cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in spaceborne precipitation radar measurement techniques and technology

NASA is currently developing advanced instrument concepts and technologies for future spaceborne atmospheric radars, with an over-arching objective of making such instruments more capable in supporting future science needs and more cost effective. Two such examples are the second-generation precipitation radar (PR-2) and the nexrad-in-space (NIS). PR-2 is a 14/35-GHz dual-frequency rain radar with a deployable 5-meter, wide-swath scanned membrane antenna, a dual-polarized/dual-frequency receiver, and a real-time digital signal processor. It is intended for low earth orbit (LEO) operations to provide greatly enhanced rainfall profile retrieval accuracy while consuming only a fraction of the mass of the current TRMM precipitation radar (PR). NIS is designed to be a 35-GHz geostationary earth orbiting (GEO) radar for providing hourly monitoring of the life cycle of hurricanes and tropical storms. It uses a 35-m, spherical, lightweight membrane antenna and Doppler processing to acquire 3-dimensional information on the intensity and vertical motion of hurricane rainfall.
A cross-country construct validation of cognitive age

This study tests the universality of the Western-based concept known as cognitive age within Japan. It assesses both the internal and external validity of cognitive age among Japanese seniors and compares the findings to the same measures of cognitive age with a sample of senior respondents from the United States. The study finds that the semantic differential scale has the largest trait variance among all aging concepts studied (average cognitive age, average ideal age, and average least-desired age), while the Likert scale possesses the largest trait variance for average cognitive age. The ratio scale was found to have the lowest trait variance of the three scaling formats evaluated. External construct validation studies revealed a remarkable similarity between Japanese females and males, and contrasts between Japanese and American seniors revealed reasonably good generalizability between countries. Average cognitive age appears to be universal within two culturally disjoint countries (the United States and Japan), yet the efficacy of individual measurement scales varies between them.
Clinical Issues regarding the Use of Total Nutrient Admixtures

The introduction of total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) has offered several clinical advantages. Substituting a portion of the daily dextrose calories with lipids may reduce the incidence of carbohydrate-associated complications (e.g., disturbances in glucose control and immune function). In addition, providing intravenous lipids continuously over 24 hours as a TNA appears to be better utilized by the liver and less likely to interfere with reticuloendothelial system function when compared with conventionally administered, discontinuous lipid infusions. If the peripheral vein is used as a route for parenteral nutrition, the addition of fat to the admixture provides the advantage of enhancing caloric density, while contributing significantly less tonicity than dextrose. Certain pharmaceutical and microbiological issues need to be considered to ensure the intravenous administration of a safe and homogenous dispersion. Attention to established guidelines provided by the lipid manufacturers, as well as careful extrapolation of TNA stability data, will avert the dangers associated with infusion of coalesced lipid particles. This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of lipids as daily caloric sources, with particular emphasis on the role of the total nutrient admixtures as the primary vehicle for administration.
ELIAD: efficient lithography aware detailed router with compact post-OPC printability prediction

In this paper, we present ELIAD, an efficient lithography aware detailed router to optimize silicon image after optical proximity correction (OPC) in a correct-by-construction manner. We first propose a compact post-OPC litho-metric for a detailed router based on statistical characterization. We characterize the interferences among weak grids filled with one of predefined litho-prone shapes (e.g., jog-corner, via, line-end). Our litho-metric derived from the characterization shows high fidelity to total edge placement error (EPE) in large scale, compared with Calibre-OPC/ORC. As a chip itself is in the largest scale, ELIAD powered by the proposed metric can enhance the overall post-OPC printed silicon image. Experimental results on 65 nm industrial circuits show that ELIAD outperforms a ripup/rerouting approach such as RADAR [17] with 8times more EPE hotspot reduction and 12times speedup. Also, compared with a conventional detailed router, ELIAD is only about 50% slower.
Nonlinear transformation analysis of the misregistered trade-off heterocorrelation filter: part 2, using the phase-only filter

We continue our study of the misregistered trade-off heterocorrelation filter (HCF), introduced in Part 1. Instead of using the matched filter, we use only the phases of the Fourier transforms of the functions constituting the filter, with our basic filter being the phase-only filter. We show that by adjusting the value of the trade-off factor it is possible to make the correlation pattern and intensities of the heterocorrelation peaks equal to those of the autocorrelation peaks; in effect, making the HCF a homogeneous filter. This means that it can equally recognize totally different objects that one designs it to recognize. These results (1) turn out to be independent of the amount of misregistration (i.e., shift) between the centers of the impulse responses of the functions making up the filter and (2) can also support the claim that a HCF is a totally new approach to generating synthetic discriminant filter functions. We also produce plots showing how the intensities, peak-to-noise ratios, and peak-to-secondary ratios of both autocorrelation and heterocorrelation peaks behave as a function of trade-off factor.
Solutions to the solar neutrino anomaly

