cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Employment of dental hygienists and registered dental assistants: highlights of the 1996 survey.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine various employment characteristics of Minnesota's allied dental health workforce, specifically dental hygienists and registered dental assistants. METHODS In 1995 and 1996, two questionnaires one-year period apart were mailed to all licensed dentists in the state, accompanied with a request that only one survey form per practice be returned. An estimated 73 percent and 65 percent of all practices reported in the two years respectively. RESULTS Results suggest few changes over the two-year period. Information is reported on a wide variety of conditions, including practice configurations, workload distributions, turnover, salaries, and relative demand for hygienists and registered assistants. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide a good baseline for future reports and suggest that, at present, patient demand is stable or strong, and that while an adequate supply of allied dental health workers is available statewide, some local supply problems exist.
Solvated electrons at the atmospheric pressure plasma-water anodic interface

We present results from a particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo model of a dc discharge in argon at atmospheric pressure coupled with a fluid model of an aqueous electrolyte acting as anode to the plasma. The coupled models reveal the structure of the plasma–electrolyte interface and near-surface region, with a special emphasis on solvated or hydrated electrons. Results from the coupled models are in generally good agreement with the experimental results of Rumbach et al (2016 Nat. Commun. 6 7248). Electrons injected from the plasma into the water are solvated, then lost by reaction with water within about 10–20 nm from the surface. The major reaction products are OH− and H2. The solvated electron density profile is controlled by the injected electron current density and subsequent reactions with water, and is relatively independent of the external plasma electric field and the salt concentration in the aqueous electrolyte. Simulations of the effects of added scavenger compounds (H2O2, , and H+) on near-surface solvated electron density generally match the experimental results. The generation of near-surface OH− following electron-water decomposition in the presence of bulk acid creates a highly basic region (pH ~ 11) very near the surface. In the presence of bulk solution acidity, pH can vary from a very acidic pH 2 away from the surface to a very basic pH 11 over a distance of ~200 nm. High near-surface gradients in aqueous solution properties could strongly affect plasma-liquid applications and challenge theoretical understanding of this complex region.
Delayed orthostatic hypotension.

Abstract Delayed orthostatic hypotension is a fall in blood pressure beyond 3 min of standing or upright tilt table testing. The prevalence, clinical features and pathophysiology are reviewed. To date, there is little data to support a standardized or recommended treatment. However, the 10-year mortality rates of individuals with delayed orthostatic hypotension are approximately 50%. Despite the fact that delayed orthostatic hypotension carries the same symptoms, risks and high mortality rate as classical orthostatic hypotension, but is under-recognized. The frequency with which delayed orthostatic hypotension develops into classical orthostatic hypotension, the high associated mortality rates and risk of development of the neurodegenerative disorders classified as alpha-synucleinopathies underscores the need for further study of this condition.
Wave-front Transformation with Gradient Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces are engineered systems that enable advanced control of electromagnetic waves over deeply subwavelength thicknesses. Researchers make a careful study of the use of metasurfaces to transform the impinging optical wave front.
Neuromodulation, attention and localization using a novel Android™ robotic platform

We present a novel neural architecture based on neuromodulated attentional pathways. The neural network controlled a robot, which had to perform a reversal learning task based on GPS locations. We developed a robotic platform that leverages smartphones technology. The behavior of the robot was entirely driven by a neural network that ran on an Android phone, which handled sensor input from the phone and controlled the motor and servo of the robot. The robot managed to perform the task successfully by increasing attention to relevant locations and decreasing attention to irrelevant ones.
Studies of a lattice model of water confined in a slit pore.

We describe an extension of the Bell-Salt lattice model of water to the study of water confined in a slit pore. Wall-fluid interactions are chosen to be qualitatively representative of water interacting with a graphite surface. We have calculated the bulk vapor-liquid phase coexistence for the model through direct Monte Carlo simulations of the vapor-liquid interface. Adsorption and desorption isotherms in the slit pore were calculated using grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the thermodynamic conditions of vapor-liquid equilibrium for the confined fluid were determined. Our results are consistent with recent calculations for off-lattice models of confined water that show metastable vapor states of confined water persisting beyond the bulk saturation conditions, except for the narrowest pores. The results are similarly consistent with recent experiments on water adsorption in graphitized carbon black.
Optogenetic Restoration of Disrupted Slow Oscillations Halts Amyloid Deposition and Restores Calcium Homeostasis in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Slow oscillations are important for consolidation of memory during sleep, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients experience memory disturbances. Thus, we examined slow oscillation activity in an animal model of AD. APP mice exhibit aberrant slow oscillation activity. Aberrant inhibitory activity within the cortical circuit was responsible for slow oscillation dysfunction, since topical application of GABA restored slow oscillations in APP mice. In addition, light activation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressed in excitatory cortical neurons restored slow oscillations by synchronizing neuronal activity. Driving slow oscillation activity with ChR2 halted amyloid plaque deposition and prevented calcium overload associated with this pathology. Thus, targeting slow oscillatory activity in AD patients might prevent neurodegenerative phenotypes and slow disease progression.
Estimation of Linear Model Parameters Using Least Squares

