cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Incremental Change in Agile Software Processes

This paper presents a model of incremental change that consists of concept location, impact analysis, actualization, change propagation, supporting refactorings, and testing. Repeated incremental change is the foundation of an agile process called Concept- based Incremental Development (CID). A case study of a Point of Sale system illustrates the usefulness of CID. The paper argues that CID complements those agile processes that concentrate on team and management issues, and therefore can be combined with them.
A modified Gurson model and its application to punch-out experiments

Recent experimental evidence has reiterated that ductile fracture is a strong function of stress triaxiality. Under high stress triaxiality loading, failure occurs as a result of void growth and subsequent necking of inter-void ligaments while under low stress triaxiality failure is driven by shear localization of plastic strain in these ligaments due to void rotation and distortion. The original Gurson model is unable to capture localization and fracture for low triaxiality, shear-dominated deformations unless void nucleation is invoked. A phenomenological modification to the Gurson model that incorporates damage accumulation under shearing has been proposed. Here we further extend the model and develop the corresponding numerical implementation method. Several benchmark tests are performed in order to verify the code. Finally, the model is utilized to model quasi-static punch-out experiments on DH36 steel. It is shown that the proposed modified Gurson model, in contrast to the original model, is able to capture the through-thickness development of cracks as well as the punch response. Thus, the computational fracture approaches based on the modified Gurson model may be applied to shear-dominated failures.
Effects of Calcium and Other Ionic Impurities on the Primary Nucleation of Burkeite

Primary nucleation of burkeite, which is a crystalline solid solution of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate having the stoichiometry Na2CO3·2Na2SO4, was monitored using an on-line particle-size analyzer. Observations of unusual nucleation behavior led to explorations that identified specific impurities in the system that affected nucleus formation. By varying the conditions under which nucleation occurred, calcium ions were found to inhibit nucleation, and further research showed that the substitution of calcium ions into the burkeite crystal lattice was the reason for the observed behavior.
Experimental Aspects of Asynchronous Rapid-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging:

In the asynchronous, rapid-scan approach to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging, data sampling is not correlated with the zero crossings of the interference fringes of the HeNe reference laser. The success of this data collection scheme depends on the reproducibility of the clock signals driving the interferometer mirror and focal plane array data collection. In previous studies, it was shown that this implementation provides for markedly faster data acquisition without sacrificing data quality, as compared with stepscan imaging. This approach to data collection introduces some unique peculiarities to the acquisition and processing of imaging data. The purpose of this paper is to address a few of these concerns in terms of their effect on final data quality. Also, the practical aspects of implementing such an acquisition scheme are described in detail.
A classical trajectory study of the dissociation and isomerization of C2H5.

Motivated by photodissociation experiments in which non-RRKM nanosecond lifetimes of the ethyl radical were reported, we have performed a classical trajectory study of the dissociation and isomerization of C2H5 over the energy range 100–150 kcal/mol. We used a customized version of the AIREBO semiempirical potential (Stuart, S. J.; et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 6472–6486) to more accurately describe the gas-phase decomposition of C2H5. This study constitutes one of the first gas-phase applications of this potential form. At each energy, 10 000 trajectories were run and all underwent dissociation in less than 100 ps. The calculated dissociation rate constants are consistent with RRKM models; no evidence was found for nanosecond lifetimes. An analytic kinetics model of isomerization/dissociation competition was developed that incorporated incomplete mode mixing through a postulated divided phase space. The fits of the model to the trajectory data are good and represent the trajectory results in detail th...
Analysis of coronary angioplasty practice in the United States with an insurance-claims data base.

BACKGROUNDCoronary angioplasty is frequently performed in the United States, with more than 300,000 procedures in 1990. Despite the high rate of use of the procedure, there have been few studies addressing practice patterns.METHODS AND RESULTSFrom a private insurance claims data base of 5.4 million individuals, a total of 2,101 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty during 1988-1989 were identified. Using their 4,578 hospital admission records and 87,578 outpatient claim records, with an average follow-up of 332 +/- 182 days, we compared patients' outcomes and charges according to whether they had an exercise stress test before the procedure, by sex, by region of the country, and by whether the angioplasty was performed in an institution with a training program. Only 29% of the study cohort had exercise testing before angioplasty; patients in the West (p = 0.001), those undergoing multivessel angioplasty (p = 0.00001), and those whose procedures were performed at sites with training programs (p = 0.0...
The First Electronically Stabilized Phenalenyl Radical: Effect of Substituents on Solution Chemistry and Solid-State Structure

