cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion-exchanged waveguides: current status

Integrated optical components based on ion-exchanged glass waveguides are finding applications in real systems. Recently, significant progress has occurred in the understanding of the ion-exchange process. It is now possible to model the thermal as well as electric field enhanced diffusion with reasonable accuracy and to design ion- exchanged waveguides and devices with prespecified characteristics. This paper describes the theory of the ion-exchange process and explains the diffusion profile for Ag+-Na+ and K+-Na+ cation pairs used in BK7 glass for planar and 2-D (channel) waveguide fabrication. Following this, we present the latest results in modeling and fabrication of several devices based on single-mode channel waveguides. These include couplers, power dividers, MUX/DEMUX, and polarization splitters for applications in optical communications. Finally, we point out the latest trends and novel emerging applications of ion-exchanged waveguides, such as all optical switching, waveguide lasers and amplifiers, and integration of passive waveguides on glass with optoelectronic devices.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a Cause of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

Haemophilus influenzae rarely causes spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We describe a typical case of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in which the causative organism was identified as nontypeable H. influenzae, biotype III. Infection progressed despite the presence of adequate serum bactericidal antibody, probably due to the absence of complement in ascites fluid.
Large deformations of a cylindrical liquid-filled membrane by a viscous shear flow

This paper treats the steady flow fields generated inside and outside an initially circular, inextensible, cylindrical membrane filled with an incompressible viscous fluid when the membrane is placed in a two-dimensional shear flow of another viscous fluid. The Reynolds numbers of both the interior and exterior flows were assumed to be zero (‘creeping flow’), but no further approximations were made in the formulation. A series solution of the resulting free boundary-value problem in powers of a dimensionless shear rate parameter was constructed through fifth order. When combined with a conformal coordinate transformation this series gave accurate results for large deformations of the membrane (up to an aspect ratio of 2.5). The rather tedious algebraic manipulations required to obtain the series solution were done by computer with a symbol-manipulation program (reduce), which both formulated the boundary-value problems for each successive order and solved them. Results are presented which show how the shear rate and fluid viscosities influence the internal and external velocity and pressure fields, the membrane deformation and its ‘tank-treading’ frequency, and the membrane tension.This work demonstrates that classical perturbation techniques combined with computer algebra offer a useful alternative to purely numerical methods for problems of this type.
Adsorption and reduction of iron and cobalt phthalocyanines in DMSO at glassy carbon and pyrolytic graphite electrodes

Abstract Voltammetry of iron and cobalt phthalocyanines [Fe(II)Pc and Co(II)Pc] at carbon electrodes differs in some features because of more extensive aggregation and stronger adsorption of Co(II)Pc. Whereas Fe(II)Pc (2.3 m M ) exists mainly as dimers and trimers in the 0.1 M LiCl + DMSO medium, visible spectrophotometry suggested that Co(II)Pc (3 m M ) exists as higher oligomers. Electrochemical data gave an apparent diffusion coefficient for Co(II)Pc about 5-fold smaller than that of Fe(II)Pc, in agreement with larger aggregates for Co(II)Pc. The rate of monomerization of both complexes was too small to influence voltammetry. Electrochemistry of FePc is explained mainly by quasi-reversible electron transfer and weak adsorption of reactants. Adsorption is more apparent on PGE than on GCE. Strong adsorption of Co(II)Pc at GCE and PGE gives rise to a separate cathodic peak by cyclic and square-wave voltammetry. Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in − and Fe(II)Pc.
Ferroelectrics: the strain limits on switching.

The ability to change their dimensions in an applied electric field makes ferroelectric materials important for piezoelectric applications. The crystal symmetry and related strains of these materials are a strong influence on their switching behaviour.
Ames' mutagenic activity in recycled water from an Israeli water reclamation project

Effluent samples taken from a water reclamation project in Israel were analyzed for mutagenicity and toxicity using the Ames assay test. Test results indicate the presence of low levels of mutagens in recycled water taken from the reclamation plant; samples taken from different sites in the plant yielded different levels of mutagenicity. Improved wastewater treatment technology is needed to make water reuse safe. (2 graphs, 15 references, 1 table)
Computer Simulation of Orb-Web Construction

SYNOPSIS. Uloborus diversus adjusts its behavior while laying sticky spiral in response to stimuli it receives as it moves. The course of the last loop of sticky spiral determines the path the spider takes. The spiders probably sense the angles the sticky spiral makes with the radius and with the last loop of spiral, and use them in making decisions to turn back.Computer-simulation has shown that a simple turnback program using just these angles can produce a spider-like pattern of sticky spiral.
Fabrication of Biomimetic Scaffolds with Well-Defined Pore Geometry by Fused Deposition Modeling

A method for fabrication of a scaffold by fused deposition modeling is provided. The method includes forming a sacrificial mold with fused deposition modeling, the sacrificial mold comprising a dissolvable material. The method further includes infusing the sacrificial mold with a biodegradable composition and applying a solvent to the biodegradable composition infused sacrificial mold to dissolve the sacrificial mold and leave a scaffold formed from the biodegradable composition.
Effects of inhaled hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) on guinea pig cholinesterases.

