cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the young French child avoids the pre-voicing problem for word-initial voiced stops.

Macken & Barton (1980) noted an asymmetry in their young Spanish-learning children's word-initial stop productions, as compared with English-learning children's, namely, ‘the Spanish-learning children acquire “lead” voicing…after age four’, whereas ‘English-learning children acquire “long lag” stops…by about 2;6’. ‘One possible explanation’, they propose, ‘is that lead voicing is inherently difficult to produce or at least more difficult to learn than long lag…’. The purpose of this Note is to present data suggesting that young children learning French, which also employs phonetically pre-voiced stops for its phonemically voiced category, also show an asymmetry in their word-initial stop productions. Furthermore, this asymmetry supports the notion, proposed by Macken & Barton, that lead voicing is somehow ‘more difficult’ for these young children to learn to produce. However, the actual ‘strategy’ used by the French-learning children to circumvent this presumed difficulty is different from that used by Macken & Barton's Spanish-learning children. This difference supports the notion that children have a certain degree of latitude in finding their way through the maze of psycholinguistic development (Kiparsky & Menn 1977).
Toward Networks from Spikes

Computational models of brain tissue provide important insights for understanding pathological behavior within neuronal networks. Validating these models poses difficult challenges due to the number of neurons and synaptic connections in even the most modest samples. An important step toward validation is determining connectivity within the biological network so that simulations can be configured to match and then compared directly to the observed behaviors. Cultures of dissociated neurons on multi-electrode arrays provide a flexible experimental platform for the study of fundamental network behaviors. Extracting connectivity from this in vitro setup is challenging because we are able to measure only a relatively small number of neurons. Today, cultures are routinely grown on arrays of microelectrodes, each reporting the activity of several neurons. With these techniques we can distinguish at most hundreds of spiking neurons while cultures comprise thousands of neurons. Even as the number of electrodes increases with gains in technology, it is important to understand how much information about the network connectivity can be discovered with sparse spatial sampling. We describe an approach to searching for repeating patterns in parallel spike train data, the presence of which can inform inferences of causality and connectivity in the network.
Calcium-binding proteins in the spinal cord: physiological significance

There has been increased interest in the presence of calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) in the spinal cord over the past few years (Yamamoto et al., 1989; Antal et al., 1990; Celio, 1990; Yoshida et al., 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Arvidsson et al., 1992; Menetrey et al., 1992b; Heppelmann and Emson 1993; Ren et al., 1993; Ren and Ruda, 94; also see Andressen et al., 1993, for a review). This interest is partly due to the unique advantage of some CBPs as neuronal markers in the spinal cord. As in other parts of the nervous system, several CBPs exhibit a distinct distribution pattern, suggesting that they may be involved in a variety of physiological activities, including initial sensory processing and final motor control. CBPs not only couple the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ in response to an extracellular signal with the subsequent physiological response, they also modulate the intracellular Ca+ level to help maintain Ca+ homeostasis. The latter action of the CBPs is especially important as the perturbation of the intracellular Ca+ homeostasis may precede the development of cytotoxicity and irreversible injury (Nicotera et al., 1992).
Speculations on Quasi-Experimental Design in HIV/AIDS Prevention Research

This paper provides a speculative discussion on what quasi-experimental designs might be useful in various aspects of HIV/AIDS research. The first author’s expertise is in research design, not HIV, while the second author has been active in HIV prevention research. It is hoped that it may help the HIV/AIDS research community in discovering and inventing an expanded range of possibilities for valid causal inference. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v3i1_campbell
Increased Susceptibility of Pyrethroid-Resistant Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Chlorfenapyr

Chlorfenapyr is a new pyrrole insecticide with a new mode of action. Its toxicity to adult Heliothis virescens (F.) is negatively correlated with cypermethrin toxicity by the equation y = 1.065x + 3.513 ( r = 0.97), where x = log LC50 cypermethrin, y = log LC50 chlorfenapyr. Chlorfenapyr was most toxic to adults of a pyrethroid-resistant strain (LC50 = 70.1 µg per vial in adult vial tests at 48 h). The negative correlation was not observed in neonates fed with chlorfenapyr impregnated diet. Cross-resistance to chlorfenapyr in Pyrethroid-R larvae was 2.3-fold with the diet method, compared with 28-fold resistance to cypermethrin. Cross-resistance was only significant in diet tests. Chlorfenapyr was as effective as insecticides registered for cotton against H. virescens . Inheritance data showed that only 1 allele is necessary from the Pyrethroid-R strain to produce complete susceptibility to chlorfenapyr in adults. The susceptibility to chlorfenapyr is a dominant trait, and the resistance to chlorfenapyr is a recessive trait. In a backcross experiment, one-half the progeny were highly susceptible to chlorfenapyr and one-half were highly resistant, indicating segregation of a single factor. The mechanism for this effect could be caused by pleiotropy (i.e., a gene for pyrethroid resistance controls increased detoxication to cypermethrin while also increasing the susceptibility of chlorfenapyr). The pyrethroid-resistant gene is likely to be identical to, or closely linked to, the gene that gives increased susceptibility to chlorfenapyr.
Benefits Analysis of Ground-Sourced Convective Weather Alerting in the Cockpit

