cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival of impact-induced thermal anomalies in the Martian mantle

[1] A number of geophysical arguments point out the possibility that global mantle convection could have been extremely sluggish or even absent during a large part of Martian history. This implies that early mantle thermal anomalies produced during planetary formation might not have been quickly erased by vigorous convection. One likely mechanism of early thermal inhomogeneity is large impacts at the end of heavy bombardment. We suggest that Tharsis province might be related to such an impact-induced thermal anomaly rather than a convective plume. The shape of the present-day geoid for our preferred model is in good agreement with the geoid measured by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS).
PREVENTION OF, AND TREATMENT OF RADIATION-INDUCED CANCER, INCLUDING PURE ATOMIC AND CATHODE RAY LESIONS.

Hazards from medical and industrial radiation exposures are reviewed briefly. The importance of the prevention of radiation injuries is stressed. (C.H.) 2O242 The Ionizing Radiations (Sealed Sources) Regulations 1961 apply only in premises subject to the Factories Act 1961. They require appropriate safety precautions in the use of sealed radioactive sources and machines that produce x- rays. The most important processes concerned are radiography, fluoroscopy, crystallography, thickness gauging, package monitoring, level gauging, and static elimination. Where reasonably practicable all sources of ionizing radiations should be adequately shielded. Work should be conducted so that workers receive the minimum amount of radiation and do not exceed the maximum permissible doses specified in the schedule. Workers employed in work involving the use of ionizing radiations and who work where the dose rate exceeds 0.75 mr/hr are classified workers, must wear a film badge, and have appropriate medical examinations. Further requirements include the provision of monitors, leakage testing of sealed sources, appointment of competent personnel and the keeping of appropriate records. Regulations dealing with unsealed radioactive substances are in draft form. (auth)
From Good Cheer to "Drive-By Smiling": A Social History of Cheerfulness

This paper attempts to outline the social history of cheerfulness using the constructivist perspective on emotions. The role of cheerfulness in American society grew in relation to modern ideological frameworks and various economic and social factors. Embraced by the middle class since the eighteenth century for reasons of social identity and philosophical outlook, cheerfulness became a national emotional standard perceived by outsiders of the culture as part of the American character. It was fostered by a tradition of optimism, self-reliance and self-centeredness. Being socially and individually beneficial, it was cultivated in the Victorian family. In the industrial age, cheerfulness was found to be economically productive and was administered in the workplace by the managerial leadership. The lower classes engaged in it through the job market and other social pressures. Cheerfulness escalated in business and corporate culture with competition. Thus, it proved to be the most useful of emotions in an increasingly rational culture and was individually sought and socially encouraged until it became the emotional highlight of the American social landscape. In late capitalism cheerfulness has been commodified, commercialized and recycled by media, possibly with some repercussions on depression.
Restrained eating: Mediator of gender differences on cognitive restructuring tasks?

This study examined the hypothesis that gender differences in eating restraint might mediate previously reported gender differences in cognitive restructuring tasks. Thirty female and 30 male college students matched for dietary restraint were administered two tests that had differentiated females from males and obese from normal-weight individuals in previous research: Luchins' water jar problems, and the Embedded Figures Test. On the water jar problems, use of the initial solution when no longer most efficient was greater for restrained eaters than for unrestrained eaters and no gender differences were found, supporting the hypothesis. On the Embedded Figures Test, males performed better than females, with restrained females tending to perform most poorly.
The aortic wall: four questions and insights.

We will lookat 4 speciﬁc insights—new, emerging, and largely unpub-lished—from4teamsoftheAorticInstituteatYale:clinical,surgical pathology, engineering, and molecular genetics.CLINICAL: CAN THE AORTIC WALLCOMMUNICATE WITH US?It is well known that most patients with thoracic aorticaneurysms (as many as 95%
32P-postlabeling test for covalent DNA binding of chemicals in vivo: application to a variety of aromatic carcinogens and methylating agents.

