cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking Public Opinion Under Authoritarianism

Can autocracies obtain accurate information on popular opinion? This article approaches this question by focusing on the Soviet Union during the Brezhnev period. Based on Soviet archival materials (primarily Fond 89, the Volkogonov papers, and the Rubinov collection), the article argues that the Soviet regime relied on three main channels to track popular preferences: the kgb, opinion polling, and the analysis of citizen complaint letters. Each of these channels provided a different type of information: the kgb tracked levels of political dissent; opinion polling assessed general levels of satisfaction with the regime; and citizen complaints produced detailed information on the redistributive preferences of the population. Individually, none of these channels provided sufficient information on public opinion. However, when taken as a whole, they supplied the leadership with surprisingly nuanced information on popular preferences.
A Stratigraphic Approach to Inferring Depositional Ages From Detrital Geochronology Data

With the increasing use of detrital geochronology data for provenance analyses, we have also developed new constraints on the age of otherwise undateable sedimentary deposits. Because a deposit can be no older than its youngest mineral constituent, the youngest defensible detrital mineral age defines the maximum depositional age of the sampled bed. Defining the youngest `defensible' age in the face of uncertainty (e.g., analytical and geological uncertainty, or sample contamination) is challenging. The current standard practice of finding multiple detrital minerals with indistinguishable ages provides confidence that a given age is not an artifact; however, we show how requiring this overlap reduces the probability of identifying the true youngest component age. Barring unusual complications, the principle of superposition dictates that sedimentary deposits must get younger upsection. This fundamental constraint can be incoporated into the analysis of depositional ages in sedimentary sections through the use of Bayesian statistics, allowing for the inference of bounded estimates of true depositional ages and uncertainties from detrital geochronology so long as some minimum age constraints are present. We present two approaches for constructing a Bayesian model of deposit ages, first solving directly for the ages of deposits with the prior constraint that the ages of units must obey stratigraphic ordering, and second describing the evolution of ages with a curve that represents the sediment accumulation rate. Using synthetic examples we highlight how this method preforms in less-than-ideal circumstances. In an example from the Magallanes Basin of Patagonia, we demonstrate how introducing other age information from the stratigraphic section (e.g., fossil assemblages or radiometric dates) and formalizing the stratigraphic context of samples provides additional constraints on and information regarding depositional ages or derived quantities (e.g., sediment accumulation rates) compared to isolated analysis of individual samples.
The Canons of Regulatory Textualism

By cabining Auer deference, Kisor v. Wilkie has made new space for regulatory interpretation. Yet the lower courts have given barely a thought to the fundamental methodological questions, particularly whether the appropriate tools of regulatory interpretation might differ from those of statutory interpretation. Academic commentators have given the issue more attention, positing intentionalist, purposivist, and first-generation textualist approaches. This Article proposes a new approach that follows the formalist move made by textualism’s second generation. While textualism’s first generation largely concerned itself with positivist critiques of the idea of congressional intent, the second generation concerned itself with the constitutional legitimacy of enacted text. Using the details of the Administrative Procedure Act to separate the legitimate and legally effective regulatory text from the merely legally significant regulatory preamble, this Article considers several tools (organized as canons) for decoding the public meaning of a regulation. In contrast to statutory textualism, several such canons make use of materials generated throughout the administrative process. A Whole Text Rule incorporates the published “statement of basis and purpose.” A Hard Look Canon favors interpretations consistent with the reasons given in the administrative record. A Logical Outgrowth Canon reads ambiguous language so that it is not too far afield from the notice of proposed rulemaking. And, finally, a Delegation Canon avoids interpretations necessarily premised on an agency’s untenable view of its statutory authority.
Impact of Genetics on Mature Lymphoid Leukemias and Lymphomas

Recurrent genetic aberrations have long been recognized in mature lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas. As conventional karyotypic and molecular cloning techniques evolved in the 1970s and 1980s, multiple cytogenetic aberrations were identified in lymphomas, often balanced translocations that juxtaposed oncogenes to the immunoglobulin (IG) or T-cell receptor (TR) loci, leading to dysregulation. However, genetic characterization and classification of lymphoma by conventional cytogenetic methods is limited by the infrequent occurrence of recurrent karyotypic abnormalities in many lymphoma subtypes and by the frequent difficulty in growing clinical lymphoma specimens in culture to obtain informative karyotypes. As higher-resolution genomic techniques developed, such as array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization, many recurrent copy number changes were identified in lymphomas, and copy number assessment of interphase cells became part of routine clinical practice for a subset of diseases. Platforms to globally examine mRNA expression led to major insights into the biology of several lymphomas, although these techniques have not gained widespread application in routine clinical settings. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in the early 2000s, numerous insights into the genetic landscape of lymphomas were obtained. In contrast to the myeloid malignancies, most common lymphomas exhibit an at least somewhat mutationally complex genome, with few single driver mutations in the majority of patients. However, many recurrently mutated pathways have been identified across lymphoma subtypes, informing targeted therapeutic approaches that are beginning to make meaningful changes in the treatment of lymphoma. In addition to the ability to identify possible therapeutic targets, NGS techniques are highly amenable to the tracking of residual lymphoma following therapy, because of the presence of unique genetic "fingerprints" in lymphoma cells due to V(D)-J recombination at the antigen receptor loci. This review will provide an overview of the impact of novel genetic technologies on lymphoma classification, biology, and therapy.
The Price of Good Friendships: Examining the Roles of Relationship Norms and Perceived Controllability in Service Failure Encounters:

