cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of cerebellar ataxia during chronic ethanol exposure is associated with epigenetic up-regulation of Fmr1 gene expression in rat cerebellum.

Background Alcohol intoxication produces ataxia by affecting the cerebellum, which coordinates movements. Fragile X mental retardation (FMR) protein is a complex regulator of RNA and synaptic plasticity implicated in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, which features ataxia and increased Fmr1 mRNA expression resulting from epigenetic dysregulation of FMRP. We recently demonstrated that acute ethanol-induced ataxia is associated with increased cerebellar Fmr1 gene expression via histone modifications in rats, but it is unknown whether similar behavioral and molecular changes occur following chronic ethanol exposure. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on ataxia and epigenetically regulated changes in Fmr1 expression in the cerebellum. Methods Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on the accelerating rotarod and then fed with chronic ethanol or a control Lieber-DeCarli diet while undergoing periodic behavioral testing for ataxia during ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Cerebellar tissues were analyzed for expression of the Fmr1 gene and its targets using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The epigenetic regulation of Fmr1 was also investigated using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Results Ataxic behavior measured by the accelerating rotarod behavioral test developed during chronic ethanol treatment and persisted at both the 8-h and 24-h withdrawal time points compared to control diet-fed rats. In addition, chronic ethanol treatment resulted in up-regulated expression of Fmr1 mRNA and increased activating epigenetic marks H3K27 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation at 2 sites within the Fmr1 promoter. Finally, measurement of the expression of relevant FMRP mRNA targets in the cerebellum showed that chronic ethanol up-regulated cAMP response element binding (CREB) Creb1, Psd95, Grm5, and Grin2b mRNA expression without altering Grin2a, Eaa1, or histone acetyltransferases CREB binding protein (Cbp) or p300 mRNA transcripts. Conclusions These results suggest that epigenetic regulation of Fmr1 and subsequent FMRP regulation of target mRNA transcripts constitute neuroadaptations in the cerebellum that may underlie the persistence of ataxic behavior during chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal.
The globalization of Just Transition in the world of labour: politics of scale and scope

O artigo trata da chamada “transicao justa” enquanto principal expressao do ambientalismo trabalhista em nivel global, e mostra como as organizacoes sindicais internacionais tem desempenhado um papel central nessa discussao. O objetivo da contribuicao e fornecer um relato analiticamente informado dessa trajetoria. Em sua primeira parte, esclarece o esquema analitico utilizado; na segunda e principal parte, emprega tal esquema para tracar o papel dos sindicatos globais na globalizacao da “transicao justa”. Em particular, argumenta-se que a globalizacao da “transicao justa” no mundo do trabalho continua sendo um processo em andamento, na medida em que reflete tanto as dinâmicas Norte-Sul quanto as setoriais. Conclui-se com um comentario sobre as causas por detras desses achados, bem como sobre as perspectivas e desafios para ampliar a “transicao justa”.
Experimental Studies of Families

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates the ways in which the experimental method strengthens the study of families. In some instances, an extension of experimental methods to families opens up new substantive areas of family study. In others, experimental investigation serves to clarify both family and group process theories. The application of experimental methods to families requires that attention be paid to assumptions about structure and process that have in the past remained unexamined and untested. The chapter examines each of these issues through a selective review of the experimental literature. It also examines both personality and cultural background as causal variables that are assumed to predict to aspects of family structure and outcome for the child. Findings from several of the experiments comparing status structure in families and groups suggest that status is related to other variables in similar ways in both types of groups, with the empirical differences that occur explained by “length of acquaintance” or “situational” variables. The methods for examining family macro-process, that is, changes that occur throughout the long history of a family, center on appropriate sampling techniques that may be combined with observation of family interaction in an experimental situation. Some experimenters, however, have chosen to examine change in microcosm to investigate questions originally raised by theorists concerned with long-term family development. One of the major questions raised when the experimental method is used to investigate the effects of family interaction on certain “outcome” variables is which came first, the structure or the outcome.
Testing of domino and latched domino circuits using current sensors

Several types of faults that can occur in domino and latched domino (LDomino) logic are analyzed. The faults considered include: stuck-open, stuck-close, bridging and gate substrate faults. A current monitor that detects these faults is proposed. The monitor adds very little overhead when appended to a complex logic function implemented in domino or LDomino. >
Grandmothers and the Evolution of Human Sociality

We differ from the great apes in so many ways. Yet they all belong to our hominid family, and some are even more closely related to us than they are to each other. One distinctive human feature is our much great longevity, a difference that the Grandmother Hypothesis might explain. Grandmothering not only helps account for our long life spans but also changes childrearing in ways that may explain why distinctly human capacities for social engagement and mutual understanding evolved in our lineage. We review the background to this Grandmother Hypothesis and summarize it and related findings from evolutionary modeling and empirical measurements of both grandmother effects and social capacities of human infants. Then, we point to questions arising for social development, discriminating grandmothers, future mathematical modeling, and social strategies of men, as well as the physiology of human aging. Keywords: human longevity; senescence; menopause; aging; cooperative child rearing; human evolution; life history evolution; shared intentionality
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Evaluation of the Orbit

