sputum in subjects at risk of RA and in subjects with early RA. In a subset of at-risk subjects, the presence of sputum autoantibodies in the absence of seropositivity, and the increased autoantibody-to–total Ig ratios in sputum, suggest that the lung may be a site of autoantibody generation in the early development of RA. These findings suggest an important role of the lung in the pathogenesis of RA.
A search for superconducting impurity phases in cubic Ba2GdRu1 − uCuuO6

Abstract It is widely believed that cuprate (CuO 2 ) planes are the essential structural component of all high temperature superconductors. In contrast, Wu et al. and Chen et al. have published evidence for superconductivity in Cu-doped double pervoskites which consist of alternating layers of either SrO or BaO with YRu 1 − u Cu u O 4 . These structures have no cuprate planes, yet exhibit diamagnetism to temperatures as high as 84 K. Since the chemical components of these materials are common to the rutheno-cuprates, it is widely believed that impurity phases are responsible for the observed superconductivity. Impurity phase formation and decomposition in a homolog, Ba 2 GdRu 1 − u Cu u O 6 , is investigated. It is found that this phase is stable against separation into GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and Ba 2 GdRuO 6 . GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 does not survive high temperature processing with Ba 2 GdRuO 6 .
Embryonal carcinoma cell adhesion: The role of surface galactosyltransferase and its 90K lactosaminoglycan substrate

Abstract Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells possess a complex cell surface glycoconjugate called lactosaminoglycan, whose core structure is composed of repeating N -acetyllactosamine (Gal→GlcNAc) disaccharides. Recent studies suggest that the cell surface receptor for lactosaminoglycan is galactosyltransferase, which binds terminal GlcNAc residues on various side chains, thus anchoring the glycoconjugate to the cell surface (Shur, B. D. (1982). J. Biol. Chem. 257, 6871–6878.). The results described in this paper suggest that multivalent lactosaminoglycans mediate EC cell adhesions by binding to their surface galactosyltransferase receptors. In the presence of UDPgalactose, but not other sugar nucleotides, EC cell adhesion is reduced and preformed cell adhesions are dissociated. UDPgalactose interferes with EC cell adhesion by forcing the galactosyltransferase reaction to completion, thus dissociating the enzyme from its galactosylated substrate (i.e., lactosaminoglycan), and thereby dissociating EC cells from one another. Lactosaminoglycans purified from EC cell cultures rapidly agglutinate EC cells, and EC cells preferentially adhere to substrates irreversibly derivatized with protein- and lipid-free lactosaminoglycan side chains. Under identical conditions, EC cells do not adhere to either hyaluronate- or chondroitin sulfate-derivatized substrates, relative to underivatized control surfaces. EC cell adhesion to other cells and to lactosaminoglycan-derivatized surfaces can be inhibited by reagents that selectively interfere with surface galactosyltransferase activity. First, α-lactalbumin specifically reduces the galactosyltransferase's affinity for its lactosaminoglycan substrate and simultaneously inhibits adhesion. Similar levels of bovine serum albumin have no effect. Second, selective inhibition of surface galactosyltransferase with UDP-dialdehyde also inhibits adhesion, while similar levels of AMP-dialdehyde do not. Results show that 1 m M Ca 2+ protects the surface galactosyltransferase activity from proteolysis, which suggests the galactosyltransferase is one of the Ca 2+ -dependent EC cell adhesion molecules. SDS-PAGE fluorography and gel chromatography analyses have determined that the principal lactosaminoglycan substrate for EC surface galactosyltransferase has an apparent molecular weight of 90K. Taken together, these results suggest that lactosaminoglycans participate in EC cell adhesion by binding to their surface galactosyltransferase receptors.
Space Station Automation: The Role of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Automation of the space station is necessary to make more effective use of the crew, to carry out repairs that are impractical or dangerous, and to monitor and control the many space station subsystems. Intelligent robotics and expert systems play a strong role in automation, and both disciplines are highly dependent on a common artificial intelligence (Al) technology base. The AI technology base provides the reasoning and planning capabilities needed in robotic tasks, such as perception of the environment and planning a path to a goal, and in expert systems tasks, such as control of subsystems and maintenance of equipment. This paper describes automation concepts for the space station, the specific robotic and expert systems required to attain this automation, and the research and development required. It also presents an evolutionary development plan that leads to fully automatic mobile robots for servicing satellites. Finally, we indicate the sequence of demonstrations and the research and development needed to confirm the automation capabilities. We emphasize that advanced robotics requires AI, and that to advance, AI needs the "real-world" problems provided by robotics.
Entrapment of individual DNA molecules and nanoparticles in porous alumina membranes.

