cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Shared Social Cost

This paper presents a mechanism for regulating pollution when industry harm - but not individual firm's contributions - is observable. The mechanism is based on a modification of Cooter and Porat's Total Liability for Excessive Harm (TLEH). We propose an alternative mechanism of Shared Social Costs (SSC), where firms share the total cost of industry harm and abatement costs. In cases where the abatement costs for each firm are verifiable, SSC may provide an efficient alternative to TLEH. The mechanisms are largely equivalent, but require different types of information for the regulator. For a legal target to be set in TLEH, it requires either knowing the cost functions of individual firms or accommodating error costs by gradually reducing the legal target until the efficient level is found. On the other hand, SSC requires observing individual firms actual abatement expenditures as opposed to knowing their cost functions. Both rules provide efficient incentives for abatement, and require being able to observe and monetize industry level harm. We show that SSC leads to efficient incentives for entry and exit, has appealing incentives for innovation, and can be applied advantageously to remediation. In markets with heterogeneous firms, we propose weighting cost-sharing by firms' market shares.
Habitat destruction and extinction in competitive and mutualistic metacommunities

Because habitat loss is a leading cause of extinction, it is important to identify what kind of species is most vulnerable. Here, I use algebraic and graphical techniques to study metacommunity models of weak competition or locally facultative mutualism in which species may coexist within patches. Because a competition–colonization trade-off is not required for regional coexistence of competitors, poor competitors are often regionally rare and most prone to extinction, in contrast to results from previous models of strongly competitive metapopulations. Metacommunities of mutualists can suffer the abrupt extinction of both species as habitat destruction is increased. These highlight the importance of identifying the mechanisms by which species coexist to predict their response to habitat loss.
The role of cAMP in synaptic homeostasis in response to environmental temperature challenges and hyperexcitability mutations.

Homeostasis is the ability of physiological systems to regain functional balance following environment or experimental insults and synaptic homeostasis has been demonstrated in various species following genetic or pharmacological disruptions. Among environmental challenges, homeostatic responses to temperature extremes are critical to animal survival under natural conditions. We previously reported that axon terminal arborization in Drosophila larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is enhanced at elevated temperatures; however, the amplitude of excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) remains unaltered despite the increase in synaptic bouton numbers. Here we determine the cellular basis of this homeostatic adjustment in larvae reared at high temperature (HT, 29°C). We found that synaptic current focally recorded from individual synaptic boutons was unaffected by rearing temperature ( 30°C). However, HT rearing decreased the quantal size (amplitude of spontaneous miniature EJPs, or mEJPs), which compensates for the increased number of synaptic releasing sites to retain a normal EJP size. The quantal size decrease is accounted for by a decrease in input resistance of the postsynaptic muscle fiber, indicating an increase in membrane area that matches the synaptic growth at HT. Interestingly, a mutation in rutabaga (rut) encoding adenylyl cyclase (AC) exhibited no obvious changes in quantal size or input resistance of postsynaptic muscle cells after HT rearing, suggesting an important role for rut AC in temperature-induced synaptic homeostasis in Drosophila. This extends our previous finding of rut-dependent synaptic homeostasis in hyperexcitable mutants, e.g., slowpoke (slo). In slo larvae, the lack of BK channel function is partially ameliorated by upregulation of presynaptic Shaker (Sh) IA current to limit excessive transmitter release in addition to postsynaptic glutamate receptor recomposition that reduces the quantal size.
Infinite tensor products of completely positive semigroups

We construct a new class of semigroups of completely positive maps on $ {\Cal B}(H) $ which can be decomposed into an infinite tensor product of such semigroups. Under suitable hypotheses, the minimal dilations of these semigroups to E 0-semigroups are pure, and have no normal invariant states. Concrete examples are discussed in some detail.
Healing times for circular wounds on plane and spherical bone surfaces

Abstract A mathematical model is developed for the rate of healing of a circular wound in a spherical “skull”. The motivation for this model is based on experimental studies of the “critical size defect” (CSD) in animal models; this has been defined as the smallest intraosseous wound that does not heal by bone formation during the lifetime of the animal [1]. For practical purposes, this timescale can usually be taken as one year. In [2], the definition was further extended to a defect which has less than ten percent bony regeneration during the lifetime of the animal. CSDs can “heal” by fibrous connective tissue formation, but since this is not bone, it does not have the properties (strength, etc.) that a completely healed defect would. Earlier models of bone wound healing [3,4] have focused on the existence (or not) of a CSD based on a steady-state analysis, so the time development of the wound was not addressed. In this paper, the time development of a circular cylindrical wound is discussed from a general point of view. An integro-differential equation is derived for the radial contraction rate of the wound in terms of the wound radius and parameters related to the postulated healing mechanisms. This equation includes the effect of the curvature of the (spherical) skull, since it is clear from the experimental evidence that the size of the CSD increases monotonically with the size of the calvaria. Certain special cases for a planar wound are highlighted to illustrate the qualitative features of the model, in particular, the dependence of the wound healing time on the initial wound size and the thickness of the healing rim.
Advanced control design considerations for the Czochralski process

