cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of giant liposomes from lipids in chaotropic ion solutions

Abstract Liposomes with diameters in the range of 10–20 μm, evidently uni- and oligolamellar, were generated upon removal of sodium trichloroacetate by dialysis or dilution from a solution containing egg phospholipids and sodium trichloroacetate. At room temperature, giant liposomes were formed only from concentrations of sodium trichloroacetate which induced the transformation of phosphatidylcholine from the lamellar to the micellar phase. The yield of giant liposomes increases with increasing phospholipid concentration in the sodium trichloroacetate solution. Inclusion of a freeze-thaw step reduced the concentration of sodium trichloroacetate needed to generate giant liposomes to less than 0.1 M and substantially lowered the minimum lipid concentration. Apparently sodium trichloroacetate is concentrated during freezing to above the critical concentration which solubilizes phospholipids. The micelles, so generated, also become concentrated so that giant liposomes form upon thawing as the melting ice dilutes the trichloroacetic acid and the micellar phase reverts to the lamellar phase. Other chaotropic solutions, such as guanidine-HCl and urea, which did not solubilize lipids at room temperature, also generated giant liposomes when their solutions, containing dispersed lipids, were frozen, thawed and then dialyzed to remove the solutes. In the case of chaotropic anions such as thiocyanate and nitrate, potassium salts are more effective than sodium salts.
Thermal Expansions from 2 to 40°K of Ge, Si, and Four III-V Compounds

Linear thermal-expansion data are given for Ge, Si, GaAs, GaSb, InAs, and InSb at temperatures from 1.89\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to approximately 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The data were obtained using a variable transformer as a sensor and are absolute in sample length changes. At the lowest temperatures, the length-change data for 10-cm samples exhibit a scatter of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 \AA{} (or \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ in $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}L}{{L}_{0}}$). The precision at all temperatures (within this limitation) is 2%. All of these substances show a positive thermal-expansion coefficient which is proportional to ${T}^{3}$ at low temperatures, while at higher temperatures the expansion coefficient becomes negative. The linear thermal-expansion data are used to calculate the temperature dependence of the Gr\"uneisen constants for each of these. With the exception of Si, a correlation exists between the Debye temperature and both the magnitude of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}$ and the shape of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-versus-$T$ curve. There is discrepancy between our observed values of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}$ for Ge and Si (0.66 and 0.42, respectively) and those calculated from the 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K third-order elastic-constant data. The reason for the discrepancy (which is a factor of 2 for Si) is not known.
Increased cytochrome c in rat cerebrospinal fluid after cardiac arrest and its effects on hypoxic neuronal survival.

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins may be useful biomarkers of neuronal death and ultimate prognosis after hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Cytochrome c has been identified in the CSF of children following traumatic brain injury. Cytochrome c is required for cellular respiration but it is also a central component of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Thus, in addition to serving as a biomarker, cytochrome c release into CSF may have an effect upon survival of adjacent neurons. In this study, we use Western blot and ELISA to show that cytochrome c is elevated in CSF obtained from pediatric rats following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Using biotinylated human cytochrome c in culture media we show that cytochrome c crosses the cell membrane and is incorporated into mitochondria of neurons exposed to anoxia. Lastly, we show that addition of human cytochrome c to primary neuronal culture exposed to anoxia improves survival. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show cytochrome c is elevated in CSF following hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Results from primary neuronal culture suggest that extracellular cytochrome c is able to cross the cell membrane of injured neurons, incorporate into mitochondria, and promote survival following anoxia.
Mutational Analysis of the p53 Core Domain L1 Loop

The p53 tumor suppressor gene acquires missense mutations in over 50% of human cancers, and most of these mutations occur within the central core DNA binding domain. One structurally defined region of the core, the L1 loop (residues 112-124), is a mutational "cold spot" in which relatively few tumor-derived mutations have been identified. To further understand the L1 loop, we subjected this region to both alanine- and arginine-scanning mutagenesis and tested mutants for DNA binding in vitro. Select mutants were then analyzed for transactivation and cell cycle analysis in either transiently transfected cells or cells stably expressing wild-type and mutant proteins at regulatable physiological levels. We focused most extensively on two p53 L1 loop mutants, T123A and K120A. The T123A mutant p53 displayed significantly better DNA binding in vitro as well as stronger transactivation and apoptotic activity in vivo than wild-type p53, particularly toward its pro-apoptotic target AIP1. By contrast, K120A mutant p53, although capable of strong binding in vitro and wild-type levels of transactivation and apoptosis when transfected into cells, showed impaired activity when expressed at normal cellular levels. Our experiments indicate a weaker affinity for DNA in vivo by K120A p53 as the main reason for its defects in transactivation and apoptosis. Overall, our findings demonstrate an important, yet highly modular role for the L1 loop in the recognition of specific DNA sequences, target transactivation, and apoptotic signaling by p53.
Super-high-frequency two-port AlN contour-mode resonators for RF applications

