cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channel Your Inner Kindergartner: Fostering a Culture Conducive to Creativity in Legal Practice

The COVID-19 pandemic requires lawyers to address a myriad of unique problems—and highlights the need for lawyers to engage as creative problem solvers. Lawyers are faced with determining how best to deliver legal services while contending with travel restrictions, social distancing, stay-in-place measures, and business and court closures. Furthermore, questions arise as to how to tackle the access to justice gap in the midst of the largest global recession since the Great Depression. Although lawyers need to work collaboratively to come up with creative solutions to these unprecedented problems, a challenge administered to groups of business students, lawyers, CEOs, engineers, and kindergartners revealed that lawyers do not work efficiently and effectively to creatively solve problems. In dozens of challenges, kindergartners outperformed all of the other groups. Instead of collaborating and focusing on completing the task, the lawyers were engaged in status management—trying to determine how they fit into the group and who was in charge. While not smarter than the lawyers, the kindergarteners solved the problem best because they were smarter in the way that they worked with each other. The rigid hierarchy that tends to exist in the practice of law lends itself to increased status management. Moreover, the legal profession in the United States frequently discourages collaboration and suppresses creativity. To combat the barriers to collaboration and creativity in practice, lawyers need to “work together in a smarter way” to generate creative solutions to problems. They need to learn to behave like kindergartners. This article argues that in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the unprecedented rate of change, and the growing access to justice gap, lawyers need to develop high performing groups where creativity and innovation flourish. To that end, the article introduces three skill sets of highly performing groups that lawyers can use to create a group that can perform far beyond the sum of the team members where they are working collaboratively to creatively solve problems.
Sex and Asex: A Clonal Lexicon.

Organisms across the tree of life have complex life cycles that include both sexual and asexual reproduction or that are obligately asexual. These organisms include ecologically dominant species that structure many terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as many pathogens, pests, and invasive species. We must consider both the evolution and maintenance of these various reproductive modes and how these modes shape the genetic diversity, adaptive evolution, and ability to persist in the species that exhibit them. Thus, having a common framework is a key aspect of understanding the biodiversity that shapes our planet. In the 2019 AGA President's Symposium, Sex and Asex: The genetics of complex life cycles, researchers investigating a wide range of taxonomic models and using a variety of modes of investigation coalesced around a common theme-understanding not only how such complex life cycles may evolve, but how they are shaped by the evolutionary and ecological forces around them. In this introduction to the Special Issue from the symposium, we give an overview of some of the key ideas and areas of investigation (a common clonal lexicon, we might say) and introduce the breadth of work submitted by symposium participants.
Maternal Smoking and the Timing of WIC Enrollment

We investigate the association between the timing of enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and smoking among prenatal WIC participants. We use WIC data from eight states participating in the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS). Women who enroll in WIC in the first trimester of pregnancy are 2.7 percentage points more likely to be smoking at intake than women who enroll in the third trimester. Among participants who smoked before pregnancy and at prenatal WIC enrollment, those who enrolled in the first trimester are 4.5 percentage points more likely to quit smoking 3 months before delivery and 3.4 percentage points more likely to quit by postpartum registration, compared with women who do not enroll in WIC until the third trimester. Overall, early WIC enrollment is associated with higher quit rates, although changes are modest when compared to the results from smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women.
Experimentally calibrated electro-thermal modeling of temperature dynamics in memristors

As nanoscale electronic devices are being packed into dense three-dimensional arrays, the effects of the thermal environment of the system during device operation become critical, but are not clearly understood. Predicting the temperature evolution using a robust model will provide critical design guidelines for complex memory and computing systems. Here, we used in-operando thermal and x-ray mapping with sub-micrometer spatial and sub-microsecond temporal resolutions on functioning tantalum oxide memristive switches and observed hot spots corresponding to oxygen concentration gradients, indicating the presence of localized conductive filaments. We constructed a hybrid electro-thermal model comprising 3D heat transfer and 0D resistive switching models to predict electrical characteristics and the temperature rise and calibrated it against the measurements. We also demonstrated thermal crosstalk in an array of memristors to illustrate localized heating. Such a model will guide system design by considering thermal performance, which is critical to most future electronic chips.
The influence of organizational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on employee outcomes