Abstract A new control system design is proposed for the Czochralski process. A set of control objectives is proposed to meet the materials objectives and limitations posed by the coupling of the process (i.e., heater, melt, meniscus, interface, crystal and environment). Attention is given to the requirements for gallium arsenide growth including thermal stress in the growing crystal. Analysis of the process dynamics indicates the disturbances and dynamic features that must be considered in the controller design.
Functional recovery after decompressive operation for thoracic and lumbar spine fractures

A series of 105 operative cases of thoracic and lumbar spine trauma is presented. All patients underwent an anterior decompression and fusion via the lateral extracavity approach with or without an accompanying posterior internal stabilization procedure (modified Weiss springs or Harrington distraction rods). All patients were allowed to plateau neurologically before reconstructive spine surgery was performed. The patient's neurological grade at the time of surgery and after recovery was assessed according to a seven-grade scale presented herein. None of the 34 patients with a motor and sensory complete myelopathy recovered any function below the level in injury. Of the 10 motor-complete patients with some sensory perception, 4 improved neurologically; however, only 1 of these improved to a state of limited ambulation. The rest remained nonambulatory. Of the 33 patients with significantly disabling incomplete motor and sensory myelopathies, 17 improved to a level of minimal neurological deficit; only 3 patients were left nonambulatory. Of the 21 patients whose physical finding demonstrated a minimal neurological deficit preoperatively, 17 recovered to a normal neurological state. Seven patients were neurologically normal preoperatively and were unchanged postoperatively. Reconstruction of the spine with an anterior decompression and an accompanying stabilization procedure, when appropriate, leads to a better neurological outcome than that expected with either a conservative, nonoperative approach or an operative posterior stabilization approach.
Capsule commentary on Victoroff et al., impact of electronic health records on malpractice claims in a sample of physician offices in Colorado: a retrospective cohort study.

Electronic Health Record (EHR) use is growing exponentially in the United States.1 Patient benefits may include improved quality, better care coordination and reduced medical error.2,3 EHRs have the potential to reduce provider liability, since delayed diagnoses as well as diagnostic and medication errors are leading reasons for primary care lawsuits.4 In this issue of JGIM, Victoroff et al. examine whether or not the use of EHR was associated with lower rates of malpractice claims in a sample of Colorado physicians.5 Among 473 respondents to a survey of physicians insured through a specific insurance company, 53 % used EHR. Victoroff et al. found that the unadjusted risk of claims was not different between those with and without EHRs (IRR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.41–1.16), although it was lower for users when compared to before EHR adoption (IRR: 0.51, 95 % CI: 0.27–0.96), an effect that disappeared with adjustment for other factors. In addition, the authors also found that a very low percentage of claims were “EHR-sensitive,” reporting that only 3 % of claims could have been affected by EHR use. There are a number of problems with this study that warrant caution in interpretation. First, the study was underpowered to demonstrate a clinically important reduction in malpractice. Secondly, this study occurred during a period of EHR adoption. EHRs have a steep learning curve and the full benefit may not be seen during initial use. Third, there are no patient level data available, limiting the ability to explore the effect of EHRs on malpractice. Fourth, it is difficult to believe that only 3 % of malpractice claims were sensitive to EHR use; this conclusion must be tempered by low rates of inter-rater agreement on EHR sensitivity. It might have been interesting to explore whether EHR was effective at reducing liability in the group of claims felt to be ER sensitive. Finally, it is not clear what EHR modalities were being used. Some uses and applications of EHR might be more effective at reducing liability than others, and this is a question worthy of further research. At present, it is premature to conclude from current studies, and particularly this one, that the EHR offers no benefit in terms of reduced liability risk, particularly within primary care.
The structure and prenatal morphogenesis of the nasal septum in the rat.

One hundred fetuses of the Sprague-Dawley rat were used: ten for each prenatal day, beginning with the twelfth day of gestation. Pregnant animals were sacrificed, fetuses removed and subsequently fixed in buffered formalin solution. Fetal heads were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned serially in the rostrocaudal direction at 10 to 15 μ. Serial sections from fetuses representing each day of gestation were stained with either H and E, Mallory's trichrome procedure, Gomori's reaction for alkaline phosphatase, or Steedman's alcian blue reaction. At the twelfth day, the primary nasal cavities were first observed. One day later, the nasobuccal membrane was established, and the vomeronasal organ invaginated into the nasal septum. Following the rupture of the membrane, at the fourteenth day, the nasal and buccal cavities remained in communication until the palatal shelves fused with the septum, at the seventeenth day. Prior to the thirteenth day, the septal skeleton is mesenchymal. The ossification in the vomer started at the sixteenth day and expanded progressively throughout prenatal life. First glandular primordia, one on each side of the septum, were observed during the sixteenth day, the number increased to five at term. The ducts ended in single blind sacs, before the eighteenth day, afterwards, the ducts presented an increasing number of collateral and terminal branches. There was no evidence of mucigen secretion from the septal glands during prenatal life. The initial stratified olfactory epithelium differentiated morphologically into a vestibular, respiratory, and an olfactory epithelium prior to the sixteenth prenatal day.
Immunologic Study of Human Periodontosis (Juvenile Periodontitis)

