cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of HER2 overexpressing breast cell lines selected for long-term culture with trastuzumab

2647 Trastuzumab (T, Herceptin, Genentech) is a humanized monoclonal antibody (Ab) targeting the extracellular domain (ECD) of the HER2 receptor, and has been shown to promote objective response and survival in patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Response rate to T monotherapy is ∼34% with a median duration of 9 months. These data suggest that de novo and acquired clinical resistance to T is a common occurrence. BT474, SKBR3 and MDA-MB361 breast cell lines with HER2 gene amplification were selected by long-term exposure (approximately 6 months) in the presence of T at 100 mcg/mL. Following long term slection, these cells became less responsive to T. In order to determine HER2 gene amplification status before and following T-selection, FISH analysis was performed using probes specific for HER2 and chromosome (chr) 17 centromere. HER2 protein expression was determined by quantitative ELISA (c-neu (Ab-5), Oncogene). Surface expression of HER2 was determined via flow cytometric analysis utilizing the same primary antibody. Using FISH, HER2/chr 17 ratios in T-selected and unselected cell lines were 14.99±4.24 and 15.91±9.39 in BT474 cells (p=0.69), 9.75±4.12 and 10.38±3.09 in MDA-MB361 cells (p=0.59), and 8.43±4.89 and 7.25±2.33 in SKBR3 cells (p=0.34), respectively. Thus, long-term exposure to T did not affect HER2 gene copy number. At the protein level, no significant difference was detected in p185HER2 surface expression by flow cytometric analysis. The geometric mean of fluorescence in the gated T-selected and unselected cells were 773.09±507.14 and 196.86±169.08 in BT474 cells (p=0.28), 63.49±48.74 and 153.45±110.45 in MDA-MB361 cells (p=0.45), and 475.45±324.35 and 751.01±420.04 in SKBR3 cells (p=0.60), respectively. By ELISA, the total cellular p185HER2 quantity was elevated in BT474 cell lines, with 6.24±3.47x10−7 ng/cell in T-selected cells and 6.41±2.38x10−8 ng/cell in unselected cells (p=0.02). However, no difference was observed in the remaining two cell lines, with T-selected and unselected cells containing 3.44±1.50x10−8 and 3.48±0.09x−8 ng/cell in MDA-MB361 cells (p=0.97), and 2.74±0.94x10−8 and 7.06±2.68x10−8 ng/cell in SKBR3 cells (p=0.12), respectively. These data demonstrate: 1) long term selection of HER2 amplified cells with T at clinically achievable concentrations can yield a relative T-resistant phenotype, 2) HER2 gene copy number is neither increased or decreased following T-selection and therefore cannot explain the phenotype, 3) p185HER2 surface expression is unaltered by long-term exposure to T, and 4) total p185HER2 content before and after T-selection was similar in 2 of 3 cell lines. We conclude that neither HER2 amplification status or expression play a role in acquired T resistance, and that other mechanisms must be operative.
Sexual Stigma and Sexual Prejudice: Understanding the Unique Experiences of Sexual Minority Male Youth

Growing up within a broader society that assumes heterosexuality and traditional gender roles impacts the personal development of sexual minority (SM) male youth. SM male youth are at increased risk for negative health outcomes including substance use, HIV, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide. Sexual prejudice and discrimination related to sexual orientation have been consistently linked to these negative mental health outcomes. Those who choose not to conceal their sexual identity and openly self-label at an earlier age are more susceptible to physical and verbal abuse (Pilkington & D’Augelli, 1995). Many gay and bisexual male youth avoid gender nonconformity and adopt traditional masculine ideals as a way of “passing” and avoiding oppression (Pheonix, Frosh, & Pattman, 2003). Over-monitoring one’s behavior and appearance can leave sexual minority youth feeling socially isolated, thereby exacerbating psychological distress and negative mental health outcomes. Despite the negative effects of sexual stigma, sexual minority male youth continue to demonstrate strength and resilience (Anderson, 1998). Developing a positive collective identity is beneficial in cultivating an affirming sexual identity and effective coping strategies. Additionally, connection with an LGBTQ group or community has been found to facilitate affirmation for one’s sexual identity (DiFulvio, Soc Sci Med 72(10):1611–1617, 2011). This chapter will explore the unique stressors, experiences, and coping strategies sexual minority male youth use to deal with sexual prejudice. The importance of connecting with the LGBTQ community and the implications for sexual identity development will be discussed.
The Determination of Elastic Constants in Weakly Birefringent Liquid Crystals

A procedure is described that can measure optical phase retardations of birefrigent materials with a resolution 2×10−4 radians. The method relies on phase modulation with alternate right and left handed circularly polarized light. Phase sensitive detection is employed to reduce noise and thermal fluctuations in the optics and light source. The method is useful in Frederik’s transition measurements to determine the elastic constants of weakly birefringent polymer liquid crystals with long equilibration times.
Low-cost uncooled MWIR PbSe quantum dots photodiodes

