cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of the conductivity of a plasma created by beam-induced ionization of a gas

Summary form only given, as follows. The conductivity of a plasma created by ion-beam induced ionization of a gas has been analyzed. For the purpose of inertial confinement fusion driven by high current ion beams, it is expected that charge and current neutralization of the beam can be achieved by propagating the beam through a low pressure background gas. In recent experiments conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory, the net currents produced by the transport of intense (1 MeV, 1 kA/cm/sup 2/) proton beams through various gases in the 0.25 to 4.0 Torr range were measured. B-dot probes located at three positions along the propagation axis and placed outside of the beam envelope measured net currents of 2% to 8% of the injected beam current and indicated plasma return current decay times of hundreds of nanoseconds. Interferometric measurements indicate ionization fractions within the beam region of up to 5% of the background gas density. The plasma response is modeled according to the measured temporal evolution of the return currents. Timescales are such that significant plasma ion motion does not occur and therefore the plasma is considered to be a resistive electron fluid with an immobile ion component. The 2-1/2 dimensional (axisymmetric) hybrid fluid/particle code SOLENZ is used to aid the analysis. Preliminary results suggest that the return current decay can be well described by a classical Spitzer resistivity but that the conducting wall boundaries play an important role in the net current characteristics of the beam/plasma system. A model for the early time development of the plasma conductivity is being considered.
NEUROCOGNITIVE STUDIES OF A KINDRED WITH RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE (RTH) REVEAL ABNORMALITIES IN LANGUAGE DECODING SKILLS. † 389

NEUROCOGNITIVE STUDIES OF A KINDRED WITH RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE (RTH) REVEAL ABNORMALITIES IN LANGUAGE DECODING SKILLS. † 389
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SCOPOLIN AND SCOPOLETIN IN TOBACCO PLANTS TREATED WITH 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID.

Abstract New procedures have been developed for the quantitative analysis of scopolin and scopoletin in tobacco and other plants. These involve paper chromatographic separation and then measurement of fluorescence intensity on an Aminco-Bowman spectrophotofluorometer. With these methods, scopolin especially, and also scopoletin, have been found to increase in tobacco leaves, midveins, stems, and roots after the tobacco plant has been sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Managing relationships and identities through forms of address: What French–Portuguese bilinguals call their parents in each language

Abstract When bilinguals do not use pragmatically normative forms in one of their languages, it is often assumed that they do so because of insufficient exposure. This article shows that bilinguals may sometimes be familiar with pragmatic norms, but actively reject them and the sociocultural worlds they index. I discuss how the adult daughters of Portuguese migrants raised in France use second-person address forms with their parents in their two languages in ways that diverge from French and Portuguese monolingual usage. By examining participants’ metapragmatic discourse about French and Portuguese pragmatic paradigms of address and their different implications for relationship and identity, I argue that these bilinguals choose address forms out of their rejection or embrace of the sociocultural universe associated with different forms and norms. As such, I look at language “dominance” as partially mediated by speakers’ ideologically informed positioning and attitudes towards socially indexical forms in and across each language.
Smart tie-line control using Controllable Network Transformers

Increasing load growth, decreasing investments and increasing penetration of dynamic sources and loads have severely increased the stress on the electric grid. This growing stress has forced operators and regulators to think of delivering energy in a smart, controllable and reliable way to the customers. Tie-lines connecting two systems are one of the traditional methods used by utilities to improve the system reliability. However, often specially during contingencies, tie-lines get overloaded due to the lack of power flow controllability through them. Controllable Network Transformers (CNTs) are smart assets which can be realized by augmenting existing Load Tap Changing (LTC) transformers in order to achieve power flow control. This paper proposes the use of CNTs in tie-lines to make them smart and controllable, without compromising the system reliability.
Comparative NMR and infrared measurements of relatively small association equilibrium constants; interaction of phenol with alkyl halides: tri-n-butyl amine and phosphine

Abstract The equilibrium constants, K, for the association of phenol or deuterated phenol with n-hexyl fluoride, n-butyl chloride, -bromide, and -iodide and with tri-n-butyl amine and tri-n-butyl phosphine have been determined, using i.r. and NMR methods in parallel, in most cases. Contrary to the situation encountered with stronger phenol complexes, the agreement between the i.r. and NMR results obtained on the halide systems is only modest. Several methods are used in attempting to improve the quality of the K values, and the most promising approach seems to be an indirect one, i.e. estimating the association shifts from a correlation of the fractional change of the phenol OH stretching frequency on complex formation and the NMR association shifts measured directly and precisely in systems involving large K's. The correlation is rather good, compared for example to the Badger-Bauer rule; its justification thus becomes of prime interest and will be discussed to some extent in this paper.
Acoustic startle reflex in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: Evidence of normal emotional modulation