Abstract Hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI, a starting material in the production of many polyurethane products, was found to inhibit stoichiometrically mammalian and electric eel cholinesterases in an in vitro system ( W. E. Brown, A. H. Green, M. H. Karol, and Y. Alarie, 1982 , Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62, 45–52). The current study examined in vivo effects on guinea pig cholinesterases resulting from inhalation of HDI. Guinea pigs were exposed to atmospheres of 0.5, 1.8, or 4.0 ppm HDI (ceiling value = 0.02 ppm) for up to 6 hr. Blood samples were drawn prior to exposure and at specified times during exposure. No inhibition of serum cholinesterase was detected following exposure to 0.5 ppm HDI for 6 hr, to 1.8 ppm HDI for 2 hr, or to 4.0 ppm HDI for 3 hr. Similarly, no inhibition was detected when erythrocytes from each blood sample were assayed for acetylcholinesterase activity. Last, animals were sacrificed and cholinesterase activity determined in bronchial lavage fluid. Enzyme levels of HDI-exposed animals were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of control animals exposed to water vapor. In conclusion, although in vitro experiments had demonstrated potent anticholinesterase activity by HDI, in vivo inhalation exposure of guinea pigs to HDI at concentrations 25–200 times above the recommended (ACGIH) ceiling value did not produce measurable inhibition of cholinesterase activity.
Effects of Broiler Litter on Soybean Production and Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations

Although most of the N required by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is provided through the process of symbiotic N 2 fixation, supplemental N using broiler litter may boost soybean grain yields. The effects of broiler litter and commercial fertilizer applications on soybean yield, N and P uptake, and residual soil N and P were evaluated on a Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts) at the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station in Starkville, MS. Treatments were broiler litter application at the rates of 0, 40, 80, 160 kg plant available N (PAN) ha -1 and commercial fertilizer at equivalent to broiler litter PAN and P rates. Soybean grain yield and N and P uptake were quadratically increased with increasing broiler litter and commercial fertilizer application rates. Soybean grain yield and N uptake from broiler litter applications were significantly greater than those from commercial fertilizer. Soybean grain yield was not correlated to soybean P uptake but linearly increased with increasing N uptake. Application of broiler litter at rates > 80 kg PAN ha -1 were not effectively used by soybean as evidenced by declining apparent recovery values, increasing residual soil NO 3 -N concentrations, and increasing P accumulation at the top 15 cm of the soil profile. For every unit of N uptake, broiler litter treatment produced 3.4% more grain yield than commercial fertilizer. The results of this study indicate that application of broiler litter to soybean may be beneficial.
Superposing images with shadow casting

Algorithms for rendering complex and shaded animation sequences are described. The target display device for these image rendering algorithms is a multichannel display based on the superposing technique realized in hardware. An animation sequence is displayed by superposing a dynamic foreground on a static background. The static background can be a very complex scene, and the dynamic foreground can be an image with a simple to medium complexity. These two algorithms were developed based on raytracing. >
Multilaminated bodies and other unusual configurations of endoplasmic reticulum in the cerebellum of the cat. An electron microscopic study.

Multilaminated bodies which are smaller but structurally identical to those previously reported ( 11 ) in neurons of the lateral geniculate body of cats were found in stellate neurons of the cerebellar cortex in the same species. In addition to reporting this finding, attention is called to other unusual formations apparently derived from endoplasmic reticulum. These include clusters of tubules within dendrites and axoplasm and laminar arrays of closely approximated endoplasmic sacs. The last-mentioned arrangement is probably a result of fixation procedures, but the other objects are believed to be present in the living cytoplasm although agonal and early postmortem alterations have not been excluded.
Analysis of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harboring a maize (Zea mays L.) gene for plastid EF-Tu: segregation pattern, expression and effects of the transgene.

