cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Use of Classroom Response Systems (CRS, Clickers) in Foods, Nutrition, and Dietetics Higher Education

Although hundreds of articles have been published about the use of classroom response systems (CRS, clickers) in higher education, few address the use in foods, nutrition, and dietetics courses, especially upper-division, major courses. This technology has the potential to increase student engagement, motivation, assessment, and, possibly, learning. Thoughtfully designed questions may stimulate discussions, especially about challenging nutrition topics. This article presents the viability and potential benefits for the use of CRS in foods, nutrition, and dietetics classes through a brief literature summary, overview of the author's experiences, and guidance for implementing this technology.
Inference of compact nonlinear dynamic models by epigenetic local search

We introduce a method to enhance the inference of meaningful dynamic models from observational data by genetic programming (GP). This method incorporates an inheritable epigenetic layer that specifies active and inactive genes for a more effective local search of the model structure space. We define several GP implementations using different features of epigenetics, such as passive structure, phenotypic plasticity, and inheritable gene regulation. To test these implementations, we use hundreds of data sets generated from nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in several fields of engineering and from randomly constructed nonlinear ODE models. The results indicate that epigenetic hill climbing consistently produces more compact dynamic equations with better fitness values, and that it identifies the exact solution of the system more often, validating the categorical improvement of GP by epigenetic local search. The results further indicate that when faced with complex dynamics, epigenetic hill climbing reduces the computational effort required to infer the correct underlying dynamics. We then apply the method to the identification of three real-world systems: a cascaded tanks system, a chemical distillation tower, and an industrial wind turbine. We analyze its solutions in comparison to theoretical and black-box approaches in terms of accuracy and intelligibility. Finally, we analyze population homology to evaluate the efficiency of the method. The results indicate that the epigenetic implementations provide protection from premature convergence by maintaining diversity in silenced portions of programs.
The Traditional Hospital: Identifying Strategies for Survival in a Changing Environment

This paper opens by stating the obvious: traditional hospitals must learn to deal with sudden, often erratic surprises and changes in the outside world that can threaten their survival. Forecasting future change has never been an easy task; in the present turbulent environment, it has become a “nightmare.” Marketing perspectives, principles as well as strategic marketing concepts provide hospital administration with an effective approach from which to cope with the forces in their environment. Hospital management must be alert to new ideas, both in terms of process and content, so that they can recharge the capabilities of their institutions to deal successfully with change. Indeed, the future promises to be exciting and challenging to those who are willing to meet it on its own terms.
Psychological research in the internet age

The internet is increasingly used in psychological research to solicit participants and collect data. This paper includes two studies examining the quality of data obtained via web-based methods administered either inside or outside the lab. Both studies used item recognition accuracy as a proxy for attention to questions. Study 1 examined the extent to which undergraduate participants (N?=?504) read and attended to questions either inside or outside the lab. Study 2 (N?=?744) replicated Study 1, added a Mechanical Turk sample, and examined attention to non-intuitive survey instructions. Results indicated that participants demonstrated good item recognition, regardless of locale or sample; however, small sex effects on accuracy were found in both studies. Specifically, women were more accurate at identifying previously seen items than men in both Study 1 and Study 2. In Study 2, Mechanical Turk participants were more likely to read instructions than undergraduate participants, regardless of whether they participated inside or outside of the lab. The findings support the use of the internet for sampling purposes as well as survey administration, and suggest that researchers use care when studies include non-intuitive instructions. Undergraduate and MTurk participants did not differ in item recognition accuracy.Participants attended to survey items equally well in and outside of the lab.Women's recognition accuracy was higher than men's, especially when unsupervised.MTurk participants were more likely than undergraduates to read instructions.Results support using the web for subject recruitment and survey administration.
Feasibility study of repurposing Trenton–Black River gas fields for geothermal heat extraction, southern New York

Geothermal resources have the potential to fulfill a significant portion of the low-temperature (30–100 °C) thermal energy demand in the United States. Investment risk at the exploration stage is a primary factor limiting the development of geothermal energy projects, due to the high cost of drilling and limited reservoir data. An approach to reduce this risk is to target proven, well-characterized conventional oil and gas reservoirs. We examined the suitability of the Trenton–Black River gas fields of southern New York as geothermal reservoirs. These highly productive hydrothermal dolomite fields occur within long, narrow normal-fault–bounded, en echelon grabens that are scattered with saddle dolomite-lined vugs, fractures, and breccia. The Quackenbush Hill field was analyzed using existing data sets with geothermal purposes in mind. Key geothermal reservoir characteristics examined here include rock temperature, porosity and permeability, stimulation potential, and the risk of inducing seismicity. Results indicate that the Quackenbush Hill field would produce temperatures of ∼91 °C from a dolomite reservoir with sufficient average horizontal permeability, low vertical permeability, and significant vertical and horizontal anisotropy. In the case that adequate flow rates cannot be achieved in practice, stimulation is a feasible option from the perspective of well-field design for optimal heat sweep; however, higher-resolution data are necessary to constrain the risk of inducing seismicity. We demonstrate the technical feasibility of transitioning conventional gas fields into geothermal heat-producing reservoirs, setting the stage for future consideration of the economics of a petroleum-to-geothermal transition.
Poetic Science: Wonder and the Seas of Cognition in Bacon and Pericles