Depth-resolved fluorescence imaging allows the motion of single DNA molecules and single nanoparticles at the liquid/solid interface to be recorded in real time. Porous alumina membranes were employed as model chromatographic packing material. Using a suitable pH and ionic strength, adsorptive interactions are suppressed. The effects of 3-dimensional topography, specifically the presence of nanopores, on DNA and nanoparticle migration across the surface are, thus, revealed. The residence times and the number of immobilized DNA molecules or particles increased as the pores size increased. Yet, we found that the pore diameter must be significantly larger than the particle diameter or the DNA short radius before entrapment can occur. Furthermore, the depth distribution of particles does not conform to one-dimensional diffusion in the pores, probably because of collisions with the walls. These observations provide new insights into conventional liquid chromatography as well as size-exclusion chromatography an...
Amphotericin B-impregnated Bone Cement to Treat Refractory Coccidioidal Osteomyelitis

Use of amphotericin B-impregnated bone cement in combination with systemic antifungals for the treatment of coccidioidal osteomyelitis offers the potential for sustained local concentrations of drug at the site of the infection. Amphotericin B levels in bone of up to 5.1 μg/g have been demonstrated 4 months after placement of bone cement.
A DECISION TOOL FOR THE SELECTION OF IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO DETECT UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

Damage to underground infrastructure during construction results in undesirable consequences to contractors, project owners and citizens. These consequences include construction delays, design changes, claims, property damages, service breakdowns, disruption of neighboring business and even injuries and lost lives. Subsurface utility mapping is becoming an essential process to reduce the probability of such damages before construction starts. However, a wide variety of geophysical imaging technologies and different application conditions pose challenges in selecting appropriate imaging technologies for the successful identification of underground utilities. This paper describes a decision tool that was developed to assist in selecting appropriate imaging technologies based on site conditions. The proposed decision tool, named IMAGTECH, utilizes the deterministic parallel selection technique (DPST) as a decision framework to evaluate the input values involved in the decision problem.
Synthesis of High Oxidation State Bimetallic Alkylidene Complexes for Controlled ROMP Synthesis of Triblock Copolymers

An X-ray study of [(THF)(RF6O)2(ArN)MoCH]2(1,4-C6H4) (ORF6 = OCMe(CF3)2; Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl; THF = tetrahydrofuran; 1b), which is closely related to known [(DME)(RF6O)2(ArN)MoCH]2(1,4-C6H4) (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane; 1a), showed it to be the expected bimetallic species in which each end is approximately a trigonal bipyramidal monoadduct of a syn alkylidene with the THF coordinated to the NOO face of the metal trans to the MoC bond. Treatment of 1a with lithium tert-butoxide yielded [(t-BuO)2(ArN)MoCH]2(1,4-C6H4) (2). Addition of divinylferrocene to Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(NAr)(ORF6)2 produced the bimetallic species {(RF6O)2(ArN)Mo[CH(C5H4)]}2Fe (3), which upon treatment with lithium tert-butoxide produced a related tert-butoxide complex (4). X-ray studies of 3 and 4 showed them to be “syn/syn” bimetallic species related to 1b. In solution two resonances can be observed in proton NMR spectra in the alkylidene region for the “syn/anti” isomer of 1a, 2, 3, and 4; the total amount varies between 4 and 20% of th...
A TALE OF TWO REVOLUTIONS: INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS 1789–1819 *

One of the phenomena that accompanied the advance of the French Revolution and its armies throughout the European Continent in the 1790s was the flight of capital. Merchants and guild artisans, as well as aristocrats, had to turn to merchant bankers and use the existing international capital markets to remove the liquid part of their property beyond the reach of Revolutionary arms. There is good reason to believe that they were successful to a much greater degree than previously suspected, largely because the international capital markets of the time were larger and better organized than previously thought. Moreover, these capital movements from the Continent to Britain explain succinctly why the British Industrial Revolution took place during this period despite the large pressures of war expenditures and British government subsidies to Continental allies taking place at the same time. The repatriation of capital to the Continent from England after peace also helps explain the depression of British industry and incomes from 1815 through the financial crisis of 1825, although the role of British speculators was important too.
Metrics and smoothing of translation-invariant Radon transforms along curves

Abstract In this paper new L α p → L β q estimates are proved for translation-invariant Radon transforms along curves for α ⩽ β and p q . For a fixed α and β , if p is sufficiently close to 2 the best possible q is obtained, up to e . The method is related to that of Greenblatt (Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University, 1998).
Bacteria and bacterial rRNA genes associated with the development of colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice.

