cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transepithelial D-glucose and D-fructose transport across the American lobster, Homarus americanus, intestine

Transepithelial transport of dietary D-glucose and d-fructose was examined in the lobster Homarus americanus intestine using D-[(3)H]glucose and D-[(3)H]fructose. Lobster intestines were mounted in a perfusion chamber to determine transepithelial mucosal to serosal (MS) and serosal to mucosal (SM) transport mechanisms of glucose and fructose. Both MS glucose and fructose transport, as functions of luminal sugar concentration, increased in a hyperbolic manner, suggesting the presence of mucosal transport proteins. Phloridizin inhibited the MS flux of glucose, but not that of fructose, suggesting the presence of a sodium-dependent (SGLT1)-like glucose co-transporter. Immunohistochemical analysis, using a goat anti-rabbit GLUT5 polyclonal antibody, revealed the localization of a brush border GLUT5-like fructose transport protein. MS fructose transport was decreased in the presence of mucosal phloretin in warm spring/summer animals, but the same effect was not observed in cold autumn/winter animals, suggesting a seasonal regulation of sugar transporters. Mucosal phloretin had no effect on MS glucose transport. Both SM glucose and SM fructose transport were decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of serosal phloretin, providing evidence for the presence of a shared serosal GLUT2 transport protein for the two sugars. The transport of d-glucose and d-fructose across lobster intestine is similar to sugar uptake in mammalian intestine, suggesting evolutionarily conserved absorption processes for these solutes.
Individual differences in perceptions and preferences for political candidates

Judgments of similarity and preference for a set of 16 political stimuli were obtained from 67 college students and were analyzed by three different multidimensional scaling techniques. These procedures, INDSCAL, PREFMAP, and MDPREF were used (a) to determine the dimensions of political perception, (b) to assess individual differences in the importance of each dimension for making similarity and preference judgments, and (c) to evaluate the predictive ability of an ideal point model and a vector model of preferential choice. The results indicated that politicians were perceived as multidimensional stimuli varying along three identifiable general evaluative dimensions: (1) Liberal reform-oriented vs. Conservative, nonreform-oriented (2) Democrat vs. Republican, and (3) Conservative, establishment-oriented vs. Liberal, youth-oriented. In addition, the subjects were found to weight the dimensions differentially in accordance with their own political party affiliation and liberal-conservative orientation. The ideal point model was found to be superior to a vector model in predicting subjects' voting preferences. A psychological theory of voting behavior incorporating the concepts of “ideal politicians” and “psychological distances” among politicians is proposed and evaluated. The potential use of multidimensional scaling in further research of voting behavior is discussed.
Structure‐property‐processing relationships of polypropylene‐polybutylene blends

In this paper we discuss PP-PB blends in which both components are highly crystallizable. It was our intention to try to prepare homogeneous PP-PB blends, assuming miscibility in the melt, by using the ultraquenching technique and to study the properties of the resulting blends following crystallization from the glass. Due to the possibility of preparing homogenous blends by ultraquenching, it should be interesting to compare the morphology, properties, and crystallization of the glass-crystallized blends with the melt-crystallized blends. We conclude that, in general, the above results suggest there is a considerable degree of compatibility, possibly even miscibility, of PP and PB in the melt, but that miscibility is difficult to obtain by ordinary melt mixing processes.
Autoradiographic determination of regional cerebral blood flow during hypoglycemia in newborn dogs.

ABSTRACT: To ascertain the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to hypoglycemia, nine newborn dogs were treated with insulin to blood glucose concentrations ranging from 1 to 35 mg/dl (mean 22 mg/dl). Systemic physiologic monitoring revealed no differences in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, paO2, paCO2, pHa, or blood lactate in the hypoglycemis animals and five normoglycemic controls. Significant increases in CBF occurred in 17 of 20 analyzed structures of brain in the hypoglycemic puppies, ranging from 158 to 446% of the normoglycemic values. The percent increases in CBF were greatest in brainstem structures compared to other major regions of brain. A positive correlation existed between mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral cortical blood flow, suggesting a loss of CBF autoregulation during hypoglycemia. The patho-physiologic mechanism for the elevations in regional CBF might relate to stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in brain, as has been shown in adults.
Gender Matters: Differences in State Probation Officer Stress

The causes of stress for criminal justice practitioners, including probation officers, can generally be categorized into four areas: internal to the organization, external to the organization, the ...
Morphological phylogeny of the family Actinostolidae (Anthozoa : Actiniaria) with description of a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent sea anemone redefining the family Actinoscyphiidae