Carcinogen--DNA adducts were detected and determined by /sup 32/P-postlabeling assay after exposure of mouse or rat tissues in vivo to a total of 28 compounds comprising 7 arylamines and derivatives, 3 azo compounds, 2 nitroaromatics, 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 4 methylating agents. DNA was isolated from mouse skin, mouse liver, and rat liver after treatment with the individual carcinogens, then digested enzymatically to deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates, which were converted to 5'-/sup 32/P-labeled deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates by T4 polynucleotide kinase-catalyzed (/sup 32/P)phosphate transfer from (gamma-/sup 32/P)ATP. The nucleotides were resolved by anion-exchange t.l.c. on polyethyleneimine-cellulose and detected by autoradiography. The determination of low levels of DNA binding of the aromatic carcinogens entailed the removal of normal nucleotides prior to the resolution of adduct nucleotides. For this purpose, an alternative procedure employing reversed-phase t.l.c. was devised which offered advantages for the detection of quantitatively minor adducts. The procedures described enabled the detection of 1 aromatic DNA adduct in approximately 10(/sup 8/) normal nucleotides, while the limit of detection of methylated adducts was 1 adduct in approximately 6 X 10(/sup 5/) nucleotides. The results show that a great number of carcinogen-DNA adducts of diverse structure are substrates for /sup 32/P-labeling by polynucleotide kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation.more » Because covalent DNA adduct formation in vivo appears to be an essential property of the majority of chemical carcinogens, /sup 32/P-postlabeling analysis of carcinogen--DNA adducts in mammalian tissues may serve as a test for the screening of chemicals for potential carcinogenicity.« less
Controlled Manipulation of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanodevices, Arrays, and Films

Carbon nanotubes hold great promise for a number of applications due to their outstanding electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. However, nanomanufacturing issues constitute a major area of challenge for successful implementation of nanotubes. In particular, because subtle changes in physical structure (chirality) can cause the electronic structure to vary from metallic to semiconducting, the goal of fully controlled nanotube device fabrication has proven elusive. In addition, materials compatibility issues impose significant limitations toward integration of nanotubes with many substrates and systems. We have developed techniques for nanotube device manufacture that rely upon mechanical transfer of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown nanotubes from one substrate to another. These techniques can be used on the level of individual nanotubes, for controlled fabrication of arrays, or for manufacture of thin films.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Complete model for the statistical composition of the end-plate potential☆

Abstract A statistical model for the composition of end-plate potentials has been designed and used for detailed study of end-plate potential's amplitude distribution function. The model is based on the present knowledge of synaptic function and takes into account the miniature end-plate potential's amplitude distribution, pulse shape and latency fluctuation as well as the residual potential difference across the membrane, non-linear summation of unit quanta and the mean quantum content. The building up of end-plate potentials is a stochastic process in which all of the above factors have significant influence. The computer model for statistical building of end-plate potentials is designed on the basis of the Monte Carlo technique. The end-plate potentials' distribution is not calculated, but is built up in the same way as in a living neuromuscular junction through the addition of miniature end-plate potentials which have random amplitudes and random times of arrival. Large numbers of experiments have been performed with the model with the mean quantum content in the range from 2 to 200, mean amplitudes of miniature end-plate potentials in the range of 0·2 to 0·8 mv, coefficient of variation of miniature end-plate potentials in the range of 0·1 to 0·2, number of depolarizations per experiment up to 25,000. Latency fluctuation and pulse shape have been taken according to the measurements by Katz & Miledi (1965). Very good agreement between results produced by the theoretical model and real experiments was obtained. Coefficients of variation of end-plate potentials produced by the model are in good agreement with experimental results for all values of mean quantum content. This is due partly to the fact that not only non-linear summation but also the latency fluctuation diminishes the coefficient of variation.
Health status improvement after surgical correction of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with high and low preoperative calcium levels

Background: We conducted a prospective cohort study to determine whether there are differences in functional health status between patients with low (<10.9 mg/dL) and high (≥10.9 mg/dL) serum calcium levels before surgical correction of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and to compare changes in health status after correction of primary HPT. Methods: The SF-36 Health Survey, which provides demographic and condition-specific information, was used to obtain information on patients with primary HPT seen in a university hospital endocrine surgery clinic over a 4-year period before operation and again 2 months and 6 months after operation. Results: A total of 155 patients were studied; 86 had calcium levels <10.9 mg/dL (normal <10.5 mg/dL) and 69 had serum calcium levels ≥10.9 mg/dL (range 10.9 to 13.4 mg/dL). One hundred four patients completed 6-month reports, 55 with low calcium levels and 49 with high calcium levels. Both high and low calcium groups showed marked and virtually identical impairment of functional health status. Both groups showed marked improvement in health status at 2 months and additional improvement at 6 months, returning to normal or near normal in 6 of 8 SF-36 domains. Conclusions: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have significant functional health status impairment independent of the level of serum calcium. Dramatic improvement is seen after surgical correction. Referral for surgical treatment of primary HPT should not be delayed until serum calcium is elevated, as recommended in the 1990 National Institutes of Health consensus statement. (Surgery 1999;125:608-14.)
Plumbum Sink and Transfer Process in Jiaozhou Bay

In order to provide background information and scientific basis for pollution control of Pb, this paper analyzed the sink and transfer process of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that Pb in Jiaozhou Bay was mainly sourced from agricultural non-point source and urban point source, as well as atmosphere dry and wet deposition, leading to the contents of Pb were increasing from spring to summer, and decreasing in autumn and winter. Due to Jiaozhou Bay is a closed bay, the narrow bay mouth is vital to the water exchange, which is the force of horizontal distributions. Horizontal diffusion and vertical deposition were the two major transferred processes of Pb, leading to a large amount of Pb was finally transferred to the sea bottom of the bay mouth areas, and the sea bottom of bay mouth areas was the sink of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay.
Continuous monitoring of left ventricular function by an ambulatory radionuclide detector in patients with coronary artery disease.

