cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Trajectory Representation for Scientific Features

In this article, we present trajectory representation algorithms for tangible features found in temporally varying scientific datasets. Rather than modeling the features as points, we take attributes like shape and extent of the feature into account. Our contention is that these attributes play an important role in understanding the temporal evolution and interactions among features. The proposed representation scheme is based on motion and shape parameters including linear velocity, angular velocity, etc. We use these parameters to segment the trajectory instead of relying on the geometry of the trajectory. We evaluate our algorithms on real datasets originating from different domains. We show the accuracy of the motion and shape parameter estimation by reconstructing the trajectories with high accuracy. Finally, we present performance and scalability results.
Diagnosis and Screening for Psychotic Disorders in a Study of the Homeless

In a survey of homeless men, the authors found that screening scales for psychotic symptoms (Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Instrument) and signs (6-item scale of observational ratings) predicted a rating of psychosis (possible, probable, or definite) on a diagnostic interview (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R: Psychotic Disorders) reasonably well, in a sample where psychosis was common. Although the two scales performed well when used in conjunction, neither scale showed adequate predictive power when used alone. The authors conclude that screening for psychotic disorders in community studies is feasible for some purposes. They suggest approaches to the use of diagnostic interviews and screening scales in future community studies that might enhance the interpretability as results as well as the efficacy of screening.
Research on technology and teacher education: Current status and future directions

Within the context of a brief history of information technology in teacher education (ITTE), current research on ITTE is reviewed. It is argued that ITTE research can be categorized into three paradigms: empirical, critical, and interpretive. The need for a clear, multi-paradigmatic approach for future work is emphasized. Examples of exemplary work are cited. Conclusions suggest needs for more sharing of information of “islands of excellence” in work on technology in teacher education, more case studies on diffusion of innovation, more emphasis on bias-related findings from critical theory, and more development and dissemination of resources and tools for using technology effectively in teacher education. Recommendations for further work in the area also include emphasizing instructional design (ID) work to create innovations and recognizing the need for grounded, reflective papers on innovative approaches that have been implemented and studied over several years.
Central neurogenic hyperventilation in invasive laryngeal carcinoma.

We describe a patient with central neurogenic hyperventilation secondary to extension of a laryngeal tumor into the base of the brain, resulting in extrinsic compression of the medulla. Such an association has not been previously described. Unique features which distinguish this patient from previously reported cases are emphasized. Possible mechanisms involved in pathogenesis, as well as types of therapy, are outlined. (Chest 1991; 99:767–69)
The kinematics of motion planning for multilegged vehicles over uneven terrain

A motion planning algorithm for uneven-terrain locomotion for a multilegged vehicle is described. The algorithm has been developed based on the vehicle/terrain kinematic relationships. The vehicle model is chosen from a hexapod vehicle, named the Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV), which has been constructed at Ohio State University (OSU) and is currently being tested. A simple body-regulation plan has been designed based on the local slope of the terrain and should increase the safety and adaptability of the vehicle. The local terrain is estimated by using the support points of the supporting legs and proximity information from the transfer legs. The adjustment of the position and dimensions of the constrained working volume for each leg, which increases the vehicle stability over sloped terrain, is discussed. The algorithm has been implemented in simulation on a PDP-11/70 minicomputer, from which test results are given. >
The functional nature of police reform: The ‘myth’ of controlling the police

For at least fifty years, major movements attempted to reform police and their institutions through professionalization, policy making, and administrative decentralization. One major goal of these efforts was to subordinate street officer discretion to bureaucratic due process. Some recent evidence suggests that such reforms produced primarily the appearance of change without fundamentally altering the status quo. An alternative hypothesis is proposed: Reformers ignored the functional nature of the police role as community-based, extra-constitutional in peacekeeping situations, and reflective of the values related to the maintenance of order. It may be that liberal society solves the anomaly of the police function by fostering the myth that police are subordinate to due process constraints, while leaving them relatively free in a practical sense to respond to the need for order maintenance and peacekeeping. Effective handling of disorder may require police autonomy, while attempting to subordinate them to...
Pillaging the Tombs of Noncanonical Texts: Technical Writing and the Evolution of English Style

Contrary to literary historians, humanist influences did not produce modern English prose style. Instead, technical or utilitarian discourse is inextricable from the development of modern English prose style. Modern English resulted from written text shaped by five factors: (a) brevity induced from accounting/administrative format; (b) aural/oral-based text, written to be heard and seen, that produced conversational style; (c) persistence of indigenous subject-verb-object syntax found in the earliest English documents; (d) a growing Renaissance book market of literate middle-class readers responding to speech-based prose; and (e) English scriptural renditions of the late Renaissance that associated colloquial speech with Protestantism. Of all writing produced before 1700, only a small amount was humanistic; the bulk was utilitarian. The Royal Society’s demand for “plain English” prevailed because the call for precise language by these early scientists reflected the indigenous nature of a plain English tha...
SLC4A2-mediated Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity is essential for calpain-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in osteoclasts

