cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Model Bias on the Equatorward Propagation of Extratropical Waves

The effect of model bias on the equatorward propagation of extratropical waves in a GCM simulation is assessed within the context of simple wave-guiding principles. The modes representing these waves are identified through the use of empirical orthogonal function analysis performed on the 200-mb zonal wind filtered to retain variations between 6 and 30 days. The temporal evolution and vertical structure of these modes are examined through the use of time-lagged composite analysis. The differences between observed and simulated wave propagation is examined in relationship to the theoretical wave-guiding properties associated with the observed and simulated time-mean flow. The utility of simple wave-guiding theory for describing the observed and modeled wave propagation is assessed. The model bias in the time-mean flow is closely associated with the differences in the propagation of the transient waves. The excessively strong wave-guiding properties associated with the simulated Pacific jet appear to inhibit the proper meridional propagation of wave energy into the tropical central and eastern Pacific. In the simulation, waves that do propagate into the tropical Pacific either dissipate or are reflected near the equator, while in the observations, wave energy propagates into the Southern Hemisphere. On the other hand, the wave guiding by the subtropical and midlatitude jets over the Atlantic is weaker in the simulation than in the observations. In this region, wave energy propagates primarily into the Tropics in the simulation, while some of the observed wave energy is reflected toward the east and northeast over the Atlantic and northern Africa. The locations of the theoretical critical lines and wave guides of the time-mean flow, although based on many simplifying assumptions, are remarkably consistent with the propagation characteristics of these waves.
Chip-scale integration of VCSEL, photodetector, and microlens arrays

New generations of network application continue to demand component solutions of higher speed (10 Gbps and beyond) with good reliability and affordability. The potential of VCSEL arrays technology in meeting those demands has long been recognized and is being actively explored by many in the field. In this paper we present a few examples of VCSEL array based technology developments including monolithic integration of VCSELs and photodetector (PD) in both 1D and 2D arrays, and their hybrid integration with micro-lens array and electronic integrated circuits for optical interconnects. As we explore to achieve more functionality through integration, we also emphasize on the merits of usability of the electrical and optical interfaces of the new components, and producibility and manufacturability aspects of the new technologies.
PREPARATION OF A TWO‐DISULFIDE BONDED ENZYMICALLY ACTIVE DERIVATIVE FROM HEN EGG LYSOZYME

A method has been developed for preparation of an enzymically active two-disulfide bonded derivative from hen egg lysozyme. Lysozyme (0.15 mM) is incubated with 2 mM dithiothreitol at pH 7.8, 23 degrees for 40 min. The products are reacted with [1-14C]iodoacetic acid and then purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. An enzymically active derivative containing 4 mol of [1-14C] carboxymethyl groups and no free sulfhydryl groups is obtained in approximately 18% yield. Examinations of hydrodynamic volume, tryptophan fluorescence, CD and tryptic peptides containing [1-14C] carboxymethyl cysteine indicate that this derivative contains two presumably native disulfide bonds and two open disulfide bonds between Cys 6 and Cys 127 and between Cys 76 and Cys 94. The rest of the species in the incubation mixture are intact lysozyme. Thus, the species containing two presumably native disulfide bonds and four free sulfhydryl groups at Cys 6, Cys 76, Cys 94 and Cys 127 appears to be only the intermediate accumulating during reduction of lysozyme with dithiothreitol.
Control of Estradiol-Directed Gene Transactivation by an Intracellular Estrogen-Binding Protein and an Estrogen Response Element-Binding Protein

New World primates exhibit a form of resistance to estrogens that is associated with overexpression of an estrogen response element (ERE)-binding protein (ERE-BP) and an intracellular estradiol (E2)-binding protein (IEBP). Both proteins suppress E2-mediated transcription when overexpressed in estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive cells. Although ERE-BP acts as a competitor for ERE occupancy by liganded ERα, the function of IEBP and its human homolog, heat-shock protein 27 (hsp27), is less clear. In data presented here, we have used E2-responsive human MCF-7 breast cancer cells to show that IEBP/hsp27 can regulate estrogen signaling as a cytosolic decoy for E2 and as a protein chaperone for ERα. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization, yeast two-hybrid, and glutathione S-transferase pull-down analyses indicate that IEBP/hsp27 also interacts with ERE-BP to form a dynamic complex that appears to cycle between the cytoplasm and nucleus during normal estrogen signaling. Overexpression of either IEBP/h...
Sweet Air: Modernism, Regionalism, and American Popular Song

A wide range of recent scholarship has complicated or debunked earlier notions of American musical tradition and authenticity. Ethnomusicologists, historians, and others have convincingly challenge...
Photogrammetric Calibration of the SwissRanger™ 3D Range Imaging Sensor

