cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERMACS Profiles of Advanced Heart Failure: The Current Picture

Background The current classification of patients with New York Heart Association Class IV symptoms does not offer adequate description to allow optimal selection of patients for the current options of medical and pacing therapies, cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support. Methods Seven clinical profiles and an arrhythmia modifier were developed and implemented into the first year of data collection for the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS). The INTERMACS Coordinators' Council provided ongoing feedback regarding the characterization of patients receiving implantable devices. Results The definition of 7 clinical profiles revealed that 80% of current devices are being used in the 2 profiles with the highest levels of clinical compromise. The INTERMACS Coordinators' Council helped to identify gaps in the characterization of hospitalized patients on temporary assist devices and of homebound patients with resting symptoms, which has led to revised definitions of Profile 3 and 4 and the addition of 2 new modifiers, for temporary circulatory support devices in the hospital, and for frequent rehospitalization of patients at home. Conclusions Patients considered for mechanical circulatory support can now be classified using the 7 profiles plus 3 modifiers developed through INTERMACS. Further understanding these profiles and their impact on outcome should help to better select patients and therapies in the advanced stages of disease.
Biofilter media mixture ratio of wood chips and compost treating swine odors

Biofilter media mixtures were compared in 18 pilot-scale biofilters treating pit gases from a swine facility. The compost and wood chips mixtures ranged from 100% wood chips to a 50-50 blend in 10% increments. The effect of three media moisture contents (low, medium, and high) on biofilter performance was also evaluated. Odor and hydrogen sulfide reduction did not change significantly for mixtures with greater than 20% compost. For efficient odor, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia reduction media moisture must be greater than 40% wb. Media moisture content influenced odor, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia reduction more than the ratio of compost and wood chips. The count of heterotrophic or sulfur-oxidizing bacteria did not change in a discernable pattern with respect to media mixture or moisture content. As the amount of compost increased in the media mixtures, the pressure drop also increased. Based on this experiment, the recommended mixing ratio of compost to wood chips for biofilters on swine facilities is minimum 30% compost and 70% wood chips by weight.
Characterization of muscles associated with the articular membrane in the dorsal surface of the crayfish abdomen.

The anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the dorsal membrane muscle (DMA) and the superficial extensor muscle accessory head (SEAcc) in the abdomen of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and lobster, Homarus americanus, are reported. These muscles have not been previously characterized physiologically or biochemically. The anatomy was originally described by Pilgrim and Wiersma (1963. J Morph 113:453-587). The arrangement of these muscles varies de- pending on the abdominal segment. The function of the dorsal membrane muscle is to retract the thin articulating membrane joining the cuticular segments so that the dorsal membrane does not evert during extension of the abdomen. Consequently, the articular membrane does not protrude, and thus potential damage to the membrane is minimized. Examination of nerve terminal morphol- ogy revealed strings of varicosities, usually only associated with tonic terminals. The electrophysi- ological data indicate that there are at least four tonic excitatory and one inhibitory motor neuron innervating these muscles. Facilitation indices and fatigue-resistance indicate physiologically the tonic nature of innervation. Anti-GABA antibodies demonstrate the anatomical presence of an in- hibitor motor neuron. The SDS electrophoretic analysis of myofibrillar proteins and Western blots of key protein isoforms for these muscles in crayfish and lobsters also indicate that the DMA and SEAcc muscles are tonic phenotype. J. Exp. Zool. 287:353-377, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New evidence on the effects of federal regulations on insider trading: The Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act (ITSFEA)

Abstract This paper finds new evidence that the threat of legal sanctions significantly affects the trading behavior of insiders. Specifically, I examine the effects of the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act (ITSFEA) on insider trading around earnings announcements. Given ITSFEA's stated concern with trading on private information prior to its release, I argue that insiders may respond to the Act by altering the timing of their trades. I find that, following ITSFEA, insiders are more likely to postpone liquidity sales until after negative earnings surprises. I also find that insiders increase their relative emphasis on post-event as opposed to pre-event information based trading. Finally, earnings announcements appear to be more informative in the post-ITSFEA period, consistent with less information based trading in front of earnings announcements, after the Act.
Coa1 links the Mss51 post-translational function to Cox1 cofactor insertion in cytochrome c oxidase assembly

The assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) in yeast mitochondria is shown to be dependent on a new assembly factor designated Coa1 that associates with the mitochondrial inner membrane. Translation of the mitochondrial-encoded subunits of CcO occurs normally in coa1Δ cells, but these subunits fail to accumulate. The respiratory defect in coa1Δ cells is suppressed by high-copy MSS51, MDJ1 and COX10. Mss51 functions in Cox1 translation and elongation, whereas Cox10 participates in the biosynthesis of heme a, a key cofactor of CcO. Respiration in coa1Δ and shy1Δ cells is enhanced when Mss51 and Cox10 are coexpressed. Shy1 has been implicated in formation of the heme a3-CuB site in Cox1. The interaction between Coa1 and Cox1, and the physical and genetic interactions between Coa1 and Mss51, Shy1 and Cox14 suggest that Coa1 coordinates the transition of newly synthesized Cox1 from the Mss51:Cox14 complex to the heme a cofactor insertion involving Shy1. coa1Δ cells also display a mitochondrial copper defect suggesting that Coa1 may have a direct link to copper metallation of CcO.
The Revised Human Liver Cytochrome P450 “Pie”: Absolute Protein Quantification of CYP4F and CYP3A Enzymes Using Targeted Quantitative Proteomics

The CYP4F subfamily of enzymes has been identified recently to be involved in the metabolism of endogenous compounds (arachidonic acid and leukotriene B4), nutrients (vitamins K1 and E), and xenobiotics (pafuramidine and fingolimod). CYP4F2 and CYP4F3B are reported to be expressed in the human liver. However, absolute concentrations of these enzymes in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and their interindividual variability have yet to be determined because of the lack of specific antibodies. Here, an liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based targeted quantitative proteomic approach was employed to determine the absolute protein concentrations of CYP4F2 and CYP4F3B compared with CYP3A in two panels of HLMs (n = 31). As a result, the human hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) “pie” has been revised to include the contribution of CYP4F enzymes, which amounts to 15% of the total hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. CYP4F3B displayed low interindividual variability (3.3-fold) in the HLM panels whereas CYP4F2 displayed large variability (21-fold). However, CYP4F2 variability decreased to 3.4-fold if the two donors with the lowest expression were excluded. In contrast, CYP3A exhibited 29-fold interindividual variability in the same HLM panels. The proposed marker reaction for CYP4F enzymes pafuramidine/DB289 M1 formation did not correlate with CYP4F protein content, suggesting alternate metabolic pathways for DB289 M1 formation in HLMs. In conclusion, CYP4F enzymes are highly expressed in the human liver and their physiologic and pharmacologic roles warrant further investigation.
Preoperative identification of a bone-cement allergy in a patient undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

Allergy to polymethyl methacrylate bone-cement or its components is unusual. Because of the potential for an inflammatory response in an allergic patient and the possibility of pain and loosening if a cemented implant is used, it is imperative to identify patients with this allergy to modify their treatment. We report the case of an otherwise healthy 60-year-old woman who needed a total knee arthroplasty and who had an allergy to methyl methacrylate bone-cement identified preoperatively. The appropriate evaluation for a patient who is suspected to have an allergy to bone-cement or its components is reviewed.
GRINDING WHEEL CONDITION MONITORING WITH HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL-BASED CLUSTERING METHODS

Hidden Markov model (HMM) is well known for sequence modeling and has been used for condition monitoring. However, HMM-based clustering methods are developed only recently. This article proposes a HMM-based clustering method for monitoring the condition of grinding wheel used in grinding operations. The proposed method first extract features from signals based on discrete wavelet decomposition using a moving window approach. It then generates a distance (dissimilarity) matrix using HMM. Based on this distance matrix several hierarchical and partitioning-based clustering algorithms are applied to obtain clustering results. The proposed methodology was tested with feature sequences extracted from acoustic emission signals. The results show that clustering accuracy is dependent upon cutting condition. Higher material removal rate seems to produce more discriminatory signals/features than lower material removal rate. The effect of window size, wavelet decomposition level, wavelet basis, clustering algorithm, ...
An integrated function generator with two-dimensional electronic programming capability

Describes a novel, electronically programmable function generator which has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Output is a piecewise linear function of the input and both coordinates of the function breakpoints can be independently programmed.
Modern Countercurrent Distribution

Abstract Interest in liquid-liquid extraction continues to grow as evidenced by such divergent applications as industrial waste water treatment1,2 cleanup for pesticide residue analysis3, and resolution of optical isomers.4 This activity results from increased understanding of the chemistry of solvent extraction which is leading to the design of specially selective systems4,5as well as the development of improved extractors emanating from studies of mass transfer phenomena6,7 in continuously flowing systems
Code acquisition in transmit diversity DS-CDMA systems

