cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young adults and metachronous neoplasia: risks for future advanced adenomas and large serrated polyps compared with older adults.

Background and Aims Recent increases in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in adults younger than 50 years of age have led to more colonoscopies in this age group. As a result, there may be an increasing number of adults 1 cm) serrated polyps in younger versus older adults who return for a follow-up colonoscopy. Methods Our cohort consisted of NHCR participants with at least 1 polyp on index examination and a follow-up colonoscopy at least 1 year after the index examination. Outcomes were the risks for metachronous AAs (adenomas ≥1 cm, with villous elements or high-grade dysplasia, or CRC) and large (≥1 cm) serrated polyps. We present absolute risk and adjusted risks from a logistic regression model stratified by age at index colonoscopy ( Results In our sample of 12,380 adults, absolute risk for metachronous AA was lower for younger patients than for patients aged ≥60. After adjusting for covariates, when comparing with the 60+ group (reference), the lowest risk was observed in those younger than 40 years (odds ratio, .19; 95% confidence interval, .05-.80). Of note, similar risks were observed in the 40 to 49 age group (odds ratio, .61; 95% confidence interval, .41-.92) and 50 to 59 age group (odds ratio, .71; 95% confidence interval, .58-.86). The risk for large metachronous serrated polyps was not associated with age. Conclusions Younger adults aged
Quasicubic model for metal halide perovskite nanocrystals

We present an analysis of quantum confinement of carriers and excitons, and exciton fine structure, in metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanocrystals (NCs). Starting with coupled-band k · P theory, we derive a nonparabolic effective mass model for the exciton energies in MHP NCs valid for the full size range from the strong to the weak confinement limits. We illustrate the application of the model to CsPbBr3 NCs and compare the theory against published absorption data, finding excellent agreement. We then apply the theory of electron-hole exchange, including both short- and long-range exchange interactions, to develop a model for the exciton fine structure. We develop an analytical quasicubic model for the effect of tetragonal and orthorhombic lattice distortions on the exchange-related exciton fine structure in CsPbBr3, as well as some hybrid organic MHPs of recent interest, including formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) and methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). Testing the predictions of the quasicubic model using hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we find qualitative agreement in tetragonal MHPs but significant disagreement in the orthorhombic modifications. Moreover, the quasicubic model fails to correctly describe the exciton oscillator strength and with it the long-range exchange corrections in these systems. Introducing the effect of NC shape anisotropy and possible Rashba terms into the model, we illustrate the calculation of the exciton fine structure in CsPbBr3 NCs based on the results of the DFT calculations and examine the effect of Rashba terms and shape anisotropy on the calculated fine structure.
CHAPTER SEVEN – Fiscal Policy

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the consequences of President Reagan's decision against altering course on his economic policy of large budget cuts and drastic tax reductions in 1982. The Wall Street Journal reported on January 28, 1982, that despite intense pressure from increasingly nervous congressional Republicans—and top officials of his own administration—Mr. Reagan forcefully decided against altering course on his economic policy of large budget cuts and drastic tax reductions. With his sweeping New Federalism proposal, the President seeks to push even further his Reagan revolution to diminish the size and the power of the federal government. The huge budget deficits envisioned in the President's policy could intensify fears in the financial markets of a new round of hyperinflation and high interest rates born of the federal government's future borrowing needs. These risks reflect the delicate state of the nation's economy and the paucity of simple ways to restore its health. Of the dangers in the President's course, one of the largest is the potential for a widening political split among congressional Republicans stemming from the prospect of big deficits. Many Republicans, particularly in the Senate, had been urging the President to raise taxes by at least two times the relatively modest $24 billion package of increases that Mr. Reagan finally settled on.
Winding Down: Selectively Drugging a Promiscuous Pocket in Cryptochrome Slows Circadian Rhythms.

Mammalian cryptochromes regulate sleep and metabolism as components of the circadian clock. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Miller et al. (2020a) use phenotypic chemical screens to identify selective modulators of two cryptochrome isoforms. Binding specificity depends on conformational patterning of the ligand-binding pocket and a disordered C-terminal domain.
An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

Currently, minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) are being developed for a broader rangeof unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms, including smaller UAS that will feature onboard senso...
Digital 3D Brain MRI Arterial Territories Atlas

ABSTRACT The locus and extent of brain damage in the event of vascular insult can be quantitatively established quickly and easily with vascular atlases. Although highly anticipated by clinicians and clinical researchers, no digital MRI arterial atlas is readily available for automated data analyses. We created a digital arterial territory atlas based on lesion distributions in 1,298 patients with acute stroke. The lesions were manually traced in the diffusion-weighted MRIs, binary stroke masks were mapped to a common space, probability maps of lesions were generated and the boundaries for each arterial territory was defined based on the ratio between probabilistic maps. The atlas contains the definition of four major supra- and infra-tentorial arterial territories: Anterior, Middle, Posterior Cerebral Arteries and Vertebro-Basilar, and sub-territories (thalamoperforating, lenticulostriate, basilar and cerebellar arterial territories), in two hierarchical levels. This study provides the first publicly-available, digital, 3D deformable atlas of arterial brain territories, which may serve as a valuable resource for large-scale, reproducible processing and analysis of brain MRIs of patients with stroke and other conditions.
The privilege of a good death: An intersectional perspective on dying a good death in America.

