cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group Action Induced Distances on Spaces of High-Dimensional Linear Stochastic Processes

This paper studies the geometrization of spaces of stochastic processes. Our main motivation is the problem of pattern recognition in high-dimensional time-series data (e.g., video sequence classification and clustering). First, we review some existing approaches to defining distances on spaces of stochastic processes. Next, we focus on the space of processes generated by (stochastic) linear dynamical systems (LDSs) of fixed size and order (this space is a natural choice for the pattern recognition problem). When the LDSs are represented in state-space form, the space of LDSs can be considered as the base space of a principal fiber bundle. We use this fact to introduce a large class of easy-to-compute group action-induced distances on the space of LDSs and hence on the corresponding space of stochastic processes. We call such a distance an alignment distance. One of our aims is to demonstrate the usefulness of control-theoretic tools in problems related to stochastic processes.
A network theory for resource exchange between rivers and their watersheds

[1] Watersheds are drained by river networks, which route materials and energy from headwaters to terminal water bodies. River networks likewise perfuse the terrestrial portion of watershed ecosystems and reroute some of these materials upslope via material exchange between rivers and land. Here we develop a model of resource exchange between rivers and watersheds to predict the spatial extent of material and nutrient fluxes from aquatic portions of watershed ecosystems. The model is based on a geomorphic template that includes river network structure, topography, and channel sinuosity as well as important biological attributes (productivity and dispersal ability). Analysis of this model suggests that the geomorphic template strongly influences the spatial extent of resource flows in watershed ecosystems. The geomorphic template also predicts the location of areas of concentrated resource exchange, typically at ridge crests, in meander bends, and tributary junctions. We contend that these areas represent hotspots of foraging activity for terrestrial consumers, especially those at the reach scale (meander bends). More generally, our model suggests that the spatial extent of aquatic resource flow equal in magnitude to 20% or greater of terrestrial production may encompass as much as 20%–50% of terrestrial portions of watersheds. Resource flow from rivers to terrestrial ecosystems is not merely an edge effect. Instead, the river network may reroute a substantial flux of materials into watershed ecosystems.
Labor market informalization and social policy: distributional links and the case of homebased workers

This paper is based on the notion that the nature of current labor market informalization requires rethinking in order to guide action and formulate social policies for eliminating poverty and reducing economic inequality and job insecurity. It explores conceptually and empirically the dynamics of informality and demonstrates the interconnectedness of job precariousness, vulnerability and gender relations.There are five related aspects to this process of informalization that are explored in the conceptual framework namely: 1) increasing labor market flexibilization; 2) the weakening (even absence) of the labor contract; 3) rising income inequality and worker differentiation; 4) institutional questions related to ownership and appropriation of production; and 5) gender-related socially ascribed positions in society and within the household. The empirical section is based on the 2002 sample survey data of poor urban households engaged in home-based work collected in Bolivia and Ecuador as part of a four-country research project that attempts to understand the roles of financial and labor resources in the coping strategies of urban poor households as their countries undergo rapid global market integration, financial crises and economic restructuring. Using employment and decisionmaking information on heads and spouses in the Bolivian and Ecuador sample data, the empirical investigation provides a gendered analysis of the informalization of employment among men and women respondents in couples (or dual adults) households to highlight the interconnectedness of job precariousness and gendered relations. Specifically, we adopt a gendered approach in examining the link between gender-based roles and relations with worker vulnerability. The findings in the study points to the importance of rethinking social protection program for workers laboring in informalized settings. It concludes with a discussion of lthe different possible avenues for action to dealing with poverty and redressing regressive tendencies in the distribution of income and resources in the informal economy.
Games and general distributive laws in Boolean algebras

The games G n 1 (κ) and G η <λ (κ) are played by two players in η + -complete and max(η + , λ)-complete Boolean algebras, respectively. For cardinals 1?,'1 κ such that N <η = η or κ <η = κ, the (η, κ)-distributive law holds in a Boolean algebra B iff Player 1 does not have a winning strategy in G n 1 (κ). Furthermore, for all cardinals κ, the (η, ∞)-distributive law holds in B iff Player 1 does not have a winning strategy in G n 1 (∞). More generally, for cardinals η, λ, κ such that (κ <λ ) <η = η, the (η, < λ, κ)-distributive law holds in B iff Player 1 does not have a winning strategy in G η <λ (κ). For η regular and λ ≤ min(η,κ), = η + implies the existences of a Suslin algebra in which G η <λ (κ) is undetermined.
Chapter 32. Pharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of pharmaceuticals, pharmacokinetics, and biopharmaceutics. The availability of the drug from the dosage form depends on physical chemical factors, chemical interactions, and a priori predictions and confirmations of release in biological systems. The importance of the relationship between drug absorption and the rate processes of diffusion and dissolution has been well established. Particle size has a decided effect on the rate of dissolution of drugs. Examples of the interrelation of particle size, solubility, absorption, and therapeutic activity illustrate their importance in medicinals for oral, topical, or parenteral administration. The angle of repose and sliding angles of sodium borate and boric acid powders were calculated and it was found that the cohesive force between the particles is negligibly small for particle diameters larger than the critical, while it significantly influences the angle at smaller diameters. The theoretical bases for formulation of stable drugs depend upon knowledge of the kinetics of the thermal solvolysis of the drug in solution as a function of pH, concentration and excipients.
Mie scattering by concentric multilayers

