cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Business Failure: A Funds Flow Approach

The purpose of this paper is to assess the usefulness of financial ratios derived from working capital‐based funds flow information to predict the failure of US industrial firms. Unlike cash‐based funds flow ratios, used in the previous papers, capital‐based funds ratios are less volatile, therefore they are expected to be better predictors of business failure. Moreover, the paper utilizes a more general definition of business failure than the legal definition. The analysis is carried out using a stepwise logit procedure. The results indicate that working capital‐based funds flow measures are superior to cash‐based funds flow measures in business failure prediction models.
Single-shot, two-dimensional ballistic imaging through scattering media

Imaging through scattering materials is an important research area that is generally limited to medical diagnostic applications. Published techniques typically use a method of time- or coherence-gating of ballistic photons that separates these early photons in order to acquire an image without the large background created by the later-arriving diffuse light. Because of the limited number of ballistic photons and the typically low signal-to-noise ratios of these schemes, a large number of averages or scans is necessary. If the desired image is changing rapidly, however, single images of this transient are required. We have therefore evaluated a two-dimensional, single-shot method that can be used for imaging rapid transients in scattering environments.
Brinkmanship and Nuclear Deterrence: The Neutrality of Escalation:

The defense of the United States and the defense of Europe ultimately rely on a threat to use nuclear weapons if all else fails. This type of deterrence cannot be based on a cold rational calculation that nuclear retaliation for any attack is assured. Nuclear war is irrational; it would destroy that which we are trying to save. To threaten nuclear war, therefore, is equally irrational. Nuclear deterrence becomes credible only when there exists the possibility for any conventional conflict to escalate out of control. The threat is not a certainty but rather a probability of mutual destruction. Nuclear deterrence involves a fundamental trade-off. There is a value in being able to make the threat of mutual destruction. The nuclear age has been forty years without world war, But, there is the cost of leaving our fate to chance. Nuclear deterrence requires accepting the risk of mutual destruction. Much of the current debate about nuclear deterrence centers on this risk. What can we do to lower the probability of nuclear war without losing the value of deterrence?
An extended plasma model for Saturn

The Saturn magnetosphere model of Richardson and Sittler (1990) is extended to include the outer magnetosphere. The inner magnetospheric portion of this model is updated based on a recent reanalysis of the plasma data near the Voyager 2 ring plane crossing. The result is an axially symmetric model of the plasma parameters which is designed to provide accurate input for models needing either in situ or line-of-sight data and to be a useful tool for Cassini planning.
Twisted Scroll Waves in Heterogeneous Excitable Media

We study numerically the behavior of a scroll wave in a three-dimensional excitable medium with stepwise heterogeneity, using a FitzHugh Nagumo type model. We find that if the refractory periods in the two homogeneous subregions are sufficiently different, the scroll breaks into two scrolls rotating independently in each part of the medium. Eventually, the faster scroll eliminates the slower one leading to a stationary process, in which the scroll wave surviving in the region of faster recovery acts as a source for planar waves in the region of slower recovery.
The ruins of neo-liberalism and the construction of a new (scientific) subjectivity

Given my long-time interests in neoliberalism and questions of subjectivity, I am pleased to respond to Jesse Bazzul’s paper, “Neoliberal Ideology, global capitalism, and science education: Engaging the question of subjectivity.” In what follows, I first summarize what I see as Bazzul’s contributions to pushing science education in ‘post’ directions. I next introduce the concept of “post-neoliberalism” as a tool in this endeavor. Finally, I address what all of this might have to do with subjectivity in the context of science education. I speak as a much-involved veteran of a version of the science wars fought out in education research for the last decade (NRC 2002). My interest is to use this “battle” to think politics and science anew toward an engaged social science, without certainty, rethinking subjectivity, the unconscious and bodies where I ask “what kind of science for what kind of politics?”
Effectiveness factors for continuous mixtures

Catalyst effectiveness factors provide a quantitative estimate of diffusion resistance for chemical reactions in porous particles. The objective of this research is to develop an approach to calculate liquid-phase, porous-particle effectiveness factors, which are based on spherical reactant molecules and cylindrical pores that both have size distributions. Reactants larger than a given pore are excluded from the pore. A first-order reaction occurs when reactant molecules diffuse into pores that hinder their movement due to steric interactions with the pore wall. The reactant size distribution is described by rectangular or gamma distributions, and the pore-size distribution is modeled by continuous rectangular or discrete fractal distributions. Effectiveness factors are defined and evaluated for (a) one-size reactants in one-size pores, (b) all reactants in one-size pores, (c) one-size reactants in all pores, and (d) all reactants in all pores. Most of the discussion deals with equal-length pores, but the effect of a distribution of pore lengths is also considered.
Association of clinical and pathologic variables with lumpectomy surgical margin status after preoperative diagnosis or excisional biopsy of invasive breast cancer.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of preoperative diagnosis in obtaining negative lumpectomy margins.
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase in Aedes aegypti

