cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer-related symptoms

Patients with cancer experience multiple symtoms including pain, dyspnea, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment. These symptoms impair patients' daily functioning and their quality of life. Symptoms that can be well managed are often undertreated. A major barrier to adequate symptom treatment is poor assessment. The use of simple measurement scales greatly improves the symptom assessment process, helps direct treatment choices, and provides information about the effectiveness of treatment. Recently, better methods for symptom assessment have been developed, including brief self-report tools for the assessment of multiple symptoms and interactive voice response systems for assessing symptoms at home. Symptom assessment can be linked to evidence-based or best practice guidelines to expedite optimal symptom treatment. Because patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy are seen in the clinic frequently, the radiation oncologist can play an integral role in a comprehensive approach that involves both the medical and radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer-related symptoms.
Horizontal annular flow measurements using pulsed photon activation and film thickness distribution modelling

Abstract The Pulsed Photon Activation (PPA) technique for the non-intrusive measurements of single and two-phase flows in a horizontal pipe was developed. The advantages of PPA over pulsed neutron activation (PNA) are discussed. Fluid velocity determinations using such a technique were carried out. An interesting subregion of the horizontal annular flow regime was found to have twin-peak PPA activation time profiles. These twin peaks were confirmed to be associated with the film flows on the upper and lower parts of the horizontal pipe, using the directionality of the PPA bremsstrahlung tagging beam. Film thickness measurements around the circumference of horizontal annular flows were also carried out using a resistivity needle probe and analytical models involving droplet exchange and secondary vapor flow pattern were compared with the experimental data.
Impact of stratospheric ozone hole recovery on Antarctic climate

[1] Model experiments have revealed that stratospheric polar ozone depletion and anthropogenic increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) have both contributed to the observed increase of summertime tropospheric westerlies in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) with the ozone influence dominating. As the stratospheric halogen loading decreases in the future, ozone is expected to return to higher values, with the disappearance of the Antarctic ozone hole. The impact of this ozone recovery on SH climate is investigated using 21st century simulations with a chemistry climate model (CCM). The model response to the ozone recovery by 2100 shows that tropospheric circulation changes during austral summer caused by ozone depletion between 1970 and 2000 almost reverse, despite increasing GHG concentrations. Comparison of the CCM results with multi-model scenario experiments from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasize the importance of stratospheric ozone recovery for Antarctic climate.
The effect of substrate rigidity on the assembly of specific bonds at biological interfaces

We present a thermodynamic model for the coupling between a flexible membrane and a compliant bio-adhesive substrate. The local adhesion between the membrane and the substrate relies on the aggregation of transmembrane mobile receptors and their binding to the immobilized ligands on the substrate. The model predicts that the substrate hampers the energetic driving force for bond aggregation and entropic repulsion between ligand–receptor bonds becomes increasingly more dominant as the substrate rigidity decreases. On very compliant substrates, the rigidity-dependent distance between the nearest neighboring bonds may exceed the characteristic size of the crosslinking proteins (e.g., talin) connecting the cytoplasmic ends of clustered integrins. This can prevent the stabilization and reinforcement of the adhesion sites and lead to development of immature focal adhesions on very compliant substrates, as observed in experiments.
Influence of impact ionization on the drain conductance in InAs-AlSb quantum well heterostructure field-effect transistors

Using an InAs-AlSb heterostructure field-effect transistor (HFT) structure modified to incorporate an epitaxial p-type GaSb back gate, we measure the impact ionization current caused by hot electrons in the InAs channel. We show that the impact ionization current is only a small fraction of the deleterious increase in the drain current commonly observed in InAs-based transistors. Most of the drain current rise is caused by a feedback mechanism in which holes escaping into the substrate act like a positively charged parasitic back gate leading to an increase in the electron current flow in the channel by an amount that is large compared to the impact ionization current itself. Removal of the impact-generated holes by the epitaxial back gate breaks the feedback loop, and dramatically improves the DC characteristics of the devices, and increases the range of usable drain voltages.
Foraging for Inspiration: Understanding and Supporting the Online Information Seeking Practices of Biologically Inspired Designers

Finding suitable biological systems to emulate is one of the key initial steps in biologically inspired design. Designers often turn to online information environments such as the World Wide Web to seek biological sources of inspiration, which poses its own set of challenges. The focus of our research is to understand and address those challenges. In this paper, we first present an information-processing model of the task of seeking bio-inspiration in online information environments based on our observations of designers engaged in biologically inspired design. Then, we analyze the information foraging behavior of designers that is encapsulated in this model to understand the costs associated with this task. Next, we propose an approach for enhancing information environments to better support the task of seeking bio-inspiration. Our approach augments individual information resources within an information environment with conceptual models to make the task of finding relevant information resources more efficient. Finally, we describe an interactive online information environment called Biologue that realizes this approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Co-localization of μ and δ opioid receptors on SK-N-SH cells detected by fluorescence microscopy using labeled anti-idiotypic antibodies

