cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Propaganda for peace and preparation for war

Two explanations must precede any examination of National Socialist foreign policy in 1933 and thereafter. In the first place, the new regime did not come to power in Germany without previously developed views on the subject of an appropriate foreign policy for Germany. Quite to the contrary, although it was primarily internal disruption and the related reduction in the authority and prestige of the Weimar Republic which led to the appointment of Adolf Hitler to lead a new government, the newly installed masters had very much more detailed and far-reaching views about foreign policy than about internal and economic matters. These prior concepts must, therefore, be included in any review of developments. Second, one should not attempt to make a clear distinction between domestic and foreign policy in studying National Socialism. There was no such separation in the reality of the time, and to speak of the priority of internal or foreign policy only obstructs any understanding of the evolution of the Third Reich. The concepts which can be recognized in the writings and speeches of Hitler and some of his followers during the time before their seizure of power, which then became historically significant in and after 1933, on the contrary called for a whole series of measures in both policy spheres. These measures were inextricably bound together, had to be fitted or adjusted to each other, and had mutual repercussions. This complex of interconnected concepts must be summarized first so that the attempt to implement them beginning in 1933 can be seen in the proper light.
Design for (physical) debug for silicon microsurgery and probing of flip-chip packaged integrated circuits

As transistor technology shrinks, well-planned structures for debug must be designed into the circuitry. Analyzing signals from the backside using pre-planned probing structures, or fixing logic or speed bugs using on-silicon microsurgery has become even more important as the photomasks and other lithographic costs climb. Quick and reliable throughput of silicon fixes is critical to the success of debug, which multi-layer tapeouts cannot provide in a timely fashion.
Bringing ‘the poor’ back in: regulation and control of surplus populations in Finland and the Netherlands

Using Marx and Engels' work on surplus populations, we develop a theory to explain differences in increased punitiveness in social control of the poor. We argue that the primary condition of existence for punitiveness is a surplus population that is large or growing, is made up of stagnant, pauper, and ‘dangerous classes’ forms, is other than the dominant racial/ethnic group, and is perceived to pose a threat. Under such conditions, penal strategies will be harsh and punitive with an emphasis on deterrence and incapacitation. When these conditions hold and are coupled with a weak working class, social welfare will receive less priority, benefits will be more stingy, the distribution of benefits will be biased toward the ‘deserving poor,’ and the form of assistance and consumption of aid recipients will be strongly targeted and regulated by the state. We then offer an analysis of surplus populations in two very similar countries, Finland and the Netherlands, that we argue explains observed differences in p...
Silica (Crystalline) and its Selection as an OSHA Priority Substance for a Comprehensive Standard

The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), according to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, is "to assure as far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions." OSHA has had substantial success over the past 25 years in fulfilling this mission. However, we recognise that many injuries, illnesses and deaths still occur as a result of hazards which are widely recognised and/or covered by existing standards, but which are nonetheless inadequately controlled. In order to deal with this problem, OSHA inaugurated the Priorities Planning Process in 1994. The objective of the Priorities Planning Process is to identify unmet needs and establish plans to address them.
Mesh morphing strategies for robust geometric parameter model reduction

A finite element method (FEM) model reduction methodology is combined with a reliable mesh warping algorithm for fast geometric parameter sweeps. The approach avoids remeshing and matrix assembling by carefully repositioning mesh nodes via solving Laplace's equation with a nodal FEM in each mesh region. Even on large deformations, this approach maintains high quality meshes that produce robust reduced models. Numerical results on a patch antenna and infinite Vivaldi array demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method
Design space and scalability exploration of 1T-1STT MTJ memory arrays in the presence of variability and disturbances

This paper presents modeling and analysis of 1T-1MTJ STT RAM memory arrays under process variations and thermal disturbances. Bounds on the magnetic material design space for embedded applications are illustrated. Impact of relaxed timing/area and the effect of scaling for 1T-1MTJ bitcells have been evaluated.
Fine Pitch Wirebonds on Ultra Low-k Device

The mechanical integrity of wirebonds are sensitive to structures under the bond pads of ultra low-k dielectric devices. The authors studied the mechanical performance of wirebonds on 32-nm test chips with various layouts of lines and vias under the 35-μm-pitch bond pads, various stacks of dielectric layers, and a range of bonding process conditions. Poor mechanical integrity resulted in the pad tearout failure mode at wire pull testing. The thickness of the SiO2/FTEOS layer and the density of the vias in the ULK layer are the key factors for good wirebond integrity, manufacturability, and module-level reliability with ultrafine pitch wirebonds. The wirebond experimental results were analyzed by capillary indentation, excessive bond force parameter and finite element method (FEM). The authors found that only excessive bond force does not increase the rate of pad tearout and 2D FEM model can correlate the location of pad tearout in the ULK layers with calculated highest stress point which occurs by the ultrasonic vibration during wirebonding process.
A Fourier series back-computation method for the parting-out step in residual stress measurements in pipes

