cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Price-Earnings and Price-to-Book Anomalies: Tests of an Intrinsic Value Explanation*

. Price deviations from basic valuation models based on accounting earnings and book value of owners' equity are used to test the intrinsic value explanation of the price-earnings and price-book value anomalies. Relative price deviations from the implied benchmark prices are used to assign years into high and low deviation groups. Traditional zero investment hedge portfolios are formed in each year, and the returns are compared across high and low deviation years. The high deviation years show significantly larger size- and risk-adjusted returns over four holding periods, providing strong evidence in favor of an intrinsic value explanation of the anomalies. The findings also indicate that the test periods chosen for earlier studies can play a role in the results generated. Resume. Les auteurs utilisent les ecarts de prix derives des modeles d'evaluation de base fondes sur les benefices comptables et la valeur comptable des capitaux propres pour verifier l'explication des anomalies relevees dans les rapports cours-benefice et cours-valeur comptable, qui repose sur la valeur intrinseque. Les ecarts relatifs des cours par rapport aux cours de reference implicites sont utilises par les auteurs pour classer les annees selon la nature elevee ou faible des ecarts. Pour chaque annee sont constitues des portefeuilles traditionnels dont les placements ne font l'objet d'aucune couverture, et les rendements sont soumis a une comparaison combinee des annees presentant des ecarts eleves et faibles. Les annees presentant un ecart eleve affichent des rendements superieurs et ajustes pour tenir compte du risque au cours de quatre periodes de detention, ce qui milite clairement en faveur de l'explication des anomalies reposant sur la valeur intrinseque. Les resultats indiquent egalement que les periodes de test choisies dans les etudes anterieures peuvent avoir influe sur les resultats obtenus.
Electron tunneling paths in proteins.

The connections between basic electron transfer theory and the methods currently available for analyzing quantum electronic interactions of long-range electron transfer within and between proteins are examined. Both traditional basis set expansion as well as quantum path integral Monte Carlo descriptions of propagation through the intervening medium are described and compared. The development of the concepts and technical aspects of superexchange are traced from simple to complex implementations, with an emphasis on the unifying framework of the sum over tunnelling path amplitudes. Directions for the future refinement of quantitative biomolecular computations are identified.
The Monod constant for growth for Candida utilis on ammonium in continuous and batch cultures

Monod constants for growth on ammonium were determined for Candida utilis under different growth conditions. Results indicate that values for K s differed in batch and in continuous cultures. The addition of the vitamin thiamine, however, had no effect on K s . By contrast, the maximum specific growth rate did not vary between batch and continuous cultures but was affected by the addition of the vitamin thiamine
Advances in the paleopathology of Andean South America

Over the past 100 years, paleopathology has grown from the occasional description of the odd and curious to what is today a dynamic and multidisciplinary field. South American skeletal and mummified remains played a key role in stimulating the development of the discipline in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The past 20 years have witnessed a renewed interest in the paleopathology of prehistoric Andean populations. Recent studies are characterized by growing sophistication in both research methods and theory, and significant advances have been made in understanding diet, disease, and general health patterns in the prehistoric Andean world.
Flood–ebb and spring–neap variations of mixing, stratification and circulation in Chesapeake Bay

Abstract A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is used to investigate intra-tidal and spring–neap variations of turbulent mixing, stratification and residual circulation in the Chesapeake Bay estuary. Vertical profiles of salinity, velocity and eddy diffusivity show a marked asymmetry between the flood and ebb tides. Tidal mixing in the bottom boundary layer is stronger and penetrates higher on flood than on ebb. This flood–ebb asymmetry results in a north–south asymmetry in turbulent mixing because tidal currents vary out of phase between the lower and upper regions of Chesapeake Bay. The asymmetric tidal mixing causes significant variation of salinity distribution over the flood–ebb tidal cycle but insignificant changes in the residual circulation. Due to the modulation of tidal currents over the spring–neap cycle, turbulent mixing and vertical stratification show large fortnightly and monthly fluctuations. The stratification is not a linear function of the tidal-current amplitude. Strong stratification is only established during those neap tides when low turbulence intensity persists for several days. Residual circulation also shows large variations over the spring–neap cycle. The tidally averaged residual currents are about 50% stronger during the neap tides than during the spring tides.
The species richness of Miocene browsers, and implications for habitat type and primary productivity in the North American grassland biome

