cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering of X-rays from Gases

Measurement of the intensity of scattering of x-rays by various gases has been made for scattering angles between 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Soller slits were used to get a well-defined scattering angle and matched filters of Zr${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and SrO were used to isolate the ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ lines of molybdenum. Intensity measurements have been made for hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon and argon. All the measurements were put on the same scale by comparison of the intensity of scattering from the various gases with the scattering from hydrogen at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. This is equivalent to putting the intensities on an absolute scale since the scattering from hydrogen at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} can be calculated with considerable certainty. Values of the structure factors for neon and argon were calculated and comparison made with those determined from wave mechanics for similar atoms.
Wave, longshore current, and beach profile records for Santa Margarita River Beach, Oceanside, California, 1949

Abstract : A table is included which gives the times that the deep water wave heights, the average periods, the wave steepnesses, and the breaker heights and directions were within certain ranges of values. Unrefracted deep-water heights were rarely above 4 ft and the breakers rarely above 6 ft. Most of the predominant waves were from a southerly direction. The direction of longshore movement generally corresponded to the direction of the primary train of breakers. Reach profiles are presented, measured to a depth of about 25 ft below mean lower low water. The width of the beam increasing during the summer months and decreased during the winter months. The series of offshore profiles was more consistent than was the series of onshore profiles. The total vertical variation at any distance offshore was always less than plus or minus 4 ft from the mean. The greatest wave steepness measured was about 0.008, and it was seldom above 0. 003.
Total synthesis of (+/-)-frondosin B.

An expeditious reaction sequence featuring a microwave-assisted tandem 5-exo cyclization−Claisen rearrangement process was used to assemble the A/B ring system of frondosin B. Completion of the target natural product was achieved in 38.2% yield over an eight-step linear sequence.
Prevalence of Terminal Duct Lobular Units and Frequency of Neoplastic Involvement of the Nipple in Mastectomy

Context.—Breast cancer treatment has greatly evolved from radical mastectomy to more cosmetically acceptable and less-debilitating surgeries. Nipple-sparing mastectomy is increasingly done for both cancer treatment and risk reduction. The frequency of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) and occult neoplastic epithelial proliferation in grossly/clinically unremarkable nipples (GUNs) is not well investigated. Objective.—To describe frequency of TDLUs and occult and overt neoplastic nipple involvement. Design.—Nipples from 105 consecutive specimens (90 therapeutic, 15 prophylactic) were studied. Sixty-five nipples were entirely submitted to evaluate frequency of TDLUs; the rest had 1 vertical section submitted. Results.—Terminal duct lobular unit was seen in 17 GUNs (26%). Six had TDLU in the base, 6 had it in the papilla, and 5 in both. Four GUNs showed lobular carcinoma in situ (1), Paget disease (1), and pagetoid extension of underlying malignancy (2). Grossly/clinically abnormal nipples had Paget disease...
Localized mode frequency for substitutional impurities in zinc blende type crystals

Abstract A mathematical model which employs a Green's function technique in the mass defect approximation is utilized to calculate the lattice dynamics of the imperfect crystal. This model makes direct use of the eigenfrequencies and eigenamplitudes of vibration of the phonons in the perfect lattice calculated by the modified rigid ion model introduced earlier. The phonon density of states is calculated for a number of II–VI and III–V type compounds that crystallize in the zinc blende structure. Next the variation of local mode frequency as a function of the defect mass is obtained for these crystals. The existence of a new type of localized gap mode, which corresponds to the replacement of the heavy host atom by a yet heavier substitutional atom, is predicted. The results are found to compare favorably with available experimental data on local mode frequencies obtained by infrared, Raman, and other optical measurements.
Outcomes of a High School Program to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Gimme 5 — A Fresh Nutrition Concept for Students

This paper describes an intervention to increase high school students' fruit and vegetable consumption. Twelve schools were randomized to intervention or control conditions. The cohort (2,213 students; 56% females, 84% Caucasian) were followed from 9th to 12th grades. Interventions comprised a media campaign, classroom workshops, school meal modification, and parental support. Usual daily servings of fruit/vegetables increased 14% in the intervention compared to the control group (p > 0.001) the first three years. At follow-up, consumption within the control group also increased, resulting in no significant difference between groups. Intervention group knowledge scores and awareness indicators were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.0001). Gimme 5 provided a first model to show that dietary habits of high school students can be influenced by positive media messages relative to that age group, increased exposure to a variety of tasty products, and minimal classroom activity.
1075 IgE ANTI-RSV SECRETORY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN INFANTS TREATED WITH RIBAVIRIN AEROSOL

