cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transferrin-antibody fusion proteins are effective in brain targeting.

Abstract In the present study, the receptor binding potential of transferrin (Tf) was linked to an antibody binding specificity. Human Tf was fused to mouse-human chimeric IgG3 at three positions: at the end of heavy chain constant region 1 (CH1), after the hinge, and after CH3. The resulting Tf-antibody fusion proteins were able to bind antigen and the Tf receptor. The CH3-Tf fusion protein showed no complement-mediated cytolysis but possessed IgG receptor I (Fc gamma RI) binding activity. Most importantly, all of the fusion proteins demonstrated significant uptake into brain parenchyma, with 0.3% of the injected dose of the hinge-Tf fusion protein rapidly targeted to the brain. Recovery of iodinated CH3-Tf fusion protein from the brain parenchyma demonstrated that the fusion proteins can cross the blood-brain barrier intact. The binding specificity of these fusion proteins can be used for brain delivery of noncovalently bound ligands, such as drugs and peptides, or for targeting antigens present within the brain.
Can You have too Much of a Good Thing? The Limits of Voice for Improving Satisfaction with Leaders:

Research on procedural justice has consistently found that increases in voice are associated with enhanced ratings of procedural fairness, satisfaction with leaders, and acceptance of decisions made by authorities. This research extends those findings in two ways by (a) replicating the voice effect in small group decision making with a low status leader and (b) illustrating the limit of voice in improving support for leaders under conditions of persistent conflict. Results from Study 1 suggest that people care about their treatment by leaders because it provides them with information about their value within the group rather than because the leader controls important resources. Study 2 demonstrates that very high levels of voice can be associated with reduced leader support and lower levels of decision satisfaction under conditions of persistent conflict. These results suggest that extensive use of voice by leaders has limited advantages when people fundamentally disagree.
The expansion of divalent organolanthanide reduction chemistry via new molecular divalent complexes and sterically induced reduction reactivity of trivalent complexes

Abstract For over 20 years, the reductive chemistry of organometallic Sm(II) complexes has provided an efficient approach to new types of organolanthanide chemistry. Although many advances have been made via Sm(II), it has never been possible to optimize the chemistry on the basis of metal size as is commonly done with trivalent lanthanides. However, recent results have presented opportunities to expand reductive Sm(II)-type reactivity to all of the lanthanides. This review summarizes recent progress from our laboratory on this topic.
Ecology and Physiology of White River Mammals Based on Stable Isotope Ratios of Teeth

Abstract To characterize the ecology and physiology of common late Eocene–early Oligocene White River mammals, we analyzed the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel carbonate for six of the most abundant taxa: the perissodactyls Brontops (brontothere), Mesohippus (equid) and Subhyracodon (rhino); and the artiodactyls Merycoidodon (oreodont), Leptomeryx (leptomerycid) and Poebrotherium (camelid). δ 13 C values of middle and rear molars (M2s and M3s) and premolars range from − 13.1‰ to − 7.7‰ (V-PDB), consistent with pure C3 diets. In the late Eocene, Mesohippus , Merycoidodon , and Leptomeryx show indistinguishable average δ 13 C values (∼ − 10‰). In contrast, Brontops and Subhyracodon exhibit lower (− 11.2‰) and higher (− 8.7‰) values, respectively. Early Oligocene values for Mesohippus and Merycoidodon remain indistinguishable from each other and lower than the value of Leptomeryx , Poebrotherium , and Subhyracodon (∼ − 8.5‰). These results likely indicate niche separation in terms of habitat preference between the investigated sympatric taxa. More specifically, assuming a δ 13 C value of atmospheric CO 2 of − 5.5‰, our data suggest a preference of Brontops for mesic forested areas, of Mesohippus and Merycoidodon for woodlands, and of Subhyracodon and Poebrotherium for more open habitats (e.g., grasslands). The higher Oligocene versus Eocene average δ 13 C exhibited by Leptomeryx possibly reflects a preference of the new Oligocene species L. evansi for more open and/or xeric habitats relative to the Eocene species L. speciosus . Late Eocene and early Oligocene average δ 18 O of Mesohippus , Merycoidodon , Leptomeryx , and Subhyracodon are similar (∼ 25‰, V-SMOW), possibly indicating comparable water dependency for these taxa. In contrast, the higher δ 18 O of Poebrotherium (26.6‰) suggests lower water dependency whereas the lower δ 18 O of Brontops (23.0‰) may result from a high water dependency or, more likely, from its preference for humid habitats. Because hind-gut fermentation in perissodactyls requires high water intake, whereas fore-gut fermentation does not, our results might indicate the presence of fore-gut fermentation in early Oligocene camelids but its absence or incomplete development in late Eocene–early Oligocene oreodonts and leptomerycids.
Impact of genetic analysis on Parkinson's disease research.

