cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for the Exposure of Miniature Swine to Vertical 60 Hz Electric Fields

A Plexiglas enclosure was built to hold Hanford miniature swine for exposure to vertical 60 Hz, single-phase electric fields; water was provided through a grounded metal drinking nozzle. The field at the top of a pig's back was increased over the field in the empty enclosure by a factor of 7. A pig's impedance to ground, while standing on a grounded metal plate, was about 2-3 kohms. The average normalized short circuit current for four swine was 6.8 ?A/(kV/m). All of the swine were able to drink with no evidence of shocks at the maximum attainable unperturbed field strength of 55 kV/m. The current between the grounded nozzle and the drinking pig was 1-3 ?A/(kV/m). The threshold of perception of a mouth-to-nozzle current averaged 275 AA. Two swine exhibited ear flicking above 50 k/m, and visible hair motion was observed on the ear of one anesthetized pig at fields larger than 40 kV/m. A behavioral test suggested that swine were able to perceive fields greater than 30 kV/m. Photographic tests detected no corona discharge from an anesthetized pig or the test enclosure.
Increased cell efficiency in InGaAs thin film solar cells with dielectric and metal back reflectors

Compound single junction and multijunction solar cells enable very high photovoltaic efficiencies by virtue of employing different band gap materials in series-connected tandem cells to access the full solar spectrum. Researchers focused on improving the electrical properties of solar cells by optimizing the material growth conditions, however relatively little work to date has been devoted to light trapping and enhanced absorption in III–V compound solar cells using back reflectors. We studied absorption enhancement in InGaAs and InGaAsP thin film solar cells by means of numerical modeling. Flat dielectric and metal back reflectors that might be introduced into the solar cell via wafer-bonding, epitaxial lift-off or deposition techniques have been shown to increase the short circuit current and the photovoltaic efficiency of solar cells.
The Mars '94 Oxidant Experiment (MOx): creation of something from nothing in 1 year.

Abstract In December 1992 the Mars Oxidant Experiment (MOx) instrument was selected to be the U.S. contribution to the Russian Mars '94 mission by being included as part of the lander payload. The experiment is designed to investigate, characterize and understand the nature of the martian soil with respect to the presence of peroxides or superoxides and to test for the possibility of other kinds of chemical oxidants by examining time-related changes in various materials. MOx consists of 7 reaction cells, each of which have 9 small surface spots coated with materials thought to be sensitive to various types of oxidants. Five of these cells will be place in contact with the martian surface and two cells will be exposed to the martian atmosphere to measure gaseous reactions. Non-reactive spots in each cell provide controls to compensate for electronic drifts, thermal variations, and any mechanical perturbations. The entire instrument had to fit within virtually no remaining volume in the lander; not exceed 850 gms mass (
Analysis of Panel Data: Simple Regression with Variable Intercepts

INTRODUCTION When the overall homogeneity hypothesis is rejected by the panel data while the specification of a model appears proper, a simple way to take account of the heterogeneity across individuals and/or through time is to use the variable intercept models (1.3.1) and (1.3.2). The basic assumption of such models is that, conditional on the observed explanatory variables, the effects of all omitted (or excluded) variables are driven by three types of variables: individual time-invariant, period individual-invariant, and individual time-varying. The individual time-invariant variables are variables that are the same for a given cross-sectional unit through time but that vary across cross-sectional units. Examples of these are attributes of individual-firm management, ability, sex, and socioeconomic-background variables. The period individual-invariant variables are variables that are the same for all cross-sectional units at a given point in time but that vary through time. Examples of these variables are prices, interest rates, and widespread optimism or pessimism. The individual time-varying variables are variables that vary across cross-sectional units at a given point in time and also exhibit variations through time. Examples of these variables are firm profits, sales, and capital stock. The variable-intercept models assume that the effects of the numerous omitted individual time-varying variables are each individually unimportant but are collectively significant, and possess the property of a random variable that is uncorrelated with (or independent of) all other included and excluded variables.
A structural model for the catalytic cycle of Ca(2+)-ATPase.

Abstract Ca 2+ -ATPase is responsible for active transport of calcium ions across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. This coupling involves an ordered sequence of reversible reactions occurring alternately at the ATP site within the cytoplasmic domains, or at the calcium transport sites within the transmembrane domain. These two sites are separated by a large distance and conformational changes have long been postulated to play an important role in their coordination. To characterize the nature of these conformational changes, we have built atomic models for two reaction intermediates and postulated the mechanisms governing the large structural changes. One model is based on fitting the X-ray crystallographic structure of Ca 2+ -ATPase in the E1 state to a new 6 A structure by cryoelectron microscopy in the E2 state. This fit indicates that calcium binding induces enormous movements of all three cytoplasmic domains as well as significant changes in several transmembrane helices. We found that fluorescein isothiocyanate displaced a decavanadate molecule normally located at the intersection of the three cytoplasmic domains, but did not affect their juxtaposition; this result indicates that our model likely reflects a native E2 conformation and not an artifact of decavanadate binding. To explain the dramatic structural effect of calcium binding, we propose that M4 and M5 transmembrane helices are responsive to calcium binding and directly induce rotation of the phosphorylation domain. Furthermore, we hypothesize that both the nucleotide-binding and β-sheet domains are highly mobile and driven by Brownian motion to elicit phosphoenzyme formation and calcium transport, respectively. If so, the reaction cycle of Ca 2+ -ATPase would have elements of a Brownian ratchet, where the chemical reactions of ATP hydrolysis are used to direct the random thermal oscillations of an innately flexible molecule.
Variable response of kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] to auxinic herbicides dicamba and fluroxypyr in Montana

