cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Structure of Ligated CdSe Clusters: Dependence on DFT Methodology

Simulations of ligated semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and their physical properties, such as morphologies, QD–ligand interactions, electronic structures, and optical transitions, are expected to be very sensitive to computational methodology. We utilize Density Functional Theory (DFT) and systematically study how the choice of density functional, atom-localized basis set, and a solvent affects the physical properties of the Cd33Se33 cluster ligated with a trimethylphosphine oxide ligand. We have found that qualitative performance of all exchange-correlation (XC) functionals is relatively similar in predicting strong QD–ligand binding energy (∼1 eV). Additionally, all functionals predict shorter Cd–Se bond lengths on the QD surface than in its core, revealing the nature and degree of QD surface reconstruction. For proper modeling of geometries and QD–ligand interactions, however, augmentation of even a moderately sized basis set with polarization functions (e.g., LANL2DZ* and 6-31G*) is very important. A...
Nd:YAG Laser With Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Cavity Mirrors

Lasing mechanisms for a laser resonator with cholesteric liquid crystal end mirrors were investigated. The effective radius of curvature of a cholesteric liquid crystal mirror was measured. The slope efficiency of a CLC-dielectric resonator was measured and compared with a flat-flat dielectric resonator with or without a pinhole for a Gaussian output.
The product-liability-insurance issue in university licensing agreements

As universities become more involved with industry through research and license agreements, and with the change of character of product liability, particularly its becoming a potentially catastrophic event, universities are taking a hard look at product-liability insurance. A brief survey shows universities in three distinct groups in their handling of the issue in their licensing agreements. State schools feel protected and do not generally consider it essential, foundations are more cautious, and private universities are very concerned and require it except in specific cases. Some approaches to the problem are proposed.
The Earthquake, Civil Society, and Political Change in Turkey: Assessment and Comparison with Eastern Europe

Civil society has been widely celebrated as instrumental in democratization, but in some countries it remains poorly developed. Such was the case in Turkey, but many hoped that the 1999 earthquakes would lead to an invigoration of civil society and subsequent political liberalization. Examining this claim shows that Turkish civil society has not been able to sustain the energy it enjoyed immediately after the earthquake because of factors within civil society itself and the attitude of the state. This relative failure is then contrasted with the more positive experience of civil society in East-Central Europe. The comparisons reveal some limits to the utility of a civil society approach to democratization. I conclude by assessing the ability of other actors and factors to fashion political reform in Turkey today.
ESR and electrochemical studies of some transition metal porphyrins

Abstract The techniques of cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential coulometry and ESR have been used to examine the mechanisms of the redox chemistry of vanadium(IV), chromium(III), molybdenum(V) and tungsten(V) tetraphenylporphyrins (TPP). Various nonaqueous aprotic solvents were used, especially N,N -dimethylacetamide (DMA) and dichloromethane. One-electron metal reductions were observed for all of the complexes except vanadium, as well as a one-electron oxidation of chromium(IV). Formation of π anions and π cations was detected resulting from the oxidation or reduction of the porphyrin ring. The heterogeneous rate constants for the various electrochemical reactions were determined. ESR studies revealed extrahyperfine interaction for the chromium and molybdenum complexes. The π anion radical of vanadium exhibited a relaxation mechanism by which the metal signal was broadened but the n radical signal was not.
The l-Arginine Requirement of the Laying Pullet

Abstract SEVERAL investigators have studied the requirement of the chick for the essential amino acid, arginine, but the values reported as a percent of the diet vary greatly. However, there is good agreement among workers that the requirement closely approximates 6 percent of the dietary protein when the protein level ranges from 20 to 36 percent. A quantitative requirement of the laying pullet for arginine has not been established. Miller (1954) attempted to estimate the arginine requirement of the laying hen using a diet containing blood meal as the protein. This basal diet, calculated to contain 0.7 percent l -arginine, supported adequate egg production. Body weight of the hens, egg weight and the growth rate of chicks to 4 weeks of age were not affected by increasing the level of arginine in this diet. Miller concluded that the l-arginine requirement of the laying hen was not more than 0.7 percent of the …
Sorption of carbamazepine by commercial graphene oxides: a comparative study with granular activated carbon and multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

Abstract Hypothesis Graphene nanosheet materials represent a potentially new high surface area sorbent for the treatment of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water. However, sorption behavior has been reported only for laboratory graphene prepared by a laborious and hazardous graphite exfoliation process. A careful examination of commercially available, clean, high-volume produced graphene materials should reveal whether they are appropriate for sorbent technologies and which physicochemical properties most influence sorption performance. Experiments In this study, three commercially available graphene oxide powders of various particle sizes, specific surface areas, and surface chemistries were evaluated for their sorption performance using carbamazepine and nine other EDCs and were compared to that of conventional granular activated carbon (GAC) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Findings Sorption kinetics of carbamazepine on graphene oxide powders was rapid and reversible with alcohol washing, consistent with π–π interactions. The various sorption extents as described by Freundlich isotherms were best explained by available surface area, and only the highest surface area graphene oxide (771 m2/g) out-performed GAC and MWCNTs. Increasing pH caused more negative surface charge, a twofold decrease in sorption of anionic ibuprofen, a onefold increase in sorption of cationic atenolol, and no change for neutral carbamazepine, highlighting the role of electrostatic interactions.
Mideast Peace and Scientific Collaboration