Twenty-two hospitalized infants with documented RSV lower respiratory tract infection were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled drug efficacy study of the antiviral agent, Ribavirin. Fifteen infants were evaluated for production of specific IgE-RSV in nasopharyngeal secretions at time of admission and at regular intervals during convalescence, up to four months beyond initial presentation. Seven infants were treated with aerosolized Ribavirin for a mean duration of 3.14 days. They ranged in age from 1 mo-12 mos. (median 3 mos) with a male:female ratio of 3:4. Eight infants, during 9 episodes of illness received placebo for mean duration of 5.88 days. They ranged in age from 1-24 mos. (median 3.5 mos) with male:female ratio of 6:2. Atopic family history was positive in 6 of 7 patients treated with drug(85%) as compared to 3/8 in placebo group(38%). One patient in treated group, two in placebo presented with bronchiolitis. RSV infection was documented by indirect immunofluorescent assay for antigen and/or culture positivity. IgE-RSV titers in secretions were quantitated by an ELISA technique. Criteria for a significant response was IgE-RSV titer of 8 or greater by 4 months after initial infection. In the seven treated patients, only two had a significant rise in IgE titer. In contrast, 7 of 8 untreated patients had a significant titer rise. As calculated with the Fisher Exact test, this significant at a p value of 0.033.
Extraction, fractionation and characterization of bitter melon seed proteins.

Protein fractions (water-soluble/albumin, salt-soluble/globulin, alkali-soluble/glutelin, and alcohol-soluble/prolamin) were extracted from defatted ripe bitter melon seed (Momordica charantia) usi...
Small circular DNA in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Covalently closed small circular DNA isolated from Drosophila melanogaster is described. The small circular DNA is found in blastema stage eggs and in Schneider's cell culture line 2 and a cloned subline of line 2. It is heterogeneous in size, although the size distributions and mean sizes differ for each source. The small circular DNA from Schneider's line 2 cells ranges from 0.09-7.3 μm, with a mean contour length of 1.1 μm. This DNA has a buoyant density of 1.703 g/cc and appears to be present predominantly in the nuclear fraction of detergent-disrupted cells. The restriction enzyme EcoRI cleaves approximately 40% of the small circular DNA with a bias toward the larger size classes. Both logarithmic and stationary phase cells contain approximately 3–40 average sized small circular DNA molecules per cell, representing a maximum of 0.03% of the total cellular DNA. Exposure to cycloheximide or puromycin for 14 hr results in a 30 fold increase in the number of small circles per cell, but reduces the mean length of the circular DNA to 0.3 μm. The drug-amplified DNA has a buoyant density in the range of 1.698-1.703 g/cc. No amplification was seen in cells treated with either inhibitor for 3.5 hr. Ethidium bromide, cytosine arabinoside, β-ecdysone, and insulin all had no significant effect on the amount per cell of either small circular DNA or mitochondrial DNA.
Can "Haves" and "Have-Nots" Cooperate? Two Efforts To Bridge a Social Gap

This paper examines two workshops that brought together chief executive officers of large organizations and activists from community groups to promote better intergroup communications and long-term cooperation for social projects. The workshops are described as attempts to create cooperation between noninterdependent and unequally powerful groups. The events of the workshops—one a success and one a failure—are analyzed in terms of the evolution of boundaries and the development of power relations. The roles of third parties as influencers of boundary development and power asymmetries are discussed.
JFET circuit simulation using SPICE implemented with an improved model

Junction field-effect transistor (JFET) circuit simulation using an existing physics-based JFET model is presented. This improved model has more predictive capability than the conventional JFET model employed in SPICE. Furthermore, it treats the linear and saturation regions in a unified manner and includes the subthreshold behavior, an effect not accounted for in the conventional model. The improved model is implemented into PSPICE run on a Sun workstation, and steady-state and transient responses are simulated for a JFET switching circuit and a JFET voltage follower circuit. Results obtained from the improved model compare favorably with that obtained from a two-dimensional device simulator PISCES and from measurements. For JFETs operating outside the subthreshold region, the conventional model with optimized parameters (extracted from measurements) also shows good accuracy. However, large discrepancies arise from the conventional model if JFETs are biased in the subthreshold region or if default model parameters are used. >
Comment on "Physics of Coanda Jet Detachment at High-pressure Ratio"

Received July 13, 1994; accepted for publication Dec. 20, 1994. Copyright © 1995 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. ^Professor, School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Associate Fellow AIAA. analysis of this later device is summarized in Ref. 2, which also provides additional references. Some of the analytical development in Ref. 1 is contained in Ref. 2, but in a different form and notation. More importantly, Sec. 18.3 of this reference also provides an explicit design procedure for the asymmetric converging/diverging nozzle that generates a freevortex flow. For the experiments discussed in Ref. 1, this procedure is not used and the initial supersonic flow is only approximately that of a free vortex. Thus, shock waves can develop leading to jet detachment. The procedure described in Ref. 2, however, is exact, aside from wall boundary layers, and should inhibit the formation of downstream shock waves. To the author's knowledge, this design procedure has not been experimentally tried or verified.
Direct and indirect effects of attachment orientation on relationship quality and loneliness in married couples

