cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing the role of calmodulin in the excitation of Limulus photoreceptors.

Abstract The phototransduction cascade in Limulus ventral photoreceptors involves multiple second messengers, including Ca 2+ and cGMP. Light-induced Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores is an intermediate step, but the subsequent Ca 2+ -activated reaction remains to be determined. The possibility that Ca 2+ /calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaM) might be involved is suggested by the high calmodulin content of the transducing lobe. To test whether CaM can excite the transduction cascade we injected a 25 μM Ca 2+ /CaM solution. This produced a rapid, brief depolarization similar to that produced by light, suggesting a role for CaM in the cascade. However, an important caveat is that Ca 2+ dissociating from the Ca 2+ /CaM complex might excite this process. Several control experiments argue against, but do not entirely eliminate this possibility. To test whether endogenous CaM has a function in excitation, trifluoperazine was pressure injected into the rhabdomeric region. The response to brief flashes was not affected, but the response to steady illumination was transiently attenuated by each injection. We conclude that calmodulin should be considered a candidate to couple intermediate and late stages of the transduction cascade.
Kramers-Kronig relations in media with spatial dispersion

Abstract Kramers-Kronig relations are examined in media with spatial dispersion. Our results turn out to be of the same form as Leontovich's relation for β=1, however, we point out a fundamental error in his assumption. Definite restrictions on both the real and imaginary parts of σ(ω, k ) are pointed out. Finally, our results are tested for a translationally invariant spatially dispersive medium in which exciton-polaritons are formed.
Fieldwork and Communication Research: Some Anthropological Cautions

Somewhere underneath the prose of social science lies some human contact. Before the clatter of the typewriter begins, some person (a social science researcher) collaborates with another person (variously called subject, respondent, or informant) to create a social relationship within which an exchange of information occurs (Agar, 1980: 1).
Kinetics of ethanol metabolism in the intact rat and monkey

Abstract Because ethanol distributes evenly throughout body water and because it can be given in saturating doses, it offers an opportunity for a comparison of kinetic studies in vivo with those performed in vitro . Ethanol was given intraperitoneally to rats and monkeys in a dose (1 g/kg) which not only saturated the enzyme system responsible for its oxidation, but which permitted sufficient time for its even distribution throughout body water before metabolism reduced its concentration to a level where its oxidation proceeded in accordance with first order kinetics. Blood alcohol concentrations were determined at intervals and these data were used to calculate apparent kinetic constants in vivo for the oxidation of ethanol. The apparent Michaelis constants in vivo obtained in this manner compared quite favorably with those for the reaction of ethanol with crude alcohol dehydrogenase preparations obtained from the livers of the same species. The calculated apparent maximum velocities in vivo were quite similar to the observed maximum rates in vivo of ethanol metabolism seen in each of the species. Kinetic data were more closely correlative in the rat than in the monkey.
Relationships between multiple self-reported nonadherence measures and pharmacy records.

Abstract Background Nonadherence is a momentous problem that confounds optimal medication therapy outcomes. Measuring nonadherence presents a number of methodological conundrums. Pharmacists and other health practitioners might benefit from a simple tool for measuring adherence that correlates well with other, more systematic methods. Objectives To determine (1) the concordance between monthly oral 7-day self-reported nonadherence estimates and a written 7-day self-reported estimate of nonadherence at 3 months, (2) the concordance between oral and written self-reported nonadherence measures and pharmacy records, and (3) the extent to which oral and written self-reported nonadherence measures predict current and future medication nonadherence. Methods Recruitment involved 8 Wisconsin community pharmacies within a large managed care organization (MCO) and 63 patients with new antidepressant prescriptions. Oral and written self-report measures were modified from the Brief Medication Questionnaire. Pharmacy records were obtained from the pharmacies and MCO. Results Oral self-reported nonadherence estimates during weeks 4, 8, and 12 were significantly correlated with written self-reported nonadherence at week 12 ( P ≤.05, week 4; P ≤.01, week 8; and P ≤.001, week 12). Oral self-reported nonadherence during weeks 8 and 12 was significantly correlated with and predictive of adherence measured via pharmacy records from months 1 to 6 ( P ≤.05). Oral self-reported nonadherence at week 4 was significantly correlated to nonadherence from months 1 to 6 but only predictive of future nonadherence from months 1 to 3. Written self-report of nonadherence at week 12 was significantly correlated with and predictive of nonadherence from months 1 to 6 ( P ≤.001). Conclusions Oral and written self-report measures have moderate to strong concordance with pharmacy records. Both self-report methods are significant predictors of medication nonadherence over 6 months. This study highlights the strong relationship between simple oral questions about medication use and current and future nonadherence. Such brief questions help identify sources of nonadherence and trigger appropriate interventions.
A 33.5-kDa Heat- and Protease-Resistant NADH Oxidase Inhibited by Capsaicin from Sera of Cancer Patients

