cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New fossil Stylops (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae) from Dominican amber

Description of a new species of the genus Stylops from Dominican amber expands the number of families of this order represented by fossils of the mid-Eocene in the Neotropical region. The specimen described herein is reasonably well preserved, except for the tip of the abdomen that hampered observation of the aedeagus. The specimen fits definition of the comtemporary genus Stylops and differs from a related species, Jantarostylops kinzelbachi Kulicka, from Baltic amber, by the larger number of ommatidia, relative proportion of antennal segments, and venation of hind wings. The specimen differs from other contemporary species of Nearctic Stylops in, among other characters, the smaller size, sub-costa detached from costa and maxillary structure. Discovery of this fossil species of Stylops provides evidence of a possibly more temperate climate in the Antilles, since most contemporary species of the genus occur predominantly in the temperate zones of the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Oriental regions. All known species of the genus parasitize bees of the genus Andrena ( sensu lato). Existence of a fossil andrenid, Protandrena eickworti Rozen Jr, of the same Dominican amber, offers evidence of a potential host for this new species of Stylops.
The Relative Influence of Published Teaching Evaluations and Other Instructor Attributes on Course Choice

One hundred and twenty-seven undergraduate business majors at a regional northwestern university completed a series of hypothetical choice tasks in which they were asked to choose between two courses that varied with respect to the instructor’s course evaluations, grading leniency, the course’s worth/usefulness, and the assigned workload. Data analysis revealed that while evaluations exert a significant influence on choice, course worth and grading leniency are the most important determinants of course choice. Share of preference simulations indicated that students are twice as likely to choose a course with an instructor who receives excellent, as opposed to average, course evaluations, all else being equal. However, students are willing to put up with poor course evaluations or a heavy workload if they believe that they will gain a great deal of useful knowledge. The article concludes with a call for more research on the decision process relating to course choice.
Behavioral Self-Monitoring of Safety and Productivity in the Workplace: A Methodological Primer and Quantitative Literature Review

ABSTRACT Workplace applications of behavioral self-monitoring (BSM) methods have been studied periodically for over 35 years, yet the literature has never been systematically reviewed. Recent occupational safety interventions including BSM resulted in relatively large behavior changes. Moreover, BSM methods are functional for addressing a broad range of occupational health psychology topics. Studies (n = 24) where workers self-monitored productivity or safety behaviors were reviewed and scored along dimensions relevant to research and practice. For intervention conditions (n = 38), standardized effect sizes ranged from 0.2 to 14.5 (weighted average d = 2.8). The results encourage the use of BSM in workplace interventions, but the literature has insufficiently addressed the isolated and additive effects of BSM, worker involvement and individual differences, assessment applications, and theory testing and development.
Adaptive portal CT reconstruction: a simulation study.

In radiotherapy,radiation treatment beams contain valuable information for patient setup verification. These beams may be used for portal CTreconstruction. However, direct use of the beam data for reconstruction may yield inadequate CTimages simply because these beams cover only a part of the patient body. In this study, we use the treatment beams in addition to a set of regular CT projection beams to reconstruct a locally enhanced portal CTimage. This approach is called adaptive portal CTreconstruction. A computer simulation demonstrated the advantages of the approach. The image reconstruction was carried out by the multilevel scheme algebraic reconstruction technique. Results indicated that the image quality of adaptive portal CTreconstruction is equivalent to that obtained from a full set of projections. This proposed technique should be not only valuable for three-dimensional radiotherapy verification, but also applicable to diagnosticCTimaging.
Medications and sexual function

There seems to be a reluctance to self-report sexual dysfunction during clinical interviews. The rate of reported sexual dysfunction increases when information is sought aggressively in the clinical interview. The relationship to a specific therapeutic agent, however, can be clouded by the patient's perception and coexisting morbidity. Most of the data relating sexual dysfunction to specific drugs are anecdotal. The strongest proof of a casual effect is improvement in sexual function after withdrawal of the medication. Most of the adverse sexual effects of commonly used medications can be predicted from a simplified understanding of the human sexual response and physiologic mediators. Alternative therapeutic agents can be substituted by understanding these physiologic mechanisms and a careful clinical interview. Although polypharmacy is a problem for older persons, in some cases sildenafil can be used to correct drug-induced impotence.
Pay for Performance: Can It Help Improve Nursing Home Quality?