Abstract We have documented elsewhere, and briefly reviewed here, the anomalously high species richness of browsing ungulates (hoofed mammals) in the mid Miocene (∼18–12 Ma) woodland savanna habitats of North America. In the mid Miocene these habitats supported substantially more brachydont (browsing) species than do any present-day savanna habitats. We present some preliminary data to show that such species-rich browser communities are not observed after the mid Miocene. The data also suggest that these mid Miocene browser communities and their subsequent disappearance may have been a global phenomenon. We then focus on possible explanations for these observations. We discuss the possibility that the high species numbers are a preservational artifact, and conclude that taphonomic factors are unlikely to be responsible for the level of species richness observed. We then consider various possible explanations for high species richness, including the unique aspects of climatic change (cooling, drying, increased seasonality), unique biotic interactions (the effects of competition, keystone herbivores, changes in predator pressure), and consider that none of these are fully consistent with the available data. The most likely explanation for the observed species-rich browser palaeocommunities is an elevated level of primary productivity, relative to the present day, within (at least some) mid Miocene grassland habitats. Such an increase in productivity could possibly have been the result of higher-than-present levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the mid Miocene, but this conflicts with current interpretations of geochemical evidence, and a satisfactory mechanism for the inferred increased primary productivity is an unresolved issue.
Neutron suppression in polarized dd fusion reaction

We report a model-independent partial-wave analysis of polarized $\mathrm{dd}$ fusion reactions at low energies. The radial transition amplitudes, designated by the central, spin-orbit, and tensor forces, are determined by fitting angular distributions of the tensor and vector analyzing powers ${A}_{\mathrm{XZ}}(\ensuremath{\theta}),$ ${A}_{\mathrm{ZZ}}(\ensuremath{\theta}),$ ${A}_{\mathrm{XX}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{YY}}(\ensuremath{\theta}),$ and ${A}_{Y}(\ensuremath{\theta}),$ and the unpolarized cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}(\ensuremath{\theta}).$ The polarized fusion cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1,1}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ is then predicted from these radial transition amplitudes. We stress that this is feasible only when these amplitudes are separated according to the tensor rank of the interaction. This study includes the D-state components of the deuteron, triton, and ${}^{3}\mathrm{He},$ and the partial-wave expansion is done up to the d wave for both the entrance and exit channels. Experimental data at ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=30,$ 50, 70, and 90 keV for the $d(d,p)t$ reaction are very well fitted with this method. It is found that the ratio of polarized to unpolarized cross sections is about 86% at 30 keV and goes down to 22% at 90 keV. The implication of the suppression of a polarized $\mathrm{dd}$ fusion reaction is discussed in the context of the neutron-lean fusion reactor with polarized D-${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ fuel. It turns out that the important range of energy for suppressing the $d(d,p)t$ and ${d(d,n)}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ reactions at the plasma temperature $T=60$ keV is ${E}_{d}=80$--600 keV. More experimental data are needed in this range to make a detailed study of the neutron suppression.
Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Trends, Projections, and Implications

The amplified “greenhouse effect” associated with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases has increased atmospheric temperature by 1°C since industrialization (around 1750), and it is anticipated to cause an additional 2°C increase by mid-century. Increased biospheric warming is also projected to modify the amount and distribution of annual precipitation and increase the occurrence of both drought and heat waves. The ecological consequences of climate change will vary substantially among ecoregions because of regional differences in antecedent environmental conditions; the rate and magnitude of change in the primary climate change drivers, including elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), warming and precipitation modification; and nonadditive effects among climate drivers. Elevated atmospheric CO2 will directly stimulate plant growth and reduce negative effects of drying in a warmer climate by increasing plant water use efficiency; however, the CO2 effect is mediated by environmental conditions, especially soil water availability. Warming and drying are anticipated to reduce soil water availability, net primary productivity, and other ecosystem processes in the southern Great Plains, the Southwest, and northern Mexico, but warmer and generally wetter conditions will likely enhance these processes in the northern Plains and southern Canada. The Northwest will warm considerably, but annual precipitation is projected to change little despite a large decrease in summer precipitation. Reduced winter snowpack and earlier snowmelt will affect hydrology and riparian systems in the Northwest. Specific consequences of climate change will be numerous and varied and include modifications to forage quantity and quality and livestock production systems, soil C content, fire regimes, livestock metabolism, and plant community composition and species distributions, including range contraction and expansion of invasive species. Recent trends and model projections indicate continued directional change and increasing variability in climate that will substantially affect the provision of ecosystem services on North American rangelands.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases as therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis.

Purpose of reviewThe mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are intracellular signaling proteins which play a central role in controlling the activity of pathways that regulate production and activity of multiple mediators of joint tissue destruction. The therapeutic potential of MAP kinase inhibit
CONTINGENT ALPHA BLOCKING AND SENSITIZATION.

