cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Harassment at Work is Harassment at Church: Hostile Work Environments and the Ministerial Exception

Sexual harassment and harassment on the basis of race, national origin, disability, and age are unlawful workplace practices; what does that mean when one’s workplace is a church? This article explores the ministerial exception’s application to hostile work environment claims. Can ministerial employees bring harassment claims against their religious employers? Put differently, can religious organizations harass their ministerial employees with impunity and without fear of legal recourse? Respecting both First Amendment interests and individual rights, this article appraises and takes seriously the constitutional purpose and necessity of the ministerial exception. Recognizing that importance, this article nevertheless rejects a categorical ban on ministerial employees’ hostile work environment claims. Instead, it proposes a case-by-case analysis of ministerial employees’ hostile work environment claims, granting all employees possible protection from harassment, regardless of who employs them. Religious freedom need not close the courthouse doors on hundreds of thousands of employees. Religious freedom and speculative First Amendment problems need not, and should not, undermine employees’ rights to dignified workplaces and protection from workplace harassment.
A machine-learning approach for identification and mitigation of cyberattacks in networked process control systems

Abstract The robustness of process control systems to cyberattacks has become an increasingly important topic, especially in light of the increased dependence of process operations on networked control system architectures wherein dedicated sensor-controller and controller-actuator links are replaced by real-time, wired or wireless, shared communication networks. To mitigate the risks of cyberattacks, we propose in this work an integrated model-based framework for the detection, estimation and mitigation of false data injection cyberattacks in nonlinear networked process systems. The framework leverages a classification-based neural network scheme for attack detection and estimation, coupled with a stability-based attack mitigation strategy based on a model-based controller design. An illustrative chemical process example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and assess its robustness with respect to possible attack detection and estimation errors.
Learning the Optimal Recommendation from Explorative Users.

We propose a new problem setting to study the sequential interactions between a recommender system and a user. Instead of assuming the user is omniscient, static, and explicit, as the classical practice does, we sketch a more realistic user behavior model, under which the user: 1) rejects recommendations if they are clearly worse than others; 2) updates her utility estimation based on rewards from her accepted recommendations; 3) withholds realized rewards from the system. We formulate the interactions between the system and such an explorative user in a $K$-armed bandit framework and study the problem of learning the optimal recommendation on the system side. We show that efficient system learning is still possible but is more difficult. In particular, the system can identify the best arm with probability at least $1-\delta$ within $O(1/\delta)$ interactions, and we prove this is tight. Our finding contrasts the result for the problem of best arm identification with fixed confidence, in which the best arm can be identified with probability $1-\delta$ within $O(\log(1/\delta))$ interactions. This gap illustrates the inevitable cost the system has to pay when it learns from an explorative user's revealed preferences on its recommendations rather than from the realized rewards.
Factors Associated with Acceptance of Repeat MCAT Test Takers into a West Virginian Allopathic Medical School.

OBJECTIVES A paucity of information exists to advise medical school applicants who have had to retake the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) to achieve a competitive score. To better advise repeat test takers from West Virginia and other Appalachian and southern areas, MCAT data from West Virginia applicants were analyzed and compared with national data. METHODS In the application cycles of 2017-2020, the following factors were analyzed in relation to medical school acceptance in West Virginia applicants: MCAT scores, the number of test-taking attempts, biology-chemistry-physics-math grade point average, time between test-taking attempts, and academic major. MCAT data from medical school applicants from West Virginia who took the test more than once also were compared with national data. RESULTS Of the total repeat test takers from West Virginia (N = 285) in the study timeframe, 57 (20%) were ultimately accepted into medical school. Factors associated with medical school acceptance were as follows: first MCAT test score (odds ratio [OR] 1.3, 95% confidence level [CL] 1.2-1.4, P < 0.001), change in MCAT test score (OR 1.2, 95% CL 1.1-1.3, P = 0.0015), and biology-chemistry-physics-math grade point average (OR 15.1, 95% CL 4.2-54.8, P < 0.0001). The highest benefit for improved scores occurred between the first and second attempts. The highest point gain occurred when the first MCAT score was in the range of 477 to 487 (<1st-12th percentile); this finding was not found in the national data. CONCLUSIONS Although the study was limited to West Virginia medical school applicants, this information could prove useful in advising premedical applicants from other Appalachian and southern US areas.
Influence of Mg‐doping on the optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared via electrochemical deposition

