cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Path to Madness: McCarthyism and New York Post Editor James A. Wechsler’s Campaign to Defend Press Freedom

Between 1950 and 1954, Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy’s anticommunist crusade created a schism in the journalistic interpretive community with publishers and editors being forced by the public nature of their work to choose sides. When he called New York Post Editor James A. Wechsler before his committee in 1953 to answer for his newspaper’s editorial policy, McCarthy brought that schism into clear focus. Wechsler’s determination to obtain the release of the hearing transcript as evidence of McCarthy’s true aims led to his capitulation with McCarthy’s demands that he name names. In the aftermath of his appearance, Wechsler asked his journalistic colleagues to determine whether or not a congressional inquiry into editorial policy constituted a threat to press freedom. In a time clouded by the madness of McCarthyism and despite the clarity of Wechsler’s argument that intimidation of any journalist represents a threat to all, the brightest editors of the time were unable to agree even with that fundamental assertion.
Pre-service teacher perspectives of case-based learning in physical education teacher education

Case-based learning (CBL) is a constructivist pedagogy in which students read hypothetical accounts of real world situations and consider how they would respond if facing similar challenges. In physical education teacher education, research has shown that CBL has the potential to promote critical thinking, contribute to students’ cognitive growth and affect students’ value orientations. The purpose of this study was to examine pre-service teachers’ (PSTs’) impressions of and experiences with CBL. Occupational socialization theory and the shared inquiry cycle guided the use of case studies. Nineteen PSTs (6 female, 13 male) enrolled in a third-year seminar course at a large American university took part in this investigation. The PSTs read and responded to 10 unique case studies and engaged in reflection and group discussions. Data were collected from interviews, course documents and non-participant observations. Qualitative analysis revealed that the PSTs demonstrated cognitive growth as evidenced by their consideration of multiple sources of knowledge, engagement with the CBL and focusing on future teaching situations. The findings of this research suggest that CBL may provide a method for instructors to introduce new ideas and allow PSTs to consider them along with their own pre-conceived notions.
Dicoumarol concentrations in sweetclover hay treated with preservatives and in spoiled hay of high- and low-coumarin cultivars of sweetclover

Abstract Three methods for preventing the occurrence of toxic dicoumarol concentrations [> 20 mg kg−1 dry matter (DM)] in sweetclover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. and M. alba Desr.] hay were tested. In Method 1, the high coumarin (HC) cultivars ‘Madrid’, ‘Goldtop’, ‘Yukon’ and ‘Arctic’ and the low-coumarin (LC) cultivars ‘Norgold’ and ‘Denta’ were evaluated for dicoumarol production in artificially spoiled hay in 1982 and for DM yield in 1981 and 1982. The HC cultivars averaged 4567 kg DM ha−1 over the 2 years, while LC cultivars averaged 3996 kg DM ha−1. Spoiled hay from HC cultivars averaged 91 mg dicoumarol kg−1 DM, while spoiled hay from LC cultivars had only 5 mg kg−1. In Method 2, propionic acid (PA), sodium diacetate (SD), NaCl and Hay Treet (HT; a commercial preservative) were compared in two trials as preservatives of sweetclover hay at 266 g kg−1 moisture concentration. Hay Treet was also compared as a preservative of sweetclover hay re-wetted to 400 g kg−1 moisture concentration in a third trial. Propionic acid prevented dicoumarol formation and heating in re-wetted hay while SD, NaCl and HT did not. Hay Treet at 100 g kg−1 prevented heating and dicoumarol formation in hay re-wetted to 400 g kg−1 moisture, but HT at 3 and 10 g kg−1 did not. In the last experiment, sweetclover hay was treated with NH4OH or anhydrous ammonia in an attempt to de-toxify the hay. Neither treatment significantly reduced dicoumarol concentrations.
CONDITIONAL MATCHING PRECLUSION FOR (n,k)-STAR GRAPHS

The matching preclusion number of an even graph G, denoted by mp(G), is the minimum number of edges whose deletion leaves the resulting graph without perfect matchings. The conditional matching preclusion number of an even graph G, denoted by mp1(G), is the minimum number of edges whose deletion leaves the resulting graph with neither perfect matchings nor isolated vertices. The class of (n,k)-star graphs is a popular class of interconnection networks for which the matching preclusion number and the classification of the corresponding optimal solutions were known. However, the conditional version of this problem was open. In this paper, we determine the conditional matching preclusion for (n,k)-star graphs as well as classify the corresponding optimal solutions via several new results. In addition, an alternate proof of the results on the matching preclusion problem will also be given.
CRYPTIC SPECIATION IN THE ANADENOBOLUS EXCISUS MILLIPEDE SPECIES COMPLEX ON THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA

Anadenobolus excisus is a large species of millipede endemic to the Caribbean Island of Jamaica. Initial detailed morphological studies showed little or no discrete variation across this species' distribution in somatic or, in particular, genitalic morphology. However, a molecular survey based on ∼1000 base pairs of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) 16S rRNA gene that examines 242 individuals sampled from 54 localities reveals three highly divergent mtDNA lineages. A lack of discrete morphological differentiation suggests that genetic and morphological divergence may be decoupled, a pattern inconsistent with a number of evolutionary models. In contrast to minimal morphological divergence, size variation among mtDNA lineages suggests that character displacement has occurred and that these lineages are cohesive in sympatry. We conclude that A. excisus is actually a complex of three cryptic species and that morphological approaches to delineating millipede species may sometimes underestimate evolutionary diversity.
Traumatic brain injury: Designing and implementing a population-based follow-up system

Abstract Craig Hospital and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment began designing a population-based followup system for persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 1994. With funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Colorado TBI Follow-up System addresses the issue, “What happens to persons with TBI after they are discharged from the hospital?” Two methods of data collection are used, medical record review and annual telephone surveys to gather long-term outcomes. The design calls for following all persons hospitalized with severe TBI (defined as any person with inpatient rehabilitation and/or with an Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] score for the head of 3 or greater) and a 20% random sample of persons hospitalized with less severe TBI. An expert panel was used to select variables for retrospective abstracting and prospective interviewing. Information obtained from medical records includes data verifying eligibility, diagnoses, radiological results, circumstances of injury, and severity of injury, as well as demographic data. The interview instrument includes questions and scales related to health status, disability, handicap, quality of life, and service utilization. Both methods of data collection have been pilot-tested and are now used routinely in the Colorado TBI Follow-up System.
On uniformly locally compact spaces

In this paper we shall extend certain results on topological groups to uniform spaces. In Section 2 we generalize a result of Gleason [2]. In Section 3 we show that every uniformly locally compact space can be “approximated” by locally compact metrizable spaces. We then use the results of Section 2 to present a partial converse of this “approximation” result. We now fix our notation. If A is a subset of a set E and R is a subset of E x E, then we let R(A) = {y E E : (a, y) E R for some a E A}. An equivalence relation R on a topological space E is said to be open (respectively, compact) if R(A) is open (respectively, compact) for each open (respectively, compact) subset A of E. We let E[@] d enote a uniform space with uniform structure %. Following Weil[6], we say that a uniform space E[G!Y] is uniformly locally compact if % is a separated, uniform structure on E and there is an entourage U in 4, such that for each x E E, U(x) is compact. If E is a locally compact metrizable space, then ([l], IX 9.4) there is a metric d on E, compatible with the topology of E, such that (E, d) is uniformly locally compact. I would like to thank Professor Ky Fan for his many valuable suggestions.
A quality assurance program for large-scale studies measuring 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in human serum

Abstract A quality assurance program (comprised of method quality control and data quality assessment procedures) is reported for measuring 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in human serum by GC/MS. This program was successfully applied to more than 1,000 serum specimens and more than 400 quality control samples from three major studies.
Assessment of I-4 Contraflow Plans-Microscopic versus mesoscopic simulation

Better use of the available road network is critical to improving the evacuation operation during a disaster. Contraflow operations help increase the capacity of the available network by reversing the direction of inbound lanes to outbound lanes. This helps improve the outflow from a region threatened by disaster. One of the major issues associated with contraflow operations is determining the locations for access to the contraflow lanes from the normal-flow lanes. These accesses are also referred to as crossovers. Four different strategies with different crossover locations were tested on the I-4 evacuation route from Tampa to Orlando, Florida. It was found that the provision of two crossovers, one after Tampa and another after Plant City, performed the best but was only marginally better than the provision of one crossover after Tampa. Therefore, considering the cost and personnel needed to provide a crossover, the provision of one crossover after Tampa was found to be a more logical choice than the pro...
Tumors of the Neuromyo-Arterial Glomus

Although a considerable number of cases of tumors of the neuromyoarterial glomus has been put on record, the knowledge concerning them is still far from widely diffused in English-speaking countries, and for that reason it seems worth while to summarize the data which have accumulated about them and to record eleven new eases. It is certain that the early recognition and removal of these tumors, especially those which grow beneath the nails, may avert years of pain and misery for the unfortunate victims. Moreover, the further study of these tumors may serve to call attention to the little known but apparently important organs from which they develop and which they so faithfully reproduce on a large scale. The present study emphasizes the observation that a relatively high proportion of the tumors develop in Jews, a people known to be prone to disturbances of the sympathetic nervous system in the extremities. It also brings out the fact that the great majority of the subungual and finger tumors occur in females, while the tumors occurring elsewhere on the extremities are more frequent in males. The reason for this sex variation is not apparent. The local recurrence of a tumor is recorded, an event which has been reported in only one previous instance. The study also confirms an observation made but once previously, namely, that there may be more than one tumor in the same individual.
Language deficits and the theory of syntax