Sera from patients with a variety of cancers, including solid carcinomas, leukemias, and lymphomas, contain a ca. 33.5-kDa protein absent from sera of healthy volunteers or patients not diagnosed as having cancer. The protein exhibits an NADH oxidase activity inhibited by 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneamide (capsaicin). The activity and the protein are resistant to digestion by proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, proteinase K, subtilisin) and to heat. Following protease digestion to reduce the content of major serum proteins, the 33.5-kDa protein could be detected on Western blots of SDS–PAGE transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using polyclonal antisera to a corresponding partially purified 33.5-kDa protein shed into culture media conditioned by growth of HeLa cells. No corresponding protein was seen with control sera. The findings confirm the capsaicin-inhibited NADH oxidase activity of cancer sera as a circulating marker potentially specific to sera of cancer patients and identify a ca. 33.5-kDa protein resistant to proteases and heat as the source of the circulating capsaicin-inhibited NADH oxidase activity.
The transitional process of retirement for nurses

Retirement exemplifies one of the most important transitions in life. A job provides structure to daily life, adds to a sense of self-worth and self-esteem, and is a means of self-expression, all of which define and identify the person. This work activity links individuals to a society and to a social network. When an individual retires, there is a loss of one role and a beginning of a new one. The purpose of this research was to explore the periretirement period of nurses to better understand the transitional process. A qualitative approach was chosen to enable the researchers to explore in-depth perceptions and opinions of this subjective experience. Interview questions were developed from the literature to determine the perceptions of preparation, barriers, and facilitators in the process, losses, gains, and coping strategies that were helpful. A purposive sample of female nurses from academic institutions and hospitals were invited to participate in one of three focus groups. All were invited to a fourth focus group session during which the findings from the researchers were presented and the participants verified the results. Of the 19 participants, 11 had retired, whereas 8 were in the preretirement phase. Four nurses had accepted an incentive retirement offered at their institution. The conversations were taped, transcribed, and analyzed. Thematic analysis identified both positive and negative aspects of the experience with concerns related to finances, timing of retirement, discretionary time, and relationships. Participants frequently expressed feelings of inadequacy with the numerous decisions related to finances and wished the institution had provided more information. They perceived the most enjoyable gain to be the time to enjoy and do the things they wished. The prevalent feeling among the groups was that the loss of work friends was very difficult. Old relationships would need to be fostered and new ones developed in the retiree role. Based on the findings, support services, including advisers and counselors, are recommended to ease the movement through this transitional process. The assumption is that if individuals have a better understanding of the retirement process and their new role, they will prepare and adjust better.
Equilibrium binding of carcinogens and antitumor antibiotics to DNA: site selectivity, cooperativity, allosterism.

Abstract The equilibrium binding of the carcinogens N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-amino-fluorene (HAAF) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) to phi X174RF DNA have been studied by phase partition techniques. Both molecules bind in a cooperative manner with only a few carcinogen molecules binding to each phi X174RF DNA molecule. The binding data for both HAAF and NQO fit a model in which two carcinogens cluster into a small number of sites--four sites for HAAF and twelve sites for NQO. Phase partition techniques were also used to study the binding of actinomycin D to both calf thymus DNA and poly (dG-dC) . poly (dG-dC) at much lower r values than had been previously reported. These data exhibit humped Scatchard plots which are indicative of cooperative binding; the overall shape of the Scatchard plots are consistent with a model for drug induced allosteric transitions in the DNA structure. The cooperativity in the actinomycin D binding to calf thymus DNA increases with decreasing sodium chloride concentration, suggesting a role for DNA flexibility in allosteric binding.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Channel Heated From Below

Conjugate heat transfer has significant relevance to a number of thermal systems and techniques which demand stringent temperature control, such as electronic cooling and chemical vapor deposition. A detailed experimental and numerical study is carried out to investigate conjugate heat transfer in a common configuration consisting of a horizontal channel with a heated section. Experimental data obtained from this study provides physical insight into conjugate heat transfer effects and facilitates validation of numerical conjugate heat transfer models. The basic characteristics of the flow and the associated thermal transport are studied. The numerical model is used to carry out a parametric study of operating conditions and design variables, thus allowing for the characterization of the conjugate heat transfer effects
Shape matching using edit-distance: an implementation

