cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parties and Pork: Historical Evidence from the American States

When writing budgets, how do lawmakers decide whether to direct dollars to their districts or to spread funding across the polity? We hypothesize that closely competitive parties provide the motivation and means to invest in broad spending rather than geographically targeted pork. Party polarization, though, should give majority party legislators a greater incentive to discriminate against the minority when it comes to distributing district dollars, just as heightened geographic competition should lead to more discrimination against a polity’s largest metropolis. We explore each of these three hypotheses through new archival sources detailing how states allocate their budget money. Taking advantage of the vast historical variation in levels of party competition and polarization in the American states, we analyze data from New York in 1921, Montana in 1921, and California in 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, and 1961. Our very preliminary findings provide encouraging initial support for our contentions.
Special Issue on Cyber Transportation Systems and Connected Vehicle Research

With the recent advances in information and sensing technologies and with the ever-accelerated rate of the wide-scale adoption of mobile computing and communications devices (e.g., smartphones), fu...
The Story of Glenshaw Glass: Toward a Modern Concept of Gross Income

This paper presents the story of Glenshaw Glass Company v. Commissioner, 348 U.S. 426 (1955), the leading case on gross income under the income tax. The paper examines prior doctrine (mainly, the attenuated legacy of Eisner v. Macomber), briefs, newspaper records, contemporaneous commentary, and current recollections of participants to illuminate how this case reached the Supreme Court, what strategies were pursued by counsel (for better or worse), and what choices the Supreme Court made in its resolution of this case. The Supreme Court's opinion in Glenshaw Glass is shown to be both sweeping and restrained. The doctrinal outcome is related to intellectual currents in play from the early days of the income tax to the present day in an effort to show why Glenshaw Glass, which was barely noticed at the time decided, has achieved its current high status. The doctrinal and institutional implications of Glenshaw Glass for current law and theory are also examined, giving due note to issues that were left unresolved. The basic thesis is that Glenshaw Glass completed the process of liberating income tax theory and doctrine from constraints imposed not only by other disciplines but also by traditional legal thinking, ushering in the "modern era" of an autonomous income tax. The paper will be published as a chapter in a book to be entitled Tax Stories: An In-Depth Look at Ten Leading Federal Income Tax Cases (Foundation Press). Additional financial support for the project has been provided by the American Tax Policy Institute.
Elimination of cetirizine following administration of multiple doses to exercised thoroughbred horses.

Cetirizine is an antihistamine used in performance horses for the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions and as such a withdrawal time is necessary prior to competition. The objective of the current study was to describe the disposition and elimination of cetirizine following oral administration in order to provide additional serum concentration data upon which appropriate regulatory recommendations can be established. Nine exercised thoroughbred horses were administered 0.4 mg/kg of cetirizine orally BID for a total of five doses. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to drug administration and at various times postadministration. Serum cetirizine concentrations were determined and selected pharmacokinetic parameters determined. The serum elimination half-life was 5.83 ± 0.841 h. Average serum cetirizine concentrations were still above the LOQ of the assay (0.05 ng/mL) at 48 h (final sample collected) postadministration of the final dose.
Improving stock assessments through data prioritization

The need for “better data” is a common response of stakeholders and managers when confronted with the uncertainty of advice resulting from quantitative stock assessments. Most contemporary stock assessments are based on an integrated analysis of multiple data types, each with their associated cost to collect. Data collection resources are inevitably limited; therefore, it is important to quantify the relative value of increased sampling for alternative data types in terms of improving stock assessments. We approached this universal problem using a simulation study of a hypothetical, amalgam species developed from eight separate stock assessments conducted for species found in southeastern US Atlantic waters. We simulated a population and a stock assessment from the amalgam species and then individually improved alternative data types (indices, age compositions, landings, and discards) by increasing either precision or sample size. We also simulated the effects of increased sampling for alternative groupin...
IIR Compensation in Real-Time Hybrid Simulation using Shake Tables with Complex Control-Structure-Interaction

This article considers the use of actuator compensation in real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) containing experimental substructures with complex control-structure-interaction (CSI). The existence of CSI in shake table testing is derived using theoretical relations. An infinite-impulse-response (IIR) compensator is developed to compensate for the shake table time delay as well as the effects of CSI. The efficacy of the IIR compensator is verified through numerical and experimental investigations of substructure shake table testing completed at Johns Hopkins University. IIR compensation is not limited to substructure shake table testing, and the concept is applicable to any RTHS that suffers from complex CSI.
The pulmonary inflammatory response to multiwalled carbon nanotubes is influenced by gender and glutathione synthesis.