[...]they deal with pressures from different groups of stakeholders (e.g., customers and employees) with multiple and often conflicting needs or demands. Because organizational resources to address these demands are limited, these different groups of stakeholders are not equal to top managers. Customers, as external stakeholders, have economic power over the firm (i.e., if they stop paying for products or services, organizations will suffer financially or even cease to exist;Stevens etal., 2005). [...]how organizations respond to the competing needs, provided the needs are urgent and important, depends on the relative power of the stakeholder groups (Westphal & Zajac, 2001). According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, only 10% of universities were planning to instruct online, whereas 32% were proposing a hybrid model, and 53% were planning to instruct in person as of July 20, 2020 (Chronicle Staff, 2020). According to social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity, employees feel obligated to reciprocate the treatment they receive from their organizations (Blau, 1964;Gouldner, 1960).
O28 What's the Catch? A Virtual Education Program to Increase Seafood Intake of New Jersey Residents

Objective To develop, deliver, and evaluate an extension program designed to increase seafood purchases and consumption. Use of Theory or Research According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs), 90% of consumers fail to meet seafood intake recommendations for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Reducing barriers such as knowledge and self-efficacy regarding seafood may increase consumption. Target Audience New Jersey consumers served by Rutgers Cooperative Extension. Program Description The 2-part What's the Catch? (WTC) program communicated responsible, sustainable methods of local fishing and aquaculture (Part 1) and the health and nutritional benefits of seafood (Part 2). Using the DGAs as a framework, WTC-Part 2 shared recommendations to maximize nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy regarding seafood purchase, preparation, and safe handling. Nutrition educators delivered evidence-based information via webinar in October 2020. Nutritional qualities of seafood (low saturated fat and sodium levels, lean protein, and Omega-3 content) and safe levels of mercury intake were featured. Guidance for selecting fresh seafood and minimizing food safety risks, along with preparation methods, recipes, and cooking videos, were provided to increase self-efficacy. Evaluation Methods Program participants (N = 64) were asked to complete a quantitative post-attendance Qualtrics survey. Descriptive statistics assessed usual seafood intake frequency, self-reported knowledge improvements, and likelihood of behavior change. Results Twenty-one participants (33%) completed the survey. Most (66.6%) consume seafood twice weekly or more (meeting the DGAs), yet 57.1% were highly likely to consume more seafood and 33% somewhat likely to increase intake post-program. Nearly 62% of participants were highly likely, and 28.6% somewhat likely, to purchase more local seafood. Most participants strongly or somewhat agreed they had improved understanding of the DGAs (57.1%, 38.1%), mercury (47.6%, 42.9%), nutrition (66.7%, 23.8%), and preparation/purchasing (76.2%, 19.0%) regarding seafood. Conclusion Program outcomes demonstrate that the broad range of seafood topics presented during WTC encouraged consumption by participants. Increased knowledge and self-efficacy through nutrition education likely motivated consumers to partake in healthier behavior.
Effect of temperature and aging duration on ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) nonmetallic components used in caustic liquid waste transfer lines

Abstract Nonmetallic materials are used in waste transfer lines at the United States Department of Energy’s Hanford Site Tank Farm in Benton County, Washington, USA. During use, the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) inner hose of the hose-in-hose transfer lines (HIHTLs) are exposed to β and γ radiation, caustic solutions as well as high temperatures and high pressures. Aging behavior of specimens of EPDM HIHTLs and dog-bone shaped specimens were evaluated by exposing to a solution of 25% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 38 °C, 54 °C and 77 °C for 6 and 12-months as well as water only at 77 °C for 12-months. Tensile strength and burst pressure of the specimens were characterized and compared with the unexposed (baseline) specimens. Both the tensile strength of the EPDM material and the burst pressure of the HIHTLs significantly decreased with the higher temperatures and longer exposure times. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) of the HIHTLs and the dog-bone specimens were conducted. Results show that the surface degradation increased with increasing exposure temperature. Penetration of NaOH into the EPDM material also increased with increasing temperature and exposure duration.
HiC-GNN: A Generalizable Model for 3D Chromosome Reconstruction Using Graph Convolutional Neural Networks

Chromosome conformation capture (3C) is a method of measuring chromosome topology in terms of loci interaction. The Hi-C method is a derivative of 3C that allows for genome wide quantification of chromosome interaction. From such interaction data, it is possible to infer the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the underlying chromosome. In this paper, we use a node embedding algorithm and a graph neural network to predict the 3D coordinates of each genomic loci from the corresponding Hi-C contact data. Unlike other chromosome structure prediction methods, our method can generalize a single model across Hi-C resolutions, multiple restriction enzymes, and multiple cell populations while maintaining reconstruction accuracy. We derive these results using three separate Hi-C data sets from the GM12878, GM06990, and K562 cell lines. We also compare the reconstruction accuracy of our method to four other existing methods and show that our method yields superior performance. Our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in the accuracy of prediction and introduces a novel method for 3D structure prediction from Hi-C data. Author SummaryWe developed a novel method, HiC-GNN, for predicting the three-dimensional structures of chromosomes from Hi-C data. HiC-GNN is unique from other methods for chromosome structure prediction in that it learns in an eager setting rather than a lazy setting. Thus, the models learned by HiC-GNN can be generalized to unseen data. To the authors knowledge, this generalizing capability is not present in any existing methods. We show that this generalization is robust to input resolution, restriction enzyme, and contact sparsity. We also show that our method outperforms existing methods using both generalized and non-generalized models. Moreover, we also show that our method is more robust to contact variance than the compared methods. AvailabilityAll our source codes and data are available at https://github.com/OluwadareLab/HiC-GNN, and is made available as a containerized application that can be run on any platform.
MSCs: The US Regulatory Perspective

