cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crash analysis and evaluation of vehicular impacts on W-beam guardrails placed behind curbs using finite element simulations

Abstract Roadway design, including the use of traffic barriers, is a critical aspect in transportation safety and is used to reduce the severity and frequency of automotive accidents. All barriers used on U.S. highways are designed according to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide and are tested to ensure they satisfy the safety criteria specified by Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). While curbs main functions are to separate the road from roadside, control vehicle rights-of-way, and channel water runoff; their use is discouraged by AASHTO from being installed on high-speed roadways due to the disruptive behavior caused when vehicles strike them. The destructive nature of vehicular crashes imposes significant challenges to barrier design using full-scale physical testing; numerical simulations thus become a viable option to support guardrail design improvements and performance evaluation. In this study, validated vehicle and W-beam guardrail models installed behind AASHTO Type B curbs were used to perform full-scale simulations of vehicle-curb-guardrail impacts. Seven single-faced W-beam guardrails, with placement heights of 27, 29, and 31 inches (0.69, 0.74, and 0.79 m), placed behind curbs at zero, six, and twelve foot offsets were impacted at 44 mph (70 km/h) and two impact angles (25° and 15°) by a 1996 Dodge Neon and a 2006 Ford F250. The guardrail's performance was evaluated by analyzing the maximum guardrail deflection and vehicular responses based on post-impact exit trajectory utilizing the MASH exit box criterion, rotational angles, and transverse and longitudinal displacements and velocities.
Preventing Suicide Among Students in Rural Schools

As the second leading cause of death among 10- to 19-year-olds in the United States, suicide is a serious public health problem for young people, especially those residing in rural areas. Rural schools offer logical intervention points in order to stem these tragic events. In this chapter, we review risk factors for suicide, highlighting those that might be particularly relevant to students in rural schools. We then provide an overview of universal, selective, and indicated evidence-based suicide prevention programs that have been developed for use in schools and possess characteristics that lend themselves to adaptation for use in rural communities. We also summarize best practices for suicide postvention in schools. Finally, we outline challenges to implementing comprehensive school-based prevention programs in schools and offer strategies for overcoming these barriers.
Iontophoresis instrumentation for the enhancement of gene therapy in wound healing

Iontophoresis and electroporation are two progressively expanding methods that are used to enhance drug delivery into the human body. They involve the exposure of cells to an external electric field, to drive genetic drugs (plasmid) to a desired location or permeabilize the cell's membranes for the drug to pass. While electroporation has been successful in enhancing plasmid gene therapy in the past, it requires very high local voltages and is less suitable for treating large wounds. Iontophoresis refers to the application of a controlled current at typically lower voltages and is of great interest for clinical wound healing involving naked plasmid transfection. We propose an electrical stimulation setup and instrumentation for meeting the demands of this advancing field. Extensive simulations of electrode placements on rat skin models are performed in COMSOL to determine the most promising setup for in vivo iontophoresis. Electrical circuits for iontophoresis, as well as for the measurement of resulting electrical parameters, are designed, simulated, built and tested. Finally, iontophoresis is performed in vivo (on rat dorsum) using intradermally injected DNA plasmids.
Fractional Laser Releases Tumor-Associated Antigens in Poorly Immunogenic Tumor and Induces Systemic Immunity.

Currently ablative fractional photothermolysis (aFP) with CO2 laser is used for a wide variety of dermatological indications. This study presents and discusses the utility of aFP for treating oncological indications. We used a fractional CO2 laser and anti-PD-1 inhibitor to treat a tumor established unilaterally by the CT26 wild type (CT26WT) colon carcinoma cell line. Inoculated tumors grew significantly slower in aFP-treated groups (aFP and aFP + anti-PD-1 groups) and complete remission was observed in the aFP-treated groups. Flow cytometric analysis showed aFP treatment elicited an increase of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ vand epitope specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the ratio of CD8+ T cells to Treg increased in the aFP-treated groups. Additionally, we established a bilateral CT26WT-inoculated mouse model, treating tumors on one-side and observing both tumors. Interestingly, tumors grew significantly slower in the aFP + anti-PD-1 groups and complete remission was observed for tumors on both aFP-treated and untreated sides. This study has demonstrated a potential role of aFP treatments in oncology.
Differential diagnosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

The differential diagnosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) has practical implications because type 1 neovascularization (NV) with or without polypoidal components, type 2 NV, and type 3 NV (also called “retinal angiomatous proliferation”), differ in regard to visual prognosis, propensity for development of geographic atrophy, as well as frequency of antiangiogenic treatment and optimal dosing strategies. In many instances, only a combination of various imaging techniques facilitates the distinction between NVAMD variants, thereby permitting individualized therapy. Ideally, this allows for the use of a minimum number of treatments to achieve an anatomically and visually optimal outcome.
Kinetic and electromyographic subphase characteristics with relation to countermovement vertical jump performance