In this paper, two code acquisition schemes are studied for use in conjunction with transmit diversity direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA). One is a training-based single-user maximum-likelihood (SUML) estimator, which can achieve code acquisition very fast at low computational complexity. The other is a blind estimator based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Two recently proposed transmit diversity schemes known as orthogonal transmit diversity simulcast (OTD-S) and space-time selective spreading transmit diversity (STSTD) are considered. While the advantages of transmit diversity from the detection standpoint are well known, less is known about how code acquisition performance is affected by the use of transmit diversity. Through the analysis in this paper, it is proven that the SUMI. estimator should give the same performance in both the OTD-S and STSTD schemes in a single-user environment. In a multiple-user environment, simulation results show that the STSTD system offers slightly better code acquisition performance. It is also seen that the SUML estimators provide significantly better code acquisition performance than the MUSIC estimators in either transmit diversity system. From the standpoint of robustness to carrier frequency offset, it Is found that the training-based SUML estimator is very sensitive to frequency offset, while the MUSIC estimator is quite robust. A simple frequency offset estimator to be used in conjunction with the SUML estimator is also proposed and is shown to make the timing estimator quite tolerant of substantial frequency offsets.
Beyond Reactive Devaluation: Implementation Concerns and Fixed-pie Perceptions Involving the Geneva Accords

Prior research on reactive devaluation has consistently and convincingly shown that negotiators devalue objectively identical offers when they are made by the other party rather than by one's own party. However, in many or most real world negotiation contexts, authorship of specific offers and proposals cannot be attributed to one or the other of the conflicting parties. More typically, the offer or proposal under consideration is the outcome of a negotiation itself. This study identifies the possibility of reactive devaluation in such contexts, and then tests for its existence using data on Israeli support for the Geneva Accords. The results suggest that implementation concerns might mitigate reactive devaluation by creating a demand for a "match" in the degree to which each side supports (or opposes) the agreement. Strategic and theoretical implications are discussed.
Representing Structured Clinical Data

Electronic medical record (EMR) systems illustrate all of the challenges of designing and maintaining large systems. In complexity, their database designs rival those of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) applications. For the large institutional EMRs, the similarity extends to price as well as to the level of institutional commitment required to change your existing processes. When you invest in such a system, you are betting the bank: it’s extremely expensive to change your mind, and deployment failures from ­inadequate customer preparedness can be spectacular. Consider the following issues: Like ERP applications, EMR systems need to interface with a wide variety of third-party software, and they may even interface with ERP applications for areas such as accounting and inventory. However, in terms of database design, their complexity is of a different type. Specifically, an EMR’s customers will demand the need to capture new kinds of data that may not have existed at the time the EMR was purchased. We consider a couple of these situations.
Behavioral Economics and the Regulation of Public Offerings

The SEC adopted new rules in 2005 governing registered public offerings in the United States. Few, if any, of the rules make sense if we start from a presumption that investors are rational and are able to discount properly for any information they receive during the public offering process. In this Article, I examine the new rules and assess the implicit behavioral assumptions about investors contained in the rules. I also provide an assessment of the behavioral biases that may affect regulators at the SEC. Regulator biases may lead the SEC to take an ad hoc evaluative process often ending with a reference to investor confidence in justifying new regulations. As a minimal solution, I propose that the SEC bear the burden of specifying its assumptions behind investor behavior explicitly together with how regulations will benefit investors suffering from such biases (as well as how other investors are affected by the regulations). Taking such an approach will lead to a more consistent approach in how the SEC deals with investor biases and reduce unnecessary regulation (as opposed to the SEC's present ad hoc approach as typified in the public offering rules). To the extent other more public choice factors motivate regulation and references to investor confidence are merely a pretext, my proposal would help bring transparency to these other factors by focusing attention on whether the investor confidence rationale in fact is justified.
Understanding Chronic Pain in Context: Intervention and Outcomes Using the Kawa Model With Youths and Their Families

Date Presented 4/17/2015 In this poster, we present outcomes of an approach combining the Kawa Model and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) to generate an evidenced-based, person- and family-centered narrative of family co-occupation. Barriers and supports to participation and prioritized pain management goals from varied family perspectives are described.
Forced perturbation of respiratory system

The conventional model of the respiratory system is based on an electric analog of an LRC-circuit, or a mechanical analog of a mass-spring-damper system characterized by inertance, resistance, and complicance. The meaning of the three constants, L, R, and C must be related to the airway geometry, elasticity, and boundary conditions. In order to clarify this basic relationship, we remove the restriction of one degree of freedom and present an analysis of the respiratory system as a continuous elastic body. The extra- and intralobular airways, the lung parenchyma, the chest wall, the diaphragm muscle, and the abdominal organs are considered separately. The governing equations are linearized by considering small perturbations. In the case of a small pressure pulse applied at the mouth, the expansion of the airways and the resulting flow are computed. The results indicate that a predominant effect of the forced oscillation test is the expansion of the extralobular airways. The resistance computed from the experimental data according to the LRC-circuit analog depends strongly on theelastic properties of the airway walls, as well as the pressure drop in the upper airway due to viscous friction and turbulence in the flow.
Effect of piromen on survival of irradiated mice.

