cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism of Monkey Thyroxine-Binding Prealbumin (TBPA): Mode of Inheritance and Hybridization

Macaca mulatta TBPA exists in 3 distinct electrophoretic patterns. Analysis of 49 offspring from 36 selected parental pairs shows these TBPA variants to be inherited by autosomal codominance from 2 alleles (Pt1 and Pt2). Gene frequencies are estimated as .89 for Pt1 and .11 for Pt2. The 2 homozygous types Pt(l–l) and Pt(2–2) migrate as single bands on 8.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9, while the heterozygote Pt(l–2) is seen as 3 dense bands between 1–1 and 2–2 and faint bands corresponding to each homozygous type. The migration of type 1–1 is similar to human TBPA, and the other types move more slowly. When type 1–1 and type 2–2 sera are mixed and incubated at 4 C, the TBPA gradually develops a pattern similar to type 1–2. The hybridization is detectable after 1 day and complete by 1 week. Higher temperature or excess T4 markedly slows the rate of hybridization. When the sera are mixed in 6M guanidine and then diluted 1:30, the hybridization is nearly complete within 2 hr, indicating that ...
Optimizing the consolidation of titanium matrix composites

Abstract The high temperature consolidation of fiber reinforced metal matrix composite preforms seeks to eliminate matrix porosity (i.e. to increase the relative density) while simultaneously minimizing fiber microbending/fracture and the growth of reaction products at the fiber-matrix interface. By combining model predictive control concepts with previously developed time dependent consolidation models [18], a method is presented for the design of near optimal process schedules that evolve performance defining microstructural parameters (relative density, fiber fracture density and fiber-matrix reaction thickness) to prechosen microstructural goal states that result in composites of acceptable mechanical performance. The method is illustrated by exploring the design of process schedules for two titanium matrix composites with very different creep properties. Feasible process schedules resulting in acceptable composite mechanical performance are identified for a Ti 6Al 4V/SCS-6 system. However, the method reveals the absence of such schedules for the more creep resistant Ti 24Al 11Nb/SCS-6 intermetallic matrix composite. The optimization methodology is then used to explore modifications to the process environment, the composites component material properties (e.g. fiber strength or diffusion inhibiting coating), and the preforms initial microstructure that together enable the successful consolidation of the intermetallic matrix composite system.
Increase in accumbal dopaminergic transmission correlates with response cost not reward of hypothalamic stimulation

Rats were trained to lever-press for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the lateral hypothalamus on either a fixed ratio (FR) 1 or 10 schedule. Their brains were removed after a 20 min session and tissue punches taken from the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, anterior striatum, or central striatum. These punches were assayed for content of dopamine (DA) and the major DA metabolite DOPAC. Compared with implanted controls, only the FR10 group showed significantly elevated DOPAC/DA ratios. These elevations were statistically significant in nucleus accumbens and central striatum and near significance in anterior striatum. They occurred to similar degrees in each hemisphere. In contrast, we found that stimulation of the ventral tegmental area of anesthetized rats asymmetrically increased the DOPAC/DA ratio, being most prominent in the ipsilateral accumbens. Because the FR10 group made only 58% of the responses of the FR1 group and received only 6% of the stimulations of the FR1 group, yet unlike the FR1 group showed a significant increase in the DOPAC/DA ratio, we suggest that the DA release was primarily influenced by the schedule, not the stimulation or the reward of the stimulation. These results were interpreted in terms of a model in which hypothalamic ICSS reward is largely dependent on non-dopaminergic mechanisms, with accumbal DA transmission being strongly dependent on the costs versus benefits of ongoing behavior.
Water on apatites

Adsorption of water was studied gravimetrically at 23°C in an open system at several relative humidities on a variety of apatitic calcium phosphates including enamel, deproteinized enamel, and bone mineral. The amount of adsorbed water increases linearly with the surface areas of the synthetic apatites and does not appear very sensitive to calcium to phosphorus ratio of the apatites. The adsorption results correlate very well up to about two monolayers with a conventionally determined isotherm. Higher uptake of water even by “deproteinized” enamel or bone may be due to the presence of pore structure and incompletely removed organic matter.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria, antibiotic use, and suspected urinary tract infections in four nursing homes

