cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FLUID DYNAMICS IN A TUBULAR MEMBRANE: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

Abstract Measurements of trans-cartridge [axial] pressure drops for pure liquid flowing in a porous tube under all regimes of flow as a function of wall suction and axial flow rate are reported. At very low axial flow rates [ReF 1,000], low values of wall suction [ReW 0.25] have a minimal effect on the non-dimensional axial pressure drop. At very high axial flow rates [ReF20,000], however, all values of wall suction have a minimal effect on the axial pressure drop, Wall suction, on the other hand, has its maximum effect on the axial pressure drop at intermediate axial flow rates [1,000 ReF15,000]. It is in this range that most commercial membrane modules operate. Starting with the equations of continuity and Navier-Stokes we have developed two relatively simple approximate analytical solutions of this problem. The first approach assumes an average constant wall flux and includes the effect of the inertial terms while the second approach accounts for axial pressure-dependent flux but neglects the inert...
Increasing psychiatric inpatients' community adjustment through therapeutic passes

Using several self-generated instruments, the authors monitored patient care records and interviewed psychiatric patients, psychiatrists, and psychiatric nurses to identify the role of passes in discharge planning and community adjustment and to assess passes' utility in the inpatient treatment program. Findings indicate that while therapeutic passes are considered an integral component of discharge planning and community adjustment, the purposes and use of passes are ambiguous. The authors offer suggestions to maximize the benefits of passes in promoting patients' transition from the hospital to home settings.
Monotone set functions defined by Choquet integral

Abstract Given a nonnegative monotone set function and a nonnegative measurable function on a measurable space, the Choquet integral determines a new nonnegative monotone set function that is absolutely continuous with respect to the original one (in a generalized sense for monotone set functions). This new set function preserves almost all desirable structural characteristics of the original monotone set function, such as continuity, subadditivity, superadditivity, null-additivity, converse-null-additivity, autocontinuity, converse-autocontinuity, uniform autocontinuity, uniform converse-autocontinuity, and fuzzy multiplicativity. Such a construction is a useful method to define sound fuzzy measures in various applications.
Photophysics of Bis(thiocyanato)gold(I) Complexes: Intriguing Structure−Luminescence Relationships

The electronic structure of bis(thiocyanato)gold(I) complexes is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence studies for K[Au(SCN)2] reveal two unstructured luminescence bands: a strong green phosphorescence band (τ77K = 45.4 μs) and a weak blue fluorescence band (τ77K = 24.4 ns) that becomes well-resolved by cooling toward 4 K or by time-resolved measurements, representing a rare case for Au(I) compounds whereby both fluorescence and phosphorescence are observed simultaneously. Quantum mechanical calculations for dimeric models indicate Au−Au covalent bond formation in the T1 lowest triplet excited state (2.62 A; υAu-Au = 180 cm-1), compared to corresponding values of 2.95 A and 84 cm-1, respectively, for the aurophilically bound S0 ground state. Intriguing structure−luminescence relations exist for bis(thiocyanato)gold(I) complexes with different cations such as K+, Rb+, n-Bu4N+, and Cs+ in which the salts with shorter Au···Au nearest-neighbor separations show...
Metabolic cytometry. Glycosphingolipid metabolism in single cells.

Glycosphingolipids are found on all vertebrate cells and constitute major cell surface determinants on all nerve cells, where they contribute to cellular diversity and function. We report a method for the analysis of glycosphingolipid metabolism in single cells. The ganglioside GM1 was tagged with the fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine. This labeled compound was taken up and metabolized by a culture of pituitary tumor (AtT-20) cells. After 50 h, the cells were formalin fixed. Cells were aspirated into a fused-silica capillary and lysed, and components were separated by capillary electrophoresis with a laser-induced fluorescence detector. All metabolic products that retained the fluorescent dye could be detected at the low-zeptomole level. A total of 54 AtT-20 cells were individually analyzed using this procedure. The electrophoretic profiles were remarkably reproducible, which facilitated identification of components based on the migration time of fluorescently labeled standards. Eleven components were ...
Firing Mama's Gun: The Rhetorical Campaign in Geneva Smitherman's 1971–73 Essays

The canonization of vocal African-American women scholars and activists is a trend that can obscure memory of their sophisticated persuasive techniques and political campaigns. Such has been the case with Geneva Smitherman, the noted sociolinguist and scholar activist. This essay analyzes the persuasive choices in a corpus of her earliest essays as a rhetorical campaign to situate her innovative use of antagonism and analysis within a tradition of African-American women scholars and activists who have used essay-writing as a means of sociopolitical action and to model a conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of their efforts.
Target cell stimulation of dissociated serotonergic neurons in culture

