cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational studies on the tryptic digestion fragments of human immunoglobulin G.

Abstract Conformational studies on Fab(t) and Fc(t) (normal and myeloma) have been carried out by circular dichroism, difference spectra, sedimentation, and viscosity measurements. Both Fab(t) and Fc(t) were largely unfolded in acid (pH 2.1) and alkali (pH 11.7), and the unfolding was greater in alkali than in acid for Fab(t). However, for Fc(t) the circular dichroism spectral change was slightly higher in acid (pH 2.1) than in alkali (pH 11.7). It was also noted that the disorganizations were not complete under these conditions. Similar types of disorganizations were observed in heat denatured Fab(t) and Fc(t). Difference spectral studies demonstrated the presence of a significant number of buried tyrosine and tryptophan residues in both fragments, and a large proportion of the residues became exposed on acid denaturation. The results led us to conclude that both Fab(t) and Fc(t) may be characterized by structures of different stabilities. There seem to be small stable structured regions containing some of the β structures while the other portions are more susceptible to denaturation. Also, there are regions in these proteins which are rich in hydrophobic interactions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate refolded both Fab(t) and Fc(t) into partial helical structures, although the accessibility and rotational freedom of the side chain aromatic chromophores were increased. In 6 m GuHCl containing 0.1 m 2-mercaptoethanol, complete disorganization of Fab(t) was demonstrated despite the fact that its circular dichroism spectra around 217 nm differed from the spectra of random coil polyamino acids. In spite of certain differences, the behavior of Fab(t) and Fc(t) towards different denaturing agents was similar pointing out homology in their basic structural features.
Aesthetic plastic surgery of the upper and lower limbs

A single surgical approach is proposed for correction of lipodystrophy of the upper and lower limbs, coexisting deformities, and other conditions affecting these areas. The procedure has great versatility, and results are satisfactory. The inevitability of noticeable scars, however, still constitutes a problem, mandating careful evaluation of the indications and a very realistic doctor-patient relationship.
Effect of van der Waals interaction on Raman transitions. II

A general expression neglecting intermolecular exchange but not change interpenetration, is developed for the effective Raman tensor of two interacting molecules. This expression is obtained from the transition dipole moment in second order time-dependent perturbation theory, from which secular terms have been eliminated by an adaption of the method of Orr and Ward (1971, Molec. Phys., 20, 513). The theory is formulated in terms of transition (Raman) and ordinary charge-density susceptibilities of first and second-order. The results are specialized to a pair of nonoverlapping molecules and are expressed in terms of transition (Raman) and ordinary (hyper) polarizabilities. We display explicit expressions for the transition charge-density susceptibilities and polarizabilities, and draw attention to terms which contain the radiation frequency as a factor in the denominator. Such terms are absent in transition polarizabilities which are approximated by the linear term in the normal coordinate expansion of the...
Complex energy bands in α -brass

The average-$t$-matrix approximation (ATA) is used to evaluate complex energy bands in the disordered alloy $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-CuZn over a range of Zn concentrations between 0 and 30 at.%. The calculations are based on the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker equations of band theory and on the use of atomic phase shifts obtained from renormalized-atom muffin-tin potentials. We examine the effects of charge transfer between the atomic constituents on the basis of two empirical models. Both models involve a single free parameter whose value is adjusted to guarantee agreement with the experimental shift in the optical-absorption edge as a function of Zn concentration. The effects of lattice expansion in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-brass are also included and are shown to have a significant effect on the energies of various states the vicinity of the Fermi level. The present calculations are compared with the available experimental results on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-brass. Good agreement is found with experiments sensitive to the real parts of the energy bands, for example, the concentration dependence of both the splitting of the 5-eV peak in the optical-absorption spectrum and the neck radii as determined by some of the positron-annihilation investigations. The theory agrees only qualitatively with the results of measurements sensitive to the imaginary parts of the bands such as Dingle temperatures and residual resistivities.
Malaria parasites deck the holes in erythrocytes

Comment on Alkhalil et al, page [4279][1] A careful study suggests that the major nutrition uptake channel in the malaria parasite-infected erythrocyte plasma membrane is a product of the parasite genome rather than a modified erythrocyte molecule. H aving chosen to make its living off a red
Ocular manifestations uncover chronic subdural hematoma secondary to abuse

Abstract Background An abduction deficit or cranial nerve VI palsy can have many potential etiologies. However, a cranial nerve VI palsy in the setting of disc edema suggests increased intracranial pressure, requiring emergent work-up. Case Report An 18-year-old woman presented with significant headaches and horizontal diplopia, which she claimed began after giving birth 3 months prior. Her examination found a right cranial nerve VI palsy and mild disc edema of the left eye. This combination of findings was suggestive of increased intracranial pressure. Emergent workup uncovered a large chronic subdural hematoma requiring immediate neurosurgical intervention. She ultimately admitted to being abused by her partner. Conclusion Diplopia and disc edema in a young, nonoverweight patient with an altered mental state is very concerning. Meningitis and complications of spinal anesthesia, although rare, need to be considered in patients who have recently given birth. However, other causes of increased intracranial pressure, including subdural hemorrhage secondary to trauma, also have to be considered, even if the patient denies any history of trauma. Abused patients often deny trauma.
A field study comparing approaches to collecting annotated activity data in real-world settings

