cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAD-Compatible Analog System Design: A New Design Concept

This chapter provides an entirely new concept of analog design. It advocates analog design for CAD/automation or CAD-Compatible analog design in a way that will bridge the existing gap between circuit design and CAD-oriented work in the analog field, at both the circuit and layout levels, and bring analog VLSI design a step closer towards automation. It also unveils strong and interesting connections between programmability, computer-aided design and physical implementation of analog VLSI circuits. This leads to analog system designs that rely on the interconnection of simple reconfigurable programmable fixed analog cells instead of parameterized analog cells. This new design concept gives an important dimension to work discussed in previous chapters. For example, using the new concept, the work on automatic synthesis of fixed cells such as op-amps, can easily be extended to automatize analog design at the system level. Design examples of continuous-time analog MOS integrated systems are given to demonstrate the new design concept.
Sixth-Amendment Originalism's Collision Course with the Right to Counsel: What's Titanic, What's Iceberg?

The Supreme Court's recent landmark decisions interpreting the Sixth Amendment confrontation clause have taken an originalist turn, by treating common-law procedure contemporaneous with the founding as illustrations of the constitutional text. The Crawford trilogy holds that trial courts should classify prosecution hearsay as either testimonial or nontestimonial. Testimonial statements may be admitted over confrontation clause objection only when the declarant is unavailable at trial and the defendant had an opportunity to cross-examine the declarant before the trial. By contrast, nontestimonial statements are subjected to no confrontation clause scrutiny. In majority opinions authored by Justice Scalia, the Court based this new confrontation clause framework on founding era practice and understanding. My thesis holds that Crawford's version of originalism charts a collision course with long-standing precedents interpreting the Sixth Amendment's right-to-counsel clause. What the Crawford trilogy means by cross examination is cross-examination by counsel, an understanding foreign to the founders. Indeed, consistent application of the Crawford trilogy's interpretative method would deny a Sixth Amendment right to publicly-paid defense counsel even at trial. The recent cases making new law have arisen under the Sixth Amendment, yet the originalist methodology in these cases calls into question Gideon v. Wainwright, one of the few criminal procedure landmarks to enjoy practically unanimous judicial and academic approval. Sixth Amendment jurisprudence therefore has become a house divided against itself. This article asks how that house can stand. The Court might now (1) honestly apply Crawford's methodlogy and overrule Gideon (but this would endanger the innocent and mock the ideal of equal justice); (2) announce an originalist justification for Gideon (but compelling historical evidence points the other way); (3) simply ignore the inconvenient conflict between the felt legitimacy of originalism and the felt desirability of Gideon's result (the most likely outcome, but an illegitimate and hypocritical one); or (4) retain Gideon's holding on due process, not Sixth Amendment grounds, an alternative that would legitimately ground the right-to-counsel cases and enable the rationalization of criminal procedure doctrine more generally. Even a robust reading of due process cannot undo the damage Crawford has done to the public interest in domestic-violence and organized-crime cases. The article therefore concludes with some statutory and administrative responses to the Crawford trilogy, responses that might ameliorate the serious costs those decisions have exacted from the public interest.
Interactions of amino acids with hydrous metal oxides

Abstract The sorption of aspartic acid on a monodispersed chromium hydroxide sol consisting of uniform spherical particles was studied as a function of pH, temperature, and the amino acid concentration. The uptake of aspartic acid is strongly dependent on pH and shows maximum sorption at pH ∼ 5–6. The amounts adsorbed increase with increasing concentration of the amino acid and no saturation could be achieved. Furthermore, considerably larger amounts were sorbed at 90 than at 25°C. These results indicate that aspartic acid is absorbed in the particles, most likely as a consequence of chelation to chromium ions. No adsorption of tryptophan could be detected on the same colloidal particles. The difference in the behavior of aspartic acid and tryptophan is discussed.
Regulation of enzymic activity by metabolites. I. Uridine-cytidine kinase of Novikoff ascites rat tumor.

Abstract A kinase which catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine 5'-phosphate and cytidine 5'-phosphate, respectively, has been purified 97-fold from extracts of the Novikoff ascites rat tumor. Several nucleoside triphosphates may be used as phosphate donors; among them ATP, dUTP, dGTP, and dATP are the most effective. In contrast, UTP and CTP are potent inhibitors of the kinase. Studies on kinetics showed that the inhibition by CTP was competitive with respect to concentration of ATP and not competitive with respect to concentration of phosphate acceptor. Upon aging of the enzyme, the inhibitory effect of CTP was partially lost and CTP became effective as a phosphate donor; the catalytic activity of the enzyme was retained. From the evidence presented, it has been proposed that there exist at least three distinct binding sites on the surface of the enzyme molecule; one for the phosphate donor, one for the phosphate acceptor, and a third one for the regulatory ligand. These findings may have physiological implications in that the anabolism of pyrimidine ribonucleosides is regulated by the terminal products of the pathway, UTP and CTP.
Emission line regions in active galactic nuclei: A unified view

