cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Experiments in Ball Grid Array Thermal Fatigue Life Tests

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of electronic packaging design/manufacturing process parameters on the thermal fatigue life of ball grid array (BGA) solder joints. The four selected parameters are BGA under-fill materials, conformal coating, solder pad sizes on printed wiring board, and BGA rework, with each having either two or three levels of variation. A test vehicle (TV), on which various sizes of BGA daisy-chained packages are soldered, is first designed and fabricated, and then subjected to temperature cycling (−55°C to +125°C) with continuous monitoring of solder joint integrity. The total of 15 experimental cases is used in the present study. Based on monitored results, a destructive physical analysis is conducted to further isolate the failure locations and determine the failure mechanisms of the solder joints. Test results indicate that the influence of these design parameters on fatigue life is dependent on the particular package, in some instances improving the fatigue life tenfold.© 2002 ASME
Deformation mechanisms and inverted thermal profile in the North Almora Thrust mylonite zone, Kumaon Lesser Himalaya, India

Abstract The thermal structure of a 2.2 km thick mylonite zone from the Kumaon Lesser Himalaya (India) is interpreted based on deformation mechanisms and microstructures. The mylonite zone lies along the North Almora Thrust (NAT), a S-dipping thrust that marks the northern flank of a large synformal crystalline klippe (Almora klippe), approximately 17 km north of the town of Almora. The mylonite zone evolved during the upper Eocene emplacement of the Almora klippe (part of a larger Munsiari thrust sheet), following the collision of India and Eurasia in lower-middle Eocene. Mylonitic rocks near the top of the zone show dynamicrecrystallization of both feldspar and quartz, indicating deformation at amphibolite grade (500–600°C). Near the center of themylonite zone, the feldspars are fractured and quartz is dynamically recrystallized though to a lesser degree than near the top of the zone. This evidence, combined with the occurrence of secondary epidote + chlorite, biotite and calcite in these rocks, suggests that mylonitization occurred at greenschist grade (500–400°C). Near the base of the mylonite zone, biotite is present, feldspars are fractured and altered to sericite, and quartz shows limited plastic deformation in the form of undulose extinction and subgrain formation, indicating that temperatures of 400°C or less were reached during deformation. Deformation mechanisms and metamorphic reactions in the mylonite zone rocks thus point to a decrease in the temperature of deformation from 500–300°C near the top of the thrust zone to about 400°C near its base, suggesting an inverted thermal profile. We interpret this inverted thermal profile in the mylonite zone to have resulted from gradual cooling of the zone by heat transfer to a cold footwall at the time of thrusting.
Anamorphic 3D geometry

An anamorphic image appears distorted from all but a few viewpoints. They have been studied by artists and architects since the early fifteenth century. Computer graphics opens the door to anamorphic 3D geometry. We are not bound by physical reality nor a static canvas. Here we describe a simple method for achieving anamorphoses of 3D objects by utilizing a variation of a simple projective map that is well-known in the computer graphics literature. The novelty of this work is the creation of anamorphic 3D digital models, resulting in a tool for artists and architects.
Kanban-based pull systems with advance demand information

This paper investigates the benefits of integrating advance demand information (ADI) with Kanban-based pull production and inventory control systems (PICS). Predicting the impact of several PICS design parameters such as Kanban card limits, base stock levels, demand information lead times, and the quality of ADI on performance measures such as throughput, inventory holding costs and customer service levels, presents a complex yet important problem. Since efficient analytical models for performance evaluation studies of these systems are unavailable, simulation experiments are used for the study. The study shows that in many situations, integrating ADI with Kanban-based pull systems provides opportunities for efficiencies that might be significantly greater than that available using pull systems alone. Further, the study also investigates the performance sensitivity of these systems to the quality of information shared and information asymmetry.
Macro and Micro Minerals from Selected Muscles of Pork

Ten individual muscles (Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femorus, Gluteus medius, Longissimusu muscle, Psoas major, Serratus ventralis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Triceps brachii) from 10 pork carcasses were removed and analyzed for selected minerals. Individual muscles contained relatively large quantities (mg/100g) of K, Na, P and Mg with smaller amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn but varied between muscles with differences of one- to twofold. Semimembranosus had lesser amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, and Mn than any other muscle studied. In general, the mineral content of leg, loin, and shoulder were different. The shoulder muscles had a greater quantity of Fe and Zn present in their muscles than leg or loin.
Attached processors in APL

An extension to the semantics of APL is proposed. It allows one APL Processor (APLP) to attach another processor, which may be an (APLP) with its own workspace, or some other processor. A special case is signon from a terminal, where the attaching processor becomes a human user acting through a workstation. Attached processors communicate through shared variables, and the impact on the APL syntax is minimal. The mechanism has the potential to allow, for example, session managers, editors, and event—handling support to be implemented In a natural way through conventional APL programming. Such facilities will therefore enjoy an entirely new flexibility and open-endedness, not seen in comparative proposals, which usually depend for their realisation on new APLlansguage constructs.
Amastin mRNA Abundance in Trypanosoma cruzi Is Controlled by a 3′-Untranslated Region Position-dependent cis-Element and an Untranslated Region-binding Protein