Genetic analysis is changing our view of Parkinson's disease; not only is it challenging the long-cherished views about the diagnosis of the disease, it is also starting to suggest a biochemical pathway to disease pathogenesis. These developments are reviewed in the context of three known (synuclein, parkin, and DJ-1) and one suspected (ubiquitin hydrolase) genes for the disease.
Syncope and seizure A case study

Abstract 1. 1. A patient with frequent syncope related to venipuncture has been investigated. During the electroencephalographic investigation procedures were used which precipitated syncope. This was followed by a minor seizure. 2. 2. The relationship between syncope and seizure in this patient is discussed and the possibility of using such activation procedures more commonly is suggested. Further methods of investigation of the borderline between syncope and seizures are discussed.
Diagnostic Value of Serum Procollagen Peptide Measurements in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Procollagen type I carboxyterminal and type III aminoterminal peptide concentrations were measured in sera of 60 patients with alcoholic and 14 with nonalcoholic liver disease to study whether these assays are useful as clinical tests to differentiate various stages of alcoholic liver injury. Both propeptides were markedly elevated in alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis: procollagen type III peptide in 90% and type I peptide in 60-80% of these patients. Moderately increased values were found less frequently in patients with fatty liver. These tests did not differentiate patients with simple fatty liver from those with fatty liver and early fibrosis. There was a significant difference in serum procollagen type III peptide between fatty liver and both alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis (p less than 0.001), and in type I peptide between fatty liver and alcoholic hepatitis (p less than 0.005). Although serum peptide values correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, appreciable overlap of values was found between the various groups. The peptide concentrations also seemed to be related to the degree of hepatic inflammation, and the highest values were observed in a subgroup of patients with alcoholic hepatitis in whom numerous Mallory bodies were found. The data suggest that in alcoholic liver diseases, serum collagen propeptide determination may be useful in diagnosing severe alcoholic hepatitis.
Clusters, grids and clouds: a look from both sides

Summary form only given. In science and engineering, a tsunami of new experimental and computational data and a suite of increasingly ubiquitous sensors pose vexing problems in data analysis, transport, visualization and collaboration. Cloud computing and "big data," together with our experiences with clusters and grids, are extending our notions of computational science and engineering, bringing technical, political and economic challenges. What are the software structures and capabilities that best exploit these capabilities and economics while providing application compatibility and community continuity? What are the appropriate roles of public clouds relative to local computing systems, private clouds and grids? How can we best exploit elasticity for peak demand? How do we optimize performance and reliability? How do we provide privacy and security? How do we balance traditional HPC investments against distributed systems and big data opportunities and avoid past research infrastructure pitfalls? How do we integrate the emerging Internet of Things and ubiquitous sensors for multidisciplinary fusion, while also managing security and privacy?
The numerical simulation of the delayed load rejection of a pump-turbine powerplant

This paper presents results of a numerical simulation of the transient behaviour of a 4×320MW pump-turbine powerplant, where all 4 units are connected on the same headrace tunnel, the same surge tank tail water side and the same tailrace tunnel. The minimum allowable pressure at draft tube entrance during the transient will be discussed at the beginning. The simulation reveals a severe pressure drop down to -30mwc in the draft tube of the last unit, if this is load rejected app. 5 seconds later than the other 3 units. Possible active countermeasures (asynchronous guide vane closing, stepped closing of spherical valve, or limiting the operation of the powerplant) as well as the structural (passive) countermeasure (hillchart modification through new PT hydraulic design) for mitigation of this problem will be discussed and investigated in detail.
Enhancement of rice α-amylase production in recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica

Abstract The productivity of recombinant rice α-amylase, a glycosylated protein with a molecular weight of 45 kDa, was improved by using a recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica strain harboring an integrative vector, pXOS103-In. While proteose peptone was found to be a good induer for the expression of α-amylase, ammonium sulfate was not. The optimal pH and specific growth rate for α-amylase production were 6.8 and 0.1 h −1 , respectively. The concentration of proteose peptone affected α-amylase expression when glycerol was used as a carbon source. The optimal ratio of glycerol to proteose peptone was found to be 2.5 for the fed-batch process. In a controlled fed-batch culture, addition of ammonium sulfate by pulse feeding in the production phase caused repression, but α-amylase production resumed after the residual ammonium ion was depleted. When recombinant Y. lipolytica was grown in a controlled fed-batch culture in 1.5- l fermentor, using the bioprocess control strategy developed in this work, a 28-fold increase in α-amylase productivity was obtained (350 mg/ l ) as compared with that in a batch culture (12 mg/ l ). Practically all the α-amylase produced was secreted into the medium; only a negligible amount of intracellular α-amylase was detected. Our bioprocess control strategy developed for a fed-batch culture using a recombinant Y. lipolytica strain can be applied to the overproduction of other recombinant proteins.
Detection of UV-Induced Pigmentary and Epidermal Changes Over Time Using In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy

In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) provides high-resolution optical sections of the skin in its native state, without needing to fix or section the tissue. Melanin provides an excellent contrast for RCM, giving a bright signal in the confocal images. The pigmented guinea-pig is a common animal model to study human pigment induction and modulation, as its tanning response is comparable to human tanning after exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We investigated the applicability of RCM to detecting UVR-induced pigmentary changes in this model. Animals were exposed to solar simulator radiation for 7 days. RCM was performed during the irradiation and follow-up period. Compared to non-irradiated skin, an increase in melanocyte size, dendricity, and number, as well as increased pigment in keratinocytes, was seen in the irradiated epidermis. Interestingly, these changes could be detected even before a tanning response was clinically visible. UVR-induced epidermal hyperplasia could also be detected and quantified. In conclusion, in vivo RCM is a sensitive non-invasive imaging technique that can repeatedly measure epidermal pigmentation and thickness, as demonstrated in the guinea-pig model. This technique should greatly enhance our appreciation of dynamic pigmentary changes in human or animal skin over time and in response to specific stimuli.
The Chiari Severity Index: a preoperative grading system for Chiari malformation type 1.

Background To develop evidence-based treatment guidelines for Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1), preoperative prognostic indices capable of stratifying patients for comparative trials are needed. Objective To develop a preoperative Chiari Severity Index (CSI) integrating the clinical and neuroimaging features most predictive of long-term patient-defined improvement in quality of life (QOL) after CM-1 surgery. Methods We recorded preoperative clinical (eg, headaches, myelopathic symptoms) and neuroimaging (eg, syrinx size, tonsillar descent) characteristics. Brief follow-up surveys were administered to assess overall patient-defined improvement in QOL. We used sequential sequestration to develop clinical and neuroimaging grading systems and conjunctive consolidation to integrate these indices to form the CSI. We evaluated statistical significance using the Cochran-Armitage test and discrimination using the C statistic. Results Our sample included 158 patients. Sequential sequestration identified headache characteristics and myelopathic symptoms as the most impactful clinical parameters, producing a clinical grading system with improvement rates ranging from 81% (grade 1) to 58% (grade 3) (P = .01). Based on sequential sequestration, the neuroimaging grading system included only the presence (55% improvement) or absence (74% improvement) of a syrinx ≥6 mm (P = .049). Integrating the clinical and neuroimaging indices, improvement rates for the CSI ranged from 83% (grade 1) to 45% (grade 3) (P = .002). The combined CSI had moderately better discrimination (c = 0.66) than the clinical (c = 0.62) or neuroimaging (c = 0.58) systems alone. Conclusion Integrating clinical and neuroimaging characteristics, the CSI is a novel tool that predicts patient-defined improvement after CM-1 surgery. The CSI may aid preoperative counseling and stratify patients in comparative effectiveness trials.
Crystal potential periodicity effects on the dynamics of fast charged particles and their emission of radiation

Abstract We present an overview of our comprehensive quantal theory of the dynamics of fast charged particles in crystals and of the radiation they emit. Unlike previous theoretical investigations in this field, ours takes account of the full three-dimensional periodicity of the crystal potential in all dynamical regimes of the particle motion through the crystal. We show that, contrary to prevailing assumptions, the periodicity of the crystal potential, both along the direction of propagation of the particle and transversely to it, give rise to important observable effects and cannot be ignored even for channeled particles. In particular, we show that channeled particles radiate via momentum transfer to the crystal in terms of reciprocal lattice vectors. Thus the spontaneous radiation spectrum predicted by our theory is much richer than what has been known hitherto.
Usefulness and limits of MODIS GPP for estimating wheat yield

Gross primary productivity (GPP) estimates derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are converted to wheat yield and compared with observed yield for counties, climate districts and entire states for the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons in Montana and North Dakota. Analyses revealed that progressive levels of spatial aggregation generally improved the relations between estimated and observed wheat yield. However, only state level yield estimates were sufficiently accurate (⩽ 5% deviation from observed yield). The statewide yield results were encouraging because they were derived without the use of retrospective empirical analyses, which constitutes a new opportunity for timely wheat yield estimates for large regions. Additionally, this study identifies six practical limits to estimating wheat yield using MODIS GPP. As a result we describe three suggestions for improving wheat yield estimates for scientists willing to re‐compute MODIS‐derived GPP estimates using regionally specif...
Identification of salivary proteins inhibiting herpes simplex virus 1 replication

Salivary proteins play an important role in the maintenance of the oral ecology. Previous studies have indicated that human submandibular-sublingual and parotid salivas can selectively suppress the in vitro infectivity of herpes simplex virus 1. The purpose of this study was to identify the salivary components in human submandibular-sublingual saliva that modulate in vitro infectivity. Assessment of the interaction of viral particles with salivary components was accomplished using an in vitro solid-phase assay. These experiments revealed that herpes simplex virus particles selectively interact with the members of the salivary proline-rich protein and cystatin families. Subsequent yield reduction assays demonstrated the ability of proline-rich proteins and salivary cystatins to inhibit the viral replication, with basic proline-rich peptides being more effective. Subsequent assays suggest that basic proline-rich peptides reduced the virus titer by interfering with penetration and/or cellular processing of virus within the target cell. Collectively, these results further suggest that salivary proteins have an important role in the host defense mechanism against recurrent herpesvirus infection.
Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson

This is an biography of Erik Erikson, American postwar psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist. Historian Lawrence J. Friedman illuminates the relationship between Erikson's personal life and his ideas. Erik Erikson acutely reshaped views of human development with his concept of identity and his eight-stage model of the human life-cycle.
Wavelength coincidence of allowed and intercombination multiplets in N III and O IV: A density and/or temperature diagnostic

Two multiplets of N III with different intensity dependence on source conditions fall in the same wavelength interval near 1750 A, and the analogous multiplets in O IV also lie close together. It is suggested that the multiplet pair can be useful for diagnostic purposes. The calculated ratios are consistent with available observations. A preliminary inspection of solar flare spectra shows the presence of the higher-density-indicating allowed multiple in O IV.
Some Basis Theorems for Integral Monoids

We consider sets of integer vectors containing the zero vector and closed under addition, the integral monoids, and provide conditions under which they contain a finite subset of integer vectors which generate the entire monoid as nonnegative integer combinations. The paper concludes with some applications to the theory of integer programming.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPOSITION OF C14-NOREPINEPHRINE IN PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS AND OTHER DERMATOSES.

The cause of atopic dermatitis has been variously attributed to allergic mechanisms, psychiatric disorders (1, 2, 13) and an unstable neurovegetative system (2, 13). These, as well as other theories (1, 1A) however, have not afforded satisfactory explanations of this complex disease.
Serum copper and zinc levels in melanoma patients

Serum copper levels (SCL) and serum zinc levels (SZL) were evaluated in malignant melanoma patients at various clinical stages. Copper levels were generally found to be elevated, reflecting the degree and extent of tumor activity. Zinc levels and, hence, SCL:SZL ratios did not reflect tumor activity. SCL appeared to prognosticate disease progression in that all patients whose values never declined below 150 ..mu..g/100 ml died during the course of the study. However, not all patients who died from tumor metastases displayed persistent elevations of SCL. Patients receiving BCG immunotherapy appeared to have higher SCL than untreated patients.
Interface Reaction and Atomic Transport During COSi2 Film Formation

The formation process of COSi2 films grown from Co deposited on a Si single crystal was investigated as a function of very short annealing times by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Information on the interfacial reactions and atomic transport phenomena was obtained from a microstructural analysis of the CoxSiy layers formed. It was demonstrated that Co is the dominant diffusion species during COSi2 formation. Co atoms are generated at the COSi2/COSi2 interface via the reaction 2CoSi=CoSi2+Co and diffuse to the COSi2/Si interface, where they react with Si by Co+2Si=CoSi2. Direct microscopic evidence indicates that diffusivity of Co atoms along a COSi2 grain boundary greatly exceeds that through the COSi2 lattice. The grain boundary diffusion coefficient is estimated to be up to 100 times larger than the lattice diffusion coefficient. On this basis the influence of grain size on COSi2 film formation is discussed.
Simulation model transformations for analog hardware description languages

Analog Hardware Description Languages (AHDLs) provide constructs for functional representation and modeling of analog systems. However, analog systems can be modeled in a number of different domains with multiple views. Furthermore, descriptions that span different domains can be interconnected when representing a complete system. For an underlying simulator, these interdomain connections require a set of semantics through which the models can be interpreted and the desired simulation can be carried out. This paper defines a set of operational semantics along with the simulation algorithms for this purpose.
Replacement for 30-Milliliter Flat-Bottomed, Glass-Stoppered, Round Bottles Used in VDRL Antigen Preparation

When the flat-bottomed, glass-stoppered, round bottle traditionally used to make VDRL antigen was discontinued, an appropriate substitute was needed. Although many laboratories have switched to one of the other nontreponemal tests for syphilis serology screening, the VDRL test remains the only approved procedure for testing spinal fluids of patients with possible neurosyphilis. We tested 25-ml glass-stoppered, convex-bottomed Erlenmeyer flasks to determine if these could be used as appropriate substitutes. We tested 52 reactive sera and 54 nonreactive sera by using one reference antigen prepared in the traditional flat-bottomed bottles and five antigens prepared in the Erlenmeyer flasks. Results with all serum samples were comparable. We also tested two lots of a commercial antigen plus an additional lot of reference antigen. Again there was no difference in the reactivity of the antigens. Therefore, we conclude that 25-ml glass-stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks can be used as an appropriate substitute for glass-stoppered, flat-bottomed, round glass bottles in the making of VDRL antigen.
The Long-Term Outcome of Fetally Diagnosed Uropathies

