cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
External Feedback Does Not Affect Running Pace in Recreational Runners

Many runners receive external feedback, such as running pace, during training; however, it is unknown if this feedback increases the intensity of a given exercise session. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the provision of pace feedback on self-selected submaximal running pace, heart rate, and perceived exertion in recreational runners. Ten runners (6 female, 4 male) completed four 30-min treadmill running bouts in random order, each on a separate day. In each session, participants adjusted their pace as desired; however, all treadmill display information was concealed from the runners. During each bout, participants were given feedback regarding running pace every five minutes as follows: 1) no pace feedback, 2) accurate pace feedback 3) false positive pace feedback (5% faster than the actual pace), or 4) false negative pace feedback (5% slower than the actual pace). Average running paces were 5:35 ± :12, 5:32 ± :12, 5:30 ± :12, and 5:30 ± :12 min:sec/km for the no pace, accurate pace, false positive, and false negative feedback conditions, respectively, which were not statistically different. The different feedback conditions also yielded no significant differences in average heart rate, maximal heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion. These results suggest that periodic external feedback regarding running pace does not affect overall self-selected running pace or exercise intensity during a running bout in recreational runners.
Methylene blue counteracts cyanide cardiotoxicity: Cellular mechanisms

In adult left ventricular mouse myocytes, exposure to sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the presence of glucose dose-dependently reduced contraction amplitude, with ~80% of maximal inhibitory effect attained at 100 µM. NaCN (100 µM) exposure for 10 min significantly decreased contraction and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transient amplitudes, systolic but not diastolic [Ca2+]i, and maximal L-type Ca2+ current ( ICa) amplitude, indicating acute alteration of [Ca2+]i homeostasis largely accounted for the observed excitation-contraction abnormalities. In addition, NaCN depolarized resting membrane potential ( Em), reduced action potential (AP) amplitude, prolonged AP duration at 50% (APD50) and 90% repolarization (APD90), and suppressed depolarization-activated K+ currents but had no effect on Na+-Ca2+ exchange current ( INaCa). NaCN did not affect cellular adenosine triphosphate levels but depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased superoxide (O2·-) levels. Methylene blue (MB; 20 µg/ml) added 3 min after NaCN restored contraction and [Ca2+]i transient amplitudes, systolic [Ca2+]i, Em, AP amplitude, APD50, APD90, ICa, depolarization-activated K+ currents, ΔΨm, and O2·- levels toward normal. We conclude that MB reversed NaCN-induced cardiotoxicity by preserving intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and excitation-contraction coupling ( ICa), minimizing risks of arrhythmias ( Em, AP configuration, and depolarization-activated K+ currents), and reducing O2·- levels. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cyanide poisoning due to industrial exposure, smoke inhalation, and bioterrorism manifests as cardiogenic shock and requires rapidly effective antidote. In the early stage of cyanide exposure, adenosine triphosphate levels are normal but myocyte contractility is reduced, largely due to alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis because of changes in oxidation-reduction environment of ion channels. Methylene blue, a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, ameliorates cyanide toxicity by normalizing oxidation-reduction state and Ca2+ channel function.
Free-Form VR Interactions in Scientific Visualization

This paper describes the use of “free-form” virtual reality (VR) interactions, specifically input from sweeping 3D movements of the hands in space, within scientific visualization applications. Use of this relatively unconstrained style of input for science is often limited because it can be difficult to control, however if controlled via appropriate interaction techniques, it can also provide natural and descriptive input for many tasks. Recent research that overcomes the control limitation in several contexts is reviewed together here. Resulting benefits to scientific workflows are discussed, including benefits to scientist-driven interactions, such as marking and selection within VR visualizations, and designer-driven interactions, such as prototyping the visual aspects of VR visualizations. Remaining limitations in applying this style of input to scientific visualization tasks may be reduced in the future through combining free-form user input with data-derived input constraints.
Polarity and transcription in the galactose operon of E. coli.

In wild type E. coli, gal mRNA shows the same survival time as the average mRNA, but in a strain carrying a strong polar mutation in the gal operon, the percentage of the total mRNA which is gal mRNA decreases as the length of the labeling time is increased. Most of this decrease is due to a loss of mRNA distal to the polar mutation. These results indicate that the decreased level of gal mRNA present in this strain results from an increased rate of degradation of the mRNA distal to the polar mutation. In contrast, the low level of gal mRNA found (at the restrictive temperature) in a strain with a mutation rendering protein synthesis temperature sensitive does not appear to result from degradation.
White matter microstructural abnormalities in blast-exposed combat veterans: accounting for potential pre-injury factors using consanguineous controls