This chapter deals with methods to estimate parameters of linear parametric models using ordinary least squares (OLS). The univariate case is first reviewed along with equations for the uncertainty in the model estimates as well as in the model predictions. Several goodness-of-fit indices to evaluate the model fit are also discussed, and the assumptions inherent in OLS are highlighted. Next, multiple linear models are treated, and several notions specific to correlated regressors are presented. The insights which residual analysis provides are discussed, and different types of remedial actions to improper model residuals are addressed. Other types of linear models such as splines and models with indicator variables are discussed. Finally, a real-world case study analysis which was meant to verify whether actual field tests supported the claim that a refrigerant additive improved chiller thermal performance is discussed.
Pentavalent Neptunyl ([O≡Np≡O] + ) Cation–Cation Interactions in Aqueous/Polar Organic Mixed-Solvent Media

Bonding interactions between polyvalent cations and oxo-anions are well known and characterized by predictably favorable Gibbs energies in solution-phase coordination chemistry. In contrast, interactions between ions of like charge are generally expected to be repulsive and strongly influenced by cation solvation. An exception to this instinctive rule is found in the existence of complexes resulting from interactions of pentavalent actinyl cations ([O≡An≡O]+) with selected polyvalent cations. Such cation–cation complexes have been known to exist since the 1960s, when they were first reported by Sullivan and co-workers. The weak actinyl cation–cation complex, resulting from a bonding interaction between a pentavalent linear dioxo actinyl cation donor and hexavalent actinyl or trivalent/tetravalent metal cation acceptor, has been most commonly seen in media in which water activities are reduced, principally highly-salted aqueous media. Such interactions of pentavalent actinides are of relevance in ongoing research that focuses on advanced nuclear fuel processing systems based on the upper oxidation states of americium. This investigation focuses on exploring the thermodynamic stability of complexes between selected highly-charged metal cations (Al3+, Sc3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, In3+ and $$ {\text{UO}}_{2}^{2 + } $$ ) and the pentavalent neptunyl cation ( $$ {\text{NpO}}_{2}^{ + } $$ , whose coordination chemistry is similar to that of $$ {\text{AmO}}_{2}^{ + } $$ while exhibiting significantly greater oxidation state stability) in aqueous–polar organic mixed-solvents. The Gibbs energies for the cation–cation complexation reactions are correlated with general features of electrostatic bonding models; the $$ {\text{NpO}}_{2}^{ + } \cdot {\text{Cr}}^{3 + } $$ complex exhibits unexpectedly strong interactions that may indicate significant covalency in the cation–cation bonding interaction.
Introduction: Modeling, Identification, Optimization, and Control

Mathematical modeling, simulation, nonlinear analysis, decision making, identification, estimation, diagnostics, and optimization have become major mainstreams in control system engineering. The designer describes physical system dynamics in the form of differential or difference equations, and the comprehensive analysis of complex dynamics systems is performed analytically or numerically solving these equations. To develop mathematical models of the system dynamics, the Newtonian mechanics, Lagrange’s equations of motion, Kirchhoff’s laws, and the energy conservation principles are used. It is evident that one cannot guess models of physical systems and pretend that the assumed models describe real-world systems under consideration. Chapter 2 illustrates that the designer can straightforwardly develop mathematical models of electromechanical systems, as well as their components (actuators, transducers, power converters, electric circuits, and filters) to be simulated and controlled. The development of accurate mathematical models, in the form of differential or difference equations, with a minimum level of simplifications and assumptions is a critical first step because all subsequent steps will be mainly based on the mathematical model used. Model development efforts are driven by the final goal, which is to satisfy the desired system performance as measured against a wide spectrum of specifications and requirements imposed. That is, mathematical models must satisfy the intents and goals for which they were developed, serve the design objectives, be user-friendly and well understood, and so forth.
Great Lakes Creoles: A French-Indian Community on the Northern Borderlands, Prairie Du Chien, 1750-1860

Review of: "Great Lakes Creoles: A French-Indian Community on the Northern Borderlands, Prairie Du Chien, 1750–1860," by Lucy Eldersveld Murphy.
Boosted Decision Trees in the Level-1 Muon Endcap Trigger at CMS

