cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Fish Use and Piscivore Abundance within a Reconnected Saltmarsh Impoundment in the Northern Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Nearly all saltmarshes in east-central, Florida were impounded for mosquito control during the 1960s. The majority of these marshes have since been reconnected to the estuary by culverts, providing an opportunity to effectively measure exchange of aquatic organisms. A multi-gear approach was used monthly to simultaneously estimate fish standing stock (cast net), fish exchange with the estuary (culvert traps), and piscivore abundance (gill nets and bird counts) to document patterns of fish use in a reconnected saltmarsh impoundment. Changes in saltmarsh fish abundance, and exchange of fish with the estuary reflected the seasonal pattern of marsh flooding in the northern Indian River Lagoon system. During a 6-month period of marsh flooding, resident fish had continuous access to the marsh surface. Large piscivorous fish regularly entered the impoundment via creeks and ditches to prey upon small resident fish, and piscivorous birds aggregated following major fish movements to the marsh surface or to deep habitats. As water levels receded in winter, saltmarsh fish concentrated into deep habitats and emigration to the estuary ensued (200% greater biomass left the impoundment than entered). Fish abundance and community structure along the estuary shoreline (although fringed with marsh vegetation) were not analogous to marsh creeks and ditches. Perimeter ditches provided deep-water habitat for large estuarine predators, and shallow creeks served as an alternative habitat for resident fish when the marsh surface was dry. Use of the impoundment as nursery by transients was limited to Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, but large juvenile and adult piscivorous fish used the impoundment for feeding. In conclusion, the saltmarsh impoundment was a feeding site for piscivorous fish and birds, and functioned as a net exporter of forage fish to adjacent estuarine waters.
Adiabatic quantum optimization for associative memory recall

Hopfield networks are a variant of associative memory that recall patterns stored in the couplings of an Ising model. Stored memories are conventionally accessed as fixed points in the network dynamics that correspond to energetic minima of the spin state. We show that memories stored in a Hopfield network may also be recalled by energy minimization using adiabatic quantum optimization (AQO). Numerical simulations of the underlying quantum dynamics allow us to quantify AQO recall accuracy with respect to the number of stored memories and noise in the input key. We investigate AQO performance with respect to how memories are stored in the Ising model according to different learning rules. Our results demonstrate that AQO recall accuracy varies strongly with learning rule, a behavior that is attributed to differences in energy landscapes. Consequently, learning rules offer a family of methods for programming adiabatic quantum optimization that we expect to be useful for characterizing AQO performance.
Splenic Vein Thrombosis Is Associated with an Increase in Pancreas-Specific Complications and Reduced Survival in Patients Undergoing Distal Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Exocrine Cancer

Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy (DPS) is the procedure of choice for the surgical treatment of pancreatic exocrine cancer localized to the body and tail of the pancreas. Splenic vein thrombosis (SVT) can occur in patients with malignant pancreatic exocrine tumors secondary to direct tumor invasion or compression of the splenic vein by mass effect. This study examines the effect of preoperative SVT on postoperative outcomes. In this retrospective cohort study, we queried our pancreatic surgery database to identify patients who underwent DPS from October 2005 to June 2011. These cases were evaluated for evidence of preoperative SVT on clinical records and cross-sectional imaging (CT, MRI, endoscopic US). Outcomes for patients with and without SVT were compared. From an overall cohort of 285 consecutive patients who underwent DPS during the study period, data were evaluated for 70 subjects who underwent surgery for pancreatic exocrine cancer (27 with SVT, 43 without SVT). The preoperative demographics and co-morbidities were similar between the groups, except the average age was higher for those without SVT (p < 0.05). The median estimated blood loss was significantly higher in the SVT group (675 versus 250 ml, p = <0.001). While the overall morbidity rates were similar between the two groups (48 % SVT versus 56 % no SVT, p = NS), the group with SVT had a significantly higher rate of pancreas-specific complications, including pancreatic fistula (33 versus 7 %, p < 0.01) and delayed gastric emptying (15 versus 0 %, p < 0.02). Hospital readmission rates were similar between the groups (30 versus 28 %, p = NS). Patients without SVT had a trend toward longer median survival (40 versus 20.8 months), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.1). DPS for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma can be performed safely in patients with SVT, but with higher intraoperative blood loss, increased pancreas-specific complications, and a trend towards lower long-term survival rates. This paper was presented as a poster at the 53rd annual meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract and at the 46th annual meeting of the Pancreas Club, San Diego, CA, May 2012.
Importance of Adult Education

I READ many articles concerning after–the–War problems, but all are vague and not wholly convincing. At one time we had here in Colorado a Populist Party. It was a party of protests and for a time prospered, but it withered away because it had no adequate programme. Some wit wrote: “A Populist is a man who doesn't know what he wants, but wants it damned bad.”
Radiative heat transfer in emitting-absorbing-scattering spherical media

