cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1375 ACCURACY OF SKIN-SURFACE CO2 MEASUREMENT IN SICK PRETERM AND TERM NEONATES

To evaluate the accuracy and clinical usefulness of a heated CO2 electrode at 43° (Novametrix Medical Systems) for measurement of skin surface pCO2 (ssPCO2), we made 162 simultaneous determinations of ssPCO2 and arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). Arterial samples were drawn from an umbilical artery catheter, and the PaCO2 was measured within 3 minutes using an Instrumentation Laboratories Micro 13 and Model 326 temperature controller that was calibrated immediately before each measurement. PaCO2 values were corrected for any abnormal body temperatures. We obtained 2-19 paired samples per infant from 22 infants (gestational age=27-40 weeks) during the first 12 days of life. The skin electrode was calibrated every 4 hours by one investigator, and applied to the infant's chest or abdomen. Over a 4 hour period there was no significant drift of the electrode calibration and no significant change in ssPCO2-PaCO2 (Δ). Over the range PaCO2 26-78 torr, PaCO2 was linearly related to ssPCO2 (PaCO2=.371 ssPCO2+17.46) (r=.79). To pursue the factors which determine Δ, we performed step-wise multiple regression analysis revealing that the only significant independent variables were ssPCO2 and postnatal age [δ=.79 CO2 (torr)-1.2 age (days)-23.9 (r2=.86)]. Insignificant independent variables were blood pressure, gestational age, birthweight, hematocrit, or weight at age of study. Our data support that ssPCO2 using a heated electrode is an accurate non-invasive method of PaCO2 measurement in sick neonates.
Implications of duality, unitarity and SU6 symmetry for baryons and baryonium

Abstract It is shown that there exists a limit, involving both an exactly SU6 symmetric spectrum and exactly exchange degenerate Regge trajectories, in which the OZI like selection rule for baryonium is exact. Deviations from the rule occur when SU6 is broken and when unitarity forces the breaking of exchange degeneracy. By combining both of these latter effects we can qualitatively account for the observed pattern of broken exchange degeneracy among baryons. The strength of the baryonium coupling to mesons is related to the breaking of exchange degeneracy.
Stochastic branching model for hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

We present algebraic expressions describing the predictions of a stochastic branching model for differentiation of hemopoietic progenitor cells. The model assumes that there is a fixed probability, p (0 less than or equal to p less than or equal to 1), that commitment to a differentiative event occurs per progenitor cell division for each daughter cell. The model describes properties of in vitro hemopoietic cell differentiation including the population structure at the time the first progenitor cell becomes committed, the number of committed progenitor cells engendered by a single progenitor cell, and the probability of eventual commitment of all daughter cells derived from a single progenitor or stem cell. Application of the model to experimental data obtained from erythroid cultures suggests that the observed data can be explained by the stochastic branching model alone without making the deterministic assumption that there is a differentiative hierarchy in the lineage of the progenitors of erythropoiesis (BFU-E). The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the proposed stochastic model are discussed in conjunction with other analogous stochastic branching models.
Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Sprinkler Irrigation Applications of Swine Effluent

In the USA, swine operations produce more than 14 Tg of manure each year. About 30% of this manure is stored in anaerobic lagoons before effluent applications to land. Although land application is the preferred means of disposal and can supply nutrients for crop production, it leads to gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), both of which can be detrimental to the environment. Our objectives were to quantify gaseous emissions of NH 3 and N 2 O from effluent applications under field conditions and to relate N 2 O fluxes to soil water content. Three applications of swine effluent were applied to oat (A vena sativa GA-Mitchell) starting at heading stage. Gaseous fluxes were determined from gas concentration profiles and the momentum balance transport coefficient. About 13% of the ammonium (NH 4 -N) was lost through drift or volatilization of NH 3 during irrigation. An additional 69% was volatilized within 24 h of application. Nitrous oxide emissions were low before effluent applications (19 mg N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 ) and increased to 0.25 to 0.38 kg N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 after irrigation. Total N 2 O emissions during the measurement period were 4.7 kg N 2 O-N ha -1 , which was about 13% of total N applied. The large losses of NH, and N 2 O illustrate the difficulty of basing emuent irrigation schedules on N concentrations and the data indicate that compared to N 2 O, NH 3 emissions made greater contributions to N enrichment of the environment.
Magnetic Resonance Enterography: Safe and Effective Imaging for Stricturing Crohn’s Disease

