cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrimination among visual stimuli by classification of their single evoked potentials.

A correlation classifier and a maximum likelihood quadratic classifier are used to classify single evoked potentials from four different, visual stimuli. Forward sequential feature selection was employed with the quadratic classifier to reduce data dimensionality. The features selected by this method were the signal amplitudes at latencies at which polarity reversals were present in the averages. Examination of detected peaks from the single v.e.p.s suggested that the polarity reversals were also present in the single v.e.p.s. The quadratic classifier gave better than 90% recognition for the case of four classes and three classes.
Biorthogonal-wavelets-based iris recognition

Iris recognition has been demonstrated to be an efficient technology for doing personal identification. In this work, a method to perform iris recognition using biorthogonal wavelets is introduced. Effective use of biorthogonal wavelets using a lifting technique to encode the iris information is demonstrated. This new method minimizes built in noise of iris images using in-band thresholding in order to provide better mapping and encoding of the relevant information. Comparison of Gabor encoding, similar to the method used by Daugman and others, and biorthogonal wavelet encoding is performed. While Daugman's approach is a well-proven algorithm, the effectiveness of our algorithm is shown for the CASIA database, based on the ability to classify inter and intra class distributions, and may provide more flexibility for non-ideal images. The method was tested on the CASIA dataset of iris images with over 4,536 intra-class and 566,244 inter-class comparisons made. After calculating Hamming distances and for the selected threshold value of 0.4, FRR and FAR values were 13.6% and 0.6% using Gabor filter and 0% and 0.03% using the biorthogonal wavelets.
A Student-Accessible Computerized Gradebook That Facilitates Self-Regulated Studying Behavior

I describe how a computerized gradebook that allowed students to check their grades was evaluated for its potential to help students become self-regulated learners. Students tended to be consistent in their checking behavior, and this checking behavior was unrelated to personality differences. Compared to their peers, students who checked their grades often were more motivated to succeed and more successful in the course—just as is expected of self-regulated learners. The computerized gradebook is discussed as a useful tool for instructors seeking to increase students' self-regulation.
Clinical studies on the use of radiation therapy as primary treatment of early breast cancer

The treatment of operable breast cancer by primary radiation therapy instead of mastectomy is undergoing evaluation in the United States and Europe. Retrospective studies of patients treated by primary radiation therapy show that local control and survival rates are comparable to those obtained by mastectomy. Detailed analysis of local failure following primary radiation therapy indicates the importance of excisional biopsy of the primary tumor, moderate doses of radiation to the breast and draining lymph node areas, and the use of a boost to the primary tumor area in maximizing local control. Further, the judicious use of local excision combined with meticulous radiotherapy technique yields highly satisfactory results for the majority of treated patients. Preliminary results from prospective trials also indicate that primary radiation therapy provides both local control and survival rates equivalent to mastectomy. Primary radiation therapy is becoming an increasingly important alternative to mastectomy where surgical and radiotherapeutic expertise are available to optimize both local tumor control and the final cosmetic outcome.
Cooper pairing in ultracold 40 K using Feshbach resonances

We point out that the fermionic isotope ${}^{40}\mathrm{K}$ is a likely candidate for the formation of Cooper pairs in an ultracold atomic gas. Specifically, in an optical trap that simultaneously traps the spin states $|9/2,\ensuremath{-}9/2〉$ and $|9/2,\ensuremath{-}7/2〉,$ there exists a broad magnetic-field Feshbach resonance at ${B=196}_{\ensuremath{-}21}^{+9}$ G that can provide the required strong attractive interaction between atoms. An additional resonance, at ${B=191}_{10}^{+5}$ G, could generate p-wave pairing between identical $|9/2,\ensuremath{-}7/2〉$ atoms. A Cooper-paired degenerate Fermi gas could thus be constructed with existing ultracold-atom technology.
Ultra-stable visible electroluminescence from crystalline-Si/O superlattice

Abstract We report an extremely stable electroluminescent device utilizing a crystalline Si/O superlattice, grown by molecular beam epitaxy with in situ oxygen exposure. Oxygen exposure is used to limit the growth of oxides to one or less than one monolayer in order to continue the silicon epitaxial growth. The visible EL, with electrons injected through a Schottky barrier into the c-Si/O superlattice, shows a spectrum with a peak at 2 eV. The EL device has been life-tested for over seven months without degradation. The robustness and stability of the c-Si/O superlattice would open a door for combining IC with integrated optics.
A new protein factor functional in the ferredoxin-independent light activation of chloroplast fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.