Abstract Selective fluorescence labeling of opioid receptor subclasses on SK-N-SH cultured cells has been accomplished using labeled polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies along with subclass-selective opioid agonists (DPDPE, δ-selective; DAMGO, μ-selective) as blocking reagents. Labeling of the cells was examined using conventional fluorescence microscopy. Co-localization of μ- and δ- opioid receptors on SK-N-SH cells has been studied by double labeling fluorescence experiments. In agreement with our own, and other workers', previous observations on NG108-15 cells, a subpopulation of viable cells in asynchronous cultures are labeled. Amon those SK-N-SH cells that are labeled, both subclasses of receptors are seen. On the basis of sequential blocking experiments we interpret our combined results to be consistent with a model where μ- and δ- binding sites reside on different subunits of a multimeric complex.
Toxicity of selected arsenical compounds in short term bacterial bioassays.

Use of bioassays to determine the toxicity of pollutants in the environment is an important component of tier testing. As the first step in the food chain, the ecological importance of bacteria cannot be ignored. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effect of selected arsenical compounds using a bacterial population as test species.
Water and Womanhood: Religious Meanings of Rivers in Maharashtra

Feldhaus examines the role of certain 'domestic' values in the religious meanings of rivers in Maharashtra, a large region of western India. Feldhaus draws both on written religious texts and on a wide range of oral, iconographic, and ritual materials gathered in the course of field work in India.
Miscibility of phosphatidylcholine binary mixtures in unilamellar vesicles: phase equilibria.

Miscibility among phospholipids with different lipid chain-lengths or with different head groups has attracted a number of research efforts because of its significance in biological membrane structure and function. The general consensus about the miscibility of phosphatidylcholines with varying lipid chainlengths appears to be that binary mixtures of phospholipids with a difference of two carbon atoms in the lipid chain mix well at the main phase transition. Miscibility between phosphatidylcholines with differences of four carbon atoms appears to be inconclusive. Previous reports on the phase transition of binary phospholipid mixtures are concerned mainly with multilamellar vesicles and are mostly limited to the main transition. In the present study, unilamellar vesicles were used and miscibility in binary systems between dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoyl-phosphatidylcholines at pretransition, as well as main transition temperatures was evaluated by constructing phase diagrams. Two methods were used to monitor the phase transitions: differential scanning microcalorimetry and optical absorbance methods. The optical method has the advantage that unilamellar vesicles of dilute phospholipid concentrations can be used. The liquidus and solidus phase boundaries were determined by the onset temperature of heating and cooling scans, respectively, because the completion temperature of a phase transition has no meaning in binary solutions. Dimyristoyl- and distearoyl-phosphatidylcholines. where the difference in the, lipid chain-length is four carbon atoms, mixed well even at pretransition temperature.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DESIGN FOR OPTICAL SENSORS

Artificial Color is the use of technology to emulate the basic means by which animals acquire and use spectral information. It begins with sensing of the scene using multiple broad and overlapping spectral sensitivity functions analogous with cone cells in the human visual system. In this paper we develop an algorithm to obtain a set of near-optimal application-specific spectral sensitivity functions for Artificial Color systems. The user-designed sensitivity functions result in concurrent good intra-class packing and interclass integrity in the color space for reflectance classes with known statistics. This method leads to improved color discrimination and results in more robust spectral classifiers.
The speed-accuracy trade-off in industry

Abstract In the class of resource-limited tasks, performance speed and accuracy are expected to be inversely related. However at the systems level, interventions which improve quality can provide benefits in throughput. Examining the speed-accuracy operating characteristic (SAOC) of industrial tasks shows that the apparent conflict between these two bodies of data is due to different types of intervention. A methodology for the systematic consideration of the speed-accuracy trade-off (SATO) is proposed, and its application to the tasks in aircraft structural inspection is developed as an example.
Divergent Thinking Abilities across the Schizophrenic Spectrum and Other Psychological Correlates.