We previously reported that transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) carrying a maize (Zea mays L.) gene (Zmeftu1) for chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor, EF-Tu, displays reduced thermal aggregation of leaf proteins, reduced injury to photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids), and enhanced rate of CO2 fixation following exposure to heat stress (18 h at 45°C) [Fu et al. in Plant Mol Biol 68:277–288, 2008]. In the current study, we investigated the segregation pattern and expression of the transgene Zmeftu1 and determined the grain yield of transgenic plants after exposure to a brief heat stress (18 h at 45°C). We also assessed thermal aggregation of soluble leaf proteins in transgenic plants, testing the hypothesis that increased levels of EF-Tu will lead to a non-specific protection of leaf proteins against thermal aggregation. The transgenic wheat displayed a single-gene pattern of segregation of Zmeftu1. Zmeftu1 was expressed, and the transgenic plants synthesized and accumulated three anti-EF-Tu cross-reacting polypeptides of similar molecular mass but different pI, suggesting the possibility of posttranslational modification of this protein. The transgenic plants also showed better grain yield after exposure to heat stress compared with their non-transgenic counterparts. Soluble leaf proteins of various molecular masses displayed lower thermal aggregation in transgenic than in non-transgenic wheat. The results suggest that overexpression of chloroplast EF-Tu can be beneficial to wheat tolerance to heat stress. Moreover, the results also support the hypothesis that EF-Tu contributes to heat tolerance by acting as a molecular chaperone and protecting heat-labile proteins from thermal aggregation in a non-specific manner.
Lack of Unique Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetic Characteristics in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

The single-dose pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin 750 mg were evaluated in six subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF subjects) and six age, sex and approximate weight-matched control subjects (controls). In addition, the effect of concurrently administered oral pancreatic enzyme replacement on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin was studied in 12 CF subjects. Ciprofloxacin t1/2, VSSF, CLF, and CLR in the matched CF subjects averaged 4.5 hours, 2.8 L/kg, 2.73 mL/min/kg and 5.7 mL/min/kg, respectively. Forty-two percent of the ciprofloxacin dose was excreted in the urine (0-48 hours) as the parent compound. No statistically significant differences in these ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were observed between CF and control subjects. In three CF subjects and two controls, the urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin and four of its metabolities were similar. In contrast, CF subjects demonstrated a prolonged tmax (2.3 versus 1.3 hours P less than .05) though ciprofloxacin Cmax was similar (4.7 versus 3.8 mg/L, NS). The concurrent administration of oral pancreatic enzyme replacement had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Apparent ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters in sputum were similar to those observed in serum. Sputum ciprofloxacin concentrations lagged behind serum concentrations but, on average, exceeded serum concentrations for 20 hours of the 24-hour sampling period. These sputum ciprofloxacin concentrations exceeded the reported MIC90 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for approximately 15 hours. These data suggest an oral ciprofloxacin dose of 750 mg administered q8h to promote accumulation and maintenance of sputum drug concentrations well above pathogen MICs for the majority of a dosing interval in patients with CF.
Abstract 4815: Cytomegalovirus enhances glioblastoma via PDGF-B/STAT3 pathway activation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Recently several groups have demonstrated cytomegalovirus (CMV) protein and DNA in a large majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), though the exact role of CMV in tumors remains controversial. Although CMV is capable of activating several oncogenic pathways, it has never been shown to be a transforming virus. Because of this, we hypothesize that CMV infection can modify the rate of gliomagenesis in the context of genetic mutations known to predispose to tumor formation. To test this, we used the Smith strain mouse CMV (MCMV) to infect Mut3 (GFAP-cre; Nf1loxP/+; Trp53-/+) mice that develop normally but eventually develop spontaneous gliomas at an adult age After intraperitoneal viral inoculation, mice exhibited multisystemic infection throughout the body, including the brain. Mut3 mice infected perinatally (103 plaque forming units) developed gliomas significantly sooner than mock-infected Mut3 mice. MCMV-infected mice developed GBMs (WHO grade IV) at a higher rate than less severe tumors, whereas, mock-infected mice developed less severe gliomas (WHO grade III). Since MCMV preferentially infected the neural stem cell (NSC) niche, an area shown to generate gliomas, we interrogated changes in signaling in this population via microarray of cultured NSCs in MCMV- versus Mock-infected mice. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified a PDGF-B network as the highest scoring differentially regulated network between MCMV-and Mock-infected neurospheres. In vitro infection of mouse tumorspheres and human GBM tumorspheres with CMV validated the observed upregulation of PDGF-B, a molecule shown to cause gliomas de novo. Additionally, in vitro infection of human glioma stem cells with HCMV (Towne strain) or exogenous PDGF-B activated STAT3, a key regulator of gliomas. In mice infected with MCMV, PDGF-B is upregulated in CA2/3 neurons and STAT3 is activated in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus suggesting a paracrine effect of MCMV-induced PDGF-B. Also, infected human brain tumor stem cells demonstrated an increase in proliferation via flow cytometry. Taken together, our data suggest that CMV in gliomas may accelerate GBM progression by activating PDGF-B/STAT3 signaling in the NSC population. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4815. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4815
Ethical Advice: Conflict Management vs. Human Rights in Ending Civil Wars

The theory of transitional justice, usually either war crimes tribunals and/or truth commissions, rests on the assumption that after internal conflict, societies must learn and accept the truth of what sort of violence has occurred in order to build a functioning, united society, and that any solution which omits such policies should be rejected. There is no empirical support for this assumption. Moreover, acting on it implies that civil war should be continued. Conflict resolution theory asserts that all major players, including those who have committed atrocities, must be involved in the settlement if it is to be stable. This seems a more appropriate strategy, especially when dealing with someone else's country and war.
Calculation of optimum airfoils using direct solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations

A method has been developed which calculates the optimum airfoil shape at a specified operating condition. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a turbulence model are used as the governing equations for the fluid flow, and are explicitly introduced into the optimization analysis as constraint equations. The locations of all grid points which define the surface of the airfoil are design variables, eliminating the need for shape functions to describe changes in the airfoil geometry. A generalized reduced-gradient method is used to find the optimum airfoil shape. The use of a direct solution technique (Newton's method) to solve the Navier-Stokes equations allows for the efficient solution of the problem. This paper describes the optimization method and presents sample results.
Ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine disorders: approaches and medical management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disorders of the endocrine system may present with various ophthalmic signs, symptoms, and pathology. Early detection, prevention, and monitoring of these manifestations can significantly benefit morbidity associated with such disease states including permanent visual dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies highlight the importance of early diagnosis in reducing the long-term complications associated with these endocrine conditions, although these observations are mostly based on case reports and case series. SUMMARY This review will focus on the connection of endocrine-related disease states with the development of specific ophthalmic pathology and is geared towards the general medical practitioner. The focus of the treating physician should be on facilitating early diagnosis to prevent potentially blinding complications.
Evolution of the Tryptophan Biosynthetic Pathway inBuchnera(Aphid Endosymbionts): Studies of Plasmid-AssociatedtrpEGwithin the GenusUroleucon

Aphids obtain tryptophan from prokaryotic endosymbionts assigned to the genus Buchnera. The rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan biosynthes, anthranilate synthase, is encoded by the genes trpE and trpG. In Buchnera within the family Aphididae, trpEG is plasmid-borne, apparently as an adaptation to overproduce tryptophan for hosts. To explore the evolution of these plasmids, sequences for trpEG, the upstream region containing the plasmid origin of replication, and chromosomal trpB were obtained for Buchnera of three species in the aphid genus Uroleucon and analyzed together with sequences for six other aphid species. Phylogenies based on trpB and trpEG agree with each other and with previous views of aphid phylogeny. Synonymous substitutions are about twice as high for plasmid-borne genes as for chromosomal genes in the same lineages, suggesting higher mutation rates for genes on plasmids. Nonsynonymous rates for trpEG are accelerated within Buchnera of Uroleucon, indicating a change in selection intensity within this genus. Accelerated evolution within Uroleucon also seems to characterize the upstream region containing the putative origin of replication.
Missile Electronic System Hardness Assurance Program

A hardness assurance program suitable for a retaliatory or deterrent missile system is discussed. The program consists of three phases: the establishment of suitable controls and screens to ensure piece part hardness, a supplier data monitoring program to measure hardness related parameters in a timely fashion to obtain advanced warning of potential problems, and a hardness assurance verification testing (HAVT) program to periodically measure the radiation response of parts, circuits, subsystems, and systems on a sample basis to ensure proper functioning in simulated radiation environments. All of the data relevant to hardness assurance is stored in computer memory and routinely interrogated with programs which compare current results with the engineering baseline data and other data from preceding lots. Other computer programs enable statistical estimation of system response to the radiation environment with confidence based on the expanding data base provided by the HAVT program.
Decadal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Subtropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D.

We present a 271-year record of Sr/Ca variability in a coral from Rarotonga in the South Pacific gyre. Calibration with monthly sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite and ship measurements made in a grid measuring 1 degrees by 1 degrees over the period from 1981 to 1997 indicates that this Sr/Ca record is an excellent proxy for SST. Comparison with SST from ship measurements made since 1950 in a grid measuring 5 degrees by 5 degrees also shows that the Sr/Ca data accurately record decadal changes in SST. The entire Sr/Ca record back to 1726 shows a distinct pattern of decadal variability, with repeated decadal and interdecadal SST regime shifts greater than 0. 75 degrees C. Comparison with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific, as represented by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (1900-1997), indicates that several of the largest decadal-scale SST variations at Rarotonga are coherent with SST regime shifts in the North Pacific. This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacific Ocean.
The rationale for the daily use of an antimicrobial mouthrinse.

