cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and Cognitive Performance of Patients with Acute Lung Injury 1 Year after Initial Trophic versus Full Enteral Feeding. EDEN Trial Follow-up

Rationale: We hypothesized that providing patients with acute lung injury two different protein/calorie nutritional strategies in the intensive care unit may affect longer-term physical and cognitive performance.Objectives: To assess physical and cognitive performance 6 and 12 months after acute lung injury, and to evaluate the effect of trophic versus full enteral feeding, provided for the first 6 days of mechanical ventilation, on 6-minute-walk distance, cognitive impairment, and secondary outcomes.Methods: A prospective, longitudinal ancillary study of the ARDS Network EDEN trial evaluating 174 consecutive survivors from 5 of 12 centers. Blinded assessments of patients’ arm anthropometrics, strength, pulmonary function, 6-minute-walk distance, and cognitive status (executive function, language, memory, verbal reasoning/concept formation, and attention) were performed.Measurements and Main Results: At 6 and 12 months, respectively, the mean (SD) percent predicted for 6-minute-walk distance was 64% (22%)...
Accuracy of Dipole Localization with a Spherical Homogeneous Model

Dipole localization methods (DLM's) with a spherical, homogeneous, isotropic model were applied to the problem of locating and characterizing simulated dipole sources of the brainstem acoustic evoked response (BAER) in cats. Dipole source parameters considered were chosen to be consistent with measurements of gross potential within the brainstem during the BAER. The steepest ascent method was used to solve the least-squares minimization problem on a set of noiseperturbed surface voltages to obtain parameters of a single assumed dipole source. The magnitudes of errors in dipole postion and in dipole moment vectors were calculated for two surface voltage location sets, two assumed dipole source locations, and a range of surface signal-to-noise ratios. An approximate analytic approach to the simulation results attributed DLM errors to an apparent "noise dipole" calculated as the dipole term in the multipole expansion of the added surface noise. The standard deviation of the "noise dipole" magnitude was directly proportional to the standard deviation of surface noise voltage and inversely proportional to the root of the number of surface voltages. This analytic result was in general agreement with the mean of the dipole moment parameter errors in the simulation study. It was found that recalculation of the surface voltage set from the solution dipole of the simulation problem or from the "noise dipole" of the analytic treatment resulted in an improvement of signal-to-noise ratio at the surface.
Kinsey: Lets talk about sex

Written and Directed by Bill Condon Starring Liam Neeson and Laura Linney Twentieth Century Fox Home Video. Rated R. £19.99 Kinsey is a great film. As a film biography it captures the personality o...
Nutrition Education in Medical Schools: Trends and Implications for Health Educators

With 20% of deaths in the U.S. attributed to improper diet and lack of exercise, renewed interest has emerged in nutrition education for medical professionals. Sociopolitical factors are exerting a profound influence on changes in medical curricula, moving medicine away from traditional biomedical curricula and toward more comprehensive programs of study. This paper explores how public demand for nutrition information, inadequate nutrition training among physicians, changes in health care, and medical education reform are influencing the evolution of nutrition in medical schools. This paper also discusses barriers, possible solutions, and specific actions for health educators. To achieve nutrition-literacy among prospective physicians, the following elements must be developed and established: 1) adequate organizational and administrative supports, 2) continuity in credentialing nutrition specialists, 3) innovative nutrition curricula, 4) committed faculty nutrition mentors, 5) clear nutrition education goals, 6) methods for evaluation of program activities/outcomes, 7) substantive research agenda, 8) multidisciplinary medical curricula, and 9) collaboration.
Comparison of outcomes among moderate alcohol drinkers before acute myocardial infarction to effect of continued versus discontinuing alcohol intake after the infarct.

Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption has been previously associated with a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and mortality. The association of changes in drinking behavior after an AMI with health status and long-term outcomes is unknown. Using a prospective cohort of patients with AMI evaluated with the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, we investigated changes in drinking patterns in 325 patients who reported moderate drinking at the time of their AMI. One-year alcohol consumption, disease-specific (angina pectoris and quality of life) and general (mental and physical) health status and rehospitalization outcomes, and 3-year mortality were assessed. Seattle Angina Questionnaire Angina Frequency and Quality of Life, Short Form-12 Mental and Physical Component Summary Scales were modeled using multivariable hierarchical linear models within site. Of the initial 325 moderate drinkers at baseline, 273 (84%) remained drinking and 52 (16%) quit. In fully adjusted models, Physical Component Scale scores (beta 6.47, 95% confidence interval 3.73 to 9.21, p
Tip-Induced Orientational Order of Surfactant Micelles on Gold

