cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter Quarters: November, 1829 February, 1830

The winter of 1829–1830 was one of the worst in the history of western Europe. Some wealthy Parisians learned the novelty of ice-skating on the Seine, but for the poor of Paris, this cruelty of nature meant a challenge to their miserable quest for survival. Private philanthropists responded with a record number of soup kitchens and the press asked for charitable contributions. For literary citizens and playgoers, the cold season was warmed by a great clash of “classics” and “romantics” — its centerpiece a play called Hernani, written by the rising dramatist, Victor Hugo. For the opposition journalists, infused with a new and aggressive spirit, winter was a time for mounting forces and digging editorial trenches. And, at the Tuileries during these months, an Ultra, but divided, Ministry found an opportunity to consolidate and plan its offensive against the Left.
Teaching sequential tasks with repetition through demonstration

For robots to become prevalent in human environments, the robots need to be able to perform complex tasks often involving sequential repetition of actions. In this work, we present a demonstration-based approach to teach a robot generalized plans for performing sequential tasks with repetitions. We introduce action definitions through perception. Using the action definitions and the demonstration, the robot learns a task specific plan for tasks containing repetition of sub-sequences.
Influence of MgO and Sc2O3 passivation on AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors

Unpassivated AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors show significant gate lag effects due to the presence of surface states in the region between the gate and drain contact. Low-temperature (100 °C) layers of MgO or Sc2O3 deposited by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy are shown to effectively mitigate the collapse in drain current through passivation of the surface traps. These dielectrics may have advantages over the more conventional SiNX passivation in terms of long-term device stability.
Nondestructive Characterization of Molecular Structures at Buried Copper/Epoxy Interfaces and Their Relationship to Locus of Failure Analysis

Delamination at heterogeneous metal/polymer interfaces during reliability testing of packaged devices continues to be a reliability issue in microelectronic packaging. Although interfacial adhesion properties are largely determined by molecular structures at buried interfaces, structure-property relationships at buried metal/polymer interfaces are not well understood due to a lack of nondestructive interface sensitive analytical techniques. In this paper, methodology was developed to nondestructively characterize the molecular structure at buried copper/epoxy interfaces in situ using infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The methodology was applied to elucidate the relationship between molecular structure at the buried copper/epoxy interface and delamination behavior by correlating molecular structure with the locus of failure analysis. SFG and locus of failure analysis suggest that molecular ordering and silane behavior at the copper interface both contribute to a gradient in network structure and mechanical properties near the copper interface which was correlated with a locus of failure at an interfacial weak zone. The combined destructive and nondestructive characterization methodology developed here is general and can be directly applied to selectively characterize relationships between molecular structure at buried metal/polymer interfaces and interfacial properties such as adhesion, delamination, and interfacial moisture transport during Joint Electron Device Engineering Council qualification testing.
Marking Streets to Improve Parking Density

Street parking spots for automobiles are a scarce commodity in most urban environments. The heterogeneity of car sizes makes it inefficient to rigidly define fixed-sized spots. Instead, unmarked streets in cities like New York leave placement decisions to individual drivers, who have no direct incentive to maximize street utilization. In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of two different behavioral interventions designed to encourage better parking, namely (1) educational campaigns to encourage parkers to "kiss the bumper" and reduce the distance between themselves and their neighbors, or (2) painting appropriately-spaced markings on the street and urging drivers to "hit the line". Through analysis and simulation, we establish that the greatest densities are achieved when lines are painted to create spots roughly twice the length of average-sized cars. Kiss-the-bumper campaigns are in principle more effective than hit-the-line for equal degrees of compliance, although we believe that the visual cues of painted lines induce better parking behavior.
Late Industrialization and Women's Work in Urban South Korea: An Ethnographic Study of Upper–Middle–Class Families

LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA has affected gender relationships and class relationships, both of which can be observed in urban families. This article focuses on the nature of women's work and family structure in upper- middle-class families, which most urban studies of developing countries have ignored. It contrasts existing models of female labor-force participation with the voices of upper-middle-class housewives who engage in various labor activities to enhance the social status of the family. The article argues that the "economic miracle" of South Korea is closely related to the patriarchal family ideology of upper–middle–class families, and that families function as "shock absorbers" in the rapid advance of late-industrial capitalism. Not only men's productive work, but also women's reproductive work, is highly valued, by the state and by the society in general, for its contribution to rapid economic development. Late industrialization is a complex process that provides both liberating and oppressive contexts for gender practices and creates contradictory interpretations of gender roles. [South Korea, late industrialization, gender, class, urban families]
A developmental context for multiple genetic alterations in Wilms' tumor

