cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
News Dispersion, Asymmetric Verification and Conservatism

Asymmetric verification takes into account both the type of news (i.e., good versus bad news) and the level of uncertainty regarding that news. Good news should be more certain (i.e. more verifiable) before it is reflected in earnings than bad news. To test this principle, we use data from Thomson Reuters News Analytics to construct a measure of uncertainty based on news articles on public firms. These articles are measured at the firm level and are assigned positive, negative, and neutral scores that sum to a total of one. If the positive score is largest, then the article is coded as good news (bad news articles are coded similarly). We then create a dispersion measure for each article where higher numbers represent more polarized news. Overall, we find that good news is more highly associated with earnings when uncertainty is low consistent with asymmetric verification. In contrast, we find no such association between bad news and uncertainty (as we would expect).
Issues in xenotransplantation absence of hyperacute rejection in newborn pig-to-baboon cardiac xenografts

The shortage of organs for transplantation is especially severe for the critically ill newborn infant, for whom donors of the appropriate size are particularly scarce. One way to overcome this problem is to use animals in lieu of human as organ donors. The major limitation to using animals for this purpose is the susceptibility of animal organs to hyperacute rejection, a violent rejection reaction thought to be mediated by antidonor antibody and complement. To evaluate the potential application of xenotransplantation to newborns, we tested neonatal humans and neonatal baboons, and found that neither populatioh expressed significant levels of xenoreactive antipig antibodies. We transplanted heterotopically hearts from newborn pigs into unmanipulated newborn baboons (n = 4). There was no evidence of hyperacute rejection in any of the grafts; the animals were killed with functioning grafts at 15, 81, and 82 hour. This outcome contrasts with that of newborn pig-to-mature baboon and mature pig-to-mature baboon cardiac xenografts, which were rejected within one hour of transplantation. The histology of pig graft biopsies from the new born recipients was normal. Immunohistochemistry revealed only traces of IgM, C3, C4 and the membrane attack complex along graft endothelium. Fibrin deposition along endothelial surfaces was observed early after transplantation and became more extensive with time; in the absence of endothelial bound antibody or complement, this change may represent preservation injury. This study suggests that due to low levels of natural antibody, the newborn infant may permit prolonged xenograft survival.
USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program: Food Sampling

Abstract The National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) is designed to develop robust estimates of the mean nutrient content of important foods in the food supply and significantly improve the quality of food composition data in the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Nutrient Databank. The program objectives are: (1) evaluation of existing data; (2) identification of Key Foods and nutrients for analysis; (3) development of nationally based sampling plans; (4) analysis of samples; and (5) compilation and calculation of representative food composition data. This paper describes our efforts in development of the sampling plan (objective 3) and presents limited preliminary results. The sampling plan was based on a self-weighting stratified design. First, the U.S. was divided into four regions, then each region was further divided into three implicit strata from which generalized Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (gCMSAs) were selected. Rural and urban locations were selected within gCMSAs. Commercial supermarket lists were used to select 24 outlets for food pickups; specific brands were selected based on current market share data (pounds consumed). This population-based approach can be applied in the development of other sampling programs for specific ethnic and regional foods. Sampling plans have been developed for margarine, folate-fortified foods (e.g. flours, bread, and pasta), and a number of highly consumed mixed dishes (e.g. pizza and lasagna).
Comparative analysis of two techniques for soldered connectors

The aim of this study was to compare and analyze gas torch and an infrared technique as a heat source. Ney Oro B2, Ney Eclipse and Ney 76 alloys were selected for this purpose. Sixty standardized rods were invested, cast, and sectioned from their respective sprue buttons. The rods were then invested for soldering and sectioned at their midpoints. Ten specimens of each alloy were soldered with the gas torch flame. The Instron universal testing device was used to test the flexural strength of the resultant joints. Fractured specimens were analyzed under electron microscopy.
Signal detection for MIMO-ISI channels: an iterative greedy improvement approach

