cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hidden Emotions: Preschoolers' Knowledge of Appearance-Reality and Emotion Display Rules

This study examines preschoolers' knowledge of the distinction between real and apparent emotion and of emotion display rules. Additionally, the study focuses on the ways in which gender and specific emotion type may impact the preschooler's understanding. Previous work has found young children to have a limited understanding of these two concepts. Nevertheless, preschoolers have been shown to comprehend the appearance-reality distinction as it pertains to objects, to possess a mentalistic understanding of emotion, and to actually use display rules. This study's findings show that in contrast to earlier work, and perhaps in relation to the competence-performance distinction, preschoolers do clearly distinguish between real and apparent emotions and do understand many of the social display rules governing emotional expression. Gender and emotion type were also shown to play a role in this understanding. The findings support the view that children have initial knowledge about mentalistic aspects of emotion ...
Decompositions of graphs into forests with bounded maximum degree

Abstract A forest decomposition of a multigraph G is a family of edge-disjoint subforests of G whose edge sets cover all edges of G. The minimum number of forests in a forest decomposition of G is called the arboricity of G is denoted by Y(G). The well-known result of Nash-Williams states that Y(G)=max{⌈ |E(h)| |V(H)| −1⌉} , where the maximum is taken over all induced subgraphs H of G with at least two vertices. A natural question arises: How does the Nash-Williams formula change if forests to be used in decompositions have maximum degrees bounded by a given integer d? The minimum number of such forests necessary to decompose G will be denoted by Yd(G). In this paper we propose and study the following conjecture: For every multigraph G and for every d⩾2, Y d (G)= Δ(G) d or Δ(G) d +1 if Y(G)= Δ(G) d , max Y(G), Δ(G) d otherwise . otherwise. We show that the conjecture is true in the case when d⩾Δ(G)+1−Y(G) and also for complete multigraphs K(λ)n and complete bipartite multigraphs K(λ)m,n. In the case when d=2 and G is regular our conjecture reduces to Y2(G)=Y(G) and generalizes the Linear Arboricity Conjecture.
Inverse analysis method using MPP-based dimension reduction for reliability-based design optimization of nonlinear and multi-dimensional systems

Abstract There are two commonly used analytical reliability analysis methods: linear approximation – first-order reliability method (FORM), and quadratic approximation – second-order reliability method (SORM), of the performance function. The reliability analysis using FORM could be acceptable in accuracy for mildly nonlinear performance functions, whereas the reliability analysis using SORM may be necessary for accuracy of nonlinear and multi-dimensional performance functions. Even though the reliability analysis using SORM may be accurate, it is not as much used for probability of failure calculation since SORM requires the second-order sensitivities. Moreover, the SORM-based inverse reliability analysis is rather difficult to develop. This paper proposes an inverse reliability analysis method that can be used to obtain accurate probability of failure calculation without requiring the second-order sensitivities for reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of nonlinear and multi-dimensional systems. For the inverse reliability analysis, the most probable point (MPP)-based dimension reduction method (DRM) is developed. Since the FORM-based reliability index (β) is inaccurate for the MPP search of the nonlinear performance function, a three-step computational procedure is proposed to improve accuracy of the inverse reliability analysis: probability of failure calculation using constraint shift, reliability index update, and MPP update. Using the three steps, a new DRM-based MPP is obtained, which estimates the probability of failure of the performance function more accurately than FORM and more efficiently than SORM. The DRM-based MPP is then used for the next design iteration of RBDO to obtain an accurate optimum design even for nonlinear and/or multi-dimensional system. Since the DRM-based RBDO requires more function evaluations, the enriched performance measure approach (PMA+) with new tolerances for constraint activeness and reduced rotation matrix is used to reduce the number of function evaluations.
Synthesis and properties of aluminum-based metallic glasses containing rare earths

Abstract A new family of metallic glasses containing up to 92 at.% of aluminum has been synthesized in Al-TM-RE (where TM = transition metals, RE = yttrium and rare earths) alloy systems using a melt-spinning technique. The atomic structure, mechanical properties, thermal and mechanical stability of these metallic glasses have been studied. Structural studies by pulsed neutron and X-ray scattering indicate a strong interaction between Al and transition metal atoms, which may be responsible for the high glass formability of these alloys. Furthermore, the results show that the rare earth atoms play an important role in stabilizing the amorphous structure in these alloys. Mechanical testing reveals that these Al-based metallic glasses have high tensile strengths up to ∼ 1300 MPa, approximately three times that of conventional aluminum alloys. Experimental results show that the tensile strength of these glassy alloys approaches the theoretical value. Thermal stability studies suggest that the formation of these Al-based metallic glasses is rather unusual, since they can readily be formed in the regions where a eutectic region is absent. It was found that the glass formability of these alloys is greatly enhanced by replacing a few percent of rare earth with a second transition metal element. As a result, sub-millimeter thick amorphous ribbons can be obtained at slow cooling rates. It may be possible to obtain bulk amorphous alloys by further optimizing the composition. High tensile strengths combined with good glass formability make these Al glasses ideal candidates for high-strength low-density materials.
Global Context Recovery: A New Strategy for Syntactic Error Recovery by Table-Drive Parsers

