cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment Failure in Dialectical Behavior Therapy.

Abstract Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has become a widely used treatment model for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and other individuals with significant emotion dysregulation problems. Despite its strong empirical support, DBT obviously does not have positive outcomes for all individuals. It is critical that cases of DBT nonresponse be analyzed so that further treatment development efforts can be made to enhance treatment outcomes for all individuals in DBT. Following an overview of DBT and its approach to the notion of “treatment failure,” a detailed case example of unsuccessful treament with a woman with severe BPD is provided. Analyses of possible reasons for the treatment failure, as it applies to the specific case and other DBT cases more broadly, are offered. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Extension of Murakami's high-order non-linear solver to multiple roots

Several one-parameter families of fourth-order methods for finding multiple zeros of non-linear functions are developed. The methods are based on Murakami's fifth-order method (for simple roots) and they require one evaluation of the function and three evaluations of the derivative. The informational efficiency of the methods is the same as the previously developed methods of lower order. For a double root, the method is more efficient than all previously known schemes. All these methods require the knowledge of multiplicity.
EQUIVALENCE OF IDEAL GASES IN TWO DIMENSIONS AND LANDEN'S RELATIONS

Based on a recently given unified formulation of the statistical thermodynamics of ideal gases, an equivalence between the Bose and Fermi gases in two dimensions is established. This equivalence is shown to be a consequence of Landen's relations, found some 200 years ago, relating the Bose and Fermi fugacities through the Euler transformation. The specific heat result due to May [Phys. Rev. 135, A1515 (1964)] follows at once. The special nature of two-dimensional solutions is described.
Chemical modulation of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane toxicity

Abstract Single subcutaenous injections of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) produced dose-dependent injury to the kidney, testis, epididymis and liver of male, Fischer 344 rats. Pretreatment with the enzyme inducer phenobarbital reduced the nephrotoxic property potency of DBCP. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were lower, and renal proximal tubular necrosis was less severe in phenocarbital pretreated than in non-pretreated rats subsequently injected with various amounts of DCP. 3-Methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or cobaltous chloride (CoCl 2 ) pretreatments enhanced the dose-dependent necrogenic effects of DBCP on the kidney and, in general, potentiated the DBCP-induced elevations of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations. Pre- and post-treatment with the enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide had no discernable effect on the nephrotoxic potency of DBCP. The hepatotoxic potency of DBCP, as measured by elevations in the serum activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and by histological analysis of the severity of centro lobular necrosis, was prevented or quantitatively reduced by phenobarbital pretreatment. 3-MC, CoCl 2 or piperonly butoxide pretreatments had no consistent effect on DBCP hepatotoxicity. The dose-dependent seminiferous tubular atrophy induced in rats by DBCP was enhanced by CoCl 2 and reduced by phenobarbital. Cobalt chloride pretreatment also enhanced the DBCP-induced degeneration of the epithelium of the caput (head) epididymis, while phenobarbital blocked or reduced this effect. Neither 3-MC nor piperonyl butoxide consistently altered the gonadotoxic potency of DBCP. Cobalt chloride also enhanced, while phenobarbital reduced, the acute lethal potency of DBCP. Single-treatment, subcutaneous LD 50 values for DBCP were 102 mg/kg in non-pretreatment and 128 mg/kg in phenobarbital pretreated rats. The potency ratio (0.796; confidence interval, 0.728–0.871) was statistically significant ( P The modulating effects of CoCl 2 and phenobarbital could not be ascribed simply to changes in tissue concentrations of the protective conjugation substrate glutathione, since CoCl 2 increased and phenobarbital did not alter renal and hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl concentrations. These data indicate a complex role of metabolism in determining dose-dependent to toxic response to DBCP administration.
What's Driving Investment in China?

Investment has grown rapidly in China in recent years, reaching more than 40 percent of GDP. Despite good progress on bank and enterprise reforms, weaknesses remain that could contribute to inefficient investment decisions. Manufacturing, infrastructure, and real estate have been the drivers of fixed asset investment. Econometric analysis presented in the paper suggests that manufacturing investment is strongly correlated with firms' liquidity, largely retained earnings. Analysis of residential real estate investment shows that it is weakly correlated with real household income growth and real mortgage interest rates. A policy implication of these findings is that reducing liquidity in firms, for example by requiring state-owned enterprises to pay dividends to the government, and using monetary policy to reduce liquidity increase real interest rates, would slow investment in manufacturing and real estate.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of Si-N-C-H films from environmentally benign organosilanes

Abstract The environmentally benign precursors diethylsilane (DES) and di-t-butylsilane were used with NH 3 to synthesize hydrogenated silicon carbonitride films by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The growth kinetics and film properties were examined as a function of deposition temperature, pressure, and NH 3 /organosilane ratio. The growth rate was observed to decrease with higher temperature and higher NH 3 /organosilane ratio while increasing with higher total pressure. Values of index of refraction, stress, hardness, and Young's modulus were measured as a function of processing variables and related to film density and resulting film compositions. Oxidation of the films was noted to occur at low deposition temperatures, low NH 3 / organosilane ratios, and high pressures. Carbon was present in all deposits and decreased slightly with higher NH 3 /organosilane flow ratios.
In their own words: participants' perceptions of the impact of adult day services.

