cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncovering psychiatric test information with graphical techniques of Exploratory Data Analysis.

Abstract This article illustrates how Explaratory Data Analysis (EDA) can complement conventional statistical methods in evaluating psychiatric tests. Using one recent EDA computer program, we evaluated the ability of repeated psychiatric screening tests (the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]) to predict medical and psychiatric service use in a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), the Harvard Community Health Plan (HCHP). Using a stratified random sample of 244 new HCHP enrollees and viewing three-dimensional graphs of their data from multiple perspectives, we found two subpopulations: low GHQ scorers, for whom the tests did not predict service use; and high scorers, for whom they did. Surprisingly, improving scores forecast increased use and chronically high scores predicted diminished use. Using another stratified random sample of 213 new HCHP enrollees, and with scatterplot matrices from another interactive computer program, we found that high and unchanging GHQ scores forecast HMO dropout. We examine possible interpretations—for example, that chronically distressed patients may become immobilized, diminish service use, and ultimately leave the HMO. We also explain how EDA methods may help uncover elusive results in other data (e.g., mental health outcomes).
Relation of increase in adiposity to increase in left ventricular mass from childhood to young adulthood.

This study evaluated the influence of adiposity on the progression of left ventricular (LV) mass from childhood to adulthood and the relation of LV mass to insulin resistance in young adulthood. One hundred thirty-two healthy children recruited into a longitudinal study at a mean age of 13 years and reevaluated at 27 years, at which time insulin resistance studies were also performed, were studied. Echocardiographic assessment of LV mass was made and indexed for height 2.7 . Body mass index (BMI) at 13 years was highly correlated with BMI at 27 years, as was LV mass index at 13 and 27 years. The cross-sectional correlation of LV mass index and BMI at 13 years (r = 0.38, p 2 from 13 to 27 years was associated with a significantly greater increase in the LV mass index (p 2 , and this relation was similar in children who were thin and heavy at baseline. In young adulthood, the relation of LV mass index to lean mass was weaker than that of LV mass index to fat mass. The association of LV mass with insulin resistance was dependent on adiposity. In conclusion, adiposity and LV mass are related in childhood, and this association tracks and becomes stronger in young adulthood. Moreover, the increase in LV mass from childhood to young adulthood is related to the degree of increase in BMI, independent of BMI at 13 years, suggesting that an excessive increase in LV mass could be limited by controlling gain in body fat during adolescence.
Assessment of Parameters Influencing Lateral Buckling of Deep Subsea Pipe-in-Pipe Pipeline System Using Finite Element Modeling

The operational requirements for subsea pipeline systems have progressed towards higher design temperatures and pressures (HTHP). To address flow assurance requirements, pipe-in-pipe systems have been developed.For pipelines laid on the seabed, or with partial embedment, the potential for lateral buckling; in response to operational loads, external forces and boundary conditions, has become a major factor in engineering design. The effective axial force is a key factor governing the global lateral buckling response that is influenced by parameters such as internal and external pressure, and operating and ambient temperature. Other design parameters that influence lateral buckling include global imperfections or out-of-straightness, pipe/soil interaction characteristics and installation conditions. Global buckling reduces the axial load capacity of the pipeline that may impair operations and exceed serviceability limit states.Results from a numerical parameter study on lateral buckling response of a subsea pipe-in-pipe (PIP) pipeline are presented. The parameters examined include pipe embedment, pipe out-of-straightness (OOS), soil shear strength, soil peak and residual forces and displacements, variation in soil properties distributed along the pipeline route, and external pressure associated with the installation depth. The observed pipe response was a complex relationship with these parameters and kinematic boundary conditions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Persistent left superior vena cava and right superior vena cava drainage into the left atrium without arterial hypoxemia.

A 46 year old patient who presented with an acute myocardial infarction was discovered to have a systemic venous communication with the left heart during attempted insertion of a pulmonary flotation catheter. There was no evidence of cyanosis or systemic arterial desaturation. A right superior vena cava that emptied into the right superior pulmonary vein and a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus were confirmed pathologically after death related to a brain abscess. The embryology, physiology- and noninvasive diagnostic approach to this unique venous anomaly are discussed.
A probabilistic model of the relationship between marshland-water interface and marsh disintegration

Abstract A spatial simulation model examines the change in land-water interface that occurs in disintegrating marshes as land, or emergent vegetation, is converted to water. Results indicate that land-water interface increases with marsh disintegration when marsh area is less than 50% water but decreases with disitegration when marsh area is more than 50% water. The maximum interface length achieved depends upon the distribution of land and water, which, in the model, is controlled by a probability function. Assuming a relationship between length of interface and fishery production, results suggest that fishery production may be stimulated by the early stages of marsh disintegration but negatively impacted by later stages.
Changes in esophageal wall layers during motility: measurements with a new miniature ultrasound suction device