We report on our experience with the implementation of an algorithm for comparing shapes by computing the edit-distance between their medial axes. A shape-comparison method that is robust to various visual transformations has several applications in computer vision, including organizing and querying an image database, and object recognition.There are two components to research on this problem, mathematical formulation of the shape-comparison problem and the computational solution method. We have a clear, well-defined formulation and polynomial-time algorithms for solution. Previous research has involved either ill-defined formulations or heuristic methods for solution.Our starting-point for the implementation is the edit-distance algorithm of Klein et al. [6]. We discuss how we altered that algorithm to handle rotation-invariance while keeping down the time and storage requirements. Most important, we define costs for the edit-operations and give an algorithm for computing them.We use a database of shapes to illustrates that our approach performs intuitively in categorization and indexing tasks, and our results are better than previous approaches.
Including All Voices in the Classroom: Teaching Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Students

(2000). Including All Voices in the Classroom: Teaching Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Students. College Teaching: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 129-135.
Influence of land use diversity upon neighborhood success: An analysis of Jacobs' theory

This paper presents an empirical investigation of Jane Jacobs' observations concerning factors generating success within urban neighborhoods. The basic elements of Jacobs' hypotheses of city neighborhood performance are outlined and regression results utilizing Denver as the study area, are presented and compared with findings obtained for Chicago. Additional measures of neighborhood success and failure are introduced in a subsequent canonical correlation analysis to test the overall validity of Jacbos' thesis. In general the empirical analyses provide little supportive evidence for the hypothesized relationships.
A Study in Bulls

Summary 1. Purebred dairy bulls vary greatly in their ability to transmit producing capacity to their offspring. 2. This is not a breed characteristic. 3. In determining the value of a bull the difficulties he has to overcome must be taken into consideration. When a bull is mated to high producing cows it is not always easy to have the next generation producing much better than their dams. 4. Animals of the same or similar breeding may vary greatly in producing ability due to individual characteristics. 5. Difficulty will sometimes be found in getting a bull that will “nick” properly with all the cows in a herd. 6. If the production of a herd is to be increased rigid selection on the basis of production must accompany intelligent breeding.
Not just for poor kids: The impact of universal free school breakfast on meal participation and student outcomes

This paper examines the impact of the implementation of a universal free school breakfast policy on meals program participation, attendance, and academic achievement. In 2003, New York City made school breakfast free for all students regardless of income, while increasing the price of lunch for those ineligible for meal subsidies. Using a difference-indifference estimation strategy, we derive plausibly causal estimates of the policy's impact by exploiting within and between group variation in school meal pricing before and after the policy change. Our estimates suggest that the policy resulted in small increases in breakfast participation both for students who experienced a decrease in the price of breakfast and for free-lunch eligible students who experienced no price change. The latter suggests that universal provision may alter behavior through mechanisms other than price, highlighting the potential merits of universal provision over targeted services. We find limited evidence of policy impacts on academic outcomes.
RAMAN AND RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF SELECTED RARE-EARTH SESQUIOXIDES.

Raman spectra of three readily available C-type stoichiometric rare-earth sesquioxide powders of composition Ln2O3 are presented. Some correlations of spectra with body-cell structure and infrared absorption spectra have been made. Spectra of Eu2O3, Dy2O3, and Tm2O3 display several new peaks that have not as yet been reported. Assignments of certain peaks to electronic Raman and resonance Raman transitions are discussed.
Predicting survival in prostate cancer: the role of quality of life assessment.

Purpose While the use of quality of life (QoL) assessment has been increasing in clinical oncology, few studies have examined its prognostic significance in prostate cancer. We investigated the association between QoL at presentation and survival in prostate cancer.
A reduction in the number of primitive ideas of arithmetic

Let We shall show that every formula in the elementary arithmetic of positive integers may be constructed out of matrices of the form ϕ ( x, y ) by means of quantifiers and the stroke. For Julia Robinson has shown that the successor function and the relation of divisibility are sufficient to define addition and multiplication; but from elementary considerations and
Purification and immunochemical characterization of a low-pI form of UDP glucuronosyltransferase from mouse liver.

Abstract A liver UDP glucuronosyltransferase (GT) enzyme from either phenobarbital- or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated C57BL/6N mice was isolated by phenyl-Sepharose, DEAE-ion exchange, and UDP hexanolamine chromatographic steps. This enzyme had a broad substrate specificity and was mainly responsible for the microsomal capacity to glucuronidate testosterone, 1-naphthol, and morphine. This UDP glucuronosyltransferase (GT M1 ) appeared to be at least 95% homogeneous and had a subunit molecular weight of 51,000 using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses. Antibodies prepared against the purified protein developed a single immunoprecipitin line by double-diffusion analysis with purified antigen and with solubilized microsomes from both control and drug-induced C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice. A precipitin line was also observed with microsomal proteins which isoelectrofocused at ~pH 6.7, but not with those which isoelectrofocused at ~pH 8.5. GT M1 was, therefore, designated at low-p I form. Immunopurified antibody preferentially inhibited and immunoprecipitated GT activities toward testosterone, 1-naphthol, and morphine. To a lesser extent, activities toward phenolphthalein, 3-hydroxybenzo[ a ]pyrene, and estrone were inhibited while activities toward 4-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone were not affected. All activities, however, were immunoadsorbed in the presence of protein A-Sepharose. This observation can be explained by the following results. Immunoprecipitates from labeled microsomes contained primarily a 51,000-Da protein. When the immune complexes were adsorbed with protein A-Sepharose, a 54,000-Da protein as well as the expected 51,000-Da GT M1 was detected. This 54,000-Da protein was associated with the glucuronidation of 3-hydroxybenzo[ a ]pyrene and 4-nitrophenol, and was designated GT M2 .
Impression Management Aspects of Self-Handicapping: Positive and Negative Effects