The News & Comment article “As Mideast peace process lags, science endures” by Jocelyn Kaiser (6 Mar., [p. 1447][1]) illustrates a human aspect of science often neglected in the media. I would like to offer an example of such collaborations with the potential to help heal enmities between two peoples. A number of Jewish scientists have participated in a collaboration between U.S. universities and Saudi Arabia. While on the faculty at Yale University School of Medicine, during discussions with Saudi and Yale collaborators, I wrote a computer application designed to help improve the care (and our understanding) of several severe pediatric illnesses in Saudi Arabia. I also spent some weeks as a guest of the sponsoring institution, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, living in downtown Riyadh and working with Saudi scientists and physicians. Others Jewish scientists at Yale and several other U.S. universities were similarly involved in clinical care and medical research collaborations. I enjoyed much hospitality and learned a lot from the intercultural discussions with my hosts. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.279.5356.1447
TESTING FOR SPATIAL-TEMPORAL TRENDS: An Application to Urban Population Density Trends using the Expansion Method

the study of diffusion, of polar- ized growth, and of urban population density patterns. In this context the problem of testing hypotheses concerning the occurrence of spatial-temporal trends has ac- quired an important role. Spatial-temporal trends may be defined as the smooth variation of phenomena in space and time, much in the same way as time and space trends are smooth variations of phenomena over time and space respectively. In this paper the “expansion method” for generating modelso is applied to the investigation of spatial-temporal trends. Here the expansion method calls for adding
Stage IV Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Deltoid Ligament Reconstruction

Patients with flexible stage IV flatfoot present with valgus ankle deformity in addition to medial arch collapse, resulting in hind foot valgus and midfoot abduction. The ankle deformity is best addressed at the time of flatfoot reconstruction. In this article, we describe a method of reconstructing the deltoid ligament complex by using an Achilles allograft tendon. The graft is prepared with a bone block that is placed in a talar tunnel and secured to a screw post in the lateral talar body. The graft is passed through an oblique tibial tunnel, drilled from medial to lateral starting at the medial malleolus and exiting out the lateral tibia above the level of the ankle. The reconstruction is indicated in cases in which ankle valgus can be passively reduced and there is no bone on bone contact in the ankle joint. A previous report showed promising results in a small cohort of patients using a peroneus longus autograft.
Parasitoids and pathogens of soybean looper and velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybeans in Louisiana

Parasitoids and pathogens of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, were studied on soybean at three locations in Louisiana during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Nine species of primary parasitoids and one hyperparasitoid were collected from soybean looper larvae and pupae. Meteorus autographae Ashmead was the predominant parasitoid (13.5%) collected during 1984, and Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) was predominant (15.9%) in 1985. Total parasitism during 1984 was 34.1%, while parasitism in 1985 was 27.5%. Three entomopathogens, Nomurea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, Entomophthora gammae (Weiser), and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus were collected from soybean looper. Parasitism of velvetbean caterpillar was only 4.5 and 0.7% in 1984 and 1985, respectively, with the most common parasitoid both years being M. autographae . N. rileyi caused mortality of 10.9 and 14.7% during 1984 and 1985, respectively.
Thermally Actuated Plastic Microfluidic Valves

This paper reports the design, fabrication, characterization, and integration of a thermally actuated microvalve. The valve is made of 4 plastic layers, consisting of a layer for temperature-sensitive fluid, flow channel substrate, elastomeric film and a plastic film patterned with microheaters. When the temperature-sensitive fluid is heated, its volumetric expansion deflects the elastomeric film into the microchannel, closing the valve. Heat supplied to the temperature-sensitive fluid comes from microfabricated heaters. The external power applied to the heaters can be controlled using a printed circuit board (PCB)-based controller. The main challenge of this design is to find a suitable elastomeric film that is both elastic and can be bonded with cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrates. Pressure-sensitive tape (PSA) was investigated as an elastomeric film for the valve. A valve using PSA was successfully fabricated and tested. A conductive solution (NaCl) was filled into a microfluidic channel containing the valve. The operation of the valve was investigated by measuring a change in the microchannel’s ionic conduction current mediated by the resistance variation corresponding to the deflection of the microvalve. In addition, we integrated an array of such valves with other components in a device and used the valves to control the introduction of different separation media for two-dimensional protein separation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Convective dispersion and interphase mass transfer

Abstract A general model is presented to describe the transient behaviour of systems in which convective dispersion arises as a result of mass transfer between streams moving at different mean velocities. The description accounts for convection, axial dispersion and first-order reaction within each compartment, and for linear equilibrium relationships for mass transfer between compartments. The Danckwerts boundary conditions are assumed to apply to each compartment individually. A solution to the system equations is found in the form of a biorthogonal expansion in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the linear non-self-adjoint operator central to the problem, and an imbedding approach is presented to permit reliable computation of the eigenvalues, some of which may be complex. Examples illustrate the applicability of the approach to mass transfer in systems as diverse as the microcirculation and packed columns, with implications ranging from reliable evaluation of approximate models to improved design and operation of process equipment.
The latest hype on Hyp-O-glycosylation codes.