The literature on the connection between psychopathology and creativity is vast and recent research has focused on the relationship between the schizophrenic spectrum and creativity. The schizophrenic spectrum includes genetically related disorders that share certain symptom features. It has been suggested that schizotypal personality disorder, a disorder falling somewhere in the middle of the spectrum, is advantageous to creative performance, whereas schizophrenia, the disorder at the most extreme end of the spectrum, is detrimental to creativity. This study included individuals at every level of the schizophrenic spectrum, and opted for an operationally defined concept of creativity in the form of creative problem solving, specifically divergent thinking. Healthy controls, schizotypals, and individuals with schizophrenia took the Abbreviated Torrance Test (2007), a standardized measure of divergent thinking. It was predicted that those with schizophrenia would have significantly lower scores on divergen...
Race-mixing and science in the United States

Scientific racism was widely used as a justification to oppose race-mixing in the United States. Historians have justly criticized this abuse of science, but have overlooked some of the important ways in which science was used in the 1930s and 1940s to overturn scientific racism and opposition to race-mixing. Of particular importance was the cultural anthropology of Franz Boas and the evolutionary biology of Theodosius Dobzhansky, which supplied arguments against racism and fundamentally altered the scientific understanding of race.
A model of face space

Faces vary in their distinctiveness, and it has been suggested that—more distinctive faces are located further from the mean face in internal or perceptual face space (Valentine, 1991), than typical faces. This paper proposes a pixel-based computational model of face distinctiveness. I show that the notion of psychological distinctiveness is correlated with the metrical Euclidean distance, from the mean face. Distances are measured in pixel-based face space, which serves as the basis of the computational model. A prediction of the model is that pairwise perceptual distances between distinctive faces are, on average, greater than between typical faces. This is affirmed by psychophysical experiment. This finding confirms a key axiom of the norm-based coding model, which states that face space is centrally distributed with typical faces packed densely near the centre of the space and distinctive faces spread sparsely in the periphery. This assumption has previously been confirmed by Davidenko (2007) using fa...
Measurement of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase activity using high-performance liquid chromatography

The goal of this investigation was to develop an assay whereby we could measure changes in ATP, ADP, and phosphocreatine (PCr) during stimulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase. After stopping the enzyme reaction, compounds were extracted by perchloric acid and separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Absorbance of ATP and ADP was monitored at 260 nm, and detection of PCr was done at 205 nm. Chromatograms show that peaks associated with each compound are clearly separated and easily detected. The SR Ca2+ ATPase assay was run for various time periods and using varying free [Ca2+]. The changes in ATP and ADP contents were linear with increasing time and varied as expected with increasing free [Ca2+]. The ATPase activities determined using changes in ATP and ADP were nearly identical to those determined using previously established assays. When PCr was added to the assay, we were able to confirm that the Ca2+ ATPase uses ATP that is synthesized locally from PCr via creatine kinase (CK). The results indicate that this is a valid and reliable method for examining SR Ca2+ ATPase activity and for investigating its interaction with CK.
Scalar Relativistic Computations of Nuclear Magnetic Shielding and g-Shifts with the Zeroth-Order Regular Approximation and Range-Separated Hybrid Density Functionals.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of NMR chemical shifts and molecular g tensors with Gaussian-type orbitals are implemented via second-order energy derivatives within the scalar relativistic zeroth order regular approximation (ZORA) framework. Nonhybrid functionals, standard (global) hybrids, and range-separated (Coulomb-attenuated, long-range corrected) hybrid functionals are tested. Origin invariance of the results is ensured by use of gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) basis functions. The new implementation in the NWChem quantum chemistry package is verified by calculations of nuclear shielding constants for the heavy atoms in HX (X = F, Cl, Br, I, At) and H2X (X = O, S, Se, Te, Po) and 125Te chemical shifts in a number of tellurium compounds. The basis set and functional dependence of g-shifts is investigated for 14 radicals with light and heavy atoms. The problem of accurately predicting 19F NMR shielding in UF6–nCln, n = 1–6, is revisited. The results are sensitive to approximations ...
A Grid Sourcing and Adaptation Study Using Unstructured Grids for Supersonic Boom Prediction