Bone remodeling requires osteoclasts to generate and maintain an acidified resorption compartment between the apical membrane and the bone surface to solubilize hydroxyapatite crystals within the bone matrix. This acidification process requires (i) apical proton secretion by a vacuolar H+-ATPase, (ii) actin cytoskeleton reorganization into a podosome belt that forms a gasket to restrict lacunar acid leakage, and (iii) basolateral chloride uptake and bicarbonate extrusion by an anion exchanger to provide Cl− permissive for apical acid secretion while preventing cytoplasmic alkalinization. Here we show that osteoclast-targeted deletion in mice of solute carrier family 4 anion exchanger member 2 (Slc4a2) results in osteopetrosis. We further demonstrate a previously unrecognized consequence of SLC4A2 loss of function in the osteoclast: dysregulation of calpain-dependent podosome disassembly, leading to abnormal actin belt formation, cell spreading, and migration. Rescue of SLC4A2-deficient osteoclasts with functionally defined mutants of SLC4A2 indicates regulation of actin cytoskeletal reorganization by anion-exchange activity and intracellular pH, independent of SLC4A2’s long N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. These data suggest that maintenance of intracellular pH in osteoclasts through anion exchange regulates the actin superstructures required for bone resorption.
Molecular mapping of the Pl(16) downy mildew resistance gene from HA-R4 to facilitate marker-assisted selection in sunflower.

The major genes controlling sunflower downy mildew resistance have been designated as Pl genes. Ten of the more than 20 Pl genes reported have been mapped. In this study, we report the molecular mapping of gene Pl 16 in a sunflower downy mildew differential line, HA-R4. It was mapped on the lower end of linkage group (LG) 1 of the sunflower reference map, with 12 markers covering a distance of 78.9 cM. One dominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, ORS1008, co-segregated with Pl 16 , and another co-dominant expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR marker, HT636, was located 0.3 cM proximal to the Pl 16 gene. The HT636 marker was also closely linked to the Pl 13 gene in another sunflower differential line, HA-R5. Thus the Pl 16 and Pl 13 genes were mapped to a similar position on LG 1 that is different from the previously reported Pl 14 gene. When the co-segregating and tightly linked markers for the Pl 16 gene were applied to other germplasms or hybrids, a unique band pattern for the ORS1008 marker was detected in HA-R4 and HA-R5 and their F1 hybrids. This is the first report to provide two tightly linked markers for both the Pl 16 and Pl 13 genes, which will facilitate marker-assisted selection in sunflower resistance breeding, and provide a basis for the cloning of these genes.
Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-based selection strategy for gene therapy of chronic granulomatous disease and graft-vs.-host disease

Efficient ex vivo/in vivo selection of genetically modified hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) and T lymphocytes could greatly improve several gene therapy strategies. We have previously reported that primary murine HPCs, transduced with a bicistronic retroviral vector, co-expressing the catalytic subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCSh) and eGFP, could be selected by l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). Upon ex vivo transduction with a low, defined gene dosage and BSO selection, HPCs were able to repopulate the bone marrow of syngeneic myeloablated hosts, showing multi-lineage expression [Hum Gene Ther, 16 (2005), 711]. We now provide 'proof-of-principle' that the same strategy can be applied to the gene therapy of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) subsequent to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), and of chromosome X-associated chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Transfer of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-Tk) 'suicide' gene into donor T lymphocytes is a potential method to control GVHD after ABMT. However, an efficient selection system is required to eliminate non-HSV-Tk-expressing T lymphocytes before administration to the patient. We now report that, upon transduction with a retroviral vector, co-expressing gamma-GCSh and eGFP, and subsequent selection by BSO, over 95% human T lymphocytes were found to express eGFP; moreover, upon transduction with a novel retroviral vector co-expressing gamma-GCSh and HSV-Tk, and subsequent BSO treatment, over 95% of T lymphocytes could be eliminated by ganciclovir. The efficacy of the gamma-GCSh-BSO selection strategy was then tested on an in vitro model of CGD. Upon transduction of gp91 (phox)-deficient PLBKO cells with a novel bicistronic retroviral vector co-expressing human gp91 (phox) and gamma-GCSh, exposure to BSO for 48 h eliminated most non-transduced cells, resulting in selection of gp91 (phox)-expressing cells, and reconstitution of NADPH oxidase activity.
An interface reconstruction method based on an analytical formula for 3D arbitrary convex cells