This study was designed to define the relative distribution of lymphocytes (Lc) and plasma cells (Pc) and the nature of cell-associated Immunoglobulins (Ig), IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, and IgG subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, in gingiva from patients with periodontosis (juvenile periodontitis). The patient population consisted of nine persons, eight males and one female between the ages of 18 and 20. Gingival tissues were obtained from the interproximal area associated with either the maxillary or mandibular first molar and the adjacent premolar (autologous control). Histologic and immunofluorescent quantitation of Ig bearing Lc and Ig positive Pc was assessed using 10 consecutive serial sections (3–4 μm) from each specimen. Periodontosis lesions were associated with pockets ranging from 6.0 to 11.0 mm and exhibited a mean G.I. = 0.5 Plasma cells were the predominant inflammatory cell present. The quantity and distribution of inflammatory cells increased with clinical severity. Autologous gingival ...
Dissipation in single crystal diamond micromechanical annular plate resonators

Abstract We report measurements of energy dissipation in single crystal diamond annular plate resonators for temperatures ranging from 4 to 300 K. An order of magnitude reduction in dissipation is observed as the temperature is lowered from room temperature (1/Q = 5 × 10 −4 ) to 30 K (1/Q = 5 × 10 −5 ).
Responses of small intrapulmonary arteries to vasoactive compounds in the fetal and neonatal lamb: norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and potassium chloride.

ABSTRACT: Despite considerable study, the mechanisms responsible for the transition of the pulmonary circulation from the fetal to newborn life remain obscure. We compared the responses of third and fourth generation pulmonary arteries to norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and KC1 from lambs 7 d preterm and 1, 7, and 21 d of age to assess differences between age and third and fourth generations of the pulmonary arterial tree during the transitional period. Preterm vessels were significantly smaller in internal diameter than all other aged vessels for both generations. Fourth generation vessel response to KC1 increased with age (94 ± 1 5 mg/mm2, preterm; 259 ± 3 1 mg/mm2, 21 d). Third generation vessel response to KC1 did not change with age (135 ± 15 mg/mm2, preterm; 158 ± 1 8 mg/mm2, 21 d). There were no differences in maximum response to norepinephrine and epinephrine between ages; however, third generation vessel response to these compounds was significantly greater (30-60% of maximum KC1 response) than fourth generation vessel response (0- 10%). Third and fourth generation vessels had the same maximum response to serotonin regardless of age or generation. Third generation vessels were significantly reduced in sensitivity (log molar concentration which produced 50% of the maximum response—EC5o) to norepinephrine at d 1 (5.89 ± 0.12 log molar) and 7 (5.90 ± 0.21) compared to preterm (6.48 ± 0.10) and 21 d of age (6.50 ± .03). Both third and fourth generation vessels were less sensitive to serotonin at d 1 (5.04 ± 0.17, third; 5.61 ± 0.10, fourth) compared to d 7 (5.77 ± 0.13, third; 6.36 ± 0.12, fourth) and 21 d (5.82 ± 0.24, third; 6.50 ± 0.15, fourth). A similar nonsignificant trend occurred in third generation vessels to epinephrine at d 1 and 7 compared to vessels at preterm and 21 d of age. Greater than 75% of fourth generation vessels did not respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine. The small intrapulmonary arteries of the neonate are undergoing dynamic changes in physiologic response which are dependent upon age and generation
Thomas Klikauer, Communication and management at work . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. xvi, 327. Hb. $80.00

This article reviews the book "Communication and Management at Work," by Thomas Klikauer. The book, intended primarily for scholars of management, business, and organizational communication, invokes the theories of Kant, Habermas, Orwell, and Marx to assess at a macro level the historical and contemporary relationships between communication and control in the workplace.
Effect of tranquilizers and antidepressants on glycogen phosphorylase of rat brain.

Abstract Tranquilizers and antidepressants were investigated for their effect on the glycogen phosphorylase (α-1,4-glucan: orthophosphate glucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.1) activity of rat brain after sacrificing the animal with liquid nitrogen. The tranquilizers consisted of reserpine and four phenothiazines. Isoreserpine and promethazine, both not considered tranquilizers, were included as controls. All tranquilizers except prochlorperazine depressed the phosphorylase activity. The controls did not affect the phosphorylase level. A tentative explanation for the lack of effect of prochlorperazine is given. The antidepressants consisted of: two monoamine oxidase inhibitors, pargyline and iproniazid; a tricyclic antidepressant, desmethylimipramine; and a psychic stimulant, amphetamine. The antidepressants acted counter to tranquilizers, i.e. they enhanced the absolute or relative level of phosphorylase activity. However, the enhancing effect was best observed when rats were treated with reserpine before or after the drug. A unified explanation for the effect of most of both tranquilizers and antidepressants on the phosphorylase activity is given, based on a reasonable mode of action and a postulate stating that the phosphorylase activity is correlated with the availability of norepinephrine at the adrenergic receptor sites. These facts suggest that the phosphorylase activity of brain may be a barometer for CNS adrenergic activity. The results suggest that the glycogen phosphorylase of brain may be involved in actions of many drugs used as tranquilizers and antidepressants.
Direct Mapping of the Sea Floor Using Side-Scanning Sonar and Transponder Navigation

