cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Practice of Detecting Insider Threats within a Network

Internal threats within a work environment are becoming more common, while external threats are no longer the only means of concern for a network. The rise of social media, websites, and the availability of Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) is being utilized for blackmail, extracting personal data, and scoping out potential targets. Likewise, data leaks and hacks are daily news, legitimizing security and privacy concerns with identity theft, tarnishing corporate/individual reputation, and theft of intellectual property. Behind firewalls, routers, switches, and multiple layers of security, employees are seldom aware of what goes on within their network. Because the security of the network is placed solely within the hands of IT professionals, the impression is that security is not also the responsibility of every person on the network. This study investigates the source of privacy and security issues to help identify when, where, and how attacks are initiated within a network. As all exploits begin with reconnaissance, the investigation is conducted by detecting active reconnaissance, over the wire, in real time using existing technical controls and fingerprinting that can detect threats before an attack. Furthermore, the study explores common, real-world vulnerabilities for exploitation in use cases such as port and vulnerability scanners. The study also identifies these attack vectors through filters and internal network traffic detectors. This research is intended to classify potential threats inside the network from collected reconnaissance scans to thwart impending attacks and illuminate how everyone in a work environment plays a role in protecting against the insider threat.
Kinetics of thiol reactions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some examples of (1) the reactions of thiols with reactive oxygen species and free radicals, (2) the nucleophilic addition of thiolate to some electrophiles, and (3) thiol–disulfide exchange reactions, in particular those involved in the formation and cleavage of protein disulfide bonds. The examples permit the discussion of various methods and techniques employed for the kinetic measurements, exhibiting a broad range of time resolution, and the concepts may easily be applied to any kinetic problem of interest. For many kinetic measurements, it is sufficient to follow the reaction of a thiol by monitoring the final formation of a stable disulfide, which can be conveniently done by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, in some instances it is necessary to describe the one-electron oxidation of a thiol to its corresponding thiyl radical accurately. Such measurements require fast techniques—such as pulse radiolysis or laser-flash photolysis—owing to the short half-life for the formation and subsequent reactions of thiyl free radicals.
A rejoinder to authors: Data collection on Tor.

I want to thank my colleagues for responding to my recently published article, “Evaluating Drug Trafficking on the Tor Network: Silk Road 2, the Sequel (i.e., Dolliver, 2015).” I would also like to thank the Journal Editors for presenting me with the opportunity to reply. The comments from Aldridge and Decary-Hetu (2015), and from Van Buskirk, Roxburgh, Naicker, and Burns (2015) highlight the challenges faced by researchers studying cryptomarkets and add to the ongoing dialogue surrounding Tor that exists both within and extant to academia. Language: en
Is fibromyalgia a neuropathic pain syndrome

The fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) seems an unlikely candidate for classification as a neuropathic pain. The disorder is diagnosed based on a compatible history and the presence of multiple areas of musculoskeletal tenderness. A consistent pathology in either the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS) has not been demonstrated in patients with FM, and they are not at higher risk for diseases of the CNS such as multiple sclerosis or of the peripheral nervous system such as peripheral neuropathy. A large proportion of FM sufferers have accompanying symptoms and signs of uncertain etiology, such as chronic fatigue, sleep disturbance, and bowel/bladder irritability. With the exception of migraine headaches and possibly irritable bowel syndrome, the accompanying disorders are clearly not neurological in origin. The impetus to classify the FM as a neuropathic pain comes from multiple lines of research suggesting widespread pain and tenderness are associated with chronic sensitization of the CNS. An examination of how the term neuropathic pain is defined reveals a conceptual split into 2 partially overlapping groups of disorders: those with demonstrable pathology in the nervous system and those characterized primarily by enduring dysfunction in the nervous system. Requiring demonstrable pathology in the nervous system in the definition of neuropathic pain is the traditional approach. The expansion of the definition to require only enduring nervous system dysfunction is less palatable because it opens the classification to many disorders of uncertain etiology, including complex regional pain syndrome. As it is uncertain which of the many different chronic pain syndromes include an enduring component of central sensitization, restricting the term "neuropathic pain" to those disorders with a primary etiology clearly related to the peripheral or CNS is prudent and consistent with clinical practice.
Perception of Electronically Gated Speech

Eight normally hearing adult subjects were asked to identify a word spoken in a phrase when part of the word was deleted using an electronic gating device. The four words cap, cat, cab and cash were used with the carrier phrase, " Point to .... " Each phrase was uttered 50 times by one male and one female adult speaker. The 50 utterances of each phrase were gated electronically at five different intervals through the /ae/ sound. Thus there were ten repetitions at each gating interval for each speaker for each phrase. All utterances were presented to the subjects in random order. The following results were found: (1) The subjects were able to identify the words cat, cap and cab correctly at a greater than chance level half way through the vowel. (2) The percentage of correct responses to these three words increased progressively with increase in the amount of the vowel presented. (3) The word cash differed from the other words in that it appeared that some of the final consonant had to be presented before t...
The First Station of the Long Wavelength Array

