cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress on CD-AFM tip width calibration standards

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a new generation of standards for calibration of CD-AFM tip width. These standards, known as single crystal critical dimension reference materials (SCCDRM) have features with near-vertical sidewalls. This is accomplished using preferential etching on (110) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. As such, these structures are particularly useful for CD-AFM tip width calibration. As part of a previous generation of SCCDRMs that was released to the Member Companies of SEMATECH, we were able to deliver structures with linewidths ranging from as low as 50 nm up to 240 nm. These typically had expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of between 1.5 nm and 2 nm. Subsequently, these chips were used as a traceable source of tip width calibration for CD-AFM by SEMATECH and several Member Companies. We are now working on a new generation of SCCDRMs with the goal of reducing linewidth expanded uncertainties, and we are using our new CD-AFM to support this development. The features are patterned using electron beam lithography with equipment available in the new nanofabrication facility within the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) at NIST. Intact features as small as 10 nm have been observed with line width roughness (LWR) sufficiently low to support 1 nm expanded uncertainties. We believe it will be possible to fabricate features as small as 5 nm, and we are now working to refine the fabrication process and to assess the limits of our approach.
Modeling the current-dependent ƒT for AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor design

Abstract The modeling of current-dependent cut-off frequency ƒ T for AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors has been investigated. The analytical equations developed account for high-current base widening, current-dependent collector-base junction capacitance, and proton and nonproton implanted collectors. The ballistic transport and velocity overshoot effects are accounted for in the modeling equations. Experimental results reported in the literature are compared in support of the model utility and accuracy. Optimization of heterojunction bipolar transistor design is discussed based on current-dependent ƒ T analysis.
The intermediate boson — unitary triplet or octet

Within the framework of unitary symmetry we discuss two possible versions of a weak intermediate vector boson theory corresponding to a triplet and an octet model, respectively. The former has the advantage that it affords the basis for a possible explanation of the large mass of the intermediate boson in terms of strong interactions but it also requires the use of the fullU 3 group and not simply itsSU 3 subgroup. The latter can be accomodated within the existingSU 3 octet scheme. Both versions lead to the same effective four-fermion interaction for normal weak processes but may be distinguished by observation of the production cross-sections and decay modes of the intermediate bosons.
Generalized side-conditions and Moore–Mrówka

Abstract We prove that it is consistent (even with Martin's Axiom) that there is first-countable initially ω 1 -compact space with cardinality greater than the continuum. We also prove that it is consistent with Martin's Axiom and c = ω 2 that there is a compact space of countable tightness which is not sequential. It is known that neither statement is consistent with the Proper Forcing Axiom. We use an innovative new method of constructing proper posets with elementary submodels as side conditions introduced by Neeman.
Efficient retiming under a general delay model

The polynomial-time retiming algorithms that were developed in the eighties assumed simple delay models that neglected several timing issues that arise in logic design. Recent retiming algorithms for more comprehensive delay models rely on non-linear formulations and run in worst-case exponential time using branch-and-bound techniques. In this paper, we investigate the retiming problem for edge-triggered circuits under a general delay model that handles load-dependent gate delays, register delays, interconnect delays, and clock skew. We show that in this model the retiming problem can be expressed as a set of integer linear programming constraints that can be solved using general ILP techniques. For the special case where clock skew is monotonic and all registers have equal propagation delays, we give an integer phonotonic programming formulation of the retiming problem, and we present an efficient algorithm for solving it. Our algorithm retimes any given edge-triggered circuit to achieve a specified clock period in O(V/sup 3/F) steps, where V is the number of logic gales in the circuit and F is bounded by the number of registers in the circuit. A straightforward extension of our algorithm determines a minimum clock period retiming in O(V/sup 3/Flg V) steps.
Attachment relationships in old age

There is still relatively little known about attachment relationships late in life. This study investigated changes in number and identities of attachment figures in older adults’ support networks. Participants were 80 married and widowed men and women aged 60—99 (M = 77.8). Each identified attachment figures for proximity seeking, secure base, and safe haven functions, ranked in importance; the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) assessed attachment styles. Elders had smaller attachment networks than reported for younger adults; women and the married had larger networks (p < .05). The nature and identities of attachment figures changed from those of earlier adult life to adult children, deceased loved ones, and God. Elders had fewer full-blown attachments but a greater variety of attachment figures. The widowed had a greater proportion of dismissive attachment styles. The results suggest that attachment figures are needed for maximum adaptation in old age.
Changing Odor Hedonic Perception Through Emotional Associations in Humans