Microorganisms appear to play important yet ill-defined roles in the etiologies of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).1–3 CD and UC occur in regions of the intestine where enteric bacteria are found in the highest concentrations.4 Contact with intestinal contents triggers mucosal inflammation in CD,5 while diversion of the fecal stream promotes intestinal healing.6 The most direct evidence for the importance of microorganisms in disease etiology comes from investigations with animals. In numerous rodent models, colitis is absent when the animals are kept in a “germ-free” state, but it rapidly develops when standard intestinal microorganisms are introduced.7 Evidence also indicates that disease etiology involves specific bacteria, and or an aberrant immunological response to specific intestinal microorganisms. In animal studies, monoassociation experiments have shown that the type of colitis is dependent on the bacterial species.8,9 In addition, various antibiotics, possessing different taxonomic targets, have been shown to exhibit varying abilities to prevent and treat colitis in HLA-B27 rats10 and IL-10–/– mice.11 In human studies, evidence for the involvement of specific bacteria includes the differing abilities of various antibiotic therapies to induce disease remission.12–14 Evidence that the immunological responses to these bacteria are involved in disease etiology include the ability of CBir1-selective T cells to cause colitis when transferred to immunodeficient mice15 and the ability to utilize seroreactivity to specific microbial antigens for disease stratification.16 Prior investigations in our laboratories have demonstrated the utility of population-based approaches for identifying microorganisms involved in specific in situ processes such as plant-pathogen suppression in soil.17,18 The first step in this approach is to create or identify a series of samples/subjects with various levels of a specific functional parameter/phenotype. Extensive microbial community analyses are then performed on these samples or subjects. Finally, analyses are performed to identify associations between the abundance of specific taxa and the levels of the functional parameter/phenotype. In this study we used this experimental approach to identify bacteria and bacterial rRNA genes associated with the development of colitis in IL-10–/– mice. Various levels of colitis were examined by monitoring bacterial populations in 2 different environments, where the disease progression rates were different, and over a 6-month period, throughout the development of colitis. Bacteria and bacterial rRNA genes with both positive and negative associations with colitis were identified. Although such trends can be interpreted in several ways, we suggest that negative associations may represent particularly important trends in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), because they may facilitate the identification of resident microbiota that are being targeted by aberrant immunological responses.
A case of infectious mononucleosis in a patient with ulcerative colitis on infliximab

A 19 year old woman with ulcerative colitis presented to our clinic with low grade fevers, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, anorexia, and swollen neck glands. Her symptoms developed after receiving induction and two maintenance doses of infliximab. Her physical exam was notable for bilateral large, tender submandibular lymph nodes. Her laboratory values revealed an elevated C-reactive protein, a normal white blood cell count, but prominent lymphocytes, and a positive heterophile antibody. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α) is a central mediator in chronic inflammation and, thus, has been a target of treatment in chronic inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It also plays an important role in the immune response and host defense, especially in the control of viral infections. Increased rates of bacterial infection in patients treated with anti-TNF-α is a known risk and, recently, there have been investigations into risks of other opportunistic infections. However, few studies have looked at the risk of viral infections and anti-TNF-α use. As a result, there are no (or few) guidelines for treatment of patients who develop a viral infection, such as Epstein-Barr virus, while being treated with an anti-TNF-α agent. Many of the studies assessing the possible association between anti-TNF-α use and viral infections have been case reports. Therefore, in order for physicians to better treat these immune compromised patients, more needs to be dedicated to investigating the risk of viral infections and in turn, how best to monitor, prevent, and treat patients who develop viral infections while on immunosuppressants, such as anti-TNF-α agents.
Gamma‐1 globulin levels in rheumatic fever

Gamma-1A serum levels were found to be elevated in 74 per cent of 31 cases of acute rheumatic fever, more frequently than in rheumatoid arthritis, acute glomerulonephritis, and non-complicated streptococcal infections. Some patients with clinically inactive rheumatic fever also demonstrated increased gamma-1A. This finding could not be correlated with the severity of cardiac damage nor was it associated with continuing clinically inapparent activity. Surprisingly, gamma- 1M increase was observed in only 13 per cent of the cases.
Influence of cultivar and ripeness stage at the time of fresh-cut processing on instrumental and sensory qualities of fresh-cut mangos