Radiative heat transfer in spherical media that emit, absorb, and scatter radiation is analyzed. Linear anisotropic scattering is considered. The spherical harmonics method is used to solve the equation of transfer. The P-1, P-2, P-3, P-7, and P-11 solutions are presented and their accuracy is discussed. Numerical results presented include the radiant heat fluxes at the inner and outer walls of the spherical enclosure and the distribution of the blackbody emissive power in the medium. The effect of scattering on the transfer of radiant energy is illustrated. 6 references.
Inner nuclear membrane and regulation of smad-mediated signaling

Smads mediate signal transduction by cytokines of the transforming growth factor-beta family. Recent data show that intrinsic and extrinsic proteins of the inner nuclear membrane affect the activities of Smads. MAN1, an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane, binds to receptor-regulated Smads and antagonizes signaling by transforming growth factor-beta, activin and bone morphogenic protein. Lamins A and C, extrinsic intermediate filament proteins of the inner nuclear membrane that are mutated in several human diseases, appear to regulate phosphorylation of Smads. These data demonstrate that proteins within and associated with the inner nuclear membrane lipid bilayer regulate signal transduction pathways involved in numerous developmental, physiological and pathophysiological processes.
High spatial resolution MRI and proton MRS of human frontal cortex

High-resolution MR imaging (312 microns in plane resolution) and MR spectroscopy (0.36 cm3 nominal voxel) have been performed on human frontal cortex using a 3 in surface coil. Localized proton spectra have been obtained from contiguous 6 x 6 x 10 mm voxels using one-dimensional phase encoding, TR 2000 ms and TE 31 ms. Seven healthy subjects were studied using this approach. The spectra from frontal gray matter showed a reproducible pattern characterized by a choline to creatine and N-acetylaspartate to creatine ratio significantly lower than those from cortical white matter. These metabolite ratio differences reflect the lower choline and higher creatine content in gray matter. These preliminary results show the potential of this high spatial-resolution approach for studying brain cortex.
Factorial Invariance in Multiple Populations: A Multiple Testing Procedure

A multiple testing method for examining factorial invariance for latent constructs evaluated by multiple indicators in distinct populations is outlined. The procedure is based on the false discovery rate concept and multiple individual restriction tests and resolves general limitations of a popular factorial invariance testing approach. The discussed method controls the overall significance level and is associated with higher power than conventional multiple testing procedures. The procedure avoids the necessity to choose a reference variable in applications of latent variable modeling for testing factorial invariance. The outlined method permits location of factorial invariance violations, in addition to its examination for a given set of construct indicators, and is illustrated with a numerical example.
Chemical Sensor Based on an Artificial Receptor Element Trapped in a Porous Sol-Gel Glass Matrix

A synthetic organic receptor, dansyl-tethered β-cyclodextrin, is doped into an inorganic sol-gel matrix and spin cast as a film on fused-silica plates. The entrapped receptor exhibits changes in its fluorescence in the presence of borneol. Thus, this new material can be used as a reversible sensor. Various aspects of a sol-gel matrix as a host for recognition molecules were explored. This system demonstrates the possibility of using artificial receptors and sol-gel porous glass films for chemical sensing purposes.
A Test for Possible X-ray Phosphorescence

IN examining photographs of the ray tracks produced in air, C. T. R. Wilson (Proc. Roy. Soc. A, vol. 104, p. 1, 1923) found that two tracks which were undoubtedly pairs were not alike: one was sharp and the other was a diffuse track; that is, pairs exist of which the two components have been ejected with an appreciable time interval. He roughly estimates this time interval to be of the order of 0.001 of a second. The first track he attributed to the photoelectron ejected by the primary X-ray, and the second track to an effect of the resulting fluorescent radiation. It was decided to search by a more direct method for the existence of such phosphorescence in the secondary X-rays from solid radiators.
Recovery of long-wavelength mean gravity anomalies for the dedicated gravitational satellite (gravsat) mission

This paper describes a computer simulation study that was undertaken to determine how well long-wavelength variations in the Earth's gravitational field can be recovered using data from the DedicatedGravitational Satellite (GRAVSAT) mission. This mission is to consist of two low altitude (160 km) spacecraft in essentially the same orbit but separated in phase by 100–300 km. Geodetic data are measurements of the relative range rate to an accuracy of about 1 μm/s at 4 sec intervals. Specifically, a Bayesian covariance simulation was used to investigate simultaneous recovery of the spacecraft ephemerides and a global distribution of 20° × 20° mean gravity anomaly blocks. Sources of errors considered were tracking station positions, gravitational constant, Earth body tides, tropospheric modeling and measurement noise. It should be noted that this simulation does not include as an error source variations in the gravity field that have a character different from what was modeled. Consequently, this study demonstrates the potential of the low-low system as configured to recover the long-wavelength variations in the gravity field. Using only one days worth of data, the mean of the standard deviations of the 162 20° × 20° gravity anomaly blocks is about 1 μgal. For a 6 month mission (assuming a reduction proportional to the square root of the data intervals) this projects to < 0.1 μgal. Because of the potential of increased measurement precision at shorter separation distances, and the relative insensitivity of the recovery process to separation distance, it should be possible to recover both long and short wavelength variations with a modest distribution of separation distances tailored primarily to the short wavelength recovery. Effects of the uncertainty in the gravitational constant and Love's numbers are negligible. In a simulation not reported on, increasing the altitude of the orbit to 200 km from 150 km, degraded, as expected, the accuracy of the recovered parameters by only 7%.
High‐resolution mapping of genetic loci of Anabaena PCC 7120 required for photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

