cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrograde intubation training using a mannequin

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a mannequin for training emergency caregivers in the technique of retrograde intubation. This was a descriptive study using duration of time needed for completion of intubation as a measure of success. A cohort of 88 Emergency Medical Service (EMS) personnel included prehospital caregivers, registered nurses, and respiratory care practitioners. Participants were trained in retrograde intubation by modeling. Students practiced before they were tested. Every subject successfully completed intubation on the first timed effort. Subjects performed retrograde intubation in a mean time of 71 seconds (95% confidence interval ± 4 seconds), with a range of 42 to 129 seconds. It was concluded that retrograde intubation can be taught easily with a mannequin and that this skill can be learned by emergency caregivers by modeling. Bag-valve-mask ventilation can be performed at any time without the need to restart or interrupt the procedure. Retrograde intubation can be introduced as an intubation technique for the difficult airway encountered by EMS personnel.
Project metropolis: digital cities

This video presents a conceptual framework for a Digital City simulation and analysis software application that combines data from geographic information, building information modeling, traffic simulation, and sunlight simulation datasets. Informal studies with potential users were performed.
Beta-adrenergic receptor genes are associated with arterial stiffness in black and white adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Background Sympathetic nervous activity, which is regulated by the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR), is an important determinant of the arterial wall-stiffening process. This study examines the genetic influence of β-AR gene polymorphisms (β 1 -AR Arg389Gly, β 2 -AR Arg16Gly, and β 3 -AR Trp64Arg) on arterial stiffness in black and white young adults. Methods The study cohort included 366 black and 891 white adults, aged 19 to 44 years, enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Aorta-femoral pulse-wave velocity (af-PWV) was measured by echo-Doppler in a subsample ( n = 614). Results Pulse pressure and heart rate were significantly associated with af-PWV in both races, but not with the three polymorphisms. The af-PWV values differed significantly among the β 1 -AR Arg389Gly genotype groups in whites ( P = .007) and in the total sample ( P = .005), with those who were homozygous for Gly389 showing higher values than those who were homozygous for Arg389, after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. The β 3 -AR Arg64 allele was associated with higher af-PWV values in blacks ( P = .022) and in the total sample ( P = .015). The β 2 -AR Arg16 allele was associated with af-PWV only in blacks ( P = .020). In multivariate regression analysis for the total sample, age, pulse pressure, heart rate, β 1 -AR Arg389Gly, β 3 -AR trp64Gly, and smoking status were, in descending order, associated with af-PWV. Furthermore, af-PWV values significantly increased with the increasing number of β 1 -AR Gly389, β 2 -AR Arg16, and β 3 -AR Arg64 alleles ( P for trend = .0003). Conclusions These results indicate that the β-AR gene polymorphisms influence arterial stiffness in black and white young adults in an additive manner.
Dynamics of the boreal summer African monsoon in the NSIPP1 atmospheric model

A nine-member ensemble of simulations with a state-of-the-art atmospheric model forced only by the observed record of sea surface temperature (SST) over 1930–2000 is shown to capture the dominant patterns of variability of boreal summer African rainfall. One pattern represents variability along the Gulf of Guinea, between the equator and 10°N. It connects rainfall over Africa to the Atlantic marine Intertropical Convergence Zone, is controlled by local, i.e., eastern equatorial Atlantic, SSTs, and is interannual in time scale. The other represents variability in the semi-arid Sahel, between 10°N and 20°N. It is a continental pattern, capturing the essence of the African summer monsoon, while at the same time displaying high sensitivity to SSTs in the global tropics. A land–atmosphere feedback associated with this pattern translates precipitation anomalies into coherent surface temperature and evaporation anomalies, as highlighted by a simulation where soil moisture is held fixed to climatology. As a consequence of such feedback, it is shown that the recent positive trend in surface temperature is consistent with the ocean-forced negative trend in precipitation, without the need to invoke the direct effect of the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. We advance plausible mechanisms by which the balance between land–ocean temperature contrast and moisture availability that defines the monsoon could have been altered in recent decades, resulting in persistent drought. This discussion also serves to illustrate ways in which the monsoon may be perturbed, or may already have been perturbed, by anthropogenic climate change.
Asymptotic stabilization of motion about an unstable orbit: application to spacecraft flight in Halo orbit

Recently developed control techniques extend the traditional /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// framework to periodic linear time-varying systems. This paper applies these techniques to the problem of asymptotic stabilization of an unstable orbit. The problem of stabilization of a spacecraft placed in an unstable orbit about the interior Sun-Earth libration point is considered and it is shown that the control effort required by this method is reasonable and can be provided by a low-thrust propulsion system such as an ion engine.
Kinetics of the Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polystyrene, Polyethylene and Poly(propylene)