A new structural account of agrammatism is proposed, which analyzes the deficit in terms of one current theory of syntax. First, the motivation for accounts of this kind is given. Then, a variety of experimental findings from sentence comprehension in agrammatism are examined and accounted for in a unified way. It is shown that a minimal change in the syntactic model (achieved by imposing a special condition on a construct called trace), results in a model which accounts for all the data at hand. A number of possible objections to this proposal is then examined, and reasons are given to dismiss these objections. Also, it is shown that this proposal is preferable to other structural accounts which have been recently proposed. Finally, the empirical consequences of this account are discussed, with a special emphasis on the implications for models of language processing.
First report of powdery mildew of tomato caused by an Erysiphe sp. in Connecticut.

In 1995 and 1996, powdery mildew was observed on several samples of field-grown tomato foliage (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; various cultivars) submitted to the CAES Plant Disease and Information Office. Symptoms included gray superficial mycelium with abundant sporulation on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, followed in the field by dessication of the foliage and rapid defoliation. No cleistothecia were observed, and single-celled, hyaline, ellipsoidal conidia occurred, usually singly, on unbranched conidiophores. Pyriform conidia occurred at a frequency of less than 1%. Conidia ranged in length from 25.6 to 43.2 μm (mean = 33.6, SE = 0.4) and in width from 13.1 to 23.1 μm (mean = 18.2, SE = 0.2; n = 500). Fibrosin bodies were not observed, and vacuoles were present. Based on conidial characteristics, the fungus was identified as an unknown Erysiphe sp. To confirm pathogenicity, 2-week-old tomato seedlings (cv. Rutgers) were inoculated by shaking dry conidia onto the leaves and placed within plastic t...
Logarithmic converter for atomic-absorption spectrometry

A logarithmic converter using a silicon transistor in the feed-back loop of an operational amplifier circuit, and suitable for use with a double-beam atomic-absorption spectrometer, is described.
Recent crustal deformation and the earthquake cycle along the Ecuador–Colombia subduction zone

Recent results from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements show deformation along the coast of Ecuador and Colombia that can be linked to the rupture zone of the earthquake in 1979. A 3D elastic boundary element model is used to simulate crustal deformation observed by GPS campaigns in 1991, 1994, 1996, and 1998. Deformation in Ecuador can be explained best by 50% apparent locking on the subduction interface. Although there have not been any historic large earthquakes (Mw>7) south of the 1906 earthquake rupture zone, 50% apparent elastic locking is necessary to model the deformation observed there. In Colombia, only 30% apparent elastic locking is occurring along the subduction interface in the 1979 earthquake rupture zone (Mw 8.2), and no elastic locking is necessary to explain the crustal deformation observed at two GPS sites north of there. There is no evidence from seismicity or plate geometry that plate coupling on the subduction zone is reduced in Colombia. However, simple viscoelastic models suggest that the apparent reduction in elastic locking can be explained entirely by the response of a viscous upper mantle to the 1979 earthquake. These results suggest that elastic strain accumulation is occurring evenly throughout the study area, but postseismic relaxation masks the true total strain rate.
Mechanistic Investigation of the Reaction of Iridium Dihydride Complexes with Organic Acid Chlorides

Treatment of Cp*(PMe3)IrH2 (1a) with aromatic and hindered aliphatic acid chlorides ClC(O)R in benzene in the presence of an amine (N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethyldiaminonaphthalene (7), (−)-sparteine (8), o...
Attention, Preference, and Identity in Music Listening by Middle School Students of Different Linguistic Backgrounds:

Monolingual (English) and bilingual (English, Spanish) sixth-grade students (N = 60) from two urban school settings in the United States listened to three versions of the same song (English, Spanish, and instrumental). While listening to each example, students tapped a computer touch pad every time they became distracted from the music. After listening, students described the nature of their distractions, and rated each song version for preference and identity. Finally, students were asked to describe the reason for their preference decisions. Analysis revealed no significant difference between monolingual and bilingual students in the number of self-reported distractions. However, there were significant differences by song version, with fewer reported distractions for the instrumental version. Qualitative and quantitative differences in distractions were noted between monolingual and bilingual students. There was a significant positive correlation between identity and preference. Bilingual students prefe...
The development and postnatal organization of primary afferent projections to the rat thoracic spinal cord