In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA – the Agency) regulates cellular therapies, primarily through the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies. The rapid expansion of these therapies has prompted the Agency both to determine the applicability of existing regulations and to develop specific new laws. The strategy that has evolved is based upon perceived risks to the donor and recipient of the cell product and to the product itself by ex vivo manipulation during the manufacturing process. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) products are considered to be more-than-minimally manipulated, due to the requirement for expansion of the cells in culture. As such, the product must be manufactured under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and clinical trials carried out under an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. The development of this regulatory strategy and the factors involved in cGMP manufacturing and applying for an IND are reviewed in this chapter.
Early hash join: a configurable algorithm for the efficient and early production of join results

Minimizing both the response time to produce the first few thousand results and the overall execution time is important for interactive querying. Current join algorithms either minimize the execution time at the expense of response time or minimize response time by producing results early without optimizing the total time. We present a hash-based join algorithm, called early hash join, which can be dynamically configured at any point during join processing to tradeoff faster production of results for overall execution time. We demonstrate that varying how inputs are read has a major effect on these two factors and provide formulas that allow an optimizer to calculate the expected rate of join output and the number of I/O operations performed using different input reading strategies. Experimental results show that early hash join performs significantly fewer I/O operations and executes faster than other early join algorithms, especially for one-to-many joins. Its overall execution time is comparable to standard hybrid hash join, but its response time is an order of magnitude faster. Thus, early hash join can replace hybrid hash join in any situation where a fast initial response time is beneficial without the penalty in overall execution time exhibited by other early join algorithms.
Linux Shells by Example

The complete hands-on guide to bash and tsch-PLUS grep, sed, and gawk!Learn Linux shell programming hands-on!gawk in-depth! Pattern scanning, text filtering, reporting, and more!By best-selling author Ellie Quigley, Silicon Valley's #1 shell programming instructor!One book is all you need to learn Linux shell programming! Linux Shells by Example is your complete, step-by-step guide to both essential Linux shells-bash and tcsh-and three essential Linux shell programming utilities, grep, sed and gawk. Ellie Quigley-Silicon Valley's top shell programming instructor-starts from scratch and gets you all the way to expert-level techniques! Through hundreds of classroom-proven examples, you'll learn what Linux shells are, what they do, and exactly how they integrate with other Linux utilities and processes. Master creating, running, and debugging shell scripts using grep, sed, gawk, and a whole lot more.bash and tcsh: how they compare, and when to use eachgawk in depth: pattern scanning, text filtering, reporting, and other key applicationsDetailed syntax listings, comparison charts, essential information on Linux utilities, and moreWhether you're a system administrator, application developer or power user, Linux Shells by Example is the most convenient, cost-effective way to learn Linux shell programming!Companion CD-ROM contains all of the source code and datafiles from the book.
University-Community Health Advancement Partnerships That Work

The Community Health Advancement Partnerships (CHAPS) initiative demonstrates how universities can work with communities to advance health promotion programs. The CHAPS initiative was developed based on shared visions, goals, and funding from both the university and community partners. CHAPS links university health-related education and research efforts to community organizations through partnerships with county Cooperative Extension offices throughout the state. CHAPS projects include four components: co-direction by faculty from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the College of Public Health; partnerships with community task forces; utilization of researchbased health promotion models for project development; and provision of service-learning opportunities for students. This CHAPS initiative model advances the scholarship of engagement by demonstrating how connecting the resources of university and community organizations can address pressing health problems.
Studies on the Meningococcal Polysaccharides II. COMPOSITION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUP B AND GROUP C POLYSACCHARIDE

