cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Testing System for Sugar Content of Pears Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy

A nondestructive portable detection system for sugar content of pears based on near infrared spectrum is developed,and the relationship between the near-infrared spectrum and sugar contents of pears is established.A nondestructive testing device for sugar content is designed using the laser diode of 850 nm as the background and that of 905 nm as the characteristic source.The model for calibration is set up by the partial least squares(PLS) method.The correlograms between the standard Brix value and predictive value of the calibration set and the prediction set are obtained which give good predictions of the sugar content of pears,with corresponding r values of 0.991 9 and 0.826 2,and standard errors of predictions of 0.002 and 0.008.It is proved that the device designed can be used for nondestructive testing of the sugar content of pears of the same variety.
Current Concepts in Sports-Related Concussion

Traumatic brain injury, specifically concussion, is prevalent in contact sports. In the United States (US) each year, 170 million adults participate in physical recreational activities, and 38 million children and adolescents participate in organized sports. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that in this group ~1.6 to 3.8 million concussions occur annually. Recent class-action lawsuits in the US filed by professional athletes against their respective leagues allege negligence in protecting them from concussions, and this has contributed to the attention received in the popular media. In response, concussion-related publications have increased exponentially during the past several years. Recent studies have challenged earlier assumptions that the effects of concussion are transient. Stronger links between concussion and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease-like conditions, depression, and heightened risk for suicide are being elucidated. In this article, we explore the current knowledge on concussion, including pathophysiology, management, and long-term effects. We conclude that more evidence-based results regarding guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and return to play (RTP) are needed and should be the focus of future investigations. Attributing the etiology of certain neurodegenerative conditions to a history of concussion has been suggested in the current literature, but additional quantitative data regarding the pathophysiology and causality are needed as well. Bioengineers can have an important role in measuring the dynamic forces encountered during head impacts and their effects on the brain. These results can be effective in designing better helmets as well as improved playing surfaces to reduce the impact of such injuries. At this time, we believe that groups of people with heightened risk for concussion should be followed closely during longer periods of time and compared to matched controls. Such long-term studies are urgently needed to develop appropriate guidelines for safety and protect our young and adult athletes in the future.
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a dramatic disease that carries a poor prognosis but responds to early intervention and aggressive therapy. This review provides a schema for expeditious diagnosis and therapy of various types of RPGN encompassing application of current serological and other diagnostic tools, and addresses issues related to selection of therapy, assessment of expectation of response, and prognosis. Current therapeutic modalities have improved the prognosis of this devastating disease, but emerging therapeutic options promise to improve our treatment of these diseases yet more in the future.
The Emerging Case Law on Extra Duty Contracts: Implications and Guidelines for Practicing School Administrators.

Extra duty assignments for teachers rarely led to litigation prior to the 1980s. However, a study of recent extra duty cases indicated that the number and variety of cases are increasing. Cases wer...
Quantum structures for recombination control in the light-emitting transistor

Recombination of carriers in the direct-bandgap base of a transistor-injected quantum cascade laser (TI-QCL) is shown to be controllable through the field applied across the quantum cascade region located in the transistor’s base-collector junction. The influence of the electric field on the quantum states in the cascade region’s superlattice allows free flow of electrons out of the transistor base only for field values near the design field that provides optimal QCL gain. Quantum modulation of base recombination in the light-emitting transistor is therefore observed. In a GaAs-based light-emitting transistor, a periodic superlattice is grown between the p-type base and the n-type collector. Under different base-collector biasing conditions the distribution of quantum states, and as a consequence transition probabilities through the wells and barriers forming the cascade region, leads to strong field-dependent mobility for electrons in transit through the base-collector junction. The radiative base recombination, which is influenced by minority carrier transition lifetime, can be modulated through the quantum states alignment in the superlattice. A GaAs-based transistor-injected quantum cascade laser with AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice is designed and fabricated. Radiative base recombination is measured under both common-emitter and common-base configuration. In both configurations the optical output from the base is proportional to the emitter injection. When the quantum states in the superlattice are aligned the optical output in the base is reduced as electrons encounter less impedance entering the collector; when the quantum states are misaligned electrons have longer lifetime in the base and the radiative base recombination process is enhanced.
The Light-Cone

Space-time is divided into several regions split by the light-cone into domains: within the light-cone we have a) The future domain we can influence by our actions; that is, where we could send information to or even travel to; and b) the past domain which has influenced our present state. Outside the light-cone we have the acausal domain that we cannot communicate with at this instant in time. The light-cone coordinates are introduced as a mathematical tool that relates to the space-time division.
Evidence for unlimited capacity processing of simple features in visual cortex

Performance in many visual tasks is impaired when observers attempt to divide spatial attention across multiple visual field locations. Correspondingly, neuronal response magnitudes in visual cortex are often reduced during divided compared with focused spatial attention. This suggests that early visual cortex is the site of capacity limits, where finite processing resources must be divided among attended stimuli. However, behavioral research demonstrates that not all visual tasks suffer such capacity limits: The costs of divided attention are minimal when the task and stimulus are simple, such as when searching for a target defined by orientation or contrast. To date, however, every neuroimaging study of divided attention has used more complex tasks and found large reductions in response magnitude. We bridged that gap by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure responses in the human visual cortex during simple feature detection. The first experiment used a visual search task: Observers detected a low-contrast Gabor patch within one or four potentially relevant locations. The second experiment used a dual-task design, in which observers made independent judgments of Gabor presence in patches of dynamic noise at two locations. In both experiments, blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the retinotopic cortex were significantly lower for ignored than attended stimuli. However, when observers divided attention between multiple stimuli, BOLD signals were not reliably reduced and behavioral performance was unimpaired. These results suggest that processing of simple features in early visual cortex has unlimited capacity.
Serious Mental Illness in Heavy Drinkers Is Associated with Poor Treatment Outcomes in Outpatients with Co-occurring Disorders

The objective of this study was to determine whether the interaction between type of serious mental illness (SMI) and pre-treatment drinking severity, assessed by ethyl glucuronide (EtG), predicts EtG-positive urine samples submitted during treatment in outpatients with co-occurring alcohol dependence and SMI. Seventy-nine participants were randomized to treatment-as-usual or treatment-as-usual and contingency management (CM) targeting alcohol abstinence. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the interaction of pre-treatment drinking (heavy drinking or light drinking) and SMI diagnosis (major depression, bipolar, or schizophrenia-spectrum disorders) across a 12-week treatment period. In the overall sample, the interaction of drinking severity and SMI diagnosis (p = 0.006) was associated with alcohol abstinence. Exploratory analyses of the interaction term among participants randomized to CM (n = 40; p = 0.008) were associated with alcohol abstinence during CM. Type of SMI diagnosis was associated with treatment outcomes in individuals who engaged in heavy drinking, but not light drinking, prior to treatment.
Receipt of alcohol-related care among patients with HCV and unhealthy alcohol use.

Abstract Background Alcohol use—particularly unhealthy alcohol use—exacerbates risks associated with Hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, whether unhealthy alcohol use is appropriately addressed among HCV+ patients is understudied. We examined receipt of alcohol-related care among HCV+ patients and unhealthy alcohol use. Methods All positive alcohol screens (AUDIT-C score ≥5) documented 10/01/09-5/30/13 were identified from national electronic health records data from the Veterans Health Administration (VA). Regression models estimated unadjusted and adjusted proportions of HCV+ and HCV- patients receiving 1) brief intervention within 14 days of positive screening, 2) specialty addictions treatment, and 3) pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in the year following positive screening. Adjusted models included demographics, alcohol use severity, and mental health and substance use disorder comorbidities. Results Among 830,825 VA outpatients with positive alcohol screening, 31,841 were HCV+. Among HCV+, unadjusted and adjusted prevalences were 69.2% (CI, 68.7–69.6) and 71.9% (CI, 71.4–72.4) for brief intervention, 29.9% (CI, 29.4–30.4) and 12.7% (CI 12.5–12.9) for specialty addictions treatment, and 5.9% (CI, 5.7–6.1) and 3.3% (CI, 3.1–3.4) for pharmacotherapy, respectively. Among the 20,320 (64%) patients with HCV and documented AUD, unadjusted and adjusted prevalences were 40.0% (CI, 39.3–40.6) and 26.7% (CI, 26.3–27.1) for specialty addictions treatment and 8.1% (CI, 7.7–8.4) and 6.4% (CI, 6.1–6.6) for pharmacotherapy, respectively. Receipt of alcohol-related care was generally similar across HCV status. Conclusions Findings highlight under-receipt of recommended alcohol-related care, particularly pharmacotherapy, among patients with HCV and unhealthy alcohol use who are particularly vulnerable to adverse influences of alcohol use.
On the transition between turbulence regimes in particle-laden channel flows

Turbulent wall-bounded flows exhibit a wide range of regimes with significant interaction between scales. The fluid dynamics associated with single-phase channel flows is predominantly characterized by the Reynolds number. Meanwhile, vastly different behaviour exists in particle-laden channel flows, even at a fixed Reynolds number. Vertical turbulent channel flows seeded with a low concentration of inertial particles are known to exhibit segregation in the particle distribution without significant modification to the underlying turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). At moderate (but still low) concentrations, enhancement or attenuation of fluid-phase TKE results from increased dissipation and wakes past individual particles. Recent studies have shown that denser suspensions significantly alter the two-phase dynamics, where the majority of TKE is generated by interphase coupling (i.e. drag) between the carrier gas and clusters of particles that fall near the channel wall. In the present study, a series of simulations of vertical particle-laden channel flows with increasing mass loading is conducted to analyse the transition from the dilute limit where classical mean-shear production is primarily responsible for generating fluid-phase TKE to high-mass-loading suspensions dominated by drag production. Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations are performed for a wide range of particle loadings at two values of the Stokes number, and the corresponding two-phase energy balances are reported to identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed transition.
Molecular network, pathway, and functional analysis of time-dependent gene changes related to cathepsin G exposure in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

Abstract The molecular pathways activated in response to acute cathepsin G (CG) exposure, as well as the mechanisms involved in activation of signaling pathways that culminate in myocyte detachment and apoptosis remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the changes in gene expression patterns associated with time dependent CG exposure to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Microarray analysis revealed a total of 451, 572 and 1127 differentially expressed genes after CG exposure at 1, 4 and 8 h respectively. A total of 54 overlapped genes at each time point were mapped by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The top up-regulated genes included Hamp, SMAD6, NR4A1, FOSL2, ID3 and SLAMF7, and down-regulated genes included CYR61, GDF6, Olr640, Vom2r36, DUSP6 and MMP20. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with cardiomyocyte death after CG exposure, including JAK/Stat signaling, IL-9 signaling and Nur77 signaling. In addition, we also generated the molecular network of expressed gene and found most of the molecules were connected to ERK1/2, caspase, BCR (complex) and Cyclins. Our study reveals the ability to assess time-dependent changes in gene expression patterns in NRCMs associated with CG exposure. The global gene expression profiles may provide insight into the cellular mechanism that regulates CG dependent myocyte apoptosis. In future, the pathways important in CG response, as well as the genes found to be differentially expressed might represent the therapeutic targets for myocyte survival in heart failure.
Grunddatenstrukturen — II. Mengen

In diesem Kapitel zeigen wir Ihnen vornehmlich wie man Informationen zur Verarbeitung in bestimmte Kategorien einteilt. Hier wird der des PASCAL-RECORDS sowie verschiedene damit verbundene Konzepte vorgestellt.
Premenstrual Syndrome, Mental Abnormality, and Legal Responsibility

I will leave questions of the specific definition and etiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) to the many others in this volume directly addressing these concerns. Instead, in this chapter I will examine the philosophical questions that arise when it is suggested that PMS be introduced into legal proceedings. I will begin with a hypothetical case, contrived to illustrate the issues, and then proceed to explicate these in terms of actual legal precedents.
The Case for a Nonresearch Doctorate in Accounting: An Application of Economic and Ethical Theory to a Practical Issue

Many colleges and universities require faculty members to have a PhD in order to be considered for tenure. Some universities will not even interview job candidates unless they have either already completed a PhD or are in the final stages of a PhD program. The problem with this policy is that many potentially excellent classroom teachers are excluded from consideration without any good reason. PhD programs do not do a good job of exposing students to many of the areas of accounting that they need to either be good practitioners or good teachers. This article offers some suggestions to improve the quality of doctoral education in accounting from both the ethical and economic perspectives.
A Parametric EEG Signal Model for BCIs with Rapid-Trial Sequences

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have been shown very effective for inferring user intents in brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. However, existing EEG-based BCIs, in many cases, lack sufficient performance due to utilizing classifiers that operate on EEG signals induced by individual trials. While many factors influence the classification performance, an important aspect that is often ignored is the temporal dependency of these trial-EEG signals, in some cases impacted by interference of brain responses to consecutive target and non-target trials. In this study, the EEG signals are analyzed in a parametric sequence-based fashion, which considers all trials that induce brain responses in a rapid-sequence fashion, including a mixture of consecutive target and non-target trials. EEG signals are described as a linear combination of time-shifted cortical source activities plus measurement noise. Using a superposition of time invariant with an auto-regressive (AR) process, EEG signals are treated as a linear combination of a stationary Gaussian process and time-locked impulse responses to the stimulus (input events) onsets. The model performance is assessed in the framework of a rapid serial visualization presentation (RSVP) based typing task for three healthy subjects across two sessions. Signal modeling in this fashion yields promising performance outcomes considering a single EEG channel to estimate the user intent.
Receiver Operator Characteristic Confirmation of Potential for Radiation Dose Reduction with Improved Reconstruction for Cardiac SPECT

Dose fractionation is a popular proposed method to lower the radioactive exposure to patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) SPECT/CT. Recently, we optimized reconstruction strategies employed during dose fractionation in MPI using polar maps in combination with the calculation of total perfusion deficit (TPD) scores employing hybrid defects of various sizes. Although observed to agree well with experienced observers, TPD scores have not been used to judge the impact of reduced dose SPECT imaging for standard two-headed SPECT systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to confirm that the optimized reconstruction strategies are indeed ranked accordingly by TPD in comparison to human observers reading hybrid cardiac defects studies with known truth. We setup our human observer study with 126 test cases and 44 training cases. Four observers participated by reading three different reconstruction strategies, ordered-subset expectation maximization with the original dose, (OSEM100), OSEM with only 25% of the dose (OSEM25), and filtered backprojection with the original dose (FBP100). Before commencing the reading of the actual test cases, training with feedback were done for each of the reconstruction strategies. The test cases were read in nine randomized sessions (42 test cases per session), three for each reconstruction strategy with 8 training images as a warm-up with feedback (50 image sets per reading session). The order of reading the different sets as well as the order of the test cases were different for each observer. ROCKIT (University of Chicago) software was used to analyze the observer data. Areas under the curve (AUC) values of 0.786, 0.754, and 0.643 were recorded for OSEM100, OSEM25, and FBP100 respectively. The ranking of the reconstruction strategies is the same as for the TPD scoring method, while the observers performed worse scoring FBP100
Corporate Governance in Firms Going Public: A Literature Review

The empirical IPO literature is now fairly mature. Many literatures have focused on various aspects of IPOs, such as the role of venture capital in IPO companies, IPO underpricing, and the adoption of antitakeover defense. All these issues are related to the corporate governance of IPO firms. Although many studies have been conducted to explore the underlying economic motivation of these issues, none of these issues has reached consensus and their empirical evidences are also mixed. In this survey, I review some dominant theories and hypotheses for each issue and try to highlight some common factors that influence all of these issues.
BAP1 Germline Mutation Associated with Bilateral Primary Uveal Melanoma.

Purpose To describe the occurrence of bilateral primary uveal melanoma in 2 patients with mutation on the gene encoding BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1). Methods Retrospective chart review of patients with bilateral primary uveal melanoma and subsequent positive germline BAP1 mutation. Results There were 2 patients with bilateral uveal melanoma and BAP1 germline positivity. Neither patient demonstrated oculodermal melanocytosis. Patient 1 underwent enucleation of his right eye (OD) at the age of 44 years for a 9.6-mm-thick choroidal melanoma. He returned 4 years later with a 10.0-mm-thick choroidal melanoma in his left eye (OS) and was treated with plaque radiotherapy. He had a strong family history of cancer, and clinical testing for germline BAP1 mutation identified a pathogenic mutation in BAP1. At the 18-month follow-up, visual acuity was 20/200 OS without evidence of systemic metastasis. Patient 2 initially presented at age 54 years with extensive, diffuse iris melanoma OD, initially treated with plaque radiotherapy, but local recurrence after 3 years necessitated enucleation. Four years later, a 6.0-mm-thick ciliary body melanoma OS was found and successfully treated with plaque radiotherapy. Clinical testing for germline BAP1 mutation identified a pathogenic mutation in BAP1. At the 8-year follow-up, visual acuity was 20/40 OS without evidence of local recurrence or systemic metastasis. The patient expired secondary to an unrelated brain infarction. Conclusion Bilateral uveal melanoma is exceedingly rare. Patients with bilateral uveal melanoma, especially when coincident with remote systemic cancers or a family history of cancer, should be evaluated for germline BAP1 mutation. Lifelong monitoring for related systemic malignancies is advised.
Varieties of capitalism and renewable energy in emerging and developing economies

To better understand renewable energy uptake in emergingeconomies, we develop a typology of capitalism for 54 middle-income countries and use Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to test the Vari...
Quickly Finding Recursively Feasible Solutions for MPC with Discrete Variables

In this paper, we consider designing real-time Model Predictive Control (MPC) for embedded control applications where both continuous-valued and discrete-valued control inputs are present. The online optimization in MPC is formulated as a Mixed Integer Quadratic Program (MIQP), and can be achieved using a branch and bound algorithm where multiple relaxed Quadratic Programs (QPs) are solved. Due to the computational constraints for embedded applications, we impose a limit on the number of relaxed problems to be solved. Tailored heuristics in the branch and bound algorithm are developed taking into account the problem structure in MPC framework to generate early feasible solutions. To provide recursive feasibility guarantee to the MPC solved with such limited branch and bound algorithm, we propose to supervise the MPC with a correct-by-construction switching protocol. The paper describes these concepts, provides chronometric estimates for some problems, and gives a numerical example to explain the behavior. Moreover, a fuel cell control problem from the literature with five continuous states, three continuous inputs and three discrete inputs is used to show that the proposed approach reaches a feasible solution much faster than standard branch and bound solutions.
Unrepresentable Justice: Looking for a Postqualitative Theory of Social Change:

I believe posthumanist philosophy promises the possibility of a more robustly ethical and political practice of social inquiry. I do not, however, believe analytic and rhetorical tools have been de...
Should I stay or should I go? A survey analysis of neighborhood change and residential mobility concerns around new light rail stations in Charlotte, NC

Abstract In this article, we examine the effects of rail transit investments on residents' stated mobility intentions and perceptions of neighborhood changes using a survey analysis in Charlotte, North Carolina. We ask residents in neighborhoods along a new light rail line about their reasons for residing in their current neighborhood, thoughts about moving and the light rail's effect on their neighborhood. To control for city-wide housing market pressures, responses from one station-adjacent neighborhood are compared to responses from residents in a similar neighborhood elsewhere in the city while controlling for individual characteristics. Using a mixed-methods research approach, we find that while residents attribute some changes in their property values and rents to the light rail, it is only one of many factors affecting their neighborhood. Light rail also does not appear to affect residents' stated propensity to move out of these neighborhoods. Survey respondents' view of the light rail's effect on their neighborhood is also positive, on average. We find that the stated likelihood of moving is not related to the distance to the station nor to how frequently a resident uses the light rail. This article contributes to debates on transit-induced displacement and gentrification and provides context to neighborhood-scale quantitative analyses from residents' perspective.
Machine learning and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk prediction in a multi-ethnic population.

The pooled cohort equations (PCE) predict atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in patients with characteristics within prespecified ranges and has uncertain performance among Asians or Hispanics. It is unknown if machine learning (ML) models can improve ASCVD risk prediction across broader diverse, real-world populations. We developed ML models for ASCVD risk prediction for multi-ethnic patients using an electronic health record (EHR) database from Northern California. Our cohort included patients aged 18 years or older with no prior CVD and not on statins at baseline (n = 262,923), stratified by PCE-eligible (n = 131,721) or PCE-ineligible patients based on missing or out-of-range variables. We trained ML models [logistic regression with L2 penalty and L1 lasso penalty, random forest, gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme gradient boosting] and determined 5-year ASCVD risk prediction, including with and without incorporation of additional EHR variables, and in Asian and Hispanic subgroups. A total of 4309 patients had ASCVD events, with 2077 in PCE-ineligible patients. GBM performance in the full cohort, including PCE-ineligible patients (area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.835, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.825-0.846), was significantly better than that of the PCE in the PCE-eligible cohort (AUC 0.775, 95% CI: 0.755-0.794). Among patients aged 40-79, GBM performed similarly before (AUC 0.784, 95% CI: 0.759-0.808) and after (AUC 0.790, 95% CI: 0.765-0.814) incorporating additional EHR data. Overall, ML models achieved comparable or improved performance compared to the PCE while allowing risk discrimination in a larger group of patients including PCE-ineligible patients. EHR-trained ML models may help bridge important gaps in ASCVD risk prediction.
When policy and psychology meet: Mitigating the consequences of bias in schools

Harsh exclusionary discipline predicts major negative life outcomes, including adult incarceration and unemployment. This breeds racial inequality because Black students are disproportionately at risk for this type of discipline. Can a combination of policy and psychological interventions reduce this kind of discipline and mitigate this inequality? Two preregistered experiments (N experiment1 = 246 teachers; N experiment2 = 243 teachers) used an established paradigm to systematically test integration of two and then three policy and psychological interventions to mitigate the consequences of bias (troublemaker labeling and pattern perception) on discipline (discipline severity). Results indicate that the integrated interventions can curb teachers' troublemaker labeling and pattern prediction toward Black students who misbehave in a hypothetical paradigm. In turn, integration of the three components reduced racial inequality in teachers' discipline decisions. This research informs scientific theory, public policy, and interventions.
“I am allowed to be myself”: A photovoice exploration of non-binary identity development and meaning-making

Social work researchers have increasingly focused on the needs of transgender communities and clients, which has resulted in the advancement of transgender-affirming practice and services; however,...
Fourteen Years Later: The Capital Punishment System in California

Fourteen years ago, the Illinois Commission on Capital Punishment issued a Report recommending 85 reforms in the criminal justice system in that state to help minimize the possibility that an innocent person would be executed. The following year, this author conducted an empirical study, later published in the Santa Clara Law Review, to determine if California’s system was in need of the same reforms. The study concluded that over ninety-two percent of the same reforms were needed in California. In addition, the study showed that the California system had additional weaknesses beyond those of Illinois that also could lead to the execution of the innocent. This article is an effort, fourteen years later, to determine what has transpired in California during the last fourteen years. It will survey of the major scholarly and judicial work that has been published in the last fourteen years on the death penalty nationally and specifically with regard to California as well as on the progress, if any, to meet the unmet recommendations for the Illinois Commission. This article concludes that there has been much additional criticism of the failures of the criminal justice and death penalty systems in the country and specifically in California. Nevertheless, the empirical study demonstrates that no additional Recommendations of the Illinois Commission have been met in California in the last fourteen years. Illinois, itself, enacted significant reforms to meet at least some of the Illinois recommendations. Nevertheless, Illinois repealed its death penalty. California, despite no reforms, has not, as yet. The voters will have that option on November 8, 2016. By voting “Yes” on Proposition 62, the California death penalty would be repealed.
Protective Factors of Homophobic Name-Calling and Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among LGB, Trans, and Heterosexual High School Students

Homophobic name-calling and sexual violence are prevalent among US high school students and have been associated with a host of negative consequences including anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders, especially among sexual and gender minority youth. Although homophobic name-calling and sexual violence are linked to common risk and protective factors, most prior studies have failed to include gender and sexual minority groups. The present study used path analyses to explore the associations between eight protective factors and the outcomes of homophobic name-calling perpetration, homophobic name-calling victimization, sexual violence perpetration, and sexual violence victimization. The sample included LGB (n = 938), transgender (n = 140), and heterosexual (n = 3,744) high school students in Colorado, USA (N = 4,822). Protective factors included: (1) family support; (2) peer support; (3) friendships with trusted adults; (4) participating in healthy activities; (5) helping others; (6) spirituality; (7) access to counseling; and (8) access to medical services. For homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization, significant negative associations emerged across different groups for the protective factors of family support, peer support, helping others, spirituality, counseling, and medical access. For sexual violence perpetration and victimization, significant negative associations emerged across different groups for the protective factors family support, peer support, and counseling access. Findings suggest that prevention and intervention efforts to address gender-based harassment should focus on building protective, supportive environments across the schools, families, and communities.
A distinção massa / contável em Nadëb

Languages differ with respect to if and how they categorize their nouns based on specific lexical or grammatical criteria. A well-studied example is the mass/count distinction, which groups nouns according to their ability to be counted or measured. Cross-linguistic comparison on this noun-categorization system provided evidence that the mass/count distinction is not a reflection of pre-linguistic perceptions, rather it is a language internal grammatical distinction showing how countability and measurability can be grammatically encoded on different nouns. This work focuses on how the mass/count distinction surfaces in the grammar of Nadeb (Naduhup family; ISO 639-3: mbj) – an endangered and under-described indigenous language of Northwest-Amazonia (Brazil). Results from Lima and Rothstein’s (2020) “The count/mass distinction questionnaire” show that the ability (or inability) to be syntactically juxtaposed with a numeral expression is one of the cut-off points for the division of mass and count nouns in Nadeb. Moreover, I show that mass and count nouns combine with distinct sets of quantifiers and that the possibility of having a (semi-)suppletive plural form can also be considered a possible strategy in the assignment of Nadeb nouns to the count noun category.
Specifying the Nature of the Victim-Offender Overlap: A Gendered Analysis of Victimization and Offending Subtypes

A robust correlation exists between victimization and adolescent offending, but questions remain about how strongly subtypes of victimization may influence offending as well as the relative impact ...
Tibial baseplate position and posterior cruciate ligament status impact patient-reported outcomes in conforming dual-pivot bearing total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Background In an effort to optimize clinical outcomes and enhance stability, ultracongruent bearings have been increasingly used in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The importance of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and optimal sagittal tibial baseplate position in ultracongruent bearing TKA remains unknown. This study sought to determine whether these modifiable, surgical-technique-dependent variables meaningfully impact patient-reported outcome measures. Methods A total of 759 primary TKAs of the same dual-pivot design performed using a consistent surgical technique between January 2016 and April 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. PCL status was recorded, and anteroposterior (AP) tibial baseplate position and posterior tibial slope were measured by two independent blinded raters. Patient-reported outcomes related to pain, function, satisfaction, and activity level were analyzed in relationship to PCL status, posterior tibial slope, and AP tibial baseplate position, in addition to other pertinent covariates. Results Median age and body mass index of the cohort were 68.3 years and 33.4 kg/m2, respectively, with 73% being female. In multivariate analysis, partial or full release of the PCL was predictive of a knee “always” feeling normal (odds ratio 1.42, P = .041). Furthermore, tibial baseplate position closer to the middle of the tibia was associated with greater improvements in pain with level walking, pain while climbing stairs, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement total scores (P ≤ .079). Conclusion In congruent dual-pivot bearing TKA, partially or fully releasing the PCL and AP tibial baseplate position closer to the middle of the tibia may provide greater improvement in pain and function scores at minimum 1-year follow-up.
Genome-wide analysis of common and rare variants via multiple knockoffs at biobank scale, with an application to Alzheimer disease genetics

Knockoff-based methods have become increasingly popular due to their enhanced power for locus discovery and their ability to prioritize putative causal variants in a genome-wide analysis. However, because of the substantial computational cost for generating knockoffs, existing knockoff approaches cannot analyze millions of rare genetic variants in biobank-scale whole-genome sequencing and whole-genome imputed datasets. We propose a scalable knockoff-based method for the analysis of common and rare variants across the genome, KnockoffScreen-AL, that is applicable to biobank-scale studies with hundreds of thousands of samples and millions of genetic variants. The application of KnockoffScreen-AL to the analysis of Alzheimer disease (AD) in 388,051 WG-imputed samples from the UK Biobank resulted in 31 significant loci, including 14 loci that are missed by conventional association tests on these data. We perform replication studies in an independent meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed AD with 94,437 samples, and additionally leverage single-cell RNA-sequencing data with 143,793 single-nucleus transcriptomes from 17 control subjects and AD-affected individuals, and proteomics data from 735 control subjects and affected indviduals with AD and related disorders to validate the genes at these significant loci. These multi-omics analyses show that 79.1% of the proximal genes at these loci and 76.2% of the genes at loci identified only by KnockoffScreen-AL exhibit at least suggestive signal (p < 0.05) in the scRNA-seq or proteomics analyses. We highlight a potentially causal gene in AD progression, EGFR, that shows significant differences in expression and protein levels between AD-affected individuals and healthy control subjects.
A method of diagnosing and treating functional pelvic disease.

I NTEREST in the problem of functional pelvic disease has increased in recent years. It is recognized that any of the symptoms which usually result from organic disease may appear as a result of emotional and psychological disturbances. Every disease has a somatic and a psychic component. Fordyce Barker,’ in his presidential address before the Second Annual Meeting of the American Gynecological Society, discussed the frequency with which the correction of emotional problems relieved symptoms in patients with apparent organic pelvic disease. Be also urged a revival of conservative management in gynecologic treatment. Cooke* has stated, “Ninety-five per cent of the severity of human suffering is mental; a great deal of the symptomatology encountered in the practice of gynecics is of purely mental origin.” The recent gynecologic literature contains an increasing number of references to the psychosomatic origin of some specific gynecologie complaints.“~ 4. B The use of hypnotism and suggestion in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic diseases is receiving attention.6j 7, * In the majority of our patients predominance of the somatic or the psychic factor in a patient’s illness is obvious, and little difficulty is encountered in making a diagnosis. Rowever, in a large group of patients the psychic and somatic conditions overlap, making accurate differentiation extremely difficult. A previous study” of the private gynecologic patients referred to our clinic revealed that 32.5 per cent of them suffered primarily from functional disease. Thirteen per cent of the patients had pat,hologic changes in the pelvis in addition to a functional complaint. Many patients were referred for various operative procedures which were unnecessary after a fundamental emotional problem had been solved. Others had a pathologic lesion treated elsewhere, but had failed to respond because an unsolved psychological problem was present. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the methods we use for diagnosing and treating functional pelvic disease. Such an evaluation must be based upon the accuracy of the diagnosis, and the patient’s response to treatment. A summary of the results obtained in the treatment of this series of pat,ients is therefore included in the data.
A network measurement architecture for adaptive applications

The quality of network connectivity between a pair of Internet hosts can vary greatly. Adaptive applications can cope with these differences in connectivity by choosing alternate representations of objects or streams or by downloading the objects from alternate locations. In order to effectively adapt, applications must discover the condition of the network before communicating with distant hosts. Unfortunately, the ability to predict or report the quality of connectivity is missing in today's suite of Internet services. To address this limitation, we have developed SPAND (shared passive network performance discovery), a system that facilitates the development of adaptive network applications. In each domain, applications make passive application specific measurements of the network and store them in a local centralized repository of network performance information. Other applications may retrieve this information from the repository and use the shared experiences of all hosts in a domain to predict future performance. In this way, applications can make informed decisions about adaptation choices as they communicate with distant hosts. In this paper, we describe and evaluate the SPAND architecture and implementation. We show how the architecture makes it easy to integrate new applications into our system and how the architecture has been used with specifics types of data transport. Finally, we describe LookingGlass, a WWW mirror site selection tool that uses SPAND. LookingGlass meets the conflicting goals of collecting passive network performance measurements and maintaining good client response times. In addition, LookingGlass's server selection algorithms based on application level measurements perform much better than techniques that rely on geographic location or route metrics.
Genetic correlations of pig performance and sow productivity traits.

Records for a total of 732 daughter-dam pairs were analyzed to estimate the genetic correlations of pig performance traits with sow productivity traits, with implications to the development of specialized sire and dam lines for use in crossing. Major pig performance traits analyzed included average daily gain from 56 d of age to a final weight of 90.7 kg (ADG), average backfat thickness at 90.7 kg (BF) and a performance index (PI) consisting of ADG and BF. Major sow productivity traits included number of pigs born alive in a litter (NA), litter size (N21) and litter weight (W21) at 21 d of age and two sow productivity indexes, one with NA, N21 and W21 (SPI-3) and one with NA and W21 (SPI-2). All records were expressed as deviations from breed-line-year-season means of this population. Genetic correlations were computed from daughter-dam covariances. The mean genetic correlation of PI with SPI consisted of two correlations, that of daughters' PI with dams' SPI and that of dams' PI with daughters' SPI. The mean genetic correlation of PI with SPI-3 and SPI-2 was .07 +/- .12, suggesting that concurrent improvement in both PI and SPI would not be restricted by selection within a single composite line. The genetic correlation of daughters' PI with dams' SPI (-.18 +/- .13) was appraised as more critical than the reciprocal correlation of dams' PI with daughters' SPI (+.28 +/- .13). This appraisal is based on the fact that only one generation separates a daughter's PI from her dam's SPI, as compared with two generations in the reciprocal covariance. However, the -.18 correlation was not significantly different from zero, indicating that formation of specialized sire and dam lines for use in crossing would be only marginally more effective at best for improving the overall efficiency in pork production than use of a single composite line, aside from the heterosis effects from crossing the lines. Indexes were proposed for combining PI and SPI for use either in specialized sire and dam lines or in a single composite line.
A neo-Downsian model of group-oriented voting and racial backlash

We extend the standard Downsian framework to suppose that voters consider the identity of each candidate's supporters when deciding whom to support, rather than considering only the announced policy positions of the candidates. In particular we posit the existence of a class of voters whose support for a candidate reduces support by some other voters for that candidate. Our most important result concerns the conditions under which the addition to the electorate of new voters on one side of the policy spectrum shifts the equilibrium toward the opposite direction. The model can explain why enfranchisement of blacks did not immediately help the election of liberal candidates.
A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change

Communication researchers and practitioners have suggested that framing climate change in terms of public health and/or national security may make climate change more personally relevant and emotionally engaging to segments of the public who are currently disengaged or even dismissive of the issue. To evaluate these assumptions, using a nationally representative online survey of U.S. residents (N01,127) conducted in December, 2010, we randomly assigned six previously identified audience segments on climate change to one of three experimental conditions. Subjects were asked to read uniquely framed news articles about climate change emphasizing either the risks to the environment, public health, or national security and the benefits of mitigation and adaptation-related actions. Results show that across audience segments, the public health focus was the most likely to elicit emotional reactions consistent with support for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Findings also indicated that the national security frame may possibly boomerang among audience seg- ments already doubtful or dismissive of the issue, eliciting unintended feelings of anger.
The Role of Technology in the Maxillofacial Prosthetic Setting

Medical imaging and rapid prototyping are viable tools which can be utilized in the process of creating extraoral prostheses. Successful implementation is a direct result of close collaboration between medical and engineering personnel. The use of medical imaging and rapid prototyping has the potential to reduce the cost and time in the fabrication of the wax patterns and could result in a more accurate morphologic result. This chapter describes the use of medical imaging and rapid prototyping used in the fabrication of an auricular wax pattern and its adaption to the clinical defect. The use of this technology results in a more symmetrical wax pattern and a significant time saving compared to sculpting in the traditional manner.
Evaluation of On-Board In-Flight Checkout on military aircraft

The potential benefits of On-Board In-Flight Checkout (OBIFCO) were evaluated through computer simulation. This evaluation included fighter and transport aircraft operations within both wartime and peacetime environments to determine the effects of early failure warning, reduced diagnosis time, and reliability of diagnosis. A RAND-developed Monte Carlo Simulation, SAMSOM II, was modified for use in the study.