cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovative waste biomass derived organic acids synthesis, immobilization, and purification system

Carboxylic acid could be produced by anaerobic digestion of waste biomass and used as feedstocks for various chemical processes. The recovery of carboxylic acid and the optimization of organic acid producing are the challenges of this bioconversion. In this study, MCM-41 type amine functionalize mesoporous silica (MPS) was used as an adsorbent to separate carboxylic acids. The experimental data fitted with a modified Langmuir model. At an amine density of 3.14 mol N kg -1 , the highest acid adsorption capacity experienced was 3.38 mol kg -1 . The reaction was exothermic and favored at low temperature. More than 90% of maximum adsorption would be achieved at pH < 4. By increasing pH above 10.5 using alkali chemicals, the desorption/regeneration completed within 1 minute. The interferences such as ethanol, glucose and protein did not affect organic acid adsorption significantly. However, anions at the high concentration might compete acetic acid to adsorb at the same site of adsorbent. MPS has a high selectivity for carboxylic acid. The pseudo-second-order rate constant for acetic acid adsorption on MPS was 0.41 kg mol -1 min -1 which is higher than that of anion exchange resin and activated carbon. The maximum organic acid yield from serum-bottle test using corn stover as a sole substrate was 0.25±0.02 g/gVS and decreased when the substrate concentration increased. Acid inhibition might play an important role in this phenomenon. With dilution rate of 0.5 d -1 in leaching bed reactor study, the highest organic acid yield and productivity were 0.14 g/gVS and 0.70 g/L/d, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum organic acid yield from semi-batch reactor in this study was 0.056 g/gVS at substrate concentration of 70 gVS/L and hydraulic retention time of 5 days. The maximum organic acid productivity obtained from this study is 1.319 g/L/d at substrate
Developing an integrated wireless system for fully immersive virtual reality environments

Coupling a wearable computer with a low-power wireless sensor network allows for the introduction of novel sensors into virtual environments. Wireless sensors can be placed anywhere on the user without cabling and other complications. The wearable computer gives access to large libraries of device drivers, which allows system designers to incorporate interaction devices from the world of computer gaming into high-end virtual reality (VR) systems. The use of VRJuggler makes the system platform independent. This work presents a new integrated wireless communications system, for interaction devices in VR environments.
Nanoporous gold for biomedical applications: structure, properties and applications

Abstract: Nanoporous gold is a material that can be utilized in several medical applications, including in biosensors and drug delivery devices. This chapter highlights current information regarding the medical applications of nanoporous gold. Methods for processing nanoporous gold, characterization of nanoporous gold, and medical applications of nanoporous gold are presented. Efforts to improve the mechanical properties of nanoporous gold are also considered.
A novel approach to statistical downscaling considering nonstationarities: application to daily precipitation in the Mediterranean area

[1] In the present study, nonstationarities in predictor–predictand relationships within the framework of statistical downscaling are investigated. In this context, a novel validation approach is introduced in which nonstationarities are explicitly taken into account. The method is based on results from running calibration periods. The (non)overlaps of the bootstrap confidence interval of the mean model performance (derived by averaging the performances of all calibration/verification periods) and the bootstrap confidence intervals of the individual model errors are used to identify (non)stationary model performance. The specified procedure is demonstrated for mean daily precipitation in the Mediterranean area using the bias to assess model skill. A combined circulation-based and transfer function–based approach is employed as a downscaling technique. In this context, large-scale seasonal atmospheric regimes, synoptic-scale daily circulation patterns, and their within-type characteristics, are related to daily station-based precipitation. Results show that nonstationarities are due to varying predictors–precipitation relationships of specific circulation configurations. In this regard, frequency changes of circulation patterns can damp or increase the effects of nonstationary relationships. Within the scope of assessing future precipitation changes under increased greenhouse warming conditions, the identification and analysis of nonstationarities in the predictors–precipitation relationships leads to a substantiated selection of specific statistical downscaling models for the future assessments. Using RCP4.5 scenario assumptions, strong increases of daily precipitation become apparent over large parts of the western and northern Mediterranean regions in winter. In spring, summer, and autumn, decreases of precipitation until the end of the 21st century clearly dominate over the entire Mediterranean area.
Made in America: Immigrant Students in Our Public Schools

Made in America: Immigrant Students in Our Public Schools. Laurie Olsen New York: The New Press, 1997. 276 pp.
Angular dependence of c -axis magnetoresistance in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ single crystals with columnar defects