Since the discovery of quasars nearly twenty-five years ago, a significant fraction of the effort expended by astronomers on all topics in the study of active galactic nuclei has been devoted to the analysis of their emission lines. It will come as no surprise to anyone, therefore, to announce that genuine advances have been made. Nor will it surprise anyone familiar with the frustrations of scientific work in any field that much remains to be done. Looking back over this effort, what is surprising, however, is the degree to which it has been dominated by two conceptual schemes, one of them now twenty years old, and the other dating back fifteen years. This realization appears especially striking when set against the typical style of discourse in the field, which, taking its cue from the almost botanical diversity of phenomena observed, divides up the subject matter into a great many subcategories, each considered independently of the others. It is the object of this review to highlight the unities of this subject, and, using that simple conceptual framework as a guide, to both set out some recent results of particular interest and point the way to problems I see as ripe for solving in the near future.
RPD3 encodes a second factor required to achieve maximum positive and negative transcriptional states in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TRK1 and TRK2 encode the high- and low-affinity K+ transporters, respectively. In cells containing a deletion of TRK1, transcription levels of TRK2 are extremely low and are limiting for growth in media containing low levels of K+ (Trk- phenotype). Recessive mutations in RPD1 and RPD3 suppress the TRK2, conferring an approximately fourfold increase in transcription. rpd3 mutations confer pleiotropic phenotypes, including (i) mating defects, (ii) hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, (iii) inability to sporulate as homozygous diploids, and (iv) constitutive derepression of acid phosphatase. RPD3 was cloned and is predicted to encode a 48-kDa protein with no extensive similarity to proteins contained in current data bases. Deletion of RPD3 is not lethal but confers phenotypes identical to those caused by spontaneous mutations. RPD3 is required for both full repression and full activation of transcription of target genes including PHO5, STE6, and TY2. RPD3 is the second gene required for this function, since RPD1 is also required. The effects of mutations in RPD1 and RPD3 are not additive, suggesting that these genes are involved in the same transcriptional regulatory function or pathway.
In vitro studies with white ash (Fraxinus americana) nodules

Calli were obtained from cotyledonary tissue of cut zygotic seeds that had been cultured in vitro on agarsolidified MS medium with 5 μM 2,4-D and 5 μM BA for four weeks. Seedlings were subcultured onto MS with 0.5 μM NAA and 0.5 μM BA. After two to four months, callus tissue was excised and placed into liquid MS with 1 μM NAA and 1 μM BA on a shaker at 100 rpm. Within four weeks, spherical clusters (nodules) formed that regularly sloughed-off and produced additional clusters. To speed multiplication, nodule clusters could be physically broken-up with forceps and the pieces subcultured. Nodules had a distinct morphology compared to callus clumps. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of nodule cross sections revealed a cortical region composed of parenchyma cells surrounded by a layer of closely packed cells (possibly epidermis). Areas of vascularization containing xylem and a cambium-like tissue were evident within the cortical region. Nodules exposed to moderately high levels of thidiazuron produced large amounts of callus. Nodule clusters could be removed aseptically from liquid medium and dehydrated for up to 14 days. After desiccation for various times, the nodules were placed on agar-solidified medium where they rehydrated and grew as callus. Thidiazuron in the rehydration medium stimulated callus growth. Nodules showed sensitivity to glyphosate herbicide on agar-solidified and liquid media. On solidified medium, glyphosate at 0.1 and 1 mM was not lethal, and nodules remained green; 10 mM glyphosate resulted in nodules with areas of green and brown, and 0.1 and 1 M glyphosate were lethal. In liquid medium, nodules exposed to 1 mM herbicide became brown and died, at lower concentrations, both green and brown sectors were evident.
934-26 Comparison of Intravascular Ultrasound and Coronary Angiography in the Assessment of Target Lesion Plaque Distribution in Coronary Artery Disease

