cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral impact on a flexible viscoelastic tube

An experimental investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of transverse normal impact of an essentially rigid striker on flexible viscoelastic tubes with resultant large deformations and large local strains. The tests were conducted on a medical-grade ester-plasticized compound of polyvinyl chloride with nominal inner and outer diameters of 4.76 and 7.94 mm (3/16 in and 5/16 in), respectively, suspended vertically with a free length of 1.3 m. The specimens were dynamically loaded by two projectiles striking the center of the span: (i) a 6.35 mm (1/4 in) diameter steel ball bearing travelling at initial velocities between 40 and 70 m/s, and (ii) a special configuration composed of Lexan with a cylindrical striking surface of 3.97 mm (5/32 in) radius travelling between 4 and 10 m/s with the axis of the contact surface, the axis of the tube and the direction of motion forming an orthogonal triad. The impact phenomena were observed by high-speed photography at a framing rate of 6500 pps. The displacement histories determined from the films were employed to compute an approximate force history using a nonlinear regression analysis. The pinching of the tube in the impact region, the velocity of propagation of the disturbance along the tube, the duration of contact and the rebound velocity of the striker were also measured. It was noted that the tube was completely closed by the striking sphere at higher velocities, while less pinching occurred when the plastic striker was utilized. It appears that the amount of pinching for a given tube is primarily determined by the initial energy of the striker and by the ratio of the initial velocity to the wave speed that characterizes the energy flow away from the impact point.
Epidemiology of childhood asthma

populations in epidemiological studies was proposed by Toelle et al, who reported “current asthma” if the patient had had symptoms (wheezing, chest tightness, recurrent cough) in the previous 12 months and had a positive airway responsiveness test. Patients fulfilling these criteria had more symptoms, greater variability in flow rates, more atopy, and required more treatment than those with symptoms but not airway responsiveness or the small group with airway responsiveness and no symptoms. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), a worldwide study of the prevalence of childhood asthma and respiratory symptoms in the age-groups 6–7 years and 13–14 years, has brought uniformity into data collection, as far as language allows. Prevalence rates for wheezing among 13–14-year-olds reported from representative countries are shown in panel 2. Phase 2 of ISAAC will include measurements of lung function, airway responsiveness, and atopy which will further help elucidate differences and similarities among populations.
Propulsion application of non-neutronic fusion chain reactions in Petawatt laser ignited shear flow stabilized dense plasma z-pinches

Abstract Shear flow stabilized z -pinches promise the attainment of very high densities. At these high densities non-neutronic fusion chain reactions, ideally suited for propulsion, can be ignited with petawatt lasers. To drive the dense pinch discharges large capacitors with short discharge times are required, favoring high voltages. To reduce the weight of the capacitors, and at the same time to have high voltages, use can be made of the high vacuum of space which in combination with magnetic insulation has the potential for gigajoule, gigavolt capacitors.
Chromosomal organization of the herpes simplex virus type 2 genome.

Abstract Nucleoprotein complexes containing herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA were extracted from CV-1 cells with NP-40 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The viral DNA-protein complex sedimented in neutral sucrose as a relatively homogeneous peak at around 120 S. Pooled material from the 120 S region of sucrose gradients contained DNA which, when deproteinized, sedimented at 55 S and had a density of 1.728 g/cm 3 as expected for herpesvirus DNA. Buoyant density studies with glutaraldehyde-fixed complexes indicate that protein is bound to viral DNA at a ratio of approximately 1.1 to 1. Micrococcal nuclease digests of isolated viral nucleoprotein complexes indicate that these complexes do not have a nucleosomal structure. Chromatin prepared from nuclei following isolation of viral nucleoprotein complexes contained viral DNA. When infected nuclei were treated with micrococcal nuclease, nucleosome-sized fragments were obtained which contained both virus and cell DNA.
Proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs

Antiarrhythmic agents can worsen existing arrhythmias by increasing their duration or frequency, increasing the number of premature complexes or couplets, altering the rate of the arrhythmia or causing new, previously unexperienced arrhythmias. QT prolongation occurs in many settings, not all of which are associated with increased arrhythmia development. Arrhythmogenesis in the setting of a long QT interval may be related to marked asynchrony of repolarization. The role of afterdepolarizations is still being investigated. No correlation has been established between the occurrence of torsades de pointes, a specific degree of QT prolongation and either the dose or serum concentration of any of the antiarrhythmic agents. In 30 patients who experienced drug-induced ventricular fibrillation, the median time to ventricular fibrillation was only 3 days after drug treatment began. Significant caution must be exercised in determining the need for antiarrhythmic therapy and in monitoring patients after treatment has begun.
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis without temporary, diverting ileostomy