We present an updated analysis of astrophysical solutions, two-flavor MSW solutions, and vacuum oscillation solutions to the solar neutrino anomaly. The recent results of each of the five solar neutrino experiments are incorporated, including both the zenith angle (day-night) and spectral information from the Kamiokande experiment, and the preliminary super-Kamiokande results. New theoretical developments include the use of the most recent Bahcall-Pinsonneault flux predictions (and uncertainties) and density and production profiles, the radiative corrections to the neutrino-electron scattering cross section, and new constraints on the Ga absorption cross section inferred from the gallium source experiments. From a model-independent analysis, arbitrary astrophysical solutions are excluded at the 99.4{percent} C.L. and more than 98{percent} C.L. even if one ignores any one of the three classes of experiment, relaxes the luminosity constraint, or allows more suppression of the {sup 7}Be than {sup 8}B flux. The data are well described by large and small mixing angle two-flavor MSW conversions, MSW conversions into a sterile neutrino with small mixing, or vacuum oscillations. We also present MSW fits for nonstandard solar models parametrized by an arbitrary solar core temperature or arbitrary {sup 8}B flux. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Impact of Implementation of Rapid QuickFISH Testing for Detection of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci at a Community-Based Hospital

Objectives: A study was conducted to evaluate the impact of implementing the Staphylococcus Quick FISH assay (AdvanDx, Woburn, MA), which rapidly detects and differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), together with an antimicrobial stewardship program on treating patients suspected of having sepsis. Methods: Two patient groups showing CoNS in positive blood cultures were evaluated by either conventional or Quick FISH testing with respect to turnaround time (TAT) for microorganism identification following Gram stain. Length of hospital stay (LOS) and days on the antibiotic vancomycin (DOV) were also compared. Results: Quick FISH identification test accuracy was 100% compared with conventional testing. Average values for TAT, LOS, and DOV were all decreased as the result of Quick FISH testing; for acute-care patients hospitalized for 10 days or less, the main population of interest for this study, these three measures were all reduced significantly following implementation of Quick FISH vs conventional testing ( P < .001, P = .0484, and P = .0084, respectively). Based on certain assumptions, Quick FISH testing also led to substantial cost savings. Conclusions: The Quick FISH assay, with its ability to provide timely and actionable results nearly simultaneously with the Gram stain, in conjunction with an effective antimicrobial stewardship program, has been adopted as standard of care at our community-based hospital.
Is there evidence for artificial cranial deformation at the Willandra Lakes

Webb (1989) contends that the morphology of the WLH 67 cranium suggests that this individual had been artificially deformed. A reanalysis of this cranium shows that WLH 67 was reconstructed improperly. The unusual cranial contours of this individual result from the inaccurate reconstruction, not from any cultural practice. As this individual was the only purported example of this practice at the Willandra Lakes, there is currently no evidence to suggest that artificial deformation was practised there during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.
Risk Aversion in Agricultural Policy Analysis: A Closer Look at Meaning, Modeling, and Measurement

Estimating participation rates of fanners in voluntary farm programs requires an understanding of farmers’ preferences among alternative probability distributions of income. Traditionally, agricultural economists have assumed that farmers’ utility functions of income completely expressed their risk preferences. In particular, it has been widely believed that risk aversion is equivalent to the concavity of the utility function of income. However, this belief is not entirely accurate. While the equivalence between risk aversion and concavity holds when risk preferences are continuous, the equivalence can fail in one direction and appear to fail in the other direction when risk preferences are discontinuous. In this paper, we describe these results within a mathematically precise framework. In addition, we illustrate how our techniques could be used to measure farmers’ risk responses in the presence of agricultural price supports.
An Investigation of Ignition and Heat Release Characteristics in a Diesel Engine Using an Interactive Flamelet Model

A multidimensional model is employed to model ignition and heat release rates in a Diesel engine. An interactive flamelet model is employed to model combustion. N-heptane is used as a representative fuel for Diesel fuel in the computations. Comparisons of computed and measured results are presented for a range of engine operating conditions: speed 1200 rpm, start of injection 12.5 degrees before top dead center to 9.5 degrees after top dead center and intake air temperature of 340-360 K. The primary objective of this work is to assess the ability of the model to reproduce ignition timings. The flamelet model uses detailed chemical kinetics and it is shown that it can reproduce the qualitative trends of changes in ignition delay and heat release rates with respect to changes in operating conditions of the engine. The capability to reproduce the measured changes in ignition delay is important because changes in injection, timing lead to changes in ignition timing. Changes in ignition timing, coupled with changes in injection pressure and EGR, are employed to control NO and soot emissions in the engine. The interactive flamelet model is able to predict these changes.
The Republic of Choosing: A Behaviorist Goes to Washington