We measured the angular dependence of the c-axis magnetoresistance ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}(\mathbf{B})$ of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ irradiated with heavy ions. At temperatures near 69 K the scaling of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}(\mathbf{B})$ with the c-axis magnetic field component ${B}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is broken and the in-plane field, ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}},$ affects ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}.$ At this temperature, at a specific field ${B}_{\mathrm{cr}}\ensuremath{\approx}{B}_{\ensuremath{\Phi}}/2,$ magnetoresistance becomes independent of field orientation. This crossing point allows us to estimate the correlation length L of pancake positions along the c axis. We find $L/s\ensuremath{\sim}100$ at ${B=B}_{\mathrm{cr}},$ where s is the interlayer spacing. This provides evidence of strong enhancement of pancake alignment in the vortex liquid in crystals with columnar defects.
Salamander growth rates increase along an experimental stream phosphorus gradient

Nutrient-driven perturbations to the resource base of food webs are predicted to attenuate with trophic distance, so it is unclear whether higher-level consumers will generally respond to anthropogenic nutrient loading. Few studies have tested whether nutrient (specifically, nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) enrichment of aquatic ecosystems propagates through multiple trophic levels to affect predators, or whether N vs. P is relatively more important in driving effects on food webs. We conducted two-year whole-stream N and P additions to five streams to generate gradients in N and P concentration and N:P ratio (target N:P = 2, 8, 16, 32, 128). Larval salamanders are vertebrate predators of primary and secondary macroinvertebrate consumers in many heterotrophic headwater streams in which the basal resources are detritus and associated microorganisms. We determined the effects of N and P on the growth rates of caged and free-roaming larval Desmognathus quadramaculatus and the average body size of larval Eurycea wilderae. Growth rates and average body size increased by up to 40% and 60%, respectively, with P concentration and were negatively related to N:P ratio. These findings were consistent across both species of salamanders using different methodologies (cage vs. free-roaming) and at different temporal scales (3 months vs. 2 yr). Nitrogen concentration was not significantly related to increased growth rate or body size of the salamander species tested. Our findings suggest that salamander growth responds to the relaxation of ecosystem-level P limitation and that moderate P enrichment can have relatively large effects on vertebrate predators in detritus-based food webs.
Turtle Soup: Establishing Innovation-Friendly Conditions' for School Reform

Pressure groups in today's complex society present our school systems with diverse, conflicting demands for school reform. Educators can retain eroding public support only through pervasive innovations in our school systems. In order for our schools to survive and thrive in changing times, educators must overcome serious organizational and contextual barriers that inhibit innovation in the schools. Educational leaders must address these barriers by attending to the essential nature of creative thought, and to some basic tenets of organizational change. These concepts are portrayed in the form of a visual metaphor, which captures the essence of creative organizational development and recommends some specific Jeadership initiatives.
THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE SADDLE RIVER1

: A three-year study has been conducted on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this investigation were (1) to provide baseline information on the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Saddle River; (2) to qualitatively evaluate which parameters affect this distribution; and (3) to determine the effect of urbanization on the concentration and distribution of these materials. Significant enrichments of several heavy metals were observed in bottom sediments of the lower Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey, as compared to the upper Saddle River. Attempts to correlate metal concentrations in bottom sediments with chemical-oxygen demand were not successful in demonstrating a relationship between these two factors. Metal concentrations were found to be strongly dependent upon particle size. In general, metal concentrations in bottom sediments increased with decreasing partical diameter. However, metals enrichment was observed to be considerably greater in the larger sediment fractions studied (>420μ) than the smaller sediment fractions as one proceeded downstream through the urban area. Since the larger sediment fractions are least effected by scour and transport they may best reflect the effect of urbanization on the distribution of heavy metals over an extended period of time at a given location.
Tyranny of distance: the challenges of coordinating a multinational consortium

Purpose – This study aims to evaluate and report on the challenges faced by a multinational academic library consortium with a heterogeneous membership and widely varying collection resources. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses a case study approach based on direct experience obtained with coordinating the word of such a consortium, from its nascent stages to its fully functional present-day form. Findings – Coordinating the work of an academic library consortium that spans the globe presents challenges such as an inability to set a meeting time – and place – that is agreeable to all and copyright laws that vary from one country to the next. Cataloging practices may affect the system’s ability to select an appropriate supplier based on reported journal holdings, but this problem is easily solved by a careful review of local practices and the system’s search algorithms. Originality/value – This article is of interest to anyone involved in a library consortium, regardless of its geographic bounda...
Simulations of a Dual-Rotor System with Local Rub-Impacts Based on Rigid-Flexible Multi-Body Model

The nonlinear dynamical analyses of a dual-rotor system of an aero-engine are investigated with considering local rub-impacts based on rigid-flexible multi-body simulations. The dual-rotor system is set up from a practical aero-engine prototype, which includes an inner shaft (lower-pressure shaft) and an outer shaft (higher-pressure shaft). The two shafts are in internal-external arrangement and connected by six different rolling bearings. Firstly, a rigid-flexible multi-body model of the dual-rotor system with local rub-impacts is established with MSC.Adams. Then, for the rub-impacts happening between the higher-pressure disk and the fixed elastic rod, the rub-impact forces are described as a nonlinear one with piecewise stiffness and a constant friction. At last, the transverse vibrations of the dual-rotor system are simulated. From the obtained frequency spectra and shaft center orbits of given shaft nodes, many of them are composed of multi-frequencies and demonstrate nonlinear motion patterns.
A controlled study of isolation and endogenous microbial suppression in acute myelocytic leukemia patients.

