cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Curves for Hinged Wavemakers: Theory

Dimensionless theoretical design curves for hinged wavemakers of variable draft are extended, within the limits of linearized potential wave theory, to wave flume geometries consisting of two constant depth domains separated by a gradually sloping transition region. These design curves are examined for the following: hydrodynamic pressure moment, moment arm, relative moment phase angle, and the ratio of the wavemaker stroke to the propagating wave height. The dimensionless design curves are shown to demonstrate the effects of wave flume and wavemaker geometry on the minimum inertial wave pressure moment on the wavemaker flap better than tabular lookup methods. The effects of nondimensional wavemaker parameters on the dimensionless wavemaker power curves are explored, and they are compared to the energy flux in a propagating periodic wave. Convergence of the eigenfunction expansion for the wavemaker velocity for hinged wavemakers of variable depth is examined numerically.
Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification Assisted Nitriding: An Experimental Study

A powerful surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) technique, ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) has been used to treat pure iron to induce surface nanocrystallization. Transmission electron microscopy and surface profiler were used to study the microstructure and surface roughness after UNSM. Results indicate that the surface nanocrystallization with the controllable surface roughness was obtained. After that, gas nitriding of the nanocrystalline and microcrystalline iron was carried out and compared. X-ray diffraction, micro hardness testing and energy dispersive spectroscopy were applied to investigate the phase, micro hardness and distribution of nitrogen atoms in the iron sample after nitriding. It has been found that nitriding efficiency has been significantly improved in UNSM-processed samples than that in the non-processed samples as manifested by higher hardness and higher volume fraction of the nitride phase. With appropriate nanocrystallization, nitriding can occur efficiently at temperature as low as 300 °C.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Philosophy of sport: key questions

Emily Ryall’s Philosophy of Sport: Key Questions serves as a potential text for beginning sport philosophy scholars and those who enjoy sport and have philosophical inclinations. The book tackles a...
Effort not speed characterizes comprehension of spoken sentences by older adults with mild hearing impairment

In spite of the rapidity of everyday speech, older adults tend to keep up relatively well in day-to-day listening. In laboratory settings older adults do not respond as quickly as younger adults in off-line tests of sentence comprehension, but the question is whether comprehension itself is actually slower. Two unique features of the human eye were used to address this question. First, we tracked eye-movements as 20 young adults and 20 healthy older adults listened to sentences that referred to one of four objects pictured on a computer screen. Although the older adults took longer to indicate the referenced object with a cursor-pointing response, their gaze moved to the correct object as rapidly as that of the younger adults. Second, we concurrently measured dilation of the pupil of the eye as a physiological index of effort. This measure revealed that although poorer hearing acuity did not slow processing, success came at the cost of greater processing effort.
Wildlife in the Anthropocene: conservation after nature

Written as ‘part critique, part manifesto’ (p. 6), Jamie Lorimer’s Wildlife in the Anthropocene: Conservation After Nature seeks to identify potential future trajectories for wildlife conservation ...
Mo/S Chemistry and Its Importance in Enzymatic Catalysis

Molybdenum is an important trace element in biology and is found in a multitude of redox active enzymes as well as in the N2 reducing nitrogenases. In nature molybdenum occurs mainly as molybdenite, MoS2, wulfenite, PbMoO4 and as soluble salts of MoO42- in the sea. The adaptation of Mo by bacteria, plants and animals as a metal of choice at first appears paradoxical given the perceived rarity of the element. The paradox is not there however if one realizes that in fact Mo is one of the more abundant elements on the planet and constitutes the most abundant redox active transition element in the oceans1.
Towards a Globally Convergent Approximation of Optimal On-line Parameter Estimation

Abstract A possibly globally convergent approximation to the optimal continuous time non linear filter for n pole parameters and n states only is found by computing the first, second, and third order moment equations. Closure of the moment equations results from approximating fourth order moments by the Gaussian formula involving second order moments. Five necessary conditions for stability are given. The unique convergence point of the algorithm is shown to be the true pole parameter value in the scalar case. The new algorithm is asymptotically equivalent to the non-stationary version of the recursive prediction error method. The error incurred by the Gaussian approximation is shown to be small in several examples of the discrete time optimal nonlinear filter.
Process Parameter Platform Design to Manage Workstation Capacity

Offering product variety affordably is the crux of mass customization. Unfortunately, this is the foremost difficulty that enterprises face in making the transition to this paradigm. Anderson (1997) addresses the problem of offering affordable variety through the identification of the cost of variety. The cost of variety is the sum of all the costs of attempting to offer customers variety with inflexible products that are produced in inflexible factories and sold through inflexible channels. This cost includes the cost of customizing or configuring products, the cost of excessive variety, the cost of excessive procedures, and the cost of excessive processes and operations, among others. The key to mass customization, therefore, is the development of products and production processes that minimize the cost components.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between Managerial Personality Type and Computer Use