Summary A physical map of the Anabaena genome permitted the localization of its genes to chromosomal fragments generated by rarely cutting restriction endonucleases and separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We introduce a novel means of mapping more precisely to c. 20 kb by use of rare restriction sites within vectors bearing cloned sequences that undergo homologous recombination with the genome. We thereby localize and orient genes encoding principal photosynthetic pigments. The relative spacing of loci within a single restriction fragment was determined with even higher resolution, as illustrated for genes required for heterocyst development and nitrogen fixation that were marked with transposons. Small, newly visualized restriction fragments of the chromosome were also mapped.
Saturn’s Curiously Corrugated C Ring

In August 2009 the Sun illuminated Saturn’s rings from almost exactly edge-on, revealing a subtle corrugation that extends across the entire C ring. This corrugation’s amplitude is 2 to 20 meters and its wavelength is 30 to 80 kilometers. Radial trends in the corrugation’s wavelength indicate that this structure—like a similar corrugation previously identified in the D ring—results from differential nodal regression within a ring that became tilted relative to Saturn’s equator plane in 1983. We suggest that this initial tilt arose because interplanetary debris struck the rings. The corrugation’s radial extent implies that the impacting material was a dispersed cloud of debris instead of a single object, and the corrugation’s amplitude indicates that the debris’ total mass was ~1011 to 1013 kilograms.
Homomorphisms of Jordan Rings of Self-Adjoint Elements

In a previous paper [4](1) we have defined a special Jordan ring to be a a subset of an associative ring which is a subgroup of the additive group and which is closed under the compositions a→a 2and (a, b)→aba. Such systems are also closed under the compositions (a, b) → ab+ba= {a, b} and (a, b, c) → abc+cba. The simplest instances of special Jordan rings are the associative rings themselves. In our previous paper we studied the (Jordan) homomorphisms of these rings. These are the mappings J of associative rings such that $$ {\left( {a + b} \right)^J} = {a^J} + {b^J},\;{\left( {{a^2}} \right)^J} = {\left( {{a^J}} \right)^2},\;{\left( {aba} \right)^J} = {a^J}{b^J}{a^J} $$ (1) A second important class of special Jordan rings is obtained as follows. Let \( H \) be an associative ring with an involution a → a *, that is, a mapping a→a * such that $$ {\left( {a + b} \right)^*} = {a^*} + {b^*},\;{\left( {ab} \right)^*} = {b^*}{a^*},\;{a^{**}} = a $$ (2) Let \( H \) denote the set of self-adjoint elements h = h *. Then is a special Jordan ring. In this paper we shall study the homomorphisms of the rings of this type. It is noteworthy that the Jordan rings of this type include those of our former paper(2).
Ultraviolet/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric characterization of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid-induced reductive hydrogenation of oligonucleotides on cytosine residues.

The changes in the ion signals in the isotope cluster, mass resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and mass accuracy for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) of DNA oligonucleotides (dGGATC, dCAGCt, and dAACCGTT) and their fragment ions were evaluated, and these data were compared with those obtained using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid. Mass spectra obtained by using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) appear to have differences from the theoretical isotopic clusters, which arise by reductive hydrogenation producing a second peak at the M + 2 isotope of the native oligonucleotide. Based on the patterns of the isotopic envelope observed in the in-source decay fragments, we propose that cytosine is the site of reduction. We do not find evidence of reduction of oligonucleotides, viz. dTGGGGTT, that do not contain cytosine; however, 2'-deoxycytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate undergo reductive hydrogenation. Several experiments were carried out in an effort to determine whether the reductive hydrogenation occurs during sample preparation or as a result of laser irradiation. The results of these experiments suggest that it occurs during sample preparation. The relative intensities of ion signals corresponding to the reduced base can be altered by using different matrix additives (aminonaphthalenes) or a different substrate (copper). Also, the oxidized form of 2,5-DHB is trapped by reaction with the side chain of cysteine in glutathione, providing evidence that the reaction occurs in solution as the matrix crystallizes.
Word recognition with segmented-alternated CVC words: a preliminary report on listeners with normal hearing.

Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) monosyllabic words were segmented at the approximate phoneme boundaries and were presented to subjects with normal hearing in the following sequence: (a) the carrier...
The Rogers-Hotchkiss Geological Maps of Virginia and West Virginia

During the years 1835 to 1841, the first geological survey of Virginia, and what is now West Virginia, was conducted under the leadership of William Barton Rogers. His geological work was produced in seven annual reports presented to the Board of Public Works, which were reprinted in 1884 as a single volume by his widow. However, the first geological map from Rogers' survey of Virginia was only published in 1876 by Jedediah Hotchkiss.Rogers gave his geological map to Hotchkiss in 1873 for use in Hotchkiss' book published 3 years later. During the following 10 years, this geological map was produced 13 more times, mostly by Hotchkiss, and each version is slightly different. Some changes are obvious, such as scale, base map, or cross sections, whereas other modifications are subtle, including stratigraphic units, title, or colors. Three versions are hand colored; the others are lithographs. The known versions, by date, are two in 1874, one circa 1875, five in 1880 and one circa 1880, one in 1881, one in 188...
Coadministration of methylprednisolone with hypertonic saline solution improves overall neurological function and survival rates in a chronic model of spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: We previously demonstrated that administration of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) significantly improved spinal cord blood flow and neurological outcomes after spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether hypertonicity would enhance the effects of methylprednisolone (MP), further improving neurological function. METHODS: Rat spinal cords were compressed for 10 minutes with 50 g of weight, and neurological function was assessed for 28 days, using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. The control group received an intravenous injection of isotonic saline (IS) (5 ml/kg). Group 1 received an intravenous injection of 7.5% HS (5 ml/kg). Group 2 received an intravenous injection of MP (30 mg/kg) and IS (5 ml/kg). Group 3 received an intravenous injection of MP (30 mg/kg) administered with 7.5% HS (5 ml/kg). RESULTS: At 24 hours after spinal cord injury, the combination of MP plus HS provided significant (P < 0.01) neurological improvements, compared with all other treatment groups. At 10 days after injury, the animals that had received MP plus HS exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) higher Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores, compared with the MP plus IS and control groups. The median survival time was significantly (P < 0.01) increased for the MP plus HS group (28 d), compared with the MP plus IS group (16 d). Because of the dramatic decrease in survival rates at 28 days after injury, there was a significant (P < 0.01) difference in neurological function only between the MP plus HS group and the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the administration of HS may enhance the delivery of MP and prevent immunosuppression, leading to improvements in overall neurological function and survival rates after spinal cord injury.
Identification of heptanal and nonanal in bronchoalveolar lavage from rats exposed to low levels of ozone

Heptanal and nonanal are identified from in vitro studies as potential biomarkers of exposure to ozone, the former resulting from ozonation of palmitoleic acid and the latter from oleic acid. An analytical method is developed based on derivatization using O-pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine HCl and gas chromatography. These molecules also are present in the lung lavage of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 1.3 ppm ozone for 10 hr. These results suggest aldehydes may be useful dosimeters for ozone and indicate that unsaturated fatty acids in the lung lining fluid layer undergo ozonation in vivo.
Integrated ecosystem assessment: Lake Ontario water management.

Background Ecosystem management requires organizing, synthesizing, and projecting information at a large scale while simultaneously addressing public interests, dynamic ecological properties, and a continuum of physicochemical conditions. We compared the impacts of seven water level management plans for Lake Ontario on a set of environmental attributes of public relevance. Methodology and Findings Our assessment method was developed with a set of established impact assessment tools (checklists, classifications, matrices, simulations, representative taxa, and performance relations) and the concept of archetypal geomorphic shoreline classes. We considered each environmental attribute and shoreline class in its typical and essential form and predicted how water level change would interact with defining properties. The analysis indicated that about half the shoreline of Lake Ontario is potentially sensitive to water level change with a small portion being highly sensitive. The current water management plan may be best for maintaining the environmental resources. In contrast, a natural water regime plan designed for greatest environmental benefits most often had adverse impacts, impacted most shoreline classes, and the largest portion of the lake coast. Plans that balanced multiple objectives and avoided hydrologic extremes were found to be similar relative to the environment, low on adverse impacts, and had many minor impacts across many shoreline classes. Significance The Lake Ontario ecosystem assessment provided information that can inform decisions about water management and the environment. No approach and set of methods will perfectly and unarguably accomplish integrated ecosystem assessment. For managing water levels in Lake Ontario, we found that there are no uniformly good and bad options for environmental conservation. The scientific challenge was selecting a set of tools and practices to present broad, relevant, unbiased, and accessible information to guide decision-making on a set of management options.
Interfacing a Computed Radiography System in a Centralized PACS System through a Microcomputer