The first step in a widely used destructive procedure for measuring through-thickness residual stresses in pipes is a parting-out step in which a coupon is cut from the wall of the pipe. Strain gages provide information on the stress changes that take place at the two surfaces of the coupon when the coupon is removed. Back-computation methods are applied to the laboratory data to provide estimates of the residual stresses that were in the pipe before the coupon was parted out. The laboratory data needed for the back-computation method are the residual stress distribution in the parted-out coupon, and the stress changes that occured at the surfaces of the coupon when it was parted-out. A simple back-computation methods for the parting-out assumes that the changes that occur in the through-thickness stress distribution of the coupon when it is parted out can be described by a straight line, the end points of the line being determined by the stress changes at the surfaces of the coupon. However, if the width of the coupon in the circumferential direction is small (which is often the case for coupons cut from pipes), this straight line back-computation method can lead to errors in the circumferentialmore » residual stress distribution estimate it provides. This paper presents an alternative back-computation procedure based on the Fourier series. Example problems presented in the paper show the Fourier series back-computation method to be accurate, even for narrow coupons, and to be quick and easy to apply.« less
Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells in response to vitamin D and antiestrogens

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the active metabolite of vitamin D, is a potent inhibitor of breast cancer cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. We have shown that MCF-7 cells trea...
Ethical beliefs related to HIV and AIDS among nursing students in South Africa and the United States: a cross-sectional analysis.

Abstract Background The ethical issues associated with HIV and AIDS are challenging and complex because of beliefs about HIV and AIDS, stigma surrounding the epidemic, lack of knowledge, and fear. Both South Africa and the United States have a nursing code of ethics which endorses a nurse's responsibility to maintain a patient's right to confidentiality, involvement in decision-making, autonomy, and informed consent. However, nursing students may inappropriately handle ethical challenges in practice related to HIV and AIDS. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the ethical beliefs held by nursing students regarding testing, confidentiality, serostatus disclosure, and the environment of care related to HIV and AIDS in South Africa and the United States. Design/setting This study utilized a descriptive, correlational design with a cross-sectional time dimension. Data were collected during March–April 2007 in South Africa and the United States. Participants 136 nursing students in South Africa and 198 nursing students in the United States participated in the study. The participants included nursing students in enrolled and professional bridging programs in South Africa and from traditional and accelerated baccalaureate entry programs in the United States. In both countries, the participants were mostly female and heterosexual. In South Africa, participants were mostly black (93.3%) while in the United States the participants were mostly white (76.6%). Over 95% of eligible nursing students participated in the study in both countries. Results After evaluating the findings in the context of ethical standards, 0% of the 198 nursing students in the US had beliefs that were fully supportive of the nursing standards of ethical practice regarding caring for HIV-positive persons, while only 11.5% of the South African participants were fully supportive. Despite their identified lack of training in HIV and AIDS nursing, nursing students in South Africa were much more willing to protect patient confidentiality than nursing students in the United States. Conclusions Nursing students' beliefs and attitudes related to HIV and AIDS are not congruent with the ethical principles guiding nursing. To facilitate support for the ethical principles of nursing in the context of HIV and AIDS, nursing students need guided experiences to assess personal attitudes and beliefs about HIV and AIDS and direct care opportunities to destigmatize the epidemic in order to meet the ethical standards of nursing practice.
Ablation-Products Radiation from Cones

Conical bodies with ablation heat shields have been proposed to reduce the total heating of vehicles entering planetary atmospheres at hyperbolic speeds. The radiant emission from the products of ablation constitutes a source of heat input into the body. This source of heating has previously been studied for blunt bodies (NASA TN D-1978), and ballistic-range data have been correlated by means of a boundary-layer analysis. In the present study, the correlation parameters derived from the blunt-body tests are combined with solutions of the boundary-layer equations for laminar flow with mass injection for cones. Predictions were thus made of the ablation-products radiation to be expected on cones. Tests of polyethylene and polycarbonate 30° half-angle cones have been conducted to test the predictions. It is found that the ablation-products radiation of the cone models is predicted within a factor of 2. It appears that the present approach may be used for other shapes.
Comparison of small-scale flux rope magnetic properties to large-scale magnetic clouds: Evidence for reconnection across the HCS?