Polycrystalline ZnO thin films were deposited on pure Al foils at 80 °C using electrochemical deposition (ECD) in solutions containing zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra between 20 and 200 K showed intense UV emissions near the band edge along with weak broad bands due to defects. When the source solution was slightly doped with Mg2+ ions, the defect-induced band was suppressed along with a redshift, whereas the UV peak position and intensity remained the same. Surprisingly, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) revealed no Mg contents in the films within the detection limit. Based on the solubility products of Mg(OH)2 and Zn(OH)2, we put forward a mechanism to describe how metal impurities could be incorporated into ZnO in such an aqueous process, which was strongly supported by samples grown in Ca- or Cu-doped solutions. To further corroborate, we also fabricated, for the first time via ECD, MgZnO alloys in Mg-doped solutions with very high nitrate concentrations. Blue shift of the UV emission peak was clearly observed from as-prepared samples on Al. MgZnO films, deposited on Si substrates under similar supersaturated conditions and annealed in ambient air at 350 °C for 30 min, showed a similar peak shift. This electrochemical route could therefore be used as an effective approach to enhance the optical properties of compound semiconductors, demonstrating its potential for deep UV applications as well.
Microsystem for Collecting and Shipping Diagnostic Sera

Abstract A system is described for collecting, shipping, and storing serum samples using light-weight plastic microtest plates.
Force on force simulation that provides facility stability analysis

The following describes a methodology for preparing a force on force simulation that takes into account the status of the target's environment and the primary objective of combative forces to disrupt the day to day operations of industrial, nuclear, or research facilities. Using virtual simulation technologies, coupled with fast facility vulnerability codes, we propose an immersive environment for the training of security personal such that the effect of explosions or small arms fire on the environment is taken into account. Using this methodology will not only provide a greater insight into the components of interest for disruptive forces, but also help security forces be aware of the facility's essential and non-essential equipment. In this paper, we propose utilizing the Epic Game's Unreal Engine 2 coupled with Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Visual Interactive Site Analysis Code to provide the necessary tools to make such an immersive training environment possible.
Neuronal circuitry for comparison of timing in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of the African wave-type electric fish Gymnarchus niloticus

An African wave-type electric fish, Gymnarchus, compares timing on the order of microseconds of sensory feedback from from its high-frequency (approximately 400 Hz) electric organ discharges (EODs) received at different parts of its body surfaces. This capability is essential for and demonstrated by the jamming avoidance response (JAR). The organization of the timing comparison mechanisms was identified in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) in the hindbrain by field potential, extra- and intracellular recordings, and intracellular labeling with biotinylated agents. Timing of phase of the EOD feedback is carried by action potentials of S-type primary afferent fibers that project to the inner cellular layer (ICL) of the medial zone of the ELL and to the giant neurons in the ELL. The giant neurons bilaterally project to the ICL, where neurons sensitive to phase differences between different parts of the body occur. Although sensitive to dynamic phase changes of several microseconds, these differential-phase-sensitive neurons showed adaptation to steady-state changes of phase difference over a wide range (greater than +/- 100 microseconds) and continued to respond to small modulations after the mean difference was shifted. Gymnarchus and an independently evolved South American electric fish, Eigenmannia, exhibit nearly identical JARs and share a rather complex but identical set of computational algorithms for JAR. This study showed that one of the computational steps, the timing comparison between body surfaces, occurs in the hindbrain in Gymnarchus, in contrast to the midbrain in Eigenmannia. Thus, similar systems with a similar overall function may have evolved differently in different genera by assigning a subfunction to different substructures within the brain.
Coleman, James Samuel (1926–95)

Abstract James S. Coleman, born on 12 May 1926 in Bedford, Indiana, was among the most important American sociologists of his generation. Coleman was unique among sociologists by importantly influencing both intellectual and policy debate, especially educational policy. He made lasting contributions to several areas of scholarly concern, including our understanding of school effects on learning, the development of rational choice theory in sociology, and the use of mathematics as a tool for the development of theory in sociology. James S. Coleman died on 25 March 1995 in Chicago, Illinois.
Ultraviolet Inactivation of the Cytocidal and Transforming Activities of Human Adenovirus Type 1

The transforming activity of adenovirus type 1 was more resistant to ultraviolet irradiation than was the cytocidal activity.
Working for a living: the vocational decision making of lesbians.

Abstract While lesbians are similar to other women in that they face discrimination in the workplace based on gender, ethnicity and class, they also have unique needs and confront bias because of their sexual orientation. Thus, choosing an occupation is an extremely important task for many lesbians. In order to adequately serve a lesbian population, vocational counselors need to be aware of how lesbians choose occupations. Astin's (1985) and Gottfredson's (1981) theories of career development can be adapted to help explain the vocational needs of lesbians. This article will review the major findings within the field, discuss how the two theories relate to the vocational decision-making process of lesbian women and make suggestions for how to do vocational counseling with lesbians. doi:10.1080/10894160802174359
On Scheduling Tasks with a Quick Recovery from Failure