The direct use of computers by managers is bringing about one of the most dramatic changes in managerial work style that has ever been seen. This paper describes some of the results of a study of nearly one hundred fifty managers. It explores the interaction between managerial personality type according to the Jungian typology and computer use time. Significant results were found that indicate (contrary to expectations): 1) Feeling types spend more time using computers than do Thinking types, and 2) Intuitive types may also spend more time using computers than do Sensing types.
Efficient kesterite solar cells with high open-circuit voltage for applications in powering distributed devices

Simultaneously achieving high voltage and high efficiency in thin-film solar cells is of paramount importance for real-world applications. While solar cells fabricated from the Earth-abundant kesterite absorber Cu2ZnSn(S x Se1−x )4 provide an attractive, non-toxic, energy harvesting solution, their utilization has been constrained by relatively low open-circuit voltages that limit efficiency. Increasing the sulfur content to widen the bandgap boosts the voltage, but usually at the expense of efficiency. Here, we report important progress on this fundamental problem by fabricating solar cells with high sulfur content that exhibit efficiencies up to 11.89% with open-circuit voltages as high as 670 mV. In a multistep process, fully functional solar cells are separated from their growth substrate, and a high-work-function back contact is subsequently deposited. With this approach, we fabricated a series-connected device that produces 5.7 V under 1 Sun illumination and ~2 V under low lighting conditions, below 10−3 Suns. Kesterite thin-film solar cells feature abundant non-toxic elements. Here, Antunez et al. present a process to simultaneously optimize the conversion efficiency and voltage over a wide range of light intensities appropriate for small-scale, distributed and indoor applications.
Crowding reduces feeding rate, effectiveness of diet selection, and efficiency of digestion by Northern Brook Lamprey ammocetes (Ichthyomyzon fossor)

We studied the effect of larval density on food utilization by sediment-dwelling northern brook lamprey (Ichthyomyzon fossor) larvae in the Otter River, Baraga County, MI, USA using field surveys and in situ cage experiments. Field surveys found that food utilization was inversely proportional to density across the range of 1 to 10 larvae/m2. Compared to 1 larvae/m2, values at 10 larvae/m2 were lower by an average of 36% for gut fullness, by 32% for selective ingestion of organic matter, and by 71% and 58% for assimilation of diet organic matter and diet amino acids, respectively. In situ cage experiments and additional field studies in other nearby rivers revealed the same relationships. We hypothesize that physical disturbance of the sediment by adjacent larvae interferes with food utilization with the frequency of disturbance proportional to density. Condition factors were not correlated with density and indicate that individual larvae minimize the effect of crowding by moving away from higher density patches. We conclude that these findings are generalizable to other lamprey species in similar environments in which lower rates of growth, maturation, and survivorship of lamprey larvae at higher densities have been reported by other researchers.
Base deficit as a marker of survival after traumatic injury: consistent across changing patient populations and resuscitation paradigms.

BACKGROUND:Damage control resuscitation (DCR) has improved outcomes in severely injured patients. In civilian centers, massive transfusion protocols (MTPs) represent the most formal application of DCR principles, ensuring early, accurate delivery of high fixed ratios of blood components. Recent data
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy: A Review of the Literature

Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMNR) is a rare condition that produces transient or permanent visual impairment. Typical cases have acute onset multifocal scotomas that correspond rather precisely with reddish, flat, or depressed circumscribed lesions in the macula. These lesions are wedge-shaped and generally point toward the fovea. The pathophysiology of AMNR is unclear, the causes are uncertain, and there is no specific treatment for this condition. This review summarizes the presentation, possible risk factors, and prognosis of the 41 cases of AMNR reported in the published, English-language literature from 1975 through April 2002. Possible areas for future research into the etiology of this rare condition are discussed.
INCIDENCE, MORTALITY, AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal trends in Incidence, mortality and clinical characteristics of pregnancy associated myocardial infarction (PAMI) in the state of California. The California state inpatient database was analyzed from 2003 to 2011 with ICD 9 codes for acute
The Associations of Constructive and Destructive Interparental Conflict to Child Well-Being Among Low-Income Families:

Interparental conflict is a well-established precursor to child maladjustment. However, little is understood of the role of different interparental conflict in shaping the developmental outcomes of...
Avoiding the Hype in Developing Commercially Viable Desalination Technologies

Download : Download high-res image (410KB) Download : Download full-size image Jeffrey McCutcheon is the Al Geib Professor of Environmental Engineering Research & Education at the University of Connecticut in the Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering. He also serves as the Executive Director of the Fraunhofer USA Center for Energy Innovation located at the university. He is currently the President of the North American Membrane Society and has served as Director and Area Chair in the AIChE Separations Division. He is the recipient of the 2014 FRI/John G. Kunesh Award from AIChE. He has authored more than 75 refereed papers on membrane technology.
Nanosecond X-ray diffraction of shock-compressed superionic water ice.