[1] A newly developed semi-automated routine to identify small-scale symmetric force-free flux ropes in the solar wind was used to search 11 years (1995–2005) of WIND magnetic field data. We identified 68 flux ropes whose durations range from 39 minutes up to 12.2 hours, with the distribution strongly peaked at an hour or less. These small-scale flux ropes have strong core field signatures in total magnetic field coincident with bipolar field inflection consistent with a cylindrically symmetric flux rope model. They are predominately observed in the slow and moderate solar wind (<500 km s−1). They are observed to have a solar cycle occurrence variation with most small-scale flux rope events found during solar minimum. This database of small-scale flux ropes is compared to previously published small-scale flux rope surveys and interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME)/magnetic cloud databases. The size distribution of flux ropes in the solar wind appears to be bimodal, with the majority of events having durations 4 hours or less where the magnetic cloud distribution peaks between 12 and 16 hours. The results suggest different source mechanisms for small and large-scale flux ropes.
A prolonged decline in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis after the introduction of a cautious feeding regimen.

Etude retrospective chez des nouveau-nes atteints d'enterocolite necrosante de 1980 a 1987. Mise en evidence de l'effet benefique et de la diminution de frequence de l'affection par l'introduction alimentaire avec precautions
Clinical stage I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium-analysis of recurrences and the potential benefit of staging lymphadenectomy

Abstract Two hundred forty-eight consecutive patients with clinical Stage I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were seen between 877 and 888. Twenty-one were medically not operable and eleven others had papillary serous tumors. The remaining 216 were managed by a consistent operative protocol except that routine preoperative cesium was discontinued after 1283. Patients received postoperative pelvic radiation on the basis of the depth of invasion, extrauterine pelvic disease, and/or cervix involvement. No patient underwent a pelvic lymphadenectomy. Only palpably suspicious nodes were removed. Twenty-one of these two hundred sixteen patients developed a recurrence. These 21 cases are analyzed for the probability of a staging lymphadenectomy having prevented their recurrence. Median follow-up of all 216 patients is 61 months with a mean time to recurrence of 26.5 months. No patient was lost to follow-up. Patients who recurred are analyzed by grade, depth of invasion, surgical stage, time to recurrence, site of recurrence, survival, protocol breaks, and frozen section discrepancies. No patient recurred on the pelvic sidewall. All patients found to have positive para-aortic nodes have died. No patient who received vaginal and/or pelvic radiation recurred in the pelvis. We conclude that staging lymphadenectomy would not have improved the outcome for these patients.
Evaluating the gold standard: A review and meta-analysis of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms.

The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992) is often touted as the gold standard of measures of feigning. This label likely arises in part out of the impressive accuracy rates reported in the extensive validation research that preceded its publication. However, since its publication, researchers not only have continued to investigate the measure's utility but have expanded the study of the SIRS to include novel populations, different study methodologies, and abbreviated versions. The current review examines 26 studies using the SIRS to identify feigning, evaluating both its effectiveness at differentiating feigners from genuine responders and the potential impact of moderating variables. Meta-analyses revealed that research published since the initial validation studies demonstrate higher sensitivity but lower specificity rates than those reported in the SIRS manual. Studies in which feigners were composed of simulators yielded higher classification rates than studies sampling actual suspected malingerers. Furthermore, genuine patient samples were significantly more likely than nonclinical samples to be misclassified as feigning. Abbreviated versions of the SIRS also demonstrated equivalent accuracy with the standard measure. The implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed.
Interaction of dolichol and dolichyl phosphate with phospholipid bilayers

Abstract The thermotropic phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles reconstituted with dolichol or dolichyl phosphate was investigated as a function of the lipid-to-polyisoprenoid ratio by means of differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence depolarization of the embedded probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. At the concentrations studied, dolichol and dolichyl phosphate lowered and broadened the transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. Dolichol was found to increase the motional freedom of the bilayer both below and above the transition temperature as determined by fluorescence depolarization. In contrast, low concentrations of dolichyl phosphate decreased the bilayer motional freedom below the transition temperature while high concentrations increased the motional freedom. Above the transition temperature, dolichyl phosphate decreased bilayer ‘fluidity’ at all concentrations. The data suggest that these polyisoprenoids perturb the bilayer lattice, with the neutral species dolichol increasing membrane ‘fluidity’, while dolichyl phosphate acts to ‘stiffen’ the membrane.
Scalability of multicast delivery for non-sequential streaming access