1. 1. 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (CHFH4CH) and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase (f5FH4CD) activity was detected in crude extracts of adult male and female Aedes aegypti. 2. 2. The properties of mosquito CHFH4CH generally were similar to those of its counterparts from mammalian sources, but the former had a lower pH optimum and was more sensitive to inhibition by certain divalent cations. 3. 3. Mosquito f5FH4CD differed from its counterpart from sheep liver in its stricter requirement for Mg2+ and ATP, its inactivity when K+ replaced Na+, and in its higher sensitivity to heat inactivation.
Recurrent psychotic depression associated with GM2 gangliosidosis.

Received May 24, 1996; revised October 7, 1996; accepted October 18, 1996. From the Psychiatry Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina. Address reprint requests to Dr. Hamner, Psychiatry Service (116A), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401. Copyright 1998 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. The gangliosidoses are diseases secondary to abnormal accumulation of gangliosides in lysosomes due to deficiencies of ganglioside hydrolases. GM2 gangliosidoses are due to betahexosaminidase A deficiency. The inheritance is autosomal recessive with variable phenotypic expression. Relatively recently, an adult variant of Tay-Sachs disease has been described. There are several clinical subtypes of hexosaminidase A deficiency. Tay-Sachs disease (Type 1, Infantile) has an age at onset of 3 to 6 months and is characterized by motor weakness, doll-like facies, cherry-red spots in macular region, mental retardation, progressive blindness, deafness, convulsions, and age at death of less than 5 years. The pathology involves neuronal lipidosis, axonal degeneration, central demyelination, cortical gliosis, and cytoplasmic membranous bodies. Sandoff’s disease (Type 2) has clinical and pathologic aspects similar to Tay-Sachs. This disorder involves deficiency of both hexosaminidase A and B. The age at onset and clinical course are similar to infantile Tay-Sachs. Visceral histiocytosis may occur. Juvenile GM2 gangliosidosis (Type 3) has an age at onset of between 2 and 6 years and is characterized by progressive ataxia, dysarthria, spasticity, athetoid posturing of hands and extremities, seizures, and death between ages 5 and 15. Pathology involves neuronal lipidosis and cytoplasmic membranous bodies. In adult or chronic GM2 gangliosidosis, the age at onset is from 5 to 25 years, but with slower progression of ataxia, dysarthria, weakness, and other neurological symptoms. Of particular relevance to mental health clinicians, psychiatric symptoms, including depression, psychosis, and dementia, have been reported in association with this variant. Clinically normal, healthy adults with partial hexosaminidase A deficiency have also been described. The following is a case of depression with psychotic features associated with the adult variant.
A small GTP-binding protein, Rho, associates with the platelet-derived growth factor type-beta receptor upon ligand binding.

Abstract Ligand binding to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor initiates a complex and diverging cascade of signaling pathways. GTP-binding proteins with intrinsic GTPase activity (G-proteins) frequently link cell surface receptors to intracellular signaling pathways, but no close associations of the PDGF receptor and any small G-proteins, nor any such associations activated by ligand binding to the receptor have been previously reported. We demonstrate that a small GTP-binding protein binds specifically to the murine and human PDGF type-β receptor. In response to PDGF-BB stimulation, there is an increase in the amount of labeled small G-protein associated with the PDGF type-β receptor. The GTP-binding protein did not undergo ligand-induced association with a mutant receptor protein that was unable to bind ATP. Proteolytic cleavage analysis, together with two-dimensional separation techniques, identified the small G-protein specifically associating with the PDGF type-β receptor after ligand binding as a member of the Rho family. This was confirmed by demonstration that the small G-protein co-immunoprecipitated by the anti-PDGF receptor antibody was a substrate for the ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 exoenzyme. Thus, the PDGF type-β receptor may form a complex with one or more small G-proteins upon binding PDGF-BB, and the Rho small G-protein is likely to be an important component of the proteins making up the multimeric signaling complex of the PDGF type-β receptor.
Magnetic ordering in the high Tc superconductor Eu0.1Gd0.9Ba2Cu3Ox

