cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Extreme Heat on Police and Fire Department Services in 23 U.S. Cities.

Recent research suggests that extreme heat affects the demand for emergency services, including police and fire department incidents. Yet there is limited understanding of impacts across U.S. cities, with varying population sizes, and between different climates. This study sought to examine the daily utilization of police and fire department services, during hot days in 23 U.S. cities representing six climate zones using relative risk (RR) and time series analyses of daily police and fire department incidents. The warm season analyses utilized three temperature metrics: daily maximum temperature (TMAX), daily maximum heat index (HIMAX), and the preceding daily minimum temperature (TMIN). Across these cities, the RR of police department incidents on days where TMAX was at or above the 95th percentile significantly increased within a range from 3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3%, 6.3%) to 57% (95% CI: 24.5%, 89.7%), compared with a nonhot day. At the same temperature thresholds, the RR of fire department dispatches increased from 6% (95% CI: 3.0%, 8.6%) to 18% (95% CI: 15.2%, 21.6%). These results remained consistent across temperature metrics and consecutive days of extreme heat. The estimated effects of daily maximum temperature, daily maximum heat index, and daily minimum temperature were nonlinear for police and fire department incidents across all cities. These findings inform climate change adaptation strategies, preparing budgets and personnel for emergency agencies to ensure resilience as periods of extreme heat increase in frequency, severity, and duration.
Utility of 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI for Staging Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Prostate Cancer and Evaluating Response to Initial Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Prospective Single-Arm Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND. Despite advances in prostate cancer treatment, rates of biochemical recurrence remain high, relating to lack of detection of small-volume metastatic disease using conventional imaging f...
Are Time Preference and Body Mass Index Associated?: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

The prevalence of obesity among both adults and children in the U.S. has risen to all time highs in the past two decades. We propose that an increase in the marginal rate of time preference has contributed to increasing obesity. More people are consuming more calories than they expend because they have become less willing to trade current pleasure for potential future health benefits. Accordingly, this paper explores the association between body mass index (BMI) and time preference. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test our hypothesis that time preference and BMI are positively related. We find some evidence that there is such a positive association among black and Hispanic men and black women.
A constitutive model for glass-ceramic materials

Abstract Glass–ceramics have received recent attention for use in glass–ceramic to metal hermetic seals. Due to their heterogeneous microstructure, these materials exhibit a number of advantageous responses over conventional glass based seals. Key amongst them is the possibility of a controllable thermal strain response and apparent coefficient of thermal expansion which may be used to minimize thermally induced residual stresses for aforementioned seals. These behaviors result from an inorganic glass matrix and variety of crystalline ceramic phases including silica polymorph(s) that may undergo reversible solid-to-solid transformations with associated inelastic strain. Correspondingly, these materials exhibit complex thermomechanical responses associated with multiple inelastic mechanisms (viscoelasticity and phase transformation). While modeling these behaviors is essential for developing and analyzing the corresponding applications, no such model exists. Therefore, in this work a three-dimensional continuum constitutive model for glass–ceramic materials combining these various inelastic mechanisms is developed via an internal state variable approach. A corresponding fully implicit three dimensional numerical formulation is also proposed and implemented. The model is used to simulate existing experiments and validate the proposed formalism. As an example, the simple seal problem of a glass–ceramic seal inside a concentric metal shell is explored. Finally, the impact of the cooling rates, viscoelastic shift factors, and inelastic strain on final residual stress state are all investigated and the differing contributions highlighted.
The Myths of Haji Firuz: The Racist Contours of the Iranian Minstrel

Every year, around the arrival of the Spring equinox, Iranians in Iran and in diaspora will recognize a minstrel named Haji Firuz with his Nowruz jingle. The inclusion of Haji Firuz during Nowruz festivities has been questioned and challenged for decades; where some will point out his connections to anti-Blackness, others will defend Haji Firuz, arguing that his face is only covered in soot from fires also associated with the holiday. This article contextualizes these arguments as a part of a larger discourse of denying racism in Iran and, more poignantly, erasing Iran’s history of slavery altogether. This article addresses the consequences and pitfalls of defending Haji Firuz’s blackface performance, and its implications for the broader Iranian community.
Determining valence band offsets in heterojunctions using a single core-level x-ray photoelectron spectrum

The behavior and functionality of semiconductor heterojunctions depend critically on the alignments of the valence and conduction bands at the various interfaces. Traditionally, band alignment has been measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using pairs of distinct core levels, one from each side of the interface, to track the valence band maxima in the two materials. Here, we demonstrate that band alignment across an interface can also be determined using a single core-level photoelectron spectrum for an element that is common to both materials. The energy splitting between the photoemission features originating in the two materials is shown to be dominated by the difference in electrostatic potential across the interface, thereby leading to a reliable determination of the band alignment.
Passive COVID-19 Assessment using Machine Learning on Physiological and Activity Data from Low End Wearables