Abstract Both Group B and C meningococcal polysaccharides were shown to be pure homopolymers of sialic acid. The two polysaccharides are, however, quite different chemically and immunologically. Acetyl determinations indicated that the C-polysaccharide contains both N- and O-acetyl groups, whereas the B-polysaccharide contains N-acetyl but not O-acetyl groups. Acid-catalyzed methanolysis in anhydrous methanolic HCl at 65° showed that the C-polysaccharide is much more susceptible to the cleavage than the B-polysaccharide. Under the conditions used, only 12% of the B-polysaccharide was hydrolyzed while complete hydrolysis of the C-polysaccharide was achieved in 22 hours. On the other hand, treatment of the C-polysaccharide with two preparations of neuraminidase (Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium perfringens) resulted in the release of less than 2 to 3% of free sialic acid. The B-polysaccharide was completely hydrolyzed by the enzymes under identical conditions. Possible implications of these observations on the structures of these two polysaccharides are discussed. A new procedure for the determination of sialic acid as methyl ester-methyl glycoside of neuraminic acid (methyl-(methyl d-neuraminid)ate) or as methyl glycoside of neuraminic acid (methoxy neuraminic acid) on the amino acid analyzer has been developed and is discussed.
Council and Hierarchy: ‘MAGNUS ORDO DIFFERENTIE’

The orders of the church have been divided and ranked for the concord of the human race, as Pope Leo has said, so that no schism would befall the church of God, as Jerome demonstrated to Bishop Evandrus. William Durant This, then, was the argument for reforming the church by general councils that William Durant the Younger presented in the first part of his treatise. It pretended to rest on a coherent vision of law and order – but we have already suggested that beneath this placid surface there was a veritable abyss of doubts. The nature of those doubts still needs to be identified, and the broader programme of reform that was contained in the second part of the Tractatus Maior , as well as its relationship to the conciliar proposal, still need to be considered. These are the tasks to which the following three chapters are dedicated. Part of the reason why so much uncertainty has beset the study of Durant's intentions is that he never took the time to specify his purpose in any systematic way. He did say that he aimed at a ‘healthy regime for the human race’ and that according to St Paul the powers that be are ordained by God and therefore ought to conform to God's commands. He also made numerous suggestions how to improve this or that aspect of the world.
The Search for Planets in Other Solar Systems Through Use of the Space Telescope

The Space Telescope can make important contributions to the search for extrasolar planetary systems. This note particularly calls attention to the capability of the CCD camera system and discusses, criteria for the selection of candidate stars.
S1–S2 vibronic coupling in trans-1,3,5-hexatriene. II. Theoretical investigation of absorption and resonance Raman spectra

A wave packet prepared on the 1 1B1 potential-energy surface of cis-1,3,5-hexatriene (CHT) is characterized by a very short lifetime of ≈20 fs in this state. We present here model calculations of the excited-state dynamics of CHT that are consistent with the experimentally determined population decay time scale and yield an accurate description of the absorption, preresonance and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy of the 1 1B1 state. The greater diffuseness and complexity of the free jet 1 1B1 absorption band of CHT as compared to the 1 1Ag→1 1Bu transition of trans-1,3,5-hexatriene can be explained by a faster optical dephasing rate and more densely spaced vibronic level structure in the S2 state of the cis isomer primarily due to the presence of two very active low-frequency S1–S2 coupling modes, ν30 and ν31. The first measurement of the one-photon 1 1A1→2 1A1 transition of CHT has been reported only ten years ago and the S1 state has since been thoroughly studied by different techniques. The simulations...
Obesity and incident injury among career firefighters in the central United States

Objective Firefighting is a dangerous profession with high injury rates, particularly musculoskeletal (MS), but limited longitudinal data is available to examine predictors of MS injuries in this population. Design and Methods The relationship between personal individual, nonoccupational factors (e.g., demographic characteristics, body composition, fitness, and health behaviors) and incident injury and incident MS injury in a prospective cohort of 347 firefighters from the central United States was examined. Results Baseline weight status was a significant predictor of incident MS injury, with obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) firefighters 5.2 times more likely (95% CI = 1.1-23.4) to experience a MS injury than their normal weight (BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg m−2) colleagues over the course of the study. Similarly, firefighters who were obese based on WC (>102.0 cm) were almost three times as likely (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.2-6.4) to have a MS injury at follow-up. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of focusing on firefighters' body composition, nutrition and fitness as a means of decreasing risk for injury.
Primary Health Care and Narrative Medicine

Primary health care has received a lot of attention since the Alma Ata Conference, convened by the World Health Organization in 1978. Key to the strategy to improve health care outlined at the Alma Ata conference is citizen participation in every phase of service delivery. Although the goals of primary health care have not been achieved, the addition of narrative medicine may facilitate these ends. But a new epistemology is necessary, one that is compatible with narrative medicine, so that local knowledge is elevated in importance and incorporated into the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health programs. In this way, relevant, sustainable, and affordable care can be provided. The aim of this article is to discuss how primary health care might be improved through the introduction of narrative medicine into planning primary health care delivery.
Evaluation of Loop Constraints of General Closed-Chain Linkages

