cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Discourses of Virginity and the Bed-Trick in Shakespearean Drama

Early modern medicine describes the classic virgin’s diseases of lovesickness and greensickness as maladies suffered by ‘virgins fit for a man,’ for which ‘venery is good,’ Nicholas Culpeper explains.1 The existence of the ‘marriage cure’ has gained widespread recognition as an early modern cultural phenomenon especially worth noting, given its social and ideological implications for young virginal women. Of course, lovesickness and greensickness are not the sole gynecological ailments commonly thought to be suffered by young virgins, as a quick survey of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century medical texts will reveal to readers. When Culpeper alludes to ‘all the symptoms that befall all virgins and women in their wombs, after they are ripe of age,’ he follows centuries of received writing on gynecology, discussing many possible permutations of virgins’ diseases, for ‘It is not to be expressed what miserable diseases women are subject to: both virgins and others from the womb.’2 Virginity and disease are especially, if not exclusively, tied together in the early modern imagination, though the era’s variable means of demonstrating this common bond is no longer always immediately evident to current readers. As this essay will explore, the literary plot device of the bed-trick can be seen as one particular manifestation of the early modern habit of linking female sexuality to virgins’ diseases, a good example of how common medical beliefs leave their traces on the lives of female characters represented in Renaissance drama, namely four plays by Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing, Measure for Measure, All’s Well That Ends Well, and The Two Noble Kinsmen.
Human Life History Evolution: New Perspectives on Body and Brain Growth

As primates, humans differ importantly from the great apes and other species in body, brain, and other life history traits. In these allometric traits, larger species mature later, reproduce more slowly, and live longer compared with smaller species. The mechanisms underlying these relationships remain intriguingly obscure. While hypotheses attributing these relationships to metabolic rates have failed, nonetheless, energetics is likely to play some role in allometric relationships. We explore the novelties of human life histories and examine cell and genomic features of brain development, and the uniquely human APOE allele system.
The IRI Medalist's Address: Aspects of Research and Development

(1985). The IRI Medalist's Address: Aspects of Research and Development. Research Management: Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 32-33.
Navigating the difficult: teaching for sustainability, activism, and the recognition of modern slavery

As a goal, sustainability can sometimes be aligned with economic models and seldom considered in terms of all of its components, including modern slavery. This paper argues that just and flourishing sustainability, that which is for the good of all, incorporates knowledge of modern slavery, the often invisible and unacknowledged abuse of people involved in the production of products and services. The paper encourages teachers to consider the reality of modern slavery and to teach for that, noting that it is an ethical and moral position and essential to just sustainability. Examining some of the challenges of teaching for modern slavery, the paper works with concepts of activism and hope and offers examples of classroom approaches that can enable students to consider and work with modern slavery on behalf of those who are enslaved.
Unraveling the Determinants and Consequences of an Inn Ovation-Supportive Organizational Culture

The current research identifies constructs that are supportive of an innovative culture in small to medium-sized enterprises. A sample of 429 employees in 23 small to medium-sized manufacturing fir...
Joint Temporal Point Pattern Models for Proximate Species Occurrence in a Fixed Area Using Camera Trap Data

The distinction between an overlap in species daily activity patterns and proximate co-occurrence of species for a location and time due to behavioral attraction or avoidance is critical when addressing the question of species co-occurrence. We use data from a dense grid of camera traps in a forest in central North Carolina to inform about proximate co-occurrence. Camera trigger times are recorded when animals pass in front of the camera’s field of vision. We view the data as a point pattern over time for each species and model the intensities driving these patterns. These species-specific intensities are modeled jointly in linear time to preserve the notion of co-occurrence. We show that a multivariate log-Gaussian Cox process incorporating both circular and linear time provides a preferred choice for modeling occurrence of forest mammals based on daily activity rhythms. Model inference is obtained under a hierarchical Bayesian framework with an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm. After model fitting, we account for imperfect detection of individuals by the camera traps by incorporating species-specific detection probabilities that adjust estimates of occurrence and co-occurrence. We obtain rich inference including assessment of the probability of presence of one species in a particular time interval given presence of another species in the same or adjacent interval, enabling probabilities of proximate co-occurrence. Our results describe the ecology and interactions of four common mammals within this suburban forest including their daily rhythms, responses to temperature and rainfall, and effects of the presence of predator species. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE EVALUATION OF TRAINING

