cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting cancer metabolism at the plasma membrane by limiting amino acid access through SLC6A14

Rapidly proliferating cancer cells increase flux through anabolic pathways to build the mass necessary to support cell division. Imported amino acids and glucose lie at the apex of the anabolic pyramid. Consistent with this, elevated expression of nutrient transporter proteins is characteristic of aggressive and highly malignant cancers. Because tumour cells are more dependent than their normal neighbours on accelerated nutrient import, these up-regulated transporters could be excellent targets for selective anti-cancer therapies. A study by Babu et al. in a recent issue of the Biochemical Journal definitively shows that SLC6A14 (where SLC is solute carrier) is one such cancer-specific amino acid transporter. Although mice completely lacking SLC6A14 are viable and exhibit normal mammary gland development, these animals are highly resistant to mammary tumour initiation and progression driven by potent oncogenes. Because SLC6A14 is essential for tumour growth yet dispensable for normal development and tissue maintenance, small molecules that block amino acid import through this transporter could be effective and selective anti-cancer agents, particularly as components of rational drug combinations.
Strategic internal covalent cross-linking of TNF produces a stable TNF trimer with improved TNFR2 signaling

Soluble TNF superfamily (TNFSF) ligands are less stable and less active than their transmembrane (tm) analogues. This is a problem for the therapeutic use of recombinant TNFSF ligands in diverse diseases including cancer and autoimmunity. Creating TNFSF ligand analogues with improved targeting of their respective receptors is important for research and therapeutic purposes. Covalent internal cross-linking of TNF monomers by double mutations, S95C/G148C, results in stable trimers with improved TNFR2 function. The resulting mutein induced the selective death of autoreactive CD8 T cells in type-1 diabetic patients and demonstrates targeted proliferation and expansion of human CD4 Tregs. Stable TNF trimers, created by internal covalent cross-linking, show improved signaling. The high structural homology within the TNF superfamily provides an opportunity to extend internal cross-linking to other TNF superfamily proteins to produce active trimers with improved stability and receptor signaling, and with potential applications for cancer, autoimmunity, infections, and transplantation.
Groundwater flow path dynamics and nitrogen transport potential in the riparian zone of an agricultural headwater catchment

summary Shallow groundwater dynamics play a critical role in determining the chemistry and movement of nitrogen (N) in the riparian zone. In this study, we characterized N concentration variability and hydrologic transport pathways in shallow groundwater draining areas of a riparian area with and without emergent groundwater seeps. The study was conducted in FD36, an agricultural headwater catchment in the Ridge and Valley physiographic region of central Pennsylvania, USA. Three seep and adjacent non-seep areas were each instrumented with a field of 40 piezometers installed in a grid pattern (1.5-m spacing) at both 20- and 60-cm depths. Piezometers were monitored seasonally for approximately two years (October 2010–May 2012). Results showed that hydraulic head within seep areas was variable and some regions exhibited upward vertical hydraulic gradients of 0.18–0.27. Non-seep areas were characterized by uniform hydraulic head levels and were relatively hydrostatic. Nitrate-N (NO3-N) concentrations in seep areas were significantly greater than those in the non-seep areas at two of the three study sites. A two-component mixing model using chloride as a conservative tracer indicated that shallow groundwater in seep areas was primarily (53–75%) comprised of water from a shallow fractured aquifer, which had elevated NO3-N concentrations (5.7 mg L � 1 ). Shallow groundwater in non-seep areas, however, was comprised (58–82%) of perched water on top of the fragipan that was likely recharged locally in the riparian zone and had low NO3-N concentrations (0.6 mg L � 1 ). Higher NO3-N concentrations, variable hydraulic head, and groundwater emergence onto the land surface in seep areas provided evidence for preferential flow paths as an important conduit for water and N movement in these areas of the riparian zone. We conclude that the potential for N delivery to the stream in FD36 was much greater from seep areas compared to non-seep areas. Targeted management of seeps should be a priority in efforts to reduce NO3-N levels in riparian zones within headwater agricultural catchments. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Rodent eccrine sweat glands: A case of multiple efferent innervation

The sweat territories of peripheral nerves to the hind-paw of the mouse were defined by a silastic impression mold method that allowed identification of every secreting sweat gland. It was found that the tibial, sural, saphenous and peroneal nerves all contribute to the innervation of foot pad sweat glands, and there is extensive overlapping of the sweat territories of the different peripheral nerves. Most sweat glands could be activated by electrical stimulation of axons in two or three peripheral nerves or in separate fascicles of one nerve. This was interpreted to indicate that these sweat glands receive multiple innervation and that sweat glands in the overlap regions between autonomous zones of adjacent cutaneous nerves can receive axons from each nerve. Partial denervation of sweat glands by section of one source of innervation did not prevent the gland from sweating during stimulation of intact axons to the gland, or after pilocarpine treatment. Totally denervated glands did not exhibit denervation hypersensitivity; they became unresponsive to pilocarpine, acetylcholine and adrenaline. These characteristics allowed detection of the appearance and progression of reinnervation (and reactivation) of denervated sweat glands by collateral branching from sudomotor fibers. Not only do these results increase our basic understanding of the anatomical relations between peripheral nerves and the sweat glands they innervate, but they also demonstrate that the mouse sweat gland provides a useful model system for studying neuropathology of the sympathetic nervous system.
Two ways to erupt

