cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings

Abstract An experiment was designed to observe evacuation time and occupant movement in four apartment buildings during a simulated fire emergency. The buildings were 6–7 storeys high containing between 80 and 130 apartments and had an average population of 150 occupants. The buildings chosen were characterized as mixed occupancy housing; that is, they included adults, children, seniors and people with disabilities. The evacuation drills were recorded on video cameras located throughout the buildings. The results were analyzed regarding the behaviour of the people, the occupants' time to start to evacuate and their time to reach an outside exit. The impact of the physical organization of the buildings, the evacuation strategies and the occupants, response and movement are discussed. It was concluded that elderly people and people with disabilities did not impede the evacuation since occupants who were mobility impaired waited in their units to be rescued. In buildings 1 and 3, problems arose when the firefighters tried to communicate with occupants remaining in their units because the fire alarm was too loud and most people had moved to their balconies. Buildings 2 and 3 were typical with long delays before evacuation as some mobile occupants did not hear the fire alarm and started their evacuation only when the firefighters knocked on their doors.
A Study of the Oxidation Kinetics of Synthetic Molybdenum Diselenide

The kinetics of the oxidation of a synthetic MoSe2 sample were studied from 375 to 530 C. Reaction rate constants were determined isothermally in dry air. The reaction rate constants were normalized to both surface area and sample mass. The activation energy f or the oxidation of this synthetic MoSe2 sample was determined by an Arrhenius plot of the reaction rate data. Values of 22 to 40 kcal/ mole were determined for the activation energy. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
Detection by a permutation test of periodicities in biological time series: dependence of sensitivity on measurement precision.

A statistic is defined from the analysis of variance of replicate measurements in biological time series data. This statistic, the square root of the mean square of the variation within groups of two replications, is termed the index of replication,SΔ, and is a measure of the precision of an assay.SΔ was found to be a better indicator of assay replicability than the conventional index of assay precision, λ, calculated from duplicate standard curves. When a power spectrum permutation test, as defined elsewhere, is used to detect a significant periodicity in discrete, amplitude-noisy, time series data, the relationship betweenSΔ and the 95% confidence limit on peak-to-peak signal variation shows that the variation must be greater than 1.4SΔ for detection. Since the value of 1.4SΔ assumes duplicate determinations per point and a uniform distribution of measurement error, it is a conservative estimate of the strength of the power spectrum permutation test to detect one frequency. When a conventional analysis of variance is used, the level of 1.4SΔ is not reached until quadruplicate determinations have been processed; thus, the present approach is more efficient.
HeLa Nucleic Acid Contamination in The Cancer Genome Atlas Leads to the Misidentification of Human Papillomavirus 18

ABSTRACT We searched The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for viruses by comparing non-human reads present in transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and whole-exome sequencing (WXS) data to viral sequence databases. Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) is an etiologic agent of cervical cancer, and as expected, we found robust expression of HPV18 genes in cervical cancer samples. In agreement with previous studies, we also found HPV18 transcripts in non-cervical cancer samples, including those from the colon, rectum, and normal kidney. However, in each of these cases, HPV18 gene expression was low, and single-nucleotide variants and positions of genomic alignments matched the integrated portion of HPV18 present in HeLa cells. Chimeric reads that match a known virus-cell junction of HPV18 integrated in HeLa cells were also present in some samples. We hypothesize that HPV18 sequences in these non-cervical samples are due to nucleic acid contamination from HeLa cells. This finding highlights the problems that contamination presents in computational virus detection pipelines. IMPORTANCE Viruses associated with cancer can be detected by searching tumor sequence databases. Several studies involving searches of the TCGA database have reported the presence of HPV18, a known cause of cervical cancer, in a small number of additional cancers, including those of the rectum, kidney, and colon. We have determined that the sequences related to HPV18 in non-cervical samples are due to nucleic acid contamination from HeLa cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the misidentification of viruses in next-generation sequencing data of tumors due to contamination with a cancer cell line. These results raise awareness of the difficulty of accurately identifying viruses in human sequence databases.
Dynamics of Positive Emotion Regulation: Associations with Youth Depressive Symptoms

Depression is frequently considered a disorder of impaired affect regulation with deficits across both positive and negative affective systems. However, where deficits in emotion regulation occur in youth, specifically regarding regulation of positive emotions, is relatively unknown. The current study tested whether deficits in broad (felt and expressed) and specific (up-regulation and maintenance) positive emotion processes are associated with youth depressive symptoms. Adolescents (n = 134; 65 girls) in grades 7 to 9 completed a self-report measure of depressive symptoms prior to participating in two parent–child interactions tasks, a rewarding trivia task and a problem-solving conflict task. During the interaction tasks, adolescent’s overall self-reported experience and observed expression of positive affect (PA) was examined. Following the reward task, youth’s ability to up-regulate PA (PA response) and maintain PA while buffering against NA (PA persistence) was explored observationally. Results suggested that reduced experience and expression of PA was associated with depression symptoms, but only in a context that elicited negative emotions. No association was found between PA response and depression symptoms; however, shorter PA persistence was associated with elevated depressive symptoms. Youth higher in depressive symptoms appear able to respond similarly to rewarding events, but fail to maintain PA and ward off NA when transitioning from a positive to negative task.
Molecular Classification of Human Adenovirus Type 7 Isolated From Acute Respiratory Disease Outbreak (ARD) in Korea, 2005-2006.

