cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virus-induced immunosuppression is linked to rapidly fatal disease in infant rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus

Six newborn rhesus macaques were experimentally infected with pathogenic Simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac251), and three newborn macaques were infected with avirulent SIVmac1A11. The former developed rapidly fatal simian AIDS and died within 26 wk of age, whereas the latter remained clinically normal. Infant monkeys that developed rapidly progressive disease had rapid declines in CD4+ cells and were unable to mount IgG and IgA antibody responses to SIV or to an unrelated antigen, tetanus toxoid. IgM antibody responses were near normal to both SIV-specific and nonspecific antigens. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to SIV envelope were observed in animals infected with either virulent or avirulent SIV. These studies demonstrated that virulent SIVmac infection induced a rapid immunosuppression that was both SIV-specific and nonspecific in nature. The observation that virulent strains of SIV can rapidly induce a global immunosuppression provides one explanation for the rapid disease course in some HIV-infected children and supports the strategy of early and vigorous antiviral drug therapy to alter the disease course even if this does not prevent infection.
A composite approach to generating autocorrelated sequences

In this paper a procedure is developed for internally generating autocorrelated sequences of variates for use in simulation of systems such as production- inventory systems, queueing systems, and economic systems. The procedure is based on the composite method, or method of mixtures. The procedure permits specification of the mean and variance of the dis tribution of variates, the magnitude and direction (positive or negative) of the lag-1 autocorrelation of the sequence, and the general form of the distrib ution. In general, the procedure does not permit specification of higher-order moments or higher-order lagged correlations. An illustrative example is included. A flow chart for the procedure is given, and a GPSS program is available.
H-atom electron spin polarization in irrdiated water and ice confined in the nano-pores of Vycor glass

Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron-spin Polarization (CIDEP) in radiolytically generated H atoms in water-saturated Vycor glass is observed at different temperatures (+29 to -94 C) by time-resolved pulsed EPR spectroscopy. The kinetics of polarization is investigated by means of the numerical solution of the stochastic Liouville equation (SLE) as applied to a two-site kinetic model. The experimental results are quantitatively simulated assuming that the H atom is one of the partners of the random (or triplet geminate) radical pairs and that the Heisenberg spin-spin exchange interaction is the only inter-radical interaction in such pairs. The recombination of H atoms with radical pair partners is a spin-selective reaction with activation parameters close to those of H-atom diffusion. It is shown that the rate of longitudinal spin relaxation of the partner, the rate of encounters, and the rate of the spin-selective recombination of the H atom with a partner are the most important kinetic parameters defining the observed time evolution of CIDEP. The kinetics of the CIDEP is defined mostly by the polarization generated in random pairs. The contribution of CIDEP from the geminate triplet radical pairs is important only at short times.
An ultrastructural analysis of the ecdysoneless (l(3)ecd1ts) ring gland during the third larval instar of Drosophila melanogaster.

In the late third larval instar of Drosophila melanogaster, the prothoracic gland, an endocrine portion of the ring gland, synthesizes ecdysteroids at an accelerated rate. The resultant ecdysteroid titer peak initiates the events associated with metamorphosis. The normal prothoracic gland displays several ultrastructural features at this developmental stage that reflect increased steroidogenic activity, including extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane (membrane invaginations) and an increase in both the concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (or transitional ER) and elongated mitochondria. By contrast, the prothoracic glands of larvae homozygous for a conditional larval lethal mutation, l(3)ecd1ts, not only fail to produce ecdysteroids at normal levels at the restrictive temperature (29° C), but also acquire abnormal morphological features that reflect the disruptive effects of the mutation. These abnormalities include an accumulation of lipid droplets presumed to contain sterol precursors of ecdysteroids, a disappearance of SER and a drastic reduction of membrane invaginations in the peripheral area of the cell. These morphological defects are observed in prothoracic glands dissected from larvae transferred from 18° C to 29° C approximately 24 h before observation and also within 4 h of an in vitro transfer to 29° C following dissection from wandering third instar larvae reared at 18° C. No ultrastructural abnormalities were noted in the corpus allatum portion of mutant ring glands. These observations further indicate the direct involvement of the ecd gene product in ecdysteroid synthesis and suggest a role for the gene in the proper transport of precursors to the site where they can be utilized in ecdysteroid biosynthesis.
Martian lee waves revisited

SEVERAL of the Mariner 9 television frames show standing-wave patterns in the clouds of the Martian atmosphere near surface features of high relief. These lee waves have been interpreted as high level condensation clouds in which the brightness variations are due to a combination of true lateral variations in the local concentration of condensed material and the shadows cast on lower levels by such scattering material. Here I demonstrate that the variation in slope of the mean scattering layer with respect to the local horizontal produces a photoclinometric brightness variation strong enough to explain the data with the invocation of quite modest relief in the cloud deck. Although some lee wave clouds in the later frames of the mission leave no doubt that they are mainly pressure trough condensations, lee wave clouds in the early dust-storm phase of the mission are probably largely the photoclinometric effect of vertical oscillations of approximately 40 m in the lines of flow past land protuberances. One interpretation of this result yields a wind velocity of 92 m s−1.
Taurine metabolism in the rat: effect of partial hepatectomy.

