cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
K fluxes in frog skin.

A method has been developed for measuring K influx into the epithelial cells of frog skin from the inside solution. Diffusion delay in the connective tissue has been taken into account. Ninety-four per cent of skin K was found to exchange with K42 in the inside solution with a single time constant. K influx showed saturation with increasing K concentration, was not altered by imposing a potential difference of ±200 mv across the skin, and was inhibited by dinitrophenol, fluoroacetate, and ouabain. Relatively low concentrations of dinitrophenol (5 x 10-5 M) and fluoroacetate (10-10 M) had no effect on k influx but caused a 40 per cent decrease in net Na flux. There was no correlation between the rate of K uptake at the "inner barrier" and the rate of net Na transport. Reduction of net Na transport by lowering Na concentration in the outside solution caused little change in K uptake. These observations indicate that there is not a significant Na-K exchange involved in active transport of Na across the skin. K influx was found, however, to require Na in the inside bathing solution.
Decoding of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes with section-wise cyclic structure

Presented in this paper is a reduced-complexity iterative decoding scheme for quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes. This decoding scheme is devised based on the section-wise cyclic structure of the parity-check matrix of a QC-LDPC code. Using this decoding scheme, the hardware implementation complexity of a QC-LDPC decoder can be significantly reduced without performance degradation. A high-rate QC-LDPC code that can achieve a very low error-rate without a visible error-floor is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed decoding scheme. Also presented in this paper are two other high-rate QC-LDPC codes and a method for constructing rate -1/2 QC-LDPC codes whose Tanner graphs have girth 8. All the codes constructed perform well with low error-floor using the proposed decoding scheme.
Cortical control for prosthetic devices

The work presented in this session is part of a project to develop an arm-control system based on neuronal activity recorded from the cerebral cortex. This will make it possible for amputees or paralyzed individuals to move a prosthetic arm or, using functional neural stimulation, their own limbs as effortlessly and with as much skill as intact individuals. We are developing and testing this system in monkeys and hope to have a prototype working in the next couple of years. This project has been made more feasible because we have been able, in the last 15 years to extract, from the brain, a signal that represents arm trajectory accurately. In this paper, we describe how this technique was developed and how we use this as the basis for our control signal. An alternative approach using a self-organizing feature map, an algorithm to deduce arm configuration given an endpoint trajectory and the development of a telemetry system to transmit the neuronal data is described in subsequent papers.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transition-Metal Borides with the Ta3B4 Crystal Structure: Their Electronic and Bonding Properties

The electronic structure of transition-metal borides M3B4 with the Ta3B4 crystal structure has been examined. These materials contain one-dimensional polyacene-type boron chains embedded in a threedimensional tantalum lattice. The origin of the different bond length in the boron double chain is traced. It depends on the electron count in the systems: for the d3-dS metals the shortest B-B length is the interchain bond, and for the late d6-d7 transition metals the situation is reversed. The metal-metal and metal-boron interaction for dS-dlo transition metals is strongly antibonding, which leads to their instability.
Load Balancing and Scalability of a Subgrid Orography Scheme in a Global Climate Model

A subgrid orography scheme has been applied to the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model. The scheme applies all of the model column physics to each of up to 11 elevation classes within each grid cell. The distribution of the number of elevation classes in each grid cell is highly inhomogeneous. This could produce a serious load imbalance if the domain decomposition distributes grid cells evenly across processors. However, since the distribution of classes is static, static load balancing can be used to distribute the elevation classes uniformly across processors. The load balancing is accomplished first by distributing the number of classes evenly within each process. The number of chunks on processes is distributed uniformly across processes and the dynamics-physics transpose cost is minimized by assigning chunks to processes with the most dynamics grid cells from that chunk. Parallel efficiency with the subgrid scheme and load balancing exceeds parallel efficiency without the subgrid scheme for up to 128 processors. The load balancing across processes decreases run-time by 10-30% depending on configuration.
MEMS post-packaging by localized heating and bonding

This work addresses important post-packaging issues for microsystems and recommends specific research directions by localized heating and bonding. Micropackaging has become a major subject for both scientific research and industrial applications in the emerging field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Establishing a versatile post-packaging process not only advances the field but also speeds up the product commercialization cycle. A review of engineering bases describing current technologies of MEMS packaging and wafer bonding is followed by an innovative post-packaging approach by localized heating and bonding, process demonstrations by selective encapsulation are presented, including an integrated low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) sealing process, localized silicon-gold eutectic bonding, localized silicon-glass fusion bonding, localized solder bonding and localized CVD bonding processes.
Production of nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen-fixing blue - green algae

