cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments and CFD simulation of mass transfer and hydrodynamics in a cylindrical bubble column

Abstract Flow visualization, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and dissolved oxygen charging experiments are carried out in a small-scale cylindrical air-water bubble column at different superficial gas velocities. Void fraction profile, total gas holdup, liquid phase velocity field and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are obtained. Details of each experiment are given, with a new procedure for obtaining a 2D void fraction profile from flow visualization by image processing and time averaging which could provide useful information for CFD model validation. The experimental results are analyzed and compared with simulations where good agreement is found for both local and global flow patterns. The averaged governing equations and constitutive relations used in the simulation are discussed briefly, with emphasis on the proper comparison between simulations and experiments based on the derivation of the two-fluid model. By conducting three sets of experiments related to phase distribution, velocity field and mass transfer in the same apparatus, a validated CFD model for multiphase mass transfer is established and can be used in the future design of a multi-phase reactor.
A mixed-method longitudinal study of an interprofessional education course.

The purpose of this mixed-method longitudinal study was to understand how health professional students’ perceptions of their professional flexibility, role interdependence, and reflection on their ...
Children selectively endorse speculative conjectures

Young children are epistemically vigilant, attending to the reliability, expertise, and confidence of their informants and the prior probability and verifiability of their claims. But the pre-eminent requirement of any hypothesis is that it provides a potential solution to the question at hand. Given questions with no known answer, the ability to selectively adopt new, unverified, speculative proposals may be critical to learning. This study explores when people might reasonably reject known facts in favor of unverified conjectures. Across four experiments, when conjectures answer questions that available facts do not, both adults (n = 48) and children (4.0-7.9 years, n = 241, of diverse race and ethnicity) prefer the conjectures, even when the conjectures are preceded by uncertainty markers or explicitly violate prior expectations.
Fundamental Limits on Detection of UAVs by Existing Terrestrial RF Networks

Detection of drones carries critical importance for safely and effectively managing unmanned aerial system traffic in the future. Given the ubiquitous presence of the drones across all kinds of environments in the near future, wide area drone detection and surveillance capability are highly desirable, which require careful planning and design of drone sensing networks. In this paper, we seek to meet this need by using the existing terrestrial radio frequency (RF) networks for passive sensing of drones. To this end we develop an analytical framework that provides the fundamental limits on the network-wide drone detection probability. In particular, we characterize the joint impact of the salient features of the terrestrial RF networks, such as the spatial randomness of the node locations, the directional 3D antenna patterns, and the mixed line of sight/non line of sight (LoS/NLoS) propagation characteristics of the air-to-ground (A2G) channels. Since the strength of the drone signal and the aggregate interference in a sensing network are fundamentally limited by the 3D network geometry and the inherent spatial randomness, we use tools from stochastic geometry to derive the closed-form expressions for the probabilities of detection, false alarm and coverage. This, in turn, demonstrates the impact of the sensor density, beam tilt angle, half power beam width (HPBW) and different degrees of LoS dominance, on the projected detection performance. Our analysis reveals optimal beam tilt angles, and sensor density that maximize the network-wide detection of the drones.
Advancements to Monte-Carlo modeling of the underwater light field using synthetic water surface slopes and synthetic bottom reflectance signatures

A non-homogeneous water column Monte Carlo model is utilized for predicting underwater light fields in shallow estuarine waters with suspended muds/flocs and a bottom lutocline boundary layer. This previously developed model creates synthetic water wave surfaces. Outputs are presented to demonstrate the response to water wave facet slopes at the surface and a lutocline bottom fluid mud boundary layer. Synthetic reflectance spectrums and radiometric quantities are modeled with different solar and sensor zenith and azimuth angles. Measurements in Space Coast Florida waters are used as model inputs. Averaged depth dependent concentration profiles for particulate matter suspended from the bottom fluid mud and lutocline layers are estimated from sondes. In this report vertical profiles of shape factors with various water surface slopes and fluid mud assumptions are shown. Model results suggests that suspended muds in the water column will have unique higher absorption influences upon the photosynthetically active light region of the underwater light field.
The Utility of the Memorable Messages Framework as an Intermediary Evaluation Tool for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in a Nutrition Education Program