Abstract 1. 1. The biosynthesis of taurine in rat liver regenerating after partial hepatectomy is altered such that hypotaurine accumulates and the concentration of taurine is reduced. 2. 2. [ 35 S]Cystine is converted to both [ 35 S]hypotaurine and [ 35 S]taurine in the liver regenerating after partial hepatectomy, whereas only [ 35 S]taurine could be detected in the liver of sham-operated rats. 3. 3. The changes in activities of enzymes involved in this pathway, cystathionase (which increases), cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase (which decreases) and hypotaurine aminotransferase (which is unchanged), do not provide an adequate explanation of these observations. 4. 4. We conclude that the oxidation step in which hypotaurine is converted to taurine is altered in this. condition, although a convincing demonstration of this enzymatic reaction in vitro has not been accomplished to date.
Calibration and validation of TRANSIMS microsimulator for an urban arterial network

TRANSIMS, a travel demand modeling software package initially developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), enables modeling of individual activities and provides second-by-second simulation results on vehicular movements. TRANSIMS has been applied more than a decade, but calibration and validation of TRANSIMS Microsimulator have not received proper attention from transportation engineering community. This paper presents a case study of a TRANSIMS Microsimulator calibration and validation using an experimental design approach. An urban arterial network consisted of four signalized intersections was calibrated against field measured travel times and traffic count data. The distributions of travel times and traffic count obtained from the multiple replications of the default parameter values were not able to replicate field conditions, while the proposed approach did well. Even though this case study used a small corridor network in urban area, the calibration and validation procedure could be extended to a larger scale network in TRANSIMS modeling as well as transportation planning applications.
Ecological notes on Phyllospadix (potamogetonaceae) in the Northeast Pacific

Abstract Three species of Phyllospadix were found from southern Oregon to Vancourver Island, Canada. Observations showed a zonal relationship between the three species. Phyllospadix serrulatus Ruprecht ex Aschers. grew from + 1.5 m to mean lower low water (MLLW); P. scouleri Hooker was intermediate (MLLW to ca. −1.5 m); P. torreyi Watson grew in water deeper than the other two species. Field observations and an examination of available herbarium material have shown that (1) P. scouleri flowers and forms fruits from southern Oregon to Sitka, Alaska, in April and June, respectively; (2) the phenology of P. serrulatus is identical from southern Oregon to Sitka, Alaska, and probably to the Chirikof Islands; (3) the phenology of P. torreyi is possibly similar to that of the other species. Seedlings and vegetative plants of Zostera marina L. were observed growing into a dense P. scouleri meadow on Whidbey Island, Washington. Sediment trapped by the Phyllospadix was ca. 8 cm deep, which allowed Zostera to invade.
The ontogeny of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue in short bowel syndrome.

Abstract Newborns suffering from short bowel syndrome (SBS) after massive intestinal resection have numerous infectious complications, which may be due to immunoincompetence from the loss of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). This study examines the ontogeny of GALT in the rat with SBS. A total of 36 3-week-old rats were divided into two groups: I, sham operated (C, n = 16); and II (SBS, n = 20), with a 50% resection of small intestine with jejunoileostomy. At 4, 5, 6, and 10 weeks of age the animals were sacrificed and the GALT was assessed by video analysis and immunoperoxidase monoclonal antibodies, OX8 (CD8), W-3/25 (CD4), and MARA-2 (IgA). The data were expressed as positive staining lymphocytes per 10 4 μm 2 (mean ± SD). ∗ . OX8 W-3/25 MARA-2 Results: C(4) SBS(5) C(4) SBS(5) C(4) SBS(5) Week 4 33±7 43±14 20±6 31±10 7±4 10±2 Week 5 43±14 46±19 26±3 27±7 11±7 6±2 Week 6 36±11 44±12 25±9 7±9 ∗∗ 10±1 4±4 ∗ Week 10 39±9 11±3 ∗ 28±10 5±10 ∗ 15±3 6±2 ∗ ∗ P ∗∗ P vs control (C). In the sham group there was an increase in all lymphocyte subsets over time. In the SBS group there was a rapid fall in OX8 and W-3/25 T-lymphocytes by 10 weeks, with no increase in IgA plasma cells at 6 and 10 weeks. This study demonstrates that in the massive bowel resection in the suckling rat decreases the T- and B-lymphocyte populations in the GALT. This lack of development may underlie the associated infectious complications and malabsorption in SBS.
Rapid microplate assay for superoxide scavenging efficiency

