cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relapsing–Remitting Central Nervous System Autoimmunity Mediated by GFAP-Specific CD8 T Cells

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes the demyelination of nerve cells and destroys oligodendrocytes, neurons, and axons. Historically, MS has been thought to be a CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of CNS white matter. However, recent studies identified CD8 T cell infiltrates and gray matter lesions in MS patients. These findings suggest that CD8 T cells and CNS Ags other than myelin proteins may be involved during the MS disease process. In this article, we show that CD8 T cells reactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a protein expressed in astrocytes, can avoid tolerance mechanisms and, depending upon the T cell-triggering event, drive unique aspects of inflammatory CNS autoimmunity. In GFAP-specific CD8 TCR-transgenic (BG1) mice, tissue resident memory-like CD8 T cells spontaneously infiltrate the gray matter and white matter of the CNS, resulting in a relapsing-remitting CNS autoimmunity. The frequency, severity, and remissions from spontaneous disease are controlled by the presence of polyclonal B cells. In contrast, a viral trigger induces GFAP-specific CD8 T effector cells to exclusively target the meninges and vascular/perivascular space of the gray and white matter of the brain, causing a rapid, acute CNS disease. These findings demonstrate that the type of CD8 T cell-triggering event can determine the presentation of distinct CNS autoimmune disease pathologies.
Treatment of chromophobe adenomas with megavoltage irradiation

From 1956-1972, 62 previously untreated patients with chromophobe adenomas received high-dose (average equivalent dose: 5700rads in 6 weeks) megavoltage (4-4.8 MeV) irradiation at Stanford, 33 postoperatively and 29 as the only intended treatment. Initialtreatment failure rates were 18% and 41%, respectively; however, overall control was 85% and 90%, despite 2 uncontrolled "invasive" adenomas in each group. Nine of the 12 failures in the group treated by irradiation alone had cystic tumors, and 9 of the 12 "failed" in less than 3 months. Despite a considerably greater degree of abnormal vision initially in the postoperative irradiation group, improvement of vision with treatment in that group was 83% (19% returned to normal) compared to 46% (only 8% to normal) in the irradiation alone group. Based upon an evaluation of the extent of findings at diagnosis and our results, we recommend surgical decompression followed by 5000 rads in 5 weeks for patients with any one or more of the following findings: 1)more than minimal depression of peripheral visual fields; 2) corrected visual actuity of less than 20/30 in either eye; or 3)more than 1-cm suprasellar extension of tumor. We recommend irradiation alone, as specified, for smaller adenomas accompanied by less extensive or no visual abnormalities.
Adam Michnik’s Understanding of Totalitarianism and the West European Left. A Historical and Transnational Approach to Dissident Political Thought

There is a supreme irony concerning the history of the concept of “totalitarianism”: during the 1970s, many Western social scientists and intellectuals abandoned this concept, arguing that it was too rigid to account for the changes that were occurring in Eastern Europe at the time; one of the developments they cited was the rise of Central European and Soviet dissidents. At precisely this time, however, the dissidents themselves started to apply the adjective totalitarian to the Communist regimes they rebelled against. Focusing on Adam Michnik’s writings, the article assesses this seeming paradox by adopting a transnational perspective. The article’s main thesis is that, for Michnik, the value of “totalitarianism” did not lie in its analytical precision but in the discursive force the term acquired in transnational exchanges in which Michnik tried to mobilize the support of the Western left for the cause of the Polish opposition. The article substantiates this thesis with two case studies. Addressing Wes...
Short Self-Interacting N-Terminal Region of Rubella Virus Capsid Protein Is Essential for Cooperative Actions of Capsid and Nonstructural p150 Proteins

ABSTRACT Nucleocapsid formation is a primary function of the rubella virus capsid protein, which also promotes viral RNA synthesis via an unknown mechanism. The present study demonstrates that in infected cells, the capsid protein is associated with the nonstructural p150 protein via the short self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein. Mutational analyses indicated that hydrophobic amino acids in this N-terminal region are essential for its N-terminal self-interaction, which is critical for the capsid-p150 association. An analysis based on a subgenomic replicon system demonstrated that the self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein plays a key role in promoting viral gene expression. Analyses using a virus-like particle (VLP) system also showed that the self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein is not essential for VLP production but is critical for VLP infectivity. These results demonstrate that the close cooperative actions of the capsid protein and p150 require the short self-interacting N-terminal region of the capsid protein during the life cycle of the rubella virus. IMPORTANCE The capsid protein of rubella virus promotes viral RNA replication via an unknown mechanism. This protein interacts with the nonstructural protein p150, but the importance of this interaction is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the short N-terminal region of the capsid protein forms a homo-oligomer that is critical for the capsid-p150 interaction. These interactions are required for the viral-gene-expression-promoting activity of the capsid protein, allowing efficient viral growth. These findings provide information about the mechanisms underlying the regulation of rubella virus RNA replication via the cooperative actions of the capsid protein and p150.
Analysis of the modified even networks