We investigated emotional disturbances in 36 schizophrenia patients, 48 of their first-degree relatives, and 56 controls to determine if abnormal affective startle modulation could be associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia. Both patients and relatives had a pattern of startle modulation indistinguishable from controls, with potentiated startle amplitude while viewing negative valence slides and attenuation while viewing positive slides. Patients with flat affect did not differ from those without in startle modulation or slide ratings. The patients and their relatives had lower pleasantness ratings of positive slides and the patients had higher pleasantness ratings of the negative slides than controls. The startle paradigm may not be useful for identifying individuals with a genetic liability for schizophrenia. The results suggest that low-level defensive and appetitive behaviors are unaffected in schizophrenia.
Tissue iron evaluation in chronically transfused children shows significant levels of iron loading at a very young age

Chronic blood transfusions start at a very young age in subjects with transfusion-dependent anemias, the majority of whom have hereditary anemias. To understand how rapidly iron overload develops, we retrospectively reviewed 308 MRIs for evaluation of liver, pancreatic, or cardiac iron in 125 subjects less than 10 years old. Median age at first MRI evaluation was 6.0 years. Median liver iron concentrations in patients less than 3.5 years old were 14 and 13 mg/g dry weight in thalassemia major (TM) and Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA) patients, respectively. At time of first MRI, pancreatic iron was markedly elevated (> 100 Hz) in DBA patients, and cardiac iron ( >50 Hz) was present in 5/112 subjects (4.5%), including a 2.5 years old subject with DBA. Five of 14 patients (38%) with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) developed excess cardiac iron before their 10th birthday. Thus, clinically significant hepatic and cardiac iron accumulation occurs at an early age in patients on chronic transfusions, particularly in those with ineffective or absent erythropoiesis, such as DBA, CDA, and TM, who are at higher risk for iron cardiomyopathy. Performing MRI for iron evaluation in the liver, heart, and pancreas as early as feasible, particularly in those conditions in which there is suppressed bone marrow activity is very important in the management of iron loaded children in order to prescribe appropriate chelation to prevent long-term sequelae. Am. J. Heamtol. 88:E283–E285, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silence and Cancer: Why Do Families and Patients Fail To Communicate?

This study examined the phenomenon of avoidance of family communication about cancer. Thirty-seven Stage III or IV lung cancer patients and 40 caregivers, including 24 primary and 16 secondary caregivers, were interviewed; a total of 26 families were studied. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Analysis of the interviews indicated that two thirds of the families (65%) experienced communication problems. The avoidance of family communication was associated with several underlying thought processes: avoidance of psychological distress; desire for "mutual protection;" and belief in positive thinking. Family communication was further hindered by the increasing difficulty of issues inherent to late-stage cancer. The adverse impact of communication avoidance and the implications of our findings are discussed.
Practical prediction of time-dependent deformations of concrete

Proposed is a practical model for predicting creep and shrinkage of concrete from the composition of concrete mix, strength, age at loading, conditions of environment, size and shape, etc. The main features are: double power law for basic creep, square-root hyperbolic law for shrinkage, diffusion-type size dependence of humidity effects, additive drying creep term related to shrinkage, and activation energy treatment of thermal effects. Optimization techniques are used to fit numerous test data available in the literature. The work is a continuation of previous investigations and consists of several parts. This first part deals with shrinkage.
Self-consistent energy bands of Cu 2 O

We have used an expansion in Gaussian orbitals to make the first self-consistent calculation of the energy bands of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O. Although the ordering of the bands at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ is identical to that calculated by Dahl and Switendick, there is considerable difference in the two sets of bands due to a much larger O $2p$-Cu $3d$ hybridization in the self-consistent bands. Unlike Dahl and Switendick and in agreement with Elliott's interpretation of the excitonic data, we find that the spin-orbit splitting of the top of the valence band puts the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}^{+}(j=\frac{1}{2})$ level above the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}^{+}(j=\frac{3}{2})$.
A beamline for layered synthetic microstructure studies

Abstract Layered synthetic microstructures (LSMs) have become an important X-ray optics component. The high reflectivity shown at large incidence angles in the XUV region allows for the design of efficient optical elements. LSMs, however, may be exposed to exceedingly large power densities during normal operation. This is particularly true in the case of the new storage rings under development, where LSM front optics are necessary in order to alleviate thermal loading of other elements. High reflectivity and long term stability are both key issues for successful applications to synchrotron radiation optics. The production of LSMs with high reflectivity depends critically on growth conditions, substrate preparation, and metallurgical properties of the materials involved. It then becomes necessary to characterize the properties of LSMs from the point of view of the material properties in order to improve the fabrication process. These include problems such as film structure, interfacial roughness, and intermixing. Large radiation doses may enhance defect formation and interdiffusion processes, thus leading to decreased performance. For these reasons we have begun a series of experiments to determine (a) the effect of growth conditions on LSM reflectivities and (b) the effect of large radiation doses on the LSM reflectivities. In this paper we will report results of LSM characterization and describe the beamline that we are preparing for more extensive studies.
Global radiation damage at 300 and 260 K with dose rates approaching 1 MGy s−1

