cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Penitentiary and Perfectibility in Tocqueville

ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE'S first book, a co-authored study of the American penitentiary system, is a little-known work which is nevertheless of considerable theoretical interest. It represents Tocqueville's initial statement of his views concerning issues with which he was to deal throughout his career, such as the political roles of religion and of intellectuals, and the relation of theory to practice. Not only does the book serve as a useful introduction to Tocqueville's views, however; more importantly, it helps to answer various questions to which Tocqueville's later, better-known works do not fully respond. In particular, The Penitentiary System offers us a thoughtful presentation of Tocqueville's analysis of the problems and prospects of democratic reformism the practical expression of the democratic belief in human perfectibility. In view of the claims that I make for the work, the relative oblivion into which it has been cast by political theorists, and specifically by Tocqueville scholars,1 may be a matter of some surprise. Two reasons account for the lack of attention paid the work. First, the main text of the book was written not by Tocqueville himself, but instead by Gustave de Beaumont, Tocqueville's close friend and companion on his voyage to America; Tocqueville's own contribution was limited to the notes and appendices (Drescher 1968: 130-31). Secondly, I believe that scholars have assumed that a book about penitentiaries must be narrowly technical, perhaps of interest to penologists, but at any rate devoid of material relevant to Tocqueville's serious concern, the study of democracy. With regard to the first reason, one can observe that Tocqueville's notes and appendices consisted of more than two hundred pages, and have with reason been described as "a small encyclopedia of information and surprises" (Pierson 1938: 705). In addition, even if the main text is Beaumont's, Beaumont was Tocqueville's closest friend and intellectual collaborator throughout his life. The most fundamental considerations, however, are the following: in the course of presenting "A Rationale for [the] Collective Study [of] Tocqueville and Beaumont," Drescher notes that "the identity of [Beaumont and Tocqueville's] views [on penitentiary reform] was never broken" (Social Reform 210). To this Boesche (1980: 550) adds that "Beaumont and Tocqueville had a unique relationship in
Context Inducing Nouns

It is important to identify complement-taking nouns in order to properly analyze the grammatical and implicative structure of the sentence. This paper examines the ways in which these nouns were identified and classified for addition to the Bridge natural language understanding system.
Willingness to pay for E85 from corn, switchgrass, and wood residues☆

Abstract Willingness to pay (WTP) for E85 (automotive fuel blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) was estimated from a contingent choice exercise contained in a national survey of consumers. The choice exercise included E85 blends from three different feedstock sources (corn grain, switchgrass, and wood wastes) and an E10 blend (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline) with corn grain as the ethanol feedstock. Results from the study indicate willingness to pay a premium for E85 from switchgrass compared with E10 from corn. Concerns about land use for “food versus fuel” had a negative impact on WTP for E85 from corn grain, while greater concerns about fuel security relative to the environment had a positive impact.
The Evolution from Taylorism to Employee Gainsharing: A Case Study Examining John Deere's Continuous Improvement Pay Plan

With over $15 billion in annual sales, John Deere is one of the largest equipment manufacturing and distribution organizations in the world and is widely known as the world's premier producer of ag...
EVANGELICALS AND WORLD CHRISTIANITY: A REVIEW ESSAY

Abstract A review of: Lamin Sanneh, Whose Religion Is Christianity?: The Gospel Beyond the West (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003). 128 pp. $12.00; Donald M. Lewis, ed., Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004). 324 pp. $40.00; and, Paul Freston, Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 358 pp. $42.00. Christianity is flourishing around the world, particularly in the Global South. Many Western observers persist in attributing the success of Christianity to historical colonialism or contemporary empire-building. However, this view fails to take into the account the indigenous nature of Christianity in most of the world. Recent conversion has been characterized by a local contextualization that ignores much of the culture brought by foreign missionaries. Sanneh argues that Western Christians should get over themselves and their colonial guilt.
Vibrational assignments for Cis-, Trans-, and Gem-Dichlorofluoroethylenes and deuterodichlorofluoroethylenes

Assignments of the twelve vibrational fundamentals for each of the three isomers of dichlorofluoroethylene and deuterodichlorofluoroethylene have been completed by means of an infrared and Raman study of CCl 2 CFD and a far-infrared study of CCl 2 CFH and of cis - and trans -CFClCClH(D). An internal coordinate representation was found which made possible transfer between the three isomers of force constants for the out-of-plane modes and thus the prediction of the elusive ν 12 fundamental for the trans isomer at about 190 cm −1 .
The potential of III-nitride laser diodes as a future solid-state lighting source