Full Paper: The thermal degradations of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and poly(propylene) (PP) have been studied in both inert nitrogen and air atmospheres by using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The model-free isoconversional method has been employed to calculate activation energies as a function of the extent of degradation. The obtained dependencies are interpreted in terms of degradation mechanisms. Under nitrogen, the thermal degradation of polymers follows a random scission pathway that has an activation energy L200 kJ N mol ‐1 for PS and 240 and 250 kJ N mol ‐1 for PE and PP, respectively. Lower values (L150 kJ N mol ‐1 ) are observed for the initial stages of the thermal degradation of PE and PS; this suggests that degradation is initiated at weak links. In air, the thermoxidative degradation occurs via a pathway that involves decomposition of polymer peroxide and exhibits an activation energy of 125 kJ N mol ‐1 for PS and 80 and 90 kJ N mol ‐1 , for PE and PP respectively.
Open string descriptions of spacelike singularities in two dimensional string theory

The matrix model formulation of two dimensional string theory has been shown to admit time dependent classical solutions whose closed string duals are geodesically incomplete space-times with spacelike boundaries. We investigate some aspects of the dynamics of fermions in one such background. We show that even though the background solution appears pathological, the time evolution of the system is smooth in terms of open string degrees of freedom, viz. the fermions. In particular, an initial state of fermions evolves smoothly into a well-defined final state over an infinite open string time interval, while the time perceived by closed strings appears to end abruptly. We outline a method of calculating fermion correlators exactly using symmetry properties. The result for the two-point function is consistent with the semiclassical picture.
The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid―threonine

A threonine-deficient amino acid mixture was developed by decreasing the level of threonine in a well-balanced amino acid mixture while measuring the response in daily gain and protein retention in young growing rats. The diet that contained the highest level of threonine and yet permitted further responses in growth and protein retention was used to define a threonine-deficient amino acid mixture. This mixture was used to provide three dietary levels of threonine (0.38, 0.43 or 0.48%) in combination with three levels of relative excess of all other amino acids (0, 25 or 50% relative excess). Food intake, weight gain and changes in carcass composition were measured in the 21-day study. When voluntary food intake is used as a covariate in the analysis of these data, the level of the threonine-deficient amino acid mixture is positively correlated with body weight, dry matter, crude protein and ash gains and negatively associated with lipid deposition. However, there were no significant effects of amino acid excess on any of the responses when differences in voluntary food intake are accounted for in the statistical analysis. These data demonstrate that some aspects of threonine imbalance (food intake and lipid deposition) are dependent on the dietary level of threonine. The major effects of threonine imbalance are due to decreased voluntary food intake rather than changes in the efficiency of use of ingested threonine.
“Ranging Foresters” And “Women-Like Men”: Physical Accomplishment, Spiritual Power, and Indian Masculinity in Early-Seventeenth-Century New England

Through an examination of seventeenth-century English sources and later Indian folklore, this article illustrates the centrality of religion to defining mascu- linity among Algonquian-speaking Indians in southern New England. Manly ideals were represented in the physical and spiritual excellence of individual living men like the Penacook sachem-powwow Passaconaway and supernatural entities like Maushop. For men throughout the region, cultivating and maintaining spiritual associations was essential to success in the arenas of life defining Indian mascu- linity: games, hunting, warfare, governance, and marriage. As is stressed through- out the essay, masculinity was also juxtaposed with femininity in a number of important ways in Indian society. In seventeenth-century New England, colonial observers often derided In- dian men, contending that ''these ranging foresters,'' as William Wood once termed them, failed to work and act as men should and offered a potentially dangerous example to the disorderly elements of Anglo-American society. In a typical seventeenth-century English assessment of Indian gender roles, Wood claimed that Indian wives were ''more loving, pitiful, and modest, mild, provident, and laborious than their lazy husbands.'' 1 Examining these conceits, scholars have often stressed that such views tell us more about English gender ideals than they reveal about the structure of Indian society. Correctly casting the English hostility toward male Indian gender roles as ethnocentric bias, such work takes special pains to stress the comparative egalitarianism of Native American gender relations. Despite these schol- arly insights, there remains a paucity of work that considers how mascu- linity was defined within the activities and events framing male life. 2 Such an approach illuminates how Indian masculinity was defined through rela-
PROGESTERONE-LIKE ACTIVITY OF SOME STEROID COMPOUNDS AND OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IN STIMULATING MAMMARY LOBULE-ALVEOLAR GROWTH1,2