A mid-wave infrared (MWIR) uncooled PbSe-QDs/CdS p–n heterojunction photodiode has been fabricated using a wet-chemical synthesis route. This offers a low-cost alternative to traditional monocrystalline photodiodes relying on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technology. It was demonstrated that the post-annealing is critical to tailor the photoresponse wavelength and to improve the performance of photodiodes. After annealing at 673 K in air for 0.5 h, the ligand-free PbSe-QDs/CdS photodiode exhibits a MWIR spectral photoresponse with a cutoff wavelength of 4.2 μm at room temperature. Under zero-bias photovoltaic mode, the peak responsivity and specific detectivity at room temperature are 0.36 ± 0.04 A W−1 and (8.5 ± 1) ×108 cm Hz1/2 W−1, respectively. Temperature-dependent spectral response shows an abnormal intensity variation at temperatures lower than 200 K. This phenomenon is attributed to the band alignment transition from type II to type I, resulting from the positive temperature coefficient of PbSe. In addition, it was proved that In doped CdSe (CdSe:In) films could be used as a promising new candidate of infrared transparent conductive electrodes, paving the way for monolithic integration of uncooled low-cost MWIR photodiodes on Si readout circuitry.
Distributed variational inference-based heteroscedastic gaussian process metamodeling

In this paper, we generalize the variational Bayesian inference-based Gaussian process (VBGP) modeling approach for handling large-scale heteroscedastic datasets. VBGP is suitable for simultaneously estimating the underlying mean and variance functions with a single simulation output available at each design point. To improve the scalability of VBGP, we consider building distributed VBGP (DVBGP) models and their hierarchical versions by partitioning a dataset and aggregating individual subset VBGP predictions based on the idea of "transductive combination of GP experts." Numerical evaluations are performed to demonstrate the performance of the DVBGP models from which some insights are derived.
Reconstruction of intraoral oncologic surgical defects with Integra® bilayer wound matrix

Utilization of biologic skin substitutes for the management of soft tissue defects as an alternative to autologous skin grafts has expanded over the past 2 decades. The purpose of this case series study was to report our experience with Integra® bilayer wound matrix for reconstruction of intraoral oncologic defects. Case records of 6 patients with intraoral oncologic defects reconstructed with Integra® bilayer wound matrix were retrospectively reviewed. The surgical defect location, size, and time to removal of surgical splint varied. Clinically, normal oral epithelialization was noted for all patients. One patient demonstrated a small area of dehiscence and bone exposure after adjuvant radiation therapy which resolved with minimal intervention. Integra bilayer wound matrix is a viable and versatile option for reconstruction of intraoral oncologic surgical defects. Further exploration of wound healing with Integra® matrix, surgical techniques, and cost-effectiveness is advocated.
Non-military actors as a regional strategy in the Lake Chad region

The purpose of this paper is to examine current regional strategies employed to counter extremism in the Lake Chad Basin region. Using the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) as a case study, the paper highlights the importance of non-military actors in shaping African regional military strategies. Regional peace and security frameworks have generally placed a predominant emphasis on member countries’ militaries and their institutions. Unfortunately, such an approach remains incomplete in effectively countering transnational terrorist threats. By assessing current LCBC collaborative mechanisms with non-military actors under the Regional Stabilisation Strategy created in 2018, the paper concludes that there is a need to incorporate more local actors in the regional security framework. Such collaborations will improve civil-military relations while boosting the resilience of member states in combatting Boko Haram and other transnational groups.
Chronic Morphine‐Induced Plasticity among Signalling Molecules

Most formulations of the consequences of the persistent activation of opioid receptors have centred on the diminution or loss of opioid receptor-coupled signalling mechanisms. Activation of opposing compensatory circuits remains another of the adaptations proposed to underlie the extreme loss of the antinociceptive potency of narcotics following their chronic administration. Recent research has revealed that adaptations to chronic morphine involve not only the impairment of opioid receptor functionality but also the altered consequences of its G protein coupling. Pre-eminent among the biochemical perturbations that underlie the chronic morphine-induced emergence of new signalling strategies are enhanced phosphorylation and altered expression of key signalling molecules. These molecular changes include the up-regulation and augmented phosphorylation of adenylyl cyclase type II isoforms, which underlies the ability of morphine to shift opioid receptor G protein signalling from predominantly Gialpha inhibitory to Gbetagamma stimulatory. Persistent morphine exposure also enhances the concomitant phosphorylation of G protein receptor kinase, beta arrestin and the G protein Gbeta subunit, one consequence of which is to further enhance G protein receptor signalling via the Gbetagamma subunit. This review will focus on our increasing understanding of the importance of qualitative changes among components of opioid receptor-coupled signalling pathways, as opposed to the interruption of such signalling, as the predominant mode of adapting to the presence of opioids.
Chapter 3 Ultrafast dynamics in wide bandgap wurtzite GaN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses electron–phonon and phonon–phonon interactions and nonequilibrium electron distributions in wurtzite gallium nitride (GaN) by using subpicosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. Electronics based upon the existing semiconductor device technologies of silicon and gallium arsenide (GaAs) cannot tolerate elevated temperatures or chemically hostile environments. The wide band-gap semiconductors with their thermal conductivities, large breakdown fields, and resistance to chemical corrosion can be the materials of choice for these applications. Among the wide band-gap semiconductors, the III–V nitrides are very promising semiconductor systems for device applications in the blue and ultraviolet wavelengths. Knowledge of both carrier and phonon dynamical properties is indispensable for device engineers to design better and faster devices. To enhance the speed of devices based on these nitride materials, novel transient transport properties must be used such as electron velocity overshoot and ballistic electron transport in the case of GaAs and indium phosphide (InP).
The Conceptual Design of a Tailless Sailplane Having a Stabilizing Fuselage