A long-standing debate in olfactory perception is whether hedonic responses to odors are learned or innate. To test the hypothesis that olfactory hedonic responses are acquired through associative learning with emotion, two experiments were conducted that varied with regard to whether a novel (“target” odor) was pre-experimentally pleasant or unpleasant and the emotional association was positive or negative. Participants were randomly assigned to an Experimental Group (odor + emotional association) and various Control Groups. Evaluations of the target odor and several common odors that were not explicitly part of the association procedures (anchor odors) were made: prior to the manipulations, postmanipulation, 24 h after the manipulation, and 1 week from the start date. In both experiments, evaluation of the target odor by all participants was comparable at premanipulation and responses to the anchor odors were unaffected by time or experimental condition. However in each experiment, post-emotional manipulation ratings to the target odor were significantly altered in the Experimental Groups and showed that odor perception had changed in accord with the emotional valence of the associated experience. These findings support the hypothesis that olfactory hedonic responses are learned through emotional associations and raise new methodological and theoretical questions for future research.
Role of myoglobin as a scavenger of cellular NO in myocardium.

Recent studies have detected a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) reporter signal of metmyoglobin (metMb) during bradykinin stimulation of an isolated mouse heart. The observation has led to the h...
Methodology for Building Psychological Models from Scriptures Contributions of Indian Psychology to Indigenous and Universal Psychologies

Building on the Indian Psychological literature, this article presents a methodology of how to construct models from scriptures. Four approaches to model building are proposed by presenting example...
Hypnosis in psychosomatic medicine.

Abstract In addition to its well-known therapeutic uses, hypnosis can serve as a useful diagnostic tool for clinicians. The authors outline various categories of hypnotizability and explain how these can be used in the differential diagnosis of psychosomatic conditions. Therapy for psychosomatic illness employing hypnosis is discussed in terms of anxiety relief and pain control.
Through the Looking Glass: The Soviet Military-Technical Revolution and the American Revolution in Military Affairs

Abstract The roots of the information technology Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) can be traced to the mid-1970s, when the West capitalized on scientific-technological developments to neutralize the threat posed by Soviet second echelons. However, the cultivation of the technological seeds of the American RMA preceded the maturation of the conceptual ones. Although it was the US that was laying the technological groundwork for the RMA, Soviet, rather than the American military theorists, were the first to argue that the new range of technological innovations constituted a fundamental discontinuity in the nature of war, which they dubbed the ‘Military-Technical Revolution’ (MTR). About a decade later, this fundamental Soviet approach to the transformations in military affairs was analyzed, adapted and adopted by the US, and designated the RMA. This article deals with the intellectual history of the Soviet MTR and the American RMA.
Validating predicted activity preferences of individuals with severe disabilities.

Abstract We examined the accuracy of 24 staff members' predictions of activities preferred by 14 individuals with severe disabilities. For each of 144 activities, staff members assigned a client preference rating of "likes a lot," "likes," or "dislikes." Two activities from each category were randomly selected for each individual with disabilities. Pairs of selected activities were presented to the individuals, who were prompted to choose an activity. Staff members' activity preference ratings correctly predicted the choices made by the individuals with disabilities for 78% of the trials. The more divergent the preference ratings of the paired activities, the more likely staff members were to predict correctly the activity selected by a participant.
Algebra Related to Elementary Particles of Spin 3/2

The algebra generated by the four matrices $\beta \_{\mu}$ occurring in the relativistic wave equation of a particle of maximum spin n on the basis of the commutation rules for these matrices obtained previously by one of the authors has been investigated. Auxiliary quantities $\eta \_{\mu}$ satisfying the equations (5) are introduced. These $\eta \_{\mu}$ are given as polynomials in $\beta \_{\mu}$. With the help of these, further auxiliary quantities $\xi \_{\mu}$ = $\eta \_{\mu}\beta _{\mu}$ are defined. It is shown that for half odd integral spin, the $\xi $'s and $\eta $'s form two mutually commuting sets of symbols of which the $\eta $'s satisfy the same commutation rules as the Dirac matrices. This proves that the algebra in the case of half odd integral spin is the direct product of the Dirac algebra and an associated $\xi $-algebra. For the special case of maximum spin $\frac{3}{2}$ the $\xi $-algebra has been studied in detail, and it is shown that this algebra has just three representations of orders 1, 4, 5 such that 1$^{2}$ + 4$^{2}$ + 5$^{2}$ = 42 = rank of the algebra. Explicit representations are given in the non-trivial cases of orders 4 and 5. The 4-row representation of the $\xi $'s gives a representation of the $\beta $'s of order 16 which is likely to be of importance in connexion with Bhabha's new theory of the proton.
Noncontrast helical CT in the evaluation of acute flank pain