FOLLOWING THE PURIFICATION, isolation and synthesis of progesterone, the hormone of the corpus luteum, it was shown that progesterone stimulated progestational proliferation of the uterus, induced sexual receptivity in the guinea pig and stimulated growth of the mammary lobule-alveolar system. For some time it was thought that progesterone was specific for these functions, but now numerous other compounds are known to have these same functions but to a lesser degree than progesterone. Both testosterone and methyl testosterone have been shown to have slight progesterone-like activity by Klein and Parkes (1). Emmens and Parkes (2) reported that a new synthetic hormone, anhydro-hydroxy-progesterone (ethinyl testosterone or pregneninolone) possess about one-tenth the activity of injected progesterone in promoting progestational proliferation, and that it was equally potent by mouth or by injection. An adrenal cortical-like compound, desoxycorticosterone and the acetate also have been shown to promote progesta...
Closing the Gap in Mammogram Screening: An Experimental Intervention Among Low-Income Hispanic Women in Community Health Clinics

A low rate of mammogram screening exists among low-income Hispanic women. To address this disparity, an experimental intervention containing audiovisual and written media was conducted using the health belief model as a framework. The purpose of this study was to determine if low-income Hispanic women, more than 40 years of age, who received targeted cancer prevention education (n = 105) had a significantly greater perceived threat of breast cancer, greater benefits and lower barriers to screening, and stronger intentions to obtain mammograms compared to a control group (n = 105). Intervention participants reported significantly greater perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and mammogram screening intentions than the control group. Predictors of mammogram screening intentions, when controlling for covariates, included receiving the intervention, and having greater perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and lower barriers. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of a low-cost, theory-based intervention aimed at increasing mammogram screening to assist in the monitoring of Healthy People 2020 objectives.
An improved procedure for detection and enumeration of walrus signatures in airborne thermal imagery

In recent years, application of remote sensing to marine mammal surveys has been a promising area of investigation for wildlife managers and researchers. In April 2006, the United States and Russia conducted an aerial survey of Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) using thermal infrared sensors to detect groups of animals resting on pack ice in the Bering Sea. The goal of this survey was to estimate the size of the Pacific walrus population. An initial analysis of the U.S. data using previouslyestablished methods resulted in lower detectability of walrus groups in the imagery and higher variability in calibration models than was expected based on pilot studies. This paper describes an improved procedure for detection and enumeration of walrus groups in airborne thermal imagery. Thermal images were first subdivided into smaller 200 � 200 pixel ‘‘tiles.’’ We calculated three statistics to represent characteristics of walrus signatures from the temperature histogram for each tile. Tiles that exhibited one or more of these characteristics were examined further to determine if walrus signatures were present. We used cluster analysis on tiles that contained walrus signatures to determine which pixels belonged to each group. We then calculated a thermal index value for each walrus group in the imagery and used generalized linear models to estimate detection functions (the probability of a group having a positive index value) and calibration functions (the size of a group as a function of its index value) based on counts from matched digital aerial photographs. The new method described here improved our ability to detect walrus groups at both 2 m and 4 m spatial resolution. In addition, the resulting calibration models have lower variance than the original method. We anticipate that the use of this new procedure will greatly improve the quality of the population estimate derived from these data. This procedure may also have broader applicability to thermal infrared surveys of other wildlife species.
Time-Dependent Correlations between Spins and Neutron Scattering in Ferromagnetic Crystals

The pair correlation between spins considered at different times in a ferromagnetic crystal is used to derive a general formula for the angular and energy distribution of magnetically scattered neutrons. The qualitative properties of the correlation are established for various temperature ranges and a number of characteristic features of the scattering and of its temperature variation are thus accounted for. From the study of the long-range part of the correlation an explicit expression is derived for the "critical magnetic scattering" produced in the neighborhood of the Curie point by the large spontaneous fluctuations of the magnetization.
‘Optimal’ Retaliation in the WTO – a commentary on the Upland Cotton Arbitration

The Upland Cotton case raises a range of interesting issues regarding the rationale for retaliation in the WTO system and the proper approach to its calibration. These include: Should the approach to retaliation differ in cases involving prohibited or actionable subsidies? When should cross-retaliation be allowed? Should retaliation be based only on the harm to the complaining nation, or to other nations as well? And, most importantly, what economic content can be given to the standard of countermeasures ‘equivalent to the level of nullification or impairment’? We address these and other issues from both a legal and economic perspective, with particular attention to the question of what level of retaliation will restore the lost welfare of the complaining nation.
Instability of higher-harmonic electrostatic dust cyclotron waves