Abstract Heterocystous nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae consist of filaments containing two types of cells: the heterocysts, responsible for ammonia synthesis, and vegetative cells, which exhibit normal photosynthesis and reproductive growth. This unique biological system could be used for the conversion of solar energy into organic fertilizer, through cultivation of these algae in open ponds. The most immediately practical approach is the use of this process in conjunction with waste-water treatment. Initial experiments have involved the isolation of sewage effluents-adapted algae and their cultivation in small-scale ponds. Significant rates of biomass production and nitrogen fixation were achieved, but a substantial improvement is still needed for possible practical applications. The potential economics of such systems and the need for new sources of fertilizers are discussed.
On hyperelasticity with internal constraints

By requiring the constitutive equation for the specific internal energy to be such that energy is balanced for all motions compatible with the internal constraint, we are able to infer the exitence and the direction of the reactive stress as well as the usual stress relation for the active stress. In contrast with previous work along this line, our analysis avoids the Lagrange multiplier formalism, and we need not assume that the internal energy response function is extendable off the constraint manifold.
Network With Costs: Timing and Flow Decomposition

This paper analyzes a capacitated network with costs from an information theoretic point of view. Specifically, it accomplishes the following for a series-parallel single source-destination network: 1. Determines a flow decomposition for a network with costs starting from an information theoretic point of view. 2. Devises an algorithm that perform this flow decomposition for large packet sizes. 3. Establishes that timing plays a negligible role in capacity if packet size is sufficiently large.
X-ray diffraction study of the structural transformation in TiH2

Abstract The phase transition from tetragonal to cubic structure in TiH 2 has been studied by X-ray diffraction methods. For temperatures below the critical temperature, T c , the tetragonal strain, ϵ t , was shown to be in good agreement with the power law ϵ t ∼ [( T c − T )/ T c ] 0.31 .
Does Entering Adulthood in a Recession Affect Narcissism? Robust Evidence Is Still Needed

The author discusses whether entering adulthood in a recession affect narcissism. An emerging literature has started to investigate the significance of sensitive periods of development for molding personality traits, as well as cognition and socioemotional traits. The potential scarring effects of living during the Great Depression has been investigated.
BICARBONATE HEMODIALYSIS IN A PATIENT WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS, SEPSIS, DIC, AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

BICARBONATE HEMODIALYSIS IN A PATIENT WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS, SEPSIS, DIC, AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Significance of Charge Regulation in the Analysis of Protein Charge Ladders

Analysis of protein charge ladders using capillary electrophoresis (CE) provides a method of determining charges of proteins. This method has disregarded the effect of charge compensationa response of the protein and its environment to a change in electrostatic potential on the surface of the protein. This work examines the difference in charge, ΔZ, between the first two rungs of the ladder of bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCAII) as a function of pH and ionic strength using CE. These data were analyzed in three ways: using models based on Huckel theory and on charge regulation, and using linear regression. These analyses were in only qualitative agreement, and the differences between them suggest that simple theoretical models for the behavior of colloidal particles cannot establish the value of ΔZ accurately in proteins. Linear regression of mobilities of the rungs of charge laddersa method proposed in earlier workcontinues to be a computationally convenient method of estimating the charge Z0 of native ...
Wide band-gap CuIn 1−X Ga X Se 2 based chalcopyrite absorbers for tandem cell applications

Device efficiencies of 20% have been achieved in CIGS-based chalcogenide absorbers, however progress has slowed in recent years. There has been a substantial interest in tandem cell structures to achieve a discrete jump in device efficiencies for these materials. Top cell absorbers with band-gap of 1.6 eV to 1.7 eV are the optimum choice for the wide band-gap top cell. CGS, CIGSS, CIAS and similar materials have all been investigated. However, for all of these materials the grain size decreases and the trap density rises sharply as the material approaches the required band-gap. This poses significant problems of interface recombination and increased bulk trap states which impede transport in the absorber. In this paper we propose a CIGS-based material developed by doping CIGS with moderate amount of aluminum (CIAGS) thus increasing the band-gap. A single step process with constant Cu, In, Ga, Al, Se fluxes has been used. The films are grown in the copper deficient regime throughout the deposition. Band-gap measurements were done by calculating the absorption coefficients using transmission spectroscopy. A substantial increase in the band-gap was observed for moderate amounts of Al and Ga in CIAGS films compared to CIGS. We investigated the grain structure of the films and find that moderate to large grains were observed, even for bandgaps as large as 1.5 eV.
Identification and management of the woman at increased risk for breast cancer development