When a patient presents with acute flank pain, ureteral obstruction secondary to stone disease is a primary consideration in the differential diagnosis. However, there are many diseases unrelated to ureteral obstruction that can result in flank pain (e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, torsion of a mass, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, intussusception, hemorrhage into a mass, aortic dissection, ruptured aortic aneurysm, etc.). In addition, there are conditions that arise outside of the urinary tract which can themselves result in ureteral obstruction. An ideal test for evaluating patients with acute flank pain would provide the following information:
The role of verbal working memory in second language reading fluency and comprehension: A comparison of English and Korean

This study examined the respective contribution of verbal working memory, which was operationalized as immediate digit and sentence recall, to bilingual children’s reading fluency and comprehension in the first language (L1) and second language (L2). Fifty children from two international sites took part in this study: One group was English-Korean bilinguals in the U.S., while the other was Korean-English bilinguals in Korea. The manifestation of the prediction model varied across the learning contexts or learner groups. L1 forward and backward digit spans accounted for the significant variances in L2 reading fluency and comprehension for the English-speaking children in the U.S., whereas L1 forward digit span was more predictive of L2 reading fluency and comprehension than backward digit span and sentence recall for the Korean-speaking counterparts in Korea. The results were interpreted with respect to the orthographic depth, linguistic differences, and cognitive demands. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Capillary fluid exchange.

To understand the functional aspects of the microcirculation, the student must understand that the circulation in our bodies is a pressurized system (see Fig. 1A). When the blood leaves the heart to enter the aorta, it produces an average vascular pressure in the large arteries of ,100 mmHg. However, as the blood flows through the smallest arteries (arterioles), its pressure decreases to 30–40 mmHg at the beginning of the microcirculation, which is the portion of the circulation that exchanges plasma fluid, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and end products of metabolism with the tissues.
Estimating Daytime Planetary Boundary Layer Heights over a Valley from Rawinsonde Observations at a Nearby Airport: An Application to the Page Valley in Virginia, United States

AbstractThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) height is an essential parameter required for many applications, including weather forecasting and dispersion modeling for air quality. Estimates of PBL height are not easily available and often come from twice-daily rawinsonde observations at airports, typically at 0000 and 1200 UTC. Questions often arise regarding the applicability of PBL heights retrieved from these twice-daily observations to surrounding locations. Obtaining this information requires knowledge of the spatial variability of PBL heights. This knowledge is particularly limited in regions with mountainous terrain. The goal of this study is to develop a method for estimating daytime PBL heights in the Page Valley, located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. The approach includes using 1) rawinsonde observations from the nearest sounding station [Dulles Airport (IAD)], which is located 90 km northeast of the Page Valley, 2) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) output, and 3) simulations w...
Numerical Simulation of Internal Waves in the Littoral Ocean

Abstract : Our long-term goal is to employ numerical simulation to generate accurate predictions of nonhydrostatic internal-tide events, such as large internal waves and solitons, in the coastal areas of the ocean.
Urethral injuries in female subjects following pelvic fractures.

AbstractPelvic fractures resulting from high speed motor vehicle and/or pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents commonly coexist with urethral injuries in the male patient. A review of 130 female patients with pelvic fractures managed at our institution revealed coexisting urethral injuries in 6 (4.6%). Partial urethral disruptions accounted for the majority of morbidity with early removal of the Foley catheter resulting in urinary extravasation, voiding difficulties and vulvar edema. In 3 patients the injury was misdiagnosed, 2 of whom had life-threatening sepsis with necrotizing fascitis as a consequence. Blood at the vaginal introitus was noted in more than 80% of our patients. However, only half of them had a careful vaginal inspection. If this pertinent portion of the physical examination had been performed more than two-thirds of our patients could have been correctly diagnosed. The need for meticulous vaginal examination when blood is located at the vaginal introitus, and the need for careful cystoscopi...
Black/White Differences in Hypertension in the Elderly An Epidemiologic Analysis in Central North Carolina

Hypertension in blacks, compared with whites, occurs at higher prevalence rates, is more severe, and carries a worse prognosis for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The authors examined the degree to which black/white differences in hypertension in the elderly are explained by demographic variables, income, health behavior (smoking, obesity), health service use, and comorbid diabetes. The study population consisted of subjects participating in the Duke site of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, initiated in 1984. Cross-sectional data reported here were collected between January 1986 and July 1987. Subjects were aged 65 years or older and were not institutionalized. Blacks were oversampled. Of 5,223 eligible persons, 4,163 (80%) agreed to be interviewed; 16% of the study subjects were white men, 30% white women, 19% black men, and 35% black women. The mean age for all groups was approximately 73 years. Forty-four percent of white men, 52% of white women, 50% of black men, and 66% of black women had hypertension. Eighty percent of hypertensives were receiving pharmacologic therapy. Older age, female sex, lower socioeconomic status, obesity, and diabetes mellitus were associated with hypertension. After adjusting for covariables, black race/ethnicity remained an independent risk factor for high blood pressure in the elderly, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.30.
Evaluating the Language Builder™ Application in the Acquisition of Listener Responding in Young Children with Autism