Global left ventricular function and a modified V5electrocardiographic (ECG) lead were continuously monitored by a radionuclide recorder in 12 normal subjects and 39 patients with coronary artery disease while the subjects were performing various daily activities. The ambulatory studies revealed that walking on a level surface caused 11 of 12 normal subjects and 18 of 32 patients to increase their left ventricular ejection fraction by >6% units. A transient decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (6 to 18 %) lasting ≥1 min was observed on 36 occasions in 16 patients with coronary artery disease; 12 episodes were accompanied by chest pain or shortness of breath and 24 were asymptomatic. Electrocardiographic ST segment depression suggestive of ischemia was recorded in 6 of the 12 symptomatic and 5 of the 24 asymptomatic episodes. In 10 of the 12 symptomatic episodes, left ventricular ejection fraction began to decrease 30 to 90 s before the onset of symptoms. These studies suggest that continuous monitoring of both left ventricular function and the ECG may permit stratification of episodes of ST depression suggesting ischemia by the degree of left ventricular dysfunction they produce.
Using the PRECEDE Planning Approach to Develop a Physical Activity Intervention for African American Men Who Visit Barbershops Results From the FITShop Study

African American (AA) men have a higher prevalence of many chronic disease risk behaviors compared to Caucasian men, including physical inactivity. Innovative ways to reach AA men with interventions to increase physical activity (PA) and decrease other key risk factors are needed to reduce health disparities in this population. The barbershop is a natural but underutilized setting for reaching AA men. In the Fitness in the Shop (FITShop) study, shop owners, barbers, and customers were recruited from four local barbershops to complete structured interviews and customer focus groups. We assessed knowledge, perceived barriers, and interests/concerns about PA, as well as explored how to best intervene in the barbershop. Barbers and customers endorsed the idea of receiving health and PA information in the barbershop. These formative research results generated information and strategies for developing a multilevel barbershop-based health intervention to promote PA in the barbershop. This article describes the f...
Yup'ik culture and context in Southwest Alaska: community member perspectives of tradition, social change, and prevention.

This paper provides an introduction to key aspects of Yup’ik Inuit culture and context from both historical and contemporary community member perspectives. Its purpose is to provide a framework for understanding the development and implementation of a prevention initiative centered on youth in two communities in Southwest Alaska as part of collaboration with the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the National Institutes of Health. This paper is written from the perspective of elders and local prevention workers from each of the two prevention communities. The co-authors discuss their culture and their community from their own perspectives, drawing from direct experience and from ancestral knowledge gained through learning and living the Yuuyaraq or the Yup’ik way of life. The authors of this paper identity key aspects of traditional Yup’ik culture that once contributed to the adaptability and survivability of their ancestors, particularly through times of hardship and social disruption. These key processes and practices represent dimensions of culture in a Yup’ik context that contribute to personal and collective growth, protection and wellbeing. Intervention development in Yup’ik communities requires bridging historical cultural frames with contemporary contexts and shifting focus from reviving cultural activities to repairing and revitalizing cultural systems that structure community.
Detection of abasic sites and oxidative DNA base damage using an ELISA-like assay.

Reactive oxygen species produce a wide spectrum of DNA damage, including oxidative base damage and abasic (AP) sites. Many procedures are available for the quantification and detection of base damage and AP sites. However, either these procedures are laborious or the starting materials are difficult to obtain. A biotinylated aldehyde-specific reagent, ARP, has been shown to react specifically with the aldehyde group present in AP sites, resulting in biotin-tagged AP sites in DNA. The biotin-tagged AP sites can then be determined colorimetrically with an ELISA-like assay, using avidin/biotin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase as the indicator enzyme. The ARP assay is thus a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the detection of AP sites in DNA. Furthermore, removal of damaged base by DNA N-glycosylases generates AP sites that can be measured by the ARP reagent. By coupling the ARP assay with either endonuclease III from Escherichia coli or 8-oxoguanine N-glycosylase (OGG1) from yeast, investigators can rapidly determine the amount of oxidative pyrimidine damage (endonuclease III-sensitive sites) or purine damage (OGG1-sensitive sites) in cellular DNA, respectively. An increased level of oxidative damage has been implicated in several age-related human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, as well as the aging process. The sensitivity and simplicity of the ARP assay thus make it a valuable method for investigators who are interested in estimating the level of oxidative DNA damage in cells and tissues derived from patients with various age-related diseases or cancers.
A Java simulation tool for fuzzy clustering