The evaluation of loop constraints is presented for dynamic modeling of general closed-chain systems in terms of a minimum coordinate set. These procedures are based on higher order kinematic relationships between hypothetically open chain reference coordinates(system Lagrangian coordinates) and a set of independent closed-chain coordinates(system generalized coordinates). Three different approaches for determining/ evaluating loop constraints, both numerically and symbolically, are investigated and discussed with respect to their relative computational merits.
The Veteran's View

Jeanette Pellegrin shares the touching stories of some of the many student-veterans she has served and provides a list of recommendations for those of us who share her commitment to this special population of students.
Effects of Cloud Microphysics on Tropical Atmospheric Hydrologic Processes and Intraseasonal Variability

Abstract The sensitivity of tropical atmospheric hydrologic processes to cloud microphysics is investigated using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) general circulation model (GCM). Results show that a faster autoconversion rate leads to (a) enhanced deep convection in the climatological convective zones anchored to tropical land regions; (b) more warm rain, but less cloud over oceanic regions; and (c) an increased convective-to-stratiform rain ratio over the entire Tropics. Fewer clouds enhance longwave cooling and reduce shortwave heating in the upper troposphere, while more warm rain produces more condensation heating in the lower troposphere. This vertical differential heating destabilizes the tropical atmosphere, producing a positive feedback resulting in more rain and an enhanced atmospheric water cycle over the Tropics. The feedback is maintained via secondary circulations between convective tower and anvil regions (cold rain), and adjacent middle-to-low cloud (warm rain) regions. The l...
Transient analysis of packet discarding policies in ATM networks with correlated arrivals

In this paper, we investigate several dynamic congestion control strategies in ATM networks. We present an analytic model to observe the transient behavior of correlated fixed sized cell arrivals into a congested buffer. We derive the transient and time-averaged cell loss probabilities for several packet discarding policies, and we also derive the moments of the first passage time from a congested state to a threshold below which the buffer is considered in a non-congested state. We present numerical results for arrival processes having the same marginal distributions, but differing by autocorrelation coefficient only, thus isolating the effects of correlation on transient behavior. We conjecture how these results affect buffer congestion management procedures.
Catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones using terpene-based chiral β-amino alcohols

Abstract Catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenations of aromatic alkyl ketones have been studied using [RuCl2(p-cymeme)]2 and terpene-based β-amino alcohols. The limonene derived amino alcohol, (1S,2S,4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanol gave the most promising results. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained in good to excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities (up to 71%).
GHz optomechanical wheel and disk resonators with high mechanical Q factors in air

Wheel- and disk-shaped Si optomechanical resonators are demonstrated with frequency up to 1.75 GHz and mechanical Q factors as high as 4370 at 1.41 GHz measured in air. Displacement sensitivity of 4.16×10−17 m/Hz1/2 is achieved.
Augustine or Philistine? College Students' Sanctification of Learning and Its Implications

Sanctification is a psychological process in which aspects of life are associated with God (theistic sanctification) or sacred qualities (nontheistic sanctification). Sanctification accounts for outcomes in diverse areas, such as family, the environment, and work. One area yet to be examined is the sanctification of learning, which was addressed in the present study in a sample of 349 college students in the United States. Sanctification of education was related to better educational outcomes (i.e., positive emotions toward education, higher grade point averages, and psychological growth), partially through the mediator of good study strategies (critical thinking and self-regulation), as indicated by structural equation modeling. Hierarchical regressions revealed that sanctification of learning predicted higher levels of investment in learning, advanced study strategies, and better educational outcomes, over and above demographic and general religious variables. The present study demonstrates the benefici...
Performance status of patients with advanced melanoma over time in routine clinical practice.

e19060 Background: Measurements of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) are widely used to assess disease progression, determine appropriate treatment and prognosis; however, ECOG-PS over time in routine clinical practice is rarely published. This study examined ECOG-PS in patients with stage III and IV melanoma during 1-year from diagnosis in community oncology clinics. Methods: Electronic medical records from 47 oncology clinics across the US were used for this analysis. Patients who had melanoma diagnosis, stage information, and ECOG-PS scores were included. Patient clinical, demographic, and treatment characteristics were described. ECOG-PS at diagnosis of stage III and IV melanoma and at every three months were analyzed. Mixed model analysis was undertaken to examine changes in ECOG-PS over time. Results: A total of 266 patients (102 stage III and 164 stage IV) were included in this study. At baseline, stage IV patients had significantly worse mean ECOG-PS scores than stage...
Tunable optical forces and mode beating in coupled nano-mechanical beam waveguides

We analyze the effect of spatial mode beating on optical forces in coupled waveguide resonators. Continuous sign and amplitude change is achieved through optical phase tuning. Competing force components are decomposed via optical mode expansion.
Evaluation of spray-dried lignin-based formulations and adjuvants as solar protectants for the granulovirus of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L).

