cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An embedded broadband impedance matching technique for microstrip patch antennas

An impedance matching technique for enhanced bandwidth is presented for implementation in edge-fed and aperture-coupled microstrip patch antennas. An additional piece of transmission line is placed at the output (terminal plane) of the microstrip antenna and is used in conjunction with a series capacitor to obtain a second resonance. The series capacitor has to be chosen so that it cancels the inductive component that is introduced by the transmission line. Since a small capacitance is needed at W-band frequencies, fabrication can be kept simple by printing an interdigital capacitor in series with the line. To keep the area occupied by the antenna and the matching network small, an inset feed is used to control the input impedance. As result, a major portion of the transmission line is embedded in the patch structure itself and a very compact size is obtained. The simple and intuitive design, the compact size and the easy implementation and fabrication make the proposed method a good choice for many applications.
PRICE-ADMISSIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR ARBITRAGE-FREE LINEAR PRICE FUNCTION MODELS FOR THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES

To assure price admissibility—that all bond prices, yields, and forward rates remain positive—we show how to control the state variables within the class of arbitrage-free linear price function models for the evolution of interest rate yield curves over time. Price admissibility is necessary to preclude cash-and-carry arbitrage, a market imperfection that can happen even with a risk-neutral diffusion process and positive bond prices. We assure price admissibility by (i) defining the state variables to be scaled partial sums of weighted coefficients of the exponential terms in the bond pricing function, (ii) identifying a simplex within which these state variables remain price admissible, and (iii) choosing a general functional form for the diffusion that selectively diminishes near the simplex boundary. By assuring that prices, yields, and forward rates remain positive with tractable diffusions for the physical and risk-neutral measures, an obstacle is removed from the wider acceptance of interest rate methods that are linear in prices.
Fungal biodiversity: what do we know? What can we predict?

Although fungi are among the most important organisms in the world, only limited and incomplete information is currently available for most species and current estimates of species numbers for fungi differ significantly. This lack of basic information on taxonomic diversity has significant implications for many aspects of evolutionary biology. While the figure of 1.5 million estimated fungal species is commonly used, critics have questioned the validity of this estimate. Data on biogeographic distributions, levels of endemism, and host specificity must be taken into account when developing estimates of global fungal diversity. This paper introduces a set of papers that attempt to develop a rigorous, minimum estimate of global fungal diversity based on a critical assessment of current species lists and informed predictions of missing data and levels of endemism. As such, these papers represent both a meta-analysis of current data and a gap assessment to indicate where future research efforts should be concentrated.
Venular reactivity in the hamster cheek pouch and cremaster muscle

Studies of local blood flow control usually ignore vasomotor activity of the venous side of the microcirculation, but there is evidence that venules from a variety of tissues respond to pharmacological (Altura, 1978, 1981), and physiological stimuli (Marshall and Tandon, 1984). To determine whether venous reactivity may be involved in the control of tissue oxygen delivery, we examined the responsiveness of venules of the hamster cheek pouch and cremaster muscle to changes in super-fusion solution oxygen (0,) content. Responses were simultaneously obtained from arterioles for comparison with venous responsiveness and to estimate overaIl microvascular reactivity. As an independent estimate of vascular reactivity, the response to norepinephrine (NE) was also assessed.
The hair cycle and Vitamin D receptor

The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays a critical role in epidermal homeostasis. The ligand-dependent actions of the VDR attenuate epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and promote keratinocyte differentiation. Calcium can compensate for the absence of the VDR in maintaining a normal program of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the effects of VDR ablation on the hair follicle cannot be prevented by maintaining normal calcium levels and are independent of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. These actions of the VDR are critical in the keratinocyte stem cell population that resides in the bulge region of the hair follicle. Absence of a functional VDR leads to a self-renewal and lineage progression defect in this population of stem cells, resulting in the absence of post-morphogenic hair cycles. The molecular partners and downstream target genes of the VDR in this unique population of cells have not yet been identified.
Increased mitochondrial leucyland phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activity as a result of inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis

THE synthesis of certain mitochondrial proteins is inhibited by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, and not by the inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis, chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide1,2. This suggests that these proteins are synthesised on cytoplasmic ribosomes from messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed in the nucleus. Their formation, however, is dependent, in some way, on mitochondrial protein synthesis, as growth in the presence of inhibiting concentrations of either ethidium bromide or chloramphenicol results in great increases in the specific activity of mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase1, elongation factors, and methionyl-tRNA transformylase, as well as an increase in mitochondrial ribosomal proteins2. This led Barath and Kuntzel1 to propose that the increased synthesis of mitochondrial proteins results from a disruption of mitochondrial control over transcription of nuclear genes specifying the structure of mitochondrial proteins. The model proposes a represser protein, specified and produced by the mitochondrion, that regulates transcription of mitochondrion-specific genes in the nucleus. When synthesis of the putative represser is inhibited by either ethidium bromide or chloramphenicol, the target nuclear genes are transcribed at an increased rate and the production of mitochondrial proteins increases. Although a direct test of Barath and Kuntzel's model would involve identifying the repressor and its targets, some of the underlying assumptions may be checked by measuring the production by Neurospora of the mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase, whose structure is known to be determined by a nuclear gene in the Leu-5 region of linkage group V (refs 3 and 4, and our unpublished results). In this case the site of mRNA synthesis is deduced from formal genetic analysis rather than from patterns of inhibition by inhibitors of protein synthesis. As an internal control we also followed the synthesis of the mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (whose genetics is unknown). We found that the synthesis of the leucyl-tRNA synthetase in response to chloramphenicol, ethidium bromide and cycloheximide fully conformed to Barath and Kuntzel's model. The production of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activity in response to the inhibitors, however, suggests the involvement of either activation of extant enzyme or processing of an inactive precursor molecule as a large component of the increase in the specific activity of the enzyme after treatment with chloramphenicol.
Brain Stimulation for Pain Control

Three areas of the brain have been used for stimulation to control chronic pain. Stimulation of the primary sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus (VPM, VPL) and internal capsule reduce pain by activating large nonpain sensory neurons which produce sensory paresthesias and inhibition of small pain fibers. The third area is the paraventricular gray matter-an area that apparently modulates pain input. Stimulation of this area reduces pain for hours with short periods of stimulation with little or no side effects. Chronic stimulation intermittently over a period of up to three years shows no tendency to tolerance, habitutation, electrode isolation, loss of effectiveness, or tissue destruction.
Reactive distillation process for the production of furfural using solid acid catalysts

This paper presents a continuous reactive distillation process using solid acid catalysts to produce furfural from synthetic and real (pre-hydrolysate liquor (PHL) from wood chip digestion) feeds containing xylose. The reactive distillation process provides a unique advantage of immediate furfural separation from the reaction zone as it is formed, thus minimizing the formation of undesired by-products (e.g., oligomers of furfural/humins) from subsequent furfural condensation reactions. A comprehensive experimental study was carried out using synthetic xylose feeds containing a mixture of pure xylose, water, and sulfolane as a solvent. Among various solid acid catalysts screened for their ability to produce furfural from dehydration of xylose, the zeolite H-mordenite (Si/Al = 10) gave the highest furfural yield (>75%). During this process, the aqueous feed was introduced at the top of the column, and xylose was dehydrated to furfural which was co-distilled with water out of the top of the column. The high-boiling sulfolane, with dissolved undesired byproducts, was collected at the bottom of the column. Steam-stripping was found to be helpful in effective separation of furfural from the reaction zone, thus further enhancing furfural yield. This study was extended to using authentic aqueous PHL feed. Salts present in this feed resulted in significant catalyst deactivation. Pre-treatment of the PHL feed with ion-exchange resin was found to be effective in achieving furfural yields of ∼75%. An in situ catalyst regeneration method was demonstrated successfully and resulted in achieving extended catalyst lifetime and furfural yield, similar to that obtained with synthetic xylose feeds.
Incorporating Stochastic Demand into Breakeven Analysis: A Practical Guide

The plausibility and usefulness of conventional breakeven analysis is augmented by adding a stochastic linear demand function to the basic breakeven equation. The additional complexity from adding this function is not excessive in a mathematical sense, and the payoff to the additional complexity is considerable. Relatively simple explicit analytical formulas are derived for the determination of the price that maximizes expected value of profits, as well as the price that maximizes breakeven probability. A linear stochastic demand function is utilized if price is taken to be the decision variable, but the analysis is exactly analogous if we take quantity (the “production run”) to be the decision variable and utilize the inverse of the demand function, descriptively termed the “price function.” Similarly simple explicit analytical formulas are derived for the determination of the quantity that maximizes expected value of profits and the quantity that maximizes breakeven probability. These optimal price and ...
The ratio of the (n, γ) to (n, 2n) cross-section for thorium-232 bombarded with fission neutrons

Abstract Thorium-232 was exposed to an unmoderated neutron flux produced by uranium-235 fission. The ratio of the integrated cross-sections for the (n, γ) and (n, 2n) reactions [ σ (n, γ)/ σ (n, 2n)] was determined to be 11·3 ± 0·3.
Diffusion into microbial aggregates