Despite the growth in the number of adult day services programs providing long-term care in the United States, researchers have struggled to consistently identify the benefits of the services to older adult participants. Instead of identifying participant outcomes driven by administrative databases, funding requirements or accreditation expectations, this study attempted to identify outcomes through the lived experiences of the older adult participants through one-on-one interviews after 3 months of attendance. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding of the experiences of older adult participants and to build theoretical understandings that connect experiences with outcomes. Twenty-eight semistructured interviews were conducted with older adults attending 4 day health programs administered by 1 organization in a large mid-west City. Three main program experiences were identified: social connections with participants, empowering relationships with staff, and participation and enj...
A liquid hydrogen target for the precision measurement of the weak mixing angle in Møller scattering at SLAC

A 150 cm long liquid hydrogen target has been built for the SLAC End Station A E158 experiment. The target loop volume is 55 liters, and the maximum target heat load deposited by the electron beam is {approx} 700 W. The liquid hydrogen density fluctuation with full beam current (120 Hz repetition rate, 6 x 10{sup 11} electrons/spill) on target is well below 10{sup -4} level, which fulfills the requirement for a precision measurement of the weak mixing angle in the polarized electron-electron scattering process.
Apparent malfunction of demand pacemaker caused by nonpropagated (concealed) ventricular extrasystoles.

An example of apparent malfunction of an implanted R-wave-inhibited demand pacemaker is described. The pacer arrhythmia was characterized by slowing, with lengthening of spike-to-spike cycles from the preset value of 0.86 sec (heart rate 70) to as long as 1.34 sec (heart rate 43). Spike-to-spike intervals containing visible PVB's were uniformly longer than 1.34 sec. At times, the pacer was completely inactivated and the heart was controlled entirely by conducted impulses from the fibrillating atria. Both the sensing and the pulse generating circuits of the pacemaker were found to be free of malfunction. The slowing was shown to be the result of concealed ventricular extrasystoles occurring within 0.48 sec of the preceding pacer discharge. Though they failed to propagate to the entirety of the ventricular myocardium and produce visible QRS complexes, they were able to generate sufficient electrical energy, perhaps within the Purkinje fibers and the myocardium immediately surrounding the electrode, to recycle the pacemaker. The pacemaker in this case proved instrumental in documenting the existence of the otherwise elusive entity of concealed ventricular extrasystoles. It is suggested that concealed ventricular extrasystoles should be considered in cases of pacemaker slowing and appropriate measures aimed at suppressing premature ventricular beats instituted before decision for replacing the pulse generator is reached.
Externally Dispersed Interferometry for the Mt. Palomar Doppler Planet Search

A fixed-delay interferometer placed in series with Cornell's planned TripleSpec near-infrared spectrograph at Mt. Palomar's 200 inch telescope will greatly improve its Doppler velocity precision and effective spectral resolution.
Ionization collection in regions of distorted electric field in the CDMS ZIP detector

We present the phenomenology of ionization pulses for interactions close to the outer edge of the CDMS ZIP Detector and our current interpretation based on the distortion of the electric field in this region.
Polymyositis inpatients infected with human T‐cell leukemia virus type I: The role of the virus in the cause of the disease

To investigate the mechanism of polymyositis in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) infection, we studied 6 HTLV-I–positive patients, 3 with polymyositis and 3 with adult T-cell leukemia but without clinical signs of muscle disease, by (a) quantitative single or double immunocytochemistry on serial 4-μm-thick muscle biopsy sections using antibodies to lymphocyte subsets, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, and HTLV-I proteins; (b) polymerase chain reaction using HTLV-I primers in the RNA and DNA extrcted from 50 μg of muscle tissue or from serial 5-μm-thick fresh-frozen tissue sections; and (c) cocultures of the patients' HTLV-I–positive peripher blood lymphocytes with their homologous muscles searching for replication of HTLV-I within the myotubes. In the muscle of patients with HTLV-I–associated myopathy, the predominant endomysial cells surrounding healthy muscle fibers were CD8+ cells followed by CD4+ cells and macrophages. MHC-I antigens were ubiquitous in the muscles of all 6 patients, even in those without endomysial inflammation. HTLV-I sequences were amplified from the whole muscle biopsy specimens but the cells harboring viral antigens were rare endomysial macrophages and not muscle fibers. Although HTLV-I sequences were amplified from all the patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes, these cells did not exert myotoxicity or resulted in viral replication in cocultures with their homologous myotubes. We conclude that in HTLV-I polymyositis (a) the HTLV-I sequences amplified from the whole muscle biopsy specimens are related to scattered HTLV-I–positive endomysial macrophages; (b) HTLV-I and HTLV-I–positive lymphocytes do not infect the muscle in vivo or in vitro; and (c) the virus, which perists in tissues other than muscle, triggers the activationof autoaggressive T cells that cause a T-cell–mediated and MHC-I–restricted myocytotoxicity.
Fuzzy control and multimedia with examples from law enforcement