NASA created the Supersonics Project as part of the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program to advance technology that will make a supersonic flight over land viable. Computational flow solvers have lacked the ability to accurately predict sonic boom from the near to far field. The focus of this investigation was to establish gridding and adaptation techniques to predict near-to-mid-field (<10 body lengths below the aircraft) boom signatures at supersonic speeds using the USM3D unstructured grid flow solver. The study began by examining sources along the body the aircraft, far field sourcing and far field boundaries. The study then examined several techniques for grid adaptation. During the course of the study, volume sourcing was introduced as a new way to source grids using the grid generation code VGRID. Two different methods of using the volume sources were examined. The first method, based on manual insertion of the numerous volume sources, made great improvements in the prediction capability of USM3D for boom signatures. The second method (SSGRID), which uses an a priori adaptation approach to stretch and shear the original unstructured grid to align the grid and pressure waves, showed similar results with a more automated approach. Due to SSGRID s results and ease of use, the rest of the study focused on developing a best practice using SSGRID. The best practice created by this study for boom predictions using the CFD code USM3D involved: 1) creating a small cylindrical outer boundary either 1 or 2 body lengths in diameter (depending on how far below the aircraft the boom prediction is required), 2) using a single volume source under the aircraft, and 3) using SSGRID to stretch and shear the grid to the desired length.
Need for Cognition and Choice Framing Effects

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that framing biases in decision making would affect more strongly individuals with relatively low levels of need for cognition (NC). Participants were classified as high or low NC based on responses to a standard scale and subsequently were exposed to one of two framings of a choice problem. Different choice problems were used in each experiment, modeled after those developed by Kahneman and Tversky. Experiment 1 employed a monetary task and Experiment 2 a medical decision-making task. Consistent with expectations, framing effects on choice were observed in both experiments, but only for low NC participants. High NC participants were unaffected by problem framing, showing that they were less susceptible to attempts to alter their frame of reference.
Bimodal cell populations are common in chronic lymphocytic leukemia but do not impact overall survival.

Flow cytometric histograms were evaluated for bimodal antigen expression on samples from 246 patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) at University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH. Survival data were obtained, and the clinical significance of bimodality was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Bimodal antigen expression was found in 107 cases (43.5%). CD38 and CD13 were the most common antigens to demonstrate bimodality at 14.5% and 12.9%, respectively, and CD20, CD11c, CD5, FMC-7, and surface immunoglobulin also were frequently bimodal. Bimodal antigen expression, the number of bimodal antigens, and bimodality of a specific antigen were not associated with decreased survival in patients with CLL, although bimodality for CD38 trended toward worse overall survival. Therefore, although bimodal antigen expression is common in CLL, the presence of bimodality does not seem to have significant prognostic importance.
The Culture of Cities. Sharon Zukin, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World. William R. Taylor, editor, and Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. Rem Koolhaas; The Information Age. Economy, Society, and Culture. Manuel Castells; The Encyclopedia of Housing. Willem van Vliet, editor

(1999). The Culture of Cities. Sharon Zukin, Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World. William R. Taylor, editor, and Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. Rem Koolhaas; The Information Age. Economy, Society, and Culture. Manuel Castells; The Encyclopedia of Housing. Willem van Vliet, editor. Urban Geography: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 282-290.
Development of a hearing aid self-efficacy questionnaire

Discontinued hearing-aid use is caused by a number of factors, most of which may lead to low hearing-aid self-efficacy (i.e. low confidence in one's ability to B a successful hearing-aid user). This paper describes the development of the Measure of Audiologic Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy for Hearing Aids (MARS-HA), which was constructed in accordance with published recommendations for self-efficacy questionnaire development. The psychometric properties of the MARS-HA were evaluated with new and experienced hearing-aid users. The results revealed strong internal consistency and good test-retest reliability in both groups, with the following subscales identified both for the new users and the experienced users: (1) basic handling, (2) advanced handling, (3) adjustment to hearing aids, and (4) aided listening skills. Validity was established through the examination of expected differences based on group comparisons, training effects, and the impact of particular hearing aid features. The MARS-HA is a reliable and valid measure of hearing-aid self-efficacy and can be used to assist clinicians in identifying areas of low confidence that require additional audiologic training.
Implications of the Euro's crisis for international monetary reform☆

In the event, little was accomplished by the time the chair passed to Mexico at the beginning of 2012. This failure is widely ascribed to the deepening the euro-zone crisis and its disruptive impact on the international economy and its financial markets. Europe’s debt and banking crisis diverted the attention of global policy makers. Rather than pursuing reform of the international monetary system, they directed all of their scarce intellectual and financial resources toward the more pressing problem of addressing Europe’s woes.
Locally Administered Antibiotics for Prophylaxis Against Surgical Wound Infection: An in Vivo Study

