cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mortgage Portfolio of Mutual Savings Banks

I. Introduction, 232. — II. Supply and allocation of investment funds: deposits, 233; the three main portfolios, 237; the volume of mortgage lending, 245; factors influencing the allocation of funds, 248. — III. Mortgage interest rates, 256. — IV. Comparison with yields on other investments, 261. — V. Summary and conclusions, 264.
Serial Assessment of the Cardiovascular System in Normal Pregnancy Role of Arterial Compliance and Pulsatile Arterial Load

Background Temporal changes in systemic arterial compliance and wave propagation properties (pulsatile arterial load) and their role in ventricular–systemic arterial coupling during gestation have not been explored. Noninvasive methods combined with recently developed mathematical modeling techniques were used to characterize vascular and left ventricular (LV) mechanical adaptations during normal gestation. Methods and Results Fourteen healthy women were studied at each trimester of pregnancy and again postpartum. Experimental measurements included instantaneous aortic pressure (subclavian pulse tracings) and flow (aortic Doppler velocities) and echocardiographic imaging of the LV. A small increase in LV muscle mass and end-diastolic chamber dimension occurred by late gestation, with no significant alterations in myocardial contractility. Cardiac output increased and the steady component of arterial load (total vascular resistance) decreased during pregnancy. Several changes in pulsatile arterial load were noted: Global arterial compliance increased (≈30%) during the first trimester and remained elevated thereafter. The magnitude of peripheral wave reflections at the aorta was reduced. The mathematical model-based analysis revealed that peripheral wave reflections at the aorta were delayed and that both conduit and peripheral vessels contributed to the increased arterial compliance. Finally, coordinated changes in the pulsatile arterial load and LV properties were responsible for maintaining the efficiency of LV-to–arterial system energy transfer. Conclusions The rapid time course of compliance changes and the involvement of both conduit and peripheral vessels are consistent with reduced vascular tone as being the main underlying mechanism. The pulsatile arterial load alterations during normal pregnancy are adaptive in that they help to accommodate the increased intravascular volume while maintaining the efficiency of ventricular-arterial coupling and diastolic perfusion pressure.
Effective Time Management in Ensemble Rehearsals

One of the most common problems for school music ensembles is the lack of rehearsal time to prepare for public performances. Many rehearsals are cancelled or shortened due to in-service and vacation days. In addition, because of illness, field trips, and athletic events, not all students attend any one rehearsal. Music directors all too often feel they need to eliminate various parts of the rehearsal-such as proper warm-up, tuning, sight-reading, or exercises for developing students' musicianship-so that more time can be spent on rehearsing performance literature. This approach can be shortsighted, however, because it doesn't necessarily help students improve their ensemble performance. Many factors contribute to an effective rehearsal. The single greatest factor that affects rehearsal success is pacing-the teacher's ability to effectively manage time during the teaching period. Ensemble directors should strive for a learning environment characterized by a consistent level of positive effort and concentration from students, with a proper balance of time allocated for teacher actions (usually verbal feedback) and for student actions (performance of music).
THE LOST CAUCASIAN CIVILIZATION: JEAN-SYLVAIN BAILLY AND THE ROOTS OF THE ARYAN MYTH

Jean-Sylvain Bailly, an eighteenth-century French astronomer and polymath, elaborated an original interpretation of the prehistoric origins of civilization which anticipated many of the details of the “Aryan myth.” Bailly argued that Atlantis was the root civilization of mankind, which had invented the arts and sciences and civilized the Chinese, Indians, and Egyptians. He situated this primordial people in the far north of Eurasia, and argued that as the cooling of the Earth buried their ancestral home beneath sheets of ice, the Atlanteans were lost to history. Bailly drew eclectically upon science, classical mythology, linguistics, and orientalism to substantiate his case, and argued that the Brahmans who shaped Indian civilization were Sanskrit-speaking Atlanteans. His theories reflected many of the prevailing ideas of the age, such as the climate determinism of Montesquieu and Buffon and the superiority of the dynamic West over the decadent Orient. Though Bailly did not racialize the Atlanteans, his works laid the foundations for the subsequent emergence of the Aryan myth.
Water binding in cryogenic liquids: the H2O...N2 hydrogen bond

Abstract Ab initio calculations for the N 2 …HOH complex have been carried out to provide spectroscopic parameters to help determine if formation of the complex can plausibly account for the high solubility of water in liquid nitrogen. Basis sets for optimization and energy determination included 6-311 G**//6-311G** and 6-31 + + G//6-31 G* and correlation corrections up to MP4 (SDTQ) were employed. D e , was found to be 1.2 kcal/mol, in close agreement with the prediction of a simple hydrogen bond model. The dipole moment, IR intensity enhancement, harmonic frequencies, and zero-point energies were also obtained. Parallel calculations for the N 2 …HF complex enabled us to validate our procedure by comparison with previous high-accuracy calculations and experiments.
Theory of early-stage spinodal decomposition

