cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causality in Social Network Analysis

The role that causality can play in social network analysis is unclear. The author provides a broad characterization of social network analysis before considering the nature of causality. He distinguishes four types of causality: system causality, statistical causality, mechanism causality, and algorithmic causality. Their potential places in network analysis are discussed. Understanding generative mechanisms—be they system, mechanism, or algorithmic—seems the most promising way to proceed. The role of statistical causality is a source of potential data analytic tools that can be mobilized within analyses conducted in the spirit of the other three types of causality.
A data analysis and coordination center for the human microbiome project

The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was launched by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research and is designed to fuel research into the microbes that live in the various environments of the human body [1]. A major goal of the HMP is to look for correlations between changes in the microbiome and human health. The HMP will generate unprecedented amounts of sequence, annotation and metadata. The analysis of this data requires the ability to collect, integrate, and standardize information of different types and from different sources. The HMP Data Analysis and Coordination Center (DACC) is the central repository for all HMP data, providing a specialized data management and analysis infrastructure to support the collection, integration and standardization of HMP data and facilitate research. HMP data sets will include over 1000 reference genomes isolated from the human body, as well as 16S ribosomal RNA, and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of samples collected from multiple body sites and individuals. Successful data integration and standardization will rely on the use of controlled vocabularies, the application of quality control measures, and the development of standard operating procedures. The DACC web portal (http://hmpdacc.org) will provide multiple analysis resources to the research community including data query and visualization, comparative genomics, 16S rRNA analysis, and comparative metagenomic community analysis. Reference genome status and relevant metadata are available through the HMP Project catalog (http://www.hmpdacc.org/project_catalog.html) while annotated HMP reference genomes are provided as part of IMG/HMP (http://www.hmpdacc-resources.org/img_hmp), an HMP specific version of the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) data management and analysis system. IMG/HMP serves as a community resource for comparative analysis of HMP genomes in the comprehensive integrated context of all publicly available microbial genomes.
The binding of 3H-isoguvacine to mouse brain synaptic membranes.

Abstract 3 H-Isoguvacine, a gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, has been shown to bind to a mouse forebrain synaptic membrane preparation. The specific binding is displaceable by GABA, muscimol and bicuculline but not by picrotoxin or diaminobutyric acid. Kinetic data suggest two binding affinities. Highest levels of binding are observed in the cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus. It is suggested that isoguvacine binds to GABA binding sites and therefore represents a new ligand for measuring GABA receptor binding.
Hydrogen-doping stabilized metallic VO2 (R) thin films and their application to suppress Fabry-Perot resonances in the terahertz regime

We demonstrate that catalyst-assisted hydrogen spillover doping of VO2 thin films significantly alters the metal-insulator transition characteristics and stabilizes the metallic rutile phase at room temperature. With hydrogen inserted into the VO2 lattice, high resolution X-ray diffraction reveals expansion of the V-V chain separation when compared to the VO2(R) phase. The donated free electrons, possibly from O-H bond formation, stabilize the VO2(R) to low temperatures. By controlling the amount of dopants to obtain mixed insulating and metallic phases, VO2 resistivity can be continuously tuned until a critical condition is achieved that suppresses Fabry-Perot resonances. Our results demonstrate that hydrogen spillover is an effective technique to tune the electrical and optical properties of VO2 thin films.
Downflux of Sediment, Organic Matter, and Phosphorus in the Niagara River Area of Lake Ontario

Vertical arrays of sediment traps were installed near the mouth of the Niagara River and at nearshore and offshore sites. Surveys of temperature, turbidity, and conductivity were used to establish that the traps nearest the river mouth were under the river outflow plume. A single offshore array in 1980 indicated downfluxes of 1-2 g · m−2 · d−1 of dry matter in the mid-water column. These fluxes were similar to those of small lakes but much higher fluxes were found near the bottom of Lake Ontario. More extensive work in 1981 confirmed the presence of a near-bottom nepheloid layer and the effect it has on increasing downflux extimates. Sediment traps near shore and at the river mouth caught substantially more material at all depths than did traps at the offshore stations. Downfluxes of phosphorus and sediment were consistent with independent estimates of loading and retention.
Fractional dimension filtering for multiscale lung nodule detecton