Described is a method for syntactic error recovery that is compatible with deterministic parsing methods and that is able to recover from many errors more quickly than do other schemes because it performs global context recovery. The method relies on fiducial symbols, which are typically reserved key words of a language, to provide mileposts for error recovery. The method has been applied to LL(1) parsers, for which a detailed algorithm is given, and informally proved correct. The algorithm will always recover and return control to the parser if the text being analyzed satisfies only minimal requirements: that it contains one or more occurrences of fiducial symbols following the point at which an error is detected. Tables needed for error recovery have been automatically generated, along with parsing tables, by a parser constructor for the LL(1) grammars.A theoretical characterization of fiducial symbols is given, and the utility of this characterization in practice is discussed. It has been applied to a grammar for the programming language Pascal to aid in selection of a set of fiducial symbols. The error recovery scheme has been tested on a set of student-written Pascal program texts and is compared with other error recovery strategies.
Frequency selective heteronuclear dipolar recoupling in rotating solids: accurate (13)C-(15)N distance measurements in uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled peptides.

We describe a magic-angle spinning NMR experiment for selective 13C−15N distance measurements in uniformly 13C,15N-labeled solids, where multiple 13C−15N and 13C−13C interactions complicate the accurate measurement of structurally interesting, weak 13C−15N dipolar couplings. The new experiment, termed FSR (frequency selective REDOR), combines the REDOR pulse sequence with a frequency selective spin−echo to recouple a single 13C−15N dipolar interaction in a multiple spin system. Concurrently the remaining 13C−15N dipolar couplings and all 13C−13C scalar couplings to the selected 13C are suppressed. The 13C−15N coupling of interest is extracted by a least-squares fit of the experimentally observed modulation of the 13C spin−echo intensity to the analytical expression describing the dipolar dephasing in an isolated heteronuclear spin pair under conventional REDOR. The experiment is demonstrated in three uniformly 13C,15N-labeled model systems: asparagine, N-acetyl-l-Val-l-Leu and N-formyl-l-Met-l-Leu-l-Phe;...
Polarization of infrared-active in-plane modes in a monoclinic molecular crystal

The absorption of eleven in-plane (Buf) modes of monoclinic adipic acid [HOOC(CH2)4 COOH] was investigated as a function of the angle between the electric vector of the radiation beam and the crystallographic c-axis in order to obtain information concerning the interrelationship between frequency-dependent dielectric axes, directions of transition moment vectors, and chemical structure in a molecular crystal with low symmetry. Some approximations which have been used in the past to interpret absorption spectra obtained with polarized infrared radiation are briefly evaluated and the applicability of the results to some related systems is discussed.
What limits tool use in nonhuman primates? Insights from tufted capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus spp.) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) aligning three-dimensional objects to a surface

Perceptuomotor functions that support using hand tools can be examined in other manipulation tasks, such as alignment of objects to surfaces. We examined tufted capuchin monkeys’ and chimpanzees’ performance at aligning objects to surfaces while managing one or two spatial relations to do so. We presented six subjects of each species with a single stick to place into a groove, two sticks of equal length to place into two grooves, or two sticks joined as a T to place into a T-shaped groove. Tufted capuchins and chimpanzees performed equivalently on these tasks, aligning the straight stick to within 22.5° of parallel to the groove in approximately half of their attempts to place it, and taking more attempts to place the T stick than two straight sticks. The findings provide strong evidence that tufted capuchins and chimpanzees do not reliably align even one prominent axial feature of an object to a surface, and that managing two concurrent allocentric spatial relations in an alignment problem is significantly more challenging to them than managing two sequential relations. In contrast, humans from 2 years of age display very different perceptuomotor abilities in a similar task: they align sticks to a groove reliably on each attempt, and they readily manage two allocentric spatial relations concurrently. Limitations in aligning objects and in managing two or more relations at a time significantly constrain how nonhuman primates can use hand tools.
Image enhancement: A review

We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
Deconstructing Postracialism: Humor as a Critical, Cultural Project

Postracialism pervades public discourse and positions race and racism as ancient history with little bearing on contemporary culture. This orientation impedes discourse on race in education, politi...
Effects of Selected Credit Programs on Farm Financial Survival