Symptomatic Crohn’s disease (CD) patients often undergo diagnostic imaging studies for evaluation of disease activity or complications including bowel strictures and obstruction. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) provides information regarding disease activity, chronicity, and stricture formation without using ionizing radiation. Examine the use of MRE among CD patients presenting with symptoms suggesting obstruction in a tertiary care practice setting. We performed a retrospective study of all CD patients undergoing MRE at a tertiary IBD referral center over a 3-year study period including a subgroup analysis of patients presenting obstructive symptoms. Positive and negative findings from MRE were correlated with medical and surgical decision outcomes over the subsequent 90-day period. In the study, 119 CD patients underwent 133 MRE scans, including 40 scans on individuals presenting with obstructive symptoms. Positive findings of CD including active inflammation, stricturing, and penetrating disease were more frequent in MREs ordered to evaluate obstructive symptoms (87.5%) compared other indications (58.1%, p = 0.001). In patients presenting with obstructive symptoms, MRE findings assisted in directing a change of clinical management towards escalation of medical therapy in 55% and surgery in 32.5%. Review of surgical resection specimens corroborated MRE findings of disease activity and fibrosis in 92% of cases going to surgery. In practice-based use at a tertiary IBD referral center, MRE provided an effective, radiation-free alternative to computed tomography by providing valuable diagnostic information for evaluating and directing care in Crohn’s disease, particularly for patients presenting with obstructive symptoms.
Using time travel to diagnose computer problems

The solution to a number of modern computer problems takes the form of a manual, expert-guided search through a large space of computer configurations. For example, if a desktop computer is crashing or malfunctioning, a troubleshooter will use her knowledge of system features such as configuration files, registries, and dynamic library versions to apply a series of configuration changes until the system once again begins functioning. As another example, to obtain good performance from a complex system like a database or a web application, a specialized and highly paid administrator will explore the set of application and operating system parameters to find the optimal values.
Food Demand and Savings in a Complete, Extended, Linear Expenditure System

Demand equations derived from the classical, constrained, utility-maximization problem state that quantities demanded are functions of all prices and income. An implication is that consumer purchase decisions are interrelated and should be viewed from a systems context. Recent economic events have focused attention on the high prices of energy, medical services, food, and housing, as well as the low level of consumer savings. Such concerns make it desirable that we have estimates of a set of parameters which will allow inferences to be made about the probable response of food demand and savings to changes in consumer income and a comprehensive set of consumer prices. The purpose of this note is to present and compare the parameter estimates and systems projections obtained from two alternative formulations of Lluch's extended linear expenditure system (ELES). Savings is explicitly introduced into both variants by the constrained maximization procedure. From a practical viewpoint, we delineate a set of demand categories which we feel are more relevant to the study of current economic problems than those used in most published studies.
Highly Disordered Polymer Field Effect Transistors: N-Alkyl Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-Based Copolymers with Surprisingly High Charge Carrier Mobilities

A series of novel electroactive and photoactive conjugated copolymers based on N-alkyl dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrroles (DTP) and thiophene (TH) units (DTP-co-THs) were synthesized using a Stille coupling reaction and exhibited molecular weights of 1.6 × 104 to 5.0 × 104 g/mol. The incorporation of soluble substituted thiophenes and planar DTP units resulted in low band gap, highly conductive polymers. DTP-co-THs exhibited excellent solubility in common organic solvents and formed high-quality films. Optical characterization revealed that the band gaps of DTP-co-THs were between 1.74 and 2.00 eV, lower than regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Electrochemical characterization showed that the HOMO energy levels of DTP-co-THs are between −4.68 and −4.96 eV. When doped, DTP-co-THs exhibited high conductivities up to 230 S/cm with excellent stability. The different thiophene substituent patternsʼ effect on the polymers’ optical and electronic properties was then examined by density functional theory computati...
Emotional experiences during engagement in intrinsically and extrinsically motivated tasks

Previous theories of intrinsic motivation have traditionally ignored the experiential or subjective aspects of engagement in intrinsically and extrinsically motivated tasks. Part of the reason for the lack of research in this area was our ignorance of which emotions to study. Data are presented here from two studies designed to produce the first systematic evidence of changes in basic emotional states during task engagement. Our findings suggest that intrinsic and extrinsic tasks can be differentiated according to the emotional changes subjects retrospectively report about their engagement with these tasks, and point the way to future research incorporating emotion as an important variable to consider.
State supreme court voting behavior: A comparative analysis

Abstract Scalogram analysis of nonunanimous criminal and economic liberties cases in 14 state supreme courts indicates that between 1971–1981 policy preferences structured voting behavior. Preference based voting declines after 1981—with the decline most noticeable in economic cases. This decline may be the result of preference complexity rather than a complete absence of preference based voting. Neither court duration, cases available for scaling, consensus nor three out of four institutional factors (electoral accountability, workload, docket control) explain preference based voting. A fourth institutional factor, opinion assignment procedures, is related to preference based voting— the “lottery” assignment method results in lower levels of preference based voting than an assignment procedure patterned after that used by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Long‐term retention of self‐recognition by chimpanzees

Two young chimpanzees showed retention of self-recognition after 1 year without access to mirrors. A year earlier the animals were positive on the Gallup dye test. One year later they were once again anesthetized, marked on the brow and ears, and following recovery, exposed individually to a large mirror. Both demonstrated mirror-orientated mark-directed responses. Time-sample observations of behavior toward the mirror further support self-recognition. The chimpanzee's self-awareness, as inferred from its self-recognition, appears to be a stable characteristic of the animal.
Vortex penetration in single-crystal Tl2Ba2CuO6 superconductors.

