cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wnt signaling activates gene expression in the absence of the C. elegans DREAM repressor complex in somatic cells

Establishment and maintenance of proper gene expression is a requirement for normal growth and development. The DREAM complex in Caenorhabditis elegans functions as a transcriptional repressor of germline genes in somatic cells. At 26{degrees}C, DREAM complex mutants show temperature associated increase in misexpression of germline genes in somatic cells and High Temperature Arrest (HTA) of worms at the first larval stage. To identify transcription factors required for the ectopic expression of germline genes in DREAM complex mutants, we conducted an RNA interference screen against 123 transcription factors capable of binding DREAM target promoter loci for suppression of the HTA phenotype in lin-54 mutants. We found 15 embryonically expressed transcription factors that suppress the HTA phenotype in lin-54 mutants. Five of the transcription factors found in the initial screen interact with the Wnt signaling pathways. In a subsequent RNAi suppression screen of Wnt signaling factors we found that knock-down of the non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway factors vang-1, prkl-1 and fmi-1 in lin-54 mutant background resulted in strong suppression of the HTA phenotype. Animals mutant for both lin-54 and vang-1 showed almost complete suppression of the HTA phenotype, pgl-1 misexpression, and fertility defects associated with lin-54 single mutants at 26{degrees}C. We propose a model whereby a set of embryonically expressed transcription factors, and the Wnt/PCP pathway, act opportunistically to activate DREAM complex target genes in somatic cells of DREAM complex mutants at 26{degrees}C.
Solenopsis invicta x richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) necrophagous behavior causes post-mortem lesions in pigs which serve as oviposition sites for Diptera

Abstract Outdoor decaying corpses immediately attract Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae flies. However, the invasive red and black imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta and richteri) is also attracted to carrion with a reportedly predatory behavior. We documented outdoor decomposition in piglets exposed and unexposed to fire ants. We observed early and extensive fire ant colonization with an intense necrophagous behavior. The ant-inflicted post-mortem skin lesions and flesh removal areas became blow fly oviposition sites. This work documents a previously unreported vigorous fire ant necrophagous behavior on carrion that creates wounds unrelated to the cause of death which could potentially affect post-mortem interval estimates.
The F2RaD Score: A Novel Prediction Score and Calculator Tool to Identify Patients at Risk of Postoperative C5 Palsy.

BACKGROUND Postoperative C5 palsy is a debilitating complication following posterior cervical decompression. OBJECTIVE To create a simple clinical risk score predicting the occurrence of C5 palsy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent posterior cervical decompressions between 2007 and 2017. Data was randomly split into training and validation datasets. Multivariable analysis was performed to construct the model from the training dataset. A scoring system was developed based on the model coefficients and a web-based calculator was deployed. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 415 patients, of which 65 (16%) developed C5 palsy. The optimal model consisted of: mean C4/5 foraminal diameter (odds ratio [OR] = 9.1 for lowest quartile compared to highest quartile), preoperative C5 radiculopathy (OR = 3.5), and dexterity loss (OR = 2.9). The receiver operating characteristic yielded an area under the curve of 0.757 and 0.706 in the training and validation datasets, respectively. Every characteristic was worth 1 point except the lowest quartile of mean C4/5 foraminal diameter, which was worth 2 points, and the factors were summarized by the acronym F2RaD. The median predicted probability of C5 palsy increased from 2% in patients with a score of 0 to 70% in patients with a score of 4. The calculator can be accessed on https://jhuspine2.shinyapps.io/FRADscore/. CONCLUSION This study yielded a simplified scoring system and clinical calculator that predicts the occurrence of C5 palsy. Individualized risk prediction for patients may facilitate better understanding of the risks and benefits for an operation, and better prepare them for this possible adverse outcome. Furthermore, modifying the surgical plan in high-risk patients may possibly improve outcomes.
Guided Diffusion Monte Carlo: A Method for Studying Molecules and Ions That Display Large Amplitude Vibrational Motions.

Diffusion Monte Carlo provides an effective and efficient approach for calculating ground state properties of molecular systems based on potential energy surfaces. The approach has been shown to require increasingly large ensembles when intra- and intermolecular vibrations are weakly coupled. We recently proposed a guided variant of diffusion Monte Carlo to address these challenges for water clusters [Lee, V. G. M.; McCoy, A. B. J. Phys. Chem. A 2019, 123, 8063-8070]. In the present study, we extend this approach and apply it to more strongly bound molecular ions, specifically CH5+ and H+(H2O)n=1-4. For the protonated water systems, we show that the guided DMC approach that was developed for studies of (H2O)n can be used to describe the OH stretches and HOH bends in the solvating water molecules, as well as the free OH stretches in the hydronium core. For the hydrogen bonded OH stretches in the H3O+ core of H+(H2O)n and the CH stretches in CH5+, we develop adaptive guiding functions based on the instantaneous structure of the ion of interest. Using these guiding functions, we demonstrate that we are able to obtain converged zero-point energies and ground state wave functions using ensemble sizes that are as small as 10% the size that is needed to obtain similar accuracy from unguided calculations.
Executive Succession and Strategic Change in Japan