Despite companies’ efforts to cultivate positive relationships with their consumers, negative relational episodes such as customer service failures are inevitable. This study examines how perceived...
GET IN THERE, PRONTO!

Coronary Embolism is a recognized non-atherosclerotic cause of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A 74-year-old woman is brought by ambulance to the hospital due to left sided arm and jaw pain. She is status-post right mastectomy/chemotherapy and 2 weeks prior had a left lower lobe
Outcomes after Early versus Delayed Urinary Bladder Catheter Removal after Proctectomy for Benign and Malignant Disease in 2,429 Patients: An Observational Cohort Study

Background: There currently is no standard practice for optimal urinary catheter removal after rectal resection (proctectomy). Delayed removal may increase urinary tract infection risk, an importan...
Preserving Privacy in Image-based Emotion Recognition through User Anonymization

The large amount of data captured by ambulatory sensing devices can afford us insights into longitudinal behavioral patterns, which can be linked to emotional, psychological, and cognitive outcomes. Yet, the sensitivity of behavioral data, which regularly involve speech signals and facial images, can cause strong privacy concerns, such as the leaking of the user identity. We examine the interplay between emotion-specific and user identity-specific information in image-based emotion recognition systems. We further study a user anonymization approach that preserves emotion-specific information, but eliminates user-dependent information from the convolutional kernel of convolutional neural networks (CNN), therefore reducing user re-identification risks. We formulate an adversarial learning problem implemented with a multitask CNN, that minimizes emotion classification and maximizes user identification loss. The proposed system is evaluated on three datasets achieving moderate to high emotion recognition and poor user identity recognition performance. The resulting image transformation obtained by the convolutional layer is visually inspected, attesting to the efficacy of the proposed system in preserving emotion-specific information. Implications from this study can inform the design of privacy-aware emotion recognition systems that preserve facets of human behavior, while concealing the identity of the user, and can be used in ambulatory monitoring applications related to health, well-being, and education.
Exploring thermal state in mixed immersive virtual environments

Abstract Combining immersive virtual environment (IVE) with a controlled environment is a potential solution for analyzing human thermal experience during building design. Existing studies in this field have not adequately analyzed scenarios involving stabilized comfortable and uncomfortable temperature conditions using both thermal state votes and physiological responses, or the influence of the seasons. By combining IVE with a climate chamber, called mixed IVE (MIVE) in this study, experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that participants' virtual experience did not significantly alter their thermal experience compared to their in-situ experience. Response variables were the control temperature distribution, the thermal state vote (at temperature steps 18.3 °C, 23.8 °C, and 29.4 °C), and physiological responses (heart rate and skin temperature). The results show that the first two response variables were not significantly different between the MIVE and in-situ settings (except for one case). Due to the heat development of the head mounted display device, the mean forehead skin temperature in the MIVE experiments was significantly higher than that in the in-situ experiments in most cases. However, such difference in skin temperature did not seem to affect general thermal state votes. In addition, significant skin temperature differences at some locations were also observed between the MIVE and in-situ settings.
Addressing Cultural Diversity in a Creole Space: The SEMP Language Arts Curriculum

Proposals for curriculum reform under the Secondary Education Modernisation Programme (SEMP) call for a curriculum that represents the diverse cultural experiences of students in Trinidad and Tobago, and that gives all students the opportunity to develop to their full potential, regardless of culture. This paper reports on an analysis of the curriculum proposed for a core subject in the proposed curriculum, Language Arts. The curriculum document was analyzed, using qualitative content analysis techniques, to determine its orientation, as reflected in its approach to dealing with issues of cultural diversity. It was found that while the curriculum reflected an orientation to social relevance in dealing with other aspects of students' cultural experience, in addressing students' language experience, it remained largely traditional in its orientation. The paper discusses implications for teaching and learning Language Arts at the secondary level.
Ashley W. Oughterson, MD: Surgeon, Soldier, Leader.