Many robotic and industrial systems require 3D range-sensing capabilities for mapping, localization, navigation, and obstacle avoidance. Laser-scanning systems that mechanically trace a range-sensing beam over a raster or similar pattern can produce highly accurate models but tend to be bulky and slow when acquiring a significant field of view at useful resolutions. Stereo cameras can provide video-rate range images over significant fields of view but tend to have difficulty with scenes containing low or confusing textures. A new generation of active light, time-of-flight range sensors use a 2D array of sensor elements to produce a 3D range image at video rates. These sensors pose unique calibration challenges, requiring both the usual calibration of lens distortion (intrinsic calibration) and calibration of the time-of-flight range measurement (3D calibration). This paper presents our application of a photogrammetric calibration approach using inexpensive printed optical targets and off-the-shelf software to solve both intrinsic and range calibrations for the MESA Imaging SwissRanger 3100 range imaging sensor. We further identify specific calibration issues stemming from this sensor's correlation of reflectivity with measured range.
‘The races and conditions of men’: women in nineteenth-century geography school texts in the United States

Geography schoolbooks published in the United States were important opinion makers in the nineteenth century, often joining the Bible as the main source of information about the world outside North America. The texts examined here are noteworthy for their static and pejorative treatment of non-American cultures and may be seen as playing a key role in forming isolationist and chauvinist American public opinion. They also played a role in reinforcing ideas about the proper niche for women in American society, even though it may seem at first that these books could not have had much influence on ideas about American women because they barely mentioned women, almost always relegating them to illustrations and captions. The few women depicted were usually characterized as ‘poor souls’ in distant lands worthy of pity. We discuss the national political context in which these writers (many of whom were women) were producing geography school texts, the social roles they were fulfilling by reinforcing such limited...
Circadian Regulation of cAMP Response Element-mediated Gene Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

A program of stringently-regulated gene expression is thought to be a fundamental component of the circadian clock. Although recent work has implicated a role for E-box-dependent transcription in circadian rhythmicity, the contribution of other enhancer elements has yet to be assessed. Here, we report that cells of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) exhibit a prominent circadian oscillation in cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated gene expression. Maximal reporter gene expression occurred from late-subjective night to mid-subjective day. Cycling of CRE-dependent transcription was not observed in other brain regions, including the supraoptic nucleus and piriform cortex. Levels of the phospho-active form of the transcription factor CREB (P-CREB) varied as a function of circadian time. Peak P-CREB levels occurred during the mid- to late-subjective night. Furthermore, photic stimulation during the subjective night, but not during the subjective day, triggered a marked increase in CRE-mediated gene expression in the SCN. Reporter gene experiments showed that activation of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade is required for Ca2+-dependent stimulation of CRE-mediated transcription in the SCN. These findings reveal the CREB/CRE transcriptional pathway to be circadian-regulated within the SCN, and raise the possibility that this pathway provides signaling information essential for normal clock function.
Photonic digitizing and pattern alteration with flexible CdS and GaAs film surfaces

The application potential of thin-film CdS and GaAs on polymer-based substrates for photonic operations was investigated employing constant wavelength and pulsed-laser sources. We utilized the flexible film surfaces as media for laser crossing in order to realize photonic digitizing. The extremely straightforward concept has the potential to respond within nanoseconds and faster, while the presently used concept in optical networks operates in the millisecond regime. Furthermore, the concept of laser crossing points to a different way of operation philosophy by employing the photonic alteration of reflection patterns.
3-D-QSAR and docking studies on the neuronal choline transporter.

Abstract The high affinity neuronal choline transporter (CHT1) is responsible for the uptake of choline into the pre-synaptic terminal of cholinergic neurons. Considering our past experience with modeling the blood–brain barrier choline transporter (BBBCHT) as drug delivery vector to the CNS, we investigated the 3-D-quantitative structure–activity relationship of the neuronal choline transporter. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) yielded cross-validated models with a q2 of 0.5, and a non-cross validated r2 of 0.8. The electrostatic results of the 3-D-QSAR models are corroborated with a docking study into the bacterial choline transporter. Using this electrostatic map, we propose a putative binding site in a homology model of the CHT1. Knowledge gained from this study is useful to better understand the CHT1 as well as can be used in medicinal chemistry programs targeting this transporter.
The computational complexity of multi-level linear programs

We show that (L+1)-level linear programs are as difficult as levelL of the polynomial-time hierarchy, even if one only considers problems with unique optimal solutions.
Calcium metabolism in intact isolated thymocytes.

Isolated rat thymocytes incubated under proper metabolic conditions extrude Ca24 previously taken up under metabolically unfavourable conditions.
The social context of disablement among older adults: Does marital quality matter for loneliness?