We have developed a miniaturized ultrasound device that attaches to the gastrointestinal mucosa by suction and produces high-resolution (±0.1mm) images of the layers of the intestinal wall. The esophageal wall layers in a single sheep were measured during 20 occlusive contractions observed with simultaneous endoscopy, which revealed thickening of the inner circular muscle layer from 1.2±0.2mm to 2.2±0.4mm ( p p
Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study

Studies that have found an association between unemployment and psychological depression often fail to establish the direction of causal influence. Analyses of Epidemiologic Catchment Area panel data revealed that of employed respondents not diagnosed with major depression at first interview, those who became unemployed had over twice the risk of increased depressive symptoms and of becoming clinically depressed as those who continued employed. Although the increase in symptoms was statistically significant, the effect on clinical depression was not, possibly because of the low power of the test. The reverse causal path from clinical depression at Time 1 to becoming unemployed by Time 2 was not supported. The unemployment rate in the respondent's community at time of interview was not related directly to psychological depression but appeared associated indirectly with depression via its impact on the risk of becoming unemployed. Implications for policy and further research were discussed.
Pituitary Hormone Gene Expression in Male Golden Hamsters: Interactions Between Photoperiod and Testosterone

Abstract Daylength regulates neuroendocrine function in male golden hamsters. Exposure to short days triggers gonadal regression and decreases serum luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin and testosterone concentrations. Inhibitory photoperiods also amplify the negative feedback actions of androgens upon gonadotropin secretion. To examine whether these changes arise from altered adenohypophyseal gene expression, we measured the abundance of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) encoding beta-LH, prolactin and proopiomelanocortin in anterior pituitaries of male golden hamsters which were either left intact, castrated, castrated and implanted with testosterone, or pinealectomized and maintained in either long (14 h light/10 h dark) or short (5 h light/19 h dark) days. Short days caused testicular atrophy in intact male hamsters and reduced serum LH in intact and castrated, testosterone-replaced hamsters. The relative abundance of beta-LH mRNA was suppressed by exposure to short days only in castrated hamsters. Serum prolactin was decreased by short days regardless of circulating testosterone concentrations. Prolactin mRNA abundance was decreased by short days in all pineal-intact groups. Castration reduced proopiomelanocortin mRNA abundance in long days and testosterone replacement reversed this effect. In the presence of testosterone, photoperiod influenced serum LH concentrations without altering hypophyseal abundance of beta-LH mRNA. In contrast, photoperiodic influences on prolactin secretion were correlated with alterations in steady-state mRNA abundance.
Design Optimization of Multigate Bulk MOSFETs

The design optimization of multigate bulk MOSFET structures is investigated for sub-20-nm gate lengths. Three-dimensional device simulations were used to optimize device design parameters such as the retrograde channel doping profile, as well as the length, width, and height of the gated channel region. Compared with the FinFET design, the results indicate that the tri-gate MOSFET design is promising for continued bulk-Si CMOS transistor scaling, because it can achieve similar on-state current performance and intrinsic delay [for the same channel stripe pitch (SP)] at a lower height/width aspect ratio (0.8 versus 2.17) and less aggressive retrograde channel doping gradient for improved manufacturability. Only by increasing the height of the channel region and/or reducing the channel SP can the FinFET bulk MOSFET design achieve better delay, but at the cost of reduced manufacturability.
An introduction to bond-graph techniques for biomedical system modeling

Since engineers need to have reasonable competence in mathematics but practioners of the medical profes sions need not, the two groups often find it hard to work together in biomedical research. A key area in which such cooperation is essential is the building of models. This paper shows how the bond-graph technique may be used to develop linear dynamic models of biomedical systems that can be implemented on a digital computer. This technique requires vir tually no knowledge of mathematics, numerical methods, or computers, thus removing a communications barrier between the two groups. The technique is illustrated by applying it to a case taken from the biomedical literature. The result is a "whole-body model" which is useful in determining comfort factors which affect the design of suspension systems for passenger vehi cles. This paper shows how the physical model was represented by a bond graph and how this representa tion could be converted into a digital-computer model yielding engineering design data ...
“Conquered Provinces”? The Voting Rights Act and State Power

Congress will soon review key provisions of the Voting Rights Act (VRA). A perennial concern has been the act's effect on federalism. In 1982, Congress amended the VRA both to prevent discriminatory electoral outcomes and to enhance minority political power. Since the 1990s, the Supreme Court has adjudicated the VRA in a way that limits states' use of race to protect that power. An informal alliance has since emerged between Congress, the Justice Department, states, and minority voters against what they view as a retrogressive voting rights jurisprudence. This article will argue that Congress should restore state autonomy to use race as a remedial factor when districting by reaffirming the spirit and intent of the 1982 amendments. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Some Reactions of American Students to French Lyric Poetry