Since Bridgman’s discovery of five solid water (H2O) ice phases1 in 1912, studies on the extraordinary polymorphism of H2O have documented more than seventeen crystalline and several amorphous ice structures2,3, as well as rich metastability and kinetic effects4,5. This unique behaviour is due in part to the geometrical frustration of the weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the sizeable quantum motion of the light hydrogen ions (protons). Particularly intriguing is the prediction that H2O becomes superionic6–12—with liquid-like protons diffusing through the solid lattice of oxygen—when subjected to extreme pressures exceeding 100 gigapascals and high temperatures above 2,000 kelvin. Numerical simulations suggest that the characteristic diffusion of the protons through the empty sites of the oxygen solid lattice (1) gives rise to a surprisingly high ionic conductivity above 100 Siemens per centimetre, that is, almost as high as typical metallic (electronic) conductivity, (2) greatly increases the ice melting temperature7–13 to several thousand kelvin, and (3) favours new ice structures with a close-packed oxygen lattice13–15. Because confining such hot and dense H2O in the laboratory is extremely challenging, experimental data are scarce. Recent optical measurements along the Hugoniot curve (locus of shock states) of water ice VII showed evidence of superionic conduction and thermodynamic signatures for melting16, but did not confirm the microscopic structure of superionic ice. Here we use laser-driven shockwaves to simultaneously compress and heat liquid water samples to 100–400 gigapascals and 2,000–3,000 kelvin. In situ X-ray diffraction measurements show that under these conditions, water solidifies within a few nanoseconds into nanometre-sized ice grains that exhibit unambiguous evidence for the crystalline oxygen lattice of superionic water ice. The X-ray diffraction data also allow us to document the compressibility of ice at these extreme conditions and a temperature- and pressure-induced phase transformation from a body-centred-cubic ice phase (probably ice X) to a novel face-centred-cubic, superionic ice phase, which we name ice XVIII2,17. The atomic structure of H2O is documented at several million atmospheres of pressure and temperatures of several thousand degrees, revealing shockwave-induced ultrafast crystallization and a novel water ice phase, ice XVIII, with exotic superionic properties.
Mitigating Phishing Attacks: An Overview

Social engineering is the process of getting a person to provide a service or complete a task that may give away private or confidential information. Phishing is the most common type of social engineering. In phishing, an attacker poses as a trustworthy source in an attempt to have the victim release personal or private information. Spear phishing is a popular type of phishing attack where the attacker provides information retaining to a select few targets rather than generic information for a mass amount of targets. This paper provides an overview of social engineering attacks, the detection methods of social engineering and phishing attacks, the education and training techniques for preventing social engineering and phishing attacks, as well as the susceptibility of users to social engineering and phishing attacks.
Abstract #3717: Identification of a dual JAK-2/BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor for treatment of myeloproliferative disorders

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) are clonal malignancies characterized by overproduction of one or more hematopoietic lineages with relatively normal differentiation. The molecular pathogenesis of several MPDs has been well characterized, and is frequently attributable to mutations that result in constitutive activation of a protein tyrosine kinase. The classic MPDs are subdivided into chronic myeloid leukemia (CML i.e. BCR-ABL+) and the BCR-ABL- classic MPDs, i.e. polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Imatinib, which is an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, has been a remarkable success for the treatment of CML. However, a significant proportion of patients chronically treated with imatinib develop resistance due to acquisition of mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL. A novel gain-of-function mutation in the JAK2 tyrosine kinase (JAK2V617F) has been observed in about 95% of patients with PV and 50% of those with either ET or PMF. This mutation has also been found in patients with non-classic MPDs such as refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with thrombocytosis (RARS-T), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), atypical CML and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) at incidences of 50%, 20%, 20% and 3%, respectively. JAK2V617F has been found to confer erythropoietin-independent growth of the mutant cells in vitro due to deregulation of signaling pathways downstream of JAK2. These findings have opened new avenues for the diagnosis and classification of patients with these disorders, and identify a new molecular target for drug discovery. In our quest to develop targeted therapies for MPD, we screened a compound library of molecules and identified an \#945;-stryl benzyl sulfone, ON044580 that exhibits potent JAK2 inhibitory activity. ON 044580 is a substrate-competitive inhibitor of JAK2 and is unaffected by physiological levels of ATP. ON044580 interferes with IL-3 mediated proliferation pathways that signal via JAK2 to inhibit the growth and survival of Ba/F3-JAK2V617F cells. Growth of two patient cell lines, HEL and SET-2, which express the activating JAK2V617F mutation is also inhibited by ON044580. ON 044580 is also a potent inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL purified from mammalian cells. Further, ON 044580 inhibits the phosophorylation of BCR-ABL and Stat5 in cultured CML cells. Finally, not only does ON044580 induce apoptosis in cells expressing imanitib-sensitive and imanitib-resistant forms of BCR-ABL, it does so in primary cells from CML patients. Taken together, our results suggest that ON 044580 is a dual JAK2/BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor with therapeutic potential to treat JAK2V617F positive MPDs and CML. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 3717.
Creating Pathologists From a Post-Sophomore Pathology Fellowship: 21 Years and 126 Fellows at an Academic Pathology Department:

Medical student exposure to pathology is a continued concern for departments across the country as traditional pathology content is trimmed from medical school curricula. In a longstanding effort to recruit and expose more medical students to the practice of pathology, our institution has supported a year-long post-sophomore fellowship in pathology since the 1930s. The program employs 6 full-time medical students per year to function as junior residents, taking an active role in delivering surgical pathology and autopsy services, with additional opportunities for teaching, research, and electives. We evaluated residency specialty choices and current practice locations for our department's former post-sophomore fellows (PSFs) who participated in the program from 1995 to 2016. We surveyed them about their reasons for pursuing the post-sophomore fellowship and the program's effect on their clinical practice. From 1995 to 2016, our department employed 126 PSFs, 54 (43%) of whom pursued careers in pathology after completion of the post-sophomore fellowship. This represented 63% of our medical school's graduates who matched into pathology during this time frame (1997-2018; 86 total). Thirteen former PSFs (32.5%) have held academic faculty positions in pathology. PSFs who chose another specialty affirmed the positive influence of the fellowship on their current practice. Our post-sophomore fellowship program is exceptional in the number of students participating each year, and our institution shows a higher percentage of former PSFs pursuing careers in pathology compared to similar studies. The post-sophomore fellowship is an effective tool for recruiting medical students to a career in pathology.
Development and validation of a novel oral oxycodone self-administration protocol for female and male rats

ABSTRACT The increased abuse of opioids - such as oxycodone - poses major challenges for health and socioeconomic systems. Here we present a novel oral oxycodone self-administration paradigm in rats that recapitulates key aspects of prescription opioid abuse: voluntary drug intake, long-term opioid exposure, measurable levels of dependence, and increased motivation to take drug. Adult female and male Long-Evans rats were given unlimited, home cage access to two bottles containing water (Control rats) or one bottle of water and one bottle of Oxycodone dissolved in water (Experimental rats). Virtually all Experimental rats voluntarily drank oxycodone (~10 mg/kg/day) and escalated their intake over 22 weeks. Females self-administered twice as much oxycodone as males, leading to greater levels of oxycodone in blood, and engaged in more gnawing behavior. Precipitated withdrawal revealed high levels of dependence in both sexes in the total withdrawal score and in individual withdrawal behaviors. Reflecting motivation to drink oxycodone, citric acid at ascendant concentrations suppressed the intake of oxycodone (Experimental rats) and the intake of water (Control rats); however Experimental rats returned to pre-citric acid preference levels whereas Controls rats did not. Finally, long-term exposure to oxycodone reduced the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome compared to water Controls but had varying effects on the relative abundance of select bacterial Phyla. Thus, our model reproduces in female and male rats many of the features of human oxycodone abuse, and provides a paradigm for both understanding mechanisms that mediate long-term voluntary drug use and for exploring potential treatment options.
Adaptive Neural Organization of Naked Mole-Rat Somatosensation (and Those Similarly Challenged)

The somatosensory system of subterranean mammals has received relatively little attention in comparison to their visual and auditory systems. In this chapter we will briefly summarize recent findings on somatosensory organization in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). We will compare this information with previous findings from other subterranean rodents and some non-rodent subterranean mammals, and we will contrast this picture of adaptation to life underground with neural and behavioral organization in appropriate non-subterraneanmammals. The analysis suggests that subterranean mammals are somatosensory specialists in the same sense that bats and barn owls are auditory specialists, and that the subterraneans will provide general insights into brain function and its evolution in a manner similar to the well-known examples from the auditory domain.
Human caregivers perceive racial bias in their pet dogs

Is there any empirical support for the popular stereotype that dogs are racist? As an initial inquiry into this question, we investigated whether human caregivers perceive racial bias in the behavi...
COVID-19 and ST elevations–keep an open mind: a case report