A conceptual design of a tailless Standard Class sailplane is presented in this paper. Longitudinal static stability requires a negative pitching moment gradient with respect to the lift coefficient and a positive pitching moment at zero lift. The former depends on the position of the center of gravity with respect to the neutral point of the aircraft, while the latter, in the case of tailless sailplanes, is obtained by designing the wing to take over the stabilizing function normally provided by the empennage. The two methods employed to achieve this, often in combination, are the use of an airfoil with a positive moment coefficient about its aerodynamic center, and the aft sweeping with washout of the wing to provide the needed positive pitching moment at zero lift. The idea introduced here explores a fuselage design that helps to support the stabilizing function. The pressure distribution around the fuselage is tailored to contribute to the stability of the vehicle. To determine the overall benefit of this concept, the cross-country performance of the tailless aircraft is predicted and compared to that of a current conventional sailplane. It is found that the conceptual design is predicted to achieve performance levels comparable to those of conventional designs.
Evolution of the Fiber Density in Biological Tissues

An important challenge in the field of biomechanics is to understand and to model the properties of fibrous tissues. We consider a matrix-fiber composite for which the matrix microstructure and its mechanical properties are taken to be constant. The initial fiber distribution is assumed to be unstructured and the mechanical properties of the fibers evolve during deformation. Further we assume that the fiber creation rate is constant while the fiber degeneration is stretch-dependent. In particular, this study investigates the change of the fiber orientation density when a sudden simple shear is applied to the material. The fiber orientation density depends on the current deformation, the history of the deformation, and the deformation state of the fibers at the time of their creation. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
BRD: bilateral route discovery in mobile ad hoc networks

Traditionally, route discovery in MANETs operates in unilateral (source-initiated) manner. We propose a new scheme called bilateral route discovery (BRD), where both source and destination actively participate in a route discovery process. BRD has the potential to reduce the control overhead by one half. As an underlying protocol for BRD, we propose gratuitous route error reporting (GRER) to notify the destination of a broken route. The destination can thus play an active role in the upcoming route re-discovery.
Vortex interactions in the transition region of a rectangular jet

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the large scale vortical structures in the transition region of a rectangular jet of aspect ratio 4 at a Reynolds number, based 011 the equivalent diameter, of 4500. The instantaneous two dimensional flow for the first 4 equivalent diameters in the jet was measured using the Particle Image Displacement Velocimetry technique. This technique provides an instantaneous velocity field measurement capability with good spatial resolution, from which the vorticity field can be computed accurately. The kinematics of the vortex interaction process are described in terms of the formation and evolution of coherent-vorticity distributions. An important observation is that the interaction process of cylindrical vortices is not unique and consists of several different events. The paper describes two of such processes which are typical of rectangular jets.
Suppression of reabsorption in ultracold gases via modulation of light

Reabsorption, the multiple scattering of spontaneously emitted photons in optically thick gases, is a major limitation to efficient optical pumping and laser cooling in ultracold gases. We report mitigation of reabsorption using spatial and frequency modulation of laser light illuminating such gases. We developed a semiclassical model that successfully describes the reabsorption process when frequency-modulated light is present. It was necessary to extend the treatment in the model beyond a simple two-atom picture in order to reproduce our experimental results.
Homer Smith: His contribution to the practice of nephrology

A generation of renal physiologists and clinical nephrologists owe their expertise to the direct influence of Homer W. Smith. Working with him In his laboratory, conferring with him personally, or corresponding through the malls, young would-be scientists worldwide were molded by him into investigators. teachers, and practitioners of renal medicine. A remarkable feature of Smith’s great influence on others was his extraordinary accessibility, which was coupled with an enthusiasm for discussion of any and all problems dealing with the function of the kidney. Since his death in 1962, a succeeding generation has inherited this legacy from Smith’s original disciples, who continue to disseminate the clarity of thinking and explicit articulation of this dean of all renal physiologists. From the developmental and comparative physiology of the kidney, Smith went on to explore the fundamentals of mammalian renal function and ultimately human physiology and pathophysiology. His introduction of methodology for the precise measurement of renal function in humans lies at the basis of his many contributions to clinical medicine. In the 1930s, as Chairman of the Department of Physiology at New York University, he created a precedent for collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians that has been followed worldwide. Our daily thinking in terms of GFR, RBF, intrarenal resistances, tubular absorption and excretion, and body fluid homeostasis stems directly from his exposition of these fundamental concepts. An informed and logical approach to the many problems of renal dysfunction with which we must deal regularly would be inconceivable without Smith’s teaching, not the least of which is the language and mindset that we bring to the bedside. His rigorous approach to experimental design and analysis of data was implanted into physician physi-
Contirbution of Postsynaptic Ca2+ to the Induction of Posttetanic Potentiation in the Neural Circuit for Siphon Withdrawal inAplysia