Abstract Dissociated mesencephalic raphe cells from fetal rats (14–18 days) were grown in culture in 96 well Linbro plates. The maturation of serotonergic cells was qualitatively studied using immunocytochemistry with a serotonin antibody and quantitatively by measuring the retention of radioactivity following incubation in the presence of a low concentration of [ 3 H]5-hydroxytryptamine (6 × 10 −8 M). The 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive neurons showed specific staining in the perikaryon, nucleus, dendrities, axons and growth cones. These neurons formed varicose fibers and growth cones after 18 h in culture and survived for up to 21 days in culture. Each serotonergic neuron concentrated approximately 1 fmol of serotonin after 20 min of incubation. Maturation of mesencephalic serotonergic neurons was increased in co-cultures of both normal (hippocampus, cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb and striatum) and abnormal (spinal cord) target neurons. The best stimulation was produced by dissociated hippocampal neurons (14–18 days of gestation) on mesencephalic raphe cells (14 days of gestation) after 4 days in culture. This stimulation was seen in culture conditions which favored neuronal but not glial survival. Our results obtained using cultures of dissociated serotonergic cells are consistent with an expansive network pattern developed by this chemical transmitter system in the adult brain.
Attractants and repellents control demethylation of methylated chemotaxis proteins in Escherichia coli

Abstract A group of methylated proteins, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP), has been shown to play a central role in bacterial chemotaxis. Both methylation and demethylation of MCP occur continuously in the absence of added stimuli; these two processes are in balance such that a basal level of methylation is maintained. Attractants cause the methylation level to increase to a new value, whereas repellents bring about a decrease in level. Therefore, attractants and repellents must somehow perturb the balance between methylation and demethylation of MCP. In this report the effect of attractants on demethylation of MCP was monitored in two ways: (i) by following the disappearance of [methyl-3H]MCP and (ii) by measuring formation of [3H]methanol, the product of MCP demethylation. Both methods showed that addition of attractants causes a transient inhibition of MCP demethylation. Repellent addition has previously been shown to stimulate MCP demethylation. It is therefore concluded that control of demethylation plays a crucial role in changing the level of methylation of MCP in response to attractants and repellents.
Effect of Dietary Oxytetracycline on Microorganisms in Turkey Feces

Abstract Thirty-six two-day old male turkey poults were divided into three groups and fed three levels of oxytetracycline; 0, 110 or 440 mg. per kg. of ration, respectively, for nine weeks. The poults were given an oral spectinomycin plus vitamin treatment at the hatchery but were not fed before the start of the experiment. Defecated feces from each group were sampled at weekly intervals and analyzed for bacteriological content, especially for members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Total aerobic counts of 3 × 108 and total anaerobic counts of 2 × 109 were obtained. The majority of the Enterobacteriaceae were Escherichia coli but some Klebsiella sp., the Bethesda-Ballerup group of paracolon bacteria and Arizona sp. were also isolated. Antibiograms of the enteric isolates indicated that an increase in multiple antibiotic resistance occurred when increased amounts of antibiotic were fed.
Policy context for CDAs over the next 20 years

Abstract The United States is on the brink of a paradigmatic change, forced in part by extraordinary budget pressures. Its current budget increasingly de-emphasizes children, investment, and mobility, yet within inevitable budget reform lies a real possibility of a renewed focus on opportunity, of which child development accounts provide an example.
Applicability of La‐Ce systematics to planetary samples

Cesium isotopic compositions in several terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials were determined in order to investigate the applicability of using Ce as an isotropic tracer to geological processes. A tenuous anticorrelation was observed between (epsilon)Ce and (epsilon)Nd for terrestrial basalts and granites, indicating that with some improvement in analytical techniques the Ce isotopic composition may prove useful as tracer for geological processes. A very low (epsilon)Ce predicted from the Ce anomaly in the REE pattern of the Kholar L3 chondrite was not observed, indicating that the anomaly may be caused by terrestrial contamination or alteration.
Wide-range, high-accuracy signal-processing unit for implantable potentiostats

A new signal-processing unit (SPU) for implantable biomedical sensors is proposed. The proposed scheme combines the advantages of the two main structures of conventional SPUs (delta-sigma modulator and charging capacitor in feedback). The preliminary design has been realised in a 0.35 m CMOS process. Test results validate the desired functionality of the system. In this reported work an additional modification to the SPU is proposed to facilitate simple frequency modulation. Simulation results in the same process confirm the linearity of the system corresponding to a wide range of sensor currents.
Inhibition of gastrulation by the blastocoelic fluid from the sea urchin embryo.

Abstract External application of the blastocoelic fluid reversibly inhibits gastrulation of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus embryo. Treated embryos retain the mesenchyme-blastula morphology until eventual disintegration. Morphogenesis and differentiation may be initiated at any time by returning the embryos to sea water. The inhibition is relatively specific since the earlier processes of cleavage, blastulation, and migration of primary mesenchyme cells are not affected.
Nonresponse, partial response, and failure to achieve remission: humanistic and cost burden in major depressive disorder.

