cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of High Thermoelectric Figure-of-Merit in p-type Ag1-x(Pb1-ySny)mSb1-zTem+2

The Ag1-x(Pb1-ySny)mSb1-zTem+2 compounds have been found to exhibit high performance p-type thermoelectric properties and are now being considered for practical applications. In this paper, various m values and silver concentrations were investigated to determine the effect on thermoelectric properties. Also, the charge-compensated compounds were studied in order to eliminate the problem of excess tellurium evaporation at high temperature.
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with rumination in healthy adults.

This study examined associations between the tendency to ruminate and two polymorphisms: the Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4). Participants were a homogenous group of healthy, unmedicated, never depressed individuals with few current symptoms of depression (N = 71). Results indicated that met heterozygotes of the BDNF allele were significantly more likely to ruminate than individuals homozygous for the val BDNF allele. There was no association between rumination and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. Further, the interaction between the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF polymorphisms did not predict rumination. Results suggest that variation in the BDNF gene may contribute to the tendency to ruminate. Since this association exists in healthy adults, it may represent a susceptibility factor for affective disorders.
In vivo creatine kinase reaction kinetics at rest and stress in type II diabetic rat heart.

The effects of type II diabetes on cardiac creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activity and/or flux are unknown. We therefore measured steady-state phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and forward CK reaction kinetic parameters in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat hearts, a type II diabetes research model. At baseline the PCr to ATP ratio (PCr/ATP) was significantly lower in diabetic heart when compared with matched controls (1.71 � 0.21 vs. 2.26 � 0.24, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the forward CK reaction rate constant (kf) was higher in diabetic animals (0.52 � 0.09 s � 1 vs. 0.35 � 0.06 s � 1 , P < 0.01) and CK flux calculated as a product of PCr concentration ([PCr]) and kf was similar between two groups (4.32 � 1.05 lmol/g/s vs. 4.94 � 1.23 lmol/g/s, P = 0.20). Dobutamine administration resulted in similar increases in heart rate (~38%) and kf (~0.12 s � 1 )i n both groups. No significant change in PCr and ATP content was observed with dobutamine. In summary, our data showed reduced PCr/ATP in diabetic myocardium as an indicator of cardiac energy deficit. The forward CK reaction rate constant is elevated at baseline which might reflect a compensatory mechanics to support energy flux through the CK shuttle and maintain constant ATP supply. When hearts were stimulated similar increase in kf was observed in both groups thus it seems that CK shuttle does not limit ATP supply for the range of workload studied.
A function imbedding technique for a class of global optimization problems: one dimensional global optimization

Global optimal solutions for nonconvex problems are found by first imbedding a nonconvex function into a higher-dimensional convex function and then by transforming the original problem into the problem of finding the mini-max solution of a related Lagrangian function. The imbedding is constructed by using the space of quadratic functions which are lower bounds for the original function. The Lagrangian function is constructed so that the associate dual cost function is concave and so that the global optimal solution can be obtained from the saddle point of the Lagrangian, which can be found using ordinary numerical methods. The duality gap for this Lagrangian is shown to vanish. For the case of one-dimensional global optimization, a working algorithm is presented. >
Ontorat: automatic generation of new ontology terms, annotations, and axioms based on ontology design patterns

Background: It is time-consuming to build an ontology with many terms and axioms. Thus it is desired to automate the process of ontology development. Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) provide a reusable solution to solve a recurrent modeling problem in the context of ontology engineering. Because ontology terms often follow specific ODPs, the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) developers proposed a Quick Term Templates (QTTs) process targeted at generating new ontology classes following the same pattern, using term templates in a spreadsheet format. Results: Inspired by the ODPs and QTTs, the Ontorat web application is developed to automatically generate new ontology terms, annotations of terms, and logical axioms based on a specific ODP(s). The inputs of an Ontorat execution include axiom expression settings, an input data file, ID generation settings, and a target ontology (optional). The axiom expression settings can be saved as a predesigned Ontorat setting format text file for reuse. The input data file is generated based on a template file created by a specific ODP (text or Excel format). Ontorat is an efficient tool for ontology expansion. Different use cases are described. For example, Ontorat was applied to automatically generate over 1,000 Japan RIKEN cell line cell terms with both logical axioms and rich annotation axioms in the Cell Line Ontology (CLO). Approximately 800 licensed animal vaccines were represented and annotated in the Vaccine Ontology (VO) by Ontorat. The OBI team used Ontorat to add assay and device terms required by ENCODE project. Ontorat was also used to add missing annotations to all existing Biobank specific terms in the Biobank Ontology. A collection of ODPs and templates with examples are provided on the Ontorat website and can be reused to facilitate ontology development. Conclusions: With ever increasing ontology development and applications, Ontorat provides a timely platform for generating and annotating a large number of ontology terms by following design patterns. Availability: http://ontorat.hegroup.org/
Evidence-based HIV prevention in community settings: provider perspectives on evidence and effectiveness

