cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep, Sleepiness, Fatigue, and Vigilance in a Day and Night Inspection Task

An experiment was performed to test the effects of fatigue factors on performance and stress in a high fidelity simulation of a fluorescent penetrant inspection of aircraft turbine engine blades. Five factors predicted to be potentially related to inspection fatigue were tested in a mixed experimental design using 80 participants recruited from the local community. Many main effects and interactions were significant in performance analyses, although the vigilance decrement was not a strong effect in this task. Particular significant effects are shown, plus an analysis of probability of detection as a function of crack size and contrast, relating this study to the literature on non-destructive inspection reliability. Language: en
β-caryophyllinic acid: An atmospheric tracer for β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol

[1] The chemical compositions of ambient PM2.5 samples, collected in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, and a sample of secondary organic aerosol, formed by irradiating a mixture of the sesquiterpene (SQT), β-caryophyllene, and oxides of nitrogen in a smog chamber, were chemically analyzed using derivative-based GC-MS methods. The analyses showed the presence of an oxidized compound, tentatively identified as β-caryophyllinic acid, in both the ambient PM2.5 field samples and in the smog chamber sample. The seasonal concentrations of β-caryophyllinic acid in the ambient PM2.5 samples were 0.5, 0.9, 7.0, and 0.5 ng m−3 during the winter, spring, summer and fall respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an oxidation product of a sesquiterpene, a hydrocarbon with high secondary organic aerosol yields and emitted from plants and trees in significant quantities, has been detected in ambient PM2.5 samples.
Accidents, icons, and indexing: The dynamics of news coverage of police use of force

This study explores the construction of news about police use of force in the Los Angeles Times over a six‐year period culminating in the crisis generated by the Rodney King beating. The data presented here indicate that the “indexing” norm may not fully explain the pattern of inclusion of nonofficial voices and challenging views in the news. Dramatic news events apparently can license journalists to usher challenging views into the news in significant proportions, even in the absence of or prior to elite conflict. These findings are explained in part by the characteristics of police brutality news itself, and in part by news organizations’ conversion of dramatic “accidental events” into “news icons.” A comparison of media treatment of two dramatic cases of alleged police brutality, however, suggests that while dramatic events can bring challenging ideas into the news, both the characteristics of events and the presence of elite conflict are crucial to the ultimate effect of those events on the constructi...
Inorganic chloride and mixed halide glasses with low maximum phonon frequencies

Abstract A class of inorganic chloride glasses based on BiCl3 as glass-former is described, and their glass transition temperatures reported. They are characterized by infra-red transparency to unusually long wavelengths.
A White-Light Pseudocolor Encoder for Diagnostic Imaging

A prototype inexpensive analog optical pseudocolor encoder utilizing white-light processing has been developed for applications in diagnostic imaging. The system is capable of handling a large amount of information and has a high signal-to-noise ratio. It may be useful as a relatively economical means for transforming gray-scale images into color coded images. Pseudocoloring may be beneficial in achieving better diagnostic accuracy over gray-scale display because it has been shown to be able to increase the sensitivity of the observer to the display and it allows multiparameter presentation. In this paper, a theoretical treatment of the technique and preliminary results obtained for a conventional X-ray radiograph will be given.
Determination of Strength and Damping Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube-Epoxy Composites

In this paper, the strength and damping properties of carbon nanotube-epoxy composites are examined. Carbon nanotubes (Single-walled and Multi-walled) were grown on stainless steel substrates using thermal chemical vapor deposition process. The nanotube-epoxy composites were then prepared by applying a layer of epoxy on the grown nanotubes and a PZT actuator was attached on this layer. The composite beam consisting of steel, nanotube-epoxy layer and PZT actuator was used as a cantilever beam for vibration experiments in order to determine the enhancement in strength and damping properties of the nanotube-epoxy layer. Several different samples were prepared for this purpose. Impulse and frequency sweep tests were conducted on these beams to obtain the impulse response and frequency response functions. Fast Fourier Transform of the impulse response was used to find the natural frequency of the composite beam. It was observed that there was an increase in the stiffness by using multi-walled nanotubes in the epoxy, while the damping ratio increased by using single-walled nanotubes. The stick-slip mechanism is discussed in order to explain the results obtained.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Learning trajectories: a framework for connecting standards with curriculum

Educational Standards provide a statement of educational competency goals. How to integrate such goal statements with the instructional core, in ways that promote curricular and instructional coherence and continuity of student learning, is a perennial challenge. In the United States, the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, or CCSS-M, have been widely adopted, and are claimed to be based on research on learning in general and on learning trajectories in particular. The relationships, however, are tacit and incompletely, and sometimes controversially, articulated. This paper describes a body of work that associates the first nine grades of Standards (K-8) to eighteen learning trajectories and, for each learning trajectory, unpacks, interprets, and fills in the relationships to standards with the goal of bringing the relevant research to teachers (TurnOnCCMath.net). The connections are made using a set of descriptor elements, comprised of conceptual principles, coherent structural links, student strategies, mathematical distinctions or models, and bridging standards. A more detailed description of the learning trajectory for equipartitioning (EQP) shows the detailed research base on student learning that underpins a particular learning trajectory. How curriculum materials for EQP are designed from the learning trajectory completes the analysis, illustrating the rich connections possible among standards, descriptors, an elaborated learning trajectory, and related curricular materials.
Short term relationships between solar flares, geomagnetic storms, and tropospheric vorticity patterns