Objective: To characterize the spectrum of clinical outcomes achieved with depression treatment and the associated impact on quality of life (QOL), functional status, overall well-being, health-care costs, and productivity. Sources: Electronic databases including Medline were searched for English language sources between 1995 and 2007 using key words of depression, nonresponse, partial response, and remission and QOL, functional status, utility, cost, and productivity. Study selection: Relevant abstracts were obtained for 488 references and full-text articles were reviewed that included primary data and compared outcomes by treatment response. Data were abstracted from 26 full-text articles. Data abstraction: Detailed evidence tables were prepared with the relevant data as well as information on the study design. All data abstracted were checked for accuracy. Synthesis: Treatment remitters and partial responders reported clinically and statistically significant improvements in QOL, functional status, and overall well-being compared to nonresponders. Annual health-care costs and productivity losses were significantly lower for remitters and partial responders compared to nonresponders. Conclusions: The reduced disease burden for remitters and partial responders compared to nonresponders indicates that new treatment strategies that improve the rates of response/remission with initial treatment might have value to patients and to society. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Six-month and one-year effects of project EX-4: a classroom-based smoking prevention and cessation intervention program.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the efficacy of a version of Project EX that was adapted for implementation in the classroom context (Project EX-4). This paper reports the program outcomes based on pretest, six-month, and one-year follow-up surveys. Methods An 8 session classroom-based curriculum was tested with a clustered randomized controlled trial that involved a total of 1097 students in 6 program and 6 control alternative high schools. Weekly and monthly smoking was assessed at the three time points. Outcome effects were analyzed with multi-level random coefficients models. Results Students in the program condition experienced a greater reduction in weekly smoking and monthly smoking, at 6-and-12-month follow-ups. The net change varied between − 5.1% and − 7.6%, comparing the program condition to the control condition. Conclusions The implementation of Project EX in a classroom setting produced decreases in smoking among students in the program, relative to those in the standard care control condition. It is likely that a classroom-based smoking prevention/cessation program can lead to lower overall smoking prevalence than a cessation program that is implemented in a school-based smoking cessation clinic format.
Dielectric constant of a localized hole on a one-dimensional interrupted strand: magnus green salt

Abstract The dielectric constant of a localized hole on a one-dimensional interrupted strand is calculated. It is pointed out that the dielectric constant of hole-doped Magnus Green salt (MGS) is small since the holes on the platinum chains are bound to interstitial halide ions. These results are confirmed by dielectric constant measurements reported herein. It is also shown that if such hole-halide interaction was reduced due to the screening of this interaction by the presence of polarizable molecular groups, one should expect an enhancement of the dielectric constant, as is experimentally observed in metal chain salt systems such as K 2 Pt(CN) 4 Br 0.3 ·3H 2 O.
Preliminary studies on the development of a decision support system for evaluating engineering and scientific software

Abstract The selection of an engineering and scientific software (ESS) system is a complicated process. The overall user satisfaction derived from a system depends on many variables. This study analyzes the influence of ESS predictor variables on overall satisfaction as determined by multiple regression. This study confirms the theories that suggest that ESS ease of operation, computer reliability and technical support are the major determinants of overal computer user satisfaction. The factors identified were used for the design of an ESS Decision Support System.
Nature knows best: An amazing reaction cascade is uncovered by design and discovery

The Daphniphyllum alkaloids are a group of highly complex polycyclic alkaloids. Examination of the structures if several members of this family of natural products led to a hypothesis about their mode of biosynthesis (depicted in Scheme I). Based on this hypothetical biosynthetic pathway, a laboratory synthesis was designed that incorporated as a key transformation the novel one-pot transformation of dialdehyde 24 to pentacyclic unsaturated amine 25. This process turned out to be an exceptionally efficient way to construct the pentacyclic nucleus of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids. However, a purely fortuitous discovery, resulting from accidental use of methylamine rather than ammonia, led to a great improvement in the synthesis and suggests an even more attractive possible biosynthesis.
Interstitial electronic localization.

We investigate the ground-state properties of a collection of $N$ noninteracting electrons in a macroscopic volume $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ also containing a crystalline array of $N$ spheres of radius ${r}_{c}$, each taken as largely impenetrable to electrons and with proximity of neighboring excluding regions playing a key physical role. The sole parameter of this quantum system is the ratio ${r}_{c}/{r}_{s}$, where ${r}_{s}$ is the Wigner-Seitz radius. Two lattices (fcc and bcc) are selected to illustrate the behavior of the system as a function of ${r}_{c}/{r}_{s}$. As this ratio increases valence electrons localize in the interstitial regions and the relative bandwidth ${ϵ}_{F}/{ϵ}_{F}^{0}$ is found to decrease monotonically for both. The system is motivated by the behavior of the alkali metals at significant compression. It accounts for band narrowing, leads to electronic densities with interstitially centered maxima, and can be taken as a model which may be improved upon by perturbation and other methods.
Physiological and anatomical studies of development of superficial axodendritic synaptic pathways in neocortex.

