cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internet-Based Cultural Enrichment in the Polish Language Classroom

Most introductory and intermediate textbooks for Polish, currently in use, are written in Poland and intended for intensive language study in-country where the “little-c” cultural component is inherent and immediate in an intensive language program. One of the most widely used textbooks in North America is the series, Hurra!!! po polsku I , II , III . This textbook is based on a communicative approach to language pedagogy and consists of thematic chapters according to aspects of life and culture in everyday society. The intent of the Hurra!!! po polsku series is that students will experience Poland while learning the language. This presents a problem to educators of Polish in the United States. Numerous communicative exercises presuppose acquaintance with the target culture while providing little in the way of input. We have found that students have difficulty relating to many exercises that carry specific cultural information. Our project is based on two specific goals: first, to decrease the amount of time spent in class to explain culture-specific aspects of the textbook; and second, to spare our students at least some amount of the usual culture shock one experiences when traveling to Poland. In this report, we describe a website, exercises, and activities we developed to accompany the textbook.
Physician-patient familiarity and patient recall of medication changes

Although patients regularly see the same physicain for medical care, little is known about the effects of physician-patient familiarity on important visit outcomes. In a study of visits made to 79 physicians in 11 primary care settings, investigators sought to determine: 1) whether patient recall of prescription medication changes improved as physician-patient familiarity increased, and 2) whether characteristics which predicted recall for newer patients also predicted recall for intermediate and established patients. Sixty-six percent of patients recalled all medication changes recommended during the visit. While recall did not improve as physician-patient familiarity increased, predictors of recall did differ. Generally, the more drug information the physician gave during the concluding segment of the visit, the fewer drug changes the patient remembered. However, this relationship reversed as physician-patient familiarity increased. Elderly patients demonstrated diminished recall regardless of the number of previous visits. The findings suggest that the lengthy provision of drug information actually succeeds in heightening medication recall only when the physician and patient have a well-established relationship. In earlier stages, asking patients to restate recommendations may be a more effective strategy to enhance patient recall.
Antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon oil against Salmonella in almond based matrices

Reduced moisture enhances resistance of Salmonella and subsequently reduces the antimicrobial efficacy of thermal treatment. Alternative and supplementary non-thermal intervention methods are urgently needed. In this study, Cinnamonum cassia oil was tested for its antimicrobial effect against outbreak strains Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 and S. Tennessee K4643. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration for both strains were 0.05% (v/v) and 0.1% (v/v), respectively. Death curves showed that including 0.1% and 0.15% (v/v) C. cassia oil resulted in ∼7 Log reduction of bacteria within 2 h and 1 h, respectively. However, the antimicrobial efficacy of C. cassia oil was reduced when S. Enteritidis PT30 existed in low moisture condition. When S. Enteritidis PT30 was established on almonds/paper discs, 0.4% C. cassia oil resulted in ∼1.7 Log10 CFU/almond or 3.2 Log10 CFU/disc reduction within 2 h at room temperature, respectively. S. Enteritidis PT30 established on both almonds and paper discs were very stable, there was only a 0.80 Log10 CFU/almond and 1.20 Log10 CFU/disc reduction during 9-week and 7-week storage at room temperature, respectively. C. cassia oil intervention increased S. Enteritidis PT30 reduction on both almonds and paper discs during storage with more reduction on paper discs. 0.4% C. cassia oil treatment reduced S. Enteritidis PT30 on paper disc to undetectable level within 4 weeks, but only led to 2 Log10 CFU reduction on almonds, indicating a protection effect from the almond matrix or almond surface components. Additionally, S. Enteritidis PT30 established on paper disc coated with almond surface components exhibited higher resistance to desiccation and C. cassia oil treatment, further demonstrating the protection role of food matrix. In conclusion, C. cassia oil is effective against S. Enteritidis PT30 and S. Tennessee K4643, but its antimicrobial efficacy against the tested Salmonella was compromised by low moisture environment and food matrix.
Biotechnology of Radioactive Wastes: A General Overview

The end of the cold war has not only resulted in the closure of many nuclear and chemical weapons production facilities worldwide but it also left behind a legacy of environmental contamination of monumental proportions. The principal contaminants are the radionuclides, toxic metals, and hazardous organic compounds. It is a major local, regional, and national problem. Remediation and restoration of the contaminated sites have received greater attention as a result of the movement to address global environmental concerns. The cost of remediation of contaminated sites are quite staggering. Consequently, new and innovative physical, chemical, and biological methods are being developed for remediation and long-term management of the waste sites. This chapter, reviews briefly (i) the mechanisms of microbial transformations of radionuclide and toxic metal contaminants and (ii) the promising new and emerging biotechnology for the remediation and restoration of radioactive contaminated sites. More detailed information on specific biotreatment processes is presented in subsequent chapters.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Is a Regulator of Circadian Active and Inactive State Consolidation in C57BL/6 Mice