Abstract Mango cultivar and ripeness stage at the time of cutting are important factors that consequently affect the quality of the fresh-cut mango product. In this study, physico-chemical and sensory qualities were measured instrumentally, with sensory descriptive analysis, and by consumer acceptance tests. All tests were performed on fresh-cut ‘Kent’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos from different initial ripeness stages (45 N, 35 N, and 25 N). Instrumental quality parameters (color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity) and sensory descriptive analysis were assessed periodically during 9 days of storage at 5 °C. During storage, the sensory profile of fresh-cut ‘Kent’ mango was predominant in fruity aroma, overall aroma intensity and orange flesh color, whereas fresh-cut ‘Tommy Atkins’ had less aroma and orange flesh color, but had greater edge sharpness, edge fibrousness, moist and glossy appearance and fibrous texture. Fresh-cut mango consumers found the ‘Kent’ cultivar more desirable than ‘Tommy Atkins’. The initial ripeness stage of 35 N for ‘Kent’ mango and 25 N for ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango were optimal ripeness stages for fresh-cut mango in terms of handling, visual quality, and quality maintenance during storage, and were also well received by consumers. The a*/b* value and instrumental firmness of ‘Kent’ mango were correlated well with edge sharpness, sensory hue, and tartness. In addition, the L* value and instrumental firmness of fresh-cut ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango were demonstrated to be useful predictors for the texture attributes, including melting, slipperiness, chewiness and firmness. Interestingly, SSC and SSC/TA were not good predictors of sensory sweetness.
Stimulus Encoding in Paired-Associate Learning by Illiterate Children: A Methodological Demonstration of a Picture-Redundancy Paradigm

Summary A picture-redundancy task was introduced for measuring stimulus encoding strategies used by illiterate subjects during redundant-stimulus PA learning. A prototype experiment was executed with black preschool children serving as the illiterate subject population. The results of the prototypic experiment suggested that the young illiterate children employed both two-cue and single-cue processing strategies. It was concluded that the picture-redundancy task should prove useful for further investigations of stimulus encoding among illiterate subject populations.
Two active forms of RD-114 virus DNA polymerase in infected cells

Two forms of DNA polymerase are present in RD-114-infected human, dog, and mink cells, but are not detectable in uninfected cells. The two enzymes are indistinguishable catalytically and immunologically, but differ with respect to molecular weight and elution position from (dT)12-18-cellulose and phosphocellulose. The large enzyme (equivalent 95,000 daltons) is found in the infected cells, but not the virions produced by these cells. The virions contain only the smaller enzyme (equivalent 70,000 daltons). The larger form may represent a mammalian viral equivalent to the beta subunit of avian RNA tumor virus DNA polymerase.
Radiation-induced extraskeletal osteosarcoma

A case history is presented of a 41-year-old woman who developed an extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the upper chest wall at the site of therapeutic irradiation for breast carcinoma 8 years previously. The relation of the sarcoma to the irradiation was supported by the coexistence of a profound radiation angiitis. The development of this neoplasm, despite the relatively low total radiation dosage, is distinctly unusual.
The form of magnetic work in a fundamental thermodynamic equation for a paramagnet

Magnetic work takes two forms in the thermodynamics of a paramagnet as developed in many textbooks. We observe that in the case when the lattice energy is excluded, the form δW=BdM cannot be used in a fundamental thermodynamic equation. This shows that there are thermodynamic systems with no fundamental thermodynamic equation.
Minimal UML diagrams for a data-driven web site

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) was developed for visually expressing the models of software-intensive systems. The extensive UML modeling process is overwhelming for undergraduate students who are only creating rather small data-driven web sites. We have identified a minimal subset of UML diagrams that can be used to effectively model small, well-defined projects that use a MySQL database with PHP scripting. Sixty-five students successfully completed an undergraduate Information Technology Capstone course using this proposed methodology while developing one or two incremental prototypes and a final, self-documented working product. The step-by-step process encouraged students to follow programming "best practices", including performing planning, analysis, and design before attempting to begin coding. Instructors also required weekly status reports and updated project plans to make the experience as realistic as possible. The general development methodology was found to be extremely successful.
Development of continental lithospheric mantle as reflected in the chemistry of the Mesozoic Appalachian Tholeiites, U.S.A.

