cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CURRENT-ACCELERATED CHANNEL HOT CARRIER STRESS OF MOS TRANSISTORS

A channel hot carrier current and the failure rate of n- and p-channel MOS transistors are both increased by one to two orders of magnitude by forward biasing the substrate or source pin junction. Correlations with the hydrogen-bond-breaking theory give a threshold kinetic energy of 3.06/spl plusmn/0.05 eV for interface trap generation by hot carriers.
Developmental Neurotoxicity of Pyrethroid Insecticides: Critical Review and Future Research Needs

Pyrethroid insecticides have been used for more than 40 years and account for 25% of the worldwide insecticide market. Although their acute neurotoxicity to adults has been well characterized, information regarding the potential developmental neurotoxicity of this class of compounds is limited. There is a large age dependence to the acute toxicity of pyrethroids in which neonatal rats are at least an order of magnitude more sensitive than adults to two pyrethroids. There is no information on age-dependent toxicity for most pyrethroids. In the present review we examine the scientific data related to potential for age-dependent and developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroids. As a basis for understanding this neurotoxicity, we discuss the heterogeneity and ontogeny of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, a primary neuronal target of pyrethroids. We also summarize 22 studies of the developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroids and review the strengths and limitations of these studies. These studies examined numerous end points, with changes in motor activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor density the most common. Many of the developmental neurotoxicity studies suffer from inadequate study design, problematic statistical analyses, use of formulated products, and/or inadequate controls. These factors confound interpretation of results. To better understand the potential for developmental exposure to pyrethroids to cause neurotoxicity, additional, well-designed and well-executed developmental neurotoxicity studies are needed. These studies should employ state-of-the-science methods to promote a greater understanding of the mode of action of pyrethroids in the developing nervous system.
Very low birth weight and perinatal periods of risk: disparities in St. Louis.

Objective. Very low birth weight (VLBW) is a significant issue in St. Louis, Missouri. Our study evaluated risk factors associated with VLBW in this predominantly urban community. Methods. From 2000 to 2009, birth and fetal death certificates were evaluated (), and mortality rates were calculated for perinatal periods of risk. The Kitagawa method was used to explore fetoinfant mortality rates (FIMR) in terms of birth weight distribution and birthweight specific mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the magnitude of association of selected risk factors with VLBW. Results. VLBW contributes to 50% of the excess FIMR in St. Louis City and County. The highest proportion of VLBW can be attributed to black maternal race (40.6%) in St. Louis City, inadequate prenatal care (19.8%), and gestational hypertension (12.0%) among black women. Medicaid was found to have a protective effect for VLBW among black women (population attributable risk (PAR) = −14.5). Discussion. Interventions targeting the health of women before and during conception may be most successful at reducing the disparities in VLBW in this population. Interventions geared towards smoking cessation and improvements in Medicaid and prenatal care access for black mothers and St. Louis City residents can greatly reduce VLBW rates.
Socialism, Democracy, Market, Planning: Putting the Pieces Together

We should not think of market socialism as an oxymoron, nor as an unstable hybrid. The appropriate framework for thinking about current versions of market socialism is a model of an optimally viabl...
An Exact Test for the Nesting Effect's Variance Component in an Unbalanced Random Two-Fold Nested Model.

Abstract This paper presents an exact test concerning the nesting effect's variance component in an unbalanced random two-fold nested classification model. The test requires that the total number of observations exceeds 2b-1, where b is the total number of levels of the nested factor.
Stress functions for plane problems with couple stresses

Die Losung der zweidimensionalen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen fur ein Kontinuum, das Spannungsmomente aufnehmen kann, wird mit Hilfe von willkurlichen Spannungsfunktionen gegeben. Die Spannungsfunktionen werden mit Hilfe der resultierenden Einzelkraft und des resultierenden Momentes gedeutet, welche durch einen Bogen im Korper ubertragen werden.
Potential of amorphous materials as catalysts

Abstract Amorphous materials have an important role to play in heterogeneous catalysis. They have several properties which make them of interest both as model catalysts and as real catalysts. A very limited amount of work on their catalytic activities has been done. However, some very interesting results have shown either higher activities or selectivities for amorphous catalysts as compared to their crystalline counterparts. Amorphous metals will be most useful in those reactions having reducing environments such as hydrogenation and isomerization. Amorphous oxides and other nonmetals will be valuable in cracking, oxidation and hydrotreating reactions. Modelling catalysts that are ideal for application of modern surface probes is an exciting development in catalysis research. In amorphous model catalysts, it is extremely important to address the local geometric and electronic structure of active sites on these materials. This research area is ripe for exploitation. The route to the solutions of some long-standing catalytic questions may be through the innovative use of the model amorphous catalysts. This article suggests the potential of the amorphous materials as catalysts, reviews the progress being made and attempts to place amorphous catalysis in perspective with the main stream of catalysis research and development.
Reconfigurable antennas in highly multipath environments