The Long Wavelength Array (LWA) will be a new multi-purpose radio telescope operating in the frequency range 10-88 MHz. Upon completion, LWA will consist of 53 phased array "stations" distributed over a region about 400 km in diameter in the state of New Mexico. Each station will consist of 256 pairs of dipole-type antennas whose signals are formed into beams, with outputs transported to a central location for high-resolution aperture synthesis imaging. The resulting image sensitivity is estimated to be a few mJy (5 sigma, 8 MHz, 2 polarizations, 1 hr, zenith) in 20-80 MHz; with resolution and field of view of (8", 8 deg) and (2",2 deg) at 20 MHz and 80 MHz, respectively. All 256 dipole antennas are in place for the first station of the LWA (called LWA-1), and commissioning activities are well underway. The station is located near the core of the EVLA, and is expected to be fully operational in early 2011.
Amino acid-activating enzymes in isolated chloroplasts from spinach leaves.

Abstract Extracts from spinach leaves were fractionated into the usual subcellular fractions by means of differential centrifugation, and the fractions were tested for amino acid-activating enzymes by using the hydroxamate and the ATP-PP 32 exchange assays. While the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were practically inert, considerable activity was found in the chloroplasts as well as in the cytoplasmic supernatant (Spt). The chloroplasts were further fractionated into chloroplast extract (CE) containing the soluble proteins, and chloroplast fragments composed mainly of grana and containing all the chlorophyll. The activating enzymes were confined entirely to CE, which had a specific activity (per milligram protein) comparable to that of Spt. The properties of the activating enzymes in CE were studied in some detail. The activation of individual amino acids by CE was highest for tyrosine, followed by methionine and leucine; whereas in Spt, leucine showed the highest activity, followed by methionine and tyrosine. The utilization of ATP produced photosynthetically by whole chloroplasts for the activation of amino acids was also demonstrated.
Modeling of materials mixing behavior among beryllium, carbon and tungsten as plasma-facing materials under deuterium and tritium plasma bombardment

Abstract If in-vessel components in a magnetic fusion device employ two or more different plasma-facing materials, materials mixing can occur due to the impurity transport along with erosion and redeposition. Materials mixing alters surface characteristics, which in turn affects plasma interactions behavior with in-vessel components. Currently, the use of beryllium, carbon and tungsten as plasma-facing materials is under consideration for in-vessel components for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). However, there is no standard model applicable to analyze the materials mixing behavior. In this study a zero-dimensional materials balance model has been applied to analyze the behavior of deposition and removal of plasma impurities over in-vessel components under deuterium and tritium (DT) particles bombardment for the purpose of evaluating the possibility of materials mixing via impurity deposition. It is found that materials mixing between beryllium and carbon is likely whereas tungsten tends to remain without beryllium and carbon impurity deposition. In contrast, the model predicts that beryllium and carbon plasma-facing components will be highly susceptible to the deposition of tungsten impurities.
Trend: Sensationalism versus public affairs content of local TV news: Pennsylvania revisited

This research replicated a study by Adams (1978) in which he reported that the bulk of the news hole in local television newscasts was devoted to coverage of local public affairs and not to sensationalism or human interest stories as critics suggested. In 1992, a random sample of newscasts from the same 10 Pennsylvania stations reveals that news organizations devoted significantly more time to sensational/human interest stories in 1992 than they did in 1976. The time spent on such stories came at the expense of news coverage related to local government, politics, and education.
Theory of transport in linear biological systems: II. Multiflux problems

If in a multiflux system theith flux is given by the integral equation, $$\gamma _i = \sum _j \int_0^t {w_{ij} (t - \omega )} \gamma _j (\omega )d\omega + m_i (t)$$ , the corresponding equation in the Laplace transforms is Γ i = Σ j W ij Γ j +M i -the entire system having the matrix formulaion, [I−W]Γ=M. The general solution of this equation and its physical interpretation are discussed. Explicit solutions are given for the general mammillary and catenary systems and for some capillary exchange problems. The theory is applied to the integrated from of the fundamental continuity equation to give equations for total quantity of material in the various “compartments.” If the compartments are uniformly mixed, the integral equation treatment is shown to be mathematically equivalent to the usual differential equation formulation.
Refractive change in response to acute hyperbaric stress in refractive surgery patients