Inhalation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during their manufacture or incorporation into various commercial products may cause lung inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in exposed workers. Some workers may be more susceptible to these effects because of differences in their ability to synthesize the major antioxidant and immune system modulator glutathione (GSH). Accordingly, in this study we examined the influence of GSH synthesis and gender on MWCNT-induced lung inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. GSH synthesis was impaired through genetic manipulation of Gclm, the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis. Twenty-four hours after aspirating 25 µg of MWCNTs, all male mice developed neutrophilia in their lungs, regardless of Gclm genotype. However, female mice with moderate (Gclm heterozygous) and severe (Gclm null) GSH deficiencies developed significantly less neutrophilia. We found no indications of MWCNT-induced oxidative stress as reflected in the GSH content of lung tissue and epithelial lining fluid, 3-nitrotyrosine formation, or altered mRNA or protein expression of several redox-responsive enzymes. Our results indicate that GSH-deficient female mice are rendered uniquely susceptible to an attenuated neutrophil response. If the same effects occur in humans, GSH-deficient women manufacturing MWCNTs may be at greater risk for impaired neutrophil-dependent clearance of MWCNTs from the lung. In contrast, men may have effective neutrophil-dependent clearance, but may be at risk for lung neutrophilia regardless of their GSH levels.
Thyrotropin Levels Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Euthyroid Adolescents.

Background: Increased thyrotropin (TSH) levels and free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine (fT3:fT4) ratios, even within the euthyroid range, have been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults but are less characterized in youth. This study sought to determine relations between TSH, thyroid hormones, and cardiometabolic risk factors in euthyroid adolescents. Methods: Data were extracted from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2010, for univariate and multivariate analyses of TSH, thyroid hormones, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipids, and glucose metabolism. Subjects aged 12–18 years, with normal TSH and antithyroid peroxidase antibody levels, and without a history of thyroid disease, diabetes, or treatment of hypertension/dyslipidemia (n = 1167) were included. TSH and thyroid hormones were assessed for impact on BMI Z-score, systolic blood pressure (SBP) diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low...
Mobile Health Interventions for Psychiatric Conditions in Children: A Scoping Review

A scoping review was performed to determine what evidence exists to support the clinical use of mobile health (mHealth) interventions to address child psychiatric disorders. The review focused on children less than 18 years old who were diagnosed with a mental disorder, used an mHealth intervention, and included novel outcome data. Each study assessed feasibility of the intervention and concluded that the interventions were accepted and/or liked by patients. Of the 2 studies that examined effectiveness using a randomized controlled trial design, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical outcomes, but results were limited by small sample size.
The Unpredictable Materiality of Radioactive Waste

This chapter examines the materiality of nuclear waste as a wicked problem that has had many proposed “solutions,” none of which can comprehensively address an issue that will remain toxic and dangerous to ecosystems for millions of years. This is evident in both nuclear disasters like the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant explosion and meltdown, and the intractable issue of nuclear waste disposal in the US. In both cases, the biophysical properties of nuclear waste confound any singular solution. Instead, nuclear-dependent societies need to think about nuclear waste as an object of perpetual management for humankind rather than a problem that can be “solved” by geologic disposal based on political expediency.
Radio Wave Monitoring of the Depth and the Salinity of the Water Table

The extensive exploitation of the earth’s natural reserves in recent years and the ever-present danger of their pollution and ultimate destruction, make it imperative to implement new effective methods to monitor repeatedly, the quality and quantity of our indispensable resources.
Invited Review: Management Strategies for Intensive, Sustainable Cow-Calf Production Systems in the Southeastern United States: Bermudagrass pastures overseeded with cool-season annual grasses and legumes

ABSTRACT Sustainability of cow-calf production in the United States has received increased attention during the past few years. The ever-increasing land values and ownership scenarios, redirected agricultural production objectives, and financial requirements for new ownership affects land use, livestock enterprises, and sustainability of the beef industry. Bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is the most sustainable and persistent warm-season perennial grass used for N-fertilized pastures in the southeastern United States. Management strategies that affect bermudagrass persistence and DM production goals include soil nutrient management, primarily N and K, and stocking rate, intensity, and duration. Overseeding bermudagrass with cool-season annual forages such as small grains, annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L.), or clovers ( Trifolium sp.) extends the active grazing period of pastures and provides the highest nutritive value of any forage class. Stocking strategies that incorporate the most adapted bermudagrass cultivars with soil type, soil nutrient availability, and use of cool-season annual forages provide the best options to achieve intensive forage utilization. Using stocking rates appropriate for forage utilization intensity objectives provides for enhanced gain per animal and gain per unit land area relationships. The economy of scale of operation, management objectives, and acceptable risk allow stakeholders to select their site-specific level of intensive cow-calf production. The most noteworthy aspects of bermudagrass pasture management have shown that the magnitude of forage mass can be immediately altered with implementation of levels of N fertilization and stocking rate to affect beef production per unit land area.
Evaluation of pharmacy students in a self-care standardised patient simulation