COVID-19 has now infected over 165 million people and killed over 3.5 million people. While public health interventions have reduced its spread and vaccines are being deployed, passive detection methods are needed to detect infections and early track its resurgence. Wearables that are widely owned can gather various physiological and activity data, presenting an opportunity to detect COVID-19 unobtrusively. COVID-19 infection causes deviations in the vital physiological signs and activity patterns of infected users. However, similar deviations of these same variables can also be affected by non-COVID factors, confounding the signals. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of predicting COVID-19 infection to detect abnormalities in heart rate, activity (steps), and sleep data available on low-end wearables by using machine learning. Prior work utilized data such as oxygen saturation that is only available on clinical-grade equipment or expensive wearables. We extracted 43 statistical features (standard deviation, mean, slope) and behavioral (min/max/avg length of sedentary and active bouts, sleep duration, no. of awake/asleep/restless samples) from wearable sensor data. We classified these features using machine learning classification and anomaly detection algorithms. Physical activity features were the most predictive (min length of the sedentary and active bout), yielding an AUC-ROC of 78% [specificity=74%, sensitivity=69%] when classified using Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs). We also found that sleep irregularities had low discriminative performance. COVID-19 detection using inexpensive wearables can facilitate population-level interventions.
Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability in the USA. Progress has been made in improving outcomes for those with moderate and severe TBI, but for those with mild TBI (concussion) significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges remain. Concussion ­typically causes physiologic injury that results in an alteration of the level of consciousness, often associated with headaches, balance problems, and difficulties concentrating. While these symptoms typically clear within hours or days, there is increasing evidence that sustaining a second concussion before fully recovering from the first can lead to prolonged or permanent neurologic injury. Because the diagnosis of concussion currently relies on patient self-report, and the culture in groups most at risk for concussion (e.g., high school and college athletes and the military) is to withhold ­symptoms in order to return to play or duty as quickly as possible, there is an urgent need for a point-of-care battery of tests that can provide an ­objective, highly reliable diagnosis of concussion. This chapter reviews innovative technologies currently being evaluated for the objective diagnosis of ­concussion, and innovative TBI therapies currently in clinical trial.
Culturally Competent Psychotherapy

Intercultural psychotherapy refers to therapy that is delivered to patients with ethnic or cultural backgrounds considerably different from that of the therapist. This chapter examines the various issues that need considerations in intercultural psychotherapy are examined. In this context, it takes a look at numerous specific issues in the clinical experience ofintercultural psychotherapy, such as the need for examining the congruence and incongruence of cultural backgrounds between therapist and patient; how to communicate with patients on verbal as well as nonverbal levels; how racism may affect interracial counseling; the problem of ethnic or cultural identification with the therapist; the management of cultural transference and counter transference; how to deal with a therapist's cultural rigidity or cultural blindness; and how to provide culture-fair,-matched,-sensitive,-relevant, or-reactive therapy. The chapter highlights that the therapist should examine cultural influence on the practice of psychotherapy actively. In order to carry out culture-relevant and-competent psychotherapy, there is a need to make adjustments at the technical, theoretical, and philosophical levels. When therapy is carried out with an individual patient with a format in which the treatment is focused primarily on the patient regarding intrapsychic conflict, personal psychological problems, or issues relating to relations with others, it is called individual psychotherapy. Based on its basic orientation, it is categorized and referred as supportive, analytic, cognitive–behavior therapy. The cultural considerations needed to carry out those individual therapies are also described in the chapter.
Advances in biotreatment of acid mine drainage and biorecovery of metals: 1. Metal precipitation for recovery and recycle.

Acid mine drainage (AMD), an acidic metal-bearing wastewater, poses a severe pollution problem attributed to post mining activities. The metals usually encountered in AMD and considered of concern for risk assessment are arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead, manganese, zinc, copper and sulfate. The pollution generated by abandoned mining activities in the area of Butte, Montana has resulted in the designation of the Silver Bow Creek-Butte Area as the largest Superfund (National Priorities List) site in the U.S. This paper reports the results of bench-scale studies conducted to develop a resource recovery based remediation process for the clean up of the Berkeley Pit. The process utilizes selective, sequential precipitation (SSP) of metals as hydroxides and sulfides, such as copper, zinc, aluminum, iron and manganese, from the Berkeley Pit AMD for their removal from the water in a form suitable for additional processing into marketable precipitates and pigments. The metal biorecovery and recycle process is based on complete separation of the biological sulfate reduction step and the metal precipitation step. Hydrogen sulfide produced in the SRB bioreactor systems is used in the precipitation step to form insoluble metal sulfides. The average metal recoveries using the SSP process were as follows: aluminum (as hydroxide) 99.8%, cadmium (as sulfide) 99.7%, cobalt (as sulfide) 99.1% copper (as sulfide) 99.8%, ferrous iron (sulfide) 97.1%, manganese (as sulfide) 87.4%, nickel (as sulfide) 47.8%, and zinc (as sulfide) 100%. The average precipitate purity for metals, copper sulfide, ferric hydroxide, zinc sulfide, aluminum hydroxide and manganese sulfide were: 92.4, 81.5, 97.8, 95.6, 92.1 and 75.0%, respectively. The final produced water contained only calcium and magnesium and both sulfate and sulfide concentrations were below usable water limits. Water quality of this agriculturally usable water met the EPA's gold standard criterion.
Repressed inflation in the Soviet Union: A temporary equilibrium approach