Abstract Purpose To determine whether acute hyperbaric stress affects visual acuity or refractive power after keratorefractive surgery. Setting Clinical multiplace hyperbaric chamber and ophthalmology clinic, University of California, San Diego, California, USA. Methods This prospective convenience sample study included 3 groups: 3 patients who had had bilateral myopic radial keratotomy (RK); 2 who had had bilateral myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK); and 4 control subjects who had no previous corneal refractive surgery or ocular pathology but had a myopic refractive error (−1.25 to −8.38 diopters [D]) similar to that in the treated patients before refractive surgery. One additional patient had had unilateral LASIK only and was included in the LASIK and control groups. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest spherocylindrical refractive error, and intraocular pressure were measured at baseline, at 4 atmospheres absolute (atm abs), and on return to ambient pressure. Corneal pachymetry and keratometry were measured at baseline and on return to ambient pressure. Results The mean BSCVA changed from 0.06 logMAR (20/25 Snellen equivalent) at baseline to 0.10 logMAR (20/25) at 4 atm abs in the RK group and from 0.00 logMAR (20/20) to −0.06 logMAR (20/15) in the LASIK group; it did not change in the control group. The mean refractive error changed from 0.25 D at baseline to 0.50 D at 4 atm abs in the RK group, from −0.90 to −1.02 D in the LASIK group, and from −4.58 to −4.53 D in the control group. Conclusion Acute hyperbaric stress did not appear to alter refractive power after corneal surgery.
OPTICAL AND X-RAY PROPERTIES OF COOLING NEUTRON STARS

Blackbody fits to the soft X-ray spectra of cooling neutron stars will, in general, overestimate the surface temperature of the source. We examine blackbody fits to the spectra predicted by light-element neutron star model atmospheres folded with the ACIS response matrices and quantify the inferred temperature error for a range of magnetic field strengths representative of the broad populations of isolated cooling neutron stars. Results for the Position Sensitive Proportional Counter are derived for comparative purposes. In each example, the blackbody temperature systematically overestimates the underlying flux temperature of the model and is an unreliable gauge by which to estimate the surface properties of neutron stars. We demonstrate a linear relationship between flux temperature and peak energy, similar to Wien displacement, as a function of magnetic field strength for the model atmospheres. We calculate the excess optical magnitude predicted from the model atmospheres with respect to the Rayleigh-Jeans portion of the fitted blackbody. We detail the nature and magnitude of these discrepancies and identify their origin in the opacity of the atmospheric plasma, the magnitude of interstellar absorption, and the instrumental response function.
Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts do Produce Cortisol

Known steroidogenic functions of the skin that are represented by the synthesis and metabolism of androgens and estrogens (Chen et al., 2002; Zouboulis and Degitz, 2004) probably include corticosteroids (Slominski et al., 2000; Slominski, 2005). Thus, the skin expresses both the genes and proteins involved in the synthesis of adrenal corticosteroids (Slominski et al., 1996, 1999, 2004; Rogoff et al., 2001). Metabolism of progesterone to deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone has been documented in melanoma cells and in rat skin (Slominski et al., 1999, 2000); corticotropin-releasing hormoneand ACTH-regulated cortisol production was demonstrated in histocultured human hair follicles (Ito et al., 2005); and corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH enhancement of cortisol production was demonstrated in epidermal melanocytes (Slominski et al., 2005b). In contrast, in human dermal fibroblasts cortisol production was not enhanced by corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH (there was only selective stimulation of corticosterone production; Slominski et al., 2005a). However, since the cortisol-like immunoreactivity was detected by ELISA, we investigated the chemical nature of the antigen.
An analysis of spatial complexity of ridge and slough patterns in the Everglades ecosystem

Abstract Altered hydrology has become a major threat to the Florida Everglades. As water was diverted to accommodate the increasing demands of the expanding urban and utilized to support agricultural areas, an alteration to the patterns of ridge and slough occurred in the Everglades. Landscape indices were developed to quantify the spatial complexity of the ridge and slough landscape and to detect thresholds for deteriorating or deteriorated patterns. The analysis provides a framework for scientists and managers to quantify the effects of changing hydropatterns, and flow dynamics upon the Everglades ridge and slough community. Pattern analysis suggested that there is a wide range in ridge and slough patterns in the Everglades which can be described with landscape indices. These patterns may represent natural, deteriorating or deteriorated states of spatial complexity in the ecosystem. Lacunarity index (LI), ranging from 1.75 to 4.45 indicated a natural pattern while an LI below 1.75 or above 4.45 represented deteriorating or deteriorated patterns. It is assumed that natural patterns were created, maintained and balanced by historical flows through the system; while deteriorating or deteriorated patterns are due to hydrologic alteration. The results suggest that changes in landscape patterns are gradual and happen within the constraint of natural variations (e.g., 1.75
Androgen receptors in bladder tumors

Cytosol androgen receptor content of transitional cell bladder cancer tissue was found to be substantially higher than its content in normal bladder mucosa and lower than in control benign prostatic hypertrophy tissue. Tumors arising in female patients had a lower androgen receptor content than those arising in male patients. High-grade tumors had a lower androgen receptor content than low-grade tumors.
Temperature dependent behaviour of C-band and L-band EDFAs: a comparison