We report an investigation into the effect of oxygen and sulfur substitution on the dimerization of phenalenyl-based neutral radicals; these substituents are expected to electronically stabilize the free radical while sterically interfering with dimerization. The 1,3,4,9-tetramethoxyphenalenyl (7a) and 1-ethoxy-3,4,9-trimethoxyphenalenyl (7b) radicals are prepared by chemical reduction of the cation salts, but the crystals that are isolated from these solutions are shown to be composed of alkoxy-substituted peropyrenes by X-ray crystallography. Crystallization of 1,9-dithiophenalenyl (8) gives rise to a π-dimer, and this is the first example of a radical based on a single phenalenyl unit that has been stabilized against σ-dimerization in the solid state by electronic effects rather than by the presence of sterically bulky substituents.
IRRADIATION OF CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE LOCALIZED TO THE PELVIS: ANALYSIS OF TUMOR RESPONSE AND PROGNOSIS

Abstract A group of 195 patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate limited to pelvis were treated with definitive irradiation between 1967 and December 1976. In 42 patients with Stage B adenocarcinoma, the tumor free actuarial five year survival was 80%; for 141 with Stage C it was 56%; there were no long term survivors in 12 patients with Stage D1 (extensive tumor limited to the pelvis, without distant metastasis). The pelvic failure rate was 7% in Stage B, 17% in Stage C and 25% in Stage D1. Histological differentiation of the tumor had no significant impact in survival of patients with Stage B. However, in Stage C, patients with well or moderately differentiated tumor had a five year survival of 70% in contrast to 25% in those with poorly differentiated lesions. In this group of patients 60% of the failures resulted from distant metastasis. In Stage C, 38% of the patients who were treated with doses between 5500 and 6000 rad developed pelvic failures, as opposed to 20% of those treated with a mean dose of 6500 rad and 12% in patients receiving 7000 rad or greater dose. The addition of hormonal therapy, usually castration and diethylstilbestral (DES) (5 mg daily), did not significantly affect the prognosis of patients with Stage B or C. Major complications of therapy occurred in 11% of the patients. The most common problem was urinary incontinence which was observed in 13.3% of 60 patients who had a transurethral resection (TUR) as opposed to 4.4% in 135 patients on whom this procedure was not performed. Less severe complications were noted in 18% of the patients and treated with conservative management. Leg edema developed in three of 14 patients on whom a staging laparotomy was performed (21.4%) in contrast to only three of 181 patients without such a procedure (1.6%). At the present time external irradiation is a viable alternative to radical prostatectomy in the treatment of Stage B and the modality of choice in patients with Stage C adenocarcinoma of prostate. It is important to identify prognostic factors that may optimize the effectiveness of irradiation in the management of this tumor. In order to improve the prognosis of carcinoma of the prostate, effective systemic therapy will be necessary to control micrometastasis in patients with poorly differentiated lesions.
The effect of aortic clamping and declamping on renal blood flow distribution

Abstract The radioactive Xenon-133 washout technique was employed to study the renal circulation during and after distal aortic occlusion in dogs. Deleterious changes in renal blood flow distribution were detected in association with the occlusion which were progressive with time and arrested with termination of the occlusion. These were manifested as a renal cortical ischemia in the presence of only slight variation in total renal blood flow. Although the changes were arrested at the end of the occlusion period, significant cortical ischemia persisted for at least 60 min thereafter. This previously undetected renal cortical ischemia associated with aortic occlusion may be important in the genesis of clinical renal failure after aortic reconstructive surgery.
A Guide for the Perplexed Towards an Understanding of the Molecular Basis of Heart Failure

Heart failure is a complex disorder involving maladaptive responses that result in defective regulation and function of multiple biological systems. Central to our understanding of heart failure and to the ability to design and test novel therapeutic approaches that will prolong survival and improve quality of life for the millions of individuals worldwide is the need to gain a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder. In the search for molecular physiological defects in failing hearts, it is logical to examine the mechanism of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in which cardiomyocyte membrane depolarization, because of the cardiac action potential, is translated into mechanical contraction in the heart. This system requires the normal function of 3 key elements: (1) calcium (Ca2+) entry via the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) on the plasma membrane (transverse tubule); (2) Ca2+ release via the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel (RyR2); and (3) Ca2+ uptake via the Ca2+-ATPase on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (Figure 1). Figure 1. Regulation of key molecules in cardiac EC coupling by stress activated pathways. The normal fight or flight stress response activates 3 key molecules involved in cardiac EC coupling via PKA phosphorylation: (1) the trigger for cardiac EC coupling, the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC); (2) the SR Ca2+ release channel RyR2; and (3) the Ca2+ uptake pathway (via PKA phosphorylation of phospholamban which reduces inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase SERCA2a). These regulatory events conspire to increase systolic SR Ca2+ release and thereby increase contractility, providing increased cardiac output to meet metabolic demands of stressful conditions. In failing hearts, this system becomes defective because of the maladaptive chronic hyperadrenergic state of heart failure, resulting in PKA-hyperphosphorylated RyR2 channels that cause a diastolic SR Ca2+ leak1 that conspires with …
Population-based prevention of eating disorders: an application of the Rose prevention model.