Abstract Geochemical analyses of dikes, sills, and volcanic rocks of the Mesozoic Appalachian Tholeiite (MAT) Province of the easternmost United States provide evidence that continental tholeiites are derived from continental lithospheric mantle sources that are genetically and geochronologically related to the overlying continental crust. Nineteen olivine tholeiites and sixteen quartz tholeiites from the length of this province, associated in space and time with the last opening of the Atlantic, display significant isotopic heterogeneity: initial e Nd = +3.8 to −5.7; initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr= 0.7044−0.7072; 206 Pb/ 204 Pb= 17.49−19.14; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb= 15.55−15.65; 208 Pb/ 204 Pb= 37.24−39.11. In Pb Pb space, the MAT define a linear array displaced above the field for MORB and thus resemble oceanic basalts with DUPAL Pb isotopic traits. A regression of this array yields a secondary Pb Pb isochron age of ≈ 1000 Ma (μ 1 = 8.26), similar to Sm/Nd isochrons from the southern half of the province and to the radiometric age of the Grenville crust underlying easternmost North America. The MAT exhibit significant trace element ratio heterogeneity (e.g., Sm/Nd= 0.226−0.327) and have trace element traits similar to convergent margin magmas [e.g., depletions of Nb and Ti relative to the rare earth elements on normalized trace element incompatibility diagrams, Ba/Nb ratios (19–75) that are significantly greater than those of MORB, and low TiO 2 (0.39–0.69%)]. Geochemical and geological considerations very strongly suggest that the MAT were not significantly contaminated during ascent through the continental crust. Further, isotope and trace element variations are not consistent with the involvement of contemporaneous MORB or OIB components. Rather, the materials that control the MAT incompatible element chemistry were derived from subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Thus: (1) the MAT/arc magma trace element similarities; (2) the Pb Pb and Sm/Nd isochron ages; and (3) the need for a method of introducing an ancient (> 2−3 Ga) Pb component into subcontinental mantle that cannot be much older than 1 Ga leads to a model whereby the MAT were generated by the melting of sediment-contaminated arc mantle that was incorporated into the continental lithosphere during arc activity preceding the Grenville Orogeny (≈ 1000 Ma).
Healthy Aging: Beyond Exercise

Within the past decade, an image of older adults aging healthfully has emerged. One of the keys to staying vital and healthy in old age is exercise. Exercise can increase muscle strength, endurance and flexibility, while decreasing body fat However, physical health is but one dimension of total health. Does exercise have any effect on the other five, namely the emotional, mental, social, spiritual and enviromental dimensions of health? Using four groups participating in regular physical activity, we investigated how exercise affected all six dimensions and contributed to the total quality of life of the participants.
Critical Race Theories, Colorism, and the Decade's Research on Families of Color

In the millennium's inaugural decade, 2 interrelated trends influenced research on America's families of color: the need for new knowledge about America's growing ethnic/racial minority and immigrant populations and conceptual advances in critical race theories and perspectives on colorism. Three substantive areas reflecting researchers' interests in these trends emerged as the most frequently studied topics about families of color: inequality and socioeconomic mobility within and across families, interracial romantic pairings, and the racial socialization of children. In this review, we synthesize and critique the decade's scholarly literature on these topics. We devote special attention to advances in knowledge made by family-relevant research that incorporated ways of thinking from critical race theories and the conceptual discourse on colorism.
An incomplete answer to Michael Walzer's remarks

My model of just procedure can rightly be described as "a highly idealized version of democratic decision-making." Philosophers never invent morals or conceptions of justice; they rather distill them from existing practices, be they old or just in making, put the distilled elements into a fairly coherent shape and "idealize" them. I did just the same, only that I did not claim to have deduced those principles from reason, neither that they are "eternal." What I said was rather simple. We live in the modem world. What will happen tomorrow we do not know. We need to extrapolate the situation called "modernity" into our close future, and if this is so, we can also extrapolate the main values of modernity into this future. Since modernity has actually universalized the value "freedom" and is about to universalize the value "life" as well, we need to think up a concept of justice that could be adequate to this situation.
The maturation of cortical keratin in filiform hairs of the rat penis

The surface epithelium of the rat penis is studded with small conical projections termed “filiform papillae” (5). These papillae are intermingled with prominent rete ridges of typical keratinizing squamous epithelium. Filiform papillae appear similar by light microscopy to those seen in the epithelium of the tongue. However, by electron microscopy, these papillae are observed to be composed of pure cortical keratin, characteristic of hair. These accumulations of cortical keratin are sufficiently minute to permit observation of an entire hair in one grid square prepared for electron microscopy. Thus the sequence of maturation of cortical keratin could be traced in detail. Our observations on the differentiation process are presented in the present report, and these observations are compared with previously published accounts of this process ( 2, 8, 15–18 ).
Covers by flat modules and submodules of flat modules

If R is a right coherent ring, then left R-modules have covers by submodules of flat R-modules if and only if all injective left R-modules have flat covers. This is the case if R is commutative and noetherian. If, furthermore, the Krull dimension of R is finite, then all cotorsion R-modules have flat covers. In this case, if F is a flat R-module, then F[[x]] is a flat R[[x]]-module.
Characteristic return times for harvested population models with time lag