Abstract Theoretical work in the biological waste treatment field has been directed at modeling substrate removal processes in fluidized and fixed film microbial systems in terms of the basic rate processes. Much of the research has been directed at delineating the rate limiting steps to simplify the problem. Various researchers have shown that the rate limiting step can be mass transfer through the microbial aggregate to the active sites at the cells. Therefore, any mechanistic model that incorporates mass transfer must be sensitive to variations in the reactant diffusion coefficient through floc material. A direct measure of mass flux has been developed to determine the variations in the diffusion coefficients of glucose and oxygen through microbial aggregates grown under various experimental conditions. A factorial analysis indicated significant changes in the molecular diffusion coefficient with variations in sludge age and carbon-nitrogen ratio in the growth media. Oxygen diffusivity varied from 20 to 100% of its value in water, glucose from 30 to 50%. A simple zero order diffusion-reaction kinetic model for spherical floc was constructed. It indicated that oxygen diffusion limitations are possible in the high rate activated sludge processes with large floc particles.
Individual vocal recognition and the effect of partial lesions to HVc on discrimination, learning, and categorization of conspecific song in adult songbirds

Among songbirds, the capacity to associate particular songs with particular singers (i.e., vocal recognition) forms the cognitive basis for more complex communication behaviors such as female choice and territoriality. In the present study, we combine operant conditioning techniques and excitotoxic lesions to the forebrain nucleus HVc to examine the role of this region in the discrimination, associative learning, and categorization of conspecific song. We trained adult male and female European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, to recognize simultaneously the songs of several conspecific males. Then, using a series of transfer procedures, we demonstrate that correct recognition does not generalize to song bouts containing novel motifs from familiar singers. This suggests that starlings do not make use of individually invariant source or filter characteristics for vocal recognition. We then lesioned a portion of HVc bilaterally with ibotenic acid, and exposed the birds to a series of manipulations testing the discrimination, associative learning, and categorization of conspecific song. The lesions attenuated song production among males, but retention of the basic recognition task (i.e., maintenance of the discrimination) was unaffected. However, when the response contingencies were reversed—as a test of associative learning independent of discrimination—the initial performance and subsequent learning rate were negatively correlated with the size of the HVc lesions. This suggests that HVc plays a role in the formation of associations between a song and some referent. The results of this study are discussed in light of earlier claims regarding the role of HVc in the perceptual processing of conspecific song. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 42: 117–133, 2000
Parabolic dependence of material properties and cell behavior on the composition of polymer networks via simultaneously controlling crosslinking density and crystallinity

Abstract A systematic investigation was performed on regulating materials properties and cell behavior using hybrid networks composed of amorphous poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and three poly(ɛ-caprolactone) diacrylates (PCLDAs) with variance in crystallinity and melting temperature. Through controlling both crosslinking density and crystallinity in the photo-crosslinked PPF/PCLDA blends, mechanical properties could be tuned efficiently in a wide range. For PCLDA synthesized from a low-molecular weight PCL diol precursor with a low crystallinity and a low melting point, crosslinks could completely suppress crystalline domains over the composition range in the PPF/PCLDA networks. Consequently, tensile, shear, torsional, and compression moduli all increased with the composition of PPF or the crosslinking density continuously for amorphous PPF/PCLDA networks. For PCLDAs synthesized using two PCL diols with higher molecular weights, crystallinity remained for the PCLDA compositions between ∼80% and 100%. Minimum moduli and tensile stress at break were found at the lowest required composition of PPF for suppressing crystallinity. Surface physicochemical properties and morphology of the crosslinked blend disks have been characterized and their capabilities of adsorbing proteins from cell culture medium have been determined. Using both mouse MC3T3-E1 cells and rat Schwann cell precursor line (SpL201) cells, cell responses to these polymer networks such as cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation were found to be dramatically distinct on different polymer networks and demonstrated non-monotonic or parabolic dependence on the network composition, coincident with the composition dependence of the mechanical properties.
Interactive Read Alouds: Teachers and Students Constructing Knowledge and Literacy Together