The genome of Trypanosoma cruzi contains tandem arrays of alternating genes encoding amastin and tuzin. Amastin is a surface glycoprotein abundantly expressed on the intracellular mammalian amastigote form of the protozoan parasite, and tuzin is a G-like protein. We demonstrated previously that the amastin-tuzin gene cluster is polycistronically transcribed to an equal extent in all parasite life cycle stages. The steady state level of amastin mRNA, however, is 68-fold more abundant in amastigotes than in epimastigotes. Here we show that the half-life of amastin mRNA is 7 times longer in amastigotes than in epimastigotes. Linker replacement experiments demonstrate that the middle one-third of the 630-nucleotide 3'-untranslated region (UTR) is responsible for the amastin mRNA up-regulation. This positive effect is dependent on the distance of the 3'-UTR segment from the stop codon and the polyadenylation site as well as on its orientation. A protein or protein complex more abundant in amastigotes than in epimastigotes binds to this minimally defined 3'-UTR segment and may be involved in its regulatory function.
Pharmacologic Agents in Shock

Treating patients with shock is not uncommon in an interventional radiologist's practice. Responding quickly to a patient's unexpected decompensation or feeling comfortable treating patients who have already developed shock requires a working knowledge of fluid resuscitation and sympathomimetic drugs used for blood pressure support. This article reviews medications commonly used for patients in shock and basic principles of initial fluid management.
Preparation of fucosterol from giant kelp.

Commercial extraction of alginic acid fromMacrocystis pyrifera leaves a residue that is a good source of fucosterol, 5,24(28)E-stigmastadien-3β-ol. The isolation and purification of this sterol is described.
Validity of mutual inductor model for electromagnetic coupling between vias in integrated-circuit packages and printed circuit boards

The procedure of extracting mutual inductor model between vias is demonstrated. Then the validity of the mutual inductor model is studied by comparing the solution from the mutual inductor model with that from the full-wave field simulation. It is found that the valid frequency range of the mutual inductor model is mostly determined by the lowest resonant frequency of the package structure.
Adolescent Substance Use Outcomes in the Raising Healthy Children Project: A Two-Part Latent Growth Curve Analysis.

Raising Healthy Children (RHC) is a preventive intervention designed to promote positive youth development by targeting developmentally appropriate risk and protective factors. In this study, the authors tested the efficacy of the RHC intervention on reducing adolescent alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use. Ten public schools, which comprised 959 1st- and 2nd-grade students (54% male students, 18% minority, 28% low socioeconomic status), were matched and assigned randomly to either intervention or control conditions. A 2-part latent growth modeling strategy was used to examine change in both use-versus-nonuse and frequency-of-use outcomes while students were in Grades 6-10. Results indicated significant (p < .05) intervention effects in growth trajectories for frequency of alcohol and marijuana use but not for use versus nonuse. These findings provide support for preventive interventions that take a social development perspective in targeting empirically supported risk and protective factors and demonstrate the use of 2-part models in adolescent substance use research.
A computer‐aided analysis of automatic degating molds for injection molding of plastic balls

A computer software has been developed to speed up the design process of automatic degating molds used for injection molding of plastic balls. Following an introduction to the ball making process and the associated mold design consideration, the algorithm and formulation of the software are presented. To demonstrate its versatility, the software developed is adopted to design both testing and production molds that best meet the design and production requirements. Two testing molds were built. While one was used to verify the gate size predicted, the other was built to confirm the workability of the automatic degating design. The results of testing runs have also been used to finalize the details for designing the production mold. The software developed is compact enough to be run on an IBM/PC compatible and has the capability to communicate with commercial CAD/CAM systems to provide necessary drawings or CNC files for mold fabrication.
An Analysis of Proposed Federal and Louisiana Policy Regarding Contraceptive Prescription Pill Bills as Equity Issues

Mandated health plan coverage for prescription contraceptives and contraceptive services are needed at all levels in the United States. The lack of state-mandated health insurance coverage for prescription contraceptives has contributed to critically high rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States and, in particular, the state of Louisiana. Established policy regarding contraceptive prescription guidelines is needed nationally to ensure safe sexual practices and the control of unwanted pregnancy.
Testing a Hierarchical Model of Self-Knowledge

A priming procedure (e g, Klein, Loftus Trafton, & Fuhrman, 1992) was used to test a hierarchical model of self-knowledge According to this model, people simultaneously hold multiple representations of themselves that differ both in their context specificity and in the type of knowledge of which they consist Specifically, context-independent self-knowledge is assumed to be represented abstractly without reference to any particular behaviors, whereas the representation of context-dependent self-knowledge includes knowledge of one's behavior in specific situations Our results support a hierarchical model Subjects accessed abstract knowledge when describing their context-independent personality characteristics, but accessed behavioral episodes when describing themselves in a specific context Possible implications of this research are discussed, as is the relation of a hierarchical model of self-knowledge to a mixed model of self-knowledge (e g, Klein & Loftus, 1993b)
Constructive Development and Counselor Competence