Abstract Background. Several decades of concerted research on eating disorders have generated a broad range of proposed causal influences, but much of this etiologic research does not elucidate practical avenues for preventive interventions. Translating etiologic theory into community health interventions depends on the identification of key leverage points, factors that are amenable to public health intervention and provide an opportunity to maximize impact on the outcome of interest. Population-based preventive strategies, elaborated by epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose, can maximize the impact of public health interventions. In the case of eating disorders, Rose's model is instructive: Dieting stands out as risk behavior that may both fit Rose's model well and be a key leverage point for preventive intervention. Methods. Grounded in Rose's work, this article lodges a theoretical argument for the population-based prevention of eating disorders. In the introductory section, existing research on the epidemiology of dieting is reviewed, showing that it is extremely common among adolescent girls and women and that the behavior has been implicated as a causal factor for disordered eating. Next, new evidence is offered to build a case for how a population-wide reduction in dieting may be an effective strategy for prevention of eating pathology. Finally Rose's prevention framework is used to introduce a unique and provocative perspective on the prevention of eating disorders. Results. Dieting is a normative behavior in our culture with psychological and physiological effects in the causal chain leading to eating pathology. This behavior may represent an ideal target for population-based prevention. Conclusions. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that a population-wide reduction in dieting may be a justifiable and effective strategy for prevention of eating pathology.
Characteristics and a model for fast axoplasmic transport in nerve.

Fast axoplasmic transport at a characteristic rate close to 400 mm/day is seen in a variety of different mammalian species. Particulates, proteins, polypeptide, and free amino acids are all carried down the fibers at the same rate. An hypothesis to account for such a heterogeneous transport is based on the sliding filament theory of muscle. In the neuron, a “transport filament” is synthesized in the cell body and to it the various transported species are bound. The transporting filament moves down the nerve by means of cross-bridges. In analogy to muscle where ATP is required to supply the energy required for the cross-bridges, fast axoplasmic transport in the nerve fiber also has been found to depend on oxidative metabolism supplying ATP.
Consumer information search behavior and the internet

There is no question that the Internet has, and will continue to have, a major impact on consumer information search behavior. However, under what conditions, and how, that impact will be felt is not clear. This article offers 14 propositions to stimulate and guide investigations of consumer information search behavior in the context of the Internet. A major conclusion is that broad generalizations regarding the impact of the Internet on consumer information search behavior are not warranted and that, if the propositions possess any truth value, the Internet is not likely to be an information panacea for consumers. Because of the complexities of the Internet and information search behavior (individually and even more so when considered conjunctively), investigations of consumer information search behavior in the context of the Internet should especially focus on moderators of that behavior and interactions among the various antecedents of the behavior. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anomaly detection based on performance data

In this research, we demonstrate the feasibility of using application performance data for the purpose of anomaly detection. Specifically, we use the signaling performance of a voice-over-IP (VoIP) infrastructure for the purpose of illustration. We also develop an approach to use the /spl chi//sup 2/ test statistic for anomaly detection based on application performance data.
Understanding the 5/2 fractional quantum Hall effect without the Pfaffian wave function.

It is demonstrated that an understanding of the $\frac{5}{2}$ fractional quantum Hall effect can be achieved within the composite fermion theory without appealing to the Pfaffian wave function. The residual interaction between composite fermions plays a crucial role in establishing incompressibility at this filling factor. This approach has the advantage of being amenable to systematic perturbative improvements, and produces ground as well as excited states. It, however, does not relate to non-Abelian statistics in any obvious manner.
Traveltime Tables for iasp91 and ak135

