cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The angiotensin converting enzyme in pulmonary sarcoidosis and the relative diagnostic value of serum lysozyme.

The serum lysozyme and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels in 39 untreated patients with sarcoidosis were compared to values obtained from 106 healthy subjects. Only minor variations due to age and sex could be demonstrated in the values of ACE and lysozyme in the healthy control groups. ACE and lysozyme activities were significantly elevated in sarcoidosis, and a correlation was established between the level of these enzymes in this disease (r=0.54,P<0.01). In addition, the serum ACE and lysozyme levels were studied in three groups of disorders which are occasionally confused with sarcoidosis, namely tuberculosis (10 patients), lymphoma (10 patients) and bronchogenic carcinoma (14 patients). In distinguishing sarcoidosis from these illnesses, ACE was demonstrated to be a more specific test than lysozyme as none of our other disease groups demonstrated elevated levels of ACE, but as many as 40% had elevated lysozyme levels. We suggest that in the presence of an appropriate clinical picture, an elevated serum ACE may be sufficient evidence to eliminate the need for biopsy in sarcoidosis.
Hidden specificity in an apparently nonspecific RNA-binding protein.

A novel high-throughput sequencing kinetics approach is used to measure functional binding of the apparently nonspecific RNA-binding protein C5 to all possible sequence variants in its substrate binding site; C5 binds different substrate variants with affinities varying widely, and with a similar affinity distribution to that of highly specific nucleic-acid-binding proteins, but it does not bind its physiological RNA targets with the highest affinity.
Meeting People Where They Are: Thriving Earth Exchange

As AGU develops the Thriving Earth Exchange, a new initiative to help scientists work with communities from all over the world to tackle local challenges, the main questions asked by AGU members and scientists are: How can I contribute to community-inspired science when my research is about something totally unrelated? I know that my basic research will be important, but what if I want to make a difference right now?
Preterm Infants of Lower Gestational Age at Birth Have Greater Waist Circumference-Length Ratio and Ponderal Index at Term Age than Preterm Infants of Higher Gestational Ages

Objective To assess anthropometric changes from birth to hospital discharge in infants born preterm and compare with a reference birth cohort of infants born full-term. Study design Retrospective chart review was conducted of 501 preterm and 1423 full-term infants. We evaluated birth and hospital discharge weight, length, and waist circumference (WC). WC/length ratio (WLR), ponderal index, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Preterm infants were categorized into quartiles (Q1-4) based on birth weight (BW). Results At birth mean length, WC, WLR, BMI, and ponderal index were all significantly less for preterm infants in the lowest BW quartile (Q1) than preterm infants in higher BW quartiles or full-term infants. Although their weight, length, and BMI remained significantly less at discharge, preterm infants in Q1 had a disproportionate increase in WLR and ponderal index such that at discharge their WLR and ponderal index were greater than infants in Q2-3 and comparable with infants in Q4 and full-term infants. Discharge WLR and ponderal index in Q1 were significantly higher with decreasing postmenstrual age at birth. Conclusions Preterm infants of a lower birth postmenstrual age have disproportionate increases in WLR and ponderal index that are suggestive of increased visceral and total adiposity.
A study of polymer/surfactant interaction at the mineral/solution interface

Abstract Interaction between a cationic polymer (acrylamidemethacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride copolymer) and cationic and anionic surfactants (dodecylammonium chloride and dodecylsulfonate) on quartz is studied using adsorption, electrokinetic and flotation techniques. At pH 6.5, the polymer depresses amine flotation of quartz but without depressing amine adsorption on it. Electrokinetic experiments yielded zeta-potential values characteristic of the polymer as long as polymer is adsorbed irrespective of both amine adsorption and original potential of quartz. Around pH 10 where amine is most surface active, polymer adsorption from a solution containing both the polymer and amine is negligible. Furthermore, at this pH any preadsorbed polymer is displaced from the surface upon subsequent addition of amine. A molecular model is proposed for the polymer—surfactant layer on the quartz particle with the massive polymer species masking the adsorbed amine, to account for the hydrophilic characteristics of the particle. In accord with this model, quartz is activated by the adsorbed cationic polymer for flotation by the anionic sulfonate.
Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship

We use theory and methods from complexity science to examine dynamic patterns among activities undertaken by nascent entrepreneurs in the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. We develop hypotheses predicting that certain dynamic patterns in start-up activities will lead to the emergence of new firms when: (1) the rate of start-up activities is high, (2) start-up activities are spread out over time, and (3) start-up activities are concentrated later rather than earlier over time. All three hypotheses are confirmed. The paper concludes with some suggestions for the role of complexity science for furthering insights into the process of organization creation.
Ab initio calculations of the structure and properties of disiloxane. The effect of electron correlation and basis set extension