Multiple factors which increase a woman's breast cancer risk have been identified. These range from conditions such as lobular carcinomain situ which increase risk to relatively high levels, to reproductive factors such as nulliparity which are associated with only a small increase in risk. When determining an individual's risk, all her potential breast cancer risk factors must be considered. In order for risk information to be meaningful to a woman, risk must be expressed as absolute risk over a defined time interval since there is no uniform agreement on what risk level is high enough to require intervention. At present, careful follow-up or prophylactic mastectomy are the management options available for the woman at increased risk. The efficacy of follow-up including breast self exam, physician exams, and screening mammography for early detection of cancer in a high risk population is unknown. Prophylactic mastectomy, while highly effective, does not provide complete protection from breast cancer and is more radical than the surgery done for established cancer in many cases. Which of these options is chosen by an individual woman is dependent on how much risk she is willing to assume.
Mock Jurors' Behavior: Sentencing as a Function of Jurors' Guilt

-Fictitious court cases involving rape and assault were presented to 98 college women to determine whether the tendency to deal harshly with alleged criminals is dependent upon certain personality characteristics of the mock jurors. Three measures of jurors' guilt were used to detect the presence or absence of such mends. Subjects scoring high on guilt dealt less harshly with alleged criminals than subjects low in guilt. This trend was consistent for all three independent scales of the Mosher Guilt Scales (sex guilt, hostility guilt, and morality guilt). It was concluded thac those who tend to find fault with themsleves are sympathetic to the legal problems of others.
A pseudoatomic model of the COPII cage obtained from cryo-electron microscopy and mass spectrometry

COPII vesicles transport proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Previous COPII-cage cryo-EM structures lacked the resolution necessary to determine the residues of Sec13 and Sec31 that mediate assembly and flexibility of the COPII cage. Here we present a 12-A structure of the human COPII cage, where the tertiary structure of Sec13 and Sec31 is clearly identifiable. We employ this structure and a homology model of the Sec13-Sec31 complex to create a reliable pseudoatomic model of the COPII cage. We combined this model with hydrogen/deuterium-exchange MS analysis to characterize four distinct contact regions at the vertices of the COPII cage. Furthermore, we found that the two-fold symmetry of the Sec31 dimeric region in Sec13-Sec31 is broken upon cage formation and that the resulting hinge is essential to form the proper edge geometry in COPII cages.
Lymphoma of the testis.

The prognosis for lymphoma clinically localized to the testis at the time of original diagnosis is relatively favorable after orchiectomy and radiation therapy to the regional lymph nodes the previously held belief that life expectancy is poor for men with testicular lymphoma was due to failure in most reports to separate survival of those with localized tumor from that of patients with disseminated involvement at the time of orchiectomy. Histopathologically, all tumors were immature types, and all of the known 5-year survivors had reticulum cell lymphoma in contrast to germ cell tumors, lymphoma of the testis occurs in an older age group, has no special propensity to develop in cryptorchid testes, is more frequently bilateral, and tends to involve the skin and nasopharynx when dissemination occurs.
The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis: A review of its biology, uses in biological control, and non-target impacts

Throughout the last century, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) has been studied quite extensively, with topics ranging from genetics and evolution to population dynamics and applied biological control being covered. Much of the early work on H. axyridis was conducted in the native Asian range. From the 1980's to the present, numerous European and North American studies have added to the body of literature on H. axyridis. H. axyridis has recently gained attention in North America both as a biological control agent and as a pest. This literature review was compiled for two reasons. First, to assist other researchers as a reference, summarizing most of the voluminous body of literature on H. axyridis pertaining to its biology, life history, uses in biological control, and potential non-target impacts. Secondly, to be a case study on the impacts of an exotic generalist predator.
A randomized comparison of oral misoprostol versus Foley catheter and oxytocin for induction of labor at term

Abstract Objective: We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of oral misoprostol administered to patients with the efficacy and safety in a control group treated with a Foley catheter and oxytocin for induction of labor. Study Design: Two hundred patients requiring induction of labor at term with a Bishop score of ≤5 were randomized to receive oral misoprostol or a cervical Foley catheter plus oxytocin. Patients in the misoprostol group received 50 μg at 4-hour intervals for a maximum of 6 doses or until an adequate contraction pattern developed. Those in the control group had a Foley catheter inserted in the cervix, whereas oxytocin was administered intravenously by a standard incremental infusion protocol to a maximum dose of 36 mU/min. Results: In multiparous patients the percentage delivered of their neonates within 24 hours and the median induction-to-delivery times were similar in the 2 groups. In nulliparous patients, however, delivery within 24 hours was significantly less likely in the misoprostol group (53.4% vs 82.5%; P P P = .02). Conclusion: Oral misoprostol is as effective as oxytocin-Foley catheter for inducing labor in multiparous women. Misoprostol appears less efficacious in nulliparous patients. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1108-12.)
Relationship Between Bond Strength and Crystallinity of High Polymers-Polyethylene, Polyethyleneterephthalate, and Nylon

