cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: Methodology and results during geomagnetically quiet times

[1] We develop and test a methodology to determine the relativistic electron phase space density distribution in the vicinity of geostationary orbit by making use of the pitch-angle resolved energetic electron data from three Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous Synchronous Orbit Particle Analyzer instruments and magnetic field measurements from two GOES satellites. Owing to the Earth's dipole tilt and drift shell splitting for different pitch angles, each satellite samples a different range of Roederer L* throughout its orbit. We use existing empirical magnetic field models and the measured pitch-angle resolved electron spectra to determine the phase space density as a function of the three adiabatic invariants at each spacecraft. Comparing all satellite measurements provides a determination of the global phase space density gradient over the range L* ∼ 6–7. We investigate the sensitivity of this method to the choice of the magnetic field model and the fidelity of the instrument intercalibration in order to both understand and mitigate possible error sources. Results for magnetically quiet periods show that the radial slopes of the density distribution at low energy are positive, while at high energy the slopes are negative, which confirms the results from some earlier studies of this type. We further show that the observed gradients near geosynchronous are generally small, making them very sensitive to both calibration and magnetic field model choice. This paper lays the foundation for this method for future applications to disturbed periods and for future inclusion of additional satellite data.
The numerical solution of a nonlinear master equation

Abstract The numerical formulation for the nonlinear master equation for the dissociation and recombination of a diatomic molecule is presented. Making the necessary variable and similarity transformation, the equation becomes more tractable from a computational viewpoint. The set of differential equations are formally uncoupled, and a nonlinear integral equation is solved. Knowing the solution to this equation, the solution for the set is easily achieved.
Uridine enhances neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor-differentiated pheochromocytoma cells

During rapid cell growth the availability of phospholipid precursors like cytidine triphosphate and diacylglycerol can become limiting in the formation of key membrane constituents like phosphatidylcholine. Uridine, a normal plasma constituent, can be converted to cytidine triphosphate in PC12 [corrected] cells and intact brain, and has been shown to produce a resulting increase in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. To determine whether treatments that elevate uridine availability also thereby augment membrane production, we exposed PC12 [corrected] cells which had been differentiated by nerve growth factor to various concentrations of uridine, and measured the numbers of neurites the cells produced. After 4 but not 2 days uridine significantly and dose-dependently increased the number of neurites per cell. This increase was accompanied by increases in neurite branching and in levels of the neurite proteins neurofilament M [corrected] and neurofilament 70. Uridine treatment also increased intracellular levels of cytidine triphosphate, which suggests that uridine may affect neurite outgrowth by enhancing phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Uridine may also stimulate neuritogenesis by a second mechanism, since the increase in neurite outgrowth was mimicked by exposing the cells to uridine triphosphate, and could be blocked by various drugs known to antagonize P2Y receptors (suramin; Reactive Blue 2; pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4' disulfonic acid). Treatment of the cells with uridine or uridine triphosphate stimulated their accumulation of inositol phosphates, and this effect was also blocked by pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4' disulfonic acid. Moreover, degradation of nucleotides by apyrase blocked the stimulatory effect of uridine on neuritogenesis. Taken together these data indicate that uridine can regulate the output of neurites from differentiating PC12 [corrected] cells, and suggest that it does so in two ways, i.e. both by acting through cytidine triphosphate as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and through uridine triphosphate as an agonist for P2Y receptors.
Bilateral central retinal artery occlusions disk drusen and migraine

A central retinal artery occlusion occurred in the left eye of a 25-year-old woman with migraine and bilateral intrapapillary drusen. An extensive investigation failed to establish the presence of any systemic disease or vasculopathy. Eight years later she had a central retinal artery occlusion in her right eye. Optic disk drusen and migraine may have combined to produce this patient's bilateral visual loss consequent to retinal vaso-occlusion.
Conditioned activation induced by ethanol: role in sensitization and conditioned place preference.

Abstract Previous studies of ethanol-induced activation and place preference conditioning have shown that repeated exposure to ethanol produces sensitization to ethanol's locomotor activating effect in mice. This experiment was designed to determine whether the behavioral sensitization to ethanol that occurs during place preference conditioning is due to development of a Pavlovian conditioned activity response. Mice (DBA/2J) in the experimental group (BEFORE) received four pairings of a distinctive floor stimulus with ethanol (2 g/kg, IP); a different floor stimulus was paired with saline (counterbalanced). Mice in two control groups were exposed equally to each floor stimulus and were handled and injected as often as experimental mice. One control group (AFTER) always received ethanol in the home cage 1 h after exposure to the floor stimulus, while the other control group (NO-DRUG) never received ethanol during conditioning. BEFORE group mice showed a significant conditioned place preference, whereas control mice did not. Activity tests after saline or ethanol indicated higher activity levels in BEFORE mice compared to control mice, regardless of floor stimulus. Moreover, BEFORE mice were more active on their CS+ floor than on their CS− floor during saline tests; activity was equally elevated on both floors during ethanol tests. These results support the hypothesis that sensitization to ethanol's activating effect is mediated by Pavlovian conditioning. Further, they suggest that place conditioning established associative control by two kinds of stimuli; the specific tactile cues serving as CS+ and Cs− and the general environmental cues common to both CS+ and CS− trials. Finally, these data suggest that ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and behavioral sensitization to ethanol may be mediated by a common learning process.
A Detailed Analysis of DanceAbility's Contribution to Mixed-Abilities Dance.