This paper reports on the design and experimental verification of a new class of thin-film (250 nm) superhigh- frequency laterally-vibrating piezoelectric microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonators suitable for the fabrication of narrow-band MEMS filters operating at frequencies above 3 GHz. The device dimensions have been opportunely scaled both in the lateral and vertical dimensions to excite a contour-extensional mode of vibration in nanofeatures of an ultra-thin (250 nm) AlN film. In this first demonstration, 2-port resonators vibrating up to 4.5 GHz have been fabricated on the same die and attained electromechanical coupling, kt 2, in excess of 1.5%. These devices are employed to synthesize the highest frequency MEMS filter (3.7 GHz) based on AlN contour-mode resonator technology ever reported.
A gamma-ray monitor for plutonium uniformity in fuel tubes☆

Abstract A prototype instrument for nondestructive gamma-monitoring of plutonium uniformity in fuel tubes has been developed at the Savannah River Laboratory. A 55 cm 3 Ge(li) detector performs assays of PuO 2 density over a range of 0.0 to 1.3 g/cm 3 within gamma-collimated disk volumes with dimensions of 3.2 or 6.4 mm in diameter and 1.9 or 2.9 mm in depth. The attenuation-corrected intensity of the 208 keV gamma ray resulting from 2 to 3% enrichment 241 Pu yields the relative amount of PuO 2 in the assay volume to a precision of 2 to 5%. This accuracy depends on how well the gamma-attentuation effects can be defined. Improved precision is possible by monitoring two gamma rays. the instrument was used to appraise 19 SRP-produced fuel tubes which had high-PuO 2 density regions of “hot spots” (areas ≲65 mm 2 ) and to compare them with acceptance criteria for reactor fuel. Some additional tube nonuniformities were measured to appraise aspects of the tube manufacturing process.
A telemetry system for recording mastication in small animals

A telemetry system is described for detecting and recording chewing behavior in small laboratory animals. A small pressure sensitive coil implanted in the animal's jaw was used to modulate a small transmitter mounted on the subject's skull. The transmitted signal was received and converted to a d.c. voltage which varies at a rate proportional to the subject's chewing movements. The system may be used to investigate chewing behavior over periods of months.
Correlations among morphology, β-sheet stability, and molecular structure in prion peptide aggregates

The misfolding of proteins into β-sheets and the subsequent aggregation of these sheets into fibrous networks underlies many diseases. In this paper, the role of peptide structure in determining the ordering of β-sheet aggregates and the morphology of fibrils and protofibrils is dissected. Using a series of peptides based on residues 109−122 of the Syrian hamster prion protein (H1) with a range of substitutions at position 117, the link between side chain interactions and β-sheet thermal stability has been investigated. The thermal stability of β-sheets is associated with the peptides' ability to adopt the same alignment as wild-type H1, with residue 117 in register across all β-strands [Silva, R. A. G. D., Barber-Armstrong, W., and Decatur, S. M. (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 13674−13675]. These aligned strands are capable of forming long, rigid, and twisted fibrils (as visualized by atomic force microscopy) which are thermostable. Peptides which do not adopt this strand alignment aggregate to form thin,...
The Care of Infants and Toddlers in Group Settings

Abstract “If the family is the best unit of child care, when and under what circumstances is group care justified? What constitutes quality group care?” Judy I. Schwartz provides some answers.
Sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in gills and kidneys of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Abstract o 1. Gill and kidney ATPase activities of 2-year-old Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) were determined periodically from March to July. 2. Na-K ATPase activity increased in the gill and declined in the kidney during the time encompassing transformation of parr to smolt under hatchery conditions.
Models And Method

The construction of models plays a vital part in scientific thought.And many questions about the characteristics demanded of a good model, and the implications of using models are often asked by philosophers of science. Although models are frequently and successfully used in scientific explanation, this does not imply that they are a necessary feature of such explanation, though it does provide some justification for their use. However, any attempt to provide a model for a scientific theory undoubtedly leads to a clearer understanding of that theory. Models and theories are often considered as separate features in a scientific explanation, but a theory is not usually devised and then consciously provided with a model.
Continuous Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene with Rhodococcus rhodochrous IGTS8 (ATCC 53968)

Desulfurization of a model fuel system consisting of hexadecane and dibenzothiophene (DBT) by Rhodococcus rhodochrous IGTS8 was demonstrated in a 2-L continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The reactor was operated in a semicontinuous and continuous mode with and without recycling of the model fuel. A constant volumetric desulfurization activity A(t), (in mg HBP L(-1) h(-1)) was maintained in the reactor with a feeding strategy of fresh cell suspension based on a first-order decay of the biocatalyst. Maximum desulfurization rates, as measured by specific desulfurization activity, of 1.9 mg HBP/g DCW h were attained. Rates of biocatalyst decay were on the order of 0.072 h(-1). Theoretical predictions of a respiratory quotient (RQ) associated with this biotransformation reaction agree well with experimental data from off-gas analysis. In addition, the ratio of the specific desulfurization activity a(t), (in mg HBP/g DCW h) of recycled and fresh biocatalyst was determined and evaluated.
Advantages and disadvantages of group decision‐ making approaches