Detailed magnetic hysteresis measurements have been performed with the applied field parallel to the ab plane in single crystals of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{6}$. Magnetization in the descending branch of the hysteresis loop is almost zero, indicating the presence of surface barriers which determine the penetration field of vortices. Magnetization with the field tilted slightly to the ab plane shows that the two components of magnetization due to ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ and ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ act independently. The data present clear evidence of a lock-in transition in the compounds studied.
Structural characterization of TiO2 films grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 substrates using reactive molecular beam epitaxy

We have studied the microstructure of TiO2 films, grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) substrates, using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). TiO2 films grew epitaxially in the anatase polymorph and exhibited the crystallographic orientation relation of (001)(010)TiO2||(001)(010)substrate. High-resolution TEM and EELS studies indicated the presence of a cubic TiOx phase at the TiO2/STO interface. Interfacial TiOx phases were eliminated and a sharp TiO2/STO interface was achieved by growing the TiO2 film on a heteroepitaxial STO buffer layer.
Modification of glycerolipid metabolism in L-M fibroblasts by an unnatural amino-alcohol, N-isopropylethanolamine

Abstract The unnatural amino-alcohol, N-isopropylethanolamine, is incorporated into a phospholipid by monolayers of L-M fibroblasts. This phospholipid was identified as 1,2-diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoisopropylethanolamine by using chemical and enzymatic procedures combined with thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Since the phospho-N-isopropylethanolamine moiety is removed by phospholipase C, the stereochemistry of the phospholipid analog is identical to naturally occurring phosphoglycerides. Incubation of cells in 10 mM N-isopropylethanolamine inhibited the incorporation of [14C]choline and [14C]ethanolamine into phospholipids and stimulated the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic acid and [1-14C]hexadecanol into triacylglycerols and alkyldiacylglycerols. These results indicate that N-isopropylethanolamine affects glycerolipid synthesis at the diradylglycerol branch point.
Black carbon evaluation in natural organic matter samples using recoupled long-range dipolar dephasing solid-state 13C NMR

Abstract There is considerable interest in quantitative determination of the contributions of black carbon to soil and sediment organic matter because of its potential influence on the transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants. In this study, recoupled long-range dipolar dephasing solid-state 13 C NMR was used to evaluate the black carbon content differences in a Guanella Pass peat (GPP) and the IHSS leonardite organic matter samples. Activated carbon was used for comparison. This technique is based on long-range dipolar dephasing which is obtained by recoupling of long-range C–H dipolar interactions using two 1 H 180° pulses per rotation period. Compared to standard dipolar dephasing, C–H recoupling greatly increases the dephasing efficiency. Direct 13 C polarization was applied to prevent loss of the signals of interest because carbon atoms that are distant from protons cross-polarize poorly. Compared to the peat, slow dephasing was observed for the aromatic carbon in leonardite; and even slower dephasing was observed in activated carbon. At a dipolar dephasing time of 1 ms, almost all the aromatic-C signals of the peat have been dephased, while more than 1/4 of the aromatic carbon signal remains in the IHSS leonardite. Even after a dipolar dephasing time of 2 ms, the aromatic signal of activated carbon is still significant (20%). Ding and Rice [Ding, G., Rice, J.A., 2011. Effects of lipids on hydrophobic organic compound sorption/desorption hysteresis in natural organic matter. Chemosphere 84, 519–526.] used naphthalene and phenanthrene to examine the correlations between sorption/desorption hysteresis and carbon characteristics in the IHSS leonardite and the GPP. It demonstrated that during the sorption and desorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to these natural organic matter samples, the hysteresis is positively correlated with the black carbon content in the peat and leonardite samples.
The Association between Parental Involvement in Reading and Schooling and Children's Reading Engagement in Latino Families.

This study focused on the link between parental involvement in reading and schooling and children's reading motivation. The sample consisted of 128 low-income Latino students in the second through seventh grade and their immigrant parents. The specific questions addressed were: (1) How involved are Latino parents in their children's schooling and reading? and (2) What is the association between Latino parents' involvement in their children's schooling and reading and their children's reading engagement? Descriptive analyses showed that the Latino parents reported moderate levels of involvement in their children's reading and schooling. Latent variable modeling revealed that parental involvement in reading was positively and significantly related to the children's reading motivation. However, parental involvement in schooling was not significantly related to the children's reading motivation.
Original paper: Evaluation of ultrasonic sensor for variable-rate spray applications