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with a range of cardiovascular manifestations, including myocardial injury and thrombo-embolism. Pulmonary embolism (PE) causing anteroseptal/anterior ST elevations that mimic myocardial infarction have previously been described. This phenomenon is thought to be related to right ventricular injury from large emboli. Case summary A 48-year-old woman with history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented to her local hospital with fever, cough, nausea, and dyspnoea. A test for SARS-CoV-2 was taken, and she was discharged with instructions to self-quarantine. She was subsequently notified of a positive SARS-CoV-2 result. Three days later, she re-presented with worsening dyspnoea and respiratory failure requiring intubation. On hospital Day 6, she became acutely hypoxic and hypotensive. Telemetry was noted to have ST changes, prompting ECG that revealed sinus tachycardia with prominent new ST elevations in her precordial leads. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular function; however, the right ventricle was moderately dilated with positive McConnell's sign. Due to her unstable clinical state and high suspicion for PE, she was treated with tenecteplase 50 mg i.v. with complete resolution of her ST elevations and improved oxygenation. Discussion Given the high rates of thrombo-embolic events in COVID-19 patients, PE should be in the differential diagnosis of ST elevation, particularly in younger patients with few risk factors for coronary artery disease.
Hydroxychloroquine can impair tumor response to anti-PD1 in subcutaneous mouse models.

Summary Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a well-known anti-inflammatory drug but is also known as an anti-inflammatory drug. Here, we evaluate the influence of HCQ treatment on the effect of anti-PD1 tumor immunotherapy. Anti-PD1 therapy-sensitive tumor lines MC38, CT26, and RIL-175 were used to investigate the impact of HCQ on anti-PD1 therapy efficacy. In vitro assays demonstrated that HCQ directly inhibited tumor cell growth in all the tested tumor cell lines. HCQ treatment impaired both antigen-specific and nonspecific T-cell production of TNFα and IFNγ in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in all the three tumor models, HCQ treatment significantly impaired the response to anti-PD1 treatment, accompanying diminished in vivo T-cell activation and reduced tumor-infiltrating, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. This study shows that HCQ treatment can result in immunotherapy failure due to its immunosuppressive effects that offset both increased MHC-I expression by tumor cell and direct cytotoxicity.
Telehealth Patient Portal: Opportunities and Reality

A patient portal is a secure access for patients and providers into an electronic health record. The electronic interaction allows for information, education, interactive visits, appointments, follow-up, and empowerment for patients. For providers it allows for feedback and a powerful tool for patient management. The portal is widely applied by health-care systems and has been a success. There are serious problems for privacy and misunderstanding. However, these are not insuperable matters and the tool gets better going forward. The potential is enormous to enrich patient relationships with providers and family caregivers. The prospect is for full integration into the electronic record and allows the patient to manage information as it is sent to other care providers in primary care away from the facility which manage the portal. Obviously, patients with greater facility for digital communication are favored, but there are great possibilities to educate patients and make the tool ubiquitous. Integration of video telemedicine into the tool is not well advanced, and integration into home monitoring is only at its inception. This mechanism for a new and better interaction between patients and providers deserves attention by patients and providers in order to reach the potential value with input from all parties.
WSDM 2021 Tutorial on Systematic Challenges and Computational Solutions on Bias and Unfairness in Peer Review

Peer review is the backbone of scientific research. Yet peer review is called "biased," "broken," and "unscientific" in many scientific disciplines. This problem is further compounded with the near-exponentially growing number of submissions in various computer science conferences. Due to the prevalence of "Matthew effect'' of rich getting richer in academia, any source of unfairness in the peer review system, such as those discussed in this tutorial, can considerably affect the entire career trajectory of (young) researchers. This tutorial will discuss a number of systemic challenges in peer review such as biases, subjectivity, miscalibration, dishonest behavior, and noise. For each issue, the tutorial will first present insightful experiments to understand the issue. Then the tutorial will present computational techniques designed to address these challenges. Many open problems will be highlighted which are envisaged to be exciting to the WSDM audience, and will lead to significant impact if solved.
Strigolactone significantly increases lead uptake by dwarf sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Phytoextraction of toxic metals from soil by hyperaccumulating plants is an increasingly common and effective method of bioremediation. This process is often enhanced through the addition of specif...
Social-Emotional Learning Interventions in Youth Sport: What Matters in Design?

Social skill development among socially vulnerable youth is a growing concern due to structural risk factors in schools and communities. Research suggests sport-based positive youth development (PYD) programs are contexts that can be leveraged to support social skill development. One gap in our research is exploration of whether SEL curricula and instruction, delivered via positive verbal reinforcements and tangible incentives (i.e., buttons) in sport-based PYD programs, can positively influence the development of social skills among socially vulnerable youth. To address this gap, we analyzed pre- and post-test survey data from 301 socially vulnerable youth who attended a 19-day sport-based PYD summer camp. The summer camp curriculum was focused on four social skills: (1) Self-control, (2) Effort, (3), Teamwork, and, (4) Social Responsibility (S.E.T.S). We used youth self-report items and hierarchical regression analyses to assess the influence of: (1) verbal reinforcements; (2) tangible incentives (S.E.T.S. buttons); and, (3) the valuation of tangible incentives, to determine whether these SEL instructional techniques contributed to growth in each of the four social skills. Results indicated that both verbal reinforcements and the value placed on the S.E.T.S. buttons positively predicted the youth’s post-camp S.E.T.S. scores after controlling for the pre-camp scores. The number of buttons received, however, was not a significant predictor in our analyses. Findings indicate curriculum alignment and training youth sport leaders and social workers to draw connections between sport activities and social skills may be critical to supporting positive developmental outcomes. Notably, researchers advocate youth sport can be leveraged to support SEL instruction and skill development.
Noise-Resilient DNN: Tolerating Noise in PCM-Based AI Accelerators via Noise-Aware Training