The side-scanning sonar, precision bathymetry, and acoustic transponder navigation capabilities of the Marine Physical Laboratory deep-tow device were used to produce a bathymetric chart, a pictographic map of side-scanning sonar data, and a photographic mosaic of the side-scanning sonar records corrected for lateral distortion for a 5 × 6-km section of the La Jolla deep-sea fan. The precise navigation provided by the acoustic transponder system made possible a detailed description of the meanders of the La Jolla Fan-Valley and recognition of subtle depressions and lineaments on the open fan.
Modeling interactive effects in mathematical functions for business simulations: a critique of Goosen and Kusel's interpolation approach

The article by Goosen and Kusel advocates the use of an interpolation algorithm as an alternative to the use of complex mathematical equations. The advocated simplicity of the approach may be quest...
On the Behavior of a Learning Automaton in a Changing Environment with Application to Telephone Traffic Routing

Two new models of nonstationary random environments whose response characteristics depend on the actios performed on them are intoduced in this paper. The models appear interesting because no one action is optimal and all the actions have to be chosen successively. A preliminary analysis of a linear learning automaton acting in such environments is presented, and certain mathematical questions of convergence which arise are brought to light. The analysis reveals that the automaton tends to equalize the penalty probabilities. Simulation studies of the abstract models as well as the routing of calls in telephone networks appear to reinforce the analytical results and the relevance of such models.
A Constant‐Density Gurney Approach to the Cylinder Test

The previous analysis of the Cylinder test required the treatment of different wall thicknesses and wall materials separately. To fix this, the Gurney analysis is used, but this results in low values for full-wall standard, ideal explosives relative to CHEETAH analyses. A new constant metal-density model is suggested, which takes account of the thinning metal wall as the cylinder expands. With this model, the inner radius of the metal cylinder moves faster than the measured outer radius. Additional small corrections occur in all cylinders because of energy trapped in the copper walls. Also, the half-wall cylinders have a small correction because the relative volumes of the gas products are smaller at a given outside wall displacement. The Fabry-Perot and streak camera measurements are compared. The Fabry method is shown to equate to the constant density model.
Ionic liquids via reaction of the zwitterionic 1,3 -dimethylimidazolium -2-carboxylate with protic acids. Overcoming synthetic limitations and establishing new halide free protocols for the formation of ILs

The previously reported preparation of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium salts by the reaction of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-2-carboxylate zwitterions with protic acids has been reinvestigated in detail, leading to the identification of two competing reactions: isomerisation and decarboxylation. The ability to control both pathways allows this methodology to be used as an effective, green, waste-free approach to readily prepare a wide range of ionic liquids in high yields. Additionally, this reaction protocol opens new possibilities in the formation of other imidazolium salts, whose syntheses were previously either very expensive (due to ion exchange protocols involving metals like Ag) or difficult to achieve (due to multiple extractions and large quantities of hard to remove inorganic by-products).
Organics on silicon; single molecules, nanostructures and monolayers

Controlled attachment of organic molecules to silicon surfaces offers the promise of enabling a new class of molecular electronic devices and sensors with the potential to significantly enhance the functionality of conventional microelectronics. In this review, we describe recent progress in probing and understanding the interaction of organic molecules with clean and H-terminated silicon surfaces. While unsaturated molecules react readily with the dangling bonds on the clean surface, typically adopting multiple bonding configurations, hydrogen terminated surfaces with a small number of isolated reactive sites can be used to increase the selectivity of these reactions. At single dangling bonds a variety of molecules (alkenes, alkynes and aldehydes) react with the surface via a propagating chain reaction, resulting in the formation of molecular nanostructures. Such propagating chain reactions can also be exploited to form molecular monolayers with a range of terminal functionalities. The properties of these monolayers appear promising for device and sensor applications.
Effects of carbon tetrachloride on adrenocortical function in rats.