Hyperfine Interactions 42 (1988) 1257 MAGNETIC ORDERING IN THE HIGH T SUPERCONDUCTOR EuoAGdo.gBa2Cu3Ox t c R.D. TAYLOR, J.O. WILLIS and Z. FISK Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA Superconducting transition temperatures T c near 95 K have been found for a number os R Ba2ChaOx systems, where R includes most of the rare earths /1/. Even magnetic ions such as Gd a-e have little effect on T c . Heat capacity measurements of C, dBa2CuaOx show a k-like feature at 2.24 K thought to be associated with magnetic ordering, and superconductivity persists below this temperature /2/. We have made aStEu biossbauer Effect (ME) measurements on EuBa2CuaOx at temperatures down to 1.3 K. The isomer shift in EuBa2CuaO• clearly shows the Eu to be in the 3+ state, and the absence of any hyperfine field shows it to be non- magnetic at all temperatures studied. For Euo.lC, do.gBa2CuaO• we find a trans- ferred hyperfine field at the Eu-sites rn i f - ' ~ t ) developing below 2.1 K. These results Euo.lC~.aBa2CuaOx are shown in Fig. 1 from data fitted with a magnetic Hamiltonian for the unresolved hyperfine spectra. The curve shown is a Brillouin fit to the data assuming g = 2 and a moment of 7y~ for Gd . The fxt gives a saturation hyperfine field of 2.9(3) T and a mag- netic ordering temperature T. of peak in the heat capacity for EuoaGdo.gBa2Cha07 was determined to be 1.95(5)K. The measurements show that o EualC, doaBa2C~aO• becomes magnetically ordered below 2.1K with the tempera- K ture dependence expected foz spon- taneous ordering of Gd ~ ions. The Fig. 1. Transferred hyperfine field at magnitude of the hyperfine field tSiEu sites as a function of temperature. transferred to the ~StEu sites is roughly that expected from the dipole field from the Cd a~ neighbors; the Eu retains its Eu a§ nonmagnetic character. The ordering temperature T N and the heat capacity peak are of common origin. Super- conductivity masks the presence of magnetic ordering in magnetic susceptibility measurements, but a long extrapolation of the high temperature susceptibility of CdBa2CuaO v gives T O ~ -4.8 K. ;Below 2.1 K, magnetism and superconductivity coexist. Temperature, ~Work supported by Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science References Z. Fisk, J. D. Thompson, E. Zirngiebl, State Commun., 62 (1987) 743. J. O. Willis, Z. Fisk, J. D. Thompson, S-W. Cheong, R. M. Aikin, and E. Zirngiebl, J. biagn. Magn. Mat. 67 (1987) L139. J. L. Smith, and S-W. Cheong, Solid J.C. Baltzer A.G., Scientific Publishing Company J. L. Smith,
A successive approximation method of maximizing test validity

The ratio of item validity to item-total correlation can be used to select items which will tend to yield the maximum correlation with a criterion. Items to be retained are identified by comparing the ratio for each item with the validity of the original test. Further improvement of the validity in the experimental sample can be obtained by adding items to or removing items from the selected nucleus, according to recomputed ratios involving the correlations of the items with the nucleus and evaluated by means of a revised cut-off point. With slight variations, the method may be used for interest and personality tests as well as for aptitude material. The principal advantage over previous methods is that for any cycle of the analysis an exact cut-off point is provided.
An in situ scanning-slit alignment system for Kirkpatrick–Baez optics

Abstract A crucial component to many synchrotron beamlines is the Kirkpatrick–Baez system typically used to condense the synchrotron source to a small illumination spot. The performance of this compound optic often dictates the performance of the entire experimental system. Here, we present the design of a Kirkpatrick–Baez system including numerous in situ alignment controls and an in situ slope-measuring feedback system. Implementation of the system on an extreme ultraviolet undulator beamline is described along with experimental results demonstrating alignment to near diffraction-limited performance.
Distribution of cat-301 immunoreactivity in the frontal and parietal lobes of the macaque monkey.

The distribution of the monoclonal antibody Cat-301 was examined in the frontal and parietal cortex of macaque monkeys. In both regions the distribution was uniform within cytoarchitecturally defined areas (or subareas) but varied between them. In all areas, Cat-301 labeled the soma and proximal dendrites of a restricted population of neurons. In the frontal lobe, Cat-301-positive neurons were intensely immunoreactive and present in large numbers in the motor cortex (area 4), premotor cortex (area 6, excluding its lower ventral part), the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the caudal prefrontal cortex (areas 8a, 8b and 45). In the parietal lobe, large numbers of intensely immunoreactive neurons were evident in the post-central gyrus (areas 1 and 2), the superior parietal lobule (PE/5), and the dorsal bank (PEa), fundus (IPd), and deep half of the ventral bank (POa(i)) of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Two major patterns of laminar distribution were evident. In motor, supplementary motor, premotor (excluding the lower part of its ventral division), and the caudal prefrontal cortex (Walker's areas 8a, 8b and 45), and throughout the parietal cortex (with the exception of area 3), Cat-301-positive neurons were concentrated in the lower part of layer III and in layer V. The laminar positions of labeled cells in these areas were remarkably constant, as were the proportions of labeled neurons that had pyramidal and nonpyramidal morphologies (means of 30.2% and 69.8%, respectively). In contrast, in prefrontal areas 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 46, in the cingulate cortex (areas 23, 24 and 25), and in the lower part of the ventral premotor cortex, Cat-301-positive neurons were spread diffusely across layers II to VI and a mean of 3.6% of the labeled neurons were pyramidal while 96.4% were nonpyramidal. Area 3 was unique among frontal and parietal areas, in that the labeled neurons in this area were concentrated in layers IV and VI. The areas in the frontal lobe which were heavily labeled are thought to be involved in the control of somatic (areas 4 and 6) and ocular (areas 8 and 45) movements. Those in parietal cortex may be classified as areas with somatosensory functions (1, 2, PE/5, and PEa) and areas which may participate in the analysis of visual motion (Pandya and Seltzer's IPd and POa(i), which contain Maunsell and Van Essen's VIP). The parietal somatosensory areas are connected to frontal areas with somatic motor functions, while POa(i) is interconnected with the frontal eye fields (8a and 45). Both POa(i) and the frontal eye fields are known to receive inputs from visual areas specialized for motion analysis. Cat-301 may heavily label neurons in frontal and parietal areas that are broadly concerned with the control of somatic and ocular movements and the processing of the sensory information on which their normal execution depends.
Phantom Limb Pain. A Review