Abstract A protein purified from chloroplasts (the “new protein factor”) activated Fru-P2ase in a photochemical reaction that depended only on chloroplast membranes. The results suggest that chloroplasts utilize the newly found mechanism for the photoregulation of Fru-P2ase in addition to the recently described ferredoxin/thioredoxin system.
Regulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine release by the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat

The effects of microinfusingl-glutamate, serotonin (5-HT), (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH DPAT; a 5-HT1A agonist), and muscimol (a GABAA agonist) into the dorsal raphe nucleus on the extracellular levels of 5-HT, dopamine (DA) and their metabolites in the nucleus accumbens were studied in unanesthetized, freely moving, adult male Wistar rats, using the technique of microdialysis coupled with small-bore HPLC. Administration of 0.75 μgl-glutamate produced a 25–50% increase (P<0.05) in the extracellular levels of both 5-HT and DA. On the other hand, infusion of 8-OH DPAT and, to a lesser extent, 5-HT produced a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the extracellular levels of both 5-HT and DA. Muscimol (0.25 or 0.50 μg) had little effect on the extracellular concentrations of 5-HT or DA following its administration. In general, the extracellular levels of the major metabolites of 5-HT and DA in the nucleus accumbens were not altered by microinfusion of any of the agents. The data indicate that (a) the 5-HT neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens from the dorsal raphe nucleus can be activated by excitatory amino acid receptors and inhibited by stimulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, and (b) the dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT neuronal system may regulate the ventral tegmental area DA projection to the nucleus accumbens.
Syntheses and structures of CsHo3Te5 and Cs3Tm11Te18 and the electronic structure of CsHo3Te5

Abstract Single crystals of CsHo 3 Te 5 and Cs 3 Tm 11 Te 18 have been grown as byproducts in the synthesis of Cs Ln ZnTe 3 ( Ln =Ho or Tm) through the reaction of Ln , Zn, and Te with a CsCl flux at 850 °C. The crystal structures have been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. CsHo 3 Te 5 crystallizes in space group Pnma of the orthorhombic system whereas Cs 3 Tm 11 Te 18 crystallizes in the space group C 2 /m of the monoclinic system. Each of the compounds adopts a three-dimensional structure; each possesses tunnels built from Ln Te 6 octahedra that are filled with Cs atoms. The pseudo-rectangular tunnel in CsHo 3 Te 5 is large enough in cross-section to accommodate two symmetrically equivalent Cs atoms. In the Cs 3 Tm 11 Te 18 structure there are two different sized tunnels: the smaller one is only large enough to host one Cs atom per unit cell whereas the larger one can accommodate two Cs atoms. The electronic structure of CsHo 3 Te 5 was calculated. The band gap is estimated to be about 1.2 eV, consistent with the black color of the crystals.
The strategic choice of multiethnic parties in Zambia's dominant and personalist party system

Abstract In Zambia, ethnopolitical mobilisation is ubiquitous in competitive electoral politics. Mobilisation history, focused on national leadership and guided by the nationalist and power- and status-seeking values of political leaders, has interacted with ethnopolitical group morphology and presidential and plurality institutions to structure political actors' strategic choices to favour broad multiethnic parties. This militates against the emergence and undermines the sustainability of ethnic parties that rely overwhelmingly on one group for support. The political downfall of the one leader who assembled an initially successful minimum winning coalition reinforced these factors in encouraging parties to seek more inclusive multiethnic support.
Participation of miR-200 in pulmonary fibrosis.

Excessive extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts in response to tissue injury contributes to fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, involving transition of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) to pulmonary fibroblasts, appears to be an important contributory process to lung fibrosis. Although aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRs) is involved in a variety of pathophysiologic processes, the role of miRs in fibrotic lung diseases is less well understood. In the present study, we found that miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c are significantly down-regulated in the lungs of mice with experimental lung fibrosis. Levels of miR-200a and miR-200c were reduced in the lungs of patients with IPF. miR-200 had greater expression in AECs than in lung fibroblasts, and AECs from mice with experimental pulmonary fibrosis had diminished expression of miR-200. We found that the miR-200 family members inhibit transforming growth factor-β1–induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of AECs. miR-200 family members can reverse the fibrogenic activity of pulmonary fibroblasts from mice with experimental pulmonary fibrosis and from patients with IPF. Indeed, the introduction of miR-200c diminishes experimental pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Thus, the miR-200 family members participate importantly in fibrotic lung diseases and suggest that restoring miR-200 expression in the lungs may represent a novel therapeutic approach in treating pulmonary fibrotic diseases.
Use of simple docking methods to screen a virtual library for heteroactivators of cytochrome P450 2C9.