Highly reflective environments, such as ships, aircraft, and industrial warehouses, can be challenging for wireless communications. This effort investigates the use of transmitter-side reconfigurable antennas to mitigate the effect of multipath interference in such environments. Software-defined radios were used to transmit and receive IEEE 802.11g OFDM packets in “tuned” reverberation chambers at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, VA. The reconfigurable antenna improved signal integrity by 4.9 dB over a conventional, omnidirectional antenna for SISO, and by a smaller margin for MRC. The reconfigurable antenna achieved greater capacity than the omnidirectional antenna with 16% improvement. It is concluded that reconfigurable antennas are well suited for use with access points and other stationary network infrastructure to facilitate the design and mobility of receivers in highly reflective environments.
Thoracoscopic Total Parietal Pleurectomy for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Although the management of spontaneous pneumothorax through a thoracotomy traditionally included apical pleurectomy, thoracoscopic treatment of this problem does not generally include pleurectomy. Thoracoscopy in fact allows excellent exposure to perform total parietal pleurectomy, and we hypothesize that including total pleurectomy will reduce recurrences. We describe here the technique of thoracoscopic total parietal pleurectomy and the early outcomes afterward.
Parental Modeling, Attachment, and Supervision as Moderators of Adolescent Gambling

Utilizing Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory as a theoretical foundation, 116 male and female students in grades 9-12 (mean age 16.8) from a Midwestern urban high school were surveyed to determine the prevalence and relationship among gambling behavior and parental and peer influences. To measure these variables, the following instruments were used: The SOGS-RA, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Parent Scale, and The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Parental Monitoring and Supervision Scale. Almost all of the students (91%) reported gambling at least once in their lifetime while 36.2% reported gambling once a week, 19% reported gambling on a daily basis, and 26% were classified as problem gamblers (10% using the "narrow" SOGS-RA criteria). Parental gambling was related to levels of past year gambling as well as increased likelihood of being classified as a problem gambler. Increased parental attachment was also associated with decreased levels of adolescent gambling, while decreased parental trust and communication resulted in increased problem gambling. Measures of parental monitoring and supervision found similar outcomes in that increased monitoring and supervision resulted in lower levels of adolescent gambling. Additionally, when peer influences were moderated by parental influences, there was a moderating effect on gambling behavior. This study illuminates the continued importance parents play in both risk enhancing and risk inhibiting influences on adolescent participation in problem behaviors.
Coherent structures in random media and wavelets

Abstract We construct low-dimensional dynamical models for the motion of coherent structures such as those frequently observed in extended turbulent flows. These models are derived from the wavelet based Galerkin projection of the PDE describing the flow and account for the (local) interaction of a small number of coherent structures. We show that, under rather general assumptions, the wavelet projection is close to the proper orthogonal decomposition, in the average energy sense. In the specific case of the 1D Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, we show (numerically) that the dynamics of our model agrees qualitatively with that of the original KS equation.
IBM's 50 Million gate ASICs

There is no slowdown in the complexity increase for ASIC and SoC designs. As we write this paper in August, 2002, 40 M gate ASICs are nearing tape-out, and 50 M gate designs are likely to start before this conference takes place. This paper describes the current tool and methodology development efforts focused on enabling ASIC and SoC designs of these sizes and complexity, centered around the reduction of design turn-around-time, improvement of the quality of results and the modeling and optimization of deep sub-micron electrical effects.
Enzymatic oxidation of some non-phosphorylated derivatives of dihydronicotinamide.

This paper concerns the partial purification and properties of an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of reduced ribosyl nicotinamide (NRH) by vitamin K3 (menadione) and certain other quinones. The enzyme is widely distributed in mammalian tissues. It is localized in the soluble portion of the cytoplasm. In the rat, the greatest activity of the enzyme was found in kidney, liver, heart and seminal vesicle. The purified enzyme also catalyzes the oxidation of certain N1-alkyl-dihydronicotinamides, but it is completely inert toward phosphorylated derivatives of dihydronicotinamide such as the reduced forms of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMNH), and of di- and triphosphopyridine nucleotides (DPNH and TPNH).
On-orbit radiometric calibration of Earth-observing sensors using the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS)