A computer simulation model is used to determine the effects of policies designed to reduce interest rates and/or loan payments on firm solvency, profitability and cashflow adequacy for a representative eastern Corn Belt farm. A state linked deposit program and the FmHA's Interest Rate Reduction and Debt Deferral programs are analyzed under low, medium and high levels of farm financial leverage. The FmHA Interest Rate Reduction program provides some improvement (relative to the base case) in firm profitability, solvency and cashflow at the 40 percent debt-to-asset level, with the ending debt-to-asset ratio below that at the beginning of the simulation. This same policy, applied to the 70 percent beginning debt-to-asset case, results in increased debt-to-asset ratios over, and a negative cashflow at the end of the eight-year simulation. The linked deposit program provides similar, but substantially less, improvement in these financial measures than the FmHA Reduction plan due to its limit to operating loans. Firm solvency tends to deteriorate over the eight-year simulation period under the FmHA Debt Deferral scenario, and the 70 percent debt-to-asset case is insolvent by year eight.
Steroid Profiling by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Adrenal Diseases

The ability to measure steroid hormone concentrations in blood and urine specimens is central to the diagnosis and proper treatment of adrenal diseases. The traditional approach has been to assay each steroid hormone, precursor, or metabolite using individual aliquots of serum, each with a separate immunoassay. For complex diseases, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenocortical cancer, in which the assay of several steroids is essential for management, this approach is time consuming and costly, in addition to using large amounts of serum. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry profiling of steroid metabolites in urine has been employed for many years but only in a small number of specialized laboratories and suffers from slow throughput. The advent of commercial high-performance liquid chromatography instruments coupled to tandem mass spectrometers offers the potential for medium- to high-throughput profiling of serum steroids using small quantities of sample. Here, we review the physical principles of mass spectrometry, the instrumentation used for these techniques, the terminology used in this field and applications to steroid analysis.
Rearing the Long-Nosed Cattle Louse and Cattle Biting Louse on Host Animals in Oregon

During the spring and summer months in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, populations of cattle lice normally decline. However, when the cattle were restrained from self-grooming, small natural infestations of the long-nosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli (L.) , as well as populations transferred to noninfested hosts, invariably built up to large numbers and persisted. Mixed populations of L. vituli and the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), built up simultaneously on the same host. L. vituti tended to congregate on the lower and B. bovis on the upper body regions. This. finding suggested the existence of some, degree of antagonism between the 2 species, since when either was the sole infesting louse it tended to occupy most. body regions with considerable uniformity. When an infected host was allowed to self-groom, it quickly reduced or entirely eliminated its population of lice.
Effects of Na saccharin feeding and urine on barrier properties of excised rat urinary bladder

Abstract When male rats of certain strains are fed a diet with 3% or more Na saccharin, their urinary bladders develop epithelial hyperplasia and a greater incidence of tumors. Since the daily dose of saccharin is high, a link between tumor formation and the disruption of urothelial physiologic and biochemical processes has been sought. We fed male and female Sprague-Dawley rats a saccharin-free or 7.5% Na saccharin diet for 1 month. Excised bladders were mounted in flux chambers and exposed to Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) or urine. Bioelectric properties and 22 Na, 36 Cl, and [ 14 C]mannitol or [ 3 H]mannitol unidirectional fluxes were measured by conventional techniques. No differences were noted between bladders from male and female animals or between Na saccharin-fed animals and animals fed the saccharin-free diet. When both surfaces of the epithelium were exposed to KRB, transepithelial dc conductance fell over 4 hr to 50% of the initial value. Conductance averaged 1.4 mS/cm 2 . Transepithelial potential difference (PD) was usually lumen negative and averaged 0.7 mV. Unidirectional permeability coefficients for 36 Cl, 22 Na, and radiomannitol were symmetric, proportional to conductance, and followed a rank order compatible with unrestricted passive diffusion. Exposure of the bladder lumen to urine from animals fed saccharin-free or Na saccharin diet hyperpolarized the transepithelial PD by more than 5 mV and raised conductance nearly threefold. Permeability coefficients remained symmetric and compatible with passive diffusion. Exposure of the lumen to solutions with the K + , Na + , and Cl − concentrations and osmolality of urine simulated the conductance and PD effects of urine. We conclude that Na saccharin feeding or urine with saccharin does not uniquely affect the permeability of the excised preparation. Small hydrophilic solutes appear to cross the bladder epithelium through paracellular channels which increase in aggregate area during exposure of the lumen to urine. The hyperpolarization induced by lumenal urine is the consequence of the transepithelial K + gradient.
The Greek Revival in America and Some of its Critics