SummaryIntraperitoneal injection of 0.1 γ Piromen/day/mouse for a 5-day period effected a significant increase in the mean survival time of X-irradiated (550 r) mice of the HN Rockefeller Institute strain. Piromen administered with the drinking water at the rate of 0.37 γ /day/mouse for 4 days failed to significantly alter survival time. This may have been due to the small dose actually absorbed. Administration of a larger dose (total dosage, 2.55 γ) after irradiation resulted in fewer survivals than in the untreated controls. The action of Piromen following irradiation appears to be similar to ACTH with respect to survival. The dosage of Piromen is apparently of critical importance.
Taking you back: Region, industry and technologies of living history at Beamish:

Many critics have linked the rise of heritage with a loss of primary manufacturing, an association particularly resonant for industrial living history museums such as Beamish. In the context of pastoral heritage representations, the museum develops competing modernizing and industrial strains in English identity. Through its incorporation of industry, Beamish cuts against the suggestion that people and culture organically spring from native soil. Framing itself as ethnographic, the museum supposes a gap between the culture presented and those of its visitors. Yet this presentation inscribes comforting accounts of class and modernity. Through living history museum techniques, Beamish appeals for its visitors to identify with the represented past so as to suggest more firmly a gulf between present and industrial past. As a result, Beamish is less concerned with presenting the past then shoring up a notion of the present as advanced stage of modernity.
E-010 critical evaluation of the eclipse sign in different angiographic phases for prediction of successful aneurysm thrombosis after pipeline embolization

Introduction The appearance of eclipse sign in large and giant aneurysm is a characteristic angiographic finding after flow diversion. However, its clinical implication for prediction of successful embolization has not been fully investigated. We evaluated the angiographic appearance of eclipse sign in different phases of cerebral angiography pre and post PED placement in correlation with aneurysm thrombosis at 6 months. Methods Angiographic and clinical data of 48 consecutive procedures was analyzed retrospectively. Patients who had: 1) successful PED placement without adjunctive coiling, 2) visible eclipse sign on post embolization angiography, 3) and reliable follow up angiographic data were included. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results Among all included patients, the median aneurysm size was 23mm (10–38), the median age was 53 (19–88), and 10% (2/19) were male. Thrombosis rate at 6 months was 84% (16/19). Pre-intervention eclipse sign was present in 63% of (12/19) analyzed patients. The baseline angiographic appearance of eclipse sign in the late venous phase was present in 5 patients, mid capillary to late venous phase in 2 patients, late capillary to late venous in 1 patient, and early/mid arterial to late arterial (for 2–3 frames only) in 4 patients. No significant changes after intervention was observed only in 3 patients in whom the eclipse sign was initially visible only in the late venous phase. None of these 3 patients achieved successful thrombosis at 6 months. Prolonged and earlier appearance of the eclipse sign in comparison to baseline angiography was observed in 9 patients, and completely new appearance from early arterial to late venous was detected in 6 patients. All of these patients achieved successful thrombosis in 6 months (p = 0.001). Conclusions The presence of eclipse sign alone does not consistently correlate with subsequent aneurysm thrombosis and it can be observed even prior to PED placement. Instead, prolonged and earlier eclipse sign appearance in comparison to baseline angiography is more reliable prognostic factor for prediction of aneurysm thrombosis. Disclosures R. Raychev: None. S. Tateshima: 2; C; Covidien, Stryker, Reverse Medical, Penumbra, Pulsar Vascular, Blockade. F. Vinuela: None. R. Jahan: 2; C; Covidien, Medina Medical. 3; C; Stryker. N. Gonzalez: None. G. Duckwiler: 2; C; Sequent Medical, Asahi Intecc USA. 6; C; Pipeline Proctor – Covidien.
The development of the National Reporting and Learning System in England and Wales, 2001–2005

In 2001, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) was created as part of a wider reform process to improve quality of care for patients in the National Health Services of England and Wales. The NPSA was charged with developing and implementing a national system for collecting and learning from reported patient safety incidents. Between 2003 and 2005, 303 447 incidents were reported from a wide range of health care settings. As a result, a range of interventions have been developed to improve safety. A number of lessons have been distilled from the experience of England and Wales, including that: clinical risk management system characteristics should be aligned with those of the national reporting system; and safety culture and information dissemination must be addressed at the same time as any new reporting system is implemented. These lessons should be of use to other countries implementing similar patient safety strategies.
Relationship of pulsatility and resistance indices to cerebral arteriovenous malformation angioarchitectural features and hemorrhage