Collecting ground-truth annotations for contextual data is vital to context-aware system development. However, current research lacks a systematic analysis of different approaches to collecting such data. We present a field experiment comparing three approaches: Participatory, Context-Triggered In Situ, and Context-Triggered Post Hoc, which involved users in recording and annotating activity data in real-world settings. We compared the quantity and quality of collected data using each approach, as well as the participant experience. We found Context-Triggered approaches produced more recordings, whereas the Participatory approach produced a greater amount of data with higher completeness and precision. Moreover, while participants appreciated automated recording and reminders for convenience, they highly valued having control over what and when to record and annotate. We conclude that user burden and user control are key aspects to consider when collecting and annotating contextual data with participants, and suggest features for a future tool focused on these two aspects.
Muscle activation at the human knee during isometric flexion-extension and varus-valgus loads

We examined the role of muscles in counteracting static loads in the transverse plane at the knee to determine if (a) knee muscles are activated to counteract isometric varus or valgus loads, (b) muscle activity during varus and valgus loads changes with the angle of knee flexion, and (c) the direction of a muscle's activation can be predicted by its moment arm orientations. For seven subjects, muscle activity was recorded during isometric tasks using surface and intramuscular electrodes from 10 muscles that span the knee. A six-degree-of-freedom load cell was rigidly attached to each subjects lower leg just above the ankle, and the subjects were instructed to push against the load cell so as to produce moments in the flexion-extension-varus-valgus plane at the knee. Moments in this plane were all of equal magnitude and varied in direction the full 360° in 20° increments. Most muscles were not activated to stabilize the knee against varus-valgus loads, but the sartorius, gracilis, and tensor fasciae latae showed substantial electromyographic activation in these directions. The load directions where muscles were principally active were observed to be dependent on joint angle for some muscles. In particular, the principal directions of activation for these three muscles changed as the angle of knee flexion changed. Similarly, a muscle's moment arm orientation was a good predictor of direction of activation for some muscles and a poor one for others. These results suggest that different muscles may play different roles in providing joint stability and that these roles are complex functions of muscle moment arm orientations, joint angles, external load directions possibly and other undetermined parameters.
Potential role of an additive genetic component in the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia in the western Pacific.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) are neurological degenerative disorders that occur in three high incidence foci in the western Pacific: among the Chamorros of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, among Japanese on the Kii peninsula of Honshu Island, and among the Auyu and Jakai peoples of southern West New Guinea. Previous studies have implicated both genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors in the causation and familial clustering of these disorders. The data analyzed consist of 2,026 individuals in nuclear families ascertained on Guam through two mechanisms: (1) nuclear families were included in the study if one or both parents in the family were affected with ALS or PD or both; and (2) a group of “controls” was selected by obtaining nuclear families where neither parent was affected and both had lived through the age of risk. Clinically, ALS and PD are two distinct disorders. However, preliminary analyses indicated that combining all three diagnoses into one affected diagnosis for genetic analyses (thereby assuming any genetic effect on susceptibility to the two disorders was due to the same genetic mechanism) was reasonable. An age, sex and birth cohort-specific liability was defined and segregation analysis was performed under both logistic and normal models for this liability at the time of disease onset. Under either model, purely environmental, Mendelian dominant and Mendelian recessive hypotheses could be rejected, but a two-allele additive major locus hypothesis could not be rejected. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Visual diagnosis: an adolescent female who has increasing hair growth.