The purpose of this short paper is to bring attention to the availability of a package for building and applying the traveltime tables as developed by Kennett and Engdahl (1991) for model iasp91 and Kennett et al. (1995) for model ak135 . This package has been tested successfully on Linux, Sun Solaris, and Mac OS X. It can be downloaded from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Management Center (DMC) Software—Processing Programs at http://www.iris.edu/software/downloads/processing/. Kennett and Engdahl (1991) introduced velocity model iasp91 , a product of three years of “a major international effort made by the Sub-Commission on Earthquake Algorithms of the International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to generate new global traveltime tables for seismic phases to update the tables of Jeffreys and Bullen (1940).” The software package to generate and apply these tables was made available to the seismological community by their collaborator, Ray Buland, through a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) anonymous FTP Web site. Four years later, Kennett, Engdahl, and Buland (1995) produced model ak135 , “which gives a significantly better fit to a broad range of phases than is provided by the iasp91 and sp6 models.... The differences in velocity between ak135 and these models are generally quite small except at the boundary of the inner core, where reduced velocity gradients are needed to achieve satisfactory performance for PKP differential time data.” In 1996, Buland posted an updated package on the USGS anonymous FTP Web site with the ak135 tables and software to generate and use them. That site has not been accessible for about 10 years.1 In the 1991 Web-accessible software package, the radially stratified velocities and …
Functional and smart materials

The sections in this article are 1 Metallic Materials 2 Ceramics 3 Semiconductors 4 Polymers 5 Composite Materials 6 Other Materials 7 Acknowledgments
Diagnostic imaging of osteochondrosis

Detection of osteochondritis dissecans lesions in dogs is often a search for subtle changes, as early diagnosis and subsequent early surgery are important for an optimal prognosis. This article includes imaging of the glenohumeral (shoulder), elbow, stifle, and tarsal joints. The imaging modalities discussed are survey radiography, contrast arthrography, linear tomography, ultrasound, computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance.
Role of extracellular Ca2+ in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced spasm of the rabbit basilar artery.

Background and Purpose The role of extracellular Ca2+ in the maintenance of chronic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is largely unknown. Indeed, studies thus far have been limited to demonstrations that L-type Ca2+−channel antagonists were unable to reverse the spasm. This study tested whether SAH-induced vasospasm is maintained, at least in part, through the influx of extracellular Ca2+ and whether the influx of extracellular Ca2+ occurs through L-type Ca2+ channels and possibly, in addition, through store operated channels (SOCs). Furthermore, as there is considerable evidence in the literature to suggest that the spasm is mediated through endothelin-1 (ET-1) release, we tested whether the Ca2+ dependency of the spasm was consistent with the mediation of the spasm by ET-1. Methods Chronic spasm of the basilar artery was induced in a double SAH rabbit model. Relaxation of SAH-, ET-1−, serotonin-, and KCl-constricted basilar artery in response to Ca2+-free solution, verapamil, and Ni2+ was me...
ICU care for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: impact on cost and outcome

Objective: To examine the factors which identify patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) who benefit from intensive care unit (ICU) admission and the impact of ICU triage decisions on cost an...
Radiation as a cytogenetic tool.

Applications of radiation studies in cytogenetic studies of actinomyces are described. (C.H.)
The Social Ethics of Pope John Paul II: A Critique of Neoconservative Interpretations

Neoconservative interpreters of the social ethics of Pope John Paul II have made the claim that John Paul shifted the tradition of Catholic Social Teaching in the direction of an embrace of “democratic capitalism” and other neoconservative ideals. This article challenges those claims. Major differences between the social ethics of Pope John Paul II and those of neoconservatives such as Michael Novak, George Weigel, and Richard John Neuhaus are highlighted. These differences include contrasting assessments of current forms of capitalism and of economic globalization, as well as differing views concerning economic democracy, economic rights, consumerism, the significance of structural injustice as a cause of poverty, the proper economic role of the state, the value of the United Nations, the importance of lifestyle simplification, and the urgency of ecological issues. An understanding of these major differences is essential in enabling Catholic Social Teaching to play a truly prophetic and constructive role in responding to current global crises.
Endourologic procedures for benign prostatic hyperplasia: review of indications and outcomes.

Purpose: To discern the positive and negative attributes of the various treatment modalities for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review is presented for endoscopic treatment of the bladder outlet obstruction with an emphasis on current randomized controlled trials available comparing these treatment modalities. Results: Transurethral resection of the prostate remains the gold standard when assessing alternative treatment options available for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate demonstrates equivalent efficacy with a more favorable risk profile. Photoselective vaporization, transurethral needle ablation, and transurethral microwave therapy have demonstrated safety and short-term efficacy; however, data on long-term efficacy are currently lacking. Conclusion: The current endoscopic methods may offer favorable safety and efficacy for the treatment of the bladder outlet obstruction. However, further research is needed to establish long-term efficacy for many of the currently available treatment options.
School Based Management: A Concept of Modest Entitivity with Modest Results