Background: Currently, the standard for prophylaxis against surgical infection consists of perioperative systemic antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the relative efficacy of various methods of antibiotic delivery for the prevention of surgical wound infections. We hypothesized that sustained release of local antibiotics inside the wound cavity by a drug delivery system would be more effective than systemically administered antibiotics. Methods: Using a rat model, we inoculated a surgical wound in the quadriceps muscle with 8.0 × 105 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus and then administered one of seven types of treatment: no treatment (control), bacitracin irrigation, calcium sulfate flakes, systemic gentamicin, local aqueous gentamicin, local gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate flakes, and a combination of local gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate and systemic gentamicin. The seven treatment groups consisted of ten rats each. To further evaluate a trend, the group treated with systemic gentamicin and the one treated with local gentamicin solution were extended to include twenty-five and twenty-seven rats, respectively. At forty-eight hours postoperatively, specimens from the wounds were obtained for quantitative culture. Results: The control group, the group treated with bacitracin irrigation, and the one treated with plain calcium sulfate had very high bacterial counts and high mortality rates while the groups treated with gentamicin had low bacterial counts and a 100% survival rate. Local gentamicin was significantly more effective than systemic gentamicin in reducing bacterial counts. Conclusions: The gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate flakes did not result in bacterial counts that were significantly lower than those following systemic administration of gentamicin, which refuted our hypothesis. However, gentamicin solution injected directly into the closed wound did result in levels of bacteria that were significantly lower than those following treatment with the systemic gentamicin. Clinical Relevance: We believe that a high initial concentration of locally applied antibiotic inside the wound effectively kills bacteria present in the wound cavity, where systemic antibiotics have poor penetration, suggesting that this method of antibiotic administration may be a desirable adjunct for prophylaxis against infection in surgical wounds.
Recursive structure and equilibria in games with private monitoring

In each stage of a repeated game with private monitoring, the players receive payoffs and privately observe signals which depend on the players' actions and the state of world. I show that, contrary to a widely held belief, such games admit a recursive structure. More precisely, I construct a representation of the original sequential problem as a sequence of static games with incomplete information. This establishes the ground for a characterization of strategies and, hence, of behavior in interactive-decision settings where private information is present. Finally, the representation is used to give a recursive characterization of the equilibrium payoff set, by means of a multi-player generalization of dynamic programming.
Efficient Network Coding Algorithms for Dynamic Networks

Network coding is a new paradigm that allows the intermediate nodes in a network to create new packets by combining the packets received on their incoming edges. The central problem in the design of network coding schemes is to assign local encoding coefficients for the intermediate edges in a way that allows every terminal node to decode the packets generated by the source node. The main applications of the network coding technique include content distribution, peer-to-peer networks, and wireless ad-hoc networks. Such networks are characterized by highly dynamic set of users and frequent topological changes. In this paper we focus on the design of efficient multicast network codes for dynamic networks. First, we consider the problem of maintaining the feasibility of a given network code upon a change in the network topology or the addition of a new user. Our goal is to minimize the number of encoding coefficients that needs to be modified to keep the network code feasible. Second, we present a new network coding algorithm that uses path-based coding assignments to efficiently handle frequent changes in the network topology and the multicast group.
Empowerment, Culture, and Postmodern Organizing: Deconstructing the Nordstrom Employee Handbook

Offers a deconstructive reading of the Nordstrom Employee Handbook. The purpose of the reading is to demonstrate how this document serves as a representational sign of postmodern ideas about power and organizing capable of encouraging responsible, highly individualized, organizational cultural practices. Discusses implications of the postmodern for organizational theory and research.
Direct Evidence That Initial Oxidative Stress Triggered by Preconditioning Contributes to Second Window of Protection by Endogenous Antioxidant Enzyme in Myocytes

Background We tested the hypothesis that late preconditioning is associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activity induced by initial oxidative stress. Methods and Results Isolated rat myocytes...
Optimal fixed-structure control for linear non-negative dynamical systems

In this paper, we develop optimal output feedback controllers for set-point regulation of linear non-negative dynamical systems. Specifically, using a constrained fixed-structure control framework we develop optimal output feedback control laws that guarantee that the trajectories of the closed-loop system remain in the non-negative orthant of the state space for non-negative initial conditions. In addition, we characterize domains of attraction predicated on closed and open Lyapunov level surfaces contained in the non-negative orthant for unconstrained optimal linear-quadratic output feedback controllers. Output feedback controllers for compartmental systems with non-negative inputs are also given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of filtering facepiece respirators using virus aerosols

Physical penetration and infectivity penetration of adenovirus and influenza virus aerosols through respirators were measured to better characterize the effectiveness of filtering facepiece respirators against airborne virus. A physical penetration of 2%-5% was found. However, large sample-to-sample variation made it difficult to quantify the difference in physical penetration caused by the different virus aerosols. Infectivity penetration of adenovirus was much lower than physical penetration, indicating that the latter provides a conservative estimate for respirator performance.
Taking Armed Conflict Out of the Classroom: International and Domestic Legal Protections for Students When Combatants Use Schools