The authors introduce a class of networks based on G/sup delta / graphs that are subgraphs of the binary hypercubes and even networks. For this class of networks, the authors present (a) complete characterization of the node disjoint (parallel) paths, (b) a strategy for tracing a Hamiltonian cycle in G/sup delta /, and (c) an optimal algorithm for single source broadcast of data packets using a greedy spanning tree. >
The influence of layering and grain size on microwave emission from polar firn

This paper studies the relative influence of scattering by ice grains and by density stratification on microwave emission at 37 GHz and 6.6 GHz. Polar firn exhibits density stratification on centimeter depth scales, and variable particle sizes on sub-millimeter length scales. At 37 GHz, the dominant scattering mechanism is particle scattering from the ice grains. Good agreement between theory and satellite observations can be obtained with particle scattering effects alone. At 6.6 GHz, the dominant scattering mechanism is levered scattering from the abrupt interfaces between layers with different densities. Including lever scattering gives improved agreement between theory and satellite observations compared to results obtained with particle scattering alone. >
Access control for cloud-based eHealth social networking: design and evaluation

eHealth is being rapidly deployed. Lower cost and greater productivity attract government and healthcare enterprise to transit from traditional healthcare service to eHealth service. Security and privacy are growing concerns with the widespread deployment of eHealth and the development of next generation of eHealth services. In this paper, we discuss these security problems and propose a high-level security framework that captures required features in the next-generation eHealth infrastructure. Our framework consists of the following: i an adaptive trust-aware tag-based privacy control to specify which data to share and whom to share with. The fine-grained control of data access is guaranteed; ii a decentralized authorization that relies on trust propagation protocol to provide robust and resilient access control enforcement; and iii a hybrid trust management mechanism that addresses access control information depository on a cloud server. It enforces user-defined access control not only in a distributed environment but also in a privacy-preserving manner so as to minimize the disclosure of privileges and of access policies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental study of geometrical effects on the drag and flow field of two bluff bodies separated by a gap

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the shielding effects of various disks placed coaxially upstream of an axisymmetric, flat-faced cylinder. Remarkable decrease of the drag of such a system was observed for certain combinations of the basic geometric parameters, namely the diameter and gap ratios. For such optimum shielding the stream surface which separates from the disk reattaches smoothly onto the front edge of the cylinder, in what is close to a ‘free-streamline’ flow; alternatively, the flow may be viewed as a cavity flow. For the optimum as well as other geometries, flow pictures, pressure distributions and some LDV measurements were also obtained. From these, several flow regimes depending on the gap/diameter parameters were identified. Variations on the axisymmetric disk–cylinder configuration included a hemispherical frontbody, rounding of the front edge of the cylinder and a change from circular to square cross-section.
Interactions of Temperament and Culture: The Organization of Diversity in Samoan Infancy

Abstract Many forms of individual variation in early childhood are accommodated via processes of reciprocal adaptation of the child and their “developmental niche.” Although most are minor adaptations, some culturally patterned adjustments can have profound organizational effects on the niche and the child's developmental trajectory. Research conducted in Samoa suggests at least two distinct adaptations of the modal developmental niche for infants and toddlers keyed to different temperamental profiles: interpersonally assertive and behaviorally restrained. I argue that these two different variants of the modal niche emerge from dynamic interplay of different temperamental profiles, ethnotheories of child development, and child-rearing practices. These different niches can be developmentally significant in that they channel the individual's development in contrastive ways and introduce different future developmental challenges and opportunities. My larger point is that these different manifestations of the developmental niche represent one way in which social, cultural, and ecological factors on the one hand, and individual diversity on the other hand, interact to organize and constrain individual diversity. [Child development, temperament, infancy, developmental niche, Samoa]
Toll-Like Receptor 5-Dependent Regulation of Inflammation in Systemic Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection

Salmonella enterica, a gram-negative pathogen, causes a spectrum of human infections including enterocolitis and typhoid fever. We previously showed that Salmonella flagellin played a role in suppressing intestinal mucosal inflammation in a murine model of acute enterocolitis. In this study, we examined the role of flagellin in the typhoid-like systemic murine Salmonella infection by measuring bacterial proliferation, inflammation, leukocyte recruitment, and cellular apoptosis in Peyer's patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and spleen. We found that relative to an isogenic wild-type (WT) strain, aflagellate Salmonella exhibited increased proliferation at 4 days postinfection in PPs and MLN but not spleen. The aflagellate mutant also elicited increased local and systemic secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and enhanced surface expression of ICAM-1 on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, the recruitment of macrophages and DCs in PPs and MLN, but not spleen, was enhanced upon infection with aflagellate Salmonella. The relative differences between WT and aflagellate Salmonella were highly attenuated in Toll-like receptor 5-deficient (TLR5(-/-)) mice, indicating involvement of TLR5-dependent signaling. Interestingly, infection with the aflagellate mutant also resulted in decreased levels of T-cell apoptosis in PPs relative to infection with WT Salmonella. We postulate that the initial lack of detection of the aflagellate mutant in the mucosa permits increased proliferation within the host and enhances inflammatory signaling in nonepithelial cell types, which subsequently promotes leukocyte recruitment. In contrast, lack of difference in any disease parameter measured in the spleen likely reflects that Salmonella expression of flagellin is downregulated in this organ. Thus, the characteristic inflammatory pathology of Salmonella infection occurs only in PPs and to a lesser extent in MLN during the initial phases of infection and these early responses are dependent on TLR5.
Quantifying AC Losses in YBCO Coated Conductor Coils

In superconducting coils tapes are often closely packed in a configuration similar to a ldquoz-stackrdquo, which strongly influences the AC losses with respect to when tapes can be considered as separate objects: losses are reduced in the presence of externally applied AC magnetic field, but are increased in the presence of AC transport current. In this paper, we quantify the magnitude of the tape interaction and the AC losses of these two cases, both experimentally and by means of finite-element method simulations. We also discuss the experimental issues arisen with the utilized AC loss measurement technique.
Understanding Mission Expansion in the Federal Home Loan Banks: A Return to Behavioral‐Choice Theory

Congress established the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs) in 1932 to pursue the public purpose of homeownership. Recently, three views of their mission have emerged; one is that their purpose is to help small banks to remain viable. Why did their mission expand in this direction? We argue that mission expansion is a process that is better understood in terms of behavioral choice than public choice. Change began when expert attention was directed to small banks in rural areas and officials innovated within the existing rules to address their needs. Recognizing the FHLBs' usefulness, community bankers sought a more fundamental change in their practice. Responding to the general interest in preserving small banks' viability, legislative entrepreneurs advanced permissive rule changes. These were implemented to different extents in individual FHLBs in response to local needs. The case illustrates the usefulness of the behavioral-choice paradigm for understanding change in public agencies and suggests legitimacy for mission change and the value of maintaining publicly directed administrative capacity.
Stabilizability of perturbed linear systems on Hilbert space

The questions of controllability and stabilizability of structurally perturbed (or uncertain) linear systems in Hilbert space of the form dx/dt=(A+P(r))x+Bu are considered. The operator A is assumed to be the infinitesimal generator of a C/sub 0/-semigroup of contractions T(t), t>or=0, in a Hilbert space X. B is a bounded linear operator from another Hilbert space U to X, and (P(r), r epsilon Omega ) is a family of bounded or unbounded perturbations of A in X where Omega is an arbitrary set not necessarily carrying any topology. Sufficient conditions are presented that guarantee controllability and stabilizability of the perturbed system given that the unperturbed system dx/dt=Ax+Bu, has similar properties. In particular it is shown that for certain class of perturbations weak and strong stabilizability properties are preserved for the same state feedback operator. >
Picosecond time-resolved four-wave mixing experiments in sodium-seeded flames.

Picosecond four-wave mixing experiments have been used to study collisions in a Na-seeded, premixed, methane–air flame. Population gratings are used to measure Na excited-state quenching collision rates, while polarization gratings are used to measure Na ground-state hyperfine coherence randomizing collision rates and overall Na diffusion rates, even though these processes are slower than the excited-state quenching rate.
Resilient workload manager: taming bursty workload of scaling internet applications

In data centers hosting scaling Internet applications, operators face the tradeoff dilemma between resource efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS), and the root cause lies in workload dynamics. In this paper, we address the problem with the design of Resilient Workload Manager (ROM). ROM explicitly segregates base workload and trespassing workload, the two naturally different components in application workload, and manages them separately in two resource zones with specialized optimization techniques.As a comprehensive workload management framework, ROM covers workload, data, resource, and Quality of Service of the target applications. It features a fast workload factoring algorithm for distributing incoming application requests, not only on volume but also on content, between the two resource zones; integrated two-dimensional workload shaping, resource planning, and request dispatching schemes for efficient utilization of base workload zone resource; and a simple and high-performance system architecture for dynamic provisioning in trespassing workload zone. Through extensive evaluation, we showed ROM can achieve resource efficiency (e.g., 54.9% server saving) guarantee QoS (based on client-side perceived service quality), reduce data access overhead in the trespassing workload zone during peak load (up to two orders of magnitude), and be adaptive at processing speed (running faster at peak load periods than at regular periods).
Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism.