Emerging technologies on the World Wide Web promise to make program, algorithm and concept simulations universally accessible, and Java appears to be the best technology available. Simulations involving animation and visualization have a tremendous benefit when applied to various algorithms. We present a simulation tool for experimenting with concepts in fuzzy clustering that has proved useful in visualizing the results and demonstrating the computation method of the algorithms. This is an asset when working with people unfamiliar with the mechanics of fuzzy clustering, such as non-computer scientists or students. This system was integral in the development of an algorithm capable of locating an unknown number of clusters embedded in background noise. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Baldrige Performance Excellence Program Approaches in the Pursuit of Radiation Oncology Quality Care, Patient Satisfaction, and Workforce Commitment

The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act was signed into law in 1987 to advance U.S. business competitiveness and economic growth. Administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Act created the Baldrige National Quality Program, recently renamed the Baldrige Performance Excellence Program. The comprehensive analytical approaches referred to as the Baldrige Healthcare Criteria, are very well-suited for the evaluation and sustainable improvement of radiation oncology management and operations. A multidisciplinary self-assessment approach is used for radiotherapy program evaluation and development in order to generate a fact-based, knowledge-driven system for improving quality of care, increasing patient satisfaction, enhancing leadership effectiveness, building employee engagement and boosting organizational innovation. This methodology also provides a valuable framework for benchmarking an individual radiation oncology practice’s operations and results against guidelines defined by accreditation and professional organizations and regulatory agencies.
Mycophenolate mofetil: effects on cellular immune subsets, infectious complications, and antimicrobial activity

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is one of the most frequently used immunosuppressive drugs in solid organ transplant recipients. MMF is an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate, and is able to preferentially inhibit B-cell and T-cell function. The immunosuppressive abilities of MMF have made it one of the most successful anti-rejection drugs in transplant patients, but patients also appear to have increased susceptibility to infections, specifically cytomegalovirus and BK virus. Despite its association with an increased risk of infection, MMF has also exhibited antimicrobial activity against pathogens including hepatitis C, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and human immunodeficiency virus. A thorough understanding of the functions of MMF on the immune system and interaction with infectious pathogens could be helpful in implementing preventative strategies against opportunistic infections in transplant patients.
Totally microscopic description of n - O 16 elastic scattering

The elastic scattering cross section for neutrons on oxygen is calculated beginning with a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction. A soft interaction is employed so that a perturbation expansion is tractable. The results reinforce the conclusions derived from a previous calculation of the s-wave scattering phase shift. Namely, it is shown that ab initio calculations such as these can be carried out and that one may thereby gain an understanding of complex reactions between nuclei on a microscopic level.
Use of rib belts in acute rib fractures

The current treatment for uncomplicated rib fractures is the exclusion of associated injuries followed by symptomatic treatment with analgesics. Encouragement of deep breathing is also recommended to avoid secondary or delayed pulmonary complications. The use of circumferential rib belts in treating patients with acute rib fractures has been discouraged because of possible complications from restricted ventilation. A review of the literature revealed no previous clinical studies to support this view. We designed and conducted a controlled, prospective, randomized pilot study to determine if there was any increased morbidity associated with the use of rib belts in the treatment of patients with acute rib fractures. Twenty-five adult patients with radiographically proven acute rib fractures were randomized into two groups. The first group was treated with analgesics and a standard circumferential rib belt (Zimmer Universal Rib Belt). The second group was treated with oral analgesics alone. Patients were contacted by telephone three days after the initial injury and then reexamined 14 days postinjury. Rates of pain resolution, compliance, and delayed complications were determined. Rib belts were not found to significantly reduce the severity of pain. Four complications (one case of bloody pleural effusion requiring hospitalization, two cases of asymptomatic discoid atelectasis, and one case of allergic contact dermatitis) were identified, all occurring in the group of patients receiving rib belts. This pilot study indicates that while rib belts are widely accepted by patients for control of pain, they appear to be associated with an increased incidence of complications. Clinical studies with larger sample sizes will be needed to confirm these findings.
Psychic Plasticity, Resilience, and Reactions to Media Violence: What Is the Right Question?