Developmental predictors of students’ ability to learn counseling skills would help counselor educators select candidates and assist admitted students in their learning. The present research examined the relationship between adult development, as measured by the Learning Environment Preferences test (W. S. Moore, 1989) and the Defining Issues Test (J. Rest, D. Narvaez, M. J. Bebeau, & S. J. Thoma, 1999), and counseling skills performance, as rated by faculty experts using the Counseling Skills Scale (K. P. Eriksen & G. J. McAuliffe, 2003). Data indicate that adult moral development contributed to 18% of the variance in students’ counseling skills performance.
On-label on the table: what the package insert informs us about the tolerability profile of oral atypical antipsychotics, and what it does not.

Introduction: The product label is commonly used as an authoritative source for drug information, especially for new medications that have a limited published evidence base. Key elements of the product label are descriptions of safety and tolerability. Areas covered: The package inserts of oral atypical antipsychotics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration are reviewed with regard to product safety and tolerability. Expert opinion: Product labels of oral second-generation antipsychotics provide an opportunity to indirectly compare the safety and tolerability profiles of each agent. Some warnings and precautions are found across the entire class; other warnings and precautions may be worded somewhat differently from agent to agent and some may be unique to a particular medication. Guidance is provided in the product label regarding use in specific populations, drug–drug interactions and other issues relating to dosing. Common adverse reactions are tabulated but the reader is left to calculate the ...
Preparation and Transport Properties of New Ternary TelluridesAxNb6Te8(A= Tl, Ca, Sr, Ba, La, and Nd)

New ternary niobium tellurides A{sub x}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, La, and Nd; x = 0.22-0.32) have been prepared by molten salt ion exchange reactions of Tl{sub x}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} with rare earth/alkaline earth iodides AI{sub 3}/AI{sub 2} at relatively low temperatures, 535-795{degrees}C. Most of the niobium tellurides show metallic behavior followed by superconductivity at low temperatures, 4-6 K. Polycrystalline La{sub 0.32}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} and Nd{sub 0.24}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} show a resistivity anomaly at 46 and 43 K, respectively, while polycrystalline Tl{sub 0.91}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} shows a broad resistivity anomaly at 160-220 K. The resistivity anomaly observed in Tl{sub 0.91}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} appears to be accompanied by a minor structural distortion evidenced in differential scanning calorimetry. The resistivity anomalies observed in La{sub 0.32}Nb{sub 6}Te{sub 8} and Nd{sub 0.24}NB{sub 6}Te{sub 8} are similar to those observed at {approximately}40 K for Nb{sub 3}Te{sub 4} and may be related to the onset of a charge density wave type instability.
Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided

Environmental problems have contributed to numerous collapses of civilizations in the past. Now, for the first time, a global collapse appears likely. Overpopulation, overconsumption by the rich and poor choices of technologies are major drivers; dramatic cultural change provides the main hope of averting calamity.
Killing and Starving to Death

Although we do not know exactly how many people die each year of malnutrition or related health problems, the number is very high, in the millions. By giving money to support famine relief efforts, each of us could save at least some of them. By not giving, we let them die.
Optical attenuation by periodic microdistortions of a sensor fiber

The attenuation of optical power in a graded-index multimode fiber subjected to periodic microdistortions has been measured. The noncommunication fiber (designated the sensor fiber) had a small numerical aperture and a large core diameter, resulting in a large coupling wavelength and an enhanced sensitivity to microdistortion forces. The linewidth of the fundamental attenuation peak is in excellent agreement with that predicted by theory without the need to introduce a correlation length. The amplitude and force dependence of the attenuation measured at the fundamental peak is also in excellent agreement with theory. The inferred distortion force versus distortion amplitude curve is a straight line, as predicted by elasticity theory.
The mechanism of the warfarin-rifampin drug interaction in humans

The mechanism of the drug interaction in humans between warfarin and rifampin was investigated by monitoring the elimination kinetics and metabolic disposition of a single oral dose of pseudoracemic warfarin by GC/MS. The decrease in hypoprothrombinemia observed with concomitant administration of therapeutic doses of rifampin was accompanied by a substantial decrease in the elimination half-lives of both warfarin enantiomers. Rifampin increased the clearance of (R)-warfarin threefold and the clearance of (S)-warfarin twofold. The excretion profiles for warfarin and its metabolites in urine and feces were similar for both control and treated subjects with the exception that 4'-hydroxywarfarin (stereoselective for the (S)-enantiomer) was observed when rifampin was administered. 4'-Hydroxywarfarin is a metabolite of the drug hitherto undetected in vivo in humans. Based on formation clearance values estimated for 6-, 7-, and 8-hydroxywarfarin, rifampin appears to increase the clearance of the parent drug by induction of the cytochrome P-450 isozyme(s) responsible for aromatic hydroxylation.
Ras and Rap Control AMPA Receptor Trafficking during Synaptic Plasticity