Regulatory systems required to maintain behavioral arousal remain incompletely understood. We describe a previously unappreciated role that toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2, a membrane bound pattern recognition receptor that recognizes specific bacterial, viral, and fungal peptides), contributes toward regulation of behavioral arousal. In 4-4.5 month old mice with constitutive loss of Tlr2 function (Tlr2-/- mice), we note a marked consolidation in the circadian pattern of both active and inactive states. Specifically, Tlr2-/- mice demonstrated significantly fewer but longer duration active states during both the circadian dark and light cycles. Tlr2-/- mice also consumed less food and water, and moved less during the circadian light cycle. Analysis of circadian rhythms further suggested that Tlr2-/- mice demonstrated less day-to-day variability in feeding, drinking, and movement behaviors. Reevaluation of this same mouse cohort at age 8-8.5 months revealed a clear blunting of these differences. However, Tlr2-/- mice were still noted to have fewer short-duration active states during the circadian dark cycle, and continued to demonstrate significantly less day-to-day variability in feeding, drinking, and movement behaviors. These results suggest that Tlr2 function may have a role in promoting transitions between active and inactive states. Prior studies have demonstrated that Tlr2 regulates sickness behaviors including hypophagia, hyperthermia, and decreased activity. Our work suggests that Tlr2 function also evokes behavioral fragmentation, another aspect of sickness behavior and a clinically significant problem of older adults.
How Can Family Scholars Advance Understanding of Sleep and Health

Over the past decade, clinical, epidemiological and biological research has provided strong evidence for the role of sleep health as a fundamental component of health and well-being (Jackson et al., Annu Rev Public Health 36:417–440, 2015). Emerging research has identified the influences of personal and social stress, family relationships, and neighborhood environmental and social characteristics on sleep. Sleep typically occurs in the context of family behaviors and family schedules. For family scholars, there are valuable opportunities to incorporate consideration of social, psychological, and environmental/contextual factors into sleep study models, and to explicitly assess individual, family, and larger contextual mediators and moderators. Family scholars are especially well positioned to advance understanding of and develop new models that elucidate risk factors and outcomes related to sleep health and that address contextual factors, family relationships, and life course issues.
Mechanical model of suture joints with fibrous connective layer

Abstract A composite model for suture joints with a connective layer of aligned fibers embedded in soft matrix is proposed. Based on the principle of complementary virtual work, composite cylinder assemblage (CCA) approach and generalized self-consistent micro-mechanical models, a hierarchical homogenization methodology is developed to systematically quantify the synergistic effects of suture morphology and fiber orientation on the overall mechanical properties of sutures. Suture joints with regular triangular wave-form serve as an example material system to apply this methodology. Both theoretical and finite element mechanical models are developed and compared to evaluate the overall normal stiffness of sutures as a function of wavy morphology of sutures, fiber orientation, fiber volume fraction, and the mechanical properties of fibers and matrix in the interfacial layer. It is found that generally due to the anisotropy-induced coupling effects between tensile and shear deformation, the effective normal stiffness of sutures is highly dependent on the fiber orientation in the connective layer. Also, the effective shear modulus of the connective layer and the stiffness ratio between the fiber and matrix significantly influence the effects of fiber orientation. In addition, optimal fiber orientations are found to maximize the stiffness of suture joints.
Asymmetric Light Transport at Nonlinear Metasurfaces

We report asymmetric transport of free-space light at nonlinear metasurfaces and the derivation of the nonlinear generalized Snell's laws. Asymmetric transport at metasurfaces opens a new paradigm for ultrathin lightweight optical devices with one-way operation.
Exposure assessment for roofers exposed to silica during installation of roof tiles.

Occupational exposure to silica in the construction industry has been well documented,(1–7) and respirable crystalline silica (quartz and cristobalite) has been associated with silicosis,(8,9) lung cancer,(10,11) pulmonary tuberculosis,(12,13) and airway diseases.(14,15) These concerns prompted a local construction union to request assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for health hazard evaluations concerning exposures to dust and silica among roofers in Phoenix, Arizona. In response to these requests, NIOSH performed field studies to evaluate roofers’ exposures to silica. Health Effects Associated with Silica Exposure Silicosis is a disease of the lung caused by the deposition of fine crystalline silica particles (10 μm or less in diameter) in the lungs. The deposition of silica particles in the lungs triggers a chronic inflammatory response resulting in normal lung tissue being replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis). Symptoms of silicosis may include cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, early fatigue with exertion, and wheezing. Silicosis usually occurs after years of exposure (chronic) but may appear in a shorter period of time (acute) if exposure concentrations are very high. Acute silicosis is typically associated with a history of high exposures from tasks that produce small particles of airborne dust with a high silica content.(16) The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1996 concluded that there was “sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of inhaled crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources.”(17) Workers diagnosed with silicosis are also at an increased risk of developing tuberculosis due to silica particles disabling the macrophages.(18) For a diagnosis of occupational silicosis, workers must have a history of exposure to respirable silica and a confirmatory test such as a chest X-ray, chest computed tomography (CT), or lung biopsy.
Volumetric Feature Recognition Using Convex Decomposition