Several laboratories have demonstrated that activation of drug metabolism by P450s may occur via a mechanism that resembles allosterism from an enzyme kinetic standpoint. Because the effector drug binding site may be located in the same P450 binding pocket where the drug substrate is located, the ability to find and characterize novel effectors (aka heteroactivators) will prove to be important in probing the mechanism of activation. We have used analogues of the prototypical CYP2C9 heteroactivator dapsone to validate a simple docking method that can be used to predict heteroactivators based on ligand binding location in a P450 crystal structure. As proof of concept for the described docking method, a protocol was developed to discover potential heteroactivators from a virtual chemical library through efficient sorting of >40 000 compounds. One of the top-scoring compounds identified was verified to be a CYP2C9 heteroactivator in vitro, and it possessed activity similar to dapsone.
Characterization of metal hydride electrodes by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Resistive components of various metal hydride electrodes were evaluated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Examples of applications of the technique are reported: characterization of (1) the difference in performance between a misch-metal-based alloy electrode and a titanium-based alloy electrode and (2) the influence of the storage period of misch-metal-based alloy powder on the alloy surface activity.
Gene transfer in lymphoid cells: expression of the Thy-1.2 antigen by Thy-1.1 BW5147 lymphoma cells transfected with unfractionated cellular DNA

Abstract We have transferred the gene coding for the Thy-1.2 alloantigen into a Thy-1.1-bearing T-cell lymphoma. BALB/c thymocyte DNA, precipitated with calcium phosphate, was used to effect the transfer. We report the stable transformation of lymphoid cells by total cellular DNA. To our knowledge, this has not been previously reported. Transient expression of the transfected gene could be detected by flow cytofluorometry, and 5% (range, 1.5%-11%) of the recipient cells had Thy-1.2 antigen detectable on their surface 48 hr after transfer. "Stable" transformants were isolated by repeatedly selecting for cells expressing the Thy-1.2 antigen, by use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting or "panning." No metabolic selection was required. The transferred gene, detected by Southern blotting, encoded a product that is indistinguishable from the normal antigen by immunoprecipitation and NaDod-SO4/PAGE.
Angucyclines: Biosynthesis, mode-of-action, new natural products, and synthesis.

Covering: 1997 to 2010 The angucycline group is the largest group of type II PKS-engineered natural products, rich in biological activities and chemical scaffolds. This stimulated synthetic creativity and biosynthetic inquisitiveness. The synthetic studies used five different strategies, involving Diels-Alder reactions, nucleophilic additions, electrophilic additions, transition-metal mediated cross-couplings and intramolecular cyclizations to generate the angucycline frames. Biosynthetic studies were particularly intriguing when unusual framework rearrangements by post-PKS tailoring oxidoreductases occurred, or when unusual glycosylation reactions were involved in decorating the benz[a]anthracene-derived cores. This review follows our previous reviews, which were published in 1992 and 1997, and covers new angucycline group antibiotics published between 1997 and 2010. However, in contrast to the previous reviews, the main focus of this article is on new synthetic approaches and biosynthetic investigations, most of which were published between 1997 and 2010, but go beyond, e.g. for some biosyntheses all the way back to the 1980s, to provide the necessary context of information.
Development of layer-by-layer assembled carbon nanofiber-filled coatings to reduce polyurethane foam flammability

Layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies made with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are shown to reduce the flammability of polyurethane foam. The 359 ± 36 nm thick four bilayer coating of polyethyleneimine/CNF (cationic layer) and poly(acrylic acid) (anionic layer) contains 51 ± 1 mass fraction % CNF. This coating completely covers the entire internal and external surfaces of the porous foam. Even though the microscopic CNF distribution was non-uniform, the macroscopic CNF network armor that was generated from this LbL process significantly reduced the flammability of the foam (e.g., 40% ± 3% reduction in peak heat release rate). Normalized by flame retardant concentration, the reduction in foam peak heat release due to these CNF coatings is 38% larger than CNF embedded in the foam and as high as 1138% greater than other commercial technologies used to reduce foam flammability.
Variations on a molecular switch: transport and sensory signalling by archaeal rhodopsins

The archaeal rhodopsins are a family of seven-transmembrane-helix, visual pigment-like proteins found in Halobacterium salinarum and related halophilic Archaea. Two, bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and halorhodopsin (HR), are transport rhodopsins that carry out light-driven electrogenic translocation of protons and chloride, respectively, across the cell membrane. The other two, sensory rhodopsins I and II (SRI and SRII), are phototaxis receptors that send signals to tightly bound transducer proteins that in turn control a phosphorylation cascade modulating the cell's flagellar motors. Recent progress has cast light on how nature has modified the common design of these proteins to carry out their distinctly different functions: electrogenic ion transport and non-electrogenic signal transduction. A key shared mechanism between BR and SRII appears to be an interhelical salt bridge locked conformational switch that is released by photoisomerization of retinal. In BR disruption of the lock opens a cytoplasmic half-channel that ensures uptake of the transported proton from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane at a critical time in the pumping cycle. Transducer-free SRI uses the same mechanism to carry out light-driven proton transport, but interaction with its transducer blocks the cytoplasmic half-channel thereby interrupting the transport cycle. In SRI, transducer interaction also disrupts the salt bridge in the dark, poising the receptor in an intermediate conformation able to produce opposite signals depending on the colour of the stimulus light. A model for signalling is proposed in which the salt bridge-controlled half-channel is used to modulate interaction with the Htr proteins when the receptor signalling states are formed.
Effects of light change direction, food deprivation, and sex upon bar pressing in rats