Ashley W. Oughterson, MD, (1895-1956) was a longtime faculty surgeon at Yale University. He performed some of the earliest pancreatic resections in the United States. During World War II, Colonel Oughterson was the primary “Surgical Consultant” in the South Pacific and present at nearly every major battle. His meticulously kept diary is regarded as the foremost source detailing wartime surgical care. Colonel Oughterson led the initial Army team to survey Hiroshima and Nagasaki following the nuclear attacks. Thoughout his academic career at Yale, Oughterson was a key leader in several medical and surgical societies. As scientific director of the American Cancer Society, Oughterson lectured widely and guided research priorities in oncology following World War II. Oughterson also authored numerous benchmark papers in surgical oncology that continue to be cited today. These extensive contributions are examined here and demonstrate the wide-ranging impact Oughterson exerted during a formative period of American surgery.
Traditional Paradisms for the Causes of War Applied to the International Trading System: Nation-State Institutions in a World of Market-States

This chapter appears in a book published by the American Society of International Law as part of their Studies in Transnational Legal Policy Series, Trade as the Guarantor of Peace, Liberty and Security: Critical, Historical and Empirical Perspectives (American society of International Law Press, Studies in Transnational Legal Policy: A Series of Books) (2006) (Padideh Alai, Tomer Broude & Colin B. Picker, eds.). It explores the question in the context of a comparative analysis of two seminal works on this subject: one written at the beginning of the Cold War, Kenneth Waltz's "Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis"; the other written at the end of the Cold War, Philip Bobbitt's "The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History." The paper analyzes these two texts for what they reveal about the changing features of the study of the relation between trade and peace across this era. It goes on to identify the competing normative commitments of the two authors in respect of the role of freedom and human will in the relationship between trade and peace, which frame and limit the utility of their analyses. Relying on the work of political economist and moral theorist Albert Hirschman, the paper concludes by arguing that useful discussion about the relationship between peace and trade requires more explicit analysis of the value premises as to the nature of human goods underlying how questions concerning the relationship between trade and peace are framed.
Verletzungen von Kolon und Rektum

In diesem Kapitel werden Verletzungen des Dickdarms durch ein Trauma besprochen. Hierzu gehoren auch Perforationen des Kolons, die im Kap. 16 besprochen werden. Gewohnheitsgemas unterteilt man traumatische Verletzungen in 2 Gruppen — jene durch perforierende und jene durch stumpfe Traumata verursachte.
The Distributive Justice of Organizational Performance Evaluations

Traditionally, concern about matters of justice and fairness among scientists interested in organizational behavior has focused on ways of determining equitable payment and assessing behavioral and attitudinal reactions to inequitable payment (Greenberg, 1982). This orientation toward money as the primary medium through which justice is studied is reflected not only in some of the other contributions to this volume on justice, but also in much of the organizational literature (e.g., Vecchio, 1982). At the same time, however, there also appears to be a growing recognition that matters of justice are involved in several nonfinancial exchanges taking place within organizations (see Nord, 1980). The chapter by Martin (Chapter 17, this volume) and the recent chapter by Crosby (1984) in an organizationally oriented serial represent excellent examples of this trend. Much of the present author’s recent work on procedural justice (e.g., Folger & Greenberg, 1985, Greenberg, in press-a) also reflects an appreciation for the idea that considerations of justice are involved in many forms of nonmonetary social exchange in organizations.
Carbon footprint of robotically-assisted laparoscopy, laparoscopy and laparotomy: a comparison.

Background To date there have been no comprehensive, comparative assessments of the environmental impact of surgical modalities. Our study seeks to quantify and compare the total greenhouse gas emissions, or 'carbon footprint', attributable to three surgical modalities. Methods A review of 150 staging procedures, employing laparotomy (LAP), conventional laparoscopy (LSC) or robotically-assisted laparoscopy (RA-LSC), was performed. The solid waste generated (kg) and energy consumed (kWh) during each case were quantified and converted into their equivalent mass of carbon dioxide (kg CO2e) release into the environment. The carbon footprint is the sum of the waste production and energy consumption during each surgery (kg CO2e). Results The total carbon footprint of a RA-LSC procedure is 40.3 kg CO2e/patient (p < 0.01). This represents a 38% increase over that of LSC (29.2 kg CO2e/patient; p < 0.01) and a 77% increase over LAP (22.7 kg CO2e/patient; p < 0.01). Conclusions Our results provide clinicians, administrators and policy-makers with knowledge of the environmental impact of their decisions to facilitate adoption of sustainable practices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Results on Verified Inclusions

The computational results of traditional numerical algorithms on computers are usually good approximations to the solution of a given problem. However, no verification is provided for some bound on the maximum relative error of the approximation. As can be demonstrated by ill-conditioned examples, those approximations may be drastically wrong. The algorithms based on the inclusion theory (cf. [38]) do have an automatic verification process. Rather than approximations to the solution an inclusion of the solution is computed and the correctness of the bounds together with the existence and uniqueness of the solution within the bounds is automatically verified by the computer without any effort on the part of the user. The computing time of these algorithms is of the order of a comparable, standard floating-point algorithm (such as Gaussian elimination in case of general linear systems).
Patterns of Lipogenesis in Laying Hens Fed a High Fat Diet Containing Safflower Oil