Objectives To assess the genomic characteristics of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) that caused small-scale epidemics in Korea and compare sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions

We present a model that links heterogeneity of preferences across ethnic groups in a city to the amount and type of public good the city supplies. We test the implications of the model with three related datasets: US cities, US metropolitan areas, and US urban counties. Results show that productive public goods -- education, roads, libraries, sewers and trash pickup -- in US cities (metro areas/urban counties) are inversely related to the city's (metro area's/county's) ethnic fragmentation, even after controlling for other socioeconomic and demographic determinants. Ethnic fragmentation is negatively related to the share of local spending on welfare. The results are mainly driven by observations in which majority whites are reacting to varying sizes of minority groups. We conclude that ethnic conflict is an important determinant of local public finances.
Adapting a teleoperated device for autonomous control using three-dimensional positioning sensors: experiences with the NIST RoboCrane ☆

Abstract The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Construction Metrology and Automation Group, in cooperation with the NIST Intelligent Systems Division, is researching robotic structural steel placement through an ongoing program entitled “Performance of Innovative Technologies for Automated Steel Construction.” This program, initiated in response to an American Institute of Steel Construction request for a 25% reduction in time to erect steel structures, focuses on the development of an Automated Steel Construction Testbed to research advanced concepts in crane automation, laser-based site metrology, laser radar (LADAR) imaging, construction component tracking, sensor-based data exchange and web-enabled 3D-visualization. The steel manipulator used in this test facility is the NIST RoboCrane, a 6 df parallel kinematic machine capable of both teleoperative and programmed control. A laser-based 3D site measurement system (SMS) retrofitted on RoboCrane provides position and orientation (pose) information to reduce errors in the encoder-based control system and map the crane's location relative to other components in the work environment, which enables autonomous path planning and navigation.
Psychosocial functioning of young adults who have experienced and recovered from major depressive disorder during adolescence

The authors examined whether adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) was associated with difficulties in young adult functioning and whether differences would remain significant after accounting for nonmood disorder, MDD recurrence, functioning in adolescence, or current mood state. A total of 941 participants were assessed twice during adolescence and at age 24. In unadjusted analyses, adolescent MDD was associated with most young adult functioning measures. Associations were not due to interactions with adolescent comorbidity, but differences in global functioning and mental health treatment appeared as a result of MDD recurrence. Accounting for levels of functioning in adolescence or for current depression at age 24 eliminated the remaining associations. The implications of these findings for efforts to prevent MDD in adolescence are discussed. Epidemiological studies indicate that the risk for developing major depressive disorder (MDD) begins to rise in adolescence and approach adult levels (e.g., Burke, Burke, Regier, & Rae, 1990; Sorenson, Rutter, & Aneshensel, 1991). Thus, the question of what happens to depressed adolescents after they become adults is a significant concern. Recent follow-up studies have indicated that many depressed adolescents experience recurrences in adulthood (Lewinsohn, Rohde, Klein, & Seeley, 1999; Rao, Hammen,
Management of unstable angina based on considerations of aetiology

Unstable angina is not a specific disease but a clinical syndrome, more akin to hypertension than to streptococcal endocarditis. The classification of unstable angina has, until now, been based on simple clinical descriptors, such as whether the ischaemic pain is on exertion and accelerating, or whether it occurs at rest,1 and whether or not ischaemia persists despite vigorous anti-ischaemic treatment. The ECG, particularly the presence or absence of changes in the ST segment, has also been useful as a classification tool. In addition, markers of myocardial damage, such as the cardiac specific troponins T or I are being used increasingly in the classification of these patients.2 Such clinical and laboratory descriptors are valuable in predicting prognosis, but they provide little or no information about the aetiology of unstable angina. Such information is important because it allows specific rather than empiric management. To return to the analogy with hypertension, the identification of specific subtypes such as renovascular hypertension or mineralocorticoid induced hypertension has allowed specific and more effective treatment to be developed. Similar advances may be anticipated in unstable angina. The work of Maseri has been fundamental in the development of our thinking about the cause of unstable angina.3 From an aetiological perspective, unstable angina may be classified as thrombosis, severe progressive arterial obstruction, coronary vasospasm/vasoconstriction, inflammation and increased myocardial oxygen consumption.4 ### TYPE I: THROMBOSIS A non-occlusive thrombus at the site of a fissured or ruptured atherosclerotic plaque is the most frequent pathogenic mechanism in unstable angina. Rational treatment should therefore be aimed directly at the thrombus, by means of antithrombotic agents. These have consisted of unfractionated heparin and aspirin. The recent results of the ESSENCE5 and TIMI 11B6 trials provide evidence that the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin may be more effective than unfractionated heparin in …
TDMA service for sensor networks