In this paper, we consider the signal detection for multiple input-multiple output intersymbol interference (MIMO-ISI) channels with diverse assumptions on the channel knowledge: perfect, blind, trained, etc. This general problem is cast into a unifying Bayesian statistics framework. With this formulation, the optimal detector is the one maximizing the posterior signal density [marginal maximum a posteriori (MAP)]. Since the marginal MAP is hard to deal with, a joint MAP formulation is proposed as a reasonable substitute that maximizes the posterior joint signal and channel density. It is also shown that for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) signals, the two formulations will lead to very close results. The joint MAP formulation leads to an iterative projection algorithm that alternates between the optimization over channel parameters and signaling matrices. The bottleneck of iterative projections is on the finite-alphabet constrained quadratic minimization. We show that the notion of error decomposition can be bridged with greedy optimizations to construct iterative greedy search algorithms and examine their performance. A particularization, called full greedy search, is shown to be able to reach the global optimum (maximum likelihood solutions) starting with any initialization. Since potential constraints in computational complexity may prohibit the application of this version of greedy search, we explore the performance (loss) for greedy search implementations with complexity constraints, arriving at deterministic performance bounds and a bit-error rate (BER) upper bound. The effect of model imprecision is also theoretically characterized. Based on the theoretical development, an iterative local optimization with interference cancellation (LOIC) algorithm is proposed to achieve low complexity and exploit the finite alphabet constraint. Motivated by the Sylvester structure, it approximates the full greedy search by focusing on local error sequences. It can also be regarded as a flexible interference cancellation strategy with noncausal information and iterative computations. An empirical comparison of detectors with perfect channel knowledge demonstrated that the proposed LOIC algorithms can offer very attractive BER/complexity tradeoffs.
Hugo de Vries and the rediscovery of Mendel's laws

Summary Hugo de Vries claimed that he had discovered Mendel's laws before he found Mendel's paper. De Vries's first ratios, published in 1897, for the second generation of hybrids (F2) were 2/3:1/3 and 80%:20%. By 1900, both of these ratios had become 3:1. These changing ratios suggest that as late as 1897 de Vries had not discovered the laws, although he asserted, from 1900 on, that he had found the laws in 1896. An Appendix details de Vries's Mendelian experiments as described in the original edition (1903) of volume two of Die Mutationstheorie, but omitted entirely from the English translation (1910).
Huntington's disease of early onset or juvenile Huntington's disease

The presentation of juvenile Huntington's disease can cause diagnostic difficulties. The genetics and pathogenesis of the condition are discussed. The diagnosis will depend on the symptoms raising suspicions and the exclusion of other disorders, especially by genetic studies.
If we designed airplanes like we design drugs....

In the early days, airplanes were put together with parts designed for other purposes (bicycles, farm equipment, textiles, automotive equipment, etc.). They were then flown by their brave designers to see if the design would work—often with disastrous results. Today, airplanes, helicopters, missiles, and rockets are designed in computers in a process that involves iterating through enormous numbers of designs before anything is made. Until very recently, novel drug-like molecules were nearly always made first like early airplanes, then tested to see if they were any good (although usually not on the brave scientists who created them!). The resulting extremely high failure rate is legendary. This article describes some of the evolution of computer-based design in the aerospace industry and compares it with the progress made to date in computer-aided drug design. Software development for pharmaceutical research has been largely entrepreneurial, with only relatively limited support from government and industry end-user organizations. The pharmaceutical industry is still about 30 years behind aerospace and other industries in fully recognizing the value of simulation and modeling and funding the development of the tools needed to catch up.
High-Tech Sales Tax Evasion

Dishonest businesses and individuals now have a high-tech device to help them evade paying taxes: the tax zapper. The authors explain how it works, the threat it poses to honest companies, and what can be done to stop fraudsters who would use it. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multi-criteria decision analysis methodology for selection of a preferred residence based on physical attributes

Abstract This paper presents a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology which uses normalized weights and dimensionless scoring scales to determine preferred locations in which to live based on physical attributes. The methodology utilizes a questionnaire to determine the subjective weights and values related to the physical attributes and provides the individuals with a geographical pattern within the country which indicates baseline areas from which other non-physical factors can be considered.
Extensions to the Concept of Excess Commuting

When people commute to work longer or farther than the actual spatial arrangement of homes and workplaces suggest they could be commuting, people are engaging in excess commuting. In the aggregate, excess commuting is the nonoptimal or surplus work travel occurring in cities because people do not minimize their journeys to work. In this paper an alternative view of excess commuting based on a theoretical maximum commute is presented. The calculation of a theoretical maximum commute allows for an analysis of the range between the theoretical minimum and maximum commutes, which marks an improvement over current approaches to the measure of excess commuting. Conceptually, this range is taken to be the commuting capacity of a city. To what extent commuting capacity is consumed in terms of current levels of commuting forms a primary question of the analysis. A model is formulated and applied to 1990 Census data for a sample of US cities. Numerical and visual results suggest variation in the amount of excess co...
Some aspects of the thermodynamic behaviour of the lead-doped Bi-2223 system