Decision making and risk taking are interrelated processes that are important for daily functioning. The somatic marker hypothesis has provided a conceptual basis for processes involved in risk-taking decision making and has been used to link discrete neural substrates to risk-related behaviors. This investigation examined the hypothesis that the degree of risk-taking is related to the degree of activation in the insular cortex. Seventeen healthy, right-handed subjects performed a risk-taking decision-making task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a fast event-related design. This investigation yielded three main findings. First, right insula (BA 13) activation was significantly stronger when subjects selected a “risky” response versus selecting a “safe” response. Second, the degree of insula activation was related to the probability of selecting a “safe” response following a punished response. Third, the degree of insula activation was related to the subjects’ degree of harm avoidance and neuroticism as measured by the TCI and NEO personality questionnaires, respectively. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that insula activation serves as a critical neural substrate to instantiate aversive somatic markers
Video quality-maximizing resource allocation and scheduling with statistical delay guarantees

Real-time video demands quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees such as delay bounds for end-user satisfaction. Due to the stochastic nature of wireless fading channels, deterministic delay bounds are prohibitively difficult to guarantee. Instead, this paper proposes providing statistical delay guarantees using the concept of effective capacity. A multiuser setup is considered whereby different users have (possibly different) delay QoS constraints. The resource allocation policy that maximizes the sum video quality is derived and has a useful intuitive interpretation: The optimal operating point per user is such that the rate-distortion slope is the inverse of the supported video source rate per unit bandwidth, termed source spectral efficiency. Scheduling policies are also proposed to select a maximal user subset such that all selected users can meet their statistical delay requirement. Results show that QoS-aware scheduling and resource allocation enable supporting significantly more users under the same resource constraints.
Proteins as substrates for controlled radical polymerization

This review describes fundamental contributions in the area of proteins as macroinitiators and macro-chain transfer agents (CTA) for controlled radical polymerization (CRP). The review specifically highlights the concept of ‘grafting-from’ proteins, as new and efficient chemistry has been developed to polymerize directly from protein substrates in aqueous media. As the past ten years have shown, CRP has proven a powerful tool in the functionalization of proteins. This review considers the methods used to install protein based initiators and CTAs, the principle examples of ATRP and RAFT as polymerization methods, and finishes with more advanced methodologies such as the combination of genetic modifications and polymer chemistry, proteins as nanoparticles for drug delivery, and unnatural amino acid initiators.
Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of chemical exposure.

This review compiles and evaluates existing scientific information on the use, limitations, and procedural considerations for EROD activity (a catalytic measurement of cytochrome P4501A induction) ...
Society of Urologic Oncology Biotechnology Forum: new approaches and targets for advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose: We provide an overview of advances in molecular based therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer and summarize the studies presented at the Society of Urologic Oncology Biotechnology Forum in 2000.Materials and Methods: Three promising new treatment strategies are presented, and a critique of the advantages and limitations of each is offered by a leading expert in the field.Results: Treatment results and the current state of dendritic cell based immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody therapy and anti-apoptotic treatment approaches are presented.Conclusions: Currently patients with advanced prostate carcinoma have expanded therapeutic options available in the form of molecular based phases II and III clinical trials.
Mechanical activity in heart regulates translation of α-myosin heavy chain mRNA but not its localization

Mechanical inactivity depresses protein expression in cardiac muscle tissue and results in atrophy. We explore the mechanical transduction mechanism in spontaneously beating neonatal rat cardiomyoc...
Intraoperative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT): a novel method for determination of primary tumour dimensions in breast cancer specimens

Objectives:Micro-CT is a promising modality to determine breast tumour size in three dimensions in intact lumpectomy specimens. We compared the accuracy of tumour size measurements using specimen micro-CT with measurements using multimodality pre-operative imaging.Methods:A tabletop micro-CT was used to image breast lumpectomy specimens. The largest tumour dimension on three-dimensional reconstructed micro-CT images of the specimen was compared with the measurements determined by pre-operative mammography, ultrasound and MRI. The largest dimension of pathologic invasive cancer size was used as the gold standard reference to assess the accuracy of imaging assessments.Results:50 invasive breast cancer specimens in 50 patients had micro-CT imaging. 42 were invasive ductal carcinoma, 6 were invasive lobular carcinoma and 2 were other invasive cancer. Median patient age was 63 years (range 33–82 years). When compared with the largest pathologic tumour dimension, micro-CT measurements had the best correlation c...
Isopycnal Dispersion in NATRE