As part of the efforts to expand evidence-based practice (EBP) in HIV prevention at the community level, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created the Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions (DEBI) program. Frontline service providers, who are charged with adopting and implementing these interventions, however, have resisted and criticized the dissemination of evidence-based HIV prevention interventions. Their failure to implement the interventions with fidelity and abandonment of plans to implement interventions in which they were trained have often been discussed from the framework of ‘capacity-building’. This framework points to ‘deficits’ within community-based organizations (CBOs) that impede the uptake of EBP. This article presents the perspective of 22 frontline service providers from CBOs (n = 8) in a Midwestern state on their experiences with the DEBI program, and illustrates the reasons providers may not implement EBP. Analysis of interview responses reveals that provi...
Genotyping of endosperms to determine seed dormancy genes regulating germination through embryonic, endospermic, or maternal tissues in rice.

Seed dormancy is imposed by one or more of the embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues that belong to two generations and represent two ploidy levels. Many quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for seed dormancy as measured by gross effects on reduced germination rate or delayed germination in crop or model plants. This research developed an endosperm genotype−based genetic approach to determine specific tissues through which a mapped QTL regulates germination using rice as a model. This approach involves testing germination velocity for partially after-ripened seeds harvested from single plants heterozygous for a tested QTL and genotyping endosperms from individual germinated and nongerminated seeds with a codominant DNA marker located on the QTL peak region. Information collected about the QTL includes genotypic frequencies in germinated and/or nongerminated subpopulations; allelic frequency distributions during a germination period; endosperm or embryo genotypic differences in germination velocity; and genotypic frequencies for gametes involved in the double fertilization to form the sampled seeds. Using this approach, the seed dormancy loci SD12, SD1-2, and SD7-1 were determined to regulate germination through the embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues, respectively; SD12 and SD1-2 acted additively on germination velocity in the offspring tissues; and SD12 also was associated with the preferential fertilization of male gametes in rice. This new genetic approach can be used to characterize mapped genes/QTL for tissue-specific functions in endospermic seeds and for marker-assisted selection of QTL alleles before or immediately after germination in crop breeding.
Microfluidic Transport by AC Electroosmosis

AC Electro-osmosis (ACEO) is a newly developed microfluidic mechanism, which can transport fluids and particles with low voltage that is suitable for integration with IC circuitry. We observed line formation of particles on electrodes by ACEO, leading to better understanding of ACEO microflows. Also by identifying a new ACEO mechanism from electrochemical reaction, we developed Asymmetric Polarization (A-P) ACEO technique, adding another dimension to ACEO. Both simulation and experiments have been performed to promote the understanding and optimization of ACEO devices. The experimental result of A-P ACEO is also presented in this paper.
Diamnionic Monochorionic Twin Gestations: An Overview

Monochorionic (MC) twins account for about 20-30% of all twins, but contribute disproportionately to mortality, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm delivery compared with dichorionic (DC) twins. This higher mortality in MC twins is likely due to the effects of placental morphologic characteristics, which include complex vascular communications between the twins associated with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), and the tendency for the common placenta to be shared either symmetrically or asymmetrically. In assessment of clinical outcomes for TTTS, artery to vein anastomoses in the absence of artery to artery or vein to vein, especially if present with placental asymmetry, carry the worse prognosis. Chorion status in twins forms the basis for clinical risk assessment and can be determined by 7 menstrual weeks using transvaginal sonography. The variable results reported in the literature for intertwin umbilical artery Doppler findings in MC twins may be explained by differences between sonograp...
Are algal genes in nonphotosynthetic protists evidence of historical plastid endosymbioses

