cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser Ablation Synthesis of Ceramic Powders

A pulsed excimer laser was used to ablate aluminum metal into an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The resulting fine powder was collected on a 0.1 µm filter and analyzed to determine structure and composition. Using a combination of TEM, EELS, and thermal analysis techniques, the product was found to be amorphous aluminum oxide, Al2O3. The morphology of the powders was investigated using SEM, TEM, and surface area measurements. The resulting powder was crystallized and examined by x-ray diffraction.
LUZZASCHI'S SETTING OF DANTE: ‘QUIVI SOSPIRI, PIANTI, ED ALTI GUAI’

This article examines the Ferrarese cultural context surrounding the virtually unprecedented choice of a text from Dante's Commedia for setting in Luzzaschi's Second Book of Madrigals of 1576. A particular focus is the quarrel in literary criticism of the early years of the 1570s over the place of Dante in the Italian literary firmament, and the position of the influential Modenese critic and philologist Lodovico Castelvetro in this quarrel. I speculate that Castelvetro, a subject of the duke of Ferrara, may have had a role in the choice of text. I also speculate that the disastrous Ferrarese earthquakes of the early years of the decade may have resounded for Ferrarese culture in the particular lines from the Commedia. Finally, I propose that the musical style chosen by Luzzaschi for this setting was an extraordinary and retrospective homage to the late style of his teacher Cipriano de Rore, another artistic figure intimately connected with the Este court. Both Rore and Castelvetro may be seen as icons of Ferrarese cultural prestige in the ongoing battle for precedence between the Este and the Medici.
How the Microbial World Saved Evolution from the Scylla of Molecular Biology and the Charybdis of the Modern Synthesis

In this commentary, we provide a personal overview of the conceptual history of microbiology and molecular biology over the course of the last hundred years, emphasizing the relationship of these fields to the problem of evolution. We argue that despite their apparent success, all three reached an impasse that arose from the influence of dogmatic or overly narrow perspectives. Finally, we describe how recent developments in microbiology are realizing Beijerinck's vision of a field that is fully integrated with molecular biology, microbial ecology, thereby challenging and extending current thinking in evolution.
In search of a transnational capitalist class: Alternative methods for comparing director interlocks within and between nations and regions

Theorists of globalization have hypothesized the emergence of a transnational capitalist class that is becoming increasingly integrated across national borders. One method of evaluating this hypothesis has been to apply network analysis to study the frequency and pattern of transnational ties within global interlocking directorates. The results of such studies are mixed, both as regards the extent of transnational interlocking and its regional distribution. In an effort to resolve this ambiguity and advance the state of research in this area we undertake two main tasks. First, we submit the prevailing methodology used in such studies to a critical evaluation in which we identify and address some of its theoretical and methodological limitations. Second, we introduce and illustrate three alternative methods for assessing the extent and pattern of global interlocking directorates. Each method conceptualizes transnational interlocking in a slightly different manner and brings different aspects of the process into focus. Despite these differences, all four methods point to the conclusion that a transnational capitalist class is very far from being realized on a global scale. On the other hand, the combined evidence is much stronger and relatively consistent for the emergence of a more circumscribed transnational capitalist class, centered in the North Atlantic region, which has made significant strides in transcending national divisions within and between Europe and North America.
Signal-to-noise improvement in laser Doppler velocimetry

Simple optical methods are described that, working in conjunction with an electronic synchronous detector, can substantially increase signal detectability in laser Doppler velocimetry. These methods involve rotating the laser polarization to amplitude-modulate exclusively the Doppler signal.
No Silver Bullet Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering

But, as we look to the horizon of a decade hence, we see no silver bullet. There is no single development, in either technology or in management technique, that by itself promises even one order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity. In this article, I shall try to show why, by examining both the nature of the software problem and the properties of the bullets proposed.
Design and implementation of a particle image velocimetry method for analysis of running gear-soil interaction

Experimental analysis of running gear–soil interaction traditionally focuses on the measurement of forces and torques developed by the running gear. This type of measurement provides useful information about running gear performance but it does not allow for explicit investigation of soil failure behavior. This paper describes a methodology based on particle image velocimetry for analyzing soil motion from a sequence of images. A procedure for systematically identifying experimental and processing settings is presented. Soil motion is analyzed for a rigid wheel traveling on a Mars regolith simulant while operating against a glass wall, thereby imposing plain strain boundary conditions. An off-the-shelf high speed camera is used to collect images of the soil flow. Experimental results show that it is possible to accurately compute soil deformation characteristics without the need of markers. Measured soil velocity fields are used to calculate strain fields.
Jack of All Trades: Cramp Shipbuilding, Mixed Production, and the Limits of Flexible Specialization in American Warship Construction, 1940-1945

