cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonic and erosional history of southern Tibet recorded by detrital chronological signatures along the Yarlung River drainage

The Indus-Yarlung suture zone, within the larger Indo-Asia collision zone in southern Tibet, is characterized by a central depression with two oppositely directed axial rivers: the eastward-flowing Yarlung River and the westward-flowing Indus River. The axial valley is flanked by high-elevation ranges of the southern Lhasa terrane to the north and the Tethyan Himalaya to the south. This study analyzes the detrital geochronological and thermochronological signatures of rivers draining into the Indus-Yarlung suture zone as a proxy for the timing of tectonic, magmatic, and erosional processes in southern Tibet. Zircon U-Pb ages reflect source area crystallization ages, and their distribution is proportional to the relative area of source rocks exposed in the catchment areas. Rivers draining the northern side of the collision zone are dominated by ages between ca. 40 Ma and ca. 60 Ma, similar to ages of rocks in the Gangdese arc, whereas one river sample draining the southern side records a Tethyan Himalayan signature characterized by age clusters at ca. 500 Ma and ca. 1050 Ma. U-Pb zircon ages from the modern drainages are similar to signals preserved in the Oligocene−Miocene Liuqu and Kailas basins, suggesting that the geology of the Cenozoic drainages was similar to modern, albeit with significant erosion in the Miocene. New apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from some of the same rivers show an early Miocene regional exhumation signature, which is interpreted to record regional uplift-induced erosion coupled with efficient river incision by the Indus-Yarlung fluvial system as a result of renewed underthrusting (following rollback) of India under Asia. Late Miocene (ca. 8 Ma) apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) ages are consistent with cooling and exhumation associated with E-W extension followed by a decrease in erosion after ca. 6 Ma.
Cw holmium for medical applications: a preliminary study

It had been previously suggested that the depth of tissue penetration would beapproximately .4mm.. The surgical team felt that the actual depth would besignificantly greater when measured. The elctron microscopy studies bearthis out. The operators did note that quick motion of the beam enabled themto precisely shave superficial tissues when this was desireable.The laser was noted to cut in a similar fashion to the carbon dioxide laserwith conspicuously less char on the sides of the incision. The laser also wasnoted to have greater hemostatic properties than were predicted. In a focusedattitude, the anterior abdominal vessels were severed and hemostasis was
Melting of High Purity Uranium

A melting process was developed by which high purity electrolytic uranium crystals can be converted into sound ingots without serious contamination. Careful preparation of the crystals, melting in a high vacuum, and directional solidification led to a metal of better than 99.993 wt pet purity. The metallographic examination showed a substantially clean metal with only residual amounts of a second phase which responded to heat treatment. The density of high purity uranium is 19.05 g per cu cm.
Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but serious cerebrovascular disorder affecting children from the newborn period through childhood and adolescence. The incidence is estimated at 0.6/100,000/year, with 30-50% occurring in newborns. Causes are diverse and are highly age dependent. Acute systemic illness is the dominant risk factor among newborns. In childhood CSVT, acute infections of the head and neck such as mastoiditis are most common, followed by chronic underlying diseases such as nephrotic syndrome, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms are also age related. Seizures and altered mental status are the commonest manifestations in newborns. Headache, vomiting, and lethargy, sometimes with 6th nerve palsy, are the most common symptoms in children and adolescents. Recent multicenter cohort studies from North America and Europe have provided updated information on risk factors, clinical presentations, treatment practices, and outcomes. While systemic anticoagulation is the most common specific treatment used, there are wide variations and many uncertainties even among experts concerning best practice. The treatment dilemma is especially pronounced for neonatal CSVT. This is due in part to the higher prevalence of intracranial hemorrhage among newborns on the one hand, and the clear evidence that newborns suffer greater long-term neurologic morbidity on the other hand. With the advent of widespread availability and acceptance of acute endovascular therapy for arterial ischemic stroke, there is renewed interest in this therapy for children with CSVT. Limited published evidence exists regarding the benefits and risks of these invasive therapies. Therefore, the authors of current guidelines advise reserving this therapy for children with progressive and severe disease who have failed optimal medical management. As research focused on childhood cerebrovascular disease continues to grow rapidly, the future prospects for improving knowledge about this disorder should be good.
Electrically guided DNA immobilization and multiplexed DNA detection with nanoporous gold electrodes