To serve asynchronous requests using multicast, two categories of techniques---stream merging and periodic broadcasting---have been proposed. For sequential streaming access, where requests are uninterrupted from the beginning to the end of an object, these techniques are highly scalable: the required server bandwidth for stream merging grows logarithmically as request arrival rate, and the required server bandwidth for periodic broadcasting varies logarithmically as the inverse of start-up delay. A sequential access model, however, is inappropriate to model partial requests and client interactivity observed in various streaming access workloads. This paper analytically and experimentally studies the scalability of multicast delivery under a non-sequential access model where requests start at random points in the object. We show that the required server bandwidth for any protocol providing immediate service grows at least as the square root of request arrival rate, and the required server bandwidth for any protocol providing delayed service grows linearly with the inverse of start-up delay. We also investigate the impact of limited client receiving bandwidth on scalability. We optimize practical protocols which provide immediate service to non-sequential requests. The protocols utilize limited client receiving bandwidth, and they are near-optimal in that the required server bandwidth is very close to its lower bound.
Acceleration metrics are responsive to change in upper extremity function of stroke survivors.

Abstract Objectives To (1) determine whether acceleration metrics derived from monitoring outside of treatment are responsive to change in upper extremity (UE) function; and secondarily to (2) compare metric values during task-specific training and while in the free-living environment, and (3) establish metric associations with an in-clinic measure of movement capabilities. Design Before-after observational study. Setting Inpatient hospital (primary purpose); outpatient hospital (secondary purpose). Participants Individuals (n=8) with UE hemiparesis Intervention The inpatient sample was evaluated for UE movement capabilities and monitored with wrist-worn accelerometers for 22 hours outside of treatment before and after multiple sessions of task-specific training. The outpatient sample was evaluated for UE movement capabilities and monitored during a single session of task-specific training and the subsequent 22 hours outside clinical settings. Main Outcome Measures Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and acceleration metrics quantified from accelerometer recordings. Results Five metrics improved in the inpatient sample, along with UE function as measured on the ARAT: use ratio, magnitude ratio, variation ratio, median paretic UE acceleration magnitude, and paretic UE acceleration variability. Metric values were greater during task-specific training than in the free-living environment, and each metric was strongly associated with ARAT score. Conclusions Multiple metrics that characterize different aspects of UE movement are responsive to change in function. Metric values are different during training than in the free-living environment, providing further evidence that what the paretic UE does in the clinic may not generalize to what it does in everyday life.
Differential Gene Expression Segregates Cattle Confirmed Positive for Bovine Tuberculosis from Antemortem Tuberculosis Test-False Positive Cattle Originating from Herds Free of Bovine Tuberculosis

Antemortem tests for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) currently used in the US measure cell-mediated immune responses against Mycobacterium bovis. Postmortem tests for bTB rely on observation of gross and histologic lesions of bTB, followed by bacterial isolation or molecular diagnostics. Cumulative data from the state of Michigan indicates that 98 to 99% of cattle that react positively in antemortem tests are not confirmed positive for bTB at postmortem examination. Understanding the fundamental differences in gene regulation between antemortem test-false positive cattle and cattle that have bTB may allow identification of molecular markers that can be exploited to better separate infected from noninfected cattle. An immunospecific cDNA microarray was used to identify altered gene expression ( 𝑃 ≤ 0 . 0 1 ) of 122 gene features between antemortem test-false positive cattle and bTB-infected cattle following a 4-hour stimulation of whole blood with tuberculin. Further analysis using quantitative real-time PCR assays validated altered expression of 8 genes that had differential power (adj 𝑃 ≤ 0 . 0 5 ) to segregate cattle confirmed positive for bovine tuberculosis from antemortem tuberculosis test-false positive cattle originating from herds free of bovine tuberculosis.
Development of a piezoelectric-actuated manipulator for end-point sensing

This paper presents an integrated solution that combines an inexpensive optical sensor and a piezoelectric-actuated micro-motion manipulator to enable precision sensing of the end-effector position with respect to the workpiece directly. The materials presented in this paper are built on the author's prior research on sensing and actuator1'2'3. In particular, this paper highlights the sensor and actuator needed for integrated robotic motion control in flexible manufacturing environment. The optical sensor is based on the concept of retroreflective vision sensing to locate workpieces or end-ofarm tooling, which requires no priori knowledges of object reflectance properties. The design of a piezoelectric actuated micro-motion mechanism to enhance the resolution and to provide an effective means of end-point sensing using microbending losses in fiber optics is addressed.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Angular and energy distributions of secondary electrons from helium. Slow electrons ejected by electron impact