Jha, P., Kumar, V. and Lim, C. A. 2015. Variable response of kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] to auxinic herbicides dicamba and fluroxypyr in Montana. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 965–972. Herbicide-resistant kochia is an increasing concern for growers in the Northern Great Plains of United States and Canada. The objective of the research was to characterize the response of the three putative auxinic herbicide-resistant kochia inbreds (derived from accessions collected from wheat/chemical fallow fields in northern Montana) to dicamba and fluroxypyr relative to a susceptible (SUS) inbred. A dicamba dose-response study indicated that the three putative resistant inbreds (Chot-01, Chot-02, and Chot-03) had R/S ratios of 1.3 to 6.1 based on the visible control response (I50 values), and R/S ratios of 1.5 to 6.8 based on the shoot dry weight response (GR50 values). Dose-response experiments with fluroxypyr determined I50 R/S ratios of 1.4 to 5.7 and GR50 R/S ratios of 1.6 to 4.0 for the three putative resistant...
The Pacific Subsurface Countercurrents and an Inertial Model

Abstract The Tsuchiya jets, or subsurface countercurrents, extend across the Pacific Ocean carrying 7 (±2) × 106 m3 s−1 eastward on each side of the equator. Mean meridional sections of potential temperature, salinity, neutral density anomaly, and the square of buoyancy frequency are presented for the western, central, and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. These sections are used together with maps of depth and salinity on isopycnals, as well as thickness between isopycnals, to describe the evolution of the Tsuchiya jets as they flow from west to east. An inertial-jet model is formulated in which conservation of the Bernoulli function and potential vorticity combine with the eastward shoaling of the tropical pycnocline to dictate the jet structure. This model jet is consistent with a number of features of the Tsuchiya jets: their roughly constant volume transports, their advection of properties such as salinity and oxygen over long zonal distances, their rapidity and narrowness, their poleward shift from we...
Current Considerations in Digoxin Usage

Basic considerations in biotransformation and pharmacodynamics are presented as a basis for understanding clinical usage. The role of polarity in determining a given glycoside's duration of action and extent of biotransformation is emphasized. The pharmacokinetics are summarized emphasizing the fact that digoxin is not completely absorbed by oral administration. The important relationship of serum digoxin levels to myocardial content and apparently to myocardial response is reviewed. This relationship and the development of precise methods for measurement of digoxin in serum provide the clinician with accurate means to assess myocardial tolerance for digoxin under diverse clinical circumstances. This review includes discussion of methods of digitalization, appropriate use of serum levels, apparent and real resistance to digoxin, and apparent and real sensitivity to digoxin. The limitations of serum levels as a precise guide to toxicity are analyzed. Finally, new developments in use of immunologic therapy for digoxin intoxication are presented.
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Q-Methodology—Part I—Philosophical Background

Q-methodology (Q) is a research approach that provides investigators the ability to explore subjectivity. Subjectivity is the sum of behavioral activity that constitutes a person’s current point of view (Stephenson, 1953). Discovering what constitutes different points of view (individual and shared) provides insight into understanding human behavior. A number of disciplines, including nursing, have employed Q to study topics such as social attitudes, decision making, cultural values, public policy, and educational practices including simulation-based learning, to name a few (Akhtar-Danesh, Baxter, Valaitis, Stanyon, & Sproul, 2009; Killam, Montgomery, Luhanga, Adamic, & Carter, 2010). Yet, selection of Q as a research approach has seen greater use in research conducted outside the United States. At first read, people not as familiar with Q can find it difficult to understand let alone evaluate the quality of a Q-study. In a pair of two columns, Q’s philosophical background and methodological procedures are discussed. A study exemplar provides context for the discussion. Stephenson (1953), a physicist, psychologist, and originator of Q, wanted to study the individual where ‘‘in principle [a person] can be made the subject of detailed factor and variance analysis’’ (p. 2). In other words, a person in an operant activity (ranking ordering a number of items) reveals his or her own subjective (self-referent) viewpoint. A brief explanation of the components to a Q-study follow with a short tutorial Quick-Q (Deignan, 2012) that provides a pictorial representation of Q-methodology. Q begins with a comprehensive collection of items (known as the concourse) about a topic of interest. Usually,
Sea urchin egg receptor for sperm: the oligosaccharide chains stabilize sperm binding