Primary afferent projections to the thoracic spinal cord in fetal and postnatal rats were labelled by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the central stumps of cut peripheral nerves. Diaminobenzidine (DAB) and tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) histochemical processing procedures were used to reveal the HRP reaction product. In postnatal rats, individual muscle nerves were labelled to reveal the organization of muscle afferent projections to the motor nuclei. The terminals of muscle afferents were distributed widely across the dendritic arbors of motoneurons supplying the same muscles. No spatial segregation of the terminations of different populations of muscle afferents was discernable. Afferents supplying different regions of the skin were labelled by applying HRP to the dorsal and ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves. Afferents in the dorsal rami projected to lateral portions of both the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal horns while afferents in the ventral rami projected to the medial portions of both dorsal horns. The projections of the dorsal rami were shifted caudally relative to those of the ventral rami. This relationship reflects the fact that the regions of skin innervated by the dorsal rami are displaced caudally relative to those innervated by the corresponding ventral rami. In fetuses, dorsal rami were labelled alone or in combination with ventral rami. These experiments disclosed the time course of development of the projections to different laminae of the spinal gray matter and revealed that afferents in the two primary rami project to appropriate regions in the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal horns from the very outset.
Experiments in grafting Hydra

1) Regulation of lateral grafts in Hydra fusca is usually a double process of migration of the graft, and of fusion as the result of tension, i. e. the graft tends to migrate towards the head end of the stock until the head ends of graft and stock are equal in length, when fusion gradually brings them together. There is however a level of insertion somewhere in the aboral 1/5 of the stock, below which a graft will move downward and constrict off. 2) Regulation of lateral grafts in Hydra viridis is usually a process of downward migration, constriction and separation at the foot of stock. Occasionally a graft inserted very near the oral end of the stock will persist for some time and finally fuse as in Hydra fusca. 3) The difference in the behaviour of lateral grafts in Hydra fusca and Hydra viridis is probably due to a difference in the diameters of the cylinders which form them, and to the action of capillarity. 4) When two Hydras are united side by side in tangent grafts, the probability of separation or fusion as a means of regulation depends upon the area of uniting surface, i. e. upon capillary attraction. Fusion will not take place between such Hydras united with poles in the opposite direction, but if the area of union is not too large, they may swing around until the poles lie in the same direction, and then fuse into one. 5) Hydras united in end to end grafts with poles in opposite directions will not form permanent union. Hydras so united with poles in the same direction will form permanent unions if the length of the compound is less than twice that of a normal Hydra. 6) Buds may arise in a compound polyp of abnormal length within the budding zone of the compound, regardless of that of the individual components. They may also arise at the line of union. The suddenness with which they appear in these unusual places shows that their position is not long predetermined.
Atypical cysts and carcinomas of the kidneys in the phacomatoses. A quantitative DNA study using static and flow cytometry

Reported are the pathologic features of atypical cysts and/or renal cell carcinomas found in the kidneys of four patients having either tuberous sclerosis or Hippel-Lindau disease. In addition, cellular DNA contents of the cells lining the atypical cysts and comprising the carcinomas were quantitated using both static and flow cytometric techniques. These studies showed that cysts lined by atypical epithelial cells are frequently present in renal parenchyma adjacent to the renal carcinomas, and that the cytologic features of atypical cells lining the cysts were essentially the same as the cytologic features found in the adjacent well-differentiated, renal cell carcinomas. DNA quantitative studies revealed that both the renal cell carcinomas and the atypical cyst lining cells had the same DNA indices and were essentially DNA euploid. In this patient group these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the atypical cyst lining cells evolve into the renal cell carcinomas; however, they do not prove this proposed but likely sequence.
Tyrosinases of diverse thermostabilities and their interconversion in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Continuous-flow paper electrophoresis separates the tyrosinase extracted from homocaryons of Neurospora crassa into 3 components (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 ). The Michaelis constants and relative turnover numbers of the 3 components are indistinguishable, but their thermostabilities differ. Further purification by ion-exchange chromatography yields no change in the electrophoretic, thermostability, or enzymic properties of the 3 tyrosinases. During the incubation of unfractionated extracts at low temperatures (5–25°), T 1 and T 2 disappear. The quantitative decrease in T 1 and T 2 is exactly compensated by an increase in T 3 , suggesting a conversion of the 2 former into the latter. This conversion apparently requires the presence of an additional, non-dialyzable factor. It is suggested that these interconversions do not involve interstitial changes in primary structure and are under genetic control. The relationship of such a possibility to current theories of information transfer in protein synthesis is discussed.
Laser-Induced Microperforations in Teeth Sections

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAMICRO-PERFORATIONES INDUCITE PER LASER IN SECTIONES DE DENTES.—Un methodo a satisfacente reproducibilitate usate in le mesuration del diametro de perforationes presente in mollite sectiones de dentes human post le impingimento a basse energia de fasces de laser a rubino indicava que le variationes incontrate in le diametros del perforationes depende del energia del fasce, del typo e del spissitate del material sub tractamento, del foco, del magnification, del distantia de portata, e del concentration del addite tinctura. Plus grande perforationes esseva producite in adamante cretose (per exemplo in carie incipiente) que in adamante non cretose. Le perforationes producite in dentina esseva uniforme solmente quando le sectiones habeva essite tincturate blau. II es possibile que tal mesurationes revela le existentia de factores que debe esser quantificate ante que nos permitte le impingimento super dentes per laser a plus alte energia.
Nutrient culture medium components affecting plant recovery from immature embryos of three Glycine genotypes and an interspecific hybrid grown in vitro.