Naval shipbuilding was one of the most ambitious industrial undertakings of World War II. A marginal business, in 1939 employing only twelve shipyards, it expanded over the course of the war into a massive network of shipbuilding firms, engineering works, steel mills, and specialty producers that built the world's largest fleet. At its peak in 1944, warship building employed one million shipyard workers, a million others in collateral industries, and consumed one-fifth of the nation's steel output in the construction of aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, and thousands of smaller combatants.
Nitrogen solutes in an Adirondack forested watershed: Importance of dissolved organic nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) dynamics were evaluated from 1 June 1995 through 31 May 1996 within the Arbutus Lake watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, U.S.A. At the Arbutus Lake outlet dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NO 3 and NH C contributed 61%, 33%, and 6% respectively, to the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) flux (259 mol ha 1 yr 1 ). At the lake inlet DON, NO 3 ,a nd NH C constituted 36%, 61%, and 3% respectively, of TDN flux (349 mol ha 1 yr 1 ). Differences between the factors that control DON, NO 3 ,a nd NH C stream water concentrations were evaluated using two methods for estimating annual N flux at the lake inlet. Using biweekly sampling NO 3 and NH C flux was 10 and 4 mol ha 1 yr 1 respectively, less than flux estimates using biweekly plus storm and snowmelt sampling. DON flux was 18 mol ha 1 yr 1 greater using only biweekly sampling. These differences are probably not of ecological significance relative to the total flux of N from the watershed (349 mol ha 1 yr 1 ). Dissolved organic N concentrations were positively related to discharge during both the dormant (R 2 = 0.31; P < 0.01) and growing season (R 2 = 0.09; P < 0.01). There was no significant relationship between NO 3 concentration and discharge during the dormant season, but a significant negative relationship was found during the growing season (R 2 = 0.29; P < 0.01). Biotic controls in the growing season appeared to have had a larger impact on stream water NO 3 concentrations than on DON concentrations. Arbutus Lake had a major impact on stream water N concentrations of the four landscape positions sampled, suggesting the need to quantify within lake processes to interpret N solute losses and patterns in watershed-lake systems.
Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus infection: a balance between virulence, innate and adaptive immunity, and viral evasion.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that has emerged globally as a significant cause of viral encephalitis. WNV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds (reviewed in reference [75][1]) but can also infect and cause disease in horses and other vertebrate animals.
Emerging Serum Biomarkers of HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1] and is associated with poor patient survival. This is largely due to late detection—the majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages when curative resection or liver transplantation can no longer be offered. While overall cancer mortality has decreased in the United States, the incidence of HCC continues to rise. In fact, HCC has become the fastest growing cancer in the USA [1]. Two prospective studies have suggested a survival benefit for HCC surveillance with AFP in patients with chronic HBV infection [2, 3]. These reports have been widely quoted as rationale for the continued efforts to identify and validate HCC serum markers for early detection in all patient cohorts. However, until the past year, no comparable studies had been performed in patients with cirrhosis and non-HBV-related liver disease.
Reducing Emergency Department Utilization Through Engagement in Telemedicine by Senior Living Communities.

Abstract Background: High-intensity telemedicine has been shown to reduce the need for emergency department (ED) care for older adult senior living community (SLC) residents with acute illnesses. We evaluated the effect of SLC engagement in the telemedicine program on ED use rates. Materials and Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study evaluating the effectiveness of high-intensity telemedicine for SLC residents. We compared the annual rate of change in ED use among subjects who resided in SLC units that were more engaged in telemedicine services with that among subjects who resided in SLC units that were less engaged in telemedicine and control subjects who lived at facilities without access to telemedicine services. Results: During the study, subjects had 503 telemedicine visits, with 362 (72.0%) in the more engaged SLCs and 141 (28.0%) in the less engaged SLCs. For subjects residing in more engaged SLCs, ED use decreased at an annualized rate of 28% (rate ratio...
Exploring the landscape of pathogenic genetic variation in the ExAC population database: insights of relevance to variant classification

We evaluated the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database as a control cohort to classify variants across a diverse set of genes spanning dominant and recessively inherited disorders. The frequency of pathogenic variants in ExAC was compared with the estimated maximal pathogenic allele frequency (MPAF), based on the disease prevalence, penetrance, inheritance, allelic and locus heterogeneity of each gene. Additionally, the observed carrier frequency and the ethnicity-specific variant distribution were compared between ExAC and the published literature. The carrier frequency and ethnic distribution of pathogenic variants in ExAC were concordant with reported estimates. Of 871 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants across 19 genes, only 3 exceeded the estimated MPAF. Eighty-four percent of variants with ExAC frequencies above the estimated MPAF were classified as “benign.” Additionally, 20% of the cardiac and 19% of the Lynch syndrome gene variants originally classified as “VUS” occurred with ExAC frequencies above the estimated MPAF, making these suitable for reassessment. The ExAC database is a useful source for variant classification and is not overrepresented for pathogenic variants in the genes evaluated. However, the mutational spectrum, pseudogenes, genetic heterogeneity, and paucity of literature should be considered in deriving meaningful classifications using ExAC. Genet Med 18 8, 850–854.
Enshrining the Mission: The Bishop Sheehan Memorial Museum and Vincentian Visions of China