Abstract In the 1960s a visible shift in the ideology of contemporary dancers and choreographers took place. A desire for a dance language that rejected the need for the classical dancerly body paved the way for dance that was open to a more diverse population of participants. DanceAbility emerged in that late 1980s as a method of making dance accessible to all people. Between 1996 and 2008 the annual teacher training course produced 265 teachers certified in the DanceAbility method. This study sought to assess the involvement of certified DanceAbility teachers in the field of mixed-abilities dance. Demographic and other relative information pertaining to the teaching and choreography of certified DanceAbility teachers was obtained and analyzed. All certified teachers with contact information available (N = 207) were sent a selfreport questionnaire. The 61 Certified DanceAbility Teachers who returned completed questionnaires were from 17 countries. Europeans were the largest percentage of respondents (46%...
Vascular factors in dementia: an overview

Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease are two illnesses common to the elderly. Conventional wisdom has sought to separately describe and treat these two diseases. Accumulating evidence, however, shows that cerebrovascular risk factors may cause asymptomatic brain injury, share genetic risk with Alzheimer's disease and possibly accelerate the Alzheimer's process. Such evidence suggests that these two diseases may act additively or synergistically to cause clinical dementia. This review focuses on evolving data that support this hypothesis.
Evidence for solar neutrino flux variability and its implications

Abstract Although KamLAND apparently rules out resonant-spin-flavor-precession (RSFP) as an explanation of the solar neutrino deficit, the solar neutrino fluxes in the Cl and Ga experiments appear to vary with solar rotation. Added to this evidence, summarized here, a power spectrum analysis of the Super-Kamiokande data reveals significant variation in the flux matching a dominant rotation rate observed in the solar magnetic field in the same time period. Three frequency peaks, all related to this rotation rate, can be explained quantitatively. A Super-Kamiokande paper reported no time variation of the flux, but showed the same peaks, there interpreted as statistically insignificant, due to an inappropriate analysis. This modulation is small (7%) in the Super-Kamiokande energy region (and below the sensitivity of the Super-Kamiokande analysis) and is consistent with RSFP as a subdominant neutrino process in the convection zone. The data display effects that correspond to solar-cycle changes in the magnetic field, typical of the convection zone. This subdominant process requires new physics: a large neutrino transition magnetic moment and a light sterile neutrino, since an effect of this amplitude occurring in the convection zone cannot be achieved with the three known neutrinos. It does, however, resolve current problems in providing fits to all experimental estimates of the mean neutrino flux, and is compatible with the extensive evidence for solar neutrino flux variability.
Modeling the soft backing layer thickness effect on adhesion of elastic microfiber arrays

A recent experiment has shown that the force required to pull off a flat circular rigid punch in adhesive contact with an array of elastic fibrils is sensitive to the thickness of the elastic backing layer to which these fibrils are attached. This result motivates us to study the effect of sample compliance on the adhesion of fibril arrays. A closed form expression for the compliance of such arrays attached to a backing layer of finite thickness is derived. Our model is based on the assumption that the adhesive strength of a fibril is deterministic. In addition, we show that the normalized pull-off force is inversely proportional to the square root of a single dimensionless parameter β. For large β, the pull-off force is low as it is governed by the stress concentration at the punch edge. For small β, this pull-off force reaches a theoretical limit that is governed by the ability of fibrils to share load equally [equal load sharing (ELS) limit]. The pull-off force predicted by our model is compared with n...
Pharmacology of GABAC receptors: responses to agonists and antagonists distinguish A- and B-subtypes of homomeric ρ receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Abstract GABA C receptors, expressed predominantly in vertebrate retina, are thought to be formed mainly by GABA ρ subunits. Five GABA ρ subunits have been cloned from white perch retina, four of which form functional homooligomeric receptors when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These ρ subtypes, classified as ρ1A, ρ1B, ρ2A and ρ2B receptors based on amino acid sequence alignment, exhibit distinct temporal and pharmacological properties. To examine further the pharmacological properties associated with the various ρ receptor subtypes, we investigated the effects of a selective GABA C receptor antagonist, TPMPA, on the GABA-mediated activity of receptors formed in Xenopus oocytes by the four GABA ρ subunits. In addition, we recorded the activation profiles of β-alanine, taurine, and glycine, three amino acids that modulate neuronal activity in various parts of the CNS and are purported to be ρ receptor agonists. TPMPA effectively inhibited GABA-elicited responses on A-type receptors, whereas B-type receptors exhibited a relatively low sensitivity to the drug. A-type and B-type receptors also displayed distinctly different reactions to agonists. Both taurine and glycine-activated the B-type receptors, whereas these agents had no detectable effect on A-type receptors. Similarly, β-alanine evoked large responses from B-type receptors, but was far less effective on A-type receptors. These results indicate that, in addition to the characteristic response properties identified previously, there is a pattern of pharmacological reactions that further distinguishes the A- and B-subtypes of GABA ρ receptor.
Image-intensifier-based volume tomographic angiography imaging system: work in progress