Recent studies show that AMPA receptor (-R) trafficking is important in synaptic plasticity. However, the signaling controlling this trafficking is poorly understood. Small GTPases have diverse neuronal functions and their perturbation is responsible for several mental disorders. Here, we examine the small GTPases Ras and Rap in the postsynaptic signaling underlying synaptic plasticity. We show that Ras relays the NMDA-R and CaMKII signaling that drives synaptic delivery of AMPA-Rs during long-term potentiation. In contrast, Rap mediates NMDA-R-dependent removal of synaptic AMPA-Rs that occurs during long-term depression. Ras and Rap exert their effects on AMPA-Rs that contain different subunit composition. Thus, Ras and Rap, whose activity can be controlled by postsynaptic enzymes, serve as independent regulators for potentiating and depressing central synapses.
Borderlands: professional life lived precariously but happily in anthropology and medicine.

The image I have in my mind of interdisciplinarity is of precarious professional existence like walking on a tightrope stretched across the Grand Canyon between two greatly distinctive domains. But in fact my way of working in the borderland over 33 years at Harvard has been different. I have conducted academic practice with varying intensity at different stages of my career on either side of the great divide between social science and medicine, or more broadly put in terms of the two cultures that rule the academy: between interpretive and materialist orders. On the medical side, I have practised and taught psychiatry, chaired a social medicine department, and built, along with colleagues, a medical anthropology and global mental health training programme with more than 200 postdoctoral fellows and a generation of medical students. That I was in the 1990s the Presley Professor …
Positional artifacts in microarrays: experimental verification and construction of COP, an automated detection tool

Microarray technology is currently one of the most widely-used technologies in biology. Many studies focus on inferring the function of an unknown gene from its co-expressed genes. Here, we are able to show that there are two types of positional artifacts in microarray data introducing spurious correlations between genes. First, we find that genes that are close on the microarray chips tend to have higher correlations between their expression profiles. We call this the ‘chip artifact’. Our calculations suggest that the carry-over during the printing process is one of the major sources of this type of artifact, which is later confirmed by our experiments. Based on our experiments, the measured intensity of a microarray spot contains 0.1% (for fully-hybridized spots) to 93% (for un-hybridized ones) of noise resulting from this artifact. Secondly, we, for the first time, show that genes that are close on the microtiter plates in microarray experiments also tend to have higher correlations. We call this the ‘plate artifact’. Both types of artifacts exist with different severity in all cDNA microarray experiments that we analyzed. Therefore, we develop an automated web tool— COP (COrrelations by Positional artifacts) to detect these artifacts in microarray experiments. COP has been integrated with the microarray data normalization tool, ExpressYourself, which is available at http:// bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/ExpressYourself/. Together, the two can eliminate most of the common noises in microarray data.
DELTA-DEsign Language To Actor

DELTA, a DEsign Language To Actor, is a formal language used to enhance the design process. DELTA incorporates the concepts of object-oriented design into a design language. Once the preliminary steps of design have been completed, DELTA can be used to bridge the gap between architectural design and a detailed design specification. DELTA can be used to produce a documented design. Rapid prototyping, and reengineering are among the potential benefits to be reaped. >
Effect of prolactin on follicle-stimulating hormone receptor binding and progesterone production in cultured porcine granulosa cells.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of prolactin (PRL) on follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) binding and progesterone (P) production in cultured porcine granulosa cells. Design: Controlled experiment. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Intervention(s): Immature granulosa cells were cultured in a serum-free medium. All cell populations were supplemented with porcine (p) FSH and cultured in the absence or presence of ovine (o) PRL. Main Outcome Measure(s): Specific pFSH-R binding and P in medium. Result(s): In the control cells, FSH-R binding increased sixfold and P production increased 700-fold by day 4. Physiologic levels of oPRL potentiated the action of pFSH and resulted in a further 50% increase in pFSH-R binding and P production by day 4 over that in controls. In contrast, higher concentrations of oPRL blocked the rise in both pFSH-R binding and P production. The alteration in pFSH-R binding was associated with a change in FSH-R number. Conclusion(s): Physiologic levels of PRL amplify the stimulatory effects of FSH on the acquisition of the FSH-R and P production in cultured granulosa cells. Higher concentrations of PRL cause a decrease in FSH-R binding and P production. Prolactin may act as a "co-gonadotropin" and fine-tune the process of folliculogenesis by altering the acquisition of granulosa FSH receptors.
Plastic deformation, wrinkling, and recovery in microgel multilayers