This article develops answers to the question, "Are there psychiatric processes or some general psychological predisposition that makes nondiagnosed people susceptible to media violence consumption in a way that would lead to lifelong aggressive behavior?" The authors discuss the assumptions they make about what this question is trying to answer, review factors known to precipitate destructive aggressiveness, and clarify environmental exposures' being a small part of a long list of precipitants. They discuss neuroplasticity, how the brain interacts with and is structurally and functionally altered by the environment, and introduce resilience, which enables some to respond functionally to trauma and others less so. They mention their work examining exposure to violence within schools and the impact it has on school climates and vulnerable children, illustrating the importance of social factors relating to aggression. The authors conclude by reformulating the question, allowing human psychopathological reactions to be seen in their glorious, nonparsimonious complexity.
Transcriptional differences in polymorphic and conserved domains of a complete cloned P. falciparum chromosome.

CLASSICAL genetic studies on the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum have been hampered by a complex life cycle which alternates between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Consequently, only a few genetic crosses have been performed so far1–4. In addition, molecular genetics has provided only limited access to the genes of this pathogen, a consequence of an unusually high A + T content5,6. To overcome these limitations we have constructed an ordered telomere-to-telomere contig map of P. falciparum chromosome 2 by isolating overlapping yeast artificial chromosome clones. This approach was used to examine the strain-dependent polymorphisms commonly observed for P. falciparum chromosomes7,8. Our analysis reveals that polymorphisms of chromosome 2 are restricted to regions at either end, representing 20% of the chromosome. Transcription mapping of the entire chromosome suggests a compartmentalization of chromosome 2 into a transcribed central domain and silent polymorphic ends.
Word Learning in Children With Primary Language Impairment: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose The present study is a meta-analysis that examines the difference in novel word learning performance between children with primary language impairment (LI) and typically developing children. Participant and task characteristics were examined as variables that potentially moderated children’s word learning. Method Eight hundred and forty-six published studies were retrieved from conventional databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science). Of these studies, 28 met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, yielding 244 effect sizes across experimental conditions. Results LI groups showed significantly lower word learning performance than typical age-matched groups and equivalent performance to typical language–matched groups. Moderator analyses showed that the magnitude of the group difference relative to age peers was significantly associated with participants' chronological age, receptive language and cognitive abilities, task and novel word type, and the extent of novel word exposure. Co...
Burden of cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerotic vascular disease share several etiopathogenic factors. Purpose To compare the prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) between COPD and non-COPD subjects using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Among subjects without pre-existent CCVD, the short-term and lifetime risks of future CCVD were also compared between the two groups. Methods Pooled NHANES 2007–2010 data were analyzed in May 2012 and April 2013. Based on predicted Framingham risk, subjects without self-reported CCVD were classified as follows: high short-term risk, low short-term/high lifetime risk, and low short-term/low lifetime risk for future CCVD. Results Estimated self-reported CCVD prevalence was 20.0% and 7.4% in COPD and non-COPD groups, respectively ( p Conclusions The prevalence of self-reported CCVD was significantly higher in subjects with COPD than in those without COPD. Among subjects without pre-existent CCVD, the risk of future CCVD was significantly higher in the COPD group than in the non-COPD group.
Glaciology: Repeat warming in Greenland

Greenland's glaciers have lost significant amounts of ice over the past decade. Rediscovered historical images of the ice margin show a record of southeast Greenland's response to the last major warming event in the 1930s.
The primate as an experimental animal suitable for measuring gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion.

A study of the alteration of secretory patterns through the use of Heidenhain pouches in twoMacaca nemestrina, following subcutaneous injection of a gastrin preparation, revealed that the response was more reliable when the dorsal trunk, rather than the anterior thigh, was utilized as the site of injection. A plateau of maximal secretory response was obtained when 18–25 mg. of the extract per kilogram of body weight was injected. Although the observations were not conclusive, they suggested that pepsin is liberated by a “washing-out” process but is also continuously secreted in response to continued stimulation with gastrin extract. Evaluation of the monkey's response to stimulation by gastrin extracts established that theMacaca nemestrina is a different type of experimental animal when compared to the dog. The dog shows a response of gastric secretion to much smaller amounts of the gastrin extract and is less sensitive to other stimuli of an external nature.
Bleaching Euglena gracilis with antihistamines and streptomycin-type antibiotics.