Phantom limb pain, which affects a majority of amputees, must be distinguished from phantom limb sensation, a universal consequence of limb amputation. Although the characteristics and time course of phantom limb pain are well described in the literature, no single theoretical approach can fully account for the contradictory aspects of this condition, thus its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Theories concerning the etiology of phantom limb pain categorized as peripheral, central and psychological have given rise to a myriad of treatment approaches.
Paper electrophoresis of xanthine dehydrogenase from Drosophila.

XANTHINE dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster is of particular interest since mutants at two separate loci lack this enzyme1 while a mutant at a third locus produces about 25 per cent of normal activity2. In an effort to detect strains of flies with genetically altered forms of xanthine dehydrogenase we devised a technique involving paper-strip electrophoresis in which this enzyme is located after electrophoresis by spraying the strip with the enzyme's substrates, incubating it at 25° C, and then using paper chromatography to separate the fluorescent product from the substrate which also fluoresces. This technique is very simple, and has potential application to other enzymes. Paper electrophoresis of xanthine dehydrogenase in rat serum has previously been reported using the technique of elution and direct assay3,4.
Recent urbanization trends in Peninsular Malaysia.

The pace of urbanization in Peninsular Malaysia was slower in the most recent intercensal interval, 1957 to 1970, than in the previous period, 1947 to 1957, Most of the small change in the rural-urban balance from 1957 to 1970 appears due to the growth of towns into the urban classification rather than to a redistribution of population into the previous urban settlements. A number of towns in Peninsular Malaysia do show exceptional growth from 1957 to 1970, but there seems to be no clear relationship between a city’s size and its subsequent growth. The rural areas on the outskirts of the largest cities do show rapid growth, especially the periphery of the capital city. It appears that neither the classic model of urbanization based upon Western experience nor the over-urbanization thesis explain the urbanization process in Peninsular Malaysia.
Predicting orbital debris shape and orientation effects on spacecraft shield ballistic limits based on characteristic length

Abstract We propose the use of “characteristic length,” based on radar cross section, as a metric for comparing the performance of orbital debris impactors of differing shapes, and the use of NASA's standard breakup model (SBM) “flake” shape as the representative particle for predicting orbital debris penetration effects. We also propose the use of a 26-view methodology for examining non-spherical particles such as cylinders, rectangular prisms, octahedrons, etc., with the intent to describe their potential impact orientations while minimizing the number of hydrocode runs needed to develop orientation-dependent ballistic limit curves. Using this methodology and the smooth particle hydrodynamic code (SPHC), we predict the ballistic limit for SBM-based particles against a typical spacecraft dual-wall shield at normal obliquity and velocities of 7, 8, and 12 km/s. Finally, we compare these results with ballistic limits produced by spherical impactors of the same characteristic length as the SBM-based particles.
Differential Flower Herbivory and Gall Formation on Males and Females of Neea psychotrioides, a Dioecious Tree

The goal of this study was to determine whether there exists intersexual differences in the degree of herbivore attack on a tropical, dioecious tree. Neea pychotrioides is a Costa Rican tree that experiences at least two types of attack on its reproductive structures: flower herbivory and gall formation on inflorescences. Although female trees were more common than males in the two study populations (overall sex ratio = 1.5 females/male), male flowers were more likely to be eaten by lepidopteran larvae. Similarly, inflorescence-borne, fly-induced galls were more frequent on males. Ten families of insects from three orders (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera) occupied the galls with varying levels of parasitism and hyperparasitism occurring within. Although the sexes were not significantly different in vegetative size, males had larger floral displays (more inflorescences and larger flowers) that may have acted as attractants to herbivores and gallmakers. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that flower damage and the energetic costs of producing galls exert a greater expense to males, ultimately resulting in death, and over time, a skewing of the sex ratio.
A numerical analysis of void growth in tension creep