Evaluations of the influence of different training media on employee achievement have been common since Thorndike (1912) recommended the use of pictures as a labor saving device in instruction. Most of these evaluations rest on the hope that learning will have been enhanced with the proper mix of medium, trainee ability, and learning objectives. Typical evaluations compare the relative achievement of groups who have received similar training from different media, e.g., “stand up” trainers with workbooks versus an individually-paced televised and/or computer-based instruction program. Past research and evaluation has led to “media-selection” models (e.g., Resier and Gagne, 1982). These models generally promise to incorporate existing research and practice into procedures for selecting the best medium or mix of media to deliver training. Most of the models base their prescriptions on the presumed learning benefits of different media.
Mechanisms controlling human head stabilization. II. Head-neck characteristics during random rotations in the vertical plane

1. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that the mechanisms controlling stabilization of the head-neck motor system can vary with both the frequency and spatial orientation of an externally applied perturbation. Angular velocity of the head with respect to the trunk (neck) and myoelectric activity of two neck muscles (semispinalis capitis and sternocleidomastoid) were recorded in eight seated subjects during pseudorandom rotations of the trunk in the vertical (pitch) plane. Subjects were externally perturbed with a random sum-of-sines stimulus at frequencies ranging from 0.35 to 3.05 Hz. Four instructional sets were presented. Voluntary mechanisms were examined by having the subjects actively stabilize the head in the presence of visual feedback as the body was rotated (VS). Visual feedback was then removed, and the subjects attempted to stabilize the head in the dark as the body was rotated (NV). Reflex mechanisms were examined when subjects performed a mental arithmetic task during body rotations in the dark (MA). Finally, subjects performed a voluntary head tracking task while the body was kept stationary (VT). 2. In VS and NV, gains and phases of head velocity indicated good compensation for the perturbation at frequencies up to 2 Hz. Between 2 and 3 Hz, gains dropped slowly and then steeply descended above 3 Hz as phases became scattered. 3. In MA, gains were lower and exhibited more scatter than in VS and NV at frequencies < 1 Hz. Phases around -180 degrees indicated that compensatory activity was occurring even with these low gains. Between 1 and 2 Hz, response gains steeply ascended, implying that reflex mechanisms were becoming the predominant mechanism for compensation in this frequency range. Above 2 Hz, gains dropped off to 0.5 and lower, but phases remained close to -180 degrees, suggesting that the reflex mechanisms were not dominant in this frequency range, but that they were still contributing toward compensation for the trunk perturbation. 4. Neck muscle electromyographic (EMG) responses were similar in VS, NV, and MA, demonstrating decreasing gains between 0.35 and 1.5 Hz, and then increasing beyond the previous high level of activation. This U-shaped response pattern implies an enhanced participation of neural mechanisms, probably of reflex origin, in the higher frequency range. 5. Patterns observed during external perturbations of the trunk were not apparent in the response dynamics of voluntary head tracking. In VT, subjects successfully tracked the stimulus only at the lowest frequencies of head movement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Young children’s use of their setting’s internal floor space affordances: evidence from an ethnographic case study

Young children’s use of their Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) environment affordances, and especially the affordances of the floor, is an under researched area, both in Greece and interna...
Trade and American Leadership: The Paradoxes of Power and Wealth from Alexander Hamilton to Donald Trump

From the nation-building of Alexander Hamilton to the trade wars of Donald Trump, trade policy has been a key instrument of American power and wealth. The open trading system that the United States sponsored after the Second World War serves US interests by promoting cooperation and prosperity, but also allows the allies to become more independent and China to rise. The case studies in Trade and American Leadership examine how the value of preferential trade programs is undercut by the multilateral liberalization that the United States promoted for generations, and how trade sanctions tend either to be too economically costly to impose or too modest to matter. These problems are exacerbated by a domestic political system in which the gains from trade are unevenly distributed, power is fragmented, and strategies are easily undermined. Trade and American Leadership places special emphasis on today's challenges, and the rising danger of economic nationalism.
Factors Associated with Secondary Overtriage in Renal Trauma.

Abstract Objective To examine secondary overtriage for isolated renal trauma patients and to use secondary overtriage criteria to determine factors associated with unnecessary interhospital transfers in patients with isolated renal trauma. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank was used to identify isolated renal trauma patients of any age who were transferred to a level I or II trauma center from 2007 to 2014. Secondary overtriage criteria were defined as hospital length of stay Results A total of 8156 isolated renal injury patients who were transferred to either a level I or II trauma center were identified. More than half (53%) of the transferred patients had low-grade renal injuries (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Grade I/II). Our definition of secondary overtriage was met in 3005 patients (37%). In this group, 59% had low-grade renal injuries. The risk of being overtriaged was significantly reduced with increasing renal injury grade, hypotension in the emergency department, firearm injuries, older age (>65 years), medicare payer status, and any substance abuse. Conclusion Secondary overtriage is common in isolated renal trauma. Factors associated with secondary overtriage are age ≤65 years, falls, and low renal injury grade. The high rate of unnecessary transfers shows that there is a need for disease-specific transfer guidelines to assure safe, cost-effective, and efficient health care in isolated renal trauma.
Lindenmayer DB and Likens GE (eds): Effective ecological monitoring [book review]

