cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SURVIVAL IMPACT OF POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME

Objective The capacity for local infection to prolong survival in patients with cancer is a widely accepted but unsubstantiated principle. The neurosurgical literature contains anecdotal reports of patients with malignant gliomas who experienced prolonged remission of their tumors after a bacterial infection. This association has not been explored in a larger series of patients with malignant glioma with postoperative infections. Methods A single-center operative experience accumulated over 10 years was examined to evaluate whether postoperative infections conferred a survival advantage in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. A total of 382 patients were examined, and 18 bacterial infections were identified. The vast majority (17 cases, 94%) of these were gram-positive infections. Cases were compared with age-matched controls. Survival differences were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves, and other differences were tested using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results Cases and controls were younger and survived longer than the overall study sample, but cases and controls were similar at baseline. A moderate, statistically insignificant survival advantage was seen in the case group (Kaplan-Meier P = 0.27). However, when patients with infections in the first quarter and first half of their postoperative survival were examined, this survival advantage disappeared. There was no significant survival difference in any subgroup analyzed, including deep infections, bone flap infections, or infections caused by any specific organism. Conclusion In this single-center study, postoperative infection did not confer any survival advantage in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
Serial thallium-201 imaging at rest in patients with unstable and stable angina pectoris: Relationship of myocardial perfusion at rest to presenting clinical syndrome

In order to determine whether there are differences in myocardial perfusion at rest among patients with various unstable and stable angina syndromes, serial thallium-201 imaging was performed at rest in 19 patients presenting with rapidly worsening exertional angina (unstable angina, group A), 12 patients with rest angina alone without exertional symptoms (unstable angina, group B), and 34 patients with chronic stable angina. No patient had an episode of angina within 4 hours of study. Nineteen of 19 (100%) patients in group A demonstrated transient defects compared to only 3 of 12 (25%) patients in group B (p less than 0.0001) and 4 of 34 (12%) stable angina patients (p less than 0.0001). The majority of zones demonstrating transient defects in group A were associated with hypokinesis of the corresponding left ventriculogram segment without associated ECG evidence of previous infarction. There were no significant differences in the frequency of persistent thallium defects, severity of angiographic coronary artery disease, or frequency of regional wall motion abnormalities of myocardial segments supplied by stenotic coronary arteries among the three groups of patients. Transient defects have been shown to reflect reduction in regional coronary blood flow to viable myocardium. Therefore, we conclude that regional resting hypoperfusion of viable myocardium is far more common in patients with exertional unstable angina symptoms than in patients with rest angina alone or chronic stable angina.
Defining Deviance: John Kitsuse’s Modest Agenda

This article highlights and appreciates an often overlooked aspect of John Kitsuse’s work in the sociology of deviance. Years before he invented a new sociology of social problems, Kitsuse crafted theoretical and empirical statements that helped establish the “labeling” or “societal reaction” definition of, and perspective on, deviance. Kitsuse’s work was a key in the movement to forge labeling theory’s distinctively radical edge. At the same time that he pioneered new sociological territory, Kitsuse also resisted the conceptual slippage that plagued so many others working on the frontier.
A contribution to root-locus techniques for the analysis of transient responses

A method involving root-locus techniques is developed by which one can analyze transient responses by ascertaining bounds on them. In particular, the following questions are considered: 1) Given a rational system function W(s) , can another rational M(s) (of simpler form) be constructed such that, for sufficiently large values of the constant multiplier B of M(s) , the corresponding transient responses satisfy the condition, m(t) \geq w(t)? 2) If so, can a range of values for B be determined for which the same condition holds? Necessary conditions for an affirmative answer to question 1) are first developed and then sufficient conditions are obtained. Then, a general method using root-locus techniques is developed for answering question 2). Certain special cases are studied in detail and necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained, thus leading to the best possible bound for the given form of M(s) . Finally, a number of examples are given.
Occurrence of neuroblastoma and asymmetric crying facies: case report and review of the literature

responsible for thromboembolic phenomena in SLE. Histologic studies of patients with lupus with extremity, intestinal, or hepatic venous thrombosis have revealed an underlying endophlebitis, presumably mediated by immune complex deposition. 9-~ Specific antiendothelial cell antibodies have recently been discovered in patients with lupus2 ~ We believe that immune-mediated venulitis may be responsible for the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in our patient. The treatment of this patient posed many questions. We elected not to use anticoagulation because of fear of a hemorrhagic intracerebral infarction. Ligation of the thrombosed internal jugular vein was another option considered to prevent intracardiac extension and subsequent pulmonary embolization. However, because pulmonary embolization is a rare complication of internal jugular vein thrombosis, the surgical literature recommends a conservative approach. ~2 Additionally, although ligation may prevent embolization, it compounds the problem of increased intracranial pressure. We decided that ligation of the internal jugular vein in our patient would be done only if pulmonary embolism developed. We elected conservative management with steroids and serial lumbar punctures. When these measures failed and concern for visual loss heightened, lumboperitoneal shunting was performed to provide permanent relief from increased intracranial pressure. In the past, it has been speculated that certain cases of pseudotumor cerebri may have been caused by unrecognized cerebral dural venous sinus obstruction. 6 This case demonstrates that internal jugular vein thrombosis may be a previously unsuspected accompaniment of these events.
Effects of Environmental Organophosphorus Insecticides on Drug Metabolism