Scholars studying upper echelons have found that executive succession can serve as an important adaptation mechanism. The bulk of these findings, however, derive from market-based governance settings, which raises an issue of contextual robustness. This study examines this issue by investigating the link between executive succession and strategic change in Japan, a context noted for relatively weak market-based corporate governance and lack of board independence. We find a greater likelihood of strategic change after non-routine executive succession, with the extent of change unaffected by firm performance. Routine succession in the case of a powerful prior president leads to less post-succession strategic change.
Novel Convolutional Neural Network that Uses a Two-Stage Inception Module for Bacterial Blight and Brown Spot Identification in Rice plant

In this paper, a high accuracy and low computational budget Convolution Neural Network (CNN) architecture is proposed for detecting bacterial leaf blight and brown spot in rice plant. A combination of image preprocessing techniques followed by a low parameter count CN architecture is presented. This architecture gives considerably better accuracy on a limited dataset and makes the classifier learn only what is needed. It also uses significantly lesser computational resources than the present state-of-the-art. The mixed approach overcomes multiple issues like background noise, limited dataset availability and a large network requirement. The selection and development of the deep learning architecture and the pre-processing algorithms were the key aspects of this study. The architecture is fine-tuned to suit present mobile applications which not only seek high accuracy, but also low memory and computational costs. Data augmentation is used to enhance the size and quality of the limited dataset. As seen by the results of 3250 pre-processed and data augmented images, the train and test accuracy for detecting leaf blight and brown spot are 99.5% and 97.3% respectively. Total parameter count of 1.2 million and computational count of 448.49 million, indicate clearly, a significantly improved performance than the present state-of-the-art.
A 5-Year Follow-up of Patients Treated for Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background:The evidence in support of operative versus nonoperative management of rotator cuff tears (RCTs) is limited, based primarily on observational studies of lower scientific merit.Purpose:To...
CONSTRUCTING THE DIGITAL SKILLS CRISIS: A CRITICAL CONCEPTUAL HISTORY OF “SKILL”

There is a digital skills crisis: the digital skills crisis does not exist. Through a conceptual history of skill––a word, concept, and action––this paper analyzes the historical, cultural, and material constructions of skill and how it has come to influence current discourse around the alleged “digital skills crisis”. Rather than an intrinsic quality to be acquired, we show how skill has been deployed as a political concept to order bodies and processes according to the interests of power and capital. Pushing back against skilled/unskilled dichotomies, we argue skill itself has been used as a technology in the division of labor (Marx, 1990) to maintain patriarchal (Berg, 1994), and colonial hierarchies (Kumar, 2018). This genealogy helps situate how skill is conceptually operationalized alongside technology in contemporary politics. Through a systematic analysis of policy and public speech from four US presidents––from Clinton’s push to bridge the “digital divide” to Trump’s executive order to “combat the skills crisis”––we show how skills discourse is framed as a deficit issue in both democratic and republican administrations. By centering the conceptual roots of skill, this paper attempts to reclaim an understanding of skills as collective social knowledge that are essential to, and not separate from, technology (Veblen, 1914). Through this work, we hope to generate a broader discussion about the normative assumptions which tie the idea of skill to technological progress so we may re-imagine the kinds of collective social knowledge we need to produce a more just and equitable future.
Sites of Conscience: new approaches to conflicted memory

For better or for worse, heritage is a key terrain on which societal conflicts are expressed. Instead of treating conflict over heritage sites defensively, shielding them from attack, we can take proactive steps to offer heritage sites as resources for addressing contested social questions. This article explores strategies used around the world by ‘Sites of Conscience’– heritage sites that foster dialogue on contemporary issues – to help communities to confront the questions that divide them.
Understanding the role of technology in reducing corruption: a transaction cost approach

Prior research suggests that computerization of government services can help reduce corruption involved in government transactions, but there is no clear understanding of the process through which computer-mediated transactions reduce corruption. We attempt to fill this gap by using a transaction cost economics framework, and argue that uncertainty and asset specificity associated with government transactions allow bureaucrats to act opportunistically and demand bribes. Therefore, those computerization initiatives that reduce uncertainty and asset specificity of government services lead to lowered perceptions of corruption. Our findings, based on a survey of 101 managers of domestic and multinational enterprises in India, support our hypotheses. We also compare the websites of Indian government organizations with European government websites on the dimensions of transparency and interactivity, and find that the Indian websites do not provide as much interactivity as the European websites. Our multi-method study offers important theoretical and practical insights on effectively using technology to reduce corruption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐ultraviolet laser diodes for brilliant ultraviolet fluorophore excitation