How photosynthetic organelles, or plastids, were acquired by diverse eukaryotes is among the most hotly debated topics in broad scale eukaryotic evolution. The history of plastid endosymbioses commonly is interpreted under the "chromalveolate" hypothesis, which requires numerous plastid losses from certain heterotrophic groups that now are entirely aplastidic. In this context, discoveries of putatively algal genes in plastid-lacking protists have been cited as evidence of gene transfer from a photosynthetic endosymbiont that subsequently was lost completely. Here we examine this evidence, as it pertains to the chromalveolate hypothesis, through genome-level statistical analyses of similarity scores from queries with two diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, and two aplastidic sister taxa, Phytophthora ramorum and P. sojae. Contingency tests of specific predictions of the chromalveolate model find no evidence for an unusual red algal contribution to Phytophthora genomes, nor that putative cyanobacterial sequences that are present entered these genomes through a red algal endosymbiosis. Examination of genes unrelated to plastid function provide extraordinarily significant support for both of these predictions in diatoms, the control group where a red endosymbiosis is known to have occurred, but none of that support is present in genes specifically conserved between diatoms and oomycetes. In addition, we uncovered a strong association between overall sequence similarities among taxa and relative sizes of genomic data sets in numbers of genes. Signal from "algal" genes in oomycete genomes is inconsistent with the chromalveolate hypothesis, and better explained by alternative models of sequence and genome evolution. Combined with the numerous sources of intragenomic phylogenetic conflict characterized previously, our results underscore the potential to be mislead by a posteriori interpretations of variable phylogenetic signals contained in complex genome-level data. They argue strongly for explicit testing of the different a priori assumptions inherent in competing evolutionary hypotheses.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ANTIGEN ON THE PROPORTION OF ANTIBODY TO ANTIGEN IN PRECIPITATES : II. A STATISTICAL EXAMINATION OF AVAILABLE DATA, INCLUDING SOME PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED.

A statistical examination of the available data on the ratio of antibody to antigen in specific precipitates made at or near the optimum shows a definite correlation between the ratio and the molecular weight of antigen (regression coefficient = -0.529 (+/-0.014)). The authors' assumption that at this point the antigen molecules are just about covered by a layer of antibody behaving as contiguous spherical ("Svedberg") units of weight 35,200 leads to predicted ratios that in general agree well with those found, though individual experimental determinations may deviate considerably.
Information set generation in partially observable games

We address the problem of making single-point decisions in large partially observable games, where players interleave observation, deliberation, and action. We present information set generation as a key operation needed to reason about games in this way. We show how this operation can be used to implement an existing decision-making algorithm. We develop a constraint satisfaction algorithm for performing information set generation and show that it scales better than the existing depth-first search approach on multiple non-trivial games.
Laboratory rearing of Agonopterix alstroemeriana, the defoliating poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) moth, and effects of piperidine alkaloids on preference and performance.

Conium maculatum L. (Apiaceae), or poison hemlock, is an invasive plant native to Europe that has become extensively naturalized throughout North America. This species contains piperidine alkaloids, including coniine and γ-coniceine, that are highly toxic to vertebrates. C. maculatum was relatively free from herbivores in North America until the accidental introduction 30 yr ago of its monophagous European associate Agonopterix alstroemeriana (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). At present, A. alstroemeriana is widespread across the United States, and in some areas, such as the Northwest, can inflict substantial damage on its host plant, leading to desiccation and death. A. alstroemeriana has been used in recent years for the biological control of C. maculatum, although its use has been limited by the availability of larvae, which are field-collected from early to mid-spring, and by the lack of available information about its life history and feeding habits. Here we describe a laboratory-rearing protocol incorporating a simulated winter to induce diapause and a semidefined artificial diet that allows the production of multiple generations per year and enabled us to determine the number and duration of A. alstroemeriana developmental stages. The development of the artificial diet also permitted studies of preference and performance of A. alstroemeriana in relation to hostplant chemistry. Rearing A. alstroemeriana on artificial diet supplemented with 1.5% DW coniine had no adverse impact on ultimate instar growth or performance. In a feeding behavior assay, the presence of coniine in the diet increased A. alstroemeriana consumption three-fold relative to control diet. This behavioral response contrasts dramatically with that of Agonopterix clemensella, a native Apiaceae specialist that does not use C. maculatum as a host; of 30 larvae tested, 29 fed exclusively on diets lacking supplemental coniine. The rearing protocol and artificial diet presented here can facilitate further studies of ecological and evolutionary responses of C. maculatum after its reassociation with a coevolved herbivore in North America.
International Decision: Metalclad Corp. v. Mexico

One often thinks of courts as being concerned with setting precedents to guide future conduct, and of arbitrators as being both less concerned with the content of the law and more willing to fashion compromises to satisfy the parties. In Metalclad, however, those roles were reversed. The arbitral tribunal tried hard to advance international law concerning foreign investment by finding that “fair and equitable treatment” required transparency and by adopting an expansive definition of expropriation. It was Justice Tysoe who gave each party what it wanted most — setting aside for Mexico the transparency aspects of the award, while giving Metalclad most of its money — but at the cost of consistency in the application of British Columbia's ICAA. More broadly, the case may lead one to wonder whether it is appropriate to allow national courts to review Chapter 11 awards.
THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF THE BUTTERFLY EUPHYDRY AS EDITH A. III. SELECTION AND THE PHENETICS OF THE JASPER RIDGE COLONY.