This study tested the prediction that spouses’ insecure attachment orientation would be negatively associated with relationship quality. It was further predicted that there would be indirect effects of attachment orientation on spouses’ relationship quality through interpersonal trust as well as indirect effects of attachment orientation on loneliness through spouses’ relationship quality. Predictions were tested on 225 married couples that completed measures of attachment orientation, personal commitment, dedication commitment, interpersonal trust, loneliness, and marital satisfaction. Tests of actor–partner interdependence revealed that insecure attachment (i.e., anxious and avoidant) was associated with lower relationship quality and that one partner’s insecure attachment was associated with his/her spouse’s report of lower relationship quality. Actor–partner mediator models revealed that interpersonal trust mediated the relationship between attachment orientation and relationship quality; insecure att...
Oxytetracycline-Binding Properties of Streptococcus Lactis

Summary Antibiotic-binding differences between an oxytetracycline-resistant and -susceptible strain of S. lactis were studied by use of radioactive tracer techniques. C 14 -oxytetracycline was bound tenaciously by both the antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible strains. The resistant cells bound a greater quantity of the antibiotic than the susceptible cells, with this binding being particularly marked when oxytetracycline was permitted 3-min contact with the cells. Radioactive oxytetracycline accumulated in the cell fraction, which was sedimented by centrifugation of sonically ruptured cells at 14,000× g . Oxytetracycline concentration in the cytoplasm of either the resistant or susceptible cells was negligible.
On the Influence of Raindrop Collision Outcomes on Equilibrium Drop Size Distributions

AbstractThe objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of a new parameterization of drop–drop collision outcomes based on the relationship between Weber number and drop diameter ratios on the dynamical simulation of raindrop size distributions. Results of the simulations with the new parameterization are compared with those of the classical parameterizations. Comparison with previous results indicates on average an increase of 70% in the drop number concentration and a 15% decrease in rain intensity for the equilibrium drop size distribution (DSD). Furthermore, the drop bounce process is parameterized as a function of drop size based on laboratory experiments for the first time in a microphysical model. Numerical results indicate that drop bounce has a strong influence on the equilibrium DSD, in particular for very small drops (<0.5 mm), leading to an increase of up to 150% in the small drop number concentration (left-hand side of the DSD) when compared to previous modeling results without accounti...
New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis

Abstract The postmortem findings and clinical records of 27 patients with proved diabetic glomerulosclerosis were examined and reviewed for evidence of primary myocardial disease. Twenty-three cases were excluded because of complicating conditions such as hypertension, significant obstruction of the major coronary arteries or valvular disease. Four patients demonstrated cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure of no known cause. The autopsy findings consisted of left ventricular hypertrophy and, in 1 case, right ventricular hypertrophy as well, in the absence of major coronary artery disease. Histopathologic study revealed diffuse fibrotic strands extending between bundles of muscle fibers and myofibrillar hypertrophy. In 1 case, the small intramural coronary arterioles demonstrated thickening of the wall and narrowing of the lumen due primarily to the deposition of acid mucopolysaccharide material in the subendothelial layers and subsequent subintimal thickening and medial hypertrophy. It is postulated that the myocardial disease seen in these cases is probably secondary to diabetic mjcroangiopathy although the direct effects of the abnormal myocardial metabolism in diabetes could not be excluded.
Effects of S -lactoylglutathione and inhibitors of glyoxalase I on histamine release from human leukocytes

THE enzyme responsible for the conversion of methylglyoxal to lactic acid by animal tissues was first named glyoxalase1,2. It was later shown that there are two glyoxalase enzymes3. The first (glyoxalase I). converts methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione and the second (glyoxalase II). converts this compound to D-lactic acid, regenerating glutathione in the process. These enzymes are very widely distributed4 and as yet have no clearly defined function(s). I describe here the enhancement of anti-IgE-induced histamine release by S-lactoylglutathione and its inhibition by an inhibitor of and an alternative substrate for glyoxalase I. These two compounds should, of course, decrease the production of endogenous S-lactoylglutathione. These experiments were undertaken for two reasons. First, a study from my laboratory has provided evidence that S-lactoylglutathione modulates microtubule assembly in vitro5 while the release of histamine from leukocytes is a secretory process thought to require an intact microtubule system6,7. Second, concanavalin A has been shown to cause histamine release from human leukocytes8,9 and has also been found to activate the two glyoxalase enzymes in lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes10.
The effect of specimen thickness and stress ratio on the fatigue behavior of polycarbonate