Multiprocessors used in life-critical real-time systems must recover quickly from failure. Part of this recovery consists of switching to a new task schedule that ensures that hard deadlines for critical tasks continue to be met. We present a dynamic programming algorithm that ensures that backup, or contingency, schedules can be efficiently embedded within the original, "primary" schedule to ensure that hard deadlines continue to be met in the face of up to a given maximum number of processor failures. Several illustrative examples are included.
Takuo Aoyagi: Discovery of Pulse Oximetry

In the 1930s and 1940s, photo cells permitted German, English, and American physiologists to construct ear oximeters with red and infrared light, requiring calibration. In 1940 Squire recognized that changes of red and infrared light transmission caused by pneumatic tissue compression permitted saturation to be computed. In 1949 Wood used this idea to compute absolute saturation continuously from the ratios of optical density changes with pressure in an ear oximeter. In 1972 Takuo Aoyagi, an electrical engineer at Nihon Kohden company in Tokyo, was interested in measuring cardiac output noninvasively by the dye dilution method using a commercially available ear oximeter. He balanced the red and infrared signals to cancel the pulse noise which prevented measuring the dye washout accurately. He discovered that changes of oxygen saturation voided his pulse cancellation. He then realized that these pulsatile changes could be used to compute saturation from the ratio of ratios of pulse changes in the red and infrared. His ideas, equations and instrument were adapted, improved and successfully marketed by Minolta about 1978, stimulating other firms to further improve and market pulse oximeters worldwide in the mid 1980s. Dr. Aoyagi and associates provided a detailed history for this paper.
Research into the origins of engineering thermodynamics

This paper draws attention to a series of misconceptions and misstatements regarding the origin and meaning of some of the most basic concepts of engineering thermodynamics. The six examples exhibited in the paper relate to the concepts of reversibility, entropy, mechanical equivalent of the calorie, the first law of thermodynamics for open systems, enthalpy and the Diesel cycle. A complete list of the pioneering references concludes the paper.
Enhancing Connectivity of Unmanned Vehicles through MIMO Communications

The prevalent use of unmanned vehicles in military and civilian applications requires the existence of robust and high throughput communication with airborne platforms. Real channel measurements are conducted and the analysis supports the use of MIMO communications for such applications due to its potential throughput advantage. Unique challenges and the ways to address them are described in detail. In particular, the lack of scattering and the blockage of line of sight may lead to rank deficient channel matrices, which are exacerbated due to the absence of channel state information at the transmitter. A variable rate MIMO scheme is proposed to overcome these challenges in order to realize the promising throughput gain afforded by MIMO communication.
Changes in the surface morphologies of the cells in the bursa cloacalis (bursa of fabricius) and thymus during ontogeny of the chick embryo

Slices or sections through the bursa cloacalis and thymus of chick embryos at 7–21 days of incubation were observed by light and electron microscopy to determine whether major differences existed in the surface morphologies of lymphoid cells in these organs, and whether the surface morphologies of these cells changed during ontogeny. These organs were fixed concurrently and identically at each stage. The thymus was packed at all stages with spherical cells having fine structures characteristic of those of lymphoid cells. Many irregularly shaped, epithelial cell processes were present between lymphoid cells. The bursa contained many irregularly shaped stromal cells as well as spherical cells. The latter were few in number during early development, but became the predominant type of cell near the end of incubation. Spherical cells in the bursa consisted of three types based on fine structure: lymphoid cells, granulocytic cells, and cells which were probably precursors of granulocytic cells. Spherical cells in the bursa could not be classified into these three types by their surface morphologies, however, because the latter at any one stage of development were similar. At 7–8 days of incubation, spherical cells in the bursa could not be differentiated consistently from neighboring stromal cells by scanning electron microscopy alone, but by 9 days, spherical cells could be identified routinely by this method. At 9–10 days of incubation, only minor differences existed in the surface morphologies of the spherical cells in the bursa and thymus: Bursal cells displayed long, ridgelike processes, whereas thymic cells exhibited fine surface undulations and large blebs. At 11 days, the surfaces of the spherical cells in the bursa were covered by numerous short microvilli, but the surfaces of thymic cells were unchanged. Bursal cells retained their microvilli through 14 days of incubation, but between 15 and 21 days progressively lost their microvilli, becoming essentially bald near the end of this period. Likewise, thymic cells gradually lost their surface wrinkles and blebs. Near the time of hatching, both types of cells were smoothsurfaced and tightly packed, with individual cells assuming polyhedral configurations.
Characterization of the Bovine Papilloma virus plasmid maintenance sequences