Explains the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches that are now being used in today’s society for group decision making. Groups are everywhere in our society, and learning more about them and how to work better in them can enhance the quality of each person’s life. Explains in detail five of the most widely used techniques: brainstorming, brainwriting, buzz sessions, quality circles, and nominal group technique. Points out the advantages and disadvantages of each approach with a view to reducing failures in implementing techniques as a result of lack of knowledge. The article will be useful for anyone involved in groups, e.g. managers or people wishing to improve their skills.
Energy distributions of atoms sputtered from polycrystalline surfaces

Abstract A new formula is presented for the energy and angular distributions of atoms ejected from polycrystalline solids due to keV particle bombardment. The formula predicts that the peak position in the energy distribution decreases with increasing polar angle from the surface normal. It also predicts that the angular distribution is ∼cos θ for low energy particles and is ∼cos 2 θ as the energy of the particles increases.
Cross-Cultural Competency Through Service-Learning

ABSTRACT This article addresses the development of cross-cultural competency within the context of service-learning. The need to integrate cross-cultural competency into the academic curriculum has risen dramatically with the sharp increase in resident Hispanics and their families. Service-learning addresses the demand for culturally competent graduates who can address the paradigms of inequality and invisibility as well as the language barrier. Service-learning develops cultural competency through weekly direct contact and journal writing exercises. By venturing into the community, students see beyond the cultural walls that often divide neighborhoods, and they also make connections between economics, anthropology, history, political science, and other disciplines. Through service-learning, many university students develop maturity and ingenuity that they would not acquire in the classroom. Community partners—the families, students, and teachers—discover how to complement and advocate for each other to h...
Another fibrin αC scene unmasked

Comment on Collet et al, page [3824][1] In this issue, Collet and colleagues identified αC as the major determinant of viscoelastic clot properties and unambiguously highlighted its polymerization and fibrinolysis roles. Fibrinogen[1][2] consists of 3 pairs of disulfide-linked polypeptide
X‐ray Photoemission and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy of Hydroxyapatite‐Coated Titanium

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition changes of hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium using surface analysis (X-ray photoemission) and bulk analysis (energy dispersive spectroscopy). The specimens examined were controls and specimens aged 30 min and 3 h at room temperature in distilled water and 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Each X-ray photoemission cycle consisted of three scans followed by argon sputtering for 10 min for usually 20 cycles, corresponding to a sampling depth of ∼1500 A. The energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis was on a 110 by 90 μm area for 500 s. The X-ray photoemission results indicated the oxidation effect of water on the titanium (as TiO 2 ) and the effect of the buffer to increase the surface concentration of phosphorus. No differences in the chemical composition were observed by energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis.
Simulation of transport and extravasation of nanoparticles in tumors which exhibit enhanced permeability and retention effect

Determining the factors that influence the delivery of sub-micron particles to tumors and understanding the relative importance of each of these factors is fundamental to the optimization of the particle delivery process. In this paper, a model that combines random walk with the pressure driven movement of nanoparticles in a tumor vasculature is presented. Nanoparticle movement in a cylindrical tube with dimensions similar to the tumor's blood capillary with a single pore is simulated. Nanoparticle velocities are calculated as a pressure driven flow over imposed to Brownian motion. The number and percentage of nanoparticles leaving the blood vessel through a single pore is obtained as a function of pore size, nanoparticle size and concentration, interstitial pressure, and blood pressure. The model presented here is able to determine the importance of these controllable parameters and thus it can be used to understand the process and predict the best conditions for nanoparticle-based treatment. The results indicate that the nanoparticle delivery gradually increases with pore size and decreases with nanoparticle size for tumors with high interstitial fluid pressure (in this work we found this behavior for head and neck carcinoma and for metastatic melanoma with interstitial pressures of 18mmHg and 19mmHg, respectively). For tumors with lower interstitial fluid pressure (rectal carcinoma with 15.3mmHg) however, delivery is observed to have little sensitivity to particle size for almost the entire nanoparticle size range. Though an increase in nanoparticle concentration increases the number of nanoparticles being delivered, the efficiency of the delivery (percentage of nanoparticles delivered) is found to remain closely unaffected.
MO‐FF‐A4‐06: A DICOM‐RT PACS for Peer Review, Quality Assurance and Clinical Outcome Studies in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To implement a web‐based DICOM‐RT PACS for peer review, quality assurance and clinical outcome studies in proton therapy.Method and Materials: We have designed and deployed a web‐based clinical data submission and retrieval system to implement a successful peer review and clinical QA paradigm for proton therapy treatment plans. Our proprietary local DICOM server automates the communication between the TPS and our web‐based secure client application. The TPS outputs the clinical treatment plan as DICOM‐RT objects, which are then uploaded to the central server via a secure web‐based link. The data sets are automatically anonymized based on one‐to‐one mapping that is known only to the submitter of a patient plan. It is often necessary to supplement this data set with additional information in order to appraise the plan reviewers of clinical rationale used in the plan evaluation and selection. The information that is not part of the DICOM ion‐plan includes; proximal and distal margins used to account for range uncertainty, smearing and smoothing margins for compensator design, distal blocking to spare OAR, etc. The submitter may generate screen captured views of a plan and add comments, instructions, and provide planning criteria by adding multi‐media data. This information is converted to DICOM objects and is submitted to the server as a part of a plan. The reviewers can use our web‐based client application to retrieve part or all of the submitted data set and use their own TPS for more comprehensive plan evaluation. Results and Conclusion: The treatment plans for several prostate patients have been successfully submitted to and retrieved from the prototype system at UFPTI. In all cases, the restored plans maintained the integrity of all clinical information as submitted. We found that the supplemental information uploaded with each plan was extremely important and useful for the plan reviewers.
Menopausal symptoms and alternative medicine