Convective weather is a significant hazard to air transportation due to the potential of convective induced turbulence to cause numerous injuries to passengers and crew. Currently, convective weather is managed tactically by the flight crew with the aid of onboard weather radar, pilot reports, and visual identification of convective cells. Future ground-sourced convective weather alerts to the cockpit could provide the flight crew a different perspective of weather impact that can aid in recognizing weather impacts that are undetected (or observed much later) by aircraft-based systems. This paper analyzes the potential benefit of a ground-sourced alerting system based on the Convective Weather Avoidance Model (CWAM). The performance of the CWAM alerting system is compared to a notional future system over a range of alerting triggers.
Do participants in genome sequencing studies of psychiatric disorders wish to be informed of their results? A survey study.

Objective: As large-scale genome sequencing technology advances, concerns surrounding the reporting of individual findings to study volunteers have grown and fueled controversy. This is especially true in mental health research, where the clinical importance of sequencing results is particularly unclear. The ethical, legal, and social issues are being widely debated, but less is known about the attitudes of actual study volunteers toward sequencing studies or what they wish to learn about their DNA sequence and its health implications. This study provides information on psychiatric research volunteers’ attitudes, beliefs, and concerns with respect to participation in DNA sequencing studies and reporting of individual results. Method: We conducted a pilot study using a questionnaire that we developed to assess what information volunteers in an ongoing family study of bipolar disorder would like to receive if they underwent genome sequencing, what they would do with that information, and what concerns they may have. Results: Almost all of the respondents were willing to participate in genome sequencing. Most respondents wished to be informed about all their health-related genetic risks, including risks for diseases without known prevention or treatment. However, few respondents felt well informed about the nature of genome sequencing or its implications for their health, insurability, or offspring. Conclusions: Despite generally positive attitudes toward genome sequencing among study volunteers, most are not fully aware of the special issues raised by genome sequencing. The attitudes of study volunteers should be considered in the debate about the reporting of individual findings from genome sequencing.
Inverse associations of dietary fiber and menopausal hormone therapy with colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

In the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we previously reported that dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in men only. In women, the inverse relationship was weaker and appeared to be confounded by menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). We re-examined this observation with a greatly increased power. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we analyzed data from 187,674 participants with 4,692 cases identified during a mean follow-up period of 16 years. In multivariable-adjusted models, dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in both sexes: HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.89 for highest vs. lowest quintile, ptrend = 0.0020 in men and HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.62-0.91, ptrend = 0.0067 in women. Postmenopausal women who ever used MHT had a 19% lower risk of colorectal cancer (95% CI: 0.74-0.89) compared with MHT never users. In a joint analysis of dietary fiber and MHT, dietary fiber intake was associated with a lower colorectal cancer risk in MHT never users (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.95, ptrend = 0.045), but did not appear to further decrease the colorectal cancer risk of MHT ever users (ptrend = 0.11). Our results support the overall protective roles of dietary fiber and MHT against colorectal cancer and suggest that dietary fiber may not lower risk further among women who ever used MHT. If confirmed, these results would suggest that MHT and dietary fiber may share overlapping mechanisms in protecting against colorectal cancer.
Quality Assessment of Treated Water from Household Activated Carbon Water Filters by Water Quality Index

[Objective]To understand the water quality and influencing factors of household activated carbon water filters by water quality index(WQI).[Methods]A total of 248 households using activated carbon water filters were recruited for this study in Jul 2011.Inlet and outlet water of filters were sampled in the selected household.The water analysis consisted of iron,manganese,copper,zinc,lead,arsenic,chemical oxygen demand(COD),pH,color,turbidity,total bacterial count,and coliform.A WQI for activated carbon water filters was developed subsequently.χ2 test and binary logistic model were used to analyze the influencing factors of WQI.[Results]The unqualified rates of the elimination rate of COD and total bacterial count were 37.5% and 16.1% respectively.The results of WQI calculation for 89 filters(35.9% of total) were above pollution level.Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the influencing factors of the WQI of treated water from household activated carbon water filters were ultraviolet unit installation,inlet water quality,and water treatment capacity of core cartridge(P0.05).[Conclusion] Hygienic issues are identified in the household activated carbon water filters investigated and are influenced by several factors.Besides,the study demonstrates the capability of WQI to reflect the comprehensive conditions of water quality and the potential to be applied to sanitary assessment of water filters.
Microsatellite Analysis of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Receptor in Colorectal Carcinomas

The insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) growth control pathway is comprised of three major components: IGFII ligand, insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR), and insulin-like growth factor II receptor (IGFIIR). IGFIR and IGFIIR work together to maintain constant circulating levels of IGFII. IGFII is a potent mitogen, produced by epithelial cells, which stimulates cell growth and prevents apoptosis by binding to IGFIR (1,2). IGFIR is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family (3) Upon binding IGFII, IGFIR autophosphorylates tyrosine residues, thereby initiating signaling Fig. 1 ) (3). Both mitogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways are initiated by the binding of IGFII to IGFIR (3). Fig. 1. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor II pathway. IGFII ligand binds IGFIR thereby initiating a signaling cascade which is both mitogenic and anti-apoptotic. IGFIIR counterbalances these mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects by binding, internalizing, and degrading IGFII thus making IGFII unavailable to activate IGFIR. IGFIR and IGFIIR work together to maintain constant circulating leveles of IGFII.
Hardware assisted memory checkpointing and applications in debugging and reliability

Thesis statement: Memory and performance overheads of application and system checkpoints can be significantly reduced with the assistance of hardware techniques. The problems of software debugging and system reliability/availability are among the most challenging problems the computing industry is facing today, with direct impact on the development and operating costs of computing systems. A promising debugging technique that assists programmers identify and fix the causes of software bugs a lot more efficiently is bidirectional debugging, which enables the user to execute the program in “reverse”, and a typical method used to recover a system after a fault is backwards error recovery, which restores the system to the last error-free state. Both reverse execution and backwards error recovery are enabled by creating memory checkpoints, which are used to restore the program/system to a prior point in time and re-execute until the point of interest. The checkpointing frequency is the primary factor that affects both the latency of reverse execution and the recovery time of the system; more frequent checkpoints reduce the necessary re-execution time. Frequent creation of checkpoints poses performance challenges, because of the increased number of memory reads and writes necessary for copying the modified system/program memory, and also because of software interventions, additional synchronization and I/O, etc., needed for creating a checkpoint. In this thesis I examine a number of different hardware accelerators, whose role is to create frequent memory checkpoints in the background, at minimal performance overheads. For the purpose of reverse execution, I propose the HARE and Euripus hardware checkpoint accelerators. HARE and Euripus create different types of checkpoints, and employ different methods for keeping track of the modified memory. As a result, HARE and Euripus have different hardware costs and provide different functionality which directly affects the latency of reverse execution. For improving the availability of the system, I propose the Kyma hardware accelerator. Kyma enables simultaneous creation of checkpoints at different frequencies, which allows the system to recover from multiple types of errors and tolerate variable error-detection latencies. The Kyma and Euripus hardware engines have similar architectures, but the functionality of the Kyma engine is optimized for further reducing the performance overheads and improving the reliability of the system. The functionality of the Kyma and Euripus engines can be combined into a unified accelerator that can serve the needs of both bidirectional debugging and system recovery.
Orexins and Opioids in Feeding Behavior

ABSTRACT Orexins and opioids consistently stimulate food intake and interact to elicit feeding; blockade of one affects the response to the other. Most important, the strength of the feeding response for each depends on the brain site of administration. Together, these indicate a network model of feeding behavior in which both orexins and opioids participate. This review first presents evidence for orexins and opioids separately, establishing their role in feeding behavior. The final section discusses the interaction between opioids and orexins. Behavioral and neurobiological evidence demonstrates that orexins and opioids are an important part of the neural network that operates to maintain natural feeding behavior.
A multidisciplinary approach to prenatal treatment of congenital long QT syndrome

A 27-week fetus evaluated for bradycardia and hydrops was found to have anti-SSA-negative 2° atrioventricular block and ventricular tachycardia. A presumptive diagnosis of fetal long QT syndrome was made. Transplacental pharmacotherapy with intravenous magnesium and lidocaine restored sinus rhythm. At 30 6/7 weeks, the infant was delivered due to premature labor. Despite postnatal treatment with mexiletine and propranolol, she developed torsades de pointes. Ultimately, a de novo KCNH2 G628S mutation was diagnosed. She received an implantable cardiac defibrillator at 5 months of age. Early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach allowed successful in utero treatment and anticipatory postnatal management. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:168-170, 2017.
Impact of Regional Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Changes on Shifts of the Extratropical Jet Stream in Response to Global Warming

