cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of anesthetics on endotoxin-induced liver injury.

Background: The liver is both a source and a target of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators during sepsis. The oxidative stress proteins inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are upregulated in the liver during sepsis but have opposite roles. Up-regulation of HO-1 has hepatoprotective effects, whereas iNOS has injurious effects to the liver. Although recent studies indicate that ketamine anesthesia has anti-inflammatory effects during sepsis, the effects of other anesthetics are unknown. We hypothesized that ketamine, but not isoflurane, would attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury through differential modulation of iNOS and HO-1. Methods: Adult rats were given no anesthesia (saline), continuous isoflurane inhalation, or intraperitoneal ketamine (70 mg/ kg). One hour later, saline or LPS (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was given for 5 hours. Rats were killed, serum prepared for determination of hepatocellular enzymes, and the liver assessed for iNOS and HO-1 by Western immunoblot. Results: LPS significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase levels, iNOS, and HO-1 immunoreactivity in the liver. Ketamine but not isoflurane attenuated LPS-induced liver injury, upregulated HO-1, and downregulated iNOS. Conclusion: These data indicate that anesthetics differ in their effects on the liver in a rat model of sepsis with LPS. Ketamine has hepatoprotective effects against LPS-induced liver injury that appear to be mediated, at least in part, by differential modulation of the oxidative stress proteins iNOS and HO-1. Thus, ketamine may be the anesthetic agent of choice for septic patients requiring anesthesia.
The Impact of Steatosis and Alcohol on Hepatitis C

Alcohol consumption and hepatic steatosis interact synergistically with hepatitis C virus (HCV) to accelerate fibrosis progression and reduce the efficacy of standard antiviral therapies. Research aimed at delineating the viral and host interactions involved in the pathogenesis of steatosis in HCV infection may provide novel therapeutic strategies that can modify disease progression and improve treatment response. This review discusses the clinical aspects of HCV fibrosis progression and treatment response in the setting of alcohol use or hepatic steatosis.
Raman-scattering study of exciton-phonon coupling in PbS nanocrystals

The exciton-phonon coupling strength of PbS nanocrystals that strongly confine both charge carriers is investigated using resonant Raman scattering. The strength of this coupling (Huang-Rhys parameter S\ensuremath{\sim}0.7) is four orders of magnitude greater than that predicted theoretically for the intrinsic states of the nanocrystal, but is the same order of magnitude as that measured for Cd(S,Se) nanocrystals. The large exciton-phonon coupling is consistent with one charge carrier being localized at the surface of the nanocrystal.
The quest to overcome resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies in cancer

All patients with metastatic lung, colorectal, pancreatic or head and neck cancers who initially benefit from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapies eventually develop resistance. An increasing understanding of the number and complexity of resistance mechanisms highlights the Herculean challenge of killing tumors that are resistant to EGFR inhibitors. Our growing knowledge of resistance pathways provides an opportunity to develop new mechanism-based inhibitors and combination therapies to prevent or overcome therapeutic resistance in tumors. We present a comprehensive review of resistance pathways to EGFR-targeted therapies in lung, colorectal and head and neck cancers and discuss therapeutic strategies that are designed to circumvent resistance.
Structural Mediation of Interlayer Excitation Transport in Zirconium−Phosphonate Multilayers

We report on our investigation of interlayer excitation transport in zirconium−phosphonate (ZP) multilayer structures. We find that dipolar (Forster) excitation transfer between energetically overlapped oligothiophene chromophores in adjacent layers does not play a significant role in determining the relaxation dynamics of these systems. This finding is not consistent with the predictions of the Forster model, and we account for this discrepancy by considering the spatial modulation of the dielectric response of the ZP multilayer assemblies. The presence of polarizable Zr−bis(phosphonate) layers between layers of donor and acceptor chromophores serves to screen dipolar D−A coupling. Intralayer excitation transfer within individual chromophore aggregates dominates population relaxation dynamics in these systems. We also find that spacing the chromophore-containing layers away from the primed substrate surface does not eliminate chromophore aggregation. We discuss these data in terms of the dominant factors...
Segment Model for Polyacetylene