Abstract Ab initio calculations on the SCF, MP2, CI(SD) and CPF level are presented for disiloxane. The convergence of the results is studied for a series of basis sets of increasing quality. Large basis sets including f functions are necessary to obtain reliable results for the structure and the barrier to linearization of this molecule. The following estimates are made: The SiO distance is (162.6±0.5) pm, the barrier to linearization is smaller than 150 cm−1 and the SiOSi angle is larger than 145°.
AML1-ETO driven acute leukemia: insights into pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches

The AML1-ETO fusion transcription factor is generated by the t(8;21) translocation, which is present in approximately 4%-12% of adult and 12%-30% of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Both human and mouse models of AML have demonstrated that AML1-ETO is insufficient for leukemogenesis in the absence of secondary events. In this review, we discuss the pathogenetic insights that have been gained from identifying the various events that can cooperate with AML1-ETO to induce AML in vivo. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for t(8;21) positive AML that involve targeting the fusion protein itself, the proteins that bind to it, or the genes that it regulates. Recently published studies suggest that a targeted therapy for t(8;21) positive AML is feasible and may be coming sometime soon.
Expanded Breadth of the T-Cell Response to Mosaic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope DNA Vaccination

An effective AIDS vaccine must control highly diverse circulating strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Among HIV-1 gene products, the envelope (Env) protein contains variable as well as conserved regions. In this report, an informatic approach to the design of T-cell vaccines directed to HIV-1 Env M group global sequences was tested. Synthetic Env antigens were designed to express mosaics that maximize the inclusion of common potential T-cell epitope (PTE) 9-mers and minimize the inclusion of rare epitopes likely to elicit strain-specific responses. DNA vaccines were evaluated using intracellular cytokine staining in inbred mice with a standardized panel of highly conserved 15-mer PTE peptides. One-, two-, and three-mosaic sets that increased theoretical epitope coverage were developed. The breadth and magnitude of T-cell immunity stimulated by these vaccines were compared to those for natural strain Envs; additional comparisons were performed on mutant Envs, including gp160 or gp145 with or without V regions and gp41 deletions. Among them, the two- or three-mosaic Env sets elicited the optimal CD4 and CD8 responses. These responses were most evident in CD8 T cells; the three-mosaic set elicited responses to an average of eight peptide pools, compared to two pools for a set of three natural Envs. Synthetic mosaic HIV-1 antigens can therefore induce T-cell responses with expanded breadth and may facilitate the development of effective T-cell-based HIV-1 vaccines.
Attosecond and Angstrom Precision Measurements of a Molecule's Electrons

An ultrashort laser pulse can free an electron from a molecule and drive it back to the molecule. This recollision electron can image the electron dynamics and structure of molecules with Angstrom and attosecond precision.
Paying attention to binding: Further studies assessing the role of reduced attentional resources in the associative deficit of older adults

The present experiments investigated whether the observed associative deficit in older adults’ episodic memory is mediated by a reduction of attentional resources. Using a dual-task procedure, younger and older participants studied lists of word pairs either under full attention or while performing a concurrent task. Both experiments showed that dividing attention did not cause a greater impairment to memory for associations than to memory for items in either age group. Furthermore, an analysis of concurrent task performance revealed that older adults’ attentional costs for both learning and binding items were not larger than for learning items alone, relative to younger adults. These data provide support for a multicausal interpretation of older adults’ memory deficits in which common, depleted attentional resources may be a mechanism that reduces memory for components of an episode in both older and younger adults under divided attention at encoding. In addition, older adults have a unique deficit in memory for the associations between the components, which does not seem to be resource dependent.
PHOTOREACTIVATION OF KILLING INE. coliK–12 phr‐ CELLS IS NOT CAUSED BY PYRIMIDINE DIMER REVERSAL

—Escherichia coliK–12 strains deleted in the phr gene which encodes the apoenzyme of photolyase show significant residual photoreactivation activity after exposure to high photoreactivating light doses. We show that this photoreactivation of killing is not associated with reversal of pyrimidine dimers and conclude that the effect is probably attributable to the direct photoconversion of the6–4 photoproducts to their Dewar isomers (Type III photoreactivation).
Lower bounds on the channel capacity of ASCO-OFDM and ADO-OFDM

In this paper, we compare the lower bounds on the channel capacity of asymmetrically and symmetrically clipped optical (ASCO)-OFDM and asymmetrically clipped DC biased optical (ADO)-OFDM for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with an average transmitted optical power constraint. The lower bound of channel capacity can be obtained by calculating the maximum mutual information between transmitter and receiver over all possible input distributions. By using the distribution of ADO-OFDM, the lower bounds are obtained for different constellation cases and they depend on different DC bias levels. In order to calculate the lower bounds of ASCO-OFDM, the general probability density function (PDF) of ASCO-OFDM is derived. Simulation results show that ASCO-OFDM has larger channel capacities than ADO-OFDM for a large range of signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Queering Education in Response to the Needs of LGBTQQIA Students in P–12 Schools

There is currently a crisis in American P–12 (pre-kindergarten to 12th grade) schooling. This introductory statement echoes the media's educational battle cry, specifically related to the academic ...
Effects of cobaltous ion on various catalytic parameters and on heterologous subunit interactions of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase.