Abstract The Soviet economy is modeled by means of temporary general equilibrium theory. Three temporary equilibrium states are distinguished. In Walrasian equilibrium, all markets clear. Under repressed inflation, there is excess consumer demand for goods marketed by the state, while consumer demand is deficient in the underconsumption regime. The dynamics of these temporary equilibrium states are studied and the dynamic adjustment equations fitted to Soviet data. Simulation of the model offers an explanation for the tendency of the inventories/cash balances ratio to fall since 1965.
Multiple autophosphorylation site mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Analysis of kinase activity and endocytosis.

We have utilized site-directed mutants to study the role of autophosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in the regulation of receptor kinase activity and ligand-induced endocytosis. A single mutation of the major autophosphorylation site, Y1173, and a double mutation of two autophosphorylation sites, Y1173 and Y1148, did not inhibit kinase activity in vivo, using PLC gamma 1 as a specific substrate for the EGF receptor kinase. The simultaneous mutation of three major autophosphorylation sites (Y1173, Y1148, Y1068), however, caused more than a 50% decrease in EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1. The triple mutation also resulted in a substantial inhibition of the EGF-receptor endocytic system. We have used three types of experiments to analyze internalization, recycling, and degradation of EGF in cells with these mutants or the wild-type receptor. Using a simple mathematical model we have shown that the internalization rate constant is 2-fold lower in cells expressing the triple mutation receptor (F3 cells) than in cells expressing wild-type EGF receptor (wild-type cells). However, the rate constant for recycling was similar in both cell types. The EGF degradation rate constant was also lower in F3 cells. EGF-induced EGF receptor degradation was slower in F3 cells (t1/2 = 4 h) than in wild-type cells (t1/2 = 1 h). Therefore, our results suggest that multiple autophosphorylations of the carboxyl terminus of the EGF receptor are required for EGF receptor kinase activation, and for the internalization and intracellular processing of the EGF.receptor complex.
Spatial effects of shifting prisms on properties of posterior parietal cortex neurons

The posterior parietal cortex contains neurons that respond to visual stimulation and motor behaviour. The objective of the current study was to test short-term adaptation in neurons in macaque area 7a and the dorsal prelunate during visually guided reaching using Fresnel prisms that displaced the visual field. The visual perturbation shifted the eye position and created a mismatch between perceived and actual reach location. Two non-human primates were trained to reach to visual targets before, during and after prism exposure while fixating the reach target in different locations. They were required to reach to the physical location of the reach target and not the perceived, displaced location. While behavioural adaptation to the prisms occurred within a few trials, the majority of neurons responded to the distortion either with substantial changes in spatial eye position tuning or changes in overall firing rate. These changes persisted even after prism removal. The spatial changes were not correlated with the direction of induced prism shift. The transformation of gain fields between conditions was estimated by calculating the translation and rotation in Euler angles. Rotations and translations of the horizontal and vertical spatial components occurred in a systematic manner for the population of neurons suggesting that the posterior parietal cortex retains a constant representation of the visual field remapping between experimental conditions.
The locus of pathogenicity of asbestos dust: a theory.

Documented experimental evidence, as well as the results of preliminary experiments, are presented which indicate a reduction in pathogenicity as the polyfilamentous arrangement of asbestos dust particles is replaced by a monofilamentous structure. On the basis of this evidence, it is proposed that the locus of pathogenicity of asbestos dust particles resides in their polyfilamentous structure.
Knowledge and Action in Classroom Practice: A Dialogic Approach

In 1987, Lee Shulman and Hugh Sockett had an important exchange in the Harvard Educational Review. Shulman argued for the central role of knowledge in good teaching. Sockett responded that good teaching cannot be understood as primarily a matter of knowledge and skills, because it centrally involves moral action in particular contexts. This essay sharpens the question of whether knowledge-based or action-based approaches make better sense of educational practice, by considering the power of classroom speech to communicate knowledge and to perform actions. The paper first describes M.M. Bakhtin’s dialogic theory of language use — which argues not only that speech simultaneously carries content and performs actions, but also that the two functions inevitably depend on each other. It then provides an example of the interdependence of knowledge and action in an excerpt of classroom conversation. The paper concludes that knowledge-based approaches underestimate how deeply knowledge and action interpenetrate in the classroom.
Experimental investigation of acoustically enhanced solute transport in porous media