Microgel multi-layer films assembled from anionic particles and linear polycation were prepared on elastomeric substrates and their self-healing properties studied. Dried films were imaged in situ during mechanical deformation and were determined to undergo plastic deformation in response to linear strain, leading to film buckling upon strain relaxation. Hydration leads to rapid reorganization of the film building blocks, permitting recovery of the film to the undamaged state. Additionally, films were determined to heal in the presence of high relative humidity environments, suggesting that film swelling and hydration is a major factor in the restoration of film integrity, and that full immersion in solvent is not required for healing. Films prepared from microgels with lower levels of acid content and/or polycation length, factors strongly connected to the charge density and presumably the connectivity of the film, also display self-healing characteristics.
Elementary School Teachers' Planning for Social Studies and other Subjects

Abstract While we have evidence that people think and plan in different ways, the model of planning which dominates the educational literature is that of objectives-first activity. This study is a report of a 1978 research project of four researchers and twelve teachers, a project which studies how those twelve teachers planned lessons in their elementary school classrooms. The report discusses planning processes and influences of planning on the curriculum, with a focus on social studies, influences on teachers' plans, and the implications of the study.
Microprocessor controlled natural gas carburetor

The goal of the microprocessor controlled natural gas carburetor is to accurately regulate stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio in a natural gas internal combustion engine. In previous work, a standard natural gas carburetor was adapted to allow stepper motor adjustment of the spring preload on the carburetor diaphragm. This system was characterized by acceptable steady-state performance, but sluggish response to transients. In current work, a 2.8 L engine is instrumented with an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor, providing closed-loop feedback to a dedicated microprocessor. The EGO sensor indicates deviation from stoichiometric operation. The control hardware includes comparators which test the EGO sensor voltage. An Intel 8031 microprocessor responds accordingly to comparator outputs, and controls the stepper motor (adjusting air-to-fuel ratio), implementing a "bang-bang" control scheme. Results are discussed and possible improvements are suggested. >
Scrotal and perineal flaps for anterior urethral reconstruction

The use of scrotal and perineal flaps for anterior and posterior urethral reconstruction has been unfairly maligned with claims of poor waterproofing qualities, formation of diverticula, and the potential to import hair into the urethra. Actually, scrotal and perineal skin do not appear to differ from other genital skin with regards to permeability to surface liquids, and although these islands are difficult to tailor, when properly prepared they are no more likely to create diverticula than other genital skin islands. Similarly, if the flap is prepared from hirsute skin, hair will be imported into the urethra; however, hairless scrotal areas can be mobilized as skin islands, and the skin overlying the perineal artery is non-hirsute or nearly non-hirsute in many individuals.
Impaired functioning and quality of life in severe migraine: the role of catastrophizing and associated symptoms

Migraine characteristics are associated with impaired functioning and quality of life (Fn/QoL), but the impact of other factors on Fn/QoL in headache patients is largely unexplored. We examined cat...
DEPTOR is linked to a TORC1-p21 survival proliferation pathway in multiple myeloma cells

We investigated the mechanism by which gene silencing of the mTOR inhibitor, DEPTOR, induces cytoreductive effects on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. DEPTOR knockdown resulted in anti-MM effects in several MM cell lines. Using an inducible shRNA to silence DEPTOR, 8226 MM cells underwent TORC1 activation, downregulation of AKT/SGK activity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence. These latter cytotoxic effects were prevented by TORC1 paralysis (Raptor knockdown) but not by over-expression of AKT activity. In addition, DEPTOR knockdown-induced MM death was not associated with activation of the unfolded protein response, suggesting that enhanced ER stress did not play a role. In contrast, DEPTOR knockdown in 8226 cells induced p21 expression, independent of p53, and p21 knockdown prevented all of the cytotoxic effects following DEPTOR silencing. DEPTOR silencing resulted in p21 upregulation in additional MM cell lines. Furthermore, DEPTOR silencing in a murine xenograft model resulted in anti-MM effects associated with p21 upregulation. DEPTOR knockdown also resulted in a decreased expression of p21-targeting miRNAs and transfection of miRNA mimics prevented p21 upregulation and apoptosis following DEPTOR silencing. Use of a shRNA-resistant DEPTOR construct ruled out off-target effects of the shRNA. These results indicate that DEPTOR regulates growth and survival of MM cells via a TORC1/p21 pathway and suggest an involvement of p21-targeted miRNAs.
EXPECTED FATIGUE DAMAGE OF SEISMIC STRUCTURES.

Whenever a structure is subjected to strong-motion earthquake excitation, certain parts of the structure may undergo plastic deformations which are indications of structural damage. It has also been known that the damage due to repeated applications of plastic deformation is cumulative and could cause low-cycle fatigue failures. Nevertheless, fatigue problem is not being considered in the present design codes in earthquake engineering. Because of the low number of repeated plastic deformations involved, as well as the rare occurrences of strong earthquakes, attention is given to only low-cycle fatigue in this study. The linear cumulative damage criterion is used along with the counting process derived by Middleton. A method of computing the statistics of the cumulative low-cycle-fatigue damage of structures to earthquake excitation is presented herein. As examples, the expected cumulative damage of a structural member to three types of earthquake excitation is computed numerically at various magnitudes.
The gas phase structures of the isomers of benzene: II. Benzvalene