Automatic variable-rate sprayers require accurate measurement of canopy size. An estimate of canopy size is made by measuring the distance to the canopy at several elevations above the ground; an ultrasonic sensor was used to determine canopy distance in this study. It is sometimes necessary to conduct spray operations during harsh operating conditions. In this study ultrasonic sensors were subjected to simulated environmental and operating conditions to determine their durability and accuracy. Conditions tested included exposure to extended cold, outdoor temperatures, cross winds, temperature change, dust clouds, travel speeds and spray cloud effects. The root mean square (RMS) error in a series of measurements of the distance to a simulated plant canopy was used to test for significant difference among treatments. After exposure to outdoor cold conditions for 4 months, the RMS error in distance measured by the ultrasonic sensor increased from 3.31 to 3.55cm, which was not statistically significant. Neither the presence of dust cloud nor the changes in cross-wind speeds over a range from 1.5-7.5m/s had significant effects on the mean RMS errors. Varying sensor travel speed from 0.8 to 3.0m/s had no significant influence on sensor detection distances. Increasing ambient temperature from 16.7 to 41.6^oC reduced the detection distance by 5.0cm. The physical location of the spray nozzle with respect to the ultrasonic sensor had a significant effect on mean RMS errors. The mean RMS errors of sensor distance measurements ranged from 2.3 to 83.0cm. The RMS errors could be reduced to acceptable values by proper controlling the sensor/spray nozzles spacing on a sprayer. In addition, multiple-synchronized sensors were tested for their measurement stability and accuracy (due to possible cross-talk errors) when mounted on a prototype sprayer. It was found that isolating the pathway of the ultrasonic wave of each sensor reduced detecting interference between sensors during multiple sensor operation. Test methods presented herein may be useful in the design of standardized testing protocols for field use distance sensors.
Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate paxillin expression in bronchial airway epithelial cells.

Asthma is characterized by infiltration and shedding of the bronchial epithelium. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are involved in the cellular recruitment and infiltration seen in asthma. The effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on cell–matrix interactions and epithelial shedding are unknown. We hypothesize that bronchial airway epithelial cells (BAEC) express paxillin, a structural focal adhesion protein, and downregulation of paxillin by Th2 cytokines lead to BAEC hyperpermeability. We showed by confocal microscopy the presence of paxillin in BAEC. We demonstrated by Western blot analysis that IL-4 and IL-13 stimulation results in downregulation of paxillin production. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulation decreased epithelial cell–matrix attachment as measured by electrical cell–substrate impedance sensing system (ECIS). Our results suggest that Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate paxillin production by BAEC, thereby disrupting the cell–matrix interactions. This may help explain the epithelial shedding and epithelial membrane hyperpermeability that occurs in asthma.
Elastic and structural properties of alkaline-calcium silica hydrogels

Brillouin scattering has been used to study the elastic properties of alkaline-calcium silica hydrogels synthesized from the precipitation of sodium silicate solution with calcium hydroxide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first determination of the bulk elastic moduli for this type of alkaline-calcium silica hydrogel, also referred to as the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) gel. The measured bulk moduli for the alkaline-calcium silica hydrogels were found to be between 4 and 8 GPa for the gel containing 0.08 M Ca(OH)2 and between 10 and 25 GPa for the gel containing 0.8 M Ca(OH)2, increasing with increasing pressure. Fourier transform infrared measurements were made to correlate the moduli to the silica speciation and network formation within the gels as a function of Ca(OH)2 content. Significantly, for the concentrations considered, both the interconnection of the silica species and the bulk modulus increased with increasing Ca(OH)2 content. On this basis, Brillouin scattering was confirmed to be a useful method for distinguishing between the bulk moduli of alkaline-calcium silica hydrogels in terms of chemical composition. The potential for further characterization of ASR gels as a function of composition and water content by this technique is highly promising.
Peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration products of guanine and 8-oxoguanine: structures and mechanisms of product formation.

Abstract Peroxynitrite induces DNA base damage predominantly at guanine (G) and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) nucleobases via oxidation reactions. Nitration products are also observed, consistent with the generation of radical intermediates that can recombine with the ·NO2 formed during peroxynitrite degradation. The neutral G radical, G·, reacts with ·NO2 to yield 8-nitroguanine (8-nitroG) and 5-nitro-4-guanidinohydantoin (NI), while for 8-oxoG we have proposed a reactive guanidinylidene radical intermediate. The products generated during peroxynitrite-mediated 8-oxoG oxidation depend on oxidant flux, with dehydroguanidinohydantoin (DGh), 2,4,6-trioxo-[1,3,5]triazinane-1-carboxamidine (CAC) and NO2-DGh predominating at high fluxes and spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), guanidinohydantoin (Gh) and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (HICA) predominating at low fluxes. Both product sets are observed at intermediate fluxes. It is therefore important in model systems to ensure that the relative concentrations are well controlled to minimize competing reactions that may not be relevant in vivo. Increasingly sophisticated systems for modeling peroxynitrite production in vivo are being developed and these should help with predicting the products most likely to be formed in vivo. Together with the emerging information on the genotoxic and mutational characteristics of the individual oxidation products, it may be found that the extent of tissue damage, mutational spectra and, hence, cancer risk may change as a function of peroxynitrite fluxes as different product combinations predominate.
PCA-SDG based process monitoring and fault diagnosis