IT has been found that the 500—mbar vorticity area index (VAI), which is a rough measure of the strength of the cyclonic activity over the Northern Hemisphere, responds to solar flares in at least two ways. First, there is an increase in the VAI in the first two days after the flare. Then, after the geomagnetic storm which often follows a major solar flare, there is a sharp decrease in the VAI. The results are consistent with earlier studies of the development of pressure troughs in the North Pacific area.
EPR Spectroscopy of Vacancies in KF: Mn 2+

When nonstoichiometric impurities enter a crystal lattice substitutionally, they are charge compensated by defects such as vacancies or interstitials which associate with the impurity at nearby sites or are unassociated at distant sites. These impurity-defect complexes have characteristic parameters such as diffusion coefficients and binding energies which may be studied with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. If c is the ion fraction impurity concentration for a particular defect, p the degree of association, cp the fraction of associated, and c (1–p) the fraction of unassociated impurity-defect complexes, application of the mass action law gives cp/[c (1–p)]2=K(T), where K(T) may be expressed such that p/(1–p)2=zceE/kT, (1) where z=6 is the number of distinct orientations of the complex and E is the Gibbs free energy of binding. A semilog plot against 1/kT of Eq. 1 would give E and c from the slope and intercept, respectively, of the resulting straight line.
Automatic Ingestion Monitor: A Novel Wearable Device for Monitoring of Ingestive Behavior

Objective monitoring of food intake and ingestive behavior in a free-living environment remains an open problem that has significant implications in study and treatment of obesity and eating disorders. In this paper, a novel wearable sensor system (automatic ingestion monitor, AIM) is presented for objective monitoring of ingestive behavior in free living. The proposed device integrates three sensor modalities that wirelessly interface to a smartphone: a jaw motion sensor, a hand gesture sensor, and an accelerometer. A novel sensor fusion and pattern recognition method was developed for subject-independent food intake recognition. The device and the methodology were validated with data collected from 12 subjects wearing AIM during the course of 24 h in which both the daily activities and the food intake of the subjects were not restricted in any way. Results showed that the system was able to detect food intake with an average accuracy of 89.8%, which suggests that AIM can potentially be used as an instrument to monitor ingestive behavior in free-living individuals.
Biomechanics of Head/Brain Due to Angular Head Acceleration

In vehicular collisions, contact sports or falls, in addition to blunt impacts, head is subjected to high angular accelerations. This causes relative motion between the brain and skull and an increase in contact and shear stresses in meningeal region which leads to brain injuries. In our previous study Zoghi et al (14), the mechanical role of the fibrous trabeculae and the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in Subarachnoid space (SAS) were investigated. This is a continuation study of (14) where the attention is focused on the angular acceleration of head rather than blunt impacts. Improved 2-D solid and fluid global models of the head and a local model of the SAS trabeculae were developed. The CSF pressure distribution and the trabeculae deformations were determined. It is expected that in angular acceleration of head, similar to blunt impact, the arachnoid trabeculae reduce the pressure in the CSF and both play a major role in damping the acceleration.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Development of photosynthetic systems 1 and 2 in a greening leaf

Abstract Dark-grown leaves were examined at early stages of greening to determine when photosynthetic electron transport, as indicated by light-induced fluorescence-yield changes, first appeared. The pigment content of the developing leaves was also followed. For the first 1.5 h of illumination there were no light-induced fluorescence-yield changes and the chlorophyll appeared as a single symmetrical absorption band at about 670 nm. After 2 h of illumination the fluorescence-yield changed slightly in response to actinic irradiation, chlorophyll b was detected, the chlorophyll a began to differentiate into chlorophyll a -670 and chlorophyll a -680, and C -705 appeared to be forming. All of these changes increased markedly on further illumination. It was concluded that the pigment development signified the organization of photosynthetic Systems 1 and 2 and that photosynthetic electron transport began as soon as the pigments of Systems 1 and 2 were present.
Scale effect on statistics of the macrophysical properties of trade wind cumuli over the tropical western Atlantic during RICO