THE term ‘conditioned’ was used by Pavlov to describe changes involving effector organs. This definition should not be loosely used to characterize alterations in brain mechanisms. Therefore, following the lead of W. Grey Walter1 and Visser2, the term ‘contingent’ or ‘contingent response’ (CR) will be used to replace ‘conditioned’ in this communication. Several investigators3,4 have recently raised the question of whether contingent alpha blocking requires pairing of stimuli. This problem was initially posed by Knott and Henry5, who thought that this CR might also represent a sensitization phenomenon. Sensitization may be defined as the process by which serial repetitions of the unconditioned stimulus following neutral stimuli can produce responses to the neutral stimuli resembling those following pairing of the two6,7. Martinson's unpublished work cited by Knott8 demonstrated that sensitization was obtained by presenting two intensities of tone stimuli randomly interspersed with two intensities of light stimuli. This work, while indicating that sensitization can occur, in no way negates the existence of a ‘true’ CR. In order to obtain this CR, Knott and Henry5 recommended a specific temporal separation of the paired stimuli to minimize the occurrence of sensitization.
Utility of a Baffled Probe for Measurements of Oscillations in Magnetized Plasma

A baffled probe for distinguishing the oscillations of space potential and temperature in magnetized plasma is tested. The probe consists of a tungsten wire tip, oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field, that is partially shielded by ceramic baffles (masks). The probe works under the condition that the electron Larmor radius is much smaller than the probe radius, and the ion Larmor radius is comparable to or larger than the probe radius. The probe uses the same principles as Katsumata and plug probes, but has the advantage of convenient, realtime controllability of the ratio between electron and ion current while electrically floating, and insensitivity to uncertainties in the orientation of the probe tip relative to the direction of the magnetic field. By rotating the baffle configuration around the probe tip, the ratio between electron and ion probe current and consequently the relative sensitivity of the probe to oscillations of space potential and electron/ion temperature, can be adjusted. Thus, measurements of ac floating potential with different ratio of electron and ion currents allow us to distinguish oscillations of space potential from electron/ion temperature fluctuations. Experiments have been conducted in a fully ionized, barium plasma in the West Virginia University Q-machine. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Familial Renal Amyloidosis in Abyssinian Cats

Medullary and glomerular amyloidosis, papillary necrosis, and secondary interstitial disease were diagnosed in eight related adult Abyssinian cats from two catteries. The lesions were similar to those in two unrelated mongrel cats with renal amyloidosis. Ultrastructurally, the patterns of amyloid deposition were as described in other species, although medullary deposition predominated. Potassium permanganate oxidation blocked Congo red staining of the deposits suggesting that they contained amyloid A protein (secondary amyloid). The disease may be a model of familial secondary amyloidosis and offers an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of both amyloid deposition and papillary necrosis. The histochemical characteristics of feline renal amyloid require careful attention to technique. Section thickness affects Congo red affinity and both dichroism as well as birefringence should be considered when interpreting staining reactions. Thioflavine-T may be the preferred stain for identification of small deposits of amyloid. Variation in section thickness markedly affected the degree of potassium permanganate oxidation.
Improving Quality of Care for Serious Illness: Findings and Recommendations of the Institute of Medicine Report on Dying in America

Background In 1997, in response to growing public awareness and a landmark study,1 the IOM issueda report entitledApproachingDeath: Improving Care at the End of Life.2 This document, aswell as a subsequent report dedicated to children,3 focused attention on the excessive andunnecessarysufferingexperiencedbydyingpatientsandhelped tocatalyzeamovement for change.4 Impressively,manyof thegoals articulated in that report have been achieved, including the creationofpalliativemedicine specialty status, increasedaccess toopioids for patients with pain, and the widespread adoption of hospital palliative care teams. And yet, both research and the everyday experienceofpatients, familymembers, andclinicians suggest that huge gaps remain in the quality of care for themost vulnerable patients. This poor care continues against a backdrop of rising health care costs and a sense that the patients who account for the greatestpercentageof thisexpendituredonotbenefit from,andmayeven be harmed by, its excess. Furthermore, policy reform efforts have beenstymiedbyaccusationsof “deathpanels”andhijackedbyatoxic health care political debate. In response, the IOM decided to assemble a diverse expert panel, review the progress since the prior report, and restartmomentumtoward improving care.OnSeptember 17, 2014, this IOM committee issued Dying in America: ImprovingQualityandHonoring IndividualPreferencesNear theEndofLife.5
ON THE LIKELIHOOD OF PLATE TECTONICS ON SUPER-EARTHS: DOES SIZE MATTER?