Of two hundred patients undergoing proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, all but nine have had temporary diverting ileostomies. Of these nine patients, eight had successful results. One patient developed abdominal sepsis due to jejunal volvulus and perforation after she had returned home, and at surgery the pouch was excised. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis without a temporary diverting ileostomy can be performed safely by surgeons experienced with this procedure in carefully selected patients.
Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms

The type of cognitive system (CS) studied here has four basic parts: (1) a set of interacting elementary productions, called classifiers, (2) a performance algorithm that directs the action of the system in the environment, (3) a simple learning algorithm that keeps a record of each classifier's success in bringing about rewards, and (4) a more complex learning algorithm, called the genetic algorithm, that modifies the set of classifiers so that variants of good classifiers persist and new, potentially better ones are created in a provably efficient manner.
The apical/basal-polarity determinant Scribble cooperates with the PCP core factor Stbm/Vang and functions as one of its effectors.

Abstract Most tissues display several features of cellular polarization. Besides the ubiquitous epithelial polarization in the Apical–Basal (A/B) axis, many epithelia (and associated organs) display a Planar Cell Polarization (PCP). Recently, a crosstalk between the PCP and A/B polarity determinants has been suggested, i.e. the activity or stability of the PCP factor Frizzled is regulated by the A/B determinants aPKC and Bazooka in the Drosophila eye. We have systematically investigated genetic and physical interactions between the Drosophila A/B factors and the core PCP component Strabismus (Stbm)/Van Gogh (Vang). The A/B determinant Scribble was found to interact both genetically and physically with Stbm/Vang. We demonstrate that Scribble binds Stbm/Vang through its PDZ domain 3 and that it cooperates with Stbm/Vang in PCP establishment. Our data indicate that Scribble, in addition to its role in A/B polarity, has a distinct requirement in PCP establishment in the Drosophila eye and wing. We define a scribble allele that is largely PCP specific. Our data show that Scribble is part of the Stbm/Vang PCP complex and further suggest that it might act as an effector of Stbm/Vang during PCP establishment.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis of Methanol Conversion to Hydrocarbons Using Cantera Methodology

Reactions associated with removal of oxygen from oxygenates (deoxygenation) are an important aspect of hydrocarbon fuels production process from biorenewable substrates. Here we report the equilibrium composition of methanol-to-hydrocarbon system by minimizing the total Gibbs energy of the system using Cantera methodology. The system was treated as a mixture of 14 components which had CH3OH, C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes), C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, CH4, H2O, C, CO2, CO, H2. The carbon in the equilibrium mixture was used as a measure of coke formation which causes deactivation of catalysts that are used in aromatization reaction(s). Equilibrium compositions of each species were analyzed for temperatures ranging from 300 to 1380 K and pressure at 0–15 atm gauge. It was observed that when the temperature increases the mole fractions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene pass through a maximum around 1020 K. At 300 K the most abundant species in the system were CH4, CO2, and H2O with mole fractions 50%, 16.67%, and 33.33%, respectively. Similarly at high temperature (1380 K), the most abundant species in the system were H2 and CO with mole fractions 64.5% and 32.6% respectively. The pressure in the system shows a significant impact on the composition of species.
Reliability of a 360-degree evaluation to assess resident competence.

Massagli TL, Carline JD: Reliability of a 360-degree evaluation to assess resident competence. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:845‐852. Objective: To determine the feasibility and psychometric qualities of a 360-degree evaluation of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) residents’ competence. Design: Nurses, allied health staff, and medical students completed a 12-item questionnaire after each PM&R resident rotation from January 2002 to December 2004. The items were derived from five of the six competencies defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Results: Nine hundred thirty evaluations of 56 residents were completed. The alpha reliability coefficient for the instrument was 0.89. Ratings did not vary significantly by resident gender. Senior residents had higher ratings than junior residents. A reliability of 0.8 could be achieved by ratings from just five nurses or allied health staff, compared with 23 ratings from medical students. Factor analysis revealed all items clustered on one factor, accounting for 84% of the variance. In a subgroup of residents with low scores, raters were able to differentiate among skills. Conclusion: Resident assessment tools should be valid, reliable, and feasible. This Web-based 360-degree evaluation tool is a feasible way to obtain reliable ratings from rehabilitation staff about resident behaviors. The assignment of higher ratings for senior residents than junior residents is evidence for the general validity of this 360-degree evaluation tool in the assessment of resident performance. Different rater groups may need distinct instruments based on the exposure of rater groups to various resident activities and behaviors.
Impact of biological amendments on Agrobacterium tumefaciens survival in soil