Abstract Significant research has been done in recent years to use principal component analysis (PCA) for process fault diagnosis. The general approach involves manual interpretation of measured variable contributions to the residual and/or principal components. For a large chemical process, this could be tedious and often impossible. In addition, it hampers the automation of high-level analysis and decision support tasks that require root cause information. In this work, the interpretation of PCA-based contributions is automated using signed digraphs (SDGs). Also, a serious limitation of SDG-based diagnosis – the assumption of a single fault – is overcome by developing a SDG-based multiple fault diagnosis algorithm. The implementation of the PCA-SDG-based fault diagnosis algorithms is done using G2. Its application is illustrated on the Amoco Model IV Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU).
Prevention of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients with normal renal function

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with normal renal function. After reviewing over two decades of clinical trial data and an even longer history of epidemiologic data, multiple consensus panels worldwide have made recommendations for the aggressive treatment of hypertension using both lifestyle modification and drug therapy. These data and recommendations provide the basis of the recommendations for preventing CVD in patients with renal disease. Most patients should have elevated blood pressure (BP) lowered to less than 140 mm Hg systolic and less than 90 mm Hg diastolic. Earlier and more aggressive intervention is recommended in high-risk hypertensive patients with risk factors (especially diabetes mellitus) or evidence of target organ damage or clinical CVD. Lifestyle changes are indicated as either initial therapy or concomitant therapy in all hypertensive patients to lower BP and to normalize other CVD risk factors. There is general agreement that clinical outcome data from controlled clinical trials should guide the selection of antihypertensive agents. Currently, these data are only available for thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers for most hypertensive patients with normal renal function and for the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in older hypertensive patients with isolated systolic hypertension. However, data may support the use of other agents in hypertensives with selected comorbidity (eg, ACE inhibitors in heart failure, beta-blockers after myocardial infarction, and so forth). However, with only 25% of hypertensive patients controlled to less than 140/90 mm Hg, achieving blood pressure control remains the most important goal in managing hypertension in this population.
Effect of d-Tubocurarine on Uptake of Labelled Carbaminoyl Choline in Brain Slices of the Rat

Effect of d-Tubocurarine on Uptake of Labelled Carbaminoyl Choline in Brain Slices of the Rat
Hall effect in EuTe

Abstract Hall measurements on a single crystal EuTe indicate that the large negative magnetoresistance observed at low temperatures is due largely to a change in the mobility, and not to a change in the barrier concentration.
Further Studies on Adrenal Cortical Function in Dogs with Isolated Pituitaries

Adrenal venous blood was analyzed for corticosteroid content in various dog preparations. Dogs with brain removal down to the pons and isolated pituitaries exhibited a period of depressed adrenal cortical function, followed by persistent elevated “resting” secretion. Removal of the entire brain and spinal cord in addition did not alter this response, nor did removal of the posterior pituitary or abdominal evisceration. Similar patterns of adrenal cortical function were present in dogs with hypothalamic islands.
The Copper Harbor Conglomerate: A late Precambrian fining-upward alluvial fan sequence in northern Michigan

The Keweenawan Copper Harbor Conglomerate, exposed in northern Michigan, is part of a thick succession of volcanics and terrigenous clastics deposited in the Keweenawan Trough, a failed intracontinental rift. It is a fining-upward wedge of volcanogenic conglomerate and sandstone deposited as proximal to distal braided-stream and sheet-flood facies on coalesced alluvial fans and sand flats. This unit, along with the lower portion of the overlying Nonesuch Shale, consists of an alluvial fan–shallow lake sequence that filled the rift during and following volcanic activity. The fining-upward nature of the sequence reflects a waning sediment supply probably due to lowering of the source area following faulting. The Copper Harbor Conglomerate exhibits attributes of both arid-fan and humid-fan alluvial models. Coarse-grained facies are lithologically similar to alluvial-fan units deposited in modern humid regions. Conversely, finer distal Copper Harbor facies exhibit numerous features indicating flashy discharges and desiccation, processes typical of deposition in modern arid regions. Ambiguity of sedimentary features useful for climatic inference probably reflects the limited applicability of Holocene models to more ancient alluvial sequences, because Precambrian hydraulic regimes developed under various climatic settings may have differed from their Holocene counterparts.
Fatal colchicine overdose: Report of a case and review of the literature

Colchicine poisoning is an uncommon, but potentially life-threatening, toxicologic emergency. A case is reported of a 21-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department approximately 1 hour after ingesting 30 mg of colchicine in a suicide attempt. Her clinical course included gastrointestinal distress, metabolic acidosis, pancytopenia, hypotension, adult respiratory distress syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and hypocalcemia. Despite aggressive medical management, the patient suffered a cardiac arrest and died 8 days after the ingestion. The clinical features of colchicine poisoning are highlighted and current therapeutic options are discussed.
How realistic is the high frequency signal of a 0.1 resolution ocean model