Sensors networks are often constrained by limited power and limited communication range. If a sensor receives two messages simultaneously then they collide and both messages become incomprehensible. In this paper, we present a simple time division multiple access (TDMA) algorithms for assigning time slots to sensors and show that it provides a significant reduction in the number of collisions incurred during communication. We present TDMA algorithms customized for different communication patterns, namely, broadcast, convergecast and local gossip, that occur commonly in sensor networks. Our algorithms are self-stabilizing, i.e., TDMA is restored even if the system reaches an arbitrary state where the sensors are corrupted or improperly initialized.
Suppression of bacterial biofilm formation by iron limitation

The concentration of iron that permits bacterial differentiation generally differs from that needed for vegetative cell growth. An undesirable manifestation of differentiation is biofilm formation. The process in some, but not all, bacterial systems requires a higher level of iron than is needed for growth and it is suppressed by specific iron chelators. Human transferrin and lactoferrin, as well as at least six low molecular mass iron chelators, are now available for possible screening and clinical development as inhibitors of bacterial biofilm formation.
Understanding the Differences between Three Teleseismic mb Scales

We investigate differences between three body-wave magnitude ( m b ) scales for 2009 earthquakes from 1996 to 1999 listed in the Preliminary Determination of Epicenter (pde) bulletin having m b between 5.0 and 5.5 and that also have moment tensor solutions available from the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (cmt) catalog. A total of 31,280 broadband seismograms are analyzed, for an average of 15 stations per event. Both the pde and Reviewed Event Bulletin (reb) procedures for determining an automated m b are reproduced, thereby eliminating any discrepancies that result from using different networks of stations. We compare the reproduced pde and reb magnitudes to another magnitude measurement, m b ( P ), that is based on the Worldwide Standard Seismographic Network (wwssn) short-period instrument. We find that differences between m b ( P ), m b (pde), and m b (reb) arise from four factors: response function, length of time window, and corrections for event depth and epicentral distance. Reproduced m b (pde) and m b ( P ) are strongly correlated, and we expect that magnitudes assigned from wwssn short-period instruments during the 1970s and 1980s are consistent with those assigned by the automated procedure used since 1991 by the U.S. Geological Survey (usgs), providing stability in m b measurements over several decades. The difference between m b (reb) and m b ( P ) is much greater because of the significantly shorter reb window length of 5.5 sec and the high-frequency passband of the reb displacement response. Online Material: Filter parameters and color versions of Figures 8 and 9.
Finite element calculated uniaxial apparent stiffness is a consistent predictor of uniaxial apparent strength in human vertebral cancellous bone tested with different boundary conditions

Strong correspondence between the uniaxial apparent strength and stiffness of cancellous bone allows the use of stiffness as a predictor of bone strength. Measured values of mechanical properties in cancellous bone can be different between experiments due to different experimental conditions. In the current study, bone volume fraction, experimentally determined and finite element (FE) predicted stiffness were examined as predictors of cancellous bone ultimate strength in two different groups each of which was tested using a different end constraint. It is demonstrated that, although always significant, the relationships of strength with bone volume fraction and experimentally determined stiffness are different between test groups. Apparent stiffness, estimated by FE modeling, predicts the ultimate strength of human cancellous bone consistently for all examined experimental protocols.
Potentiation of Insulin Secretion by Phorbol Esters is Mediated by PKC-α and nPKC isoforms

Culturing clonal β-cells (HIT-T15) overnight in the presence of phorbol ester [phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)] enhanced insulin secretion while causing downregulation of some protein kinase C (PKC...
The Principle of Minimal Compliance

The syntactic literature discusses a number of phenomena in which a constraint that rules out a certain class of syntactic dependencies fails to rule out structures containing both an ill-formed dependency and a well-formed dependency; well-formed dependencies seem to be able to “help” dependencies that would be ill formed in isolation. In this article I attempt to provide a unified account of these phenomena. I postulate a principle that allows the computational system to “ignore” parts of a syntactic structure that have already been checked with respect to a particular constraint.
Turbulent Flow of Pseudoplastic Polymer Solutions in Straight Cylindrical Tubes.