Additional strategies to evaluate the impact of community nutrition education programs on low-income individuals are needed. The objective of this qualitative study was to examine the use of the Memorable Messages Framework as an intermediary nutrition education program evaluation tool to determine what fruit and vegetable messages were reported as memorable and the characteristics of those memorable messages. A convenience sample of low-income, primarily African American adults (N = 58) who previously completed a series of community nutrition education lessons within an urban area of Indiana participated in a focus group (N = 8 focus groups). A lead moderator using a semistructured script conducted the focus groups to determine what information about fruits and vegetables was most memorable from the participants' nutrition lessons and why this information was memorable. All focus group audiotapes were transcribed verbatim and ATLAS.ti software was used to code and identify themes within the data. Participants cited quantity, variety, and the positive nutritional impact of eating fruits and vegetables as most memorable. Information given in the form of recipes was also cited as most memorable. For example, participants referred to the recipe demonstrations as not only fun but also key components of the program that helped with message retention and memorability. Key characteristics of memorable messages included personal relevance and message vividness. These findings indicated that the Memorable Messages Framework may serve as an intermediary program evaluation tool to identify what information and messages are most influential to participants in community nutrition education programs.
Is the Customer Always Right? The Potential for Racial Bias in Customer Evaluations of Employee Performance

With the encouragement of marketing scholars, many companies are tying employee incentives to customer ratings of satisfaction, service quality, or employee performance. One potential drawback to these practices is that customers' evaluations of employees—and, therefore, any associated rewards—may be biased by employee race. This possibility was examined in a restaurant setting. We found that customers rated the promptness and attentiveness of same race servers more favorably than different race servers, but there were no differences for assessments of server friendliness or appearance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation among racial/ethnic groups in the United States

Aim To examine the association between smoking mentholated cigarettes and smoking cessation, separately for different racial/ethnic groups. Design Secondary data analysis of the 2003 and 2006–07 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. Setting United States. Participants African American, Asian American/Pacific Islander, Hispanic/Latino, Native American, non-Hispanic white adults. Measurements Examined relations between the use of mentholated cigarettes and measures of smoking cessation. Findings Among African Americans (ORadj = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.35–1.95) and Hispanics/Latinos (ORadj = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00–1.47), those who currently smoked mentholated cigarettes were more likely be seriously considering quitting in the next six months than were non-menthol smokers, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. African Americans (ORadj = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.60–2.19) and Hispanics/Latinos (ORadj = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11–1.62) who smoked mentholated cigarettes were also significantly more likely to have a positive estimation of successfully quitting in the next six months compared to non-menthol smokers. These associations were not found among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, Native Americans/Alaska Natives and Non-Hispanic Whites. Among former smokers, across racial/ethnic groups, those who smoked mentholated cigarettes (vs. non-menthols) were significantly less likely to have successfully quit for at least six months: African Americans (ORadj = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.17–0.31), Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (ORadj = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11–0.45), Hispanics/Latinos (ORadj = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34–0.69) and Non-Hispanic Whites (ORadj = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.25–0.33). Conclusion Across race/ethnic groups, those who used to regularly smoke mentholated cigarettes were less likely to have experienced long-term quitting success. Cessation programs should consider the type of cigarette typically smoked by participants, particularly menthols.
Norwood Stage I Palliation in Patients Less Than or Equal to 2.5 kg: Outcomes and Risk Analysis.

Background Hospital mortality of stage I palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and weighing less than or equal to 2.5 kg remains high. We aimed to (1) assess outcomes in this specific population in a dedicated neonatal cardiac program and (2) determine factors associated with poor outcomes. Methods We retrospectively analyzed outcomes in patients weighing less than or equal to 2.5 kg who underwent a stage I palliation at our institution (2006 to 2014) and performed a risk analysis. Twenty-eight patients were included. Mean follow-up was 26.2 ± 27 months. Results Median weight at surgery was 2.29 kg (range, 1.3 to 2.5 kg). A Sano conduit as opposed to a Blalock-Taussig shunt was placed in 22 patients (78.6%). Timing of surgery was delayed in 5 patients (18%) because of prematurity or extracardiac condition. Coronary fistulae, ventricular dysfunction, and greater than moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation were present in 2 patients each. Hospital mortality rate was 10.7% (3 of 28 patients). One patient (3.7%) required an early, unplanned reintervention, and 1 patient underwent a late arch revision at the time of stage II. Late mortality or heart transplant rate was 8% (2 of 25 patients). Stage II and stage III procedures were performed in 19 (76%) and 8 (32%) survivors. Survival after stage 2 palliation was 100% (19 of 19 patients) and 87% after Fontan (7 of 8 patients). On univariate analysis, low birthweight ( p = 0.03), delayed surgery ( p = 0.05), preoperative comorbidities ( p = 0.03), postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( p = 0.04), neurologic complications ( p = 0.03), and dialysis ( p = 0.04) were associated with higher hospital mortality. Conclusions Stage-I palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome weighing less than or equal to 2.5 kg can be achieved with good early and late outcomes. Very low birth weight, delayed surgery, comorbidities, and severe postoperative complications were associated with higher hospital mortality.
ALGORITMO ETAPA A ETAPA PARA LA SIMULACIÓN DE CASCADAS DE EXTRACCIÓN EN FASE LÍQUIDA APLICANDO EL MODELO DE EQUILIBRIO (STAGE-BY-STAGE ALGORITHM FOR SIMULATION OF LIQUID PHASE EXTRACTION CASCADES APPLYING THE EQUILIBRIUM MODEL)