Lung nodule (LN) detection using computer assisted diagnostic (CAD) methodology in chest radiolographs is generally composed of two steps, i.e., suspicious area (SA) location and differentiation of 'true' nodules from 'false' nodules among located SAs. The first step is related to computer image processing techniques, such as image enhancement and segmentation methods. The second step uses pattern classification techniques, such as statistical classifiers and artificial neural networks (ANN). This paper will address only the first step of the CAD lung nodule detection. We have designed a novel fractional dimension filtering (FDF) algorithm for the extraction of lung nodule patterns, which generally appear as circular bright areas in the chest radiograph. The FDF provides an improved performance of discriminating circular pattern from other patterns in the presence of overlapping structures. A multiscale analysis has also been introduced to locate multiscale nodules and eliminate false positives. A computed ROC analysis has been performed to show the improvement of discriminating performance of the FDF by using simulated patterns. A computed FROC analysis has also been conducted for analyzing the performance of the proposed location scheme with and without the multiscale analysis.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Realization of high-efficiency/high-luminance small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes: synergistic effects of siloxane anode functionalization/hole-injection layers, and hole/exciton-blocking/electron-transport layers

High-efficiency/high-luminance small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are fabricated by combining thin, covalently-bound triarylamine hole injection/adhesion interlayers with hole- and exciton-blocking/electron transport interlayers in tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (III) (Alq)-based OLEDs. Power and forward external quantum efficiencies as high as 15.2 lm/W and 4.4±0.5%, respectively, and turn-on voltages ∼4.5 V are achieved in devices of the structure ITO/TPDSi2/NPB/Alq:DIQA/BCP/Li/MgAg [NPB=(N,N′-di(1-napthl)-N,N′-diphenyl benzidine)] TPDSi2 interlayers are straightforwardly fabricated by spin-casting N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′- bis(p-trichlorosilylpropylphenyl)(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine TPDSi2 onto the ITO surface, while 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) interlayers are introduced by thermal evaporation. High quantum efficiencies are attributed to the synergistic enhanced hole/electron injection and exciton confinement effects of the TPDSi2 and BCP interlayers, respectively.
Phosphorus metabolism of oceanic dinoflagellates: phosphate uptake, chemical composition and growth of Pyrocystis noctiluca

The phosphorus metabolism of Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray (Schuett) 1886 has characteristics which may enhance its potential for success in orthophosphate impoverished waters. The steady-state phosphate uptake rates were equal in the light and dark, and were directly proportional to both the phosphorus cell quota and the cell division rate. In contrast, nutrient-saturated uptake rates were multiphasic, faster in the light than the dark, 2 to 4 orders of magnitude greater than steady-state rates, and were inversely proportional to both the phosphorus cell quota and the cell division rate. These uptake characteristics suggest that P. noctiluca may take up phosphate coincidently at their typically low ambient concentrations as well as to exploit episodic nutrient events in nature. Cell division rates were a hyperbolic function of the ambient orthophosphate concentration. The shortest doubling time was 8.7 d, the phosphate concentration at half the maximum division rate was 0.15 μM and the threshold, concentration for cell division was ca 0.05 μM PO43-. Division rates of P. noctiluca in the ocean are much faster than predicted from the measured ambient orthophosphate concentrations. Since this dinoflagellate has high naturally occurring alkaline phosphatase activities, and can utilize organic-P compounds, we suggest that organic-P can be as important as orthophosphate in supporting the observed division rates of P. noctiluca in the sea.
Electroencephalographic studies in “split brain” cats

Abstract 1. 1. The EEG activities of homologous cortical areas of the cat brain have been recorded in chronic conditions. When the EEG displays slow wave-spindle patterns, the potentials simultaneously recorded from corresponding points of the two hemispheres are essentially similar. 2. 2. The normal EEG bilateral symmetry is disrupted permanently by section of corpus callosum. In the callosotomized animal, however, EEG arousal reactions and onsets of sleep patterns remain synchronous in the two sides. Similar EEG features have been found in a cat with anomalous absence of corpus callosum. 3. 3. When division of all the other forebrain commissures and midsagittal section of the rostral midbrain are added to that of the callosum, a mismatching of the EEG waking and sleeping states in the two hemispheres can be observed for a maximum period of 8–10 days. It has been attributed to asymmetrical parasagittal lesions in the region of the rostral midbrain. Recovery of the normal bilateral matching is always complete. 4. 4. It is concluded that while the corpus callosum is essential for the maintenance of the fine bilateral correspondence of the EEG waves, the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the two separated hemispheres is controlled by the lower brain-stem.
Ultrastructural differences induced by heat in red and white avian muscles in rigor mortis.