In 1923, the Western Province of the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians) began to send missionaries to Jiangxi Province in China at the behest of a French Province no longer in position to continue with its China Mission following World War I. As the years progressed, the China Mission came to hold a significant role in sustaining a community stretching from the missionaries’ home seminary of St. Mary’s of the Barrens in Perryville, Missouri to their vicariate in China. In 1935 the Vincentians established a museum at St. Mary’s to honor the memory of Bishop Edward T. Sheehan, the first American Vincentian bishop in Jiangxi. This museum performed an important role in maintaining the connections between the seminarians in Missouri and the missionaries in Jiangxi as the China Mission became more important within the Vincentian community. It was a shared physical space that housed evidence of Vincentian achievement in China while both educating seminarians and allowing them to participate in the celebration of that achievement; a nexus between coexisting and connected Vincentian communities of the midwestern United States and southern China that sustained an overarching social group identity that ignored geographic separation.
Tools for Investigating Cognitive Performance under Simulated Conditions

Safe and efficient use of modern technology often hinges upon the ability of persons operating these systems to perform effectively under a wide variety of conditions. This paper describes several tools developed to investigate the influence of psycho-social variables on cognitive performance under stressful conditions. These tools include indirect, non-obtrusive video recording equipment to capture real-time cognitive behavior, and a several multi-dimensional and multi-method techniques to measure cognitive ability and psycho-social conditions. These techniques are used to bridge the gap between basic laboratory research and field observation.
Presence of Significant Others and the Avowal of Happiness Among the Elderly: Reply to Bobys

Bobys' thesis is that the changing relationship between age and happiness we reported is quite possibly a methodological artifact, despite our not inconsiderable efforts in the study to insure that it was not. The problem, to state his argument a little more formally, is that we failed to consider the joint effects of two forces. First, older respondents are more likely to have a third party help them complete their questionnaires, one who is probably a significant other ("a relative, friend, or service provider"). Second, older persons responding through a signficant other are more likely to report greater happiness than older persons filling out their own questionnaires, because the former wish to avoid offending "this person who has tried to make them happy." Thus, Bobys thinks that the positive relationships we reported for age and happiness in the 1970s could be due to significant others' influence on response to questionnaires and therefore an artifact of the methodology employed by the pollsters whose data we used. We have to reject Bobys' specific argument out of hand. Interviews, not questionnaires, were used to gather these data. Respondents could neither fill out their own schedules nor ask some significant other to do it for them, because they had to respond to each question as put to them by a trained interviewer. However, Bobys' general point may be more applicable to interview data. The presence of significant others during the interview might increase the level of happiness avowed by the aged, even though these significant others do not answer any of the questions. The elderly may not only simply wish to avoid offending someone who has made them happy (as Bobys notes), but more importantly, may wish to avoid offending significant others because many elderly are so dependent for survival on these significant others. Further, it seems not unreasonable to expect that
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis With OspA-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies Protects Mice Against Tick Transmission of Lyme Disease Spirochetes.

BACKGROUND Tick transmission of Borrelia spirochetes to humans results in significant morbidity from Lyme disease worldwide. Serum concentrations of antibodies against outer surface protein A (OspA) were shown to correlate with protection from infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the primary cause of Lyme disease in the United States. METHODS Mice transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes were immunized with OspA from B. burgdorferi to generate human monoclonal antibodies (HuMabs) against OspA. HuMabs were generated and tested in in vitro borreliacidal assays and animal protection assays. RESULTS Nearly 100 unique OspA-specific HuMabs were generated, and 4 HuMabs (221-7, 857-2, 319-44, and 212-55) were selected as lead candidates on the basis of borreliacidal activity. HuMabs 319-44, 857-2, and 212-55 were borreliacidal against 1 or 2 Borrelia genospecies, whereas 221-7 was borreliacidal (half maximal inhibitory concentration, < 1 nM) against B. burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii, the 3 main genospecies endemic in the United States, Europe, and Asia. All 4 HuMabs completely protected mice from infection at 10 mg/kg in a murine model of tick-mediated transmission of B. burgdorferi CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that OspA-specific HuMabs can prevent the transmission of Borrelia and that administration of these antibodies could be employed as preexposure prophylaxis for Lyme disease.
Energy Efficient Data Indexing and Query Processing for Static and Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