Abstract A thermodynamic assessment of lead-doped Bi-2223 with emphasis on compositions and oxygen partial pressures within the homogeneity region prior to solid-state decomposition is presented. Equations for the variation of oxygen partial pressure with composition and temperature have been derived from our EMF measurements. Long-term metastability was indicated during cycling over a temperature range of ∼ 700–815°C of a lead-doped Bi-2223 sample having an oxygen-deficient stoichiometry of 9.64 prior to solid-state decomposition corresponding to the diphasic CuOCu 2 O system. A trend of increasing negative values of the partial molar enthalpy Δ H ( O 2 ) and entropy Δ S ( O 2 with increasing oxygen deficiency of the condensed phase indicated an increase in ordering of the cuprate structure prior to solid-state decomposition.
Individual Article Purchase: Catching the Wave of the Future, Or Getting Pounded on the Reef

For many libraries, particularly small to midsize academic libraries, journals have placed significant strains on the acquisitions budget. For fiscal year 2012–2013 the Volpe Library at Tennessee Tech University faced a significant materials budget shortfall. Rather than simply cutting titles to cover the shortfall or asking the administration for more money, we concluded that the existing system of acquiring and delivering information packaged in journals was not sustainable for us. Therefore, we embarked on a yearlong process to develop a different way of providing article information that would more efficiently use the budget that we have. The process we have developed focuses more heavily on purchasing individual articles, using the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) product Get it Now, in an attempt to maximize the impact of our budget resources. This paper describes the issues prompting the change and the process that was used to prepare a plan to meet the budget challenge. It also includes a description of the final plan, the implementation of the plan and early results that are available on the operation of the new process. Tennessee Tech University Tennessee Tech is a comprehensive Masters, large university with a student body of 11,000. It is one of six universities in the Tennessee Board of Regents system. The challenge for the Volpe Library at Tennessee Tech is to provide the faculty and students with the information they need for research and teaching on a modest-sized library budget that is not going to be getting bigger anytime soon. In the spring of 2011, it became clear through a series of events that we needed a plan to meet this challenge. This paper will discuss briefly the development, the nature, and the implementation of the plan as well as some preliminary results.
Economic development on American Indian reservations: A citation analysis

Abstract This article examines patterns to the cited literature on gaming and natural resources and the environment. The literature on gaming is smaller but the two topics are comparable and comprise two of the most important topics related to contemporary American Indian issues. Both issues reflect the rich heritage of historical literature on American Indians and show that the present is closely linked to the past. In comparison to previous research, this study found the highest percentage of citations to government publications. The article reflects on the significance of this finding, shows patterns to the cited government and nongovernment literature, and identifies topics meriting further investigation.
The cellular immune system in myelomagenesis: NK cells and T cells in the development of MM and their uses in immunotherapies

As vast strides are being made in the management and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), recent interests are increasingly focusing on understanding the development of the disease. The knowledge that MM develops exclusively from a protracted phase of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance provides an opportunity to study tumor evolution in this process. Although the immune system has been implicated in the development of MM, the scientific literature on the role and status of various immune components in this process is broad and sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, we present a review of cellular immune subsets in myelomagenesis. We summarize the current literature on the quantitative and functional profiles of natural killer cells and T-cells, including conventional T-cells, natural killer T-cells, γδ T-cells and regulatory T-cells, in myelomagenesis. Our goal is to provide an overview of the status and function of these immune cells in both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow during myelomagenesis. This provides a better understanding of the nature of the immune system in tumor evolution, the knowledge of which is especially significant considering that immunotherapies are increasingly being explored in the treatment of both MM and its precursor conditions.
Optimal assignment of NOP due-dates and sequencing in a single machine shop

We consider the problem of optimal assignment of NOP due-dates ton jobs and sequencing them on a single machine to minimize a penalty function depending on the values of assigned constant waiting allowance and maximum job tardiness. It is shown that the earliest due date (EDD) order is an optimal sequence. For finding optimal constant waiting allowance, we reduce the problem to a multiple objective piecewise linear programming with single variable. An efficient algorithm for optimal solution of the problem is given.
Restricted Motion of the Conserved Immunoglobulin G1 N-Glycan Is Essential for Efficient FcγRIIIa Binding

Summary Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-based therapies are widespread, and many function through interactions with low-affinity Fc γ receptors (FcγR). N-glycosylation of the IgG1 Fc domain is required for FcγR binding, though it is unclear why. Structures of the FcγR:Fc complex fail to explain this because the FcγR polypeptide does not bind the N-glycan. Here we identify a link between motion of the N-glycan and Fc:FcγRIIIa affinity that explains the N-glycan requirement. Fc F241 and F243 mutations decreased the N-glycan/polypeptide interaction and increased N-glycan mobility. The affinity of the Fc mutants for FcγRIIIa was directly proportional to the degree of glycan restriction (R 2 = 0.82). The IgG1 Fc K246F mutation stabilized the N-glycan and enhanced affinity for FcγRIIIa. Allosteric modulation of a protein/protein interaction represents a previously undescribed role for N-glycans in biology. Conserved features suggesting a similar N-glycan/aromatic interaction were also found in IgD, IgE, and IgM, but not IgA.
Employing broadband spectra and cluster analysis to assess thermal defoliation of cotton

