cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering melt-water pulses 1A and 1B: Global impacts of rapid sea-level rise

Re-evaluation of the post-glacial sea level derived from the Barbados coral-reef borings suggests slightly revised depth ranges and timing of melt-water pulses MWP-1A (96–76m, 14.3–14.0ka cal BP) and IB (58–45m, 11.5–11.2ka cal BP), respectively. Ages of non-reef sea-level indicators from the Sunda Shelf, the East China Sea and Yellow Sea for these two intervals are unreliable because of the well-documented radiocarbon (14C) plateau, but their vertical clustering corresponds closely with MWP-1A and IB depth ranges. Close correlation of the revised sea-level curve with Greenland ice-core data suggests that the 14C plateau may be related to oceanographic-atmospheric changes due to rapid sea-level rise, fresh-water input, and impaired ocean circulation. MWP-1A appears to have occurred at the end of Bolling Warm Transition, suggesting that the rapid sea-level rise may have resulted from lateral heat transport from low to high-latitude regions and subsequent abrupt ice-sheet collapses in both North America-Europe and Antarctica. An around 70 mm a−1 transgression during MWP-1A may have increased freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic by as much as an order of magnitude, thereby disturbing thermohaline circulation and initiating the Older Dry as global cooling.
Profiling self-propagating worms via behavioral footprinting

This paper proposes behavioral footprinting, a new dimension of worm profiling based on worm infection sessions. A worm's infection session contains a number of steps (e.g., for probing, exploitation, and replication) that are exhibited in certain order in every successful worm infection. Behavioral footprinting complements content-based signature by enriching a worm's profile, which will be used in worm identification, an important task in post worm attack investigation and recovery. We propose an algorithm to extract a worm's behavioral footprint from the worm's traffic traces. Our evaluation with a number of real worms and their variants confirms the existence of worms' behavioral footprints and demonstrates their effectiveness in worm identification.
The Difficult Child

Children may be regarded by their caretakers as "difficult" or hard to manage for a variety of reasons including physical defects, clumsiness, and problems in learning. Difficult temperament and other temperament risk factors are described as those normal behavioral style characteristics predisposing the child to a poor fit with the environment, to excessiely stressful interactions, and to secondary clinical problems. These risk factors in the child tend to be regarded by parents as hard to manage but may not be. Clinical outcome depends largely on the response of the milieu. Temperament risk factors are clinically significant because of both the likelihood of problems in routine management and the predisposition to secondary clinical disorders such as behavioral abnormalities or poor academic performance. Available techniques for measurement of temperament are inexact but adequate. Difficult temperament should be distinguished in particular from reactive behavior problems because management of difficult temperament should entail the encouragement of parental adaptation rather than the discipline, behavior modification, or psychotherapy more appropriate for behavior problems. Principles of management of difficult temperament are: recognition of the problem, reorganization of the management, and relief for the parents.
Current Strategies in Whole-brain Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases

Abstract Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has been the primary treatment for patients with brain metastases for more than 50 years and provides effective palliative relief in most patients. Although advancements in radiotherapeutic technique continue to improve local and locoregional control, median survival for patients treated with WBRT monotherapy remains fixed at approximately 4 to 6 months. Key issues in the use of WBRT include optimizing its efficacy when it is used in conjunction with surgery, radiosurgery, radiosensitizers, and new chemotherapeutic agents. These multimodal approaches to brain metastases have resulted in significant increases in the median survival time in many patients. Radiosurgery is part of a continuing effort to improve the effects of radiation therapy, especially in brain metastases. The optimal combination of WBRT and radiosurgery remains to be elucidated, including appropriate timing or sequence and use in conjunction with other modalities. Newer radiosensitizing agents (e.g., efaproxiral [RSR-13] and motexafin gadolinium) have shown promise in the treatment of brain tumors, especially in specific patient subsets. Recently developed systemic chemotherapy agents, such as temozolomide, which crosses the blood-brain barrier, have a synergistic effect on brain metastases when used in conjunction with radiation. In addition, the use of interstitial chemotherapy agents provides highly focused local chemotherapy in the brain without increasing systemic toxicity; carmustine polymer wafer, in combination with WBRT, has shown promising results in treating brain metastases.
A Group Approach Used for Counseling Perpetrators of Sexual Crimes in a Prison Setting

This article describes a group approach for working with incarcerated male perpetrators of incest or incest-like crimes. The article is based on a program currently being pilot tested in the New York State prison system at Collins Correctional Facility. Suggestions for interviewing group members are given, an approach for treatment is described, and termination guidelines are discussed.
The Temporal Interaction of Corticosterone and Prolactin in Affecting Liver Lipid Metabolism of the Chick