Assess the prevalence of white matter microstructural changes in combat veterans, within the context of a highly matched control group comprising unexposed close relatives. This prospective study had institutional review board approval, included written informed consent, and is HIPAA-compliant. Diffusion tensor imaging was analyzed in 16 male blast-exposed combat veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (mean age 31.0 years) and 18 unexposed males (mean age 30.4 years) chosen on the basis of a consanguineous relationship to a member of the subject group. Whole-brain voxel-based comparison of fractional anisotropy (FA) was performed using both group and individual analyses. Areas where effects on FA were detected were subsequently characterized by extracting radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity (AD), and mean diffusivity (MD) from the regions of abnormal FA. Controls did not differ from veterans on any background demographic factor. In voxel-based group comparison, we identify high fractional anisotropy (FA) in veterans compared to controls (p < 0.01). Within individual veterans, we find multiple areas of both abnormally high and low FA (p < 0.01) in a heterogeneous distribution, consistent with multifocal traumatic axonal injury. In individualized analyses, low FA areas demonstrate high radial diffusivity, whereas high FA areas demonstrate low RD in both group and individual analyses. Combat-related blast exposure is associated with microstructural white matter abnormalities, and the nature of the control group decreases the likelihood that the findings reflect underlying background differences. Abnormalities are heterogeneously distributed across patients, consistent with TAI, and include areas of low and high FA.
Sam Domains in Multiple Diseases.

Background The sterile alpha motif (Sam) domain is a small helical protein module, able to undergo homo- and hetero-oligomerization, as well as polymerization, thus forming different types of protein architectures. A few Sam domains are involved in pathological processes and consequently, they represent valuable targets for the development of new potential therapeutic routes. This study intends to collect state-of-the-art knowledge on the different modes by which Sam domains can favor disease onset and progression. Methods This review was build up by searching throughout the literature, for: a) the structural properties of Sam domains, b) interactions mediated by a Sam module, c) presence of a Sam domain in proteins relevant for a specific disease. Results Sam domains appear crucial in many diseases including cancer, renal disorders, cataracts. Often pathologies are linked to mutations directly positioned in the Sam domains that alter their stability and/or affect interactions that are crucial for proper protein functions. In only a few diseases, the Sam motif plays a kind of "side role" and cooperates to the pathological event by enhancing the action of a different protein domain. Conclusion Considering the many roles of the Sam domain into a significant variety of diseases, more efforts and novel drug discovery campaigns need to be engaged to find out small molecules and/or peptides targeting Sam domains. Such compounds may represent the pillars on which to build novel therapeutic strategies to cure different pathologies.
Delivery of progenitor cells with injectable shear-thinning hydrogel maintains geometry and normalizes strain to stabilize cardiac function after ischemia.

Abstract Objectives The ventricle undergoes adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction, resulting in abnormal biomechanics and decreased function. We hypothesize that tissue-engineered therapy could minimize postischemic remodeling through mechanical stress reduction and retention of tensile myocardial properties due to improved endothelial progenitor cell retention and intrinsic biomechanical properties of the hyaluronic acid shear-thinning gel. Methods Endothelial progenitor cells were harvested from adult Wistar rats and resuspended in shear-thinning gel. The constructs were injected at the border zone of ischemic rat myocardium in an acute model of myocardial infarction. Myocardial remodeling, tensile properties, and hemodynamic function were analyzed: control (phosphate-buffered saline), endothelial progenitor cells, shear-thinning gel, and shear-thinning gel + endothelial progenitor cells. Novel high-resolution, high-sensitivity ultrasound with speckle tracking allowed for global strain analysis. Uniaxial testing assessed tensile biomechanical properties. Results Shear-thinning gel + endothelial progenitor cell injection significantly increased engraftment and retention of the endothelial progenitor cells within the myocardium compared with endothelial progenitor cells alone. With the use of strain echocardiography, a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction was noted in the shear-thinning gel + endothelial progenitor cell cohort compared with control (69.5% ± 10.8% vs 40.1% ± 4.6%, P = .04). A significant normalization of myocardial longitudinal displacement with subsequent stabilization of myocardial velocity with shear-thinning gel + endothelial progenitor cell therapy compared with control was also evident (0.84 + 0.3 cm/s vs 0.11 ± 0.01 cm/s, P = .03). A significantly positive and higher myocardial strain was observed in shear-thinning gel + endothelial progenitor cell (4.5% ± 0.45%) compared with shear-thinning gel (3.7% ± 0.24%), endothelial progenitor cell (3.5% ± 0.97%), and control (8.6% ± 0.3%, P = .05). A resultant reduction in dynamic stiffness was noted in the shear-thinning gel + endothelial progenitor cell cohort. Conclusions This novel injectable shear-thinning hyaluronic acid hydrogel demonstrates stabilization of border zone myocardium with reduction in adverse myocardial remodeling and preservation of myocardial biomechanics. The cellular construct provides a normalization of strain measurements and reduces left ventricular dilatation, thus resulting in improvement of left ventricular function.
Interweaving ethnicity and gender in consultation : A training experience