We present an extension of fuzzy controllers to include multimedia rules, i.e., rules which do not include verbal or numerical descriptors. We describe the structure and construction of such a multimedia fuzzy controller. In particular, we describe an empirical but unbiased methodology to measure, from human subjects, distances in feature space and hence determine fuzzy memberships. We also propose a practical multimedia fuzzy controller and describe its application examples are given from the law enforcement field where man-machine interactions are important and applications of the methodology described in this paper appear promising.
The Effect of Detergent Level and Dispersion Rheology on the Olefin Yield from Fractionation of Tallow

Optimization of the detergent fractionation of tallow to maximize olein yield depends on selecting the correct detergency and rheological properties of the aqueous dispersion. The efficiency of the separation is related to the apparent viscosity of the mixture. The apparent viscosity of the dispersion as determined in a paddle mixer viscometer decreased from .3 Pa-s to .1 Pa-s as the olein yield increased from 66% to 79%.
Overview of silicone-rubber fiber optic sensors and their applications

A novel technique for measuring several physical parameters using a transparent, silicone-rubber optical fiber is described. A discussion of the physical and optical characteristics of the fiber is provided along with preliminary experimental results on various present and future sensor applications. These applications include fiber optic sensors for detecting and measuring (a) temperature, (b) humidity/moisture, (c) force, and (d) static and dynamic pressure.
European Urology: an American perspective.

I first becameawareofEuropeanUrologyabout 6yr ago,when I was asked to review a paper for the journal. I agreed and finished my review, and within a week, I was asked to do another review. This pattern continued for a couple of months, afterwhich I haddonemany reviews.While I always enjoy the reviewing process, time is precious and limited. After awhile, I reachedout toProfessor FrancescoMontorsi to discuss whether there was the possibility of a larger role for me with European Urology. Specifically, as a young academician, I was hoping to join an editorial board because Iwas not on any at that time. I had an open discussionwith Francesco, andhe explained tomehow the processworks, howeditorial board members are selected, and how to become more involved. We even joked about one of the papers I reviewed that Francesco co-authored and that was rejected; he pointed out to me that he rejects even his own papers. A year andmany reviewedpapers later, Iwas invited to join the editorial board in2007 and then in2011was asked to take on a new role as the North American editor. I tell this anecdote because I think it highlights many of the reasons why I personally have enjoyed being involved with European Urology, as an author and a reviewer and now as an editor. European Urology is a great journal that deserves our respect and is where we should look to publish our impactful articles. When one considers what makes a great journal, several factors are important, whether you live in the United States, in Europe, or somewhere else. I believe European Urology possesses them all.
Signal-Transduction Pathways that Regulate Smooth Muscle Function II. Receptor-ion channel coupling mechanisms in gastrointestinal smooth muscle

Regulation of membrane ion channels by second messengers is an important mechanism by which gastrointestinal smooth muscle excitability is controlled. Receptor-mediated phosphorylation of Ca2+ chan...
Suppressing Fine-frequency modes in Aluminum Nitride microresonators

Eliminating spurious modes in Aluminum Nitride (AlN) microresonators improves their insertion loss and quality factor by reducing acoustic energy leakage. Spurious modes that result from transverse wave propagation, termed fine-frequency modes, leak energy and propagate in the electrical busing and appear near the fundamental resonance. Although these modes can be predicted using three-dimensional (3D) finite element methods (FEM) for devices with very short acoustic length (e.g. 1 acoustic wavelength), 3D FEM is very slow and memory intensive when compared to a two-dimensional (2D) simulation. A fast 2D coupling-of-modes (COM) model was developed to predict, identify and implement strategies to suppress the fine-frequency modes.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Reaction Between Enamel and a SnF2-ZrSiO 4 Prophylactic Paste

This paper presents X-ray diffraction data obtained from enamel samples treated with a prophylactic paste containing SnF2-ZrSiO4. The application of this paste by use of a revolving rubber cup resulted in a closer packing of the apatite constituents and a better crystallinity of the apatite crystals.
Tuning and applying hybrid algorithms to quantum chromodynamics