This retrospective study examines the postnatal management of 87 babies who were diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography as having some type of urologic abnormality. All of these infants were referred to our pediatric facilty for postnatal urologic care. Of the babies 66 were male and 21 were female. The types of abnormalities seen fall into several diagnostic categories. Urinary obstructions, either at the level of the kidney (UPJ obstruction) or at the ureterovesical junction (UVJ) were the most common diagnosis with 51% of all of the babies falling into either one of these groups. Vesicoureteral reflux was found to be the cause of the prenatal dilation in 18 patients (20.6%) of the total group. Duplication anomalies were present in 7 (8%) of the patients. Posterior urethral valves were found in 7 boys and the triad syndrome (prune belly) in another 4. Multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDk) were confirmed to be present by postnatal testing in 6 patients. Considering all of the patients, urologic operatio...
Psychobiography and the Psychology of Science: Understanding Relations Between the Life and Work of Individual Psychologists

This paper presents initial interpretive hypotheses about connections between the life and work of a number of eminent psychologists: Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Henry Murray, B. F. Skinner, and Paul Meehl. Each of these interpretations can be critically evaluated, revised and improved, leading to incrementally more adequate understanding of individual lives, interacting with advances in psychological theory and research. Psychobiographical studies of individual scientists are a valuable complement to experimental and correlational lines of research in the psychology of science. In the “Science Wars” of the 1990s, there was an apparent conflict between scientists and those in social studies of science. The psychology of science can contribute to this debate, exploring the ways in which scientific inquiry, social-political worlds, and personal-experiential processes construct each other over time.
Time dependence of PKP(BC)–PKP(DF) times: could this be an artifact of systematic earthquake mislocations?

Abstract Differential inner core rotation was first detected from time-dependent observations of differential travel times between PKP(DF) waves (which go through the inner core) and PKP(BC) waves (which turn at the bottom of the outer core) ( Song and Richards, 1996 ). Criticisms concerning the reported detection have been raised, the most significant one being the possible bias from potential systematic earthquake mislocations. In this study, I examine this issue by comparing both differential AB–BC and BC–DF times between pairs of events with similar locations and waveforms. The procedure is very similar to the “doublet” technique proposed recently by Poupinet et al. (2000) , who concluded that the time dependence of the BC–DF times from the earthquakes in South Sandwich Islands recorded at College, Alaska observed by Song and Richards (1996) is an artifact of earthquake mislocations. Because the difference in ray parameters between AB (another branch of PKP, which turns at the mid-outer core) and BC is more than twice the difference between BC and DF, systematic mislocations have much larger effect on differential AB–BC times than on differential BC–DF times. My analysis of similar event pairs for the South Sandwich Islands to College, Alaska path shows a clear time-dependence of increasing BC–DF times over time. The AB–BC times of these same event pairs do not show any increasing trend, rather, they show a decreasing trend. The results rule out the possibility that the observed time dependence of the BC–DF times is caused by earthquake mislocation, providing strong support for the differential inner core rotation.
Is the screening able to lower morbidity in the territory

Methods The screening program was based on three steps: A clinical examination was performed by the school physician and two specialists. Doubtful cases (presence of hump between the two sides of the torso as measured in the thoracic or thoracolumbar region with use of a humpmeter) were evaluated by an orthopedic specialist that prescribed clinical control every six months or X-ray examination. Classification of scoliosis and procedures for treatment. All patients were scheduled for a follow-up program and were evaluated in the subsequent three years. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 6.
Fair cost allocation mechanisms in electronic waste collection and recycling networks

The collection and recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) has become one of the key issues in environmental protection, and many state-operated programs have been launched to mandate the recycling of e-waste state-wide in the US. The costs incurred under the state-run operations are allocated to manufacturers according to collective Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) legislation which is widely adopted in e-waste programs. In this paper, we study the problem of allocating cost among manufacturers in a fair manner, which is essential for maintaining an efficient and stable state-operated program. We introduce a new cooperative game model where sub-coalitions can access external resources that are not owned by their members at predesigned unit prices. It is indicated in (Kalai and Zemel 1982) that the existence of external resources accessible to sub-coalitions may lead to an empty core of the resulting game and thus undermines the stability of a collaborative system. Our result shows that by proper pricing mechanisms of the external resources that are centrally controlled, such potential negative impacts on the coalition stability can be eliminated and a fair cost allocation is guaranteed to exist.
Robust network design for multispecies conservation

Our work is motivated by an important network design application in computational sustainability concerning wildlife conservation. In the face of human development and climate change, it is important that conservation plans for protecting landscape connectivity exhibit certain level of robustness. While previous work has focused on conservation strategies that result in a connected network of habitat reserves, the robustness of the proposed solutions has not been taken into account. In order to address this important aspect, we formalize the problem as a node-weighted bi-criteria network design problem with connectivity requirements on the number of disjoint paths between pairs of nodes. While in most previous work on survivable network design the objective is to minimize the cost of the selected network, our goal is to optimize the quality of the selected paths within a specified budget, while meeting the connectivity requirements. We characterize the complexity of the problem under different restrictions. We provide a mixed-integer programming encoding that allows for finding solutions with optimality guarantees, as well as a hybrid local search method with better scaling behavior but no guarantees. We evaluate the typical-case performance of our approaches using a synthetic benchmark, and apply them to a large-scale real-world network design problem concerning the conservation of wolverine and lynx populations in the U.S. Rocky Mountains (Montana).
Trajectories and Predictors of Sexually Aggressive Behaviors During Emerging Adulthood