Abstract The training of family therapy consultants in mental health and educational settings requires both a model for the development of skills and an understanding of the tasks leading to cultural competence. This paper describes and discusses the lessons learned by a consultation team as it trained in consultation by assessing, designing, and implementing interventions for a non-profit organization working with refugee children. Attention to ethnicity and gender guided the consultation process because of their prominence in the consultee's work with refugee children. The authors used the Cultural Context Model as a frame to interweave culture and context in the consultation process and expand its use.
A combined digital image correlation/particle image velocimetry study of water-backed impact

Abstract Several aeronautical and naval structures are routinely exposed to impulsive loading conditions that elicit complex fluid-structure interactions. An archetypal problem that has attracted considerable attention is the impact on a compliant plate, fixed on a water surface. Despite significant progress in mathematical modeling of the impact, several technical questions remain open due to the lack of a simultaneous experimental characterization of the structural response and fluid flow. Here, we seek to fill this gap of knowledge through the integration of digital image correlation (DIC) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). We employ DIC to measure the apparent in-plane displacement of the plate, from which we reconstruct its out-of-plane deflection. On the other hand, PIV is utilized to measure the velocity field of the water, from which we infer the pressure field in the fluid and the hydrodynamic loading on the plate. We examine a number of aggregated measures, including the mid-span deflection, strain energy stored in bending and stretching of the plate, modal contribution factors, hydrodynamic loading, and added mass coefficient . Just as our approach constitutes a significant methodological step forward in the study of unsteady fluid-structure interactions, our experimental results contribute new evidence for an improved understanding of water-backed impact.
Binge Drinking and Prescription Opioid Misuse in the U.S., 2012-2014.

Introduction Prescription opioids were responsible for approximately 17,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2016. One in five prescription opioid deaths also involve alcohol. Drinkers who misuse prescription opioids (i.e., use without a prescription or use only for the experience or feeling it causes) are at a heightened risk of overdose. However, little is known about the relationship between drinking patterns and prescription opioid misuse. Methods Data were analyzed from 160,812 individuals (aged ≥12 years) who responded to questions about prescription opioid misuse and alcohol consumption in the 2012, 2013, or 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (analyzed in 2017–2018). The prevalence of self-reported past-30-days prescription opioid misuse was assessed by sociodemographic characteristics, other substance use (i.e., cigarettes, marijuana), and drinking patterns. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to calculate AORs. Results From 2012 to 2014, 1.6% (95% CI=1.5, 1.7) of all individuals aged ≥12 years (estimated 4.2 million) and 3.5% (95% CI=3.3, 3.8) of binge drinkers (estimated 2.2 million) reported prescription opioid misuse. Prescription opioid misuse was more common among binge drinkers than among nondrinkers (AOR=1.7, 95% CI=1.5, 1.9). Overall, the prevalence of prescription opioid misuse increased significantly with binge drinking frequency (p-value Conclusions More than half of the 4.2 million people who misused prescription opioids during 2012–2014 were binge drinkers, and binge drinkers had nearly twice the odds of misusing prescription opioids, compared with nondrinkers. Widespread use of evidence-based strategies for preventing binge drinking might reduce opioid misuse and overdoses involving alcohol.
Correction to: Association of Primary Language with Outcomes After Operations Typically Performed to Treat Cancer: Analysis of a Statewide Database.

In the original article, there were errors in Table 1 that were not in accordance with requirements set by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Data Use Agreement that apply to this article. Following is the corrected Table 1.
Supervisory control strategies evaluated on a pilot Jameson flotation cell

Abstract An L-150 pilot Jameson flotation cell was instrumented and a distributed control system was developed. The parameters of a metallurgic phenomenological model were estimated from industrial data. A steady state simulator was built based on this nonlinear model. This hybrid system combines on-line measured operating variables with virtual variables, characterizing the feed. All these variables are fed on-line to a simulator to predict the characteristics of the concentrate and tailings. The expert system modifies the set points of the distributed control system, including two routines: expert feedback and feed forward control. Several cases for different feed conditions are discussed.
Investigation of the triple- α reaction in a full three-body approach

Background: The triple-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ reaction is the key to our understanding about the nucleosynthesis and the observed abundance of ${}^{12}$C in stars. The theory of this process is well established at high temperatures but rather ambiguous in the low temperature regime where measurements are impossible.Purpose: Develop a new three-body method, which tackles properly the scattering boundary condition for three charged particles and takes into account both the resonant and the nonresonant reaction mechanisms on the same footing, to compute the triple-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ reaction rate at low temperatures.Methods: We combine the $R$-matrix expansion, the $R$-matrix propagation method, and the screening technique in the hyperspherical harmonics basis.Results: Both the ${2}_{1}{}^{+}$ bound state and the ${0}_{2}{}^{+}$ resonant state in ${}^{12}$C are well reproduced. We also study the cluster structure of these states. We calculate the triple-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ reaction rate for $T=0.01--0.1$ GK.Conclusions: We obtain the same rate as NACRE for temperatures above $0.07$ GK, but the new rate is largely enhanced at lower temperatures ($\ensuremath{\approx}$${10}^{12}$ at $0.02$ GK). The differences are caused by the direct capture contribution to the reaction when three $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles cannot reach the resonant energies.
In utero treatment of myelomeningocele with placental mesenchymal stromal cells — Selection of an optimal cell line in preparation for clinical trials