Diseases of the orbit present with typical orbital localizing findings including proptosis, lid findings (e.g., edema, retraction, ptosis), visual loss (e.g., optic neuropathy), external signs (e.g., palpable mass), or restrictive or paretic ophthalmoplegia. The clinician dealing with orbital disease should be aware, however, that neuro-ophthalmic disease can coexist with orbital disorders; that orbital findings may be the presenting signs of systemic or neurological conditions; and that certain key portions of the neuro-ophthalmic exam should be performed in selected cases of orbital disease. This chapter discusses the major neuro-ophthalmologic features of orbital disease and the common neuro-ophthalmic pathology of the orbit that may mimic tumors. The orbital tumors are not discussed in detail; instead a review of the tumors of the optic nerve with special emphasis on optic nerve glioma and meningioma is included.
XML type checking using high-level tree transducer

XML type checking recently attracts interests of researchers. We discuss this problem for programs using higher order functions. In particular, we discuss programs modeled by the high-level tree transducer which was introduced by Engelfriet. We give one algorithm of XML type checking for this transducer.
Decision Analysis and Counterterrorism

Significant research has been performed on counterterrorism decisions in recent years. As with all applications involving significant potential risks and large investments, the efficacy of decision analysis has been tested and new ways of performing analyses found. In this article, we discuss several important studies and the approaches researchers have used to prescribe appropriate alternatives for counterterrorism. Keywords: counterterrorism; adaptive adversary; decision tree; risk management
Cyclic-prefix CDMA with antenna diversity

This paper explores the addition of antenna diversity schemes to the recently-proposed cyclic-prefix CDMA (CP-CDMA) system concept CP-CDMA is a novel type of single carrier DS-CDMA that employs OFDM-style cyclic prefixes for the purposes of facilitating efficient frequency-domain equalization in broadband CDMA cellular systems. CP-CDMA is intended for high-bandwidth, high-delay-spread cellular channels (especially in the forward link), such as those envisioned for systems that evolve from current 3G CDMA standards. This paper proposes transmit and receive antenna diversity techniques for CP-CDMA systems that operate with high user loading and multi-level modulation in broadband high delay-spread channels. Simulation results show that the proposed transmit diversity technique and receive frequency domain equalization provide vastly superior performance than previous Walsh-code-based transmit diversity methods using RAKE reception.
Purification of human red cell acetylcholinesterase by electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and gradient extraction.

Abstract Purification of human red cell cholinesterase by means of electrophoresis on paper, ultracentrifugation, and gradient exctraction is described. By these means a protein is isolated that appears to be homogeneous in gradient extraction and free electrophoresis; however, reasons are given for believing that this is not the cholinesterase protein but a major protein with which the cholinesterase is tenaciously associated.
Plasma uric acid in Pietrain and Large White pigs

Abstract The reduced plasma glucose concentrations found in stress-sensitive Pietrain pigs were not associated with raised plasma uric acid. The uric acid in the plasma of the Pietrain and stress-resistant Large White pigs was in both cases less than 0·2 mg per 100 ml, a concentration too low to interfere with the determination of plasma glucose.
Cerebrospinal fluid cholecystokinin, bombesin and somatostatin in schizophrenia and normals.

Abstract Gerner, Robert H., Daniel P. Van Kammen and Philip T. Ninan: Cerebrospinal Fluid Cholecystokinin, Bombesin and Somatostatin in Schizophrenia and Normals. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacoi. & Biol. Psychiat. 1985, 9 (1): 73–82. 1. 1. Cerebrospinal fluid from 31 normals and two groups of phenomenologically similar schizophrenics (n = 72) were collected by identical methods. 2. 2. Radioimmunoassay of CSF was carried out for Somatostatin, bombesin, and cholecystokinin. 3. 3. One group of schizophrenics had increased baseline Somatostatin and cholecystokinin, and decreased bombesin. 4. 4. No CSF gradient effect was found for the peptides nor were their levels affected by probenecid or pimozide treatment. 5. 5. An inverse correlation was found between bombesin and-psychosis rating. 6. 6. Intercorrelation between the peptides and HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG were not significant.
Calibrating a material model for AD995 alumina from plate impact VISAR profiles

