cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and partial purification of a novel tumor-derived protein that induces tissue factor on cultured human endothelial cells.

Abstract Conditioned medium of a human bladder carcinoma cell line (J82) was found to induce tissue factor synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). A protein present in the J82 conditioned medium was partially purified by FPLC using a combination of MONO Q and Superose 6 columns. The bladder carcinoma-derived cytokine (BCDC) exhibited a Mr of 22kDa by gel permeation HPLC. Polyclonal antibody against either interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, or transforming growth factor-β failed to inhibit the ability of the conditioned medium to induce HUVEC tissue factor activity, suggesting that this tumor cell line secretes a novel cytokine responsible for HUVEC tissue factor induction.
Gestational weight gain and obesity: is 20 pounds too much?

Objective To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in obese women according to weight change and obesity class. Study Design Cohort study from the Consortium on Safe Labor of 20,950 obese women with a singleton, term live birth from 2002-2008. Risk for adverse outcomes was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis for weight change categories (weight loss [ 9.0 kg]) in each obesity class (I 30.0-34.9 kg/m 2 , II 35.0-39.9 kg/m 2 , and III ≥40 kg/m 2 ) and by predicted probabilities with weight change as a continuous variable. Results Weight loss was associated with decreased cesareans for class I women (nulliparas odds ratio [OR], 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.42; multiparas OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.45–0.83) and increased small for gestational age infants (class I OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.5; class II OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5–3.2; class III OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.6). High weight gain was associated with increased large for gestational age infants (class I OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9–2.9; class II OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3–2.1; class III OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3–2.1). As weight change increased, the predicted probability for cesareans and large for gestational age infants increased. The predicted probability of low birthweight never exceeded 4% for all obesity classes, but small for gestational age infants increased with decreased weight change. The lowest average predicted probability of adverse outcomes (cesarean, postpartum hemorrhage, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, neonatal care unit admission) occurred when women (class I, II, III) lost weight. Conclusion Optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes appear to occur when weight gain is less than current Institute of Medicine recommendations for obese women. Further study of long-term outcomes is needed with respect to gestational weight changes.
Inverted Pyramid Defects in 4H-SiC Epilayers

In this work we identified the nucleation sites of inverted pyramid defects in 4H-SiC epilayers using AFM and KOH etching and proposed a mechanism for its formation. Partial dislocations, bounding the stacking faults, mostly aligned along the directions, were found at the base of the inverted pyramid defects. It is shown that the basal plane dislocations, serve as nucleation centers for stacking faults, and eventually the formation of inverted pyramid defects. A geometrical model is formulated to explain the formation mechanism of inverted pyramid defects.
“Rabbi, Who Sinned?” Disability Theologies and Sin

: The historic doctrine of sin has been harmful for persons with disabilities. Disability theologies need to articulate new definitions of sin that expose ableism and exclusion as social sins, and develop models of sin that resist any association of sin with disability, physical differences, mental health, or intellectual abilities. I suggest that disability theologies consider the following models of sin: failure to accept limit, invisibilization, discourse, subject position, and subjection.
Uncertainty analysis for two freeway sites

Uncertainty is a major issue in many phenomena. The operation of highways is no exception. Yet one of the most common methodologies for assessing the performance of facilities such as intersections and freeways lacks the ability to reflect uncertainty in the inputs or the outputs. Methods that allow explicit examination of the variations that arise in the performance of given facilities or systems are necessary. The issue of uncertainty is examined for two freeways. Ideas are presented about how uncertainty might be treated for such facilities. One focuses on uncertainty during the peak hour. The other considers the entire year and asks whether such an approach gives a more complete picture of performance.
Programming with C++ concepts

This paper explores the definition, applications, and limitations of concepts and concept maps in C++, with a focus on library composition. We also compare and contrast concepts to adaptation mechanisms in other languages. Efficient, non-intrusive adaptation mechanisms are essential when adapting data structures to a library's API. Development with reusable components is a widely practiced method of building software. Components vary in form, ranging from source code to non-modifiable binary libraries. The Concepts language features, slated to appear in the next version of C++, have been designed with such compositions in mind, promising an improved ability to create generic, non-intrusive, efficient, and identity-preserving adapters. We report on two cases of data structure adaptation between different libraries, and illustrate best practices and idioms. First, we adapt GUI widgets from several libraries, with differing APIs, for use with a generic layout engine. We further develop this example to describe the run-time concept idiom, extending the applicability of concepts to domains where run-time polymorphism is required. Second, we compose an image processing library and a graph algorithm library, by making use of a transparent adaptation layer, enabling the efficient application of graph algorithms to the image processing domain. We use the adaptation layer to realize a few key algorithms, and report little or no performance degradation.
Genome Size Variation in Maize Populations Selected for Cold Tolerance