Abstract Diffraction patterns for benzvalene over the range 3 ⩽ s ⩽ 43 were analyzed in terms of ten geometric parameters, and corresponding root mean square amplitudes of vibration. After correcting the scattered intensity for impurities (2.5 % H 2 CCl 2 and 6.0 % fulvene) the benzvalene parameters were evaluated by least squares fitting of the reduced intensity function to the computed one. The converged structure has the following internuclear distances r g : (C 1 -C 6 ) bridge 1.442 ± 0.012 A; (C 1 -C 2 ) 1.529 ± 0.006 A; (C 2 -C 3 ) 1.504 ± 0.015 A; and (C 3 -C 4 ) 1.328 ± 0.010 A. Two sets of C-H distances were found: 1.138 ± 0.015 A on the olefinic carbons, and 1.141 ± 0.009 A on the saturated carbons. The significant bond angles are: 105.7° ± 0.5 (dihedral of 4 member ring); 138.5° is the flap angle in the 5-ring; and ∠C 2 C 3 C 4 = 105.7°. These structural parameters are compared with corresponding magnitudes in similar compounds.
Root growth dynamics linked to above-ground growth in walnut (Juglans regia)

Background and Aims Examination of plant growth below ground is relatively scant compared with that above ground, and is needed to understand whole-plant responses to the environment. This study examines whether the seasonal timing of fine root growth and the spatial distribution of this growth through the soil profile varies in response to canopy manipulation and soil temperature. Methods Plasticity in the seasonal timing and vertical distribution of root production in response to canopy and soil water manipulation was analysed in field-grown walnut (Juglans regia ‘Chandler’) using minirhizotron techniques. Key Results Root production in walnuts followed a unimodal curve, with one marked flush of root growth starting in mid-May, with a peak in mid-June. Root production declined later in the season, corresponding to increased soil temperature, as well as to the period of major carbohydrate allocation to reproduction. Canopy and soil moisture manipulation did not influence the timing of root production, but did influence the vertical distribution of roots through the soil profile. Water deficit appeared to promote root production in deeper soil layers for mining soil water. Canopy removal appeared to promote shallow root production. Conclusions The findings of this study add to growing evidence that root growth in many ecosystems follows a unimodal curve with one marked flush of root growth in coordination with the initial leaf flush of the season. Root vertical distribution appeared to have greater plasticity than timing of root production in this system, with temperature and/or carbohydrate competition constraining the timing of root growth. Effects on root distribution can have serious impacts on trees, with shallow rooting having negative impacts in years with limited soil water or positive impacts in years with wet springs, and deep rooting having positive impacts on soil water mining from deeper soil layers but negative impacts in years with wet springs.
Diagnostic Yield as a Quality Measure in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (P02.163)

Objective: This review sought to determine the diagnostic utility of inpatient epilepsy monitoring in patients in the Wake Forest Baptist Health Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (WFUBH). Background A primary goal of routine inpatient long term monitoring (LTM) is to diagnose patients who have epilepsy. While the National Association of Epilepsy Centers (NAEC) publishes guidelines for Epilepsy Centers, there is no required supervising body overseeing quality of routine LTMs. Many more hospitals conduct this procedure (CPT 95951) than are members of the NAEC. There is variation in LTM procedural methods, experience of personnel, and neurologists9 qualifications for interpreting LTMs. A high rate of nondiagnostic LTMs indicates problems with methodolgy or underutilization, while a rate of nearly all diagnostic LTMs likely indicates overutilization. We propose collecting epilepsy center data on optimal diagnostic yield as a simple direct indicator for quality standards of LTM. Design/Methods: We reviewed all patients referred to WFBH for LTM during 2008. LTMs were categorized on discharge as diagnostic or nondiagnostic. Nondiagnostic stays failed to record typical events. Diagnostic stays were subdivided into those with recorded epileptic events, nonepiileptic events or both. The percentage of diagnostic stays, length of stay and time to first event for epilepsy and non-epilepsy LTMs were compared. Results: 856 patients underwent LTM at WFBH in 2008. Of these, 478 patients were idenitfied who underwent LTM to differentiate epileptic or nonepileptic events. 349 had diagnostic stays (73%), the majority of whom had epileptic events. Time to first event was shorter in the nonepilepsy group and length of stay was longer in the epileptic group. Conclusions: This retrospective study documents an optimal rate of successful diagnostic LTMs at WFBH. The current lack of published quality standards for LTM may contribute to less optimal rates in in other centers. Carefullly developed and regulated standards should be developed for all hospitals performing LTM. Disclosure: Dr. Boggs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boggs has nothing to disclose.
Postoperative functional assessment of a modified surgical approach to repair of tetralogy of Fallot

