cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Solid Renal Tumors

OBJECTIVE. We performed a retrospective review of imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation of solid renal tumors.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Since May 2000, 35 tumors in 20 patients have been treated with radiofrequency ablation. The size range of treated tumors was 0.9–3.6 cm (mean, 1.7 cm). Reasons for patient referrals were a prior partial or total nephrectomy (nine patients), a comorbidity excluding nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy (10 patients), or a treatment alterative to nephron-sparing surgery (one patient who refused surgery). Tumors were classified as exophytic, intraparenchymal, or central. Sixteen patients had 31 lesions that showed serial growth on CT or MR imaging. Of these 16 patients, four patients with 10 lesions had a history of renal cell carcinoma, and two patients with 11 lesions had a history of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Four patients had incidental solid masses, two of which were biopsied and shown to represent renal cell carcinoma, and the remaining two masses were presumed malignant ...
On preserving the robustness of an optimal control system with observers

A new, simple, and general method is proposed in this note to preserve the robustness of the LQ control system which involves state estimators. The method is to minimize the estimator gain to the system input by selecting the estimator poles, while the existing method is to maximize the estimator gain to the system output by introducing additional noise in the system input noise description. An example demonstrates that the stability margin of the feedback system with the estimator designed by this method is even better than that of a system without the estimators.
ROLE OF MENTAL IMAGERY IN A PROPERTY VERIFICATION TASK: FMRI EVIDENCE FOR PERCEPTUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE

Is our knowledge about the appearance of objects more closely related to verbal thought or to perception? In a behavioural study using a property verification task, Kosslyn (1976) reported that there are both amodal and perceptual representations of concepts, but that amodal representations may be more easily accessed. However, Solomon (1997) argued that due to the nature of Kosslyn’s stimuli, subjects may be able to bypass semantics entirely and perform this task using differences in the strength of association between words in true trials (e.g., cat–whiskers) and those in false trials (e.g., mouse–stinger). Solomon found no evidence for amodal representations when the task materials were altered to include associated false trials (e.g., cat–litter), which require semantic processing, as opposed to associative strategies. In the current study, we used fMRI to examine the response of regions of visual association cortex while subjects performed a property verification task with either associated or unassociated false trials. We found reliable activity across subjects within the left fusiform gyrus when true trials were intermixed with associated false trials but not when true trials were intermixed with unassociated false trials. Our data support the idea that conceptual knowledge is organised visually and that it is grounded in the perceptual system.
Phonological Segmentation Assessment Is Not Enough: A Comparison of Three Phonological Awareness Tests With First and Second Graders

Despite extensive research on phonological awareness and reading, there has been little effort to study practical questions that would assist practitioners regarding the choice and interpretation o...
Economic Consequences of War

One influence of war has repeatedly asserted itself in the past—an effect on the costs of production and on the competitive position of the industries and firms of victorious or neutral nations. This subject needs more study, but certain facts suggest a hypothesis, of three parts. First: war expands some industries or concerns, increases their efficiency, enables them to operate, at the end of the struggle, on a comparatively low-cost basis, intensifies their competitive advantages, and improves their position in relation to foreign competitors. Second: war—for the duration—bolsters up some high-cost units by enabling them to sell at a profit all they can produce. The end of the war places such high-cost units at a disadvantage in the process of absorbing the shocks of the transition to a peacetime economy. Third: the history of postwar periods usually exhibits a sharp contest between such low-cost and high-cost enterprises. While “low cost” and “high cost” may refer to the relative positions of units within the same country, in most of this discussion, the terms will be applied to the producers of one country (either victor or neutral) to mean that their costs are low or high in comparison with those of their foreign competitors.
Fiber-optic epoxy composite cure sensor. I. Dependence of refractive index of an autocatalytic reaction epoxy system at 850 nm on temperature and extent of cure.

We discuss the behavior of the refractive index of a typical epoxy–aromatic diamine system. Near 850 nm the index of refraction is found to be largely controlled by the density of the epoxy. Models are derived to describe its dependence on temperature and extent of cure. Within the range of temperatures studied, the refractive index decreases linearly with increasing temperature. In addition, as the epoxy is cured, the refractive index increases linearly with conversion to the gel point. From then on, shrinkage in the volume of the epoxy is restricted by local viscosity. Therefore the linear relationship between the refractive index and the extent of cure does not hold beyond the gel point.
Visual masking by a patterned stimulus and recovery of observer performance

A forced-choice visual acuity task was used to assess visual backward masking and recovery in two experiments. In the masking conditions, the target was closely followed in time by a patterned stimulus. In the recovery condition, the patterned masking stimulus was followed, in turn, by a homogeneous flash of light. The homogeneous flash was found to enhance observer performance. This enhancement held under both dark adaptation and light adaptation as well as when observers were given immediate feedback about their performance.
Modeling thermal effects in nano-devices