Abstract We present a new mathematical description of the growth of correlations and the first appearance of well-defined single-phase regions during spinodal decomposition in unstable solid solutions. Our theory is based on the physical ideas of Cahn and coworkers, but includes both thermal fluctuations and nonlinear effects. Preliminary numerical results are in excellent qualitative agreement with X-ray scattering experiments on alloys and glasses.
3-Dimensional Resin Casting and Imaging of Mouse Portal Vein or Intrahepatic Bile Duct System

In organs, the correct architecture of vascular and ductal structures is indispensable for proper physiological function, and the formation and maintenance of these structures is a highly regulated process. The analysis of these complex, 3-dimensional structures has greatly depended on either 2-dimensional examination in section or on dye injection studies. These techniques, however, are not able to provide a complete and quantifiable representation of the ductal or vascular structures they are intended to elucidate. Alternatively, the nature of 3-dimensional plastic resin casts generates a permanent snapshot of the system and is a novel and widely useful technique for visualizing and quantifying 3-dimensional structures and networks. A crucial advantage of the resin casting system is the ability to determine the intact and connected, or communicating, structure of a blood vessel or duct. The structure of vascular and ductal networks are crucial for organ function, and this technique has the potential to aid study of vascular and ductal networks in several ways. Resin casting may be used to analyze normal morphology and functional architecture of a luminal structure, identify developmental morphogenetic changes, and uncover morphological differences in tissue architecture between normal and disease states. Previous work has utilized resin casting to study, for example, architectural and functional defects within the mouse intrahepatic bile duct system that were not reflected in 2-dimensional analysis of the structure(1,2), alterations in brain vasculature of a Alzheimer's disease mouse model(3), portal vein abnormalities in portal hypertensive and cirrhotic mice(4), developmental steps in rat lymphatic maturation between immature and adult lungs(5), immediate microvascular changes in the rat liver, pancreas, and kidney in response in to chemical injury(6). Here we present a method of generating a 3-dimensional resin cast of a mouse vascular or ductal network, focusing specifically on the portal vein and intrahepatic bile duct. These casts can be visualized by clearing or macerating the tissue and can then be analyzed. This technique can be applied to virtually any vascular or ductal system and would be directly applicable to any study inquiring into the development, function, maintenance, or injury of a 3-dimensional ductal or vascular structure.
Unsupervised Italian Word Sense Disambiguation using WordNets and Unlabeled Corpora

This paper presents a novel method for unsupervised word sense disambiguation, which combines multiple information sources, including semantic relations, large unlabeled corpora, and cross-lingual distributional statistics. This method extends and builds on the JHU system that participated in the SENSEVAL2 exercise. Experiments performed on the SENSEVAL2 Italian lexical-sample data show significant improvements over previously published results on this data set.
Effect of incomplete removal of the tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group during synthesis of a pharmaceutical drug substance on the residual solvent analysis.

Abstract During development of the residual solvent method using headspace-GC for a drug substance, an unexpected peak was observed in the chromatography. GC–MS analysis confirmed the unknown peak identity as isobutylene. An understanding of the source of the isobutylene was required in order to develop appropriate impurity and residual solvent control strategies for the drug substance. The experiments performed to determine the source of the isobutylene peak observed in the headspace-GC chromatography and how the tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) de-protection step used in the drug substance synthesis contributes to its observation are discussed.
Extrusion of Tibial Tunnel Bioabsorbable Screw 15 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The use of bioabsorbable implants in orthopaedic surgery has become a common practice. Despite their many theoretical advantages, recent reports have proposed certain concerns and complications associated with their use. We report the case of a bioabsorbable screw that extruded from the tibial insertion site 15 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Beetle Interactions with Poison Ivy and Poison Oak (Toxicodendron P. Mill. sect. Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae)

Fifty years ago, The Coleopterists Bulletin featured a series of articles on beetles and their interactions with the plant genus Toxicodendron P. Mill. section Toxicodendron (the poison ivies and poison oaks). Subsequent to the series, little progress has been made towards a better understanding of these relationships. The present work uses both original observations from field studies as well as a historical review of previous data to synthesize a more robust picture of coleopteran-Toxicodendron relationships. In addition to enumerating previously unrecognized associations, this paper demonstrates that numerous coleopteran taxa interact with Toxicodendron spp. in both mutualistic and parasitic capacities.
Phase behavior of reservoir fluids V: SAFT model of CO2 and bitumen systems