Contemporary glycobiology reflects the intense interest in glycoproteins and their biological roles. Addition of saccharides by N- or O-glycosylation is precise rather than random and forms a uniquely interactive molecular surface. We designate these well conserved glycomotifs as glycomodules to emphasize their functional significance. Thus, elucidation of the glycosylation codes that determine saccharide addition is a significant goal. The focus here is on the Hyp O-glycosylation of cell wall proteins. This involves two consecutive posttranslational modifications, proline hydroxylation and glycosylation. Peptide sequence rather than conformation seems to determine these modifications. Hyp glycosylation occurs in two distinct modes: Hyp arabinosylation and Hyp galactosylation. The Hyp contiguity hypothesis predicts arabinosylation of contiguous Hyp residues and galactosylation of clustered non-contiguous Hyp. Elucidation of Hyp glycosylation codes involves the design and expression of putative glycomotifs as simple repetitive peptides. Thus, repetitive (Ser-Hyp)n directed Hyp galactosylation resulting in the exclusive addition of arabinogalactan polysaccharide to all the non-contiguous Hyp residues, and a new AGP. Another repetitive peptide from gum arabic glycoprotein, containing both contiguous and non-contiguous Hyp, directed both modes of Hyp glycosylation. Furthermore, expression of the (Ser-Hypx)n series confirmed the arabinosylation of contiguous Hyp. Thus, the Hyp contiguity hypothesis is a useful predictive tool in the functional genomics toolbox.
The FASB and the EITF: Partners or competitors?

Abstract This article examines the relationship between the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF): Partners or competitors? It was concluded that the FASB and EITF are partners. This conclusion was based on an analysis of the FASB-EITF relationship.
The end-on mechanism for lattice filling: Comparison with the conventional mechanism and application to the car-parking problem

We present the exact solution for the sequential, random, irreversible filling of one-dimensional lattices by linear n-mers using the end-on filling mechanism. The results are extrapolated to then → ∞ limit (a variation on the car-parking problem) to yield a saturation coverage (packing density) of 0.7350. The end-on filling mechanism involves two steps for a single filling event. First, the landing site for one endpoint of the filling species is chosen and then the second endpoint is subsequently chosen (fromunfilled sites an appropriate distance from the first endpoint). We compare this mechanism to the conventional, one-step filling mechanism, where both endpoints of the filling species are chosen simultaneously. We present results detailing how the lattice saturation coverage varies for the two mechanisms. In addition, we extend our analysis to consider filling in the presence of a time-dependent, random distribution of inactive sites.
Catecholamine Storage Vesicles: Role of Core Protein Genetic Polymorphisms in Hypertension

Hypertension is a complex trait with deranged autonomic control of the circulation. The sympathoadrenal system exerts minute-to-minute control over cardiac output and vascular tone. Catecholamine storage vesicles (or chromaffin granules) of the adrenal medulla contain remarkably high concentrations of chromogranins/secretogranins (or “granins”), catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and Ca2+. Within secretory granules, granins are co-stored with catecholamine neurotransmitters and co-released upon stimulation of the regulated secretory pathway. The principal granin family members, chromogranin A (CHGA), chromogranin B (CHGB), and secretogranin II (SCG2), may have evolved from shared ancestral exons by gene duplication. This article reviews human genetic variation at loci encoding the major granins and probes the effects of such polymorphisms on blood pressure, using twin pairs to probe heritability and individuals with the most extreme blood pressure values in the population to study hypertension.
Constructing Meaning: An Integrated Approach to Teaching Reading.

An integrative approach to reading instruction offers promising implications for learners with special needs.
Influence of preoperative exercise capacity on length of stay after thoracic cancer surgery.