Bovine Papilloma Virus (BPV-1) establishes itself as a multicopy nuclear plasmid in somatic mammalian cells in culture. We report here that two discontinuous regions within the viral genome can independently support extrachromosomal replication of the Tn5 neomycinr gene in cells that provide viral factors in trans. The viral plasmid maintenance sequences (PMS) act in cis and will integrate along with the marker gene in cell lines that do not provide BPV-1 gene products. PMS-1 is localized within a 521 bp region upstream of the BPV-1 early transcription unit; PMS-2 has been localized to a 140 bp region within the putative reading frame for the E1 protein of the viral genome. Recombinant plasmids carrying either of the PMS elements are unrearranged and stably maintained at a constant copy number supernumerary to the resident BPV-1 genomes even in the absence of selective pressure. Specific deletion mutants within the viral genome show that BPV-1 gene products required for morphological transformation are dispensable for plasmid maintenance. In mouse cells cotransformed with such deletion derivatives and an unlinked marker gene (neomycinr or Tk), the marker genes integrate into the host genome while the BPV molecules are nonselectively carried as nuclear plasmids. This result implies that the BPV-1 genome must have signals that specifically preclude integration in the presence of transacting factors.
Utility of Functional MRI in Pediatric Neurology

Functional MRI (fMRI), a tool increasingly used to study cognitive function, is also an important tool for understanding not only normal development in healthy children, but also abnormal development, as seen in children with epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism. Since its inception almost 15 years ago, fMRI has seen an explosion in its use and applications in the adult literature. However, only recently has it found a home in pediatric neurology. New adaptations in study design and technologic advances, especially the study of resting state functional connectivity as well as the use of passive task design in sedated children, have increased the utility of functional imaging in pediatrics to help us gain understanding into the developing brain at work. This article reviews the background of fMRI in pediatrics and highlights the most recent literature and clinical applications.
Abstract 2881: Benzyl isothiocyanate-mediated growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenograft is associated with reduced cell proliferation, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of autophagy

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a constituent of many edible cruciferous vegetables, inhibits growth of cultured human breast cancer cells by causing apoptosis. The present study was undertaken to determine in vivo efficacy of BITC using triple negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenograft as a model. BITC administration retarded growth of MDA-MB-231 cells subcutaneously as well as orthotopically implanted in female nude mice without causing weight loss or any other side effects. BITC-mediated suppression of MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation as revealed by immunohistochemical analyses of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Analysis of vasculature in tumors from the BITC-treated mice revealed smaller vessel area compared with control tumors based on immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis marker CD31. BITC-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo correlated with down-regulation of VEGF-receptor 2 protein level in the tumor. Consistent with these results, BITC treatment suppressed VEGF secretion and VEGF-receptor 2 protein level in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the BITC-treated MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited reduced capacity for migration compared with vehicle-treated control cells. In contrast to cellular data, BITC administration failed to elicit apoptotic response as judged by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Instead, the tumors from BITC-treated mice exhibited increased cleavage of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), which is a marker of autophagic cell death. In agreement with these results, BITC treatment resulted in several features characteristic of autophagy in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells including formation of membrane vacuoles and acidic vesicular organelles (judged by microscopy after staining with lysosomotropic agent acridine orange), and cleavage of LC3. In conclusion, the present study indicates that BITC administration inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografts in association with reduced cell proliferation, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of autophagy. These preclinical observations underscore in vitro and in vivo differences in mechanisms for anticancer effect of BITC. This investigation was supported by the National Cancer Institute grant 1 RO1 CA129347-03. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2881.
Effect of heart rate alterations produced by atrial pacing on the pattern of diastolic filling in normal subjects

Abstract To determine the effect of heart rate alterations on diastolic timing intervals and filling parameters, 10 normal patients were paced from the right atrium at 30 and 50 beats/min above their baseline rates. M-mode echocardiograms of the aortic valve, mitral valve and left ventricle were obtained and digitized at baseline and with each pacing rate. With increased atrial pacing, left ventricular systolic time became an increasingly greater proportion of cycle length while the diastolic filling period occupied a lesser proportion of the cycle length. The time to peak filling rate and the rapid filling period occupied a greater proportion of the diastolic filling period. The peak filling rate increased progressively with increased atrial pacing (baseline 128 ± 19 mm/s, first paced rate 146 ± 27 mm/s, p
Unity and the Frege–Geach problem

The problem of the unity of the proposition asks what binds together the constituents of a proposition into a fully formed proposition that provides truth conditions for the assertoric sentence that expresses it, rather than merely a set of objects. Hanks’ solution is to reject the traditional distinction between content and force. If his theory is successful, then there is a plausible extension of it that readily solves the Frege–Geach problem for normative propositions. Unfortunately Hanks’ theory isn’t successful, but it does point to significant connections between expressivism, unity, and embedding.
Radiology workload--a solution reviewed after 14 years' experience.