Here we report a method to determine superoxide scavenging efficiency, using kinetic analysis of cytochrome c reduction and an automated UV/vis microtiter plate reader. Superoxide (O2−) was generated by xanthine oxidase metabolism of hypoxanthine, and quantified by following reduction of cytochrome c by O2− as increasing absorbance at 550 nm. Reaction conditions were established that provided a linear increase in O2− generation for more than 20 min, and good reproducibility over time. The majority of cytochrome c reduction was blocked by superoxide dismutase, indicating cytochrome c reduction derived predominantly from O2−. Although EDTA is commonly included in this assay to eliminate undesirable Fenton side-reactions with H2O2 (a co-product of reactions that use xanthine oxidase to produce O2−), we found that catalase, but not EDTA, blocked suicide elimination of cytochrome c from the reaction. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating superoxide scavenging abilities on small samples extracted from two types of neuronal cultures, a hypothalamic neuronal cell line (GT1 trk cells) and primary mouse cortical cell cultures. This assay allows rapid, high throughput assessments of superoxide scavenging efficacy for small molecules of interest, as well as for cell or tissue extracts.
Experimental Application of Feedback Control to Localize Vibration

The purpose of this study is to apply feedback control to a physical system in order to localize structural vibration. This is accomplished using an eigenstructure placement technique called eigenvector scaling. Active eigenvector scaling mimics one of the properties of passive mode localization, namely the confinement of vibrational energy, by re-forming or scaling portions of all the system mode shapes. This produces areas of localization, with relatively large amplitudes and high vibrational energy levels, and areas of isolation, with relatively small amplitudes and little vibrational energy. Because all mode shapes are scaled in the same fashion, the system response reflects this vibration confinement regardless of the type of disturbance input. In this paper, the above statements are supported using control law development and analysis as well as experimental application and numerical simulations.
Shape forming and lateral spread in sheet rolling

Abstract An approximate theory to describe transverse flow and lateral spread in sheet rolling is developed using asymptotic methods. The formulation is based on the thin sheet approximation. The approach is relevant for analysing spread in conventional rolling and also for shape rolling. Predictions from the theory are illustrated with a few examples. This includes: (1) a thorough study of lateral effects in conventional rolling, (2) a model of deformed rolls and (3) rib-rolling. The theory shows that the spread formula depends on the front and back tensions. This is a new feature. The dependence on the roll friction is also identified.
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP has epileptogenic potential in the hippocampus of freely behaving rats: a combined EEG-intracerebral microdialysis study.

Abstract The effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP were studied with the combined EEG-intracerebral microdialysis technique in the hippocampus of freely behaving rats. It was found that intrahippocampal microdialysis with this drug produced epileptiform EEG events associated with limbic type behavioral seizures. The dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced seizures developed with a long latency, and persisted for a prolonged period even after the removal of the drug from the microdialysis fluid. Similar EEG or behavioral manifestations did not occur during intrahippocampal microdialyses with artificial cerebrospinal fluid or ATP solutions. These data suggest that in the hippocampus, in vivo, the cyclic AMP second messenger system may be involved in potentially epileptogenic excitatory processes.
When the type of move matters: employee outcomes under various relocation situations

The type of job change associated with relocation and the type of relocation decision were examined as predictors of post-move attitudes and intentions. Employees who relocated for a lateral or downward job change reported lower perceived organizational support and higher turnover intentions than those who relocated for a promotion. Further, those taking downward moves or moving involuntarily had lower perceptions of support and higher intentions to quit than lateral relocators and voluntary relocators, respectively. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apomorphine is a highly potent free radical scavenger in rat brain mitochondrial fraction

Ergoline-derived dopamine receptor agonists, like pergolide or bromocryptine, have recently attracted attention as potential neuroprotective drugs. The classical mixed type dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonist apomorphine, although used clinically in the therapy of Parkinson's disease, has never been examined for any properties related to neuroprotection. In this paper, we examine the effects of 0.1–100 μM apomorphine on ascorbate/iron-stimulated free radical processes in rat brain mitchondrial fraction. Lipid peroxidation as assayed by the thiobarbituric acid reaction can be completely inhibited by submicromolar concentrations of apomorphine (0.3 μM with 2.5 μM Fe2+ and 0.6 μM with 5.0 μM Fe2+), which proved to be more than twice as effective as desferrioxamine and twenty times as compared with dopamine. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation in mitochondria correlates with an increased rate of apomorphine oxidation. The formation of protein carbonyls, which is generally less sensitive to antioxidants, could be significantly reduced by apomorphine. In the model system we employed, apomorphine was more active than dopamine, desferrioxamine, or pergolide in preventing the formation of thiobarbituric reactive substances. The time course of the reaction suggests that apomorphine acts as a radical scavenger and that its iron chelating properties may not be of major importance. Since oxidative stress has been implicated in Parkinson's disease, the role of apomorphine as a neuroprotective is worthy of examination.
Simultaneous photometric flow injection determination of sulfide, polysulfide, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfate

Chemical reactivities, ptta differences, and differing volatilities of S-containing acids permit selective determinations in four conjoined but independant FIA schemes
When Wolfy Met Helga

Wolfgang and Helga are two figurines living in a brand new cuckoo clock. As the clock strikes the hour, it's time for them to meet. Both are very excited, till wolfy meets helga... Copyright held by creator.
FR, DRL, and discrimination learning in rats following aspiration lesions and penicillin injection into hippocampus.