All individuals deserve an equitable opportunity to achieve a good death. Unfortunately, access to end-of-life care and services is largely unequal on the basis of race, gender, class, and other social identities. We need to understand how individuals with multiple marginalized identities face different access in attaining a good death and use this knowledge to bring equity to end-of- life care. The conceptual framework for this argument derives from intersectionality theory and the existing disparities in end-of-life care. This argument sheds light on the relationship between intersectionality and a good death, demonstrated by a case vignette, and suggests that the more marginalized social identities one has, the more difficult their access to a good death. Because it is particularly important to both recognize and actively combat these inequities, I offer three practical strategies for end-of-life researchers and practitioners. For the sake of our increasingly diverse population, advancements in end-of-life care must be made to facilitate a good death for all.
Explaining Comparative Administrative Law: The Standing of Positive Political Theory

The principal-agent model of administrative law sees bureaucrats as imperfectly supervised agents of their political principals and courts as a tool used by the latter to monitor and check the former. This paper compares how the class of plaintiffs authorized to bring suit against governmental bodies has been defined in three countries where one should expect to find significant barriers to administrative litigation – the People’s Republic of China, Japan, and Singapore. Although these three Asian countries have traditionally been one-party dominated states, we do observe substantial differences in how legislatures and courts have addressed the issue of standing over time. It is possible to explain these variations by appealing to three factors. First, the local governments are, in some countries, sub-entities or agents of the national government. Thus, administrative law might be used to regulate the acts of local governments in addition to agencies, leading to broader notions of standing. Second, the level of political competition could influence the doctrine of standing by incentivizing political incumbents to secure alternative avenues for challenging the policies of their successors. Third, the legal process is not the only mechanism available for monitoring the behavior of agents. For example, the Administrative Management Agency, xinfang, and Meet the People Sessions offer channels for non-judicial resolution of administrative disputes in Japan, China and Singapore respectively. Yet courts and other monitoring mechanisms are not perfect substitutes; the different quality and quantity of the information collected, the creation of legal rules binding future decisions, and transaction costs of overriding judicial outcomes distinguish between them. This last factor is, in general, not easily resolved in one direction or another. The larger conclusion drawn is that the political economy of delegation and supervision, while insightful, may not always give an elegant structure to comparative studies in administrative law.
Chapter IV Treatment of Process Air for Deep Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the principles of filtration and heat sterilization of air and gives examples of suitable apparatus for sterilizing air supplies and for disinfecting effluent air from microbial cultures. Although sterilization and disinfection of air may involve the removal of viruses and fungi as well as bacteria, the measurement of the removal of the latter is a practical assessment of the efficiency of removal of the other two. Thus a filter effective against bacteria will always remove larger fungal particles, and in many cases those particles that bear the smaller bacteriophages and viruses. The chapter also discusses various testing methods, such as microbiological testing. A suitable method is as follows: An aqueous suspension of a microorganism (preferably a Bacillus spore) is atomized in a stream of air, unsaturated with respect to water vapor, to produce a dried monodispersion of particles of approximately 1μm in size. The bacteria-laden air is then passed through the filter or heat sterilizer under test, and is sampled simultaneously at the inlet and exit using a slit sampler or a microfilter. The chapter also discusses the factors influencing filter efficiency.
Genetic Improvement of Willow (Salix spp.) as a Dedicated Bioenergy Crop