Abstract form only given. Blue III-nitride laser diodes are explored as a next-generation light source for solid-state lighting. Laser diodes and light-emitting diodes are compared in the areas of color rendering, efficiency, and economics. Both state-of-the-art and future improved devices are considered.
Operative management of portal annular pancreas during pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Fig 1. Axial-cut pancreatic protocol CT image at the level of the pancreatic neck. The PD (arrowheads) is seen just to the left of the PV (open arrow) and as it courses posterior to the PV. Retroportal pancreatic tissue is shown by the closed arrow. AN 81-YEAR OLD WOMAN presented with melenic stool and anemia. Upper endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound revealed a large, bleeding submucosal mass in the duodenum that invaded the pancreas. Biopsies were inconclusive. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis were obtained without signs of metastasis. Clinically, she was diagnosed with a localized duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and a pancreaticoduodenectomy was recommended. Evaluation of the preoperative pancreatic protocol CT demonstrated pancreatic tissue encircling the portal vein (PV) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) with the pancreatic duct (PD) branching to the left of the vessels in the body and rejoining to the right of the vessels in the head of the pancreas (Fig 1). During the operation, the aberrant anatomy was clearly demonstrated by intraoperative ultrasonography, which confirmed that the PD and parenchyma encircled the PV/SMV. After
A segmented cell approach for studying the effects of serpentine flow field parameters on PEMFC current distribution

Abstract A serpentine flow field is a commonly used design in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Consequently, optimization of the flow field parameters is critically needed. A segmented cell system was used to study the impact of the flow field's parameters on the current distribution in a PEMFC, and the data obtained were analyzed in terms of voltage overpotentials. 6-Channel and 10-channel serpentine flow field designs were investigated. At low current the segments performance was found to slightly decrease for a 10-channel serpentine flow field. However, increasing the number of channels increased the fuel cell performance when operating at high current and the cell performance became more uniform downstream. The observed improvement in fuel cell performance was attributed to a decrease in mass transfer voltage losses (permeability and diffusion), due to an increased pressure drop. Spatially distributed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data showed differences in the local segment impedance response and confirmed the performance distribution and the impact of the flow field design.
The Occurrence of Endocarpon pallidulum and Endocarpon petrolepideum in Eastern North America

Abstract. The status of Endocarpon pallidulum and E. petrolepideum in eastern North America is discussed, and the geographic distributions of the species are outlined. A discussion of the characters distinguishing the two species is also provided. The presence of Endocarpon pusillum in eastern North America is questioned as all material examined to date has been either E. pallidulum or E. petrolepideum.
ISOLATION AND ENDEMISM IN NORTHEASTERN AMERICA AND THEIR RELATION TO THE AGE‐AND‐AREA HYPOTHESIS

From a purely academic standpoint, it seems perfectly obvious that, given a static world, the longer a plant or a group of plants has existed the more time it will have had to spread and consequently the more space it can have covered. No one can doubt this truism; and if this were all there were to Age and Area the proposition would need no discussion. But, unfortunately, Dr. Willis insists that Age and Area is the general rule in a world which has been far from static, and he has saddled upon his axiomatic proposition a great body of corollaries and from it has deduced a vast number of conclusions, many of which are diametrically opposed to the experiences of other botanists. In studying Willis' numerous interlocking papers I find myself constantly impressed by the ease with which the great facts of Cretaceous and Tertiary and modern geological history are brushed aside, and by the way in which edaphic factors are swept into the discard. In the time at my disposal only a limited number of Willis' deductions can be discussed, but I have aimed to select a few matters about which I can speak through personal familiarity with the situation. At the eastern margin of the heavily glaciated region of North America lies an area of much interrupted lands which to a great extent passed unscathed through the Pleistocene glaciation. This is the area immediately surrounding the Gulf of St. Lawrence: the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, the Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, northern Cape Breton Island, and western Newfoundland. During the past two decades much of my field work has been devoted to some of these areas, and I wish particularly to draw your attention to two of the regions, the Gaspe Peninsula and the island of Newfoundland. Both have long mountain ranges which stand high above the area of general glaciation, the Shickshock Mountains of Gaspe rising 2,000 to 2,500 feet above the region of general denudation, and the Long Range, which forms the backbone of western Newfoundland, likewise showing signs of general glacial activity only on its lower slopes. The two regions are, then, nearly unique in the latitudes of extreme Pleistocene glaciation, in that they both have ancient floras which locally outlived the alacial period; but, like the other regions in the glaciated
Studies of low-coordinate iron dinitrogen complexes.