Cass Sunstein’s book Simpler recounts the author’s efforts during his tenure in the first Obama administration to apply the policy tools he helped derive from behavioral economics. In this review, I suggest that, while Sunstein reports some notable achievements, he exaggerates the utility of the behaviorist toolkit. Behaviorist-inspired interventions are marginal to most of the largest policy problems, and they played little role in the Obama administration’s most important initiatives. The book also reflects a misguided political strategy.
Three‐Dimensional Position‐Sensitive Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Gamma‐Ray Imaging Detectors

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Gamma-ray spectroscopy Gamma-ray Compton imaging Conclusions
ATHENIAN NAVAL POWER IN THE SIXTH CENTURY

(2000). ATHENIAN NAVAL POWER IN THE SIXTH CENTURY. The Mariner's Mirror: Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 387-400.
Case Study: Amifostine: (Ethyol®)

Amifostine is a prodrug of its free thiol, active metabolite, WR-1065. The thiophosphate promoiety protects the free thiol group of WR-1065 from oxidation to the symmetrical disulfide, WR-33278, while providing a handle for high levels of WR-1065 production at the target tissue. The thiophosphate promoiety of amifostine is cleaved by alkaline phosphatase to produce WR-1065, which accumulates in non-cancerous tissues to a greater extent than in cancerous tissues (Capizzi, 1996).
THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS II. THE EFFECT OF PNEUMOCOCCUS EXTRACT ON THE BLOOD PLATELETS AND CORPUSCLES.

A study has been made of the variation in number of the blood platelets, and the red and white blood cells of white mice injected with pneumococcus extract. The blood platelets were greatly diminished after the injection, the greatest decrease usually occurring after 24 hours. Purpuric lesions usually developed when the number of blood platelets became less than 500,000 per c.mm. Regeneration of the platelets was accomplished by the 4th to the 9th day but there was an overregeneration and the return to normal did not take place until 2 weeks had elapsed. The red cells were also greatly reduced in number, but the rate of their destruction and regeneration was somewhat slower than that of the platelets. The leucocytes were slightly if at all influenced by the pneumococcus extract. Pneumococcus extracts were shown to be thrombolytic and hemolytic. Heat destroyed the activity of both the lysins in vitro. Heated extract produced purpura in mice but did not cause a severe anemia. Extracts adsorbed with either blood platelets or red blood cells showed a marked diminution in their thrombolytic and hemolytic activity in vitro. Such extracts, however, produced purpura as well as severe anemia and thrombopenia in mice.
Collagen: A Biological Plastic

Collagen is, in many ways, a biological plastic. The dictionary definition of plastic includes such phrases as, it “suggests qualities, such as those of wax or clay, soft enough to be molded yet capable of hardening into desired form”. Collagen is synthesized in certain specialized animal cells as a soluble material which is then secreted from the cell and hardened by a variety of poorly understood control mechanisms. This results in collagen materials for the function, support, and protection of various animal organs. Our interest has been, first, to understand the structure of this material and its importance in medicine and biology; and, second, to isolate, purify, and restructure collagen as a possible replacement for damaged organs or tissues. A protein that comprises more than 25% of human tissues is, of course, of great interest to medical scientists. Alterations of collagenous materials in disease are of profound importance in understanding many pathological processes. Since there is always room for improvement of artificial organs, investigation of the properties of a natural biomaterial is also of value.
Synthesis and structural characterization of hydrolysis products within the uranyl iminodiacetate and malate systems.

The interplay of hydrolysis and chelation by organic ligands results in the formation of novel uranium species in aqueous solutions. Many of these molecular complexes have been identified by spectroscopic and potentiometric techniques, but a detailed structural understanding of these species is lacking. Identification of possible uranyl hydrolysis products in the presence of organic functional groups has been achieved by the crystallization of molecular species into a solid-state compound, followed by structural and chemical characterization of the material. The structures of three novel molecular complexes containing either iminodiacetate (ida) (Na3[(UO2)3(OH)3(ida)3]·8H2O (1)) or malate (mal) (K(pip)2[(UO2)3O(mal)3]·6H2O (2a) (pip = C4N2H12), (2b) (pip)3[(UO2)3O(mal)3]·H2O, and (pip)6[(UO2)11(O)4(OH)4(mal)6(CO3)2]·23H2O (3)) ligands have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and have been chemically characterized by IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopies. A major structural component in compoun...
Countermeasures and thoughts of constructing 5A tourist attraction for Fuzhou National Forest Park