Nursing home quality threatens the well-being of residents. Pay for performance pays organizations for meeting performance targets and is required in Medicare hospitals under the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, where it is called “value-based purchasing.” It is not yet required of nursing homes. This article asks whether pay for performance could mitigate nursing home quality problems. A total of 159 health care studies were reviewed. “Effect sizes” (the percentage improvement or decline in care) were gleaned from 22 selected studies measuring 150 health outcomes ranging from more frequent foot exams to a measure of heart function. The median improvement was a modest 2.9 percent. Nursing home studies were a minority of those reviewed. Yet one large randomized trial proved successful. Pay for performance may be well suited to nursing homes given their routine care, chronic population, and low wage rates. However, design and implementation lessons must be applied to avoid failure.
Radiation facilities for fusion-reactor first-wall and blanket structural-materials development

Present and future irradiation facilities for the study of fusion reactor irradiation damage are reviewed. Present studies are centered on irradiation in accelerator-based neutron sources, fast- and mixed-spectrum fission reactors, and ion accelerators. The accelerator-based neutron sources are used to demonstrate damage equivalence between high-energy neutrons and fission reactor neutrons. Once equivalence is demonstrated, the large volume of test space available in fission reactors can be used to study displacement damage, and in some instances, the effects of high-helium concentrations and the interaction of displacement damage and helium on properties. Ion bombardment can be used to study the mechanisms of damage evolution and the interaction of displacement damage and helium. These techniques are reviewed, and typical results obtained from such studies are examined. Finally, future techniques and facilities for developing damage levels that more closely approach those expected in an operating fusion reactor are discussed.
Potentiometric Biosensing of Proteins with Ultrasensitive Ion- Selective Microelectrodes and Nanoparticle Labels

We report here for the first time on the use of potentiometry for ultrasensitive nanoparticle-based detection of protein interactions. A silver ion-selective microelectrode is used to detect silver ions oxidatively released from silver enlarged gold nanoparticle labels in a sandwich immunoassay. Since potentiometry is expected to largely maintain its analytical characteristics upon reducing the sample volume, it is anticipated that this approach may form the basis for bioassays with attractive detection limits.
Intentions in Words

Evaluation de la theorie intentionnelle des mots developpee par D. Kaplan dans le cadre d'une critique du modele du type et de l'occurence (type-token), fondee sur la these de la necessite et la these de la suffisance de l'etat intentionnel du locuteur. Defendant l'idee selon laquelle les langues possedent des occurences de mots individues non-intentionnels, l'A. propose une alternative a la fois a l'intentionnalisme et au modele type-occurence, presentant une conception de l'occurence du signe proche de celle de Goodman, c'est-a-dire en termes de relation du meme signe
Simulation and analysis of antibody aggregation on cell surfaces using motion planning and graph analysis

IgE antibodies bound to cell-surface receptors, FceRI, crosslink through the binding of antigens on the cell surface. This formation of aggregates is what simulates mast cells and basophils in order to initiate an allergic response. Experimental studies have shown that the spatial organization of aggregated IgE-FceRI complexes affect transmembrane signaling that initiate these responses. About 1,500 Americans die each year from anaphylatic shock caused by these aggregations. The methods we present in this paper address modeling and analyzing this critical molecular data. First, we developed 3D models of a trivalent antigen and IgE-FceRI complex binding using relaxed constraints. Simplified models were generated from all-atom structures to reduce the complexity of the geometry and are simulated on a plane to capture movement of antibodies on the cell surface. This reduces the computational complexity of the simulation to a rigid body problem, often addressed in motion planning. Motions and resulting aggregations are extracted from Monte Carlo simulations with kinetic rates derived from experiments. In order to analyze the resulting structures, we introduce techniques to map 3D molecular binding to a graph structure. This facilitates analysis of aggregate structures because simple graph metrics, such as connected components and subgraph isomorphism, can be used to quickly quantify and analyze aggregate structure.
The role of signal-processing concepts in genomics and proteomics

With the enormous amount of genomic and proteomic data that is available to us in the public domain, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to process this information in ways that are useful to humankind. Signal processing methods have played an important role in this context, some of which are reviewed in this paper. First we review the role of digital filtering techniques in gene identification. We then discuss the topic of long-range correlation between base pairs in DNA sequences. This correlation corresponds to a 1/f type of power spectrum. We also describe some of the recent applications of Fourier methods in the study of proteins. Finally we mention the role of Karhunen-Loeve like transforms in the interpretation of DNA microarray data for gene expression.
Health aspects of wireless communication: extravasation of endogenous serum albumin in rat brains from repeated exposure to cell-phone microwave radiation

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a cellular layer in the blood vessels of the brain. The blood-brain barrier partitions the circulating blood from the brain tissue proper. It regulates the passage of vital substances and nutrients into brain tissues, and the passage of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products out of brain tissues. The selective passage prohibits harmful toxins from infiltrating the brain, and also excludes many drugs and therapeutic agents from reaching brain tissues.
Preserving the Moment, Commodifying Time, and Improving Upon the Past: Insights Into the Depiction of Time in American Advertising