Abstract The effect of crystallinity of polyethylene on the peel strength of aluminum plate-polyethylene-aluminum foil laminate was investigated. The 180° peel strength increased by rapid cooling with water, ice water, or liquid nitrogen after bonding with hot-melt polyethylene compared with slow cooling with air at room temperature. It was concluded that the increase of peel strength by rapid cooling was due to the decrease of modulus by the microcrystallization of polyethylene. The tensile bond strength of steel-polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)-steel composite was investigated. The tensile bond strength increased about 10 times by rapid cooling of the composite bonded with hot-melt PET compared with slow cooling. On annealing the rapidly cooled composite over 100°C, the tensile bond strength decreased rapidly. It was concluded that the tensile bond strength decreases with the development of PET spherulite. Also in the case of Nylon 12, the tensile bond strength increased about 2 times by rapid cooling co...
Endosome-Associated Complex, ESCRT-II, Recruits Transport Machinery for Protein Sorting at the Multivesicular Body

Sorting of ubiquitinated endosomal membrane proteins into the MVB pathway is executed by the class E Vps protein complexes ESCRT-I, -II, and -III, and the AAA-type ATPase Vps4. This study characterizes ESCRT-II, a soluble approximately 155 kDa protein complex formed by the class E Vps proteins Vps22, Vps25, and Vps36. This protein complex transiently associates with the endosomal membrane and thereby initiates the formation of ESCRT-III, a membrane-associated protein complex that functions immediately downstream of ESCRT-II during sorting of MVB cargo. ESCRT-II in turn functions downstream of ESCRT-I, a protein complex that binds to ubiquitinated endosomal cargo. We propose that the ESCRT complexes perform a coordinated cascade of events to select and sort MVB cargoes for delivery to the lumen of the vacuole/lysosome.
Variations in provider capacity to offer accessible health care for people with disabilities.

Abstract Since social workers are likely to practice in a range of health care settings, their training focusing on human behavior in the social environment could help providers develop strategies to improve access to care for people with disabilities. In this article, results from a comprehensive survey of providers about access to health care for people with a broad range of disabilities are reported. Results suggest that a minority of providers report difficulty serving people with disabilities. However, dentists and mental health/substance abuse providers are significantly less likely than other providers to report that they provide accessible services to individuals with disabilities. These providers are less likely to report having had training related to mobility impairments, providing mirrors at their facility, having an accessible door, or providing assistance with personal care needs, and are more likely to report that their building poses a barrier for people with disabilities. Social workers a...
SEM COMPARISON OF FRUITS OF A SEAGRASS, HALODULE (CYMODOCEACEAE), FROM AUSTRALIA AND TEXAS

Fruits of Halodule were collected from marine sediments in Shark Bay, Western Australia, and in Laguna Madre, Texas, and compared using scanning electron microscopy. The fruits of the Australian collection had a more deeply furrowed wall surface, and the fruits of the Texas collection had a more prominent stylar beak. The fruits of both collections had walls that were composed of irregularly interlocking cells, each with multilayered, concentric cell walls. The fruit wall separates into nearly equal halves along a cleavage line composed of cells that are not interlocked. The seed coats are composed of flattened cells with annular thickenings and the oblong hypocotyls are composed oflarge, polygonal cells that contain starch grains. The cotyledon and plumule are folded into a hypocotylary invagination along the line of wall separation. A radicle hump or short radicle develops during germination in seawater. Although the taxonomy of Halodule has been based on a vegetative feature, the leaf tips, fruit differences may be of diagnostic value.
735: Accuracy of a rapid, culture-based assay for detection of group B streptococcus

for detection of group B streptococcus Jonathan Faro, Karen Bishop, Gerald Riddle, Mildred Ramirez, Allan Katz, Mark Turrentine, Sebastian Faro UTHSC, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Houston, TX, Baylor College of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX, Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of a novel Group B streptococcus (GBS) diagnostic assay for the detection of GBS in antepartum patients. STUDY DESIGN: Women were screened for GBS colonization at 35 to 37 weeks gestation. Three vaginal-rectal swabs were collected per patient; two were processed by traditional culture (commercial laboratory versus in-house culture), the third was processed by a novel diagnostic assay. RESULTS: 356 patients were evaluated. Commercial processing revealed a GBS prevalence rate of 85/356 (23.6%). In-house culture provided a prevalence rate of 105/356 (29.5%). When the rapid GBS result was compared to the in-house GBS culture, it demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.1% and a specificity of 88.4%. Inter-observer reliability for the novel GBS test was 88.2%. CONCLUSION: The rapid GBS test provides a high level of validity for the detection of GBS colonization in antepartum patients within 6.5 hours, and demonstrates substantial agreement between observers.
Sex differences in response to physical and nonphysical instigators