Sometimes volcanos erupt violently, sometimes they don't. A simple new model of the physical interaction of magmas and the volcanos they build may explain why. Developed by John Eichelberger and Charles R. Carrigan of Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M., the theory suggests that magmas from the same source contain similar amounts of water and other volatile compounds, rather than differing widely in composition.
Characterization of atmospheric aerosols in the Adirondack Mountains using PIXE, SEM/EDX, and Micro-Raman spectroscopies

We are making detailed measurements of the composition of atmospheric aerosols collected in the Adirondack Mountains as a function of particle size using proton-induced X-ray emission, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. These measurements provide valuable data to help identify the sources and understand the transport, transformation, and effects of airborne pollutants in upstate New York. Preliminary results indicate significant concentrations of sulfur in small particles that can travel great distances, and that this sulfur may be in the form of oxides that can contribute to acid rain.
Statistical analysis of polymer volume grating distortions in a holographic digital data storage system

The performance of holographic storage in photopolymer recording media gets limited by compositional volume grating distortions, arising primarily due to postrecording anisotropic medium dimension changes. We evaluate the polymer grating distortions, and the corresponding diffraction efficiency fluctuations, as noise in the holographic digital system. The analysis suggests the importance of the distortion induced grating strength fluctuations relative to optical scattering from the system performance, and encoding, characteristics at different grating distortion regimes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent developments in bistable cholesteric displays

Bistable reflective cholesteric displays offer a solution for low power consumption displays. Image retention in zero field combined with inherent reflectivity (no need for backlighting) makes them ideal for applications such as portable document viewers. Here, we present an overview of the current research activities and achievements in this technology with focus on recent developments in white-on-black and stacked color displays, low cost drive electronics, video rate potential, and newly developed field induced polymer walls.
Asian-American women writers

The writings of Asian-American women - whether born in America or transplanted from China, Japan, the Philippines, or India - have continued to reflect the complexities of their authors' cultural milieus, the stories set in places as disparate as Japanese internment camps in Arizona, flamboyant Manila under Marcos, and the Chinatowns of California. Likewise, these writings have continued to reflect the ambiguities of their authors' identities, the tensions of a female consciousness caught between cultures. The very voices of these stories - from Wong's polite autobiographical "she" and Yamamoto's "double telling" to the "splinters" in Kingston's voice and Hagedorn's polyglot - tell of the richness of writing by Asian-American women thus far.
Serum corticoids in children under stress.

Summary The level of free serum 17-hydroxycorticoids rises dramatically in children with serious infections in contradistinction to previous reports of levels in adults with infection. In addition, the levels tend to remain elevated for a longer period in children than they do in adults following surgery. This may not be due to a difference in adrenal response, but more likely is caused by differences in excretion and degradation or conjugation of the hormonal products.
Underground structure detection by surface magnetic gradient measurements

This problem involves magnetic induction methods to locate and determine the depth of a subsurface line source of magnetic field. The origin of the field may be self-generated or induced by a surface transmitter. The experimental method requires measuring the horizontal gradient of either the vertical or horizontal component of the field rather than the field itself so as to increase signal to noise ratio. A mathematical outline is presented and experimental results are discussed. Keywords: underground detection, electromagnetic theory, magnetic induction, tunnels, underground structures, imaging
Antimutagenicity profiles of some natural substances.

Selected antimutagenicity listings and profiles have been prepared from the literature on the antimutagenicity of retinoids and the carotenoid beta-carotene. The antimutagenicity profiles show: (1) a single antimutagen (e.g., retinol) tested in combination with various mutagens or (2) antimutagens tested against a single mutagen (e.g., aflatoxin B1). Data are presented in the profiles showing a dose range for a given antimutagen and a single dose for the corresponding mutagen; inhibition as well as enhancement of mutagenic activity is indicated. Information was found in the literature on the testing of selected combinations of 16 retinoids and carotenoids vs. 33 mutagens. Of 528 possible antimutagen-mutagen combinations, only 82 (16%) have been evaluated. The most completely evaluated retinoids are retinol (28 mutagens), retinoic acid and retinol acetate (7 mutagens each), and retinal and retinol palmitate (6 mutagens each). beta-Carotene is the most frequently tested carotenoid (15 mutagens). Of the remaining retinoids and carotenoids, 8 were evaluated in combination with a single mutagen and the other 2 were tested against only 2 or 3 mutagens. Most of the data on antimutagenicity in vitro are available for S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Substantial data also are available for sister-chromatid exchanges in vitro and chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo. This report emphasizes the metabolic as well as the antimutagenic effects of retinoids in vitro and in vivo.
Fusion of Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein to the Pseudorabies Virus Axonal Sorting Protein Us9 Blocks Anterograde Spread of Infection in Mammalian Neurons