Background Stress testing is frequently used to assess cardiac risk before thoracic surgery. However, the relationship between treadmill exercise capacity and length of stay (LOS) has not been investigated. We hypothesized that exercise capacity, a strong predictor of long-term prognosis, can also predict LOS after thoracic cancer surgery. Methods Accordingly, 191 consecutive patients who had exercise stress testing before major thoracic cancer surgery were retrospectively grouped by poor ( 10 METs, n=23) exercise capacity. The relationship between exercise capacity and LOS was then determined. Results Average LOS was inversely related to exercise capacity, with a nearly twofold increase in LOS between the excellent and poor exercise groups (4.8 versus 9.2 days). This relationship remained significant even after controlling for operation type, history of dyspnea, sex, and smoking history in analysis of covariance. Prolonged hospital stay (10 days or more) was strongly predicted by exercise capacity. Failure to exceed 4 METs was associated with a high risk of prolonged stay (9 of 31, 39%), whereas none of the 23 patients who exceeded 10 METs had a prolonged stay. Conclusions Treadmill exercise capacity has independent predictive value for LOS and risk of prolonged stay after thoracic cancer surgery. These findings have important implications for risk assessment and cost, suggesting that preoperative programs designed to improve exercise capacity may favorably influence LOS and associated costs.
A Novel Scheme for Parameterizing Aerosol Processing in Warm Clouds

A novel two-moment bulk aerosol parameterization is derived from a state-of-the-art 2D bin microphysics model using power-law relationships and a semi-analytical technique for activation. The activation scheme predicts both number and mass of a lognormal aerosol distribution and permits the evolution of the modal mass with time. The newly developed bulk aerosol scheme is formulated for use in traditional two-moment bulk microphysics models. The new explicit scheme is compared with the 2D bin scheme and a simple scaling aerosol parameterization,in which all the aerosolprocesses are scaled to the respective cloud process rates, in akinematicmodelwithaspecifiedflowfield.Hybridsimulationsinwhichtheexplicitactivationformulationis coupled to the scaling parameterization are also performed. Model results demonstrate the significance of including a physically realistic representation of aerosols contained in haze, cloud droplets, and rain. It is shown that the explicit aerosol parameterization and scaling method predict similar bulk aerosol quantities and match the results of the 2D bin model only if an explicit treatment of aerosol activation—that is, both aerosol number and mass transfer because of activation—is included in the microphysics model.
The Dirichlet boundary problem for a nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard equation

Abstract We study the existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on initial data of the solution for a nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard equation with Dirichlet boundary condition on a bounded domain. Under a nondegeneracy assumption the solutions are classical but when this is relaxed, the equation is satisfied in a weak sense. Also we prove that there exists a global attractor in some metric space.
Microwave sintering of nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3

Abstract The densification and phase transformation behavior of gas condensation synthesized nanocrystalline γ-A1 2 O 3 sintered with microwave radiation has been studied. The polymorphic nucleation and growth phase transformations which occurred as the material was heated through the temperature range of 800–1300°C present significant obstacles in the achievement of specimens which possess high bulk densities. These phase transformations are accompanied by a change in particle morphology, crystallite size, and surface area. Alumina derived from a chemically synthesized boehmite precursor has been shown to exhibit the same nucleation and growth phase transformation behavior when conventionally heated. It is concluded that nanocrystalline γ or δ alumina will not be a viable starting material for the production of dense bodies with grain sizes of less than 100 nm.
A Contraction Theory Approach to Singularly Perturbed Systems

In this technical note, we revisit standard results on singular perturbations and multiple time-scales using convergence analysis tools based on nonlinear contraction theory. Specifically, assuming that the fast and slow subsystems are each partially contracting, we obtain explicit bounds on the convergence rate of the trajectories to the slow manifold and on the asymptotic error between the trajectories of the singularly perturbed system and those of the reduced system. As an application example, we illustrate the design of a biomolecular insulation device.
Surgical reduction of alopecia

Abstract Scalp reduction is an important adjunct to hair transplantation for correction of male-pattern baldness. Hair lifting, scalp lift, scalp reduction, alopecia reduction, and male-pattern reduction 1 are but a few of the names given this collection of geometric surgical excisions of the scalp. This type of surgery is most useful in that group of patients in whom hair transplantation alone is not cosmetically satisfying. These types of patients usually fall into the Hamilton 2 and Norwood 3 IV, V, VI, and VII categories of male-pattern alopecia. For these patients, scalp reduction can significantly reduce the amount of bald recipient area. Also, scalp reduction can more easily cover the bald vertex of the scalp with more cosmetically satisfying results than hair transplantation. Care should be taken in selecting patients. Type VII patients should be avoided, and patients with low hair density are not good candidates. It must be realized that both hair transplantation and scalp reduction are not creating any new hair but are merely redistributing it.
Patterns of failure in squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina treated with definitive radiotherapy alone: what is the appropriate treatment volume?