Pre-intervention intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and coronary angiography were used to assess plaque distribution in 963 native vessel target lesions in 929 pts. Three definitions of lesion eccentricity (Ecc) were used: (1) pathologic: presence of an arc of normal or disease-free arterial wall within the lesion, (2) IVUS: Ecc index maximum/minimum plaque + media (P + M) thickness g 3.0, and (3) angiographic: one edge of the lesion in the outer one-quarter of the apparently normal lumen. Results (1) Only 162 lesions (16.8%) had an arc of disease-free arterial wall within the lesion. (2) The mean IVUS Ecc index was 3.4 ± 2.3; only 5 lesions (l1%) were completely concentric (Ecc index = 1.0). and 419 (43.5%) were Ecc. Ecc lesions had larger lumen cross-sectional areas, smaller P + M and external elastic membrane cross-sectional areas, and smaller arcs of calcium (compared to concentric lesions) suggesting that they represent less advanced disease. (3) By angiography 547 lesions (56.8%) were Ecc (p = 0.0182 vs IVUS). Angiographic Ecc lesions had a larger IVUS Ecc index that was the result of a thicker maximum P + M, not a thinner minimum P + M. Similarly, the angiographic classification of lesion Ecc tended to increase (to 68%) with a larger IVUS Ecc index (p = 0.0619). Using discriminant analysis, a predictive model of angiographic Ecc was constructed; it included lesion length and IVUS maximum P + M thickness, but correctly predicted angiographic Ecc in only 57.7%. Conclusions (1) Target lesions that fit the pathologic definition of Ecc are unusual. (2) Lesions are less often Ecc than suggested by angiography, partly because longer lesions more often appear to be Ecc by angiography. (3) There is substantial disagreement between IVUS and angiography in the assessment of Ecc (concordance rate = 52.8%). Therefore, IVUS assessments should be the standard for evaluating plaque distribution if device therapy strategies are determined by target lesion eccentricity
Cardiovascular Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Used for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the targeted treatment of various cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Recent evidence suggests the possibility of cardiotoxicity secondary to TKI treatment of GISTs. Preclinical studies indicate that imatinib and sunitinib may be directly toxic to cardiac myocytes. Clinically, cardiotoxicity attributable to imatinib seems to be infrequent and manageable, whereas that attributable to sunitinib is more common and more severe. Further prospective studies with objective cardiac monitoring and long-term follow up are needed to define more accurately the incidence, natural history, and risk factors for developing cardiotoxicity associated with TKIs used in the treatment of patients who have GISTs. In this review, the authors discuss what is known regarding the cardiovascular effects of TKIs used in the treatment of GISTs.
An Extended Kalman-Bucy Filter for Atmospheric Temperature Profile Retrieval with a Passive Microwave Sounder.

An extended Kalman-Bucy filter has been implemented for atmospheric temperature profile retrievals from observations made using the Scanned Microwave Spectrometer (SCAMS) instrument carried on the Nimbus 6 satellite. This filter has the advantage that it requires neither stationary statistics in the underlying processes nor linear production of the observed variables from the variables to be estimated. This extended Kalman-Bucy filter has yielded significant performance improvement relative to multiple regression retrieval methods. A multi-spot extended Kalman-Bucy filter has also been developed in which the temperature profiles at a number of scan angles in a scanning instrument are retrieved simultaneously. These multi-spot retrievals are shown to outperform the single-spot Kalman retrievals.
Inventing Industrial Education: The Ecole d'Arts et Métiers of Châlons-sur-Marne, 1807–1830

Today eight Schools of Arts and Crafts are the largest source of engineers in France but they originated from a single school established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803. At the time many French were concerned that their industries lagged behind the British. What better way to modernize industry than to train boys and young men in a more rational approach to production and send them out to lead industrial change? Historians have left a pessimistic view of the school's first quarter century, but my reading of the evidence, including the archives on school shops and commerce, has led me to nearly the opposite conclusion—the school of Châlons was, from 1807 to 1830, one of the most innovative and unusual schools of all time.
Reflections on a Symposium on Computation

ACM Ubiquity hosted a symposium in 2010–2011 on Turing's question, ‘What is computation?’ The editor reflects on how the symposium was organized and what conclusions it reached. The authors showed strong consensus around the propositions that computation is a process, computational model matters, many computations are natural, many important computations are continuous, many important computations are nonterminating and computational thinking has emerged as a core practice of computing. They left open the questions of whether the Turing model is the best reference model, is computational necessarily a physical process, what is information and what is an algorithm.
The Relationship between Correlational and Internal Consistency Notions of Test Reliability

The Spearman-Brown formula for correction of the split-half coefficient of reliability was discussed as a conceptual precursor of modern formulations of internal-consistency reliability. An alternative expression of the Spearman-Brown formula was suggested. Derived from the principal components of the product moment coefficient of correlation, this formulation facilitates understanding of the meaning of internal-consistency reliability. It also is conducive to classroom discussion of the key concepts of the classical theory of tests and measurements.
Increased potency of antagonists of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone which have D-3-Pal in position 6

Abstract Ever increasing potency is an international goal for antagonists of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). [N-Ac-D-2-Nal1,D-pClPhe2,D-3-Pal3,Ser4,Arg5,D-3-Pal6,Leu7,Arg8,Pro9,D-Ala10]-NH2 caused 60%/125 ng inhibition of ovulation in the rat, and appears to be the most potent antagonist yet described. Strategy of design was the replacement of D-Arg6 with D-3-Pal6 and of Tyr5 with Arg5. replacing Arg5 with His5 reduced activity by 50% at 250 ng. Both the Arg5 and His5 analogs showed 100% inihibition of ovulation at 0.5 μg. Of ten pairs of analogs with D-3-Pal6 and D-Arg6, 3 10 with D-3-Pal6 were more potent than those with D-Arg6. Histamine release was less for the D-3-Pal6 peptides of three pairs.
Meteorological and Air Pollution Modeling for an Urban Airport.