Recent studies in Aplysia have revealed a novel postsynaptic Ca2+ component to posttetanic potentiation (PTP) at the siphon sensory to motor neuron (SN–MN) synapse. Here we asked whether the postsynaptic Ca2+component of PTP was a special feature of the SN–MN synapse, and if so, whether it reflected a unique property of the SN or the MN. We examined whether postsynaptic injection of BAPTA reduced PTP at SN synapses onto different postsynaptic targets by comparing PTP at SN–MN and SN–interneuron (L29) synapses. We also examined PTP at L29–MN synapses. Postsynaptic BAPTA reduced PTP only at the SN–MN synapse; it did not affect PTP at either the SN–L29 or the L29–MN synapse, indicating that the SN and the MN do not require postsynaptic Ca2+ for PTP with all other synaptic partners. The postsynaptic Ca2+ component of PTP is present at other Aplysia SN–MN synapses; tail SN–MN synapses also showed reduced PTP when the MN was injected with BAPTA. Surprisingly, in both tail and siphon SN–MN synapses, there was an inverse relationship between the initial size of the EPSP and the postsynaptic component to PTP; only the initially weak SN–MN synapses showed a BAPTA-sensitive component. Homosynaptic depression of initially strong SN–MN synapses into the size range of initially weak synapses did not confer postsynaptic Ca2+ sensitivity to PTP. Finally, the postsynaptic Ca2+ component of PTP could be induced in the presence of APV, indicating that it is not mediated by NMDA receptors. These results suggest a dual model for PTP at the SN–MN synapse, in which a postsynaptic Ca2+contribution summates with the conventional presynaptic mechanisms to yield an enhanced form of PTP.
Metastatic breast cancer to the bladder: A case report

The authors describe a rarely occurring case of extensive infiltration of the bladder wall by primary metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from breast cancer, and give a review of the pertaining literature.
Hypertension with renal carcinoma an effect of arterial embolization

A patient presented with mediastinal metastases from renal adenocarcinoma. Palliative therapy included Gelfoam and steel coil embolization of the right renal artery. Six weeks later he was found to have developed severe hypertension. Arteriogram revealed collateral vessels which supplied the tumor; the renal vein renin activity was four times higher on the right than on the left. We suspect that infarction of the kidney was not complete because of collateral arterial supply, and renin-dependent hypertension was the result. Thus, it may be hazardous to embolize large hypernephromas without subsequent nephrectomy.
ACIDEMIA POTENTIATES THE PLASMA CATHECHOLAMINE(CA) RESPONSE TO HYPOXEMIA(HYP) IN FETAL SHEEP

Though hyp has been shown to stimulate adrenal medullary CA release and raise plasma CA concentrations, it is unclear whether acidosis influences the magnitude of this response. Eleven chronically catheterized late gestation(0.8) fetal lambs in utero were investigated during a baseline control period and following the onset of umbilical cord constriction-induced hypoxemia (PO2=5-15 torr). The data were segregated based upon the fall in pH. Plasma CA rose in response to hypoxemia, but were potentiated by the development of acidosis (pH=7.19±.02). Baseline NE(487±113 pg/ml) increased to 1386±127 pg/ml (p<.0001) in response to hyp alone but rose to 6726±1289 pg/ml (p<.05) in the presence of hyp+acidosis. Hyp increased plasma E from 99±36 pg/ml to 512±81 pg/ml (p<.001). However, an additional 9-fold increase (p<.05) was noted when hyp was combined with acidosis (E=4311±1449 pg/ml). Thus, acidosis significantly potentiates the magnitude of the plasma CA response to hyp in the late gestation fetus.
DPEP in geochemistry

According to a group of investigators at the CSIRO Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, New South Wales, the metal porphyrin DPEP (if it can be proved to exist) plays a key role in theories of the organic origin of petroleum. The proof would involve a single crystal structure determination of the huge molecule isolated from a geological sample and this is what the CSIRO group successfully achieved (Nature, 306, pp. 173–174, 1983). About 50 years ago A. Treibs postulated that vanadyl-DPEP is the dominant metal-organic compound in crude oils and oil shales, but until this recent study, existence of the compound has remained unconfirmed. Treibs' scheme detailed the formation of the porphyrin from chlorophyll. The steps of prophyrin formation could characterize the biological origin of petroleum, but the very crucial piece of evidence has been lacking.
Grouping for teachability