As the first national forest park in Fujian province and one of the first national tourist attractions ranked 4A,Fuzhou National Forest Park has sufficient condition to construct 5A tourist attraction in Fujian Province and give more valuable experiences as well.According to the standard of rating for quality of tourist attractions,the countermeasures and thoughts of constructing 5A tourist attraction for Fuzhou National Forest Park are put forward in this article.
The Neuropathology of Adolescent Anabolic/Androgenic Steroid Abuse: Altered Development of the Reciprocal Hypothalamic Neural Circuit Controlling Aggressive Behavior

Considerable attention has been focused on the issue of youth violence, particularly that associated with drug use. It is well documented that anabolic steroid use by teenagers is associated with a higher incidence of violence; yet little is known about how these drugs produce the aggressive phenotype. Here we discuss work from our laboratory that has uncovered a direct relationship between the development and activity of select neurotransmitter systems in the anterior hypothalamus, i.e., the center of a neural network of reciprocal connections that regulate aggression, and anabolic steroid-induced aggressive behavior using pubertal Syrian hamsters as an adolescent animal model. Specifically, the influence of anabolic steroids on the development and activity of the vasopressin, serotonin, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate neural systems in the anterior hypothalamus and its reciprocal neural circuitry controlling aggression will be examined individually and together to provide a context in which the understanding of aggression modulation by anabolic steroids can be expanded from seemingly parallel neural systems to a single interactive neural circuitry of aggression control.
Luminosity Limitations of Linear Colliders Based on Plasma Acceleration

Particle acceleration in plasma creates a possibility of exceptionally high accelerating gradients and appears to be a very attractive option for future linear electron–positron and/or γ–γ colliders. These high accelerating gradients have already been demonstrated in a number of experiments. However, a linear collider requires exceptionally high beam brightness which still needs to be demonstrated. In this article we discuss major phenomena which limit the beam brightness of accelerated beam and, consequently, the collider luminosity.
Data acquisition technologies for the PHENIX detector upgrades

PHENIX [1] is one of two large experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The summer shutdown of 2010 marked a milestone with the installation of the PHENIX Silicon Vertex Tracker (VTX), the first detector which uses a new generation of readout electronics. In addition to accommodating the new readout electronics in the PHENIX data acquisition, we implemented other significant changes to the system, such as the move to 10 Gigabit Ethernet networks for the components with the highest data volumes. Once fully installed, the new detectors will about triple the current maximum data rate from about 600MB/s to 1.8 GB/s. In Run 11, we have observed a peak rate of about 1400MB/s of compressed data.
Case 36-2016. A 50-Year-Old Man with Acute Liver Injury.

A 50-year-old man from India, with a remote history of alcohol use, was admitted to this hospital because of abnormal liver function test results, anemia, and acute kidney injury. A diagnosis was made.
Injectable, Guest–Host Assembled Polyethylenimine Hydrogel for siRNA Delivery

While siRNA has tremendous potential for therapeutic applications, advancement is limited by poor delivery systems. Systemically, siRNAs are rapidly degraded, may have off-target silencing, and necessitate high working concentrations. To overcome this, we developed an injectable, guest–host assembled hydrogel between polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for local siRNA delivery. Guest–host modified polymers assembled with siRNAs to form polyplexes that had improved transfection and viability compared to PEI. At higher concentrations, these polymers assembled into shear-thinning hydrogels that rapidly self-healed. With siRNA encapsulation, the assemblies eroded as polyplexes which were active and transfected cells, observed by Cy3-siRNA uptake or GFP silencing in vitro. When injected into rat myocardium, the hydrogels localized polyplex release, observed by uptake of Cy5.5-siRNA and silencing of GFP for 1 week in a GFP-expressing rat. These results illustrate the potential for this system t...
Fibbing About Your Feelings: The Relationship between Emotional Misrepresentation and Trust

Across two pilot studies, and six main experiments, I examine the relationship between emotional misrepresentation and interpersonal trust. I focus on one’s decision to either feign happiness or express authentic negative emotion when one is experiencing distress due to challenging personal circumstances. I find that emotional misrepresentation sends both positive and negative signals about one’s character, and thus has opposing effects on different trusting decisions. Emotional misrepresentation signals self-control and resilience, as well as dishonesty and distrust of others. As a result, individuals who misrepresent their emotions engender high competence-based trust (e.g., they are more likely to be trusted with difficult workplace tasks) but they engender low integrity-based trust (e.g., they are less likely to be trusted to provide their honest feedback to others). I explore these effects and their boundaries across a range of samples, contexts, and manipulations. This research unearths the circumstances in which self-expression helps versus harms interpersonal and workplace relationships, explores the antecedents and consequences of distinct dimensions of trust, and documents new consequences of inauthenticity.
A New Species of Morum (Gastropoda: Harpidae) from the Lower Miocene Cantaure Formation of Venezuela