Results are presented of numerical experiments modeling meteorology, multiple pollutant sources, and nonlinear photochemical reactions for the case of an airport in a large urban area with complex terrain. A planetary boundary-layer model which predicts the mixing depth and generates wind, moisture, and temperature fields was used; it utilizes only surface and synoptic boundary conditions as input data. A version of the Hecht-Seinfeld-Dodge chemical kinetics model is integrated with a new, rapid numerical technique; both the San Francisco Bay Area Air Quality Management District source inventory and the San Jose Airport aircraft inventory are utilized. The air quality model results are presented in contour plots; the combined results illustrate that the highly nonlinear interactions which are present require that the chemistry and meteorology be considered simultaneously to make a valid assessment of the effects of individual sources on regional air quality.
The distribution of total nitrogen in iron meteorites

Abstract Total nitrogen abundances in 123 iron meteorites have been determined by inert carrier-gas fusion extraction-gas chromatography. The median value for the iron meteorites was found to be 18 ppm N. The N contents of Sulfide inclusions are greater, in nine cases out of ten, than the corresponding metallic phase. The N content of the iron meteorites is positively correlated with germanium content. The effects of terrestrial weathering and heat treatment by man are discussed in relation to the N contents measured for certain specimens. A correlation between N and cooling rates was found, with lower cooling rates associated with greater N abundances.
Functionally Graded Polymeric Composites Having Micro-Tailored Structure Formed by Electric Field

A solid composite having locally micro-tailored structure can be produced by curing liquid polymeric suspensions in an electric field. The redistribution effect of the field-induced forces exceeds the effect of centrifugation, presently employed to manufacture functionally graded materials. Moreover, unlike centrifugational sedimentation, one can electrically rearrange the inclusions in desired targeted areas. The applied electric field can be employed to produce a composite having uniformly oriented structure or only modify the material in selected regions. This technology enables polymeric composites to be locally micro-tailored for given design objectives. We discuss electrical and rheological inteactions in liquid suspensions. Relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained functionally graded composites are presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cytochrome c oxidase: the presumptive channel holds at least four water molecules

Abstract The catalytic cycle of cytochrome oxidase requires that different intermediates be differentially hydrated. The movement of water, into and out of the enzyme, is essential for but is not directly linked to electron transfer. For this reason it is felt that the water cycle represents an aspect of the energy transduction process. We show that a minimum of four waters can be trapped in the oxidase during arrested turnover.
The Alternatives to Violence Project's Work for Peace Behind Bars

A young man wearing a khaki prison uniform perches nervously on the edge of a plastic chair. He is one of twenty inmates who will spend the weekend learning how to overcome hostility in the Alterna...
Estimating Satellite Pose And Motion Parameters Using A Novelty Filter And Neural Net Tracker

A system for determining the position, orientation and motion of a satellite with respect to a robotic spacecraft using video data is advanced. This system utilizes two levels of pose and motion estimation: an initial system which provides coarse estimates of pose and motion, and a second system which uses the coarse estimates and further processing to provide finer pose and motion estimates. The present paper emphasizes the initial coarse pose and motion estimation sybsystem. This subsystem utilizes novelty detection and filtering for locating novel parts and a neural net tracker to track these parts over time. Results of using this system on a sequence of images of a spin stabilized satellite are presented.
A Comparison of Frugivory and Scatter-Hoarding Seed-Dispersal Syndromes

Frugivory (animals ingest all or part of fleshy-fruits and defecate or regurgitate seeds) and scatter-hoarding (animals store seeds in small caches in soil) are two important vertebrate-mediated seed dispersal syndromes. In both instances, there is an exchange of food for seed transport, but there are many important differences. For example, the seeds of frugivore-dispersed plants are often clumped in feces or under roosts and the microsite of depostion is often unsuitable for seedling establishment. However, frugivores can transport seeds long distances allowing plants to colonize new areas and promoting gene flow between populations. Scatter-hoarding animals, on the other hand, actively space seeds in microsites that often favor seedling establishment, but don’t move seeds very far. Both modes of seed dispersal can be very effective, but in different way. Some species of plants have evolved propagules that take advantage of both modes of dispersal in two separate phases (i.e., diplochory), apparently to obtain both types of benefits.
Development of a method for high LET irradiation of liquid systems

A variety of processes, from material sterilization and cancer treatment to used nuclear fuel recycling, benefit from quantifying the sensitivity of the system to radiation. Determining the effects of alpha irradiation on a system may be of complementary interest to the effects of gamma irradiation, as alpha radiation has higher linear energy transfer (LET) and will likely result in different chemical damage effects. This becomes important in advanced nuclear fuel cycle processes where the radioactive materials to be handled in solutions contain significant amounts of alpha emitters. Here we describe a method for studying high LET radiation in a liquid system using a TRIGA® reactor and the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction. By fitting a model based on neutron diffusion and absorption to experimentally obtained Fricke dosimetry data, the high LET dose to a sample was predictable over the full range of reactor power available and varying 10B concentration. This method may be applied to study the effects of high LET radiation on any liquid system as long as a suitable molecule containing boron is used and appropriate neutron diffusion coefficients are known. A wide range of high LET dose rates from 1,000 kGy/h may be obtained with this method.
Low level determination of dorzolamide and its de-ethylated metabolite in human plasma by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry☆