The first implementation of a Machine Learning Algorithm inside a Level-1 trigger system at the LHC is presented. The Endcap Muon Track Finder (EMTF) at CMS uses Boosted Decision Trees (BDTs) to infer the momentum of muons in the forward region of the detector, based on 25 different variables. Combinations of these variables representing 230 distinct patterns are evaluated offline using regression BDTs. The predictions for the 230 input variable combinations are stored in a 1.2 GB look-up table in the EMTF hardware. The BDTs take advantage of complex correlations between variables, the inhomogeneous magnetic field, and non-linear effects – like inelastic scattering – to distinguish high momentum signal muons from the overwhelming low-momentum background. The new momentum algorithm reduced the background rate by a factor of three with respect to the previous analytic algorithm, with further improvements foreseen in the coming year.
Analyzing Food Samples—Radionuclides

This chapter on the analysis of food samples regarding radionuclides communicates the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Total Diet Study (TDS) program in the subject area of laboratory analytical work on monitoring food samples for radionuclide contaminations. A brief introduction of the program, sample collection, sample preparation, sample analyses, and findings from analytical results are summarized.
Theory and Design of a Direct Space-to-Information Converter for Rapid Detection of Interferer DoA

A reconfigurable and scalable architecture called the Direct Space-to-Information Converter (DSIC) is presented for rapid and energy-efficient direction-of-arrival (DoA) finding. In conventional delay-and-sum beamformers (CBF), the tradeoff between scan time, resolution and energy consumption is fixed due to the Nyquist sampling theorem. To accurately detect the DoA of an interferer, many scan angles and complex energy intensive calculations are needed. In contrast, the proposed DSIC directly converts an incoming wavefront to spatial information and generates only a few compressed sensing (CS) measurements by forming random projections of the spatial signal consecutively in time. The DoA of the wavefront is then rapidly found from these CS measurements. The energy consumption of the DSIC is 16x lower than the CBF for a realistic scenario where the DoA of only one large interferer needs to be found. Compared to other recently proposed CS DoA finders, the DSIC delivers significant reconfigurability and scalability advantages especially when the number of interferers is unknown.
Acyclovir Permeation Enhancement Across Intestinal and Nasal Mucosae by Bile Salt-Acylcarnitine Mixed Micelles

The purpose of this study was to investigate the absorption enhancement of acyclovir, an antiviral agent, by means of bile salt-acylcarnitine mixed micelles. The specificity, site dependence, palmitoyl-DL-carnitine chloride (PCC) concentration dependence, and effects of absorption promoters on acyclovir absorption via the nasal cavity (N) and four different intestinal segments of the rat, i.e., duodenum (D), upper jejunum (UJ), combined lower jejunum and ileum (LJ), and colon (C) were evaluated. The present study employed the rat in situ nasal and intestinal perfusion techniques and utilized sodium glycocholate (NaGC), three acylcarnitines, and their mixed micelles as potential nasal and intestinal absorption promoters. Acylcarnitines used were DL-octanoylcarnitine chloride (OCC), palmitoyl-DL-carnitine chloride (PCC), and DL-stearoylcarnitine chloride (SCC). All acylcarnitines and NaGC by themselves produced negligible enhancement of acyclovir absorption in the rat intestine, while OCC and SCC were totally ineffective in the nasal cavity. However, the mixed micellar solutions of NaGC with PCC or SCC could significantly increase the mucosal membrane permeability of acyclovir in the colon and nasal cavity. On the other hand, NaGC-OCC mixed micelles slightly increased the absorption of acyclovir by both routes. When a mixed micellar solution of NaGC with PCC was used, the rank order of apparent acyclovir permeability (Papp; cm/sec), corrected for surface area of absorption, was N (10.54 ± 0.62 x 10−5) > D (6.82 ± 0.30 x 10−5) > LJ (2.90 ± 0.08 x 10−5) > C (2.54 ± 0.14 x 10−5) > UJ (2.30 ± 0.22 x 10−5). In contrast, the Papp rank order for acyclovir without any absorption promoter was D (2.49 ± 0.44 x 10−5) > UJ (0.64 ± 0.03 x 10−5) > LJ, C, and N (0). The effect of mixed micellar solutions was synergistic and was much greater than that with single adjuvants probably because of micellar solubilization of acylcarnitines by NaGC. The magnitude of absorption promotion was dependent on the hydrophobicity, i.e., carbon-chain length of the acylcarnitines. The enhanced permeability could be reversed within 60-120 min after removal of the adjuvant from the duodenum, colon, and nasal cavity. These results suggest that bile salt-acylcarnitine mixed micelles can be used as intestinal or nasal mucosal absorption promoters of poorly permeable agents.
The Neglect-of-Differential-Overlap Methods of Molecular Orbital Theory

Quantum mechanics, originally developed as a means to aid in the understanding of the source of molecular spectra, now provides the chemist the basis for prediction and explanation of many other physical properties, such as the geometry and stability of molecules.
Influence of total body radiation on the plasma cells of the guinea pig intestine