Fast-growing woody crops are emerging as an attractive source of biomass, because they have the capability to meet many of the agronomic, environmental, and societal parameters associated with successful deployment as a source for energy. Willows, especially those that grow as shrubs with multiple small stems, have many of the characteristics desired in dedicated energy crops, making them an excellent feedstock choice in a number of settings. Wide-scale cultivation of willow bioenergy crops in Europe over the last two decades has encouraged development of efficient mechanized planting and harvesting systems. Vigorous breeding programs have also been active in broadening the genetic base and increasing the yield of varieties that are deployed commercially. Unfortunately, the majority of the fast-growing varieties developed in Europe are highly susceptible to a debilitating insect pest in North America, highlighting the need for region-specific breeding and selection programs. Since 1986, researchers at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse have been researching a willow cropping system for North America, including the development of genetically improved willow varieties. This program has involved assembling a large and diverse collection of willow clones, successfully performing controlled pollinations, and selecting new varieties with improved yield, pest and disease resistance across a range of sites in North America. Many of these varieties have been commercially deployed for use in bioenergy plantations in New York and elsewhere.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to the basic principles, sample requirements, and applications of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to biological systems. The emphasis is on the factors that are important for measurements on conventional X-band EPR spectrometers. Information on these topics and more in-depth treatments can be found in a number of monographs on EPR. EPR spectroscopy is a valuable technique for studies of paramagnetic species in biological systems because the paramagnetic centers can be studied directly without interference from the rest of the diamagnetic protein. In many applications, EPR spectroscopy is used for qualitative analysis to determine when paramagnetic species are produced in a redox reaction or whether various treatments perturb the structure of a paramagnetic active site. This chapter has focused on the use of conventional X-band EPR spectrometers to measure EPR spectra of immobilized paramagnetic centers in proteins. However, a variety of other EPR methods, such as pulsed, double-resonance, and high-frequency measurements, are being increasingly applied to study biological system.
Addressing the Security Needs of Women Passengers on Public Transport

Managers of public transport systems seeking to maintain or increase ridership need to be aware of the security needs of passengers on their systems. A recent review, edited by Smith and Cornish (2006), of five different types of crime and disorder on public transport looked at situational crime prevention measures currently used, or proposed for use, against these offenses. The present analysis draws on this work to present a framework for analyzing the security needs of women passengers. The discussion reviews previous research in four key areas: (1) women's reported victimization, (2) issues related to calculating the risk of being a crime victim, (3) the rationality of women's fear of crime and disorder, and (4) the need for effective and comprehensive crime prevention measures to address these security-related issues. The “whole journey” approach is used to highlight aspects of the transit journey for women passengers that require special attention among transport providers, local governmental authorities (including police departments), policy makers, and researchers.
V-pi reduction by using modulation index booster (MiBo) in RF links

The spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) of a modulation index booster (MiBo) link is experimentally and numerically demonstrated. 14.2dB RF gain is demonstrated for 5-fold V π reduction at 10GHz with an SFDR 3 better than 90dB/Hz.
Light‐evoked S‐nitrosylation in the retina

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the retina is triggered by light stimulation. NO has been shown to modulate visual signal processing at multiple sites in the vertebrate retina, via activation of the most sensitive target of NO signaling, soluble guanylate cyclase. NO can also alter protein structure and function and exert biological effects directly by binding to free thiol groups of cysteine residues in a chemical reaction called S-nitrosylation. However, in the central nervous system, including the retina, this reaction has not been considered to be significant under physiological conditions. Here we provide immunohistochemical evidence for extensive S-nitrosylation that takes place in the goldfish and mouse retinas under physiologically relevant light intensities, in an intensity-dependent manner, with a strikingly similar pattern in both species. Pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), which occludes S-nitrosylation, or with 1-(2-trifluromethylphenyl)imidazole (TRIM), an inhibitor of neuronal NO synthase, eliminated the light-evoked increase in S-nitrosylated protein immunofluorescence (SNI) in the retinas of both species. Similarly, light did not increase SNI, above basal levels, in retinas of transgenic mice lacking neuronal NO synthase. Qualitative analysis of the light-adapted mouse retina with mass spectrometry revealed more than 300 proteins that were S-nitrosylated upon illumination, many of which are known to participate directly in retinal signal processing. Our data strongly suggest that in the retina light-evoked NO production leads to extensive S-nitrosylation and that this process is a significant posttranslational modification affecting a wide range of proteins under physiological conditions.
Applying TLR Synergy in Immunotherapy: Implications in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Therapy of intracellular pathogens can be complicated by drug toxicity, drug resistance, and the need for prolonged treatment regimens. One approach that has shown promise is immunotherapy. Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease ranked among the six most important tropical infectious diseases by the World Health Organization, has been treated clinically with crude or defined vaccine preparations or cytokines, such as IFN-γ and GM-CSF, in combination with chemotherapy. We have attempted to develop an improved and defined immunotherapeutic using a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. We hypothesized that immunotherapy may be improved by using TLR synergy to enhance the parasite-specific immune response. We formulated L110f, a well-established Leishmania poly-protein vaccine candidate, in conjunction with either monophosphoryl lipid A, a TLR4 agonist, or CpG, a TLR9 agonist, or a combination of these, and evaluated anti-Leishmania immune responses in absence or presence of active disease. Only mice treated with L110f plus monophosphoryl lipid A-CpG were able to induce a strong effective T cell response during disease and subsequently cured lesions and reduced parasite burden when compared with mice treated with L110f and either single adjuvant. Our data help to define a correlate of protection during active infection and indicate TLR synergy to be a potentially valuable tool in treating intracellular infections.
The binding of bromophenol blue to aspartate aminotransferase.