A sensitive and specific method for the determination of dorzolamide (I) and its de-ethylated metabolite (II) in human plasma has been developed utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection. The analytes and internal standard (III) were isolated from the deproteinized pH 8.0 buffered plasma, using a liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of ethyl acetate, toluene, and isopropanol. The analytes were then back extracted into 0.085% phosphoric acid (200 microliters) and after washing the acidic extract with hexane, the organic layer was discarded and a fraction (50 microliters) of the acid extract was injected into the LC/MS/MS system. The MS/MS detection was performed on a PE Sciex API III tandem mass spectrometer using a heated nebulizer interface. Multiple reaction monitoring of the parent-->product ion combinations of m/z 325-->199, 297-->199, and 397-->306 were used to quantify I, II, and III, respectively. The assay was validated in the concentration ranges of 0.5-100 and 2.5-100 ng ml-1 of plasma for I and II, respectively. The precision of the assays, expressed as coefficients of variation (C.V.%), were less than 10% over the entire concentration range, with adequate assay specificity and accuracy. The LC/MS/MS method provided a 10-fold increase in the sensitivity of I over the previously reported HPLC/UV method [1].
Cyclopentadienyl-Metallverbindungen. 1. Zusammenhang zwischen Stabilität und Dissoziationsenergien von Metall-Kohlenstoffbindungen in M5H5-Komplexen†

The existence and thermal stability of CH(3) M(σC5H5) compounds has been viewed in terms of the bond dissociation energies involved, which predict the two-center covalent two-electron metal-σC5H5 bond to be ∼30 kcal/mole less stable than the parent metal-CH3 bond. The available experimental data are shown to be consistent with this prediction. Electron donating ligands can lead to stable two-center diene-type covalent metal-C5H5 bonds, even where the two-electron σ-bond would not be stable. With the exception of group IIB, transition metals are not capable of forming stable metal-σC5H5 complexes.
Drag law for bidisperse gas-solid suspensions containing equally sized spheres

In this study, we constructed from lattice-Boltzmann simulations a drag correlation for bidisperse gas−solid suspensions containing equally sized particles that are moving with different velocities relative to the interstitial fluid. Our analysis is limited to flows at low Reynolds numbers and high Stokes numbers, and the microstructure of the suspension is identical to that of a hard-sphere fluid. The Stokes drag forces acting on the two particle species are related to the fluid−particle relative velocities by a friction coefficient matrix, the off-diagonal components of which represent the particle−particle drag due to hydrodynamic interactions and were found to give important contributions to the net drag force. The off-diagonals exhibit a logarithmic dependence on the lubrication cutoff distance, a length scale on which the lubrication force between approaching particles begins to level off. In our simulations, the total particle volume fraction ϕ ranges from 0.1 to 0.4, and the volume fraction ratio ...
The Expression of Political Dissent in the Middle East: Turkish Democratization and Authoritarian Continuity in Tunisia

L'A. analyse le processus de democratisation de la Turquie. Il s'efforce egalement d'identifier les facteurs qui contribuent a la persistance de l'autoritarisme en Tunisie. Il souligne que les deux pays possedent une longue tradition etatique, une meme homogeneiete sociale, qu'ils ont adopte une meme strategie de resistance a l'occidentalisation et qu'ils ont connu un processus de secularisation analogue. L'A. etudie l'evolution de la situation et de l'organisation politique en Turquie et en Tunisie au cours du 19 e siecle et dans la premiere moitie du 20 e siecle. Apres la Premiere Guerre mondiale, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk s'est efforce de stimuler le developpement economique de la Turquie en favorisant l'emergence d'un secteur prive et d'une bourgeoisie nationale tout en defendant une strategie d'intervention de l'Etat dans l'economie. Il a contribue a la mise en place d'un systeme politique pluraliste domine par deux grandes partis : le Parti populaire republicain et le Parti democrate. Apres l'accession a l'independance en 1956, le president Bourguiba a adopte le meme type de politique de developpement qu'Ataturk associant secteur prive et intervention de l'Etat. La vie politique tunisienne laisse peu de place a la contestation. Le parti du Neo-Destour dont Bourguiba fut le fondateur exerce le pouvoir sans partage, la police ayant pour charge de controler l'opinion publique
Resistance of solanum species to potato viruses A, X, and Y