Recommended angular and energy distributions of slow secondary electrons produced from helium by electron impact are presented in a compact table. The table lists coefficients for the Legendre polynomials from which all angular and energy distributions can be generated for scattering angles between 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, secondary-electron energies between 0 and 40 eV, and incident-electron energies between 100 and 2000 eV. The distributions represent double-differential cross sections that are consistent with expected asymptotic behavior, angular symmetry, and integrated cross sections. These cross sections should be sufficiently reliable to serve as normalization standards for experiments on secondary-electron distributions.
Energy loss of a heavy quark moving through Script N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma

We use the AdS/CFT correspondence to determine the rate of energy loss of a heavy quark moving through = 4 SU(Nc) supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma at large 't Hooft coupling. Using the dual description of the quark as a classical string ending on a D7-brane, we use a complementary combination of analytic and numerical techniques to determine the friction coefficient as a function of quark mass. Provided strongly coupled = 4 Yang-Mills plasma is a good model for hot, strongly coupled QCD, our results may be relevant for charm and bottom physics at RHIC.
New Technology Implementation

New technology is significantly changing the industrial workplace. The implementation of new technology allows companies to improve productivity, quality, safety, working conditions, and profitability. Effective new technology implementation is necessary for companies to compete successfully in the highly competitive business world. Time and money wasted on unsuccessful new technology implementation is contrary to the goal of improving the competitiveness and profitability of the company. To effectively implement new technology it is necessary to consider all of the factors involved in the implementation process, such as: new technology characteristics, organization structure, task factors, environmental characteristics, and the human factors involved. It is also suggested to utilize a cooperative approach to new technology implementation, which relies on employee participation and teamwork throughout the implementation process. By taking a total systems view of the situation; and being aware to the inter...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Tuberculin Reaction in Mice.

Summary1. Albino swiss mice immunized with heat-killed H37Rv tubercle bacilli in mineral oil of with active BCG infections are relatively anergic to PPD and O.T. used for skin tests. 2. Bilateral adrenalactomy does not reverse mouse tuberculin anergy.
Undersampling produces non-veridical motion perception, but not necessarily motion reversal, in peripheral vision

We investigated motion perception in peripheral vision (10–40 deg eccentricity) for drifting gratings above and below the Nyquist limit set by neural sampling of the retinal image. We found that psychometric functions for motion discrimination rarely exhibited worse-than-chance performance indicative of motion reversal. A series of control experiments indicated that failure to demonstrate motion reversal could not be attributed to: (1) failure to detect the contrast of the stimulus; (2) failure to detect the motion of the stimulus; (3) use of an inappropriate range of spatial frequencies. Although consistent motion reversal was not observed, additional experiments demonstrated that motion perception was nevertheless non-veridical for spatial frequencies above the Nyquist limit. These seemingly contradictory results were reconciled by the observation that aliased patterns could appear to move in several different directions, all of which were different from the direction of stimulus, but only one of which was opposite to the stimulus direction. Nyquist limits inferred from motion discrimination lie near the predictions for P-ganglion cells in human retina and well above M-cell predictions, which implies the M-cell array is too sparse to account for the limits to veridical motion perception in peripheral vision.
Soil Micronutrient Availability after Compost Addition to St. Augustine Grass

Compost application to turf grasses can increase dissolved organic matter and nutrient levels in soil but may also enhance leaching and runoff losses. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of composts on soil organic matter and accumulation of DTPA-and water-extractable Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in St. Augustine Grass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] turf. Composts increased soil organic C (SOC) soon after application, but no further increases occurred beyond 11 months. In contrast, dissolved organic C (DOC) increased from 3 to 29 months after application, indicating contributions from decomposition of composts and St. Augustine Grass residues. Dissolved organic C was 75, 78, and 101% greater 29 months after application of 0, 80, and 160 Mg ha−1 of compost, respectively, than before application. While DTPA-extractable Mn and Cu increased from 0 to 29 months, Fe and Zn decreased and were often below background levels. By 29 months, DTPA-extractable Mn and Cu for soil receiving 160 M...
Mechanism of the enhanced thermoelectric power in (111)-oriented $n$-type $PbTe/Pb_{1-x}Eu_{x}Te$ multiple quantum wells