Light onset effects compared with no change in darkness, and offset compared with no change in the light depended on sex. Males pressed more in light and more to turn light on, females pressed more in darkness and more to turn light off. Deprivation response was higher regardless of light change contingency.
Two-state models of protein folding kinetics

The folding of some proteins appears to be a two-state kinetic process. A two-state kinetic model is justified if protein molecules rapidly equilibrate between different unfolded conformations prior to complete folding. Here I show that this rapid equilibration is a natural consequence of reasonable assumptions about reaction rate constants and folding thermodynamics.
Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920

"Scholars as well as the general reader will find Desert Immigrants an engaging and informative book. It is based on a detailed reading of El Paso's English and Spanish language newspapers as well as oral interviews and manuscript collections. A myriad of facts and names are meticulously organized to make a general argument. The book succeeds in linking the local history to larger themes in American history and as such stands as an example to be emulated by other historians of the Southwest."-Richard Griswold del Castillo, Journal of American History "Carefully and thoroughly researched, the study examines Mexican immigration, housing, education, politics, economics, and culture and clearly demonstrates that Mexicans contributed significantly to the development of El Paso as an important railroad, mining, commercial and ranching center of the Southwest."-Library Journal "Well organized, well documented, and well written."-Choice "The book is a major contribution - the product of serious research, competently written, and almost entirely free of partisan emotion."-C.L. Sonnichsen, The Journal of Arizona History "A gracefully written social and urban history." -Luis Leobardo Arroyo, La Red/The Net (National Chicano Newsletter)
Adherent Al2O3 scales formed on undoped NiCrAl alloys

Changes in the spalling behavior of Al2O3 scales formed on an undoped NiCrAl alloy are described. Two samples of Ni-15Cr-13Al (wt pct), one a control and the other sanded, were subjected to 25 oxidation cycles. It is observed that adherent scales formed on the sanded sample; however, the control sample had speckled, spalled scales. The data reveal that the adherent scales are caused by repeated removal of surface layers after each oxidation cycle. It is determined that interfacial segregation of sulfur influences spallation and sulfur removal increases bonding. The effect of moisture on scale adhesions is investigated.
Value and limitations of current methods of evaluating patients presenting to the emergency room with cardiac-related symptoms for determining long-term prognosis.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the value and limitations of the current approach for evaluating patients in the emergency room (ER) with cardiac-related symptoms in terms of predicting long-term outcome. Accordingly, 274 consecutive prospectively identified patients presenting to the ER with such symptoms were evaluated, and follow-up was obtained at 20 ± 9 months in 265 of them (97%). Adverse cardiovascular events were defined as: nonfatal myocardial infarction, death, cerebrovascular accident with neurologic deficit, life-threatening arrhythmia and cardiac surgery. Eighty-three patients (31%) had a cardiovascular event during follow-up; 42 occurred within 48 hours of ER presentation, whereas 41 occurred in the ensuing months. Findings on physical examination and electrocardiogram provided additional prognostic information, compared with that of history alone, when added sequentially into a Cox model. However, by discriminant function analysis, only 63% of actual events were correctly predicted by the model. Events occurring after 48 hours of ER presentation were correctly predicted only 50% of the time compared with those occurring within 48 hours of ER presentation, which were correctly predicted 75% of the time (p = 0.04). It is concluded that patients presenting to the ER with cardiac-related symptoms are at high risk for adverse cardiovascular events. The likelihood of an event occurring after 48 hours of presentation is as high as one occurring within 48 hours. Current methods of evaluating such patients have limited prognostic value, particularly for those at long-term risk for events.
Functional diversity of soils along environmental gradients in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica

Abstract The University of Wisconsin Antarctic Soils database was used to examine soils at four sites along a latitudinal gradient that included Rennick Glacier (72°S), Taylor Valley (77°S), Hatherton Glacier (80°S), and Beardmore Glacier (85°S). The soils, derived from glacial drifts ranging from Holocene to Pliocene in age, were stratified at each site by microclimate into subxerous (coastal), xerous (valley floors and sidewalls), and ultraxerous (edge of polar plateau). Analysis of variance and principal components analysis were used to determine the relative influence of latitude, longitude (soil climate along the valley profile), and time of exposure on soil properties and diversity. Time of exposure is the most important factor influencing functional diversity of soils, including depths of staining, coherence, visible salts, and ghosts; depth of ice-cemented permafrost; maximum color-development equivalence; salt and weathering stages; thickness of the salt pan; salt concentration in the salt-enriched layer, and the profile salt content to 70 cm. Soil climate is important with regards to the amount of available moisture, which generally decreases from the coast inland. Soil climate is important with regards to most of the properties, primarily salt content and depth to ice-cemented permafrost; however, soil climate is interactive with time of exposure as the youngest glacial deposits are often along the coast and the oldest deposits are in ultraxerous, upland-valley cirques. Soil differences within a specific soil climate zone were minimal along the latitudinal gradient except for salt chemistry. The proportion of nitrate in soil–water extracts increased and the proportion of sulfate decreased with an increase in latitude. The results of this study have important implications regarding terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Controlling poly(β-amino ester) network properties through macromer branching