Abstract Paradox, the primary walnut rootstock used in California, is susceptible to Agrobacterium tumefaciens , which causes crown gall. While A. tumefaciens is susceptible to commonly used fumigants such as methyl bromide (MeBr) and Telone-C35 (1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin), these fumigants also significantly modify the indigenous soil microbial community, which impacts the ability to inhibit A. tumefaciens populations introduced into these soils. We hypothesized increasing microbial diversity and activity in fumigated soil would provide greater competition for A. tumefaciens , thereby reducing its abundance and limiting disease incidence. Three commercially available soil amendments at multiple rates were tested in native and Telone-C35 fumigated soils in laboratory experiments: vermicompost and two commercial microbial fermentation mixtures marketed as soil amendments. The amendment-soil mixture was infested with a rifampicin-resistant mutant of A. tumefaciens whose abundance was determined by dilution plating and quantitative PCR over the course of four weeks. The two commercial fermentation amendments had no effect on A. tumefaciens population dynamics. However, after a four-week exposure to 10% (w/w) or greater vermicompost, A. tumefaciens populations declined, and in some cases dipped, below detection limits. This suppressive effect appeared to be predominately biotic as heat-treated vermicompost had no impact on A. tumefaciens populations. In addition, culture independent analysis using the Shannon index of diversity found a positive correlation between A. tumefaciens suppression and microbial community diversity. The vermicompost used in this study also provided a consistently similar microbial community in individual batches used over a 9-month period, making it suitable for reliable commercial use.
Rapid Impactor Sample Return (RISR) Mission Scenario

Due to the long lead time and great expense of traditional sample return mission plans to Mars and other astronomical bodies, there is a need for a new and innovative way to return samples more quickly and at a lower cost. The Rapid Impactor Sample Return (RISR) mission is one such proposal. The scenario involves a single pass of Mars, a Martian moon or an asteroid at high speeds (7 km/s), with the sample return vehicle skimming just 1 or 2 meters above a high point (such as a top ridge on Olympus Mons on Mars) and releasing an impactor. The impactor strikes the ground, throwing up debris. The debris with roughly the same forward velocity is captured by the sample return vehicle and returned to Earth. There is no delay or orbit in the vicinity of Mars or the asteroid: RISR is a one-pass mission. This paper discusses some of the details of the scenario. Calculations are presented that address the question of how much material can be recovered with this technique. There are concerns about the effect of Mars tenuous atmosphere; however, it will be noted that such issues do not occur for RISR style missions to Phobos, Deimos, or asteroids and Near-Earth Objects. Recent test results in the missile defense community (Integrated Flight Tests 6 - 8 in 2001, 2002) have scored direct hits at better than 1 meter accuracy with closing velocities of 7.6 km/s, suggesting that accuracy and sensing technologies are sufficiently developed that the RISR mission scenario is feasible.
Ten‐π ‐ electron nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. VIII. Semi‐empirical calculations of chemical‐shifts of ring‐protons and of methyl‐protons

The chemical-shifts of the ring protons and of the methyl protons of some unsub-stituted and some methylpolyazanidenes have been calculated by a semi-empirical method utilizing charge-densities obtained from HMO calculations. The success of this method lies in the choice of the reference compound, pyrrocoline.
Accounting for variable stock options

Abstract A survey of nine accounting textbooks reveals that only three include the correct procedures for accounting for Variable Stock Option Plans as set forth in FASB Interpretation 28. Two books incorrectly teach the method used for changes in accounting estimates required by APB Opinion 20, and four do not address this unique exception to APB Opinion 20. This last group functionally allows the user to believe that the general rule outlined in APB Opinion 20 applies.
Helical CT reconstruction with longitudinal filtration

Each of the currently used helical reconstruction algorithms represents one tradeoff selection of the image noise or mA requirement and resultant artifacts versus the width of the section profile. For many applications, the performance tradeoffs different from those existed are desired. In this paper, we present a general framework of incorporating the longitudinal (z) filtration in helical CT reconstruction, which leads to a new class of helical reconstruction algorithms with tunable performance characteristics to suit various applications. The z-filtering algorithm enables us to derive the performance curve of image noise or mA requirement versus the width of the section profile, whereas the existing helical reconstruction algorithms only represent limited discrete samples of the curve. We demonstrate that using a new helical reconstruction algorithm derived from this general framework, a substantial reduction in image noise or mA requirement can be achieved with a slight increase of FWHM of the section profile. Thus for many applications requiring both compact section profile and low image noise or mA requirement, the new algorithm represents a better tradeoff than both the 180 degrees and 360 degrees interpolation algorithms. The new algorithm also offers the following potential clinical benefits: (1) longer x-ray tube life; (2) longer scan duration with less x-ray tube cooling delays--longer volume coverage and/or longer thin-slice scan; (3) less radiation to patient; (4) less image noise; and (5) less helical artifacts. Initial clinical results are also presented.
Intra-specific and intra-sporocarp ITS variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi as assessed by rDNA sequencing of sporocarps and pooled ectomycorrhizal roots from a Quercus woodland.