Theoretical studies of dusty plasmas have been performed by focusing attention principally on collective phenomena and on grain motion. This thesis consists of a collection of seven published papers that explore both the collective behavior of a complex plasma system as well as the dynamics of grains in plasmas. In paper 1, a mechanism that explains the energy gain which leads to the self excited grain oscillations is theoretically formulated. The newly developed mechanism explains the observed self excited oscillations through the coupling of plasma sheath fluctuations with the electrostatic force, which holds the dust grain. In paper 2, theoretical and simulation studies have been conducted to study the vertical oscillations of dust grains that are levitated in plasma sheaths, under low pressure conditions. The oscillations were driven either by an external force or by a plasma number density modulation. The proposed model gives a full picture of the dust grains dynamics and is capable of successfully explaining the experimental observations. Paper 3 explores both theoretically and numerically the origin of the nonlinearities that lead to the observed oscillation resonances. The feature of the confining potential well which traps the grain, the influence of an electrode voltage modulation on the trapping well, and hence on the grain dynamics, and the resulting nonlinear resonances are analyzed in detail. The numerical simulations presented successfully reproduce a broad range of dynamical phenomena, including the self excited oscillations, for a range of different parameters. Paper 4 is dedicated to the analysis of the propagation of Dust Acoustic Waves (DAW) in a medium with an equilibrium dust density distribution. It has been theoretically shown that only some harmonics of the dust density distribution will influence the propagation of the DAW, thus modifying its frequency. Paper 5 presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of the excitation of higher harmonics of electrostatic dust cyclotron waves. The instability is driven by the ion and electron currents flowing along the magnetic field. The dispersion relation and the wave instability conditions have been derived, and a detailed numerical analysis has been performed. In Paper 6, we explore theoretically some cross field instabilities of low frequency, long wavelength electrostatic modes in fully and weakly ionized plasmas. It is shown that in a magnetoplasma with a transverse equilibrium dc electric field, the energy associated with the cross field motion of the plasma particles can be coupled to low frequency electrostatic waves. Paper 7 explores the properties and instabilities of low frequency electrostatic waves propagating in a current carrying magnetoplasma with equilibrium density and field aligned ion flow with a transverse gradient. The paper contains previous results as limiting cases, together with additional instabilities related to the equilibrium plasma density distribution.
USE OF NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL VISCOELASTIC MODELS TO PREDICT THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUTEN DOUGH

Nonlinear viscoelastic models of the differential type, such as the Phan-Thien Tanner model, White-Metzner model and Giesekus model were used to predict the steady shear, oscillatory shear and transient shear properties of gluten dough. The predictions were compared with new data and the experimental results of Wang and Kokini (1995b). The Phan-Thien Tanner model and the Giesekus model were used in eight modes to fit the relaxation modulus accurately. The White-Metzner model gave the best prediction for the steady shear properties as it used a Bird-Carreau dependence for the shear viscosity. The Phan-Thien Tanner model and the Giesekus model predicted the transient shear viscosity and the transient first normal stress coefficient better than the White-Metzner model. A consistent prediction of all the experimental data could not be obtained using a single model. Des modeles de viscoelasticite non lineaire differentielle (Phan-Thien Tanner, White-Metzner, Giesekus) sont utilises pour predire les parametres de cisaillement dans la pâte preparee a partir de gluten. D'apres ces resultats, on peut conclure que plusieurs modeles sont necessaires pour etudier la rheologie du gluten puisqu'elle depend de la teneur en eau, de la temperature et du type de proteines.
The Analysis and Interpretation of Experiments: Some Philosophical Issues

The epistemology and ontology of experimentation are discussed in depth with special reference to biology and medicine. Two types of experiments are distinguished: exploratory (or "blazing") and consolidating. They have objectives and canons that are strikingly different. A contrast is drawn between the literalism of the most pragmatic scientists and the formalism of most statisticians. The terms and notions of the one may have imperfect correspondence with those of the other, or perhaps none at all. The dangers are pointed out of both the conclusion that the gap between the two is unbridgeable and the contrary view that the gap is trivial and merits no serious attention. Substantive discussions address the choice and meaning of a metric, the idea of interaction and time series analysis, the ontology of variation, and the epistemology of randomization, hypothesis-seeking, and multiple comparisons.
Love's Old Song Will Be New: Deleuze, Busby Berkeley and Becoming-Music

This article argues that Busby Berkeley’s unique musical spectacles invert the cinematic taxonomy found in Deleuze’s twin volumes on Cinema through the process of ‘becoming-music.’ By taking up a form that I term ‘visual-music,’ in which musical properties are incorporated within the image, Berkeley’s work problematizes Deleuze’s philosophy of cinematic sound and benefits instead from the conceptions of the musical refrain and rhythm located in Deleuze and Guattari’s A Thousand Plateaus . Breaking away from traditional Deleuzian readings of cinema, I demonstrate, through a close textual analysis of Berkeley’s use of both the aural and visual refrain, that Berkeley’s images become ‘visual-music’ in order to deterritorialize (i.e. reconfigure our understanding of) the sound rather than the image. Using the ‘Shadow Waltz’ from Gold Diggers of 1933 as an example, I argue that a Berkeley musical number resituates the music’s territory of soft romanticism to reveal the sexuality inherent in the sonic forms of popular music.
Habeas Corpus, Judicial Review, and Limits on Secrecy in Detentions at Guantánamo