This study sought to identify kinetic and electromyographic subphase characteristics distinguishing good from poor jumpers during countermovement vertical jumps (CMVJs), as defined by the reactive strength index (RSI, CMVJ displacement divided by jump time; cutoff = 0.46 m·s−1). A total of 15 men (1.8 [0.6] m, 84.5 [8.5] kg, 24 [2] y) were stratified by RSI into good (n = 6; RSI = 0.57 [0.07] m·s−1) and poor (n = 9; RSI = 0.39 [0.06] m·s−1) performance groups. The following variables were compared between groups using independent t tests (α = .05) and Cohen’s d effect sizes (d ≥ 0.8, large): jump height, propulsive impulse, eccentric rate of force development, and jump time, unloading, eccentric, and concentric subphase times, and average electromyographic amplitudes of 8 lower extremity muscles. Compared with the poor RSI group, the good RSI group exhibited a greater, though not statistically different CMVJ displacement (d = 1.07, P = .06). In addition, the good RSI group exhibited a significantly greate...
Spatial Concepts and Their Application to Geo-Sociology

In this chapter we focus on a few of the primary spatial concepts that link individuals and their aggregates to one another in space. We also introduce some of the popular statistical methods for taking these spatial relationships into account in sociological research. Here we move beyond the description of relationships to a discussion of geo-sociological (spatially-centered) methods aimed at linking theory and data through explanatory modeling procedures. Underlying the core interests of such analyses is the accounting for spatial relationships in sociological research. In particular, sociology as a discipline is particularly interested in the effect social structure, its changes, and impact of structure and change on human behavior. Given this interest, sociologists have long been focused on the relationship of individuals, and groups of individuals, to specific ecological contexts. These relationships can be conceptualized through a handful of spatial concepts, including proximity, adjacency, and containment. While many other spatial concepts also exist, this chapter examines these key spatial concepts as influential predictors of individual and group behaviors. Each is further related to a popular existing analytic method used by sociologists in an attempt to highlight the relationship between theoretical development and the empirical analysis of spatial relationships.
Semisimple and Unipotent Elements

The Jordan normal form (diagonal plus nilpotent) for a single linear transformation has a multiplicative counterpart (diagonal times unipotent) in GL(n, K). The main result of this section (Theorem 15.3) asserts that a closed subgroup of GL(n, K) contains these components of each of its elements. From this we can deduce to some extent the structure of a commutative algebraic group (15.5).
Hydrazines and Triazenes

Hydrazines, but not triazines, have been identified in a small number of biological substances. Those used in cancer chemotherapy are synthetic products, are relatively unstable, and provide biologically active groups on their decomposition and metabolism. The basic moieties of hydrazine, H2N-NH2, and triazene, NH2 N=NH, are substituted with aromatic and aliphatic groups on both ends of their nitrogen bridges; these substituents probably also provide a limited stability to the respective molecules. While a large number of derivatives in both groups have been synthesized and evaluated for biological activity, the representatives reported in this chapter are few, and are the most interesting ones from both the therapeutic and the theoretical points of view.
Leadership in collaborative policy-making: An analysis of agency roles in regulatory negotiations

Regulatory negotiation is a process by which representatives of affected interests, along with the regulatory agency, attempt to negotiate a consensus agreement on the content of a regulation. This study represents an empirical effort to begin to identify and sort out the roles that an agency plays in a collaborative policy-making process such as regulatory negotiation. Three regulatory negotiation cases were examined to determine the perceived roles of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials and other participants, and the study suggests a number of findings. First, that EPA fulfills a number of different roles (Expert, Analyst, Stakeholder, Facilitator and Leader) in a negotiation process; second, that EPA is expected to be an active participant in the negotiations, not simply an overseer or facilitator of interests; and finally, EPA interprets its primary role much more narrowly – as that of an expert – than do other participants. Non-agency participants view EPA's primary role as a leader, which combines technical and substantive components as well as process components. Where previously and in the theoretical literature, agencies exercise leadership through statutory authority or technical expertise, this study suggests that there are additional dimensions to that leadership role. In a collaborative process such as regulatory negotiation, the agency finds itself in a realm that demands that they effectively merge the roles of expert, analyst, and stakeholder into a more complex leadership role than has been suggested in the past.
The Nonlinear Kinetics of an Electrodiffusion Membrane

Two approaches that have had a dominant influence on the study of excitability are macroscopic electrodiffusion, based on the Nernst-Planck equation, and the channel approach, based on the phenomenological formulation of Hodgkin and Huxley. Although electrodiffusion served as the historical starting point of electrophysiological theory and was once described by K. S. Cole as “the most complete, most attractive, and the most widely used model for the electrical properties of living cell membranes,” the focus of attention in recent years has shifted to the channel approach. The opening sections of this chapter will present some of the reasons for which the study of electrodiffusion remains an important, indeed a necessary, endeavor toward obtaining a full understanding of excitability.
Workshop summary: How can we couple the genetics and physiology of nodule function?