Sulfated O-linked oligosaccharides from the sea urchin egg receptor have been shown to bind to acrosome-reacted sperm and to inhibit fertilization in a competitive bioassay. However, the inhibitory activity of these isolated chains was much lower than that of a recombinant protein representing a portion of the extracellular domain of the receptor. Because the isolated oligosaccharides lacked the potential polyvalency that they might have when linked to the polypeptide backbone, in the current study we asked if their inhibitory activity could be increased by chemically coupling them to a protein to form a neoglycoprotein. Using a recombinant fragment of the receptor we could not detect an oligosaccharide dependent increase in inhibitory activity with this neoglycoprotein, probably because of the much higher inhibitory activity of the polypeptide backbone. Therefore, we examined the activity of the oligosaccharides coupled to a protein lacking the ability to inhibit fertilization, namely, bovine serum albumin. A marked increase in the inhibitory activity of the oligosaccharides was observed with this neoglycoprotein. Finally, because inhibition by the oligosaccharides and the polypeptide was measured in an end point assay, namely, inhibition of fertilization, we sought a more direct, kinetically sensitive way to measure their properties. Accordingly, an assay was devised (R.L. Stears and W.J. Lennarz, unpublished observations) involving measurement of sperm binding to beads that was dependent on the presence of the receptor or its components. This assay revealed that sperm binding to beads via the recombinant protein peaked at 10 sec and then declined. In contrast, binding mediated by neoglycosylated recombinant protein reached a plateau. Thus, binding of sperm to the oligosaccharides resulted in a more stable interaction than that observed in binding to the polypeptide backbone.
SUNDIALS: Suite of nonlinear and differential/algebraic equation solvers

SUNDIALS is a suite of advanced computational codes for solving large-scale problems that can be modeled as a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, or as initial-value problems in ordinary differential or differential-algebraic equations. The basic versions of these codes are called KINSOL, CVODE, and IDA, respectively. The codes are written in ANSI standard C and are suitable for either serial or parallel machine environments. Common and notable features of these codes include inexact Newton-Krylov methods for solving large-scale nonlinear systems; linear multistep methods for time-dependent problems; a highly modular structure to allow incorporation of different preconditioning and/or linear solver methods; and clear interfaces allowing for users to provide their own data structures underneath the solvers. We describe the current capabilities of the codes, along with some of the algorithms and heuristics used to achieve efficiency and robustness. We also describe how the codes stem from previous and widely used Fortran 77 solvers, and how the codes have been augmented with forward and adjoint methods for carrying out first-order sensitivity analysis with respect to model parameters or initial conditions.
Using Historical In-Process and Product Metrics for Early Estimation of Software Failures

The benefits that a software organization obtains from estimates of product quality are dependent upon how early in the product cycle that these estimates are available. Early estimation of software quality can help organizations make informed decisions about corrective actions. To provide such early estimates we present an empirical case study of two large scale commercial operating systems, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. In particular, we leverage various historical in-process and product metrics from Windows XP binaries to create statistical predictors to estimate the post-release failures/failure-proneness of Windows Server 2003 binaries. These models estimate the failures and failure-proneness of Windows Server 2003 binaries at statistically significant levels. Our study is unique in showing that historical predictors for a software product line can be useful, even at the very large scale of the Windows operating system.
Ranking and sparsifying a connection graph

Many problems arising in dealing with high-dimensional data sets involve connection graphs in which each edge is associated with both an edge weight and a d-dimensional linear transformation. We consider vectorized versions of the PageRank and effective resistance which can be used as basic tools for organizing and analyzing complex data sets. For example, the generalized PageRank and effective resistance can be utilized to derive and modify diffusion distances for vector diffusion maps in data and image processing. Furthermore, the edge ranking of the connection graphs determined by the vectorized PageRank and effective resistance are an essential part of sparsification algorithms which simplify and preserve the global structure of connection graphs.
Is fiber mitochondrial volume density a good indicator of muscle fatigability to isometric exercise

The relationship between the ratio of interfibrillar mitochondrial volume density (Vvmit) to myofibrillar volume density (Vvmyo) and isometric fatigue characteristics of the human triceps surae was determined in six bodybuilders, six endurance athletes, and six active controls before and after 16 wk of isometric training at 30 or 100% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in six sedentary subjects in a unilateral exercise model. Time to fatigue at 30% MVC was significantly less in sedentary subjects before training than in the other subject groups, but it was similar to the other groups posttraining. Stereological analyses of type I fibers indicated that Vvmit/Vvmyo was less in bodybuilders than in other subjects. Training at 30% MVC increased type I fiber Vvmit/Vvmyo of the soleus by 11% but did not affect the gastrocnemii. Training at 100% MVC did not alter Vvmit/Vvmyo in any muscle, nor was this ratio changed in type II fibers by either training program. Despite the morphological differences, both training protocols increased relative endurance, although greater fatigue resistance was seen after training at 30% MVC. Correlation analyses indicated that isometric endurance and improvements in muscle endurance by isometric exercise were not dependent on increasing interfibrillar Vvmit or Vvmit/Vvmyo in either fiber type.
Trends in NCAA Athletic Spending Arms Race or Rising Tide