The cyclic residual stresses ahead of fatigue cracks are known to play an important role in the fatigue fracture response of engineering materials. The size of these residual stresses are directly affected by the stress state of the component. In this paper, we examine the effect of stress state for fully compressive and fully tensile cyclic loading of polycarbonate. The role of stress state is studied using two different specimen thicknesses, one thickness will represent a near-plane stress condition and the other will represent a near-plane strain condition. In cyclic compressive loading, it will be shown that the near-plane stress specimen with its larger zone of residual tension will exhibit enhanced crack saturation lengths. While for cyclic tensile loading, the larger zone of residual compression upon unloading will result in crack retardation for the same unloading stress intensity. A series of systematic experiments on the effects of mean stress on fatigue fracture is reported, and the results of the experiments are rationalized with the aid of scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces. The results of this study have strong implications for both constant amplitude fatigue loading and variable amplitude fatigue loading as well as applicability to other engineering materials.
A study of multiplicity and diversity in MIMO underwater acoustic communications

Multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) communications can significantly increase the data rate using transmitter/receiver diversity in theory. However, experimental demonstrations of the increase of data rate in MIMO underwater acoustic communications so far were limited to a (small) fraction of what is theoretically possible, beyond that the bit error rate (BER) becomes unacceptably high due to severe inter-symbol and co-channel interference. This raises the question whether the underwater acoustic channel can support high multiplicity (increase in data rate) and at the same time provide enough diversity to minimize the BER. We demonstrate in this paper, based on at sea data, that the multiplicity of an 8×8 MIMO system is indeed 8, using a direct-sequence code-division-multiple-access (DS-CDMA) communication scheme. Data from all eight sources are all received with minimum BER using code orthogonality to remove the co-channel interferences. This implies that a base station with eight sources/receivers can communicate to eight different users simultaneously using CDMA signaling.
Simon Chesterman, One Nation Under Surveillance: A New Social Contract to Defend Freedom Without Sacrificing Liberty

The most significant foreign threats to national security are no longer nation-states but individuals armed with powerful weapons who operate independently of any country. Fortunately, technology h...
Magnet sorting algorithms for insertion devices for the Advanced Light Source

Insertion devices for the Advanced Light Source (ALS) incorporate up to 3000 magnet blocks each for pole energization. In order to minimize field errors, these magnets must be measured, sorted and assigned appropriate locations and orientations in the magnetic structures. Sorting must address multiple objectives, including pole excitation and minimization of integrated multipole fields from minor field components in the magnets. This is equivalent to a combinatorial minimization problem with a large configuration space. Multi-stage sorting algorithms use ordering and pairing schemes in conjunction with other combinatorial methods to solve the minimization problem. This paper discusses objective functions, solution algorithms and results of application to magnet block measurement data. >
A Note on Delbert C. Miller's Paper:

I find myself in complete agreement with Delbert Miller's argument that industrial sociology needs to be reestablished as a separate discipline-separate, that is, from organizational sociology, sociology of occupations, sociology of work, etc. Neither do I have any quarrel with his call for a vocation-oriented curriculum in this field. But, as I see it, the need for a revival of industrial sociology rests on grounds not touched by Professor Miller. To see what these grounds are, let us review some of the history of industrial sociology. At the time of its appearance (the late 1940s and early 1950s), industrial sociology was hailed as the discipline which would finally free sociology from its position as the "science of leftovers" or as the academic custodian of trivialities. At last, sociology would move into the mainstream. Along with industrial psychology and economics (business schools were scarcely in the picture those days) sociology would deal with the central institution of American life, an institution whose influence was felt throughout society through the occupations (and livings) it offered, the products it manufactured and distributed, and the values it inculcated or supported. Furthermore-and perhaps this loomed largest of all for many sociologists of the immediate postwar period-industry was the scene of what seemed then to be the most important developments in American society: the rise of the labor movement and the intense conflicts between management and labor. Many sociologists thought that the great changes that had been set in motion by the growth of the power of labor during the 1930s had merely been interrupted by the war. In the postwar world, management would have to learn to share power with labor, or perhaps modify its ways to prevent organization by the workers in their plants. Labor would have to learn to shoulder its new responsibilities and meet management on new terms. In society, labor, led by "new men of power" (as C. Wright Mills put it) would pursue their goals in every spherelocal, national, political, social, cultural. Industry was where all of this was happening and for sociologists it was an exciting place to be, for, to some degree, sociology is conducted a la mode. This is probably as it should be; sociologists are naturally attracted, though always necessarily with a time lag, to areas of society which seem most vital, and therefore most interesting. It had taken sociology the better part of a decade to catch up with the events of the 1930s, but by the late 1940s and early 1950s,
The Involvement of Hemocyte Prophenoloxidase in the Shell-Hardening Process of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus

Cuticular structures of arthropods undergo dramatic molt-related changes from being soft to becoming hard. The shell-hardening process of decapod crustaceans includes sclerotization and mineralization. Hemocyte PPO plays a central role in melanization and sclerotization particularly in wound healing in crustaceans. However, little is known about its role in the crustacean initial shell-hardening process. The earlier findings of the aggregation of heavily granulated hemocytes beneath the hypodermis during ecdysis imply that the hemocytes may be involved in the shell-hardening process. In order to determine if hemocytes and hemocyte PPO have a role in the shell-hardening of crustaceans, a knockdown study using specific CasPPO-hemo-dsRNA was carried out with juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus. Multiple injections of CasPPO-hemo-dsRNA reduce specifically the levels of CasPPO-hemo expression by 57% and PO activity by 54% in hemocyte lysate at the postmolt, while they have no effect on the total hemocyte numbers. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis using a specific antiserum generated against CasPPO show granulocytes, semigranulocytes and hyaline cells as the cellular sources for PPO at the postmolt. Interestingly, the type of hemocytes, as the cellular sources of PPO, varies by molt stage. The granulocytes always contain PPO throughout the molt cycle. However, semigranulocytes and hyaline cells become CasPPO immune-positive only at early premolt and postmolt, indicating that PPO expression in these cells may be involved in the shell-hardening process of C. sapidus.
Democracia, comunidade e cuidado

The paper analyzes the limits of any privatized family form of organizing life - not just those formed by heterosexual couples with children - for democracy. Based on this analysis, it discusses the reconfiguration of authority structures as necessary to re-create collective forms of accountability in everyday life. In contemporary societies (the text is focused on the US), precarization of support to care for children and the elderly, but also mutual care among adults, have led to conservative policies exalting the family. This corresponds, however, to an overload of functions where women and workers are especially under pressure to take occupations that would allow providing for their families and, although little time is left for that, to provide for all the work and support needed for care and everyday reproduction of life in the strict family private domain. At the same time, Welfare State policies meant undemocratic forms of control, especially on women who did not meet conventional standards, such as single mothers. Democratic collective forms of care sharing, encouraged by public policies and resources, would enable more support to individuals, more solidary forms of coexistence and more egalitarian relations.
Onset of convection in fluids with strongly temperature-dependent, power-law viscosity 2. Dependence on the initial perturbation

Abstract The onset of convection in the power-law creep regime on the silicate and icy planetary bodies requires a finite amplitude initial perturbation. This is a nonlinear problem and thus, both the amplitude and shape of the perturbation are important. We performed numerical simulations of the onset of convection in a two-dimensional layer with a fixed temperature contrast between the boundaries and in the stagnant lid regime of temperature-dependent viscosity convection. The optimal perturbations are located at the bottom of the layer (in the rheological sublayer) and have the wavelength of about twice the thickness of the rheological sublayer. The critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection by optimal perturbations is calculated for a broad range of viscosity parameters. The results are summarized in terms of simple scaling relationships.
Production of cross-kingdom oxylipins by pathogenic fungi: An update on their role in development and pathogenicity

Oxylipins are a class of molecules derived from the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates through the action of oxygenases. While extensively investigated in the context of mammalian immune responses, over the last decade it has become apparent that oxylipins are a common means of communication among and between plants, animals, and fungi to control development and alter host-microbe interactions. In fungi, some oxylipins are derived nonenzymatically while others are produced by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and monooxygenases with homology to plant and human enzymes. Recent investigations of numerous plant and human fungal pathogens have revealed oxylipins to be involved in the establishment and progression of disease. This review highlights oxylipin production by pathogenic fungi and their role in fungal development and pathogen/host interactions.
A segmentation of Turkish consumers based on their motives to visit shopping centres

AbstractThis paper aims to contribute to the literature by providing a segmentation of Turkish consumers based on their motives for visiting shopping centres. First, we identified the motives that Turkish consumers had for visiting shopping centres and then we used those motives to segment consumers. Data were collected through a survey from 390 participants living in the six largest cities in Turkey. First, the results showed that Turkish consumers had five groups of motives when it comes to visiting shopping centres. The results of a two-step cluster analysis used for segmentation revealed four distinct segments of Turkish shopping centre visitors. Those segments were named as serious consumers, recreational consumers, enthusiast consumers, pragmatic consumers. These findings suggest that Turkish shopping centre managers need to recognize that Turkish consumers are not a homogeneous unit when it comes to visiting shopping centres. Finally, academic and managerial implications of our findings are discussed.
Colombian Reactions to the Independence of Panama, 1903-1904