Since February 1982, we have used a modified technique to repair tetralogy of Fallot with transatrial closure of the ventricular septal defect, a short infundibular incision with avoidance of muscle resection, and anterior expansion of the right ventricular outflow tract using a patch in every case. The pulmonary anulus is approached in the usual manner. Twenty-six patients have had repair with this technique without mortality, and 20 patients (Group 1) have been evaluated 1 to 3 years postoperatively. Their results are compared with those of all patients followed up in our division who had had repair by the traditional technique in the 5 years before February 1982, with the same evaluation within 4 years of operation (Group 2, n = 22). Ten of 20 patients in Group 1 and 14 of 22 in Group 2 required a transannular patch. At cardiac catheterization, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was effectively relieved in both groups (right ventricular systolic pressure [mean +/- standard error], Group 1 versus Group 2, 45 +/- 5 versus 49 +/- 4 mm Hg). No patient with the modified technique had a residual ventricular septal defect. By M-mode echocardiography, right ventricular-left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ratio was significantly lower for Group 1 patients (0.58 +/- 0.03 versus 0.78 +/- 0.04; normal less than 0.45; p less than 0.001). With radionuclide ventriculography, right ventricular ejection fractions were significantly higher for Group 1 patients with the modified repair (38% +/- 2.2% versus 33% +/- 1.8%; normal greater than or equal to 45%; p less than 0.05). Because the incidence of obligatory pulmonary insufficiency caused by transannular patch is similar in both groups, these results cannot be directly attributed to the presence of pulmonary insufficiency alone. With ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, no patient in Group 1 had any ventricular premature contractions whatsoever, whereas six of 22 patients in Group 2 had demonstrable ventricular premature contractions. These results suggest that in children with tetralogy of Fallot, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction can be effectively relieved with this modified approach with improved early preservation of right ventricular function.
Titanosaurs and the origin of wide-gauge trackways; a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion

Two major ichnotypes of sauropod trackways have been described: "narrow-gauge," in which both manus and pes prints approach or intersect the trackway midline, and "wide-gauge," in which these prints are well apart from the midline. This gauge disparity could be the result of differences in behavior, body size, or morphology between the respective trackmakers. However, the biomechanics of locomotion in large terrestrial vertebrates suggest that sauropods were prob- ably restricted in locomotor behavior, and the lack of systematic size differences between footprint gauges argues against body-size-related influences. We argue that skeletal morphology is respon- sible for gauge differences and integrate data from locomotor biomechanics and systematics with the track record to predict the hindlimb morphology of wide-gauge trackmakers. Broader foot stances in large, graviportal animals entail predictable mechanical consequences and hindlimb modifications. These could include outwardly angled femora, offset knee condyles, and a more eccentric femoral midshaft cross-section. A survey of sauropod hindlimb morphology reveals that these features are synapomorphies of titanosaurs, suggesting that they were the makers of wide- gauge trackways. The temporal and geographic distribution of titanosaurs is consistent with this hypothesis because wide-gauge trackways predominate during the Cretaceous and are found worldwide. Additional appendicular synapomorphies of titanosaurs are interpreted in light of identifying these animals as wide-gauge trackmakers. We suggest that titanosaurs may have used a bipedal stance more frequently than did other sauropods. These correlations between ichnology, biomechanics, and systematics imply that titanosaurs were unique among sauropods in having a more varied repertoire of locomotor habits.
Destructive defeat and justificational force: the dialectic of dogmatism, conservatism, and meta-evidentialism

Defeaters can prevent a perceptual belief from being justified. For example, when you know that red light is shining at the table before you, you would typically not be justified in believing that the table is red. However, can defeaters also destroy a perceptual experience as a source of justification? If the answer is ‘no’, the red light defeater blocks doxastic justification without destroying propositional justification. You have some-things-considered, but not all-things-considered, justification for believing that the table is red. If the answer is ‘yes’, the red light defeater blocks doxastic justification by destroying propositional justification. You have neither all-things-considered nor some-things-considered justification for believing that the table is red. According to dogmatism, the justificational force of perceptual experiences is indestructible. According to conservatism about sense experience, a perceptual experience ceases to have justificational force if there is evidence against its reliability. Finally, according to meta-evidentialism, a perceptual experience is blocked from being a source of justification is there is no evidence of its reliability. I argue that, of these three theories, meta-evidentialism is the most plausible.
Adsorption equilibria of CO2 and small hydrocarbons in AEI-, CHA-, STT-, and RRO-type siliceous zeolites

Abstract AEI, CHA, and STT siliceous zeolites and RUB-41 (RRO) were prepared with low concentration of internal silanols and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption isotherms, electron microscopy, and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. Adsorption isotherms of methane, ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane, and CO2 were measured volumetrically on siliceous zeolites AEI, CHA, RRO, and STT at various temperatures ranging from 273 K to 323 K up to a pressure of 101.3 kPa. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation was used to calculate the isosteric heats of adsorption. The amount adsorbed depends strongly on adsorbate polarizability in the low-pressure region, and on the adsorbent micropore volume in the high-pressure region. Adsorption entropy losses are independent of temperature and increase with increasing adsorption enthalpy. RRO showed the highest pure-component selectivity of CO2 over CH4, and potential for the separation of the natural gas mixtures; AEI, CHA, and RRO-type materials showed potential for the kinetic separation of propylene/propane.
Condensing Water Availability Models to Focus on Specific Water Management Systems