Abstract Statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) is extended to bitumen-CO 2 systems. SAFT parameters are found to be well behaved and easy to generalize, the pure component parameters in terms of molecular weight and aromaticity, and the binary parameters in terms of temperature and molecular weight. The current set of parameters can be used with confidence at pressures up to 8 MPa above 50°C, and also at higher pressures (we tested up to 16 MPa) at and above 100°C. In addition to well behaved parameters, compared to other equations of state, SAFT predictions of bitumen-in-CO 2 solubilities are more accurate, especially at higher molecular weights. Also, SAFT can account for molecular association that is key to understanding the phase behavior of reservoir fluids.
Complex fragment emission sources characterized by linear momentum transfer measurements

Abstract Triple coincidences between intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) and anglecorrelated fission fragments were measured in E / A = 35 MeV 14 N + 232 Th and E A = 90 MeV 3 He + 232 Th reactions. These measurements indicate that fragments emitted at backward angles are associated with more central collisions than those detected in the forward hemisphere. In the 3He-induced reaction the longitudinal orientation of the missing momentum is indicative of non-equilibrium emission prior to IMF emission; the average number of IMFs per fragmentation event was deduced to be close to unity.
fMLP causes degranulation followed by regranulation in rat nasal glands.

OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanism of mucus production by nasal glands. STUDY DESIGN Because neutrophilic inflammation is associated with mucus hypersecretion in disease states, here we examine the role of neutrophil recruitment in mucous cell degranulation and regranulation in rat nasal glands. METHODS N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) was aerosolized intranasally in rats (n = 5), and its effects on degranulation and regranulation of submucosal glands were evaluated by Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (AB/PAS) staining and by immunolocalization of neutrophils and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). RESULTS In control subjects, glands were filled with mucin. After fMLP inhalation, degranulation, 31.7 +/- 0.8% (P <.01), was maximal at 2 to 4 hours. By 24 to 48 hours after fMLP inhalation, degranulation had decreased to 10.3 +/- 0.6% (P <.05), indicating that regranulation of mucous glycoconjugates was occurring. After fMLP inhalation, neutrophils around submucosal glands increased within 0.5 hours from 1.4 +/- 0.1 to 9.5 +/- 0.3 per 0.0032 mm2 (P <.05). In control subjects, EGF-R protein was expressed near acinar ducts, 16.4 +/- 0.7% of gland area, and increased to 30.9 +/- 0.9% (P <.05) 24 to 48 hours after fMLP inhalation. Nasal pretreatment with a selective EGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BIBX1522, 15 mg/kg bid) prevented regranulation at 24 hours after fMLP inhalation (degranulation 27.8 +/- 0.3%, P <.05, compared to 24 hours after fMLP alone), indicating that inhibition of EGF-R activation had prevented regranulation after fMLP inhalation. CONCLUSIONS Degranulation of rat nasal glands by fMLP is followed by regranulation; regranulation depends on a neutrophil-associated EGF-R cascade.
Continuous Acquisition Pixel 12: General Overview of Design

Abstract The next generation of vertexing detectors in collider experiments will require order of magnitude increases in readout speed and increased background rates. The CAP12 continues the evolution of a number of binary, 3T based pixel detector related technologies at the University of Hawaii (UH) to address readout speed, density requirements, and background rate issues. The CAP12 takes the HIXEL (Hexagonal Pixels) readout method developed at UH and combines it with faster digital logic, column based threshold biasing, and manufactured on a 0.2 μm SOI CMOS technology. Pixel size has been reduced to 30 μm by 30 μm and on die threshold DACs are intended to improve analog performance and biasing. The chip architecture is presented as well as simulations and preliminary results.
Risk Versus Reward: Total Joint Arthroplasty Outcomes After Various Solid Organ Transplantations

Clinical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed for 76 primary total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasties (TKA) performed after kidney, liver, cardiac, and lung transplantation with follow-up of 30.2 and 41.2 months, respectively. For the THA and TKA cohorts, there were a high rate of medical complications (29% and 33%), increased hospital length of stay (4.2 and 3.7 days), and more reoperations (7.2% and 9.1%). Only 1 (1.8%) periprosthetic infection was documented for THAs but 3 (14.2%) TKAs required two-stage revisions for infection. All transplant cohorts demonstrated significant increases (P < 0.05) in HHS and KSS scores with majority of patients reporting overall good or excellent outcomes (82%-100%). These results suggest that various organ transplant patients may accept higher surgical risks for rewarding outcomes.
Formal models of language learning.