Understanding the interaction of N2 with iron is relevant to the iron catalyst used in the Haber process and to possible roles of the FeMoco active site of nitrogenase. The work reported here uses synthetic compounds to evaluate the extent of NN weakening in low-coordinate iron complexes with an FeNNFe core. The steric effects, oxidation level, presence of alkali metals, and coordination number of the iron atoms are varied, to gain insight into the factors that weaken the NN bond. Diiron complexes with a bridging N2 ligand, LRFeNNFeLR (LR = β-diketiminate; R = Me, tBu), result from reduction of [LRFeCl]n under a dinitrogen atmosphere, and an iron(I) precursor of an N2 complex can be observed. X-ray crystallographic and resonance Raman data for LRFeNNFeLR show a reduction in the N−N bond order, and calculations (density functional and multireference) indicate that the bond weakening arises from cooperative back-bonding into the N2 π* orbitals. Increasing the coordination number of iron from three to four t...
A guide to reviewing manuscripts.

MCH professionals play an invaluable role by serving as peer-reviewers for their professional journal. The peer-review process is a fundamental part of maintaining the scientific rigor and professional relevance of our field’s literature. The purpose of this article is to provide guidance for the review of manuscripts submitted for publication to professional and scientific journals. In addition, a structure is proposed for undertaking a review and organizing the written response to the editor and the authors.
Influence of temperature and moisture on vegetative propagule germination of Potamogeton species: implications for aquatic plant management

Abstract Laboratory experiments indicated that Potamogeton nodosus Poir, winter buds and Potamogeton pectinatus L. tubers germinated in response to water-saturated substrate at 15, 20, and 25°C. Outdoor experiments with intact sediment cores indicated that winter buds of Potamogeton gramineus L. also germinated in response to saturating conditions at low temperatures (10–15°C). P. gramineus winter buds and P. pectinatus tubers, collected from irrigation canals during the winters of 1985 and 1986, germinated within 10 days of being placed at 25°C, indicating that germination was inhibited by environmental conditions and not by innate dormancy. Measurements made in the springs of 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1989 in the Byrnes canal, demonstrated that terrestrial forms of P. gramineus were present at densities ranging from 50 to 746 m −2 , accounting for 30–96% of the total number of winter buds present per square meter. Penetration of accumulated rainwater into the sediment appeared to influence germination of P. gramineus winter in buds and may explain why deep winter buds do not germinate prior to the canal filling with water in the spring. The ability to induce formation of terrestrial forms may lead to new management approaches.
Yield strength at high pressure and temperature

Yield strength is measured at high pressure and temperature using a large volume, high pressure apparatus (SAM85) with synchrotron radiation. A macroscopic deviatoric stress is manifest as a uniform deviatoric strain that is oriented by the geometry of the pressurizing medium. Microscopic deviatoric stress is identified as the elastic broadening of diffraction lines. The deviatoric stress reaches the yield point as evidenced by the uniformity, the saturation, and the temperature dependence of the deviatoric stress. Yield strengths, which correspond to the stress saturation level at a few per cent strain, are determined for NaCl and MgO up to 8 GPa and 1200°C. The results are consistent at room temperature with previous diamond anvil studies and demonstrate the effect of pressure on yield strength. These data demonstrate the feasibility of determining high pressure, high temperature yield strengths for mantle phases.
SCLD: a stem cell lineage database for the annotation of cell types and developmental lineages

Stem cell biology has experienced explosive growth over the past decade as researchers attempt to generate therapeutically relevant cell types in the laboratory. Recapitulation of endogenous developmental trajectories is a dominant paradigm in the design of directed differentiation protocols, and attempts to guide stem cell differentiation are often based explicitly on knowledge of in vivo development. Therefore, when designing protocols, stem cell biologists rely heavily upon information including (i) cell type-specific gene expression profiles, (ii) anatomical and developmental relationships between cells and tissues and (iii) signals important for progression from progenitors to target cell types. Here, we present the Stem Cell Lineage Database (SCLD) (http://scld.mcb.uconn.edu) that aims to unify this information into a single resource where users can easily store and access information about cell type gene expression, cell lineage maps and stem cell differentiation protocols for both human and mouse stem cells and endogenous developmental lineages. By establishing the SCLD, we provide scientists with a centralized location to organize access and share data, dispute and resolve contentious relationships between cell types and within lineages, uncover discriminating cell type marker panels and design directed differentiation protocols.
Higher-order axial singularity distributions for potential flow about bodies of revolution

Abstract The approach of using axial singularity distributions of different orders for representing bodies of revolution in axial flow to solve both the direct and inverse problems has been developed and critically evaluated. A polynomial of arbitrary degree is used to represent the variation of the intensity of the source distribution over each element. The effects of the order of the distribution, the number of elements, the normalization of the body coordinates, the fineness ratio and the geometry of the profile on the performance of the method have been studied in detail by using a number of test cases of known solutions. With appropriate choice of these parameters, this approach for both the direct and inverse axisymmetric problems can be as accurate as the surface singularity approach even for simple bodies with inflection points. However, the present scheme has the advantage of being much simpler and faster. A new technique has been developed for the calculation of the body radius in the authors' iterative inverse problem scheme. This technique proved to be essential for velocity distributions representing bodies with inflection points. Such bodies are of great interest in the design of low drag shapes.
Discordance in neonatal risk factors and early childhood outcomes of very low birth weight (<1.5 kg) twins.