This paper discusses the concept of school-based management (SBM), often also called whole school reform. The paper is in four sections: (1) A description and discussion of what is meant by school-based management; (2) a review of the literature about its implementation; (3) a review of its effects on students; and (4) some general conclusions. The main arguments are that SBM is a concept of modest entitivity and that this contributes to the only modest achievement effects that have been attributed to SBM reforms to date when higher quality evaluations are performed.
Integral matrices with given row and column sums

Abstract Let P = ( p ij ) and Q = ( q ij ) be m × n integral matrices, R and S be integral vectors. Let U P Q ( R , S ) denote the class of all m × n integral matrices A with row sum vector R and column sum vector S satisfying P ⩽ A ⩽ Q . For a wide variety of classes U P Q ( R , S ) satisfying our main condition , we obtain two necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a matrix in U P Q ( R , S ). The first characterization unifies the results of Gale-Ryser, Fulkerson, and Anstee. Many other properties of (0, 1)-matrices with prescribed row and column sum vectors generalize to integral classes satisfying the main condition. We also study the decomposibility of integral classes satisfying the main condition. As a consequence of our decomposibility theorem, it follows a theorem of Beineke and Harary on the existence of a strongly connected digraph with given indegree and outdegree sequences. Finally, we introduce the incidence graph for a matrix in an integral class U P Q ( R , S ) and study the invariance of an element in a matrix in terms of its incidence graph. Analogous to Minty's Lemma for arc colorings of a digraph, we give a very simple labeling algorithm to determine if an element in a matrix is invariant. By observing the relationship between invariant positions of a matrix and the strong connectedness of its incidence graph, we present a very short graph theoretic proof of a theorem of Brualdi and Ross on invariant sets of (0, 1)-matrices. Our proof also implies an analogous theorem for a class of tournament matrices with given row sum vector, as conjectured by the analogy between bipartite tournaments and ordinary tournaments.
The Working of the State-Wide Referendum in Illinois.

The Illinois constitution of 1870 contains several specific provisions for state-wide referenda. In addition to a popular vote on all proposed changes in the fundamental law, a referendum is required on the question of disposing of Illinois and Michigan Canal lands, on incurring state indebtedness above a certain sum, on acts or amendments thereto creating banking corporations, and on additional appropriations for the state house. The Public Opinion law of 1901 enlarged the field of the referendum by providing for the submission of questions of public policy, the result to be considered merely as an expression of public sentiment. This law and the constitutional provisions mentioned above constitute the sum total of all sources for referenda affecting the entire state. The constitutions of 1818 and 1848 provided for even fewer opportunities for a popular vote on public measures. The earlier of these documents contained only one section relating to a referendum of any sort, and it dealt with the question of calling a constitutional convention. The second constitution enlarged the total number of possible questions so as to include two others.
Remarks about remarkable surgical outcomes.

This prospective series from the Mayo Clinic attempts to update and refine the technique for open radical prostatectomy (ORP) for the treatment of localized prostate cancer [1]. The authors propose that the results of ORP can be remarkable with meticulous technique in the hands of an extremely experienced surgeon using 4.3 optical loupes; the high release of the apical prostatic fascia with transection of the urethra just at the verumontanum and avoidance of apical cautery; haptic feedback to identify potential positive margins; and a daily, long acting phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5-I), often supplemented as needed by the use of another PDE5-I. Indeed, in 123 of 197 consecutive patients (one wonders what the exclusion criteria were), 89% of men either had or thought they could achieve adequate erections for intercourse; 95% used no pads by 1 yr, with only one patient using two pads for incontinence from an overactive bladder; and 1% had positive margins. These results are truly remarkable. The authors state that open surgeons ‘‘need not be deterred by the sweeping popularity of RARP [robotassisted radical prostatectomy].’’ Having led a national prospective randomized multi
Low voltage GaAs power amplifiers for personal communications at 1.9 GHz

Personal communication systems operating at 1.9 GHz require high-efficiency power amplifiers (PAs) operating at 3 V or below. Results on GaAs PAs constructed in a module and an MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) format are presented. These PAs operate at 3 V with 30 dB gain, 28 dBm output power, and 50% efficiency. >
Literacy Skills Among Academically Underprepared Students