1. Tamar Stricker, MD* 2. Francesca Navratil, MD* 3. Felix H. Sennhauser, MD* 1. 2. *University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland A 14-year-old girl presents to the clinic complaining of increasing hair growth on her face and trunk for the past 2 years. Her parents note that her normally low-pitched voice has seemed even lower the past few months. Breast and pubic hair development began at 11 years of age, and menstrual periods began at approximately 12 years of age. Menstrual periods occur every 4 to 8 weeks. The girl is in good health, has never had any serious illness, and denies taking any medications. She has always been the tallest in her class. Physical examination reveals a well-nourished female who has a deep voice, receding frontal hairline, and conspicuous, dark hair over the upper lip and chin (Fig. 1⇓ ). Minimal facial acne is noted. Vital signs include a temperature of 98°F (36.7°C), respiratory rate of 22 breaths/min, pulse of 90 beats/min, and a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. Height is 166.9 cm (50th to 75th percentile) and weight is 67.7 kg (90th to 97th percentile). Breast examination reveals elevation of the areola and nipple (Sexual Maturity Rating stage 4), with prominent dark hairs over the areola (Fig. 2⇓ ). Truncal examination demonstrates midline hair over the chest and upper abdomen as well as a suggestion of increased muscle mass and loss of female contour (Fig. 3⇓ ). Genitourinary inspection is remarkable for an enlarged clitoris, measuring 2.5 cm in length. Findings on the remainder of the physical examination are normal. Figure 1. A 14-year-old female who has prominent facial hair. Figure 2. Increased hair growth on areola and chest. Figure 3. Truncal examination. Serum testosterone and androstenedione levels are approximately five-fold higher than normal for her age. The serum dehydroepiandrosterone …
Second-line therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Over the past three decades, progress has been made in the first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Current recommendations include combination chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. Despite these advances, the majority of patients relapse after initial treatment. Many of these patients are eligible for second-line therapy, which has prompted significant clinical research in this area. In 1999, docetaxel became the first drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC in the second-line setting. In 2004, two additional agents, pemetrexed and erlotinib, also received approval, giving patients three options for second-line treatment. Many promising new drugs and drug combinations are currently under investigation.
Templateless Assembly of Molecularly Aligned Conductive Polymer Nanowires: A New Approach for Oriented Nanostructures

Although oriented carbon nanotubes, oriented nanowires of metals, semiconductors and oxides have attracted wide attention, there have been few reports on oriented polymer nanostructures such as nanowires. In this paper we report the assembly of large arrays of oriented nanowires containing molecularly aligned conducting polymers (polyaniline) without using a porous membrane template to support the polymer. The uniform oriented nanowires were prepared through controlled nucleation and growth during a stepwise electrochemical deposition process in which a large number of nuclei were first deposited on the substrate using a large current density. After the initial nucleation, the current density was reduced stepwise in order to grow the oriented nanowires from the nucleation sites created in the first step. The usefulness of these new polymer structures is demonstrated with a chemical sensor device for H(2)O(2), the detection of which is widely investigated for biosensors. Finally, we demonstrated that controlled nucleation and growth is a general approach and has potential for growing oriented nanostructures of other materials.
POST-POLLINATION PHENOMENA IN ORCHID FLOWERS. VII. PHOSPHATE MOVEMENT AMONG FLORAL SEGMENTS'

ORCHID FLOWERS exhibit many post-pollination phenomena. These include, but are not limited to, anthocyanin formation or destruction; stigmatic closure; senescence or greening of the perianth; ovule development; changes in enzyme activity; swelling, straightening and, in some species, greening of the gynostemium (column); hydrolysis of macromolecules in petals and sepals; starch accumulation in ovary walls; and ethylene evolution (Alvarez, 1968; Arditti, 1969, 1971a, b; Arditti,
Whipple's disease with predominantly neuroophthalmic manifestations

Supranuclear paralysis of gaze was a prominent manifestation of Whipple's disease in 2 patients with dementia, 1 of whom also had bilateral uveitis. Because of the absence of gastrointestinal problems in these patients, correct diagnosis was delayed. Whipple's disease is a treatable disorder and should be considered in patients with otherwise unexplained supranuclear gaze paralysis and uveitis.
Use of Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) in Meniere's disease managed with intratympanic dexamethasone perfusion: Quality of life assessment.

Abstract Objective To evaluate patients’ quality of life following intratympanic dexamethasone perfusion in management of Meniere's disease (MD). Methods This is a retrospective study in a tertiary referral center that uses the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). Intratympanic perfusion of 24 mg/ml of dexamethasone was administered after failure to respond to previous management with diuretics and low-salt diet. GBI questionnaires were collected and analyzed in a 12 months follow-up of participating patients. Results Thirty patients (20 women and 10 men, aged 28–85 years) with MD underwent intratympanic dexamethasone perfusion and were assessed with the assistance of GBI questionnaire. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 48 months (mean 30 months). Audiometric results were also available in all of them. In the short term (4 weeks post-perfusion) 6 patients demonstrated a greater than 10 dB improvement in PTA, and 6 patients had an increase in SDS of at least 15%, while in the long-term (12 months post-perfusion) the number of patients in the respective groups decreased to 5 and 2. With regards to the GBI responses, 9 patients (50%) expressed an overall benefit, while 6 (33%) expressed no benefit and 3 patients (17%) complained of negative effect after the intervention. Conclusion The mean GBI score indicates substantial improvement in patients’ overall quality of life following intratympanic dexamethasone perfusion, which was also confirmed by the audiometric results.
Reliability of Dielectric Barrier Films in Copper Damascene Applications