Prior research has not adequately considered that disablement occurs within a web of relationships that provides socioemotional resources to and/or places demands on older adults. Drawing on the stress process and life course perspectives, we considered the social context of disablement by examining the influence of marital quality on the association between disability and loneliness among married older adults. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we found (1) functional limitations were associated with higher levels of loneliness; (2) neither positive nor negative marital quality mediated this association, contrary to the stress-deterioration hypothesis; and (3) positive (but not negative) marital quality moderated this association, consistent with the stress-buffering hypothesis. These associations were similar for women and men. Our findings indicate the importance of the social context of disablement, as interpersonal resources offer protection from the deleterious soci...
Electron-yield enhancement in a laser-wakefield accelerator driven by asymmetric laser pulses.

The effect of asymmetric laser pulses on electron yield from a laser wakefield accelerator has been experimentally studied using > 10{sup 19} cm{sup -3} plasmas and a 10 TW, > 45 fs, Ti:Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} laser. Laser pulse shape was controlled through non-linear chirp with a grating pair compressor. Pulses (76 fs FWHM) with a steep rise and positive chirp were found to significantly enhance the electron yield compared to pulses with a gentle rise and negative chirp. Theory and simulation show that fast rising pulses can generate larger amplitude wakes that seed the growth of the self-modulation instability and that frequency chirp is of minimal importance for the experimental parameters.
Multicolored forests in complete bipartite graphs

Abstract If the edges of a graph G are colored using k colors, we consider the color distribution for this coloring a =(a 1 ,a 2 ,…,a k ) , in which ai denotes the number of edges of color i for i=1,2,…,k. We find inequalities and majorization conditions on color distributions of the complete bipartite graph Kn,n which guarantee the existence of multicolored subgraphs: in particular, multicolored forests and trees. We end with a conjecture on partitions of Kn,n into multicolored trees.
EFFECT OF SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE ON SENSORY, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FRANKFURTERS

Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) is currently used by the sausage industry to accelerate development of cured meat color. The cured color accelerator was examined, through sensory evaluation and instrumental measurements, for its effects on the texture of frankfurters. The effects of SAPP on other sensory properties and on chemical and physical characteristics were also examined. SAPP was found to slightly improve texture by increasing springiness, hardness, and awareness of skin, and by reducing oiliness. SAPP had no detrimental effects on texture. SAPP caused a slight improvement in flavor by enhancing beef, salt, smoke, and seasoning flavors, and by diminishing fat flavor. and mouthfeel. However, the presence of SAPP resulted in intensified sour flavor and decreased aroma and flavor of pork. SAPP did not greatly reduce residual nitrite levels or increase the development of meat color. SAPP effectively lowered viscosity of the emulsion and held emulsion temperature down during emulsification. Unlike alkaline phosphates, SAPP did not improve moisture retention or cook yields; it had no effect on proximate analysis. SAPP did cause an increase in exudate formation in stored vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurters.
Residue depletion of oxytetracycline from fillet tissues of northern pike and walleye

The broad-spectrum antibacterial drug oxytetracycline (OTC) is used in the U.S. to treat certain diseases in salmonids and catfish. This study was conducted to support an extension of the OTC label to include all cool-water fish species cultured at U.S. public aquaculture facilities by satisfying human food safety requirements. Juvenile northern pike (Esox lucius; mean weight: 117 g) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum; mean weight: 59 g) were fed OTC-medicated diets near the maximum legal treatment rate (82.7 mg OTC-HCl/kg fish/day for 10 days) and near the lower limit of the water temperature range for most disease outbreaks in these species (14 and 16 °C, respectively). Two trials were conducted simultaneously with northern pike, one using commercially medicated feed and the other using on-site OTC top-coated feed. A third trial was performed with walleye using on-site OTC top-coated feed. Fillet tissues were collected and OTC free base (OTC-base) concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The maximum mean OTC-base concentrations in the fillet tissue were 319 ng/g in northern pike (skinless) and 721 ng/g in walleye (skin-on), both well below the current tolerance limit of 2000 ng/g OTC-base. The log-linear loss of OTC-base from the fillet tissues was monophasic, with terminal phase half-lives of 5.9 days in northern pike fed commercial medicated feed, 6.7 days in northern pike fed top-coated feed, and 10.5 days in walleye fed top-coated feed. The data supported a zero withdrawal time in juvenile northern pike and walleye fed OTC at the approved dose level for 10 days at water temperatures down to 14 and 16 °C respectively.
The Challenge of Global Policy

Striking changes are taking place in the tenor of world politics. Less than a decade ago there was a reintensifying of Cold War antagonisms in the aftermath of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the Reagan Administration's contentious rhetoric and ambitious military buildup. Few could imagine then that a cascade of economic and political upheavals and reforms in the socialist countries, accompanied by a markedly more accommodating Soviet foreign policy, would by 1990 bring an end to the Cold War era, or so it seems to most observers. Imposing nuclear arsenals and massive conventional forces remain, as do the opposing military alliances, but these seem strangely anachronistic in the new era of world politics that is unfolding. By the mid-1980s the stature of the United Nations was at a nadir as its officials
Caspase-, cathepsin-, and PERK-dependent regulation of MDA-7/IL-24-induced cell killing in primary human glioma cells