Display Omitted In current semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) technology, the minimum feature size of transistors is about 22nm, and the projected size of next generation devices will be well below that. This continued miniaturization of electronic components results in higher heat generation densities inside the device. Non-uniform power distribution across the die surface, and sub-continuum effects cause large temperature gradients and localized hot spots over the die. This overheating of the die surface hinders the performance and reliability of these devices; and therefore, makes thermal management a crucial step for further developments. Herein we discuss the self-heating effects and their implications on the operation of different generations of silicon on insulator devices.
Development of a Novel Deformation-Based Tissue Softness Sensor

The biomechanical characteristics of human tissues have a close relation with individual pathologies. The softness or elasticity of tissues is an important index of normal/abnormal tissues, which further implies some diseases. Thus, measuring and monitoring the softness of human tissues is very useful to evaluate human health. This paper analyzes current methods of measuring the softness of human tissues and then develops an innovative tissue softness sensor based on two elastic elements. The theoretical analysis was carried out by using elastodynamics and verified that this sensor can be utilized to measure the Young's module of human tissues. The measurement is quick, safe and convenient. A prototype sensor was produced and was tested in a laboratory setup using some soft materials. The experimental result showed that this sensor has good performance in measuring the Young's module of soft materials.
Endolumenal fundoplication with EsophyX: the initial North American experience.

EsophyX is a novel endolumenal therapeutic option for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The device is passed into the stomach, where it deploys a series of full-thickness fasteners to create a neogastroesophageal valve. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety and characterize the effectiveness of this approach in the initial North American experience. This is a retrospective study of consecutive patients with GERD who had undergone endolumenal fundoplication with the EsophyX device. At follow-up, proton pump inhibitor usage was elicited and 2 validated questionnaires were administered measuring GERD health—related quality of life (range 0-50) and symptom severity (range 0-72). In limited preliminary evaluation, the initial North American experience with endolumenal fundoplication using the EsophyX device is that it appears to be safe and provides moderate effectiveness in treating the symptoms of GERD. Further studies comparing this technique with conventional medi...
Transmission electron microscopy of saturated hydrocarbon block copolymers

Contrast for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of microphase-separated saturated hydrocarbon diblock copolymers has been obtained using ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4). This technique exploits differences in the rate of transport of the oxidizing stain in rubbery amorphous versus semicrystalline, or glassy, microdomains. Rapid quenching from above the melting (Tm), or glass transition (Tg) temperature is shown to preserve the equilibrium melt morphology in poly(ethylene)-poly(ethyl-ethylene) (PE-PEE), poly(ethylene)-poly(ethylene-propylene) (PE-PEP), and poly(vinylcyclohexane)-poly(ethyl-ethylene) (PVCH-PEE) diblock copolymers; PE melts at 108°C, PVCH is glassy up to about 140°C, while PEE and PEP remain rubbery down to approximately-20°C and −56°C, respectively. Treatment of ultrathin sections of the quenched specimens with RuO4 vapor led to welldefined TEM images, that revealed microdomain type and order. These results are consistent with SANS data taken under equilibrium conditions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of anthracyclines on oxygenated and hypoxic tumor cells.

Abstract The cytotoxic effects of anthracyclines and other chemotherapeutic agents were examined in normally aerated and hypoxic Sarcoma 180 and EMT6 tumor cells in vitro. Adriamycin, daunomycin, and mitomycin C were selectively toxic to hypoxic Sarcoma 180 cells. The augmented sensitivity was not the result of an increase in susceptibility of oxygen-deprived cells toward antitumor agents in general. 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, for example, exhibited equal cytotoxicity toward normally aerated and hypoxic cells, while streptonigrin was selectively toxic toward normally aerated cells. The cellular levels of [3H]daunomycin in both Sarcoma 180 and EMT6 cells were not different under the two conditions of oxygenation, and no greater production of either the alcohol or aglycone metabolites of daunomycin occurred in hypoxic cells, compared with their normally aerated counterparts. In addition, analysis of cellular pellets for residual drug remaining after exhaustive extraction showed no significant difference between normally aerated and hypoxic cells. The effects of reoxygenation of hypoxic cells on their sensitivity to mitomycin C and to Adriamycin were studied in both Sarcoma 180 and EMT6 cells. The enhanced efficacy of mitomycin C as a cytotoxic agent observed under hypoxia was reversed after a 2-hr reoxygenation. In contrast, the augmented toxicity of Adriamycin toward hypoxic cells was not reversible in either cell line after 2 or 4 hr of reoxygenation. The results suggest that neither the formation of a reactive oxygen species nor direct involvement of an alkylating agent generated by drug metabolism is an obligatory step in the cytotoxic action of these anthracyclines.
Multiple telophase arrest bypassed (tab) mutants alleviate the essential requirement for Cdc15 in exit from mitosis in S. cerevisiae

The Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) proteins – including the protein kinase Cdc15 and the protein phosphatase Cdc14 – are essential for exit from mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To identify downstream targets of the MEN, we sought telophase arrest bypassed (tab) mutations that bypassed the essential requirement for CDC15. Previous studies identified net1 tab2-1 and CDC14 TAB6-1 as mutations in the RENT complex subunits Net1 and Cdc14, respectively, and revealed that the MEN acts by promoting release of Cdc14 from its nucleolar Net1 anchor during anaphase. However, the remaining tab mutants were not characterized. Fourteen out of fifteen tab mutants were mapped to three recessive (tab1-tab3) and three dominant (TAB5-TAB7) linkage groups. We show that net1 tab2-1 enables growth of tem1Δ, cdc15Δ, dbf2Δ dbf20Δ, and mob1Δ, but not cdc5Δ or cdc14Δ, arguing that whereas the essential task of the first four genes is to promote exit from mitosis, CDC5 possesses additional essential function(s). net1 tab2-1 but not CDC14 TAB6-1 resulted in a high rate of chromosome loss, indicating that Net1 promotes accurate chromosome segregation in addition to its multiple known roles. Finally, TAB1 was shown to be MTR10, a gene encoding nuclear transport receptor/adaptor. In some of the tab mutants including mtr10 tab1-1, defective nuclear export of the ribosomal protein Rpl11b was observed. Furthermore, the transport-defective -31 allele of the karyopherin SRP1, but not the transport competent -49 allele, exhibited a tab phenotype. Transport-defective mutations in two karyopherins can bypass cdc15Δ, suggesting that the function of the MEN is to promote mitotic exit by regulating nuclear transport.
Fall From Grace Or Glass Ceiling

Wall Street has had few women in top leadership positions. Zoe Cruz was one of the highest ranking women in the financial services industry. She spent her career working at one firm where she rose to the rank of Co-President. However, soon after reaching the highest levels, Zoe Cruz abruptly left the firm after twenty-five years of service. Ms. Cruz’s departure proved controversial and commentators had a range of opinions. There were at least three broad interpretations of the situation: one, that she had a moral obligation to leave; two, that organizational politics had forced her out; and, three, that many of the problems she faced could be traced to the fact that she was a woman working in a domain and culture dominated by men. The case is aimed at identifying factors and forces that were at work in the situation. It also poses the question of deciding whether gender and culture related factors were at work against Ms. Cruz’s interests or whether what happened was post-gender and simply par for the course.
Achene microstructure in Eriophorum (Cyperaceae): Taxonomic implications and paleobotanical applications'

TucKER, G. C. AND N. G. MILLER (Biological Survey, New York State Museum, The State Education Department, Albany, NY 12230). Achene microstructure in Eriophorum (Cypera­ ceae): Taxonomic implications and paleobotanical applications. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 266-283. 1990.-Silica bodies in the outer cells of the achene epidermis in 17 species of Eriophorum-and nine species of Scirpus, some of which have been placed in Eriophorum, were revealed by sonication and/or acetolysis and examined by scanning electron microscopy. A silica body consists of a basal platform, one or more large elevated protuberances, and sometimes smaller satellite protuberances. Individual species differ in the number of protuberances, the presence/absence of satellites, the texture of the platform, and the occurrence of nodules on the larger protuberances. These features, combined with achene shape and characteristics of the anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells (undulate vs. straight, thick vs. thin, buttressed or not), are expressed in a unique combination for each species. Scirpus hudsonianus was examined for geographic and developmental variation in the microstructure of its silica bodies. All samples had similar bodies, characterized by conspicuous nodules on the protuberances and a smooth platform. Nodules were much less evident in immature achenes. Achene epidermal microstruc­ ture supports the placement of S. hudsonianus in Scirpus sect. Baeothryon and S. maximowiczii in Scirpus sect. Trichophorum. Achenes of S. hudsonianus and Scirpus cespitosus share similar silica bodies and other achene features. Achene microstructure of a late-Pleistocene fossil proved to be the same as that in Scirpus hudsonianus. Our studies establish the feasibility of identifYing all species of Eriophorum by utilizing microstructural characteristics of isolated achenes.
Evaluation of oral rehydration therapy in Matiguas Nicaragua.

