cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-fidelity simulations of moving and flexible airfoils at low Reynolds numbers

The present paper highlights results derived from the application of a high-fidelity simulation technique to the analysis of low-Reynolds-number transitional flows over moving and flexible canonical configurations motivated by small natural and man-made flyers. This effort addresses three separate fluid dynamic phenomena relevant to small fliers, including: laminar separation and transition over a stationary airfoil, transition effects on the dynamic stall vortex generated by a plunging airfoil, and the effect of flexibility on the flow structure above a membrane airfoil. The specific cases were also selected to permit comparison with available experimental measurements. First, the process of transition on a stationary SD7003 airfoil section over a range of Reynolds numbers and angles of attack is considered. Prior to stall, the flow exhibits a separated shear layer which rolls up into spanwise vortices. These vortices subsequently undergo spanwise instabilities, and ultimately breakdown into fine-scale turbulent structures as the boundary layer reattaches to the airfoil surface. In a timeaveraged sense, the flow displays a closed laminar separation bubble which moves upstream and contracts in size with increasing angle of attack for a fixed Reynolds number. For a fixed angle of attack, as the Reynolds number decreases, the laminar separation bubble grows in vertical extent producing a significant increase in drag. For the lowest Reynolds number considered \((Re_c = 10^4)\), transition does not occur over the airfoil at moderate angles of attack prior to stall. Next, the impact of a prescribed high-frequency small-amplitude plunging motion on the transitional flow over the SD7003 airfoil is investigated. The motioninduced high angle of attack results in unsteady separation in the leading edge and in the formation of dynamic-stalllike vortices which convect downstream close to the airfoil. At the lowest value of Reynolds number \((Re_c = 10^4)\), transition effects are observed to be minor and the dynamic stall vortex system remains fairly coherent. For \(Re_c = 4 \times 10^4\), the dynamic-stall vortex system is laminar at is inception, however shortly afterwards, it experiences an abrupt breakdown associated with the onset of spanwise instability effects. The computed phased-averaged structures for both values of Reynolds number are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the effect of structural compliance on the unsteady flow past a membrane airfoil is investigated. The membrane deformation results in mean camber and large fluctuations which improve aerodynamic performance. Larger values of lift and a delay in stall are achieved relative to a rigid airfoil configuration. For \(Re_c = 4.85 \times 10^4\), it is shown that correct prediction of the transitional process is critical to capturing the proper membrane structural response.
Effective Instructional Strategies for Kindergarten and First-Grade Students at Risk in Mathematics.

This article provides an overview of effective instructional strategies and interventions for kindergarten and first-grade students at risk in mathematics. The article reviews instructional strategies and interventions within a multitier instructional model in order to provide a framework for teachers and schools looking to increase the effectiveness of their instructional support in the area of mathematics.
On the evolution of clusters of near-duplicate Web pages

We expand on a 1997 study of the amount and distribution of near-duplicate pages on the World Wide Web. We downloaded a set of 150 million Web pages on a weekly basis over the span of 11 weeks. We then determined which of these pages are near-duplicates of one another, and tracked how clusters of near-duplicate documents evolved over time. We found that 29.2% of all Web pages are very similar to other pages, and that 22.2% are virtually identical to other pages. We also found that clusters of near-duplicate documents are fairly stable: Two documents that are near-duplicates of one another are very likely to still be near-duplicates 10 weeks later. This result is of significant relevance to search engines: Web crawlers can be fairly confident that two pages that have been found to be near-duplicates of one another will continue to be so for the foreseeable future, and may thus decide to recrawl only one version of that page, or at least to lower the download priority of the other versions, thereby freeing up crawling resources that can be brought to bear more productively somewhere else.
An Effective Error Control Scheme for Satellite Communications

The conventional go-back- N ARQ is inadequate for error control on satellite channels due to the large round-trip delay and high bit rate. The throughput efficiency of this system drops rapidly as the channel error rate increases. In this paper, a variation of the go-back- N ARQ is described. This variation reduces the effect of the round-trip delay, and hence increases the system throughput efficiency. Therefore, it may find applications m satellite communication systems or other systems where round-trip delay is large.
Donor-Acceptor Interaction and Photochemistry of Polymethylene-Linked Bichromophores in Solution

The ground-state and the excited-state spectroscopic properties of four series of polymethylene-linked anthracene−dialkylaniline bichromophores were compared as a probe to the relationship between energetics and distance in photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The results demonstrate that, when the energy level of the charge-transfer (CT) state is lowered below that of the localized excited state by appropriate substituents, there is a strong electron−donor−acceptor (EDA) interaction in the ground state which is absent in other bichromophores. Absorption and fluorescence excitation studies revealed that there is an unusually strong EDA interaction in the ground state of A-2 which is absent in other members in the A series. When A-2 is excited directly into this EDA absorption, it exhibits two CT emissions, one at 490 nm and the other at 605 nm. The quantum yield (τf) and the lifetime (Φf) of the two emissions are dependent on the viscosity of the alkane solvent. The Φf and the τf of the 490 nm emission i...
Muon Production in Relativistic Cosmic-Ray Interactions