To examine the rates of discordance in neonatal risk factors and neurodevelopmental outcomes within very low birth weight twin pairs and the factors associated with discordant outcomes. Rates of neonatal risk factors and neurodevelopmental outcomes, and discordance in outcomes were examined for 88 very low birth weight twin pairs born between 1990 and 2005 and followed through 20 months’ corrected age. Discordance rates ranged from 17 to 42% for neonatal risk factors and from 18 to 31% for neurodevelopmental outcomes. In regression analysis, affected co-twins were significantly more likely to have had an abnormal cerebral ultrasound than their unaffected co-twins in pairs discordant for cerebral palsy (odds ratio (OR): 13.00, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.22 to 76.03)) and in pairs discordant for neurodevelopmental impairment (OR: 4.00, 95% CI: 1.13 to 14.18). Outcomes and discordance in outcomes were similar for monochorionic and dichorionic pairs. Despite shared genetics and risk factors, twins may have discordant outcomes. Information on discordant neonatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes is important for counseling families of twins.
Gravitational lensing by cosmic strings

On discute du role eventuel d'une distribution cosmologique des cordons de vide dans la formation des images gravitationnelles des quasars. On decrit les proprietes de lentille de cordes ouvertes et de grandes et petites boucles fermees. Un modele simplifie montre que les petites boucles produisent une paire d'images agrandies qui s'interpenetrent
Evolution in a late Oligocene–early Miocene succession of meniscomyine rodents in the Deep River Formation, Montana

ABSTRACT New fossils from the Deep River Formation, Meagher County, Montana, add to our knowledge of aplodontid evolution in the Rocky Mountain region. The new material shows much greater diversity than was indicated by the single species previously known. At least four groups, Niglarodon koemeri, N. progressus n. sp., N. blacki n. sp., and N. loneyi n. sp., represent a series ranging from brachyodont to rather strongly hypsodont forms. Stratigraphic and local geographic differences of occurrence indicate a chronologic succession. The diversity of morphology and apparent regional endemism suggest an early dispersal followed by extensive geographic partitioning. After initial settlement, subsequent histories in different subregions of the Rocky Mountains involve appearance of characters of rather proximal origin, as well as introduction of characters which seem to be derived from more distant populations of the region. Interregional immigration between the Rocky Mountains and the West Coast did not occur. ...
On the norm convergence of a piecewise linear least squares method for Frobenius–Perron operators

Abstract In this paper we prove both the L 1 -norm and the BV-norm convergence for a piecewise linear least squares approximation method that was recently proposed for computing stationary density functions of Frobenius–Perron operators associated with piecewise C 2 and stretching mappings of the unit interval. We also give a convergence rate analysis under the BV-norm.
A flexible tool for participating, authoring, and managing citizen science campaigns on-the-go

Grassroots participation is a great resource for monitoring environmental phenomena, and collecting and analyzing data in a variety of fields, called Citizen Science. The proliferation of mobile devices has helped to boost citizen science activities. However, the creation of such tools is under the control of developers and accompanying infrastructure that most local organizations, which are often the bodies of citizen science activities, lack. This often hinders citizen science activities from prospering. This work aims to create a visual environment where people without programming skills can build mobile data-collection tools and manage data collectively. The expected contributions include a creation of a tool to prosper citizen science by lowering technical barriers; an understanding of the dynamics of data collection and management through grassroots participation; and implications for designing citizen science tools.
Statistical evaluation of beam-space direction-of-arrival estimators

The beam-space performance of DOA estimation is analyzed for several subspace processing algorithms in a unified fashion based on a finite amount of measurements. The mean-squared errors (MSE) of DOA estimation of these algorithms are expressed in a single formula using physical parameters like array manifold and beamformer matrix. The important relationship between MSE and dimension of beam-space is revealed, and optimality of beamforming is discussed. >
The House as a Stepping Stone to the Senate: Why Do So Few African American House Members Run?