Objective: To assess longitudinal trajectories of college males' sexually aggressive behaviors and determine time-varying individual- and peer-level risk factors that differentiate men who follow these different paths. Method: Our analytic sample consisted of 795 men who participated in a longitudinal study on high-risk behaviors among college students. The sample was surveyed at the end of each of their 4 years at university on a variety of measures, including sexual aggression (SA) and its hypothesized risk factors (hostile masculinity, number of sexual partners, alcohol misuse, and peer norms). Results: Using latent growth mixture modeling, we found four distinct SA trajectories: (a) consistently high, (b) decreasing, (c) increasing, and (d) consistently low. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that hostile masculinity and peer norms positively predicted trajectory membership at times when each trajectory reflected a high level of SA. Conclusions: Our study adds to the knowledge base by elucidating the different ways sexually aggressive behaviors change during emerging adulthood and how confluence-model-derived factors predict the different trajectories. The finding that changes over time in these risk factors correspond with SA perpetration risk informs prevention programming by illuminating the importance of continual focus on these risk factors throughout the college years, perhaps through annual self-assessments.
Properties of TiN for Detector and Amplifier Applications

We have experimentally explored and carefully characterized the important properties of TiN, including the resistivity, nonlinear kinetic inductance, the anomalous electro-dynamical response, and the two-level-system induced frequency shift and noise. We suggest that some of these properties, which are not well understood and are different from conventional superconductors, need further study and special consideration in kinetic inductance detector and parametric amplifier applications.
A KLF4-miRNA-206 autoregulatory feedback loop can promote or inhibit protein translation depending upon cell context.

Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor that regulates cell fate in a context-dependent fashion, is normally induced upon growth arrest or differentiation. In many cancer cells there is dysregulation, with increased expression in proliferating cells. To identify sequence elements that mediate KLF4 suppression in normal epithelial cells, we utilized a luciferase reporter and RK3E cells, which undergo a proliferation-differentiation switch to form an epithelial sheet. A translational control element (TCE) within the KLF4 3′-untranslated region interacted with microRNAs (miRs) 206 and 344-1 to promote or inhibit KLF4 expression, respectively, in proliferating epithelial cells. Overall, the TCE suppressed expression in proliferating primary human mammary epithelial cells, but this suppressive effect was attenuated in immortalized mammary epithelial MCF10A cells, in which Dicer1 and miR-206 promoted KLF4 expression and TCE reporter activity. In contrast to MCF10A cells, in breast cancer cells the activity of miR-206 was switched, and it repressed KLF4 expression and TCE reporter activity. As miR-206 levels were KLF4 dependent, the results identify a KLF4–miR-206 feedback pathway that oppositely affects protein translation in normal cells and cancer cells. In addition, the results indicate that two distinct miRs can have opposite and competing effects on translation in proliferating cells.
Pristimerin Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Down-regulating Bcl-2 through ROS-dependent Ubiquitin-proteasomal Degradation Pathway.

Pristimerin is a quinonemethide triterpenoid with the potential of a promising anticancer agent. Pristimerin (PM) has shown anticancer activity against a range of cancer cell lines, but its activity for prostate cancer has not been adequately investigated. In the present study we have examined the underlying mechanisms of the apoptotic response of the hormone-sensitive (LNCaP) and hormone-refractory (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines to PM. Treatment with PM induced apoptosis in both cell lines as characterized by increased annexin V-binding and cleavage of PARP-1 and procaspases-3 and -9. It also induced mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release from mitochondria and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Response to PM is regulated by Bcl-2 since it down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and overexpression of Bcl-2 rendered prostate cancer cells resistant to PM. ROS plays a role in down-regulation of Bcl-2, since treatment with PM in the presence of various ROS modulators, e.g., n-acetylcysteine (NAC), a general purpose antioxidant; diphenylene iodonium (DPI), a NADPH inhibitor; rotenone (ROT), a mitochondrial electron transport chain interrupter rotenone or MnTBAP, a O2 scavenger, attenuated the down-regulation of Bcl-2. Furthermore, ROS is also involved in the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Bcl-2 as both of these events were blocked by O2 - scavenger MnTBAP. Thus, pristimerin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells predominately through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by inhibiting antiapoptic Bcl-2 through a ROS-dependent ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway
Allosteric Modulation of Ca2+ flux in Ligand-gated Cation Channel (P2X4) by Actions on Lateral Portals

Human P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that transport Na+, K+, and Ca2+ across cell surface membranes. The P2X4 receptor is unique among family members in its sensitivity to the macrocyclic lactone, ivermectin, which allosterically modulates both ion conduction and channel gating. In this paper we show that removing the fixed negative charge of a single acidic amino acid (Glu51) in the lateral entrance to the transmembrane pore markedly attenuates the effect of ivermectin on Ca2+ current and channel gating. Ca2+ entry through P2X4 receptors is known to trigger downstream signaling pathways in microglia. Our experiments show that the lateral portals could present a novel target for drugs in the treatment of microglia-associated disease including neuropathic pain.
Gold(I) Styrylbenzene, Distyrylbenzene, and Distyrylnaphthalene Complexes: High Emission Quantum Yields at Room Temperature