Despite its pervasiveness in ads, the depiction of time in American advertising remains one of the least understood cultural values, perhaps because of its complexity and its taken-for-grantedness. Using a sample of magazine ads, this study adds to the existing knowledge and provides new insights into 5 time categories: limited time, marking time, more time, planning time, and oriented time. Examples and frequencies of time categories are provided with an analysis of use across product categories. The study also provides insights into how advertising as a cultural product sends "unintended" messages about cultural values. Despite the availability of alternative time concepts, the time categories observed in this study exclusively support the monochronic culture (Hall, 1983), making it appear as the only time system available.
Aging effects on the electrical properties of silver-filled epoxy adhesives

Electrically conductive adhesives, such as silver-filled epoxies, are used in many applications where standard soldering or direct metal-to-metal connections are not feasible. Anomalous behavior at these connections has been observed as the development of increasing resistance over time in the absence of mechanical failure between the adhesive and substrate. The results of aging of electrically conductive adhesive joints to aluminum- and gold-metallized substrates show that little change occurs at low humidity under an ambient flow of nitrogen. With increasing humidity and temperature, there is a measurable increase in resistance over time, particularly in the case of aluminum-metallized substrates. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to investigate interfacial phenomena that may be responsible for increasing resistance observed in the aluminum-metallized samples exposed to accelerated aging. Preliminary results from this technique indicate the presence of an oxide layer between the adhesive a...
Time delay in a multichannel formalism

We reexamine the time-delay formalism of Wigner, Eisenbud, and Smith, which was developed to analyze both elastic and inelastic resonances. An error in the paper of Smith has propagated through the literature. We correct this error and show how the results of Eisenbud and Smith are related. We also comment on some recent time-delay studies, based on Smith's erroneous interpretation of the Eisenbud result.
DETERMINANTS OF THE INFLATION RATE OF THE HEALTH CARE CPI IN THE US

A key issue in health care reform in the United States is the need to contain the inflation rate of the consumer price index (CPI) for health care services (IRCPIHC). Although previous literature has provided a variety of arguments regarding the causes of the rising IRCPIHC, relatively little has been done of a formal empirical nature to test these various arguments. We estimate a reduced-form equation for the US that indicates the IRCPIHC is an increasing function of general inflation, the population percentage over age 65, real malpractice insurance premiums, the population percentage covered by Medicare, increased usage of technological innovations in medicine, and real GDP growth and a decreasing function of the number of physicians per 100 000 population.
High-Current Brushes, Part V: Subdivided Monolithic Brushes at Very High-Current Levels

Considerable interest has been shown during the last decade in the development of high-power electrical machines of the homopolar variety. Inherent in such machines is the transfer of very large currents between the rotor and stator at high speeds. In order to successfully transfer the high currents (current densities of up to 7.75 MA/m2at speeds of 50 m/s) with desired Iow losses and high reliability, a number of different schemes have been proposed. Such schemes include improved materials for monolithic brushes, the use of liquid metal systems, and the use of fiber brushes. The approach described utilizes subdivided monolithic brushes, which are intermediate in size and number of contacts between conventional monolithic brushes and fiber brushes. A series of short-term steady-state tests of brushes with constant total load, but with varying number of brush subdivisions, has been made. Results achieved by testing such brushes at three different current levels in a humidified carbon dioxide atmosphere are presented and discussed.
Enhanced Vascular Neuropeptide Y– Immunoreactive Innervation in Two Hypertensive Rat Strains

Abstract Considerable evidence indicates an enhanced sympathetic innervation of resistance arterial smooth muscle in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared with its normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control. In addition to sympathetic hyperinnervation, an increased vascular innervation by neuropeptide Y–containing fibers, which are known to exert a vasoconstrictive and trophic action in vascular smooth muscle, has also been described. In addition to genetic hypertension, the SHR expresses hyperactive behavior and hyperreactivity to stress. To determine whether the enhanced neuropeptide Y–immunoreactive vascular innervation is specifically associated with hypertension and/or these behavioral abnormalities, four genetically related, inbred rat strains were used: SHR, which are hypertensive and hyperactive; WKY rats, which are neither hypertensive nor hyperactive; WKHA, which are hyperactive but normotensive; and WKHT, which are hypertensive but not hyperactive. The present study demonstrated that whereas the hypertensive strains (SHR and WKHT) exhibited smooth muscle hypertrophy in both superior mesenteric and caudal arteries in adulthood (10 months) but not at a prehypertensive age (1 month), both arteries exhibited significantly increased neuropeptide Y–immunoreactive innervation at both ages. It was further observed that the mesenteric artery in WKHA, a normotensive strain, had significant smooth muscle hypertrophy at 10 months; however, neuropeptide Y innervation in this artery was no different from that of WKY controls. The findings indicate that there is a cosegregation of neuropeptide Y hyperinnervation of the vasculature with the hypertensive phenotype, evident as early as 1 month of life in the hypertensive strains, and this should be considered further as a contributory factor in genetic hypertension. Vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, while evident in adult hypertensive rats, was also observed in the mesenteric artery (but not the caudal artery) of adult WKHA rats, suggesting that other factors besides genetic hypertension, possibly hyperreactivity to stress, are responsible for this specific hypertrophic change in WKHA rats.
Seasonal Monitoring for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in California Commercial Raspberries