The basic challenge of science is to ascertain the causal relationships between structure and function. How does a molecule of certain structure function? How does the observed function reflect the restrictions of the various molecular structural alternatives capable of fulfilling that function?
Trademark Goodwill and Green Global Value Networks

This Chapter focuses on the role of trademark goodwill in signaling environmental sustainability standards. In this view of trademark goodwill, brands potentially provide highly public platforms for interaction by firms and their customers to further various public and private policies. Brand value could play a far more significant role than it currently does to convey sustainability efforts and impacts to consumers, and thereby potentially create market-differentiation mechanisms for brand owners and increase supply chain sustainability—not to mention contribute to more meaningful choices for consumers participating in now ubiquitous global value networks. The Chapter concludes by proposing a new function of trademark goodwill, to augment and incorporate additional communicative nuance to its widely accepted signaling functions. This would expand the signal now primarily associating the trademark with its manufacturing origin and reputation to include the deeper, underlying standards and processes that the firm’s goods and services embody. In short, trademark goodwill performs a critical public, communicative function and therefore is a key public good within a regulatory governance framework for cross-border trade of environmentally sustainable goods and services.
Antagonism and crime

Abstract Personality features are importantly related to numerous behavioral dimensions including prosocial and antisocial behavior. The current chapter reviews the associations between Agreeableness/Antagonism and various forms of antisocial behavior as well as associations between Agreeableness/Antagonism and adjustment to the criminal justice system. Several hypotheses and avenues for future research are offered to evaluate the role of Agreeableness in relating to police officers, judicial officers, and correctional staff. Although criminology has historically failed to incorporate personality factors into explanatory models of offender conduct and criminal justice system compliance, it is suggested that the use of personality features specifically Agreeableness is helpful for understanding differential adaptations to the justice system.
Determination of fiber volume fraction of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer using thermogravimetric methods

Abstract In a composite, the fiber volume fraction is one of the most important factors affecting its mechanical and physical properties. This study proposes thermogravimetric analysis as a potential method for determining fiber volume fraction. The analysis method was developed using a systematic approach in which heating rate, analysis atmosphere, and sample size were considered. Using a unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite as the test material, the new method was benchmarked against the standard wet chemical analysis method. The optimum thermogravimetric testing process is a two-stage procedure in which ground composite samples were first subjected to matrix decomposition under nitrogen, followed by the elimination of remaining char under technical air. A mass-rate-controlled heating program was found to be most suitable to distinguish char degradation from carbon fiber degradation. The new thermogravimetric method and the traditional wet chemical method produced comparable results.
In Situ Study of Molecular Structure of Water and Ice Entrapped in Graphene Nanovessels.

Water is ubiquitous in natural systems, ranging from the vast oceans to the nanocapillaries in the earth crust or cellular organelles. In bulk or in intimate contact with solid surfaces, water molecules arrange themselves according to their hydrogen (H) bonding, which critically affects their short- and long-range molecular structures. Formation of H-bonds among water molecules designates the energy levels of certain nonbonding molecular orbitals of water, which are quantifiable by spectroscopic techniques. While the molecular architecture of water in nanoenclosures is of particular interest to both science and industry, it requires fine spectroscopic probes with nanometer spatial resolution and sub-eV energy sensitivity. Graphene liquid cells (GLCs), which feature opposing closely spaced sheets of hydrophobic graphene, facilitate high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements of attoliter water volumes encapsulated tightly in the GLC nanov...
Near Saturation of Ribosomal L7/L12 Binding Sites with Ternary Complexes in Slowly Growing E. coli.