The operation of plate tectonics on Earth is essential to modulate its atmospheric composition over geological time and is thus commonly believed to be vital for planetary habitability at large. It has been suggested that plate tectonics is very likely for super-Earths, with or without surface water, because a planet with a larger mass tends to have sufficient convective stress to escape from the mode of stagnant-lid convection. Here, this suggestion is revisited on the basis of the recently developed scaling laws of plate-tectonic convection, which indicate that the planetary size plays a rather minor role and that the likelihood of plate tectonics is controlled largely by the presence of surface water.
Primary subcultures of Histoplasma capsulatum I. Macro and micro-morphology of the mycelial phase

The colonial and micromorphology of 36 primary subcultures of H. capsulatum from various sources have been studied in depth. Most strains separate into 2 main types on the basis of colony appearance. The "A" or albino type with white aerial mycelium and smooth macroconidia and the "B" or brown type consisting almost solely of masses of tuberculate macroeonidia. The implications of this in identification and epidemiology are discussed. Several new or improved cytological observations are reported including racket hyphae, nuclei and nucleoli, gelatinous wall sculptures and perforate septa. Although much is being written (Ajello, 1967; Campbell, 1967; Nielsen, 1967) about the medical, serological, diagnostic and epidemiologic aspects of histoplasmosis and its etiological agent, Histoplasma capsulatum, little has been done systematically to characterize the morphology and cytology of the many strains which different investigators use. This often makes comparisons of results meaningless. It was therefore decided to study in depth as many primary isolates from as many sites and geographic areas as were available to me in a year period. Observations recorded here relate only to the macromorphology and cytology of the mycelial phase. Studies on the physiology, morphology and pathogenicity of the yeast phase are in progress and will be reported later. Only strains for which a complete history was available were used. They were received as isolated, in the plates or tubes of media planted usually with livers and spleens of mice inoculated with specimens from patients and nature, and only occasionally with specimens directly from the patient. As especially requested they were not subcultured before shipping. This seemed to be the only logical approach to the study of an organism as seemingly exasperating in its morphological and physiological variation as H. capsulatum if meaningful correlations were to be established among source, morphology, pathogenicity, antigenic properties and conversion ability.
Perception and attitudes: breastfeeding in public in New York City.

Background In the United States, 76.9% of women initiate breastfeeding but only 36.0% breastfeed exclusively for 3 months. Lack of support for public breastfeeding may prevent women from breastfeeding in public, which could contribute to low rates of breastfeeding exclusivity and continuation, despite high rates of breastfeeding initiation. Objective This study aimed to determine whether residents of New York City, New York, were supportive of and comfortable with public breastfeeding. Methods A population-based public opinion telephone survey of non-institutionalized New York City residents 18 years and older was conducted by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Results Overall, 50.4% of respondents were not supportive of public breastfeeding. In the multivariable analysis, there was significant variation in support by race/ethnicity, age, and education. There were no significant differences in support by sex, receipt of food stamps, nativity, or the presence of children younger than 12 years in the home. One-third (33.2%) of respondents were uncomfortable with women breastfeeding near them in public. There was significant variation by education in the multivariable analysis. Lack of comfort was highest among those with a high school education or less (39.9%) and some college (33.8%). Conclusion New York City residents are conflicted about whether breastfeeding is a private act or one that can be done in public. For women who want to continue with their intention to breastfeed exclusively, the negative opinion of other residents may cause them to breastfeed only in private, thereby limiting the opportunity to breastfeed for the recommended time.
A study of the impact of the space shuttle environment on faint far‐UV geophysical and astronomical phenomena

FAUST is a far ultraviolet (1400-1800 A) photon-counting imaging telescope featuring a wide field of view (7.6 deg) and a high sensitivity to extended emission features. During its flight as part of the ATLAS-1 payload aboard the STS-45 mission in March 1992, 19 deep-space nighttime viewing opportunities were utilized by FAUST. Here we report the observed fluxes and their time and space variations, and identify the signatures of postsunset airglow phenomena and Orbiter Vernier attitude control thruster firing events. We find that the Space Shuttle nighttime environment at 296 km altitude is often sufficiently dark to permit geophysical and astronomical UV observations down to levels on the order of 1000 photons/sq cm sr A sec, or 0.01 Rayleighs/A. We also find evidence for occasional geophysical fluxes of some tens or hundreds of Rayleighs in the upward-looking direction.
Mechanism of fibroblast attachment to bone extracellular matrix: Role of a 44 kilodalton bone phosphoprotein