Se presenta un metodo de solucion etapa a etapa para el conjunto de ecuaciones de balance de masa, relaciones de equilibrio, suma de composiciones y entalpia (MESH, mass equilibrium sum enthalpy) que representan el modelo de equilibrio para un arreglo a contracorriente de etapas de extraccion en fase liquida. El fundamento teorico se encuentra en la termodinamica: equilibrio liquido-liquido, flash isotermico y flash adiabatico. El algoritmo supera los alcances de los metodos graficos e isotermicos tipicos en el estudio de los procesos de extraccion y es aplicable a situaciones adicionales muy comunes: transferencia de calor en las etapas, etapas adiabaticas, temperaturas diferentes para los flujos de alimentacion y solvente. El algoritmo se ilustra en tres ejemplos, los dos primeros en operacion isotermica con tres componentes (agua, acido acetico y acetato de butilo) y diez etapas, y un tercero mas elaborado que involucra transferencia de calor con cuatro componentes (agua, acido acetico, butanol y acetato de butilo) y quince etapas. Abstract: It is shown a stage-by-stage solution method for the group of mass balances, equilibrium relationships, sum of compositions and enthalpy equations (MESH equations) that represents the equilibrium model for a countercurrent multistage liquid-liquid extraction arrangement. The theoretical foundation is in thermodynamics: liquid-liquid equilibrium, isothermal flash, and adiabatic flash. The algorithm exceeds the scope of graphics and isothermal methods used in the study of extraction processes, which is applicable to very common typical situations: heat transfer by stage, adiabatic stages, and different temperatures in feed and solvent streams. The algorithm is illustrated in three examples, the first two in isothermal operation with three components (water, acetic acid and butyl acetate) and ten stages, and a third one more elaborated involving heat transfer with four components (water, acetic acid, butanol, butyl acetate) and fifteen stages.
Biologic predictors of clinical improvement in rituximab-treated refractory myositis.

Background: To examine the longitudinal utility of a biomarker signature in conjunction with myositis autoantibodies (autoAbs) as predictors of disease improvement in refractory myositis patients treated with rituximab. Methods: In the RIM Trial, all subjects received rituximab on 2 consecutive weeks. Using start of treatment as baseline, serum samples (n = 177) were analyzed at baseline and after rituximab with multiplexed sandwich immunoassays to quantify type-1 IFN-regulated and other pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Biomarker scores were generated for the following pathways: type-1 IFN-inducible (IFNCK), innate, Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory cytokines. Myositis autoAbs (anti-synthetase n = 28, TIF-γ n = 19, Mi-2 n =25, SRPn =21, MJn = 18, non-MAA n=24, unidentified autoantibody n=9, and no autoantibodies n=33) determined by immunoprecipitation at baseline, were correlated with outcome measures. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests were used for comparisons. Results: The mean (SD) values for muscle disease and physician global disease activity VAS scores (0–100 mm) were 46 (22) and 49 (19). IFNCK scores (median values) were higher at baseline in subjects with anti-synthetase (43), TIF1-γ (31) and Mi-2 (30) compared with other autoAb groups (p 30) and autoAb group (Mi-2, non-MAA, and undefined autoantibody) demonstrated the greatest clinical improvement based on muscle VAS (muscle-interaction p=0.075). Conclusion: Biomarker signatures in conjunction with autoAbs help predict response to rituximab in refractory myositis. Biomarker and clinical responses are greatest at 16 weeks after rituximab.
The DI lateral insulated gate field controlled thyristor (LIGFT)

A new device called the DI Lateral insulated Field Controlled Thyristor (LIGFT) is introduced, which eliminates the parasitic thyristor latchup problem of the LIGBT. The LIGFT successfully integrates a high voltage lateral FCT with a series low voltage lateral MOSFET to create a unique MOS-gate controlled three terminal device. In comparison to the LIGBT, the LIGFT is experimentally shown to achieve a tremendous increase in maximum controllable current (RBSOA) and FBSOA by eliminating parasitic thyristor latchup, at the expense of an increase in on-state voltage drop.
Development of Phenomenological Top-Down Cracking Initiation Model for Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design:

The phenomenon of top-down cracking in asphalt pavements has drawn increased attention in recent years, yet the asphalt pavement field still lacks an effective top-down crack initiation model. Many factors contribute to the initiation and propagation of top-down cracking. This study developed a phenomenological top-down crack initiation model for mechanistic–empirical pavement design. Pavements at FHWA’s accelerated loading facility were used to develop a top-down crack initiation model based on the failure strain of asphalt mixtures, as obtained from indirect tensile testing. It was found that the current Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide top-down cracking model failed to predict top-down cracking in the wheelpath in the field accurately, whereas the proposed failure strain–based top-down cracking model was effective in predicting top-down cracking in the field. In addition, the Level 2 prediction of failure strain is developed here; it is based on binder failure shear strain, air void content,...
A REVIEW OF PROGRAMS OF COMPENSATORY EDUCATION.