[1] This study investigates the effect of observational domain size and pixel resolution on the statistics of macrophysical properties of trade wind cumulus clouds over the tropical western Atlantic. In order to better facilitate comparison with model simulations, the results are presented as an extension of earlier work by Zhao and Di Girolamo (2007), who have analyzed 152 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) scenes collected between September and December 2004 to generate comprehensive statistics of cumulus clouds at the original 60 km × 60 km domain and 15 m pixel resolution of the data. The statistics change with domain size because as the domain size becomes smaller, (1) the probability of chopping clouds by the domain boundaries into smaller clouds increases, and (2) the probability of having cloudier and clearer domains increases. In addition, degrading pixel resolution results in (1) an amalgamation of smaller clouds into larger clouds, and (2) an increase in the frequency of partially filled cloudy pixels. The mean cloud fraction in our ASTER data set increases more than fourfold, with the total number of clouds reducing 26-fold, when pixel resolution degrades from 15 m to ∼1 km. The cloud fraction frequency distribution becomes wider with a shift of the peak toward higher values at coarser resolution. However, at smaller domain sizes, the shift of the peak toward larger values due to pixel effects is overcompensated by the increase in frequency of smaller cloud fractions. The change in cloud size distribution is significant at domains smaller than 10 km × 10 km. An increase in the cloud size at coarser resolution shifts the peak of the size distribution toward larger values. At 15 m resolution, 98% of clouds are distributed at distances less than 300 m, with a peak in the nearest-neighbor distance at less than 50 m at all domain sizes. The peak of the nearest-neighbor distribution becomes wider and shifts to larger distances at coarser resolution. These results clearly indicate the importance of considering scale effect when comparing cloud resolving model simulations of trade wind cumuli with observations.
An algorithm for virtual fabrication of air voids in asphalt concrete

Motivated by the virtual testing of asphalt concrete, the North Carolina State University research team has developed an algorithm to computationally generate air voids. After examining the X-ray tomographic images of real asphalt concrete microstructure, we concluded that the air void's shape and size are affected primarily by the surrounding local aggregate structure. Building on this observation, we developed an algorithm to generate random but representative air void configurations inside a given microstructure. By applying the algorithm to scanned aggregate structures, we show that the generated air voids not only look visually similar to actual air voids, but also are effective in capturing modulus reduction. The algorithm is included in a virtual aggregate structure generation framework, resulting in a streamlined virtual fabrication procedure for asphalt concrete that can qualitatively capture the effects of accelerated degradation due to the presence of air voids.
Metamodeling: What is it good for?

The past decade has seen a penchant for abstraction in hardware design. Papers and books have proliferated about how to elevate hardware design entry beyond HDLs. Various languages, transactional concepts, tools for synthesis, equivalence checking, and so forth have been brought to the market. Despite so much progress with design aids, another important way of enhancing design productivity was unintentionally sidelined. "Reuse" in the form of IP modules was a sideshow to electronic system-level (ESL) tools. It's not that IP reuse was not promoted at all, but that it was done in ways unconnected to this excitement around ESL. IP companies came to the market, and industrial consortia such as the Virtual Socket Interface Alliance arose to standardize IP interfaces, on-chip bus protocols, and collateral to be delivered along with IP modules.
Community Collaboration and Ethnographic Intervention: Dialogues in the Pisté Maya Art World of Chichén Itzá

It would be great if Piste were to be recognized the world over for its artisanry. To recognize and acknowledge the person that makes it is the greatest achievement that you would have. It would be magnificent (Juan Gutierrez, Piste artist, July 8, 1999).
Correlation between tensile and indentation behavior of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites: An experimental and numerical study

The correlation between tensile and indentation behavior in particle-reinforced metal matrix com- posites (MMCs) was examined. The model composite system consists of a Al-Cu-Mg alloy matrix reinforced with SiC particles. The effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and matrix aging characteristics on the interrelationship between tensile strength and macro-hardness were investigated. Experimental data indi- cated that, contrary to what has been documented for a variety of monolithic metals and alloys, a simple relationship between hardness and tensile strength does not exist for MMCs. While processing-induced par- ticle fracture greatly reduces the tensile strength, it does not significantly affect the deformation under inden- tation loading. Even in composites where processing-induced fracture was nonexistent (due to relatively small particle size), no unique correspondence between tensile strength and hardness was observed. At very low matrix strengths, the composites exhibited similar tensile strengths but the hardness increased with increasing particle concentration. Fractographic analyses showed that particle fracture caused by tensile testing is inde- pendent of matrix strength. The lack of unique strength-hardness correlation is not due to the particle fracture- induced weakening during the tensile test. It is proposed that, under indentation loading, enhanced matrix flow that contributes to a localized increase in particle concentration directly below the indenter results in a significant overestimation of the overall composite strength by the hardness test. Micromechanical modeling using the finite element method was used to illustrate the proposed mechanisms under indentation loading and to justify the experimental findings.  2001 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermally Triggered Metal Binding by Recombinant Thermus thermophilus Manganese Superoxide Dismutase, Expressed as the Apo-enzyme