Establishing control of the image data flow between a computed radiography system and a host computer presents many problems in a centralized PACS system design. Dedicating the main computer of the PACS system to service on-line acquisition devices will soon overload the system, especially when multiple image acquisition units are present. At UCLA, our approach is to distribute the task of buffering the input image data to a smart file server. Using a low-cost microcomputer as our image file server, we can reduce the burden to the central PACS computer when an image is to be acquired. This paper describes the design of the smart file server for a PCR/SP computed radiography system.
Investigations of angiosperms from the Eocene of North America: An aroid inflorescence

Abstract Investigation of two spadix-like fossils from the Middle Eocene Claiborne Formation reveals that they have no subtending spathe and bear helically arranged florets. The florets are perfect and have bilocular anthers and trilocular ovaries with small orbicular stigmas. There is evidence that each floret also has a perianth. Cuticular features of the inflorescence axis and stalk of one of the specimens are preserved and the stomata of the inflorescence axis have paracytic subsidiary cells. The stalk epidermal cells are irregularly polygonal and arranged with no specific orientation. The fine details of the morphology and the cuticular features suggest that they represent a single type of aroid spadix. This is the first report of an early Tertiary spadix to include morphological and cuticular details.
CHARLES STACY FRENCH : A TRIBUTE

Charles Stacy French, one of the great men of photosynthesis research, died on 13 October 1995. He received his PhD at Harvard University where he associated with William Arnold, Caryl Haskins, later president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Pei-Sung Tang. He did early work on the photosynthesis of photosynthetic bacteria with Robert Emerson and later with Otto Warburg. French worked for three years with James Franck in Chicago. His associates there included Hans Gaffron, Robert Livingston, Warren Butler and Roderick Clayton. After spending three years at the University of Minnesota he became the director of the Department of Plant Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and remained there until he retired in 1973. French's research career at the Carnegie Institution was marked by the development of novel and ingenious pieces of equipment such as the French pressure cell used to prepare chloroplast particles to measure partial reactions of photosynthesis. He developed the first recording fluorescence spectrophotometer and demonstrated efficient energy transfer between certain photosynthetically-active pigments, a spectrophotometer that measured the first derivative of absorbance, as well as a novel analog computer to show that complex absorption curves in living plants are produced by a number of distinct forms of chlorophyll occurring in vivo. French used the Blinks rate-measuring oxygen electrode to measure action spectra of oxygen evolution by photosynthesis automatically. He and Jack Myers did some of the pioneering work on the Emerson effect showing the necessary cooperation of two photosystems in photosynthesis. French used the Carnegie Institution's fellowship program to bring large numbers of scientists from around the world to his laboratory. When Stacy French died in 1995, the field of photosynthesis lost one of its great and early pioneers.
The Language of Action and Cyberaction-based Music: Theory and Practice

Abstract Action can define, guide and inform all aspects of compositional process and foster musical expression. This article formalizes a language of action-based music in the physical world and cyberspace. Typologies of actions form lexica from which such music emerges. Physical modelling synthesis is an excellent vehicle for conceptualization of actions and instruments in the digital domain, yielding replica extended, hybrid, and abstract cyberinstruments and cyberactions. Compositional examples situate proposed theoretical principles in musical practice.1 1This article is based on my dissertation research (Kojs, 2008).
A nonlinear optimization approach to coverage problem in mobile sensor networks

A distributed Voronoi-based sensor deployment approach is proposed to optimize sensor network coverage. It is assumed that each sensor can construct its Voronoi polygon using the information it receives from the neighboring sensors. To increase the local coverage of the sensors, it is desired to find a point in each polygon, such that if the corresponding sensor is placed there, then its covered area within the polygon is maximized. A nonlinear optimization algorithm is proposed based on the gradient projection to find the optimal location for each sensor. The algorithm can be implemented in a distributed fashion with minimum communication among the sensors. Examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of convergence rate, coverage performance, and energy consumption.
Actin Filaments as Tension Sensors

The field of mechanobiology has witnessed an explosive growth over the past several years as interest has greatly increased in understanding how mechanical forces are transduced by cells and how cells migrate, adhere and generate traction. Actin, a highly abundant and anomalously conserved protein, plays a large role in forming the dynamic cytoskeleton that is so essential for cell form, motility and mechanosensitivity. While the actin filament (F-actin) has been viewed as dynamic in terms of polymerization and depolymerization, new results suggest that F-actin itself may function as a highly dynamic tension sensor. This property may help explain the unusual conservation of actin's sequence, as well as shed further light on actin's essential role in structures from sarcomeres to stress fibers.
Laboratory Exercises in Human Factors at the Undergraduate Level

This paper is an overview of a series of laboratory procedures and exercises used to demonstrate basic human factors principles to the undergraduate student. The basic topics covered are presented along with a description of a few of the laboratory exercises available. For each exercise, a brief description of the objective, methodology and data analysis is included with a discussion of any special hardware or software requirements. Additional laboratory aids discussed include hardware, software and teaching aids.
Projections and termination of the corticospinal tract in rodents.