While the exact mechanisms regulating bone homeostasis are unknown, it is generally accepted that factors with the capacity to regulate cell attachment and spreading play a role in osteogenesis. A 44 kDa bone phosphoprotein (44K BPP), isolated from rat bone and synthesized by osteoblasts, was evaluated for its role in attachment and spreading of fibroblasts. In uncoated plates, enhanced cell attachment and spreading were observed when fibroblasts were exposed to the 44K BPP. The attachment properties of the bone phosphoprotein are different from those of fibronectin, in that the 44K BPP did not promote cell attachment in type I collagen wells, as was seen with fibronectin. Also, 44K BPP continued to enhance cell attachment up to 24 h, whereas cell attachment declined in time with cells exposed to fibronectin. Cycloheximide did not alter 44K BPP promotion of cell attachment, indicating that de novo protein synthesis was not required. These studies suggest that the 44K BPP is important in the regulation of cell attachment and spreading at sites of mineralization.
Ultimate precision bound and comparison study of dynamic indoor localization systems

Many location determination systems have been developed lately due to growing demands on location based applications and services, however, the performance of most systems is not well understood because a typical indoor system would depend on a lot of factors and the conditions under which reported tests were carried out could be very different. In this work, we analyze theoretical localization limits and propose a precision bound as a benchmark standard to evaluate the performance of indoor systems under different configuration settings and environmental dynamics. We examine a set of localization mechanisms using data sets measured from an underground floor plan. We compare the performance of these systems and analyze their unique responses to the change of system configurations (such as sniffer deployment methods and reference measurements) and localization processing techniques, we found that database-based indoor systems generally perform better than the distance-based systems. From the comparison study, we observed that while it appears difficult to interpret the relationship between the performance of a localization system and various environmental and system factors, the achievable precision of a location determination system deployed at a given building is bounded and this bound is predictable. Thus this research provides a valuable criterion for the evaluation of location determination systems.
Comparison of three different inhalant anesthetic agents (isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).

Abstract Objective To compare isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane for inhalant anesthesia in red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) in terms of the speed and characteristics of induction; cardiovascular and respiratory parameters while anesthetized; and speed and quality of recovery. Study design Prospective, cross over, randomized experimental study. Animals 12 healthy adult red-tailed hawks. Methods Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane in oxygen via face mask in a crossover, randomized design with a 1 week washout period between each treatment. Hawks were tracheally intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and instrumented for cardiopulmonary monitoring. Data collected included heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal CO 2 , inspired and expired agent, SpO 2, temperature, systolic blood pressure, time to intubation and time to recovery (tracking). Recovery was subjectively scored on a 4 point scale as well as a summary evaluation, by a single blinded observer. Results No significant difference in time to induction and time to extubation was noted with the administration of isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane. Time to the ability of the bird to follow a moving object with its eyes (tracking) was significantly faster with the administration of sevoflurane and desflurane. All recoveries were scored 1 or 2 and were assessed as good to excellent. No significant difference was noted in heart rate, blood pressure and temperature among the three inhalants. Administration of isoflurane resulted in lower respiratory rates. Conclusions and clinical relevance Overall, although isoflurane remains the most common inhaled anesthetic in avian practice, sevoflurane and desflurane both offer faster time to tracking, while similar changes in cardiopulmonary function were observed with each agent during anesthesia of healthy red-tailed hawks.
Blue Light Sensing in Higher Plants

Plants have evolved a range of sophisticated mechanisms to adapt and respond to their natural habitat. For example, plants rely heavily upon the surrounding light environment to direct their growth and development. Several different photoreceptor families are known to mediate the effects of light on plant development (1-3). These include the phytochrome (phy) family of photoreceptors, which monitor the red (600–700 nm) and far-red (700–750 nm) regions of the solar spectrum (4). In addition to the phytochromes, many important aspects of plant development are regulated by specific blue (390–500 nm) and/or UV-A (320–390 nm) light-absorbing receptors (5-7). Currently two classes of blue light receptors have been identified in plants: the cryptochromes and the phototropins. Here we briefly review the most recent advances in our understanding of blue light perception and signaling with an emphasis on the cryptochrome and phototropin photosensory systems.
Influencing community leaders toward the promotion of prenatal care at the community level.

Abstract The threefold goal of this quasi-experimental study was to have an impact on knowledge, beliefs and intentions of community leaders related to promoting prenatal care for low-income women. Using a twenty-one community leaders from a selected urban community in Wisconsin participated in an educational intervention that used a pre- and post-test design. The primary goal of the intervention (based on change theory) was to increase community leaders' motivation and decrease their resistance to promoting prenatal care for low-income women in their communities. Various media were used to illustrate and emphasize important prenatal concepts. Community leaders were also given information on the status of maternal and infant statistics and health practices in their communities. This intervention significantly increased community leaders' general knowledge related to prenatal issues; positive beliefs toward the promotion of prenatal care; and intent to engage in activities to promote prenatal care for low-income women. This study reveals that community health nurses can function effectively as agents of change with community leaders.
Critical Curriculum Components in Programs for Young Gifted Learners.