Summary form only given. The Mie formulation for homogeneous spheres is generalized to handle core/shell systems and multiple concentric layers in a manner that exploits an analogy with stratified planar systems. This analogy enables core/shell and concentric multilayered structures to be treated as photonic bandgap (PBG) materials. In this case the PBG relates to spherical waves rather than plane waves. However there are important differences we discuss that may give these systems more design flexibility. In particular the decomposition of plane waves into superpositions of vector spherical harmonics provides an extra degree of freedom in dielectric structure design. We discuss methods for designing concentrically stratified particles to control the angular scattering profile, interference structure, and ripple structure of small particles. We show that large absorbing cores with quarter-wave dielectric shells result in PBGs in scattered light.
Long-lived giant cells detected at the surface of the Sun

Giant convective cells have been predicted1 to exist in the Sun. Such cells should span the entire zone unstable to convective motions — now known to cover the outer 29 per cent of the Sun's radius2 — and could be dredging up the magnetic flux that is thought to be the source of solar activity (sunspots). Several studies3,4,5 have failed to detect these giant cells, although there have been hints6,7,8,9 of their existence. We have detected long-lived velocity cells, which we identify as the elusive giant convective cells, extending over 40–50 degrees of longitude but less than 10 degrees of latitude. The large aspect ratio (>4) is surprising (although predicted by one model10) and may be a consequence of the Sun's differential rotation, whereby features with a larger extent in latitude are broken up by rotational shear.
The Level of Volatile Organic Compounds Exposure in New Buildings: Can Adding Indoor Potted Plants Reduce Exposure?

Background: Formaldehyde, acetone, styrene, 2-methylbutane, and toluene are known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have shown to cause serious health effects. This study sought to determine the health effects and levels ofthese VOCs and determined if their levels decreased after the addition of indoor plants. Methods: Two offices were tested in a newer building and two offices were tested in an older building. The chemical levels were tested before plants were added and were retested after plants were added at four and six weeks. Results: In the new building, formaldehyde increased by the fourth week, but decreased by the sixth week, while acetone decreased by the fourth week and increased by the sixth week. In the older building, acetone increased by the fourth week and decreased by the sixth week. Formaldehyde decreased by the fourth week and increased by the sixth week. No styrene was found in any office at any time. A reduction in 2-methylbutane levels was observed in two out of four ‘post-plant’ measurements and a reduction in toluene levels was observed in three out of four ‘post-plant’ measurements. Conclusion: Employees may become exposed to VOCs in office buildings. As healthcare providers, nurses can educate people about what these harmful chemicals are and ways to reduce exposure. Nurses can also introduce efficient and cost-effective methods, such as adding plants, to decrease these chemicals in the places where people spend the most time.
Majority voting on tax parameters: Some further results

Abstract Earlier analysis of properties of tax functions chosen by majority rule is extended to include more general characterization of individual preferences. Outcomes when preferences are not single-peaked are discussed in some detail.
Pool resolution and its relation to regular resolution and DPLL with clause learning

Pool Resolution for propositional CNF formulas is introduced. Its relationship to state-of-the-art satisfiability solvers is explained. Every regular-resolution derivation is also a pool-resolution derivation. It is shown that a certain family of formulas, called NT**(n) has polynomial sized pool-resolution refutations, whereas the shortest regular refutations have an exponential lower bound. This family is a variant of the GT(n) family analyzed by Bonet and Galesi (FOCS 1999), and the GT’n family shown to require exponential-length regular-resolution refutations by Alekhnovitch, Johannsen, Pitassi and Urquhart (STOC 2002). Thus, Pool Resolution is exponentially stronger than Regular Resolution. Roughly speaking a general-resolution derivation is a pool-resolution derivation if its directed acyclic graph (DAG) has a depth-first search tree that satisfies the regularity restriction: on any path in this tree no resolution variable is repeated. In other words, once a clause is derived at a node and used by its tree parent, its derivation is forgotten, and subsequent uses of that clause treat it as though it were an input clause. This policy is closely related to DPLL search with recording of so-called conflict clauses. Variations of DPLL plus conflict analysis currently dominate the field of high-performance satisfiability solving. The power of Pool Resolution might provide some theoretical explanation for their success.
On the numerical dispersion of electromagnetic particle-in-cell code

The Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method is widely used in relativistic particle beam and laser plasma modeling. However, the PIC method exhibits numerical instabilities that can render unphysical simulation results or even destroy the simulation. For electromagnetic relativistic beam and plasma modeling, the most relevant numerical instabilities are the finite grid instability and the numerical Cherenkov instability. We review the numerical dispersion relation of the Electromagnetic PIC model. We rigorously derive the faithful 3-D numerical dispersion relation of the PIC model, for a simple, direct current deposition scheme, which does not conserve electric charge exactly. We then specialize to the Yee FDTD scheme. In particular, we clarify the presence of alias modes in an eigenmode analysis of the PIC model, which combines both discrete and continuous variables. The manner in which the PIC model updates and samples the fields and distribution function, together with the temporal and spatial phase factors from solving Maxwell's equations on the Yee grid with the leapfrog scheme, is explicitly accounted for. Numerical solutions to the electrostatic-like modes in the 1-D dispersion relation for a cold drifting plasma are obtained for parameters of interest. In the succeeding analysis, we investigate how the finite grid instability arises from the interaction of the numerical modes admitted in the system and their aliases. The most significant interaction is due critically to the correct representation of the operators in the dispersion relation. We obtain a simple analytic expression for the peak growth rate due to this interaction, which is then verified by simulation. We demonstrate that our analysis is readily extendable to charge conserving models.
Process restricted AST: an assessment of group support systems appropriation and meeting outcomes using participant perceptions

In an advancement of Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST), Wheeler and Valacich (1996) offer Process Restricted Adaptive Structuration Theory (PRAST) as a means by which GSS appropriation may be assessed. Using an external assessment involving microcoding, they demonstrated in their study that so-called appropriation mediators may enhance the faithful appropriation of GSS structures. We offer further validation of their findings using individuals’ perceptions to assess faithfulness of appropriation, consensus on appropriation, and the decision process and outcomes. We obtained, in general, the same findings as did Wheeler and Valacich, and propose perceptual measures as a more convenient means by which such phenomena may be assessed. We believe that our approach to measuring these phenomena may have merit, especially in situations where detailed microcoding may be impractical.
Monozygotic Twins with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Long-term Endocrine Evaluation and Gene Analysis

Monozygotic female twins with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency are described and evaluated over the first 6 years of life. Despite appropriate steroids, NaCI, and fludrocortisone therapies, there was significant fluctuation in the suppression of adrenal steroid secretion. Advanced bone maturation in both was noted. For the first time, molecular genetic analysis was performed and documented that the twins were compound heterozygotes for two different mutations: the maternal allele carried the 8-bp deletion mutation, whereas the paternal allele carried the I172N missense mutation. Parental DNA samples confirmed that the mutations were on different alleles.
Radio observations of historical, extragalactic supernovae

VLA maps of the galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) at b and 20 cm reveal the presence of both non-thermal and thermal sources, lying predominantly along the inner edges of the optical spiral arms. A radio source coincident with the optical position of supernova 1957d is found to have a non-thermal spectrum; thus SN 1957d is confirmed as the first supernova of intermediate-age (~ 10-300 years) to be detected at any wavelength. A second non-thermal source is tentatively identified with supernova 1950b, pending the measurement of a precise optical position of the supernova. Two other non-thermal sources lying along the inner edges of the spiral arms are likely to be the remnants of supernovae which were not seen optically. All four sources have monochromatic luminosities comparable to that of Cas A. A composite “radio light curve” for supernovae and young supernova remnants of known age is presented and discussed.
Energies of the Radiations from Co 57 and Co 58

Using magnetic and scintillation spectrometers the energies of the radiations from ${\mathrm{Co}}^{57}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{58}$ have been evaluated. Several gamma rays not previously reported have been observed. ${\mathrm{Co}}^{57}$ decays mainly by $K$ capture but also to a slight extent by positron emission with an upper energy limit of about 300 kev, followed by gamma rays with energies 14.6, 29, 99.8, 122.8, 137.4, and 700 kev. ${\mathrm{Co}}^{58}$ decays by $K$ capture and with positron emission of upper energy 485\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 kev. Gamma rays with energies of 814 and 500 and possibly 1300 kev accompany the decay.
High performance architectures for Chip-to-Chip Communications on Network Line Cards

In this paper, we propose two hypercube-based, off-chip interconnect architectures, called 3D-interconnects, to communicate between processing elements and memory modules located on network linecards. Our main goal is to increase the throughput of the memory system since most currently deployed linecard designs reach their maximum transfer rate. Moreover, line rates are constantly increasing while at the same time more data and functionality are embedded in each packet. The 3D-interconnect architectures allow multiple packet processing elements on a linecard to access multiple memory modules. The novelty of the proposed interconnects is their application and implementation as off-chip interconnects on the linecard board. Our interconnects include multiple, highly efficient techniques to route, switch, and control packet flows in order to minimize congestion spots within the interconnects and packet loss. Performance results show that both 3D-interconnects, studied in this paper, achieve high throughput, low latency results surpassing other common interconnects currently deployed. Furthermore, the interconnects were able to sustain high traffic load while keeping low failure rates and high bandwidth utilization levels.
Phosphatase and carbocyanine dye binding define different types of phosphate groups in mammalian neurofilaments.