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most commonly treated infection among nursing home residents. Even in the absence of specific (e.g., dysuria) or non-specific (e.g., fever) signs or symptoms, residents frequently receive an antibiotic for a suspected infection. This research investigates factors associated with the use of antibiotics to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) among nursing home residents. This was a cross-sectional study involving multi-level multivariate analyses of antibiotic prescription data for residents in four nursing homes in central Texas. Participants included all nursing home residents in these homes who, over a six-month period, received an antibiotic for a suspected UTI. We investigated what factors affected the likelihood that a resident receiving an antibiotic for a suspected UTI was asymptomatic. The most powerful predictor of antibiotic treatment for ASB was the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter. Over 80 percent of antibiotic prescriptions written for catheterized individuals were written for individuals with ASB. For those without a catheter, record reviews identified 204 antibiotic prescriptions among 151 residents treated for a suspected UTI. Almost 50% of these prescriptions were for residents with no documented UTI symptoms. Almost three-quarters of these antibiotics were ordered after laboratory results were available to clinicians. Multivariate analyses indicated that resident characteristics did not affect the likelihood that an antibiotic was prescribed for ASB. The only statistically significant factor was the identity of the nursing home in which a resident resided. We confirm the findings of earlier research indicating frequent use of antibiotics for ASB in nursing homes, especially for residents with urinary catheters. In this sample of nursing home residents, half of the antibiotic prescriptions for a suspected UTI in residents without catheters occurred with no documented signs or symptoms of a UTI. Urine studies were performed in almost all suspected UTI cases in which an antibiotic was prescribed. Efforts to improve antibiotic stewardship in nursing homes must address clinical decision-making solely on the basis of diagnostic testing in the absence of signs or symptoms of a UTI.
Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA

Abstract Coal-bed fires ignited by natural processes have baked and fused overlying sediments to form clinker, a hard red or varicolored rock, through much of the northern Great Plains of the United States (USA). The gently dipping coal beds in the region burn when regional downwasting brings them above the local water table. The resulting clinker forms a rim along the exposed edge of the coal bed in an ongoing process through geologic time. The resistant clinker is left capping buttes and ridges after the softer unbaked strata erode away. Clinker outcrops cover more than 4100 km2 in the Powder River basin (PRB), which lies in Wyoming (WY) and Montana (MT). The clinker in place records tens of billions of tons of coal that have burned, releasing gases into the atmosphere. The amount of clinker that has eroded away was at least an order of magnitude greater than the clinker that remains in place. Fission-track and uranium–thorium/helium ages of detrital zircon crystals in clinker, and paleomagnetic ages of clinker, show that coal beds have burned naturally during at least the past 4 million years (Ma). The oldest in-place clinker that has been dated, collected from a high, isolated, clinker-capped ridge, has a fission track age of 2.8±0.6 Ma. Evidence of erosion and downcutting is also preserved by clinker clasts in gravel terraces. One clinker boulder in a terrace 360 m above the Yellowstone River has a fission track age of 4.0±0.7 Ma. Coal-bed fires are caused by lightning, wildfires, spontaneous combustion, or human activity on coal outcrops and in mines. Miners, government agencies, and ranchers have extinguished thousands of coal bed fires, but natural ignition continues where fresh coal has access to air. At any given time, hundreds of fires, mostly small, are burning. In the Powder River basin, the total amount of coal burned by natural fires in the last 2 Ma is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total amount of coal removed by mining in the past century. However, current annual rates of coal mining are three to four orders of magnitude greater than estimated prehistoric annual rates of coal consumption by natural fires.
General entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes

Entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) make use of pre-existing entanglement between the sender and receiver to boost the rate of transmission. It is possible to construct an EAQECC from any classical linear code, unlike standard QECCs which can only be constructed from dual-containing codes. Operator quantum error-correcting codes (OQECCs) allow certain errors to be corrected (or prevented) passively, reducing the complexity of the correction procedure. We combine these two extensions of standard quantum error correction into a unified entanglement- assisted quantum error correction formalism. This new scheme, which we call entanglement-assisted operator quantum error correction (EAOQEC), is the most general and powerful quantum error-correcting technique known, retaining the advantages of both entanglement-assistance and passive correction. We present the formalism, show the considerable freedom in constructing EAOQECCs from classical codes, and demonstrate the construction with examples.
Vibration of composite plates with internal supports

Abstract The free vibration of rectangular laminated composite plates with arbitrary support conditions along the edges, internal line supports and discrete point supports are studied using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Polynomial approximation functions are selected to satisfy all essential boundary conditions along the edges of the plate and to vanish along line supports parallel to the co-ordinate axes. Straight line supports at an angle from the co-ordinate axes and curved line supports are modeled by introducing several point supports along the line. Zero displacement constraints at the point support locations are enforced using the Lagrange multiplier technique. The plate constitutive equations are expressed in terms of stiffness invariants and the fundamental natural frequency is maximized by selecting the appropriate lay-up. Several examples are presented to illustrate the versatility of the approach and provide results not previously available. The influence of the number of plies in the laminate, lay-up, material properties and plate aspect ratios are investigated.
Chemical Pretreatments and Fouling in Acid Cheese Whey Ultrafiltration