Abstract Cosmic-rays with energies up to 3 × 10 20 eV have been observed. The nuclear composition of these cosmic rays is unknown but if the incident nuclei are protons then the corresponding center of mass energy is s n n = 700 TeV . High energy muons can be used to probe the composition of these incident nuclei. The energy spectra of high-energy ( > 1 TeV ) cosmic ray induced muons have been measured with deep underground or under-ice detectors. These muons come from pion and kaon decays and from charm production in the atmosphere. Terrestrial experiments are most sensitive to far-forward muons so the production rates are sensitive to high-x partons in the incident nucleus and low-x partons in the nitrogen/oxygen targets. Muon measurements can complement the central-particle data collected at colliders. This paper will review muon production data and discuss some non-perturbative (soft) models that have been used to interpret the data. I will show measurements of TeV muon transverse momentum ( p T ) spectra in cosmic-ray air showers from MACRO, and describe how the IceCube neutrino observatory and the proposed Km3Net detector will extend these measurements to a higher p T region where perturbative QCD should apply. With a 1 km2 surface area, the full IceCube detector should observe hundreds of muons/year with p T in the pQCD regime.
Time-Limited Property Rights and Investment Incentives

Although it is axiomatic that property rights of infinite duration are necessary for owners to make efficient long term investments in their property, time limits on property rights are pervasive in the law. This paper provides an economic justification for such limits by arguing that they actually enhance property values in the presence of imperfect information. In so doing, the analysis offers a coherent approach for understanding what otherwise appear to be unrelated doctrines in the law.
Efficient large-scale synthesis of 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-N4-benzoyl-5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine.

An efficient process to synthesize 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-N4-benzoyl-5-methyl-2 ′-deoxycytidine in high yield and quality is described. Final benzoylation was improved by developing a method to selectively hydrolyze benzoyl ester impurities. This inexpensive approach was scaled up to multi-kilogram quantities for routine use in oligonucleotide therapeutics.
CONCERNING RACE PREJUDICE

The purpose of this paper is to discuss one of the most insidious forms of prejudice race prejudice. When we refer to a person by saying he belongs to this or that race, we set him apart. If he belongs to a different race from ourselves, we not only isolate him, but also look down on him. Why do we use race as a label of inferiority and superiority? It is obvious that men vary somewhat in the color of their skin, the shape of their heads, the texture of their hair, the color of their eyes, and their stature. But this does not mean that it is an easy matter to divide mankind into separate categories, called "races." Some physical anthropologists at the present time doubt the wisdom, or the reality, of the categories they have created. They doubt the categories because too many individuals who are supposed to belong to a particular race do not meet enough of the specifications set up by the scientists for that "race." In spite of this fact the man in the street is still quite certain about being able to distinguish a white man from a Negro or a Chinese. Much less is it possible to grade-label the different "races" in a series ranging from most superior to most inferior. There may well be innate mental differences corresponding to the differences in physique. But if this is true, they are so minute that no test yet devised has turned up any significant differences that can be laid at the doorstep of physical inheritance, popular opinion to the contrary. Anthropologists have made statements to this effect in no uncertain terms. Yet statements of fact have failed to change much of popular opinion on the subject. The question is, "Why?" As soon as we ask the question, "Why do we use 'race' as a mark of inferiority or superiority?" I believe we can see that, although' race prejudice is actually recent in the world's history, its roots go very deep in the past. For men have seen differences among themselves on grounds other than race for a long time. They have disdained or persecuted groups that did not appear to have the same characteristics, whether the dis-
Stereospecific preparation of trisubstituted allylic alcohols by alkene transfer from boron to zinc

Abstract (Z)-Trialkenylboranes, (R 1 HC=CR 2 ) 3 B, easily prepared by hydroboration of the corresponding alkynes with BMS in THF, rapidly react with commercially available diethylzinc in hydrocarbon solvents, in eithe a 1:3 or 2:3 ratio of or ganoborane to organozinc, to yield an equilibrium mixture, favoring the migration of alkenyl groups from boron to zinc. Addition of an aldehyde to the 2:3 reaction mixture, in the presence of 10 mol % N-methylpiperidine, results in the exclusive transfer of both alkenyl groups from zinc, furnishing diastereomerically pure trisubstituted double bnds in allylic alcohols in good to excellent yields.
Bond and Stock Returns in a Simple Exchange Model