Lipogenesis by liver and ovarian tissue in vitro, incorporation of lipids synthesized de novo into the egg yolk in ovo, and the fatty acid composition of liver and yolk triglycerides were studied in laying hens fed a low fat control diet or 30% safflower oil diet for 3 wk. The study was conducted to determine if reduced triglyceride synthesis and the fatty acid composition of dietary fat could account for the changes in the fatty acid composition of liver and egg yolk triglyceride from safflower oil feeding. Triglyceride synthesis was reduced by safflower oil feeding. Relative distribution of labeled carbon into liver triglycerides and phospholipids was also reduced. In vivo incorporation of labeled carbon from [1-14C]acetate into egg yolk triglycerides and phospholipids closely paralleled that in liver slices, suggesting that the liver controls the pattern of lipid incorporation into yolk. The fatty acid composition of liver and yolk triglycerides was markedly altered by safflower oil feeding. The changes in fatty acid composition of yolk triglycerides could not be accounted for by the reduction in triglyceride synthesis and the fatty acid composition of safflower oil.
Proposed Topics for an Advanced Course in Managerial Accounting That Has a Strategic Focus and Deals Effectively in a Highly Fragmented, Highly Dynamic and Fiercely Competitive Buyer's Market

The only text with the title “Advanced Managerial Accounting” and still available was last revised in 1998, and its first edition was 1982. The economic environment in the past 20 years has changed radically. To help prepare managerial accounting students to analyze and solve business problems they will face today, they need advanced managerial accounting course material that analyzes current issues using appropriate techniques and relevant information. Techniques and information relevant to yesterday’s highly stable sellers’ market cannot be used effectively in today’s highly fragmented, dynamic and competitive buyers’ market. This paper first suggests that the topics selected for an advanced managerial course should have a unifying strategic focus and be able to deal effectively in a highly fragmented, highly dynamic and fiercely competitive buyers’ market. Topics discussed that effectively analyze current economic issues are: Porter’s Strategy, Value Chain Analysis, BSC, ABC, ABM, Benchmarking, Quality- and Time-based Competition, Target Costing, CAM-I Capacity Model, Life Cycle Costing, Strategic Cost Management, Beyond Budgeting Model, Measuring Innovation, Environmental Costing, and a Process-focused Organizational Structure. Lastly, it suggests a process to identify relevant, advanced managerial accounting course topics, select highly qualified authors to write the appropriate educational materials, and finally, make the materials available to students electronically. A questionnaire was sent to 142 accounting department chairs to determine how popular the advanced managerial accounting course is in their programs and to request that the syllabus for the course be supplied. Fifty-one questionnaires (36%) were returned; 37 schools (73%) responding listed an Advanced Managerial Accounting course in their course catalog; however, 6 of the 37 were not currently offering the course. Therefore, only 31 (61%) of the 51 schools responding are making the course available to their students. In the 31 schools that offer the course only nine (29%) require it. Twenty-six of the 31 currently offering the course supplied a syllabus. Instructors from six schools developed their own packet of case and reading materials, five instructors required Horngren, et al.’s Cost Accounting text. Other texts were adopted by three or fewer of the remaining 15 who supplied a syllabus. The 26 syllabi are an appendix to this paper.
The Nationalization of American Political Parties, 1880–1896

Introduction 1. Localism and the Jacksonian mode 2. The nineteenth-century associational explosion and the challenge to the Jacksonian mode 3. Organizational transformation and the national parties 4. National campaign clubs and the party-in-the-electorate 5. Grover Cleveland and the emergence of presidential party leadership 6. Party transformation in the Republican Party Conclusion.
Mitochondrial Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress Exacerbates Cerebral Infarction That Follows Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mutant Mice with Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Deficiency

Mitochondrial injury has been implicated in ischemic neuronal injury. Mitochondria, producing adenosine triphosphate by virtue of electron flow, have been shown to be both the sites of superoxide anion (O2-) production and the target of free radical attacks. We evaluated these mechanisms in an in vivo cerebral ischemia model, using mutant mice with a heterozygous knock-out gene (Sod2 -/+) encoding mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Sod2 -/+ mice demonstrated a prominent increase in O2- production under normal physiological conditions and in ischemia, as evidenced by specific oxidation of a fluorescent probe, hydroethidine, reflecting decreased activity of Mn-SOD. A mitochondrial viability assay that used rhodamine 123, which is accumulated by transmembrane potential of viable mitochondria, demonstrated accelerated development of mitochondrial injury. This rapid progress of ischemic injury resulted in exacerbation of infarct size and hemisphere enlargement, causing advanced neurological deficits but without altering DNA fragmentation induction. The present study suggests that O2- overproduced in a mitochondrial compartment, when uncoupled from antioxidant defenses, induces impairment of mitochondrial function and causes exacerbation of cerebral infarction after ischemia.
Leveraging Disinhibition to Increase Student Authority in Asynchronous Online Discussion