Long-term ecological monitoring is becoming increasingly important but more challenging to fund. Lindenmayer and Likens describe the common characteristics of successful monitoring programs and of those that fail. They draw upon their monitoring experiences together, independently, and from a variety of other long-term monitoring programs around the world. They then use these characteristics to ‘‘present a new paradigm—Adaptive Monitoring’’ by putting the characteristics into a logical framework. The target audience is broad, including researchers, resource managers, and policy-makers. As a result, the book is easy to read and provides numerous examples while avoiding technical jargon. Chapter 1 describes three types of monitoring: curiosity-driven or passive monitoring, mandated monitoring, and question-driven monitoring—stressing the importance of the latter and its ability to be adaptive. They then review the value of long-term monitoring, including slow response times, use for simulation modeling, testing of ecological theory, and ability to monitor surprises, such as natural disturbances. They close by elaborating on their motivation for writing the book: high-quality monitoring systems are needed for detecting impacts of climate change and other environmental changes. Much has been written about monitoring, but overall guidance is lacking. Often monitoring starts with identifying lists of variables to observe, rather than identifying the objectives and questions that should drive the monitoring. Chapter 2 describes why monitoring systems can, and often do, fail. Often monitoring systems lead to being ‘‘data-rich and information-poor’’ by focusing on collecting data rather than on answering questions. Measuring long lists of variables reduces the sample size. This problem grows with the number of scientists and disciplines involved. Not involving statisticians initially can lead to poor experimental designs. Applying the same approach everywhere is likely to be inappropriate as the resources and questions differ. While electronic monitoring equipment can result in an excellent time series, the expense of the equipment limits the sample size (number of observational units). Scientists can become disengaged with resource managers and policy-makers. Poor data management can lead to lost or underutilized data. ‘‘Improving’’ monitoring methods can lead to loss of integrity of data over time (broken time series). Study champions leave. Bureaucracy can become excessive. Short funding cycles make long-term monitoring challenging. Chapter 3 is the heart of the book. It provides an excellent description of characteristics of effective long-term monitoring systems and the adaptive monitoring framework. Largely they are the flip side of the failures described in Chapter 2. Good characteristics C. T. Scott (&) Forest Inventory and Analysis, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA e-mail: ctscott@fs.fed.us
Economics is a Kahoot

URL: http://econkahoots.com Kahoot! is a game-based Internet platform that allows instructors to assess students on multiple choice topics in a variety of configurations. Kahoot! quizzes can be use...
9.24 – Hepatotoxic Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi. Aflatoxins represent one of the most important classes of hepatotoxic mycotoxins known to adversely affect human health. Aflatoxins are the most potent identified mycotoxins and are produced by three fungal species: the common fungal molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and the rare fungal mold Aspergillus nomius. Aflatoxins are difuranocoumarin compounds. Fumonisins, like aflatoxins, are toxic fungal metabolites that are known to cause farm animal diseases and are carcinogenic in laboratory animals. Unlike aflatoxins, fumonisins are water-soluble and are neither metabolized nor deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reactive and are not proven to cause any disease in humans. While at least 28 different fumonisin analogs have been described, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 are the primary fumonisins associated with natural contamination. They are produced mainly on maize by certain Fusarium species, most notably Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. While aflatoxins are usually considered to only be produced in high levels postharvest and are not associated with any plant disease, fumonisins are produced in the field and are pathogenicity factors in maize seedling disease and may also contribute to other Fusarium-induced maize diseases. Although the evidence associating fumonisin exposure with liver cancer in humans is weak, fumonisins and aflatoxins cooccur on maize and fumonisin promotes aflatoxin carcinogenicity in trout and rats, making the coexposure to these two hepatocarcinogens a concern for humans consuming large amounts of maize as a dietary staple.
Microvascular free flap coverage for salvage of the infected total knee arthroplasty

Aims The integrity of the soft tissue envelope is crucial for successful treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of limb salvage, inf...
Oxysterols and Bile Acid Act as Signaling Molecules That Regulate Cholesterol Homeostasis: Nuclear Receptors LXR, FXR, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19