Abstract The role that hemodynamics plays in the pathophysiology of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemorrhage remains unclear. Here, we examine the relationship of pulsatility and resistance indices to AVM angioarchitectural features and hemorrhage. Records of patients with cerebral AVMs evaluated at our institution between 2007–2014 and with flows obtained before treatment using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (QMRA) were retrospectively reviewed. Flow volume rate and flow velocity were measured in primary arterial feeders and compared to their contralateral counterparts. Pulsatility index (PI) = [(systolic flow velocity − diastolic flow velocity)/mean flow velocity] and resistance index (RI) = [(systolic flow velocity − diastolic flow velocity)/systolic flow velocity] were calculated for each feeder and compared to the normal contralateral vessel. Relationships between PI, RI and AVM clinical and angioarchitectural features were assessed using linear regression. Seventy-two patients with a total of 101 feeder arteries were included. PI and RI were significantly lower in AVM arterial feeders compared to normal vessels, thereby resulting in significantly higher flow volume rates and flow velocities in feeder vessels. There was no significant association of PI and RI with hemorrhagic presentation, exclusive deep venous drainage, venous stenosis, single draining vein, or deep location. In conclusion, PI and RI can be measured using QMRA and are lower in AVM arterial feeders compared to normal vessels. Although we found no significant correlation between PI, RI, and AVM angioarchitectural characteristics thought to be associated with increased hemorrhage risk, future studies with larger sample sizes may better elucidate this relationship.
A Case Illustrating That Cancer Tips the Scale of Thrombosis.

Abstract Background: There are many causes of thrombosis in cancer, including cancer itself, the release of TNF, IL-1 I 160: 809–815). Factor V Leiden mutation causes partial resistance to the inactivating effects of activated protein C. 5% of the population carries this mutation and it is present in 20% of patients with a 1st venous thrombotic episode. The risk of venous thrombosis is 3–8 fold. The prothrombin mutation is less common and the relative risk of thrombosis is about 2.0. In a large case control study it was found that carriers of the Factor V Leiden or the prothrombin mutation who also had cancer had an approximately 12–17 times increased risk of thrombosis; compared to an overall 7 times risk in patients with malignancy alone (Blom et al. JAMA. Feb 9, 2005. Vol 293, No 6). Case history: A 54 year old caucasion female was diagnosed with stage 1 infiltrating ductal carcinoma after palpating a lump in her left breast. The tumor was 1.6 cm, ER negative, PR negative and HER-2 negative. Lumpectomy and axillary node dissection revealed no residual carcinoma in the breast and no involvement of eleven lymph nodes. She completed 4 cycles of Cytoxan and Adriamycin successfully and was to start radiation therapy. 1 week after completing chemotherapy she had a focal seizure with tonicclonic movements of her right arm and no loss of consciousness. An MRI showed cortical infarcts, which were originally thought to be metastatic hemorrhages, in the left parietal and frontal areas and right parietal area. A follow up MRI showed considerable improvement of the cortical lesions, with no evidence of any metastatic cancer. Subsequently, she developed bilateral DVTs for which an IVC filter was placed as it was felt that she was not a candidate for anticoagulation given her recent CNS hemorrhage. She was also found to have bilateral pulmonary emboli on CT scan of the chest. Two other underlying disorders predisposing to thrombosis were found- Factor V Leiden mutation and the prothrombin gene mutation. Further imaging confirmed a thrombotic etiology for her CNS event, and coumadin was started. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the magnitude of the effect of cancer on thrombosis. This patient had 2 prothrombotic mutations, was a smoker, who had been on the OCP for 10 years prior to menopause, yet had no thrombotic episodes until she developed cancer. Also of interest is that the thrombotic episodes occurred shortly after completion of chemotherapy- another prothrombotic factor.
Circadian rhythms, the molecular clock, and skeletal muscle.

Almost all organisms ranging from single cell bacteria to humans exhibit a variety of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical rhythms. In mammals, circadian rhythms control the timing of many physiological processes over a 24-h period, including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, feeding, and hormone production. This body of research has led to defined characteristics of circadian rhythms based on period length, phase, and amplitude. Underlying circadian behaviors is a molecular clock mechanism found in most, if not all, cell types including skeletal muscle. The mammalian molecular clock is a complex of multiple oscillating networks that are regulated through transcriptional mechanisms, timed protein turnover, and input from small molecules. At this time, very little is known about circadian aspects of skeletal muscle function/metabolism but some progress has been made on understanding the molecular clock in skeletal muscle. The goal of this chapter is to provide the basic terminology and concepts of circadian rhythms with a more detailed review of the current state of knowledge of the molecular clock, with reference to what is known in skeletal muscle. Research has demonstrated that the molecular clock is active in skeletal muscles and that the muscle-specific transcription factor, MyoD, is a direct target of the molecular clock. Skeletal muscle of clock-compromised mice, Bmal1−/− and ClockΔ19 mice, are weak and exhibit significant disruptions in expression of many genes required for adult muscle structure and metabolism. We suggest that the interaction between the molecular clock, MyoD, and metabolic factors, such as PGC-1, provide a potential system of feedback loops that may be critical for both maintenance and adaptation of skeletal muscle.
The Constraint Principle: Original Meaning and Constitutional Practice