Schools around the world are being used for military purposes by State security forces and non-state armed groups. A review of conflicts in 23 countries since 2006 reveals that military use of schools often disrupts, or altogether halts, children’s education and places students and schools at increased risk of abuse and attack. While international humanitarian law does not prohibit the military use of schools, failing to evacuate students from partially occupied schools, which have become military objectives subject to attack, may violate humanitarian law. Moreover, where military use impedes education, States may also violate international human rights obligations to ensure the right to education. Despite these negative consequences and the international legal framework restricting this practice, few States have enacted national prohibitions or restrictions to regulate the military use of schools explicitly. However, the experiences of countries heavily affected by conflict – Colombia, India, and the Philippines – indicate that States can counter opposition armed groups while completely prohibiting the military use of schools. This article argues that States should adopt and implement national legislation and military laws that restrict the military use of schools to better comply with their existing international obligations to protect schoolchildren and ensure the right to education.
Symbol-level reliable broadcasting of sensitive data in error-prone wireless networks

Abstract Reliable packet transmission over error-prone wireless networks has received a lot of attention from the research community. In this paper, instead of using simple packet retransmissions to provide reliability, we consider a novel retransmission approach, which is based on the importance of bits (symbols). We study the problem of maximizing the total gain in the case of partial data delivery in error-prone wireless networks, in which each set of bits (called symbols) has a different weight. We first address the case of one-hop single packet transmission, and prove that the optimal solution that maximizes the total gain has a round-robin symbol transmission pattern. Then, we extend our solution to the case of multiple packets. We also enhance the expected gain using random linear network coding. Our simulation results show that our proposed multiple packets transmission mechanism can increase the gain up to 60%, compared to that of a simple retransmission. Moreover, our network coding scheme enhances the expected total gain up to 15%, compared to our non-coding mechanism.
Modeling and evaluation of the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures using the semi-circular bending test at intermediate temperatures

The semi-circular bend (SCB) test configuration has been favored by many researchers due to the ease of sample preparation, including cores removed from the field and the quick and simple testing procedure. It offers the potential of assessing the cracking resistance of asphalt mixes in the laboratory in the design phase as well as in QA (quality assurance) testing activities. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the SCB test and to utilize this test to evaluate a number of asphalt mixtures against cracking failure. Results of the experimental program were used to validate a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model, which was used to interpret and to analyze the failure mechanisms in the SCB test. Results of the experimental program showed that the SCB test results successfully predicted the fracture performance of the evaluated mixes and was able to differentiate between them in terms of cracking resistance. Mixtures prepared with polymer-modified binders were ...
Stress-Timed vs. Syllable-Timed Music? A Comment on Huron and Ollen (2003)

Linguists have long distinguished between ““stress-timed”” and ““syllable-timed”” languages. Using new methods for comparing rhythm in language and music (A. D. Patel & J. R. Daniele, 2003) and new data on musical rhythm from a range of nations (D. Huron & J. Ollen, 2003), one can begin to address whether stress-timed and syllable-timed languages are associated with distinctive musical rhythms. In conducting such studies, it is important to be aware of historical influences on musical rhythm that might run counter to linguistic influences. An empirical method for studying historical influences is proposed.
Building a New Model of Mathematics Learning.

Abstract In this summary article the process of building a new model of mathematics learning is illustrated through a synthesis of the Fractions Project articles and commentary on the two reaction articles. Crucial aspects of the Project and critiques are brought together to focus on work that has been accomplished in the Project and work that needs to be considered. Of particular concern is maintaining the constructivist view of research and teaching.
Effects of duration of convulsions on energy reserves of the brain.

— Rapid administration (0·4 ml in 1 sec) of the convulsant inhalant, flurothyl (hexafluorodiethyl ether, indoklon), to mice induced within 10 sec clonic-tonic seizures that were accompanied by marked decrease of P-creatine, decrease of ATP and glucose, and increase of lactate in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, mice to which flurothyl had been administered slowly (0·05 ml every 30 sec for 10 min) exhibited myoclonic jerks after about 3 min, merging into irregular clonus at about 5 min, and intermittent clonus thereafter until onset of tonic hind limb extension at about 10 min. In these mice, P-creatine in cerebral cortex decreased gradually for 6 min and then remained through 10 min at levels nearly as low as those reached 10 sec after rapidly administered flurothyl. Lactate in cerebral cortex increased much more during the 10 min of slow administration of flurothyl than in 10 sec of rapid administration, the greatest increase occurring at 4–6 min, as myoclonic jerks merged into irregular clonus. Glucose and ATP in cerebral cortex fluctuated somewhat but did not decrease greatly when flurothyl was administered slowly.
Medical and Functional Sequelae of Spinal Cord Injury Caused by Violence: Findings from the Model Systems