We describe a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent sea anemone from the eastern north Pacific Ocean. The combination of characters in Alvinactis reu, gen. et sp. nov. is unique among currently known genera of the actiniarian superfamily Mesomyaria; most notable among its external features is a belt of verrucae and cinclides in the distal column. We assess the placement of Alvinactis, gen. nov. and evaluate taxonomic features used to distinguish groups within Actinostolidae Carlgren, 1893 and Actinoscyphiidae Stephenson, 1920 with a cladistic analysis of morphological characters. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Alvinactis, gen. nov. and several genera previously ascribed to Actinostolidae belong in Actinoscyphiidae. Morphological evidence fails to support monophyly of Actinostolidae, but does support monophyly of the previously proposed subfamily Actinostolinae.
Integrating occlusion monitoring into human tracking for robot speed and separation monitoring

Collaborative robots are used in close proximity to humans to perform a variety of tasks, while more traditional industrial robots are required to be stopped whenever a human enters their work-volumes. Instead of relying on physical barriers or merely detecting when someone enters the area, the collaborative system must monitor the position of every person who enters the work space in time for the robot to react. The TC 184/SC 2/WG 3 Industrial Safety group within the International Organization for Standard(ISO) is developing the standards to help ensure collaborative robots operate safely. Collaborative robots require sophisticated sensing technologies that must handle dynamic interactions between the robot and the human. One potential safety risk is the occlusion of a safety sensor's field of view due to placement of objects or the movement of people in front of a safety sensor. In this situation the robot could shut down as soon as even a single sensor was partially occluded. Unfortunately this could greatly diminish the extent to which the robot could work collaboratively. In this paper we examine how a human tracking system using multiple laser line scanners [3]was adapted to work with a robot Speed and Separation Monitoring (SSM) safety system and further modified to include occlusion monitoring.
Composition of n-3 oils from some great lakes freshwater fish☆

Abstract Lipids from Salvelinus namaycush siscowet (siscowet lake trout), S. namaycush namaycush (lake trout), and S. fontinalus (brook trout) from the Great Lakes showed similar fatty acid profiles. The Salvelinus sp. oils contained about 4% eicosapentanenoic acid (EPA; C 20:5n3) and between 5.9 and 9.6%n docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C 22:60). Siscowet lake trout contained 36% fat (wet wt) and 31% of the lipid fraction was oleic acid while other trout contained from 7 to 10% fat of which 17–26% was oleic acid. Siscowet lake trout oil contained 26 ppm Aroclor 1260 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and only one-half to two-thirds of this was removed by steam deodorization. Alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) oil contained 8.6% EPA (C 20:5n3) and 8.6% DHA (C 22:60). Oil rendered from Lake Michigan whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis offal contained 7.8% EPA (C 20:5n3) and 2.9% DHA (C 22:6n3) and less than 0.1% ppm of PCB.
Ethnicity and Organization: Jewish Communities in Eastern Europe and the United States*

In their most essential respects, the immigrant communities of American Jews (and the total American Jewish community) were a direct continuation of those which appeared in East Europe, prior to 1914. Using archives, government reports, and texts (primary and secondary) this paper reconstructs the sociohistorical environment in which they appeared. The extensive communal organization which characterized both settings, actually served the interests of societal demands. These institutions provided needed (often emergency) services to the community, but they also supported the out-group's status, as determined by the larger society. A clear picture emerges of the impact on the collective Jewish, and individual Jew's, adaptation to society within a highly developed and organized community.
A Statistical Overview of Experimentally Defined Anisotropic Displacement Parameters (ADP) Currently Deposited in the RCSB PDB

The potential of X-ray crystallography to provide information for protein dynamics has not yet been extensively investigated. In addition to atom XYZ coordinates, typical PDB files provide the temperature factor, also referred to as isotropic B-factor, which describes the magnitude of atomic fluctuations. Currently, approximately 5% (∼5500 unique pdb files) of the structures deposited in the RCSB PDB are high resolution (< 1.4 A). These high resolution structures generally provide an additional line for each atom entry, with the second containing a symmetric tensor with six integers that describes an ellipsoidal, instead of spherical, distribution of electron densities. Importantly, this asymmetric distribution of electron density reflects the anisotropic movement of the atomic nuclei. A diagonalization of this 3x3 tensor yields three eigenvalues (W1, W2, and W3), which define the distribution of electron density along those three prominent axes. The degree of anisotropy is defined as the ratio of W1 to W3 and varies between 0 (extremely anisotropic, like a rod or a pancake) and 1 (a sphere). Our preliminary analysis over the ADPs derived from ∼1500 high resolution structures revealed that interestingly, the backbone carbon atoms are more anisotropic than the C-α and C-β atoms. The C-α atoms show the lowest degree of anisotropy, and proceeding out along the side chain from C-α to C-e, the degree of anisotropy gradually increases. We also analyzed the trend of isotropic B-factors. Indeed, the value of isotropic B-factors increases outward from the backbone C to the C-e atom. In summary, we performed a statistical analysis over the ADPs of structures in the RCSB PDB, with the aim to obtain useful information in order to gain a better understanding of the physical basis of ADP.
Isostructural Single-Chain and Single-Molecule Magnets