The previous papers in this series (Ehrlich, 1961, 1965; Labine, 1964) dealt with the structure and ecology of the colony of Euphydryas editha on the Stanford Jasper Ridge Biological Experimental Area. Intensive studies were carried out in the years 1960 to 1964 inclusive, but some information was available from earlier years. In this paper the phenetic variation in the colony during the period is described and interpreted.
Plasma protein clearance by the gut. A method of studying the exudative gastroenteropathies.

CONSIDERABLE QUANTITIES Of enzyme protein from the salival T glands, stomach, and pancreas are normally secreted daily into the gut. Shed epithelial cells and mucus add to the total. Further, various components of the extracellular fluids are regularly transferred into the gut; albumin and other plasma proteins have been identified, by electrophoretic and other methods, in contents of the normal stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, and in saliva. Collectively, these proteins constitute a large and mobile pool which approximates 35-100 gin. per day. 16 This report concerns quantification of the plasma protein (particularly, albumin) component of this mixture in healthy subjects and in patients with excessive losses of these proteins via the gut. The abnormalities in this latter group are described as "exudative gastroenteropath y" and "protein-losing enteropathy" (PLE). In healthy adult man, the liver synthesizes albumin at the rate of 10-20 gin. per day. In the steady state an equal quantity is degraded or catabolized, Thus, turnover approximates 3-5% per day of the total exchangeable albumin (TEA) pool of about 300 gin. Transfer into the gut accounts for part of the total quantity catabolized normally, but the magnitude of this fraction is still in doubt. In man the liver can increase albumin synthesis only to a limited extent, ~ probably to no more than twice the normal rate. Continued daily losses in excess of about 10-30 gin. of albumin will eventually result in hypoalbuminemia and depletion of TEA, whether the "hypercatabolism " is the consequence of excessive loss into the urine, or into the gut, or rarely, excessive degradation by other means. Hypoalbuminemia may develop while there is a high intake
Localized electron transfer and the effect of tunneling on the rates of Ru(bpy)32+ oxidation and reduction as measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy

The kinetics of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)) oxidation and reduction in acetonitrile were investigated by steady-state voltammetry using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The SECM setup was placed inside a drybox for carrying out experiments in an anhydrous atmosphere and in the absence of oxygen. The standard rate constant, k°, for Ru(bpy) oxidation at a Pt electrode (radius, a = 5 μm) was 0.7 ± 0.1 cm/s, which is smaller than k° for Ru(bpy) reduction measured under the same conditions (≥3 cm/s). This is attributed to the 2,2′-bipyridine ligands having an electron-transfer (ET) blocking effect on the oxidation of the ruthenium(II) center, as opposed to the reduction, which involves ET to the exposed ligands. Thus, tunneling effects may be important in considering the ET in this molecule.
Galois Resolvents of Permutation Groups

(1977). Galois Resolvents of Permutation Groups. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 642-644.
Percutaneous Removal of Intrarenal Bullet

We report a case in which percutaneous access was used for endourological removal of a bullet lodged within the renal parenchyma.
Example: Edzo’s

THIS IS AN ILLUSTRATIVE MARKETING PLAN for Edzo’s, a small restaurant in Evanston, Illinois. It was written by five MBA students as part of my marketing strategy course at the Kellogg School of Management: Ryan Farnan, Matt Fitzgerald, Matt Hanculak, Matt House, and Chris Reynolds.
Pullback Characterization of Approximating, and Parameterizing Manifolds

In this chapter, we first show that the stochastic approximating manifold of a critical manifold as obtained in Volume I [41, Theorem 6.1] can be interpreted as the pullback limit associated with an auxiliary backward-forward system; see Eq. (4.1a–4.1c) and Lemma 4.1. The key idea consists of representing the modes with high wavenumbers as a pullback limit depending on the time history of the modes with low wavenumbers. We introduce then the concept of stochastic parameterizing manifolds (PMs), which are stochastic manifolds that improve in a mean square sense the partial knowledge of the full SPDE solution \(u\) when compared to the projection of \(u\) onto the resolved modes, for a given realization of the noise; see Definition 4.1. Backward-forward systems are also designed in Sect. 4.3 to give access to such stochastic PMs in practice. The resulting manifolds obtained by such a procedure are not subject to a spectral gap condition such as encountered in the classical theory of stochastic invariant manifolds. Instead, certain stochastic PMs can be determined under weaker non-resonance conditions. Such parameterizing manifolds will turn out to be useful in the design of efficient reduced models for the amplitudes of the resolved (low) modes of an SPDE solution, even when these amplitudes are large; see Chaps. 5, 6 and 7.
Comparative analysis of the microbial community in the sediments of two constructed wetlands differentially influenced by the concentrated poultry feeding operations