[1] The effect of acoustic waves on the transport of a conservative tracer in a water saturated column packed with glass beads was investigated. It was observed from the experimental data that the addition of acoustic waves, in the frequency range between 60 to 245 Hz, to a steady background pressure gradient, enhances solute transport compared to the base case consisting of only a background pressure gradient. Furthermore, it was found that the effective velocity of the solute is approximately inversely proportional to the frequency of the acoustic wave.
A Review of “Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing”

Obeah and Other Powers is the product of a 2008 conference held at Newcastle University and organized by editors Maarit Forde, lecturer at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad...
Hairy Cell Leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with a characteristic presentation of pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and circulating hairy cells. An immunophenotypic pattern of CD11c, CD25, and CD103 expression. TRAP staining, reticulin deposition, and morphology of bone marrow and circulating cells help establish the diagnosis. Although up to 10% of patients might not require systemic treatment, for the vast majority effective treatments are available with the purine-nucleoside analogues cladribine and pentostatin. Cladribine is considered the drug of choice in the first-line setting due to the very high complete remission rate and prolonged duration of response following a single 7-day infusion. Cladribine and pentostatin both have unique but different mechanisms of action, with a lack of cross-resistance between them, which might be exploited in the relapsed or refractory disease setting. Therapy for relapsed and refractory patients also includes novel biologic agents as well as splenectomy. Despite the effective treatment options, the prospect of cure remains elusive due to the frequent presence of MRD even in complete responders. Future studies employing combination therapies targeting the eradication of MRD will hopefully improve relapse-free survivals as well as overall survival, and might even offer the prospect of cure.
Reinforcement Learning with Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade

Reinforcement learning enables the learning of optimal behavior in tasks that require the selection of sequential actions. This method of learning is based on interactions between an agent and its environment. Through repeated interactions with the environment, and the receipt of rewards, the agent learns which actions are associated with the greatest cumulative reward.
Therapeutic Use of Ganciclovir for Invasive Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cadaveric Renal Allograft Recipients

Between November 1987 and September 1989, 419 cadaveric renal transplants were performed at our university. Of the patients 36 (8.6%) had invasive cytomegalovirus infection documented by gastric or duodenal mucosal biopsy in 23 (64%), bronchoalveolar lavage in 12 (33%), allograft biopsy or nephrectomy specimen in 5 (14%) and/or liver biopsy in 1 (3%). Cytomegalovirus severity was defined as mild in 27 patients, moderate in 6 and severe in 3. Ganciclovir [9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guanine] was begun once the diagnosis was confirmed by histology or culture at a median of 56 days from transplantation (range 28 to 133 days). Duration of ganciclovir therapy was a minimum of 7 days or until fever was absent for 5 consecutive days (mean 12.2 +/- 3.5 days, range 4 to 21). Ganciclovir was well tolerated and side effects were limited to de novo neutropenia (7 patients), thrombocytopenia (2) and rash (1). Initial clinical improvement was observed in all patients. Two patients had recurrent cytomegalovirus infections that responded to a second course of ganciclovir. The 1-year actuarial patient survival was 100%. At a mean followup of 12.7 +/- 6.2 months 19 patients retained allograft function with a mean serum creatinine of 2.5 mg./dl. (range 1.2 to 4.6). Ganciclovir appears to be a safe and effective drug for the treatment of tissue invasive cytomegalovirus infection in cadaver renal transplant recipients. Prompt institution of this drug at diagnosis of invasive cytomegalovirus may lower the mortality rate formerly associated with this disease.
Multiple configuration quantum/classical treatments of reaction dynamics

The accuracy of quantum/classical approaches for studies of reaction dynamics is investigated through simulations of the collinear and J=0 dynamics of the O(3P)+HCl reaction on two potential surfaces. The results of classical and two types of quantum/classical treatments of this reaction are compared to the results of quantum wave packet simulations. It is found that the accuracy of the single configuration quantum/classical treatment is sensitive to features of the potential surface. Most of this sensitivity is removed when a second configuration is introduced. For collision energies below 0.8 eV, the multiple configuration quantum/classical treatment provides reaction probabilities and product state distributions that are in good agreement with the results of the corresponding quantum simulation. The agreement deteriorates at higher collision energies, but here the agreement between the quantum and classical results is quite good.
The calculation of the vibrational frequencies of CuCO+, NiCO and CuCH3

The vibrational frequencies of CuCO+, NiCO, and CuCH3 are computed at both the self-consistent-field (SCF) and coupled-cluster singles and doubles, with a perturbational estimate of the triples (CCSD(T)), levels of theory. Overall the SCF frequencies are in qualitative agreement with the CCSD(T) results. The calculations show that the frequencies for the electrostatically bound CuCO+ are quite different from the datively bound NiCO. The CCSD(T) calculations support a previous suggestion that the C-H stretches in CuCH3 have been misassigned.
Cortical, thalamic, and amygdaloid connections of the anterior and posterior insular cortices.