Although multiple lasers are now standard equipment on most modern flow cytometers, ultraviolet (UV) lasers (325–365 nm) remain an uncommon excitation source for cytometry. Nd:YVO4 frequency-tripled diode pumped solid-state lasers emitting at 355 nm are now the primary means of providing UV excitation on multilaser flow cytometers. Although a number of UV excited fluorochromes are available for flow cytometry, the cost of solid-state UV lasers remains prohibitively high, limiting their use to all but the most sophisticated multilaser instruments. The recent introduction of the brilliant ultraviolet (BUV) series of fluorochromes for cell surface marker detection and their importance in increasing the number of simultaneous parameters for high-dimensional analysis has increased the urgency of including UV sources in cytometer designs; however, these lasers remain expensive. Near-UV laser diodes (NUVLDs), a direct diode laser source emitting in the 370–380 nm range, have been previously validated for flow cytometric analysis of most UV-excited probes, including quantum nanocrystals, the Hoechst dyes, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. However, they remain a little-used laser source for cytometry, despite their significantly lower cost. In this study, the ability of NUVLDs to excite the BUV dyes was assessed, along with their compatibility with simultaneous brilliant violet (BV) labeling. A NUVLD emitting at 375 nm was found to excite most of the available BUV dyes at least as well as a UV 355 nm source. This slightly longer wavelength did produce some unwanted excitation of BV dyes, but at sufficiently low levels to require minimal additional compensation. NUVLDs are compact, relatively inexpensive lasers that have higher power levels than the newest generation of small 355 nm lasers. They can, therefore, make a useful, cost-effective substitute for traditional UV lasers in multicolor analysis involving the BUV and BV dyes. Published 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Medical Treatment of Ductus Arteriosus

In the April 1978 issue of Pediatrics (61:534, 1978) Lewis and Lurie report the use of prostaglandin E1 (PGE,1) (Upjohn) infusion for 29 days in a small-for-gestational age, premature infant with severe tetralogy of Fallot. We have had a similar experience using an intermittent infusion of PGE1, for 18 days in a term infant with transposition of the great vessels and high pulmonary pressure after a balloon septostomy. In an effort to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus and increased pulmonary blood flow, we began a peripheral infusion of PGE1 at a dose of 0.1 µg/kg/min (the same dose as used by Lewis and Lurie).
The downpayment constraint and housing tenure choice: A simplified exposition

Abstract This paper uses a two-period model to illustrate the effect_ of the downpayment constraint on housing tenure choice. The key trade-off induced by the constraint (the sacrifice of initial consumption in return for the tax-related benefits of eventual homeownership) is clearly portrayed. In addition to illustrating the basic problem, the analysis derives the impact of parameter changes on the outcome of the tenure decision.
Differential Analysis of Sulfhydryl and Disulfide Groups of Intact Spores

Blankenship, L. C. (Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Washington D.C.), and M. J. Pallansch. Differential analysis of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups of intact spores. J. Bacteriol. 92:1615–1617. 1966.—Fluorescence quenching of fluorescein mercuric acetate in alkaline medium (1 n NaOH) was found to be an accurate, sensitive method for differential analysis of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups of intact bacterial spores. Disulfide content of three species of spores was found to be slightly higher than reported by other workers. A significant increase in sulfhydryl group concentration was observed after physiological germination, indicating participation of a disulfide-reducing system in the germination process.
Physical activity interventions targeting older adults. A critical review and recommendations.

Abstract Background: Although many of the chronic conditions plaguing older populations are preventable through appropriate lifestyle interventions such as regular physical activity, persons in this age group represent the most sedentary segment of the adult population. The purpose of the current paper was to provide a critical selected review of the scientific literature focusing on interventions to promote physical activity among older adults. Methods: Comprehensive computerized searches of the recent English language literature aimed at physical activity intervention in adults aged 50 years and older, supplemented with visual scans of several journal on aging, were undertaken. Articles were considered to be relevant for the current review if they were community-based, employed a randomized design or a quasi-experimental design with an appropriate comparison group, and included information on intervention participation rates, pre- and post-intervention physical activity levels, and/or pre/post changes in relevant physical performance measures. Results: Twenty-nine studies were identified that fit the stated criteria. Among the strengths of the studies reviewed were reasonable physical activity participation rates and relatively long study durations. Among the weaknesses of the literature reviewed were the relative lack of specific behavioral or program-based strategies aimed at promoting physical activity participation, as well as the dearth of studies aimed at replication, generalizability of interventions to important subgroups, implementation, and cost-effectiveness evaluation. Conclusions: Recommendations for future scientific endeavors targeting older adults are discussed.
A constrained method for acetylcholinesterase density estimation with [11C]PMP and PET