MY remarks will be necessarily confined chiefly to my experience with my own students, and pretty much to their reactions to poets in the century or so from Andre Ch'nier to Mallarm' and Rimbaud. Earlier periods of lyric poetry I have not taken up, and on the field of twentiethcentury poetry I have ventured only rarely and then with fear and trembling. A number of years ago, a serious student-now a Dean-asked me, in all good faith: "Why is it that there is no lyric poetry in French?" He was unconsciously echoing what Emerson had said long before of "France, where poet never grew." A quarter of a century ago, M. Legouis, in his Ddfense de la podsiefranqaise, remarked that British students came to Paris to study almost everything except poetry, and quoted as a typical remark of theirs: "I don't think that French poetry is truly poetical." Do American students of 1936 share this British belief of 1912? I think
Application of Landsat multispectral scanner data and sediment spectral reflectance measurements to mapping of the Meatiq Dome, Egypt

Lithologic boundaries, structural elements and provenance of wadi sediments were determined for the Meatiq Dome in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, using digitally processed Landsat multispectral scanner data in combination with laboratory spectral reflectance measurements. Optimally enhanced, principal-component color composite images were used to interpolate between field traverses in rugged terrain, to delineate contacts, and to clarify structural relationships in conjunction with extensive field work by Sturchio et al. Atmospherically corrected Landsat spectra were compared with petrographic data and laboratory spectral reflectance measurements, using a technique developed by Evans and Adams, to define the provenance of sediments in a wadi within the Meatiq Dome area. Contacts between the dome9s granite and granite gneiss core, peripheral mafic mylonites, and the ophiolitic sequence outside the dome were distinguished. Small tonalite bodies were at the limits of discriminability but were mappable when the images were used in conjunction with field data. A large wadi within the dome exhibits interior drainage and carries only granitic-derived sediments, as distinct from a separate wadi system carrying a mix of materials. Coarseness of spectral measurements along with bias introduced by standard sample-preparation methods are the primary sources of error in the spectral comparisons, but the results obtained are consistent with the known geologic environment. The use of these techniques with corrected and optimally enhanced digital Landsat data proved to be a valuable added tool to field mapping efforts.
The “Peculiar Light” of Blakean Vision: Reorganizing Enlightenment Discourse and Opening the Exemptive Sublime

This article argues that there is a direct connection between Blake’s rejection of conventional Enlightenment aesthetics—namely, of tropes pertaining to light and darkness and void and chaos—and a space of liberty that is opened for the reader. This space, which I term the “exemptive sublime,” is free from interpretive mandates and even orthodox assumptions. To illustrate the affiliation between Blake’s radical aesthetics and the radical space of liberty that is created for the reader, I first briefly consider how even in some of his earliest works, such as “The Little Black Boy” and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Blake is already complicating notions of light, darkness, and void. I then turn my analysis to the verbal and visual designs of the opening plates in The [First] Book ofUrizen to demonstrate how Blake boldly reorganizes Enlightenment epistemological and ontological discourse so that places of void and darkness become places of productive insight. In its characteristic emphasis on the importance of inspired Vision over empirical sight, Blake’s composite art opens not just a space of liberty in which to question hegemonic doctrine, but also a space for ethical reflection.
Evidence of myocardial injury during prolonged strenuous exercise

These preliminary data suggest that extremely prolonged intense exercise may induce subclinical myocardial injury. Although questions of assay interference exist, the importance of this finding has prompted planning of a larger study using a methodologically more specific assay.
Novel optical technique for characterization of biomaterials

A novel optical technique four-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprinting enables non-invasive, quantitative and real time characterization of biomaterials. Structural information obtained at nano-scale from solid polymers showed strong correlations with the properties measured via traditional methods.
Uncertainty models for control of distributed actuator and sensor arrays

This paper considers control analysis approaches for systems incorporating large actuator and sensor arrays. Applications of such systems are increasingly common because of the development of micro-systems technology. Many imaging systems have large one-dimensional or two-dimensional arrays of actuators. This includes RF or optical reflectors, display, printing, and other systems. Signal processing for large sensor arrays has well-established theory and applications, especially in imaging. At the same time, approaches to control of large distributed actuator and sensor arrays are much less developed. This paper considers one of the fundamental issues in design and analysis of large actuator and sensor array systems. The key notion in modern feedback control theory is the notion of uncertainty and associated notion of control robustness to this uncertainty. In control of dynamical systems evolving in time, structured uncertainty models are commonly accepted for theoretical analysis (Structured Singular Value or (mu) -analysis) and practical control design. In control of spatially distributed processes, there is a need to establish appropriate models of the uncertainty of the system spatial and dynamical characteristics. This paper discusses an extension of structured uncertainty models towards controlled systems with spatially distributed arrays of actuators and sensors. Unlike a dynamical uncertainty, spatial uncertainty is not casual in the spatial coordinate. This leads to related but different uncertainty models in the two cases. For spatial coordinates, boundary effects also contribute to the modeling error. By using the discussed uncertainty models, the existing methods of robust control design and analysis can be extended towards spatially distributed systems. As an illustrative example, this paper demonstrates an application of the developed approach to a one-dimensional model of a flexible reflector with a distrusted actuator array for shape control.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Leptin inhibits norepinephrine efflux from the hypothalamus in vitro: role of gamma aminobutyric acid

Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, produces a number of central and neuroendocrine effects, the mechanisms behind which are not completely understood. Hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) is involved in many of the neuroendocrine effects that are associated with leptin. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin could affect hypothalamic NE activity to bring about its central and neuroendocrine effects. Because gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to affect the release of NE, we also tested the possibility that leptin-induced changes in NE could be mediated through GABA. The mediobasal hypothalami from adult male rats were incubated in an in vitro incubation system for four consecutive incubation periods of 60 min each at 37 degrees C in Krebs Ringers Henseleit (KRH) solution in an atmosphere of 95% O(2) and 5% CO(2.) After determining the basal release, the hypothalami were challenged with 0, 0.1, 1 or 10 nm of leptin, bicuculline (a GABA-A receptor antagonist; 10 microM) and bicuculline (10 microM) +10 nM of leptin during the second incubation period. Residual effects of leptin were measured in the third incubation where tissues were incubated with KRH alone, and the viability of tissues was determined in the fourth incubation when tissues were exposed to high K(+) KRH. NE levels in the incubation medium were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Leptin inhibited NE efflux from the hypothalamus in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation of hypothalami with 10 nM of leptin and bicuculline, a completely blocked the leptin-induced decrease in NE efflux. These results demonstrate for the first time that leptin could act directly on the hypothalamus to inhibit NE efflux through GABA. It was concluded that leptin could probably produce its central and neuroendocrine effects by modulating NE and GABA levels in the hypothalamus.
Integrated concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone and puberty

Integrated serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone are compared from 25males (aged 6-27 years) and 8 females (aged 5-16 years). Mean levels of FSH among prepubertal andearly-to-mid pubertal individuals were significantly greater during sleep than while awake. Levels for late pubertal and postpubertal individuals do not differ between waking and sleeping periods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 488,1978)
Can Anatomical Morphomic Variables Help Predict Abdominal Injury Rates in Frontal Vehicle Crashes

Objective: Abdominal injuries resulting from vehicle crashes can be significant, in particular when undetected. In this study, abdominal injuries for occupants involved in frontal impacts were assessed using crash and medical data.Methods: Injury rates and patterns were first assessed with respect to thoracic injuries. A statistical analysis was then conducted to predict abdominal injury outcome using 18 covariate variables, including 4 vehicle, 4 demographic, and 10 morphomic, derived from computed tomography (CT) scans. More than 260,000 logistic regression models were fitted using all possible variable combinations. The models were ranked using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and combined through the model-averaging approach to produce the optimal predictive model. The performance of the models was then assessed using the area under the curve (AUC).Results: The rate of serious thoracic injury was 2.49 times higher than the rate of abdominal injury. The associated odds ratio was 2.31 (P <.01). Th...
Functional studies of the Ssk1p response regulator protein of Candida albicans as determined by phenotypic analysis of receiver domain point mutants.