A hybrid stochastic differential equation algorithm for simulating quantum chromodynamics is reviewed and applied to SU(3) lattice gauge theory with four light, dynamical quarks. The algorithm is optimized by varying a parameter p which interpolates the algorithm between the Langevin limit and the molecular dynamics algorithm. The method is applied to the thermodynamics of the quantum chromodynamics and the nuclear matter - plasma transition is studied with far greater accuracy than in the past.
Tissue volume and vesselness measure preserving nonrigid registration of lung CT images

In registration-based analyses of lung biomechanics and function, high quality registrations are essential to obtain meaningful results. Various criteria have been suggested to find the correspondence mappings between two lung images acquired at different levels of inflation. In this paper, we describe a new metric, the sum of squared vesselness measure difference (SSVMD), that utilizes the rich information of blood vessel locations and matches similar vesselness patterns in two images. Preserving both the lung tissue volume and the vesselness measure, a registration algorithm is developed to minimize the sum of squared tissue volume difference (SSTVD) and SSVMD together. We compare the registration accuracy using SSTVD + SSVMD with that using SSTVD alone by registering lung CT images of three normal human subjects. After adding the new SSVMD metric, the improvement of registration accuracy is observed by landmark error and fissure positioning error analyses. The average values of landmark error and fissure positioning error are reduced by about 30% and 25%, respectively. The mean landmark error is on the order of 1 mm. Statistical testing of landmark errors shows that there is a statistically significant difference between two methods with p values < 0.05 in all three subjects. Visual inspection shows there are obvious accuracy improvements in the lung regions near the thoracic cage after adding SSVMD.
Williamson on justification

Timothy Williamson has a marvelously precise account of epistemic justification in terms of knowledge and probability. I argue that the account runs aground on certain cases involving the probability values 0 and 1.
Calculation of the diffusion coefficient of dilute gases and of the self‐diffusion coefficient of dense gases

A corresponding-states correlation of low-density binary- and self-diffusion coefficients is presented. The equations are simple to use, are sufficiently accurate for most calculations, and correlate those data used in their derivation somewhat better than calculations based on the Lennard-Jones potential if potential parameters have to be estimated from the critical properties. The Enskog kinetic theory of dense gases is used in modified form to obtain an expression for the high-density diffusion coefficient for isotopic mixtures in terms of the viscosity and compressibility of the gas. Generalized viscosity and compressibility charts are then used to construct a graph for predicting a reduced self-diffusion coefficient as a function of reduced temperature Tr = T/Tc and reduced pressure pr = p/pc. The effect of the pressure on the Schmidt number, Sc = μ/ρ, is also discussed. Finally the extension of this chart to nonisotopic mixtures is considered.
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome: Presentation, response to therapy, and outcome

Abstract Background Recent series describing the clinical presentation, response to therapy, and long-term outcome of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome are limited. Aims To assess the clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Methods Over a 20-year period, patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome were enrolled in a prospective trial evaluating the efficacy of lansoprazole. Following dose stabilization, patients were followed on a 6-monthly basis with interval history, physical examination, endoscopy with gastric biopsies, gastric acid analysis and laboratory studies. Results 72 patients (mean age 54 ± 12 years, % male 58%, % Caucasian 69%) were prospectively enrolled. The clinical presentation was stereotypical for Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Symptoms had been reported for a median of 9 years prior to diagnosis. Cross-sectional abdominal imaging was often negative for demonstrable tumour. All patients had gastric acid hypersecretion controlled with variable doses of lansoprazole (median dose 60 mg/day, range 15–480 mg/day). The median survival from the time of diagnosis was 6.6 years; only two of 19 deaths were due to metastatic gastrinoma. Conclusions The clinical presentation of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome was similar to prior reports. Acid hypersecretion was controlled in all patients with variable doses of lansoprazole. Long-term survival was principally related to underlying co-morbidity.
Structure—property relationships of polyurethane ionomers with star chain architecture

The effects of chain architecture, polyol chemistry and polyol molecular weight on the properties of elastomeric polyurethane ionomers were investigated. The type of polyol and its molecular weight had a strong influence on the rubbery modulus and tensile properties. Variations in chain architecture showed little impact on mechanical and thermal properties. Linear ionomers, threearm ionomers, and six-arm ionomers had similar mechanical and thermal behavior.
Investigation of the spark cycle on material removal rate in wire electrical discharge machining of advanced materials

Abstract The development of new, advanced engineering materials and the need for precise and flexible prototypes and low-volume production have made the wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) an important manufacturing process to meet such demands. This research investigates the effect of spark on-time duration and spark on-time ratio, two important EDM process parameters, on the material removal rate (MRR) and surface integrity of four types of advanced material: porous metal foams, metal bond diamond grinding wheels, sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets, and carbon–carbon bipolar plates. An experimental procedure was developed. During the wire EDM, five types of constraints on the MRR due to short circuit, wire breakage, machine slide speed limit, and spark on-time upper and lower limits are identified. An envelope of feasible EDM process parameters is generated for each work-material. Applications of such a process envelope to select process parameters for maximum MRR and for machining of micro features are discussed. Results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of surface integrity are presented.
The role of boron in plant response to mycorrhizal infection.