Pseudorabies virus encodes a membrane protein (Us9) that is essential for the axonal sorting of virus particles within neurons and anterograde spread in the mammalian nervous system. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Us9 mimicked the trafficking properties of the wild-type protein in nonneuronal cells. We constructed a pseudorabies virus strain that expressed Us9-GFP and tested its spread capabilities in the rat visual system and in primary neuronal cultures. We report that Us9-EGFP does not promote anterograde spread of infection and may disrupt packing of viral membrane proteins in lipid rafts, an essential step for Us9-mediated axonal sorting.
Separation of nuclear and electronic contributions to femtosecond four-wave mixing data

Abstract A Fourier-transform method that separates the nuclear and non-resonant electronic contributions to the nonlinear-optical transient detected for transparent materials is developed and applied to femtosecond optical heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect data fluorobenzene and iodobenzene liquids. This method generates directly the impulse response function for nuclear motion, as well as the nuclear contribution to the measured transients. The role of rapidly dephased, intermolecular vibrational motions in shaping the detected response is explicitly revealed in a frequency-domain representation of the temporal data.
An adaptive parallel flow for power distribution network simulation using discrete Fourier transform

A frequency-time-domain co-simulation flow using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is introduced in this paper to analyze large power distribution networks (PDN's). The flow not only allows designers to gain an insight to the frequency-domain characteristics of the PDN but also to obtain accurate time-domain voltage responses according to different load current profiles. An adaptive method achieves accurate results within even shorter time compared to the basic DFT flow. In addition, parallel processing is incorporated which leads to a significant reduction in simulation time. Error bounds of the DFT flow are derived to assure the accuracy of simulation results. Experimental results show that the proposed flow has a relative error of 0.093% and a speedup of 10× compared to SPICE transient simulation with a single processor.
Mangrove Man: Dialogics of Culture in the Sepik Estuary

This book is the first modern ethnography of the Murik, a relatively large and important community settled on the Sepik River estuary in Papua New Guinea, and the only book of a non-Western culture drawing on the conceptual framework of the Russian literary theorist, Mikhail Bakhtin. Murik men, who exercise political power, conceptualize women as the source of nurture, generosity and love. This conceptualization creates for men a kind of existential problem, and their claim to sustain and reproduce society requires them to appropriate the nurturant qualities of women. So they must, in some sense, model certain aspects of themselves after women. A 'maternal schema' or 'poetics of the female body', therefore underlines the sociocultural patterns of these societies. This schema expresses itself in a range of societal domains: in kinship relations, life-cycle rituals, the men's cults, and in disputes and processes of conflict resolution. The issues discussed tie in with some of the major contemporary debates in the social sciences: the relationship between ideas of male and female power.
Some early perspectives on ground requirements of liquid hydrogen air transports

The paper examines the problem of liquid-hydrogen (LH2) subsonic long-range air transport from the perspectives of airplane manufacturers, the airline operator, the air terminal authority and the LH2 supplier. Emphasis is placed on identifying common problems and interfaces that are likely to occur in preparing for commercial airline operations of LH2 subsonic air transport in the 1990-1995 period. General considerations are discussed relative to sources and cost of gaseous hydrogen, hydrogen liquefaction, and LH2 availability. The fact that hydrogen sustains combustion at altitudes substantially higher than hydrocarbon fuels suggests that air transport can be designed to operate at higher enroute air traffic flight levels. This can be an advantage if only to relieve traffic congestion on heavily traveled routes. Pertinent interfaces in planning for the use of LH2 in air transportation are identified, including productivity and profitability, passenger-fuel compatibility, and lightning and electrical discharges.
Instabilities and bifurcations of von Kármán similarity solutions in swirling viscoelastic flow

We derive an asymptotic model that describes the swirling flow of a viscoelastic fluid between a rotating cone and a stationary plate when the gap angle, α, is small and inertia is neglected. The model, which uses the Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT) constitutive law, is valid in the limit a α → 0 and for Deborah number, De, order unity. We show that the model admits similarity solutions of von Karman type. A solution corresponding to a viscometric flow is obtained. This base flow, which exhibits shear thinning if the PTT parameter ɛ ≠ 0, is linearly stable if the Deborah number De is less than a critical value Dec and unstable if De > Dec. The critical Deborah number is a decreasing function of the retardation parameter β, and an increasing function of ɛ. The method of Lyapunov-Schmidt is used to determine the nature of bifurcation when De is close to Dec. Our analysis shows that there is a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation at De=Dec.
Molecular modeling of bifunctional chelate peptide conjugates. 1. Copper and indium parameters for the AMBER force field.