We develop and empirically test a model of intercollegiate athletic department expenditure decisions. The model extends general dynamic models of nonprice competition and includes the idea that non...
Polyfunctional HIV-Specific Antibody Responses Are Associated with Spontaneous HIV Control

Elite controllers (ECs) represent a unique model of a functional cure for HIV-1 infection as these individuals develop HIV-specific immunity able to persistently suppress viremia. Because accumulating evidence suggests that HIV controllers generate antibodies with enhanced capacity to drive antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) that may contribute to viral containment, we profiled an array of extra-neutralizing antibody effector functions across HIV-infected populations with varying degrees of viral control to define the characteristics of antibodies associated with spontaneous control. While neither the overall magnitude of antibody titer nor individual effector functions were increased in ECs, a more functionally coordinated innate immune–recruiting response was observed. Specifically, ECs demonstrated polyfunctional humoral immune responses able to coordinately recruit ADCC, other NK functions, monocyte and neutrophil phagocytosis, and complement. This functionally coordinated response was associated with qualitatively superior IgG3/IgG1 responses, whereas HIV-specific IgG2/IgG4 responses, prevalent among viremic subjects, were associated with poorer overall antibody activity. Rather than linking viral control to any single activity, this study highlights the critical nature of functionally coordinated antibodies in HIV control and associates this polyfunctionality with preferential induction of potent antibody subclasses, supporting coordinated antibody activity as a goal in strategies directed at an HIV-1 functional cure.
Structure and deduced function of the granaticin-producing polyketide synthase gene cluster of Streptomyces violaceoruber Tü22.

Abstract A 6.5 kb region of DNA from Streptomyces violaceoruber, which contains polyketide synthase (PKS) genes for production of the benzoisochromane quinone moiety of the antibiotic, granaticin, was cloned and sequenced. Of six open reading frames (ORFs) identified, four (ORFs 1-4) would be transcribed in one direction and two (ORFs 5 and 6) divergently from ORFs 1-4. ORF1 and ORF2, which show evidence for translation coupling, encode (deduced) gene products which strongly resemble each other and the Escherichia coli fatty acid ketoacyl synthase (condensing enzyme), FabB. We conclude that ORF1 (which contains a characteristic cysteine residue) functions as a condensing enzyme, possibly as part of a heterodimeric protein including the product of ORF2. The predicted ORF3 gene product strikingly resembles acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) of fatty acid synthase (FAS), particularly in the region of the active site motif, while the predicted ORF5 and ORF6 gene products resemble known oxidoreductases, suggesting that they function as reductive steps required during assembly of the granaticin carbon skeleton. Comparison of the deduced ORF4 gene product with available protein databases failed to elucidate its potential function. The overall conclusion is that the granaticin-producing PKS would consist of at least six separate enzymes involved in carbon chain assembly, thus resembling a Type II, rather than a Type I, FAS.
Modulation of release of [3H]acetylcholine in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat

Cholinergic modulation of [3H]acetylcholine release evoked by electrical stimulation was studied in the rat major pelvic ganglion, which was prelabeled with [3H]choline. Acetylcholine (ACh) release was independent of the frequency of stimulation; 0.3 Hz produced the same volley output as 10 Hz. Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) or omission of Ca2+ from the medium abolished ACh release. The M1 receptor agonist (4-hydroxy-2-butynyl)-1-trimethylammonium m-chlorocarbanilate chloride (McN-A 343, 50 microM) increased release (by 136%), whereas the M2 muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (1 microM) decreased ACh release (by 22%). The muscarinic antagonists, atropine (1 microM) or pirenzepine (M1 selective, 1 microM), did not change ACh release. However, pirenzepine (1 microM) blocked the facilitatory effect of McN-A 343, and atropine (1 microM) blocked the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine. The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (1-5 microM), the nicotinic agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP, 10 microM), and the nicotinic antagonist D-tubocurarine (50 microM) did not change ACh release. 4-Aminopyridine, a K+ channel blocker, significantly increased the release (by 146%). Seven days after decentralization of the major pelvic ganglion, the evoked release of ACh was abolished. It is concluded that release of ACh occurs from the preganglionic nerve terminals rather than from the cholinergic cell bodies and is not modulated by actions of endogenous ACh on either muscarinic or nicotinic autoreceptors. These data confirm and extend previous electrophysiological findings indicating that synapses in the major pelvic ganglion have primarily a relay function.
Biology of the Bordered Mantid, Stagmomantis Limbata Hahn (Orthoptera, Mantidae)

The bordered mantid, Stagmomantis limbata Hahn, is more restricted in its range than is S. Carolina Johan. The latter species may be collected from the Atlantic Coast to California and as far north as Colorado, Missouri, Illinois, and southern Pennsylvania, but S. limbata has been found only in Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. These two species, although separated by very distinct structural characters, are similar in appearance and habits.
A comparison of cardiac outputs, determined by direct Fick and pressure pulse methods.