AbstractClimate models robustly project that global warming will lead to a poleward shift of the annual-mean zonal-mean extratropical jet streams. The magnitude of such shifts remains uncertain, however, and recent work has indicated a potentially important role of cloud radiative interactions. The model spread found in realistic simulations with interactive sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is captured in aquaplanet simulations with prescribed SSTs, because of which the latter setup is adapted here to study the impact of regional atmospheric cloud radiative changes on the jet position. Simulations with two CMIP5 models and prescribed regional cloud changes show that the rise of tropical high-level clouds and the upward and poleward movement of midlatitude high-level clouds lead to poleward jet shifts. High-latitude low-level cloud changes shift the jet poleward in one model but not in the other. The impact of clouds on the jet operates via the atmospheric radiative forcing that is created by the cloud chan...
Ambedkar’s Framing of the ‘Political’ within Ethical Practice:

This article advances Ambedkar’s recasting of pure politics and the political within an ethical framework. It explores Ambedkar’s ethos of radical action grounded in the limitation of the state, la...
Survival of Selected Organisms During Spray Drying of Skim Milk and Storage of Nonfat Dry Milk1

Pasteurized concentrated skim milk containing 35 to 40% total solids was inoculated with cultures of Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, or Escherichia coli to contain 1 × 106 organisms per g and spray-dried to determine the effect of exit air temperatures of 93.3, 82.2, and 71.1 C on survival of the organisms and moisture content of the finished product. The numbers of survivors increased as the drying temperature decreased. The percent survivors varied from 27.57 in the product made from milk inoculated with M. flavus and dried at 71.1 C to 0.02 in the product made from milk inoculated with E. coli and dried at 93.3 C. The organism most resistant to drying and most persistent during storage was B. subtilis, followed by M. flavus and E. coli, with the latter showing low survival during drying and abrupt die-off during the first 4 weeks of storage. The moisture content of the dry milks varied from 2.75 to 4.80% with low moisture associated with high drying temperature.
Thermoacoustic Instabilities arising from secondary modes, an analytical and experimental declaration

It is well known that the secondary dynamic modes of thermoacoustic systems come to prominence during the modal stabilization attempts. To this date; however, there has been no exhaustive analytical explanation given for this interesting phenomenon. In this work we examine a Rijke tube with a passive Helmholtz resonator and perform an active feedback control to suppress instabilities. The core dynamics is represented by a linear time-invariant multiple time delay system of neutral type. Non-conservative stability of this infinite-dimensional dynamics is investigated using a recent analytical tool: cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) paradigm. First, we examine the parametric stability outlook with the Helmholtz resonator using a holistic approach in contrast to conventional modal studies. We then select an unstable operating point and impose a time-delayed integral feedback control over this structure and inquire the stabilizing controller parameters using the CTCR methodology. This procedure also declares the potential unexpected instabilities caused by the secondary modes. Analytical work is presented with validations using an experimental Rijke tube set-up.
Fast reachability query computation on big attributed graphs

Attributed graph is widely used for modeling a variety of information networks, such as the web, sensor networks, biological networks, economic graphs, and social networks. Given the high popularity of attributed graph, in this paper, we study one of the most fundamental graph query types for attributed graph — the reachability query with attribute constraints i.e. ‘Is there a path from source to destination such that all attributes on the path satisfy given attribute constraints?’. We first introduce a new approach which takes the advantage of a ‘perfect’ hash function for compressing a multi-dimensional attribute into a unique hash value so as to bound the expected cost of secondary storage access (e.g. SDD I/O, remote data access). Then, we propose a synopsis based heuristic search technique to further reduce the CPU and secondary storage access cost. For both techniques, the index construction time and space are still linear to the topology size. An extensive experimental evaluation using real and synthetic graphs demonstrates the superiority of our proposed techniques.
Thermophotonics for ultra-high efficiency visible LEDs

The wall-plug efficiency of modern light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has far surpassed all other forms of lighting and is expected to improve further as the lifetime cost of a luminaire is today dominated by the cost of energy. The drive towards higher efficiency inevitably opens the question about the limits of future enhancement. Here, we investigate thermoelectric pumping as a means for improving efficiency in wide-bandgap GaN based LEDs. A forward biased diode can work as a heat pump, which pumps lattice heat into the electrons injected into the active region via the Peltier effect. We experimentally demonstrate a thermally enhanced 450 nm GaN LED, in which nearly fourfold light output power is achieved at 615 K (compared to 295 K room temperature operation), with virtually no reduction in the wall-plug efficiency at bias V < pω/q. This result suggests the possibility of removing bulky heat sinks in high power LED products. A review of recent high-efficiency GaN LEDs suggests that Peltier thermal pumping plays a more important role in a wide range of modern LED structures that previously thought – opening a path to even higher efficiencies and lower lifetime costs for future lighting.
A Review of Recent Advancement in Integrating Omics Data with Literature Mining towards Biomedical Discoveries