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 /interleukin-24 ( mda-7 /IL-24) is a novel cytokine displaying selective apoptosis-inducing activity in transformed cells without harming normal cells. The present studies focused on defining the mechanism(s) by which a GST-MDA-7 fusion protein inhibits cell survival of primary human glioma cells in vitro . GST-MDA-7 killed glioma cells with diverse genetic characteristics that correlated with inactivation of ERK1/2 and activation of JNK1-3. Activation of JNK1-3 was dependent on protein kinase R–like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and GST-MDA-7 lethality was suppressed in PERK−/− cells. JNK1-3 signaling activated BAX, whereas inhibition of JNK1-3, deletion of BAX, or expression of dominant-negative caspase-9 suppressed lethality. GST-MDA-7 also promoted a PERK-, JNK-, and cathepsin B–dependent cleavage of BID; loss of BID function promoted survival. GST-MDA-7 suppressed BAD and BIM phosphorylation and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression. GST-MDA-7 caused PERK-dependent vacuolization of LC3-expressing endosomes whose formation was suppressed by incubation with 3-methyladenine, expression of HSP70 or BiP/GRP78, or knockdown of ATG5 or Beclin-1 expression but not by inhibition of the JNK1-3 pathway. Knockdown of ATG5 or Beclin-1 expression or overexpression of HSP70 reduced GST-MDA-7 lethality. Our data show that GST-MDA-7 induces an endoplasmic reticulum stress response that is causal in the activation of multiple proapoptotic pathways, which converge on the mitochondrion and highlight the complexity of signaling pathways altered by mda-7 /IL-24 in glioma cells that ultimately culminate in decreased tumor cell survival. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(2):297–313]
Multinational investment and voluntary disclosure: Project-level evidence from the petroleum industry

This paper analyzes the multinational enterprise’s decision to voluntarily disclose information regarding its investments, a choice we term investment transparency. When disclosing investment information, managers must weigh the costs and benefits of reducing asymmetries between the firm and three stakeholder audiences: capital markets, civil society and governments. We use a unique transaction-level dataset of reserve acquisitions by oil-industry multinationals compiled by IHS Herold to examine managerial decisions to reveal or withhold value-relevant information about firm investment. Contrary to the agency-theoretic motivations traditionally ascribed to voluntary disclosure, our results suggest institutional and informational factors drive investment transparency. We find that firms disclose less in cross-border transactions, more when societal expectations of transparency are high, and less when faced with political risk. These results should be of interest to scholars of accounting and international business, as well as managers and policy makers involved in the ongoing debate on transparency in the extractive industries.
The dielectric response of water in high electric fields: equilibrium water thickness and the field distribution

Abstract Adsorption and reaction of water at metal surfaces can be strongly influenced by high surface electric fields. A numerical model, which includes a field-dependent relative permittivity of water, has been developed to predict the equilibrium thickness of the condensed water layer and its effect on the field distribution around a field emitter tip. Thin water layers weaken the field at the tip surface while thick layers concentrate it. When the water becomes sufficiently thick, the field at the tip surface becomes greater than the field at a clean tip surface for the same applied potential.
Diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis by first-catch urine enzyme immunoassay in adolescent males.

Abstract This study evaluates a first-catch urine sediment enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in symptomatic adolescent males. Seven of 23 patients evaluated were diagnosed with sexually transmitted urethritis, five caused by C. trachomatis . First-catch urine sediment was accurate in diagnosing C. trachomatis urethritis when compared to urethral swab EIA ( p p C. trachomatis is a rapid, painless method of diagnosis. A method for screening and diagnosis with these techniques is described.
The study of thermal and gross morphologic properties of polyglycolic acid upon annealing and degradation treatments.

The objective of this study is to alter the fiber morphology of a linear aliphatic polyester, polyglycolic acid, by annealing treatment and to examine the changes of its degradation properties. The annealing was done at 150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, and 190 degrees C, and the specimens were annealed in four different strained conditions, freely hung, 0, 1, and 10%. After annealing treatments, the specimens were subject to in vitro hydrolytic degradation by immersing them in phosphate-buffer solution of pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C for up to 28 days. The thermal properties and gross morphology of the specimens were obtained. It was found that annealing treatments resulted in initial higher levels of crystallinity, which, in turn, influenced the hydrolytic degradation of the fiber. Among all the annealing conditions, the freely hung specimens annealed at 190 degrees C exhibited the most pronounced annealing effect on hydrolytic degradation, and was consistent with the observed gross morphologic changes. The change in the characteristics of fiber structure (i.e., the return to the stage of less oriented conformation upon freely hung annealing) was thought to be the cause.
A History and Analysis of Radical Activism in Sociology, 1967–1969, with Special Reference to the Sociology Liberation Movement, the Black Caucus, the Executive Council, the War in Vietnam and a Few Other Things*