Molecular diagnostics have significantly advanced the early detection of diseases, where the electrochemical sensing of biomarkers (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins) using multiple electrode arrays (MEAs) has shown considerable promise. Nanostructuring the electrode surface results in higher surface coverage of capture probes and more favorable orientation, as well as transport phenomena unique to nanoscale, ultimately leading to enhanced sensor performance. The central goal of this study is to investigate the influence of electrode nanostructure on electrically-guided immobilization of DNA probes for nucleic acid detection in a multiplexed format. To that end, we used nanoporous gold (np-Au) electrodes that reduced the limit of detection (LOD) for DNA targets by two orders of magnitude compared to their planar counterparts, where the LOD was further improved by an additional order of magnitude after reducing the electrode diameter. The reduced electrode diameter also made it possible to create a np-Au MEA encapsulated in a microfluidic channel. The electro-grafting reduced the necessary incubation time to immobilize DNA probes into the porous electrodes down to 10 min (25-fold reduction compared to passive immobilization) and allowed for grafting a different DNA probe sequence onto each electrode in the array. The resulting platform was successfully used for the multiplexed detection of three different biomarker genes relevant to breast cancer diagnosis.
Modular access to functionalized 5–8–5 fused ring systems via a photoinduced cycloisomerization reaction

A 5–8–5 carbocyclic ring system forms the core of over 30 distinct natural products. Several members of this family have gained attention for their diverse activity in cell culture. In these cases, biological function is mediated by the arrangement of substituents around a conserved 5–8–5 nucleus. Despite the potential applications of this privileged substructure in medicinal chemistry, modular strategies for its assembly are underdeveloped. Herein, we describe a cycloisomerization reaction that forms the 5–8–5 framework directly. This strategy uniquely allows access to gram quantities of this valuable scaffold in four steps.
Ontowebber: model-driven ontology-based web site management

Building data-intensive Web sites and especially Web portals is a costly task, which requires considerable effort for data integration and maintenance and usually does not result in many reusable components. This is mainly because most of the design is hard-coded in static or dynamic Web pages. In this paper we integrate three different approaches to create a comprehensive solution to Web site and Web portal creation dubbed OntoWebber. OntoWebber integrates (1) the explicit modeling of different aspects of Web sites, (2) the use of ontologies as the foundation for Web portal design and (3) semi-structured data technology for data integration and Web site modeling. The resulting system and methodology supports the creation of reusable specifications of Web sites. OntoWebber is the basis for creating the Semantic Web Community Portal as part of the OntoAgents project, which will help the Semantic Web research community (distributed on the Web) to exchange and share knowledge conveniently and effectively.
Labor Law Reform Again? Reframing Labor Law as a Regulatory Project

This essay argues that reframing the project of labor law reform as a regulatory project might put the project on a firmer foundation and shake up existing conceptions of what labor law reform should look like. In other words, “labor law” should be seen as part of the larger societal project of regulating work and working conditions; and that larger project should be situated among other fields of regulation, alongside the regulation of consumer products, the environment, and financial integrity. Reframing labor law as a regulatory project brings into view an alternative set of analytical levers and tools of governance, and additional reservoirs of political support for the ultimate ends pursued by labor law. Reframing labor law as a regulatory project can also recast and refurbish old linkages between labor law and democracy. Good regulatory design aims to deepen and extend democracy -- to effectuate societal decisions about the governance of powerful private organizations, in part by extending democracy beyond the polling booth and giving citizens more levers of power both within those private organizations and in public regulatory processes. Moreover, opening additional avenues of participation within non-governmental institutions can rejuvenate public participation in political processes. Labor law was in a pioneer in that democratization project. Proponents of the NLRA in the New Deal argued that extending democracy to the workplace would provide both a mechanism to improve and enforce labor standards and a training ground for citizens in political participation. But labor law has since fallen on hard times. Now labor law and labor law scholars may have to expand their field of vision to reach across fields of regulation, and to recognize that they have much to learn and much to teach about how to make the law effective and how to empower citizens vis-a-vis the powerful organizations that shape their lives.
Long-range electron transfer within metal-substituted protein complexes

Substitution of a closed-shell metalloporphyrin (MP) within one partner of a protein-protein complex makes it possible to study long-range electron transfer (ET), including direct measurement of both photoinitiated and thermal ET between the MP and heme (FeP) groups. Mixed-metal [M, M] hemoglobin hybrids have a structure that is fixed and well-characterized, which permits us to explore the factors that control the ET process by judicious selection of both the heme ligands and the substituting metal ion. In contrast, complexes between MP-substituted cytochrome c peroxidase (MCcP) and cytochrome c (FeCc) are conformationally mobile and the photoinitiated redox cycle provides a tool with which to explore the interplay between conformational interconversion and ET. Through a combination of metal substitution and site-directed mutagenesis, we probe the interfacial regulation of these processes.
Reduced Medial Frontal Positivity During the Stimulus-Response Interval Precedes Action Errors and Explains Task Deficits in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Brain mechanisms responsible for errors during cognitive tasks are poorly understood, particularly in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using subject-specific multimodal imaging (EEG, MRI, behavior) during flanker task performance by a sample of 94 human adolescents (mean age = 15.5 years, 50% female) with varying degrees of ADHD symptomatology, we examined the degree to which amplitudes of source-resolved event-related potentials (ERPs) from brain independent components within a critical (but often ignored) period in the action selection process, the stimulus-response interval, predicted motor response errors (across trials) and error rates (across individuals). Reduced amplitudes of Frontocentral P3 (peaking at approximately 390 milliseconds in stimulus-locked ERPs) and Pre-Movement Positivity (PMP, peaking at approximately 110 milliseconds pre-response in response-locked ERPs) in projections from posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) predicted erroneous responses, and reduced amplitude of PMP predicted a larger participant error rate. After regressing stimulus- from response-locked ERPs, we concluded that errors primarily depended upon response selection processes reflected in PMP amplitude. Finally, mediation analyses showed that smaller PMPs on correct response trials was associated with the higher frequency of errors committed by adolescents with more ADHD symptoms. These results bolster the importance of pMFC in action selection and support the possible value of using PMP as an intervention target to remediate performance deficits in ADHD.
STEM – Changes Defined