Isostructural single-chain magnet (SCM) and single-molecule magnets (SMM) with formulas [Mn(6)X(2)(salox)(6)O(2)(N(3))(8)] (X = Mn(II) (1), Cd(II) (2); H(2)salox = salicylaldoxime) have been synthesized and magnetically characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 possess significantly different magnetization reversal barriers of U(eff) = 100.3 and 57.0 K, in spite of comparable uniaxial anisotropies (D) and ground state spin values (S). These observations are indicative of the intrinsic spin dynamics in these structurally related yet magnetically distinct SCM/SMM systems.
Carbon-13 and silicon-29 NMR spectra of some [tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-substituted silanes and related compounds

Abstract Fourier Transform 13C and 29Si NMR spectra are reported for series of [tris-(trimethylsilyl)methyl] dimethylsilanes, [tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl] diphenylsilanes, and for related compounds. Analysis of chemical shift values indicates that such information can be useful in determining the structure in these highly hindered, but structurally similar compounds. In particular, the carbon and silicon atoms of the trimethylsilyl groups absorb in a narrow shift range, while other carbon and silicon atoms more characteristically reflect the substitution patterns in these compounds.
STABILIZATION OF CARROT JUICE BY DILUTE ACID TREATMENT

SUMMARY– A problem arises if juice extracted from raw carrots is heated to about 180° before or during conventional canning practices. An unsightly, unappetizing coagulum forms and the color of the juice precipitates with the coagulum. The coagulum is not as evident if the carrots are heated 5 min in water prior to juice extraction, but the juice loses some of its bright-orange color. The canned juice extracted from carrots heated 5 min in a .05 N acetic acid solution does not coagulate and the amount of juice which can be extracted from the carrots is 3.3% greater than that from carrots heated 5 min in water. The centrifuged juice from acid-treated carrots had a brighter orange color than juice from the water-treated carrots. The color notation was Rd, 23.7, a, 30.4 and b, 34.8 for juice from acid-treated carrots compared with a notation of Rd, 19.2, a, 24.4 and b, 31.4 for the juice from water-treated carrots. The canned juice extracted from raw carrots had less pectic substances and starch and about the same amount of protein as the canned juice from the carrots heated in water or .05 N acetic acid, but the canned juice from raw carrots coagulated. The juice from carrots heated in acid does not form a coagulum and maintains its orange color, probably because of the action of the heat and acid on the protoplasmic liquid of the cell before or immediately after the cell is ruptured.
Is reverse shoulder arthroplasty a reasonable alternative for revision arthroplasty

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) improves function in selected patients with complex shoulder problems. However, we presume patient function would vary if performed primarily or for revision and would vary with other patient-specific factors. We compared (1) the shoulder scores and (2) complications in patients with RSA for revision arthroplasty with patients who had RSA as a primary procedure; and (3) identified patient-specific factors that affect (1) and (2). We retrospectively compared 28 RSAs for failed arthroplasty with a control group consisting of 28 primary RSAs. We determined the Penn Shoulder (PENN), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores. Followup for shoulder outcome measures averaged 17.4 (range, 4.1–34) and 20.8 months (range, 7.3–34.9) for the study and control groups, respectively. All scores were higher in primary RSA than in revision RSA (PENN score, 79.5 versus 57.1; ASES score, 81.4 versus 56.3; SANE score, 73.8% versus 48.8%), and ROM was better (122.7° versus 83.75°). Both groups experienced increases in active forward flexion. Ten of the 28 study RSAs (35.7%) versus five of the 28 control RSAs (17.8%) had complications. No patient-specific factors other than reason for surgery correlated with scores. Revision RSA is associated with lower function compared with primary RSA. However, we believe it a reasonable alternative and patients undergoing RSA for revision arthroplasty can expect improvements in function and shoulder scores to a mean of 50% of normal shoulders but must also accept a high complication rate. Level III, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Techniques for Investigating Integrated Circuit Dielectric Isolation Media

This paper describes two different techniques for investigating the dielectric isolation of integrated circuits manufactured by this method of isolation. The study concentrates on the two radiation effects of induced transient conductivity and charge storage in silicon dioxide. The first technique is theoretical involving a mathematical model which considers some of the physical processes in silicon dioxide under irradiation. A system of partial differential equations is derived from a consideration of some of the possible mechanisms and carrier kinetics occurring in the oxide as a result of radiation. A sub-routine was then written for an existing computer program (SCEPTRE) which was used to numerically solve the continuity equations describing the model. Primary outputs of the computer program are the transient current density, total charge in the oxide, and the surface charge induced in the silicon by the charge in the oxide which then allows one to also calculate the induced charge in the gate electrode. In addition, available as outputs are the local electric field, local charge density, and the instantaneous density of electron and hole charge carriers throughout the dielectric. The other technique is an empirical method of nondestructively determining an existing nominal electric field in unirradiated, irradiated and then annealed silicon-silicon dioxide-polycrystalline silicon (SOS) structures. This method of investigation is based on the quadratic electro optical Kerr effect. From results obtained by applying external bias voltage on these SOS-structures it was concluded that the nominal internal electric field in the oxide is directed toward the polycrystalline silicon region.
Variational data assimilative modeling of the Gulf of Maine in spring and summer 2010