One hundred and twenty subjects competed in a reaction-time task similar to that of Taylor (1967). Subjects were randomly assigned to a white noise, fine, or control condition. In the fine and noise conditions programmed “opponents” administered increasing provocation to subjects over a series of 24 trials. Control subjects were not provoked. As predicted, males retaliated with higher levels of noise than did females, while there were no sex differences in the fine condition. Contrary to prediction, sex of opponent had no effect. Subjects in all conditions tended to view the task as competitive but to devalue their opponent only in the noise condition. The prevalent assumption of female passivity in the face of instigation was rejected. Instead a dichotomy was proposed that while females are less likely than males to reciprocate to physical provocation, they are just as likely to respond to provocation of a nonphysical nature.
New Directions in Radiation for Breast Conserving Therapy in Early Stage Breast Cancer

Breast conservation therapy is fully accepted as a recommended treatment instead of mastectomy for suitable early stage breast cancer patients. Long term results from the initial randomized trial comparing BCT to mastectomy have demonstrated comparable local control and equivalent survival. The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer has evolved over the past 2 decades since the randomized trials were initiated. For example, there is now widespread mammography screening, better understanding of breast cancer pathology, and emergence of numerous effective systemic therapy agents. This makes it timely to review the current methods for BCT. This review will focus on the radiation component of BCT, its impact on local cancer control, and how newer radiation technologies may help preserve local control while reducing toxicity and burden of care.
Reliability analysis of structural components utilizing the strain-life method

Traditional strain-life analysis for low-cycle fatigue does not account for the significant random scatter exhibited by the experimental data. In this paper, a stochastic analog of the strain-life approach is presented. The material constants characterizing the strain-life equation are taken to be random variables. The probability of exceeding the random number of cycles to failure for the structural component is then estimated via second order reliability methods. The effect of mean stress on failure probability is included. The problem of a notched specimen subjected to constant amplitude cyclic loading is used to illustrate the approach. Importance factors for the material constants characterizing the problem are analyzed to determine which uncertainties are most significant.
SUBCRITICAL DUAL MODELS AS SUBCRITICAL STRINGS

Abstract We reconsider the nonplanar loop of the bosonic dual resonance model with space-time dimension D in the range 1 D ϱ(μ)=2| sinh πμ[ (25−D) 48 + i (D−1) 48 ]| 2 . We point out many parallels of this result with the picture of subcritical strings advanced by Polyakov. These include the continuous mass spectrum in the closed string sector, the restriction to the odd-parity zero-mode sector, and the appearance of the Liouville coupling constant β= (25−D) 48 + (1−D) 48 where the Liouville lagrangian is − [(∂φ) 2 +M 2 exp (2φ/β)] 2π .
Introduction a special issue on feminist perspectives on sexuality

(1990). Introduction a special issue on feminist perspectives on sexuality. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 27, Feminist Perspectives on Sexuality, pp. 1-5.
The interpolation of options

Conservative delta hedging permits traders to pass from nonparametric bounds on interest rates and volatilities to trading strategies. The uncertainty reflected in the bounds, however, provides relatively high starting prices for these strategies. We here show how the effect of uncertainty to a substantial extent can be offset by interpolation, i.e., the hedging in auxiliary market traded securities. As before, the technology does not involve the specification of models for the term structure of volatilities and interest rates, and should therefore be particularly appropriate from the point of view of risk management.
Missiological Reflections on Difference: Foundations in the Gospel of Luke

This paper explores missiological reflections on the Gospel of Luke for valuing differences in order to develop an understanding of human identity. Our identity in Jesus Christ supersedes racial, ethnic, and social identity and is based on an understanding of difference that affirms the uniqueness of each individual. A perspective that values human dignity and the dignity of difference, as per Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, stands in sharp contrast to the biblical images of Pharisees who separated themselves from the sinners, tax-collectors, and others. Likewise, Jesus, himself, in the Gospel of Luke, sets his message of the Kingdom of God over against the perspective of differences that established divisions as taught and practiced by the Pharisees. Andrew Walls and Paul Hiebert expound the need to value the contributions of other cultures to the understanding of God which will enrich the entire Body of Christ. Together these perspectives provide a foundation for exploring biblical passages for missiological reflections on difference. Missiological implications of difference that value human dignity are drawn and applied to relationships within the body, crossing cultural barriers with the message of Jesus Christ, and interfaith dialogue.
Interaction of purified microsomal cytochrome P-450 with cytochrome b5.