Abstract The characteristic return time for a population model measures the time required for the system to return to equilibrium if perturbed. We show that for a one-dimensional model with a time lag an increase in the harvest rate (for constant-yield harvesting) or the harvest effort (for constant-effort harvesting) may produce a decrease in the characteristic return time. This depends on the nature of the model and the size of the time lag, and may give a means of testing the validity of models experimentally.
Nonlinear stationarity of real interest rates in the EMU countries

Purpose – This paper aims to examine two hypotheses that have not been well investigated in the existing literature. One hypothesis is that the real interest rates of industrial countries tend to be mean‐reverting during the current floating exchange rate period. Another hypothesis is that the real interest rates of the countries involved in forming the Euro area are more likely to behave as nonlinear stationary series than those of other industrial countries.Design/methodology/approach – The study applies the conventional linear unit root tests and recently developed nonlinear unit root tests, as well as the tests of specifying nonlinearity in time series, to the short‐term real interest rates of 16 industrial countries.Findings – The results of the study provide support for both hypotheses.Practical implications – The results imply that, having adopted target‐zone type stabilization policies for years, the central banks of European Monetary Union (EMU) countries were likely to have exercised monetary po...
Evaluation of healthcare use trends of high-risk female intimate partner violence victims.

INTRODUCTION: Practitioners need more information about intimate partner violence (IPV) victims' healthcare use trends. We used a novel data-linkage method and complaint categorization allowing us to evaluate IPV victims healthcare use trends compared to the date of their victimization. METHODS: This was a retrospective case series using data-linking techniques cross-referencing databases of Medicaid-eligible women between the ages of 16 and 55 years, an IPV Case Database for 2007 and the Florida State Agency for Healthcare Administration, which tracks hospital inpatient, ambulatory and emergency department (ED) use within the State of Florida. We analyzed resulting healthcare visits 1.5 years before and 1.5 years after the women's reported IPV offense. Using all available claims data a 'complaint category' representing categories of presenting chief complaints was assigned to each healthcare visit. Analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients between time of offense and visits, and a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The 695 victims were linked with 4,344 healthcare visits in the four-year study period. The victims were young (46% in the 16-25 age group and 79% were younger than 35). Healthcare visits were in the ED (83%) rather than other healthcare sites. In the ED, IPV victims mostly had complaint categories of obstetrics and gynaecology-related visits (28.7%), infection-related visits (18.9%), and trauma-related visits (16.3%). ED use escalated approaching the victim's date of offense (r=0.59, pCONCLUSION: IPV victims use the ED increasingly approaching their date of offense. Presenting complaints were varied and did not reveal unique identifiers of IPV victims. This novel method of database matching between claims data and government records has been shown to be a valid way to evaluate healthcare utilization of at-risk populations. Language: en
D-cycloserine or similar physiochemical compounds may be uniquely suited for use in Bacillus anthracis spore decontamination strategies.

Aims As observed in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks of 2001, decontamination and remediation of a site contaminated by the accidental or intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores is difficult, costly and potentially damaging to the environment. The identification of novel strategies that neutralize the threat of spores while minimizing environmental damage remains a high priority. We investigated the efficacy of d-cycloserine (DCS), an antibiotic and inhibitor of the spore-associated enzyme (alanine racemase) responsible for converting l-alanine to d-alanine, as a spore germination enhancer and antimicrobial agent. Methods and Results We characterized the impact of DCS exposure on both germinating spores and vegetative cells of fully virulent B. anthracis by evaluating spore germination kinetics, determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) required to affect growth of the bacteria and performing macrophage viability assays. DCS enhanced germination induced by l-alanine and also efficiently killed the newly germinated spores. Furthermore, DCS proved nontoxic to macrophages at concentrations that provided protection from the killing effects of spores. Similar tests were conducted with Bacillus thuringiensis (subspecies kurstaki and Al Hakam) to determine its potential as a possible surrogate for B. anthracis field trials. Bacillus thuringiensis spores responded in a similar manner to B. anthracis spores when exposed to DCS. Conclusions These results further support that DCS augments the germination response of spores in the presence of l-alanine but also reveal that DCS is bactericidal towards germinating spores. Significance and Impact of the Study DCS (or similar compounds) may be uniquely suited for use as part of decontamination strategies by augmenting the induction of spore germination and then rendering the germinated spores nonviable.
Generalized Quasilinearization Method and Rapid Convergence for First Order Initial Value Problems