Abstract Background We determined whether in vitro potency assays inform which placental mesenchymal stromal cell (PMSC) lines produce high rates of ambulation following in utero treatment of myelomeningocele in an ovine model. Methods PMSC lines were created following explant culture of three early-gestation human placentas. In vitro neuroprotection was assessed with a neuronal apoptosis model. In vivo, myelomeningocele defects were created in 28 fetuses and repaired with PMSCs at 3 × 105 cells/cm2 of scaffold from Line A (n = 6), Line B (n = 7) and Line C (n = 5) and compared to no PMSCs (n = 10). Ambulation was scored as ≥ 13 on the Sheep Locomotor Rating Scale. Results In vitro, Line A and B had higher neuroprotective capability than no PMSCs (1.7 and 1.8 respectively vs 1, p = 0.02, ANOVA). In vivo, Line A and B had higher large neuron densities than no PMSCs (25.2 and 27.9 respectively vs 4.8, p = 0.03, ANOVA). Line C did not have higher neuroprotection or larger neuron density than no PMSCs. In vivo, Line A and B had ambulation rates of 83% and 71%, respectively, compared to 60% with Line C and 20% with no PMSCs. Conclusion The in vitro neuroprotection assay will facilitate selection of optimal PMSC lines for clinical use. Level of evidence n/a. Type of study Basic science.
How Do Treatment Priorities Differ Between Patients in HIV Care and Their Providers? A Mixed-Methods Study

Evidence suggests priorities differ between patients in HIV care and their providers regarding topics most important to address in care. At five U.S. sites, we asked patients and providers to prioritize 25 potential topic areas to address during routine visits, and invited patients to discuss selection rationale. Patients (n = 206) and providers (n = 17) showed high discordance in rank order priorities (X2 (24, 223) = 71.12; p < 0.0001). Patients ranked social domains such as HIV stigma highly; a higher proportion of providers prioritized substance use domains. HIV stigma was a higher priority for patients in care fewer than 6 years (Fisher’s exact p = 0.0062), nonwhite patients (Fisher’s exact p = 0.0114), and younger patients (Fisher’s exact p = 0.0281). Patients’ priorities differed between men and women (X2 (24, 188) = 52.89; p < 0.0001), white race vs. other races (X2 (24, 206) = 48.32; p = 0.0023), and Latinos vs. non-Latinos (X2 (24, 206) = 48.65; p = 0.0021). Interviews (n = 79) revealed perceived impact of social context on health and health behaviors.
Informal Caregiving and Strains: Exploring the Impacts of Gender, Race, and Income

Informal caregivers are those who provide care for others without compensation. In the US, 85 % of elderly individuals receive care from an informal caregiver, and this number is expected to increase. Caregivers often experience different types of strain, stemming from physical, emotional, and financial demands. Guided by intersectionality theory, this study explores the relationships between informal caregiving strains and gender, race, and income, along with various control variables, including age, marital status, education, number of hours spent providing care, and employment status. Data from the 2015 Caregiving in the US survey (N = 1248) were used. Findings indicated male informal caregivers reported more financial strain compared to females. White women reported more emotional strain than women of color, and those with higher incomes reported less financial strain. Gender, race, and income were not significantly related to physical strain among informal caregivers. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
DYNC1H1-related disorders: A description of four new unrelated patients and a comprehensive review of previously reported variants

Heterozygous variants in the DYNC1H1 gene have been associated chiefly with intellectual disability (ID), malformations in cortical development (MCD), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and Charcot-Marie-Tooth axonal type 20 (CMT), with fewer reports describing other intersecting phenotypes. To better characterize the variable syndromes associated with DYNC1H1, we undertook a detailed analysis of reported patients in the medical literature through June 30, 2019. In sum we identified 200 patients from 143 families harboring 103 different DYNC1H1 variants, and added reports for four unrelated patients identified at our center, three with novel variants. The most common features associated with DYNC1H1 were neuromuscular (NM) disease (largely associated with variants in the stem domain), ID with MCD (largely associated with variants in the motor domain), or a combination of these phenotypes. Despite these trends, exceptions are noted throughout. Overall, DYNC1H1 is associated with variable neurodevelopmental and/or neuromuscular phenotypes that overlap. To avoid confusion DYNC1H1 disorders may be best categorized at this time by more general descriptions rather than phenotype-specific nomenclature such as SMA or CMT. We therefore propose the terms: DYNC1H1-related NM disorder, DYNC1H1-related CNS disorder, and DYNC1H1-related combined disorder. Our single center's experience may be evidence that disease-causing variants in this gene are more prevalent than currently recognized.
Backscatter-Immune Injection-Locked Brillouin Laser in Silicon