Abstract Cobaltous ion, like Mg2+, has been found to support biosynthetic activity of the unadenylylated form [E(0)] of glutamine synthetase from Escherichia coli, but not the adenylylated form [E(12)]. The characteristics of Co2+-activated enzyme however, are significantly different from those of the enzyme activated by Mg2+. The Co2+ enzyme has a symmetrical pH-activity profile with an optimum at pH 7.5, whereas the profile of Mg2+ enzyme is asymmetrical with an optimum at pH 9.0. The activity of Mg2+ enzyme is a normal hyperbolic function of either glutamate or NH 4 + concentration, but the activity of Co2+ enzyme is a complex function of either substrate concentration. Activity of the enzyme increases sharply in a sigmoidal manner with increasing Co2+ concentration to a maximal value and then declines sharply with a further increase in Co2+ concentration. The magnitude of maximal activity and the concentration of Co2+ required to obtain maximal activity are both dependent upon the concentrations of ATP and of glutamate. Whereas Mg2+-supported activity is inhibited by alanine at all levels of substrate examined, the Co2+-supported activity is stimulated by low concentrations of alanine and is inhibited by high concentrations of this effector when the levels of glutamate and NH 4 + are not saturating. When saturated with both substrates, alanine is an inhibitor at all concentrations. In contrast to the sigmoidal relationship between state of adenylylation and the specific activity of Mg2+ enzyme (8) the specific activity in the presence of Co2+ is a relatively simple nonlinear function of the average state of adenylylation. The results indicate that in the presence of Co2+, heterologous interactions between adenylylated and unadenylylated subunits within hybrid enzyme molecules (i.e., molecules containing both adenylylated and unadenylylated subunits) affect the catalytic potential of unadenylylated subunits. The data are consistent with the view that activity in the presence of Co2+ is restricted to unadenylylated subunits that are not in direct contact with adenylylated subunits in the same hexagonal ring. That heterologous subunit interactions affect catalytic potential is also illustrated by the fact that at low substrate concentrations the percentage activation by alanine is a nonlinear function of the average state of adenylylation; it is a linear function of the calculated number of unadenylylated subunits not in contact with adenylylated subunits.
Examples Of Holographic Testing Versus State-Of-The-Art In The Medical Device Industry

The medical device industry has seemed rather reluctant to integrate holographic technology into their product lines. While independent researchers have demonstrated the great potential for holography in imaging and display, it appears that holographic techniques may have the greater potential to solve some of the in-vitro testing and quality and process control problems peculiar to the medical device industry. Examples of these techniques include in-vitro testing of strain distributions surrounding bone plates, contouring for wear properties of artificial joints, and rapid nondestructive determination of leak rates in implantable electronics packages. With new advances in optics and electro-optics comes the hope that these and similar techniques may soon become integral parts of medical device manufacturing.
Wide-band de-embedding with a short, an open, and a through line

A wide-band procedure for subtracting the effects of fixtures and device packages or carriers from measured scattering parameters with only a short, an open, and a through line as standards is presented.
The Application of Filtered Transforms to the General Classification Problem

An image classification model based on nearest prototypes in filtered Fourier and Walsh transform domains is presented. A computer simulation of the model applied to handwritten English letters, Russian letters, numerals, and electromagnetic signals is also presented. Experiments to date fail to refute the working hypothesis that generalized harmonic analysis can be used to reliably classify alphabet characters, time-varying signals, and other images.
Effects of Impurities on Existence and Propagation of Intrinsic Localized Modes in Ferromagnetic Spin Chains

The phenomenon of linear localization on the impurities in the periodic structures is very well known. A few decades ago, nonlinear localized waves in ideal periodic lattices have been discovered[1]. Although a great deal of theoretical studies[2, 3, 4] has been devoted to this subject, the existence of intrinsic localized modes (ILM) is still not confirmed experimentally. Thinking about this confirmation we have to take in account the fact that it is impossible to realize an ideal periodic structure in an experiment. There is a certain amount of impurities present in any however clean experimental sample. Therefore, here we investigate the question of coexistence and interaction of localized modes on impurities and intrinsic nonlinear localized modes. We begin by an outline of the properties of nonlinear localized modes in ideal ferromagnet [5]. Linear localization on defects is described in Ref[6].
The Intersection Exponent for Simple Random Walk