Temperature dependent gain and power characteristics of erbium-doped fibre amplifiers operating in the C-band and L-band are compared. Experimental results are shown for the case of 980 and 1480 nm pump wavelength bands over a temperature range of -10-80/spl deg/C. Results indicate that the temperature dependence of signal emission and absorption cross-sections have greater impact on the L-band output power. Furthermore, it is shown that the L-band temperature coefficient (dB//spl deg/C) is comparatively less sensitive to pump wavelength.
A Case of Remote Asymmetric Induction in the Peptide-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of a Bis(phenol)

We report a catalytic approach to the synthesis of a key intermediate on the synthetic route to a pharmaceutical drug candidate in single enantiomer form. In particular, we illustrate the discovery process employed to arrive at a powerful, peptide-based asymmetric acylation catalyst. The substrate this catalyst modifies represents a remarkable case of desymmetrization, wherein the enantiotopic groups are separated by nearly a full nanometer, and the distance between the reactive site and the pro-stereogenic element is nearly 6 A. Differentiation of enantiotopic sites within molecules that are removed from the prochiral centers by long distances presents special challenges to the field of asymmetric catalysis. As the distance between enantiotopic sites increases within a substrate, so too may the requirements for size and complexity of the catalyst. The approach presented herein contrasts enzymatic catalysts and small-molecule catalysts for this challenge. Ultimately, we report here a synthetic, miniaturiz...
State of the Art Reviews: Resistance Training for Children and Adolescents Are There Health Outcomes?

Although much of what we understand about the stimulus of resistance exercise has been gained by exploring the responses of adults to various training protocols, research into the effects of resist...
Formed coke from lignite, and the critical role of air

Abstract Formed coke of high strength has been made using a lignite as the sole source material. Chemical action of elemental oxygen during 200 °C curing in air is a virtually indispensable precursor to the development of significant carbonized strength. The latter arises substantially from binder-coke produced from in-situ carbonization of the many local regions of binder-tar made immobile during the curing stage. It is considered that the strength of the binder-coke substance derives from a network of chemical bonds whose general spacial arrangement derives in its turn from that produced at much lower temperatures during curing.
Role of diet in the prevention of common kidney stones

The authors discuss the evidence for the prevention of calcium stones through dietary intervention, and look at some of the emerging options. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Time-varying features of initial stop consonants in auditory running spectra: A first report

Kewley-Port (1983) recently demonstrated that place of articulation of initial voiced stops could be identified from time-varying features observed in visual displays of linear prediction smoothed spectra. The present study extends this method of analysis in several directions. First, both voiced and voiceless syllable-initial stops produced at three speaking rates—normal, fast, and slow—were examined. Second, a new rule for vocal tract size normalization was tested. Third, the earlier time-varying features were augmented in order to specify the burst and voicing as well as place of articulation. The four time-varying features were (1) an abrupt increase in energy at high frequencies, (2) the onset of a prominent low-frequency peak, (3) the relative tilt of voiceless energy at onset, and (4) the presence of extended midfrequency peaks. Finally, the visual displays were modified to incorporate filtering and other characteristics of processing of speech by the auditory system. Auditory running spectra were generated for stop consonant-vowel syllables read by two males and two females. Employing the four time-varying features, judges first located the burst and onset of voicing, and then identified place of articulation from the visual displays. Over all conditions, place of articulation was identified at an 86% level of accuracy. While these results constitute only a first step towards an automated analysis procedure, they nonetheless indicate that our new time-varying features are appropriate for identifying place of articulation across both voiced and voiceless stops produced by different speakers at different speaking rates.
A kinetic expression for sodium-lithium countertransport in human red cells

Abstract Sodium-lithium counter-transport in human red blood cells may be a potentially useful measurement in studies of hypertension. A kinetic expression describing this counter-transport was derived and evaluated using red cells from nine subjects at various concentrations of intracellular and extracellular Li+ and Na+. The counter-transport is dependent upon all four concentrations, intracellular Li+ and Na+ as well as extracellular Li+ and Na+. We confirm that the maximum Na+-Li+ counter-transport (Vmax) is a property of the individual cells while the half-maximal saturating concentrations (K 1 2 ) for Li+ and Na+ are the same for all subjects. This expression permits a more thorough understanding of conditions affecting Na+ -Li+ countertransport measurement.
Three-Dimensional Modeling and Display of Continuum Robots

Though a large number continuum robots exist, little work has been done to accurately and effectively visualize these devices in three dimensions. Like octopus arms and elephant trunks, these robots lack discrete joints, instead bending in smooth, continuous curves. Three-dimensional visualization of traditional rigid-link robots is both well established and extensively used in modeling, simulation, design, and operation of these robots. Providing three-dimensional visualization techniques extends these benefits, considered essential for rigid-link robots, to continuum robots. This paper presents a highly flexible three-dimensional visualization technique which executes in real-time for a large class of continuum robots. The results of this technique are then applied to two different continuum manipulators which are representative of most continuum robot designs, demonstrating the wide applicability of this method.
Position of two deletion mutations on the physical map of bacteriophage P2.