Although several Colombians of varying prominence had suggested the possibility of an imminent Isthmian revolt, it seems that the events of and immediately after November 3, 1903, took most of their countrymen by surprise. Certainly there is no evidence of significant prior planning for such a contingency. The achievement of Panamanian independence was followed, in turn, by a Colombian failure to establish a consistent and coherent policy designed either to regain the lost province or to implement terms by which the loss could be made more acceptable. This is not to say that Colombians, officially and unofficially, did nothing in response to the Panamanian separatist movement. Yet what is impressive is not what happened, but what did not happen: There was no sustained military movement against the Isthmus, no break in diplomatic relations with the United States, no serious reprisals against Americans and Isthmians, or their property, in Colombia, and no vigorous protest against the incumbent Colombian political leadership. Panama was apparently not a major issue even during the Presidential campaign and election of 1904. The lack of preparation alluded to above was surely a factor in determining this limited response, but it was a small factor and offers, at best, an incomplete explanation. In fact, the mildness of the Colombian reaction was the product of the unique interaction of domestic and international, contemporary and historical conditions which this article seeks to illuminate.
Abstract 700: Prolactin negates the ability of BRCA1 to increase p21 expression and the ability of already synthesized p21 to inhibit the cell cycle

The literature supports a role for prolactin (PRL) in the development of some cancers through PRL9s promotion of the cell cycle and/or inhibition of apoptosis. The selective PRL receptor modulator, S179D PRL, on the other hand, inhibits cancer cell proliferation and promotes differentiation and/or apoptosis. BRCA1 is an important tumor suppressor, shown to play a role in breast (B), ovarian (O), and prostate (P) cancer. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of the functionally distinct ligands for the PRL receptor on aspects of BRCA1 biology. Contrary to expectation, both PRL and S179D PRL (at 500 ng/ml) elevated levels of BRCA1 protein (∼3 fold in 24h and up to 10 fold in 48h) in all cancer types examined (B, O, P 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 700.
Change of the levels of galectin-3 and transforming growth factor beta 1 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with asthma

Objectives To investigate the change of the level of galectin-3(Gal-3) and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) in children with asthma.Methods Forty-five children with asthma,as asthma group,and 15 children with tracheal foreign body or abnormal airway,as control group,were enrolled in this study.The serum and BALF levels of Gal-3 and TGF-β1 were measured using ELISA method and compared.Results In asthma group,the levels of Gal-3 and TGF-β1 in serum and BALF were significantly higher than those of control group(P﹤0.05).Serum and BALF levels of Gal-3 and TGF-β1 in children with moderate or severe asthma were significantly higher than those in children with mild asthma(P﹤0.05).The levels of Gal-3 and TGF-β1 in serum were correlated positively with those in BALF(r=0.910,0.914,P0.05).In serum,level of Gal-3 was correlated positively with level of TGF-β1(r=0.932,P0.05).Conclusions Both of serum and BALF levels of Gal-3 and TGF-β1 were elevated in children with asthma and Gal-3 and TGF-β1 may involve in the occurrence and development of asthma.
Estrogen-androgen balance in hirsutism.

Random blood samples were obtained from a group of patients having oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea, who responded to progesterone with uterine withdrawal bleeding, associated with hirsutism (N = 35) or not associated with hirsutism (N = 9). A few blood samples were obtained during the midfollicular phase of normal cycles in age-matched normal females (N = 10) as controls for comparison. Plasma gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone [LH]) and steroid hormones including testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), estradiol (E 2 ), estrone (E 1 ), and progesterone (P) were quantitated by radioimmunoassay. The percentage of free fraction of E 2 and T was determined by equilibrium dialysis at 37° C, and the percentage of T-E 2 -binding globulin (TeBG)-bound fraction of E 2 and T was estimated by the specific steroid displacement-charcoal adsorption technique. The binding capacity of plasma TeBG was measured by the modified Scatchard plot technique. The E 2 :T ratios of concentrations and the binding parameters were also evaluated. The weight (but not height) of hirsute females was significantly higher than that of normal females. Plasma LH, T, A, and E 1 levels were significantly elevated in hirsute females. Plasma T concentrations, including free, index, and total, correlated positively with degree of hirsutism. E 2 :T ratios of concentration also suggested a similar, but negative, correlation. The percentage of free E 2 increased more than the percentage of free T when the percentage of TeBG-bound E 2 decreased more than the percentage of TeBG-bound T in hirsute females. The E 2 :T ratios of the percentage of free and TeBG-bound fractions did not show any correlation with degree of hirsutism. The T-binding capacity of plasma TeBG decreased in hirsute females and was also correlated significantly with degree of hirsutism. The elevated plasma T concentrations (including free, index, and total concentrations) in hirsute females overlapped significantly with that of normal females, thus they failed to discriminate each other.
Alpine and Glacier Runoff

