cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated pericardial fat quantification from coronary magnetic resonance angiography: feasibility study

Pericardial fat volume (PFV) is emerging as an important parameter for cardiovascular risk stratification. We propose a hybrid approach for automated PFV quantification from water/fat-resolved whole-heart noncontrast coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Ten coronary MRA datasets were acquired. Image reconstruction and phase-based water-fat separation were conducted offline. Our proposed algorithm first roughly segments the heart region on the original image using a simplified atlas-based segmentation with four cases in the atlas. To get exact boundaries of pericardial fat, a three-dimensional graph-based segmentation is used to generate fat and nonfat components on the fat-only image. The algorithm then selects the components that represent pericardial fat. We validated the quantification results on the remaining six subjects and compared them with manual quantifications by an expert reader. The PFV quantified by our algorithm was [Formula: see text], compared to [Formula: see text] by the expert reader, which were not significantly different ([Formula: see text]) and showed excellent correlation ([Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]). The mean absolute difference in PFV between the algorithm and the expert reader was [Formula: see text]. The mean value of the paired differences was [Formula: see text] (95% confidence interval: [Formula: see text] to 6.21). The mean Dice coefficient of pericardial fat voxels was [Formula: see text]. Our approach may potentially be applied in a clinical setting, allowing for accurate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based PFV quantification without tedious manual tracing.
Survival of Hemispherical Scale and an Encyrtus Parasitoid After Treatment with Insect Growth Regulators and Insecticidess

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) and insecticides were tested for their impact on the hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker), a pest of Aphelandra squarrosa Nees., and the parasitoid Encyrtus infelix Embelton. The most deleterious effects occurred when late instar S. coffeae were treated with carbofuran, dimethoate or oxydemetonmethyl; Encyrtus emergence was reduced by more than 80%. Applications of IGRs and oxamyl produced from 32–57% reduction in emergence. Systemic drench or granular applications of carbofuran, dimethoate or thiofanox resulted in decreased numbers of S. coffeae and percentage of parasitism. Oxamyl 10G- and oxydemetonmethyl-treated and control S. coffeae populations were almost all parasitized without reduction in scale population. E. infelix appears as an ineffective parasitoid for control of S. coffeae in the production of A. squarrosa .
A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Preparing Slides Using Diazo® Film

Most persons use 2 × 2 in. slides to present their data at technical meetings. Many need to improve the quality of the slides displaying their data. Slides should be legible and attract and hold the attention of the audience. Two aspects of slide preparation need more consideration. First, the slide must be legible to all the audience. The number of letters per line should not exceed 40 letters and 14 lines on the 33 × 22 mm format, or multiples thereof. The letters should be typed (preferably in capital letters) on carbon backed paper with carbon ribbon to insure clear black type. Second, the slides should be made with colored backgrounds to catch and hold the attention of the viewer. Black and white slides with crowded data promote the snooze syndrome.
On stress relaxation timescales for dense binary particulate systems

We studycontact stress relaxationtimescales, especially the temporalcorrelation involved indense binary particulate systems, which oers insight into the intriguing relationship between the contact stresses and the contact time of particle interactions under non-equilibrium state. The contact time (also referred to as contact age) of a pair of particles is dened by the duration between current time and the instant when the contact was formed. The interspecies inter-particles contact stresses are derived from Liouville's theorem. We apply particle dynamics methods (e.g. molecular dynamics, discrete element method) to simulate 3D dense binary particulate systems with periodic boundary conditions. External perturbation is exerted on the sys- tem to balance the dissipation of energy due to the viscoelastic collisions. The contact stresses, Reynolds stresses, and the probability density function of the contact time of particles are predicted at dierent vol- ume fraction of particles. The obtained stress-strain rate data are used to examine the constitutive relation of macroscopic materials. The study targets the impact of the short-term and the long-term contact/collision on the contact stress relaxation. The simulation results reveal distinct eects of the short-term and the long-term
Diode Laser-Based Measurements for Hypersonic Engine Research

Diode laser-based absorption and non-resonant transmission measurements provide a means to gather in-stream data of hypersonic flow paths. Our recent efforts at addressing mass capture and dynamics associated with shock train movement are presented.
Using a Linguistic Analysis Tool to Detect Deception

Detecting deception is important, yet accuracy rates remain low (e.g., DePaulo & Friedman, 1998). Pennebaker et al. (2003) suggest a linguistic analysis tool may be able to detect deception because...
Effect of low-level 84 disinfection solution on reproductive physiology of mice

