cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A revised method of presenting wavenumber–frequency power spectrum diagrams that reveals the asymmetric nature of tropical large-scale waves

The popular method of presenting wavenumber-frequency power spectrum diagrams for studying tropical large-scale waves in the literature is shown to give an incomplete presentation of these waves. The so-called "convectively-coupled Kelvin (mixed Rossby-gravity) waves" are presented as existing only in the symmetric (antisymmetric) component of the diagrams. This is obviously not consistent with the published composite/regression studies of "convectively-coupled Kelvin waves," which illustrate the asymmetric nature of these waves. The cause of this inconsistency is revealed in this note and a revised method of presenting the power spectrum diagrams is proposed. When this revised method is used, "convectively-coupled Kelvin waves" do show anti-symmetric components, and "convectively-coupled mixed Rossby-gravity waves (also known as Yanai waves)" do show a hint of symmetric components. These results bolster a published proposal that these waves be called "chimeric Kelvin waves," "chimeric mixed Rossby-gravity waves," etc. This revised method of presenting power spectrum diagrams offers a more rigorous means of comparing the General Circulation Models (GCM) output with observations by calling attention to the capability of GCMs in correctly simulating the asymmetric characteristics of the equatorial waves.
SCF LCAO MO calculation for MnO−4

Abstract Ab initio SCF LCAO MO calculations, using gaussian-type functions and large basis sets with near Hartree—Fock accuracy, have been carried out for the ground state of the permanganate ion. The largest calculation performed applied 203 primitive gaussians.
Perineal rectosigmoidectomy in the elderly

Between April 1989 and October 1991, 20 consecutive patients underwent perineal rectosigmoidectomy and coloanal anastomosis for full-thickness rectal prolapse. These 16 females and 4 males, with a mean age of 82 (range, 68–101) years, were evaluated by detailed functional assessment and physiologic testing. A grading scale from 0 to 24 was based upon the frequency and type of incontinence, 0 representing full continence. The mean preoperative continence score was 14.5, while the mean postoperative continence score was 8.4. The mean length of resected rectosigmoid was 23 cm. There was one postoperative death and one significant complication, a postoperative pelvic hematoma that required reoperation. There were no full-thickness recurrences at a mean follow-up of 26 months. Six of the 10 patients who underwent preoperative pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) testing had evidence of severe neuropathy (latencies greater than 2.5 milliseconds). Prolonged PNTML, however, was not shown to be an accurate predictor of postoperative incontinence because four of the six patients with neuropathy regained excellent to good control. In conclusion, perineal rectosigmoidectomy is a safe operation for the treatment of full-thickness rectal prolapse in the elderly patient. Improved postoperative continence was noted in 90 percent of patients, with improvement seen even in those patients with severe pudendal neuropathy.
Some new optimum Golomb rulers

By exhaustive computer search, the minimum length Golomb rulers (or B/sub 2/-sequences or difference triangles) containing 14, 15, and 16 marks are found. They are unique and of length 127, 151, and 177, respectively. >
Problematizing the role of expert within small‐scale school‐university partnerships

Abstract Since 2001, two teacher educators from distinctive midwestern universities have been engaged in partnerships with two local urban school districts that resulted from their personal relationships with educators and school leaders. By applying Macedo and Freire's (2001) framework of analysis, this article shares their dialogic reflection and assessment of the impact of their roles, intentions, and modes of operandi as qualitative researchers and the effectiveness of pursuing contextually relevant transformative agendas within these partnerships. This reflective analysis provides the forum for examining emergent issues and practices relevant to the intersection of these school and university communities, provides insight into the personal and professional commitments of those involved, and the potential for pursuing similar efforts to advance this agenda.
Stereochemistry of RNA cleavage by the Tetrahymena ribozyme and evidence that the chemical step is not rate-limiting

The intervening sequence of the ribosomal RNA precursor of Tetrahymena is a catalytic RNA molecule, or ribozyme. Acting as a sequence-specific endoribonuclease, it cleaves single-stranded RNA substrates with concomitant addition of guanosine. The chemistry of the reaction has now been studied by introduction of a single phosphorothioate in the substrate RNA at the cleavage site. Kinetic studies show no significant effect of this substitution on kcat (rate constant) or Km (Michaelis constant), providing evidence that some step other than the chemical step is rate-limiting. Product analysis reveals that the reaction proceeds with inversion of configuration at phosphorus, consistent with an in-line, SN2 (P) mechanism. Thus, the ribozyme reaction is in the same mechanistic category as the individual displacement reactions catalyzed by protein nucleotidyltransferases, phosphotransferases, and nucleases.
In-house versus out-house evaluations: Administrative considerations

Abstract Positions on both sides of the in-house versus outside evaluation debate have not stemmed from any broad empirical base. The relevant empirical literature from the field of attitude research is marshalled up to show how others come to influence or bias our judgments. Employing this empirical base, an examination is made of the structural conditions under which an administrator might decide to use an in-house or outside evaluation. While this examination indicates that two particular types of outside evaluation are generally superior to an in-house evaluation, there are some situations in which the latter is acceptable—an important consideration in a time of scarce resources.
Phonetic interference under varying conditions of phonetic facilitation.