Experimental studies are described concerning the fluid dynamics, particularly in the turbulent region, of dilute solutions of free-draining, nonassociating, linear polymers; sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ammonium alginate, polyisobutylene, and carboxypolymethylene, all of which are pseudoplastic. These solutions were run in laminar, transition, and turbulent flow in a pipeline flow apparatus designed to permit measurement of dynamic pressure drop and impact pressure by radial traverse. Photographic studies with dye injection used at the tube wall and at the tube center showed that turbulent flow of these pseudoplastic fluids has the following characteristics compared to Newtonian fluids: poor over-all radial mixing, thicker nonturbulent layer at the wall, and decreased rate of formation of horseshoe vortices at the wall.
Malic and lactic dehydrogenase isozymes of normal and leukemic leukocytes separated on glass bead columns.

Five LDH and two MDH isozyme bands were obtained with acrylamide gel electrophoresis of leukocyte extracts. Normal lymphocytes showed a high total H-LDH (heart type) activity (67 per cent) with 25 per cent in LDH-1 and only 3.5 per cent in LDH-5. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and lymphosarcoma leukemia (LSA-LL) had less LDH-1, and more LDH-3 and LDH-4, than normal lymphocytes. The H-LDH fell to 60.5 per cent in CLL and 56 per cent in LSA-LL. PMN leukocytes had low H-LDH activity (38.8 per cent) with 3.3 per cent in LDH-1 and 25.8 per cent in LDH-5. In myelogenous leukemia, myeloblasts had the most LDH-1 and H-LDH, while mature PMN had the least. PMN leukocytes isolated from CLL, LSA-LL, and myelogenous leukemia had LDH patterns like the normal. Monocytes from acute monocytic leukemia were low in LDH-1 and LDH-5, but had a high total enzyme content. They evidently were rich in LDH-2, 3, and 4. Lymphocytes had less MDH-1 (60 per cent) than PMN leukocytes (78 per cent). In CLL, lymphocyte MDH-2 increased. In myelogenous leukemia, myeloblasts had the most MDH-2 and mature PMN the least. Monocytes from monocytic leukemia contained a little more MDH-2 than PMN leukocytes. In general, white cell immaturity and/or ability to divide was associated with high levels of LDH-1, total H-LDH, and MDH-2.
From Quasi-Private to Quasi-Public: The Development of Local Libraries in the United States, 1870-1930

The period 1870-1930 witnessed the emergence of the local public library as a widespread and enduring American institution. During these years, access to free community-based library services spread to a much larger share of the U.S. population, while the institutional structure of local libraries underwent a transition from largely quasi-private, voluntary associations to the tax-supported public institutions familiar today. In this paper we describe this transition, and document the expansion of public libraries and library services in the United States over these years, using data drawn from library surveys conducted by the federal Bureau of Education. We then review some causal accounts for that expansion. Exploiting cross-state and temporal variation in the data, we estimate cross-section and panel regressions to assess plausible demand and supply factors affecting the pace of library development. We consider a number of the social and economic variables that have been found to correlate with the development of secondary educational institutions, which expanded during roughly the same historical period: these include, when available, income or wealth, urbanization, ethnic composition, and in some specifications average levels of education and literacy. We also examine the effect of legal and political factors that were specific to public libraries, such as state library commissions and associations.
Cardiac CT Angiography in Congestive Heart Failure

Cardiac CT angiography has become an important tool for the diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure. Differentiation of ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy; evaluation of myocardial perfusion; characterization of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular noncompaction, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia; and delineation of congenital heart defects and valvular abnormalities are the primary diagnostic applications. Therapeutic use includes visualization of the coronary venous anatomy for optimal implementation of cardiac resynchronization therapy and evaluation of left ventricular assist devices and transplant vasculopathy.
Chemistry of an Epoxy-Phenolic Magnetic Disk Coating

An understanding of the chemistry of a magnetic memory disk coating system, and an ability to manipulate this chemistry through formulation and processing, is essential in the attainment of optimal performance properties. In this paper we discuss the chemical and physical phenomena associated with the cure of an epoxy-phenolic binder system filled with γ-Fe2O3. The magnetic coating formulation consists of a binder system containing a DGE-BPA epoxy, an allyl capped resole phenolic, poly(vinyl methyl ether), and a dispersing agent, plus a filler system consisting of the magnetic particle and alumina. The chemical and physical phenomena occurring during cure have been characterized by a number of analytical techniques, including thermal analysis (DMA, DSC, and TGA) and spectroscopic analysis (NMR, FTIR, and TGA/MS). Using these techniques, the cure of this epoxy-phenolic coating is shown to involve initial crosslinking via non-oxidative reactions, followed by further crosslinking via oxidative reactions. Decomposition of key binder components accompanies the crosslinking to produce a high Tg, microporous coating.
Permeability measurements in mudrocks using gas-expansion methods on plug and crushed-rock samples