Intricate homeostatic mechanisms in animals enable the metabolic flexibility to maintain stable levels of nutrients despite constant fluctuation in their availability. At the cellular level, metabolites themselves can serve as indicators of metabolic status. Oxysterols and bile acids, first considered merely as the intermediates and the end products of steroidogenesis and cholesterol catabolism, are now well-recognized signaling molecules that regulate the cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis and integrate it with the other physiological processes. They do that primarily by binding to nuclear receptors: liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Through LXR and FXR, oxysterols and bile acids maintain balanced, finely tuned regulation of the cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis integrated with the fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, oxysterol-LXR and BA-FXR-FGF15/19 regulated pathways offer exciting opportunities for treating metabolic diseases and related disorders. In this chapter, I will review our current understanding of the metabolic pathways leading to oxysterols and bile acids and functions of oxysterols and bile acids that are mediated by nuclear receptors LXR and FXR.
Multislice spiral computed tomography can independently predict the bronchoscopy results of children with bronchitis (pneumonia) suspected caused by bronchial foreign bodies

Background Multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) playsa vital role in the diagnosis of bronchial foreign bodies in children. Bronchitis (pneumonia) can be caused by bronchial foreign bodies in children, which need to be diagnosed and treated by bronchoscopy. To understand the application of MSCT in children with bronchitis (pneumonia) suspected to be caused by bronchial foreign bodies, the clinical data of 162 children were analyzed retrospectively. Methods The clinical data of 162 children with bronchitis (pneumonia) suspected to be caused by bronchial foreign bodies were collected, including sex, age, course of the disease, auscultation, chest X-ray, MSCT, bronchoscopy, among many others. Univariate logistic regression analysis analyzed the above other items, taking the finding of foreign bodies in bronchoscopy as the outcome index. The key variables of univariate analysis are included in multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the independent influencing factors of bronchoscopy results. Results Among the 162 patients, 70.4% were male, with the largest proportion of children aged 1-2 years (55.6%). The course of the disease of 98 cases (60.4%) was over14 days. A total of 111 cases (68.5%) showed positive auscultation, 110 cases (67.9%) showed positive chest fluoroscopy, 155 cases (95.7%) showed bronchial foreign bodies with MSCT, and the foreign bodies of 140 cases (86.4%) were removed by bronchoscopy. Univariate analysis showed that the course of the disease, chest auscultation, and MSCT were all correlated with the results of bronchoscopy. However, multivariate analysis showed, after adjusting the two factors of chest auscultation and chest fluoroscopy, the course of the disease (OR =6.01, 2.36-15.29, P<0.001) and MSCT (OR =95.64, 5.62-1,628.40, P<0.002) could still independently predict the results of bronchoscopy. Conclusions MSCT can independently predict the results of bronchoscopy in children with bronchitis(pneumonia) suspected to be caused by bronchial foreign bodies.
Larval Parasitism of the Silver-Spotted Skipper, Epargyreus clarus (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in the Washington, DC Area

Over a 4-year time span (2013–2016), we collected and reared several thousand larvae of the silver-spotted skipper butterfly, Epargyreus clarus (Cramer), from six different commonly used host plants growing at sites in and around the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Of these, more than 1500 survived to pupation or parasitoid emergence, with annual frequencies of parasitism ranging from 1.7–7.6%. More parasitoids tended to emerge from E. clarus larvae collected later in the season, and parasitism varied significantly among host plants. In total we reared six morphologically distinct species of primary parasitoids (all koinobiont endoparasitoids) from E. clarus larvae; these included four species of Braconidae and a single species each of Ichneumonidae and Tachinidae. The braconid Pneumagathis spiracularis (Muesebeck) is reported as a parasitoid of E. clarus for the first time along with the first host plant associations for P. spiracularis. New host plant associations are reported for the ichneumonid Casinaria lamina (Viereck) parasitic on E. clarus. We also report the trigonalid Orthogonalys pulchella (Cresson) as a parasitoid of P. spiracularis along with new host plant associations; P. spiracularis is the first reported host other than a species of Tachinidae and the second record of a trigonalid parasitic on a species of Braconidae. Images of adult parasitoids are provided, and relevant natural history data are presented based on our careful rearing protocol.
SARS-CoV-2 testing strategy: A comparison of restricted and extended strategies in a Swiss outpatient cohort from the community and hospital employees.