Although a commonly recognized pathway to the U.S. Senate is through the U.S. House of Representatives, only four African American House members have run for the Senate since the passage of the 17th Amendment, and none have been elected. We examine why so few African American House members run for the Senate. Using an original dataset that includes all House members in the 102nd through the 110th Congresses, we explore the decision of House members, particularly African American House members, to run for the Senate. Despite the fact that so few African American House members have run for the Senate, our results raise doubts about the existence of direct race-based explanations. Instead, we demonstrate with mediation analysis that contextual factors linked to race, such as state population, ability to raise campaign funds, and ideological extremity, play an intervening role in the strategic decision to run. These findings have normative implications for descriptive representation.
Performance of packet switches with input and output queueing

A single-stage nonblocking N*N packet switch is considered. In order to resolve a certain degree of output-port contention, the switching fabric allows limited queueing at the output ports. Overflow at the output queues is prevented by the use of a backpressure mechanism and additional queuing at the input ports. The impact of the backpressure effect on the switch performance is analyzed for arbitrary output buffer sizes. The investigation is based on two performance measures: the average delay and the maximum throughput of the switch. Closed-form expressions for these measures are derived for both an asynchronous and synchronous operation model. The results demonstrate that a modest amount of output queuing provides significant delay and throughput improvements over pure input queuing. With reasonable output-buffer sizes, the ideal performance of infinite output queuing can be closely approached. The maximum throughput is the same for the synchronous and the asynchronous mode of operation. >
Non-nodal neck masses

Planar imaging has made significant contributions to the evaluation of patients with non-nodal neck masses. The clinical history, physical examination, and imaging characteristics of these lesions are often complimentary. Yet, planar imaging much more accurately defines the size, location, and extent of these lesions than is revealed on physical examination. The CT and MR characteristics are often sufficiently specific to arrive at the correct preoperative diagnosis in these patients. We present the classical radiographic and clinical features of several non-nodal neck masses.
Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene over Supported Model Ni–Au Catalysts

Hydrogenolysis and dehydrogenation of propane were studied over model nickel–gold catalysts. The supported model Ni–Au catalysts were prepared by depositing Ni and Au onto a planar silica film. Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopic data showed that isolated Ni sites appeared and became dominant on the surface with the addition of Au to Ni. For the conversion of propane in the presence of hydrogen, the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene was observed on the Ni–Au bimetallic catalysts, whereas only hydrogenolysis products were observed on the monometallic Ni catalyst. A correlation was found between the concentration of isolated Ni sites and the catalytic activity for propane dehydrogenation.
Nonrandom mating and sexual selection in a desert mustard: an experimental approach.

We report on an experiment to explore the importance of pollinator behavior and postpollination events within flowers in generating nonrandom mating in the desert perennial Lesquerella fendleri (Brassicaceae). In this experiment, we crossed four plants with each other in all combinations. We performed these crosses in three different ways, which varied the opportunity for nonrandom mating: single-donor hand pollinations, mixed hand pollinations, and field pollinations. Number of seeds sired by each donor following single-donor pollinations differed only slightly (though significantly) from random, indicating little variation in siring ability. However, we found more dramatic (and significant) departures from random mating for mixed hand pollinations. In the field we found even more nonrandomness, with some donors siring .71% of seeds on some maternal plants, despite equal opportunity to father seeds. The rank ordering of donors was consistent across the four females and across treatments, indicating that there was concordant nonrandom mating, a requirement for sexual selection. The most successful donor in all treatments also had the greatest pollen production per flower, and this trait may therefore be an important cause of the observed patterns. We infer that pollinator behavior and postpollination processes both contribute to the nonrandom mating observed in the field, and discuss the advantages of this new experimental approach.
A Leadership Journey to the East

This article introduces the Taoist perspective on leadership to teachers and trainers who want to include nonwestern leadership concepts in their courses and workshops. Taoists advocate a limited role for leaders, encouraging them to lead by example instead of through government, laws, morality or force. In addition, they urge leaders to model their behavior on principles found in nature. Natural images or metaphors suggest that leaders should be simple and humble, exhibit childlike integrity, let events take their own course, exercise strength through weakness, and remain flexible. Information on Taoism and leadership is readily available but instructors must determine how much emphasis to give to the perspective's philosophical origins and how best to present Taoist principles in the classroom. Asking students to draw their own conclusions from statements and examples found in the Tao Te Ching (Taoism's primary text) is one way to teach leadership from a Taoist point of view.
Proposed upgrade of the NSCL

The present nuclear physics program at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) is based on an ECR-ion-source-injected K1200 superconducting cyclotron. We propose to significantly increase the facility's output intensity for light ions and energy for heavy ions by coupling the existing superconducting K500 cyclotron's output to the K1200. The improved acceleration chain will consist of an ECR-ion-source injected K500 cyclotron to accelerate ions to /spl les/17 MeV/nucleon followed by radial, charge-stripping injection into the K1200 for final acceleration to 100-200 MeV/nucleon.
Petrogenesis and postmagmatic geochemistry of the Italian Mountain Intrusive Complex, eastern Elk Mountains, Colorado