This substantially revised version of "The Constraint Principle" addresses the central normative claim of constitutional originalism: the original meaning of the constitutional text ought to constrain constitutional practice. This claim is shared by almost all of the members of the originalist family of constitutional theories. Provisionally, the Constraint Principle is the claim that (at a minimum) the content of constitutional doctrine and the decision of constitutional cases should be consistent with the original meaning of the constitutional text. This principle has the implication that constitutional actors, including the Supreme Court, adopt constitutional constructions that effectively amend the Constitution. The aim of this article is to explicate and justify the Constraint Principle. There are two clusters of arguments for constraint. The first cluster focuses on the idea of the rule of law. Without constraint by the constitutional text, living constitutionalism can lead to judicial tyranny, undermine the rule of law values of certain, predictability, and stability of law, and lead to politicization of the judiciary. The second cluster focuses on legitimacy. As compared to living constitutionalism without constraint, originalism does a better job of realizing the values of democratic legitimacy and transparency.
The developmental course of community service across the transition to adulthood in a national U.S. sample.

Despite the importance of community service for the well-being of individuals and communities, relatively little is known about the developmental course of community service during the transition to adulthood (TTA). This study tested competing hypotheses about change in community service across the TTA by estimating latent growth models from Ages 18 to 26 in a national U.S. Sample Analyses tested for cohort differences in community service and for individual differences in developmental trajectories by socioeconomic status, gender, grades, religiosity, race/ethnicity, college expectations, and college degree attainment. Using Monitoring the Future data from 1976 to 2011, the best-fitting latent growth model for community service was quadratic: Community service declined from Ages 18 to 24 and leveled off thereafter. Cohort differences in intercepts indicated that Age 18 community service increased over historical time; developmental declines in community service were consistent over 4 decades. Parent education predicted higher Age 18 community service but not growth parameters. Community service trajectories varied by gender, high school grades, religiosity, college expectations, and educational attainment, although all groups declined. Findings contribute to civic developmental theory by clarifying age and cohort effects in community service. Rising levels of community service at Age 18 may reflect heightened focus on service in high schools or the role of other socialization forces, yet these increases do not mitigate the decline across the TTA. We highlight the need for rethinking the ways in which institutions and communities can better support youth community service during the TTA. (PsycINFO Database Record
"No, we don't mix languages": Ideological power and the chronotopic organization of ethnolinguistic identities

In this study we address ethnolinguistic identity using Bakhtin's (1981) notion of chronotope. Taking an ethnographic approach to linguistic data from Azerbaijani and Uzbek communities, we trace the impact of various chronotopes on our participants’ acts of ethnolinguistic identification. Building on Blommaert & De Fina (2017), we illustrate how ethnolinguistic identification is an outcome of the interaction between multiple levels of large- and small-scale chronotopes. Furthermore, we argue that chronotopes differ in terms of their power, depending on the ideological force behind them. We demonstrate how power differentials between chronotopes can account for certain interactional and linguistic patterns in conversation. The power inherent in chronotopes that link nationhood with specific languages makes the notions of discrete languages and static identities ‘real’ for our participants. Therefore, discussions of language and identity as flexible and socially constructed, we argue, must not obscure the power of these notions in shaping the perceptions of sociolinguistic subjects. (Chronotope, ethnolinguistic identity, power, Uzbek, Azeri/Azerbaijani, nationalism, language mixing, language ideology)*
Carbon Conversion During Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass

Gasification is one means of transforming biomass so that it can be more easily utilized as a renewable source of thermal energy, transportation fuel, and chemicals. Under typical gasification conditions it is not uncommon that a portion of the carbon entering with the biomass leaves the reactor unconverted as char. Understanding and improving carbon conversion during biomass gasification in an atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed reactor is the focus of this study. To better understand the intricacies of biomass gasification a carbon conversion analytic methodology was developed. The methodology is based on a mass balance of the fixed carbon entering and leaving the gasifier. It allows fixed carbon leaving the reactor by elutriation to be distinguished from that which has been chemically converted. Carbon conversion analysis was applied to several steady state gasification experiments in a laboratory scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor utilizing ground seed corn as the feedstock. The impact on the gasification of ground seed corn was investigated for variations in the equivalence ratio, the gasification temperature, the superficial gas velocity, the biomass particle size, and the concentration of H2O entering the reactor. Insights gleaned from these experiments suggest that carbon conversion during gasification of ground seed corn in a bubbling fluidized bed is limited by elutriation of char comminuted by either fragmentation or chemically assisted attrition. Consequently, increased carbon conversion was realized with reductions in the superficial gas velocity through the reactor.
Dormancy and Germination In Vitro Response of Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea paniculata Seed to Light, Cold-Treatment and Gibberellic Acid