In Matiguas a rural town in central Nicaragua a random sample of homes was selected from the 873 households with children younger than 5 years old. At each of the 155 households chosen the person taking care of the children was interviewed about family size the age and sex of all those living in the house and socioeconomic status. Data were also collected on frequency of health center use number of cases of diarrhea of children under 5 during the previous 2 months and treatment of diarrhea. Respondents were asked to describe the proper mixing of the solution and to demonstrate mixing an ORS solution. In the 155 households 132 (85%) of women agreed to the interview and 73% of them agreed to mix the oral rehydration solution (ORS) salts. The average family had 7 members with 2 under 5 years of age. The caretakers had a mean age of 36 years and 4.4 years of education. Over the preceding 2 months respondents averaged 2 visits of family members to the health center and the children under 5 experienced on average 2 cases of diarrhea (range 0-12). All respondents had heard of oral rehydration treatment (ORT) and 92% described the correct procedure for mixing World Health Organization (WHO) ORS packets with water. 118 demonstrated mixing the ORS packet and 63% of them correctly measured exactly 1 liter. More than 90% of respondents used the health center where they had learned how to mix and use oral rehydration solutions with WHO ORS. Only 75% had administered WHO ORS to their children who had diarrhea during the past 2 months. 93% of those who were breast feeding said they continued it when their child had diarrhea. Respondents with more years of education were more likely to mix WHO ORS correctly (odds ratio 2.7) than respondents who learned to prepare ORT at the health center (odds ratio 2.1). Those who breast fed were less likely to administer ORT than those who did not.
Utilizing Polarization Induced Band Bending for InGaN Solar Cell Design

Strong polarization effects observed in III-nitride materials can invert the surface carrier type. The corresponding band bending can be used to design InGaN solar cells. Similar surface inversion was observed in the past with silicon-based Schottky-barrier solar cells, but was limited by Fermi level pinning. The formation of two-dimensional electron gas by polarization fields in III-nitrides has been reported. Using a similar idea, the growth of a thin AlN capping layer on p-InGaN has resulted in band bending, hence depletion region, under the surface that can be used separate any generated photo-carriers. Hall measurements at different depths on these structures confirm the inversion of surface carrier type. Solar cells based on this concept have resulted in an open circuit voltage of 2.15 V and short circuit current of 21.8 μA.
Delayed effects of two benzoylphenylureas on Platynota stultana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the laboratory

Delayed effects of two benzoylphenylureas (BPU’s), alsystin and UC 62644 (2,6-difluoro- N -[[[4-[3-dichloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyloxy]-3,5-dichlorophenyl]amino] carbonyl]benzamide), on Platynota stultana Walsingham were studied with life tables. Treatments were made by mixing the chemical solutions into artificial diet (15, 11, 8, and 0 ppm for alsystin, and 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.0 ppm for UC 62644). These concentrations were below the LC10 for the first two instars of P. stultana . Alsystin considerably decreased larval and pupal survivorship, but did not affect adult survivorship, longevity, or fecundity. Doubling times were increased >2-fold with the 11- and 15-ppm treatments of alsystin. Larval and pupal survivorship was decreased by only 40% at the highest concentrations of UC 62644. However, adult survivorship, longevity, and fecundity were greatly decreased with UC 62644. Doubling time was close to 13-fold higher with the 0.1-ppm treatment of UC 62644 compared with controls and could not be estimated for the 0.2-ppm treatment due to lack of fertile eggs. The potential of the two BPU’s in pest control is discussed.
Strain-Sensing Elastomer/Carbon Nanofiber “Metacomposites”

Electrically conductive elastomer nanocomposites reinforced with 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt % carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have been fabricated from two slightly different elastomers (VM1, VM2). The electrical and dielectric percolation threshold of 1 wt % in VM2 nanocomposites is much lower than 3 wt % in the VM1 nanocomposites. Unique negative permittivity is observed in the composites with the CNF concentration correlating well with the percolation thresholds. About 40% unrecoverable strain loss and a permanently increased resistivity by about 2 orders of magnitude are observed due to the formation and opening/closing of the cracks during the first cyclic loading. In the subsequent stretching cycles, the reversible resistivity at 120% strain is about 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than that at 40% strain. Higher fraction of ethylene is found to reduce the thermal stability of the propylene portion in the elastomer. An enhanced thermal stability of the elastomers is observed in both nanocomposite systems; however, t...
Addressing sexuality in youth with autism spectrum disorders: current pediatric practices and barriers.

ABSTRACT:Objective:Research on adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has focused on promoting independence and optimizing quality of life, yet the areas of sexual development and sexuality has been largely neglected. The American Academy of Pediatrics encourages pediatri
Immunogenicity of a codon optimized DNA vaccine expressing avian flu HA antigen

Objective To study the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the codon optimized HA gene from an H5N1 avian flu viral isolate, A/Viet Nam1203/04 (H5-VN). Methods The codon usage of the wild type H5-VN HA gene was analyzed with the MacVector software against the codon preference for Homo sapiens. Synthetic codon optimized H5-VN A HA gene was cloned into DNA vaccine vector pSW3891, and H5-VN HA gene leader sequence was substituted with a human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence. The pSW3891 vector with the tPA leader, which was named HA-VN.tPA, was transfected into 293T cells. And the expression of HA gene in the transfected cells was detected by Western blot. Two New Zealand rabbits were immunized with electroporation method, then the anti-HA specific antibodies in the serum of the rabbits were evaluated by ELISA. Results In the codon optimized H5-VN HA gene, the frequency of the mammal cell preferred codons was higher than that of the wild type H5-VN HA gene. By Western blotting, the expression of HA protein was detected in 293T cell lysate transfected by HA-VN.tPA. ELISA showed that anti-H5 specific antibody was produced after three-time vaccinations Conclusion A H5-VN HA DNA vaccine was successfully constructed with proven immunogenicity in eliciting high-titre avian flu HA specific antibody response.
The VEXing problem of monoallelic expression in the African trypanosome.