The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA are widely used as markers for phylogenetic analyses and environmental sampling from a variety of organisms including fungi, plants, and animals. In theory, concerted evolution homogenizes multicopy genes so that little or no variation exists within populations or individuals. However, contrary to theory, ITS variation has been confirmed in populations and individuals from a diverse range of eukaryotes. The presence of intraspecific and intra-individual variation in multicopy genes has important implications for ecological and phylogenetic studies, yet relatively little is known about natural variation of these genes, particularly at the community level. In this study, we examined intraspecific and intra-sporocarp ITS variation by DNA sequencing from sporocarps and pooled roots from 68 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi collected at a single site in a Quercus woodland. We detected ITS variation in 27 species, roughly 40% of the taxa examined. Although intraspecific ITS variation was generally low (0.16–2.85%, mean = 0.74%), it was widespread within this fungal community. We detected ITS variation in both sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal roots, and variation was present within species of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, two distantly related lineages within the Fungi. We discuss the implications of such widespread ITS variability with special reference to DNA-based environmental sampling from diverse fungal communities.
Science and democracy

The future of nanotechnology depends on public acceptance, says Chris Toumey, so the nanotechnology community needs to listen to public opinion.
Adjustment of genomic waves in signal intensities from whole-genome SNP genotyping platforms

Whole-genome microarrays with large-insert clones designed to determine DNA copy number often show variation in hybridization intensity that is related to the genomic position of the clones. We found these 'genomic waves' to be present in Illumina and Affymetrix SNP genotyping arrays, confirming that they are not platform-specific. The causes of genomic waves are not well-understood, and they may prevent accurate inference of copy number variations (CNVs). By measuring DNA concentration for 1444 samples and by genotyping the same sample multiple times with varying DNA quantity, we demonstrated that DNA quantity correlates with the magnitude of waves. We further showed that wavy signal patterns correlate best with GC content, among multiple genomic features considered. To measure the magnitude of waves, we proposed a GC-wave factor (GCWF) measure, which is a reliable predictor of DNA quantity (correlation coefficient = 0.994 based on samples with serial dilution). Finally, we developed a computational approach by fitting regression models with GC content included as a predictor variable, and we show that this approach improves the accuracy of CNV detection. With the wide application of whole-genome SNP genotyping techniques, our wave adjustment method will be important for taking full advantage of genotyped samples for CNV analysis.
CHEMICAL INFLUENCES ON TRACE METAL-SULFIDE INTERACTIONS IN ANOXIC SEDIMENTS

Abstract Interactions of trace metals with sulfide in anoxic environments are important in determining their chemical form and potential toxicity to organisms. In recent years, a considerable body of observational data has accumulated that indicates very different behavior for various trace metals in sulfidic sediments. These differences in behavior cannot be entirely attributed to thermodynamic relationships, but also reflect differences in ligand exchange reaction kinetics, and redox reaction pathways. Pb, Zn, and Cd, which are generally pyritized to only a few percent of the “reactive” fraction, have faster water exchange reaction kinetics than Fe 2+ , resulting in MeS phases precipitating prior to FeS formation and subsequent pyrite formation, whereas, Co and Ni, which have slower H 2 O exchange kinetics than Fe 2+ , are incorporated into pyrite. Although Hg and Cu have faster reaction kinetics than Fe 2+ , both are incorporated into pyrite or leached from the pyrite fraction with nitric acid. Hg undergoes significant chloride complexation, which can retard reaction with sulfide, but can also replace Fe in FeS to form HgS, which can only be dissolved in the pyrite fraction. Cu 2+ is reduced by sulfide and forms a variety of sulfides with and without Fe that can only be dissolved with nitric acid. Mn 2+ does not form a MnS phase easily and is incorporated into pyrite at high iron degrees of pyritization (DOP). Oxyanions of Mo and As are first reduced by sulfide. These reduced forms may then react with sulfides resulting in incorporation into pyrite. However, the oxyanion of Cr is reduced to Cr 3+ , which is kinetically inert to reaction with sulfide and, therefore, not incorporated into pyrite.
Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Monosaccharides and Their Growth Inhibitory Activity against Gram-Negative and Positive Bacteria

Using various monosaccharides as reductant, we synthesized Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in seconds employing the household microwave method described earlier. The Ag NPs containing colloidal solution showed distinctive colors with varying . The sizes of the NPs formed varied significantly from 10 to 35 nm in good agreement with the localized plasmon resonance ranged from ~300 to ~600 nm. The antimicrobial properties of these NPs were compared in Gram-negative and positive bacteria in liquid culture. Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible compared to Gram-negative microbes—the additional lipopolysaccharide layer covering the peptidoglycan cell wall in the latter somewhat lessens the effect. The results indicated that larger NPs produced by glucose inhibited bacterial growth better than the smallest NPs produced by ribose. This may be attributed to the higher aggregation rate for larger NPs on cell wall. SEM analysis showed accumulation of NPs on cell surface and defect in budding, further supporting the cell wall interaction with Ag NPs. These observations suggested that the growth inhibition of Ag NPs is mediated by interfering with the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.
Sufficiency theorems for optimal control