Electronic excitations of finite polyenes require explicit inclusion of electron-electron correlations in Pari-ser-Parr-Pople (PPP) models. Molecular parameters are retained for long (N≥100) polyene segments arising from cross links or defects in polyacetylene, (CH) X . Noninteracting even and odd segments and their ions have different absorptions and stabilities, as shown for cell models with electron-hole symmetry. Odd segments (polyene radicals) are related to the paramagnetism and act as localized traps for charges in undoped or lightly-doped (CH) X . Finite segments have long been considered for (CH) X , for example in connection with Raman studies. We have emphasized here the differences between even and odd segments that persist for large N and have considered fixed distributions of noninteracting segments. Although complete e-e and e-ph analyses are still impractical, symmetry properties of cell models and molecular extrapolations delineate the main features. Transport via charges trapped on odd segments, optical excitations of even and odd segments and their ions, and magnetic properties all differ from previous infinite-strand models. We are pursuing more detailed applications of the segment model.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Shape and Rotation to Explain the Light Curve of Nereid

The observed photometric variability of Nereid over both short and long time scales has been known for some time and has remained a mystery. Schaefer et al. have documented some twenty years worth of observations that reveal that Nereid's light curve shows both short period intranight variations and long term active and inactive episodes. In this work, we report on a set of computational simulations of both the orbital and rotational motion of Nereid in an effort to understand Nereid's behavior. We model Nereid as an ellipsoid that is subject to torques from other bodies, and we calculate both its orbital and rotational motion. In addition, we only consider the case where Nereid is uniformly reflecting with no albedo variations on its surface. Thus, any brightness variations are caused solely by Nereid's changing orientation. We find for reasonable geometries, orientation, and spin rates that we can reproduce some of the features, but not all, of the observed light curve for Nereid. In particular, we show how active and inactive episodes can arise; however, our calculated light curve differs from observations in other aspects.
Advanced manufacturing of large-scale composite structures: process modeling, manufacturing simulations and massively parallel computing platforms

Abstract Newly emerging composite manufacturing processes, where there exist only limited industrial experience, demonstrate a definite need for process simulations to reduce the time and cost associated with the product and process developments. The physical and geometric complexity of the net-shape composite structural parts produced by resin transfer molding (RTM) lead to larger computational problem sizes and computational complexity demanding more memory and computational time which can be provided by high-performance and massively parallel computing platforms. The associated computational costs and times for large-scale simulations is a major factor for the effective use of massively parallel computing platforms. However, the limited availability of these massively parallel computing platforms and the demand for their computing resources make it imperative to have improved computational methodologies and algorithms for physical problems for effective use of the massively parallel computing platforms. An effective pure finite element methodology for the process simulation analysis of mold filling in RTM is employed for large-scale process simulation of composite structures and the computational effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated for large-scale process simulations. The Connection Machine CM-5 is the massively parallel computing platform employed in this study. Issues regarding the implementation and software development of these manufacturing process simulations, behavior of the linear system solution methodologies during large-scale composite manufacturing process simulations, computation and communication loads, performance and scalability are specifically addressed. Demonstrative process simulation applications involving practical large-scale composite structures such as the Comanche helicopter keel beam and an aircraft composite wing box section are also presented.
Conjuring SNPs to detect associations.

Human genome-wide association studies pose a challenge in identifying significant disease associations from nearly half a million statistical tests. A new report describes an especially promising approach, recently applied to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium data sets, that uses the correlated structure of genomic variation to impute genotypes at missing sites and to test association with both observed and imputed SNPs.
Preoperative Embolization for Intracranial Meningiomas: Selecting Optimal Targets Based on Tumor Anatomy and Angioarchitecture.

high-powered field) [2]. Analysis showed that both the operative duration and transfused blood volume were significantly lower in Group 1 patients compared with Group 2 and Group 3 patients. Additionally, the necrosis score was significantly higher in Group 1 patients than in Group 2 patients, although there was no correlation between necrosis score and operative duration. There was no difference in operative duration or quantity of transfused blood between Groups 2 and 3, suggesting a lack of benefit from preoperative embolization when performed less than 7 days prior to surgery. Based on their findings, the authors endorse preoperative embolization for large meningiomas (at least 4 cm in diameter) which are primarily fed by the ECA (at least 50 % of the blood supply) at least 7 days prior to surgical resection. We recently compared 174 patients with 177 intracranial meningiomas who underwent preoperative embolization to 307 patients with 327 meningiomas who did not undergo preoperative embolization [3]. A significantly higher proportion of non-embolized meningiomas had undergone prior resection (P = 0.005) and were located at the skull base (P = 0.04). The embolized meningiomas were significantly larger than the non-embolized ones (mean maximum diameter 4.6 versus 3.5 cm, respectively; P < 0.001). The middle meningeal (89 %) and occipital (12 %) arteries were the most frequently accessed vessels for embolization. Embolization was most commonly performed with combined PVA particles and Gelfoam pledgets (Pfizer, New York City, New York, USA), PVA alone, and combined PVA and coiling in 44, 39, and 15 % of tumors, respectively. At least 75 % tumor devascularization was achieved in 60 % of cases. The complication rate associated with embolization was relatively low at 3 %. In the multivariate analysis, independent predictors of higher operative blood loss were male gender (P = 0.03), skull base location (P = 0.005), and Dear Editor,
Improvement of the performance of the BGT2 condition for low frequency acoustic scattering problems