Native to Southeast Asia, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) prefer to oviposit on ripe fruit and have become an important pest of California raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) since their detection in Santa Cruz County, CA, in 2008. Preliminary management guidelines included D. suzukii monitoring recommendations, though there was little available information on seasonal occurrence and potential lures for use in raspberries. To address this issue, we trapped adult D. suzukii weekly for 2 yr (including both spring and fall harvests) in multiple raspberry varieties using apple cider vinegar and a yeast-sugar-water mixture as liquid lures, and measured fruit infestation when commercially ripe fruit were available. D. suzukii pressure as measured by larval infestation and adult trap captures was higher during the fall raspberry harvest season. The yeast lure captured significantly more D. suzukii during the fall harvest than the apple cider vinegar, and while both lures tended to capture more females than males, this varied by month of the year and was more pronounced for the yeast lure. Trap captures from each lure correlated well to one another, and often exhibited significant correlation to larval infestation. However, during all seasons and under both conventional and organic management, worrisome outliers were present (high larval infestation with low trap captures) that call into question the reliability of using the systems presented here as a basis for management decisions at this time.
Childhood Sexual Abuse, Disordered Eating, Alexithymia, and General Distress: A Mediation Model.

Drawing from trauma-related theory (e.g., M. F. Schwartz & P. Gay, 1996), this article presents a model of associations among child sexual abuse (CSA), psychological distress, alexithymia, and disordered eating (DE). Structural equation modeling was used to test this conceptual model with a sample of female college students (N = 589). Results indicate that CSA is not directly associated with DE. Instead, CSA is associated with psychological distress, which is further related to alexithymia. Additionally, bootstrapping analyses were used to show that distress and alexithymia mediate the relationship between CSA and DE. Finally, restrictive eating behaviors and attitudes mediate between alexithymia and bulimic behaviors. This latter pathway was shown to be important to the model by the analysis of a 2nd, nested model. Although this model is only one of many possible, these results point to a weak but significant complex relation between CSA and DE.
The Institutional Context of Tolerance for Ethnic Minorities: A Comparative, Multilevel Analysis of Western Europe

Drawing on recent insights in the nationalism and citizenship regime literatures, this article develops a macrotheoretical framework for understanding cross-national variations in tolerance of ethnic minorities. Specifically, it tests the hypothesis that the degree to which the dominant ethnic tradition or culture is institutionalized in the laws and policies of a nation-state affects citizen tolerance of ethnic minorities. Employing a multilevel regression model, it systematically tests the framework, as well as competing individual and country-level explanations, for all member states of the European Union in 1997. Results confirm a strong relationship between the laws governing the acquisition and expression of citizenship, that is, citizenship regime type, and individual tolerance judgments. Moreover, citizenship regime type has a strong mediating effect on three individual-level variables previously shown to predict tolerance: ingroup national identity, political ideology, and satisfaction with democracy.
Patterns of tumor incidence in two-year cancer bioassay feeding studies in Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Patterns of tumor incidence in 25 of the National Toxicology Program's (NTP's) two-year cancer bioassay feeding studies in Fischer 344 rats were investigated. It was found that the overall frequencies of statistically significant (P
Optimal control methods for simulating the perception of causality in young infants

There is a growing debate among developmental theorists concerning the perception of causality in young infants. Some theorists advocate a top-down view, e.g., that infants reason about causal events on the basis of intuitive physical principles. Others argue instead for a bottom-up view of infant causal knowledge, in which causal perception emerges from a simple set of associative learning rules. In order to test the limits of the bottom-up view, we propose an optimal control model (OCM) of infant causal perception. OCM is trained to find an optimal pattern of eye movements for maintaining sight of a target object. We first present a series of simulations which illustrate OCM's ability to anticipate the outcome of novel, occluded causal events, and then compare OCM's performance with that of 9-month-old infants. The impications for developmental theory and research are discussed
Cryptic speciation in the vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) and the role of bathymetry in the speciation process.