This study evaluated the use of the iPad® Mini and application Language Builder™ in teaching listener responding skills to two preschool aged children with autism, using a multiple baseline across responses design. Training consisted of the participants completing a pre-programmed receptive label lesson contained within Language Builder™ application on an iPad® Mini. Following training trials, an evaluation of the participant’s ability to generalize the skill from the electronic device to two-dimensional picture cards was assessed. Each participant acquired the ability to receptively identify three specified two-dimensional picture cards to a criterion of 100 % independence across two consecutive sessions, requiring an average of two training sessions to master each respective label. For each mastered label, maintenance data were also collected. The participants displayed the ability to retain each label at 100 % correct responding following mastery. This study furthers the current literature on the use of handheld computing technologies that can be used to augment behaviorally based intervention for autism treatment.
Tabulating Pseudoprimes and Tabulating Liars

This article explores the asymptotic complexity of two problems related to the Miller-Rabin-Selfridge primality test. The first problem is to tabulate strong pseudoprimes to a single fixed base a. It is now proven that tabulating up to x requires O(x) arithmetic operations and O(xlog x) bits of space. The second problem is to find all strong liars and witnesses, given a fixed odd composite n. This appears to be unstudied, and a randomized algorithm is presented that requires an expected O((log n)2 + vS(n)v) operations (here S(n) is the set of strong liars). Although interesting in their own right, a notable application is the search for sets of composites with no reliable witnesses.
Emerging online educational models and the transformation of traditional universities

The information and communications technology (ICT) led revolution in the last two decades has transformed a large number of traditional businesses. The impact has been more significant in industries dominated by information goods such as music, software, and newspapers. Higher education sector is information-centric and its digitization is inevitable. The new generation of the Internet-based educational business models have emerged and they have already started evolving to make electronic learning (eLeraning) as effective and efficient as electronic commerce (eCommerce) has become in retailing. Drawing on information goods theory in economics, online retailers and marketplaces literature in information systems, and contemporary research on eLearning, this paper classifies and analyses the emerging educational business models into online education marketplaces (OEM), online education providers (OEP), and online education services (OES) and also provides a roadmap for the transformation of traditional universities.
Ph.D. Forum Abstract: Activity-Based Implicit Authentication for Wearable Devices

Privacy and authenticity of data pushed by or into wearable devices is of important concern. We investigate the possibility of an implicit authentication approach for wearable devices based on ambulatory activities performed by the user. Our initial results show that the proposed approach can achieve as high as 97% accuracy to authenticate a user.
Survey on contamination by Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk powder in Gansu

Objective:To investigate the Enterobacter sakazakii contamination state of the infant formula milk powder made and sold in Gansu.Methods: Isolation,identification and counting of Enterobacter sakazakii were performed on 206 samples of infant formula milk powder.Results: Thirteen isolates were identified as Enterobacter sakazakii(with the detection rate of 6.31%),MPN of the positive samples was between 0.30-0.94(MPN/100 g).Conclusion: There exists contamination by Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk powder made in Gansu and the potential risk of infant food security should be given due attention.
Outcomes after endovascular aneurysm repair conversion and primary aortic repair for urgent and emergency indications in the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative

Objective Open conversion after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR-c) is performed nonelectively in up to 60% of cases. EVAR-c has been reported to have significantly greater risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality than primary aortic repair, but few data exist on outcomes for symptomatic or ruptured presentations. This study determined outcomes and identified predictors of postoperative major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and mortality for patients undergoing nonelective EVAR-c compared with nonelective primary aortic repair (PAR) in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI). Methods All VQI patients undergoing urgent/emergency EVAR-c or urgent/emergency PAR from 2002 to 2014 were reviewed. Urgent presentation was defined by repair ≤24 hours of a nonelective admission, and emergency operations had clinical or radiographic evidence, or both, of rupture. End points included in-hospital MACE (myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia, congestive heart failure) and 30-day mortality. Possible covariates identified on univariate analysis ( P Results During the study interval, we identified 277 EVAR-c, and 118 (43%) underwent urgent/emergency repair. nonelective PAR was performed in 1388 of 6152 total (23%). EVAR-c patients were older (75 ± 9 vs 71 ± 10 years; P P = .02), and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (88% vs 79%; P = .02) and coronary artery disease (38% vs 27%; P = .01). No differences in MACE (EVAR-c, 31% [n = 34] vs PAR, 30% [n = 398]) or any major postoperative complication (EVAR-c, 57% [n = 63] vs PAR, 55% [n = 740]; P = .8) were found; however, 30-day mortality was significantly greater in EVAR-c (37% [n = 41]) than in (PAR, 24% [n = 291]; P = .003), with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-4.77; P = .04) for EVAR-c. Predictors of any MACE included age (OR, × 1.03 for each additional year; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; P = .0002), male gender (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.03-1.67; P = .03), body mass index ≤20 kg/m 2 (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.13-2.87; P = .01), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.86-1.80; P = .25), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.98-2.34; P = .06), preoperative chronic β-blocker use (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.97-1.63; P = .09), and emergency presentation (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8-3.01; area under the curve, 0.70; P P P = .04), preoperative creatinine >1.8 mg/dL (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.04-2.35; P = .03), an emergency presentation (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.93-7.93; P P = .01). Conclusions Nonelective EVAR-c patients are older and have higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors than PAR patients. Similar rates of postoperative complications occur; however, urgent/emergency EVAR-c has a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality than nonelective PAR. Several variables are identified that predict outcomes after these repairs and may help risk stratify patients to further inform clinical decision making when patients present nonelectively with EVAR failure.
Monolithically integrated planar front-end photoreceivers with 0.25 mu m gate pseudomorphic In/sub 0.60/Ga/sub 0.40/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/InP modulation-doped field-effect transistors

Monolithically InP-based pin-MODFET front-end photoreceivers realised by molecular beam epitaxial regrowth have been characterised. The FWHM of the temporal response to photoexcitation for the full circuit was 60 ps which translates to a bandwidth of approximately 6.5 GHz. The measured electrical 3 dB frequency response of the circuit with an effective input load resistance of 33 Ω is 15.0 GHz. The performance of the pin-MODFET photoreceiver circuit is comparable to the best hybrid circuits with InP-based devices
Bearing witness to teaching and teachers

AbstractIn this article, the author elucidates the idea of bearing witness to teaching and teachers. The orientation derives from a philosophical and field-based inquiry pivoting around the questions What does it mean to be a person in the world today? and What does it mean to be a person in the role of teacher? From 2012 to 2014, the author interacted closely with 16 teachers from 8 different state-funded schools in a large, culturally diverse US city. The endeavor included extensive classroom visits, whole-group discussion meetings, and a systematic series of individual interviews. The article shows how the orientation of bearing witness calls fresh attention to the person who occupies the role of teacher. It illuminates the easy-to-overlook truth that it is persons, rather than roles as such, who educate. The author argues that bearing witness contributes importantly to remembrance of deep educational values.
Balancing the Health Risks and Benefits of Seafood: How Does Available Guidance Affect Consumer Choices?

Seafood species vary in their health benefits (e.g., from omega-3 fatty acids) and risks (e.g., from methylmercury or polychlorobiphenyls). Reflecting these risks and benefits, multiple public and private organizations offer guidance to consumers on seafood consumption. The effect of this guidance is unknown; previous literature has been unable to disentangle the effects of messages with differing health information, provided by different sources, on demand for different types of seafood. The result is ambiguity regarding the drivers of observed changes in seafood demand. This study investigates the effect of health risk and benefit information on preferences for wild and farmed salmon and swordfish, three species targeted by consumer guidance. The analysis applies an experimental auction with seafood consumers informed by a Bayesian risk-learning model. The model provides a systematic way to disentangle effects on seafood demand, for example, by evaluating whether changes in demand for different species are due to information content or source. Using this approach, we test the effect of guidance provided by four different public and private groups in the United States. Difference-in-difference tests find no impact of health benefit information regardless of source or message, but find multiple effects of health risk information that vary across different types of guidance. These findings suggest that current guidance does not improve consumers’ ability to balance health risks and benefits. We also identify potential avenues to improve the efficacy of this guidance.
Component Mode Synthesis of Multi-Rotor Systems

In the design of high speed multi-rotor systems it is necessary to predict and control the vibratory behavior of systems of non-uniform beamlike rotating elements interconnected by bearings and couplings. To describe the dynamic behavior of these elements it is necessary to account for flexure and shear deformation of the beams thenselves and of any attached disks, as well as transverse and rotatory inertia and gyroscopic effects. Traditional analysis procedures lead to large expensive computer programs.
Botulinum Toxin Type a for the Management of Masticatory Muscle Pain in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review