A prospective study of infectious morbidity in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia receiving chemotherapy was undertaken to test the effects of a reduction of ambient and/or endogenous microorganisms. Patients were randomly allocated to receive: (1) neither barrier isolation nor antimicrobial suppression; (2) antimicrobial suppression (gentamicin, vancomycin, and nystatin) in conventional ward reverse isolation; (3) barrier isolation and filtered air; or (4) barrier isolation, filtered air, and antimicrobial suppression. The presence of infection at the time of randomization was a significant factor (p < 0.02) accounting for an increased death rate. Individuals housed in the isolator who were initially uninfected demonstrated a decrease in the acquisition of severe infections after 23 study days, and fewer respiratory infections throughout the study period. Pseudomonas infections were decreased in isolator patients. Fewer fatalities from infection, but more from hemorrhage, were noted in patients who received endogenous antimicrobial suppression. An increased remission rate was seen in isolated patients not receiving antibiotics for gut flora suppression (not statistically significant). Significant improvement of leukemic remission rate or survival by these environmental manipulations was not found.
1,1,3,3-Tetraoxo-1,2,3-triazapropene Anion, a New Oxy Anion of Nitrogen: The Dinitramide Anion and Its Salts

We report the synthesis of a completely new, stable class of inorganic salts named the dinitramide salts. These salts are based on a newly discovered nitrogen oxide anion known as the dinitramide anion. The dinitramide anion is a uniquely stable, high oxygen density grouping that can be prepared in many salt combinations including the ammonium or hydrazinium salts. The dinitramide anion has both fundamental scientific interest and practical applications. We describe here the synthesis of dinitramide salts and give a preliminary report on their properties.
Reactions of the copper dimer, Cu2, in the gas phase

Reactions of Cu2 with several small molecules have been studied in the gas phase, under thermalized conditions at room temperature, in a fast-flow reactor. They fall into one of two categories. Cu2 does not react with O2, N2O, N2, H2, and CH4 at pressures up to 6 torr. This implies bimolecular rate constants of less than 5 × 10−15 cm3 s−1 at 6 torr He. Cu2 reacts with CO, NH3, C2H4, and C3H6 in a manner characteristic of association reactions. Second-order rate constants for all four of these reagents are dependent on total pressure. The reactions with CO, NH3, and C2H4 are in their low pressure limit at up to 6 torr He buffer gas pressure. The reaction with C3H6 begins to show fall-off behavior at pressures above 3 torr. Limiting low-pressure, third-order rate constants are 0.66 ± 0.10, 8.8 ± 1.2, 9.3 ± 1.4, and 85 ± 15 × 10−30 cm6 s−1 in He for CO, NH3, C2H4, and C3H6, respectively. Modeling studies of these rate constants imply that the association complexes are bound by at least 20 kcal mol−1 in the case of C2H4 and C3H6 and at least 25 kcal mol−1 in the other cases. The implications of these results for Cu-ligand bonding are developed in comparison with existing work on the interactions of these ligands with Cu atoms, larger clusters, and surfaces. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vasculogenesis Driven by Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Is Essential for Growth of Ewing's Sarcomas

The role of vasculogenesis as opposed to angiogenesis in tumor formation has been little explored genetically. Endothelial cells that lack the MEK kinase MEKK3 cannot form vessels. In this study, we employed mice with hematopoietic deletions of the Mekk3 gene to evaluate the importance of vasculogenesis in the formation of Ewing9s sarcoma tumors. Bone marrow cells (BM) from LacZ+Mekk3-deficient conditional knockout mice (Mekk3Δflox/− mice) were transplanted into irradiated nude mice before injection of Ewing9s sarcoma cells. Because the grafted Mekk3Δflox/− BM cells cannot contribute to vessel development in the same way as the host Mekk3+/+ endothelial cells, angiogenesis is normal in the model whereas vasculogenesis is impaired. Four weeks after BM transplant, Ewing9s sarcoma TC71 or A4573 cells were injected, and tumor growth and vessel density were compared. Strikingly, chimeric mice transplanted with Mekk3Δflox/− BM exhibited a reduction in tumor growth and vessel density compared with mice transplanted with Mekk3Δflox/+ BM cells. Mekk3Δflox/− cells that were LacZ positive were visualized within the tumor; however, few of the LacZ+ cells colocalized with either CD31+ endothelial cells or desmin+ pericytes. Quantification of double-positive LacZ+ and CD31+ endothelial cells or LacZ+ and desmin+ pericytes confirmed that chimeric mice transplanted with Mekk3Δflox/− BM were impaired for tumor vessel formation. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Mekk3 in TC71 Ewing9s sarcoma cells had no effect on tumor growth or vessel density. Our findings indicate that vasculogenesis is critical in the expansion of the tumor vascular network. Cancer Res; 70(4); 1334–43
Carrier-to-noise ratio for an equal-gain coherent laser radar receiver array system: theory and experiment