The film properties of two PECVD deposited dielectric copper barrier films have been optimized to improve BEOL device reliability in terms of electromigration. Two critical aspects that affect electromigration are the dielectric barrier film hermeticity and adhesion to copper. We use a method to quantify the barrier film hermeticity and have optimized the hermeticity of the BLOκ™ low-κ dielectric barrier film to be similar to that of silicon nitride. By using FT-IR we find that the film porosity has a much stronger effect than the film stoichiometry on hermeticity. In addition, the interfaces between Damascene Nitride™ with copper, as well as BLOκ with copper have been engineered to improve the interfacial adhesion energy to >10 J/m2 for both Damascene Nitride and BLOκ.
DIFFERENTIALLY TALENTED FEMALES : SOME CRITICAL METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR THE 1980s

Sirmmary.-Usually psychometric studies hsve searched for the personality correlates associated with L (high linguistic and low quantitative ability) and Q (low linguistic and high quantitative abiliry) patterns. Neuropsychological studies, on the other hand, have searched for the cortical processes associated with L and Q patterns or for the psychological functions (presumably linguistic and visuospstial) associated with left- and right-hemispheric processing, respectively. To further our understanding of the relationship of L and Q patterns to personality correlates and modes of information processing and to clarify conflicting interpretations attributed to sex and sex-role factors, a cohortsequential methodology and a convergence of psychometry with neuropsychology are recommended; three critical methodological issues are explored. Historically the identification and assessment of the talented has shown a development not unlike that of the science of psychology. Our founder and other early psychologists were interested in "mind in general" while some of their immediate followers inquired about individual differences. Similarly, the first psychometrists focused on the broadly gifted; later, there was a shift to the study of the differentially gifted and a number of differential.aptitude batteries were constructed. For the identification and assessment of individual differences among the talented, the two abilities most frequently assessed by psychornetrists were linguistic and quantitative (McCarthy, 1975b, p. 265). Still later, interest in the study of instrumental conditioning or operant behavior led to a burgeoning of small N or N = 1 studies with a renewed interest in the single case. For an understanding of the differentially talented, a particularly impressive case highlighted the unusual visuospatial ability associated with Albert Einstein's quantitative aptitude (Patten, 1973). That visuospatial thinking accornpanies high quantitative aptitude is also seen in case studies of eminent psychologists with differential ability patterns (McCarthy, 1975a).
Anodization of mercury in thioacetamide solutions

Summary A study was made of the anodization of mercury in aqueous thioacetamide solutions. Formation constants for a mercury(II)-thioacetamide complex were determined ( K 2 =3.2×10 19 l 2 mol −2 , K 3 =1.1×10 22 l 3 mol −3 , and K 4 =3.8×10 23 l 4 mol −4 ). Overall precipitation rates measured by electrochemical relaxation were found to agree with previously reported values.
Generalization of the autocorrelation function

We generalize the concept of the autocorrelation function to arbitrary physical variables and show how it can be used to define a local autocorrelation function. Using the local autocorrelation function we develop a new method to generate densities for arbitrary physical quantities. In addition, we show that the generalized autocorrelation function can be used to characterize functions with respect to a physical property.
Range Management under Uncertainty

The problem of rangeland management is modeled as a stochastic control problem. The manager periodically chooses stocking rates and decides whether to use a treatment which improves the rangeland. His decisions have an uncertain impact on the rangeland. The theory of finite Markov chains is used to analyze the solution to the control problem. The stochastic specification of the model is varied to test the sensitivity of the optimal policies. These are quite robust except at certain levels of the range condition. Cases of a risk-neutral and risk-averse manager are studied.
Systemic morphine simultaneously decreases extracellular acetylcholine and increases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats.

Abstract Microdialysis was used to measure extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) simultaneously in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of freely moving rats. Systemic injection of morphine (20 mg/kg) significantly decreased ACh (30%, p
VISCOUS AND ELASTIC FINGERING INSTABILITIES IN FOAM

We investigate pattern formation in the immiscible displacement of foam from a confining geometry. The dominant length scales with the driving pressure gradient as for a Newtonian fluid, but depends surprisingly on the ratio of plate separation to bubble diameter. The pattern morphology exhibits a transition from a jagged, presumably elastic, character to a smooth, viscous character as the shear strain rate rises far above the natural internal relaxation time scale of the foam. These features may result from the two-dimensional nature of the flows and the unusual rheology of foams.
Preparation of highly purified human cytomegalovirus envelope antigen.