Abstract We propose to incorporate a damping effect to the second-order Bayliss–Gunzburger–Turkel local absorbing boundary condition (BGT2) in order to extend the range of satisfactory performance when employed on elliptical-shaped artificial boundaries for solving low frequency acoustic scattering problems. This damping procedure consists simply in adding a constant imaginary part to the wavenumber. We investigate the performance of the modified condition in the OSRC formulation context. The numerical results reported here reveal that the modified version of BGT2 extends the range of satisfactory performance by improving the level of accuracy by up to two orders of magnitude. Guidelines on the appropriate choice of the damping coefficient are provided.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Spatially Controls Activation and Misregulation of Host Cell Rac1

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis binds host cells and modulates the mammalian Rac1 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) at two levels. Activation of Rac1 results from integrin receptor engagement, while misregulation is promoted by translocation of YopE and YopT proteins into target cells. Little is known regarding how these various factors interplay to control Rac1 dynamics. To investigate these competing processes, the localization of Rac1 activation was imaged microscopically using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. In the absence of translocated effectors, bacteria induced activation of the GTPase at the site of bacterial binding. In contrast, the entire cellular pool of Rac1 was inactivated shortly after translocation of YopE RhoGAP. Inactivation required membrane localization of Rac1. The translocated protease YopT had very different effects on Rac1. This protein, which removes the membrane localization site of Rac1, did not inactivate Rac1, but promoted entry of cleaved activated Rac1 molecules into the host cell nucleus, allowing Rac1 to localize with nuclear guanosine nucleotide exchange factors. As was true for YopE, membrane-associated Rac1 was the target for YopT, indicating that the two translocated effectors may compete for the same pool of target protein. Consistent with the observation that YopE inactivation requires membrane localization of Rac1, the presence of YopT in the cell interfered with the action of the YopE RhoGAP. As a result, interaction of target cells with a strain that produces both YopT and YopE resulted in two spatially distinct pools of Rac1: an inactive cytoplasmic pool and an activated nuclear pool. These studies demonstrate that competition between bacterial virulence factors for access to host substrates is controlled by the spatial arrangement of a target protein. In turn, the combined effects of translocated bacterial proteins are to generate pools of a single signaling molecule with distinct localization and activation states in a single cell.
Auricular Reconstruction of Congenital Microtia (Grade III)

The auricular deformity of congenital microtia (Grade III) is almost always associated with congenital atresia, an affliction that can cause devastating physical and psychological trauma in children. Auricular reconstruction for congenital microtia (Grade III) should provide a child with a reasonable facsimile of an ear through a limited number of surgical procedures, with minimum complications. To achieve this result, the author developed the Integrated Auricular Reconstruction Protocol (IARP). The IARP consists of five stages: Stage I-framework construction and placement; Stage II-lobule creation; Stage III-atresia repair; Stage IV-tragal creation; and Stage V-auricular elevation. Over a period of 5.5 years, the author performed 188 surgical procedures on 63 patients, completing 31 ears. This thesis has four objectives. The first is to strongly recommend that a child with congenital microtia and atresia be seen as early as possible by both a plastic surgeon and an otologist. The second objective is to describe a protocol by which both defects can be corrected without endangering the integrity of either. The third objective is to advocate the involvement, from the very beginning, of not only the child but also the family-a critical but often overlooked component of the treatment of congenital microtia and atresia. The fourth and final objective is to propose that plastic surgeons interested in auricular reconstruction dedicate themselves to the performance of at least 10 such reconstructions per year.
The modified CETSCALE: validity tests in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland

Abstract The modified Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE), a 10-item measure of consumer ethnocentrism, was subjected to a validation test in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Confirmatory factor analysis in each of these nations revealed that the 10-item single factor model suggested by Shimp and Sharma (Journal of Consumer Research 24 (1987) 280) and tested cross-nationally by Steenkamp and Baumgartner (Journal of Consumer Research 25 (1998) 78) was not found to be a universally “good fit” solution in these central and eastern European countries. A good fitting five-item model was found for Hungary, a six-item scale for Poland and a seven-item solution for the Czech Republic.
Characterization of myocardial iron overload by dual-energy computed tomography compared to T2∗ MRI. A phantom study

Iron toxicity plays a key role in tissue damage in patients with iron overload, with induced heart failure being the main cause of death. T2∗-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been established for evaluating myocardial iron overload with strong correlation with biopsy. The recently introduced dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has the potential for evaluating iron overload without energy-dependent CT attenuation or tissue fat effects. This study investigates the performance of DECT for evaluating myocardial iron overload (based on images acquired at four different diagnostic imaging energies of 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp) and compare the results to MRI T2∗ measurements based on DECT and MRI experiments on phantoms with calibrated iron concentrations. DECT showed high accuracy for evaluating iron overload compared to MRI T2∗ imaging, which might help in patient staging based on the degree of iron overload and independent of the implemented imaging energy.
The Internet and Inquiry Learning: Integrating Medium and Method in a Sixth Grade Social Studies Classroom

Social studies educators have long promoted inquiry learning as a valuable method of instruction. Specifically, research into the use of inquiry methods in the teaching and learning of history has demonstrated that this method has much to offer. Recently, the use of technological tools, including the Internet, has received attention as a means of transforming social studies instruction. This case study of a sixth grade classroom investigates the integration of the inquiry learning method and the Internet medium through the WebQuest approach. Three findings are presented and discussed: 1) students have differing perceptions of the value of Internet sources and print sources, but many find print sources preferable to Internet sources; 2) students' strategies for gathering and organizing information are initially characterized by a quest for the ‘Path-of-Least-Resistance,’ but the teacher can successfully guide students to more productive approaches; and 3) students of varying academic ability levels can conduct inquiry-oriented investigations, but they approach and perceive the value of such investigations differently.
Electoral Influences on Legislative Behavior in Mixed-Member Systems: Evidence from Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada

: This article addresses how mixed-member systems that combine proportional representation (PR) and single-member districts (SMD) into a single election can influence legislators' voting behavior. Scholars have generally extended standard expectations of behavior to mixed-member systems by assuming that legislators occupying PR seats in mixed-member parliaments should be more cohesive than those occupying SMD seats. I argue that controlling for seat type alone does not take into account the interaction between PR and SMD in mixed-member systems. Using voting data from Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada, I show that controlling for dual candidacy and the “safety” of the deputy's district or list position increases our understanding of the factors motivating legislative cohesion.
The Relationship of Learning Disabilities to Juvenile Delinquency Current Status

Education and juvenile justice have been brought together in an interdisciplinary evaluation of the relationship between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency. A significant relationship between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency would have important implications for the development of policy and programming in the area of juvenile delinquency prevention.
Expanding autonomy; contracting informed consent.

Mrs. Mary Townley, an 85-year-old widow, lived alone for more than 20 years. She is morbidly obese, has diabetes, heart failure, and severe arthritic pain in her left knee. As a result of her disab...
Order, dynamics and metal-binding in the lead-dependent ribozyme

The in vitro selected lead-dependent ribozyme is among the smallest and simplest of the known catalytic RNA motifs and has a unique metal ion specificity for divalent lead. The conformation and dynamics of this ribozyme are analyzed here by NMR and chemical probing experiments. Complete assignments of the 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances have been made, and the NMR chemical shift changes in the presence of Pb2+, Mg2+ or high concentrations of Na+ show that there is no significant structural change upon addition of either activating (Pb2+) or inhibitory (Mg2+) divalent ions. The 13C NMR relaxation data indicate substantial dynamic fluctuations on various time-scales for active-site residues in this ribozyme. The combination of chemical probing and NMR experiments reveals a picture of the active site for the lead-dependent ribozyme that has both ordered and dynamic features.
Analytical simulation modeling