This paper describes the results from a comparative wavelet analysis of a 0.1 , 40-level Parallel Ocean Program model simulation of the North Atlantic with coincident in situ measurements of sea surface height (SSH) and temperature. The wavelet analysis is used to examine the realism of the surface’s variability and its high frequency signals (less than a year). Along the coast, it shows that the model’s simulated fields of SSH are realistic with the correlations to tide gauge measurements on the order of 0.8. The wavelet spectra show that the model replicates the observations’ frequency space. Comparisons of the model’s temperatures to temperatures from NOAA buoys north and south of the Gulf Stream show that, while not replicating the location of mesoscale features all the time, the model’s energy in the strong mesoscale regions compares favorably to data. Due to the TOPEX/POSEIDON’s (T/P) sampling, which requires large areal averages and because of the model’s spontaneous eddy field, the evaluation of the simulation in the open ocean is less conclusive. The model does show similarities to the T/P data at high latitudes where the sampling by the sensor is denser and also on the eastern side of the basin with its lower mesoscale activity. Spatially, there are similarities in the amplitude of the signals between the model and the observations in areas with a significant signal in a given spectral band.
The pulsed laser photolysis of benzene in cyclohexane

Abstract It is shown that the 265 nm pulsed laser photolysis and pulse radiolysis of dilute solutions of benzene give rise to two transitory absorption spectra with maxima at 490 nm and 320 nm. The spectrum with λ max = 490 nm is shown to be the excimer state of benzene 1 B 1g and the spectrum at λ max = 320 nm is attributed to a biradical of benzene. It is shown that the biradical is formed by reaction of the ground state and triplet states of benzene giving rise to short lifetimes of the triplet state at high benzene concentration. The rate constant for this process is 1.8 × 10 7 sec −1 and the quantum yield for intersystem crossing. φ T for the benzene 1 B 2u state is 0.39.
Observational versus randomized medical device testing before and after market approval—The atherectomy-versus-angioplasty controversy

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was developed in the late 1970s as a nonsurgical alternative for revascularization of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. It gained widespread acceptance without a controlled trial. Introduced in 1986, directional coronary atherectomy was the first of other recently developed coronary devices that sought to improve on the results of angioplasty. It was approved in 1990 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the basis of observational data. Its use expanded rapidly, reaching over 35,000 procedures in 1992, accounting for more than 10% of all interventions. After premarket approval, two major randomized trials tested the hypothesis that atherectomy would be superior to angioplasty. Their results raised a cautionary flag and stood in contrast to projections made from prior observational data. It is concluded that randomized controlled trials validate claims of relative efficacy and safety of competing medical technologies, a lesson reflected in recent changes in policy at the FDA.
Electroanalytical studies on green leaf volatiles for potential sensor development

An electrochemical study for detecting green leaf plant volatiles from healthy and infected plants has been devised and tested. The electrocatalytic response of plant volatiles at a gold electrode was measured using cyclic voltammetry, amperometric current–time (i–t) analysis, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and hydrodynamic experiments. The sensitivity of the gold electrode in i–t analysis was 0.13 mA mM−1 cm−2 for cis-3-hexenol, 0.11 mA mM−1 cm−2 for cis-hexenyl acetate and 0.02 mA mM−1 cm−2 for hexyl acetate. The limits of detection of cis-3-hexenol, cis-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate by i–t analysis were 0.5, 0.3 and 0.6 μM, respectively, at a signal to noise ratio of 3. The hydrodynamic studies yielded the electro-kinetic parameters such as diffusivities of plant volatiles in solution and the rate constants for their electrochemical reactions. The DPV and interference studies reveal that the gold electrode possessed high sensitivity for plant volatiles determination in synthetic samples, which imitates both healthy and infected plants.
766-3 Fingerprinting Analysis of mRNA from Restenotic and Primary Atherosclerotic Coronary Plaque Material Obtained by Atherectomy

In order to compare the expression of gene products in coronary artery restenotic (R) lesions versus that in primary atherosclerotic (A) lesions, we performed RNA fingerprinting of 6 Rand 20 A tissue samples obtained by directional coronary atherectomy. Poly A + RNA was extracted and cDNA was produced using AMV reverse transcriptase. Priming was performed using either oligo dT or an arbitrary primer for first strand synthesis. Arbitrarilyprimed PCR (AP-PCR) amplification of the resultant cDNA was performed using either a single arbitrary 17-mer or a combination of 2 arbitrary 20-mers as primers. PCR conditions were adjusted to enhance arbitrary priming and included a high initial Mg ++ concentration (4 mM), high initial primerconcentration (10 μM), and low annealing temperature (40°C). Subsequent cycles (total of 40) were performed under high stringency conditions and included 10 μCi of dCTP. The PCR products were separated on a 4.5% sequencing gel and subjected to autoradiography, revealing g50 bands of ≈100–500 bp in size. Two products were expressed at higher levels in R than A samples. These products were reamplified using the original primers, TA cloned and sequenced, revealing fibronectin and a unique gene product not found in GenBank. Our results suggest that: (1). most gene products in R and A samples are identical, (2) fibronectin levels are increased in R samples, and (3) the AP-PCR method will be useful to identify novel differentially expressed gene products. This is the first use of the AP-PCR method to compare gene expression in restenotic and primary atherosclerotic lesions.
Failure to integrate visual information from successive fixations