(1972). Effects of Environmental Organophosphorus Insecticides on Drug Metabolism. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 229-248.
DOUBLE PHOTOIONIZATION OF HELIUM USING R-MATRIX METHODS

The eigenchannel R-matrix method for single photoionization is extended to describe a class of two-electron escape processes. We apply this approach to calculate the double photoionization of helium by single-photon absorption for photon energies in the range 80--280 eV. Pseudoresonances in the double continuum are eliminated by performing a Gailitis average and by averaging the final spectrum over the size of the R-matrix box. Calculations are presented in both the velocity and acceleration gauges. The ratio of double- and single-photoionization cross sections, a key parameter for characterizing electron correlations, is compared to existing theoretical and experimental values.
Sodium-dependent uptake of taurine in encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strain M

A novel uptake system for the unusual sulfonated amino acid taurine was discovered in the prokaryote, encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strain M. This strain has been shown previously to contain taurine in its capsular polysaccharide. Taurine uptake by whole cells incubated in buffer showed a saturable dependency upon Na+ and taurine uptake was itself a saturable process, stimulated by glucose, and markedly affected by temperature. No evidence was found for the inducibility of taurine uptake. In the presence of 10 mM NaCl Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed a Km of 42 μM and Vmax of 4.6 nmol/min per mg dry weight for taurine uptake at 37°C. Increasing concentrations of Na+ decreased the Km of the system and appeared to increase the Vmax. Of various other cations tested only Li+ supported marked taurine uptake. Excess unlabelled taurine did not cause efflux of radioactivity taken up. Taurine was taken up into cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble material and did not chromatograph as taurine, indicating rapid metabolism during or closely following uptake. Taurine uptake appeared to occur via a highly specific system because amino acids representing the major known groups of amino acid transport systems in S. aureus did not inhibit taurine uptake, and uptake was only slightly diminished by the structurally closely related compounds hypotaurine and 3-amino-1-propane sulfonic acid. Sulfhydryl group reagents, electron transport inhibitors, an uncoupler and inhibitors of Na+-linked transport processes inhibited taurine uptake. A variety of other metabolic inhibitors had little effect on taurine uptake.
Designing clinical trials with arbitrary specification of survival functions and for the log rank or generalized Wilcoxon test

This article describes a computer program that allows interactive determination of the length of accrual period and follow-up period sufficient to assure desired level of significance and power. The program allows for arbitrary specification of the hypothesized survival curves and the alternative survival curve. It allows use of either the generalized Wilcoxon test or the log rank test. The program can be run on an IBM personal computer.
Studies on the mechanism of an antibiotic ionophore, R02-2985 (X537A) in the conscious chronically instrumented dog: involvement of the prostaglandin synthetic pathway

Conscious dogs were pretreated with a large dose of indomethacin in order to test the hypothesis that prostaglandin synthesis may be involved in the mechanism of action of the inophore R02-2985. The increase in renal blood flow and decrease in renal vascular resistance usually produced by R02-2985 were inhibited by indomethacin. In fact, the calculated renal resistance doubled. In contrast to the effects on renal circulation, indomethacin did not affect coronary blood flow increases which occur independent of contractility changes produced by this ionophore. Effects associated with facilitated release of catecholamines, ie, increases in heart rate, central aortic pressure, and dP/dt were prolonged in comparison to the control study published earlier where these parameters returned to control levels within 2.5 h, thus suggesting that prostaglandin synthesis may somehow potentiate the effects of R02-2985 on the release of catecholamines in vivo.
A mechanistic model of mammary gland metabolism in the lactating cow