Using liquid-cell atomic force microscopy, we investigate aqueous solutions of alkyltrimethylammonium halide surfactants at the Au(111) surface. The long, micellar surfactant surface aggregates cover the gold surface completely and exhibit two types of orientational order for chloride and bromide counterions, respectively. We observe lateral forces perpendicular to the scanning direction, which we explain by anisotropic friction between the probe and the oriented micelles. Conversely, we show that these friction forces can be employed to modify the spatial conformation of the micellar adlayer. Where previous methods have failed to provide control over the orientation down to the level of individual micelles, we use this technique to achieve a very high degree of order over more than 100 micelle diameters.
On the computational complexity of Nash equilibria for (0,1) bimatrix games

The computational complexity of finding a Nash equilibrium in a nonzero sum bimatrix game is an important open question. We put forward the notion of (0,1)-bimatrix games, and show that some associated computational problems are as hard as in the general case.
Working with the YMCA to implement the Diabetes Prevention Program.

The solution is already known, but reversing the de- cline in healthy lifestyle behaviors and increases in obe- sity will require profound individual commitment, social will, and environmental change. Although policy solu- tions hold promise, changes in the social, cultural, and physical environment take time, and these more funda- mental solutions may prove insufficient for addressing the imminent risk of diabetes for tens of millions of Americans already living with prediabetes today. Those individuals need programs immediately that provide ed- ucation, counseling, problem-solving, and ongoing sup- port for more healthful lifestyle behaviors in the midst of an existing environment that makes physical activity and healthy eating difficult and costly. 2
AUTONOMIC BALANCE CHANGES DURING THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Five female students were each tested 5 days a week throughout one menstrual cycle with a 3 day overlap into the next cycle. The autonomic variables reported are: sub-lingual temperature, heart period, diastolic blood pressure, palmar and volar conductance, salivary output, and log conductance change. These measures were taken in order to estimate autonomic factor scores (Ā). Significant menstrual phase differences in Ā scores and sub-lingual temperature were demonstrated. The Ā score estimates an autonomic factor for an individual at a particular time; low scores represent relative sympathetic nervous system (SNS) dominance. During menses, the follicular, and the ovulatory phases, Ā scores were higher; during the luteal phase the Ā scores were lowest. It was concluded that high estrogen levels are accompanied by decreased SNS function.
Interlanguage migration: from scripts to programs

As scripts grow into full-fledged applications, programmers should want to port portions of their programs from scripting languages to languages with sound and rich type systems. This form of interlanguage migration ensures type-safety and provides minimal guarantees for reuse in other applications, too.In this paper, we present a framework for expressing this form of interlanguage migration. Given a program that consists of modules in the untyped lambda calculus, we prove that rewriting one of them in a simply typed lambda calculus produces an equivalent program and adds the expected amount of type safety, i.e., code in typed modules can't go wrong. To ensure these guarantees, the migration process infers constraints from the statically typed module and imposes them on the dynamically typed modules in the form of behavioral contracts.
Explicit solution of an optimization problem

A simply statedn-variable constrained optimization problem, useful as a test problem, is explicitly solved. It has a large number of easily described local optima.
Speed of oral and written responding

Subjects were given three trials to speak and to write as fast as they could both the alphabet and a set of two-digit numbers. The speed of oral responding was approximately six syllables per second for letters and seven syllables per second for digits. The speed for writing was approximately two items per second for both digits and letters. Correlations between tasks within the same mode were all significant (p <.01); correlations between modes on the same task were usually not. Implications for research in verbal learning and memory are discussed.
Influence of the Environment and Probes on Rapid DNA Sequencing via Transverse Electronic Transport

We study theoretically the feasibility of using transverse electronic transport within a nanopore for rapid DNA sequencing. Specifically, we examine the effects of the environment and detection probes on the distinguishability of the DNA bases. We find that the intrinsic measurement bandwidth of the electrodes helps the detection of single bases by averaging over the current distributions of each base. We also find that although the overall magnitude of the current may change dramatically with different detection conditions, the intrinsic distinguishability of the bases is not significantly affected by pore size and transverse field strength. The latter is the result of very effective stabilization of the DNA by the transverse field induced by the probes, so long as that field is much larger than the field that drives DNA through the pore. In addition, the ions and water together effectively screen the charge on the nucleotides, so that the electron states participating in the transport properties of the latter ones resemble those of the uncharged species. Finally, water in the environment has negligible direct influence on the transverse electrical current.
USTAAD — An interactive pedagogical aid for elementary electronic circuit analysis