The purpose of this study was to review treatment results, sites of failure, and complications in relation to the irradiation volume for carcinoma of the vagina treated with radiotherapy alone. A retrospective review of 65 patients with histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina who received definitive radiotherapy was undertaken. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates were as follows: Stage I, 91%; Stage IIA (paravaginal extension), 90%; Stage IIB, 55%; Stage III, 89%; and Stage IVA, 62%. The pelvic disease control rates at 5 years were as follows: Stage I, 74%; Stage IIA, 90%; Stage IIB, 79%; Stage III, 89%; and Stage IVA, 67%. Recurrence in the pelvis occurred in 22% of patients. Eighty-five percent of pelvis recurrences were in the primary treatment field. Although pelvic control rates were not increased by use of larger treatment fields (>2,700 cm3), moderate acute and late effects were increased with these fields. Carcinoma of the vagina appears to have a different failure pattern than carcinoma of the cervix. The primary failure sites are the vagina and the paracolpal tissues and the inguinal nodes. Because of this, the superior edge of the pelvic fields does not have to extend above the bottom of the sacroiliac joints except with advanced lesions. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoemission spectromicroscopy of surfaces in materials science

(1991). Photoemission spectromicroscopy of surfaces in materials science. Synchrotron Radiation News: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 27-32.
Estrogen regulation of Xenopus laevis gamma-fibrinogen gene expression

Albumin gene expression in Xenopus is regulated by estrogen through changes in the stability of its mRNA. The goal of the present study was to determine whether a similar pathway regulates gamma-fibrinogen. Degenerate oligonucleotides directed to conserved regions of the carboxyl-terminal half (domain D) of human and lamprey gamma-fibrinogen were used to isolate a full-length cDNA clone for Xenopus gamma-fibrinogen. Analysis of codon utilization from the DNA sequence of this clone revealed that Xenopus gamma-fibrinogen mRNA shows the same bias against CG dinucleotides as present in human, but not lamprey, fibrinogen mRNA. Features of the protein shared with the human homologue include all of the cysteine residues, an N-linked glycosylation site at amino acid 50, and 75% sequence identity in domain D. Much of the same region is conserved in lamprey gamma-fibrinogen. There is only a single size mRNA encoding gamma-fibrinogen in Xenopus, unlike rats where two mRNAs of different length are generated by alternate splicing. Administration of estrogen to male Xenopus results in the disappearance of gamma-fibrinogen mRNA from the cytoplasm, with no effect on steady-state levels in the nucleus. This process can be blocked by prior treatment with anti-estrogen, indicating that, like the regulation of serum albumin mRNA, gamma-fibrinogen is regulated posttranscriptionally through an estrogen receptor dependent mechanism. It is postulated that a consensus sequence flanking the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal in gamma-fibrinogen and the 68- and 74-kDa albumin mRNAs, but not vitellogenin or beta-globin mRNA, may play a role in the hormonal regulation of mRNA stability.
Effects of cocaine on extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the nucleus accumbens

Rationale: Although the rewarding effects of cocaine are generally attributed to its ability to increase dopamine (DA) transmission, cocaine demonstrates approximately equal affinity for dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) transporters in vitro. However, there have been few direct systematic comparisons of the effects of cocaine on DA and 5-HT transmission in vivo. Objectives: The present experiments compared the effects of systemic cocaine administration, local cocaine infusion and the systemic administration of cocaine during infusion on extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Methods: In vivo microdialysis in awake unrestrained rats was used to measure the effects of systemic administration and local infusion of cocaine on extracellular DA and 5-HT levels simultaneously in the NAc. Results: Systemic cocaine (10–25 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently increased DA and 5-HT levels, but the increase in DA was larger than for 5-HT at 18 mg/kg. Infusion of cocaine (0.1–10.0 mM) into the NAc increased both DA and 5-HT levels, but the effect on DA was larger than 5-HT at 0.1 and 3 mM cocaine. The influence of cocaine on DA and 5-HT somatodendritic autoreceptors was examined when cocaine (25 mg/kg) was administered systemically during cocaine infusion. The increase in DA and 5-HT levels during cocaine infusion was attenuated by the systemic injection of cocaine during cocaine infusion, but the decrease of 5-HT was greater than that for DA. Conclusions: Cocaine produced a larger impact on DA than 5-HT neurotransmission under specific conditions. A series of physiological mechanisms, i.e. terminal density, neurotransmitter interactions and somatodendritic regulation, are discussed as factors responsible for facilitating cocaine's effects on DA relative to 5-HT.
Contribution of passive tissues to the intersegmental moments at the hip.