Photopolymerizable and degradable biomaterials are becoming important in the development of advanced materials in the fields of tissue engineering, drug delivery, and microdevices. We have recently developed a library of poly(β-amino ester)s (PBAEs) that form networks with a wide range of mechanical properties and degradation rates that are controlled by simple alterations in the macromer molecular weight or chemical structure. In this study, the influence of macromer branching on network properties was assessed by adding the trifunctional monomer pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) during synthesis. This led to a dose-dependent increase in the network compressive modulus, tensile modulus, and glass transition temperature, and a decrease in the network soluble fraction, yet led to only minor variations in degradation profiles and reaction behavior. For instance, the tensile modulus increased from 1.98 ± 0.09 MPa to 3.88 ± 0.20 MPa when the macromer went from a linear structure to a more branched structure with the addition of PETA. When osteoblast-like cells were grown on thin films, there was an increase in cell adhesion and spreading as the amount of PETA incorporated during synthesis increased. Towards tissue engineering applications, porous scaffolds were fabricated by photopolymerizing around a poragen and then subsequently leaching the poragen. Interconnected pores were observed in the scaffolds and observed trends translated to the porous scaffold (i.e., increasing mechanics with increasing branching). These findings demonstrate a simple variation during macromer synthesis that can be used to further tune the physical properties of scaffolds for given applications, particularly for candidates from the PBAE library.
Evaluation of the results of research and development: Where we stand

Some current efforts to solve the problem of evaluating the economic results of R&D are described and critically examined. The various existing techniques have been grouped according to three levels of evaluation: 1) the broad macrolevels of the economy or the industry, 2) the narrower level of the firm and 3) the sharpest level of the individual research project. General comments are made on the nature of a number of mathematical models that have been proposed for evaluation at the various levels. The need for additional work in this area is pointed out.
INFLUENCE OF OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES ON EARLY EVENTS IN ANTIBODY FORMATION.

SummaryThe number of hemolysin-forming cells, assayed by Jerne's technique in spleens removed from AKR mice, 48 hours after immunization with heterologous red cells, is significantly higher when antigen is administered in conjunction with an enzymatic digest of calf thymus DNA. This stimulation by oligodeoxyribonucleotides is not matched by comparable effects of oligoribonucleotides; mixtures of monodeoxyribonucleotides or -sides are inactive. The stimulation appears to involve a stimulated multiplication of early appearing, or early activated, antibody-forming clones, and is more difficult to discern as the interval between immunization and assay of spleen cell populations increases. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides do not stimulate early immune responses unless specific antigen is administered concurrently; possible reasons for this requirement of antigen, in contrast to a lack of such requirement in comparable stimulations produced by bacterial endotoxins, are considered. The influence of dosage and route of ...
G. G. Simpson as Sam Magruder: Concession to the Ineluctable

In a posthumously published work of science fiction (The Dechronization of Sam Magruder, St. Martin's Press, 1996) the American paleontologist George G. Simpson (1902-1984) tells the story of Sam Magruder, a "chronologist" living in 2162 A.D, who was experimenting on the "quantum theory of time-motion" when he suffers a "time-slip" that puts him back in the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico. Helplessly lost in time and with no hope of returning to the present, Magruder ekes out a primitive existence for some years until a fatal accident befalls him. Before his death Magruder manages to chisel out his experience and philosophy of life on eight rock slabs that are recovered many millions of years later; and so his story becomes known and discussed by several Everyman characters.Simpson spins a reasonably engaging tale, but its main interest is the degree to which Magruder's philosophy of life may reflect Simpson's own feelings toward the end of his life. Always more comfortable in expressing his views in writin...
Differences in the binding properties of vinca alkaloids and colchicine to tubulin by varying protein sources and methodology.

Abstract We have evaluated the effects that methodology and species derivation have on the measurement of the interaction of tubulin with the alkaloids colchicme (CLC) and vinblastine (VLB). The results show that two different methods analyzed simultaneously differed significantly in their binding data. Further, variations in the measured association constants were observed from species to species as well as within a specie. On the basis of these results we conclude that differences in the processes for measuring binding of alkaloids to tubulin can influence the values determined and that differences in binding observed with the same methodology may result from differences in the source of tubulin.
Phospholipids from Bacillus stearothermophilus