1. Nach einer Ganzkorper-Rontgenbestrahlung mit 300, 600 und 1200 r zeigen die Plasmazellen der Darmwand des Meerschweinchens starke zytolytische Veranderungen. 2. Die histochemische Reaktion auf Ribonukleoproteide (Methylgrun-Pyronin) fallt nach Bestrahlung nur schwach aus. Dieser Farbbarkeitsverlust ist noch nach 10 Tagen deutlich erkennbar. 3. Die Plasmazellen der Darmwand konnen wahrscheinlich aus mesenchymalen Zellen des Stromas gebildet werden.
Sequencing in High Definition Drives a Changing Worldview of the Epigenome

Single-molecule sequencing approaches have transformed the study of the human epigenome, accelerating efforts to describe genome function beyond the sequences that encode proteins. The post-genome era has ignited strong interest in the noncoding genome and profiling epigenetic signatures genome-wide have been critical for the identification and characterization of noncoding gene-regulatory sequences in various cellular and developmental contexts. These technologies enable quantification of epigenetic marks through digital assessment of DNA fragments. With the capacity to probe both the DNA sequence and count DNA molecules at once with unparalleled throughput and sensitivity, deep sequencing has been especially transformative to the study of DNA methylation. This review will discuss advances in epigenome profiling with a particular focus on DNA methylation, highlighting how deep sequencing has generated new insights into the role of DNA methylation in gene regulation. Technical aspects of profiling DNA methylation, remaining challenges, and the future of DNA methylation sequencing are also described.
Frequency of Herpes Zoster Vaccination Among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at an increased risk of herpes zoster (HZ). Our aim was to determine the frequency of HZ vaccination and the factors associated with it among eligible IBD patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among IBD patients who were followed in the nationwide Veterans Affairs Healthcare system. Among this cohort, we identified patients who were the age of 60 years after the introduction of the vaccination. The outcome of interest was vaccination for HZ. For all patients, follow-up began on January 1, 2008, and ended at incident HZ diagnosis, HZ vaccination, death, June 30, 2016, or loss to follow-up, whichever was earlier. The exposure to different medication groups at any time after the onset of the study period was also evaluated, as were the demographic features. Results We found that among 18,825 IBD patients who were eligible for vaccination, only 3946 (20.96%) patients were vaccinated at any time during their follow-up. Within the first 5 years of follow-up, 11.7% of the total eligible population was vaccinated. Furthermore, ulcerative colitis patients and Caucasians were more likely to get vaccinated, whereas patients ever exposed to steroids, thiopurines, or anti-tumor necrosis factor medications and those with older age and a higher Charlson comorbidity index were less likely to be vaccinated. Conclusions The vaccination rates for HZ in a nationwide IBD cohort without insurance constraints were extremely low. Concerted efforts should be made to improve them, and HZV should be considered among the quality of care indicators.
Impact of Coexisting Overactive Bladder in Medicare Patients With Dementia on Clinical and Economic Outcomes

Background:Patients with dementia commonly suffer from symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB); however, limited research exists on the clinical impact of coexisting OAB among patients with dementia. ...
Interleukin-12 augments cytolytic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with hematologic and solid malignancies

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric 70-kD cytokine that can enhance the activity of cytotoxic effector cells. Although IL-12 shares some functional properties with interleukin-2 (IL-2), it appears to act via a distinct mechanism. In this report, we examined the effects of IL- 12 on the cytolytic activity and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from patients with malignant disease. PBMC from two groups of patients were evaluated. The first group consisted of 12 individuals with metastatic solid tumors. PBMC from these patients demonstrated a marked defect in their ability to lyse natural killer (NK)-sensitive targets (K562) compared with normal volunteers. Overnight incubation with IL-12 (35 pmol/L) corrected this defect. The effect of 35 pmol/L of IL-12 on cytotoxicity was similar to that of 3 nmol/L of IL-2. In contrast, this concentration of IL-12 had little effect on cytolytic activity against an NK-resistant cell line (COLO 205). When IL-12 was added to PBMC obtained from cancer patients who were being treated with low-dose IL-2 in vivo, a dramatic increase in cytolytic activity against both NK-sensitive and -resistant tumor targets was observed. Unlike IL-2, IL-12 failed to stimulate proliferation of resting PBMC from cancer patients significantly. The second group of patients we studied comprised 13 patients who had recently undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for hematologic malignancy. In resting PBMC from these transplant recipients, IL-12 was capable of enhancing cytotoxicity against both NK- sensitive and -resistant tumor targets. Our findings indicate that IL- 12 can restore defective NK activity of PBMC from patients with metastatic cancer, as well as enhance cytolytic function of PBMC from patients after allogeneic BMT. The clinical use of IL-12 as an immunomodulator in patients with malignancy merits further consideration.
Patient-reported outcome measures in definitive chemoradiation for non-small cell lung cancer.

Patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) is an umbrella term that refers to any report on a health status measure that is reported directly from the patient, without the influence of clinicians (1). Heath status measures assessed by PROMs broadly include 3 categories: (I) overall measures of health-related quality of life (HR-QOL); (II) functional measures that may include but are not limited to physical, emotional, social, or cognitive well-being outcomes; (III) symptom-specific outcomes measures that may be disease-related or treatment-related (2). PROMS are of particular interest as physician-reported measures are known to under report important symptoms and toxicities from therapy and its associated level of burden on patients (3). Furthermore, PROMS have been shown to more closely associate with cancer patients’ overall well-being and function when compared to physician-reported treatment measures (4).
Gilteritinib in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia with a FLT3 mutation

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignancy of uncontrolled proliferation of immature myeloid blasts characterized by clonal evolution and genetic heterogeneity. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations occur in up to a third of AML cases and are associated with highly proliferative disease, shorter duration of remission, and increased rates of disease relapse. The known impact of activating mutations in FLT3 in AML on disease pathogenesis, prognosis, and response to therapy has led to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting FLT3. Gilteritinib is a potent, second generation inhibitor of both FLT3 and AXL, designed to address the limitations of other FLT3 inhibitors, particularly in targeting mechanisms of resistance to other drugs. In this review, we present comprehensive data on recent and ongoing studies evaluating the role of gilteritinib in the relapsed and refractory FLT3 mutated AML setting.
RESHAPE: A Liquid Metal-Based Reshapable Aperture for Compound Frequency, Pattern, and Polarization Reconfiguration

We demonstrate a single-feed planar antenna capable of independently reconfiguring its operating frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization using stretchable, encapsulated liquid-metal (LM) parasitic elements. The LM is contained within elastomeric fibers that can be mechanically translated, stretched, or relaxed to alter the position or length of each conducting element on a 2-D surface, physically reshaping the metal on the antenna aperture. This eliminates several practical challenges associated with fluidic actuation of LM and makes the actuation scheme much faster and more reliable than other recent approaches. Using this scheme, the reshapable aperture (RESHAPE) design supports continuously reconfigurable operating frequencies from 2.45 to 6.5 GHz while supporting either linear $\hat {y}$ - or $\hat {\textrm {z}}$ -polarizations. At the same time, the radiation pattern can also be reconfigured in all planes, over a continuous range, to a maximum of ±45° away from the broadside direction for most frequencies. For all these possible states, the antenna maintains a 2:1 VSWR and a total efficiency of >60%. We explain the operation of the design at several frequencies, analyze the coverage area, and present measurements of a fabricated prototype.
“A Library Within a Library”: Organizational Design as Perceived by Academic Government Information Librarians

Government information librarians in academic libraries often serve multiple roles, providing public and technical services for government information along with other duties as assigned. This stud...
Testbed-based Performance Evaluation of Attack Resilient Control for Wind Farm SCADA System

The increased penetration level of wind generation in power grid reduces the overall grid inertia and SCADA-based wide-area controller is required to limit the wind energy output in total generation. Since the modern wind farms are integrated with active sensors and controllable actuators, coupled with the legacy infrastructure, for wide-area applications, it is imperative to address the associated cybersecurity challenges in the context of SCADA-based wind farm infrastructure. In this paper, we present a testbed-based performance evaluation of attack-resilient control for wind farm SCADA system (WFSS) that detects different cyber attacks on the SCADA measurement, and provide necessary mitigation using the forecast information. Specifically, we have utilized the real-time wind power forecast, as a redundant measurement, and timing property of SCADA measurements to develop model-based anomaly detector. Once an anomaly is detected, wind power forecast information is leveraged, as a part of a mitigation system, for monitoring and control purposes. We have leveraged the resources available at Iowa State University’s PowerCyber testbed to implement cyberattacks and later validate the performance of attack resilient control. Our experimental results reveal that the proposed rules-based ADMS is efficient in detecting several cyber attacks, and further mitigating them to maintain system stability and reliability.
Sexually Transmitted Infections

The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been increasing in recent years, and the informed primary care provider is positioned to address this challenge. Prevention counseling, including through the use of videos accessed on the patient’s cell phone, serves as the first step in reducing the burden of STIs. Screening for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) according to USPSTF guidelines will also have an impact. For patients presenting with potential exposure, providers need a working knowledge of chlamydia, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), HIV, syphilis, and viral hepatitis. Pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis are new measures that providers can employ to help prevent new HIV infection. Finally, Ebola and Zika virus are emerging infections that can be sexually transmitted.
Solving the Dynamics-Aware Economic Dispatch Problem with the Koopman Operator