The Italian Mountain Intrusive Complex lies within the Colorado mineral belt. It consists of Oligocene plutons, dikes, and associated hydrothermal lead-silver deposits. The rocks range in composition from quartz diorite to quartz monzonite. The core of the youngest intrusive mass is porphyritic and contains a central facies characterized by a partly aphanitic ground-mass, which was formed by quenching and represents a late-stage venting of the intrusive complex. Upon venting, the youngest plutonic rocks fractured, fluids in the core boiled and were introduced into fractured quartz phenocrysts, and quartz veins were formed. The evolution of the late magmatic and postmagmatic fluids is inferred from fluid inclusions. Pressure constraints imposed by measured fluid compositions and homogenization temperatures indicate that a pressure of 250 bars existed on the fluids at the time of venting. Depth of emplacement was between 950 and 2,700 m.
Absolute calibration of a 1.5 m grazing incidence monochromator for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) diagnostics of a plasma source

We have calibrated a 1.5 m grazing incidence monochromator with the light of known wavelength at the advanced light source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) using beamline 6.3.2. Several measurements in the 13–30 nm wavelength range with well resolved monochromatic light were examined at ALS. Such precise measurements have enabled us to find the dependence of the efficiency as function of wavelengths for the EUV monochromator in the wavelength range of 10–80 nm using previously and current determined sensitivities. We have used this calibrated monochromator for EUV diagnostics of a plasma source developed at LBNL. In particular, we have normalized previously measured EUV radiative lines arising from xenon (Xe) ions originating from charge state q = 1–10 in the wavelength range of 10–16 nm with special attention for the wavelength of 13.4 nm which might have lithographic applications.
A level-crossing flash asynchronous analog-to-digital converter

Distributed sensor networks, human body implants, and hand-held electronics have tight energy budgets that necessitate low power circuits. Most of these devices include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to process analog signals from the physical world. We describe a new topology for an asynchronous analog-to-digital converter, dubbed LCF-ADC, that has several major advantages over previously-designed ADCs, including reduced energy consumption and/or a simplification of the analog circuits required for its implementation. In this paper we describe the design of the LCF-ADC architecture, and present simulation results that show low power consumption. We discuss both theoretical considerations that determine the performance of our ADC as well as a proposed implementation. Comparisons with previously designed asynchronous analog-to-digital converters show the benefits of the LCF-ADC architecture. In 180 nm CMOS, our ADC is expected to consume 43 /spl mu/W at 160 kHz, and 438 /spl mu/W at 5 MHz.
Neural-network prediction with noisy predictors

Very often the input variables for neural-network predictions contain measurement errors. In particular, this may happen because the original input variables are often not available at the time of prediction and have to be replaced by predicted values themselves. This issue is usually ignored and results in non-optimal predictions. This paper shows that under some general conditions, the optimal prediction using noisy input variables can be represented by a neural network with the same structure and the same weights as the optimal prediction using exact input variables. Only the activation functions have to be adjusted. Therefore, we can achieve optimal prediction without costly retraining of the neural network. We explicitly provide an exact formula for adjusting the activation functions in a logistic network with Gaussian measurement errors in input variables. This approach is illustrated by an application to short-term load forecasting.
Immigration & the Color Line at the Beginning of the 21st Century

The “color line” has long served as a metaphor for the starkness of black/white relations in the United States. Yet post-1965 increases in U.S. immigration have brought millions whose ethnoracial status seems neither black nor white, boosting ethnoracial diversity and potentially changing the color line. After reviewing past and current conceptualizations of America's racial divide(s), we ask what recent trends in intermarriage and multiracial identification – both indicators of ethnoracial boundary dissolution – reveal about ethnoracial color lines in today's immigrant America. We note that rises in intermarriage and multiracial identification have emerged more strongly among Asians and Latinos than blacks and in more diverse metropolitan areas. Moreover, these tendencies are larger than would be expected based solely on shifts in the relative sizes of ethnoracial groups, suggesting that immigrationgenerated diversity is associated with cultural change that is dissolving ethnoracial barriers – but more s...
Histocompatibility and liver transplant outcome. Does HLA exert a dualistic effect

An analysis of more than 500 liver transplants has demonstrated that HLA compatibility is associated with diminished allograft survival. Liver transplants with zero mismatches for class I and/or class II HLA antigens have shown significantly lower actuarial survival rates than transplants with one or more mismatches for these loci. In a group of 119 failed liver allografts from patients undergoing retransplantation, a higher incidence of failure due to rejection correlated with a lower degree of HLA compatibility especially for HLA-DR. In contrast, the incidence of liver transplant failures due to primary nonfunction was relatively higher with HLA-DR compatible transplants. Considering the role of HLA as a restriction element in cellular interactions during the immune response, these findings suggest that HLA compatibility may have a dualistic effect on liver transplant outcome. On one hand, HLA compatibility reduced transplant rejection--and on the other hand, it may enhance other immunological mechanisms leading to allograft dysfunction, particularly in patients at risk of developing recurrent autoimmune diseases or infection.
Velocity fluctuations in a low-Reynolds-number fluidized bed