The aim of this study was to observe how the effluents from a massive poultry farming facility influence the microbial community in the sediment of the nearby constructed wetland, which functions as a reservoir for poultry wastes. The microbial community structures and compositions in the two neighboring constructed wetlands of Louisiana (named Big Pond and Corner Pond) were characterized and compared through a metagenomics approach using the high-throughput sequence data of a conserved 16S rDNA region (V4 region) obtained from the sediment DNA samples and the metagenomics analysis tool QIIME. Big Pond is connected to a poultry farming facility, directly influenced by the poultry wastes, while its neighboring Corner Pond is separated from the poultry house. Among the 74 phyla of prokaryotes detected from the sediments of the two wetlands, four phyla (Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, and Proteobacteria) were predominant in both conditions. Proteobacteria, the most predominant phylum in both wetlands, was not significantly different in its relative abundance between the two conditions. However, Alphaproteobacteria, one of the four major classes within Proteobacteria, was almost depleted in Big Pond. Within another major phylum Euryarchaeota, all the three classes known as methanogenic organisms (Methanobacteria, Methanomicrobia, and Thermoplasmata) were more abundant in Big Pond. In addition, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was significantly reduced in Big Pond, while that of the class Dehalococcoidetes within the phylum Chloroflexi was significantly higher in Big Pond compared to Corner Pond. Wastes released from an intensive poultry farming facility change significantly the relative abundance of some taxonomic groups of microorganisms in the microbial community of the wetland sediment. This study provided valuable information about the global changes of microbial community in the wetland sediments caused by the infusion of poultry wastes at various taxonomic levels.
A family-based approach to primary prevention of breast cancer

s2 We are currently focusing on the interplay of genes and environment in the development of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, which is aggressive, less responsive to treatment, and more likely to strike young women and those of African ancestry. Unfortunately, there are no strategies to prevent ER-negative breast cancer and research is urgently needed. Nevertheless, we have made progress in understanding genetic risk factors for some familial forms of breast cancer, which is reason enough to adopt family-based interventions for breast cancer prevention, especially among families with identifiable highly penetrant mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes. In 1997, I chaired the ASCO Task Force on Cancer Genetics Education, charged to educate oncologists about the importance of genetics in clinical oncology practice. Since then, a growing body of evidence documents the benefits of preventive measures with minimal risk to women with identifiable highly penetrant mutations in BRCA1 and BR...
Psychosocial Influences on Fruit and Vegetable Intake Following a NYC Supermarket Discount.

Objective To assess the effect of a 50% discount on fruits and vegetables (F&V) on the purchase and intake of F&V and on psychosocial determinants of F&V intake: self-efficacy (SE), stages of change (SOC), and perceived barriers (PB). Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted in local supermarkets over 16 weeks, including a 4-week baseline, 8-week discount intervention, and 4-week follow-up. Shoppers with overweight or obesity (BMI > 25) were randomized to receive a discount or no discount via their reward scan card after the baseline. Twenty-four-hour recalls and psychosocial measures were obtained for each study period. Results Purchases (P < 0.0005) and intakes (P = 0.019) of F&V increased significantly during the intervention, while only F&V intake was sustained at follow-up. The discount intervention increased SE (P < 0.01) and SOC (P < 0.05) and did not decrease PB (P = 0.057) during the intervention. SOC mediated the discount intervention effect on F&V intake (P < 0.05) during the intervention, explaining 43% of variance. Conclusions A supermarket discount intervention led to increases in purchases and intakes of F&V and increases in the psychosocial factors SE and SOC and did not decrease PB. The discount intervention prompted participants to move from the preparation to action stage of SOC, which acted as a mediator for increased F&V intake.
The Drama of Hell: Sources and Interpretation in Seventeenth-Century Operatic Infernal Scenes

Operatic Hells owe far more to humanist epics and satirical works, and even to Dante, despite his decline in popularity in the seventeenth century, than to any classical text or church doctrine. Chapter 6 demonstrates how creators of opera synthesized their image of Hell from humanist literary works, most of which displayed a far more orderly, well-structured vision than either post-Tridentine theology or the writings of the ancients. It further examines how these operas dramatize a humanist vision of the underworld through music, dance, scenery, and costumes, as well as through poetry. The operatic infernal scene is also situated within the larger picture of humanism’s influence on opera.
Extrapancreatic perineural invasion in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma continues to be a highly lethal disease, despite advances in modern medicine. Curative surgical options continue to carry significant morbidity and offer little improvement in overall 5-year survival. Currently, imaging plays an essential role in the pre-operative evaluation of patients who are undergoing evaluation for resection. However, some pancreatic cancers have particularly aggressive biology, despite appearing resectable by conventional imaging criteria. Imaging biomarkers that serve as surrogates for tumors with such aggressive phenotype have been recently described, namely duodenal invasion and extrapancreatic perineural invasion. In this pictorial review, we will summarize key concepts of extrapancreatic perineural invasion, describe its association with a poor prognosis, and highlight the role of imaging in its detection.
Analysis of Container Based vs. Jailed Sandbox Autograding Systems: (Abstract Only)