Background nbsp Botulinum toxin type A BoT A has gained significant clinical interest in the management of masticatory muscle pain in temporomandibular disorders TMD This may be due to clinical success of BoT an in treatment of other neuromuscular and refractory chronic pain disorders in the head and neck region and the limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of masticatory muscle pain Methods nbsp A systematic review was conducted to determine the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A in the management of masticatory muscle pain in temporomandibular disorders specifically myalgia or myofascial pain Three reviewers separately identified the pertinent literature by searching MEDLINE via PubMed Web of science and Cochrane databases and reference lists of relevant articles under the inclusion criteria of all studies in English language Results nbsp Thirteen manuscripts met the inclusion criteria Among these six were randomized controlled trials RCT and seven were case series investigations Two out of RCT and all of the case series investigations have suggested BoT A therapy being significantly better in management of masticatory muscle pain in TMD Conclusion The effectiveness of BoT A treatment for the management of masticatory muscle pain in TMD has yet to be established Results of both types of investigations are convoluted by the presence of multiple methodological limitations and heterogeneity in protocol Botulinum toxin injection therapy appears to effective in certain patients with masticatory muscle pain disorders in TMD However there is limited evidence regarding the characterization of participants that would benefit from this therapeutic modality
Making Roots, Shoots, and Seeds: IDD Gene Family Diversification in Plants

The INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) family of transcriptional regulators controls a diversity of processes in a variety of plant tissues and organs and at different stages of plant development. Several recent reports describe the genetic characterization of IDD family members, including those that are likely to regulate C4 kranz anatomy, with implications for the engineering of C4 traits into C3 crops. In this review we summarize the reported functions of IDD members in the regulation of metabolic sensing and leaf, root, seed, and inflorescence development. We also provide an IDD phylogeny for the grasses and suggest future directions and strategies to define the function of IDDs in C4 photosynthesis and other developmental processes.
Kinetics of EPR signal IIvf in chloroplast Photosystem II

Abstract The risetime of EPR signal IIvf (S IIvf) has been measured in oxygen-evolving Photosystem II particles from spinach chloroplasts at pH 6.0. The EPR signal shows an instrument-limited rise upon induction ( t 1 2 ⩽ 3 μ s ). These data are consistent with a model where the species Z responsible for S IIvf is the immediate electron donor to P-680+ in spinach chloroplasts. A new, faster decay component of S IIvf has also been detected in these experiments.
The Problem of Education (1988)

A fter deep reflection, H. L. Mencken once proposed to improve education by burning down the schools and hanging the professoriate. For better or worse, the suggestion was ignored. Made today, however, it might find a more receptive public, ready to purchase the gasoline and rope. Americans, united on little else, are joined in the belief that the educational system is too expensive, too cumbersome, and not, on the whole, very effective. But reformers are deeply divided on how to improve it. All sides of the debate, nonetheless, agree on the basic aims and purposes of education, which are to equip our nation with a “world-class” labor force, first, to compete more favorably in the global economy and, second, to provide each individual with the means for maximum upward mobility. On purposes of education both higher and lower, would-be reformers seem to be of one mind.
Applications of Ion-Selective Electrodes in Organic Microanalysis: Potentiometric Determination of Organic Cations Precipitated by Tetraphenylborate

Sodium tetraphenylborate has been used in the potentiometric precipitation titration of various water-soluble organic cations, mostly containing a quaternary ammonium moiety. Emf's were monitored with a fluoroborate ion-selective indicator electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. The perchlorate and nitrate electrodes also respond to the various cations. The solid-state cyanide electrode responds to most of the cations investigated. This makes it possible to carry out titrations in partially nonaqueous media. Some of the compounds which can be determined are alkaloids, dyes, and other organic bases.
Lead analysis of sediment cores from seven Connecticut lakes

Lead analyses were performed on sediment cores from seven Connecticut lakes by dilute acid leaching. The absolute concentrations of lead varied from core to core, but the lead profiles were similar in all of the cores, and each depicted a point where the concentration of lead sharply increased above background levels. The background lead concentrations observed in the bottom portions of the cores ranged from 12-54 μg Pb/g sediment with a mean of 30 μg Pb/g, and increased to a mean maximum of 310 μg Pb/g. In six of the lakes significant increases above background levels were not noted until between 1924 and 1952, suggesting that, at least for Connecticut lakes, the point in a lake sediment core where the concentration of lead began to increase was after ca. 1924, and on average about 1930. Lead concentrations declined in the surface sediments of only three of the lakes, mostly since the 1980's, and presumably in response to the phasing out of leaded gasoline. However, significant declines in lead concentrations were not observed in the remaining cores, possibly due to increased motor vehicle use within the airshed of the lakes and/or changes in the export of lead to the lakes from their watersheds.
Application of Dry-Friction Whip and Whirl Solution Methods to Systems With Support Asymmetry