Abstract Rats with bilateral hippocampal destruction produced by aspiration, rats with injections of penicillin into hippocampus, rats with injections of sodium sulfadiazine into hippocampus, and control animals were tested on three operant tasks - auditory discrimination, fixed ratio (FR), and DRL 20 performance. The animals with penicillin injections were significantly impaired on higher FR schedules and DRL 20 performance. Hippocampal destruction produced by aspiration resulted in performance superior to control subjects on higher FR schedules and significantly impaired performance on the auditory discrimination and DRL 20 tasks. A hypothesis based upon these behavioral results is offered which predicts the behavioral tasks upon which subjects with penicillin injection to hippocampus are likely to be impaired.
Spatial and temporal complexities of reproductive behavior and sex ratios: a case from parasitic insects.

Background Sex ratios are important empirical data in predicting sex allocation strategy and selection in populations. Therefore, they should be sampled at crucial developmental steps before and after parental investment. In parasites with free-living (off-host) developmental stages the timing and method of sampling is not trivial, because ecological niches are frequently poorly known. Consequently, information is scarce for sex ratios of these parasites between conception and sexual maturity. Often, only data from adult parasites are available, which usually were collected from the parasite's hosts. Generally, these ratios are assumed to represent operational sex ratios. Methodology/Principal Findings We here report three years of empirical data on population sex differentials from a bat ectoparasite (Trichobius frequens) with off-host developmental stages. At emergence these parasites exhibit a significant and seasonally stable female biased sex ratio. This bias is lost in the adult population on the roosting host, which shows sex ratios at equality. This is best explained by a behaviorally driven, sex-dependent mortality differential. Because consistently only subsets of females are available to mate, the operational sex ratio in the population is likely male biased. Host capture experiments throughout the day show a statistically significant, but temporary male excess in bat flies on foraging bats. This phenomenon is partly driven by the diurnal rhythms of female larviposition, and partly due to parasites remaining in the bat roost during foraging. Because most previous research in bat flies is based only on foraging bats, female contributions to physical sex ratios have been underestimated. Conclusion/Significance Our results highlight the importance of detailed natural history observations, and emphasize that ignoring the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of reproduction in any organism will lead to significant empirical sampling errors of sex ratios, and may obscure operational sex ratios.
The use of radar in determining the amount of rain falling over a small area

Radar storm echoes are compared with rainfall recorded by a battery of 55 sensitive rain gages located approximately one mile apart. For thunderstorms it is found that the areas of rainfall can be determined with accuracy by the radar. A single radar set can measure quantitatively thunderstorm rainfall that would be missed completely by existing rain-gage nets. If properly “calibrated” against a battery of rain gages, the radar can measure rainfall about as accurately as would be possible from a micronetwork of rain gages such as was used in these tests.
The quantitative detection of free radicals on mechanically formed polymer surfaces

Mechanochemical reactions are becoming increasingly important; yet, quantitative data on mechanoradicals are sparse. A study was undertaken to determine the surface concentration of free radicals which are available for reaction when chemical bonds are broken by mechanically forming fresh polymer surface. Polyethylene and polypropylene were cut under a benzene solution of the free-radical scavenger diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl, using countersinks as the cutting tools. Accurate surface area measurements of the polymer shavings were made. Surface free-radical densities up to 2 × 1013/cm2 for polyethylene and 9 × 1013/cm2 for polypropylene were determined. The physical conditions of the test and of the cutting tool were found to have an effect on the results, but not as profound as that of base polymer.
Autonomic control of heart rate after brain injury in children.