As we move forward with current reforms entitled Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) has recently committed itself to offering some members to work with other scientists and engineers to help design STEM reforms. They are placing volunteers in K-12 classrooms one day a week to make scientific literacy possible for all students. But even with such efforts, the definition for STEM as reform is not clear. It is not a scientific term like the ones scientists choose to replace a complicated observation. Even with more and more dollars being spent to support STEM reforms in all K-12 classrooms, we continue to not have an accurate idea as to what STEM could accomplish over the next decade. Some STEM changes have been proposed and considered in several states for the last four decades. We now know the eight features offered by the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) (Achieve, 2013) as reform; but, will they really improve the actual “doing” of science for all students at all grade levels?
A Multiscale Model of Cell Migration in Three-Dimensional Extracellular Matrix

Cell migration in a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the key biological processes. Yet many fundamental questions remain unanswered. In this chapter, we introduce a modeling framework for a 3D, element-based, multiscale cell migration model. This model takes into account the mechanosensing signaling pathway, cell morphological dynamics, and cell-ECM interactions. To integrate the mechanochemical dynamics, we developed an implicit integration method to calculate forces for the elements and a moving boundary reaction-diffusion solver. The model is partially tested for cell migration on a curved substrate. Further development is needed to couple the cell model with a mechanical ECM model. This model can be used to test hypotheses of cell-ECM interactions and cell migration in tissue environment.
Entangled-photon ellipsometry

We present a novel quantum interferometric technique to perform ellipsometric measurements. Classical ellipsometric measurements are limited in their accuracy by virtue of the need for an absolutely calibrated source and detector. Mitigating this limitation requires the use of a well-characterized reference sample. Our technique relies on the use of a non-classical optical source, namely polarization-entangled twin photons generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion from a nonlinear crystal, in conjunction with a coincidence-detection scheme. We have demonstrated that entangled-photon ellipsometry eliminates the necessity of constructing an interferometer altogether and is thereby self-referencing. The underlying physics that leads to this remarkable result is the presence of fourth-order (coincidence) quantum interference of the photon pairs in conjuction with polarization entanglement.
Case ReportsCholecystitis caused by hemocholecyst from underlying malignancy

Massive hemobilia is a well recognized clinical entity, particularly when it presents with jaundice, GI bleeding, and biliary pain. However, occult hemobilia is more difficult to diagnose and has seldom been reported because of its clinically silent nature. In fact, this is usually overlooked until complications arise. Hemocholecyst or clot within the gallbladder may rarely occur in this setting, leading to cystic duct obstruction and cholecystitis. Most previous reports describe cholecystitis resulting from hemocholecyst after iatrogenic trauma. We describe two cases in which hemocholecyst occurred from underlying malignancies, both resulting in cholecystitis (acute or chronic).
Abstract IA32: Improving checkpoint blockade for lymphoma with Flt3L-primed in situ vaccination