Summary The Candida albicans response regulator protein Ssk1p regulates oxidant adaptation through the MAPK HOG1 pathway. Deletion mutants lacking SSK1 are oxidant sensitive in vitro and are killed more than wild-type (WT) cells by human neutrophils. Further- more, the mutants are avirulent in an invasive murine model, and unable to adhere to human esophageal cells. Transcriptional profiling has indicated that approximately 25% of all changes occur in genes encoding cell wall and stress adaptation functions. In this study, we have investigated the role of amino acid residues in the Ssk1p receiver (or regulatory) domain by constructing point mutants at positions D556 (putative site of protein phosphorylation) and D513 (putative role in divalent metal binding, phosphoryla- tion and conformational switching). For each point mutant, their sensitivity to a variety of oxidant stress conditions was assessed and correlated with in vitro phosphorylation of each Ssk1p receiver domain, phosphorylation of the Hog1p MAP kinase, and trans- location to the nucleus. We show that a D556N mutant is sensitive to 5 mM H2O2 or t-butyl hydroperoxide, similar to a gene knock-out ssk1 mutant, even though Hog1p is phosphorylated in the D556N mutant. To resolve this apparent paradox, we also demonstrate that Hog1p translocation to the nucleus in the D556N mutant is significantly reduced compared with WT cells (CAF2-1). In a second point mutant, D513 was changed to a lysine residue (D513K). This mutant had WT levels of resistance to peroxide, but in compari- son to WT cells and the D556N mutant, morphogen- esis (yeast to hyphae transition) was inhibited in 10% serum or in M-199 medium at 37°C. In the D513K point mutant, constitutive phosphorylation of Hog1p was observed, suggesting that a non-conservative change (D513K) traps Ssk1p in an active conformation and therefore constitutive Hog1p phosphorylation. The inhibition of morphogenesis in D513K is related to a downregulation of the transcription factors of mor- phogenesis, EFG1 and CPH1. Another non-conserved point mutant (D556R) was also constructed and phe- notypically was like the D513K mutant. The receiver domains of the D556N and the D513K mutants could not be appreciably phosphorylated in vitro indicating that constitutive activation of Hog1p occurs in vivo due to the inability of Ssk1p to be phosphorylated at least in the D513K mutant. We speculate that the non- conservative changes described above in Ssk1p response regulator may cause conformational changes in the Ssk1p that account for phenotype dif- ferences compared with the D556N mutant that are also Hog-independent.
Evaluation of a Stress Response for Use in a Selective Breeding Program for Improved Growth and Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout

Abstract A breeding program to develop improved germplasm for the U.S. rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aquaculture industry is being conducted at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture. Although current selection efforts are based on growth and disease resistance, stress responsiveness is also a concern. Previous work has shown that heritable differences in stress response can be identified by measuring blood levels of cortisol after exposure to a 3-h crowding stress. We characterized this stress response and measured plasma glucose concentrations in 64 of our broodstock families. We found the method reliable for identifying differences in this stress response. Values for both cortisol and glucose response were similar for replicates of families. The size of the fish within the range examined and the sex of the animals, which were reproductively immature, did not appear to affect response. Variation in poststressor plasma cortisol and glucose was observe...
The fragmented self

For a sample of 182 undergraduates analysis of responses to a 10-item scale to measure the plurality of the self yielded three orthogonal factors and only moderate reliability.
Progress toward the Mechanistic Description and Simulation of the Pyrolysis of Tetralin

Kinetic and product distribution information for the pyrolysis of tetralin is reviewed and data for 23 selected low-conversion examples are compiled that cover a temperature range from 450−730 °C and a concentration range from 3.8 × 100−6 × 10-5 M (as well as one example in the shock-tube regime). The challenge in developing a mechanistic model arises from a delicately balanced competition among several product-forming pathways (ring contraction to methylindan derivatives, successive dehydrogenations, hydrogenolytic ring-opening and side-chain cracking, and expulsion of ethylene to form benzocyclobutene) that is very sensitive to temperature, concentration, and conversion level. A reaction network was formulated that involves 174 free-radical steps, 23 radicals, and 27 products. Estimated rate constants were assigned by thermochemical kinetic protocols. Predicted reaction dynamics were analyzed to understand the sources of unusual induction periods, autoacceleration kinetics, sigmoidally curved van't Hoff...
Cytochrome c oxidase activity in tissues of rats exposed to polyurethane pyrolysis fumes.

Abstract Adult male rats were exposed by inhalation to thermal degradation products from a rigid polyurethane foam degraded at 500°C. All rats survived a 5-min exposure. Cytochrome c oxidase activity of heart and brain was noncompetitively inhibited as a result of exposure. The degree of inhibition was correlated with the concentration of blood cyanide within the concentration range of 0.1–1.1 μg/ml. The mean blood cyanide concentration corresponding to 50% inhibition of the brain and heart enzymes was 0.28 μg/ml. Liver cytochrome c oxidase activity showed a mild noncompetitive activation after a 5-min exposure. After a lethal exposure of approximately 8 min duration, liver cytochrome c oxidase activity was moderately inhibited in some but not in all animals.
Notes on the Biography of St. Edmund of Abingdon

the knowledge of this outstanding saint and scholar.' The author, C. H. Lawrence, has sifted the mass of evidence produced by Edmund's canonization and reduced it to an understandable corpus, identifying the authorship of some pieces and tracing their relationships. He has edited much of this evidence so that it is now accessible for use. Edmund's biography stands out somewhat clearer. It was known, of course, that Edmund came of a borough family, had a long period of study and teaching in arts and theology before he came into prominence as Treasurer of Salisbury and Archbishop of Canterbury. The author shows that Edmund's family was really rich in children and property, that Edmund deserves more credit for more effective political leadership than he has received and that, at the end of his life, he was merely making a routine trip to Rome rather than retiring into exile at Pontigny. Further clarification of Edmund's life is possible within the limits of the evidence without conjecturing unreasonably. The data derived from the process of canonization emphasize primarily those qualities and miracles which indicated that Edmund was a candidate for sainthood, leaving unfortunate gaps in the evidence about the course of his life. The letter of postulation from the University of Oxford speaks of Edmund's long association there as student and master, but gives only one statement of time, that he ruled in arts six years. And it does not indicate, what is known elsewhere, that he studied both arts and theology at Paris.2 The letter from the Bishop of Salisbury says that he was a member of the chapter there but does not give the
Allowing abstentions in ranking methods with generalised ballots