Objective To study the effect of low-level 84 disinfection solution on reproductive physiology of mice.Methods 72 KM mice were randomly divided into three groups :0.5% 84 disinfection solution group(group A),2.0%84 disinfection solution group(group B) and saline solution group(group C).12 males and 12 females in each group.Corresponding medicine was given once a day by intragastric gavage for 9 weeks.The estrous cycle of female mice was observed by exfoliative cytology of vagina.After 9 weeks,The sperm abnormality test was performed,Serum samples were taken for sex hormone test by ELISA,and the histological change of testis(or ovary),heart,liver,lung and kidney were observed.Results Compared with group C,No significant difference was observed in the weight variation and serum sex hormone level in group A and B(P 0.05).The difference of the estrous cycle of female mice was not significant(P 0.05).No histopathological abnormality was observed.Compared with group C,There was no significant difference in the rate of sperm abnormality in group A(P 0.05),but the rate in group B was significantly increased(P 0.05).Conclusion 0.5% 84 disinfection solution has no significant effect on reproductive physiology of mice,The concentration of disinfection solution must be strictly controlled when used.
Hybrid Texts, Assembled Bodies: Michel Gondry's Merging of Camera and Dancer in "Let Forever Be"

Michel Gondry, a filmmaker who created and directed music videos for Propaganda Films, which produced close to a third of all music videos by 1990, began his career in music video and film during this time, where he experimented with collaging postmodern and commercial filmmaking. In 1936, cultural critic and German philosopher Walter Benjamin argued that art fundamentally changes in the age of mechanical reproduction, creating questions of authenticity and aura. This article argues that Gondry’s video “Let Forever Be,” for The Chemical Brothers, illustrates Benjamin’s argument not only in that the digital video itself artificially reproduces the bodies embedded within it, but also in Gondry’s employment of collage, special effects, and camera-enabled illusions in order to create a simulated and dream-like world.
Symmetry and diffusivity of the interstitial hydrogen shallow-donor center in In2O3

Uniaxial-stress experiments performed for the 3306 cm−1 vibrational line assigned to the interstitial-hydrogen, shallow-donor center in In2O3 reveal its symmetry and transition-moment direction. The defect alignment that can be produced by a [001] stress applied at 165 K is due to a process that is also a hydrogen-diffusion jump, providing a microscopic determination of the diffusion constant for H in In2O3 and its mechanism. Our experimental results strongly complement the theoretical predictions for the structure and diffusion of the interstitial hydrogen donor center in In2O3.
High throughput methods for the design of fouling control coatings

Abstract: The use of high throughput methods for the synthesis, formulation, and testing of libraries of coatings having differing compositions is discussed. The design of new non-fouling coatings is challenging due to the large diversity in chemical composition and the fact that the effect of composition of the coatings on biofouling is unknown. Combinatorial coating preparation involves the synthesis of a large number of coatings using high throughput methods. These coatings are then screened for key mechanical and surface properties. In order to be able to downselect coatings for field testing, a number of laboratory assays have been developed to challenge these coatings with representative marine organisms such as bacteria, algae, and barnacles. Correlations of the lab assays with field test results indicates that these lab assays are useful predictors of short-term coating performance.
Measurements of CO2‐brine relative permeability in Berea sandstone using pressure taps and a long core

We measured CO2-brine relative permeability by performing five steady-state primary drainage experiments in a 116 mD Berea sandstone core at 20°C and 10.34 MPa. We used a long (60.8 cm) core and four pressure taps to study and minimize end effects that can plague CO2-brine relative permeability measurements, and we obtained in situ saturation profiles using a medical X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanner. We found that entrance and exit effects propagated ∼5 cm into the core, but the center sections of the core had uniform saturation. From the saturations and pressure drops, we obtained both CO2 and brine relative permeability in the center sections. We also obtained CO2 relative permeability at the entrance section where the brine saturation was lower and not uniform. The 15-cm long exit section of the core had non-uniform saturation and a measured pressure drop that was on the order of the capillary pressure and hence was unreliable for calculating relative permeability. We found that the CO2 and brine relative permeabilities determined in five experiments were consistent with each other and followed two simple Corey-type models that are similar to those seen in oil-brine relative permeability measurements. We discuss why end effects are much greater in the CO2-brine system than in oil-brine systems, and how this is a possible explanation of the low CO2 relative permeabilities recently reported for the CO2-brine systems. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of a mouse model of hereditary pancreatitis: Analysis of a predisposing condition for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