Cortical, thalamic, and amygdaloid projections of the rat anterior and posterior insular cortices were examined using the anterograde transport of biocytin. Granular and dysgranular posterior insular areas between bregma and 2 mm anterior to bregma projected to the gustatory thalamic nucleus. Granular cortex projected to the subjacent dysgranular cortex which in turn projected to the agranular (all layers) and granular cortices (layers I and VI). Both granular and dysgranular posterior areas projected heavily to the dysgranular anterior insular cortex. Agranular posterior insular cortex projected to medial mediodorsal nucleus, agranular anterior insular and infralimbic cortices as well as granular and dysgranular posterior insula. No projections to the amygdala were observed from posterior granular cortex, although dysgranular cortex projected to the lateral central nucleus, dorsolateral lateral nucleus, and posterior basolateral nucleus. Agranular projections were similar, although they included medial and lateral central nucleus and the ventral lateral nucleus. Dysgranular anterior insular cortex projected to lateral agranular frontal cortex and granular and dysgranular posterior insular regions. Agranular anterior insular cortex projected to the dysgranular anterior and prelimbic cortices. Anterior insuloamygdaloid projections targeted the rostral lateral and anterior basolateral nuclei with sparse projections to the rostral central nucleus. The data suggest that the anterior insula is an interface between the posterior insular cortex and motor cortex and is connected with motor-related amygdala regions. Amygdaloid projections from the posterior insular cortex appear to be organized in a feedforward parallel fashion targeting all levels of the intraamygdaloid connections linking the lateral, basolateral, and central nuclei . J. Comp. Neurol. 399:440–468, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dications of fluorenylidenes. Contribution of magnetic and structural effects to the antiaromaticity of fluorenylidene dications with cyclic substituents.

The antiaromaticity of fluorenylidene dications 1−5, which contain cyclic cationic substituents, has been examined using magnetic criteria, NICS and magnetic susceptibility, and by structural criteria, HOMA. The magnetic criteria, including proton chemical shifts, strongly support the antiaromaticity of the fluorenyl ring system of these dications. HOMA values are a very insensitive measure of structural effects in polycyclic ring systems because they reflect the inability of the fused ring systems to respond to changes in aromaticity/antiaromaticity. Finally, in these systems, the interaction between the ring systems appears to occur primarily through a type of hyperconjugation, as demonstrated by a decrease in the bond lengths for the bonds connecting the ring systems. In conjunction with the evaluation of magnetic effects, the quality of the calculation of 1H and 13C NMR shifts was assessed by comparison with experimental data. The calculation of 13C NMR shifts was excellent in all methods examined, bu...
Availability of a pressurized water reactor pressure vessel after a small LOCA

Abstract The integrity of a pressure vessel after a loss-of-coolant accident is investigated. The pressure and temperature in the pressure vessel is found by RELAP-4 for different break sizes. The effect of the pressure and thermal shock on the pressure vessel is evaluated by a two-dimensional finite element method (code SAP). By assuming axisymmetry, stress resulting from the shocks is calculated in the nozzle shell and in the beltline region of the pressure vessel. Similar calculations are carried out for the closure head and the lower head regions of the pressure vessel. Fracture mechanics is used to evaluate the stress intensity factor as a function of crack depth, and the critical crack depths are then obtained at various locations in the pressure vessel. The post-LOCA usability of the pressure vessel is predicted by comparing the stress intensity factor with the fracture toughness of the steel.
Coesxistence of corticotropin releasing factor and enkephalin in cerebellar afferent systems

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and enkephalin (ENK) coexist within restricted brainstem-cerebellar circuits. Antisera for CRF and ENK were applied simultaneously or to serial sections of adult opossum brain and were processed for fluorescence or peroxidase, antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry, respectively. CRF and ENK were colocalized in 1) climbing fibers within the flocculus and in bilateral foci in the cerebellar vermis; 2) fibers with morphological characteristics of simple mossy fiber terminals or climbing fiber glomeruli that were located within the granule cell layer of the vermis underlying the foci of CRF/ENK-IR climbing fibers; 3) mossy fiber terminals within the flocculus; 4) neuronal perikarya in subnucleus A and C of the medial accessory olive and in the dorsal cap of Kooy, nuclei known to project as climbing fibers; and 5) cell bodies in nucleus prepositus, the subtrigeminal reticular nucleus, and the reticular formation, likely origins of CRF/ENK colocalized mossy fibers. The demonstration that single climbing and mossy fibers contain two peptides extends previous studies that have described chemical heterogeneity within cerebellar afferent pathways. Furthermore, these results support suggestions that this heterogeneity may provide a substrate for differential regulation of signal transduction by chemically coded cerebellar afferents.
Systolic self-organizing lists under transpose