In this paper, we are interested in an interface reconstruction method for 3D arbitrary convex cells that could be used in multi-material flow simulations for instance. We assume that the interface is represented by a plane whose normal vector is known and we focus on the volume-matching step that consists in finding the plane constant so that it splits the cell according to a given volume fraction. We follow the same approach as in the recent authors' publication for 2D arbitrary convex cells in planar and axisymmetrical geometries, namely we derive an analytical formula for the volume of the specific prismatoids obtained when decomposing the cell using the planes that are parallel to the interface and passing through all the cell nodes. This formula is used to bracket the interface plane constant such that the volume-matching problem is rewritten in a single prismatoid in which the same formula is used to find the final solution. The proposed method is tested against an important number of reproducible configurations and shown to be at least five times faster.
Climate science: A history of Greenland's ice loss

Aerial photographs, remote-sensing observations and geological evidence together provide a reconstruction of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet since 1900 — a great resource for climate scientists. See Letter p.396 The Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) is losing mass at an accelerating rate, contributing to global sea level rise. But are the present rates unusual, compared to twentieth-century variability? It has been difficult to answer this question because of the shortage of observations before the late twentieth century. Kurt Kjaer and colleagues address this data gap by analysing a collection of aerial photographs taken in the 1980s. The photos reveal both the maximum extent of the ice at the end of the Little Ice Age — from trimlines — and its position at the time the images were taken. The change is inferred by the difference. Incorporating this work with modern observations and models, the authors show that the Greenland Ice Sheet lost mass over the entire twentieth century, but that the recent rate of loss is more than double the earlier rates. Most of the accelerated loss has been caused by changes in surface mass balance, rather than through changes in the way the ice sheet is moving, which has remained approximately constant.
Paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 14 in a patient with a normal 46,XY karyotype

Chromosome 14 demonstrates imprinting with differing phenotypes for both maternal and paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Although only 11 cases of paternal uniparental disomy 14 (patUPD14) have been reported, a distinct clinically recognizable syndrome has emerged. The major features are polyhydramnios, small thorax, mildly short limbs, abdominal wall defects, and characteristic face with short palpebral fissures, broad flat nasal bridge, prominent philtrum, and small ears. Radiographically, the chest is bell-shaped and the ribs are distinctive with caudal bowing anteriorly and cranial bowing posteriorly. Several affected infants have died from respiratory failure. The survivors have short stature and mental retardation. The initial cases were all recognized because of translocations involving chromosome 14. Subsequently, several patients with a similar phenotype and normal chromosomes have been reported, including two with mixed iso- and hetero-disomy as well as one with segmental UPD14. Our patient is the first with pure paternal isodisomy 14 in the absence of a translocation. We present additional clinical information, review the literature, and discuss mechanisms that may explain paternal isodisomy 14 in our chromosomally normal patient. Paternal UPD14 with normal karyotype may be more common than previously suspected and may be overlooked unless recognition of the clinical phenotype prompts investigation for UPD.
Comprehensive Numerical Modeling of the Blast Furnace Ironmaking Process

Blast furnaces are counter-current chemical reactors, widely utilized in the ironmaking industry. Hot reduction gases injected from lower regions of the furnace ascend, reacting with the descending burden. Through this reaction process, iron ore is reduced into liquid iron that is tapped from the furnace hearth. Due to the extremely harsh environment inside the blast furnace, it is difficult to measure or observe internal phenomena during operation. Through the collaboration between steel companies and the Center for Innovation through Visualization and Simulation, multiple computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been developed to simulate the complex multiphase reacting flow in the three regions of the furnace, the shaft, the raceway, and the hearth. The models have been used effectively to troubleshoot and optimize blast furnace operations. In addition, the CFD models have been integrated with virtual reality. An interactive virtual blast furnace has been developed for training purpose. This paper summarizes the developments and applications of blast furnace CFD models and the virtual blast furnace.
Use of the Rorschach in Forensic Practice

A review of recent survey data indicates that the Rorschach test is used moderately often by forensic practitioners. Several guidelines may improve testimony on the test.
Derivative-Free Output Feedback Adaptive Control

This paper presents an output feedback adaptive control architecture for continuoustime uncertain dynamical systems based on state observer and derivative-free delayed weight update law. The assumption of constant unknown ideal weights is generalized to the existence of time-varying weights without assuming the existence of their derivatives in a time interval. As a result, this approach is particularly well suited for adaptation in the presence of sudden change in uncertain system dynamics, such as might be due to reconfiguration, deployment of a payload, docking, structural damage, or there is a difficult to model disturbance. Using a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, it is proven that the error dynamics are uniformly ultimately bounded, without the need for modification terms in the adaptive law. The complexity of the proposed approach is less than many other output feedback adaptive control architectures available in the literature and it can be used to augment an existing state observer based linear controller.
Research without billing data. Econometric estimation of patient-specific costs.