Abstract Many anatomic structures around the hip contribute either actively (i.e., muscle contractile elements) or passively (i.e., capsule, ligaments, non-contractile portions of muscles) to the intersegmental resultant forces and moments. Investigators have often assumed that the passive elements contribute negligibly to those moments, but without substantial supporting data. We explored this assumption by measuring the ‘passive moments’ in 15 normal subjects from near full extension to 60° of hip flexion at speeds used in slow and normal walking. The data suggest that throughout most of the gait cycle and normal stair climbing, the passive structures contribute a small portion of the total moment, usually well less than 10%. Thus, for this limited range of activities, the assumption of negligible contribution of passive structures is reasonable.
ISOLATION AND CULTURE OF FETAL LUNG ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Endothelial cells are one of the three major cell types of the lung parenchyma and serve as the lung's interface with the circulation. These cells have been previously isolated from adult lung. We have now succeeded in isolation and culture of endothelial cells from fetal lung. Lungs are removed from 19 day (term = 22 d) fetal rats, minced, and dissociated into individual cells with trypsin. Fibroblast numbers are reduced by an initial attachment to plastic culture flasks for 1 hr, after which the remaining cells are centrifuged and incubated as a pellet for 1 hr at 37°C. The cells are then resuspended and injected into collagen sponges (GelfoamR). Endothelial cells and some fibroblasts float free of the sponges and attach to the underlying flask over the next 24 hr. The fibroblasts are then eliminated by trypsinizing the attached cells and allowing the fibroblasts to attach to a fresh tissue culture flask for 3 hr, following which a pure fraction of endothelial cells remain and are replated. These cells are identified by their characteristic "cobblestone" morphology and positive stain for factor VIII by immunofluorescence. There is strong contact inhibition which diminishes after one week in culture. This method will provide a means to study the role of the endothelial cell in fetal lung development. (Supported by NIH grants HL-27372 and HL-27352)
Weapon violence in adolescence: parent and school connectedness as protective factors.

Abstract Purpose Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we investigated weapon violence involving violence exposure and commission, as well as the protective roles of parent and school connectedness over time. Methods Adolescents from Add Health's core sample ( N = 7033) were followed for one year over two waves of measurement. Results Consistent with hypotheses, violence exposure and violence commission uniquely predicted each other over time. Also, adolescents who were more connected with their parents were less likely to commit weapon violence over time, and adolescents who were more connected to school were less likely to be exposed to weapon violence over time. However, neither domain of connectedness buffered adolescents from the effects of violence exposure on committing violence. Further, parent and school connectedness seemed to have more power as preventive rather than as mitigating factors in relation to weapon violence. Conclusion Further research using a broader array of violence measures may reveal additional processes through which protective factors can help sever the link between weapon violence exposure and commission.
A Qualitative Examination of the Challenges, Resources, and Strategies for Serving Children Learning English in Head Start

The dramatic growth in the number of children learning English as a second language in our country has led to a corresponding increase in the need to understand how teachers and schools can effectively teach children who are learning English as a second language. Many teachers report not feeling prepared to meet the needs of these children (National Center for Education Statistics, Teacher preparation and professional development: 2000. http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/frss/publications/2001088/index.asp?sectionid=3, 2002). The current study used focus group interviews to examine how Head Start teachers in one program addressed the special learning needs of children learning English in their classrooms. Key challenges involved communicating with children and their families in their home language. Teachers used other staff, parents, and children in the classroom to interpret. Strategies involved visual aids, pictures, gestures, and a welcoming classroom environment. Resources used by teachers were professional development and language skills of other staff. However, available resources were often underutilized and limited for teachers to use in meeting the challenges the teachers faced in the classroom. Suggestions are presented for overcoming the challenges and limited resources encountered by teachers, such as changes in preservice and inservice training opportunities, and second language learning opportunities for teachers. Further implications for training and research are discussed.
The relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and intelligence (IQ) in 9-year-old children.

BackgroundSeveral epidemiologic studies have demonstrated relationships between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and modest cognitive impairments in infancy and early childhood...
Quaternary structure of a SPATE autotransporter protein

The temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh) is a representative of the growing subfamily of secreted bacterial virulence factors, known as serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs). Expressed by avian and human pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli Tsh acts as a serine protease and an adhesin to erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and extracellular matrix proteins. Mature Tsh is comprised of a 106-kDa secreted domain (Tshs) and a 33-kDa outer membrane beta-domain (Tshbeta). Based on the size of beta-domains and functional properties of their passenger domains, all SPATEs are considered to be conventional autotransporters. However, it is unsettled if the conventional autotransporters exist as monomers, oligomers, or multimers (e.g., hexamers). To determine the quaternary structure of Tsh in vitro, we purified Tshbeta from the outer membranes and showed that it is natively folded because it is heat modifiable and resistant to protease digestion. Blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Tshbeta indicated that Tshbeta exists as a monomer or a dimer. The cross-linking analysis demonstrated that purified Tshbeta exists as a monomer. The size-exclusion chromatography and cross-linking analyses of purified Tshs also showed that the passenger domain of Tsh is a monomer. Overall, our data indicated that Tsh is a monomeric protein in vitro and support the concept that the SPATE autotransporters exist as monomers rather than as multimers. Implications of our findings on the mechanism of autotransporter secretion across the outer membrane are discussed.
Mothering Socialist society: the wife-activists' movement and the Soviet culture of daily life, 1934-41.