Systolic array architectures for self-organizing linear lists under the transpose update heuristic are presented. The first model has linear delay and restricts input on every other system cycle. The second system combines a systolic array with trees to provide logarithmic delay and input on every clock cycle. These preliminary designs can be the basis of hardware used to achieve high-speed lossless data compression for data communication and storage. On large files (greater than 40 kilobytes), our designs provide better compression than other systolic list compression schemes. >
A stable finite element simulation of convective transport

A finite element simulation of the equations of momentum and energy transport in fluids has been implemented with triangular elements. An attempt is made to single out the reasons for numerical instabilities reported by other investigators for convection–diffusion transport operations in fluid mechanics when the ratio of the convective to the diffusive terms, measured by the Reynolds and Peclet numbers, is of the order of a hundred. To this end, the equations are solved for several problems to permit a direct comparison with results of other formulations. It is shown that the appearance of instability can be delayed by a proper choice of boundary conditions, and its intensity can be reduced through the use of triangular finite elements. Results agree very well with theoretical solutions for particular test problems including flows with large convection effects, large dissipation effects and fluids with temperature dependent properties.
A new species of winged fruit from the Miocene of Ecuador: Tipuana ecuatoriana (Leguminosae)

Tipuana ecuatoriana sp. nov. (Leguminosae; Dalbergieae), is described from winged fruits collected in Miocene sediments of the Loja and Nabon Basins of Ecuador. Extensive comparisons with families that include genera with similar samaroid fruits or disperal units led to recognition of legume affinities for the fossil. Based upon the texture of the fruit, the position of the style remnant, and the venation of the fruit wing, the fossil conforms to the extant monotypic genus, Tipuana, native to subtropical Bolivia and northwest Argentina, but widely cultivated in the subtropics. Tipuana, and thus the Dalbergieae as presently recognized, were present in South America prior to the establishment of permanent land connection between North and South America.
SU-E-J-194: Dynamic Tumor Tracking End-To-End Testing Using a 4D Thorax Phantom and EBT3 Films

Purpose: To quantify the Vero linac dosimetric accuracy of the tumor dynamic tracking treatment using EBT3 film embedded in a 4D thorax phantom. Methods: A dynamic thorax phantom with tissue equivalent materials and a film insert were used in this study. The thorax phantom was scanned in 4DCT mode with a viscoil embedded in its film insert composed of lung equivalent material. Dynamic tracking planning was performed using the 50% phase CT set with 5 conformal beams at gantry angles of 330, 15, 60, 105 and 150 degrees. Each field is a 3cm by 3cm square centered at viscoil since there was no solid mass target. Total 3 different 1–2cos4 motion profiles were used with varied motion magnitude and cycle frequency. Before treatment plan irradiation, a 4D motion model of the target was established using a series of acquired fluoroscopic images and infrared markers motion positions. During irradiation, fluoroscopic image monitoring viscoil motion was performed to verify model validity. The irradiated films were scanned and the dose maps were compared to the planned Monte Carlo dose distributions. Gamma analyses using 3%–3mm, 2%–3mm, 3%–2mm, 2%–2mm criteria were performed and presented. Results: For each motion pattern, a 4D motion model was built successfully and the target tracking performance was verified with fluoroscopic monitoring of the viscoil motion and its model predicted locations. The film gamma analysis showed the average pass rates among the 3 motion profiles are 98.14%, 96.2%, 91.3% and 85.61% for 3%–3mm, 2%–3mm, 3%–2mm, 2%–2mm criteria. Conclusion: Target dynamic tracking was performed using patient-like breathing patterns in a 4D thorax phantom with EBT3 film insert and a viscoil. There was excellent agreement between acquired and planned dose distributions for all three target motion patterns. This study performed end-to-end testing and verified the treatment accuracy of tumor dynamic tracking.
Thermoelectric power of single-walled carbon nanotube films

We report measurements of the thermoelectric power (TEP) S and electrical resistance R of thin films of tangled ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Experiments at 300 K under applied force normal to the plane of the film revealed a $\ensuremath{\sim}10--20 %$ decrease in the four-probe resistance, indicating that the contact resistance between ropes had improved. The TEP, however, was not affected by the applied force and the concomitant decrease in the contact resistance between ropes. A quasilinear, diffusion TEP is observed for temperatures $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}120 \mathrm{K},$ indicating that the metallic tubes provide the dominant contribution. As the sample is heated in a vacuum (degassed), the TEP is observed to decrease with time and changes sign, retaining its metallic character. This behavior is explained as a consequence of the balance between charge ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ species which can be removed by degassing and an unidentified donor state. In fact, by stopping the degassing process at the appropriate time, one can achieve a $S\ensuremath{\sim}0$ state over the range $4 \mathrm{K}lTl500 \mathrm{K}.$ Model calculations of the TEP are presented which show that the small TEP is identified with the near mirror symmetry bands in metallic tubes and that the Fermi energy of the rope is determined by the balance of acceptor and donor states on the semiconducting tubes. A broad low-$T$ feature in the TEP with maxima in the range $80 \mathrm{K}lTl100 \mathrm{K}$ is tentatively identified with phonon drag.
New Research In Holographic Pattern Recognition