The African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei , is a causative agent of African Trypanosomiasis (also known as “sleeping sickness” in humans and “nagana” in cattle) and imposes an enormous economic burden in regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. T. brucei is transmitted to the mammalian host through the bite of the tsetse fly. In the mammal, it survives extracellularly in the bloodstream, eventually migrating into the central nervous system and causing coma and death. To survive in the bloodstream of its mammalian host, T. brucei must evade the host immune system. The parasite is covered by a dense, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat that shields other epitopes on the cell surface from antibodies produced by the host immune system (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2). A strong antibody response is mounted against the VSG upon entry of the parasite into the bloodstream. However, the parasite harbors thousands of variants of the VSG gene and periodically switches the particular variant that is expressed in a process called antigenic variation (known colloquially in T. brucei as “switching”) (1). VSG genes are transcribed from one of ∼15 telomeric bloodstream expression sites (BESs), only one of which is transcriptionally active at any given time. Transcription of VSG genes occurs within a discrete nuclear structure, called the expression site body (ESB) and is driven by Pol I (1). Switching from expression of one VSG to a new VSG can occur by multiple mechanisms, including transcriptional activation of a new BES and recombinatorial mechanisms (1). Analysis of T. brucei populations in mouse models of infection has revealed that a population of trypanosomes can contain parasites expressing as many as 66 different VSGs at any given time (3). However, although the repertoire of VSGs expressed in a population of trypanosomes is quite diverse, a single trypanosome expresses just one … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: dschulz{at}hmc.edu or papavas{at}rockefeller.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
InSAR observations of strain accumulation and fault creep along the Chaman Fault system, Pakistan and Afghanistan

We use 2004–2011 Envisat synthetic aperture radar imagery and InSAR time series methods to estimate the contemporary rates of strain accumulation in the Chaman Fault system in Pakistan and Afghanistan. At 29 N we find long-term slip rates of 16 ± 2.3 mm/yr for the Ghazaband Fault and of 8 ± 3.1 mm/yr for the Chaman Fault. This makes the Ghazaband Fault one of the most hazardous faults of the plate boundary zone. We further identify a 340 km long segment displaying aseismic surface creep along the Chaman Fault, with maximum surface creep rate of 8.1 ± 2 mm/yr. The observation that the Chaman Fault accommodates only 30% of the relative plate motion between India and Eurasia implies that the remainder is accommodated south and east of the Katawaz block microplate.
Associations between thin slice ratings of affect and rapport and perceived patient-centeredness in primary care: Comparison of audio and video recordings

Abstract Objective To investigate associations between ratings of “thin slices” from recorded clinic visits and perceived patient-centeredness; to compare ratings from video recordings (sound and images) versus audio recordings (sound only). Methods We analyzed 133 video-recorded primary care visits and patient perceptions of patient-centeredness. Observers rated thirty-second thin slices on variables assessing patient affect, physician affect, and patient-physician rapport. Video and audio ratings were collected independently. Results In multivariable analyses, ratings of physician positive affect (but not patient positive affect) were significantly positively associated with perceived patient-centeredness using both video and audio thin slices. Patient-physician rapport was significantly positively associated with perceived patient-centeredness using audio, but not video thin slices. Ratings from video and audio thin slices were highly correlated and had similar underlying factor structures. Conclusion Physician (but not patient) positive affect is significantly associated with perceptions of patient-centeredness and can be measured reliably using either video or audio thin slices. Additional studies are needed to determine whether ratings of patient-physician rapport are associated with perceived patient-centeredness. Practice implications Observer ratings of physician positive affect have a meaningful positive association with patients’ perceptions of patient-centeredness. Patients appear to be highly attuned to physician positive affect during patient-physician interactions.
Energetics of the S2 State Spin Isomers of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

The S2 redox intermediate of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II is present as two spin isomers. The S = 1/2 isomer gives rise to a multiline electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal at g = 2.0, whereas the S = 5/2 isomer exhibits a broad EPR signal at g = 4.1. The electronic structures of these isomers are known, but their role in the catalytic cycle of water oxidation remains unclear. We show that formation of the S = 1/2 state from the S = 5/2 state is exergonic at temperatures above 160 K. However, the S = 1/2 isomer decays to S1 more slowly than the S = 5/2 isomer. These differences support the hypotheses that the S3 state is formed via the S2 state S = 5/2 isomer and that the stabilized S2 state S = 1/2 isomer plays a role in minimizing S2QA– decay under light-limiting conditions.
Soybean Urease-Potential Genetic Manipulation of Agronomic Importance