The construction of the imaging system includes: (1) replacing the linear detector of the CT scanner with an image intensifier coupled to a TV camera, (2) modifying the gantry to mount the image intensifier, (3) replacing the system computer by a PC, (4) designing and constructing the interfacing and data acquisition system and (5) developing software for system control and data acquisition. The system consists of a x-ray tube and an image intensifier that are separately mounted on a gantry. The tube-detector set can be rotated over 360 degree(s) in the gantry. Two sets of images acquired with this imaging system indicate that two types of distortion occur in image intensifiers, S distortion and pincushion distortion. In the future, these two types of distortions need to be corrected prior to three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction.
Differentiating pericardial recesses from mediastinal adenopathy: Potential pitfalls in oncological imaging

In oncological imaging, staging with computed tomography (CT) is widely used to determine treatment. Misinterpretation of fluid in pericardial recesses as mediastinal adenopathy can lead to inaccurate clinical staging and inappropriate management. In this review, we describe normal pericardial anatomy and illustrate imaging features to differentiate fluid in pericardial sinuses and recesses from mediastinal adenopathy.
Firing patterns induced by sound in single units of the cerebellar cortex.

Unit activities in cerebellar cortex by auditory stimulation in cats, discussing response patterns obtained by histograms
Natural Convection in a Corrugated Enclosure With Mixed Boundary Conditions

Numerical solutions to the two-dimensional equations governing natural convective flow of air (Prandtl number = 0.71) contained in an enclosure with varying angles of inclination to the horizontal axis have been obtained. The air layer is bounded by a corrugated surface under uniform heat flux conditions, a flat isothermal cooled surface and around the edges by flat adiabatic surfaces. The numerical solutions are obtained in a transformed coordinate system in which the boundaries of the enclosure coincide with coordinate surfaces. The coordinate system is generated with simple algebraic expressions. The numerical scheme is employed in performing parametric heat transfer calculations. The range of parameters investigated include: modified Rayleigh numbers up to 10{sup 6}, amplitude aspect ratio from 0 to 0.4, inclination angles of 30, 60, and 90 degrees, and number of cycles per unit length of enclosure values of 4/5 and 4. All parameters investigated have varying degrees of influence on the heat transfer and fluid flow. In addition to the usual influence of the modified Rayleigh number on natural convective flows, the region of pseudo-conduction is increased as the enclosure amplitude ratio is increased. The distributions of temperature along the corrugated surface suggest that correlations obtained under isothermal conditionsmore » cannot be employed in the design or analysis of the energy transfer system investigated.« less
Visualizing and quantifying protein secretion using a Renilla luciferase-GFP fusion protein

We have shown previously that an engineered form of Renilla luciferase (SRUC) can be secreted as a functional enzyme by mammalian cells, and that fusing wild-type Renilla luciferase with the green fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria (GFP) yields a chimeric protein retaining light-emission properties similar to that of unfused Renilla luciferase and GFP. In the work presented here, SRUC was fused with GFP to determine whether it could be used to both visualize and quantify protein secretion in mammalian cells. Simian COS-7 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transiently transfected with gene constructs encoding a secreted or an intracellular version of a Renilla luciferase-GFP fusion protein. Renilla luciferase activity was measured from COS-7 cell lysates and culture media, and GFP activity was detected in CHO cells using fluorescence microscopy. Data indicated that the SRUC-GFP fusion protein was secreted as a chimeric protein that had both Renilla luciferase and GFP activity. This fusion protein could be a useful marker for the study of protein secretion in mammalian cells.
Best practices for enforcing state laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors.