SUMMARY Wilms’ tumor has served as an example of Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis of recessive tumor genes, but the genetics has proven to be surprisingly complex. WT1, a tumor suppressor gene on 11p13, is mutated in only a small fraction of Wilms’ tumors, and a second chromosomal region, 11p15, harbors a second Wilms’ tumor gene also involved in other cancers. In addition, loss of genomic imprinting, or parental origin-specific gene expression of at least two genes, appears to be an early step in Wilms’ tumorigenesis and common cancers. Finally, genes on other chromosomes also play a role. I propose a model of Wilms’ tumorigenesis in which multiple genetic alterations act within a specific developmental context, accounting for the epidemiological and pathological heterogeneity of Wilms’ tumor, as well as the tissue specificity of the tumor types arising from alterations in these genes.
The versatility of genioplasty using a broad pedicle

The biologic and clinical foundation for using a broad soft-tissue pedicle genioplasty technique is described. This technique is versatile and stable and produces more predictable soft-tissue changes than previously reported methods of altering chin contour with alloplastic implants. The broad pedicle genioplasty technique has clear advantages over other techniques for procedures such as secondary genioplasty using local anesthesia, concomitant genioplasty and anterior subapical osteotomy, simultaneous genioplasty and submental lipectomy, and segmentalization of the chin to facilitate narrowing or widening.
Optical Design Of An HOE Grating Coupler For Optical Data Storage

The focusing grating coupler (FGC) can be constructed using holographic techniques. Due to the wavelength scaling between the construction of the FGC and its final end-use operation, aberrations exist ill the final spot. A design method is demonstrated, using a commercially available ray trace code, that models the FGC as a holographic optical element (HOE). The method also includes techniques to eliminate the aberrations due to the wavelength scaling.
Evaluation of the Effect of Biaxial Loading on the T o Reference Temperature Using a Cruciform Specimen Geometry

A series of 12 cruciform geometry fracture toughness specimens has recently been tested using A533B base plate obtained from the decommissioned Shoreham plant pressure vessel. Specimens were tested at −100°C, placing them in the lower ductile to brittle transition of this ferritic structural steel. The overall objective of this work is to compare the results of these biaxial cruciform tests to the results of standard and shallow crack fracture toughness tests to assess the effect of biaxial loading on the measured master curve and the To reference temperature as defined by ASTM E 1921. Previous work done at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) appeared to demonstrate an increase in the To reference temperature due to the presence of the biaxial stress field established in the cruciform test geometry. Because of the cost of the ORNL tests, only a few specimens could be run, and full statistical support of the “biaxial effect” could not be demonstrated. A second goal is to demonstrate that smaller size specimens, and hence lower cost tests, can be used to evaluate the magnitude of the biaxial effect in nuclear reactor pressure vessel materials. This report presents a brief overview of the test procedure, presents the test results, and compares the results to the database available on standard and shallow crack fracture toughness results available for the Shoreham plate material.
Visual analysis of large dental imaging data in caries research

With dental imaging data acquired at unprecedented speed and resolution, traditional serial image processing and single-node storage need to be re-examined in a “BigData” context. Furthermore, most previous dental computing has focused on the actual imaging acquisition and image analysis tools, while much less research has focused on enabling caries assessment via visual analysis of large dental imaging data. In this paper we present DENVIS, an end-to-end solution for cariologists to manage, mine, visualize, and analyze large dental imaging data for investigative carious lesion studies. DENVIS consists of two main parts: data driven image analysis modules triggered by imaging data acquisition that exploit parallel MapReduce tasks and ingest visualization archive into a distributed NoSQL store, and user driven modules that allow investigative analysis at run time. DENVIS has seen early use by our collaborators in oral health research, where our system has been used to pose and answer domain-specific questions for quantitative assessment of dynamic carious lesion activities.
The Changing Spectrum of Neonatal Meningitis Over a Fifteen-Year Period

One hundred seventy-seven cases of neonatal meningitis treated at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston over a 15-year period (1974-1988) were reviewed. Over this period, the incidence of bacterial meningitis decreased, the incidence of aseptic meningitis remained stable, and the diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis increased in frequency. During 1984-1988, enterovirus was the most common cause of meningitis in neonates older than seven days and accounted for one third of all cases of neonatal meningitis. Half of all neonates with bacterial meningitis had negative blood cultures. We recommend that 1) diagnostic lumbar puncture remain part of the routine assessment of the neonate with suspected sepsis, and 2) CSF be cultured for enterovirus as well as for bacteria when a neonate older than seven days presents with suspected sepsis.
Gender differences in clinical outcomes for cocaine dependence: Randomized clinical trials of behavioral therapy and disulfiram☆

Background Despite extensive research on gender differences in addiction, there are relatively few published reports comparing treatment outcomes for women versus men based on evidence-based treatments evaluated in randomized clinical trials.
Plasmon shift and radiation amplification induced by transverse interaction

Abstract We show that the combined effect of transverse interaction and correlations induces an upward shift of the plasmon frequency ω( k = 0) accompanied by radiation amplification.
Studies of genetic transmission of murine leukemia virus by akr mice. II. Crosses with fv-1b strains of mice.