Kanamycin, paromomycin, and neomycin, like streptomycin, permanently bleach Euglena gracilis. This effect, along with general toxicity, is opposed by Mg, histidine or a combination of pantothenate, nicotinic acid, and threonine. Such opposition is thought to be peripheral effects centered on uptake and transport.
Laboratory Testing of Nontraditional Additives for Stabilization of Roads and Trail Surfaces

Recently the Pacific Northwest Region of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service conducted laboratory tests evaluating the expected field performance of various additives on dense-graded aggregate. Additives used in the laboratory analysis included chlorides, clay, enzymes, lignin sulfonate, synthetic polymer emulsions, and tall oil emulsions. Laboratory analysis included indirect tensile strength and durability testing on AASHTO T 99 fabricated samples. Durability was evaluated after a number of wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycles. Other variables in the study included the amount of additive and the cure (temperature and time) before testing. Findings and observations include the following: (a) Untreated dense-graded aggregate provides little tensile strength in warm dry climates, (b) Chlorides, clay additives, enzymes, and sulfonate provide some tensile strength in warm dry climates. With increasing moisture contents they lose their tensile strength, (c) Once cured, synthetic polymer and tall oil e...
Growth performance of lambs from purebred and crossbred Finnsheep ewes

Evaluation of Finnsheep (Finn) and their crosses is necessary to determine their potential in commercial sheep production. Birth weight, 70-day adjusted weaning weight, age at a constant market weight, pre- and postweaning daily gain were recorded on 467 lambs. Breeds included purebred Finn, Suffolk, Targhee and Dorset, F1 Finn crossbreds, and multiple crosses from crossbred Finn ewes mated to Suffolk, Targhee, Dorset and Lincoln sires. Purebred Suffolk lambs consistently ranked first for all traits (P<0.05), followed by Targhee, Dorset and Finn lambs. Performance of F1 crossbreds was similar among sire breeds. No significant differences in performance of multiple-cross lambs were found among sire breeds, or dam breeds except for birth weight. Age of dam effects were important for preweaning traits if yearling ewes were used. The weight advantage of single-born over multipleborn lambs was significant at birth, reduced by weaning and nonsignificant thereafter. Lambs reared by the ewe generally grew faster than nursery-reared lambs, with singles slightly superior to twins. In a terminal sire production system, using 12 or 14 Finn crossbred ewes would take advantage of increased reproductive capacity in the ewe with little or no reduction in lamb performance to market weight. No specific sire breed could be recommended based on these results.
Intestinal tissues induce an SNP mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that enhances its virulence: possible role in anastomotic leak.

The most feared complication following intestinal resection is anastomotic leakage. In high risk areas (esophagus/rectum) where neoadjuvant chemoradiation is used, the incidence of anastomotic leaks remains unacceptably high (∼10%) even when performed by specialist surgeons in high volume centers. The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that anastomotic leakage develops when pathogens colonizing anastomotic sites become in vivo transformed to express a tissue destroying phenotype. We developed a novel model of anastomotic leak in which rats were exposed to pre-operative radiation as in cancer surgery, underwent distal colon resection and then were intestinally inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common colonizer of the radiated intestine. Results demonstrated that intestinal tissues exposed to preoperative radiation developed a significant incidence of anastomotic leak (>60%; p<0.01) when colonized by P. aeruginosa compared to radiated tissues alone (0%). Phenotype analysis comparing the original inoculating strain (MPAO1- termed P1) and the strain retrieved from leaking anastomotic tissues (termed P2) demonstrated that P2 was altered in pyocyanin production and displayed enhanced collagenase activity, high swarming motility, and a destructive phenotype against cultured intestinal epithelial cells (i.e. apoptosis, barrier function, cytolysis). Comparative genotype analysis between P1 and P2 revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in the mexT gene that led to a stop codon resulting in a non-functional truncated protein. Replacement of the mutated mexT gene in P2 with mexT from the original parental strain P1 led to reversion of P2 to the P1 phenotype. No spontaneous transformation was detected during 20 passages in TSB media. Use of a novel virulence suppressing compound PEG/Pi prevented P. aeruginosa transformation to the tissue destructive phenotype and prevented anastomotic leak in rats. This work demonstrates that in vivo transformation of microbial pathogens to a tissue destroying phenotype may have important implications in the pathogenesis of anastomotic leak.
Swelling-activated chloride currents in a drug-sensitive cell line and a P glycoprotein-expressing derivative are underlied by channels with the same pharmacological properties.

It has been proposed that P glycoprotein (Pgp) expression is associated with swelling-activated Cl– currents in multidrug-resistant cells. The Pgp substrate vinblastine and the modulator ve
Cancer and other causes of mortality among radiologic technologists in the United States.