In the past two decades, there has been a significant shift in the etiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States, with a marked increase in the percentage of persons injured as a result of violence. This study used data from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research-funded SCI model systems to compare medical and functional sequelae between SCI patients with violence-related injury (VRI) and those with non-violence-related injury (NVRI). Data for persons injured during the years 1990 through 1996 and for whom first- and second-year follow-up information was available were included. VRI patients were younger, more often white-Hispanic or African American, and male, with a limited education and unemployed at injury; 92% were injured as a result of gunshot wounds. VRI patients more often had complete injury and paraplegia and a higher mean Functional Independence Measure motor score at rehabilitation discharge. During rehabilitation and the first two follow-up years, deep v...
TETANY POTENTIAL OF ORCHARDGRASS AND TALL FESCUE AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZATION WITH DAIRY MANURE OR COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to compare potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) utilization and grass tetany potential of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) fertilized with dairy manure or commercial fertilizer. The study was conducted from 1994 through 2000 in Willsboro, NY on a Kingsbury clay soil (very-fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) of somewhat poor drainage. The design was a split-plot in a randomized complete block with two manure rates (16.8 Mg ha−1 and 33.6 Mg ha−1) and one fertilizer treatment (84 kg N ha−1 at spring greenup and 56 kg N ha−1 prior each regrowth harvest) as the main plots and grass species as subplots replicated six times. Potassium concentration and uptake increased after two years of manure application compared to commercial fertilizer treatment and residual effects of manure were large at least three years following manure application. Calcium concentration and uptake decreased after two years of m...
Electrophoretic Mobility of Milk Fat Globules. II. Effect of Diluent on Mobility of Fat Globules and Fat Globule Membrane

Abstract Microelectrophoretic mobility determinations on large numbers of individual milk fat globules suspended in distilled water demonstrated a wide variation in mobility between globules. The average mobility and variation in mobility decreased markedly when the suspending medium was a centrifugate prepared by means of superspeed centrifugation of milk. The variability is shown to be independent of milk fat globule size or age of the electrophoretic suspension. Mobility studies on washed cream showed an increase in mobility and an increased variation of mobility as the number of washings increased. Also, during washing of the cream, the distribution tended to broaden as the washing increased. Variation in electrophoretic mobility when either distilled water or centrifugate was used as the suspending media tended toward a normally distributed population. Mobility studies using the Tyndall phenomenon on fat globule membrane particles from buttermilk and butter serum fractions indicated these to be different.
Globalization of Science and Technology through Research and Development

Globalization of science and technology is an integral aspect of globalization per se. The main engine of globalization is assumed to be the global economy propelled by global trade and technology transfers, the latter as aspects of globalization of science and technology. International trade and technology transfers are the engines that drive global economy. Much has been written on these drivers but relatively little on what drives globalization of science and technology which constitutes the backbone of international technology transfers. I attempt to fill this knowledge gap by suggesting that the drivers behind globalization of science and technology are the emerging global centers of collaborative research and development (R&D) as constituents of the global invisible college(s). “Science” throughout this article means both science and technology as the two closely related aspects of the same knowledge system.
Accessing related events increases retroactive interference in a matching recognition test.

Why is memory for a target event impaired by learning related events? Do related events change the trace for the target or hinder retrieval? Target names (e,g., Robert Harris) were shown; experimental items were followed by related names (e. g., Robert Knight) but control items were not. The given names and surnames of the targets were then provided for matching. At short (5-15 min) retention intervals, the control items were matched more accurately than were the experimental items. This retroactive interference (RI) decreased over a 30-min retention interval (Experiment 2), suggesting that the related names did not cause a permanent change in the target trace. More RI occurred at the 30-min retention interval when the related names appeared just before the test (Experiment 3)
The infant and preschool psychiatry clinic: A model of evaluation and treatment

La Clinique de Psychiatrie Infantile et du Jeune Enfant est une clinique a sous-specialite, pour visites externes, qui traite de jeunes enfants ayant des problemes emotionnels et de comportement graves, ainsi que des troubles d'apprentissage et des troubles de la parole. La clinique subvient aux besoins psychiatriques de jeunes enfants, de la naissance a l'âge de cinq ans, et de leurs familles. La mission de la clinique est de (1) offrir un evaluation diagnostique complete, un traitement, des services consultatifs, le tout par une equipe interdisciplinaire, (2) recueillir systematiquement les donnees pour une recherche empirique, et (3) offrir une formation en psychiatrie infantile. Le processus d'evaluation de la clinique et les divers services de traitement sont decrits en detail, ainsi que deux exemples de cas cliniques qui aident a illustrer l'integration de divers services. Enfin, une critique des forces et faiblesses de la clinique est presentee.
In vitro fermentation of sugars, grains, and by-product feeds in relation to initiation of ruminal lactate production.