This paper studies asset pricing in a general equilibrium representative agent exchange model. The assumptions of isoelastic period utility and lognormal endowment allow the derivation of closed-form solutions for asset returns without restricting the serial correlation of the log endowment. Risk premiums on stocks and real bonds are found to be simple functions of relative risk aversion, the variance of the log endowment innovation, and the weights in the moving average representation of the log endowment. The paper analyzes the sign of term premiums, the size of the equity premium, and the effect of taste shocks on asset prices.
Generating representation invariants of structurally complex data

Generating likely invariants using dynamic analyses is becoming an increasingly effective technique in software checking methodologies. This paper presents Deryaft, a novel algorithmfor generating likely representation invariants of structurally complex data. Given a small set of concrete structures, Deryaft analyzes their key characteristics to formulate local and global properties that the structures exhibit. For effective formulation of structural invariants, Deryaft focuses on graph properties, including reachability, and views the program heap as an edge-labeled graph. Deryaft outputs a Java predicate that represents the invariants; the predicate takes an input structure and returns true if and only if it satisfies the invariants. The invariants generated by Deryaft directly enable automation of various existing frameworks, such as the Korat test generation framework and the Juzi data structure repair framework, which otherwise require the user to provide the invariants. Experimental results with the Deryaft prototype show that it feasibly generates invariants for a range of subject structures, including libraries as well as a stand-alone application.
EIT and diffusion of atomic coherence

We study experimentally the effect of diffusion of Rb atoms on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a buffer gas vapour cell. In particular, we find that diffusion of atomic coherence in and out of the laser beam plays a crucial role in determining the EIT resonance lineshape and the stored light lifetime.
How do firms adjust director compensation

Abstract This paper examines outside director compensation for a sample of 237 Fortune 500 firms over the 1998–2004 period. We document a trend towards fixed-value equity compensation and away from cash only and fixed-number equity compensation. Adjustments to director compensation are consistent with firms targeting a market level of compensation, and firms that deviate from their market wage symmetrically adjust compensation back toward the market level. We also document the relation between changes in compensation and changes in equity values, and find that upward adjustments begin sooner than downward adjustments. When equity values rise, we find virtually no immediate offset to director compensation. However, when equity values fall, fixed-number equity compensation is adjusted in the same period (by awarding more shares or options) to offset the loss of income by almost one-third. Thus, the magnitude of adjustments towards the market wage level is symmetric, but the timing is not.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Diversion From Standard Prosecution

Over the past two decades, there has been a paradigm shift in how the criminal justice system handles specific types of offenders. The initial impetus for this shift was the long-overdue recognition that standard criminal justice processing was not resulting in meaningful reductions in drug use and criminal recidivism among drug-involved offenders. As a result, courts across the United States began developing specialized dockets designed to address the specific criminogenic risk factors of drug-involved offenders. The advent of drug treatment courts was the beginning of a new generation of specialty courts and other community-based efforts to deal with specific types of offenders. Although these efforts began with a focus on drug-involved offenders, community-based alternatives to standard prosecution were soon developed for other subsets of offenders, including those with mental health problems. Drug courts and mental health courts have received a good deal of attention, but specialty courts are only one type of community-based diversion program. Indeed, there are a range of community-based alternatives to standard prosecution that span the entire criminal justice continuum. In this regard, the Sequential Intercept Model developed by Munetz andGriffin (2006) provides a useful organizing framework. This model describes five points at which standard criminal justice processing can be interrupted (or intercepted) and individuals can be diverted from standard prosecution: (1) law enforcement and emergency services; (2) post-arrest: initial detention/hearing and pre-trial services; (3) post-initial hearings: jails/prisons, courts, forensic evaluations, and commitments; (4) re-entry from jails, prisons, and forensic hospitalization; and (5) community corrections and community support. Each of these intercepts provides an opportunity to intervene with offenders andpotentially break the costly and ineffective cycle of arrest, incarceration, release, and re-arrest that has often characterized the criminal justice system's response to certain types of offenders.This special issue presents the most up-to-date research on diversion from standard prosecution.
CHECKERBOARD JULIA SETS FOR RATIONAL MAPS

In this paper, we consider the family of rational maps where n ≥ 2, d ≥ 1, and λ ∈ ℂ. We consider the case where λ lies in the main cardioid of one of the n - 1 principal Mandelbrot sets in these families. We show that the Julia sets of these maps are always homeomorphic. However, two such maps Fλ and Fμ are conjugate on these Julia sets only if the parameters at the centers of the given cardioids satisfy μ = νj(d+1)λ or where j ∈ ℤ and ν is an (n - 1)th root of unity. We define a dynamical invariant, which we call the minimal rotation number. It determines which of these maps are conjugate on their Julia sets, and we obtain an exact count of the number of distinct conjugacy classes of maps drawn from these main cardioids.
Reconnection in substorms and solar flares: analogies and differences