The objective of this experiment was to construct a model of mammary gland metabolism adequate to simulate in-vivo and in-vitro data obtained from studies of bovine mammary glands. Equations describing fluxes to and from individual metabolite pools and fluxes of individual carbons within each metabolite pool were included. These equations were based primarily on the Michaelis-Menten form, e.g. saturation kinetics. Equations describing the flow of individual carbons were included to allow simulation of radiotracer experiments. Steady state fluxes were set using in-vivo data collected from arteriovenous difference studies conducted on lactating Holstein cows. Model behavior was compared to in-vitro observations published previously. Behavior analyses indicated that, in general, equation forms were appropriate and that no additional equations were required. Equations describing uptake of acetate and lactate from circulation or media were under-responsive to nutrient concentrations as concentrations increased. Radiolabel incorporation into citrate and fatty acids when glucose or lactate was used as radiotracer and into glyceride-glycerol when acetate or lactate was used as radiotracer was less than observed previously. Sensitivity analyses indicated that capacities to convert pyruvate to mitochondrial acetyl-CoA, pyruvate to oxaloacetate, malate to glycerol-3-phosphate, and citrate to cytosolic acetyl-CoA must be increased to simulate the radiotracer data of Forsberg et al. (Forsberg N. E., Baldwin, R. L. & Smith, N. E. (1984). Roles of acetate and its interactions with glucose and lactate in cow mammary tissue. J. Dairy Sci., 67, 2247–2254; Forsberg, N. E., Baldwin, R. L. & Smith N. E. (1985). Roles of lactate and its interactions with lactate in maintenance and biosynthesis in bovine mammary tissue. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 2250–2256; Forsberg, N. E., Baldwin, R. L. & Smith, N. E. (1985). Roles of glucose and its interactions with acetate in maintenance and biosynthesis in bovine mammary tissue. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 2544–2549). Date related to acetate and lactate metabolism appear to be adequate to define parameters associated with these equations. Data related to glucose metabolism apparently are not adequate to define equations associated with glucose metabolism.
Human Migration and the Conceptualization of Pre–Modern World Politics

The debate regarding historical continuity and transformation of international systems within International Relations (IR) theory has turned to conceptualizing world politics in terms of civilizations, particularly with respect to analysis of the pre-modern era. The political consequences of human migration have been overlooked in this debate. Migration shaped the demographic, social, and political dynamics within pre-modern civilizations and migration was a major medium of interaction between civilizations and their external environments, including other civilizations. This argument is elaborated in case studies of ancient Greece and Rome. Migration played a critical role in the development, relative power, and interaction of Greek city-states as well as the transformation of Athens into a polyethnic empire. Migration was central to the rise and decline of the Roman Empire, as particularly highlighted in the development of Roman citizenship, its role in the political incorporation of non-Romans, and the bearing of this process on the relationship between the Roman Empire and its environment. Refugee crises, human smuggling, and the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon by terrorists who resided in the United States on student, business, and tourist visas have recently thrown a spotlight on the role of international migration in contemporary world politics. This would not, however, be the first time that human migration has influenced the course of world politics.
The hypotensive effect of centrally administered tyrosine

Abstract Intraventricular injection of 15 μg L-tyrosine results in a significant reduction in blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. An increase in the turnover norepinephrine as indexed by MOPEG-SO 4 is observed concurrently. The data are consistent with the previously suggested depressor role of certain central noradrenergic neurons.
Derivation of encoding characteristics of layer ii cerebral cortex

Computer simulations of layers I and II of pirifonn (olfactory) cortex indicate that this biological network can generate a series of distinct output responses to individual stimuli, such that different responses encode different levels of information about a stimulus. In particular, after learning a set of stimuli modeled after distinct groups of odors, the simulated network's initial response to a cue indicates only its group or category, whereas subsequent responses to the same stimulus successively subdivide the group into increasingly specific encoding of the individual cue. These sequences of responses amount to an automated organization of perceptual memories according to both their similarities and differences, facilitating transfer of learned information to novel stimuli without loss of specific information about exceptions. Human recognition performance robustly exhibits such multiple levels: a given object can be identified as a vehicle, as an automobile, or as a Mustang. The findings reported here suggest that a function as apparently complex as hierarchical recognition memory, which seems suggestive of higher 'cognitive' processes, may be a fundamental intrinsic property of the operation of this single cortical cell layer in response to naturally-occurring inputs to the structure. We offer the hypothesis that the network function of superficial cerebral conical layers may simultaneously acquire and hierarchically organize information about the similarities and differences among perceived stimuli. Experimental manipulation of the simulation has generated hypotheses of direct links between the values of specific biological features and particular attributes of behavior, generating testable physiological and behavioral predictions.
Automated gait temporal–spatial assessment from non-motorized treadmill belt speed data