A theoretical investigation of the recently observed enhanced thermoelectric power S in (111)-oriented n-type $\mathrm{PbTe}/{\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Eu}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ multiple-quantum-wells $(x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.09)$ has been carried out, including both longitudinal acoustic phonon deformation potential scattering and polar optical phonon scattering of the two-dimensionally confined electrons in the quantum wells. An enhancement in S is observed experimentally and predicted theoretically, despite the lifting of the conduction band valley degeneracy, and an excellent agreement between the experimental and theoretical results has been obtained over a wide temperature range $(80--400 \mathrm{K}).$ In the low temperature regime $(\ensuremath{\sim}100 \mathrm{K}),$ the polar optical phonons are found to be more effective in scattering carriers in the oblique L-point valleys than in scattering carriers in the longitudinal L-point valley, making the resulting S somewhat suppressed in this temperature regime. In the high temperature regime $(g~300 \mathrm{K}),$ the polar optical phonon scattering generally contributes to increasing S due to the particular shape of the distribution function associated with it. It is emphasized that our theoretical model requires virtually no fitting parameters. The excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental results suggests the validity of our model of enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit in two-dimensional structures and the reliability of the values of the parameters for the superlattice deduced from other independent measurements, such as Hall carrier concentrations and band energy gaps.
The effectiveness of carcass decontamination systems for controlling the presence of pathogens on the surfaces of meat animal carcasses

The effectiveness of decontamination systems for controlling the presence of pathogens and spoilage organisms on carcasses is discussed. Research using organic acids and water (hot or cold) demonstrates the general effectiveness of such treatments in lowering the aerobic plate counts (APC) on carcasses by 1–3 log10 cfu per unit area. Chlorine has been found to be relatively ineffective for use in animal carcass spray washers. An example of direct application of the bacteriocin nisin to inoculated tissue in a spray washer is discussed. Reductions attributable to nisin were 2–2.5 log10 cfu per unit area higher than those reported for various organic acids or water. Areas for further research are highlighted along with the potential use of newer technologies to elucidate attachment and detachment mechanisms of bacteria to meat animal carcasses.
859 HISPANIC RECOMBINANT 8 (REC 8) SYNDROME: SEGREGATION ANALYSIS

Pericentric inversions have been reported for almost all human chromosomes. While some (e.g., inv 9) are benign, others represent a significant reproductive risk for recombinant offspring. Reported risks range from 1-10% depending upon the chromosome involved and the mode of ascertainment. Thirty-one probands representing 24 Hispanic kindreds have been documented to have rec(8)dup q secondary to a parental inv(8)(p23q22). The clinical phenotype associated with rec(8)dup q includes a characteristic facies, congenital heart disease, and developmental and postnatal growth retardation (Am. J. Med. Genet., 10:229, 1981). Detailed pedigree and cytogenetic data collected from the 24 kindreds (223 individuals from 67 sibships) was analyzed by segregation analysis. The risk for an inv(8) carrier parent was 7% for rec(8) offspring and 60% for inv(8) carrier offspring. The risk for SAB/stillbirth (11%) was not significantly increased above the general population. Only one of the two possible recombinants was identified in these kindreds. All kindreds have, to date, been of Hispanic background with origins in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The Hispanic background, geographic localization, and common ancestry in three kindreds suggest a single origin of the Hispanic inv(8).
Lung injury after cigarette smoking is particle related

The specific component responsible and the mechanistic pathway for increased human morbidity and mortality after cigarette smoking are yet to be delineated. We propose that 1) injury and disease following cigarette smoking are associated with exposure to and retention of particles produced during smoking and 2) the biological effects of particles associated with cigarette smoking share a single mechanism of injury with all particles. Smoking one cigarette exposes the human respiratory tract to between 15,000 and 40,000 μg particulate matter; this is a carbonaceous product of an incomplete combustion. There are numerous human exposures to other particles, and these vary widely in composition, absolute magnitude, and size of the particle. Individuals exposed to all these particles share a common clinical presentation with a loss of pulmonary function, increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, pathologic changes of emphysema and fibrosis, and comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cancers. Mechanistically, all particle exposures produce an oxidative stress, which is associated with a series of reactions, including an activation of kinase cascades and transcription factors, release of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. If disease associated with cigarette smoking is recognized to be particle related, then certain aspects of the clinical presentation can be predicted; this would include worsening of pulmonary function and progression of pathological changes and comorbidity (eg, emphysema and carcinogenesis) after smoking cessation since the particle is retained in the lung and the exposure continues.
Stochastic recognition of closed object boundaries in images

Engineering-based edge detection techniques generally use local intensity information to identify whether a pixel location is part of a boundary. Boundaries are presumed present where sharp transitions in the observed intensities occur. Unfortunately, these approaches are sensitive to error and hidden partial boundaries, which hinder the determination of closed object boundaries. In this research, a method to obtain statistically optimal closed object boundaries is presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Complete sets of solutions of linear Lorentz covariant field equations with an infinite number of field components

We study field equations of the Gelfand-Yaglom type where ψ transforms as a unitary representation of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. We construct a complete set of solutions of this equation. This set includes solutions with spacelike momentum. Our method makes use of the decomposition of unitary representations of the homogeneous Lorentz group into unitary representations of the little groupsS U (2) andS U (1, 1). The covariant operatorsΓµ are written as differential operators on homogeneous spaces. For some classes of equations we calculate the mass spectrum explicitly.
Multivariate Semi-Metric Smoothing in Multiple Prediction

Abstract Prediction parameters associated with childhood predictor variables for mature stature vary widely and irregularly across age. Aesthetics as well as pragmatism dictate that it would be far better to have some smooth functional relationship between age of child and the value of each prediction parameter at that age. An estimation method is developed which yields resistant estimates of regression coefficients which are continuous in age for each predictor variable.
Contributions of astrocytes to epileptogenesis following status epilepticus: Opportunities for preventive therapy?