Simulation modeling methodology research and simulation analysis methodology research have evolved into two nearly separate fields. In this paper, ways are shown how simulation might benefit from modeling and analysis becoming more closely integrated. The thesis of this paper is that simulation analysis and simulation modeling methodologies, considered together, will result in important advancements in both. Some examples demonstrate how dramatically more efficient discrete event simulation models can be designed for specific analytical purposes, which in turn enable more powerful analytical procedures that can exploit the special structures of these models. A series of increasingly difficult analytical problems, and models designed to solve them, are considered: starting with simple performance estimation, and progressing to dynamic multiple moment response surface meta-modeling.
Searching for an O in an array of Cs: Eye movements track moment-to-moment processing in visual search

We examined how closely the underlying cognitive processing in a visual search task guides eye movements by comparing two different search tasks. In the extended search task, participants searched for an O in eight clusters of Landolt Cs with varying gap widths (four characters per cluster, arranged to look like words in text). In the single-cluster task, participants searched a single cluster (identical to the ones in the extended search). The key manipulation was gap size; although gap orientation for the distractors varied within a cluster, gap size was constant within a cluster but differed in size from cluster to cluster. The principal findings were that (1) gaze durations in the extended search were almost completely a function of the difficulty of the cluster (i.e., the gap size of the Cs) and (2) the effect of gap size on gaze durations in the extended search was very similar to its effect on response times in the single-cluster search. Thus, it appears that eye movements in the search task are determined almost exclusively by the ongoing cognitive processing on that cluster.
Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Inhibits Innate Antiviral Signaling via NF-κB-Dependent Induction of SOCS1

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) inhibits host antiviral signaling pathways although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we found that the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein induced the expression of SOCS1, an inhibitor of interferon signaling. Tax required NF-κB, but not CREB, to induce the expression of SOCS1 in T cells. Furthermore, Tax interacted with SOCS1 in both transfected cells and in HTLV-1-transformed cell lines. Although SOCS1 is normally a short-lived protein, in the presence of Tax, the stability of SOCS1 was greatly increased. Accordingly, Tax enhanced the replication of a heterologous virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), in a SOCS1-dependent manner. Surprisingly, Tax required SOCS1 to inhibit RIG-I-dependent antiviral signaling, but not the interferon-induced JAK/STAT pathway. Inhibition of SOCS1 by RNA-mediated interference in the HTLV-1-transformed cell line MT-2 resulted in increased IFN-β expression accompanied by reduced HTLV-1 replication and p19(Gag) levels. Taken together, our results reveal that Tax inhibits antiviral signaling, in part, by hijacking an interferon regulatory protein.
Knowing What to Teach Provides a Roadmap for Early Literacy Intervention

Promoting literacy development was not a priority for early childhood special educators 25 years ago. The turn of the century gave rise to a scientific basis of reading that outlined what skills need to be taught to facilitate literacy achievement. Steady progress has been made in moving early childhood education to teaching the skills that are needed to prevent reading disabilities, with particular attention to at-risk populations. The big challenge in the next 25 years will be to develop effective procedures for teaching those skills to children with intellectual and other developmental disabilities. Meeting this challenge will have far reaching implications for preparing all students to participate in our highly literate world.
Low-Order Spectral Analysis of the Kirchhoff Matrix for a Probabilistic Graph With a Prescribed Expected Degree Sequence

We study the eigenvalue distribution of the Kirchhoff matrix of a large-scale probabilistic network with a prescribed expected degree sequence. This spectrum plays a key role in many dynamical and structural network problems such as synchronization of a network of oscillators. We introduce analytical expressions for the first three moments of the eigenvalue distribution of the Kirchhoff matrix, as well as a probabilistic asymptotic analysis of these moments for a graph with a prescribed expected degree sequence. These results are applied to the analysis of synchronization in a large-scale probabilistic network of oscillators.
Stuff I've Seen: A System for Personal Information Retrieval and Re-Use

Most information retrieval technologies are designed to facilitate information discovery. However, much knowledge work involves finding and re-using previously seen information. We describe the design and evaluation of a system, called Stuff I've Seen (SIS), that facilitates information re-use. This is accomplished in two ways. First, the system provides a unified index of information that a person has seen, whether it was seen as email, web page, document, appointment, etc. Second, because the information has been seen before, rich contextual cues can be used in the search interface. The system has been used internally by more than 230 employees. We report on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of system use. Initial findings show that time and people are important retrieval cues. Users find information more easily using SIS, and use other search tools less frequently after installation.
Development and psychometric testing of the Health Beliefs Related to Cardiovascular Disease Scale: preliminary findings.