The so-called Classic Revival movement in American architecture was many-sided. For Jefferson, who may be called its initiator, it was a means to simpler, grander, more dignified buildings—which, incidentally, were more convenient. For Nicholas Biddle, who had visited Paestum, it was the attempt to recreate in America the emotional beauty and power which he had felt before the Greek temples there—an experience of a new beauty which had hit him with the force of a religious revelation. There was in it thus from the beginning a double element: one, purely architectural, that is, purely devoted to the enhancement of actual, necessary, convenient, and workable structures; the other, almost purely emotional and associative. The first sought inspiration in the past for new designs for the present; the second sought models to copy.
Polarimetry of inhomogeneous films of anisotropic crystallites: birefringence in BaTiO 3 thin films

We describe a polarimetric investigation of an inhomogeneous film of anisotropic crystallites, for which the crystallite size cannot be resolved by the polarimeter. We present a model of the film as a collection of stacks of randomly selected linear wave plates and present a simulation of the polarimeter output with the model film as the specimen. We analyze the simulation results in terms of a stopped random walk on the Poincare sphere. The simulation results are sensitive to the spatial resolution of the polarimeter, crystallite size, film thickness, and the presence of isotropic phases. When all but one variable can be determined independently, the model can be used to estimate the remaining variable. The results reproduce linear-birefringence-type measurements on polycrystalline BaTiO3 thin films. The relative amount of isotropic (cubic and amorphous) to tetragonal phase in two BaTiO3 films is estimated.
MUSCLE TENDERNESS IN MEN WITH CHRONIC PROSTATITIS/CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME: THE CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COHORT STUDY

Purpose: Myofascial pain is a possible etiology for category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, either secondary to infection/inflammation or as the primary cause. We documented tenderness on physical examination in a large multicenter cohort of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and compared to controls.Materials and Methods: Data were reviewed from the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort study on 384 men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and 121 asymptomatic controls who had complete unblinded physical examination data from 7 clinical centers between October 1998 and August 2001. Tenderness in 11 sites including prostate, genitals, abdomen and pelvic floor together with prostate size and consistency was evaluated. Data were correlated with cultures and symptoms.Results: Overall 51% of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and 7% of controls had any tenderness. The most common site was prostate (41% chronic pelvic pain syndrome, 5% controls), followed ...
Illinois borehole offers rare chance for research

An unprecedented engineering project by a power company may give researchers a chance to look deep into the Precambrian basement of northern Illinois. Commonwealth Edison (Com Ed), a major supplier of electricity in that region, is drilling an exploratory hole near Winslow, in Stephenson County (expected final depth: 1650 m), as part of an effort to determine if it is feasible to build an underground hydroelectric plant. The system will pump water to a surface reservoir at night, then generate power by dropping the water through turbines to an underground reservoir during the day, when demand for electricity is high.
975-82 Role of Biplane Transesophageal Echocardiography in Assessing Severity of Aortic Stenosis: Planimetry vs. Continuity Equation

Accurate calculation of aortic valve area (AVA) by the continuity equation (CE): A1 V1 N2, relies on an optimal 2D imaging of A1 (LV outflow tract [LVOT] diameter/2 π. To evaluate: 1) whether transesophageal echo (TIE) LVOT can be utilized as an alternative to transthoracic echo (TIE), and 2) to compare the AVA measured by direct TEE planimetry (PL) in the same population, 48 pts with suspected aortic stenosis (AS) underwent TIE simultaneously (24 pts) or within 7 days (24 pts) prior to catheterization (CATH). When simultaneously, Doppler signals were superimposed to CATH pressure tracings. Biplane TEE was done within 48-hrs of CATH. AVA by PL, Dopplerderived maximal instantaneous gradient (MIG), mean gradient (mG) and AVA using LVOT area from TTE and from TEE were compared with CATH. Results TTE-LVOT was suboptimal in 9 (19%) pts, and in none by TEE. AVA by PL was feasible in 40 (83%) pts. TIE TEE PL CATH MIG(mmHg) 55.9 * – – 62.4 mG(mmHg) 41.8 * – – 45.8 LVOT area (cm2) 3.9 4.0 † – – AVA(cm2) 0.91 * 0.90*† 0.88 * 0.89 * comparison with CATH p l 0.001 † comparison with TIE p l 0.001) Correlations between Doppler- and CATH-derived gradients were excellent either simultaneously or not (MIG = 0.96, SEE = 6, p l 0.001; mG, r = 0.96, SEE = 4, P l 0.001; AVA, r 0.92, SEE 0.18, P l 0.0011. PL-AVA and CATH correlated less closely (r 0.78, SEE 0.22, P l 0.001). In conclusion: 1) TEELVOT is measurable in 100% of AS pts and can be accurately used as an alternative when TIE-LVOT is suboptimal; 2) AVA-PL is measurable in 83% of AS pts and less accurate than the CE; and 3) Doppler-derived gradients do not need to be done simultaneously to accurately reflect CATH as long as Doppler is performed in dose temporal relation and by an experienced sonographer.
Reference materials for oceanic CO2 analysis: a method for the certification of total alkalinity