Abstract With the large number of women entering the perimenopausal and menopausal age range in the next decade, use of alternatives to standard hormone replacement therapy will increase. Women’s views of conventional hormone replacement and trends toward “complementary and alternative medicines” have contributed to an increased use of alternative treatments for menopausal symptoms. Growing media coverage and lay literature available on “natural” therapies for the climacteric are making it virtually impossible for practitioners to remain unfamiliar with the various regimens. Information on phytoestrogens, natural progesterones, mineral and vitamin supplements, herbal treatments, exercise, relaxation, acupuncture and homeopathy is flooding the market. Although alternatives to conventional hormone therapy are becoming mainstream, scientific evidence on the safety and efficacy of “natural” therapies is limited. Lack of standardization of alternative supplements and lack of regulation also make it difficult for both consumers and practitioners to evaluate these therapies. Well-designed, controlled studies are needed to obtain further information about these regimens. This, however, is no excuse for practitioners to be unaware of what products are available and their possible benefits and adverse effects. The evidence for various alternative therapies for menopausal symptoms is reviewed in both the lay and medical literature.
Expression of Matrix Metalloprotease-2-Cleaved Laminin-5 in Breast Remodeling Stimulated by Sex Steroids

The extracellular matrix plays an important role in breast remodeling. We have shown that matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP2) cleaves laminin-5 (Ln-5), a basement membrane component, generating a fragment called γ2x. Human breast epithelial cells, while constitutively immobile on intact Ln-5, acquire a motile phenotype on MMP2-cleaved Ln-5. We hypothesize that this mechanism may underlie cell mobilization across the basement membrane during branching morphogenesis in breast development regulated by sex steroids. We report that the expression of MMP2 and cleavage of Ln-5 correlate well with tissue remodeling and epithelial rearrangement of the breast both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the Ln-5 γ2x fragment was detected by immunoblotting in sexually mature, pregnant, and postweaning, but not in prepubertal or lactating mammary glands. Furthermore, cleaved Ln-5, as well as MMP2, became detectable in remodeling glands from sexually immature rats treated with sex steroids. In rat mammary gland explants, epithelial reorganization and luminal cell morphological changes were induced by the addition of exogenous MMP2, in parallel to the appearance of cleaved Ln-5. Similar effects were observed in epithelial monolayers plated on human Ln-5 and exposed to MMP2. These results suggest that cleavage of Ln-5 by MMP2 might be regulated by sex steroids and that it may contribute to breast remodeling under physiological and possibly pathological conditions.
Incidence of sentinel lymph node involvement in a modern, large series of desmoplastic melanoma.

Background Recent studies have suggested that sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is of limited value in desmoplastic melanoma. This study was performed to compare the rate of positive SLN biopsy in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database with that of a multi-institutional clinical trial and to investigate relevant prognostic factors in desmoplastic melanoma. Study Design Patients with desmoplastic melanoma ≥1.0 mm Breslow thickness, who underwent SLN biopsy in a multi-institutional prospective clinical trial, were combined with a single institution melanoma database (combined database) and compared with patients from the SEER database (1998 to 2009). Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were summarized using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using Cox proportional hazard models. Results The rate of positive SLN in the combined database was 17.0% (8 of 47). By comparison, the rate of positive SLN in SEER was lower: 2.5% (15 of 594). On multivariable analysis, Breslow thickness ≥2.6 mm (hazard ratio 8.17, 95% CI 1.26 to 160.1; p = 0.0259) and an interaction between SLN status and ulceration (p = 0.0013) were independent risk factors for worse OS in the combined database; patients with ulceration and a positive SLN had significantly worse OS. In the combined database on multivariable analysis, SLN positivity (p = 0.0161) and ulceration (p = 0.0004) were independent risk factors for worse DFS. Conclusions The rate of positive SLN in desmoplastic melanoma may be higher than that reported in the SEER database. Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be considered as part of the comprehensive staging of desmoplastic melanoma ≥1.0 mm Breslow thickness.
Neural systems supporting the control of affective and cognitive conflicts