Some selections ofS. tuberosum (S. andigenum) were found to possess a high level of resistance to mechanical and graft inoculation with viruses A and X. Nine of the selections proved highly resistant to inoculation with both viruses; graft inoculated plants developed no symptoms nor could either virus be recovered from them. Apparent immunity to graft inoculation with virus X was found in selections ofS. acaule, S. sucrense and 1 species hybrid. Four selections ofS. tuberosum and 1 selection ofS. maglia developed symptoms of virus X infection but were poor hosts for the virus as indicated by low titer upon subinoculating to indicator hosts. One selection ofS. cardiophyllum, 4 ofS. chacoense, 3 ofS. demissum, 2 ofS. hougasii, 1 ofS. phureja, 1 ofS. tuberosum, 8 ofS. stoloniferum and 2 species hybrids were apparently immune from mechanical inoculation with virus Y. Nine of these selections were apparently immune from graft inoculation with virus Y. Apparent immunity to graft inoculation with virus A was found in selections ofS. chacoense, S. demissum, S. hougasii, S. maglia, S. phureja, S. stoloniferum and 8 species hybrids. About half of the selections developed symptoms of virus A infection but the virus could not be recovered from them. No selection was found to be highly resistant to all three viruses.
Reliability of the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY) for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to update the psychometrics of the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Youngsters ( MESSY ) with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), specifically with respect to internal consistency, split-half reliability, and inter-rater reliability. In Study 1, 114 children with ASD (Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Syndrome, or Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified) were assessed using the MESSY . Participants ranged in age from 2 to 16 years. Study 1 found excellent internal consistency, and split half reliability. Using MESSY scores from two caregivers of 33 children, Study 2 found that the MESSY demonstrated moderate to high inter-rater reliability. As such, this study established the internal and inter-rater reliability of the MESSY for use among children with ASD.
Feature and decision level fusion for action recognition

Classification of actions by human actors from video enables new technologies in diverse areas such as surveillance and content-based retrieval. We propose and evaluate alternative models, one based on feature-level fusion and the second on decision-level fusion. Both models employ direct classification - inferring from low-level features the nature of the action. Interesting points are assumed to have salient 3D (spatial plus temporal) gradients that distinguish them from their neighborhoods. They are identified using three distinct 3D interesting-point detectors. Each detected interest point set is represented as a bag-of-words descriptor. The feature level fusion model concatenates descriptors subsequently used as input to a classifier. The decision level fusion uses an ensemble and majority voting scheme. Public data sets consisting of hundreds of action videos were used in testing. Within the test videos, multiple actors performed various actions including walking, running, jogging, handclapping, boxing, and waving. Performance comparison showed very high classification accuracy for both models with feature-level fusion having an edge. For feature-level fusion the novelty is the fused histogram of visual words derived from different sets of interesting points detected by different saliency detectors. For decision fusion besides Adaboost the majority voting scheme is also utilized in ensemble classifiers based on support vector machines, knearest neighbor, and decision trees. The main contribution, however, is the comparison between the models and, drilling down, the performance of different base classifiers, and different interest point detectors for human motion recognition
WE‐C‐110‐08: A Novel Phantom for CT Performance Assessment: Towards a Task‐Based Measure of Image Quality

Purpose: The advent of CT iterative reconstructions in the clinic has posed an increasing challenge on the community in our ability to assess image quality due to increased non‐stationarity and non‐linearity of reconstructed images. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of a novel phantom aimed to enable a robust assessment of image quality of CTimages including iterative reconstructions. Method and Materials: A cylindrical phantom was built from a series of slabs with removable rings to simulate diffrerent patient sizes. The “noise slab” consists of a uniform piece of acrylic for the noise‐power spectrum (NPS) measurement. The “resolution slab” consists of an array of spheres of various materials to simulate a range of contrast levels found in CTimages. Each set of spheres can be used to measure the modulation transfer function(MTF) as a function contrast, dose, and location. The “dose slab” enables the incorporation of ion chambers, while the last slab contains cylindrical inserts for CNR measurements. The phantom was scanned on a 64 slice CT and reconstructed with filtered‐back projection (FBP) and a model‐based iterative reconstruction algorithm (MBIR). Images were used to derive the relevant image quality and dose metrics. Results: The NPS measurement enabled the characterization of different textures between FBP and MBIR. Contrast and dose were found to have a significant impact on the MTF for the MBIR data. The task‐based detectability index computed from the MTF and NPS agreed qualitatively with image quality and yielded quantitative estimation of dose reduction provided with iterative reconstruction algorithms. Conclusions: Initial results showed that a phantom can be used to measure imaging performance of non‐linear reconstruction algorithms. Results suggested that a task‐based approach to system performance assessment may be essential to properly compare image quality between different protocols when employing iterative reconstruction algorithms. The authors have received funding support from GE healthcare.
Component-specific surface and physiological activity in bovine-derived lung surfactants