On presente une validation/calibrage d'un modele de materiau pour l'alumine AD995. On utilise les resultats de cinq experiences d'impact de plaques symetrique menees par Grady [1], designees CE 56 a 60. Le modele de materiau est semblable a celui employe par Johnson et Holmquist [5]. Il a une courbe de rupture fragile pour le materiau sans endommagement, et une courbe d'ecoulement pour le materiau degrade (granuleux). La reponse viscoplastique du materiau endommage aux contraintes de cisaillement, au dela de la courbe d'ecoulement quasistatique, est maxwellienne. On calibre la reponse viscoplastique pour correspondre au test CE 58, puis on verifie la validite du modele de materiau, en predisant les resultats pour les quatre autres tests
Relative variation diagrams for describing patterns of compositional variability

In recognizing that a composition, such as a major oxide or sediment composition, provides information only about the relative, not the absolute, magnitudes of its components, this paper exposes the compositional variation array as the simplest and minimum way of summarizing the pattern of variability within a compositional data set. Such summaries are free of the notorious hazards of the constant-sum constraint and when depicted in relative variation diagrams can often provide substantial insights into the nature of the compositional variability. Concepts and practice are illustrated by reference to a number of real data sets.
Bicarbonate Utilization in Anabaena

Blue-green algal growth frequently occurs in water with relatively high pH and high levels of organic carbon which are related by the pH-dependent ionization of inorganic carbon. This relationship, which may regulate natural populations, was examined using a factorial experimental design in which the metabolic response of Anabaena flos-aquae was measured as a function of pH and total inorganic carbon. The concentration of the products of ionization were calculated. Algal responses were determined manometrically as rates of photosynthesis and respiration. The overriding factor regulating the growth of Anabaena was pH, and no obvious relationship was found to exist between oxygen evolution or uptake and the concentration of any form of inorganic carbon.
Developmentally Appropriate Physical Education: A Rating Scale

(1996). Developmentally Appropriate Physical Education: A Rating Scale. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 52-58.
Reexpression of vimentin in differentiated neuroblastoma cells enhances elongation of axonal neurites.

Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeVimentin (Vm) is initially expressed by early neuronalprecursors in situ and in culture. Vm is essential forneuritogenesis at least in culture and is gradually re-placed by neuroﬁlaments (NFs) because of down-regulation of Vm expression. This period is accompaniedby a slowing of axonal elongation. We examined whethercontinued expression of Vm could foster continued ax-onal elongation. NB2a/d1 cells differentiated with dibu-tyryl cAMP were transfected with constructs expressingVm or the middle-molecular-weight NF subunit (NF-M)each conjugated to green ﬂuorescent protein (GFP). Ax-onal neurites of cells expressing GFP-Vm were 30%longer than those of nonexpressing cells, or cells ex-pressing GFP-M, and exhibited a decrease in neuritecaliber. Expression of GFP-M did not enhance axonalneurite length but signiﬁcantly increased caliber. Theseﬁndings provide further evidence of a role for Vm inaxonal outgrowth. Culturing of nontransfected cells onlaminin increased neurite length, but cells expressingGFP-Vm demonstrated an equivalent increase whethercultured on laminin or culture plastic. Axonal neurites ofcells expressing GFP-Vm turned to avoid a nonfavorablesubstrate (nitrocellulose), but culturing of these cells onnitrocellulose did not impair axonal outgrowth. Theselatter ﬁndings indicate that the more robust outgrowthfollowing reexpression of Vm is independent of a favor-able or nonfavorable substrate but that axonal neurites ofthese cells still interact with the substrate to the extentthat the substrate can inﬂuence directionality.
EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY AND PROGESTERONE METABOLITES ON REGULATION OF SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW

1. Pregnancy is characterized by a 40% increase in blood volume and cardiac output, a decrease in arterial blood pressure and thus a substantial decrease in total peripheral resistance. The aims of the experiments described in this manuscript were: (i) to determine if pregnancy resulted in alterations in baroreflex control of sympathetic outflow; and (ii) to evaluate possible mechanisms for pregnancy-induced changes in control of sympathetic outflow. 2. Arterial baroreflex control of efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity was examined in female pregnant and non-pregnant normotensive Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats. In both rat strains, pregnancy was associated with a decrease in baseline arterial pressure, a shift in the baroreflex function curve to a lower operating pressure range and an attenuated ability to reflexly increase sympathetic outflow above baseline levels during a hypotensive challenge. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats retained their ability to respond to a hypertensive challenge, whereas pregnant Wistar-Kyoto rats exhibited a decreased sensitivity to hypertensive as well as hypotensive challenges. 3. The inhibitory amino acid transmitter, GABA, mediates baroreflex sympatho-inhibition within the rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) of the brainstem. Since 3 alpha-OH dihydroprogesterone (3 alpha-OH-DHP), a major metabolite of progesterone, is elevated in pregnancy and has been reported to potentiate central nervous system GABAA inhibitory responses, experiments were performed to determine if effects of this metabolite of progesterone could contribute to the pregnancy associated changes in control of sympathetic outflow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The General Circle Diagram of Electrical Machinery