Checkpoint blockade therapy of cancer has had tremendous impact; still, only a subset of patients experience remissions. One hypothesis is that resistant tumors lack sufficient somatic mutational burden and thus, targetable tumor-associated antigens (TAA). To the contrary, we described that Hodgkin’s lymphoma, despite a high anti-PD1 response rate (~65-87%), has significantly fewer mutations (Reichel et al., Blood 2015) than highly mutated tumors, such as lung cancer (anti-PD1 response rate ~20%). Recent, seminal work confirms that the presence of dendritic cells (DC) capable of cross-presenting TAA correlates with tumor immunogenicity (Spranger et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016). Our hypothesis is that checkpoint blockade is limited by the tolerogenic microenvironment, specifically, suboptimal cross-presentation of TAA by suitably activated dendritic cells (DC). If so, then checkpoint blockade will be potentiated by optimal recruitment, loading, and activation of cross-presenting DC at the tumor site. We and others have recently found that tumors—including lymphomas—evade immune clearance by active exclusion of DC. Despite progress in mechanistic understanding of this immune evasion, we still lack means to modulate the phenomenon and facilitate T-cell entry and destruction of tumors. We developed an early-phase trial (funded by Damon Runyon CRF) testing a unique, rationally designed in situ vaccine (ISV) comprising 1) Flt3L to recruit DC, 2) radiotherapy (XRT) to load Flt3L-mobilized DC with TAA, and 3) Toll-like receptor agonist (TLRa) to activate TAA-loaded DC for cross-presentation. Strikingly, we observed partial and complete systemic tumor regressions, including distant and untreated tumors, improving months after therapy, and even elimination of malignant B cells with sparing of healthy B cells, suggesting a systemic antitumor immune response. The trial is based on our preclinical dat,a which recapitulate the clinical findings and also show that the ISV cure rate (~40%) increases markedly by combination with PD1 blockade (80-90%). These data prompted a new trial combining ISV with PD1 blockade opening in 2018. Though PD1/PDL1 blockade is potentiated by in situ vaccination, it is possible that there may be other, even more effective checkpoints for combination. We have developed two separate, complementary screening approaches using a novel EGFP-specific, murine CD8 T cell to enrich or probe for novel tumor-expressed (“PD-L1-like”) checkpoint molecules and have identified candidates for validation. Ultimately, the screening can be performed in vivo in the context of various immunotherapies, including in situ vaccination, stem cell transplantation, or PD-1 blockade. Citation Format: Joshua D. Brody. Improving checkpoint blockade for lymphoma with Flt3L-primed in situ vaccination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2017 Oct 1-4; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2018;6(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA32.
Inconsistent Classification of Mild Stroke and Implications on Health Services Delivery.

Abstract Objective To conduct a scoping review on classifications of mild stroke based on stroke severity assessments and/or clinical signs and symptoms reported in the literature. Data Sources Electronic searches of PubMed, PsycINFO (Ovid), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL–EBSCO) databases included keyword combinations of mild stroke, minor stroke, mini stroke, mild cerebrovascular, minor cerebrovascular, transient ischemic attack, or TIA. Study Selection Inclusion criteria were limited to articles published between January 2003 and February 2018. Inclusion criteria included studies (1) with a definition of either mild or minor stroke, (2) written in English, and (3) with participants aged 18 years and older. Animal studies, reviews, dissertations, blogs, editorials, commentaries, case reports, newsletters, drug trials, and presentation abstracts were excluded. Data Extraction Five reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently screened each full-text article for eligibility. The 5 reviewers checked the quality of the included full-text articles for accuracy. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers and verified by a third reviewer. Data Synthesis Sixty-two studies were included in the final review. Ten unique definitions of mild stroke using stroke severity assessments were discovered, and 10 different cutoff points were used. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was the most widely used measure to classify stroke severity. Synthesis also revealed variations in classification of mild stroke across publication years, time since stroke, settings, and medical factors including imaging, medical indicators, and clinical signs and symptoms. Conclusions Inconsistencies in the classification of mild stroke are evident with varying use of stroke severity assessments, measurement cutoff scores, imaging tools, and clinical or functional outcomes. Continued work is necessary to develop a consensus definition of mild stroke, which directly affects treatment receipt, referral for services, and health service delivery.
Werkgruppe XI: Größere musikdramatische Werke, Schauspielmusik

Entre Act (»Ach, meine Gespielen«) fur Chloe, Galathe (S), Lalage (A), Chor (S/A/T/B), Flote, 2 Oboen, 2 Horner, 2 Violinen, 2 Violen, Bass.
Carotid Ultrasound in Assessing Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Hypotension and Suspected Sepsis.

PURPOSE We sought to assess whether ultrasound (US) measurements of carotid flow time (CFTc) and carotid blood flow (CBF) predict fluid responsiveness in patients with suspected sepsis. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of hypotensive (systolic blood pressure < 90) patients "at risk" for sepsis receiving intravenous fluids (IVF) in the emergency department. US measurements of CFTc and CBF were performed at time zero and upon completion of IVF. All US measurements were repeated after a passive leg raise (PLR) maneuver. Fluid responsiveness was defined as normalization of blood pressure without persistent hypotension or need for vasopressors. RESULTS A convenience sample of 69 patients was enrolled. The mean age was 65; 49% were female. Fluid responders comprised 52% of the cohort. CFTc values increased significantly with both PLR (P = 0.047) and IVF administration (P = 0.003), but CBF values did not (P = 0.924 and P = 0.064 respectively). Neither absolute CFTc or CBF measures, nor changes in these values with PLR or IVF bolus, predicted fluid responsiveness, mortality, or the need for intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSION In patients with suspected sepsis, a fluid challenge resulted in a significant change in CFTc, but not CBF. Neither absolute measurement nor delta measurements with fluid challenge predicted clinical outcomes.
Did Competition With Chinese Imports Affect the Female Labor in Chilean Industries During 1995–2006?