$I\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}j\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ $l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}k\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}g$ is a simple yet powerful means to stabilize and control laser oscillators, with many applications, but in the context of integrated photonics the technique has remained relatively unexplored. Here researchers demonstrate injection locking in a chip-integrated, all-silicon laser oscillator, and use this approach to achieve more than 23 dB of Brillouin-based on-chip amplification. Due to the phase-matched properties of the stimulated intermodal Brillouin process, this form of control is intrinsically $n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l$, meaning that the laser oscillator is naturally impervious to unwanted backscattering.
Meaningful learning actualized through a perinatal continuity of care experience

Leaders in nursing education embrace innovative, real-world learning environments that transform today's generation of nursing students into critical thinkers. Scheduling exclusive child-bearing practicums are challenging due to staffing, time, and maternal client presentation. Utilizing transformative learning theory a perinatal continuum of care clinical learning experience evolved. This paper will discuss the qualitative, descriptive study of Bachelor of Science in Nursing students in rural, Midwestern United States who completed maternal/infant didactic, high-fidelity simulation, and real-world experiences relative to women during the perinatal period. Participants (n = 50) consisted of third-semester baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in the maternal/infant course. Data were collected from students' reflective journal blogs at the end of the semester. The aim of this study was to identify the outcomes of students learning through this perinatal experience. Three themes emerged from this study: self-analysis, critical thinking, and self-efficacy. Students' reflection indicated that through this comprehensive clinical experience, they developed a new self-awareness. Students noted that the experience was unique to any they had encountered. The perinatal assignment provided an opportunity for professional growth in this specialty area due to the interface of theory, simulation, and clinical applications expounded in the reflective clinical blog throughout the experience.
Rayleigh–Taylor instability with gravity reversal

Abstract We present results from Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of Rayleigh–Taylor instability at Atwood numbers up to 0.9. After the layer width had developed substantially, additional branched simulations have been run under reversed and zero gravity conditions. We focus on the modifications of the mixing layer structure and turbulence in response to the acceleration change. After the gravity reversal, the flow undergoes a complex transient process in which the vertical mass flux changes sign multiple times and, consequently, the buoyancy term in the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation changes its role back and forth from production to destruction. This behavior is examined in detail using the turbulent kinetic energy and mass flux transport equations and time instances when the vertical mass at the centerline crosses zero and reaches local minima and maxima. While the transient process significantly affects the flow anisotropy at all scales, other turbulence characteristics, like the alignment between the vorticity and eigenvectors of the strain rate tensor, retain their fully developed turbulence behavior in the interior of the layer. In addition, after the gravity reversal, the edges of the layer also exhibit characteristics closer to those of the turbulent interior, even as the fluids become more mixed. None of these changes affects the mean density profile, which still collapses among various cases. Such significant changes in some turbulence quantities and not others are difficult to capture with existing turbulence models.
Extended pleurectomy and decortication: Video atlas of operative steps.

ABSTRACT Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma has an incidence of about 3000 patients per year in the United States. Asbestos exposure is the predominant etiological factor. Multimodality therapy which includes surgery and chemotherapy is associated with long-term survival in some patients. Recently, immunotherapy is incorporated into treatment protocols. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the European Society for Medical Oncology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology have guidelines that recommend surgery for the treatment of MPM with both curative and palliative intents. Operation A macroscopic complete resection (MCR) is the goal of a curative surgical resection since an R0 resection is not considered obtainable. The National Cancer Institute, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation have helped standardize the operations to obtain an MCR. These operations include a lung-sparing operation called an extended pleurectomy / decortication (ePD) or a lung-sacrificing surgery called an extrapleural pneumonectomy. When a pleurectomy and decortication of the parietal and visceral pleura include the resection of the diaphragm and/or pericardium, the ‘extended’ descriptor applies. Whether a partial diaphragm resection qualifies as ‘extended’ is debatable. Regardless of the definitions of the operations, the goal of an ePD is to spare the lung and remove all visible, palpable, or viable tumor. Conclusion This article is a video atlas that describes the steps to perform an extended pleurectomy and decortication. The resection and reconstruction of the diaphragm and pericardium are included.
Colonic Crohn's disease

The present review deals with the elective and emergency management of colonic Crohn's disease (CD). Failed medical therapy is among the most common indications for the operative treatment. In case of fistula the operation is usually a resection of the diseased segment of colon with wedge or segmental excision and closure of the secondarily involved organ. The incidence of Crohn's colonic stricture ranges from 5% to 17%. The main indication for performing a total colectomy and ileoproctostomy in patients with extensive Crohn's colitis is to avoid a permanent ileostomy and preserve rectal function. The authors performed 60 laparoscopic procedures: 35 ileocolic resections, 10 total colectomies, 10 loop ileosigmoidectomies, and 1 proctectomy. In conclusion, the choice of operation depends on many factors, such as the site and extent of disease. In some select instances a segmental resection of CD may afford better function than an ileoproctostomy.
Partial reproductive isolation of a recently derived resident-freshwater population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from its putative anadromous ancestor.