Describes USTAAD, a Computer Aided Learning (CAL) program which provides self-paced test and drill facilities in elementary electronics circuit analysis. Circuits, either synthesized or user-specified, are displayed on the user's terminal. The user can be quizzed on electrical properties of these circuits and/or he can interactively analyze them. A sophisticated calculator frees the user from paper-and-pencil calculations, and an adequate editing facility allows interactive circuit design. The integration of USTAAD's varied capabilities and the environmental features of USTAAD are emphasized.
Scattering of emitted radiation from inhomogeneous and nonisothermal layers

A parametric study is performed for the exiting monochromatic intensities scattered from finite plane-parallel inhomogeneous layers that are driven solely by a distribution of thermal sources. Intensities are obtained by invariantly imbedding the standard and thermal scattering functions. The single-scattering albedo and the Henyey-Greenstein phase-function parameter are varied independently, and both linear and exponential profiles are considered. Linear temperature profiles are used, including temperature inversions. The resulting intensities, as a function of the direction cosine of propagation, are discussed from a remote-sensing point of view. For an isothermal and homogeneous medium, the gross characteristics of the exiting intensity, represented by its overall slope, mean value (magnitude), and an interior maximum value, can be related to the total optical depth, single-scattering albedo, and phase function, respectively. For a homogeneous medium, linearly decreasing (in the line of sight) temperature profiles tend to obscure the phase-function information and decrease the apparent optical depth. On the other hand, linearly increasing temperature profiles tend to retain phase-function information and increase the apparent optical depth. Temperature inversion profiles give intensities very similar to those for purely linear profiles.
Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) affects yield and quality of wheat

The effect of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), feeding on yield and quality of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., was studied in the greenhouse and field. Cages were used to contain the aphids and to exclude natural enemies. Greenhouse experiments showed that plant height, shoot weight, and number of spikes were significantly reduced by Russian wheat aphid feeding through the jointing stage. Yield per plant was significantly reduced by infestation through the heading stage. In 1987-1988 and in 1988-1989, field study yields were significantly reduced by fall and spring periods of infestation. Yield was significantly affected by fall and spring infestations in 1987-1988 but not in 1988-1989. The economic injury levels for the spring infestations of 1988 and 1989 were 0.9 and 2.4 aphids per seven plants, respectively; those for the fall period of infestation were higher at 2.2 and 4.0, respectively. Tested only following the spring period of infestation, both protein content and mixing time of the resulting flour were reduced by the Russian wheat aphid. However, mixing time was still within the acceptable range (1.5-3.0 min) for bread-making.
C-glycosyl compounds bind to receptors on the surface of Escherichia coli and can target proteins to the organism

Abstract A series of C -mannopyranosyl derivatives have been synthesized and their inhibitory activity towards the receptor-mediated adheson of E. coli to yeast cells has been tested. Total inhibition of yeast-cell agglutination by C -glycosyl derivatives 4 and 9 is achieved at a concentration approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of methyl α- d -mannopyranoside, indicating that the binding affinity to the receptor is related to the hydrophobicity of the carbon-linked side chain. A. biotin-linked C -glycosyl derivative of mannose (compound 9 ) has been synthesized and used to target avidin and streptavidin to the bacterial cell surface. Of the C -glycosyl derivatives tested in our study, the conjugate of compound 9 with avidin had the highest avidity for the bacterial receptors, inhibiting agglutination at a concentration three orders of magnitude lower than methyl α- d -mannopyranoside. The use of such bifunctional compounds as the mannose-biotin conjugate 9 is a general strategy to target molecules to pathogenic organisms via their cell-surface carbohydrate receptors and to change the antigenicity of the bacterial cell surface.
Religious change and alcohol use: An application of reference group and socialization theory

This paper illustrates how religiosity influences behavior in everyday life by investigating the link between religious change and alcohol consumption. Reference group and socialization theory provide theoretical grounds for understanding this relationship.
Hands-on Workshop Tablet PCs in Higher Education and Research

Tablet PCs are one of the newest innovations in the computing and communications world. These devices consist of a standard notebook PC configured with a screen (tablet/slate) which acts as both a display device as well as an input device. A stylus or pen can be used to input standard mouse-type commands as well as gesture commands and electronic ink drawings. Native tablet operating systems support the use of this new input capability allowing users to input basic commands and drawings, while also facilitating the creation of innovative applications by software developers. Typical tablet PCs also include built-in wireless networking hardware that allows the user to relatively easily communicate in localized ad hoc networks or over the broader Internet.
Radiation and Electrical Safety Systems for PEP

At SLAC, the Personnel Protection System (PPS) protects people from radiation hazards. For PEP, the system has been expanded to include protection against electrical and RF hazards. This paper describes the overall system design, giving particular attention to the novel features not found in similar systems in other areas of SLAC. These include the "Restricted Access Mode" to allow limited occupancy in the ring while high voltage or RF may be present, the automatic badge reader system for improving the efficiency of entry logging and control, and the solid state lighting control system for switching large lighting loads with minimum electromagnetic interference.
Linguistics for L2 Teachers