Traditionally, automated testing and grading of student programming assignments has been done in either a jailed sandbox environment or within a virtual machine (VM). For a VM, each submission is given its own instantiation of a guest operating system (OS) running atop the host OS, with no ability for a given submission to affect anything outside the VM. However, using a VM is expensive in terms of system resource usages, especially for RAM and memory, making it less than ideal for solutions without unlimited resources. Jailed sandboxes on the other hand allow student submissions to run directly on the server. Sufficient security measures must be implemented to ensure that students cannot access each other's submissions or the server at large, and must prevent runaway programs, over-utilization of system resources. Jailed sandboxes have a larger attack vector than VMs. Within the past several years, container systems have been gaining popularity and usage within the computer science industry, primarily through solutions such as Docker. These containers give similar security protections as a VM, but with better performance due to being able to utilize of resources installed within the host OS and other containers. However, containers do not have the full isolation of a VM, and thus implementing Docker for autograding ends up facing its own set of security concerns, as well as with the increased system resource usage. In this poster, we will analyze how well containers work, measuring system resources and throughput of submissions of containers against the traditional jailed environment.
The delectability of platelets to a phagocyte.

In this issue of Blood, Saris et al show that some HLA antigens, namely, B8, B12, and B35, vary in expression on the platelets of some individuals and that this is a constant variant in these people.1
Endoscopic Management of Pre-invasive Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

A 50-year old white male presents for surveillance endoscopy for Barrett’s esophagus. He was diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus 3 years ago after he underwent upper endoscopy for longstanding heartburn. Biopsies from the esophagus then showed intestinal metaplasia with no dysplasia. Currently, upper endoscopy reveals columnar mucosa in the distal 6 cm of the esophagus with no discernible mucosal nodularity. Biopsies show high grade dysplasia. He has no other complaints or comorbidities and physical examination is unremarkable.
Does electrostatic charge at cloud tops affect rates of nucleation and sedimentation of ice

Publisher Summary Varying amounts of electrostatic charge accumulate at the top of clouds because of the variations in the downward air–earth current density through the troposphere in the global electric circuit. Cycles of condensation, freezing, sedimentation, and evaporation of clouds deplete them of aerosols that are effective (without electrostatic charge) as ice-forming nuclei (IFN). Highly charged aerosols are produced by the evaporation of highly charged drizzle droplets into the clear surrounding air. Electrostatic charge on aerosols enhances their effectiveness because IFN allows formation of ice when these charged residues of evaporated droplets, which would be less effective IFN without charge, mix back into the cloud. This can explain the observed discrepancy between measurements of initial ice at the top of clouds. It can also explain the many observations of correlations between variations in the solar wind that modulate current flow in the global electric circuit and variations in tropospheric dynamics of the sort produced by changes in rates of ice nucleation and sedimentation.
International Financial Models

In Part III of this book we explicitly focused on the risk and return of domestically diversified portfolios. With this chapter we begin our discussion of international multi-sector, multi-instrument financial models. Although the same concepts and ideas hold true when we move to the international arena, some important differences are now brought to the fore.
A Method for Eliciting Verbal Graffiti

There are three reasons why the authors are proud to contribute the following memoir to this Festschrift for Professor Bronstein: most relevantly, because the work comes from a doctoral dissertation by the second author (Rich-Siebzehner, 1979) that was comentored by Professor Bronstein and the first author; next, because the first author wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to Professor Bronstein for inviting him aboard the CUNY speech and hearing doctoral faculty 13 years ago; finally, because we wish to share with our colleagues yet another example of Professor Bronstein’s breadth and open-mindedness regarding what research on language behavior is worth supporting. The answer, of course, is any question that possesses novelty and that can be approached with scientific rigor.
Myelin Repair Foundation: Accelerating Drug Discovery Through Collaboration

This case presents the Myelin Repair Foundation's accelerated research collaboration model for drug discovery. It highlights the challenges of building a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional research collaboration that is attempting to create a treatment for multiple sclerosis based on a novel scientific approach. The case provides details on how norms of academic research and intellectual property had to be updated to enable collaboration. The current dilemma facing the CEO and COO of the foundation relates to setting strategic priorities for research so that a treatment for MS can be ready in the next ten years. The strategic choices need to account for the complexities of drug discovery, the uncertainty of commercial partners' interest in the therapeutic approach and the constrained donor-based fundraising environment. Learning Objective: To highlight the challenges of building a new collaborative research model involving multiple disciplines and institutions to create breakthroughs in drug discovery.
Effects of Altering Levothyroxine Dose on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Subjects Treated With LT4