In this work we describe the development of parameters for In(III) and Cu(II) for the AMBER* force field as found in the modeling package MacroModel. These parameters were developed using automated procedures from a combination of crystallographic structures and ab initio calculations. The new parameters were added in the form of AMBER* substructures containing specific metal−ligand parameters to the existing force field. These new parameters have produced results in good agreement with experiment without requiring additional changes to the existing AMBER* parameters. These parameters were then utilized to examine the conformational effects caused by the conjugation of InDTPA (DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and CuDOTA (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) to the cyclic octapeptide octreotide.
Platelet function abnormalities in response to arachidonic acid in the acute phase of myocardial infarction

Abstract The aggregation of platelets to arachidonic acid was studied serially in patients admitted to the hospital with suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI) and no history of platelet-altering drug ingestion. Of 17 patients studied within the first 48 hours after MI, 16 had a marked decrease in aggregation, to 0.5 m M arachidonic acid (15 ± 12% compared with 64 ±15% for control subjects, p 2 formation correlated with the response of patients' platelets to arachidonic acid (38 ± 15 ng in the low responders versus 161 ± 30 ng/3 × 10 8 platelets/4 min in the normal responders, p 2 normally with arachidonic acid. The plasma of patients with MI was found to inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane B 2 formation to arachidonic acid.
A note on the stability of a growing sphere

Abstract The shape stability of a sphere undergoing mass diffusion-controlled growth is studied by employing spherical harmonics and the time-dependent diffusion equation. It is shown that for very dilute solutions the condition for interface stability is the criterion proposed by Mullins and Sekerka using Laplace's equation. The sphere is found to be unstable to perturbations of increasingly higher harmonics as supersaturation increases.
State-to-state molecular-beam scattering of vibrationally excited NO from cleaved LiF(100) surfaces.

Survival of vibrational excitation has been observed for the scattering of NO prepared by a laser in a single well-defined quantum state, No ($v=1$, $J=\frac{3}{2}$, $\ensuremath{\Omega}=\frac{1}{2}$), from a cleaved LiF(100) surface. State-selective angular, velocity, rotational, and electronic distributions of these vibrationally elastically scattered molecules have also been obtained for the first time.
THE COOL COMPONENT AND THE DICHOTOMY, LATERAL EXPANSION, AND AXIAL ROTATION OF SOLAR X-RAY JETS

We present results from a study of 54 polar X-ray jets that were observed in coronal X-ray movies from the X-ray Telescope on Hinode and had simultaneous coverage in movies of the cooler transition region (T ∼ 10{sup 5} K) taken in the He II 304 A band of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on Solar Dynamics Observatory. These dual observations verify the standard-jet/blowout-jet dichotomy of polar X-ray jets previously found primarily from XRT movies alone. In accord with models of blowout jets and standard jets, the AIA 304 A movies show a cool (T ∼ 10{sup 5} K) component in nearly all blowout X-ray jets and in a small minority of standard X-ray jets, obvious lateral expansion in blowout X-ray jets but none in standard X-ray jets, and obvious axial rotation in both blowout X-ray jets and standard X-ray jets. In our sample, the number of turns of axial rotation in the cool-component standard X-ray jets is typical of that in the blowout X-ray jets, suggesting that the closed bipolar magnetic field in the jet base has substantial twist not only in all blowout X-ray jets but also in many standard X-ray jets. We point out that our resultsmore » for the dichotomy, lateral expansion, and axial rotation of X-ray jets add credence to published speculation that type-II spicules are miniature analogs of X-ray jets, are generated by granule-size emerging bipoles, and thereby carry enough energy to power the corona and solar wind.« less
Amyloid probes based on Congo Red distinguish between fibrils comprising different peptides.

Abstract Background: Amyloid plaques, which characterize degenerating tissue in Alzheimer's disease (brain) and type II diabetes (pancreas), were first visualized by staining with the dye Congo Red (CR). The ability of CR to recognize amyloid fibrils comprising diverse proteins suggests that the binding site includes an unidentified structural feature common to all amyloid fibrils. We set out to design and synthesize analogs of CR that could distinguish between fibrils comprising different peptides. Results: Relative affinities of several CR analogs for two model amyloid fibrils were measured and compared to that of CR. Amyloid fibrils comprising peptides based on the critical car☐yl terminus of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein β-42 ((β34-42) and the critical region of the type II diabetes pancreatic amyloid protein, IAPP (IAPP20–29) were tested. The ratio of affinities of each individual CR analog for the two amyloid fibrils varied considerably. Complexation of certain metal ions (Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cd(II)) by a CR analog did not abolish its affinity for amyloid but changed the affinity ratio significantly. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that small organic and organometallic molecules are capable of detecting differences in amyloid fibril structure and/or amyloid protein sequence. Molecules of this type could have utility as neuropathological probes or imaging agents, since they are much easier to prepare and functionalize than antibodies and are specific for the fibrillar form of the amyloid proteins.
Acetaminophen‐Induced Hepatotoxicity: Role of Metabolic Activation, Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species, and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition

Large doses of the analgesic acetaminophen cause centrilobular hepatic necrosis in man and in experimental animals. It has been previously shown that acetaminophen is metabolically activated by CYP enzymes to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. This species is normally detoxified by GSH, but following a toxic dose GSH is depleted and the metabolite covalently binds to a number of different proteins. Covalent binding occurs only to the cells developing necrosis. Recently we showed that these cells also contain nitrated tyrosine residues. Nitrotyrosine is mediated by peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species formed by rapid reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide and is normally detoxified by GSH. Thus, acetaminophen toxicity occurs with increased oxygen/nitrogen stress. This manuscript will review current data on acetaminophen covalent binding, increased oxygen/nitrogen stress, and mitochondrial permeability transition, a toxic mechanism that is both mediated by and leads to increased oxygen/nitrogen stress.
Impact of Egg Storage on Carbonic Anhydrase Activity During Early Embryogenesis in the Turkey

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that plays important roles in the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, acid-base balance, and in subembryonic fluid formation in the early Japanese quail embryo. While turkey egg storage longer than 10 d is known to increase the rate of embryo mortality, little is known of the biological mechanisms that contribute to this phenomenon. In this study, we examined the impact of turkey egg storage on carbonic anhydrase activity in the freshly laid egg through 72 h of incubation. Carbonic anhydrase activity, which was not affected by egg storage for 21 d at 18 degrees C, was first observed in the germ wall, that area of yolk subjacent to the area opaca, after 24 h incubation. By 48 and 72 h, the yolk sac had formed with the yolk sac endoderm and was strongly positive for carbonic anhydrase. In contrast, mesodermal and ectodermal layers were negative. Our observations support recent studies showing carbonic anhydrase activity associated with the endodermal cell of the yolk sac in Japanese quail embryos and that such activity appears to be involved with subembryonic fluid formation in the turkey. This work also demonstrated that if an embryo survives cold egg storage, carbonic anhydrase activity does not appear to be affected.
The kinetics of resensitization of Tetrahymena following recovery from effects of cycloheximide.

Synchronized cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL-C were exposed to cycloheximide (CHI) (0.2 μg per ml) from 40 to 140 minutes after the end of the heat synchronizing treatment. Recovery takes place during this treatment (Frankel, 1970). The CHI was washed out at 140 minutes. At various times after washout dividing cells were isolated in micro-drops under oil, and one daughter was transferred to a test drop containing CHI (0.2 μ per ml). The generation time of both daughters was recorded, and the “percent prolongation” of generation time brought about by the test exposure of one cell to CHI was computed for each cell-pair. This procedure was carried out for groups of cell-pairs at different times after the end of the CHI pretreatment. Comparable tests were performed with two control series, one which had not previously been exposed to CHI and another for which CHI was present continuously. Comparison of the prolongation observed in control and experimental series demonstrated that cells which have earlier undergone recovery in CHI gradually become resensitized following washout of the drug. Cells progressively lose most of their original resistance in a period of somewhat over three cell generations; however, a small but significant fraction of this resistance is still retained seven to eight generations after the CHI pretreatment.
Investigation of shear band evolution in amorphous alloys beneath a Vickers indentation

Shear band formation has been known to be the dominant deformation mechanism at room temperature in bulk metallic glasses. However, many indentation studies have revealed only a few shear bands surrounding the indent on the top surface of the specimen. This small number of shear bands cannot account for the large plastic deformation beneath the indentations. Therefore, a bonded interface technique has been used to observe the slip-steps due to shear bands evolution. Vickers indentations were performed along the interface at increasing loads. At small indentation loads, the plastic deformation was primarily accommodated by semi-circular primary shear bands surrounding the indentation. At higher loads, secondary and tertiary shear bands were formed inside this plastic zone. A modified expanding cavity model was used to predict the plastic zone size characterized by the shear bands and to identify the stress components responsible for the evolution of various types of shear bands.
Short communication: Alterations in expression of gluconeogenic genes during heat stress and exogenous bovine somatotropin administration1

Study objectives were to evaluate hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression in recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST)-treated lactating dairy cattle during heat stress (HS) or in thermal-neutral, pair-fed (PF) animals. Twenty-two multiparous (99 d in milk, 656 kg of BW) Holstein cows were subjected to 3 consecutive experimental periods (7 d each): (1) thermal neutral, (2) HS or PF, and (3) HS or PF with rbST (Posilac, administered on d 1 of period 3). Liver biopsies were obtained on the final day of each period. Heat stress conditions progressively decreased dry matter intake for the first 5 to 6 d during period 2 before stabilizing (a decrease of 6.15 kg; 30%) on d 6 and 7, and feed intake remained stable and not different from period 2 during period 3. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA abundance increased during PF, but was unaffected by HS or bST. Pyruvate carboxylase gene expression increased during HS and PF, and administrating bST decreased pyruvate carboxylase mRNA abundance during both HS and PF. Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression increased following bST administration during HS and PF, confirming hepatic bST responsiveness. Exposure to HS leads to a change in hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme profile that appears to be dependent on plane of nutrition.
Factors affecting quantitative analysis in laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry.