Two sufficiency theorems, related to those of Kalman, Athans and Falb, and Boltyanskii, are derived. The derivation is based on the invariance of a certain line integral along a solution curve reaching the terminal state set. The theorems are applied to some simple problems.
Evaluation of visualization techniques for use by facility operators during monitoring tasks

Abstract Facility operators interact with building automation systems (BASs) on a regular basis for various purposes such as facility maintenance, occupant comfort, equipment monitoring, safety and security. Evaluation of various BAS interfaces showed that there are challenges faced by facility operators that impede their efficiency and accuracy of their responses to reported situations. These challenges revolve mainly around the lack of spatial context for the monitored sensor readings and equipment statuses, and operators' information overloading. Various visualization techniques have been used in commercially available BASs, however, their impact on the situation awareness of facility operators is not clearly known. This study focuses on this need and evaluates various visualization techniques that best suit to the needs of facility operators. This study identifies visualization techniques that are applicable to encode sematic information in spatial context, and details the design and implementation of user studies that were performed with seventeen expert and six novice facility operators to understand the impact of visualization techniques on operators' accuracy and timeliness to reported situations in relation to building system monitoring. The findings suggested that visualization-based interfaces generally improve the accuracy and efficiency of facility operators' decisions in monitoring tasks as compared to interfaces designed mainly with tabular displays. The results can be used by practitioners in the industry, not only for greenhouse facility monitoring, but also for facility monitoring in general, and by vendors to consider for their BAS interfaces.
Responses of caudal vestibular nucleus neurons of conscious cats to rotations in vertical planes, before and after a bilateral vestibular neurectomy

Although many previous experiments have considered the responses of vestibular nucleus neurons to rotations and translations of the head, little data are available regarding cells in the caudalmost portions of the vestibular nuclei (CVN), which mediate vestibulo-autonomic responses among other functions. This study examined the responses of CVN neurons of conscious cats to rotations in vertical planes, both before and after a bilateral vestibular neurectomy. None of the units included in the data sample had eye movement-related activity. In labyrinth-intact animals, some CVN neurons (22%) exhibited graviceptive responses consistent with inputs from otolith organs, but most (55%) had dynamic responses with phases synchronized with stimulus velocity. Furthermore, the large majority of CVN neurons had response vector orientations that were aligned either near the roll or vertical canal planes, and only 18% of cells were preferentially activated by pitch rotations. Sustained head-up rotations of the body provide challenges to the cardiovascular system and breathing, and thus the response dynamics of the large majority of CVN neurons were dissimilar to those of posturally-related autonomic reflexes. These data suggest that vestibular influences on autonomic control mediated by the CVN are more complex than previously envisioned, and likely involve considerable processing and integration of signals by brainstem regions involved in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. Following a bilateral vestibular neurectomy, CVN neurons regained spontaneous activity within 24 h, and a very few neurons (<10%) responded to vertical tilts <15° in amplitude. These findings indicate that nonlabyrinthine inputs are likely important in sustaining the activity of CVN neurons; thus, these inputs may play a role in functional recovery following peripheral vestibular lesions.
Analyses of the secretomes of Erwinia amylovora and selected hrp mutants reveal novel type III secreted proteins and an effect of HrpJ on extracellular harpin levels.

SUMMARY Erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogenic enterobacterium that causes fire blight disease of apple, pear and other rosaceous plants. A type III (T3) secretion system, encoded by clustered, chromosomal hrp genes (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity), is essential for infection, but only a few proteins are known that are secreted through this pathway (the T3 ‘secretome’). We developed an efficient protocol for purification and concentration of extracellular proteins and used it to characterize the T3 secretome of E. amylovora Ea273 by comparing preparations from the wild-type strain with those from mutants defective in hrp secretion, regulation, or in genes encoding putative T3-secreted proteins. Proteins were resolved by gel electrophoresis and identified using mass spectrometry and a draft sequence of the E. amylovora genome. Twelve T3-secreted proteins were identified, including homologues of known effector and helper proteins, and HrpJ, a homologue of YopN of Yersinia pestis. Several previously uncharacterized T3-secreted proteins were designated as Eops for Erwinia outer proteins. Analysis of the secretome of a non-polar hrpJ mutant demonstrated that HrpJ is required for accumulation of wild-type levels of secreted harpins. HrpJ was found to be essential for pathogenesis, and to play a major role in elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco.
Memory Retrieval Given Two Independent Cues: Cue Selection or Parallel Access?.