Dry-friction whip and whirl occurs when a rotor contacts a stator across a clearance annulus. In a general sense, the relative motion between the two bodies is described by a circular precessing motion. While this problem is generally well understood, the author is unaware of any papers that discuss the problem for systems having asymmetric rotor or stator supports. The current work will investigate a general model to describe dry-friction whip and whirl for the case of continuous contact between a rotor and stator in the presence of asymmetry. This paper will show that for light asymmetry, the rotor and stator motions are elliptical; however, the relative motion between the two bodies remains circular.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Human Fire Legacies on Ecological Landscapes

The primacy of past human activity in triggering change in earth’s ecosystems remains a contested idea. Treating human-environmental dynamics as a dichotomous phenomenon---turning “on” or “off” at some tipping point in the past---misses the broader, longer-term, and varied role humans play in creating lasting ecological legacies. To investigate these more subtle human-environmental dynamics, we propose an interdisciplinary framework, for evaluating past and predicting future landscape change focused on human-fire legacies. Linking theory and methods from behavioral and landscape ecology, we present a coupled framework capable of explaining how and why humans make subsistence decisions and interact with environmental variation through time. We review evidence using this framework that demonstrates how human behavior can influence vegetation cover and continuity, change local disturbance regimes, and create socio-ecological systems that can dampen or even override, the environmental effects of local and regional climate. Our examples emphasize how a long-term interdisciplinary perspective provides new insights for assessing the role of humans in generating persistent landscape legacies that go unrecognized using a simple natural-versus-human driver model of environmental change.
Effectiveness of ECMO for burn-related acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complication that affects approximately 40% of burn patients and is associated with high mortality rates. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy is a management option for severe refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure; however, there is little literature reporting the effectiveness of this therapy in burns. Our study objective was to review patient outcomes in burns following severe ARDS treated with ECMO. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients treated with ECMO for ARDS who received their burn care at a single regional burn center between 9/1/2006 and 8/31/2016. Primary patient outcome examined was discharge disposition. Results We identified 8 patients who had ARDS secondary to burn who were placed onto ECMO during this 10-year period. The average APACHE score, SOFA score, and P/F ratio were 21 ± 3, 9 ± 2, and 59 ± 8, respectively, at the time of decision for ECMO. No ECMO-related complications were identified. Out of the 8 patients reviewed, 1 died, 4 were discharged to acute rehabilitation or a long-term acute care facility, and 3 were discharged to home. Conclusion Mortality in burn patients with ARDS who are managed with ECMO is extremely low. Careful selection and timely intervention with ECMO contributed to good clinical outcomes.
Ultrasound multiple scattering with microbubbles can differentiate between tumor and healthy tissue in vivo.

Most solid tumors are characterized by highly dense, isotropic vessel networks. Characterization of such features has shown promise for early cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound diffusion has been used to characterize the micro-architecture of complex media, such as bone and the lungs. In this work, we examine a non-invasive diffusion-based ultrasound technique to assess neo-vascularization. Because the diffusion constant reflects the density of scatterers in heterogeneous media, we hypothesize that by injecting microbubbles into the vasculature, ultrasound diffusivity can reflect vascular density (VD), thus differentiating the microvascular patterns between tumors and healthy tissue. The diffusion constant and its anisotropy are shown to be significantly different between fibrosarcoma tumors (n = 16) and control tissue (n = 18) in a rat animal model in vivo. The diffusion constant values for control and tumor were found to be 1.38 ± 0.51 mm2 µs-1 and 0.65 ± 0.27 mm2 µs-1, respectively. These results are corroborated with VD from acoustic angiography (AA) data, confirming increased vessel density in tumors compared to controls. The diffusion constant offers a promising way to quantitatively assess vascular networks when combined with contrast agents, which may allow early tumor detection and characterization.
Barriers and facilitators impacting reliability of the electronic health record-facilitated total testing process.

Abstract Objective Despite ongoing efforts to improve reliability of the total testing process (TTP), breakdowns continue to occur resulting in diagnostic delays and suboptimal patient outcomes. We performed an exploratory study to identify factors that impact TTP reliability in electronic health record (EHR)-enabled care. Materials and methods We interviewed experts at three large EHR-enabled health care organizations and identified all TTP steps performed from clinician test ordering to result communication to patients. Findings from all sites were combined to develop a detailed process map of known TTP activities. We additionally asked experts about factors that positively or negatively impacted TTP reliability at each step. We describe the specific TTP steps identified and associated barriers and facilitators to TTP reliability. Results We interviewed 39 experts involved in or overseeing the TTP. Most TTP activities identified were similar across sites, but we found significant differences with test order transmission to diagnostic services and relay of results back to clinicians and patients. Twenty-five unique barriers were identified related to technology and EHR usability issues, time and resource constraints, suboptimal clinic workflows, patient-related factors, information access limitations, and insufficient clinician training. Twenty-four unique facilitators were identified related to personnel training, workflow optimization and standardization, helpful EHR features, and improved electronic communication between clinics and diagnostic services. Discussion Barriers related to EHR usability and with communication between clinicians and diagnostic services increase TTP vulnerability and should be targeted by future efforts to improve process reliability. Several facilitators identified in the study could inform future strategies and solutions to improve TTP reliability.
Getting the NBN Infrastructure We Need

