cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Patients With Knee Strain and Sprain Occurring at Sports or Recreation Venues and Presenting to United States Emergency Departments.

Context: Knee injuries account for a substantial percentage of all athletic injuries. The relative rates of knee injury for a variety of sports by sex and age need to be understood so we can better allocate resources, such as athletic trainers, to properly assess and treat injuries and reduce injury risk. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of patients with sport-related knee strain and sprain presenting to US emergency departments from 2002 to 2011. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Using the Consumer Products Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and the US Census Bureau, we extracted raw data to estimate national rates of patients with knee strain and sprain presenting to emergency departments. Patients or Other Participants: Participants were individuals sustaining a knee strain or sprain at sports or recreation venues and presenting to local emergency departments for treatment. We included 12 popular sports for males and 11 for females. Ages were categorize...
The ARIES tokamak fusion reactor study

The Advanced Reactor Innovation and Evaluation Study (ARIES) is a community effort to develop several visions of the tokamak as a fusion power reactor. The aims are to determine its potential economics, safety, and environmental features and to identify physics and technology areas with the highest leverage for achieving the best tokamak reactor. The authors focus on the ARIES-1 design. Parametric systems studies show that the optimum first stability tokamak has relatively low plasma current ( approximately 12 MA), high plasma aspect ratio ( approximately 4-6), and high magnetic field ( approximately 24 T at the coil). ARIES-I is a 1000-MWe (net) reactor with a plasma major radius of 6.5 m, a minor radius of 1.4 m, a neutron wall loading of about 2.8 MW/m/sup 2/, and a mass power density of about 90 kWe/tonne. The ARIES-I reactor operates at steady state using ICRF (ion-cyclotron range of frequency) fast waves to drive current in the plasma core and lower-hybrid waves for edge-plasma current drive. The ARIES-I blanket is cooled by He and consists of SiC-composite structural material, Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/ solid breeder, and Be neutron multiplier, all chosen for their low-activation and low-decay after-heat in order to enhance the safety and environmental features of the design. The ARIES-I design has a competitive cost of electricity and superior safety and environmental features. >
The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise and Fall of an American Reform Movement, 1817–1921. By Adam B. Shprintzen. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. xxiii, 268. $39.95.)

The field of United States food history, an area of inquiry once dominated by hobbyists, is beginning to reach scholarly maturity due to the recent proliferation of commendable new titles on the su...
Rho-Kinase Mediates Hyperglycemia-Induced Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Background— Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are associated with myocardial infarction and stroke, especially in patients with diabetes. The induction of PAI-1 expression by hyperglycemia involves oxidative stress and protein kinase C (PKC). However, the mechanism by which hyperglycemia increases PAI-1 expression is unknown. Methods and Results— Compared with normoglycemia, exposure of human endothelial cells to hyperglycemia, but not mannitol, increased Rho-kinase activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This increase was inhibited by a PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, and antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and reduced form of glutathione (GSH). This correlated with inhibition of hyperglycemia-induced PAI-1 expression by GF109203X, NAC, and GSH. Hyperglycemia-increased PAI-1 mRNA and protein levels were inhibited by Rho-kinase inhibitors hydroxyfasudil and Y27632 and by a dominant-negative mutant of Rho-kinase. The mechanism for this inhibition occurs at the level of ...
Dynamic Charging in the Low Voltage SEM

Dynamic charging is the condition in which the magnitude of the charge on the surface of a non-conductor, such as a polymer, under electron irradiation appears to change with the incident current density. Measurements confirm that this effect does occur and show that the magnitude of the effect depends on the relationship between the incident beam energy and the energy (E2) at which the sample has a total electron yield of unity. The effect arises from changes in the leakage resistance of the sample, and two possible explanations for this behavior are suggested.
Age Differences in Strategic Planning as Indexed by the Tower of London.

The present study examined age differences in performance on the Tower of London, a measure of strategic planning, in a diverse sample of 890 individuals between the ages of 10 and 30. Although mature performance was attained by age 17 on relatively easy problems, performance on the hardest problems showed improvements into the early 20s. Furthermore, whereas age-related performance gains by children and adolescents (ages 10–17) on the hardest problems were partially mediated by maturational improvements in both working memory and impulse control, improved performance in adulthood (ages 18+) was fully mediated by late gains in impulse control. Findings support an emerging picture of late adolescence as a time of continuing improvement in planned, goal-directed behavior.
Effect of Diaspirin Crosslinked Hemoglobin on Systemic and Regional Blood Circulation in Pregnant Rats