BACKGROUND: Testing is a key measure to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we empirically compared two SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies. METHODS: We used data from a Swiss single-centre, outpatient cohort study (n = 6,331 test results). A "restricted" strategy was applied to individuals with respiratory symptoms and/or fever and selected risk factors, or an epidemiological link and an "extended" strategy included any clinical symptoms without restriction, irrespective of risk factors and exposure. Data on infection, symptoms, viral load were collected during the first wave (March 11-April 21, 2020) and patients were followed up for clinical complications and hospitalisations until August 31, 2020. FINDINGS: Infection, clinical complications, and hospitalisation rates were lower for those in the extended strategy compared with the restricted strategy (17.2% vs. 25.0%, 12.3% vs. 20.8%, and 0.7% vs. 2.3%). In the whole cohort, participants included in the extended strategy had a lower number of symptoms (3.51 vs. 4.57; p < .001) and visits occurred earlier after symptom onset (0-3 days: 59.2% vs. 44.2%; p < .001). Among positive cases, the viral load was higher for the extended strategy (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlighted the crucial importance to implement a widespread testing strategy to achieve a better understanding of the infection, to mount an effective control response, by capturing people when their viral load is highest. A widespread test strategy should be available without barriers to help break the chains of transmission.
Taking it with you when you go

An introduction to the genre of monumental gravesites and tombs conceived and built by self-taught creators of art environments for their own eventual personal use, illustrated through a presentation of the constructed final resting places of six artist-builders. This article distinguishes these unique constructions from more traditional gravesites that evidence communally recognized motifs and symbols with forms and components that fall within standard parameters. In contrast to these more typical manifestations, the studied genre is both much less widespread and much more idiosyncratic and reveals a more personal expression of what the builder hopes to encounter in the “beyond,” as well as how they want to interpret what they leave behind. Because the majority of these structures are installed in private spaces, studies of heritage tombs and cemeteries have little resonance. Likewise, due to the lack of connection or communication between these artists, it is impossible to posit a thread of confluence that unites these structures in a way that would provide a more generalized understanding of the meaning of life and death or the import of one’s journey through the world held by art-environment builders. It is, however, safe to assume that one of their ultimate goals is to have their physical works function as a trigger to bring them a measure of immortality.
Infant inclined sleep product safety: A model for using biomechanics to explore safe infant product design.

Abstract Over 450 adverse incidents have been reported in infant inclined sleep products over the past 17 years, with many infants found dead in both the supine and prone positions. The unique design of inclined sleep products may present unexplored suffocation risks related to how these products impact an infant’s ability to move. The purpose of this study was to assess body movement and muscle activity of healthy infants when they lie supine and prone on different inclined sleep products. Fifteen healthy full-term infants (age: 17.7 ± 4.9 weeks) were recruited for this IRB-approved study. Three inclined sleep products with unique features, representative of different sleeper designs, were included. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from infants’ cervical paraspinal, abdominal, and lumbar erector spinae muscles for 60 s during supine and prone positioning. Neck and trunk sagittal plane movements were evaluated for each testing condition. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to compare each inclined sleeper to a flat crib mattress (0° baseline condition). During prone positioning, abdominal muscle activity significantly nearly doubled for all inclined sleep products compared to the flat crib mattress, while erector spinae muscle activity decreased by up to 48%. Trunk movement significantly increased compared to the flat crib mattress during prone lying. During prone lying, inclined sleep products resulted in significantly higher muscle activity of the trunk core muscles (abdominals) and trunk movement, which has the potential to exacerbate fatigue and contribute to suffocation if an infant cannot self-correct to the supine position.
Method for the Development of Galloping Distribution Maps for Overhead Transmission Lines

This paper presents a method for the development of galloping distribution maps. The number of galloping days and return period are utilized to deal with the problems of lack of operational experiences for those area without transmission lines, and let the proposed maps be suitable for transmission lines with different voltages. By employing the proposed method, the galloping distribution map can estimate the galloping probability of overhead transmission lines in a more reasonable and accurate manner.
Parent intentions to vaccinate children with autism spectrum disorder against COVID-19.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between parent vaccine confidence and intention to have their child with autism vaccinated against COVID-19. Design and methods A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted from May to July 2021 with parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (N = 322) who were members of an integrated healthcare system in Southern California. Results Approximately 35% of parents intended to vaccinate their child against COVID-19. In adjusted models, positive vaccine beliefs—but not belief in vaccine harm, healthcare provider trust, or parent vaccination status—were associated with intention to vaccinate. Conclusions Though parents usually trust recommendations from pediatric healthcare providers to make decisions about their child's health, these findings suggest that relying on trusted relationships alone may not be sufficient when discussing COVID-19 vaccines and that additional education to bolster vaccine confidence may be needed. Practice implications Pediatric healthcare providers should reinforce the benefits of vaccines for parents who are undecided about COVID-19 vaccines for their children and provide education and evidence-based recommendations to parents who hold erroneous vaccine beliefs about risks, benefits, and current evidence, especially those related to autism.
Pointing and Language