Abstract The use of ultrafiltration to recover whey proteins is hindered by membrane fouling with whey proteins and minerals. It was earlier shown that precipitation of the major proteins of sweet whey with carboxymethyl cellulose and ultrafiltration of the resulting slurry reduced fouling, but the same treatment was not successful for acid whey. Here the roles of mineral and protein fouling have been observed using a series of treated acid wheys to identify the persistent foulants. Treatments included carboxymethyl cellulose precipitation of protein, EDTA chelation of calcium, and reduction of calcium by ion exchange. The extent of flux decline increased with level of calcium and phosphorous deposition.
Evaluation of automatic exposure control performance in full-field digital mammography systems using contrast-detail analysis

Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) is increasingly replacing screen-film systems for screening and diagnosis of breast abnormalities. All FFDM systems are equipped with an Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) which automatically selects technique factors to optimize dose and image quality. It is therefore crucial that AEC performance is properly adjusted and optimized to different breast thicknesses. In this work, we studied the AEC performance of three widely used FFDM systems using the CDMAM and QUART mam/digi phantoms. We used the CDMAM phantom to generate Contrast-Detail (C-D) curves for each AEC mode available in the FFDM systems under study for phantoms with equivalent X-Ray attenuation properties as 3.2 cm, 6 cm and 7.5 cm thick breasts. Generated C-D curves were compared with ideal C-D curves constructed using a metric referred to as the k-factor which is the product of the thickness and the diameter of the smallest correctly identified disks in the CDMAM phantom. Previous observer studies have indicated that k-factor values of 60 to 80 μm2 are particularly useful in demonstrating the threshold for object detectability for detectors used in digital mammography systems. The QUART mam/digi phantom was used to calculate contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values at different phantom thicknesses. The results of the C-D analysis and CNR measurements were used to determine limiting CNR values intended to provide a threshold for proper image quality assessment. The results of the Contrast-Detail analysis show that for two of the three evaluated FFDM systems, at higher phantom thicknesses, low contrast signal detectability gets worse. This agrees with the results obtained with the QUART mam/digi phantom, where CNR decreases below determined limiting CNR values.
Pressure studies of subthreshold photoionization: CH3I, C2H5I and C6H6 perturbed by Ar and SF6

Abstract Subthreshold photoionization spectra of CH 3 I doped into Ar and SF 6 , and C 2 H 5 I and C 6 H 6 doped into SF 6 , are reported for variations in both the dopant number density ρ D and perturber number density ρ P . The ρ D and ρ P dependence of the subthreshold structure is discussed in terms of the excited state processes of electron attachment and associative ionization. The variation in the subthreshold photocurrent as a function of ρ D and ρ P leads to the determination of the effective rate constants for these processes. These constants are then analyzed with respect to the properties of the excited dopant Rydberg state. For CH 3 I, the variations in the effective rate constants are discussed in terms of ground-state dopant and perturber properties.
The Formation of TiN-Encapsulated Silver Films by Nitridation of Silver-Refractory Metal Alloys in NH3

Encapsulated Ag(Ti) films on oxidized silicon were obtained by nitridation of Ag(19 at.% Ti) alloys in NH 3 at temperatures between 400-700°C for various times. Upon annealing Ti segregates to the surface and alloy/SiO 2 interface to form a TiN(O) surface layer and a TiO/Ti 5 Si 3 interfacial bilayer structure. Resistivity values of 2.5 μΩ-cm were measured in the encapsulated Ag alloys. The results suggest that resistivity is controlled by the residual Ti concentration.
Three-dimensional spatially resolved neutron diffraction from a disordered vortex lattice

The vortex matter in bulk type II superconductors serves as a prototype system for studying the random pinning problem in condensed matter physics. Since the vortex lattice is embedded in an atomic lattice, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is the only technique that allows for direct structural studies. In traditional SANS methods, the scattering intensity is a measure of the structure factor averaged over the entire sample. Recent studies in vortex physics have shown that it is highly desirable to develop a SANS technique that is capable of resolving the spatial inhomogeneities in the bulk vortex state. This article reports a novel slicing neutron diffraction technique using atypical collimation and an areal detector, which allows for observing the three-dimensional disorder of the vortex matter inside an as-grown Nb single crystal.
The Interpretation of Structure from Motion

The interpretation of structure from motion is examined from a computional point of view. The question addressed is how the three dimensional structure and motion of objects can be inferred from the two dimensional transformations of their projected images when no three dimensional information is conveyed by the individual projections. The following scheme is proposed: (i) divide the image into groups of four elements each; (ii) test each group for a rigid interpretation; (iii) combine the results obtained in (ii). It is shown that this scheme will correctly decompose scenes containing arbitrary rigid objects in motion, recovering their three dimensional structure and motion. The analysis is based primarily on the 'structure from motion' theorem which states that the structure of four non-coplanar points is recoverable from three orthographic projections. The interpretation scheme is extended to cover perspective projections, and its psychological relevance is discussed.
Photosynthetic adaptation to temperature in the red algae Lomentaria baileyana and Lomentaria orcadensis