Vicarious techniques are used to provide supplemental radiometric calibration data for sensors with onboard calibration systems, and are increasingly important for sensors without onboard calibration systems. The Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) is located at Railroad Valley, Nevada. It is a facility that was developed with the goal of increasing the amount of ground-based radiometric calibration data that are collected annually while maintaining the current level of radiometric accuracy produced by traditional manned field campaigns. RadCaTS is based on the reflectance-based approach, and currently consists of a Cimel sun photometer to measure the atmosphere, a weather station to monitor meteorological conditions, and ground-viewing radiometers (GVRs) that are used the determine the surface reflectance throughout the 1 × 1-km area. The data from these instruments are used in MODTRAN5 to determine the at-sensor spectral radiance at the time of overpass. This work describes the RadCaTS concept, the instruments used to obtain the data, and the processing method used to determine the surface reflectance and top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance. A discussion on the design and calibration of three new eight-channel GVRs is introduced, and the surface reflectance retrievals are compared to in situ measurements. Radiometric calibration results determined using RadCaTS are compared to Landsat 7 ETM+, MODIS, and MISR. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Bacillus cereus Hbl and Nhe Tripartite Enterotoxin Components Assemble Sequentially on the Surface of Target Cells and Are Not Interchangeable

Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium commonly associated with outbreaks of food poisoning. It is also known as an opportunistic pathogen causing clinical infections such as bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, and gas gangrene-like cutaneous infections, mostly in immunocompromised patients. B. cereus secretes a plethora of toxins of which four are associated with the symptoms of food poisoning. Two of these, the non-hemolytic enterotoxin Nhe and the hemolysin BL (Hbl) toxin, are predicted to be structurally similar and are unique in that they require the combined action of three toxin proteins to induce cell lysis. Despite their dominant role in disease, the molecular mechanism of their toxic function is still poorly understood. We report here that B. cereus strain ATCC 10876 harbors not only genes encoding Nhe, but also two copies of the hbl genes. We identified Hbl as the major secreted toxin responsible for inducing rapid cell lysis both in cultured cells and in an intraperitoneal mouse toxicity model. Antibody neutralization and deletion of Hbl-encoding genes resulted in significant reductions of cytotoxic activity. Microscopy studies with Chinese Hamster Ovary cells furthermore showed that pore formation by both Hbl and Nhe occurs through a stepwise, sequential binding of toxin components to the cell surface and to each other. This begins with binding of Hbl-B or NheC to the eukaryotic membrane, and is followed by the recruitment of Hbl-L1 or NheB, respectively, followed by the corresponding third protein. Lastly, toxin component complementation studies indicate that although Hbl and Nhe can be expressed simultaneously and are predicted to be structurally similar, they are incompatible and cannot complement each other.
Race, Behavior, and The Brain: The Role of Neuroimaging in Understanding Complex Social Behaviors

Recent advances in brain imaging techniques have allowed us to explore the neural basis of complex human behaviors with more precision than was previously possible. As we begin to uncover the neural systems of behaviors that are socially and culturally important, we need to be clear about how to integrate this new approach with our psychological understanding of these behaviors. This article reviews findings about the neural systems involved in processing race group information, in particular the recognition of same-race versus other-race faces and the explicit and implicit evaluation of race groups. Combining the psychological and neural approaches can advance our understanding of these complex human behaviors more rapidly and with more clarity than could be achieved with either approach alone. However, it is inappropriate to assume that the results of neuroimaging studies of a given behavior are more informative than the results of psychological studies of that behavior. Language: en
Surface versus volume rendering: a comparative assessment

A particular surface rendering method is compared with a specific volume rendering technique. The former is described in details. The latter constitutes published work, and the comparison is based on the authors' implementation of this work as close to its original form as possible. The bases of comparison are ability to portray thin bones; clarity of portrayal of sutures, fractures, fine textures, and gyrations; smoothness of natural ridges and silhouettes; time and storage requirements. The preliminary conclusion is that the surface method has a slight edge over the volume method for the portrayal of information of the type described and a significant advantage, as far as time and storage requirements are concerned, for implementations in identical environments. >
Postinfarct cardiac remodeling and the substrate for sudden cardiac death: Role of oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis

“…in a heart with well-coupled myocytes, a greater number of myocytes with simultaneous early afterdepolarization and delayed afterdepolarization are required to overcome the electrotonic sink effect…” The biological changes that occur after myocardial infarction (MI) produce gross structural abnormalities in the heart, such as scar tissue, hypertrophy and chamber dilatation, which may be followed by functional deterioration and the clinical symptoms of heart failure or ventricular arrhythmia. Heart failure is a well-known risk factor for ventricular arrhythmia that is associated with significantly higher car diovascular mortality. It may be too late to cure a dysfunctional heart. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in postMI remodeling can provide useful insights for the very important period of time that follows infarction (the ‘golden therapeutic window’). Infarcted hearts show several important pathological changes that are arrhythmogenic, such as nerve sprouting [1], action potential duration (APD) alternans [2] and a decreased cardiac sodium current [3]. Among the underlying pathophysiologic changes, oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis are particularly impor tant for several reasons. First, there is strong experimental and clinical evidence for their arrhythmogenicity. Second, there are potential therapeutic options to prevent them. Also, oxidative stress promotes cardiac fibrosis. Finally, oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis potentiate the arrhyth mogenic effect of each other. This article highlights the role of oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis in providing the sub strate for sudden cardiac death in infarcted hearts.
A study of topographically induced multiple equilibria and low-frequency variability. I. Idealized topography