A human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) envelope preparation was highly purified by immunoaffinity column chromatography using an anti-cellular-IgG column. The purified envelope induced high titre antibodies to HCMV in guinea-pigs. Analysis of the guinea-pig immune sera by RIA and immunofluorescence (IF) showed that this envelope preparation, unlike its unpurified counterpar4 did not induce antibody to cellular contaminants. Dot-blot assay revealed viral proteins in the flow-through fraction and cellular proteins in the bound fractions. Results of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of flow-through and bound fractions suggest that a number of proteins previously identified as virus-specific may, in fac4 reflect cellular contamination of the envelope preparation, or crossreactivity of some virus-specific proteins with cellular proteins.
Addressable enzymes as protein therapeutics: Compound Therapeutics, Inc.: WO2005085430

Adzymes are ‘addressable enzymes’ containing an address domain that binds to a target molecule, and a catalytic domain that degrades or modifies the target. Adzymes are principally designed for the catalytic degradation of bioactive polypeptides, for example, inflammatory mediators. A well-characterised, functional example of an adzyme contains human mesotrypsin as the catalytic domain in fusion with a TNF-α binding protein. Adzymes represent a new generation of protein therapeutics with significant untapped potential, which warrants additional studies to demonstrate in vivo feasibility.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas with gadolinium-DTPA

Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA was evaluated as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the pancreas at 1.5T. Twenty-five patients were imaged with identical gradient-echo (GE) (TR 47, TE 13, 80 degree pulse angle) and spin-echo (SE) (TR 300, TE 15) MR sequences prior to and following an intravenous bolus of 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA. Marked pancreatic enhancement was demonstrated on dynamic sequential breath-hold GE images obtained immediately following the Gd-DTPA bolus (116% mean enhancement over pre-Gd-DTPA images). Enhancement decreased but persisted on the SE images obtained approximately 5 and 15 min following the Gd-DTPA bolus (65 and 60% mean enhancement, respectively). Five of the patients had a pancreatic mass. In these five patients, the enhancement of pancreatic tissue resulted in improved conspicuity of the mass. These initial results suggest that pancreatic enhancement occurs following an intravenous bolus of Gd-DTPA and has the potential to improve MR visualization of pancreatic masses.
Technologically important extremophile 16S rRNA sequence Shannon entropy and fractal property comparison with long term dormant microbes

Technologically important extremophiles including oil eating microbes, uranium and rocket fuel perchlorate reduction microbes, electron producing microbes and electrode electrons feeding microbes were compared in terms of their 16S rRNA sequences, a standard targeted sequence in comparative phylogeny studies. Microbes that were reported to have survived a prolonged dormant duration were also studied. Examples included the recently discovered microbe that survives after 34,000 years in a salty environment while feeding off organic compounds from other trapped dead microbes. Shannon entropy of the 16S rRNA nucleotide composition and fractal dimension of the nucleotide sequence in terms of its atomic number fluctuation analyses suggest a selected range for these extremophiles as compared to other microbes; consistent with the experience of relatively mild evolutionary pressure. However, most of the microbes that have been reported to survive in prolonged dormant duration carry sequences with fractal dimension between 1.995 and 2.005 (N = 10 out of 13). Similar results are observed for halophiles, red-shifted chlorophyll and radiation resistant microbes. The results suggest that prolonged dormant duration, in analogous to high salty or radiation environment, would select high fractal 16S rRNA sequences. Path analysis in structural equation modeling supports a causal relation between entropy and fractal dimension for the studied 16S rRNA sequences (N = 7). Candidate choices for high fractal 16S rRNA microbes could offer protection for prolonged spaceflights. BioBrick gene network manipulation could include extremophile 16S rRNA sequences in synthetic biology and shed more light on exobiology and future colonization in shielded spaceflights. Whether the high fractal 16S rRNA sequences contain an asteroidlike extra-terrestrial source could be speculative but interesting.
A systems approach to medically prescribed functional electrical stimulation. Ambulation after spinal cord injury.

A functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for ambulation of spinal cord injured patients has been described to consist of physician prescriptable, commercially available components. The system components are: electrical muscle stimulators, a reciprocating gait orthosis and the electrode delivery system. A systems approach to medically prescribed FES ambulation requires the interfacing of these basic components, each of which has the flexibility to adjust to the optimal cofiguration for each individual patient. The electrode delivery system is of central importance in interfacing the basic components. This report describes the electrode delivery system, a transcutaneous transducer garment, which allows a variety of electrode configurations and stimulation patterns. The system has been successfully employed on a C7 level tetraplegic patient and a T9 level paraplegic patient.
ATM immunolocalization in mouse neuronal endosomes: implications for ataxia-telangiectasia.