471 Objectives: N-[11C]methyl-piperidin-4-yl propionate ([11C]PMP), a marker for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), is kinetically distinctive and allows assuming no free ligand in tissue after 40 min or so. We propose an improvement over a published method (Nagastuka et al., 2001). Methods: The published operational equation is: A(T) = p1×R(T) + p2×∫R(t)dt – p3×∫A(t)dt where A(T) and R(T) are time-activity curves (TACs) in regions and striatum. The method often failed to yield robust estimates of k3, an index of ACheE density because of one excessive parameter than successful reference tissue methods. A constraint was derived from the above assumption: A(T)/R(T) = p2/p3, at T>t0. Thus, the p2-p3 ratio was obtained from mean A(T)-R(T) ratio after 40 min in each region or voxel (for k3 maps) to reduce one parameter (Method B). The two methods were applied to [11C]PMP scans of subjects (n=17) for 56 cortical and subcortical regions. The subjects were normal in neurological and cognitive examination and not taking anti-cholinergic or cholinesterase inhibitor drugs. Results: Akaike information criterion, an index of goodness of fit supported Method B over A. Regional k3 estimates of the two methods agreed (B = 0.97×A + 0.0007; R2 = 0.930). Method B had lower coefficients of variation except for fusiform and lingual gyrus. Regional k3 values given by maps agreed with those given by regional TACs for Method B (Map = 0.93×TAC + 0.002; R2=0.965) excluding the two regions. Conclusions: We introduced a constraint for estimation of k3 for [11C]PMP. Proposed method reduced inter-subject variability without compromising fits, and made it possible to generate k3 maps for voxel-wise analysis. Thus, the method appeared to be useful in detecting changes in AChE activities in aging and neuropsychiatric conditions.
Walking the Thin Blue Line

ABSTRACT While the proportion of female officers in law enforcement is increasing, upper level administrative positions continue to be held overwhelmingly by male officers. This paper attempts to provide a fuller depiction of the barriers women may encounter within police departments resulting from the dynamics associated with the ‘tokenism’ phenomenon. It is concluded that tokenism-combined with factors such as family commitments and organizational structures-plays a large role in determining upward mobility, serving to reduce the frequency of the promotion of women to higher rank/supervisory positions in police departments.
Anthropology in the Margins of the State

Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, eds. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2004. 330 pp.
Wheat Acreage Supply Response under Changing Farm Programs

Planted wheat acreage supply elasticities are estimated for each of several leading wheat-producing states. Estimates of elasticities for the aggregate of these states are 0.77, 0.45, and 0.52 for spring wheat, winter wheat, and all wheat, respectively, but there is considerable heterogeneity among states. Acreage allotments and marketing quotas appear to have destroyed the role of prices in allocating acreage between wheat and other crops during the years 1950 and 1954-64. Estimates were obtained using multiple regression analysis of time-series data for the period 1948-74. This period was subdivided in order to take account of changing farm programs.
Extending 3D Near-Cloud Corrections from Shorter to Longer Wavelengths

Satellite observations have shown a positive correlation between cloud amount and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) that can be explained by the humidification of aerosols near clouds, and/or by cloud contamination by sub-pixel size clouds and the cloud adjacency effect. The last effect may substantially increase reflected radiation in cloud-free columns, leading to overestimates in the retrieved AOT. For clear-sky areas near boundary layer clouds the main contribution to the enhancement of clear sky reflectance at shorter wavelengths comes from the radiation scattered into clear areas by clouds and then scattered to the sensor by air molecules. Because of the wavelength dependence of air molecule scattering, this process leads to a larger reflectance increase at shorter wavelengths, and can be corrected using a simple two-layer model. However, correcting only for molecular scattering skews spectral properties of the retrieved AOT. Kassianov and Ovtchinnikov proposed a technique that uses spectral reflectance ratios to retrieve AOT in the vicinity of clouds; they assumed that the cloud adjacency effect influences the spectral ratio between reflectances at two wavelengths less than it influences the reflectances themselves. This paper combines the two approaches: It assumes that the 3D correction for the shortest wavelength is known with some uncertainties, and then it estimates the 3D correction for longer wavelengths using a modified ratio method. The new approach is tested with 3D radiances simulated for 26 cumulus fields from Large-Eddy Simulations, supplemented with 40 aerosol profiles. The results showed that (i) for a variety of cumulus cloud scenes and aerosol profiles over ocean the 3D correction due to cloud adjacency effect can be extended from shorter to longer wavelengths and (ii) the 3D corrections for longer wavelengths are not very sensitive to unbiased random uncertainties in the 3D corrections at shorter wavelengths.
The nuclear shell model code CRUNCHER

A new nuclear shell model code CRUNCHER, patterned after the code VLADIMIR, has been developed. While CRUNCHER and VLADIMIR employ the techniques of an uncoupled basis and the Lanczos process, improvements in the new code allow it to handle much larger problems than the previous code and to perform them more efficiently. Tests involving a moderately sized calculation indicate that CRUNCHER running on a SUN 3/260 workstation requires approximately one‐half the central processing unit (CPU) time required by VLADIMIR running on a CRAY‐1 supercomputer.
A Characterization of Cirrus Cloud Properties That Affect Laser Propagation