Global radiation damage to 19 thaumatin crystals has been measured using dose rates from 3 to 680 kGy s−1. At room temperature damage per unit dose appears to be roughly independent of dose rate, suggesting that the timescales for important damage processes are less than ∼1 s. However, at T = 260 K approximately half of the global damage manifested at dose rates of ∼10 kGy s−1 can be outrun by collecting data at 680 kGy s−1. Appreciable sample-to-sample variability in global radiation sensitivity at fixed dose rate is observed. This variability cannot be accounted for by errors in dose calculation, crystal slippage or the size of the data sets in the assay.
On nonlinear control of induction motors: comparison of two approaches

A novel approach to nonlinear control of induction motors is developed. The proposed approach is used to design controllers for the rotor flux amplitude and the motor speed. The underlying design objective is to endow the closed loop system with high performance dynamics for high speed ranges while maximizing power efficiency and keeping the required stator voltage within the inverter ceiling limits. A comparative study between the performances of the proposed controller and field oriented control is carried out. The methods are compared in terms of their ability to handle loads on the motor shaft, their speed tracking capability and their sensitivity to operating condition variations. To estimate the rotor flux, an open loop observer is used.
Magnetic properties and electronic structure of yttrium hydrides

Abstract Magnetic susceptibilities are reported for yttrium metal and its hydrides in the temperature range 123–300°K. The theory of the paramagnetism of conduction band electrons and crystal field considerations are applied in the interpretation of the susceptibilities and yttrium Knight shifts and spin-lattice relaxation times of yttrium metal and its hydrides. Predictions regarding the nature and occupancy of the conduction band in the hydrides are made for the cases of protonic and hydridic hydrogen.
Optimal geometric algorithms for digitized pictures on an optical mesh

Optimal parallel algorithms are presented for finding geometric properties of digitized images on an optical mesh. These include O(log N) time solutions for identifying and labeling figures, computing convexity properties, determining distances, etc. The proposed optical mesh consists of a two-dimensional array of processors which are interconnected through an optical medium. Using free space optical beams, the interconnection topology can be reconfigured dynamically. The computational lower bound of a generic model reflecting such an organization is shown. Unlike the VLSI models, there are no planarity constraints, since the optical beams can cross each other without any interference. The relationships between the shared memory models and the proposed optical model of computation and its possible physical implementations are studied. >
Fire-Resistant Treatment of Cotton Using Phosphorylamide

Phosphorylamide, a water-soluble phosphorus-nitrogen compound, was cured on cotton cloth to impart washfast fire resistance. Some loss in strength, particularly tear strength. resulted, part of whi...
Newly designed isolated RESURF LDMOS transistor for 60 V BCD process provides 20 V vertical NPN transistor

RESURF LDMOS transistors are utilized in high side driver applications and other applications that mandate electrical isolation between source and substrate by using isolated RESURF technology. However, the BCD process using conventional isolated RESURF LDMOS structures cannot provide high efficiency vertical NPN transistors due to the dependence of the RESURF LDMOS BV/sub dss/ (source to drain breakdown voltage) upon the epi thickness. In this paper, we propose a new isolated RESURF LDMOS. With the use of n-well near the drain region, we can avoid electric field concentration below the drain region. P-well dose, p-well length and extended drain dose should be optimized to reduce surface field of the proposed isolated RESURF LDMOS regardless of epi thickness.
Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking: Linear and Quadratic Effects of Age Across the Adult Life Span

OBJECTIVE We investigated linear and quadratic effects of age on self-reported empathy in three large cross-sectional samples of American adults aged 18-90 years. METHOD Participants completed subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983), allowing us to independently assess an emotional component of empathy ("empathic concern") and a cognitive component of empathy ("perspective taking") across the adult life span. RESULTS For both measures and in all three samples, we found evidence for an inverse-U-shaped pattern across age: Middle-aged adults reported higher empathy than both young adults and older adults. We also found a consistent gender difference: Women reported more empathy than men. We did not find systematic differences by ethnicity. However, neither gender nor ethnicity interacted with age effects. DISCUSSION We discuss the inverse-U-shaped age pattern, in terms of aging versus cohort influences, and how it complements and extends the existing literature on empathy and age.
Large-signal characterization and modeling of MOSFET for PA applications