In this paper, a theoretical comparison is made of the mean carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) for a coherent (heterodyne detection) equal gain (EG) optical array receiver system with that predicted by a conventional single-aperture monolithic coherent detector system. Our analysis shows that the mean CNR for an EG array receiver system improves significantly over that of a single aperture system. Experimental data taken from a recent outdoor experiment over a range up to 1 km between target and transceiver are also presented and compared with the theory for a particular eight-element EG system developed at the University of Central Florida. Optical signals received by the EG receiver array are launched into eight single mode optical fibers. Phase compensation between the individual receivers is accomplished by wrapping the fiber around PZT cylinders that are controlled by phase compensating electronics.
Grain Refinement and Grain Size Control in Superplastic Forming

Fine grain size is a microstructural requirement for superplastic alloys. We now have a general understanding of the methods of grain refinement and of restriction of grain coarsening. Phase transformation, recrystallation, deformation of duplex microstructures, and phase separation in duplex alloys can produce grain refinement, while particle dispersions and partitioning in duplex microstructures are useful methods for restricting grain coarsening. The methods selected for grain refinement and grain coarsening control for a specific alloy depend on the character of the alloy. Application of several of these methods to grain refinement and grain coarsening control in high-strength aluminum alloys is discussed.
Hydroacoustic signals of Antarctic origin detected at ocean-bottom seismic stations off New Zealand

Glacial calving from polar ice sheets is an important indicator of global climate change, and knowledge of ice discharge rates is useful for predicting global sea level variability and deep ocean circulation patterns. Since calving events are difficult to observe in-situ due to the remoteness of polar regions, the remote detection of hydroacoustic signals originating from these events is a useful monitoring tool for climatologists. We have observed hydroacoustic T-phases on an Ocean Bottom Seismic (OBS) network of 30 seismometers and differential pressure gauges that was deployed off the South Island of New Zealand in 2009–2010. These signals are emergent and strongly dispersive, containing most of their energy in the band between 5 and 15 Hz. We estimated backazimuths for events recorded on differential pressure gauges using array beamforming and F-K analysis. Our results suggest that some observed events originate in the vicinity of Ninnis and Mertz glaciers on George V Coast, East Antarctica, in general agreement with epicenters located by prior surface-wave based calving detection studies.
Polar cap optical observations of topside (>900 km) molecular nitrogen ions

The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization's s (BMDO) Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) has obtained the first optical observations of molecular ions at very high altitudes above the northern polar cap. Spectra over geomagnetic latitudes ∼80°N, at 1300 MLT of the N 2 + 1 st Negative Bands are identified with a total band intensity of 2.5 kR and an implied number density of 10 3 ions cm -3 at 900 km. Additional N 2 + transitions from the Meinel bands were also observed. No other permitted optical emissions were observed above 450 km indicating that the source must be solar resonance fluorescence of the N 2 + ion. The presence of heavy molecular ions at high altitudes is an indication of the upward flow of ions from the ionosphere into the magnetosphere. These optical observations suggest a new technique for the study of the global structure and temporal variation of plasma energization and transport between the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the polar regions.
Instrumentation to Monitor Transient Periodic Developing Flow in Non-Newtonian Slurries

Staff at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have conducted mixing and mobilization experiments with non-Newtonian slurries that exhibit Bingham plastic and shear thinning behavior and shear strength. This paper describes measurement techniques applied to identify the interface between flowing and stationary regions of non-Newtonian slurries that are subjected to transient, periodic, developing flows. Techniques were developed to identify the boundary between the flowing and stationary regions, time to mix, characteristic velocities of the flow field produced by the symmetrically spaced nozzles, and the velocity of the upwell formed in the center of the tank by the intersection of flow from four symmetrically spaced nozzles that impinge upon the tank floor. Descriptions of the instruments and instrument performance are presented. These techniques were an effective approach to characterize mixing phenomena, determine mixing energy required to fully mobilize vessel contents and to determine mixing times for process evaluation.
Covariant one-loop operators in open superstring theory and Fermion amplitudes

Abstract All one-loop primitive operators in the type I open superstring theory are evaluated in the framework of the covariant operator formalism. The redundant degree of freedom associated with the bosonized form of the superghost system are eliminated by making use of the projector proposed by Carow-Watamura et al. The planar, non-orientable and non-planar correlation functions of the superghost system are derived. Their applications to the loop amplitudes with external fermions are discussed. The non-renormalization theorem for these cases is shown covariantly.
A new method for measuring the thermal microstructure of the sea