Abstract Composition, surface activity and effects on pressure–volume (P–V) mechanics are examined for lavaged calf lung surfactant (LS) and the clinical exogenous surfactants Infasurf and Survanta. Lavaged LS and Infasurf had closely-matching compositions of phospholipids and neutral lipids. Survanta had higher levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides consistent with its content of added synthetic palmitic acid and tripalmitin. Infasurf and Survanta both contained less total protein than LS because of extraction with hydrophobic solvents, but the total protein content relative to phospholipid in Survanta was about 45% lower than in Infasurf. This difference was primarily due to surfactant protein (SP)-B, which was present by ELISA at a mean weight percent relative to phospholipid of 1.04% in LS, 0.90% in Infasurf, and 0.044% in Survanta. Studies on component fractions separated by gel permeation chromatography showed that SP-B was a major contributor to the adsorption, dynamic surface activity, and P–V mechanical effects of Infasurf, which approached whole LS in magnitude. Survanta had lower adsorption, higher minimum surface tension, and a smaller effect on surfactant-deficient P–V mechanics consistent with minimal contributions from SP-B. Addition of 0.05% by weight of purified bovine SP-B to Survanta did not improve surface or physiological activity, but added 0.7% SP-B improved adsorption, dynamic surface tension lowering, and P–V activity to levels similar to Infasurf. The SP-B content of lung surfactants appears to be a crucial factor in their surface activity and efficacy in improving surfactant-deficient pulmonary P–V mechanics.
Shunt Nephritis Progressing to Chronic Renal Failure

Shunt nephritis is an immune-complex mediated glomerular disease associated with chronically infected ventriculo-jugular shunts for hydrocephalus. In general, early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy result in marked improvement or disappearance of the concomitant urinary and renal functional abnormalities. We describe, a child in whom the diagnosis and treatment were delayed until she presented with irreversible renal insufficiency. We conclude that shunt nephritis is not an innocuous condition and that a high level of suspicion must be maintained by those caring for children with ventriculo-jugular shunts.
Usability analysis of Northern Illinois University Libraries' website: a case study

Purpose – To describe the process and present the findings of a usability assessment of the Northern Illinois University Libraries' website.Design/methodology/approach – After significant planning, Northern Illinois University Libraries conducted a usability analysis using a trilateral approach: usability testing, focus group sessions, and survey questionnaires.Findings – Quantitative and qualitative data are presented and discussed. Quantitative data does not adequately reflect what the test moderators and recorders observed during test sessions. Thus, qualitative data prove to be more valuable. Results were used to redesign the library's website.Research limitations/implications – Questionnaire return rate was extremely low, and therefore these results could not be compared with the results of the other two data collection methods.Practical implications – The detailed methodology section can provide guidance for other libraries considering performing usability test analyses.Originality/value – This stud...
Laser-produced and tokamak spectra of lithiumlike iron, Fe 23+

Spectra of highly ionized iron were generated in a laser-produced plasma and a tokamak. In the spectra from the laser-produced plasma new lines of Fe23+ were observed that were identified as 3s–4p, 3p–4d, and 3d–4f transitions. The measured wavelengths of these lines were combined with measurements of the 2s–2p resonance lines measured in the tokamak plasma and with earlier measurements of n = 2 to n = 3 transitions to yield an improved system of energy levels for Fe23+. The measured wavelengths are compared with ab initio theoretical values calculated with a Dirac–Fock code. With the 4f energy levels, which are nearly hydrogenic, an improved ionization energy of 16 503 000 ± 1400 cm−1 (2046.11 ± 0.17 eV) was determined.
Contemporary evaluation of the D'amico risk classification of prostate cancer.

Objectives In 1998, D’Amico et al . suggested a model stratifying patients with prostate cancer into those with low, intermediate, or high-risk of biochemical recurrence after surgery according to the clinical TNM stage, biopsy Gleason score, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen level. We studied the performance and clinical relevance of this classification system over time, in the context of the stage migration seen in the contemporary era, using data from a high-volume, tertiary referral center. Method From 1984 to 2005, 6652 men underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution for clinically localized prostate cancer (clinical Stage T1c-T2c) with follow-up information available and no neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy before biochemical recurrence. Biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the BRFS rates between the D’Amico risk groups and by era were compared using the log-rank statistic. Finally, the distribution of patients among the three groups was compared over time. Results The 5-year BRFS rate was 84.6% overall and 94.5%, 76.6%, and 54.6% for the low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively ( P P Conclusions The D’Amico classification system continues to stratify men into risk groups with statistically significant differences in BRFS. However, the major shift in the distribution of patients among the three risk groups over time suggests that the clinical relevance of this classification scheme may be limited and diminishing in the contemporary era.
Colonial Encounters in Postcolonial Contexts: Patenting Indigenous DNA and the Human Genome Diversity Project

■ The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) has raised some sig nificant ethical and methodological issues for anthropologists, particularly in light of the recent patenting of a cell-line from a Papua New Guinea man. Through a discussion of the HGDP, this article explores the 'locatedness' of the anthropologist in light of two significant trends: the globalization of the economy (particularly in the areas of intellectual property rights and biotechnology patents) and the creation of a new global context for political activism. The article concludes by discussing the concept of 'collaboration' as a politically- embedded practice that has become critical to the pursuit of contemporary anthropological knowledge.
English learners left behind: standardized testing as language policy

English learners left behind: standardized testing as language policy, by Kate Menken, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters, 2008, 207 pp., $39.95 (paperback), ISBN 139781853599972. The No Child Left Beh...
A parallel algorithm for surface-based object reconstruction