This paper presents the large-signal model requirements and generation as well as the 1- and 2-tone large-signal characterization for CMOS PA applications. The sensitivity of important parameters to the large-signal prediction for a transistor is discussed. It is demonstrated that an accurate modeling of G m as a function of bias, as well as other important extrinsic transistor parameters, enables proper prediction of the 1-tone distortion behavior for a transistor, which in turn determines the quality of prediction for the 2-tone inter-modulation product up to the 5th order.
Reduced dynamic swing domino logic

A new reduced-swing domino logic technique is presented which provides significantly lower power dissipation as compared to traditional domino circuit structures. Additionally, the noise margins of the new circuit offer an improvement over standard domino design. The key idea of the new design style is to limit both the upper and lower bounds of the voltage swing at the internal dynamic node. The voltage swing at the inputs and the outputs of the domino circuit remains full-swing. A number of circuits are presented all of which have been designed and simulated in 0.18 micron technology. Analysis of simulation results show the potential for a 25-40% decrease in power consumption with an increased tolerance to noise. These improvements come at the expense of increased propagation delay and circuit area; the magnitude of which varies with the proposed circuit structures.
AN ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH TO MANAGING KNOWLEDGE STOCKS AND FLOWS : Implications for reinventing the HR function

Sustainable competitive advantage is increasingly dependent upon a firm’s ability to manage both its knowledge stocks and flows. We examine how different employees’ knowledge stocks are managed within a firm and how—through their recombination and renewal—those stocks can create sustainable competitive advantage. To do this, we first establish an architectural framework for managing human resources and review how the framework provides a foundation for studying alternative employment arrangements used by firms in allocating knowledge stocks. Next, we extend the architecture by examining how knowledge stocks (human capital) can be both recombined and renewed through cooperative and entrepreneurial archetypes. We then position two HR configurations to focus on facilitating these two archetypes. By identifying and managing different forms of social capital across employee groups within the architecture, HR practices can facilitate the flow of knowledge within the firm, which ultimately leads to sustainable competitive advantage.
The Application of Lumped Element Equivalent Circuits Approach to the Design of Single-Port Microstrip Antennas

A simple method for inverting negative resistances of nonphysical circuits generated from approximating rational functions through vector fitting is proposed. This technique is applied to three resonant antenna structures. The challenge of applying this method to these structures lies in the accurate modeling of the ways in which the different resonant modes are excited, some via coaxially feeding a rectangular patch along the diagonal, while others via capacitively coupling energy from the driven patch to a parasitic patch. The equivalent circuits of these designs produce scattering parameter results that are consistent with the fitted functions. This methodology of resistance invertibility is a great tool that can be used to model antenna designs with low order equivalent circuits, drastically reducing the design time. In addition, valuable information that could aid in the optimization of microstrip antennas can be quickly ascertained through these techniques.
Results of custom-fit, noncemented, semiconstrained total elbow arthroplasty for inflammatory arthritis at an average of eighteen years of follow-up

Background The literature available on the results after noncemented total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) in inflammatory arthritis is limited. Methods Ten patients (7 women, 3 men; 14 elbows total) who underwent custom, noncemented TEA from 1988 to 1995 were retrospectively reviewed. The average age was 28 years (range, 17-45 years). Four patients (4 elbows) had rheumatoid arthritis, and 6 patients (10 elbows) had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The mean follow-up was 18 years. All patients underwent a custom, noncemented, semiconstrained TEA with a plasma spray surface designed from preoperative computed tomography scan to achieve metaphyseal fit. The primary outcome was the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and secondary outcomes were flexion and rotation arc of motion. Intraoperative and postoperative complications and revisions performed were also recorded. Radiographs taken at final follow-up were evaluated for evidence of loosening. Results The Mayo Elbow Performance Score improved from a mean of 35 preoperatively to a mean of 91 postoperatively. Flexion arc of motion improved from 50° preoperatively to 111° postoperatively, and rotation arc improved from 75° preoperatively to 145° postoperatively. Four patients underwent bushing revision at 8, 8, 22, and 22 years (29%), respectively, and there was 1 deep infection (7%). One patient had an intraoperative fracture in the humerus that did not require further treatment. On final radiographic follow-up at a mean of 18 years, all the components were fully ingrown, and there was no evidence of loosening or loss of fixation. Conclusion In the younger population with inflammatory arthritis, noncemented TEA has reliable outcomes clinically and radiographically at long-term follow-up.
Ischemic time is a better predictor than door-to-balloon time for mortality and infarct size in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Background Current guidelines for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) recommend early revascularization with optimal ischemic time (IT) < 120 min and door-to-balloon (D2B) time < 90 min. The focus of most studies has been D2B time, while IT is not frequently reported. We tested the hypothesis that total IT is a better predictor than D2B time for mortality and infarct size. Methods and Results Between December 2008 and April 2013, 786 patients with STEMI were treated in our STEMI center, and 262 of these had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 3–5 days after the index event. Total IT was defined as time from symptom onset to device activation, while D2B time was defined as hospital arrival to device activation. Patients were divided into three groups according to IT (<120, 120–239, ≥240 min) and into four groups according to D2B time (<30, 30–59, 60–89, ≥90 min). Baseline demographics including age, cardiac risk factors, and LAD infarct location were similar between groups. The 30-day mortality rate significantly increased across IT groups but did not correlate with D2B time groups. Similarly, infarct size significantly increased across IT groups but did not correlate with D2B time groups. Conclusions In STEMI patients, IT was a better predictor than D2B time for 30-day mortality and infarct size. Our findings suggest that the focus of STEMI care should be directed at early initiation of therapy and minimizing IT rather than on D2B time alone. The potential impact of IT reporting in current STEMI registries merits further consideration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship between facial proportions and root length in the dentition of dogs.