Background: Community pharmacists are generally accessible by patients, providing a direct access to care. Objective: The objective was to determine the difference in student performance in a self-care simulation between using fourth-year pharmacy students (academic) as patients versus trained individuals known as standardised patients. Method: The simulation was incorporated into the second-year of a Doctor of Pharmacy degree programme. Second- year students completed a self-care consultation with academic students playing the role of a patient in 2015. The same case scenario was completed by a second cohort of students utilising paid standardised patients in 2016. The academic and standardised patients completed the same assessment rubric based on the QuEST/SCHOLAR method for each student encounter in both years. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Results: One hundred and thirty-two (2015) and 108 (2016) second-year students completed the self-care simulation. There was no difference in the overall mean students’ scores on the assessment rubric between the standardised and academic patients. However, students performed better on characterising the problem of the patient and identifying other medications taken by the patient with the standardised patients. Conclusion: Student interactions with an academic or standardised patient gives students an opportunity for feedback to improve their self-care patient interactions.
Overtrust of Pediatric Health-Care Robots: A Preliminary Survey of Parent Perspectives

Numerous types of robots are being interwoven into the health-care system, including rehabilitative devices for use with pediatric populations. Yet a key ethical concern is that pediatric patients, their parents, and other caregivers might begin to overtrust robotic technology, possibly resulting in a patient being harmed or the technology adopted prematurely. To gain insight into the issue, our research team conducted a study examining the potential of overtrust in pediatric robotics. This article discusses results from a survey of parents who have at least one child with a movement disability. The survey's focus is on robotic exoskeletons, which represent the most viable of the currently available robotic technologies in terms of being adopted into the home as a clinically validated rehabilitative device for both adults and children. More than 62% of respondents indicated they would typically or completely trust their child to handle risky situations with an exoskeleton, even though the technology may not be designed for such situations. We conclude with suggestions for future research directions on the problem of overtrust in health-care robotics.
Preprocedural Ultrasound for Infant Lumbar Puncture: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Our purpose was to determine the potential effect of preprocedural ultrasound (US) to increase lumbar puncture (LP) success compared with standard palpation method. Further, we assessed feasibility of and clinician satisfaction with a standardized US protocol. Methods This prospective, two-arm, parallel-group randomized trial was conducted in a single-center pediatric emergency department. We compared preprocedural US versus palpation method on success with infant LPs. Infants less than 3 months of age requiring LP were enrolled. Sixteen pediatric emergency medicine physicians with varied US experience were trained to conduct the USs to mark interspace locations. Primary outcome was successful LP, defined as obtaining a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample on first attempt with Results Eighty-one patients consented and 80 were analyzed (99%): 40 per group. No statistical difference was seen for the primary outcome (p > 0.05) between intervention and control groups (difference 3%; 95% confidence interval = -19% to 24%). There were no statistical differences between intervention and controls groups for secondary outcomes including the rate of traumatic LPs, number of attempts, and the duration of LP procedure. Most sonographers (84%) strongly agreed or agreed that the US protocol was technically easy to perform, well tolerated by the patient (94%), well accepted by the family (100%), and well accepted by the LP procedural clinicians (99%). In the US group, the majority of clinicians who performed the LPs (68.4%) noted that the preprocedural US influenced their behavior, most commonly helping with overall visualization at the selected interspace (28.9%) or prompting a change in interspace (26.3% higher, 5.3% lower). Seventy-seven percent agreed or strongly agreed that they would like to use the technique again for their next LP. The mean US duration was 4.6 minutes. Conclusions Preprocedural US by did not improve the rates of first-attempt success when compared with palpation method. Our results suggest that US is feasible and well accepted, with a perceptible impact on care.
Morphometric Patterns Among Microtine Rodents. I. Sexual Selection Suggested by Relative Scent Gland Development in Representative Voles (Microtus)

Chemical communication research is lacking in theoretical approaches (see, for example, Perrigo and Bronson, 1983; Sokolov et al., 1984). It should proceed within the context and theory of organic evolution, in which an active area of research has been sexual selection. Sexual selection depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species in exclusive relation to reproduction, and it can affect an animal’s glands for emitting odours (Darwin, 1871). Recent comments on sexual selection in mammals (Blaustein, 1981; Arnold and Houck, 1982) have stressed the possible role of scent communication without citing any comparative analyses of closely related species.
Robust Design Optimization to Account for Uncertainty in the Structural Design Process