Abstract A convex decomposition called Alternating Sum of Volumes with Partitioning (ASVP) is a hierarchical volumetric representation which is obtained from the boundary information of the given solid by exploiting convexity. We describe a novel method to recognize volumetric form features intrinsic to the shape of a given solid using ASVP decomposition. We also describe how the form feature decomposition is converted into corresponding negative components to represent the removal volume for machining applications.
Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries: Ventricular Function at the Time of Systemic Atrioventricular Valve Replacement Predicts Long-Term Ventricular Function

Objectives The objective was to evaluate the systemic ventricular ejection fraction (SVEF) at the time of systemic atrioventricular valve (SAVV) replacement as a predictor of SVEF ≥1 year after surgery in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA). Background Progressive SAVV regurgitation causes systemic ventricular failure in CCTGA patients, who are commonly referred late for intervention. Survival after surgery is poor when the pre-operative SVEF is l44%. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 46 patients (pre-operative SVEF ≥40% in 27 patients and l40% in 19 patients) with 2 good-sized ventricles, a morphologically right systemic ventricle, and SAVV regurgitation requiring surgery. Median follow-up was not different in patients with a pre-operative SVEF ≥40% (8.8 years) or l40% (7.7 years, p = 0.36). Results Pre-operative SVEF was the only independent predictor of ≥1-year post-operative SVEF (p l 0.0001). The late SVEF was preserved (defined as ≥40%) in 63% of patients who underwent surgery with an SVEF ≥40% compared with 10.5% of patients who underwent surgery with an SVEF l40%. Pre-operative variables associated with late mortality were an SVEF ≤40%, a subpulmonary ventricular systolic pressure ≥50 mm Hg, atrial fibrillation, and New York Heart Association functional class III to IV. Conclusions Post-operative systemic ventricular function after SAVV replacement can be predicted from the pre-operative SVEF. For best results, operation should be considered at an earlier stage, before the SVEF falls below 40% and the subpulmonary ventricular systolic pressure rises above 50 mm Hg.
Complexity and scale in teaching effectiveness research: Reflections from the MET Study

Researchers and policymakers in the US and beyond increasingly seek to identify teaching qualities that are associated with academic achievement gains for K-12 students through effectiveness studies. Yet teaching quality varies with academic content and social contexts, involves multiple participants, and requires a range of skills, knowledge, and dispositions. In this essay, we address the inescapable tension between complexity and scale in research on teaching effectiveness. We provide five recommendations to study designers and analysts to manage this tension to enhance effectiveness research, drawing on our recent experiences as the first external analysts of the Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) study. Our recommendations address conceptual framing, the measurement of teaching (e.g., observation protocols, student surveys), sampling, classroom videoing, and the use and interpretation of value-added models.
Erratum to: Surgical Standards for Management of the Axilla in Breast Cancer Clinical Trials with Pathological Complete Response Endpoint (npj Breast Cancer, (2018), 4, 1, (26), 10.1038/s41523-018-0074-6)

In the original version of the published article, Constantine Godellas was mistakenly omitted from the Author list and Author Contributions statement. Constantine Godellas has been added as the 29th Author, and is affiliated with Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States. The author contributions statement has been updated as follows: “Author Contributions Statement: Judy C. Boughey conducted the review of current protocols, led the effort to establish new I-SPY standards and was the principal author of the manuscript. Laura Esserman co-led the review and standardization processes. Michael D. Alvarado, Rachael B. Lancaster, Fraser Symmans, W, Rita Mukhtar, Jasmine Wong, Cheryl Ewing, David Potter, Todd Tuttle, Tina Hieken, Jodi Carter, James Jakub, Henry Kaplan, Claire Buchanan, Nora Jaskowiak, Husain Sattar, Jeffrey Mueller, Rita Nanda, Claudine Isaacs, Paula Pohlmann, Filipa Lynce, Eleni Tousimis, Jay Zeck, M. Catherine Lee, Julie Lang, Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia, Roshni Rao, Bret Taback, Margaret Chen, Kevin Kalinsky, Hanina Hibshoosh, Brigid Killelea, Constantine Godellas, and Tara Sanft provided medical and scientific expertise/opinion towards the development of I-SPY standards. Jane Perlmutter provided the patient advocate’s perspective in these discussions. All I-SPY2 trial investigators participated in the review of current standards, had the opportunity to participate in and comment on proposed standards and the final manuscript. Gill Hirst and Smita Asare provided expertise on, conducted and analyzed surveys of I-SPY trial sites. Jeffrey B. Matthews provided significant input and editing throughout the manuscript development process. All authors reviewed manuscript drafts and signed off on the final manuscript. This has been corrected in the HTML and PDF version of the article.
Total synthesis, reactivity, and structural clarification of lindenatriene