Abstract The electron microscope heteroduplex method ( Davis & Davidson, 1968 ; Westmorland, Szybalski & Ris, 1969 ) has been used to define the physical position of two deletions in bacteriophage P2 DNA. Denaturation mapping ( Inman & Schnos, 1970 ) on these heteroduplex molecules revealed that both deletions occurred on the right (A + T richer) half of the P2 DNA molecule. In P2 vir 22 , 0.63 μm of DNA was deleted in the region between 72.0 and 77.1% from the left end and in P2 del 1 a 0.9-μm section was deleted between 92.1 and 99.7% from the left end of the P2 DNA molecule. P2 vir 22 was not a simple deletion; in addition a short piece (0.06 μm) of DNA was inserted or inverted at the deletion site. The present study has unambiguously marked the position of two deletions with respect to the physical denaturation map. Together with the position of these deletions on the genetic map, this information will allow the orientation of the physical and the genetic map of P2 DNA.
Nutritional quality of leaf detritus altered by elevated atmospheric CO2: effects on development of mosquito larvae

Summary 1. Populus tremuloides leaf litter was produced under elevated (ELEV = 720 ppm) and ambient (AMB = 360 ppm) atmospheric CO2 conditions. Leaf chemical quality was significantly altered by CO2 enrichment. ELEV leaves had significantly higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and lignins, and higher C : N ratios than AMB. 2. Leaf litter was incubated in a headwater stream for 14 days to become colonised by microorganisms; aquatic bacterial productivity was significantly lower on ELEV than on AMB leaf litter. Colonised leaves were fed to four species of detritivorous mosquito larvae to assess their survivorship and development rates. 3. Larval mortality was 2.2 times higher for Aedes albopictus fed ELEV litter when compared with AMB. Although mortality of A. triseriatus, A. aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus was not affected by treatment, larval development rate was delayed by 78, 25 and 27%, respectively, when fed ELEV litter. 4. Increased mosquito mortality and/or delayed larval development rates are more likely to have negative implications for food web structure and productivity in ecosystems where immature stages of mosquitoes are an important food source of predators.
On the Lie curvature of Dupin hypersurfaces

A hypersurface M in a standard sphere S is said to be Dupin if each of its principal curvatures is constant along its corresponding curvature surfaces. If the number of distinct principal curvatures is constant, then M is called a proper Dupin hypersurface. There is a close relationship between the class of compact proper Dupin hypersurfaces and the class of isoparametric hypersurfaces. Miinzner [11] showed that the number g of distinct principal curvatures of an isoparametric hypersurface must be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6. Thorbergsson [15] then showed that the same restriction holds for a compact proper Dupin hypersurface embedded in S by reducing that case to a situation where Mίmzner's argument can be applied. This also implied that the rank of the Z2-cohomology ring in both cases must be 2g. Later Grove and Halperin [6] found more topological similarities between these two classes of hypersurfaces. All of this led to the conjecture [5, p. 184] that every compact proper Dupin hypersurface in S is equivalent by a Lie sphere transformation to an isoparametric hypersurface. The conjecture was known to be true in the cases g=l (umbilic hypersurfaces), g=2[4] and g=3[7]. Recently, however, counterexamples to the conjecture for g=4 have been discovered by Miyaoka and Ozawa [10] and by Pinkall and Thorbergsson [14]. Miyaoka and Ozawa also produced counterexamples in the case £—6. In all cases, the proof that the counterexamples are not Lie equivalent to an isoparametric hypersurface uses the so-called Lie curvature ^introduced by Miyaoka [8]. For a proper Dupin hypersurface Mwith four principal curvatures, Ψ is the cross-ratio of these principal curvatures. Viewed in the context of Lie sphere geometry, Ψ is the cross-ratio of the four points on a projective line corresponding to the four curvature spheres of M. Hence, Ψ is a natural Lie invariant. From Mϋnzner's work, it is easy to compute that Ψ has a constant value 1/2 on a Dupin hypersurface which is Lie equivalent to an isoparametric hypersurface. In projective geometric terms, this means that the four curvature spheres at each point of M form a harmonic set. For the counterexamples to the conjecture above, Ψ does not have the constant value 1/2.
Analysis of alternating direction collocation methods for parabolic and hyperbolic problems in two space variables

While alternating direction implicit (ADI) collocation methods have been used for several years to solve parabolic problems in several space variables, no convergence analysis has been derived for any of these methods. We formulate and rigorously analyze ADI collocation schemes applied to the inhomogeneous heat and wave equations on the unit square subject to homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and appropriate initial conditions. We prove that each method is second-order accurate in time and of optimal accuracy in space in the L2 and H01 norms. Numerical experiments confirm the predicted rates of convergence. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culture and Conflict