The intersection exponent ξ for simple random walk in two and three dimensions gives a measure of the rate of decay of the probability that paths do not intersect. In this paper we show that the intersection exponent for random walks is the same as that for Brownian motion and show in fact that the probability of nonintersection up to distance n is comparable (equal up to multiplicative constants) to n−ξ.
Direct observation of tropomyosin binding to actin filaments

Tropomyosin is an elongated α-helical coiled coil that binds to seven consecutive actin subunits along the long-pitch helix of actin filaments. Once bound, tropomyosin polymerizes end-to-end and both stabilizes F-actin and regulates access of various actin-binding proteins including myosin in muscle and nonmuscle cells. Single tropomyosin molecules bind weakly to F-actin with millimolar Kd , whereas the end-to-end linked tropomyosin associates with about a 1000-fold greater affinity. Despite years of study, the assembly mechanism of tropomyosin onto actin filaments remains unclear. In this study, we used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to directly monitor the cooperative binding of fluorescently labeled tropomyosin molecules to phalloidin-stabilized actin filaments. We find that tropomyosin molecules assemble from multiple growth sites after random low-affinity binding of single molecules to actin. As the length of the tropomyosin chain increases, the probability of detachment decreases, which leads to further chain growth. Tropomyosin chain extension is linearly dependent on the concentration of tropomyosin, occurring at approximately 100 monomers/(μM*s). The random tropomyosin binding to F-actin leads to discontinuous end-to-end association where gaps in the chain continuity smaller than the required seven sequential actin monomers are available. Direct observation of tropomyosin detachment revealed the number of gaps in actin-bound tropomyosin, the time course of gap annealing, and the eventual filament saturation process.
Poles and zeros for time-varying systems

Poles and zeros are defined for continuous-time, linear, time-varying systems as functions of time. A pole set defines a stability-preserving variable change relating a time-varying state equation to a diagonal state equation. Zeros are defined using a time-varying transformation of the system's impulse response analogous to the transfer function for time-invariant systems. Both definitions are shown to be generalizations of previous definitions of poles and zeros for time-varying systems by Kamen (1988) and consistent with existing definitions for time-invariant systems. A computation procedure is presented for 2nd order systems and a numerical example is given to illustrate this procedure.
Relaxed fuzzy randomization

This paper addresses the role of randomization in the solution of a constraint-satisfaction problem (CSP). It is argued that just as the use of heuristics permit the solution of more complex problems than would otherwise be possible, the relaxation of the optimality constraint carries two attendant benefits. First, among the class of NP-hard problems, relaxation permits the solution of otherwise intractable problems (e.g., the TSP). Second, relaxation permits the use of new types of parallel hardware (e.g., SLMs), which offer at least two orders of magnitude speedup. Combining these two improvements defines a new paradigm for soft computing, which we term, relaxed fuzzy randomization (RFR). The definition of RFR necessarily includes an overview of randomness and symmetry and their mutually inclusive roles in defining a different genre of fuzzy computation. This computational class can defy formal analysis in keeping with the dictates of Godel's incompleteness theorem. That is, it is argued that chance plays a greater role in the twin processes of search and knowledge acquisition than has been heretofore acclaimed. This paper represents an attempt to advance that cause.
Localization of proteins on viral nucleocapsids using immunoelectron microscopy

We have described an indirect immunoelectron microscope method to localize individual proteins on viral nucleocapsids using monoclonal antibodies and colloidal gold-conjugated second antibodies. The procedure provides good binding and retention of antibodies, good resolution(< 24nm), and negligible nonspecific binding of antibodies to the background. In addition, the method is compatible with both negative and positive staining, the two staining procedures commonly used to derive ultrastructural information on viral chromosomes. We have illustrated the procedure by localizing the NP (nucleoprotein, ≈ 2,600 copies) and P (polymerase-associated protein, ≈ 300 copies) proteins on the nucleocapsid of Sendai virus, a paramyxovirus.
Designing the best clock distribution network

Clock distribution has become an increasingly challenging problem for VLSI designs, consuming an increasing fraction of resources such as wiring, power, and design time. Unwanted differences or uncertainties in clock network delays degrade performance or cause functional errors. Three dramatically different strategies being used in the VLSI industry to address these challenges are compared. Novel modeling and measurement techniques are used to investigate on-chip transmission-line effects that are important for high performance clock distribution networks.
Volatility persistence and stock valuations: Some empirical evidence using garch

SUMMARY In this paper issues of volatility persistence and the changing risk premium in the stock market are investigated using the GARCH estimation technique. We get a point estimate of the index of relative risk aversion of 4.5 and confirm the existence of changing equity premiums in the US during 1962-1985. The persistence of shocks to the stock return volatility is so high that the data cannot reject a non-stationary volatility process specification. The results of this paper are consistent with Malkiel and Pindyck's hypothesis that it is the unforseen rise ini the investment uncertainty during 1974 that causes the market to plunge.
FLORAL CHARACTERS LINK HERBIVORES, POLLINATORS, AND PLANT FITNESS