We used no-choice mating trials to test for assortative mating between a newly derived resident-freshwater population (8–22 generations since founding) of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Loberg Lake, Alaska and its putative anadromous ancestor as well as a morphologically convergent but distantly related resident-freshwater population. Partial reproductive isolation has evolved between the Loberg Lake population and its ancestor within a remarkably short time period. However, Loberg stickleback readily mate with morphologically similar, but distantly related resident-freshwater stickleback. Partial premating isolation is asymmetrical; anadromous females and smaller resident-freshwater males from Loberg Lake readily mate, but the anadromous males and smaller Loberg females do not. Our results indicate that premating isolation can begin to evolve in allopatry within a few generations after isolation as a correlated effect of evolution of reduced body size.
Regulation of selenoprotein expression

Studies on selenoprotein expression are revealing three distinct patterns of selenium regulation. In rats, selenium deficiency can result in >90% decreases in both glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) activity and mRNA, whereas glutathione peroxidase-4 activity and mRNA decrease 60% and <10%, respectively. Our recent work with thioredoxin reductase reveals activity decreases of ∼90% but with mRNA decreases <30%. This selenium regulation of gene expression could occur potentially at any of six points. Regulation of selenoprotein translation by selenium, mediated by Sec-tRNA availability, regulates the level of all selenoproteins. For optimum translation of a selenoprotein, its mRNA appears to require an optimum UGA location, an optimum UGA context and SECIS element(s) in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) which optimize Sec incorporation. The unique and specific regulation of GPx1 expression by selenium is mediated by regulation of GPx1 mRNA stability, and involves nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This regulation, too, requires a functional SECIS element and a UGA codon, and the UGA must be followed by an intron. Our recent results indicate that GPx1 mRNA in selenium-deficient rat liver is moderately abundant, and that GPx1 mRNA in rat liver increases more than 20-fold with selenium supplementation. We hypothesize that this selenium regulation of GPx1 expression is a major component of GPx1 function in higher animals, and that in this role, GPx1 serves as a biological selenium buffer that maintains modest selenium stores for future selenoprotein synthesis.
Laser Generated Heat Transfer

The irradiation of tissue by laser light results in the absorption of energy. Since this is a fully dissipative process, the consequence is that the increment in energy is expressed entirely as a heat transfer absorbed by the tissue. In conjunction with this absorption, there will be an increase in the energy stored locally in the tissue as a function of the geometric pattern of absorption. Two primary mechanisms of energy storage are encountered most frequently during laser irradiation: sensible and latent. Sensible storage results in a change in temperature and latent in a change in phase. The two mechanisms may occur simultaneously or singularly, depending on the initial state of the tissue and the intensity of the irradiation. A local increase in the temperature will cause a diffusion of heat to surrounding areas that are cooler. Therefore, the analysis of heat transfer is an important and relevant component of understanding the process and consequences of laser irradiation of tissue. Phase change and temperature elevation are often a direct source of injury to tissue.
Weight Variability Effects: A Prospective Analysis from the Stanford Five-City Project

Abstract For determination of the effects of weight variability on cardiovascular risk factors, a random community sample of 269 men and 361 women aged 25-74 years, drawn from the Stanford Five-City Project, was followed for up to 10 years (1979-1989). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and pulse were measured. Body mass index slope (BMI-slope) was determined by regressing five BMI values on time for each individual. BMI variability was defined as the root mean square error (BMI-RMSE) of a regression line fitted to each individual's BMI values over time. The slopes of the five cardiovascular risk factors were most strongly related to the baseline value of each risk factor and BMI-slope in both men and women. Neither BMI-RMSE nor the interaction of BMI-RMSE with BMI-slope was related to risk factor slopes. In this population, BMI variability had little impact on cardiovascular risk factors compared with BMI-slope and baseline BMI.
Perioperative Care of the Orthopedic Patient with Chronic Pulmonary Disease

This chapter reviews the impact of chronic pulmonary disease on postoperative outcome. Preexisting pulmonary disease is the most important predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications; indeed such impairment confers risks in the surgical setting rivaling that of the more dreaded cardiac complications. Herein the utility of various preoperative assessments such as arterial blood gases and spirometry is reviewed, and the less-appreciated predictive role of the serum albumin is discussed. Specific conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension are also featured in this chapter.
Evaluation of Polymer Flooding in a Layered Reservoir With Crossflow, Retention, and Degradation