Manganese superoxide dismutase from the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermus thermophilus has been cloned and expressed at high levels in a mesophilic host (Escherichia coli) as a soluble tetrameric protein mainly present as the metal-free apo-enzyme. Incubation of the purified apo-enzyme with manganese salts at ambient temperature did not restore superoxide dismutase activity, but reactivation could be achieved by heating the protein with Mn(II) at higher temperatures, approaching the physiological growth temperature for T. thermophilus. Heat annealing followed by incubation with manganese at lower temperature fails to reactivate the enzyme, demonstrating that a simple misfolding of the protein is not responsible for the observed behavior. The in vitro metal uptake is nonspecific, and manganese, iron, and vanadium all bind, but only manganese restores catalytic activity. Bound metal ions do not exchange during heat treatment, indicating that the formation of the metal complex is effectively irreversible under these conditions. The metallation process is strongly temperature-dependent, suggesting that substantial activation barriers to metal uptake at ambient temperature are overcome by a thermal transition in the apo-protein structure. A mechanism for SOD metallation is proposed, focusing on interactions at the domain interface.
The infrared spectrum of SiO near 1240 cm−1 and its relation to the circumstellar SiO maser

Abstract The infrared absorption spectrum of the SiO molecule has been measured at temperatures between 1150 and 1350°C with a tunable diode laser. Transitions ranging from J″ = 0 to J″ = 60 and v″ = 0 and v″ = 4 have been measured. These measurements have been combined with microwave measurements made by other workers to yield a consistent set of Dunham ro-vibrational constants. The relation of the infrared absorption spectrum to inversion mechanisms for the circumstellar SiO maser is discussed.
Concepts and Directions for Literacy Coaching: Designing Critical Reform From the Ground Up

A rapid proliferation of literacy coaching has occurred before adequate research could be undertaken to understand the interaction between coach and teacher. In this analysis of a study undertaken by a college campus–based coach working with teachers in a reading clinic setting, Rodgers applies 2 conceptual frames. The 1st conceptual frame considers the quantities that can be associated with the repetition, intensity, duration, and engagement of coaching. The 2nd conceptual frame considers shared goals across a system; visible, tangible, changeable products; small tests of small changes; and multiple sources of innovation from throughout a system. This analysis suggests that in determining the characteristics of quality coaching, although it is helpful to think about the quantities associated with coaching, it is also essential to think about the qualities of coaching.
Issues in the Nuclear Weapons Debate

Excerpt To the editor: An editorial published on 14 April 1982 in theSan Diego Unionvigorously chastised the University of California-San Diego School of Medicine for its 1-day postgraduate course ...
The relation between social support and smoking cessation: Revisiting an established measure to improve prediction

Background Although social support is an integral element in smoking cessation, the literature presents mixed findings regarding the type(s) of social support that are most helpful. The Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ) is commonly used to measure social support in this context.
Unit root tests in the presence of an innovation variance break that has power against the mean break stationary alternative

Abstract We show that Perron’s [Perron, P., 1990. Testing for a unit root in a time series with a changing mean. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 8, 153–162] unit root test can be oversized when there is a break in the innovation variance. We propose a modified Perron test that maintains its size, and has power against the mean-break stationary alternative.
Cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with emphasis on the differential diagnosis with leiomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has only recently been distinguished histologically and immunochemically from morphologically similar neoplasms of the abdomen. METHODS The authors reviewed 15 cytologic cases of GIST (14 fine-needle aspiration [FNA] specimens and 1 peritoneal fluid specimen) and compared them with 23 cases of leiomyosarcoma (LMS) arising in the abdomen or pelvis (all FNAs). Immunochemistry (IC) was performed on both the cytologic and subsequent tissue specimens if sufficient specimen was available. RESULTS Cytologic samples of GISTs typically showed irregularly outlined clusters of uniform spindle cells that were spread easily without crush artifact. The cells had wispy cytoplasm with long, delicate, filamentous extensions (13 cases; 87%). A prominent vascular pattern was common (9 cases; 60%); pleomorphism (1 case; 7%) was uncommon. The LMSs showed three-dimensional, tightly cohesive, sharply marginated syncytia of spindle cells, often with nuclear crush artifact. The cytoplasm/stroma had a distinct wiry, refractile appearance (21 cases; 91%); delicate filamentous cytoplasmic extensions (5 cases; 22%) and prominent vessels (3 cases; 13%) were less common. LMSs more commonly exhibited pleomorphism (14 cases; 61%). Epithelioid cytomorphology, mitoses, and necrosis occasionally were observed in both tumor types. IC for c-kit (on cytologic material) was positive in 10 of 10 cases of GIST (usually diffuse and strong) and 2 of 19 cases of LMS (focal). CD34 positivity favored GIST (4 of 9 cases) over LMS (1 of 19 cases). Smooth muscle actin was positive in 20 of 20 LMSs (strong and diffuse) and 6 of 10 GISTs (usually focal). Desmin was positive in 12 of 20 LMSs and was only focally positive in 1 of 11 GISTs. Correlation of IC results was excellent between cytologic and tissue specimens. CONCLUSIONS Delicate cytoplasmic processes; a prominent vascular pattern; a lack of nuclear pleomorphism; and a c-kit-positive, desmin-negative immunoprofile are characteristic features of GIST and help distinguish these tumors from LMS in cytologic specimens. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:276–287. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Approach to criticality in the fragmentation of xenon by 1--19 GeV protons