Previous studies have indicated a relationship between genome size and cold tolerance in plants. Many species adapted to growth in cool environments have large genome sizes. These studies are based on interspecific DNA content variation. In this study, the nuclear DNA content of eight maize populations was determined. These populations were obtained from the University of Nebraska and represent populations selected for cold tolerance and their respective unselected original populations. Intraspecific DNA content variation was observed between the selected and unselected populations. Upon assessing the data based solely on cold tolerance, no clear relationship between genome size and cold tolerance was apparent. When both freeze tolerance and cold tolerance were considered, populations which were cold tolerant and exhibited a certain degree of freeze tolerance were observed to have significantly larger genomes relative to the unselected populations. Thus, it appears that the relationship between intraspecific genome size variation and cold tolerance is similar to the relationship between interspecific genome size variation and growth at cooler temperatures in plants.
Trading accuracy for simplicity in evolutionary algorithms

Many evolutionary algorithms efficient to solve a wide range of problems have been proposed and validated in the literature. We call the problem addressed in this paper “the problem of refining the design”. Given an evolutionary algorithm that includes many operators, we would like to assess if all of the latter are really relevant to accomplish the former's performance. In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate an evolutionary algorithm that has already been designed. The goal of this evaluation is to study the choices that we have to simplify the code in respect to its results accuracy. The results show that an efficient tuner can assist us in this task by obtaining information that help design decisions.
Voltage-Induced "Gating" of Bacterial Porin as Reversible Protein Denaturation

General porin OmpF forms water-filled channels in the outer membrane of E. coli bacteria. When reconstituted into planar bilayer lipid membranes, these channels can be closed (or “gated”) by high electric fields. We discover that: (i) channel gating is sensitive to the type of cations in the membrane-bathing solution according to their position in the Hofmeister series; (ii) channel gates to a “closed” state that is represented by a set of multiple sub-conformations with at least three distinctly different conformations contributing to the closed-state conductance histogram. Taken together with the nearly symmetric response to the applied voltage of changing polarity and the hysteresis phenomena reported previously by others and reproduced here, these findings suggest that the voltage-induced closure of the OmpF channel is a consequence of reversible denaturation of the protein by the high electric field. If so, the voltage-induced gating of bacterial porins can serve as an instructive model to study the physics of protein folding at the single-molecule level.
Evidence for a recombination mechanism of cluster emission from ion bombarded metal surfaces

Abstract Classical dynamical calculations of the momentum dissipation of 600–20 000 eV Ar + in clean metal single crystals indicate that the experimentally observed cluster species form by a recombination mechanism in the near surface region. The dependence of cluster yields on primary ion energy has been computed and matches well the shape of the experimental curve for Ni 3 + /Ni 2 + . The results suggest that a simple power law based on the yield of monomers is not sufficient to predict accurate cluster yields.
Narcotic Tolerance and Dependence: Lack of Relationship with Serotonin Turnover in the Brain

Serotonin turnover was measured in mouse brain by means of the conversion of radioactivity from labeled tryptophan into serotonin. Animals with a high degree of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine did not differ from control mice.
Current Concepts of the Mechanism Of Occupational Hearing Loss

Abstract Environmental sound exerts its effect upon those structures that are vibrated mechanically, and essentially, the damage that occurs as the result of vibrations of excessive amplitude depends upon the characteristics of the impinging sound and upon the condition of the aural structures. A blast May damage the middle-ear structures. The long-term steady, loud sounds more often encountered are more subtle in their effect and produce changes in the inner-ear structures. The process is purely a mechanical one and appears to have several stages, the extent of which depends considerably upon the state of the human organism at the time of insult.
From Bench to Bedside: A Communal Utility Value Intervention to Enhance Students' Biomedical Science Motivation.

Motivating students to pursue science careers is a top priority among many science educators. We add to the growing literature by examining the impact of a utility value intervention to enhance student's perceptions that biomedical science affords important utility work values. Using an expectancy-value perspective we identify and test two types of utility value: communal (other-oriented) and agentic (self-oriented). The culture of science is replete with examples emphasizing high levels of agentic value, but communal values are often (stereotyped as) absent from science. However, people in general want an occupation that has communal utility. We predicted and found that an intervention emphasizing the communal utility value of biomedical research increased students' motivation for biomedical science (Studies 1-3). We refined whether different types of communal utility value (working with, helping, and forming relationships with others) might be more or less important, demonstrating that helping others was an especially important predictor of student motivation (Study 2). Adding agentic utility value to biomedical research did not further increase student motivation (Study 3). Furthermore, the communal value intervention indirectly impacted students' motivation because students believed that biomedical research was communal and thus subsequently more important (Studies 1-3). This is key, because enhancing student communal value beliefs about biomedical research (Studies 1-3) and science (Study 4) was associated both with momentary increases in motivation in experimental settings (Studies 1-3) and increased motivation over time among students highly identified with biomedicine (Study 4). We discuss recommendations for science educators, practitioners, and faculty mentors who want to broaden participation in science.
The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1990: How Do We Evaluate Its Success?