Publisher Summary Pointing gestures probably played an important part in the origin of language. Pointing also seems to be a significant factor in the emergence of language in the human infant. Evolutionary models for the development of language from gestural communication are handicapped by the fact that arm, hand, and finger signs are not prominent in the communicative behavior of wild non-human primates, although visual signals based on gaze, facial expression, posture, and body movement seem to be at least as important as vocal calls. In captivity, apes can acquire humanlike gestures even for use in language or language-like codes (such as ASL, the American Sign Language of the deaf), although acquisition by apes of vocal signs not already part of their species-specific vocal call system is extraordinarily difficult and very limited. For all higher primates, including man, it may be harder to establish noises as labels for environmental referents than visible signs.
NMR Characterization of Complex Organic Resins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of complex organic resins. The chapter defines organic resin as a macromolecular organic system synthesized by condensation polymerization of a specific set of monomers, with some diversity in the primary structure, including various degrees of crosslinking. The properties of solid polymers depends on their molecular structures, phase behavior, morphology, molecular order and molecular motions, and the end use of most complex organic polymer materials is in the solid state. Solid-state NMR provides a unique tool to probe the microstructures and dynamics of the materials down to the molecular levels with a wide range of dimensional scales accessible; therefore, this approach is powerful in the investigation of composite materials and of the compatibility in polymer blends. Recently, the solid-state version of 13C- 1H heteronuclear chemical shift correlation spectroscopy (HETCOR) has been applied successfully to study the polymer blend and the application of this approach can be expected to grow in popularity.
An all-digital universal RF transmitter [CMOS RF modulator and PA]

This paper presents a CMOS class-D PA with on-chip all-digital RF modulator. The IC is fabricated in a 0.18 /spl mu/m digital CMOS process with MIM capacitors. The die size is a square 2.5 mm on each side. The active area used for the modulator (excluding the pads and bypass capacitance) is 0.315 mm/sup 2/. The class D PA shows 75 dB IM, -50 dB feedthrough, and puts out 19.6 dBm at >69% drain efficiency from a 1.8 V supply. The modulator operates in the IQ domain, without the use of bias control nor envelope modulation.
Increased Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork Cells and Tissues.

Purpose. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma and is accompanied by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting from increased aqueous humor outflow resistance through the trabecular meshwork (TM). The pathological mechanisms underlying increased outflow resistance have not been fully delineated. We recently demonstrated that chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the TM is associated with ocular hypertension in mouse models of glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ER stress is also increased in human glaucomatous TM cells and tissues.
High-throughput lensfree ion-track analysis for laser-driven accelerators

We report a lensfree imaging based high-throughput ion-track analysis platform for laser driven accelerators. This computational on-chip imaging platform, owing to its large field-of-view of 18 cm2, provides >20-fold improved imaging speed than lens-based analysis systems.
Workplace learning and its organizational benefits for small enterprises: Evidence from Greek industrial firms

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore small firm owners' perceptions of the impact of employee training on small firm competitiveness in the context of Greece.Design/methodology/approach – The research adopts a qualitative orientation. Empirical data were collected from 43 owners of small and micro‐firms operating in various sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry through personal semi‐structured interviews.Findings – The empirical evidence reveals that informal staff training can help Greek small firms face the challenges of the future. More specifically, the interview findings indicated that workplace training can: reduce employee errors in the production process; help small firms to meet skill shortage needs; facilitate the introduction of new technology; and enhance worker employability.Practical implications – The paper argues that a key challenge for policy makers and employers in this area is to facilitate informal learning within small firms in order to improve firm performance. In...
Freezing at the his bundle.

Prior to 1980, the only method to treat cardiac arrhythmias besides anti-arrhythmic drug therapy was open-heart surgery, that involved either dissecting or freezing the arrhythmic focus with a hand-held metal probe. Soon thereafter, early reports of percutaneously performed cardiac ablation were published that marked the beginning of a new era in the field of cardiac electrophysiology (EP). As our understanding of EP and ablation physics continues to evolve, remarkable advancements have been made over the last 30 years in ablation technology – moving from direct-current energy in the early 1980s, to radio-frequency (RF) ablation, to the more recent cryoablation in the last decade.
PYURIA IN INFANCY OFTEN INDICATES A MALIGNANT PROCESS