There continues to be a need for providing teachers of young gifted learners with bestpractice approaches for the development of curriculum in gifted education programs. Too often, early childhood gifted programs have focused on academic acceleration, and neglect to consider developmentally appropriate approaches to designing curriculum and implementing instruction. This paper presents the Critical Curriculum Components Model as a guide for early childhood educators to consider. It also proposes that that this model can serve as an evaluative tool to analyse existing programs.
Production of the Mycotoxin Fumonisin B(1) by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici.

The mycotoxin fumonisin B1, originally described as being produced by Fusarium moniliforme, was detected in liquid cultures of Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici, a host-specific pathogen of tomato plants. The metabolite was detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Its identity was confirmed by fast atom bombardment and ion spray mass spectrometry, as well as parent-daughter tandem mass spectrometry. In three separate experiments, the concentrations found ranged between 5 and 140 ppm (μg/ml).
Sulfonates as terminal electron acceptors for growth of sulfite-reducing bacteria (Desulfitobacterium spp.) and sulfate-reducing bacteria: effects of inhibitors of sulfidogenesis

This study demonstrates the ability of Desulfitobacterium spp. to utilize aliphatic sulfonates as terminal electron acceptors (TEA) for growth. Isethionate (2-hydroxyethanesulfonate) reduction by Desulfitobacterium hafniense resulted in acetate as well as sulfide accumulation in accordance with the expectation that the carbon portion of isethionate was oxidized to acetate and the sulfur was reduced to sulfide. The presence of a polypeptide, approximately 97 kDa, was evident in isethionate-grown cells of Desulfitobacterium hafniense, Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE 1, and the two sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-Desulfovibrio desulfuricans IC1 (T. J. Lie, J. R. Leadbetter, and E. R. Leadbetter, Geomicrobiol. J. 15:135-149, 1998) and Desulfomicrobium norvegicum; this polypeptide was not detected when these bacteria were grown on TEA other than isethionate, suggesting involvement in its metabolism. The sulfate analogs molybdate and tungstate, effective in inhibiting sulfate reduction by SRB, were examined for their effects on sulfonate reduction. Molybdate effectively inhibited sulfonate reduction by strain IC1 and selectively inhibited isethionate (but not cysteate) reduction by Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans and Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE 1. Desulfitobacterium hafniense, however, grew with both isethionate and cysteate in the presence of molybdate. In contrast, tungstate only partially inhibited sulfonate reduction by both SRB and Desulfitobacterium spp. Similarly, another inhibitor of sulfate reduction, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, effectively inhibited sulfate reduction by SRB but only partially inhibited sulfonate reduction by both SRB and Desulfitobacterium hafniense.
Tools for Success

The power industry is experiencing a radical transformation as a consequence of the introduction of the smart grid concept. Some of the main features of the smart grid are increased participation by customers and the abilities to accommodate all generation and storage technologies; enable new products, services, and markets; provide increased reliability and power quality; optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency; provide self-healing capability in response to distribution system disturbances; and operate resiliently against physical and cyber attacks and natural disasters.
The development of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial secretory system in the chick embryo.

THE study of neurosecretion in vertebrates and invertebrates was greatly stimulated by Bargmann’s application of the chrom-hematoxylinphloxine stain of Gomori to the study of neurosecretory substance in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract of the dog and cat. (Bargmann, 1949; Gomori, 1941). Since then this technique has been used with gratifying results in studies of neurosecretion in many animal species. One of the many problems investigated has been that of the ontogeny of the neurosecretory tracts of the hypothalamus. Wingstrand (1954) has reported on the early formation of neurosecretory substance staining with Gomori’s stain in the chick embryo. He attempted to correlate the histological findings with bioassays for antidiuretic substance in the embryonic hypothalamus. Although there was physiological evidence of antidiuretic substance in the hypothalamus by the tenth day of incubation he found no histological evidence of neurosecretion until the 13th or 14th day.
On evaluating the efficiency of software feature development using algebraic manifolds

Managers are often unable to explain objectively why or when effort was misplaced during the development process. In this paper, we present a formal technique to depict the expended effort during the life-cycle of a software feature using feature development manifolds (FDMs). Using the FDMs we can compute the preferred development path for a given feature. This development path includes the versions of a software feature that contributed to the final version of the feature in a positive way. The preferred development path excludes versions of the software feature that should have been skipped. Once the preferred development path is computed the amount of wasted effort can be quantified using the metric that we have developed. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach to compute wasted software feature development by applying our technique to two large open source software systems, Gaim and Firefox.
Single Ventricle (Single- or Double-Inlet) Complicated by Subaortic Stenosis: Surgical Options in Infancy