Physical stress of a type not normally encountered in the in vivo environment has given useful information on ultrastructural relationships in skeletal muscles. In this study a heat stress (82°C) was applied to red (semitendinosus) and white (pectoralis major) turkey muscles in rigor mortis. Heat removed the I bands in white muscle but the muscle fibrils retained their registry. Heated red muscle had intact I bands. Z disks were thicker in unheated red muscle than in unheated white muscle. The Z disks thickened and A band length decreased after heating the red and white muscles. N lines were visible in the unheated red muscle, but not in the white muscle, and appeared to increase in density and width on heating. The amino acid profile of purified actin was similar in both unheated muscles. Loss of I band in the heated white muscle is explained on a structural basis.
Simulating fire with texture splats

We propose the use of textured splats as the basic display primitives for an open surface fire model. The high-detail textures help to achieve a smooth boundary of the fire and gain the small-scale turbulence appearance. We utilize the Lattice Boltzmann Model (LBM) to simulate physically-based equations describing the fire evolution and its interaction with the environment (e.g., obstacles, wind and temperature). The property of fuel and non-burning objects are defined on the lattice of the computation domain. A temperature field is also incorporated to model the generation of smoke from the fire due to incomplete combustion. The linear and local characteristics of the LBM enable us to accelerate the computation with graphics hardware to reach real-time simulation speed, while the texture splat primitives enable interactive rendering frame rates.
Reducing portion sizes to prevent obesity: A call to action

state that this condi-tion poses “the single greatest threat to public health inthis century.” It seems evident that the current obesityepidemic is caused by an excess of calorie intake overexpenditure encouraged by an environment that pro-motesexcessivefoodintakeanddiscouragesphysicalac-tivity. Restaurant foods, large portion sizes, and ubiqui-tous food, all heavily marketed, contribute to calorieoverconsumption.
ATMA: Advertisement-Based TDMA Protocol for Bursty Traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy conservation is one of the primary goals of the majority of MAC protocols designed for wireless sensor networks. In Sensor-MAC (S-MAC), one of the first MAC protocols designed for sensor networks, nodes sleep and wake up periodically to save energy. MAC protocols such as Timeout-MAC (T-MAC) and Advertisement-MAC (ADV-MAC) improved upon S-MAC by introducing support for variable loads and providing further energy savings. In event-driven networks with sources generating bursty traffic or networks with period traffic, we can further reduce the energy consumption and increase node lifetime if we take into account the nature of the traffic. In this paper we propose Advertisement-based Time-division Multiple Access, or ATMA, a distributed TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks that utilizes the bursty or periodic nature of the traffic to prevent energy waste through advertisements and reservations for data slots. We provide detailed comparisons of the ATMA protocol with S-MAC, T-MAC and ADV-MAC through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that in bursty or periodic traffics, ATMA outperforms S-MAC, T-MAC and ADV-MAC in terms of energy consumption with reductions of up to 75%, while faring as well as T-MAC and ADV-MAC in terms of packet delivery ratio and latency.
Fabrication and Optoelectronic properties of Fluoride tin oxides/porous silicon/p-Silicon heterojunction

In this paper, formation of a nanostructure semi transparence fluoride tin oxides (FTO) by spray pyrolysis technique on porous silicon PS layer. Porous silicon PS layer was prepared by anodization of p-type silicon wafers to fabricate of the UV- Visible Fluoride-doped tin oxide /Porous silicon /p-Si heterojunction photodetector. Optical properties of FTO thin films were measured. The optical band gap of 3.77 eV for SnO2: Ffilm was deduced. From (I-V) and (C-V) measurements, the barrier height ∅�� for FTO/PS diode was of 0.77 eV, and the built in voltage Vbi, which was of 0.95 V. External quantum efficiency was 55 % at 500 nm which corresponding to peak responsivity of 1.15 A/W at 1 V bias. The PS band gap in the vicinity of PS/c-Si heterojunction was 1.38 eV.
How 17-year cicadas keep track of time.

Seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) require 17 years to develop underground and all individuals at any location emerge synchronously within several days. The mechanisms that animals use to keep track of time are poorly understood and nothing is known about how cicada nymphs emerge after precisely 17 years. We altered the seasonal cycles of trees supporting cicada nymphs and thereby induced premature metamorphosis of the associated cicadas. This indicates that cicadas accomplish a consistently accurate 17-year preadult development time by counting host seasonal cycles and not either by the passage of real time or by the accumulation of degree days.
The specificity of the complement antiglobulin test

ummary The antiglobulin agglutination of optimal sensitized sheep cells that have been complexed with complement has been shown to depend upon the bound and decayed fourth component of complement. The bound fourth component of complement has been shown to be an antigen in animals. Resume L'agglutination par le serum anti-globuline d'erythrocytes de moutons sensibilises sur lesquels on a fixe du complement, depend de la fixation du quatrieme composant du complement (probablement C'4decompose). Le composant C'4 s'est revele comme etant antigenique chez l'nimal. Zusammenfassung Die Antiglobulin-Agglutination von optimal sensibilisierten Hammelerythrozyten, welche vorgangig Komplement gebunden haben, beruht auf der gebundenen und zerfallenen vierten Komplement-Komponente. Die gebundene vierte Komplement-Komponente erwies sich als Antigen.
Intersection types and computational effects