The Cantaure Formation is exposed in a series of arroyos about 500 meters south of an abandoned house known as "Casa Cantaure," which is 14 km west of the village of Pueblo Nuevo in the Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela. Since the Cantaure Formation was first monographed by Jung (1965), a trickle of new species have been described in the literature thanks to collecting done in the 1970's by Mr. and Mrs. Jack Gibson Smith, then of Caracas, now of Surrey, England. My interest aroused by their reports, I visited the locality in 1992 and returned in 1995. My own collecting produced numerous new and unusual shells, one of which is described here.
MRI predicts tumor grade and survival in a tv-a transgenic model of glioma

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1068 INTRODUCTION: RCAS/tv-a technology relies on somatic gene transfer through infection by RCAS viral vectors derived from the avian retrovirus A (ALV-A) in mice expressing the gene for the RCAS receptor ( tv-a ). The nestin tv-a (N tv-a ) mouse, which expresses tv-a under the control of the nestin promoter in glial-progenitors, when infected with ALV virus encoding PDGF, spontaneously develops glioma by 3 weeks of age in almost 100% of cases [1]. Using this model, we correlated T2-weighted (T2w) anatomical and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI with histology and survival in untreated mice. METHODS: 40 N tv-a mice with PDGF-induced brain tumors at 3 weeks of age, underwent weekly T2w and CE MRI, using multi-slice fast spin-echo and spin-echo sequences, respectively. In both cases, contiguous, 0.5 mm thick, transaxial slices were used to cover the entire tumor. After 4 weeks, half of the mice were sacrificed for histology, with the remaining mice kept on study for survival. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Tumors were well delineated in T2w images, showing features (including pseudopalisades, necrosis and cyst) that were typical of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in 32% of cases (mean doubling time of 11 ± 1 days), and oligodendroglioma (mean doubling time of 19 ± 2 days) in the remaining cases. The MRI data was well correlated with histology. In GBMs only, CE MRI showed ring enhancement, and T2w images showed necrotic regions, both typical of the human condition. By a combination of initial T2w and CE MRI at 3-4 weeks age, MRI was predictive of tumor grade, and ultimately correlated with survival. CONCLUSION: The N tv-a mouse constitutes a promising model of human glioma, in which MRI is able to delineate heterogeneities due to localized regions of highly cellular tumor, necrosis, edema, cyst and abnormal vasculature, as in the human disease. MRI correlated with histology and was predictive of survival in this model. MRI methodology in the N tv-a mouse may provide an efficient preclinical means for testing novel therapies, and optimizing new combination strategies for treatment of glioma. REFERENCE: [1] Shih, et al. (2004) Cancer Res, 64, 14:4783-9
Cardiovascular mortality and oral antidiabetic drugs: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Introduction Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes. Despite the beneficial effects of antidiabetic drugs (ADDs) in terms of lowering haemoglobin A1c, several ADDs have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes, it is important to weigh the benefits of ADDs against their cardiovascular safety. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to conduct a systematic review with network meta-analysis to compare the effects of different oral pharmacological classes of ADDs on cardiovascular safety. Methods and analysis Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies published in English up to 31 January 2017, and which include direct and/or indirect evidence, will be included. Studies will be retrieved by searching four electronic databases and cross-referencing. Dual selection and abstraction of data will occur. The primary outcome will be cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes will include all-cause mortality, new event of acute myocardial infarction, stroke (haemorrhagic and ischaemic), hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome and urgent revascularisation procedures. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment instrument for RCTs and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology instrument for observational studies. Network meta-analysis will be performed using multivariate random-effects meta-regression models. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve will be used to provide a hierarchy of ADDs that increase cardiovascular mortality. Dissemination The results of this study will be presented at a professional conference and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017051220.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Primer for Internists

Inflammatory bowel disease consists of disorders characterized by chronic idiopathic bowel inflammation. The concept of host-gut-microbiome interaction in the pathogenesis of various complex immune-mediated chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, has recently generated immense interest. Mounting evidence confirms alteration of intestinal microflora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, restoration of normal gut microbiota has become a focus of basic and clinical research in recent years. Fecal microbiota transplantation is being explored as one such therapeutic strategy and has shown encouraging results in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Patient Engagement in VA Health Care: Does Gender Play a Role?