Radical activism in sociology can be explained as reaction against developments in American society, university structure, social theory and the American Sociology Association. Beginning in 1967 with a controversy over a Vietnam resolution, it has grown to include organized opposition through the Sociology Liberation Movement and the separation of the Black Sociologists Association. The assumptions behind sociology as an academic field and an occupation, have been and are being tested and found erroneous by an increasing number of sociologists.
Glutamate receptor phosphorylation and synaptic plasticity

The recent findings that glutamate receptors are phosphorylated and functionally modulated by protein kinases has provided evidence that phosphorylation of these receptors may play a critical role in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
The impact of improved vehicle design on highway safety

Abstract This paper describes a framework for evaluating the safety of automobile designs in terms of likelihood of accident occurrence and severity of likely injuries sustained. Fault-tree analysis is utilized to model interacting relationships between causative factors that affect accident occurrence. A multiattribute injury model based on harm measures obtained from the National Accident Sampling System Database is presented to describe accident severity. By combining the two sub-models, a risk profile for a single automobile design is constructed. The risk profile is then used 1) descriptively, as a basis for comparing competing design alternatives through multiobjective analysis and 2) prescriptively, as a tool to highlight causative factors worthy of crash protection and crash-avoidance design research.
The Neotype of the Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphis gossypii Glover 1877)

We fix and describe the neotype of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and publish its DNA barcode.
Renal autoregulation in midterm and late-pregnant rats.

Objectives: The normal kidney autoregulates (that is, maintains) renal blood flow over a wide range of arterial blood pressures. During normal pregnancy blood pressure falls and the kidney vasodilates. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether renal autoregulatory ability was influenced during pregnancy in the normal rat. Study design: Experiments were conducted on three groups of anesthetized rats, studied in the virgin state, at midterm, and late in pregnancy (gestation lasts 22 days in the rat). Renal blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flow probe at normal renal perfusion pressures, during elevation in renal perfusion pressure with bilateral carotid occlusion, and at subnormal renal perfusion pressures after application of an aortic snare. Results: Blood pressure was similar in midterm and virgin rats but lower in late pregnancy in the control state. Control renal blood flow was similar between virgin and late-pregnant rats but significantly elevated at midterm. During elevation in blood pressure with bilateral carotid occlusion, autoregulation was maintained in all three groups. During graded aortic occlusion, renal autoregulatory ability was lost. The autoregulatory threshold was between 90 and 100 mm Hg for midterm pregnant and virgin rats and was slightly lower at about 88 mm Hg for late-pregnant rats. Conclusions: Midterm pregnant rats are able to autoregulate renal blood flow as well as virgins are in spite of underlying gestational renal vasodilatation. The slight shift in renal autoregulatory threshold seen in late-pregnant rats may prevent the kidney from hypoperfusion during late-gestation hypotension.
Repositioning the malpositioned ear

Plastic surgeons are very aware of the problems that face children with major external ear abnormalities in the process of development and socialization. We are also aware of the difficulties created by the common prominent ear, and the ridicule that can be created. However, comparatively little has been written about recognition and treatment of the malpositioned ear. This report presents a simple and reliable method for correction of posteriorly inclined and low-positioned ears. This approach may be underutilized in clinical practice.
Stability and change in an urban homeless population.

Few studies have produced the over-time observational data needed to draw valid conclusions about changes in urban homeless populations during the 1980s. One place for which such data exist is Nashville, Tennessee. An ongoing series of enumerations lends little support to Nashvillians’ perception that the number of homeless in their city is growing rapidly. Enumeration results also (1) contradict expectations regarding the rise of “new homeless” groups and (2) show two types of spatial redistribution —from indoor to outdoor and core to peripheral locations—to be under way. The applicability of the enumeration methodology to other communities is discussed, as are the discrepancies between purported and measured demographic changes in homelessness.
Dexamethasone base conserves hearing from electrode trauma-induced hearing loss.

Objective/Hypothesis: Local treatment of the cochlea after electrode insertion trauma with dexamethasone base conserves hearing against trauma-induced loss. Study Design: Laboratory animal study. Methods: A guinea pig model of electron insertion trauma (EIT)-induced hearing loss (HL) used 44 guinea pigs sub-divided into four groups: 1) unoperated, controls (Controls, n = 44); 2) EIT, untreated (EIT, n = 15); 3) EIT plus artificial perilymph (EIT + AP, n = 15); and 4) EIT plus dexamethasone base (EIT + DXMb, n = 14). Cochleae that received EIT were randomly selected with contralateral, unoperated cochleae as internal controls. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in response to 0.5 to 16 kHz pure tones were obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery (0 day), and on post-EIT days 3, 7, 14, and 30. Hair cell counts were obtained from stained organ of Corti specimens from all four groups (n = 3/group). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference post hoc test with significance alpha set at <0.05 (hearing) and <0.001 (hair cells). Results: There were significant differences ( 0.05) in ABR thresholds in the EIT + DXMb versus control groups for 0.5 to 4 kHz tones. DXMb treatment protected hair cells from EIT-induced damage and loss while AP treatment did not. Conclusion: The absence of significant differences in hearing thresholds between the EIT + DXMb group and control ears in response to 0.5 to 4 kHz tones demonstrates that DXMb is as effective as the aqueous form of dexamethasone in conserving hearing against EIT-induced loss.
A La protein requirement for efficient pre-tRNA folding