Abstract. Magnetic reconnection is the crucial process in the release of magnetic energy associated with magnetospheric substorms and with solar flares. On the basis of three-dimensional resistive MHD simulations we investigate similarities and differences between the two scenarios. We address in particular mechanisms that lead to the onset of reconnection and energy release, transport, and conversion mechanisms. Analogous processes might exist in the motion of field line footpoints on the sun and in magnetic flux addition to the magnetotail. In both cases such processes might lead to a loss of neighboring equilibrium, characterized by the formation of a very thin embedded current sheet, which acts as trigger for reconnection. We find that Joule (or ohmic) dissipation plays only a minor role in the overall energy transfer associated with reconnection. The dominant transfer of released magnetic energy occurs to electromagnetic energy (Poynting) flux and to thermal energy transport as enthalpy flux. The former dominates in low-beta, specifically initially force-free current sheets expected for the solar corona, while the latter dominates in high-beta current sheets, such as the magnetotail. In both cases the outflow from the reconnection site becomes bursty, i.e. spatially and temporally localized, yet carrying most of the outflow energy. Hence an analogy might exist between bursty bulk flows (BBFs) in the magnetotail and pulses of Poynting flux in solar flares. Further similarities might exist in the role of collapsing magnetic flux tubes, as a consequence of reconnection, in the heating and acceleration of charged particles.
Neutrino, Neutron, and Cosmic-Ray Production in the External Shock Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts

The hypothesis that ultrahigh-energy (1019 eV) cosmic rays (UHECRs) are accelerated by gamma-ray burst (GRB) blast waves is assumed to be correct. Implications of this assumption are then derived for the external shock model of GRBs. The evolving synchrotron radiation spectrum in GRB blast waves provides target photons for the photomeson production of neutrinos and neutrons. Decay characteristics and radiative efficiencies of the neutral particles that escape from the blast wave are calculated. The diffuse high-energy GRB neutrino background and the distribution of high-energy GRB neutrino events are calculated for specific parameter sets, and a scaling relation for the photomeson production efficiency in surroundings with different densities is derived. GRBs provide an intense flux of high-energy neutrons, with neutron production efficiencies exceeding ~1% of the total energy release. The radiative characteristics of the neutron ?-decay electrons from the GRB neutron bomb are solved in a special case. Galaxies with GRB activity should be surrounded by radiation halos of ~100 kpc extent from the outflowing neutrons, consisting of a nonthermal optical/X-ray synchrotron component and a high-energy gamma-ray component from Compton-scattered microwave background radiation. The peak luminosity emitted by the diffuse ? electron halo from a single GRB with 2 ? 1053 ergs isotropic energy release is ~1035 ergs s-1, with a potentially much brighter signal from the neutron decay protons. The decay halo from a single GRB can persist for 0.1-1 Myr. Stronger neutrino fluxes and neutron decay halos can be produced by external shocks in clumpy external media and in scenarios involving internal shock scenarios, so detection of neutrinos associated with smooth profile GRBs could rule out an impulsive GRB central engine and an external shock model for the prompt phase. The luminosity of sources of GRBs and relativistic outflows in L* galaxies such as the Milky Way is at the level of ~1040?1 ergs s-1. This is sufficient to account for UHECR generation by GRBs. We briefly speculate on the possibility that hadronic cosmic rays originate from the subset of supernovae that collapse to form relativistic outflows and GRBs.
Banks and Microbanks

Using two new datasets, the authors examine whether the presence of banks affects the profitability and outreach of microfinance institutions. They find evidence that competition matters. Greater bank penetration in the overall economy is associated with microbanks pushing toward poorer markets, as reflected in smaller average loans sizes and greater outreach to women. The evidence is particularly strong for microbanks relying on commercial funding and using traditional bilateral lending contracts (rather than the group lending methods favored by microfinance nongovernmental organizations). The analysis considers plausible alternative explanations for the correlations, including relationships that run through the nature of the regulatory environment and the structure of the banking environment; but it fails to find strong support for these alternative hypotheses.
Star Performers in Twenty‐First Century Organizations

We argue that changes in the nature of work in 21st-century organizations have led to the emergence of star performers�a few individuals who contribute a disproportionate amount of output. We describe how stars negate the long-held belief that the distribution of individual performance is normal and, instead, suggest an underlying power law distribution. In addition, we offer 9 propositions to guide future empirical research on star performers and an underlying power law distribution of individual performance. We describe how the presence of stars is likely to affect all individual-, team-, and firm-level management theories addressing individual performance directly or indirectly, but focus on specific implications for those addressing human capital, turnover, compensation, downsizing, leadership, teamwork, corporate entrepreneurship, and microfoundations of strategy. In addition, we discuss methodological considerations necessary to carry out our proposed research agenda. Finally, we discuss how a consideration of star performers has important implications for management practice.
Continuous time channels with interference