Abstract The lipids of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain 2184 were extracted with chloroform-methanol and separated into neutral lipid and three phospholipid fractions by chromatography on silicic acid columns. The phospholipids were identified by specific staining reactions on silicic acid-impregnated paper, by chromatography of alkaline and acid hydrolysis products, and by determination of acyl ester:glycerol:nitrogen:phosphorus molar ratios. The total extractable lipid was 8% of the dry weight of whole cells and consisted of 30 to 40% neutral lipid and 60 to 70% phospholipid. The phospholipid consisted of diphosphatidyl glycerol (23 to 42%), phosphatidyl glycerol (22 to 39%), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (21 to 32%). The concentrations of diphosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol were lower in 2-hr cells than in 4- and 8-hr cells. Whole cells were fractionated by sonic treatment and differential centrifugation. The total lipid content, expressed in per cent of dry weight of each fraction was: whole protoplasts, 10%; membrane fraction, 18%; 30,000 × g particulate fraction, 22%; and 105,000 × g particulate fraction, 26%. The relative phospholipid concentrations in each fraction were about the same. As had been previously reported, none of the phospholipid was stable to alkaline hydrolysis.
A dirham hoard of the early eleventh century from northern Estonia and its importance for the routes by which dirhams reached Eastern Europe CA. 1000 AD

(1983). A dirham hoard of the early eleventh century from northern Estonia and its importance for the routes by which dirhams reached Eastern Europe CA. 1000 AD. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 185-201.
Targeting the "species gene ensemble".

The members of a given species display a normal distribution of gene expression which is here termed the species gene ensemble. This more specific designation of the ‘genetic background’ leads to a consideration of why gene targeting outcomes are regulated by the species gene ensemble. One consequence is the utility of the heterozygous knockout which buffers the drastic compensatory reactions of the homozygous knockout thereby revealing subtle but yet consistent alterations in hippocampally-dependent behaviors. Hippocampus 2002;12:105–108. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maleimide‐terminated amide‐imide prepolymers: Synthesis and basic properties

Representatives of a family of soluble, imidized maleimide-terminated amide-imide precursors for molding and composite applications were prepared and characterized. The key step was the preparation of an amine-terminated amide-imide intermediate that was needed in order to introduce the maleimide groups. Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) and its monoacid chloride (TMAC) were each investigated for utility in reaction with molar excesses of methylenedianiline. With TMA the limiting factor was the time-consuming amidation reaction, which, although catalyzed with triphenyl phosphite, required 24 hr to bring to completion in hot N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The use of TMAC provided a more facile route to the intermediate and, as shown by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), resulted in a narrower molecular weight range than with TMA for the final maleimide-terminated products. The reactions were followed by carboxyl titration, and the resulting products were characterized by IR, NMR, DTA, GPC, and inherent viscosity. The relative thermal capabilities were compared by isothermal aging as thin films (250°C) and as molded bars (316°C). Physical properties were assessed on glass laminates and molded bars. Although soluble in polar solvents, the products were viscosity unstable at ambient conditions. A solution to this problem was demonstrated by the preparation of the cyclopentadiene adduct, which was viscosity stable.
The effects of timing of pediatric knee ligament surgery on short-term academic performance in school-aged athletes.

BackgroundOrthopaedic injuries negatively affect the academic lives of children.HypothesisThe timing of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstructions affects academic performance in school-aged athletes.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 2.MethodsRecords of patients ≤18 years old who underwent ACL or MPFL reconstructions from 2001-2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Subjects had been administered a unique questionnaire to evaluate school life in the immediate postoperative period as well as International Knee Documentation Committee (IDKC), Lysholm, and Kujala knee-specific questionnaires. Patients were in 1 of 3 study cohorts: group A (surgery during school year), group B (surgery during school holiday), and group C (surgery during summer break).ResultsThere were 62 subjects (53 ACL and 12 MPFL reconstructions). A higher proportion of patients in group A required being driven to school (88.5%) than groups B (63.6%) or C (64.7%) (P < .05). A lower pro...
Lattice Boltzmann 2038

Based on the past twenty-five years of lattice Boltzmann research, we venture into a far-flung prediction for the next twenty-five, with past and future privileged over the present state of affairs.
Photoferroelectric image storage in antiferroelectric-phase PLZT ceramics

A recently discovered photoferroelectric (PFE) effect in which the electric-field-induced antiferroelectric (AFE)-to-ferroelectric (FE) phase transition is photoinhibited is used to store nonvolatile gray-scale images in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics. Stored images exhibit exceptionally high contrast and approximately linear gray-scale reproduction. Images are stored as spatial variations of the volume ratio of FE phase to the initial AFE phase. Localized variations of the ratio of FE to AFE phase produce related variations in light scattering. In the materials studied, the scattering effect partially depolarizes transmitted visible light, and the stored image can be viewed directly or projected onto a screen using crossed linear polarizers.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance parameters associated with early transplant-free survival in children with small left hearts following conversion from a univentricular to biventricular circulation