A recent phylogenetic review of the genus Sebastes suggested the existence of a cryptic species of vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus). To evaluate the geographical and bathymetric range of the Type 1 and Type 2 forms reported in that study, cytochrome b sequences were examined from 548 fish. Type 1 fish were found primarily south of Point Conception on reefs deeper than 100 m. Type 2 fish were common range-wide at sites shallower than 100 m. Reproductive isolation between the two types was tested using nine microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic divergence were made using the fixation index (F(ST)) and correspondence between haplotype and genotype was tested by Bayesian population assignment and multivariate plotting of individual genotypes. Microsatellite analyses gave strong support for the presence of two distinct groups of genotypes. All fish with Type 1 haplotypes and fish with Type 2 haplotypes from 100 m depth assigned strongly to the Type 1 genotype group. Morphometric comparisons between the two genotypic groups revealed significant differences at three of the six examined measurements. Differences in both genetics, depth of occurrence, and morphology suggest these are separate species. This observation along with evidence of depth segregation in many recent species pairs led us to hypothesize a speciation model for Sebastes spp. by which the loss or truncation of a depth-related ontogenetic migration can lead to the creation of reproductively isolated populations.
Aspirin Use in Chronic Heart Failure: What Should We Recommend to the Practitioner?

There has been ongoing controversy as to whether aspirin should be used in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The argument for aspirin is that many patients have underlying coronary disease, and aspirin prevents reinfarction and other vascular events. Arguments against the routine use of aspirin are that many CHF patients do not have underlying coronary disease, and that the benefit of aspirin lessens after the first 6 to 12 months after infarction. Also, several analyses suggest that aspirin may actually worsen outcomes in CHF patients, possibly because it inhibits prostaglandins, with resulting adverse hemodynamic and renal effects. Two recent prospective randomized studies have found that aspirin is associated with more frequent hospitalizations for worsening heart failure, although it did not have an adverse effect on vascular events. These results suggest that aspirin should not be routinely used in CHF patients and be avoided in those with refractory CHF, but that it may be beneficial in patients with recent infarction or multiple vascular risk factors.
Linearized parametric gate for real-time photonic-sampled analog-to-digital conversion

A linearized parametric sampling gate was constructed to explore its performance limits in an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) architecture. Linear response of the sampling gate can be achieved both in high-resolution and high-rate ADC.
A national study on craniosynostosis surgical repair.

Objective : Our study aimed to use national data to assess the perioperative outcomes of craniosynostosis surgical repair. Design : Data were obtained from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids Inpatient Database from 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006. Setting : Community hospitals in the United States. Patients : The cohort was identified using the ICD-9-CM procedure codes for craniosynostosis surgical repair (2.01, 2.03, 2.04, 2.06). Main Outcome Measures(s) : We determined patient and hospital characteristics. We clustered patients by age group ( 4.2 days. Results : We found 3426 patients. Average age at the time of surgery was 181 days (SD 84). Average length of stay was 4.2 days. The majority of the patients were boys (66%), white (71%), and insured (93%). Nearly all patients underwent surgery in a teaching hospital (98%) in urban centers (99%). Approximately 10% of patients experienced an acute complication, most commonly hemorrhages or hematomas and airway or respiratory failure. Patients ages 1 to 3 years had the highest rates of comorbidities and a longer LOS. Mortality rate was 4.2 appears to be associated more with comorbidities than with complications. Higher rates of comorbidities and LOS >4.2 days for patients age 1 to 3 years warrant addition research to assess potential barriers to care.
Parallelization strategies for element-by-element preconditioned conjugate gradient solver using high-performance Fortran for unstructured finite-element applications on linux clusters

Parallel implementation of an unstructured finite-element solver using the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method is described here. High-performance Fortran has been used with the implementation based on a 32-node Pentium II 350MHz cluster running Linux. The PCG solver is set up for the element-by-element method. While this is a highly suitable method for the solution of very large problems, it is not inherently parallelizable in a distributed memory environment. The difficulties associated with the parallelization of this algorithm are presented here, as well as two ways to overcome them in this environment. Initial results have been presented for fairly large problems ranging from 500,000 to 1.6 million unknowns using an eight-noded isoparametric quadrilateral element.
The Development of Catholic Studies Programs in American Catholic Universities