The Texas Water Availability Modeling System is routinely applied in administration of the water rights permit system, regional and statewide planning, and an expanding variety of other endeavors. Modeling water management in the 23 river basins of the state reflects about 8,000 water right permits and 3,400 reservoirs. Datasets are necessarily large and complex to provide the decision-support capabilities for which the modeling system was developed. New modeling features are being added, and the different types of applications are growing. Certain applications are enhanced by simplifying the simulation input datasets to focus on particular water management systems. A methodology is presented for developing a condensed dataset for a selected reservoir system that reflects the impacts of all the water rights and accompanying reservoirs removed from the original complete dataset. A set of streamflows is developed that represents flows available to the selected system considering the effects of all the other water rights in the river basin contained in the original complete model input dataset that are not included in the condensed dataset. The methodology is applied to develop a condensed model of the Brazos River Authority reservoir system based on modifying the Texas Water Availability Modeling System dataset for the Brazos River Basin. Citation: Wurbs RA, Kim TJ. 2010. Condensing water availability models to focus on speciﬁc water management systems. Texas Water Journal. 1(1):20-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v1i1.1380.
Endoscopic Techniques for Evaluating Small Bowel Blood Loss: Video Capsule and Device-Assisted Enteroscopy

Direct visualization of the small bowel lumen is often required for the evaluation of symptoms and pathology, most notably, chronic GI blood loss. The small bowel presents numerous challenges that make endoscopic evaluation of it challenging. Numerous specialized techniques have been developed to allow for direct inspection of the small bowel and treatment of lesions within the small bowel lumen.
Carbon Tolerant Double Site Doped Perovskite Cathodes for High-Temperature Electrolysis Cells

Solid oxide electrolysis cells of configuration La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.2Co0.1Ti0.7O3-δ (LSCCT)//ScSZ//GDC-LSM have been fabricated and electrochemically tested for the electrolysis of CO2 and H2O. Performance of the cells has been compared with standard Ni-SDC/ScSZ/GDC-LSM cell. Electrochemical impedance spectra measurements show that LSCCT//ScSZ//GDC-LSM cell has higher non-ohmic resistance than the standard cell Ni-YSZ/ScSZ/GDC-LSM cell in 4% H2-48% CO2-48% H2O. However, infiltration of Cu into the LSCCT cathode results in significant reduction in the non-ohmic resistance. Decrease in the thickness of the LSCCT cathode also reduces both ohmic and non-ohmic resistances. With the applied electrolysis voltage of 1.6 V at an operating temperature of 1073 K, the cell exhibited stable performance during the co-electrolysis for more than 50 h with a current density of 0.45 A.cm-2. Post-tested LSCCT cathode showed no carbon deposition whereas the standard cell showed filamentary carbon formation and pulverization of the porous electrode structure. The morphologies of cathode surface and interface (electrode–electrolyte) are presented.
Choice between variable and fixed cocaine injections in male rhesus monkeys.

The schedule of drug availability may enhance choice of a drug. In non-human subjects, reinforcers are chosen more often when available under variable schedules of reinforcement relative to fixed schedules. To determine whether variable-drug access is an important determinant of cocaine choice by manipulating the schedule, drug dose, and combination of schedule + dose. Four male rhesus monkeys chose between cocaine doses (0.025–0.4 mg/kg/injection). In control conditions, the schedule and dose of each drug delivery were fixed. In other conditions, the reinforcement schedule (i.e., variable-ratio schedule), dose of each cocaine delivery, or both were variable on one lever while all aspects on the other lever remained fixed. When cocaine dose was equal on average (0.1 mg/kg/injection), 2 of 4 subjects chose cocaine associated with the variable schedule more than the fixed schedule. All subjects chose the variable dose that was equal on average to the fixed dose, and this difference was statistically significant. Three of 4 subjects chose cocaine associated with the variable combination over the fixed option (when the dose was equal on average). During dose-response determinations (when dose on the variable and fixed options were not equal), making the schedule, dose, or both variable generally did not alter cocaine’s potency as a reinforcer. While many factors contribute to drug choice, unpredictable drug access is a feature that may be common in the natural environment and could play a key role in the allocation of behavior to drug alternatives by patients with substance-use disorders.
Imaging guided percutaneous interventions in hepatic dome lesions: Tips and tricks

Percutaneous hepatic interventions are generally safe given the fact that liver closely abuts the abdominal wall and hence it is easily accessible. However, the superior portion of liver, adjacent to the diaphragm, commonly referred as the "hepatic dome", presents unique challenges for interventionists. Percutaneous access to the hepatic dome may be restricted by anatomical factors and special considerations may be required to avoid injury to the surrounding organs. The purpose of this review article is to discuss certain specific maneuvers and techniques that can enhance the success and safety of interventions in the hepatic dome.