Photosynthetic responses to temperature were examined in tetrasporophytes of Lomentaria baileyana and Lomentaria orcadensis (Rhodophyta). These species have different temperature ranges for growth that reflect seasonal temperature extremes in their natural distributions. L. baileyana is a temperate-subtropical species which grows between 15 and 33°C, whereas L. orcadensis is a boreal-temperate species which grows between 10 and 20°C. Interspecific differences in the photosynthetic responses to temperature were similar to those for growth, suggesting that photosynthesis may determine the temperature range over which Lomentaria tetrasporophytes can grow. Light-saturated rates of photosynthesis were higher in L. orcadensis below 15°C, whereas L. baileyana could photosynthesize at temperatures above 30°C, which inhibited photosynthesis in L. orcadensis. These differences were attributable to genetic adaptations of photosynthetic metabolism because both species were grown under identical conditions for several...
Sequence-specific interaction of R17 coat protein with its ribonucleic acid binding site

The interaction between phage R17 coat protein and its RNA binding site for translational repression was studied as an example of a sequence-specific RNA--protein interaction. Nuclease protection and selection experiments define the binding site to about 20 contiguous nucleotides which form a hairpin. A nitrocellulose filter retention assay is used to show that the binding between the coat protein and a synthetic 21-nucleotide RNA fragment conforms to a simple bimolecular reaction. Unit stoichiometry and a Kd of about 1 nM are obtained at 2 degrees C in buffer containing 0.19 M salt. The interaction is highly sequence specific since a variety of RNAs failed to compete with the 21-nucleotide fragment for coat protein binding.
A histochemical identification of the androgen-producing cells in the gonads of the domestic fowl and albino rat

A method for the direct histological visualization of androgenic steroids was developed. This method is a modification of the fluorescent antibody technique and is based on the finding that antibodies with steroid specificity develop when rabbits are injected with steroid-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Testes, ovaries, and hypertrophied rudimentary right gonads of the single-comb, light-brown Leghorn, domestic fowl and testis and ovary of the albino rat were examined by this procedure and by histochemical methods for Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Δ5-3β-HSD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD). The androgen-producing cells in the hypertrophied rudimentary right gonad of the Leghorn poulard were identified as the interstitial cells and the cells of the medullary cords and tubules. The results also indicate that in the testis of the domestic fowl and albino rat the interstitial cells of Leydig, as well as the Sertoli cells and germinal elements of the seminiferous tubules, synthesize androgens. In the rat and fowl ovary the interstitial cells are considered to be the source of the androgens secreted by this organ.
Particle-size distribution and phosphorus levels in soil, sediment, and urban dust and dirt samples from the Menomonee River Watershed, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Abstract Soil, bottom sediment, suspended sediment, and urban street dust and dirt samples from the Menomonee River Watershed, Wisconsin, were dispersed by ultrasound, fractionated and analyzed for the P content of each of three particle-size fractions. The major soil types in the watershed were used as a reference for comparing particle-size distribution and P content in urban street dust and dirt, and in sediments. Phosphorus level was found to be greater in the clay-sized particles than in the sand- or silt-sized particles of urban street dust and dirt samples, but 48% of the P was in the sand-sized fraction because of the predominance of sand-sized particles in these samples. The highest P level in the clay-sized fraction of the bottom sediments occurred at the site below a sanitary treatment plant (STP) outfall with secondary treatment capability. The P level found below a tertiary STP outfall was equal to the level found in agricultural areas. When using P level in sediment for locating areas of possible P input to the river, the clay-sized fraction of bottom sediments was more precise than P levels in unfractionated samples.
A Comparison between the Picrate and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) Methods of Metal Assays in Solution for Calix[4]arene Amides and Amines as Extractants

A comparison has been made between the picrate and the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy methods for detection of the metals UO2 2+, Cu2+, Eu3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, and Pb2+ after extraction from aqueous solution into chloroform with a series of calix[4]arene amide and amines. These data reveal that the picrate method gives consistently higher analytical results because of salt formation between the picrate anion and the protonated amide or amine cation. By comparison, a calix[4]arene ester that has no centers that can be protonated by picric acid shows no difference between the two methods.
The moderating effect of gender on academic website impression

Abstract This study examines the moderating effect of gender differences on the relationship between website characteristics and the overall impression of two academic websites. Findings provide evidence that website quality characteristics of the website are more important to men and the website navigation characteristics are more important to women. Implications about building websites are relevant to both practitioners and academicians.
Current Output Observer for Discrete-Time Nonlinear Stochastic Systems