The two-culture society that C.P. Snow famously warned against in a lecture he delivered at Cambridge in the 1950s has come to be seen by many as the ‘brainchild’ of the Renaissance.1 According to this historical narrative, the seventeenth century witnessed the rise of empiricism, driven largely by Francis Bacon’s vision for reforming natural philosophy. Hailed as the father of modern science, Bacon is credited with liberating science from the towering shadow of Aristotle and the syllogistic method that became entrenched under the Scholastics. But his drive to access the material world untainted by the ‘idols’ of the mind has also been seen to voice a suspicion toward language and to inaugurate the rupture between science and that arts that would grow into the deep disciplinary divisions that we know today. Hence, the success of Bacon’s inductive method has absorbed much of the blame for our two-culture society, which construes the arts and sciences as worlds apart, viewing science as the exclusive domain of knowledge about the material world.
Binding modes and pathway of RHPS4 to human telomeric G-quadruplex and duplex DNA probed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvent

RHPS4, a potent binder to human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex, shows high efficacy in tumor cell growth inhibition. However, it's preferential binding to DNA G-quadruplex over DNA duplex (about 10 fold) remains to be improved toward its clinical application. A high resolution structure of the single-stranded telomeric DNA G-quadruplexes, or B-DNA duplex, in complex with RHPS4 is not available yet, and the binding nature of this ligand to these DNA forms remains to be elusive. In this study, we carried out 40 μs molecular dynamics binding simulations with a free ligand to decipher the binding pathway of RHPS4 to a DNA duplex and three G-quadruplex folders (parallel, antiparallel and hybrid) of the human telomeric DNA sequence. The most stable binding mode identified for the duplex, parallel, antiparallel and hybrid G-quadruplexes is an intercalation, bottom stacking, top intercalation and bottom intercalation mode, respectively. The intercalation mode with similar binding strength to both the duplex and the G-quadruplexes, explains the lack of binding selectivity of RHPS4 to the G-quadruplex form. Therefore, a ligand modification that destabilizes the duplex intercalation mode but stabilizes the G-quadruplex intercalation mode will improve the binding selectivity toward G-quadruplex. The intercalation mode of RHPS4 to both the duplex and the antiparallel and the hybrid G-quadruplex follows a base flipping-insertion mechanism rather than an open-insertion mechanism. The groove binding, the side binding and the intercalation with flipping out of base were observed to be intermediate states before the full intercalation state with paired bases.
The Processing Wheel: An Arts-based Intervention for Clinical Supervision

The primary goal of supervision is to promote professional growth among counselors-in-training. Art making is an under-explored method of promoting exploration and self-awareness, and thus professi...
Does stigma curvature promote delayed selfing? An experimental investigation in Triodanis perfoliata (Campanulaceae).

Self-fertilisation that is delayed until after opportunities for outcrossing have ceased has been argued to provide both the reproductive assurance benefits of selfing and the genetic advantages of outcrossing. In the Campanulaceae, presentation of pollen on stylar hairs and progressive stigma curvature have been hypothesised to facilitate delayed selfing, but experimental tests are lacking. Stigma curvature is common in Campanula, a genus largely characterised by self-incompatibility, and therefore is unlikely to have initially evolved to promote self-fertilisation. In derived self-compatible species, however, stigma curvature might serve the secondary function of delayed selfing. We investigated delayed selfing in Triodanis perfoliata, a self-compatible relative of Campanula. Using floral manipulation experiments and pollen tube observations, we quantified the extent and timing of self-pollination. Further, we hypothesised that, if stigma curvature provides the benefit of delayed selfing in Triodanis, selection should have favoured retention of self-pollen through the loss of a stylar hair retraction mechanism. Results of a stigma removal experiment indicated that autonomous selfing produces partial seed set, but only some selfing was delayed. Pollen tube observations and a flower senescence assay also supported the finding of partial delayed selfing. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that pollen-collecting hairs retract during anthesis, which may limit the extent of delayed selfing. Delayed selfing appeared to be only partially effective in T. perfoliata. The stylar hair retraction in this species would seem to contradict selection for selfing. We suggest that caution and rigour are needed in interpreting floral traits as adaptive mechanisms for delayed selfing.
Abstract 11609: Neurological Effects of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9(PCSK9) Inhibitors: Direct and Indirect Comparisons