Differential cross sections for the emission of intermediate-mass fragments (3less than or equal toZ/sub f/less than or equal to14) at 48.5/sup 0/ and 131.5/sup 0/ in the interaction of xenon with 1--19 GeV protons have been measured. The excitation functions rise sharply with energy up to /similar to/10 GeV and then level off. The energy spectra were fitted with an expression based on the phase transition droplet model. Excellent fits with reasonable parameters were obtained for E/sub p/greater than or equal to9 GeV. Below 6 GeV, the fits show an increasing contribution with decreasing energy from another mechanism, believed to be binary breakup. A droplet model fit to the cross sections ascribed to the multifragmentation component is able to reproduce the variation of the yields with both fragment mass and proton energy. The results are interpreted in terms of the phase diagram of nuclear matter.
Developing a Road Map for Transportation Asset Management Research

As interest in asset management among public sector organizations has grown over the past decade, a number of professional and government organizations have attempted to define asset management and...
Effects of prostaglandins and arachidonic acid on baboon cerebral and mesenteric arteries

Effects of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, E2, F2 alpha and I2 in a wide range of concentration were examined in mesenteric and cerebral arteries isolated from mature baboons. PGs E1, E2 and F2 alpha at low concentrations (10(-10) to 10(-7) M) elicited relaxation in helically cut strips of cerebral arteries precontracted with phenylephrine. In contrast, the PGs did not cause relaxation in the mesenteric artery. PGI2 (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) produced marked relaxation in both arteries. The EC25 for PGI2 in the mesenteric artery was significantly lower than that in the cerebral artery. During baseline conditions, cerebral arteries contracted in response to high concentrations (greater than 10(-7) M) of PGs E1, E2 and F2 alpha. In mesenteric arteries, a large contraction was induced by PGs F2 alpha and E2 but not by PGE1. Arachidonic acid (10(-6) M) produced an aspirin-inhibitable relaxation in both arteries to a similar extent, so that the vasodilator PG(s) formed in the two different arterial walls appear to exert a similar relaxant action. Thus, the baboon mesenteric artery was more sensitive to PGI2 for the relaxant effect than was the cerebral artery, while PGs F2 alpha, E1 and E2 caused only a contraction in the mesenteric artery but both relaxation and contraction in the cerebral artery.
Early decisions in Drosophila eye morphogenesis

Recent analyses have shed light on the roles of genes involved in early events of eye cell determination and the spatiotemporal control of differentiation within the eye field. These genes function at sequential steps in the programming, initiation, or progression of differentiation, highlighting an elegant orchestration of gene activities to achieve this striking developmental event. Progress has been made in the study of the coordination between cell cycle control and cell differentiation, as well as in the genetic control of morphogenetic movements within the developing eye disc.
Strategic guidance: blazing a path to student employee excellence in leadership

Seeing the need for quality paraprofessional development, Northwest Missouri State University's Residential Life department created a curriculum based student staff development plan. Due to its success, Northwest's Information Systems department, who jointly supervise the PERT (Peer Educators in Residence for Technology) student staff with Residential Life, adopted the model in the fall of 2004. In fall 2007, the model was further refined to incorporate PERT specific needs. Under the model, PERTs receive training in technical and leadership skills as defined by the core staff development curriculum. The curriculum provides the knowledge for PERTs to deliver presentations, confront inappropriate behaviors, build relationships and become strong leaders.PERTs, who live and work within their residence halls, use their knowledge to facilitate technology training, confront computing policy violations and assist residents with computing problems. PERT supervisors build strong mentoring relationships with each individual student staff member to help hone skills needed for career success. The supervisors challenge the PERTs to push their skills to the next level and serve as mentors to fellow student staff members.Furthermore, PERTs must seek out and attend up to four academic, professional or personal development offerings by the university per year. Each semester, the PERTs are evaluated by supervisors from both departments against the curriculum by which they were trained. Returning staff, who receive low scores, are then required to repeat relevant sessions further refining their leadership skills. This paper will cover the curriculum and mentoring process Northwest utilizes to provide effective student staff professional development.
Effect of glycine betaine, an osmoprotective compound on the growth of Brevibacterium lactofermentum

Osmoregulation of Brevibacterium lactofermentum was examined. Exogenous glycine betaine was found to stimulate the growth rate of the bacterium in media of inhibitory osmotic strength. The stimulation was independent of any specific solute, electrolyte, or non-electrolyte. The bacterium did not utilize glycine betaine as a sole carbon source or nitrogen source, or degrade it even in complete medium. The changes in intracellular proline and glycine betaine concentrations were measured in media of different osmolarity. Brevibacterium lactofermentum grown in media without glycine betaine did not accumulate it, but synthesized several hyndred millimoles of proline inside the cells. On the other hand, when glycine betaine was added to the growth media, it accumulated in the cell instead of proline. These data indicate that glycine betaine is an osmoprotective compound for B. lactofermentum.
Social networks and Internet connectivity effects