Our past focus on seed production as a surrogate for total plant fitness may have created a bias in our assessments of the effects of herbivory on plants. This bias may be especially pronounced if male and female plant fitness are differentially affected by damage. I describe the effects of leaf herbivory on several floral characters, including traits associated with male plant fitness. Changes in floral traits caused by foliar herbivory can also affect plant relationships with pollinators. Here, I highlight some understudied, indirect ways in which total plant fitness is affected by leaf herbivory. I then describe how considering these other routes to total plant fitness might contribute to current investigations on the evolution of plant defense and floral traits. Because data are lacking on several important aspects of these relationships, this contribution focuses primarily on new ideas and approaches to determining how herbivores and pollinators together shape plant characters.
Examining the spatial consistency of palaeosol proxies: Implications for palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in terrestrial sedimentary basins

Terrestrial sediments are a significant archive of past conditions, and the ‘critical zone’ in particular is important for understanding past and ongoing interactions between the atmosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. Understanding the details of a palaeolandscape or palaeocatena record can greatly improve palaeoenvironmental descriptions and palaeoclimate reconstructions during crucial time periods in the past. This article presents multi-proxy data including palaeosol descriptions, major element geochemistry, magnetic composition and stable isotope geochemistry from an early Eocene palaeosol transect, which show distinct trends in palaeosol features and geochemistry across the landscape, particularly in terms of the differences between A-horizon and B-horizon samples. A-horizon geochemical and physical features are highly variable and reflect other not strictly pedogenic controls, whereas B-horizon composition is extremely consistent. Given that most palaeoclimatic or palaeoenvironmental proxies based on palaeosols use B-horizon features, these results highlight the robustness of those proxies. At the same time, the difference between A-horizons and B-horizons and the variability within A-horizons of the same palaeosol in different geomorphic settings underscores the importance of palaeosol description, detailed sampling, and a multi-proxy approach to produce both precise and accurate reconstructions of past environments and climates using terrestrial sedimentary records.
A Proposed Wattmeter Using Multielectrode Tubes

For direct measurement of small amounts of power, or for measurement of power over a ride range of frequencies, dynamometer wattmeters are unsatisfactory, and vacuum tube wattmeters are often resorted to.
Presiding over accidents: system direction of human action

As human-computer interaction becomes more closely modeled on human-human interaction, new techniques and strategies for human-computer interaction are required. In response to the inevitable shortcomings of recognition technologies, researchers have studied mediation: interaction techniques by which users can resolve system ambiguity and error. In this paper we approach the human-computer dialogue from the other side, examining system-initiated direction and mediation of human action. We conducted contextual interviews with a variety of experts in fields involving human-human direction, including a film director, photographer, golf instructor, and 911 operator. Informed by these interviews and a review of prior work, we present strategies for directing physical human action and an associated design space for systems that perform such direction. We illustrate these concepts with excerpts from our interviews and with our implemented system for automated media capture or "Active Capture," in which an unaided computer system uses techniques identified in our design space to act as a photographer, film director, and cinematographer.
Bulk amorphous Pd–Ni–Fe–P alloys: Preparation and characterization

Bulk amorphous alloys of PdxNiyFe80−x−yP20 (25 ≤ x ≤ 60, 20 ≤ y ≤ 55, x + y ≥ 60) were prepared by a flux-melting and water-quenching method. Seven-mm diameter glassy rods of Pd40Ni40−xFexP20 (0 ≤ x ≤ 20) were studied in greater detail. For these alloys, the difference between the crystallization and glass transition temperatures ranges from 102 K for x = 0 to 53 K for x = 20. In this composition range, the reduced glass transition temperature, Trg, ranges from 0.66 to 0.57. The change in density upon crystallization ranges from 0.24 ± 0.04% for x = 0 to 1.33 ± 0.24% for x = 10. The partial molar volume of Fe in amorphous Pd40Ni40−xFexP20 alloys is significantly larger than the molar volume of (metastable) fcc Fe. This, as well as a comparison with the molar volumes of crystalline compounds, suggests chemically selective Fe–Pd bonding in these glasses.
Unitary FIR filter banks and symmetry

Recently, unitary FIR filter banks with linear-phase have been completely parameterized by exploiting the eigenstructure of the exchange matrix. This correspondence gives new characterizations of polyphase matrices of filter banks with various types of symmetry on the filters. Using matrix extensions of the well-known hyperbolic and orthogonal lattices, we give a alternative proof for the parameterization of linear-phase unitary filter banks. A complete parameterization of FIR unitary filter banks with each of the different types of symmetries considered (not just linear-phase) is also given. These results can also be used to generate non-unitary filter banks with symmetries, though no completeness results can be obtained. In some cases implicit, and in others explicit parameterization of wavelet tight frames associated with these filter banks are also given. This paper only considers filter banks with an even number of channels. A similar theory can be developed if the number of channels is an odd integer. >
Relative abundance of oligosaccharides in Candida species as determined by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis.

Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) is a straightforward, sensitive method for determining the presence and relative abundance of individual oligomannosyl residues in Candida mannoprotein, the major antigenic determinant located on the outer surface of the yeast cell wall. The single terminal aldehydes of oligomannosyl residues released by hydrolysis were tagged with the charged fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (ANTS) and separated with high resolution on the basis of size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ANTS fluorescence labeling was not biased by oligomannoside length; therefore, band fluorescence intensity was directly related to the relative abundance of individual oligomannoside moieties in heterogeneous samples. FACE analysis revealed the major oligomannosides released by acid hydrolysis and β-elimination of Fehling-precipitated mannan from Candida albicans, which were the same as those previously reported in studies based on mass and nuclear magnetic spectroscopic analysis. FACE was also amenable to the analysis of samples obtained by direct hydrolysis of whole yeast cells. Whole-cell acid hydrolysis and whole-cell β-elimination of two isolates each of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C. rugosa, C. stellatoidea, and C. tropicalis resulted in oligomannoside gel banding patterns that were species and strain specific for the 16 isolates surveyed. Whereas some bands were specific for an individual isolate or species, other bands were shared by two or three species in various groupings. Differences in the mannoprotein composition of C. albicans A9 and four spontaneous cell surface mutants were also detected. Mannan “fingerprints,” or banding pattern profiles, derived from the electrophoretic mobilities of individual bands relative to the migration of acid-hydrolyzed dextran (relative migration index) yielded profiles characteristic of individual isolates not revealed by standard assimilation and biochemical profiles. FACE represents an accessible, sensitive, and quantitative analytical tool enabling the characterization of yeast mannan complexity.
Common Factors Predicting Long-term Changes in Multiple Health Behaviors

This study was designed to assess if there are consistent treatment, stage, severity, effort and demographic effects which predict long-term changes across the multiple behaviors of smoking, diet and sun exposure. A secondary data analysis integrated data from four studies on smoking cessation (N = 3927), three studies on diet (N = 4824) and four studies on sun exposure (N = 6465). Across all three behaviors, behavior change at 24 months was related to treatment, stage of change, problem severity and effort effects measured at baseline. There were no consistent demographic effects. Across multiple behaviors, long-term behavior changes are consistently related to four effects that are dynamic and open to change. Behavior changes were not consistently related to static demographic variables. Future intervention research can target the four effects to determine if breakthroughs can be produced in changing single and multiple behaviors.
Design of nonblocking modular supervisors using event priority functions

A new scheme for the modular control of discrete event systems is presented and studied. This scheme, called modular control with priorities (MCP), is an extension of earlier works on modular control in the realm of the supervisory control theory of discrete event systems. The key feature of this scheme is the use of a priority mechanism based on the priority functions of individual supervisors in the process of combining the control actions of individual supervisors. This approach is motivated by both theoretical and practical considerations. The main objective is to use priority functions to mitigate or eliminate the problem of blocking that originates in conventional modular control. In this paper, we first show how to design individual supervisors so that they can operate under MCP. We then show how MCP operates and discuss the resulting properties of this approach. Finally, we present several algorithms for priority assignment to obtain nonblocking behavior under MCP. A motivating example from the area of telecommunications is given.
Persistence and Potential Growth of the Fecal Indicator Bacteria, Escherichia coli, in Shoreline Sand at Lake Huron

Recent investigations found high abundances of the fecal indicator Escherichia coli in shoreline sand at freshwater beaches, but it is not known whether these high numbers are due to passive filtration/trapping of the bacteria, or to colonization and growth. This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that high abundance can be explained, at least in part, by the ability of E. coli to persist and grow in beach sand. A combination of laboratory and field studies was used to monitor the densities of environmental isolates of E. coli in beach sand. In controlled laboratory microcosm studies using autoclaved beach sand inoculated with E. coli strains previously isolated from ambient beach sand, E. coli densities increased from 2 CFU/g to more than 2 × 105 CFU/g sand after 2 days of incubation at 19°C, and remained above 2 × 105 CFU/g for at least 35 days. In field studies utilizing similarly inoculated beach sand in diffusion chambers incubated at a Lake Huron beach, E. coli also grew rapidly, reaching high densities (approximately 7.5 × 105 CFU/g), and persisting in a cultivable state at high density for at least 48 days. In comparison, E. coli levels in ambient beach sand adjacent to the chambers always had densities <100 CFU/g. Lake Huron beach sand clearly provides nutrients, temperatures, and other conditions needed to support growth of E. coli. The growth of E. coli in sterile sand diffusion chambers to higher levels than occurs in ambient beach sand may indicate the presence in ambient sand of biological controls on bacterial growth, such as predation or competition.
Techniques of Discovery: Broad and Narrow Characterizations of Technology