Immature embryos of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Bay’, G. tabacina (Labill.) Benth. and G. tomentella Hayata were cultured on 72 media combinations to identify a nutrient medium which would allow a greater percentage of interspecific plants to be recovered from cultured embryos of G. max × various perennial Glycine species. The highest mean plant recovery rate of 79% was from a medium containing ‘B5’ nutrient salts as reported by Gamborg et al. (1968), vitamin components according to Williams (1978) and 30 g/l sucrose. This is as compared with 25% from a medium used previously. In an additional test, 67% of hybrid embryos of G. max × G. tomentella were recovered from the same medium, from which G. tomentella was most effectively recovered in all testing.
Parental Attitude: A Mediating Role in Disciplinary Methods Used by Parents

This study examines the mediating effect of parental attitude in the relationship between environmental factors (educational attainment, income status, and marital status) and disciplinary methods used by parents. A structural model was designed to examine the impact of the selected environmental factors on disciplinary methods once parental attitude (defined as “devaluing attitudes” and “belief in corporal punishment”) was added to the equation. Parents with low educational attainment who valued corporal punishment were more likely to use psychological abuse, corporal punishment, and physical assault against their children. Parental attitude, however, did not mediate the relationship between income or marital status and disciplinary methods.
Shallow aquifers relative to surface water, lower North Platte River Valley, Wyoming

. The occurrence of ground water in the lower North Platte Valley, Goshen County, Wyoming, was studied to determine safe yield within the alluvial aquifer under varying discharge and recharge conditions. The alluvium of the North Platte is extensively developed for irrigation purposes and the effects of large-scale pumpage are of major concern. Actual withdrawals are estimated to be 46,000 acre-feet. Should pumping reach potentially higher levels an overdraft is expected. Effect of ground water withdrawals are established from projections of the flow regime within the alluvial aquifer. A time dependent, numerical model was employed to predict aquifer response to increased withdrawals. The results suggest that more efficient use of surface waters and/or increased use of ground water will reduce the annual subsurface return flow to the North Platte River and its tributaries by an amount equal to the reduced ground water recharge increment. Alternatives are available for management of the lower North Platte alluvial aquifer. The preferred course is to correlate surface and subsurface water rights, in light of convenience, economics, and best means of storage for maximum utilization of the single water resource.
Professional Services Referrals: a Model of Information Acquisition

Highlights the need for professionals who refer customers among themselves to acquire up‐to‐date information on specialists available in the area and their performance. Develops a model to assist with the understanding of this process. Discusses several managerial implications related to marketing referrals. Concludes that further investigations of the model are needed in other service markets.
Generalized eikonal approximation

A new approximation method for potential scattering is proposed. The usual idea of linearizing propagators in eikonal approximation is incorporated with the second Born approximation in this method such that the scattering amplitude retains more accurate low order Born terms. Consequently, the linearized propagator is dependent on the specifics of the potential. The new formula thus obtained gives spectacular improvements to usual eikonal formulas. Interestingly it works also for scatterings at not so high energy.
Corporate Tax Aggressiveness - Recent History and Policy Options

Aggressive corporate tax planning has existed throughout history and will likely continue for as long as corporations are subject to tax. However, the degree of corporate tax aggressiveness can ebb and flow depending upon the legal environment and whether corporations believe the benefits exceed the costs. This paper examines corporate tax aggressiveness from the 1990s to 2014. The paper also discusses various public indicia of corporate tax aggressiveness and analyzes selected data from 21 public companies. Finally, Section VII of the paper discusses several policy options for further reducing corporate tax aggressiveness, including: (1) improvements to the IRS whistleblower program, (2) increased transparency, and (3) changes to the penalty structure surrounding aggressive tax positions.
Women and moral development: Introduction to papers by Philibert and Sayers and their respondents