Abstract Seed germination was optimized for ten Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and two Hydrangea paniculata Siebold cultivars in vitro. Methods were also developed to assay seed physiology. Best results for in vitro study were obtained with 0.5× Gamborgs solid media in conjunction with Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM), and by sterilizing seed with trichloro-s-triazinetrione (Trichlor). Assays of physiology were conducted by sterilizing seed and treating with combinations of white and red light, cold-treatment, gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate, and light cycles. Estimates of seed viability/dormancy, germination of non-dormant seed, and germination overall were calculated for each treatment combination. The most favorable conditions for overall Hydrangea seed germination were cold-treatment for 6 weeks, imbibition with GA3 + KNO3, and plating on half-strength Gamborgs media supplemented with GA3 in the presence of white light.
Infinitesimal Stability and Uniqueness

Uniqueness is proved in the classical infinitesimal theory by means of an identity derived by Kirchhoff. The identity it self is easily generalized to the finite theory. We begin with the differential equations of equilibrium which is follow from (11.14)l, viz, $$Div {{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{T}}}_{{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{\kappa }}}}} + {{\rho }_{{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{\kappa }}}}}{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{b}} = {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{0}},$$ (19.1) where $${{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{T}}}_{{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{\kappa }}}}} = {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{\mathfrak{h}}}({\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{F}}).$$ (11.15)
Structure and function of the genome of HTLV.

We are still in the early stages of discovery of the full range of biological activity of a newly discovered and most interesting family of human pathogens, the human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs). This chapter is intended as a rough roadmap of the salient features of the viral genome. This overview is based in large measure on the sequence of one strain of HTLV that was obtained from lymphocytes of a patient with adult T-cell leukemia in Japan. Information is also drawn from protein sequence analysis and DNA sequence analysis of several other strains of HTLV isolated from patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in our own laboratory. Similarities to other retroviruses are noted. The limits of our present knowledge will be outlined.
THE METAPERFORMATIVE AND GENDERED SPACE

The early Wittgenstein commits himself to the view that, if they are to be sensible, words can only point to the world and not to the pictorial form of the signifiers themselves. I criticize this thesis on two grounds. First, words are also Austinian instruments of performance. Second, words can depict both their pictorial and performative functions. I show this meta-relationship with respect to Julio Medem’s Lucia y el Sexo, Nan Goldin’s photographs, and Marnie Weber’s image juxtapositions. In drawing attention to showing what words can do, I suggest these that artists exploit the fact that words can show what words do in order to complexify our understanding of womanhood and gender.
Feasibility of Computerized Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Combined With Bifrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Treatment of Major Depression.

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has demonstrated preliminary antidepressant effects and beneficial effects on cognitive function. Objective We investigated the feasibility and acceptability of using tDCS to enhance the effects of computer-based CBT for treatment of MDD. Materials and methods In a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study, 14 patients with MDD on stable or no pharmacotherapy received active or sham bifrontal tDCS for four weeks with concurrent CBT. Results Ten participants completed the protocol. Three withdrew from the study because of lack of efficacy or dislike of the eCBT program. One was discontinued from the protocol by the investigators. Treatment was well tolerated, and most side-effects were mild and consistent with prior tDCS research. Pooled data from both groups showed significant baseline to endpoint improvement in depression (p = 0.008). Overall percent change on the HAMD-21 was 28.98%. The study was underpowered to detect differences in tDCS treatment groups. Conclusions Combining tDCS with computer-based CBT is feasible for MDD. Further work is needed to evaluate potential synergistic effects of combined tDCS and CBT.
A bacterial epidemic in wild plants.

Asymptomatic wild populations of Arabidopsis thaliana have been found infected with genetically diverse pathogenic Pseudomonas strains. New research highlights how little we understand about the eco-evolutionary dynamics of bacterial pathogens in natural plant communities.
Caregiver acceptance of a patient navigation program to increase human papillomavirus vaccination in pediatric clinics: a qualitative program evaluation.

Objective: The purpose of this evaluation was to examine the acceptability of a multi-component patient navigator (PN) intervention program designed to decrease barriers to human papillomavirus (HP...
Phaffia rhodozyma cultivation on structural and non-structural sugars from sweet sorghum for astaxanthin generation.