Historical studies of technology have tended to exhibit two focal points. Their primary concern has usually been what has happened or happens in the domain of hardware such as tools, machines, structures, and even items of personal use. Second (and secondarily), they have concerned themselves with what were or are the “attitudes” that accompanied the invention, development, or use of such hardware. Such secondary considerations have included the cultural matrices that made such inventions and developments possible and the cultural consequences of their employment. One of the ways that historians have expressed this difference of emphasis has been to identify the stock of hardware available for use during a given historical period as its “civilization,” or “tools,” and its ideas and institutions as its “culture.”
Suffer the Little Children: How the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Has Not Supported Children

This article demonstrates this theory with the use of five examples of problems that plague children around the globe. These five areas of concern will clearly demonstrate the duplicity of the CRC and its signatories, despite the rights extended to children, and are set forth in the sections of this article. Section I discusses the growing child sex tourism industry and its prominence in many CRC signatory nations. It reveals that children are brutally sexually exploited in the face of their enumerated rights. [FN29] Section II discusses child marriage as the norm in many signatory nations, and demonstrates how a child's right to self-determination is subordinate to her culture and a marriage arranged for her. Section III reviews the well-known practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) of young girls as the norm in many signatory nations, clarifying the brutal reality that these children have no rights to challenge and object to the practice, even though it leaves them mutilated for life. Section IV then discusses child soldiering, warfare training, and combatant activity as an active and growing concern in many signatory nations. Its horrors reveal the desperate exploitation of children by state actors and opposing rebel fighters to recruit personnel for their armies. Finally, Section V explains the severe problem of forced labor and servitude of children around the world, revealing the utter inability of children to enforce their own rights against adults who insist on child bondage and exploitation for their own benefit.
Annotating Everyday Grasps in Action

Grasping has been well studied in the robotics and human subjects literature, and numerous taxonomies have been developed to capture the range of grasps employed in work settings or everyday life. But how completely do these taxonomies capture grasping actions that we see every day? In a study to classify all actions during a typical day, we found that single entries in an existing grasp taxonomy were insufficient, apparently capturing not one grasp, but many. When we investigated, we found that these seemingly different grasps could be distinguished by features related to the grasp in action, such as the intended motion, force, and stiffness. In collaboration with our subjects, we developed an annotation scheme for untrained annotators to use, which captured the differences we observed between grasping actions. This chapter describes our annotation scheme. We discuss parallels to and differences from Laban Movement Analysis, which has been long developed to capture motion and action, but does not focus on grasping. We also discuss parallels to impedance or operational space control, with the goal of moving from annotations to actionable robot control.
The Basis of Political Authority

Fear and deference, and very little else, are the basis of political authority everywhere, in democracies and despotisms alike. The symbol of the first is the sword, and its actual instrument armed men. The symbol of the second is the clerical gown, and its actual instrument a priestly class or, more common now, a judicial class retaining the trappings of a priesthood. In some states fear is the main pillar, and officially armed persons are constantly in evidence. In others deference constitutes the larger foundation, and in these the police are less conspicuous but always known to be there. In some states both deference and fear are evoked to the maximum by a real and awesome priesthood having immediate control of the police and its firing squads, sometimes with earth-shaking results. How a people actually fares under this or that political authority de pends very much on which of these two foundations is relied upon more, and very little on how, for example, its public officials are chosen. Fear is negative and galling, while deference is positive and sometimes exhilarating. Hence people at least feel more free when they bow than when cowed, and may then even speak of governing themselves. Both fear and deference appear natural to human beings. Fear, produced by threat, is of course universal, and deference, typically elicited by persons presented as awesome, is hardly less so. It is expressed by bowing, saluting and yielding. Thus a Pope or an Ayatollah or a Grand Lama attracts a vast throng, including numbers of the faithless, even though he offers them no more than gestures and nods. People have at all times invented religions, in order to have gods to bow to, and such exalted persons, having the visible trappings of religion, fulfill this same deep and universal need. Fear and deference were originally the foundation for the existence of political states, as well as for their authority. Thus a people's bodies and pos sessions were won by the sword, and their minds conquered by the charisma of some holy man. Today states sometimes arise from more rational foundations?from the promulgation of charters, for instance?and public officials are likewise put in place by more orderly means?by election, for ex ample. But once there, the political authority, to be effective, must rest upon fear and deference.
Myotis sodalis in Wisconsin

A specimen of Myotis sodalis taken from an abandoned lead mine in southwestern Wisconsin represents the first record of this species for that state. The bat was taken …
Caste Determination in Honey Bees. II. Food Consumption of Individual Honey Bee Larvae, Determined with 32P-Labeled Royal Jelly