Interactive read alouds are important learning opportunities for emergent readers because teachers and peers can actively model and scaffold comprehension strategies, engage readers, and cultivate a community of learners. Using data from a 9 month ethnographic study in an urban kindergarten classroom, this article describes how the teacher’s approach facilitated rich interaction in the classroom as students read and made sense of stories together. Findings of this study demonstrate how interactive read alouds were important learning opportunities for emergent readers because they provided opportunities for open-ended responses combined with specific reading instruction. The interactive read alouds created a space where meaning was constructed through dialogue and classroom interaction, providing an opportunity for children to respond to literature in a way that builds on their strengths and extends their knowledge.
TH‐E‐AUD‐07: Measurement of the Effect of Shielding in a Tandem and Ovoid Applicator Used in HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: To analyze the effect of shielding present in a Fletcher Suit Delcos ovoid by comparing the dose distribution around it computed by treatment planning system (TPS) to the dose distribution measured using radiochromic film dosimetry for HDR 192 Ir remote afterloader. Methods and Materials: Gafchromic/EBT films were carefully wrapped around the ovoids [diameter 2.0 & 2.5cm] including its anterior and posterior aspects. Origin was marked at the center of one the sources on the colpostat and on the film for spatial coordination. The ovoid was radiated to a dose of 300 cGy. The films were scanned using Vidar VXR‐16 Scanner and analyzed using RIT software. The dose distribution in the planes above, below and on the sides of the ovoid was obtained. 3D analyses of the dose profiles were carried out and the results were compared with the dose distribution computed by TPS which does not account for the presence of shields. Results: The dose reduction in the anterior part of the colpostat affects maximally the dose to the bladder where a reduction up to 15 % [average 11.6%] was noted. The reduction of dose in the posterior part of the colpostat which is designed to shield rectum was found to be as high as 25%. The effect of shields can be seen in some part beyond the shields in a typical subtended solid angle. In the high dose region in the central plane where the shields are not present, insignificant difference in the measured & computed dose values was noticed. Conclusions: Shields were more effective in reducing dose to the rectum than for bladder primarily due to the applicator design. The present TPS substantially over‐estimates the dose to bladder and rectum including regions which lie in the shadow of the solid angle subtended by the shields.
Proton NMR study of the heme complex of hemopexin

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the complex of heme with hemopexin, a plasma protein with an exceptionally high affinity for heme, is reported. Characteristic spectra are shown for heme.hemopexin of cow, human, rabbit, and rat. Each of these spectra demonstrate that the iron of heme bound by hemopexin is paramagnetic and low-spin. Rabbit heme.hemopexin, which exhibits the best signal-to-noise ratio, is studied in detail. Deuterium isotope labeling experiments indicate that the methyls in heme positions 1-, 3-, and 8- are resolved downfield from the protein envelope of resonances; the 5-methyl may lie in the -5 to +12 ppm region. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy locates other protons of the heme periphery, including from the 2-vinyl. Strongly relaxed upfield resonances are identified and assigned to protons on the axial ligands. Cyanide interaction with heme.hemopexin produces an additional low-spin adduct.
Human papillomavirus DNA in nonanogenital keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma of patients with HIV infection

21. tochemical proof of its existence. Arch Path01 Lab Med 1986;110:1029-34. Hawkins KA, SchinellaR, Schwartz M, et al. Simultaneous occurrence of mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Hematol 1983;14:355-62. Davis TH, Morton CC, Miller-Cassman R, et al. Hodgkin’s disease, lymphomatoid papulosis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma derived from a common T-cell clone. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1115-22. 22. Tilly H, Bastard C, Delastre T, et al. Cytogenetic studies in untreated Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 1991;77:1298-304.
Interrelationships of neurochemicals, estrogen, and recurring headache

Recurring headache syndromes, such as migraine, are common problems for women throughout their adult lives. Headache symptoms often fluctuate over the years that they are present and, for most headache sufferers, these changes seem to occur randomly. For many women, however, chronic headache changes in predictable patterns in relation to alterations in hormonal states. Clinically, headache is often modified during menses, pregnancy, and menopause. Although sex hormones are changing with these clinical events, this paper will present the more important link between altered sex hormones and changes in neurochemicals believed to be responsible for recurring headache syndromes according to the neurobiological theory of migraine.
Expression of SNAP-25 during mammalian retinal development: thinking outside the synapse

The SNARE complex is the core machinery required for vesicle fusion events. Numerous structural, functional, and genetic studies have led to a better understanding of mechanisms that regulate vesicle fusion events during neural development. Studies using the mammalian retina as a model system have increased our understanding of the dynamic patterns of expression of SNARE proteins. In particular, the SNARE complex protein SNAP-25 is expressed in a dynamic fashion during the development of cholinergic amacrine cells in a number of mammalian species. SNAP-25 is also likely to play a crucial role during the development of vertebrate photoreceptors. The integration of comparative studies examining SNARE proteins, such as SNAP-25, provides a powerful approach for the study of CNS development.
Pregnant Inmates Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes

Objective To document the risk factors and outcomes of pregnant women incarcerated in a maximum‐security prison. Design Descriptive correlational study. Setting Women's correctional facility. Participants Eighty‐nine pregnant women incarcerated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Main Outcome Measures Medical, obstetric, life‐style, and psychologic risk factors during pregnancy; birth weight; weeks of gestation at delivery; and presence of congenital anomalies in the newborn. Results Numerous risk factors during pregnancy, including chemical dependency, poor nutritional status, poor obstetric histories, high levels of anxiety and depression, and inadequate prenatal care. Conclusions There is a need for intensive prenatal education for incarcerated women and for chemical dependency treatment programs designed specifically for incarcerated pregnant women. Interventions that address psychologic distress also are needed.
Pyrolysis of Wood and Bark in an Auger Reactor: Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of the Produced Bio-oils