IF PYURIA in infancy is directly related to a high incidence of continuing renal hazards, an increasing rate of disability and a tendency to a shortened life, it can be considered often as a sign of malignancy. Follow-up studies of many if not most patients who had pyuria in infancy and childhood demonstrate all too well these malignant features. Pyuria is not a disease entity. Pyelitis and cystitis are essentially descriptive diagnoses and accordingly lead to empiricism in therapy. However, descriptive diagnoses and empiricism in therapy have been important early steps out of the morass of uncertainty. Refinements in description, multiplication of facts gleaned from investigation, and therapeutic results tend to identify cause.
Morphological alterations in the peripheral and central nervous systems of mice lacking glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF): immunohistochemical studies.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily of growth factors with neurotrophic activity on midbrain dopaminergic neurons and on developing and mature motoneurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. To investigate the extent of GDNF dependency of central and peripheral nervous structures during development, we have performed an immunohistochemical analysis of sections from the whole head including brain, peripheral ganglia, developing teeth and tongue, as well as intestines, in mutant mice lacking a part of the third exon that encodes the GDNF protein. As described previously, these null-mutated mice lack most of the enteric nerve plexus and are subject to agenesis or severe dysgenesis of the kidneys. In the present communication, we examined the development of vibrissae and incisor and molar teeth, as well as the innervation of these structures, and found no differences between null-mutated and control mice. A decrease in the immunohistochemical labeling intensity with tyrosine hydroxylase was observed in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), as well as in the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus, and the sympathetic innervation of blood vessels and glands in the head was significantly decreased. None of the brain nuclei studied exhibited any significant decreases in the total number of neurons, but the packing density of neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus was decreased. These data indicate that GDNF might be one neurotrophic factor that contributes to the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons.
The Design of US Wholesale Energy and Ancillary Service Auction Markets: Theory and Practice

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the design of the daily energy, regulation, and operating reserves markets. In the United States, after about a decade of experience with market design, wholesale spot markets operated by Independent System Operators (ISOs) around the country have largely converged on core design elements. It provides a detailed description of how these markets operate. Most of these markets have day-ahead and real-time auction markets for energy and certain ancillary services, typically regulation and operating reserves. The energy auctions can accommodate both physical and virtual supply offers and demand bids. In the regulation and reserve auctions, only physical offers are currently allowed, including those from dispatchable demand. With the submitted day-ahead offers, bids, and non-price schedules, the ISO conducts a security-constrained unit commitment auction, which selects the generation units that will run for every hour of the day subject to all relevant unit and transmission network constraints. For the energy markets, the auction outcome is two sets of prices that together clear the market: locational marginal prices (LMPs) for energy, which include congestion and loss components, and separate payments to ensure revenue sufficiency for any offer or bid costs, such as generation start-up costs, not recovered through LMPs. As with energy, revenue sufficiency is guaranteed through additional payments. To provide insight into each stage of the market and into the principles of locational marginal pricing, the chapter provides a simple numerical example of an energy auction on an electricity network.
An examination of adolescent coping typologies and young adult alcohol use in a high-risk sample.

The primary purpose of this study was to explore whether coping typologies during adolescence predict alcohol use and abuse during early adulthood. The roles played by paternal substance dependence and gender in this relationship also were examined. The sample included 240 15–19-year-old adolescents and their fathers, all of whom were followed-up five years later. Results from K-means cluster analyses revealed four coping clusters. Cluster 1 individuals primarily used religion, planning and social support strategies to cope. Cluster 2 individuals tended to use humor, planning and social support to cope. Cluster 3 individuals were most likely to use denial, behavioral disengagement and substance use when coping with a problem. Cluster 4 individuals employed the fewest coping strategies. Multiple analyses of variance (manova) results indicated that Cluster 2 individuals drank the most frequently. Cluster 3 individuals reported the highest alcohol consumption, whereas Cluster 1 individuals reported the lowes...
Visualizing evaluation in applicative languages

In this article we present a technique for visualizing evaluation in applicative languages that helps to graphically explain a number of basic concepts, including lexical vs dynamic scoping, closures, local and special variables, and macro expansion. Called "evaltrace notation," it appears in a recent textbook by the first author and has been employed in several courses at Carnegie Mellon. Although our discussion focuses primarily on the notation itself, we also provide some insights into the implementation of Lisp and Scheme interpreters and the differences between the lexical and dynamic scoping disciplines. It is our hope that evaltrace notation will be widely adopted by Lisp educators. In support of this, we have made available a set of I£IgX macros to allow others to produce evaltrace diagrams similar to the ones that appear here. Thii research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-S4-K-0415 and in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), ARPA Order No. 5404, monitored by the Office of Naval Research under the same contract. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors) and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the U.S. government Visualizing Evaluation 1
Images as Arguments: Progress and Problems, a Brief Commentary