Abstract Neocortical axodendritic synaptic organizations involved in the production and spread of evoked superficial cortical responses (SCR's) have been studied in kittens ranging in age from the late fetal stage to 6 weeks. Electrophysiological data are correlated with the salient morphological features of cortical neurons at various developmental stages. Graded, long-duration (50–80 msec) SCR's are detectable 5 to 7 mm from the site of stimulation during the first postnatal week and 8 to 10 mm after this period. Short-duration (10–20 msec) responses, similar to those recorded in mature animals, are detectable in perinatal animals at the site of stimulation but not at distances greater than 2 mm from stimulating electrodes until the third postnatal week. Linear changes in latency with distance are observed at all stages of development. Distant SCR's exhibit reinforcement during the second postnatal week. The appearance of reinforced responses is associated with a change in the early phase of the SCR activity cycle characterized by progressive shortening of the absolute unresponsive period. The distinctive electrographic characteristics of SCR's in neonatal animals are attributed to summation of 10 to 20 msec postsynaptic potentials generated in densely packed apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons and dendrites of embryonic Cajal-Retzius cells. Regression of the dendritic system of the latter cells, decrease in apical dendritic density, increase in conduction velocity of axons in the molecular layer and changes in the SCR-activity cycle are considered the major factors associated with maturation of superficial neocortical neuropil.
Effect of carbon dioxide on flow patterns in normal extracranial arteries.

Abstract To evaluate the velocity pattern changes in the extracranial carotid arteries, five normal subjects were studied with a 5-MHz pulse Doppler device combined with spectral analysis prior to and during breathing 6.8% carbon dioxide. Changes in flow were quantified by features derived from the velocity waveform of the common, internal and external carotid arteries. An increase in velocities during diastole correlated well with the expected increase in total blood flow induced by breathing 6.8% carbon dioxide. Increases in spectral width reflected the development of flow disturbances not apparent under basal conditions. These studies suggest that marked increases in flow produced by intracranial vasodilatation can dramatically alter the velocity patterns normally observed.
Angiotensin-(1–7) immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of the (mRen-2d)27 transgenic rat

Abstract The distribution of angiotensin-(1–7) immunoreactive neurons was compared to those of vasopressin-(VP) and oxytocin-(OT) immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the hypothalamus of adult (mRen-2d)27 transgenic hypertensive and Sprague–Dawley rats. In both strains, angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7)-IR cells were found in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), and in the anterior (ap-), medial (mp-), and lateral (lp-) parvocellular, and posterior magnocellular (pm-) subdivisions of the paraventricular (PVN) nucleus. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed that cells immunoreactive to Ang-(1–7) and VP were specifically co-distributed in the SON and in the pmPVN. Double-labeling neurons for both peptides revealed that both Ang-(1–7) and VP were colocalized in a subpopulation of neurons in the pmPVN and SON. In combination with previous studies, our results suggest that Ang-(1–7) and VP are colocalized, co-released and may have a combined action at a common target. In addition, the introduction of the mouse submandibular renin (mRen-2d) transgene into Sprague–Dawley rats does not appear to have altered the fundamental organization of hypothalamic peptide systems involved in fluid homeostasis.
Mitochondria frozen with trehalose retain a number of biological functions and preserve outer membrane integrity.

In apoptosis, Bcl-2-family proteins regulate the barrier function of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), controlling the release of proapoptotic proteins from the intermembrane space into the cytoplasm. This process can be studied in vitro with freshly isolated mouse liver mitochondria. Unfortunately, mitochondria frozen/thawed in standard sucrose–mannitol buffers become leaky and useless for apoptosis research. However, here we show that mitochondria frozen in buffer containing the sugar, trehalose, maintained MOM integrity and responsiveness to Bcl-2-family proteins, much like fresh mitochondria. Trehalose also preserved ultrastructure, as well as biological functions such as ATP synthesis, calcium-induced swelling, transmembrane potential, and the import and processing of protein precursors. However, bioenergetic function was somewhat reduced. Thus, trehalose-frozen mitochondria retained most of the biological features of mitochondria including MOM integrity. Although not ideal for studies involving bioenergetics, this method will facilitate research on apoptosis and other mitochondrial functions that rely on an intact MOM.
Mohr diagram representation of anisotropic diffusion tensor in MRI.