Experiments were conducted to determine if Brown Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) showed a daily differential responsiveness to the phased injections of corticosterone and prolactin. In experiment 1, 28 day old chicks, maintained on continuous lighting and a standard diet, were treated daily for 6 days with corticosterone (300 mug. in 0.2 cc. saline) and with prolactin (150 mug. in 0.2 cc. saline) for 4 days. The prolactin injections began 2 days after the first corticosterone injection. The interval between daily corticosterone injections at 1800 hours followed by prolactin injections 6, 12 or 18 hours later resulted in a significant increase in the liver lipidcontent in the chicks. However, when corticosterone and prolactin were given at the same time (1800 hours), no increase in liver lipid content was observed. Corticosterone admininstered at 6oo hours and followed by prolactin injections had no effect on liver lipid content regardless of the time of prolactin prolactin injections. Experiment 2 was designed to test the effect of the administration of corticosterone or prolactin alone at either 600 hours or 1800 hours on liver lipid metabolism. Two groups of Brown Leghorn chicks received prolactin alone (for 2 days) at either 600 hours or 1800 hours. None of these treatment groups were significantly different from the uninjected controls. It is concluded that the chick has a diurnal sensitivity to the effects of coritcosterone and that once the liver is affected by corticosterone, a temporal interaction between this steroid and prolactin can affect the liver lipid content of the Brown Leghorn chick.
Prediction of Oyster Volume and Weight Using Machine Vision

ABSTRACT Fifty oysters each from Florida, Texas, and Alaska were used to develop methods that predict overall volume and weight, and meat volume and weight. Volumes (overall, shell, meat) were measured experimentally by the Archimedes principle. Densities were calculated. Using a machine vision system, the top- and side-view areas of whole oysters were determined. Various simple functions were fit to the view area data to predict whole oyster volume and weight, and meat volume and weight. A new cubic spline method was also developed to predict oyster volumes. The r2 values for the predicted oyster volumes were Texas = 0.92, Florida = 0.85, and Alaska = 0.64.
Heuristic Scheduling of Activities under Resource and Precedence Restrictions

This paper extends the field of heuristic algorithms for resource constrained scheduling problems in three important areas. First, an algorithm is introduced where the role of the heuristic scheduling urgency factor is expanded from one of solely determining the order in which activities are considered for scheduling at a given instant, to one of determining the combination of activities to be scheduled at this instant. Second, a new hybrid scheduling urgency factor capitalizing on the fact that this algorithm is sensitive to the absolute value rather than relative sequence of the urgency factors is introduced. Finally, a systematic approach to the evaluation of such algorithms is introduced. This includes the identification of relevant problem attributes and the adoption of evaluative concepts such as computational efficiency and analytic and systems effectiveness.
Toward a Framework of Organisation Direction

This study empirically develops a framework of dominant dimensions of organisation direction. ‘Organisation direction’ denotes the paths taken by organisations through time. Isolating dominant dimensions of direction will aid planners by providing a set of directional dimensions to be considered when developing the organisation's overall strategic plan.
Optimization strategies for the development of gas-liquid chromatographic methods

Abstract The utility of the sequential simplex method in chromatographic methods development is demonstrated by the experimental optimization of separation for several mixtures of isomeric octanes. Column oven temperature and carrier gas flow-rate are varaied simultaneously during the optimization process. Factorial experiments and regression analysis are used to understand the factor effects in the regions of the optima. A chromatographic response function based on the peak separation function of Kaiser is described. Its use as an operational measure of performance in the separation of multicomponent systems is illustrated.
Transitioning Mechanized Plan Recognition From Closed To Real-World Domains

David Chapman3 proved that planning which includes an action representation whose effects are a function of their input situation is undecidable. One of the paradoxes central to any formal theory of planning is how humans manage to accurately recognize on-going plans in real-world domains. Chapman has suggested that humans make use of cognitive cliches3. This paper introduces an axiomatic based mathematical theory of planning and plan recognition first described by the author4. The author argues that a real-world mechanized plan recognition paradigm should not include logical completeness as a criteria. Rather, the author proves that the human plan observer is knowledge-poor but cognitively complete. Plan action choice within cognitively complete domains is shown to critically depend upon ill-defined notions of set equality. The author describes a potential implementation of these ideas as a type of reactive planner, similar to Mase's and Kaelbing's recent research efforts8,7.
The cumulative wavenumber method for modeling radiative transfer in gas mixtures with soot

Abstract Recently, the cumulative wavenumber method was formulated and its viability demonstrated for the prediction of radiative heat transfer in high temperature CO2 and H2O. This paper presents enhancements to the cumulative wavenumber method, formalizing a mathematical definition for the cumulative wavenumber distribution function, introducing the joint cumulative wavenumber for gas mixtures, extending the method to non-homogenous, non-isothermal media, and demonstrating its application to gas mixtures with non-gray particles. The methodology for applying the cumulative wavenumber method to mixtures is explored using several different theoretical approaches. Model predictions are compared with line-by-line benchmark integration of the RTE. Finally, the relationship between the cumulative wavenumber and previously proposed spectral distribution functions is summarized.
Ocular involvement in the respiratory vasculitides