With the passage of the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, Congress intended to expand the use of alternative dispute resolution techniques throughout the federal government in order to counter overjudicialization of the administrative process. A sunset provision and an evaluation requirement were included in the Act. This article presents analysis of empirical data focusing on implementation of the Act in federal departments and agencies and draws conclusions concerning the organization change strategy implicit in the Act as well as the success of implementation in the initial stages.
Growth of crustacean muscle: asymmetric development of the claw closer muscles in the lobster, Homarus americanus.

Muscle fiber types were examined in lobsters using sarcomere length measurements. In the adult, the slender cutter claw was comprised of fast and slow fibers, while the broader crusher contained only slow fibers. In the juvenile lobster, both the cutter and crusher contained fast and slow fibers. Lengthening of sarcomeres is postulated for some fibers during growth and development of crustacean muscle.
Atypical neural functions underlying phonological processing and silent rehearsal in children who stutter

Phonological processing was examined in school-age children who stutter (CWS) by assessing their performance and recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a visual rhyming task. CWS had lower accuracy on rhyming judgments, but the cognitive processes that mediate the comparisons of the phonological representations of words, as indexed by the rhyming effect (RE) ERP, were similar for the stuttering and normally fluent groups. Thus the lower behavioral accuracy of rhyming judgments by the CWS could not be attributed to that particular stage of processing. Instead, the neural functions for processes preceding the RE, indexed by the N400 and CNV elicited by the primes and the N400 elicited by the targets, suggest atypical processing that may have resulted in less efficient, less accurate rhyming judgment for the CWS. Based on the present results, it seems likely that the neural processes related to phonological rehearsal and target word anticipation, as indexed by the CNV, are distinctive for CWS at this age. Further, it is likely that the relative contributions of the left and right hemispheres differ in CWS in the stage of processing when linguistic integration occurs, as indexed by the N400. Taken together, these results suggest that CWS may be less able to form and retain a stable neural representation of the prime onset and rime as they anticipate the target presentation, which may lead to lower rhyming judgment accuracy.
Normal and Explosive Boiling of Argon on Nanostructured Copper Surface: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) is carried out to investigate the normal and explosive boiling of thin film adsorbed on a metal substrate whose surface is structured by an array of nanoscale spherical copper particles. It is found that superheat degree and size of nanoparticles have significant influences on the location of atoms at multiple times and net evaporation rate. For the cases with nanostructure, liquid respond very quickly and evaporation rate increase with increasing the size of particles from 1 to 2 nm while it decreases for particles diameter of 3 nm.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of Tartar Emetic on the Leukocyte Count

ConclusionFollowing intravenous inoculation of one per cent solution of potassium antimonyl tartrate, the leukocyte count was reduced in 6 of 9 patients who exhibited leukocytoses of abnormal cells.
Darkness as an ecological resource: the role of light in partitioning the nocturnal niche