Introduction: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors dramatically reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels which may lead to lower cerebrovascular (CVA) events. However, randomized control trials (RCTs) have reported increased neurocognitive (NC) deficits in patients using PCSK9 inhibitors. Hypothesis: CVA and NC event rates are similar in patients treated with or without PCSK9 inhibitors. Methods: RCTs reporting rates of stroke, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), and NC deficits in patients using PCSK9 inhibitors were identified. Standard meta-analyses techniques were used to compare these outcomes among patients treated with and without PCSK9 inhibitors. Network meta-analyses (NMA) were also conducted to indirectly compare Evolocumab and Alirocumab on aforementioned outcomes. Results: Seventeen RCTs with 14,516 patients were included. Evolocumab was used in 10 RCTS in 6,403 patients whereas Alirocumab was used in 2,932 patients in 7 RCTs. Ten RCTs with 10,318 patients reported stroke. Fourteen RCTs with 12,578 patients reported NC event rates. Five RCTs with 6,710 patients reported TIAs ( Table ). None of the studies using Alirocumab reported data on TIAs. We did not observe any difference in stroke rate, NC deficits or TIAs among 2 studied groups (RR; 1.22, (95% CI: 0.50-2.96), 0.97 (0.43-2.20), and 0.37 (0.06-2.23)) respectively. We observed no difference in stroke and NC deficits among Evolocumab and Alirocumab with NMA ( Figure ). Conclusions: PCSK9 inhibitors did not render any protection from stroke or TIAs. Furthermore, our pooled analysis does not show any increase in NC deficits as reported in previous studies.
Fast Normal Mode Computations of Capsid Dynamics Inspired by Resonance.

Increasingly more and larger structural complexes are being determined experimentally. The sizes of these systems pose a formidable computational challenge to the study of their vibrational dynamics by normal mode analysis. To overcome this challenge, this work presents a novel resonance-inspired approach. Tests on large shell structures of protein capsids demonstrate there is a strong resonance between the vibrations of a whole capsid and those of individual capsomeres. We then show how this resonance can be taken advantage of to significantly speed up normal mode computations.
A bioorthogonal turn-on fluorescent strategy for the detection of lysine acetyltransferase activity

Lysine acetylation plays vital roles in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes, which is mediated by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). Developing chemical biology probes for KAT activity detection is of important value in providing improved understanding of their biological functions. We reported a panel of “turn-on” fluorescent probes for sensitive and selective detection of KAT enzymatic activity through a simple mix-and-read format. Combined with bioorthogonal substrate labelling and click chemistry, these probes produced strong “turn-on” fluorescent signals in response to KAT-mediated acylation process. This chemical biology strategy diversifies the assay toolboxes to investigate functions and mechanisms of acetyltransferase enzymes.
The Development of Techniques for Airway Management

For a century, gauze masks served as the vehicle for vaporizing ether and chloroform. The anesthetist controlled anesthesia by regulating the drops of anesthetic applied to the gauze. Solid masks (leather, metal, rubber, and modern disposable plastic masks) fitted to the face allowed a more controlled delivery of anesthetic from vaporizers and gas flowmeters. Ventilation and anesthetic delivery require an unobstructed airway. In 1873, Heiberg suggested jaw thrust, and in 1880, Howard added head tilt and extension. Artificial airways, tubes introduced through the nose (Faure 1859) or mouth (Hewitt 1908) replaced tongue forceps that might draw the tongue forward but also often damaged the tongue. Guedel and Waters produced the modern oropharyneal airway in the 1930s, and Shipway introduced a cuffed oropharyngeal airway in 1935, predating Brain’s 1983 laryngeal mask airway. Tracheal intubation provided a more secure airway. In 1796, Herholdt and Rafn used blind digitally-guided tracheal intubation to resuscitate drowning victims. Babbington viewed the glottis in 1829 by indirect laryngoscopy.
Haiti and the uses of America: post-U.S. occupation promises

Dr Chantalle F. Verna’s Haiti and the Uses of America: Post-U.S. Occupation Promises offers a groundbreaking examination of Haitian and US relations. The historical text is a welcome addition to Ca...
Synthetic Approaches for Halide Perovskite Thin Films.