Soybean urease is an attractive system for two reasons: 1) it may offer a means of employing tissue culture for improving soybean nutritional value, and 2) it is a possible marker in asexual gene transfers. Recombinant DNA technology plays a crucial role in both of these goals.
Social Media and Citizen Participation in “Official” and “Unofficial” Electoral Promotion: A Structural Analysis of the 2016 Bernie Sanders Digital Campaign

Drawing on interviews with leaders of the effort to promote the 2016 Bernie Sanders U.S. presidential candidacy on social media, this study contrasts the structure and content of various organizational networks to map the hybrid ecosystem of the contemporary digital campaign. While the “official” Sanders organization built applications to transform supporters into a tightly controlled distribution network for its social media messaging, this was complemented by “unofficial” grassroots networks that circulated more informal and culturally oriented appeals. The latter are classified according to the models of organizationally enabled and self-organized connective action in digital social movements, with structural differences in oversight and moderation that suggest varying levels of creative autonomy for citizens and reputational risk for the associated campaigns.
Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact.

High summer temperatures in extratropical areas have an impact on the public's health, mainly through heat stress, high air pollution concentrations, and the transmission of tropical diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the current characteristics of heat events and future projections of summer apparent temperature (AT)-and associated health concerns-throughout the southeastern United States. Synoptic climatology was used to assess the atmospheric characteristics of extreme heat days (EHDs) from 1979-2015. Ozone concentrations also were examined during EHDs. Trends in summer-season AT over the 37-year period and correlations between AT and atmospheric circulation were determined. Mid-century estimates of summer AT were calculated using downscaled data from an ensemble of global climate models. EHDs throughout the Southeast were characterized by ridging and anticyclones over the Southeast and the presence of moist tropical air masses. Exceedingly high ozone concentrations occurred on EHDs in the Atlanta area and throughout central North Carolina. While summer ATs did not increase significantly from 1979-2015, summer ATs are projected to increase substantially by mid-century, with most the Southeast having ATs similar to that of present-day southern Florida (i.e., a tropical climate). High ozone concentrations should continue to occur during future heat events. Large urban areas are expected to be the most affected by the future warming, resulting from intensifying and expanding urban heat islands, a large increase in heat-vulnerable populations, and climate conditions that will be highly suitable for tropical-disease transmission by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This nexus of vulnerability creates the potential for heat-related morbidity and mortality, as well as the appearance of disease not previously seen in the region. These effects can be attenuated by policies that reduce urban heat (e.g., cool roofs and green roofs) and that improve infrastructure (e.g. emergency services, conditioned space). Language: en
Measurement of transformative learning in study abroad: An application of the learning activities survey

Abstract Study abroad research has demonstrated that education abroad provides a host of benefits; however, it is still unclear how and to what extent these benefits occur. The present study aims to elucidate the study abroad learning process, especially as it pertains to the outcome of transformative learning. First, the study introduces the Learning Activities Survey (LAS), an instrument that operationalizes and quantitatively measures transformative learning constructs. Second, the study demonstrates the utility of the LAS for tourism educators, using data collected from students enrolled in the school of management at a private northwestern university. Results confirm that transformative learning occurs in study abroad settings and suggest that specific learning activities (e.g., exploring, sharing, and planning) facilitate transformative learning in that context. The authors recommend continued research using the LAS to measure transformative learning constructs in study abroad and other non-traditional contexts.
Body composition changes with testosterone replacement therapy following spinal cord injury and aging: A mini review.

ContextHypogonadism is a male clinical condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone. Testosterone plays a key role in maintaining body composition, bone mineral density, sexual function, mood, erythropoiesis, cognition and quality of life. Hypogonadism can occur due to several underlying pathologies during aging and in men with physical disabilities, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). This condition is often under diagnosed and as a result, symptoms undertreated.MethodsIn this mini-review, we propose that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) may be a viable strategy to improve lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) in men with SCI.Evidence SynthesisSupplementing the limited data from SCI cohorts with consistent findings from studies in non-disabled aging men, we present evidence that, relative to placebo, transdermal TRT can increase LBM and reduce FM over 3–36 months. The impact of TRT on bone mineral density and metabolism is also discussed, with particular relevance for persons wit...
The dopamine system, Parkinson's disease and language function