Structural systems are subject to inherent uncertainties due to the variability in many hard-to-control ‘noise factors’ including but not limited to external loads, material properties, and construction workmanship. Two design methodologies were developed to quantify the variability associated with the design process: Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). These traditional approaches explicitly recognize the presence of uncertainty, however they do not take robustness against this uncertainty into consideration. Overlooking robustness against uncertainty in the structural design process has two main problems. First, the design may not satisfy the safety requirements if the actual uncertainties in the noise factors are underestimated. Thus, the safety requirements can easily be violated because of the high variation of the system response due to noise factors. Second, to guarantee safety in the presence of this high variability of the system response, the structural designer may be forced to choose an overly conservative, inefficient and thus costly design. When the robustness against uncertainty is not treated as one of the design objectives, this trade-off between the over-design for safety and the under-design for cost-savings is exacerbated. This paper demonstrates that safe and cost-effective designs are achievable by implementing Robust Design concepts originally developed in manufacturing engineering to proactively consider the robustness against uncertainty as one of the design objectives. Robust Design concepts can be used to formulate structural designs which are insensitive to inherent variability in the design process, thus save cost, and exceed the main objectives of user safety and serviceability. This paper presents two methodologies for the application of Robust Design principles to structural design utilizing two optimization schemes: one-at-a-time optimization method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method.
Preface to Part XIII

Some prefatory comments about the complexity of mathematics teaching set a context for consideration and interpretation of the article by Gunter Torner, Katrin Rolka, Bettina Rosken, and Bharath Sriraman that follows.
The finitely generated intersection property for kleinian groups

i . INTRODUCTION. A group G is said to have the finitely generated intersection property (abbrev ia ted FGIP) provided tha t the i n t e r s e c t i o n o f every pa i r o f f i n i t e l y generated subgroups of G is again f i n i t e l y generated, This proper ty is known to hold f o r f ree groups (Howson, [H], 1954), f o r fundamental groups o f surfaces (Greenberg, [G], 1960), and fo r f ree products o f FGIP groups (B. Baumslag, [B] , 1966). However there are qu i te 's im~le ' groups fo r which FGIP f a i l s . To see th is as wel l as to see why th is proper ty might be o f i n t e r e s t to t o p o l o g i s t s , consider the f o l l ow ing s e t t i n g . Let X be a space wi th subspaces Ai , A 2 ( a l l connected, l o c a l l y l -connected, e t c , ) such tha t
Scenic Overlook Backward and Forward

At this point it is helpful to look back at what has already been presented and to cast a glance ahead toward what is to come. The initial premise of this book is that it is valuable to understand the physics and chemistry that occur in a biological system.
Segmental Isotopic Labeling: Prospects for a New Tool to Study the Structure-function Relationships in Multi-domain Proteins

Segmental isotopic labeling allows NMR active nuclei to be introduced selectively into a specific region(s) of full-length protein sequences. In this perspective we review briefly the technologies available for the segmental isotopic labeling of proteins and suggest how these strategies might be combined with current NMR techniques to study aspects of protein function that are often difficult to address using conventional structural analysis.
A vote against deepfakes

AI-generated hoax videos won't wreck democracy this year as some are predicting, says Tim Hwang
Unsupervised Classification of Frequency Hopped Signals in Frequency-Selective Channels

Unsupervised classification methods based on polarization features are considered for the problem of associating frequency-hopped pulses according to their transmission source. The problem is considered in frequency-selective propagation channels, where discrimination cannot be obtained simply through signal amplitude information, and where angle-of-arrival methods are challenged by multipath. Source discrimination is based on polarization-frequency behavior, leveraging polarization mode dispersion (PMD) associated with each propagation channel. The passive receiver employs a dual-polarized antenna to collect orthogonally-polarized complex baseband signals, measure PMD responses, and compare the responses with a dynamic library of responses to identify signals that likely originated from the same source. The PMD responses are updated upon reception of each pulse and the number of unique sources may also be estimated.
Constraint Generation for Two-Stage Robust Network Flow Problems

In this paper, we propose new constraint generation (CG) algorithms for solving the two-stage robust minimum cost flow problem, a problem that arises from various applications such as transportatio...
Nomenclatural notes on the genus Favia (Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Faviina: Faviidae)

Abstract The genus Favia Oken, 1815, represents one of the most widely used taxa in scleractinian history but is formally unavailable because vol. 3 (Zoologie) of Oken's (1815) work Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, in which the name was first published, was rejected by the ICZN for nomenclatural purposes (Opinion 417, September 1956). De Blainville (1820, p. 293–294) was the first author who used the genus Favia in a valid work. Because no valid type species is available, the species Madrepora fragum Esper, 1795, is therefore designated herein as the type species of Favia. This taxon is chosen from the list of species which are given in de Blainville (1820, p. 293–294). Because both de Blainville (1820) clearly referred to Oken's (1815) work and M. fragum is designated as the type species of Favia, the genus Favia de Blainville, 1820, retains its genus concept sensu Oken.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma to the Lung and Spine: A Case Report and Literature Review