Abstract The synthesis of lindenatriene (1) and iso-lindenatriene (12) were achieved, along with the des-hydroxy model compounds (10 and 18, respectively), and compared to reported 1H NMR spectra in the literature (1a and 10a). These comparisons clarify the correct initial assignment of lindenatriene (1) as well as its instability and propensity to isomerize into the more thermodynamically favored iso-lindenatriene (12).
Diazotization of S-Sulfonyl-cysteines

We report the preparation of enantiomerically enriched β-thio-α-hydroxy and α-chloro carboxylic acid and ester building blocks by diazotization of S-sulfonyl-cysteines. The thiosulfonate protecting group demonstrated resistance to oxidation and attenuation of sulfur's nucleophilicity by the anomeric effect. The key transformation was optimized by a 22 factorial design of experiment, highlighting the unique reactivity of cysteine derivatives in comparison with aliphatic amino acids.
A Machine Learning Framework for Algorithmic Trading with Virtual Bids in Electricity Markets

This paper develops a machine learning framework for algorithmic trading with virtual bids in electricity markets. In the proposed algorithmic trading strategy, a budget and risk constrained portfolio optimization problem is solved, which selects the virtual transactions to be executed. In order to maximize the expected net earnings of the virtual bid portfolio, a mixture density network model is developed to provide robust and accurate forecasts for electricity price spread between day-ahead and real-time market. By leveraging a coherent risk measure and historical price samples, the risk-constrained portfolio optimization problem is solved efficiently. Backcasting results based on market data from ISO New England show that our proposed mixture density network based trading strategy consistently outperforms the benchmark online learning approach.
Are Payments to Human Research Subjects Ethically Suspect

Bioethicists and institutional review boards often worry that paying human subjects too much money for research participation might compromise informed consent by coercing or unduly influencing individuals to enroll in studies against their better judgment. However, empirical research does not support the hypothesis that payments adversely impact judgment and decision-making concerning research participation, and the opposite problem - underpayment - also raises significant ethical concerns, such as exploitation, and under-enrollment. In this article, I argue that our ethical qualms about the negative impact of money on decisions concerning research participation are largely unfounded and reflect more general concerns about the need to avoid repeating abuses of human subjects that occurred in the past. I shall also argue that the best way to promote the rights and welfare of human research subjects is to treat them as competent adults who have the capacity to make wise choices involving money. What this argument means in practice is that offering human subjects money for their participation should not be regarded as ethically suspect, absent substantial evidence to the contrary.
Does Railway Lines Investments Matter for Economic Growth

The $20.81 trillion U.S. economy relies on a vast infrastructure network to thrive; however, empirical studies that examined that impact of infrastructure on economic growth in the U.S. are limited. Tis study’s principal objective was to examine the eﬀect of railway lines on economic growth using annual data from 1980 to 2016 and cointegration analysis. The results showed a positive and significant impact of railway lines on economic growth in the long-run and short-run. The impulse response analysis indicates that shocks to railway lines initially cause GDP growth rates to increase and decrease continuously. The variance decomposition analysis also suggests that overtime, railway lines contribute largely to the variations in economic growth followed by inﬂation and population. Tis study’s outcome has important implications not only for the U.S. economy but also for developing and emerging countries. The results suggest that railway lines investments matter for economic growth in the U.S.
Three-Phase Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbon

The objective of this work is to study the migration of hydrocarbons from a source rock into possible reservoirs. In particular, we consider simultaneous migration of gas and oil through a water-filled carrier bed and how this flow might result in characteristics that could be interpreted by nontraditional exploration methods. In the modeling, one-dimensional, immiscible, isothermal flow is assumed, and capillary effects are excluded. The seal is modeled as a layer of very low permeability. Our analysis is based on the method of characteristics and simple wave theory. Waves are changes in saturation(s) that move through a reservoir or carrier bed at a characteristic velocity. The analysis does not require capillary forces to trap hydrocarbons, but relies on nonlinear wave phenomena to explain migration and entrapment. No doubt, capillary forces are important in secondary migration and entrapment. Our treatment can be viewed as being part of a more complete theory on secondary migration, considering hydrodynamic effects here. We demonstrate that capillary forces are not the only mechanism that can cause trapping of hydrocarbons. We focus on the role of gas in the trapping of oil. If the seal is slightly permeable, some oil will flow through it. With gas present, the efficiency of the seal can increase, and oil can be completely trapped by a structure that would otherwise be permeable. For example, gas, being much more mobile than oil, can form a bank at the interface between two layers that have a modest permeability contrast. This gas bank will have a relatively large gas saturation. This will decrease the relative permeability to oil and completely trap subsequently migrated oil. Oil can also be trapped even when no gas bank is formed at the permeable seal. Features of this problem that might affect a seismic signal are (1) the existence of gas above (caused by a stow leakage of gas) and below a modest seal, (2) the gas leakage itself, (3) modest saturations in the oil column, and (4) overpressuring in the gas column.
Clinical applications of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy.

Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE; Intralipid) therapy, a standard treatment in local anesthetic toxicity, has demonstrated therapeutic efficacies for a number of different drug class-mediated toxicities. Some of these varied drug groups include antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, and calcium channel blockers. To meet the objective of describing the growing number of indications for Intralipid therapy and any diverse effects and/or failures of Intralipid therapy in reversing multiple drug toxicities, we queried several Internet search engines with the key words “intravenous lipid emulsion therapy,” “Intralipid,” “lipid emulsion,” and “local anesthetic systemic toxicity,” resulting in the identification of 31 case reports for descriptive analysis. These case reports included 49 separate drug overdose cases involving ten separate drug classes which were successfully reversed with Intralipid. The education of clinicians regarding the beneficial and varied roles of Intralipid therapy in different clinical settings is warranted, particularly in terms of the potential for Intralipid therapy to reverse the toxicities of non-local anesthetic drugs.
Inequality of women as a factor influencing migration from countries of origin to the United States and its implications for understanding human trafficking

The authors analyze forces influencing female migration from three countries to the United States. A principal factor for women from two southern countries involves the necessity of working in the United States so that women can remit money to their families, while migration for women in the northern case involves the search for a more liberal culture in which they can fulfill aspirations, achieve social mobility, and enjoy a better status than what they experienced in their home countries. The authors posit a theoretical framework of how migration of vulnerable women can result in their entrapment within networks of human trafficking.
Abstract 17446: Intra-arrest Hypothermia Protection Requires Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

Introduction: Intra-arrest hypothermia (IH), cooling the body to 30 - 32°C during cardiac arrest, has previously been shown as protective in a mouse model of cardiac arrest. Hypothermia has also been shown to protect cultured cardiomyocytes exposed to simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a nitric oxide synthase-dependent manner. However, the effect of IH on NOS signaling in whole animal models of cardiac arrest has not been studied. We hypothesized that mice deficient in endothelial NOS (NOS3) would not be protected by IH following cardiac arrest. Furthermore, we hypothesized that IH would alter NOS3 signaling in WT mouse hearts. METHODS: Adult NOS3 -/- (B6.129P2-Nos3tm1Unc/J, n = 30) and WT (C57Bl/6J, n = 24) mice underwent 8 min of cardiac arrest. At 6 min, mice were randomized to normothermia (NT, 37°C) or IH (30°C) followed by re-warming to 37°C at 60 min post-ROSC. Animals were hemodynamically monitored for 2 h and then neurologically scored at regular intervals up to 48 h. In separated experiments, cardiac NOS3 signaling was evaluated in similarly randomized mice at the end of the arrest period. RESULTS: In NOS3-/- mice, IH and NT groups had similar 48 h neurologically-intact survival rates (20 % vs. 0%, p=0.80). By contrast survival rates were significantly higher in IH vs. NT treated WT mice (47% vs. 0%, p=0.03). After 8 min of arrest heart p-NOS3(Ser1177) was significantly lower in NT relative to sham controls (p 0.05) in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of NOS3 abrogates IH protection following cardiac arrest. Maintenance of cardiac NOS3 phosphorylation during cardiac arrest may play an important role in determining survival in this model. Such maintenance of phosphorylation appears to be independent of upstream kinase phosphorylation.
ADCC effector function in patients with atopic dermatitis: A possible mechanism of susceptibility to severe cutaneous viral infections

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic atopic dermatitis were evaluated as effectors of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to determine if faulty effector function might explain the susceptibility of atopics to severe cutaneous viral infections in spite of adequate specific antibody titers. Eleven atopic patients whose dermatitis was well controlled and who were not infected or on immunosuppressive therapy were studied using sensitized human and chicken erythrocyte targets at three different effector: target ratios. No significant differences in mean ADCC were seen between atopics and controls. However, the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the atopic patients who had a previous history of severe cutaneous viral infection was significantly depressed against sensitized chicken, but not human targets. This suggests that atopic patients who develop severe cutaneous viral infections may represent a subset of atopies with an intrinsic or variable defect in K lymphocyte—mediated ADCC which might render them susceptible to persistent, extensive viral infections.
The effects of orientation and storage time on the prediction of beef rib composition using electromagnetic scanning.