Disinhibition is recognized as an effect that prompts online users to communicate with less constraint than in face-to-face discussion. This article describes how disinhibition may affect more than individual entries. In a blended learning environment, it may alter the entire context of discussion by disrupting established patterns of interaction among students and their teacher. In this case, asynchronous online discussion accompanied classroom instruction in a twelfth grade English class. Online, students interacted with a wider circle of classmates and took more responsibility for managing their discussion while the teacher’s presence was more restrained. This study has implications for educators that wish to increase student authority in discussion while supporting their achievement of particular academic and discipline-specific discourse practices.
FROM PRINTS TO POSTERS: THE PRODUCTION OF ARTISTIC VALUE IN A POPULAR ART WORLD

The activity of a gallery in an art world is centered not only on the distribution of works, but also on the development of a clientele. This involves convincing potential customers that works have both artistic and economic value. The traditional path of valuation of works is through the gatekeepers of the high art world. There are, however, art worlds whose works have not passed through these high art gatekeepers, but which are nevertheless successful in maintaining a clientele. This article examines the process by which this popular art world establishes a positive value for its art when it has no access to the legitimating institutions of the high art world. Data were gathered primarily through interviews with gallery directors, employees, and artists, both from the popular and high-art worlds. The sample includes 18 popular galleries and 10 high art galleries in the Chicago area. “Popular galleries” are defined as those galleries located in the shopping districts of cities or in suburban shopping malls. Many are part of larger chains, and all carry prints by well-known artists, works of lesser known artists, and some posters.
Lower Cognitive Performance of Older Football Players Possessing Apolipoprotein E e4

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the cognitive status of professional football players varies as a function of age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. METHODS: Fifty-three active players underwent APOE and neuropsychological assessments. Players were grouped according to age (proxy indicator of high/low exposure to contact) and the presence/absence of at least one copy of the epsilon4 allele. Outcome measures were overall cognitive performance and scores in cognitive domains. RESULTS: As a group, older players possessing APOE epsilon4 exhibited significantly lower cognitive test scores than did all other players studied, including non-epsilon4-possessing players and younger epsilon4-carriers. Measures of general cognitive functioning, information-processing speed and accuracy, and attention were related to poorer performance among the epsilon4-carrying players. In an analysis of variance model, the interaction between APOE genotype and age was significant (P = 0.004). As determined using linear regression, age accounted for 34% of the variance in the memory index among APOE epsilon4-possessing players but did not contribute significantly to variance among the non-epsilon4-possessing players. Older APOE epsilon4-carriers were significantly overrepresented among players whose scores indicated possible cognitive impairment, with the criterion of performing two or more standard deviations below the general normal values in a summary index of general cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION: Older professional football players who possessed the APOE epsilon4 allele scored lower on cognitive tests than did players without this allele or less experienced players of any genotype. The cognitive status of professional athletes with repeated exposure to head trauma may therefore be influenced by age, inherited factors such as APOE genotype, and cumulative exposure to contact. Language: en
Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing

Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) is sensitive to a number of controls, including aspects of climate, topography, soils, plant and microbial characteristics, disturbance, and anthropogenic impacts. Yet, at least at the global scale, models based on very different types and numbers of parameters yield similar results. Part of the reason for this is that the major NPP controls influence each other, resulting, under current conditions, in broad correlations among controls. NPP models that include richer suites of controlling parameters should be more sensitive to conditions that disrupt the broad correlations, but the current paucity of global data limits the power of complex models. Improved data sets will facilitate applications of complex models, but many of the critical data are very difficult to produce, especially for applications dealing with the past or future. It may be possible to overcome some of the challenges of data availability through increased understanding and modeling of ecological processes that adjust plant physiology and architecture in relation to resources. The CASA (Carnegie, Stanford, Ames Approach) model introduced by Potter et al. (1993) and expanded here uses a combination of ecological principles, satellite data, and surface data to predict terrestrial NPP on a monthly time step. CASA calculates NPP as a product of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, APAR, and an efficiency of radiation use, ϵ. The underlying postulate is that some of the limitations on NPP appear in each. CASA estimates annual terrestrial NPP to be 48 Pg and the maximum efficiency of PAR utilization (ϵ∗) to be 0.39 g C MJ−1 PAR. Spatial and temporal variation in APAR is more than fivefold greater than variation in ϵ.
Effect of whole catchment liming on the episodic acidification of two adirondack streams