Contents: Preface. Introduction. Some Basic Features of Language and Communication. Words and Dictionaries. English Use and Usage. Social Conventions and English Use. American English Variations. Meaning and Signification.
Using omega-3 fatty acids to treat persistent atrial fibrillation: Time to fish or cut bait?

r t Recently, Kowey et al performed a controlled, prospecive, multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing precription-grade omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs) from fish oil o placebo to determine efficacy in preventing recurrent ymptomatic paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation AF). Fish oil was ineffective when given at a dose of 8 g/d or a week followed by 4 g/d through week 24. For the 105 atients randomized with persistent AF, 33% (n 18) in the lacebo group and 50% (n 32) in the fish oil group had documented recurrent symptomatic AF. In a prior commentary, I (B.O.) stated: “It is safe to say, based on this wellcontrolled rather definitive randomized clinical trial, that PUFAs have no role in the management of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation.” Similar results suggesting no enefit were found in another randomized trial and in a trial valuating the prevention of new-onset AF in the postopertive period, although data from an open-label study showed diametrically opposite results. A meta-analysis inicated no benefit from PUFAs to prevent AF. Since then, in contradistinction to these “rather definitive” data, Nodari et al reported results from a recent ouble-blind placebo-controlled study showing that PUFAs lus amiodarone conferred long-term benefit for patients ith persistent AF. Now, Kumar et al find that PUFA upplementation reduced recurrent persistent AF after carioversion. At 90 days, 38.5% of the PUFA group vs 77.5% f the control group had a recurrence of persistent AF. Not nly did more patients in the PUFA group have pharmacologic eversion to sinus rhythm compared with controls (12.1% vs .4%; P .05), but those who underwent electrical cardioverion did substantially better as well. The mean time to persisent AF recurrence was 190 days in the PUFA group vs 77 ays in the control group (P .001). The median time to ecurrence was 201 days in the PUFA group compared with 32 ays in the control group. This is nearly 7 times better. These ndings were strengthened by longer AF duration and lesser
Development of Empirical Estimators for Feedback Control of High-Speed Axisymmetric Jets

of the unforced jet has been developed. An existing direct numerical simulation database, with a configuration similar to previous experiments, formed the testbed for this modeling phase. Real-time flow state estimation is a challenging problem in the implementation of feedback control for such complex flows of practical interest. Sensing the pressure in the irrotational near field close to the nozzle exit offers a suitable nonintrusive measurement that is drivenbythejet’sshearlayerdynamics.Owingtoconvection,suchaconfigurationnaturallyresultsinthemeasured pressure having a time lead compared with the state of the reduced-order model, which is very useful for feedback control. The sensing configuration used consists of an azimuthal ring array along with a linear array. Several estimation strategies are implemented and assessed using the numerical database. The time-invariant version of the linear Kalman filter is shown to have similar or better accuracy compared with a quadratic stochastic estimator, whichinturnsignificantlyoutperformsalinearstochasticestimator.The filterisonlyascomputationallycomplexas the linear stochastic estimator, thereby making it the strategy of choice.
The hausdorff metric and measurable selections

Abstract We construct measurable selections for closed set-valued maps into arbitrary complete metric spaces. We do not need to make any separability assumptions. We view the set-valued maps as point-valued maps into the hyperspace and our measurability assumptions arethe usual kinds of measurability of point-valued maps in this setting. We also discuss relationship of these measurability conditions to the ones usually considered in the theory of measurable selections.
Effect of ethanol on synaptosomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in control and ethanol-dependent rats.

Abstract Rats were made dependent upon ethanol by feeding them liquid diets containing ethanol. Synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) were isolated from cerebral cortex and midbrain regions of isocaloric-fed control and ethanol-dependent rats. No major alcohol-induced alteration in in vitro (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity was found in SPM of either brain area. At 37 °C, ethanol (0.10 to 0.98 m ) added to incubations caused a dose-dependent inhibition of (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity. The degree of inhibition found was independent of the diet administered or whether ethanol was present in the diet. At temperatures between 14 and 22 °C, 0.48 m ethanol caused a temperature-dependent decrease in activity. Arrhenius plots for SPM (Na + + K + )-ATPase showed that in control and ethanol-dependent rats fed the Lieber de Carli diet, 0.48 m ethanol did not alter the transition temperature of this enzyme. Activation energies both above and below the transition temperature were decreased by the addition of ethanol to incubations. These results indicate that (Na + + K + )-ATPase, a membrane-bound enzyme that is sensitive to its lipid environment and to the presence of ethanol, is not altered by the chronic administration of ethanol to rats.
On some variational principles in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous elasticity

Abstract I n previous papers (H ashin and S htrikman 1961a, b) the authors have established some new variational principles in the linear theory of elasticity for isotropic nonhomogeneous bodies with prescribed surface displacements. These have been applied to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials. The present work is concerned with the generalization of these principles to anisotropic and nonhomogeneous elasticity ‡ and the establishment of similar variational principles for a body with prescribed surface tractions. An accompanying paper deals with the application of these variational principles to the theory of the elastic behaviour of polycrystals.
Mast cells and eosinophils in mastocytosis, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, and non-clonal disorders.