We show that standard formulations of intersection type systems are unsound in the presence of computational effects, and propose a solution similar to the value restriction for polymorphism adopted in the revised definition of Standard ML. It differs in that it is not tied to let-expressions and requires an additional weakening of the usual subtyping rules. We also present a bi-directional type-checking algorithm for the resulting language that does not require an excessive amount of type annotations and illustrate it through some examples. We further show that the type assignment system can be extended to incorporate parametric polymorphism. Taken together, we see our system and associated type-checking algorithm as a significant step towards the introduction of intersection types into realistic programming languages. The added expressive power would allow many more properties of programs to be stated by the programmer and statically verified by a compiler.
Social Aspects of Body Image: Perception of Normalcy of Weight and Affect of College Undergraduates

Two aspects of body image, perception of normalcy of weight and affect, were studied by means of a paper-and-pencil test with 62 male and 117 female undergraduates. The relationship of the social characteristics of sex, age, race, and actual body weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight) to body-image distortion was investigated. Individuals who were underweight or overweight were more likely to perceptually distort their weight-related appearance than were normal weight respondents. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, both underweight and overweight persons tended to normalize their appearance. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, sex was also related to the type of perceptual distortion experienced. Females tended to perceive themselves as appearing heavier, whereas males tended to perveive themselves as appearing lighter, than they actually were. There was no relationship between perceptual distortion of body weight and body affect. Age, race, and actual body weight were related to affect. Affect was more negative among young respondents than older respondents. White individuals had poorer affect scores than non-whites. Overweight respondents also had more negative affect scores than other respondents.
New Proplyds, Outflows, Shocks, and a Reflection Nebula in M43 and the Outer Parts of the Orion Nebula

Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images made as planned parallel observations have produced emission-line images of fields in the outer portions of the Orion Nebula and near the center of the companion H II region, M43. Examination of these images have uncovered three new bright proplyds and one silhouette proplyd. Two of the bright proplyds lie within M43 and are photoionized by its central star, NU Ori. The new bright proplyd in the Orion Nebula shows a monopolar microjet, and analysis of its size and surface brightness indicates that it lies well in the foreground. Symmetric shocks indicate bipolar flow around the K8e star V1348 Ori (304-539) near θ2 Ori C. Evidence for multiple outflows from a source southeast of 036-927, well south of the bright bar feature of the nebula, is indicated. A bright reflection nebula was found around the B1.5 Vp star LP Ori (098-753). The form of this object indicates that this star is moving within the veil of neutral material that lies in front of M42.
The n-electron problem and matrices representing the symmetric groups

The application of the representation theory of symmetric groups to the solution of quantum chemical problems is discussed. This is done using matrices which do not represent Sn in the normal sense, but which are much simpler to calculate than the Yamanouchi-Kotani representation. A complete discussion of the calculation of these matrices is given.
Emergencia de la nueva cultura institucional: impacto en la transformación del escenario de la globalización económica

In this paper, we analyse the changes in the institutional culture within the context of economic globalization, which influence and promote transformations in different institutions and organisations. These modifications create the emergence of a new culture that guide the design of new institutional arrangements through learning in order to adapt to the new demands of the environment. From the neo-institutionalist theories of political cultural change, we try to explain the institutional change created by the leading players of the globalisation from the bottom and the new social movements. We conclude that the institutional cultural learning is a rational solution of the difficulty to predict the effects of the arrangements of the institutional reform.
Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children

BACKGROUND The aim was to determine the proportions and correlates of essential hypertension among children in a tertiary pediatric hypertension clinic.
Reynolds Pressure and Relaxation in a Sheared Granular System

We describe experiments that probe the evolution of shear jammed states, occurring for packing fractions ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{S}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}$, for frictional granular disks, where above ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}$ there are no stress-free static states. We use a novel shear apparatus that avoids the formation of inhomogeneities known as shear bands. This fixed $\ensuremath{\phi}$ system exhibits coupling between the shear strain, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and the pressure, $P$, which we characterize by the ``Reynolds pressure'' and a ``Reynolds coefficient,'' $R(\ensuremath{\phi})=({\ensuremath{\partial}}^{2}P/\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2})/2$. $R$ depends only on $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and diverges as $R\ensuremath{\sim}({\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}{)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{J}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}3.3$. Under cyclic shear, this system evolves logarithmically slowly towards limit cycle dynamics, which we characterize in terms of pressure relaxation at cycle $n\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\Delta}P\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}\mathrm{ln}﻿(n/{n}_{0})$. $\ensuremath{\beta}$ depends only on the shear cycle amplitude, suggesting an activated process where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ plays a temperaturelike role.
Ontogeny of Septohippocampal Modulation of Delay Eyeblink Conditioning