Intracardiac obstruction to the systemic circulation can develop in patients with many forms of congenital heart disease. When transposition of the great arteries accompanies tricuspid atresia, narrowing of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) leads to subaortic stenosis. In a similar fashion, a restrictive bulboventricular foramen compromises systemic arterial outflow in patients who have single left ventricle with subaortic outflow chamber. The same effect can be seen in VSD closure in mitral atresia with normally related great vessels. Although some forms of single ventricle can be treated by ventricular septation, the modified Fontan procedure can be more generally applied to this entity. Pulmonary vascular resistance must be low, however, which excludes the application of the Fontan principle in infants. While pulmonary artery banding may protect the lungs from the development of excessive pulmonary vascular resistance, it may also accelerate the development of subaortic obstruction. We have successfully applied the Norwood operation, as described for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, to palliate subaortic stenosis due to restrictive VSD in 3 infants with single ventricle or atrioventricular valve atresia. Consideration should be given to a primary Norwood procedure in infants with single ventricle in whom subaortic stenosis is likely to develop. Patients who do receive pulmonary artery bands should be followed closely for the development of subaortic stenosis and should undergo an early, physiologically corrective operation if it occurs.
Observation and modelling of fault-zone fracture seismic anisotropy — II. P-wave polarization anomalies

Summary. In Part I of this paper we modelled shear-wave splitting observed in crystalline rock bordering an active, normal fault-zone at Oroville, California, with Cervený's ray-tracing system applied to anisotropic heterogeneous media using Hudson's formulation of elastic constants for a medium containing aligned cracks. In Part II we use the ray-tracing results of Part I to quantitatively interpret P-wave polarization anomalies observed in the three-component seismograms recorded in the Oroville fault zone. We show that the eigenvectors of the first-order Christoffel tensor defined by the ray-tracing slowness vector and Hudson's first-order anisotropic corrections to the isotropic elastic tensor correctly account for P-wave first motion that deviates from the ray vector.
Leapfrogging: a portable technique for implementing efficient futures

A future is a language construct that allows programmers to expose parallelism in applicative languages such as MultiLisp [5] with minimal effort. In this paper we describe a technique for implementing futures, which we call leapfrogging, that reduces blocking due to load imbalance. The utility of leapfrogging is enhanced by the fact that it is completely platform-independent, is free from deadlock, and places a bound on stack sizes that is at most a small constant times the maximum stack size encountered during a sequential execution of the same computation. We demonstrate the performance of leapfrogging using a prototype implementation written in C++.
Trie-based policy representations for network firewalls

Network firewalls remain the forefront defense for most computer systems. These critical devices filter traffic by comparing arriving packets to a list of rules, or security policy, in a sequential manner. Unfortunately packet filtering in this fashion can result in significant traffic delays, which is problematic for applications that require strict quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Given this demanding environment, new methods are needed to increase network firewall performance. This paper introduces a new technique for representing a security policy that maintains policy integrity and provides more efficient processing. The policy is represented as an n-ary retrieval tree, also referred to as a trie. The worst case processing requirement for the policy trie is a fraction compared a list representation, which only considers rules individually (1/5 the processing for TCP/IP networks). Furthermore unlike other representations, the n-ary trie developed in this paper can be proven to maintain policy integrity. The creation of policy trie structures is discussed in detail and their performance benefits are described theoretically and validated empirically.
Toward an inclusive model of lesbian identity development: Outlining a common and nuanced model for cis and trans women

This article proposes an integrative model of lesbian identity development that places cis and trans women together as equal contributors. Two of the most influential current models of female sexuality are reviewed, and we use their commonalities to build the foundation of our integrative model. We also use Tate's model of lesbian identity as a scaffolding to integrate trans women's experiences alongside cis women's. Finally, we provide the outline of the Inclusive Model of Female Sexuality and discuss the convergences and divergences that exist between cis women and trans women in the formation of lesbian identity.
Visualizing estrogen receptor-α-expressing neurons using a new ERα-ZsGreen reporter mouse line.

Background A variety of biological functions of estrogens, including regulation of energy metabolism, are mediated by neurons expressing estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the brain. However, complex intracellular processes in these ERα-expressing neurons are difficult to unravel, due to the lack of strategy to visualize ERα-expressing neurons, especially in unfixed brain tissues.
Activists, categories, and markets: Racial diversity and protests against Walmart store openings in America

Identity movements rely on a shared “we-feeling” among a community of participants. In turn, such shared identities are possible when movement participants can self-categorize themselves as belonging to one group. We address a debate as to whether community diversity enhances or impedes such protests, and investigate the role of racial diversity since it is a simple, accessible, and visible basis of community diversity and social categorization. We focus on American communities’ protests against Walmart's entry from 1998 until 2005 and ask whether racial diversity affects protests after accounting for a community's sense of pride and attachment to their town. We use distance from historical monuments as a proxy of a community's pride and attachment, and after controlling for it, we find that community's racial homogeneity significantly increases protests against Walmart.
The Pastoral Care of John Keble, Oxford Reformer:

Provides a historical sketch of the Oxford Reformers, highlighting the pastoral care of one of its members, John Keble, and the ways in which historians and biographers differ in their perspectives regarding him. Notes Keble's pastoral care of the sick, the tempted, the bereaved, and those in troubled marriages. Identifies the major themes in Keble's pastoral care as they are found in his letters and observes some parallels to contemporary pastoral care issues.
Product placement in movies: perspectives from motion picture firms

ABSTRACTThis study recognises the importance of product placement in film financing and marketing from motion picture firms’ perspectives. Thus, this study builds a theoretical model that allows motion picture firms to predict the number of product placements in movies. It also empirically tests the model, employing a sample of 398 U.S. movies. Results suggest that intrinsic cues are more important than extrinsic cues in predicting the number of product placements in certain genres of movies. Specifically, the number of product placements in a movie depends on the genre, distributor type, and rating.
Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation have inadequate reperfusion or reocclusion of the infarct-related artery, leading to an increased risk of complications and death. METHODS: We enrolled 3491 patients, 18 to 75 years of age, who presented within 12 hours after the onset of an ST-elevation myocardial infarction and randomly assigned them to receive clopidogrel(300-mg loading dose, followed by 75 mg once daily) or placebo. Patients received a fibrinolytic agent, aspirin, and when appropriate, heparin(dispensed according to body weight) and were scheduled to undergo angiography 48 to 192 hours after the start of study medication. The primary efficacy end point was a composite of an occluded infarct-related artery(defined by a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade of 0 or 1) on angiography or death or recurrent myocardial infarction before angiography. RESULTS: The rates of the primary efficacy end point were 21.7 percent in the placebo group and 15.0 percent in the clopidogrel group, representing an absolute reduction of 6.7 percentage points in the rate and a 36 percent reduction in the odds of the end point with clopidogrel therapy(95 percent confidence interval, 24 to 47 percent; P 0.001). By 30 days, clopidogrel therapy reduced the odds of the composite end point of death from cardiovascular causes, recurrent myocardial infarction, or recurrent ischemia leading to the need for urgent revascularization by 20 percent(from 14.1 to 11.6 percent, P=0.03). The rates of major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients 75 years of age or younger who have myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and who receive aspirin and a standard fibrinolytic regimen, the addition of clopidogrel improves the patency rate of the infarct-related artery and reduces ischemic complications.
Design of a decision support system for safe landing of high-drag, low-inertia light sport and experimental aircraft

Landing high-drag, low-inertia light sport and experimental aircraft requires significant pilot cognitive workload, causing this to be one of the most dangerous phases of flight for these types of aircraft. Reducing pilot workload through a standardized landing procedure will help maximize safety during landing. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides many commercial aircraft with standardized procedures for landing, but the same level of support does not exist for light sport and experimental aircraft. In order to calculate a landing approach that can be customized to multiple light sport and experimental aircraft, a model has been developed to test various speed and power combinations with the given runway parameters to determine the best approach(es) for that given aircraft and runway. The simulation model is used to minimize the workload required by ensuring that only the engine power (revolution per minute-RPM) or the approach airspeed (miles per hour) variable remains constant throughout the landing sequence. Since the pilot needs to adjust the speed and power settings in order to follow the landing procedure, keeping one of these parameters constant will minimize pilot workload.
Chapter 4 – Vaccine Adjuvantsa

The widespread use of effective vaccines against infectious diseases has been one of the most important public health advances in the 20th and 21st centuries. Early vaccines consisting of attenuated or inactivated pathogens or toxins may elicit robust, protective immune responses, but this approach cannot always be used because it is impractical to culture large numbers of organisms, lack of efficacy, or because of safety concerns. In such cases subunits (eg, microbial proteins or carbohydrates) are being promoted as vaccine antigens. Subunit antigens are often poorly immunogenic on their own as they do not properly stimulate innate immunity. This is likely the cause of the reduced efficacy of the acellular pertussis vaccine. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or supramolecular complexes that boost the potency and longevity of specific immune response to antigens, but cause minimal toxicity or long-lasting immune effects on their own. Adjuvants can be used to enhance immunogenicity, modulate the type of immune response, reduce the amount of antigen or the number of immunizations required for efficacy, and/or improve the efficacy of vaccines in specific populations (eg, newborns or elderly). To be maximally effective, adjuvants must be selected judiciously and formulated appropriately based on the desired immune response.