Abstract The interactions between purified microsomal cytochrome P -450 and cytochrome b 5 has been demonstrated by aqueous two-phase partition technique. Major forms of cytochrome P -450 induced by phenobarbital ( P -450 LM2 ) and β-naphthoflavone ( P -450 LM4 ) are almost exclusively distributed in the dextran-rich bottom phase (partition coefficient, K = 0.06), whereas NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase and cytochrome b 5 are mainly distributed in the polyethylene glycol-rich top phase ( K = 3.5 and 2.5, respectively), when these enzymes were partitioned separately in the dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase system. The mixing of P -450 LM with cytochrome b 5 changes the partition coefficients of both P -450 LM and cytochrome b 5 indicating that molecular interaction between P -450 LM and cytochrome b 5 occurred. Complex formation was also confirmed by optical absorbance difference spectral titration, and the stimulation of the P -450 LM -dependent 7-ethoxycoumarin and p -nitrophenetole O -deethylase activities by equal molar quantity of detergent-solubilized cytochrome b 5 , but not trypsin-solubilized enzyme, in the reconstituted system. Cytochrome b 5 decreases the K m 's of both substrates for P -450 LM2 -dependent O -deethylations and increases the V 's of both reactions by two- to three-fold. This stimulatory effect requires the presence of phospholipid in the reconstituted enzyme system. These results suggest that cytochrome b 5 plays a role in some reconstituted drug oxidation enzyme systems and that molecular interactions among cytochrome P -450, reductase, and cytochrome b 5 are catalytically competent in the electron transport reactions.
Biodistribution and human dosimetry of enantiomer-1 of the synthetic leucine analog anti-1-amino-2-fluorocyclopentyl-1-carboxylic acid.

Abstract Introduction The enantiomerically enriched (ee=90%, enantiomer 1) synthetic amino acid ( R , S )-anti-1-amino-2-fluorocyclopentyl-1-carboxylic acid (anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1) accumulates in malignant cells by elevated transport through the sodium-independent system-l (leucine preferring) amino acid transporter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo uptake and single-dose toxicity of anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 in animals as well as the individual organ and whole-body dose in humans. Methods A DU145 xenograft rodent model was used to measure anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 uptake at 15, 30 and 60 min post-injection. Animals were sacrificed and organs harvested to measure the percent injected activity per organ and to calculate residence time. Anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 toxicity was assessed using a single microdose (37–74 MBq/kg) in nonhuman primates. Their vital signs were monitored for 2 h post-injection for drug-related effects. Human biodistribution studies were collected by sequential whole-body PET/CT scans on six healthy volunteers (three male and three female) for 120 min following a single 247±61 MBq bolus injection of anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1. Estimates of radiation dose from anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 to the human body were calculated using recommendations of the MIRD committee and MIRDOSE 3.0 software. Results High anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 residence time was observed in the pancreas of the rodent model compared to the human data. No abnormal treatment-related observations were made in the nonhuman primate toxicity studies. Human venous blood showed no metabolites of anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 in the first 60 min post-injection. All volunteers showed initially high uptake in the kidneys followed by a rapid washout phase. The estimated effective dose equivalent was 0.0196 mSv/MBq. Conclusion Anti-2-[ 18 F]FACPC-1 showed low background uptake in the brain, thoracic and abdominal cavities of humans, suggesting a possible use for detecting malignant tissues in these regions.
Extended multi-symbol differential detection for IR-UWB communications

Ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radios have the advantages of low transmission power consumption, coexistence with other services, high multiple-access capacity and fine timing resolution. However, the stringent channel is one of challenges to the UWB systems. The multi-symbol differential detection (MSDD) is proposed to provide high performance communication without explicit channel estimation, and becomes an attractive technology for UWB communications. In this paper, we propose an extended MSDD model, which fully exploits the information obtained from the tap-delay lines. To reduce the computational complexity, M-algorithm is applied to our model. Experiments show that our proposed model can significantly improve the BER performance at a low computational complexity.
It’s Not What You Think, It’s How You Relate to It: Dispositional Mindfulness Moderates the Relationship Between Psychological Distress and the Cortisol Awakening Response

Summary Objective The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a natural metabolic response that can be potentiated by negative cognitive–emotional processes, including stress appraisals, negative affect, and rumination. Psychological distress and the CAR are not consistently related, however. Individual differences in aspects of dispositional mindfulness which reflect how people relate to negative thoughts and emotions may help explain such inconsistencies. We tested whether the tendency to (1) label and describe inner experiences and (2) accept negative thoughts and feelings without judgment moderated the association between psychological distress and the CAR. Methods Self-reported dispositional mindfulness, perceived stress, anxiety, negative affect, rumination, and the CAR were assessed among overweight/obese women. Regression analyses were conducted to examine whether dispositional mindfulness moderated the relationship between indicators of psychological distress and the CAR. Results While psychological distress was consistently positively related to the CAR, these associations were qualified by significant interactions with both components of dispositional mindfulness. Psychological distress was associated with the CAR at lower levels of dispositional mindfulness but not at higher levels. Conclusion These findings are consistent with the idea that the tendency to describe and accept experiences may buffer the impact of psychological distress on physiological arousal. These metacognitive processes may be important moderators in unraveling the complex relationship between psychological distress and physiological stress reactivity. Further research is recommended to replicate this approach in other populations.
On the Computation of the Discrete Cosine Transform