OBJECTIVES This article describes a method for computing the cost of care provided to individual patients in health care systems that do not routinely generate billing data, but gather information on patient utilization and total facility costs. METHODS Aggregate data on cost and utilization were used to estimate how costs vary with characteristics of patients and facilities of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. A set of cost functions was estimated, taking advantage of the department-level organization of the data. Casemix measures were used to determine the costs of acute hospital and long-term care. RESULTS Hospitalization for medical conditions cost an average of $5,642 per US Health Care Financing Administration diagnosis-related group weight; surgical hospitalizations cost $11,836. Nursing home care cost $197.33 per day, intermediate care cost $280.66 per day, psychiatric care cost $307.33 per day, and domiciliary care cost $111.84 per day. Outpatient visits cost an average of $90.36. These estimates include the cost of physician services. CONCLUSIONS The econometric method presented here accounts for variation in resource use caused by casemix that is not reflected in length of stay and for the effects of medical education, research, facility size, and wage rates. Data on non-Veteran's Affairs hospital stays suggest that the method accounts for 40% of the variation in acute hospital care costs and is superior to cost estimates based on length of stay or diagnosis-related group weight alone.
Two-Generation Psychiatric Intervention in the Prevention of Early Childhood Maltreatment Recidivism.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes experience and early outcomes of a two-generation approach to preventive psychiatric care in the common setting of foster care, in which young children in particular are at extreme high-risk for child maltreatment and its long-term consequences. Currently there exist few reimbursable mechanisms by which to implement what has been shown to offset risk for maltreatment recidivism among families in the child welfare system. This represents a missed opportunity for the prevention of psychopathology in childhood. METHODS: The manuscript briefly reviews the current literature on child maltreatment as a preventable cause of psychopathology, discusses current best practices for its prevention in the setting of foster care, and describes the experience and early outcomes of a two-generation clinical psychiatric service, the SYNCHRONY Project, developed at Washington University and based on the Tulane model described by Zeanah et al. (2001). RESULTS: In comparison to an historic cohort of 247 young children in foster care in St. Louis County whose cases were closed prior to the launch of the SYNCHRONY Project, we observed among program participants significant reductions in time in foster care, despite the fact that the referred cases were at substantially higher risk than an average historic case. Serial standardized observations of the children and families in the program revealed improved adaptive functioning of the children, improvement in parenting practices of the parents as a function of evidence-based parenting education (provided as a component of intervention), and extremely low rates of maltreatment recidivism. CONCLUSION: Two-generation psychiatric care, including evidence-based parenting education, can be successfully implemented among infants and young children at extreme high risk, was associated with steady improvement in adaptive and relational functioning of parent-child dyads, and represents a promising intervention for the prevention of child maltreatment recidivism in public health practice. Language: en
Abstract 2464: Disrupting the epigenetic modifier HMGA2 in DIPG and GBM inhibits tumor invasion, growth and tumorigenicity

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and glioblastoma (GBM) are lethal, incurable brain tumors with poor prognosis. Identifying and targeting novel molecular markers regulating tumor invasion and growth can lead to development of better therapies. HMGA2, a minor-groove DNA-binding protein, is a transcriptional modulator in normal and cancer stem cells. We hypothesized that HMGA2 contributes to pediatric high grade glioma invasion and tumorigenicity through its ability to alter the transcription of large numbers of genes. We found increased expression of HMGA2 in a subset of GBM and DIPG tumors by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We confirmed this result in multiple patient-derived tumor cell lines, including 3 DIPG neurosphere cell lines. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated reduction of HMGA2 in GBM cells significantly reduced invasion in transwell assay and colony formation in soft agar assay (shHMGA2 vs. shControl, P Citation Format: Harpreet Kaur, Marianne Hutt-Cabezas, Isabella Taylor, Melanie Weingart, Fausto Rodriguez, Charles G. Eberhart, Eric H. Raabe. Disrupting the epigenetic modifier HMGA2 in DIPG and GBM inhibits tumor invasion, growth and tumorigenicity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2464.
Three-Dimensional Scaffold Fabrication with Inverse Photolithography

In recent years, tissue engineering has been utilized as an alternative approach to organ transplantation. Success rate of tissue regeneration influenced by the biomaterials, cell sources, growth factors and scaffold fabrication. Design and precise fabrication of scaffolds are required to support cells to expand and migrate to 3D environment. Common scaffold fabrication techniques use heat, adhesives, molds or light. In this research, “inverse-photolithography” which is a light based fabrication technique was used to generate the scaffolds. In order to control the interior architecture of the scaffold “a single vertical strut” and “a y-shape” were fabricated with the 3D printer by using the dissolvable filament. Then, the strut and the y-shape were immersed into the photo-curable solution which is poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and photo-initiator mixture. UV light with the 365nm wavelength was placed up-side down under the solution. Photo-curable mixture was exposed to the UV light for 3 minutes to cure the entire scaffold. Solidified scaffold with the strut and y-shape inside was kept in the limonene solution. Limonene penetrated through the open ended strut and y-shape and it dissolved the 3D printed strut and y-shape away leaving the fabricated PEGDA based scaffolds. This preliminary research showcases, the 3D scaffolds with the controlled interior design, can be fabricated with the “inverse-photolithography” technique.
Design of Imaginary Spectrum of LTI Systems with Delays to Manipulate Stability Regions