Abstract We apply the generalized quasilinearization method of 7 and the extended method of 12 to the first order initial value problem (IVP for short) x ′( t ) = f ( t , x ), x (0) = x 0 , t ∈ J with wider class functions f and obtain rapid convergence of monotone sequences which converge uniformly to the unique solution of the IVP.
Effects of potential signal transduction antagonists on phytoalexin accumulation in tobacco

Abstract Tobacco cell suspensions produce sesquiterpene phytoalexins when treated with cellulase. This response is enhanced by CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 or CdCl 2 . For CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 , enhancement extends for 8 hr after elicitor treatment. Several classes of signal transduction antagonists were tested on this plant system. EGTA inhibits sesquiterpene accumulation with an effective concentration range suggesting that Ca 2 + is the divalent cation being affected. Mg 2 + is as effective as Ca 2 + in relieving the inhibition by EGTA. This type of shared role by Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + has not been described previously and is yet to be characterized. The timing of the EGTA effect suggests a role of Ca 2 + in signal transduction. Calcium ion influx across the plasma membrane is one possibility since inhibitors of Ca 2 + influx inhibit sesquiterpene accumulation induced by cellulase. Verapamil is an inhibitor and its action is relieved by the Ca 2 + ionophore A23187. Among the cations which inhibit Ca 2 + influx, La 3 + is the most effective inhibitor of sesquiterpene accumulation. Calmodulin, or a Ca 2 + -dependent protein kinase, is also implicated in the signal transduction sequence, based on the results with W7, W5 and staurosporine. Neomycin and LiCl, inhibitors of phosphoinositide cycle steps, enhance cellulase-elicited sesquiterpene accumulation, suggesting a complex interaction of this cycle in the phytoalexin response. The results indicate that Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + play several roles in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. The involvement of a multicomponent elicitor signal transduction pathway, with calcium ion functioning at more than one step, is suggested.
THE FAERY AND THE BEAST

AbstractCharlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre is influenced by the classic fairy tale hopes and dreams of the traditional ‘Beauty and the Beast’. Yet Charlotte’s message also stands apart from the fairy-tale tradition because, through Jane Eyre, she harnesses all the power of a fairy tale to challenge the ideas that gave rise to the stereotypical ideal Victorian woman. Coventry Patmore’s mid-nineteenth-century poem ‘The Angel in the House’ represents the type of cultural mythology that Charlotte Bronte was already challenging in the pre-Victorian era. She realizes that the best way to defeat this myth is to replace it with a new one of her own making. In the vein of ‘Beauty and the Beast’, Patmore’s poem demands beautiful women to inspire men. Charlotte Bronte’s character Blanche Ingram fulfils Patmore’s demands, but it is only the fairy-like heroine Jane who has the power to rehumanize Rochester. While Blanche is surrounded by references to classical mythology, Jane is associated with fairy tales like ‘The ...
Cadmium telluride-solar powering its way to a semiconductor advantage

Cadmium telluride is a compound semiconductor. It is used in solar cells, X-ray detectors, and gamma ray detectors. Cadmium telluride is well suited for use in solar cells, because its energy band gap is a good match with the solar spectrum. This means it has one of the highest potential efficiencies in solar cells. Also, because cadmium telluride is a thin film, it allows solar cells to be manufactured more cheaply than other materials. Because semiconductors have many applications, there has been a lot of research on different materials and their properties. Most research has been done on silicon and germanium, with silicon currently considered the most general purpose semiconductor. However, research has been done on other "high performance" semiconductors for specific applications. Cadmium telluride falls into this category.
A determinant formulation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

Abstract Let A , B , P , Q be n -square nonsingular complex matrices, and for 1 ⩽ m n let U and V be n × m complex matrices. For n ⩾3 necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the inequality det (U ∗ AV) det (V ∗ BU)⩽ det (U ∗ PU) det (V ∗ QV) to hold for all U and V .
Effect of Cysteic Acid Position on the Negative Ion Fragmentation of Proteolytic Derived Peptides

A study on the effect of cysteic acid position on the types of fragment ions formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [M – H]− ions is presented. Of particular note is the observation of d-type fragment ions for peptides that contain an N-terminal cysteic acid (fixed negative charge) and cleavable amino acid side chains possessing a β-γ carbon–carbon bond. For example, the CID mass spectrum of oxidized cys-kemptide (CoxLRRASLG) [M – H + O3]− ions contains abundant series of d-type fragment ions, and similar results are observed for oxidized cysteine-containing ribonuclease A proteolytic peptides. The di fragment ions are assumed to arise by a charge-remote and/or charge-assisted fragmentation mechanism, which both occur at high collision energies and involve consecutive reactions (i.e., the formation of ai ions followed by the elimination of the side chain to form di ions).
Spatial and temporal modeling of daily pollen concentrations