Phase change memory (PCM)-based “Analog-AI” accelerators are gaining importance for inference in edge applications due to the energy efficiency offered by in-memory computing. Nevertheless, noise sources inherent to PCM devices cause inaccuracies in the deep neural network (DNN) weight values. Such inaccuracies can lead to severe degradation in model accuracy. To address this, we propose two techniques to improve noise resiliency of DNNs: 1) drift regularization (DR) and 2) multiplicative noise training (MNT). We evaluate convolutional networks trained on image classification and recurrent neural networks trained on language modeling and show that our techniques improve model accuracy by up to 12% over one month.
Theories of Protein Denaturation During Frozen Storage of Fish Flesh

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses that deterioration in the quality of frozen fish product has long been noted and studies to understand and to prevent the loss of quality during frozen storage were begun as far back as five decades ago. Deterioration in flavor (such as, off-flavor, rancidity, bitterness, or an undesirable fishy taste) is believed to be due to the formation of low-molecular weight compounds from lipid oxidation or protein degradation. To quantify the undesirable deteriorative characteristics mentioned, scientists have tried to correlate them with various analytical parameters, mostly associated with the phenomena of protein denaturation. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of extracted fish proteins give more in-depth information on the changes that have occurred at the molecular level during frozen storage. Many factors have been reported to cause protein denaturation during frozen storage of fishery products, which can be grouped into three categories such as:factors related to changes in fish moisture; factors related to changes in fish lipids; and factors related to the activity of a specific enzyme (TMAOase). The effect of fish lipids on protein during frozen storage varies according to the state of the lipids. It has been observed that some fish species, even those with similar chemical composition, are less stable than others during frozen storage. This chapter also discusses that little is known about the role of other muscle constituents such as, the nucleotides, carbohydrates, small peptides, and free amino acids in the various protein denaturation mechanisms encountered during frozen storage.
Performance issues for the 88110 RISC microprocessor

The Motorola 88110 RISC (reduced instruction set computer) microprocessor is a second-generation, superscalar implementation of the 88000 architecture that is capable of achieving extremely high-performance for a broad class of general-purpose and scientific applications. In order to attain this performance, however, a balance is needed between hardware and software. With the development of optimizing compilers and accurate simulation tools for the 88110 it has been possible to begin tuning 88110 performance long before a system becomes available for software development and experimentation. The author describes the compilation and simulation environments developed for the 88110, and summarizes a number of key performance issues for the processor. >
Variational calculus and approximate solution of optimal control problems

Variational calculus is a differential process whereby Taylor series expansions can be developed on a term-by-term basis. Therefore, it can be used to obtain the equations which must be solved for the various-order terms arising from the application of regular perturbation theory to problems involving a small parameter. Variational calculus is summarized and applied to the approximate analytical solution of the optimal control problem. First, the various-order equations are obtained directly for a particular problem. Then, assuming that the zeroth-order solution is almost good enough, the equations for the first-order correction are obtained for the general optimal control problem and applied to the particular problem. The first-order solution is the same as the neighboring extremal for the given value of the parameter.
From 'sots-romanticism' to rom-com: The Strugatskiis' Monday Begins on Saturday as a film comedy

The Strugatskii brothers’ novella Ponedel’nik nachinaetsia v subbotu ( Monday Begins on Saturday ; 1965) imagines bright young scientists working at the cutting edge between quantum physics and folktale sorcery in a setting that was undeniably contemporary and local. I argue that the story can be best understood as ‘soc(ialist) romanticism’ – an aesthetic mode that celebrates the possibilities for individual questing and agency in late Soviet socialism. Konstantin Bromberg’s 1982 adaptation of the Strugatskiis’ story abandons both the romanticism and complexity of the novella, but, by incorporating elements of the‘youth film’, it represents a different kind of Soviet rom-com.
Oligodeoxynucleotide probes for Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on 16S rRNA sequences.