This article summarises the presentation given by the author at the TelSoc NBN Futures forum held in Melbourne on 31 July 2019. The author spoke in favour of retaining NBN Co in public ownership, at least for the medium term and until a long-term plan and evolution pathway has been established. Such a plan is needed to ensure that Australians have affordable access to world’s best broadband service and that delivers social and economic inclusion. Dr Holmes argued that there are positive reasons for supporting public ownership, and that this was the least worst of the options available.
On the correspondence of electrical and optical physiology in in vivo population-scale two-photon calcium imaging

Multiphoton calcium imaging is commonly used to monitor the spiking of large populations of neurons. Recovering action potentials from fluorescence necessitates calibration experiments, often with simultaneous imaging and cell-attached recording. Here we performed calibration for imaging conditions matching those of the Allen Brain Observatory. We developed a novel crowd-sourced, algorithmic approach to quality control. Our final data set was 50 recordings from 35 neurons in 3 mouse lines. Our calibration indicated that 3 or more spikes were required to produce consistent changes in fluorescence. Moreover, neither a simple linear model nor a more complex biophysical model accurately predicted fluorescence for small numbers of spikes (1-3). We observed increases in fluorescence corresponding to prolonged depolarizations, particularly in Emx1-IRES-Cre mouse line crosses. Our results indicate that deriving spike times from fluorescence measurements may be an intractable problem in some mouse lines.
Exploring the role of off-task activity on students’ collaborative dynamics

Off-task activity is ubiquitous in classrooms, yet little understood. Building on recent work that illustrates the utility of off-task activity to disrupt relations of power among students, this article explores the potential functions of off-task participation during collaborative mathematics problem-solving. We examined 56 instances of off-task participation across 12 collaborative problem-solving sessions in a fourth grade classroom during a collaborative inquiry unit on place value. Results show that the majority of instances functioned to support the collaborative problem-solving process. Further, off-task participation often succeeded in shifting collaborative dynamics after on-task bids to shift dynamics failed. Off-task activity seemed to introduce new storylines that served as discursive tools to navigate local social hierarchies. We close by situating an understanding of the resources that students bring into collaborative learning through off-task activity within conversations on inclusive pedagogies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Environmental and economic sustainability of ion exchange drinking water treatment for organics removal

Water treatment infrastructure faces numerous operational and financial challenges in most regions of the world. Ion exchange is a water treatment technology that can be used to remove various contaminants in drinking water and has shown increased adoption in recent years due to its operational advantages; however, limited research has been conducted on the environmental and economic sustainability of ion exchange systems. This study utilizes life cycle assessment and cost analysis to holistically evaluate environmental and economic impacts of ion exchange technology that is used for reduction of disinfection by-products via organics removal in eight drinking water treatment plants in Florida. A functional unit accounting for both water quantity and quality was used and showed to have a significant effect on the evaluation results. Impact assessment results show that the construction phase has negligible environmental impact in comparison to the operation phase. Systems that use fixed bed reactors with conventional resin were compared with systems using completely mixed flow reactors with magnetic ion exchange resin. Fixed bed systems evaluated have higher salt usage and brine waste production, but use less electricity, resin, and require less transport of materials. This tradeoff causes fixed bed systems to have a higher environmental impact in categories of eutrophication, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, and ecotoxicity but lower impact in other categories. Furthermore, it causes fixed bed systems to have a lower operation cost compared with completely mixed systems. Results also show that both environmental impacts and operation costs per functional unit decrease with scale, similar to economies of scale effects.
Transmitter efficiency considerations in MAPSK signal selection

A simple model of the efficiency-power relationship for a microwave transmitter permits comparison of M-ary amplitude and phase shift keyed (MAPSK) signal array performance on the basis of average DC power in, rather than average RF signal power out. This is of interest in comparing MAPSK arrays with comparable polyphase, since the polyphase transmitter is operated at a single power level, while MAPSK varies over a range of power levels, each of differing efficiency. A constant efficiency-power curve permits comparison of signal arrays in terms of array average power, while a linear curve requires comparison on the basis of array peak power. Since typical efficiency curves will lie between these extremes, the array peak and average power levels provide bounds on array requirements for average DC input power. Examination of the performance of several MAPSK sets reveals a distinct power advantage of quadrature amplitude shift keying (QASK) over most viable signal sets.