This Article examines the role habeas corpus has played in limiting secrecy in detentions at the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Paradoxically, Guantanamo provides the best window into the constellation of issues surrounding secrecy and related issues in post-September 11 detentions because more is known about it than any other post-September 11 detention site. Since the United States started bringing prisoners to Guantanamo in January 2002, the base has been transformed from a state of near-total secrecy to a quasi-regulated prison that is subject to significant, if still limited, oversight and legal process. This Article describes how habeas corpus has helped subject detentions at Guantanamo to independent oversight and curb the secrecy that was so prevalent before. It also examines why habeas corpus guarantees a meaningful inquiry into the factual and legal basis for a prisoner's detention, and its relationship to other issues such as access to counsel, detainee transfers, and the availability of a meaningful remedy.
Legal Issues Raised by Alternative Proposed Solutions to Kesterson Water Quality Problems

Legal entanglements in the San Joaquin Valley are complex. Holders of water rights under California law and Federal contracts have substantial judicial support. Environmentalists also hold a great deal of legal authority. Solution to the problems of agricultural drainage disposal at Kesterson Reservoir involve resolution of these conflicts.
PT3660 Destructive Thermal Battery Tester System Software Overview

The PT3660 Destructive Thermal Battery Tester is used to evaluate the performance of various types of thermal batteries using test profiles to simulate the real-world conditions under which the batteries will operate. The PT3660 will replace the PT3392 tester, which has been used for production thermal battery testing since the mid-1980s. The PT3660, like its predecessor, performs both development and production lot testing. The PT3660 software runs in the MS-DOS operating environment on an IBMcompatible PC. It consists of two major parts: the operator interface software and the data acquisition and load control software. In addition, there are software modules for system configuration, calibration, hardware analysis and troubleshooting, and post-test data analysis. This document presents an overview of and descriptive paragraphs for each routine within each software module that comprises the PT3660 system software. The software source code files are available by request from the author.
A 20.6 dBm K‐band power amplifier with 34.6% PAE in 65 nm CMOS

This article presents a fully-integrated K-band power amplifier design approach for 5G mmWave applications. The 65nm CMOS-based power amplifier is operated in class-J mode, has a two-stage cascade configuration with appropriate power cells prematch and high gain driver stage which achieves a gain of 18 dB and 20.6 dBm saturated output power (PSAT) with 34.6% power added efficiency (PAE). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1179–1181, 2016
Internationalizing Research Methods in the Western Psychology Curriculum

The authors propose means by which faculty might internationalize undergraduate psychology research methods courses. In addition to highlighting the value of introducing internationalized psychology to undergraduate students, they focus on opportunities for doing so in this particular course. They address major components of research methods courses – namely, investigators, topics, methods, measures, and participants - and consider these components in a way that emphasizes the influence of culture and, ultimately, leads to a more global psychology. Finally, they offer suggestions for class activities that might be adopted by instructors.
Risk-based Strategy to Determine Testing Requirement for the Removal of Residual Process Reagents as Process-related Impurities in Bioprocesses.

The purpose of this article is to recommend a risk-based strategy for determining clearance testing requirements of the process reagents used in manufacturing biopharmaceutical products. The strategy takes account of four risk factors. Firstly, the process reagents are classified into two categories according to their safety profile and history of use: generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and potential safety concern (PSC) reagents. The clearance testing of GRAS reagents can be eliminated because of their safe use historically and process capability to remove these reagents. An estimated safety margin (Se) value, a ratio of the exposure limit to the estimated maximum reagent amount, is then used to evaluate the necessity for testing the PSC reagents at an early development stage. The Se value is calculated from two risk factors, the starting PSC reagent amount per maximum product dose (Me), and the exposure limit (Le). A worst-case scenario is assumed to estimate the Me value, that is common. The PSC reagent of interest is co-purified with the product and no clearance occurs throughout the entire purification process. No clearance testing is required for this PSC reagent if its Se value is ≥1; otherwise clearance testing is needed. Finally, the point of the process reagent introduction to the process is also considered in determining the necessity of the clearance testing for process reagents. How to use the measured safety margin as a criterion for determining PSC reagent testing at process characterization, process validation, and commercial production stages are also described. LAY ABSTRACT:A large number of process reagents are used in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing to control the process performance. Clearance testing for all of the process reagents will be an enormous analytical task. In this article, a risk-based strategy is described to eliminate unnecessary clearance testing for majority of the process reagents using four risk factors. The risk factors included in the strategy are (i) safety profile of the reagents, (ii) the starting amount of the process reagents used in the manufacturing process, (iii) the maximum dose of the product, and (iv) the point of introduction of the process reagents in the process. The implementation of the risk-based strategy can eliminate clearance testing for approximately 90% of the process reagents used in the manufacturing processes. This science-based strategy allows us to ensure patient safety and meet regulatory agency expectations throughout the product development life cycle.
Vascular headache in pregnancy.