Members of different cultures sample with diverse probabilities different kinds of information from their environment. Some sample the content of communications more than the context (e.g. tone of voice, gestures), whereas others do the reverse. Some sample processes internal to individuals (e.g. attitudes, beliefs) whereas others sample processes external to individuals (e.g. social influences, roles) with higher probabilities. Some give greater weights to ascribed attributes of persons, such as ethnicity, race, religion, and others to achieved attributes, such as beliefs, attitudes, or a record of achievements. These differences have profound implications for the probability of conflict and the type of conflict that will develop between individuals and groups. Les membres d'une culture echantillonnent differents types d'informtion de leur environnement avec des probabilites differentes. Certains echantillonnent le contenu des communications davantage que le contexte (ex: ton de la voix, gestes), tandis ...
Identification of an upstream regulatory element reveals a novel requirement for Ind activity in maintaining ind expression.

A maternally established gradient of nuclear Dorsal protein is the first step in subdivision of the Drosophila neurectoderm into stripes of homeodomain gene expression. Dorsal in combination with the EGF and TGFβ signaling pathways are key regulators of the expression of the genes ventral nervous system defective (vnd), intermediate neuroblasts defective (ind), and muscle segment homeobox (msh) in the developing neurectoderm. These three genes encode homeodomain transcription factors that can repress each other, which ensures adjacent, non-overlapping expression domains. Expression of vnd, ind, and msh is maintained after decline in EGF and TGFβ signaling, but the relevant positive transcriptional regulators have not yet been defined. Here, we show that Ind can bind DNA with the same sequence specificity as its murine ortholog Gsh1. We have identified a novel upstream regulatory element at the ind locus containing predicted Ind binding sites, and we show that Ind activity is both necessary and sufficient for reporter gene expression from this element. We conclude that Ind can act as a transcriptional activator, and that positive autoregulation of Ind is a mechanism for persistent ind expression within the developing embryonic nervous system.
Predatory rapists and victim selection techniques.

Abstract This article examines the self-reported target techniques of 61 sexual offenders incarcerated in a maximum custody prison. Respondents were interviewed using a methodology employing other convicted felons as interviewers. The data lend support to a rational choice perspective revealing predatory rapists as decision makers since they largely attack females whom they perceive as vulnerable. In light of these findings, research is needed curbing fallacies leading to victim vulnerability.
The inadequacy of symmetry-restricted Hartree-Fock theory in determining the relative s- and d-like ionization potentials in Ni and Cu clusters

Calculations employing correlated wavefunctions for a simple model and Xα SW results for Cu4 point out the inadequacy of Hartree-Fock theory for describing ionization from a system of weakly overlapping orbitals, such as occurs for the d orbitals in a Cu cluster.
Synthesis of enzyme-inhibitory phospholipid analogs II. Preparation of chiral 1-acyl-2-acylamido-2-deoxyglycerophosphorycholines from serine

Abstract A facile and efficient stereospecific route to the enzyme-inhibitory 2-amide analogs of phosphatidycholine is reported.
Variation of G-rich mitochondrial transcripts among stocks of Trypanosoma brucei

Abstract We have compared maxicircle transcripts from eight stocks of subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei . Transcripts from the rRNA and protein genes have a constant size among stocks and exhibit only minor variation in abundance. In contrast, four of the G + C rich sequences encode multiple transcripts that vary markedly in size or abundance. Maxicircle nucleotide sequence comparison of three stocks shows very limited sequence divergence suggesting that sequence divergence may not explain the transcript variability. These results suggest that the G-rich transcripts do not encode proteins and that their variability among stocks may result from posttranscriptional processing events.
Commentary on Macnaught's “Mass tourism and the dilemmas of modernization