Abstract A Current Output Observer is presented and its estimation error performance is compared to that of the Extended Kalman Filter. It is shown that performance improvement can be obtained by this new scheme with minor increase in computational load. In order to obtain stronger results, scalar nonlinear stochastic systems are focused on. These systems are categorized based on the derivatives of their nonlinear functions. It is shown that different state estimation performance is achieved when the Current Output Observer is applied to scalar nonlinear systems in these different categories, which allows the convergence property to be known before its implementation. This provides insight into what is going to happen in applications, e.g. for a nonlinear estimator used in chaotic synchronization. Simulation studies involving nonlinear estimation - based chaotic synchronization complement the theory presented.
Training and continuing education for on-line searching

Training of searchers of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) computer system has evolved from an intensive eight-month programme on batch retrieval through a highly compressed three-week course on interactive searching to the current five-level programme. The five-level curriculum consists, in order, of a computer-assisted instruction program (*MEDLEARN*), the Initial Training course, a three to six month in-service practicum, the Advanced Training course, and continuing education. Each stage in the programme is intended for the more sophisticated user and deals with increasingly complex and refined searching techniques. Various types of media are incorporated into the instruction which seeks to tie together theoretical and rote material through an extensive amount of practical experience at the terminal. This modularized curriculum provides the flexibility required to teach the use of a dynamic system to a diverse student population. At the present time, approximately 400 students per year are avail...
Changes in some biochemical components of wheat grain that was infected with Fusarium graminearum

Abstract Wheat kernels that were lightly and moderately infected by Fusarium graminearum were analyzed in terms of their carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents to determine any compositional changes. The significant compositional changes in lightly infected wheat were increases in reducing sugars (24%), non-starch lipids (5%), and decreases in cellulose (17%) and hemicellulose (20%) components. In moderately infected wheat, the increases in protein (6%), total sugars (26%), reducing sugars (14%), non-starch (20%) and starch (8%) lipids, and decreases in apparent and total amylose (11–20%), cellulose (43%) and hemicellulose (37%) components were also significant. Furthermore, infection with F. graminearum decreased the proportions of water-extractable protein (albumin) and storage protein (glutenin) by 33 and 80%, respectively, in moderately infected wheat.
Tissue-Specific Expression of a Gene Encoding a Cell Wall-Localized Lipid Transfer Protein from Arabidopsis

Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) from plants are characterized by their ability to stimulate phospholipid transfer between membranes in vitro. However, because these proteins are generally located outside of the plasma membrane, it is unlikely that they have a similar role in vivo. As a step toward identifying the function of these proteins, one of several LTP genes from Arabidopsis has been cloned and the expression pattern of the gene has been examined by analysis of the tissue specificity of [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in transgenic plants containing LTP promoter-GUS fusions and by in situ mRNA localization. The LTP1 promoter was active early in development in protoderm cells of embryos, vascular tissues, lignified tips of cotyledons, shoot meristem, and stipules. In adult plants, the gene was expressed in epidermal cells of young leaves and the stem. In flowers, expression was observed in the epidermis of all developing inflorescence and flower organ primordia, the epidermis of the siliques and the outer ovule wall, the stigma, petal tips, and floral nectaries of mature flowers, and the petal/sepal abscission zone of mature siliques. The presence of GUS activity in guard cells, lateral roots, pollen grains, leaf vascular tissue, and internal cells of stipules and nectaries was not confirmed by in situ hybridizations, supporting previous observations that suggest that the reporter gene is subject to artifactual expression. These results are consistent with a role for the LTP1 gene product in some aspect of secretion or deposition of lipophilic substances in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues. The LTP1 promoter region contained sequences homologous to putative regulatory elements of genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that the expression of the LTP1 gene may be regulated by the same or similar mechanisms as genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway.
The 180,182W(t, p) reactions at 15 MeV

Abstract The 180W(t, p)182W and 182W(t, p)184W reactions have been studied at 15 MeV bombarding energy. Cross sections and angular distributions were obtained with the use of a Q3D spectrometer. The relative ground band and 2γ+ cross sections are compared with the systematics for these quantities in heavy deformed nuclei. It is concluded that anomalies in the ratios σ(2 γ + ) σ(2 g + ) and σ(4 g + ) σ(2 g + ) noted earlier in the 182W(t, p)184W reaction at 20 MeV persist in the present data, although to a lesser degree.
The Spectral Energy Distributions of Infant Super-Star Clusters in Henize 2-10 from 7 Millimeters to 6 Centimeters

We present observations from our continuing studies of the earliest stages of massive star cluster evolution. In this paper, radio observations from the Very Large Array at 0.7, 1.3, 2, 3.6, and 6 cm are used to map the radio spectral energy distributions and model the physical properties of the ultrayoung embedded super-star clusters in Henize 2-10. The 0.7 cm flux densities indicate that the young embedded star clusters that are powering the radio-detected "ultradense (UD) H II regions" have masses greater than ~105 M☉. We model the radio spectral energy distributions as both constant-density H II regions and H II regions with power-law electron density gradients. These models suggest that the UD H II regions have radii ranging between ~2 and 4 pc and average electron densities of ~103-104 cm-3 (with peak electron densities reaching values of ~105-106 cm-3). The pressures implied by these densities are P/kB ~ 107-1010 cm-3 K, several orders of magnitude higher than typical pressures in the Galactic interstellar medium. The inferred H II masses in the UD H II regions are ~(2-8) × 103 M☉; these values are less than 5% of the embedded stellar masses and anomalously low when compared with optically visible young clusters. We suggest that these low H II mass fractions may be a result of the extreme youth of these objects.
Effects of body build and arousal on newborn infant stepping