Abstract For Escherichia coli growing rapidly in rich medium at 37 °C, the doubling time can be as short as ~ 20 min and the average rate of translation (ktrl) can be as fast as ~ 20 amino acids/s. For slower growth arising from poor nutrient quality or from higher growth osmolality, ktrl decreases significantly. In earlier work from the Hwa lab, a simplified Michaelis–Menten model suggested that the decrease in ktrl arises from a shortage of ternary complexes (TCs) under nutrient limitation and from slower diffusion of TCs under high growth osmolality. Here we present a single-molecule tracking study of the diffusion of EF-Tu in E. coli growing with doubling times in the range 62–190 min at 37 °C due to nutrient limitation, high growth osmolality, or both. The diffusive properties of EF-Tu remain quantitatively indistinguishable across all growth conditions studied. Dissection of the total population into ribosome-bound and free sub-populations, combined with copy number estimates for EF-Tu and ribosomes, indicates that in all cases ~ 3.7 EF-Tu copies are bound on average to each translating 70S ribosome. Thus, the four L7/L12 binding sites adjacent to the ribosomal A-site in E. coli are essentially saturated with TCs in all conditions, facilitating rapid testing of aminoacyl-tRNAs for a codon match. Evidently, the average translation rate is not limited by either the supply of cognate TCs under nutrient limitation or by the diffusion of free TCs at high osmolality. Some other step or steps must be rate limiting for translation in slow growth.
Interventional radiology’s role in the diagnosis and management of patients with gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare, aggressive biliary tract malignancy, with a 5-year survival of less than 5%. It is the 6th most common gastrointestinal malignancy in the United States and more commonly found in women. While some risk factors include gallstones, porcelain gallbladder, and smoking, gallbladder carcinoma is often found incidentally following cholecystectomy or percutaneous image guided biopsy. Patients frequently present in a late disease state when they are no longer surgical candidates and minimally invasive image guided-interventions therefore play a critical role in the management and treatment of these patients. This review will discuss some of the key procedures and roles interventional radiologists play in the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from gallbladder carcinoma including tissue sampling, placement of intra-arterial infusion pumps, preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE), biliary drainage, management of post-operative complications such as bile leaks or biliary obstruction, and management of chronic pain.
Dual-feasible functions for integer programming and combinatorial optimization: Algorithms, characterizations, and approximations

Abstract Within the framework of the superadditive duality theory of integer programming, we study two types of dual-feasible functions of a single real variable (Alves et al., 2016). We introduce software that automates testing piecewise linear functions for maximality and extremality, enabling a computer-based search. We build a connection to cut-generating functions in the Gomory–Johnson and related models, complete the characterization of maximal functions, and prove analogues of the Gomory–Johnson 2-slope theorem and the Basu–Hildebrand–Molinaro approximation theorem.
Representations of the Wutai Mountains in classical Japanese literature

China’s Wutai mountains make scattered appearances in classical Japanese literature, but mostly outside the conventional literary mainstream. In courtly literature, Wutai is mentioned occasionally ...
Complementary Therapies in Parkinson Disease: a Review of Acupuncture, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Yoga, and Cannabis

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms, including pain, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, and depression to name a few, are increasingly recognized and often just as disabling at motor symptoms. The mainstay of treatment is dopamine replacement; however, the beneficial effects tend to wane over time with disease progression, and patients often experience motor fluctuations and medication side effects. The lack of a disease-modifying intervention and the shortcomings of traditional symptomatic medications have led many patients to pursue complementary therapies to alleviate motor and non-motor symptoms associated with PD. The term complementary implies that the therapy is used along with conventional medicine and may include supplements, manipulative treatments (chiropractic, massage), exercise-based programs, and mind-body practices. As these practices become more widespread in Western medicine, there is a growing interest in evaluating their effects on a number of medical conditions, PD included. In this review, we provide an update on clinical trials that have evaluated the effectiveness of complementary treatments for patients with PD, specifically focusing on acupuncture, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, yoga, and cannabis.
Analysis of Nuclear Containment Structures; Reported Analyses

This chapter focuses on reported (finite element) studies/investigation in four NPP that have received much attention lately: Gentilly 2, Ikata, and Crystal River. The first two are the only ones reported to have suffered from ASR, and the last has notoriously delaminated following detensioning for steam generator replacement.
Distributed parameter models for vehicle–suspension systems

Recent advances in the modelling of complex distributed parameter systems incorporating discrete dynamic components (such as a continuously elastic chassis attached to lumped parameter suspension and control components) and the active control of such devices have appeared in the literature. These techniques are extremely efficient and make possible the notion of real time control of suspension kinematics and forces, as well as of chassis motion. In the present paper, the dynamic analysis of a class of systems which includes multiple–point connected discrete–distributed structures is accomplished using Green's function methods in conjunction with a newly developed hierarchical algorithm for eigenvalue extraction. The modal analysis of such systems, wherein a general rigid body possessing translational and rotational degrees of freedom is connected to a distributed substructure at multiple points, is addressed in a compact and efficient way.
Caught in an evolutionary trap: worker honey bees that have drifted into foreign colonies do not invest in ovary activation