There are many situations wherein a group of individuals (e.g., voters) must produce an ordered list of ‘best’ alternatives selected from a given group of alternatives (e.g., candidates). Standard approaches include ranked voting methods (RVMs) and methods of paired comparisons (MPCs). Typical ‘ballots’ for these approaches are distinctly different. Indeed, RVM ballots are simplerankings, with all unranked alternatives being considered inferior to all ranked alternatives. By comparison, MPC ballots are matrices whose off diagonal entries reflect the voter’s opinion concerning only the row and column alternatives for that entry. Such methods generally do not require a voter to express an opinion concerning every pair of alternatives. In this paper we propose a straightforward methodology to allow voters to submit generalised ballots that can reflect the voter’s opinions as precisely as those of MPC ballots, yet with the simplicity of traditional RVM ballots.
High strain rate compression of fiber composites

A model is presented for the dynamic compressive behavior of fiber composites under prescribed axial strain rate. The model includes the effects of fiber misalignment and material nonlinearity. A couple stress is used to take into account the fiber bending resistance. An examination of the dynamic axial stress-strain relation shows that the model is consistent with experimental results. For a given strain rate, the axial stress goes through a maximum associated with microbuckling (i.e. the formation of kink bands). The dependence of this dynamic compressive strength on strain rate is also consistent with experiments. Finally, the model is used to predict the kink band width as a function of the strain rate; at high axial strain rates, the kink band width is about one-half that for quasi-static loading.
Managing Interlibrary Loan Staff in Distributed Work Environments

Virginia Commonwealth University has interlibrary loan staff members who work in a variety of locations. A review of library and business management literature and an informal survey of interlibrary loan managers was conducted to assess the extent and practices for managing interlibrary loan and document delivery staff members who work in separate locations. Data was collected to highlight common problems and challenges faced by managers who deal with this situation, and to consider the best practices used by the managers. The practices of interlibrary loan managers were very similar to those of managers found in management literature, indicating that library managers, particularly in interlibrary loan, can benefit from reading business management sources regularly.
D2 inhibition of stimulated Fos immunoreactivity in cultured tyrosine hydroxylase-ir hypothalamic neurons

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that Fos immunoreactivity can be stimulated by KCI, forskolin or glutamate in cultured tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) hypothalamic neurons. The present study was performed to determine whether agents that regulate dopaminergic activity, particularly D1 and D2 receptor agonists, modulate the intracellular cascade leading to Fos expression. Dissociated hypothalamic cultures were prepared from neonatal rats. The cultures were treated with D1- or D2-specific agonists, followed by KCl, forskolin or glutamate. Cultures were fixed after 2 h and immunocytochemically stained for tyrosine hydroxylase and Fos. Pretreatment of the cultures with the D2 agonist LY163502 inhibited KCl- and forskolin-stimulated Fos-ir in TH-ir neurons in a saturable dose-dependent manner. The maximal effective dose was 30 μM LY163502, which decreased Fos-ir by 23% in cultures treated with 50 mM KCl and by 33% in those treated with 30 μM forskolin. The D2 agonist had no effect on glutamate-stimulated Fos-ir. LY163502 inhibition of Fos-ir was blocked by D2 antagonist or Bordetella pertussis toxin pretreatment which demonstrates that the effect is mediated by D2 receptor activation of an inhibitory G protein. Treatment of the cultures with the D1 agonist SKF82526 had no effect on basal or stimulated levels of Fos-ir. These results demonstrate that in neonatal TH-ir hypothalamic neurons the D2 receptor system may regulate levels of the immediate-early gene product Fos and therefore, subsequent genetic expression in these neurons.
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: can in vitro studies assist us in species extrapolation?