Halide perovskites are an intriguing class of materials that have recently attracted considerable attention for use as the active layer in thin film optoelectronic devices, including thin-film transistors, light-emitting devices, and solar cells. The “soft” nature of these materials, as characterized by their low formation energy and Young’s modulus, and high thermal expansion coefficients, not only enables thin films to be fabricated via low-temperature deposition methods but also presents rich opportunities for manipulating film formation. This comprehensive review explores how the unique chemistry of these materials can be exploited to tailor film growth processes and highlights the connections between processing methods and the resulting film characteristics. The discussion focuses principally on methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3 or MAPbI3), which serves as a useful and well-studied model system for examining the unique attributes of halide perovskites, but various other important members of this...
A symmetric formalism for discrete event simulation with agents

In designing a general modeling formalism for domain experts, a key challenge is to support a broad selection of their preferred paradigms yet minimize their exposure to complexity. With this aim, a formalism called Symmetric DEVS is proposed for specifying models that incorporate elements of discrete event simulation, dataflow programming, and agent-based modeling. Symmetric DEVS is based on the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) formalism, but differs in that atomic and composite nodes for discrete events are complemented with function and collection nodes for dataflow and agents. Like DEVS, nodes communicate over simulated time via message ports, but they also feature flow ports accommodating initialization and finalization operations. To minimize conceptual complexity, specifications are pared down to the essential elements and formulated to exhibit a high degree of symmetry. This paper defines the mathematical elements of Symmetric DEVS and presents an example of each of the four types of nodes.
The Conceptual Design of a Novel Workstation for Seizure Prediction Using Machine Learning With Potential eHealth Applications

Recent attempts to predict refractory epileptic seizures using machine learning algorithms to process electroencephalograms (EEGs) have shown great promise. However, research in this area requires a specialized workstation. Commercial solutions are unsustainably expensive, can be unavailable in most countries, and are not designed specifically for seizure prediction research. On the other hand, building the optimal workstation is a complex task, and system instability can arise from the least obvious sources imaginable. Therefore, the absence of a template for a dedicated seizure prediction workstation in today’s literature is a formidable obstacle to seizure prediction research. To increase the number of researchers working on this problem, a template for a dedicated seizure prediction workstation needs to become available. This paper proposes a novel dedicated system capable of machine learning-based seizure prediction and training for under U.S. $1000, which is significantly less expensive (U.S. $700 or more) than comparable commercial solutions. This powerful workstation will be capable of training sophisticated machine learning algorithms that can be deployed to lightweight wearable devices, which enables the creation of wearable EEG-based seizure early warning systems.
Effects of Coronal Limb Alignment and Ligament Balance on Pain and Satisfaction Following Total Knee Arthroplasty at Short-Term Follow Up.

Introduction Few studies have evaluated the concomitant effect of both total knee arthroplasty (TKA) limb alignment and ligament laxity. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of lower extremity alignment on the short-term outcome (one year) following TKA, including pain relief, function, and patient satisfaction. The secondary aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of ligament laxity and balance on early outcomes following TKA. Materials and methods A prospective evaluation of mechanical alignment and ligament tension was performed for 110 consecutive TKAs using an identical surgical technique. Patients were evaluated with knee society score, visual analog pain score, and satisfaction one year following TKA. Linear regression analysis was then performed to determine the effect of lower extremity alignment and ligament laxity. Results There was no significant relationship between lower extremity alignment and outcome measures. A significant relationship was identified between medial collateral laxity in full extension and knee society scores for function, but not for pain. There was also a significant relationship identified between lateral knee laxity at 90 degrees of flexion and knee society score and pain at one-year follow up. Conclusion Our results demonstrated no correlation between mechanical alignment restoration and pain or function. However, more interestingly, this study found patients with medial laxity in extension and lateral laxity in knee flexion, similar to normal physiologic knee laxity, to have less pain and greater function and satisfaction at one-year short-term follow up.
Rotational-state-selective field ionization of H 2 Rydberg states

This paper presents rotational-state-selective field-ionization spectra of highly excited triplet $nd\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\text{H}}_{2}$ Rydberg states. A fast $6\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$ beam of metastable $c{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}_{u}^{\ensuremath{-}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}2p\ensuremath{\pi}$ molecules is excited to $v=0, {N}^{+}=1$ Rydberg states ($n=17$ to 27) by a frequency-doubled tunable dye laser and ionized by static electric fields. The resulting measured total ionization yields are analyzed using a model that considers a diabatic ionization pathway through the Stark map. A field of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}4\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ mixes Stark manifolds, while a field of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}36\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ionizes the resulting mixture. Rotational-state population transfer of up to 50% is observed, populating neighboring ${N}^{+}=3$ manifolds ($n=12$ to $n=16$). Control over the rotational quantum state composition of the field-ionized molecules is demonstrated.
Machine learning modeling of lattice constants for half-Heusler alloys