The La protein protects the 3′ ends of many nascent small RNAs from exonucleases. Here we report that La is required for efficient folding of certain pre-tRNAs. A mutation in pre-tRNAArgCCG causes yeast cells to be cold-sensitive and to require the La protein Lhp1p for efficient growth. When the mutant cells are grown at low temperature, or when Lhp1p is depleted, mature tRNAArgCCG is not efficiently aminoacylated. The mutation causes the anticodon stem of pre-tRNAArgCCG to misfold into an alternative helix in vitro. Intragenic suppressor mutations that disrupt the misfolded helix or strengthen the correct helix alleviate the requirement for Lhp1p, providing evidence that the anticodon stem misfolds in vivo. Chemical and enzymatic footprinting experiments suggest a model in which Lhp1p stabilizes the correctly folded stem. Lhp1p is also required for efficient aminoacylation of two wild-type tRNAs when yeast are grown at low temperature. These experiments reveal that pre-tRNAs can require protein assistance for efficient folding in vivo.
Atonische Blutungen und Konstitution

862 Gebarende, deren Konstitutionstyp nachKretschmer fest-gestellt worden war, wurden hinsichtlich ihres Verhaltens in der Nach-geburtsperiode uberpruft. Die grosten Mittelwerte der Blutverluste fanden sich bei den Leptosomen und bei den Athletischen, doch zeigten diese Frauen eine auffallend gute Toleranz selbst gegenuber grosen Blutverlusten. Demgegenuber waren bei den Pyknischen grosere Blu-tungen seltener, schwere Kreislaufkollapse aber haufiger und schon bei mittelschweren Blutverlusten zu verzeichnen. Dies zeigt, das die Reaktion auf grosere Blutverluste sehr viel verlaslichere Hinweise auf die Gefardung der Frischentbundenen liefert als die Hohe der verlorenen Blutmenge. Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben, das die Athletinnen und die pyknisch- und leptosom-athletischen Mischformen eine uberdurch-schnittliche Haufigkeit von Spatmenarche und Cycluslabilitat aufwiesen, und das bei diesen — fur das weibliche Geschlecht ohnehin ungewohnlichen Habitusformen — haufiger uberdurchschnittlich grose Kinder und haufiger Storungen in der Nachgeburtsperiode auftraten. Bei den pyknischen Frauen fiel die grose Zahl langer Geburtsdauern auf, die weder durch Wehenschwache noch durch besonders grose Kinder zu erklaren war, und als konstitutionell bedingte Eigenart aufgefast werden mus. Frauen mit leptosomem Korperbau neigen vermehrt zu Ris- und Varixblutungen.
Differential Pricing of Essential AIDS Drugs: Markets, Politics and Public Health

Differential pricing of essential drugs is an intuitively obvious component of any comprehensive response to the AIDS crisis. Constructing an effective regime of price discrimination between first and third world pharmaceutical markets however raises complicated economic legal and political challenges. Low-priced drugs in developing countries could trigger forms of physical and informational arbitrage that could undermine prices and profit in lucrative first world markets. Furthermore the pricing of AIDS drugs highlights legal tensions between public health concerns and private intellectual property rights under the WTO TRIPS agreement. This essay explores these issues and examines how classic economic models of price discrimination can afford a political framework to mediate first- and third-world tensions over essential drugs providing a template that can maintain the integrity of intellectual property rights while respecting humanitarian concerns over the access to lifesaving drugs. (authors)
Local fields in solids: microscopic aspects for dielectrics

The authors offer a historical and pedagogical introduction to the local-field problem in dielectrics. They then discuss a microscopic approach to the problem and introduce momentum dependence. Finally they apply these results to electron-phonon coupling in quasi-two-dimensional systems, in particular the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors.
Predicting the disorder–order transition of dielectrophoretic colloidal assembly with dielectric spectroscopy

The dielectrophoretic assembly of colloidal suspensions into crystalline arrays is described by a master scaling that collapses the disorder-order transition as a function of field strength, frequency, and particle size. This master scaling has been verified for particle diameters ranging from 2a = 200 nm to 3 μm by light scattering (Lumsdon et al., Langmuir 2004, 20, 2108-2116; McMullan and Wagner, Langmuir 2012, 28, 4123-4130), optical laser tweezer measurements (Mittal et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 129, 064513), and small-angle neutron scattering (McMullan and Wagner, Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5443-5450). In this work, we reconcile the empirical phase diagram with direct measurements of the colloid polarizability using dielectric spectroscopy. Dielectric spectroscopy confirms the origin of the order-disorder transition frequency dependence, including its quadratic scaling with particle radius, a(2), and provides an alternative method to search for optimal self-assembly conditions.
Improvements in optical generation of high-frequency ultrasound