This chapter is on the design problem of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with delays. Our recent studies on the use of algebraic techniques, namely resultant and iterated discriminants operations, in connection with the well-known Rekasius transformation implemented on the system characteristic equation already revealed that it is indeed possible to compute the exact range of the imaginary spectrum of such systems. This know-how, which is the key toward understanding the stabilty/instability decomposition of the system, is utilized here to craft the imaginary spectrum of LTI systems with multiple delays, specifically with the aim to manipulate stability regions in a systematic manner in the delay parameter space.
Machine Learning and Medical Imaging

Machine Learning and Medical Imaging presents state-of- the-art machine learning methods in medical image analysis. It first summarizes cutting-edge machine learning algorithms in medical imaging, including not only classical probabilistic modeling and learning methods, but also recent breakthroughs in deep learning, sparse representation/coding, and big data hashing. In the second part leading research groups around the world present a wide spectrum of machine learning methods with application to different medical imaging modalities, clinical domains, and organs. The biomedical imaging modalities include ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), histology, and microscopy images. The targeted organs span the lung, liver, brain, and prostate, while there is also a treatment of examining genetic associations. Machine Learning and Medical Imaging is an ideal reference for medical imaging researchers, industry scientists and engineers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and clinicians. Demonstrates the application of cutting-edge machine learning techniques to medical imaging problems Covers an array of medical imaging applications including computer assisted diagnosis, image guided radiation therapy, landmark detection, imaging genomics, and brain connectomics Features self-contained chapters with a thorough literature review Assesses the development of future machine learning techniques and the further application of existing techniques
Weight Gain in Psychiatric Inpatients: Are Interventions Making a Positive Impact?

Objective The negative impact of weight gain is a common problem facing all patients, but it is especially concerning in the seriously mentally ill population. The literature is replete with interventions to mitigate weight gain in this population; however, most focus on outpatient settings. This study was undertaken to quantify weight gain in an inpatient setting and to assess whether instituted interventions to reduce weight gain were effective. Methods This retrospective study analyzed weight changes in adult psychiatric inpatients with length of stay of 30 days or more. Data regarding weight changes were collected from records before (July 2005 to June 2006) a hospital-wide policy change to combat weight gain and after (July 2013 to June 2014) the changes were instituted. A total of 537 charts were reviewed. Results Male inpatients gained a mean of 7.61 lb and females gained 6.02 lb. The mean weight change increased for the pre and post policy change periods: 6.08 lb and 7.85 lb, respectively, a 29% increase in mean weight. Conclusion This study demonstrates that weight in psychiatric inpatients hospitalized for 30 days or longer increased despite widespread changes in the hospital setting implemented to limit weight gain.
Effect of age on hematopoiesis in man

We have shown previously that the cause of anemia in healthy elderly subjects can usually not be identified. In this study, hematopoiesis was examined in 18 healthy elderly subjects with unexplained anemia and in 15 young and 15 healthy elderly individuals without anemia. No reduction in circulating testosterone was noted, making decreased androgen levels as a cause for the anemia unlikely. The 2,3 diphospho-glycerate (2,3DPG) levels in the anemic subjects were significantly higher than their corresponding controls, suggesting that the anemia was pathologic, as no increase would be expected if the low hemoglobin was a physiologic adjustment to age. The anemia was associated with a reduction in marrow normoblast and CFU-E number, but no decrease in BFU-E levels was seen. This suggests that the mechanism of the anemia is a decrease in stem cell proliferation. This could be caused by a reduction in circulating erythropoietin or a defect in end organ response. A second possibility is that a basic cellular abnormality exists. The presence of an overall reduction in hematopoiesis in anemic elderly (decreased peripheral blood counts, reduced marrow myeloid precursors, and CFU-C levels) makes this especially likely. The abnormality may be caused by a mechanism unrelated to the aging process. The fact that nonanemic elderly also have reductions in hematopoiesis suggests that age contributes to the defect.
Schools and Community Organizations: The Challenges of Integrating Education and Wraparound Services for Children

The author embarks on a complex study of the politics of education. As a former superintendent in the public school system, he was able to conduct an important study of the benefits and liabilities of community involvement in education, especially for families in need. His work incorporates the sociology of education, political studies, public policy studies, linguistic analysis, and economics in an interdisciplinary study of the politics of education. Through a mixed methods approach his research analyses government rhetoric about wraparound services using critical discourse analysis, a survey, and focus groups of civil society organization (CSO) leaders to understand their perspectives about wraparound services and inter-organizational collaboration. Finally, through a semi-structured interview approach, he interviewed households to gain an in-depth understanding of families as recipients of support from civil society organizations. His chapter discusses important policy recommendations for education and community sustainability within the context of education delivery, education administration, and grassroots and formal politics.
Development of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a patient with established adenocarcinoma of the lung