Introduction When a child is taught to correct an error sound essentially two processes are involved. A new sound (the standard sound) is acquired either as an isolated element or in a syllable. After the sound is well learned, children are instructed to use their new sound in words. This phase is a difficult point in, the training program, since the incorrect sound competes with the standard sound causing difficulty in “carry-over.” Recently, it has been observed that recall of speech sounds to pictorial stimuli is increased when the substituted sound and the original sound are phonetically similar (Winitz and Bellerose, 1972a), suggesting that the original sound (the error sound) may act as a facilitator rather than as a competitor. Apparently, facilitation takes place because the error sound reinstates all but a few of the distinctive features of the standard sound. We know that newly acquired sounds are difficult to maintain over time (e.g., Shelton, Johnson and Amdt, 1972). It is very possible, then, that facilitation produces interference. Interference is defined as competition between the error sound and the standard sound (Winitz and Bellerose, 1972a,b). The resulting competition is, however, nonmotor, as previous research indicates that over long intervals of time retrieval is difficult, although there is little loss in imitative ability (Winitz and Bellerose, 1972a,b). An example will be helpful here. A young child, who initially substituted 101 for is/, has been taught to produce a correct Is/, imitatively, in response to pictures, and when reading and speaking. The latter three test situations, reading, describing pictures and talking, will be referred to as retrieval functions. This child has no difficulty imitating the /s/ sound correctly at the beginning of each clinical session, but generally has difficulty with /s/ in tests of retrieval in the clinic and outside of the clinic. Our interpretation (Winitz and Bellerose, 1972a) is that /O/ facilitates the recall of Is/, but, since /O/ and /s/ are phonetically similar, the higher habit strength of
Repression of cellular anaplerosis as the hypothesized mechanism of gamma-linolenic acid-induced toxicity to tumor cells

In in vitro cultures, the cell is virtually isolated and can no longer rely on mechanisms for physiological regulation of substrate availability found in tissues. More emphasis is laid on utilization of preponderant substrate in a proposed reciprocal relationship between glycolysis and free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation for energy. Supraphysiological concentrations of γ-linolenic acid and some other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) therefore suppress glycolysis but also inhibit FFA oxidation initiated through a cytochrome P450-mediated epoxidation of PUFA to inhibit fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity. FAS inhibition accumulates malonyl CoA which inhibits carnitine palmitoyl transferase I and prevents FFA oxidation. The cell is starved of energy and anabolic intermediates, leading to decreased proliferation or death for tumor cells. Tumor cells are more vulnerable to this induced toxicity due to possession of specific phenotypes of elevated expression for FAS and pyruvate kinase, type M2, both factors inducing tumor cell apoptosis on inhibition.
Aryl epoxide–halohydrin transformations: stereochemistry of reactions of aryl epoxides with lithium halide–acetic acid reagent

The reactions of indene oxide (4a), 5-methoxyindene oxide (4b), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-epoxide (5a) and 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-epoxide (5b) with lithium halides in the presence of acetic acid (LiX/HOAc) yield mixtures of cis and trans halohydrins. These results are in contrast to those reported for the reactions of a series of aliphatic epoxides with LiX/HOAc, which proceed stereospecifically to yield only trans halohydrins.
Cenozoic Deposits, Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia

As much as 12,000 m of nonmarine Cenozoic deposit is preserved in the Upper Magdalena Valley between the Central and Eastern Cordilleras in southwestern Colombia. Near the end of the Cretaceous Period early Andean deformation uplifted the Central Cordillera. Concomitantly the sea began to retreat from the East Andean geosyncline whose axis lay along the site of the Eastern Cordillera. After withdrawal of the sea the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene Guaduas Formation, having an average thickness of 1,000 m, accumulated on a poorly drained lowland stretching eastward to the Llanos. It consists of drab, mottled, and reddish-brown mudstone, and dark-gray sandstone with abundant dark grains of Cretaceous chert and mudstone. Carbonaceous deposits are more common than in any other Cenozoic formation. During the Cenozoic Era a succession of disturbances generated four major alternations of coarse- and fine-grained deposits. The Central Cordilleran provenance persisted, but detritus also was derived increasingly from local sources within the basin and on the site of the Eastern Cordillera, and the Cretaceous sedimentary mantle progressively was stripped from basement blocks. Eocene and early Oligocene Lower and Middle Gualanday deposits, as much as 2,500 m thick, and the Oligocene(?) and early Miocene(?) Upper Gualanday and La Cira formations, as much as 2,000 m thick, constitute two depositional cycles of thick chert-pebble conglomerate overlain by drab, mottled, and reddish-brown mudstone. The third cycle comprises the late Miocene Honda Formation, as much as 3,000 m thick, and composed largely of arkosic and volcanic detritus in local alternations of conglomeratic channel sandstone overlain by floodplain mudstone. A volcanic-rich redbed facies in the upper part of the formation reflects waning accumulation on well-drained alluvial plains. The fourth cycle is the Pliocene(?) Mesa Formation, about 1,000-1,500 m thick, which consists of a lower and upper olygenetic conglomerate and a middle unit of volcanic debris derived from great cones on the Central Cordillera. The upper conglomerate shed largely from the Garzon massif at the southern end of the Eastern Cordillera records the last important aggradation of the region. During and after deposition of the Mesa Formation, the major Andean orogeny, accompanied by continued volcanism on the west, deformed the region and differentially uplifted the entire Eastern Cordillera. With onset of regional uplift, deep erosion produced the present relief.
The poiesis of the question in philosophical hermeneutics: Questioning assessment practices for alcohol use disorders