Abstract Permeability is an important parameter relative to the production of hydrocarbons in shale oil/gas plays; however, the measurement of permeability in these nano-to microdarcy rocks remains a challenge. Results from different methods or from different laboratories are not consistent, and reasons are not fully understood. In the present study, permeability is measured for both plug and crushed-rock samples with different plug diameter or crushed-sample particle size to systematically investigate the permeability measurement to better understand and apply the measured results. A modified gas-expansion (MGE) method, which can measure permeability for plug samples under confining pressures, was established and applied to several Eagle Ford and Barnett Shale (mudrock) samples. Permeability results from this method are in fair agreement with those from the pulse-decay method. The traditional Gas Research Institute (GRI) method was applied to crushed-rock Eagle Ford Shale samples. The results were comparable to reported permeability for an Eagle Ford Shale sample. Particle or plug size has significant influence on permeability measurement. In general, permeability increases with increasing particle or plug size. For crushed sample with GRI method, the reason of increasing permeability is related to the limitation of the GRI technique and the data analysis method. Estimate of the permeability based on Kozeny–Carman Equation was conducted, and the results were used to evaluate the GRI permeability measurement. Particle size of 2–4 mm (5–10 meshes) is considered as an appropriate size for GRI permeability measurement. For plug sample, larger permeability with larger plug diameter is most likely caused by the artificial fractures. Higher confining pressure can reduce the influence of the fractures, but cannot fully remove it. A range of permeability, defined by the GRI permeability with 2–4 mm particles as the lower boundary and permeability of 1-in plug under high confining pressure (>5000 psi) as the upper boundary, can be a more reliable measures to represent the shale matrix permeability. The range of the permeability also highlights the uncertainty in matrix permeability measurement for shale.
Growth of the pectoral girdle in a sample of juveniles from the kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt.

Objectives This study investigates growth patterns in the scapula and clavicle in a cross-sectional juvenile skeletal sample ranging from 20 weeks gestation to 8.5 years of age from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. The primary goal is to quantify growth patterns and growth velocities in the scapula and clavicle to better understand the development of the pectoral girdle. Methods A series of low-order polynomial regression models was used to examine growth curves in clavicle diaphyseal length, scapular height, and scapular width. Incremental growth and relative percent increase were examined among successive age groups as a proxy measure of growth velocity. Scapular body proportions were assessed with the scapular index and compared across age groups using a Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc tests. Results A third-order polynomial best describes growth in clavicle diaphyseal length and scapular height, and a second-order polynomial best describes growth in scapular width. Growth velocity patterns are similar among clavicle diaphyseal length, scapular height, and scapular width particularly from birth until the end of early childhood. Clavicle diaphyseal length decelerates during middle childhood while scapular height and width accelerate during this time. With increasing age, the scapular body proportionately increases more in height than in width. The relatively narrow scapular body characteristic of adult scapulae is first evident during early childhood. Conclusions Changes in scapular body shape during ontogeny may be a reflection of the greater alterations taking place in the integrated morphology of the pectoral girdle during the biomechanical shift from crawling to bipedalism. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES WITH EMBEDDED FIBER OPTIC SENSOR UNDER TENSION AND COMPRESSION LOADS

A parametric study on effect of embedded fiber optic sensor (FOS) in composite laminates under tension and compression loads was conducted. Inclination of FOS with respect to reinforcing fiber (loading direction) was varied from 0 to 90 degrees and the laminate thickness varied from 8 to 20 plies. Embedding FOS caused resin pockets and disturbance of reinforcing fibers. The disturbance angle varied from 6.8 to 7.5 degrees and the resin pocket area varied from 7.1 to 9.7 times the area of the sensor. These two types of defects caused the failure initiation to be by fiber splitting at one end of the resin pocket. The defects had no loss of tensile modulus and about 10% loss of tensile strength while compression strength reduction was as much as 40%.
The Ubiquity of Hidden Shame in Modernity

This essay proposes that shame may be one of the keys to understanding our civilization: shame or its anticipation is virtually ubiquitous, yet, at the same time, usually invisible. Since the verna...
Epidemiological features of HFMD in Heping District of Tianjin City from 2008-2012

[Objective]To understand the incidence and epidemiological features of Hand-foot-mouth Disease( HFMD) in Heping District of Tianjin City,and provide scientific evidence for developing direct control strategies of HFMD.[Methods]The cross-sectional study was adopted to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen distribution of HFMD in Heping District from 2008-2012. The quality control principle was used to calculate the monthly incidence of early warning and control parameters. [Results]A total of 587 HFMD were reported from 2008-2012,with the reported incidence of 34. 95/100 000. The peak incidence appeared during June-September,most patients were infants and young children aged 0-4 years,male incidence was higher than female incidence. Cox A16 was the primary pathogen.[Conclusion]The incidence of HFMD presents an increasing trend in recent 5 years. Scattered children and kindergarten children are the key group for HFMD control. HFMD epidemic is seasonal,therefore the abnormal fluctuation of monthly incidence should attract close attention.
Research Status and Development of Plastic Solar Cell