Abstract Non-motorized treadmills (NMT) provide belt speed data that can be used to estimate work output, and potentially, gait temporal–spatial parameters that provide an improved understanding of gait performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of an automated technique that uses belt speed data from an NMT to estimate temporal–spatial gait parameters. Seventeen injury-free adult participants performed a series of 20-s, metronome-guided walking and running trials for each of eight predetermined cadence conditions (72–200 steps/min). Two NMT-based cadence algorithms [PSD estimated cadence (PEC) and threshold estimated cadence (TEC)], and one NMT-based step length algorithm (NMT_SL) were evaluated for their ability to predict traditional motion analysis-based measures of cadence and step length (MAC and MA_SL, respectively). The results of this study demonstrate that both the PEC and TEC algorithms were capable of predicting MAC with a standard error of the estimate (SEE) less than four steps/min ( R 2 = 0.997 and R 2 = 0.993, respectively). Predictions of MA_SL from NMT_SL were separated by gait type (walking vs. running) to account for an obvious separation in the step length data with a qualitative gait change. When applied to walking data, NMT_SL was capable of predicting MA_SL with an SEE of 23 mm ( R 2 = 0.96). When applied to running data, NMT_SL was capable of predicting MA_SL with an SEE of 44 mm ( R 2 = 0.80). The assessment of the novel technique suggests that it is feasible to use non-motorized treadmill belt speed data to predict gait events and analyze simple gait metrics. Future research should evaluate the applicability of these algorithms for use with participants/patients presenting with pathological gait.
Cell mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis and megaloblastic anemia in T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A patient with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia presented with severe megaloblastic anemia with normal serum folic acid and cobalamin concentrations. BFU-E could not be cultured from the patient's peripheral blood unless T-lymphocytes were removed by E-rosette formation. Inhibitory activity by the patient's T-cells was restricted to autologous BFU-E. After cyclic chemotherapy the anemia and megaloblastic changes resolved, peripheral blood BFU-E could be cultured from unfractionated peripheral blood and the T-cell inhibitory activity could no longer be demonstrated. The anemia in this patient is probably due to the neoplastic expansion of a suppressor T-lymphocyte population.
Chemical imaging of trichome specialized metabolites using contact printing and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Cell transfer by contact printing coupled with carbon-substrate-assisted laser desorption/ionization was used to directly profile and image secondary metabolites in trichomes on leaves of the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites. Major specialized metabolites, including acyl sugars, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoid acids, were successfully detected in positive ion mode or negative ion mode, and in some cases in both modes. This simple solvent-free and matrix-free sample preparation for mass spectrometry imaging avoids tedious sample preparation steps, and high-spatial-resolution images were obtained. Metabolite profiles were generated for individual glandular trichomes from a single Solanum habrochaites leaf at a spatial resolution of around 50 μm. Relative quantitative data from imaging experiments were validated by independent liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of subsamples from fresh plant material. The spatially resolved metabolite profiles of individual glands provided new information about the complexity of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites at the cellular-resolution scale. In addition, this technique offers a scheme capable of high-throughput profiling of metabolites in trichomes and irregularly shaped tissues and spatially discontinuous cells of a given cell type.
A Simple Utility Approach to Private Equity Sales

The paper examines the liquidity risk of a private equity firm that decides to dispose of a large holding in its portfolio. As the sale takes time, it requires a careful balancing act of the exposure to the fluctuations in the market value of the investment against the large sale-induced price depression. A mean-standard deviation utility framework is an appealing decision tool for optimizing protracted asset dispositions. The firm maximizes the expected profit from the sale strategy net of the price concession minus a penalty function for exposure to the price risk, with the penalty weight related to a loss confidence interval.
Elastic property of multiphase composites with random microstructures

We propose a computational method with no ad hoc empirical parameters to determine the elastic properties of multiphase composites of complex geometries by numerically solving the stress-strain relationships in heterogeneous materials. First the random microstructure of the multiphase composites is reproduced in our model by the random generation-growth method. Then a high-efficiency lattice Boltzmann method is employed to solve the governing equation on the multiphase microstructures. After validated against a few standard solutions for simple geometries, the present method is used to predict the effective elastic properties of real multiphase composites. The comparisons between the predictions and the existing experimental data have shown that the effects of pores/voids in composites are not negligible despite their seemingly tiny amounts. Ignorance of such effects will lead to over-predictions of the effective elastic properties compared with the experimental measurements. When the pores are taken into account and treated as a separate phase, the predicted Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio agree well with the available experimental data. The present method provides an alternative tool for analysis, design and optimization of multiphase composite materials.
Mechanisms for negative reactant ion formation in an atmospheric pressure corona discharge

In an effort to better understand the formation of negative reactant ions in air produced by an atmospheric pressure corona discharge source, the neutral vapors generated by the corona were introduced in varying amounts into the ionization region of an ion mobility spectrometer/mass spectrometer containing a 63Ni ionization source. With no discharge gas the predominant ions were O2 −, however, upon the introduction of low levels of discharge gas the NO2 − ion quickly became the dominant species. As the amount of discharge gas increased the appearance of CO3 − was observed followed by the appearance of NO3 −. At very high levels, NO3 − species became effectively the only ion present and appeared as two peaks in the IMS spectrum, NO3 − and the NO3 −·HNO3 adduct, with separate mobilities. Since explosive compounds typically ionize in the presence of negative reactant ions, the ionization of an explosive, RDX, was examined in order to investigate the ionization properties with these three primary ions. It was found that RDX forms a strong adduct with both NO2 − and NO3 − with reduced mobility values of 1.49 and 1.44 cm2V−1 s−1, respectively. No adduct was observed for RDX with CO3 − although this adduct has been observed with a corona discharge mass spectrometer. It is believed that this adduct, although formed, does not have a sufficiently long lifetime (greater than 10 ms) to be observed in an ion mobility spectrometer.
The Soviet Steel Industry