Abstract The uniaxial creep deformation of a material containing a doubly periodic square array of circular cylindrical voids is studied under plane strain conditions. A variational principle for incompressible nonlinear viscous behavior is used as the basis for implementing a finite element solution. The effects of large, time dependent deformation are included in the formulation. A power law creep relationship is used and results are obtained for the influence of different stress exponents on the overall ductility. The void shape evolution and zones of concentrated deformation are described under increasing overall strain.
The Effect on Learning, Communication, and Assessment when Student-Created Youtubes of Microteaching Were Used in an Online Teacher-Education Course.

This pilot study within an online teacher-education course required pre-service teachers to develop self-videotaped microteaching lessons which were posted in a private YouTube. Analysis of the stu...
Blueprint for the future of metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Thank you for the honor of serving as your president over the past year. I have met some of the most dedicated and passionate people—surgeons and integrated health teams—around the country, and it has been truly a humbling experience for me to represent the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS). The role of the presidency has been in constant change. As the epidemic of obesity has grown and garnered so much national attention, the visibility and responsibility of representing a group that offers effective and durable treatment has also grown. The depth of the responsibility requires hard work to acquire the current peer review literature knowledge base needed to respond to stakeholders from within and without the society. Many of you know that I like to climb mountains; this one has been formidable—rather like climbing Huayna Picchu, as my sister and I did not too long ago in Peru. The focus of my efforts over the year of my presidency was to establish a modern basis for the everyday management of the society and to establish a firm foundation in 4 major areas: medicalization of obesity, understanding the mechanism of action of surgery, improving access to care, and establishing a new paradigm in the safety and efficacy of surgery. Throughout my tenure in the leadership of the ASMBS, I have strived to mentor members to become future leaders in the society. The keystone of the foundation in a great organization is founded in the leaders who have come before. This provides the historical context to establish the moral and ethical compass for the future. Our leadership is graced with talent and passion to reflect the values the society needed most at differing times during its history: Edward Mason, who provided the intellectual foundation for surgical remission of disease; Walter Pories and Ken MacDonald, who gave us disease-specific metabolic treatment of diabetes with gastric
Proximal Digital Annular Ligament Desmotomy in Horses: A Cadaveric Study

Proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL) desmitis occurs in horses for which PDAL desmotomy is the only reported treatment. The presented work aims to develop a technique for safely performing PDAL desmotomy in horses. Twenty hind limbs and 13 forelimbs, harvested from horses dead or euthanized for reasons unrelated to any structure in the pastern region, were used. All horses were free of disease at the level of their PDAL. Proximal digital annular ligament desmotomy was performed using a minimally invasive approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath between the palmar (plantar) annular ligament and the PDAL, using a medial or a lateral access. Limbs were immediately dissected after the procedure to assess the completeness of the PDAL desmotomy and any possible damage to surrounding structures. The PDAL was successfully transected in all limbs except one. Damage to the surrounding tissue included transection of the palmar digital nerve (n = 1), longitudinal tear of the superficial digital flexor tendon (n = 3), and transection of the ligament of the ergot (n = 21). A medial approach was found to be safer than a lateral approach. In conclusion, PDAL desmotomy can be performed in a safe, repeatable, and technically easy way. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a standardized technique for performing a PDAL desmotomy in the horse.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Environment and in People: A Meta-Analysis of Concentrations

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many types of consumer products. Perhaps as a result of their widespread use and their lipophilicity, these compounds have become ubiquitous in the environment and in people. This review summarizes PBDE concentrations measured in several environmental media and analyzes these data in terms of relative concentrations, concentration trends, and congener profiles. In human blood, milk, and tissues, total PBDE levels have increased exponentially by a factor of ∼100 during the last 30 yr; this is a doubling time of ∼5 yr. The current PBDE concentrations in people from Europe are ∼2 ng/g lipid, but the concentrations in people from the United States are much higher at ∼35 ng/g lipid. Current PBDE concentrations in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic are very low at ∼5 ng/g lipid, but they have increased exponentially with a doubling time of ∼7 yr. Marine mammals from the rest of the world have current PBDE levels of ∼1000 ng/g lipid, and...
The Ada recommendation—a year later

In January 1997, the National Research Council published a report to the Department of Defense entitled Ada and Beyond, Software Policies for the Department of Defense. The author of this paper was a member of the committee that produced that report. This paper looks at the original recommendations of the report and comments on the results (intended and unintended) within the DoD community over the past year.
Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years.