The Gaussian process regression model is developed as a machine learning tool to find statistical correlations among lattice constants, a0, of half-Heusler compounds, ionic radii, and Pauling electronegativity of their alloying elements. Nearly 140 half-Heusler samples, containing alloying elements of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Ti, V, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, As, and Sb, are explored for this purpose. The modeling approach demonstrates a high degree of accuracy and stability, contributing to efficient and low-cost estimations of lattice constants of half-Heusler compounds.
Traumatic brain injury and hippocampal neurogenesis: functional implications

In the adult brain, self-renewing radial-glia like (RGL) progenitor cells have been shown to reside in the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. A large body of evidence shows that experiences such as learning, enriched environment and stress can alter proliferation and differentiation of RGL progenitor cells. The progenitor cells present in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus divide to give rise to newborn neurons that migrate to the dentate gyrus where they differentiate into adult granule neurons. These newborn neurons have been found to have a unique role in certain types of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, including goal-directed behaviors that require pattern separation. Experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rodents has been shown to alter hippocampal neurogenesis, including triggering the acute loss of newborn neurons, as well as progenitor cell hyper-proliferation. In this review, we discuss the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in learning and memory. Furthermore, we review evidence for the molecular mechanisms that contribute to newborn neuron loss, as well as increased progenitor cell proliferation after TBI. Finally, we discuss strategies aimed at enhancing neurogenesis after TBI and their possible therapeutic benefits.
Solving the duck curve in a smart grid environment using a non-cooperative game theory and dynamic pricing profiles

Abstract With the intermittency that comes with electricity generation from renewables, utilizing dynamic pricing will encourage the demand-side to respond in a smart way that would minimize the electricity costs and flatten the net electricity demand curve. Determining the optimal dynamic pricing profile that would leverage distributed storage to flatten the curve is a novel idea that needs to be studied. Moreover, the economic feasibility of utilizing distributed electrical energy storage is still not given in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, a novel way of solving a citywide dynamic model using a bilevel programming algorithm is introduced. The problem is developed as a novel non-cooperative Stackelberg game that utilizes air-conditioning systems and electrical storage through the end-users to determine the optimal dynamic pricing profile. The results show that the combined effect of utilizing demand-side air-conditioning systems and distributed storage together can flatten the curve while employing the optimal dynamic pricing profile. An economic study is performed to determine the economic feasibility of 20 different cases with different battery designs and the level of solar penetration. Three metrics were used to evaluate the economic performance of each case: the levelized cost of storage, the levelized cost of energy, and the simple payback period. Most cases had levelized cost of storage values lower than 0.457 $/kWh, which is the lower bound available in the literature. Seven out of 16 cases have a simple payback period shorter than the lifetime of the system (25 years). The case with a 100 MW PV power plant and a battery storage of size 597 MWh, was found to be the most promising case with a simple payback period of 12.71 years for the photovoltaic plant and 19.86 years for the demand-side investments.
Exhaled breath condensate and aerosol

Abstract Exhaled breath comprises gas-phase and aerosolized fractions of water vapor and particles. The condensed water vapor fraction is referred to as exhaled breath condensate (EBC), whereas the aerosolized particle fraction, when collected separately, is termed exhaled breath aerosols (EBA). Both of these fractions contain biomarkers relevant to pulmonary and systemic physiology. EBC is easy and safe to collect, and sampling methods have been standardized for nearly all age groups and disease states, yet the composition of EBC varies between collection method and patient population and therefore care must be taken to ensure sample integrity. This chapter provides an overview of EBC and aerosols, principles of their collection, and validated biomarkers within these matrices.
How COVID-19 Changed Advance Care Planning: Insights from the West Virginia Center for End-of-Life Care

Abstract Context Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to increased attention nationally on advance care planning. Objectives To describe the impact COVID-19 had on advance care planning based on changes in the calls to the West Virginia Center for End-of-Life Care (center) and in the volume and types of documents requested from and submitted to the center and its e-Directive Registry (registry). Methods A retrospective and observational analysis between January 1, 2020 and June 30, 2020 of calls to the center; advance directives downloaded from the center's Web site as well as mailed to the public and medical orders mailed to health care professionals on request to the center; and advance directives and medical orders submitted to the registry. Results The nature of calls changed to COVID-19-related topics, including confirmation of forms on the registry, urgent desire to initiate advance care planning, temporary rescindment of treatment-limiting forms, and questions on how to honor patients' wishes in advance directives and medical orders in light of their COVID-19 status. Also in the first six months of 2020, the center distributed more advance directives than it had during the same months in the last five years and more medical orders than it had in the preceding four years when there were no revisions to the medical order forms required by changes to the state law. Conclusion COVID-19 resulted in a new sense of urgency regarding advance care planning by West Virginians with increased attention to document their wishes and ensure that they were in the registry.
The complex green operator with Sobolev estimates up to a finite order