This work addresses the problem of efficiently balancing the use of network resources when processing both spatially-constrained and (sensed) value based queries in Wireless Sensor Networks. To alleviate the drawbacks inherent to centralized approaches â€“ e.g., overheads in energy consumption and latency â€“ due to the transmission of the individual raw data/measurements to a dedicated sink, we propose in-network processing methodologies which unify the management of physical and data-space based queries. Since sensed data typically represents values that evolve over time, the distributed data management approaches need to be efficient in terms of communication cost and storage requirements. Furthermore, if the query processing paradigm(s) allows approximate answers, it may yield additional benefits if data abstractions based on higher-order statistics are integrated in the data management. . The related challenges are further compounded if the nodes are mobile, for the purpose of adapting the quality of sensing/coverage to spatial changes in the data field. We present novel communication and storage efficient physical and data-space abstractions to facilitate in-network indexing of sensed data and processing of queries in WSNs consisting of mobile and static nodes. We also present novel algorithms to handle changes in the abstractions due to mobility of the nodes. To trade-off (im)precision vs. energy consumption, the proposed abstraction schemes combine rank order statistics, regular sampling, and bitmap representation. The proposed abstractions are generic, in the sense that they can be utilized in any hierarchical indexing structure that is based on binary space partitioning (BSP), such as k-d trees, Quadtrees and Octrees. Based on implementation in SIDnet-SWANS simulator, our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed abstractions under different mobility models, mobility speeds, and query streams.
Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis among cats in multiple-cat environments with endemic feline enteric coronavirus.

Objective To determine what risk factors, other than genetic predisposition, contribute to the incidence of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in private breeding catteries and animal shelters. Design Cats from 7 catteries and a shelter were observed monthly for 1 year. At each visit, cats were examined, fecal samples were collected for determination of feline coronavirus shedding, and blood samples were collected for determination of coronavirus antibody titers. Diagnostic tests were performed on all cats that died of FIP. Animals 275 purebred or random-bred cats that were kept by private breeder-owners in homes. Results 24 cats died of FIP during the study. Development of FIP was not associated with cattery, mean cat number, mean age, sex, cattery median coronavirus antibody titer, husbandry and quarantine practices, caging and breeding practices, or prevalence of concurrent diseases. However, risk factors for FIP included individual cat age individual cat coronavirus titer, overall frequency of fecal coronarvirus shedding, and the proportion of cats in the cattery that were chronic coronavirus shedders. Deaths from FIP were more frequent in fall and winter, and on the basis of analysis of cattery records, the number of deaths varied yearly. Epidemics (> 10% mortality rate) were reported at least once in 5 years in 4 catteries. Clinical implications Elimination of FIP from a cattery is only possible by total elimination of endemic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infection. The most important procedure to reduce FECV from catteries is elimination of chronic FECV shedders.
A Fast Fourier Transform for Fractal Approximations

We consider finite approximations of a fractal generated by an iterated function system of affine transformations on \(\mathbb{R}^{d}\) as a discrete set of data points. Considering a signal supported on this finite approximation, we propose a Fast (Fractal) Fourier Transform by choosing appropriately a second iterated function system to generate a set of frequencies for a collection of exponential functions supported on this finite approximation. Since both the data points of the fractal approximation and the frequencies of the exponential functions are generated by iterated function systems, the matrix representing the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) satisfies certain recursion relations, which we describe in terms of Diţǎ’s construction for large Hadamard matrices. These recursion relations allow for the DFT matrix calculation to be reduced in complexity to O(NlogN), as in the case of the classical FFT.
Preparing Tissues for IHC Staining

Fresh histological tissues cannot be used “as is” and must undergo special processing to turn them into a suitable experimental material: tissues need to be first chemically fixed and then cut into thin sections using special histological instruments. Fixation and tissue sectioning are critical to the success of IHC staining. If they are not done correctly, staining quality can be badly compromised regardless of the use of high-quality primary and secondary antibodies, buffers, and detection reagents.
The Ineluctable Double: Phenomenology’s Other

This chapter takes up the problem of the double in the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl. In Cartesian Meditations, and through his commitment to the transcendental Ego, Husserl has created an aporia. On the one hand, he has devoted himself to the axiomatic thought that all sense arises from the Ego’s intentional life, effectively constructing a fundamental solipsism. On the other hand, and in order to obtain his aim of confirming an objective world, he knows he must establish an other, that is, in order to have objectivity, he must work out intersubjectivity. I show that this project is a failure. Without a double, Husserl is locked inside of himself, and his commitment to the Ego confirms this to the very end. Finally, I return to the theme of intersubjectivity in Sartre’s Being and Nothingness, which I had touched on in Chap. 2.
Hepatitis C Virus Screening and Emergency Department Length of Stay