In a Morrison sandy loam marginal in boron, fertilization with 1.1 ppm boron increased the shoot dry weight of mycorrhizal red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) an average of 16%, but did not affect nonmycorrhizal clover weight. Root colonization and foliar phosphorus concentrations were not significantly affected by B deficiency. With alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Morrison soil in which B deficiency had been intensified by the addition of 100 ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3, inadequate B reduced the shoot dry weight of mycorrhizal plants 71%vs a reduction of 35% for nonmycorrhizal plants. Boron deficiency was more severe in the earlier cuttings and delayed the onset of mycorrhizal infection and the subsequent spread of mycorrhizal fungi within the roots. This delay may contribute to the lower concentrations of P and Cu seen by others during early developmental stages of B-deficient alfalfa.
The national biological information infrastructure as an E-government tool

Abstract Coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) is a Web-based system that provides access to data and information on the nation’s biological resources. Although it was begun in 1993, predating any formal E-Government initiative, the NBII typifies the E-Government concepts outlined in the President’s Management Agenda, as well as in the proposed E-Government Act of 2002. This article—an individual case study and not a broad survey with extensive references to the literature—explores the structure and operation of the NBII in relation to several emerging trends in E-Government: end-user focus, defined and scalable milestones, public-private partnerships, alliances with stakeholders, and interagency cooperation.
Chromosome polymorphism in American Negro and White populations.

THE biological and clinical implications of variations of human chromosome lengths are poorly understood.
The microstructure of rolled and annealed tungsten rod

This paper reports a study of the microstructural changes that occur when potassium-doped tungsten ingots are rolled at elevated temperatures. The effect of annealing on the microstructure of the rolled material is also considered. All samples were rolled on a Kocks mill. At low levels of deformation, the grain boundaries are primarily high-angle boundaries, and many grains are dislocation free. Both of these features probably result from dynamic recrystallization during rolling. As deformation increases, the grains become more elongated, and more low-angle boundaries are found within the material. Also, the potassium gets drawn into narrower and longer tubes. When these rolled rods are annealed at temperatures between 1275 ‡C and 1950 ‡C, several changes occur in the microstructure. The material undergoes abnormal grain growth. The temperature at which this occurs depends on the length of the anneal, the amount of de-formation the rod has received, and the spatial location in the rod. This spatial distribution most likely results from strain gradients that exist in the rolled rod. The abnormal grain growth is accompanied by a decrease in hardness. The potassium-containing tubes in the rod also break up into bubbles during annealing. The temperature at which this breakup occurs again depends on the length of the anneal and the amount of deformation.
Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation in women at risk for preterm delivery

The available data unambiguously support the beneficial, short-term fetal effects of antenatal corticosteroids in women at risk for preterm delivery. There are still several incompletely addressed questions, including the use of corticosteroids in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes, the optimal corticosteroid preparation to be used, and the impact of repeated dosing. These issues are discussed in this review from the perspective of recent scientific evidence on the mechanisms responsible for positive short-term effects on survival and possible harmful long-term effects.
SPC tracking and run monitoring of a CD-SEM

Semiconductor manufacturers should ensure that their automated critical dimension scanning electron microscopes (CD-SEMs) are maintaining run functionality in addition to providing precise and reliable measurements over time. In the past, chip manufactures have focused more on tracking measurement repeatability because testing for automated run functionality has proven difficult. A new method employing SPC monitoring, e-beam image analysis, line scan tracking, and automation testing has been developed that tests for both measurement and job repeatability. This method will extend the monitor wafer's lifetime, prove useful for day-to-day system qualification, provide a benchmark for SEM qualification following maintenance work, and become an important cornerstone of system matching.
Interviewing child witnesses: the effect of forced confabulation on event memory

Age differences in rates of forced confabulation and memory consequences thereof were assessed using a recall task similar to real forensic interview procedures. Children viewed a target video and were tested with the same 18 questions immediately afterward and 1 week later. Of the 18 questions, 12 were answerable; the 6 unanswerable questions referred to information not in the video. Participants in the voluntary confabulation condition had a "don't know" response option; those in the forced confabulation condition did not. Although 6-year-olds and 9-year-olds were equally likely to provide a response to an unanswerable question initially, 1 week later 9-year-olds were significantly more likely than 6-year-olds to repeat their initial confabulated responses. These findings suggest that pressing child witnesses to answer questions they are initially reluctant to answer is not an effective practice, and the consistency of children's responses over time is not necessarily an indication of the accuracy of their eyewitness memory.
Y2 receptors decrease human pancreatic cancer growth and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels.