Abstract Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a human disorder with pleiotropic manifestations that include neoplasms, immune dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The disorder is due to mutations in the gene known as ATM (A-T, mutated), which causes a deficiency in its protein product (Atm in mice) that is necessary for DNA damage surveillance. This nuclear function of Atm explains in principle the propensity to cancer and immunodeficiency in A-T, but not the neurodegeneration which results in the earliest clinical manifestations and causes progressive disability. Here we report ultrastructural evidence of cytoplasmic localization of Atm-like immunoreactivity (ALI) within endosomes in murine cerebellocortical neurons, one of the principal targets of A-T. The ALI was obtained with two separate monoclonal antibodies that recognize Atm specifically. By contrast, electron-dense endosomes that could be confused with ALI occur in negligible amounts in both wild-type mice and in mice deficient in Atm (“knockout” mice). Furthermore, there was a marked preferential distribution of Atm-immunopositive endosomes in the granule cell layer — where they are present in granule neurons — with a much lower density in the Purkinje and molecular layers. These observations suggest that endosome-bound Atm may be more important for the function of certain neurons than others — or that it is processed differently among them — and that this protein may be involved in molecular sorting in the cytoplasm. This is relevant to elucidating the role of Atm deficiency in the pathobiology of neurodegeneration in A-T.
Sylvian fissure asymmetry in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Asymmetries of the sylvian fissure (SF) are believed to reflect an enlargement of the posterior temporal lobe, particularly a region that corresponds to part of Wernicke's area in humans. In nonhuman primates the homologue to the region may be involved in the discrimination and processing of species-specific vocalisations. As capuchin monkeys are large brained, socially complex primates with a rich vocal repertoire, it was hypothesised that they would display asymmetry of the SF. We used high-resolution 3T MRI scans to investigate this asymmetry in 17 brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella; 9 males, 8 females). Results indicated a trend towards population-level leftward asymmetry in the lateral region of the SF. Post hoc analyses revealed significant sex differences in SF asymmetry, with females displaying a population-level leftward asymmetry of the lateral region of the SF. Age was a significant mediator of the effects of sex on asymmetry of the lateral region of the SF. These results provide evidence tha...
Critical heat flux and pressure drop for tubes containing multiple short-length twisted-tape swirl promoters

Abstract This paper presents correlations developed for predicting critical heat flux (CHF) and pressure drop in tubes containing multiple short-length twisted tapes (MSLTT) at operating conditions applicable to pressurised water reactors (PWRs). The specific design application motivating these developments was the Inverted Pressurised Water Reactor (IPWR) for which MSLTTs were chosen for the tubular flow channels in order to reduce the excessive pressure drop caused by full-length twisted tapes (FLTTs). Available correlations were examined, but they either had applicability ranges that for some parameters did not cover the IPWR operating conditions, or did not exhibit acceptable accuracy. Accordingly, a new correlation was developed for MSLTTs that is accurate for IPWR conditions. The MSLTT correlation is bounded by the performance of a FLTT for fully developed swirl, and the empty tube value where the swirl intensity is negligible. The development of the thermal–hydraulic analysis methodology for the tubular flow channels was completed by modifying existing correlations for pressure drop with multiple short-length twisted tapes and the attendant swirl decay between the individually spaced tapes. The methodology described herein can be used for the overall design of an IPWR as well as any heat transfer apparatus using MSLTTs in circular tubes at the operating conditions specified in this paper.
Pretransplant bariatric surgery: a new indication?

Pretransplant bariatric surgery: a new indication? Matthew J. Martin, M.D., Steven Bennett, M.D. Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington Received June 14, 2007; revised July 23, 2007; accepted August 3, 2007 Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 3 (2007) 648–651
The geopolitics of energy: Europe and North Africa

The European Union is heavily dependent on Russia to meet its vast and growing demand for oil and gas supplies. Given Russia's massive hydrocarbon resources and geographical proximity, EU-Russia interdependence is likely to endure for many years. However, expanding energy cooperation with North African oil and gas producers – Algeria, Egypt, and Libya is certain to reduce Europe's vulnerability and improve its energy security. This essay examines the emerging energy partnership between the European Union and North African states.
Work-Life Job Analysis: Applying a Classic Tool to Address a Contemporary Issue

This paper draws from the work-life and human resources research literatures and introduces Work-Life Job Analysis (WLJA) as a tool to leverage work-life balance within organizations. WLJA is based upon the AET (Arbeitwissenschaftliches Erhebungsverfahren zur Tatigkeitsanalyse) a German-developed job analysis procedure used to analyze stress and strain. WLJA is comprised of a questionnaire to analyze the context of the work and a task analysis to assess the work performed in order to identify areas of work-life enrichment and conflict. We provide a theoretical and research basis for the tool, provide step-by-step instructions for application, and illustrate the procedure by analyzing a tenure-track faculty position at a university. As shown by the results of our application, WLJA can be used to enhance a position and to intervene where work-life conflict exists. WLJA is a strategic and scientifically-based tool for work-life intervention that enables psychologist-managers to accommodate specific work-life...
Modified Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion Using Transesophageal Echocardiography for Assessment of Right Ventricular Function