In the past decade, the volume of “omics” data generated by the different high-throughput technologies has expanded exponentially. The managing, storing, and analyzing of this big data have been a great challenge for the researchers, especially when moving towards the goal of generating testable data-driven hypotheses, which has been the promise of the high-throughput experimental techniques. Different bioinformatics approaches have been developed to streamline the downstream analyzes by providing independent information to interpret and provide biological inference. Text mining (also known as literature mining) is one of the commonly used approaches for automated generation of biological knowledge from the huge number of published articles. In this review paper, we discuss the recent advancement in approaches that integrate results from omics data and information generated from text mining approaches to uncover novel biomedical information.
Too confident about uncertainty

Werner Heisenberg has a lot to answer for. As one of the founders of quantum mechanics, he left a huge legacy to physics. As the inventor of the uncertainty principle, he also left a huge legacy outside physics. Albert Einstein may be more widely recognized by the public – and his theory of relativity often appears in popular culture – but it is Heisenberg who has had the greater impact on public discourse.
Missing data, clade support and "reticulation": the molecular systematics of Heliconius and related genera (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) re-examined.

Kozak et al. (2015, Syst. Biol., 64: 505) portrayed the inference of evolutionary history among Heliconius and allied butterfly genera as a particularly difficult problem for systematics due to prevalent gene conflict caused by interspecific reticulation. To control for this, Kozak et al. conducted a series of multispecies coalescent phylogenetic analyses that they claimed revealed pervasive conflict among markers, but ultimately chose as their preferred hypothesis a phylogenetic tree generated by the traditional supermatrix approach. Intrigued by this seemingly contradictory set of conclusions, we conducted further analyses focusing on two prevalent aspects of the data set: missing data and the uneven contribution of phylogenetic signal among markers. Here, we demonstrate that Kozak et al. overstated their findings of reticulation and that evidence of gene-tree conflict is largely lacking. The distribution of intrinsic homoplasy and incongruence homoplasy in their data set does not follow the pattern expected if phylogenetic history had been obscured by pervasive horizontal gene flow; in fact, noise within individual gene partitions is ten times higher than the incongruence among gene partitions. We show that the patterns explained by Kozak et al. as a result of reticulation can be accounted for by missing data and homoplasy. We also find that although the preferred topology is resilient to missing data, measures of support are sensitive to, and strongly eroded by too many empty cells in the data matrix. Perhaps more importantly, we show that when some taxa are missing almost all characters, adding more genes to the data set provides little or no increase in support for the tree.
A fully autonomous ultra-low power hybrid RF/photovoltaic energy harvesting system with −25 dBm sensitivity

This study discusses the design process of a novel fully autonomous ultra-low power hybrid RF/photovoltaic energy harvesting system. As a result of the simulated and measured relationship between the output voltage of the rectifier and the load resistance value, the optimal rectifier topology and the charge tank capacitor value are analytically determined. One proof-of-concept designed and fabricated rectifier prototype exhibits the peak and average RF-dc conversion efficiency of 24.0% and 17.6% while charging a charge tank capacitor with −20 dBm of RF power. Similarly, a photovoltaic powered dc-dc converter circuit which requires the minimum power of 59 nW and operates under the low light irradiation of 3 lx (440 nW/cm2) is designed and features the capability of successfully charging the output capacitor up to more than 2.4 V with the output power of 643 nW from −20 dBm of RF input power. The proposed system can generate net positive output power from −25.0 dBm of RF input power.
Motivation und Zielsetzung

„Es ist nicht die starkste Spezies, die uberlebt, auch nicht die intelligenteste, sondern diejenige, die am besten auf Veranderungen reagiert“ (Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882). In diesem Zitat konnte die Erklarung dafur liegen, dass die altesten Unternehmen der Welt Familienunternehmen sind. Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan, ein japanisches Kurhotel, wird in der 52. Generation von ein und derselben Familie gefuhrt und existiert seit nunmehr 1300 Jahren.
Das Integrierte Managementsystem bei einem IT-System-Dienstleistungsunternehmen/ Computer Service Management-Unternehmen

Das IT-System-Dienstleistungsunternehmen ist eines der grosten europaischen Systemhauser fur Informationstechnologie (IT) und Telekommunikation (TK). Die neue Division im Konzern eines grosen Telekommunikations-Dienstleisters bietet Groskunden in uber 20 Landern aus einer Hand klassische IT- und TK-Leistungen sowie integrierte Losungen aus dem Konvergenz-bereich beider Markte.
Querying Large Scientific Data Sets with Adaptable IO System ADIOS