The well known circle diagram of a transmission network is applied to electrical machinery, giving circle diagrams of alternators, synchronous motors, synchronous condensers, and transformers. These diagrams give a graphical representation of the machine performance under all possible conditions. Such quantities as power loss, power input, power output, field current, etc., for any operating condition can be obtained by inspection. These diagrams have the same field of usefulness as the circle diagram of the induction motor. The transmission network circle diagram can be applied to the induction motor, yielding in the approximate representation the Heyland diagram, which is merely a special case of the more general diagram. The transmission network method of attack gives a straight-forward solution of many induction motor problems that would otherwise be difficult to handle, such as a motor equipped with a phase advancer. Methods of obtaining network constants by measurements rather than computations are described.
Fos family member changes in nucleus caudalis neurons after primary afferent stimulation: enhancement of fos B and c-fos

In situ hybridization using cDNAs complementary to specific regions of the mRNAs encoding four members of the FOS transcription factor gene family reveals modest levels of hybridization over superficial lamina of the nucleus caudalis of the spinal tract of the trigeminal in sections taken from unstimulated brains. Fos B expression is markedly and rapidly enhanced ipsilateral to electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglia. c-fos mRNA also changes; these differences contrast with the lack of significant changes in the low basal levels of expression of fra-1 and fra-2 mRNAs. The prominent change in fos B mRNA is mediated largely by an increase in the number of neurons that express hybridization densities above background after stimulation. This result, taken together with data on stimulation-induced changes in expression of preproenkephalin and other AP-1 transcription factors in wild-type animals and stimulation-induced changes in CAT activity in transgenic mice expressing portions of the proenkephalin promoter, is consistent with a role for the enhanced fos B expression in upregulation of expression of preproenkephalin in these neurons.
The Economics of Intervention: American Overseas Investments and Relations with Underdeveloped Areas, 1890-1950

This essay has presented a framework for the analysis of economic factors in political relations between developed and developing areas. The most relevant considerations in this regard are the potential costs of imperial intervention in enhancing the return to metropolitan economic interests, and the potential benefits that intervention might bring to these interests. The essay has emphasized the differential political implications of various types of metropolitan economic activity, and especially of different forms of foreign investment.
Treatment of relapsed or refractory Hodgkin disease and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with high‐dose chemoradiotherapy followed by unstimulated autologous peripheral stem cell rescue

Nine patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin disease or non-Hodgkin lymphoma underwent peripheral stem cell autografting because of a history of marrow involvement with visible lymphoma. Peripheral stem cells were collected during a process of unstimulated leukapheresis. Recovery to a neutrophil count of 0.1 x 10(9)/L was seen at a median of 14 days compared with a median of 18 days for a concurrent series of marrow recipients (P = .12). Recoveries to a neutrophil count of 0.5 x 10(9)/L and a platelet count of 50 x 10(9)/L occurred at medians of 25 days and 28 days, respectively. These figures are not significantly different from those obtained in the marrow recipients. Of the original nine patients, six are surviving free of disease progression or relapse at a median of 240 days posttransplant. Two patients died of transplant-related complications and one relapsed 250 days post-transplant. All surviving patients remain independent of transfusions and six have attained almost complete hematological reconstitution. Although administration of cytotoxic therapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may enhance the yield of early progenitor cells during leukapheresis, unstimulated leukapheresis results in a stem cell product capable of rapidly restoring and sustaining marrow function even after multiple courses of intensive "salvage" therapy. Additional follow-up will be needed to determine whether preliminary survival figures continue to compare favorably with those of patients with similar extramedullary disease states undergoing marrow transplants.
Apparent influence of the X chromosome on timing of 73 ossification centers.

Among 73 postnatal ossification centers, sister-sister (SS) corretions involving age at appearance tend to exceed brother-brother (BB) and sister-brother (SB) correlations by an average of 0.16. This excess of SS over BB and SB ossification timing similarity is not a function of type of center, limb or location, and is in accordance with the hypothesis of partial X-linkage. It is estimated that the larger proportion of genetically determined variance in postnatal ossification timing may be attributed to genes on the X chromosome.
Food price rises will increase deaths from malnutrition, Swiss foundation warns

The health of at least 100 million people in poor nations could be adversely affected by the sharp increase in international prices for staple foods unless steps are taken to tackle the problem, a Swiss foundation has warned. Malnutrition kills about 3.5 million mothers and children under 5 years old every year, and this figure could rise. “We think the malnutrition death figures will go up, and you will see some other figures, like the 178 million children stunted each year, that will increase as well,” said Marc Van Ameringen, executive director of the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, a foundation that aims to fight malnutrition by mobilising public-private partnerships. Violent demonstrations and riots have recently broken out in more than a dozen poor countries in protest at the rise in prices, which for some commodities, …
Art eases the process of attachment and separation

According to many developmental theorists, when young children enter a new situation, issues of separation and attachment rise quickly to the surface. Therefore these issues are critical for early childhood providers and teachers to address. Extensive research has shown that a child's inability to manage the process of attachment and separation has a direct correlation to various behaviors including aggressiveness, dependency, difficult parent-child relationships, and inferior socialization skills.
Effect of sodium chloride, enalapril, and losartan on the development of polycystic kidney disease in Han:SPRD rats.