The respiratory vasculitides are idiopathic inflammatory syndromes, characteristically involving the pulmonary vasculature as well as that of several other organ systems. The inflammatory response in these diseases is uniformly granulomatous. There are three distinct, recognized respiratory vasculitides: Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis), and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Each of these entities may have ophthalmic manifestations, and ocular involvement may, in fact, be the presenting sign. The systemic and ocular manifestations, as well as the differential diagnosis and management of each of these entities are discussed.
Revision and redescription of the genus Astephus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships

ABSTRACT †Astephus antiquus from Eocene Green Formation of Wyoming and Utah is redescribed in detail based on newly obtained material, and the position of †Astephus among Siluriformes is reconsidered. Phylogenetic evaluation of the genus is based on descriptive information from †Astephus antiquus, the only species known by nearly complete specimens and a species that contains the type species for the genus. It was determined that Lundberg's (1970, 1975a) assessment of †Astephus as an ictalurid is the most probable interpretation of available information. Assuming that †Astephus is an ictalurid, there is strong evidence indicating that it is the sister group to a group containing all other members of the family. †Astephus calvus (Cope), the type for the genus (designated by Jordan, 1919), is considered here to be a subjective junior synonym of †Astephus antiquus (Leidy). The only other valid species recognized here as probably belonging in the genus (and probably distinct from †A. antiquus) is †A. resimus ...
Pathogenesis of bacteroides infections

In 1898 Veillon and Zuber first recognised the pathogenic potential of anaerobic bacteria. During the next 70 years there had been sporadic investigations of the clinical importance of anaerobes, but it was not until the 1960's that major advances in laboratory techniques stimulated a spate of recent studies. These reports have catalogued the types of infections likely to involve anaerobic bacteria and the different species located at each site (Gorbach and Bartlett, 1974; Finegold, 1977). The purpose of this review is to examine recent information which has shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms by which anaerobic organisms, particularly Bacteroides fragilis, produce serious infections.
RNA polymerase II conducts a symphony of pre-mRNA processing activities.

RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and its associated factors interact with a diverse collection of nuclear proteins during the course of precursor messenger RNA synthesis. This growing list of known contacts provides compelling evidence for the existence of large multifunctional complexes, a.k.a. transcriptosomes, within which the biosynthesis of mature mRNAs is coordinated. Recent studies have demonstrated that the unique carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNAP II plays an important role in recruiting many of these activities to the transcriptional machinery. Throughout the transcription cycle the CTD undergoes a variety of covalent and structural modifications which can, in turn, modulate the interactions and functions of processing factors during transcription initiation, elongation and termination. New evidence suggests that the possibility that interaction of some of these processing factors with the polymerase can affect its elongation rate. Besides the CTD, proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing can interact with general transcription factors (GTFs) and transcriptional activators, which associate with polymerase at promoters. This suggests a mechanism for the recruitment of specific processing activities to different transcription units. This harmonic integration of transcriptional and post-transcriptional activities, many of which once were considered to be functionally isolated within the cell, supports a general model for the coordination of gene expression by RNAP II within the nucleus.
Stem cells in diabetes: what has been achieved.

Beta-cell replacement therapy via islet transplantation has received renewed interest due to the recent improved success. In order to make such a therapy available to more than a few of the thousands of patients with diabetes, new sources of insulin-producing cells must be readily available. The most promising sources are stem cells, with efforts of deriving new beta-cells from both embryonic and adult stem cells. Several groups have reported generating insulin-producing cells from mouse embryonic stem cells. The strategies in the first two acclaimed reports were very different. One strategy, used by Soria's group, is gene trapping in which an introduced antibiotic resistance under the control of the insulin promoter allowed the selection of insulin-expressing cells that had spontaneously differentiated within embryoid bodies. Another strategy, used by McKay's group, manipulated culture conditions in a multistep protocol used for generating neural cells but with changed final conditions. Since these reports, there have been modifications of the protocols in efforts to improve the yields and maturity of the resulting cells. While it is unclear if the insulin-producing cells in any of these studies are truly mature beta-cells, these studies show the clear potential of embryonic stem cells and support optimism that similar results will be possible with human embryonic stem cells. We know that new beta-cells are generated throughout adult life, but the identity of adult pancreatic stem cells has been elusive. The potential for expansion and differentiation of pluripotent adult stem cells, whether from bone marrow or as non-pancreas tissue resident SP cells, is being explored but has not yet yielded insulin-producing tissue. In contrast, insulin-producing cells have been generated in vitro from adult pancreatic tissues. We have been examining the hypothesis that the functional source for new beta-cells in the adult pancreas are mature duct epithelial cells that have regressed or lost their mature phenotype after replication. Others have isolated putative stem cells from islets and ducts. For adult cells the issue of expansion as well as of differentiation is a question. The field of generating new beta-cells from stem cells, either embryonic or adult, is still in its infancy. Each new report has been met with a mixture of excitement and skepticism. With continued efforts and rigorous assessments, hopefully the potential of generating enough new beta-cells from stem cells will be realized.
Packed distillation columns and absorbers at steady state operation