Abstract This paper describes a method used to certify reference materials based on seawater for total alkalinity. The technique employs a two-stage, potentiometric, open-cell titration using coulometrically analyzed hydrochloric acid. The equivalence point is evaluated from titration points in the pH region 3.0–3.5 using a least-squares procedure that corrects for the reactions with sulfate and fluoride ions. The reproducibility (one standard deviation) of this technique is less than 1 μmol kg −1 ; the accuracy is within 2 μmol kg −1 .
Thyroid disease and compressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Compressive symptoms are common in thyroid disease, but few studies have focused on the presence, associated factors, and etiology of compressive symptoms. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS Patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 2005 through 2009 were reviewed. The data included demographics, indication for surgery, compressive symptoms, complications, diagnosis, volume of thyroid gland, presence of inflammation, and follow-up. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-three patients were identified. The mean age was 51 years, and 82% were female. Fifty-two percent (n=172) of patients experienced compressive symptoms preoperatively, including dysphagia (n=131) and shortness of breath (n=83). Twenty-six percent (n=86) of patients presented with voice changes, and 8% (n=27) complained of odynophagia. Postoperatively, 25 patients (8%) continued to have compressive symptoms (P<.0001), and 10 patients (3%) developed new compressive symptoms. Compressive symptoms were present in 72% (n=21) of patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis, 71% (n=5) of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer, and 60% (n=92) of patients with goiter. The average volume of the gland in patients with compressive symptoms was 75.5 mL compared to 37.1 mL in asymptomatic patients (P<.0001). There was not a significant relationship between compressive symptoms and the presence of inflammation (P=.869). CONCLUSIONS Patients with thyroid disease frequently present with compressive symptoms, and the majority of patients experience relief postoperatively. The volume of the thyroid gland is associated with compressive symptoms along with additional contributing factors.
PCR fingerprinting analysis for differentiation of Streptococcus pneumoniae reinfection versus relapse

Polymerase chain reaction fingerprint profiles of isolates obtained during an episode of pneumococcal pneumonia with bacteremia differed significantly from profiles of isolates obtained from the same patient during a subsequent episode of pneumococcal meningitis with bacteremia. Polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting provides a means of differentiating new infection from relapse, and may be a simple molecular tool for comparison of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.
The synthetic utility of KDPGal aldolase

Abstract We describe the isolation and purification of KDPGal aldolase from two sources. To facilitate this isolation, a facile five-step chemical synthesis of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate (KDPGal) ( 1 ) from commercially available d -galactono-1,4-lactone ( 3 ) is described. The key steps are the β -elimination of the protected aldonolactone 4 to furnish the desired 2,3-unsaturated ketone 5 and selective phosphorylation of the primary hydroxyl moiety of the diol 7 . The purity of the KDPGal sample was >95% as determined by enzymatic assay using crude KDPGal aldolase from Pseudomonas saccharophila . An initial substrate specificity and pH–activity profile of KDPGal aldolase are described.
The use of a brief depression screen in older emergency department patients.

Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of a brief two-question depression screen for the detection of depression in older emergency department (ED) patients, and to determine the prevalence of depression in this population. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study. Participants included a convenience sampling of ED patients 70 years and older presenting to an urban teaching hospital over a 17-month period. Exclusions were refusal to participate, inability to communicate, and critical illness. Subjects were screened for depression with the previously validated Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale (SFGDS). Standardized scores on the SFGDS were used to determine the prevalence of depression. Patients were then given a previously published two-question depression screen, and results were compared with the SFGDS as the criterion standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence data are reported as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: Two hundred sixty-seven of 327 eligible patients were enrolled. Forty-four (17%; 95% CI = 12% to 21%) scored positive for depression on the SFGDS. The sensitivity of the brief two-question depression screen was 84% (37/44; 95% CI = 70% to 93%), with a specificity of 61% (136/223; 95% CI = 55% to 67%) using a cutoff score of at least one of two positive responses. Conclusions: Depression is fairly prevalent in older ED patients. The brief two-question depression screen, using a cutoff score of at least one positive response, is promising for ED use. However, given lower specificity, patients scoring positive for depression should be followed up with a more specific tool such as the self-administered SFGDS prior to referral for further evaluation and treatment.
Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality and is a common complication after double umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation. To reduce these risks, we established a method of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cell (Treg) enrichment from cryopreserved UCB followed by a 18 + 1-day expansion culture including anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibody-coated beads and recombinant human interleukin-2. In a “first-in-human” clinical trial, we evaluated the safety profile of UCB Treg in 23 patients. Patients received a dose of 0.1-30 × 105UCB Treg/kg after double UCB transplantation. The targeted Treg dose was achieved in 74% of cultures, with all products being suppressive in vitro (median 86% suppression at a 1:4 ratio). No infusional toxicities were observed. After infusion, UCB Treg could be detected for 14 days, with the greatest proportion of circulating CD4+CD127−FoxP3+ cells observed on day +2. Compared with identically treated 108 historical controls without Treg, there was a reduced incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD (43% vs 61%, P = .05) with no deleterious effect on risks of infection, relapse, or early mortality. These results set the stage for a definitive study of UCB Treg to determine its potency in preventing allogeneic aGVHD. This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00602693.
Laminaria digitata: a checkered career.