Background Recent studies demonstrate high rates of previously undiagnosed hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among patients screened in urban emergency departments (ED). Experts caution, however, that public health interventions, such as screening for infectious diseases, must not interfere with the primary mission of EDs to provide timely acute care. Increases in ED length of stay (LOS) have been associated with decreased quality of ED care. Objective In this study, we assess the influence of an integrated HCV screening protocol on ED LOS. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study analyzing timestamp data for all discharged patients over a 1-year period. The primary outcome compared the median LOS in minutes between patients who completed HCV screening and those who did not. Further analysis compared LOS for HCV screening by whether or not complete blood count (CBC) testing was conducted. Results Of 69,639 visits, 2,864 (4%) had HCV screening tests completed and 272 (9.5%) were antibody positive. The median LOS for visits that included HCV screening was greater than visits that did not include screening (151 versus 119 minutes, P < 0.001). Among the subset of visits in which CBC testing was conducted, there was no significant difference in median LOS between visits that also included HCV screening and those that did not (240 versus 242 minutes, P = 0.68). Conclusion Integrated HCV screening modestly prolongs ED LOS. However, among patients undergoing other blood tests, screening had no effect on LOS. Programs may consider routinely offering HCV screening to patients who are undergoing laboratory testing.
The how’s and why’s of party manifestos: Some guidance for a cross-national research agenda

It is the purpose of this article to highlight some of the variants that can serve as important avenues for future exploration into the “how’s” (production methods) and “why’s” (purposes) of party ...
Love and Marriage: the Realities of Myth

Denis de Rougement, in his classic opus Love in the Western World argues that the West was unique in its paradoxical modeling of the relationship between passionate love and marriage; “Since its origins in the twelfth century passionate love was constituted in hostility to marriage.” This articles explores this hypothesis by comparing the French legend of Tristan of Yseult and the Russian legend of Peter and Fevronia of Murom. The contrast between the two stories can be analyzed in terms of the tension between Eros and Agape, between a fatal/passionate love in which the individual defies society - narrowing it down to the point of one irreducible and a companionate love, which embeds the individual in an ever-widening network of community made up of friends, relations, descendants. The article concludes on Anna Karenina. There Tolstoy presents a new variation on the theme of passion love and marriage - a synthesis demonstrating the effects of Westernization on traditional Russian culture, and one much clo...
Patient reported distress symptoms in patients undergoing palliative radiotherapy.

75 Background: The focus of palliative radiotherapy (RT) is on improving quality of life (QOL) for patients with serious illnesses by eliminating or decreasing physical symptoms. The importance of assessing distress levels in palliative care patients is recognized due to the relevance of QOL, as treatment is given to provide symptom-relief rather than curative results. We sought to identify the most common causes of patient reported distress during palliative RT. Methods: Retrospective review was performed for patients who received palliative RT from 11/1/2012 to 6/4/2015 for various types of metastatic cancer at our institution. All patients completed a Patient Reported Distress (PRD) questionnaire with 30 specific questions and an overall distress thermometer prior to beginning treatment. The PRD survey quantified 30 areas of current concern ranging in patient-reported values from 1 to 5 in addition to a linear analog measure from 0 to 10 of overall reported distress in the last month. Results: Complete...
Further Studies on the Biosynthesis of the Antibiotic Indolmycin in Streptomyces griseus

Summary Feeding experiments with tryptophan tritiated stereospecifically at C-3 indicate that the C methylation at the methylene group of indolepyruvate, an early step in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic indolmycin, proceeds stereospecifically with retention of configuration. L-Arginine-[amidino- 14 C, 15 N] is incorporated into indolmycin without change in the 15 N/ 14 C ratio, and this as well as-the intramolecular 15 N distribution in precursor and product suggests transfer of an intact amidino group from arginine to form the oxazolinone ring of the antibiotic.
Background Rejection in the ARA Experiment

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is a radio frequency observatory under construction at the South Pole that is searching for ultrahigh energy neutrinos via the Askaryan effect. Thermal fluctuations currently dominate the trigger-level background for the observatory and anthropogenic sources also introduce a significant source of noise. By taking advantage of the observatory’s regular geometry and the expected coincident nature of the RF signals arriving from neutrino-induced events, this background can be filtered efficiently. This contribution will discuss techniques developed for the ARA analyses to reject these thermal signals, to reject anthropogenic backgrounds, and to search for neutrino-induced particle showers in the Antarctic ice. The results of a search for neutrinos from GRBs using the prototype station using some of these techniques will be presented.
Comparing advanced L2 and heritage language learners’ Spanish grammars