The thermoelastic effect in a black poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is used to produce high-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound for applications in water and soft tissue. We show that the optoacoustic transduction efficiency is improved by about 10 dB by decreasing the thickness of the black PDMS film from 25 mum to 11 mum. The center frequency of the generated ultrasound is 60 MHz, with a -6 dB bandwidth of 80%. When a 5 ns laser pulse with energy of 50 ns is delivered to a spot size of 25 mum, the acoustic pressure 10 mm away from the film surface is about 800 kPa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the center frequency and bandwidth of the generated ultrasound is mainly determined by the temporal profile of the input optical pulse, and it has the potential to be easily improved to above 100 MHz
Role of thromboxane A2 in early BDL-induced portal hypertension

Although the mechanisms of cirrhosis-induced portal hypertension have been studied extensively, the role of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in the development of portal hypertension has never been explicitly...
Evolutionary Aspects of Photoresponsive Systems

A major factor in the survival of an organism is its ability to communicate with and respond to its environment. Among the environmental factors is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, from about 400 to 760 nm, which we define as visible light. In the course of evolution, many photoresponsive systems have developed, some highly complex, some relatively simple. Generally speaking, they have the capabilities of detecting the presence or absence of light, the direction of a light source and, in some cases, can even measure absolute quantities of visible light.
Effect of interplane capacitance on the radiation from printed traces

The paper examines the effect of the capacitance between power and ground planes on the direct radiation from signal traces. The analysis is based on a full wave moment method solution combined with a multi-port network formulation. Techniques that exploit interplane capacitance by reducing the distance between power and ground planes are found to also reduce the radiation from traces over a certain frequency range. Numerical results are presented.
A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED WORK MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

SUMMARY A probabilistic approach to the development of a simplified work measurement system is presented. As a result of this approach, expected time values and accompanying variances can be calculated for each element under investigation. General Purpose Date (GPD) and Master Standard Data (MSD), standard data systems which are simplifications of a more detailed predetermined time system, Methods-Time Measurement (MTM), were used to illustrate the applicability of this method. In order to pursue this probabilistic approach, the various combinations of MTM elements which satisfy each investigated GPD and MSD element have been enumerated. The probability of occurrence of each of these possible combinations has been developed using historical data. Given the time value and the probability of occurrence for each possible combination, the expected time value and accompanying variances were generated for the “simplified” element.
Coding theory based models for protein translation initiation in prokaryotic organisms

Our research explores the feasibility of using communication theory, error control (EC) coding theory specifically, for quantitatively modeling the protein translation initiation mechanism. The messenger RNA (mRNA) of Escherichia coli K-12 is modeled as a noisy (errored), encoded signal and the ribosome as a minimum Hamming distance decoder, where the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as a template for generating a set of valid codewords (the codebook). We tested the E. coli based coding models on 5' untranslated leader sequences of prokaryotic organisms of varying taxonomical relation to E. coli including: Salmonella typhimurium LT2, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus Mu50. The model identified regions on the 5' untranslated leader where the minimum Hamming distance values of translated mRNA sub-sequences and non-translated genomic sequences differ the most. These regions correspond to the Shine-Dalgarno domain and the non-random domain. Applying the EC coding-based models to B. subtilis, and S. aureus Mu50 yielded results similar to those for E. coli K-12. Contrary to our expectations, the behavior of S. typhimurium LT2, the more taxonomically related to E. coli, resembled that of the non-translated sequence group.
Leader-follower strategies for multilevel systems

Sequential strategies for dynamic systems with multiple decision makers and multiple performance indices are surveyed and reviewed. These strategies are generalizations of Stackelberg or leader-follower strategies for two-person games. The review includes structures with one coordinator and several second-level decision makers, and linear hierarchical structures with only one decision maker at each level Several information structures are considered.
A review of interstellar polarization properties and recent measurements toward the Chamaeleon I and Taurus dark clouds