A method of controlling the radiological workload in a district general hospital, based on an estimation of the reasonable capacity of the department, was introduced in 1978. Measurement of the number of examinations performed compared with the estimated reasonable capacity shows that the method has been effective. An immediate 25% reduction in examinations was followed by a workload which varied between −4% and +16% of the capacity. An increase in the proportion of complex examinations in the period under review has been recognized. The method has encouraged referring doctors to exercise restraint and adopt guidelines, and helped persuade managers to increase capacity by appointing additional radiologists.
O-H insertion and tandem N-H insertion/cyclization reactions using an iron porphyrin as catalyst with diazo compounds as carbene sources

Iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride, Fe(TPP)Cl, efficiently catalyzed the insertion of carbenes derived from methyl 2-phenyldiazoacetates into O-H bonds of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, with yields generally above 80%. Although the analogous N-H insertions are rapid at room temperature, the O-H insertion reactions are slower and required heating in refluxing methylene chloride for about 8 hours using 1.0 mol.% catalyst. Fe(TPP)Cl was also found to be effective for tandem N-H insertion/cyclization reactions when 1,2-diamines and 1,2-alcoholamines were treated with diazo reagents to give piperazinones and morpholinones and related analogs such as quinoxalinones and benzoxazin-2-ones. This approach provides a new one-pot route for synthesizing these classes of heterocyclic compounds.
microRNAs outwit immune limitations in gene therapy

In this issue of Blood, Brown and colleagues deliver lentiviral vectors that express human factor IX from the livers of mice.
Clinical experience with sotalol in patients with drug-refractory ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract Sixty-five patients with symptomatic, drug-refractory, sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation were treated with oral sotalol (80 to 480 mg twice daily). Sotalol was withdrawn in 11 patients because of continued inducibility of ventricular tachycardia at the time of follow-up electrophysiologic study. Therefore, the clinical effectiveness of sotalol could be evaluated in 54 patients followed up for 11.5 ± 6 months (range 0.2 to 25). The actuarial incidence of successful sotalol therapy was 54 ± 13% at 6 months and 47 ± 13% at 12 months. In 39 patients who underwent electrophysiologic testing while receiving oral sotalol, the drug prevented the reinduction of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in 8 (20%). During follow-up study, arrhythmia recurred in 1 (17%) of 6 patients whose ventricular tachycardia was noninducible with oral sotalol and in 8 (44%) of 18 with inducible tachycardia but who were continued on oral sotalol therapy. Adverse effects were noted in 28 patients (42%), requiring drug withdrawal in 13 (22%) and dose reduction after hospital discharge in 10 (15%). Exacerbation of ventricular arrhythmia occurred in six patients (9%), one of whom had associated hypokalemia. Sotalol is frequently useful in the control of intractable, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and its efficacy appears to be predicted by programmed stimulation. However, there is a high rate of limiting side effects, which precludes its use in a large number of patients, and a substantial risk of arrhythmia exacerbation.
Homotopy spectral sequences and obstructions

For a pointed cosimplicial spaceX •, the author and Kan developed a spectral sequence abutting to the homotopy of the total space TotX •. In this paper,X • is allowed to be unpointed and the spectral sequence is extended to include terms of negative total dimension. Improved convergence results are obtained, and a very general homotopy obstruction theory is developed with higher order obstructions belonging to spectral sequence terms. This applies, for example, to the classical homotopy spectral sequence and obstruction theory for an unpointed mapping space, as well as to the corresponding unstable Adams spectral sequence and associated obstruction theory, which are presented here.
Integrating genomic signatures for immunologic discovery.

Understanding heterogeneity in adaptive immune responses is essential to dissect pathways of memory B and T cell differentiation and to define correlates of protective immunity. Traditionally, immunologists have deconvoluted this heterogeneity with flow cytometry—with combinations of markers to define signatures that represent specific lineages, differentiation states, and functions. Genome-scale technologies have become widely available and provide the ability to define expression signatures—sets of genes—that represent discrete biological properties of cell populations. Because genomic signatures can serve as surrogates of a phenotype, function, or cell state, they can integrate phenotypic information between experiments, cell types, and species. Here, we discuss how integration of well-defined expression signatures across experimental conditions together with functional analysis of their component genes could provide new opportunities to dissect the complexity of the adaptive immune response and map the immune response to vaccines and pathogens.
Does mycoplasma infection change the asthma phenotype

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are present in the airways in subjects with asthma, but Mycoplasma pneumoniae is present in greater frequency in subjects with asthma as compared to control subjects. Macrolide therapy may have benefit in carefully selected patients. Data suggest that Mycoplasma pneumoniae increases mucin expression, particularly MUC5AC, and IL-8. Surfactant protein function may be abnormal in asthma, and may increase susceptibility to mycoplasma, and potentially other infections.
Atomic beam study of Nb in the vortex state