A review of studies published from 2000 to 2012 was conducted to describe the literacy skills of underprepared postsecondary students, identify teaching approaches designed to bring their skills to the college level, and determine methods of embedding developmental instruction in college-level course work. The studies pinpointed numerous weak areas in students’ skills, but it was found that certain reading and writing processes have been overlooked in the literature. Thirteen studies of the effects of instruction were found, most of which focused on strategy instruction or “meaning-making.” The research tended to lack rigor, but five instructional studies reporting relatively robust data were identified. The main finding of the review is that, because of the lack of a sustained research agenda to date, as well as methodological flaws in existing studies, there is still much to be learned about the literacy skills of underprepared students. Eight areas for future investigation are suggested.
Managing carbon in a multiple use world: The implications of land-use decision context for carbon management

Human land use contributes significantly to the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Changes in land management practices have been proposed as a critical and cost-effective mechanism for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the storage of additional carbon in vegetation and soils. However many discussions of the potential for land use to mitigate climate change only take into account biophysical factors such as vegetation and land cover and neglect how the agency of land owners themselves affects whether additional carbon storage can be achieved. Unlike many potential REDD opportunities in developing countries, land management in the U.S. to enhance carbon sequestration would occur against a backdrop of clearly defined, legally enforceable land ownership. In addition, more than a third of the land surface in the U.S. is managed by federal agencies who operate under legal guidelines for multiple use and is subject to demands from multiple constituencies. We set out to investigate how the goal of enhancing carbon sequestration through land use is perceived or implemented in one region of the U.S., and how this goal might intersect the existing drivers and incentives for public and private land use decision making. We conducted a case study through interviews of the major categories of landowners in the state of Colorado, which represents a mixture of public and privately held lands. By analyzing trends in interview responses across categories, we found that managing for carbon is currently a fairly low priority and we identify several barriers to more widespread consideration of carbon as a management priority including competing objectives, limited resources, lack of information, negative perceptions of offsetting and lack of a sufficient policy signal. We suggest four avenues for enhancing the potential for carbon to be managed through land use including clarifying mandates for public lands, providing compelling incentives for private landowners, improving understanding of the co-benefits and tradeoffs of managing for carbon, and creating more usable science to support decision making.
Malignant otitis externa: the therapeutic evolution of a lethal infection

Malignant otitis externa (MOE) is a potentially fatal infection of the external auditory canal caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a majority of cases. Treatment of MOE has changed over the years. Surgical debridement of all infected tissue is no longer considered the treatment of choice and has been replaced by localized surgical debridement supplemented with long-term antimicrobial chemotherapy. The recent availability of the fluoroquinolones and in particular ciprofloxacin has opened up new therapeutic opportunities.
Creating a Culture of Language Awareness in Content-Based Contexts

A toolkit approach to professional development is frequently used to assist teachers of English language learners (ELLs), wherein teachers are provided a grab bag of activities and strategies to implement in their classrooms. However, today's heightened language demands call for teachers to develop teacher language awareness (TLA), a language lens that teachers use as a filter for text and material selection, instructional planning, and responsive teaching. Deeper professional development experiences are required to help teachers develop knowledge and expertise in the three domains of TLA: the user domain, the analyst domain, and the teacher domain. This article provides justification for TLA development, explanations of each TLA domain, plus concrete professional development ideas that can be implemented at a school, institution, or district level.
Biological Interactions and Precambrian Eukaryotes

Evidence of Precambrian biotic interactions can be sought in the paleo- cological distribution of ancient microbial fossils. Within Proterozoic stromatolitic microbiotas, for example, discrete recurrent associations of taxa are found, various mat-dwelling microbes often occurring in specific association with a single type of mat builder (Knoll, 1981, 1982). It can be inferred from this that some mat-dweller populations took particular advantage of microenvironments created by the activity of mat-building cyanobacteria, a type of biological interaction analogous to the relationship of reef-dwelling invertebrates to framework builders in the same community. The distribution of microbial mat associations themselves, however, appears to have been in large part physically controlled, with mat communities distributed along environmental gradients in intertidal to shallow subtidal coastal areas. Planktonic microfossils in Late Precambrian sedimentary sequences also exhibit diversity differences between inshore and offshore environments, and again the simplest explanation for their paleoecological distribution involves responses to physical environmental factors, including salinity (Vidal, 1976; Knoll, 1983; Vidal and Knoll, 1983).
26 – Therapeutics: Surgical