Newly-appearing lung nodules on surveillance imaging in patients with pre-existing lung cancer can present a diagnostic dilemma when attempting to differentiate between metastatic disease, infection, and other inflammatory conditions. Here we report a case of an EGFR-/ALK-/BRAF+ metastatic adenocarcinoma patient who underwent lung biopsy for evaluation of upper-lobe predominant lung nodules revealed to represent pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). The patient was a heavy smoker and admitted to increase her smoking habit after initially learning about her diagnosis with lung cancer. Interestingly, despite the association of both lung adenocarcinoma and PLCH with the BRAFV600E mutation in smokers, pyrosequencing of the patient's PLCH lesions was negative for this mutation. Co-occurrence of PLCH with lung cancer is extremely rare. While most reported cases of PLCH tend to precede the occurrence of lung cancer, a minority of cases appear after a diagnosis of lung cancer has already been established and are thought to represent a local immunologic reaction to the tumor. It is therefore postulated that the appearance of PLCH lesions in this patient's lungs is a result of her increase in cigarette smoking, possibly augmented by co-existence of adenocarcinoma.
Approaches to Mental Workload

There appear to be two main reasons for being interested in human workload. The first reason concerns the impact of workload on human performance. This concern reflects the system design point of view where human performance is an important factor in system performance. The second motivation for being interested in human workload concerns task design and job satisfaction. This consideration emphasizes the fact that humans have interests beyond optimization of traditional indices of system performance.
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Physiology in Liver Disease

Portal hypertension develops as a consequence of increased resistance to portal blood flow as well as increased portal blood flow due to splanchnic vasodilation. Increased resistance due to cirrhosis is due to both structural changes from increased vascular resistance as well as dynamic variables due to release of endothelial vasodilators (such as nitrous oxide) and increased production of vasoconstrictors (such as endothelin 1). While portal hypertension is initially asymptomatic, its development is a necessary precursor for many of the potentially lethal complications related to liver disease. Portosystemic collateral vessels, or varices, develop as an inefficient means to decompress the portal system and can result in esophageal or gastric hemorrhage associated with high morbidity and mortality. A compensatory activation of neurohormonal mechanism to reduced effective circulating volume leads to sodium and water retention results in ascites and eventually to hepatorenal syndrome. Acute liver failure is characterized as the acute development of liver injury, hepatic encephalopathy, and impaired synthetic dysfunction and leads to hemodynamic instability and multi-organ system failure. Acute on chronic liver failure is a recently defined syndrome characterized by hemodynamic abnormalities with complications resulting from portal hypertension.
Measurement of Portal Pressure and its Application in the Clinical Setting

Portal hypertension is a severe, yet common sequela of patients with chronic liver disease and is responsible for many of the complications seen in this population. Measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the current gold standard technique for identifying and evaluating the severity of portal hypertension. Any increase in HVPG to ≥10 mm Hg is considered clinically significant portal hypertension. Above this threshold, complications of portal hypertension begin to manifest. In addition to assessing portal hypertension, various HVPG thresholds have been shown to have strong prognostic value for risk of complications and therapeutic failure, as well as survival in patients with chronic liver disease. These clinical applications include quantification of disease progression and regression in chronic viral hepatitis, acute alcoholic hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Other applications include preoperative evaluation of liver resection and transplantation in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, assessment of response to therapy for portal hypertension, and identification of the need for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) revision.
Household debt, expected economic conditions, and income inequality

The high level of debt among households outside the top end of the income distribution has led many economists to assert that household debt has been an important component of the increase in income inequality in the United States. In addition, the yield spread provides information about the overall condition of the economy and may also be tied into the distribution of income. The paper's results show that increases in the yield spread and household debt correspond with increases in top income shares, resulting in increases in income inequality. However, as household debt and income inequality increase, the yield spread contracts, which suggests future economic contraction. Thus, rising inequality may signal future economic weakness.
Recent Advances in the Discovery of Dengue Virus Inhibitors

Abstract Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne infection that causes significant morbidity and mortality throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the world and has spread in recent years such that it is endemic in over 100 countries. Therapeutic agents for the treatment of DENV infection are lacking, but agents that exhibit antiviral activity, either by direct action on viral targets or indirect action on host targets, have been reported with increasing frequency in the past few years. Promising viral targets include the NS3 protease, NS3 helicase, NS5 polymerase, and methyltransferase. Host targets include inhibitors of viral entry and translation. Successes in identifying useful chemical starting points and even in animal models of infection give cause for optimism that effective treatments of dengue infection might be available in the future.
Heterochrony in Primates