Abstract Research is reviewed that addresses itself to human language learning by developing precise, mechanistic models that are capable in principle of acquiring languages on the basis of exposure to linguistic data. Such research includes theorems on language learnability from mathematical linguistics, computer models of language acquisition from cognitive simulation and artificial intelligence, and models of transformational grammar acquisition from theoretical linguistics. It is argued that such research bears strongly on major issues in developmental psycholinguistics, in particular, nativism and empiricism, the role of semantics and pragmatics in language learning, cognitive development, and the importance of the simplified speech addressed to children.
The effects of prior processing episodes on basic-level superiority.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of prior processing episodes on people's preference for categorizing objects at the basic level (e.g. dog) relative to their preference for categorizing at the superordinate (e.g. animal) and the subordinate (e.g. Dalmation) levels. The prior processing episode in Experiment 1 was designed to induce subjects to activate representations at the superordinate level, and those in the remaining experiments were designed to induce subjects to differentiate objects at the subordinate level. After the prior processing episodes, subjects performed either a free naming or a picture categorization task that required them to decide whether an illustrated object belonged to a specified category. Results showed that prior processing episodes modestly reduced the superiority of basic level to superordinate level and subordinate level in categorization but not in free naming. The results suggest that the basic-level advantage is subject to the effects of context,...
Lateral hypothalamic regulation of circadian rhythm phase

The suprachiasmatic nuclei generate a circadian rhythm which can be described by period, phase and amplitude variables. Evidence is accumulating that the three descriptors of circadian rhythmicity can be modulated independently by several brain structures. This report describes the effects of lateral hypothalamic (LHA) damage on control of period, phase and amplitude of the hamster locomotor rhythm. Adult male hamsters received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the far lateral LHA. These lesions had no effect on the circadian period in constant dim, but significantly advanced the onset of nocturnal wheel running and lengthened the duration of the activity phase. Rate of reentrainment after a 6-h phase advance or delay was not affected by the lesion. Rhythm amplitude, as indicated by the number of wheel revolutions per day, was not affected by the lesions. The results support the view that different brain regions can exert independent modulatory control over the basic circadian rhythm generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
A one-week subdermal delivery system for l-methadone based on biodegradable microcapsules

Abstract Microspheres containing 13–16% l -methadone were prepared from three biodegradable polymers, poly( l -lactic acid), PLLA; poly (glycolic acid-co- l -lactic acid), PGLA; and poly (ϵ-caprolactone-co- l -lactic acid), PCL-LA, using the solvent evaporation method. The release of l -methadone from microspheres of PCL-LA (75–85 mol% l -lactic acid) was complete within 48 hours. Release from PGLA (80 mol% l -lactic acid) microspheres was almost as rapid, but 20% of the drug remained in the polymer matrix. Release from PLLA microspheres was subject to a 3–4 day induction period prior to loss of the drug over the next 5 days. This induction period for PLLA and the immediate release of l -methadone from PGLA microspheres were the result of an exceptionally large acceleration of the hydrolytic chain cleavage of the polymers in the presence of the basic drug. Measurements of the diffusion coefficients of l -methadone in the three polymers showed that only in the case of PCL-LA was Fickian diffusion responsible for the observed kinetics. Both blending and changes in the copolymer composition could be used to control the permeability and the induction period associated with l -methadone release from microspheres. It was possible to achieve zero-order release of l -methadone for six days by combining microspheres prepared from three different polymer compositions. Application of the Wurster process afforded polymer-coated l -methadone crystals (i.e., microcapsules) with an 80% drug loading.
Georges de La Tour and the overaction of the superior oblique muscle.

From the Department of Ophthalmology, Univer­ sity of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Reprint requests to Hermann M. Burian, M.D., Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. recumbent St. Sebastian, being treated by St. Irene. It was a night piece with the light coming from torches to the left and above, forming successive picture planes, giving an almost cubist appearance. I was very much intrigued by de La Tour but could not find anything about him in the books at my disposal, and the art history students and instructors from whom I sought information shrugged him off as a "minor manierist." This did not deter me from searching for his paintings on my various travels, and
The role of local radiation therapy for mediastinal disease in adults with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Mediastinal recurrence remains the most common cause of failure in patients with mediastinal T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). The role of mediastinal radiation therapy in improving local disease control and overall prognosis is not well-known with modern intensive chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of mediastinal radiation therapy in patients who achieve a complete response (CR) to chemotherapy. METHODS The authors reviewed 47 patients with mediastinal T-cell LBL with or without bone marrow (BM) involvement who presented between 1980 and 1998. The median patient age was 25 years, and 33 patients (70%) were males. BM involvement was present in 16 patients (34%), 5 patients (11%) were in leukemic phase, lymph node involvement in was present 23 patients (49%), hepatosplenomegaly was present in 4 patients (9%), and pleural effusions were present in 22 patients (45%). The initial chemotherapy regimens were fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (hyper-CVAD) in 23 patients; cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone in 9 patients; vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone in 4 patients; cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in 4 patients; and other in 7 patients. Forty-three patients achieved a CR to chemotherapy and were the subject of this analysis. Nineteen of those patients received adjuvant mediastinal radiation therapy at a dose ranging from 26 grays (Gy) to 39 Gy. RESULTS There was no difference in patient characteristics between the 19 patients who were treated with mediastinal radiation therapy and the 24 patients who did not receive mediastinal radiation therapy. The median follow-up for all 43 patients was 43 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 66%, and the freedom from progression (FFP) rate was 64%. None of 19 patients who received radiation therapy experienced a mediastinal recurrence compared with 8 of 24 patients who did not receive radiation therapy and experienced a mediastinal recurrence. Patients who were treated with mediastinal radiation therapy had a significantly better mediastinal FFP rate (P = 0.01), but the differences in overall FFP and OS rates were not significant (P = 0.14 and P = 0.25, respectively). The effectiveness of the hyper-CVAD regimen seemed to underscore the role of mediastinal radiation therapy; only 2 patients experienced a recurrence among 16 patients who received mediastinal radiation therapy, both outside the mediastinum. This compared with two patients who experienced a recurrence among six patients who did not receive mediastinal radiation therapy, both in the mediastinum. CONCLUSIONS Local radiation therapy significantly decreased the risk of mediastinal recurrence in adult patients with mediastinal T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. The benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy was particularly evident in patients treated with more intensive chemotherapy regimens. Cancer 2002;94:2738–44. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10552
Synthesis and characterization of colloidal nanocrystals of capped gallium arsenide