The current study investigated the effects of disrupting the septohippocampal theta system on the developmental emergence of delay eyeblink conditioning. Theta oscillations are defined as electroencephalographic (EEG) waveforms with a frequency between 3–8 Hz. Hippocampal theta oscillations are generated by inputs from the entorhinal cortex and the medial septum. Theta activity has been shown to facilitate learning in a variety of paradigms, including delay eyeblink conditioning. Lesions of the medial septum disrupt theta activity and slow the rate at which delay eyeblink conditioning is learned (Berry & Thompson, 1979). The role of the septohippocampal theta system in the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning has not been examined. In the current study, infant rats received an electrolytic lesion of the medial septum on postnatal day (P)12. Rats were later given eyeblink conditioning for 6 sessions with an auditory conditioned stimulus on P17–P19, P21–23, or P24–P26. Lesions impaired eyeblink conditioning on P21–23 and P24–26 but not on P17–19. The results suggest that the septohippocampal system comes online to facilitate acquisition of eyeblink conditioning between P19 and P21. Developmental changes in septohippocampal modulation of the cerebellum may play a significant role in the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning.
July Spike in Fatal Medication Errors

To the Editors:—I read with interest the well-done and thoughtful study by Phillips and Barker, A July Spike in Fatal Medication Errors: A Possible Effect of New Medical Residents 1 . Medical care in general and knowledge of medications in particular are becoming increasingly complex and require years of training and experience to gain proficiency, so the authors’ conclusions are both logical and plausible. I would like to propose an additional explanation for why fatal medication errors are increased every July compared with other months, at least in the inpatient setting. Rather than being mostly attributable to the inexperience of new medical residents, the untoward outcomes may instead be related to poor teamwork and coordination between the residents and the hospital staff, including the attending physicians, nurses, and pharmacists. At institutions such as ours, where medicine residents may have their first hospital rotation in July, August, or later, the errors would seem to be equally likely in any of these months if the residents were the primary cause. If the study data could be further analyzed according to the “first hospital experience” of the residents, this may help clarify if the July Spike is more of a resident or a systems phenomenon. If there is indeed a systems problem, then medical schools may need to place a greater emphasis on systems-based practice as emphasized in the ACGME’s guidelines 2 , and teaching hospitals may need to formally “gear up” for the new residents before July. In the meantime, I fully agree with the recommendations of the authors, including increased resident supervision and more education about medication safety.
The Psychoeducational Assessment Process

This chapter provides an overview of the psychoeducational assessment process followed by specific guidance. This chapter serves as a general framework and there are additional skills that will need to be attained. Chapter 3 discusses interviewing and gathering of additional sources of data including rating forms, records, and background information. Chapter 4 furnishes an overview of how to conduct an observation. The remaining chapters in the book discuss report writing including integrating information, writing a report, and providing oral feedback.
Pre and intrahospital workflow for acute stroke treatment.

Purpose of review With the recent demonstration of the effectiveness of rapid recanalization of large vessel occlusions in acute ischemic stroke, it is important to assess the current status of pre and intrahospital workflow for acute stroke. Recent findings We will review trends in the evaluation and treatment of acute stroke and offer suggestions for how best to advance the workflow for acute stroke care in the coming years. Summary Future research is needed for: field use of clinical scores for predicting large vessel occlusions, telemedicine to facilitate prehospital triage, and pre and intrahospital processes for optimizing stroke care delivery.
Status and Trends of Benthic Populations in a Coastal Drowned River Mouth Lake of Lake Michigan

Muskegon Lake was designated an Area of Concern because of severe environmental impairments from direct discharge of industrial and municipal wastes. Since diversion of all municipal and industrial wastewater in 1973, few studies have assessed ecological changes associated with improved water quality. We examined distributions and long-term changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community at 27 sites. Distributions were evaluated relative to distance from the river mouth, water depth, grain size, and known areas of sediment contamination. Temporal changes were assessed relative to wastewater diversion. Oligochaeta and Chironomidae dominated the community, and the oligochaete trophic condition index indicated that, in 1999, the lake was generally mesotrophic to eutrophic. Cluster analysis resulted in four distinct site groupings. A cluster of sites near the river mouth had the highest total density (9,375 m−2) and lowest diversity (Shannon Weaver Index 1.05) suggesting an enriched habitat. A site cluster in the south central region had the lowest oligochaete density (2,782 m−2), lowest oligochaete trophic condition index scores (1.00), and highest diversity (2.24), suggesting the best habitat. The chironomid community in this site cluster was dominated by predatory species, possibly resulting from high concentrations of heavy metals at some sites. Densities of all major taxonomic groups increased significantly between 1972 and 1999. Decreasing proportions of oligochaetes (0.85 to 0.68) and increasing diversity suggest improved environmental conditions over this period. Evidence suggests that changes in Muskegon Lake's benthic community were more a result of wastewater diversion than Dreissena invasion.
Book Review: Discretionary Justice, Looking Inside a Juvenile Drug Court