Two experiments were conducted to explore observers' reactions to an individual who self-handicaps. Subjects viewed a videotape in which the target either self-handicapped (went to a movie instead of studying) or did not self-handicap. Subjects were also informed that the target did well, average, or poorly on a subsequent exam. Consistency of prior self-handicapping was manipulated in Experiment 1 but had no effect. Results showed that (a) an ordinary behavior seems quite capable of serving as a self-handicap and (b) self-handicapping reduced negative attributions to ability but led to more negative attributions about personal characteristics, thus having a mixed impact as an impression management strategy. In addition, it is suggested that an observer of a self-handicapping behavior need not be aware of a self-handicapping motivation but that the context must allow for the plausibility of such motivation.
Interface trap formation via the two-stage H/sup +/ process

The time dependence and oxide-field dependence of interface trap (N/sub it/) formation in MOSFETs have been studied following pulsed ionizing radiation. Results are compared with the so-called two-stage model for N/sub it/ formation involving slow drift of radiation-induced H/sup +/ ions in the SiO/sub 2/. Detailed data on the gate-oxide-field dependence during each individual stage are presented and discussed. A model is developed for the production of H/sup +/ throughout the oxide. Calculations based on this model correctly predict the complete time-dependent N/sub it/ formation curves. It is also shown that N/sub it/ formation is at a maximum near zero first-stage gate bias. This unexpected behavior apparently arises from the oxide-field dependence of the H/sup +/ production during the first stage. >
Eating Jesus' Flesh and Drinking His Blood: The Centrality and Meaning of John 6:51-58

The centrality of the Johannine statement about consuming Jesus' flesh and blood is shown by literary interconnection between the central sign of the loaves (6:1-71), the first sign of Cana (2:1-12) and a suggested final sign on the cross: the flow of blood and water from Jesus' side. Questions posed about the nature of the bread in the loaves' sign and the statement about consuming Jesus' flesh and blood may be answered by interpretation of the first and last signs. Just as Jesus took the cup of bitter wine in the seventh sign, so must John's community take the cup of "good wine" as the chief steward did in obedience to Jesus word. There is no need to appeal to a hypothetically transferred institution narrative to establish the setting of chapter 6:51-58.
Scheduling linear network for space and time efficiency

We consider scheduling resources on linear networks where each request is for a set of contiguous resources and for a different amount of time. Allocating spectrum to satisfy variable size data communication requests, utilizing linear resource on a light-trail network for higher efficiency, scheduling communication path for a segmented light-trails network or a multi-hop network with no intermediate storage (receive and forward paradigm), or allocating resources on any linear pipeline, would benefit from such a resource allocation scheme which is proposed here. The problem is similar to a two-dimensional bin packing problem, which is known to be NP-hard, but with an additional constraint that one coordinate location for an object is already fixed. That makes the problem different and interesting to solve. We develop an efficient algorithm and show that it find minimal length schedule with very high probability and demonstrate that a minimum length schedule is not determined by the usage durations of individual resources.
The Use of Systematic Desensitization in the Treatment of Chronic Stuttering Behavior.

A case study is reported in which systematic desensitization techniques were used for treatment of stuttering. Following Brutten and Shoemaker’s (1967) hypothesis that stuttering behavior is a lear...
Brain growth deficits following a single day of alcohol exposure in the neonatal rat.

Abstract Alcohol (7.5 g/kg) was administered to neonatal rats in a single day via artificial rearing procedures, being given in four consecutive feedings spaced two hours apart on either postnatal day 4, 5, or 6. These single days of alcohol exposure resulted in high peak blood alcohol concentrations (mean peak BACs of 380, 439 and 460 mg/dl, respectively) and significantly restricted brain weight when measured on postnatal day 10. The cerebellum was affected more than total brain, forebrain or brain stem. Additionally, growth of the cerebellum was more stunted by alcohol exposure on either day 4 or 5 than when the alcohol exposure occurred on day 6. Small but significant delays in body growth occurred 1–2 days after the alcohol exposure for each group. The interference with brain growth following high BACs for a short period of time has important clinical and experimental implications related to binge drinking and the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced effects on the developing brain.
FT-IR of Reinforced Plastics

An internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) element may be modified by application of thin layers of metal oxides, aramids or carbonised polymers, so that it resembles chemically the surface of reinforcements (eg. glass, carbon, Kevlar) used in the production of reinforced plastics. The first 0.2-1 µm (depending on wavelength) of polymer matrix adjacent to the modified surface may then be examined by FT-IR, using "windows" in the spectra of the coatings. In this way the simulated reinforcement surfaces are shown to modify the chemistry of the thin layer of polymer matrix adjacent to the surface (ie. the interphase). These chemical differences are shown to correlate with property differences in reinforced plastics.
Design of a MEMS laser guide star pulse tracker

ABSTRACT We have designed a tip/tilt segmented mirror for the use in adaptive optics. The specific application that this device has been designed for, tracking a laser pulse through the sodium layer of our atmosphere, is well within the capabilities of this device. Through the use of finite element analysis simulations we have shown that the device has an operating voltage in the 100-150 V range, full mechanical stroke of 2.8µm, and is capable of reaching its full stroke in under 60µs. It also has shown good decoupling of the tip and tilt modes, allowing the device to track pulses that come in from any direction. Testing of the device has shown that there is a maximum of 22 percent error between the simulation and the testing results. Keywords: tip and tilt mirror, laser pulse tracker, adaptive optics 1. INTRODUCTION Adaptive optics improves the quality of astronomical imaging systems by using real time measurement of the turbulent medium in the optical path. The measurements are then taken and applied to a deformable mirror that is in the conjugate position of the aberrations in the optical path. The quality of the measurement directly affects the quality of the imaging systems. Poor measurements translate to poor corrections and as a result bad images. In astronomical imaging, telescopes are equipped with high power lasers that produce a guide star (Laser Guide Star, LGS) by exciting a sodium layer about 90 kilometers above sea level. The LGS is used as a reference to measure the random optical path differences produced by the atmosphere. The image of the LGS viewed at the wavefront sensor is circular but as the separation between the launch telescope and the wavefront sensor subaperture increases, the spot begins to elongate. The elongation of the spot increases the uncertainty of the measurement. In one possible solution to this problem, a pulsed laser can be used and a device can be added in front of the wavefront sensor that tracks the laser pulse as it travels through the sodium layer. We are proposing to design and build a MEMS tip/tilt mirror that will do just this.
Chiral symmetry and lattice QCD

Four lectures about chiral symmetry and dynamical fermions in QCD. 1) Chiral symmetry in continuum QCD with an eye toward lattice simulations. 2) Lattice fermions with exact chiral symmetry: staggered fermions, fermions in five dimensions, chiral fermions in four dimensions. 3) A typical lattice simulation from beginning to end: the simulation algorithm, designing observables to measure some desired quantity, analyzing the data. 4) Recent lattice results relevant to chiral symmetry: a mini-review.
A Transmission-Line Model for Wave Excitation of a Porous Conducting Sphere

A wire mesh conformed to a spherical surface forms a spherical polyhedron that has unique resonator and scattering properties for electromagnetic (EM) waves. Excitation of the spherical polyhedron by an incident plane wave at specified resonant frequencies yields large internal electric fields. Narrowband enhancements in the backscatter radar cross section are found at these same frequencies. These effects are explained with a model where the mesh is treated as an inductive frequency-selective surface that is used to match a shorted-line resonator attached to a transmission line. With this transmission-line model, the impedance of the inductive surface is shown to be an addition to the expression for the spherical harmonic series used to describe solid conducting spheres and spherical cavities. The resonant modes for the internal and external electric fields of the porous sphere are found with this formulation. The surface mesh is used in the low-frequency limit, where the EM wavelength is much larger than the polygon's holes in the mesh. The impedance (inductance and resistance) of the mesh are adjusted by varying the radii of the edges of the polygons and the conductivity of the edge material. Applications of the spherical porous conducting resonator (SPCR) include glow plasma discharges, measurements of dielectric constants of gases, and frequency-selective radar targets.
Assessment of SLX4 Mutations in Hereditary Breast Cancers.

Background SLX4 encodes a DNA repair protein that regulates three structure-specific endonucleases and is necessary for resistance to DNA crosslinking agents, topoisomerase I and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Recent studies have reported mutations in SLX4 in a new subtype of Fanconi anemia (FA), FA-P. Monoallelic defects in several FA genes are known to confer susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancers.
Solvent extraction of copper by Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301

The mechanisms of copper(II) solvent extraction by Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301 are discussed. Extraction from sulfate media is strongly dependant upon sulfur substitution in the phosphinic acid and complete extraction of copper by Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301 occurs below pH 0. Since conventional slope analysis is not possible under these conditions, the complex stoichiometries and geometries are inferred from analysis of the electronic, 31P-NMR and FAB-MS spectra of the complexed species. Cu(II) is reduced to Cu(I) on extraction by the sulfur-containing ligands, accompanied by the corresponding oxidation of the extractant. It is shown that copper combines in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with these ligands to form multinuclear oligomeric complexes, in which the ligands bridge between metal centers. The enhanced stabilities of the complexes formed with the sulfur-containing ligands are explained in terms of the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept and pi bonding between the d orbitals of the metal center and the donor atoms.
Changing discourses in U.S. international information-communication policy: From free flow to competitive advantage?