A method of determining cardiac output that is more rapid than the standard procedures, and with less dependence on skilled technical help has long been needed. With the publication by Hamilton and Remington1 of a method for determining stroke volume from a pressure pulse this need has been met if their results are reproducible by others. In addition, their method has the added advantage, for the pharmacologist, of being able to follow the actions of a drug on the output from stroke to stroke.Using the dye method as their basis of comparison, they found a correlation of r = +0.994 with an average variation between the two measurements of ±8.2% with a range of +35 to −13%. While the dye method has been shown to give compara-able to the Fick method2 within ± 10%, it seemed essential that a comparison be made between the Fick and the pressure pulse method not only to compare the accuracy of the pressure pulse method but to check our own calculations of cardiac output by that method.Methods. A total of 8 dogs...
“Somebody Done Nailed Us on the Cross”: Federal Farm and Welfare Policy and the Civil Rights Movement in the Mississippi Delta

Hailed as a savior by some and scorned as a meddler by others, the federal government has played a major role in shaping the economy and society of the post-New Deal South. Yet federal policies have not necessarily functioned in behalf of change, and federally induced changes in one segment of southern life have sometimes contributed to continuity in another. Such was the case with many New Deal programs whose potential for upsetting the South's racial and economic hierarchy stood at odds with the Roosevelt administration's efforts to maintain the support of key southern members of Congress. If the New Deal sought rapid economic recovery while settling for social peace in its time, it nonetheless unloosed technological and ideological forces that threatened the overall stability of southern society. Amid steadily rising social tensions, these contradictory forces moved slowly toward a fullscale collision in the 1960s when the government-induced revolution in agriculture provided the economic and demographic backdrop for the major policy initiatives of the civil rights movement and the War on Poverty. Nowhere was the intersection of those policies more meaningful than in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, the last stronghold of the plantation and the birthplace of the Citizens' Council, a region where the affluent and uncompromisingly conservative planter minority had the most to lose and the impoverished and disfranchised black majority the most to gain from any federal program that threatened to alter socioeconomic and political relationships between the races.1
Overlapping genetic and environmental influences among men's alcohol consumption and problems, romantic quality and social support.

Background Alcohol consumption and problems are associated with interpersonal difficulties. We used a twin design to assess in men the degree to which genetic or environmental influences contributed to the covariance between alcohol consumption and problems, romantic quality and social support. Method The sample included adult male–male twin pairs (697 monozygotic and 487 dizygotic) for whom there were interview-based data on: alcohol consumption (average monthly alcohol consumption in the past year); alcohol problems (lifetime alcohol dependence symptoms); romantic conflict and warmth; friend problems and support; and relative problems and support. Results Key findings were that genetic and unique environmental factors contributed to the covariance between alcohol consumption and romantic conflict; genetic factors contributed to the covariance between alcohol problems and romantic conflict; and common and unique environmental factors contributed to the covariance between alcohol problems and friend problems. Conclusions Recognizing and addressing the overlapping genetic and environmental influences that alcohol consumption and problems share with romantic quality and other indicators of social support may have implications for substance use prevention and intervention efforts.
Progress in application of oilfield water treatment technology

As the oil into the high water cut stage,the amount of water also significantly increased at the same time.And with the oil field development in depth,a variety of new flooding technique further.Produced water treatment more difficult,and increased water treatment costs.In addition,some low-permeability oil field development,but also set a higher water quality requirements.Therefore,the oily wastewater treatment,has become the focus of various fields of technology research.To this end,domestic oil fields,and other units in this area have done a lot of work.In this paper,made a brief introduction of oilfield wastewater treatment application of new technologies,to provide technical information for the future development direction of water oil field.
Determination of Phosphatidyl choline in Health Food by HPLC

Objective The method HPLC was developed for the determination of phosphatidyl choline in health foods.Method A Hypersil-C18 column(4.6mm×150mm×5μm) was used with a mobile phase being methanol-water(84:16),detecting wave length at 206nm,the flow rate being 1.0ml·min(-1) and the column temperature being 35℃.Result The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.01～0.1mg/mL of phosphatidyl choline with a correlation coefficient being 0.9994,the average recovery of the method is 94.93 % and RSD is 2.28 %(n=9).Conclusion The method is reliability and accurate with good reproducibility.It is suitable for the quality control of phosphatidyl choline health foods.
Research on determination of thiocyanate in dairy products by ion chromatography-conductivity detection