It is now almost five years since the appearance of Carol Gilligan’s book on women’s moral development, In a Dzffeyent Voice. in this accessible volume of interlinked essays, Gilligan sketched a critique of psychology’s tendency to conceive the life cycle in male terms. She upbraided psychologists, especially developmentalists and in particular Lawrence Kohlberg, for turning a deaf ear to how the other half lives. Although it was not Gilligan’s intent to impugn the character or intelligence of the great developmental theorists, her writing has served to draw attention to the fact that the disproportionate representation of men among that group may not be entirely a coincidence. A critical audience, then, especially among women, is coming to reconsider the scientific “discoveries” about human development in relation to the gender-specific context in which such discovering has traditionally taken place. Gilligan’s work marks a special case of the more general criticism (see, for example, Keller, 1985) of the notion that science is conducted from a neutral, ungendered standpoint. In the moral domain, the equivalent notion is captured in the formalism of the “original position”,described by liberal ethical philosophers such as John Rawls. Gathering from its extraordinary commercial success and the widespread discussion that it has generated, Gilligan’s book must have struck a deep psychological chord. Men and women outside academe and clinical practice as well as male and female scholars from virtually every discipline have become involved in such discussion. This breadth of concern and the lively nature of the debate suggest that recent preoccupation of the discipline and profession of psychology with issues of maleness and femaleness (see, for example, the Summer 1986 issue of Psychotherufiy) may be more than contingent intellectual fashion. Rather, it seems likely that the preoccupation represents a particularly salient point at which contemporary psychology interdigitates with large scale societal transformations in the relations between the sexes, between authority and women, and in the fabric of the family. The renewed interest in the nature of men and women, in the concrete dynamics of their relationships, and in the increasing tension between the cultural forms of “masculinity” and “femininity” may well represent a significant accomplishment of feminism as a social movement. The current quest for an understanding of gender is not kntirely original. Freud and his colleagues, faced not only with the early emancipatory efforts of
Morality, Legality, and Dispute Processing: Auerbach's Justice Without Law?

In this vividly written book, Jerold S. Auerbach pushes us to explore the limits of law and to reconsider some very basic and age-old relationships between human values, individuals, and society. He raises far more questions than he answers, and not always those he means to raise, beginning with the question that is his title. These ultimate issues, both timely and timeless, are worth contemplating because they force us to clarify our expectations of law and legal institutions and to rethink our priorities for conserving or reforming society. Auerbach sets out to give us a history of nonlegalistic dispute settlement in the United States. He starts from a set of polemical assumptions that have had great popular currency in recent years: that the contemporary United States has reached a crisis of litigiousness that has overwhelmed its legal system; that its citizens are seized with uncontrollable greed and selfishness and bring every grievance great and small to adjudication without hesitation; that its courts have all but ground to a halt faced with this demand to participate in all the major decisions in the society; and that all phases of its social and political life have become hopelessly rigid and legalized and function barely if at all.I Having set up this straw man, Auerbach proceeds to argue that there is another way (a better way?). He takes us through a series of historical examples of communities that, at least for brief periods, dealt with their dis-
Forecasting manpower losses by the use of renewal models

Abstract Renewal processes are applied to forecast the manpower losses of an organization in order to determine whether the organization will be able to meet its demand for manpower under present conditions. An important ingredient of the renewal forecast model is the completed length of service (CLS) distribution, which has to be estimated from the past data. The method is illustrated by real data. The forecasted results indicated that certain problems may arise in terms of quality of manpower because of the high turnover rate. As a further step, a survey was conducted to study the causes of losses and the relationship between losses and wages. The results of the survey are used to assess the effects of the wage increases on the parameters of the forecast model and to suggest remedial measures for reducing the losses from the experienced personnel groups.
Determination of Differential Carbon Dioxide Concentration by Conductimetric Analysis

There are many applications in such disciplines as agronomy, plant physiology, and ecology where it is necessary to measure the difference in atmospheric CO{sub 2} concentration [CO{sub 2}] between two points. This is commonly done with an infrared gas analyzer, but such instruments are expensive, representing a substantial and sometimes prohibitive share of the cost of CO{sub 2}-related research. The goal of this project was to explore a simple inexpensive alternative, in which the difference in [CO{sub 2}] between two air streams is determined by bubbling the air through cells containing deionized water while measuring the ratio of their conductivities with a half-bridge measurement of electrode pairs suspended in each cell. The underlying principles are presented, and it is shown that (i) differential [CO{sub 2}] is directly proportional to the conductivity ratio minus its inverse and (ii) the coefficient of proportionality is equal to the mean [CO{sub 2}] of the two air streams. A system was designed and constructed to test these principles, and the results confirmed them. Dynamic response was characterized, and shown to be proportional to Q/V, where Q is the air flow rate and V is the water-filled volume of the cell. Differential resolution was found to more » be in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 {micro}mol mol{sup {minus}1}, but better resolution is theoretically possible. Differential measurement of [CO{sub 2}] by conductometry shows considerable promise, particularly considering the straightforward nature of the relationship and the relatively low cost of the required components. « less
A study of the baking process by differential scanning calorimetry