A basic but unresolved issue in the study of memory retrieval is whether multiple independent cues can be used concurrently (i.e., in parallel) to recall a single, common response. A number of empirical results, as well as potentially applicable theories, suggest that retrieval can proceed in parallel, though set forth a model that denies that possibility. In this paper, five quantitative models are developed to test broad candidate principles. In multiple experiments, subjects were trained to retrieve a vocal digit response for each member of a set of letter or color cues. In subsequent test and transfer phases, single cue trials were randomly mixed with dual cue trials on which the two cues always required the same response. For the first few repetitions of each new set of dual cue items, there was no evidence of parallel retrieval over any part of the RT distribution. After more repetitions, dual cue trials were performed faster than single cue trials, but only under conditions that were favorable to development of a "chunked" dual cue representation. These results indicate that associative independence is an important modulating variable that must be heeded in any general model of attention and memory retrieval. Further, the results are most consistent with a model that places the performance bottleneck prior to the retrieval stage of processing.
Adiabatic, Isothermal, and Intermediate Pressure Derivatives of the Elastic Constants for Cubic Symmetry. II. Numerical Results for 25 Materials

The purely adiabatic and the purely isothermal pressure derivatives of the elastic constants are calculated from the experimentally determined mixed isothermal-adiabatic pressure coefficients of the elastic constants for 24 cubic crystals and one isotropic material. Also the linear combinations of the third-order elastic constants that can be determined from these data are given for the different thermodynamic conditions. The first two expansion coeffcients of the volume versus pressure relation were determined from the ultrasonically measured elastic constants and their pressure coefficients and compared with Bridgman's high pressure volumetric data. Die rein adiabatischen und die rein isothermen Druckkoeffizienten der elastischen Konstanten werden aus den experimentell bestimmten gemischt isotherm-adiabatischen Druckkoeffizienten der elastischen Konstanten fur vierundzwanzig kubische Kristalle und eine isotrope Substanz berechnet. Auserdem werden die aus diesen Daten erhaltlichen Linearkombinationen der elastischen Konstanten dritter Ordnung fur die verschiedenen thermodynamischen Bedingungen angegeben. Die beiden ersten Entwicklungskoeffizienten der Druck-Volumen-Beziehung werden aus den mittels Ultraschall gemessenen elastischen Konstanten und ihren Druckkoeffizienten ermittelt und mit den von Bridgman bei hohen Drucken volumetrisch gemessenen Daten verglichen.
Carbon‐13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Drugs II: Antihistamines

Abstract The natural abundance carbon‐13 magnetic resonance spectra of a series of antihistamines (pheniramine, chlorpheniramine, methapyrilene, tripelennamine, pyrilamine, and thonzylamine) were determined using the pulse Fourier transform technique. The chemical shifts were assigned with the aid of long‐range carbon‐13–hydrogen coupling constants.
Political Terrorism: A Historical Case Study of the Italian Red Brigades

As the world’s governments become increasingly engulfed in economic and political strife, international leaders should step back and understand what historical realities enabled political extremism to surface in particular regions of the world. More importantly, these leaders need to recognize what past governments did to counter these movements. Global communities are currently witnessing a dynamic trend of populous uprisings that in some cases, like Greece and the United States, have the potential to severely disrupt the activities of local governments. Consequently, it behooves leaders to reflect upon historical precedence in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes of our forefathers. Accordingly, the rise and fall of the Italian Red Brigades represents a classic case study from which to understand the dynamics behind the development of a political terrorist organization and its effects on society as a whole.
Ear Biometrics Using 2D and 3D Images

We present results of the largest experimental investigation of ear biometrics to date. Approaches considered include a PCA ("eigen-ear") approach with 2D intensity images, achieving 63.8% rank-one recognition; a PCA approach with range images, achieving 55.3% Hausdorff matching of edge images from range images, achieving 67.5%, and ICP matching of the 3D data, achieving 84.1%. ICP based matching not only achieves the best performance, but also shows good scalability with size of dataset. The data set used represents over 300 persons, each with images acquired on at least two different dates.
An on-line method for self-organized learning and extraction of fuzzy rules from high dimensional data

In this paper we present an approach that is capable of online learning and automatic generation of a fuzzy expert system for high dimensional classification problems. The novel part of our system is a new online learning rule. Unlike other learning systems, this learning rule makes our system scale robustly with input space dimensions and thus suitable for high dimensional data. The algorithm is also able to extract knowledge in an online fashion in the form of fuzzy rules that are comprehensible, compact, and accurate.
Calculation of the masses of all the stable states in the ψ and υ systems

The masses of all the states of the Ψ and γ systems which are stable against strong-interaction pair production are calculated in a model based on quantum chromodynamics. In particular the calculated values of the3p γ states are in very close agreement with experiment.
"Check out where I am!": location-sharing motivations, preferences, and practices