Microprobe laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry (μL2MS) is a sensitive and selective technique that has proven useful in the qualitative and semiquantitative detection of trace organ...
The Influence of Agritourism on Niche Meats Loyalty and Purchasing

Although research has been increasing on agritourism, many questions remain. Studies have indicated that agritourism can bring both economic and noneconomic benefits to farmers and that sustainably raised agriculture products can lead to both health and environmental benefits. The current study explores the relationship between preferred meat attributes of the consumer (PMA), interest in visiting an agritourism farm (AI), and increased loyalty to a meat product or farm, termed the food system bond (FSB), among consumers in North Carolina, United States. Results indicate that (1) a preference for sustainable meat products has a positive influence on both interest in visiting a farm that raises livestock sustainably and on the food system bond and that (2) agritourism has a positive impact on the food system bond. This suggests the potential for agritourism to connect specialty consumers with niche farmers, increasing farm revenues, supporting sustainably raised agriculture, and fostering overall rural sust...
Convective structure of a diffusion flame over a flat combustible surface

Abstract A detailed numerical analysis is presented in this work of the fluid mechanical and thermal structure of the leading edge of a diffusion flame. The flame is established over a vaporizing (or pyrolyzing) flat combustible surface in a mixed-convective oxidizing flow. The analysis considers pressure variations in the flow, longitudinal diffusional effects and finite rate kinetics. The reciprocal influences between the flame and the flow are analyzed for the cases when the noncombustible surfaces surrounding the combustible are either isothermal or adiabatic. It is shown that upstream from the flame leading edge a region of elevated pressure is generated by the conjunction of the gas thermal expansion due to upstream heat transfer from the flame and the fuel addition in the pyrolysis zone. The pressure gradients perturb the flow, causing its deflection and deceleration or acceleration. The convective flow, in turn, by hampering the diffusive processes, limits the zone of influence of the flame to regions closer to the vaporizing fuel surface and creates strong temperature and species gradients near the reaction zone. If the noncombustible upstream surface is isothermal, the low temperatures near the surface cause the reaction to freeze, and a quenching layer is formed near the surface. The fuel and oxidizer mix in this layer. However, for the adiabatic case, the reaction rate is fast practically up to the surface, and very little leakage of fuel or oxidizer occurs through the reaction zone.
One sufficient condition for Hamiltonian graphs

Let G be a 2-connected graph of order n. We show that if for each pair of nonadjacent vertices x,y ∈ V(G), then G is Hamiltonian.
Fluctuations and the radial variation of the interplanetary magnetic field

Correlations between fluctuations in the solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field can influence the observed average interplanetary magnetic field and its variation with heliocentric radius. The average radial magnetic field still varies as inversely with the square of the radius, but, depending on the radial variation of the correlations, the average azimuthal field could depart from the 1/r dependence expected for an Archimedian spiral. This effect could account in part for those observations which indicate a steeper than 1/r dependence for the average azimuthal interplanetary magnetic field.
Examining predictors of re-reports and recurrence of child maltreatment using two national data sources

This study examined predictors of child maltreatment re-reports and recurrence (substantiated re-reports) using two nationally representative data sets: the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II) and the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Maltreatment data from the survey and administrative data sources were merged for children who participated in NSCAW II and had an NCANDS record. Re-report and recurrence data were examined among the sample of 4715 with an NCANDS record and a subsample of 1873 who received a caseworker interview at the NSCAW II 18-months' follow-up because the child was in out-of-home care and/or the family had been involved with child welfare services since the baseline interview. Many of the regression and hazard estimates of the predictors of re-report and recurrence differed across the two samples due to endogenous selection bias that arises from conditioning on the "collider" variable of caseworker interviews which is itself partially an outcome of re-report and recurrence. Similar estimates, on the other hand, were obtained: Children with prior involvement with child protective services were more likely to have re-reports and recurrence than children without prior involvement. Children that the child welfare agency reported as receiving services at the time of investigation were also less likely to have re-reports and recurrence when compared with children not receiving services. The threats to the validity of inferences that are drawn from statistical models and samples that condition on collider variables are reviewed, and the use of administrative data to supplement survey information that is unavailable from caseworkers are discussed.
Females have fewer complications and lower mortality following trauma than similarly injured males: a risk adjusted analysis of adults in the National Trauma Data Bank.