In the mid-1960s, Sr. Jacqueline Grennan (1968), president of Webster College, called for the education of Catholics, but not in Catholic schools. Her mantra, there is no such thing as a Catholic physics, became an invitation for Catholics to become a part of the mainstream of the American academy. She viewed the need for Catholic professional associations as passe, and recommended that Catholic academics take their rightful place. Forty years later, Grennan’s Webster College has become a secular, private university, where Catholic infl uence effectively has been extinguished. Frederick Erb III (2002), an independent scholar active in the American Maritain Association, has opined that the wisdom of the Catholic worldview has been shunned by a secular American academy, steeped in postmodernism and unwilling to envision or engage a worldview other than its own. However, Erb believes that the Catholic-scholastic-philosophical tradition has a potential opening at the beginning of the twenty-fi rst century with the promotion of Catholic Studies programs at non-Catholic higher education institutions. In the fi rst half of the twentieth century, the hegemony of scholastic philosophy in seminary education, and more widely in Catholic higher education, was secured with the promulgation of Pope Pius X’s (1907) encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis, which condemned modernism, a compilation of heresies that embraced such varied errors as agnosticism, immanentism, and evolutionism. This encyclical mandated the study of scholastic philosophy and theology in seminaries and a rigid adherence to scholastic principles. Effectively, Pascendi Dominici Gregis opened the door for the fl owering of the neo-scholasticism of such authors as Jacques Maritain and Etienne Gilson, and provided Catholic higher education with a continued common core during the fi rst half of the twentieth century. Within the next fi fty years, the Catholic intellectual tradition, expressed not only in scholastic philosophy, but also in literature, history, music, and art, had dissipated (Gleason, 1995). The Catholic sector, which had long weathered the cultural vicissitudes of American life, was swept into the mainstream in the 1960s. Catholic higher
Real-Time Disturbance-Observers; Origin and Evolution of the Idea Part 1: The Early Years

This paper is the first part of a two-part series which will trace the earliest origins of the novel-idea of a "disturbance-observer", as that idea emerged within the context of modern, MIMO state-variable system theory and was published in various control-conference proceedings and in systems/control journals. The technical evolution of the theory of disturbance-observers as it occurred chronologically over the period 1968-1985 will be presented in a subsequent paper.
Secure program partitioning

This paper presents secure program partitioning, a language-based technique for protecting confidential data during computation in distributed systems containing mutually untrusted hosts. Confidentiality and integrity policies can be expressed by annotating programs with security types that constrain information flow; these programs can then be partitioned automatically to run securely on heterogeneously trusted hosts. The resulting communicating subprograms collectively implement the original program, yet the system as a whole satisfies the security requirements of participating principals without requiring a universally trusted host machine. The experience in applying this methodology and the performance of the resulting distributed code suggest that this is a promising way to obtain secure distributed computation.
Selective Effects of Light Exposure on Distribution of Motility in the Chick Embryo at E18

It is well established that orderly patterns of motor neuron activity, muscle recruitment, and limb movement are generated in chicks during motility by embryonic day (E)9, the midpoint in embryonic development. However, our recent work suggests that some attributes of motility, such as the rhythm of repetitive limb movements and distribution of activity, become less orderly after E9. In this study, we extend these observations by performing continuous force recordings over a 24-h period in ovo at E18 with augmented sampling of synchronized video and electromyogram (EMG) recordings. We report the distribution of three repetitive behaviors, rapid limb movement, respiratory-like movement, and beak clapping, identified in force recordings, and the general distribution of motility. We also test a model recently proposed to account for age-related changes in motility parameters. In the model, we proposed that circadian networks contribute to the age-related changes in distribution of motility. As a first test of this hypothesis, we examine whether light exposure contributes to the variable distribution of motility by comparing motility parameters at E18 for embryos incubated and tested under either a 12-h light/dark cycle or continuous light. Results suggest that exposure to light increases the total amount of activity and hastens the onset of extended respiratory-like movement sequences but does not impact expression of repetitive limb movement or beak clapping at E18. The possible influence of circadian mechanisms on embryonic behavior and insensitivity of repetitive limb movements to light exposure are discussed.
The effects of environmental attitude and fashion opinion leadership on textile recycling in the US

This study explored consumers' use of existing textile recycling options and tested relationships between general environmental attitudes, fashion opinion leadership and textile recycling behaviour. Nearly 51·2% of consumer textile products end up in landfills each year. Therefore, recycling of post-consumer textiles has implications for reducing the impact of consumer waste on the environment. The sample comprised a total of 277 male and female students from one Mid-western university. Factor analysis, correlation analysis and t-tests were the statistical methods used to analyse the data. Environmental attitude was found to be positively related to textile disposition method but not related to fashion opinion leadership. Gender differences were found for general environmental attitude as well as textile disposition method. These results have implications for consumer textile recycling initiatives. Suggestions for further study are given.
PRODUCTION OF LIMONOATE DEHYDROGENASE BY Pseudomonas