Oil recovery by polymer flooding is influenced by reservoir heterogeneity not only through its effects on crossflow, but also through the dependence of polymer retention, inaccessible pore volume and polymer shear degradation on permeability. A simulator is described that accounts for all of these factors, and experimental data, obtained using field and Berea cores, are included that demonstrate the permeability dependence of these factors. Use is made of a standard 2-dimensional reservoir simulator with the added feature of point-tracking capability. For each of the different layers, one chain of points is identified with the front of the polymer bank and another chain with the rear. Retention and inaccessible pore volume can be accounted for through a factor which is the ratio of the velocity of the moving points to the wetting phase velocity. (15 refs.)
Free Fatty Acid Turnover and the Availability of Substrates as a Limiting Factor in Prolonged Exercise

A continual hydrolysis and release of FFA from the triglycerides stores of adipose tissue occurs during prolonged moderately severe exercise. The uptake and oxidation of plasma FFA by the working skeletal muscles represents a major source of energy during such exercise. During light and moderately intense prolonged exercise, lipolysis and the release of FFA from the adipose tissue exceeds uptake by peripheral tissue and the net result is an increase in plasma FFA levels. FFA uptake appears to be related to plasma concentrations and uses no membrane transport system. As work intensity increases the release of FFA from adipose tissue declines and the relative contribution of the plasma FFA to the work metabolism declines until at high work rates there is an almost complete reliance on the intramuscular glycogen reserves. At work loads above about 65% of the individual's aerobic capacity the limiting factor for prolonged exercise appears to be the glycogen stores of the working muscle. When these stores are depleted the work either must stop or its intensity be reduced. Trained individuals have a greater capacity to oxidize fats at high work loads than do untrained subjects. This, however, is not matched by an increased capacity for lipolysis. Why intramuscular glycogen stores are required for prolonged relatively severe exercise when the amount of FFA and glucose that perfuses the skeletal muscles under such conditions is theoretically capable of supporting the exercise metabolism is unknown.
Photocurrent response of the carbon nanotube-silicon heterojunction array

A highly ordered array of parallel, identical carbon nanotubes is grown non-lithographically in a bottom-up fabrication approach to form a heterojunction with a silicon substrate. Evidence of a space-charge separated region at the nanotube–silicon interface is present in the form of diode rectification and a closed-circuit zero-bias photocurrent in response to infrared light. Because carbon nanotubes are narrow bandgap semiconductors, their heterojunction with silicon was analysed spectrally via Fourier transform infrared photocurrent spectroscopy with the aim of investigating the suitability of this structure for infrared (IR) detector applications. IR photoresponse shows signs of temperature-dependent activation that is complex but consistent with estimates of the heterojunction barrier height. Considering the many interesting benefits and properties of carbon nanotubes, these results despite their earliness suggest that nanotube–silicon heterojunction systems could form the foundation for a new kind of infrared detection device.
Lamotrigine vs. phenytoin for treatment of status epilepticus: comparison in an experimental model.

The newly introduced antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine, has been reported to have a mechanism of action similar to that of phenytoin. Because phenytoin is a standard clinical treatment for convulsive status epilepticus, we compared the efficacy of lamotrigine to that of phenytoin in a model of secondarily generalized convulsive status epilepticus in rats that responds to drug concentrations similar to those that have been reported to be clinically useful for this purpose. Status epilepticus was induced in rats with actively epileptogenic cortical cobalt lesions by administration of homocysteine thiolactone. While phenytoin-controlled generalized tonic clonic seizures in this model with a median effective dose of 100.5 mg/kg (16.0 micrograms/ml in serum), lamotrigine was ineffective at doses ranging from 10 to 100 mg/kg, with serum drug concentrations (2.5-43.5 micrograms/ml) within or above the reported 'therapeutic' concentration for LTG treatment of chronic epilepsy. Lamotrigine also failed to prevent the onset of generalized tonic clonic seizures when given prior to homocysteine, while phenytoin was effective in this test. Studies of lamotrigine kinetics in serum and brain revealed that the drug was well-absorbed following i.p. injection and that it entered brain rapidly enough to have exerted an anti-status effect in these experiments. These results suggest that lamotrigine and phenytoin have differences in their mechanisms of anticonvulsant action, leading to very different abilities to control status epilepticus.
Natural Convection over Vertical Plates: Local-Nonsimilarity Slip Flow Solutions