The last two columns of Table I compare results from the Roche Fetasonde instrument adjusted optimally either directionally (seven records) or otherwise (nine records) with results from a fetal scalp clip electrocardiogram obtained simultaneously during labor. The only significant difference was in beat-to-beat variation, which was, on the average, nearly three times that recorded from the electrocardiogram. Signal loss with the Roche Fetasonde ultrasound equipment was a little greater during labor (mean, 7.2%) than antenatally (1.7% to 3.3%). It is also interesting to compare the correlations with simultaneous electrocardiogram (Hewlett-Packard) records in the present study in which the Roche Fetasonde 5 was used and those in a previous study in which the Hewlett-Packard instrument was used.’ With the Roche Fetasonde instrument the correlation coefficients were less (Table II). Hence, with the Hewlett-Packard electrocardiogram used as a standard, the reduced signal loss of the Roche Fetasonde 5 ultrasound instrument may have been achieved at the expense of some variability in results, even though the mean values during labor (last two columns of Table I) are not significantly different. The data also support the view that measurements of beat-to-beat variation by Doppler ultrasound are unlikely to be accurate, and there seems no point in using them as an index of fetal heart rate variation. Beat-to-beat variation is easily filtered out by averaging pulse intervals over 3.75 seconds; the remaining lower frequency but much larger component of heart rate variation provides a more reliable measure (Table I). In conclusion, these results demonstrate no advantage from directional analysis of fetal Doppler signals but a substantial reduction in signal loss when a broad transducer array with range-gating is used to enhance signal: noise ratio. It is evident that analyses of fetal heart rate records are partly dependent on the quality of ultrasound detector systems. It is, therefore, essential that manufacturers should specify the performance of detectors in more detail and that technical standards are agreed upon among users so that comparability is achieved between records obtained with different instruments.
BX, A SUBTYPE OF B.

A subtype of B, termed Bx, was found to have serologic characteristics analogous to those described for subtype Ax. The B determinants of the erythrocytes and salivary secretions of the Bx person could be detected when anti-B was absorbed by and eluted from her red cells. These particularly reactive antibody molecules were best demonstrated by using acacia to support agglutination. Other described subtypes of B have been reviewed and reclassified in accordance with analogous criteria employed for subtypes of A. Evidence was found for two other examples of Bx as well as for B3, Bm and Bg, but not for B2.
Design and Performance of A High Resolution Micro-Spec: An Integrated Sub-Millimeter Spectrometer

Micro-Spec is a compact sub-millimeter (approximately 100 GHz--1:1 THz) spectrometer which uses low loss superconducting microstrip transmission lines and a single-crystal silicon dielectric to integrate all of the components of a diffraction grating spectrometer onto a single chip. We have already successfully evaluated the performance of a prototype Micro-Spec, with spectral resolving power, R=64. Here we present our progress towards developing a higher resolution Micro-Spec, which would enable the first science returns in a balloon flight version of this instrument. We describe modifications to the design in scaling from a R=64 to a R=256 instrument, as well as the ultimate performance limits and design concerns when scaling this instrument to higher resolutions.
Social Media as More Than a Peer Space: College Freshmen Encountering Parents on Facebook:

Social networking sites, first embraced by youth, have become increasingly popular among older generations. With more parents joining the sites, young people today are likely to encounter their par...
Abstract SS02-01: Nature and epidemiology of e-cigarettes