It is shown that both the steady and the vacillatory states of a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic, forced dissipative topographic model with a high spectral resolution can be truly intransitive. There exists only an odd number of equilibria in this geophysical system, as predicted by Benjamin's general theorem for the Navier-Stokes equation. The overall findings constitute a generalization of previous results for a barotropic model. The analyses specifically establish for the case of a single-wave topography that, in response to a barotropic forcing, there exist: (1) a low threshold value of the topographic height required for the existence of hysteresis: (2) a higher threshold value for the occurrence of weakly vacillating states with a high frequency; (3) a detuning effect of the nonlinearity due to an increase of the equivalent resonance frequency; (4) a baroclinization effect of an asymmetric friction; and (5) a robustness of the multiple equilibria for an additional weak baroclinic forcing. Under near-resonance conditions of the topographic waves for the case of a simple multi-wave topography, as defined according to the linear dynamics, none of the equilibria is stable. The strong wave-wave interaction in such a situation sustains a dynamically different pronounced vacillation with a dominant long period in the order of tens of days. The existence of multiple vacillations with distinctly different structure and period is established. Outside that range of parametric conditions, there is only one stable equilibrium state. It is demonstrated that the time-mean wavy flow of a decidedly nonlinear time-dependent response can be reproduced, in a high degree of resemblance, by tuning the dissipation parameters in a counterpart linearized model that makes use of the ‘known’ mean zonal flow. It would be misleading, however, to conclude, on the basis of such an agreement, that the linear dynamics really accounts for the actual time-mean wavy flow. This example serves to reveal the potential dangers in interpreting an observed mean flow as consisting of linear planetary waves on a pre-determined zonally symmetric basic state.
Use of superconducting plates and shells to deflect magnetic noise fields: application to MEG

Insertion of a superconducting plate or shell into a magnetic field causes a surface current distribution which opposes the applied field. Resultant fields near plate edges are higher while those near centers are much lower than applied fields. These principles are used in magnetoencephalography by placing suitably oriented gradiometers at points where noise fields are smallest. Signals from nearby brain wave sources are enhanced because the net signal is a combination of that from the sources and that from its image. The principles of noise deflection and source imaging can be used to provide new approaches to gradiometry. >
Clozapine is gold standard, but questions remain.

In their recent publication, Frogley and colleagues have reviewed the evidence indicating that clozapine treatment reduces aggressive behaviour in patients with schizophrenia, and perhaps with other disorders as well (Frogley et al. 2012). Although randomized controlled trials testing this anti-aggressive effect are relatively scarce, the evidence based on many studies supports it. There is general agreement on the superiority of clozapine's anti-aggressive effect in schizophrenia, as reflected for example in published expert consensus guidelines (Kane et al. 2003, p. 38) and in standard textbooks (Volavka et al. 2012). However, there are issues that are not quite as clear. Failure to respond to clozapine is one of these issues. In the general population of schizophrenia patients with treatment-resistant illness, only about 50% of patients respond to clozapine (Lieberman et al. 1994). The proportion of responders to clozapine in the treatment of aggression in schizophrenia has not been reliably established, but it is clear that not all patients will respond. The data published by Krakowski et al. (2006) probably represent the most robust support for the anti-aggressive superiority of clozapine over other antipsychotics in schizophrenia. The statistical analyses used in that paper (Krakowski et al. 2006) were not designed to define the outcome in dichotomous terms (response vs. non-response). However, the published interquartile ranges strongly suggest that non-responders to clozapine were present. Similar variability of response to clozapine was observed in other studies. The causes of this variability of response are not well understood. In a follow-up paper, Krakowski & Czobor (2012) demonstrated that the superiority of clozapine was probably not due to its effect on executive functioning. The variability of response is therefore apparently attributable to other factors than cognitive performance. One reason for this variability is that aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia is …
Linear embeddings in non-rigid structure from motion