With current approaches, it is difficult to visually comprehend the complete information contained in a diffusion tensor (DT) measured from a microscopically heterogeneous biological tissue. Therefore, in this work the Mohr diagram is introduced to graphically display the key aspects of DTs and to interpret the underlying anisotropy, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Specifically, the mathematical basis for the construction of the Mohr diagram from the elements of DTs is described, the merits of the approach are illustrated with examples of DTs reported for various biological tissues, and the results are discussed in the context of relating the diffusion anisotropy to the tissue structures.
On some new species of belytinae and diapriinae (Hymenoptera : Proctotrupoidea) from India

Abstract This paper deals with four new species of Belytinae, viz. Aclista ahlaca, Cinetus indicus, Pantoclis kodaienais, P. sulcatus and two new species of Diapriinae, viz. Spilomicrus kumaonensis and Trichopria atturensis. Cinetus Jurine is the first record from India.
Accounting for complex entities: implications for ARMS

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of accounting for complex organizational forms on data collection with the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS).Design/methodology/approach – This research reviews the literature from accounting theory along with the goals of data collection for policy analysis to draw conclusions about the applicability of accounting pronouncements.Findings – Historically, the financial data collected in ARMS were based on financial accounting standards which were adequate for most purposes. However, this study develops the fact that many of these financial accounting standards were created to provide information for equity market transactions. The complexities of accounting for consolidations will provide valuable information, but implementing these standards will require accounting sophistication that is not prevalent in agriculture.Originality/value – By drawing accounting theory together with the targeted use of data, this study offers guidelin...
Structure-Borne Sound Transmission in Rib-Stiffened Plate Structures Typical of Wood Frame Buildings

Structure-borne sound transmission at a subfloor/joist connection typical of wood frame buildings is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The first part of this paper investigates the influence of the fastener spacing on the vibration attenuation across a joist. For this purpose, measurements were carried out on a small floor section for various coupling conditions of the joist. The experimental results suggested the existence of an effective coupling area characterizing the screwed joist/floor connection. In the second part of this study, a calculation model is developed based on Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and plate strip theory for the idealized case of a rigid line connection. The presented model is verified experimentally on a Plexiglas structure and a subfloor/joist connection. The experimental validation showed fair agreement between measured and calculated data, but revealed that more work is required to improve the prediction accuracy in realistic situations.
Volunteers in Archives: Free Labor, But Not Without Cost

ABSTRACT The use of volunteers in archival settings is commonplace and generally reflects a welcome exchange of labor in return for occupational experience. Volunteering in an archive takes two basic forms: apprenticeships or internships and proffers of free labor. The purpose of this article is to enumerate the ways in which an archive uses volunteers and to review both the benefits and the costs, to both institutions and to individuals, when engaged in a work relationship.
Tigecycline exhibits inhibitory activity against Clostridium difficile in the intestinal tract of hospitalised patients

No new acquisition of Clostridium difficile occurred among 12 hospitalised patients receiving tigecycline, and pre-existing colonisation was reduced to undetectable levels in 2 patients. Moreover, 91% of stool suspensions obtained during tigecycline therapy exhibited inhibitory activity against C. difficile. These results suggest that tigecycline achieves sufficient concentrations to inhibit intestinal colonisation by C. difficile.
Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration during ion beam mixing of Au/Cu bilayers

Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of 1.5 MeV Kr irradiation on diffusion-induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) in Au/Cu bilayers in the temperature range of 300{le}T{le}050K. The experimental results were consistent with DIGM occurring in bilayers both during irradiation and during annealing treatments. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry showed a nearly uniform distribution of Cu present through the entire thickness of appropriately prepared polycrystalline Au films irradiated or annealed at temperatures {ge}400K. No parallel effect was seen in similarly treated single-crystal films. In each polycrystalline sample studied, irradiation resulted in greater amounts of Cu present uniformly in the Au compared to annealing-only. The magnitudes of measured Cu compositions were substantially greater than that expected solely from grain boundary diffusion. A simple analysis of the process indicated that ion irradiation affects DIGM by increasing the composition of Cu present in alloyed zones and/or by increasing the grain boundary velocity in the Au.
Intelligent control and optimization under uncertainty with application to hydro power

Abstract A control that makes the best change in control settings in response to inputs of sensors measuring the state of the system, we refer to as intelligent . Instead of ‘hard-wirin’ response based on protocols, priorities, and pre-selected, pre-programmed ground rules that do not necessarily produce the best changes of the control settings, we show how best rules can be generated and modified by the computer during the course of controlling the system, and how learning plays an important role in the real-time implementation of an intelligent control system. The problem of finding the best control of a system is the same as optimizing a multi-stage mathematical program under uncertainty. Our formulation allows one to take into account uncertainty of the true values that the sensors are measuring, as well as uncertainties about the system response to the changes in the control settings. A feasible solution of the system is called optimum if it maximizes the expected objective value while hedging against the myriad of possible contingencies (or taking advantage of favorable events) that may arise in the future; typically these can number in the thousands, millions, or even billions. We have developed a special approach, a composite of Benders decomposition and importance sampling, to efficiently solve the extremely large mathematical programs that model the myriads of spossible future events. The dual multistage formulation measures the impact of future (down-stream) responses, which the algorithm ‘passes pack’ up-stream to the model's ‘present time’ in the form of ‘cuts’ or necessary conditions for the up-stream controls to follow in order to optimally control the system. These cuts, automatically generated and modified, form a set of general ground rules, or principles, which the computer learns, remembers, and calls upon to intelligently control the real system.
Highly swellable sol–gels prepared by chemical modification of silanol groups prior to drying

Abstract Sol–gel materials that swell six times their dried volume when placed in organic solvents were prepared using the bridged silsesquioxane bis(trimethoxysilyethyl)benzene through base catalysis by tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride. Prior to drying the gels, water and catalyst were rinsed from the solvated matrix and residual silanol groups were derivatized with a chlorosilane (R–Si(CH 3 ) 2 Cl). The swelling behavior was completely reversible when the materials are dried at elevated temperature. Swelling is highly dependent on the processing conditions, including the choice of solvent and catalyst. There is no preferential adsorption of solute molecules to swelled sol–gels despite the diversity of chlorosilanes used to derivatize the materials.
The lateral clavicle hook — An acquired as well as a congenital anomaly

The lateral clavicle hook (LCH), an excessive upward convexity of the lateral clavicle, was formally defined by Igual and Giedion, and reported as always present in thrombocytopenia-radial aplasia syndrome and sometimes in other congenital malformations. Additional malformation syndromes including camptomelia are added. In addition, the hook may be seen in acquired upper extremity weakness such as in persistent brachial plexus injury after birth trauma and in severe osteogenesis imperfecta.
Constitutive Activation of Stat 3 Oncogene Product in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Abstract Objective. Stat 3 functions in transducing signals from the cell's surface to its nucleus and activation of gene transcription. Aberrations of Stat 3 in breast cancer have raised the possibility of its contribution to oncogenesis. Our goal was to examine ovarian cancer cell lines to determine whether Stat 3 plays a relevant role in ovarian carcinogenesis. Methods. Protein lysates were extracted from normal ovarian surface epithelial cells and malignant cells. Western blotting techniques were performed with phosphorylation-independent or phosphorylation-specific Stat 3 (tyrosine 705) antibody. Confirmation of Stat 3 activation was determined by a luciferase reporter driven by a promoter containing Stat 3-specific binding sites. Bcl-x L and cyclin D 1 were also analyzed by Western blotting. Results. MDAH 2774, OV-1063, Caov-3, and O.C. 22819 expressed high levels of phosphorylated Stat 3. In contrast, A2780 and normal ovarian surface epithelial cells had little Stat 3 phosphorylation recognized. Confirmation of persistent activation of Stat 3 activity was shown by transfection of cells with a Stat 3 luciferase reporter. Potential downstream mediators of Stat 3 including Bcl-x L and cyclin D 1 were also evaluated. In cells expressing activated Stat 3, high levels of both Bcl-x L and cyclin D 1 were detected, whereas in A2780 cells, which did not express activated Stat 3, only low levels of Bcl-x L and cyclin D 1 were expressed. Conclusions. Constitutive activation of Stat 3 is present in ovarian cancer lines but not in normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. Activation of Stat 3 is a common event during oncogenic transformation upstream to both Bcl-x L and cyclin D 1 . The relationship of this aberrancy of ovarian carcinoma harboring activated Stat 3 deserves further investigation.
Short-term outcomes of the surgical management of acquired rectourethral fistulas: does technique matter?

Background Acquired rectourethral fistulas are uncommon and challenging to repair. Most arise as a complication of prostate cancer treatment. Several procedures have been described to repair rectourethral fistulas with varying outcomes. We review the etiology, management, and outcomes of patients with rectourethral fistulas at our institution.
The molecular and gene regulatory signature of a neuron

Neuron-type specific gene batteries define the morphological and functional diversity of cell types in the nervous system. Here, we discuss the composition of neuron-type specific gene batteries and illustrate gene regulatory strategies which determine the unique gene expression profiles and molecular composition of individual neuronal cell types from C. elegans to higher vertebrates. Based on principles learned from prokaryotic gene regulation, we argue that neuronal terminal gene batteries are functionally grouped into parallel-acting 'regulons'. The theoretical concepts discussed here provide testable hypotheses for future experimental analysis of the exact gene-regulatory mechanisms employed in the generation of neuronal diversity and identity.
On the inclination of photospheric solar magnetic fields

We analyze the Kitt Peak magnetograms and find that the distribution function of magnetic field strengths is given by a power law, with an index that depends on the mean absolute magnetic flux. We also find that weak (measured) magnetic fields - but not strong ones - are significantly inclined to the vertical. We argue that this inclination is produced by convective motions at the top of the convection zone.
Internal Initiation of Translation Directed by the 5′-Untranslated Region of the mRNA for eIF4G, a Factor Involved in the Picornavirus-induced Switch from Cap-dependent to Internal Initiation