ObjectivesTo study sequential changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate power spectra, and plasma catecholamine concentrations in patients with acute brain injury and correlate these variables with the severity of neurologic dysfunction and patient outcome.DesignProspective
A Sec7‐related Protein in Tetrahymena

Sec7 was first identified in mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that accumulated Golgi stacks and cisternae when incubated at 37°C in low glucose medium. Since then, Sec7-related proteins have been found in a variety of organisms including Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis and Paramecium. In their role in vesicular transport, many of the Sec7-related proteins have been shown to function as guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for small G-proteins such as ARF. Paramecium sec7 (psec7) has been cloned and shown to be up-regulated upon deciliation, implicating a role of pSec7 in ciliogenesis and/or ciliary function. The presence of a Sec7-related protein in Tetrahymena thermophila has been shown by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence using pSec7 antibodies against T. thermophila proteins. These experiments confirm the localization of tSec7 to the cilia and ciliary membranes of Tetrahymena. These results suggest that tSec7, like pSec7, is a ciliary-membrane-associated protein that could participate in signal transduction processes. The genomic sequence of tsec7 is now known. RT-PCR has revealed the presence of 9 introns within tsec7, the largest of which is 327 bps in length. Predicted start and stop codons within the genomic sequence will be verified with mass spectroscopic analysis of the protein. Alignment of pSec7 and tSec7 amino acid sequences indicates a 32% identity and a 52% homology between the two proteins. In addition, motifs found in pSec7 (i.e. the Sec7 domain, truncated IQ motifs and PH domains) are also found in tSec7.
The Effects of Energy Prices on Agricultural Groundwater Extraction from the High Plains Aquifer

We examine the effects of energy prices on groundwater extraction using an econometric model of a farmer's irrigation water pumping decision that accounts for both the intensive and extensive margins. Our results show that energy prices have an effect on both types of margins. Increasing energy prices would affect crop selection decisions, crop acreage allocation decisions, and farmers' demand for water. Our estimated total marginal effect, which sums the effects on the intensive and extensive margins, suggests that a $1 per million btu increase in the energy price would decrease water extraction by an individual farmer by 5.89 acre‐feet per year, a decrease of 3.6 percent of the average annual extraction rate. Our estimated elasticity of water extraction with respect to energy price is −0.26.
Mathematical strategies for filtering complex systems: Regularly spaced sparse observations

Real time filtering of noisy turbulent signals through sparse observations on a regularly spaced mesh is a notoriously difficult and important prototype filtering problem. Simpler off-line test criteria are proposed here as guidelines for filter performance for these stiff multi-scale filtering problems in the context of linear stochastic partial differential equations with turbulent solutions. Filtering turbulent solutions of the stochastically forced dissipative advection equation through sparse observations is developed as a stringent test bed for filter performance with sparse regular observations. The standard ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) has poor skill on the test bed and even suffers from filter divergence, surprisingly, at observable times with resonant mean forcing and a decaying energy spectrum in the partially observed signal. Systematic alternative filtering strategies are developed here including the Fourier Domain Kalman Filter (FDKF) and various reduced filters called Strongly Damped Approximate Filter (SDAF), Variance Strongly Damped Approximate Filter (VSDAF), and Reduced Fourier Domain Kalman Filter (RFDKF) which operate only on the primary Fourier modes associated with the sparse observation mesh while nevertheless, incorporating into the approximate filter various features of the interaction with the remaining modes. It is shown below that these much cheaper alternative filters have significant skill on the test bed of turbulent solutions which exceeds ETKF and in various regimes often exceeds FDKF, provided that the approximate filters are guided by the off-line test criteria. The skill of the various approximate filters depends on the energy spectrum of the turbulent signal and the observation time relative to the decorrelation time of the turbulence at a given spatial scale in a precise fashion elucidated here.
Assimilating Coastal Wave Observations in Regional Swell Predictions. Part I: Inverse Methods

Abstract Inverse methods are used to assimilate wave observations into numerical predictions of ocean swell (0.04–0.12 Hz surface waves) propagating over complex continental shelf bathymetry. Model predictions of swell on the shelf can be degraded by the limited accuracy and resolution of the initializing offshore (unsheltered deep water) frequency–directional spectra So, usually derived from buoy measurements or meteorological hindcasts. The authors use a spectral refraction wave propagation model to find improved estimates of So that are consistent with both unsheltered and sheltered (altered by coastal bathymetry) observations, and vary smoothly in direction and time. In Part I, linear and nonlinear inverse assimilation methods are developed. Their potential and limitations are illustrated qualitatively using a scenario where no a priori knowledge of So is used in the inverse estimates. Inverse estimates of So based solely on sheltered wave data routinely collected in the Southern California Bight are ...
Examining the Link between “Familiness” and Performance: Can the F–PEC Untangle the Family Business Theory Jungle?:

Family business research appears to be caught in a “jungle” of competing theories in regards to familiness and performance. This study provides a further empirical examination into that relationshi...
APP transgenic modeling of Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms of neurodegeneration and aberrant neurogenesis

Neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population affect over 5 million people in the US and Europe alone. The common feature is the progressive accumulation of misfolded proteins with the formation of toxic oligomers. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment, progressive degeneration of neuronal populations in the neocortex and limbic system, and formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the product of proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β and γ-secretase enzymes. The neurodegenerative process in AD initiates with axonal and synaptic damage and is associated with progressive accumulation of toxic Aβ oligomers in the intracellular and extracellular space. In addition, neurodegeneration in AD is associated with alterations in neurogenesis. Aβ accumulation is the consequence of an altered balance between protein synthesis, aggregation rate, and clearance. Identification of genetic mutations in APP associated with familial forms of AD and gene polymorphisms associated with the more common sporadic variants of AD has led to the development of transgenic (tg) and knock out rodents as well as viral vector driven models of AD. While APP tg murine models with mutations in the N- and C-terminal flanking regions of Aβ are characterized by increased Aβ production with plaque formation, mutations in the mid-segment of Aβ result in increased formation of oligomers, and mutations toward the C-terminus (E22Q) segment results in amyloid angiopathy. Similar to AD, in APP tg models bearing familial mutations, formation of Aβ oligomers results in defective plasticity in the perforant pathway, selective neuronal degeneration, and alterations in neurogenesis. Promising results have been obtained utilizing APP tg models of AD to develop therapies including the use of β- and γ-secretase inhibitors, immunization, and stimulating neurogenesis.
Do state balanced budget requirements matter? Testing two explanatory frameworks

Balanced budget requirements (BBRs) affect all aspects of financial operations. Previous studies relied on characterizations that highlight a constitutional-statutory distinction. Hou and Smith (Public Budgeting & Finance 26(3):22–45, 2006) instead propose a political-technical construct. This article uses probit estimation, six measures of balance, and long panels to test which framework offers more explanatory power. The findings suggest that BBRs matter to varying degrees. Technical requirements exert bigger effects than political ones, the effects are more obvious on narrower than broader measures of balance and in the later phases of the budget cycle, and the political-technical construct offers more explanatory power than the constitutional-statutory distinction.
Immunohistochemical profiles of claudin-3 in primary and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma

Background: Claudins are integral membrane proteins that are involved in forming cellular tight junctions. One member of the claudin family, claudin-3, has been shown to be overexpressed in breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer. Here we use immunohistochemistry to evaluate its expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), normal tissue adjacent to prostatic adenocarcinoma (NAC), primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa), and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma (Mets). Methods: Tissue microarrays were immunohistochemically stained for claudin-3, with the staining intensities subsequently quantified and statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey tests for multiple comparisons or a nonparametric equivalent. Fifty-three cases of NAC, 17 cases of BPH, 35 cases of PIN, 107 cases of PCa, and 55 cases of Mets were analyzed in the microarrays. Results: PCa and Mets had the highest absolute staining for claudin-3. Both had significantly higher staining than BPH (p < 0.05 in both cases) and NAC (p < 0.05 in both cases). PIN had a lower, but non-significant, staining score than PCa and Mets, but a statistically higher score than both BPH and NAC (p < 0.05 for both cases). No significant differences were observed between PCa, Mets, and PIN. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this represents one of the first studies comparing the immunohistochemical profiles of claudin-3 in PCa and NAC to specimens of PIN, BPH, and Mets. These findings provide further evidence that claudin-3 may serve as an important biomarker for prostate cancer, both primary and metastatic, but does not provide evidence that claudin-3 can be used to predict risk of metastasis.
Fine particulate air pollution and the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness: a prospective cohort study from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution.

Background: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to cardiovascular disease, possibly via accelerated atherosclerosis. We examined associations between the progression of the intima-medial thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery, as an indicator of atherosclerosis, and long-term PM2.5 concentrations in participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods and Results: MESA, a prospective cohort study, enrolled 6,814 participants at the baseline exam (2000–2002), with 5,660 (83%) of those participants completing two ultrasound examinations between 2000 and 2005 (mean follow-up: 2.5 years). PM2.5 was estimated over the year preceding baseline and between ultrasounds using a spatio-temporal model. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were examined using mixed models adjusted for confounders including age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, and socio-economic indicators. Among 5,362 participants (5% of participants had missing data) with a mean annual progression of 14 mm/y, 2.5 mg/m 3 higher levels of residential PM2.5 during the follow-up period were associated with 5.0 mm/y (95% CI 2.6 to 7.4 mm/y) greater IMT progressions among persons in the same metropolitan area. Although significant associations were not found with IMT progression without adjustment for metropolitan area (0.4 mm/y [95% CI 20.4 to 1.2 mm/y] per 2.5 mg/m 3 ), all of the six areas showed positive associations. Greater reductions in PM2.5 over follow-up for a fixed baseline PM2.5 were also associated with slowed IMT progression (22.8 mm/y [95% CI 21.6 to 23.9 mm/y] per 1 mg/m 3 reduction). Study limitations include the use of a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis, some loss to follow-up, and the lack of estimates for air pollution concentrations prior to 1999. Conclusions: This early analysis from MESA suggests that higher long-term PM2.5 concentrations are associated with increased IMT progression and that greater reductions in PM2.5 are related to slower IMT progression. These findings, even over a relatively short follow-up period, add to the limited literature on air pollution and the progression of atherosclerotic processes in humans. If confirmed by future analyses of the full 10 years of follow-up in this cohort, these findings will help to explain associations between long-term PM2.5 concentrations and clinical cardiovascular events. Please see later in the article for the Editors’ Summary.
Type-safe concurrent resource sharing