During the fall of 1989 7.7Mg/ha of calcium carbonate was applied on two tributary catchments (40 ha and 60 ha) to Woods Lake, a small (25 ha) acidic headwater lake in the western Adirondack region of New York. Stream-water chemistry in both catchment tributaries responded immediately. Ac id-neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased by more than 200 μeq/L in one of the streams and more than 1000 μeq/L in the other, from pre-liming values which ranged from -25 to +40 μeq/L. The increase in ANC was primarily due to increases in dissolved Ca2+ concentrations. Most of the initial response of the streams was due to the dissolution of calcite that fell directly into the stream channels and adjacent wetlands. A small beaver impoundment and associated wetlands were probably responsible for the greater response observed in one of the streams.
Inter-Rater Reliability of the PCL-R Total and Factor Scores among Psychopathic Sex Offenders: Are Personality Features More Prone to Disagreement than Behavioral Features?

Despite considerable support for the inter-rater reliability of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist--Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003) in research contexts, there is increasing concern that scores from this instrument may be considerably less stable across examiners in applied contexts, particularly when scoring is based on separate interviews. The present study examines archival data from a sample of imprisoned sex offenders (n = 20) who obtained relatively high PCL-R total scores (> or =25) and were administered this instrument on a second occasion by a different examiner. Intraclass correlations for the total and Factor 2 score were lower than those generally reported in research studies. Of greater concern, Factor 1 scores were only negligibly related to each other (ICC(A,1) = .16). Correcting for potential range restriction among these high scoring individuals resulted in total and Factor 2 score measures of agreement that were somewhat more consistent with published research, but Factor 1 continued to display exceedingly poor agreement across examiners.
The three-dimensional parametric ellipse

The common approach to generating an arbitrarily oriented ellipse or circle in three dimensions is to generate it first in two dimensions, then transform the result into the desired position and orientation. We present a technique to model the ellipse directly as a three-dimensional parametric function, a constrained variation of a Lissajous curve, avoiding the need for subsequent transformations.
Interrelationships of nutritional indices and dietary moisture in the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) digestive efficiency

A study was made of the relationships among the physiological functions measured in nutritional index experiments using the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon). Some of the relationships were expected: e.g. larvae that weighed more at the beginning of the experimental period ate more, gained more weight, and produced larger quantities of faeces. Significantly, no interactions were found between initial larval weight and assimilation, efficiency of conversion of assimilated food, or efficiency of conversion of ingested food. Experiments in which the dietary moisture level was varied showed that a dilution was not compensated for by increased ingestion. Very dry diets resulted in a decrease in fresh weight eaten, as well as in dry weight eaten. As has been reported by other investigators, efficiency of conversion of assimilated food and efficiency of conversion of ingested food were negatively correlated with percent dry matter of the diet. Growth clearly depends both upon the amount of diet (dry weight) ingested and upon efficiency of conversion of ingested food. Accordingly, in our experiments, growth decreased somewhat on the low percent dry matter diets, and decreased a great deal as percent dry matter increased above the control diet level. Optimal growth occurred at a percent dry matter level very close to that of the control diet level, but below that for maximal dry weight eaten, because of the influence exerted by the efficiency of conversion of ingested food. Percent dry matter of faeces increased as percent dry matter of diet increased in a remarkably precise fashion. Percent dry matter of the larvae seemed to be under little regulation, although the larvae were capable of some water conservation. The implications of these findings on the physiological ecology of black cutworm larvae are discussed.
THROMBOCYTOSIS IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS. 1437

We have observed that thrombocytosis, defined as platelet count (PC) greater than 450 × 103/mm3, is a common incidental finding in premature infants that has not been previously reported. In the pediatric population, thrombocytosis has been associated with infection, trauma, iron deficiency, vitamin E deficiency, malignancy and major surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalance of thrombocytosis in VLBW infants and to examine the factors that may be associated with this phenomenon. All infants with birth weight ≤ 1500gm admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in a two year period who were AGA and survived the first month of life were studied (n = 146). Weekly PC were available in 126 infants. Thrombocytosis was detected on at least one occasion in 94 infants (75%); 21(17%) had PC ≥ 750 × 103/mm3. In these 94 infants, thrombocytosis was initially detected during the first week of life in 19%, during the second week in 37%, during the third week in 21%, and after the third week of life in 22%. The duration of thrombocytosis was one week, two weeks, three weeks, and ≥ four weeks in 23%, 23%, 22% and 32%, respectively. There were no differences between the infants who developed thrombocytosis (n = 94) and those who did not (n = 32) in GA (29 ± 2 v 29 ± 3 wks), birth weight (1163 ± 23 v 1181 ± 47gm), exposure to antenatal steroids (55% v 62%), duration of mechanical ventilation(10 ± 2 v 11 ± 3 d), duration of oxygen therapy (16 ± 2 v 22 ± 4 d), or incidence of sepsis (22% v 28%). No adverse effects of thrombocytosis were apparent in these infants. We conclude that thrombocytosis is common in the first month of life in VLBW infants. The time of onset is inconsistent with thrombocytosis being the result of iron or vitamin E deficiency and there was no association with other factors that have been reported to cause thrombocytosis in the pediatric population. The cause and clinical significance of thrombocytosis is unknown and deserves further study.
The High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer for AXAF