Both the civil rights revolution and the increasingly complex nature of knowledge and work have combined recently to add emphasis to the need for education more appropriate to the needs of all children. After an examination of current approaches to “compensatory education” for “socially disadvantaged” children, the author considers the adequacy of several of these programs.
Seasonal variation in plasma colloid osmotic pressure in the bat, Antrozous pallidus

Abstract 1. 1 The body weight (BW), hematocrit and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of adult and juvenile pallid bats maintained under constant laboratory conditions were measured periodically from August through April. 2. 2. In the adult, BW and plasma COP showed seasonal cycles with peaks occurring in December and October through December respectively. A significant seasonal correlation between BW (fat) and plasma COP was found. 3. 3. In the juvenile, a seasonal cycle was found for plasma COP, but the peak value was reached later in the year than in the adult. The need for a minimal fat content to support hibernation in the juvenile bat was suggested. 4. 4. Seasonal changes in plasma volume appear to alter plasma COP: the quantity of circulating plasma protein appears to remain constant.
Leaf rot of four species of Crassulaceae caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Identification de C. g. comme agent responsable de maladies sur Sedum spp., Sempervirum tectorum, Crassula argenta, Graptopetalum paraguayense dans des pepinieres de Floride
Observation of radiative transfer of polarized light

Abstract The results of an experiment sensitive to polarization and angle-dependent effects of resonance line radiation transport in a collisional environment are presented. Having measured both the excited atomic state population and alignment as a function of distance from the initial excitation, considerable anisotropy in the alignment is found. Included in the discussion are the results of an angle-average model calculation, which allows us to point out, in a qualitatively way, some of the important physics of the problem.
Thylakoid centers: Structures associated with the cyanobacterial photosynthetic membrane system

An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
Nuclear power, coal and energy conservation /with a note on the costs of a nuclear moratorium/

Abstract A programming model is used to explore some of the options by which the United States may realistically move away from its present heavy dependence on oil and gas to a more diversified energy economy, based on nuclear power and/or coal. The model incorporates both own- and cross-price elasticities. In this way it allows for price-induced interfuel substitution and price-induced energy conservation. Among the supply options considered are: the direct combustion of coal to generate electricity; the conversion of coal to synthetic fuels; the limited petroleum, natural gas, and shale oil resources; nuclear energy from light water reactors and, later, from fast breeder reactors; hydrogen via electrolysis; and such distant future technical options as central station solar power and fusion (aggregated and described only as “advanced technology”). Each of these energy sources is discussed in terms of its own costs and the probable date of its commercial introduction. We then quantify the sensitivity of the benefits from research and development to assumptions with respect to: the discount rate; the future (undiscovered) domestic resource bases of oil, gas and low-cost uranium; and the cost at which large future supplies of coal can be utilized. Under a plausible set of assumptions (the base case), we find that the present value of the benefits from both the fast breeder and coal-based synthetic fuels well exceeds their anticipated research and development costs. In an optimum mix, the combined benefits would be nearly $50 billion (in 1975 dollars) discounted at 10% annually over the 75-year span of our study, and $450 billion at a 5% annual discount rate. Under the same conditions, we also find that if a nuclear moratorium prohibiting the construction of additional plants throughout the country were to come into effect, the direct cost to the United States economy would be approximately $300 billion at a 10% discount rate and $2500 billion at a 5% rate.
Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (pfcrt) Exon 2 Haplotypes in the Pacific from 1959 to 1979

Nearly one million deaths are attributed to malaria every year. Recent reports of multi-drug treatment failure of falciparum malaria underscore the need to understand the molecular basis of drug resistance. Multiple mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) are involved in chloroquine resistance, but the evolution of complex haplotypes is not yet well understood. Using over 4,500 archival human serum specimens collected from 19 Pacific populations between 1959 and 1979, the period including and just prior to the appearance of chloroquine treatment failure in the Pacific, we PCR-amplified and sequenced a portion of the pfcrt exon 2 from 771 P. falciparum-infected individuals to explore the spatial and temporal variation in falciparum malaria prevalence and the evolution of chloroquine resistance. In the Pacific, the prevalence of P. falciparum varied considerably across ecological zones. On the island of New Guinea, the decreases in prevalence of P. falciparum in coastal, high-transmission areas over time were contrasted by the increase in prevalence during the same period in the highlands, where transmission was intermittent. We found 78 unique pfcrt haplotypes consisting of 34 amino acid substitutions and 28 synonymous mutations. More importantly, two pfcrt mutations (N75D and K76T) implicated in chloroquine resistance were present in parasites from New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) eight years before the first report of treatment failure. Our results also revealed unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity in pfcrt exon 2 prior to the historical chloroquine resistance selective sweep, particularly in areas where disease burden was relatively low. In the Pacific, parasite genetic isolation, as well as host acquired immune status and genetic resistance to malaria, were important contributors to the evolution of chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum.
Discovery of a novel target for the dysglycemic chromogranin A fragment pancreastatin: interaction with the chaperone GRP78 to influence metabolism.