Drifting, the phenomenon whereby workers from one colony find their way into a foreign colony, is widespread in social insects. In apiaries of the honey bee Apis mellifera, orientation errors lead to high rates of worker drift. Given that A. mellifera workers in apiaries enter foreign colonies accidentally, do they continue to refrain from laying eggs in the foreign colony, or do they behave in their evolutionary interests and attempt to lay eggs? We propose two hypotheses: the “lost losers” hypothesis, where lost workers do not invest in personal reproduction, and the “lost social parasites” hypothesis, where lost workers detect that they are in a foreign colony and do invest in personal reproduction. Previous work has used complete ovary activation as an assay for testing whether workers invest in personal reproduction, but this may not detect subtle reproductive investments in queenright colonies. We instead look at the full range of ovary activation in natal and non-natal workers, because partial activation may signal preparation for future reproduction. We show that in queenright colonies, non-natal workers have the same low degree of ovary activation as their natal counterparts, which supports the hypothesis that drifted bees are “lost losers” caught in an evolutionary trap.
Research design for technical communications

The authors consider how one can design research studies so that they meet the needs of the technical communications community and serve as the basis of a unified theory. This research design involves the following steps: establish hypotheses to clearly identify what it is that you are trying to find out; determine how you can test those hypotheses and only those hypotheses and not be distracted by extraneous factors; clearly identify what extraneous factors might affect the results you get; identify what you expect to find if the hypothesis holds, and identify what else might produce the same results; find ways to discriminate between causes, and design a research strategy that controls these extraneous factors; collect your data and submit it to rigorous analysis; compare these results to the hypotheses and identify your level of confidence in accepting or rejecting any or all of the hypotheses; and, finally, identify the impact of your current findings and their implications for further research. >
Detecting and Engaging At-Risk Students

Following campus tragedies at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 2007 and Northern Illinois University in 2008, there has been increasing recognition of serious untreated mental health problems among college and university students. Although it has been commonly assumed that college students generally have better mental health than their peers who do not attend college, a recent analysis of data from a large national epidemiological health survey found mental disorders to be present in roughly equal proportions of eighteen to twenty-four-year-olds who attend, and do not attend, college. Over forty-five percent of respondents in each group were reported to have at least one disorder in the year prior to the survey, in most cases, a mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder. Further,
Familial apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, and A-IV deficiency and premature atherosclerosis due to deletion of a gene complex on chromosome 11.

Abstract The defect in a kindred with marked plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency and premature atherosclerosis was examined. The homozygous proband died of coronary artery atherosclerosis at age 45 and had undetectable levels of plasma apolipoproteins A-I and C-III, proteins of HDL. In family studies 10 heterozygotes were identified whose mean apoA-I, apoC-III, apoA-IV, and HDL cholesterol levels were 67, 57, 65, and 62% of normal. These subjects were noted to have restriction fragment length polymorphisms following DNA digestion with a number of enzymes including BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, XmnI, PstI, and PvuII, following hybridization with a probe spanning 1.1 kilobases approximately 2.5 kilobases 5' to the apoA-I gene. Cloning and sequence analysis of the abnormal allele indicated that the defect is due to the complete deletion of the apoA-I, -C-III, and -A-IV gene complex on chromosome 11, with both ends of the deletion being located in areas of highly repetitive DNA. The data support the concept of an independent role for HDL in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Intestinal microbiota composition in fishes is influenced by host ecology and environment

The digestive tracts of vertebrates are colonized by complex assemblages of micro-organisms, collectively called the gut microbiota. Recent studies have revealed important contributions of gut microbiota to vertebrate health and disease, stimulating intense interest in understanding how gut microbial communities are assembled and how they impact host fitness (Sekirov et al. 2010). Although all vertebrates harbour a gut microbiota, current information on microbiota composition and function has been derived primarily from mammals. Comparisons of different mammalian species have revealed intriguing associations between gut microbiota composition and host diet, anatomy and phylogeny (Ley et al. 2008b). However, mammals constitute <10% of all vertebrate species, and it remains unclear whether similar associations exist in more diverse and ancient vertebrate lineages such as fish. In this issue, Sullam et al. (2012) make an important contribution toward identifying factors determining gut microbiota composition in fishes. The authors conducted a detailed meta-analysis of 25 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence libraries derived from the intestines of different fish species. To provide a broader context for their analysis, they compared these data sets to a large collection of 16S rRNA gene sequence data sets from diverse free-living and host-associated bacterial communities. Their results suggest that variation in gut microbiota composition in fishes is strongly correlated with species habitat salinity, trophic level and possibly taxonomy. Comparison of data sets from fish intestines and other environments revealed that fish gut microbiota compositions are often similar to those of other animals and contain relatively few free-living environmental bacteria. These results suggest that the gut microbiota composition of fishes is not a simple reflection of the micro-organisms in their local habitat but may result from host-specific selective pressures within the gut (Bevins & Salzman 2011).
Oil-in-Water Emulsion as a Model System to Study the Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Heterogeneous Food System