Previous measurements of the small-scale temperature structure of the sea have involved a sensitive thermal device carried through the water by a ship or submarine. The present method permits microthermal measurements to be made from a stationary or slowly drifting vessel by means of temperature elements held in a fixed position along a bar. Nine thermistor beads were spaced at varying distances along a 12-ft bar, and the temperature difference between successive pairs of elements was measured by means of a bridge circuit and a sensitive d c amplifier. The records obtained lead to a simple method for determining the correlation function of temperature describing the space distribution of the temperature changes. A limited number of measurements was made in the waters off Key West, Florida, in conjunction with a field study of the fluctuation of sound transmission in the sea. The spatial and thermal scales of the microstructure are in rough agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence, and they lead to a prediction for the variability of sound transmission that agrees approximately with the field measurements.
Mesoionic compounds—XIX: Mass spectral fragmentation patterns for some five‐membered systems containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

Mesoionic compounds of the s-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,3-thiazole and 1,3-dithiole systems all underwent deep-seated decomposition on electron-impact to small stable ions, determined to a large extent by the nature of the peripheral heteroatoms and the exocyclic substituent. In some instances fragmentation most probably involved an open-chain isomer of the cyclic system.
Metabolic control of resting hemispheric cerebral blood flow is oxidative, not glycolytic.

Although the close regional coupling of resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) with both cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) within individuals is well documented, there are few data regarding the coupling between whole brain flow and metabolism among different subjects. To investigate the metabolic control of resting whole brain CBF, we performed multivariate analysis of hemispheric CMRO2, CMRglc, and other covariates as predictors of resting CBF among 23 normal humans. The univariate analysis showed that only CMRO2 was a significant predictor of CBF. The final multivariate model contained two additional terms in addition to CMRO2: arterial oxygen content and oxygen extraction fraction. Notably, arterial plasma glucose concentration and CMRglc were not included in the final model. Our data demonstrate that the metabolic factor controlling hemispheric CBF in the normal resting brain is CMRO2 and that CMRglc does not make a contribution. Our findings provide evidence for compartmentalization of brain metabolism into a basal component in which CBF is coupled to oxygen metabolism and an activation component in which CBF is controlled by another mechanism.
Prospective assessment of patient reported urinary continence after radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: Reported urinary continence rates after radical prostatectomy vary. Although modifications of radical prostatectomy meant to improve outcome, such as nerve sparing or bladder neck preservation, are in widespread use, to our knowledge evidence to support these practices based on patient report is scant. We evaluated the potential effects of nerve sparing and bladder neck preservation on urinary continence after radical prostatectomy, and assessed the impact of various urinary continence definitions on the observed outcome.Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated a cohort of men with prostate cancer who elected surgery with and without nerve sparing, and bladder neck preservation as primary therapy. A total of 482 men completed a brief urinary continence questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively at a median followup of 18 months. Urinary continence was followed prospectively using the questionnaire and patient reported urinary continence recovery was based on 3 definitions of contin...
Carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning in Pinus banksiana seedlings and seedling cuttings

Tests were conducted to identify possible relations between carbohydrates and callusing-rooting of Pinus banksiana Lamb, cuttings. Terminals, upper stems, and basal (1 cm) stems of 90-day-old untreated seedlings and seedling cuttings were analyzed for sucrose, total soluble reducing sugar, starch and total non-structural carbohydrate during propagation. Seedlings were evaluated in order to determine whether data for cuttings alone properly described carbohydrate-callusing-rooting relations under conditions where stock plants and cuttings were propagated in different environments. Results indicated that seedling terminals and upper stems, but not basal stems, accumulated the measured carbohydrates much like cuttings, though to lesser concentrations. Thus, carbohydrate accumulation by cutting terminals and upper stems would have been overestimated, based on cutting data alone. In terms of rooting, results indicated that: 1) Total carbohydrate accumulation in cutting basal stems was related to callusing-rooting, but a cause-effect relation was not established; 2) The positive relation between callusing-rooting and total carbohydrate accumulation was primarily due to accumulation of reducing sugar and starch, with reducing sugar predominant. 3) Reducing sugar/starch concentration ratios were the most sensitive and convenient indicators of specific carbohydrate differences within and between seedlings and cuttings.
The msg mutant: Genotype-environment interaction for productivity in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Tribolium confusum Duval