After a 200-msec exposure to 12 dots from a 5 × 5 array, subjects made 4-deg saccades during a 37-msec blank interval, and then saw another 12 dots from the array for 17 msec. Subjects failed to identify the location of the missing dot, contradicting the conclusions of Jonides, Irwin, and Yantis (1982). Performance was also at chance levels with a 2.25-deg saccade, eliminating the possible effect of saccadic suppression of displacement. Screen brightness (2 log units above threshold) eliminated the phosphor persistence that probably accounts for the success of Jonides et al.’ s subjects.
Selective Ethylene Oligomerization in the Presence of ZnR2: Synthesis of Terminally-Functionalized Ethylene Oligomers

The selective oligomerization of ethylene to 1-hexene or 1-octene provides a selective route to these valuable α-olefins. Selective trimerization and tetramerization of ethylene with Cr catalysts have been proposed to occur by a mechanism involving metallacycle intermediates. We envisioned that the intermediacy of metallacycles could provide an opportunity to generate new classes of functionalized ethylene oligomers by chain transfer to a transmetalation reagent. Herein, we report the influence of transmetalation agents such as zinc alkyls on the selectivity of ethylene oligomerization with a Cr(PNP)Cl3/MAO system (PNP = Ph2PN(iPr)PPh2). Oligomerization of ethylene with Cr(PNP)Cl3/MAO at 200 psig of ethylene at 25 or 45 °C generates 1-hexene, 1-octene, C10−C22 oligomers, and polyethylene. The addition of ZnR2 increases the productivity and selectivity for C10−C22 oligomers and results in a decrease in the amount and molecular weight of the polyethylene generated. Analysis of the product distribution after...
Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Studs under Axial and Lateral Load

AbstractThis research aims to identify and characterize the behavior of dissimilarly sheathed, load bearing, cold-formed steel studs under axial and lateral load. A series of tests on single studs, set in track, and sheathed with either oriented strand board, gypsum board, or combinations thereof are completed. The tests approximate the behavior of a sheathed stud within a larger wall. In each test, a predetermined level of axial load (or displacement) is introduced into the stud and lateral displacement (load) is then applied and increased until failure. This configuration results in axial load, bending, and (potentially) torsion on the stud. Observed failure modes for studs sheathed on only one face include torsion and/or fastener pull-through. For studs sheathed on both faces, failure modes include torsion, local buckling, fastener pull-through, and bearing (particularly for gypsum-sheathed studs). Analysis of the torsional response indicates the important role of the sheathing in limiting torsion and ...
Tracking UVCS/SOHO Responsivity with Observations of ζ Tau

We have tracked the spectral responsivity of the ultraviolet channels of the UVCS (Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer) instrument on SOHO by repeated observations of a stable hot star. We demonstrate first that the ultraviolet spectral irradiance of the Be star ζ Tau (HD 37202) for the 100- to 125-nm wavelength range has been sufficiently constant for our purposes when measured periodically over the course of the SOHO mission. We then use ζ Tau as a radiometric transfer standard to determine an average decrease beginning in November of 1998 of 13.0% per year in the responsivity of the UVCS O vi channel for wavelengths near H i Ly α and for a particular UVCS unvignetted aperture used for science observations. The calibration tracking method involves separating two ζ Tau spectral regions that are overlapped on part of the detector. The change in the responsivity of UVCS/SOHO began in late 1998 as determined by comparison of simultaneous observations of the corona carried out with UVCS/SOHO and the freshly-calibrated UVCS instrument on the Spartan 201 satellite in early November of 1998.
On the mechanism of interstitial-impurity-induced cross-slip in iron deformed near 175°K

Abstract A mechanism is proposed whereby the elastic dipole distortion of stationary interstitial impurity atoms in lattice solution promotes nucleation and stabilization of double-kink-size screw dislocation segments on cross-slip planes. Stress relaxation accompanying interstitial-impurity-induced cross-slip can account for the experimental observations that small atom fractions of nitrogen in lattice solution in iron deformed at temperatures near 175°K decrease yield and flow stresses and increase ductility.
Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity in the Prairie Dog During Fasting, Feeding, and After High-Cholesterol Diet

This study describes the electromyographic characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract of prairie dogs, and examines the effects of a 1.2% cholesterol diet on intestinal myoelectrical activity. Twelve prairie dogs were implanted with eight bipolar electrodes in the stomach and small bowel. Recordings were obtained during fasting (n = 12), gastric instillation of food (n = 7), and chronic cholesterol feeding for 3 weeks (n = 7). Gastric slow waves had a frequency per minute of 4.9 ± 1. Intestinal slow waves had a frequency per minute of 19.1 ± 2 in the duodenum, and of 16.8 ± 1 in the ileum. The migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was identified, with an interval between two consecutive phases I of 145 ± 33 minutes. The delivery of diets of equal weight into the stomach interrupted fasting activity for approximately 3 hours. This was followed by a duodenal phase III and return of the fasted pattern. The interval between the first two postprandial phases I of the MMC not only was shorter than in the fasted state, but also was shorter after cholesterol diet than after regular diet (89 ± 33 min versus 116 ± 24 min, p ≤ 0.05). Chronic feeding of cholesterol diet did not affect the length of the MMC. In conclusion, the gastrointestinal tract of prairie dogs exhibits slow waves, spike bursts, and an MMC that is interrupted by feeding. High-cholesterol diet does not induce significant changes in the pattern of electrical activity.
Perianal and anorectal complications in leukemia.