Bio-oil was produced at 450 °C by fast pyrolysis in a continuous auger reactor. Four feed stocks were used: pine wood, pine bark, oak wood, and oak bark. After extensive characterization of the whole bio-oils and their pyrolytic lignin-rich ethyl acetate fractions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), calorific values, viscosity dependences on shear rates and temperatures, elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, water analyses, and ash content, these bio-oils were shown to be comparable to bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis in fluidized bed and vacuum pyrolysis processes. This finding suggests that portable auger reactors might be used to produce bio-oil at locations in forests to generate bio-oil on-site for transport of the less bulky bio-oil (versus raw biomass) to biorefineries or power generation units. The pyrolysis reported herein had lower heat transfer rates than those achieved in fluidized bed reactors, suggesting significant further impr...
Politics & Property in Natural Resources

Modern discussions of natural resources focus on increasing public control over extractive industries proposing measures that range from increasing the public's share of the gain via royalties and taxes to regulating extractive activities to prevent environmental problems to outright expropriation of private investments. This Article argues that such efforts are counterproductive because the fundamental economic problem of natural resources is producing the knowledge necessary to locate and extract resource deposits. The public benefit comes from enabling the use of the resources and the increased economic activity their discovery produces rather than from royalties or expropriation. The key question in designing natural resource laws is thus their effects on the incentive to discover and manage resources. Private property rights in natural resources are the best way to provide such incentives. Fortunately, the combination of property rights and tort law principles (trespass and nuisance) enables property rights to solve environmental problems related to natural resource extraction as well.
Intermediate Term Assessment of the Reliability, Function and Patient Satisfaction with the AMS700 Ultrex Penile Prosthesis

AbstractPurpose: The AMS700 Ultrex* *American Medical Systems Inc., Minnetonka, Minnesota.penile prosthesis is an example of the design changes that penile prostheses have undergone to improve mechanical reliability. Few studies have reviewed an overall experience with the AMS700 Ultrex prosthesis. We review patient outcomes, surgical complications, and Ultrex cylinder intermediate term mechanical reliability and function.Materials and Methods: Between March 1990 and November 1994, 145 patients 32 to 79 years old (mean age 58) underwent insertion of an AMS700 Ultrex penile prosthesis. At a followup of 6 to 62 months (mean 42) patients were evaluated with a retrospective clinical record review, and patient and partner questionnaires.Results: From the clinical record review of 145 patients our malfunction, reoperation, infection, erosion, major complication and minor complication rates were 8, 13, 2, 3, 13 and 7%, respectively. Patient responses to our questionnaire showed that 85% were satisfied overall, 8...
Multi-Level Heatsink Optimization

A heatsink is a hierarchical multilevel device with many parameters required for its description. Volume Averaging theory (VAT) is used to used to rigorously cast the point wise conservation of energy, momentum and mass equations into a form that represents the thermal and hydraulic properties of the micro channel (porous media) morphology and to describe the hierarchical nature of the heatsink. Closure for the upper level is obtained using VAT to describe the lower level and a simple plane fin with inner surface augmentation is chosen to demonstrate the process. The lower level augmentation chosen is an in line array of dimples with two parameters, pitch and diameter, needed for their description, along with a scale roughened surface with either forward or downward scales. The mid-level description requires fin pitch, base and tip thickness, shape, and height and the upper-level requires overall heatsink height, width and length, and baseplate thickness. A common size heatsink (4 inch width and length and 1 inch overall height) with a required heat removal of one kilowatt, an inlet temperature of 20°C, and a maximum allowable center temperature of 65°C is used to demonstrate an approach to heatsink optimization. This is an 8 parameter problem. Significant improvement in performance (heat removal/pumping power) and reduction in thermal resistance are shown to be achievable.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Thermal and photochemical reactivity of Os(HNO)(CO)Cl2(PPh3)2: Evidence for photochemical HNO generation

Abstract FTIR studies of the thermal and photochemical reactions of Os(N(O)H)(CO)Cl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) are described. Though 1 is relatively stable, it readily reacts when irradiated to form multiple products, including a metal–carbonyl species and N 2 O, the decomposition product of HNO. The relative yields of products varied depending on whether or not excess CO was present. A model is presented that includes initial photochemical release of HNO from 1 as a significant but not exclusive photoreaction.
Optimal Policy for a Two-Stage Assembly System under Random Demand