Abstract The effects of a recessive mutation, msg, on the relative productivities of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum in six flour types with and without yeast supplements were investigated. Homozygous mutant beetles of both species were less productive than wild-type beetles. Heterozygotes of T. castaneum had a higher productivity than either homozygous genotype, while T. confusum heterozygotes demonstrated intermediate productivity. Differences between species, genotypes, and media were significant. Developmental rates were significantly different in some media. In the less nutritious flours, beetles of all genotypes developed more slowly. Yeast supplements increased eclosion in beetles of all genotypes in both species. Implications for competitive outcomes are discussed.
Automatic and Controlled Components of Prejudice Toward Fat People: Evaluation Versus Stereotype Activation

This study investigated automatic and controlled components of anti-fat attitudes, the relationship between these components, and the extent to which each component predicts prejudicial behavior. Participants were primed with pictures of fat and thin women. Automatic activation of both evaluative responses and stereotypic knowledge were examined with lexical decision judgments on fat-stereotypical, thin-stereotypical, and stereotype-irrelevant trait words. Results showed greater automatic activation of negative evaluations to fat than thin women. Although, in general, automatic measures were found to be unrelated to self-reported anti-fat attitudes, one subcomponent of automatic evaluation was correlated with higher expressed dislike of fat persons. In addition, the automatic but not the controlled attitudinal measure predicted how far participants chose to sit from a fat woman. No stereotypicality effects were observed. Implications for reducing prejudice toward fat persons are discussed.
MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for VERO cell tumorigenicity.

MicroRNA expression appears to capture the process of neoplastic development in vitro in the VERO line of African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells (Teferedegne et al. PLoS One 2010;5(12):e14416). In that study, specific miRNA signatures were correlated with the transition, during serial tissue-culture passage, of low-density passaged 10–87 VERO cells from a non-tumorigenic phenotype at passage (p) 148 to a tumorigenic phenotype at p256. In the present study, six miRNAs (miR-376a, miR-654-3p, miR-543, miR-299-3p, miR-134 and miR-369-3p) were chosen from the identified signature miRNAs for evaluation of their use as potential biomarkers to track the progression of neoplastic development in VERO cells. Cells from the 10–87 VERO cell line at passage levels from p148 to p256 were inoculated into newborn and adult athymic nude mice. No tumors were observed in animals inoculated with cells from p148 to p186. In contrast, tumor incidences of 20% developed only in newborn mice that received 10–87 VERO cells at p194, p234 and p256. By qPCR profiling of the signature miRNAs of 10–87 VERO cells from these cell banks, we identified p194 as the level at which signature miRNAs elevated concurrently with the acquisition of tumorigenic phenotype with similar levels expressed beyond this passage. In wound-healing assays at 10-passage intervals between p150 to p250, the cells displayed a progressive increase in migration from p165 to p186; beginning at p194 and higher passages thereafter, the cells exhibited the highest rates of migration. By qPCR analysis, the same signature miRNAs were overexpressed with concomitant acquisition of the tumorigenic phenotype in another lineage of 10–87 VERO cells passaged independently at high density. Correlation between the passages at which the cells expressed a tumorigenic phenotype and the passages representing peaks in expression levels of signature miRNAs indicates that these miRNAs are potential biomarkers for the expression of the VERO cell tumorigenic phenotype.
Orientational dependence of certain RF impedance probes in the ionosphere

Abstract In an effort to determine electron density and temperature from RF impedance probe measurements, Bishop and Baker (1972) derived an expression using a quasi-static approximation for the impedance of an electrically short cylindrical antenna in a warm magnetoplasma. The problem was limited to the case where the longitudinal axis of the antenna was aligned with the magnetic field. It is the purpose of this paper to remove this restriction on the orientation angle of the antenna by using a perturbation technique valid when either ω or ν is much larger than the electron gyrofrequency. Under these conditions it is found that the antenna impedance has no dependence upon the antenna orientation angle. Although still somewhat restrictive, this result is useful for the whole class of RF probes in which the driving frequency is well above the upper hybrid resonance frequency.
Mechanisms and Evaluation of Cross-Layer Fault-Tolerance for Supercomputing

Reliability is emerging as an important constraint for future microprocessors. Cooperative hardware and software approaches for error tolerance can solve this hardware reliability challenge. Cross-layer fault tolerance frameworks expose hardware failures to upper-layers, like the compiler, to help correct faults. Such cooperative approaches require less hardware complexity than masking all faults at the hardware level and are generally more energy efficient. This paper provides a detailed design and an implementation study of cross-layer fault tolerance for supercomputing. Since supercomputers necessarily involve large component counts, they have more frequent failures than consumer electronics and small systems. Conventionally, these systems use redundancy and check pointing to achieve reliable computing. However, redundancy increases acquisition as well as recurring energy costs. This paper describes a simple language-level mechanism coupled with complementary compilation and lightweight hardware error detection that provides efficient reliability and cross-layer fault-tolerance for supercomputers. Our evaluation focuses on strong scaling problems for which we can trade computing power for redundancy. Our results show a range of 1.07x to 2.5x speedup when employing cross-layer error-tolerance compared to conventional full dual modular redundancy (DMR) to contain all errors within hardware. Further, we demonstrate the approach can sustain 7% to 50% lower energy. The most important result of this work is qualitative: we can use a simplified hardware design with relaxed architectural correctness guarantees.
Sibs with the polyasplenia developmental field defect