4304 In order to follow the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma de novo , a mouse model of the predisposing human disease, hereditary pancreatitis, was generated. Patients with hereditary pancreatitis inherit a mutant version of trypsinogen in which a tryptic cleavage site, known to be responsible for the negative feedback loop of aberrantly activated trypsinogen, is mutated from Arginine to Histidine (R122H). Affected individuals suffer from early onset chronic pancreatitis characterized by repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis, and have a 53 fold increased risk of developing ductal adenocarcinoma. We have generated a transgenic mouse model expressing the R122H mutant trypsinogen within the acinar cell compartment of the pancreas. Mice expressing the transgene display focal lymphocytic inflammation often occurring in association with pancreatic ducts and vasculature with a 100% penetrance in animals older than 5 months of age. Advanced features of chronic pancreatic inflammation, such as duct dilation, increased fibrosis, and the desmoplastic reaction is observed in animals older than 6 months of age. Analysis of the duct epithelium of these transgenic mice has revealed the presence of both metaplastic, hyperproliferative lesions, as well as duct lesions with columnar morphology, mucin production, and hyperproliferation, reminiscent of early PanIN lesions. Immunohistochemical staining for the proliferation markers, PCNA and Ki-67, revealed a pattern of mildly increased proliferation (∼12% proliferative index) in duct epithelium surrounded by inflammation in animals less than 13 weeks of age. However, proliferation was markedly increased (∼30% proliferative index) in morphologically advanced, metaplastic ducts found in areas of desmoplasia. The creation of this model of hereditary pancreatitis, in which progression to proliferative duct lesions is observed on the background of chronic inflammation, provides a platform from which future studies may be performed to understand the etiology of both chronic pancreatitis, as well as the role of inflammation in the induction of neoplastic growth.
Tofacitinib for Ulcerative Colitis - A Promising Step Forward.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon that is often debilitating, commonly occurs at a young age, and has a serious effect on overall health and quality of life. The use of currently available medications for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis results in sustained remission less than 30% of the time, and 20 to 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis eventually need to undergo a colectomy, which has its own complications and consequent problems. The worldwide incidence of ulcerative colitis is increasing, with rates as high as 19.2 cases per 100,000 persons in North America, 24.3 per 100,000 in . . .
Feedback Synthesis with two Degrees of Freedom: {G, H; P} Controller

Abstract Given a multiinput/multioutput plant P, {G, H; P} compensation with controllers G, H in the feedforward, feedback paths, respectively, is used to obtain desired command/output, command/control responses (T, M) under internal stability; necessary and sufficient conditions are derived. It is shown for a broad class of (T, M) that a solution exists with H stable. Furthermore, it is shown that feedback properties in addition to internal stability can be obtained as if the response requirements are not present; this is done by first designing GH and then appropriately choosing the controllers G and H.
Is science racist

When discussing the contentious subject of race, scholars must continually emphasize two crucial points: first, that the idea of biologically distinct human races is a socially and politically cons...
Diagnostic Yield From 339 Epilepsy Patients Screened on a Clinical Gene Panel

Abstract Background The contribution of genetic factors to epilepsy has long been recognized and has been estimated to play a role in 70% to 80% of cases. Identification of a pathogenic variant can help families to better cope with the disorder, allows for genetic counseling to determine recurrence risk, and in some cases, can directly influence treatment options. In this study, we determined the diagnostic yield of a clinical gene panel applied to an unselected cohort of epilepsy patients. Methods Variant reports from 339 clinically referred epilepsy patients screened using a 110-gene panel were retrospectively reviewed. Variants were classified using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Results Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 62 individuals (18%) and potentially causative variants were identified in an additional 21 individuals (6%). Causative and potentially causative variants were most frequently identified in SCN1A (n = 15) and KCNQ2 (n = 10). Other genes in which disease-causing variants were identified in multiple individuals included CDKL5 , SCN2A , SCN8A , SCN1B , STXBP1 , TPP1 , PCDH19 , CACNA1A , GABRA1 , GRIN2A , SLC2A1 , and TSC2 . Sixteen additional genes had variants identified in single individuals. Conclusions We identified 87 variants in 30 different genes that could explain disease, of which 54% were not previously reported. This study confirms the utility of targeted gene panel analysis in epilepsy and highlights several factors to improve the yield of diagnostic genetic testing, including the critical need for clinical phenotype information and parental samples, microarray analysis for whole exon deletions and duplications, and frequent update of panels to incorporate new disease genes.
Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction a rapid In vitro DNA synthesis process, which can amplify up to a billion copies of a given nucleic acid target. It has been extensively applied for the identification, detection and diagnosis of genetic and infectious disease. Keywords: polymerase chain reaction; overall description; DNA polymerase reaction; sensitivity and contamination of PCR; PCR introduces mutations; PCR length limitations; creation of novel recombinant molecules by PCR; PCR as a detection system; degenerate PCR; ancient DNA; quantitative PCR; related nucleic acid amplification procedures; ligation chain reaction
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Extruded Mg–Zn–Ag Alloys with Single-Phase Structure

Mg–Zn–Ag alloys have been extensively studied in recent years for potential biodegradable implants due to their unique mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. In the present study, Mg–3Zn-xAg (wt%, x = 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8) alloys with single-phase crystal structure were prepared by backward extrusion at 340 °C. The addition of Ag element into Mg–3Zn slightly influences the ultimate tensile strength and microstructure, but the elongation firstly increases from 12% to 19.8% and then decreases from 19.8% to 9.9% with the increment of Ag concentration. The tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of Mg–3Zn–0.2Ag alloy reach up to 142, 234 MPa and 19.8%, respectively, which are the best mechanical performance of Mg–Zn–Ag alloys in the present work. The extruded Mg–3Zn–0.2Ag alloy also possesses the best corrosion behavior with the corresponding corrosion rate of 3.2 mm/year in immersion test, which could be explained by the single-phase and uniformly distributed grain structure, and the fewer twinning.
Using face and object detection to quantify looks during social interactions