The purpose of this paper is to explore the geometry of a smooth CR manifold of hypersurface type and its relationship to the higher regularity properties of the complex Green operator on (0,q)-for...
Acid pits and birth defects: a case study of the Stringfellow acid pits dump site and congenital anomalies

This paper examines the relationship between a toxic waste site and congenital anomalies. The Stringfellow acid pits dump site (SAP) located near the City of Riverside, California, is the focus of this study. Congenital anomalies are examined in relation to various demographic and socioeconomic variables. Our analyses suggest that hydrological and geological proximity to the dump site has a significant relationship to birth defects. An analysis of infant mortality rates showed that the death rate for congenital anomalies was higher in Riverside County than California, while the state's rate was higher than the national average. In order to substantiate a causal nexus, there is a need for longitudinal follow‐up studies. Without an adequate longitudinal study, the long term impact of SAP on children born in the SAP area and its impact on subsequent generations will remain a subject of continued speculation.
Outcomes of ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum or non-platinum based chemotherapy after PARP inhibitor maintenance.

5563Background: PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are approved for maintenance treatment of platinum sensitive ovarian cancers either after front-line therapy or after treatment for recurrence. Current recom...
Measurement System for Monitoring of Magnetic Field Effects on Yeast Cells by Impedance Spectroscopy

The development of innovative measurement approaches to investigate magnetic field (MF) biological effects is of great importance since we currently do not have any satisfying explanation of the MF biological interactions. The impedance spectroscopy is a well-known technique in the field of biological sample growth characterization. Here we present a proof of concept for cell culture impedance monitoring during the experiment with magnetic field exposure. We also emphasize the precise temperature monitoring has a key role in the exact interpretation of results since the minor temperature differences could lead to a substantial change in cell growth parameters.
The Denominator: Natural Gas Production, Throughput, and Electricity Generation

To arrive at a life cycle result, not only impacts must be calculated, but the denominator (or functional unit) must be estimated. For each unit process within the life cycle boundaries, the amount of material that passes through must be estimated; for natural gas production systems, we quantify the natural gas extracted by production sites and the gas that travels through each facility in the fuel cycle (i.e., the throughput). The results for each unit process in the fuel cycle is then related to the functional unit—a unit of electricity generated—using heat rates or efficiencies of natural gas-fired power plants. In this chapter, methods used to estimate the denominator of life cycle results for gas-fired power are explained, from estimated ultimate recover of natural gas from a well to facility throughput, to electricity generation. The extensive network of natural gas infrastructure that is present in the fuel cycle of gas-fired power results in an additional layer of variability in LCA, which should be considered by practitioners interested in this product system.
Evidentiary Issues in the New York City Housing Court

This article discusses evidentiary issues that arise during hearings and trials in the New York City Civil Court, Housing Part, known as the Housing Court
Gas Exchange in Pregnancy

The sections in this article are: 1 Pulmonary Gas Exchange 1.1 Ventilation 1.2 Diffusing Capacity 1.3 Pulmonary Blood Flow 2 Peripheral Gas Exchange 2.1 Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Production 2.2 Respiratory Gas Transport by Maternal Blood 2.3 Organ Distribution of Increased Oxygen Consumption 3 Exercise in Pregnancy 4 Pregnancy at High Altitude 5 Maternal Respiration and Fetal Development
Pathways and genes involved in cellulose biosynthesis.

For many years, progress in the field of cellulose biosynthesis was hampered by inability to characterize enzymes or genes involved in the process. However, two breakthroughs led the study of this process into a new era. The first was the discovery in 1987 of cyclic diguanylic acid as a unique activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, a finding that opened the way for enzyme purification and characterization (1). The second breakthrough came in 1990 with the first cloning of genes involved in the process (2,3). In this review, we have attempted to provide an overview of this complex process for those new to the field. In addition, we have made efforts to review critically genes and proteins, and motifs within those proteins, that could be potential future targets for genetic engineering to improve or alter cellulose production in plants and bacteria. We have also tried to point out some of the many remaining unanswered questions in cellulose synthesis and discuss them from different angles, hoping that this review will initiate constructive debates and stimulate new directions for research. We will focus on the following issues: (i) a discussion of various models for the pathway of cellulose synthesis in bacteria and plants; (ii) bacterial operons involved in cellulose synthesis; (iii) celA genes isolated recently from cotton and rice; (iv) an analysis of motifs for binding of the substrate UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc); and (v) mechanisms involved in the crystallization and deposition of cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall. Since determination of cellulose structure and mode of biosynthesis are not new subjects of study, a large number of reviews on the subject has been published (1,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). For those new to the field, we highly encourage the reader to read at least some of these other reviews to comprehend the complexity and controversy that has been characteristic of this field since each review has a different emphasis and viewpoint.
Market Segmentation in Marketing Education: A Case Study