Newborn stepping is widely believed to be a "primitive reflex" whose disappearance signals cortical maturation. Observations of normal newborns showed that the number of steps was directly related to generalized behavioral arousal. In less highly distressed infants, those who were relatively heavier for their length stepped less. These results challenge the view that stepping is reflexively released by the upright posture and support the hypothesis that the movements disappear because infants' muscle strength may not be sufficient to lift their increasingly heavy legs.
Cell proliferation as a function of metabolism in three species of native rodents

Abstract 1. 1. Incorporation of the thymidine analog 5-131iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (131IUDR) was measured in vivo in cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus and pine voles, Microtus (Pitymys) pinetorum. 2. 2. The percentage of initial activity retained per 10 g of body weight 48 hr post-injection o f 1 μc of 131IUDR was used as an index to cell proliferation in the intestinal epithelium. The values were: Sigmodon male 0·22, female 0·26; Peromyscus male 0·68, female 1·00; Microtus male 1·40, female 1·50. 3. 3. When measurements of 131IUDR retention were plotted as a function of average oxygen consumption for these species the resulting regression equation indicated that for every 1 ml increase in oxygen consumption there was a doubling in cell proliferation. Animals tested which had high rates of metabolism likewise had high rates of cell proliferation.
Urea Metal–Organic Frameworks as Effective and Size-Selective Hydrogen-Bond Catalysts

A new urea-containing metal-organic framework (MOF) was synthesized to act as a heterogeneous catalyst. Ureas are well-known for self-recognition and aggregation behavior, resulting in loss of catalytic competency. The catalyst spatial isolation achievable in a porous MOF environment suggests a potentially general solution. The combination of a symmetrical urea tetracarboxylate strut, 4,4'-bipyridine, and Zn(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O under solvothermal conditions afforded a new microporous MOF (NU-601). This material is indeed an effective hydrogen-bond-donor catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions between pyrroles and nitroalkenes, whereas a homogeneous urea is much less competent. The higher rates of reaction of small substrates relative to larger ones with NU-601 strongly suggest that catalysis primarily occurs within the pores of this new material rather than on its exterior. To the best of our knowledge, this approach is the first example of specific engineering of successful hydrogen-bonding catalysis into a MOF material.
Advanced auditory cues on mobile phones help keep drivers' eyes on the road

In-vehicle technologies can create dangerous situations through driver distraction. In recent years, research has focused on driver distraction through communications technologies, but others, such as scrolling through a list of songs or names, can also carry high attention demands. Research has revealed that the use of advanced auditory cues for in-vehicle technology interaction can decrease cognitive demand and improve driver performance when compared to a visual-only system. This paper discusses research investigating the effects of applying advanced auditory cues to a search task on a mobile device while driving, particularly focusing on visual fixation. Twenty-six undergraduates performed a search task through a list of 150 songs on a cell phone while performing the lane change task, wearing eye-tracking glasses. Eye-tracking data, performance, workload, and preferences for six conditions were collected. Compared to no sound, visual fixation time on driving and preferences were found to be significantly higher for the advanced auditory cue of spindex. Results suggest more visual availability for driving when the spindex cue is applied to the search task and provides further evidence that these advanced auditory cues can lessen distraction from driving while using mobile devices to search for items in lists.
Predictors of positive and negative appraisal among Cuban American caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Objective This study investigated predictors of positive (satisfaction) and negative (burden) appraisal among Cuban American (CA) caregivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Design Cross-sectional study of AD patients and their family caregivers. Setting A university-affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. Subjects A convenience sample of 40 CA family caregivers of patients diagnosed with probable or possible AD according to NINCDS–ADRDA diagnostic criteria. Measures AD patients: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Blessed Dementia Scale (BDS) and the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD). Caregivers: Caregiving Burden Scale (CBS), Caregiving Satisfaction Scale (CSS), Perceived Emotional Support scale (PES) and the Short Form-36 Health Survey-General Health Index (GH). Results Appraised burden was predicted by increased patient behavioral pathology, female caregiver gender and lower levels of perceived emotional support. The association between older caregiver age and increased burden approached significance. Older caregiver age and higher levels of perceived social support were shown to predict appraised satisfaction. Post-hoc analyses also indicated that length of residence in the United States, a measure of acculturation, was not associated with positive or negative appraisal. Conclusion Appraised burden and satisfaction represent important outcomes of dementia care that show relations with distinct factors among CA caregivers. It is clear that further research is warranted in order to ascertain the relationship of ethnicity or culture to the process and psychological consequences of dementia caregiving. Continued investigations into predictors of caregiving satisfaction are also recommended. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic theory for rate constants of chemical reactions in liquid solution