The mesocortical dopaminergic system innervates two major forebrain networks important in language processing: the frontal–parietal network (FPN) and the ‘social brain’ network. We argue that the FPN may contribute to mediation of grammatical/syntactic aspects of language function while the social brain network may support pragmatic language processes. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) evidence deficits in both brain networks and both linguistic domains: on grammatical sentence processing tasks and on pragmatic language tasks. The pragmatic deficits appear to be more pervasive than the syntactic/grammatical deficits, though a theoretical account of these deficits is lacking. While dopaminergic systems likely contribute to modulation of speech acts in patients with PD, there is, as yet, no clear theoretical account of how that is accomplished.
The Flow-of-Funds Accounts, the United Nations` System of National Accounts, and the Developing Countries

This paper considers flow-of-funds accounting and analysis in relation to the forthcoming revision of the United Nations` System of National Accounts (SNA), with emphasis on the problems faced by developing countries in this area. After a survey of the uses of flow-of-funds data, we conclude that these accounts should continue to have a central place in the SNA. Next, conceptual relations between the SNA and the flow-of-funds accounts are explored as well as the question of harmonization with the Fund`s statistical systems. Finally, the feasibility of these accounts for developing countries is demonstrated by a sketch of appropriate estimation procedures.
A light-weight hardware/software co-design for pairing-based cryptography with low power and energy consumption

Embedded electronic devices and sensors such as smartphones, smart watches, medical implants, and Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN) are making the “Internet of Things” (IoT) a reality. Such devices often require cryptographic services such as authentication, integrity and non-repudiation, which are provided by Public-Key Cryptography (PKC). As these devices are severely resource-constrained, choosing a suitable cryptographic system is challenging. Pairing Based Cryptography (PBC) is among the best candidates to implement PKC in lightweight devices. In this research, we present a fast and energy efficient implementation of PBC based on Barreto-Naehrig (BN) curves and optimal Ate pairing using hardware/software co-design. Our solution consists of a hardware-based Montgomery multiplier, and pairing software running on an ARM Cortex A9 processor in a Zynq-7020 System-on-Chip (SoC). The multiplier is protected against simple power analysis (SPA) and differential power analysis (DPA), and can be instantiated with a variable number of processing elements (PE). Our solution improves performance (in terms of latency) over an open-source software PBC implementation by factors of 2.34 and 2.02, for 256- and 160-bit field sizes, respectively, as measured in the Zynq-7020 SoC.
Integrated Computer-Generated Cockpit Displays

In the new generation of high-speed, multi-mission aircraft the role of the pilot has changed substantially. New system elements typically require the man to be an information manager or a fast decision maker as opposed to a direct controller of flight variables. Adjustment to the new demands has been greatly assisted by innovations in display and control technology and the inclusion of advanced computers on board. These innovations have increased the degrees of freedom in function allocation and display and control system design. Yet, to capitalize on these opportunities, further improvements in sensing and display are necessary for a wise use of these additional degrees of freedom.
The Golgi stacking protein GORASP2/GRASP55 serves as an energy sensor to promote autophagosome maturation under glucose starvation

The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane organelle in the secretory pathway. The formation of the unique stacked architecture of the Golgi ensures accurate protein glycosylation and sorting. However, how the Golgi structure and function respond to extracellular stresses is largely unexplored. In a recent study, we reported that under short-term glucose deprivation, a subpopulation of the Golgi stacking protein GORASP2/GRASP55 is targeted from the Golgi to the interface between autophagosomes and lysosomes to promote autophagosome maturation; this process is regulated by O-GlcNAcylation. Under growth condition, GORASP2 is O-GlcNAcylated and functions as a stacking protein in the Golgi. Upon glucose starvation, GORASP2 is de-O-GlcNAcylated and is partially relocated from the Golgi to the autophagosome-lysosome interface, where it interacts with lipidated LC3 on autophagosomes and LAMP2 on lysosomes, and functions as a membrane tether to facilitate autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, our study uncovered an unconventional role of the Golgi 'glue' protein in autophagy that acts by sensing the glucose level.
Psychometric Properties of the Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale: Replication and Extension in a Clinical Sample of Trauma-Exposed Veterans

The addition of the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to the DSM-5 has spurred investigation of its genetic, neurobiological, and treatment response correlates. In order to reliably assess the subtype, we developed the Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale (DSPS; Wolf et al., 2017), a 15-item index of dissociative features. Our initial investigation of the dichotomous DSPS lifetime items in a veteran epidemiological sample demonstrated its ability to identify the subtype, supported a three-factor measurement structure, distinguished the three subscales from the normal-range trait of absorption, and demonstrated the greater contribution of derealization and depersonalization symptoms relative to other dissociative symptomatology. In this study, we replicated and extended these findings by administering self-report and interview versions of the DSPS, and assessing personality and PTSD in a sample of 209 trauma-exposed veterans (83.73% male, 57.9% with probable current PTSD). Results replicated the three-factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis of current symptom severity interview items, and the identification of the dissociative subtype (via latent profile analysis). Associations with personality supported the discriminant validity of the DSPS and suggested the subtype was marked by tendencies towards odd and unusual cognitive experiences and low positive affect. Receiver operating characteristic curves identified diagnostic cut-points on the DSPS to inform subtype classification, which differed across the interview and self-report versions. Overall, the DSPS performed well in psychometric analyses, and results support the utility of the measure in identifying this important component of posttraumatic psychopathology.
Current challenges and opportunities to providing sexually transmitted disease services in STD clinics: A public health leadership perspective.