The eIF4 group initiation factors carry out recognition of the mRNA cap, unwinding of mRNA secondary structure, and binding of mRNA to the 43 S preinitiation complex. Infection by picornaviruses results in proteolytic cleavage of one of these factors, eIF4G, an event that severely restricts cap-dependent translation but permits cap-independent initiation to proceed from internal ribosome entry sequences in picornaviral RNAs. The 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of eIF4G mRNA resembles such picornaviral sequences in being unusually long and containing multiple open reading frames and a polypyrimidine tract. When inserted upstream of a luciferase reporter gene, this 5′-UTR served as a translational enhancer in four different cell lines. Mutation of all four upstream ATG codons to AAG did not alter the translational enhancement. The presence of the eIF4G 5′-UTR between an RNA hairpin and the luciferase cistron stimulated expression 119-fold. Similarly, the presence of the 5′-UTR between the two cistrons of a bicistronic mRNA stimulated expression of the downstream cistron 42-fold. These results indicate that the eIF4G 5′-UTR directs internal initiation. The ability to continue synthesis of eIF4G when the cell is unable to carry out normal cap-dependent translation may represent an autoregulatory mechanism or be part of the cellular response to stresses that interrupt cap-dependent translation.
Isotope content of oligonucleotides of nuclear and nucleolar RNA of rat liver

Abstract Nuclear and nucleolar RNA of rat liver labeled with [6- 14 C]orotic acid or [ 32 P]-orthophosphate were separated into sedimentation classes of 18-S, 28-S, 35-S, 45-S and 55-S nuclear RNA and 28-S, 35-S and 45-S nucleolar RNA. After purification of each class of RNA, the distribution of radioactivity was determined in the oligonucleotides obtained by hydrolysis with pancreatic ribonuclease after they were separated by a mapping technique. For nucleolar 28-S, 35-S and 45-S RNA, no marked differences were found for distribution of either isotope in the oligonucleotides. The distributions of isotope in oligonucleotides of nuclear 28-S and 35-S RNA were very similar; these oligonucleotide distributions differed from those of the 18-S and 55-S nuclear RNA which were also very similar. On the basis of the distribution of isotope in the oligonucleotides, liver nuclear 28-S, 35-S and 45-S RNA appear to be mixtures of the nucleolar, GC-rich RNA and the cosedimenting AU-rich RNA. The data are interpreted by the hypothesis that 28-S, 35-S and 45-S nucleolar ribosomal precursor RNA have very similar primary structures. Since 18-S nuclear RNA has a very similar distribution of isotope in oligonucleotides to that of 55-S nuclear RNA, the latter may be a precursor of nuclear 18-S RNA.
Does Cleavage Work at Work? Men, But not Women, Falsely Believe Cleavage Sells a Weak Product

We examined whether men, but not women, would be distracted by a female sales representative's exposed cleavage, leading to greater perceived efficacy for a weak, but not for a strong product. A community sample of 88 men and 97 women viewed a video of a female pharmaceutical sales representative who (a) had exposed cleavage or dressed modestly and (b) pitched an ineffective or effective product. Although men were not more distracted or persuaded by cleavage, they gave the cleavage-exposed (versus nonexposed) sales representative more favorable hiring recommendations in the ineffective-drug condition and less favorable ratings in the effective-drug condition. Women generally rated the sales representative similarly regardless of cleavage exposure. On a postexperimental questionnaire, men, but not women, believed that female sales professionals ought strategically to use sex appeal to distract from a weak (but not a strong) product.
Maintaining Discipline in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society during the National Socialist Regime

In responding to incidents of internal ‘indiscipline’, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society many times asserted its authority, sometimes in cooperation with agencies of the Nazi regime. Following the Second World War, however, the KWS represented itself as having been intrinsically anti-Nazi. This essay describes the assumptions inherent in this view, and points to its wider implications for post-war German science.
Convex polyhedral chains: a representation for geometric data

Abstract A representation scheme for general polyhedra in arbitrary dimensions is presented. Each polyhedron is represented as a convex chain, i.e. an algebraic sum of convex polyhedra (cells). Each cell in turn is represented as the intersection of halfspaces and encoded in a vector. The notion of vertices is abandoned completely. It is shown how this approach allows the decomposition of set operations (such as intersection) on polyhedra into two independent steps. The first step consists of a collection of vector operations; the second step is a garbage collection where vectors that represent empty cells are eliminated. No special treatment of singular intersection cases is needed. This approach to set operations is significantly different from algorithms that have been proposed previously.
Trends in Electron-Vibration and Electronic Interactions in Bis(dimethylamino) Mixed-Valence Systems: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Investigation†

By using gas-phase ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, vis/NIR spectroscopy, and electronic-structure calculations, we have investigated the electron-vibration and electronic interactions in a series of bisdimethylamino mixed-valence systems: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylbenzidine, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyltolane-4,4′-diamine. Experiment and theory concur to indicate that the electron-vibration coupling in these systems is dominated by interactions with symmetric modes. The results reveal that the strength of both electronic and electron-vibration couplings decreases as the molecular bridge lengthens. The parameters derived for the present compounds have been compared to those of diarylamino-based structural analogs. This comparison underlines that the replacement of the methyl terminal groups with p-anisyl groups has a significant effect on the electronic and electron-vibrational interactions.
Characteristics of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale among Female Participants in Community Childbirth Education Classes