This paper demonstrates how product positioning and market segmentation have been employed successfully in an educational context. Applying these concepts, a specialized marketing program is described using a systems framework. Some implementation problems and directions for the future are discussed.
Left-to-right carry-free scheme for computing ab+cd

A radix-4 scheme is proposed for computing the sum of products s=ab+cd using left-to-right multipliers and on-the-fly conversion. The final result is obtained without the extra delay of a carry-propagate adder in conventional schemes. The inputs and the output are in the two's complement fired-point representation. The most-significant part of the result can also be used the most-significant digit first to allow overlap with successive operations. The scheme can be used to compute ab+c if d=1 and a(b+c) if d=a. The critical path is kept small by the use of redundant arithmetic. The proposed algorithm, its implementation and performance are discussed.
Urinary Incontinence After Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

This chapter discusses various aspects of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy, with specific regard to robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The incidence of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy is summarized for the various techniques. The primary mechanism of post-radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence, based on urodynamic evidence, is sphincteric dysfunction. Several perioperative risk factors may contribute to urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy. Age and nerve sparing have the most robust data to support their role in continence outcomes. The evaluation of post-radical prostatectomy incontinence involves a thorough characterization of the incontinence, anatomic evaluation with cystourethroscopy, and a multichannel urodynamic evaluation. Management of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy is aimed primarily at treating sphincteric dysfunction. Among the treatment options available, surgical correction of incontinence with a bulbourethral sling or artificial urinary sphincter, depending on the severity of incontinence, are the most effective.
Wholesale and Retail Prices in the Nineteenth Century

Today's best-known price indexes for Wholesale Price and Consumer Price Indexesthe Unitedof theStates are the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Indexes of Prices Received and Paid by Farmers, issued by the Department of Agriculture. These indexes, however, are comparatively new. The â€œWholesale Price Indexâ€ dates from 1902 with indexes covering the years 1890-1901. The â€œConsumer Price Indexâ€ is of even more recent origin. Retail food price indexes were established on a regular basis in 1901, again with data back to 1890. Other goods and services were not added until after World War I, with estimates back to 1913 based on special studies in shipbuilding cities. The â€œIndex of Prices Received by Farmersâ€ was issued by the Department of Agriculture in 1924 and â€œPrices Paid by Farmersâ€ in 1928. Botfi of these series were extended back to 1910.
Impact of tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water on the risk of breast cancer: Using a dose model to assess exposure in a case-control study

A population-based case-control study was undertaken in 1997 to investigate the association between tetrachloroethylene (PCE) exposure from public drinking water and breast cancer among permanent residents of the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts. PCE, a volatile organic chemical, leached from the vinyl lining of certain water distribution pipes into drinking water from the late 1960s through the early 1980s. The measure of exposure in the original study, referred to as the relative delivered dose (RDD), was based on an amount of PCE in the tap water entering the home and estimated with a mathematical model that involved only characteristics of the distribution system. In the current analysis, we constructed a personal delivered dose (PDD) model that included personal information on tap water consumption and bathing habits so that inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption were also considered. We reanalyzed the association between PCE and breast cancer and compared the results to the original RDD analysis of subjects with complete data. The PDD model produced higher adjusted odds ratios than the RDD model for exposures > 50th and >75th percentile when shorter latency periods were considered, and for exposures 90th percentile when longer latency periods were considered. Overall, however, the results from the PDD analysis did not differ greatly from the RDD analysis. The inputs that most heavily influenced the PDD model were initial water concentration and duration of exposure. These variables were also included in the RDD model. In this study population, personal factors like bath and shower temperature, bathing frequencies and durations, and water consumption did not differ greatly among subjects, so including this information in the model did not significantly change subjects' exposure classification.
Binding of lectins to goblet cell mucin in malignant and premalignant colonic epithelium in the CF-1 mouse.