In this paper the concept of a mass transfer section is applied to problems involving packed distillation columns and packed absorbers. When this concept is employed, the resulting equations required to describe packed distillation columns and packed absorbers are identical in form to those required to describe distillation columns and absorbers with plates. Data from the results of two field tests are presented and analyzed.
Clues to the lithospheric structure of Mars from wrinkle ridge sets and localization instability

[1] Wrinkle ridges are a manifestation of horizontal shortening in planetary lithospheres, for which deformation is localized on faults that underlie individual ridges. In ridged plains of Mars, such as Solis Planum or Lunae Planum, wrinkle ridges are spaced ∼40 km apart, whereas in the Martian northern lowlands, where ridges are identified only in Mars Observed Laser Altimeter (MOLA) altimetric data, the ridge spacing is at least ∼80 km. We attribute ridge spacing to an instability of the lithosphere under horizontal compression. The localization instability, which results in periodically spaced faults [Montesi and Zuber, 2003a], links the difference of ridge spacing in the northern lowlands and in the highland ridged plains to the difference of crustal thickness via the depth of the brittle-ductile transition (BDT). In Solis and Lunae Plana, where the crust is 50 to 60 km thick, the crust may be ductile at depth, limiting faulting to the BDT of crustal rocks. In the lowlands, the crust is only about 30 km thick and may be brittle throughout. Thus the depth of faulting may be controlled by the BDT of mantle rocks, which is roughly a factor of two deeper than that of crustal rocks. The geotherm can be identical in both regions, at 12 ± 3 K.km−1, although differences of a few K.km−1 can be accommodated within this model. The heat flux implied by this geotherm is similar to the heat produced by radiogenic decay 3 Gyr ago. Our analysis provides a rheological explanation for the difference in spacing between ridges in the highlands and the lowlands, in contrast to the suggestion of Head et al. [2002], who proposed that alternating lowlands ridges are buried by sediments. In addition, finite element models that use the lithospheric structure deduced from ridge spacing show that modest gradients of crustal thickness or heat flux across a ridged plains favor the formation of faults dipping toward high-elevation areas, as may be the case in Solis Planum [Golombek et al., 2001].
Human judgment biases and the teaching of management accounting

Abstract Managerial decision making often rests on subjective human judgment. Consequently, biases in these judgments can impose significant costs on an organization. This article encourages and assists accounting educators in introducing behavioral (qualitative) considerations when teaching management accounting courses. It summarizes an extensive literature which should allow accounting educators to alert future managers and management accountants to a growing body of evidence that subjective human judgment is often flawed. The limitation of human judgments are discussed and their implications for managerial decision making are delineated. The article concludes by offering a number of approaches to alleviate this problem.
The complex array of antecedents of depression in women with physical disabilities: implications for clinicians.

Purpose This article discusses the complex interrelation of elements of the physical, psychological, social, and environmental life context of women with physical disabilities and the association of these elements with significant disparities in rates of depression and access to mental health care for this population. Methods Literature and concept review. Results High rates of depression in women with physical disabilities are well documented in the literature. Many elements that are disproportionately common in the lives of women with physical disabilities, including socio-economic disadvantage, functional limitations, pain and other chronic health conditions, poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, violence, low self-esteem, sexuality problems, chronic stress, environmental barriers, and barriers to health care, have also been linked with higher rates of depression and depressive symptomatology. Depression self-management interventions tailored for women with disabilities have been developed and proven effective. Conclusions Many women who must deal with the stresses surrounding an array of health problems may experience symptoms of depression without necessarily meeting the criteria for clinical depression. Psychologists, counselors, primary care physicians, specialists, and other medical and rehabilitation professionals are challenged to recognize the symptoms of depression in women with physical disabilities and assist them in obtaining appropriate psychological and pharmacological interventions.
Detection of an oncofetal antigen (DU‐PAN‐2) in sera of patients with non‐malignant hepatobiliary diseases and hepatomas