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, or e-cigarettes) are devices that deliver nicotine in a way that mimics to some extent the look and feel of tobacco cigarettes, but do not include any tobacco. They were created by an engineer in China, and typically include a battery, heating element, nicotine, medium for carrying nicotine molecules into the mouth once heated (eg propylene glycol) and sometimes flavoring. In the US, a court case declared that ENDS products should be considered ‘tobacco’ from a regulatory perspective, and they will eventually be regulated by the US FDA under its authority to regulate tobacco products. In the meantime, they are being sold extensively in convenience stores and the internet, and social media has increased awareness and use of the products. Sales of e-cigarettes have become a multi-billion dollar industry, and financial analysts anticipate that sales will continue to expand depending on regulatory decisions. E-cigarettes are controversial for several reasons. They are used in much the same way as a cigarette (puffed), and the user exhales a vapor that looks like smoke. Thus, some in public health are concerned that they could become a ‘gateway’ to use of tobacco cigarettes. Moreover, there is concern that youth will begin using the products given the easy access to them, become addicted, and perhaps eventually switch to tobacco cigarettes. However, even though some studies have found toxic substances in some brands of e-cigarettes, use by both and adults continues to increase dramatically. Several studies have suggested that most adults use e-cigarettes to help them to quit smoking, so there is both promise and risk from these unique nicotine delivery systems. In this presentation, an overview of how e-cigarettes work will be presented, and surveillance data (including on social media) will be presented that demonstrates the rapid increase in use that has occurred in the US. This presentation will provide a primer on e-cigarettes to serve as a background for the papers and discussion that will come after it. Citation Format: Scott J. Leischow. Nature and epidemiology of e-cigarettes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr SS02-01.
Fishermen, pirates, and the politics of aid: An analysis of the Somali Fishermen Registration Programme

Abstract Once labeled the largest single threat to international shipping in recent years, piracy off the coast of Somalia is at an all-time low. Although the immediate threat of piracy attacks appears to be quelled, the issue of Somali piracy still haunts the coast of Somalia through the criminalization of maritime populations. This paper analyzes the joint effort of Somali regional governments and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to register and decriminalize Somali fishermen off the coast of Somalia. As part of the Somali fishermen registration programme, over 5000 fishermen have registered their biometric data with the Puntland, Galmudug, and Somaliland governments. I examine the practices of data entry and the distribution of fishermen identification cards through interviews with government officials, FAO field officers, representatives of fishing communities, and participant observations made at a data validation workshop held in Bossaso, Somalia. Located in the context of long-term research on United Nations programming to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia, the case study illustrates how various actors utilized the Somali fishermen registration programme to marginalize particular populations and reshape future geographies of aid.
Evaluation of gas production potential from gas hydrate deposits in National Petroleum Reserve Alaska using numerical simulations

Abstract An evaluation of the gas production potential of Sunlight Peak gas hydrate accumulation in the eastern portion of the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) of Alaska North Slope (ANS) is conducted using numerical simulations, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gas hydrate Life Cycle Assessment program. A field scale reservoir model for Sunlight Peak is developed using Advanced Processes & Thermal Reservoir Simulator (STARS) that approximates the production design and response of this gas hydrate field. The reservoir characterization is based on available structural maps and the seismic-derived hydrate saturation map of the study region. A 3D reservoir model, with heterogeneous distribution of the reservoir properties (such as porosity, permeability and vertical hydrate saturation), is developed by correlating the data from the Mount Elbert well logs. Production simulations showed that the Sunlight Peak prospect has the potential of producing 1.53 × 109 ST m3 of gas in 30 years by depressurization with a peak production rate of around 19.4 × 104 ST m3/day through a single horizontal well. To determine the effect of uncertainty in reservoir properties on the gas production, an uncertainty analysis is carried out. It is observed that for the range of data considered, the overall cumulative production from the Sunlight Peak will always be within the range of ±4.6% error from the overall mean value of 1.43 × 109 ST m3. A sensitivity analysis study showed that the proximity of the reservoir from the base of permafrost and the base of hydrate stability zone (BHSZ) has significant effect on gas production rates. The gas production rates decrease with the increase in the depth of the permafrost and the depth of BHSZ. From the overall analysis of the results it is concluded that Sunlight Peak gas hydrate accumulation behaves differently than other Class III reservoirs (Class III reservoirs are composed of a single layer of hydrate with no underlying zone of mobile fluids) due to its smaller thickness and high angle of dip.
Modeling of high-current damage in SiGe HBTs under pulsed stress

High-current pulsed stress measurements are performed on SiGe HBTs to characterize the damage behavior and create a comprehensive physics-based TCAD damage model for Auger-induced hot-carrier damage. The Auger hot-carrier generation is decoupled from classical mixed-mode damage and annealing on the output plane by using pulsed stress conditions to modulate the self-heating within the device under stress. The physics of high-current degradation is analyzed, and a temperature dependent degradation model is presented. This model is the first of its kind in both the CMOS and bipolar communities and solves a significant portion of the puzzle for predictive modeling of SiGe HBT safe-operating-area (SOA) and reliability.
The Re Negotiable, Non Negotiable and the Hopefuls: Free Trade Agreements and Border Adjustment Tax Reforms