One gold(I)-substituted styrylbenzene, six digold(I) distyrylbenzenes, one tetragold distyrylbenzene, and four digold distyrylnaphthalene complexes were synthesized using base-promoted auration, alkynylation, triazolate formation, and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions. The gold(I) fragments are either σ-bonded to the aromatic system, or they are attached through an alkynyl or triazolate spacer. Product formation was monitored using (31)P{(1)H} NMR spectroscopy. Systems in which gold(I) binds to the central benzene ring or the terminal phenyl rings were designed. All of these complexes have strong ultraviolet absorptions and emit blue light. The position of the gold(I) attachment influences the luminescence efficiency. Complexes with two gold(I) fragments attached to the ends of the conjugated system have fluorescence quantum yields up to 0.94, when using 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin as the emission standard. Density-functional theory calculations on three high-yielding emitters suggest that luminescence originates from the distyrylbenzene or -naphthalene bridge.
Human head-neck computational model for assessing blast injury.

A human head finite element model (HHFEM) was developed to study the effects of a blast to the head. To study both the kinetic and kinematic effects of a blast wave, the HHFEM was attached to a finite element model of a Hybrid III ATD neck. A physical human head surrogate model (HSHM) was developed from solid model files of the HHFEM, which was then attached to a physical Hybrid III ATD neck and exposed to shock tube overpressures. This allowed direct comparison between the HSHM and HHFEM. To develop the temporal and spatial pressures on the HHFEM that would simulate loading to the HSHM, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the HHFEM in front of a shock tube was generated. CFD simulations were made using loads equivalent to those seen in experimental studies of the HSHM for shock tube driver pressures of 517, 690 and 862 kPa. Using the selected brain material properties, the peak intracranial pressures, temporal and spatial histories of relative brain–skull displacements and the peak relative brain–skull displacements in the brain of the HHFEM compared favorably with results from the HSHM. The HSHM sensors measured the rotations of local areas of the brain as well as displacements, and the rotations of the sensors in the sagittal plane of the HSHM were, in general, correctly predicted from the HHFEM. Peak intracranial pressures were between 70 and 120 kPa, while the peak relative brain–skull displacements were between 0.5 and 3.0 mm.
A New Approach to Measuring the Action Spectrum for Singlet Oxygen Production by Human Retinal Lipofuscin

The human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer contains a complex mixture of components called lipofuscin; this mixture forms with age and with various genetic disorders such as Stargardt's disease. Its presence may contribute to retinal deterioration via several mechanisms including photochemical processes. In the lipofuscin mixture, both type I and II mechanisms have been identified, with the latter consisting of the generation of singlet oxygen. Several components of that mixture have been identified, most notably a bis-retinoid pyridinium compound called A2E and its derivatives. Photooxidative studies on the compound A2E have revealed that its dominant photochemical mechanism is via free radical or type I processes. Because singlet oxygen is an important photooxidative intermediate in tissue, its generation in the RPE may contribute to retinal maculopathies. It is therefore necessary to determine which specific component(s) in the lipofuscin mixture produce singlet oxygen upon excitation with light. This was ascertained by evaluating the action spectrum for singlet oxygen production for the whole lipofuscin mixture using time-resolved spectroscopy. Singlet oxygen was generated by excitation of the sample at different wavelengths while maintaining a constant beam energy, and was directly detected by its phosphorescence decay at 1270 nm using a Ge photodiode. The action spectrum for singlet oxygen sensitization by the organic soluble portion of lipofuscin had an absorption maximum at ca 380 nm, which is to the blue of A2E (maximum at 430 nm). Compounds with a similar absorption maximum eluted in the HPLC earlier than A2E and were detected in human lipofuscin. The concentration of this component apparently increased in concentration in human RPE lipofuscin mixture as a function of age up to 90 years old.
The retinal determination gene, dachshund, is required for mushroom body cell differentiation

The dachshund gene of Drosophila encodes a putative transcriptional regulator required for eye and leg development. We show here that dachshund is also required for normal brain development. The mushroom bodies of dachshund mutants exhibit a marked reduction in the number of (a) lobe axons, a disorganization of axons extending into horizontal lobes, and aberrant projections into brain areas normally unoccupied by mushroom body processes. The phenotypes become pronounced during pupariation, suggesting that dachshund function is required during this period. GAL4-mediated expression of dachshund in the mushroom bodies rescues the mushroom body phenotypes. Moreover, dachshund mutant mushroom body clones in an otherwise wild-type brain exhibit the phenotypes, indicating an autonomous role for dachshund. Although eyeless, like dachshund, is preferentially expressed in the mushroom body and is genetically upstream of dachshund for eye development, no interaction of these genes was detected for mushroom body development. Thus, dachshund functions in the developing mushroom body neurons to ensure their proper differentiation.
Pu-239 (n, 2n) Pu-238 cross-section deduced using a combination of experiment and theory