The objectives of this study were to compare gender differences in patient activation (i.e. engagement) among Veteran VA health care users, and determine if high engagement is associated with gende...
Marine and terrestrial influences on ice nucleating particles during continuous springtime measurements in an Arctic oilfield location

Abstract. Aerosols that serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs) have the potential to modulate cloud microphysical properties and can therefore impact cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and precipitation formation processes. In remote regions such as the Arctic, aerosol–cloud interactions are severely understudied yet may have significant implications for the surface energy budget and its impact on sea ice and snow surfaces. Further, uncertainties in model representations of heterogeneous ice nucleation are a significant hindrance to simulating Arctic mixed-phase cloud processes. We present results from a campaign called INPOP (Ice Nucleating Particles at Oliktok Point), which took place at a US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (DOE ARM) facility in the northern Alaskan Arctic. Three time- and size-resolved aerosol impactors were deployed from 1 March to 31 May 2017 for offline ice nucleation and chemical analyses and were co-located with routine measurements of aerosol number and size. The largest particles (i.e., ≥ 3 µ m or “coarse mode”) were the most efficient INPs by inducing freezing at the warmest temperatures. During periods with snow- and ice-covered surfaces, coarse mode INP concentrations were very low (maximum of 6 × 10 −4 L −1 at − 15 ∘ C), but higher concentrations of warm-temperature INPs were observed during late May (maximum of 2 × 10 −2 L −1 at − 15 ∘ C). These higher concentrations were attributed to air masses originating from over open Arctic Ocean water and tundra surfaces. To our knowledge, these results represent the first INP characterization measurements in an Arctic oilfield location and demonstrate strong influences from mineral and marine sources despite the relatively high springtime pollution levels. Ultimately, these results can be used to evaluate the anthropogenic and natural influences on aerosol composition and Arctic cloud properties.
Evaluation and Medical Management of BPH and LUTS in Men

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is a common diagnosis among the aging population. Symptoms are classified either obstructive (hesitancy, weak stream, straining, and prolonged voiding), irritative (frequency, urgency, nocturia, urge incontinence, and voiding small volumes), or postmicturation (postvoid dribble, incomplete emptying). Most patients present with a combination of these symptoms. Multiple etiologies may underlie these symptoms including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), extrinsic compression, prior pelvic surgery, pelvic radiotherapy, urethral stricture, and medications. We discuss the natural history, management, and treatment of BPH-related LUTS with medical management.
Physical Properties of Water

This article represents a relatively brief review of some of the unusual physical properties of water, and gives examples of how those properties may influence the world of inland waters. Subtopics include discussions on (1) density, including the nonlinear changes of density with changes in water temperature, and how that interesting property may affect stratification and mixing in lakes around the world; (2) heat capacity or specific heat, and how the enormous heat capacity of some large lakes can serve as a heat source and sink to proximate regions of those lakes in both beneficial and detrimental ways; (3) heats of fusion, melting, vaporization, and condensation and the large amounts of heat exchange required or released during those phase shifts; (4) isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen and their potential importance as tracers; (5) sublimation, the huge amount of heat required to go directly from a solid (ice) phase to a gas or water vapor phase without first becoming a liquid; (6) surface tension and cohesion, the properties that make a barrier out of the surface film and yet provide a specialized niche for some biota; (7) viscosity, the internal friction that water exerts on the movement of any fluid or solid or live organisms through it; and (8) colligative properties, and how these interesting properties also make water so special.
Predictors of social functioning in patients with higher and lower levels of reduced emotional experience: Social cognition, social competence, and symptom severity.

Abstract Background Deficits in social functioning in schizophrenia are primarily predicted by negative symptoms, social cognition deficits, and social skills deficits. Here we examine those predictive variables across variations in the severity of reduced emotional experience. We hypothesized that in patients with high symptom severity, factors such as social cognition would have reduced importance for predicting social outcomes. Methods Participants with schizophrenia (n = 312) were tested using five different measures of social cognition. Performance-based assessments and clinical ratings of reduced emotion experience were used to assess social competence. High contact informants rated interpersonal functioning and social acceptability of behavior, while unaware of other patient data. Patients were divided into higher and lower reduced emotional experience using previously validated criteria. Results 33% of the patients had at least moderate symptoms of reduced emotional experience. Patients with greater severity had more social functioning impairment, but not poorer social competence and social cognition. In the patients with lower severity, social cognition accounted for 9% of the variance in interpersonal functioning, while in patients with higher severity, social cognition did not predict any variance. In the patients with lower severity, social cognition accounted for 4% of the variance in social acceptability of behavior, while in patients with higher severity, social cognition also did not predict any variance. Implications The influence of social cognition on social outcomes appears greater in patients with less severe symptoms of reduced emotional experience. As there are treatments for both these symptoms and social cognition with demonstrated efficacy, these data suggest differential application of these interventions based on symptom severity.
The RCEP Negotiations and Asian Intellectual Property Norm Setters