Objective : To critically review the research on anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, focusing on new developments in the past 10 years. Method : This review includes recent articles which contribute to the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Results : Information was organized into a developmental framework. Anxiety disorders research has shown steady progress. Conclusions : More research is needed, particularly in the areas of neurobiological basis of anxiety disorders, longitudinal studies, and treatment.
A study of mitochondrial protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells.

Mitochondrial protein synthesis has been studied in intact HeLa cells by utilizing specific inhibitors. We have observed that in the presence of pederine, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis in mammalian cells, protein synthesis continues for at least 1 h at approximately 0.5% of the rate of untreated cells. When control cells and cells treated with pederine are fractionated after an incubation with labeled amino acids into a mitochondrial and a supernatant fraction, it is found that incorporation into the mitochondrial fraction is higher in the presence of the inhibitor. Mitochondrial protein synthesis has been shown to take place on aggregates of mitochondrial ribosomes. The synthesis of mitochondrial proteins has been studied by incubating HeLa cells with labeled amino acids and either pederine or chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis. We have been able to establish that the structural protein of mitochondrial ribosomes is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and its synthesis is thus inhibited by pederine, but not by chloramphenicol. Mitochondrial proteins have been analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis after fractionation of the mitochondria into inner and outer membranes. Proteins synthesized by mitochondria in the presence of pederine are located predominantly on the inner mitochondrial membranes. Only few protein species synthesized by mitochondria are resolved by gel electrophoresis. This finding is discussed in relationship to the information content of mitochondrial DNA.
Optimum Exposure Time for Speckle Imaging Through the Atmosphere Using the Bispectrum Technique

ABSTRACT Bispectrum speckle imaging uses the average of many short exposure frames to eliminate atmospheric effects on images. Unfortunately, objects are often dim, requiring longer exposure times to collect enough photons to reconstruct an image. We investigate this trade-off using a computer simulation to create image frames under various seeingconditions, then determine the exposure time that yields the highest signal-to-noise ratio for the unbiased speckleinterferometry estimator and the lowest mean square error for the reconstructed phase. We have found that for low light levels and for high read noise cases the optimum exposure time is greater than one Greenwood coherence time. Keywords: Atmospheric optics, speckle imaging, bispectrum, optimum exposure time 1 Introduction Atmospheric turbulence degrades the imaging resolution of large ground-based telescopes, reducing the resolution they yield to that provided by a telescope only a few tens of centimeters in diameter. Turbulence, which is random inboth space and time, causes variations in the index of refraction of the atmosphere thus causing random aberrations
Long-term changes in the surface conditions of PLT

Long-term changes in the surface conditions of the PLT vacuum vessel wall have been monitored by the periodic analysis of a variety of sample substrates (stainless steel, alumina, silicon), exposed to PLT discharges for periods of up to several months and subsequently removed for analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA), ion backscattering, nuclear reaction analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy. Samples exposed for extended time periods (2–6 months) showed deposited films containing limiter (W) and liner constituent metals (Fe, Cr, and Ni) and C and O. The film thicknesses ranged between 100 and 200 A with 2–15 at.% W and 5–40% Fe as determined by sputter-AES and ion backscattering measurements. Increased deposition of metallic impurities (W, Fe) was noted following the first extensive application of low power discharge cleaning. We discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for the deposition of metals onto the sample surfaces. Deuterium retention was observed in all the exposed samples with the deuterium depth profiles restricted primarily to the deposited films on the stainless steel substrates and extending deeper for Si. The retained deuterium measured in the exposed samples shows a saturation in the retention of (1–11) × 1015Datoms/cm2 for an estimated variation in the deuterium fluence of 1016–1018 D atoms/cm2.
On the luminescent behaviour of europium in yttrium oxide and yttrium vanadate hosts

Europium-doped Y2O3 and YVO4 were excited by ultraviolet and 10 kV electrons to give the red emission of Eu3+. Increase in the fluorescence output with temperature under uv excitation results from an increased absorption and a more efficient energy transfer to the Eu3+ ions from charge-transfer states involving the Y-O and V-O componensts of the lattices. The absence of thermal quenching of fluorescence for (Y2O3∶Eu) is attributed to the high energy of its charge-transfer states which forbids the5D0 state to come into thermal contact with them. Complete quenching would occur above 2000 K as predicted from an estimated activation energy of 24 417 cm−1. Quenching of cathodoluminescence of (YVO4∶Eu) commences at 150 K due to the lower energy of its charge-transfer states. The experimentally-deduced temperature for complete quenching of cathodoluminescence for (YVO4∶Eu) is lower than that predicted from an estimated thermal activation energy of 14 217 cm−1; the difference being attributed to localized heating effects induced by electron bombardment. It is suggested that europium ions do not take part in thermoluminescence processes. Electron-hole recombinations occur at host sites to give the observed glow peaks which have been ascribed to traps produced by lattice defects and uncontrollable impurities in the undoped hosts.
Independent collimator dosimetry for a dual photon energy linear accelerator