Over the past one hundred years, this extraordinarily versatile species of seaweed has played a significant role in the prosperity of a number of diverse industries. Recent legalization of abortion in the United States and in much of the rest of the world—serving to accentuate the age-old problem of uterine access—has now brought theLaminaria tent industry into the inventory of viable economic uses of this seaweed. As a factor in “population control,” this important aspect of its usefulness is only now coming to be fully realized.
Johnson Receives 2009 Early Career Tectonophysics Award

Kaj M. Johnson received the 2009 Early Career Tectonophysics Award at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is for significant early career contributions to tectonophysics.
Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein with liposomes containing galactosylceramide

The glycosphingolipid galactosylceramide (GalCer) has been identified as an alternate receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we review a liposome flotation assay used to study the interaction of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (env) with artificial membrane vesicles containing GalCer. The properties of binding, the nature of the env binding site for GalCer, and the implications of this interaction for HIV-1 infection are discussed.
Erratum to “Effects of intermittent hypoxia on sympathetic activity and blood pressure in humans” [Auton. Neurosci. 121/1-2 (2005) 87–93]

Erratum to “Effects of intermittent hypoxia on sympathetic activity and blood pressure in humans” [Auton. Neurosci. 121/1-2 (2005) 87–93] Urs A. Leuenberger⁎, Derick Brubaker, Sadeq Quraishi, Cynthia S. Hogeman, Virginia A. Imadojemu, Kristen S. Gray a Division of Cardiology, MC H047, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, United States b Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
"He only takes those type of patients on certain days": specialty care access for children with special health care needs.

Abstract Background Expansions to public and private coverage opportunities under the Affordable Care Act and the Children’s Health Insurance Program are meant to provide greater access to medical services, particularly for the 10 million US children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Objective/Hypothesis We used qualitative methods to explore the nuanced processes of obtaining access to specialty care for publicly and privately insured CSHCN. Methods From May 2009 to February 2010, 30 in-depth qualitative interviews (60-90 minutes in length) were conducted with English-speaking family caregivers of CSHCN covered by public insurance ( n = 15), private insurance ( n = 6), or both ( n = 9) in Cook County, IL. We used purposive quota sampling techniques to recruit parents from a group of 102 respondents from a related telephone survey who agreed to follow-up contact. All audio transcriptions and field notes were entered into Atlas-Ti software and analyzed by the authors through a thematic coding scheme. Results Respondents varied in their success in obtaining requested specialty care. Several themes emerged that shape access to specialty care for CSHCN in this study: marked differences based upon insurance type, the acuity of a child’s health condition, and the presence of language and cultural barriers in scheduling and attending appointments. Conclusions Qualitative interviews with families illuminated current perceptions of inequities in access to outpatient specialty care for CSHCN. Such findings generate questions and concerns about parity across public and private coverage systems for vulnerable children and suggest areas for future research and policy consideration for ensuring access to both primary and specialty care.
CLIMATE POLICY IN CRISIS AND RECOVERY

This paper focuses on the implications of the economic crisis and recession of 2008–2009 for climate change and related policy responses. Stressing that even prolonged output losses make very little difference to appropriate emissions reduction objectives, the paper argues that a cautious shift towards a more aggressive path of carbon pricing need not impede recovery and could make a valuable contribution to addressing looming fiscal challenges. Well-designed and monitored "green" stimulus measures can help sustain aggregate demand during the downturn, while increased climate-related public spending will likely be needed into the longer-term. However, it is critical to avoid undue reliance on spending rather than tax measures, particularly as the recovery strengthens.
Diminished left ventricular function is associated with poor mid-term outcomes in neonates after balloon aortic valvuloplasty