Benign metastasizing leiomyomas (BML) represent a rare phenomenon consisting of the extra-uterine spread of smooth muscle cells with similar histological, immunological, and molecular patterns to those of benign uterine leiomyomas. They are considered benign based off their low mitotic activity, lack of anaplasia or necrosis, and limited vascularization. This condition represents an interesting diagnostic and treatment challenge based on their rarity and indolent nature. Our case represents a unique finding of BML in the thoracic spine in a postmenopausal woman many years after hysterectomy and partial oophorectomy. There are currently no standard guidelines for treatment of BML, given the rare nature of this condition, with most patients treated with a combination of surgical resection and radiotherapy, followed by hormonal treatment and radiological surveillance serving as the primary backbone of current management plans. Given that these patients present a unique clinical challenge in terms of diagnosis and management, it is important to delineate and further examine these rare entities.
How to Follow Resynchronized Paced Patients

Biventricular stimulation is a new promising therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe heart failure in patients refractory to drug treatment and with contractile dyssynchrony due to conduction delay. The principle on which the resynchronization therapy is based is the reactivation of homogeneous and synchronized contraction by means of atrial-biventricular stimulation. The restoration of greater contraction synchrony seems to produce beneficial effects in the short (e.g., improvement in cardiac output, reduction of mitral regurgitation, increase of dP/dt, reduction of pulmonary wedge pressure) and the medium term (e.g., reduction of left ventricular diameters, increase of ejection fraction, reduction of mitral regurgitation, and reduction of sympathetic activity).
THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF PHASIC POTENTIALS FROM THE TOOTH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis and interpretation of phasic potentials from the tooth. The recording of potentials from sensory units always poses problems as to the interpretation of these phasic potentials because intracellular recording under direct observation is rarely possible and would certainly invalidate any quantitative analysis of transducer action even if it could be done. The evidence for the validity of the recorded potentials arises in their consistency with the conditions of stimulus and environment. Phasic potentials can be recorded from electrodes in dentinal cavities and evidence has been presented to support the belief that these arise from the excitation of sensory units. The chapter discusses that these potentials are of two types based on their differential thermal excitability and other characteristics. It presents experiments which suggest that at least one of these two potential types may originate from structures in dentin because phasic potentials are seldom recorded from teeth having large pulps.
Inferior vena cava filter removal – Hope for the best and prepare for the worst: An anesthesiology perspective

A patient presented to our institution for an elective removal of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter under local anesthesia. Once removed, it was noticed that the filter had a missing secondary leg. The patient had a chest CT done which showed a hyper-attenuating structure in the region of the tricuspid valve highly suspicious for the fractured strut of the filter. Upon these findings, the patient was taken once again to the surgical suite for an endovascular retrieval of the strut. For fear of a possible cardiac injury and a potential need for a sternotomy, the patient received general anesthesia and was placed with appropriate IV access and full cardiac monitors. The strut was removed successfully without any complications. Despite the relative benign nature of this endovascular procedure, one should always be prepared for an appropriate resuscitation in case of an occurrence of a surgical complication.
[Pathogenic characteristics of viral gastroenteritis among pediatric inpatients under five years old during 2014-2017].

Objective To conduct a viral pathogen surveillance program on pediatric inpatients less than five years old with acute gastroenteritis in Shanghai and to better understand the pathogenic spectrum and molecular features in the target population, for setting up programs on control, prevention, medication and vaccine applications of the diseases. Methods Fecal samples were collected from inpatients less than 5 years old who were admitted to a pediatric hospital for having acute gastroenteritis. Information related to demographic, clinical and epidemiological features of the patients was also collected. Laboratory assays including ELISA, real-time PCR and nested PCR, were performed to detect the presence of pathogens as rotavirus, calicivirus, astrovirus and adenovirus. Results A total of 1 018 samples were collected (male 671 and 347 female), with the positive detection rate as 40.57% which peaked from autumn till winter, annually. Calicivirus and rotavirus A presented with the highest detection rates (24.75% and 13.95% respectively). The lowest detection rate was found in the 0-6 month-olds (32.20%). 65% of the patients with positive virus had received antibiotic treatment prior to the hospitalization. However, no statistically significant difference was seen, regarding the rates of antibiotic medication in the virus positive or negative populations (P>0.05). Data from the Rotavirus genotype analysis revealed that G9P[8] genotype was the predominant strain, and causing majority of rotavirus infections in all the age groups. Conclusions Among the inpatients under 5 years of age in Shanghai, the positive detection rate for Calicivirus was higher than that for rotavirus group A, suggesting the necessity to carefully monitor the changes regarding the pathogenic spectrum and subtypes of the virus. Antibiotics should also be attentively administered, together with the development of suitable vaccine. Key words: Infants and young children; Hospitalized; Viral; Acute gastroenteritis
Perspectives and Recommendations From Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer/Questioning Youth of Color Regarding Engagement in Biomedical HIV Prevention