This paper presents a parallel algorithm that approximates the surface of an object from a collection of its planar contours. Such a reconstruction has wide applications in such diverse fields as biological research, medical diagnosis and therapy, architecture, automobile and ship design, and solid modeling. The surface reconstruction problem is transformed into the problem of finding a minimum-cost acceptable path on a toroidal grid graph, where each horizontal and each vertical edge have the same orientation. An acceptable path is closed path that makes a complete horizontal and vertical circuit. We exploit the structure of this graph to develop efficient parallel algorithms for a message-passing computer. Givenp processors and anm byn toroidal graph, our algorithm will find the minimum cost acceptable path inO(mn log(m)/p) steps, ifp =O(mn/((m + n) log(mn/(m + n)))), which is an optimal speedup. We also show that the algorithm will sendO(p2(m + n)) messages. The algorithm has a linear topology, so it is easy to embed the algorithm in common multiprocessor architectures.
Sources and fates of heavy metals in a mining-impacted stream: temporal variability and the role of iron oxides.

Abstract Heavy metal contamination of surface waters at mining sites often involves complex interactions of multiple sources and varying biogeochemical conditions. We compared surface and subsurface metal loading from mine waste pile runoff and mine drainage discharge and characterized the influence of iron oxides on metal fate along a 0.9-km stretch of Tar Creek (Oklahoma, USA), which drains an abandoned Zn/Pb mining area. The importance of each source varied by metal; mine waste pile runoff contributed 70% of Cd, while mine drainage contributed 90% of Pb, and both sources contributed similarly to Zn loading. Subsurface inputs accounted for 40% of flow and 40–70% of metal loading along this stretch. Streambed iron oxide aggregate material contained highly elevated Zn (up to 27,000 μg g− 1), Pb (up to 550 μg g− 1) and Cd (up to 200 μg g− 1) and was characterized as a heterogeneous mixture of iron oxides, fine-grain mine waste, and organic material. Sequential extractions confirmed preferential sequestration of Pb by iron oxides, as well as substantial concentrations of Zn and Cd in iron oxide fractions, with additional accumulation of Zn, Pb, and Cd during downstream transport. Comparisons with historical data show that while metal concentrations in mine drainage have decreased by more than an order of magnitude in recent decades, the chemical composition of mine waste pile runoff has remained relatively constant, indicating less attenuation and increased relative importance of pile runoff. These results highlight the importance of monitoring temporal changes at contaminated sites associated with evolving speciation and simultaneously addressing surface and subsurface contamination from both mine waste piles and mine drainage.
Inhibition of DNA replication and repair by anthralin or danthron in cultured human cells.

The comparative effects of the tumor promoter anthralin and its analog, danthron, on semiconservative DNA replication and DNA repair synthesis were studied in cultured human cells. Bromodeoxyuridine was used as density label together with 3 H-thymidine to distinguish replication from repair synthesis in isopycnic CsCl gradients. Anthralin at 1.1 μ m inhibited replication in T98G cells by 50%. In cells treated with 0.4 or 1.3 μ m anthralin an additive effect was observed on the inhibition of replication by ultraviolet light (254nm). In cells irradiated with 20 J/m 2 , 2.3 μ m anthralin was required to inhibit repair synthesis by 50%. Thus there was no selective inhibitory effect of anthralin on repair synthesis. Danthron exhibited no detectable effect on either semiconservative replication or repair synthesis at concentrations below about 5.0 μ m. Neither compound stimulated repair synthesis in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation. Thus, anthralin and danthron do not appear to react with DNA to form adducts that are subject to excision repair. Although both compounds appear to intercalate into supercoiled DNA in vitro to a limited extent, the degree of unwinding introduced by the respective drugs does not correlate with their relative effects on DNA synthesis in vivo . Therefore the inhibitory effect of anthralin on DNA replication and repair synthesis in T98G cells does not appear to result from the direct interaction of the drug with DNA.
Solution Conformations of Potent Bicyclic Antagonists of Oxytocin by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The solution conformations of two potent bicyclic antagonists [dPen1, cyclo(Glu4,Lys8)]OT were studied by a combined use of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in DMSO and molecular dynamics (MD) simulatio...
Revisiting Fletcher Henderson's Copenhagen

In its recording by Fletcher Henderson and His Orchestra in 1924, "Copenhagen" has been judged an exemplar of big-band jazz appearing more than a decade before the Swing Era began; and its artistic success-celebrated as a break from commercial pressures-has been credited to Don Redman, Henderson9s chief arranger. This article, however, argues that Henderson9s "Copenhagen" was not the brainchild of a single musician but the product of a collaboration; further, its existence owes much to the workings of the popular music industry, not to Redman9s transcendence of commercial forces. Using a wide range of primary and secondary sources, including a previously neglected published arrangement of the piece, the article proposes an alternative role for "Copenhagen" in historical narratives of jazz.