To investigate the effects of orientation of beef ribs in an electromagnetic field and storage time on the prediction of rib composition, 64 ribs (IMPS 103) were scanned (2.5 MHz) in three different orientations: posterior end first (POS), dorsal end first (DOR), and fat side first, blade end down (BLD). Scans were obtained after 1 and 5 d of storage. Scan peak, rib weight, 3/4 fat depth, length, and temperature were used to predict percentage and weight of dissectable and fat-free lean. The mean peak for the BLD scans was four to six times higher than the POS or DOR scans. Ribs scanned in the BLD orientation on d 5 had the highest coefficient of determination (CD; 94.0) and the lowest residual standard deviation (RSD; .22 kg) for prediction of lean weight. The POS and DOR scans were similar at d 5 (CD = 91.4 and 90.3, respectively) with RSD of .30 and .31 kg, respectively. Prediction of lean percentage resulted in lower CD than predicting lean weight. For percentage of lean, BLD scans at d 5 once again resulted in the best CD (81.6) and lowest RSD (1.5%). Prediction of percentage lean using POS or DOR orientation resulted in CD of 71.2 and 67.1 and RSD of 2.0 and 2.1%, respectively. The CD were similar for POS and DOR scans at d 1 and d 5. Predicting fat-free lean weight resulted in equal or lower CD than dissected lean and higher CD for lean percentage. It seems that orientation during scanning, when consistent, is not a major concern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Decline and fall of the empire

"Are they worlds, or are they mere masses of matter? Are physical forces alone at work there or has evolution begotten something more complex, something not unakin to what we know on Earth as life? It is in this that lies the peculiar interest of Mars." Percival Lowell (in ref. 1, p. 3).
Studies in interactive communication. I - The effects of four communication modes on the behavior of teams during cooperative problem-solving.

Two-man teams solved credible, 'real-world' problems for which computer assistance has been or could be useful. Conversations were carried on in one of four modes of communication: (1) typewriting, (2) handwriting, (3) voice, and (4) natural, unrestricted communication. Two groups of subjects (experienced and inexperienced typists) were tested in the typewriting mode. Performance was assessed on three classes of dependent measures: time to solution, behavioral measures of activity, and linguistic measures. Significant and meaningful differences among the communication modes were found in each of the three classes of dependent variable. This paper is concerned mainly with the results of the activity analyses. Behavior was recorded in 15 different categories. The analyses of variance yielded 34 statistically significant terms of which 27 were judged to be practically significant as well. When the data were transformed to eliminate heterogeneity, the analyses of variance yielded 35 statistically significant terms of which 26 were judged to be practically significant.
A modern power engineering curriculum that exhibits the effects of information technology

It is clearly evident that with the changes occurring in power systems worldwide, there is a need to make sure today's power engineering curriculum reflect these changes. These changes are attributed into two sources: deregulation and information technology. Because of these, materials that incorporate basic elements of deregulation economics and information technology are included in today's power engineering curriculum. This paper addresses the incorporation of information technology into power engineering curriculum and present a curriculum used at Drexel University that embraces this form of educational delivery. With respect to deregulation economics, which is directly addressed in this paper, it may be argued that there is an existing link with information technology: the awareness of a need for a well-thought out informational network structure and accompanying high quality information about power systems in a deregulated market structure.
Gender and nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions – III

Background Little is known about sex-specific risk for nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder (NMPOUD). The objective of the present study was to present prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, treatment and disability of NMPOU and DSM-5 NMPOUD among men and women.
Employee stress management: An examination of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies on employee health.

BACKGROUND Employees commonly report feeling stressed at work. OBJECTIVE Examine how employees cope with work and personal stress, whether their coping strategies are adaptive (protective to health) or maladaptive (detrimental to health), and if the manner in which employees cope with stress influences perceived stress management. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 2,500 full-time university non-student employees (i.e. faculty, salaried professionals, and hourly non-professionals) were surveyed on health related behaviors including stress and coping. Approximately 1,277 completed the survey (51% ). Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the ability of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies to predict self-reported stress management, while controlling for multiple demographic variables. RESULTS Over half of employees surveyed reported effective stress management. Most frequently used adaptive coping strategies were communication with friend/family member and exercise, while most frequently used maladaptive coping strategies were drinking alcohol and eating more than usual. Both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies made significant (p < 0.05) contributions to predicting employee's perceived stress management. Only adaptive coping strategies (B = 0.265) predicted whether someone would self-identify as effectively managing stress. Use of maladaptive coping strategies decreased likelihood of self-reporting effective stress management. CONCLUSIONS Actual coping strategies employed may influence employees' perceived stress management. Adaptive coping strategies may be more influential than maladaptive coping strategies on perceived stress management. Results illustrate themes for effective workplace stress management programs. Stress management programs focused on increasing use of adaptive coping may have a greater impact on employee stress management than those focused on decreasing use of maladaptive coping. Coping is not only a reaction to stressful experiences but also a consequence of coping resources. Thereby increasing the availability of resources in the workplace to facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies is necessary for successful stress management and, ultimately, healthier employees.
Learning how to help others: Two-year-olds’ social learning of a prosocial act