Background It is unclear whether variations in thyroid status within or near the reference range affect energy expenditure, body mass, or body composition. Methods 138 subjects treated with levothyroxine (LT4) for hypothyroidism with normal TSH levels underwent measurement of total, resting, and physical activity energy expenditure; thermic effect of food; substrate oxidation; dietary intake; and body composition. They were assigned to receive an unchanged, higher, or lower LT4 dose in randomized, double-blind fashion, targeting one of three TSH ranges (0.34 to 2.50, 2.51 to 5.60, or 5.61 to 12.0 mU/L). The doses were adjusted every 6 weeks to achieve target TSH levels. Baseline measures were reassessed at 6 months. Results At study end, the mean LT4 doses and TSH levels were 1.50 ± 0.07, 1.32 ± 0.07, and 0.78 ± 0.08 µg/kg (P < 0.001) and 1.85 ± 0.25, 3.93 ± 0.38, and 9.49 ± 0.80 mU/L (P < 0.001), respectively, in the three arms. No substantial metabolic differences in outcome were found among the three arms, although direct correlations were observed between decreases in thyroid status and decreases in resting energy expenditure for all subjects. The subjects could not ascertain how their LT4 dose had been adjusted but the preferred LT4 dose they perceived to be higher (P < 0.001). Conclusions Altering LT4 doses in subjects with hypothyroidism to vary TSH levels in and near the reference range did not have major effects on energy expenditure or body composition. Subjects treated with LT4 preferred the perceived higher LT4 doses despite a lack of objective effect. Our data do not support adjusting LT4 doses in patients with hypothyroidism to achieve potential improvements in weight or body composition.
Structural Polymorphs Suggest Competing Pathways for the Formation of Amyloid Fibrils That Diverge from a Common Intermediate Species

It is now recognized that many amyloid-forming proteins can associate into multiple fibril structures. Here, we use two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy to study two fibril polymorphs formed by human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP or amylin), which is associated with type 2 diabetes. The polymorphs exhibit different degrees of structural organization near the loop region of hIAPP fibrils. The relative populations of these polymorphs are systematically altered by the presence of macrocyclic peptides which template β-sheet formation at specific sections of the hIAPP sequence. These experiments are consistent with polymorphs that result from competing pathways for fibril formation and that the macrocycles bias hIAPP aggregation toward one pathway or the other. Another macrocyclic peptide that matches the loop region but extends the lag time leaves the relative populations of the polymorphs unaltered, suggesting that the branching point for structural divergence occurs after the lag phase, when the oligomers convert into seeds that template fibril formation. Thus, we conclude that the structures of the polymorphs stem from restricting oligomers along diverging folding pathways, which has implications for drug inhibition, cytotoxicity, and the free energy landscape of hIAPP aggregation.
Rethinking the techno vagina: a case series of patient complications following vaginal laser treatment for atrophy.

AbstractObjective:The treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) includes prescription hormone therapy, nonhormonal over-the-counter products, and most recently, laser treatment. Although the Food and Drug Administration has cleared fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for a variety of
A longitudinal neuroimaging dataset on arithmetic processing in school children

We describe functional and structural data acquired using a 3T scanner in a sample of 132 typically developing children, who were scanned when they were approximately 11 years old (i.e. Time 1). Sixty-three of them were scanned again approximately 2 years later (i.e. Time 2). Children performed four tasks inside the scanner: two arithmetic tasks and two localizer tasks. The arithmetic tasks were a single-digit multiplication and a single-digit subtraction task. The localizer tasks, a written rhyming judgment task and a numerosity judgment task, were used to independently identify verbal and quantity brain areas, respectively. Additionally, we provide data on behavioral performance on the tasks inside the scanner, participants’ scores on standardized tests, including reading and math skill, and a developmental history questionnaire completed by parents. This dataset could be useful to answer questions regarding the neural bases of the development of math in children and its relation to individual differences in skill. The data, entitled “Brain Correlates of Math Development”, are freely available from OpenNeuro ( https://openneuro.org ). Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Care of Archaeological Materials Begins in the Field

Care of archaeological materials should begin when recovered in the field. Care and stabilization of objects in the field will greatly increase their research and exhibit potential. Identifying problems and understanding basic solutions to object care and stabilization is an important part of training for all potential object handlers. Proper care and stabilization of objects can and should be a priority for all object users—excavators, lab analysts, museum staff, and researchers. Constant dialogue and communication between repository specialists and archaeologists can be the most useful source for care of all archaeological objects.
Loglinear Cognitive Diagnostic Model (LCDM)