Abstract Several experiments are presented that suggest that the sulfonphthalein dye, bromophenol blue, binds at, or near to, the active site of pig heart extramitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1.). The binding is characterized at pH 8.0 by a bathochromic shift in the dye's visible spectrum from 590 to 599 nm. Changes in absorption at 612 nm are used to calculate dissociation constants for the enzyme-dye complex. These constants are a linear function of buffer concentration, and the dissociation constant in the absence of buffer is calculated to be 0.6 × 10−6 m . Acetate and glutarate are shown to be competitive inhibitors of the dye's binding. However, similar experiments and kinetic data indicate that the substrates, erythro-β-hydroxy- l -aspartate and l -aspartate, displace the dye in an uncompetitive fashion. Direct spectroscopic evidence proves the existence of a ternary complex of bromophenol blue, aspartate aminotransferase, and erythro-β-hydroxy- l -aspartate. Rapid reaction kinetic experiments further show that the dye may be displaced by erythro-β-hydroxy- l -aspartate through formation of this ternary complex. Addition of 1.9 m sucrose to a solution of the aspartate aminotransferase-bromophenol blue complex causes a 2-nm bathochromic shift in the bound dye's visible spectrum; the free dye has a 5-nm bathochromic shift under the same set of conditions. It is concluded that the dye molecule binds through multiple interactions at the protein surface. Such multiple interaction loci can explain the differences observed in the way that substrates and inhibitors displace the dye molecule from the enzyme.
Metal capture during fluidized bed incineration of solid wastes

Abstract One of the current concerns associated with waste incineration is heavy metals, such as arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc, because of their presence in many hazardous wastes and because of possible adverse health effects from human exposure to emissions. An incineration system which is capable of retaining metals during incineration is highly desirable because it greatly reduces the amount of metals in stack emissions. Of available incineration systems, fluidized bed incinerators appear to offer the best hope for metal capture during incineration. Specific data on the effectiveness of metal capture by various sorbents, however, are not available. In this study, experiments are carried out in a 7.62-cm (3″) fluidized bed incinerator to evaluate the effectiveness of lead capture by limestone during fluidized bed incineration of lead contaminated solid wastes. Experimental parameters include air flow rate, limestone size, waste-to-limestone ratio and incineration temperature. An atomic absorption analyzer is used to determine lead concentrations in both the original and the incinerated limestone. The results have indicated that limestone is capable of capturing lead during fluidized bed incineration. Small particle size, high turbulence and low temperature favor lead absorption.
The exosome: A versatile RNA processing machine

A conserved complex of multiple 3'-to-5' exonucleases has been discovered recently in eukaryotes. This essential complex, the exosome, is required for diverse RNA processing events.
Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms are associated with reduced warfarin dose.

Abstract Background: Warfarin use is complicated by an erratic dose response. Interpatient variability associated with warfarin therapy may be partly attributable to polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) complex. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency and influence of CYP polymorphisms on warfarin dosing in our patient population. Methods: Patients receiving warfarin therapy were recruited from the inpatient divisions of our hospital. Genotyping for known polymorphic alleles of the CYP subfamilies CYP2C9 (CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3) and CYP2A6 (CYP2A6*1, CYP2A6*2) with the use of standard methods of polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed. An unpaired t test was used to statistically compare genotypes. Results: Genotype frequency in 38 patients is as follows: CYP2C9*1/CYP2C9*1, 71%; CYP2C9*1/CYP2C9*2, 21%; CYP2C9*2/CYP2C9*2, 3%; CYP2C9*1/CYP2C9*3, 5%; CYP2A6*1/CYP2A6*1, 95%; CYP2A6*1/CYP2A6*2, 5%. Compared to a wild-type genotype, the presence of the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, or CYP2A6*2 allele was associated with a significant reduction in weekly warfarin dose (mean weekly warfarin dose [± SE] for wild-type genotype was 0.397 ± 0.024 mg/kg/wk vs 0.307 ± 0.03 mg/kg/wk for carriers of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, or CYP2A6*2 polymorphism; P =.03). Conclusions: Polymorphisms that impair warfarin metabolism are common, occurring in 34% of patients, and are associated with increased warfarin sensitivity. The use of genotypic information to prescribe more accurate doses of warfarin may increase the safety and efficacy of this medication. (Surgery 2000;128:281-5.)
Functional significance of collateral blood flow in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. A study using myocardial contrast echocardiography.