We report on two brothers each with absent spleen, multiple cardiac defects, and varying degrees of situs inversus. One brother also had omphalocele; the other also had annular pancreas. These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of polyasplenia, a complex developmental field defect affecting visceral and cardiac situs, with associated spleen and heart defects. We also discuss familial cases from a developmental field perspective.
Electronic properties, resistive anomalies, and phase transitions in the graphite intercalation compounds with K, Rb, and Cs

Overall resistivity-temperature data for the graphite intercalation compounds of potassium, rubidium, and cesium at stages 1 and 2, and of potassium at stages 3 and 4, at room temperature and below are presented. Except in the stage 1 compounds two resistivity anomalies are observed for each compound between 77 and 300 K. Correlation with known structural studies suggests the anomalies are due to interplanar and intraplanar ordering within the intercalant layers upon cooling and this conclusion is shown to be qualitatively consistent with the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance of K${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$ through the anomalies, which can be explained in terms of carrier mobility rather than carrier density changes. It is suggested that the details of the ordering process may be unique in each compound.
Evidence of a Faster Posterior Dominant EEG Rhythm in Children with Autism.

Abstract Multiple electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities have been associated with autism. In the course of clinical work, we have observed a posterior dominant EEG rhythm at higher frequency in children with autism. To test this observation, 56 EEG tracings of children with autism were compared to the EEGs of age-matched controls. Children with autism showed a posterior dominant EEG rhythm (PDR) of 9.00 Hz versus 8.60 Hz for controls ( p = 0.014). This difference was greater at younger ages. Neural correlates of an increased alpha frequency are unclear. This may represent pathology in cortical-thalamic circuits, default mode network, dorsal attention network and/or occipital visual networks. Examination of changes in these circuits in autism may be a worthwhile area for future research.
LOOK OUT BELOW

![Figure][1] Did you know that there are ants that actually jump from the trunks or branches of tall trees? It's easy enough to imagine ants being knocked out of their arboreal homes by heavy winds or pelting raindrops, but apparently certain species of canopy ant, such as Cephalotes atratus
Evaluation of a pet loss support hotline

ABSTRACTThis article outlines a qualitative pilot study which evaluates the Pet Loss Support Hotline at the Ohio State University Veterinary College. The study focuses on the veterinary and social work professions' understanding of the social and emotional aspects of pet loss by looking at the common themes of callers to the hotline and the hotline volunteers' reactions to the callers. Euthanasia and the lack of social supports were other frequent issues discussed by callers to the hotline
A modified method for determining free fatty acids from small soybean oil sample sizes

A modification of the AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40 for determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in 0.3 to 6.0-g samples of refined and crude soybean oil is described. The modified method uses only about 10% of the weight of oil sample, alcohol volume, and alkali strength recommended in the Official Method. Standard solutions of refined and crude soybean oil with FFA concentrations between 0.01 and 75% were prepared by adding known weights of oleic acid. The FFA concentrations, determined from small sample sizes with the modified method, were compared with FFA percentages determined from larger sample sizes with the Official Method. Relationships among determinations obtained by the modified and official methods, for both refined and crude oils, were described by linear functions. The relationship for refined soybean oil had an R 2 value of 0.997 and a slope of 0.99±0.031. The values for crude soybean oil are defined by a line with R 2=0.9996 and a slope of 1.01±0.013.
Hypoglycemia as a Driver of Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes

Severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes is associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events and death. Recent large randomized clinical trials in individuals with type 2 diabetes have shown that intensive glycemic control may result in increased mortality, and hypoglycemia has been investigated as a possible cause. Acute hypoglycemia is a proarrhythmic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic state, and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how hypoglycemia might increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, data from large clinical trials do not provide strong evidence to establish hypoglycemia as a cause of increased mortality. Severe hypoglycemia is also a marker of frailty and a predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with diabetes. Individualized therapy should be the goal in patients with diabetes to avoid severe hypoglycemia and any related adverse outcomes.
Income determination in market disequilibrium: The implications of spillover for the design of monetary policy

Abstract This paper specifies and analyzes a generalized disequilibrium macroeconomic model that explicitly includes the concept of spillover in nontatonnement financial and real markets. It is shown that the dynamic quantity and expenditure theories of income determination are special cases of the model which depend upon the degree of spillover from the bond to the commodity market. Simulation experiments designed to produce a vigorous monetary shock to the system clearly show that national product is very sensitive to the degree of spillover, and thus, the design of monetary policy within the context of gradual market clearing should consider the size of spillover.
Visualizing Java in action