Objectives The authors defined a modified tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (m-TAPSE) measurement using the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) midesophogeal 4-chamber view and investigated its clinical validity in comparison with other indices of heart function. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting A single tertiary care medical center. Participants One hundred ninety-six patients who underwent successful mitral valve repair. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Patients were divided into 2 groups using a proposed guideline cutoff of 16 mm of m-TAPSE. m-TAPSE was measured by apical systolic/diastolic shortening as shown in the TEE midesophogeal 4-chamber view. Right ventricular fractional area change (RV FAC) was measured by using planimetry in the same view. Correlation analysis was performed for m-TAPSE and RV FAC. One hundred six (54.1%) patients showed m-TAPSE>16 mm and 90 patients (45.9%) showed m-TAPSE 16 mm v 24.4% in m-TAPSE 16 mm group, the m-TAPSE v 26.4±8.1, p Conclusions m-TAPSE validated a good correlation to right ventricular systolic function as reflected by RV FAC. m-TAPSE should be considered as an easily measurable parameter to evaluate right ventricular systolic function.
Switching simulations in perpendicular media: spin-wave instabilities

Summary form only given. Understanding and being able to simulate the mechanism of fast switching is very important for the development of perpendicular recording[ 11. In addition to well-known mechanisms such as curling and domain-wall motion, there has been recent work [2] on a mechanism we will refer to as ''spin-wave switching"because it has recently [3] been shown to occur because of a spinwave instability. In this paper we study spin-wave switching in the context of perpendicular recording, using a field history appropriate for a medium (with soft underlayer) passing under a monopolar perpendicular head. We find that the coherent Stoner-Wohlfarth precession is interrupted by a spin-wave instability which causes irreversible switching.
Macroscopic failure of multilayered viscoelastic polymers

This study considers creep deformation (macroscopic failure) of laminated polymer materials. A closed form analytical model is developed to characterize creep in laminates loaded in the linear viscoelastic region. For nonlinear viscoelastic loading, a numerical solution is developed. The models are based on an application of laminated plate theory to materials with viscoelastic layers. Both approaches are able to predict laminate behavior with input of appropriate material properties for each layer. Experimental data are presented, which confirm the validity of the analytical model for laminates constructed from nylon66 and liquid crystalline polymer films. The validated macroscale failure models are capable of characterizing a variety of materials. A case study is included to demonstrate the influence of layer properties and orientation on overall laminate performance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Lower-Cost Sensorless Vector Control Method for Three-Phase PMSMs That Uses One-Shunt Current Detection

Sensorless vector control (SVC) of three-phase AC permanent magnetic synchronous motors (PMSMs) was developed years ago and is now being applied in industry. Implementations use hardware to measure two motor phase currents for current control and flux observation, and the sensors required to do this put a lower limit on cost. This paper presents a study and investigation of a one-shunt current detection (OSCD) approach that makes SVC less expensive. The complete and unique motor phase current reconstruction method was developed and implemented using low-cost but highly integrated and high-performance Renesas SH7080 microcontroller (MCU). To enable a comparison of its control system performance, an SVC control design that used LEM current sensors was also built. Dynamometer tests revealed that the OSCD design provided high levels of steady-state and dynamic performance, similar to those obtained with the LEM-based SVC design. The results demonstrated that SVC implemented with one-shunt current detection has great potential and practical significance for industrial applications.
Speech acts of war

The British Army currently embraces a manoeuvrist style of command and hopes to gain further operational advantages from network enabled capability (NEC) and effects-based planning (EBP). Many new communications equipments are being procured. Existing approaches to military simulation modeling have, for good reasons, not concentrated on command and control (C2), but this is now changing. The author proposes an approach to the modeling of military command systems based on Searle's theory of speech acts, and suggests that it may have broader application than modeling C2 alone.
The shift length, fatigue, and safety conundrum in EMS.

Shift length and fatigue among emergency medical services (EMS) providers may increase error and injury.1–3 Shift work is inevitable given the constant need for EMS, but the ideal length of shifts ...
Sustaining Economic Expansion in Pakistan in an Era of Energy Shortfalls: Growth Options to 2035

Pakistan's recent economic acceleration together with rapid rates of population growth is having a significant impact on the country's energy supply/demand balances. Energy supplies in turn affect the pace and pattern of the country's economic expansion. Drawing on the empirically-based complex links between energy and the economy, several alternative scenarios of growth and energy needs are developed in an attempt to answer several key questions. In particular, what are some of the key interrelationships between sources of energy demand and supply? What are the economic growth consequences of alternative energy availabilities and, in turn, how do these growth patterns affect the subsequent energy supply and demand patterns? What energy strategies are suggested by the interconnection between the country growth requirements and energy needs? Are these significantly modified under rising or falling energy prices? Based on this analysis, several guidelines are drawn for the country's future energy policy.
MUTATION OF ARGININE 134 TO LYSINE ALTERS THE PKAS OF KEY GROUPS INVOLVED IN PROTON PUMPING BY BACTERIORHODOPSIN