Accurate assessments of pollen counts are valuable to allergy sufferers, the medical industry, and health researchers; however, monitoring stations do not exist in most areas. In addition, the degree of spatial reliability provided by the limited number of monitoring stations is poorly understood. We developed and compared spatial models to estimate pollen concentrations in locations without monitoring stations. Daily Acer, Quercus, and overall tree, grass, and weed pollen counts, in grains/m3, were obtained from 14 aeroallergen monitoring stations located in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic region of the United States from 2003 to 2006. Pollen counts were spatially interpolated using ordinary kriging. Mixed effects and generalized estimating equations incorporating daily and seasonal weather characteristics, pollen season characteristics and land-cover information were also developed to estimate daily pollen concentrations. We then compared observed values from a monitoring station to model estimates for that location. Observed counts and kriging estimates for tree pollen differed (p = 0.04), but not when peak periods were removed (p = 0.29). No differences between observed and kriging estimates of Acer (p = 0.46), Quercus (p = 0.24), grass (p = 0.31) or weed pollen (p = 0.29) were found. Estimates from longitudinal models also demonstrated good agreement with observed counts, except for the extremes of pollen distributions. Our results demonstrate that spatial interpolation techniques as well as regression methods incorporating both weather and land-cover characteristics can provide reliable estimates of daily pollen concentrations in areas where monitors do not exist for all but periods of extremely high pollen.
Cohesive crack analysis of size effect

Abstract This paper deals with the analysis of size effect in concrete. An extensive campaign of accurate numerical simulations, based on the cohesive crack model, is performed to compute the size effect curves (CSEC) for typical test configurations. The results are analyzed with reference to the classical Bažant’s size effect law (SEL) to investigate the relationship between CSEC and SEL. This analysis shows that as specimen size tends to infinity, the SEL represents the asymptote of the CSEC, and that the SEL parameter known as the effective fracture process zone length is a material property which can be expressed as a function of the cohesive crack law (CCL) parameters. Finally, the practical implications of this study are discussed in relation to the use of the CSEC or the SEL for the identification of the CCL parameters through the size effect method.
Estimation of Historical and Current Employee Exposure to Refractory Ceramic Fibers during Manufacturing and Related Operations

Abstract Refractory ceramic fibers (RCFs) have been produced in the United States since the early 1950s for use as a high temperature insulation material, or in the production of specialty products for insulation. Environmental data collected through 1991 have been assembled and used to reconstruct exposures at jobs in RCF manufacture or related operations. The algorithm incorporated consideration of the statistical distribution of the data, dates of implementation of engineering or process modifications potentially associated with a change in airborne fiber concentration, and the area in the facility (dust zone) where the sample was collected. Analysis of variance was used to test if differences between time periods within a dust zone were statistically significant. Time period was considered a fixed effect; the days of sample collection within a time period were considered a random, nested effect. Exposure estimates were constructed for 81 job tides in seven facilities for specified time periods. Overal...
Long‐term cardiovascular risk in the orthotopic liver transplant population

In theoperative and peri-operative period, these events in-clude life-threatening arrhythmias at the time of donorliver reperfusion, myocardial ischemia or myocardialinfarction (MI) or congestive heart failure. In long termOLTx survivors, CV events include unstable angina, MIor death. Therefore, assessing short and long term CVrisk is an important aspect of the ESLD pretransplantevaluation.Currently, there is no widely accepted algorithm toidentify patients that are at high risk of perioperativetransplant CV events from the hemodynamic stress ofsurgery. Contrary to data in the vascular surgery pop-ulation
Temperature dependence of coercivity and metamagnetism in Tb0.5Y0.5Ni

Abstract The temperature dependences of magnetic properties of the FeB structure compound Tb0.5Y0.5Ni are examined with the aim to elucidate the origin of intrinsic magnetic hardness in this compound. The easy a axis coercivity of an aligned powder sample is found to be strongly temperature dependent. A domain wall activation model is employed to obtain the parameters H0(0)=30kOe, VV(0)=0.24K−1, and β=0.016K−1, where H0(0) is the coercive force at absolute zero, VT(0) the domain wall activation parameter, and β the coefficient for the linear temperature dependence of the reduced anisotropy. From polycrystalline data, we find a strong temperature dependence of the c axis metamagnetic transition only for the ferromagnetic (F) to antiferromagnetic (AF) direction. From the relative constancy of the AF to F c axis metamagnetic transition compound to the a axis coercivity we conclude that the coercive force is not directly related to the local molecular fields as had been previously suggested.