The present analysis represents a follow-up to a previous experimental study in which facial shortening obtained in rats by septum removal produced also shortening of the molar roots. In the present study relative root length was compared in short-faced as against long-faced dogs and significant correlations between relative facial length and dental root length were found. Root shortening in the maxilla of short-faced dogs clusters around the areas of the premaxillary-maxillary suture and the maxillary-palatine suture. For the mandible it shifts one tooth more distally and is of lower statistical significance. This distribution seems to tie in with the greater growth arrest in the above sutural areas in the maxilla of short-faced dogs and the lesser growth arrest of their mandible.
Immunosuppression Associated With Novel Chemotherapy Agents and Monoclonal Antibodies

The introduction of novel agents to the therapeutic armamentarium for oncologic, rheumatologic, and neurologic disorders has resulted in major clinical advances. These agents impact immune function, resulting in a discrete spectrum of infectious complications. Purine analogues and alemtuzumab alter cell-mediated immunity, resulting in opportunistic viral/fungal infections. Herpes zoster incidence increases with bortezomib. Hepatitis B reactivation may occur with rituximab. Cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy have occurred following monoclonal antibody therapy. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy is complicated by tuberculosis reactivation and fungal infections. We summarize the impact of these therapies on pathogenesis and spectrum of infection complicating their usage.
THE CELLULAR REACTIONS TO ACETONE-SOLUBLE FAT FROM MYCOBACTERIA AND STREPTOCOCCI : THE EFFECT OF NEUTRALIZATION ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE TUBERCULO-LIPOID AND OF THE PHTHIOIC ACID DERIVED FROM IT.

1. The acetone-soluble fat of tubercle bacilli produces a profound cellular reaction when injected into normal animals. The reaction involves every type of connective tissue cell. Hemorrhage, formation of adhesions and of tubercular tissue occur. The extent of the reaction is roughly proportional to the amount of material injected. 2. The reaction induced by the lipoid is much less extensive and much simpler when the material is neutralized with alkali. Neutralization of the acetone-soluble fat, or of phthioic acid, does not diminish the tuberculogenic property. 3. Acetone-soluble fat from streptococci is likewise extremely irritating but does not produce tubercular tissue.
Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia—Two Case Reports Related to Transesophageal Echocardiography Premedication

Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia is a potentially life-threatening complication. We report two cases of methemoglobinemia due to topical benzocaine spray used as premedication for transesophageal echocardiography. A high index of suspicion is needed for this readily treatable condition.
The Role of Intergroup Emotions in Political Violence

Emotions can drive intergroup behavior, including intergroup violence. We propose that anger, contempt, and disgust (ANCODI) work together in combination to motivate action, devaluation of the other group, and then elimination of their members. We tested the ANCODI hypothesis by examining speeches given by leaders of extreme political groups prior to major events or rallies that either turned violent (e.g., Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany) or did not (e.g., Gandhi’s Salt March in India). Three studies assessed these speeches in the year prior to the critical event and coded for verbal and nonverbal emotional and emotional-appraisal content in references to the nemesis group. Amounts of all three of the ANCODI emotions and their precursor appraisals, in text or video, were elevated 3 months prior to violent events, whereas only anger was elevated prior to nonviolent events. These results suggest that leaders using the ANCODI emotions can generate violence against others, and that identifying this combination...
Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent

After the death of Jesus, followers of the new Christian religious movement struggled to define both their mission and identity as a distinct faith community. As the members of this fledgling church grappled with the significance of their Jewish heritage and growing ambition to spread Christianity to Gentiles, circumcision became the divisive issue within the early church. As we will see, this controversy was the driving force in forming Christianity as a distinctly Gentile religion. This allowed Gentile Christians to escape the cultural devastation of the Jewish Diaspora and positioned the religion to become the dominant faith throughout Western Europe. But the debate over circumcision did not end there. Centuries of the greatest leaders, scholars, and artists in Western history continued to ponder the practice of circumcision and its role in Christian spirituality.
School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Knowledge and Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Bullying.