Philosophical hermeneutics is a way of thinking and a research method that is an in depth analysis of experience. It illuminates often-overlooked practices, generates understandings, and informs practice by raising new questions that analyse, modify, and extend extant knowledge. In this analysis, the experience of questioning is explored as it relates to philosophical hermeneutics and as it is uncovered in a study using philosophical hermeneutic research methods. The current study revealed questioning practices that are useful in the assessment and diagnosis of alcohol use problems. This paper explores the hermeneutic concept of "the question" by explicating the methodological steps of a philosophical hermeneutic study and, through the study example, shows how the hermeneutic questioning process informs and also results from a poiesis, or putting together, of the known and the unknown through hermeneutic inquiry. Key words: Philosophical hermeneutics, interpretive phenomenology, alcohol use disorders, Heidegger, Gadamer, hermeneutic methods
Epididymitis in patients with anorectal malformations: a cause for urologic concern.

ARTICLE INfO Results: Twenty-six patients were identified with documented episodes of epididymitis. Renal injury was noted in five patients (19%), all of whom were diagnosed with neuro- genic bladder (NGB) several years after anorectoplasty. NGB was found in ten patients (38%) in our series. Ectopic insertion of ureter into a mesonephric ductal structure was discovered in five patients (19%). Twelve patients (46%) had recurrent episodes of epididymitis, with seven of these patients (58%) being diagnosed with NGB. Two patients in the pubertal group presented with a history of epididymitis and complained of ejaculatory pain. Conclusion: Epididymitis in a patient with ARM warrants a comprehensive urologic investigation, particularly in recurrent episodes. Attempts at surgical intervention (e.g. vasectomy) should be avoided until functional assessment of the urinary tract has occurred. Failure to recognize this association may lead to potentially avoidable com- plications and morbidity. Long term urological follow up of these patients is warranted to identify at risk patients and minimize renal deterioration
Integrated flip-chip flex-circuit packaging for power electronics applications

A novel flip-chip flex-circuit packaging platform is described that enables integration of multiple power dies and control circuitry with an advantageous form factor. A key attribute of this packaging platform is to extend the well-established flex-circuit and flip-chip soldering technologies in signal electronics to power electronics applications. The planar interconnection and flip-chip method facilitate multilayer packaging structure with reduced packaging dimensions and reduced packaging parasitics. A half-bridge test vehicle designed and fabricated for DC/AC inverter applications (42 V, 16 A) with an overall flex-circuit module footprint less than 30% that of a discrete device printed circuit board implementation has been modeled and demonstrated experimentally. Electrical results, confirmed with circuit simulation incorporating parasitic inductance electromagnetic modeling, have shown a turn-off voltage overshoot reduction of over 40% and a switching energy loss reduction of 24% with the flip-chip flex-circuit implementation. The power flex platform has a strong potential for integrated multichip power module applications that require minimized packaging size and parasitic inductance for high switching frequency and efficiency.
ARE WE WORKING OUR MANAGERS TOO HARD? EXAMINING THE LINK BETWEEN WORK HOURS AND RESTAURANT MANAGER INTENTIONS TO LEAVE

There is no question that restaurant managers work hard. Here is a job that is often plagued by long daily work hours plus a schedule that may include nights, weekends and holidays. As noted by O'Reilly (1990), company restructuring and heightened competition have left many of today's managers working harder than ever. Speculation exists that the concern with excessive work hours may cause otherwise willing and competent managers to leave the restaurant industry. This study seeks to determine if the nature of hours worked is linked to restaurant manager intentions to leave. The results of the regression analysis reveal that the total number of hours worked was a significant predictor of intentions to leave. Implications for management include hiring more managers and/or shortening the operating hours of the dining establishment.
Personality Correlates of Nonverbal Interview Behavior.