Twenty-two patients who, in the course of acute or chronic leukemia, developed perianal and anorectal complications are described. These lesions were indurated firm areas about the anal opening; fluctuant ischiorectal abscesses; fistulas with abscesses and induration around them; fissures with edematous sentinel piles and abscesses around them, and thrombosed ulcerated hemorrhoids. The combination of symptomatic and radiation therapy is the most effective means of controlling perianal complications in uncontrolled acute and chronic leukemia. The procedures and regimens using combined symptomatic and radiation therapy are defined. The timing of appropriate surgical intervention is discussed. The hazards of the injudicious use of any one of these modalities are described.
A Semi-Markov Survivability Evaluation Model for Intrusion Tolerant Database Systems

Survivability modeling and evaluation have gained increasing importance. Most existing models assume that the distributions for transitions between states are exponential. However, this assumption does not hold in many real cases. To address this problem, we propose a novel semi-Markov survivability evaluation model, which allows the transitions between states to follow nonexponential distributions. Novel quantitative measures are also proposed to characterize the capability of a resilient system in surviving intrusions. Model validation, which is possibly the most important step in the life cycle of model development, is largely overlooked in previous research. In this paper, a real intrusion tolerant database system ITDB is implemented to validate the proposed state-space models. Empirical experiments show that the semi-Markov model predicts the system behaviors with high accuracy. Furthermore, in this paper we evaluate the impact of intrinsic system deficiencies and attack behaviors on the survivability of intrusion tolerant database systems.
Effect of Read-Out Interconnects on the Polarization Characteristics of Nanoantennas for the Long-Wave Infrared Regime

We report experimental and simulation studies of the effect of interconnects on the polarization characteristics of nanoscale dipole antennas. In the long-wave infrared (LWIR) regime, isolation of the postdetection dc circuit and the optical-frequency antenna currents is difficult because the wavelength of the incident radiation is comparable to the dimensions of the isolating elements, and because metal and dielectric losses limit the quality factor of reactive elements at LWIR frequencies. Thus, these “dc” interconnects can also contribute to the radiation pattern of the antenna, and affect the polarization characteristics of the antenna. Antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes (ACMOMD) based on planar half-wave dipole antennas with different detector read-out interconnect geometries are fabricated adjacent to each other on the same die. ACMOMDs with geometrically-different read-out interconnects have different associated polarization ellipses. 3-D, full-wave simulations in Ansoft high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) are performed to obtain the polarization tilt angles for different read-out interconnect geometries. The relative shifts in polarization axes are measured experimentally and compared to the relative tilt angles of the polarization ellipses obtained through simulations. The simulated relative shifts in the polarization axes are in good agreement with the measured values.
Beta-blocking effect of single oral doses of carteolol

Carteolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. The duration of beta blockade after single oral doses of carteolol was studied in normal men for 72 hr by determining the heart rate response to an external stimulus, bolus intravenous isoproterenol, and an internal stimulus (graded treadmill exercise designed to achieve 85% of the subjects' maximal heart rate in 12 min). Each subject first received 5 mg of carteolol and then, at 3-wk intervals, 2.5, 15, and 60 mg carteolol and placebo in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Beta blockade was maximal 1 to 2 hr after dosing and the heart rate response to isoproterenol and exercise remained less (P less than 0.05) than placebo responses for the 72 hr after each dose of carteolol. The double product (maximal exercise heart rate x systolic blood pressure during the twelfth minute of exercise) was below (P less than 0.05) baseline values for 24 hr after all doses, for 48 hr after 15 mg, and for 72 hr after 60 mg of carteolol.
Dialogic instruction and learning: the case of one Kiswahili classroom in Kenya

This paper reports on an ethnographic case study which was carried out in a Kenyan first-grade classroom. The classroom had 89 students with their 2 teachers who taught at different times. The classroom was very crowded and had a high paucity of literacy materials. The study was guided by sociocultural and dialogic frameworks which maintain that social and dialogic interactions have important roles to play in a child's literacy and language development. Thus, the social life of the observed classroom was central to the children's literacy and language learning. Although there were a shortage of literacy materials and space limitations in this classroom, the Kiswahili teacher's mediating role and children's agency in this classroom were paramount. Through the teacher's dialogic instruction and mediation, the children's voices were recognised and acknowledged. There were dynamic classroom interactions and dialogues which involved different practices such as storytelling, peer-guided reading, play, and class...