Abstract Studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) administration on adrenal and hepatic corticosteroid metabolism in rats. Administration of 0.1 ml CCl 4 per day for 7 or 14 days produced degenerative changes in liver and a marked decline in the activity of hepatic steroid Δ 4 -hydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in corticosteroid metabolism. As a result, the plasma half-life of corticosterone was significantly increased by CCl 4 . In addition, CCl 4 treatment decreased plasma corticosterone levels and corticosterone production by adrenal homogenates but increased adrenal Δ 4 -hydrogenase activity. The rate of adrenal mitochondrial steroid 11β-hydroxylation, an essential reaction in the biosynthesis of corticosteroids, was decreased following CCl 4 administration. Recovery periods of 2 or 7 days after CCl 4 treatment for 7 days produced little change in steroid metabolism; hepatic corticosteroid metabolism, plasma corticosterone levels, adrenal corticosterone production, and 11β-hydroxylase activity remained lower than in controls, whereas adrenal Δ 4 -hydrogenase activity remained elevated. Treatment of rats with 0.2 ml CCl 4 per week for 20 weeks had no effect on any of the indices of adrenal function but decreased hepatic Δ 4 -hydrogenase activity. The results indicate that CCl 4 may influence plasma corticosteroid levels by effects on adrenal steroid production as well as on hepatic reductive steroid metabolism. The net effect of CCl 4 is to decrease circulating corticosteroid concentrations.
Suicide Prediction and the Partial Order Scalogram Analysis of Psychological Adjustment

Cette etude s'est propose; d'explorer la structure de profils multivaries issus d'une partie des items de la Suicide Probability Scale (Cull & Gill, 1982). L'analyse du scalogramme partiellement ordonne, une extension multi-dimensionnelle de la traditionnelle echelle de Guttman, a ete exploitee pour l'etude des profils. L'echantillon etait constitue de sujets suicidaires (n= 35) et non suicidaires, ceux-ci etant tires de populations normale (n= 35) et psychiatrique (n= 30). La structure partiellement ordonnee des profils renvoya a un espace bidimensionnel, ce qui signifiait que l'information contenue dans un profil multivarie pouvait etre resumee par deux axes procedant de la structure partiellement ordonnee. Les coordonnees correspondaient au rang de chaque profil sur des items appreciant les expressions cognitive et affective de l'adaptation psychologique. L'espace bidimensionnel differencial clairement les suicidaires des autres, les profils des premiers etant bien plus heterogenes. Les analyses ont montre que le suicide n'etait pas un phenomene unitaire. The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of multivariate profile data generated in response to a subset of items from the Suicide probability scale (Cull & Gill, 1982). Partial order scalogram analysis, a multidimensional extension of traditional Guttman scaling, was used to analyse profile data. Subjects consisted of non-suicidal respondents sampled from normal (n= 35) and psychiatric inpatient (n= 30) populations, and suicidal respondents (n= 35). A two-dimensional space accommodated the partial order structure of the profile data, implying that the information contained in a multivariate profile could be summarised by two coordinates derived from the partial order structure. The coordinates corresponded to the rank of each profile on items measuring cognitive and affective expressions of psychological adjustment. The two-dimensional space showed clear discrimination between suicidal and non-suicidal respondents with the profiles of suicidal respondents being much more heterogeneous than those of non-suicidal persons, and analyses supported the view that suicide is not a unitary phenomenon.
Childhood and adolescent cancer survival in the US by race and ethnicity for the diagnostic period 1975-1999

Background Survival trends provide a measure of improvement in detection and treatment over time. We present updated childhood and adolescent cancer survival statistics overall and among demographic subgroups, including Hispanics, for whom national rates have not been previously reported. These results extend those provided by the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in their detail and interpretation.
Review of audiovisual materials for use in teaching biological anthropology

Educational films and videotapes can be important and useful components in teaching undergraduate biological/physical anthropology courses, whether for majors in the field or general education students. The decreasing production of these materials may reflect higher costs, lower demand due to departmental budgetary cuts, or both. Regardless of these conditions, audiovisual materials are integral parts of many university curricula. Therefore, it is important to consider their current status based on the latest positive reviews of those directly pertinent to instruction in the field. Each film (video) is discussed from the viewpoint of the writer and the reviewer(s). In addition, there are three appendices citing each film (video), where and when reviewed, by whom, and main distributor. Finally, there is an appendix listing producers/distributors with addresses. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sverdrup revisited: Critical depths, maximum chlorophyll levels, and the control of Southern Ocean productivity by the irradiance‐mixing regime

A reformulation of Sverdrup’s critical-depth calculation, using recent optical and physiological information, is developed and applied to data from the Southern Ocean. Comparisons between calculated critical depths (Zc) and mixed-layer depths (Zm) indicate that both the marginal ice zone and the open waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current provide favorable irradiance-mixing regimes for the initiation and early development of phytoplankton blooms in summer (i.e. Zc > Zm when phytoplankton biomass is low and the water clear; that when ice-edge blooms develop, Zc shoals to depths about equal to Zm implying that phytoplankton standing stocks in ice-edge blooms may be self-limiting as a result of reduced penetration of irradiance; and that the highest chlorophyll levels that can be sustained in summer in open waters not stabilized by meltwater are ∼ 1.0 µg liter‒1 in the Weddell and Scotia Seas and may be less in areas that experience stronger winds.
Characterization and Modeling of the Dynamic Behavior of a Liquid-Vapor Phase Change Actuator