The transmission of murine leukemia virus (MLV) to hybrids between AKR and Fv-1b mice was studied in order to evaluate the effect of the Fv-1 gene on endogenous MLV infection and to attempt to determine if the genetic loci contributed by AKR carry viral genetic determinants. Fv-1 was shown to have a marked suppressive effect on time of appearance of detectable infectious virus and on the titers attained in vivo, but did not affect the ability of the cells to produce virus in vitro after induction with 5-iododeoxyuridine. The host range type of the virus detected in the hybrid mice was almost always of the type carried by AKR, although the low-virus Fv-1b parents carry the genome of a different host range type. This finding provides strong, but not conclusive, evidence that the virus-inducing loci of AKR contain MLV genetic determinants.
Schopenhauer's Transformation of the Kantian Sublime

Schopenhauer singles out Kant's theory of the sublime for high praise, calling it ‘by far the most excellent thing in the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement’, yet, in his main discussion of the sublime, he ridicules Kant's explanation as being in the grip of scholastic metaphysics. My first aim in this paper is to sort out Schopenhauer's apparently conflicted appraisal of Kant's theory of the sublime. Next, based on his Nachlas, close readings of published texts and especially of his account of the experience of tragic drama, I offer a reconstruction of Schopenhauer's theory of the sublime which understands it – against prevailing scholarly views – as a transformation of rather than as a real departure from the Kantian explanation. Finally, I suggest that my interpretation of Schopenhauer's theory of the sublime has far-reaching consequences for a proper understanding of his views on freedom.
Water-Immersible MEMS scanning mirror designed for wide-field fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy

By offering images with high spatial resolution and unique optical absorption contrast, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has gained increasing attention in biomedical research. Recent developments in OR-PAM have improved its imaging speed, but have sacrificed either the detection sensitivity or field of view or both. We have developed a wide-field fast-scanning OR-PAM by using a water-immersible MEMS scanning mirror (MEMS-ORPAM). Made of silicon with a gold coating, the MEMS mirror plate can reflect both optical and acoustic beams. Because it uses an electromagnetic driving force, the whole MEMS scanning system can be submerged in water. In MEMS-ORPAM, the optical and acoustic beams are confocally configured and simultaneously steered, which ensures uniform detection sensitivity. A B-scan imaging speed as high as 400 Hz can be achieved over a 3 mm scanning range. A diffraction-limited lateral resolution of 2.4 μm in water and a maximum imaging depth of 1.1 mm in soft tissue have been experimentally determined. Using the system, we imaged the flow dynamics of both red blood cells and carbon particles in a mouse ear in vivo. By using Evans blue dye as the contrast agent, we also imaged the flow dynamics of lymphatic vessels in a mouse tail in vivo. The results show that MEMS-OR-PAM could be a powerful tool for studying highly dynamic and time-sensitive biological phenomena.
Ophthalmological therapy in hospitals (xenones) in Byzantium.

Based on the typikon of the Imperial Monastery of the Pantocrator of Constantinople (12th century) and the manuscripts used in the Byzantine hospitals as well as the published Lives of the Saints and other related sources, it is undeniable that special Ophthalmological departments existed in the xenones of Byzantium. It is also proven, that specific Ophthalmological therapy was practised here including surgery and particularly in the cataract operation. This last operation is attested to, not only by the medical writings of Byzantine writers but also from the therapies of the physician-saints Cosmas and Damian.
Attitudes toward television newswomen

The following paper is based on work first reported at the 1972 annual convention of AEJ, and indicates acceptance of on‐air television newswomen by the results of five surveys of different audience groups plus television news directors. Dr. Stone is professor of journalism and mass communication at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison. Broadcast journalism students Jill Geisler and Barbara Dell assisted in the research, which was supported by grants from the Radio Television News Directors Association and the Research Committee of the Wisconsin Graduate School.
Fundamental Concepts in Japanese and American Copyright Law