Abstract Finescale velocity and density fluctuations consist of both internal waves and vorticity-containing perturbations (vortical modes). A recent decomposition of observations obtained as part of the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE) permits one to investigate isopycnal stirring associated with vortical modes. This stirring is treated here as a relative dispersion problem in the context of 2D turbulence. Isopycnal diffusivities attain values on the order of 1 m2 s−1 after an initial transient of 5–10 days. After 2 weeks, a patch of tracer with initial radius of 25 m is predicted to have evolved into a convoluted web having an rms radius of 2–4 km. These estimates agree with observations of the evolution of an anthropogenic tracer in NATRE.
Weaker Functional Pinch Strength Is Associated With Early Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis

The thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint orchestrates pinch in its various positions, and thumb CMC osteoarthritis (OA) is a major source of orthopaedic morbidity. Self-reported pain, weakness, and physical examination may not correspond to radiographic findings when diagnosing early thumb CMC OA. Weakness is a prominent feature of the disease, but little evidence exists to quantify self-reported loss of strength with time, or to compare weakness with that of a nonarthritic population during early disease. We asked: (1) Is pinch strength in subjects with early thumb CMC OA less than that in asymptomatic control subjects; and (2) weakness in which pinch position (key, tripod, or tip pinch) has the strongest association with early OA diagnosis? For this case-control study, we recruited 23 subjects who were asymptomatic and 91 with early OA for comprehensive history, physical examination, strength measurements, pain surveys, and radiographic evaluation. We used multivariate logistic regression to quantify the association between declining pinch strength and early OA diagnosis after controlling for age, sex, and BMI. This analysis was performed for three different pinch positions (key, tripod, and tip pinch) to evaluate which measurement was most closely associated with diagnosis. Pinch strength was less in patients with early thumb CMC OA. Key pinch had the most robust association with OA diagnosis, in which a 20% decrease in key pinch strength from the control subjects’ baseline was associated with a 10% increase in the OA diagnosis (95% CI, 3%–16%; p = 0.004). This had a stronger association with OA diagnosis than tip pinch, in which a 20% decrease in strength was associated with a 6% increase in early CMC OA (95% CI, 1.0%–11%; p = 0.031). Tripod pinch also was associated to a lesser extent; a 20% reduction in tripod pinch led to a 5% increase in OA (95% CI, 1.3%–9%; p = 0.048). Decreasing pinch strength, especially key pinch, is associated with early CMC arthritis before the development of extensive radiographic disease. Weakness in pinch strength, especially key pinch, is an important feature in the pathogenesis of early CMC OA and may appear before radiographic disease is present or advanced. These findings suggest a role for intervention in early disease for promoting nonoperative joint protection and strengthening, and designing surgical procedures aimed to delay or prevent clinical and radiographic progression.
Mechanobiology of TGFβ signaling in the skeleton

Physical and biochemical cues play fundamental roles in the skeleton at both the tissue and cellular levels. The precise coordination of these cues is essential for skeletal development and homeostasis, and disruption of this coordination can drive disease progression. The growth factor TGFβ is involved in both the regulation of and cellular response to the physical microenvironment. It is essential to summarize the current findings regarding the mechanisms by which skeletal cells integrate physical and biochemical cues so that we can identify and address remaining gaps that could ultimately improve skeletal health. In this review, we describe the role of TGFβ in mechanobiological signaling in bone and cartilage at the tissue and cellular levels. We provide detail on how static and dynamic physical cues at the macro-level are transmitted to the micro-level, ultimately leading to regulation at each level of the TGFβ pathway and to cell differentiation. The continued integration of engineering and biological approaches is needed to answer many remaining questions, such as the mechanisms by which cells generate a coordinated response to physical and biochemical cues. We propose one such mechanism, through which the combination of TGFβ and an optimal physical microenvironment leads to synergistic induction of downstream TGFβ signaling.
Element mobilization from Bakken shales as a function of water chemistry