In this work a study of the dynamic performance of a liquid-vapor phase change actuator is presented. The actuator consists of a cavity filled with a two phase fluid bounded by a thin membrane into which heat is added and a cover slip which is displaced by the expansion of the vapor. An experimental actuator was designed so that a parametric study of geometry and operation parameters could be conducted. A lumped parameter model of the system was developed to predict forces and displacements produced by the addition of heat. The input to the model is the heat and the output is the displacement of the actuator. FFT analysis of the actuator deflection and heat input are performed. This procedure allows the measurement of the transfer function between actuator displacement as output and heat as input over a frequency range of 10 to 500 Hz. These data are compared to the predictions of the lumped parameter model. Agreement is favorable.© 2007 ASME
Trapped Melt in the Josephine Peridotite: Implications for Permeability and Melt Extraction in the Upper Mantle

Tabular dunites in the Josephine peridotite of southwestern Oregon represent conduits for melt extraction from the upper mantle. The amount of melt trapped within these channels during cooling and exhumation of the peridotite massif was calculated using a mass-balance approach. These calculations suggest that no more than 0·1^0·2 vol. % melt could have been trapped within these dunites after crystallization. This observation indicates that the threshold porosity for melt extraction is � 0·2 vol. %. We use this constraint to evaluate published permeability models for partially molten dunite. We then use constraints from these permeability models to calculate lower bounds on the bulk viscosity of partially molten dunite and conclude that the bulk viscosity is of the order of 10 23 Pa s at melt contents of � 0·1 vol. % and reasonable melt extraction column heights. The small amount of trapped melt in these dunites is consistent with geochemical evidence for near fractional melting in the upper mantle.
Low/no calorie sweetened beverage consumption in the National Weight Control Registry.

Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate prevalence of and strategies behind low/no calorie sweetened beverage (LNCSB) consumption in successful weight loss maintainers. Methods An online survey was administered to 434 members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR, individuals who have lost ≥13.6 kg and maintained weight loss for > 1 year). Results While few participants (10%) consume sugar-sweetened beverages on a regular basis, 53% regularly consume LNCSB. The top five reasons for choosing LNCSB were for taste (54%), to satisfy thirst (40%), part of routine (27%), to reduce calories (22%) and to go with meals (21%). The majority who consume LNCSB (78%) felt they helped control total calorie intake. Many participants considered changing patterns of beverage consumption to be very important in weight loss (42%) and maintenance (40%). Increasing water was by far the most common strategy, followed by reducing regular calorie beverages. Conclusions Regular consumption of LNCSB is common in successful weight loss maintainers for various reasons including helping individuals to limit total energy intake. Changing beverage consumption patterns was felt to be very important for weight loss and maintenance by a substantial percentage of successful weight loss maintainers in the NWCR.
The Allegorical Structure of the Siervo libre de amor

Juan Rodrlguez del Padron's brief "tratado," the Siervo libre de amor, has experienced in recent years a remarkable increase in scholarly attention, but this interest has been accompanied by a hardening of the two contrary outlooks into which critical opposition has traditionally been divided. On the one hand, the book is declared to be a finished work, whose theme is the glorification of courtly love;' on the other, the book is considered unfinished and its theme is seen to be the condemnation of courtly love.2 The problem of the completeness or incompleteness of the novel is important because it is directly linked to the essential one of the total meaning of
Strength Distribution in Commercial Silicon Carbide Materials

Four-point flexural strength testing has been conducted in order to establish the baseline strength and reliability of four different commercial SiC types, in conjunction with reliable Weibull modulus values. Average strength of the samples ranged from 380 to 482 MPa at room temperature and 307 to 470 MPa at 1370 C. The strength scatter reflects the effect of flaw variability, which must be minimized to improve reliability in sintered SiC.
Improvement of Adhesion of Diamond Coatings to WC(CO) Tool Substrates

Adhesion of diamond coatings to cutting tool substrates is an important property that is needed to replace the polycrystalline diamond tools (PCD) in machine tool applications. The improvement in adhesion of diamond on WC(Co) tool substrates is brought about by formation of a composite layer. Composite layers made up of TiC or TiN and diamond were formed by laser physical vapor deposition of ceramic coatings and hot filament chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. A first layer of discontinuous diamond film on WC is embedded in the ceramic coatings followed by growth of a continuous diamond film that maintains continuity with the first diamond layer. The composite coatings were characterized by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Adhesion and wear resistance of the diamond coatings were measured using a polishing wear test. The mechanisms of improvement in adhesion were analyzed by finite element modeling. Results show that TiC composite layers improve the adhesion of diamond coatings significantly. This improvement is considered to arise from the modification of the thermal stress at the interface between the diamond film and the WC(Co) tool substrate.
Disproportionation reactions between alkyl and fluoroalkyl radicals. III. A reassessment of Δ values for CFyH(3−y) radicals (y = 1,2,3) with C2H5 radicals