Quantifying gaze is important in various realms, such as evaluating atypical social looking behavior in autism spectrum disorder. This paper reports on a system that uses eye-tracking glasses and object/face detection to quantify looks. The algorithms use Viola-Jones face detection with feature point tracking and Faster-RCNN object detection trained for three objects, followed by a runlength algorithm to declare the start and end of looks. Results are presented in terms of bounding box overlap and accuracy of looks compared to a manual ground truth. The system can be useful for quantifying gaze behavior during dynamic social interactions.
Viruses and Bioterrorism

The target for a terrorist attack with a viral agent can range from humans to animals and plants. However, the use of a viral agent may pose a challenge due to problems associated with acquisition, cultivation, and dissemination. Agricultural targets are of concern as they would require relatively little specialized expertise and technology and can have large economic consequences. Viral agents are prone to genetic variation and mutation, and can be manipulated or created in the laboratory. Unlike bacterial diseases, many of which are treatable with antimicrobials, there are fewer medical countermeasures to employ when dealing with viral infections.
Participation of the Plant ER in Peroxisomal Biogenesis

Diverse and compelling evidence is presented in support of the participation of the ER in the biogenesisof different kinds of plant peroxisomes. New and previous data coupled with interpretations and opinionsare embedded within four multistep peroxisome assembly models derived from studies with diverse organisms.The main objective of this Chapter is to compare and contrast the varied involvement of the ER in the biogenesisof peroxisomes within the context of the four general models for peroxisome origination, assembly, maturation,and replication. Two of the models depict a unique participation of the ER in the origin and subsequentmaturation of nascent pre-peroxisomes. In the third autonomousmodel, the ER is not involved, whereas in the fourth semi-autonomousmodel, ER-derived vesicles contribute to the maturation/differentiation and replication of Pre-existingperoxisome. The semi-autonomous model pertains to the biogenesis of plant peroxisomes. Withinthis scheme, a subset of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), collectively called group I proteins,e.g. peroxin 16 and ascorbate peroxidase, are synthesized in the cytosol and trafficked indirectlyto peroxisomes via ER-derived vesicles. Interestingly, current evidence does not predict the origin ofnew plant peroxisomes directly from domains of the ER. Instead, mature pre-existing peroxisomes apparentlyreplicate via constitutive duplication (fission) in response to the action of one or more isoforms of a peroxinhomolog designated as peroxin 11. Nascent daughter organelles acquire membrane phospholipids and PMPs fromER-derived vesicles.
Common Pool Resources, Buffer Zones, and Jointly Owned Territories: Hunter-Gatherer Land and Resource Tenure in Fort Irwin, Southeastern California

Anthropologists have described, but seldom explained, the existence and persistence of common pool resource systems among hunting and gathering populations. Land tenure practices in the Fort Irwin area of the Mojave desert, California are explored. Ecological, ethnographic, archeological, and ethnohistoric information suggests that this area was jointly owned and intermittently used by several distinct ethnic groups. Although the region was important as a buffer against resource shortfall during certain seasons, sporadic use and meager and variable resource yield may have made exclusive ownership difficult and costly. A jointly managed region with common pool resources better served surrounding groups, while simultaneously creating a spatial buffer to diffuse social tensions. Following presentation of the Fort Irwin case, the paper considers the formation of such land tenure practices among hunting and gathering populations.
EPR Imaging of Free Radicals in Biological Systems

After a decade of development and experimentation, the fields of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging (EPRI) have advanced to the point of enabling useful physiological and biochemical information to be obtained from living tissues (Ohno, 1987; Berliner, 1992; Eaton et al., 1991). The development of low-frequency EPR instrumentation at L-band, 1-2 GHz, or lower frequencies and lumped circuit resonators has made it possible to perform EPR measurements on these lossy samples. Previous in vivo or ex vivo EPR spectroscopy studies have focused on global measurements of free radical metabolism and measurements of tissue oxygenation. Studies that require measurements of the spatial distribution of free radicals within the sample (EPR imaging) can be performed utilizing magnetic field gradients in a manner similar to that of NMR imaging. EPR imaging, however, is faced with a number of technical problems, which make this technique more difficult to achieve in practice than that of NMR. The linewidths associated with EPR signals are three orders of magnitude larger compared to that of NMR signals, and hence EPR imaging requires 100 to 1000 times more powerful gradients. Further, the paramagnetic centers to be studied are present in submillimolar concentrations compared to more than 100 molar concentrations of water protons utilized in NMR imaging. In addition, the EPR absorption function of most stable paramagnetic labels contains multiple lines due to hyperfine splitting.
Hidden Histories of Gordonia: Land Dispossession and Resistance in the Northern Cape, 1800–1990, by Martin Legassick