Background Studies of sexual dimorphism in trauma outcomes suggest that women have a survival advantage compared to equivalently injured men. It is unknown if this gender disparity is mediated by potentially life-threatening complications. Objective To determine (1) if there is a sex-based differences in the odds of developing inpatient complications after trauma, and (2) if are these complications associated with death among trauma patients. Methods Review of adult trauma patients admitted to hospitals in the National Trauma Data Bank that report complications. Patient and injury severity covariates were adjusted using multiple logistic regression and the independent effect of sex on developing complications and associated mortality was determined. Results A total of 681,730 adult patients met the inclusion criteria of hospital admission ≥3 days. Women demonstrated a 21% lower adjusted risk of death compared to males (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.76–0.83). Females had decreased adjusted odds of developing life-threatening complications including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure and pulmonary embolism. However, when compared to males with life-threatening complications, females with complications were found to be at greater risk of dying. Conclusion This study demonstrates that women are less likely than men to develop inpatient complications, suggesting that the survival advantage among women after traumatic injury may involve a reduced susceptibility to developing life-threatening complications.
Designing industrial processes for PQ resiliency

Power quality can be defined as the ability of electric power to facilitate the proper functioning of end use equipment. Implicit in this definition is the role of both the characteristics of electric power and the sensitivity of the end use loads. When end-use loads are resilient in the face of common PQ phenomena, problems attribute to power quality can be minimized or even eliminated in a very cost-effective fashion. The not-for-profit Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), in concert with its utility flinders, has developed a robust tool for facilitating robust end-use process design - the Industrial Design Guide (IDG). The IDG provides a strong technical basis for working with industrial end users in power quality, distribution, and economic development activities. The tool describes in detail such industrial processes as injection-molded plastics and CNC machining, includes electrical diagrams of the processes and sub-processes, and discusses the economics of process-associated downtime. The descriptions and drawings are interactive, leading the user to important power quality considerations, such as sensitive components, test protocols, solutions, and applications. This authoritative guide to industrial processes can be used to train new power quality engineers, refresh seasoned representatives, and enhance the credibility of all employees in the presence of end users, and the Web-based format makes it easy for even novices to use. This presentation will provide an overview of the IDG tool, affording insights on how a broad range of PQ professionals can help end users benefit from more robust process design vis-a-vis common PQ phenomena.
Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Solid Argon from 1 to 25 K

Measurements of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion accurate to 1% are reported for free-standing samples of solid argon for temperatures from 1 to 25 K. These data were obtained using a differential parallel-plate-capacitor technique and at low temperatures can be represented by $\ensuremath{\alpha}=(3.34{T}^{3}+0.030{T}^{5})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($1lTl6$ K). When combined with other data, these results can be used to obtain Gr\"uneisen parameters which are systematically 10% lower than those reported for anharmonic theories. Preliminary data also showed a low-temperature thermal expansion anomaly which is believed due to the spin-split ground state of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ impurities.
Spin sublevel-selective and position-dependent isotope effects in T1(ππ*) → S0 intersystem crossing of polycyclic para-diazines

Abstract ODMR measurements are combined with phosphorescence quantum yield data to show that deuterium isotope effects on the nonradiative decay rates of quinoxaline and dibenzoquinoxaline are spin sublevel-selective as well as position-dependent.
An upper bound on the Ramsey numbers R(3, k)

Ajtai, Komlos, and Szemeredi (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 29 (1980), 354–360) recently announced that R(3, k) < 100k2ln k. This follows from the discovery of a (polynomial) algorithm to find in any triangle-free graph on n vertices with average degree t an independent set of size at least n ln t100t. Here, their algorithm is modified to improve both bounds, replacing 100 by 2.4, and carefully working out the details of the proof.
Variational Equation of Motion for Coupled Flexure and Torsion of Bars of Thin-Walled Open Section Including Thermal Effect

Literature on flexure and torsion of bars of thin-walled open section is reviewed. The use of the variational equation of motion in solving problems of structural dynamics is further advocated. The variational equation of motion, together with the associated stress-displacement relations, is then derived for coupled flexure and torsion of the open section. Thermal effect is included, leading to a thermal twisting moment in addition to the usual thermal bending moments. For the special case of an open section with one axis of symmetry and with symmetrical heat input, only flexure is shown to be thermally inducible. The general result then reduces to the simple variational equation of flexural motion used in a separate study of the thermal flutter of a spacecraft boom.
On the vortex stretching modification of the k-epsilon turbulence model - Radial jets

^onley, R. R., Hoffman, J. D., and Thompson, H. D., "An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Annular Propulsive Nozzles," AIAA Paper 84-0282, Jan. 1984. Dutton, J. C. and Addy, A. L., "Transonic Flow in the Throat Region of Axisymmetric Nozzles," AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, June 1981, pp. 801-804. Dutton, J. C. and Addy, A. L., "Transonic Flow in the Throat Region of Annular Supersonic Nozzles," AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, Sept. 1982, pp. 1236-1243. Carroll, B. F. and Dutton, J. C., "Transonic Throat Flow in Radial or Nearly Radial Supersonic Nozzles," Texas A&M University, College Station, TEES Rept. FP-84-01, May 1984. Hall, I. M., "Transonic Flow in Two-Dimensional and AxiallySymmetric Nozzles," Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol. XV, Pt. 4, 1962, pp. 487-508. Carroll, B. F. and Dutton, J. C., "RATLE, A Computer Program for Radial Transonic Nozzles," Texas A&M University, College Station, TEES Rept. FP-84-91, June 1984.
Glutathione and non-protein sulfhydryl in cerebral cortex and lung in mice exposed to high oxygen pressure