Abstract We have recently reported [Chem. Mater. 6, 2056 (1994)] the metathetical reaction of GaCl3 dissolved in chelating organic solvents with ( Na K )3As in aromatic solvents to synthesize multigram quantities of GaAs nanocrystals. The extraction of the as-synthesized nanocrystals with methanol resulted in surface derivatization of the nanoparticles in which methanol capped GaAs quantum dots were obtained. The surface bound methanol facilitates the formation of colloidal suspensions of GaAs. These suspensions have been stable for more than eighteen months despite repeated exposures to atmosphere and light. The average particle size of the colloidal GaAs obtained by evaporating the methanol solvent was approximately 5 nm. The capped GaAs nanocrystals have been characterized by XRD, XPS, NMR, FT-IR PAS, HRTEM, elemental analysis and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Application of eigenstructured-based techniques for tracking low angle targets in multipath

A technique using recursive eigendecomposition together with frequency-agile waveforms for tracking low-elevation targets in multipath has been developed. The proposed high-resolution, eigenstructure-based algorithm for solving the low-angle tracking problem can be implemented in three steps: updating the covariance matrix; updating the eigenvalue decomposition of the covariance matrix; and updating the angle estimates by searching for the peak of the updated multiple signal classification (MUSIC) spectrum or solving the zeros derived by the minimum-norm polynomial coefficient. A phased-array implementation using three orthogonal simultaneous beams placed at half null-beamwidth apart is developed. The angles can be determined by explicit computation or by a calibration curve in a lookup table such as in monopulse processing for angle estimation using two simultaneous beams. >
A Single Pipeline Embolization Device is Sufficient for Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Pipeline Embolization Device has emerged as an important treatment option for intracranial aneurysms. The number of devices needed to treat an aneurysm is uncertain and is the subject of vigorous debate. The purpose of this study was to compare rates of complications, aneurysm occlusion, and outcome in patients treated with a single-versus-multiple Pipeline Embolization Devices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred seventy-eight patients were treated with the Pipeline Embolization Device at our institution. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a single-device group (n = 126) and a multiple-device group (n = 52). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to baseline characteristics except for age and aneurysm size (higher with multiple Pipeline Embolization Devices). Complications occurred more frequently with multiple (15%) versus a single device (5%, P = .03). In multivariate analysis, the use of multiple devices independently predicted complications. A similar proportion of patients achieved adequate aneurysm obliteration at follow-up in the single-device (84%) and the multiple-device groups (87%, P = .8). In multivariate analysis, age and follow-up time predicted obliteration. At follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of patients treated with a single device (97%) achieved a favorable outcome compared with those treated with multiple devices (89%, P = .03). In multivariate analysis, there was a strong trend for the use of a single device to predict favorable outcomes (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a single Pipeline Embolization Device provides similar occlusion rates with less complications and better overall outcomes. These findings suggest that a single Pipeline Embolization Device is sufficient for treatment of most intracranial aneurysms.
Phase noise in direct digital synthesizers (atomic clocks application)

A high-resolution direct digital synthesizer (DDS) intended for hydrogen masers is designed and constructed. Its phase noise is investigated by simulating its output signal and calculating its phase spectrum, and by measuring its phase spectrum directly. In addition its phase noise is compared with that of other synthesizers used in hydrogen masers. >
Whole‐body autoradiography of the distribution of β‐aminopropionitrile in pregnant mice and rat fetuses