A data assimilative ocean circulation model is used to hindcast the Gulf of Maine (GOM) circulation in spring and summer 2010. Using the recently developed incremental strong constraint 4D Variational data assimilation algorithm, the model assimilates satellite sea surface temperature and in situ temperature and salinity profiles measured by expendable bathythermograph, Argo floats, and shipboard CTD casts. Validation against independent observations shows that the model skill is significantly improved after data assimilation. The data-assimilative model hindcast reproduces the temporal and spatial evolution of the ocean state, showing that a sea level depression southwest of the Scotian Shelf played a critical role in shaping the gulf-wide circulation. Heat budget analysis further demonstrates that both advection and surface heat flux contribute to temperature variability. The estimated time scale for coastal water to travel from the Scotian Shelf to the Jordan Basin is around 60 days, which is consistent with previous estimates based on in situ observations. Our study highlights the importance of resolving upstream and offshore forcing conditions in predicting the coastal circulation in the GOM.
Dislocation of a type I membrane protein requires interactions between membrane-spanning segments within the lipid bilayer

The human cytomegalovirus gene product US11 causes rapid degradation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHCI) heavy chains by inducing their dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. This set of reactions resembles the endogenous cellular quality control pathway that removes misfolded or unassembled proteins from the ER. We show that the transmembrane domain (TMD) of US11 is essential for MHCI heavy chain dislocation, but dispensable for MHCI binding. A Gln residue at position 192 in the US11 TMD is crucial for the ubiquitination and degradation of MHCI heavy chains. Cells that express US11 TMD mutants allow formation of MHCI-beta2m complexes, but their rate of egress from the ER is significantly impaired. Further mutagenesis data are consistent with the presence of an alpha-helical structure in the US11 TMD essential for MHCI heavy chain dislocation. The failure of US11 TMD mutants to catalyze dislocation is a unique instance in which a polar residue in the TMD of a type I membrane protein is required for that protein's function. Targeting of MHCI heavy chains for dislocation by US11 thus requires the formation of interhelical hydrogen bonds within the ER membrane.
Assessment of social marketing education, training, and application in public health settings

Healthy People sets the decennial public health agenda for the United States (US). Healthy People 2020 includes objectives for social marketing education and training in schools of public health and for applying it in state health departments. In the present study, two online surveys were conducted to estimate the application of, as well as education and training opportunities available in, social marketing in the US. First, state health department professionals were surveyed online regarding application of eight social marketing benchmarks in their disease prevention and health promotion programs. Eight of 29 participating state health departments used social marketing. Second, an online survey was administered to associate deans of US schools of public health concerning education and professional development opportunities available for students and public health professionals, respectively. Forty percent (20/50) of associate deans participated. In the past academic year, four schools reported offering a social marketing course and six additional schools reported offering a combined health communication/social marketing course. Professional development opportunities in social marketing were even more limited. The present findings may serve as baseline measures for the national objectives to increase the use of social marketing in US disease prevention and health promotion. The paper concludes with discussion of the challenges for schools of public health and other enterprises in meeting the social marketing education and training needs of the public health workforce.
NAD+ specificity of bacterial DNA ligase revealed.

Abstract In this issue of Structure , crystallographic snapshots of a bacterial DNA ligase in complexes with its substrate NAD + and its product NMN are revealed (Gajiwala and Pinko, 2004). The structures illustrate a novel reaction of DNA ligase and highlight the NMN binding site as a target for new antimicrobials.
Relative Intensities and Transition Probabilities of the K -Series Lines of the Elements 24 to 52 by the Ionization Chamber Method