Although many studies have examined the neural bases of controlling cognitive responses, the neural systems for controlling conflicts between competing affective responses remain unclear. To address the neural correlates of affective conflict and their relationship to cognitive conflict, the present study collected whole-brain fMRI data during two versions of the Eriksen flanker task. For these tasks, participants indicated either the valence (affective task) or the semantic category (cognitive task) of a central target word while ignoring flanking words that mapped onto either the same (congruent) or a different (incongruent) response as the target. Overall, contrasts of incongruent > congruent trials showed that bilateral dorsal ACC, posterior medial frontal cortex, and dorsolateral pFC were active during both kinds of conflict, whereas rostral medial pFC and left ventrolateral pFC were differentially active during affective or cognitive conflict, respectively. Individual difference analyses showed that separate regions of rostral cingulate/ventromedial pFC and left ventrolateral pFC were positively correlated with the magnitude of response time interference. Taken together, the findings that controlling affective and cognitive conflicts depends upon both common and distinct systems have important implications for understanding the organization of control systems in general and their potential dysfunction in clinical disorders.
Novel joint transform correlator architecture using bacteriorhodopsin optically addressable spatial light modulators

A novel, all-optical joint transform correlator using bacterior- hodopsin (bR) spatial light modulators is presented. This architecture employs relatively inexpensive white light sources and He-Ne lasers to exploit the photoinduced anisotropic properties of the bacteriorhodopsin films. Due to the high spatial resolution of bacteriorhodopsin films, the system offers the possibility of being reduced to a compact size. Advan- tages and limitations of the system are described and comparisons to previously reported optical correlators using bR films are discussed. The authors believe that this is the first time an all bacteriorhodopsin based optical correlator is reported. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation En- gineers. (S0091-3286(98)02401-5)
A comparison of retrokeratoprosthetic membrane and conjunctival inflammatory responses to silicone oil

Silicone oil continues to be an important aid in retinal detachment surgery. We report a case in which disparate responses to silicone oil were noted in the conjunctiva and intraocularly. Intraocularly, the oil permeated a fibrous membrane that formed behind a keratoprosthesis, the first example of this phenomenon. We detail the histological response to the oil at this site as well as a distinctly different reaction present to oil in the conjunctiva of the same eye. The divergence of histological responses provides a demonstration of the eye's apparent retained capacity to protect against intraocular inflammation, despite multiple previous surgeries.
KNOWLEDGE OVERLAP, TASK INTERDEPENDENCE, AND TRUST IN IS DEVELOPMENT

Information systems development (ISD) is fundamentally a search process by which the team seeks to find an optimal system configuration that produces the highest performance. As information systems are embodiments of business-domain knowledge and technical knowledge, ISD requires both. The business unit is ultimately responsible for making business design choices whereas the IS unit is largely responsible for making technical design choices. Complexity in ISD arises when these design choices are interdependent. We argue that knowledge overlaps between business and IS play an important role in the ISD process. Using an NK fitness landscapes model of ISD, this research investigates how knowledge overlaps influence ISD performance (1) when the level of interdependencies among design choices varies, (2) for different distributions of within-unit and between-unit interdependencies, (3) when between-unit interdependencies are balanced or skewed, and (4) when inter-unit trust exists or doesn’t. We report the results of a simulation study and discuss their implications and insights.
Biochemical and Molecular Biological Characterization of CAC2, the Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Coding for the Biotin Carboxylase Subunit of the Plastidic Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase

The biotin carboxylase subunit of the heteromeric chloroplastic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) of Arabidopsis thaliana is coded by a single gene (CAC2), which is interrupted by 15 introns. The cDNA encodes a deduced protein of 537 amino acids with an apparent N-terminal chloroplast-targeting transit peptide. Antibodies generated to a glutathione S-transferase-CAC2 fusion protein react solely with a 51-kD polypeptide of Arabidopsis; these antibodies also inhibit ACCase activity in extracts of Arabidopsis. The entire CAC2 cDNA sequence was expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant biotin carboxylase was enzymatically active in carboxylating free biotin. The catalytic properties of the recombinant biotin carboxylase indicate that the activity of the heteromeric ACCase may be regulated by light-/dark-induced changes in stromal pH. The CAC2 gene is maximally expressed in organs and tissues that are actively synthesizing fatty acids for membrane lipids or oil deposition. The observed expression pattern of CAC2 mirrors that previously reported for the CAC1 gene (J.-K. Choi, F. Yu, E.S. Wurtele, B.J. Nikolau [1995] Plant Physiol 109: 619–625; J. Ke, J.-K Choi, M. Smith, H.T. Horner, B.J. Nikolau, E.S. Wurtele [1997] Plant Physiol 113: 357–365), which codes for the biotin carboxyl carrier subunit of the heteromeric ACCase. This coordination is probably partially established by coordinate transcription of the two genes. This hypothesis is consistent with the finding that the CAC2 and CAC1 gene promoters share a common set of sequence motifs that may be important in guiding the transcription of these genes.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma and granular cell tumor: an immunohistochemical comparison study