Objectives We studied outcomes of neonatal aortic valvuloplasty to determine the risk factors for poor outcomes. Background Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) is the primary therapy for neonates with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Limited data are available on the mid-term and long-term outcomes in this population, and reported risk factors for poor outcomes vary among studies. Methods We reviewed all cases of BAV in neonates in our institution between 1998 and 2009. We reviewed patient characteristics, preintervention echocardiographic, and procedural details. We tracked repeat BAV, aortic valve replacement (AVR), and death/transplant. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed. Changes in dimensions of left heart structures post-BAV were also studied. Results Forty-eight neonates were included—of these, 30 (62%) had critical AS. There was one procedural death. The remaining 47 neonates were followed for 4.8 ± 4.4 years. Repeat BAV was performed in 19 (40%) neonates; AVR was performed in 9 (19%), and death/transplant occurred in 4 (8%) neonates. Multivariate analysis revealed that lower LV shortening fraction pre-BAV, higher pre-BAV and final valve gradient, and need for inotropes were associated with poor long-term outcomes. LV diastolic and systolic dimensions normalized over time, and left heart structures improved in size early and late after BAV. Conclusions Neonatal BAV is associated with low mortality. Lower LV shortening fraction pre-BAV is associated with risk of future interventions, while repeat valvuloplasty is safe and effective for recurrent AS. There is significant improvement in dimensions of the LV and aortic valve annulus following BAV. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raw material use and behavioral modernity: Howiesons Poort lithic foraging strategies.

In an important early attempt to apply behavioral ecological modeling to lithic resource use and the archaeological record, Ambrose and Lorenz (1990) investigated the problem of the Howiesons Poort sub-stage (HP) in the southern African Middle Stone Age (MSA). In that paper, Ambrose and Lorenz compared general mobility patterns (based on lithic raw material occurrences) to the general environmental setting to reach the conclusion that MSA people behaved in a way that was different from any modern peoples, whether ethnographically or archaeologically characterized. At the time of its writing, this work was used to support the idea that MSA people, during the period of time prior to that which the HP represents, were not behaving in a fully modern fashion. More recently, Ambrose (2002) revisited the use of raw materials in the HP. Although no longer positing ‘‘non-modern’’ behavior, this paper continued to try and explain a pattern of a marked increase of fine-grained raw material use in comparison to other MSA components at Klasies by invoking distant sources for these materials. As Ambrose and Lorenz (1990) is
Plausible motion simulation for computer graphics animation

Accuracy is the ubiquitous goal of dynamic simulation, in order to yield the “correct” motion. But for creating animation, what is really of interest is “plausible” motion, which is somewhat different. We discuss what we mean by plausible simulation, how it differs from “accurate” simulation, and why we think it’s a worthwhile area to study. The discussion touches on questions of physically plausible vs. visually plausible motion, plausible simulation in a noisy or textured environment, and probability measures for motion, as well as issues for forward and inverse problems.
Changes in Women's Sexual Behavior Following Sexual Assault

The present study examines changes in women's sexual activity and behavior following sexual assault and the relationship between alcohol abuse and postassault promiscuity. Although many researchers have focused on avoidance of sexual activity following an assault, some have suggested that women may exhibit an increase in sexual activity postassault. Such outcomes are not mutually exclusive possibilities but may instead reflect subtypes of sexual assault victims. A significant percentage of assault survivors did report increases in sexual activity following trauma. Assault survivors also reported increases in posttraumatic alcohol consumption relative to a comparison sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. In both groups, increases in posttraumatic alcohol usage predicted increases in posttraumatic sexual activity, suggesting that use of alcohol as a coping strategy may result in an increased likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior. If true, this maladaptive coping mechanism could help to account for some instances of revictimization.
Numerical Evaluation of Single Fiber Motion for Short Fiber Composites Materials Processing

This paper presents a numerical approach for calculating the single fiber motion in a viscous flow. This approach addresses such issues as the role of axis ratio and fiber shape on the dynamics of a single fiber, which was not addressed in Jeffery’s original work. We develop a Finite Element Method (FEM) for modeling the dynamics of a single rigid fiber suspended in a moving fluid. Low Reynolds number viscous flows are considered since these best represent the flow conditions for a polymer melt within a mold cavity. Our approach seeks the fiber angular velocities that zero the hydrodynamic torques acting on the fiber using the NewtonRaphson method. Fiber motion is then computed with a Runge-Kutta method to update the position, i.e. the angle of the fiber as a function of time. This method is quite general and allows for fiber shapes that include, but are not limited to, ellipsoidal fibers (such as that studied in Jeffery’s original work), cylindrical fibers and beads-chain fibers. The relationships between equivalent axis ratios and geometrical axis ratios for cylindrical and beads-chain fibers are derived in this paper.
Transitions to Engagement Among Low-Income Cohabiting African American Couples: A Family Perspective for Policy