A 31 year record (1984–2014) of glacier mass balance and areal extent indicate a significant glacier response to climate change in the North Cascades of Washington state. Glacier runoff is a major source of streamflow during the summer low-flow season and mitigates both low flow and high water temperatures. Measurement of ablation and discharge immediately below Sholes Glacier quantifies the volume of glacier runoff to the North Fork Nooksack River, which provided more than 40 % of total river runoff for 21 days in August and September, 2014, peaking at 80 % of total flow on Sept. 15th. The ameliorating role of glacier runoff on discharge and water temperature has been observed during 12 late summer warm weather events from 2009 to 2013 in the Nooksack Basin. The primary response to these events is increased discharge in the heavily glaciated North Fork, and increased stream temperature in the unglaciated South Fork. During the 12 warm weather events a +15 % increase in discharge was observed during 11 events in the North Fork, and zero in the South Fork. For water temperature all 12 events caused a 2 °C rise in water temperature in the South Fork, but just two events caused this rise in the North Fork.
Child and Adolescent Telemental Health

Child and adolescent psychiatry is one of the most underserved specialties, especially in rural and impoverished regions. The chapter opens by discussing how increased utilization of telemental health has the potential to alleviate this shortage and improve availability of mental health care for children. A literature review is then presented, stressing the need for more studies on which strong evidence-based practice guidelines for child telemental health can be developed. A variety of potential sites where child telemental health services may be particularly useful include schools, rural primary care clinics, community mental health centers, juvenile correctional facilities, and urban day care to name a few. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the specific considerations regarding telemental health for children and adolescents. These include room setup, what toys should and should not be available, interview techniques for fostering an optimal virtual relationship with the child, as well as a section on cultural considerations and the use of telemental health within the juvenile justice system.
Design of a transversal teaching unit between technology and social sciences by a mystery story

PBM is spreading in our students training. It is currently perceived as an optimal approach to learning in order to improve motivation, contextualize the projects and mainstreaming technology and humanities. This article presents The Mystery of Mr X, a teaching unit that fuses industrial process units, cities and population, from second ESO curriculum in roles format. The police plot is originated through the discovery of a body in the refurbishment of a former textile factory in the Poble Nou neighbourhood. An anonymous person contact and hire the unit class, which will act as a detective agency. Students develop skills and contents of the unit, stimulating creativity, reasoning and cooperative work, through a network of tracks. After solving the enigma, the student receives the tracks through theoretical content development as a part of each session. This unit aim is to discover how the society has evolved and transformed through technological development. Considering as timeframe since industrial revolution of nineteenth century to twenty-first century society, students will see and learn about the social and industrial changes through the resources that have sprung up.
Energy-Efficient Pedestrian Detection System: Exploiting Statistical Error Compensation for Lossy Memory Data Compression

Pedestrian detection represents an important application for embedded vision systems. Focusing on the most energy constrained implementations, systems have typically employed histogram of oriented gradients features and support vector machine classification, which leads to low detection accuracy (a log-average miss rate of 68% on the Caltech Pedestrian dataset). Additionally, single-scale detection is often adopted in these systems for real-time processing, which further deteriorates the detection performance. In this paper, we propose a hardware accelerator achieving substantially higher detection accuracy by employing aggregated channel features (ACFs) at multiple different scales and using boosted decision trees for classification. Though resulting in higher accuracy, the higher dimensionality ACFs exacerbate memory operations, which become the energy and speed bottlenecks of the system. To overcome this, we employ binary discrete cosine transform to perform low-overhead and lossy compression, to efficiently store and access feature data. For restoring performance following compression, we exploit retraining of the classifier, resulting in an optimal model for pedestrian detection. The proposed accelerator is implemented in field-programmable gate array, which can process 40 video graphics array frames ( $640\times 480$ resolution) per second at a log-average miss rate of 42% on the Caltech Pedestrian dataset, with compression reducing memory energy by $4\times $ and overall energy by $1.7\times $ .
Comparative studies of stenogamous behaviour in the mosquito Culex pipiens complex.