Abstract Future high-altitude laser systems may be affected by cirrus clouds. Laser transmission models were applied to measured and retrieved cirrus properties to determine cirrus impact on power incident on a target or receiver. A major goal was to see how well radiosondes and geostationary satellite imagery could specify the required properties. Based on the use of ground-based radar and lidar measurements as a reference, errors in cirrus-top and cirrus-base height estimates from radiosonde observations were 20%–25% of geostationary satellite retrieval errors. Radiosondes had a perfect cirrus detection rate as compared with 80% for satellite detection. Ice water path and effective particle size were obtained with a published radar–lidar retrieval algorithm and a documented satellite algorithm. Radar–lidar particle size and ice water path were 1.5 and 3 times the satellite retrievals, respectively. Radar–lidar-based laser extinction coefficients were 55% greater than satellite values. Measured radar–lid...
Current clinical coverage of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group-defined target volumes for postmastectomy radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has published consensus guidelines for contouring relevant anatomy for postmastectomy radiation therapy (RT). How these contours relate to current treatment practices is unknown. We analyzed the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for these contours using current clinical practice at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and compared them with the proposed treatment plans to treat RTOG-defined targets to full dose. Methods and Materials We retrospectively analyzed treatment plans for 20 consecutive women treated with postmastectomy RT for which the treatment targets were the chest wall (CW), level III axilla (Ax3), supraclavicular (SCV), and internal mammary (IM) nodes. The RTOG consensus definitions were used to contour the following anatomic structures: CW; level I, II, and III axillary nodes (Ax1, Ax2, Ax3); SCV; IM; and heart (H). DVHs for these contours and the ipsilateral lung were generated from clinically designed treatment that had actually been delivered to each patient. For comparison regarding dose to normal tissue, new treatment plans were generated with the goal of covering 95% of the anatomic contours to 45 Gy. Results The prescribed dose was 50 Gy in each case. The mean percent of volumes that received 45 Gy (V 45 ) for the RTOG guideline-based contours were CW 74%, Ax1 84%, Ax2 88%, Ax3 96%, SCV 84%, and IM 80%. Mean heart V 10 values were 11% for treatment of left-sided tumors and 6% for right-sided tumors. Mean ipsilateral lung V 20 values were 28% for left-sided tumors and 34% for right-sided tumors. For the contour-based plans, mean V 45 values were CW 94%, Ax1 95%, Ax2 97%, Ax3 98%, SCV 98%, and IM 85%. Mean heart V 10 values were 14% for treatment of left-sided tumors and 12% for right-sided tumors. Mean ipsilateral lung V 20 values were 32% for left-sided tumors and 45% for right-sided tumors. Conclusions Clinically derived treatment plans, which have proven efficacy and are the current standard, cover 74% to 96% of the anatomy-based RTOG consensus volumes to the prescription dose. This discrepancy should be considered if treatment planning protocol guidelines are designed to incorporate these new definitions.
Fast computation of the acoustic field for ultrasound elements

A fast method for computing the acoustic field of ultrasound transducers is presented with application to rectangular elements that are cylindrically focused. No closed-form solutions exist for this case but several numerical techniques have been described in the ultrasound imaging literature. Our motivation is the rapid calculation of imaging kernels for physics-based diagnostic imaging for which current methods are too computationally intensive. Here, the surface integral defining the acoustic field from a baffled piston is converted to a 3-D spatial convolution of the element surface and the Green's function. A 3-D version of the overlap-save method from digital signal processing is employed to obtain a fast computational algorithm based on spatial Fourier transforms. Further efficiency is gained by using a separable approximation to the Green's function through singular value decomposition and increasing the effective sampling rate by polyphase filtering. The tradeoff between accuracy and spatial sampling rate is explored to determine appropriate parameters for a specific transducer. Comparisons with standard tools such as Field II are presented, where nearly 2 orders of magnitude improvement in computation speed is observed for similar accuracy.
Ventromedial Temporal Lobe Pathology in Dementia, Brain Trauma, and Schizophrenia

: The ventromedial temporal area contains numerous anatomical structures collectively or selectively involved in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Collective involvement is exemplified best by Alz-heimer's disease where a host of anatomical structures and a host of cognitive and behavioral changes are manifested. Selective disease of the amygdala can yield deficits in the ability to judge and evaluate emotional expressions. While memory functions are nearly synonymous with the concept of ventromedial temporal area, they overshadow other functions associated with the diverse anatomical structures in this part of the brain. For example, it could be argued that in addition to output directed toward the hippocampal formation, the output of the ventromedial temporal area is equally strong to the ventral striatopallidal system of the basal forebrain. Denervation of these structures could be associated with the behavioral changes that occur in tandem with the memoryrelated changes of ventromedial temporal lobe pathology. Here we explore the anatomical and pathological correlates associated with ventromedial temporal area pathology and consider how these may impact on ventral striatopallidal conceptualizations. We conclude that ventromedial temporal area pathology deprives the basal forebrain of multimodal association information from the endstages of corticocortical sensory processing. This endstage information carries with it an analysis of real-time sensory awareness, historical-time or past sensory experiences, and decisions from hippocampal output structures regarding relevancy and novelty. In this sense, basal forebrain structures are in a unique position to regulate behavioral responses to a wide range of stimuli and to organize appropriate emotional, motor, autonomic, and endocrine responses to them.
Far-ultraviolet emission lines in U Cephei: evidence for a hot, turbulent circumstellar envelope