In his article “Mass Tourism and the Dilemmas of Modernization in Pacific Island Communities” (Annals 9:359-38 11, Timothy Macnaught applies the social science findings on tourism to the case of the Pacific Islands. in the process discovering this literature to be overly committed to a description of the ills of tourism while deficient in any predictive value. Inveighing against an examination of tourism’s impact in isolation from the larger context of social change, Macnaught calls for some corrective to the literature. Rightly so. Tourism must be regarded as a likely accompaniment to modernization alongside urbanization and industrialization. The “temptations” which incline countries towards tourism are most often predicated on prior culture contacts. Tourism too should be considered as one amongst many development schemes, provided of course that attention is paid to the idiosyncratic nature of tourism wherein a culture is made vulnerable not only by the very fact of change but also from tourism’s use of local culture as local color. Macnaught tries to disprove a notion of Pacific Islanders’ aversion to change, running through examples to counter a characterization of them as perpetual victims in the conflict of cultures. Appreciating this interest in placing Pacific tourism in an historical context, one then reads through his account wishing there were data which could explain what made certain incursions into the culture from outside successful. others less so, and some not at all. What cultural attributes predisposed Islanders to the particular opportunities of cultural contact they embraced and where they assumed an accessory role? Such information would provide some indication of how the give and take of tourism may fit with Pacific Island world views and, while not predictive of tourism’s outcome in a destination area as Macnaught would hope to see, could help in creating a complementarity between cultural dispositions and customs on the one hand and development schemes and specific tourism alternatives on the other. Noronha (19791 and Manning (1979). writing on Bali and Bermuda respectively, draw some limited connection of this kind in the evidence they offer of tourism successes from the marriage of specific cultural properties and their expression within the local travel industry. The use of “thick description,” or ethnography, in service of interpreting a people’s culture and “dissolvlingl their opacity” (Geertz 1973:14) seems certainly a necessary and underutilized tool in trying to match the particulars of a people with those of a tourist scheme which revolves around them. Looking at tourists and the societies generating them, as only a few have done (Boorstin 1977; Cohen 1973. 1974, 1979; MacCannell 1976). offers the possibility of additional worthwhile sources of data for more informed decision-making. Such studies could aid planners in reaching a better idea
The intersection grid technique for quantifying the extent of bioturbation on bedding planes

The character and quantity of bioturbation preserved on bedding-plane exposures reflect a number of interrelated factors, including sediment accumulation rate, oxygen availability, and benthic community composition. In order to effectively document and compare bioturbation data from bedding planes, precise quantitative methods are needed. Here we present the intersection grid method, a quantitative presence/absence-based technique for accurately and efficiently estimating the percentage bioturbation on bedding-plane surfaces. The intersection grid method, which is based on an established method for estimating vegetative cover, is entirely digital and allows grids to be precisely scaled to match the bioturbation being analyzed. In addition, a record of each grid analysis can be saved as an image file for archiving and use in paleocommunity reconstruction. Testing the intersection grid method on hypothetical bedding-plane images demonstrates that accurate results—within 0.5% of the actual bioturbation percentage—can be obtained efficiently by scaling the grid within a recommended range. Intersection grid method data can be analyzed statistically and combined with descriptive ichnological and sedimentological data to reveal spatial, temporal, and paleoenvironmental patterns in bioturbation and make meaningful comparisons at outcrop, locality, and regional scales.
A decision support system for urban pavement management

Abstract The design, development, and use of a Street Inventory and Management System (SIMS) is described. SIMS maintains a database of street information used in supporting decisions for street maintenance project formulation in a large metropolitan city. The software, implemented using SAS, the Statistical Analysis System software package, performs a variety of functions such as preparation of data collection forms, error-checking of collected data, processing and updating of data, and preparation of management reports. The involvement of SIMS users in its development resulted in an acceptance of its ability to provide information useful to them in their day-to-day decision making.
Active handling enhancement for chassis control systems

Active steering control is the next step for vehicle safety. Since steering control is continuously active without dead-bands, it helps to maintain predictable response before ESC brake systems intervene. A unified Dynamic Feed-Forward (DFF) algorithm is developed for chassis control systems with a tunable second-order reference model. The resulting control law is third order or sixth order when the tyre dynamics are included. The use of a reference model makes it readily compatible with the ESC systems. A validated vehicle dynamic model is used to study the handling and rollover benefits of DFF applied to steering and braking systems.
An adaptive constant torque hydrostatic drive for grinding

Abstract Hydrostatic transmissions are found to be a small, lightweight, relatively inexpensive means of obtaining an adjustable speed spindle drive with the additional advantage of simple, responsive feedback control to obtain the constant torque operation which is of particular advantage in rough grinding. Linear control theory was applied to the system equations to determine the effects of various system parameters on natural frequency and damping. An analog simulation of the drive was used to size critical components and a small system was built to verify the basic conclusions and readjust the analytical model.
Comparison of Complication Rates of Implantable Venous Access Devices: Percutaneous Versus Cephalic Vein Cut-down Techniques