The growth conditions of Pseudomonas sp. 321–18 were studied to maximize yields of limonoate dehydrogenase, which prevents the development of limonin bitterness in citrus juices. The organism grew well on 0.5% or less limonoate media, but it did not grow on media containing 1.0% or more limonoate. Galactose and fructose were excellent substrates for its growth, but sucrose and glucose were found to be poor. The organism grew best at 25°C and pH 7–7.5. Cells grown on substrates other than those containing limonoids did not produce limonoate dehydrogenase, but the enzyme was induced with low concentrations of limonoids. Enzyme activity was increased five to sixfold by use of the induction method on galactose grown cells.
Thoracic Intramedullary Cavernous Malformation With Posttraumatic Hematomyelia: Case Report and Literature Review

Although intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations are now well described, there have been, to our knowledge, no prior reports focusing on presentation after trauma. We report a patient with a thoracic intramedullary cavernous malformation presenting with hematomyelia and acute neurologic deterioration after spinal chiropractic manipulation. A review of previously published case reports then identifies additional cases of deterioration after spinal cord trauma or exertion. Traumatic injury and exertion may be uncommon but real causes of hematomyelia in intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. The frequency of such presentations is estimated to be 1.37% to 4.79%.
Evolution of thinking in fetal respiratory physiology.

An outstanding characteristic of intrauterine life is the low oxygen pressure (PO 2 ) of fetal blood. It seemed at one time that in order to tolerate the Pot of the uterine environment the fetus must have a relatively slow rate of oxidative metabolism or depend upon anaerobic pathways of substrate utilization. Subsequent studies have shown that the fetus has a high rate of oxygen consumption and that lactic acid is a substrate rather than a net product of normal fetal metabolism. The circulatory response of the fetus to acute hypoxia is centered on the requirement of maintaining the arterial oxygen flow to the heart and central nervous system without increasing cardiac output. The arterial oxygen flow concept helps in understanding the physiologic meaning of the high oxygen affinity of fetal blood and the boundary conditions of the fetal defense against hypoxia.
Application of Image Analysis Techniques to Develop a Quality Control Tool for Automated Optimum Binder Content Determination of Open-Graded Friction Course Mixtures

In some transportation agencies, including the Florida Department of Transportation (DOT), open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures are designed by estimating the optimum binder content (OBC). The estimation is based on visual inspection of the asphalt binder draindown (ABD) configuration of three OGFC samples placed on pie plates with predetermined trial asphalt binder contents (ACs). The inspection of the ABD configuration is performed by trained and experienced technicians who determine the OBC with perceptive interpolation or extrapolation based on the known AC values of the above samples. To eliminate the human subjectivity involved in this method, the authors first developed an automated image processing–based method for prediction of the OBC by using digital images of the pie plate specimens (PPSs). In the extended research effort reported in this paper, a quality control tool (QCT) was developed for the aforementioned automated method to enhance its reliability when implemented by other agencie...
Effects of adrenal ligation and adrenergic blockade on pressor responses to acetaldehyde in dogs.

Summary1. The pressor response to acetaldehyde in dogs is not wholly due to the release of epinephrine from the adrenals. 2. The pressor response to acetaldehyde is reversed by the adrenergic blocking drug SY-28 following bilateral ligation of the adrenal vessels.
Social Skills Training for Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities: A School-Based Evaluation

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) often demonstrate impairments in social functioning, with deficits becoming more apparent during adolescence. This study evaluated the effects of the Superheroes Social Skills program, a program that combines behavioral skills training and video modeling to teach target social skills, on accurate demonstration of three target social skills in adolescents with ID. Skills taught in the present study include Expressing Wants and Needs, Conversation, and Turn Taking. Four adolescents with ID participated in a 3-week social skills intervention, with the intervention occurring twice per week. A multiple baseline across skills design was used to determine the effect of the intervention on social skill accuracy in both a training and generalization setting. All participants demonstrated substantial improvements in skill accuracy in both settings, with teacher ratings of social functioning further suggesting generalization of social skills to nontraining settings.
Sampling Survey of Vibrio Cholera Among Short-shelled Turtles Sold in Hengyang City Markets

Objective To find out if there is Vibrio cholera contamination in short-shelled turtles sold in Hengyang City markets. Methods Fifty-five short-shelled turtle samples were examined, 36 test samples were taken from short-shelled turtle anus, and 19 were short-shelled turtle body surface mucus. All samples were examined by Vibrio cholera food poisoning standard methods. Results One among the 55 samples was detected Vibrio cholera O_(139) contamination. Conclusions Corresponding preventive measure is required to prevent Vibrio cholera O_(139) outbreak.
Meningomyelocele: A Clinical, Urodynamic and Neurophysiological Evaluation