Data are limited on the role of chronic exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation in the etiology of cancer. In a nationwide cohort of 146,022 U.S. radiologic technologists (73% female), we evaluated mortality risks in relation to work characteristics. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed to compare mortality in the total cohort vs. the general population of the United States. Mortality risks were low for all causes (SMR = 0.76) and for all cancers (SMR = 0.82) among the radiologic technologists. We also calculated relative risks (RR) for the 90,305 technologists who responded to a baseline mailed questionnaire, using Poisson regression models, adjusted for known risk factors. Risks were higher for all cancers (RR = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.93–1.69) and breast cancer (RR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.22–7.00) among radiologic technologists first employed prior to 1940 compared to those first employed in 1960 or later, and risks declined with more recent calendar year of first employment (p-trend = 0.04 and 0.002, respectively), irrespective of employment duration. Risk for the combined category of acute lymphocytic, acute myeloid and chronic myeloid leukemias was increased among those first employed prior to 1950 (RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 0.42–6.31) compared to those first employed in 1950 or later. Risks rose for breast cancer (p-trend = 0.018) and for acute lymphocytic, acute myeloid and chronic myeloid leukemias (p-trend = 0.05) with increasing duration of employment as a radiologic technologist prior to 1950. The elevated mortality risks for breast cancer and for the combined group of acute lymphocytic, acute myeloid and chronic myeloid leukemias are consistent with a radiation etiology given greater occupational exposures to ionizing radiation prior to 1950 than in more recent times. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement of Total Cross Sections of K - Mesons in Hydrogen and Deuterium in the Momentum Region 630 to 1100 Mev/c

Total cross sections of ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons in hydrogen and deuterium were measured over the momentum range 630 to 1100 Mev/c. The ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}n$ total cross sections were obtained from deuterium and hydrogen data. A well-defined resonance appeared in the ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ total cross section at about 1000 Mev/c. Two high-resolution velocity-selecting \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counters were used to select ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons. The momentum resolution was within 1% to 2%, and the momentum intervals chosen were very closely spaced.
Aging of the bony orbit: a three-dimensional computed tomographic study.

Background Facial aging is a dynamic process involving the aging of soft tissue and bony structures. The shape, size, and volume of the bony orbit have all been shown to change with increasing age. Objective In this study, we demonstrate how specific bony aspects of the orbit change with age in both male and female subjects and what impact this may have on the techniques used in facial cosmetic surgery. Methods Facial bone computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained from 60 white subjects (30 female, 30 male). Our study population consisted of 10 male and 10 female subjects in each of 3 age categories. Each CT scan underwent three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction with volume rendering. Orbital aperture width was measured as a line drawn from the posterior lacrimal crest to the frontozygomatic suture. This line was then used as the x-axis from which the distance to the superior and inferior orbital rim at nine equal increments (labeled 10 to 90) was obtained. The orbital aperture area was also measured on each 3-D model. The Student t test was used to identify any trends between age groups. Results The orbital aperture width and area in both our male and female subjects showed a significant increase with increasing age. There was a significant increase in height of the superior orbital rim medially in both genders, suggesting that the superior orbital rim receded with age in this region. The inferior orbital rim receded significantly laterally in our female population, while our male subjects had a recession of the entire inferior orbital rim. Conclusions These results suggest that the bony elements of the orbit change dramatically with age, and this, coupled with soft tissue changes, can lead to the appearance of the aged eye and orbit.
Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994

Have Democratic and Republican presidents used force more often than members of the other party under some circumstances during the postwar era? This article presents evidence that unemployment and inflation produce differences in the likelihood of a diversionary use of force by presidents from different parties. Because Republicans are more reluctant than Democrats to use potentially inflationary macroeconomic policies to reduce unemployment, they are more likely to use military force than Democratic presidents when unemployment is high. One the other hand, because Democrats are reluctant to employ macroeconomic policies that might control inflation at the cost of increased unemployment, they are more likely to use military force than Republicans when facing high inflation.
Democracy Heading South: National Politics in the Shadow of Dixie

In a time when many citizens feel that American politics has changed in disturbing ways, Gus Cochran believes that democracy itself may be heading South. And that, he argues, spells trouble for us all. In this provocative book, Cochran links regional to national politics to show how our political institutions have come to resemble those of the old Solid South. The regional politics of that earlier era, he reminds us, offered little real political choice, was dominated by one-party politics, answered to well-heeled special interests, stoutly resisted federal power, ignored the region's festering racism, and promoted demagoguery and personality over substance and true accountability. For Cochran, the sense of deja vu is overwhelming - and alarming. Deftly balancing history and political critique, Cochran describes the origins and traits of the Solidly Democratic Southern political system from the turn of the century through the 1960s and its transformation in the wake of that turbulent decade. The South, he shows, eventually modernized and became more integrated, even as the New Deal unraveled and the North became more racially polarized. As the regions' shifting fortunes evolved, national politics witnessed a backlash to the civil rights movement (the original engine of political change) that turned the New South into a presidential power broker and spurred a Republican party renaissance nationwide. Cochran maintains that national politics today offers an array of disturbing parallels with old-style Southern politics. He notes that even the controversial Clinton impeachment - in which many of the major actors were Southern - evokes the "down-and-dirty" politics of old Dixie. Even so, he doesn't push the analogies between South and nation too far. He recognizes significant differences as well as parallels but argues that recent trends toward convergence deserve a close and critical look. In the end, Cochran's warning shot raises critical questions about the future direction of American democracy, while suggesting potential correctives through campaign finance reform, better inducements to voter participation, and more effective means for informing the electorate. Eloquently argued, his book is also a call to action - before American democracy heads South for good.
Structural and kinetic evidence for strain in biological catalysis