OBJECTIVE To determine best practices for enforcing public health laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors. METHODS The author compared annual merchant compliance surveys to identify the 10 highest and the 10 lowest performing states. State and federal documents describing state efforts to improve compliance with their laws from 1995 to 2004 were systematically reviewed for evidence concerning the effectiveness of 26 enforcement strategies. These were rated as essential, recommended as a best practice, not recommended, or unable to rate. RESULTS The following strategies appear essential to high performance: a law enforcement strategy with a state agency coordinating enforcement, state funding of test purchases for enforcement, prosecution of offenders with penalties for violating the law, and effective merchant education. The following features are not recommended: warnings in lieu of penalties for offenders, reliance upon nonfunded local enforcement, and limitations placed on enforcement authority or the conduct of test purchases. CONCLUSIONS Some states have achieved high compliance with the law by pursuing a variety of strategies employing common elements. Others have hampered their efforts by pursuing counterproductive strategies.
Perspectives on the architecture of Africa’s underprivileged urban dwellers

The expansion of cities in the developing economies of the world has one major urban corollary: the proliferation of unplanned parts of the cities, identified by a plethora of terminologies including bidonville, favela, ghetto, informal settlement, shantytown, spontaneous settlement, squatter settlement and township. Such urban conurbations are characterised by a unique form of architecture that historians find difficult to define. The fact that these architectural productions are overlooked by the historiography of modern architecture suggests a narrowed class‐oriented reading of the aesthetics engendered by the Modern Movement in architecture. Any paradigm introduced to bridge the existing gap should go beyond questions of construction methods and materials, and demonstrate a thorough understanding of the experiences of everyday life in such habitations, that is, the rise of modernity. This paper argues that the social environments which facilitated the development of the architecture of the underprivil...
Ichthyosis fetalis gravis in two successive pregnancies

Summary Two fatal instances of premature infants with ichthyosis fetalis of gravis type in two successive pregnancies are reported. In each case the skin was represented by a thick horny cuirass resembling plates of armor, not compatible with normal growth and development. Familial tendency, denutrition, and overwork during gestation are mentioned. Histopathologic study revealed a great proliferation and keratinization of the epithelial structures.
Maximum likelihood estimation in the joint analysis of time-to-event and multiple longitudinal variables.

Joint modelling of longitudinal and survival data has received much attention in recent years. Most have concentrated on a single longitudinal variable. This paper considers joint modelling in the presence of multiple longitudinal variables. We explore direct association of time-to-event and multiple longitudinal processes through a frailty model and use a mixed effects model for each of the longitudinal variables. Correlations among the longitudinal variables are induced through correlated random effects. We allow effects of categorical and continuous covariates on both longitudinal and time-to-event responses and explore interactions between the longitudinal variables and other covariates on time-to-event. Estimates of the parameters are obtained by maximizing the joint likelihood for the longitudinal variable processes and the event process. We use a one-step-late EM algorithm to handle the direct dependence of the event process on the modelled longitudinal variables along with the presence of other fixed covariates in both processes. We argue that such a joint analysis with multiple longitudinal variables is advantageous to one with only a single longitudinal variable in revealing interplay among multiple longitudinal variables and the time-to-event.
Coping with Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Objective: Although coping with positive symptoms of schizophrenia has been studied widely, few studies have examined coping with negative symptoms. This study compares the appraisal of stressfulness and coping patterns in response to positive and negative symptoms experienced by clients with schizophrenia attending a community mental health center. Methods: Clients were interviewed to assess symptom severity, appraisal of symptom stressfulness, and coping strategies used for selected symptoms rated as severe and reported as stressful. Open-ended responses from clients regarding coping strategies were coded according to an a priori coding scheme. Results: Clients reported negative symptoms as less stressful, and they used fewer coping strategies in response than they did for positive symptoms. Clients used some types of coping more than others: behavioral more than cognitive, nonsocial more than social, emotion-focused more than problem-focused, and avoidant more than nonavoidant. Conclusions: Clients mor...
The Gluconeogenic Pathway in a Soil Mycobacterium Isolate with Bioremediation Ability

Mycobacterium sp. strain KMS was isolated from soils where remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was active. This isolate is a competent plant root colonizer through utilization of an array of carbon substrates available in the root exudates. Bioinformatic analyses based on the KMS genome propose pathways for C4- and C3-intermediate conversions during growth of the isolate on substrates requiring gluconeogenesis. Expression of candidate genes for these pathways was compared using semi-quantitative RT-PCR from cells grown on acetate, succinate, benzoate, or pyrene as sole carbon sources requiring gluconeogenesis during growth. Expression was examined for cells grown on fructose and mannitol, where gluconeogenesis would not be essential. Transcript accumulation in cells grown on all the carbon sources confirmed expression from genes involved in the glyoxylate shunt and a gene encoding a novel enzyme to complete the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a membrane-associated malate:quinone oxidoreductase (MQO). Transcript accumulations for genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malic enzyme, and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase were weak for mannitol growth but were detected for the other carbon sources. Activities for PEP synthase and the membrane-associated MQO were confirmed in cell extracts at different levels indicating feasibility of their function in production of PEP for gluconeogenesis in this soil Mycobacterium.
Vps27-Hse1 and ESCRT-I complexes cooperate to increase efficiency of sorting ubiquitinated proteins at the endosome