It is very well known that we should take a sociolinguistic teaching approach for Spanish heritage language (HL) learners' instruction. Potowski (2005) proposed that instruction be centered on literacy development and grammatical knowledge. However, not much has been said regarding grammar instruction: What does Spanish HL learners' grammar look like? What are the main similarities and differences between advanced L2 learners and HL learners? What are the most effective grammar teaching techniques for Spanish HL learners? Can those techniques used for L2 grammar teaching be applied to HL learners? In this article, an answer to all of these questions is offered. Moreover, practical examples of activities are provided using several techniques such as processing instruction, interactional feedback, dictogloss, and input enhancement, followed by pedagogical implications derived from current research on grammar instruction for both advanced L2 and HL learners of Spanish.
The melting curve of five gases to 30 KB

Abstract The melting curves of A, N 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 and NH 3 have been determined up to approximately 30 kb using piston displacement techniques. All the melting curves behave in a normal manner with the exception of NH 3 which has a sharp break in the 5 kb-230° region suggesting that a solid-solid transition intersects the melting curve in this region. The new melting curve data are plotted against the isothermal compressibility data according to the recent melting law of Kraut and Kennedy . (1) The results appear to hold for CO 2 , N 2 , and NH 3 . The slight deviation from linearity for A and CH 4 may be the result of quantum effects or uncertainties in the compressibility data.
Controlled Assembly of Lignocellulosic Biomass Components and Properties of Reformed Materials

Reforming whole lignocellulosic biomass into value-added materials has yet to be achieved mainly due to the infusible nature of biomass and its recalcitrance to dissolve in common organic solvents. Recently, the solubility of biomass in ionic liquids (ILs) has been explored to develop all-lignocellulosic materials; however, efficient dissolution and therefore production of value-added materials with desired mechanical properties remain a challenge. This article presents an approach to producing high-performance lignocellulosic films from hybrid poplar wood. An autohydrolysis step that removes ≤50% of the hemicellulose fraction is performed to enhance biomass solvation in 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]). The resulting biomass–IL solution is then cast into free-standing films using different coagulating solvents, yet preserving the polymeric nature of the biomass constituents. Methanol coagulated films exhibit a cocontinuous 3D-network structure with dispersed domains of less than 100 nm...
Perceived stress is associated with increased rostral middle frontal gyrus cortical thickness: a family‐based and discordant‐sibling investigation

Elevated stress perception and depression commonly co-occur, suggesting that they share a common neurobiology. Cortical thickness of the rostral middle frontal gyrus (RMFG), a region critical for executive function, has been associated with depression- and stress-related phenotypes. Here, we examined whether RMFG cortical thickness is associated with these phenotypes in a large family-based community sample. RMFG cortical thickness was estimated using FreeSurfer among participants (n = 879) who completed the ongoing Human Connectome Project. Depression-related phenotypes (i.e. sadness, positive affect) and perceived stress were assessed via self-report. After accounting for sex, age, ethnicity, average whole-brain cortical thickness, twin status and familial structure, RMFG thickness was positively associated with perceived stress and sadness and negatively associated with positive affect at small effect sizes (accounting for 0.2-2.4% of variance; p-fdr: 0.0051-0.1900). Perceived stress was uniquely associated with RMFG thickness after accounting for depression-related phenotypes. Further, among siblings discordant for perceived stress, those reporting higher perceived stress had increased RMFG thickness (P = 4 × 10-7 ). Lastly, RMFG thickness, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and positive affect were all significantly heritable, with evidence of shared genetic and environmental contributions between self-report measures. Stress perception and depression share common genetic, environmental, and neural correlates. Variability in RMFG cortical thickness may play a role in stress-related depression, although effects may be small in magnitude. Prospective studies are required to examine whether variability in RMFG thickness may function as a risk factor for stress exposure and/or perception, and/or arises as a consequence of these phenotypes.
Modeling Transport of Oil from the Refugio Beach Oil Spill

2017-288 ABSTRACT The Refugio Beach oil spill originated from a pipeline break on 19 May 2015 near Refugio State Beach, which is located approximately 20 miles west of Santa Barbara, California. An...
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) polymorphism, prediagnostic plasma antioxidants and prostate cancer risk.