Background: We sought to identify cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters associated with successful univentricular to biventricular conversion in patients with small left hearts. Methods: Patients with small left heart structures and a univentricular circulation who underwent CMR prior to biventricular conversion were retrospectively identified and divided into 2 anatomic groups: 1) borderline hypoplastic left heart structures (BHLHS), and 2) right-dominant atrioventricular canal (RDAVC). The primary outcome variable was transplant-free survival with a biventricular circulation. Results: In the BHLHS group (n = 22), 16 patients (73%) survived with a biventricular circulation over a median follow-up of 40 months (4–84). Survival was associated with a larger CMR left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV) (p = 0.001), higher LV-to-right ventricle (RV) stroke volume ratio (p < 0.001), and higher mitral-to-tricuspid inflow ratio (p=0.04). For predicting biventricular survival, the addition of CMR threshold values to echocardiographic LV EDV improved sensitivity from 75% to 93% while maintaining specificity at 100%. In the RDAVC group (n=10), 9 patients (90%) survived with a biventricular circulation over a median follow-up of 29 months (3–51). The minimum CMR values were a LV EDV of 22 ml/m 2 and a LV-to-RV stroke volume ratio of 0.19. Conclusions: In BHLHS patients, a larger LV EDV, LV-to-RV stroke volume ratio, and mitral-to-tricuspid inflow ratio were associated with successful biventricular conversion. The addition of CMR parameters to echocardiographic measurements improved the sensitivity for predicting successful conversion. In RDAVC patients, the high success rate precluded discriminant analysis, but a range of CMR parameters permitting biventricular conversion were identified.
Recursive bipartitioning of BDDs for performance driven synthesis of pass transistor logic circuits

In this paper, we address the problem of performance oriented synthesis of pass transistor logic (PTL) circuits using a binary decision diagram (BDD) decomposition technique. We transform the BDD decomposition problem into a recursive bipartitioning problem and solve the latter using a max-flow min-cut technique. We use the area and delay cost of the PTL implementation of the logic function to guide the bipartitioning scheme. Using recursive bipartitioning and a one-hot multiplexer circuit, we show that our PTL implementation has logarithmic delay in the number of inputs, under certain assumptions. The experimental results on benchmark circuits are promising, since they show the significant delay reductions with small or no area overheads as compared to previous approaches.
Applications of temporal kernel canonical correlation analysis in adherence studies

Adherence to medication is often measured as a continuous outcome but analyzed as a dichotomous outcome due to lack of appropriate tools. In this paper, we illustrate the use of the temporal kernel canonical correlation analysis (tkCCA) as a method to analyze adherence measurements and symptom levels on a continuous scale. The tkCCA is a novel method developed for studying the relationship between neural signals and hemodynamic response detected by functional MRI during spontaneous activity. Although the tkCCA is a powerful tool, it has not been utilized outside the application that it was originally developed for. In this paper, we simulate time series of symptoms and adherence levels for patients with a hypothetical brain disorder and show how the tkCCA can be used to understand the relationship between them. We also examine, via simulations, the behavior of the tkCCA under various missing value mechanisms and imputation methods. Finally, we apply the tkCCA to a real data example of psychotic symptoms and adherence levels obtained from a study based on subjects with a first episode of schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder.
Synaptic pathways that shape the excitatory drive in an OFF retinal ganglion cell

Different types of retinal ganglion cells represent distinct spatiotemporal filters that respond selectively to specific features in the visual input. Much about the circuitry and synaptic mechanisms that underlie such specificity remains to be determined. This study examines how N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling combines with other excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms to shape the output of small-field OFF brisk-sustained ganglion cells (OFF-BSGCs) in the rabbit retina. We used voltage clamp to separately resolve NMDA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and inhibitory inputs elicited by stimulation of the receptive field center. Three converging circuits were identified. First is a direct glutamatergic input, arising from OFF cone bipolar cells (CBCs), which is mediated by synaptic NMDA and AMPA receptors. The NMDA input was saturated at 10% contrast, whereas the AMPA input increased monotonically up to 60% contrast. We propose that NMDA inputs selectively enhance sensitivity to low contrasts. The OFF bipolar cells, mediating this direct excitatory input, express dendritic kainate (KA) receptors, which are resistant to the nonselective AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium salt (NBQX), but are suppressed by a GluK1- and GluK3-selective antagonist, (S)-1-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-3-(2-carboxy-thiophene-3-yl-methyl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione (UBP-310). The second circuit entails glycinergic crossover inhibition, arising from ON-CBCs and mediated by AII amacrine cells, which modulate glutamate release from the OFF-CBC terminals. The third circuit also comprises glycinergic crossover inhibition, which is driven by the ON pathway; however, this inhibition impinges directly on the OFF-BSGCs and is mediated by an unknown glycinergic amacrine cell that expresses AMPA but not KA receptors.
CSR, Sustainability and the Meaning of Global Reporting for Latin American Corporations