The stochastic model of irreversible processes is developed in a fashion that yields expressions for the magnitudes and temperature dependences of chemical reaction rate constants. The model is sufficiently abstract to encompass reactions in liquids as well as those in gases. For liquid reactions both the general point of view and one feature of the results (the “frequency factor”) are apparently new. For gas reactions the viewpoints and the results are compatible with (though not as detailed as) those of well-established collision theory. An approximation (to the effect that nonreactive but energy-redistributing transitions are much more frequent than reactive ones) may limit the quantitative, though not the schematic, application of this development to reactions in the presence of an excess of inert diluent. The traditional assumption to the effect that reactants are in equilibrium with “activated complexes” (whether or not such exist in the sense of possessing well-defined microstates) is avoided. As in previous discussion of sufficient conditions for an Arrhenius rate law, in which certain complicating features (treated here) of the case of chemical reactions were ignored, the method used here involves taking explicit account of the role of those (rapidly equilibrating via frequent nonreactive transitions) degrees of freedom that serve as the activation-energy-supplying (and temperature defining) “reservoir” by use of an especially detailed form of stochastic master equation. A concise form for the master equation facilitates (1) the appropriate extension of the previously described steady state treatment of the case in which a “transition state” lasts sufficiently long to be internally equilibrated and (2) the treatment of the probably more realistic case in which reactants undergo transitions directly to products without a definable intermediate and in which “transition state” can only be defined in terms of an energy threshold in the reaction transition probability. The latter case is a generalization to arbitrary density of that originally treated by Ross and Mazur within the framework of collision theory for bimoleculear dilute gas reactions.
Endoscopic treatment of fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Abstract Objectives To report our experience on the endoscopic treatment of large fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis and ureter. Fibroepithelial polyps of the upper urinary tract are rare benign tumors that have traditionally been treated by open exploration and resection. Methods Five patients underwent either percutaneous or ureteroscopic treatment of a renal pelvic or ureteral fibroepithelial polyp by electroresection or holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser resection. Results All 5 patients were without recurrence after endoscopic resection. The mean follow-up was 19.6 months (range 6 to 41). The average length of stay was 3 days (range 2 to 5) and 0.5 day (range 0 to 1) for those undergoing percutaneous and ureteroscopic treatment, respectively. No major complications resulted from either approach, and no ureteral strictures have developed. All patients treated remain recurrence free. Conclusions Endoscopic management of large fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis and ureter is an acceptable treatment modality with minimal morbidity and durable treatment results. The percutaneous approach offers the advantage of identifying the base of the polyp under direct visualization, allowing safe destruction of the stalk and efficient removal of the entire polyp. To our knowledge, this is the first reported series of percutaneous, antegrade excision of fibroepithelial polyps.
Modeling word-of-mouth usage

Abstract Despite the recognized influence of word-of-mouth (WOM) in the consumer decision making process, research investigating how listeners of WOM use this communication is limited. In this paper, the authors present a model which integrates factors influencing listeners' usage of WOM (WOMU) and the consequences of WOMU in listeners' purchase decisions. Empirical testing of the model indicates that characteristics of both the WOM speaker (trustworthiness, experience, and evidence) and the WOM listener (self-perceived knowledge and purchase involvement) affect WOMU, as well as whether the WOM is face-to-face or online. The results also show that WOMU strongly relates to attitude toward the recommended product. Implications for retailers and marketing researchers are given along with directions for future research.
Minimal resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Should this be standard therapy

Minimal resection with curative intent for bronchogenic carcinoma was performed at our institutions in 15 patients from 1977 to 1987. All patients were stage I (T1N0 or T2N0). The five-year actuarial survival was 77 percent. The median length of follow-up for patients remaining alive was 41 months. There was a 6 percent (n = 1) local recurrence rate and a 27 percent (n = 3) distant recurrence rate. Both survival and recurrence rates are similar for minimal resection and for that being reported for lobectomy and pneumonectomy for stage I bronchogenic carcinoma. In our series, both median length of operating time and median length of postoperative hospital stay was less for those patients undergoing minimal resection for stage I bronchogenic carcinoma than for those undergoing lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Minimal resection can be considered as an acceptable treatment for bronchogenic carcinoma when technically possible in selected patients.
Overlapping subdeletions within a 348-bp in the 5' exon of the LAT region that facilitates epinephrine-induced reactivation of HSV-1 in the rabbit ocular model do not further define a functional element.