ABSTRACT Background This article reviews the rationale for incorporating effective antimicrobial mouthrinses into a daily oral hygiene regimen along with mechanical plaque control methods. Types of Studies Reviewed The author reviewed studies demonstrating the essential etiologic role of a pathogenic dental plaque biofilm in the development of gingivitis, as well as studies indicating that most people fail to maintain a level of mechanical plaque control sufficient to prevent disease. In addition, he did a brief review of studies of oral microbial ecology that identified the oral mucosal tissues as a reservoir of bacteria that colonize tooth surfaces, and he summarized six-month clinical studies of marketed antimicrobial mouthrinse ingredients and products. Conclusions There is a twofold rationale for daily use of antimicrobial mouthrinses: first, given the inadequacy of mechanical plaque control by the majority of people, as a component added to oral hygiene regimens for the control and prevention of periodontal diseases; second, as a method of delivering antimicrobial agents to mucosal sites throughout the mouth that harbor pathogenic bacteria capable of recolonizing supragingival and subgingival tooth surfaces, thereby providing a complementary mechanism of plaque control. The efficacy of several mouthrinse ingredients and products is supported by published six-month clinical trials. Clinical Implications The daily use of an effective antiplaque/antigingivitis antimicrobial mouthrinse is well-supported by a scientific rationale and can be a valuable component of oral hygiene regimens.
Some metabolic and nutritional aspects of chronic arthritis

1. The etiologic and pathologic factors productive of arthritis are many. 2. The syndrome is characterized by imbalance of at least three, if not four, of the major systems of the body. 3. Prominent among these is the gastro-intestinal tract which suffers imbalance and dysfunction of a demonstrable nature. 4. Correction of these depends upon a broad and co-ordinated program in which properly balanced and restricted dietaries play an important role. 5. Recent studies show that the swelling of the soft tissues which accompanies chronic arthritis, is referable, in part at least, to a condition resembling a low-grade oedema. 6. Further justification for the use of the balanced and restricted dietaries described is to be seen in the extent to which, in a sustained way, these draw upon the water reserves of the body and promote subsidence of this tumefaction. 7. The oedema mentioned is also open to modification, or correction, by measures which promote equilibrium in the finer vascular system such as is afforded by recumbency associated with physical therapy and postural exercises. 8. The available evidence, suggests that at least part of the stiffness and pain characterizing arthritis is referable to the excess fluids confined within limiting membranes of various kinds.
Preparation of crystals suitable for profile angle measurement

Well developed crystals may be obtained by the spontaneous evaporation at room temperature of relatively large volumes of saturated solutions of sparely soluble compounds. A microscope slide may be made to hold up to 1 ml of solution by greasing its edges.
Creative ability, the laboratory environment, and scientific performance

Scientists and engineers, like other people, vary in their ability to be creative. Although some jobs in R & D are of a purely routine nature, it is commonly believed that creative ability is a useful attribute for the man in the laboratory. Yet when we measured the creative ability of some scientists and engineers, we found no simple relationship between it and their performance. Upon further exploration, we learned that whether or not creative ability “paid off” depended upon the man's laboratory environment. This paper describes the environments which proved to be good climates for creativity.
Vorticity measurement in a region of coastal ocean eddies by observation of near-inertial oscillations

Continuously repeated hourly profiles of horizontal velocity have been collected with the Cartesian diver profiler on each side of a front. The location was roughly 100 km west of Point Buchon, California, in a region of the California current dominated by offshore coastal jets and strong eddies. Concurrent temperature records from the quasi-Lagrangian diver indicate that one set of 21 profiles was taken on the southerly side of the front with cold surface water, while an immediately following set of 16 was collected on the other side. For the 3 day collection period, average advection of the diver was .2 m/s to the WNW. The horizontal kinetic energy levels of the profiles are the same for either side of the front, and are 4.2 J/m³, roughly twice the Garrett-Munk model level, but these also include subinertial baroclinic velocities. Cross spectral analysis of the repeated profiles is used to determine the dominant intrinsic rotation frequencies of horizontal velocity for vertical wavenumbers between .00625 and .019 cpm. In the absence of local vorticity, this would be expected to be the local inertial frequency f. On the cold (southerly) side of the front, most rotation frequencies were above f, while most were below f on the warm side. The mean frequencies were 1.18f and 0.78f. The difference between these dominant intrinsic frequencies and f can be attributed to local relative vorticity. These vorticity estimates are consistent with the westward advection of the diver being due to positions first south of then north of the central region of an offshore jet.
The constrictor action of various anti-glaucoma drugs on the iris artery of the cat

Abstract It has previously been reported that acetazolamide lowers intraocular pressure of the cat by a mechanism involving constriction of the iris artery. This study was undertaken to determine whether other anti-glaucoma agents may also act by this means. Of the agents tested, L -epinephrine, L -arterenol, D,L -isoproterenol, pilocarpine, eserine, DFP, demecarium bromide, and ouabain all produced a constriction of the iris artery in isolated, arterially perfused iris-ciliary body preparations. It is significant that the one common effect on intraocular pressure of these pharmacologically dissimilar agents is underlined by a common denominator of vasoconstriction, similar to that reported for acetazolamide.
Geological factors related to characteristics of sea-floor manganese nodule deposits

Abstract The effect of geological factors such as environment of deposition, sediment type, water depth, and local topography on nodule abundance and composition are studied. Nodule abundance depends strongly on sedimentation rates, with the most abundant deposits occurring where sedimentation is lowest. Copper enrichment is due to its concentration by planktonic organisms limited to equatorial regions. Cobalt enrichment, generally greater in crusts than in nodules, is associated with volcanic seamounts in the mid-Pacific region. Regional variations in nickel content and the inverse correlation between grade and abundance are discussed.
Altared selves: Sacrifice and substitution in Balzac's Père Goriot

(2008). Altared Selves: Sacrifice and Substitution in Balzac's Pere Goriot. The Explicator: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 85-88.
Selective chromatic adaptation in primate photoreceptors.