The author, professor of education at the University of Chicago, describes a research study that examines grouping for teacher‐class compatibility. The results indicate that effective grouping may be based on factors other than students’ ability.
Intercorrelations of regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Patterns of cerebral metabolic correlations were compared between 21 Alzheimer's disease patients and 21 healthy age-matched controls in the resting state. Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose were determined by positron emission tomography using [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose. Partial correlation coefficients, controlling for whole brain glucose metabolism, were evaluated between pairs of regional glucose metabolic rates in 59 brain regions. Reliable correlation coefficients were obtained with the ‘jackknife’ and ‘bootstrap’ statistical procedures. Compared with healthy controls, the Alzheimer patients had significantly fewer reliable partial correlation coefficient between frontal and parietal lobe regions, and more reliable correlations between the cerebellum and temporal lobe. The number of reliable correlations between many bilaterally symmetric brain regions was reduced in the Alzheimer patients, as compared with controls. These results suggest that in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease there is a breakdown of the organized functional activity between the two cerebral hemispheres, and between parietal and frontal lobe structures.
Contrast-detail curves for liver CT.

Contrast‐detail curves were constructed for liver computed tomographic (CT)images using an objective method. Stimuli were created by superimposing disks at specified locations on sets of 92 normal liverCTimages. Bright and dark disks of 9 sizes and 36 possible image contrasts were used. Sets of 92 stimuli were rendered on film at five window widths (64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024 HU). The contrast‐detail (CD) curve flattened substantially for disks larger than 7‐mm diameter, and its slope (on a log‐log plot) was less than predicted from signal‐detection theory. Manipulation of display window manipulation had little impact on this disks’ visibility. The results indicate that human observers have difficulty visualizing large, low‐contrast details on liverCT scans, and suggest that narrowing the display window will have little effect on this limitation.
Sufficient conditions for the stability of interval matrices

The stability of interval dynamical systems is studied. Sufficient conditions for the polytope of interval matrices are examined and some of the proofs are greatly simplified. More generally sufficient conditions are obtained and the approach taken in the new proofs has the potential for further generalizations of the result obtained in this paper.
Modification of PETI-5K Imide Oligomers: Effect on Viscosity

A phenylethynyl (PE) end-capped oligoimide of number average molecular weight Mn 5000, known as PETI-5K was modified by: (1) varying molecular weight; (2) addition of phenylethynyl (PE) end-capped reactive diluents to PETI oligomides; (3) incorporation of 1,4-cyclohexanyl diamine with PETI-5K diamines; (4) incorporation of 2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine with PETI-5K; and (5) replacement of the PETI-5 diamines, 3,4′-ODA and APB with 2,2′-bis [4-(4-amino-phenoxy) phenyl] hexafluoropropane (4-BDAF) to determine the effects on glass transition temperature and minimum melt viscosity. All approaches caused a reduction in complex minimum melt viscosity, but the minimum melt temperatures were only sufficiently low enough for the material to have melt stability for a hot-melt coating application in methods (2), (4), and (5). The reduction in the complex minimum melt viscosity of oligomer prepared by method (4) may be due to unreacted monomers and a lower oligomer molecular weight, Mn, than calculated.
Silicon-on-sapphire waveguides design for mid-IR evanescent field absorption gas sensors

We investigate three types of SOS waveguides suitable for evanescent field absorption based gas sensing in mid-IR. Rib and slot waveguide shows greater quasi-TE evanescent field than strip waveguide. 1.33ppm resolution is achievable.
The Problem of Russian Democracy: Can Russia Rise Again?

While Western political scientists have a variety of opinions on democracy and how its institutions could be improved, they almost never argue about the validity of democracy as a form of government. Of course, it would be unfair here to ignore the presence of an authoritarian streak in Western thought. Thomas Hobbes comes to mind most immediately. Yet the views of those thinkers with an authoritarian bent have become marginalized in present-day discourse; or, to be more precise, it is assumed that their views on the importance of a strong government are irrelevant to the present. The assumption that a strong regime might be necessary in non-Western societies is thought to be the product of these authoritarian/totalitarian societies' elite classes—that is, a justification for imposing the power of the elite upon the people. Most Western political scientists are convinced that democracy is the best of all possible forms of government.
Cytosolic Extract Induces Tir Translocation and Pedestals in EPEC-Infected Red Blood Cells