An N -point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm can be used to evaluate a discrete cosine transform by a simple rearrangement of the input data. This method is about two times faster compared to the conventional method which uses a 2N -point DFT.
Pixel-feature-controlling edge detection based on regularization (PEDBOR)

The PEDBOR algorithm, in which a threshold function is used for all images, is presented. The algorithm is iterative. In each iteration, pixels are first grouped into three categories: edge pixels, homogeneous region pixels, and noise pixels based on the magnitude of the gradient and the orientation distribution of the gradient in the neighborhood of each pixel. After grouping, a regularization process is applied to the pixels. Unlike other regularization methods, the PEDBOR algorithm chooses regularization parameters, which control the spatial smoothness of processed images and the fidelity of the processed images to original images, according to the pixel type. The algorithm is suitable for a wide range of images and is robust in a variety of noisy situations.
Analysis of Saturn’s thermal emission at 2.2-cm wavelength: Spatial distribution of ammonia vapor

This work focuses on determining the latitudinal structure of ammonia vapor in Saturn's cloud layer near 1.5 bars using the brightness temperature maps derived from the Cassini RADAR (Elachi et al., 2004) instrument, which works in a passive mode to measure thermal emission from Saturn at 2.2-cm wavelength. We perform an analysis of five brightness temperature maps that span epochs from 2005 to 2011, which are presented in a companion paper by Janssen et al. (2013a, this issue). The brightness temperature maps are representative of the spatial distribution of ammonia vapor, since ammonia gas is the only effective opacity source in Saturn's atmosphere at 2.2-cm wavelength. Relatively high brightness temperatures indicate relatively low ammonia relative humidity (RH), and vice versa. We compare the observed brightness temperatures to brightness temperatures computed using the Juno atmospheric microwave radiative transfer (JAMRT) program which includes both the means to calculate a tropospheric atmosphere model for Saturn and the means to carry out radiative transfer calculations at microwave frequencies. The reference atmosphere to which we compare has a 3x solar deep mixing ratio of ammonia (we use 1.352x10(exp -4) for the solar mixing ratio of ammonia vapor relative to H2; see Atreya, 2010) and is fully saturated above its cloud base. The maps are comprised of residual brightness temperatures-observed brightness temperature minus the model brightness temperature of the saturated atmosphere.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL‐LEVEL ORIENTATION TRAINING PROGRAM IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF NEW HIRES

This quasi-experimental field study examined the impact of attending a voluntary, organizational-level new employee orientation training program on organizational socialization. Six content dimensions of socialization were measured before and 1 to 2 months following orientation training for a sample of 116 new employees in a variety of occupations. Results revealed that employees attending the orientation training were significantly more socialized on 3 of the 6 socialization content dimensions (goals/values, history, & people) than employees who did not attend the training. Employees attending the orientation training also had significantly higher levels of affective organizational commitment than nonattendees, a relationship that was fully mediated by the socialization content dimensions, primarily goals/values, and history.
Optimal experimental design for an inverse scattering problem

We consider the problem of imaging a medium using an array of sensors. More specifically, we are interested in optimally designing a sequence of experiments for probing a medium in order to form an image of the scatterers present in the medium. We consider the case where the received signal is corrupted by noise. We derive an expression for the mean square error for estimating the scatter coefficients and find the optimal sequence scheme that minimizes this error. Using the expression for the minimum mean square error, we show that we can do better than any beamforming approach to imaging. In the process, we also find the optimal energy allocation between the sequence of experiments. Closed-form expressions for the optimal transmission scheme and the minimum mean square error are provided.
Physiology of Folate and Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease

Folate is a water-soluble B-vitamin and enzymatic cofactor that is necessary for the synthesis of purine and thymidine nucleotides and for the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. Impairment of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolic pathways can result from B-vitamin deficiencies and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms, and increases risk for pathologies, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, and developmental anomalies including neural tube defects. Although several well validated metabolic and genomic biomarkers for folate deficiency exist, our understanding of the biochemical and genetic mechanisms whereby impaired folate metabolism increases risk for developmental anomalies and disease is limited, as are the mechanisms whereby elevated folate intake protects against these pathologies. Therefore, current initiatives to increase folate intakes in human populations to ameliorate developmental anomalies and prevent disease, while effective, lack predictive value with respect to unintended adverse outcomes.
Advanced Lithography for Nanofabrication