: Oil-in-water emulsions (hexadecane, minimal media [M9], and Tween 20) were used as model system to study the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Stationary-phase cell density decreased as the hexadecane concentration was increased (0%, 5%, 20%, and 40% [w/v]) and biphasic growth was observed in 40% emulsions supplemented with 0.4% glucose. Thin aggregate fimbriae (curli) were observed using SEM, and a greater percentage (Ps <0.001) of curli-producing colonies were isolated from 40% emulsions. Heat resistance (55 °C) of emulsion-grown cells was greater than broth-grown cells, indicating that growth and physiology under heterogeneous conditions differ from cells grown in liquid.
Oral findings in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a study of 47 cases

This research study discusses problems found in 47 study participants with the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These two clinically oriented articles deal with problems dentists are seeing more frequently. One hospital dental service sees an average of four to five patients weekly with eating disorders. The first article is a research study discussing problems found in 47 study participants with the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The second article describes a helpful technique for oral rehabilitation.
Population-based analysis of occult primary breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis

BACKGROUND: Single-institution data suggest that treatment with radiation and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) may be an appropriate alternative to mastectomy for T0N+ breast cancer. Population-based multi-institutional data supporting this approach are lacking. METHODS: The cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of women with T0N+M0 ductal, lobular, or mixed breast cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1983 to 2006 were analyzed. Groups were defined as: 1) no ALND, mastectomy, or RT (observation); 2) ALND only; 3) mastectomy plus ALND with or without postmastectomy radiation (Mast); and 4) breast-conserving therapy (BCT) with ALND and radiation (BCT). RESULTS: In total, 750 of 770,030 patients with breast cancer had T0N+M0 disease (incidence, 0.10%), and 596 of those patients underwent ALND (79.5%). Patients who underwent Mast or BCT (n = 470) had a 10-year OS rate of 64.9% compared with 58.5% for patients who underwent ALND only (n = 126; P = .02) and 47.5% for patients who underwent observation only (n = 94; P = .04). The 10-year CSS rate was 75.7% for patients who underwent BCT versus 73.9% for patients who underwent Mast (P = .55). In multivariate analysis of CSS for patients who underwent Mast or BCT, the following factors were correlated with an unfavorable outcome: positive estrogen receptor status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.96; P = .04), ≥10 positive lymph nodes (HR, 5.7; 95%CI, 2.4-13.4; P ≤ .01), and <10 resected lymph nodes (HR, 42.9; 95%CI, 1.2-7.1; P = .02). Mast did not improve CSS compared with BCT (HR, 1.09; 95%CI, 0.57-2.1; P = .79). CONCLUSIONS: Definitive locoregional treatment with either Mast or BCT improved the outcome of patients with T0N+breast cancer, and no difference in survival was observed between the treatments. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Nasal and Cutaneous Flora Among Hemodialysis Patients and Personnel: Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization and Patterns of Staphylococcal Carriage

Staphylococcal sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. We studied nasal and cutaneous flora of HD patients and personnel and their patterns of staphylococcal carriage. HD patients had significantly increased cutaneous total bacterial colony counts ( p p p Staphylococcus aureus compared to personnel. Cutaneous staphylococcal carriage could be significantly correlated with nasal carriage ( p S. aureus from the nasal vestibule to the skin overlying the vascular access site.
Malate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Cotton Leaves of Different Ages

Malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from the blades of different aged leaves of the cotton plant have been investigated. The total extractable malate dehydrogenase activity varied widely between leaves of different ages and different locations on the plant. Malate dehydrogenase zymograms developed from the extracts which contained significantly different levels of enzyme activity appear to indicate the presence of different groups of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in leaves of different ages. However, under appropriate conditions of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the same number of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes with the same relative mobilities were detected in all the leaves studied. These findings are discussed in relation to reports that malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes change with plant development or that they have different roles in the plant.
CO-CONSTRUCTED NARRATIVES AROUND BEING "SICK": A MINIMALIST MODEL

The amount of physical damage may have no fixed relation to how much and in what ways a patient's life is disrupted. The authors discuss a model which addresses the bio-psycho-social complexity of a patient's illness and the narrative constructions which the patient, family members, and health care professionals influence to co-create the patient's identification with being “sick.” This minimalist model invites the reader to consider a variety of interrelated variable lenses through which to view the narratives around a patient's illness. Clinical case examples are used to illustrate the dominant story themes.
Molecular basis for nanoscopic membrane curvature generation from quantum mechanical models and synthetic transporter sequences.