Nocturnal behaviors that vary as a function of light intensity, either from the setting sun or the moon, are typically labeled as circadian or circalunar. Both of these terms refer to endogenous time-dependent behaviors. In contrast, the nightly reproductive and feeding behaviors of Vargula annecohenae, a bioluminescent ostracod (Arthropoda: Crustacea) fluctuate in response to light intensity, an exogenous factor that is not strictly time-dependent. We measured adult and juvenile activity of V. annecohenae throughout lunar cycles in January/February and June 2003. Overnight and nightly measurements of foraging and reproductive behavior of adult V. annecohenae indicated that activity was greatest when a critical “dark threshold” was reached and that the dark threshold for adult V. annecohenae is met when less than a third of the moon is visible or at the intensity of light 2–3 min before the start of nautical twilight when no moon is illuminated. Juvenile V. annecohenae were also nocturnally active but demonstrated little or no response to lunar illumination, remaining active even during brightly moonlit periods. In addition to light level, water velocity also influenced the behaviors of V. annecohenae, with fewer juveniles and adults actively foraging on nights when water velocity was high (>25 cm/s). Our data demonstrate that the strongest environmental factor influencing adult feeding and reproductive behaviors of V. annecohenae is the availability of time when illumination is below the critical dark threshold. This dependence on darkness for successful growth and reproduction allows us to classify darkness as a resource, in the same way that the term has been applied to time, space and temperature.
Micelle Delivery of Parthenolide to Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Parthenolide (PTL) has shown great promise as a novel anti-leukemia agent as it selectively eliminates acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blast cells and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) while sparing normal hematopoietic cells. This success has not yet translated to the clinical setting because PTL is rapidly cleared from blood due to its hydrophobicity. To increase the aqueous solubility of PTL, we previously developed micelles formed from predominantly hydrophobic amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-b-poly(styrene) (e.g., PSMA100-b-PS258) that exhibit robust PTL loading (75%efficiency, 11% w/w capacity) and release PTL over 24 h. Here, PTL-loaded PSMA-b-PS micelles were thoroughly characterized in vitro for PTL delivery to MV4-11 AML cells. Additionally, the mechanisms governing micelle-mediated cytotoxicity were examined in comparison to free PTL. PSMA-b-PS micelles were taken up by MV4-11 cells as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Specifically, MV4-11 cells relied on clathrin-mediated endocytosis, rather than caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. In addition, PTL-loaded PSMA-b-PS micelles exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxicity towards AML cells and were capable of reducing cell viability by 75% at 10 μM PTL, while unloaded micelles were nontoxic. At 10 μM PTL, the cytotoxicity of PTL-loaded micelles increased gradually over 24 h while free PTL achieved maximal cytotoxicity between 2 and 4 h, demonstrating micelle-mediated delivery of PTL to AML cells and stability of the drug-loaded micelle even in the presence of cells. Both free PTL and PTL-loaded micelles induced NF-κB inhibition at 10 μM PTL doses, demonstrating some mechanistic similarities in cytotoxicity. However, free PTL relied more heavily on exofacial free thiol interactions to induce cytotoxicity than PTL-loaded micelles; free PTL cytotoxicity was reduced by over twofold when cell surface free thiols were depleted, where PTL-loaded micelle doses were unaffected by cell surface thiol modulation. The physical properties, stability, and efficacy of PTL-loaded PSMA-b-PS micelles support further development of a leukemia therapeutic with greater bioavailability and the potential to eliminate LSCs.
Computed Tomography and Angiography in the Diagnosis of Suprasellar Mass Lesions

We studied four cases in which the differentiation between a noncalcified suprasellar aneurysm and tuberculum meningioma, and a calcified suprasellar aneurysm and craniopharyngioma, could not be established by computed tomography scan alone. Cerebral angiography clearly showed both aneurysms.
Phytoplankton Community Shifts and Harmful Algae Presence in a Diversion Influenced Estuary

River water entering estuaries affects the physical and chemical environment at irregular intervals creating a highly dynamic aquatic habitat. Phytoplankton are important primary producers in estuaries that respond quickly to their changing environment. Over a 12-month period, the phytoplankton response was examined in terms of biomass, abundance, community composition, and potential phycotoxin production to seasonal changes in river input entering the Breton Sound Estuary in Louisiana. Chlorophyll a (chl a) measurements estimated phytoplankton biomass and light microscopy identified phytoplankton abundance and community composition. Phycotoxins were measured using ultra-sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During the study period, chl a and cell abundances exhibited an inverse relationship with the seasons, which were determined by temperature and diversion input rates. The community was dominated by cyanobacteria for most of the year, mainly corresponding to the warm-low flow season. For the rest of the year, cyanobacteria decreased while chlorophytes and centric diatoms increased to approximately equal contributions. Overall, the phytoplankton community composition was most commonly moderated by temperature, salinity, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) availability using BIO-ENV. Microcystins (MCs) were detected throughout the year ranging from below detection to 2.92 μg MCs l−1. MC levels were highest during the warm-low flow season and toward the lower estuary. The detection of MCs for the first time in the Breton Sound Estuary illustrates a potential risk to human health and economically important estuarine food webs.
Cephalothin and cefazolin in vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics in dogs.

The periods of time that cephalothin and cefazolin serum concentration remained above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for beta hemolytic, coagulase positive staphylococcal, and Escherichia coli clinical isolates were compared. Cephalothin and cefazolin were similarly very effective in vitro against staphylococcal isolates, with an MIC90 of 0.12 microgram/mL and 0.25 microgram/mL, respectively. In contrast, cefazolin was more effective than cephalothin against E coli isolates; the cefazolin MIC90 for E coli was 16 micrograms/mL and for cephalothin 64 micrograms/mL. Cefazolin (20 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]) serum concentration remained more than MIC90 for E coli isolates significantly longer than serum concentration of cephalothin (40 mg/kg i.v.) (P < .001).
Multistaged extrathoracic esophageal elongation for long gap esophageal atresia