Ubiquitin (Ub) attachment to cell surface proteins causes their lysosomal degradation by incorporating them into lumenal membranes of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Two yeast endosomal protein complexes have been proposed as Ub-sorting “receptors,” the Vps27-Hse1 complex and the ESCRT-I complex. We used NMR spectroscopy and mutagenesis studies to map the Ub-binding surface for Vps27 and Vps23. Mutations in Ub that ablate only Vps27 binding or Vps23 binding blocked the ability of Ub to serve as an MVB sorting signal, supporting the idea that both the Vps27-Hse1 and ESCRT-I complexes interact with ubiquitinated cargo. Vps27 also bound Vps23 directly via two PSDP motifs present within the Vps27 COOH terminus. Loss of Vps27-Vps23 association led to less efficient sorting into the endosomal lumen. However, sorting of vacuolar proteases or the overall biogenesis of the MVB were not grossly affected. In contrast, disrupting interaction between Vps27 and Hse1 caused severe defects in carboxy peptidase Y sorting and MVB formation. These results indicate that both Ub-sorting complexes are coupled for efficient recognition of ubiquitinated cargo.
Prediction of binding affinities for TIBO inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase using Monte Carlo simulations in a linear response method.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in combination with a linear response approach were used to estimate the free energies of binding for a series of 12 TIBO nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Separate correlations were made for the R6 and S6 absolute conformations of the inhibitors, as well as for the analogous N6-monoprotonated species. Models based upon the neutral unbound inhibitors produced overall better fits to experimental values than did those using the protonated unbound inhibitors, with only slight differences between the neutral R6 and S6 cases. The best results were obtained with a three-parameter linear response equation containing van der Waals (α), electrostatic (β), and solvent accessible surface area (SASA, γ) terms. The averaged (R6 and S6) rms error was approximately 0.88 kcal/mol for the observed range of 4.06 kcal/mol in inhibitor activities. The averaged values of α, β, and γ were −0.150, 0.114, and 0.0286, respectively. Omission of the α term gave β 0.152 and γ 0.022...
Changes in parental vaccinia virus DNA after viral penetration into cells.

Abstract The structure of vaccinia virus DNA, extracted from purified virions or from the cytoplasmic fraction of virus-infected cells, was studied by sensitivity to exonucleases, terminal labeling, and cleavage by restriction endonucleases. The results indicate that virion DNA and parental DNA extracted at 0 time infection do not possess free termini. When virion DNA and parental DNA extracted at 0 time infection were digested with HindIII and the fragments denatured and further treated with N. crassa endonuclease, it was observed that the terminal fragments containing the crosslinks were present. By contrast, parental DNA extracted after 90 min of infection was sensitive to exonucleases and to terminal labeling. Furthermore, when parental DNA extracted after 90 min of infection was digested with Hin dIII and the denatured fragments treated with N. crassa endonuclease, no terminal fragments were observed. These results support previous findings indicating that crosslinks are removed from parental DNA after viral penetration into cells.
Enduring effects of prenatal cocaine administration on emotional behavior in rats.

The present studies sought to determine whether prenatal cocaine administration (15 mg/kg b.i.d. between gestational ages 1-20) had enduring effects on emotional behavior of rats. Rats prenatally treated with cocaine interacted less with other rats in the social interaction test of anxiety at both 30 and 120 days of age. However, there were no differences in the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. Rats prenatally treated with cocaine were significantly more immobile in the forced-swim test at 60 and 120 days of age. In addition, animals exposed to prenatal cocaine were more sensitive to the enhancing effect of phencyclidine (2.0 mg/kg) on startle responses to an acoustic stimulus. The cocaine-treated animals tested at 50 to 60 days of age showed higher levels of prepulse inhibition, in comparison to the saline group, after vehicle pretreatment, but not after phencyclidine. Although there were gender differences in the expression of some of these behavioral tasks, there were no gender differences in the effects of cocaine. These findings indicate that when emotional behavior is altered by prenatal cocaine administration, the effects are enduring.
Computerized System for Automatic Foil Counting

A computer-based system for foil counting uses four sample changers with NaI and two with Ge(Li) detectors. The computer controls the sample changers, performs timing, operates a CRT display, acquires data from scalers and ADCs and writes data on magnetic tape. CAMAC is used for part of the system interfacing.
Influence of cone pigment coexpression on spectral sensitivity and color vision in the mouse.