The denaturation of the components of a baked product such as cake or bread can be observed under simulated baking conditions by differential scanning calorimetry. When starch or protein denaturation occurs, an increased flow of heat shows the temperature range over which that process takes place. Experimental results are presented for angel cake. In the absence of sucrose, the egg-white proteins are denatured predominantly near 65 and 85°C. For wheat flour, starch denaturation is observed near 65°C, and protein denaturation over a broad range from 80 to 110°C. In the presence of the concentration of sucrose used in a standard batter, both the starch and the major portion of the egg-white proteins are denatured near 95°C, at approximately the maximum temperature attained by the cake when it reaches maximum volume in the oven. Apparently, the main function of sucrose in an angel cake is to raise the denaturation temperature ranges of the starch and protein. Decreasing the amount of sucrose in batters designed for high altitudes causes denaturation of starch and protein at the lower maximum temperatures attained at those altitudes. This assures formation of a structural framework of denatured starch and protein which will not allow the cake to “fall” after it attains its maximum volume.
Transmission Switching in the RTS-96 Test System

Strategically removing transmission lines from service through “optimal transmission switching” (OTS) has been shown to produce significant system cost savings. Here, we analyze the results of OTS on the RTS-96 network to identify network characteristics that may help identify solution sets and reduce computational complexity. Our initial analysis suggests that the majority of the cost savings from OTS arises from switching a limited number of branches. This finding suggests that the speed of the OTS algorithm, which has been implemented as a mixed-integer program, could be improved by limiting switching operations to a smaller number of pre-screened branches.
Sedimentary pigments in the western Barents Sea: A reflection of pelagic-benthic coupling?

Abstract Local pelagic and sympagic primary production are usually the base of the Arctic food webs, and can be the main inputs of organic matter to the benthos. In order to characterize the major sources of production and understand the fate of organic matter to the benthos, water-column, ice, and sedimentary pigments of the Barents Sea were studied by HPLC analysis at 12 stations during the summer 2003, summer 2004, and spring 2005, in the framework of the CABANERA project. Chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in surface sediments correlated significantly with total chl a integrated throughout the water-column as well as the chl a fluxes measured at 1 and 90 m water depth. This suggests that local water-column and ice-associated algae production are the main sources of fresh organic matter to the benthos. In the sediment, water-column, and ice, the major accessory pigment found was fucoxanthin, the marker pigment of diatoms, particularly dominant in spring. In summer, chlorophyll b, a marker of green algae, was found in stations influenced by Arctic waters, while 19′-hex-fucoxanthin, a marker of prymnesiophytes, was found in stations influenced by Atlantic water. The source of organic matter inputs to the benthos is thus highly dependent of the water masses influences in the summer. The ratio of sedimentary chl a to total phaeopigments (chl a/phaeo) was higher in the spring, and the total of phaeopigments in the sediment was correlated with water-column phaeopigments and with sedimentary phaeophorbide a, a pigment typical of grazing by zooplankton. This suggests that in the summer, organic matter reaching the sediment already has been degraded through grazing, while in spring, more fresh material reaches the sediment. The chl a/phaeo ratio was correlated with benthic oxygen demand measured by other researcher in this project, suggesting the importance of the quality of the organic matter reaching the sediment for benthos activities. Our results confirm a close pelagic–benthic coupling in both spring and summer over the entire study area.
On the discontinuous nature of behavior

Abstract A model for description of behavior has been set up in which linked motor acts constitute the basic unit of behavior. The evidence for the discrete nature of these units is available in studies on the effects of electrical stimulation of the brain and in studies on the effects of drugs which act on the central nervous system. When behavior is modified by drugs, changes in frequencies and in distribution of the units of behavior are found. Alterations in frequency of behavior units, when data are recorded in an all-or-none fashion, do not offer clear evidence for the quantal nature or unit nature of behavior, because of the possibility that the alterations are all or partly a result of loss of gradations of behavior as a “scoring artifact”. However, the experimental alterations by drugs of the sequences of behavior items, combined with the evidence of independent alterations in frequency, are good evidence for the inherent quantal nature of the items of behavior. Description of a model of the brain which would satisfy the behavior model was attempted but the data were found to be inadequate.
Crystals of Rous Sarcoma Virus Capsid Protein Show a Helical Arrangement of Protein Subunits

Crystals of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) capsid protein diffract X rays to 3.5 A resolution and belong to the monoclinic space group C2 with unit cell parameters a = 374.4 A, b = 128.1 A, c = 200.2 A, and beta = 121.8 degrees. One asymmetric unit of the crystal may contain between 28 and 35 molecules, based on reasonable crystal density assumptions. A self-rotation function and Patterson synthesis suggest that RSV capsid protein crystallizes as a helical array. The determinants of the viral particle morphology are not encoded in the capsid alone. The assembly of a helical array in the crystal reflects the absence of any conformational switching. However, it is expected that the subunit interactions seen in the crystal will be preferred and will relate to those found in the immature or mature virion.
Intra-year shifts in the earnings distribution and their implications for earnings management