(2018). Hidden Histories of Gordonia: Land Dispossession and Resistance in the Northern Cape, 1800–1990, by Martin Legassick. African Historical Review: Vol. 50, “Bantustan States”, pp. 175-177.
Strangers to the Game? Interlopers, Intralopers, and Shifting News Production

The contours of journalistic practice have evolved substantially since the emergence of the world wide web to include those who were once strangers to the profession. Amateur journalists, bloggers, mobile app designers, programmers, web analytics managers, and others have become part of journalism, influencing the process of journalism from news production to distribution. These technology-oriented strangers—those who have not belonged to traditional journalism practice but have imported their qualities and work into it—are increasingly taking part in journalism, whether welcomed by journalists or shunned as interlopers. Yet, the labels that keep them at journalism’s periphery risk conflating them with much larger groups who are not always adding to the news process (e.g., bloggers, microbloggers) or generalizing them as insiders/outsiders. In this essay, we consider studies that have addressed the roles of journalistic strangers and argue that by delineating differences among these strangers and seeking representative categorizations of who they are, a more holistic understanding of their impact on news production, and journalism broadly, can be advanced. Considering the norms and practices of journalism as increasingly fluid and open to new actors, we offer categorizations of journalistic strangers as explicit and implicit interlopers as well as intralopers. In working to understand these strangers as innovators and disruptors of news production, we begin to unpack how they are collectively contributing to an increasingly un-institutionalized meaning of news while also suggesting a research agenda that gives definition to the various strangers who may be influencing news production and distribution and the organizational field of journalism more broadly.
Multidimensional perfectionism, depression, and anxiety: Tests of a social support mediation model

Abstract This study examined the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, social support, and two outcomes (depression and anxiety) in a sample of 1785 undergraduate students. Perfectionistic concerns had a negative relationship with social support, and perfectionistic strivings had a positive relationship with social support. The relationships between both dimensions of perfectionism and both outcomes were mediated by social support.
Optical materials and metamaterials from nanostructured soft matter

Soft materials such as block copolymers, liquid crystals and colloidal assemblies are excellent candidates for use in optical applications due to their ability to spontaneously self-assemble into ordered structures on optically-relevant length scales. Some of these applications rely on optical properties that are intrinsic to the structure and chemical composition of the soft material itself, while others are reliant on the presence of inorganic nanomaterials within the soft material to produce the properties of interest. However, soft materials can be used to generate optical phenomena that originate not just from the intrinsic properties of the nanomaterials, but from their spatial organization as well. In the latter case, exotic optical phenomena such as light focusing beyond the diffraction limit, negative index of refraction and nonlinear photonics appear. These properties originate from the collective response of multiple nanostructures organized to produce an ordered metamaterial. Soft materials, being an excellent medium to convey order on the nanoscale, can be utilized in next generation optical applications to create this kind of organization. Here, we survey how soft matter can be leveraged in optical applications by exploiting self-assembly and directed self-assembly as methods to produce ordered structures with desirable properties. We highlight applications where the soft material is the optically active component, and others where it’s used in tandem with nanomaterials. Specifically, we focus on how soft materials can be used to spatially organize inorganic nanomaterials for use in optical applications where the controlled assembly of such nanomaterials is crucial.
An Investigation of the Role of the School-Level Team in Transition Planning:

Members of school-level transition teams in four school districts in a predominantly rural state completed a mail survey (response rate of 58%, 24 of 41) regarding their experiences on the team. Re...
Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P NMR): A Computer Based Instrument for Studying Brain Hypoxia

The brain is a critical organ for human function, yet techniques for quantifying brain function or predicting outcome following acute injury remain poorly developed, particularly by comparison with the heart. The wealth of information and the limitations in existing data regarding brain energy metabolism and brain protection from ischemic and/or hypoxic injury have recently been reviewed (Siesjo, 1978; Myers, 1979; Hossman, 1982). Inability to quantify intracellular bioenergetic state in a non-destructive manner is one reason for the conflicting conclusions which exist regarding the minimum blood pressure adequate for cerebral perfusion. Thus, studies in higher mammals and man have suggested that permanent brain damage may be caused if mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) falls below 50 mmHg (Stockard, et al., 1974; Michenfelder & Theye, 1977). Other investigators have found that hypovolemic hypotension in monkeys to a level at or below 25 mmHg was required to produce permanent brain damage (Selkoe & Myers, 1979). Trimethaphan induced hypotension in dogs failed to produce permanent brain damage even though MABP fell to 15–25 mmHg (Dong, et al., 1983). The relevance of these low pressures to humans is emphasized by recent observations in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, which indicate that perfusion pressures of 30–50 mmHg are well-tolerated (Kolkka & Hilberman, 1980; Ellis, et al., 1980).
Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND:Multimodal analgesia is important for postoperative recovery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Multiple randomized controlled trials have investigated the use of transversus abdominis plane local anesthetic infiltration as a method of decreasing postoperative pain and opioid consumption
On the processing of loss-of-lock attenuation and rain rate statistics