BACKGROUND We hypothesized that myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) can be used to both measure collateral blood flow as well as assess the functional significance of collaterals in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS MCE was performed in 33 patients with recent AMI (12 +/- 7 days) and an occluded infarct-related artery (IRA), both before and after attempted percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The size of the occluded bed was defined in patients with successful PTCA by injecting contrast directly into the opened IRA and expressed as a percent of the myocardium in the short-axis view. The percent of the perfusion bed supplied by collaterals before PTCA was determined. Transit rates of the microbubbles within the collateralized regions were also measured and were expressed as a percent of the transit rates in the normal adjacent beds. Regional function within the occluded bed was assessed using echocardiography and was graded as 1 (normal) to 5 (dyskinetic). Collaterals were graded on coronary angiography as 0 (none) to 3 (abundant). The perfusion bed size was larger for the left anterior descending (LAD) than for the right (RCA) and left circumflex (LCx) coronary arteries (37 +/- 6% versus 27 +/- 12% of the myocardium, p = 0.02). The percent of the occluded bed supplied by collateral flow was greater for RCA and LCx compared with the LAD (87 +/- 30% versus 72 +/- 22%, p less than 0.01). There was poor correlation between MCE-defined percent of occluded bed supplied by collaterals and angiographic collateral grade (r = 0.13). Regions supplied by collaterals were less likely to show confluent hypoperfused zones after reperfusion compared with those not supplied by collaterals. Similarly, the percent of myocardium not perfused by either anterograde or collateral flow correlated well (r = 0.67, p less than 0.01) with peak creatine kinase levels and was more likely to be associated with Q waves. Finally, although there was poor correlation between angiographic collaterals and regional function (r = 0.20), there was a significant negative correlation between MCE-defined spatial extent of collateral flow and regional function (r = -0.57, p less than 0.01). CONCLUSION MCE can be used to measure collateral flow in patients with recent AMI and to assess the functional significance of collaterals in these patients. This technique may be ideally suited for the assessment of collateral perfusion in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Minimum water yield from small agricultural watersheds

This paper presents methods of analyzing and reporting data on minimum runoff from small agricultural watersheds of 29 to 17,540 acres near Coshocton, Ohio. From 18 years of field records of precipitation and runoff, a relationship was established to provide a means of estimating, from a 46-year precipitation record, 12-month minimum runoff values for recurrence intervals of two to 100 years for this watershed size range. The actual 18-year field records of runoff were used to develop minimum runoff values for periods of one to 12 months. Seasonal occurrence of the four lowest values and the duration of minimum flow throughout the period of record were developed. Minimum five-day stream flow for months of June, July, and August for each year of record is shown. This paper does not attempt to present all the results of this study as the data would be too voluminous. Sufficient data are shown to illustrate the methods used.
Navassa Island and its flora. 2. Checklist of the vascular plants

A revised checklist of the vascular plants of Navassa Island, a U.S. possession in the Caribbean, is presented. This is the first update since the original list was published by Ekman in 1929. A recent expedition to the island resulted in the addition of 35 taxa. Eight pteridophytes and 139 angiosperms are recorded from the island.
Locke, Alger, And Atomistic Individualism Fifty Years Later: Revisiting Louis Hartz's Liberal Tradition In America

Louis Hartz asked some very important questions in The Liberal Tradition in America. One that seems especially relevant in the aftermath of invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, and to which I will point only briefly, concerns America’s relationship with the rest of the world. Hartz wrote that America’s “messianism is the polar counterpart of its isolationism,” and that it had “hampered insight abroad and heightened anxiety at home.” He contended that America had difficulty communicating with the rest of the world because the American liberal creed, even in its Alger form, “is obviously not a theory which other peoples can easily appropriate or understand,” and that absence of the experience of social revolution in America’s history lies at the heart of our inability to un
Credit line takedown and endogenous bank capital

This paper investigates the implications of the uncertain timing and usage of loan commitments for the optimal level of bank capital. We use trended Brownian motion to proxy the stochastic takedown of credit lines. Relying on “time to first passage” mathematics, we derive a probability density function for the time to depletion of the bank credit line as well as the likelihood for the time to exhausting the sources of liquidity that fund the loan takedown. Armed with these analytical results, we solve for the optimal level of bank capital within a simultaneous equation framework in order to capture the interrelationships of the endogenous variables. The optimality conditions produce a system of integral differential equations which refuse to yield reduced form solutions and provide no immediate intuition. Therefore, the maximizing values of the bank’s decision variables were simulated over a host of realistic scenarios. We document the comparative static behavior of the bank’s decision variables when equity is unencumbered by capital requirements and, also, examine the impact of the same parametric changes on bank behavior when equity is a fixed proportion of lending. Further simulations produce the expected time to liquidity depletion under different capital requirement schemes.
Time-Dependent Error-Detection Rate Model for Software Reliability and Other Performance Measures

This paper presents a stochastic model for the software failure phenomenon based on a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP). The failure process is analyzed to develop a suitable meanvalue function for the NHPP; expressions are given for several performance measures. Actual software failure data are analyzed and compared with a previous analysis.
Cobble imbrication as a sensitive indicator of subtle local changes in river flow direction