Abstract Purpose Young people of color have high HIV incidence rates and suffer the greatest health inequities with regard to daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Although the next generation of biomedical HIV prevention products is already under clinical development, little research has examined whether such products address the needs of this population or identified specific strategies for educating this population about prevention options that might result in the greatest interest in and uptake of new prevention modalities. Methods We analyzed data from seven focus groups (n = 93) conducted between July 2016 and March 2017 in partnership with a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning youth-serving community-based organization in the northeastern U.S. The study aimed to understand concerns, priorities, and preferences around biomedical HIV prevention modalities (i.e., daily oral pill, long-acting injectable, and topical microbicide) among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning youth of color. Results Our findings identified four key dynamics specific to educating young people about biomedical prevention, including (1) providing information with a sufficient level of detail and complexity, (2) contextualizing messaging in terms of young people's existing knowledge and beliefs, (3) providing detailed information about side effects, drug- and multi-method interactions, and dosing/usage contingencies, and (4) working proactively to support transgender youth and ensure that prevention products are accessible to them. Conclusions As we plan for a future of choice in biomedical HIV prevention, we should consider how novel products can address inequities in pre-exposure prophylaxis access and HIV incidence by valuing the concerns and needs of this highest priority population.
Formative Evaluation of a Peer Video-Based Coaching Initiative

Abstract Background Few opportunities exist for surgeons to receive technical skills feedback after training. Surgeons at hospitals within the Illinois Surgical Quality Improvement Collaborative were invited to participate in a peer-to-peer video-based coaching initiative focused on improving technical skills in laparoscopic right colectomy. We present a formative qualitative evaluation of a video-based coaching initiative. Methods Concurrent with the implementation of our video-based coaching initiative, we conducted two focus groups and 15 individual semistructured interviews with participants; all interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. A subset of surgeons participated in a group video-review session, which was observed by qualitative researchers. Transcripts and notes were analyzed using an organizational behavior framework adapted from executive coaching. Results Participation in the initiative was primarily motivated by the opportunity to learn from others and improve skills. Surgeons highlighted the value of self-video and peer-video assessment not only to learn new techniques but also for self-reflection and benchmarking. Barriers to participation included logistics (e.g. using the laparoscopic recording devices, coordinating schedules for peer coaching), time commitment, and a surgical culture that assumes the intent of coaching is to address deficiencies. Conclusions Video-based peer-coaching provides a platform for surgeons to reflect, benchmark against peers, and receive personalized feedback; however, more work is needed to increase participation and sustain involvement over time. There is an opportunity to decrease logistical barriers and increase acceptability of coaching by integrating video-based coaching into existing surgical conferences and established continuous professional development efforts.
Abstract P040: Pressure Natriuresis In Female Sprague Dawley Rats: Characteristics And Mechanisms

Raising blood pressure stimulates pressure natriuresis (P-Nat). In males (M) Sprague Dawley rats (SDR), Na+ reabsorption (TNa) is acutely reduced by retraction of proximal tubule (PT) NHE3 to micro...
Thoracoscopic resection of giant thymolipoma

Abstract Thymolipomas are rare benign tumors of the thymic gland. We describe a case of an eight-year-old boy who presented after a syncopal episode secondary to a large mediastinal mass found to be a thymolipoma on percutaneous biopsy. Successful thoracoscopic thymectomy was performed with complete resection of the tumor en-bloc with the thymus. Given the association with myasthenia gravis and other pathologic processes, we propose a thoracoscopic thymectomy be performed in conjunction with thymolipoma resections when feasible.
Modelling Spatial and Spatial-Temporal Data: A Bayesian Approach

This book is intended to be a textbook for students in the social sciences, political sciences, public health, and applied statistics as well as a resource for workers in those various fields. The ...
The physician healer track: educating the hearts and the minds of future physicians