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHbTM; Baxter Healthcare Corp., Round Lake. IL, USA) is a biochemically stable hemoglobin based solution with excellent oxygen carrying capacity. Studies have been conducted in male rats to determine the effect of DCLHb on systemic and regional blood circulation. However, the cardiovascular effect of DCLHb has not been studied in female rats. In the present study the effect of DCLHb (400 mg/kg, i.v.) was observed on systemic hemodynamic parameters and regional blood circulation in non-pregnant rats, and in 9-day pregnant and 18-day pregnant rats. DCLHb increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) and increased blood flow to the heart, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), mesentery & pancreas, and skin in all groups of rats. The basal blood flow to the ovaries was higher in 18-day pregnant rats when compared to non-pregnant and 9-day pregnant rats. DCLHb further increased blood flow to the ovaries of 18-day pregnant rats. It is concluded that DCL...
Mucosal Events in the Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

The interaction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and primary mucosal cells isolated from normal human small intestine was investigated. Purified primary intestinal epithelial cells could transport cell-free HIV-1 to mononuclear cells, although the epithelial cells did not support viral replication. An unexpected finding was that primary intestinal macrophages were markedly less permissive to HIV-1 than were blood monocytes. The reduced permissiveness appeared to be due to the near absence of surface CCR5 on resident intestinal macrophages. Surface CCR5 could be up-regulated on the monocytes but not the intestinal macrophages by HIV-1 and gp120. Impaired permissiveness of intestinal macrophages to HIV-1 may play an important role in the low prevalence of HIV-1 mRNA-expressing macrophages in the lamina propria during HIV-1 infection in vivo. Characterization of the biologic properties of HIV-1 transport and infection in primary mucosal cells will be key to elucidating the pivotal role of mucosal surfaces in HIV-1 disease.
A self-consistent model to estimate NBTI degradation and a comprehensive on-line system lifetime enhancement technique

Lifetime reliability and the resultant temporal performance degradation due to Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) has emerged as a critical challenge in design and test of integrated circuits in nanometer technology nodes. In this work, we have developed a model that self-consistently estimates the NBTI degradation by considering the impact on the circuit lifetime of inter-dependent parameters such as V dd and temperature simultaneously. Using the proposed model, we observed that a circuit with lower V dd can provide better lifetime performance than with higher V dd . This interesting observation can be attributed to the reduction of electric field in the transistor along with the circuit power/temperature reduction that leads to lesser NBTI degradation. Based on this observation we have developed a on-line detection and mitigation scheme that allows V dd scaling to enhance system lifetime. The proposed scheme was applied to various arithmetic units and results in 45nm IBM process technology show 18% lifetime improvement with 57% reduction in power compared to conventional mitigation techniques. We also show that by using existing NBTI estimation models, the error in delay estimation can be as large as 7.6%.
Fair bandwidth allocation without per-flow state

A fundamental goal of Internet congestion control is to allocate limited bandwidth fairly to competing flows. Such flow control involves an interplay between the behavior of routers and the behavior of end hosts. Routers must decide which packets to drop when their output links become congested. End hosts must decide how to moderate their packet transmissions in response to feedback in the form of acknowledgements of packet delivery (acks). Typically this is done according to the TCP protocol, in which a host maintains a window (the number of packets that have been sent but not yet acknowledged) that is increased when an ack is received and decreased when a drop is detected. Often the selection of packets to be dropped at a router depends on the order of their arrivals at the router but not on the flows to which the packets belong. An exception occurs when packets are stratified according to their quality of service guarantee; in this case packets at higher strata are given priority, but within a stratum the packets from different flows receive the same treatment. A number of methods have been proposed to ensure fairness by selectively dropping packets from flows that are receiving more than their fair share of bandwidth. The most effective known algorithms for detecting and selectively dropping high-rate flows at a router are based on random hashing or random sampling of packets and give only probabilistic guarantees. The known deterministic algorithms either require excessive storage, require packets to carry accurate estimates of the rates of their flows, assume some special properties of the stream of arriving packets, or fail to guarantee fairness. In a simplified theoretical setting we show that the detection and selective dropping of high-rate flows can be accomplished deterministically without any of these defects. This result belies the conventional wisdom that per-flow state is required to guarantee fairness. Given an arriving stream of packets, each labeled with the name of its flow, our algorithm drops packets selectively upon arrival so as to guarantee that, in every consecutive subsequence of the stream of surviving packets, no flow has significantly more than its fair share of the packets. The main results of the paper are tight bounds on the worst-case storage requirement of this algorithm. The bounds demonstrate that the storage and computation required to guarantee fairness are easily within the capabilites of conventional routers. It is important to acknowedge the limitations of this work. We have formulated the achievement of fairness at a router in terms of local information on the stream of arriving packets at that router. The implications of such a locally optimal policy on the global stability of the Internet would require analyzing the Internet as a complex dynamical system involving interactions among routers and end hosts, of which some will be TCP-compliant and some will not. In work not reported here we have made an initial simulation study of this complex process, but such a study is outside the scope of the present paper.
Adaptive Estimation of Energy Factors in an Intelligent Convoy of Vehicles