tovar e.g., rayens m.k., clark m. & nguyen h. (2010) Development and psychometric testing of the Health Beliefs Related to Cardiovascular Disease Scale: preliminary findings. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2772–2784. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of an evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Health Beliefs Related to Cardiovascular Disease Scale designed to measure beliefs related to cardiovascular disease risk and diet and exercise in adults with diabetes. Background. Heart attack and stroke are 2–4 times more common among adults with diabetes than those without diabetes. To reduce this risk for patients with diabetes, understanding beliefs about cardiovascular disease risk and risk-reduction strategies is important. Methods. Item development for the 25-item self-report Likert scale was guided by literature review, expert panel review and focus-group feedback. It consists of four subscales, measuring four constructs of the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility and severity of cardiovascular disease and benefits and barriers to diet and exercise. A convenience sample of 178 adults with self-reported type 2 diabetes completed the survey between August 2006 and March 2007; 42 participants completed it again 2–3 weeks later to evaluate test–retest reliability. Results. The instrument has more than one dimension, with the best fit identified using a two-factor model specifying the Benefits and Susceptibility subscale items, rather than the four-factor solution as predicted. The Susceptibility and Benefits subscales demonstrated stable factor structure and acceptable reliability (α = 0·93 and α = 0·82 respectively). The Barriers and Severity items demonstrated unstable factor structure and poor internal consistency (α = 0·70 and α = 0·61 respectively). Conclusion. Only the Susceptibility and Benefits subscale items can be used in their current form. The Barriers and Severity items need further refinement including revised wording with clearer focus and evaluation with a larger, more diverse sample.
Introduction to the Special Section on Theoretical Models and Conceptual Analyses: Theory in Applied Psychology: Lessons (Re)Learned.

Theories provide meaning. They allow us to understand and interpret data. Theories specify which variables are important and for what reasons, describe and explain the relationships that link the variables, and identify the boundary conditions under which variables should or should not be related (Campbell, 1990). Theories help identify and define problems, prescribe a means for evaluating or solving the problems, and facilitate responses to new problems. They permit generalization beyond the immediate sample and provide a basis for making predictions. Theory tells us why something occurs, not simply what occurs. Research in the absence of theory is often trivial—a technical feat more likely to yield confusion and boredom than insight. In contrast, research that is guided by theory, or that develops theory, generates understanding and excitement. To signal the commitment of the Journal of Applied Psychology not only to the publication of theory-driven and theory-building research but also to the publication of theory per se, in September 2002 the journal issued a call for papers that present new theoretical models and conceptual analyses. We urged authors to submit conceptual manuscripts that extend beyond the current literature— that offer more than a review of the existing literature and more than a repackaging of established constructs and models. We emphasized that manuscripts should offer new theoretical insights and propose new explanations of constructs, relationships, and/or
A study on the spectral characteristics of Au nanoantennas

We fabricate Au bowtie nanoantennas by electron beam lithography and study their spectral characteristics using polarization-resolved dark field scattering spectroscopy. A single particle dipole resonance at ∼600 nm and a dimer interaction resonance peak at ∼790 nm are observed. The relative strength of the ∼790 nm resonance increases with decreasing distance between comprising antenna arms while the spectral position stays rather constant, suggesting potential applications when integrated with NEMS actuators. A comparison between our experimental findings and prior work is made and discussed.
Nonlinear regimeof a single-mode CSR instability

In our previous work we found the growth rate of the beam instability driven by the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) by using the so called "CSR impedance" that neglects the shielding effect of the walls and assumes a continuous spectrum of radiation. In this paper, we study the nonlinear regime of this instability. We assume that the bunch is much longer than the wavelength of the modulation and consider a coasting beam model
Species interactions on the biome transition zone in New Mexico: response of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and black grama (Bouteloua eripoda) to fire and herbivory

The desert/grassland biome transition zone in central New Mexico provides an important region for testing species differences to changing environmental conditions and various land management practices. Interactions of black grama (Bouteloua eripoda) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) significantly affect the resultant plant community and its influence on system structure and function. Black grama demonstrated higher productivity, especially after wet years, and this species has increased its dominance during the 20-year period since livestock grazing was removed. While black grama can alter the previous pattern of overgrazing and desertification in this transition zone, our experiments demonstrated that it was more strongly inhibited by treatments of fire, simulated grazing and native herbivore activity than blue grama. Thus, new environmental conditions of wet or drought, changed fire regimes caused by increased grass fuel and altered patterns of herbivore activity have the potential to reverse the current trends. Many interacting factors must be considered in predicting future community conditions or developing management practices that avoid grassland degradation in this semi-arid region.
Effects of naphthalene on microbial community composition in the Delaware estuary