In recent years, scholars of Russia and the Soviet Union have sought to incorporate gender relations and the concept of daily life (byt) into their work to better understand Russian and Soviet politics, society, and culture.' One phenomenon which is particularly revealing in both these regards, yet which has received only cursory scholarly notice, is the wife-activists' movement, also known as the obshchestvennitsa movement.2 This social movement of the middle and late 1930s, which mobilized housewives for voluntary social service work while encouraging their domestic endeavors, has been dismissed as a "bizarre" or "saccharine" footnote symptomatic of the neoconservative values described by Nicholas Timasheff in The Great Retreat.3 Closer study of the movement, however, reveals a phenomenon more complex in character and significance.
Polymeric materials formed by precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent

Polymer microspheres and fibers are formed with a versatile new process, precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent. By spraying a 1 wt. % polystyrene in toluene solution into CO2 through a 100-μm nozzle, microspheres are formed with diameters from 0.1 to 20 μm as the CO2 density decreases from 0.86 to 0.13 g/cm3. The uniform submicron spheres produced at high CO2 density are due in part to the rapid atomization produced by the large intertial and low interfacial forces. Fibers, with and without microporosity, are obtained at higher polymer concentrations where viscous forces stabilize the jet. The effect of CO2 density and temperature on the size, morphology and porosity of the resulting polymeric materials is explained in terms of the phase behavior, spray characteristics, and the depression in the glass transition temperature.
CIP2A regulates cell proliferation via the AKT signaling pathway in human lung cancer

Cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) is an intracellular endogenous protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor with oncogenic activities. Initially identified as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in gastric and liver cancer patients, CIP2A was overexpressed in a variety of cancer types. The overexpression of CIP2A in cancer cells is associated with increased cell proliferation. However, the mechanism of CIP2A in cancer cell proliferation remains poorly understood. In the present study, we reported that CIP2A can regulate AKT phosphorylation at S473 under growth factor stimulation and our results also showed that CIP2A may promote cell proliferation through the AKT signaling pathway. Notably, depletion of CIP2A did not induce a global change of AKT phosphatase activity, which indicated that CIP2A may recognize specific AKT targets and play certain roles in the signaling pathway. In addition, we detected that CIP2A expression was associated with mTOR phosphorylation. Our further analysis corroborated the relationship between CIP2A and AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, our study addressed a novel role of CIP2A in mediating cancer progression through interacting with the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway.
Lithium dicyanamide, its reactions with cyanuric chloride, and the crystal structures of LiN(CN)2(MeCN)2 and LiCN(C5H5N)2

Abstract Reactions of dicyanamides with cyanuric chloride were investigated as possible routes to carbon nitrides. Anhydrous lithium dicyanamide (1) was synthesized from NaN(CN), and LiCl in THF. Compound 1 was found to react with cyanuric chloride to form a yellow product, which forms an amorphous lithium-carbon nitride with an approximate formula CN0.7Li0.2 upon thermolysis to 700°C. Upon heating to 1000°C, the product decomposes with the distillation of lithium cyanide. Reactions between cyanuric chloride and trimethylstannyl dicyanamide were also investigated. Lithium dicyanamide was also found to trimerize and polymerize at 280–320°C. Additionally, two LiCN complexes were structurally characterized. The bis (acetonitrile) adduct of 1 crystallizes with the lithium atoms linking the cyano nitrogens into infinite LiNCNCN chains, and the bis(pyridine) adduct of LiCN consists of infinite zig-zag LiCN chains.
A modified effective crack-length formulation in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics

Abstract In examining the performance of standard effective crack-length formulations, the authors noted quantitative accuracy up to “high” fractions of limit load under loading conditions for which the elastic T-stress was non-negative, while a pronounced deviation from the corresponding continuum elastic-plastic plane-strain finite-element solutions was seen in shallow-cracked geometries having negative T-stress. This trend can be rationalized by noting that, under modified boundary layer (KI and T) loading, the maximum plastic zone radius strongly increases as the T-stress decreases from zero (J.R. Rice (1974), J. Mech. Phys. Solids 22, 17–26; S.G. Larsson and A.J. Carlsson (1973), J. Mech. Phys. Solids 21, 263–277; N.P. O'Dowd and C.F. Shih (1991), J. Mech. Phys. Solids 39(8), 989–1015.) Accordingly, we formulate a modified effective crack length to account for the effects of the elastic T-stress. The new formulation consistently extends the load range for which accurate predictions of compliance, J-integral, and crack-tip constraint are obtained in several plane strain specimen geometries. The magnitude of influence of the T-stress varies with specimen type and relative crack depth. The greatest “improvement” to standard effective crack length approximations occurs in specimens of “moderately” negative T-stress.
Brain serotonergic activity and plasma amino acid levels in genetically obese Zucker rats.