Concurrent systems often have many processes sharing a common set of resources, both memory regions and hardware devices. Among the many challenges in producing safe concurrent software are single access, atomic transactions, starvation, and deadlock. Locks are frequently used to provide single access to shared resources, but do not guarantee safe usage. This paper extends the previous work on linear, singleton, and arithmetic types and linear memory primitives. Our contributions are capabilities for shared resources, and locks to control these capabilities in provably safe ways. We present formalized locks in a lambda calculus along with the soundness properties of preservation and progress. The type system described here prevents data races. The formalized locks have also been implemented in a C-like language and used in a network device driver. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer simulation of granular shear flows

Detailed understanding of flowing granular materials is severly hampered by the deficiencies of present experimental methods. To help increase the information base, a computer simulation has been developed to describe two-dimensional unidirectional flows of inelastic fully rough particles. This paper presents the results of a Couette shear-flow simulation. The results include distributions of velocity, density and granular temperature (a measure of the kinetic energy contained in the random particle motions). The effects of density and shear rate on the granular temperature are explored. Shear and normal forces on the solid walls are compared with experimental and theoretical results. The behaviour of the particles in the simulated flow is examined and assessments are made of the collision angle and velocity distributions. The development of a distinct, 'layered' microstructure is observed in high-density granular flows.
On the Continuum Between On-line and Off-line E-cash Systems - 1

Electronic cash systems for small transactions are discussed, with the functionality goal of minimizing involvement of third parties in transactions between users. To this end the potential role of randomized audit mechanisms is discussed. A continuum exists between the extremes of totally on-line and totally off-line payment systems, and there exist business motivations to establishing an intermediate “working point.”
Double Slide Controller

The Double Slide Controller is a new electronic music instrument that departs from the slide trombone as a model for its design. Going much beyond a mere simulation of its acoustic counterpart it introduces truly innovative features: two powerful and versatile sets of gesture driven interfaces actuated by the hands of the performer, as well as featuring two independent slides, one for each hand/arm of the musician. The combination of these features make this instrument a great tool to explore new venues in musical expression, given the many degrees of technical and musical complexity that can be achieved during its performance.
Protective Memory Responses Are Modulated by Priming Events prior to Challenge

Human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in the last decade have legitimized fears of a long-predicted pandemic. We thus investigated the response to secondary infections with an engineered, but still highly virulent, H5N1 influenza A virus in the C57BL/6 mouse model. Mice primed with the H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus were partially protected from lethality following respiratory infection with the modified H5N1 virus A/Vietnam/1203/04 (DeltaVn1203). In contrast, those that had been comparably exposed to the HKx31 (H3N2) virus succumbed to the DeltaVn1203 challenge, despite similarities in viral replication, weight loss, and secondary CD8(+)-T-cell response characteristics. All three viruses share the internal genes of PR8 that are known to stimulate protective CD8(+)-T-cell-mediated immunity. This differential survival of PR8- and HKx31-primed mice was also apparent for antibody-deficient mice challenged with the DeltaVn1203 virus. The relative protection afforded by PR8 priming was abrogated in tumor necrosis factor-deficient (TNF(-/-)) mice, although lung fluids from the B6 HKx31-primed mice contained more TNF early after challenge. These data demonstrate that the nature of the primary infection can influence pathological outcomes following virulent influenza virus challenge, although the effect is not clearly correlated with classical measures of CD8(+)-T-cell-mediated immunity.
Marine Myalinidae (Bivalvia: Pterioida) from the Permian of West Texas

Marine bivalves of the family Myalinidae are an important benthic constituent of the Permian Reef Complex of West Texas and New Mexico. We describe and summarize the myalinids from Lower and Middle Permian reef and near-reef settings and infer living habits as either epifaunal or semi-infaunal byssally attached suspension feeders. The six myalinid species described are exceptionally preserved as silica pseudomorphs. Included in the fauna are two new taxa: Myalina lamellosa, a species with distinctive commarginal lamellae, and Myalina plicata, the only known myalinid with prominent radial plicae. The family Myalinidae is placed in the Ambonychioidea (Order Pterioida) and an emended diagnosis incorporates ligament characters and details of shell ultrastructure.
Effects of home-based exercise with expiratory muscle training on the prevention of falls and aspiration pneumonia in community-dwelling older adults

accessed from anywhere with minimal disruptions to their daily routine. A telerehabilitation project was initiated at our university hospital since 2012 using iPads onVirtual Personal Networks (VPN), called the e-MADO system (electronic Multidirectional Access andDelightful Opportunity-offering System). At the moment, the take-up rate for this option for family/patient consultation regarding their follow-up rehabilitation and monitoring is low with only 4 participants. The reason for this is unclear. Purpose: The aim of this study was to conduct a patient satisfaction survey to obtain feedback on the e-MADO system from these participants in order to understand the shortcomings and problemswith the e-MADO system so that improvements may be proposed and undertaken. Methods:A telephone interview was conducted to obtain feedback from the 4 participants in 5 main areas:
Chapter 34 Remarks on the Foundations of Agent-Based Generative Social Science