The numerous emission lines in the far-UV spectrum which have been found in the Algol-type eclipsing binary U Cephei are similar to those observed in the W Serpentis stars, although they are weaker and appear only during the primary eclipse. The line-emitting region is studied in both emission and absorption.It surrounds the hotter component and extends to a distance of several of its radii. A model is proposed in which the emission originates in a highly turbulent circumstellar region, at an electron temperature of about 10,000 K. The energy needed for ionization is derived from collisions, and is probably extracted from the accretion energy.
Netsolve: a Network-Enabled Server for Solving Computational Science Problems

This paper presents a new system, called NetSolve, that allows users to access computational resources, such as hardware and software, distributed across the network. The development of NetSolve was motivated by the need for an easy-to-use, efficient mechanism for using compu tational resources remotely. Ease of use is obtained as a result of different interfaces, some of which require no programming effort from the user. Good performance is ensured by a load-balancing policy that enables NetSolve to use the computational resources available as efficiently as possible. NetSolve offers the ability to look for compu tational resources on a network, choose the best one available, solve a problem with retry for fault tolerance, and return the answer to the user.
The English of adolescent and young adult Vietnamese refugees in the United States

Abstract: Since the fall of Saigon in 1975, significant numbers of Vietnamese refugees have been arriving in the United States. The current situation gives rise to unique laboratory for observing the development of a variety of English, given the social circumstances that led to the abrupt influx of refugees. Based on sociolinguistic interviews with over 90 subjects in Northern Virginia, Christian et al. (1983) have described the ethnographic aspects of language usage and maintenance and the development of particular phonological amd grammatical features of English among four different age groups (10–12, 15–18, 20–25 and 35–55), and two different lengths of residency groups (1–3 and 4–7 years of residency) of Vietnamese immigrants. Language values and attitudes encourage both the use and maintenance of Vietnamese in some situations as well as the development of English proficiency. The specific investigation of English structures such as plural, third person singular absence, multiple negation, and unmarked tense indicates that the emerging variety is resisting diffusion from the nonstandard dialects of English while perpetuating some modification of English structures that may give rise to a unique ethnic variety of English.
Unlocking Hydrogenation for C-C Bond Formation: A Brief Overview of Enantioselective Methods.

Hydrogenation of π-unsaturated reactants in the presence of carbonyl compounds or imines promotes reductive C–C coupling, providing a byproduct-free alternative to stoichiometric organometallic reagents in an ever-increasing range of C═X (X = O, NR) additions. Under transfer hydrogenation conditions, hydrogen exchange between alcohols and π-unsaturated reactants triggers generation of electrophile–nucleophile pairs, enabling carbonyl addition directly from the alcohol oxidation level, bypassing discrete alcohol oxidation and generation of stoichiometric byproducts.
Price effects of multimarket contact among movie chains in small US metropolitan areas

Movie theater chains are ubiquitous in major metropolitan areas of the US, with generally two or more of these large chains present. However in smaller metropolitan areas, we see far more variation in the role of these chains. This allows for an opportunity to see whether multimarket contact (MMC) among these firms has an impact on movie pricing in these smaller markets. In this paper, data on movie pricing, market structure, and income and population characteristics are obtained for 79 small metropolitan areas–those with under 250,000 people–which are not part of larger “consolidated” metropolitan areas. A crude measure of MMC is found to indeed be related to price increases in the smallest of these markets.
Global Mizohata structures

The Mizohata partial differential operator is generalized to global structures on compact two-dimensional manifolds. A generalization of the Hopf Theorem on vector fields is used to show that a first integral can exist if and only if the genus is even. The Mizohata structures on the sphere are classified by the diffeomorphism group of the circle modulo the Moebius subgroup and a necessary and sufficient condition, expressed in terms of the associated diffeomorphism, is given for the existence of a first integral.
Schloegl’s second model for autocatalysis with particle diffusion: Lattice-gas realization exhibiting generic two-phase coexistence

We analyze a discontinuous nonequilibrium phase transition between an active (or reactive) state and a poisoned (or extinguished) state occurring in a stochastic lattice-gas realization of Schloegl’s second model for autocatalysis. This realization, also known as the quadratic contact process, involves spontaneous annihilation, autocatalytic creation, and diffusion of particles on a square lattice, where creation at empty sites requires a suitable nearby pair of particles. The poisoned state exists for all annihilation rates p>0 and is an absorbing particle-free “vacuum” state. The populated active steady state exists only for p below a critical value, pe. If pf denotes the critical value below which a finite population can survive, then we show that pf<pe. This strict inequality contrasts a postulate of Durrett, and is a direct consequence of the occurrence of coexisting stable active and poisoned states for a finite range pf≤p≤pe (which shrinks with increasing diffusivity). This so-called generic two-ph...
Chip on board (COB) versus board on chip (BOC) memory packages