Calls to reform medical education recommend explicit training in professional identity formation to promote the development of humanistic, compassionate physicians. The authors report their experience offering The Physician Healer Track, a 500-contact-hour curricula integrated over 4 years, focusing on self-awareness, reflection, being-with-suffering, communication and professional identity development. The voluntary scholarly-concentration program comprises 4 years of monthly dinner meetings with faculty mentors, a two-month preceptorship in the first year, a one-month immersion course in MS4 and one elective. Training in mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy, nonviolent communication, motivational interviewing, spirituality in healthcare, wellness, equanimity, and 'being with suffering' is reinforced across all 4 years. Community building and reflection are integral to the training both in the monthly sessions and the immersion courses. Enrollment has grown from 26 students in the first year (11% of class) to a total of 258 students across our first 6 years (average of 20-26% of each class). Graduates in our first two cohorts of PHT have exceeded the numbers in the eight other scholarly concentrations offered at UTMB. Among students participating in the summer preceptorship, there has been less than 1% attrition. In serial assessments, students report continued growth in personal development, professional development, and the ability to empathize. Offering PHT has resulted in the growth of training for our medical residents, faculty, physical therapy students and the creation of a student healer association. Despite the demands on student's time, they are voluntarily participating in a challenging program of integrated training with the intention of keeping them connected to their humanity during the rigors of medical school training.
A case of lymphomatoid papulosis type E in a young adult: An uncommon entity

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) type E is a rare variant of the primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders, characterized clinically by large necrotic eschar-like lesions and histopathologically by angiodestructive and angioinvasive infiltrates of CD30+ lymphocytes. As in other forms of lymphomatoid papulosis, type E lesions may undergo spontaneous regression after weeks, with frequent recurrences. We report a 21-year old male with an angiodestructive infiltrate of CD30+ lymphocytes manifesting as a papular eruption rather than ulceration, and suggest that this clinical phenotype might be related to the presence of CD4+ lymphocytes in the inflammatory cell infiltrate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Are There Gender Differences in Quantitative Student Evaluations of Instructors

Recent research conducted at numerous universities has found evidence of instructor-gender differences in student evaluations of teaching (SET). This paper examines whether such gender effects exist in “instructor overall” ratings within a database of SET that includes almost 600,000 observations from the past 11 years for the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) at a large research university in the northeastern United States. First, using multivariate OLS regression analysis, we tested 32 hypotheses of gender differences within discipline-rank combinations. Of the 32, only two hypothesis tests showed statistically significant gender differences in the instructor overall rating; one discipline-rank combination had higher average scores for male instructors, and one discipline-rank combination had higher average scores for female instructors. Second, using quasi-experimental data from calculus courses, we found that mean instructor overall scores of female instructors were different from those of male instructors only for Teaching Assistants (TAs) and Teaching Fellows (TFs), with higher scores for female TAs and TFs. Overall, we find no evidence of systematic gender differences in our analysis.
Hydroacoustic survey standardization: Inter-vessel differences in fish densities and potential effects of vessel avoidance

Abstract Hydroacoustics is used broadly to assess fish populations in marine and freshwater systems. Large-scale surveys often employ multiple vessels to complete a survey. Vessels can be a source of variation in multi-vessel surveys, and accounting for this variation is critical to precise and accurate assessments, whether as indices or measures of absolute abundance. We examined areal and volumetric density estimates, area backscattering coefficient (ABC), and mean target strength (TS) produced by three vessels in Lake Erie along three cross-lake transects in July 2014. Our study showed positive correlation in areal ABC, mean TS, and density among vessels; however, there was an almost 30 % higher density obtained with the largest vessel, on average. As a result, vessel choice could contribute to variation and/or bias in forage fish surveys deploying multi-vessels conducted on Lake Erie. Additionally, in some situations, differential depth patterns of fish contributed to vessel related differences in survey results suggesting a difference in vessel avoidance behaviors among targeted forage species, primarily emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax. This work demonstrates the potential magnitude of differences among vessels and highlights the need to identify and account for or otherwise control for these effects when monitoring or managing fisheries through standardized hydroacoustic assessments surveys.
Analysis of the Frank-Wolfe Method for Convex Composite Optimization involving a Logarithmically-Homogeneous Barrier

We present and analyze a new generalized Frank-Wolfe method for the composite optimization problem $(P):{\min}_{x\in\mathbb{R}^n}\; f(\mathsf{A} x) + h(x)$, where $f$ is a $\theta$-logarithmically-homogeneous self-concordant barrier, $\mathsf{A}$ is a linear operator and the function $h$ has bounded domain but is possibly non-smooth. We show that our generalized Frank-Wolfe method requires $O((\delta_0 + \theta + R_h)\ln(\delta_0) + (\theta + R_h)^2/\varepsilon)$ iterations to produce an $\varepsilon$-approximate solution, where $\delta_0$ denotes the initial optimality gap and $R_h$ is the variation of $h$ on its domain. This result establishes certain intrinsic connections between $\theta$-logarithmically homogeneous barriers and the Frank-Wolfe method. When specialized to the $D$-optimal design problem, we essentially recover the complexity obtained by Khachiyan using the Frank-Wolfe method with exact line-search. We also study the (Fenchel) dual problem of $(P)$, and we show that our new method is equivalent to an adaptive-step-size mirror descent method applied to the dual problem. This enables us to provide iteration complexity bounds for the mirror descent method despite even though the dual objective function is non-Lipschitz and has unbounded domain. In addition, we present computational experiments that point to the potential usefulness of our generalized Frank-Wolfe method on Poisson image de-blurring problems with TV regularization, and on simulated PET problem instances.
DART: Adaptive Accept Reject Algorithm for Non-Linear Combinatorial Bandits.