Abstract Commercial formulations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., granulovirus (CpGV) are limited by their short residual activity under orchard conditions in the Pacific Northwest. We evaluated spray-dried lignin-encapsulated formulations of CpGV for improved solar stability based on laboratory bioassays with a solar simulator and in field tests in an infested apple orchard. In laboratory tests, aqueous lignin formulations containing a high dosage of 3 × 1010 occlusion bodies (OB)/L, with and without the additives titanium dioxide (TiO2) and sugar, provided significant solar protection of virus, i.e., mortality of codling moth exposed to lignin formulations that had been irradiated with 9.36 × 106 joules/m2 was 92–94%, compared with 66–67% from a glycerin-stabilized product (Cyd-X®) or suspension of pure unformulated virus at the same rates. By comparison, a lower dosage of the lignin formulation (3 × 108 OB/L) did not provide significant solar protection. Equivalent dosage-dependent patterns in solar protection were observed in further tests with the lignin formulation, when an intermediate (3 × 109 OB/L) as well as the low dosage provided no solar protection. Equivalent rates of a blank lignin formulation (containing no virus) did not affect larval mortality, suggesting a protective effect of the lignin on the virus at the high rate. The use of several spray adjuvants, ‘NuFilm-17®’ and ‘Organic Biolink®’ (sticker-spreaders at 0.06% v/v), ‘Raynox®’ (sunburn protectant at 5% v/v), and ‘Trilogy®’(neem oil at 1% v/v) did not provide solar protection of a commercial CpGV preparation in laboratory tests. In season long orchard tests (Golden Delicious), the lignin formulation of CpGV applied at 6.57 × 1012 OB/ha did not significantly improve control of codling moth or protection of fruit compared with Cyd-X at equivalent rates. Our studies show that lignin-based CpGV formulations provided solar protection at relatively high virus dosages. The testing of lignin formulations containing reduced virus concentrations may allow virus solar protection to be achieved at more economical rates.
Self-Perception-Based Versus Transference-Based Trust Determinants in Computer-Mediated Transactions: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Study

This study examines the impact of culture on trust determinants in computer-mediated commerce transactions. Adopting trust-building foundations from cross-culture literature and focusing on a set of well-established cultural constructs as groups of culture (Type I and Type II), this study develops a theoretical model of self-perception-based versus transference-based consumer trust in e-vendors, and empirically tests the model using cross-cultural data. The results show that transference-based trust determinants (i.e., "perceived importance of third-party seal" and "perceived importance of positive referral") are more positively related to consumer trust in e-vendors in a Type II (i.e., collectivist-strong uncertainty avoidance-high long-term orientation-high context) culture than in a Type I (i.e., individualistic-weak uncertainty avoidance-low long-term orientation-low context) culture. Unlike the initial hypothesized expectations, self-perception-based trust determinants (i.e., perceived security protection, perceived privacy concern, and perceived system reliability) do not show stronger roles to consumer trust in e-vendors in a Type I culture than in a Type II culture, although the stronger negative effect of perceived privacy concerns is observed on consumer trust in e-vendors in a Type I culture than in a Type II culture. Theoretical contributions for e-commerce cross-culture literature and implications for multinational online business managers are discussed.
Spectral simulations incorporating gradient coherence selection.

Computer-aided methods can considerably simplify the use of the product operator formalism for theoretical analysis of NMR phenomena, which otherwise becomes unwieldy for anything but simple spin systems and pulse sequences. In this report, two previously available programming approaches using symbolic algebra (J. Shriver, Concepts Magn. Reson. 4, 1-33, 1992) and numerical simulation using object-oriented programming (S. A. Smith, T. O. Levante, B. H. Meier, and R. R. Ernst, J. Magn. Reson. A 106, 75-105, 1994) have been extended to include the use of gradient operators for simulation of spatially localized NMR spectroscopy and gradient coherence selection. These methods are demonstrated using an analysis of the response of an AX(3) spin system to the STEAM pulse sequence and verified with experimental measurements on lactate.
The impact of maternal health improvement on perinatal survival: cost-effective alternatives.