We investigate the physical origin of peptide-induced membrane curvature by contrasting differences between H-bonding interactions of prototypical cationic amino acids, arginine (Arg) and lysine (Lys), with phosphate groups of phospholipid heads using quantum mechanical (QM) calculations of a minimum model and test the results via synthetic oxaorbornene-based transporter sequences without the geometric constraints of polypeptide backbones. QM calculations suggest that although individual Lys can in principle coordinate two phosphates, they are not able to do so at small inter-Lys distances without drastic energetic penalties. In contrast, Arg can coordinate two phosphates down to less than 5 A, where guanidinium groups can stack “face to face”. In agreement with these observations, poly-Lys cannot generate the nanoscale positive curvature necessary for inducing negative Gaussian membrane curvature, in contrast to poly-Arg. Also consistent with QM calculations, polyguanidine-oxanorbornene homopolymers (PGO...
Usage of Pattern Recognition Scheme in Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations: Application to Cluster Diffusion on Cu(111)

Abstract We have invoked a simple pattern recognition scheme in kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of post-deposition evolution of two dimensional islands on fcc(1 1 1) surfaces. On application of the technique to the diffusion of small Cu clusters (8–100 atoms) on Cu(1 1 1) we find that, at room temperature, clusters with certain magic numbers show stick-slip type of motion with striking patterns rather than the random paths followed by the others. At higher temperatures all clusters display random motion. The calculated diffusion coefficients show dependence on size and temperature with an effective barrier ranging between 0.62 eV and 0.84 eV. Small asymmetries in diffusion barriers lead to a large difference in the frequencies of adatom diffusion along the two types of micro-facetted steps on Cu(1 1 1) leading to consequences in their shape evolution. The pattern recognition scheme revealed 49 basic periphery single atom diffusion processes whose activation energy barriers were calculated using the nudged elastic band technique and interatomic potentials from the embedded atom method.
THE USE OF ACHIEVEMENT TESTS IN SECTIONING STUDENTS

Author's summary.— Objective achievement tests given at Goucher College over a period of three years have been found to be reliable, to have a high correlation with the marks given at the end of the semester, and to have as good predicting value as the semester marks.
Molecular Interaction of Cofilin with F-Actin and Implications for Filament Severing

The regulation of actin polymerization within the cell is critical for many cell functions. Cofilin plays an important part in this process since it binds and severs actin filaments leading to depolymerization as well as the creation of new barbed ends. Although the details of cofilin's interaction with G-actin have been elucidated through a range of experimental studies, the specific interactions with F-actin have remained more elusive. Here we present the results of a detailed computational study involving a combination of protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The resulting structural model for the cofilin/F-actin complex matches very well with existing cryoEM and mutagenesis data. Further insight is gained from a sequence and secondary structure alignment of cofilin analogs that strongly supports our binding model. Based on our binding models, we have performed simulations of sparsely and fully decorated filaments in order to gain insight into the mechanism of F-actin twisting and severing. The implications of this binding model in the function and severing action of cofilin are discussed.
Spontaneous exfoliation of single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed using a designed amphiphilic peptide.

We have observed concentration dependent exfoliation of single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in solutions of the synthetic peptide nano-1. As the nanotube concentration is reduced, the bundle diameters tend to decrease before saturating at <2.0 nm for concentrations below 6 × 10−3 mg/mL. The fraction of individual nanotubes increases with decreasing concentration, saturating at ∼95% at low concentration. This concentration dependent exfoliation happens even if the dispersions are not sonicated on dilution, albeit over a longer time scale. The populations both of individual nanotubes and of bundles are much higher than expected at high concentrations, indicating the presence of repulsive internanotube interactions stabilizing the dispersions.
Ethnic Variation in Allele Distribution of the Androgen Receptor (AR) (CAG)n Repeat

The androgen receptor (AR) is important in repro- ductive organ development, as well as tissue homeostasis of the pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle in adulthood. The trinucleotide (CAG)n repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the AR gene is thought to regulate AR activity, with longer alleles conferring reduced receptor activity. Therefore, the evaluation of the allelic distribution of the AR (CAG)n repeat in various ethnic groups is crucial in understanding the interindividual variability in AR activity. We evaluated ethnic variation of this AR polymorphism by genotyping individuals from the multiethnic Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study cohort. We genotyped 4421 Caucasian mothers and 3365 offspring of European ancestry; 1494 Thai mothers and 1742 offspring; 1119 Afro-Caribbean mothers and 1142 offspring; and 780 Hispanic mothers and 770 offspring of Mexican ancestry from Bellflower, California. The distributions of (CAG)n alleles among all 4 ethnic groups are significantly different (P , .0001). Pairwise tests confirmed significant differences between each pair of ethnicities tested (P , 10 228 ). The relative AR (CAG)n repeat length in the different groups was as follows: Afro-Caribbean (shortest repeat lengths and greatest predicted AR activity) , Caucasian , Hispanic , Thai (longest repeat length and lowest predicted AR activity). Significant interethnic differences in the allele frequencies of the AR exon 1 (CAG)n polymorphism exist. Our results suggest that there may be potential ethnic differences in androgenic pathway activity and androgen sensitivity.
SU-D-16A-07: Photobleaching Predicts Necrosis in Interstitial PDT