The dynamics-aware economic dispatch (DED) problem embeds low-level generator dynamics and operational constraints to enable near real-time scheduling of generation units in a power network. DED produces a more dynamic supervisory control policy than traditional economic dispatch (T-ED) that reduces overall generation costs. However, in contrast to T-ED, DED is a nonlinear, non-convex optimization problem that is computationally prohibitive to solve. We introduce a machine learning-based operator-theoretic approach for solving the DED problem efficiently. Specifically, we develop a novel discrete-time Koopman Operator (KO) formulation that embeds domain information into the structure of the KO to learn high-fidelity approximations of the generator dynamics. Using the KO approximation, the DED problem can be reformulated as a computationally tractable linear program (abbreviated DED-KO). We demonstrate the high solution quality and computational-time savings of the DED-KO model over the original DED formulation on a 9-bus test system.
New to health sciences librarianship: strategies, tips, and tricks

Three new librarians highlight their varied pathways into health sciences librarianship and offer insight into how they are navigating the challenges and successes of being new to the profession. The authors define a new health sciences librarian as a person who has fewer than five years of experience in health sciences librarianship specifically, having either recently graduated from library school or entered the health sciences from another type of librarianship. Jamia Williams speaks about her journey from new MLS graduate to health science librarian; Kelsa Bartley details her transition from library professional to health science librarian; and Jahala Simuel shares her experiences moving from academic librarian to health science librarian. This commentary provides strategies, tips, and tricks that new health sciences librarians may use to hone their craft and explore opportunities for professional development.
A Proliferative to Invasive Switch is Mediated by srGAP1 Downregulation Through the Activation of TGFβ2 Signaling

Many breast cancer (BC) patients suffer from complications of metastatic disease. In order to extravasate efficiently and form metastasis, cancer cells have to become migratory and coordinate both invasive and proliferative programs at distant organs. Here, we identify srGAP1 as a regulator of the proliferative-to-invasive switch in BC cells. Highresolution adaptive optics/light sheet microscopy demonstrates that BC cells form actinrich protrusions to contact and cross the endothelial layer during extravasation. srGAP1 low cells display a highly motile and invasive phenotype that facilitates their extravasation from blood vessels, as shown in zebrafish and mouse models, while attenuating tumor growth. Interestingly, a population of srGAP1low cells remain as solitary disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the lungs of mice bearing BC tumors. Furthermore, multiphoton imaging with BC cells expressing a Cdk2 biosensor show that srGAP1 low cells enter into a G0/G1 state and remain as single cells or small clusters in the lungs. Finally, RNAseq and secretome analyses reveal that srGAP1low cells have increased Smad2 activation and TGFβ2 secretion, resulting in an increase in both invasion and p27 levels to sustain quiescence. These findings describe a novel mechanism mediating the shift from a proliferative to an invasive phenotype in BC cells in vivo and identify srGAP1 as a mediator of this phenotypic switch through a TGFβ2 signaling axis.
DELEP Seeds Arrive in Svalbard

Scientists work to collect and store seeds of plant species in order to utilize the seed material in plant breeding efforts and also to conserve biodiversity. In addition to collecting seeds of wild species of plants, crop seeds are collected and stored. As the efforts to collect plant seeds from all over the world increase, the methodology for storing these seeds long term in seed banks under proper conditions has advanced. Researchers study seeds to determine their long term viability and the best storage conditions for maintaining that viability. It has been determined that storing the seeds in a cold dry location can preserve them for longer periods.
Sensation Seeking and STD Control

Abstract Most adolescents have received AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) prevention education, and while research shows that relevant safer sex knowledge has improved, corresponding behavior changes are lagging. In this study, questionnaires were used to examine relationships among sensation seeking safer sex attitudes, and safer sex practices in older adolescents. Results suggest that condom use is related to intentions to use condoms, but not directly to sensation seeking or to sexual motivation. While sexual motivation in dating is still high, recent health education efforts may be responsible for altering condom use intentions and practices. Discussion stresses the need to consider such variables as gender and sensation seeking when advising adolescents on STD prevention.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

The two main phases of sleep are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is often called dreaming (or D) sleep, because dreams are reported by about 70–80% of persons awakened during this period. REM sleep also is referred to as paradoxical sleep, because the brain paradoxically seems to be in an activated state that is similar to, but not identical to, the waking state. REM sleep is characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern (low-voltage, fast-frequency brain waves), muscular paralysis (with the exception of diaphragmatic and ocular muscles), periodic bursts of rapid eye movements, and autonomic nervous system instability (e.g., variable blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration). Brain metabolism is normal or slightly increased during REM sleep.
Active database systems for monitoring and surveillance