With the advent of the information age and the gradual breakdown of physical and legal barriers between nations, the differences in the type and scope of protection of information-based products from country to country becomes a matter of increasing concern to the legal community. The near dominance of Japan and the United States in computer and information-based products, especially computer software, and the already strong mutual economic dependence of the two countries will necessarily lead to steadily increasing exchange of intellectual property related to new technologies. Moreover, both countries have chosen copyright law as the primary vehicle for the legal protection of information-based products. Consequently, and understanding of the similarities and differences in copyright law between the two countries becomes a matter of increasing concern. This article undertakes a study of the fundamental concepts of copyright protection under Japanese law and compares them to related concepts under the copyright law of the United States. Those concepts involve the nature of the works protected (including requirements for originality, creativity, and novelty), the scope of protection (including the idea/expression dichotomy and its relation to the nature of the work), proof of infringement, and fair use defenses. This article begins with an introduction to the relevant provisions of the Japanese Copyright Law, along with the corresponding provisions of the United States Copyright Act. Then it continues with an analysis of the reported cases in Japan that have interpreted the Japanese statutory provisions or similar provisions of earlier statutes. This case analysis is comprehensive, in that the authors have attempted to uncover all reported cases in Japan whose factual holdings are relevant to the fundamental conceptual topics under consideration. Where appropriate for comparative purposes, the article also discusses the case law in the United States.
Electron-Beam Computed Tomography, Coronary Artery Calcium, and Evaluation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Purpose: To briefly review the role of calcium in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and to comprehensively review and analyze studies of coronary artery calcium detected by electron-beam compu...
Social-cognitive aspects of underserved Latinas preparing to undergo genetic cancer risk assessment for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives: As Latinos are a growing ethnic group in the United States, it is important tounderstand the socio-cultural factors that may be associated with cancer screening andprevention in this population. The socio-cultural factors that may aﬀect preparedness toundergo genetic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) deserve particular attention. The pre-GCRAperiod can provide insight into variables that may inﬂuence how medically underserved Latinas,with limited health resources and access, understand hereditary cancer information andsubsequently implement cancer risk management recommendations. This study explores social,cognitive and cultural variables in Latinas prior to undergoing GCRA.Methods: The study sample consisted of low-income, underserved Latinas referred forGCRA because of a personal and/or family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Acculturation,cancer-speciﬁc fatalism, self-eﬃcacy and social support were assessed prior to GCRA.Results: Fifty Latinas (mean age540.177.7) completed instruments; 86% had invasivecancer, 78% spoke primarily Spanish and 61% were of Mexican ancestry. Low levels ofacculturation (n550, mean59.075.8) and cancer-speciﬁc fatalism (n543,mean55.673.2), but relatively high self-eﬃcacy (n549, mean540.977.8) and socialsupport (n549, mean537.378.7) were reported. Cancer-speciﬁc fatalism and self-eﬃcacywere inversely correlated (r5 0.47, p50.002). Those over age 38 at the time of cancerdiagnosis reported higher acculturation (mean511.477.2, p50.02) and social support(mean540.571.2, p50.05).Conclusions: These ﬁndings suggest that medically underserved Latinas may already possesssome of the necessary skills to successfully approach the GCRA process, but that specialattention should be given to cultural factors.Copyright r 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Keywords: cancer; oncology; Latina; BRCA; genetic counseling
Effectiveness of physical exam signs for early detection of critical illness in pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Background Early detection of compensated pediatric septic shock requires diagnostic tests that are sensitive and specific. Four physical exam signs are recommended for detecting pediatric septic shock prior to hypotension (cold extremities, mental status, capillary refill, peripheral pulse quality); this study tested their ability to detect patients who develop organ dysfunction among a cohort of undifferentiated pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients.
Incorporation of Gerontology into Medical Education

: Despite the increasing importance of gerontology to medical practice, it has been difficult to incorporate it into the curriculum of most medical schools. The aim of this project was to explore the feasibility of introducing gerontology into medical education by utilizing the framework of an existing clinical program. A gerontologist used the structure and resources of a Psychiatry Consultation-Liaison Program for this purpose. Three groups of target trainees were identified: psychiatry residents on their Liaison rotation; junior medical students on their psychiatry clerkship; and medical-surgical house officers in the general hospital. The objectives were to impart didactic information and to counteract negative attitudes leading to disinterest in evaluating and treating the elderly. The results indicated a positive impact on all three trainee groups, and a diffusion of the gerontologic innovation from the initial locus of a clinical sub-unit into the medical center and the medical school.
Guidelines for physician training in advanced cardiac procedures: The importance of case mix

In recent years, guidelines have been issued for the standardization of physician training in various advanced cardiac procedures. One area that is often neglected by guidelines committees is the need for an adequate case mix during physician training. Case mix refers to the variety of patients and diseases that the trainee is exposed to during the course of learning a new procedure. Although physicians may perform the requisite number of procedures during their training, if the case mix is inadequate, the physician's competence in performing the procedure and interpreting its results may be inadequate as well.
A behavior model for Australopithecus africanus