Abstract Engaging in prosocial behaviors (acts that benefit others) is associated with many positive outcomes in children, including the development of positive peer relationships, academic achievement, and good psychological functioning. This study examined the social learning mechanisms toddlers use to acquire prosocial behaviors. This brief report presents a new experimental procedure in which 2-year-olds (28–32 months, N = 30) saw a video of an adult performing a novel prosocial behavior in response to another person’s distress. Children then had the opportunity to imitate and implement the behavior in response to their own parent’s physical distress. Children who saw the video were more likely to perform the novel action and to display non-demonstrated prosocial behaviors relative to (a) children who did not view the video but saw a parent in distress and (b) children who saw the video but witnessed their mother engage in a neutral activity. These results suggest that toddlers imitate and emulate prosocial behaviors for social interaction and that children can apply such behaviors in appropriate situations.
The Need For Rules: Determining the Usability of Adding Audio to the MOO

Abstract This usability study assesses the impact on user experience when audio is added to a text-based MOO classroom in a large distance learning Ph.D. program. We found that the addition of audio to this text-based, synchronous classroom enhanced the user experience, but this enhancement was impacted by the control and structure of information and conversation flow, instructor leadership and modeling, and the need for time and support to learn the technology. It also fostered a greater sense of social connection between instructor and students as well as student to student. We found that limitations with adding audio to this environment included trouble with identifying speakers and users having difficulty managing multiple conversations through multiple channels. Additional benefits identified by participants included quick responses to calls for help or clarification, the comfort level of audio communication in general, and the ability to expound on a particular issue in greater detail.
Pulmonary manifestations of Fabry disease and positive response to enzyme replacement therapy

Fabry disease affects multiple organs, including the lungs. To date, there have been no reports of the effect of enzyme replacement therapy on patients with pulmonary manifestations of the disease. We report on a case of marked improvement of pulmonary signs and symptoms in a patient with Fabry disease following enzyme replacement therapy. A 38-year-old female with Fabry disease presented with dyspnea requiring constant supplemental oxygen. Following bi-weekly treatment with agalsidase beta, she demonstrated marked improvement in her pulmonary symptoms, eventually no longer needing supplemental oxygen and returning to an active lifestyle. Improvement was seen on pulmonary function tests and chest CT examinations. Enzyme replacement therapy may alleviate pulmonary dysfunction in patients with Fabry disease.
Condensational Growth of Particulate Matter from Partially Premixed Low Temperature Combustion of Biodiesel in a Compression Ignition Engine

Condensational growth is not typically assumed to be significant compared with adsorption for conversion of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust of diesel engines to the particulate phase. However, when partially premixed low temperature combustion (LTC) modes designed to simultaneously reduce soot and NO X emissions are implemented, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) concentrations in the exhaust are an order of magnitude higher than for conventional combustion modes, increasing the likelihood of gas to particle conversion by condensation. In this work, two LTC operating conditions are compared with conventional diesel combustion using a multi-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine using low-sulfur fuel, a soy-based biodiesel and a 50% by volume biodiesel blend. Gaseous emissions of unburned hydrocarbons were measured and particulate samples were taken using a partial-flow dilution tunnel. Gravimetric analysis of the collected filters, Soxhlet extraction of particulate and speciation using GC-FID was performed ...
Murine Complement-Mediated Immune Clearance Dysfunction Is Associated with the Lymphoproliferative (Ipr) Gene

Abstract Using a branched series model of immune clearance and an iterative curve fitting process, we have previously demonstrated abnormal in vivo clearance of opsonized erythrocytes in autoimmune MRL- lpr/lpr mice. This technique allows simultaneous evaluation of four rate constants governing both complement- and Fc-mediated clearance; i.e., complement-mediated sequestration ( k 1 ), C3b deactivation and release ( k 2 ), complement-dependent phagocytosis ( k 4 ), and Fcγ-mediated sequestration and phagocytosis ( k 3 ). To evaluate genetic factors which may contribute to abnormal clearance in MRL- lpr/lpr mice, serial clearance studies were performed in congenic MRL-+/+ mice, as well as in several mouse strains homozygous for the lymphoproliferative gene; i.e., BALB/c- lpr/lpr and C57BL/6- lpr/lpr mice. Rate data were obtained from mice 3 months through 12-18 months of age, and mean rate constant values compared to control BALB/c and/or C57BL/6 mice. Clearance of opsonized cells in MRL- lpr/lpr mice was characterized by both abnormal complement and Fcγ receptor function with decreased complement-mediated sequestration, complement-dependent phagocytosis, and Fcγ,-mediated sequestration and phagocytosis. In contrast, abnormal clearance in congenic MRL-+/+ mice was characterized by decreased Fcγmediated sequestration and phagocytosis ( P lpr/lpr and C57BL/6- lpr/lpr mice ( P lpr/lpr mice and contrasting with normal complement-mediated clearance in control BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Since decreased complement-mediated clearance was observed in three differing strains of mice homozygous for the lymphoproliferative gene, these data suggest that clearance of opsonized cells in mice is in part genetically determined, and that there may be a specific association between complement-mediated clearance dysfunction and the murine lymphoproliferative gene.
Cytogenetic analysis of two C-1300 murine neuroblastoma cell lines expressing discordant malignant behavior