Having been signed off through an executive order, it appears that the Trans Pacific Partnership is now dead in the waters – even though it was also considered to have been a stronger contender than its counterpart – the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). What hopes now lie for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)? With recent ratification of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement – even though this was also not without its complications, it appears logical that there should be hopes for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. If possible, also for a similar model which combines and draws elements and strengths of models based on the Comprehensive Economic and Trade and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreements – even if theoretically, not all parties to the original agreements are present in the consolidated model.In the meantime, there are also deliberations as regards whether present Border Adjustment Tax reforms being considered will generate a win-lose or win-win outcome – this amidst revelations that trade competitors are also likely to benefit - even on a greater scale, than the instigators of the reform. Faced with such dilemmas, it could be helpful to reflect and place greater focus on, as well as consider the costs of damaged irreparable long standing trade relations or rather, the benefits of salvaging such relations whilst not considerably foregoing the benefits of introducing certain tax reforms. Further, a model based on strengths and elements of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, may ultimately, and possibly and globally, also pave way for the facilitation of broader diplomatic relations – whilst exerting trans regional economic dominance, benefits and presence, hence resulting in an overall and predominantly win outcome.
A generator-converter design for direct drive wind turbines

In this paper, a new generator-converter system for direct drive wind turbines in order to decrease the capital cost and improve the system reliability is presented. The grid-side Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is replaced by a single-stage boost inverter. This provides flexibility to design a low-voltage generator and thus decreasing the number poles required in the generator. A 1.5MW generator for the proposed system is designed using Finite Element (FE) computations. This design is compared with an existing 1.5MW permanent magnet generator for direct drive wind turbine. The proposed system is supported with set of finite element computations and MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
Elasticity of Crystals and Quasicrystals

The last decade brought a surge of interest into density functional theories in statistical physics. In particular, the theory of solidification put forward by Ramakrishnan and Yussouff1 was quite successful in predicting solidification parameters for hard sphere2 (HS) and Lennard-Jones3 (LJ) fluids. Similar theories were also used to study submonolayer phases of rare gases on graphite4, the glass transition,5 and most recently the stability of icosahedral quasicrystals.6 The accuracy of these theories can be controlled by a truncation of an expansion around a reference uniform state. The only assumptions enter through a description of this state. Consequently, Ramakrishnan7 and several other authors suggested that a similar approach can be used for “first principle” calculations of such quantities as defect energy, liquid-solid interface8, elastic moduli9, etc.
Ketorolac, Oxymorphone, Tapentadol, and Tramadol : A Comprehensive Review

Pain remains a tremendous burden on patients and for the health care system, with uncontrolled pain being the leading cause of disability in this country. There are a variety of medications that can be used in the treatment of pain, including ketorolac, oxymorphone, tapentadol, and tramadol. Depending on the clinical situation, these drugs can be used as monotherapy or in conjunction with other types of medications in a multimodal approach. A strong appreciation of pharmacologic properties of these agents and potential side effects is warranted for clinicians.
The outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women. II. Analysis of clinical abnormalities and pathologic lesions in offspring of diabetic mothers.

Summary In addition to an increased fetal loss and high perinatal mortality, the offspring of diabetic mothers also have an increased risk of morbidity as compared to the normal controls. Of 157 pregnancies in 48 diabetic women, 6 offspring were abnormal. This constitutes an incidence of 3.8 per cent of all pregnancies and 7.6 per cent of the 79 surviving children. In the matched controls the abnormal surviving offspring constituted only 0.4 per cent of 249 pregnancies. Three of the 6 abnormal surviving children born to diabetic mothers had severe congenital malformations, 2 had mental deficiencies, and 1 had sequelae of birth injury and epilepsy. Of the 41 offspring of diabetic women who were stillborn or died during the neonatal stage, 16 had comprehensive postmortem examination at which the following findings were observed: pulmonary hyaline membrane disease in 8 patients; congenital malformations in 3; cerebral birth injury in 2; and no gross, demonstrable lesion in the remaining 3. Factors possibly pertaining to the increased fetal loss and to the higher rate of morbidity among the offspring of diabetic mothers are discussed.
Real-time 3D transesophageal echocardiography-guided closure of a complicated patent ductus arteriosus in a dog.

Advanced imaging modalities are becoming more widely available in veterinary cardiology, including the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in dogs. The dog in this report had a complex history of attempted ligation and a large PDA that initially precluded device placement thereby limiting the options for PDA closure. Following a second thoracotomy and partial ligation, the morphology of the PDA was altered and device occlusion was an option. Angiographic assessment of the PDA was limited by the presence of hemoclips, and the direction of ductal flow related to the change in anatomy following ligature placement. Intra-operative TEE, in particular real-time three-dimensional imaging, was pivotal for assessing the PDA morphology, monitoring during the procedure, selecting the device size, and confirming device placement. The TEE images increased operator confidence that the size and location of the device were appropriate before release despite the unusual position. This report highlights the benefit of intra-operative TEE, in particular real-time three-dimensional imaging, for successful PDA occlusion in a complicated case.