When working with a large dataset, a relatively small fraction of data records are of interest in each analysis operation. For example, while examining a billion-particle dataset from an accelerator model, the scientists might focus on a few thousand fastest particles, or on the particle farthest from the beam center. In general, this type of selective data access is challenging because the selected data records could be anywhere in the dataset and require a significant amount of time to locate and retrieve. In this paper, we report our experience of addressing this data access challenge with the Adaptable IO System ADIOS. More specifically, we design a query interface for ADIOS to allow arbitrary combinations of range conditions on known variables, implement a number of different mechanisms for resolving these selection conditions, and devise strategies to reduce the time needed to retrieve the scattered data records. In many cases, the query mechanism can retrieve the selected data records orders of magnitude faster than the brute-force approach.
Two Generalizations of the 5/8 Bound on Commutativity in Nonabelian Finite Groups

The probability that two elements in a nonabelian finite group commute is at most 5/8, and this bound is realized exactly when the center of the group is one fourth of the group. We generalize this...
Blood gas and pH studies during use of the Carlens catheter.

Blood gas and pH measurements were made in ten patients during thoracotomy using a Carlens endobronchial catheter. Arterial oxygenation is usually adequate if (1) high concentrations of oxygen are used, (2) the pulmonary artery is ligated as soon as possible during pneumonectomy, and (3) atelectasis in the dependent lung is prevented by vigorous ventilation, Acidosis is unlikely to occur.
The promise of CAR T-cell therapy in aggressive B-cell lymphoma

Relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma has an extremely poor prognosis and efforts to develop novel therapies for these patients have failed for almost four decades until the advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Within the last one year, two anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy products, axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel, were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after at least two lines of systemic therapy based on multicenter single-arm phase two clinical trials. Here, we will discuss the different components of the CAR construct and their mechanisms of action, the role of conditioning chemotherapy, the efficacy and toxicity observed with anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapies in aggressive B-cell lymphomas, and emerging strategies to further improve the safety and efficacy of these highly promising approaches.
Tunable Random Number Generation Using Single Superparamagnet with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy

Hardware random number generators (RNGs) are specialized circuits that often come with large silicon footprints1. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a RNG using a single low barrier magnet with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) by utilizing its inherent stochasticity. More importantly, we show the tunability of its randomness by applying magnetic field or current, which makes this device an ideal candidate for probabilistic cormutinu-.
Activation of the cannabinoid receptor 2 increases renal perfusion.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasing clinical problem that is associated with chronic kidney disease progression. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) activation has been shown to mitigate some of th...
Disentangling the role of posterior parietal cortex in response inhibition.

The functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to underlie our ability to modulate thoughts, behaviors, and emotions according to our goals or plans. A critical feature of such regulation is the capability to inhibit actions when they are no longer appropriate; for example, stopping
Quantifying How Small Variations in Design Elements Affect Risk in an Incident Cohort Study in Claims

Background Epidemiological study reporting is improving but is not transparent enough for easy evaluation or replication. One barrier is insufficient details about design elements in published studies. Methods Using a previously conducted drug safety evaluation in claims as a test case, we investigated the impact of small changes in five key design elements on risk estimation. These elements are index day of incident exposure's determination of look-back or follow-up periods, exposure duration algorithms, heparin exposure exclusion, propensity score model variables, and Cox proportional hazard model stratification. We covaried these elements using a fractional factorial design, resulting in 24 risk estimates for one outcome. We repeated eight of these combinations for two additional outcomes. We measured design effects on cohort sizes, follow-up time, and risk estimates. Results Small changes in specifications of index day and exposure algorithm affected the risk estimation process the most. They affected cohort size on average by 8 to 10%, follow-up time by up to 31%, and magnitude of log hazard ratios by up to 0.22. Other elements affected cohort before matching or risk estimate's precision but not its magnitude. Any change in design substantially altered the matched control-group subjects in 1:1 matching. Conclusions Exposure-related design elements require attention from investigators initiating, evaluating, or wishing to replicate a study or from analysts standardizing definitions. The methods we developed, using factorial design and mapping design effect on causal estimation process, are applicable to planning of sensitivity analyses in similar studies.
Effects of climate change on forested wetland soils

Abstract Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface between wetlands, uplands, and tidal waters.
Institutional and Structural barriers to Latino/a Achievement