Abstract DU-PAN-2 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein defined by a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) elicited against a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. This MAb recognizes an oncofetal antigen present on the surface of normal pancreatic and bile-duct epithelium, normal bronchus epithelium, and some adenocarcinomas. Elevated levels of the antigen (greater than 400 U/ml) have been detected in the serum of 79% of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and in a small percentage of patients with other adenocarcinomas, by means of a competition radioimmunoassay. Here, we have studied DU-PAN-2 antigen levels in sera of patients with a spectrum of hepatobiliary diseases and controls. Serum DU-PAN-2 antigen was elevated in 59% of 112 patients with non-malignant hepatobiliary diseases and in 50% of hepatoma patients. None of 50 healthy controls had elevated serum DU-PAN-2 levels. Patients in every category of hepatobiliary disease studied had elevated median serum DU-PAN-2 levels; the highest median levels were seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (1,296 U/ml) and the lowest in stable cirrhosis (300 U/ml). Elevated serum DU-PAN-2 levels in one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and in one patient with hepatoma returned to normal following liver transplantation. Serum DU-PAN-2 levels did not correlate well with alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, bilirubin, or alpha-fetoprotein. Using an immunoperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed, deparaffinized liver sections, we showed that DU-PAN-2 MAb reacted heterogeneously with bile-duct epithelium but never stained hepatocytes or hepatoma cells. While serum DU-PAN-2 levels may be useful in detecting and monitoring pancreatic adenocarcinoma, they are not specific for this disease.
Genetic variation of a disintegrin gene found in the American copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix)

Disintegrins are small, non-enzymatic proteins produced in snake venom. PCR and DNA sequencing analysis of genomic DNA for all subspecies of the copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) were analyzed for the presence of a disintegrin gene. Four samples each of the subspecies: A. c. contortrix, A. c. laticinctus, A. c. mokasen, A. c. phaeogaster, and A. c. pictigaster were collected from different locations across their geographic range and analyzed. A single PCR fragment from each sample was obtained, containing exon and intron sequences. The disintegrins identified in this study shared the highest amino acid identity to contortrostatin and acostatin b chain. Neighbor joining analysis of the disintegrin haplotypes and bootstrap tests of significance grouped the A. contortrix subspecies into two clades. The A. c. mokasen samples collected in Kentucky were grouped in one clade, while the A. c. contortrix, A. c. laticinctus, A. c. phaeogaster, and A. c. pictigaster samples collected in Texas, Louisiana, and Missouri were grouped in a different clade. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and PhiST pairwise comparisons showed significant genetic variation between subspecies. Nucleotide substitution analysis suggests the rapid evolution of disintegrin genes in A. contortrix subspecies.
Addition of sodium bicarbonate to rations of postpartum dairy cows: physiological and metabolic effects.

Abstract Sodium bicarbonate was added to complete mixed rations to characterize physiological, metabolic, and ruminal changes immediately postpartum when dairy cows are switched abruptly from a low energy ration prepartum to a high energy ration postpartum. Twelve Holstein cows were paired and assigned randomly to either a control or buffered ration containing .8% sodium bicarbonate. Rations consisted of 50% corn silage:50% concentrate. All cows were fed a similar dry cow ration for a minimum of 7 days prepartum and experimental rations for 2 wk beginning at parturition. Blood, feces, and urine were sampled on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 postpartum. Rumen fluid was sampled on days 7 and 14. Dry matter intake and milk production were 2.75% of body weight and 30.3 kg/day for cows fed buffer and 2.49% and 27.6 kg/day for cows fed control. Higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and base excess in blood in cows fed buffer existed on days 2 and 4 postpartum than for cows fed the control ration. Cows fed buffer had higher concentrations of ruminal ammonia than cows fed control. This difference was less pronounced in blood urea nitrogen and urinary ammonia. Urine pH was higher for cows fed buffer than for control. Addition of sodium bicarbonate improved the acid-base status after abrupt change of ration and may be associated with increased dry matter intake and improved ration adaptation. Concentrations of most minerals and metabolites in blood serum did not differ between rations.
Late spontaneous dissociation of a fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert).

Purpose: To describe a case of spontaneous dissociation of a fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) 5 years following implantation.Design: Case report.Methods: A patient with chronic uveitis underwent placement of a fluocinolone acetonide implant in the right eye in 2006. The patient’s inflammation was well controlled and did not recur, so the device was not replaced.Results: Five years after implantation, the patient presented with a new complaint of a shadow in his vision. The drug pellet was found to have separated spontaneously from the anchoring strut and was floating in the vitreous. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed with removal of the drug pellet, and the anchoring strut was left in place.Conclusions: Spontaneous intraocular dissociation of a fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) can occur years after placement, in the absence of trauma or other risk factors. Surgeons and patients must be aware of this potential complication as the implants age.
Psychosocial responses to oral and maxillofacial surgery for head and neck cancer.