Until recently the study of heterochrony in primate evolution has focused primarily on arguments concerning human neoteny. Swiss zoologist Julius Kollman (1905), who introduced the term neoteny in the late 1800s, suggested that early humans could be traced to pygmy groups that had developed from anthropoid apes via juvenilization and neoteny. De Beer (1930), building on Bolk’s (1926, 1929) important work, made human evolution one of the central examples in his classic work Embryology and Evolution, which established the study of heterochrony within the modern synthesis. Continued emphasis is evidenced in the work of Abbie (1952, 1958, 1964), Montagu (1962, 1981), and Gould (1977).
Incidental Emotion Regulation Deficits in Public Speaking Anxiety

Affect labeling (putting feelings into words) decreases subjective emotional distress and is a form of incidental or unintentional emotion regulation. Anxiety is associated with deficits in explicit emotion regulation, but far less is known about incidental emotion regulation. This study examined whether participants with public speaking anxiety showed deficits in incidental emotion regulation compared to non-anxious participants. Ninety-five public speaking anxious and fifteen non-anxious participants completed an affect-labeling task. They viewed negative images, and on half of the trials, they labeled the content of the image, and on the other half, viewed the image without labeling. They then rated their subjective distress after each image. Following the affect-labeling task, participants gave a brief speech in front of a live audience. Physiological reactivity (heart rate and skin conductance) was assessed prior to and following the speech, and participants reported on speech-related cognitions and fear levels. Incidental emotion regulation deficits were significantly correlated with more depressive symptoms, and more negative and fewer positive speech-related cognitions during the speech task. Further, distress decreased on labeling compared to non-labeling trials for non-anxious participants, but not for participants with public speaking anxiety. This is the first study to show that individuals with public speaking anxiety may not benefit from affect labeling, implying deficits in incidental emotion regulation.
Yusuf Idris & Zakaria Tamer

When Naguib Mahfouz was announced as the Nobel Prize literature laureate in 1988, almost all Arab authors heralded this unprecedented win. The one exception was Yusuf Idris. He frankly reflected his sense of frustration. On the pan-Arab cultural level, it was taken for granted that if Naguib Mahfouz sat on the throne of novel writing in Egypt and Tawfiq al-Hakim sat on the throne of playwriting, Yusuf Idris was Egypt’s most acclaimed short story writer of all. Therefore, Mahfouz’s win closed the door on the possibility of another Egyptian winning the Nobel Prize again for many decades to come. In fact, there were other Arab candidates eligible to compete for the prestigious prize as well as Mhfouz, such as Ghada Samman and Zakaria Tamer (Syria), Tawfiq al-Hakim and Yusuf Idris (Egypt), Jabra Ibrahim Jabra (Palestine), Tayeb Saleh (Sudan), and Abdul Rahman Munif (Saudi Arabia), in addition to the three great poets Nizar Qabbani and Adonis (Syria), and Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine).
600.08 3-Dimensional Printing Could Help Prevent Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Paravalvular leak (PVL) carries a high morbidity and mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but there is no effective method to predict PVL prior to valve implantation. Using pre-TAVR computed tomography (CT) scans, 3-dimensional (3D) aortic root models were printed for 16
Characterization of Magnetic Resonance Thermal Imaging Signal Artifact During Magnetic Resonance Guided Laser-Induced Thermal Therapy.

BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) is a minimally invasive procedure that utilizes intraoperative magnetic resonance thermal imaging (MRTI) to generate a thermal damage estimate (TDE) of the ablative area. In select cases, the MRTI contains a signal artifact or defect that distorts the ablative region. No study has attempted to characterize this artifact. OBJECTIVE To characterize MRTI signal the artifact in select cases to better understand its potential relevance and impact on the ablation procedure. METHODS All ablations were performed using the Visualase magnetic resonance imaging-guided laser ablation system (Medtronic). Patients were included if the MRTI contained signal artifact that distorted the ablative region during the first thermal dose delivered. Ablation artifact was quantified using MATLAB version R2018a (Mathworks Inc, Natick, Massachusetts). RESULTS A total of 116 patients undergoing MRgLITT for various surgical indications were examined. MRTI artifact was observed in 37.0% of cases overall. Incidence of artifact was greater at higher powers (P < .001) and with longer ablation times (P = .024), though artifact size did not correlate with laser power or ablation duration. CONCLUSION MRTI signal artifact is common during LITT. Higher powers and longer ablation times result in greater incidence of ablation artifact, though artifact size is not correlated with power or duration. Future studies should aim to evaluate effects of artifact on postoperative imaging and, most notably, patient outcomes.
Impact of Kidney Disease on Catheter-Based Mitral Valve Interventions

Mitral valve disease is the most common valve disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In these patients, increased dysfunction of the mitral valve apparatus is caused by an altered physiologic state, endothelial repetitive injury, and inflammation.
A rare case of a retroperitoneal lymphangioma causing chronic flank pain in an adult.