Due to intense competition in the consumer electronics landscape, especially in the mobile communication products sector, new memory products (both DRAM and NAND Flash) must meet higher speed requirements, be packaged in smaller form factors, and achieve higher densities. Therefore, the most common package types-board on chip (BOC) for DRAM and chip on board (COB) for NAND Flash-must be analyzed to determine whether they can meet current and future packaging challenges. The components of COB and BOC substrates that are being studied are traces, bond fingers, the number of metal layers, and vias. Based on the trends of these substrate components, future substrates will be required to have at least two metal layers (BOC in particular), utilize narrower bond finger pitches, be thinner than 0.13mm and have vias with via land/drill hole sizes of less than 220μm/100μm. Further work must be performed to determine the minimum required trace width value based on the existing warpage specifications as well as the minimum required bond finger pitch as a function of die length.
Relationships between municipal bond rates, underwriter margins and market yields

Abstract Expressions are given relating municipal bond coupon rates to underwrite profit margins and the market yield. These expressions are applied to the examination of net interest rates, net present value and the cost of capital of serial bond issues. The conditions which must be satisfied so that a decrease in net interest rate corresponds to an increase in net present value (hence a decrease in the cost of capital to the issuer) are presented.
Minimal Degree and (k, m)-Pancyclic Ordered Graphs

Given positive integers k ≤ m ≤ n, a graph G of order n is (k, m)-pancyclic ordered if for any set of k vertices of G and any integer r with m ≤ r ≤ n, there is a cycle of length r encountering the k vertices in a specified order. Minimum degree conditions that imply a graph of sufficiently large order n is (k, m)-pancylic ordered are proved. Examples showing that these constraints are best possible are also provided.
The impact of health on employment, wages, and hours worked over the life cycle

Abstract This paper examines the effect of health problems on employment, annual hours worked and hourly wages. The Health and Retirement Study data are used to compile employment and health experience profiles over the lifetimes of respondents. These profiles are used to estimate the impact of temporary and permanent illnesses. Permanent health conditions have negative effects on labor market outcomes. Females are found to have larger reductions in wages, but males have bigger decreases in hours worked. The onset of health problems in the 40s produces the largest negative consequences for males, while for females negative effects peak in the 30s.
Supporting Predictable Service Provision in MANETs Via Context-Aware Session Management

The increasing ubiquity of wireless mobile devices is promoting unprecedented levels of electronic collaboration among devices interoperating to achieve a common goal. Issues related to host interoperability are addressed partially by the principles of the service-oriented computing paradigm. However, certain technical concerns relating to predictable interactions among hosts in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have not yet received much attention. We introduce â€œfollow-me sessions,â€ where interactions occur between a client and a service, rather than a specific service provider. A client, thus, may exploit several service providers during the course of its interaction with a given service. This redundancy mitigates the effects of mobility-induced disconnections, thereby facilitating reliable communication. The switching of service providers is done using a combination of strong process migration, context-sensitive binding and locationagnostic communication protocols. This paper covers the architecture and implementation of a middleware that supports follow-me sessions and shows how this middleware mitigates issues related to proxy-based service-oriented architectures in mobile ad hoc networks. We support our claims via technical evaluation of our approach.
Synthesis of 5‐ethyl‐d5‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thioxobarbituric acid, primidone‐ethyl‐d5 and phenobarbital‐ethyl‐d5

Three deuterium labelled drugs, 5-ethyl-d5-5-phenylthiobarbi-turic acid, primidone-ethyl-d5, and phenobarbital-ethyl-d5 have been prepared employinq a three step synthesis utilizing diethyl phenylmalonate and bromoethane-d5. Overall isotopic purity of the labelled drugs was in excess of 95%. Complete synthetic techniques as well as spectral data of labelled intermediate and drugs are presented.
On the "kinship" of "all nature" in Plato's Meno