Abstract This study involved extensive interviews with 28 patients who had disfiguring oral and maxillofacial surgery for head neck cancer. The patients, ages 42 to 76 years, had all been informed of their diagnosis and were in 2- to 5-year postoperative follow-up. Findings pertain to how patients deal with the interpersonal and social ramifications of diagnosis and surgical treatment. Fatalism, delays in help-seeking, responses to diagnosis, postsurgical anxiety, and adjustment were reported. Reassurance prior to surgery was sometimes found to limit understanding of postoperative impairment. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons were seen in heroic or imposing roles that impacted on their capacity to be supportive to patients coping with life change and “handicap”. The patient treatment decisions were found to be determined by attitudes about death, which motivated patients and surgeons to make difficult or extreme choices. Suffering, social changes, and postoperative uncertainty were patient concerns. Patient strategies for adjusting to disfiguration are examined, and specific recommendations for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon are made.
Cell cholesterol homeostasis: Mediation by active cholesterol

Recent evidence suggests that the major pathways mediating cell cholesterol homeostasis respond to a common signal: active membrane cholesterol. Active cholesterol is the fraction that exceeds the complexing capacity of the polar bilayer lipids. Increments in plasma membrane cholesterol exceeding this threshold have an elevated chemical activity (escape tendency) and redistribute via diverse transport proteins to both circulating plasma lipoproteins and intracellular organelles. Active cholesterol thereby prompts several feedback responses. It is the substrate for its own esterification and for the synthesis of regulatory side-chain oxysterols. It also stimulates manifold pathways that down-regulate the biosynthesis, curtail the ingestion and increase the export of cholesterol. Thus, the abundance of cell cholesterol is tightly coupled to that of its polar lipid partners through active cholesterol.
Delayed response by frontal monkeys in the Nencki testing situation.

Twelve rhesus monkeys learned delayed response in the Nencki Testing Situation more slowly than cats previously tested under similar conditions. Postoperative observation on 9 monkeys demonstrated that ablation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex largely abolished retention of delayed response and that preoperative overtraining did not attenuate this loss. Frontal monkeys were transiently and incompletely impaired in responding to the correct stimulus with no delay. Attempts at postoperative retraining with abrupt increases in the length of delays failed, but some animals relearned when trained with a titration procedure. Monkeys were more severely impaired in postoperative retention of delayed response than cats with lesions in the frontal association cortex tested in this experimental situation.
Effects of pre-existing rhinitis on ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium.

Ozone causes rhinitis and nasal epithelial alterations. The toxicity of ozone on nasal airways with pre-existing rhinitis has not been investigated. The present study was designed to determine the effect of endotoxin-induced rhinitis on ozone-induced epithelial alterations, especially mucous cell metaplasia (MCM), in the nasal transitional epithelium (NTE) of rats. Six h prior to daily inhalation exposure, male F344/N rats were intranasally instilled with saline or endotoxin (100 microgram/day). Rats were killed 2 h or 4 days after 3-day (8 h/day) exposure to ozone (0.5 ppm) or filtered air (0 ppm). The maxilloturbinate from one nasal passage was processed for morphometric analyses of the numbers of neutrophils and epithelial cells and the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM) in the NTE. The maxilloturbinate from the other nasal passage was processed for a mucin-specific (rMuc-5AC) mRNA analysis. At 2 h postexposure, endotoxin/ozone-exposed rats had 48 and 3 times more neutrophils in the NTE than did saline/air- and saline/ozone-exposed rats, respectively. Ozone-exposed rats had 35% more NTE cells and 2-fold more mucin mRNA than did saline/air-exposed rats, independent of endotoxin exposure. At 4 days postexposure, endotoxin/ozone-exposed rats had 5 and 2 times more IM and mucous cells, respectively, than did saline/air- and saline/ozone-exposed rats. Though endotoxin/air-exposed rats killed at 2 h postexposure had more neutrophils (40-fold), epithelial cells (27%) and mucin mRNA (2-fold) in the NTE than did saline/air-exposed rats, no MCM was present in those rats killed at 4 days postexposure. The results of the present study indicated that pre-existing rhinitis augments ozone-induced MCM.
Analysis of the elastic strain energy driving force for grain boundary migration using phase field simulation

We investigate elastic energy-driven grain boundary migration in a strained copper bicrystal using an atomistically informed phase field model. In a bicrystal experiencing a uniform strain, the softer grain has a lower energy density and grows at the expense of the harder grain. In a bicrystal experiencing heterogeneous strain, the softer grain has a higher energy density, yet it still grows. Our findings suggest that the softer grain will grow, irrespective of the difference in the energy densities.
The cytoskeletal and signaling mechanisms of axon collateral branching

During development, axons are guided to their appropriate targets by a variety of guidance factors. On arriving at their synaptic targets, or while en route, axons form branches. Branches generated de novo from the main axon are termed collateral branches. The generation of axon collateral branches allows individual neurons to make contacts with multiple neurons within a target and with multiple targets. In the adult nervous system, the formation of axon collateral branches is associated with injury and disease states and may contribute to normally occurring plasticity. Collateral branches are initiated by actin filament–based axonal protrusions that subsequently become invaded by microtubules, thereby allowing the branch to mature and continue extending. This article reviews the current knowledge of the cellular mechanisms of the formation of axon collateral branches. The major conclusions of this review are (1) the mechanisms of axon extension and branching are not identical; (2) active suppression of protrusive activity along the axon negatively regulates branching; (3) the earliest steps in the formation of axon branches involve focal activation of signaling pathways within axons, which in turn drive the formation of actin-based protrusions; and (4) regulation of the microtubule array by microtubule-associated and severing proteins underlies the development of branches. Linking the activation of signaling pathways to specific proteins that directly regulate the axonal cytoskeleton underlying the formation of collateral branches remains a frontier in the field. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 201–220, 2011.
The lipid depressant activities of whole fish and their component oils