A classic hypothesis for enzyme catalysis is the induction of strain in the substrate. This notion was first expressed by Haldane with the lock and key analogy“the key does not fit the lock perfect...
Leadership religiosity: a critical analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of leadership religiosity in a local non-profit organizational setting, from a larger program evaluation project, and to problematize prevailing theoretical assumptions in the leadership religiosity literature about the nature of religion in organizational settings. Design/methodology/approach – Methods of data collection consisted primarily of in-depth interviewing, observations, and document content analysis of organizational publications, web sites, and social media. The larger program evaluation project also utilized social network analysis and surveys. Findings – The data highlights several important manifestations of leadership religiosity that serve to legitimate potentially unhealthy leadership tendencies and organizational processes: unrealistic future goals in strategic planning and dogmatic decision making. Both stem from the perceived divine origination of the organization in question, and from the perceived divine authority placed...
A note on the background in NaI scintillation counters

The residual background in sodium iodide (thalliumactivated) crystals was studied with the scintillation spectrometer with an anticoincidence annulus. The characteristic response of this system to rays was used to identify background peaks as coming from rays and not-charged particles. There were contributions from the natural radioactivity of K/sup 40/, the Th/sup 232/ series, and the U/sup 23/ s series. By controlled experiments it was concluded that the decays from K/sup 40/ and the U/sup 238/ series originate in the room surroundings and that the activity from the Th/sup 232/ series originates in the immediate vicinity of the sodium iodide crystal, such as the materials of the package. The results were consistent with the assumption of no radioactive contaminant within the crystal itself. (auth)
Optimal Injection Design for Resin Transfer Molding with In Situ Permeability Measurement and Process Simulation

Resin transfer molding (RTM) process has been gaining extensive attention because of its ability to produce complex structural composite parts. Researchers have made significant progress toward obtaining quality products. The preform permeability change during actual molding process brings up difficulty in achieving consistency in part quality. This article presents an adaptive RTM injection design approach in which process simulation and Hardware-In-the-Loop- Simulation (HILS) technique are used: the whole-field preform permeability profile is provided by an in situ gas-assisted permeability measurement system and then inputted to the process simulation right before each control step during molding; an open loop control method steering the resin flow is also proposed. It is found that the HILS can be used to realize optimal injection design and flow control with accurate online permeability estimation.
Effects of environmental factors on development of wood.

This research tested the hypothesis that environmental factors (light, water, and nutrient levels) affect wood development. Specimens were placed in treatments of low, medium, or high levels of light, water, nitrogen, or phosphorus for one year. Control plants received medium levels of all factors, while experimental plants received medium levels of all factors except the experimental factor; for example, ‘‘high light’’ treatment consisted of high light but medium levels of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Some character changes seen in Cereus peruvianus were a reduction in mean vessel diameter and shoot elongation as a result of low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments and a reduction in mean vessel density due to low light; high water induced broader vessels and greater shoot elongation. In Cereus tetragonus, low water treatment caused a reduction in mean vessel diameter, and high nitrogen decreased the amount of wood produced. Whereas all characters studied showed a significant correlation with at least one treatment in one species, few characters responded similarly between species. Estimated specific conductivity of wood could be altered by treatments affecting either vessel density or vessel diameter strongly or by treatments affecting both diameter and density weakly. Under the conditions tested, wood structure was stable but estimated conducting capacity was more flexible.
Lightweight Techniques for Tracking Unique Program Statements

Previous work on tracking source locations has focused on tracking lines through multiple revisions of software. In this paper, we explore a new technique for tracking statements, rather than lines, across multiple revisions of Java source code. We show that our statement-tracking technique achieves comparable accuracy for source code than the most accurate line-tracking techniques, while also safely handling all non-executable formatting changes, such as breaking a single statement across many lines, adding or removing whitespace, moving brackets, or re-ordering methods. Finally, we compare the performance of three of the current state-of-the-art techniques for tracking lines across revisions on a series of benchmarks, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each technique.