Khanna and Sudan [2] studied a natural model of continuous time channels where signals are corrupted by the effects of both noise and delay, and showed that, surprisingly, in some cases both are not enough to prevent such channels from achieving unbounded capacity. Inspired by their work, we consider channels that model continuous time communication with adversarial delay errors. The sender is allowed to subdivide time into an arbitrarily large number M of micro-units in which binary symbols may be sent, but the symbols are subject to unpredictable delays and may interfere with each other. We model interference by having symbols that land in the same micro-unit of time be summed, and we study k-interference channels, which allow receivers to distinguish sums up to the value k. We consider both a channel adversary that has a limit on the maximum number of steps it can delay each symbol, and a more powerful adversary that only has a bound on the average delay. We give precise characterizations of the threshold between finite and infinite capacity depending on the interference behavior and on the type of channel adversary: for max-bounded delay, the threshold is at D max = Θ (M log (min{k, M})), and for average bounded delay the threshold is at D avg = Θ (√M min{k, M}).
Bounds on the entropy of patterns of I.I.D. sequences

Bounds on the entropy of patterns of sequences generated by independently identically distributed (i.i.d.) sources are derived. A pattern is a sequence of indices that contains all consecutive integer indices in increasing order of first occurrence. If the alphabet of a source that generated a sequence is unknown, the inevitable cost of coding the unknown alphabet symbols can be exploited to create the pattern of the sequence. This pattern can in turn be compressed by itself. The bounds derived here are functions of the i.i.d. source entropy, alphabet size, and letter probabilities. It is shown that for large alphabets, the pattern entropy must decrease from the i.i.d. one. The decrease is in many cases more significant than the universal coding redundancy bounds derived in prior works. The pattern entropy is confined between two bounds that depend on the arrangement of the letter probabilities in the probability space. For very large alphabets whose size may be greater than the coded pattern length, all low probability letters are packed into one symbol. The pattern entropy is upper and lower bounded in terms of the i.i.d. entropy of the new packed alphabet. Correction terms, which are usually negligible, are provided for both upper and lower bounds.
Iridium-Catalyzed anti-Diastereo- and Enantioselective Carbonyl (α-Trifluoromethyl)allylation from the Alcohol or Aldehyde Oxidation Level

Using the ortho-cyclometalated π-allyl iridium precatalyst (R)-I derived from [Ir(cod)Cl]2, 4-cyano-3-nitrobenzoic acid, (R)-SEGPHOS, and allyl acetate, enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of α-(trimethylsilyl)allyl acetate in the presence of aldehydes 2a−i mediated by 2-propanol delivers products of (trimethylsilyl)allylation 4a−i in good isolated yields and with exceptional levels of anti-diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity (90−99% ee). In the absence of 2-propanol, but under otherwise identical reaction conditions, carbonyl (trimethylsilyl)allylation is achieved directly from the alcohol oxidation level to furnish an equivalent set of adducts 4a−i with roughly equivalent isolated yields and stereoselectivities. To evaluate the synthetic utility of the reaction products 4a−i, adduct 4g was converted to the 1,4-ene-diol 5g via dioxirane-mediated oxidative desilylation with allylic transposition, the allylic alcohol 6g via protodesilylation with allylic transposition, and the γ-lactam 7g via c...
Structure of the Malvenuto–Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations

We analyze the structure of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra SSym of permutations in detail. We give explicit formulas for its antipode, prove that it is a cofree coalgebra, determine its primitive elements and its coradical filtration, and show that it decomposes as a crossed product over the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. In addition, we describe the structure constants of the multiplication as a certain number of facets of the permutahedron. As a consequence we obtain a new interpretation of the product of monomial quasi-symmetric functions in terms of the facial structure of the cube. The Hopf algebra of Malvenuto and Reutenauer has a linear basis indexed by permutations. Our results are obtained from a combinatorial description of the Hopf algebraic structure with respect to a new basis for this algebra, related to the original one via Mobius inversion on the weak order on the symmetric groups. This is in analogy with the relationship between the monomial and funda- mental bases of the algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. Our results reveal a close relationship between the structure of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra and the weak order on the symmetric groups.
Experimental demonstration of beam-beam compensation by Tevatron electron lenses and prospects for the LHC

Electromagnetic long-range and head-on interactions of high intensity proton and antiproton beams are significant sources of beam loss and lifetime limitations in the Tevatron Collider Run II (2001-present). We present observations of the beam-beam phenomena in the Tevatron and results of relevant beam studies. We analyze the data and various methods employed in high energy physics (HEP) operation, predict the performance for planned luminosity upgrades and discuss ways to improve it.
Multilevel Coding for Channels with Non-uniform Inputs and Rateless Transmission over the BSC