Abstract The mouse retina contains both middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) and ultraviolet-sensitive (UV) photopigments that are coexpressed in cones. To examine some potential visual consequences of cone pigment coexpression, spectral sensitivity functions were measured in mice (Mus musculus) using both the flicker electroretinogram (ERG) and behavioral discrimination tests. Discrimination tests were also employed to search for the presence of color vision in the mouse. Spectral sensitivity functions for the mouse obtained from ERG measurements and from psychophysical tests each reveal contributions from two classes of cone having peak sensitivities (λmax) of approximately 360 and 509–512 nm. The relative contributions of the two pigment types to spectral sensitivity differ significantly in the two types of measurements with a relationship reversed from that often seen in mammals. Mice were capable of discriminating between some pairs of spectral stimuli under test conditions where luminance-related cues were irrelevant. Since mice can make dichromatic color discriminations, their visual systems must be able to exploit differences in the spectral absorption properties among the cones. Complete selective segregation of opsins into individual photoreceptors is apparently not a prerequisite for color vision.
Prevention of food aversions in cancer patients during treatment

Food aversions are a common complication of cancer treatment. This study evaluated an approach for blocking the formation of aversions to dietary items in 209 cancer patients treated with chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Patients were exposed to a sensory stimulus (fruit beverage, halava, odor) before initial treatments to provide a target for aversion formation, thereby sparing dietary items. Patients who developed an aversion to the "scapegoat" stimulus experienced a statistically significant 30% reduction in dietary aversion formation relative to patients without a scapegoat aversion or those not exposed to the scapegoat. The most effective scapegoat was the beverage, probably because it was consumed in greatest quantity. Exposure of patients to a "scapegoat" food or beverage just before chemo- and, probably, radiotherapy can markedly reduce the incidence of treatment-related aversions to foods in the patients' customary diet.
Effect of ethionine on histidine metabolism.

SummaryEthionine administration resulted in rapid and essentially complete inhibition of liver urocanase activity in the rat, while the activities of histidase and histidinepyruvate transaminase were relatively unaffected. Rats receiving ethionine in their diet, after showing a severe weight loss during the first week, resumed a rate of growth parallel to that of the control animals; there was, however, no restoration of urocanase activity during the period of adaptation to dietary ethionine. Thus, the straight deamination pathway for the degradation of histidine is not essential for the growth of the rat.
Stakeholder Participation and Utilization in Program Evaluation

Field data from two case study evaluations are used to describe a set of dynamic linkages between stakeholder participation and utilization in program evaluation. Key elements of the participatory process employed are linked to cognitive, affective, and political dimensions of participation as experienced and reported by stakeholders. These dimensions are in turn linked to stakeholder attitudes and perceptions representing a high readiness for use or potential for utilization. In both sites, considerable actual utilization of evaluation findings was also documented.
Toxic inhalation of nitrogen dioxide: Morphologic and functional changes☆

Abstract Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is used experimentally to produce a controlled diffuse alveolar injury in animals. A limitation of these studies has been uncertainty over the concentration of gas ultimately reaching the lung, since the upper respiratory tract acts as a scrubbing mechanism. The upper airway can be bypassed by using a system of unilateral bronchial cannulation originally developed for the study of collateral ventilation. The technique was employed in five beagle dogs, ventilating the left lung with 37 ppm NO 2 in air and the right lung with room air under light anesthesia for 4 hr. During the exposure oxygen uptake was measured in each lung at half-hour intervals and blood was taken for complete blood count and differential, methemoglobin level, and plasma hemoglobin. After the exposure period the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were fixed for light microscopy and electron microscopy with morphometry. Oxygen uptake dropped abruptly and markedly but reversibly in the NO 2 -exposed lung, compatible with induction of a ventilation-perfusion inequality. The hematologic measurements did not change significantly over the period of exposure. The ultrastructural findings, analyzed by morphometry, suggest acute endothelial injury and early interstitial edema. These findings can be integrated into an overall schema of NO 2 toxic inhalation suggested by the recent literature. In this schema injury to the pulmonary vascular endothelium is an early structural change, accompanied by functional changes resulting from bronchospasm and possible alterations in perfusion, and followed by vascular permeability changes leading to interstitial edema.
Eicosanoid production and transfer in the placenta of the diabetic pregnancy.