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are deadly contaminants in water and food, and induce protrusion of actin-filled membranous pedestals beneath themselves upon attachment to intestinal epithelia. Pedestal formation requires clustering of Tir and subsequent recruitment of cellular tyrosine kinases including Abl, Arg, and Etk as well as signaling molecules Nck, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 complex. We have developed a cytosolic extract-based cellular system that recapitulates actin pedestal formation in permeabilized red blood cells (RBC) infected with EPEC. RBC support attachment of EPEC and translocation of virulence factors, but not pedestal formation. We show here that extract induces a rapid Ca++-dependent release of Tir from the EPEC Type III secretion system, and that cytoplasmic factor(s) present in the extract facilitate translocation of Tir into the RBC plasma membrane. We show that Abl and related kinases in the extract phosphorylate Tir and that actin polymerization can be reconstituted in infected RBC following addition of cytosolic extract. Reconstitution requires the bacterial virulence factors Tir and intimin, and phosphorylation of Tir on tyrosine residue 474 results in the recruitment of Nck, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 complex beneath attached bacteria at sites of actin polymerization. Together these data describe a biochemical system for dissection of host components that mediate Type III secretion and the mechanisms by which complexes of proteins are recruited to discrete sites within the plasma membrane to initiate localized actin polymerization and morphological changes.
Deformation of pearlite

Pearlite with its lamellae oriented mainly parallel to the longitudinal direction was prepared by Bolling's method of transformation in a steep temperature gradient. The Fe-0.7 pct Mn-0.9 pct C pearlite was drawn into wire and also into strip in dies designed to minimize macroscopically nonuniform deformation. Cross sections of the drawn wires and strip were examined by conventional and high-voltage transmission electron microscopy and were analyzed by quantitative metallography for a) average interlamellar spacing, b) distribution of interlamellar spacings, and c) orientation relationship between the cementite lamellae and the slip systems in the ferrite. The strength of pearlite is proportional to the reciprocal square root of the average interlamellar spacing, and the proportionality constant analogous to the Hall-Petch constant (k) is related to the strength of the cementite lamellae. If the stress for the propagation of slip through the cementite is assumed constant, a Hall-Petch type of equation can be derived for the strengthening of the pearlite against slip in the ferrite by piled-up groups of dislocations. Evidence for the plastic deformability of cementite is presented; sufficiently thin cementite plates were fully plastic. The exponential strain hardening of drawn pearlitic wires and of rolled pearlite is explained in terms of locally inhomogenous deformation revealed by the lack of fragmentation of the lamellae.
Investigation of schreibersite and intrinsic oxidation products from Sikhote-Alin, Seymchan, and Odessa meteorites and Fe3P and Fe2NiP synthetic surrogates

Abstract This work presents a comprehensive investigation of schreibersite inclusions within iron-poor and iron-rich meteorites, and of the associated intrinsic low-temperature oxidation products observed after exposure to terrestrial weathering. First, a thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of the oxidation of schreibersite was carried out and showed that oxidation is mostly limited to the surface in the absence of other ions and/or water. This oxidation occurs rapidly (less than a few weeks) and is mediated by the atmosphere, forming primarily iron oxides and iron phosphates. Second, detailed analyses of meteorite schreibersite inclusions and synthetic schreibersite surrogates (Fe 3 P and Fe 2 NiP) were performed using surface characterization techniques such as micro-Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Such thorough analyses are required as many prebiotic reactivity studies performed use meteoritic samples that have been somewhat exposed to Earth weathering. We find that, while the meteorite samples have not been introduced directly into water, they all bear significant oxidation signatures that appear to be similar for both short-term and long-term natural weathering corrosion processes. In addition, we find that synthetic schreibersite samples have similar surface and sub-surface chemistry and are reasonable chemical proxies for natural schreibersite. The thorough analytical studies detailed in this paper provide a chemical model for schreibersite oxidation products.
Understanding the Connection between Cognitive Tool Use and Cognitive Processes as Used by Sixth Graders in a Problem-Based Hypermedia Learning Environment

The purpose of this study was to examine the connection between sixth graders' cognitive tool use and the cognitive processes they engage in as they solve a complex problem in a hypermedia learning environment. The three research questions were: 1) Which cognitive tools are used for which cognitive processes? 2) Is there a relationship between the extent of students' engagement in cognitive processing and their cognitive tool use? and 3) Are there any differences in cognitive tool use and performance scores between students who are engaged in different patterns of cognitive processing? The findings showed that different cognitive tools were used for different cognitive processes, and the degree of engagement in cognitive processing was positively related to the frequency of tool use. These results indicate that there is a connection between cognitive tool use and cognitive processing. In addition, tool use patterns reflected different characteristics of the learners (information processing versus metacogn...
Cholinergic modulation of purinergic and GABAergic co-transmission at in vitro hypothalamic synapses.

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is an important center for the integration of autonomic and limbic information and is implicated in the modulation of visceral motor and sensory pathways, including th...
Stability analysis of structures by a reduced system of generalized coordinates

Abstract A method of analysis using a reduced system of generalized coordinates for the static linear bifurcation theory of stability is presented. Finite elements (displacement models) are used to idealize the structure. The advantage of the present method is a large reduction in the size of the eigenvalue problem to be solved without sacrificing the capability of using a large number of degrees of freedom for mathematical modeling. The efficiency and accuracy are illustrated by numerical examples for various types of planar structures. Although only examples using one-dimensional type elements are offered, this procedure is obviously equally applicable for other structures such as plates and shells.
Effects of iron status on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity

Abstract In rats made iron deficient with a restricted diet, the erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity increased more than threefold. This effect did not occur with acute iron-deficient erythropoiesis (
Intraspecific Phylogeography of the American Brook Lamprey, Lethenteron appendix (DeKay, 1842)

Variation at two mitochondrial DNA regions was used to assess the phylogeographic history of the American brook lamprey, Lethenteron appendix, a widespread and typically non-parasitic species in eastern North America. Little differentiation (<0.2%) was observed among populations throughout its range. Specimens of putatively parasitic individuals had sequences identical to non-parasitic individuals. Additional sequences from other members of the genus Lethenteron also demonstrated little or no differentiation with American brook lamprey (<1.2%). These results support the hypothesis of a recent range expansion of the American brook lamprey. Further, the absence of variation among several of the species of Lethenteron suggests a recent origin of multiple non-parasitic species with insufficient time for lineage sorting or ongoing gene flow among populations of a trophically polymorphic species. This study calls into question the current species diversity of Lethenteron.
Electromagnetic generation of ultrasonic shear waves in the non-local limit

Abstract Generation of ultrasonic shear waves at a [110] surface of a pure potassium sample at 4.2°K by electromagnetic fields is compared with theoretical calculations for rf magnetic vector both parallel and perpendicular to the sound polarization.
Deuteron and antideuteron measurements in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200~\mbox{GeV}$ at RHIC-PHENIX

In Run-7 of RHIC operations PHENIX has recorded over 5.4 billion minimum bias events, facilitating a detailed study of deuteron and antideuteron production as a function of centrality and up to transverse momentum of pT=5 GeV/c. We present transverse momentum pT and transverse mass mT spectra, mean transverse momentum 〈pT〉, source parameters, particle ratios, and nuclear modification factor RCP. Deuteron and antideuteron spectra are compared to those of other identified particles and to hydrodynamical predictions.
Three-dimensional structure of inclined sheet swarms: Implications for crustal thickening and subsidence in the volcanic rift zones of Iceland

Inward-dipping (cone) sheet swarms and an associated central volcano are well-exposed in the deeply-eroded Tertiary crust of Vatnsdalur, Skagi Peninsula region, northern Iceland. Spatially registered orientations of 389 mafic sheets, mapped in three distinct sheet swarms define both the overall shape and magmatic source of each swarm. The Vatnsdalur sheet swarms consist of planar inward-dipping sheets that collectively define a conical shape rather than a bowl- or trumpet-shape as have been found in swarms in other locations. In the best exposed swarm, three-dimensional projection of mafic sheets into the subsurface defines two distinct foci, which are interpreted as the magmatic sources of two temporally distinct sub-swarms. These results help to establish the influence of inclined sheet intrusion on crustal accretion at central volcanoes. The geometry of the swarm constrains the thickness of material that was added to the crust during sheet intrusion. When combined with estimates of surface relief, we calculate that 2.2 to 4.1 km of subsidence were required beneath the central volcano in order to accommodate the intrusion of the sheet swarm. Similar processes of crustal thickening and subsidence likely occur in a wide variety of both continental rift and mid-ocean ridge systems where magmatic activity is focused at central volcanoes.
Cantharidin biosynthesis in a blister beetle: inhibition by 6-fluoromevalonate causes chemical disarmament.

Biosynthesis of cantharidin in a blister beetle,Lytta polita, is effectively inhibited by 6-fluoromevalonate. Inhibition is attributed specifically to the fluorine substituent. Biochemical inhibition has not been demonstrated previously for an arthropod's defensive substance.
Complete basis set limits of local second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory

The performance of local Moller–Plesset second-order perturbation theory (LMP2) and the impact of domain choice upon accuracy for a series of correlation consistent basis sets have been examined. MP2 correlation energies were calculated for 31 molecules ranging from 4 to 26 atoms, and containing up to 10 non-hydrogen atoms. The correlation energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit using various schemes for comparison. The percent CPU savings for the local MP2 calculations as compared with conventional MP2 calculations are provided.
Mate Discrimination in Invasive Whitefly Species

Mate discrimination could be critical for invasive species that need to locate rare suitable mates and avoid costs associated with misdirected courtships to establish in new environments. Here, we tested whether individuals of two invasive whitefly species in the Bemisia tabaci species complex, commonly known as the B and Q biotypes, could discriminate between potential mates based on their species and sex. Behavioral observations showed that B females were more discriminating than Q females. Males of both species were able to discriminate between mates based on their species and sex, but in general B males discriminated more effectively than Q males. By incorporating these behavioral data into a conceptual model, we show that variation in mating behavior between females of different species was a more significant factor affecting mating than variation between males. These results indicate that mate discrimination could affect interactions between whitefly species and influence a species’ ability to colonize novel environments.
Activation of parathion and guthion by mammalian, avian, and piscine liver homogenates and cell fractions☆