Objective To establish a method for determination of thiocyanate in dairy products by ion chromatography.Methods The dairy product samples were treated with glacial acetic acid solution to precipitate and filtrate protein and defatted on C18SPE column.Then the samples were directly analyzed by ion chromatograph.Chromatographic separation was carried out on Ionpac AS19 column( 250mm × 4mm i.d.,5μm) with ASRS-ULTRAⅡ anion suppressor,and a DS6 suppressed conductivity detector was used for the determination,and the eluent was adjusted to contain 40 mmol / L hydroxyl ions.The external standard method was used for thiocyanate quantification.Results The linear range was 0.5 μg /ml ～ 5.0 μg /ml for thiocyanate with correlation coefficients more than 0.999.When the signal to noise ratio equals to 3,the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.2 mg / L.Conclusion The developed method was satisfying with the determination of thiocyanate in dairy products.
Postprandial hemodynamics and oxygenation in developing piglet intestine

Age-related differences in the intestinal hemodynamic and oxygenation responses to feeding were studied in 1-day- (never-nursed and nursed-fasted), 3-day-, 2-wk-, and 1-mo-old piglets. A distal branch of the superior mesenteric vein draining an isolated loop of jejunoileum was used to measure intestinal blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, venous pressure, and capillary pressure. Calculations of oxygen uptake and vascular resistance were performed from the measured variables. Radioactive microspheres were used to measure fractionated flow. After luminal instillation of a cow milk-based formula, postprandial oxygen uptake increased to a similar extent in all age groups. In never-nursed newborns the increase was achieved by a dramatic rise in oxygen extraction with no change in total flow, while all other groups demonstrated a combined increase in blood flow and oxygen extraction. Mucosal blood flow increased to a similar extent in all age groups, but in never-nursed newborns it was at the expense of muscularis-serosa flow. Thus, because oxygen extraction and mucosal blood flow appear to be near maximal during feeding alone, newborn intestine may be at risk for tissue hypoxia and subsequent mucosal injury in the presence of a superimposed cardiovascular stress.
Neural Crest Cell Evolution: How and When Did a Neural Crest Cell Become a Neural Crest Cell

As vertebrates evolved from protochordates, they shifted to a more predatory lifestyle, and radiated and adapted to most niches of the planet. This process was largely facilitated by the generation of novel vertebrate head structures, which were derived from neural crest cells (NCC). The neural crest is a unique vertebrate cell population that is frequently termed the "fourth germ layer" because it forms in conjunction with the other germ layers and contributes to a diverse array of cell types and tissues including the craniofacial skeleton, the peripheral nervous system, and pigment cells among many other tissues and cell types. NCC are defined by their origin at the neural plate border, via an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with multipotency and polarized patterns of migration. These defining characteristics, which evolved independently in the germ layers of invertebrates, were subsequently co-opted through their gene regulatory networks to form NCC in vertebrates. Moreover, recent data suggest that the ability to undergo an EMT was one of the latter features co-opted by NCC. In this review, we discuss the potential origins of NCC and how they evolved to contribute to nearly all tissues and organs throughout the body, based on paleontological evidence together with an evaluation of the evolution of molecules involved in NCC development and their migratory cell paths.
A Randomized Double-Blinded Trial on the Effects of Ultrasound Transducer Orientation on Teaching and Learning Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia.

OBJECTIVES Learning ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia skills, especially needle/ beam alignment, can be especially difficulty for trainees, who can often become frustrated. We hypothesized that teaching novices to orient the transducer and needle perpendicular to their shoulders will improve performance on a standardized task, compared to holding the transducer and needle parallel to the shoulders. METHODS This study compared the effects of transducer orientation on trainees' ability to complete a standardized ultrasound-guided nerve block simulation. The time to task completion and percentage of the attempt time without adequate needle visualization were measured. Participants were right-handed healthy adults with no previous ultrasound experience and were randomly assigned to training in either transducer and needle alignment in a coronal plane, parallel to the shoulders (parallel group) or transducer and needle alignment in a sagittal plane, perpendicular to the shoulders (perpendicular group). Participants used ultrasound to direct a needle to 3 targets in a standardized gelatin phantom and repeated this task 3 times. Their efforts were timed and evaluated by an assessor, who was blinded to group assignment. RESULTS Data were analyzed on 28 participants. The perpendicular group was able to complete the task more quickly (P < .001) and with a smaller proportion of time lost to inadequate needle visualization (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia trainees complete a standardized task more quickly and efficiently when instructed to hold the transducer and needle in an orientation perpendicular to their shoulders.
Adolescent Antecedents to Gynecological Health