This paper explores the impact of communication media and the Internet on connectivity between people. Results from a series of social network studies of media use are used as background for exploration of these impacts. These studies explored the use of all available media among members of an academic research group and among distance learners. Asking about media use as well as about the strength of the tie between communicating pairs revealed that those more strongly tied used more media to communicate than weak ties, and that media use within groups conformed to a unidimensional scale, showing a configuration of different tiers of media use supporting social networks of different ties strengths. These results lead to a number of implications regarding media and Internet connectivity, including: how media use can be added to characteristics of social network ties; how introducing a medium can create latent tie connectivity among group members that provides the technical means for activating weak ties, a...
Meningoencephalitis following enucleation for cryptococcal endopthalmitis

A man developed meningoencephalitis 9 months after enucleation of his right eye for proved cryptococcal endophthalmiits secondary to a penetrating injury. The presumed portal of entry of Cryptococcus neoformans into the central nervous system was along the optic nerve subarachnoid sheath.
Predictive performance of renal function estimate equations in renal allografts

Aims Various mathematical models have been developed to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) incorporating variables such as age, gender, height, weight, serum creatinine, and body surface area (BSA). Because adjustments in drug dosing are often based on estimated values of renal function, it is important to define which, if any, of the available models, is appropriate for a specific patient population. A study was undertaken to determine the bias and precision of four mathematical models to estimate GFR in renal allograft recipients. Methods A retrospective review of 142 stable renal allograft patients, using iohexol clearance as a determinant of GFR, was performed. Renal allograft recipients followed in an outpatient clinic setting underwent iohexol clearance studies as part of clinical monitoring in the post-transplant period. Measured GFR values were compared with four mathematical models used to estimate GFR: the Cockcroft-Gault equation, the Jelliffe equation, the Walser equation, and the Mawer equation. Bias and precision were determined for each model as the mean squared error and the mean squared error, respectively. Results Patients had a mean age of 44±13 years, 92 were male, and 50 were female. The serum creatinine concentration was 176.8±88.4 μmol l−1 (mean±s.d.). The mean time post-transplant was 5.1±5.0 years and 38% of patients had insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. The bias and precision results for the Jelliffe, Walser, Cockcroft-Gault, and Mawer models were: −3 and 414; −5 and 381; 16 and 688; and 23 and 1084, respectively. Conclusions The Jelliffe and Walser equations gave the least biased and most precise estimations of GFR when compared with iohexol-derived measures in patients with renal allografts.
Shifting the Lens: Using Critical Race Theory and Latino Critical Theory to Re-Examine the History of School Desegregation

Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Latino Critical Theory (LatCrit) as an analytical framework, this article examines school desegregation in Denver, CO, to trace the history of racial formation in the post-World War II United States. As the first case to address de facto segregation in the North, Keyes, et al. v. School District No. 1, et al. is an important moment for understanding postwar racial processes. The case demonstrates both that race is a fluid category and that Mexican Americans are more central to the history of school desegregation than many scholars have acknowledged. Keyes provides an excellent case study into the dynamics of race making because the outcome of the Supreme Court’s decision ultimately hinged on whether Mexican American students were White or non-White. By shifting the lens to racial formation, I suggest that historians have critical insights to gain from including CRT and LatCrit in our methodologies.
PDGF-B exploits stromal EPO

A new study in mice shows that platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) boosts tumor growth by exerting a double function after induction of erythropoietin (EPO) expression from stromal components—a proangiogeneic response in the endothelium and hematopoietic stimulation (pages 100–110).
Pediatrics and social policy: advocating for children's rights.

e m c T he reason advocacy is so embedded in the work of pediatrics is that children have little political voice of their own and rely on the proxy voice f others including pediatricians to speak on their ehalf. This voice is essential due to the overrepresenation of children among the poor and underserved. he “shared voice” of pediatrics has been heard hroughout the ages—speaking on behalf of all chilren. Today, the membership of the American Acadmy of Pediatrics (AAP) is over 57,000 physicians. As profession dedicated to the health and well being of hildren, advocacy continues to play a key role in our fforts. In addition, an understanding and appreciaion of social policy will enhance our advocacy and mprove our effectiveness. There are a number of definitions for advocacy. opkins provided a general definition as the “Active spousal of a position, a point of view, or a course of ction.” Wolfenberger crafted a more child-specific efinition stating: “Advocacy involves the determinaion of a child’s needs and the development of strateies to meet them.” To effectively advocate for hildren, it is essential that pediatricians have an ppreciation of the concept of children’s rights. Adocacy requires an understanding of the public policy rocess, the development of new competencies, and he ability to think strategically about children’s isues. This paper provides an introduction to the world of ediatrics and social policy, with the hope of persuad-
Competitive neural architecture for hardware solution to the assignment problem