This paper proposes a method to recover the embedding of the possible shapes assumed by a deforming nonrigid object by comparing triplets of frames from an orthographic video sequence. We assume that we are given features tracked with no occlusions and no outliers but possible noise, an orthographic camera and that any 3D shape of a deforming object is a linear combination of several canonical shapes. By exploiting any repetition in the object motion and defining an ordering between triplets of frames in a generalized non-metric multi-dimensional scaling framework, our approach recovers the shape coefficients of the linear combination, independently from other structure and motion parameters. From this point, a good estimate of the remaining unknowns is obtained for a final optimization to perform full non-rigid structure from motion. Results are presented on synthetic and real image sequences and our method is found to perform better than current state of the art.
Strategies for acquiring the phospholipid metabolite inositol in pathogenic bacteria, fungi and protozoa: making it and taking it

myo-Inositol (inositol) is an essential nutrient that is used for building phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives in eukaryotes and even in some eubacteria such as the mycobacteria. As a consequence, fungal, protozoan and mycobacterial pathogens must be able to acquire inositol in order to proliferate and cause infection in their hosts. There are two primary mechanisms for acquiring inositol. One is to synthesize inositol from glucose 6-phosphate using two sequentially acting enzymes: inositol-3-phosphate synthase (Ino1p) converts glucose 6-phosphate to inositol 3-phosphate, and then inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) dephosphorylates inositol 3-phosphate to generate inositol. The other mechanism is to import inositol from the environment via inositol transporters. Inositol is readily abundant in the bloodstream of mammalian hosts, providing a source from which many pathogens could potentially import inositol. However, despite this abundance of inositol in the host, some pathogens such as the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the protist parasite Trypanosoma brucei must be able to make inositol de novo in order to cause disease (M. tuberculosis) or even grow (T. brucei). Other pathogens such as the fungus Candida albicans are equally adept at causing disease by importing inositol or by making it de novo. The role of inositol acquisition in the biology and pathogenesis of the parasite Leishmania and the fungus Cryptococcus are being explored as well. The specific strategies used by these pathogens to acquire inositol while in the host are discussed in relation to each pathogen's unique metabolic requirements.
Synaesthesia in its protean guises

Synaesthesia is a condition characterized by unusual perceptual or cognitive pairings – for example, words might trigger tastes (Ward & Simner, 2003), letters may trigger the sensation of texture (Eagleman & Goodale, 2009), or music may induce the sensation of shapes and colour (Ward, Huckstep, & Tsakanikos, 2006). To date, there are estimated to be up to 150 reported forms of synaesthesia (Cytowic & Eagleman, 2009). Perhaps because of its varied incarnations, synaesthesia has proven difficult to capture under a single definition that rigorously marks the boundaries of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Adding to the bewilderment is the problem that almost every paper on synaesthesia examines a single sub-type, and the temptation is great in young fields to extrapolate the findings from single studies to the field more generally. In an article in this issue, Julia Simner aims to build scaffolding for a ‘single shared understanding of the definition of synaesthesia’. Taking a nuanced approach, she identifies the key qualities that would compose a working definition. First, Simner points out that synaesthesia should not be over-simplistically defined as a ‘merging of the senses’. That is, the criteria should not be limited only to sensory categories, but instead be broad enough to encompass conceptual categories. For example, colours can be triggered by the concept of a letter (rather than simply the physical form, Dixon, Smilek, Cudahy, & Merikle, 2000); in another sub-type, a number can trigger the conceptual experience of gender or personality type (Simner & Hubbard, 2006). Thus, Simner argues, joined sensation (the root words of syn + aesthesia) might represent a misnomer. Second, Simner asks important questions about the method by which researchers test for synaesthesia: consistency testing. This involves asking participants to pick, for example, the colour that best matches their synaesthetic perception for a particular letter. Participants are tested multiple times with all letters, and their colour choices are
Contested Terrain: History, Museums, and the Public

How does the public understand and use the past? What role should historians and historical scholarship play in the public9s understanding of the past? How do we as historians address our responsibilities to the public and still remain advocates for history and scholarly integrity? How do we make the difficult choices that are our responsibility to make? This essay argues that historians working in museums must be advocates for both history and our visitors, negotiating the gap between our understanding of the past as historians and the public9s.
Visualizing a sphere eversion

The mathematical process of everting a sphere (turning it inside-out allowing self-intersections) is a grand challenge for visualization because of the complicated, ever-changing internal structure. We have computed an optimal minimax eversion, requiring the least bending energy. Here, we discuss techniques we used to help visualize this eversion for visitors to virtual environments and viewers of our video The Optiverse.
Human resource management in the health‐care industry

It has been said that managing change is a synonym for managing people through change. No other industry has experienced more change in the past ten years than the health‐care industry. In order to regulate all of this change, managers in health‐care organizations must identify new ways to deal with the changes. The issues are as old as time: job satisfaction, cultural conflict, and compensation. This paper addresses each of these key issues with the following examples. A new nursing paradigm that was implemented at a hospital has significantly increased job satisfaction. This paper also takes a look at ways to manage cultural conflict in a diversified workforce. Finally, the results of a team approach to compensation are studied.
Reconciliation of Klaassen's and Reimbold's theories of 1/f noise in MOSFETs