An examination of the precise mode of termination of the corticospinal system in the spinal cord of rodents has been conducted by use of light and electron microscope methods. This study confirms the position of the normal corticospinal tract in rodents in the ventralmost portion of the dorsal column white matter. Three to four days following unilateral sensorimotor cortex ablation, Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer silver methods reveal a dorsomedial projection of degenerating debris into the dorsal horn from the contralateral corticospinal tract. Although the silver methods do not show degeneration at survival times earlier than two days, the electron microscope shows degenerating axons and synaptic knobs as early as 24 hours following cortical lesion. The degenerating synaptic knobs are found only in the dorsal regions of the dorsal horn subjacent to the substantia gelatinosa. They usually make synaptic contact with several small to medium sized dendrites. These terminals do not appear to participate in axosomatic or axoaxonal synapses. No degeneration is seen in the ipsilateral corticospinal tract, the lateral white columns, or the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Changes in the biomechanical properties of neutrophils and endothelial cells during adhesion

This study examined changes in the biomechanical properties of cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and neutrophils induced by adhesion of neutrophils to these ECs. The biomechanical properties of cells were evaluated using magnetic twisting cytometry, which measures the angular rotation of ferromagnetic beads bound to cells through antibody ligation on application of a specified magnetic torque. Adhesion of neutrophils to 24-hour tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-treated ECs, but not to untreated ECs, induced an increase in EC stiffness within 2 minutes, which was accompanied by an increase and a reorganization of F-actin in ECs. A cell-permeant, phosphoinositide-binding peptide attenuated the EC stiffening response, suggesting that intracellular phosphoinositides are required. The stiffening response was not inhibited by ML-7, a myosin light-chain kinase inhibitor, or BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator. Moreover, the phosphorylation pattern of the regulatory myosin light chains was unaltered within 15 minutes of neutrophil adherence. These data suggested that the EC stiffening response appeared not to be mediated by myosin light-chain-dependent mechanisms. Concomitantly, neutrophil adhesion to 24-hour TNF-alpha-treated ECs also induced changes in the biomechanical properties of neutrophils compared to neutrophils bound to untreated ECs. Taken together, these results demonstrated that neutrophil adhesion to TNF-alpha-treated ECs induces changes in the biomechanical properties of both cell types through actin cytoskeletal remodeling. These changes may modulate neutrophil transmigration across the endothelium during inflammation.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Social Workers Accessing Their Profession: A Call to Action

This article aims to familiarize the social work profession with a paradox in its midst. Culturally sensitive and accessible services for deaf and hard of hearing people can often best be provided by social workers who are themselves deaf and hard of hearing, who have specialized language and communication skills, as well as unique cultural knowledge of this population at risk. Yet, deaf and hard of hearing graduates of social work education programs routinely experience difficulties accessing the profession. Addressing this paradox calls for creative collaborations among professional social work organizations, social work education programs, policymakers, and deaf and hard of hearing social workers.
Evaluation of ecological network analysis : Validation of output

Abstract Ecological network analysis (ENA) is a modeling approach increasingly being used to evaluate food webs and provide an ecosystem-based approach to resource management. Unfortunately, validation of ENA output is rarely performed. This study represents part of a larger effort to critically evaluate ENA. Here we validate ENA output using stable isotope analysis (SIA), and where validation is not met, determine the effects of modifying trophic networks to reflect validation. Quantitative trophic networks representing four salt marsh ponds during late summer 2002 were constructed from an extensive field sampling program augmented by literature values. Ponds were used because they contain relatively simple food webs, have well defined boundaries, and allow for relatively complete sampling. SIA data (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) were used to validate effective trophic levels calculated by Ecopath for four separate networks, and carbon source estimates from NETWRK's total dependency matrix for four compartments in a single network. Effective trophic levels calculated by Ecopath matched those from δ15N data for three of the four networks. Mean differences of trophic levels between methods ranged from 0.12 (95% CI = 0.27) to 0.34 (95% CI = 0.35) in three networks, and 0.53 (95% CI = 0.28) in the fourth. Agreement in carbon source estimates was determined graphically using ternary plots. Percent carbon from three sources (meiofauna, epiphytic algae, phytoplankton/POC) given in the total dependency matrix (NETWRK output) did not fall within the range given by stable isotope mixing models for three of four compartments. Modifications to reflect validation of carbon source estimates did not result in significant differences in ENA output. Lack of validation was often due to inherent differences in methods and assumptions imbedded in the models. Our study highlights the need for feedback between model construction, analysis and validation in improving trophic networks. Moreover, validation allows the effect of uncertainty in trophic networks to be evaluated by quantifying the sensitivity of ENA output to modifications in the models.
Polarization dependence of two-photon absorption and electronic Raman scattering intensitiesin crystals