Book Review of Discretionary Justice, Looking Inside a Juvenile Drug Court by Leslie Paik (Rutgers University Press, 2011).
Fish detection around offshore artificial structures: preliminary results from hydroacoustics and fishing surveys

Summary The spatial distribution of fish assemblages was investigated through either hydro-acoustic surveys (using a Multibeam Echosounder) or fishing surveys (using trammel nets) carried out at increasing distance from two gas extraction structures in the Adriatic Sea and characterized by different building architecture: one, a four-leg platform; the other a subsea well-site. Both types of surveys were monthly and performed for 1 year starting after installation of the structures. Primary scope of the study was to evaluate whether the combination of the two methodologies could provide a more comprehensive insight into the fish communities associated with artificial structures. The findings showed that associating the Multibeam Echosounder survey with the fishing survey provided complementary information on the spatial distribution and abundance of fish in the water column surrounding the artificial structures. Both methodologies evidenced the presence of a greater abundance and biomass of fish close to the structures in respect to reference sites. In addition, fish abundance and biomass were generally greater in the surroundings of the four-leg platform than at the well-site, a possible consequence of the larger volume of the former.
Lygus hesperus: Production and Development in the Laboratory

Lygus hesperus Knight nymphs were fed on plant and insect materials to determine their effect on survival and development. Mean survival ranged from 59.1% at 20°C when beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), plus beans were used as food to 7.6% at 30°C when beet armyworms were fed to them. Food influenced the duration of development from nymph to adult at 20°, 25° and 30°C in the pattern lettuce>beans>beet armyworms plus lettuce>beet armyworms plus bean≅beet armyworms.
Acquaintance-Ratings of Personality and Workplace Deviance: Incremental Validity Beyond Self-Reports

It is widely established that the Big Five personality traits of conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness are antecedents to workplace deviance (Berry, Ones, & Sackett, 2007). Howe...
Sleep and critical illness: bridging the two pillars at the ATS 2016

At the American Thoracic Society Meeting in 2016, a post-graduate session focused on a number of current issues and ideas relevant to sleep in the critical care setting. The prevailing theme was encouraging physicians to consider sleep issues when caring for critically ill patients while recognizing how difficult this focus can be in practice. Emerging evidence shows the importance of sleep to mortality, cognition, and overall wellbeing. The necessities of quality sleep clearly carry over into the inpatient setting.
Insect Resistance to Crop Rotation

Insect Resistance to Crop Rotation Two species of Diabrotica have evolved resistance to crop rotation that involves planting the same primary crop every second year in the same location. Diabrotica barberi has adapted by extending egg diapause for more than one winter. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera has lost its fidelity for corn, Zea mays , during the oviposition period; eggs are laid in most fields of vegetation in the crop landscape. Both adaptations permit eggs to hatch in cornfields. D. v. virgifera has also evolved resistance to most other IPM tactics over the past 60 years, including one type of insecticidal corn. This chapter explores the diverse approaches to IPM and the role of insect behavior in resistance management.
Hepatitis C virus Cell-to-cell Spread Assay

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can infect naive cells via entry of "cell-free" extracellular virus or direct "cell-to-cell" transmission. Here, we describe an assay for detecting HCV cell-to-cell transmission, using a non-growing cell culture system that avoids confounding effects of cell growth. The assay consists of infecting a small number of cells in a confluent monolayer and then blocking subsequent cell-free extracellular virions with a neutralizing antibody such that only cell-to-cell transmission may occur. Under these conditions, incubation at 37 °C results in the formation of infected cell foci. The extent of cell-to-cell spread can then be determined by counting the number of cells in each focus. The assay may be modified to assess the effects of inhibitors and/or specific cellular genes on cell-to-cell spread of HCV.
On quantum computation capabilities in an information assurance context

Quantum computers harness quantum mechanical properties to perform computations beyond the scope of traditional computers. Quantum parallelism gives quantum computers incredible computational power and allows for algorithms such as Shor’s algorithm which breaks many modern cryptosystems. The no-cloning theorem and measurement properties of quantum systems give rise to new cryptosystems. Entanglement allows for many new algorithms including error code correction which would otherwise be impossible in such systems (given the no-cloning theorem). This paper explores these concepts from an information assurance standpoint as they have significant implications for information systems.
Preferences for legume attributes in maize-legume cropping systems in Malawi