Plato's seemingly casual remark at Meno 81 d I that "all nature is akin" has been interpreted in a wide variety of ways, and had varying degrees of importance ascribed to it.' Since it occupies a significant position in Plato's initial formulation of the theory of anamnesis, it is worth getting clear about. Thompson, Gulley, and Bluck concur in the suggestion that it derives from Pythagorean (or some allied) doctrines. Thompson goes on to suggest that Plato develops the notion further in his "doctrine of the World-Soul" in the Timaeus. Gulley, in a similar vein, while observing that it is "introduced to explain further how everything can be recalled from the remembrance of a single thing", describes the doctrine which it purportedly reflects as the view "that the one spirit which pervades, like a soul, the whole universe, establishes a communion between Gods, men, and animals". However, neither Thompson nor Gulley attempt to make clear (what is not at all obvious) just how such a doctrine is supposed to function in this explanatory role. Bluck asserts that "Plato... is clearly thinking of a 'kinship' among all things that makes possible association of ideas. This conception is elaborated in the Phaedo (73 c sq.)". One trouble with the suggestion that the Meno's "kinship" is a precursor of "association" in the Phaedo is that the character of the connection between things which can serve as "reminders" of each other, in the Phaedo account, is explicitly left indeterminate. It could be any real or imagined, arbitrary link, as highly personal or idiosyncratic as one pleases. Two things have the requisite association just
Nonmetro Residence, Hearing Loss, and Its Accommodation Among Elderly People.

: Background: No previous studies compare the prevalence of physiological hearing loss among older adults by nonmetro/metro residence. Also, there is little information on their relative successes in accommodating hearing loss with a hearing aid. Purpose: This study sought to bridge these gaps by analyzing the 8,222 respondents to Wave 1 (1993–1994) of the national Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Survey. Methods: Respondents were classified into 4 categories of hearing status: (1) physiologically normal hearing; and physiologically abnormal hearing with (2) full accommodation of lost hearing with a hearing aid, (3) partial accommodation, and (4) no hearing aid. A multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the odds of having any of the 3 statuses of physiologically abnormal hearing rather than normal hearing. Findings: Nonmetro residents had the same odds as metro residents of having no residual hearing loss when a hearing aid was worn (versus having physiologically normal hearing). But nonmetro residents had a much greater risk than their metro counterparts of having a hearing loss but no hearing aid or a residual hearing loss even when wearing an aid. The association of nonmetro residence with either of these latter hearing-loss statuses was greater than that of age, a more traditionally acknowledged hearing-risk factor. Conclusion: Future studies should add nonmetro residence to the list of risk factors for negative hearing outcomes, especially since the percentage of elderly nonmetro residents is expected to grow over the next 2 decades.
Two-body nuclear density determined from quasielastic electron scattering in the three-nucleon system

The proton-proton two-body density in the three-nucleon system is extracted from quasielastic-electron-scattering data. The two-body density is determined in momentum space using the integrated longitudinal response functions and assuming that the nonrelativistic Coulomb sum rule is valid. The range of the measurement is for momenta between 200 and 550 MeV/c. The data are compared to a proton-proton density calculated using Faddeev wave functions. The data and the calculation both show a ``second maximum'' but the data exceed the calculation by about an order of magnitude.
Vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization. Part II. Some colloid and particle interface considerations of radical species and their capture

Abstract The γ-radiation-induced polymerization of 0.3 M vinyl acetate in 0.06 M aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate yielded a “solubilized aqueous polymer” of 83,000 viscosity average molecular weight. The salt-sensitized coagulation of this preparation followed a similar behavior to that of small inorganic sol particles. Chemically initiated polymerizations yielded a higher turbidity than that explainable by the electrolyte-induced coagulation of large solubilized macromolecules. The high turbidity was attributed to the small molecular size of the agglomerating species. The capture rate of the “solubilized aqueous polymer radicals” by existing particles is thought to depend on the colloidal behavior of the particle rather than the radical species.
Volatile organic compounds in contaminated soils: The nature and validity of the measurement process

Abstract A wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as toluene and trichloroethene routinely appear as principal pollutants in contaminated sites. As part of the site assessment and environmental restoration process, quantitative determination of soil VOCs is required. While accurate and precise measurements are desired, the validity of the current process in which a discrete sample is collected and a 1 to 5 g subsample is analyzed for a suite of organic compounds of widely different properties is questionable. Research has demonstrated that the soil VOC measure- ment process is complex and current, commonly employed practices can lead to substantial measurement errors. For example, −100 to +25% bias can occur in measurements of some soil VOCs. Knowledge of VOC behavior in soils and the measurement process continues to expand and advances are being made in sampling and analysis techniques. Further research is needed to enable development of a valid soil VOC measurement process.
Two-dimensional radiative transfer in a cylindrical geometry with anisotropic scattering

Abstract Exact integral equations are derived describing the source function and radiative flux in a two-dimensional, radially infinite cylindrical medium which scatters anisotropically. The problem is two-dimensional and cylindrical because of axisymmetric loading. Radially varying collimated radiation is incident normal to the upper surface while the lower boundary has no radiation incident upon it. The scattering phase function is represented by a spike in the forward direction plus a series of Legendre polynomials. The two-dimensional integral equations are reduced to a one-dimensional form by separating variables for the case when the radial variation of the incident radiation is a Bessel function. The one-dimensional form consists of a system of linear, singular Fredholm integral equations of second kind. Other more complex boundary conditions are shown to be solvable by a superposition of this basic Bessel function case. Diffusely incident radiation is also considered.