Experiments on the ionization currents produced by x-ray lines of wave-lengths 2.29, 1.93 and 1.66A entering a double ionization chamber filled with methyl iodide, methyl bromide, argon, air, and sulphur dioxide have been carried out. The current ratios obtained when corrected for the fraction of the direct beam absorbed in the front chamber were found not to vary by more than 1.5 percent in these gases. The conclusion is reached that the ionization chamber is a suitable instrument for measuring relative intensities of x-ray lines of different wave-lengths in the region 0.4 to 2.3A. The relative intensities of the $K$-series lines of twenty elements from Cr (24) to Te (52) were examined under controlled conditions and on correction for various factors yield a variation of relative intensity with atomic number. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}$ remains constant at approximately 0.50 throughout the range. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}$ rises steeply from a value of 0.161 at Co (27) to 0.274 at Sr (38) then less rapidly to 0.306 at Te (52). $\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}$ rises steeply from a value of 0.0036 at Zn (30) to 0.0450 at Zr (40) and then in a more linear fashion to 0.0735 at Te. Equations obtained from measurements on the absorption coefficients of various materials are: $\mathrm{Mica} \ensuremath{\mu}=36.56{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2.76} \mathrm{from}0.4\mathrm{to}2.3\mathrm{A}$ $\mathrm{Cellophane} \ensuremath{\mu}=3.52{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2.66} \mathrm{from}0.6\mathrm{to}2.3\mathrm{A}$ $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{Br} \frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=19.2{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2.79} \mathrm{from}1.1\mathrm{to}2.3\mathrm{A}$ $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{I} \frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}=65.46{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2.62} \mathrm{from}0.4\mathrm{to}0.9\mathrm{A}.$ A treatment is given and discussed for the absorption of the x-rays within the target. The resultant correction is small and on application to the observed relative intensities the ratio of the transition probabilities for the $K$-series lines of these elements is obtained.
Prevalence and determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Prevalence and determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Background Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic complications in patients with end-stage renal disease, although the mechanisms remain unclear. The major determinants of plasma homocysteine concentration are usually folate, vitamin B 12 , pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (vitamin B 6 ), and glomerular filtration rate. Methods We measured factors, including plasma folate, vitamin B 12 , vitamin B 6 , creatinine, as well as the dose and duration of dialysis, that might affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in 130 patients on hemodialysis (HD) and compared these observations with those in 46 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Independent determinants of total homocysteine were identified using a multiple logistical regression analysis. Results Total homocysteine values averaged 29.8 μmol/liter in HD patients, significantly higher than the mean value of 19.9 μmol/liter observed in patients on PD ( P P r = -0.31, P 12 , or vitamin B 6 . Conclusions Hyperhomocysteinemia is more prevalent and intense in HD patients compared with those on PD. The homocysteine response may become refractory to excess folate supplementation in PD patients.
TU‐EE‐A4‐01: Dose Saving and Scatter Reduction in Volume‐Of‐Interest (VOI) Cone Beam CT — a Monte Carlo Simulation Study with Geant4

Purpose: To estimate and study the dose saving and scatter reduction properties of the VOI cone beam CT technique. Method and Materials: To implement the VOI scanning technique, a filter with a circular or rectangular opening is inserted between the x‐ray source and the patient to deliver a higher level x‐ray exposure inside the VOI and a lower exposure level outside the VOI in acquiring the projection images. This technique is expected to result in higher image quality inside the VOI with lower entire patient dose and significantly lowered scatter‐to‐primary ratios (SPRs) within the VOI. Modeling the patient as a cylinder of soft tissue, we have developed Monte Carlo simulation programs based on the Geant4 package to estimate the dose to the patient and the SPRs at the detector input. Simulation was performed at selected locations to estimate the variation of the dose level and SPRs from inside to the outside of the VOI. Simulation was also performed to estimate the reduction of the dose levels and SPRs with the VOI scanning technique as compared to full field cone beam CT.Results: Our simulation results show that with the exposure level reduced by the VOI filter, dose levels for the entire scan were significantly reduced both inside and outside the VOI. Scatter intensities at the detector input were also shown to decrease significantly both inside and outside the VOI in the projection images.Conclusion: Our simulation study successively demonstrated the ability of the VOI scanning technique to reduce patient dose and x‐ray scatter for improved image quality. Acknowledgement: This work was supported in part by a research grant EB000117 from the NIH‐NIBIB and a research grant CA104759 from the NIH‐NCI. The author also would like to thank Dr. Ioannis Sechopoulos and Yu Chen for consulting assistance in Geant4 programming.
Electrochemical reduction of 2-nitro- and 2,2'-dinitro-biphenyl

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of 2-nitro- and 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl in aprotic solvents has been studied by e.s.r., cyclic voltammetric, polarographic and potentiostatic techniques. The compound 2-nitrobiphenyl is reduced via two polarographic steps. The first is a reversible one-electron process producing a stable anion radical. The second is an e.c.e. process producing the corresponding phenylhydroxylamine through a slightly stable 2-nitrosobiphenyl intermediate. The compound 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl is reduced via three polarographic steps. The first two polarographic plateaux appear to be the result of reversible one-electron processes. The third is the result of a complex multi-electron transfer and produces primarily the corresponding phenylhydroxylamine and 9,10-diazaphenanthrene. E.s.r. data indicate a slow irreversible reaction of the dianion in acetonitrile which is not detectible on the time scale of the cyclic voltammetric experiments.
Heidegger on Plato, truth, and unconcealment: The 1931–32 lecture on The Essence of Truth

This paper discusses Heidegger's 1931–32 lecture course on The Essence of Truth. It argues that Heidegger read Platonic ideas, not only as stage‐setting for the western philosophical tradition's privileging of conceptualization over practice, and its correlative treatment of truth as correctness, but also as an early attempt to work through truth as the fundamental experience of unhiddenness. Wrathall shows how several of Heidegger's more‐famous claims about truth, e.g. that propositional truth is grounded in truth as world‐disclosure, and including Heidegger's critique of the self‐evidence of truth as correspondence, are first revealed in a powerful (if iconoclastic) reading of Plato.
Adapting to market liberalization: The role of dynamic capabilities, initial resource conditions, and strategic path choices in determining evolutionary fitness of Less Developed Country (LDC) firms