A previous study identified a 348-bp region at the 5' end of the 8.5-kb latency-associated transcript (LAT) of HSV-1 strain 17Syn+ that is necessary for maximum adrenergically induced reactivation following transcorneal iontophoresis of epinephrine (D.C. Bloom et al., 1996, J. Virol. 70, 2449-2459). In that study, the construct with complete deletion of the 348-bp region, 17delta348, failed to achieve the high reactivation frequency demonstrated by the parent (17Syn+) and rescued (17delta348R) viruses. To further characterize the function of the 348-bp region, we analyzed two genetic constructs with partial deletions in the same 348-bp region, 17delta201 and 17delta207, in the rabbit model. Both constructs exhibited the same high reactivation frequencies demonstrated by the parent 17Syn+ and the rescued 17delta348R viruses. These results suggest that the control of reactivation is distributed over a large portion of the 348-bp region, rather than being confined within a smaller, more discrete region. To assess whether the low reactivation phenotype of the 17delta348 construct was caused by a requirement for proper spacing of elements outside the 348-bp region, we constructed a virus (17delta348St) that contained a 360-bp stuffer fragment of heterologous DNA (lacZ) to maintain the proper spacing. The 17delta348St construct also displayed a low reactivation phenotype, similar to that of 17delta348, suggesting that the effect of deleting this segment of the 5' exon of LAT is obtained through a mechanism other than the disruption of spacing.
“The Shame of the Nation”: The Force of Re-Enslavement and the Law of “Slavery” under the Regime of Jean-Louis Ferrand in Santo Domingo, 1804-1809

From 1804 to 1809, the slaveholding Napoleonic regime of General Jean-Louis Ferrand attempted to erase the gains of the era of French Republican emancipation (1793-1802) by re-enslaving thousands of individuals in Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic). This article examines the aims and methods of the Ferrand regime, situating it within the contexts of the birth of independent Haiti and the resurgence of institutionalized racism and slavery in the French world. Using governmental correspondence, notarial acts, and other sources, I argue that those targeted by Ferrand’s racist laws and efforts to re-impose slavery devised innovative means of carving out their own versions of freedom. The article centers on the ways in which “slaves” and colonial officials negotiated the meanings of slavery in a context in which the institution’s legality was unclear.
p -Integral harmonic sums

For n > 0, let Σnk=1 1k=a(n)b(n) where a(n) and b(n) are relatively prime positive integers. For a prime p, let J(p)={n⩾0|p divides a(n)} where a(0) = 0 by definition. It is conjectured that J(p) is finite for all p. Here, the conjecture is proved for p ⩽ 7, but remains unproved for p = 11. The largest integer belonging to J(7) is n = 102728. It is shown that for p > 2, J(p) ⊃ {0, p − 1, p(p − 1), p2 − 1}. When J(p) = {0, p − 1, p(p − 1), p2 − 1}, the p rime p is called harmonic. Many small primes are harmonic. It is conjectured that the set of harmonic primes is infinite.
Tarsometatarsal joint injuries in the athlete

This is a retrospective review of the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of 19 patients who injured the tarsometatarsal joint of the foot during athletic activity. Diagnosis by clinical and radiographic examination was supplemented by stress fluoroscopy of the articulation under anesthesia. Injuries were classified as either a first- or second-degree sprain of the tarsometatarsal joint, a third-degree sprain (with diastasis between the metatarsals or cuneiforms), a fracture, or frank dislocation. Poor functional results were seen in those for whom diagnosis was delayed and for whom the injury was not treated adequately. Three patients were unable to return to sports, one of whom eventually required fusion of the tarsometatarsal joint. The third-degree sprains were indistinguishable from fracture and fracture-dislocations in that good results were not reliably obtained by nonoperative treatment, and both classes of injury seem to require open reduction and internal fixation for optimal return to function. The delay in return to full activity is a marker of the severity of this injury despite an often benign appearance on radiograph.
A video analytics framework for amorphous and unstructured anomaly detection

Video surveillance systems are often used to detect anomalies: rare events which demand a human response, such as a fire breaking out. Automated detection algorithms enable vastly more video data to be processed than would be possible otherwise. This note presents a video analytics framework for the detection of amorphous and unstructured anomalies such as fire, targets in deep turbulence, or objects behind a smoke-screen. Our approach uses an off-line supervised training phase together with an on-line Bayesian procedure: we form a prior, compute a likelihood function, and then update the posterior estimate. The prior consists of candidate image-regions generated by a weak classifier. Likelihood of a candidate region containing an object of interest at each time step is computed from the photometric observations coupled with an optimal-mass-transport optical-flow field. The posterior is sequentially updated by tracking image regions over time and space using active contours thus extracting samples from a properly aligned batch of images. The general theory is applied to the video-fire-detection problem with excellent detection performance across substantially varying scenarios which are not used for training.