New determinations of the disproportionation and combination ratios between CF2H and C2H5 radicals yield (the hydrogen acceptor radical is given first) Δ(CF2H, C2H5) = 0.068 ± 0.008, and Δ(C2H5, CF2H) = 0.37 ± 0.01. A reevaluation of the existing data on CFH2 and CF3 radicals leads to the following recommended values, Δ(CFH2, C2H5) = 0.038 ± 0.006, and Δ(CF3, C2H5) = 0.11 = ± 0.02.
Effectiveness of remifentanil versus traditional fentanyl-based anesthetic in high-risk outpatient surgery.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine if remifentanil would offer a superior hemodynamic and recovery profile compared to the current standard of care, which implements a fentanyl-based technique. Design: Randomized, single-blind study. Setting: Outpatient center associated with tertiary care center. Patients: 75 outpatients undergoing microsuspension laryngoscopy. Interventions: Patients were randomized to either a remifentanil induction (0.5 μg/kg/min) and maintenance (0.25 μg/kg/min) versus fentanyl (maximum of 250 μg) as the only opioid. All patients received propofol as part of the induction and maintenance with or without the use of nitrous oxide. Measurements: Assessment of hemodynamics [heart rate (HR) and blood pressure(BP)], presence of perioperative myocardial ischemia on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, and time to discharge. Main Results: Significantly fewer patients in the remifentanil group demonstrated episodes of tachycardia (HR > 100 beats per min) compared to the fentanyl group (14% vs. 40%, p Conclusions: Remifentanil, a new short-acting opioid, offers excellent hemodynamic control for brief, intense outpatient procedures performed in high-risk patients; however, its use was not associated with any improvement in recovery profiles.
A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of Escallonia (Escalloniaceae): Diversification in montane South America

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY The mountains of South America are hotspots of plant diversity. How this diversity originated and evolved, and what roles geographic and environmental factors may have played in the diversification of lineages occurring in these regions, is not well understood. Escallonia, a morphologically and ecologically diverse group of shrubs and trees widely distributed in these mountains, provides an ideal opportunity for studying the historical underpinnings that have shaped the extraordinarily distinctive, diverse, and endangered flora of these regions, and for evaluating the role of abiotic factors in the process of lineage divergence. • METHODS I analyzed neutral DNA sequence data from two nuclear loci and one chloroplast locus using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic approaches. I used a Bayesian approach to analyze the geographic structure of gene trees, and a phylogenetically controlled decomposition of the variance in bioclimatic variables to analyze the eco-climatic structure of gene trees. • KEY RESULTS I found that Escallonia (1) is monophyletic, (2) has a remarkable level of geographic and climatic phylogenetic structure, (3) likely originated in the tropical Andes, and (4) has a widespread absence of species exclusivity. • CONCLUSIONS Geography played an important role early in the history of Escallonia by separating populations that later diversify likely in isolation. Although geographic isolation was generally accompanied by changes in climate, it is not clear whether environmental gradients along elevation have influenced more recent diversification events or whether species have evolved broader environmental tolerances.
Residents' care preferences as targeting criteria: measurement issues functional incidental training: applicability and feasibility in the Veterans Affairs nursing home patient population.

In this issue of JAMDA, Ouslander and colleagues describe the applicability and feasibility of an intervention designed to improve incontinence and prevent physical functioning decline in Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing home residents. The behavioral intervention (FIT) has proven efficacious with community nursing home residents, and the results of this study suggest that the intervention is also efficacious with VA nursing home residents. Unfortunately, the VA study also found that implementing the FIT intervention would require additional staff. Furthermore, the FIT study conducted with community nursing home residents showed that the staffing costs of the intervention could not be offset by cost savings in other areas, such as the prevention of acute illnesses that might be related to incontinence and immobility. So, now we have an efficacious behavioral intervention that improves resident outcomes in both community and VA nursing home settings but that is staff time intensive and, thus, potentially not feasible to provide in daily care practice for all residents in need. Given the limited staffing resources that exist in many community and VA nursing homes, one possible solution is to target a time-intensive intervention such as FIT based on a combination of resident need (who is most likely to benefit?) and preferences (who really wants it?). Both of these objectives can be determined best by offering a trial of FIT and monitoring the resident’s response (compliance, appropriate toileting frequency) and reported preferences. The alternative approach of assessing residents’ preferences before a trial, during which they experience the intervention, could be misleading. Sixty-four percent of the VA participants reported that four offers of toileting assistance per day
Culture, Consumption, and Adult Education: Refashioning Consumer Education for Adults as a Political Site Using a Cultural Studies Framework

The field of adult education exists within a context of consumer capitalism, although adult educators have failed to acknowledge how central consumption is to today’s society. Traditional consumer education has typically focused on technical skills, and thus positions itself outside the social, political, and cultural realms. In this article, the author retheorizes consumer education into a more critical enterprise using the framework of cultural studies. She argues that consumer education is a political site that creates consumers with a range of reactions to consumer culture. From this perspective, consumer education for adults is reconceived to include a variety of informal sites of learning including those focusing on curbing consumption, fighting consumer capitalism, and “jamming” corporate-sponsored consumer culture.
Scaffolding Early Clinical Learning for Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders

Clinical practicum may appear to be the ideal setting for students to independently acquire clinical knowledge and skills through problem-solving. However, recent application of Cognitive Load Theo...
Deep venous thrombosis after saphenous endovenous radiofrequency ablation: is it predictable?