The Log-Linear Cognitive Diagnosis Model (LCDM; Henson RA, Templin J, Willse J, Psychometrika 74:191–210, 2009) provides a general approach to diagnostic modeling that is deeply tied to log-linear models. As a result, the parameterization and concepts of the LCDM can be directly tied to the concepts of a general linear model for use of a multiple way ANOVA. By using these concepts, the LCDM provides a general framework that does not require the user to specifically determine the relationship between the attributes and the probability of a correct response. Furthermore, because of its flexibility, this chapter will show that the LCDM can be used to discuss similarities and differences between many common diagnostic models. This chapter will first provide a theoretical introduction to the motivation and the definition of the LCDM. Next, typical tools that have been used to estimate the LCDM and measures of fit are discussed. Finally, this chapter will discuss the relationship of other diagnostic models to the LCDM and, as a result, provide a succinct definition of what is meant by disjunctive, compensatory, and conjunctive models.
A Loss of Innocence—Infertility:

Through an autoethnographic account, the author reengages reflexively with infertility, a companion of old.
Excitation of O2/plus/ first negative bands by electron impact on O2

Electron impact excitation cross sections of oxygen ion first negative bands, considering relationship to oxygen ionization cross section
An analytic study on nonlinear radius change for hyperelastic tubular organs under volume expansion

Tubular organs with multilayers are common in human bodies and important for maintaining normal lives by transporting fluid, nutrient, or waste throughout the bodies. The inner layers of the organs are usually soft and can easily increase their volume under various adverse physiological effects such as edema and plaque growth. The volume expansion can also alter the stiffness of the organ tissues. The corresponding finite deformation of the tubular organs may significantly modify the size of the inner opening determining transportation capability. Deep understanding of the pattern of the luminal radius change is vital for treating related diseases incurred by the volume expansion. For this purpose, a two-layered tubular organ is modeled by generalized hyperelasticity, and the modeling is analyzed mathematically to more thoroughly demonstrate the nonlinear patterns of radius change under volume expansion and corresponding stiffness alteration. This article serves as an exemplary study for other tubular organs with more complicated structure and volume expansion characteristics.
Arctic sea ice variability during the Instrumental Era

Arctic sea-ice extent (SIE) has declined drastically in recent decades, yet its evolution prior to the satellite era is highly uncertain. Studies using SIE observations find little variability prio...
A Single Incision Anterior Approach for Transhumeral Amputation Targeted Muscle Reinnervation

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is an evolving technique with promising results for prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain, as well as modulation of control for myoelectric prostheses. The previously described and most commonly used technique for transhumeral TMR combines both an anterior and posterior approach to access the major peripheral nerves of the upper extremity. In this article, we review the literature for transhumeral TMR and describe a more expeditious and efficient anterior-only approach that offers safe access through a single incision.
Isleños’ Spanish language preservation in Saint Bernard Parish: a case study in the voices of Joseph ‘Chelito’ Campo, Irvan Perez and Allen Perez

This qualitative case study examines Isleno Spanish language attrition and preservation in Saint Bernard Parish, New Orleans, when this linguistic variety was approaching extinction. It identifies levels of language maintenance in severely limited social communicative domains and studies language attitudes. The main aim is to compare Isleno Spanish with the 18th century Canary Spanish variety from which it originated. Using a panel study, the last of the Islenos speakers were followed over a fifty-year period analyzing their language in real time to report how the oldest and last fluent speakers had kept their Canary Island linguistic heritage. This dialectal research attests to extraordinary linguistic preservation in a handful of old speakers right before Hurricane Katrina forced the dismantling of the community in 2005.
Localization of hyphal growth associated with mycotoxin production during the malting of Fusarium head blight infected grains

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the occurrence of mycotoxins is the largest food safety threat to malting and brewing grains. Objectives of the current study were to localize the growth of Fusarium within FHB infected kernels and to associate it with the production of DON that occurred during malting. FHB infected barley, wheat, rye, and triticale grains that exhibited large increases in Fusarium Tri5 DNA and trichothecene mycotoxins following malting, were screened for hyphal localization. The growth of hyphae, both on the surface of kernels and within tissues of grain and malt was, imagined by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy assisted with WGA-Alexa Fluor 488 pre-staining, respectively. In barley, hyphae were primarily present on or within husk, vascular bundle, and pericarp cavities. Following malting, large amounts of hyphal growth were observed in not only these regions, but also in the aleurone layer, endosperm, and embryo. Extensive fungal growth was also observed following malting of wheat, rye, and triticale. Interestingly, these grains already had an extensive internal presence of hyphae in unmalted grain, occurring in the pericarp, testa, vascular bundle, nucellar projection, aleurone layer, endosperm, pericarp and endosperm cavities, and embryo. Shotgun sequencing followed by metagenomics analysis verified that Fusarium spp. accounted for above 90% of the fungal hyphae growing in the interior of grains during malting, which coincided with the significant production of mycotoxins.