Abstract By proper choice of the dependence of the effective trap density in the surface oxide of MOSFETs on bias, one can reconcile Klaassen's and Reimbold's theories of 1/ f noise in MOSFETs. If the functional dependence of this effective trap density on bias were better known, a complete theory on 1/ f noise in MOSFETs could be developed.
Carbon-fate maps for metabolic reactions

Motivation: Stable isotope labeling of small-molecule metabolites (e.g. 13C-labeling of glucose) is a powerful tool for characterizing pathways and reaction fluxes in a metabolic network. Analysis of isotope labeling patterns requires knowledge of the fates of individual atoms and moieties in reactions, which can be difficult to collect in a useful form when considering a large number of enzymatic reactions. Results: We report carbon-fate maps for 4605 enzyme-catalyzed reactions documented in the KEGG database. Every fate map has been manually checked for consistency with known reaction mechanisms. A map includes a standardized structure-based identifier for each reactant (namely, an InChI™ string); indices for carbon atoms that are uniquely derived from the metabolite identifiers; structural data, including an identification of homotopic and prochiral carbon atoms; and a bijective map relating the corresponding carbon atoms in substrates and products. Fate maps are defined using the BioNetGen™ language (BNGL), a formal model-specification language, which allows a set of maps to be automatically translated into isotopomer mass-balance equations. Availability: The carbon-fate maps and software for visualizing the maps are freely available ( http://cellsignaling.lanl.gov/FateMaps/). Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evolution of resistance patterns and identification of risk factors for Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation in daycare centre attendees in Athens, Greece

Two cross-sectional surveillance studies were conducted during the winters of 2000 and 2003 in Athens, Greece, to obtain nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy pre-school children attending kindergartens. A total of 460 strains were examined in 2000 and 485 strains in 2003, with carriage rates of 31.7% and 34.6%, respectively. Susceptibility patterns were evaluated for penicillin G, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, moxifloxacin, linezolid and telithromycin. Penicillin non-susceptibility increased from 20% to 34.9%, whereas erythromycin non-susceptibility increased from 23% to 30.5%. Resistance to both agents climbed from 7.5% to 22.3% (P<0.001). No isolates were found to be resistant to any of the other antimicrobial agents. Risk factors for carriage and/or antimicrobial resistance were also assessed.
Spatially confined air microplasmas in an array of microcavity devices with asymmetric air flow geometry

Summary form only given. Arrays of microcavity devices designed for the operation in a forced flow of laboratory air. Microcavities having a diameter of 100 ~300 μm and are encapsulated and protected with a Al2O3 ring-shaped dielectric for the protection from plasma sputtering. With a micropatterning process by simple lithography and a microfabrication technique for microcavity formation, precise control of microcavity and its array geometry was obtained with an accuracy of less than 5 %. In particular, to control the plasma properties and flow dynamics of air inside the microcavities of device, the shape of microcavity has been modified to be asymmetric between electrodes. The device was stably operated in air with flow rate of 180-6000 cfm which are equivalent to the velocity of 2.5-7 m/s. Confinement of air plasma inside the microcavity was measured by optical microscopy and ozone generation from the array was measured quantitatively by calibrated UV absorption spectroscopy. Detailed performance and spatial distribution of microdischarges in different air flow rates will discussed in this presentation.
Optical jitter due to refractive index variations in slow-light photonic crystal MZI switches

High effective index waveguides can reduce the size of integrated active MZIs significantly. We demonstrate numerically that they have high sensitivity to variations in material refractive index leading to significant pulse distortion due to jitter.
Time-dependent crack behavior in an integrated structure

Devices in modern technologies often have complex architectures, dissimilar materials, and small features. Their long-term reliability relates to inelastic, time-dependent mechanical behavior of such structures. This paper analyzes a three-layer structure consisting of, from top to bottom, an elastic film, a power-law creep underlayer, and a rigid substrate. The layers are bonded. Initially, the film is subject to a uniform biaxial tensile stress. A channel crack is introduced in the elastic film. As the underlayer creeps, the stress field in the film relaxes in the crack wake, but intensifies around the crack tip. We formulate nonlinear diffusion-like equations that evolve the displacement field. When the crack is stationary, the region in which the stress field relaxes increases with time. We identify the length scale of the region as a function of time. The stress intensity factor is proportional to the square-root of the length scale. For the power-law creep underlayer, this newly identified length depends on the film stress, and corrects an error in a previous paper by Huang, Prevost and Suo (Acta Materialia 50, 4137, 2002). When the crack advances, its velocity can reach a steady state. We identify the scaling law for the steady velocity. An extended finite element method (X-FEM) is used to simultaneously evolve the creep strain and crack length. Numerical results are presented for the stress intensity factors of stationary cracks, and the steady velocities of advancing cracks.
Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Regression