Imbrication of cobbles in Pleistocene terrace gravels along the Shoshone River near Powell, Wyoming, shows significant changes in orientation from a lower set to an upper set within a gravel layer. The lower gravels show a mean orientation of 126°, with spreads from s = 38° to s = 56°. The mean orientation of the upper gravels is 070°, with spreads from s = 19° to s = 26°. Change from the lower to the upper deposit is abrupt, with no noticeable variability near the contact. In fact, the contact can easily be overlooked without close scrutiny of the cobble fabric. This suggests that cobble imbrication may be a sensitive indicator of subtle changes in the flow direction of a braided stream. Because the earlier fabric was not disturbed by deposition of the younger unit, there is every reason to believe that such fabrics can and will be preserved even in the consolidated rock record and can be used for paleoenvironmental interpretations.
Diffusion of spin order in inhomogeneous systems.

We derive equations for the transport or diffusion of Zeeman and of quadrupolar order among spin-1 particles whose difference in resonant frequencies (frequency offset) is much greater than the interspin dipolar interaction. Our results are exact in many cases. The mechanism is an extension of one applied earlier to spin-(1/2 systems and depends on the existence of transverse spin fluctuations from an independent source, such as phonons or another reservoir of spins. Our exact results are qualitatively similar to but quantitatively different from results obtained by other investigators. The reasons for this difference as well as applications of our results to problems of current interest involving the spin diffusion among deuterium atoms in a-Si:H and in solid HD (or DT) are discussed.
Heritage, public trust and non-market values in water governance

The concepts of public trust and heritage protection offer opportunities for refining discourses and practices surrounding governance of water resources for under-represented non-market values, particularly values that do not lend themselves readily to standard market-based economic analyses. Public trust in the United States, though far from a panacea, offers insights into how such values may be asserted within particular place-based contexts. Outside the U.S., heritage-based governance of water resources represents a similar effort for integrating such values. In both cases, changes in governance are linked to specific local conditions, history, and values. Examination of these two institutional frameworks suggests that experimentation drawing upon key concepts and mechanisms from both may facilitate better integration of non-market values (social, cultural, and ecological) into water and environmental governance.
The buckling and stretching of a viscida

We consider the deformation of a thin thread of viscous liquid (viscida) as its ends are slowly moved together. Equations are deduced which are capable of describing the motion of the thread when the displacement of the axis from a straight line is either on the scale of the thread thickness (problem 1) or on the much larger scale of the thread length (problem 2). In the former case it is shown analytically that an arbitrary initial displacement evolves in such a way that, as the appropriately scaled time τ becomes large, the first mode of the disturbance emerges in a dominant role with an amplitude that is proportional to τ½ and independent of the initial amplitude. This provides the initial condition for problem 2, for which a numerical description is obtained.In addition, we analyse the situation when the ends of the viscida are slowly pulled apart. In this case the high frequency end of the spectrum dominates as an arbitrary disturbance decays.
Assessment of myocardial triglyceride oxidation with PET and 11C-palmitate

Background The goal of this study was to test whether myocardial triglyceride (TG) turnover including oxidation of TG-derived fatty acids (FA) could be assessed with PET and 11C-palmitate.
The Effects of Melatonin on the Physical Properties of Bones and Egg Shells in the Laying Hen

Laying hens often experience unbalanced calcium utilization which can cause deficiencies in bone and egg mineralization. Because melatonin has been shown to affect bone mineralization in other animals, we examined whether treating hens with melatonin would affect eggshell thickness and improve skeletal performance, thereby reducing skeletal and egg shell defects. Birds were given a diet containing either low (30 µg/kg), medium (300 µg/kg), or high (3 mg/kg) concentrations of melatonin, or control feed through approximately one laying cycle. We examined the weight, length, and strength of egg, femur, tibia, and keel. Hens treated with a high concentration of melatonin showed significant strengthening in their femur and tibia, as measured by maximum force sustained and breaking force, compared to controls. Egg weights from hens treated with melatonin were significantly greater than those from hens that were not treated with melatonin. Conversely, egg shell mass of hens treated with melatonin was significantly lower than those of hens not treated with melatonin. Our data suggest that melatonin may affect the allocation of calcium to bone at the expense of egg shell mineralization.
Prophylactic effect in mice of BCG vaccination against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections

The effect of prior vaccination of mice with Mycobacterium bovis BCG on the subsequent course of acute aerogenic infection with various environmental mycobacteria was tested. A protective effect was recorded against infection with M. avium, and M. kansasii; by contrast no effect was noted against M. simiae or M. intracellulare. The prophylactic effects of BCG were demonstrated regardless of whether vaccination was given by the intravenous or aerogenic routes. These findings support the hypothesis that BCG vaccination, if given prior to contact, can provide some degree of protection against certain non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.
Multiple twinning and variant-variant transformations in martensite: Phase-field approach