A novel method for generating lateral features by patterning the naturally forming surface hydride layer on Si is described. Because of the relatively strong chemical bonding between silicon and hydrogen, the hydride layer acts as a robust passivation layer with essentially zero surface mobility at ordinary temperatures. A focused electron beam from a scanning electron microscope was used for patterning. Upon losing the hydrogen passivation the silicon surface sites become highly reactive. Ideally, the lifetime of such a pattern in a clean environment should be infinite. Deliberate exposure of the entire wafer to a suitable gas phase precursor results in selective area film growth on the depassivated pattern. Linewidths and feature sizes of silicon dioxide on silicon below 100nm were achieved upon exposure to air. The silicon dioxide is robust and allows effective pattern transfer by anisotropic wet-chemical etching. In this paper, the mechanism of hydrogen desorption and subsequent pattern formation, and the factors that govern the ultimate pattern resolution will be discussed.
Use of Pseudo-Invariant Sites for Long-Term Sensor Calibration

Over the past several years, pseudo-invariant sites for trending the radiometric gain of multispectral satellite imaging systems has proven to be very useful and accurate. For example, the lifetime calibration of the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) was recently updated based in large part upon this approach. This effort reduced the error in the gain estimate from roughly 13 percent to less than 5 percent and integrated a variety of absolute calibration estimates for the sensor. Typically, pseudo-invariant sites are located in arid regions where very little temporal and spatial change occurs over long periods of time and significant extent. Sites in the Sahara desert are especially attractive. However, drawbacks of this approach are that the sites are relatively unacceptable and, for some instruments, only limited numbers of data sets are available. As a result, it would be helpful to use sites that are observed often, such as locations in North America, so that the technique could be applied to more sensors both historically and in the future. The drawback to these sites is that they are typically of much smaller extent and, therefore, are more difficult to use from a geometric perspective. Recent work has shown that small pseudo-invariant sites, if carefully chosen, can also be used for accurate trending of satellite instruments. This paper will illustrate an approach that suggests the calibration site commonly known as Sonoran Desert can be used to observe the characteristic calibration curve of Landsat 5 TM. Because of the significant number of observations of this site, and other similar sites in North America, there is good potential to extend this technique to additional multispectral instruments for enhanced long term monitoring of radiometric gain.
Moving local food through conventional food system infrastructure: Value chain framework comparisons and insights

There is growing recognition that the direct marketing initiatives favored by many local food activists and proponents often lack the capacity to meet rapidly expanding consumer demand for local food. To address these needs, some food systems researchers have identified a role for ‘transitional’ food systems that piggyback on the pre-existing, conventional local food system infrastructure, while moving toward the social and economic benefits of direct marketing. This paper uses a value chain model (based on business management studies and adapted to the context of agrifood enterprises) as a framework for investigating how actors who are accustomed to working within the logic of the traditional produce industry incorporate local food into their overall operations. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the paper examines how features of the value chain structure and governance mechanisms operate in two food distribution networks that are transitioning toward localization in a rural and an urban region of Pennsylvania, respectively. Case study analysis focuses on conventional wholesale produce distributors as the link between local producers and local buyers. Interviews with the distributors, producers and buyers reveal the sources and outcomes of challenges affecting how the distributors organize their purchasing and selling of local produce. Network practices, in turn, have equity implications as distributors struggle to pay producers enough to maintain their economic viability, while still making local produce accessible to a wide range of consumers. Policy-makers and practitioners seeking to support the ‘scaling up’ of local and regional food systems should consider targeted development of technical infrastructure in processing and distribution, as well as outreach on appropriate shared ownership models. Future research should be longitudinal to determine the longer-term role and contribution of the conventional food system infrastructure in transitioning to more sustainable local and regional food systems.
Caution is required when using health facility-based data to evaluate the health impact of malaria control efforts in Africa

The global health community is interested in the health impact of the billions of dollars invested to fight malaria in Africa. A recent publication used trends in malaria cases and deaths based on health facility records to evaluate the impact of malaria control efforts in Rwanda and Ethiopia. Although the authors demonstrate the use of facility-based data to estimate the impact of malaria control efforts, they also illustrate several pitfalls of such analyses that should be avoided, minimized, or actively acknowledged. A critique of this analysis is presented because many country programmes and donors are interested in evaluating programmatic impact with facility-based data. Key concerns related to: 1) clarifying the objective of the analysis; 2) data validity; 3) data representativeness; 4) the exploration of trends in factors that could influence malaria rates and thus confound the relationship between intervention scale-up and the observed changes in malaria outcomes; 5) the analytic approaches, including small numbers of patient outcomes, selective reporting of results, and choice of statistical and modeling methods; and 6) internal inconsistency on the strength and interpretation of the data. In conclusion, evaluations of malaria burden reduction using facility-based data could be very helpful, but those data should be collected, analysed, and interpreted with care, transparency, and a full recognition of their limitations.