Then take the sites where the compound X induced tumors and use tissues or isolated cells from those tissues in a short-term assay to determine whether compound X induces mutations, DNAdamage, DNArepair, or any of a number of other end points for short-term assays, such as induction of aneuploidy. One can take all of the short-term tests that can be done to assess genotoxicity, take the tissues from the rodents or any other laboratory animal, explant those tissues, and see what one can learn from the in vitro estimates of genotoxicity to make an extrapolation based on actual data from the in vitro studies back to the in vivo studies, knowing full well that compound X did induce tumors in the animal. To find out whether compound X could induce tumors in the human, the protocol is very simple. One would take the tissues of interest from human donors and do exactly the same types of short-term assays as one can do with the rodent tissues to investigate DNA damage, DNA repair, mutagenesis, or other short-term assays. The types of tissues which are available for genotoxicity research in short-term assays include most of the epithelial tissues from the human, the tissues which are the sites in the body where most cancer occurs. Therefore, taking epithelial tissues and explanting those tissues or isolating cells from those tissues for use in a variety of short-term tests is useful. In Curt Harris' review of this topic, he discussed the techniques for explanting the epithelial tissues and indicated that cells isolated from many of these tissues could grow in primary culture in a clonal manner. One obvious exception to that generality is the liver. I don't think that there really is any cell culture methodology for clonal growth of rat or human liver currently available. But the point is that one can make risk assessment from the short-term assays if one can scientifically and logically extrapolate in vitro studies back to the in vivo situation. The suggestion I will use as a springboard into the discussion for the entire group is that I believe that human cells will be useful for risk assessment purposes if certain criteria are met. Extrapolation of genetic toxicology data from in vitro Introduction
The roles of biotic resistance and nitrogen deposition in regulating non-native understory plant diversity

Understanding the mechanisms that allow for plant invasions is important for both ecologists and land managers, due to both the environmental and economic impacts of native biodiversity losses. We conducted an observational field study in 2008 to examine the relationship between native and non-native forest understory plant species and to investigate the influence of soil nitrogen (N) on plant community richness and diversity. In 2009, we conducted a companion fertilization experiment to investigate how various forms of N deposition (inorganic and organic) influenced native and non-native species richness and diversity. We found that native species richness and diversity were negatively correlated with 1) non-native species richness and diversity and 2) higher total soil inorganic N. In the deposition experiment, adding organic N fertilizers decreased native richness and diversity compared to inorganic N fertilizers. Together, these results indicate that increasing soil N can be detrimental to native species; however, native species richness and diversity may counteract the N-stimulation of non-native species. Furthermore, the negative effects of organic N deposition on native plants may be just as strong, if not stronger, than the effects of inorganic N deposition.
Greening FiWi access networks

Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) is the hybrid architecture of access networks. Since large amount of energy consumption of internet is due to the access networks, so in this paper Green FiWi (GFiWi) algorithm is proposed that switches the nodes of FiWi access networks to sleep mode in order to reduce energy consumption of FiWi networks not only at the optical but also at wireless part of FiWi. Simulation results showed that there is a slight degradation in the performance despite of the fact that most of the nodes are switched to sleep mode. The energy saving is compared with the state of the art existing algorithm. The GFiWi not only saved significant amount of energy but also achieved improved performance as compared to other existing approaches.
Pharmacist work force in 2020: implications of requiring residency training for practice.

Pharmacy is undergoing a transformation from a profession of primarily providing a commodity (medications) in reaction to the orders of a prescriber to one of providing and ensuring optimal drug therapy in conjunction with a prescriber and other members of the health care team. This transformation
The Resurgence of India: Triumph of Institutions over Infrastructure?

Recent economic growth in India has raised its potential to be an economic giant, along with the United States and China. One unique aspect of the Indian economy is that tremendous economic growth has been achieved despite weak infrastructure, resource shortages, and other travails that restrict growth in emerging economies. Recent economic explanations suggest that institutions supporting the economy and economic development are vital to sustained economic growth and may even be more important than infrastructure development. Examining the historic context of the Indian economy, we contend that vital market institutions were always present in India and that economic reforms have unleashed the full potential of these institutions. Using some industry examples, the authors argue that economic policies that strengthen market institutions may be more important compared to conventional policies geared toward infrastructure development.
Incipient sediment motion across the river to debris-flow transition

Sediment transport in mountain channels controls the evolution of mountainous terrain in response to climate and tectonics and presents major hazards to life and infrastructure worldwide. Despite its importance, we lack data on when sediment moves in steep channels and whether movement occurs by rivers or debris flows. We address this knowledge gap using laboratory experiments on initial sediment motion that cross the river to debris-flow sediment-transport transition. Results show that initial sediment motion by river processes requires heightened dimensionless bed shear stress (or critical Shields stress) with increasing channel-bed slope by as much as fivefold the conventional criterion established for lowland rivers. Beyond a threshold slope of ∼22°, the channel bed fails, initiating a debris flow prior to any fluvial transport, and the critical Shields stress within the debris-flow regime decreases with increasing channel-bed slope. Combining theories for both fluvial and debris-flow incipient transport results in a new phase space for sediment stability, with implications for predicting fluvial sediment transport rates, mitigating debris-flow hazards, and modeling channel form and landscape evolution.
A New Theory-to-Practice Model for Student Affairs: Integrating Scholarship, Context, and Reflection