Mast cells and eosinophils often travel in the same biologic circles. In non-clonal states, such as allergic and inflammatory conditions, cell-to-cell contact and the pleiotropic actions of multiple cytokines and chemokines, derived from local tissues or mast cells themselves, foster the co-recruitment of these cells to the same geographic cellular niche. While eosinophils and mast cells serve critical roles as part of the host immune response and in maintenance of normal homeostasis, these cell types can undergo neoplastic transformation due to the development of clonal molecular abnormalities that arise in early hematopoietic progenitors. The dysregulated tyrosine kinases, D816V KIT and FIP1L1-PDGFRA, are the prototypic oncogenic lesions resulting in systemic mastocytosis (SM) and chronic eosinophilic leukemia, respectively. We review the pathobiology of these myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) with a focus on the relationship between mast cells and eosinophils, and discuss murine models, which further elucidate how the phenotype of these diseases can be influenced by stem cell factor (SCF) and expression of the potent eosinophilopoietic cytokine, interleukin-5 (IL-5). Therapy of SM and FIP1L1-PDGFRA –positive disease and the prognostic relevance of increased peripheral blood and tissue mast cells in hematolymphoid malignancies will also be addressed.
Frankia produces a hydroxamate siderophore under iron limitation

Abstract Frankia strain 52065, a nitrogen‐fixing symbiont of the actinorhizal plant, Ceanothus americanus, was grown under both iron‐replete and iron‐limited culture conditions. Cells were monitored over time for both growth and siderophore production. Culture media was tested for the presence of siderophores using a combination of chemical and Chromatographic techniques. Both iron‐replete and iron‐limited cultures tested negative for catechol structures using the Arnow assay. The Csaky test for hydroxamate structures showed an increase in activity with increasing age of culture, reaching a maximal production of 87 nmolar N per ml supernatant in iron‐limited cultures of Frankia on day 65. Iron‐replete cultures were consistently negative for the presence of hydroxamates throughout their growth cycle. An HPLC assay for the detection of iron‐55 labelled siderophores indicated a single iron‐binding compound eluting at 12.3 minutes. This peak was first detected in iron‐limited culture supernatant during the ea...
The issue of harmonic injection from utility integrated photovoltaic systems. I. The harmonic source

The role of the photovoltaic (PV) system as a harmonic noise injector is investigated and the various aspects of PV power converter design that affect harmonic injection are discussed. It is concluded that small, residential-sized units, if greatly proliferated, are the greatest source of concern to utilities, as larger systems are typically designed to the interconnected utility's specification. Techniques are available to limit the harmonic output of these smaller units without resorting to bulky, expensive filtering. >
Predicting warfarin dosage in European-Americans and African-Americans using DNA samples linked to an electronic health record

Aim: Warfarin pharmacogenomic algorithms reduce dosing error, but perform poorly in non-European–Americans. Electronic health record (EHR) systems linked to biobanks may allow for pharmacogenomic analysis, but they have not yet been used for this purpose. Patients & methods: We used BioVU, the Vanderbilt EHR-linked DNA repository, to identify European–Americans (n = 1022) and African–Americans (n = 145) on stable warfarin therapy and evaluated the effect of 15 pharmacogenetic variants on stable warfarin dose. Results: Associations between variants in VKORC1, CYP2C9 and CYP4F2 with weekly dose were observed in European–Americans as well as additional variants in CYP2C9 and CALU in African–Americans. Compared with traditional 5 mg/day dosing, implementing the US FDA recommendations or the International Warfarin Pharmacogenomics Consortium (IWPC) algorithm reduced error in weekly dose in European–Americans (13.5–12.4 and 9.5 mg/week, respectively) but less so in African–Americans (15.2–15.0 and 13.8 mg/week,...
The Effects of Presenting High-Preference Items, Paired With Choice, Via Computer-Based Video Programming on Task Completion of Students With Autism:

Task completion time Was substantially decreased for tWo middle school students With a diagnosis of moderate mental retardation and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) folloWing the presentation of high-preference items and choice via a computer-based video program. The study used an ABAB design to evaluate the effects of the program compared to tangible high-preference items presented in baseline. Students' time to complete three tasks decreased immediately folloWing the introduction of the computer-based program. Results are discussed in terms of the advantages of this approach as one solution for providing novel and highly reinforcing activities to students With a diagnosis of ASD.
Selection of a Representative Sample

Sometimes a larger dataset needs to be reduced to just a few points, and it is desirable that these points be representative of the whole dataset. If the future uses of these points are not fully specified in advance, standard decision-theoretic approaches will not work. We present here methodology for choosing a small representative sample based on a mixture modeling approach.
Fault tolerant hypercube networks with minimal redundancy

The popularity of hypercube networks motivated several researchers to propose and study fault-tolerant hypercube-based networks. We establish the lower bound on hardware redundancy that is necessary to tolerate a single node or link failure. We introduce a hypercube-based network with one extra node and four extra links and prove that the network is one node (link) Hamiltonian. We also prove that no less than four extra links can be employed to tolerate any single failure. The proposed network which is attractive for small size networks can be utilized as the building block of large size, highly efficient, hypercube networks capable of tolerating multiple faults. >
Thermo-mechanical reactivation of locked crystal mushes: Melting-induced internal fracturing and assimilation processes in magmas

Abstract Thermal reactivation of locked crystal mushes in the upper crust is a fundamental step towards volcanic eruptions of crystal-rich magmas. Models of such reactivation events indicate that partial melting of the crystalline framework is energetically costly and lead to average crystallinities that are lower than those observed in many erupted crystal mushes. Here, we show that internal overpressurization of the mush induced by small amounts of melting (10–20 % ) breaks the crystalline framework by microfracturing and allows for efficient unlocking of the mush. Hence, this melting-induced overpressurization, enhanced by addition of gas in wet magmatic systems, plays an important role in generating volcanic deposits with crystal contents close to the rheological lock-up (∼ 50 vol % crystals) by accelerating the incorporation of highly crystalline parts of the magma chamber (self-assimilation). It can also participate in disintegrating pieces of country rock that are commonly scavenged in magmas, leading to bulk assimilation of crustal lithologies in shallow reservoirs.
Some linear syzygy conjectures

In this paper we introduce four conjectures refining a very useful result of Mark Green’s on the linear part of the free resolution of a graded module over a polynomial ring. We prove a number of special cases of the conjectures, including all cases pertaining to modules over a polynomial ring in at most four variables. In a later paper we will give a complete classification of the nets of skew-symmetric transformations on a Sdimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field, from which we deduce that our conjectures are true in five variables as well.
Estimating Attendance at Major League Baseball Games for the 2007 Season

Using games from Major League Baseball’s 2007 season, individual game attendance is estimated using censored normal regression with home-team fixed-effects. Included in the model are several factors affecting attendance, such as divisional and interleague rivalries, that to date have been omitted from the literature. The relationship between attendance and game characteristics is shown to be fundamentally different between small market and large market teams. Attendance is also shown to steadily increase as the probability that the home team will win the game increases, which stands in contrast to the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis that predicts that attendance will eventually decrease if the home team’s chance of winning the game gets too large.
Targeting sigma receptors: novel medication development for drug abuse and addiction

Psychostimulant abuse is a serious health and societal problem in industrialized and developing countries. However, the identification of an effective pharmacotherapy to treat it has remained elusive. It has long been known that many psychostimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine, interact with sigma receptors in the brain and heart, offering a logical target for medication development efforts. However, selective pharmacological agents and molecular biological tools have only recently become available to rigorously evaluate these receptors as viable medication development targets. The current review will summarize provocative preclinical data, demonstrating the ability of sigma receptor antagonists and antisense oligonucleotides to ameliorate cocaine-induced convulsions, lethality, locomotor activity and sensitization, and conditioned place-preference in rodents. Recent studies suggest that the protective effects of sigma receptor antagonists also extend to actions produced by methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ethanol and other abused substances. Together, the data indicate that targeting sigma receptors, particularly the σ(1)-subtype, may offer an innovative approach for combating the effects of cocaine, and perhaps other abused substances.
Parasitic Spectral Lines in High Speed Generation of Binary Maximum Length Sequences

Adding modulo-2 a binary maximum length sequence to its replica delayed by half the maximal length, N , results in the same sequence but at twice the bit rate. The error in the spectral density of the resulting sequence which is created by delaying the replica by (N/2) + \epsilon instead of N/2 is examined, and the analytical formulas are derived.
Display Behavior and Habitat Use in Single and Mixed Populations of Anolis carolinensis and Anolis sagrei Lizards