We found that the administration of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor and sodium chloride loading lessen the development of renal cystic disease induced by 2-amino-4-5-diphenylthiazole in rats. To determine whether similar effects could be observed in an autosomal dominant model of polycystic kidney disease, heterozygous cystic (Cy/+) and homozygous normal (+/+) Han:SPRD rats were divided into experimental groups at 3 weeks of age. The first study included four groups receiving enalapril (50 mg/L), losartan (400 mg/L), hydralazine (80 mg/L), or no drug in their drinking water. The second study included four groups fed a sodium-deficient diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.25%, 0.6%, or 3.3% sodium chloride. The Cy/+ rats receiving enalapril had lower kidney weights and histologic scores than those in the control group, and lower kidney weights, plasma creatinines, and histologic scores than those in the hydralazine group. The Cy/+ rats receiving losartan had lower plasma creatinines and histologic scores than those in the control and hydralazine treatment groups. A sodium-deficient diet markedly blunted the growth of the animals and the development of cystic disease. Increases in the sodium content of the diet in the other three groups were accompanied by higher relative kidney weights and histology scores, while the levels of plasma creatinine were not significantly different. Regression of the cystic disease was observed between 3 and 4 months of age. These results indicate that the development of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the rat can be modulated by pharmacologic and nutritional factors. Whereas the administration of an AT1 angiotensin II antagonist or an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor had a protective effect, increasing the sodium chloride contents of the diet worsened the severity of the renal cystic disease in this animal model.
Demo: Smarter data center power monitoring and management

This demonstration presents a power panel level power monitoring and management (PMM) system developed at IBM Research. The ultimate goal of this project is to develop a low-cost, high accuracy, non-intrusive and retrofittable data center power management system.
Measures of clustering in systems of overlapping particles

This paper reviews several advances in the measurement of clustering properties in the Boolean model, a prototypical model for many classes of random materials. First, we discuss and evaluate the lineal-path function, a microstructure function which provides a partial signature of clustering. We present a new expression for the lineal-path function of a Boolean model which suggests that novel bounds on the effective properties of random materials cannot be generated using this function. Second, we review various simulation and computational techniques that have recently been used to evaluate the percolation threshold of Boolean models.
Comparison of adriamycin induced immunomodulation with that of the noncardiotoxic anthracycline 5-iminodaunorubicin

Adriamycin (ADM) has been shown to modulate a variety of host immune responses. Although the mechanism(s) for this activity is not known, it has been suggested that free radical compounds generated during ADM metabolism act at the membrane level to alter immune cell function. The generation of free radical metabolites is also believed to be responsible for the cardiotoxic potential of ADM. 5-Iminodaunorubicin (IDM) is a non-cardiotoxic anthracycline analog which undergoes minimal free radical metabolism. In the present study the immunomodulatory capacity of IDM was compared to that of ADM. It was found that IDM and ADM had similar augmenting effects on cytolytic T-cell activity and that this correlated with: (1) Fc-dependent phagocytosis by spleen cells; and (2) the elimination or inhibition of an adherent regulatory cell in the spleen. The natural killer response was either unaffected (fresh NK) or slightly inhibited (cultured NK) by both drugs except moderate dose IDM which resulted in marked augmentation of cultured NK.
Differential sensitivity of opioid-induced feeding to naloxone and naloxonazine.

The high-affinity mu-1 opioid binding site has been implicated in some opioid responses (e.g., supraspinal analgesia) but not others (e.g., respiratory depression) by comparing the actions of naloxone, a short-acting, non-selective antagonist, and naloxonazine, an irreversible and selective mu-1 antagonist. The mu-1 site has been implicated in the opioid component modulating free feeding and deprivation-induced feeding, but not glucoprivic feeding. The present study compared naloxone and naloxonazine antagonism of hyperphagia induced by morphine, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), dynorphin and d-ala2,d-leu5-enkephalin (DADL) in rats. Morphine produced a dose-dependent (0.01–5 mg/kg) hyperphagia in midly food-deprived rats that was blocked by naloxone (0.01–10 mg/kg). Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) shifted the morphine hyperphagia dose-response curve to the right. These effects could not be fully accounted for by the intrinsic hypophagic properties of these antagonists. EKC produced a dose-dependent (0.5–5 mg/kg) hyperphagia which was blocked by naloxone (10 mg/kg) only at low effective EKC doses. Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) failed to affect EKC hyperphagia. Naloxone, but not naloxonazine also blocked dynorphin and DADL hyperphagia. These results indicate that feeding induced by opiate and opioid agonists are differentially mediated by the mu-1 and other opioid binding sites; these data contrast with the modulation by the mu-1 site of the supraspinal analgesia induced by each of these agonists.
Relationships between sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of California and surge events