4~~~~ Corporation SUMMARY Each year, an estimated half million women die from complications related to child birth either during pregnancy, delivery or within 42 days afterwards. When pregnant women have complications, their infants are at greater risk of becoming ill, permanently disabled or dying. For every maternal death, there are at least 20 infant deaths: stillbirths, neonatal or postneonatal deaths. Altogether, an estimated 7 million infants each year die perinatally (stillborn or deaths within the first week of life). Low cost, feasible, and effective intervention strategies include: a) improved family planning and abortion services; b) obstetric care at delivery; and, c) prenatal services. Two hypothetical populations of one million (a low mortality and a high mortality country) are used to illustrate maternal and perinatal program strategies and priorities. In countries with high fertility, major reductions in maternal and infant deaths result both from reductions in the number of pregnancies through family planning and from improved obstetric care. Where fertility is already low, reductions result almost entirely from improved obstetric and prenatal care. The investments required are relatively low, while the potential gains are great. The cost to avert each death in a high mortality population is estimated between $800 and $1500 or as low as $0.50 per capita per year. The priorities for programs targeting maternal and perinatal health depend on demographic, ecologic and economic factors, and should include the promotion of good health, not merely the avoidance of death. More operational research is required on various aspects of maternal and perinatal health; in particular, on the cost-effectiveness of different service components.
Editorial: Entry Points for Computing Education Research

The goal of this editorial is to to provide entry points into the literature on making and warranting claims in the social and behavioral sciences that might be of use to computing educators. In addition, we provide some heuristic advice on getting started and continuing along this direction based on our experience as computing education researchers.
The two mechanisms of particle impact breakage and the velocity effect

This paper describes a two-dimensional computer simulation study of the impact induced breakage of brittle solid particles. The work started as an attempt to understand the effect of impact velocity on the induced breakage and in particular to explain why there is a shift in the slope of the size distribution at large impact velocities. The results indicate that the observed breakage pattern is the result of two breakage mechanisms. When an unbroken particle experiences an impact, tensile stresses are generated along any line projecting radially outward from the contact point. This will generate cracks along those lines which we refer to as Mechanism I breakage and will be the dominant mode of breakage while the particle's center of mass is still approaching the plate. However, before breakage is complete, cracks will form perpendicular to the Mechanism I cracks. This we refer to as Mechanism II breakage. As no tensile stresses in directions perpendicular to Mechanism I cracks would appear in an unbroken particle, the stresses that lead to Mechanism II breakage must only appear as a result of Mechanism I breakage. The simulations show that the Mechanism II breakage appears to be a result of the buckling of the fragments remaining after the Mechanism I breakage. Finally, the velocity effect appears to be a result of the tradeoff between these two modes of breakage. For high velocity impacts the Mechanism I stresses are large and thus Mechanism I breakage is dominant. At smaller velocities Mechanism II plays a larger role in the overall breakage.
The Potential of Outcome Measurement for Strengthening Nonprofits’ Accountability to Beneficiaries

This article considers one mechanism that could create a clearer accountability path between nonprofits and their beneficiaries: Outcome measurement. Outcome measurement focuses attention on a nonp...
The Guatemalan Politico-Military Project Legacies for a Violent Peace?

Our strategic goal has been to reverse Clausewitz's philosophy of war to state that in Guatemala, politics must be the continuation of war. But that does not mean that we are abandoning war; we are fighting it from a much broader hori zon within a democratic framework. We may be renovating our methods of warfare, but we are not abandoning them.... We are continuing our [counterin surgency] operations [against] international subversion because the Constitu tion demands it.—General Hector Alejandro Gramajo (1987)
Soccer, popular music and national consciousness in post-state-socialist Bulgaria, 1994-96

This article investigates how sports and popular music contributed to the formation of national consciousness during the immediate post‐state‐socialist period in Bulgaria. Throughout the difficult summers of 1994 and 1996, Bulgaria's success in international soccer championships briefly restored hope, confidence and national pride to many. Significantly, during the championships musicians produced new songs that celebrated the home team's victories in language and musical styles that referred overtly to the nation's shifting position vis a vis the Balkans, the European Union and the western world.
Analytic study for fifth-order KdV-type equations with arbitrary power nonlinearities

Abstract In this work we use the sine–cosine and the tanh methods for analytic study for higher-order KdV-type equations with arbitrary power nonlinearities. Exact solutions of distinct physical structures: solitons, compactons, periodic and solitary patterns, are derived. The study shows the power of the two schemes and presents a comparison between these two methods.
Galliosilicate glasses for viscous sealants in solid oxide fuel cell stacks: Part II: Interactions with yttria stabilized zirconia and stainless steel coated with alumina