Growers and field scouts need assistance in surveying cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields subjected to thermal defoliation to reap the benefits provided by this nonchemical defoliation method. A study was conducted to evaluate broadband spectral data subjected to unsupervised classification for surveying cotton plots subjected to thermal defoliation. Ground-based reflectance measurements of thermally treated and non-treated cotton canopies were collected at two study Sites (Site 1 and Site 2) with a handheld hyperspectral spectroradiometer. The hyperspectral data were merged into eight broad spectral bands: coastal blue (400–450 nm), blue (450–510 nm), green (510–580 nm), yellow (585–625 nm), red (630– 690 nm), red-edge (705–745 nm), near-infrared (770–895 nm), and panchromatic (450–800 nm). Also, a broadband normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was created with the red (630–690 nm) and near-infrared bands (770–895 nm). For each study Site, two datasets were analyzed: (1) two-class case (thermally treated cotton observations and non-treated cotton observations) and (2) five-class case (thermally treated cotton observations and non-treated cotton observations and three additional classes created with the weighted average of the thermally treated cotton observations and non-treated cotton observations). The clustering algorithm referred to as CLUES (CLUstEring based on local Shrinking) was employed to automatically group the data into clusters without the user selecting the number of clusters. Cluster validation was determined with the average silhouette width; also accuracy was assessed with contingency matrixes. Clustering analysis worked well in dividing the data into appropriate groups, with the best cluster structure occurring for the NDVI. User’s and producer’s accuracies for the NDVI were greater than 86%, indicating an excellent classification. Findings support future endeavors to assess airborne and satellite-borne systems equipped with sensors sensitive to the wavelengths deemed useful in this study and unsupervised classification techniques that automatically determines the numbers of clusters to evaluate thermal defoliation of cotton fields. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Bibliographical activities of the Arab Countries of North Africa

North African specialists and scholars have tried to trace all the possible channels that can lead them to a full bibliographic coverage of the literature of North African countries. Workshops on African bibliography and library resources of the Middle East have become important sessions for the North African scholars to attend. Their importance emanates from the fact that knowledge of the literature of North Africa and the library resources in and outside North Africa is of vital importance to the scholar who is involved in the study of particular disciplines that deal with this part of the world. The lack of a comprehensive bibliographic coverage of the literature produced in and about North Africa is only one part of the problem. Separate national or subject bibliographies from North African countries are very scarce and are difficult to locate. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to investigate the current and retrospective bibliographic activities in North African states and to point out the problems that are facing bibliographers and scholars both inside and outside North African countries. Based on the findings of the study and on the availability or lack of national bibliographic control in these countries recommendations will be made to improve the current situation. Early literature of the Arab countries including North Africa can be traced in the early Arab bibliographies such as al-Fihrist which was compiled by Ibn al-Nadim who listed all titles known to have existed during the first four centuries, Non-Arabic books especially those written in French and published during the time when North Africa was dominated by France can be traced in the French national and trade bibliographies such as Bibo “Etudes et Documents Algerie, Maroc, Tunisie”. Publication of Maghreb was begun
Morphogenetic economics: Change- amplification by causal loops

Abstract The monetarist, Keynesian, and supply side theories are based on the concept of equilibria. But in reality the relations among variables may build causal loops that are change-amplifying. The morphogenetic economic the ory includes in its analysis both change-amplifying and change-counteracting causal loops. In the existing economic theories, the major policy tools are money supply and government expenditure. But in the morphogenetic economics, some other elements can be seen as effective policy tools, depending on the node factor, the velocity, and the strength of the causal loops they belong to. The present overdependence on money supply or government expenditure as main tools of economic policy is inadequate. Furthermore, the morphogenetic economics differs from the existing economic theories in its calculation of the level of equilibria and of crowdingout effects.
Lipid Activation of CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase Is Regulated by the Phosphorylated Carboxyl-terminal Domain

The role of the phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal domain of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) in the regulation of enzyme activity was investigated by comparing the catalytic properties of wild-type CT to two mutant proteins with altered carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation domains. CT isolated from a baculovirus expression system was extensively phosphorylated at multiple sites in the carboxyl-terminal domain. The CT[S315A] mutant lacked a major CT phosphorylation site, and the carboxyl-terminal deletion mutant, CT[Δ312-367], was not phosphorylated. The higher activities of CT[Δ312-367] and CT[S315A] relative to CT were attributed to differences in the sensitivities of the enzymes to lipid activators. The rank order of the apparent Kmvalues for activation by either phosphatidylcholine/oleic acid or phosphatidylcholine/diacylglycerol was CT > CT[S315A] > CT[Δ312-367]. In addition, CT exhibited negative cooperativity in its activation by phosphatidylcholine/oleic acid (nH = 0.64) and phosphatidylcholine/diacylglycerol (nH = 0.74) vesicles, whereas CT[Δ312-367] and CT[S315A] did not. These data support the concept that the phosphorylation of the CT carboxyl-terminal domain interferes with the activation of CT by lipid regulators.
Method choice: Five discussant commentaries