Abstract The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) and the transfer of its metabolites was determined in in vivo perfused placental tissue from normal pregnancies and those complicated by maternal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). 14 C-labbeled AA was recirculated in the fetal circulation for 60 min while 3 H-AA was recirculated in the maternal circulation. Placental effluent was subjected to high perfomence liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analysis of dual-label scintillation counts. Placentae from IDDM pregnancies converted 3–6 times more radiolabelled AA to eicosanoids than did normal placentae. In addition, the transfer pf eicosanoids into the opposing circlulation was doubled in placentae from IDDM pregnancies compared to normal placentae. The predominant direction of eicosanoid transfer in both groups of placentae was in the fetal-to-maternal direction. The relative amoounts of eicosanoids produced was also latered in placentae from IDDM preganancies. Increased amounts of thromboxane (Tx) B 2 and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) were present in both circulations of placentae from IDDM preganancies. Level of 6-keto prostaglandin F 1a (6KPGF 1a ) were significantly reduced in both circulation in placetae from IDDM preganancies. Thus, the ratio of TxA 2 to PGI 2 and the ratio of HETEs to PGI 2 were both significantly increased in placentae from IDDM preganancies. These results suggest an imbalance in eicosanoid production which may be relevant to abnormal placental structure and function in IDDM pregnancies.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Testing of High-Performance Concrete Bonded Overlay-Bridge Deck Slab Systems

Plain and fibrous latex modified concrete and microsilica concrete overlays with acceptable laboratory strength and durability characteristics were installed on a full-scale prototype bridge deck for field performance evaluation. After 1 year of exposure to drying shrinkage, temperature variations, and freeze-thaw cycles, no cracking or debonding were observed in the overlays. The bond strengths at 28 days and at 1 year were acceptable for all overlay types due to the excellent curing and surface preparation using water-jet blasting. The prototype bridge was then statically tested before and after applying low-cycle fatigue loading simulating AASHTO HS20 truck service load, overload, and ultimate load. Minor bond strength deterioration at the maximum negative moment region and slight bridge stiffness degradation were observed after each load case. Significant enhancement in the bridge stiffness was observed after installation of the overlays. Also, the overlay with synthetic fibers showed better crack bridging action than the overlay with steel fibers.
Possible Relationship between Photosynthesis and the Rise in Respiration in Diseased Leaves

SEVERAL investigations, most recently reviewed by Millerd and Scott1, have established that the respiratory rate is increased in the leaves of green plants after their infection with parasitic fungi. The pathway of this increased respiration is not definitely established, but experiments2,3 have shown that the C6/C1 ratio is decreased in infected leaves, indicating that the hexose monophosphate shunt is enhanced. The inadequacies of the C6/C1 ratio for determining the magnitude of operation of the shunt have recently been stressed4.
VE-DIC light microscopy and the discovery of kinesin

Major advances in science are often tightly coupled with the development of new technology. The discovery of kinesin is an excellent example of this principle. The new technology was video-enhanced differential interference contrast light microscopy, which provided the enormous gain in image contrast needed to detect and measure kinesin-based motility in living cells, cell extracts and in vitro motility assays.
Purification of glutathione S‐transferase from lean pork muscle and its reactivity with some lipid oxidation products

Soluble glutathione S-transferase was isolated from lean pork meat by S-hexylglutathione Sepharose 6B. A single form of the enzyme with a subunit molecular weight of 24 800, a pH optimum of 6.2 and an isoelectric point of 7.6 accounted for the majority of the transferase activity. The pure enzyme is stable upon storage at pH 6, and has a relatively low Km (87 μM) for glutathione. Substrate specificity suggests membership of class Pi. Glutathione S-transferase was able to reduce certain primary products of lipid oxidation. Linoleic acid hydroperoxides, for example, were converted to their corresponding hydroxides (specific activity = 260 nmol min−1 mg−1). The transferase could also inactivate secondary products of lipid oxidation. Trans,trans-2, 4-decadienal, which results from breakdown of lipid hydroperoxides, was chosen as an example of this class. A high specific activity (1400 nmol min−1 mg−1) was found for conjugation of the dienal with glutathione. It is suggested that endogenous glutathione S-transferase functions as an antioxidant in stored muscle food by removing some of the reactive products that propagate the oxidation of lipids.
“Blame the System, Not the Victim!” Organizing the Unemployed in New Zealand, 1983–1992

The restructuring of capital and the transformation of the workforce in the late twentieth century has produced a newly-shaped working class; one that encompasses those in insecure work and unemployed workers. With this repositioning has come new political organizations of unemployed workers, of which Te Roopu Rawakore o Aotearoa, the national New Zealand organization for unemployed workers, is an example. This organization of unemployed was not only significant for its existence in the face of poverty, status disintegration, and a perceived sense of social worthlessness, but also for the tripartite ideology its members employed. Unemployed workers in New Zealand combined the identity politics of race and gender with a class-based critique of society to demand “the right to work and a living wage for all.”
Ocular effects of treatment with various psoralen derivatives and ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation in HRA/Skh hairless mice.