Deoxyoligonucleotide probes were constructed for the identification of Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on 16S rRNA sequence data. Probes were targeted to hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA. Specificity of oligonucleotide probes was tested in a colony blot assay with type strains of 15 Campylobacter and Arcobacter species as well as in a slot blot format using genomic DNA extracted from field strains of C. fetus and C. hyointestinalis. Two oligonucleotides were constructed for C. fetus that hybridized with equal specificity with each of 57 biochemically confirmed isolates of C. fetus but not with any other Campylobacter species. The C. hyointestinalis probe reacted with 47 of 48 biochemically confirmed field isolates of C. hyointestinalis. In Southern blot hybridization of BglII digests of genomic DNA, the respective probes reacted within three restriction fragments of either C. hyointestinalis (7.2, 8.2, and 10.1 kb) or C. fetus (7.0, 7.7, and 9.0 kb). This suggests multiple copies of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Images
Womens experiences of HIV testing and counselling in the labour ward: a case of Bwaila hospital

Introduction: HIV counseling and testing during labour can be emotional, but is important because it allows mothers and babies to receive PMTCT prophylaxis if previous identification of HIV infection has not occurred. The study explores how HIV testing and counseling during early labour affects women. Methodology: This was a qualitative exploratory study to understand women’s experiences during early labor. From September to October 2009, we conducted 10 indepth interviews with women who tested for HIV during early labour. We recruited women who tested > 3 months previously and those who had never tested for HIV from the postpartum ward of Bwaila Hospital. Data were analyzed manually using the life story approach in order to examine and analyse subjective experiences of women and their constructions of the social world. Transcripts were read multiple times to understand meanings which participants attached to their experiences. We coded data according to emerging themes and subthemes. Results: Ten women 20-35 years were interviewed. Eight women had unknown HIV status while two had known HIV results but re-tested to update their status. Four women were found HIV-positive while 6 were HIVnegative. The primary theme was that women appreciated and accepted HIV testing and counseling. Testing was accepted as a necessary step to protect the infant from HIV infection. Counseling was viewed as helpful for acceptance of HIV status. One key subtheme was that HIV positive women experienced disappointment about their HIV diagnosis, though this was outweighed by the knowledge that one could protect her infant. All women viewed the short time to complete the counseling and testing procedures as favourable. Conclusion : Labour testing is acceptable and should be promoted to enhance PMTCT services by identifying HIV positive women with unknown status. Counseling helps women to accept being found with HIV and seek appropriate services.
Adenosine triphosphate induces a low [Ca2+]i sensitivity of phosphorylation and an unusual form of receptor desensitization in smooth muscle

The contractile sensitivity of smooth muscle to changes in myoplasmic [Ca2+] is dependent on the form of stimulation. Both myosin phosphorylation and force are less sensitive to increases in [Ca2+]i derived from Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels than to increases in [Ca2+] induced by agents which release internal Ca2+ stores. We hypothesized that activation of receptor-operated channels should produce a [Ca2+]i sensitivity similar to that induced by opening L channels. Aequorin-estimated myoplasmic [Ca2+] and myosin light chain phosphorylation were measured in swine carotid media tissues stimulated with ATP, an activator of the only known receptor-operated cation channel in smooth muscle. ATP, via activation of a P2x purinergic receptor, induced large, transient increases in [Ca2+]i, yet only small transient elevations in phosphorylation or force. Rapid desensitization to ATP was partially, but not completely, caused by hydrolysis of ATP into adenosine since 1) alpha-beta-methylene ATP (a poorly hydrolyzable analog of ATP) produced larger, yet still transient increases in [Ca2+]i, phosphorylation, and force; 2) BW A1433U, a P1 (adenosine) receptor antagonist, enhanced ATP-induced contractions; and 3) ATP, but not alpha-beta-methylene ATP increased bath [adenosine]. The [Ca2+]i sensitivity of phosphorylation during P2x receptor activation was similar to that observed with KCl-depolarization-induced opening of L channels, supporting the hypothesis that transplasmalemmal Ca2+ influx produces less phosphorylation and force than mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Cumulative additions of higher alpha-beta-methylene ATP concentrations induced repeated transient contractions, indicative of an unusual form of receptor desensitization which could be explained if the affinity of the P2x receptor for ATP, but not the receptor number were rapidly reduced.
A cognitive neuroscience of visual cognition: Further developments.

Publisher Summary This chapter indicates how a theory of visual imagery has developed more recently. The chapter uses an approach that relies not only on results from neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, but also on computational analyses of how a machine with the structure of the brain could function in specific ways. The chapter outlines some key properties of imagery that must be explained. the implications of facts about the primate visual system and memory system for how the brain might produce these behaviors are considered. The chapter has briefly sketched some of the directions in which a theory of visual mental imagery may develop. The key innovations have been driven in part by recent discoveries about the neural underpinnings of vision and in part by developments in computer vision. At this stage, in the history of the field, perhaps the most important thing about such theorizing is that it leads to innovative new empirical research. If it does, the theory is serving a crucial role.
The Role of Staging Laparoscopy and Peritoneal Cytology in Gastric Cancer