The phosphorylation state of human and bovine spinal cord neurofilaments (NF) was studied by direct phosphate analysis and carbocyanine dye (“Stains-all”) binding to NF polypeptides resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoretically purified NF-H (200 kDa), NF-M (160 kDa), and NF-L (68 kDa) of human origin contained 24, 18, and 4 mol phosphate/mol protein, whereas bovine NF contained 53, 23, and 5 mol phosphate/mol protein, respectively. Incubation of NF preparations with E. coli alkaline phosphatase removed about 55% of the phosphate from NF-H, about 30% of the phosphate from both human and bovine NF-M, but did not change the phosphate content of NF-L. This treatment also inhibited or substantially reduced the binding of electroblotted NF-H and NF-M to 2 anti-NF monoclonal antibodies known to recognize phosphorylated sites on projection side arms. “Stains-all” was found to be a very sensitive probe for detection of phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins. Without the phosphatase treatment, NF and other phosphoproteins, MAP1, MAP2, tubulin, and tau, all bound the carbocyanine dye on SDS gels, forming blue dye-protein complexes. Measured densitometrically at 615 nm, the staining intensity (relative units/mol protein) was 9, 9, and 3 for human and 10, 13, and 6 for bovine NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L, respectively. NF-H bound the dye less efficiently than was expected from its phosphate content. After phosphatase treatment, NF-H, with half of its phosphate residues remaining, no longer formed blue complex with “Stains-all,” the staining intensity of NF-M decreased by 20–40%, and the staining of NF- L was not changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimizing the runtime processing of types in polymorphic logic programming languages

The traditional purpose of types in programming languages of providing correctness assurances at compile time is increasingly being supplemented by a direct role for them in the computational process. In the context of typed logic programming, this is manifest in their effect on the unification operation. Their influence takes two different forms. First, in a situation where polymorphism is permitted, type information is needed to determine if different occurrences of the same name in fact denote an identical constant. Second, type information may determine the form of bindings for variables. When types are needed for the second purpose as in the case of higher-order unification, these have to be available with every variable and constant. However, in situations such as first-order and higher-order pattern unification, types have no impact on the variable binding process. As a consequence, type examination is needed in these situations only for the first of the two purposes described and even here a careful preprocessing can considerably reduce their runtime footprint. We develop a scheme for treating types in these contexts that exploits this observation. Under this scheme, type information is elided in most cases and is embedded into term structure when this is not entirely possible. Our approach obviates types when properties known as definitional genericity and type preservation are satisfied and has the advantage of working even when these conditions are violated.
Charity & Religion in Medieval Europe – By James William Brodman

The variegation of the millennium that is the Middle Ages makes any survey of an enduring topic a daunting task. In this new book, the author provides an accomplished study of the pivotal role play...
Oseltamivir treatment prevents the increased influenza virus disease severity and lethality occurring in chronic ethanol consuming mice

Background: Chronic consumption of ethanol (EtOH) is well recognized to lead to defective innate and adaptive immune responses and increase the severity of pulmonary infections. Our own studies have demonstrated that chronic EtOH consumption decreases CD8 T-cell immunity to influenza virus infections (IAV) leading to severe infections and mortality. Interestingly, antiviral treatment of IAVs has been shown to be compromised in mice and humans that are immuno-deficient. It is known that EtOH can alter the pharmacokinetics of antivirals. Therefore, the effectiveness of influenza antiviral therapy during chronic ethanol consumption remains in question. Methods: BALB/c mice were placed on 18% (w/v) EtOH in their drinking water for 8 weeks. Chronic EtOH consuming and water controls were then treated with 10 mg/kg oseltamivir orally and infected intranasally with influenza virus 4 hours post-oseltamivir treatment. The mice were then treated with oseltamivir twice daily until day 7 postinfection. Influenza disease severity was measured by morbidity and mortality, pulmonary viral titers, and histology. Results: Chronic EtOH consuming mice infected with IAV and treated with oseltamivir have decreased morbidity and mortality, pulmonary viral titers, and pulmonary pathology compared to untreated EtOH mice. Conclusions: Despite the severe immune defect seen in chronic EtOH mice as well as the potential for EtOH to inhibit the conversion of oseltamivir into an active form, treatment with oseltamivir reduces viral shedding as well as disease severity. These data suggest that the combination of a limited adaptive immune response plus the anti-IAV drug oseltamivir is sufficient to curb high mortality and mediate resolution of IAVs in mice chronically consuming ethanol.
Filamentous microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa

The Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, has long been regarded as a promising location for the Earth's oldest fossils because it includes some of the most ancient well-preserved sedimentary rocks, many of which contain carbonaceous matter. Although there have been numerous reports of microfossils from Swaziland Group rocks1–7, the biogenicity of most of the structures has been questioned8–10. Although some of the organic spheroids are probably biogenic10,11, the best early Archaean simple spheroids are generally regarded as ‘possible microfossils’10 because organic spheroids may form abiotically in several ways12. The discovery of less-simple biological morphologies is therefore important in establishing the existence of early life forms in the early Archaean. Uniformly-sized curving filaments, especially tubular ones, are difficult to explain as anything other than the fossil remains of filamentous organisms. Here we report the discovery of numerous filaments from two different stratigraphical positions in the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group of the Swaziland Supergroup. Their morphologies and abundance provide convincing evidence for the existence of bacteria- or cyanobacteria-like organisms on the Earth during the early Archaean. This supports recent reports of similar filamentous microfossils from 3,500-Myr-old rocks from Western Australia13.
A note on the pressure dependence of aqueous polyiodide species

Abstract We have examined aqueous solutions of polyiodide ions in KI-I2-H2O solutions at different pressures by Raman spectroscopy. The spectra show a peak at 114 cm−1 and a shoulder near 155 cm−1 due to triiodide and higher polyiodide ions respectively. There is no observable change in the relative intensities of these bands with pressure up to around 1800 bars, suggesting that iodide speciation reactions are not affected by pressure within this range.
Application of novel quasi-electrostatic sensor arrays for time based data collection and processing of supersonic, subsonic, and transonic revolving projectiles

Sensors capable of measuring the quasi-electrostatic field of traveling projectiles have been developed to detect the passage of a bullet in flight. These sensors provide an alternative to existing optical chronograph technologies, which are sensitive to variations in environmental lighting, and magnetic chronographs, which require close proximity to the bullet’s path. In contrast, electric field sensors are insensitive to lighting changes and prior testing has demonstrated the ability to reliably detect bullets at distances of at least three meters. A linear array of these sensors has been used to measure the time of flight between the sensors, which with the known distance between the sensors can be used to calculate the projectile’s velocity. These velocity measurements are compared to established chronograph technology as a measurement validation. By extending this array of sensors along the projected path of the projectile, a profile of the projectile’s position and velocity through flight can be calculated. This expected utility of this data is in refining the calculations that are performed to determine a ballistic solution, particularly in long range engagements, where there has been limited availability of accurate projectile velocity measurements. This robust sensor array that can easily be deployed represents an inexpensive way to experimentally investigate numerous phenomena related to ballistics modeling.
Aliteracy: What Teachers Can Do to Keep Johnny Reading

Aliteracy, a term describing people who can read but choose not to, is a growing problem in American society. The de mand for a back-to-basics curriculum, legislation requiring minimum compe tency ...
Removal of Cysteinylation from an Unpaired Sulfhydryl in the Variable Region of a Recombinant Monoclonal IgG1 Antibody Improves Homogeneity, Stability, and Biological Activity

The antibody MAB007 was recently shown to be cysteinylated on an unpaired cysteine residue in the CDR3 variable region. Cysteinylation at this position was not complete and resulted in heterogeneous lots of MAB007 with respect to this posttranslational modification. In this report, a mild redox step was used that effectively removed cysteinylation while keeping native inter and intra-molecular disulfide bonds intact. Biophysical methods were employed to determine what consequences cysteinylation of the variable region had by directly comparing cysteinylated and de-cysteinylated MAB007 antibodies. No differences were detected in secondary structure; however, several pieces of evidence indicated that cysteinylation may result in tertiary or quaternary structural perturbations. These included differences in the cation-exchange chromatography and fluorescence-emission spectra of the cysteinylated and de-cysteinylated antibodies as well as differences in the solvent accessibility of the unpaired cysteine residue determined by labeling experiments. Such structural changes induced by cysteinylation were shown to increase the rate of MAB007 aggregation and to decrease the melting temperature of the Fab region by as much as 6 degrees C. The bioactivity of MAB007 was also shown to be adversely affected by cysteinylation and a direct correlation was made between the percent cysteinylation and biological activity.
Do pigeons determine latitudinal displacement from the sun's altitude?

ONE of the principal hypotheses of pigeon navigation is that of Matthews1–3, and although many experiments seem to disprove it, Matthews himself has continued to defend his hypothesis4. He proposes that a bird observes the Sun's movement at the release site and compares its extrapolated path with the Sun's path it remembers from its home location. The difference in the noon altitude of the Sun at the two sites indicates the bird's latitudinal displacement, and the difference in local Sun time at the two sites indicates the longitudinal placement.
Growth kinetics and long-term stability of CdS nanoparticles in aqueous solution under ambient conditions