Satellite beacon data is important for development and validation of attenuation prediction models and determining link budgets. The paper examines the impact of how loss-of-lock conditions are processed on the experimental attenuation and rain rate statistics. Not treating loss-of-lock as high attenuation results in a distorted attenuation CCDF up to 20 dB below the dynamic range and a significant underestimate of the exceedance probability.
Testing population-level mechanisms of invasion by a mobile vertebrate: a simple conceptual framework for salmonids in streams

Invasion biology suffers from a lack of the ability to predict the outcome of particular invasions because of reliance on verbal models and lack of rigorous experimental data at the appropriate scale. More progress is likely to be made by considering invasions as population-level phenomena and initially focusing on specific taxa or particular categories of invasions. To this end, we propose a simple conceptual framework to motivate studies of invasion by salmonids (salmon, trout, grayling, and whitefish) in streams that emphasizes population-level mechanisms affecting native species and promoting spread by the invader. Specifically, the only direct mechanisms by which the abundance of the native species can decline are through biotic interactions which cause decreased reproductive rates or survival at specific life stages, net emigration, debilitating or fatal diseases introduced by the invader, or a combination of these factors. Conversely, abundance of the invader must increase by local reproduction, high survival, net immigration, or a combination of these factors. Review of existing salmonid invasion literature suggests that future studies could be improved by using manipulative field experiments at a spatial and temporal scale appropriate to address population-level processes, characterizing how movement affects the establishment and spread of an invader, and including abiotic context in experimental designs. Using the example of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) invasion into streams containing native Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus) in the central Rocky Mountains (USA), we demonstrate how the framework can be used to design a manipulative field experiment to test for population-level mechanisms causing ecological effects and promoting invasion success. Experiments of this type will give invasion ecologists a useful example of how a taxon-specific invasion framework can improve the ability to predict ecological effects, and provide fishery biologists with the quantitative foundation necessary to better manage stream salmonid invasions.
A qualitative study exploring the perceptions and motivations of patients with heart failure who transitioned from non-adherence to adherence

Abstract Background Management of heart failure (HF) involves complex self-care recommendations. Many patients have difficulty adhering to these recommendations, and mechanisms that support behavior change are poorly understood. Objective The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions and motivations of individuals with HF who became adherent to HF treatment recommendations after being non-adherent. Methods This was a qualitative descriptive study. Participants were recruited from cardiology clinics and completed a semi-structured interview on their experiences and motivations for self-care behavior change. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The sample size (n = 8) was sufficient to achieve saturation. Results Five themes were identified: experiencing mortality, optimism and hope, making connections between behavior and health, self–efficacy, and the role of the clinician. The temporal chronological sequence of these themes across participants varied. Conclusions This study adds to our current understanding of HF self-care by suggesting mechanisms that may enhance existing self-care interventions, and demonstrating the important role of the clinician.
Endocannabinoids: Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are two key players within the endocannabinoid system. Anandamide and 2-AG are lipid neurotransmitters responsible for actions carried out at various receptors, including the cannabinoid receptors. Although these neurotransmitters act within the same system, they differ in biochemical pathways and mechanism of action. Anandamide and 2-AG are both synthesized on demand and have a short-lived transmission. 2-AG is a full agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors, whereas anandamide is a partial agonist. The endocannabinoid actions at both CB1 and CB2 receptors contribute to the resolution of acute pain. The endocannabinoids also have analgesic benefit to neuropathic, gastrointestinal, inflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced pain. 2-AG has a higher concentration in the nervous tissue and may have a greater role in analgesia and antinociception when compared to anandamide. The endocannabinoid signaling system involving 2-AG and anandamide includes a differential but synergistic role when looking at pharmacological properties.
The Delayed Recognition of Scientific Novelty

Science is built upon scholarship consensus that changes over time. This raises the question of how revolutionary theories and assumptions are evaluated and accepted into the norm of science as the setting for the next science. Using two recently proposed metrics, we identify the novel paper with high atypicality, which models how research draws upon unusual combinations of prior research in crafting their own contributions, and evaluate recognition to novel papers by citation and disruption, which captures the degree to which a research article creates a new direction by eclipsing citations to the prior work it builds upon. Only a small fraction of papers (2.3%) are highly novel, and there are fewer novel papers over time, with a nearly threefold decrease from 3.9% in 1970 to 1.4% in 2000. A highly novel paper indeed has a much higher chance (61.3%) to disrupt science than conventional papers (36.4%), but this recognition only comes from a distant future as reflected in citations, and it typically takes 10 years or longer for the disruption score of a paper to stabilize. In comparison, only nearly 20% of scholars survived in academia over this long period, measured in publications. We also provide the first computational model reformulating atypicality as the distance across the latent knowledge spaces learned by neural networks, as a proxy to the socially agreed relevance between distinct fields of scientific knowledge. The evolution of this knowledge space characterizes how yesterday's novelty forms today's scientific conventions, which condition the novelty--and surprise--of tomorrow's breakthroughs. This computational model may be used to inform science policy that aims to recognize and cultivate novelty, so as to mitigate the conflict between individual career success and collective advance in science and direct human creativity to the unknown frontier of scientific knowledge.
Fluorescence Investigations of Receptor-Mediated Processes

There are a number of receptor-coupled signal transduction systems which regulate the levels of second messengers within the cell through the actions of at least three types of protein components. Specifically, these components are the receptor protein itself, a GTP-binding protein (G protein), and a biological effector which can be an enzyme or an ion channel (Gilman, 1987; Cerione et al., 1986; Neer and Clapham, 1988; Stryer et al., 1981). The G proteins function as transducers within these systems by mediating the regulation of effector activities by specific cell surface receptors. Among the types of biological activities which are regulated in this manner include hormonalregulated adenylate cyclase activity (Gilman, 1987; Cerione et al., 1986; Lefkowitz and Caron, 1988), vertebrate vision (Stryer et al., 1981; Fung, 1983), receptor-coupled phosphoinositide metabolism (Berridge and Irvine, 1984; Gomperts, 1983; Wallace and Fain, 1985; Bokoch and Gilman, 1984; Smith et al., 1986), arachidonic acid release (Burch et al., 1986; Jelsema and Axelrod, 1987), activation of Ca2+ channels found in excitatory cells (Hescheler et al., 1987; Yatani et al., 1987), and cardiac K+ channels (Codina et al., 1987; Logothetis et al., 1987). Various lines of evidence suggest that a common regulatory mechanism underlies the functioning of each of these signaling pathways. In all cases, the signal is initiated by the binding of an appropriate ligand (i.e., hormone) to the receptor, or in the case of visual transduction, by the absorption of light. This constitutes the activation of the receptor, thereby promoting the interaction of the receptor with the G protein. It is the formation of the receptor-G protein complex which is responsible for the exchange of a tightly bound molecule of GDP for GTP. The binding of GTP (or a nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue) then primes the G protein for interacting with the effector protein. This interaction is responsible for the regulation of the effector activity with the regulation persisting until the bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. The GTPase activity results in the deactivation of the G protein and thereby provides the means by which the signaling system can return to its initial (resting) state.
The New Gay Teenager

Gay, straight, bisexual: how much does sexual orientation matter to a teenager's mental health or sense of identity? In this down-to-earth book, filled with the voices of young people speaking for themselves, Ritch Savin-Williams argues that the standard image of gay youth presented by mental health researchers - as depressed, isolated, drug-dependent, even suicidal - may have been exaggerated even twenty years ago, and is far from accurate today. The New Gay Teenager gives us a refreshing and frequently controversial introduction to confident, competent, upbeat teenagers with same-sex desires, who worry more about the chemistry test or their curfew than they do about their sexuality. What does "gay" mean, when some adolescents who have had sexual encounters with those of their own sex don't consider themselves gay, when some who consider themselves gay have had sex with the opposite sex, and when many have never had sex at all? What counts as "having sex," anyway? Teenagers (unlike social science researchers) are not especially interested in neatly categorizing their sexual orientation. In fact, Savin-Williams learns, teenagers may think a lot about sex, but they don't think that sexuality is the most important thing about them. And adults, he advises, shouldn't think so either.
6A‐O‐p‐Toluenesulfonyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin

6A-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin intermediate: 1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)imidazole product: 6A-O-Toluenesulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin. Keywords: sulfonation, N-sulfonation; sulfonation, O-sulfonation
Sexual Violence During War and Forced Migration

Rape in the context of war has been described since earliest historical times (Brownmiller, 1975). The vast literature on this topic has dealt with issues of military command and discipline, male violence, evolution of legal norms, and documentation of egregious instances of mass rape. In the conventional nation-state wars of the 20th century, such documentation often lagged long after the events, depending on delayed testimony of survivors, release of government archives, or shifts in political regime.
Sex and ApoE Genotype Differences in Treatment Response to Two Doses of Intranasal Insulin in Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer’s Disease

A previous clinical trial demonstrated that four months of treatment with intranasal insulin improves cognition and function for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but prior studies suggest that response to insulin treatment may differ by sex and ApoE e4 carriage. Thus, responder analyses using repeated measures analysis of covariance were completed on the trial’s 104 participants with MCI or AD who received either placebo or 20 or 40 IU of insulin for 4 months, administered by a nasal delivery device. Results indicate that men and women with memory impairment responded differently to intranasal insulin treatment. On delayed story memory, men and women showed cognitive improvement when taking 20 IU of intranasal insulin, but only men showed cognitive improvement for the 40 IU dose. The sex difference was most apparent for ApoE e4 negative individuals. For the 40 IU dose, ApoE e4 negative men improved while ApoE e4 negative women worsened. Their ApoE e4 positive counterparts remained cognitively stable. This sex effect was not detected in functional measures. However, functional abilities were relatively preserved for women on either dose of intranasal insulin compared with men. Unlike previous studies with young adults, neither men nor women taking intranasal insulin exhibited a significant change in weight over 4 months of treatment.
Cloning and expression of the rabbit prostaglandin EP4 receptor