Staging laparoscopy is an important yet underutilized tool in the treatment of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. The principle goal of staging laparoscopy is to identify patients with operable primary lesions absent of macroscopic or microscopic metastatic disease. Despite appropriate preoperative radiographic staging, approximately a quarter of the patients with seemingly operable disease are in fact found to have occult gross metastatic lesions on staging laparoscopy. Moreover, patients with advanced lesions (serosal invasion, nodal disease) are particularly at a high risk of microscopic metastases into the surrounding peritoneal fluid. Sampling the peritoneal fluid for free tumor cells during laparoscopy identifies patients with microscopic metastatic disease, a diagnosis that portends a similarly poor prognosis to patients with gross metastatic disease. Identifying these patients prior to laparotomy not only saves the patient the morbidity of a needless major surgery but also prevents the delay of further chemotherapy.
Effect of a charged scanned probe microscope tip on a subsurface electron gas

Abstract Using a cryogenic scanned probe microscope (SPM) one can locally modify the sheet density of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), and image the ballistic flow of electrons through a point contact in the 2DEG located beneath the surface of a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. We calculate the capacitively induced change in sheet density when a charged SPM tip is brought into contact with a semiconductor heterostructure containing a two-dimensional electron gas. A simple scattering model, based on a local change in sheet density, is used to analyze experimental data taken with the SPM method described above.
Using Hypothetical P-O-X Situations in Studies of Balance: The Problem of N"Misconstrual"

Each of 48 subjects was presented with four hypothetical situations involving two persons, P and 0, and an impersonal attitude object, X, and asked to make up stories about them. Each situation described P and 0 as either liking or disliking one another and as having either positive or negative attitudes toward X. The stories that subjects made up revealed that they sometimes "misconstrued" the situations. In particular, their stories about situations involving agreement between P and 0 in their attitudes toward X often depicted P and 0 as being in disagreement or conflict with one another, especially when the situations also involved disliking between P and 0. These "misconstruals" represent a discrepancy between the way in which subjects actually interpret hypothetical P-O-X situations of the kind frequently used in studies of balance, and the way in which researchers intend for subjects to interpret the situations. When such misconstruals occur, it is difficult to make sense of the results of research ...
The Mediational Role of Adolescents' Friends in Relations between Activity Breadth and Adjustment.

This investigation addresses the mediational role of friends' characteristics between adolescents' activity breadth (i.e., variety in activity participation) and their later adjustment. Data were drawn from 2 longitudinal studies: the Childhood and Beyond (CAB; N = 925) study and the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS; N = 1,338). Adolescents at Time 2 in each study (8th, 9th, and 11th graders in CAB and 8th graders in MADICS) reported on the breadth of their participation across 5 activity settings: sports, religious, volunteering, community, and school. Friends' characteristics and adolescent adjustment were reported by adolescents at Times 1 and 3. Friends' positive characteristics significantly mediated relations between activity breadth and adolescent depressive affect, self-worth, alcohol use, and problem behavior in both studies. Friends' negative characteristics significantly mediated these relations in CAB, but not in MADICS.
Structural, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Small Ni Clusters

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of small Nin clusters (n = 4, 5, 6, 8, 13) are studied at the self-consistent-field multireference configuration interaction singles level using the...
The Journal-Reading Habits of Practicing MFTs

Although authors in the field of family therapy are calling for bridging the gap between clinicians and researchers, it is not clear how well this integration is occurring in our journals. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the strengths of journal articles for clinicians; identify what weaknesses might exist; and share the implication of this information for authors, editors, or reviewers. In Phase 1, 42 practicing family therapists responded to an open-ended survey to determine the ways in which journal articles are helpful in their practice. Surveys were analyzed through analytic induction and constant comparative methods. In Phase 2, we surveyed family therapy journal editors and asked them about strategies to increase readership among clinicians in journals. In both phases, we identified both themes and categories. Findings indicated that family therapists believe journal articles are helpful when they provide new insights, discuss research relevant to practice, and are e...
Overview of the security architecture of the Comprehensive Maritime Awareness system

The Comprehensive Maritime Awareness (CMA) system tries to identify anomalous behavior and potential threats associated with the global maritime domain that could impact the United States and coalition partners' security. It analyzes data from multiple sources that impose different data handling requirements, to discover potential threats. Security architecture and mechanisms are essential enablers for data sharing. More data stewards will share their data when they feel secure with the data protection mechanism of the system that will host their data. Critical technologies for data protection and access mediation for CMA are Oracle label security (OLS) and attribute-based access control (ABAC) based on federated identity management. Federated identity providers use security assertion markup language (SAML) 2.0 as a protocol to exchange user identity and attributes. This paper provides a high-level overview of the CMA security architecture. It explains how different security mechanisms seamlessly work together to protect data and mediate access.