2320 Oxidative stress may be involved in prostatic carcinogenesis. Low intakes of antioxidants (e.g., lycopene, vitamin E, and selenium) are associated with increased prostate cancer (CaP) risk. Within mitochondria, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a key role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. A polymorphism, incorporating either a Valine (V) or Alanine (A), in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of the MnSOD gene has recently been associated with risk of CaP. We prospectively assessed the association of MnSOD polymorphisms with CaP risk among 569 cases and 755 controls in a case-control study nested within the Physicians’ Health Study cohort. We also evaluated the potential interaction between MnSOD polymorphisms and baseline plasma antioxidant levels. An antioxidant score, ranging from 3 to12 (low to high), was estimated for each man based on prediagnostic quartile levels of plasma lycopene, α-tocopherol, and selenium among controls. Overall, MnSOD genotype with one or two A alleles was not associated with risk of total CaP (VA vs. VV, odds ratio, OR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.85-1.46; AA vs. VV, OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.82-1.53) or when limited to advanced CaP. However, the associations between MnSOD polymorphisms and CaP risk were significantly modified by baseline plasma antioxidant level (P for interaction ≤0.05). Among men with the AA genotype, greater plasma antioxidant levels were associated with reduced risk of total and advanced CaP (P for trend ≤0.01); whereas no such patterns were found for men with the VV or VA genotype. Using men with low plasma antioxidant levels (antioxidant score = 3-5) who had one or two V alleles as the common reference group, men with low plasma antioxidant levels who were homozygous for the A allele had significant increased risks of total (OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.39-6.12) and advanced (OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 1.55-9.20) CaP. These data suggest that men with the MnSOD AA genotype and low antioxidant levels are at especially increased risk of CaP; thus, antioxidants such as lycopene, α-tocopherol, and selenium may be particularly beneficial in reducing CaP risk for these men.
Fast photopolymerization of acrylate coatings: Achievements and problems

Abstract Coatings chemists often prepare (meth)acrylate coatings which meet their needs. However, analysis of kinetics of photopolymerization (UV-cure) is usually based on a classical scheme of the chain free radical polymerizations. That set of reactions with respective rate constants is valid only up till few percent of conversion of double bonds. Multiple studies of photopolymerization are focused not on reactions at large degree of polymerization but on selection of new photoinitiators. In the present paper we focused on fundamentals of photopolymerization rather than on multitude of applications, different formulations, sources of light, etc., and we try to avoid repetition of widely discussed in the literature issues. A special attention is devoted to cage effect during photodissociation of initiators. An increase of cage effect value with a degree of polymerization increase affects overall efficiency of photoinitiator at large conversions. IUPAC terms and notions are suggested.
A review of recent research on nonequilibrium solid solution behavior in LiXFePO4

Abstract Li X FePO 4 (0 X FePO 4 exhibits a nonequilibrium solid solution behavior at elevated cycling rates. This article reviews recent research on nonequilibrium solid solution in Li X FePO 4 ; these insights have been largely enabled by operando characterization techniques. Such studies have not only unambiguously confirmed the existence of this solid solution, but also show how surface reaction and diffusion kinetics ultimately affect phase separation and other spatially nonuniform lithiation and delithiation behavior.
ELECTRON DENSITY FUNCTIONALS FROM THE GRADIENT EXPANSION OF THE DENSITY MATRIX: THE TROUBLE WITH LONG-RANGE INTERACTIONS

ABSTRACT The energy of a many-electron system is an unknown functional ofthe electron density. Approximations to this functional are generated from an asymptotic expansion in gradients of the density. In particular, the kinetic and exchange energies are constructed from the Kirzhnits gradient expansion of the Kohn-Sham density matrix . For a density which does not vary strongly over a local Fermi wavelength, successive terms in this series tend to improve at small R, while degrading it at large R. Thus the long range of the Coulomb interaction (1/R) is responsible for some peculiarities in thesecond-order gradient expansion for exchange: (1) The energy-densitydiverges. (2) The contribution to the exchange energy from large R is undefined without the help of a convergence factor e λR ,where λ is a fictitious inverse screening length. (3) The expansion with Sham's coefficient is derived in the limit λ = 0 for temperature T = 0 or the limit T → 0 for λ = 0, but in these limits its domain of validity might vanish. This leaves open the possibility that the correct gradient coefficient is not that of Sham (1971) but that of Antoniewicz and Kleinman (1985). A third derivation due to Kleinman (1984), however, appears to imply an indeterminate result for the gradient coefficient. Two numerical calculations are proposed, either of which could determine the correct coefficient.
Large-Scale Blast Simulations

This paper describes the application of FEFL096, a three-dimensional, adaptive, finite element, edge-based, ALE shock capturing methodology on unstructured tetrahedral grids, to large-scale simulations of blast wave interaction with structures. The first simulation applied the CFD methodology to the numerical simulation of blast wave diffraction within the B-2 level of the World Trade Center garage. This simulation modeled blast wave diffraction about hundreds of rigidly-modeled structures, spread over a large area. The second simulation applied a new loose-coupling algorithm that combined FEFL096 and DYNA3D, a state-of-the-art Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) methodology, to the simulation of shock interaction with a structurally-responding truck.
Cytochemical and Radioautographic Identification of Cells Induced to Synthesize Hemoglobin