Abstract Purpose : The independent collimator feature in medical linear accelerators can define radiation fields that are asymmetric with respect to the flattening filter and oblique to the incident surface. Prior to clinical implementation, it is necessary to evaluate the dosimetry of this non-standard treatment delivery technique. An investigation of the independent collimator dosimetry for 6 MV and 18 MV x-ray beams has been undertaken. Methods and Materials : Dose to tissue in free space, percent depth dose and dose distribution were measured and compared to that for symmetric field collimation. Results : The dosimetry results were consistent for both photon modes. Dose in free space with asymmetric collimation can be calculated from the corresponding symmetric field dose in free space to within 1.2 ± 0.7% by applying an appropriate off-axis factor. Asymmetric field percent depth dose differs from symmetric field percent depth dose on average by 1.1 ± 0.7% for 6 MV and by 0.7 ± 0.5% for 18 MV for field sizes ranging from 5 X 5 to 20 X 20, centered 3 cm and 10 cm off-axis. The measured isodose curves demonstrate divergence effects and reduced doses (less than 3%) adjacent to the field edge closest to the flattening filter center. This dose asymmetry result is identical to that from secondary collimation. Conclusion : The methodology for clinical implementation of the independent collimator feature is straightforward. However, accurate representation of the isodose distributions by commercial radiotherapy treatment planning systems requires special dose calculation algorithms.
Body Composition Assessment in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury

Sarcopenia (muscle wasting) and fat accumulation due to paralysis significantly impair activities of daily living, community mobility, cardiopulmonary health, bowel and bladder function, skin integrity, and spasticity in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and can contribute to morbidities associated with obesity including atherosclerosis, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, chronic pain, depression, and societal isolation. Body composition assessment is used to distinguish fat from muscle, bone, and organs in a given individual. Typical methods of body composition assessment used for most populations underestimate body fat in SCI and are relatively insensitive to changes that may occur from exercise and nutritional interventions. Current body composition assessment techniques and limitations of those techniques for application to persons with SCI are discussed. Recommendations are made for future investigations to validate clinical assessment tools with the 4-compartment (gold standard) model of body...
Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of a basolateral calcium adenosine triphosphatase in vitamin D replete chick enterocytes

A cytochemical technique for the electron microscopic localization of calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) was utilized to localize this enzyme in the enterocytes of rachitic and vitamin D-replete chicks. In animals treated with cholecalciferol (CC, vitamin D3), an electron-dense reaction product was located along the basolateral membranes of the absorptive cells within 72 hr after injection. Similarly, a reaction product was identified in association with the basolateral membranes within 24 hr after injection of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D. A microvillar reaction product was not seen in either of these two groups. Electron-dense reaction products were also seen in association with mitochondria and scattered throughout the cytoplasm of these enterocytes. The Ca-ATPase reaction product was dependent upon the presence of medium calcium and substrate (ATP), was inhibited by vanadate, and was heat labile. In the rachitic animals, a reaction product indicative of Ca-ATPase activity was not seen in association with either the basolateral membranes or the mitochondria. These data appear to indicate that an energy-requiring calcium-activated membrane pump plays a role in the flux of calcium across the enterocytes of the small intestine.
Electric field effects in the photoionization and photoabsorption of methyl iodide

Abstract The effects of relatively high static electric fields (133–6533 V/cm) in the photoionization and photoabsorption of methyl iodide below the first and second ionization limits are reported. As opposed to the minor effect of the field in the photoabsorption, significant changes are observed in the photoionization below the thresholds. The changes induced by the field in the photoionization signal are explained in terms of a simple model based on the absorption spectra and on the photoionization spectrum recorded with the lowest applied field.
Charge Spectrum, Mean Free Paths, and Flux of Heavy Primary Cosmic Rays at the Top of the Atmosphere

This investigation is restricted to primary cosmic rays of nuclear charges equal to or greater than ten at the geomagnetic latitude of 41 degrees north. Data were obtained from thick emulsions exposed at high altitudes over Texas. The flux, extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere, was found to be 2.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 particles/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sec sterad. The distribution histogram for the charge spectrum is included. The attenuation mean free paths for three groups were 28.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.8, 26.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.9, 23.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.7 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for $Z=10\ensuremath{-}11, 12\ensuremath{-}14, 15\ensuremath{-}26$, respectively.
The Effect of Aggregation on the Empirical Identification of Key Sectors in a Regional Economy: A Partial Evaluation of Alternative Techniques:

The open nature of regional economies requires that careful attention be paid to the magnitude of intraregional interindustry relationships when decisions about the allocation of investment are made. A number of methods have been proposed for the purposes of identifying key sectors in a national economy using input–output models. This research reports on attempts to identify key sectors at the regional level using the 1963 and 1967 Washington State input–output models at various levels of aggregation. The lack of consistency of identification of key sectors by the various methods suggests that these approaches have limited utility at the regional level.
The Tale of Sushi: History and Regulations

Abstract: This article is an exploration of the history of sushi consumption in the United States and how the ingredients of sushi are regulated. The article delineates the course of sushi's culinary history in Japan, and will attempt to present an overview on the incremental process by which sushi as a cuisine evolved from a humble street food with scarce recognition to an immensely sophisticated popular cuisine in Japan and America. After describing and analyzing the historical background of sushi, the article will present the underpinnings of the confounding set of etiquettes that center the art of consuming sushi. This article will also examine sushi as an exemplary form of successful, multi-directional product of globalization. It is intriguing to observe sushi as a circulating global commodity that internalizes and promotes regional dietary preferences and cultural practices. The second half of the article will discuss both the health benefits and health hazards associated with the sushi cuisine. While the seafood, seaweed, and seasoning involved with eating sushi have high nutritional value, sushi consumers need to be aware of the perilous nature of mercury poisoning and the biological contaminants that are embedded in improperly processed sushi fish. The FDA's current consumer advisory scheme on mercury poisoning is incomprehensible, conflicts with the guidelines that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) delineates, and its inspection and surveillance guidelines are in practice difficult to enforce. The last section of the article will trace the development of the Seafood Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan and compare its prospective policy visions and practical guidelines with the Hong Kong Food and Environmental Hygiene Department's (FEHD) Sushi Surveillance Guidelines.
Teschemacher and deBillier Cattle Company: A Study of Eastern Capital on the Frontier

Adventure as well as hope for great gain touched off the western cattle boom of the 1880's. The magic lure of the West proved irresistible even to conservative Eastern financiers. Losses were large, but the disillusioned and precipitous withdrawal of capital made them even larger.
Methods of Random Vibration for Inelastic Structures

Structures often become nonlinear and inelastic under severe lateral force produced by natural hazards such as earthquakes, severe winds and waves. The restoring force of the structures under such load may become hysteretic and deteriorate in strength or stiffness, or both. This paper gives an overview of the major developments in the modeling and response analysis of inelastic structures under random excitation. It includes: (1) modeling of the hereditary behavior of inelastic system; (2) methods of solution based on semi-empirical approaches, Fokker–Planck equation, and equivalent linearization; and (3) applications to performance and safety evaluation of real structural systems. Limitations of current methods are mentioned and suggestions of areas for further research are given.
What Values Are Critical

Chemistry and hematology laboratories long ago developed policies and procedures for so-called “critical values.” These policies ensured timely verbal communications for predefined test results understood to reflect life-threatening therapeutically remediable conditions. The critical values concept has penetrated anatomic pathology but only in specific limited settings, usually when an abnormal or important finding is anticipated by the procedure itself, such as a frozen section request or biopsy to evaluate rejection in a kidney transplant. In this scenario, expedited communication is highly driven by context, typically in the form of pretest notification via clinician contact with laboratory personnel. Hence, an important distinction between anatomic and clinical pathology testing environments is that a critical value can be defined more precisely in the latter setting, outside of test indication. In other words, certain blood test values are defined as critical because they are presumed to reflect, rather than depend, on the clini
Mouse Knock-out of IOP1 Protein Reveals Its Essential Role in Mammalian Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Protein Biogenesis

Iron-sulfur proteins play an essential role in a variety of biologic processes and exist in multiple cellular compartments. The biogenesis of these proteins has been the subject of extensive investigation, and particular focus has been placed on the pathways that assemble iron-sulfur clusters in the different cellular compartments. Iron-only hydrogenase-like protein 1 (IOP1; also known as nuclear prelamin A recognition factor like protein, or NARFL) is a human protein that is homologous to Nar1, a protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that, in turn, is an essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly pathway in yeast. Previous siRNA-induced knockdown studies using mammalian cells point to a similar role for IOP1 in mammals. In the present studies, we pursued this further by knocking out Iop1 in Mus musculus. We find that Iop1 knock-out results in embryonic lethality before embryonic day 10.5. Acute, inducible global knock-out of Iop1 in adult mice results in lethality and significantly diminished activity of cytosolic aconitase, an iron-sulfur protein, in liver extracts. Inducible knock-out of Iop1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in diminished activity of cytosolic but not mitochondrial aconitase and loss of cell viability. Therefore, just as with knock-out of Nar1 in yeast, we find that knock-out of Iop1/Narfl in mice results in lethality and defective cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly. The findings demonstrate an essential role for IOP1 in this pathway.