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life threatening condition that often precedes the development of epilepsy. Traditional treatments for epilepsy have been focused on targeting neuronal mechanisms contributing to hyperexcitability, however, approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy do not respond to existing neurocentric pharmacotherapies. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that profound changes in the morphology and function of astrocytes accompany SE and persist in epilepsy. Astrocytes are increasingly recognized for their diverse roles in modulating neuronal activity, and understanding the changes in astrocytes following SE could provide important clues about the mechanisms underlying seizure generation and termination. By understanding the contributions of astrocytes to the network changes underlying epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy, we will gain a greater appreciation of the contributions of astrocytes to dynamic circuit changes, which will enable us to develop more successful therapies to prevent and treat epilepsy. This review summarizes changes in astrocytes following SE in animal models and human temporal lobe epilepsy and addresses the functional consequences of those changes that may provide clues to the process of epileptogenesis.
Dopamine transporter site-directed mutations differentially alter substrate transport and cocaine binding.

Abstract Polar amino acids lying within three hydrophobic regions of the dopamine transporter (DAT) are analogous to those important for ligand recognition by catecholamine receptors. Possible functional significance of these amino acids was examined by expressing DAT cDNAs mutated in these polar residues. Replacement of aspartate at position 79 with alanine, glycine, or glutamate dramatically reduced uptake of [3H]dopamine and the tritium-labeled Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and reduced the mutants' affinity for the tritium-labeled cocaine analog (-)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT) without affecting Bmax. Replacement of the serine residues at positions 356 and 359 in the seventh hydrophobic region by alanine or glycine caused reductions in [3H]dopamine and [3H]MPP+ uptake, whereas [3H]CFT binding was less affected. Substitution of two serines in the eighth hydrophobic region yielded wild-type values for [3H]dopamine and [3H]MPP+ uptake and [3H]CFT binding. These results demonstrate that aspartate and serine residues lying within the first and seventh hydrophobic putative transmembrane regions are crucial for DAT function and provide identification of residues differentially important for cocaine binding and for dopamine uptake.
Applications of Genomics in Melanoma Oncogene Discovery

The identification of recurrent alterations in the melanoma genome has provided key insights into the biology of melanoma genesis and progression. These discoveries have come about as a result of the systematic deployment and integration of diverse genomic technologies, including DNA sequencing, chromosomal copy number analysis, and gene expression profiling. Here, the discoveries of several key melanoma oncogenes affecting critical cell pathways are described and the role played by evolving genomics technologies in melanoma oncogene discovery is examined. These advances are being exploited to improve prognosis and treatment of melanoma patients through the development of genome-based diagnostic and targeted therapeutic avenues.
Differential Coupling of m2 and m4 Muscarinic Receptors to Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase by Giα and Goα Subunits

We compared the G-protein requirements for coupling of human and chicken m2 and m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, using a luciferase reporter gene under the transcriptional control of a cAMP response element as a sensitive monitor of intracellular cAMP levels. Previously, we used this system to demonstrate that the chick m4 receptor preferentially coupled to Giα-2 and Goα over Giα-1 and Giα-3. We found that both the chick and human m2 mAChRs can couple to Giα-1, Giα-2, Giα-3, and Goα, while the human m4 mAChR preferentially couples to Giα-2 and Goα. Both the Go1 and Go2 forms of the Goα subunit were effective in reconstituting coupling of the m2 and m4 mAChRs to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. The m2 and m4 mAChRs thus couple to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by overlapping but different sets of G-protein α subunits.
Genetic identification and separation of innate and experience-dependent courtship behaviors in Drosophila.