Introduced species can have a variety of effects on the behavior and ecology of native species. We compared display behavior and habitat use of introduced Anolis sagrei and native Anolis carolinensis lizards across three sites in Southern Louisiana. The chosen sites were similar in that they were all located in urban settings with clumped vegetation. The first site contained only A. sagrei, the second supported sympatric A. sagrei and A. carolinensis populations, and the third site harbored only A. carolinensis. We found that (1) A. carolinensis perched significantly higher when A. sagrei was present, consistent with previous studies, whereas perch height of A. sagrei was not altered by the presence of A. carolinensis; (2) A. carolinensis in single and mixed sites exhibited different proportions of display types, with individuals at the mixed Tulane site performing significantly more C displays than those at the single site; and (3) Anolis sagrei at the Tulane mixed site exhibited less push-ups than those in the site with A. sagrei alone. These data suggest that the arrival of congeners can affect display behavior of anoles, although such effects are different for the natives and the invaders.
Captopril pharmacokinetics and the acute hemodynamic and hormonal response in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure

Abstract Twelve patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) underwent simultaneous evaluation of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and neurohumoral actions of a single 25 mg oral dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (CPT). Following drug administration, which raised plasma renin activity (PRA) and thereby indicated significant ACE inhibition, both free (unchanged) and total CPT (including active metabolites) were detectable in the blood within 40 minutes and peak blood levels of the agent were recorded 1 hour after CPT. Total CPT concentration was higher and persisted longer than free CPT, which became virtually nondetectable 8 hours after ingestion. Concomitantly, left ventricular function was markedly augmented by the oral ACE inhibition in all patients, with the magnitude of this improvement being closely related to the baseline PRA. Thus, the overall hemodynamic response to CPT, which rapidly appears in the bloodstream following drug intake in patients with advanced CHF, is a function of the extent of baseline renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity.
Extending PKI Interoperability in Computational Grids

One of the most successful working examples of virtual organizations, computational grids need authentication mechanisms that inter-operate across domain boundaries. Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs) provide sufficient flexibility to allow resource managers to securely grant access to their systems in such distributed environments. However, as PKIs grow and services are added to enhance both security and usability, users and applications must struggle to discover available resources-particularly when the Certification Authority (CA) is alien to the relying party. This paper1 presents how to overcome these limitations of the current grid authentication model by integrating the PKI Resource Query Protocol (PRQP) into the Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI).
Morning transition tracer experiments in a deep narrow valley

Abstract Three sulfur hexafluoride atmospheric tracer experiments were conducted during the post-sunrise temperature inversion breakup period in the deep, narrow Brush Creek Valley of Colorado. Experiments were conducted under clear, undisturbed weather conditions. A continuous elevated tracer plume was produced along the axis of the valley before sunrise and the behavior of the plume during the inversion breakup period was detected down-valley from the release point using an array of radio-controlled sequential bag samplers, a vertical SF6 profiling system carried on a tethered balloon, two portable gas chromatographs operated on a sidewall of the valley, and a continuous real-time SF6 monitor operated from a research aircraft. Supporting meteorological data came primarily from tethered balloon profilers. The nocturnal elevated plume was carried and diffused in down-valley flows. After sunrise, convective boundary layers grew upward from the sunlit valley surfaces, fumigating the elevated plume onto the ...
Subgroups of Binary Relations

A binary relation defined on a set containing n elements can be interpreted as an n × n incidence matrix. Such matrix may be taken either over the two element boolean algebra or over the field Z2 . The main purpose of this paper is to study the incidence subgroups and the collineation subgroups of semigroups of binary relations. In doing so we shall not only obtain a partial solution to Ryser’s Conjecture (see [13], p. 123) but we shall also obtain some combinatorial results concerning the incidence subsemigroups of semigroups of binary relations.
The Effect of Deposition Parameters on Tensile Properties of Pulse-Plated Nanocrystalline Nickel

The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated for pulse-plated nanocrystalline nickel electrodeposits prepared from an additive-free sulfamate-based solution. Square-wave cathodic current densities were varied from 25 to 75 mA/cm 2 . The samples deposited at 25 mA/cm 2 showed the smallest grain size (d ∼ 12 nm), and the grain size was found to increase with increasing current densities. The grain size of the electrodeposits ranged from approximately 27 to 12 nm. Tensile results indicated that the yield strength of the specimens increased with decreasing grain size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that all electrodeposits fractured through a ductile mechanism.
The Fidelity of Local Ordinal Encoding