Since the end of World War I, advocacy of the free flow of information across international borders has been the central element of United States' international information- communication policy, with the U.S. arguing for free flow on the grounds that access to information is a necessary condition for human self-determination. Analysis of the U.S.'s major policy statements on intemational information-communication issues between 1980 and 1994 shows that, during that period, the U.S.'s discourse shifted from its historical focus on the polit ical and social benefits of intemational information-communication flows to a heavy emphasis on the economic benefits of such access. This article examines the global politico-economic changes that laid the groundwork for the new discourse during the 1970s, and the resulting emergence in the early 1980s of the epistemic community of U.S. information-communication policy makers who brought the new discourse to the fore. The article also examines the impli cations of the...
Use of I131 Labeled Oleic Acid in Study of Gastrointestinal Function.

Summary and Conclusion1. Constant and reproducible curves of blood radioactivity levels are found in normal humans and dogs after an oleic acid test. 2. Following pancreatectomy and induced pancreatitis in dogs, the curves obtained with oleic acid test were within normal range while those obtained with triolein were depressed.
Field cage performance of two tachinid parasitoids of the tomato fruitworm on insect resistant and susceptible tomato lines

Rates of parasitism of Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by two tachinid parasitoid species differing in larviposition habits were measured in field cages on tomato plant lines with or without methyl-ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone)-mediated insect resistance. Hosts were placed on resistant or susceptible plants, exposed to parasitoids for 24–48 h, then held on artificial diet for parasitoid emergence. Rates of parasitism by Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which larviposits on its host's food plant, were significantly reduced on the resistant plants, relative to those on the susceptible plants. Parasitism by another Tachinid, Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky, which larviposits directly into its host and does not directly contact the foliage of its hosts' food plant as a small larva, was not affected by the methyl-ketone mediated resistance.
Evaluating the performance of regional-scale meteorological models: effect of clouds simulation on temperature prediction

In this paper, we apply two new techniques for evaluating the ability of meteorological models to reproduce the spatial and non-linear temporal features embedded in the observations. The use of these methods is illustrated by comparing the temperature simulations from two mesoscale meteorological models commonly used in air quality modeling. The results reveal that the treatment of cloud processes in the models has a strong impact on their ability to simulate the spatial coherency and the degree of non-linearity reflected in the observed temperature fluctuations. The results indicate that these statistical techniques can provide insights into the model's behavior in reproducing the key spatio-temporal features embedded in the observations.
Isolating Spatial Autocorrelation, Aggregation Bias, and Distributional Violations in Ecological Inference: Comment on Anselin and Cho

Few better ways of checking and improving statistical methods exist than having other researchers go over your results, and so I especially appreciate the efforts in Anselin and Cho (2002), hereinafter AC. In this note, I make two main points. First, AC’s numerical findings from its empirical example and simulations contradict no prior research. The article’s one empirical example violates EI’s spatial independence and no aggregation bias assumptions, according to AC, and thus offers no evidence of the independent effects of either. In AC’s Table 1, Goodman’s regression gives one answer 11.2 times smaller than the truth and logically impossible (the percentage of males having strokes is 6.5% fewer than there are males) and another 8.5 times larger than the truth. Yet, EI gives answers that are 1.41 and 0.74 times the truth. This pattern is common and occurs for a reason: Although aggregation bias can cause Goodman’s regression to be biased to any degree, EI’s potential bias, although not guaranteed to be zero, is strictly limited, and hence more robust.1 Similarly, in simulations with autocorrelation levels set considerably higher than any published ecological inference application, AC’s numerical results still confirm that spatial autocorrelation has modest effects. Results in the article’s Tables 2 and 3 are similar to and often smaller than those in King (1997, Ch. 9; 2000). As with heteroskedasticity or autocorrelation in linear regression, AC find that EI is unbiased in the presence of spatial autocorrelation, and it has a proportionately larger variance than data without autocorrelation. Because finding autocorrelation is another way of saying the data contain less information, this is precisely as it should be. The only issue is the extent to which EI’s uncertainty estimates miss this loss of information, but AC does not address this issue. My second main point is that AC ignores the role of the bounds in EI and is mistaken when it claims that “setting aside consideration of the role of the bounds does not have a material consequence on [sic] our discussion.” The advantage of EI comes precisely from combining the only two approaches that had been used in practice prior to EI—Goodman’s regression
Energetics of HF Elimination and N-F Bond Cleavage in Some Difluoramines and Gem-Nitro/Difluoramines.