Abstract Relationships between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Gulf of California (GoC) and moisture surge events during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) were examined using the multiplatform-merged daily SST data and the final NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis. When tropical storms pass through the southern end of the gulf, they often trigger moisture surge events. When surge events pass through the gulf, SSTs in the GoC decrease. Evidence indicates that changes in SSTs in the GoC are caused by the surge events associated with tropical storms. The intensification of surface winds and changes in humidity and temperature near the surface associated with surge events increase evaporation and decrease the latent heat entering the gulf. Rainfall originating from the peaks and foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) propagates westward into the GoC. Cloudiness increases over the GoC during the surge events, preventing shortwave radiation from reaching the oceanic surface. The ne...
Occupational Preferences: Children's Projections for Self and Opposite Sex.

Abstract One hundred eighty-six children and adolescents at the first-, fifth-, eighth-, and 11th-grade levels were interviewed concerning occupational preferences. They were asked first what they would like to be when they grew up and second what they would like to be if they were members of the opposite sex. An examination of the traditionality of occupational choices revealed that significantly more females than males stated personal preferences for nontraditional occupations (i.e., occupations socially identified with the opposite sex of the S or with neither sex). Moreover, when projecting choices for the opposite sex, females generally selected traditional occupations for males, while a significant number of males nominated nontraditional occupations for females. The findings suggest that children of both sexes assume that males will enter careers that are sex-typed, while females may enter either sex-typed or non-sex-typed careers.
Resisting Violent Extremism: A Conceptual Model for Non-Radicalization

Although much has been written about how and why individuals become terrorists, very little research has focused on why individuals choose not to become involved in political violence. Some assume that these non-radicalized individuals simply have not had the same life experiences as terrorists. Yet one only has to explore areas of conflict, such as the Gaza Strip, northwest Pakistan, or the southern Philippines, to wonder why more individuals have not joined local militant groups. This article presents a conceptual model ofnon-radicalization in an attempt to move the discussion forward on this topic. It argues that it is impossible to understand radicalization pathways, or design policies to preempt them, without a complementary knowledge ofwhy individuals resist the influence ofviolent extremism.
Design for visually guided microassembly

Development of hybrid MEMS devices has demonstrated a need for automatic microassembly strategies. Visual servoing techniques have shown great promise as a control strategy capable of sub-micron precision while compensating for many of the problems that exist in the micro domain, including thermal expansion of assembly devices and imprecisely modeled and calibrated sensors and actuators. This project develops rules for micropart design to aid in device assemblability with visual servoing techniques by ensuring that the microparts can be easily tracked and controlled using vision feedback. A criterion is presented that estimates part trackability based on the visual appearance of the part. This criterion is then used to microfabricate features to improve part trackability and hence, the assemblability of the device. The criterion considers the feature appearance when the part lies out of the optical systems's depth-of-field. A Fourier optics based approach is used to simulate the visual appearance of microparts represented by CAD models using high resolution optical systems. This simulation is used to automatically design microfabricated features on microparts. These features are used to estimate the tracking accuracy of the MEMS parts to subpixel levels using interpolation techniques in optical flow based tracking. This allows MEMS parts to be assembled with sub-micron precisions using visual servoing strategies. Results demonstrating the capabilities of our design-for- microassembly rules using visual servoing microassembly strategies are presented.
Consumer self-gifts in achievement contexts: the role of outcomes, attributions, emotions, and deservingness

Abstract Research on consumers' gifts to themselves has been mainly exploratory and descriptive. Toward more theoretical understanding, we conducted an experiment on self-gift behavior as it is precipitated by everyday achievement tasks. We manipulated (1) achievement outcomes (success/failure) and (2) consumers' explanations for those outcomes (attributions) to examine their effects on self-gift likelihood. We also measured emotions and deservingness as potential mediators. Results showed that self-gifts are more likely following successes; however, depending on whether the attribution is to an internal versus external cause, the levels of self-gift likelihood within successful and failed contexts are reversed. Also, happiness, pride, confidence, and deservingness mediated a substantial amount of these effects. Discussion focuses on implications for self-gift theory, attribution research, and the marketing management of consumer self-gift behavior.
Cation Dependence of High-Affinity Angiotensin II Binding to Adrenal Cortex Receptors

The specific binding of monoiodinated angiotensin II by particulate receptors from the bovine adrenal cortex is enhanced by addition of sodium and potassium ions, but not other cations. In the presence of 140 millimolar sodium, increased uptake of angiotensin II by adrenal receptors is associated with the appearance of high-affinity binding sites with an association constant of 2 x 10 9 liters per mole.
Unimodular equivalence of graphs