The velocity fluctuations of particles in a low-Reynolds-number fluidized bed have important similarities and differences with the velocity fluctuations in a low-Reynolds-number sedimenting suspension. We show that, like sedimentation, the velocity fluctuations in a fluidized bed are described well by the balance between density fluctuations due to Poisson statistics and Stokes drag. However, unlike sedimentation, the correlation length of the fluctuations in a fluidized bed increases with volume fraction. We argue that this difference arises because the relaxation time of density fluctuations is completely different in the two systems.
Thrombolysis: From the Experimental Findings to the Clinical Practice

Antithrombotic strategies have provided the most benefit to patients with ischemic stroke. Of these, the acute use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has been shown to significantly i
Contegra bovine jugular vein right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in Ross procedure.

Abstract Background In the Ross procedure a valved conduit, most commonly pulmonary or aortic homograft, is used in place of autotransplanted pulmonary valve. Increasing demand and diminishing supply of homografts has resulted in a search for alternatives. A biological conduit from the valved segment of bovine jugular vein (Contegra) has been used successfully as an alternative. Methods Early clinical and echocardiographic results were analyzed retrospectively for 20 patients (median age 14.4 years) who underwent a Ross procedure with Contegra as right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit between November and June 2003 (during the last 31 months). Results There was no operative mortality and late mortality or morbidity during the mean follow-up of 13.8 ± 9.1 months (range 1 to 31 months). No patient required reoperation. The median gradient at discharge was 16 ± 4.5 mm Hg, which remained unchanged at last follow-up. No deterioration in conduit or conduit valve function was noted. Conclusions This new bovine jugular vein conduit can be a viable alternative to a homograft in the Ross procedure. The early clinical and hemodynamic results are encouraging. Ease of availability and favorable handling and technical characteristics make it more attractive than a homograft. Xenograft origin of this conduit necessitates close follow-up for assessment of durability and longer-term results.
Charles Darwin in modern epidemiology and public health: the celebration continues

2009 was Darwin year; his familiar bearded face peered out from a great radiation of TV series, book covers and even a feature film. The reasons for this were his bicentennial and the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species. However, there is no reason the celebrations should cease with the turn of the New Year.
The Interaction of Vapour Phase Organic Compounds with Indoor Sinks

The interaction of indoor air pollutants with interior surfaces (i.e., sinks) is a well known, but poorly understood, phenomenon. Studies have shown that re-emissions of adsorbed organic vapours can contribute to elevated concentrations of organics in indoor environments. Research is being conducted in small environmental test chambers to develop data for predicting sink behaviour. This paper reports on the development of sink models based on fundamental mass transfer theory. The results of experiments conducted to determine the magnitude and rate of adsorption and desorption of vapour phase organic compounds for several materials are presented. Five materials were evaluated: carpet, painted wallboard, ceiling tile, window glass, and upholstery. Two organic compounds were tested with each material: tetrachloroethylene (a common cleaning solvent) and ethylbenzene (a common constituent of petroleum-based solvents widely used in consumer products). The results of the experimental work are presented showing the relevant sink effect parameters for each material tested and comparing the sorptive behaviour of the two organic compounds evaluated. An indoor air quality (IAQ) model was modified to incorporate adsorption and desorption sink rates. The model was used to predict the temporal history of the concentration of total vapour phase organics in a test house after application of a wood finishing product. The predicted results are presented and compared to measured values. Suggestions for further research on indoor sinks are presented.
Boundary Layer Clouds and Vegetation–Atmosphere Feedbacks

Abstract An analysis of boundary layer cumulus clouds and their impact on land surface–atmosphere exchange is presented. Seasonal trends indicate that in response to increasing insolation and sensible heat flux, both the mixed-layer height (zi) and the lifting condensation level (LCL) peak (∼1250 and 1700 m) just before the growing season commences. With the commencement of transpiration, the Bowen ratio falls abruptly in response to the infusion of additional moisture into the boundary layer, and zi and LCL decrease. By late spring, boundary layer cumulus cloud frequency increases sharply, as the mixed layer approaches a new equilibrium, with zi and LCL remaining relatively constant (∼1100 and 1500 m) through the summer. Boundary layer cloud time fraction peaks during the growing season, reaching values greater than 40% over most of the eastern United States by June. At an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) station in central Massachusetts, a growing season peak is apparent during 1995–98 but reve...
SYNCHRONIZATION OF TWO COMMON-BASE-COUPLED NONLINEAR ROTATING-ECCENTRIC-DRIVEN SHAKERS