We seek to add to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainable Development (SD) literature through the empirical study of Latin American firm membership in the United Nations Global Compact (GC) and Global Report Initiative (GRI). Within an institutional-based framework, we explore through three filters - commercial, state-signaling, and distinguished peers - the impact of normative and mimetic pressures associated with GC/GRI membership. Our sample includes 207 public firms from six Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru). Our results suggest Latin American firms from countries with a greater European influence (normative pressure) are twice as likely to be enrolled in the GC/GRI. Additionally, we find that Latin American firms listed on the NYSE (mimetic pressure) are also twice as likely to sign up under the GC/GRI. Hence, the normative and mimetic pillars of institutional theory are found to be significant factors for Latin American firms adopting sustainability initiatives.
Magnetic Tunnel Junction Logic Architecture for Realization of Simultaneous Computation and Communication

We investigated magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-based circuit that allows direct communication between elements without intermediate sensing amplifiers. Two- and three-input circuits that consist of two and three MTJs connected in parallel, respectively, were fabricated and are compared. The direct communication is realized by connecting the output in series with the input and applying voltage across the series connections. The logic circuit relies on the fact that a change in resistance at the input modulates the voltage that is needed to supply the critical current for spin-transfer torque switching the output. The change in the resistance at the input resulted in a voltage swing of 50-200 mV and 250-300 mV for the closest input states for the three and two input designs, respectively. The two input logic gate realizes the AND, NAND, NOR, and OR logic functions. The three-input logic function realizes the majority, AND, NAND, NOR, and OR logic operations.
Development and reliability of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the MCMI-III.

Summary This paper describes the methodology used to translate the MCMI–III into Brazilian Portuguese and presents results from a reliability study conducted in Brazil with the translated instrument. The sample was comprised of 222 Brazilian college students. Test-retest correlations between first and second testings (over a period of 7 to 14 days) ranged from .70 to .93 across 27 scales. Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from .54 to .87. The procedures described in this paper represent preliminary steps in the development of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the MCMI–III. Further studies are needed to obtain reliability data with a clinical sample, evaluate the diagnostic validity of the scales, and derive appropriate base rates for the Brazilian population.
PEDSTATS: descriptive statistics, graphics and quality assessment for gene mapping data

Summary: We describe a tool that produces summary statistics and basic quality assessments for gene-mapping data, accommodating either pedigree or case-control datasets. Our tool can also produce graphic output in the PDF format. Availability: http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/Pedstats/download/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/Pedstats/
Dental procedures among children age birth to 20, United States, 1999 and 2009.

Objective To describe dental procedures received by US children and adolescents by poverty status and dental insurance coverage. Methods Data for this analysis came from the 1999 and 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. The primary outcome variable represented the types of dental procedures that were received during dental visits in the preceding year. Descriptive variables included dental insurance and poverty status. Analysis was restricted to children from birth to 20 years. Results Overall, diagnostic (41.2 percent) and preventive (35.8 percent) procedures accounted for most of the procedures received by children from birth to 20 years of age, while restorative procedures accounted for just 5 percent. Children from low-income families received a higher proportion of restorative procedures than children in higher-income families. The proportion of diagnostic and preventive services was lower among uninsured children than among publicly insured children. Orthodontic services, on the other hand, represented a greater percentage of these procedures among uninsured children than among publicly insured children. Discussion The vast majority of procedures received by children from birth to 20 years were diagnostic and preventive. Most children with at least one dental visit received a diagnostic or preventive service. Between 1999 and 2009, the proportion of all services received accounted for by diagnostic or preventive services increased. However, the proportion in which each type of procedure was received by children who made at least one visit who received did not change.
Cycle-Life Characterization of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiNiO2 Cathode

A set of lithium-ion cells containing a LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 -based positive electrode and a graphite negative electrode were cycled nonintrusively at high power (5C rate) and elevated temperature (40°C). The aged cells were characterized at prescribed cycle numbers (up to 5250 cycles) by a three-electrode cell, capacity measurement, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Excellent cyclability of these cells under typical hybrid-electric vehicle conditions is demonstrated by 18% capacity fade after 5250 cycles, and the discharge capacity shows a mainly parabolic behavior with the cycle number (N) (dependent on N 1/2 ) in the initial stage and a linear behavior (dependent on N) for subsequent cycles. Using a lithium reference electrode further reveals that the capacity fade during cycling is primarily caused by the positive electrode, where discharge capacity may be limited by a decrease in active lithium intercalation sites in the oxide particles. The increase in full-cell impedance with cycling is evident from the increase in midfrequency arc width (R w ), composed of charge-transfer kinetic resistance (R ct ) and Li + transport resistance through the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), R SEI . More specifically, the cell-impedance rise comes mainly from the rising R ct and R SEI of the positive electrode. Based on individual electrode EIS spectra and equivalent-circuit analysis, it is found that the R SEI rise in the positive electrode is far more influential than the change in R et . Therefore, property modification and thickening of the SEI layer of the positive electrode during cycling appear to be dominant factors in cell-impedance rise and power fade.