Productive dialogue is informed best by multiple and diverse voices. Five seasoned evaluators, representing a range of evaluation perspectives, offer their views in two- to three-page discussant contributions. These individuals were asked to reflect and comment on the previous chapters in the spirit of critical review as a key source of evidence about methods choice.
The role of protein in the estrogen-stimulated in vitro RNA synthesis of isolated rat uterine nucleoli.

Abstract Immature rat uterine nucleoli were isolated and their ability to synthesize RNA in vitro was determined. Estradiol-17β injected intraperitoneally 2 hr prior to killing stimulated rat uterine nucleolar in vitro RNA synthesis both quantitatively and qualitatively. The intraperitoneal administration of cycloheximide as late as 10 min prior to the end of a 2-hr estrogen exposure prevented both the quantitative and qualitative changes stimulated by estrogen. The data suggest that estrogen-stimulated rat uterine nucleolar RNA synthesis requires the continuous synthesis of protein.
Draft Genome Sequence of MKD8, a Conjugal Recipient Mycobacterium smegmatis Strain.

ABSTRACT We report an annotated draft genome sequence of the Mycobacterium smegmatis strain MKD8. This strain acts as a recipient during conjugation with the reference M. smegmatis strain mc2155. While the genomes of the two strains are colinear and have similar sizes, extensive genome-wide sequence variation suggests rich diversity within the M. smegmatis clade.
The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954

Acknowledgments List of abbreviations Introduction 1. The diplomatic heritage 2. The postwar years: independence compromised 3. L'annee terrible 4. Americanizing the French 5. Building an alliance 6. The Marshall plan 7. Military aid and French independence 8. The United States and French Indochina 9. France declares its independence Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Mechanisms and consequences of cellular cholesterol exchange and transfer

It is apparent from consideration of the reactions involved in cellular cholesterol homeostasis that passive transfer of unesterified cholesterol molecules plays a role in cholesterol transport in vivo. Studies in model systems have established that free cholesterol molecules can transfer between membranes by diffusion through the intervening aqueous layer. Desorption of free cholesterol molecules from the donor lipid-water interface is rate-limiting for the overall transfer process and the rate of this step is influenced by interactions of free cholesterol molecules with neighboring phospholipid molecules. The influence of phospholipid unsaturation and sphingomyelin content on the rate of free cholesterol exchange are known in pure phospholipid bilayers and similar effects probably occur in cell membranes. The rate of free cholesterol clearance from cells is determined by the structure of the plasma membrane. It follows that the physical state of free cholesterol in the plasma membrane is important for the kinetics of cholesterol clearance and cell cholesterol homeostasis, as well as the structure of the plasma membrane. Bidirectional flux of free cholesterol between cells and lipoproteins occurs and rate constants characteristic of influx and efflux can be measured. The direction of any net transfer of free cholesterol is determined by the relative free cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios of the donor and acceptor particles. Cholesterol diffuses down its gradient of chemical potential generally partitioning to the phospholipid-rich particle. Such a surface transfer process can lead to delivery of cholesterol to cells. This mechanism operates independently of any lipoprotein internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The influence of enzymes such as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and hepatic lipase on the direction of net transfer of free cholesterol between lipoproteins and cells can be understood in terms of their effects on the pool sizes and the rate constants for influx and efflux. Excess accumulation of free cholesterol in cells stimulates the rate of cholesteryl ester formation and induces deposition of cholesteryl ester inclusions in the cytoplasm similar to the situation in the 'foam' cells of atherosclerotic plaque. Clearance of cellular cholesteryl ester requires initial hydrolysis to free cholesterol followed by efflux of this free cholesterol. The rate of clearance of cholesteryl ester from cytoplasmic droplets is influenced by the physical state of the cholesteryl ester; liquid-crystalline cholesteryl ester is removed more slowly than cholesteryl ester in a liquid state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Facilitating the Transitions of Secondary English Language Learners: Priorities for Principals

English language learners (ELLs) constitute a growing proportion of secondary school students in the United States. Their lives are complicated by the fact that they are in the midst of developmental, sociocultural, and institutional transitions. This article proposes six priorities for principals who seek to facilitate the transitions of ELLs into, through, and beyond secondary school.
Spline Based Path Planning for Unmanned Air Vehicles