This chapter focuses on the application of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for investigating the effects of surgery on functional brain circuits. It is useful to categorize broadly neurosurgical methods into five general approaches. Resective surgery involves the total or subtotal removal of tissue by open craniotomy or stereotaxic surgery. Common indications are the treatment of brain tumor and the resection of epileptogenic tissue. Transective surgeries involve the manipulation or ablation of specific functional circuits within the brain. Transective surgery relies on a fundamental assumption that a particular tract or nucleus to be ablated carries a particular type of functional information. Transplantation surgeries involve stereotaxic placement of fetal, adrenal, carotid body, xenograft or cell culture derived tissue into the brain for the generation of specific neurochemical substrates. Well-known examples include the use of fetal substantia nigra cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Implantation surgeries include the placement of stimulating electrodes within the peripheral or central nervous system. In addition to traditional approaches such as carotid endarterectomy, revascularization also refers to more complex vascular techniques such as angioplasty, extracranial–intracranial bypass surgery for intracranial stenosis and embolization procedures.
Relationship Between Hand Contact Angle and Shoulder Loading During Manual Wheelchair Propulsion by Individuals with Paraplegia

Background: Shoulder loading during manual wheelchair propulsion (WCP) contributes to the development of shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective: To use regression analysis to investigate the relationships between the hand contact angle (location of the hand on the pushrim at initial contact and release during the push phase of the WCP cycle) with propulsion characteristics, pushrim forces, and shoulder kinetics during WCP in individuals with paraplegia. Methods: Biomechanical data were collected from 222 individuals (198 men and 24 women) with paraplegia from SCI during WCP on a stationary ergometer at a self-selected speed. The average age of participants was 34.7 years (±9.3), mean time since SCI was 9.3 years (±6.1), and average body weight was 74.4 kg (±15.9). The majority (n = 127; 56%) of participants had lower level paraplegia (T8 to L5) and 95 (42%) had high paraplegia (T2 to T7). Results: Increased push arc (mean = 75.3°) was associated with greater velocity (R = 0....
Counselling preventative behaviours in the melanoma patient

Melanoma is a malignancy of the pigment producing melanocytes in the skin which affects approximately 2% of adults in the United States. In 2015, there were an estimated 74,000 new cases of invasiv...
Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis and its relation to disease activity.

Objectives To determine the level of depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis and its relationship with severity of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Methods This cross sectional analytical study was conducted from March 2014 to May 2014. Total 102 cases of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) diagnosed as per ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 1987 criteria were enrolled from Rheumatology Department, Fatima Memorial Hospital. Severity of Rheumatoid Arthritis was assessed by Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and disease activity score (DAS - 28) while severity of depression was measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale II questionnaire. The relationship between depression and disease activity (severity) of Rheumatoid Arthritis was assessed by calculating correlation coefficient between depression, disease activity score (DAS 28) of Rheumatoid Arthritis and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). Results Out of 102 patients, 77(75.5%) were females and 25(24.5%) males. The mean age of patients was 43.5± 11.9 years and the mean duration of disease was 7.8 ± 5.5 years.71.5% of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients were found to have some degree of depression and this was directly related to the severity of disease. Moderate and severe depression were present in 23 (22.5%) and 19(18.6%) patients respectively. Conclusion In this study, almost three-fourths of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients were found to have depression. There was a strong association between Rheumatoid Arthritis disease activity and the level of depression. So it is imperative for clinicians treating Rheumatoid Arthritis patients to screen them for co morbid depression and manage it accordingly.
Reductive Alkylation of Anthracite: Edge Functionalization

Reduction of anthracite by electron transfer from either lithium or sodium in liquid ammonia yields a salt that can be alkylated by 1-iodododecane to yield nanocoal that is partially soluble in common organic solvents. NMR indicates that the dodecyl groups are attached to the edges of the aromatic ring systems, with many of the dodecyl groups extending into void spaces. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows that sodium gives a slightly higher level of functionalization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of soluble dodecylated anthracite reveal nanoparticles that vary from 3 to 12 nm high. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and bright field high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of the raw anthracite reveal a layered structure with dislocations. Inorganic materials that occur in the raw anthracite were identified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Simple alkenes were found to react with the coal salt to give oligomers of the alkene that are grafted onto the surface of the coal.
Posterior fossa subdural hematoma resulting in locked-in syndrome: case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a well-known and devastating clinical entity, of which stroke is the most common cause; the distant second, trauma, usually results in LIS from basilar artery dissection. Our case report describes a posterior fossa subdural hematoma causing LIS, likely by direct compression of neural structures, which is a unique etiology and prognosis compared with other causes. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 34-year-old female experienced a posterior fossa subdural hematoma. She was taken emergently for evacuation, and on postoperative examination was found to be locked-in. The symptom complex, while classic for LIS, resolved at an accelerated rate compared with previous reports. Emergent evacuation of clot and rehabilitation were performed. CONCLUSION Prompt treatment allowed this patient to experience an accelerated and more complete recovery compared with the ischemic causes of LIS.
Price discrimination in essential medicines: evidence from International Drug Price Indicator Guide data.