RATIONALE The chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin (PST) is a dysglycemic, counter-regulatory peptide for insulin action, especially in liver. Although previous evidence for a PST binding protein has been reported, such a receptor has not been identified or sequenced. METHODS AND RESULTS We used ligand affinity to purify the PST target, with biotinylated human PST (hCHGA273-301-amide) as "bait" and mouse liver homogenate as "prey", and identified GRP78 (a.k.a. "78 kDa Glucose Regulated Protein", HSPA5, BIP) as a major interacting partner of PST. GRP78 belongs to the family of heat shock proteins (chaperones), involved in several cellular processes including protein folding and glucose metabolism. We analyzed expression of GRP78 in the absence of PST in a mouse knockout model lacking its precursor CHGA: hepatic transcriptome data revealed global over-expression of not only GRP78 but also other heat shock transcripts (of the "adaptive UPR") in CHGA(-/-) mice compared to wild-type (+/+). By contrast, we found a global decline in expression of hepatic pro-apoptotic transcripts in CHGA(-/-) mice. GRP78's ATPase enzymatic activity was dose-dependently inhibited by PST (IC50∼5.2 µM). PST also inhibited the up-regulation of GRP78 expression during UPR activation (by tunicamycin) in hepatocytes. PST inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes, and increased hepatic expression of G6Pase (the final step in gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis). In hepatocytes not only PST but also other GRP78-ATPase inhibitors (VER-155008 or ADP) increased G6Pase expression. GRP78 over-expression inhibited G6Pase expression in hepatocytes, with partial restoration by GRP78-ATPase inhibitors PST, VER-155008, or ADP. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that an unexpected major hepatic target of PST is the adaptive UPR chaperone GRP78. PST not only binds to GRP78 (in pH-dependent fashion), but also inhibits GRP78's ATPase enzymatic activity, and impairs its biosynthetic response to UPR activation. PST decreases insulin-stimulated cellular glucose uptake, and PST as well as other chaperone ATPase activity inhibitors augment expression of G6Pase; GRP78 over-expression antagonizes this PST action. Analysis of the novel PST/GRP78 interaction may provide a new avenue of investigation into cellular glycemic control as well as dysglycemia.
Protein tightly bound to globin mRNA.

Summary mRNA released from reticulocyte ribosomes by the puromycin-induced dissociation in high concentrations of salt contains two proteins (or polypeptide chains) of a molecular weight of 78,000 ± 1,000 and 52,000 ± 1,000.
Studies on the application of salts of complex cations to the microscopic detection of anions. IV. chloropentamminocobaltic chloride (purpureocobaltic chloride)

Characteristic crystalline reaction products are obtained when monochloropentamminocobaltic chloride reacts with bromate, chromate, ferricyanide, fluosilicate, oxalate, sulfosalicylate and xanthate ions. Of the reaction products formed, we recommend those with chromate, ferricyanide and sulfosalicylate ions for microscopic identification of the anions. We also recommend this reagent for differentiating between chromate and dichromate ions in solutions of relatively low concentrations.
On a method of dosimetry planning and implantation of 125I for interstitial irradiation of malignant gliomas.

Utilizing a treatment concept geared to the cell cycle of the glioma, a CT determined tumor volume and boundaries, 125I dosimetry data and a reference probe template system, it is now feasible to produce a volume implant of an intracranial mass based on prospective planning with accurate postimplant correspondence. The cell cycle oriented treatment plan is felt perhaps to be more beneficial in the treatment of the highly malignant glioblastoma, considering its wide range of cell cycle times, large irregular volumes and large dormant segment, than would be a similar isotope source delivering a high-dose rate, but short-term course irradiation. Seeds are contained within Lexan tubes, thereby allowing accurate assessment of postoperative dosimetry planning, negating seed migration and possible `cold spots' within a volume implant as would be noted with unrestrained seeds. The implant described in this communication is designed to remain in place for approximately 20 months, a period of time well beyond the life expectancy of any group of failed glioma patients. Although ultimately the system may prove most beneficial in newly diagnosed glioblastomas, the current trial in patients having previously undergone 5–6000 rads of external beam therapy is not considered hazardous to surrounding brain.
Theorizing Television’s Writer–Producer Re-viewing The Producer’s Medium