The distribution of the lathyrogenic compound β-aminopropioni-trile (BAPN) was studied by whole-body auto radiography in pregnant A/J mice and Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses at gestation day 12.5 and 15.5, respectively. [14C] BAPN was administered iv or sc to the mice and by gavage to the rats; 20 min to 24 h after treatment whole maternal mice and rat fetuses were rapidly frozen and processed for autoradiography. The highest maternal concentration of radioactivity in the mice was in salivary gland, kidney, liver, eye, intestinal wall, inner ear, hair, aorta, and ligaments of the vertebral column. The radioactivity accumulated rapidly in mouse fetuses, with all tissue showing appreciable amounts of radioactivity, including the palatal buds and paraoral tissue. Radioactivity also rapidly accumulated in the rat fetuses with the highest concentration in brain and cartilaginous areas, and lesser amounts in tongue, visceral organs, and palatal shelves. Chromatography of extracts of the tissues used for autoradiography revealed that 20 min after injection about one-third of the BAPN had been converted to the principal metabolite, cyanoacetic acid (CAA). At later times larger proportions of the BAPN had been converted to CAA.
An application of the Stock/Watson index methodology to the Massachusetts economy

Research on national composite indexes continues at a rapid pace. The official coincident index is re-estimated with a refinement of a frontier methodology or a new methodology at almost every journal cycle. The same cannot be said for research applied to state or regional levels of the economy. This is understandable. Data are more readily available at the national level, and working with a common set of data allows colleagues across the country to cooperate with each other through the research and publishing nexus in a manner that is much more efficient than if each focused on different regional indexes. However, state and regional economy-watchers are perhaps more in need of applied work on indexes than are their national counterparts. If regional economies cycled in phase with, and with the same intensity as, the national economy, then national indexes would suffice. However, this is not the case. Moreover, regional economists are presented with several data problems. At the state and regional levels, there are fewer series available than at the national level. These series often have a much shorter historical record, are usually much noisier due to smaller survey sizes, and are often of poorer quality due to fewer data gathering resources.
On a numerical solution of the supersonic panel flutter eigenproblem

An automated digital computer procedure is presented in this paper which enables efficient solution of the eigenvalue problem associated with the supersonic panel flutter phenomena. The step-by-step incremental solution procedure is based on an inverse iteration technique which effectively utilizes solution results from the previous step in determining such results during the current solution step. Also, the computations are limited to the determination of a few specific roots only, which are expected to contain the flutter mode, and this is achieved at each step without having to compute any other root. The structural discretization achieved by the finite-element method yields highly banded stiffness, mass, and aerodynamic matrices; the aerodynamic matrix evaluated by the linearized piston theory is real but unsymmetric in nature. The solution algorithm presented in this paper fully exploits the banded form of the associated matrices, and the resulting computer program written in FORTRAN V for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 computer proves to be most efficient and economical when compared to existing procedures of such analysis. Numerical results are presented for a two-dimensional panel flutter problem.
Human and machine diagnosis of scientific problem‐solving abilities

Diagnosis of the problem-solving state of a novice student in science, by an accomplished teacher, is studied in order to build a computer system that will simulate the process. Although such “expert” systems have been successfully developed in medicine (MYCIN, INTERNIST/CADUCEUS), very little has been accomplished in science education, even though there is a reasonably close parallel between expert medical diagnosis of patients with physiological problems and expert instructional diagnosis of students with learning problems. The system described in this paper, DIPS: Diagnosis for Instruction in Problem Solving, involves a new line of research for science educators interested in interdisciplinary efforts and ways in which computer technology might be used to better understand how to improve science learning. The basic architecture of the DIPS system is outlined and explained in terms of instruction and research implications, and the role of such “intelligent” computer systems in science education of the future is considered.
Biomineralized scaffolds as an in vitro platform for studying metastatic bone disease

Osteolytic bone metastasis is a devastating complication of breast cancer that causes severe reduction in quality of life and is frequently the cause of death in breast cancer patients. Biomimetic model systems are invaluable tools for studying how microenvironmental conditions control tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Biomaterial design principles and tissue engineering strategies were employed to create three-dimensional biomineralized polymeric scaffolds to simulate bone microenvironmental conditions for the study of metastatic disease. The PLG-based composite scaffolds were used to investigate the effects of the presence of the bone mineral hydroxyapatite (HA) on the metastatic behavior of breast cancer cells in the bone microenvironment. Our findings indicate that tumor cell behavior is dramatically altered towards a more malignant and metastatic phenotype in the presence of HA. Breast cancer cells cultured in biomineralized scaffolds also showed decreased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents relative to control conditions. Finally, HA changed the secretory behavior of tumor cells, inducing upregulated secretion of factors responsible for the predominantly osteolytic nature of breast cancer bone metastasis. Our study shows that biomineralized scaffolds can serve as a basis for the development of biomimetic bone metastasis models. In the future, they may help to reveal novel pathways for therapeutic targeting of bone metastasis, while also providing an innovative platform for studying cancer in vitro.
Performance-based navigation fleet equipage evolution