The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly the administrative organization and planning system of the typical large Soviet steel plant, and then show how the plant director carries out one of his essential functions both with the help of and in spite of the institutional framework within which he has to operate. Our attention will be focused primarily at the level of the individual firm, but in order to appreciate the problems of firm management we must first see how the individual enterprise fits into the all-pervading Soviet industrial bureaucracy.
Hybrid composite rods subjected to excessive bending loads

Glass fiber/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composite rods were investigated in this research for their resistance to excessive bending. The rods are presently being used as the load bearing component of the Aluminum Conductor Composite Core/Trapezoidal Wire (ACCC/TW™) design. The ACCC/TW™ design is one of the most serious candidates to replace the existing conductor designs based on steel and aluminum wires. The effects of mandrel size and thickness of the insulating glass fiber composite sheath on the axial compressive stress state during bending of the ACCC rod were numerically investigated by performing non-linear finite element analyses of the conductor wrapping process. In addition, two sets of compression experiments were performed on composite specimens in order to determine the ultimate compressive strength of the ACCC rod and of the carbon fiber composite alone. During the compression tests, acoustic emissions were monitored from the specimens to determine if a different failure process exists for the hybrid composite as opposed to a traditional uni-directional long fiber composite. Proof tests, and subsequent Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) work of each type of composite were also performed to better understand the failure process. It was clearly demonstrated in this research that ACCC rods will be mechanically damaged by excessive bending over small diameter mandrels used for transportation and installation purposes. This work should be of great help to the manufacturers and potential users of the ACCC conductors around the world.
Beam induced mass loss in high resolution biological microanalysis.

SUMMARY Electron beam induced loss of mass from the organic matrix and from higher Z constituents of biological samples was measured by monitoring bremsstrahlung and peak changes in EDS spectra. When any effects of contamination, extraneous X-rays, beam current drift, specimen drift, and specimen shrinkage were monitored and corrected for, the three types of samples gave consistent and similar results at 296 K. Bremsstrahlung losses averaged 45%, 46% and 50% respectively for muscle homogenate, salivary gland sections and albumin. Sulphur losses average 74%, 72% and 86% for the same three sample types. No other elements suffered significant losses. Dl/e for bremsstrahlung averaged 0·14 C/cm2. Bremsstrahlung loss at 93 K began approximately one order of magnitude higher in dose, and the extent of loss varied. Sulphur losses, however, were greatly reduced at low temperatures.
The influence of a ROV themed engineering design workshop on in-service teacher self-efficacy

This study utilized ROVs (underwater autonomous robots) as a central theme within a United States Department of Education Grant to support 14 teachers in Georgia to learn engineering and technology content and pedagogy associated with the upcoming implementation of Next Generation Science Standards. Employing the “Engineering Design” model teachers explored the nuances involved with robotics, electronics, and prototype construction and operation. Participants were 14 public school teachers that were vastly inexperienced with basic engineering principles or careers. A pre and post assessment of teacher self efficacy towards basic engineering principles and design showed substantial growth in confidence levels of teacher participants. Provided the lack of true engineering content preparation of many in-service teachers, the workshop and curriculum guidance model shows promise to assist teachers in utilizing kinesthetic and real world projects to meet the newly reformed STEM standards.
Ventricular Fusion Beats

Relatively precise criteria are proposed for the recognition of ventricular fusion beats. Apart from the obvious and widely accepted criteria involving contour, duration, and time of appearance, other less obvious characteristics have been adduced: (1) the P-S time of the fusion beat must always be considerably longer than the P-R interval of the component sinoatrial beat; (2) the P-R interval of the fusion beat is generally not more than 0.06 second shorter than the sinoatrial P-R; (3) the terminal vector of the fusion beat is always different from that of the sinoatrial beat, while the initial vector may or may not differ. Exceptions to these criteria are seen in the presence of bundle-branch block, during periods of inconstant atrioveutricular conduction times, and presumably in the presence of diffuse intraventricular conduction delays. The shortcomings of conventional diagrams for depicting the mechanisms of arrhythmias are noted, and a plea is made for the use of more accurate symbols in their construction. Fusion beats are not an indispensable criterion for the diagnosis of ventricular parasystole.
A Dog, a Witch, a Play: The Witch of Edmonton