A trajectory planning scheme that generates feasible flight routes for an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) is developed. A preliminary path is generated from a Voronoi diagram based on threat locations. This path consists of a series of straight-line segments that cannot be followed exactly by the UAV. Using a series of cubic splines to connect these straightline segments, this path is refined into an optimum path that is flyable by the UAV. Utilizing a decomposition strategy, both the full path (coarse detail) to the target and the proximate optimum path (fine detail) near the UAV can be quickly computed. The remainder of the optimal proximate path is computed incrementally as the UAV flies the previously computed portion of the path. By decomposing the problem into many smaller problems, the computational burden for calculating optimal paths approaches the near-real-time capabilities desired for the planner. The decomposition approach also allows pop-up threats that occur along the path to be handled efficiently. Simulation results are presented that illustrate the strengths of the approach.
Mask specification for for wafer process optimization

Mask specification has been playing ever-increasing role for wafer process optimization with tightening design rule. It is very critical to optimize specifications and sampling sizes to ensure quality as well as minimize cost and TPT for high volume manufacturing. In this paper, key parameters for mask specification affecting wafer litho process window will be discussed. Examples of how to derive key mask specification based on the litho process margin will be examined. The mask CD targeting control and plate to plate CD variation reduction strategy will be discussed.
Pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cattle following supplementation of progesterone after artificial insemination

Abstract Poor conception rates in highly productive lactating cattle is especially prevalent in large, intensively-managed commercial herds. One of the causative factors is sub-optimal pre-implantation embryonic development which appears to result from inadequate circulating concentrations of progesterone. In the present study, the efficacy of very modest progesterone supplementation, between Days 3.5 and 10 post-AI, on pregnancy rates was determined in a commercial herd where bovine somatotropin (bST) was used as a management tool. All lactating cattle that were deemed to be in estrus and inseminated over a 4-week period were randomly assigned to either a control group (no treatment) or CIDR-1.9 g (previously used for estrous synchronization) treatment from Day 3.5 to Day 10 post-AI. Milk samples were collected four times: on the day of AI, at Day 2 or 3, at Day 4 and at Day 22 post-AI and were analyzed for progesterone content. Data from a total of 130 breedings were used in the final analysis. The CIDR treatment increased circulating concentrations of progesterone in treated animals over those of control animals on Day 4 by 0.7 ng/ml ( P P = 0.068). The effect of treatment was greater in first and second lactation cows, where pregnancy rates were 33% (18/55) in controls and 51% (31/61) in treated animals ( P = 0.03). The results of this study indicate that the timing of onset of the progesterone influence is important for successful pregnancy outcome, particularly in first and second lactation cows.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VAGINITIS

Summary Vulvovaginitis in childhood has been defined and a working classification devised. The diagnosis is made by a thorough history, physical examination, and the use of appropriate laboratory aids. Adequate examination of the vagina and cervix and the taking of cultures are absolutely necessary in all cases. Treatment should be individualized on the basis of the etiologic agent involved. The importance of personal cleanliness cannot be overemphasized, as it is probably the most important factor in the treatment.
Relationship between magnetic anomalies and occurrence of gold (Kolyma river basin)

(1969). Relationship between magnetic anomalies and occurrence of gold (Kolyma river basin) International Geology Review: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 21-23.
WHY I BELIEVE IN AN EXTERNAL WORLD

: I claim in this article that if my experience is such that it seems to me that there is an external object before me, then I have reason to believe that there is an external object before me. The sceptic argues that since my having the experience is compatible both with there being and with there not being an external object before me, I have no reason to believe that the former possibility obtains and not the latter. I respond that the sceptic has ignored a relevant difference between the two possibilities: I can make sense of the former possibility but not of the latter. I examine two broad categories of sceptical possibilities (dreams and hallucinations), explain why I cannot make sense of them, and explain why my inability to make sense of them gives me reason to believe they do not obtain.
Offshore outsourcing in global design networks

Researchers have examined the benefits of outsourcing engineering design services from various perspectives. However, the process by which complex engineering design work is outsourced across international boundaries requires further investigation. In this paper we examine three offshore outsourcing design projects involving a design team in the United States outsourcing part of the project design to an offshore design vendor. We analyze empirical interview data and primary documentation to induce a set of eight key issues associated with outsourcing engineering services across national boundaries. We further analyze variances in the perspectives of the client and the vendor and identify important differences. The findings highlight the importance of addressing (1) vendor concerns over trust development and knowledge sharing; (2) client concerns over quality control, communication, and schedule control; and (3) shared concerns over cultural barriers, role redundancy, and design practice norms. Understandi...
Object Detection using Geometrical Context Feedback