Are there factors occurring in childhood and adolescence that influence the reproductive and gynecological health of women? The logic that leads to this possibility includes: The reproductive organs increase greatly in size and weight during pre-adolescence and adolescence. During periods of rapid growth (critical periods) body organs are most vulnerable to insults. The rate of growth and development can be slowed or otherwise modified by disease, deficient diet or other more obscure factors. If factors (such as undernutrition) are imposed on organs while cell division is occurring, the process slows and may stop before full organ growth. If this does occur the number of cells in the organ will always be too few. Body organs with abberrations in cell number or cell size have altered patterns of functioning. Therefore, the overall aim of this study is to identify factors which occur during adolescence that may affect adult reproductive system functioning.
Nonlocal scattering tensor due to electromagnetic coupling of surface plasmons to dirac plasmons in graphene

The electromagnetic coupling of surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes, which are localized around the surface of a conductive substrate, to quantum plasmons in a graphene sheet above the surface is investigated and their hybrid quantum-plasmon modes are analyzed. For a double-layer graphene structure, on the other hand, the interplay between the electromagnetic couplings of SPPs to each graphene sheet is explored. An effective- polarizability tensor for a combined system, including coupled double-layer graphene and conductive substrate, has been derived, which consists of the retarded nonlocal Coulomb interactions between electrons in different graphene sheets and the conductive substrate. Additionally, this calculated effective-scattering tensor can be used for constructing an effective-medium theory to study optical properties of inserted nanorods between the graphene sheets and metallic surface.
Detailed error analysis and automation of the RA Resonator technique for measurement of uniaxial anisotropic permittivity

The RA Resonator technique is a highly accurate methodology for measurement of uniaxial anisotropic dielectric constants in planar substrates. This work is a discussion of measurement accuracy and a comprehensive quantitative error analysis of the technique. As detailed error analysis is a long and repetitive task, a software package is developed which substantially automates the process.
The Zeta Function of an Algebraic Number Field and Some Applications

At the end of Sect. 4.6 of Chap. 4, we left ourselves with the problem of determining the finite nonempty subsets S of the positive integers such that for infinitely many primes p, S is a set of non-residues of p. We observed there that if S has this property then the product of all the elements in every subset of S of odd cardinality is never a square. The object of this chapter is to prove the converse of this statement, i.e., we wish to prove Theorem 4.12. The proof of Theorem 4.12 that we present uses ideas that are closely related to the ones that Dirichlet used in his proof of Theorem 4.5, together with some technical improvements due to Hilbert. The key tool that we need is an analytic function attached to algebraic number fields, called the zeta function of the field. The definition of this function requires a significant amount of mathematical technology from the theory of algebraic numbers, and so in Sect. 5.1 we begin with a discussion of the results from algebraic number theory that will be required, with Dedekind’s Ideal Distribution Theorem as the final goal of this section. The zeta function of an algebraic number field is defined and studied in Sect. 5.2; in particular, the Euler-Dedekind product formula for the zeta function is derived here. In Sect. 5.3 a product formula for the zeta function of a quadratic number field that will be required in the proof of Theorem 4.12 is derived from the Euler-Dedekind product formula. The proof of Theorem 4.12, the principal object of this chapter, is carried out in Sect. 5.4 and some results which are closely related to that theorem are also established there. In the interest of completeness, we prove in Sect. 5.5 the Fundamental Theorem of Ideal Theory, Theorem 3.16 of Chap. 3, since it is used in an essential way in the derivation of the Euler-Dedekind product formula.
The Effects of Abortion Training on Family Medicine Residents' Clinical Experience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES RHEDI, Reproductive Health Education in Family Medicine, offers technical assistance and funding to family medicine residency programs to support integrated opt-out abortion and reproductive health training for residents. This study assessed the impact of this enhanced training on residents' reproductive health experience. METHODS Investigator-developed pre- and post-surveys were administered online to 214 residents at 12 family medicine residency programs before and after their RHEDI training experience. Surveys addressed experience in contraception and abortion, attitudes around abortion provision, and post-residency intentions. Descriptive statistics were generated, and statistical tests were performed to assess changes after training. RESULTS Surveys had a 90% response rate. After the RHEDI enhanced reproductive health rotation, residents reported increased experience in contraception provision, early pregnancy ultrasound, aspiration and medication abortion, and miscarriage management. After training, residents with experience in IUD insertion increased from 85% to 99%, and contraceptive implant insertion experience rose from 60% to 85%. Residents who had performed any abortions increased from 15% to 79%, and self-rated competency in abortion increased. Finally, almost all residents agreed that early abortion was within the scope of family medicine, and training confirmed residents' intentions to provide reproductive health services after residency. CONCLUSIONS Integrated training in reproductive health, with an emphasis on abortion, increases residents' experience and underscores their understanding of the role of these services in family medicine. Increasing the number of family medicine residency programs that offer this training could help prepare family physicians to meet their patients' needs for reproductive health services.
Regional Security in Latin America after US Hegemony