Abstract The authors developed an extrathoracic multistaged esophageal elongation scheme for managing patients with long gap esophageal atresia. The protocol consists of (1) initial cutaneous esophagostomy of the proximal esophagus and feeding gastrostomy followed by (2) multistaged extrathoracic elongations of the proximal esophagus, translocating its cutaneous stoma down the anterior chest well at intervals of several weeks, and (3) esophageal end-to-end anastomosis in the mediastinum. These procedures were successfully employed in an infant with esophageal atresia with an initial gap of seven vertebral bodies. Three elongation procedures, including the initial one, were performed at intervals of 2 to 6 months, which allowed a tension-free esophageal anastomosis in the mediastinum. Since the initial operation, the patient has been sham-fed with formula, which was collected in a stomal bag and refed via the gastrostomy. Immediately after the final operation, no difficulty was experienced in nipple feeding. She has had follow-up for 3 years, and the result is satisfactory.
The effects of electrolytic median raphe lesions on two measures of latent inhibition

This study investigates the effects of median raphe lesions on the ability of conditioned stimulus preexposure to impair the acquisition of a shuttlebox avoidance and a taste aversion task. Control rats, who were exposed to the conditioned stimulus prior to its signaling of shock, were impaired relative to nonpreexposed controls in the subsequent acquisition of a shuttlebox avoidance response. In contrast, the performance of rats with median raphe lesions was not affected by preexposure to the conditioned stimulus. Using a taste aversion paradigm, however, lesioned and control subjects showed similar fluid intakes of a flavored solution following a 7-day preexposure period prior to pairing with illness. It is suggested that the appearance of latent inhibition in median raphe-lesioned rats may depend on the saliency of the conditioned stimulus.
Mammography of Breast Cancer in Women Under 30

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of mammography of breast cancer in women less than 30 years old. A retrospective record review revealed 47 breast cancers in 45 women age 29 and younger who had preoperative mammography. Patients ranged in age from 22 to 29 years (mean = 27 years). All presented with clinically evident disease. Mammography revealed focal abnormality in 26 (55.3%) of 47 cases. Specific positive mammographic findings (n = 22) included uncalcified mass in ten (45.5%), calcification without mass in nine (40.9%), mass and calcifications in two (9.1%), and skin ulceration in one. Mammographic parenchymal density (n= 21) was P2 in 9 (42.9%) and DY in 12 (57.1%). The mean time interval from symptom onset to biopsy was 4.5 months, but was shorter if the mammogram was positive. High parenchymal density contributes to the diminished sensitivity of mammography in women under age 30. A positive mammogram may hasten the diagnosis of carcinoma in a young woman with palpable malignant breast disease.
Bone nodules on chitosan–polygalacturonic acid–hydroxyapatite nanocomposite films mimic hierarchy of natural bone

The ultimate goal of bone tissue engineering is to develop bony tissues on tissue engineered constructs that mimic the native bone. Nanoscale characterization of in vitro generated bony tissues on engineered scaffolds is essential to understanding both the physical and mechanical characteristics of the engineered bone. Bone nodule formation, a typical early indicator of bone formation was observed on chitosan-polygalacturonic acid-hydroxyapatite (Chi-PgA-HAP) nanocomposite films without the use of differentiating media. Thus, the Chi-PgA-HAP substrates designed are osteoinductive and provide an appropriate microenvironment for cell organization and tissue regeneration. Imaging using atomic force microscopy revealed several levels of hierarchical structures of bone in the bone nodules, consisting of mineralized collagen fibers, fibrils and mineral deposits in extrafibrillar spaces. The nanoscale elastic properties of the collagen and mineral crystals were found to be in close agreement with the experimental and simulations results on natural bone reported in the literature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments indicate the presence of collagen and biological apatite in bone nodules exhibiting the characteristics of newly precipitated, immature bone. Collectively, our structural, chemical, and mechanical analyses support the conclusion that synthetic bone nodules mimic the hierarchy of natural bone.
Single-injection method for the assay of digitalis in pigeons

A method for the biological assay of digitalis in pigeons is described. It is based on the comparison of the LD50 obtained at three dosage levels for the U. S. P. Digitalis Reference Standard (1942) and for the digitalis preparation being assayed. Results of assays with 15 digitalis preparations are in good agreement with those obtained by the U. S. P. XV pigeon method and by the U. S. P. XIII cat method. The procedure for the method is simple but is more time-consuming than the present method.
Enhanced Recognition, Treatment, and Prognosis of Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome

Purpose Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU) is a specific form of uveitis that is unfamiliar to most ophthalmologists. Thus, it is frequently overlooked in differential diagnosis. We hypothesized that recognition of subsets of uveitis can facilitate the diagnosis of rare entities such as TINU. Design Retrospective case series. Participants One thousand nine hundred eighty-five patients with uveitis. Methods We performed a computerized database analysis of patients evaluated for uveitis at the Casey Eye Institute from September 1985 until May 2005. The database includes details about ocular inflammation, including specific diagnosis, anatomic location, laterality, continuity, onset, complications, HLA-B27 status, and relative diagnostic certainty. Additionally, we reviewed all charts of patients diagnosed with TINU or with a presentation of uveitis that was typical of TINU (i.e., bilateral sudden-onset anterior uveitis). Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of TINU in identifiable subsets of patients with uveitis, visual acuity (VA), and renal function. Results Individuals with TINU (n = 33) represented 1.7% of all patients with uveitis. However, TINU was diagnosed in 32 of the 316 patients (10%) presenting with bilateral sudden-onset anterior uveitis and in 20 of 62 of these patients (32%) who were younger than 20 years. Creatinine levels were more likely to be elevated in patients older than 40. Most patients maintained excellent VA and did not develop clinically significant renal impairment. Conclusion Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome is a common cause of uveitis among patients who present with bilateral sudden-onset anterior uveitis. The size of this series clarifies the understanding of the relationship between renal and ocular disease; facilitates recognition of the syndrome; and adds to the knowledge on prognosis, complications, and role of antecedent medications.
Changes in ram sperm membranes during epididymal transit

Abstract The sperm plasma membrane consists of three zones: a lipid bilayer that provides an impermeable barrier to uptake of extracellular, polar molecules; a charged lipid-water interface formed by the phospholipids and membrane-associated proteins; and a charged glycoprotein calyx with absorbed proteins. We quantitatively evaluated all three zones of membranes in testicular, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated ram sperm. Integrity of the lipid bilayer was assessed by measuring the aqueous isolated intracellular volume with water-soluble spin labels and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Effects of rapid cooling to 0 °C (cold shock), of freezing on solid CO2, and of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on membrane integrity were evaluated. Testicular, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated sperm all had an isolated intracellular volume of 20–24 μm3 per sperm. Isolated intracellular volume of testicular sperm was maintained (>90%) after cold shock, but reduced ~50% by freezing. BHT (1–3 m m ) did not protect testicular sperm against membrane damage. Cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm retained 20–30% of their isolated intracellular volume after cold shock but not freezing. However, 4 m m BHT prevented freeze damage of ejaculated but not cauda epididymal sperm. The lipid-water interface of the membrane was studied using surface-directed spin labels; the negative charge density was found to increase during epididymal transit. Net charge of the glycoprotein calyx was detected using whole-cell isoelectric focusing. Testicular, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated sperm isofocused at pH 5.2, 4.7, and 4.8 after insertion at pH 6 into the preformed pH gradient. Mixtures of testicular plus cauda epididymal or testicular plus ejaculated sperm were separable. We conclude that each of the three zones of the plasma membrane of sperm changes during epididymal maturation.
Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte

Intravenous perfluorocarbons (PFC) have reduced the effects of decompression sickness (DCS) and improved mortality rates in animal models. However, concerns for the physiological effects of DCS combined with PFC therapy have not been examined in a balanced mixed-sex population. Thirty-two (16 male, 16 female) instrumented and sedated juvenile Yorkshire swine were exposed to 200 feet of seawater (fsw) for 31 min of hyperbaric air. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO), and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) were monitored before (control) and after exposure. Animals were randomized to treatment with Oxycyte (5 ml/kg; Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, NC) vs. saline (control) with 100% oxygen administered upon DCS onset; animals were observed for 90 min. Parameters recorded and analyzed included PAP, CO, and SAP. In all animals PAP began to rise prior to cutis marmorata (CM) onset, the first sign of clinical DCS, generally peaking after CM onset. Female swine, compared with castrated males, had a more rapid onset of CM (7.30 vs. 11.46 min postsurfacing) and earlier onset to maximal PAP (6.41 vs. 9.69 min post-CM onset). Oxycyte therapy was associated with a sustained PAP elevation above controls in both sexes (33.41 vs. 25.78 mmHg). Significant pattern differences in PAP, CO, and SAP were noted between sexes and between therapeutic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in survival or paralysis between the PFC and control groups during the 48-h observation period. In conclusion, Oxycyte therapy for DCS is associated with a prolonged PAP increase in swine. These species and sex differences warrant further exploration.
Economic Variables and the Development of the Law: The Case of Western Mineral Rights

Much of American legal activity during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries centered on the transfer of a continent of natural resources—agricultural land, water, timber, mineral deposits—from public to private control. That transfer was crucial for the development of an economic system based largely on private incentives and market transactions. Legal policy at both the state and federal level regarding natural resource ownership and use has been the focus of work by Paul W. Gates, Willard Hurst, Harry Scheiber, and others. Those studies have generally been aimed at describing the nature and impact of governmental support for private economic activities. This paper is concerned with a somewhat different question—the timing and emergence of particular legal institutions (laws and governments). The framework for the study is that offered by Lance Davis and Douglass North in Institutional Change and American Economic Growth. There they hypothesize that institutions develop in response to changing private needs or profit potentials: “It is the possibility of profits that cannot be captured within the existing arrangemental structure that leads to the formation of new (or the mutation of old) institutional arrangements.” Essentially the same model of institutional change is used by some American legal historians, notably Lawrence Friedman and Willard Hurst. They argue that the law can only be understood by examining the surrounding economic, political, and social conditions. Those conditions mold the law, and as they change, they force legal institutions to change. Friedman ties this view closely to the Davis-North model in A History of American Law, where he argues that competing interest groups are the primary determinants of the nature of the law at any one time. This view of legal institutional change is in sharp contrast to the common law tradition of legal history which sees the law as an autonomous institution passed on from generation to generation—an institution that molds the economic, political, and social inputs from society.
Development and validation of a reader-based documentation measure