Abstract We have observed transitions in a state-selected beam of neutral potassium atoms by passing them over the surface of an Nb cylinder. These transitions arise because of the motion of the atoms through the spatially periodic magnetic field of the vortex lattice which extends for several 100 A outside the surface. The use of this technique in studying vortex motion as well as microscopic field variations in other systems will be discussed.
Envelope detector phase loss

Near threshold, an envelope detector suffers losses in both amplitude and phase. The classic threshold analysis computes only the amplitude loss. Here the phase loss is computed and shown to be larger than the amplitude loss. This places additional limitations on an envelope detector when used with coherent signals.
The perfect solution. How trans fats became the healthy replacement for saturated fats.

Trans fats became part of the American food system due to a complex interplay among activism, industrial technology, and nutritional science. Some manufacturers began using partially hydrogenated oils, which contain trans fats, in the early twentieth century. Medical authorities began framing saturated fats as unhealthy in the 1950s. In the 1980s, activist organizations, including the Center for Science in the Public Interest, condemned food corporations’ use of saturated fats and endorsed trans fats as an acceptable alternative. Nearly all targeted corporations responded by replacing saturated fats with trans fats, which fit easily into their existing products. Trans fats thus became the perfect solution to the political problem of saturated fats and to the technical problem of what to use in their place. Activists helped precipitate technological change, but by 1994, trans fats were no longer regarded as a solution. Instead, they became regarded as a new nutritional problem.
The Elohist: A 7th-Century bce Theological Tradition:

The Elohist Pentateuchal tradition may be dated to the 7th and 6th centuries bce in the cult center of Bethel as a theological response to the destruction of Samaria and the exile of Israelites in ...
DETERMINATION OF EVANS' BLUE IN PLASMA AND PLASMA-DEXTRAN MIXTURES BY PROTEIN PRECIPITATION AND EXTRACTION.

SummaryA relatively rapid procedure for determination of Evans' blue in plasma or in plasma diluted with dextran is described. The procedure involves the total precipitation of plasma proteins by CdSO4 and NaOH. After centrifugation and acidification of the precipitate it is extracted with butanol. The O.D. of the extract, with ethanol added, is read at 620 mμ, and the dye concentration is read from a standard graph.
Harmonic analysis of converter-fed DC systems under unbalanced and harmonic supply voltages

Abstract The analysis of converter-fed DC systems under balanced steady-state and transient conditions is well documented in the literature; normal practice is to consider the DC system supplied from a three-phase balanced source at the fundamental frequency. The concept of switching functions has been proposed before to evaluate the harmonic content of a phase-controlled six-pulse three-phase converter under both balanced and unbalanced supply conditions. However, the supply voltages were only at the fundamental frequency. This paper extends the switching function approach to analyze the harmonic content of a phase-controlled DC system when the supply voltages may be unbalanced and contain harmonic components. The input power, harmonic and distortion factors are obtained for different firing angles and compared with those of the ideal balanced case when the DC load consists of a DC motor operating at a constant torque.
Qualitative and quantitative response characteristics of a capillary gas chromatograph/ion mobility spectrometer to halogenated compounds

Abstract The response of a capillary column gas chromatograph/ion mobility spectrometer (GC/IMS) system to chlorinated and brominated alkanes and alkenes in nitrogen, air and nitrogen/CO 2 mixtures was studied. Product ions were formed through dissociative electron capture processes or charge transfer reactions, yielding chloride or bromide ions. The quantitative response was shown to depend on the composition of the carrier gas in which atmospheric pressure ionization processes occurred as well as on the IMS cell temperature. Large variations in the quantitative response of the GC/IMS to different halogenated compounds were observed. The results were compared to those reported for the doped electron capture detector (ECD). Practical implications of the GC/IMS system as a monitor and detector for halogenated aliphatic compounds are discussed.
The State And Capital In Chile: Business Elites, Technocrats, And Market Economics

Introduction Capitalists, Neoliberal Economic Reform, and Democracy Import-Substitution Industrialization and the Breakdown of Democracy Gradual Adjustment Under Military Rule Radical Neoliberalism Ascendant Triumph and Collapse of Radical Neoliberalism Pragmatic Neoliberalism Pragmatic Neoliberalism and the Politics of Chiles Transition from Authoritarianism
Heterosexual Undergraduates' Attitudes Toward Gay Fathers and Their Children