Abstract The fossil remains of Australopithecus africanus attest to the widespread practice of homicide and cannibalism. Among living carnivores and primates, the only species to exhibit both cannibalism and intraspecific killing on this scale are Canis lupes , Crocuta crocuta , and Panthera leo . These species share a common diet and a multi-male, territorial group social structure. They probably also shared that with A. africanus . Contemporary primitive societies have more vegetal matter in their diets than these social carnivores but they exhibit similar behavior. This suggests that sometime in the recent past they had more meat in their diets.
Phenotypic characterization of bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines

Cytochemical and immunological markers were used to phenotype the bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines BL-3*, EBL-1, and EBL-2. Southern blot experiments were also performed to test these lines for the presence of proviral bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The BL-3* cell line, originally derived from a case of sporadic bovine leukosis (non BLV-associated) but later infected with BLV in vitro, was found to contain BLV provirus and expressed the BLV-encoded envelope glycoprotein BLV-gp51. BL-3* cells express surface IgM and cytoplasmic IgM as well as class II antigens, and greater than 95% were negative for the T-cell markers B26A, sheep erythrocyte (E) receptors and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (alpha-NB). BL-3* thus appears to be B-cell derived. EBL-1 and EBL-2 were derived from cows with enzootic bovine lymphosarcoma; however, these cell lines were found not to be infected with BLV. Phenotypically, EBL-1 and EBL-2 are mature T-cells, as they were positive for the B26A epitope, alpha-NB, and E receptors. These cell lines also express class II major histocompatibility antigens, indicating an activated state. The T-cell phenotype of EBL-1 and EBL-2 raises interesting questions concerning the possible role of other retroviruses and non BLV-infected transformed T-cells in the development of EBL tumors.
INFRARED ANALYSIS OF LIGAND- AND OXIDATION-INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN HEMOGLOBINS AND MYOGLOBINS

Abstract Effects of the binding of O 2 and CO to heme iron (II) of deoxy forms and of the oxidation of deoxy forms to aquoiron (III) complexes on the infrared spectra of hemoglobins and myoglobins have been examined, Spectra were measured for aqueous solutions 3-4 mM in heme of human, bovine, and equine hemoglobins and sperm whale, bovine, and equine myoglobins in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 20°C. All ligand binding and oxidation reactions resulted in similar spectral shifts in the region 1665 to 1670 cm −1 , a portion of the amide I region assignable to β-turn structure. There were no other significant changes in the amide I region, a finding consistent with no other alterations in secondary structure, The major bands near 1655 cm −1 associated with α-helices were consistently at 2 cm −1 lower wavenumber for myoglobins than for hemoglobins. The changes in solution infrared spectra observed in this study may result at least in part from conformational changes at the FG corner associated with movements of F and E helices that have been noted previously in crystal structures.
Pebbly mud transport in the head of Wilmington Canyon

Abstract Direct visual observation of the Wilmington Canyon axis by research submersible shows that the fill is a very poorly sorted mix of coarse fragments (pebbles, cobbles) dispersed in a muddy matrix. This facies resembles pebbly mudstone units not infrequently associated with ancient deep marine sequences. Earlier dredge, television and camera surveys reveal the widespread nature of slump deposits on the adjacent canyon walls; this type of failure is the major process in the canyon head in terms of sediment volume displaced. Surprisingly, however, only a thin fill occupies the V-shaped axial channel. It is proposed here that down-wall slumps are transformed to debris flow in the axis, and the latter serves as the canyon head flushing mechanism.
Trace/minor element:calcium ratios in cultured benthic foraminifera. Part II: Ontogenetic variation

Abstract Ontogenetic (developmental stage) measurements of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca were made on the benthic foraminifer Bulimina aculeata , which were cultured under controlled physicochemical conditions of temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity, and trace- and minor-element concentrations. We utilized two methods of ontogenetic sampling—whole specimens progressively increasing in length and laser microdissection of a single specimen with subsequent analysis of dissected portions. A novel high-resolution laser-microdissection (HRLM) method allowed for precise (10 μm) cuts of the foraminiferal tests (shells) along the geometrically complex sutures distinguishing individual chambers. This new microdissection method limited sample loss and cross-contamination between foraminiferal chambers. Little or no variation in D Sr was observed at different foraminiferal developmental stages. Conversely, D Mg was enriched during a mid-developmental stage of whole-specimen samples (150–225 μm D Mg = 1.6 × 10 −3 ) compared to earlier and later stages ( 225 μm D Mg = 8.3 × 10 −4 ). Further analysis of HRLM ontogenetic samples showed a larger, age-dependent D Mg signature variation. This increase in shell Mg/Ca may contribute substantially to the measured inter-individual variability in Mg/Ca temperature prediction for cultured B. aculeata . Due to relatively large Mg/Ca inter- and intra-individual variability, measuring similar-size foraminiferal samples may improve the precision of paleotemperature prediction. Additionally, partial dissolution of the highest ontogenetically Mg-enriched calcite ( D Mg = 1.3 × 10 −2 –1.6 × 10 −2 ) may occur in undersaturated bottom-water environments or during reductive cleaning procedures. Thus, the calcite phases remaining after partial dissolution by either natural or laboratory cleaning processes may not accurately represent the calcification environment.
Mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in the granuloma pouch assay.