Luz Maria was a female Mexican immigrant in the all-English, regular track in a Houston, Texas high school. She worked after school as an apprentice in a flower shop. As a gifted musician and an A and B student in her senior year with a 3.0 grade point average, she was set to be the first of her entire extended family to have ever attended college. Luz and her group of musician friends had all planned to leave home together to attend Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas. Leaving home as part of a group was the only way her parents would agree to the idea of her going to a college outside of her home town. However, Luz’s plans were derailed when she failed to pass Texas’ standard exit exam after multiple attempts. Even after taking remedial test- prep courses for two consecutive semesters, Luz failed the reading portion of the state exam. Luz Maria not only lost the opportunity to go to college, but she also never graduated from high school despite having earned all of her credits and otherwise meeting the necessary course- related requirements for graduation.
Abstract 3511: Racial differences in circulating mitochondria-derived peptides may contribute to prostate cancer health disparities

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Our group identified multiple small open reading frames (ORFs) in the mitochondrial genome. These ORFs produce small mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) that are measurable in plasma including humanin, small humanin-like peptide-2 (SHLP2), and mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA (MOTSc). Previously we found that higher serum SHLP2 was linked with lower prostate cancer (PC) risk in white men, but no significant association was observed in black men. We tested whether SHLP2 and other MDPs as measured in plasma correlated with PC risk by race in a separate sample of men undergoing prostate biopsy. METHODS: Plasma SHLP2, humanin, and MOTSc were measured by ELISA in 198 men (50/49 white/black cases; 50/49 white/black controls) undergoing prostate biopsy at the Durham Veterans Affair hospital. Logistic and multinomial regression models were used to test the association between each MDP and PC diagnosis and low-grade (grade group 1) and high-grade PC (grade group 2-5). Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, digital rectal examination, and PSA. We tested the interaction between MDPs and race in predicting PC. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant p-interaction between all 3 MDPs and race for predicting PC (all p-interactions values lower than 0.01). Among white men, higher values of all MDPs were significantly associated with lower PC diagnosis (all p-values lower than 0.001). In contrast, in black men, all MDPs were unrelated to PC diagnosis. Similarly, higher expression of all MDPs was associated with decreased risk of both low- and high-grade PC in white men (all p-values lower than 0.005) but none were associated with low- or high-grade in black men. Black controls had lower MOTSc (p-value equal 0.026) and SHLP2 (p-value equal 0.001) values than white controls. CONCLUSIONS: Higher expression of all three MDPs studied (plasma SHLP2, humanin, and MOTSc) were associated with lower PC risk in white men but not in black men. However, in general, black controls had lower MDP levels than white controls. These data support the importance of MDPs and perhaps mitochondrial dysfunction in PC and suggest greater dysfunction in black men (lower MDP levels in controls), which may contribute to excess PC risk in black men, though this requires confirmation in future larger studies. Funding: Supported in part by DODW81XWH, K24CA160653, and U54CA233465. Citation Format: Adela Ramirez-Torres, Allison L. Reagan, Lauren E. Howard, Emily Wiggins, Adriana C. Vidal, Junxiang Wang, Stephen J. Freedland, Pinchas Cohen. Racial differences in circulating mitochondria-derived peptides may contribute to prostate cancer health disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3511.
The Role of Comorbid Depression in Youth Anxiety Treatment Outcomes.

Findings have been mixed regarding the relationship between comorbid depression and anxiety and treatment outcomes for anxious youth. The current study compared a sample of anxious youth with a comorbid depressive disorder (n = 20) and those without comorbid depression (n = 137). All participants received 16 weekly sessions of Coping Cat and completed measures assessing anxiety/depression severity, impairment, and functioning at pretreatment and posttreatment. Results indicated that anxiety-focused CBT is efficacious for anxious youth with and without comorbid depressive disorders, with a higher rate of symptom improvement for youth with comorbid depression during treatment. However, comorbid depression was associated with higher severity at baseline and after treatment. Thus, despite the higher rate of symptom improvement, anxious youth with comorbid depression may benefit from additional treatment to address remaining symptoms.
Lower oxygen saturation targets in preterm infants are not associated with increased rates of pulmonary hypertension.

Background The optimal oxygen saturation target in preterm infants is not known. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of lower oxygen saturation targets on the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in preterm infants. Methods Retrospective cohort study comparing BPD, ROP, and PH incidence among two cohorts of infants born at≤32 weeks gestation with different oxygen saturation targets at≥34 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA): cohort 1, 94-98% (n = 126); cohort 2, 92-97% (n = 121). Groups compared by Chi-square test, t-test, and multivariable logistic regression. Results When comparing cohort 1 (average gestational age 29.8 weeks, average birth weight 1271g) with cohort 2 (average gestational age 29.6 weeks, average birth weight 1299g), there was no difference in rate of BPD (24% vs. 19%, p = 0.38), ROP (4% vs. 3%, p = 0.49), or PH (2% vs. 4%, p = 0.44). Conclusion An oxygen saturation target of 92-97% at≥34 weeks PMA was not associated with a higher rate of PH or lower rate of BPD or ROP when compared with a higher target of 94-98%.
Vegetation dynamics under residual large trees following a volcanic eruption in a Valdivian temperate rainforest