Abstract Economic liberalization leads to higher competitive intensity that spurs strategic changes in LDC domestic firms. I apply the dynamic capabilities lens to post-liberalization adaptation of LDC domestic firms. Based upon the logic of fit, I argue that initial resource conditions, strategic paths, and requisite dynamic capabilities must match to enhance evolutionary fitness of firms. I propose that LDC firms with strong core and complementary capabilities will adopt strategies of increasing scale and scope, along with cultivating an acquisition dynamic capability to enhance fitness. LDC firms with weak core but strong complementary capabilities could enhance fitness by forming rent-creating alliances with Multinational Enterprises (MNE), and building relational dynamic capabilities. Finally, LDC firms with weak core and complementary capabilities can gain benefits towards fitness by enacting political strategies supported by political dynamic capabilities.
Optimization of Tandem Networks using a Distributed Asynchronous Algorithm with IPA Estimators

We investigate the use of a distributed asynchronous algorithm utilizing infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) gradient estimators for on-line optimization of tandem networks of queues. In our scheme, each queue has a processor that updates a control parameter associated with the queue according to a stochastic gradient algorithm driven by IPA estimates of the gradient of the performance measure. The update times of the processors are not synchronized. The processors also communicate results of computations with each other, and this communication involves delay. We give conditions under which the algorithm converges with probability one. In our proof of convergence we analyze a particular subsequence of the sequence of control parameters, and show that this subsequence behaves like a sequence generated by a centralized synchronous gradient algorithm which updates before the start of certain busy periods of the network, and with gradient estimates that are asymptotically unbiased.
Association of the presence of bone bars on radiographs and hip fracture in postmenopausal Caucasian women.

Aim To determine whether the presence of bone bars (BB) identified on anteroposterior hip radiographs are more prevalent in patients that have had a hip fracture as compared to patients without a fracture. Materials and methods Ninety-two Caucasian women with a unilateral proximal femur fracture were retrospectively evaluated and randomly selected using radiology database records to comprise the investigational group. Ninety-eight age-matched Caucasian women without hip fracture were selected as a control group. Anteroposterior hip radiographs were evaluated for the presence of BBs by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Chi-square tests were used to assess whether fractures were more prevalent in patients with BB than those without BB. Results The patient population was comprised Caucasian women with a mean age of 79.8 ± 6.4 years in the control group and 79.9 ± 6.6 years in the investigational group. Regardless of the reader, BB were identified in a significantly higher percentage of women with a fracture (75 versus 39%, p p = 0.041) as compared to those without a fracture. Conclusion BB are associated with hip fracture. Their presence is a trigger for requesting a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination to confirm or refute a diagnosis of low bone mineral density (BMD) and a subsequent increased risk of fracture.
Infestation of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, in Midwestern USA fields with herbaceous borders

Three years (2000-2002) of field studies were conducted in mid-Missouri, USA, to assess the impact of various compositions of herbaceous field borders on populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Border treatments of: (1) a mixture of warm-season grasses and legumes, (2) a mixture of cool-season grasses and legumes, (3) tall fescue alone, and (4) a corn border control were planted around plots of field corn. Percent stalks infested with European corn borer and number and length of larval tunnels in stalks were analyzed. Warm-season vegetation-bordered corn had consistently lower percent stalks infested than corn bordered by cool-season vegetation, tall fescue or a corn control. The results indicate that the adoption of field border programs such as CP33 will have little or no impact on European corn borer management.
The effect of protoporphyrin on histamine secretion by rat peritoneal mast cells: a dual phototoxic reaction.

— Protoporphyrin-induced phototoxicity in rat peritoneal mast cells was manifested either by inhibition of 48/80-stimulated histamine secretion or by cell lysis. At a protoporphyrin concentration of 100ng/m/ (0.17 μM), histamine secretion was completely inhibited after 30min illumination. After initiation, the inhibited state progressed in the dark, and was irreversible, however, it did not develop into cell lysis. More severe phototoxic reactions in mast cells could not be produced by increasing the PP concentration or the incubation time; however, cell lysis was evoked by increasing the light intensity between 180–950W/m2, using a light source with emission maxima in the 350–470nm region. Dual phototoxic effects could also be demonstrated in erythrocytes by manipulating the illumination conditions. Increased resistance to osmotic lysis was seen under moderate conditions, and decreased resistance and cell lysis were seen under severe conditions. In the absence of protoporphyrin, the effect of light alone on mast cells was similar to protoporphyrin-phototoxicity, although the light intensities required were higher both for inhibition (60–130W/m2) and lysis (280–950W/m2). The data therefore indicate that certain cell functions can be specifically disrupted by phototoxic reactions that are not cytotoxic; however, phototoxic reactions that lead to severe membrane protein denaturation and cell lysis also occur. The manifestation of these dual effects depends on the intensity of illumination in the 350–470nm region.
The trace amino acid pattern in human eccrine sweat