Abstract Hairless (HRA/Skh) mice were administered one of four dietary concentrations (50, 100, 625 or 1250 ppm) of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), or molar equivalent concentrations of 5-methylisopsoralen (5-MIP) or 3-carbe-thoxypsoralen (3-CPS) by ‘pulse feeding’ technique, 3 days per week for 13 weeks, for the final 11 weeks psoralen derivative administration was followed by exposure to 0.2 or 48 J/cm2 of unfiltered ultraviolet-A (UVA) radient energy from FR74T12PUVA lamps. At 0 and 13 weeks eyes were dilated with 0.2% atropine solution and were examined using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope with a +20.0 D condensing lens. The lids, cornea, anterior chamber and the lens were evaluated for pathological changes. Ocular damage consisting of dense central corneal opacification was seen at significant levels in animals given 8-MOP or 5-MOP and exposed to UVA. In addition, opacities in the area of the posterior lens were seen in all experimental groups and appeared to be related to drug treatment, independent of light exposure, and therefore appeared not to be related to drug-light interaction. Some corneal and lenticular opacifiction was seen at non-significant levels in all experimental and control groups.
Behavioral styles of computer programmers - revisited

This paper describes the second phase of a continuing research project concerned with the attributes associated with membership and success in the computer programming occupation.The second phase of this research has differed some-what, both in intent and practice, from the first phase. First, the initial purpose of the study was to test an approach to job analysis which included the application of the principal instrument used in the study, the JAIM, or Job Analysis and Interest Measurement.1 The use of computer programmers as the subject group was the result of the investigator's previous career as a systems analyst and programmer.The second difference is that some additional data has been gathered.The third difference—and the one of most interest to people in the personnel research area—is that the study begins to look at the potential of the JAIM as a placement instrument.
Pointing calibration of the SMA antennas

The Submillimeter Array (SMA) is a new radio interferometer consisting of 8 antennas of 6 meters diameter each, recently deployed in operation at the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The antennas currently operate at 230, 345 and 690 GHz bands and have high enough surface accuracy to allow operations at 890 GHz. At the highest frequencies, the FWHM primary beam size of each antenna will be about 12" which imposes a stringent requirement for single-dish pointing accuracy of 1". We summarize the current status of pointing of the SMA antennas and the methods we have implemented to derive the pointing model parameters. We discuss the stability of the pointing models over time scales of several weeks. The difference between the radio and optical pointing offsets is a function of elevation only, and can be calibrated by observing a common source or a pair of neighboring sources. We present results of such a calibration and its application to improve the radio pointing performance during submillimeter observations.
Single-Molecule Detection in Liquids by Laser-Induced Fluorescence

SMD in liquids, which began as an experimentalist`s challenge, has become a powerful research tool. Ultrasensitive fluorescence detection will have an increasing impact on fields where fluorescence detection and quantification are broadly applied, e.g., analytical chemistry, biology, and medicine. Recent efforts toward the ultraminaturization if analytical instrumentation for increased speed and decreased sample sizes will benefit from the extreme detection sensitivity from picoliter and smaller detection volumes provided by SMD techniques. The ability to monitor fluorescence from a single molecule in solution allows the direct observation of processes at the single molecule level and the measurement of molecular properties that are averaged out in bulk measurements on large ensembles. SMD is a new way of doing analytical chemistry, and new applications will arise. 36 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
The effects of taxes and organizational variables on research and development intensity

Prior research has failed to reach consensus on which variables explain private-sector research and development (R&D) spending. This study extends prior research explaining R&D spending of firms in the US private sector by regressing R&D intensity on a number of tax and organizational variables. COMPUSTAT data from 113 firms in 1994 are used to estimate the effects of the variables on R&D intensity (used interchangeably with R&D activity). Ordinary least square estimates indicate that firms that were eligible for the R&D credit had higher R&D activity than firms that were ineligible. R&D intensity is a decreasing function of both capital intensity and the debt to capital ratio. Neither management stockholding nor diversification strategy meaningfully influenced R&D activity. The reported results have implications regarding US tax policy towards the tax subsidy for R&D. The results also help to clarify prior findings regarding a number of organizational variables on R&D intensity. One implication of these results for US tax policy is that private sector R&D intensity can be meaningfully influenced by the level of tax subsidy.
Harmonic measure for critical Potts clusters

We present a technique, which we call "etching," which we use to study the harmonic measure of Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters in the Q-state Potts model for Q=1-4 . The harmonic measure is the probability distribution of random walkers diffusing onto the perimeter of a cluster. We use etching to study regions of clusters which are extremely unlikely to be hit by random walkers, having hitting probabilities down to 10-4600. We find good agreement between the theoretical predictions of Duplantier and our numerical results for the generalized dimension D(q) including regions of small and negative q .