ABSTRACT Because it contains both structural and non-structural sugars, sweet sorghum has potential applications in biorefineries seeking to produce co-products. Differences between sugar composition in sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) requires a robust organism that can be cultivated in both sources. The red pigmented yeast strain Phaffia rhodozyma can be grown indiscriminately on sugars originating from agricultural feedstocks and produces the carotenoid astaxanthin which has applications in high value markets. In this study we determined cultivating conditions for Phaffia rhodozyma in both SSJ and SSB hydrolysate for biomass growth and astaxanthin generation. Batch bioreactor studies on SSJ with supplementation produced 34.9 g/L biomass with 53.3 mg/L astaxanthin at a productivity rate of 0.352 mg/L/h after 168 hours of cultivation. Phaffia cultivated in SSB hydrolysate showed improved growth after activated carbon (AC) detoxification and only marginal improvement after laccase detoxification. AC detoxification produced 23.6 g/L biomass, 48.89 mg/L astaxanthin, and a productivity of 0.291 mg/L/h. Undiluted SSB hydrolysate produced inferior results due to the assumed presence of phenolic inhibitors. While both structural and non-structural sugars from sweet sorghum can be utilized by Phaffia rhodozyma , it is apparent that SSJ provides a better substrate to produce naturally occurring astaxanthin.
INSURANCE Insurance Generally: Authorize Use of Preexisting Conditions Exclusions or Limitations in Group Policies or Contracts of Disability Income Insurance

The Act permits the use of preexisting conditions exclusions in group disability income insurance policies. Specifically, the Act provides a definition of preexisting condition and prohibits the use in group disability income insurance policies of any definition that is more restrictive than the statutory standard. The Act requires policies that exclude benefits for preexisting conditions to disclose such exclusions. Finally, the Act mandates that benefits will not be denied based on a preexisting condition if the resulting disability occurs more than two years after the commencement of coverage.
Invisible widths of heavy mesons

We revisit calculations of invisible widths of heavy mesons in the standard model, which serve as benchmarks for the studies of production of light, long-lived neutral particles in heavy meson decays. We challenge the common assumption that in the standard model these widths are dominated by meson decays into a two-neutrino final state and prove that they are dominated by decays into four-neutrino final states. We show that current estimates of the invisible widths of heavy mesons in the standard model underestimate the effect by orders of magnitude. We examine currently available experimental data on invisible widths and place constraints on the properties of dark photons. We also comment on the invisible widths of the kaons.
CHAPTER VI – Engineering Calibration

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses engineering calibration, which is a simple process that determines the proper operation of the sensor. The calibration of an electro-optical sensor provides for an engineering evaluation of the sensor performance. It often necessary to ascertain whether or not a sensor is functioning according to design, prior to making a full commitment to obtain a detailed calibration. The engineering calibration is referred to as the final step in the design, fabrication, and testing of a new sensor system. The evaluation of an electro-optical sensor is based on detector transducer performance characteristics and system design parameters. The chapter provides a brief description of detector types, detector parameters, calibration procedures, and sensor performance. Optical sensor designs incorporate two basic detector types, namely, thermal and photon. Thermal detectors respond to heat or power and have a uniform power response function of wavelength or wave number over the spectral region for which the absorbtance is near unity. The photon detection process is based on the freeing of charge carriers by the absorption of a single quanta of radiation. They respond to the number of effective photons. Photo detectors tend to have a linear spectral response function of power versus wavelength. The detailed procedures undertaken in an engineering calibration are similar to those of a final calibration except that the objective of the calibration is different. The redundancy necessary to estimate the precision and accuracy in a detailed calibration is not necessary to evaluate instrument performance.
Tobacco Smoke Exposure Reduces Paraoxonase Activity in a Murine Model.

AIM To demonstrate a direct inhibitory effect of cigarette smoke exposure on paraoxonase 1 activity in a murine in vivo model. METHODS At 8 weeks old, we randomized 10 C57/bl6 mice to an environment consisting of either filtered air or cigarette smoke for 6 months. Smoke exposure (7 hours per day, 5 days per week) was standardized using a model TE-10 smoking machine and adjusted to maintain constant sidestream and mainstream smoke. After 6 months of exposure, we assessed differences in lung air space, cholesterol, lipid, and lipoprotein profiles, as well as paraoxonase activity in mice exposed to cigarette smoke extract compared to unexposed control mice. RESULTS Cigarette smoke exposure by the protocol used was sufficient to result in pathologic changes in lung architecture consistent with emphysema. Specifically, we observed that mice exposed to cigarette smoke had a significantly higher mean linear chord length compared to animals that were exposed to filtered air (p<0.02). Despite this exposure, no differences in total HDL-cholesterol levels or HDL-cholesterol sub-fractions (i.e. HDL2 and HDL3 fractions) were noted between smoke-exposed and unexposed animals (p=1.00, 0.6, and 0.4, respectively). Notably, mean HDL-cholesterol levels were identical between groups (92.8 vs 92.8 mg/dL, p=1.0). Paraoxonase activity, however, was markedly reduced in mice exposed to cigarette smoke compared to those who were not exposed (102, SD=9.6 vs 144, SD=4.1 units of activity, respectively, p=0.002). CONCLUSION In this murine model, tobacco smoke exposure directly inhibits paraoxonase activity independently of HDL-cholesterol levels rather than indirectly via reduction in HDL-cholesterol levels.