Although the histologic features of alveolar soft part sarcoma and granular cell tumor are typically distinctive, occasional cases show a significant morphologic overlap. Differentiating these entities is crucial because granular cell tumor is almost always benign and alveolar soft part sarcoma is invariably malignant. We evaluated a panel of immunohistochemical stains (S-100 protein, inhibin, SOX10, nestin, calretinin, and TFE3) in 13 alveolar soft part sarcomas and 11 granular cell tumors. Tissue sections were also stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method after diastase digestion (PAS-D) and evaluated for coarse cytoplasmic granularity or crystalline cytoplasmic inclusions. S-100 protein, inhibin, SOX10, and nestin each distinguished granular cell tumor and alveolar soft part sarcoma with 100% sensitivity and specificity. PAS-D staining also distinguished cases with 100% accuracy, as granular cell tumor consistently demonstrated coarsely granular, PAS-D-positive cytoplasm and alveolar soft part sarcoma showed only focal intracytoplasmic crystalline inclusions. Although all granular cell tumors were calretinin positive, so were 46% of alveolar soft part sarcomas. TFE3 was positive in 91% of granular cell tumors and all alveolar soft part sarcomas. Together with PAS-D, immunohistochemical stains for S-100 protein, inhibin, SOX10, and nestin accurately identify alveolar soft part sarcoma and granular cell tumor. Although TFE3 has been reported as a relatively specific marker for alveolar soft part sarcoma, it should be recalled that it is also expressed in most granular cell tumors.
Two-stage controller algorithm for Multi-spacecraft Interferometric Imaging Maneuvers for Spiral Coverage with time varying target-system relative position

In this article a method to calculate near fuel optimal trajectories for imaging missions using multi-spacecraft interferometric imaging systems is described. These near-optimal trajectories are subject to near-earth orbit dynamics and take into account that the relative positions of target and formation may vary during the imaging time. The algorithm consists of a higher level nonlinear programming problem, and a low level linear quadratic tracker that solves for near minimum trajectories and calculates the dynamics and fuel requirements. As application of this methodology, different cases where it could be applied were simulated.
Know thyself: monitoring and reflecting on facets of one's life

People strive to gain better knowledge of themselves by collecting information about their behaviors, habits, and thoughts. Personal informatics systems can help by facilitating the collection of personal information and the reflection on that information. These systems satisfy people's innate curiosity about themselves and encourage holistic engagement with one's life. Development of such systems poses new challenges in human-computer interaction and opens opportunities for new applications and collaborations between diverse disciplines, such as design, life-logging, ubiquitous computing, persuasive technologies, and information visualization.
Schema-Consistent and Schema-Inconsistent Information: Processing Demands

Processing effort for schema-consistent, inconsistent, and neutral information was assessed by a secondary task technique. Schema-consistent and inconsistent information received similar processing effort, and both of these received greater effort than schema-irrelevant (neutral) information. These results suggest that the amount of cognitive effort in processing a sentence is dependent on the relevance of the sentence to a particular schema, and not on whether or not it fits the schema.
HYDROMAGNETIC PLANETARY WAVES.

A study is made of hydromagnetic oscillations in a rotating fluid sphere. The basic state is chosen as a uniform current parallel to the axis of rotation. It is found that the non-dissipative normal modes are described by a modified form of the Poincare eigenvalue problem. For small rotation rates, the lowest non-axisymmetric modes are unstable. For rotation rates of geophysical interest all normal modes are stable. The introduction of ohmic dissipation leads to a hydro-magnetic boundary-layer problem. Solutions for the boundary layer are outlined indicating its role in altering the free periods, damping the oscillations and producing external magnetic fields. Dispersion relations are derived which establish that the zonal phase velocities of both ‘fast’ hydrodynamic and ‘slow’ hydro-magnetic waves can be of either sign. Observations of the secular variations of the earth's magnetic field indicate motion primarily towards the west. A mechanism for the selective excitation of the observed motion is discussed.
Calcium intake and mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort

BACKGROUND Calcium intake may be important for bone health, but its effects on other outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, remain unclear. Recent reports of adverse cardiovascular effects of supplemental calcium have raised concerns. OBJECTIVE We investigated associations of supplemental, dietary, and total calcium intakes with all-cause, CVD-specific, and cancer-specific mortality in a large, prospective cohort. DESIGN A total of 132,823 participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, who were followed from baseline (1992 or 1993) through 2012 for mortality outcomes, were included in the analysis. Dietary and supplemental calcium information was first collected at baseline and updated in 1999 and 2003. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models with cumulative updating of exposures were used to calculate RRs and 95% CIs for associations between calcium intake and mortality. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 17.5 y, 43,186 deaths occurred. For men, supplemental calcium intake was overall not associated with mortality outcomes (P-trend > 0.05 for all), but men who were taking ≥1000 mg supplemental calcium/d had a higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.33), which was primarily attributed to borderline statistically significant higher risk of CVD-specific mortality (RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.51). For women, supplemental calcium was inversely associated with mortality from all causes [RR (95% CI): 0.90 (0.87, 0.94), 0.84 (0.80, 0.88), and 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) for intakes of 0.1 to <500, 500 to <1000, and ≥1000 mg/d, respectively; P-trend < 0.01]. Total calcium intake was inversely associated with mortality in women (P-trend < 0.01) but not in men; dietary calcium was not associated with all-cause mortality in either sex. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, associations of calcium intake and mortality varied by sex. For women, total and supplemental calcium intakes are associated with lower mortality, whereas for men, supplemental calcium intake ≥1000 mg/d may be associated with higher all-cause and CVD-specific mortality.
Additional Records of Nycticeius in Indiana

Kirkpatrick recorded the first specimen of the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis , in Indiana (Amer. Midl. Nat., 29: 797,1943). Since that time nine additional specimens have been recorded (Mumford, Jour. …
Effects of Insulin Preparations on Titrated Sucrose Regulation

Summary.-Albino rats were conditioned on a titration schedule of reinforcement which enabled the animals to adjust the sucrose concentration of food pellets. Concentrations of 90%, 7096, 50%, 30% and 10% sucrose were decreased by 20% every 30 sec. unless the ;lnimal emitted 1 of 2 concurrent operants, which reversed the process. Preparations of globin, protamine, and regular insulins were administered via the inuaperitoneal route in small doses, on separate sessions, when steady states on the ticration schedule were observed. Regular insulin had the strongest effect in producing higher titration and pellet rates and greater sucrose consumption. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the longitudinal effects of several insulin preparations on levels of sucrose consumption produced by racs under a titration schedule of reinforcement. The insulin preparations are those commonly used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The properties of the titration schedule enabled the animals to adjust the sucrose concentration of food pellets received as reinforcers, depending upon their rate of responding. Since food pellets can exert discriminative control (Cruse, Vitulli, & Dettke, 1966) and since racs can discriminate between sucrose-pellet concentrations with differential values as low as 10% (Vitulli, 1967), it was reasonable to assume that the insulin preparations in the present study would have potent effects. Vitulli (1970) found considerable variability due to the effects of insulin with globin on rats conditioned on multiple and concurrent schedules of reinforcement. In that study, electric shock was an interacting variable. The results indicated that in a choice situation between 100% standard and 100% sucrose food pellets, insulin tended to suppress operant responding for sucrose during sessions in which insulin was injecred inrrapericoneally (IP). Posc-insulin sessions showed a relatively higher operant rate for sucrose commensurate with the previous suppression. These data mimicked the effects of shock. In the present study the independent variables were insulin prepatations with globin, protamine, and zinc additives. The dependent variables were titration and pellet rates, and proportion sucrose produced per session. METHOD Subjects
Low-Power System for Detection of Symptomatic Patterns in Audio Biological Signals

In this paper, we present a low-power, efficacious, and scalable system for the detection of symptomatic patterns in biological audio signals. The digital audio recordings of various symptoms, such as cough, sneeze, and so on, are spectrally analyzed using a discrete wavelet transform. Subsequently, we use simple mathematical metrics, such as energy, quasi-average, and coastline parameter for various wavelet coefficients of interest depending on the type of pattern to be detected. Furthermore, a mel-frequency cepstrum-based analysis is applied to distinguish between signals, such as cough and sneeze, which have a similar frequency response and, hence, occur in common wavelet coefficients. Algorithm-circuit codesign methodology is utilized in order to optimize the system at algorithm and circuit levels of design abstraction. This helps in implementing a low-power system as well as maintaining the efficacy of detection. The system is scalable in terms of user specificity as well as the type of signal to be analyzed for an audio symptomatic pattern. We utilize multiplierless implementation circuit strategies and the algorithmic modification of mel cepstrum computation to implement low-power system in the 65-nm bulk Si technology. It is observed that the pattern detection system achieves about 90% correct classification of five types of audio health symptoms. We also scale the supply voltage due to lower frequency of operation and report a total power consumption of $\sim 184~\mu \text{W}$ at 700 mV supply.
Equivocal test results and prognostic staging uncertainties in the evaluation of patients with cancer of the prostate.