AbstractA total of 11 children with chronic meningomyeloceles underwent a clinical neurological, urodynamic and neurophysiological evaluation to define further the level and type of lesion present in the lumbosacral spinal area. The neurophysiological evaluation was correlated with detrusor activity. Detrusor hyperreflexia was present in 45 per cent of the patients and functional activity of the somatic sacral reflex arc was demonstrated in 4. Absolute interruption of the somatic sacral reflex arc was found in the remaining patients with detrusor areflexia. All patients had evidence of a lower motor neuron lesion on clinical neurological evaluation, with weak or absent myotatic and musculocutaneous reflexes. Electromyographic evaluation revealed signs of severe partial to complete denervation of the affected muscle groups. However, increased motor unit potentials were observed in 5 patients after coughing and stimulation of the perianal skin. The bulbocavernosus reflex was absent clinically and electrophy...
THE RATE OF PROGRESS OF FOOD RESIDUES THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

This chapter discusses the rate of progress of food residues through the digestive tract. It is generally assumed and believed that the residues from any one meal leave the body within twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and one often gains this impression from watching the progress of a barium meal. It has not been sufficiently recognized that the giving of several ounces of a heavy indigestible material like barium acts like a large dose of agar or mineral oil; it hurries food residues through the bowel and temporarily cures constipation. Enough barium appears to be absorbed, also, to stimulate the intestinal muscle. A barium meal or barium in water commonly reaches the terminal segment of ileum in less than two hours, and most of it has passed into the colon usually by nine hours. The taking of much water washes food rapidly through the small bowel, and this is often undesirable. Opium may cause a thickening of the contents of the small bowel.
Schneider’s solution

In this chapter we will briey examine Schneider’s solution [25] to Hilbert’s seventh problem, which appeared within a few months of Gelfond’s. (The story goes that Schneider learned of Gelfond’s solution as he was submitting his own paper for publication.) Like Gelfond’s proof, Schneider’s depended on an application of the pigeonhole principle, elementary complex analysis, and the fundamental fact that the algebraic norm of a nonzero algebraic integer is a nonzero rational integer.
Choosing a Residency Program

After making the decision to pursue a career in surgery, the choice of a residency training program is likely to be the second most important professional decision you make. Where you go for residency plays a tremendous role in your future career. It can determine future productivity, practice type (academic or community), or even number of publications and success in academic medicine (Beninato et al. 2016; Campbell et al. 2011). Although the process of selecting the best residency seems incredibly daunting and complex, taking a systematic approach can make the process less difficult. So, as with most major decisions or journeys, you should begin with the end in mind.
Role of Testosterone in Pediatric Stroke

To elucidate the male preponderance in pediatric stroke, researchers at University of Munster, Germany, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Canada, and other centers measured total testosterone in 72 children with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), 52 with cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT), and in 109 healthy controls.
[11C]Enzastaurin as a new PET cancer imaging agent for protein kinase C

1488 Objectives Enzastaurin (LY317615) is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) with IC50 ~6 nM, developed for the treatment of cancer. PKC activation contributes to tumor cell survival and proliferation of human cancers, and is directly responsible for the most common and direct acting angiogenic factor VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) signaling. This study was designed to develop [11C]Enzastaurin as a new PET cancer imaging agent for PKC. Methods Enzastaurin {3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-[1-[1-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione} and its precursor 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(1-(1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)furan-2,5-dione for radiolabeling were synthesized from indole-3-acetamide and 1-methyl-1H-indole; and indoline and indole-3-acetic acid in 5 and 6 steps, respectively. The precursor was labeled with [11C]CH3I to provide a radiolabeled intermediate 3-(1-[11C]methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(1-(1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)furan-2,5-dione, which was then quickly reacted with hexamethyldisilazane in DMF/MeOH to give the target tracer [11C]Enzastaurin. The two-step radiolabeling reaction was performed in a home-built automated 11C-radiosynthesis module, and the target tracer was purified by HPLC method. Results The overall chemical yields for the target compound and the precursor in 5 and 6 steps were 5% and 3%, respectively. The radiochemical yield for the target tracer was 20-25%, decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB), based on [11C]CO2. The specific activity was 370-555 GBq/μmol at EOB. Conclusions A new synthetic route to labeling precursor and Enzastaurin has been described, and a two-step radiosynthesis approach to [11C]Enzastaurin has been well-developed, for the first time. The synthetic strategy was to prepare a carbon-11-labeled maleic anhydride intermediate followed by the conversion to maleimide. Research Support The Breast Cancer Research Foundation
Merger Remedies and the Undersupply of Economic Research

In the 14 years since this quote, the empirical study of merger remedies has seen little advancement despite frequent use of remedies in practice, significant policy interest, and a treasure trove of potential research topics. This article first describes the use of remedies in U.S. merger policy, including a summary of the FTC’s recent remedy study. It then provides a review of empirical literature addressing remedy effectiveness, with only two modern retrospectives of domestic merger remedies. The article concludes by highlighting areas where economic research could further advance the study of merger remedies.