Abstract Let G be a simple graph with n vertices and m edges. Denote by Q the vertex-edge incidence matrix corresponding to some orientation of the edges of G. Define L(G) = QQt and K(G) = QtQ. Then L(G) is the so-called Laplacian matrix and K(G) its edge version. Viewed as integer matrices, the Smith normal form of L(G) is complicated, but the Smith normal form of K(G), for connected graphs, is always I n − 2 ∔(n)∔0 m − n + 1 . An edge version of the matrix-tree theorem is used in the proof. There is an application to digraph flows with constant resultants over abelian groups. Finally, if L(G) and L(H) are congruent, then G and H have the same chromatic polynomial.
The FDA and designing clinical trials for chronic cutaneous ulcers

Treatment of chronic wounds can present a challenge, with many patients remaining refractory to available advanced therapies. As such, there is a strong need for the development of new products. Unfortunately, despite this demand, few new wound-related drugs have been approved over the past decade. This is in part due to unsuccessful clinical trials and subsequent lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. In this article, we discuss the FDA approval process, how it relates to chronic wound trials, common issues that arise, and how best to manage them. Additionally, problems encountered specific to diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and venous leg ulcers (VLU) are addressed. Careful construction of a clinical trial is necessary in order to achieve the best possible efficacy outcomes and thereby, gain FDA approval. How to design an optimal trial is outlined.
Insulin Secretion and Growth Failure in Uremia

ABSTRACT: Glucose and insulin metabolism was studied in 16 adolescents with uremia on hemodialysis. Glucose tolerance was measured by i.v. glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). Insulin sensitivity was measured by the euglycemic clamp technique. Insulin secretion during constant hyperglycemia was measured by the hyperglycemic clamp technique. Controls consisted of eight healthy young adults. These patients could be further subdivided into two groups with respect to their growth velocity SD score (GVSDS). Group one consisted of eight patients with GVSDS more than —2. This group had normal l,25(OH)2D3 and demonstrated insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and normal glucose tolerance when compared with adult controls. Group two consisted of eight patients with GVSDS less than —2. This latter group had low l,25(OH)2D3, insulin resistance, but normoinsulinemia and glucose intolerance compared with adult controls. Published data in the literature showed that normal pubertal adolescents demonstrated insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia compared with normal adults. Compared with normal values of insulin sensitivity in adolescents, both groups of patients on hemodialysis were still insulin resistant. The insulin secretion values in group one was similar to reported values for normal adolescents, whereas the values in group two were lower. GVSDS correlated significantly only with insulin secretion and not with glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, l,25(OH)2D3, or PTH. Normal adolescents demonstrate an increase in insulin secretion as they go into puberty. It seems that the puberty growth spurt in adolescents both with normal health and renal failure may require increased insulin secretion as one of its hormonal requirements.
Applications of Ion Implantation to Metallic Corrosion

The Bureau of Mines is conducting research on the corrosion behavior of alloys formed by ion implantation with the ultimate goal of conserving strategic alloying materials such as chromium and nickel. These alloys were fabricated by the implantation of 25-keV chromium, nickel, and aluminum ions into polycrystalline iron to fluences ranging from 1 to 5 × 1016 ions/cm2. The alloy distribution as a function of depth (depth profile) has been determined for the ion-implanted alloys, and the results have been compared with theoretical predictions. Changes in the profiles due to annealing were investigated, and the values that were obtained for the diffusion coefficients were compared with published values for the volume diffusion coefficients. The resistance of these alloys to environmental attack has been evaluated both by determining their anodic polarization behavior under potentiostatic conditions in a buffered boric acid solution and by determining their gaseous oxidation characteristics. Results of the electrochemical studies have shown that the general corrosion resistances for the ion-implanted alloys were comparable to those of nominally equivalent bulk alloys and that their pitting corrosion resistance was superior to that of iron, although generally not as good as that for most equivalent bulk alloys. Gaseous oxidation studies have shown that ion-implanted and bulk iron-chromium alloys exhibit essentially identical oxidation kinetics, with a much higher rate of oxidation observed for iron. The influence of radiation damage on the gaseous oxidation of iron has been studied by implanting iron ions into iron.
Physiological compliance and team performance.