This chapter closely examines the negotiations on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Asian countries' recent efforts to set regional intellectual property norms. The RCEP negotiations are particularly important to Asian intellectual property developments because the RCEP remains the first and only mega-regional agreement that Asian countries have negotiated without the participation of either the European Union or the United States. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the evolution of the RCEP negotiations, noting the initial rivalry between the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the RCEP, the United States' withdrawal from the former and the adoption of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The chapter then highlights the different intellectual property provisions in the draft RCEP intellectual property chapter, focusing on the four main branches of intellectual property law as well as the areas of intellectual property enforcement and pro-development measures. Although this chapter analyses the only publicly available text of that chapter, which was dated October 2015, it also takes into account the CPTPP partners' suspension of select TPP intellectual property provisions as well as the time elapsed since the preparation of the draft RCEP text. The chapter concludes by outlining the role of each Asian norm setter in the RCEP negotiations – namely, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), China, India, Japan and South Korea. Except for China, all of these negotiating parties have advanced draft negotiating texts for the development of the RCEP intellectual property chapter.
Management of Gastrinoma

Gastrinoma is a functioning neuroendocrine tumor resulting in the oversecretion of gastrin. Patients often present with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and reflux. They are most often sporadic but may be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) in a minority of cases. Biochemical testing for hypergastrinemia includes a fasting serum gastrin level. If the results are equivocal, a secretin stimulation test can be performed. After the diagnosis is confirmed, cross-sectional imaging should be performed which will most often localize the tumor to the gastrinoma triangle. Further localization may include somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and endoscopic ultrasound. Medical treatment should be guided toward decreasing the burden of hypersecretion with either proton pump inhibitors or histamine-2 receptor blockers. For isolated, sporadic gastrinomas, treatment includes surgical resection. However, roughly 50% of patients with have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The approach for patients with MEN1 is less clear.
What Happened to Hispanic Natural Resources Law in California

Before the US annexation of California in 1848, the region’s Spanish and Mexican governments supervised a geographically-adapted legal system emphasizing communal water rights and public allocation of minerals, land, and coastal areas. While many post-takeover judges considered Hispanic legal principles, the overall trend was to reject these in favor of common law. The prior anti-developmental tradition was in most cases distorted, overridden, or procedurally blocked, and the jurisprudence replacing it facilitated resource degradation that has been only partially reversed by California’s modern environmental policy. As one example, the stark contrast between fire zone rules in Mexico’s Baja California and in US Southern California, and the resulting far more destructive conflagrations in the latter, demonstrate the advantages of the more managed, sustainable Hispanic approach.
Calling and Emotional Well-being: Mediation by Promotion Focus and Job Crafting

Teachers’ emotional well-being is incredibly crucial for both teachers themselves and children. When considering this importance, researchers need to explore ways to enhance teachers’ emotional well-being. Before developing an invention program, however, it requires performing in-depth research to give fundamental data for intervention. As part of its efforts, thus, this study intends to examine whether promotion focus and job crafting have a mediation effect on the relationship between calling and emotional well-being. For this purpose, this study collected data from 337 elementary school teachers. Subsequently, the current work administered four scales measuring calling, promotion focus, job crafting, and emotional well-being to them. The findings found that promotion focus and job crafting showed full mediation effects on the relationship between calling and emotional well-being, respectively, with a sequential mediation of promotion focus and job crafting. Finally, this paper critically discusses the implication of which researchers and leaders should be aware and then suggests directions for future researchers.
Single Line Design Technique to Improve the Accuracy of Drug Delivery System:Piston Type Extrusion

A telemedicine system has been devised to alleviate the health disparities resulting from the imbalance of nutrition in various countries, age groups, and social environments. For the elderly and children who have difficulties ingesting pills, liquid medication was remotely controlled and printed using the Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled 3D printers. As a result of the convergence of single line design (SLD) and piston type extrusion (PTE), non-Newtonian fluid resulted in a printing time reduction of up to 12%, depending on the viscosity of the material and the curvature of the shape. The PTE process used materials with viscosity ranging from 0.1-10 Pa•s, and the discharge was four times as accurate as that of the target discharge amount of ± 6.1% with SLD.
PERCEPTION OF REGISTERED NURSES REGARDING BARRIERS TO EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE AT SELECTED HOSPITAL IN KERALA: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Evidence can close the gap between actions. The present study aimed to assess the perception of Registered Nurses [RN] regarding barriers to evidence based practice [EBP] and to prioritize the barriers to evidence based practice, to compare the perception of registered nurses with the level of education, to identify the association between perception of RN and selected demographic variables. The research design selected was non- experimental descriptive design, the areas selected for the study were multispecialty hospital, college of nursing and school of nursing in Idukki. The study was carried out on 30 samples were selected by stratied random sampling (lottery method). The Instrument 5-point Likert's scale, a tool used for the study was, section (A) demographic data, section (B) assessment of perception of RN on barriers to evidence based practice. The collected data, were analyzed on the basis of objectives using by descriptive and inferential statistics. The ndings of the study showed that the altitude and morale having high mean score (16.8) and time and workload is having low means score (4.6).while prioritizing the barrier, RN perceived more priority for attitude and morale (84%), continuing education (84%),quality of education (84%)least for time and workload (46%). There is no signicant difference between diploma and graduate or post graduate nurses perception regarding barriers to EBP (t=0.9663, p>0.05). There is no signicant association between education, year experience and research experience.
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Impacts of a Connected and Automated SUV and Van