Airborne volcanic ejecta (tephra) can strongly influence forest ecosystems through initial disturbance processes and subsequent ecological response. Within a tephra-disturbed forest, large trees may promote plant growth and create favorable sites for colonization. Three primary ways trees can influence posteruption vegetation response include: (1) amelioration of volcanic substrates, (2) providing source propagules from the tree or from associated epiphytes, and (3) sheltering understory vegetation, thereby increasing the rate of recovery near tree bases. Here, we evaluate Valdivian temperate rainforest understory vegetation responses in close proximity to large trees that survived the 2015 eruption of Calbuco Volcano. Understory vegetative cover was higher near the base of trees for mosses, many epiphytes, and some herbaceous, shrub, and trees species. However, significant interactions with year of measurement, and individualistic responses by many species made generalizations more difficult. Shrubs and trees in particular demonstrated patterns of recovery that were frequently independent of distance. In some cases, percent cover of colonizing vegetation actually increased away from trees by 2019. The soil surface was similarly variable where bare soil cover was associated with locations proximal to tree bases, but material shed from living and dead standing vegetation increased wood and litter abundances on the soil surface away from the base of trees. Soils near trees had lower pH, elevated organic matter, and higher nitrogen and carbon. Our results support the assertion that in this temperate rainforest ecosystem large trees may provide important early refugia for vegetative regrowth following a tephra-fall event with altered edaphic conditions. Nevertheless, individualistic dynamics of different species and growth forms suggest the influence of large trees on nearby understory plants is more complex than a simple facilitative model might suggest.
Native Americans: The Right to be Counted and the Fight Against Voter Suppression – The Need for Comprehensive Legislation

This article offers a critical review of the status of Native Americans in relation to the census and voting. Part I will address the background of Native American citizenship and the right to vote, and a brief outline of the progression of legislation that attempts to ensure that right. Part II will analyze the effectiveness of that legislation and its failures, offer suggestions for inclusions in future legislation or amendments to the Native American Voting Act of 2019 that has yet to pass. Part III will conclude by discussing the potential of the new act and the current thought as to whether it will succeed.
Development of improved SRC-3 inhibitors as breast cancer therapeutic agents

Steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) possess specific and distinct oncogenic roles in the initiation of cancer and in its progression to a more aggressive disease. These coactivators interact with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors to boost transcription of multiple genes, which potentiate cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Targeting SRCs using small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) is a promising approach to control cancer progression and metastasis. By high-throughput screening analysis, we recently identified SI-2 as a potent SRC SMI. To develop therapeutic agents, SI-10 and SI-12, the SI-2 analogs are synthesized that incorporate the addition of F atoms to the SI-2 chemical structure. As a result, these analogs exhibit a significantly prolonged plasma half-life, minimal toxicity and improved hERG activity. Biological functional analysis showed that SI-10 and SI-12 treatment (5-50 nM) can significantly inhibit viability, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and repress the growth of breast cancer PDX organoids. Treatment of mice with 10 mg/kg/day of either SI-10 or SI-12 was sufficient to repress the growth of xenograft tumors derived from MDA-MB-231 and LM2 cells. Furthermore, in spontaneous and experimental metastasis mouse models developed from MDA-MB-231 and LM2 cells, respectively, SI-10 and SI-12 effectively inhibited the progression of breast cancer lung metastasis. These results demonstrate that SI-10 and SI-12 are promising therapeutic agents and are specifically effective in blocking tumor metastasis, a key point in tumor progression to a more lethal state that results in patient mortality in the majority of cases.
ARE ALL TAXES EQUALLY BAD? HOW REDUCING IOWA'S SALES TAX COULD SAVE IOWANS MORE THAN $100 MILLION PER YEAR

Under current U.S. law, taxpayers can deduct up to 100 percent of their state income taxes from their adjusted gross income when calculating their federal income taxes. As a result, Iowans currently pay approximately $251 million less to the federal government than they would otherwise pay. There is, however, no equivalent stipulation allowing for the deduction of state sales taxes. Consequently, by eliminating the sales tax and replacing the lost revenue with an income-based tax, Iowans could save a substantial amount of money on their federal tax returns without any change in revenue for the Iowa government. Alternatively, by replacing the sales tax with an income-based tax, the State of Iowa could increase its tax revenue without increasing the total tax burden on Iowans. This analysis discusses four specific scenarios, with net benefits to Iowans ranging from $106 million to $157 million per year.