Purpose The purpose of the current investigation was to examine speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') knowledge and perceptions of bullying, with an emphasis on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Meth...
First demonstration of optics measurement and correction during acceleration with beta-squeeze in a high energy collider

Abstract Setting up collisions in high energy circular colliders requires beam acceleration and “beta-squeeze”. The latter produces small beam sizes, and hence, high luminosity by applying strong focusing with quadrupoles near the interaction points. At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), these two processes, beam acceleration and beta-squeeze, have been performed simultaneously during recent years. In the past, beam optics correction at RHIC has only taken place at injection and at final energy, with interpolation of corrections partially into the acceleration cycle. Recent measurements of the beam optics during acceleration and squeeze have evidenced significant beta-beats that, if corrected, could minimize undesirable emittance dilutions and maximize the spin polarization of polarized proton beams by avoiding the high-order multipole fields sampled by particles within the bunch. We recently demonstrated beam optics corrections during acceleration at RHIC. As a valuable by-product, these corrections minimized the beta-beat at the profile monitors, so providing more accurate measurements of the evolution of the beam emittances during acceleration.
Effect of Hfe Deficiency on Memory Capacity and Motor Coordination after Manganese Exposure by Drinking Water in Mice.

Excess manganese (Mn) is neurotoxic. Increased manganese stores in the brain are associated with a number of behavioral problems, including motor dysfunction, memory loss and psychiatric disorders. We previously showed that the transport and neurotoxicity of manganese after intranasal instillation of the metal are altered in Hfe-deficient mice, a mouse model of the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). However, it is not fully understood whether loss of Hfe function modifies Mn neurotoxicity after ingestion. To investigate the role of Hfe in oral Mn toxicity, we exposed Hfe-knockout (Hfe-/-) and their control wild-type (Hfe+/+) mice to MnCl2 in drinking water (5 mg/mL) for 5 weeks. Motor coordination and spatial memory capacity were determined by the rotarod test and the Barnes maze test, respectively. Brain and liver metal levels were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Compared with the water-drinking group, mice drinking Mn significantly increased Mn concentrations in the liver and brain of both genotypes. Mn exposure decreased iron levels in the liver, but not in the brain. Neither Mn nor Hfe deficiency altered tissue concentrations of copper or zinc. The rotarod test showed that Mn exposure decreased motor skills in Hfe+/+ mice, but not in Hfe-/- mice (p = 0.023). In the Barns maze test, latency to find the target hole was not altered in Mn-exposed Hfe+/+ compared with water-drinking Hfe+/+ mice. However, Mn-exposed Hfe-/- mice spent more time to find the target hole than Mn-drinking Hfe+/+ mice (p = 0.028). These data indicate that loss of Hfe function impairs spatial memory upon Mn exposure in drinking water. Our results suggest that individuals with hemochromatosis could be more vulnerable to memory deficits induced by Mn ingestion from our environment. The pathophysiological role of HFE in manganese neurotoxicity should be carefully examined in patients with HFE-associated hemochromatosis and other iron overload disorders.
Structural Characteristics of Oligomeric DNA Strands Adsorbed onto Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The single-stranded DNA to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) hybrid continues to attract significant interest as an exemplary biological molecule–nanomaterial conjugate. In addition to their many biomedical uses, such as in vivo sensing and delivery of molecular cargo, DNA-SWCNT hybrids enable the sorting of SWCNTs according to their chirality. Current experimental methods have fallen short of identifying the actual structural ensemble of DNA adsorbed onto SWCNTs that enables and controls several of these phenomena. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been a useful tool for studying the structure of these hybrid molecules. In recent studies, using replica exchange MD (REMD) simulation we have shown that novel secondary structures emerge and that these structures are DNA-sequence and SWCNT-type dependent. Here, we use REMD to investigate in detail the structural characteristics of two DNA-SWCNT recognition pairs: (TAT)4-(6,5)-SWCNT, i.e., DNA sequence TATTATTATTAT bound to the (6,5) chirality SWCNT,...
Description of the Immature Stages and Adult Female of Saissetia coffeae

The three immature stages and adult female of Saissetia coffeae (Walker) are described and illustrated. Morphological characters of these intermediate stages may be useful in species identification, and a key to the various stages is presented.
Principles Involved in Fixing the Price of Milk