The effects of naphthalene on microbial communities in the bottom boundary layer of the Delaware Bay estuary were investigated in microcosms using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes. Three days after the addition of naphthalene, rates of bacterial production and naphthalene mineralization were higher than in no-addition controls and than in cases where glucose was added. Analyses using both DGGE and FISH indicated that the bacterial community changed in response to the addition of naphthalene. FISH data indicated that a few major phylogenetic groups increased in response to the glucose addition and especially to the naphthalene addition. DGGE also demonstrated differences in community composition among treatments, with four phylotypes being unique to naphthalene-amended treatments and three of these having 16S rRNA genes similar to known hydrocarbon degraders. The bacterial community in the naphthalene-amended treatment was distinct from the communities in the glucose-amended treatment and in the no-addition control. These data suggest that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may have large effects on microbial community structure in estuaries and probably on microbially mediated biogeochemical processes.
A ROBUST APPROACH TO PREDICTING FLUCTUATIONS IN STATE‐LEVEL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH*

. Economic forecasting models are famous for performing well over short time periods and then suffering rapidly deteriorating performance when economic conditions change. This behavior makes composite forecasting models valuable in situations where large forecast errors cause considerable losses. A composite forecasting model for state-level employment is proposed here. This method is designed to protect state budget processes by producing robust forecasts of changes in employment and the related revenue collections. An application to Georgia nonagricultural employment is presented which demonstrates the benefits of this technique. The example shows that the method can forecast such series accurately without the forecaster having to choose in advance a single model specification to all economic conditions.
Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists

Objective To provide an overview of the types of training experiences considered most important to the development of competency in pediatric psychology. Methods This is the work of a task force commissioned by the Society of Pediatric Psychology, Division 54 of the American Psychological Association. Results Twelve topic areas, adapted from Roberts et al. (1998), deemed important for obtaining knowledge and expertise in pediatric psychology, were identified. These topics include life span developmental psychology; life span developmental psychopathology; child, adolescent, and family assessment; intervention strategies; research methods and systems evaluation; professional, ethical, and legal issues pertaining to children, adolescents, and families; issues of diversity; the role of multiple disciplines in service-delivering systems; prevention, family support, and health promotion; social issues affecting children, adolescents, and families; consultant and liaison roles; and disease process and medical management. Each area is briefly described and recommendations for obtaining training in these areas are offered. Conclusions The Society of Pediatric Psychology offers this document as a comprehensive review of the ideal types of training experiences most important to developing competencies in pediatric psychology. These recommendations can be used by graduate students and graduate programs in shaping a training plan for students interested in pediatric psychology training.
Anterior Delayed Gadolinium-enhanced MRI of Cartilage Values Predict Joint Failure After Periacetabular Osteotomy

Background Several available compositional MRIs seem to detect early osteoarthritis before radiographic appearance. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) has been most frequently used in clinical studies and reportedly predicts premature joint failure in patients undergoing Bernese periacetabular osteotomies (PAOs).
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1996: Overview of the U.S. Senate Bill (S. 1578)

The U.S. Congress is close to completing the first extensive revision of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) since P.L. 94–142 was enacted. This article provides an overview of t...
Development of bainitic rail steels with potential resistance to rolling contact fatigue

Rails are a major capital and maintenance cost for railways in North America. While manufacturers produce clean steels with high quality, most rails made today retain the basic carbon-manganese chemistry of traditional pearlitic rails. This paper describes the development of a bainitic rail steel with potential additional resistance to rolling contact fatigue damage. It is shown that rails can be produced in bainitic steel without the need for complex heat treatments after rolling, and that bainitic rails can have higher hardness and fracture toughness than pearlitic rails. Although small- and full-scale tests indicate that the wear performance of bainitic steel depends considerably on test conditions, the indication is that bainitic steel rails can have significantly better rolling contact fatigue performance compared to pearlitic rails. Reasons for the superior fatigue performance are not fully understood, although a number of hypotheses exist. A conclusion is that continued research would be useful to understand quantitatively the physics and metallurgy of wheel/rail contact.
The Porcine Ovarian Follicle: I. Selected Chemical Analysis of Follicular Fluid at Different Developmental Stages