Despite the widely acknowledged importance of reader feedback in the assessment of application software documentation, few studies have sought to establish what subjective factors readers use when evaluating documentation and how to reliably measure those factors. This paper reports the development and validation of an instrument which measures seven important reader-oriented factors: credibility, demonstrative, fitness, personal affect, systematic arrangement, task relevance, and understandability.
Parsimony in Personality: Predicting Sexual Prejudice

Extant research has established numerous demographic, personal-history, attitudinal, and ideological correlates of sexual prejudice, also known as homophobia. The present study investigated whether Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality domains, particularly Openness, and FFM facets, particularly Openness to Values, contribute independent and incremental variance to the prediction of sexual prejudice beyond these established correlates. Participants were 117 college students who completed a comprehensive FFM measure, measures of sexual prejudice, and a demographics, personal-history, and attitudes-and-ideologies questionnaire. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses demonstrated that, whereas Openness domain score predicted only marginal incremental variance in sexual prejudice, Openness facet scores (particularly Openness to Values) predicted independent and substantial incremental variance beyond numerous other zero-order correlates of sexual prejudice. The importance of integrating FFM personalit...
Evaluation of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy on long-term functional results of straight coloanal anastomosis.

PURPOSE: Preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer avoids radiation to the reconstructed rectum and may circumvent the detrimental effects on bowel function associated with postoperative radiotherapy. We compared the long-term functional results of patients who received preoperative radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy, or no radiotherapy in conjunction with low anterior resection and coloanal anastomosis to assess the impact of pelvic radiation on anorectal function. METHODS: One hundred nine patients treated by low anterior resection and straight coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer between 1986 and 1997 were assessed with a standardized questionnaire at two to eight years after resection. All radiotherapy was given to a total dose of 4,500 to 5,400 cGy with conventional doses and techniques. Most patients received concurrent 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy. RESULTS: There were 39 patients in the preoperative radiotherapy group, 11 patients in the postoperative radiotherapy group, and 59 patients in the no radiotherapy group. The postoperative radiotherapy group reported a significantly greater number of bowel movements per 24-hour period (P < 0.01) and significantly more episodes of clustered bowel movements (P < 0.02) than either the preoperative radiotherapy group or the no radiotherapy group. No significant difference in anal continence or satisfaction with bowel function was found among the three groups. CONCLUSION: In this study of straight (nonreservoir) coloanal anastomoses, postoperative pelvic radiotherapy had significant adverse effects on anorectal function, with higher rates of clustering and frequency of defecation than with preoperative radiotherapy. No differences in continence rates were demonstrated, perhaps because of the sample size of the compared groups. We attribute the adverse effects of postoperative radiotherapy to irradiation of the neorectum, which is spared when treatment is given preoperatively. The deleterious effects of adjuvant radiation on long-term anorectal function can be reduced by preoperative treatment.
Enhancing Privacy Preservation of Anonymous Location Sampling Techniques in Traffic Monitoring Systems

Automotive traffic monitoring belongs to a class of applications that collect aggregate statistics from the location traces of a large number of users. A widely-accepted belief is that anonymization of individual records can address the privacy problem which such aggregate statistics might pose. However, in this paper, we show that data mining techniques, such as clustering, can reconstruct private information from such anonymous traces. To meet this new challenge, we propose enhanced privacy-preserving algorithm to control the release of location traces near origins/destinations and evaluate it using real-world GPS location traces.
Retinal insulin receptors. 2. Characterization and insulininduced tyrosine kinase activity in bovine retinal rod outer segments

Bovine retinal rod outer segments (ROS) possess specific, high-affinity receptors for insulin. These receptors exhibit an insulin-stimulatable tyrosine-specific activity that is capable of phosphorylating the receptor's own β-subunit and exogenous substrate. ROS insulin receptors exhibit heterogeneity in the apparent molecular weight of the receptor's α-subunit. In this regard, insulin receptors from this single cell type resemble insulin receptors obtained from whole retina, but are unlike receptors from brain and liver.
PCRAMsim: system-level performance, energy, and area modeling for phase-change ram

Phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) is an emerging memory technology with attractive features, such as fast read access, high density, and non-volatility. Because of these attractive properties, PCRAM is regarded as a promising candidate for future universal memories, and system-level designers could open up new design opportunities by leveraging this new memory technology. However, the majority of the PCRAM research has been at the device level, and system-level design space exploration using PCRAM is still in its infancy due to the lack of high-level modeling tools for PCRAM-based caches and memories. In this paper, we present a PCRAM model, called PCRAMsim, to bridge the gap between the device-level and system-level research on PCRAM technology. The model is validated against industrial PCRAM prototypes. This new PCRAMsim tool is expected to help boost PCRAM-related studies such as next-generation memory subsystems.
Anomaly Detection Based Intrusion Detection

This paper is devoted to the problem of neural networks as means of intrusion detection. We show that properly trained neural networks are capable of fast recognition and classification of different attacks. The advantage of the taken approach allows us to demonstrate the superiority of the neural networks over the systems that were created by the winner of the KDD Cups competition and later researchers due to their capability to recognize an attack, to differentiate one attack from another, i.e. classify attacks, and, the most important, to detect new attacks that were not included into the training set. The results obtained through simulations indicate that it is possible to recognize attacks that the intrusion detection system never faced before on an acceptably high level
On‐screen print: the role of captions as a supplemental literacy tool

Children living in poverty are 1.3 times as likely as non-poor children to experience reading difficulties and lack key oral experiences that contribute to early literacy development. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of viewing commercially available educational television with closed captions. Seventy second- and third-grade economically disadvantaged children living in urban locations participated in this experimental research design. Children were randomly assigned to view videos with or without closed captions. Captions helped children recognise and read more words, identify the meaning of those words, generate inferences regarding programme content and transfer these skills to a normative code-related skill task. Risk status moderated word recognition performance: those at risk benefited from captions while those who were not at risk recognised more words when captions were absent.
Transthoracic device closure of ventricular septal defects without cardiopulmonary bypass: experience in infants weighting less than 8 kg

Objective: Both surgical and percutaneous device closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) have drawbacks and limitations in infants. We report our experiences and midterm results of transthoracic device closure of VSDs (TDCVs) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants. Methods: Between September 2007 and September 2009, 32 patients, with a mean age of 7.2 4.7 months, body weight of 6.8 2.8 kg, underwent this procedure. The procedure was performed in the operating room. A small subxiphoid incision was made. A purse-string suture was placed on the right ventricular free wall. The free wall waspunctured usinga trocar, then a guidewire was insertedand advanced to cross the VSD into the left ventricle under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. A modified delivery sheath was then introduced over the guide wire. Thedevicewasdeliveredanddeployedinpositionalongthesheathtoclosethedefect.Results:Atotalof30cases(94%)weresuccessfullyclosed, and the remaining two cases (6%) were converted to open heart repair. No patients received transfusion. There was no perioperative mortality, or any major complication. The mean size of the devices was 7.6 3.4 mm. The total operative time was less than 60 min, and the mean time for deviceimplantationwas18.3 9.4 min.Allpatientswereextubatedwithin2 h,andweredischargedwithin5daysafteroperation.Thefollow-up period ranged from 6 to 31 months (18.3 9.6 months). There was no late major complication detected. Conclusion: Minimally invasive TDCV without CPB is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional operation in low-body-weight infants. # 2010 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Organic Photochemistry within Zeolites: Selectivity Through Confinement

Being inspired by and having realized the complexity of natural systems, chemists have utilized a number of organized/confined media to study the photochemical and photophysical behavior of guest molecules (1–3). Examples of organized media in which the guest molecules behavior has been investigated include molecular crystals, inclusion complexes (both in the solid and solution states), liquid crystals, micelles and related assemblies, monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett films and surfaces, and natural systems such as DNA. In this chapter an overview of the activities in our laboratory, utilizing zeolite as a medium for photochemical and photophysical studies, is presented. No attempt is made to provide a comprehensive review of activities in this area.
Asynchronous Co-channel Interference Suppression in MIMO OFDM Systems

We present algorithms to suppress the asynchronous co-channel interference (CCI) in MIMO OFDM systems, which is becoming the dominant limiting factor in the performance of the emerging high-density WLANs. The key challenge is that the cyclic prefix of the interference signal does not line up with that of the intended signal due to asynchronous transmission in WLAN. Therefore, the orthogonality among the different tones of the interference signal is destroyed and conventional frequency domain minimum mean square error (MMSE) cancelation techniques that measure the interference channel response for each tone can not work effectively. To suppress the asynchronous interference, we design an efficient estimator to measure the interference spatial covariance matrix using Cholesky decomposition and low-pass smoothing. Both a MMSE and a maximum a posteriori (MAP) receiver are derived based on the estimated interference statistics. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution.