cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Immunohistochemieal and ultrastructural studies of 14 cases

The authors retrospectively reviewed data regarding 14 patients with sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung seen and treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1955 to 1986. The following were the histologic criteria for inclusion in the study: (1) the concurrent presence of malignant epithelial and sarcomatoid spindle cell components, and (2) positive immunoreactivity for antikeratin antibody or ultrastructural demonstration of epithelial differentiation in sarcomatoid tumors in which the epithelial component was inconspicuous. For the sarcomatoid components, the most frequent pattern was malignant fibrous histiocytoma, which was present in ten tumors. An unclassified sarcomatoid pattern was found in two cases and a fibrosarcomatous pattern in two remaining cases. Clinically, the median patient age was 59 years; 12 patients were male and 2 were female; 13 were smokers and 1 used snuff. Three patients had Stage I, ten had Stage HI, and one had Stage IV disease. One patient with Stage I, seven with Stage III, and one with Stage IV disease died of their carcinomas 2 to 26 months after diagnosis (median survival time 12 months). All patients who had lymph node metastases at presentation died of disease. The authors concluded the following: (1) patients with sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung usually presented at an advanced stage; (2) lymph node metastasis, as with a usual carcinoma of the lung, is an important prognostic factor; and (3) for all lung tumors with a sarcomatoid pattern, especially a malignant fibrous histiocytoma pattern, extensive samples should be obtained and immunoperoxidase or ultrastructural studies done to identify epithelial differentiation.
Motor expertise modulates movement processing in working memory

A substantial amount of literature has demonstrated individuals' tendency to code verbally a series of movements for subsequent recall. However, the mechanisms underlying movement encoding remain unclear. In this paper, I argue that sensorimotor expertise influences the involvement of motor processes to store movements in working memory. Experts in motor activities and individuals with limited motor expertise were compared in three experimental conditions assessing movement recall: (a) without suppression task, (b) with verbal suppression, and (c) with motor suppression. Athletes outperformed controls in movement recall, but the suppression tasks affected the two groups differently. Verbal suppression affected controls more than athletes, whereas the effect was reversed with motor suppression. Together, these findings suggest that controls and athletes favor different mechanisms to encode movements, either based on verbal or on motor processes, providing further evidence for a tight relationship between sensorimotor and cognitive processes.
A Direct Measurement of the Intensity Variations of the Helium Lines with Voltage

The intensity variations with voltage of some of the brighter lines of the low voltage helium arc spectrum were determined by means of a recently developed photoelectric spectrophotometer. The radiation was developed in a copper ball, 20 cm in diameter. The equipotential cathode and grid from a commercial three-electrode tube formed the internal structure, the sphere itself being the anode. This arrangment gave an extremely bright spectrum, even at the striking voltage, with a relatively low current density in the space. The results on $5016 (1^{1}S\ensuremath{-}2^{1}P)$ and on $6678 (1^{1}P\ensuremath{-}2^{1}D)$ were generally smooth curves. Lines $4026 (1^{3}P\ensuremath{-}4^{3}D)$, $4471 (1^{3}P\ensuremath{-}3^{3}D)$, and $5876 (1^{3}P\ensuremath{-}2^{3}D)$, show a region of constant intensity with arc voltages from 27 to 35 volts, thereafter increasing smoothly. Line $4713 (1^{3}P\ensuremath{-}3^{3}S)$ shows definite maxima near the critical exciting potentials. The accurate linear relationship between the intensity of the light admitted to the photoelectric cell and the amplified output of the photoelectric cell was established by a separate experiment. For the measurements on the spectrum lines, every intensity measurement was referred to a standard lamp operated at a constant resistance. The absence of oscillations in the arc current was shown by a vacuum tube voltmeter.
Tools for Assessment of Pain in Nonverbal Older Adults with Dementia: A State-of-the-Science Review

To improve assessment and management of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia, an effective means of recognizing and evaluating pain in this vulnerable population is needed. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the existing tools used for pain assessment in this population to provide recommendations to clinicians. Ten pain assessment tools based on observation of behavioral indicators for use with nonverbal older adults with dementia were evaluated according to criteria and indicators in five areas: conceptualization, subjects, administration, reliability, and validity. Results indicate that although a number of tools demonstrate potential, existing tools are still in the early stages of development and testing. Currently, there is no standardized tool based on nonverbal behavioral pain indicators in English that may be recommended for broad adoption in clinical practice.
Heregulin β1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through Rac/ERK-dependent induction of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1

Accumulating evidence indicates that heregulins, EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like ligands, promote breast cancer cell proliferation and are involved in the progression of breast cancer towards an aggressive and invasive phenotype. However, there is limited information regarding the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects. We have recently established that HRG (heregulin β1) promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and migration via cross-talk with EGFR (EGF receptor) that involves the activation of the small GTPase Rac1. In the present paper we report that Rac1 is an essential player for mediating the induction of cyclin D1 and p21 Cip1 by HRG in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of Rac function by expressing either the Rac-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) β2-chimaerin or the dominant-negative Rac mutant N17Rac1, or Rac1 depletion using RNAi (RNA interference), abolished the cyclin D1 and p21 Cip1 induction by HRG. Interestingly, the proliferative effect of HRG was impaired not only when the expression of Rac1 or cyclin D1 was inhibited, but also when cells were depleted of p21 Cip1 using RNAi. Inhibition of EGFR, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase; kinases required for Rac activation by HRG) or MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] also blocked the up-regulation of cyclin D1 and p21 Cip1 by HRG. In addition, we found that HRG activates NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) in a Rac1- and MEK-dependent fashion, and inhibition of NF-κB abrogates cyclin D1/p21 Cip1 induction and proliferation by HRG. Taken together, these findings establish a central role for Rac1 in the control of HRG-induced breast cancer cell-cycle progression and proliferation through up-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and p21 Cip1 .
Stress hormonal response to exercise after sleep loss.

While prolonged loss of sleep is unpleasant and demanding, it remains unclear if it blunts or enhances the physiological stress imposed by subsequent exercise. To investigate this, we deprived eight subjects of sleep prior to exercise to see if this altered the stress hormonal response to that exercise. In a first series of experiments, two fragmented nights of sleep preceded 30 min of heavy treadmill walking exercise. While sleep loss disturbed mood before and during exercise (p<0.05), it left stress hormonal levels (cortisol and Β-endorphin) in blood identical to control. In a second series, subjects performed light treadmill walking exercise for 3 h after 36 sleepless hours. As before, sleep deprivation disturbed mood before and throughout exercise (p<0.05), but failed to change blood levels of stress hormones. In both series, sleeplessness left heart rate, oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, and body core temperature unchanged in exercise. We conclude that sleep loss provokes psychological changes during subsequent exercise without measurably altering the stress hormonal response to that exercise.
The Application Perspective: Seeking Productivity and Performance

In this note we propose two projects: (1) creating a hierarchical programming model from current models; and (2) extracting application primitives from the â13 dwarfsâ. The first topic addresses the need for a unified and manageable framework for very large-scale concurrent execution. This is the productivity part: less complexity will drive better mapping of algorithms to architecture, which will also contribute to better performance. The second topic focuses mostly on the processor and the node with the aim of laying the groundwork for software and silicon optimized kernels. While it is understood that applications primitives are outside the scope of IESP, the motivation for introducing it here is that it is a companion issue and that increasing the efficiency of each processor provides high return for science, at all levels of system size.
Ankle dorsiflexion in adolescent athletes.

Ankle equinus has been proposed to be associated with lower-extremity pathology. Physiologically normal measurements have been quantified in various populations. Forty high-school athletes (16 girls and 24 boys) without a history of ankle injury had ankle dorsiflexion measured with the knee extended and flexed by an experienced evaluator using a goniometer with the subjects supine. The group mean ± SD dorsiflexion for the right ankle was 0.35° ± 2.2° with the knee extended and 4.88° ± 3.23° with the knee flexed. The values for the left ankle were –0.6° ± 2.09° and 4.68° ± 3.33°, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between limbs using the Student t-test. In girls, values for right and left ankle dorsiflexion were 0.19° ± 2.1° and –0.7° ± 2.3°, respectively, with the knee extended and 4.88° ± 3.59° and 4.88° ± 3.07°, respectively, with the knee flexed. In boys, these values were 0.46° ± 2.3° and –0.5° ± 1.98° with the knee extended and 4.88° ± 3.04° and 4.54° ± 3.55° with the k...
The greening and browning of Alaska based on 1982-2003 satellite data

Aim To examine the trends of 1982–2003 satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at several spatial scales within tundra and boreal forest areas of Alaska. Location Arctic and subarctic Alaska. Methods Annual maximum NDVI data from the twice monthly Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI 1982–2003 data set with 64-km2 pixels were extracted from a spatial hierarchy including three large regions: ecoregion polygons within regions, ecozone polygons within boreal ecoregions and 100-km climate station buffers. The 1982–2003 trends of mean annual maximum NDVI values within each area, and within individual pixels, were computed using simple linear regression. The relationship between NDVI and temperature and precipitation was investigated within climate station buffers. Results At the largest spatial scale of polar, boreal and maritime regions, the strongest trend was a negative trend in NDVI within the boreal region. At a finer scale of ecoregion polygons, there was a strong positive NDVI trend in cold arctic tundra areas, and a strong negative trend in interior boreal forest areas. Within boreal ecozone polygons, the weakest negative trends were from areas with a maritime climate or colder mountainous ecozones, while the strongest negative trends were from warmer basin ecozones. The trends from climate station buffers were similar to ecoregion trends, with no significant trends from Bering tundra buffers, significant increasing trends among arctic tundra buffers and significant decreasing trends among interior boreal forest buffers. The interannual variability of NDVI among the arctic tundra buffers was related to the previous summer warmth index. The spatial pattern of increasing tundra NDVI at the pixel level was related to the west-to-east spatial pattern in changing climate across arctic Alaska. There was no significant relationship between interannual NDVI and precipitation or temperature among the boreal forest buffers. The decreasing NDVI trend in interior boreal forests may be due to several factors including increased insect/disease infestations, reduced photosynthesis and a change in root/leaf carbon allocation in response to warmer and drier growing season climate. Main conclusions There was a contrast in trends of 1982–2003 annual maximum NDVI, with cold arctic tundra significantly increasing in NDVI and relatively warm and dry interior boreal forest areas consistently decreasing in NDVI. The annual maximum NDVI from arctic tundra areas was strongly related to a summer warmth index, while there were no significant relationships in boreal areas between annual maximum NDVI and precipitation or temperature. Annual maximum NDVI was not related to spring NDVI in either arctic tundra or boreal buffers.
Role of Social Presence and Cognitive Absorption in Online Learning Environments.

This article investigates the relationships between social presence, cognitive absorption, interest, and student satisfaction in online learning. A hypothesized structural equation model was developed to study these critical variables that may influence interaction in online learning environments. Contrary to expectations, the study determined that social presence does not impact satisfaction directly. However, the study concludes that while social presence is related to student satisfaction, its impact is not direct but rather mediated by cognitive absorption. In addition, the study clarified the impact of students’ interest on social presence, cognitive absorption, and satisfaction. The results of this study indicate that interest affects social presence and satisfaction directly. Additionally, interest appears to influence satisfaction indirectly through social presence and cognitive absorption. Contrary to expectations, this study did not reveal any significant relationship between interest and cognit...
Colonial archives and the arts of governance

Anthropologists engaged in post-colonial studies are increasingly adopting an historical perspective and using archives. Yet their archival activity tends to remain more an extractive than an ethnographic one. Documents are thus still invoked piecemeal to confirm the colonial invention of certain practices or to underscore cultural claims, silent. Yet such mining of thecontent of government commissions, reports, and other archival sources rarely pays attention to their peculiar placement andform. Scholars need to move from archive-assource to archive-as-subject. This article, using document production in the Dutch East Indies as an illustration, argues that scholars should view archives not as sites of knowledge retrieval, but of knowledge production, as monuments of states as well as sites of state ethnography. This requires a sustained engagement with archives as cultural agents of “fact” production, of taxonomies in the making, and of state authority. What constitutes the archive, what form it takes, and what systems of classification and epistemology signal at specific times are (and reflect) critical features of colonial politics and state power. The archive was the supreme technology of the late nineteenth-century imperial state, a repository of codified beliefs that clustered (and bore witness to) connections between secrecy, the law, and power.
Thermal transport in multiwall carbon nanotube buckypapers

Article history: A steady-state electro-Raman-thermal (SERT) technique is developed to characterize the thermal transport in multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) buckypapers. This SERT technique involves steady-state joule heating of a suspended sample and measuring its middle point temperature based on Raman shift intensity. The thermal conductivity is determined from linear fitting of the temperature against heating power. Combined with the transient-electro-thermal technique, the thermophysical properties of two MWCNT buckypapers are characterized as 1.19 and 2.92 W/(m K) for thermal conductivity, 3.65 × 10 − 6 and 7.58 × 10 − 6 m 2 /s for thermal diffusivity, 459 and 543 kg/m 3 for density. Detailed discussion and analysis are provided about the uncertainty of the SERT technique and its capacity for measuring wires down to sub-μm length. The low thermal conductivity of the buckypaper indicates its thermal transport is determined by the thermal contact resistance between MWCNTs. These contact points feature low thermal conductance. The mean distance between two adjacent contact points is estimated in the order 45-450 μm and 93-933 μm for the two samples, indicating low-density contacts within the buckypaper. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Basolateral Amygdala Modulates Terminal Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens and Conditioned Responding

Background Dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is essential for goal-directed behaviors and primarily arises from burst firing of ventral tegmental area neurons. However, the role of associative neural substrates such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in regulating phasic dopamine release in the NAc, particularly during reward seeking, remains unknown. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats learned to discriminate two cues: a discriminative stimulus (DS) that predicted sucrose reinforcement contingent upon a lever press and a nonassociated stimulus (NS) that predicted a second lever never reinforced with sucrose. Following training, a test session was completed in which NAc dopamine was measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in conjunction with inactivation of the ipsilateral BLA (gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists; baclofen/muscimol) to determine the contribution of BLA activity to dopamine release in the NAc core during the task. Results Under vehicle conditions, DS and NS presentation elicited dopamine release within the NAc core. The DS evoked significantly more dopamine than the NS. Inactivation of the BLA selectively attenuated the magnitude of DS-evoked dopamine release, concurrent with an attenuation of DS-evoked conditioned approaches. Other behavioral responses (e.g., lever pressing) and dopamine release concomitant with those events were unaltered by BLA inactivation. Furthermore, neither ventral tegmental area electrically stimulated dopamine release nor the probability of high concentration dopamine release events was altered following BLA inactivation. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the BLA terminally modulates dopamine signals within the NAc core under specific, behaviorally relevant conditions, illustrating a functional mechanism by which the BLA selectively facilitates responding to motivationally salient environmental stimuli.
Communication speed selection for embedded systems with networked voltage-scalable processors

High-speed serial network interfaces are gaining wide use in connecting multiple processors and peripherals in modern embedded systems, thanks to their size advantage and power efficiency. Many such interfaces also support multiple data rates, and this ability is opening a new dimension in the power/performance trade-offs between communication and computation on voltage scalable embedded processors. To minimize energy consumption in these networked architectures, designers must not only perform functional partitioning but also carefully balance the speeds between communication and computation, which compete for time and energy. Minimizing communication power without considering computation may actually lead to higher energy consumption at the system level due to elongated on-time as well as lost opportunities for dynamic voltage scaling on the processors. We propose a speed selection methodology for globally optimizing the energy consumption in embedded networked architectures. We formulate a multi-dimensional optimization problem by modeling communication dependencies between processors and their timing budgets. This enables engineers to systematically solve the problem of optimal speed selection for global energy reduction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our speed selection approach with an image processing application mapped onto a multi-processor architecture with a multi-speed Ethernet.
Validation of Indirect Measures of Body Fat in Lactating Cows

Abstract The objective of the study was to establish and compare equations that would estimate the body fat content of lactating dairy cows from different indirect techniques. The techniques used were body condition scoring, dilution of D 2 O in body water, and determination of mean fat cell size diameter of the subcutaneous, abdominal, and perirenal depots. Each technique was validated against direct determination of body fat content of the same lactating cows. To apply equations to high producing, lactating dairy cows, cows were from a herd producing more than 9500kg of FCM/305 d, were lactating, and were in less than average body condition. Eight days prior to slaughter, a single injection of D 2 O was injected into the jugular vein, and body dilution was followed for 4 d. Cows were scored for body condition on the day of injection and weighed daily for the 4 d prior to slaughter. Samples of subcutaneous, perirenal, and omental adipose depots were taken, and adipocyte size and number were determined. Body fat was not predicted well by D 2 O space alone, but inclusion of BW did improve the prediction of body fat from this variable. The best equations were derived from use of BW with body condition score or subcutaneous fat cell diameter: observed body fat=−122.1 + .21 × BW + 36.0 × body condition score, and −195.6 + .290 × BW + .927 × subcutaneous fat cell diameter; standard errors of the estimate were 4.6 and 5.5kg, respectively. Equations using diameters of abdominal and perirenal fat cells gave similar relationships. Equations using all four predictors (live BW, fat cell diameter, condition score, and D 2 O space) were only slightly improved over these equations. Thus, use of body condition score, adipocyte diameter, and BW in laboratory and field conditions may help in the study and management of the use of body fat in lactating dairy cows.
Impact of land use and land cover change on groundwater recharge and quality in the southwestern US

Humans have exerted large-scale changes on the terrestrial biosphere, primarily through agriculture; however, the impacts of such changes on the hydrologic cycle are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the conversion of natural rangeland ecosystems to agricultural ecosystems impacts the subsurface portion of the hydrologic cycle by changing groundwater recharge and flushing salts to underlying aquifers. The hypothesis was examined through point and areal studies investigating the effects of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on groundwater recharge and solute transport in the Amargosa Desert (AD) in Nevada and in the High Plains (HP) in Texas, US. Studies use the fact that matric (pore-water-pressure) potential and environmental-tracer profiles in thick unsaturated zones archive past changes in recharging fluxes. Results show that recharge is related to LU/LC as follows: discharge through evapotranspiration (i.e., no recharge; upward fluxes o0.1mmyr � 1 ) in natural rangeland ecosystems (low matric potentials; high chloride and nitrate concentrations); moderate-to-high recharge in irrigated agricultural ecosystems (high matric potentials; lowto-moderate chloride and nitrate concentrations) (AD recharge: � 130‐640mmyr � 1 ); and moderate recharge in nonirrigated (dryland) agricultural ecosystems (high matric potentials; low chloride and nitrate concentrations, and increasing groundwater levels) (HP recharge: � 9‐32mmyr � 1 ). Replacement of rangeland with agriculture changed flow directions from upward (discharge) to downward (recharge). Recent replacement of rangeland with irrigated ecosystems was documented through downward displacement of chloride and nitrate fronts. Thick unsaturated zones contain a reservoir of salts that are readily mobilized under increased recharge related to LU/LC changes, potentially degrading groundwater quality. Sustainable land use requires quantitative knowledge of the linkages between ecosystem change, recharge, and groundwater quality.
Strength of TCR–Peptide/MHC Interactions and In Vivo T Cell Responses

The TCR can detect subtle differences in the strength of interaction with peptide/MHC ligand and transmit this information to influence downstream events in T cell responses. Manipulation of the factor commonly referred to as TCR signal strength can be achieved by changing the amount or quality of peptide/MHC ligand. Recent work has enhanced our understanding of the many variables that contribute to the apparent cumulative strength of TCR stimulation during immunogenic and tolerogenic T cell responses. In this review, we consider data from in vitro studies in the context of in vivo immune responses and discuss in vivo consequences of manipulation of strength of TCR stimulation, including influences on T cell-APC interactions, the magnitude and quality of the T cell response, and the types of fate decisions made by peripheral T cells.
NSA Surveillance Since 9/11 and the Human Right to Privacy

Since shortly after 9/11, if not earlier, the National Security Agency (NSA) has been collecting massive amounts of data about American citizens and permanent residents, ostensibly with the aim of preempting future terrorist attacks. While the NSA’s program has invited substantial scholarly attention, specifically concerning its compliance with the United States Constitution and various domestic statutes, the academic debate about its merits entirely omits one crucial fact: the United States is also legally obliged to protect a human right to privacy, as codified in Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). This Article seeks to eliminate the blind spot caused by that omission, illustrating the relevance of human rights for assessing the legality and propriety of NSA surveillance. It argues that even under conservative assumptions about the scope of the NSA program and the coverage of the ICCPR, there is good reason to think that the program violates the covenant. At the very least, as this detailed case study of the NSA program demonstrates, more clarity from the Human Rights Committee on the right to privacy is essential in a world characterized by increasing government surveillance.Section I of this Article provides a brief history of domestic spying in the United States, leading up to and through the passage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA). FISA constituted the first major legislative effort to regulate the electronic surveillance of American citizens or permanent residents within the United States for foreign intelligence or international counterterrorism purposes, and Section I concludes by outlining the key provisions of this landmark statute. Section II traces the chronology of revelations about the NSA program and relevant statutory developments, starting with the original disclosure of the program in December of 2005 and ending with revelations made in August of 2013. Section III of the Article explains why Article 17 of the ICCPR applies with full force to the United States, while Section IV unpacks some of the language of Article 17 to illustrate why its provisions apply to the activities of the NSA. Finally, Section V explores several ways in which the NSA program appears to violate the provisions of Article 17.
Quantitative Characterization of the Fracture Surface of Si Single Crystals by Confocal Microscopy

Experiments are conducted to study the dislocation nucleation conditions at the crack tip in {l_brace}110{r_brace} oriented Si single crystals. Specimens with surface cracks are first statically loaded at elevated temperatures for a prolonged period of time to initiate and move dislocations away from the crack tip, then cooled down to room temperature and loaded to fracture to measure the fracture toughness. Fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces is performed. Distinct wavy patterns on the fracture surface at the initial cleavage crack front are observed, which is attributed to the existence of local mixed mode 1/mode 3 stresses resulting from the inhomogeneous dislocation activity. Confocal microscopy is employed to quantify the fracture surface roughness. The results show that the increase of fracture toughness is directly associated with the increased area of the rough surface, which is characterized by the roughness number or the fractal dimension increment. The results also demonstrate that dislocation nucleation can occur only at discrete sites. The spacing between these dislocation nucleation sources is of the order of 1 {micro}m. A simple model is developed for the relationship between the fracture toughness and the surface roughness parameters, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Origin of the Hydrogen/Deuterium (H/D) Isotope Effect of Hot-Electron Degradation of MOS Devices

In order to verify Van de Walle and Jackson’s theory on the isotope effect of the Si-H/D bonds resistant to hot-electron excitation [Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 2441 (1996)], we measured the Si-H, Si-D, and other vibrational modes in oxidized silicon wafers annealed in hydrogen and deuterium using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Our FTIR data suggest that the frequency for the Si-D bending mode at the SiO2/Si interface is 490 cm−1. Our experimental data support Van de Walle and Jackson’s theory with some modification. Their theory is correct for the experiments of breaking Si-H/D bonds using scanning tunneling microscope (STM) where no oxide is involved. In the SiO2/Si case, the de-excitation of the Si-D bond may be due to the energy coupling from the Si-D bending mode to two vibrational modes; i.e., the Si-O TO mode and the Si-Si TO phonon mode. Van de Walle and Jackson only pointed out coupling to the Si-Si TO phonon mode. The strongest coupling might happen between the Si-D mode and the Si-O TO mode. Therefore, the oxide may play a crucial role in energy dissipation of the Si-D bond in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices.
Fuzzy Cluster Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Data

The quantities of earth science data collected have necessitated the development of new data mining tools and techniques. Mining this data can produce new insights into weather, climatological and environmental trends that have significance both scientifically and practically. This paper discusses the challenges posed by earth science databases and examines the use of fuzzy K-Means clustering for analyzing such data. It proposes the extension of the fuzzy K-Means clustering algorithm to account for the spatio-temporal nature of such data. The paper introduces an unsupervised fuzzy clustering algorithm, based on the fuzzy K-Means and defines a cluster validity index which is used to determine an optimal number of clusters. It is shown experimentally that the algorithms are able to identify and preserve regions of meteorological interest
A Four-Quadrant Multiplier Using Triangular Waves, Diodes, Resistors, and Operational Amplifiers

A simple scheme of switching triangular waves and measuring the average current through resistors into a low impedance summing point makes possible four-quadrant multiplication with four diodes, precisely adjusted resistors, and a means of measuring the current. A practical circuit utilizes one operational amplifier to obtain -(X+Y)/2 and a second such unit to measure the summing point current. Addition of four auxiliary diodes reduces circuit interactions and makes less stringent requirements on the diodes. A simple operational adjustment procedure is described. Also, a simple means for obtaining the precise resistance balance is outlined. Calibration does not depend upon triangular wave frequency or symmetry. The amplifiers are not required to handle the triangular wave frequencies.
The east-west and longitude effects

In measuring the difference between the numbers of charged particles effecting a line of Geiger-Muller counters when it is tilted toward the west and then toward the east, the common practice is to rotate the line of counters about an axis normal to the equipotential gravitational surface at the location in which the experiment is being conducted. Now it has been shown in sea-level surveys by Clay(1) and by Millikan and Neher(2) that the variations in the surface magnetic field for the same geomagnetic latitude extend to sufficient heights to influence the charged particles coming in at the equator, giving rise to the "longitude effect."
Children's visual attention to “playschool”: A time series analysis

Abstract Videorecords of ten “Playschool” viewing sessions were made in real time for nine preschool children and examined for visual attention to the screen. The effects on attention of segment switchpoints (i.e., script changes in content) were contrasted with idiosyncratic serial fluctuations in eye movements on and off the screen. Time series analysis (TSA) indicated that segment switchpoints were much more salient as mediators of changes in visual attention than were internally generated fluctuations (as modelled by moving average and autoregressive TSA components). When preschoolers watch familiar magazine-type programmes in environments which include distractions it seems that they consciously and visually attend to programme segment switchpoints in what is an active viewing or attentional process. It is suggested that at other times children monitor the TV programme intermittently in accordance with their idiosyncratic visual attention cycles and by listening to the sound track (i.e., via auditory...
Method for measuring veiling glare in high-performance display devices.

An experimental method for measuring the veiling glare characteristics of display devices is presented. The measured veiling glare ratio (G) is taken to be the luminance in the surrounding bright field divided by the luminance in a dark circle. The method is based on a collimated conic probe that minimizes signal contamination from bright surroundings allowing for measurements of low luminance in a circular dark spot of a test pattern. A correction factor computed with test patterns having opaque spots is introduced. The factor is expressed as a bivariate function of the dark-spot radius and the distance between the probe and the emissive surface. We studied the uncertainty introduced by the method by measuring veiling glare test patterns printed on radiographic film for which the transmission of the dark spots was determined experimentally. Performance characterization measurements show that signal contamination is less than 10-4 of the bright field surrounding a dark circle. Our results show that G of a few hundred can be measured with an uncertainty of a few percent, and ratios of approximately 103 can be reported within 10%. Finally, we demonstrate the method by measuring G for a high-performance monochrome cathode-ray tube display.
Incidence and Predictors of Clinical Response, Re-induction Dose, and Maintenance Dose Escalation with Certolizumab Pegol in Crohn's Disease

Background Certolizumab pegol (CERT) is indicated for reducing the signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease (CD) and maintaining clinical response. Patients losing response received an extra "capture" re-induction dose in the PRECiSE 4 study. We examined the use of certolizumab in a retrospective cohort of patients with CD at a single inflammatory bowel disease center. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all adult patients with CD treated with CERT at the University of Chicago from April 22, 2008 to May 1, 2011. Demographics, disease characteristics, inflammatory bowel disease therapies, surgeries, CERT dosing, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Predictors of clinical response, re-induction dosing, and maintenance dose escalation were evaluated. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed for predictive variables of clinical response, re-induction dosing, and maintenance dose increases. Results One hundred ten patients were identified; 23 were excluded. The remaining 87 patients had a sustained clinical response of 31.0%, remission of 14.9%, minimal or no response of 31.0%; 37.9% initially responded but lost response. In total, 35.6% of patients received a single re-induction dose of 400 mg after a mean of 29 weeks, predicted by prior anti-tumor necrosis factor (P = 0.007) and absence of perianal disease (P = 0.006); only 5 patients (16.1%) maintained a durable response or remission; 11.5% increased maintenance dosage after a mean of 50 weeks; all but 1 subsequently stopped CERT. Conclusions Some patients with CD (31%) achieved a sustained response. The majority of patients receiving re-induction dosing did not achieve a sustained clinical response. Previous treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy was associated with reduced responses, suggesting that CERT may be more effective as an initial anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy.
Characterization of BaTiO3 Thin Films Deposited by Pulsed-Laser Ablation

Thin films of barium titanate (BaTiOs) have been deposited by pulsed-laser ablation onto (001)-oriented MgO substrates. The films were epitactic as evidenced by both x-ray diffraction and ion-channeling techniques. The film surface appeared smooth and contained a low density of particulates. This latter feature is believed to be due to the formation of target pellets having a very high density.
Density of Colonies and Spatial Distribution of Foraging Territories of the Desert Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder)

Density of colonies together with size and spatial distribution of foraging territories of the subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), were determined on a 1600-m2 bait sampling grid in a shrub-invaded desert grassland on the Santa Rita Experimental Range S of Tucson, Arizona. Bait units (toilet paper rolls) attacked on the first wk of the 52-wk study and those with large, mean weekly forager counts were considered as colony foci. Lateral spread of colony boundaries was followed weekly. After one year H. aureus had attacked 22.8% of the bait units. Colony density was estimated at 190A/ha, mean territory contained 12.5 m2 and mean number of individuals/colony was speculated to be 22,632.
Determination method of imitated pattern painting color

To accurately pick up the colors of imitated pattern painting,the K-mean clustering algorithm based on CIE1976L*a*b* uniform color space was adopted,taking the RMSE function to evaluate.It is shown that the RESM of the background image and the 3 or 5 color cluster images are all less than 0.1.Thus this method can not only avoid chromatic aberration by quantification of color space and make the imitated pattern painting perfectly fused with the background to fit the design of the pattern painting camouflage,but also provide a basis for the automatic design.
Post-obstructive Anuria: a Documented Entity

Abstract: A well documented case that unequivocally demonstrates post-obstructive anuria as a clinical entity is presented and the pertinent literature is reviewed.
Noetherian Semiprime Rings

A ring S is a (classical) right quotient ring of a subring T if every regular element a ∈ T has an inverse in S and $$ S = \{ a{b^{ - 1}}|a,b \in T,b\;{\text{reular}}\} $$ Then T is an order in S (cf. 7.21). The following condition is necessary and sufficient for a ring T to possess a classical quotient ring: If a, b ∈ T, and if b is regular, then there exist a 1, b 1 ∈ T, b 1 regular, such that ab 1 = ba 1 (see 9.1). If T is commutative, this condition is automatic, and if T is a domain, this is the Ore condition.
Commentary: Renal Nerve Denervation: Is Renervation an Issue?

Although pharmacological antihypertensive therapy effectively controls blood pressure (BP) in over 90% of patients with hypertension, there is an unmet need for a large segment of the population who are at risk. The body of evidence linking enhanced sympathetic nerve activation as a significant
A hybrid approach to reducing the false positive rate in unsupervised machine learning intrusion detection

Network intrusion detection aims to uncover unauthorized access to computer networks. Anomaly intrusion detection uses unsupervised learning to detect attacks based on profiles of normal user behaviors. If the system is being used differently, it triggers an alarm. Current methods of intrusion detection are unable to produce alerts without a high number of false positives. The proposed research will utilize a set of artificial intelligence machine learning methods to decrease the number of false positives in anomalous intrusion detection data. This method combines data clustering using the simple K-means algorithm, feature selection that employs the J48 Decision Tree algorithm, and self organizing maps to effectively reduce false positives using the KDD CUP 99 data set.
Building digital twins of 3D printing machines

Abstract Geometrical conformity, microstructure and properties of additively manufactured (AM) components are affected by the desired geometry and many process variables within given machines. Building structurally sound parts with good mechanical properties by trial and error is time-consuming and expensive. Today's computationally-efficient, high-fidelity models can simulate the most important factors that affect the AM products' properties, and upon validation can serve as components of digital twins of 3D printing machines. Here we provide a perspective of the current status and research needs for the main building blocks of a first generation digital twin of AM from the viewpoints of researchers from several organizations.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for repair of tracheal injury during transhiatal esophagectomy

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) for repair of tracheal injury during transhiatal esophagectomy Tracheal injury is a rare but potentially fatal complication of esophagectomies requiring prompt recognition and treatment. We describe a case of tracheal injury recognized in the operative period of an open transhiatal esophagectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the mid to distal esophagus. When injury was discovered, attempts to improve oxygenation and ventilation by conventional methods were unsuccessful. Therefore, peripheral ECMO was used to support oxygenation during the tracheal defect repair. The use of ECMO for the repair of a tracheal injury during esophagectomy is very uncommon but, in our case, provided adequate oxygenation and ventilation while the surgeon repaired the injury and the patient was able to be promptly weaned from ECMO support and extubated not long after.
Development and acceptability testing of decision trees for self-management of prosthetic socket fit in adults with lower limb amputation.

AbstractPurpose: The most common complaint lower limb prosthesis users report is inadequacy of a proper socket fit. Adjustments to the residual limb–socket interface can be made by the prosthesis user without consultation of a clinician in many scenarios through skilled self-management. Decision trees guide prosthesis wearers through the self-management process, empowering them to rectify fit issues, or referring them to a clinician when necessary. This study examines the development and acceptability testing of patient-centered decision trees for lower limb prosthesis users.Methods: Decision trees underwent a four-stage process: literature review and expert consultation, designing, two-rounds of expert panel review and revisions, and target audience testing.Results: Fifteen lower limb prosthesis users (average age 61 years) reviewed the decision trees and completed an acceptability questionnaire. Participants reported agreement of 80% or above in five of the eight questions related to acceptability of th...
Using learning analytics in iterative design of a digital modeling tool

Iterative design is a powerful method for developing digital classroom tools and curricula. We explore how infusing learning analytics into this process has influenced our development of EcoSurvey, a digital modeling tool for mapping the organisms and interactions in the local ecosystem. We have found that analytic techniques can help us discover areas in which students struggle to engage with scientific modeling, and we can iteratively use learning analytics to demonstrate the impact of design changes.
On the Cryptanalysis of Nonlinear Sequences [Invited Paper]

A nonlinear boolean function f(x1; x2; : : : ; xk) of k binary variables may be used in two basically different ways to generate a non-linear binary sequence, internally or externally. Internally, f may be part of the feedback computation of a nonlinear feedback shift register. Externally, f may be applied to the output bit stream of another sequence generator (e.g. a linear shift register) to introduce nonlinearity, or greater nonlinearity. A third approach is to use f to obtain a nonlinear combination of k linear sequences. The vulnerability of systems using f in any of these ways to cryptanalysis depends on the multidimensional correlations of f with the modulo 2 sums of the subsets of its variables. This principle was published by the present author in [1] in 1959, and included as Chapter 8 in his book [2] in 1967. It was subsequently rediscovered and republished in 1988 in [3], on the basis of which it is sometimes known as the Xiao-Massey algorithm. Some practical aspects of the use of this principle in code construction as well as code breaking, and for other types of signal design, are discussed.
Jenga: Software-Defined Cache Hierarchies

Caches are traditionally organized as a rigid hierarchy, with multiple levels of progressively larger and slower memories. Hierarchy allows a simple, fixed design to benefit a wide range of applications, since working sets settle at the smallest (i.e., fastest and most energy-efficient) level they fit in. However, rigid hierarchies also add overheads, because each level adds latency and energy even when it does not fit the working set. These overheads are expensive on emerging systems with heterogeneous memories, where the differences in latency and energy across levels are small. Significant gains are possible by specializing the hierarchy to applications.We propose Jenga, a reconfigurable cache hierarchy that dynamically and transparently specializes itself to applications. Jenga builds virtual cache hierarchies out of heterogeneous, distributed cache banks using simple hardware mechanisms and an OS runtime. In contrast to prior techniques that trade energy and bandwidth for performance (e.g., dynamic bypassing or prefetching), Jenga eliminates accesses to unwanted cache levels. Jenga thus improves both performance and energy efficiency. On a 36-core chip with a 1 GB DRAM cache, Jenga improves energy-delay product over a combination of state-of-the-art techniques by 23% on average and by up to 85%.
Social Media, U.S. Presidential Campaigns, and Public Opinion Polls: Disentangling Effects

The use of digital technologies by political campaigns has been a topic of scholarly concern for over two decades. However, these studies have been mostly focused on analyzing the use of digital platforms without considering contextual factors of the race, like public opinion polling data. Polling data is an important information source for both citizens and candidates, and provides the latter with information that might drive strategic communication. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the use of social media in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Elections and candidates' standing in public opinion polls focusing on the surfacing and primary stages of the campaign. We are also interested in understanding whether candidates use Twitter and Facebook in similar ways. We used automated content analysis to categorize social media posts from all 21 Republican and Democratic candidates that ran for president in 2016. Specifically, we are interested in observing whether a candidate's performance in the polls drives certain communicative strategies, such as the use of attacks and messages of advocacy, as well as the focus on personal image or policy issues.