Measured interviewee nonverbal behaviors, which included selected temporal speech behaviors and duration and frequency of interviewee adaptor and illustrator hand movements and gaze at the interviewer. Ss (N = 30) were evaluated for IQ, field dependence, state-trait anxiety, self-monitoring, introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and personal characteristics measured by the Gough Adjective Checklist and Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style. As predicted, the experimental Ss responded to the interviewer latency delay with increased latencies of their own and a reduction in illustrator behavior. Length of interviewee speech utterances during the first 10-minute period of “normal” conversation was related to positive self-descriptions, whereas interviewee interruptions were associated with measures of anxiety, poorer self-adjustment and attentional confusion.
Comparing non-hierarchical models : Application to non-linear mixed effects modeling

There is no method available to compare the fit of two non-hierarchical non-linear mixed effects models, although the common practice is to select the model with the lower objective function. Bootstrapping the log-likelihood differences (LLDs) of non-hierarchical models and constructing a bootstrap confidence interval on the LLDs is proposed for comparing the goodness-of-fit of such models. This is illustrated with different parameterizations of clearance models for an anti-infective agent in a longitudinal pharmacokinetic study which are compared. Additive and exponential models of creatinine clearance as a predictor of clearance are used as examples.
INGROUP VERSUS OUTGROUP CHOICES OF STRATEGY MADE BY BOYS PLAYING A NON-ZERO-SUM GAME

Srrm7nary.-32 boys attending a therapeutic camp for emotionally disturbed children played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game, 2 teams playing on each occasion. Ss choose a competitive or cooperative strategy toward both opponents and partners for 45 triaIs. Partners received more cooperation than opponents (p < .001). This result successfully replicated earlier findings. On the other hand, post-ratings on several types of traits failed to distinguish between ingroup and outgroup. A number of correlations were presented: significant positive correlations occurred in regard to favorability of ratings of ingroup and outgroup and cooperativeness toward ingroup and outgroup. Cooperar~veness in the experimental session did not correlate with counselor ratings on agyrcstion, cooperation, or attention. This study was concerned with inter- and inrragroup relacions in the context of a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game. Several recent discussions of the Prisoner's Dilemma game and summaries of research with the game are available (Gallo & McClintock, 1965; Rapoport 81 Chammah, 1965; Rapoport & Mowshowitz, 1966; Rapoporc & Orwanr, 1962). This study was apparently the first to employ such a youthful sample. In other respects, it was very similar to a previous scitdy of college scudents reporced by Wilson, Chun, and Kayatani (1965). Both the Wilson, et al. study and the present one were different from most Prisoner's Dilemma studies, in that they employed two groups of two in each session rather than two individuals and, in chat they recorded attitudes toward the other players as well as strategy choices. From the Wilson, et nl. sci~dy several conclusions were drawn: (a) as a result of doublec~ossing the average intergroup winnings were substantially below the sum to be expected from cooperation and only one, out of 20 teams, won an amount equal to the joint payoff for cooperation; (b) partners received far - more cooperarive choices than did opponents, 55% versus 22%; and (c) better arcirudes developed toward the parcner, but chis bias occurred only in the case of racings on game-relevant motive traits and did not occur in the case of sociometric, personality, or ability traits. On the basis of this lasr finding it was suggested thar biased intergroup attitildes ofcen serve to rationalize an embarrassing, frustrating status qu-for which both groups may be equally guilty-by interpreting it in terms of the foibles of the ourgroup. In many contexcs, in order to achieve such rationaliza[ion, ic is necessary to distorc one's perceptions of che oucgroup only in regard to motives relevanr to the conflict situation, hence, the differential bias. It seemed desirable to replicate the Wilson, et al. design with a younger
Impulse waveform effects on negative point voltage/time characteristics in gamma irradiated SF/sub 6/

Comparative time lag measurements were conducted for a point-to-plane geometry at 0.1 and 0.2 MPa using both steep-fronted impulses and lightning surges over the time scale 10 ns to 1 ms. The time scale over which breakdown occurs under low overvoltages was found to be the most basic difference between the two responses. Statistical analysis of the terminal measurements revealed a transition in the distribution of failure times from one population to another. The transition was pressure and waveform dependent. Corona stabilization was shown to generate a distinct anomaly in the voltage/time curve for the lightning surge which was not mirrored in the characteristics generated under the steep-fronted impulse application. Fast rising surges did not cause anomalous behavior in the voltage/time characteristics over the nanosecond region, and were not inducive to stabilization like long-fronted impulses. >
Low Hepatic Mg(2+) Content promotes Liver dysmetabolism: Implications for the Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic Syndrome, a pathological condition affecting approximately 35% of the USA population, is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome is considered the single most common condition predisposing to the development of various chronic diseases including diabetes and hypertension. Hypomagnesaemia has been consistently observed in association with metabolic syndrome, but it is unclear whether reduced Mg2+ levels are the consequence or a possible cause for the development of the metabolic syndrome and/or its associated pathologies. Research performed in our laboratory showed that rats exposed for 2 weeks to a Mg2+ deficient diet presented decreased glucose accumulation into the hepatocytes together with low Mg2+ level in the circulation and within the liver cells. To better investigate the changes in glucose metabolism, HepG2 were used to mimic in vitro Mg2+ deficiency conditions. HepG2 cells cultured in low extracellular Mg2+ presented a 20% decrease in total cellular Mg2+ content, reduced glucose accumulation, and enhanced glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The increased G6P transport was associated with its enhanced hydrolysis by the glucose 6- phosphatase, but also conversion to 6-phosphogluconolactone by the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The latter process resulted in the increased generation of NADPH within the ER and the increased conversion of cortisone to cortisol by the 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11-β-OHSD1). Taken together, our results provide compelling evidence that Mg2+ deficiency precedes and actually promotes some of the hepatic dysmetabolisms typical of the metabolic syndrome. The decrease in intrahepatic Mg2+ content up-regulates G6P entry into the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and its routing into the pentose shunt pathway for energetic purposes. The associated increased in NADPH production within the ER then stimulates cortisol production, setting the conditions for hepatic insulin resistance and further altering liver metabolism.
Microglia and Astrocytes in Neuro-Aids, Alzheimers Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis

INTRODUCTION. The central nervous system (CNS) has traditionally been regarded as an immunologically privileged and isolated organ. This immunoisolation is achieved through the specific structure of the blood brain barrier and CNS immunosuppressive microenvironment. 1,2 However, activated macrophage/microglia (MO) and astrocytes participate in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases through expressing of MHC and adhesion molecules and releasing reactive oxygen intermediates, quinolinic acid, chemokines, cytokines, and other components of inflammation. The role of macroglia/macrophages and astrocytes in cellular/molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of three common dementias; HIV-associated dementia (HAD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) have been studied. Each disease had its specific clinical course and symptomatology that are well known. At the cellular and molecular levels there are both common and distinct features that are under study and require further elucidation. Recently Link et al. 3 indicated support for roles of both microglia and astrocytes in regulating demyelination in MS. We have generalized this significant concept of neuropathogenesis to HAD and AD. HIV-1 infection is the original insult in Neuro-AIDS. In fact, our results indicate that there are neurovirulent strains of HIV-1 that invade the brain. Furthermore, we have published preliminary studies showing that there is brain regional heterogeneity of macrophage/microglia, virus load, and virus strains. At the cellular level, there is a greater virus load in central nervous system (CNS) macrophage/microglia than in peripheral nervous system (PNS) macrophages. In both tissues, macrophages appear to be involved in pathogenesis and produce toxic molecules including cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, we have demonstrated increased NO synthase in brain interneurons of drug abusers with AIDS associated with increased neuronal death (manuscript under review). The etiologies of AD and MS remain unknown. However, cellular/molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are specific manifestations of these diseases. For example, it is clear that AD results from production of aberrant eta-amyloid proteins and oligopeptides. Microglia and astrocytes are activated as a result and are associated with further damage. Demyelination in MS involves lipid-laden macrophages perhaps spurred by viral and other antigens. In all three diseases cytokine/chemokine communication between microglia and astrocytes occur and apoptosis is a mechanism of neuronal death. Also, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes occurs in MS.
Peptide Interactions Stabilize and Restructure Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 To Interact with p53

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 (16E6) binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP and p53, thereby targeting degradation of p53 (M. Scheffner, B. A. Werness, J. M. Huibregtse, A. J. Levine, and P. M. Howley, Cell 63:1129–1136, 1990). Here we show that minimal 16E6-binding LXXLL peptides reshape 16E6 to confer p53 interaction and stabilize 16E6 in vivo but that degradation of p53 by 16E6 requires E6AP expression. These experiments establish a general mechanism for how papillomavirus E6 binding to LXXLL peptides reshapes E6 to then act as an adapter molecule.
Mach: a foundation for open systems (operating systems)

An alternative approach to building an entire operating system (OS) separating those parts of the OS that control the basic hardware resources (the kernel) from those that determine the unique characteristics of an OS environment, is examined, taking the Mach kernel as an example. Mach features which support OS emulation are discussed. In-kernel and out-of-kernel emulation are described. Two instances of the latter approach, the multithreaded Unix server and the multiserver Unix, are considered. Related work and Mach availability are addressed. >
Complementary Immunolocalization Patterns of Cell Wall Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins Studied with the Use of Antibodies Directed against Different Carbohydrate Epitopes