Background. Peptide YY (PYY), a 36 amino acid enteric hormone, is known to decrease pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function. Previous studies with BIM-43004-1, a modified PYY(22–36) Y2 receptor agonist, have revealed diminished mitochondrial activity in pretreated pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. We investigated the effects of both PYY and BIM-43004-1 on pancreatic cancer growth in vivo. Methods. The 100,000 to 150,000 human pancreatic cancer cells, Mia PaCa-2, were orthotopically transplanted into 48 male athymic mice. After 1 week animals were treated with either PYY or BIM-43004-1 at 200 pmol/kg/hr via miniosmotic pumps for 2, 3, or 4 weeks. Paired controls received saline solution. At death tumor size and mass were measured. Receptor binding studies and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured in vitro. Results. All mice had significant human cancer growth within the pancreas by histologic sections at 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Tumor mass was decreased by 60.5% in BIM-43004-1 treated mice and 27.1% in PYY treated mice. Receptor binding studies revealed binding of [125I]-BIM-43004-1 and displacement of ligand on competitive addition of nonradioactive BIM-43004-1. A K dissociation constant of 4.5 nmol and 27,000 receptors per cell were quantitated by receptor binding studies. In BIM-43004-1 treated pancreatic cells a 52.5% decrese in intracellular cAMP levels was noted, whereas a 15.3% decrease was seen in PYY treated cells. Conclusions. BIM-43004-1, a novel Y2 synthetic agonist, specifically binds to human pancreatic cancer cells, decreases intracellular cAMP levels, and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Adjuvant hormonal treatment with this Y2 receptor analog may be beneficial in the treatment of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
2-Nitrofluoren-9-one: a unique mutagen formed in the photo-oxidation of 2-aminofluorene.

Exposure of solutions of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF, dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide) to near ultraviolet light (u.v.a. wavelengths of 320-400 nm) results in the formation of a variety of photo-products, several of which are direct-acting mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella standard-plate assay. Previously published results from our laboratory have described the chemical identification and kinetics of formation of two of these photo-induced mutagens, 2-nitrosofluorene and 2-nitrofluorene. In this report we present recent data concerning the isolation and chemical identification of another mutagenic photoproduct of u.v.a.-irradiated 2-AF, 2-nitrofluoren-9-one (2-NO2F-9-one). Data are also presented concerning the kinetics of phototransformation of 2-aminofluoren-9-one, an early-appearing and predominant photoproduct in u.v.a.-irradiated solutions of 2-AF, into 2-NO2F-9-one. It is well established that N-oxidation is a critical step in the biotransformations (i.e. enzymatic metabolism) of primary aromatic amines into proximate mutagens/carcinogens. In addition to u.v.a.-mediated N-oxidation of aromatic amines, selective ring photo-oxidation can also occur, resulting in, for example, the production of a carbonyl group at the 9-position of the fluorene molecule. The formation of mutagenic 2-NO2F-9-one in the photochemical oxidation of 2-AF appears to be unique to this process.
Vertical release of hydrogen in a partially enclosed compartment: Role of wind and buoyancy

Abstract The natural and wind driven mixing and dispersion of hydrogen released in an accidental manner in a partially enclosed compartment with two vents is investigated using theoretical tools. A simple analytical model is constructed to predict the entrainment of air in a buoyant turbulent hydrogen plume and the properties of the resulting two-layer stratification that drives the flow through the vents. Air flows in through vents below the position of neutral buoyancy and exits from vents above it. CFD simulations are conducted in a full-scale geometry to confirm the physical phenomena and to compare with the analytical results. Analytical results are also compared with experimental data from a ¼ scale two-car residential garage. The analytical model is used to understand the important physical processes involved during hydrogen release as a vertical plume, and dispersion in a compartment with vents at multiple levels, with and without a steady wind. Parametric studies are conducted to study the effect of hydrogen release rate on location of the interface between the two layers and hydrogen volume fraction in the upper layer. Analytical model results indicate that for a given hydrogen release rate, the hydrogen concentration in the upper layer reaches a maximum under wind conditions that oppose the buoyancy induced flow, and that this maximum value can be as much as 70% higher than the case with no wind effects. Results also indicate that blowing outdoor air into the lower vent is an effective strategy for reducing the flammable volume of hydrogen gases in a compartment, following an accidental release.
Commentary: A Skeptical View of Experimental Gene Therapy to Block Epileptogenesis