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important regulator of systemic hemodynamics and epithelial ion transport. To further investigate the mechanism of PGE2 action, a clone encoding a PGE2 receptor was is...
(R,R)‐[Ethylene‐1,2‐bis(η5‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1‐indenyl)]titanium (R)‐1,1′‐Bi‐2,2′‐naphtholate

(R,R,R) [143063-72-3] C40H36O2Ti (MW 596.64) InChI = 1S/C20H14O2.C20H24.Ti/c21-17-11-9-13-5-1-3-7-15(13)19(17)20-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)10-12-18(20)22;1-3-7-19-15(5-1)9-11-17(19)13-14-18-12-10-16-6-2-4-8-20(16)18;/h1-12,21-22H;9-12H,1-8,13-14H2;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = ZVPRKHQZEULVLC-UHFFFAOYSA-L (S,S,S) [83417-93-0] InChI = 1S/C20H14O2.C20H24.Ti/c21-17-11-9-13-5-1-3-7-15(13)19(17)20-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)10-12-18(20)22;1-3-7-19-15(5-1)9-11-17(19)13-14-18-12-10-16-6-2-4-8-20(16)18;/h1-12,21-22H;9-12H,1-8,13-14H2;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = ZVPRKHQZEULVLC-UHFFFAOYSA-L (precursor to a catalyst for the asymmetric reduction of unsaturated organic molecules1) Physical Data: mp 274.5–277 °C (dec); [α]578, −3700° (c = 0.45 mg cm−3 in CHCl3). Solubility: sol THF, benzene, toluene; slightly sol ether; very slightly sol hexane. Preparative Methods: originally prepared and characterized by Brintzinger et al. from the corresponding dichloride derivative and (R)-1,1′-Bi-2,2′-naphthol.2 The dichloride is synthesized by reacting the dilithium salt of 1,2-bis(3-indenyl)ethane with Titanium(IV) Chloride followed by hydrogenation over Platinum(IV) Oxide.2 Since the original report, two improved procedures for its preparation have appeared.3, 1b Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the complex is air and moisture stable and can be stored indefinitely.
Impact of early reoperation after resection for colorectal cancer on long-term oncological outcomes.

Aim Whether reoperation in the postoperative period adversely affects oncologic outcomes for colorectal cancer patients undergoing resection has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term oncological outcomes are affected for patients who undergo repeat surgery in the early postoperative period. Method From a prospective colorectal cancer database, patients who underwent resection for colorectal cancer between 1982 and 2008 and were reoperated within 30 days after surgery (group A) were matched for age (± 5 years), gender, year of surgery (± 2 years), American Society of Anesthesiology score, tumor site (colon or rectum), cancer stage and differentiation with patients who did not undergo reoperation (group B). The two groups were compared for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and local recurrence (LR). Results In total, 89 reoperated patients (45 rectal, 44 colon cancer) were matched to an equal number of non-reoperated patients. Anterior resection (39.2%) and right hemicolectomy (19.1%) were predominant primary operations. Indications for reoperation were anastomotic leak/abscess (n = 40, 45%), massive bleeding (n = 15, 16.9%), bowel obstruction (n = 11, 12.4%), wound complications (n = 9, 10.1%) and other indications (n = 14, 15.6%). Group A had significantly greater overall morbidity (100%vs 27%, P = 0.001) and required more blood transfusions (20.2%vs 7.9%, P = 0. 045). Adjuvant therapy use, on the other hand, was more common in group B (23.6%vs 12.3%, P = 0.1). The 5-year OS and DFS were lower in the reoperated group (OS 55.3%vs 66.4%, P = 0.02; DFS 50.8%vs 60.8%, P = 0.06, respectively). Five-year LR was slightly lower in the reoperated group (2.9%vs 6.3%, P = 0.34). Conclusions Compared with non-reoperated patients matched for patient, tumour and operative characteristics, patients reoperated in the early postoperative period have worse long-term oncological outcomes. Adoption of strategies to reduce the risk of reoperation may be associated with the additional advantage of improved oncological outcomes in addition to the short-term advantages.
HCV Response-Guided Therapy: Should Treatment Length Be Shortened or Extended?

The treatment of chronic HCV has traditionally been for a fixed duration based on genotype. We now recognize that patients respond to treatment along different time lines. This appears to be secondary to various clinical, histologic, and genetic host factors. The time that it requires for a patient to become HCV RNA undetectable after initiating treatment is now recognized as one of the most important determinants of sustained virologic response. This information can be used to adjust the duration of peginterferon and ribavirin, either shorter or longer, and allows therapy to be tailored to the specific needs of each patient. This concept is referred to as response-guided therapy.