In this paper I analyze if increasing competition with Chinese products has negatively affected female industrial employment in Chile. To conduct this analysis I rely on the census of manufacturing plants of Chile during the period 1995-2006. I find that, at the industrial level, female employment is negatively affected by industrial growth in China and the increasing Chilean imports from this country. This is not the case for male employment. When I control for the effects on industries that are labor intensive I find negative effects of competition with Chinese products also in male employment. However, the intensity of the effect in this case is of lower magnitude than for female employment.
Ribosome-Associated Quality Control in Bacteria.

Translation of the genetic information into proteins, performed by the ribosome, is a key cellular process in all organisms. Translation usually proceeds smoothly, but, unfortunately, undesirable events can lead to stalling of translating ribosomes. To rescue these faulty arrested ribosomes, bacterial cells possess three well-characterized quality control systems, tmRNA, ArfA, and ArfB. Recently, an additional ribosome rescue mechanism has been discovered in Bacillus subtilis. In contrast to the “canonical” systems targeting the 70S bacterial ribosome, this latter mechanism operates by first splitting the ribosome into the small (30S) and large (50S) subunits to then clearing the resultant jammed large subunit from the incomplete nascent polypeptide. Here, I will discuss the recent microbiological, biochemical, and structural data regarding functioning of this novel rescue system.
Moving Beyond the Question of Education or Exploitation: The Dynamic Experiences of Black Male Student-Athletes

When discussing the Black male student-athlete, dominant perspectives argue that they are being educated while another perspective argues that this population is being exploited. This article moves beyond the question of whether Black male student-athletes are being educated or exploited as we argue that both can happen. Utilizing Critical Race Theory, we highlight dominant perspectives about Black male student-athletes as well as offer an analysis of their experiences. The article provides the presentation of a fictive counterstory that portrays the notion that this population can experience education and exploitation. We conclude by offering a discussion about approaches that institutions and athletic departments can take to better serve Black male student-athletes, including adopting the Excellence Beyond Athletics approach (Cooper, 2016).
Satisfaction and Shared Decision Making in a Multidisciplinary Care Clinic for Patients with Differences in Sex Development

AbstractIntroduction:Patients with differences in sex development represent a complex pediatric population with varying psychosocial and medical needs. Due to the complexity of care, families likel...
The Intraoperative Use of a Portable Cone-Beam Computed Tomography System for the Diagnosis of Intraperitoneal Bladder Perforation.

Background. Intraoperative imaging for endourologic procedures is generally limited to single-plane fluoroscopic X-ray. The O-arm™ is a mobile cone-bean CT scanner that may have applications in urologic surgeries. Case Presentation. We present a case of an 85-year-old male with radiation cystitis and recurrent gross hematuria who was identified to have a bladder perforation on cystoscopy during emergent clot evacuation. Single-view fluoroscopic evaluation was inconclusive as to whether an intraperitoneal bladder perforation occurred. A portable cone-beam CT scan was used to acquire a 3-D CT cystogram, which demonstrated intraperitoneal contrast extravasation, confirming the diagnosis of an intraperitoneal bladder perforation. Conclusion. We report the first use of a portable cone-beam CT scanner to perform an intraoperative CT cystogram to diagnose an intraperitoneal bladder perforation and guide surgical management.
Integrating helicoid channels for passive control of fiber alignment in direct-write 3D printing

Abstract 3D printing of fiber-reinforced composites has been receiving increasing attention as an efficient additive approach enabling lightweight, functional, and high-performance components required for industrial applications. The properties of fiber composites significantly depend on internal microstructures, including fiber orientation, distribution, and degree of alignment. Although multiple strategies have been introduced for controlling the fiber composites microstructures, these strategies are mostly active approaches relying on additional control of mechatronics parts, external forces, or intentionally introduced unstable flows inside narrow nozzles. These methods suffer from higher risk of nozzle clogging and requiring extra parts in 3D printing. Here, we introduce helicoid channels into extrusion system as a passive approach to control the fiber alignment without any additional moving parts in direct-write 3D printing. The helicoid channels automatically guide the composite inks and align fibers before flowing into narrow nozzle space, avoiding clogging and improving printability. The analyses indicate that both helicoid surface to volume ratio and helix angle affect the pre-alignment of fibers, leading to tunable mechanical properties of printed fiber-reinforced composites with increased stiffness and strength up to 77.6% and 47.8%, respectively.
Laser Scanning Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy of Cell Function