As fleet avionics continue to evolve, the use of the solutions provided by performance-based navigation (PBN) will continue to grow and provide benefits to the aircraft operators. Due to these potential benefits, several air carriers in the United States have announced plans to retro-fit their fleets with PBN capabilities. However, it is important to understand the current snapshot of avionics, as well as the historic growth before analyzing the future forward-fit scenarios. Since 2004, the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) has monitored the navigational avionics for Part 121 United States airlines. In this time span, the number of Part 121 airframes has dropped by more than 400 aircraft while the number of Part 121 aircraft with a flight management computer (FMC) has grown at approximately the same rate. This has resulted in a fleet wide growth in the percent of aircraft operating with an FMC from 79% to 90%. Also, the number of aircraft operating with a Global Positioning System (GPS) (also known as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) navigational sensor) has grown with 1,100 additional aircraft operating with a GNSS sensor today. This has resulted in a growth from 47% of the aircraft in 2004 to 66% of the aircraft. There have been three primary reasons for the growth of PBN operational capability: equipped aircraft delivered to the system, current fleet retro-fits, and new knowledge of the airline operators. This paper will discuss the current equipage trends, capability, and identify the evolutionary change in Part 121 PBN avionics from 2004 through 2008. Additionally, this paper will discuss the next generation of aircraft and potential future scenarios for fleet avionics.
An Elementary Condition for Non-Norm Elements

Cyclic division algebra (CDA) has recently become a major technique to construct space-time block codes with nonvanishing determinant (NVD). One of the key steps in this technique is the determination of non-norm elements and a sufficient condition for the determination has been given by Kiran and Rajan lately based on algebraic number theory. In this paper, based on Kiran and Rajan's condition, we present a more elementary condition for non-norm elements when signals are QAM or HEX, which is easier to check. With this elementary condition, non-norm elements with smaller absolute values than the existing ones can be found.
Distinct Golgi Populations of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Regulated by Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinases

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) regulates biosynthetic membrane traffic at multiple steps and differentially affects the surface delivery of apically and basolaterally destined proteins in polarized cells. Two phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) have been localized to the Golgi complex in mammalian cells, type III PI4Kbeta (PI4KIIIbeta) and type II PI4Kalpha (PI4KIIalpha). Here we report that PI4KIIIbeta and PI4KIIalpha localize to discrete subcompartments of the Golgi complex in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. PI4KIIIbeta was enriched in early Golgi compartments, whereas PI4KIIalpha colocalized with markers of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To understand the temporal and spatial control of PI4P generation across the Golgi complex, we quantitated the steady state distribution of a fluorescent PI4P-binding domain relative to cis/medial Golgi and TGN markers in transiently transfected MDCK cells. The density of the signal from this PI4P reporter was roughly 2-fold greater in the early Golgi compartments compared with that of the TGN. Furthermore, this ratio could be modulated in vivo by overexpression of catalytically inactive PI4KIIIbeta and PI4KIIalpha or in vitro by the PI4KIIIbeta inhibitor wortmannin. Our data suggest that both PI4KIIIbeta and PI4KIIalpha contribute to the compartmental regulation of PI4P synthesis within the Golgi complex. We discuss our results with respect to the kinetic effects of modulating PI4K activity on polarized biosynthetic traffic in MDCK cells.
The Ecological Risks and Benefits of Genetically Engineered Plants

Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecological systems presents considerable challenges for experiments to assess the risks and benefits and inevitable uncertainties of genetically engineered plants. Collectively, existing studies emphasize that these can vary spatially, temporally, and according to the trait and cultivar modified.
Analytical delay models for VLSI interconnects under ramp input

Elmore delay has been widely used as an analytical estimate of interconnect delays in the performance-driven synthesis and layout of VLSI routing topologies. However, for typical RLC interconnections with ramp input, Elmore delay can deviate by up to 100% or more from SPICE-computed delay since it is independent of rise time of the input ramp signal. We develop new analytical delay models based on the first and second moments of the interconnect transfer function when the input is a ramp signal with finite rise time. Delay estimates using our first moment based analytical models are within 4% of SPICE-computed delay, and models based on both first and second moments are within 2.3% of SPICE, across a wide range of interconnect parameter values. Evaluation of our analytical models is several orders of magnitude faster than simulation using SPICE. We also describe extensions of our approach for estimation of source-sink delays in arbitrary interconnect trees.
Surface stress effects on the critical thickness of thin film superlattices

Surface stress represents the reversible work per unit area to elastically stretch a solid surface, and can be associated with interfaces between two solid phases as well as free solid surfaces. The effects of surface stresses on the critical thickness for epitaxy in thin film superlattices is given.
Polysomnographic characteristics in normal preschool and early school-aged children