Energy consumption of a vehicle is a factor of several environmental and driving conditions, such as air flow density, road grade, and vehicle weight. Accurate estimation of these factors influences the control performance, diagnostics, and the vehicle's overall energy consumption. Individual vehicle dynamics, as part of a large convoy governing principles, will expand to include the states that are shared between vehicles. The controller performance relies on the estimated parameters to minimize energy consumption. The estimation of environmental and driving conditions for individual vehicles as part of a convoy is a challenging task. This paper introduces an adaptive model-based energy factor estimation in large-scale convoys. These factors are influenced by vehicle parameters and driving condition uncertainties. These uncertainties, if not estimated correctly, shift the predicted energy consumption and result in low control performance. Mathematical formulation of the proposed estimator in the context of large-scale system is studied through several case study scenarios, and their effectiveness is demonstrated.
Lebesgue Measure on ℝ

The goal of the next two chapters is to extend the notion of integration. Though the Riemann integral is the first integral that a typical student encounters and its construction is geometrically beautiful, there are shortcomings which, in the age of modern mathematics, deem it insufficient. Our goal is to develop a new form of integration that, while not perfect, overcomes many of the innate flaws of the Riemann integral. This development will take place in three steps, each aimed at correcting a minor drawback of the Riemann integral.
Impediments to Fighting the Islamic State: Private Contractors and US Strategy

ABSTRACTThe United States has returned to Iraq, this time to combat the Islamic State. President Barack Obama’s strategy to ‘degrade, and ultimately destroy the terrorist group’ faces serious problems due to political obstacles in obtaining Congressional Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF) and more importantly because of neglect of the crucial role of private contractors. Although the narrative has changed, and there is no public mention of contractors, they remain central to all that the Department of Defense does in the US and abroad. Suggestions are offered on how their performance can be improved to support President Obama’s strategy.
Get Up, Get Out, and Git Sumthin’: How Race and Class Influence African Americans’ Attitudes About Inequality

Does class position influence Blacks’ beliefs about the causes of poverty and racial inequality? Prior research has established that Blacks are more structural in orientation than Whites. However, existing studies have not adequately assessed the role that class position plays in shaping intraracial attitudinal differences among Blacks. Both multivariate and trend analyses of nearly four decades of data from the Houston Area Survey indicate that privileged Blacks often sharply differ from disadvantaged Blacks and privileged Whites across a range of racially specific and racially neutral individualistic and structural attributions. The results of this study directly concern ideological tensions within the Black community over whether racism and/or personal merit most strongly influences a Black person’s prospects for success.
Use improved Newton method to calculate theoretical line loss of distribution network

The paper introduced traditional calculation methods of theoretical line loss of distribution network,and pointed out that electricity quantity method and root-mean-square method would cause too small theoretical energy loss and too large management line loss because of insufficient consideration of change of load curve.For above problems,it put forward a calculation scheme for theoretical line loss of distribution network by use of improved Newton method,which does power flow calculation according to power records of 24 h of each substation in the whole distribution network,so as to obtain total line loss of the distribution network.It used electricity quantity method,root-mean-square method and the improved Newton method to calculate theoretical line loss of a 10 kV distribution network separately,and got a conclusion that results calculated by the improved Newton method are closer to statistical value than the other methods.
The timing of surgery for congenital cataracts: Minimizing the risk of glaucoma following cataract surgery while optimizing the visual outcome.

Cataract surgery during infancy has been reported to be associated with a 15–30% risk of developing glaucoma.1 Many factors have been reported to increase the risk of glaucoma following infantile cataract surgery including: persistent fetal vasculature, fetal nuclear cataracts, microphthalmos, retained lens material, chronic inflammation and reoperations. However, it is generally agreed that the single greatest risk factor is surgery during infancy. There is also convincing evidence that delaying cataract surgery reduces the risk of glaucoma. In the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS), the risk of glaucoma one year after surgery was reduced by 50% by delaying cataract surgery from 4 to 8 weeks of age.2 Furthermore, there was a 3-fold higher incidence of glaucoma if cataract surgery was performed when an infant was 4 to 6 weeks of age compared to 7 weeks to 6 months of age.3 While the pathophysiology of glaucoma following infantile cataract surgery has not been clearly elucidated, it has been postulated that early surgery somehow disrupts the maturation of the trabecular meshwork. This may occurs secondary to structural changes to the angle, the absence of essential cytokines secreted by the crystalline lens, or damage to the trabecular meshwork from postoperative inflammation. In most cases it is open angle glaucoma.
Renal oncocytoma with vascular invasion: a series of 22 cases