Abstract As technological advancements progress, the automotive industry is getting closer to producing Level 4 connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). Market trends show personal vehicle sales moving towards sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and increasing use of ridesourcing services. We conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of Level 4 CAV subsystem components integrated into battery electric vehicle (BEV SUV) and internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV van) platforms. Vehicle lifetime was modeled based on deployment as an automated taxi, incorporating a standby mode to account for continuous connectivity. This study explores impacts of weight, drag, and subsystem electricity demand relative to benefits of eco-driving, platooning, and intersection connectivity at the vehicle system level. A CAV BEV coupled with a low carbon intensity grid (0.08 kg CO2e/kWh) could see a 31% decrease in life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while a CAV BEV with high computing power requirements (4000 W) could see an increase in GHG emissions of 34% compared with the base case. The net result for the base case (500 W computer power, 14% operational efficiency improvement, 45% highway driving) CAV shows an increase in primary energy use and GHG emissions (2.7%, 2.7% for BEV; 1.3%, 1.1% for ICEV) compared with non-CAV platforms.
Relativistic two-component projection-based quantum embedding for open-shell systems

In this work, we present a relativistic quantum embedding formalism capable of variationally treating relativistic effects, including scalar-relativity and spin-orbit coupling. We extend density functional theory (DFT)-in-DFT projection-based quantum embedding to a relativistic two-component formalism, where the full spin magnetization vector form is retained throughout the embedding treatment. To benchmark various relativistic embedding schemes, spin-orbit splitting of the nominally t2g valence manifold of W(CO)6, exchange coupling of [(H3N)4Cr(OH)2Cr(NH3)4]4+, and the dissociation potential curve of WF6 are investigated. The relativistic embedding formalism introduced in this work is well suited for efficient modeling of open-shell systems containing late transition metal, lanthanide, and actinide molecular complexes.
Improving the spatial and temporal monitoring of cyanotoxins in Iowa lakes using a multiscale and multi-modal monitoring approach

Abstract Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) are pervasive and negatively impact lake water quality, resulting in economic losses and public health risks through exposure to cyanotoxins. Therefore, it is critical to better monitor and understand the complexity of CyanoHABs, but current methods do not fully describe the spatial and temporal variability of bloom events. In this work, we developed a framework for a multiscale and multi-modal monitoring approach for CyanoHABs combining drone-based near-range remote sensing with analytical measurements of microcystin cyanotoxins and chlorophyll-a. We analyzed weekly beach monitoring samples from 37 lakes geographically distributed across the state of Iowa (USA) over a 15-week period in the summer of 2019 to quantify ELISA (bioassay), 12 microcystin congeners (LC-MS/MS), and chlorophyll-a. We developed a novel microcystin congener-normalized equivalent toxin metric to compare CyanoHAB impacted waters; this microcystin-LR normalized sum-of-congeners approach yields lower predicted toxicity than parallel ELISA results suggesting ELISA is conservative for assessment. A significant linear relationship existed between chlorophyll-a and microcystin for lakes throughout Iowa (R2 = 0.39, p
Lower Extremity Nerve Blocks

Ultrasound guidance technique currently represents the gold standard for regional anesthesia. In particular for lower extremity blocks, compared to anatomical landmark or localization technique with nerve stimulation, the ultrasound technique shows a modest improvement in block onset and quality. However, current literature lacks large size randomized trials and heterogeneity exist in various blocks. This chapter aims to present a comprehensive review of relevant applied anatomy of lower extremity, anatomical, and ultrasound-guided techniques for each block, and clinical implications of most commonly performed lower extremity blocks.
Measuring Risk and Access to Mortgage Credit with New Disclosure Data

Female and minority borrowers have historically been denied equal access to credit markets. Yet conclusive evidence of discrimination is often hindered by limited availability of complete underwriting information. The recent expansion of data collected under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine disparities in access to mortgage credit in greater detail. The average female or minority applicant is associated with higher risk characteristics than the typical White male mortgage applicant. This greater risk explains some of but not all the differences in denial rates between groups. Statistically significant disparities persist after accounting for the predicted probability of loss. For example, Black applicants have a denial rate roughly 3 percentage points higher than White applicants with similar characteristics. TOPICS:MBS and residential mortgage loans, information providers/credit ratings, credit risk management Key Findings ▪ Female, minority, and same-sex applicants as groups are associated with higher than average predicted likelihood of loss. ▪ Female, minority, and same-sex applicants are more likely to be denied given their levels of predicted risk. ▪ Comparing default rates instead of denial rates will underestimate the prevalence of mortgage discrimination.