We consider coding schemes for channels with non-uniform inputs (NUI), where standard linear block codes can not be applied directly. We show that multilevel coding (MLC) with a set of linear codes and a deterministic mapper can achieve the information rate of the channel with NUI. The mapper, however, does not have to be one-to-one. As an application of the proposed MLC scheme, we present a rateless transmission scheme over the binary symmetric channel (BSC).
Rice consumption and cancer incidence in US men and women

While both the 2012 and 2014 Consumer Reports concerned arsenic levels in US rice, no previous study has evaluated long-term consumption of total rice, white rice and brown rice in relation to risk of developing cancers. We investigated this in the female Nurses' Health Study (1984-2010), and Nurses' Health Study II (1989-2009), and the male Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008), which included a total of 45,231 men and 160,408 women, free of cancer at baseline. Validated food frequency questionnaires were used to measure rice consumption at baseline and repeated almost every 4 years thereafter. We employed Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate multivariable relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). During up to 26 years of follow-up, we documented 31,655 incident cancer cases (10,833 in men and 20,822 in women). Age-adjusted results were similar to multivariable-adjusted results. Compared to participants with less than one serving per week, the multivariable RRs of overall cancer for individuals who ate at least five servings per week were 0.97 for total rice (95% CI: 0.85-1.07), 0.87 for white rice (95% CI: 0.75-1.01), and 1.17 for brown rice (95% CI: 0.90-1.26). Similar non-significant associations were observed for specific sites of cancers including prostate, breast, colon and rectum, melanoma, bladder, kidney, and lung. Additionally, the null associations were observed among European Americans and non-smokers, and were not modified by BMI. Long-term consumption of total rice, white rice or brown rice was not associated with risk of developing cancer in US men and women.
ON THE EVOLUTIONARY STABILITY OF RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

Evolutionary game theory provides a fresh perspective on the prospect that agents with heterogeneous expectations might eventually come to agree on a single expectation corresponding to the efficient markets hypothesis. We establish conditions under which agreement on a unique forecast is stable, but also show that persistent heterogeneous expectations can arise if those conditions do not hold. The critical element is the degree of curvature in the payoff weighting functions agents use to value forecasting performance. We illustrate our results in the context of an asset pricing model where a martingale solution competes with the fundamental solution for agents' attention.
Distributed algorithms for multicast path setup in data networks

Establishing a multicast tree in a point-to-point network of switch nodes, such as a wide-area asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, can be modeled as the NP-complete Steiner problem in networks. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate two distributed algorithms for finding multicast trees in point-to-point data networks. These algorithms are based on the centralized Steiner heuristics, the shortest path heuristic (SPH) and the Kruskal-based shortest path heuristic (K-SPH), and have the advantage that only the multicast members and nodes in the neighborhood of the multicast tree need to participate in the execution of the algorithm. We compare our algorithms by simulation against a baseline algorithm, the pruned minimum spanning-tree heuristic that is the basis of many previously published algorithms for finding multicast trees. Our results show that the competitiveness (the ratio of the sum of the heuristic tree's edge weights to that of the best solution found) of both of our algorithms was, on the average, 25% better in comparison to that of the pruned spanning-tree approach. In addition, the competitiveness of our algorithms was, in almost all cases, within 10% of the best solution found by any of the Steiner heuristics considered, including both centralized and distributed algorithms. Limiting the execution of the algorithm to a subset of the nodes in the network results in an increase in convergence time over the pruned spanning-tree approach, but this overhead can be reduced by careful implementation.
The physics of star formation

Our current understanding of the physical processes of star formation is reviewed, with emphasis on processes occurring in molecular clouds like those observed nearby. The dense cores of these clouds are predicted to undergo gravitational collapse characterized by the runaway growth of a central density peak that evolves towards a singularity. As long as collapse can occur, rotation and magnetic fields do not change this qualitative behaviour. The result is that a very small embryonic star or protostar forms and grows by accretion at a rate that is initially high but declines with time as the surrounding envelope is depleted. Rotation causes some of the remaining matter to form a disk around the protostar, but accretion from protostellar disks is not well understood and may be variable. Most, and possibly all, stars form in binary or multiple systems in which gravitational interactions can play a role in redistributing angular momentum and driving episodes of disk accretion. Variable accretion may account for some peculiarities of young stars such as flareups and jet production, and protostellar interactions in forming systems of stars will also have important implications for planet formation. The most massive stars form in the densest environments by processes that are not yet well understood but may include violent interactions and mergers. The formation of the most massive stars may have similarities to the formation and growth of massive black holes in very dense environments.
Massive Star Formation, Outflows, and Anomalous H2 Emission in Mol 121 (IRAS 20188+3928)