This paper considers an inventory system in which an end product is assembled from two components, each of which is ordered from an external supplier. Only the end product has final demand, which is assumed to be random. Using the functional equation approach of dynamic programming, we characterize the forms of both the optimal order policy for the components and the optimal assembly policy of the end product for a multiperiod problem of arbitrary, but finite length. We believe that this work represents the only exact analysis of an MRP-type assembly system when demand is stochastic.
Total knee arthroplasty in patients with prior ipsilateral hip fusion

Sixteen total knee arthroplasties performed between 1977 and 1985 in 13 patients with prior ipsilateral hip arthrodesis or ankylosis were studied to determine the preferred sequence and long-term follow-up of procedures in this clinical setting. Twelve of 16 underwent fusion takedown and total hip arthroplasty prior to knee replacement. The average age at total knee arthroplasty was 52.7 years and the average time from hip fusion to total knee arthroplasty was 36.3 years. Mean follow-up after total knee arthroplasty was 5.5 years (range, 2.3 to 10 years). The Hospital for Special Surgery knee score increased from a mean of 31.8 preoperatively to 72.2 after surgery. In patients who had conversion of the hip fusion prior to knee replacement, knee scores were 28 before and 72.5 after both procedures. Patients who retained their hip fusion had mean scores of 43.5 and 72.1, respectively. None of the knees has been removed and 14 of 16 had no pain at last follow-up. One had mild pain and one had moderate pain attributed to pes anserine bursitis. Although the numbers are small, this experience reveals that takedown of the fusion with total hip arthroplasty is an effective technique before performing the knee replacement. Though successful in some instances, the experience is too small to show that if hip fusion is in good position, knee replacement without fusion takedown is acceptable.
An experimental study of 2-d phase separation phenomena

Abstract Experiments were performed to study phase separation and distribution phenomena in a 2-D test section. The conditions tested were intended to simulate the “chimney effect” that may occur during reflood in a pressurized water nuclear reactor (PWR) core after a hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). Such flow situations may enhance the cooling of the higher powered assemblies during reflood. The countercurrent two-phase flow conditions expected in a PWR were simulated using air/water in a special 2-D test section having two inlet and two outlet ports. The void fraction distribution across the test section was measured with a γ-ray densitometer for different flow conditions, including various flow rates, flow qualities and flow splits between the four ports. These flow conditions were run for cases with and without vertical rods mounted inside the test section. These rods were intended to simulate the effect of the lateral resistance to the flow due to fuel rods in a PWR core. It was found that the presence of the rods dramatically reduced the degree of recirculation observed. A variety of flow regimes were observed, including regions of single-phase water and air, and bubbly, slug and churn—turbulent flows. It is felt that these data form an excellent basis for the assessment of multidimensional two-fluid models of two-phase flow.
Urinary Incontinence in a Community-residing Elderly Population

A self-administered postal questionnaire was presented to all attending members (843) of local summer meetings of a national association for retired persons. A 71% response rate (599) revealed that 33% of the total sample population experienced some form of urinary incontinence. Twenty-three and seven-tenths percent (142) experienced occasional urine dribbling, 2.3% (14) were unable to prevent involuntary emptying of their bladder, and 7.3% (44) suffered both problems. Eighty-three percent of the respondents were between the ages of 65 and 85 years. Females accounted for 75% of all respondents. Respondents 75 years of age or older had a higher occurrence of all forms of urinary incontinence (P = .057), and a strong association existed with the same age-group and uncontrolled emptying of the bladder (P = .02). Thirty-seven percent of the females and 22% of the males reported having had an incontinent episode (P = .002). High parity (four or more births) was significantly associated with incontinence in females (P = .04). These survey findings provide prevalence estimates of urinary incontinence that are greater than those previously reported and show statistical differences by age and gender. The study population is not representative of all the noninstitutionalized elderly, but consists primarily of individuals who are active, ambulatory, generally healthy and may underestimate the magnitude of the problem. Urinary incontinence is substantiated as a major health problem in even the most functional community-residing elderly citizens.
The planar cell-polarity gene stbm regulates cell behaviour and cell fate in vertebrate embryos

The gene strabismus (stbm)/Van Gogh (Vang) functions in the planar cell-polarity pathway in Drosophila. As the existence of such a pathway in vertebrates has not been firmly established, we investigated the functions and signalling activities encoded by stbm in vertebrate embryos. In regard to cell fate, inhibition of Stbm function in zebrafish embryos leads to reduction of anterior neural markers, whereas gain of function leads to a rise in the levels of these markers. In regard to cell behaviour, both gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays reveal a role for Stbm in mediating cell movements during gastrulation. Mechanistically, Stbm inhibits Wnt-mediated activation of β-catenin-dependent transcription while promoting phosphorylation of c-Jun- and AP-1-dependent transcription. This complex effect on intracellular signalling pathways probably involves dishevelled (dsh), as Stbm was found to interact with the Dsh protein, and as Dsh is known to function in both planar cell-polarity and β-catenin pathways in Drosophila.
CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY IN THE GENUS ARTEMISIA