Plastic solar cell is a novel type solar cell for its light and pliable.This paper reviewed the mechaism,structure and synthesis of conductive polymer electrode materials for plastic solar cell and focused on the synthesis of n-type conductive polymer,factors influencing conversion efficiency of solar cells as well as application prospect.
Program optimizations

We provide an analysis of the power and energy effects of program optimizations.The analysis relies on per application phase and per system component studies.We provide guidance on tradeoffs when tuning for performance, power, and energy.We identify energy and runtime correlations for optimizations on three architectures.Multi-objective optimizations require per component and application phase analysis. Practical considerations for future supercomputer designs will impose limits on both instantaneous power consumption and total energy consumption. Working within these constraints while providing the maximum possible performance, application developers will need to optimize their code for speed alongside power and energy concerns. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of several code optimizations including loop fusion, data structure transformations, and global allocations. A per component measurement and analysis of different architectures is performed, enabling the examination of code optimizations on different compute subsystems. Using an explicit hydrodynamics proxy application from the U.S. Department of Energy, LULESH, we show how code optimizations impact different computational phases of the simulation. This provides insight for simulation developers into the best optimizations to use during particular simulation compute phases when optimizing code for future supercomputing platforms. We examine and contrast both x86 and Blue Gene architectures with respect to these optimizations.
Analysis and Simulation of Synchronization in Oscillatory Neural Networks

Electrophysiological recordings in visual cortex give evidence of oscillatory dynamics which undergoes a synchronization in response to certain correlated stimuli. We present two types of models of neural networks and show by analysis and computer simulation that these model networks have oscillatory dynamics which exhibits synchronization when subjected to inputs similar to the experimental stimuli. Effects of noisy inputs on synchronization are also simulated as well as chaotic oscillations.
Evaluation of neuro-developmental outcome among babies with meconium aspiration syndrome

Background: Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is respiratory distress in a neonates caused by the presence of meconium in the tracheobronchial airways. Despite adequate management, there is a high risk of morbidity in the form of seizures, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, respiratory problems of childhood and mortality. Hence, this study was performed in view of developmental issues concerning young infants and pre-school children as maximum brain growth happens in the first three years of life. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in Chandulal Chandrakar memorial hospital, Bhilai from 1 st September 2013 to 31 st February 2015, with history of meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) in both out-born and in-born neonates. Neonates after meeting inclusion criteria were included in the study. The data were recorded in pre-designed proforma. The data were analyzed using appropriate Chi square test. Level of significance was set at p 2.5 kgs (80%) and common in primiparous mothers (60%) with lower segmental caesarian sections. MAS commonly seen in post -term babies (53.33%) than those of term (36.66%) or pre-term (10%) gestation. Fetal distress was the common complication observed in most of the cases (91.1%) and one death related to this was noted. At the end of 1 year there were predominantly more children (40%) who developed respiratory morbidities. Delayed development was seen among 13.3% children, transient tone abnormalities were noted in about 2% of infants. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that neonates diagnosed with MAS displayed neuro-developmental delay in13% cases. This study gave an overview of all meconium aspiration cases and the neuro-developmental outcome in these babies. However further research should be done with large sample size to confirm these findings.
Evaluation of the Impact of Surface Reconstruction on Rough Electrodeposited Copper-Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction

Carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2ELR) can combine the use of a gaseous waste byproduct (CO2) with electricity from renewable sources to produce low-carbon fuels and useful chemicals. Recent reports pointed out the superior performance of rough copper polycrystalline catalysts; however, reconstruction that takes place on such surfaces is under investigation. This report highlights the importance of copper surface reconstruction on rough surfaces during CO2ELR. Electrodeposited copper-based catalysts composed primarily of Cu(111) were examined under CO2ELR conditions, and it was found that they underwent reconstruction towards Cu(200). The main hydrocarbon product of electrodeposited copper-based catalysts with Cu(200) was CH4. The Cu/Cu catalyst achieved up to 40 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) to CH4 and low H2 efficiency (16 % FE) at −1.07 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), at a current density of −86 mA cm−2. This study provides new insights regarding the correlation of copper crystal orientation and selectivity on rough copper surfaces and the impact of copper reconstruction on the reaction.
Double Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation with Reduced Intensity Conditioning and Sirolimus-Based GVHD Prophylaxis.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an alternative stem cell source for patients without related or unrelated donors. Single-unit UCB transplantation in adults is associated with high transplant-related mortality, largely due to delayed engraftment and infection. While double umbilical cord blood transplantation (DUCBT) is associated with faster engraftment, it is also associated with high rates of acute GVHD. We studied DUCBT using sirolimus and tacrolimus as GVHD prophylaxis to improve GVHD outcomes. Methods: Reduced-intensity conditioning consisted of fludarabine (30mg/m 2 ×6 days), melphalan (100mg/m 2 × 1day), and rabbit ATG (1.5 mg/kg × 4 days). Cord blood units were ≥4/6 HLA-A, B, DR allele-matched with each other and the recipient, and contained a minimum combined dose of 3.7× 10 7 TNC/kg (pre-cryopreservation). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus (serum conc. 5–10 ng/ml) and sirolimus (serum conc. 3–12 ng/ml). Filgrastim was used routinely after transplantation, and subjects received prophylactic anti-fungal antibiotics as part of routine supportive care. Results: 27 patients (median age 49 years, range 19–67) with >100 day follow-up are reported. Diagnoses include AML(8), NHL(7), HD(4), MDS(3), CLL/PLL(2), ALL(1), MPD (1) and CML(1). The median total cell doses prior to cryopreservation were 5.25 ×10 7 TNC/kg (range 3.74–7.58 ×10 7 ) and 12.57 ×10 6 CD34 + cells (range 1.45–29.0 ×10 6 ). Neutrophil engraftment occurred at a median of 21 days (range 13–70) and platelet engraftment to 20 000/μL occurred at a median of 42 days (range 25–162) after DUCBT. Three subjects did not attain platelet transfusion independence by day 100 and there were 2 late graft failures. 3 patients developed Gr II–IV acute GVHD (2 Gr. II and 1 Gr. III). The rate of acute GVHD was lower when compared with a prior cohort that received the identical conditioning regimen, but with cyclosporine and MMF as GVHD prophylaxis (11.1% vs. 37.7%, p=0.05). 2 patients developed chronic GVHD at a median of 203 days from transplantation. The median follow up is 12 months (15 months among survivors, range 4–20 months). 100-day treatment-related mortality was 11.1%. There was no VOD or TMA. Relapse-free and overall survival at 1 year are 54.4% and 72.9% respectively. Causes of death include sepsis(4), relapse(2), and EBV-associated PTLD(2). Chimerism analysis at day 100 (n=22) revealed complete single cord chimerism in 13 subjects with mixed cord chimerism in 9. The first infused unit was the predominant unit at day 100 in 14/22 subjects. There was no correlation between cord dominance and HLA match, TNC/kg or CD34 + cell count prior to cryopreservation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates excellent engraftment after DUCBT in adult recipients after a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen. The risk of acute and chronic GVHD is low when sirolimus and tacrolimus are used as GVHD prophylaxis when compared with our prior experience with cyclosporine and MMF, and survival is comparable to historical unrelated donor cohorts.
Mentoring for Responsible Research: The Creation of a Curriculum for Faculty to Teach RCR in the Research Environment

Despite more than 25 years of a requirement for training in the responsible conduct of research (RCR), there is still little consensus about what such training should include, how it should be delivered, nor what constitutes “effectiveness” of such training. This lack of consensus on content, approaches and outcomes is evident in recent data showing high variability in the development and implementation of RCR instruction across universities and programs. If we accept that one of the primary aims of instruction in RCR/research ethics is “to foster a community of social responsibility” (Antes et al. 2009: 398), then it makes sense to consider the research environment itself—where learning one’s science happens where one also engages in social interaction around that science. In order to take the best advantage of that already existing/naturally occurring research environment, the authors, through a deliberative, collaborative, and integrative process, crafted a workshop curriculum meant to arm research faculty with concrete and specific tools to effectively introduce research ethics in the context of the research environment.
Proof Without Words: Partial Sums of an Arithmetic Sequence

A visual proof that a partial sum of an arithmetic sequence equals the number of terms times the average of the first and last term.
Role of DNA Damage and Repair in the Mutagenesis of Human Cells by Carcinogens

It is clear from numerous studies on the induction of cancer in animals and from epidemiologic studies, as well as from recent studies with cells in culture, that carcinogenesis is a multi-stepped process. Although studies with animals are indispensable in analyzing many aspects of carcinogenesis, the use of cells in culture permits a more direct experimental manipulation 4 and quantitation of the individual steps involved and can yield information on the nature of these steps (cf. McCormick and Maher, this volume). Another reason for using cells in culture is that this permits experimental studies with human cells which would otherwise be impossible for obvious ethical reasons.
Stormwater loadings of antibiotic resistance genes in an urban stream.