Waters that return to the surface after injection of a hydraulic fracturing fluid for gas and oil production contain elements, including regulated metals and metalloids, which are mobilized through interactions between the fracturing fluid and the shale formation. The rate and extent of mobilization depends on the geochemistry of the formation and the chemical characteristics of the fracturing fluid. In this work, laboratory scale experiments investigated the influence of water chemistry on element mobilization from core samples taken from the Bakken formation, one of the most productive shale oil plays in the US. Fluid properties were systematically varied and evaluated with regard to pH, oxidant level, solid:water ratio, temperature, and chemical additives. Element mobilization strongly depended on solution pH and redox conditions and to a lesser extent on the temperature and solid:water ratio. The presence of oxygen and addition of hydrogen peroxide or ammonium persulfate led to pyrite oxidation, resulting in elevated sulfate concentrations. Further, depending on the mineral carbonates available to buffer the system pH, pyrite oxidation could lower the system pH and enhance the mobility of several metals and metalloids.
Polysomnographic Recording Techniques Used for the Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders in a Sleep Disorders Center

(1978). Polysomnographic Recording Techniques Used for the Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders in a Sleep Disorders Center. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 107-132.
Guest Editorial:World Indigenous Legal Conference 2014 – Special Forum

The World Indigenous Legal Conference 2014 was hosted by the Indigenous Lawyers Association of Queensland, and held at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, from 24-27 June 2014. The conference brought together over 250 delegates from the academy, legal practice, and community and government organisations, representing a diverse range of Indigenous nations from Australia, Aotearoa, the Americas, Pacific Islands, Asia and Africa to discuss issues of importance to the survival of Indigenous peoples worldwide.
Product Futures

The "system driver" roadmaps for microprocessor, SoC, and other key products help unify and align more than a dozen supplier industries within the overall semiconductor technology roadmap. This column examines the relationship between product roadmaps and technology roadmaps, and the ever-present need to develop improved product roadmaps.
Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Developing Economies

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increasingly shifted towards the developing world, as developing and emerging countries have become recipients of over half of all flows since 2010. Manag...
Pressor Response to Initial Blood Pressure Monotherapy Is Associated With Cardiovascular Mortality

Background: A paradoxical pressor systolic response to initial antihypertensive monotherapy has been observed in 8% of hypertensive patients. The long-term consequences of this finding are unknown. Methods: We included 945 hypertensive patients with baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140mm Hg. A 4-week washout period free of antihypertensive drugs was allowed for those already on treatment at entry. Mortality outcomes were ascertained from the National Death Index. Subjects were categorized by SBP response into depressor (≥10mm Hg fall), nonresponder, and pressor (≥10mm Hg rise) categories. Results: There were 268 fatalities. Of these, 100 (37%) were from cardiovascular disease (CVD), of which 70 (70%) were due to coronary artery disease (CAD). A pressor response was associated with higher SBP at 1 year compared with the nonresponder or depressor response (141 vs. 136 vs. 136mm Hg). CVD mortality was greater in pressors than depressors (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-6.4; P = 0.004], as was CAD (HR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.4-6.8; P < 0.01) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1-2.6; P = 0.02), after adjusting for 1-year SBP and other possible confounders. Conclusions: We found the incidence of a pressor response to monotherapy at 3 months was significantly, specifically, and independently associated with higher subsequent cardiovascular mortality.
Comparative analyses of proteins extracted by hot saline or released spontaneously into outer membrane blebs from field strains of Brucella ovis and Brucella melitensis.

Sheep infected with Brucella ovis produce antibody responses to the rough lipopolysaccharide and to proteins present in hot saline (HS) extracts of B. ovis (J. I. Riezu-Boj, I. Moriyon, J. M. Blasco, C. M. Marin, and R. Diaz, J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:938-942, 1986). The distribution and antigenic relatedness of proteins in HS extracts and in outer membrane blebs were established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting for 41 strains of B. ovis and 26 strains of Brucella melitensis of diverse geographic origin. Five major groups of proteins were identified in HS extracts of B. ovis that had been freed of rough lipopolysaccharide: proteins of 43 kilodaltons (kDa), group A (25.5 to 32.0 kDa), group B (21.5 to 22.5 kDa); group C (18.0 to 19.5 kDa), and group D (13.0 to 15.5 kDa). Group A, B, C, and D proteins were also present in blebs. The profiles of proteins in HS extracts or blebs from strains of both Brucella species were very similar. Cross-reactions were demonstrated among HS extracts and blebs of all strains tested in immunoblots performed with an antiserum against the HS extract of a reference strain of B. ovis. Evidence was also provided of an antigenic relationship between group 3 proteins of the outer membrane and some of the proteins in groups A, B, and C. The conservation of these antigens and their immunogenicity in infected animals provide promise that they may serve as components of an effective subcellular vaccine for ovine brucellosis.
Psychology and Ideology

When it comes to an activist government ... conservatives usually prefer action in the realm of personal life, while opposing the regulation of business. Liberals tend to take the opposite view: that morals are a matter of personal choice, whereas economic matters have general social significance and therefore are legitimately within the areas that government may regulate (Lipsitz, 1986, p. 39).
Promoting Harmonious Doctor-Patient Relationship with the Work in Chinese Communist Party Construction