Cytogenetic analysis of two murine neuroblastoma cell lines that show different malignant expression revealed consistent differences in the chromosomal composition between the two lines. The MNB-T1 (high-malignancy) cell line showed increased modal chromosome number, presence of homogeneously staining regions (HSRs), double minutes (dmin) and evidence of secondary chromosomal events when compared with the MNB-T2 (low-malignancy) cell line, which did not express these cytogenetic characteristics. Several of the cytogenetic events that have occurred in these murine cell lines, such as HSRs, dmin, and chromosomal deletions, have also been reported in human neuroblastoma cell lines. When comparisons are made for the involvement of chromosomal regions known to be involved in human neuroblastoma, similar tumor specific regions seem to be involved in the homologous mouse chromosomes.
Microtubules, organelle movement, and cross-wall formation at the sporangial-rhizoidal interface in the fungus,Chytridium confervae

Chytridium confervae is a eucarpic, monocentric chytrid. We have used light and electron microscopy to study the relationship between the nutrient absorbing rhizoids and the asexually reproductive sporangium during growth. We have also examined the induction of zoosporogenesis by starvation, and subsequent differentiation until zoospore release. During growth the cytoplasm of the rhizoids and the developing sporangium was continuous and similar. At the start of starvation a bundle of fibers that were visible with light microscopy appeared at the junction between the rhizoids and the sporangium. Two hours after initiation of starvation a wall, that was also visible with light microscopy, formed to separate the rhizoids from the sporangium. Electron microscopy revealed a large, ordered array of microtubules in the thallus at the same time that the fibers appeared, and a sharp difference in the density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the sporangium and that of the rhizoids that was apparent immediately after starvation. This cytoplasmic difference was preserved by the formation of a cross-wall that was penetrated by plasmodesmata. After the wall was formed the cytoplasm of the rhizoids senesced. Comparison ofC. confervae with other organisms that use arrays of microtubules to move organelles is made and speculation on the role of the microtubules in organelle movement and wall formation inC. confervae is offered.
A feasibility study of magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography for prostate cancer detection

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) is an imaging technique that reconstructs the conductivity distribution inside the subject using magnetic flux density or current density measurements acquired by a magnetic resonance imaging system. Since the primary prostate cancer diagnostic method, prostate biopsy, has limited accuracy in cancer diagnosis and malignant tissues have shown significantly different electrical properties from normal or benign tissues, MREIT has potential application in prostate cancer detection. The feasibility of utilizing MREIT in detecting prostate cancer was evaluated via a series of well-designed computer simulations in the present study. MREIT techniques with three different electrode configurations (external, trans-rectal, and trans-urethral electrode arrays) and two different reconstruction algorithms (J-substitution algorithm and harmonic Bz algorithm) were successfully developed. The performance of different MREIT techniques were evaluated and compared based on the imaging accuracy of the reconstructed conductivity distribution in the prostate. Without the presence of noise, the external MREIT achieves a better imaging accuracy than the two endo-MREIT (trans-rectal and trans-urethral) techniques, while the trans-urethral MREIT achieves the best imaging accuracy in noisy environments. We also found that the J-substitution reconstruction algorithm consistently offered better imaging accuracy than the harmonic Bz algorithm. When Gaussian distributed random noise with a standard deviation of 0.25 nT was added, the relative errors (RE) between the reconstructed and target conductivity distributions inside the prostate were observed to be 14.18% and 17.35% by the trans-urethral MREIT with the J-substitution and harmonic Bz algorithms respectively. The lower REs of 9.64% and 11.17% were achieved respectively when the standard deviation of noise was reduced to 0.05 nT. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of applying MREIT for prostate cancer detection.
A layered copper/bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine coordination polymer with cyclic water molecule octamers and reversible structural reorganization

Abstract The layered coordination polymer {[Cu(4-bpfp)2(NO3)](NO3)•8H2O}n (1, 4-bpfp = bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine) has been prepared by hydrothermal methods and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Rare hydrogen-bonded R8 cyclooctane-like octameric water molecule clusters, in an unprecedented twist-chair-chair conformation, are stabilized within the coordination polymer network. Dehydration of 1 results in the crystalline green phase {[Cu(4-bpfp)2(NO3)](NO3)}n 2, which regenerates purple crystalline 1 upon rehydration.