Attention is given to a high energy transmission grating spectrometer that operates over the range 0.4-8 keV, giving resolving powers of 100-1000 and effective areas of 10-200 sq cm. The instrument, which is part of the MIT high resolution X-ray spectroscopy investigation, consists of a single array of grating facets of two types: medium energy gratings of 0.6-micron period, 0.5-micron thick silver mounted behind the outer three AXAF mirrors, and high energy gratings of 0.2-micron period, 1.0-micron thick gold mounted behind the inner three mirrors. The gratings are oriented so as to correct for coma and so that the medium and high energy spectra form a shallow 'X' at the AXAF focal plane. Likely targets include normal stars, binary X-ray sources, active galactic nuclei and quasars. The HETGS can also be used to give moderate resolution spectra of slightly extended sources and monochromatic images of sources with strong lines, such as supernova remnants in nearby galaxies.
Analyzing Adaptive Expertise and Contextual Exercise in Computer-Aided Design

The fast changing pace of modern CAD tools has demanded the users to be more adaptive to apply their CAD skills. This paper presents the initial work to transform adaptive expertise in the CAD education. An adaptive expertise survey (AES) and a contextual exercise were implemented in a freshman CAD class. The students’ responses to the survey and interviews were analyzed. The CAD models were evaluated based on the attributes. The statistically significant relationships among the variables are reported. The analyses examined the role of adaptive expertise in CAD modeling and the role of learner-centered contextual exercises on CAD modeling procedures. The findings suggest some differences between the students’ demographics and their adaptive expertise characteristics and positive effect of the contextual exercise on students’ CAD modeling procedures.
Absolute measurements of the O+C2H4 rate coefficient

The wide-temperature range, fast-flow reactor using ESR detection previously described has been used to measure the rate coefficient for the initial step in the O+C2H4 reaction over the range 195°–715°K. When used with auxiliary mass-spectrometric stoichiometry measurements, the data are put on an absolute basis. It is shown that the over-all stoichiometry depends on whether C2H4 or O is in excess, and, in the former case, is independent of temperature and of the presence of small amounts of O2. The agreement with the published absolute data of Elias is excellent above room temperature, but there is significant discrepancy at lower temperatures. An Arrhenius plot of the present data shows definite curvature, with an apparent activation energy increasing with temperature from 1.1 to 2.8 kcal/mole. Some discussion of this is offered. The major reaction products with C2H4 in excess, are H2CO, CO, and H, with minor amounts of CH4 and CO2. It is argued that the major initial step is probably not O+C2H4→CH3+HCO as usually assuamed, but is more likely O+C2H4→H2CO+CH2. The mechanism is discussed in some detail.
The spin dynamics of heteronuclear multiple-spin systems formulated in the extended strong-narrowing limit.

Employing the perturbation approach directly in the multiply rotating frame, the master equation governing the spin dynamics of scalar-coupled heteronuclear multiple-spin systems has been derived. The resulting equation for the spin-density operator and the matrix form of the relaxation superoperator are relatively simple under the conditions of the “extended” strong-narrowing limit. The extended strong-narrowing limit, which requires that ωIiτc<< 1 and 2πJijτc<< 1 [where I represents one of the spin types in the heteronuclear spin system, ωIiis the chemical-shift range of spin type I in radians per second,Jijis the coupling constantJbetween spiniand spinj(like or unlike) in hertz, and τcis the correlation time in seconds per radian], can be applied to heteronuclear spin systems of both small molecules and biopolymers in high-resolution liquid NMR. This newly developed formalism is used to investigate the effect of transverse cross relaxation on the apparent coupling constants in a heteronuclear1H–1H–13C three-spin system. The calculation shows that, despite the strong dipolar interaction between directly bonded1H and13C, this perturbation on the apparent couplings is trivial. This result is in contrast to the homonuclear proton spin system, where the scalar coupling constants between two protons are significantly modulated if one proton is strongly dipole coupled to another proton. The underlying physical reasons for the different behavior of heteronuclear and homonuclear systems are explained.
PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES OF PRIVACY: IMPLICATIONS FOR AN ADEQUATE ONLINE PRIVACY POLICY