We propose a new coherent framework for joint object detection, 3D layout estimation, and object supporting region segmentation from a single image. Our approach is based on the mutual interactions among three novel modules: (i) object detector; (ii) scene 3D layout estimator; (iii) object supporting region segmenter. The interactions between such modules capture the contextual geometrical relationship between objects, the physical space including these objects, and the observer. An important property of our algorithm is that the object detector module is capable of adaptively changing its confidence in establishing whether a certain region of interest contains an object (or not) as new evidence is gathered about the scene layout. This enables an iterative estimation procedure where the detector becomes more and more accurate as additional evidence about a specific scene becomes available. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments are conducted on the table-top dataset (Sun et al. in ECCV, 2010b) and two publicly available datasets (Hoiem et al. in CVPR, 2006; Sudderth et al. in IJCV, 2008), and demonstrate competitive object detection, 3D layout estimation, and segmentation results.
The epistemological relevance of intrapersonal rhetoric

Expositors of the new rhetoric have become increasingly interested in investigating the epistemological properties of discourse. This essay replies to one such investigation and extends the notion of rhetoric as a “way of knowing” to intrapersonal communication.
Effects of Divided Attention on fMRI Correlates of Memory Encoding

Performing a secondary task concurrently with a study task has a detrimental effect on later memory for studied items. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this effect, the processing resources available for an incidental encoding task were varied by manipulating secondary task difficulty. fMRI data were acquired as volunteers (n = 16) made animacy decisions to visually presented study words while concurrently performing either an easy or a hard auditory monitoring task. "Subsequent memory effects"—greater activity at study for words later remembered versus words later forgotten—were identified in the left ventral inferior frontal gyrus and the left anterior hippocampus. These effects did not vary according to whether the encoding task was performed concurrently with the easy or the hard secondary task. However, as secondary task difficulty increased, study-item activity declined and auditory-item activity increased in dorsolateral prefrontal and superior parietal regions that have been implicated in the support of executive and control functions. The findings suggest that dividing attention during encoding influences the probability of engaging the encoding operations that support later episodic memory, but does not alter the nature of the operations themselves. The findings further suggest that the probability of engaging these encoding operations depends on the level of general processing resources engaged in service of the study task.
Nanoscale silicon for electroluminescent devices

Although porous silicon has received the most attention over the last 5 years, other structures containing Si nanocrystallites have recently been shown to emit strong luminescence at room temperature. This presentation reviews the state-of-the-art in the preparation and properties of silicon quantum dot structures, and their use in electroluminescent devices. The materials science and the structural, chemical, electrical, and optical properties of both porous silicon and recrystallized silicon superlattices are discussed. The fabrication of light-emitting devices consisting of these two types of nanoscale silicon materials is then described. Finally, the present and projected stability, efficiency, and speed of these LEDS is reviewed and their integration with silicon microelectronic driver circuits demonstrated.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of a Low Power Cylindrical Hall Thruster

Summary form only given. Hall thruster is a mature electric propulsion device that holds considerable promise in terms of the propellant saving potential. The annular design of the conventional Hall thruster, however, does not naturally lend itself to scaling to low power. The efficiency tends to be lower, and the lifetime issues are more aggravated. Cylindrical geometry Hall thrusters have lower surface-to-volume ratio than conventional annular thrusters and, thus, seem to be more promising for scaling down. A miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster (2.6 cm channel outer diameter, 50-300 W power range) exhibits performance comparable with conventional annular Hall thrusters of the similar size. The cylindrical thruster has discharge characteristics similar to those of the annular thrusters, but its propellant ionization efficiency is much higher than that of the annular thrusters. Significantly, a large fraction of multicharged xenon ions might be present in the outgoing ion flux generated by the cylindrical thruster. The operation of the cylindrical thruster is quieter than that of the annular thrusters. The characteristic peak in the discharge current fluctuation spectrum at 50-60 kHz appears to be due to ionization instabilities. Electron cross-field transport in a 2.6 cm cylindrical Hall thruster was studied through the analysis of experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations of electron dynamics in the thruster channel. Kinetic modeling of electron and ion dynamics in the thruster channel allows one to optimize the electron confinement and ion acceleration over a family of realizable magnetic field and plasma potential distributions
The effects of subcellular localization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-Mce6 conjugates in a human ovarian carcinoma