Antisera raised against the major hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) in carrot (Daucus carota L.) taproot, extensin-1, and a minor HRGP, extensin-2, were characterized by western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and periodate oxidation and found to be directed against carbohydrate epitopes shared by both glycoproteins. The anti-extensin-1 antibodies (gE1) target periodate-sensitive epitopes and may recognize the terminal [alpha]-1,3-arabinoside of extensin-1. The anti-extensin-2 antibodies (gE2) recognize periodate-insensitive epitopes, possibly binding the reducing, internal [beta]-1,2-arabinosides on the carbohydrate side chains. Despite the cross-reactivity of these antibodies, immunolocalization studies of carrot taproot and green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaf tissues reveal a spatial segregation of gE1- and gE2-labeling patterns. The gE1 antibodies bind only to the cellulose-rich region of the cell wall (J.P. Staehelin and L.A. Stafstrom [1988] Planta 174: 321–)332), whereas gE2 labeling is restricted to the expanded middle lamella at three cell junctions. Periodate oxidation of nonosmicated, thin-sectioned tissue abolishes gE1 labeling but leads to labeling of the entire cell wall by gE2, presumably as a result of unmasking cryptic epitopes on extensin-1 in the cellulose layer. Purified extensin-2 protein is more efficient than extensin-1 protein at agglutinating avirulent Pseudomonas strains lacking extracellular polysaccharide. Our results indicate that extensin-2 does not form a heterologous HRGP network with extensin-1 and that, in contrast to extensin-1, which appears to serve a structural role, extensin-2 could participate in passive defense responses against phytopathogenic bacteria.
Clovis hunting and large mammal extinction: A critical review of the evidence

The North American archaeological phenomenon known as Clovis is famous for the fact that a number of sites that contain diagnostic Clovis artifacts also contain the remains of mammoth and perhaps other extinct genera. In the past, this has led many to assume that Clovis subsistence adaptations were organized around large, now-extinct mammals. It has also seemed to support the argument that the colonization of the Americas by hunters about 11,500 years ago caused the extinction, either directly or indirectly, of some 35 genera of primarily large mammals. Here, we review all sites known to us that have been suggested to provide evidence for the association of Clovis-age archaeological material with the remains of now-extinct Pleistocene mammals. Of the 76 sites reviewed, only 14 provide strong evidence that Clovis-aged people hunted such mammals. Of these sites, 12 contain the remains of mammoth, while two contain the remains of mastodon. Although the prime focus of the analysis we present is on Clovis-age archaeological associations with now-extinct mammals, we conclude that there is no evidence provided by the North American archaeological record to support the argument that people played a significant role in causing Pleistocene extinctions here.
Design of shuttle radar topography mapper (SRTM)

A radar interferometric topography mapper designed to acquire digital elevation maps of the earth's surface from the Space Shuttle is described and its performance estimated. The system described is capable of acquiring a topographic map of all of the earth between 54 degree(s)S and 60 degree(s)N latitude to a height accuracy of 16 meters absolute. This planned mission will be the first use of radar interferometry to acquire topographic data on a global scale, the data of which will have significant impact of many applications. The system uses the previously flown SIR- C C-Band synthetic aperture radar system augmented by a second interferometric antenna deployed 60 meters from the Shuttle. The operation of the system, which requires the simultaneous use of dual polarization radars operating with horizontal and vertical polarizations with electronic beam scanning, is described. Performance parameters which drive the vertical height accuracy of this system and the implementation of solutions necessary to meet the performance objectives are described.
A portrait of John Crompton's career: running a marathon at quarter mile pace

When asked byMetinKozak towrite a biography of JohnCrompton, Iwas both honoured and apprehensive. I was honoured as I could not havemore respect for another human being than I do for John; apprehensive as I often refer to John as the Pope of our field. Some of his official titles at Texas A&M include: University Distinguished Professor, Regents Professor, Presidential Professor of Teaching Excellence, and Senior Fellow. As the grad student of one of his grad students (Sheila Backman), I not only know John as a friend, mentor, and extraordinary athlete, but also asmyacademic “grandpa”. I have thus been influenced by John both directly through my time working with him and indirectly through Sheila. Without Sheila’s guidance I might have missed out on working directly with John. She always spoke extremely positively about working with him, and much of the way in which she mentored me she formulated from how John had mentored her. When I was contemplating which job I should take upon finishing my Ph.D., she made it very clear where I should work, by emphatically telling me, “if you have a chance to work with Dr Crompton, and turn it down, I will never talk to you again.” I could not feel more fortunate to still be on speaking terms with Sheila. From the first week I started at A&M, John has mentored me. He has done it by simply asking “how’s the writing going?” or “what are you working on?” He has helped edit my writing, has given me a sounding board for ideas, and has shown me through actions and words how to be a faculty member. Yet, more importantly, he has shown me how to find passion in what I do (both at work and in my leisure) and how to be a good citizen to the department and the field. I cannot thank John enough for these gifts. John’s personal impact on our field is likely greater than anyone else’s. He has published more than any other scholar in the fields of both tourism and parks and recreation. Yet, his publications are but the tip of the iceberg of his impact. He excels at teaching both undergraduate and graduate students, has given extraordinary service to the field and his community, and is a truly great person. John’s outputs go well beyond what he himself has accomplished because, like a great coach or leader, he gets the most out of all who have come into contact with him. He has done this in a career that has spanned more than 40 years. Yet, through all his accomplishments, he has been extremely humble and down to earth and does not appear to be slowing down.
Growth and development of infants with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Purpose To observe changes in audiology, intellectual development, behavior development, and physical growth during systematic follow-up of infants with asymptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Materials and methods Fifty-two infants diagnosed with asymptomatic congenital HCMV infection from July 2003 to July 2007 served as the infection group, and 21 healthy infants served as the control group. All infants were confirmed to have HCMV infection by Fluorescent Quantative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR). In both the infection and control groups, the neonates and infants at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year of age underwent examinations. Results 1) 20 items of National Black Nurses Association (NBNA) scores of neonates 12-14 days after birth in 2 groups were 38.3 +/- 1.95 and 38.5 +/- 2.29, without significant differences. 2) Auditory test: 50 ears of 25 cases in the infection group showed abnormal auditory thresholds in V waves with an abnormal rate of 14%, while no abnormalities were found in 21 cases in the control group. 3) Mental and psychomotor development index scores in the control group (107.49 +/- 11.31 and 107.19 +/- 10.98) were compared with those in 41 asymptomatically infected infants at 1 year of age (107.21 +/- 9.96 and 108.31 +/- 11.25), and no statistically significant difference was noted. Conclusion 1) An elevated threshold in the V wave was present in asymptomatically infected infants, but could not be detected through otoacoustic emission (OAE) screening. 2) Either in the neonatal or infant periods, asymptomatic congenital HCMV infection did not have a significant influence on nervous behavior or on physical and intellectual development.
How Students Perceive Risk: A Study of Senior Capstone Project Teams