Abstract Physiological compliance (PC) refers to the correlation between physiological measures of team members over time. The goals of this study were to examine ways of measuring PC in heart rate variability (HRV) data and the relationship between PC and team performance. Teams were tasked with entering both real and simulated rooms and “shooting” individuals with a weapon and identifying individuals without a weapon. The linear correlation and directional agreement PC methods were shown to be the most sensitive to differences in performance, with greater PC being associated with better performance. The correlation method when applied to a measure of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) revealed a significant difference between high and low performers ( t [8] = −2.31, p = 0.03) and the directional agreement applied to inter-beat-intervals and RSA revealed trend-level differences ( t [4.62] = −1.86, p = 0.06 and t [8] = −1.68, p = 0.07). These results suggest that PC may have merit for predicting team performance.
Optimized Backward Chaining Reasoning System for a Semantic Web

In this paper we consider knowledge bases that organize information using ontologies. Specifically, we investigate reasoning over a semantic web where the underlying knowledgebase covers linked data about science research that are being harvested from the Web and are supplemented and edited by community members. In the semantic web over which we want to reason, frequent changes occur in the underlying knowledge base, and less frequent changes occur in the underlying ontology or the rule set that governs the reasoning. Queries may be composed of mixtures of clauses answerable directly by access to the knowledge base or indirectly via reasoning applied to that base. Two common methods of reasoning over a knowledge base using first order logic are forward chaining and backward chaining. Forward chaining is suitable for frequent computation of answers with data that are relatively static whereas backward chaining is suitable when frequent changes occur in the underlying knowledge base. We introduce new optimization techniques to the backward-chaining algorithm. We show that these techniques together with the query-optimization reported on earlier, will allow us to actually outperform forward-chaining reasoners in scenarios where the knowledge base is subject to frequent change.
Analysis of a Wedge Wave-Maker in a Tank of Finite Depth

The analysis of the performance of a wedge-type wavemaker in a tank of finite depth is presented. The analytical technique is somewhat different than those applied previously to performance studies of wave-makers. Those techniques include the assumption of a product solution of the Laplace equation. This assumption leads to combinations of sinusoidal and hyperbolic functions of the wave number. Here, following Yeung (1981), both product and summation solutions are assumed. This assumption is based on the fact that the fluid beneath the wave-make is confined by the wave-maker, the backwall and the tank floor. From potential-flow theory, the streamlines of the oscillatory flow of this confined fluid are well defined. Yeung (1981), in a three-dimensional analysis of hydrodynamic coefficients of a heaving, vertical, circular cylinder, makes this assumption without stating so. Using the experimental data of Wang (1974) for comparison, results of the analysis are presented for various combinations of wave-maker draft, breadth and water depth for a triangular wedge. The results show that the effects of the evanescent waves are of second-order. Close to the wedge, results are presented resulting from the inclusion of four evanescent waves. The technique is of value because of its relatively simple form and its versatility.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Heat Transfer Effectiveness and Pressure Distribution of a Shrouded Blade Tip Section

An experimental and computational investigation was conducted to study the detailed distribution of heat transfer effectiveness and pressure on an attached tip-shroud of a turbine blade. Temperatures and pressures were measured on the airfoil-side and gap-side surfaces of the shrouded tip in a three-airfoil stationary cascade. The instrumented center airfoil and the two slave airfoils modeled the aerodynamic tip section of a blade and have the capability to vary tip clearance. The experiments were run at gaps varying of 0.25% to 1.67% of blade span and at an airfoil exit Reynolds number of 1.26×106 and Mach number of 0.95. The effect of coolant flow through the radial-cooled airfoil was also studied. The experimental results are compared with a computational model using the commercially available code, CFX. This unique study presents the influence of gap and coolant flow on the pressure distribution and heat transfer effectiveness of an attached tip-shroud surface.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Collaborative teaching at the university level: Practicing what is preached

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe the development and implementation of a co‐teaching model at a small state university in the northeast. In addition, this article will share lessons learned from this experience by two professors, as well as describe the impact on the beliefs and teaching behaviors of their students. One of the professors is a member of the Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, and the second is from the Department of Professional and Secondary Education. The co‐teaching initiative began in 1996 and continues until the present, with a graduate course on inclusionary practices taught collaboratively each fall. The impetus for the initiative came from an identified need for general education and special education teachers to co‐teach in classrooms where students with disabilities are included. Given that co‐teaching is an expected teacher behavior, the practice must be taught with intent and modeled by professors to increase the likelihood that it will be imp...
Mantle Uplifted Block in the Western Indian Ocean

An anomalous topographic high located close to the intersection of the Owen Fracture Zone with the Mid-Indian Ridge exposes exclusively ultramafic rocks for a thickness of more than 2 kilometers. The rocks, consisting of partly serpentinized spinel lherzolites, with minor harzburgites and dunites, display protogranular to porphyroclastic fabrics, but no cumulate textures. The chemistry of olivine, ortho-and clinopyroxene, and spinel crystals suggests that the rocks originated at a depth of at least 25 kilometers in the oceanic lithosphere and were partially reequilibrated and recrystallized during subsequent upwelling. Thus, field, textural, and mineral chemistry data indicate the presence of an uplifted block of upper mantle. The considerable vertical uplift can be explained by a two-stage process: mantle upwelling in the axial zone of plate accretion, followed by vertical tectonic uplift along the fracture zone. The rate of uplift in the fracture zone was of the order of 1 millimeter per year.