The response of cells to various stimuli may often be quite heterogeneous. Responses may vary both in magnitude and time course. Thus, bulk measurements may not be representative of events in individual cells. For this reason, the study of individual cells as they respond to imposed stresses and stimuli is desirable. Recent advances in microscope optics, video cameras, computer technology and fluorophore chemistry increasingly permit such measurements of single cell physiology.
Securing MANET multicast using DIPLOMA

Multicast traffic, such as live audio/video streaming, is an important application for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), including those used by militaries and disaster recovery teams. The open nature of multicast, where any receiver can join a multicast group, and any sender can send to a multicast group, makes it an easy vehicle for launching Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in resource-constrained MANETs. In this paper, we extend our previously introduced DIPLOMA architecture to secure multicast traffic. DIPLOMA is a deny-by-default distributed policy enforcement architecture that can protect the end-host services and network bandwidth. DIPLOMA uses capabilities to provide a unified solution for sender and receiver access control to the multicast groups, as well as to limit the bandwidth usage of the multicast group. We have extended common multicast protocols, including ODMRP and PIM-SM, to incorporate DIPLOMA. We have implemented multicast DIPLOMA in Linux, without requiring any changes to existing applications and the routing substrate. We conducted an experimental evaluation of the system in the Orbit MANET testbed. The results show that the architecture incurs limited overhead in throughput, packet loss, and packet inter-arrival times. We also show that the system protects network bandwidth and the end-hosts in the presence of attackers.
Reduction of the electromagnetic vector potential to the irreducible representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group

In a previous paper we showed how the electromagnetic vector potential could be reduced to the irreducible representation of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group corresponding to particles with zero mass and spin 1, which are identified with photons. When the photon amplitudes were replaced in a suitable fashion by annihilation and creation operators, a covariant second-quantized theory was obtained in which the Lorentz condition is satisfied identically and in which the norm of the Hilbert space is positive definite. In the present paper we use the results of another of our papers to transform the photon wave functions from the linear momentum representation to the angular momentum representation. The vector potential, when second quantized, then takes the form of an expansion in terms of vector spherical harmonics in which the amplitudes are an nihilation and creation operators which create and destroy photons with a specific angular momentum. This expansion is a covariant quantum analogue of the expansion in multipoles of classical electromagnetic theory due to Blatt and Weisskopf and leads to the usual selection rules for atomic transitions.
Predicting with confidence – an improved dynamic cell structure

As a special type of Self-Organizing Maps, the Dynamic Cell Structures (DCS) network has topology-preserving adaptive learning capabilities that can, in theory, respond and learn to abstract from a much wider variety of complex data manifolds. However, the highly complex learning algorithm and non-linearity behind the dynamic learning pattern pose serious challenge to validating the prediction performance of DCS and impede its spread in control applications, safety-critical systems in particular. In this paper, we improve the performance of DCS networks by providing confidence measures on DCS predictions. We present the validity index, an estimated confidence interval associated with each DCS output, as a reliability-like measure of the network's prediction performance. Our experiments using artificial data and a case study on a flight control application demonstrate an effective validation scheme of DCS networks to achieve better prediction performance with quantified confidence measures.
Policy Uncertainty and the Margins of Trade

Building upon recent theoretical models in international trade, we derive predictions for the impact of policy uncertainty on the margins of trade. We decompose aggregate bilateral trade ows from 1995-2012 into intensive and extensive margin components and employ a standard gravity specication to assess the impact of policy uncertainty on each margin separately. Consistent with the model, increases in policy uncertainty decrease both trade values and the extensive margin but have an ambiguous eect on the intensive margin. After controlling for various measures of expected future economic conditions, our estimates indicate that a 10% increase in policy uncertainty would lead to a 1% decrease in aggregate trade ows, with virtually all of the decline attributable to the extensive margin. In further tests we nd that our results cannot be attributed solely to the recent global economic crisis or to periods with extremely high levels of policy-related uncertainty.
Correlates of urinary, fecal, and dual incontinence in older African-American and white men and women.