Abstract The rat granuloma pouch assay was used to assess the in vivo mutagenic potential of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoline (IQ), a heterocyclic aromatic amine which is formed during the frying of meat and broiling of fish. The assay was performed with and without pre-induction by Aroclor. In the initial experiment IQ was injected directly into the pouch of non-induced rats. A 10-fold increase in mutation frequencies was obtained with the 2.0 mg/pouch dose of IQ with uninduced cell populations. In a second study IQ was injected intraperitoneally and into the pouch of rats that had been pre-induced with Aroclor. The dose of IQ administered varied from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/pouch. A 10-fold increase in mutation frequencies was obtained with the 2.0 mg/pouch dose of IQ with uninduced cell populations. Aroclor treatment produced no significant increase in mutation frequencies over uninduced animals. Its mutagenic effect is about 10-fold weaker than that of benzo[ a ]pyrene or N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG).
Numerical and experimental investigation of melting with internal heat generation within cylindrical enclosures

There have been significant efforts by the heat transfer community to investigate the melting phenomenon of materials. These efforts have included the analytical development of equations to represent melting, numerical development of computer codes to assist in modeling the phenomena, and collection of experimental data. The understanding of the melting phenomenon has application in several areas of interest, for example, the melting of a Phase Change Material (PCM) used as a thermal storage medium as well as the melting of the fuel bundle in a nuclear power plant during an accident scenario. The objective of this research is two-fold. First a numerical investigation, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), of melting with internal heat generation for a vertical cylindrical geometry is presented. Second, to the best of authors knowledge, there are very limited number of engineering experimental results available for the case of melting with Internal Heat Generation (IHG). An experiment was performed to produce such data using resistive, or Joule, heating as the IHG mechanism. The numerical results are compared against the experimental results and showed favorable correlation. Uncertainties in the numerical and experimental analysis are discussed. Based on the numerical and experimental analysis, recommendations are made for future work.
Phylogeography of the cosmopolitan marine parasite Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea).

ABSTRACT. Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) is a cosmopolitan marine parasite of fishes associated with post-mortem tissue degradation. Financial losses incurred as a result of these infections are of concern to commercial fisheries. There is conflicting evidence whether K. thyrsites represents a cryptic species complex. Myxospore morphology is very similar for K. thyrsites across its range, but preliminary genetic analyses show some differences. Kudoa thyrsites and the morphologically similar Kudoa histolytica were examined from hosts in British Columbia, Canada, Oregon, USA, Chile, England, South Africa, Australia, and Japan. We compared myxospore morphology and DNA sequences of heat shock protein 70 and the small subunit, large subunit, and internal transcribed spacer 1 of the ribosomal DNA. There was some morphological variation between regional representatives, inconsistent with genetic analyses. Phylogenetically, major separations correlated to four broad geographic regions: Japan, Australia, eastern Pacific, and eastern Atlantic. Within these regions there was little additional genetic structure. These data are evidence for regional subdivision of K. thyrsites suggesting global transplantation of fishes has yet to homogenize these distinctions. Within regions, parasite gene flow appears to be high between host species, suggesting little host specificity and minimal cryptic speciation. Our data also indicate that K. histolytica is not a valid species, as it was morphologically and genetically indistinguishable from K. thyrsites.
Supporting user-defined activity spaces

Activity spaces are usually task-specific and only common to a group of people who work together in a certain application domain. It is desirable to enable users to define and modify activity spaces according to their needs. However, many users are unable to use a pre-defined activity space correctly or incapable of formally defining an activity space. This work tries to solve these problems 1) by developing a flexible hypertext meta-model which can represent activity space semantics, 2) developing an example-based definition tool for users to create task-specific activity spaces, 3) providing intelligent aid in using these activity spaces, and 4) providing a flexible space for adopting existing and emergent patterns. A system (COWFISH) with the above components has been implemented and tested at GMD-IPSI. Examples and initial applications have shown that using the system users can easily define the schemata of many activity spaces and hyperdocuments. They can also create new activity spaces with stepwise structure transformation and through reusing existing activity spaces. The system then uses the schema knowledge to maintain the semantic consistency of the activity space instances and to provide users with context-sensitive examples, choices, and explanations.
Insitu spectral ellipsometry for real-time measurement and control