The major use of holography in optical pattern recognition systems has been in matched spatial filter correlators. We discuss new uses of holographic techniques in optical pattern recognition applications. These include: optical pattern recoanition architectures of reduced size, weight and volume; optical pattern recognition architectures with reduced component tolerances; new nonlinear local optical preprocessing architectures; and optical pat-tern recognition systems that operate when geometrical and other differences are present in the input image.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental measurements of large scale structures in an incompressible turbulent boundary layer using correlated X-probes

Hot-wire anemometry measurements in an incompressible turbulent boundary-layer flow over a flat plate, at zero pressure gradient were made using two X-probes simultaneously. The over seven meters long flat plate installed within the wind tunnel generated an approximately 20-cm thick boundary layer, and R(theta) of about 4,000. The mean velocity and turbulence intensity data very close to the wall were measured with a single-wire. Space-time velocity fluctuation and shear-product correlation measurements enabled the calculation of large-scale structure convection velocity, inclination-angle to the wall, and spatial extent in space. The shear-product correlation results are reported for the first time.
CALEA BRITTONIANA AND CALEA KRISTINIAE: TWO NEW COMPOSITAE FROM BRAZIL

Two new species ofCalea from Brazilian savannas are described, illustrated, and compared to their nearest relatives.
Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research

This article summarizes much of what is known from the communication and information literacy fields about the skills that Internet users need to assess the credibility of online information. The article reviews current recommendations for credibility assessment, empirical research on how users determine the credibility of Internet information, and describes several cognitive models of online information evaluation. Based on the literature review and critique of existing models of credibility assessment, recommendations for future online credibility education and practice are provided to assist users in locating reliable information online. The article concludes by offering ideas for research and theory development on this topic in an effort to advance knowledge in the area of credibility assessment of Internet-based information. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An omnibus test for the two-sample problem using the empirical characteristic function

The empirical characteristic function (CF) is the Fourier transform of the sample distribution function. The values of its real and imaginary parts at some real number t are merely sample means of cosine and sine functions of the data, the observations being multiplied by t. Given independent samples from two populations, we develop a test for the two-sample problem which is based on a quadratic form in differences between the respective components of the empirical CFs of the two samples. The power of the CF test compares favorably with that of competing omnibus tests when the data are continuous. In the discrete case the CF procedure is also applicable and quite successful; and in this application it appears to have no competitors.
Predicting failure from the initiation stage of slow crack growth in polyethylene

The crack opening displacement against time was measured in linear polyethylene as a function of stress, notch depth, and temperature for three-point bending under plane strain conditions. The experimental conditions were accurately controlled so that the scatter in the rate of damage was within ±20%. Microscopic observations showed that the shape of the damaged zone was triangular for stresses less than one-half the yield point and that the length was predictable from measurements of the crack opening displacement. The initial rate of damage prior to crack growth was constant up to crack opening displacement = 15 to 25Μm. The entire shape of the crack opening displacement-time curve and the time to complete failure could be predicted from the initial damage rate. A theory based on the observed microcrazing is presented which explains the dependence of damage rate on stress intensity and microstructural parameters.
Wavelength switching using multicavity semiconductor laser diodes

The authors demonstrate wavelength switching in a novel multicavity distributed Bragg reflector semiconductor laser diode. This new device, which uses an integrated saturable absorber and singlemode fibre Bragg gratings, digitally switches wavelength as a function of drive current between all possible binary combinations.
A note on Lettau’s climatonomy equation and its use to classify droughts

It is argued in this note that Lettau’s climatonomy equation that relates the flux balance equations of energy and water at the earth’s surface to each other in a straight-forward manner can be used for classifying droughts. This climatonomy equation is derived, and the pros and cons are discussed in detail. It is emphasized that all relevant quantities can be obtained from meteorological and hydrological networks as well as radar and satellite observations.
Platelet P-selectin facilitates atherosclerotic lesion development