Wild-type D. melanogaster males innately possess the ability to perform a multistep courtship ritual to conspecific females. The potential for this behavior is specified by the male-specific products of the fruitless (fruM) gene; males without fruM do not court females when held in isolation. We show that such fruM null males acquire the potential for courtship when grouped with other flies; they apparently learn to court flies with which they were grouped, irrespective of sex or species and retain this behavior for at least a week. The male-specific product of the doublesex gene (dsxM) is necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of the potential for such experience-dependent courtship. These results reveal a process that builds, via dsxM and social experience, the potential for a more flexible sexual behavior, which could be evolutionarily conserved as dsx-related genes that function in sexual development are found throughout the animal kingdom.
High-order harmonic generation in solid argon

We report on the generation of high-order harmonics in bulk solid argon at the highest laser intensity of 3 × 1013 w/cm2 without damage. The measured 7th and 9th order harmonics have similar strengths.
A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of a low calorie soy-based meal replacement program for the treatment of obesity. Design: A 12-week prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Outpatient weight control research unit. Subjects: One hundred obese (28<BMI≤41 kg/m2) volunteers between the ages of 35 and 65 y. Seventy-four participants completed the trial. Interventions: Participants were randomized to either the meal replacement treatment group (n=50; 240 g/day, 1200 kcal/day) or control group (n=50). Both groups at baseline received a single dietary counseling session and a pamphlet describing weight loss practices. Main outcome measures: Weight, body fat, serum lipid concentrations. Results: By intent-to-treat analysis, the treatment group lost significantly more weight than the control group (7.00 vs 2.90 kg; P<0.001) and had a greater change in total (22.5 vs 6.8 mg/dl; P=0.013) and LDL cholesterol (21.2 vs 7.1 mg/dl; P<0.009). Among completers only, the treatment group again lost more weight (7.1 kg; n=37 vs 2.9 kg; n=37; P=0.0001) and had a greater reduction in total cholesterol (26.1 mg/dl; n=37 vs 6.7 mg/dl; P=0.0012) and a greater change in LDL cholesterol (21.6 vs 5.5 mg/dl; P=0.0025). (For any given degree of weight loss, the reduction in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater in the treatment group.) Treatment was well tolerated and no serious side effects were detected. Conclusions: Use of this soy-based meal replacement formula was effective in lowering body weight, fat mass and in reducing LDL cholesterol beyond what could be expected given the weight lost. Sponsorship: This research was funded by Nutripharma. Dr Allison is a member of the United Soybean Board's Scientific Advisory Panel and Chair of the Research Grants Committee.
How kids view cops The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police

Abstract During the past two decades there has been increasing interest in the attitudes of adults toward the police. There has only been limited interest in the attitudes of juveniles, even though they comprise a significant proportion of the population subject to police contact and arrests. The present study, using data collected through a survey administered to a sample of urban and suburban juveniles, examined the determinants of juveniles' attitudes toward the police. The findings generally suggest that the overall attitudes of juveniles are not quite as favorable as those reported previously for adults, that the overall level of support voiced by juveniles varied depending on the focus of the attitude question, that many juveniles selected the “neutral” response category and failed to voice positive or negative attitudes, and that many of the variables identified as being theoretically relevant in the literature on adult attitudes toward the police (e.g., contact with police, respondents' races and genders, extent of victimization) are also significant predictors of the attitudes of juveniles.
Protecting data against unwanted inferences

We study the competing goals of utility and privacy as they arise when a provider delegates the processing of its personal information to a recipient who is better able to handle this data. We formulate our goals in terms of the inferences which can be drawn using the shared data. A whitelist describes the inferences that are desirable, i.e., providing utility. A blacklist describes the unwanted inferences which the provider wants to keep private. We formally define utility and privacy parameters using elementary information-theoretic notions and derive a bound on the region spanned by these parameters. We provide constructive schemes for achieving certain boundary points of this region. Finally, we improve the region by sharing data over aggregated time slots.
Prospects and issues for commercial fusion power systems

As one alternative source of energy for the future, fusion power will be required to demonstrate that it can be a safe, clean and economically attractive option in an increasingly diverse and competitive energy marketplace. Top-level requirements have been developed and used to guide the development of fusion power concepts, most recently, the ARIES-RS conceptual power plant design based upon the tokamak operating in the reversed shear MHD mode. This design is shown to have the potential to meet the necessary requirements. We review the present status of this and other power plant designs, identify the key fusion R and D issues in a variety of technological areas, and point to the need for a coordinated, and international, R and D effort to achieve the ultimate goal of a commercially desirable fusion system.
Electrocardiogram of the Healthy Adult Negro

The T waves of the precordial electrocardiograms are upright in healthy adult white subjects. On the other hand, several reports have drawn attention to T-wave inversion "juvenile pattern" in adult Negroes free of organic heart disease. This study demonstrated no increased incidence of the "juvenile pattern" in healthy adult Negroes. The standards for normality are identical for both white and Negro. When abnormalities of the T wave are found in Negroes, an explanation other than that of race should be sought.