We have discovered 12 new molecular hydrogen emission-line objects (MHOs) in the vicinity of the candidate massive young stellar object Mol 121, in addition to five that were previously known. H2 2.12 μm/H2 2.25 μm flux ratios indicate another region dominated by fluorescence from a photodissociation region, and one region that displays an anomalously low H2 2.12 μm/H2 2.25 μm flux ratio (<1) and coincides with a previously reported deeply embedded source (DES). Continuum observations at 3 mm reveal five dense cores; the brightest core is coincident with the DES. The next brightest cores are both associated with centimeter continuum emission. One of these is coincident with the IRAS source; the other lies at the centroid of a compact outflow defined by bipolar MHOs. The brighter of these bipolar MHOs exhibits [Fe II] emission and both MHOs are associated with CH3OH maser emission observed at 95 GHz and 44 GHz. Masses and column densities of all five cores are consistent with theoretical predictions for massive star formation. Although it is impossible to associate all MHOs with driving sources in this region, it is evident that there are several outflows along different position angles, and some unambiguous associations can be made. We discuss implications of observed H2 2.12 μm/H2 2.25 μm and [Fe II] 1.64 μm/H2 2.12 μm flux ratios and compare the estimated total H2 luminosity with the bolometric luminosity of the region. We conclude that the outflows are driven by massive young stellar objects embedded in cores that are likely to be in different evolutionary stages.
A Clustering Method Using New Modularity Indices and a Genetic Algorithm with Extended Chromosomes

Module definition entails clustering an original product architecture into independent or coordinated modules. Clustering algorithms based on Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) for defining modules have been widely studied. After reviewing existing clustering algorithms, we introduce simple new metrics that can be used as modularity indices bounded between 0 and 1 and also utilized as the objective functions to obtain optimal DSMs including the maximized interactions within modules and the minimized interactions between modules. As a search strategy for clustering modules, a combinatorial genetic algorithm using a new extended chromosome approach and modified operators for the chromosome is suggested. The module definition results indicated that the proposed clustering method using new modularity indices and genetic algorithm helps obtain optimal modular product architectures more logically.
On some monotone path problems in line arrangements

We estimate the minimum length of a longest monotone path in an arrangement of n lines, where length counts the number of turns on the path. Estimates are also obtained for the case when length counts the number of visited vertices. Our bounds are asymptotically tight. When length is defined as the size of a convex/concave chain in the arrangement an exact bound is obtained.
[2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Cyclic Enones to C60

The photocycloaddition of cyclic enones to C60 is a general reaction. The addition was initially explored using a crown ether-tagged C60 molecule which allows convenient monitoring of the reaction course by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) after complexation with metal ions, usually K+. A Hanovia 450-W lamp was used to excite a benzene solution of fullerene and enone, with the latter in large excess. A series of experiments in which the concentration of reagents and reaction time were systematically varied established that adduct formation occurs only upon light absorption by the enones. Thus, excitation at 532 nm or in the UV range using low enone:C60 ratios did not lead to adduct formation. ESI-MS analysis showed that monoaddition was favored at short irradiation times, and that up to seven enone units could be added to a single fullerene molecule upon longer exposure to light. Competitive experiments using 12 different enones indicated that the best product yields were obtained, in de...
The Foreign Service and Foreign Trade: Embassies as Export Promotion

As communication costs fall, foreign embassies and consulates have lost much of their role in decision-making and information-gathering. Accordingly, foreign services are increasingly marketing themselves as agents of export promotion. I investigate whether exports are in fact systematically associated with diplomatic representation abroad. I use a recent cross-section of data covering 22 large exporters and 200 import destinations. Bilateral exports rise by approximately six to ten per cent for each additional consulate abroad, controlling for a host of other features including reverse causality. The effect varies by exporter, and is non-linear; consulates have smaller effects than the creation of an embassy.
Copper-Homoscorpionate Complexes as Very Active Catalysts for the Olefin Aziridination Reaction

A series of complexes TpxCu (Tpx = homoscorpionate ligand) have been tested as the catalysts for the olefin aziridination reaction using PhINTs as the nitrene source. Very high yields of aziridines have been obtained with a group of representative substrates, including nonactivated terminal olefins. The high activity of these catalysts has allowed the use of equimolar amounts of PhINTs and olefins, avoiding the requirement of excess olefin. In an effort to eliminate nondesired byproducts, chloramine-T has been employed as the nitrene source, in a reaction that produces sodium chloride as the sole residue, with high degrees of conversions also being obtained.
Parallel Synthesis and Evaluation of 132 (+)-1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (CBI) Analogues of CC-1065 and the Duocarmycins Defining the Contribution of the DNA-Binding Domain