Abstract Retroperitoneal lymphangiomas are exceedingly rare and typically asymptomatic. We present a case of a 27 year-old female with chronic right flank pain and cross-sectional imaging showing a large multi-cystic mass located medial and inferior to the right kidney. The patient underwent an uncomplicated robotic-assisted, laparoscopic resection of the mass with final pathology showing a benign lymphangioma. This case highlights the importance of recognizing retroperitoneal lymphangiomas as atypical causes of chronic flank pain and demonstrates that these benign tumors can be successfully resected robotically. Given today's urology residency training, urologists are likely uniquely positioned to best manage these peri-renal lymphatic malformations.
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Protocol For Patients With Presumed Absent Citrate Metabolism

Background Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is not recommended in patients with shock or severe liver failure. We designed a protocol with personalized precalculated flow settings for patients with absent citrate metabolism that abrogates risk of citrate toxicity, and maintains neutral continuous KRT (CKRT) circuit calcium mass balance and normal systemic ionized calcium levels. Methods A single-center prospective cohort study of patients in five adult intensive care units triaged to the CVVHDF-RCA “Shock” protocol. Results Of 31 patients included in the study, 30 (97%) had AKI, 16 (52%) had acute liver failure, and five (16%) had cirrhosis at the start of CKRT. The median lactate was 5 mmol/L (interquartile range [IQR], 3.2–10.7), AST 822 U/L (IQR, 122–2950), ALT 352 U/L (IQR, 41–2238), total bilirubin 2.7 mg/dl (IQR, 1.0–5.1), and INR two (IQR, 1.5–2.6). The median first hemofilter life censored for causes other than clotting exceeded 70 hours. The cumulative incidence of hypernatremia (Na >148 mM), metabolic alkalosis (HCO3- >30 mM), and hypophosphatemia (P Conclusions The Shock protocol can be used without contraindications and is effective in maintaining circuit patency with a high, fixed ACDA infusion rate to blood flow ratio. Keeping single-pass citrate extraction on the dialyzer >0.75 minimizes the risk of citrate toxicity even in patients with absent citrate metabolism. Precalculated, personalized dosing of the initial Ca-infusion rate from a table on the basis of the patient’s albumin level and the filter effluent flow rate maintains neutral CKRT circuit calcium mass balance and a normal systemic iCa level.
Ultra-high-resolution CT and multi-resolution visualization of calcified coronary artery plaques: an ex vivo human study

Background: With new advances in CT energy-integrating (EID) and photon-counting (PCD) detector technology, the spatial resolution of CT has significantly improved from 0.50 mm to less than 0.25 mm isotropic. Our goal was to explore the image quality improvements that are associated with UHR CT, specifically in imaging and characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. Methods: We imaged seven excised human hearts, with a known history of atherosclerosis, on an EID-CT scanner equipped with a UHR comb. The scans were performed at 120 kVp and 211 mAs, with 1-sec gantry rotation time. The images were reconstructed twice; first with a standard resolution (SR) reconstruction kernel (Uq36u) at 0.5x0.5x3.0 mm3 voxel size, and second with a UHR kernel (Uq77u) at 0.2x0.2x1.5 mm3. We measured calcium volume, Agatston score, and number of lesions with dense calcification (HU>1000). We propose a multi-resolution visualization scheme in which smooth soft tissue features are derived from the SR image, and the sharp hard plaque features blended from the UHR images. Results: We detected a total of 105 lesions in the seven hearts. The UHR images had significantly reduced blooming artifacts which leads to higher average HU values and smaller lesion volumes. The calcium volume for UHR was 67% of the SR volumes (r2= 0.81). Agatston scores were also systematically lower in UHR compared to SR 41% (r2= 0.81). In addition, we found 102 lesions with dense calcification compared to 4 in SR. Conclusion: UHR-CT can significantly reduce blooming artifacts and partial volume effects in atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
Natural gas engine model for speed and air-fuel control

With the low price of natural gas, and its low emissions, significant market growth for natural gas engines is likely in various applications. There are multiple challenges in controlling a natural gas engine, especially a pre-mixed lean burn natural gas engine. In particular, the system dynamics includes long fuel and air transport delays. In terms of natural gas engine control, our main focus is on engine speed control, engine output torque control, air/fuel ratio and emission regulation. In order to facilitate control study and development, we develop a control-oriented turbocharged pre-mixed lean burn natural gas engine mean value model (MVM). This model is designated for natural gas engine controller design, control algorithm development, and first step validation. The model is implemented in the MATLAB® Simulink® environment. The model is validated with a 10L natural gas engine for power generation applications.