Antibiotic resistance presents a critical public health challenge and the transmission of antibiotic resistance via environmental pathways continues to gain attention. Factors driving the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in surface water and sources of ARGs in urban stormwater have not been well-characterized. In this study, five ARGs (sul1, sul2, tet(O), tet(W), and erm(F)) were quantified throughout the duration of three storm runoff events in an urban inland stream. Storm loads of all five ARGs were significantly greater than during equivalent background periods. Neither fecal indicator bacteria measured (E. coli or enterococci) was significantly correlated with sul1, sul2, or erm(F), regardless of whether ARG concentration was absolute or normalized to 16S rRNA levels. Both E. coli and enterococci were correlated with the tetracycline resistance genes, tet(O) and tet(W). Next-generation shotgun metagenomic sequencing was conducted to more thoroughly characterize the resistome (i.e., full complement of ARGs) and profile the occurrence of all ARGs described in current databases in storm runoff in order to inform future watershed monitoring and management. Between 37 and 121 different ARGs were detected in each stream sample, though the ARG profiles differed among storms. This study establishes that storm-driven transport of ARGs comprises a considerable fraction of overall downstream loadings and broadly characterizes the urban stormwater resistome to identify potential marker ARGs indicative of impact.
X-ray crystallographic studies of immunoglobulins.

The techniques of X-ray crystallography have been successfully applied to the study of complex biological polymers such as nucleic acids and proteins. These studies have provided structural models from which we have tried to explain the mechanisms of DNA replication, of enzyme action, and of other biological phenomena. The determination of the structure of several crystalline enzymes, achieved within the last ten years, is an outstanding example of this approach. As a result of such efforts, models have been obtained for the highly specific interactions between enzymes and their substrates. Development of methods and techniques has reached the point at which it is now possible to attempt the determination of more complex structures such as those of immunoglobulins. It is hoped that a knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of immunoglobulins will provide a useful model for the correlation of their function and primary structure and the genetic control of variability and specificity of antibodies. This article is a review of the first models of immunoglobulin structure obtained by X-ray crystallographic methods. A brief outline of some aspects of the structure and properties of immunoglobulins and the theoretical and practical aspects of protein crystallography will be presented first. The most detailed account to be given in this review will be that of the Fab structure which is currently under study in the author’s laboratory.
On Open Access, data mining and plant conservation in the Circumpolar North with an online data example of the Herbarium, University of Alaska Museum of the North

With the advent of global online data sharing initiatives, few limits remain to using the treasure troves of museum data for biodiversity and conservation. The University of Alaska Museum Herbarium...
Aufgabenanalyse krankenhausspezifischer Planungsrechnungen

Ebenso wie in erwerbswirtschaftlichen Unternehmungen sind auch fur Krankenhauser als bedarfswirtschaftliche Unternehmungen16 Planung und damit auch Planungsrechnungen notwendige Instrumente der Betriebsfuhrung.17 Aus dem Primat der Sachziele im Krankenhaus18 und unter Berucksichtigung unterschiedlicher Tragerschaften (kommunal, freigemeinnutzig, privat) ergeben sich bei der Ausgestaltung krankenhausspezifischer Planungsrechnungen besondere Anforderungen.
Isolated focal cartilage and labral defects in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome may represent new, unique injury patterns

Develop a framework to quantify the size, location and severity of femoral and acetabular-sided cartilage and labral damage observed in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, and generate a database of individual defect parameters to facilitate future research and treatment efforts. The size, location, and severity of cartilage and labral damage were prospectively collected using a custom, standardized post-operative template for 100 consecutive patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Chondrolabral junction damage, isolated intrasubstance labral damage, isolated acetabular cartilage damage and femoral cartilage damage were quantified and recorded using a combination of Beck and ICRS criteria. Radiographic measurements including alpha angle, head–neck offset, lateral centre edge angle and acetabular index were calculated and compared to the aforementioned chondral data using a multivariable logistic regression model and adjusted odd’s ratio. Reliability among measurements were assessed using the kappa statistic and intraclass coefficients were used to evaluate continuous variables. Damage to the acetabular cartilage originating at the chondrolabral junction was the most common finding in 97 hips (97%) and was usually accompanied by labral damage in 65 hips (65%). The width (p = 0.003) and clock-face length (p = 0.016) of the damaged region both increased alpha angle on anteroposterior films. 10% of hips had femoral cartilage damage while only 2 (2%) of hips had isolated defects to either the acetabular cartilage or labrum. The adjusted odds of severe cartilage (p = 0.022) and labral damage (p = 0.046) increased with radiographic cam deformity but was not related to radiographic measures of acetabular coverage. Damage at the chondrolabral junction was very common in this hip arthroscopy cohort, while isolated defects to the acetabular cartilage or labrum were rare. These data demonstrate that the severity of cam morphology, quantified through radiographic measurements, is a primary predictor of location and severity of chondral and labral damage and focal chondral defects may represent a unique subset of patients that deserve further study. IV.