Abstract This chapter treats a variety of epistemological issues surrounding generative explanation in the social sciences, and discusses the role of agent-based computational models in generative social science.
Energy Conservation and the Chiral Magnetic Effect

DOE [DE-FG02-00ER41132, DE-FG02-04ER41338]; Thomas L. and Margo G. Wyckoff Endowed Faculty Fellowship
Energy Real Options: Valuation and Operations

This book chapter introduces models for the valuation and operations of energy real options, with an emphasis on approximate dynamic programming methods.
Making the Diagnosis: Laboratory Testing and Imaging Studies

Abstract The accumulation and worsening of clinical features suggests Cushing’s syndrome. Screening tests include 24-h urinary free cortisol, bedtime salivary cortisol, and the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The tests should be chosen to reduce false results. When normal corticotropes are suppressed by hypercortisolism, circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels are low or undetectable in primary adrenal causes and inappropriately normal or elevated with ACTH-producing tumors. Excess ACTH derives from a corticotrope tumor (Cushing’s disease) or from a noncorticotrope tumor [ectopic ACTH secretion (EAS)]. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling diagnoses Cushing’s disease if ACTH is increased in the inferior petrosal sinus compared to the periphery. Inadequate catheterization or abnormal venous anatomy causes false-negative results. The diagnostic accuracy is approximately 95%. Cushing’s disease is suggested by the corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test if there is an increase in ACTH and cortisol after corticotropin-releasing hormone and by the 8-mg DST if negative feedback suppression of cortisol is intact. The DST responses in EAS and Cushing’s disease overlap extensively. About 50% of tumors are seen on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging, mostly computed tomography and somatostatin analog studies, is needed to find EAS tumors.
General Method for the Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Amides Using Commercially Available, Air- and Moisture-Stable Palladium/NHC (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes

The direct Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of amides catalyzed by Pd-NHC complexes is reported. Using a single protocol, commercially available, air- and moisture-stable (NHC)Pd(R-allyl)Cl complexes can effect Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of a wide range of amides with arylboronic acids in very good yields. The studies described herein represent the use of versatile Pd-NHC complexes as catalysts for transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of amides by N–C bond activation. The Pd-NHC catalysts provide a significant improvement over all current Pd-PR3 systems employed for the amide N–C bond activation. Mechanistic studies provide strong support for the development of a unified reactivity scale of the amide bond for the generation of acyl-metal intermediates.
Advanced Mirror Technology Development

The Advanced Mirror Technology Development (AMTD) project matures critical technologies required to enable ultra-stable 4-m-or-larger monolithic or segmented ultraviolet, optical, and infrared (UVOIR) space telescope primary-mirror assemblies for general astrophysics and ultra-high-contrast observations of exoplanets.
Structure of the Mn 4 Ca 1 Core of the PSII Water Oxidizing Complex and the Mn 4 O 4 -Cubane/Mn 4 O 2 -Butterfly Model Complexes

The native S2 multiline EPR signal and its NH3-bound and calcium-depleted forms were previously simulated using standard Hamiltonian methods that required the fitting of four hyperfine tensors and a g tensor.1,2 These simulations indicated that the S2 state is best described as a spin S = 1/2 ground state from a tetranuclear cluster with maximum spin density contributed by four Mn ions in the Mn4(3III,IV) oxidation state. The ca 30% anisotropy of the 55Mn(III) hyperfine tensors was attributed to an asymmetric electron spin density distribution on each Mn ion and used to assign the electronic configuration of each Mn ion. The Mn(III) ions have a high-spin configuration (S=2) with the missing electron, or hole in the 3d4 configuration, located in a dz2 orbital. This configuration is the preferred ground configuration for trigonal bipyramidal ligand fields, suggesting the likely presence of 5-coordinate trigonally bipyramidal Mn(III) ions, or less likely tetragonally compressed, ie. highly strained, six-coordinate ligand field. The EPR results are also consistent with 55Mn ESE-ENDOR results3
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986

This chapter focuses on why and how the policy of appeasement , intended to address the profound legitimation crises during the Okello regime, led to more political violence and anarchy from July 1985 to January 1986. During this short period, which witnessed the most delusionary and incompetent administration of the partitioned country, the predatory, failed and warlord state became extremely despotically weak and infrastructurally weak. In fact, intense anarchy and lawlessness enveloped and further fragmented the state.