With the advent of the war, most farm management men followed the American economists, who had grave misgivings concerning any policies of price fixing. Our economic literature has maintained in general that legally fixed prices are either futile or harmful except in the case of monopoly. The difficulty of maintaining fixed prices at a point satisfactory to buyers and sellers, the danger of forcing legitimate industry into serious situations, and the risk of curtailing or shifting production have been the primary arguments against such governmental policies, all of which have been abundantly illustrated from the records of such attempts. Price fixing policies may be said to rest upon legal forces, moral forces, and economic forces. Legal forces rest with physical power which is administered by certain governmental agencies. Moral forces exert their power through honor, public commendation, disgust, and social ostracism. Economic forces exert their influence by changes in production and consumption. The sudden change in our policy from freedom of control to our present day complicated system of price control has outstripped theory. Our present policy of fixing prices can not be said to be a complete failure as predicted by some, nor can it be said to be a complete success. Success of governmental agenc:es involved in price fixing rests on the fact that these agencies have been guided by economic forces and have been supported by moral and legal forces. Artificial pricefixing policies must be flexible enough in order that these artificial restrictions will act more or less in the same way as an increase or decrease in consumption, which will be sufficient to counteract changes in supply. Economic forces are, no doubt, dominant, but legal and moral forces may play a large part.
The detection and analysis of drinking water in rural area of Yongchun from 2008 to 2011

Objective:To discuss the sanitary quality of drinking water in rural area of Yongchun county,and provide the experience and scientific evidence for water reformation in the future.Methods: During 2008-2011,the data of drinking water quality detection in rural area of Yongchun county was analyzed by statistics.Results: A total of 530 water samples were detected,and 315 samples were qualified(59.4%).All the 530 samples were detected for 10070 items,and the total qualified rate was 95.8%.Of all the detection index,the toxicology index had the highest qualified rate(100%),followed by general chemical index(99.9%) and sensory attributes(93.9%).The lowest was microbiological index(81.7%).Conclusion: The sanitary quality of drinking water in rural area of Yongchun county is far from being satisfactory,and we should strengthen improvement and inspection of drinking water in the whole county.
Trauma to the chest wall, lung, and major airways.

Presented is an overview of practical clinical information of the care of patients who have suffered trauma to the chest wall, lung, and major airways. Associated intrathoracic injuries are discussed in detail elsewhere in this issue. Information will also be presented that deals with the spectrum of pulmonary dysfunction which follows significant trauma to the chest, and which is often associated withvictims of multisystem trauma. The pathophysiology and management aspects of the adult respiratory distress syndrome are presented in an appended article. The reader is referred to the American College of Surgeons’ Care of the Surgical Patient, which contains excellent information on trauma resuscitation,’ trauma to the torso,* and intensive care support,3-5 and which serves to put the topic of chest trauma in perspective.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in ICU patients with previous laparotomy

To our knowledge, there is an absence of data evaluating the safety and efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement in ICU patients with previous abdominal surgery. Our goals were to determine the complication rate of PEG in ICU patients who either had a recent or prior laparotomy compared to patients without any prior abdominal surgery. Prospective data was collected on 42 consecutive patients with prior abdominal surgery who underwent PEG placement in a university ICU setting during a 3-year period. These patients were further stratified by time of previous abdominal surgery: recent = abdominal surgery during the current hospitalization; old = abdominal surgery done prior to the current hospitalization and >30 days. Complications were defined as technical problems, local infection, tube dislodgment, and bleeding. This data was compared to results of 75 consecutive PEG placements in ICU patients with no previous abdominal surgery (NPAS) at the same institution. A total of 117 patients were included in the study. Sixty-two (58%) of the patients were trauma patients and 45 (42%) had other pathology. The mean age of the study population was 53 +/- 15 years and they were primarily male (75%). The overall complication rates were as follows: local wound = 18.7 per cent, technical problems = 4 per cent, PEG dislodgment = 7.4 per cent, and bleeding = 3 per cent. Of the 42 patients with prior abdominal surgery, 22 were recent, and 20 were old. Local wound complications were the most common complication when stratified by PEG category (virgin = 17.3%, recent = 18%, and old = 15%) followed by dislodgment (virgin = 6.7%, recent = 9%, and old = 5%). There were no significant differences in complication rates when comparing specific complications by PEG category as analyzed by chi2 analysis. PEG should be considered in all patients with previous laparotomy in need for long-term enteral access.
Selecting optimal combinations of transcription factors to promote axon regeneration: Why mechanisms matter