A phase-field theory of transformations between martensitic variants and multiple twinning within martensitic variants is developed for large strains and lattice rotations. It resolves numerous existing problems. The model, which involves just one order parameter for the description of each variant-variant transformation and multiple twinnings within each martensitic variant, allows one to prescribe the twin interface energy and width, and to introduce interface stresses consistent with the sharp interface limit. A finite-element approach is developed and applied to the solution of a number of examples of twinning and combined austenite-martensite and martensite-martensite phase transformations (PTs) and nanostructure evolution. A similar approach can be developed for reconstructive, electric, and magnetic PTs.
Guiding educational resources for iSchool students with topic-based adaptive visualization

Information visualizations can be applied to the educational domain in order to help the students access appropriate educational resources. We present a novel adaptive visualization method that supports navigations through class materials according to the lecture topics. The map-based adaptive annotations and the relevance-based visualizations are supported in the framework. We are going to use the system in a real iSchool class and will conduct a user study in order to validate the effectiveness of the idea.
Performance evaluation and prediction for parallel algorithms on the BBN GP1000

The techniques of “load/store” memory reference modeling is based on deriving performance characteristics of the memory architecture of a computer by looking at the behavior of simple sequences of load, store and nop (null operation) instructions. The resulting data base can be used to match load/store templates against algorithm kernels to predict performance or as a source of data for testing analytical models of the architecture. In this paper we study the BBN GP1000 parallel processing system. We show how to build a subset of the load/store kernels needed to characterize the machine and illustrate the behavior of a simple model based on the data.
Motor mechanisms in speech ontogeny: phylogenetic, neurobiological and linguistic implications.

Abstract The rhythmic mandible-generated close–open alternations of the mouth, responsible for the series of consonant–vowel alternations characteristic of babbling and of languages, is receiving increased attention as a possible manifestation of an ontogenetic and phylogenetic ‘frame’ underlying the serial organization of speech. The supplementary motor area appears important for production of this consonant–vowel frame in adults.
Parental Divorce and First-Year College Students’ Persistence and Academic Achievement

The purpose of this article was to examine the relationships between parental divorce and first-year college students’ persistence and academic achievement at a large public university. Using data from the 2007–2008 Cooperative Institutional Research Program survey of first-year students, the results of a logistic regression analysis suggest that students whose parents were divorced were significantly less likely to persist into their second year of study than their peers. Students whose parents were divorced also had significantly lower cumulative grade point averages. These findings held when controlling for demographic variables, precollege academic indicators, college experiences, and academic motivation.
Port-a-cath embolisation to pulmonary artery

Intravascular embolisation of catheter, a relatively uncommon event associated with the use of totally implanted port devices, can have serious cardiovascular, pulmonary and septic complications with an overall mortality of 1.8%. Here, the authors report an asymptomatic patient with pulmonary artery catheter embolisation diagnosed incidentally in a positron emission tomography scan who underwent successful percutaneous extraction of the catheter in an attempt to avoid the possible dreadful complications.
Solar radiation incident on the Martian surface

Calculations indicate that the maximum daily solar radiation reaching the Martian surface is about 325 cal/cm2 during southern hemisphere summer at latitude of about 40°S. In the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, the radiation reaching the surface at wavelengths greater than 2800 A is within 10% of the radiation incident on the atmosphere. There is significant extinction of radiation in the spectral region near 2500 A in mid and high latitudes due to absorption of radiation by ozone; radiation reaching the surface may be reduced to one one-thousandth of that incident on the atmosphere during winter. Virtually no radiation of wavelengths less than 1900 A reaches the surface because of absorption by the large column abundance of carbon dioxide. Daily and latitudinal distributions of radiation are presented for wavelengths of 3000, 2500 and 2000 A.
Psychological Symbiosis Personalistic and Constructionist Considerations

This article reviews the literature on psychological symbiosis in order to sharpen the concept's meaning and establish descriptive criteria for its application to a broad range of care-giver/infant interactions. Supplemental examples of symbiotic interactions are provided from the diaries of Clara and William Stem, specifically from the first 18 months of their first-born daughter, Hilde. A stage approach leads to the distinction between physical and psychological symbiosis, expanded portrayal of the break-up of symbiosis, a call for new terminology to fully account for the intersubjective and cooperative relationship between care-givers and infants, and application of foundationalist principles to emphasize non-rational aspects of care-giver/infant interactions. Some ways in which the symbiosis metaphor is relevant to ongoing debates between social constructionists and critical personalists are discussed.
Creep behavior of copper at intermediate temperatures—II. Surface microstructural observations