Mice were exposed to 6 atm of 100% O2, and killed at the onset of hyperactivity, convulsions, and 10(s) post convulsions. Examination of brain cortex from mice killed at these stages of O2 toxicity revealed no change in oxidized glutathione (GSSG), non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH), total glutathione (GSH + GSSG), the GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase. Mice exposed to 4 atm for 1 h or 6 atm for 16 min exhibited a 36% and 33% decrease in lung NPSH respectively, but no change in cortical NPSH was observed. Although intraventricular diethylmaleate (DEM) decreased cerebral NPSH 72%, no change in the susceptibility of mice to O2 convulsions was found. Disulfiram, an effective O2 convulsive protectant had no effect on either cortical NPSH or total glutathione.
films on farming

Farming is Farming. 44 minutes. 1976. RAM films. Merchants of Grain. 57 minutes. 1983. Filmmakers Library. One More Year on the Family Farm? 22 minutes. 1977. CORT. Potatoes. 28 minutes. 1977. Bullfrog Films. The Small Farm in America. 28 minutes. 1978. RAM films. Waterloo Farmers. 28 minutes. 1979. Bullfrog Films.
Longitudinal magnetoresistance of 270 nm-diameter Bismuth nanowires

Abstract We study the longitudinal magnetoresistance of 270-nm diameter bismuth nanowire arrays embedded in an alumina matrix which are capped with layers of pure Bi that have low contact resistance. At intermediate fields, the LMR presents a broad maximum that is discussed in terms of the interplay between the carrier's cyclotron radius and scattering at the wire walls and the onset of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations.
79Br and 81Br isotope effects in Raman spectra of crystalline NaBrO3

Abstract Raman spectra of crystalline NaBrO 3 show that ν 1 of the 79 Br 16 O 2 18 O - and 81 Br 16 O 2 18 O - isotropic species and ν 1 of the 79 Br 16 O 2 17 O - and 81 Br 16 O 2 17 O - species are split by 1.6 and 1.4 cm -1 , respectively, as predicted by a simple vibrational calculation. However, no splitting of ν 1 due to the major isotopic species, 79 Br 16 O - 3 and 81 Br 16 O - 3 , was observed. Measurements of the ν 1 bandwidth at 10°K suggest that a single phonon is derived from the ν 1 mode of these isotopes.
How Compressibility Influences the Mechanical Bidomain Model

Compressibility influences the mechanical bidomain model describing the elastic properties of the tissue. In this model, the displacements of the intracellular and extracellular spaces are analyzed individually, and differences in these displacements give rise to membrane forces. In our present analysis, two length constants are associated with the membrane spring constant; one contains the shear moduli and the other contains the bulk moduli. The analytical solutions in our examples indicate that the monodomain part does not contribute to the membrane forces. Accounting for compressibility has its largest impact on the intracellular and extracellular pressures. The bidomain contribution to the pressure obeys the Helmholtz equation rather than Laplace’s equation. This model helps us to estimate the membrane forces that cause tissue remodeling and mechanotransduction.
Doping dependence of electrical and thermal conductivity of nanoscale polyaniline thin films

We performed simultaneous characterization of electrical and thermal conductivity of 55?nm thick polyaniline (PANI) thin films doped with different levels of camphor sulfonic acids (CSAs). The effect of the doping level is more pronounced on electrical conductivity than on thermal conductivity of PANIs, thereby greatly affecting their ratio that determines the thermoelectric efficiency. At the 60% (the molar ratio of CSA to phenyl-N repeat unit of PANI) doping level, PANI exhibited the maximum electrical and thermal conductivity due to the formation of mostly delocalized structures. Whereas polarons are the charge carriers responsible for the electrical conduction, phonons are believed to play a dominant role in the heat conduction in nanoscale doped PANI thin films.
Choroidal Microvascular Repair after Argon Laser Photocoagulation

We studied the repair process of the choriocapillaris after argon laser retinal photocoagulation in the domestic cat with a plastic injection-corrosion technique and scanning electron microscopy. Retinal scatter photocoagulation was applied to the tapetum at threshold-, moderate-, and high-intensity levels and specimens prepared one, ten, and 30 days later. At 24 hours after photocoagulation, obstruction of the choriocapillaris was always present regardless of the power used. In lesions produced by higher-intensity energy levels, choriocapillaris defects had larger diameters and larger vessels were affected more severely. At ten days, there were early signs of choriocapillaris repair. At 30 days, choriocapillaris occupied almost the entire area of the defect, although the normal lobular architecture was not present.