A formalism using the properties of the irreducible representation of the scattering tensors has been developed to predict up to the third order the polarization-dependent behavior of the electronic Raman-scattering intensities and the two-photon absorption intensities of transitions between Stark levels. The polarization behavior of ions in crystals are tabulated for the 32 crystallographic point groups. The theory provides a stringent test for the Judd-Ofelt-Axe theory for two-photon intensities between Stark levels.
7H-BENZO[C]FLUORENE: A POTENT SYSTEMIC LUNG CARCINOGEN

7H-Benzo[c]fluorene (B[c]F) is a major lung deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adductor in mice treated with coal tar suggesting that B[c]F may be capable of inducing lung tumors. This study evaluated the tumorigenic potential of B[c]F in comparison to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) using the A/J mouse model. Female A/J mice 7 weeks of age were administered B[c]F or B[a]P (100 mg/kg) by i.p. injection. These mice were fed Purina Rodent 2001 diet for the remainder of the study. Groups of mice were also fed diets containing B[c]F (397 or 27 μmol/kg diet) or B[a]P (397 μmol/kg diet). In addition, a mixture of 20 synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known to be present in coal tar was also fed to mice in the presence or absence of B[c]F. A basal gel diet system was used to administer hydrocarbons within the diet. Mice were maintained on control or adulterated diets for 260 days. B[c]F administered i.p. induced multiple lung tumors in 92% of the treated mice, with an average of 4.0 tumors per mouse. Similarly, B...
Dig-Music: An on Demand Digital Musical Selection System Utilizing CATV Facilities

The extension of CATV facilities to every urban community and most rural communities of more than a few hundred households coupled with the increased channel capacity of these CATV facilities will result in a severe "software" shortage. There is a proliferation of new services being offered and in the planning stage, both "free" and subscriber based, but it is unlikely that these services will effectively utilize the total capacity of the newer systems which provide a bandwidth of 400 Mhz and higher. This paper describes Dig-Music, a proposed service which provides musical and voice offerings to subscribers on demand, a specialized service which would effectively utilize one or more channels. The selections are stored in digital form at the head-end of CATV systems and are transmitted to the subscriber on request. The major challenge associated with such a system is that high quality music reproduction from digital data requires a minimum of one- half million bits/second (1) assuming no compression.
Horizontal and vertical transmissions in the US oil supply chain

Oil prices, inventory levels, and utilization rates are influenced by changes that are transmitted horizontally and/or vertically through the energy supply chain. We define horizontal transmissions as changes that are generated by linkages among fuels at a similar stage of processing while vertical transmissions are changes that are generated by upstream/downstream linkages in the oil supply chain. Here, we investigate vertical and horizontal transmissions by estimating vector error correction models (VECMs) that represent relationships among the price of crude oil, US refinery utilization rates, US stocks of crude oil, US stocks of motor gasoline, the US price of motor gasoline, and the US price of a substitute fuel, natural gas. Causal relationships estimated from both weekly and quarterly observations indicate that the price of crude oil is an important gateway for disturbances to the oil supply chain. Impulse response functions indicate that disturbances to crude oil prices ripple down the oil supply chain and affect inventory behaviors, refinery utilization rates, and the price of motor gasoline, and are transmitted laterally to the natural gas market.
A note on the estimation of the mixing parameter in a mixture of two distributions

Various classical methods of estimation are compared with those proposed by From (1989) for the estimation of the mixing parameter in a mixture of two distributions. Emphasis is put on the actual implementation of the estimation methods.
Distributed orthogonal factorization

We describe several algorithms for computing the orthogonal factorization on distributed memory multiprocessors. One of the algorithms is based on Givens rotations, two others employ column Householder transformations but with different communication schemes: broadcast and pipelined ring. A fourth algorithm is a hybrid; it uses Househlolder transformations and Givens rotations in separate phases. We present expressions for the arithmetic and communication complexity of each algorithm. The algorithms were implemented on an iPSC-286 and the observed times agree well with our analyses.
Meeting NCLB goals for highly qualified teachers: Estimates by state from survey data.

Abstract This article presents results of survey data showing teacher qualifications for their assignments that are comparable from state-to-state as well as data trends over time. The analysis is intended to help state leaders, educators, and others obtain a picture of highly qualified teachers in their state, and to be able to compare their state statistics with states across the nation. Since states have some flexibility in meeting the standard for highly qualified teachers outlined by NCLB, the analyses presented in this paper from a national survey may be useful as a common benchmark for use by states as they develop their own state-specific definitions and measures.
Sharing a minimal cost spanning tree: Beyond the Folk solution☆

Abstract Several authors recently proposed an elegant construction to divide the minimal cost of connecting a given set of users to a source. This folk solution applies the Shapley value to the largest reduction of the cost matrix that does not affect the efficient cost. It is also obtained by the linear decomposition of the cost matrix in the canonical basis. Because it relies on the irreducible cost matrix, the folk solution ignores interpersonal differences in relevant connecting costs. We propose alternative solutions, some of them arbitrarily close to the folk solution, to resolve this difficulty.
Television: Research and demonstration tool

Increasing attention is being given to ways in which live and recorded closed‐circuit television may maintain and enhance use of the classroom for demonstration, observation, and practice. The author describes several carefully designed programs of research and evaluation in this area.
Shoulder joint position sense is not enhanced at end range in an unconstrained task.