AbstractIn this article, we synthesize existing theory-to-practice approaches within the student affairs literature to arrive at a new model that incorporates formal and informal theory, institutional context, and reflective practice. The new model arrives at a balance between the rigor necessary for scholarly theory development and the adaptability needed to implement theories. Finally, the model elevates the importance of reflective practice among student affairs professionals as the means to evaluate both formal and informal theories.
An Oscillatory Contractile Pole-Force Component Dominates the Traction Forces Exerted by Migrating Amoeboid Cells

We used principal component analysis to dissect the mechanics of chemotaxis of amoeboid cells into a reduced set of dominant components of cellular traction forces and shape changes. The dominant traction force component in wild-type cells accounted for ~40% of the mechanical work performed by these cells, and consisted of the cell attaching at front and back contracting the substrate towards its centroid (pole-force). The time evolution of this pole-force component was responsible for the periodic variations of cell length and strain energy that the cells underwent during migration. We identified four additional canonical components, reproducible from cell to cell, overall accounting for an additional ~20% of mechanical work, and associated with events such as lateral protrusion of pseudopodia. We analyzed mutant strains with contractility defects to quantify the role that non-muscle Myosin II (MyoII) plays in amoeboid motility. In MyoII essential light chain null cells the polar-force component remained dominant. On the other hand, MyoII heavy chain null cells exhibited a different dominant traction force component, with a marked increase in lateral contractile forces, suggesting that cortical contractility and/or enhanced lateral adhesions are important for motility in this cell line. By compressing the mechanics of chemotaxing cells into a reduced set of temporally-resolved degrees of freedom, the present study may contribute to refined models of cell migration that incorporate cell-substrate interactions.
High-voltage high-frequency transformer design for a 7.2kV to 120V/240V 20kVA solid state transformer

Solid state transformer (SST) exhibits good features such as high power density, small volume and weight, controlled power factor, voltage sag ride through, etc. compared with traditional line frequency transformer. The 7.2kV AC to 120V/240V AC 20kVA solid state transformer is a key component of the future renewable electric energy delivery and management (FREEDM) systems as the interface between the 7.2kV distribution grid and the low voltage residential micro-grid. Three cascaded 6.7kVA high-voltage high-frequency transformers operating at 3kHz are employed to convert voltage from 3800V high voltage DC link of each cascaded stage to 400V low voltage DC link. The transformer is required to withstand at least 15kV high frequency voltage insulation continuously. Transformer magnetic core materials were reviewed and compared. Winding layout alternatives for leakage, magnetizing inductance and insulation were compared. An insulation strategy based on split core and separate winding structure with inserted insulation layer between the C cores was proposed. One 6.7kVA high voltage high frequency transformer prototype was built and the test results were reported.
Bulbar Ligneous Conjunctivitis after Pterygium Removal in an Elderly Man

Ligneous conjunctivitis occurred unilaterally in a 74-year-old man after pterygium excision and only involved the bulbar conjunctiva. Histochemical studies confirmed the presence of mucopolysaccharides in the lesion sensitive to hyaluronidase. The patient was treated successfully with topical hyaluronidase and alpha-chymotrypsin, with no recurrence 20 months after cessation of therapy.
Impact of resolution on simulation of closed mesoscale cellular convection identified by dynamically guided watershed segmentation

Organized mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) is a common feature of marine stratocumulus clouds that forms in response to interactions among dynamic, microphysical, and radiative processes at the mesoscale. Cloud resolving models begin to resolve some of these processes, but using high resolutions is extremely costly. To understand the impact of limited resolution on MCC, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry and fully coupled cloud-aerosol interactions to simulate MCC over the southeast Pacific during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx). A suite of experiments with 3 and 9 km grid spacing indicates that the simulations with finer grid spacing have smaller liquid water paths and cloud fractions, while cloud tops are higher. The observed diurnal cycle is reasonably well simulated. To isolate organized MCC characteristics, we develop a new automated method that uses the watershed segmentation combining the detection of cloud boundaries with coincident vertical velocities. This ensures that the detected cloud fields are dynamically consistent for closed MCC, a common feature within the VOCALS-REx region. We demonstrate that the 3 km simulation is able to reproduce the scaling between horizontal cell size and boundary layer depth seen in satellite observations for the conditions of 900–1400 m deep boundary layers. However, the 9 km simulation is unable to resolve smaller circulations corresponding to shallower boundary layers, instead producing MCC with an invariant horizontal scale for all simulated boundary layers depths. The results demonstrate that the grid spacing needed for proper simulation of the MCC structure in marine stratocumulus regions depends on the boundary layer depth.