Abstract With the aid of ion-exchange chromatography we investigated the amino acid pattern and the pattern of ninhydrin-positive substances in concentrated eccrine sweat of healthy men obtained from different parts of the body. In addition to the known amino acids, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine, we detected 31 additional ninhydrin-positive substances in the sweat concentrate. Studies with test substances revealed the presence of the following: cysteic acid, o -phosphoserine, methionine sulphoxide, α-amino-isobutyric acid, glucosamine, α -amino- n -valeric acid, cystathionine, β-amino-isobutyric acid, ethanolamine, y -amino-butyric acid and carnosine.
Electronic holding relay for control of ac and dc circuits

This relay instantaneously and reliably switches ac and de loads to either of two states without introducing acoustic or electric noise to associated audio and logic circuitry.
Practical solvent system selection for counter-current separation of pharmaceutical compounds

Counter-current chromatography (CCC) is a technique that shows a lot of potential for large scale purification. Its usefulness in a "research and development" pharmaceutical environment has been investigated, and the conclusions are shown in this article. The use of CCC requires the development of an appropriate solvent system (a parameter of critical importance), a process which can be tedious. This article presents a novel strategy, combining a statistical approach and fast HPLC to generate a three-dimensional partition coefficient map and rapidly predict an optimal solvent system. This screen is performed in half a day and involves 9 experiments per solvent mixture. Test separations were performed using that screen to ensure the validity of the method.
Spherical lamellar grating interferometer for airborne astronomical observations of far infrared objects

A lamellar grating has been developed to be used for very far infrared observations on the airborne observatory. The design characteristics and performance during laboratory testing and initial observations of Jupiter at wavelengths between 50 and 500 microns are presented.
Intensification of punishment effects through exposure to prolonged, fixed-duration shocks: The role of shock cues as a stimulus for fear

Three experiments tested the hypotheses that (1) the onsets of prolonged, fixed-duration treatment shocks (shock treatment, or ST) serve as cues for fear conditioning to the ongoing painful effects of these stimuli, and (2) this acquired fear transfers to and influences shock-motivated test performances in predictable ways. Experiments 1 and 2 involved spaced post-ST presentations of very brief shocks (a presumed analogue of the onsets of treatment shocks) as a means of extinguishing the fear putatively associated with shock cues. This procedure reduced defecation by ST subjects over blocks of extinction sessions and nullified the punishment intensification effect that was otherwise shown to be a consequence of ST. As a further test of the shock-cue hypothesis, Experiment 3 involved relatively massed presentations of these brief shocks prior to ST in a latent-inhibition procedure (Lubow, 1973). This briefshock regimen also nullified the ST punishment intensification effect but did not impair the transituational transfer of contextual fear. In contrast, the group that was given the same brief shock regimen following ST showed enhancement of the punishment effect. With respect to current theoretical accounts of ST effects, these data were most consistent with notions that rely on an acquired-fear construct.
Effects of 298-nm radiation on photosynthetic reactions of leaf discs and chloroplast preparations of some crop species

Abstract Leaf tissue and extracts of pea ( Pisum sativum L.), collard ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.), and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) were irradiated at 298 nm at a dose of 32 W·m −2 for intervals up to 600s. Radioactive CO 2 uptake by 298 nm-irradiated leaf discs showed that peanut was least sensitive to UV irradiance while pea was the most sensitive species. The 14 CO 2 uptake of collard was closer to pea than peanut in its sensitivity to the 298-nm radiation. Both collard and pea showed linear decay of percent 14 CO 2 uptake over the range of exposure times, while peanut became insensitive beyond 240-s irradiation. With a dose of 19200 J·m −2 the rate of 14 CO 2 uptake were reduced by 46, 35, and 16% in pea, collard and peanut, respectively. However, for all doses using this irradiance, the chloroplast preparations of all three species showed about the same degrees of inhibition of DCIP-Hill activity, PMS-cyclic photophosphorylation, and RuDP-carboxylase activity. This observation shows the importance of outer plant tissues in protection of the chloroplasts.
Dietary History and Physical Activity and Risk of Advanced Liver Disease in Veterans with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

Background The role of customary diet and physical activity in development of advanced HCV-related liver disease is not well-established.
THE SOUND OF THE GUNS Is There a Congressional Rally Effect after U.S. Military Action

This article examines whether, during the 1946-1982 time period, presidents achieve more success in Congress on important international issues in the wake of dramatic military operations. The analy...
Acidic fibroblast growth factor atimulates adrenal chromaffin cells to proliferate and to extend neurites, but is not a long term survival factor

Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a heparin-binding polypeptide that is a mitogen for endothelial cells and glial cells, as well as a differentiation factor for PC12 cells and certain neurons. We show here that aFGF is as potent as nerve growth factor (NGF) in stimulating both neuritic outgrowth and proliferation in adrenal chromaffin cells from young rats, but it fails to support long-term survival. Heparin strongly potentiates aFGF-dependent neuritic outgrowth but not aFGF-dependent proliferation. As is the case with NGF, phorbol myristate acetate depresses aFGF-induced cell division and increases the outgrowth of neurites. On the other hand, dexamethasone antagonizes neuritic outgrowth elicited by both NGF and aFGF but inhibits only proliferation induced by NGF. The effects of basic FGF (bFGF) are similar but not identical to those of aFGF. Thus the regulatory pathways controlled by aFGF, bFGF, and NGF are partially distinct.
Gasdynamic focusing for sample concentration in ultrasensitive analysis.

The principle of hydrodynamic focusing is applied to flowing gas streams for sample concentration in ultrasensitive analysis. In a concentric nozzle system, samples introduced from the inner nozzle in the converging section of the outer nozzle are focused to streams 50–250 μm in diameter. In some cases diameters of ~100 μm are maintained for several centimeters downstream from the exit of the outer nozzle. This technique is particularly useful for concentrating samples to match the beam waist of focused laser beams. Applications to resonance ionization mass spectrometry are discussed.
Exact analysis of unsteady convective diffusion

An exact solution to the unsteady convective diffusion equation for miscible displacement in fully developed laminar flow in tubes is obtained. The most interesting result of this work is that it shows the generalized one-dimensional dispersion model describes the average concentration distribution exactly for all values of the independent variables if the dispersion coefficients are defined properly as functions of time. The analysis given reveals the precise structure of the dispersion coefficients necessary for the dispersion model to be exact. Also, it is shown that an exact solution for the local distribution can be constructed in which the dispersion coefficients play the role of eigenvalues which are functions of $\tau $.
A lasso based ensemble empirical mode decomposition approach to designing adaptive clutter suppression filters

Accurate estimation of the blood flow velocity in ultrasound imaging is an important tool for medical diagnostics. In this paper, we adopt an improved empirical mode decomposition (EMD) framework called ensemble EMD (EEMD). To reduce the errors caused by the outliers in data when using a uniform weight in conventional EEMD, a regularized LASSO EEMD algorithm is proposed to solve for the multiple regression weights. An adaptive clutter rejection filter can then be designed to remove the clutter components. According to our simulation study, the proposed LASSO EEMD approach performs better than the state-of-the-art eigen-based and EMD method in estimating the blood flow velocity. Although the LASSO EEMD derived filter only achieves slightly better results than the cubic regression derived filters at most part of the simulated blood flow center frequencies, the proposed LASSO EEMD algorithm achieves much improved performance over cubic regression at extreme cases when the blood flow center frequency is close to or much higher than that of the clutter.
Forecast Skill of the South American Monsoon System

AbstractThe South American monsoon system (SAMS) is the most important climatic feature in South America and is characterized by pronounced seasonality in precipitation. This study uses the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System, reforecasts version 2 (CFSRv2), to investigate the skill of probabilistic forecasts of onset and demise dates, duration, and amplitude of SAMS during 1982–2009. A simple index based on the empirical orthogonal function of precipitation anomalies is employed to characterize onsets, demises, durations, and amplitudes of SAMS. The CFSv2 model has useful skill to forecast seasonal changes in SAMS. Probabilistic forecasts of onset and demise dates have 16.5% and 43.3% improvements, respectively, over climatological forecasts. Verification of hindcasts of durations and amplitudes of SAMS shows relatively small biases and root-mean-square errors.
Repeated amphetamine administration: role of forebrain in reduced responsiveness of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons to dopamine agonists.

The effects of repeated amphetamine treatment on single antidromically identified nigrostriatal dopamine-containing (NSDA) neurons were evaluated in rats. The inhibitory potency and efficacy of dopamine (DA) agonists on NSDA neuron spontaneous discharge rate were examined after amphetamine treatment. Repeated amphetamine treatment (14 days, 1 or 6 mg/kg/day i.p.) dose-dependently decreased the sensitivity of NSDA neurons to the inhibitory effects of the i.v. administered quinpirole. The amphetamine-induced alteration in sensitivity to apomorphine and quinpirole was abolished by acute hemitransection of the forebrain/midbrain connections. No change in the responsiveness or sensitivity of NSDA neurons to the inhibitory effects of iontophoretically applied DA was detected after amphetamine treatment for 14 days (4 or 6 mg/kg/day) or 28 days (6 mg/kg/day). These results suggest that these amphetamine regimens alter the sensitivity/responsiveness of forebrain DA receptors but not NSDA cell somatodendritic DA autoreceptors in a dose-dependent manner.