OBJECTIVES: To determine prevalence and correlates of urinary (UI), fecal (FI), and dual (DI) incontinence in community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based in-home survey. SETTING: Three rural and two urban Alabama counties (1999–2001). PARTICIPANTS: Stratified random sample of 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older: 25% African-American men, 25% white men, 25% African-American women, 25% white women. MEASUREMENTS: UI defined as involuntary urine loss at least monthly; FI defined as “In the past year, have you had any loss of control of your bowels, even a small amount that stained the underwear?” Independent variables were sociodemographics, medical history, and activities of daily living (ADLs) excluding toileting. Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed using UI, FI, and DI as dependent variables. RESULTS: UI, FI, and DI prevalences were 27%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. White women had higher prevalence of UI (41.1% vs 24.6%, P<.001) and DI (18.5% vs 8.0%, P=.07) but not FI (4.4% vs 3.8%, P=.83) than African-American women. Men had no racial differences in prevalence (UI 22.2%, FI 7.7%, DI 4.6%). In women, UI, FI, and DI correlates included higher Charlson comorbidity score and depressive symptoms and greater ADL difficulty for UI and DI. In men, UI was associated with prostate disease and depressive symptoms; FI with chronic diarrhea, history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), and poor self-perceived health; and DI with history of TIA, foot and leg swelling, and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Women had racial differences as well as similar correlates of incontinence subtypes, whereas men did not.
A structurally diverse minimal corpus for eliciting structural mappings between languages

We describe an approach to creating a small but diverse corpus in English that can be used to elicit information about any target language. The focus of the corpus is on structural information. The resulting bilingual corpus can then be used for natural language processing tasks such as inferring transfer mappings for Machine Translation. The corpus is sufficiently small that a bilingual user can translate and word-align it within a matter of hours. We describe how the corpus is created and how its structural diversity is ensured. We then argue that it is not necessary to introduce a large amount of redundancy into the corpus. This is shown by creating an increasingly redundant corpus and observing that the information gained converges as redundancy increases.
Studies of the interaction of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and carbon dioxide with hemoglobins from mouse, man, and elephant.

The oxygen affinity of mouse hemoglobin is greatly lowered by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). The higher the pH, the smaller the size of the effect. The pH dependence of this shift in log p50 resembles a titration curve with an apparent pK of 7.76. This value is close to that reported for the α-NH2 groups of deoxyhemoglobin. The addition of 1 to 2 moles of 2,3-DPG per mole of hemoglobin decreases the value of n in Hill's equation. Further addition causes n to return to normal values. However, estimation of the overall free energy of interaction shows that 2,3-DPG does not affect interaction. The changes in n are therefore believed either to reflect the presence of mixtures of hemoglobins combined to varying extents with 2,3-DPG or the fact that the free 2,3-DPG concentration is continuously increasing during oxygenation. The Bohr effects at 20°, between pH 7.0 and 7.5, of hemoglobins from mouse, man, and elephant are approximately -0.52, -0.48, and -0.30, respectively; these values become -0.9, -0.7, and -0.44, respectively, in the presence of 1 mole of 2,3-DPG per mole of hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide abolishes the effect of 2,3-DPG on the oxygen equilibrium of mouse hemoglobin at pCO2 = 60 mm Hg, pH 7.3, and 20°. The higher the pCO2 the lower is the pH at which CO2 abolishes the 2,3-DPG effect. Mouse hemoglobin digested with carboxypeptidase A is devoid of a 2,3-DPG effect. In contrast, the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin digested with carboxypeptidase B shows a 2,3-DPG effect. We conclude that 2,3-DPG binds at the same sites as does CO2, namely at the NH2-termini of the α and β chains, but that interaction of 2,3-DPG with the β chain is functionally the most important. Mechanisms are proposed to explain both the effects of CO2 and of 2,3-DPG. The CO2, bound as carbamate (-NHCOO-), and the 2,3-DPG anion are both believed to reduce the oxygen affinity because the introduction of the negative charge interferes with the conformation change associated with oxygenation. We conclude that hemoglobins from different mammals are not physiologically equivalent and do not by themselves provide support for the theory of selectively neutral mutations. Instead, the properties of the oxygen equilibria of mammalian hemoglobins appear to reflect an adaptation of the metabolic needs of the animal.
Stuttering: A Preliminary Study of the Female Perspective

Abstract Gender differences in attitudes and experiences of adults who stutter have been studied to a small degree. Qualitative analyses of adults who stutter have included women as part of their sample; however, no such analysis to date has specifically explored the experience of women who stutter at different points in their lifetime. This pilot study was designed as a preliminary look at the experiences of three women who stutter in adolescence, early adulthood, and middle adulthood. Ethnographic interviews were conducted, and transcripts were culled for emergent themes. Specific identified themes included those related to outcomes of communication avoidance, preferences for listener reactions to stuttering, and shifting cognitive perceptions of stuttering with age. Interview transcripts were further analysed for comments related to defined characteristics of covert stuttering. Results indicated that the number of covert characteristics identified by each woman differentiated preferences for listener reactions and outcomes of communication avoidance. Responses occurred along a continuum. Women who identified more covert characteristics in their interview placed greater responsibility on the listener for knowledge of appropriate reactions to stuttering. Women who identified fewer covert characteristics placed more responsibility on themselves for listener education. Likewise, women with more covert characteristic responded to significant instances of communication avoidance with more avoidance. Women with fewer covert characteristics used communication avoidance as a motivator to approach future challenging situations. Numbers of covert characteristics identified by each participant were further compared to quantitative scores on the four subtests of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (Yaruss, Quesal, & Coleman, 2010). Results revealed that higher impact scores on the “Reactions to Stuttering” and “Communication in Daily Situations” were seen among women who identified more covert characteristics in interviews. Implications of findings for assessment, treatment, and future study of gender in stuttering will be presented.
Capture rate for the reaction3He+μ-→3H+ν