Renal oncocytomas are benign neoplasms that are often excised, as clinically they cannot be distinguished with certainty from renal cell carcinoma. One of the least common findings in oncocytomas is vascular invasion, and their behavior is not well characterized with only reports of isolated examples and smaller case series. Whether vascular invasion is acceptable for the diagnosis of oncocytoma still remains controversial, even amongst genitourinary pathologists with expertise in renal tumor pathology. Of 1474 cases of renal oncocytoma identified at 3 large medical centers, 22 (1.5%) had vascular invasion. Patients included 12 men and 10 women with an average age at diagnosis of 67.5 years (range, 48-91 years). Thirteen cases showed large vessel invasion, and the remainder involved medium or small vessels. Tumor was grossly visible in the renal vein in 2 cases. Clinical data were available on 16 of the 22 cases with an average follow-up time of 29.9 months (range, 7.5-94.5 months). Of the cases with clinical follow-up, all but one individual was alive. All living individuals were free of recurrence or metastatic disease at the time of last follow-up. Our cohort showed no metastasis or recurrence and overall survival of 94.7% at 2.5 years following diagnosis, supporting the finding that vascular invasion does not alter the favorable prognosis of oncocytoma. The presence of vascular invasion should not lead to any uncertainty about the diagnosis in an otherwise typical oncocytoma.
Developing Practical Knowledge of the Next Generation Science Standards in Elementary Science Teacher Education

Just as the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSSs) call for change in what students learn and how they are taught, teacher education programs must reconsider courses and curriculum in order to prepare teacher candidates to understand and implement new standards. In this study, we examine the development of prospective elementary teachers’ practical knowledge of the NGSS in the context of a science methods course and innovative field experience. We present three themes related to how prospective teachers viewed and utilized the standards: (a) as a useful guide for planning and designing instruction, (b) as a benchmark for student and self-evaluation, and (c) as an achievable vision for teaching and learning. Our findings emphasize the importance of collaborative opportunities for repeated teaching of the same lessons, but question what is achievable in the context of a semester-long experience.
Choose Health Action Teens: A Review of a Teens as Teachers Nutritional Education Training Curriculum

This review draws from published research related to the best practices for the utilization of teens as teachers to examine Choose Health Action Teens (CHAT), a teen’s as teachers (TAT) training curriculum. Research shows that there are various components necessary to build a high quality TAT program. Most of these components fall under four areas in which training is necessary for teens and adults: Teaching strategies, youth/child development, subject matter to be taught, and youth-adult partnerships. These four areas provide a framework to review the Choose Health Action Teens (CHAT) (Crosiar & Wolfe, 2013) teens as teachers training program curriculum.
A scalable approach for location-specific detection of Santa Ana conditions

Santa Ana conditions are hot, dry, windy weather conditions that can greatly increase the dangers of wildfires in southern California. We present a machine learning approach to detect Santa Ana conditions based on sensor measurements from weather stations. Cluster analysis is performed on historical weather data to build models to identify Santa Ana patterns. A separate model is built using data from each weather station to capture the patterns specific to the microclimate of each region. Real-time sensor data from a weather station can then be processed to determine if the region surrounding that station is experiencing Santa Ana conditions. Results can be used as a warning system to focus firefighting efforts on regions with increased wildfire risks. Through the use of the Kepler workflow system and distributed computing with Spark, data from several weather stations can be processed in parallel using a scalable clustering algorithm, allowing our approach to scale to large datasets from multiple weather stations.
Complex roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor progression.

The local invasion and metastatic spread of tumor cells throughout the body is one of the primary concerns of the oncologist. If all tumors were confined within a defined space, most neoplasms could be removed and subsequently cured with the surgeon’s scalpel. However, this is not the case within the scope of cancer biology. Some neoplasms are highly metastatic (melanoma), while others are rarely metastatic (brain tumors), but given enough time and/or negligence most tumors will spread to distant sites. The intent of this series is to understand the mechanisms that tumor cells use to invade, disseminate and form viable metastatic colonies as well as discuss potential therapies for metastatic disease. This chapter will address the role of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors in the process of tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis.
Comment on partisan conflict and private investment