One view of software engineering project management is that it is the portion of a project that is involved with managing tasks, resources, assignments and deadlines. Certainly, many of the daily activities for a software project manager might be categorized in such a way; however, these activities merely serve as surrogates for the principal responsibility of the project manager: risk management. Risk management includes identification, analysis, and mitigation of risks that, should the risks materialize, have the potential for negatively impacting the completion of a project. In this paper we approach the problem of risk management for IT projects from the perspective of the developers, and pursue an understanding of how student developers perceive project risks using Tiwana and Keil's "one-minute risk assessment tool". We present the results of a study of perceived project risk for different IT projects completed by more than 50 senior undergraduate students during the 2005/2006 academic year.
Robust Control of Linear Systems With Disturbances Bounded in a State Dependent Set

This technical note examines attractiveness and minimality of invariant sets for linear systems subject to additive disturbances confined in a state-dependent set. Existence of a minimal attractor is proved under the assumption that the state-dependent set, in which the disturbance is confined, is upper-semi-continuous. In many practical applications, the disturbance may evolve in a compact set while being generated by a dynamic process with a given model and bounded input. Our results for systems subject to general disturbances confined in state-dependent sets are applied to this case to prove the existence of a minimal robust invariant attractor.
Streptococcus bovis Bacteremia and Meningitis Associated with Strongyloides stercoralis Colitis in a Patient Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

We present a case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection complicated by Streptococcus bovis meningitis and bacteremia and severe Strongyloides stercoralis colitis. The association between S. bovis infection and strongyloidiasis has not been described previously. This case highlights the importance of searching for larvae of S. stercoralis as part of the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract of patients with bacteremia or meningitis due to certain enteric organisms. The role of HIV infection in the development of severe S. stercoralis colitis in association with S. bovis bacteremia and meningitis is unclear.
Activation and role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis

The bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA) is a known tumor promoter and it has been suggested that DCA-induced apoptosis plays an important role in colon tumor development. In this study we have characterized the capacity of DCA to stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and examined the effect that MAPK activity had on DCA-induced apoptosis. Analysis of MAPK activity in DCA-treated HCT116 cells using phosphorylation-specific antibodies and in vitro kinase assays indicated that both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK (p38), but not the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), were activated. Using pharmacological inhibitors we determined that only ERK could influence DCA cytotoxicity and that elevated ERK activity could suppress DCA-induced apoptosis. This observation was confirmed genetically. Suppressing ERK activity by overexpressing a dominant negative form of the ERK MAP kinase resulted in increased sensitivity to DCA-induced apoptosis whereas elevated ERK activity artificially produced by overexpression of the wild-type ERK kinase blunted DCA-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that DCA can stimulate pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and that sensitivity to DCA-induced apoptosis can be modulated by the ERK MAP kinase.
Lymphotoxin-α1β2 and LIGHT Induce Classical and Noncanonical NF-κB-Dependent Proinflammatory Gene Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Activation of the classical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways by ligation of the lymphotoxin (LT)-β receptor (LTβR) plays a crucial role in lymphoid organogenesis and in the generation of ectopic lymphoid tissue at sites of chronic inflammation. Within these microenvironments, LTβR signaling regulates the phenotype of the specialized high endothelial cells. However, the direct effects of LTβR ligation on endothelial cells remain unclear. We therefore questioned whether LTβR ligation could directly activate endothelial cells and regulate classical and noncanonical NF-κB-dependent gene expression. We demonstrate that the LTβR ligands LIGHT and LTα1β2 activate both NF-κB pathways in HUVECs and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC). Classical pathway activation was less robust than TNF-induced signaling; however, only LIGHT and LTα1β2 and not TNF activated the noncanonical pathway. LIGHT and LTα1β2 induced the expression of classical NF-κB-dependent genes in HUVEC, including those encoding the adhesion molecules E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Consistent with this stimulation, LTβR ligation up-regulated T cell adhesion to HUVEC. Furthermore, the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12 was up-regulated by LIGHT and LTα1β2 but not TNF in both HUVEC and HDMEC. Using HUVEC retrovirally transduced with dominant negative IκB kinase α, we demonstrate that CXCL12 expression is regulated by the noncanonical pathway in endothelial cells. Our findings therefore demonstrate that LTβR ligation regulates gene expression in endothelial cells via both NF-κB pathways and we identify CXCL12 as a bona fide noncanonical NF-κB-regulated gene in these cells.
Small-x F 2 structure function of a nucleus including multiple Pomeron exchanges