We consider the bandit problem of selecting K out of N arms at each time step. The joint reward can be a non-linear function of the rewards of the selected individual arms. The direct use of a multi-armed bandit algorithm requires choosing among all possible combinations, making the action space large. To simplify the problem, existing works on combinatorial bandits typically assume feedback as a linear function of individual rewards. In this paper, we prove the lower bound for top-K subset selection with bandit feedback with possibly correlated rewards. We present a novel algorithm for the combinatorial setting without using individual arm feedback or requiring linearity of the reward function. Additionally, our algorithm works on correlated rewards of individual arms. Our algorithm, aDaptive Accept RejecT (DART), sequentially finds good arms and eliminates bad arms based on confidence bounds. DART is computationally efficient and uses storage linear in N. Further, DART achieves a regret bound of O(K√KNT) for a time horizon T, which matches the lower bound in bandit feedback up to a factor of √log 2NT. When applied to the problem of cross-selling optimization and maximizing the mean of individual rewards, the performance of the proposed algorithm surpasses that of state-of-the-art algorithms. We also show that DART significantly outperforms existing methods for both linear and non-linear joint reward environments.
Structural effects of morpholine replacement in ZSTK474 on Class I PI3K isoform inhibition: Development of novel MEK/PI3K bifunctional inhibitors

Abstract Established roles for PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways in tumorigenesis has prompted extensive research towards the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. However, significant compensatory regulation exists between these two signaling cascades, leading to redundancy among survival pathways. Consequently, initial clinical trials aimed at either PI3K or MEK inhibition alone have proven ineffective and highlight the need for development of targeted and innovative therapeutic combination strategies. We designed a series of PI3K inhibitor derivatives wherein a single morpholine group of the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 was substituted with a variety of 2-aminoethyl functional groups. Analogs with pendant hydroxyl or methoxy groups maintained low nanomolar inhibition towards PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, and PI3Kδ isoforms in contrast to those with pendant amino groups which were significantly less inhibitory. Synthesis of prototype PI3K/MEK bifunctional inhibitors (6r, 6s) was guided by the structure-activity data, where a MEK-targeting inhibitor was tethered directly via a short PEG linker to the triazine core of the PI3K inhibitor analogs. These compounds (6r, 6s) displayed nanomolar inhibition towards PI3Kα, δ, and MEK (IC50 ∼105–350 nM), and low micromolar inhibition for PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ (IC50 ∼1.5–3.9 μM) in enzymatic inhibition assays. Cell viability assays demonstrated superior anti-proliferative activity for 6s over 6r in three tumor-derived cell lines (A375, D54, SET-2), which correlated with inhibition of downstream AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Compounds 6r and 6s also demonstrated in vivo tolerability with therapeutic efficacy through reduction of kinase activation and amelioration of disease phenotypes in the JAK2V617F mutant myelofibrosis mouse cancer model. Taken together, these results support further structure optimization of 6r and 6s as promising leads for combination therapy in human cancer as a new class of PI3K/MEK bifunctional inhibitors.
A gene which encodes a predicted protein kinase can restore some functions of the ras gene in fission yeast.

Abstract The ras1- mutation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe interferes with sexual differentiation by preventing conjugation and causing inefficient sporulation. From a gene library, we have isolated a gene, byr1+, which when in high copy number restores efficient sporulation to ras1- strains. byr1+ encodes a putative 340-amino acid protein product, the sequence of which strongly suggests that it functions as a protein kinase. Gene disruption experiments show that loss of byr1+ function does not interfere with mitotic growth but it completely prevents both conjugation and sporulation. byr1 is thus another important gene in the sexual differentiation pathway and we believe that at least part of ras1 function is to act directly or indirectly through byr1 to modulate protein phosphorylation.
The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Party States

This article questions the validity under international law of the provisions of the Treaty for an International Criminal Court (ICC) that purport to give the ICC jurisdiction over nationals of states that are not parties to the Treaty. The article examines two facially plausible theories for the validity of ICC jurisdiction over non-party nationals: that the ICC may exercise universal jurisdiction delegated to it by states parties, and that the ICC may exercise territorial jurisdiction delegated to it by states parties. Each of those theories is found to be flawed. The article then questions whether there is in fact any basis for ICC jurisdiction over non-party nationals that is valid under international law.