Abstract Private nonresidential investment contracted sharply during the Great Recession in most advanced economies and remains well below its pre-2008 trend. While weakness in business investment naturally accounts for a short term drop in the aggregate demand for goods and services, a persistent decline in new capital formation is also bound to have long lasting effects on an economy’s ability to produce. Some of the reasons behind this large and prolonged contraction in corporate investment are readily apparent. They include both a sharp tightening in credit conditions in the immediate aftermath of the 2007-08 financial crisis, and a secular decline in productivity growth. Although each of these developments was likely important on its own, even their combined effect seems insufficient to generate the observed slump in non residential investment during the last decade Gala et al. (2016) . This paper explores an alternative explanation for the observed decline in investment. Specifically, it investigates the role played by rising uncertainty about future economic policy due to increased partisan conflict since around 2010. The ultimate findings are perhaps best viewed as merely suggestive. Nevertheless, by carefully developing novel measures of policy uncertainty, the paper does succeed in laying important foundations for future studies.
Dry Deposition of Particles from the Atmosphere

Atmospheric inputs of particulate pollutants to a region may cause environmental damage. For example, acidic particles reaching sensitive ecosystems can harm vegetation and degrade water quality. Particles depositing in urban areas can damage structures, such as buildings and monuments.
Optimal Insertion Depth for Endotracheal Tubes in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants.

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal endotracheal tube insertion depth in extremely low-birth-weight infants based on the association between endotracheal tube depth and gestational age, body weight, body length, and head and chest circumferences at birth. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Neonatal ICU at a medical center. PATIENTS Fifty-two hospitalized extremely low-birth-weight infants in our neonatal ICU. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Data regarding gestational age, body weight, body length (crown-heel length), head and chest circumferences, and final endotracheal tube depth were retrieved from the medical records of 52 newborn infants weighing less than or equal to 1,000 g at birth (boys, 29; girls, 23). The mean gestational age was 25.1 (range, 22-32) weeks, and the mean body weight was 724.5 (range, 400-1,000) g. Of the endotracheal tubes used, 3%, 87%, and 10% of endotracheal tubes were of size 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between endotracheal tube depth and gestational age, body weight, body length, head, and chest circumferences (p < 0.001). Body weight had the highest coefficient of determination (r = 0.497), followed by body length (0.458), with all other variables having values of less than 0.4. CONCLUSIONS In extremely low-birth-weight infants, a linear association exists between endotracheal tube insertion depth and gestational age, body weight, body length, chest, and head circumferences at birth. Although body weight is the most accurate method for predicting endotracheal tube insertion depth, body length is also appropriate and is more favorable than body weight in delivery room resuscitation. Although no substitute for radiologic confirmation exists, a tape measure that can convert body length to endotracheal tube depth may be helpful.
Gender and Human Rights

Compared to the long lineage of scholarship on women’s rights and gendered inequalities, the sociological scholarship on gender and human rights is a relative newcomer. In this chapter I move beyond human rights charters and conventions and focus on the substantive access to rights and the terrains of power, privileges, and inequalities that have to be navigated in the process. The first section of this chapter summarizes the scholarship on the growing power of feminist, anti-racist, and anti-colonial activism that shaped conversations about the conceptualization, policies, and access to human rights globally. The second section presents the scholarship on violence against women (VAW), gender and human rights. While the terrain of human rights literature covers many topics, discussions of violence are woven through an array of conversations about the access to political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights. I draw upon the literature and activism from different parts of the world to highlight the dynamism and continuing conflicts related to gender and human rights.
Regulatory Cycles: A Political Economy Model

Financial regulatory policy in the U.S. has been conspicuously pro-cyclical over the last two decades. The 2000s financial boom coincided with a period of financial deregulation and the post-crisis response, a massive scaling up of regulation, was largely implemented during an economic downturn. Many argued that these regulatory waves were excessive. More recently, there are strong signs of a move toward deregulation, at a time of a booming economy and stock market. A closer look at historical financial boom-bust cycles suggests that, in fact, pro-cyclicality in financial regulation is a common and recurring pattern. This paper combines a signaling model of elections with a simple financial regulation model to study how public opinion, financial innovation, and policy-makers incentives shape financial regulation. While changes in voters' perceptions of financial innovation alone can generate a pro-cyclical pattern, we show that this cyclicality can be significantly amplified by politicians' electoral incentives: Both over-regulation and under-regulation can naturally arise in equilibrium, and small changes in public opinion can induce large regulatory shifts.
An overview of the University of Arizona ATOMS project