The sesquiterpenic lactones of the family Compositae represent a group of compounds that appear to be of common origin and formed by closely allied biosynthetic processes. They provide an attractive means for further assessing the potential value of chemical characters in chemosystematics, and for examining presently accepted classifications within the family.
The solar spectrum from Fraunhofer to Skylab—an appreciation of the contributions of Charlotte E. Moore Sitterly

The history of spectroscopy is reviewed with particular reference to the observation and identification of the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum. The contributions of Joseph von Fraunhofer, H. A. Rowland, and Charlotte E. Moore are discussed. The observational material is reviewed and includes the ultraviolet solar spectra obtained from rockets and from Skylab.
Genetic analysis of human milk by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Ductal lavage is a technique for early breast cancer detection in high-risk women. During this procedure, exfoliated epithelial cells are flushed out of the milk ducts of nonlactating women and the collected cells are analyzed for cellular changes associated with breast cancer. A recently developed protocol uses interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) to detect specific chromosomal aneusomies known to be associated with breast cancer. The ability to perform I-FISH on breast milk will prove to be valuable to lactating women who are at high risk for breast cancer or who develop symptoms while breastfeeding. Using established protocols for analyzing peripheral blood lymphocytes, amniocytes, and epithelial cells in urine and breast duct lavage samples as a guide, a protocol for I-FISH of human breast milk has been developed. Cell isolation, fixation, pretreatment, denaturation, hybridization, and washings were optimized to produce slides of high quality, sensitivity, and specificity.
The Sizable Role of Rehypothecation in the Shadow Banking System

This paper examines the sizable role of rehypothecation in the shadow banking system. Rehypothecation is the practice that allows collateral posted by, say, a hedge fund to its prime broker to be used again as collateral by that prime broker for its own funding. In the United Kingdom, such use of a customer’s assets by a prime broker can be for an unlimited amount of the customer’s assets while in the United States rehypothecation is capped. Incorporating estimates for rehypothecation (and the associated re-use of collateral) in the recent crisis indicates that the collapse in non-bank funding to banks was sizable. We show that the shadow banking system was at least 50 percent bigger than documented so far. We also provide estimates from the hedge fund industry for the “churning” factor or re-use of collateral. From a policy angle, supervisors of large banks that report on a global consolidated basis may need to enhance their understanding of the off-balance sheet funding that these banks receive via rehypothecation from other jurisdictions.
Tobacco control in patients treated for chronic pain: a survey of pain fellowship program directors.

Background and Objectives Previous studies have established the relationship between tobacco use and pain severity among patients suffering from chronic pain. Unfortunately, many physicians feel underprepared to counsel patients on smoking cessation. The purpose of this study was to identify the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of pain medicine fellowship directors in regard to tobacco control interventions and trainee education. Methods Program directors of ACGME-accredited pain medicine fellowships were surveyed via a web-based form to assess current practices in tobacco intervention and to gauge interest in incorporating tobacco control into their current fellowship training curriculum. Results Of the respondents, the majority indicated that they frequently asking their patients about tobacco use and advise them to quit. In addition, most agreed that presenting tobacco control is a responsibility of pain physicians. However, few consistently provided any assistance with quitting. Finally, the majority of program directors felt that pain medicine fellowships should include tobacco control training and were interested in incorporating an educational module about smoking and pain into their training program. Conclusions This survey of pain medicine fellowship program directors indicates that although smoking cessation interventions are not being consistently applied in academic pain practices, there is a strong interest in doing so. Furthermore, the majority of program directors recognized the importance of incorporating tobacco control training into pain medicine fellowships. This recognition may provide an opportunity to develop a web-based training module that could be easily incorporated into the upcoming milestones in pain medicine training.
Dithiothreitol activation of some chloroplast enzymes in extracts of etiolated pea seedlings

Abstract Dithiothreitol treatment produces marked stimulation of the activity of the light-activated enzymes ribulose-5-P kinase, NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, NAD-linked glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, and NADP-linked malic dehydrogenase, and inactivation of the light-inactivated oxidative pentose phosphate pathway enzyme glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, in extracts of etiolated pea seedlings. It seems likely that light activation or inactivation of these enzymes can occur as soon as the photochemical apparatus becomes functional.
Windows of opportunity: Lead poisoning prevention, housing affordability, and energy conservation