Abstract In order to test the hypothesis that serotonergic activity is abnormal in the brains of genetically obese Zucker rats, levels of serotonin (5-HT), its amino acid precursor, tryptophan (Trp), and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in eight brain regions in groups of obese and non-obese male rats. Plasma albumin levels as well as levels of amino acids and related compounds in plasma and in a cortical sample were also determined in the same animals. While Trp was lower in several brain regions of the obese animals, the only region showing a depressed level of 5-HT in the obese group was the mesencephalon. Obese animals also had a lower amount of 5-HIAA in the diencephalon, but no other differences were significant. Both elevations and depressions were observed in cortical amino acid levels in obese animals. The level of plasma albumin was increased in the obese group. Free Trp was decreased in the plasma of obese rats while levels of other amino acids (methionine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine) which compete with Trp for transport across the blood-brain barrier were elevated. Thus the combination of lower plasma free Trp and increased levels of competitive amino acids appears to contribute to decreased levels of Trp in the brain of genetically obese rats.
Biphasic effect of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on rat prolactin secretion

5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT), a potent serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist, exerts a biphasic effect on rat prolactin (PRL) secretion. 5-MeODMT (2.5-10 mg/kg) produces a marked, dose-related but short-lasting (less than 30 min) rise in serum PRL levels. At intervals longer than 30 min, 5-MeODMT (1-15 mg/kg) inhibits the stimulation of PRL secretion by another 5-HT agonist, 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT, 10 mg/kg), by alpha-methylparatyrosine (50 mg/kg) or by haloperidol (0.15 mg/kg). 5-MeODMT did not significantly alter the PRL-releasing effect of gamma-butyrolactone (500 mg/kg) or a higher dose of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). The biphasic effect of 5-MeODMT on rat PRL secretion is shared by the centrally-acting 5-HT agonist quipazine, but not by 5-MeOT, an indole derivative excluded by the blood-brain barrier. The initial stimulation of PRL secretion by 5-MeODMT is probably due to its ability to activate postsynaptic 5-HT receptors. The subsequent inhibitory effect of 5-MeODMT appears to be due to increased functional activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. The possible mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of 5-MeODMT on PRL release are discussed.
Institutional policies on science research data: a pilot analysis

Institutions are increasingly feeling the pressure to develop strategies and policies to address these issues in science data management. Policies for data management, archiving, sharing, publishing, and use have sprouted on institutional and research centers' websites. The purpose of our pilot analysis was to collect policy examples for content analysis so that we have a better understanding of what types of policies exist and what issues they address. The poster will present an analysis of institutional policies on science research data management, archiving, sharing and publishing, and use.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery: updated guidelines.

Background Antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery is poorly understood, and data on its use are lacking. Prophylaxis is indicated for the prevention of endocarditis and prosthesis infection, as well as surgical site infection. Objective We review essential considerations for the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery and provide clear guidelines for practical implementation. Methods Guidelines were developed after review of the literature and consultation with infectious disease specialists and subspecialists in the areas of cardiac, orthopedic, and neurosurgical infectious disease at Mayo Clinic. Results Three factors affect the decision to use prophylactic antibiotics in dermatologic surgery: (1) the underlying indication for prophylaxis (patient risk stratification), (2) the condition of the skin, and (3) the specific procedure planned. Thorough preoperative evaluation and surgical planning are critical in identifying and optimizing patient and environmental risk factors that may increase the risk of infection. Appropriate antibiotic selections with site-specific consideration and appropriate timing of antibiotic administration are key factors in providing effective prophylaxis. Conclusions Low rates of infection associated with dermatologic surgical procedures warrant selective use of antibiotic prophylaxis. The proposed guidelines reflect current standards of practice. SHERRY L. MARAGH, MD, CLARK C. OTLEY, MD, RANDALL K. ROENIGK, MD, AND P. KIM PHILLIPS, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Myelopathy induced by lactic acid

This study defines the conditions required to provoke myelopathic changes by dripping lactic acid onto the surgically exposed spinal cord of adult male rats. A severe necrotizing myelopathy was observed after 24 h, principally in the posterior half of the cord at the level of lactic acid (pH 1.8) application. A profound early effect on small blood vessel walls, appearing necrotic after 30 min to 2 h, was identified. Nerve fiber alterations (axonal stasis, granular axoplasm, axonal calcification, and vesicular myelin), identical to those appearing early in the myelopathies of trauma and calcium toxicity, were apparent. However, the pathogenesis of these alterations in this model remains unclear, because of the vascular events and the presumed alterations of calcium metabolism by the acid. Further studies are required to elucidate the precise mechanisms of these important reactions of myelinated axons to the injuries provoked by acid, calcium, and trauma.
Extension of smooth functions from finitely connected planar domains

Consider the Sobolev space W ∞ k (Ω) of functions with bounded kth derivatives defined in a planar domain. We study the problem of extendability of functions from W ∞ k (Ω) to the whole ℝ2 with preservation of class, i.e., surjectivity of the restriction operator W ∞ k (ℝ2) → W ∞ k (Ω).
Suppression of Coherent Radiation by Electrons in a Synchrotron

Approximate expressions are obtained for the coherent radiation loss by electrons in a synchrotron in the presence of finite parallel plate metallic shields, such as the pole faces of the magnet. The results would seem to provide a useful interpolation between the two simple limiting cases of shielding by infinite plates and no shielding at all.