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to describe overnight polysomnographic measures in normal children aged 3 to 7 years. We conducted a retrospective analysis of normal polysomnographic evaluations from participants in 2 large community-based studies of sleep-disordered breathing among preschoolers and early school-aged children at Kosair Children’s Hospital Sleep Medicine Research Center at the University of Louisville. Participants included 542 healthy children with ages ranging from 3.2 to 8.6 years. RESULTS. Subjects were excluded from analysis if they had documented snoring during polysomnography, an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index of ≥1.0, or a periodic leg-movement index of ≥5.0. Because the greatest differences in polysomnography occurred between ages 5 and 6 years, analyses were performed for children 3 to 5 years and for ages ≥6. Sleep cyclicity was distinct between age groups, with both showing an initial brief rapid-eye-movement period, which lengthened across the night, but only the older group showing a decrease in cycle length across the night. Average obstructive apnea indices were 0.03 per hour of total sleep time (TST) for 3- to 5-year-old children and 0.05 per hour of TST for ≥6-year-old children, whereas central apnea indices were 0.82 and 0.45 per hour of TST, respectively. Older children spent a greater percentage of sleep time supine, and the apnea-hypopnea index differed according to body position. Twenty percent of all subjects had end tidal carbon dioxide values of >45 mm Hg, and 2.2% had recorded values >50 mm Hg during ≥50% TST. High variance was present on all measures. CONCLUSIONS. Developmental changes occur in several polysomnographic measures among normal children from 3 to 7 years of age, particularly during transition from preschool to early school age. Our findings in a large number of healthy community children comprise the most extensive compilation of normative reference values for laboratory-based pediatric polysomnography to date.
Sources of mechanical power for uphill running in humans

SUMMARY During uphill running limb muscles must perform net mechanical work to increase the body9s potential energy, while during level running the net mechanical work required is negligible as long as speed is constant. The increased demands for work as running incline increases might be met by an increase in power output at all joints, or only a subset of joints. We used inverse dynamics to determine which joints modulate net work output in humans running uphill. We measured joint kinematics and ground reaction force during moderate speed running at 0°, 6° and 12° inclines. Muscle force, joint power and work per step were determined at the ankle, knee and hip using inverse dynamics calculations. We found that virtually all of the increase in work output with increasing incline resulted from increases in net work done at the hip (-0.25±0.23 J kg -1 , level, vs 0.88±0.10 J kg -1 , 12° incline), while the knee and ankle performed similar functions at all inclines. The increase in work output at the hip resulted primarily from a large increase in average net muscle moment during stance (2.07±17.84 Nm, level, vs 87.30±13.89 Nm, 12° incline); joint excursion increased by only 20% (41.22±3.41°, level, vs 49.22±2.35°, 12° incline). The increase in hip muscle moment and power was associated with a poorer mechanical advantage for producing force against the ground. The increase in hip moment with running incline allows for the production of the power necessary to lift the body. This power may be developed by hip extensors or by transfer of power from muscles at other joints via biarticular muscles.
Anyons and Superconductivity: Random Phase Approximation

The two-dimensional ideal gas of particles obeying ν fractional statistics is recast as an interacting Fermi gas with long-range gauge potentials. A self-consistent dielectric description of the random phase approximation (RPA) provides a concise expression for the linear response of the fractional statistics gas to an external electromagnetic field. The RPA, believed to be correct for the present case of long-range interactions, yields two central results that are classic features of superconductivity: (1) a sharp undamped collective mode with a linear dispersion relation at long wavelengths: (2) a gauge-invariant Meissner effect in the transverse response to an external magnetic field.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Protect against and Mitigate the Lethality of Total-Body Irradiation in Mice

It was hypothesized that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors may increase survival after total-body irradiation (TBI) based on previous reports demonstrating that HDAC inhibitors stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. Using the time for mice to lose 20% or more of their weight as the end point, two HDAC inhibitors, valproic acid and trichostatin-A, were found to reduce lethality in a dose-dependent manner. HDAC inhibitors were effective at reducing lethality when given either 24 h before or 1 h after TBI. The results indicate that HDAC inhibitors have potential for protecting against and mitigating radiation-induced lethality.
How Far is Far Enough?: The Fetch Requirements for Micrometeorological Measurement of Surface Fluxes

Abstract Recent model estimates of the flux footprint are used to examine the fetch requirements for accurate micro-meteorological measurement of surface fluxes of passive, conservative scalars within the surface flux layer. The required fetch is quantified by specifying an acceptable ratio of the measured flux to the local surface flux. When normalized by the measurement height zm, the fetch is found to be a strong function of atmospheric stability as quantified by zm/L, where L is the Obukhov length, and a weaker function of the normalized measurement height zm/zo, where zo is the roughness length. Stable conditions are found to require a much greater fetch than do unstable conditions, and the fetch required for even moderately stable conditions is for many situations considerably greater than 100 times the measurement height.