Abstract In the staging of cancer, equivocal test results may occur in subjectively evaluated imaging procedures whose interpretations raise the possibility of metastases but are too uncertain to rule in or rule out metastatic spread, and in tests whose repetitions in the same patient yield conflicting results about dissemination. We assessed the frequency and prognostic correlates of test results giving equivocal evidence of disseminated (Stage IV) disease in an inception cohort of 280 patients receiving initial treatment for prostatic cancer between 1973-76. Among tests used for clinical staging, lymphangiograms (equivocal in 28 percent of tested patients), bone scans (equivocal in 25 percent of tested patients), and bone radiographs (equivocal in 20 percent of tested patients) most frequently yielded interpretations that equivocally suggested metastatic spread. Eighty-three (45 percent) of the 185 patients without clear-cut dissemination (Stages I-III) had at least one equivocal test result that suggested dissemination and that remained unresolved at the time of selection of therapy. Five-year survival (30 percent) for the 20 patients with local extracapsular spread (Stage III) and multiple equivocal results suggesting dissemination was identical to that for patients with clear-cut dissemination. In contrast, other patients with equivocal dissemination in Stages I-III had survival rates similar to those patients in the same stage and lacking equivocal dissemination. Unresolved equivocal staging results frequently complicate management decisions for patients with prostatic cancer. Survival analyses aid these decisions by demonstrating that equivocal findings of dissemination are prognostically unimportant unless they are multiple and occur in the context of unequivocal extracapsular spread.
Moving towards adaptive management of cyanotoxin-impaired water bodies

The cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that have played a key role in shaping the Earth's biosphere due to their pioneering ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Throughout their history, cyanobacteria have experienced major biogeochemical changes accompanying Earth's geochemical evolution over the past 2.5+ billion years, including periods of extreme climatic change, hydrologic, nutrient and radiation stress. Today, they remain remarkably successful, exploiting human nutrient over-enrichment as nuisance "blooms." Cyanobacteria produce an array of unique metabolites, the functions and biotic ramifications of which are the subject of diverse ecophysiological studies. These metabolites are relevant from organismal and ecosystem function perspectives because some can be toxic and fatal to diverse biota, including zooplankton and fish consumers of algal biomass, and high-level consumers of aquatic food sources and drinking water, including humans. Given the long history of environmental extremes and selection pressures that cyanobacteria have experienced, it is likely that that these toxins serve ecophysiological functions aimed at optimizing growth and fitness during periods of environmental stress. Here, we explore the molecular and ecophysiological mechanisms underlying cyanotoxin production, with emphasis on key environmental conditions potentially controlling toxin production. Based on this information, we offer potential management strategies for reducing cyanotoxin potentials in natural waters; for cyanotoxins with no clear drivers yet elucidated, we highlight the data gaps and research questions that are still lacking. We focus on the four major classes of toxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and saxitoxins) that have thus far been identified as relevant from environmental health perspectives, but caution there may be other harmful metabolites waiting to be elucidated.
UV-luminescent MgZnO semiconductor alloys: nanostructure and optical properties

MgZnO is emerging as a vital semiconductor-alloy system with desirable optical properties that can span a large range of the UV spectrum. Due to its benign chemical character, MgZnO is considered to be an environmentally friendly material. This paper presents studies on annealing as a useful and straightforward approach for the enhancement of the optical and crystal quality of Mg0.17Zn0.83O nanocrystalline films grown via DC sputtering. The alloys were studied via several imaging and optical techniques. It was found that high-temperature annealing, ~900 °C, in Argon atmosphere, significantly improves the solubility of the alloy. This temperature range is consistent with the thermal diffusion temperature of Mg needed for the creation of a soluble alloy. Moreover, the annealing process was found to minimize the undesirable visible luminescence, attributed to Mg and Zn interstitials, while significantly enhancing the bandgap sharpness and the efficiency of the UV-luminescence at ~3.5 eV. The analysis indicated that these optical attributes were achieved due to the combined effects of good solubility, an improved morphology, and a reduction of native defects. The annealing was also proven to be beneficial for the reduction of the compressive stress in the alloy: a relaxation ~1.8 GPa was calculated via Raman scattering. The inherent stress was inferred to originate mainly from the granular morphology of the alloys.
Love in Modern America and Europe

This chapter begins the analysis of love in modern cultures throughout the world. Particularly, it analyzes Western conceptualizations of romantic love in both North America and Europe. As time has progressed, ideas and beliefs about love, sex, and marriage have shifted immensely. Openness to sexuality has increased as has the concept of choosing one’s own spouse rather than leaving that decision to one’s parents. Not only that, the way the concept of love as it is expressed has changed as well. These differences are highlighted as this chapter looks at love in the context of marriage and sex as well as explores ideals that people in Western countries have regarding romantic love.