Abstract The observed linear polarization of starlight is thought to be caused by magnetically aligned, elongated dust grains existing within interstellar clouds. Typically, the magnitude of polarization as a function of wavelength may be empirically fit with great accuracy by the Serkowski law, and comparisons of the parameters of this fit to extinction data provide information about grain sizes and environments. The linear polarization properties of the Chamaeleon I and Taurus dark clouds have been studied, using data from the literature combined with some new observations. Strong trends in the amount of polarization as a function of visual extinction (P vs Av) in the line of sight have been observed for both clouds. Specifically, the degree of polarization per unit extinction, or polarization efficiency P/Av, for Taurus has been found to decrease dramatically with increasing Av the data being well fit by a power law. For Chamaeleon, the relationship between the wavelength of maximum polarization (λmax and the ratio of total to selective extinction (RV) is significantly different from that shown previously for a variety of sources by Clayton and Mathis. It is suggested that these effects may be caused by the physical and chemical processes occurring in these clouds and may be used to further understand not only the grain alignment mechanisms but also the environment of dense interstellar clouds.
Hydrocele following treatment for Hodgkin's disease

Thirteen Hodgkin's disease patients developed hydrocele after treatment with radiotherapy (12 patients) or chemotherapy (one patient). An additional patient developed testicular swelling following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Eleven of 13 patients were staged with laparotomy (nine initially, two at restaging) which included pelvic and aortic node biopsies prior to the development of hydrocele. Five of the patients developed radiation-related pericarditis. These data suggest that staging and treatment of Hodgkin's disease may disrupt pelvic lymphatic flow and lead to hydrocele formation. The high incidence of treatment-related pericarditis may suggest unusual sensitivity to radiation in this group of patients.
Compact Intermediates in RNA Folding

Large noncoding RNAs fold into their biologically functional structures via compact yet disordered intermediates, which couple the stable secondary structure of the RNA with the emerging tertiary fold. The specificity of the collapse transition, which coincides with the assembly of helical domains, depends on RNA sequence and counterions. It determines the specificity of the folding pathways and the magnitude of the free energy barriers to the ensuing search for the native conformation. By coupling helix assembly with nascent tertiary interactions, compact folding intermediates in RNA also play a crucial role in ligand binding and RNA-protein recognition.
Murine six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, prostate stem cell antigen, and prostate-specific membrane antigen: Prostate-specific cell-surface antigens highly expressed in prostate cancer of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate mice

To identify genes that are differentially up-regulated in prostate cancer of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, we subtracted cDNA isolated from mouse kidney and spleen from cDNA isolated from TRAMP-C1 cells, a prostate tumor cell line derived from a TRAMP mouse. Using this strategy, cDNA clones that were homologous to human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) were isolated. Mouse STEAP (mSteap) is 80% homologous to human STEAP at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels and contains six potential membrane-spanning regions similar to human STEAP. Mouse PSCA (mPsca) shares 65% homology with human PSCA at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. mRNA expression of mSteap and mPsca is largely prostate-specific and highly detected in primary prostate tumors and metastases of TRAMP mice. Both mSteap and mPsca map to chromosome 5. Another known gene coding for mouse prostate-specific membrane antigen (mPsma) is also highly expressed in both primary and metastatic lesions of TRAMP mice. These results indicate that the TRAMP mouse model can be used to effectively identify genes homologous to human prostate-specific genes, thereby allowing for the investigation of their functional roles in prostate cancer. mSteap, mPsca, and mPsma constitute new tools for preventative and/or therapeutic vaccine construction and immune monitoring in the TRAMP mouse model that may provide insights into the treatment of human prostate cancer.
Lateral retrocanthal orbitotomy: a minimally invasive, canthus-sparing approach.

Objective: To develop and evaluate a minimally invasive technique of lateral orbitotomy that provides improved orbital access with fewer complications. Methods: A cadaver study was undertaken to de...
Delayed presentation of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile duct injury is a serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with 50% of bile duct injuries showing a delayed presentation. We experienced four patients (one male and three female) with bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed and referred by a local practitioner. The patients' ages ranged from 34 to 63 years. Symptoms included abdominal pain, anorexia, jaundice, ascites, ileus, fever, and tarry stool. Ductal injuries were a result of electrocautery burn in two patients and biliary strictures were due to malapplication of endoclips in the remaining two. The observed bile duct injuries, confirmed by ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and cholangiographic studies, were successfully treated by choledochotomy with a silastic T-tube stent. To avoid bile duct injuries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed by a well trained and experienced hepatobiliary surgeon, who should ensure accurate identification of the anatomical structures of Calot's triangle, careful dissection and management of intraoperative bleeding, and a lower threshold for conversion to open surgery.
A Micromechanics Model for the Effective Young's Modulus of a Piecewise-Isotropic Laminate with Wavy Patterns

A mathematical model based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is proposed for predicting the effective Young's moduli of piece-wise isotropic composite laminates with wavy patterns in the main load-carrying layers. Strains in corrugated layers, in-phase layers, and out-of-phase layers are predicted for various geometries and material configurations by assuming matrix layers as elastic foundations. Experimental results obtained from corrugated aluminum specimens and aluminum/epoxy specimens with in-phase and out-of-phase wavy patterns coincide very well with the predictions. The work represents a preliminary effort toward further generalization of the model for two-dimensional anisotropic laminates containing wavy patterns in the main load-carrying layers.