The capture rate for the process3He+μ-→3H+ν is calcultated following the usual approach involving an effective Hamiltonian. The trinucleon wave function that we have used is a solution to the three-body wave equation with separable two-body potentials including the tensor forces. It is a linear combination of the2S symmetric states, the mixed-symmetry2S state and the three mixed-symmetry4D states. The calculated capture rate agrees in general with existing work. The ratio of the induced pseudoscalar and axial vector coupling constants, mμFp/FA, that is deduced from this calculation is somewhat smaller than that predicted by the Goldberger-Treiman relation. It is pointed out that since the contribution of theD-state apparently decreases the capture rate and consequently the pseudoscalar coupling constant, it is reasonable to expect that a wave function with a smallerD-state admixture will yield results consistent with both the radiative-muon-capture results and the Goldberger-Treiman prediction. A preliminary calculation and brief discussion of this possibility is also given.
A Stimulation Method to Assess the Contractile Status of the Lumbar Extensors in a Seated Posture

The purpose of present study was to develop and evaluate methods to assess stimulation responses of the lumbar extensors, as part of a longer-term goal of detecting fatigue during prolonged sitting. Three stimulation frequencies 2, 5, and 8i¾?Hz were tested in separate stages, which include 3 stimulation trains and 4 sampling blocks. Repeated measures analyses of variance were used to determine whether any significant differences in mean stimulation responses occurred with respect to stimulation frequency, sampling block, and stimulation train. Reliability of measured stimulation responses was assessed within and between sampling blocks using intraclass correlation coefficients. Stimulation frequencies significantly affected the stimulation responses and time-to-potentiation differed between the 3 stimulation frequencies; it was highest for 2i¾?Hz stimulation. All 3 stimulation frequencies resulted in excellent reliability within and between sampling blocks. Use of the current protocol at 2i¾?Hz is recommended as appropriate to measure the lumbar extensors status during prolonged sitting.
Cell selection by antigen in the immune response.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the essential features of the antibody with respect to the interaction of antigen with preformed, cell-bound, antibody-like receptors. The effect of this interaction on individual cells is determined by the affinity of the antigen cell-bound antibody combination and results in the recruitment or selection of cells and their activation. The chapter also describes certain basic phenomena that are characteristic of the immune response and analyzes their mechanism at both the cellular and the molecular levels. These phenomena are an attempt to formulate a unified concept of the immune response as an antigen-driven proliferation and selection of specific cells that are committed to the synthesis of specific immunoglobulin molecules prior to the contact with antigen. This process, describable in thermodynamic terms, is the central biological event that can explain or predict such features of the antibody response as the progressive increase in average binding affinity of antibody produced, the effect of antigen dose on amount and affinity of antibody, the mechanism of action of adjuvants, the essential role of specific cell proliferation stimulated by antigen, the interference of humoral antibody with antigenic selection of cells, the phenomenon of “original antigenic sin,” and the induction of tolerance.
Analysis of renal anomalies in VACTERL association

VACTERL association refers to a combination of congenital anomalies that can include: Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac malformations, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, Renal anomalies (typically structural renal anomalies), and Limb anomalies. We conducted a description of a case series to characterize renal findings in a cohort of patients with VACTERL association. Out of the overall cohort, 48 patients (with at least 3 component features of VACTERL and who had abdominal ultrasound performed) met criteria for analysis. Four other patients were additionally analyzed separately, with the hypothesis that subtle renal system anomalies may occur in patients who would not otherwise meet criteria for VACTERL association. Thirty-three (69%) of the 48 patients had a clinical manifestation affecting the renal system. The most common renal manifestation (RM) was vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in addition to a structural defect (present in 27%), followed by unilateral renal agenesis (24%), and then dysplastic/multicystic kidneys or duplicated collected system (18% for each). Twenty-two (88%) of the 25 patients with a structural RM had an associated anorectal malformation. Individuals with either isolated lower anatomic anomalies, or both upper and lower anatomic anomalies were not statistically more likely to have a structural renal defect than those with isolated upper anatomic anomalies (p=0.22, p=0.284 respectively). Given the high prevalence of isolated VUR in our cohort, we recommend a screening VCUG or other imaging modality be obtained to evaluate for VUR if initial renal US shows evidence of obstruction or renal scarring, as well as ongoing evaluation of renal health.