Background Endovenous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a safe and effective treatment for varicose veins caused by saphenous reflux. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a known complication of this procedure. The purpose of this study is to describe the frequency of DVT after RFA and the associated predisposing factors. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using prospectively collected data from December 2008 to December 2011; a total of 277 consecutive office-based RFA procedures were performed at a single institution using the VNUS ClosureFast catheter (VNUS Medical Technologies, San Jose, CA). Duplex ultrasonography scans were completed 2 weeks postprocedure in all patients. Risk factors assessed for the development of DVT included: great versus small saphenous vein (SSV) treated, right versus left side treated, number of radiofrequency cycles used, hypercoagulable state, history of DVT, tobacco use, medications (i.e., oral contraceptives, aspirin, warfarin, and clopidogrel), and vein diameter at the junction of the superficial and deep systems. Results Seventy-two percent of the patients were women, 56% were treated on the right side, and 86% were performed on the great saphenous vein (GSV). The mean age was 54 ± 14 years (range: 23–88 years). Three percent of patients had a preprocedure diagnosis of hypercoagulable state, and 8% had a history of previous DVT. On postprocedural ultrasound, thrombus protrusion into the deep system without occlusion (endovenous heat-induced thrombosis) was present in 11 patients (4%). DVT, as defined by thrombus protrusion with complete occlusion of the femoral or popliteal vein, was identified in 2 patients (0.7%). Previous DVT was the only factor associated with postprocedural DVT (P = 0.018). Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a higher risk of DVT in SSV-treated patients. Factors associated with endovascular heat-induced thrombosis alone were male sex (P = 0.02), SSV treatment (P = 0.05), aspirin use (P = 0.008), and factor V Leiden deficiency (P = 0.01). Conclusions The use of RFA to treat patients with symptoms caused by saphenous reflux involves a small but definite risk of DVT. This study shows that the risk of post-RFA DVT is greater in patients with previous DVT, with a trend toward an increased risk in patients having treatment of the SSV. Periprocedural anticoagulation may be considered in this subset to reduce the risk of DVT after RFA. Thrombus protrusion without DVT was found to be more likely in patients with hypercoagulability, male sex, SSV treatment, and aspirin use. Additional prospective studies are required to analyze these and other factors that may predict thrombotic events after endovenous RFA.
Visibility-based multi-agent deployment in orthogonal environments

This paper addresses the problem of deploying a group of robotic agents equipped with omnidirectional vision in a simply connected orthogonal environment to achieve complete visibility. The agents are point masses with discrete-time first- order dynamics with no prior knowledge of the environment. Each agent can sense distances to the environment boundary and to other agents within line-of-sight. Communication is possible only between collocated agents. The agents operate asynchronously. The paper also addresses the problem of complete visibility deployment under the additional constraint that the visibility graph of the final agent locations is connected. We provide distributed algorithms that are guaranteed to solve the above problems if a sufficient number of agents are available. Remarkably, this number is identical to the number assuming complete prior knowledge of the environment. A final contribution of the paper is the characterization of the robustness properties of the algorithms to agent failures in the case of deployment with connectivity constraints.
Cytonuclear Disequilibrium in Chrysochus Hybrids Is Not Due to Patterns of Mate Choice

We investigated patterns of cytonuclear disequilibrium between nuclear allozyme loci and partial mitochondrial COI and COII restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns within a population of hybridizing chrysomelid beetles and assessed to what degree the genotype frequencies of F1 hybrids were consistent with patterns of mate choice or endosymbiont infection. We document that in this population, > or = 50% of the heterospecific pairs at a given time are composed of Chrysochus auratus females and Chrysochus cobaltinus males, suggesting that at least half of the F1 hybrids should possess the C. auratus mitochondrial genotype. However, we found that the majority (89%) of F1 hybrids possessed C. cobaltinus mtDNA (P < 0.001). The lack of evidence for Wolbachia infection in these highly promiscuous beetles, coupled with the fact that F1 hybrids of both cross types do exist, indicates that endosymbionts are an unlikely explanation for the discrepancy between cytonuclear genotype frequencies and behavior. We argue that cytonuclear disequilibrium at this focal Chrysochus hybrid site is likely due to a strong directional bias in postmating prezygotic barriers in this system. The results presented here underscore the importance of combining both field and molecular data in studies of cytonuclear disequilibrium and point to the dangers inherent in attributing patterns of cytonuclear disequilibrium to assortative mating.