Results from the now well known GPS/MET experiment have demonstrated the capabilities of radio occultation techniques for remotely sensing certain atmospheric properties (Ware et al. 1996; Rocken et al. 1997; Kursinski et al. 1997). The GPS/MET experiment was designed to provide vertical atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure, density, and geopotential height from determinations of the vertical refractivity profiles. Indeed, for altitudes from a few km above the surface to about 40 km, extremely accurate profiles were obtained with very good vertical resolution. At altitudes below about 5–8 km, an ambiguity may exist however, when using just the GPS frequencies, due to the presence of water vapor. Water vapor, as well as dry air, affects the refractivity of the atmosphere, and the two variables cannot be separated without additional assumptions, or additional information. In polar regions where water vapor amounts are generally quite low, accurate temperatures can usually be retrieved by assuming the water vapor to be zero. In tropical regions, where low tropospheric temperature profiles are quite constant from day to day, water vapor profiles may be recovered from the refractivity profiles by assuming the temperature profile is known. It is in mid-latitudes where this ambiguity is most important. Techniques have been developed to overcome some of this difficulty, but uncertainties still exist in the recovered water vapor profiles, especially in data sparse regions. The ATOMS (Active Tropospheric Ozone and Moisture Sounder) project was conceived in order to provide a totally independent measurement to use for water vapor retrievals. A preliminary study indicated that the use of phase measurements as in the GPS/MET experiment, but near a water vapor absorption line where the refractivity undergoes a rapid variation, would not provide the necessary sensitivity due to the small mixing ratio of water vapor. However amplitude measurements at various frequencies within and near the line would provide a method to retrieve vertical water vapor profiles. In this paper we report on the progress we have made to date in developing this technique. By using various frequencies within both the 22 GHz and 183 GHz water vapor absorption lines, it will be shown that usable profiles may be recovered over a wide range of altitudes. A similar study will be presented using the 195 GHz ozone absorption line to recover ozone profiles from the mid-troposphere to well up into the stratosphere.
Troubling the Domestic Sphere: Women Reformers and the Changing Place of the Home in the United States, 1854–1939

This chapter is about the ways in which women’s involvement in sociopolitical reform efforts during the nineteenth and early twentieth century challenged the ideal purpose of the family household and how everyday items—domestic material culture—provided a powerful font of symbolic meaning to be applied and manipulated in various ways. Women who were not involved in the set of semi-formalized movements that we have historically termed “domestic reform” may nonetheless have reformed the function and meaning of the domestic through their political involvements and through their material worlds.
Species-specific differences in taxol transport and cytotoxicity against human and rodent tumor cells : evidence for an alternate transport system ?

Abstract The efficacy of taxol against a wide range of sensitive and refractory solid tumors has prompted extensive investigation into the factors that influence its cytotoxicity. Our preliminary observations indicated that taxol had a superior antitumor effect against human cells (Daudi, K562, 2008, 2008/C13 ∗ , 2780 and C70) compared with its effect against rodent cells (WS, WR, NIH3T3, and CHO). Although verapamil, an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein function, markedly increased the efficacy of taxol against the rodent cells (WS, WR, and CHO), the expression of P-glycoprotein was found only at low levels in the WR cells. In addition, levels of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), as assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, were found to be higher in the human than in the rodent cells, although MRP mRNA was not detected by northern blotting. Transport studies indicated that the reduced sensitivity of the rodent cells to taxol was due to decreased intracellular taxol levels and reduced intracellular binding. However, no correlation was found between the intracellular binding of taxol and the intracellular levels of α- and β-tubulin, or the intracellular concentration of polymerized tubulin. These studies were extended further by assessing the binding of taxol to semi-purified microtubule proteins from WS, CHO and 2008/C13 ∗ cells in vitro . The microtubule protein preparations from WS, CHO and 2008/C13 ∗ cells, which have a 50-fold difference in their sensitivity to taxol, were found to bind equal amounts of radiolabeled taxol, and this binding was inhibited (80%) in the presence of unlabeled taxol. These results lead us to propose the presence in the rodent cells of an alternative taxol transport system that is distinct from the P-glycoprotein and MRP systems.
Calponin Distribution in Human Ciliary Muscle and Other Anterior Segment Tissues