Arginine 134 is located near the extracellular surface of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and may interact with one or more nearby glutamate residues. In the bR mutant R134K, light-induced Schiff-base deprotonation (formation of the M intermediate) exhibits several kinetic components and has a complex pH dependence. The kinetics and pH dependence of M formation were analyzed using the following general guidelines for interpreting M formation: (1) The fastest component of M formation reflects the redistribution of the Schiff-base proton to D85, the usual proton acceptor, in response to the change in the proton affinities of the Schiff base and D85 early in the photocycle; (2) Two additional components of M formation reflect transitions between spectroscopically similar substates of M. By applying these guidelines, supplemented by information about the pK(a)s of D85 and the proton release group from acid (purple-to-blue) and alkaline titrations of the absorption spectra of the unphotolyzed R134K pigment, we explain the pH dependence of M formation as being due to titration of the counterion, D85, and of the proton release group. We calculate, in R134K, that the pKa of D85 is 4.6 in the unphotolyzed state, while the pKa of the proton release group is 8.0 in the unphotolyzed state but drops to approximately 5.8 in the M intermediate. The same value for the pKa of the proton release group in the M intermediate is obtained when we use photocurrent measurements to monitor proton release. The altered values of these pK(a)s relative to the corresponding values in wild-type bR suggest that D85 and the proton release group are coupled more weakly in R134K than in the wild type.
Mouse pre-B cells synthesize and secrete mu heavy chains but not light chains.

Summary The immunoglobulins produced by the earliest recognizable B cell precursors (pre-B cells) were characterized in the mouse and human. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed no evidence of surface IgM components, and only μ heavy chains could be detected intracytoplasmically in pre-B cells. Surface IgM components could not be isolated from intact fetal liver cells that lacked slgM + B lymphocytes but possessed pre-B cells. Pre-B cells were shown to synthesize and secrete μ heavy chains but not light chains by immunochemical analysis. These μ chains constituted less than 0.01% of TCA precipitable protein synthesized and secreted by fetal liver cells during an 8 hr labeling period. Migration of both intracellular and secreted μ chains on SDS-PAGE suggested that they were smaller than μ chains secreted by mouse and human plasmacytomas. These data indicate that μ chain synthesis precedes light chain expression during B cell ontogeny and suggest a new role for pre-B cells in the generation and expression of a diverse immunoglobulin repertoire.
Rapid Hydrologic Shifts and Prolonged Droughts in Rocky Mountain Headwaters During the Holocene

[1] Rapid hydroclimatic shifts repeatedly generated centuries to millennia of extensive aridity across the headwaters of three of North America's largest river systems during the Holocene. Evidence of past lake-level changes at the headwaters of the Snake-Columbia, Missouri-Mississippi, and Green-Colorado Rivers in the Rocky Mountains shows that aridity as extensive and likely as severe as the CE 1930s Dust Bowl developed within centuries or less at ca. 9 ka (thousand years before CE 1950), and persisted across large areas of the watersheds until ca. 3 ka. Regional water levels also shifted abruptly at >11.3 and 1.8-1.2 ka. The record of low water levels during the mid-Holocene on the Continental Divide links similar evidence from the Great Basin and the Midwestern U.S., and shows that extensive aridity was the Holocene norm even though few GCMs have simulated such a pattern.
Implementing management metrics: an Army program

A description is given of the US Army Communications-Electronics Command's management metrics program, a common-sense approach for addressing the life-cycle problems facing program managers of mission-critical systems. The metrics set used by the program is examined, and its application is discussed. The planned upgrade to the baseline set of indicators is described. >
Population Biology of the First Replicators: On the Origin of the Genotype, Phenotype and Organism

Prebiotic synthesis of short length macromolecules from precursor molecules results in a dynamic of spontaneous creation, which allows for growth from zero density. At this prereplicator stage in the evolution of life there is no life history, since the birth and death processes are intimately coupled through the physical chemistry of a single reaction. With the emergence of nonenzymatic, template-directed replication, the birth and death processes could diverge for the first time, since selection could act differently on the birth and death rates of the replicating molecule. Thus, with replication, natural selection and life-history evolution began. The genotype, or nucleotide sequence, of the replicating molecule gave rise to several phenotypic properties, the most important of which was its three-dimensional structure which in turn affected the birth and death processes. However, at this stage of nonenzymatic template replication, the phenotype was the physical structure of the genotype, nothing more: For the divergence of the phenotype from the genotype it was necessary for the replicator to produce a protein. It is shown here that the evolution of enzyme production is facilitated by the existence of population structure in the distribution of the macromolecules associated with replication. Initially, this structure was created passively by the localization of the macromolecules in rock crevices, suspended water droplets, etc. Ultimately, the replicator along with its proteins were localized in a protocellular structure and this became the first organism. Thus, initially, the organism was one extreme of the population structure of the macromolecules associated with life. The organism was the culmination of the encapsulation phase of evolution which proceeded through initial phases of passive localization.