Dynamic software visualization is supposed to provide programmers with insights as to what the program is doing. Most current dynamic visualizations either use program traces to show information about prior runs, slow the program down substantially, show only minimal information, or force the programmer to indicate when to turn visualizations on or off. We have developed a dynamic Java visualizer that provides a view of a program in action with low enough overhead so that it can be used almost all the time by programmers to understand what their program is doing while it is doing it.
Induced optical activity in the Tb(III) complex of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid through outer-sphere coordination with L-ascorbic acid

Abstract Pfeiffer effect optical activity has been induced in Tb(DPA)3−3 (DPA = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) through an outer-sphere complexation with L-ascorbic acid. The optical activity was found to be essentially pH independent, and is thought to be a consequence of a perturbation upon diasteromer interconversion of the D- and L-forms of the Tb(DPA)3−3 complex that had been induced by the L-ascorbic acid. It was found that the Tb(III) emission could be quenched by the oxidized form of the ascorbic acid, and that this quenching became more efficient as the solution pH was raised. This work represents the first measurement of a Pfeiffer effect for a lanthanide complex where the optical activity was induced by an outer-sphere coordination with a chiral resolving agent.
Cell cycle progression of C3H 10T½ and 3T3 cells in the absence of an increase in c-myc RNA levels

Normally, when confluent cells are stimulated to divide, they show a transient increase in c-myc RNA levels (1-5). This has led many investigators to believe that the rise in c-myc RNA is causally related to the control and regulation of cell proliferation. However, we report here that the rise in c-myc RNA levels is not observed in stimulated cycling C3H 10T1/2 and 3T3 cells that have been grown to confluence in the presence of the protease inhibitor antipain. Cells continue to progress from the G0/G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle in the absence of an increase in c-myc RNA; the kinetics of [3H]thymidine incorporation after serum stimulation are comparable to those observed in cells in which c-myc RNA levels rise after serum stimulation. Our observations are of significance because they suggest a dissociation between the transient rise of c-myc RNA which occurs before DNA synthesis and the events that initiate DNA synthesis in quiescent fibroblasts; c-myc may not play as central a role in stimulating noncycling, quiescent cells to progress through the cell cycle, as has been generally assumed.
A Bound-and-Scan Algorithm for Pure Integer Linear Programming with General Variables

A new algorithm for solving the pure-integer linear programming problem with general integer variables is presented and evaluated. Roughly speaking, this algorithm proceeds by obtaining tight bounds or conditional bounds on the relevant values of the respective variables, and then identifying a sequence of constantly improving feasible solutions by scanning the relevant solutions. Encouraging computational experience is reported that suggests that this algorithm should compare favorably in efficiency with existing algorithms. Plans for investigating ways of further increasing the efficiency of the algorithm and of extending it to more general problems also are outlined.
Generation of Volatile Organic Compounds by Alpha Particle Degradation of Wipp Plastic and Rubber Material

The generation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen, and carbon oxides due to alpha particle irradiation of polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, hypalon, and neoprene, is being investigated. A wide diversity of VOCs was found including alkenes, alkanes, alcohols, ketones, benzene derivatives, and nitro compounds. Their yields however, were quite low. The relative amounts of these compounds depended on the material, atmosphere present, and the absorbed dose. This investigation will help evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation on the long-term performance assessment and regulatory compliance issues related to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP).
Evolution of Motor Systems: The Reticulospinal Pathways

Some major trends in the evolution of vertebrate motor systems are illustrated by examples taken from studies of the reticulospinal pathways. Using the tools of modern systematic zoology, we try to determine whether certain features of these complex motor systems represent shared primitive characters, arrived at early in evolution, or whether they represent shared derived characters, which have arisen more recently. Several hypotheses are proposed in a manner which makes them testable and which suggests directions for future studies of reticulospinal systems. Recent evidence illustrates that reticulospinal systems are equally complex in a wide variety of vertebrates, not only mammals. Have these complex systems evolved independently several times or only once in vertebrate phylogeny? For purposes of illustration, we take two medullary reticular nuclei, reticularis (r.) gigantocellularis and r. magnocellularis of mammals (or r. inferioris pars ventralis and r. ventrolateralis of reptiles), and analyze their distribution, first in various vertebrate taxa and then within various families of the repitilian suborder Lacertilia (lizards and snakes). The evidence is strong that both of these nuclei are primitive characters for amniotes and we hypothesize that they are primitive for all vertebrates. The second nucleus, Rmc/RVL, shows considerable variability in appearance within one major taxon where it has been carefully studied, the Reptilia. We suggest that it should be studied in a wider variety of species within other classes. Among several possible functions for this nucleus, one of the most prominent (in mammals, at least) and seemingly basic ( e.g. , widely useful) is a role in mediating pain at spinal levels. Why then would its presence among the reptiles be so erratic?