Purpose. Calponins are a family of actin-binding proteins know tno regulate aortic and trachealsmooth muscle contraction. This investigation was undertaken to asses thse presence, subtype,and distribution of calponin proteins in human ciliary muscle, iris, and other anterior segmenttissues as well as expression in ciliary muscle cell in vitros .Methods. The distribution of calponin immunoreactivity wa isn assesse paraffidn section of shuman anterior segment tissue. Human ciliary muscle protein by polyacryls were- analyzedamide gel electrophoresi s and Western blotting Th.e regulation of calponin expressio wasncompared with a-sm-actin expressio in preconfluenn ant d postconfluent ciliary muscle cellcultures by immunocytochemistry T. o determine total cell counts th,e cultures were counter-stained with ethidium homodimer. As control specimens o,f calponi expression annd a-sm-actin also was assesse idn human Tenon fibroblast cultures.Results. Strong calponin immunoreactivit ways present in ciliary muscle, iris dilator and sphinc-ter muscles an, d blood vessel smooth muscle. Fine immunostained strands also were observedin the scleral spur. This distributio wa similas n r to a-sm-actin. Western blottin ag showedsingle band o f calponin wit ah molecular weigh of 3t2 kDa. In the culture d ciliary musclecells, calponin stained straight cable-like fibers runnin the long paralleg axi osf thl alone gcells. Although the proportion of calponin immunoreactive cells was reduced substantiall in ypreconfluent cultures, virtuall all cell ys were staine in confluend t primary through fourth-passage cultures. Cultured human Tenon fibroblasts did not show either calponi orn a-sm-actin immunoreactivity.Conclusions. Calponi ins expressed in human ciliary muscle, iris smooth muscles, blood vesselsmooth muscle, as well as withi thne scleral spur. In addition, calponin is expressed by ciliarysmooth muscle cell in vitros . The role of calponin in contractio on f these tissues shoul bedinvestigated. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 1997;38:349-356.1 he view that contraction of the ciliary muscle influ-ences both conventional and uveoscleral aqueous hu-mor outflow is well established.
Impact of Software Approximations on the Resiliency of a Video Summarization System

In this work, we examine the resiliency of a state-of-the-art end-to-end video summarization (VS) application that serves as a representative emerging workload in the domain of real time edge computing. The VS application constitutes key video and image analytic elements that are processed by embedded systems aboard unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Real-time performance and energy constraints motivate the consideration of approximations to the VS algorithm. However, mission-critical UAV applications also demand stringent levels of resilience to soft errors that are exacerbated with higher altitude. In this work, we study the effects of three different types of software approximations on the application level resiliency (to soft errors) of the VS algorithm. We show that our approximations yield significant energy savings (up to 68%), with commensurate improvement in performance, without a degradation in the application resilience. Further, by proposing a novel quality metric (appropriate for the UAV vision analytics domain) for the summarized video output, we show that even though the rate of Silent Data Corruptions (SDCs) increases slightly (<2%), the impact of these SDCs on output quality is limited. Thus, we conclude that software approximation can be utilized to achieve significant gains in performance and energy without affecting application resiliency.
A Unified Theory of the Mobile Sequential Recommendation Problem

A theory is developed to unify the original form, and its many variations, of the mobile sequential recommendation (MSR) problem. The unified theory, expressing the same MSR problem, is superior to the original form in many aspects including a more standardized form. In addition to a newly proposed expected traveling time (ETT) function to measure the quality of recommended routes, we introduce five additional improvements. Also, three essential mathematical properties of the new objective function enable the development of the methods to solve realistic MSR problems with complex conditions. The MSR solutions also support the discovered properties of the proposed objective function. The unified theory should support the long-term decision making for drivers and the traffic department in general.
The Circle of Security Intervention: Building Early Attachment Security

Circle of Security is an intervention that promotes sensitive and responsive caregiving behaviors in parents of young children who are at risk of attachment disorders. The goal of the intervention is to promote attachment relationships between the child and their primary caregiver. Secure attachment is promoted by encouraging responsive and sensitive interactions between the parent and the child. Parents are taught strategies to help them reflect on their own parenting behaviors and attachment histories as well as the behaviors and needs of the child. Three intervention formats include a 20-week psychoeducational/therapeutic group, an 8-week DVD psychoeducation group, and a four-session in-home intervention. An overview of the Circle of Security approach is provided along with a description of each of the three intervention protocols. Unique treatment considerations for different developmental levels are discussed, and current research on the efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention formats is reviewed.
Interlesional response assessment with 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) PET/CT in men with chemotherapy-naive bone metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with enzalutamide (ENZA).