Adoption rates of leguminous crops remain low in sub-Saharan Africa despite their potential role in improving nutrition, soil health, and food security. In this study we explored Malawian farmers’ perceptions of various legume attributes and assessed how these perceptions affected allocation of land to legume crops using a logit link model. We found high regional variation in both consumption- and production-related preferences, but relatively consistent preferences across samples. While scientific understanding and farmer perceptions were aligned on some topics and for some legumes, there were discrepancies elsewhere, particularly in terms of soil fertility and nutrition. Understanding why these discrepancies exist and where there were potential biases are critical in explaining the extent of adoption. In many cases perceptions of legume attributes may be influenced by the cultural role of the crop in the household, particularly in terms of food security or market-orientation. The findings also suggest that researchers need to look beyond both the agronomic properties and farmers’ preferences to fully understand the extent of adoption. Socioeconomic factors, biases, and marketing concerns may also influence integration of legumes into maize-based cropping systems.
Liftoff and time equivalent duration data evaluation of exploration flight test 1 Orion multi-purpose crew vehicle

The liftoff phase induces high acoustic loading over a broad frequency range for a launch vehicle. These external acoustic environments are used in the prediction of the internal vibration responses of the vehicle and components. There arises the question about time equivalent (Teq) duration of the liftoff phase and similarity to other launch vehicles. Vibroacoustic engineers require the fatigue-weighted time duration values for qualification testing inputs. In order to determine the Teq for the Space Launch System, NASA's newest launch vehicle, the external microphone data from the Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) was evaluated. During that evaluation, a trend was observed in the data and the origin of that trend is discussed in this paper. Finally, the Teq values for the EFT-1 Orion MPCV are presented.
β-amyloid can't go with the flow.

Recent studies in rodents identified a brain-wide network of perivascular pathways called the glymphatic system that recirculates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the brain parenchyma and clears interstitial solutes, such as β-amyloid (Aβ). Flow decreases through these perivascular pathways with
A robust remaining useful lifetime estimation method for discrete power MOSFETs

This paper focuses on the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) estimation of power MOSFETs, which are stressed by thermal cycling. The relative change in on-state resistance is identified as the aging precursor for die attach solder degradation after exhaustive experiments. A data-driven RUL estimation algorithm based on a linear approximation model is proposed. The empirical coefficients are estimated by the classical least squares method. However, the initial part of the data contains a significant number of outliers, which decreases the estimation accuracy. In order to remove the outlier effect and make the estimation robust, least-squares method is applied to only inliers that are determined by random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. With the exclusion of outliers, the RUL estimation is improved for the ones that contain outliers. The accuracy of the proposed RUL estimation tool is verified on a number of thermally aged discrete power MOSFET data.
Constraint conjunction in weighted probabilistic grammar

This paper examines a key difference between constraint conjunction and constraint weight additivity, arguing that the two do not have the same empirical coverage. In particular, constraint conjunction in weighted probabilistic grammar allows for superadditive constraint interaction, where the effect of violating two constraints goes beyond the additive combination of the two constraints’ weights alone. A case study from parasitic tone harmony in Dioula d'Odienne demonstrates superadditive local and long-distance segmental feature similarities that increase the likelihood of tone harmony. Superadditivity in Dioula d'Odienne is formally captured in Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar by weighted constraint conjunction. Counter to previous approaches that supplant constraint conjunction with weight additivity in Harmonic Grammar, information-theoretic model comparison reveals that weighted constraint conjunction improves the grammar's explanatory power when modelling quantitative natural language patterns.
Optimal radiolabelling methods for Tc99m Sulfur Colloid oatmeal products for gastric emptying

2334 Objectives The objectives were to determine the most effective radiolabelling method using Tc99m Sulfur Colloid(SC) and specific oatmeal products and to compare radiolabelled efficiency of oatmeal products to standard radiolabelled egg meal. Methods Two specific oatmeal products were evaluated: instant oatmeal and gluten-free oatmeal. For each specific oatmeal product, Tc99m SC(1200μCi)was added either prior to or after addition of boiling water(75ml). Following labelling, three alliquots from each specific product were removed into conical test tubes, 45-ml H2O added and shaken. Separation of specific radiolabelled oatmeal product and unbound Tc99m SC was achieved by low speed centrifugation(2000rpm) for 2 minutes. Following separation, the activity of radiolabelled oatmeal and supernatant was determined using a dose calibrator(Biodex Atomlab100). For comparison, eggs were radiolabelled as described above. For each specific product evaluated, the mean percent labelling was determined. Results were compared to the percent labelling with standard egg meal. Results For instant oatmeal and gluten-free oatmeal the mean percent radiolabelled product when Tc99m SC was added prior to boiling H2O was 87% and 86%, respectively. When Tc99m SC was added after boiling H2O, the mean percent radiolabelled product was reduced to 67% and 62%, respectively. The mean labelling efficiency of radiolabelled egg was 86%. The labelling technique in which Tc99m SC was added to oatmeal products prior to boiling H2O provides a labelling efficiency comparable to standard egg meal. Conclusions The most effective way of radiolabelling oatmeal was adding Tc99m SC prior to addition of boiling H2O. Radiolabelling results were comparable to those achieved with radiolabelled egg meal
Recent Developments in the Field of Industrial Microbiology and their Possible Impact on Brewing Technology