Gene therapy offers exciting new options for treating epileptic seizures, and even for blocking the development of epilepsy (i.e., epileptogenesis) after a brain insult. Although the available studies provide interesting new data, the experiments discussed in this issue also have limitations and raise concerns. The criticisms offered in this commentary center around the nature of the experimental testing (e.g., changes in seizure threshold), the animal models (e.g., kindling), and the measures of epileptogenesis in those animal models with spontaneous seizures (e.g., the latent period after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus). Another set of criticisms relate to the relative lack of positive controls showing that the actual mechanism purported to be activated via the gene-therapeutic approach has in fact been upregulated in the specific animals that show the hypothetical antiepileptic result. This commentary takes the con side in the debate, to generate constructive criticism to help direct future studies to provide increasingly stronger data to support the view that gene therapy approaches may be useful in the treatment of epilepsy.
Exotic species display greater germination plasticity and higher germination rates than native species across multiple cues

Rapid germination or flexible germination cues may be key traits that facilitate the invasion of exotic plant species in new environments. We investigated whether robustness or plasticity in response to environmental cues were more commonly exhibited by exotic than native species during germination, evidenced by (1) exhibiting consistently greater germination rate under a variety of conditions (robustness), or (2) increasing germination rate more strongly than native species in response to favorable conditions (plasticity). We conducted growth chamber germination trials of 12 native and 12 exotic species common to coastal sage scrub, a shrub-dominated Mediterranean-type ecosystem in California. Time to germination and percentage germination were recorded in response to variation in three environmental cues: temperature, day length, and soil moisture. Exotic species, especially annuals, displayed consistently higher germination percentages and more rapid germination than native species. Exotic germination percentages also responded more strongly when conditions were favorable (warm temperatures and high soil moisture), and germinated earlier than natives when conditions were indicative of typical growing season conditions in Mediterranean ecosystems (short day length and cool temperatures). Exotic species had more rapid and prolific germination across a variety of environmental cues and in response to increased resource availability compared with native species, indicating both germination plasticity and robustness. These traits may enable colonization of novel environments, particularly if they allow exotic species to establish earlier in the growing season than native species, setting the stage for seasonal priority effects.
Study of the adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen on Si(100) using positron-annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES)

The adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen on a Si(100) surface is investigated by positron-annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES), as well as conventional electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy (EAES) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The Si L2,3VV Auger intensities were observed to decrease exponentially with increasing H2 (O2) exposure. The sticking coefficients of H2 and O2 were found from fits to plots of the attenuation of the Si Auger signal versus gas exposure to have values of 4.4 ± 1.8 × 10−5 and 2.6 ± 0.6 × 10−4 for hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. After 9000 L O2 (4500 L H2) exposure, the Si LVV signal measured using PAES was found to decrease by 71% (60%) as compared to a 25% (< 10%) decrease of the Si signal found using EAES. This is consistent with the higher degree of surface selectivity expected in PAES. This attenuation of the Si PAES intensity is consistent with previous studies of H2S adsorption on Cu, which indicated that the positron surface-state wave function is displaced away from substrate atoms by an adsorbed overlayer, resulting in a decrease in the annihilation rate of positrons with core electrons of the substrate. Our results indicate that PAES could be useful in other H adsorption measurements due to its high sensitivity to the presence of a H adlayer.
Polarized-neutron capture in the giant-resonance region of /sup 41/Ca

The capture of fast polarized neutrons incident on /sup 40/Ca has been measured at an incident neutron energy of 10.0 MeV. The results indicate a significant non-E1 contribution in the giant-dipole-energy region of /sup 41/Ca. When the data at E/sub n/ = 10 MeV are analyzed with the use of a model, they are found to be consistent with an E2 strength which is (3.2 +- 2.7) % of the total capture cross section. Some of the implications of this result are discussed.
Host-directed and immune-based therapies for human immunodeficiency virus infection.

This essay reviews the rationale underlying host-directed or immune-based therapeutic strategies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its complications. These approaches have seen o...
The production of NH(A 3Πi) through photodissociative excitation of NH3

The NH(A-X) emission produced by photodissociation of NH3 is examined using a line emission source in the 600-1340 A region. It is observed that the production of the NH(A 3Pi i) photofragment involves a spin-forbidden transition. Fluorescence spectra of NH3 are derived and analyzed. The relationship between fluorescence cross sections and fluorescence count rates and gas pressure is studied. The fluorescence cross sections of NH(A-X) are calculated as 2.1 x 10 to the -22nd, 3.1 x 10 to the -22nd, 3.0 x 10 to the -21st, 1.5 x 10 to the -20th, and 3.4 x 10 to the -20th sq cm for the primary photon wavelength of 1239, 1184, 1065, 1037, and 976 A, respectively; and the corresponding fluorescence quantum yields are 0.00002, 0.00003, 0.0012, 0.0085, and 0.015.
Point defect dynamics in bcc metals