We derive an equation determining the small-x evolution of the F{sub 2} structure function of a large nucleus which includes all multiple Pomeron exchanges in the leading logarithmic approximation using Mueller{close_quote}s dipole model. We show that in the double leading logarithmic limit this evolution equation reduces to the Gribov-Levin-Ryskin equation. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Manipulating the lateral diffusion of surface-anchored EGF demonstrates that receptor clustering modulates phosphorylation levels

Upon activation, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor becomes phosphorylated and triggers a vast signaling network that has profound effects on cell growth. The EGF receptor is observed to assemble into clusters after ligand binding and tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation, but the role of these assemblies in the receptor signaling pathway remains unclear. To address this question, we measured the phosphorylation of EGFR when the EGF ligand was anchored onto laterally mobile and immobile surfaces. We found that cells generated clusters of ligand–receptor complex on mobile EGF surfaces, and displayed a lower ratio of phosphorylated EGFR to EGF when compared to immobilized EGF that is unable to cluster. This result was verified by tuning the lateral assembly of ligand–receptor complexes on the surface of living cells using patterned supported lipid bilayers. Nanoscale metal lines fabricated into the supported membrane constrained lipid diffusion and EGF receptor assembly into micron and sub-micron scale corrals. Single cell analysis indicated that clustering impacts EGF receptor activation, and larger clusters (>1 μm2) of ligand–receptor complex generated lower EGF receptor phosphorylation per ligand than smaller assemblies (<1 μm2) in HCC1143 cells that were engaged to ligand-functionalized surfaces. We investigated the mechanism of EGFR clustering by treating cells with compounds that disrupt the cytoskeleton (Latrunculin B), clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Pitstop2), and inhibit EGFR activation (Gefitinib). These results help elucidate the nature of large-scale EGFR clustering, thus underscoring the general significance of receptor spatial organization in tuning biochemical function.
Comprehensive Review of Emerging Technologies for Congestion Reduction and Safety

The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (NYMTC) funded a project executed by a team from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to perform a comprehensive scan of emerging technologies that could affect transportation in the New York City metropolitan region in the next 20 years. A primary goal of the technology scan is to develop a document that serves as a one-stop shop for emerging technology that may be considered for implementation by different transportation agencies in the NYMTC region. This paper briefly presents the different emerging technologies, their characteristics, and important results from the project pertaining to congestion reduction and safety objectives.
Teaching evidence-based medicine using Educational Prescriptions in general practice

This article describes a new method of teaching evidence-based medicine in one training general practice which has been popular with the registrar and partners in the practice. The teaching and learning with an Educational Prescription aims to equip the registrar with skills for lifelong, problem-centred, self-directed learning. The scheme can easily be introduced into any training or teaching practice.
FIELDWORK IN SCHOOLS: WHERE THE TRADITION OF DEFERRED JUDGMENT MEETS A SUBCULTURE OBSESSED WITH EVALUATION

My first thought for this address was to report in some detail the most recent fieldwork that I have been pursuing. My explicit purpose in presenting such an interim report would have been to inform you of the analysis I am making and to invite collegial review. I need not completely forego that opportunity, since earlier this year I prepared and presented a paper that I will be happy to share with those of you who are interested (1974). My attention has been directed to drawing upon appropriate techniques from ethnographic fieldwork to record what happened during the nowconcluded introduction of an educational innovation in
Recruitment of rural teachers in developing countries: an economic analysis

Abstract Monetary and non-monetary incentives for rural teacher recruitment are a prominent feature of developing-country education systems. Despite the widespread use of incentives, there is little theoretical or empirical evidence on their effectiveness. This paper interprets incentive policies within the framework of the economic theory of compensating differentials. The discussion clarifies the implicit assumptions of incentive policies and aids in organizing further empirical work on their effectiveness. Existing evidence on compensating differentials, mainly in the United States, shows that teachers tend to trade off monetary wages against non-monetary aspects of their jobs, such as geographic location and class size.