Abstract In vitro fermentations of various sugars, grains, and by-products were conducted to investigate the relationships between soluble carbohydrates and initiation of ruminal lactate production. Fermentation of hexose sugars, both monosaccharides and disaccharides, resulted in greater accumulation of lactate than did fermentation of pentoses. Results of fermentation of grains and by-products, in order of greatest to least potential to produce lactic acid, were steam-flaked barley=barley = wheat>citrus pulp>beet pulp=corn>high moisture corn=sorghum grain. Water-soluble fractions of the grains and by-products were more rapidly fermented to lactate than the insoluble fractions. Combining 10% soluble fractions from wheat, barley, and steam-flaked barley with 90% insoluble fractions from corn resulted in significant increases in lactate concentration. Analysis of sugar composition of these water soluble materials indicated that monosaccharides and disaccharides constitute 23 to 46% by weight. Data suggest that water-soluble materials play a role in initiation of lactate production from grains, and further production is dependent on starch fermentability.
Optimized Impingement Configurations for Double Wall Cooling Applications

Double wall cooling is a very effective technique for increasing heat transfer in hot gas path components utilizing a narrow channel near the surface of the component. Multiple techniques exist to increase the heat transfer within the narrow channel, including the use of impingement jets, turbulators and microchannels. A preliminary study has been performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine the heat transfer benefits of double wall cooling technology when compared to a smooth wall square channel and a ribbed wall square channel. Conjugate CFD simulations of flow through an aluminum channel were performed to include the effects of conduction through the solid and convection within the main channel. The design for the preliminary study consists of a square main channel and a narrow impingement channel connected by a series of holes creating impingement jets on the outer surface of the impingement channel. The study examines multiple parameters to increase heat transfer without increasing the pumping power required. The parameters studied include diameter of impingement jets, jet-to-jet spacing, number of impingement jets, and jet-to-wall spacing. Results show that the impingement channel height-to-diameter ratio has a strong impact on heat transfer effectiveness. This study also provides a new optimization methodology for improving cooling designs with specific targets.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Anisotropy and drift of a vortex tangle in helium II.

We use combined second-sound attenuation and temperature-gradient measurements to determine the vortex line density, anisotropy, and the drift of the vortex tangle as a whole in counterflowing helium II from 1.27 to 2.10 K. We find a much higher probability for vortex lines in the tangle to be transverse to the flow than along the flow. We also find that, at least below 2.1 K, the vortex tangle drifts with the superfluid toward the heater.
Linear operators which preserve combinatorial orthogonality

Abstract A (1, -1, 0) matrix is said to be a potentially sign-orthogonal sign pattern if the inner product of any pair of distinct rows or columns equals zero or contains terms that are positive and terms that are negative. A potentially orthogonal matrix is a matrix such that some matrix with the same (+, -, 0) sign pattern is an orthogonal matrix. Evidently all potentially orthogonal (1, -1, 0) matrices are potentially sign-orthogonal sign patterns, but not conversely. In this article we characterize the linear operators on the n × n real matrices that map the set X of matrices with potentially sign-orthogonal sign patterns to itself and the complement of X to itself. We also show that the same operators are the only ones that map the set Y of potentially orthogonal matrices to itself and the complement of Y to itself.
DR5 as a reporter system to study auxin response in Populus.

Auxin responsive promoter DR5 reporter system is functional in Populus to monitor auxin response in tissues including leaves, roots, and stems. We described the behavior of the DR5::GUS reporter system in stably transformed Populus plants. We found several similarities with Arabidopsis, including sensitivity to native and synthetic auxins, rapid induction after treatment in a variety of tissues, and maximal responses in root tissues. There were also several important differences from Arabidopsis, including slower time to maximum response and lower induction amplitude. Young leaves and stem sections below the apex showed much higher DR5 activity than did older leaves and stems undergoing secondary growth. DR5 activity was highest in cortex, suggesting high levels of auxin concentration and/or sensitivity in this tissue. Our study shows that the DR5 reporter system is a sensitive and facile system for monitoring auxin responses and distribution at cellular resolution in poplar.