Background Few data are available on what donors, governments and other implementing organisations pay for the medicines they procure. To partly address this shortcoming, we analyse transactions of pharmaceuticals on the WHO's essential medicines list. Our objective was to identify the determinants of prices paid for these drugs. Methods We used data from the 2008 version of the International Drug Price Indicator Guide. We normalised transactions by representing their value as a 'price per daily dose'. We used a mixed-effects regression model to quantify the impact of observable characteristics on prices paid. Results We present evidence of first-degree price discrimination in the market for essential medicines. We find that as a country's per capita wealth doubles, prices paid for the same pharmaceutical increase by 33%. Conclusions These data indicate that purchasing agents from wealthier countries pay more for essential medicines, all factors constant. This behaviour is not a form of development assistance for health but rather is indicative of inefficient markets in which buyers' lack of information enables suppliers to charge higher prices than they could otherwise.
A Comparison of the Mixing Rates for Fe-Ti and Ni-Ti Bilayers

Previous comparisons of the room temperature mixing of Ni-Ti and Fe-Ti multilayers have shown significant differences in the mixing rates in spite of closely similar heats of mixing as well as ballistic properties. This result suggests contributions from mechanisms other than ballistic and thermal spike effects, or a break-down of present thermal spike models for these materials. In order to identify the mixing mechanisms involved, quantitative measurements were made at various temperatures between 80K and 350K using bilayer samples. Surprisingly, the mixing rates were found to disagree significantly with those estimated for multilayer samples.
A Tubular View of Electron Transfer in Azurin

Multiple site experiments [1] have led to a new theoretical approach for ET beyond the single-pathway picture [2, 3, 4]. This approach emphasizes tubes — tightly grouped families of pathways — and looks for interactions between these families, rather than focussing on individual paths. In some cases, for a given donor D and acceptor A, the electron transfer can be thought of as “pathway-like”, wherein the protein bridge can be physically reduced to a tube without changing the overall coupling. In other cases, the transfer is characterized by multiple tubes which can interfere with one another, and a single path assumption will fail to identify all of the structural elements which control the coupling. Reducing the protein to only the relevant parts (tubes) that mediate the tunneling matrix element is a useful tool for understanding ET in a biological medium.
U.S. Dental Students’ and Faculty Members’ Attitudes About Technology, Instructional Strategies, Student Diversity, and School Duration: A Comparative Study

In this study, attitudes and perceptions of U.S. dental students and faculty members were evaluated regarding four aspects of dental education: technology integration, instructional strategies, student diversity, and school duration. A survey instrument with eight statements using a five-point Likert scale and a free-text comment section was developed and distributed through Survey Monkey. A total of 426 students and 187 faculty members from ten U.S. dental schools participated, a response rate of 17 percent of those surveyed. Faculty and student responses were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results of this analytic procedure revealed that the groups differed in their average responses for seven of the eight statements. Analysis of the faculty and student comments revealed similar themes between the two groups. Both dental students and dental faculty members stated that technology integration should be viewed as only a supplement to conventional instruction and showed mixed opinions about electronic textbooks. Further, both groups had positive views of the roles of problem-based learning, community service, and the integration of research practice into dental education. Both groups also valued diversity in the student body and supported the current four-year duration of dental school.
A model for evaluation of key measures for control of chikungunya fever outbreak in China

Objective To analyze the transmission pattern of Chikungunya (CHIK) fever in community and evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito control, case isolation and other key control measures by using ordinary differential equation (ODE) model. Methods According to natural history of CHIK, an ODE model for the epidemiological anaysis of CHIK outbreak was established. The key parameters of the model were obtained by fitting the model with reported outbreak data of the first CHIK outbreak in China. Then the outbreak characteristics without intervention, the effectiveness of mosquito control and case isolation were simulated. Results Without intervention, an imported case would cause an outbreak in a community with population of 11 000, and cumulative case number would exceed 941 when the total attack rate was 8.55%. The results of our simulation revealed that the effectiveness of case isolation was not perfect enough when it was implemented alone. Although the number of cases could be decreased by case isolation, the duration of outbreak would not be shortened. Differently, the effectiveness of mosquito control was remarkable. In addition, the earlier the measure was implemented, the better the effectiveness would be. The effectiveness of mosquito control plus case isolation was same with mosquito control. Conclusion To control a CHIK outbreak, mosquito control is the most recommended measures. However, case isolation is also necessary as the supplementation of mosquito control. Key words: Chikungunya fever; Outbreak; Mosquito control; Case isolation; Ordinary differential equation model