Numerous parameters of the chemical composition of porcine follicular fluid obtained at different stages of follicle development were analyzed. The concentrations of electrolytes glucose uric acid selected enzymes lipids amino acids cyclic AMP and steroid hormones were determined and compared with concentrations in serum. There were both quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of follicular fluid and plasma. These differences are discussed with regard to follicular development.
SURFACE TENSION AND DENSITY PROFILE OF LIQUID 3He

The surface tension and density profile of liquid He at zero temperature are calculated by a new variational technique. Liquid-structure effects are included by using the measured radial distribution function of bulk He as input. The calculation yields a surface tension of 0.134 K/A which compares well with the extrapolated experimental result. We predict a surface region that is about two atomic layers in thickness. But in contrast to the recent calculation of Mackie and Woo/3/, no high_density region results even though we use the same radial distribution function as input. The surface tension of liquid He has been measured over a range of temperatures/1/. But experiment on the density profile and the thickness of the surface layer is lacking. On the theoretical side there have been some recent microscopic calculations/2-3/ with some surprising predictions/3/ on the density profile. We present here a new approach based on variations on an assumed effective surface potential to get more insight about the surface properties of liquid He. Consider N He atoms in box 0 FD , where F .*. expHu(r. .5] (2) snd D is a Slater determinant model function. The s ^ single particle orbitals {§. , , (r)} that form x»y»z i the determinant are chosen to satisfy the symmetry and boundary conditions of the problem. This is accomplished in this work by assuming a model surface potential of the form V«> = K D -tanhcl^)] (3) and solving the Schrodinger equation with this potential for . , . (r), in terms of hypergeometric x' y' z functions. The energy expectation value E can then be expressed in terms of u(r..), v (z), and the one-, twoand three-particle density functions/8/ defined by + VM,i j>HI W ^ l ^ U l " " V " (N-n)! ,|,l2J->j+ n = 1,2,3,... (4) In particular P '(r) = P^ '(z) = p(z) the density of the system. The surface energy E is obtained by removing from E the bulk energy ED and can be written as is oo E o = /dx dy f dz |e(z) -2p(z)l (5) In deriving Equation (5) we have used the particle number conservation condition 00 / dx dy |[p(z> pB 8(z-Z J] dz = 0 (6) J —oo where 8(x) = {, ,. ' and Z is the position of the 1 x k9k:)'l2, which is determined by requiring that the solution ~("(zl l) of equation (7) be equal to p B fo z<<0. Since the parameter Zo is determined by equation (6), v and a are the only variational parameters. The physical surface energy is then determined by finding the absolute minimum with respect to both v and a, and is done in two stages as table I indicates. Thus we obtained the surface tension to be O2 0.134 KIA , which compares reasonably well with experiment. The corresponding values of the parameters 0 are v = 6.90 K, a = 1.722 A, Z = 2.31 A and kN = Q 0 + 913: 2' . Using v . and we estimate a "work function" of about 0.20 K per atom. This study.predicts a density profile with no high-density region, Table I : Values of parameters : The underlined values are these for which the surface energy is a minimum for the respective v . VO (K)
The Influence of the Rate of Feathering Allele Kn on Various Quantitative Traits in Chickens

Abstract THE influence that various quanlitative traits have on the more complex quantitative traits in chickens has been a rather active area of study. A number of these studies have dealt with the sex-linked rate of feathering locus (K) and its influence on body weight. The majority of investigators, including Martin (1929), Gerick and Platt (1932), Jaap and Morris (1937), Warren and Payne (1945), Glazener and Jull (1946), Hurry and Nordskog (1953), Plumart and Mueller (1954), Saeki and Katsuragi (1961), and Goodman and Muir (1965) found that the rapid feathering allele, k, was associated with more rapid growth. On the other hand, Radi and Warren (1938), Hays (1951), Godfrey and Farnsworth (1952) and Lowe et al. (1965) found no difference in rate of growth associated with the two alleles K and k. Sheridan and McDonald (1963) reported that birds carrying the K allele were larger at 5 weeks of age, whereas…
Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

Abstract No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat–sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0–2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5–20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0–2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0–1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha−1 more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha−1 more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0–5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0–2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0–5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0–2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.