A key question in neuroscience is how to encode sensory stimuli such as images and sounds. Motivated by studies of response properties of neurons in the early cortical areas, we propose an encoding scheme that dispenses with absolute measures of signal intensity or contrast and uses, instead, only local ordinal measures. In this scheme, the structure of a signal is represented by a set of equalities and inequalities across adjacent regions. In this paper, we focus on characterizing the fidelity of this representation strategy. We develop a regularization approach for image reconstruction from ordinal measures and thereby demonstrate that the ordinal representation scheme can faithfully encode signal structure. We also present a neurally plausible implementation of this computation that uses only local update rules. The results highlight the robustness and generalization ability of local ordinal encodings for the task of pattern classification.
Melting and crystallization of IUPAC low‐density polyethylenes—characterization by differential scanning calorimetry

Melting and crystallization measurements were made on three low-density polyethylenes claimed to be chemically similar and to have comparable flow behavior, but exhibiting differences in processing and end-use properties. These IUPAC-characterized materials were found to possess almost indistinguishable DSC melting curves obtained from the original polymers or for samples isothermally crystallized in this work. However, in isothermal melt crystallization experiments that were made at high sensitivity, readily distinguishable features were found, thus highlighting the DSC procedure as a useful, simple, and valid means of detecting subtle differences in the crystallizability. These differences are more easily revealed in solidification than in melt flow curves and are undoubtedly correlatable with physical processing where crystallization plays a significant role in determining the material end-product behavior of semicrystalline polymers.
The Taliban Insurgency and an Analysis of Shabnamah (Night Letters)

The Taliban has recently re-emerged on the Afghan scene with vengeance. Five years after being defeated in Afghanistan by a US coalition, the resurgent Taliban, backed by al-Qaeda, are mounting an increasingly virulent insurgency, especially in the east and south, near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. The Taliban now represents a significant challenge to the survival of President Hamid Karzai's government. This article assesses the narrative strategy the Taliban has employed to garner support with the Afghan people. Specifically, this paper assesses the narratives of Taliban shabnamah, commonly referred to as 'night letters' in an effort unravel what the Taliban represents.
A factorization-based framework for passivity-preserving model reduction of RLC systems

We present a framework for passivity-preserving model reduction for RLC systems that includes, as a special case, the well-known PRIMA model reduction algorithm. This framework provides a new interpretation for PRIMA, and offers a qualitative explanation as to why PRIMA performs remarkably well in practice. In addition, the framework enables the derivation of new error bounds for PRIMA-like methods. We also show how the framework offers a systematic approach to computing reduced-order models that better approximate the original system than PRIMA, while still preserving passivity.
Hemodynamic changes in rat leg muscles during tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury observed by near-infrared spectroscopy

In this study, we hypothesized that non-invasive continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) can determine the severity or reversibility of muscle damage due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and the results will be highly correlated with those from physical examination and histological analysis. To test this hypothesis, we performed CWNIRS measurements on two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats ( approximately 400 g) that underwent 2 h (n = 6) or 3 h (n = 7) of pneumatic tourniquet application (TKA). Tissue oxyhemoglobin [HbO(2)] and deoxyhemoglobin [Hb] concentration changes were monitored during the 2 h or 3 h of 250 mmHg TKA and for an additional 2 h post-TKA. Rats were euthanized 24 h post-TKA and examined for injury, edema and viability of muscles. Contralateral muscles served as controls for each animal. In both groups, [HbO(2)] dropped immediately, then gradually decreased further after TKA and then recovered once the tourniquet was released. However, releasing after 2 h of TKA caused [HbO(2)] to overshoot above the baseline during reperfusion while the 3 h group continued to have lower [HbO(2)] than baseline. We found a significant correlation between the elapsed time from tourniquet release to the first recovery peak of [HbO(2)] and the muscle weight ratio between tourniquet and contralateral limb muscles (R = 0.86). Hemodynamic patterns from non-invasive CWNIRS demonstrated significant differences between 2 h and 3 h I/R. The results demonstrate that CWNIRS may be useful as a non-invasive prognostic tool for conditions involving vascular compromise such as extremity compartment syndrome.
Automated Negotiations in Web Service Procurement

Any Web service procurement involves complex negotiations on non-functional requirements in order to obtain an integrative solution for both the provider and consumer perspectives. Software that facilitates automated Web service procurement negotiations is valuable not only for the consumers and providers to continuously bargain for their customizations and tailor their offerings, but also to discover overlooked alternative solutions and to maintain documented rationales for future references and reuse. To date, software frameworks and mechanisms that provide flexible environments to support automated negotiations in web service procurement are lagging. This paper presents a tradeoff-based automated negotiation approach to support Web service procurement. The approach employs an iterative tradeoff mechanism for evaluating opponent's offers and generating counter-offers of mutual gain based on selected quality of service parameters. The paper presents the negotiation approach in details along with an illustrated case study of negotiation in Web service procurement for a medical insurance company.