Abstract Described in this work is a spectral ellipsometer designed and built specifically for adaptive control in single wafer processing. This instrument is capable of precisely measuring thicknesses and compositions of multilayer structures in situ and in real time. Utilizing phase modulation, multichannel detection and digital signal processing techniques, this ellipsometer is capable of acquiring spectra in less than 75 ms. Efficient algorithms have also been developed for extracting layer parameters (thicknesses and composition) from measured spectra of multilayer stacks in one second or less. This spectral ellipsometer has been applied to on-line monitoring of wafer properties during etch in a single-wafer, remote microwave plasma chamber. Of interest has been etching of Si3N4, SiO2, Si3N4 and SiO2 mixtures, polycrystalline Si, and multilayer combinations of these materials. Film thicknesses and etch rates are updated during etch such that interfaces can be anticipated and endpoints determined. Spectral ellipsometry allows overdetermination of variables in multilayer stacks, hence, structure models and layer parameters can be verified using statistical methods. Spectral information also allows self-calibration of incidence angles.
The Campylobacter Jejuni CiaC Virulence Protein Is Secreted From the Flagellum and Delivered to the Cytosol of Host Cells

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Acute C. jejuni-mediated disease (campylobacteriosis) involves C. jejuni invasion of host epithelial cells using adhesins (e.g., CadF and FlpA) and secreted proteins [e.g., the Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia)]. The genes encoding the Cia proteins are up-regulated upon co-culture of C. jejuni with epithelial cells. One of the Cia proteins, CiaC, is required for maximal invasion of host cells by C. jejuni. Previous work has also revealed that CiaC is, in part, responsible for host cell cytoskeletal rearrangements that result in membrane ruffling. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that CiaC is delivered to the cytosol of host cells. To detect the delivery of CiaC into cultured epithelial cells, we used the adenylate cyclase domain (ACD) of Bordetella pertussis CyaA as a reporter. In this study, we found that export and delivery of the C. jejuni Cia proteins into human INT 407 epithelial cells required a functional flagellar hook complex composed of FlgE, FlgK, and FlgL. Assays performed with bacterial culture supernatants supported the hypothesis that CiaC delivery requires bacteria-host cell contact. We also found that CiaC was delivered to host cells by cell-associated (bound) bacteria, as judged by experiments performed with inhibitors that specifically target the cell signaling pathways utilized by C. jejuni for cell invasion. Interestingly, the C. jejuni flgL mutant, which is incapable of exporting and delivering the Cia proteins, did not induce INT 407 cell membrane ruffles. Complementation of the flgL mutant with plasmid-encoded flgL restored the motility and membrane ruffling. These data support the hypothesis that the C. jejuni Cia proteins, which are exported from the flagellum, are delivered to the cytosol of host cells.
Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
Development of accommodation and convergence in infancy

Proper visual development depends on the behaviors of accommodation and vergence to create high resolution, registered images for each eye. Accommodation has been reported to be absent or poor in infants under about 2 months. Our research suggests that average behavior at this age will depend on the particular subjects included in the sample, as young infants’ performance is variable. Some one-month-old infants vary accommodation very little regardless of target distance, others fail to relax accommodation at far, and others seem to accommodate reasonably well. Vergence to static targets located at difference distances, on the other hand, appears quite good early in life, even for infants who show less than perfect accommodation. These results are attributed to developments in infant spatial vision, with the suggestion that improvements with age in the visibility of higher spatial frequencies play an important role in improving accommodation; vergence appears not to depend as heavily on good visual acuity, possibly being driven more by the visibility of middle and low spatial frequencies which change less with development in the first half year. The discrepancy between accommodation and vergence at the earliest ages could stem from a lack of linkage between the two systems or from a large “dead zone” in the linkages early in life; present data do not allow a choice between these possibilities.
Electrodialysis of acetate fermentation broths

Electrodialysis (ED) shows good potential for downstream processing of acetate fermentation broths, to separate acetic acid while unreacted glucose and other nutrients are partially recycled back to the fermenter. With conventional anion- and cation-exchange membranes, higher current increased acetate flux, water flux, and energy consumption. Multiple ED stacks connected in series with unequal initial volumes for a batch process maximized acetate concentration in the concentrating stream to 134 g/L calcium-magnesium acetate (CMA) in the fermentation broth at pH 6.8. Back-transport of acetate from the product into the feed stream and water transport limit the maximum concentration possible. Cost of ED is about $295/ton acetate for the CMA broth.
Synthesis of Sm−SiH3 Complexes via σ-Bond Metathesis of the Si−C Bond of Phenylsilane