The synchronization, or lock-in, of two coupled, similarly sized rotatingeccentric-driven shakers is studied. The shakers are coupled only by being mounted on a common base, which is suspended on springs and dampers and constrained to translate along a line. This setup models a simplied conceptual version of a no-synchronizing-gearing counter-rotating-eccentricdriven telephone-cable-burying vibrating plow. An approximate quantitative theory of the synchronization of the rotors of these coupled nonlinear autonomous systems is developed in a form that is simple to understand and numerically evaluate. This analysis allows predicting, with good accuracy, whether or not the rotors will synchronize, and if so, to also predict transient and steady state properties of the locked-in motion.
The Clean Power Plan: Testing the Limits of Administrative Law and the Electric Grid

The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Clean Power Plan (CPP) is one of the most controversial and highest-stake rules ever issued by any agency. Proponents of the rule maintain that it is essential to mitigating the potentially devastating effects of climate change. Opponents, by contrast, argue that it is unlikely to be effective for its intended purpose and that it jeopardizes the reliability of the electricity grid. We are in the awkward position of agreeing with both the proponents and the opponents of the CPP. We want the rule to succeed in accomplishing its intended purpose but we fear that it may have serious unintended adverse effects on the performance of the U.S. electricity grid. Further, we have serious concerns about the ability of administrative law doctrine to manage the litigation that is to come. In this Essay, we consider four issues that have not yet attracted the attention and analysis they deserve: (1) the administrative law issues related to EPA’s statutory authority; (2) what remedy a court should provide at various procedural postures if it detects or believes likely a fatal error in the CPP or the process through which it was issued; (3) the implementation challenges associated with the intermittent nature of the electricity supplies that EPA expects utilities to substitute for the fossil fuels that now provide most of the nation’s electricity; and (4) the implementation challenges associated with the risk that some approaches for state compliance may be preempted by the Federal Power Act (FPA).
Role Based Authorization as a Tool for Privacy and Anonymity

The advent of the information age has brought a proliferation in the amount of information that is available and an increase in accessibility to such information. As we rely more heavily on networks as a means of communicating, we must increasingly consider how these networks store and distribute this information. Aside from the problems that arise in managing the security of large diverse systems, we must also consider the implications of distributing personally identifiable information across such systems. For example, both web browsing and voice over internet communications processes include considerable amounts of personally identifiable information about the user. For some, the distribution of (and access to) this personal information is of no consequence; however, for others, this is tantamount to an invasion of their privacy. Some of the issues associated with the distribution of this information arise out of the identity, authentication and authorization models that have been defined for these services. Many of the existing models rely heavily on identity information that readily links back to an individual (i.e., an individual’s name as their login). Further, many models do not provide support for privacy or anonymity, nor do they provide granularity in terms of what information might be released to whom and methods of controlling such release. To address these problems, various groups are working on new role-based authorization (RBA) models. The value of a RBA approach is that the user asserts a ‘role’ rather than a typical identity when requesting a service. In this way, the user can maintain some level of anonymity and privacy. However, the actual identity of the user may still be maintained by the local domain, thereby addressing possible repudiation and legal concerns (i.e., CALEA). These RBA systems also allow the user to determine the amount and type of information released about that user. This granularity of control can be used to adjust the level of anonymity associated with a communication session. For example, a user may want one session to be anonymous and the next not. In this paper, we will begin by providing some relevant technical background material and loosely define two rather contentious terms, privacy and anonymity. We will then briefly describe the RBA models under development, including the motivation of these models. We will demonstrate how these models can be used to provide privacy and anonymity. Next, we will consider the policy implications of RBA models, particularly as it relates to US federal law and policy. We will end by considering how privacy, anonymity and law might co-exist.
Fatty Acid Oxidation is Impaired in An Orthologous Mouse Model of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

article i nfo Background: The major gene mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease was first identified over 20 years ago, yet its function remains poorly understood. We have used a systems-based approach to examine the effects of acquired loss of Pkd1 in adult mouse kidney as it transitions from normal to cystic state. Methods: We performed transcriptional profiling of a large set of male and female kidneys, along with metabolo- mics and lipidomics analyses of a subset of male kidneys. We also assessed the effects of a modest diet change on cyst progression inyoung cystic mice. Fatty acid oxidation and glycolytic rates were measured in fivecontroland mutant pairs of epithelial cells. Results:We findthat females have a significantlyless severe kidney phenotype and correlate thisprotection with differences in lipid metabolism. We show that sex is a major determinant of the transcriptional profile of mouse kidneys and that some of this difference is due to genes involved in lipid metabolism. Pkd1 mutant mice have transcriptional profiles consistent with changes in lipid metabolism and distinct metabolite and complex lipid profiles in kidneys. We also show that cells lacking Pkd1 have an intrinsic fatty acid oxidation defect and that manipulation of lipid content of mouse chow modifies cystic disease. Interpretation: Our results suggest PKD could be a disease of altered cellular metabolism. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).