This article discusses new ways and countermeasures of carrying out the Chinese Communist Party construction work in the health system and promoting harmonious doctor-patient relationship through analyzing the main reasons of the intense doctor-patient relationship and the effects of the public opinion and the power of role models.We used mass media to inform the public of good people and deeds in hospitals to promote medical personnel's positive image and lead the main currents of public opinion.We should stick to the aim of serving people's health heart and soul through Party construction and explore a new way to promote harmonious doctor-patient relationship.
IMS and Next Generation Telecom Service Network

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)-based telecom target network infrastructure lacks validations of scale deploying in actual network, and faces furious competition from the Internet at the same time. Service Delivery Platform (SDP) gradually evolves to a more opening Service Delivery Environment (SDE) along with the commercial applying process of IMS, and is becoming the main direction of the development of telecom service network. By merging different network service capabilities, ZTE's Next Generation Service Network (NGSN) can realize the unification of data, service, capability and management, help operators get a dominant position and provide value-added services with faster speed, and fulfill the developing requirements of operator's service network perfectly.
Agent Appearance Modulates Mind Attribution and Social Attention in Human-Robot Interaction

Gaze following occurs automatically in social interactions, but the degree to which we follow gaze strongly depends on whether an agent is believed to have a mind and is therefore socially relevant for the interaction. The current paper investigates whether the social relevance of a robot can be manipulated via its physical appearance and whether there is a linear relationship between appearance and gaze following in a counter-predictive gaze cueing paradigm (i.e., target appears with a high likelihood opposite of the gazed-at location). Results show that while robots are capable of inducing gaze following, the degree to which gaze is passively followed does not linearly decrease with physical human-likeness. Rather, the relationship between appearance and gaze following is best described by an inverted u-shaped pattern, with automatic cueing effects (i.e., attending to the cued location) for agents of mixed human-likeness and reversed cueing effects (i.e., attending to the predicted location) for agents of either full human-likeness (100% human) or full robot-likeness (100% robot). The results are interpreted with regard to cognitive resource theory and design implications are discussed.
[Study on immunoprotection of varicella vaccine in a elementary school in Chaoyang district, Beijing].

随着计划免疫工作的深入开展,水痘已被列为北京市重点管理的疾病.为了解水痘疫苗的保护情况,以便进一步为制定北京市小学水痘疫情防控措施提供科学依据,现将北京市朝阳区某小学水痘突发疫情调查报告分析如下。
Long-term outcomes of percutaneous lumbar facet synovial cyst rupture

To evaluate the therapeutic value, safety, and long-term clinical outcomes of percutaneous lumbar facet synovial cyst (LFSC) rupture. Our study was institutional review board (IRB)-approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant. The study group comprised 71 patients (44 women, mean age: 65 ± 17 years) who underwent CT- or fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous LFSC rupture. The technical success of LFSC rupture, the long-term clinical outcome, including repeat procedures or surgery, and imaging findings on MRI and CT were recorded. Seventy-nine LFSC ruptures were performed in 71 patients. CT guidance was used in 57 cases and fluoroscopy guidance in 22 cases. LFSC rupture was technically successful in 58 out of 79 cases (73 %). Mean injection volume for cyst rupture was 3.6 ± 2.2 mL and a combination of steroid and anesthetic was injected in all cases. Over a mean follow-up time of 44 months, 12 % of patients underwent repeat cyst rupture, and 46 % eventually underwent surgery, whereas the majority of patients (55 %) experienced symptomatic relief and did not undergo surgery. There was no significant association between a successful outcome and age, sex, level, or size of LFSC (p > 0.1). LFSCs with T2 hypointensity were more likely to require surgery (p = 0.02). There was one complication, a bacterial skin infection that completely resolved following antibiotic therapy. Percutaneous LFSC rupture is an effective and safe nonsurgical treatment option for LFSC. More than half of treated patients were able to avoid subsequent surgery. Therefore, percutaneous LFSC rupture should be considered before surgical intervention.
The Ethics and Economics of the Basic Income Guarantee

(2006). The Ethics and Economics of the Basic Income Guarantee. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 1188-1190.
Leading indicators of community-based violent events among adults with mental illness.