Abstract The size of the late receptor potential is used as a response index to investigate selective chromatic adaptation in the cone photoreceptors of cynamolgous macaque monkeys. Large effects, consistent with the classical trichromatic view, are found. The responses to light pulses of red and green cones are of exactly the same shape; those from blue cones appear to have a longer time constant. The results indicate that the relative contributions of potentials of the three kinds of cones to the measured late receptor potential are unequal.
1051 LACK OF A ROLE FOR RENAL RENIN (RCRC) IN DETERMINING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MYOGLOBINURIC RENAL FAILURE (ARF) IN THE ABSENCE OF CHANGES IN Na INTAKE

We have investigated the role of changes in RCRC (independent of Na intake) in determining susceptibility to ARF. RCRC was altered in either direction from control (Grp A - normal Na intake) in S.D. rats by 1% NaCl drinking + S.Q. DOCA for 4 wks (Grp B) or by a low Na diet for 6 wks (Grp C). For the next 5 days the animals were continued on the previous Na intake (Grp B1 & C1),normal Na intake (Grp B2 & C2), or 1% NaCl (Grp C3). On the 5th day the 24 hour urinary Na, C1 and Osm excretions were determined and random members from each group were sacrificed for RCRC determination. ARF was induced in the rest by injection of 10 mg/kg of 50% glycerol. Tail vein BUN's were done; results are shown (mean ± SEM). The number of animals in parenthesis.
Present and future treatment modalities for gastrointestinal diseases in cystic fibrosis

In recent years knowledge of the basic defect of CF has increased enormously. Many new drugs and treatment strategies are being introduced in the clinic. Nevertheless, there are a number of unsolved problems in the treatment of malabsorption and malnutrition. In spite of innovative technical and pharmacological improvement of pancreatic enzyme preparations maldigestion is still a problem. Better enzymes and coatings are needed. The integrated action of enzymatic digestion, intestinal motility and absorption is not under control. The role of malnutrition in the development of complications and in the outcome of the disease is still under discussion. The importance of a high energy intake is now generally accepted, but the question is how to achieve this. Tube feeding, endoscopic gastrostomy and the use of diets with a high energy content are becoming more popular. In CF the relationship between gastro-oesophageal reflux and lung complications is not well understood, but GER is frequently recognized. In the absence of CF GER is also associated with a number of pulmonary and upper airway diseases. The incidence of liver fibrosis and cholestatic liver disease is increasing with age. The problem is how to identify the patients at risk. The use of choleretic drugs has shown promising results in preliminary studies. Gene therapy in pancreatic and gastrointestinal pathology will be restricted to the liver. The biliary tract could be an interesting target, if patients at risk can be identified. In conclusion, new drugs and new strategies are necessary for the future implementation of the results of new insights in CF.
Review article: Vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy

Vitamin D metabolism is altered in the pregnant animal, presumably in response to fetal demands for calcium. Circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are elevated in the pregnant animal. The stimulus of this increase and the hydroxylase(s) (placental or renal) responsible are unknown. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels have been reported to be both unchanged and decreased during pregnancy but very much dependent upon exposure to ultraviolet light and vitamin D supplementation. The major vitamin D metabolites (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) circulate in fetal plasma but generally at lower concentrations than in the mother (exception is the sheep). All of these metabolites are able to cross the placenta. The fetal kidney and placenta both have 25-hydroxyvitamin D1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylase activity. However, the relative contribution of mother, fetus, and placenta to fetal vitamin D metabolism has yet to be fully determined.
Turbulence modeling for complex shear flows

The turbulence models available for the prediction of complex turbulent shear layers are reviewed in this paper, concentrating mainly on three-dimensional flows, flows subjected to curvature and body rotation, separated flows, and vortex flows. A critical review of zero-equation, one-equation, two-equation, algebraic Reynolds stress, and full Reynolds stress models are carried out, with a specific emphasis on their applicability to complex flows. It is concluded that algebraic eddy viscosity models and kappa-epsilon/kappa-omega models, with a constant value of coefficients, are not adequate for complex flows. The models which include a description of stresses, either through an algebraic Reynolds stress model or a full Reynolds stress model, are essential for adequate prediction of these flows. It is recommended that systematic experimental investigations be carried out to isolate various complex interactions in order to understand and model the various effects and to carry out an extension of the present models to include complex flows.
Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders

Neural membranes contain several classes of glycerophospholipids which turnover at different rates with respect to their structure and localization in different cells and membranes. The glycerophospholipid composition of neural membranes greatly alters their functional efficacy. The length of glycerophospholipid acyl chain and the degree of saturation are important determinants of many membrane characteristics including the formation of lateral domains that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Receptor-mediated degradation of glycerophospholipids by phospholipases A(l), A(2), C, and D results in generation of second messengers such as arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, platelet activating factor and diacylglycerol. Thus, neural membrane phospholipids are a reservoir for second messengers. They are also involved in apoptosis, modulation of activities of transporters, and membrane-bound enzymes. Marked alterations in neural membrane glycerophospholipid composition have been reported to occur in neurological disorders. These alterations result in changes in membrane fluidity and permeability. These processes along with the accumulation of lipid peroxides and compromised energy metabolism may be responsible for the neurodegeneration observed in neurological disorders.
Integrating Performance Measurement and Program Evaluation to Promote Understanding

In this extended abstract, we describe the trend in reporting performance assessments of publicly funded social programs as a result of public demands for accountability and its effect on evaluation. XSEDE's Training, Education, and Outreach Services (TEOS) external evaluation team outlines the differences between performance measurement and program evaluation, makes a case for their integration, and describes their effort to design and implement such an evaluation within XSEDE. Plans for integrating the developing performance measurement system and program evaluation within TEOS are discussed as well as initial steps toward integration to date.
Synthesis, structure, and physical properties of Ce2PdGa10

Abstract A new ternary compound, Ce 2 PdGa 10 , has been synthesized using Ga flux and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Ce 2 PdGa 10 adopts a tetragonal structure in the I 4 / mmm space group and is isostructural to Ce 2 NiGa 10 . Lattice parameters are a = 4.3230 ( 3 ) A , c = 26.536 ( 3 ) A , V = 495.91 ( 7 ) A 3 , and Z = 2 . The compound is metallic (d ρ/ d T >0), with the resistance decreasing roughly linearly with temperature from 300 to 175 K. The magnetic susceptibility of Ce 2 PdGa 10 is consistent with local-moment paramagnetism and no long-range magnetic ordering occurs down to 2 K. A large positive magnetoresistance over 200% is observed at 2 K for fields of 9 T. In this paper, we present the structure and physical properties of Ce 2 PdGa 10 and compared them to CePdGa 6 .
Influences of Clinical Factors on Marginal Adaptation and Residual Mercury Content of Amalgam

Clinical factors affecting residual mercury and marginal adaptations of amalgam restorations in a private practice environment were investigated. Findings, converted to ridit values, indicated that influencing factors are the training level of the dental assistants, type of amalgamator, accuracy of the timing device, and method of condensation.
Resection and repair of lateraltennis elbow

Abstract Lateral tennis elbow is an overuse injury caused by degenerative tendinosis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis. It may lead to lateral elbow pain in athletes. Although the vast majority of patients with this malady can be cured through conservative measures, some require surgical management for ultimate cure. We recommend excision of the pathologic tissue without release of adjacent motor units. This approach has led to symptomatic improvement in 97% of surgically treated patients.
Survey of Forkhead Domain Encoding Genes in the Drosophila Genome: Classification and Embryonic Expression Patterns

Genetic approaches in Drosophila led to the identification of Forkhead, the prototype of forkhead domain transcription factors that are now known to comprise an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins with essential roles in development and differentiation. Sequence analysis of the recently published genomic scaffold sequence from Drosophila melanogaster has allowed us to determine the presumably full complement of forkhead domain encoding genes in this species. We show herein that the Drosophila genome contains 17 forkhead domain encoding genes; 13 of these genes have orthologs in chordate species, and their products can be assigned to 10 of the 17 forkhead domain subclasses known from chordates. One Drosophila forkhead domain gene only has a Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog and may represent a subclass that is absent in chordates, while the remaining three cannot be classified. We present the mRNA expression patterns of seven previously uncharacterized members of this gene family and show that they are expressed in tissues from all three germ layers, including central and peripheral nervous system, epidermis, salivary gland primordia, endoderm, somatic mesoderm, and hemocyte progenitors. Furthermore, the expression patterns of two of these genes, fd19B and fd102C, suggest a role for them as gap genes during early embryonic head segmentation.
Chaos and fluctuations in quantum dots