With passage of the Welfare Reform Law of 1996, various national, state, and local programs were created to encourage marriage, particularly among low-income African American cohabiting couples with children. However, policy makers know little about the deterrents to marriage for members of this group. More specifically, there is a lack of data that address the narrative responses of low-income, cohabiting African Americans regarding their desire for and barriers to marriage. To address this paucity, interviews were conducted with 30 low-income African American couples to explore their marital status, their plans for marriage, as well as their perceived barriers regarding marriage. Using qualitative coding and analysis, implications and recommendations regarding how policy makers and programs can best encourage marriage, if it should be encouraged, among low-income African American couples, are also provided.
Strengthening Bullying Prevention through School Staff Connectedness.

The growing concern about bullying and school violence has focused national attention on various aspects of school climate and school connectedness. The current study examined dimensions of staff connectedness (i.e., personal, student, staff, and administration) in relation to staff members’ comfort intervening in bullying situations (e.g., physical, verbal, relational), as well as bullying situations involving special populations of students (e.g., gender-nonconforming, disability, overweight, sexism, racism, and religion). Data for this study were collected from a national sample of 5,064 members of the National Education Association (NEA), of whom 2,163 were teachers and 2,901 other school staff. Analyses with structural equation modeling indicated that increased staff connectedness was associated with greater comfort intervening with bullying. Similarly, having resources available regarding bullying, receiving training on the school’s bullying policy, and being involved in bullying prevention efforts were significantly associated with comfort intervening. Implications for school-based prevention and school climate promoting efforts are discussed.
Hemorrhagic bullous esophagitis complicating a rare skin disorder.

A 77-year-old female presented to the hospital with difficulty swallowing for one week. She reported severe retrosternal pain immediately after swallowing food. The patient denied any weight loss or heartburn. Eight weeks prior to presentation, she developed painful skin blisters on her extremities and trunk. Medications included aspirin and amlodipine. Physical examination revealed generalized pruritic eruption of the skin. The patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which revealed severe diffuse esophagitis with nodular surface (Fig. 1). Separation of the superficial epithelial surface from underlying tissue was noted at various locations (Fig. 2). The stomach and duodenum were normal. Biopsies of the esophagus showed fragments of necrosis with marked acute inflammation, without evidence of fungal or viral infection, dysplasia or malignancy. Biopsies of the skin lesions revealed sub-epidermal vesicles with neutrophil predominance. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy revealed intense linear deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) along the dermo-epidermal junction. Indirect immunofluorescence study with saline-split skin and patient’s serum showed IgG directed against the dermal side only. The diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa aquisita (EBA) was made and the patient was treated with intravenous steroids and discharged on high dose cyclosporine and proton pump inhibitors. She reported complete resolution of dysphagia at a short-term follow-up. Figure 1 Diffuse esophagitis with edema, ulceration and nodular surface Figure 2 Superficial epithelial layer of esophagus separated from the underlying tissue EBA is an extremely rare autoimmune disorder with the prevalence of 1 case per 5 million people [1]. Esophageal mucosal involvement in EBA is rare and it can be appreciated on EGD and histology as separation of the superficial epithelial layer and may result in ulcers, fibrosis, and stenosis [2].
Diagnosing Lynch syndrome: more light at the end of the tunnel.

Since the recognition of Lynch syndrome, which confers a high risk of colorectal, uterine, and other cancers, approaches to its diagnosis have included a family history of associated cancers and web-based algorithms. Identification of causative genes now allows a precise diagnosis, thus focusing present efforts on who should have genetic testing. Testing for cancer tissue changes can determine who should have germline genetic testing. Indeed, such tumor testing is now generally recommended for all newly diagnosed colorectal cancer cases. As reported in this issue of the journal by Yurgelun and colleagues (beginning on page 574), large colorectal adenomatous polyps (≥10 mm) from patients with Lynch syndrome exhibit findings similar to those in Lynch syndrome colorectal cancer tissues. This finding indicates that testing larger adenomas in persons at a significant risk for Lynch syndrome can now determine the need for germline genetic testing. Although further study is needed for general application, the present study justifies large polyp testing in high-risk families when cancer tissue is unavailable, albeit negative polyp tissue would not rule out Lynch syndrome, as would negative cancer tissue. Cancer Prev Res; 5(4); 507–10. ©2012 AACR . Perspective on Yurgelun et al. [p. 574][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/5/574?iss=4