In many intelligence and security tasks it is necessary to monitor data in database in order to detect certain events or changes. Currently, database systems offer triggers to provide active capabilities. Most triggers, however, are based on the Event-Condition-Action paradigm, which can express only very primitive events. In this paper we propose an extension of traditional triggers in which the Event is a complex situation expressed by a Select-Project-Join-GroupBy SQL query, and the trigger can be programmed to look for changes in the situation defined. Moreover, the trigger can be directed to check for changes on a periodic basis. After proposing a language to define changes, we sketch an implementation, based on the idea of incremental view maintenance, to support efficiently our extended triggers.
Processing of Refractory Carbides and Nitrides (Powder, Bulk, and Fibers)

This chapter focuses on the processing of refractory carbides and nitrides in the form of powders, bulk/monolithic shapes, fibers, and whiskers. The bulk/monolithic and thermal spray processes for refractory carbides and nitrides are two-step operations, which first require the preparation of powders. Powders are also used as such in grinding and polishing applications (mostly silicon carbide and boron carbide). These powders are produced by a variety of experimental or production processes, which can offer controlled composition, small particle size, and high purity. Refractory carbide and nitride powders are usually produced by the chemical reaction among the elements or compounds of the elements. These processes are moderate in cost, but do not generally produce materials of the highest purity and consistency. High-quality powders of refractory carbides and nitrides can be obtained by the more recent processing techniques of chemical-vapor deposition (CVD), RF-plasma torch, combustion synthesis, and sol-gel. The fabrication of refractory carbides and nitrides entails two major steps: (1) pressing the powder to the required shape, and (2) sintering (or firing) it at high temperature. Sintering is a complex physical and chemical phenomenon. It causes the loose powder particles to bond together and usually results in shrinkage, densification, and grain growth. The characteristics of the powder govern to a great degree the physical and chemical properties of the final ceramic product.
The Effect of Technology on Face-to-Face Communication

Recent technological advancements have had a drastic impact on the way individuals communicate. In this research, previous studies were analyzed, field observations were conducted, and an online survey was administered to determine the level of engagement individuals have with their cell phones, other technologies and with each other in face-to-face situations. Findings suggest that technology has a negative effect on both the quality and quantity of face-to-face communication. Despite individuals’ awareness of the decrease of face-to-face communication as a result of technology, more than 62% of individuals observed on Elon’s campus continue to use mobile devices in the presence of others.
Technology-based community service

Engineering programs do an excellent job of preparing students to contribute to society. Students are offered well-structured technical programs that develop their problem solving, teamwork, and communication skills and that expose them to the impact of technology upon society. However, many programs overlook their responsibility to encourage students to develop a life-long commitment to community service. Even when universities integrate a community service component into the students' learning experience, they often fail to encourage engineering students to apply their technical skills to community service projects. Only a few examples of technology-based community service projects have enjoyed widespread acceptance. However, a wide variety of technology-based community service opportunities exist in most communities. Engineering programs should take the lead in identifying these opportunities and in encouraging students to provide these services. This paper describes the author's experience with two, semester-long technology-based community service projects that were conducted at Washington State University during the 1994-95 academic year. Both of these projects were centered around the theme "Multimedia and the World Wide Web (WWW)". Based on this experience, the author developed a set of guidelines for establishing technology-based community service programs. These guidelines are presented together with a discussion of the importance of training, interdisciplinary teamwork, communication skills, field supervision, structured reflection, and the periodic evaluation of the projects.
Radiosurgery for Metastatic Disease at the Craniocervical Junction

Objective Metastatic disease of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) can cause pain, cranial nerve deficits, occipitocervical instability, or brainstem/spinal cord compression if left untreated. Many patients with metastasis in this region have a high burden of systemic disease and short life expectancy, making them poor candidates for aggressive surgical resections and fusion procedures. Traditionally, symptom palliation and local disease control in these patients has been achieved through conventional radiation therapy. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has the advantage of precisely delivering radiation to a target in fewer fractions. To our knowledge, we report the results of the largest series of patients with CVJ metastasis treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 9 consecutive patients with 10 tumors of the CVJ treated with SRS at the Keck Medical Center of the University of Southern California. Two tumors were treated with Gamma Knife, whereas the other 8 received CyberKnife. Results The median marginal dose was 20 Gy (16−24 Gy) over 1−5 fractions. Point maximal dose to the brainstem or spinal cord ranged between 8 and 18.9 Gy. Median survival was 4 months (1−51 months). Five of six patients presenting with pain had at least partial symptom resolution. No patient went on to require surgical decompression or fusion, and there were no complications directly related to SRS. Conclusions In well-selected patients, SRS for metastatic lesions of the CVJ has a low risk for complications or treatment failure, while achieving a high rate of palliation of pain symptoms.
Development of a toxicity test to be coupled to the Ames Salmonella assay and the method of construction of the required strains