Alisa Perren and Thomas Schatz honor television studies scholar and former Peabody Director Horace Newcomb’s career. The authors illustrate how one of Newcomb’s less frequently cited books, The Pro...
A method for isolating mutants resistant to catabolite repression

Mutants in which the synthesis of an inducible enzyme is insensitive to catabolite repression have been selected by making a source of nitrogen available only to those cells able to produce the enzyme in the presence of glucose (Neidhardt, 1960; McFall and Mandelstam, 1963: and Loomis and Magasanik, 1965). Another procedure requires a starting strain incapable of growth on glucose but in which the sugar still exerts repression on other systems (Englesberg, 1959). We wish to report here an autoradiographic method for the detection of catabolite repression resistant colonies. With this technique a mutant of g. coli was obtained which produced high levels of glycerol kinase during glucose dissimilation. Strain 7 (Koch, et al., 1964), a regulator constitutive de-
Disaggregating Assessment to Close the Loop and Improve Student Learning.

This study examined student learning outcomes for accelerated degree students as compared to conventional undergraduate students, disaggregated by class levels, to develop strategies for then closing the loop with assessment. Using the National Survey of Student Engagement, critical thinking and oral and written communication outcomes were examined. Within- and between-group learning outcome differences with freshmen and seniors in both instructional formats were tested to determine if instructional goals were met and student learning transpired. A quantitative, single case analysis method was used to determine significance with the items relating to these outcomes. Results indicated that seniors in both instructional formats typically reported greater engagement scores than freshmen, and that accelerated students tended to report more engagement than their conventional counterparts. These findings were most robust for the critical thinking outcome. Ramifications for student learning and relevant instruct...
The cooling of a heat-generating board inside a parallel-plate channel

This paper addresses the fundamental question of how to position a heat-generating board inside a parallel-plate channel, where it is cooled by forced convection. It is shown that when the board substrate is a relatively good thermal conductor, the best board position is near one of the channel walls, and the worst position is in the middle of the channel. The best and worst positions switch places when the board substrate is a relatively poor conductor. The optimal spacing between a heat-generating surface (uniform temperature, or uniform heat flux) and the insulated wall that completes a parallel-plate channel is reported. Finally, it is shown under what conditions it is advantageous to divide a heat-generating board into two or more equidistant boards inside the same channel, when the total rate of heat generation of all the boards and the channel spacing are fixed.
Keystroke-dynamics authentication against synthetic forgeries

We describe the use of keystroke-dynamics patterns for authentication and detecting infected hosts, and evaluate its robustness against forgery attacks. Specifically, we present a remote authentication framework called TUBA for monitoring a user's typing patterns. We evaluate the robustness of TUBA through comprehensive experimental evaluation including two series of simulated bots. Support vector machine is used for classification. Our results based on 20 users' keystroke data are reported. Our work shows that keystroke dynamics is robust against synthetic forgery attacks studied, where attacker draws statistical samples from a pool of available keystroke datasets other than the target. TUBA is particularly suitable for detecting extrusion in organizations and protecting the integrity of hosts in collaborative environments, as well as authentication.
Theoretical electric dipole moments of SiH, GeH and SnH

Accurate theoretical dipole moments (mu(sub c) have been computed for the X(exp 2)Pi ground states of Si(-)H(+)(0.118 D), Ge(+)H(-)(0.085 D) and Sn(+)H(-)(0.357 D). The trend down the periodic table is regular and follows that expected from the electronegativities of the group IV atoms. The dipole moment of 1.24 +/- 0.1 D for GeH recently derived by Brown, Evenson and Sears from the relative intensities of electric and magnetic dipole transitions in the 10 microns spectrum of the X(exp 2)Pi state is seriously questioned.
Mourning Becomes Democratic

Public mourning is not a spontaneous expression of grief but a symbolic and political practice. Sociologist Bin Xu examines a new trend in recent decades, the “democratization of public mourning,” ...
Whose American Government? A Quantitative Analysis of Gender and Authorship in American Politics Texts

American government textbooks signal to students the kinds of topics that are important and, by omission, the kinds of topics that are not important to the discipline of political science. This article examines portrayals of women in introductory American politics textbooks through a quantitative content analysis of 22 widely used texts. We find that textbook coverage of women is scarce, tends to disregard important sources of diversity among women, reinforces traditional gender roles, and gives scant attention to women as political actors. Typical presentations of women thus reinforce women's status as political outsiders, mirroring their marginalization in American political life. We argue this content depresses interest in the academic study of political science and engagement with American political life more generally. However, we find that textbooks with one or more female author have significantly more gender-related content. Female political scientists better integrate gender into their textbooks ...
High efficiency differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes and characterization by flow cytometry.