Rapid growth in the usage of location-aware mobile phones has enabled Location Sharing Services (LSS) to gain mainstream adoption. Integration with social networking services has further accelerated LSS usage. We conducted an online study (N = 401) to uncover the impact of recent changes in the underlying social and technological landscape on the preferences and practices of LSS users in the US. We found that the main motivations for location sharing were to connect with one's social circle, to project an interesting image of oneself, and to receive rewards offered for "checking in." Respondents overwhelmingly preferred sharing location only upon explicit action. More than 25% of the respondents recalled at least one instance of regret over having shared location. These findings highlight the tension between the utility of location sharing and concerns with invasions of privacy. Empowering users to resolve this tension effectively can potentially drive further growth in adoption and utility of LSS.
Carbonyl(η5‐penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dienyl)(triflato‐O)(triiso­propyl­phosphine‐P)­ruthenium(II)

The title complex, [RuCp*(OSO2CF3){P(iPr)3}(CO)] or [Ru(CF3O3S)(C10H15)(C9H21P)(CO)], consists of an Ru atom coordinated by an inner sphere tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate, a carbonyl, and a triiso­propyl­phosphine in a `three-legged stool' fashion.
Safe, multiphase bounds check elimination in Java

As part of its type-safety regime, Java's semantics require precise exceptions at runtime when programs attempt out-of-bound array accesses. This paper describes a Java implementation that utilizes a multiphase approach to identifying safe array accesses. This approach reduces runtime overhead by spreading the out-of-bounds checking effort across multiple phases of compilation and execution: production of mobile code from source code, just-in-time (JIT) compilation in the virtual machine, application method invocations, and the execution of individual array accesses. The code producer uses multiple passes (including common subexpression elimination, load elimination, induction variable substitution, speculation of dynamically verified invariants, and inequality constraint analysis) to identify unnecessary bounds checks and prove their redundancy. During class-loading and JIT compilation, the virtual machine verifies the proofs, inserts code to dynamically validate speculated invariants, and generates code specialized under the assumption that the speculated invariants hold. During each runtime method invocation, the method parameters and other inputs are checked against the speculated invariants, and execution reverts to unoptimized code if the speculated invariants do not hold. The combined effect of the multiple phases is to shift the effort associated with bounds-checking array access to phases that are executed earlier and less frequently, thus, reducing runtime overhead. Experimental results show that this approach is able to eliminate more bounds checks than prior approaches with minimal overhead during JIT compilation. These results also show the contribution of each of the passes to the overall elimination. Furthermore, this approach increased the speed at which the benchmarks executed by up to 16%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs): implications for aging.

Abstract The insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and IGF-II are peptides with structural homology to insulin and potent mitogenic and anabolic actions in vitro and in vivo . IGF-I levels are growth hormone (GH)-dependent and vary strikingly with age. IGF-I levels are typically low in infancy and childhood, increase dramatically during puberty, and then gradually decline with advancing age. Whether age-associated changes in GH production or sex steroid secretion, or other unknown factors, cause diminished IGF production in the elderly remains to be determined. In the brain, IGF-II appears to be the most prevalent IGF, but a truncated form of IGF-I also has been recognized. IGF actions are mediated by binding to a family of receptors, which includes the insulin receptor, the structurally homologous type I IGF receptor, and the IGF-II/M-6 receptor, all of which are found in the central nervous system. Additionally, the IGFs bind with high affinity to a family of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). Of the six known IGFBPs, IGFBP-2 appears to be the major one in the mammalian brain and is a major component of CSF. Immunoreactive IGFBP-2 has been identified in astrocytes, and its mRNA has been identified in fetal and adult brain and choroid plexus. The IGFBPs transport the IGFs in serum and other body fluids and appear to regulate IGF access to receptors. In vivo regulation of IGFBPs includes tissue-specific proteases, which cleave specific IGFBPs, altering their affinities for IGF peptides. Originally identified in pregnancy serum, IGFBP proteases have also been found in sera of GH receptor-deficient individuals, prostate cancer patients, severely ill patients, and in seminal plasma. IGFBP proteases may play an important role in regulating IGFBP affinity and the delivery of IGFs to target tissues. IGFBP abnormalities are now being recognized in a variety of clinical situations, including neoplastic disease. The IGF axis could have important implications in aging and in the brain. Therepeutic uses of IGF and IGFBP peptides may offer potential benefits to the elderly.
Abused Women Help-Seeking Strategies and Police Utilization

This article describes the multiple efforts made by abused women to seek help. Based on detailed interviews with 419 abused women, the analysis shows that only a very small number have failed to seek assistance. Most of the women have used a variety of sources, including lawyers, counselors, ministers, magistrates, shelters, and, most often, the police. Demographic analysis shows that relationship is the strongest and most consistent predictor of help seeking; married women use available services far more than do cohabitants. Other demographic characteristics emerge as mixed or marginal predictors of help seeking. Agencies oriented to providing services to abused women should be particularly attuned to those who might be underserved.
The Causal Relation between War and Scientific Discovery An Exploratory Cross-National Analysis