Photosensitizers, light-sensitive compounds, become activated upon illumination with a specific wavelength of light generating cytotoxic oxygen species. Due to the short half-life of singlet oxygen, the subcellular site of localization and excitation affects the type of cellular damage produced as well as cellular responses to different types of photodamage created within the cell. Here, we investigated the effects of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-mesochlorin e(6) monoethylenediamine (Mce(6)) conjugates localized to different subcellular compartments. Temperature was utilized to achieve subcellular localization of conjugates and subcellular fractionation was performed to confirm localization patterns of HPMA copolymer-Mce(6) conjugates. Cytotoxicity studies suggest plasma membrane and late endosomes were more sensitive to photodamage than lysosomal compartments as observed by an approximate 2-fold decrease in the IC(50) compared to lysosomally accumulated conjugate. Releasing Mce(6) from the polymer backbone within lysosomal compartments significantly lowered the IC(50) when compared to HPMA copolymer conjugates with Mce6 bound via a nondegradable linkage. These differences will prove useful in the future design of HPMA copolymer-Mce(6) conjugates for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Purification of the native form of tyrosine aminotransferase from rat liver.

Abstract A procedure that provides a homogeneous, native form of tyrosine aminotransferase ( l -tyrosine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5) from rat liver in exceptionally high yield is described. This goal is accomplished by rapidly inactivating the lysosomal converting factor that generates two additional, lower-molecular-weight forms of tyrosine aminotransferase, and by separating the native enzyme from the altered forms by chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 and an optional hydroxylapatite step. Homogeneity appears to be achieved after the carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 step, and the final yield of the enzyme exceeds 30%.
Nitrogen Dynamics in a Marginal Sea-Ice Zone

Abstract Intense blooms of phytoplankton develop at the edge of the seasonal sea ice in the southeastern Bering Sea in spring. These blooms are closely associated with extremely strong water column density stratification due to ice melt. Here we examine the nitrogen requirements of the phytoplankton and evaluate the importance of nitrogen sources to the surface mixed layer. Ammonium and nitrate uptake rates and inorganic nitrogen concentrations within the mixed layer over a 12-day period in May 1982 showed that the amount of nutrient initially present was insufficient to satisfy the requirements of the phytoplankton. During the late winter, inorganic nitrogen levels over the Bering Sea shelf are approximately 18–20 mg-at. NH 4 m −2 and 332–427 mg-at. NO 3 -N m −2 in a 25 m surface mixed layer. Phytoplankton specific nitrogen uptake rates measured with 15 N averaged 0.0071 h −1 for ammonium and 0.0208 h −1 for nitrate at locations representative of early bloom conditions. The total nitrogen productivity over the 12-day period during which a phytoplankton bloom developed was estimated at 370.8 mg-at. NH 4 m −2 and 588.5 mg-at. NO 3 m −2 . Nitrogen was not found to limit the bloom associated with the ice edge and N-uptake rates appeared to be close to saturation values. These uptake rates are used in a budget which provides some general boundary conditions for nitrogen input rates to the mixed layer by different biological and physical mechanisms. The budget was run as an electronic spreadsheet on a personal computer. After examining the various possible sources, we conclude that upwelling associated with the ice edge in conjunction with stationary fronts and in situ ammonification by nanoplankton and bacteria are the significant processes involved in inorganic nitrogen supply. The model presented is an efficient tool for examining physical processes at the ice edge if detailed measurements of biological parameters are available.
Assessing The Impact Of Human Resource Accounting Information On Managerial Decisions: A Field Experiment

The purpose of this article is to report the results of a field experiment designed to assess the impact of human resource accounting (HRA) information on layoff decisions made by managers. The study is a partial replication and extension of studies by Tomassini and Oliver and Flamholtz. The findings of this study are similar to the earlier studies; human resource accounting information does make a difference in personnel layoff decisions and enables managers to increase their level of confidence regarding decisions of this sort.
Relationship Between Dam's Age at Bull's Birth and Bull's Genetic Evaluation

Abstract After accounting for year of birth of bulls, younger dams produced superior sons. Bulls' PD, parent average, and pedigree index milk decreased with increasing age of dams at bull's birth. This appears to be due to decrease in maternal grandsire's PD milk and dam's Cow Index milk with increase in age of dam. Younger dams have an advantage of potentially higher genetic merit due to genetic trend but have less information included in their evaluations. Bull's latest parent average and pedigree index overestimated latest PD milk. This overestimation was not different with age of dam at bull's birth, suggesting that the bias in predicting bulls' PD from eventual evaluations of dams chosen at a younger age is not different than for dams chosen at a later age. Data were for 2826 bulls sampled by four AI organizations and born between 1965 and 1981. The increase in PD milk of bulls was about 27 kg/yr, but the trend was larger (45 kg/yr) during the last 5 yr. Inclusion of dam's age did not improve prediction of bull's PD milk. Maternal grandsire's PD milk was the primary variable associated with dam's age that accounted for lower bull's PD milk, mainly because older dams tended to have sires of lower genetic merit.