Abstract Optimized boro-galliosilicate viscous glass sealants were successfully tested against SOFC electrolytes and interconnect materials for up to 1500 h. The glasses exhibit glass transition temperatures near 620 °C and thus offer viscous sealing at temperatures as low as 650 °C. No interaction of the selected glasses occurred at 650 °C after 500 h, though testing at 850 °C against both 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) and alumina coated stainless steel (Al-SS) results in partial bulk and interfacial crystallization. The glasses penetrate into the grain boundaries of 8YSZ, but the penetration depth remains less than 10 μm from the original interface even after 1500 h at 850 °C. Dissolved 8YSZ completely inhibits bulk nucleation and crystallization in the interfacial region within 20–100 μm of the 8YSZ surface. Glasses with 25 and 30 mol% SrO and no CaO form dendritic SrZrO3 crystal phases at the interface, while a glass with 20 mol% SrO and 10 mol% CaO retains an amorphous interface even after 1500 h at 850 °C. Complex K–Ga–Si–O crystals are formed at the interface with Al-SS, and test vehicles of 8YSZ/glass/Al-SS remain intact on cooling from 850 °C to room temperature and without Cr diffusion into the glass.
STUDIES ON HOST FACTORS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS II. THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN RABBITS

The power of specific antipneumococcus serum to protect rabbits against infection with Type I Pneumococcus has been studied with reference to the capacity of the animal to utilize the specific antibodies. Under conditions ensuring relatively controlled genetic factors it was found that heavier animals and those with high white blood cell counts are much better able to utilize the passively conferred immune principles. The interrelationships of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors responsible for immunity have been discussed.
Meson Production in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions at High Energies.

Calculations based on a statistical model have yielded results concerning the relative probabilities for the different multiplicities and charge distribution of mesons produced in nucleon-nucleon collisions. In deviating from a pure statistical model the important effects of final state interactions and various selection rules have been included, using results of meson-nucleon scattering experiments. Notably in the results the suppression of some one-meson final states by consideration of the Pauli principle and conservation of angular momentum and parity, along with the enhancement of two-meson states due to resonance effects, have brought about results which are in closer agreement with experiment than predictions of a pure statistical nature. Account was taken of the final state interactions by considering separately the nucleon-nucleon and meson-nucleon interactions, a separation made plausible by consideration of the small amount of kinetic energy taken away by the more massive particles. Meson-meson interactions were neglected. The nucleon-nucleon interaction was taken care of by introducing in the statistical weight a factor which is the square of the wave function for the scattering of two nucleons evaluated at the origin of their interaction. The meson-nucleon final state scattering was treated by the method discussed by Chew, modified for the case of a meson scattering off two stationary and superposed nucleons. Multiplicities up to two mesons were considered. On comparing with experimental results, at 1.7-Bev bombarding energy of neutrons on protons the ratio of the probability of occurrence of the final states $(np+\ensuremath{-}):(pp\ensuremath{-}0):(pp\ensuremath{-})$ is calculated to be 3.0:1.0:0.9, while experiment gives 3.3:1:0.8. The ratio of the total probability for double meson production to that for single meson production at this energy is 1.2, while a modified result of observations gives 1.4. Results on proton-proton collisions do not yield good agreement with present observations.
A heuristic algorithm to minimize the number of crews allocated in an airlift operation

Abstract In this paper, we solve the problem of minimizing the number of crews required for completing a mission within a specified time period in an airlift operation. A heuristic algorithm is developed based on the marginal idle time of the aircraft. Numerical examples are reported, to compare the efficiency of the algorithm with the computer software, GINO, used generally for solving nonlinear programming problems.
Solubilization of Membrane-bound Rod Phosphodiesterase by the Rod Phosphodiesterase Recombinant δ Subunit

Abstract Retinal rod and cone phosphodiesterases are oligomeric enzymes that consist of a dimeric catalytic core (α′2 in cones and αβ in rods) with inhibitory subunits (γ) that regulate their activity. In addition, a 17-kDa protein referred to as the δ subunit co-purifies with the rod soluble phosphodiesterase and the cone phosphodiesterase. We report here partial protein sequencing of the rod δ subunit and isolation of a cDNA clone encoding it. The predicted amino acid sequence is unrelated to any other known protein. Of eight bovine tissue mRNA preparations examined by Northern analysis, the strongest δ subunit-specific signal was present in the retina. A less intense signal was seen in the brain and adrenal mRNA. In bovine retinal sections, rod δ subunit anti-peptide antibodies label rod but not cone outer segments. δ subunit, added back to washed outer segment membranes, solubilizes a large fraction of the membrane-bound phosphodiesterase, indicating that this subunit binds to the classical membrane associated phosphodiesterase. The subunit forms a tight complex with native, but not trypsin-released phosphodiesterase, suggesting that the isoprenylated carboxyl termini of the catalytic subunits may be involved in binding of the δ subunit to the phosphodiesterase holoenzyme.
Science and Theology at Chartres: The Case of the Supracelestial Waters

Les travaux extra-philosophiques de l'ecole de Chartres au 12s.: les sciences naturelles et la cosmologie.