Hypercholesteremic rats were used to investigate the lipid depressant activities of lyophilized whole fish prepared from menhaden, silver salmon, mullet, and ocean perch. Ingestion of the whole fish supplements promoted a significant reduction in the circulating levels of cholesterol and phospholipids, and in the TC/TP ratios of blood lipids from the rat. The effects of whole fish were duplicated by feeding rats proportionate amounts of the oils found in these fish supplements. These supplements had similar, but less dramatic, effects on the liver lipids of the rats. The nonlipid components, isolated from the fish, had no apparent influence on the distribution of lipids in the blood and liver tissues. The preparations of lipid and nonlipid components of the fish are described, and the GLC analyses of marine oils are discussed.
Physical properties of a nickel-base alloy prepared by isostatic pressing and sintering of the powdered metal.

Summary The physical and mechanical properties of samples of a nickel-base alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were determined. The particle sizes of the powders used to make the samples varied from –80/+ 200 mesh to –325 mesh. The compaction pressure varied from 138 to 414 MN/m2 and the sintering temperature varied from 1150 to 1250°C. The shrinkage during processing, the porosity, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elastic modulus were used to characterize the samples. The strength of the samples generally increased with decreasing particle size of the powder and increasing compaction pressure and sintering temperatures. The porosity and strength, therefore, could be varied over a wide range by controlling the various parameters. The properties of the samples prepared by powder metallurgy were compared with those of the cast alloy and compact bone. Conditions can be selected that will yield equivalent or better properties by powder metallurgy than by casting.
Orthostatic vital signs in emergency department patients

Study objective: To examine the variability and define the normal ranges of orthostatic vital signs in an emergency department population. Design: Descriptive. Setting: The ED of an urban teaching hospital in Denver, Colorado. Type of participants: Adult ED patients with no history of recent blood or fluid losses. Measurements: Lying and standing heart rate and blood pressure measured by an automated instrument. Results: In 132 presumed euvolemic patients, the statistical normal ranges (mean ± 2 SD), of orthostatic vital signs were wide: on standing, the heart rate range was from ↓ 5.0 to ↑ 39.4 beats per minute; for systolic blood pressure, the range was ↓ 20 to ↑ 25.7 mm Hg; and for diastolic blood pressure, the range was ↓ 6.4 to ↑ 24.9 mm Hg. In this sample, 43% had "positive" orthostatic vital signs according to currently accepted values. Conclusion: The data from this study indicate that there is a wider than expected variation in orthostatic vital signs among presumed euvolemic ED patients.
Wireless channel modeling using a miniaturized city and MM-wave transceivers

A scaled propagation measurement system (SPMS) is developed as an alternative to the time consuming and expensive measurements for wireless channel characterization. This system allows accurate measurements of well-defined channels in a laboratory environment. Confining the desired range of frequency to systems operating at UHF to L-Band (0.5-2 GHz), dimensions of the scatterers and terrain features can be reduced by a factor of 50-200 for the SPMS that operates at around 100 GHz. The system includes a probe positioner, scaled model of city, miniaturized millimeter wave transceivers probes, and a network analyzer. SPMS is capable of measuring path loss as well as power delay profile (PDP) for any desired environment. It can be used to verify available channel models or collect data for developing new models. The system has a dynamic range around 85 dB and a nominal spurious level of -40 dBc.
The CAMAC Serial Systems Description for Long Line, Multicrate Applications

The current status of the Description and the proposed Specification on "CAMAC SERIAL SYSTEM ORGANIZATION" are reviewed. The concept of a Serial Highway and the use of Serial Crate Controllers for long line, multicrate applications will be compared to the existing Branch Highway and Crate Controllers for parallel, multicrate applications.
Endogenous adrenergic modification of exercise-induced asthma