Abstract We consider the influence of chaotic classical dynamics on the spectrum and conducting properties of semiconductor quantum dots in the nearly-isolated (Coulomb blockade) regime. In this regime the amplitude of the Coulomb blockade oscillations are found to fluctuate strongly from peak to peak and as a function of magnetic field. Microscopic calculations are performed on Robnik's model, a class of billiards obtained by quadratic conformal transformations of the unit disk. It is known that small distortions of this system from cylindrical symmetry lead to fully chaotic classical dynamics and a quantum spectrum well-described by the Wigner-Dyson random matrix ensembles. We show that in the chaotic regime the levels are rapidly fluctuating as a function of shape and comment on the implications of these results for quantum dot superlattices. We derive a universal one-parameter distribution describing the fluctuations of the resonance amplitudes in the regime where a single thermally-broadened level dominates. Breaking time-reversal symmetry with a weak magnetic field is shown to change this distribution substantially, an effect which should be experimentally observable. We find excellent agreement between numerical results from Robnik's model and the random-matrix model in the chaotic limit, and the expected disagreement in the regular limit. This indicates that this fluctuation phenomenon can distinguish between regular and chaotic dot potentials.
Comparison of Interrater Reliability on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking for Gifted and Nongifted Students.

Despite their widespread use in identifying and evaluating programs for gifted and talented students, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were standardized on samples that excluded gifted children. The interrater reliability of measures like the TTCT has been questioned repeatedly, yet studies with average students have demonstrated high interrater reliability. This study compares the interrater reliability of the TTCT for groups of gifted and nongifted elementary-school-aged students. Results indicated most interrater reliability coefficients exceeding .90 for both gifted and nongifted groups. However, multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant mean differences across the three self-trained raters for both gifted and nongifted groups. Consequently, use of a single scorer to evaluate TTCT protocols is recommended, especially where specific cutoff scores are used to select students.
The role of auxiliary assumptions in the falsification of ergonomics theories

Based on the accusations that some important ergonomics theories are not falsifiable, the present article reflects on the issue in a different way than has been previously presented by ergonomics researchers. This discussion highlights the importance of auxiliary assumptions in deriving testable predictions and emphasises the complications that result from understanding falsification. These arguments are made more concrete by considering them in the context of an important ergonomics theory that has been the target of falsification-related accusations – Multiple Resource Theory. Finally, the implications of this specific discussion for larger philosophical issues relevant to the falsification of ergonomics theories are explicated.
Revision of the Calceolaria tripartita s. l. species complex (Calceolariaceae) using multivariate analyses of morphological characters

The morphological variation of the Calceolaria tripartita species complex was evaluated using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of morphological characters. Fourteen quantitative characters were measured on more than 250 herbarium specimens. The results suggest the recognition of three entities based on floral characters, especially stamen morphology. The distinction between C. mandoniana , C. chelidonioides and C. tripartita s.s. is not supported. The morphological differences between the closely related C. tripartita s.s. and C. chelidonioides were also analyzed using two characters previously used to differentiate them. Finally, the morphological variation of C. tripartita s.s. throughout its geographical range and at an intra-population level was also surveyed. Even though this species is highly variable, no further subdivision is supported morphologically. A taxonomic synopsis and a key to species of the Calceolaria tripartita species complex are provided.
Birth defects surveillance in Florida: infant death certificates as a case ascertainment source.

BACKGROUND: Completeness of case ascertainment is a concern for all birth defects registries and generally requires a multisource approach. Using infant death certificates as one case ascertainment source may identify cases of birth defects that would have otherwise been missed. We sought to examine the utility of adding infant death certificates to the Florida Birth Defect Registry's (FBDR) case ascertainment methods and to determine what factors are associated with the registry's failure to capture infants that die from birth defects. METHODS: FBDR cases from 1999 to 2006 were matched to a statewide linked birth-infant death file. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the FBDR's ability to capture infants with a birth defect-related cause of death (COD) and identify conditions most commonly missed. Factors associated with the FBDR's failure to capture an infant who died from a birth defect during the first year of life were identified with logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were 2558 (21.1%) infant deaths with birth defects listed as the underlying or an associated COD, of which the FBDR captured 73.3%. Most often missed defects included malformation of the coronary vessels, lung hypoplasia/dysplasia, anencephaly, and unspecified congenital malformations. Logistic regression identified gestational age/birth weight, age at death, autopsy decision, plurality, adequacy of prenatal care, and maternal nativity as factors associated with the FBDR's failure to capture an infant with a birth defect-related COD. CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall potential contribution of infant death certificates to the FBDR is small, this source contributes to the prevalence of specific defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ENVIRONMENTAL SHOCK AND EXPORT OPPORTUNITY

What happens to export markets when the nations in which customers reside experience a sudden, unanticipated change in a relevant aspect of the environment? Which goods exported to these nations tend to be affected more than others? The study reported in this paper examines the impact that the oil shock of the 1970s had on world export markets. This sudden environmental change caused some nations to obtain sudden wealth and others to experience instant economic problems. The findings of the study illustrate the range of consequences for export markets that can occur, depending on the manner in which nations are affected by sudden change.