Understanding the processes of reproductive behaviour in mosquitoes is crucial for improving mating competitiveness and mating specificity for sterile insect release programmes. The Culex pipiens (Linneaus) (Diptera: Culicidae) forms pipiens and molestus (Forskal), two biotypes of the Cx. pipiens complex, are vectors for West Nile virus, St Louis encephalitis virus and lymphatic filariases. Hybridization of these biotypes is known to occur in nature, although form pipiens mates above ground in large spaces (eurygamy) and form molestus preferentially mates in small spaces (stenogamy) such as sewage tunnels. Hybridization may allow gene flow of biotype-specific characteristics that are crucial in the disease transmission cycle. The present study examined and compared mating behaviours, insemination rates, fecundity and fertility in parental and F1 hybrids between Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and Cx. pipiens f. molestus in conditions of stenogamy. Unique mating behaviour sequences were identified in Cx. pipiens f. molestus, including tapping, mounting, co-flying and copulation. Despite the considerably high insemination rates in hybrid crosses, fertility and fecundity rates were varied. This observation could suggest reproductive isolation in the hybrid zone. The study also documents a failure of heterospecific males to produce fertile eggs in Cx. pipiens f. pipiens females, which may be attributable to gametic incompatibilities and may represent an additional barrier to gene exchange.
Meat Matters: Butchers, Politics, and Market Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris

In eighteenth century Paris, municipal authorities, guild officers, merchant butchers, stall workers, and tripe dealers pledged to provide a steady supply of healthful meat to urban elites and the working poor. "Meat Matters" considers the formation of the butcher guild and family firms, debates over royal policy and regulation, and the burgeoning role of consumerism and public health. The production and consumption of meat becomes a window on important aspects of eighteenth-century culture, society, and politics, on class relations, and on economic change. Watts's examination of eighteenth-century market culture reveals why meat mattered to Parisians, as onetime subjects became citizens. Sydney Watts is assistant professor of history at the University of Richmond. She is currently working on the history of Lent and secular society in early modern France.
Biological Pores on Lipid Bilayers

Biological nanopores formed across lipid bilayers are a mainstay for nanoporous sensors. Although these pores are produced by many organisms, many bacterial pores, pore-forming toxins, and peptides have been shown to be ideal as sensing elements for nanopore sensors. The inherent advantage of the biologically derived nanopore is the wealth of electronic and biophysical information that is available through electrophysiology and structural biology coupled with the ability to manipulate and engineer desired properties within the pore. This chapter will discuss some of the characterization modalities and highlight some of the more thoroughly used and characterized pores currently used in nanopore sensing.
Protein turnover in lipid homeostasis

Lipid droplet (LD) is emerging as a hotbed of metabolic activity as opposed to previously held notion of an `inert` body. The life cycle of a lipid droplet is largely regulated by its resident proteins most of which are turned over by the cellular degradation machineries. To date, two prominent protein degradation machineries have been identified, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. The proteasome machinery turns over short lived proteins while bulk degradation of long lived proteins is usually associated with autophagy. The breakdown of stored lipid at the LD by sequestration of the autophagy machinery is termed lipophagy, a process in which lipids are broken down in acidic lysosomal compartments as opposed to the classical cytosolic breakdown at neutral pH by TG lipases. This review presents the different players fine tuning the proteasomal and autophagic degradation systems in regulating lipid metabolism. Key words: lipid droplets, proteasome, ubiquitin, E3 ligases, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, lipophagy, Rab GTPases
Does it Make Sense to Try Reconciling the National Interest and Global Justice Agendas

The article will address this question and will attempt to give it sound answers. In order to do so, the article will tackle the following issues: What are national interest and global justice, and what have been their relations so far? What are the challenges concerning their reconciliation, in general and today? In the current situation, what are the benefits that could be generated by such a reconciliation? How could it happen and what the chances for this to happen?
The North Carolina Experience with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Newborn Screening.

Objective To evaluate the performance of a 2-tiered newborn screening method for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) in North Carolina. Study design The screening algorithm included a flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry assay as a first-tier screening method to measure α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) enzyme activity and Sanger sequencing of the IDUA gene on dried blood spots as a second-tier assay. The screening algorithm was revised to incorporate the Collaborative Laboratory Integrated Reports, an analytical interpretive tool, to reduce the false-positive rate. A medical history, physical examination, IDUA activity, and urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis were obtained on all screen-positive infants. Results A total of 62 734 specimens were screened with 54 screen-positive samples using a cut-off of 15% of daily mean IDUA activity. The implementation of Collaborative Laboratory Integrated Reports reduced the number of specimens that screened positive to 19 infants. Of the infants identified as screen-positive, 1 had elevated urinary GAGs and a homozygous pathogenic variant associated with the severe form of MPS I. All other screen-positive infants had normal urinary GAG analysis; 13 newborns had pseudodeficiency alleles, 3 newborns had variants of unknown significance, and 2 had heterozygous pathogenic variants. Conclusions An infant with severe MPS I was identified and referred for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Newborn IDUA enzyme deficiency is common in North Carolina, but most are due to pseudodeficiency alleles in infants with normal urinary GAG analysis and no evidence of disease. The pilot study confirmed the need for second-tier testing to reduce the follow-up burden.