The ubiquity of naturally occurring nanoparticles in the aquatic environment is now widely accepted, but a better understanding of the conditions that promote their formation and persistence is needed. Using cadmium sulfide (CdS) as a model metal sulfide species, thiolate-capped CdS nanoparticles were prepared in the laboratory to evaluate how aquatic conditions influence metal sulfide nanoparticle growth and stability. This work examines CdS nanoparticle growth directly in aqueous solution at room temperature by utilizing the size-dependent spectroscopic properties of semiconductors detectable by UV/vis. CdS nanoparticle growth was governed by oriented attachment, a non-classical mechanism of crystallization in which small precursor nanoparticles coalesce to form larger nanoparticle products. Nanoparticle growth was slowed with increasing capping agent and decreasing ionic strength. In addition to examining the short-term (hours) growth of the nanoparticles, a long-term study was conducted in which cysteine-capped CdS nanoparticles were monitored over 3 weeks in solutions of various ionic strengths. The long-term study revealed an apparent shift from small nanoparticles to nanoparticles twice their original size, suggesting nanoparticle growth may continue through oriented attachment over longer time scales. High-ionic strength solutions resulted in salt-induced aggregation and eventual settling of nanoparticles within days, whereas low-ionic strength solutions were stable against settling over the course of the experiment. Sulfide recovery from cysteine-capped CdS nanoparticles as acid volatile sulfide was nearly quantitative after 2 weeks in fully oxygenated water, demonstrating significantly slowed oxidation of sulfide when complexed to Cd(II) within CdS nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were also shown to be resistant to oxidation by Fe(III) (hydr)oxide. This study illustrates that aggregation, rather than chemical oxidation, is likely more important to the lifetime of many metal sulfide nanoparticles in the aquatic environment.
Gauging the Strength of Evidence Prior to Plea Bargaining: The Interpretive Procedures of Court‐Appointed Defense Attorneys

An important debate among court observers is whether plea bargaining undermines the ideals of justice. This article presents findings that may rec-oncile some inconsistent research conclusions. It describes how, prior to plea bargaining, one group of court-appointed defense attorneys gauges the strength of evidence through a tacit, taken-for-granted process that emulates trial proceedings: based on their understanding of evidence in the legal community, defenders imagine a courtroom dialogue wherein the prosecution and defense take turns presenting their cases in front of a judge and jury. At issue throughout the dialogue is whether or to what extent information is suffident, legal, and persuasive enough to convict the defendant. Because the process is part of the defenders' ongoing and unspoken daily routines, it may elude unsuspecting investigators. Ironically, this means not only that some analysts may inappropriately conclude that legal ideals play no role in plea bargaining but also that others may ingenuously assume that such behavior is more ethical than it actually is.
Predicting adsorption isotherms of low-volatile compounds by temperature programmed desorption: iodine on carbon.

Equilibrium adsorption isotherms for low-volatile compounds are extremely difficult to measure. A simple technique using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is proposed. It is demonstrated that...
Dynamical scaling during interfacial growth following a morphological instability.

The dynamical evolution away from an unstable steady state is studied for the two-sided symmetric model in two dimensions by means of numerically solving the interface equations of motion. Evidence is presented for the appearance of a regime of self-similar growth in which the pattern is characterized by a single length scale R(t). The asymptotic time dependence of such a length is R(t)\ensuremath{\sim}t. The results also show that the local deviation of the interface from planarity, the local normal growth velocity, and the power spectrum of the interface satisfy scaling relations. In addition, by assuming the existence of such a scaling regime, we are able to derive from dimensional and heuristic arguments a power-law growth with exponents in accord with those found in the numerical solution.
The effects of spatial representation on memory for verbal navigation instructions

Three experiments investigated effects of mental spatial representation on memory for verbal navigation instructions. The navigation instructions referred to a grid of stacked matrices displayed on a computer screen or on paper, with or without depth cues, and presented as two-dimensional diagrams or a three-dimensional physical model. Experimental instructions either did or did not promote a three-dimensional mental representation of the space. Subjects heard navigation instructions, immediately repeated them, and then followed them manually on the grid. In all display and experimental instruction conditions, memory for the navigation instructions was reduced when the task required mentally representing a three-dimensional space, with movements across multiple matrices, as compared with a two-dimensional space, with movements within a single matrix, even though the words in the navigation instructions were identical in all cases. The findings demonstrate that the mental representation of the space influences immediate verbatim memory for navigation instructions.
Synthesis and characterization of glucuronides of cannabinol, cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol†

Partially purified glucuronyltransferase immobilized on beaded sepharose has been used to synthesize the glucuronide conjugates of cannabinol, cannabidol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Trimethylsilylated methyl esters and per(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of these conjugates have been characterized by their gas chromatographic retention times and their electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra.
A game-theoretic equivalence to the Hahn-Banach theorem