The legacy of US hegemony makes it difficult for Latin American nations to exercise their agency in international affairs. The urge to escape that hegemony precipitated the creation of new organizations without the USA. Complicating the effectiveness of these organizations will be the following: historical differences among nations, the asymmetry of power between the USA and other nations in the hemisphere, older regional organizations, and the rapprochement between Cuba and the USA which removes the symbol of defiance to hegemony that was so important in Latin America. The chapter reviews the geopolitics of the new organizations and expressions of agency by individual countries and concludes that each nation will decide how it wants to use the new organizations in realizing their agency.
What Kind of Data Are in the Back Dirt? An Experiment on the Influence of Screen Size on Optimal Data Recovery

Zooarchaeological assemblages are non-renewable resources that provide a record of human culture and the paleoenvironment. Optimal sampling of zooarchaeological remains forms a foundation from which questions about human ecology are asked and answered. It has been known for over three decades that fine-gauge screen sieving (1/l6 inch = 1.58 mm) has an influence on the recovery of biological remains. However, archaeologists are not always fully aware of what types of faunal data may be lost into the back dirt, or the impact of those losses on interpreting the zooarchaeological record when fine-gauge screens are not used. As zooarchaeology has evolved to include studies of the paleoenvironment, sampling concerns have become even more important. This paper presents the analysis of the results of an experiment on the recovery of 10 zooarchaeological assemblages from coastal Alabama; Georgia; Florida; St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands; and Puerto Rico. When fine-gauge screen sampling protocol is used, large and small taxa have an equal chance of being recovered, and there is an exponential increase in the numbers of fish taxa and individuals recovered. Measurements of the lateral width of fish vertebrae in the 10 assemblages show that over 80% of the specimens are smaller than 6 mm and potentially would have been lost through coarse-gauge (1/4 inch = 6.35 mm) screen. The inclusion of remains recovered through finer meshes of screen significantly changes biomass calculations. Furthermore, descriptive statistics for sample diversity, equitability, trophic level, and similarity indices are affected. Fine-gauge screen recovers an assemblage of faunal remains that more closely resembles the midden population than do coarse-screened samples; therefore the fine-screened samples more accurately reflect the relative percentage of taxa and the size classes of the represented animals. The statistical data show that faunal assemblages recovered with different screen gauges are not directly comparable.
Overcoming Asceticism and Cultivating the Body

This chapter continues to probe the ideal of the free spirit. It focuses on one of its particular aspects, the “cultivation of the body” (as Montaigne calls it), so as to avoid excessively “spiritualizing” the free spirit. Perhaps the most visible sign of Montaigne’s free-spiriting is the freedom with which he talks about his body. Food, drink, sex, melons, buttocks, kidney stones, excrement, climate, dietary habits, his penis—these are among the topics of the Essais. Montaigne not only treats ascetic hatred of the body in general, but also singles out for special ridicule the perspectives in which human sexuality appears as something shameful. Here Nietzsche follows Montaigne, extending and deepening Montaigne’s critique in his own genealogical attempts to uncover the origins of guilt about sexuality. Perhaps surprisingly, he is more optimistic than Montaigne about the prospects for uniting healthy sexuality to friendship and even marriage.
Caged Naloxone: Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of 3-O-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl Naloxone (CNV-NLX)

The photolabile analogue of the broad-spectrum opioid antagonist naloxone, 3-O-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl naloxone (also referred to as “caged naloxone”, 3-O-(α-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl)naloxone, CNV-NLX), has been found to be a valuable biochemical probe. While the synthesis of CNV-NLX is simple, its characterization is complicated by the fact that it is produced as a mixture of αR,5R,9R,13S,14S and αS,5R,9R,13S,14S diastereomers. Using long-range and heteronuclear NMR correlations, the 1H NMR and 13C NMR resonances of both diastereomers have been fully assigned, confirming the structures. Monitoring of solutions of CNV-NLX in saline buffer, in methanol, and in DMSO has shown CNV-NLX to be stable for over a week under fluorescent laboratory lights at room temperature. Exposure of such solutions to λ 365 nm from a hand-held UV lamp led to the formation of naloxone and CNV-related breakdown products.
Adopted daughters and adopted daughters-in-law in Taiwan: a mortality analysis.

Adoption is sometimes considered paradoxical from an evolutionary perspective because the costs spent supporting an adopted child would be better spent on rearing one9s own. Kin selection theory is commonly used to solve this paradox, because the adoption of closely related kin contributes to the inclusive fitness of the adoptive parent. In this paper, we perform a novel test of kin selection theory in the context of adoption by asking whether adopted daughters-in-law, who contribute directly (i.e. genealogically) to the perpetuation of their adoptive families9 lineages, experience lower mortality than daughters adopted for other purposes in historical Taiwan. We show that both classes of adopted daughter suffer lower mortality than biological daughters, but that the protective effect of adoption is stronger among daughters who were not adopted with the intention of perpetuating the family lineage. We speculate as to the possible benefits of such a pattern and emphasize the need to move beyond typological definitions of adoption to understand the specific costs and benefits involved in different forms of caring for others9 children.