The architecture for competitive assignment is described with attention given to the VLSI design and critical circuits fabricated in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. The local application of association costs to processing units reduces the connectivity to the number of VLSI-compatible processing units. 'Hysteretic annealing' is discussed and when compared to mean-field annealing is found to enhance processing-unit gain and provide near-optimal solutions in about 150 microsec.
Economic analysis of foreign education and students abroad

Abstract The role of knowledge accumulation in economic growth has been well discussed in the literature. By assuming the possibility of knowledge import by study abroad, this paper presents a growth model of knowledge creation and import. This paper also derives testable implications in three aspects of foreign education: the choice of host countries by foreign students, the number of students abroad from one origin country, and the growth effect of foreign education. In all these aspects, empirical observations agree well with the predictions of the model.
Simple Procedure for Predicting Long-Term Average Performance of Nonconcentrating and of Concentrating Solar Collectors

Abstract The Liu and Jordan method of calculating long term average energy collection of flat plate collectors is simplified (by about a factor of 4), improved, and generalized to all collectors, concentrating and nonconcentrating. The only meteorological input needed are the long term average daily total hemispherical isolation H h on a horizontal surface and, for thermal collectors the average ambient temperature. The collector is characterized by optical efficiency, heat loss (or U-value), heat extraction efficiency, concentration ratio and tracking mode. An average operating temperature is assumed. If the operating temperature is not known explicitly, the model will give adequate results when combined with the Φ , f-chart of Klein and Beckman. A conversion factor is presented which multiplies the daily total horizontal insolation H h to yield the long term average useful energy Q delivered by the collector. This factor depends on a large number of variables such as collector temperature, optical efficiency, tracking mode, concentration, latitude, clearness index, diffuse insolation etc., but it can be broken up into several component factors each of which depends only on two or three variables and can be presented in convenient graphical on analytical form. In general, the seasonal variability of the weather will necessitate a separate calculation for each month of the year; however, one calculation for the central day of each month will be adequate. The method is simple enough for hand calculation. Formulas and examples are presented for five collector types: flat plate, compound parabolic concentrator, concentrator with east-west tracking axis, concentrator with polar tracking axis, and concentrator with 2-axis tracking. The examples show that even for relatively low temperature applications and cloudy climates (50°C in New York in February), concentrating collectors can outperform the flat plate. The method has been validated against hourly weather data (with measurements of hemispherical and beam insolation), and has been found to have an average accuracy better than 3 per cent for the long term average radiation available to solar collectors. For the heat delivery of thermal collectors the average error has been 5 per cent. The excellent suitability of this method for comparison studies is illustrated by comparing in a location independent manner the radiation availability for several collector types or operating conditions: 2-axis tracking versus one axis tracking; polar tracking axis versus east-west tracking axis; fixed versus tracking flat plate; effect of ground reflectance; and acceptance for diffuse radiation as function of concentration ratio.
Outcomes of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Summary Purpose Current standard therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is concurrent chemoradiation based on randomized data. However, limited randomized data exist to support the addition of induction chemotherapy (ICT). Methods 58 Patients with NPC were treated from 1990 to 2010. All patients received platinum-based ICT. All 58 patients were treated with chemoradiation, 57 in a week-on/week-off (WOWO) fashion. Concurrent chemotherapy included hydroxyurea/5-fluorouracil for all patients. Median radiation dose was 70 Gy. No patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. Results AJCC 2009 stage was II = 13, III = 21, IVa = 13, and IVb = 11. Median follow-up for surviving patients was 66 months. Response to ICT was complete response (CR) 17% and partial response (PR) 64%. The CR rate after chemoradiation was 96%. Five-year actuarial freedom from local failure (FFLF), freedom from distant failure (FFDF), cause-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) was 98%, 90%, 90%, and 76%, respectively. Analysis of pediatric patients ( n = 9) demonstrated 5-year actuarial FFLF, FFDF, CSS, and OS of 100%, 88%, 80%, and 80%, respectively. Conclusions ICT followed by concurrent chemoradiation demonstrates excellent FFLF, FFDF, CSS, and OS with tolerable toxicity. Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation for patients with NPC should be explored further in a randomized setting.
The potential of dextran-based glycoconjugates for development of Helicobacter pylori vaccine