abdominal vascular surgery. A total of 388 patients were identified in the year prior to (266) and the year after (122) the intervention was initiated. Thirty-day readmission rates, emergency department (ED) visit rates, and early clinic visit rates (defined as a clinic visit less than 14 days postdischarge) were calculated and compared between the preand postintervention periods. Major demographic and comorbidities were then used to create a risk-adjusted logistic regression model examining the effect of the interventions on the outcomes. Results: Preintervention 30-day readmission rates were 9.8%, compared to 9.0% after the intervention (P 1⁄4 .81). The most common reason for readmission were infectious/wound-related (40.5%), and the incidence did not differ between preand postintervention time periods; additionally, patients with a positive screen for wound concerns at discharge were more likely to be readmitted (P 1⁄4 .04). Postoperative ED visit rates were identical in the postintervention group as compared to the preintervention group, as were the reasons for presentation. Risk-adjusted logistic regression models bore these trends out, though none reached statistical significance. Conclusions: A callback program did not reduce readmissions or direct patients to clinic rather than the ED in a population of patients undergoing major vascular surgery. A focused process for postoperative wound management may yield the highest decrease in readmissions.
Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. In high-risk subjects, the earliest detectable abnormality is insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Impaired insulin-mediated signaling, gene expression, glycogen synthesis, and accumulation of intramyocellular triglycerides have all been linked with insulin resistance, but no specific defect responsible for insulin resistance and DM has been identified in humans. To identify genes potentially important in the pathogenesis of DM, we analyzed gene expression in skeletal muscle from healthy metabolically characterized nondiabetic (family history negative and positive for DM) and diabetic Mexican-American subjects. We demonstrate that insulin resistance and DM associate with reduced expression of multiple nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1)-dependent genes encoding key enzymes in oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function. Although NRF-1 expression is decreased only in diabetic subjects, expression of both PPAR gamma coactivator 1-alpha and-beta (PGC1-alpha/PPARGC1 and PGC1-beta/PERC), coactivators of NRF-1 and PPAR gamma-dependent transcription, is decreased in both diabetic subjects and family history-positive nondiabetic subjects. Decreased PGC1 expression may be responsible for decreased expression of NRF-dependent genes, leading to the metabolic disturbances characteristic of insulin resistance and DM.
Corruption European Style: The 1861 Frémont Scandal and Popular Fears in the Civil War North

Union General John C. Fremont excited considerable controversy during the Civil War, and not just due to his dubious military competence and early advocacy of emancipation. Many republican‐influenced citizens suspected Fremont of the corrupt misuse of power, and undermining the essential moral basis of the republic. While ultimately his ineffectual generalship might have reassured Northerners that “the Pathfinder” was hardly likely to succeed in his suspected schemes, it is striking that even during the war for national survival, citizens remained deeply concerned with the possible threat of power (particularly in the hands of corrupt, designing men) to liberty.
Nutrient Dynamics in a Restored Wetland

This research expands the understanding of the effects of hydrological restoration on nutrient reduction in a wetland associated with the Mississippi River Basin. The objective of this project was to observe the degree to which wetland restoration can sequester excess soil nutrients to improve water quality. Soil characteristics at sites in riparian wetlands following the initiation of Redman Point–Loosahatchie Bar Environmental Restoration Project were compared. Field sites were established in the Loosahatchie Chute, based on relative distance south of the notched dikes. Additionally, a natural riparian site was monitored. Soil samples were evaluated for spatial and seasonal differences in moisture content, bulk density, total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Measurements of total C, total N, and P were reduced at all sites compared to the reference site. Although hydrology has been restored to the wetlands, functionality may take a considerable amount of time to be detectable.
Identification of the vascular and avascular zones of the human meniscus using magnetic resonance imaging: Correlation with histology

Since the initial employment of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose meniscal tears, a characteristic low-signal intensity, triangular-shaped structure has been interpreted as representing the entire meniscus. The difficulty in diagnosing meniscocapsular separations with MRI has brought attention to our lack of understanding of the appearance on MRI of the outer third of the meniscus and the meniscocapsular junction. We correlated MRIs of the meniscus in cadaver knees with histological sections and found that the low-signal, wedge-shaped structure corresponds only to the avascular (white) zone of the meniscus, whereas the high-signal zone peripheral to it corresponds to the vascularized (red) zone.
Thermal and spectral studies of some divalent metal chelate polymers of dl-2,6-diaminopimelic acid and 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dicarboxybiphenyl

Abstract The thermal and spectral properties of chelate polymers of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dicarboxyphenyl (BBDC) with divalent copper, zinc, cobalt and nickel have been investigated. The thermal stability order for the BBDC chelates is Ni ≈ Co > Zn > Cu, and for the DAP chelates Co > Zn > Ni > Cu. The properties of the polymeric DAP chelates are compared with the non-polymeric amino acid chelates of α-alanine and α-amino-n-butyric acid. Activation energies are calculated for the decomposition reactions of the DAP chelates from their DTA curves.
Automated system monitoring and diagnosis via singular value decomposition

We present a new methodology for use in automated monitoring of a system to detect abnormal or degraded system behavior. The methodology uses the singular value decomposition technique of matrix algebra to discover relationships between the elements of data observed from a normally operating system. It then tests these relationships against newly acquired data to detect system malfunctions. Based on a theory for system identification in the presence of nuisance parameters, distribution theory developed specifically for this application allows the system monitor to properly set threshold levels so as to control the false alarm rate. The algorithm is numerically stable and relatively easy to apply, and was tested successfully on data from a motorized globe valve in a nuclear power plant.