Abstract Let Γ X (ʋ) = 〈 X, A (X), υ〉 be a cooperative von Neumann game with side payments, where X is a nonempty set of arbitrary cardinality, A(X) the Boolean ring generated from P(X) with the operations Δ and ∩ for addition and multiplication, respectively, such that S2 =S for all S ϵ A (X), and ʋ:A(X) → R + with ;ʋ(∅) = 0 . The Shapley-Bondareva-Schmeidler Theorem, which states that a game of the form Γ X (ʋ) = 〈 X, A (X),ʋ〉 is weak if and only if the core of Γ X (ʋ),ζ(Γ X (ʋ)) , is normal, may be regarded as the fundamental theorem for weak cooperative games with side-payments. In this paper we use an ultrapower construction on the reals, R , to summarize a common mathematical theme employed in various constructions used to establish the Shapley-Bondareva-Schmeidler Theorem in the literature (Dalbaen, 1974; Kannai, 1969; Schmeidler, 1967, 1972). This common mathematical theme is that the space L, comprised of finite, real linear combinations of the collection of functions, {χa : a ϵ A (X)}, possesses a certain extension property that is intimately related to the Hahn-Banach Theorem of functional analysis. A close inspection of the extension property reveals that the Shapley-Bondareva-Schmeidler Theorem is in fact equivalent to the Hahn-Banach Theorem.
10.6 Micrometer Interferometric Testing Of Infrared Optical Components And Aspherics

Infrared interferometric systems using a CO2 laser operating at a wavelength of 10.6 μm are described. Specific systems discussed are a Twyman-Green interferometer and a Twyman-Green interferometer with an infrared computer-generated hologram (IRCGH). The reduced sensitivity due to the longer wavelength enables us to test optical components necessary for IP high-energy laser systems. This paper also illustrates typical results obtained from testing infrared trans litting materials, diamond-turned metal mirrors, and aspherics. Special alignment techniques and basic limitations of infrared interferometry are discussed.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wild Helianthus as a genetic resource

Abstract An extensive effort was made during 1976 and 1977 to collect and catalogue all species and subspecies of North American Helianthus . Seed or live plant material of all species and all subspecies except two were collected and are being maintained at Bushland. Seed oil percentages and fatty acid composition data are reported for the first time for 23 species. Achene (seed) oil content ranged form less than 20 to 40.2% for the 28 species (305 collections) evaluated. It appears that H. niveus (Benth.) Brandegee and H. salicifolius A. Dietr. are potential sources of genetic variability to increase oil percentage of cultivated sunflower. Much variability in fatty acid composition was also observed. Based upon our collection efforts, we now believe that H. nuttallii ssp. parishii (A. Gray) Heiser is probably extinct. Also, H. exilis A. Gray, and H. paradoxus Heiser are considered to be endangered species and H.× multiflorus L. (a natual hybrid) apparently exist only under artificial cultivation. H. debilis spp. vestitus (E.E. Wats.) Heiser, H. deserticola Heiser, H. anomalus Blake, H. schweinitzii T. and G., and H. smithii Heiser are considered to be rare species. Morphology, habitat diversity, and cross-compatibility of the different species are discussed as they relate to commercial sunflower cultivar improvement.
Method of least squares and curve fitting

SYNOPSISThe primary objects of this essay are twofold (a) to expose certain tacit insidious potential sources of confusion which seem to permeate many writings on the Method of Least Squares, and (b) to deduce compact rigorous formulas for all of the important cases that can arise in the adjusting of a straight line to a set of observed points in two dimensions.The first problem solved in detail is: To determine the parameters (X,Y) of the equation Xx+Yy+1=0 so as to make the sum of the weighted squares of the “residuals” a minimum with respect to a set of observed data x=xi, y=yi; i=1, 2, 3,…n. Two weights, wx and wy, are used. Several new formulas are obtained in this connection.Then the geometrical interpretation of the preceding pure analysis is presented. It is shown that (under the stated conditions) the representative straight line always passes through the centroid of the observed points. The transformation from an unequally weighted (wx>wy or wx<wy) plane to an equally weighted (wx=wy) plane is explained.The classical rules for the formation of normal equations from observational expressions involving the parameters linearly are interpreted and applied to illustrative cases. The method of approximation to be followed when the parameters are not involved linearly in the original functions is discussed and employed in concrete examples.The last general problem solved in full is: To find formulas for the parameters and other determining quantities of the equation of a straight line which passes through the fixed point (xo,yo) and among the points of an observed set (xi,yi) in such a manner as to make the sum of the weighted squares of the residuals a minimum. This line does not pass through the centroid of (xi,yi), in general.Finally, the meaning of the term “curve fitting” is subjected to mild analysis.
TiO2-mediated photomineralization of 2-chlorobiphenyl: the role of O2