A ‘toxicity’ test protocol is described here to be used for determining the bactericidal effect of the chemicals which are tested for their mutagenic activity by the Ames method. Two sets of strains, isogenic with the Ames tester strains except for their his character, are constructed. One set is the his+ derivatives of the tester strains which are used for measuring the survival of the inocolum cells after exposure to the chemical. The other set is the stable his− derivatives of the tester strains which are used for simulating the background growth in the Ames mutagenicity plate test. The per cent survival of the his+ cells in the incculum in the presence of the ‘filler cells’ is used as a measure of the toxic effect of the chemical.
Life Cycle Costing: Concept and Practice

Abstract This paper traces the development of the life cycle costing (LCC) technique in the United States and classifies documented LCC literature by both model type and application. LCC was originally developed as a formal analysis tool by the US Department of Defense. It has now been successfully applied in the industrial and consumer segments. The scope and practice of LCC has been changing over the past few years. Literature in the field supports the idea that the LCC concept has evolved over the years to include facets of system effectiveness in addition to costs. It is also evident that LCC has developed more as a result of specific applications rather than hypothetical models. General system characteristics which contribute to the success of the LCC technique are also identified.
Asymptotic theory of flame extinction with surface radiation

Abstract In order to further understand the general structure and extinction characteristics of diffusion and premixed flames in the presence of heat loss, and their dependence on the relative rates of reaction, transport, and loss, the heterogeneous combustion with surface radiative heat loss from either a bipropellant in an oxidizing counterflow or a monopropellant in an inert counterflow have been studied via activation energy asymptotics. The analysis yields solutions for the flame temperature, mass burning rate, and flamefront standoff distance. The structure equations for the reaction zone of both the diffusion flame and the premixed flame with subadiabatic downstream boundary are, respectively, found to be canonically identical to the near-equilibrium and premixed flame regimes of Linan's generalized analysis of the diffusion flame structure. The actual flame response to stretch rate variations, however, exhibits a dual extinction turning point behavior in that flame extinction occurs not only for sufficiently large stretch rates and minimal radiative heat loss, but also for sufficiently small stretch rates and extensive heat loss. Consequently, there exist systems for which steady combustion is not possible for all stretch rates. For the premixed flame with adiabatic downstream boundary, extinction occurs only for situations with small stretch rates and extensive heat loss.
National Nuclear Data Center: A Worldwide User Facility

Since the dawn of the nuclear age, access to the most recent nuclear data has played a crucial role in nuclear physics research and application development. These data were originally disseminated as paper copies for select users and eventually evolved into the present-day computer files distributed over the World Wide Web. The National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) has always been one of the pioneers in nuclear data collection and dissemination. It has been providing remote electronic access to its databases and other information since 1986. The Center is committed to providing nuclear data services and operates the most widely used nuclear data website (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov) [1].
Regulation of Signal Duration and the Statistical Dynamics of Kinase Activation by Scaffold Proteins

Scaffolding proteins that direct the assembly of multiple kinases into a spatially localized signaling complex are often essential for the maintenance of an appropriate biological response. Although scaffolds are widely believed to have dramatic effects on the dynamics of signal propagation, the mechanisms that underlie these consequences are not well understood. Here, Monte Carlo simulations of a model kinase cascade are used to investigate how the temporal characteristics of signaling cascades can be influenced by the presence of scaffold proteins. Specifically, we examine the effects of spatially localizing kinase components on a scaffold on signaling dynamics. The simulations indicate that a major effect that scaffolds exert on the dynamics of cell signaling is to control how the activation of protein kinases is distributed over time. Scaffolds can influence the timing of kinase activation by allowing for kinases to become activated over a broad range of times, thus allowing for signaling at both early and late times. Scaffold concentrations that result in optimal signal amplitude also result in the broadest distributions of times over which kinases are activated. These calculations provide insights into one mechanism that describes how the duration of a signal can potentially be regulated in a scaffold mediated protein kinase cascade. Our results illustrate another complexity in the broad array of control properties that emerge from the physical effects of spatially localizing components of kinase cascades on scaffold proteins.
Eighth-order magnetic moment of the electron. IV. Vertex diagrams containing photon-photon scattering subdiagrams

We have evaluated the contribution to the eighth-order term of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron arising from a class of 144 vertex diagrams all of which contain a photon- photon scattering subdiagram with various further radiative corrections. Our result is (-0.473 +- 0.015)(..cap alpha../..pi..)/sup 4/. The theoretical error represents the estimated accuracy (90% confidence limit) of the required numerical integration. This result is obtained from approximately 6000 CPU hours of computation on various large-scale (scalar and vector) computers and replaces our earlier preliminary result for this group of diagrams.