Abstract The production and accumulation of potent anticholinesterase metabolites when parathion [ o,o -diethyl o -(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothionate] and Guthion [ o,o ,-dimethyl s -(4 oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4 H )-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate] were incubated with liver homogenates or cell fractions from 3 mammalian, 2 avian, and 2 fish species was studied. Comparison of activation of the phosphorothionates by whole liver homogenates without added cofactors and in the presence of NAD, NADP, or NADP plus glucose 6-phosphate showed that for all species maximum activation was obtained in the presence of NAPD plus glucose 6-phosphate, although in a few cases NAD alone was equally effective. For all species half or more of the phosphorothionate activation activity of whole liver homogenates was recovered in the 8500 g supernatant fractions, but because of species differences in the relative activity of different fractions, it appears that whole homogenates are most useful for comparative studies. Activity was present in the washed microsomal fraction of all species, except flounder liver, when reduced NADP was added. There appeared to be some species differences in the stability of the phosphorothionate activating system when homogenates were stored at different temperatures. Tests on whole liver homogenates from several animals of each species yielded the following general order of activation: mammals > birds > fish.
Pattern Recognition in Image Processing Using Interpixel Correlation

When within-object interpixel correlation varies appreciably from object to object, it may be important for the classifier to utilize this correlation, as well as the mean and variance of pixel intensities. In this correspondence interpixel correlation is brought into the classification scheme by means of a two-dimensional Markov model.
Autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty esters on Silica

The stability of unsaturated methyl esters of fatty acid adsorbed on silica gel and silicic acid was studied by gas liquid chromatographic estimation of disappearance relative to a saturated internal standard. Variables included silica-ester ratio, agitation, adsorbent particle size, and degree of unsaturation. Under the conditions of the experiment, destruction of substrate unsaturated ester at 80 C was more a function of time than of unsaturation or initial purity.
Endoscopic ultrasound for the evaluation of Nissen fundoplication integrity: a blinded comparison with conventional testing.

Background For patients whose symptoms develop after Nissen fundoplication, the precise mechanism of anatomic failure can be difficult to determine. The authors have previously reported the endosonographic hallmarks defining an intact Nissen fundoplication in swine and the known causes of failure. The current clinical trial tested the hypothesis that a defined set of endosonographic criteria can be applied to determine fundoplication integrity in humans.
Social-cognitive predictors of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal reactivity to interpersonal conflict in emerging adult couples

This study tested the extent to which the social-cognitive variables of sociotropy and negative relationship attributions predict physiological stress reactivity to interpersonal conflict among emerging adult romantic partners (N = 125 couples). It was hypothesized that sociotropy and negative relationship attributions would predict increased stress reactivity, indexed by salivary cortisol levels, both independently and inter-actively. Results supported the hypotheses but pointed to more complex and gender-specific relationships; sociotropy predicted higher cortisol during the conflict for men, but this effect was mitigated by causal attributions for negative partner behaviors. For women, causal attributions also tended to lower reactivity in the sense of faster recovery after the conflict event, while responsibility attributions predicted slower recovery and more extended physiological stress.
Changes of ovarian hormonal function with aging.

Abstract Striking changes of ovarian function occur with aging. These changes begin subtly with reductions of fecundability being observed after age 25. The transition from reproductive to postreproductive life is characterized by menstrual irregularity including anovulation, or short luteal phases. The most prominent hormonal changes at the menopause are drastic reductions of estradiol and progesterone secretion by the ovary, reflecting the cessation of folliculogenesis and ovulation. Elevations of gonadotropins and reduction of inhibition levels also reflect the loss of folliculogenesis and ovulation. There are accompanying decreases of ovarian androgen secretion; however, the postmenopausal gonad directly secretes more testosterone after, than before, the menopause.
Zur Rolle der chemischen Synthese in der Entwicklung antibakterieller Wirkstoffe

Die Entdeckung und Einfuhrung der Antibiotika im fruhen zwanzigsten Jahrhundert hatte gewaltige Auswirkungen auf das Gesundheitwesen. Die chemische Synthese ermoglichte die Entwicklung der ersten antibakteriellen Substanzen, Organoarsenverbindungen und Sulfa-Medikamente, die jedoch bald von wirksameren und weitaus komplexeren naturlichen Antibiotika verdrangt wurden: unter anderem Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclin und Erythromycin. Diese ersten Abwehrstoffe sind inzwischen – als unvermeidbare Folge der raschen Resistenzentwicklung bei pathogenen Bakterien – deutlich weniger wirksam, was durch die weit verbreitete falsche Anwendung von Antibiotika noch verstarkt wurde. Jahrzehntelang erganzten Medizinchemiker das Repertoire der Antibiotika durch semisynthetische und in geringerem Mase vollsynthetische Routen, aber okonomische Faktoren haben einen Ruckgang dieser Bemuhungen ausgelost, was die Gesellschaft an den Rand einer Katastrophe fuhrt. Wir sind uberzeugt, dass die strategische Anwendung moderner chemischer Synthesemethoden zur Entwicklung antibakterieller Wirkstoffe von entscheidender Bedeutung ist, wenn eine globale Krise abgewendet werden soll.