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale was administered to 61 female participants in community childbirth preparation classes. Further support for the internal consistency reliability of the scale (...
Factors Inducing Mated Behavior in Female Hessian Flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

When depleted of seminal fluids after serial matings to a group of females, male Hessian flies were unable to induce the permanent cessation of calling and sexual receptivity and the onset of oviposition in previously unmated females. Females mated by depleted males resumed calling behavior within ≈22 min of mating and did not deposit eggs on the day of mating. Females that resumed calling behavior were quickly mated again when exposed to other males. However, mating with a depleted male did induce females to become temporarily refractory to subsequent mating attempts. Refractory females rejected males by wing-flapping, abdomen arching, walking, or flying off. The factor that permanently induced females to stop calling, remain unreceptive, and begin ovipositing was contained within the male reproductive tract. Virgin females injected with an extract of male abdomens did not resume calling, rejected mating attempts, and deposited a large number of eggs within several hours. Females injected with saline or an extract of male abdomens minus the reproductive tract resumed calling behavior, were receptive to courting males, and deposited few eggs. The mechanical stimulus associated with the act of mating and the chemical stimulus passed to the female during copulation seemed to act sequentially. Females initially responded to a mechanical stimulus by not calling and rejecting mating attempts by males, then responded to a chemical stimulus by continuing to show those behaviors and by ovipositing.
Colon Macrophages Polarized by Commensal Bacteria Cause Colitis and Cancer through the Bystander Effect.

Intestinal commensal bacteria have recently been shown to trigger macrophages to produce diffusible clastogens (or chromosome-breaking factors) through a bystander effect (BSE) that mediates DNA damage and induces chromosomal instability in neighboring cells. Colon macrophages appear central to colon carcinogenesis and BSE through the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The former induces netrin-1, a regulator of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, and the latter generates trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), an endogenous mutagen. To test whether colon macrophages are key effectors for BSE, we depleted these cells in interleukin-10 knockout mice colonized with Enterococcus faecalis using encapsulated liposomal clodronate (ELC), a bisphosphonate that causes macrophage apoptosis. We observed that E. faecalis polarizes colon macrophages to an M1 phenotype. In addition, depleting these cells suppressed COX-2 and TNF-α, blocked the formation of 4-HNE protein adducts, and inhibited up-regulation of netrin-1—all markers for BSE. Finally, treatment with ELC prevented colitis, β-catenin activation, and cancer formation. These results show that selected human commensals can polarize colon macrophages to the M1 phenotype and, when activated, serve as the key effector for bacterial-induced BSE. Our findings suggest that depleting M1-polarized macro-phages is a mechanism for the chemopreventive activity of bisphosphonates and that it represents a new strategy for preventing colon cancer induced by intestinal commensals.
Rett syndrome: an analysis using Sartwell's incubation period model.

Evidence suggests that Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder; however, an etiologic genetic model has yet to be identified. The purpose of this study was to apply a statistical model, Sartwell's incubation period model, to estimate the incubation period of Rett syndrome and postulate further on the etiology of Rett syndrome. Sartwell's model was used to test the hypothesis that the age of onset of developmental regression distributions approximate a logarithmic normal model and thus the etiologic factors of Rett syndrome occur in utero or prior to conception. Data from three case-series of Rett syndrome from different geographic regions were used for the analyses. Curves resulting from the analyses demonstrated a good approximation to the logarithmic normal distribution, indicating a good fit of the data to Sartwell's model. In conclusion, the incubation period of Rett syndrome fits the logarithmic normal model, which is consistent with the theory that a major causal factor for Rett syndrome most likely occ...
A numerical study of wavenumber selection in the baroclinic annulus flow system

Abstract An investigation is made of the wavenumber selection of baroclinic disturbances in the rotating, differentially heated annulus flow system with a three-dimensional fully nonlinear high resolution model. Along the constant thermal contrast of 10°C that traverses the nondimensional parameter space defined by the laboratory experiments of Pfeffer et al. (1980b), a series of numerical experiments with a quiescent-start initial condition is conducted to explore the equilibrated flow regimes as a function of the rotation rate of the annulus.
Long string dynamics in pure gravity on AdS 3

We study the classical dynamics of a completion of pure AdS3 gravity, whose only degrees of freedom are boundary gravitons and long strings. We argue that the best regime for describing pure gravity is that of “heavy” strings, for which back-reaction effects on the metric must be taken into account. We show that once back-reaction is properly accounted for, regular finite-energy states are produced by heavy strings even in the infinite-tension limit. Such a process is similar to, but different from, nucleation of space out of a “bubble of nothing.”