Recovery from injuries to the central nervous system, including spinal cord injury, is constrained in part by the intrinsically low ability of many CNS neurons to mount an effective regenerative growth response. To improve outcomes, it is essential to understand and ultimately reverse these neuron-intrinsic constraints. Genetic manipulation of key transcription factors (TFs), which act to orchestrate production of multiple regeneration-associated genes, has emerged as a promising strategy. It is likely that no single TF will be sufficient to fully restore neuron-intrinsic growth potential, and that multiple, functionally interacting factors will be needed. An extensive literature, mostly from non-neural cell types, has identified potential mechanisms by which TFs can functionally synergize. Here we examine four potential mechanisms of TF/TF interaction; physical interaction, transcriptional cross-regulation, signaling-based cross regulation, and co-occupancy of regulatory DNA. For each mechanism, we consider how existing knowledge can be used to guide the discovery and effective use of TF combinations in the context of regenerative neuroscience. This mechanistic insight into TF interactions is needed to accelerate the design of effective TF-based interventions to relieve neuron-intrinsic constraints to regeneration and to foster recovery from CNS injury.
Literature : Christianity in African literature

An abridged version of an article by Dr Peter Sulzer of Winterthur, Switzerland. Dr Sulzer is the author of numerous books on modern African literature and thought, including anthologies of prose as well as poetry.
Integration of Community Pharmacists in Transition of Care (TOC) Services: Current Trends and Pharmacist Perceptions.

Background:Barriers exist for patients transitioning from one health-care setting to another, or to home, and health-care systems are falling short of meeting patient needs during this time. Commun...
The FDA’s Expedited Programs and Clinical Development Times for Novel Therapeutics, 2012-2016

This study uses the Drugs@FDA database to analyze clinical development times for drugs to treat serious diseases within the 4 FDA expedited programs intended to speed drug review and approval.
Darwinism and the Moral Status of Animals

The rationale for thinking that evolutionary biology has something interesting to say about ethics lies in the empirical fact that human beings have evolved to become what they are through the influence of natural selection and other factors. Thus, human nature, to the extent that such is compatible with an evolutionary way of thinking, has been to no small extent shaped by evolutionary and natural forces. It is generally conceded that all ethical systems, naturalistic or not, rest, either explicitly or implicitly, on a conception of human nature. The very foundation of ethical thinking would seem then to be rooted in biology.1
Reconciling Competition, Downstream Access, and Universal Service in Postal Markets

Most postal reform legislation includes provisions mandating incumbents to provide downstream access to their competitors. That is, a dominant firm may be required to provide a portion of its vertical chain of production to firms that may be its competitors in its final product markets. Mandating such “unbundled access” on “reasonable terms” has a long tradition in antitrust/competition policy. Recent liberalization of the markets of traditional public utilities has moved this issue to the forefront of regulatory policy as well. This policy tool is of only limited usefulness in the case of postal markets. The reason is quite simple: the sunk costs that can give rise to “bottleneck monopolies” in other infrastructure industries are largely absent from postal networks. Not only are the benefits of mandating access limited in postal markets, the prevalence of nation-wide averaged prices means that the granting of access may facilitate wasteful, cream-skimming entry. That is, in postal markets, economic theory tells us that there are costs as well as benefits associated with mandating unbundled access. One cannot merely presume that this policy, an essential component of telecommunications liberalization, should also be automatically applied to liberalized postal markets as well.
Reflections on Validity and the Italian Experience with Contingent Valuation

Though CVM has won considerable acceptance among U.S. economic researchers and decision-makers, it remains controversial. Traditionally, only so-called revealed-preference measures of value, i.e., those based on data from actual market commitments of money, were considered to be valid evidence about economic values. Those advocating CVM are proposing that responses to survey questions about economic values be accepted as well. Both economists and psychologists have greeted this proposal with considerable skepticism. Economic theory leads economists to expect that people will find it in their self-interest to intentionally give misleading responses when asked about their values for public goods (Samuelson 1954). Psychologists have come to CVM with their own reasons for skepticism, thinking that people may have trouble constructing accurate estimates of their values in response to survey questions (Fischhoff and Furby 1988). If these concerns have not yet been voiced in Italy, they soon will.
Performance assessment of a software-based coincidence processor for the EXPLORER total-body PET scanner.

Coincidence processing in positron emission tomography (PET) is typically done during acquisition of the data. However, on the EXPLORER total-body PET scanner we plan, in addition, to store unpaired single events (i.e. singles) for post-acquisition coincidence processing. A software-based coincidence processor was developed for EXPLORER and its performance was assessed. Our results showed that the performance of the coincidence processor could be significantly impacted by the type of data storage (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)-attached solid state drive (SSD) versus RAID 6 hard disk drives (HDDs)) especially when multiple data files were processed in parallel. We showed that a 48-thread computer node with dual Intel Xeon E5-2650 v4 central processing units (CPUs) and a PCIe SSD was sufficient to process approximately 120 M singles s-1 at an incoming singles rate of approximately 150 Mcps. With two computer nodes, near real-time coincidence processing became possible at this incoming singles rate.