Abstract We have shown, through density functional calculations (Becke exchange/Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functional, 6-31G ∗∗ basis set) that the elimination of HF from H 3 CNF 2 is thermodynamically favored, ΔG (298.15 K ) = −29kcal mol −1 , but has a relatively high activation barrier, ΔG‡(298.15 K) = 38 kcal mol −1 . The NF dissociation energy, ΔE N  F , is found to be 69 kcal mol −1 . Introduction of a nitro group, giving H 2 C(NO 2 )NF 2 , produces only small changes in these values: ΔG (298.15 K ) = −28 kcal mol −1 ; ΔG‡(298.15 K) = 36 kcal mol −1 ; ΔE N  F = 66 kcal mol −1 . Replacement of all alpha hydrogens by methyl groups increases the NF dissociation energies slightly ( −1 ). These substituent effects are interpreted in terms of geminal interactions.
REDUCED CHEMISTRY-DIFFUSION COUPLING

Abstract In reacting flow problems involving large numbers of chemical species and reactions, reduced chemistry modeling is used to approximately describe, with fewer unknowns, the slow chemical evolutions after the rapid but brief initial transients have decayed. Diffusion transport terms, if present, are modified by the reduced chemistry approximations. This article reiterates that the use of unmodified diffusion terms along with reduced chemistry terms is unjustified in general, and discusses the potential impacts of diffusion on the use of “slow manifolds” to reduce the number of unknowns. In addition, the proper way to handle sidewall reactive-diffusion boundary layers is presented.
Mis)Using Dyadic Data to Analyze Multilateral Events

Dyadic (state-pair) data is completely inappropriate for analyzing multilateral events (such as large alliances and major wars). Scholars, particularly in international relations, often divide the actors in a multilateral event into a series of dyadic relations. Though this practice can dramatically increase the size of data sets, using dyadic data to analyze what are, in reality, /c-adic events leads to model misspecification and, inevitably, statistical bias. In short, one cannot recover a /c-adic data generating process using c/y-adic data. In this paper, I accomplish three tasks. First, I use Monte Carlo simulations to confirm that analyzing /c-adic events with dyadic data produces substantial bias. Second, I show that choice-based sampling, as popularized by King and Zeng (2001a, Explaining rare events in international relations. International Organization 55:693-715, and 2001 b, Logistic regression in rare events data. Political Analysis 9:137-63), can be used to create feasibly sized /c-adic data sets. Finally, I use the study of alliance formation by Gibler and Wolford (2006, Alliances, then democracy: An examination of the relationship between regime type and alliance formation. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 50:1-25) to illustrate how to apply this choice-based sampling solution and explain how to code independent variables in a /c-adic context.
Anisotropic viscoelastic finite element analysis of mechanically and hygrothermally loaded composites

Abstract Quasi-static linear anisotropic viscoelastic responses of composite structures subjected to mechanical and hygrothermal loads are formulated in terms of finite element algorithms. Laplace and/or Fourier transforms rather than direct time integrations are used in this formulation, in order to improve the accuracy of results and save extensive computational time and storage. The present viscoelastic analyses require the same computer memory as is needed for corresponding elastic eigenvalue problems. Bending and stretching of composite plates for which analytical solutions exist are examined in order to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the present approach. The time-dependent displacement fields in the transverse direction for the cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are calculated, and the stacking sequence effects of the laminates are discussed in detail. Creep responses for GY70 339 composite laminates with or without a circular hole are also studied. The numerical results compare favorably with analytical solutions, i.e. within 1.8% for bending and 10 −3 % for tension.
Radiologic Evaluation of Mesenchymal Tumors of the Female Genital Tract

Mesenchymal neoplasms of the female genital tract are a diverse group of tumors, of which the most common are smooth muscle tumors. There is a significant overlap in the imaging characteristics of benign and malignant tumors and final diagnosis often requires pathologic correlation. However, familiarity with typical radiologic features, common imaging pitfalls, and the utility of different imaging modalities can be valuable in the evaluation of mesenchymal tumors. This article highlights the imaging features of the most commonly encountered mesenchymal tumors in the female genital tract.
Detection of EGFRvIII mutant DNA in the peripheral blood of brain tumor patients