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the heart, and improving strategies to accurately model heart disease. The potential of exploiting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to generate cardiac muscle “in a dish” for these applications continues to generate high enthusiasm. In recent years, the ability to efficiently generate cardiomyogenic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has greatly improved, offering us new opportunities to model very early stages of human cardiac development not otherwise accessible. In contrast to many previous methods, the cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol described here does not require cell aggregation or the addition of Activin A or BMP4 and robustly generates cultures of cells that are highly positive for cardiac troponin I and T (TNNI3, TNNT2), iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4 (IRX4), myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v) and myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (MLC2a) by day 10 across all human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and hiPSC lines tested to date. Cells can be passaged and maintained for more than 90 days in culture. The strategy is technically simple to implement and cost-effective. Characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent cells often includes the analysis of reference markers, both at the mRNA and protein level. For protein analysis, flow cytometry is a powerful analytical tool for assessing quality of cells in culture and determining subpopulation homogeneity. However, technical variation in sample preparation can significantly affect quality of flow cytometry data. Thus, standardization of staining protocols should facilitate comparisons among various differentiation strategies. Accordingly, optimized staining protocols for the analysis of IRX4, MLC2v, MLC2a, TNNI3, and TNNT2 by flow cytometry are described.
Irisin stimulates muscle growth-related genes and regulates adipocyte differentiation and metabolism in humans

Irisin stimulates muscle growth-related genes and regulates adipocyte differentiation and metabolism in humans
Gyrating Clathrin: Highly Dynamic Clathrin Structures Involved in Rapid Receptor Recycling

We report here detection of novel intracellular clathrin-coated structures revealed by continuous high-speed imaging of cells expressing green fluorescent protein fusion proteins. These structures, which we operationally term ‘gyrating clathrin’ (G-clathrin), are characterized by localized but extremely rapid movement, leading to the hypothesis that they are coated buds on waving membrane tubules. G-clathrin structures have structurally and functionally distinct features. They lack detectable adaptor proteins AP-1 and AP-2 but contain GGA1 [Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor)-binding protein] as well as the cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor. While they accumulate internalized transferrin (Tf), they do not contain detectable levels of cargos targeted for the late endosome/lysosome pathway such as EGF and dextran. Pulse-chase studies indicate that Tf appears in G-clathrin structures in the cell periphery after sorting endosomes (SEs), but before filling of the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment. Furthermore, the inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, which inhibit direct recycling of Tf from SEs to the plasma membrane, also block its appearance in G-clathrin. These observations suggest that peripheral G-clathrin contributes to rapid recycling, a kinetically defined compartment that has largely eluded structural identification. More generally, the rapid continuous live cell imaging reported here reveals new aspects of membrane trafficking.
Transfer of nongenetic thermostability from genetically thermostable to genetically thermolabile poliovirus

Adding the genetically thermostablecr i mutant of the Akron strain of type 1 poliovirus to the genetically thermolabile Akronca 30 mutant before infection of monkey kidney tissue culture sheets resulted in an average 17-fold increase in the heat-surviving fraction of theca 30 virus progeny. Mixing the 2 viruses after infection did not result in any increase. The progenies of at least most of these thermostable transferee particles were thermolabile. By this criterion the transferred thermostability was at least mainly nongenetic.
Consistency in relativity

The error in Kingsley's attack on special relativity is shown to arise from his failure to actually use the Lorentz transformation. He has instead applied a fallacious symmetry argument to justify the use of time dilation in a situation for which this special case formula is not valid.
Orthogonal zirconium diol/C18 liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate

Leachates coming from landfills contain a myriad of compounds of potential environmental and human health concern, including per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). Micro liquid-liquid extraction was combined with a 900μl large volume injection (LVI) for the analysis of 70 PFASs in landfill leachate by orthogonal LC-MS/MS. The LVI approach introduced 7 times more extract than conventional injection approaches. Two zirconium-modified diol guard columns effectively retained PFASs from the organic leachate extract and an analytical C18 column was used for separation. Method accuracy and precision for PFASs with analytical grade reference materials ranged from 81-120% and 5.5-33%, respectively. Estimated method detection limits in the low to sub-ng/L. Seven landfill leachates were analyzed by the optimized analytical method for the purposes of method demonstration. Leachates were characterized by a wide variety of PFASs, reporting on 36 previously-unanalyzed PFASs in leachate. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates were the most abundant class detected while phosphorous-containing PFASs, present in all leachates, were at low concentrations. The 3-perfluoropentyl propanoate (5:3 FTCA) was the most concentrated analyte in most samples and constitutes a previously unreported but significant component of landfill leachate.
Electroporatic Delivery of TGF-β1 Gene Works Synergistically with Electric Therapy to Enhance Diabetic Wound Healing in db/db Mice

Diabetics are known to develop wounds that are associated with significant levels of morbidity and mortality. The majority of amputations in the US are on the diabetic lower extremity where previous ulceration may have contributed to infection and additional complications necessitating the subsequent amputation (National Diabetes Data Group, 1995;Frykberg and Armstrong, 2002).
Prevalence and correlates of school drop-out prior to initial treatment of nonaffective psychosis: further evidence suggesting a need for supported education.