(1955). Recent Developments in the Field of Industrial Microbiology and their Possible Impact on Brewing Technology. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 13, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1955, pp. 65-79.
Preoperative MELD-XI is not Associated with Mortality after LVAD

Background Kidney and liver dysfunction are common in patients with advanced heart failure undergoing left ventricular assistant device (LVAD) implantation. We have previously shown that Model of End-Stage Liver Disease excluding INR (MELD-XI) scores can predict poor outcomes after heart transplantation. Whether MELD-XI predicts outcomes after LVAD implantation is not well understood. Methods All patients who underwent LVAD implantation at a tertiary referral center (2007-2017) were included and preoperative MELD-XI was calculated. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan Meier method were used to describe association with overall post-implant mortality. Penalized smoothed splines were used to visualize the association between continuous MELDXI and mortality. Results A total of 94 patients were included. Mean age was 60±13 years, 78% males, 64% Caucasian, 76% had the HeartMate II. Median MELD-XI was 12.4(9.9-15.9). At a median follow-up of 2.8 years, 31 patients died. There was no difference between patients with MELD-XI >12.4 and MELD-XI ≤12.4 in overall mortality ( P =0.14), figure (panel A). There was no association between continuous MELD-XI and mortality (HR 1.04; 95% CI: 0.96-1.13, P =0.32), figure (panel B). Conclusion Our findings showed that MELD-XI is not associated with mortality after LVAD implantation. These findings need to be validated in a larger group registry to identify best bridging strategy in patients with advanced heart failure and combined kidney-liver dysfunction.
Propagation and scattering of Lamb waves with infinite wavelength

The dispersion characteristics of Lamb waves depend on the thickness and the elastic properties of a plate. At the cut-off frequencies (when the wavenumber goes to zero), Lamb waves are standing waves associated with plane longitudinal or shear waves reflecting up and down between the surfaces of the plate at normal incidence. In the general case, these thickness resonances have an infinite wavelength and do not carry energy along the plate. However, if the material properties are selected such that longitudinal and shear thickness mode resonances of the same symmetry coincide, then the elastic fields associated with the resonances couple to produce a wave with an infinite wavelength that propagates energy along the plate surface. Intriguing effects associated with this phenomenon can be observed in aluminum alloy plates where near-degeneracy between resonances occurs. We show that waves generated near the cutoff frequency in such cases spread from the excitation point and produce a spatially uniform oscillation over the plate surface. These infinite wavelength waves show angle independent mode conversion upon encountering the free edge of a plate or thickness step on the surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these peculiar waves flow around plate defects and are remarkably insensitive to scattering.
The Chief Supreme Court Justice: A Metaphysical Puzzle?

?Que son cosas como el Tribunal Supremo? Gabriel Uzquiano ha defendido que son grupos, entidades de algun modo compuestas de miembros (en ciertos momentos) pero que, a diferencia de los conjuntos (o las pluralidades), permiten fluctuacion en la pertenencia. La alternativa principal sostiene que ?el Tribunal Supremo? hace referencia (en cada momento) al conjunto (o pluralidad) de sus miembros (en ese momento). Uzquiano motiva su posicion planteando un problema metafisico para la alternativa reduccionista. Argumento que un razonamiento paralelo tambien encontraria un ?problema? correspondiente en el caso de terminos singulares como ?el Presidente del Tribunal Supremo?.
Conclusions and Reflections

A short essay on both chemistry in seventeenth century New England and the history of chemistry itself is presented. John Winthrop, Jr., relied primarily on his extensive reading and his careful empirical work to produce both needed chemicals and good recipes for others to follow. The story told in these pages is much more interesting and substantially more complicated than traditional views of Colonial America.
The Opioid Epidemic: Associated Infections and Diagnostic Methods

Abstract The opioid epidemic and the associated increases in intravenous drug use are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Infections have long been associated with illicit drug use and contribute considerably to the high morbidity and mortality. Risky behaviors associated with drug use, including needle sharing and poor injection hygiene, have added to the increasing burden of infections related to drug use. This review addresses the associations between opioid use disorder and infectious organisms, highlighting the important role of laboratory testing for diagnosis and managing these patients.