Newly emerged honey bee larvae Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), were reared in the laboratory on 32P-labeled royal jelly. The resulting adults were classified as workers, intermediates, or queens, depending on their morphological caste characters. Larvae destined to become queens ate 13% more food than worker larvae during the first 3 days of larval life. This difference increased to about 40% after 6 days of larval life. The mean rate of ingestion was 8% less in intermediates as compared to queen larvae during the first 3 days after hatching, and 16% less after 6 days of larval life. Queen larvae consumed an average of 5% more royal jelly than intermediates, and 19% more than workers. The results are discussed in relation to the known differences in growth rates of the queen-worker castes.
Abstract 4774: Epimorphin inhibits mammary epithelial cell apoptosis through induction of IKBKE

Epimorphin is a stromally produced factor that plays a role in normal mammary branching morphogenesis, but deregulated expression of epimorphin can have oncogenic consequences, although the oncogenic processes activated by epimorphin have not been elucidated. We had previously found that treatment of cultured mammary epithelial cells with epimorphin blocked activation of cell death pathways by a variety of apoptotic stimuli. These results implicated a potential role for epimorphin for inhibition of cellular apoptosis, a critical stage of tumor development. To identify potential mediators by which epimorphin could be affecting cell death pathways, we used a transcriptional profiling approach comparing mammary epithelial cells treated with epimorphin versus untreated cells. We found that epimorphin treatment led to significantly increased expression of IKBKE, which inhibits apoptosis through activation of NF-kappaB and which has recently been characterized as a key breast cancer oncogene. We found that epimorphin specifically blocks induction of apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 in cells treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and that this activity was linked to epimorphin-mediated activation of IKBKE. We also found that knockdown of IKBKE blocked epimorphin-mediated induction of branching morphogenesis, implicating activation of IKBKE by epimorphin as a critical function for its normal morphogenic activities as well. These studies provide insight into an additional and unexpected linkage between mammary gland developmental processes and breast cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4774. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4774
P5-S5.06 Population-based partner services for men who have sex with men (MSM) with gonorrhoea or chlamydial infection: a missed HIV prevention opportunity

Background Few US health departments provide partner service (PS) to persons with gonorrhoea (GC) or chlamydia (CT). We sought to define the potential utility of providing PS to MSM with GC or CT as an HIV prevention intervention. Methods We analysed public health reporting and PS data from WA State, USA, 2007–2010 to evaluate whether provider initiated case reports could identify MSM with GC or CT, to assess engagement in HIV care among MSM with STIs previously diagnosed with HIV, and to determine how often MSM HIV test when diagnosed with GC or CT. Estimates of previously diagnosed HIV, engagement with care, and HIV testing were derived from a random sample of cases weighted to reflect cases9 residence and receipt of care in the King County STD clinic. We linked STI and HIV reporting data to estimate the risk of subsequent HIV diagnoses among MSM reported with GC or CT. Results Medical providers recorded the gender of cases9 sex partners on 19 000 (68%) of 27 762 case reports on men with GC or CT, 4281 (22%) of which indicated that the case had sex with men. Case report and PS interview data on cases9 sexual orientation agreed in 6711 (96%) of 6999 cases for which both data sources were available (κ=0.90). Agreement was higher for STD clinic cases (κ=0.98) than for other King County cases (κ=0.86) or among men outside of King County (κ=0.68). Among a random sample of 1103 cases identified as MSM in both case report and PS data, 25% were previously diagnosed with HIV, of whom 87% were in care and 63% were on antiretrovirals. Among MSM without a prior HIV diagnosis, 55% reported that they HIV tested when diagnosed with GC or CT. The proportion of MSM who HIV tested was higher STD clinic cases (82%) than among other King County MSM (57%) or MSM outside of King County (41%) (p Conclusions MSM with GC and CT are an identifiable and accessible population at high risk for HIV acquisition and transmission who might benefit from efforts to increase HIV testing frequency and linkage to HIV care. Expanding PS for bacterial STI should be evaluated as a means to achieve these goals.
Epoxy encapsulation of the Cernox™ SD thermometer for measuring the temperature of surfaces in liquid helium

Abstract We describe a procedure to pot a Cernox™ thermometer with the SD package in Stycast epoxy. The potting adapts the thermometer for measuring the temperature of a surface immersed in liquid helium (LHe) and other cryogens. The technique thermally insulates the sensor chip from the cryogen while preserving the surface mounting capability of the SD package. The potting introduced
Research and Development of a New Global Network Resource Monitor and Management System

It's the main function of the network monitor and management system to monitor and manage all kinds of different information, network devices and important network resource unified. A new global network resource monitor and management system isintroduced in the article. The structure, the main technology and the technology innovation are presented.