We used housing demolition and window replacement rates to forecast prevalence trends for childhood lead poisoning and lead paint hazards from 1990 to 2010 for the President’s Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children. The mid-point of that forecast has now been validated by national blood lead data and the 1998–2000 National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. The validation of the task force model and new analysis of these survey data indicate that window replacement explains a large part of the substantial reduction in lead poisoning that occurred from 1990 to 2000. A public-private effort to increase window replacement rates could help eliminate childhood lead poisoning by 2010. This effort would also improve home energy efficiency and affordability, in addition to reducing air pollution from power plants, and a broader initiative could reduce other housing-related health risks as well.
How Sensitive Is the Association between Ozone and Daily Deaths to Control for Temperature

Rationale: Air pollution has been associated with changes in daily mortality. Objectives: Generally, studies use Poisson regression, with complicated modeling strategies, to control for season and weather, raising concerns that the results may be sensitive to these modeling protocols. For studies of ozone, weather control is a particular problem because high ozone days are generally quite hot. Methods: The case-crossover approach converts this problem into a case-control study, where the control for each person is the same person on a day near in time, when he or she did not die. This method controls for season and individual risk factors by matching. One can also choose the control day to have the same temperature as the event day. Measurements: I have applied this approach to a study of more than 1 million deaths in 14 U.S. cities. Main results: I found that, with matching on temperature, a 10-ppb increase in maximum hourly ozone concentrations was associated with a 0.23% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0...
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Mosaicism: Utilization as a Cell Marker in the Study of Leiomyomas

The sex-linked electrophoretic variants A and B of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied in 86 samples of myometrium and 27 leiomyomas from five heterozygous women. All but one sample of myometrium had both A and B bands in equal or nearly equal amounts. In contrast to this, all of the leiomyomas had either an A band or a B band. Both A and B tumors were found in all uteri. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these tumors arose from single cells.
Navajo Syllogisms: Structures and Use

Modern cognitive anthropology has shifted its interests from analyzing groups of related lexemes to analyzing discourse with emphasis on the schemata that provide coherence to speech. Logical inference patterns such as syllogisms play an important role in these schemata and have received attention in the recent literature. The results of an investigation into the structural validity and folkloric use of Navajo syllogisms are reported in this article. The syllogism is found to be a valid reasoning pattern in Navajo and a key schematic feature of Navajo folk tales.
Ships for this new ocean

Abstract The voyages of Christopher Columbus are invoked by Americans more than any other historical analog to capture the ethos of the manned space program. A better analogy would be Leif Ericksson. He and his fellow Norsemen reached North America five centuries before Columbus by travelling in the most remarkable sailing vessels of their time. Not until Columbus, however, did Europeans have at their disposal a robust maritime technology that would allow them to not only reach the Western hemisphere but also to sail back and forth to Europe reliably. Over the last forty-five years, the United States has developed space launch vehicles that can carry astronauts to near-Earth orbit and even to the moon. It has failed, however, to develop the space ship that can do for the United States what the caravel did for Columbus. The current program to build a new suite of launch vehicles simply recycles old technology. It builds longships, not caravels. To achieve its goals for manned spaceflight, NASA must first build a safe, reliable, and economical launch vehicle.
Age-related differences in weighting and masking of two cues to word-final stop voicing in noise.

Because laboratory studies are conducted in optimal listening conditions, often with highly stylized stimuli that attenuate or eliminate some naturally occurring cues, results may have constrained applicability to the “real world.” Such studies show that English-speaking adults weight vocalic duration greatly and formant offsets slightly in voicing decisions for word-final obstruents. Using more natural stimuli, Nittrouer [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 1777–1790 (2004)] found different results, raising questions about what would happen if experimental conditions were even more like the real world. In this study noise was used to simulate the real world. Edited natural words with voiced and voiceless final stops were presented in quiet and noise to adults and children (4to8years) for labeling. Hypotheses tested were (1) Adults (and perhaps older children) would weight vocalic duration more in noise than in quiet; (2) Previously reported age-related differences in cue weighting might not be found in this real-wo...
Hyperbolic Distortion of Conformal Maps at Corners

We consider conformal self-maps φ of the unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\) onto simply connected domains. We assume φ is continuous in a neighborhood of a point \(\zeta\in\partial\mathbb{D}\) , with φ(ζ) of modulus one, and that \(\partial\varphi(\mathbb{D})\) has a corner at φ(ζ). We prove that the modulus of the hyperbolic derivative of φ tends to a limit along certain simple curves in the disk that end at ζ non-tangentially. Moreover, we prove that the value of this limit depends only on the geometry of the corner and on the angle of approach to ζ. Our proof is based on a constructive approximation of the domain \(\varphi (\mathbb{D})\) by more special domains.