Abstract Previous findings that upward earnings management causes a kink in the distribution of annual earnings cannot be verified without a well-specified benchmark for pre-managed annual earnings. We model shifts in the cumulative earnings distribution during the fourth quarter to explain the kink's formation. Logistic regression results show that compared to a control group, a high proportion of firms with small cumulative profits or losses at the beginning of the fourth-quarter report small annual profits rather than small annual losses. This suggests that upward earnings management causes the kink and indicates which firms are likely to manage earnings upward.
Mechanism of nitrogen incorporation in sublimation growth of SiC

Abstract 6H-SiC crystals have been grown on the Si-face and the C-face of 6H-SiC seed crystals by sublimation growth, respectively, and their deep photoluminescence (PL) have been investigated in detail. The deep PL spectrum of undoped 6H-SiC crystal grown on the C-face consisted of multiple broad emissions. On the other hand, undoped 6H-SiC crystal grown on the Si-face showed a single weak emission peak. In the case of the nitrogen-doped 6H-SiC crystals grown on the C-face, the emissions decreased with increasing nitrogen doping concentration and that of the nitrogen-doped 4H-SiC crystals grown on the C-face also showed the same behavior. As a C-vacancy is easy to form during the sublimation growth on the C-face, we think that nitrogen occupies the C-vacancy during the doping growth and leads to a decrease in the C-vacancy concentration as reflected by the PL analysis. We speculated that the difference in the doping concentration of nitrogen in the C-face and the Si-face-grown SiC crystal is related to the presence of the C-vacancy during crystal growth.
Pathophysiologic and electrophysiologic mechanisms of myofascial trigger points

Abstract Objective: To review recent clinical and basic science studies on myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) to facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism of an MTrP. Data Sources: English literature in the last 15 years regarding scientific investigations on MTrPs in either humans or animals. Study Selection: Research works, especially electrophysiologic studies, related to the pathophysiology of MTrP. Data Synthesis: (1) Studies on an animal model have found that a myofascial trigger spot (MTrS) in a taut band of rabbit skeletal muscle fibers is similar to a human MTrP in many aspects. (2) An MTrP or an MTrS contains multiple minute loci that are closely related to nerve fibers and motor endplates. (3) Both referred pain and local twitch response (characteristics of MTrPs) are related to the spinal cord mechanism. (4) The taut band of skeletal muscle fibers (which contains an MTrP or an MTrS in the endplate zone) is probably related to excessive release of acetylcholine in abnormal endplates. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of an MTrP appears to be related to integrative mechanisms in the spinal cord in response to sensitized nerve fibers associated with abnormal endplates.
The internal stress in titanium deformed at low temperatures (T<0.33TM)

The internal stressσ i at 300 K produced by deforming commercial Ti-50A titanium (0.5 at. pct O eq ) wire of 2 and 22μm grain size to 1 pet strain at temperatures of 78 to 650K was investigated employing the back-extrapolation and decrementai unloading techniques. Concurrent observations of the amount of twinning and the dislocation structure were made by transmission electron microscopy,σ i by the decrementai unloading method was higher, and was inferred to have a stronger temperature dependence, than that by back-extrapola tion, the difference inσ i being relatively independent of grain size.σ i by both methods was found to be relatively independent of the deformation temperature and neither twinning nor dynamic strain aging was found to have a noticeable influence on its value. Since no pro nounced changes in dislocation structure or slip mode were observed for the present material as a function of deformation temperature, the difference inσ i obtained here between the decremental unloading and the back-extrapolation methods could not be correlated with such changes as was possible by Williamset al. for titanium sheet material of higher in terstitial solute content.
c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase-mediated Redox-dependent Degradation of IκB ROLE OF THIOREDOXIN IN NF-κB ACTIVATION

NF-κB is a redox-sensitive transcription factor known to be activated by oxidative stress as well as chemical and biological reductants. Its DNA binding activity requires reduced cysteines present in the p65 subunit of the dimer. Thioredoxin (Trx) is an endogenous disulfide oxidoreductase known to modulate several redox-dependent functions in the cell. NF-κB was activated by addition of Escherichia coli thioredoxin in a redox-dependent manner in A549 cells. Such activation was accompanied by degradation of IκB in the cytosol. In addition, only the reduced form of thioredoxin activated NF-κB, whereas the oxidized form was without any effect. Overexpression of human thioredoxin also caused activation of NF-κB and degradation of IκB. On the contrary, dominant-negative redox-inactive mutant thioredoxin expression did not activate NF-κB, further confirming the redox-dependent activation of NF-κB. We also investigated the mechanism of activation of NF-κB by thioredoxin. We demonstrate that thioredoxin activates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-signaling cascade, and dominant-negative expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1), JNK kinase, or JNK inhibits NF-κB activation by thioredoxin. In contrast, wild-type MEKK1 or JNK kinase induced NF-κB activation alone or in combination with thioredoxin expression plasmid. These findings were also confirmed by NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter gene transcription.