Abstract The lectin peanut agglutinin binds to mucin secreted by neoplastic but not normal human colonic epithelial cells. Peanut agglutinin was found to bind to mucin secreted by experimentally induced neoplasms in the distal colons of CF-1 mice, but not in the distal colons of control animals. Serial examination of colonic tissues after exposure to carcinogen has revealed the "cancer-associated" mucin in histologically normal but potentially premalignant epithelium. Thus, in the chemical carcinogen-rodent model, a diffuse alteration in glycoprotein structure is found in that part of the murine colon that subsequently develops cancer, and this precedes the appearance of neoplastic tissue. Changes in mucin structure may prove to be useful in the identification of premalignant gastrointestinal epithelium in certain humans at high risk for colon cancer.
Morphometric analysis of small-scale lobate scarps on the Moon using data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

[1] Prior to Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), the morphology and dimensions of only a limited number of lobate scarps, all located near the equator (within 21°), had been characterized. Topography derived from LRO Camera stereo images and Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) ranging is used to measure the relief and analyze the morphology of previously known and newly detected low and high latitude lobate scarps. The asymmetric profiles and maximum slopes on scarp faces (∼5° to 29°) of lunar lobate scarps are similar to those of lobate scarps observed on Mars and Mercury. Scarp lengths range from ∼0.6 to 21.6 km (mean = ∼6.0 km, median = ∼4.4 km, n = 79), and measured relief ranges from ∼5 to 150 m (mean = ∼35 m, median = ∼20 m, n = 26). Assuming a range of 20° to 40° for the fault plane dip, estimated lower limits for the horizontal shortening (S) expressed by the lobate scarp thrust faults range from ∼10 to 410 m. The range in S estimated for the lunar scarps is roughly an order of magnitude lower than estimates of S for lobate scarp thrust faults on Mars and Mercury. The relatively small range of S estimated for the growing number of well-characterized lunar scarps is consistent with a small amount of global contraction.
Sublattice Magnetization of Yttrium Iron Garnet at Low Temperatures

The energies and eigenvectors for long-wavelength acoustic spin waves in yttrium iron garnet are calculated neglecting spin-wave interactions, but including the effects of anisotropy and dipolar interactions. The sublattice magnetization is found to be $S_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{}{}_{}{}^{z}(T)=S\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{-}cT\ensuremath{-}{A}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{T}^{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{B}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{T}^{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{T}^{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\cdots}$. Here $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ labels the sublattice $a$ or $d$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ expresses the effect of zero-point motion, and $\mathrm{cT}$ is the Holstein-Primakoff correction for dipolar interactions. Expressions in terms of the exchange integrals ${J}_{\mathrm{aa}}$, ${J}_{\mathrm{dd}}$, ${J}_{\mathrm{ad}}$, and $J_{\mathrm{ad}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, where $J_{\mathrm{ad}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ describes interactions between next-nearest-neighbor $a$ and $d$ sites, are given for ${A}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, ${B}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, and, when $J_{\mathrm{ad}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0$, for ${C}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. The spin-wave spectrum of some substituted garnets and the effect of spin-wave interactions on the zero-point disordering are treated in appendices.
The HrpZ proteins of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. syringae, glycinea, and tomato are encoded by an operon containing Yersinia ysc homologs and elicit the hypersensitive response in tomato but not soybean.

The Pseudomonas syringae pathovars are composed of host-specific plant pathogens that characteristically elicit the defense-associated hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost plants. P. s. pv. syringae 61 secretes an HR elicitor, harpinPss (HrpZPss), in a hrp-dependent manner. An internal fragment of the P. s. pv. syringae 61 hrpZ gene was used to clone the hrpZ locus from P. s. pv. glycinea race 4 (bacterial blight of soybean) and P. s. pv. tomato DC3000 (bacterial speck of tomato). DNA sequence analysis revealed that hrpZ is the second ORF in a polycistronic operon. The amino acid sequence identities of HrpZPss/HrpZPsg and HrpZPss/HrpZPst, were 79 and 63%, respectively. Although none of the HrpZ proteins showed significant overall sequence similarity with other known proteins, HrpZPst contained a 24-amino acid sequence that is homologous with a region of the PopA1 elicitor protein of the tomato pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum GMI1000. hrpA, the upstream ORF, was highly divergent: The amino acid sequence identities of HrpAPss/HrpApsg and HrpAPss/HrpAPst were 91 and 28%, respectively, and no HrpA sequence showed similarity to known proteins. In contrast, the predicted products of the downstream ORFs in P. s. pv. syringae and P. s. pv. tomato, hrpB, hrpC, hrpD, and hrpE showed varying levels of similarity to those of yscI, yscJ, yscK, and yscL. These are colinearly arranged genes in the virC locus of Yersinia spp., which are involved in the secretion of the Yop virulence proteins via the type III pathway. The similarity of the Ysc proteins was generally stronger in comparisons with the P. s. pv. tomato Hrp proteins. The HrpZ proteins were purified by heat denaturation of contaminating proteins followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydrophobic chromatography, and gel electrophoresis. All three HrpZ proteins elicited the HR in tomato, whereas none of them elicited significant necrosis in soybean. The results indicate that HrpZ is encoded in an operon containing some of the genes involved in its own secretion and suggest that HrpZ structure does not directly determine bacterial host range.