The ${}^{239}\mathrm{Pu}{(n,2n)}^{238}\mathrm{Pu}$ cross section has been deduced using a combination of measured partial $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cross sections and enhanced Hauser-Feshbach reaction modeling from threshold to ${E}_{n}l~20 \mathrm{MeV}.$ Eight ${}^{239}\mathrm{Pu}(n,2n\ensuremath{\gamma}{)}^{238}\mathrm{Pu}$ partial $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cross sections were measured using the GEANIE spectrometer, the time-of-flight technique, and energetic neutrons produced at the LANSCE/WNR facility. The $(n,2n)$ cross section was obtained by multiplying the sum of observed noncoincident partial $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cross sections by the calculated ratio of the $(n,2n)$ cross section divided by the sum of the same partial $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cross sections. A comparison between the data and model calculations indicates potential deficiencies in the modeling of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cascade.
“Making Do” Decisions How Home Healthcare Personnel Manage Their Exposure to Home Hazards

This study describes the decision-making processes home healthcare personnel (HHP) use to manage their personal health and safety when managing hazards in client homes. A professionally diverse national sample of 68 HHP participated in individual semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, and described their decision making and strategies for hazard management in their work environments. HHP described 353 hazard management dilemmas within 394 specifically identified hazards, which were clustered within three broader categories: electrical/fire, slip/trip/lift, and environmental exposures. HHP described multiple types of "making do" decisions for hazard management solutions in which perceived and actual resource limitations constrained response options. A majority of hazard management decisions in the broader hazards categories (72.5%, 68.5%, and 63.5%, respectively) were classifiable as less than optimal. These findings stress the need for more support of HHPs, including comprehensive training, to improve HHP decision making and hazard management strategies, especially in context of resource constraints.
Complex Socio-Economic Systems in Regional Science

In this chapter, we will concentrate ourselves on the forms of complication and self-organization in linear spatial socio-economic systems. The description of the catastrophic effects of appearance of new information and new emerging properties in the states of the linear spatial socio-economic systems will be in a center of our considerations. An important predecessor in studies of linear economic structures was Goodwin (1983), who stated that “…economies are so impossibly complex as to defy any completely satisfactory analysis: rather the best can be hoped for a number of different approaches, each of which yields valuable but incomplete insights into the various aspects of the system. Thus ‘general equilibrium’ theory, whilst in principle admirable, always has seems to me be so ‘general’ as to be largely vacuous and even capable of diverting attention from important matters. By contrast Keynesian theory and cycle theory, for all their crudity, attracted me because of the usable practical results. Yet they lump together inhomogeneous elements into aggregates, which cannot be expected to yield empirically valid relationships. Making some sort of practical compromise by disaggregating, one is bound to be dealing with a complicated system with a large number of variables. A large system can yield little results unless it is linear. Therefore I was attracted to linear systems and in particular to the simplicities of Leontief’s input-output method which appeared to be capable of demonstrating some of the virtues as well as some of the faults of both the Keynesian and the Walrasian types of analysis& . The neoclassical economics made a tangible advance in the subtlety and realism of their analysis, but they tended to lose sight of the larger issues and sweep of the classical economists. Linear disaggregated systems seem to me to constitute a fruitful compromise between the virtues of these two divergent methodologies” (Goodwin, 1983, Preface, p. vi.).
Caregiver Perception, Self-efficacy, and Knowledge of Methadone Tapers for Children With Iatrogenic Opioid Abstinence Syndrome

Background: There are no definitive guidelines regarding the management of iatrogenic opioid abstinence syndrome (IOAS), but methadone tapers are one common approach. Methadone tapers can be comple...
Structure of the Human Reovirus Virion at 9.6Å Resolution

Reovirus (family Reoviridae) is a large, icosahedral dsRNA virus with a diameter of ~850A and a molecular mass of 129.5 MDa.[1] Reovirus virions are composed of eight proteins (σ1, σ2, σ3, μ1, μ2, λ1, λ2, λ3) and ten genome segments, which also code for three non-structural proteins (μNS, σNS, and σ1s). Six hundred copies each of σ3 and μ1 are organized in the outer capsid in an incomplete, T=13l icosahedral lattice as 200 μ1 3 σ3 3 heterohexamers. The σ3 and μ1 proteins, which serve viral “protectin” and “penetrin” roles [2], are sequentially degraded by proteolysis inside endo/lysosomes. These events lead to release of the transcriptionally active reovirus core into the cytoplasm. The T=1 core, in addition to the genome, contains a shell (120 λ1, 150 σ2) and twelve pentameric turrets (60 λ2) and approximately 12-24 copies of the viral transcriptase (μ2, λ3) which produce mRNA transcripts.[3] The σ1 protein, which contains the receptor recognition function and confers tissue tropism, occurs as twelve trimers associated with the λ2 turrets in