5036Background: 18F-NaF PET/CT provides spatial and quantitative information on osteoblastic activity in men with bone mCRPC; thus, it can be used to assess interlesional response heterogeneity, a ...
On Coercion in International Law

Coercion is ubiquitous in international relations. Yet international law has neither defined coercion nor has it developed an understanding of the nature, processes, or legality of coercion. This Article addresses this gap in international law scholarship. Because coercion is best understood when examined in the context of concrete cases, this Article discusses three recent crises in which states exercised significant pressure against their adversaries. These crises are the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, the 2017 North Korean nuclear weapons crisis, and the 2018 murder of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi. These cases provide examples of the infinite variety of instruments of statecraft. The principal question that this Article considers is when does the use of tools of diplomacy such as those employed in these cases constitute unlawful coercion. To answer this question, this Article develops a concept of coercion for international law. It discusses the origins and content of the prohibition on intervention in the affairs of states, which is the principal rule of international law governing coercion, and proposes a novel understanding of the structure and elements of this rule. It defines violations of the prohibition on intervention as the pursuit of unlawful ends and unlawful means. The ends, or purposes, of intervention are unlawful if it interferes with the domaine reserve of a state, while the means of intervention are unlawful if a state uses coercion to achieve its unlawful ends. To identify the instruments of statecraft that are unlawfully coercive, this Article constructs a Coercion Continuum, which includes four categories of coercion: Military Coercion, Economic Coercion, Cyber Coercion, and Political Coercion. Under each of these categories this Article identifies the practices, policies, and instruments of statecraft the use of which constitutes unlawful coercion.
Broadband Sparse Array Focusing Via Spatial Periodogram Averaging and Correlation Resampling

This paper proposes two coherent broadband focusing algorithms for spatial correlation estimation using sparse linear arrays. Both algorithms decompose the time-domain array data into disjoint frequency bands through discrete Fourier transform or filter banks to obtain broadband frequency-domain snapshots. The periodogram averaging (AP) algorithm starts in the frequency domain by estimating the broadband spatial periodograms for all bands and then averaging them to reinforce the sources' spatial spectral information. Taking inverse spatial Fourier transform of the combined spatial periodogram estimates the focused spatial correlations. Alternatively, the spatial correlation resampling (SCR) algorithm directly computes the spatial correlations for each band and then rescales the spatial sampling rate to align at a focused frequency. The resampled spatial correlations from all frequency bands are then averaged to estimate the focused spatial correlations. The spatial correlations estimated from the AP or SCR algorithms populate the diagonals of a Hermitian Toeplitz augmented covariance matrix (ACM). The focused ACM is the input of a new minimum description length (MDL) based criteria, termed MDL-gap, for source enumeration and the standard narrowband MUSIC algorithm for DOA estimation. Numerical simulations show that both the AP and SCR algorithms improve source enumeration and DOA estimation performances over the incoherent subspace focusing algorithm in snapshot limited scenarios.
Flexible Intravascular EIS Sensors for Detecting Metabolically Active Plaque

This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion on the recent development of utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in atherosclerosis diagnosis. We first outline the general characteristics of atherosclerosis and the need for novel intravascular detection technology. The underlying principal of EIS is then reviewed from physical modeling and equivalent circuit perspectives. The focus of this chapter is the implementation of various EIS devices. We compare the typical 4-point electrode with the more compact 2-point configuration. The concentric bipolar electrode design has been discussed from the early in vitro sample testing to the subsequent device implementation based on stretchable materials. We then move to the most recent 2-point symmetric electrode design, based on which a fascinating 6-point 3-D EIS scheme has been developed. We discuss the live animal study being conducted to demonstrate the performance of such EIS design. Finally, this chapter concludes with our vision on future direction of improving the EIS technology, as well as advancing toward clinical adaptation.
Accelerating Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory and GW Calculations for Molecules and Nanoclusters with Symmetry Adapted Interpolative Separable Density Fitting.

Computing integrals over orbital pairs is one of the most costly steps in many popular first-principles methods used by the quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics community. Here, we employ...
Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent in Bone Regeneration

Zinc is an essential mineral that is required for normal skeletal growth and bone homeostasis. Furthermore, zinc appears to be able to promote bone regeneration. However, the cellular and molecular pathways through which zinc promotes bone growth, homeostasis, and regeneration are poorly understood. Zinc can positively affect chondrocyte and osteoblast functions, while inhibiting osteoclast activity, consistent with a beneficial role for zinc in bone homeostasis and regeneration. Based on the effects of zinc on skeletal cell populations and the role of zinc in skeletal growth, therapeutic approaches using zinc to improve bone regeneration are being developed. This review focuses on the role of zinc in bone growth, homeostasis, and regeneration while providing an overview of the existing studies that use zinc as a bone regeneration therapeutic.
Evaluation of spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor mutational burden (TMB) in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) at baseline diagnosis and after chemotherapy.

4546Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB) may be a predictive marker for response to anti-PD1/PDL1 agents (IO). Molecular heterogeneity of various biomarkers for GEA has been established. To ch...