This essay critically examines some classic philosophical and legal theories of privacy, organized into four categories: the nonintrusion, seclusion, limitation, and control theories of privacy. Although each theory includes one or more important insights regarding the concept of privacy, I argue that each falls short of providing an adequate account of privacy. I then examine and defend a theory of privacy that incorporates elements of the classic theories into one unified theory: the Restricted Access/Limited Control (RALC) theory of privacy. Using an example involving data-mining technology on the Internet, I show how RALC can help us to frame an online privacy policy that is sufficiently comprehensive in scope to address a wide range of privacy concerns that arise in connection with computers and information technology.
Response of two-degree-of-freedom systems to multifrequency parametric excitations

Abstract The method of multiple scales is used to analyze the response of two-degree-of-freedom systems to multifrequency parametric excitations. The equations describing the modulation of the amplitudes with time are derived for the case of four simultaneous resonances: main resonances of the two modes, combination resonance of the difference type, and combination resonance of the summed type. When only two simultaneous resonances exist, the modulation equations can be transformed into a system of four real first-order differential equations with constant coefficients whose solution depends on the eigenvalues of a four by four constant coefficient matrix. When three or more simultaneous resonances exist, the modulation equations cannot be made autononous, in general, and hence one may not be able to solve them except numerically.
Total elbow arthroplasty with massive composite allografts.

Total elbow arthroplasty is challenging when there is extensive bone loss. We studied retrospectively the long-term (mean, 6.5 years) clinical and radiographic results of 10 patients in whom 14 massive allograft-prosthetic composites were used in such clinical situations. The mean arc of active flexion/extension was 92°. The Bryan-Morrey and Hospital for Special Surgery elbow scoring systems were used and revealed a modest improvement in pain and stability but a disappointing return of function, with independent self-care possible in only 3 patients, household and employment activities in 2, and recreational pursuits in 2. Three patients claimed that they were unable to use the elbow. Multiple procedures (mean, 2.2) were sometimes required to optimize the result. The 79% rate of allograft-host union is similar to that of hip and knee arthroplasty. The use of massive allografts is a reasonable alternative in salvage situations involving total elbow arthroplasty with massive bone loss.
Gluon Recombination and Shadowing at Small Values of x

Abstract We determine the recombination probabilities for gluons to go into gluons or into quarks in a low-density limit. A modified Altarelli-Parisi equation expressing this recombination is given. We find recombination is very small compared to normal evolution in all interesting circumstances except that of nuclear shadowing. Thus, for evolution above Q0 ≈ 2 GeV, the gluon density remains far below saturation except at unusually small values of x.
Measurement of Postmelt Chewiness of Mozzarella Cheese

Abstract An empirical test to evaluate the postmelt chewiness of Mozzarella cheese was developed. In the empirical test, 30g of shredded Mozzarella cheese was placed in a metal form, covered with aluminum foil, and melted in a forced-air oven for 10min at 125°C. The cheese was cooled from 72 to 49°C and cut into uniform 13- × 13-mm pieces. The cheese pieces were transferred to a Stomacher ® bag, 60ml of 38°C water was added, and the sample was blended for 20s with a Stomacher ® . The slurry was passed through a nested stack of sieves, and the percentage of cheese solids caught in each sieve was determined. A cheese that was chewy remained in large pieces during the empirical test, and a large percentage of the cheese solids were caught in the sieves. If a cheese was not chewy, it was broken into small pieces, and a large percentage of the cheese solids passed through the sieves. The results from the empirical test were compared to sensory evaluation of postmelt chewiness in two experiments. In the first experiment, both the empirical and sensory tests of postmelt chewiness could distinguish significant differences in postmelt chewiness between low-fat and low-moisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheeses. In the second experiment, both the empirical and sensory tests could distinguish significant differences and produced similar postmelt chewiness rankings of five commercial lowmoisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheeses. In both experiments a larger portion of the experimental variation was explained by the empirical test data than by sensory evaluation data. The empirical postmelt chewiness test is a simple, quantitative method and can be used to evaluate the postmelt chewiness of Mozzarella cheese.
Etiology of Gas Bubble Disease

Abstract Gas bubble disease is a noninfectious, physically induced process caused by uncompensated hyperbaric pressure of total dissolved gases. When pressure compensation is inadequate, dissolved gases may form emboli (in blood) and emphysema (in tissues). The resulting abnormal physical presence of gases can block blood vessels (hemostasis) or tear tissues, and may result in death. Population mortality is generally skewed, in that the median time to death occurs well before the average time to death. Judged from mortality curves, three stages occur in gas bubble disease: (1) a period of gas pressure equilibrium, nonlethal cavitation, and increasing morbidity; (2) a period of rapid and heavy mortality; and (3) a period of protracted survival, despite lesions, and dysfunction that eventually terminates in total mortality. Safe limits for gas supersaturation depend on species tolerance and on factors that differ among hatcheries and rivers, between continuous and intermittent exposures, and across ranges o...