Shoulder joint position sense (JPS) is important for maintaining stability and contributing to coordinated movements. It is provided by afferent and centrally-derived signals interpreted and integrated by the central nervous system (CNS) for subsequent use. Shoulder JPS is enhanced as the joint approaches end range of motion (ROM) in studies involving internal and external rotation with the arm supported, but this finding has not been confirmed in unconstrained movements. To address this issue, the present study examined the effect of shoulder position in the horizontal plane on JPS at a constant elevation. Twenty-three healthy individuals were recruited from a university campus. Subjects attempted to actively replicate various target positions in both plane and elevation. Target positions consisted of five positions in the horizontal plane, normalized to individual horizontal abduction ROM, at 90° of arm elevation. All target positions were tested three times, and average absolute and variable errors were analyzed for each position. No differences in either absolute (p = .312) or variable (p = .185) errors were observed between positions. These results further support the contention that the muscle spindles are a dominant source of afferent feedback regarding shoulder JPS in unconstrained movements, even approaching end ROM, when the capsuloligamentous receptors are active.
Two-photon spectroscopy and microscopy of II–VI semiconductor nanocrystals

Abstract We review our recent nonlinear spectroscopies of nanocrystals and synthetic efforts to improve their luminescence properties. A two-photon spectroscopic study of CdSe nanocrystals as a function of size is presented and compared with predictions from the effective mass model with spherical confinement. We also detail our efforts at improving the luminescence properties of nanocrystals which have culminated in a 50% fluorescence quantum yield for inorganic capping of some sizes of CdSe nanocrystals. Finally, we present the application of two-photon microscopy to resolve fluorescence from single nanocrystals at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures.
Molecular Dissection of Erv26p Identifies Separable Cargo Binding and Coat Protein Sorting Activities

Efficient export of secretory alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from the endoplasmic reticulum depends on the conserved transmembrane sorting adaptor Erv26p/Svp26p. In the present study we investigated the mechanism by which Erv26p couples pro-ALP to the coat protein complex II (COPII) export machinery. Site-specific mutations were introduced into Erv26p, and mutant proteins were assessed in cell-free assays that monitor interactions with pro-ALP cargo and packaging into COPII vesicles. Mutations in the second and third loop domains of Erv26p inhibited interaction with pro-ALP, whereas mutations in the C-terminal tail sequence influenced incorporation into COPII vesicles and subcellular distribution. Interestingly mutations in the second loop domain also influenced Erv26p homodimer associations. Finally we demonstrated that Ktr3p, a cis-Golgi-localized mannosyltransferase, also relies on Erv26p for efficient COPII-dependent export from the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings demonstrate that Erv26p acts as a protein sorting adaptor for a variety of Type II transmembrane cargo proteins and requires domain-specific interactions with both cargo and coat subunits to promote efficient secretory protein transport.
The water-intoxicated patient

In a long-term psychiatric setting, self-induced water intoxication may be a life-threatening situation. At first glance, the symptoms or behaviors of self-induced water intoxication are similar to schizophrenia, i.e., inappropriate behavior, delusions, hallucinations, confusion, and disorientation. In some cases, the symptoms of water intoxication mimic schizophrenia and thus, are disguised as a part of the psychoses. Affected individuals develop polydipsia, which is accompanied by overhydration and dilutional hyponatremia. If untreated, the symptoms may progress from mild confusion to acute delirium, seizures, coma, or death (Ripley, Millson, & Koczapski, 1989). Under normal circumstances there is a delicate balance of water requirement and water intake. If the balance of water is altered, electrolyte imbalance can occur. The recognition of water intoxication or self-induced water intoxication and psychosis among chronic, institutionalized patients may prevent their death or the development of neurological damage (Arieff, 1985). Because self-induced water intoxication often goes unrecognized in its early stages and may have irreversible or fatal complications, early detection is crucial. This article will discuss the etiology, nursing assessment, and interventions associated with patients suffering from self-induced water intoxication.
A generalized additive Tobit model

This paper proposes a semi-parametric approach to estimation in Tobit models. A generalized additive Tobit model of residential local long distance (intra-LATA) telephone demand is estimated on a cross-section of residential telephone consumers across twenty-eight states. While past studies of telecommunications demand have used fully parametric models, the model presented here is non-parametric in two dimensions: first no distributional assumption is made for the error distribution, and second, the demand equation is non-parametric with respect to price. We find that the elasticity of demand is substantially lower (in absolute value) that found in previous studies for a 40% cut in tariffs.