The Witch of Edmonton (1621) is no witch play. Thomas Dekker, John Ford, and William Rowley base their play on the trial and execution of Elizabeth Sawyer for witchcraft, but the spectacular Tommy the Dog displaces the titular villainess to become the agent of Edmonton's woes. His influence over all of the play's plot lines and his own thrilling, fluid presence confuses the play's genre and unsettles the viewer's sense of right and wrong. Dog's destabilizing potency recalls the improvisational talents of clowning dogs in Tudor interludes and the early comedies in the public theaters, but his theatrical abilities push beyond laughs to unhinge the ethical underpinnings of the society of Edmonton and the justice of the town. The resulting product unmoors audience's expectations about devilry by unleashing the unstoppable Dog to reveal how women like Sawyer and towns like Edmonton are mired and unable to change. Stasis, here the inability to change one's role, becomes the real evil in Edmonton.
The Place of Principles in Policy Analysis

Any theory of policy evaluation has to address the problem of the choice of criteria for decision making. In most theories of policy rationality, derived from economic theories of the utility-maximizing individual and a positivist conception of valuation, such values are to be regarded as the “preferences” of the policy maker. The stipulation and ordering of standards of judgment is not considered to be part of policy rationality itself. This conception of rationality is not obligatory. Understanding rationality as having good reasons for an action, and policy judgment as a process of argument, enables us to stipulate certain standards at the metapolitical level which any system of policy evaluation must meet. It is possible to identify a logical sense in which such classic principles as authority, justice and efficiency can be understood as necessary considerations in any rationally defensible policy appraisal.
ON p-COMPLETED CLASSIFYING SPACES OF DISCRETE GROUPS AND FINITE COMPLEXES

We show that for certain discrete p-perfect groups G, in particular for all p- perfect groups of nite cohomological dimension, the loop space on the p-completed classi- fying space BG ^ is a retract of the loop spaces on a certain nite complex. For nite vcd groups we provide a bound on the the dimension of such a complex.
Cytokinetic Considerations Relevant to Development of a Successful Therapeutic Strategy in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

Despite recent important advances in our understanding of the molecular and biological abnormalities in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) this new knowledge has not yet led to significant improvements in treatment. We have reviewed what is known and still unknown about some of the important properties of normal and leukemic stem cells and later progenitor cells that may be relevant to developing improved treatment strategies in the future. Clinical observations and experimental evidence strongly suggest that the major expansion of the CML population takes place in the intermediate and later maturation compartments rather than in the stem cell or early progenitor cell compartments. The expansion occurs slowly, probably taking several years to reach a trillion or more cells, at which time clinical symptoms begin to develop. The maturing leukemic progenitors do not have an increased proliferative rate, but they undergo one or more additional divisions and also live longer than comparable normal progenitors....
Concurrency control mechanisms for closely coupled collaboration in multithreaded peer-to-peer virtual environments

As collaboration in virtual environments becomes more object-focused and closely coupled, the frequency of conflicts in accessing shared objects can increase. In addition, two kinds of concurrency control "surprises" become more disruptive to the collaboration. Undo surprises can occur when a previously visible change is undone because of an access conflict. Intention surprises can happen when a concurrent action by a remote session changes the structure of a shared object at the same perceived time as a local access of that object, such that the local user might not get what they expect because they have not had time to visually process the change. A hierarchy of three concurrency control mechanisms is presented in descending order of collaborative surprises, which allows the concurrency scheme to be tailored to the tolerance for such surprises. One mechanism is semioptimistic; the other two are pessimistic. Designed for peer-to-peer vitual environments in which several threads have access to the shared scene graph, these algorithms are straightforward and relatively simple. They can be implemented using C/C++ and Java, under Windows and Unix, on both desktop and immersive systems. In a series of usability experiments, the average performance of the most conservative concurrency control mechanism on a local LAN was found to be quite acceptable.
Evaluation of a Pretest Scoring System (4Ts) for the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a University Hospital Setting