To determine if endogenous adrenergic activity could modify the obstructive response to exercise in subjects with asthma, we had 10 subjects undergo two bouts of cycle ergometry under controlled inspired air conditions while peak expiratory flow rates and plasma catecholamines were serially recorded. The second challenge of each pair was timed to coincide with the height of the bronchospasm induced by the first. A similar protocol was undertaken with isocapnic hyperventilation to serve as a control. The initial exercise produced bronchodilatation followed by bronchoconstriction when exercise ceased. During the second challenge, the obstruction resolved totally, only to recur once more when the subjects stopped work. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine exactly mirrored the fluctuations in pulmonary mechanics, rising with bronchodilatation and falling with bronchoconstriction. The pattern with hyperventilation differed from exercise in that there was no significant increase in norepinephrine during the challenges. To determine if norepinephrine could abolish the bronchial narrowing produced by exercise, and, as a result, possibly account for the changes in mechanics that we observed, we performed a second study in which eight subjects were administered an aerosol of this compound to inhale during an episode of exercise-induced asthma. As with the endogenous elevation, exogenously administered norepinephrine also totally abolished the attack. These data demonstrate that the sympathoadrenal activity that occurs with repetitive exercise in subjects with asthma can materially influence the severity of exercise-induced asthma.
Migrant Brokers of the Global Tongue: A Case Study in Guadalajara, Mexico

The great demand for English language instruction worldwide has resulted in an occupational segment of migrant English teachers (METs) employed in educational settings and the private sector around the globe. Skill requirements and employment conditions vary considerably between non-English speaking regions, and preconceived notions of these conditions factor into the migrant's decision to live and work there. Exploring the social position of METs in Guadalajara, Mexico, along with their decision to migrate there, this article pursues the problem of how language and power are connected in social process. METs operate within the structures of a global-oriented form—the English language teaching (ELT) industry—and their position as a migrant in any given society is determined by the interaction of local and global ideologies concerning the ELT industry and, more generally, the global economic order.
Laparoscopic obliteration of the nephrosplenic space using polypropylene mesh in five horses.

Objective— To report a laparoscopic technique for insertion of polypropylene mesh in the nephrosplenic space in horses and evaluate outcome. Study Design— Descriptive experimental study. Animals— Five healthy mature horses. Methods— One laparoscope and 2 instrument portals were made on the left side of the horse. The nephrosplenic space was measured and appropriately sized polypropylene mesh was inserted and attached to the dorsolateral splenic capsule and perirenal fascia using helical titanium coils. All horses had repeat laparoscopy 4 weeks later and were necropsied at intervals 4–14 weeks after mesh placement. Results— Mean time for laparoscopic mesh placement was 104 minutes. None of the horses had signs of colic and at 4 weeks all mesh implants were covered by fibrous tissue. One horse had a descending colon mesenteric adhesion to the mesh. At necropsy, the fibrous tissue covering the mesh had adhered to itself and pulled the splenic capsule and perirenal fascia into close apposition. Each mesh implant was firmly adhered to the spleen, nephrosplenic ligament, and perirenal fascia. Conclusions— Laparoscopic mesh placement was easily performed, well tolerated, and provided excellent fibrous obliteration of the nephrosplenic space. The single important complication observed was a mesenteric adhesion of the descending colon to the mesh in 1 horse. Clinical Relevance— Laparoscopic placement of polypropylene mesh leads to obliteration of the nephrosplenic space within 4 weeks and should prevent entrapment of viscera in the nephrosplenic space.
Dispersed Optical Heterodyne Detected Birefringence and Dichroism of Transparent Liquids

The frequency-dispersed birefringence and dichroism of an electronically nonresonant liquid excited and probed by ultrafast pulses in an optically heterodyned detected configuration is reported. Th...
Overview of CW Electron Accelerator Proposals

Electron beams in the MeV to GeV energy range have been used for nuclear studies for the last thirty years. The precision of measurements made using electrons is sufficiently high that they are also now used as starting points for the analysis of data obtained using strongly interacting probes such as pions and protons. Virtually all measurements made to data have been of the inclusive variety. Enhancing the precision of such measurements, through such means as more accurate particle differentiation and improved time resolution, has meant making the duty factor of the beam as high as possible. The global interest in high duty factor electron accelerators has consequently risen. This paper groups both existing and proposed high duty factor accelerators into three categories. The first group covers those involving a pulsed accelerator and a pulse stretcher ring. The second category consists of machines based on the microtron concept. The third group includes the recirculated linac. The current proposals for high duty factor accelerators are divided into two groups: those involving the upgrade of an existing pulsed accelerator and those involving the construction of a new accelerator. The proposals for new accelerators are further categorized into those based on linac pulsemore » stretcher combinations and those based on microtrons. This paper assesses the existing and proposed activities of these facilities as they currently stand at laboratories around the world.« less
Radiation treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.

The careful report on radiation treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in this issue of the Journal is timely because of the current high level of interest in focused radiation to treat ...
New approaches to charging control

Abstract In space charge neutralised beams a plasma exists. In a 20 mA, 50 keV arsenic beam used for source drain implants the Debye length is around 0.5 mm. Understanding and exploitation of this plasma is necessary in the control of wafer charging levels within each die, as opposed to wafer-scale control, so as to prevent current passing through thin gate oxides. This approach allows electrons of very low energy to be used for charge control. Many existing flood gun systems produce electron energy distributions with high energy tails. Exploiting the properties of the beam plasma allows true low energy (