Background Because dropping out of high school (i.e., secondary education) contributes prominently to numerous social, economic, and health conditions, formal public health initiatives promoting population health and social justice, especially in at-risk populations, are increasingly encouraged to address high school drop-out. The relative dearth of research attention on school drop-out prior to first treatment contact in young adults with psychotic disorders indicates a need for investigation of the associations between school drop-out and illness-related variables so that interventions may be tailored appropriately to this unique population.
Atom smashing and its applications to medicine

Investigations of the structure of atoms have shown that each atom possesses at its center a small, dense, positively charged core, or nucleus. Outside the nucleus the atom consists only of a small swarm of electrons, which are negatively charged and whose number is just sufficient to provide enough negative charge in the atom to balance the positive charge on the nucleus, so that the complete atom is electrically neutral. It is possible to modify the structure of atomic nuclei and thus to produce new atoms having unusual properties. In many cases these artificial atoms are radioactive and can be usefully applied in engineering, physics, chemistry, geology, and medicine.
Region analysis and transformation for Java programs

This paper presents a region analysis and transformation framework for Java programs. Given an input Java program, the compiler automatically translates it into an equivalent output program with region-based memory management. The generated program contains statements for creating regions, allocating objects in regions, removing regions, and passing regions as parameters. As a particular case, the analysis can enable the allocation of objects on the stack.Our algorithm uses a flow-insensitive and context-sensitive points-to analysis to partition the memory of the program into regions and to identify points-to relations between regions. It then performs a flow-sensitive, inter-procedural region liveness analysis to identify object lifetimes. Finally, it uses the computed region information to produce the region annotations in the output program. Our results indicate that, for several of our benchmarks, the transformation can allocate most of the data on stack or in short-lived regions, and can yield substantial memory savings.
Low level Pb2+ exposure affects hippocampal protein kinase Cγ gene and protein expression in rats

Abstract We examined the effect of chronic exposure to lead (Pb 2+ ) on protein kinase C (PKC) in 50-day-old rat hippocampus. Cytosolic and membrane fractions of hippocampus from Pb 2+ -exposed rats showed reduced expression of PKCγ protein. In contrast, a significant elevation of PKCγ mRNA was observed in pyramidal and dentate granule cell layers. Protein expression of α, βI, βII and e isoenzymes were unchanged in Pb 2+ -exposed rats, as was [ 3 H]phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu) binding in tissue slices. Differences were not observed in Ca 2+ -dependent or -independent PKC activity, or in PKC-specific back-phosphorylation of hippocampal homogenates from Pb 2+ -exposed rats. Reduced subcellular levels of PKCγ in Pb 2+ -exposed rats suggest that signal transduction in the hippocampus may be selectively altered and may be important in manifesting Pb 2+ -induced impairments of synaptic plasticity, learning and memory.
Dietrich receives Horton Award

The 1995 Robert E Horton Medal was presented to William Dietrich at the AGU Fall Meeting award ceremony in San Francisco, Calif., on December 13, 1995. The medal is given by the Hydrology Section for contributions over a career, with more weight given to the last 5 years. The award citation and Dietrich's response are given here. It is with great pleasure that I present William E. Dietrich with the Robert E. Horton Award. Bill's research exemplifies both in subject area and in excellence the precedent of Robert Horton in coupling hydrology and geomorphology to provide a mechanistic explanation for the relationship between process and form in drainage basins.
Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions in the Elderly

A delayed hypersensitivity response to skin tests was observed in 47 healthy elderly participants in a geriatric screening clinic. Forty-four subjects (94 per cent) reacted to at least one antigen. It was concluded that anergy is uncommon in the healthy elderly and should not be considered a normal aging phenomenon.
Instrument for microscopical observation of the biophysical effects of ultrasound

In this instrument, a quartz driver, thickness resonant at 1 MHz, and a thin cover were concentrically mounted on the stage of a microscope. Electroding was omitted over a central area to allow transmitted‐light observation of the test space between them. We approximate the acoustic field generated in the cylindrical test volume by a standing‐wave solution to the linearized wave equation. The boundary values were (i) zero pressure at the radial boundary and (ii) interferometrically determined values of the acoustic displacement at the driver and cover. The truncated‐series solution was successfully used to explain the radiation‐force‐induced migration of small polystyrene spheres suspended in the water‐filled test space. In addition, the determined pressure distribution substantially agreed with independent measurements obtained by interferometrically detecting (via the acousto‐optical interaction) the pressure oscillations, averaged over height.Subject Classification: [43]80.30; [43]35.75.