Using cross-lagged correlation analyses as the basis for causal inference, the relationship between war and scientific discovery and invention was explored in seven European nations. Measures of war duration and scientific productivity were generated using 14 or 16 quarter-century periods, or "generations," as the unit of analysis within each nation. The analyses indicated statistically significant associations for England and Russia (war encouraging science in the next generation), Spain (war discouraging science in the next generation), Holland (science discouraging war in the next generation), and France (war and science correlating positively in the same generation), whereas Germany and Italy exhibited no significant relationships. Discussion of the causal inconsistencies led to the suggestion that future research separately analyze different scientific disciplines and their respective relations to various categories of war.
Trust in electronic commerce: definition and theoretical considerations

Successful electronic commerce sites allow businesses to create low-cost or more efficient channels for product sales or to create new business opportunities. The success and acceptance of most online businesses depend on several factors, both technological and social. In this paper, we examine the role of trust in the successful use and adoption of electronic commerce applications. We define trust as a belief in the system characteristics, specifically belief in the competence, dependability and security of the system, under conditions of risk. Based on this definition, we develop a theoretical model that identifies the factors that effect users' trust in electronic commerce. The theoretical model presented in this paper serves as the basis for future empirical studies that will aim to measure the impact of these factors on the development of trust in electronic commerce.
Wellington House and British Propaganda during the First World War1

At the outbreak of war in August 1914, the Germans poured out propaganda in the form of posters, leaflets and pamphlets, in an attempt to explain Germany's entry into the war and discredit the motives of the allies. The British government was greatly disturbed by the virulence of the German campaign, which was specially directed towards influencing the United States of America. At the end of August 1914, the matter was raised in the cabinet: ‘Mr Lloyd George urged the importance of setting on foot an organization to inform and influence public opinion abroad and to confute German mis-statements and sophistries.’ On 5 September the cabinet decided that steps were to be taken without delay to counteract the dissemination by Germany of false news abroad. Though there had been no peace-time precedent, the cabinet accepted the need for an organization to co-ordinate propaganda directed at foreign opinion for the duration of the war.
Step length asymmetry is representative of compensatory mechanisms used in post-stroke hemiparetic walking

Post-stroke hemiparetic subjects walk with asymmetrical step lengths that are highly variable between subjects and may be indicative of the underlying impairments and compensatory mechanisms used. The goal of this study was to determine if post-stroke hemiparetic subjects grouped by step length asymmetry have similar abnormal walking biomechanics compared to non-impaired walkers. Kinematic and ground reaction force data were recorded from 55 hemiparetic subjects walking at their self-selected speed and 21 age and speed-matched non-impaired control subjects. Hemiparetic subjects were grouped by paretic step ratio, which was calculated as the paretic step-length divided by the sum of paretic and nonparetic step-lengths, into high (>0.535), symmetric (0.535-0.465) and low (<0.465) groups. Non-parametric Wilcoxin signed-rank tests were used to test for differences in joint kinetic measures between hemiparetic groups and speed-matched control subjects during late single-leg stance and pre-swing. The paretic leg ankle moment impulse was reduced in all hemiparetic subjects regardless of their paretic step ratio. The high group had increased nonparetic leg ankle plantarflexor and knee extensor moment impulses, the symmetric group had increased hip flexor moment impulses on both the paretic and nonparetic leg and the low group had no additional significant differences in joint moment impulses. These results suggest that the direction of asymmetry can be used to identify both the degree of paretic plantarflexor impairment and the compensatory mechanisms used by post-stroke hemiparetic subjects.
Rare Structural Variants Disrupt Multiple Genes in Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder whose genetic influences remain elusive. We hypothesize that individually rare structural variants contribute to the illness. Microdeletions and microduplications >100 kilobases were identified by microarray comparative genomic hybridization of genomic DNA from 150 individuals with schizophrenia and 268 ancestry-matched controls. All variants were validated by high-resolution platforms. Novel deletions and duplications of genes were present in 5% of controls versus 15% of cases and 20% of young-onset cases, both highly significant differences. The association was independently replicated in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia as compared with their parents. Mutations in cases disrupted genes disproportionately from signaling networks controlling neurodevelopment, including neuregulin and glutamate pathways. These results suggest that multiple, individually rare mutations altering genes in neurodevelopmental pathways contribute to schizophrenia.
Ambient pressure, low-temperature synthesis and characterization of colloidal InN nanocrystals

Highly soluble, non-aggregated colloidal wurtzite InN nanocrystals were obtained through an ambient pressure, low-temperature method followed by post-synthesis treatment with nitric acid.