P-selectin is an adhesion molecule expressed on activated platelets and endothelium. It is known to play an important role in atherosclerosis. P-selectin also circulates in plasma in a soluble form (sP-selectin), which induces procoagulant microparticle formation. We investigated the role of platelet versus endothelial P-selectin in generating sP-selectin and in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mouse model. For this we transplanted apoE(-/-)P-selectin(-/-) and apoE(-/-)P-selectin(+/+) lethally irradiated mice with bone marrow of either genotype. Seven months after transplantation, we determined from the chimeric animals that the majority of circulating sP-selectin was of endothelial origin. Thus, in atherosclerosis, the procoagulant sP-selectin reflects endothelial rather than platelet activation. We found that endothelial P-selectin was crucial for the promotion of atherosclerotic lesion growth because in its absence only relatively small lesions developed. However, platelet P-selectin also contributed to the lesion development because lesions in wild-type recipients receiving transplants with wild-type platelets were 30% larger than those receiving P-selectin-deficient platelets (P <.008) and were more frequently calcified (80% versus 44%). In comparison with P-selectin wild-type animals, absence of either endothelial or platelet P-selectin inhibited migration of smooth muscle cells into the lesion. Thus, in addition to endothelium, platelets and their P-selectin also actively promote advanced atherosclerotic lesion development.
Self-association of Zn-insulin at neutral pH: Investigation by concentration gradient-static and dynamic light scattering

Equilibrium self-association of Zn-insulin at pH 7.0 was characterized over the range 0.3-5mg/mL by simultaneous measurement of static and dynamic light scattering. Analysis of static light scattering yielded a concentration-dependent weight-average molecular weight, and analysis of dynamic light scattering yielded a concentration-dependent intensity-average diffusion coefficient. The concentration dependence of both quantities may be accounted for to within experimental precision by a simple model, according to which the basic structural unit of Zn-insulin at concentrations exceeding 0.3mg/mL is a hexamer H. With increasing total protein concentration, hexameric protomers may self-associate in accordance with an isodesmic scheme in which a protomer may add to any prexisting oligomer H(n) to form H(n+1) with an invariant stepwise equilibrium association constant.
Autoradiographic study of the penetration of radiolabelled dextrans and inulin through non‐keratinized oral mucosain vitro

Although a well known barrier effect against the penetration of macromolecules exists at the basement membrane region of epithelial tissues, recent reports suggest that the penetration of smaller molecules may also be impeded by this region. Considering the probable importance of the permeability of gingival crevicular tissues in the etiology of inflammatory periodontal disease, the present study was designed to evaluate the barrier function of the basement membrane region of non-keratinized oral mucosal epithelium to a series of radiolabelled penetrating molecules of increasing molecular weight. Tritium labeled inulin (ℳ 5,000), dextran 20 (ℳ 20,000) and dextran 70 (ℳ 70,000) were used as penetrating molecules, and autoradiographic tracer techniques were used to evaluate the barrier function. The study was conducted in vitro to eliminate vascular “wash-out” effects and to facilitate study of penetration across the basement membrane region in both directions. The results indicated that although the penetration of inulin and dextran 70 was impeded by the basement membrane region, the penetration of dextran 20 was not affected. Therefore, the barrier function of the basement membrane region is not solely dependent on the molecular weight of the penetration molecule. Mechanisms to account for the findings are described and the significance to periodontal disease is discussed.
The botanical activities of George Edward Post (1838-1909).

Abstract George Edward Post wrote the first flora of the Middle East in English. His other botanical activities are less familiar. In addition to the flora, this paper discusses his teaching, fieldwork, contribution to Bible dictionaries, relations with the Boissier Herbarium in Geneva, establishment of the herbarium, and letters. Those letters are used here for the first time. Post corresponded with botanical luminaries of his day including Autran, Baker, Balfour, Barbey, Boissier, Bornmuller, Carruthers, Denslow, Haussknecht, Hooker, Schweinfurth, Thistleton-Dyer, Torrey, and Winkler. His long-term relationship with the herbarium at Geneva is highlighted. In addition, some of the lesser understood aspects of his life including chaplaincy during the American Civil War, and missionary to Syria are discussed.
The Multidimensional Dream Inventory: preliminary evidence for validity and reliability.

The present study focused on the development of the Multidimensional Dream Inventory, an individual difference measure of dimensions of dreams. Items were administered to 151 college students. Cons...
Measurement of fluorescence phenomena from yttrium and gadolinium fluors using a 45 MeV proton beam

Abstract In a program to determine proton induced damage and its effect on relative scintillation efficiency for various yttrium and gadolinium based fluors, materials were selected for high efficiency, fast prompt fluorescence response, and minimal delayed fluorescence. These fluors were exposed to a 45 MeV proton beam at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) using the High Energy Materials Irradiation Chamber (HEMIC). Data obtained at IUCF indicates that the measured 45 MeV proton dose to reduce the fluorescence brightness to half its original value (half brightness dose - N 1 2 ) was found to be 2.2 to 7.3 times larger than that measured at 3 MeV. The corresponding average 45 MeV half brightness dose values, measured at elevated temperature, were 4.0 to 83.7 times larger than at 3 MeV. Although the interaction cross section for 45 MeV protons is smaller than at 3 MeV, each of the resulting high energy reactions causes more damage to the fluor. This research was completed as part of the Fluorescent Materials and Bonding: Extended Energy program under contract DASG60-90-C-0144 for the U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command (USASSDC).