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor in adults and remains incurable despite multimodal intensive treatment regimens including surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy. EGFRvIII is a truncated extracellular mutant of the EGF receptor (EGFR) found in about a third of GBMs. It confers enhanced tumorigenic behavior and is associated with chemo- and radio-resistance. GBM patients testing positive for EGFRvIII have a bleaker prognosis than those who do not. Targeting EGFRvIII positive tumors via vaccines or antibody–drug-conjugates represents a new challenging therapeutic avenue with potential great clinical benefits. In this study, we developed a strategy to detect EGFRvIII deletion in the circulating tumor DNA. The overall goal is to identify a simple and robust biomarker in the peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with GBM in order to follow their disease status while on treatment. Thirteen patients were included in this study, three of which were found to carry the EGFRvIII deletion. The circulating DNA status for EGFRvIII correlates with the analysis performed on the respective tumor samples, and its level seems to correlate with the extent of the tumor resection. This semi-quantitative blood biomarker may represent a strategy to (1) screen patients for an anti-EGFRvIII therapy and (2) monitor the patients’ response to treatment.
Limited efficacy of calcium and magnesium in a porcine model of hydrofluoric acid ingestion.

Objective This investigation evaluated the effectiveness of calcium and magnesium in treating oral hydrofluoric acid (HF) poisoning.
Solving Queueing Systems with Increasing Priority Numbers

This paper deals with those queueing systems for which the priority numbers are increased perpetually. A general computational algorithm capable of solving the problem for preemptive and nonpreemptive priority is proposed; the corresponding operating characteristics, three representative examples and a military illustration are given.
In Praise of Carbon, In Praise of Science The Epideictic Rhetoric of the 1996 Nobel Lectures in Chemistry

This article explores the nature of epideictic rhetoric in science through a close textual analysis of three Nobel lectures. It examines the effects of the genre shift from original research reports to ceremonial speeches, revealing significant differences from Fahnestock's analysis of the genre shift from forensic research reports to epideictic articles in the popular press, especially a move toward greater candidness about the research process. Epideictic scientific rhetoric, therefore, can be said to celebrate the scientific method in general as much as it does the particular line of research at hand.
Measurement and correction of systematic odometry errors in mobile robots

Odometry is the most widely used method for determining the momentary position of a mobile robot. This paper introduces practical methods for measuring and reducing odometry errors that are caused by the two dominant error sources in differential-drive mobile robots: 1) uncertainty about the effective wheelbase; and 2) unequal wheel diameters. These errors stay almost constant over prolonged periods of time. Performing an occasional calibration as proposed here will increase the odometric accuracy of the robot and reduce operation cost because an accurate mobile robot requires fewer absolute positioning updates. Many manufacturers or end-users calibrate their robots, usually in a time-consuming and nonsystematic trial and error approach. By contrast, the method described in this paper is systematic, provides near-optimal results, and it can be performed easily and without complicated equipment. Experimental results are presented that show a consistent improvement of at least one order of magnitude in odometric accuracy (with respect to systematic errors) for a mobile robot calibrated with our method.
Domestic Violence: A Literature Review Reflecting an International Crisis

This empirical literature review examines and synthesizes international domestic violence literature related to prevalence, types of violence, honor and dowry killings, health/pregnancy effects, and social stigma. The review continues with a summary of international intervention efforts, recommendations for culturally competent practice, suggestions for future social work research, and a summary.
State Standards & Opportunity To Learn in New Jersey.

A survey of 245 New Jersey teachers provides a baseline for examining how the introduction of state standards and assessments affects the teaching of math and science in the 4th grade. These policies are promoting teaching of additional topics in both areas. The changes in the delivery of professional development have not yet been sufficient to lead to substantial changes in instructional practice. While inequities in access to material that characterized the state in the early 1990s have diminished, we find a pattern of inquiry-oriented science teaching more prevalent in wealthy districts and teaching to the test more prevalent in poorer ones. We also note some areas where middle-income districts appear disadvantaged.
Tracking changes in collaborative writing: edits, visibility and group maintenance

Systems for collaborative writing have long captured the attention of CSCW researchers, but have only recently come into widespread use. One issue in designing and understanding these systems is awareness of others' actions in a document. On the one hand, making edits and changes visible can improve collaborators' knowledge of who has made edits and what has changed in a document. On the other hand, studies of large scale editing systems such as Wikipedia have suggested that the visibility of certain edits can incite social conflict in groups. In this interview study, we aim to understand how people perceive and consider the potential impacts of their own and others' edits as they write together. Results suggest that edits embody not just changes to a document, but also social messages that have group maintenance implications. Many participants reported that they carefully consider how to make and explain edits so as to minimize social conflict.
Design and prototyping a Fast Hadamard Transformer for WCDMA

In this paper, the design and implementation of a Fast Hadamard Transformer (FHT) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is described. Two possible schemes which use 256 and 16 chip input sequences are compared on a Xilinx Virtex-E XCV1000E FPGA. The results indicate that the 16 chip sequence achieves 90% reduction in hardware resources and more than double the maximum frequency of operation as compared to 256 chip sequences. An application of the proposed FHT design used to perform cell search for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) system is also presented.