The initial diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is made on clinical grounds because the assays with the highest sensitivity (eg, heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) and specificity (eg, serotonin release assay) may not be readily available. The clinical utility of the pretest scoring system, the 4Ts, was developed and validated by Lo et al in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis in 2006. The pretest scoring system looks at the degree and timing of thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and the possibility of other etiologies. Based on the 4T score, patients can be categorized as having a high, intermediate, or low probability of having HIT. We conducted a retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients who were tested for HIT during their hospitalization at Hahnemann University Hospital (Philadelphia, PA) in 2009. Of the 100 patients analyzed, 72, 23, and 5 patients had 4T pretest probability scores of low, intermediate, and high, respectively. A positive HIT ELISA (optical density > 1.0 unit) was detected in 0 of 72 patients (0%) in the low probability group, in 5 of 23 patients (22%) in the intermediate probability group, and in 2 of 5 patients (40%) in the high probability group. The average turnaround time for the HIT ELISA was 4 to 5 days. Fourteen (19%) of the 72 patients with a low pretest probability of HIT were treated with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Ten (71%) of the 14 patients in the low probability group treated with a direct thrombin inhibitor had a major complication of bleeding requiring blood transfusion support. In this retrospective study, a low 4T score showed 100% correlation with a negative HIT antibody assay. We recommend incorporating the 4T scoring system into institutional core measures when assessing a patient with suspected HIT, selecting only patients with intermediate to high probability for therapeutic intervention, which may translate into reduced morbidity and lower health care costs.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in a Child with Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and Periodic Fever Syndrome

This report describes a 3-year-old girl with a long history of periodic fever who presented with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. She was diagnosed with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome by means of mutation analysis of the mevalonate kinase gene. The serum IgA concentration was markedly elevated, but the serum IgD concentration was normal. This report emphasizes that Henoch-Schonlein purpura may be an important clinical feature of hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome. In addition, this syndrome should be considered in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura in whom there is a history of recurrent fevers, even when the serum IgD concentration is normal.
Temporal Genetic Variation in a Coyote (Canis latrans) Population Experiencing High Turnover

Temporal genetic variation was examined in a coyote (Canis latrans) population that experienced intensive removal for several decades. The population experienced separate periods of nonselective and selective control, and comparisons were made between control methods. Analyses at 11 microsatellite loci revealed only subtle genetic differences between removal regimes when analyzed by year of birth or resident status. Numbers of alleles per locus (4‐16) and expected heterozygosities (0.617‐0.915) were high across groups and few 1st-order relatives were detected within groups. Coyote social structure and dispersal patterns appear to adequately maintain genetic variation and promote genetic homogeneity over relatively small geographic scales during periods of locally aggressive removal.
Hückel Valence Bond Theory of Stereoselection

Why should we pursue an understanding of aromaticity and antiaromaticity on the basis of HVB theory? The first and most important reason is that HVB theory is equivalent to the theory which is the foundation of most present day concepts of chemistry: HMO theory with neglect of overlap. Secondly, an HVB treatment of steroselection has never been presented before. Accordingly, this section fills a void in the theoretical literature. Thirdly, the HVB theory of model systems constitutes preparation for the VB theory of real systems to be presented in following papers. Finally, HVB theory is the simplest illustrator of the conceptual advantages of the VB method, in a general sense. It is the first obligatory step along the pedagogical route leading to ultimate mastery of rigorous VB theory.
Relative Values, Announcement Timing, and Shareholder Returns in Mergers and Acquisitions

We examine the endogenous timing of M&A announcements in terms of the bidder's relative value (ratio of bidder's equity value to target's equity value) at which the deal is announced, and how it compares with the range of relative value during a 52-week reference window preceding the announcement. Accordingly, we create a normalized relative value (NRV) measure, which takes a higher (lower) value if the bidder's relative value at announcement is closer to its 52-week high (low). Even after controlling for the valuations of the bidder and target firms at announcement, we find that deals announced at high NRV are more likely to feature stock payment, have higher offer premium, are more likely to fail, and are associated with lower (higher) announcement returns for the bidding (target) firm. However, bidding firms that announce deals at high NRV earn large positive abnormal returns in the period from one year before announcement to one year after announcement. Overall, our results are consistent with the market-timing hypothesis that, at the margin, bidders strategically choose the timing of M&A announcements to exploit relative misvaluation.
Electrophysiological Response of Female Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to Volatile Compounds from Apple Trees

Coupled gas chromatography and electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) analyses of headspace volatiles from apple host tissues revealed a total of 16 compounds to which female dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), antennae responded. There were no differences in the amplitude of the response of antennae from virgin and mated females, and no consistent responses to host odors were generated from male antennae. Four compounds, including octanal, nonanal, decanal, and methyl salicylate, were identified from all headspace collections taken from apple trees. Use of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique revealed that a single volatile compound, α-bergamotene, emanating from larval dogwood borer frass elicited a strong female antennal response. This compound was also present in headspace collections from ‘Red Chief Delicious’ apple trees with burr knot tissue infested with dogwood borer larvae and from 1-d-old cut bark on ‘Granny Smith’ trees, suggesting that it is produced by apple trees in resp...
Unanticipated Conservative Consequences of Liberal Theorizing

“It is wilful folly to fasten upon some single end or consequence which is liked, and to permit the view of that to blot from perception all other undesired and undesirable consequences. … It is not possible adequately to characterize the presumption, the falsity and the deliberate perversion of intelligence involved in refusal to note the plural effects that flow from any act.”
Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy: schedule modifications based on a novel in vivo human xenograft model.

Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy: schedule modifications based on a novel in vivo human xenograft model
Assembly and Expression of Shark Ig Genes

Sharks are modern descendants of the earliest vertebrates possessing Ig superfamily receptor-based adaptive immunity. They respond to immunogen with Abs that, upon boosting, appear more rapidly and show affinity maturation. Specific Abs and immunological memory imply that Ab diversification and clonal selection exist in cartilaginous fish. Shark Ag receptors are generated through V(D)J recombination, and because it is a mechanism known to generate autoreactive receptors, this implies that shark lymphocytes undergo selection. In the mouse, the ∼2.8-Mb IgH and IgL loci require long-range, differential activation of component parts for V(D)J recombination, allelic exclusion, and receptor editing. These processes, including class switching, evolved with and appear inseparable from the complex locus organization. In contrast, shark Igs are encoded by 100-200 autonomously rearranging miniloci. This review describes how the shark primary Ab repertoire is generated in the absence of structural features considered essential in mammalian Ig gene assembly and expression.
Laser Processing of Metals and Coatings for Enhanced Surface Properties

The laser is a unique energy source which opens up the possibilities for creating both novel materials and novel materials processing technologies. Reviews of laser processing beyond the scope of this brief paper can be found in references 1 –3. Operating parameters unique to lasers include the ability to deliver precisely controlled (spatially and temporally)energy with a wide range of power densities (from 1012 watts/cm2) and delivery times (from 10 –12 seconds to continuous). Lasers have further advantages from a materials processing standpoint since they provide a totally clean energy source which can be located remotely from the sample and does not require a vacuum or other very critical environment around the sample during processing. By using the laser’s capability for precise control of beam power density and dwell time, specimen surface areas may be heated (surface hardening), melted (surface alloying) or even vaporized (cutting or drilling holes). Surface alloying with coverage rates to 1 cm2 /sec and depths as great as 1mm [4] makes laser processing a viable commercial process.
MO-FG-CAMPUS-TeP3-04: Deliverable Robust Optimization in IMPT Using Quadratic Objective Function

Purpose: To find and evaluate the way of applying deliverable MU constraints into robust spot intensity optimization in Intensity-Modulated- Proton-Therapy (IMPT) to prevent plan quality and robustness from degrading due to machine deliverable MU-constraints. Methods: Currently, the influence of the deliverable MU-constraints is retrospectively evaluated by post-processing immediately following optimization. In this study, we propose a new method based on the quasi-Newton-like L-BFGS-B algorithm with which we turn deliverable MU-constraints on and off alternatively during optimization. Seven patients with two different machine settings (small and large spot size) were planned with both conventional and new methods. For each patient, three kinds of plans were generated — conventional non-deliverable plan (plan A), conventional deliverable plan with post-processing (plan B), and new deliverable plan (plan C). We performed this study with both realistic (small) and artificial (large) deliverable MU-constraints. Results: With small minimum MU-constraints considered, new method achieved a slightly better plan quality than conventional method (D95% CTV normalized to the prescription dose: 0.994[0.992∼0.996] (Plan C) vs 0.992[0.986∼0.996] (Plan B)). With large minimum MU constraints considered, results show that the new method maintains plan quality while plan quality from the conventional method is degraded greatly (D95% CTV normalized to the prescription dose: 0.987[0.978∼0.994] (Plan C) vs 0.797[0.641∼1.000] (Plan B)). Meanwhile, plan robustness of these two method’s results is comparable. (For all 7 patients, CTV DVH band gap at D95% normalized to the prescription dose: 0.015[0.005∼0.043] (Plan C) vs 0.012[0.006∼0.038] (Plan B) with small MU-constraints and 0.019[0.009∼0.039] (Plan C) vs 0.030[0.015∼0.041] (Plan B) with large MU-constraints) Conclusion: Positive correlation has been found between plan quality degeneration and magnitude of deliverable minimal MU. Compared to conventional post-processing method, our new method of incorporating deliverable minimal MU-constraints directly into plan optimization, can produce machine-deliverable plans with better plan qualities and non-compromised plan robustness. This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute Career Developmental Award K25CA168984, by the Fraternal Order of Eagles Cancer Research Fund Career Development Award, by The Lawrence W. and Marilyn W. Matteson Fund for Cancer Research, by Mayo Arizona State University Seed Grant and by The Kemper Marley Foundation.
Laser light scattering measurements of soot particles in flames

Laser diagnostic techniques such as laser light scattering, velocimetry, and fluorescence measurements allow nonintrusive spatially resolved measurements of particle formation processes in flames. From such measurements, an understanding of formation, growth, and burnout of soot particles can be gained. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studies of soot formation in laminar diffusion flames.1-4