Objective To assess leaders' perceptions of challenges and opportunities to providing sexually transmitted disease (STD) services in public health departments. Design and sample Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2017 with health directors and other designated leaders in 19 public health departments who have an STD clinic. Purposive sampling accounted for geographical differences, providing balanced representation of urban, suburban, and rural agencies in North Carolina. Measurement Audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim. All transcripts were independently coded, with cross comparison and agreement between researchers. Rigorous thematic and content analyses were performed. Results Perceived stigma, funding constraints, and client-centered issues were identified as the greatest challenges to providing services. Opportunities to improve these services were offering comprehensive screening methods, quality improvement, and public health accreditation. Focused training on revenue and billing practices for staff was acknowledged as the most needed technical assistance. A "culture of free services", perceived by clients and staff, was revealed throughout several themes. Conclusions Leaders in publicly funded STD clinics face many challenges and opportunities to providing clinical services. Health directors often serve as change agents and improving the sexual health of communities remains a priority. Results of this study will assist in crafting future policy and practice for STD clinics in the public health sector.
Largescale Distributed PPM Databases: Harmonizing and Standardizing PPM Cohorts and Clinical Genomics Data Sharing Consortia

Large cohorts offer opportunities for studying rare and highly individualized events. Both disease-specific and general population biobanks and associated databases have been combined to form super-cohorts to answer questions of interest. This combination of several different cohorts into one larger cohort for data analysis presents a number of unique challenges. Different biobank consortia and distributed databases have approached each of these problems differently. In this chapter we describe what types of clinical problems are best approached using a distributed PPM database and how different research groups have tackled the challenges presented in harmonizing disparate sources. We discuss the workflows and data distribution challenges that need to be addressed prior to establishing a large cohort and the benefits and limitations of a distributed database. Furthermore, we discuss current tools available for data harmonization and the standardized elements that are currently available for planning future amalgamation into large distributed networks.
Role of Local Electric Field in Controlling Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Red Fluorescent Proteins

By measuring internal electric field components in a series of red fluorescent proteins we demonstrate that the fast nonradiative relaxation in proteins with the longest absorption wavelengths is explained by the twisted intramolecular charge transfer.
Using latent class analysis to empirically classify maltreatment according to the developmental timing, duration, and co-occurrence of abuse types.

Abstract Background Individuals can have vastly different maltreatment experiences depending on the types, developmental timing, and duration of abuse. Women and men may be differentially affected by distinct abuse patterns. Objective To examine whether maltreatment subgroups could be identified based on the types, developmental timing, and duration of abuse, and to determine their prevalence among a large, community-based sample. We also examined sex differences in associations of maltreatment subgroups with adverse health outcomes. Participants and Setting Data came from 9310 women and men (95 % White) in the United States who responded to the Growing Up Today Study questionnaire in 2007 (aged 19–27 years). Methods Participants reported on physical, sexual, and emotional abuse occurring in childhood (before age 11 years) and adolescence (ages 11−17 years). We conducted latent class (LC) analyses using indicators for child and adolescent abuse. We examined associations of LCs with health outcomes using sex-stratified log-binomial models with generalized estimated equations. Results We identified five LCs characterized by: 1) no/low abuse (59 %), 2) child physical abuse (16 %), 3) adolescent emotional abuse (9%), 4) child and adolescent physical and emotional abuse (16 %), and 5) child and adolescent sexual abuse (1%). LCs were uniquely associated adult health outcomes among both women and men. Associations of LCs with eating disorder behaviors appeared stronger for men than women. Conclusions Individuals experience distinct patterns of maltreatment based on the types, developmental timing, and duration of abuse. These patterns are uniquely associated with adverse health outcomes in adulthood, and can be identified using LCA.
The distinction between discriminability and reliability in forensic science.

Abstract Forensic science plays an increasingly important role in the criminal justice system; yet, many forensic procedures have not been subject to the empirical scrutiny that is expected in other scientific disciplines. Over the past two decades, the scientific community has done well to bridge the gap, but have likely only scratched the tip of the iceberg. We offer the discriminability-reliability distinction as a critical framework to guide future research on diagnostic-testing procedures in the forensic science domain. We argue that the primary concern of the scientist ought to be maximizing discriminability and that the primary concern of the criminal justice system ought to be assessing the reliability of evidence. We argue that Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis is uniquely equipped for determining which of two procedures or conditions has better discriminability and we also demonstrate how estimates of reliability can be extracted from this Signal Detection framework.