In order to facilitate the identification of bone marrow cells in which hemoglobin synthesis is initiated, erythropoiesis was first suppressed in guinea pigs through the induction of posthypoxic polycythemia, and then it was restimulated by bleeding and reexposure to hypoxia. Hemoglobin synthesis was detected with 55Fe incorporation on radioautographs, and its presence was demonstrated in the light microscope with the benzidine reaction and absorption of monochromatic light at λ 4046 A. In the electron microscope, hemoglobin was detected in the cytoplasm by a general increase in electron density after treating the tissue with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and OsO4. Densitometric measurements were carried out on electronmicroscopic negatives, using reticular cell cytoplasm as a base line. In normal marrow, proerythroblasts were the earliest cells in which hemoglobin could be detected, but during the early phase of erythropoietic stimulation, hemoglobin was demonstrated in transitional cells with all the methods employed. Without the specific demonstration of hemoglobin, these cells could not be recognized morphologically as erythroblasts nor could they be distinguished from the precursors of bone marrow small lymphocytes. Transitional cells were numerous in the marrow at the time of stimulation, and 40 hr later a small number of them were labeled with 55Fe and synthesized hemoglobin in detectable amounts. Proerythroblasts were absent at the time of the stimulus, and when they reappeared the majority were benzidine or DAB positive and had incorporated 55Fe. The findings suggest that progenitor cells of erythroblasts are among the basophilic members of the transitional cell population, and erythropoietic stimulation induces hemoglobin synthesis in them. The relationship of these cells to the progenitors of other hemopoietic cells, as well as to the pluripotent stem cell, is discussed.
The Many Roles of Malaria in the Etiology of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma

The weight of both epidemiologic and molecular studies confirms that malaria is an etiologic cofactor in endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma (eBL). This chapter will review the literature on the epidemiologic association of eBL with areas of Africa and Papua New Guinea where malaria transmission is holoendemic as well as studies revealing potential mechanisms by which malaria could contribute to the increased incidence of eBL.
Job Choice and Personality: A Profile of Michigan Occupational and Physical Therapists.

The aim of this descriptive study was to compare the personality profiles of occupational therapists (OTs) and physical therapists (PTs) and examine the relationship between personality and job choice. The Kiersey-Bates Personality Inventory (70-item questionnaire) and a brief demographic survey were mailed to a random sample of 400 Ts and 400 PTs in Michigan. A total of 294 completed surveys were returned for analysis, for a combined response rate of 37%. Results showed that while the demographic profiles of OTs and PTs were similar, there were very significant differences between OTs and PTs with respect to personality. The implications of these findings for professional health education are discussed.
The Impact of Patient Characteristics and Postoperative Opioid Exposure on Prolonged Postoperative Opioid Use: An Integrative Review.

Abstract Objectives The United States is experiencing an opioid overdose crisis. Research suggests prolonged postoperative opioid use, a common complication following surgery, is associated with opioid misuse, which, in turn, is the greatest risk factor of heroin misuse. The objective of this review is to evaluate how postoperative opioid exposure relates to prolonged use and to identify factors that predict prolonged postoperative opioid use. Design An integrative review of the literature. Data Sources Electronic and hand searching methods were used in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and SCOPUS. Search terms included opioid, opiate, postoperative pain, drug administration, prescribing pattern, prescription, inappropriate prescribing, self-medication, patient-controlled analgesia, opioid-naive patients, and prolonged opioid use. Review/Analysis Methods Data were synthesized by identifying themes reflecting the results of the review. A quality assessment of the articles was also conducted. Results Fourteen articles were included and two main themes emerged: (1) Surgery places opioid naive patients at risk for prolonged opioid use and (2) Certain patient characteristics may be predictive of prolonged postoperative opioid use. Conclusions Prolonged postoperative opioid use is related to factors in addition to prescribing practices. Researchers consistently found that patients who are already on opioids, benzodiazepines, or addicted to alcohol; who have mental health disorders, depressive symptoms, or a self-perceived risk of addiction; and patients with multiple co-morbidities are at greater risk of prolonged use; demographics were inconsistent. Nursing Implications Studies are needed to determine the predicting characteristics of prolonged postoperative opioid use, the type of surgeries that place patients at most risk, and the effect postoperative exposure to opioids has on prolonged use. This information can be used to develop and implement protocols to prevent misuse among high-risk patients.
Consecutive Independence and Correlation Transform for Multimodal Fusion: Application to Eeg and Fmri Data

Methods based on independent component analysis (ICA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) as well as their various extensions have become popular for the fusion of multimodal data as they minimize assumptions about the relationships among multiple datasets. Two important extensions that are widely used, joint ICA (jICA) and parallel ICA (pICA), make a number of simplifying assumptions that might limit their usefulness such as identical mixing matrices for jICA, and the requirement for the same number of components for jICA and pICA. In this paper, we propose a new, flexible hybrid method for fusion based on ICA and CCA, called consecutive independence and correlation transform (C-ICT), which relaxes the main limitations of jICA and pICA. We demonstrate performance advantages of C-ICT both through simulations and application to real medical data collected from schizophrenia patients and healthy controls performing an auditory oddball task (AOD).