We present an analysis of the time evolution of self-interstitial atom and vacancy (point defect) populations in pure bcc metals under constant irradiation flux conditions. Mean-field rate equations are developed in parallel to a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model. When only considering the elementary processes of defect production, defect migration, recombination and absorption at sinks, the kMC model and rate equations are shown to be equivalent and the time evolution of the point defect populations is analyzed using simple scaling arguments. We show that the typically large mismatch of the rates of interstitial and vacancy migration in bcc metals can lead to a vacancy population that grows as the square root of time. The vacancy cluster size distribution under both irreversible and reversible attachment can be described by a simple exponential function. We also consider the effect of highly mobile interstitial clusters and apply the model with parameters appropriate for vanadium and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-iron.
Discussion Technique: The Twice-Around

In Discussion as a Way of Teaching, Stephen Brookfield and Stephen Preskill (2005) list 15 benefits of class discussion, including intellectual agility, collaborative learning, and the co-creation ...
What Do Nurses Know About Breastfeeding Problems

A small sampling of nurses completed a questionnaire designed to determine a) whether nurses can identify common problems mothers have with breastfeeding after they are discharged from the hospital and b) whether ability to identify the problems is affected by the nurse's date of graduation from nursing school, age, direct or indirect experience with breastfeeding, or her attitude toward breastfeeding. The nurses were unable to identify the problems, and the variables tested did not influence their ability. This points to a deficiency in nurses’knowledge about breastfeeding problems and in the guidance offered to mothers who chose to breastfeed.
The compressible hybrid RANS/LES formulation using an additive operator

In this work, the compressible governing equations for the hybrid Reynolds-averaged/large-eddy simulations are formally derived by applying a hybrid filter to the Navier-Stokes equations. This filter is constructed by linearly combining the Reynolds-average (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) operators with a continuous blending function. The derived hybrid equations include additional terms that represent the interactions between RANS and LES formulations. The relevance of these terms is investigated in flat-plate turbulent boundary layer simulations and indicate that these additional terms play a fundamental role in compensating for the turbulence that is neither modeled nor resolved in the transition region between RANS and LES. Results also show that when the additional terms are included, the calculations are not very sensitive to the blending function implemented in the hybrid filter. In the contrary, when these terms are neglected and a step function is implemented in the hybrid filter, nonphysical discontinuities are predicted in the flow statistics.
Propensity of HIV Patients to Seek Urgent and Emergent Care

OBJECTIVE: To assess the propensity of HIV-infected adults to seek care for common symptoms, and to determine whether they would seek care in the emergency department (ED) or with their primary care provider.
Liver function test abnormalities in anorexia nervosa—Cause or effect

Objective: Two females with severe anorexia nervosa (BMI of 10) were seen with marked abnormalities in their liver function tests before the initiation of refeeding. These paradoxically resolved with progressive refeeding and weight restoration. Method: Clinical observation during regimented medical stabilization and refeeding of two patients with severe anorexia nervosa with frequent monitoring of liver function tests. Results: Normalization of liver function tests ensued as caloric intake increased and weight gain progressed. Discussion: Although classically liver function test elevations occur during refeeding, as a manifestation of excessive calories and fat deposition in the liver, they may also be elevated due to severe malnutrition before refeeding has commenced and improved as refeeding occurs. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
The effect of methylation on the structure of uracil

Abstract Equilibrium geometries of uracil, 1-methyluracil and 3-methyluracil (in which the methyl group is attached to nitrogen), 5-methyluracil (thymine) and 6-methyluracil (in which the methyl group is attached to carbon), 1,3-dimethyluracil and 5,6-dimethyluracil have been determined by ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations with the split-valence 4-21G basis set. For the methylated derivatives, calculations are made for different conformations corresponding to different orientations of the methyl groups. The conformational energy differences are small, indicating a very low barrier to internal rotation, except for 5- and 6-methyluracils in which there is a preference of 1–2kcal mol −1 for the conformer with the methyl CH bond eclipsing the double bond of the ring. The structural differences between the methylated uracils and the parent molecule are analyzed. Angular deformations within the ring induced by substitution of a methyl group for hydrogen follow, to a rough approximation, the trends established earlier for benzene derivatives on the basis of X-ray studies. Deviations occur due to the difference between nitrogen and carbon in the ring, with deformations being more pronounced for N- than for C-substituted uracils. The methyl groups, in general, show a distinct tilt away from an adjacent carbonyl group, indicating a repulsive interaction. Mulliken population analysis shows the electronegative methyl group withdraws charge mainly from the atom to which it is attached and, to at least as great an extent, from the adjacent ring atoms. The results are compared with those obtained earlier by the semiempirical MINDO 3 method and also by different experimental techniques including X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction. These other studies have given much information on the structure of the compounds, but because of their nature they have not been able to analyze detailed structural variations induced by the methyl group substitution.