Abstract Detailed microstructural observations reveal the formation of three types of slip features during creep of copper at intermediate temperatures between 0.46–0.72 Tm, where Tm is the absolute melting point. Single slip occurs at the higher temperatures and lower stresses with the slip lines being inhomogeneously distributed among the grains at the lower strains. Complex wavy slip features are observed at the higher temperatures, higher stresses and with increasing strains, thereby suggesting that cross-slip mechanisms may be important under these conditions. The absence of these slip patterns at the lower temperatures and higher stresses, when mainly multiple slip morphologies are observed, suggests that cross-slip mechanisms are likely to control the creep of polycrystalline copper only in a limited range of stresses and temperatures.
On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean—I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere

Abstract A treatment of stationary planetary flow patterns driven by source-sink distributions in a cylindrical tank (Stommel et al., 1958) is extended to predict flow patterns which might be expected under similar circumstances on a rotating sphere. Flow patterns are sketched for various source-sink distributions and meridional and zonal boundary conditions.
A Refined Prediction Model for Core and Lower Extremity Sprains and Strains Among Collegiate Football Players

Context: Researchers have identified high exposure to game conditions, low back dysfunction, and poor endurance of the core musculature as strong predictors for the occurrence of sprains and strain...
Weak sharp minima revisited, Part III: error bounds for differentiable convex inclusions

The notion of weak sharp minima unifies a number of important ideas in optimization. Part I of this work provides the foundation for the theory of weak sharp minima in the infinite-dimensional setting. Part II discusses applications of these results to linear regularity and error bounds for nondifferentiable convex inequalities. This work applies the results of Part I to error bounds for differentiable convex inclusions. A number of standard constraint qualifications for such inclusions are also examined.
The Rydberg electronic transitions of the hydrogen molecule

Abstract Transition energies and relative line strengths, without Boltzmann weighting, for the electric dipole transitions between Rydberg states n′L′ and nL of the hydrogen molecule (one electron in a near-hydrogenic state of high n and L , with n the principal quantum number and L the orbital angular momentum quantum number of the electron) are calculated. Since the H 2 + core is loosely coupled to the Rydberg electron, numerous lines occur, depending on the vector sum of L and the core rotational angular momentum. For the core vibrational quantum numbers v = 0 to 5 the strongest lines among the P , Q , and R branches for the lowest 12 core rotational levels are given for the particular transition arrays 6h-5g , 8i-6h , 7i-6h , 8k-7i , and 9l-8k , for which transitions occur in the wave number range 350 to 1400 cm −1 .
A linear boundary value problem for weakly quasiregular mappings in space

Given a number \(L\ge 1,\) a weakly L-quasiregular map on a domain \(\Omega\) in space \(\mathbf R^n\) is a map u in a Sobolev space \(W_{loc}^{1,p}(\Omega;\mathbf R^n)\) that satisfies \(|Du(x)|^n\le L \det Du(x)\) almost everywhere in \(\Omega.\) In this paper, we study the problem concerning linear boundary values of weakly L-quasiregular mappings in space \(\mathbf R^n\) with dimension \(n\ge 3.\) It turns out this problem depends on the power p of the underlying Sobolev space. For p not too far below the dimension n we show that a weakly quasiregular map in \(W^{1,p}(\Omega;\mathbf R^n)\) can only assume a quasiregular linear boundary value; however, for all \(L\ge 1\) and \(1\le p<\frac{nL}{L+1}\), we prove a rather surprising existence result that every linear map can be the boundary value of a weakly L-quasiregular map in \(W^{1,p}(\Omega;\mathbf R^n).\)
Use of object space matching for feature extraction in multiple aerial images

In this paper, we explore issues in object space matching using photogrammetric principles for computer vision. We provide a general philosophical basis for our research and demonstrated its utility with the example of multiple image point matching. In the proposed model, we reconstruct the shape and reflectance of the surface patch from the gray levels of the corresponding image patches. The geometry of the surface patch is approximated by a digital elevation model (DEM). For every surface grid element a reflectance value is introduced. Apart from the geometric and radiometric parameters of the surface path, the exterior orientation of the image patches is introduced as unknowns. Since the image patches are rather small, a parallel projection is used instead of the central projection. The description of the mathematical model is followed by implementation details and results obtained from a prototype version of an automatic aerotriangulation system.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PVT Compensation for Wilkinson Single-Slope Measurement Systems

A pulse-width locked loop (PWLL) circuit is reported that compensates for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations of a linear ramp generator within a 12-bit multi-channel Wilkinson (single-slope integrating) Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC). This PWLL was designed and fabricated in a 0.5- μm Silicon Germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS process. Simulation and silicon measurement data are shown that demonstrate a large improvement in the accuracy of the PVT-compensated ADC over the uncompensated ADC.