Abstract Heterosexual college students' attitudes toward gay male couples and their adopted children were assessed. Participants evaluated vignettes depicting either a gay male couple or heterosexual couple and their adopted son along the dimensions of parenting ability, degree to which the child's problems were attributable to the parental relationship, distress of the child (including gender and sexual identity confusion), and the extent to which custody reassignment was perceived to be beneficial. Differences in participants' ratings indicated that a boy raised by gay fathers was perceived to be experiencing greater confusion regarding his sexual orientation and gender identity. Custody reassignment was also rated as more beneficial for the son raised by gay fathers. Multiple Regression Analyses indicated that these assumptions were significantly predicted by the participants' stereotype of gay men as effeminate, above and beyond the participants' political conservatism and religious attendance. Result...
A note on "The Backus-Gilbert inversion method and the processing of sampled data"

We show a sequence of interpolation formulas for the Backus-Gilbert (BG), published in 1967, method with /spl delta/-function kernels and penalty functions J(t, t')=(t-t')/sup 2k/ for integers X>0. We show that the interpolation in the limit sense of X/spl rarr//spl infin/ is the Haar representation The interpolation formulas are generalizations of the one obtained by Caccin et al.(see ibid., vol.40, no.11, p.2823, 1992). We investigate the possibility of the BG method with /spl delta/-function kernels so that it is exactly the same as the Shannon sampling formula. We also examined the possibility of the exact reconstruction by the BG method for bandlimited signals. >
Electron impact excitation collision strength for transitions in C II

Aims. Oscillator strengths and electron impact excitation collision strengths for C II lines among the fine-structure levels are calculated. Thermally averaged collision strengths are presented as a function of electron temperature for application to astrophysical plasmas.Methods. An accurate description of the target wave functions has been obtained in the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock approach with flexible non-orthogonal orbitals. The 42 fine-structure levels of the 2s2 2p, 2s2p2 , 2s23l (), 2p3 , 2s24l (–3), 2s2p3s and () configurations have been included in the scattering calculation. A second calculation with lowest 35 levels in the close-coupling expansion has also been carried out to check channel coupling effects on collision strengths. The continuum functions have been represented by the use of B-spline basis. The B-spline R-matrix method in the framework of Breit-Pauli approximation has been used to investigate the electron impact excitation of forbidden and allowed transitions in C II.Results. The present cross sections for the resonance 2 P°–2s2pD, 2 S and intercombination 2 P°–2s2p2 4 P transitions are in very good agreement with the electron energy-loss merged-beams experiment. Oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for C II lines normally compare very well with previous calculation. The effective collision strengths are obtained by integrating total resonant and non-resonant collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies and these are presented over a wide temperature range suitable for modeling of astrophysical plasmas. Our effective collision strengths show significant differences with those from previous calculations for transitions involving higher excitation levels.
Organization of the migrating chick epiblast edge: Attachment sites, cytoskeleton, and early developmental changes

Abstract The radial expansion of the chick extraembryonic epiblast on the inner side of the vitelline membrane in yolk sac formation provides a useful system for study of adhesion and migration of an epithelial cell sheet. A band of specialized cells at the epiblast edge adheres by its dorsal side to the overlying vitelline membrane. The attached edge was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The attachment region (av 0.06 mm wide) extends from the advancing edge to a transitional ridge. The ridge appears to be an area of adhesion and de-adhesion. The attached surface is smooth with small surface projections and filopodia. These become more numerous and prominent with cold treatment. Epiblast cells display a filopodial/lamellipodial mode of migration in vivo and in vitro. The distribution of 4- to 7-nm microfilaments in edge cells is examined using transmission electron microscopy of whole cells. Decoration with heavy meromyosin shows that these components of the cytoskeleton contain actin. Treatment of intact blastoderms and dissociated edge cells with cytochalasin B and cold suggests that microfilaments rather than microtubules are primarily responsible for edge cell morphology. Early blastoderm cells which have not initiated migration respond to cytochalasin B, cold, and colcemid in the same way as migrating edge cells. This suggests that the differentiative change that produces the rapidly migrating edge cells does not involve a shift in the relative contribution of microtubules and microfilaments to the cytoskeleton.
Environmental enrichment decreases intravenous amphetamine self-administration in rats: dose-response functions for fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules.

Rationale. Although environmental enrichment renders rats more sensitive to the neurobehavioral effects of acute amphetamine, a previous study found that enriched rats self-administer less amphetamine than isolated rats at a low unit dose (0.03 mg/kg per infusion). In that study, however, acquisition of self-administration was limited to only two amphetamine unit doses using a fixed ratio (FR) schedule.
Risk factors for falls and fall-related injuries in adults 85 years of age and older

Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. No previous studies on risk factors for falls have focused on adults 85 years and older, the most rapidly growing segment of adults. We examined demographic, health, and behavioral risk factors for falls and fall-related injuries in adults 65 years and older, with a particular focus on adults 85 years and older. We analyzed self-reported information from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for 2008. Data was available for 120,923 people aged 65 or older and 12,684 people aged 85 or older. Of those aged 85 or older, 21.3% reported at least one fall in the past 3 months and 7.2% reported at least one fall related injury requiring medical care or limiting activity for a day or longer. Below average general health, male sex, perceived insufficient sleep, health problems requiring assistive devices, alcohol consumption, increasing body mass index and history of stroke were all independently associated with a greater risk of falls or fall related injuries. The greater risk of falling in those 85 years and older appeared to be due to the deterioration of overall health status with age; among those with excellent overall health status, there was no greater risk of falling in adults 85 years and older compared to those 65-84 years of age. Our results suggest that those with risk factors for falls and fall-related injuries may be appropriate targets for evidence-based fall prevention programs.
A combinatorial analysis of topological dissections

Abstract From a topological space remove certain subspaces (cuts), leaving connected components (regions). We develop an enumerative theory for the regions in terms of the cuts, with the aid of a theorem on the Mobius algebra of a subset of a distributive lattice. Armed with this theory we study dissections into cellular faces and dissections in the d -sphere. For example, we generalize known enumerations for arrangements of hyperplanes to convex sets and topological arrangements, enumerations for simple arrangements and the Dehn-Sommerville equations for simple polytopes to dissections with general intersection, and enumerations for arrangements of lines and curves and for plane convex sets to dissections by curves of the 2-sphere and planar domains.
Quantitative assessment of the optic nerve head with the laser tomographic scanner.

We describe the use of a laser tomographic scanner to objectively measure optic nerve head topography. A laser beam is focused on the optic disc using confocal imaging. Reflected light is detected only if it originates from a small region around the focal place of the special optics. Optic disc parameters are calculated from the measured values of confocal reflected light. In five glaucomatous eyes, maximum cup depth was between 0.33 mm and 0.58 mm. Cup volume was between 0.10 mm3 and 0.65 mm3; it correlated well with ophthalmoscopy. Comparared with conventional imaging systems, the laser tomographic scanner has certain advantages: 1) images can be obtained with miotic pupils; 2) clarity of media is not important; 3) low light intensity is employed; and 4) a real time image is obtained.
Primitive art in civilized places

What is so "primitive" about primitive art? And how do we dare to use our standards to judge it? Drawing on an intriguing mixture of sources-including fashion ads and films, her own anthropological research, and even comic strips like "Doonesbury" Price explores the cultural arrogance implicit in Westerners' appropriation of non-Western art. "[Price] presents a literary collage of the Western attitude to other cultures, and in particular to the visual art of the Third and Fourth Worlds. . . . Her book is not about works of 'primitive art' as such, but about the Western construction 'Primitive Art.' It is a critique of Western ignorance and arrogance: ignorance about other cultures and arrogance towards them." Jeremy Coote, "Times Literary Supplement" "The book is infuriating, entertaining, and inspirational, leaving one feeling less able than before to pass judgment on 'known' genres of art, but feeling more confident for that." Joel Smith, "San Francisco Review of Books" "[A] witty, but scholarly, indictment of the whole primitive-art business, from cargo to curator. And because she employs sarcasm as well as pedagogy, Price's book will probably forever deprive the reader of the warm fuzzies he usually gets standing before the display cases at the local ethnographic museum." "Newsweek""
Graphene field-effect transistors

Owing in part to scaling challenges for metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic, the semiconductor industry is placing an increased emphasis on emerging materials and devices that may provide improved MOSFET performance beyond the 22 nm node, or provide novel functionality for, e.g. 'beyond CMOS' devices. Graphene, with its novel and electron–hole symmetric band structure and its high carrier mobilities and thermal velocities, is one such material that has garnered a great deal of interest for both purposes. Single and few layer carbon sheets have been fabricated by a variety of techniques including mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapour deposition, and field-effect transistors have been demonstrated with room-temperature mobilities as high as 10 000 cm2 V−1 s−1. But graphene is a gapless semiconductor and gate control of current is challenging, off-state leakage currents are high, and current does not readily saturate with drain voltage. However, various ways to overcome, adapt to, or even embrace this property are now being considered for device applications. In this work we explore through illustrative examples the potential of and challenges to graphene use for conventional and novel device applications.
Determination of Os isotopes and ratios using AMS

Abstract We report here results of recent determinations of osmium isotope ratios and rhenium/osmium ratios measured with AMS. Because Re forms negative atomic ions with a considerably lower efficiency than Os, Os isotopes can be determined with minimal isobaric interference at mass 187. Detection limits for AMS measurements of osmium are 20 ppb in chemically untreated samples and 0.01 ppb in samples where Os has been preconcentrated with a nickel sulfide method. The fact that Re and Os each form negative ions as oxides at a comparable rate has been used to determine Re Os ratios in untreated meteorite samples.