We have recently demonstrated that synthetic glycoconjugates based on delipidated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Helicobacter pylori and containing an α(1-6)-glucan chain induced broadly cross-reactive functional antibodies in immunized animals. To investigate the candidacy of α(1-6)-glucan as an alternative vaccine strategy we prepared glycoconjugates based on dextrans produced by lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F and consisting of linear α(1-6)-glucan chains with limited branching. Three dextrans with averaged molecular masses of 5,000 Da, 3,500 Da and 1,500 Da, respectively, were modified with a diamino group-containing linker and conjugated to a carrier protein, tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT), and their immunological properties investigated. The conjugates were immunogenic in both rabbits and mice and induced specific IgG responses against α(1-6)-glucan-expressing H. pylori LPS. Studies performed with post-immune sera of mice and rabbits immunized with dextran-based conjugates demonstrated cross-reactivity with LPS from typeable and non-typeable strains of H. pylori and selected mutants. The post-immune sera from rabbits that received the conjugates exhibited functional activity against α(1-6)-glucan-positive strains of H. pylori. These data provide evidence that dextran-based conjugates may offer a simplified approach to the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against H. pylori.
Pattern of charge ordering in quasi-one-dimensional organic charge-transfer solids

We examine two recently proposed models of charge ordering (CO) in the nominally $\frac{1}{4}$-filled, quasi-one-dimensional (1D) organic charge-transfer solids (CTS). The two models are characterized by site charge density ``cartoons'' $\dots{}1010\dots{}$ and $\dots{}1100\dots{},$ respectively. We use the Peierls-extended Hubbard model to incorporate both electron-electron $(e\ensuremath{-}e)$ and electron-phonon $(e\ensuremath{-}ph)$ interactions. We first compare the results, for the purely electronic Hamiltonian, of exact many-body calculations with those of Hartree-Fock (HF) mean-field theory. We find that HF gives qualitatively and quantitatively incorrect values for the critical nearest-neighbor Coulomb repulsion ${(V}_{c})$ necessary for $\dots{}1010\dots{}$ order to become the ground state. Second, we establish that spin-Peierls order can occur in either the $\dots{}1100\dots{}$ and $\dots{}1010\dots{}$ states and calculate the phase diagram including both on-site and intrasite $e\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ph}$ interactions. Third, we discuss the expected temperature dependence of the CO and metal-insulator transitions for both $\dots{}1010\dots{}$ and $\dots{}1100\dots{}$ CO states. Finally, we show that experimental observations clearly indicate the $\dots{}1100\dots{}$ CO in the 1:2 anionic CTS and the $(\mathrm{TMTSF}{)}_{2}X$ materials, while the results for $(\mathrm{TMTTF}{)}_{2}X$ with narrower one-electron bandwidths are more ambiguous, likely because the nearest-neighbor Coulomb interaction in these materials is near ${V}_{c}.$
Codeposition of deuterium with beryllium

Abstract We have measured the codeposition and/or coimplantation of deuterium with beryllium. Beryllium, sputtered from a target disk, was collected on a heated silicon catcher plate where it was simultaneously bombarded by reflected deuterons. Oxygen to beryllium ratios in the layer varied between 0.03 and 0.13. Deuterium to beryllium ratios dropped from 0.15 at 373 K to 0.02 at 573 K.
Sesquiterpene Deterrence of a Leaf-Tying Lepidopteran, Stenoma ferrocanella, on Hymenaea stigonocarpa in Central Brazil

Study of two populations of Hymenaea stigonocarpa in the central Brazilian cerrado (savanna/woodland) shows attack by a leaf-tying lepidopteran, Steoma ferrocanella, occurred after inferred peak concentration (% of leaf dry wt) of sesquiterpene leaf resins during leaf development. Also a highly statistically significant relationship existed between leaf-tier attack and level of caryophyllene in one population and γ-muurolene in the other population. The data from one population are consistent with laboratory experiments demonstrating highly significant dose-dependent effects of caryophyllene in Hymenaea leaf resin on mortaility of the lepidopteren Spodoptera exigua. Results from both populations support other evidence that changes in the amount of single terpenes in the mixture constituting the resin may have significant antiherbivore effects and, concomitantly, that herbivory may be a source of some of the leaf resin variation.
Conversion of failed or complicated vertical banded gastroplasty to gastric bypass in morbid obesity

Background Previous studies have documented a significantly better weight loss for gastric by-pass (GBP) than for vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG). Additional problems associated with VBG include intractable vomiting or gastroesophageal (GE) reflux, intragastric migration of the polypropylene band, staple line disruption, or inadequate weight loss due to excessive ingestion of high-calorie liquid or soft carbohydrates. Patients and methods Fifty-eight morbidly obese patients underwent conversion from VBG to GBP for either weight-loss failure (15) or complications of VBG (43), including 2 who were referred with anastomotic leaks and peritonitis, 3 with band erosion, 15 with staple line disruption, and 23 with stomal stenosis, of whom 6 had severe GE reflux, with a Barrett's esophagus in 1. Results Percentage of excess weight loss in the 53 patients followed up for at least 1 year after conversion increased from 36% ± 24% to 67% ± 18%, and in the 15 "sweets eaters" from 20% ± 19% to 70% ± 19% (both P 2 levels remained within normal levels with prophylactic supplementation in patients who returned for follow-up evaluation. Conclusions These data support the efficacy of conversion to GBP in morbidly obese patients with a failed or complicated VBG.