cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of Pointed and Yan expression reveals new complexity to the transcriptional networks downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling

Abstract The biochemical regulatory network downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is controlled by two opposing ETS family members: the transcriptional activator Pointed (Pnt) and the transcriptional repressor Yan. A bistable switch model has been invoked to explain how pathway activation can drive differentiation by shifting the system from a high-Yan/low-Pnt activity state to a low-Yan/high-Pnt activity state. Although the model explains yan and pnt loss-of-function phenotypes in several different cell types, how Yan and Pointed protein expression dynamics contribute to these and other developmental transitions remains poorly understood. Toward this goal we have used a functional GFP-tagged Pnt transgene (Pnt-GFP) to perform a comparative study of Yan and Pnt protein expression throughout Drosophila development. Consistent with the prevailing model of the Pnt–Yan network, we found numerous instances where Pnt–GFP and Yan adopt a mutually exclusive pattern of expression. However we also observed many examples of co-expression. While some co-expression occurred in cells where RTK signaling is presumed low, other co-expression occurred in cells with high RTK signaling. The instances of co-expressed Yan and Pnt-GFP in tissues with high RTK signaling cannot be explained by the current model, and thus they provide important contexts for future investigation of how context-specific differences in RTK signaling, network topology, or responsiveness to other signaling inputs, affect the transcriptional response.
Treatment of self‐injury correlated with mechanical restraints

Mechanical arm restraints were used to decrease hand-to-head self-injurious behavior (SIB) exhibited by a 16-year-old female with severe mental retardation. Although mechanical restraints reduced hand-to-head SIB, they were correlated with an increase in other topographies of SIB (e.g., head banging). These other topographies were not significantly affected by the addition of an environmental enrichment procedure, but were immediately and almost completely suppressed when contingent exercise was added. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological arousal and perceptions of a member of the opposite sex.

Summary This study attempted to determine whether physiological arousal can enhance feelings toward and perceptions of an opposite-sex partner. Male and female Ss maintained continual eye contact with either a real-life partner (High Arousal condition) or a life-size slide of a partner (Low Arousal condition) and some were asked to stay relaxed while interacting with a real-life partner (Cool condition). Independent galvanic skin response monitoring revealed that Ss were more aroused in the two real-life interactions than the simulated condition. Males tended to rate their partners less favorably than did females; Ss in the High Arousal and Cool conditions had more favorable feelings toward and perceptions of their partner than did Ss in the Low Arousal condition, supporting the notion that physiological arousal can enhance feelings and perceptions held toward an opposite-sex person.
A Multi-Method Approach to Assess Usability and Acceptability

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System (PROMIS) network, funded as part of the National Institute of Health's roadmap initiative, is in the process of developing a revolutionary computerized adaptive testing system for use in the clinical research community as a standardized method to select and implement patient-reported outcome measures. Soliciting end-user feedback on the system has posed logistical challenges, given the magnitude of the system's scope and the diversity of the target audience and their research needs. This case study presents the application of multiple qualitative methods—participant observation, usability testing, and focus groups—to determine end-users' acceptance of the system and its usability. Findings from these methods highlight the value in using a multifaceted approach to solicit end-user input to software development.
A human-mouse conserved sex bias in amygdala gene expression related to circadian clock and energy metabolism.

Background: Major depression affects twice as many women as men, but the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the heightened female vulnerability are not known. The amygdala, composed of heterogeneous subnuclei, participates in multiple functional circuits regulating emotional responses to stress. We hypothesized that sex differences in molecular structure may contribute to differential mood regulation and disease vulnerability. Findings: Using gene arrays followed by quantitative PCR validation, we compared the transcriptome profiles between sexes in human and mouse amygdala. We now report sexually dimorphic features of transcriptomes in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, and these features are highly conserved across species. A functional analysis of differential gene expression showed that mitochondrial-related gene groups were identified as the top biological pathways associated with sexual dimorphism in both species. Conclusions: These results suggest that the basolateral amygdala is a sexually dimorphic structure, featuring a regulatory cascade of mitochondrial function and circadian rhythm, potentially linked through sirtuins and hormone nuclear receptors. Hence, baseline differences in amygdalar circadian regulation of cellular metabolism may contribute to sex-related differences in mood regulation and vulnerability to major depression.
H2S-Induced Sulfhydration of the Phosphatase PTP1B and Its Role in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response

Although originally considered toxic, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been implicated in mediating various biological processes. Nevertheless, its cellular targets and mode of action are not well understood. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which regulate numerous signal transduction pathways, use an essential cysteine residue at the active site, which is characterized by a low pK(a) and is susceptible to reversible oxidation. Here, we report that PTP1B was reversibly inactivated by H(2)S, in vitro and in cells, through sulfhydration of the active-site cysteine residue. Unlike oxidized PTP1B, the sulfhydrated enzyme was preferentially reduced in vitro by thioredoxin, compared to glutathione or dithiothreitol. Sulfhydration of PTP1B in cells required the presence of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a critical enzyme in H(2)S production, and resulted in inhibition of phosphatase activity. Suppression of CSE decreased H(2)S production and decreased the phosphorylation of tyrosine-619 in PERK [protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase], thus reducing its activation in response to ER stress. PERK, which phosphorylates the eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2, leading to attenuation of protein translation, was a direct substrate of PTP1B. In addition, CSE knockdown led to activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC, previously shown to be mediated by PTP1B. These effects of suppressing H(2)S production on the response to ER stress were abrogated by a small-molecule inhibitor of PTP1B. Together, these data define a signaling function for H(2)S in inhibiting PTP1B activity and thereby promoting PERK activity during the response to ER stress.
Communication Set and the Perception of Ongoing Behavior