Purpose: Dosimetry for PDT has proven to be a challenge thus far, and for prediction of PDT outcome, a singlet oxygen model based on fundamental photophysical parameters has been developed. Previously, the photobleaching effect of photosensitizers was taken into account in the singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry model; here we report of direct measurements of photobleaching in the same model to assess the conditions under which implicit dosimetry using photobleaching can serve as an intermediate surrogate for PDT damage. Methods: Fluorescence spectra were measured interstitially in sensitized mouse tumors prior to after irradiation via a cylindrical diffuser. Photobleaching was determined by the relative decrease in fluorescence amplitude from the initial pre-treatment measurement. Spectra were analyzed by singular value decomposition to determine the photosensitizer concentration. Different photosensitizers were used to see the effect of photobleaching on PDT outcome and the impact of fluence on photobleaching. The drugs used were BPD (at two drug-light intervals), HPPH, and Photofrin. PDT outcome was determined by tumor necrosis radii measured upon sectioning and staining of treated tumors. Results: Post-PDT photosentizer concentrations were compared to initial pre-PDT photosensitizer concentrations, and the decrease was greater with a higher fluence measured during treatment. Furthermore, photobleaching and necrosis radius weremore » found to be positively correlated. The relationship between photobleaching and necrosis radius is sensitizer-dependent, however the differences among sensitizers can be understood in terms of their respective photophysical parameters. Conclusions: Photobleaching is predictive of PDT outcome, but a comprehensive singlet oxygen model, has the potential to further improve the prediction of PDT outcome and the understanding of implicit dosimetry.« less
The FDA as a Public Health Agency

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has the overriding purpose of protecting the public health. Drs. Margaret Hamburg and Joshua Sharfstein, the new commissioner and principal deputy commissioner, describe how they intend to embrace this role.
The effects of visionary and crisis-responsive charisma on followers: An experimental examination of two kinds of charismatic leadership

Abstract A single factor, seven-level, repeated measures, unbalanced experiment was conducted with 191 college undergraduates to test Boal and Bryson's (1988) assertions that: (1) there are at least two forms of charismatic leadership under crisis conditions—visionary and crisis-responsive; and (2) once the crisis condition has abated, the effects of crisis-responsive leadership deteriorate comparatively faster than other forms of charismatic leadership. The experiment consisted of four crisis condition leadership treatments (crisis-responsive, visionary under crisis, exchange under crisis, and low expressiveness under crisis) and three no-crisis condition leadership treatments (visionary no crisis, exchange no crisis, and low expressiveness no crisis) at time one followed by low expressiveness no crisis at time two. Two graduate student “leaders” who memorized carefully prepared scripts delivered the leadership treatments. Analysis consisted of 28 a priori comparisons of cell means and repeated measures ANOVA to determine significant main effects as well as interactions. We found support for our hypothesis that there are two forms of charisma (visionary and crisis-responsive) and that, in the absence of crisis, the effects of crisis responsive charisma decay faster than do the effects of visionary charisma. Some men see things as they are and ask why? I dream things that never were and ask, why not? —Robert F. Kennedy as quoted in Ted's eulogy for Robert ( Kennedy, 1968 , p. 58) There are no great men. There are only great challenges which ordinary men are forced by circumstances to meet. —W. F. “Bull” Halsey in Lay and Gilroy (1959) The quotes above capture the essence of much of the current literature concerning charismatic leadership. Is charisma primarily based on the vision of an extraordinary leader or does it evolve from rising to face extraordinary circumstances, such as a crisis? Strong adherents of Weber (e.g., Beyer, 1999; Trice & Beyer, 1986 , pp. 118–119) argue that he considers the following five interacting elements as crucial in producing charisma: 1. An extraordinarily gifted person; 2. A social crisis or situation of desperation; 3. A set of ideas providing a radical solution to the crisis; 4. A set of followers who are attracted to the exceptional person and who come to believe that he or she is directly linked to transcendent powers; and 5. The validation of that person's extraordinary gifts and transcendence by repeated successes. Trice and Beyer (1986) viewed charisma as a sociological phenomenon that emerged from the interaction of all of these elements, and argued that all of them must be present to some degree for charisma to occur.
Suitability ofGeotrichum candidum lipase for the stereospecific analysis of some triglycerides.

A procedure is described for determining the stereospecific structure of triacid triglycerides containing oleic acid. The method utilizes the unique specificity of the lipase system fromGeotricum candidum for hydrolyzing fatty acids which containcis-9-unsaturation.