Abstract Photocatalytic mineralization of 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) in aqueous TiO2 suspensions was conducted under four different oxygen partial pressures (Po2) in closed reactors. The observed O2 adsorption equilibrium constant in TiO2 aqueous suspension was 0.88 (kPa)−1 based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate function. Apart from the conventional electron-scavenging function, the dissolved oxygen was critical for the degradation of the hydroxyl intermediates, i.e., 2-chlorobiphenyl-ols and biphenyl-2-ol, which are potentially toxic. Degradation of 2-CB in the irradiated H2O2 aqueous solutions under two different Po2 was also studied for comparison. For UV/H2O2, Po2 does not affect the removal of 2-CB, while reducing the Po2 from 21 to 2 kPa resulted in 35% less CO2 formation after 5 h irradiation. The similar O2-dependent destruction of the hydroxyl intermediates was also observed in the UV/H2O2 system. We propose that molecular O2 acts as a key reactant following the attack of a second ·OH radical during the ring opening in the degradation of the hydroxyl byproducts.
Changes in leaf mono- and sesquiterpene metabolism with nitrate availability and leaf age inHeterotheca subaxillaris.

The concentration of leaf mono- and sesquiterpenes is greater in nitrate-limited than in nitrate-richHeterotheca subaxillaris plants and is highest in young leaves and declines with leaf age. To determine whether rates of volatile terpene synthesis and/or loss vary with nitrate availability and leaf age, incorporation of14C from photosynthetically fixed14CO2 and the subsequent loss of label was measured in plants grown under nitrate-limited and nitrate-rich conditions.14C incorporation into mono- and sesquiterpenes was greater in nitrate-limited than in nitrate-rich plants and was highest in young leaves and declined with leaf age. Incorporation continued for several days after exposure, while loss of label was slow until leaves were 4–6 weeks old. These results suggest that the higher leaf volatile terpene content observed under nitrate limitation apparently results from increased synthesis per leaf and accumulation of mono- and sesquiterpenes in immature leaves of nitratepoor plants. Furthermore, volatile terpene synthesis is highest in young leaves, declines with leaf age, and is very low in older leaves. Carbon used for synthesis of this pool may be derived from both current photosynthesis as well as carbon transported to young leaves from older leaves. These data are consistent with hypotheses that predict that greater levels of carbon-based chemical defenses occur in plants under nutrient limitation. The apparent low metabolic cost of maintenance (i.e., slow turnover) of the accumulated terpenoid pool would limit the energetic cost of volatile terpenes as a chemical defense.
A note on the problem of jet stream formation

It is noted that the formation of 'jet streams', or narrow ringlike structures of small particles, in early planetary and satellite systems cannot result solely from inelastic collisions among the small particles. The possibility is considered that gravitational encounters between the particles will perturb them into more eccentric orbits and thus maintain the orbital coupling between particles (or jet streams) in neighboring orbits. It is found that when the gravitational effect of the particles is taken into account, the average eccentricity of the particles increases as agglomeration due to inelastic collisions proceeds. With respect to jet-stream formation, it is suggested that the ever-increasing orbital eccentricity of the particles will aid in coupling together the different 'sub-jet streams', so that large-scale orbital focusing toward the center of the whole system can continue. Alternative mechanisms leading to planetary accretion are briefly discussed.
Measurements of atmospheric parameters using the SOR atmospheric monitor

We discuss the SOR Atmospheric Monitor's (SAM's) algorithms for estimating a number of atmospheric parameters from Shack-Hartmann wave front sensor measurements. In addition to the previously reported Fried parameter work, we report on estimates of Greenwood frequency and isoplanatic angle. We also report on a few months of statistics of these parameters at Kirtland AFB.
Mars habitat modules: Launch, scaling and functional design considerations

The Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA) is undertaking a multi-year research, planning and design study that is exploring near- and long-term commercial space development opportunities. The central goal of this activity is to conceptualize a scenario of sequential, integrated private enterprise initiatives that can carry humankind forward to Mars. Each development stage is planned as a building block to provide the economic foundation, technology advancements and operational infrastructure to support others that follow. This report presents fundamental issues and requirements associated with planning human Mars initiatives that can transfer crews, habitats and equipment from Earth to Mars orbit, deliver them to the planet's surface, and return people and samples safely back to Earth. The study builds in part upon previous studies which are summarized in SICSA's: Commercial Space Development Plan and the Artificial Gravity Science and Excursion Vehicle reports. Information and conclusions produced in this study provide assumptions and a conceptual foundation for a subsequent report titled The First Mars Outpost: Planning and Concepts.
Light-regulated RNA-small molecule interactions.

The development of light-regulated processes represents a noninvasive means to exert a high level of spatial and temporal control over a chemical or biological system.[1] The ability to light regulate the activity of biologically relevant molecules by the installation of photolabile protecting groups that are removed upon irradiation with ultraviolet light has been demonstrated numerous times in this context. Examples of this approach include the regulation of gene expression,[2] protein production,[3] protein function,[4] as well as antisense,[5] DNA,[6] and RNA function.[7] Other caged biologically relevant small molecules include ATP, Ca2+, theophylline, and fatty acids.[8] However, the decaging process only allows for the irreversible activation or deactivation of the system under study, thus limiting the scope of its utility.