Multiple linear regression is a powerful method of exploring relationships between a response Y and a set of potential explanatory variables \(x_1,\ldots , x_p\), but it has an obvious limitation: it assumes the predictive relationship is, on average, linear. In addition, in its standard form it assumes that the noise contributions are homogeneous and follow, roughly, a normal distribution.
Cargo cults in information design

There are a multitude of rules of writing and design. Cargo cult design occurs when designers rigidly apply a design rule without a clear understanding of why the rule exists or whether it applies to the situation. The rules moved into the status of being a rule for a reason. It is important for designers to understand those reasons so they can critically analyze the situation and make decisions about the applicability of the rule. Successful design requires deeply understanding and working within the situational context and not blindly applying generic rules.
Parametric Study of Boundary-Layer Receptivity to Freestream Hot-Spot Perturbation over a Blunt Compression Cone

This paper presents the numerical simulations of transient flow under the interaction between freestream hotspot perturbations and bow-shock on Purdue’s blunt compression cone with the effects of different nosebluntness and various freestream Mach numbers. The basic flow conditions are referring to Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet tunnel (BAM6QT) at Purdue University. The simulations in this paper consist of two cases of different nose-radii and two cases of different freestream Mach numbers. The detailed analysis of the receptivity mechanisms is carried out with linear stability theory (LST). The simulation results agree well with LST analyses. The parametric study is performed by the comparisons of the simulation results with the Mach-6 results that have been carried out previously. The study shows the sharper cone destabilizes the boundary layer, and the higher freestream Mach number stabilizes it. The receptivity mechanisms under both effects are shown to be the same: the second mode instability is induced by the fast acoustic waves behind the shock in the nose region.
Selection Bias, Confounding, or Information Bias?

To the Editor, As a public health advocate against tobacco use, I find the recent article by Jatoi et al1 interesting and quite informative. As an epidemiologist, I also have a few concerns surrounding the methodologic issues of such study findings. One of the most essential components of a comprehensive tobacco control program is to disseminate the correct health communication message that is based on sound scientific evidence. Because of the nature of this current study,1 the findings are to be interpreted with caution. Although nonrandomized observational studies are never free from methodologic limitations, it is important that the investigators of this study1 were …
Models for the Hydrogen-Related Defect—Impurity Complexes and SiH Infrared Bands in Crystalline Silicon

Based on the quantitative consideration of the chemical effect of nearest neighbor atoms on the bond character and IR vibration frequency of SiH bond in silane molecules, models are proposed for SiH vibration centers and related defect–impurity complexes in crystalline silicon to account for the multiplicity of experimentally observed SiH IR bands in c-Si and their annealing behavior. Problems related to the models are discussed, and experiments to test the models are described.
The Future of PT Education

To the Editor: Like many of my colleagues who are members of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Section for Education, I look forward to reading an insightful and thought-provoking Editor's Note each month in the Journal. In your September 1995 note, “Malpractice in Our Midst,” you contend that physical therapy education is being undertaken by some inappropriate institutions and being implemented by some faculty who are ill-prepared for the demands of the academic setting. The Section for Education agrees, in part, with the content in this Editor's Note. In fact, the Section (as well as the APTA as a whole) is spearheading several activities that address the very concerns that you cite. However, the Section also finds that it must challenge some of your assertions. [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/75/784?iss=9
Supply chain integration, landside operations and port accessibility in metropolitan Chicago

Seaports have traditionally been the focus of maritime logistics supply chains. Changing production patterns demanding greater end to end visibility by customers and accessibility to key inland population centers assume greater importance in the organization and design of transport resources and cargo flows. While synchronization of all aspects of the supply chain has become an operational necessity for firms, it is often held hostage to the efficiency of hinterland networks who must respond to a large group of stakeholders with sporadic coordination. This is particularly true when looking at the central US city and region of Chicago, a critical intermodal exchange point for truck, air and river barge traffic domestic and global, as well as a major central distribution location. This paper analyzes supply chain integration (SCI) efforts in the metropolitan Chicago region and considers efforts by public and private actors to collaborate for region-wide SCI improvements. Pareto analysis suggests that concentrated freight corridors exist, influencing freight planning for regional transportation networks more directly than diffused regional freight movements. If the corridor service becomes less responsive or congested the corridor will move to different end nodes within the broad region. Regional planning must thus address national, regional, and local moves. Private/public sector infrastructure firms should address functional cooperation on SCI by focusing on corridors as well as local improvements.
The 9-day CIDR-PG protocol: Incorporation of PGF2α pretreatment into a long-term progestin-based estrus synchronization protocol for postpartum beef cows