The solution-phase, parallel synthesis and evaluation of a library of 132 (+)-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (CBI) analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins containing dimeric monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic heteroaromatic replacements for the DNA-binding domain are described. This systematic study revealed clear trends in the structural requirements for observation of potent cytotoxic activity and DNA alkylation efficiency, the range of which spans a magnitude of ≥10 000-fold. Combined with related studies, these results highlight that the role of the DNA-binding domain goes beyond simply providing DNA-binding selectivity and affinity (10−100-fold enhancement in properties), consistent with the proposal that it contributes significantly to catalysis of the DNA alkylation reaction accounting for as much as an additional 1000-fold enhancement in properties.
Localization on Snowflake Domains

The geometric features of the square and triadic Koch snowflake drums are compared using a position entropy defined on the grid points of the discretizations (prefractals) of the two domains. Weighted graphs using the geometric quantities are created and random walks on the two prefractals are performed. The aim is to understand if the existence of narrow channels in the domain may cause the "localization" of eigenfunctions.
The rise and fall of epidemiology, 1950–2000 A.D.

IN 1662 John Graunt, a London haberdasher, published his magnum opus, Natural and Political Observations... Made upon the Bills of Mortality, and thereby established the field of epidemiology.1 Graunt brought to light a diversity of facts about human life and disease that had not previously been appreciated. He was the first to notice that the numbers of births and deaths of males exceeded those of females (by the ratio of 14 to 13); he noticed, too, that despite their greater mortality, men had less morbidity than women. Graunt quantified for the first time the high mortality in children, noting that . . .
Bond Option Valuation for Non‐Markovian Interest Rate Processes

The standard method for valuing a European option on a bond portfolio is developed by Jamshidian. He shows that under certain circumstances the payoff from a bond option can be expressed as a portfolio of payoffs on discount bond options, allowing the option to be valued as a portfolio of options. A limitation of this approach is that it cannot be applied to non-Markovian interest rate processes. This paper develops a method for the valuation of a European option on a bond portfolio that can be applied to both Markovian and non-Markovian interest rate processes.
The Discovery of The Tau Lepton

Several previous papers [1–5] have given the history of the discovery of the τ lepton at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). These papers emphasized (a) the experiments which led to our 1975 publication of the first evidence for the existence of the τ, (b) the subsequent experiments which confirmed the existence of the τ, and (c) the experiments which elucidated the major properties of the τ. That history will be summarized in Part 2 of this talk.
Concerns, Attitudes, and Abilities of Early-Career Geography Faculty

Abstract Professional experiences during graduate school through the first few years of an academic appointment shape patterns of work and social behavior that prefigure the long-term success of new faculty members, including prospects for tenure and promotion. We explore these experiences through interviews and surveys with a sample of early-career faculty in postsecondary American geography. Our analysis reveals that teaching is the primary source of anxiety among new professors, many of whom begin their first academic positions with little or no preparation in learning theory, course design, or pedagogy. Many new faculty members struggle to maintain healthy personal and family lives, while adjusting to unfamiliar norms of their new institutions. New professors benefit from support offered by their department chairpersons and from working in collegial environments. Among women, we found a greater sense of self-doubt about their scholarly abilities and futures despite having records comparable in accompl...
Do fundraisers select charitable donors based on gender and race? Evidence from survey data

Recent studies document that people are much more likely to donate to charity and volunteer their time when they are asked to. Using household surveys of giving and volunteering in the United States conducted from 1992 to 2001, which contain questions on whether the respondent was personally asked to give or volunteer, this paper investigates the factors associated with the probability of receiving a charitable solicitation and presents substantial evidence that race and gender differences play key roles in the selection of potential donors. In particular, males, blacks, and Hispanics are less likely to be solicited compared with females and whites. Using non-linear decomposition techniques, I find that differences in observable characteristics of individuals explain most of the racial gap in the probability of being solicited for charitable causes, but they fail to explain the gender gap in the probability of being asked to volunteer. Furthermore, these results are robust to alternative specifications. I also discuss related policy implications and argue that the economic impact of selecting potential donors based on gender and race can be considerable.
Corona caused deterioration of ADSS fiber-optic cables on high voltage lines

Summary form only as given. Deterioration of ADSS (all-dielectric self-supporting) fiber optic cable jacket material has been reported near the tips of armor rod assemblies installed on high-voltage transmission lines. Field observations and laboratory tests revealed that corona can exist on the tips of the armor rod. Electric field analysis reported herein reveals that the tip surface gradients are high enough to produce corona. Field conditions have been duplicated in a high voltage test chamber and jacket damage has been observed near generated corona. The deterioration mechanism is identified and jacket life expectancy is estimated. Different mitigation techniques are suggested.