Background The public health, public safety and clinical implications of violent events among adults with mental illness are significant; however, the causes and consequences of violence and victimization among adults with mental illness are complex and not well understood, which limits the effectiveness of clinical interventions and risk management strategies. This study examined interrelationships between violence, victimization, psychiatric symptoms, substance use, homelessness and in-patient treatment over time. Method Available data were integrated from four longitudinal studies of adults with mental illness. Assessments took place at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months, depending on the parent studies’ protocol. Data were analysed with the autoregressive cross-lag model. Results Violence and victimization were leading indicators of each other and affective symptoms were a leading indicator of both. Drug and alcohol use were leading indicators of violence and victimization, respectively. All psychiatric symptom clusters – affective, positive, negative, disorganized cognitive processing – increased the likelihood of experiencing at least one subsequent symptom cluster. Sensitivity analyses identified few group-based differences in the magnitude of effects in this heterogeneous sample. Conclusions Violent events demonstrated unique and shared indicators and consequences over time. Findings indicate mechanisms for reducing violent events, including trauma-informed therapy, targeting internalizing and externalizing affective symptoms with cognitive–behavioral and psychopharmacological interventions, and integrating substance use and psychiatric care. Finally, mental illness and violence and victimization research should move beyond demonstrating concomitant relationships and instead focus on lagged effects with improved spatio-temporal contiguity.
Energy in a New World

The energy squeeze of the early 1970s brought almost immediately the production of smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, a fifty-five mile per hour speed limit in the United States, and, in the Carter administration, subsidies for residential use of solar hot water and heating and for improvements in home insulation. It also brought a host of innovations in pricing of energy to reduce peak loads on power plants and reduce the need for expensive extra capacity to cover very short periods of high demand. The responses were appropriate and effective. The issue was covered in detail in the 1980 report of the President’s Council on Environmental Quality, the Global 2000 Report,which defined the transitions in energy production and use that had to occur in the last two decades of the second millennium. The Reagan administration, inaugurated in 1981, scorned that report and all of the progress made toward developing solar energy, including the new and highly promising nationally financed Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, Colorado.
Living Donor Pancreas Transplants: Donor Selection and Risk Minimization

In this study, our goal was to analyze nearly 4 decades of experience since the first living donor pancreas transplant in 1979, focusing on what constitutes optimal donor selection and ideal post donation follow-up. When combined with a living donor kidney transplant, a living donor pancreas transplant offers patients with concurrent renal failure and diabetes the option of a single procedure: a living donor simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplant. Living donor SPK transplants not only can reduce the waiting time in areas where it is long but also, for highly sensitized patients, can electively identify a donor with a negative crossmatch. Although living donor pancreas (and simultaneous pancreas-kidney) transplants were initially performed open, they evolved to laparoscopic procedures in 1999. The technical failure rates have improved over the years. Guidelines for reducing donor morbidity have incorporated the use of biochemical markers and stricter donor selection criteria. Predonation assessment of donors’ beta-cell mass may help identify those at risk of developing diabetes. Living donor pancreas transplants can be performed safely and with good outcomes; they remain an important option for highly sensitized transplant candidates and can reduce waiting time in areas where it is long. For donors, stringent selection criteria, robust predonation counseling, and meticulous postdonation follow-up are essential.
A new approach to prevent overuse injuries of the rotator cuff supraspinatus tendon using the cumulative fatigue concept

ABSTRACTAlthough occupational shoulder injuries are frequent, current guidelines are insufficient to accurately assess and reduce risk. The model presented proposes a material fatigue approach, supported by current medical research, to more accurately assess shoulder injury risk during a work period, providing a means to reduce risk. It asserts an injury will occur when the amount of tendon damage during a work period is greater than the repair rate between work periods. Tendon fatigue failure models have been presented in medical literature, but without a method for application in industry. When repetitions per work period and tendon forces are known, tendon damage can be estimated and the authors propose that the shoulder risk index can be calculated, indicating when the body cannot recover between work periods so action can be taken to reduce injury risk. Further study through lab, clinic and field tests is needed to validate and refine the model.
Is RateMyProfessors.com Unbiased? A Look at the Impact of Social Modelling on Student Online Reviews of Marketing Classes:

This article looks at how marketing student ratings of instructors and classes on online rating sites such as RateMyProfessor.com can be biased by prior student ratings of that class. Research has identified potential sources of bias of online student reviews administered by universities. Less has been done on the sources of bias inherent in a ratings site where those doing the rating can see prior ratings. To measure how student online ratings of a course can be influenced by existing online ratings, the study used five different prior ratings experiment conditions: mildly negative prior ratings, strongly negative prior ratings, mildly positive prior ratings, strongly positive prior ratings, and a control condition of no prior ratings. Results of this study suggest prior online ratings, both positive and negative, do affect subsequent online ratings and bias them. There are several implications. First, both negative and positive ratings can have an impact biasing subsequent ratings. Second, sometimes neg...