A pilot experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that administration of PGF2α before progestin treatment would allow for a reduced duration of progestin treatment in a long-term progestin-based estrus synchronization protocol. A modified presynchronization treatment was compared with a standard long-term controlled internal drug release (CIDR) treatment, and treatments were compared on the basis of ovarian follicular dynamics, estrous response rate, synchrony of estrus expression, and pregnancy rates resulting from timed artificial insemination (TAI) in postpartum beef cows. Estrous was synchronized for 85 cows, with cows assigned to one of two treatments based on age, days postpartum, and body condition score. Cows assigned to the 14-day CIDR-PG protocol received a CIDR insert (1.38 g progesterone) on Day 0, CIDR removal on Day 14, and administration of PGF2α (25 mg im) on Day 30. Cows assigned to the 9-day CIDR-PG protocol received PGF2α concurrent with CIDR insertion on Day 5, PGF2α concurrent with CIDR removal on Day 14, and administration of PGF2α on Day 30. In both treatments, split-time AI was performed based on estrous response. At 72 hours after PGF2α (Day 33), cows having expressed estrus received TAI; cows that failed to express estrus by 72 hours received TAI 24 hours later (96 hours after PGF2α on Day 34), with GnRH (100 μg im) administered to nonestrous cows. Estrus-detection transmitters were used from CIDR removal until AI to determine onset time of estrus expression both after CIDR removal and after PGF2α. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed at CIDR removal on Day 14, PGF2α on Day 30, and AI on Days 33 or 34. At CIDR removal on Day 14, diameter of the largest follicle present on the ovary was similar between treatments. The proportion of cows expressing estrus after CIDR removal tended to be higher (P = 0.09) among cows assigned to the 9-day CIDR-PG treatment (93%; 40 of 43) than among cows assigned to the 14-day CIDR-PG treatment (81%; 34 of 42). After PGF2α, a significantly higher proportion (P = 0.02) of cows expressed estrus after synchronization with the 9-day CIDR-PG treatment (91%; 39 of 43) than the 14-day CIDR-PG treatment (69%; 29 of 42). Consequently, pregnancy rate to TAI tended to be increased (P = 0.09) among the 9-day CIDR-PG treatment (76.7%; 33 of 43) compared with the 14-day CIDR-PG treatment (59.5%; 25 of 42). In summary, a long-term CIDR-based estrous synchronization protocol for postpartum beef cows was enhanced through administration of PGF2α at CIDR insertion and CIDR removal.
Long-Term Distributed Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Tinnitus: A Feasibility Study.

Objectives To assess feasibility and tolerability of long-term distributed therapeutic rTMS for refractory tinnitus, distributed over seven months. Materials and Methods Eight subjects with refractory tinnitus underwent five weekly sessions of 1800 pulses of 1 Hz rTMS targeted toward the temporoparietal junction. Five weeks later (study week 10), subjects meeting predefined responder criteria entered a monthly rTMS treatment phase, for the next five months. Outcome measures were subject satisfaction and compliance, tinnitus severity daily diaries, standardized tinnitus self-rating scales, and adverse events. Results Subject satisfaction was high, and compliance was virtually 100%. The tinnitus handicap inventory and mini-tinnitus questionnaire scores improved significantly at study week 5 compared with baseline. There were four responders at study week 5; three responders at study week 10; and one responder at study week 30. There were no serious adverse events. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that rTMS can be delivered in a distributed schedule that is well-tolerated, feasible and may prove to be clinically beneficial. A long-term distributed rTMS schedule for tinnitus may warrant investigation as an alternative to the short-term aggregated treatment schedules more frequently used previously. For the many varied therapeutic uses of rTMS (established and investigational), treatment schedules are relatively unexplored, and deserve further attention.
Improved Mobility of Magnetite Nanoparticles at High Salinity with Polymers and Surfactants

Engineered nanoparticles have been proposed for use as contrast agents to enhance geophysical characterization of oil and gas reservoirs. Under saline conditions and in the presence of fine materials, nanoparticle mobility in porous media can be severely limited. To address this issue, a series of column experiments was performed to evaluate the ability of selected polymers and surfactants to enhance the transport of magnetite nanoparticles (nMag) coated with cross-linked polymers in the presence of American Petroleum Institute (API) brine (8 wt % NaCl + 2 wt % CaCl2). Aqueous suspensions containing nMag and API brine were injected at pore-water velocities of 2 ± 0.04 m/day or 10 ± 0.40 m/day through columns packed with either 40–50 mesh Ottawa sand or 60–170 mesh crushed Berea sandstone. When nMag (2500 mg/L) was introduced into Ottawa sand, 97% of the injected mass was recovered in the column effluent, indicating high mobility under saline conditions. However, the injection of nMag (2500 mg/L) into crus...