Reaction of PhSiH3 with the samarium complexes Cp*2SmCH(SiMe3)2 (1) and [Cp*2Sm(μ-H)]2 (8) (Cp* = C5Me5) leads to redistribution at silicon, yielding benzene, silane, Ph2SiH2, Ph3SiH, and dehydrocoupling products. Cleavage of the Si−C bond of PhSiH3 is accompanied by formation of the lanthanide hydrosilyl complex [Cp*2SmSiH3]3 (2). Complex 2 activates the S−O bond of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to form the bridged species Cp*2Sm(DMSO)OSiH2OSm(DMSO)Cp*2 (3). The hard Lewis bases Ph3PO and HMPA (HMPA = (Me2N)3PO) react with 2 to produce the base adducts Cp*2SmSiH3(OPPh3) (4) and Cp*2SmSiH3(HMPA) (5), respectively. Complex 5 thermally decomposes, although not cleanly, to produce Cp*2Sm[OP(NMe2)2](HMPA) (6) in low yield. Compound 4 thermally decomposes via liberation of silane to produce (7). In toluene solution, 4 acts as a source of SiH3- in reactions with MeI and benzophenone, producing Cp*2SmI(OPPh3) (9) and Cp*2SmOCPh2(SiH3) (10), respectively. The high reactivity of 8 toward a stable Si−C bond is discusse...
Guidelines for medical care of children evaluated for suspected sexual abuse: an update for 2008

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Child sexual abuse is a common problem in our society and medical professionals who provide evaluations of children who may have been abused need to be updated as to recent research findings and recommendations for conducting examinations and interpreting results. RECENT FINDINGS: Research studies have provided important new information regarding the qualifications of examiners, the recovery of forensic evidence in children, the frequency of abnormal findings in children and adolescents, the healing of genital injuries, and the interpretation of medical findings and sexually transmissible infections with respect to abuse. SUMMARY: The recommendations for the timing and type of examinations for prepubertal children, in contrast to adolescent sexual assault victims, may need to be changed. Studies showing that partial tears of the hymen, as well as abrasions and contusions, may heal to leave very little or no sign of previous injury emphasize the importance of urgent evaluations. There is a need for standardization of the training of medical professionals who perform child sexual abuse evaluations to ensure continuing competence. Language: en
MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE OF OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS OF THE OCEAN WITH STATE CONSTRAINT

We investigate in this paper Pontryagin's maximum principle for a class of control problems associated with the primitive equations (PEs) of the ocean. These optimal problems involve a state constraint similar to that considered in Wang and Wang (Nonlinear Analysis 2003; 52:1911–1931) for the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. The main difference between this work and Wang and Wang (Nonlinear Analysis 2003; 52:1911–1931) is that the nonlinearity in the PEs is stronger than in the three-dimensional NS systems.
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Single Molybdenum Center

This Account explores the catalytic reduction of dinitrogen by molybdenum complexes that contain the [HIPTN3N]3- ligand ([HIPTN3N]3- = [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]3-, where HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3) at room temperature and pressure with protons and electrons. A total of 7−8 equiv of ammonia is formed out of ∼12 possible (depending upon the Mo derivative employed). No hydrazine is formed. Numerous X-ray studies of proposed intermediates in the catalytic cycle suggest that N2 is being reduced at a sterically protected, single Mo center operating in oxidation states between MoIII and MoVI. Subtle variations of the [HIPTN3N]3- ligand are not as successful as a consequence of an unknown shunt in the catalytic cycle that consumes reduction equivalents to yield (it is proposed) dihydrogen.
Hydrogen halide cleaning of powder metallurgy nickel-20 chromium-3 thoria.

The Cr2O3 content of powder metallurgy nickel-20 chromium-3 thoria was reduced with atmospheres consisting of hydrogen plus hydrogen chloride (HCl) or hydrogen bromide (HBr). The nonthoria oxygen content or 'oxygen excess' was reduced from an initial amount of greater than 50,000 ppm to less than 100 ppm. Low temperatures were effective, but lowest oxygen levels were achieved with the highest cleaning temperature of 1200 C.
A software Event Summation System for MDSplus

Abstract The MDSplus data acquisition and management system uses software events for communication among interdependent processes anywhere on the network. Actions can then be triggered, such as a data-acquisition routine, or analysis or display programs waiting for data. A small amount of data, such as a shot number, can be passed with these events. Since programs sometimes need more than one data set, we developed a system on NSTX to declare composite events using logical AND and OR operations. The system is written in the IDL language, so it can be run on Linux, Macintosh or Windows platforms. Like MDSplus, the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) is a core component of the NSTX software environment. The Event Summation System provides an IDL-based interface to EPICS. This permits EPICS-aware processes to be synchronized with MDSplus-aware processes, to provide, for example, engineering operators information about physics data acquisition and analysis. Reliability was a more important design consideration than performance for this system; the system's architecture includes features to support this. The system has run for weeks at a time without requiring manual intervention. Hundreds of incoming events per second can be handled reliably. All incoming and declared events are logged with a timestamp. The system can be configured easily through a single, easy-to-read text file.