Natural convection over a vertical isothermal plate has been modeled with first-order momentum and thermal discontinuities at the wall. A local-nonsimilarity transformation has been applied and numerical solutions were obtained based on the three-equation model. The presence of nonequilibrium at the wall has been found to result in a nonsimilar boundary-layer problem. Nonsimilar velocity and temperature distributions within the boundary layer have been obtained. Results are presented which indicate the effects of nonequilibrium on wall slip velocity, temperature jump, wall shear stress, and boundary-layer thickness for both gaseous and liquid flows. Equations for predicting the drag and average Nusselt number have been formulated as an integral function of the nonequilibrium parameter. A reduction in heat transfer was predicted for more rarified gaseous flows with simultaneous momentum slip and thermal jump conditions. In liquids, without a thermal jump, heat transfer was found to increase relative to the respective no-slip value.
Guest Editorial Trading Rate for Delay at the Application and Transport Layers

The 19 papers in this special issue present a representative sample from the diverse collection of viewpoints and approaches regarding the relationship between rate and delay in reliable network communication.
Herpes Simplex Virus Mediated Gene Transfer to Primate Ocular Tissues

Abstract We evaluated the feasibility of delivering a gene into monkey eyes using a replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 ribonucleotide reductase mutant (hrR3) expressing the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. To determine the efficiency of in vitro HSV-mediated gene transfer, cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) and human ciliary muscle (HCM) cells were infected with hrR3 and β-galactosidase activity was measured histochemically. Six cynomolgus monkey eyes received viral injections into the anterior chamber (2×107pfu) and/or the vitreous (5×107pfu), and the distribution of cells expressing lacZ was evaluated. In vitro, both cultured HTM and HCM cells displayed multiplicity-dependent β-galactosidase activity. In vivo, intracameral and/or intravitreal injection resulted in transgene expression in TM cells and in non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (NPE), but not in CM cells. Transgene expression was also detected in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and sporadic retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in eyes receiving virus intracamerally and intravitreally respectively. We observed significant inflammation in the anterior chamber, TM and CM in virus-injected eyes, along with mild vitritis and retinitis. This study demonstrates successful gene transfer using hrR3 as a vector in human ocular cells and in ocular tissues in living monkeys. Further investigation of the etiology of the inflammatory response, possible cytotoxicity, and limited duration of transgene expression is necessary in order to make this technique clinically applicable.
Glucocorticoid receptors in murine embryonic facial mesenchyme cells

IN various experimental animals, clefting of the developing secondary palate can be induced by the administration of glucocorticoids to pregnant animals1–4. Various inbred strains of mice exhibit different degrees of susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate5–8. Specifically, A/J mice treated with glucocorticoids between days 11 and 14 of gestation (day of detection of vaginal plug designated day 0 of pregnancy) produce 100% of their offspring with cleft palate, whereas C57BL/6J (C57) mice similarly treated produce off spring with only 20–25% cleft palate. Although it has been demonstrated that glucocorticoids can elicit divergent physiological responses in various differentiated cell types through a class of specific cytoplasmic and nuclear receptor proteins9–11, the exact molecular mechanism(s) by which glucocorticoids function as teratogens as well as the aetiology of the strain-specific difference in the response to glucocorticoids are unknown. We present here evidence that mouse facial mesenchyme cells obtained either directly or in primary culture possess specific glucocorticoid-receptor proteins of high affinity and limited capacity for dexamethasone. Furthermore, we report that A/J facial mesenchyme cells possess approximately double the amount of receptor proteins than C57 mesenchyme cells.
Pt(II) uptake by dendrimer outer pockets: 1. Solventless ligand exchange reaction.

Density functional theory is used to elucidate molecular-level details of the complexation of Pt(II) metal compounds with PAMAM dendrimers. Particular attention is given to the ligand exchange reaction (LER). Binding of Pt(II) complexes to one dendrimer atom site (monodentate binding) is found to be thermodynamically feasible. Tertiary amine nitrogen (N3) is found to be the most favorable binding site in agreement with previous experimental work. Comparing the binding of Pt(II) species to atom sites in simple molecules with those to similar sites in dendrimer outer pockets allowed us to assess the impact of dendrimer branches on the binding. The impact of branches is manifested in more complex reaction profiles for complexation of Pt(II) species, because of the numerous ways in which a single molecule could be hosted by an outer dendrimer pocket. It is found that branches slightly improve the binding strength to all sites, particularly to N3. However, they could also be responsible for the increase of the activation energy for direct LER of PtCl 4 2- and PtCl 3 (H 2 O) - at the N3 site. Considering the thermodynamics of both complexation steps, namely noncovalent binding (NCB) and LER, it is found that to have a PtCl 3 - moiety bound to N3, as a result of NCB + LER operating on PtCl 4 2- , is more likely than to have any other ion hosted in the outer pockets. However, the activation energy for direct LER of PtCl 4 2- at the N3 site is found to be the largest among all Pt(II) metal complexes and even larger than the barrier to its own aquation yielding PtCl 3 (H 2 O) - .