This brief editorial considers a special issue of Argumentation edited by Jens Kjeldsen on visual, multimodal argumentation. It provides a commentary on important advances on interpretative problems such as the propositionality of argument, the reducibility of images to words, whether argument products are primarily cognitive artifacts, and the nature of a modality of argument. Concerning the project of argument appraisal, it considers whether visual arguments call for a revision of our normative, evaluative apparatus.
Studies of the simulation of silane coupling agent structures on particulate fillers; the pH effect

The molecular structure of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) deposited on the surfaces of particulate mineral fillers was modeled by adjusting the pH of an aqueous alcoholic solution of the silane in absence of a substrate. Hydrolyzates obtained from the solution were studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and found to be polymethacryloxypropylsilsesquioxanes whose configuration and molecular-weight distribution were dependent on the solution pH. In acidic environments (below pH 4) the polycondensation mechanism appeared to proceed in a selective manner to form polycyclic blocks which resemble a beaded chain following condensation between blocks. Under more neutral and basic conditions (at or above pH 4) the polycondensation mechanism, resulted in polymethacryloxypropylsilsesquioxanes with the more equilibrated double chain ladder configuration. The molecular weight distribution of these structures was dependent on the stability of the silanol or the silanolate ion. Extremely high-molecular-weight and polydisperse polymethacryloxypropylsilsesquioxanes were generated at near neutral pH due to the formation of the double chain ladder configuration and the high silanol instability in this pH range. The two different polymethacryloxypropylsilsesquioxane configurations were also observed on γ-MPS modified metal oxide substrates. The structures help explain some of the previously observed trends with respect to γ-MPS adsorption on particulate mineral fillers. In strongly basic environments the methacrylate function of γ-MPS partially hydrolyzes to form sodium carboxylate, and carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and reacts to form sodium carbonate.
Multiple introductions of the eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) in California

Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) have been introduced into California within the past 130 years. Recently, their range has been expanding at an alarming rate. Genetic diversity was assessed in 101 control region sequences of eastern fox squirrels from three geographic regions within California (Los Angeles County, Alameda and Contra Costa counties and Sacramento County) to determine if a single or multiple introductions occurred within California, as indicated by the detection of multiple haplotypes. A total of 11 haplotypes were discovered, with haplotypes rarely shared among geographic regions and no clustering by region in a haplotype network. This suggests that the introduction to different regions within California came from different source populations within the native range of the species. Haplotype diversity was highest in Los Angeles County. Due to a lack of phylogeographic structure in fox squirrels in their native range, it is difficult to identify the sources of all introductions.
Evaluation of thermal efficiency for heat regenerators in periodic operation by approximate methods

Abstract Thermal efficiency of heat regenerators in periodic operation is one of the most important quantities to the designer and plant engineer. The current procedures for calculation of efficiency are model dependent numerical algorithms which require considerable computational time. In this work approximate formulae, applicable to all model types, have been developed for quick calculation, by algebraic means, of the regenerator efficiency in single pass, cocurrent or countercurrent operation. The formulae require only the knowledge of the variance of the impulse response of a model based on the assumed heat transfer mechanisms in the regenerator. A method is introduced for utilizing the representation of the regenerator thermal impulse response by a gamma probability density function in obtaining the solution and efficiency for cocurrent periodic operation. An analogy to countercurrent heat recuperators and the intergral of the impulse response are used to develop a formula for efficiency for the countercurrent case. The accuracy of the developed approximations is discussed and shown to be well within the accuracy of the parameters of the system.
Detection of Branch Points by Modified FFT

This paper illustrates the existence of branch points in transients on lossy transmission lines and presents a technique of detecting branch points. By applying modified FFT to the transient signal and from the resulting amplitude and phase spectra, it is possible to detect and distinguish banch points from poles. Numerous examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified FFT and the use of windowing in improving the detectability of a small branch point under the influence of a nearby strong pole.
Toward Inclusive Co-Management: Factors Influencing Stakeholder Participation

This study investigates stakeholder participation in selected examples of existing co-management arrangements developed to manage marine protected areas (MPAs) within the wider Caribbean. An understanding of the factors contributing to and dynamics of stakeholder participation is essential for promoting effective resource co-management. Data were collected from individuals living within the communities closest to or most affected by the MPAs, inquiring about their participation in and knowledge of MPA management. This article seeks to answer the question: What factors influence participation in co-management? Factors found to be predictors of participation, including occupation, age, and gender are discussed, as is the relationship between participating in MPA management and feeling one's interests are represented.