Four studies demonstrate that communication set can affect the initial perception of ongoing behavior, which, in turn, can affect subsequent reactions to, or judgments based on, that behavior. Participants expecting to transmit information from an observed behavior sequence to another person unitized (i.e., perceptually organized) that sequence into fewer, but not qualitatively different, meaningful actions than did either participants expecting to receive information from another person or participants with no expectation (controls). In addition, transmitters (relative to receivers or controls) attributed traits to an observed actor less confidently (Study 2), recalled fewer actions from the behavior sequence (Study 3), and experienced less positive affective reactions to the sequence (Studies 3 and 4). It appears from these results that, at least in some instances, the objective of transmitters from the outset is to construct a simpler, more easily communicable summary of information, but not one that i...
Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation for Chronic Pancreatitis

Background Total pancreatectomy (TP) with intraportal islet autotransplantation (IAT) can relieve pain and preserve β-cell mass in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) when other therapies fail. We report on a >30-year single-center series. Study Design Four hundred and nine patients (including 53 children, 5 to 18 years) with CP underwent TP-IAT from February 1977 to September 2011 (etiology: idiopathic, 41%; Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction/biliary, 9%; genetic, 14%; divisum, 17%; alcohol, 7%; and other, 12%; mean age was 35.3 years, 74% were female; 21% has earlier operations, including 9% Puestow procedure, 6% Whipple, 7% distal pancreatectomy, and 2% other). Islet function was classified as insulin independent for those on no insulin; partial, if known C-peptide positive or euglycemic on once-daily insulin; and insulin dependent if on standard basal–bolus diabetic regimen. A 36-item Short Form (SF-36) survey for quality of life was completed by patients before and in serial follow-up since 2007, with an integrated survey that was added in 2008. Results Actuarial patient survival post TP-IAT was 96% in adults and 98% in children (1 year) and 89% and 98% (5 years). Complications requiring relaparotomy occurred in 15.9% and bleeding (9.5%) was the most common complication. IAT function was achieved in 90% (C-peptide >0.6 ng/mL). At 3 years, 30% were insulin independent (25% in adults, 55% in children) and 33% had partial function. Mean hemoglobin A1c was 5,000/kg [24%]) correlated with degree of function with insulin-independent rates at 3 years of 12%, 22%, and 72%, and rates of partial function 33%, 62%, and 24%. All patients had pain before TP-IAT and nearly all were on daily narcotics. After TP-IAT, 85% had pain improvement. By 2 years, 59% had ceased narcotics. All children were on narcotics before, 39% at follow-up; pain improved in 94%; and 67% became pain-free. In the SF-36 survey, there was significant improvement from baseline in all dimensions, including the Physical and Mental Component Summaries (p Conclusions TP can ameliorate pain and improve quality of life in otherwise refractory CP patients, even if narcotic withdrawal is delayed or incomplete because of earlier long-term use. IAT preserves meaningful islet function in most patients and substantial islet function in more than two thirds of patients, with insulin independence occurring in one quarter of adults and half the children.
A Search Technique for Multimodal Surfaces

During the past decade many different computeroriented techniques for locating the extremum of a mathematically defined n-dimensional surface have been developed for use as aids toward optimum system design. The great majority of these techniques locate only the nearest peak if the surface is multimodal. This paper presents a technique for locating the global extremum of a multimodal surface. The search strategy is divided into three phases: a global search, a selection of hypervolume containing the global extremum, and a final unimodal search. The search strategy is discussed along with an illustrative example problem.
Influenza B and C Virus NEP (NS2) Proteins Possess Nuclear Export Activities

Nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) is an essential aspect of the replication cycle for influenza A, B, and C viruses. These viruses replicate and transcribe their genomes in the nuclei of infected cells. During the late stages of infection, vRNPs must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm prior to transport to viral assembly sites on the cellular plasma membrane. Previously, we demonstrated that the influenza A virus nuclear export protein (NEP, formerly referred to as the NS2 protein) mediates the export of vRNPs. In this report, we suggest that for influenza B and C viruses the nuclear export function is also performed by the orthologous NEP proteins (formerly referred to as the NS2 protein). The influenza virus B and C NEP proteins interact in the yeast two-hybrid assay with a subset of nucleoporins and with the Crm1 nuclear export factor and can functionally replace the effector domain from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein. We established a plasmid transfection system for the generation of virus-like particles (VLPs) in which a functional viral RNA-like chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene is delivered to a new cell. VLPs generated in the absence of the influenza B virus NEP protein were unable to transfer the viral RNA-like CAT gene to a new cell. From these data, we suggest that the nuclear export of the influenza B and C vRNPs are mediated through interaction between NEP proteins and the cellular nucleocytoplasmic export machinery.
My amygdala-orbitofrontal-circuit made me do it

I have suggested that the prefrontal cortex constitutes an “executive committee” with five streams coming from posterior cortex and subcortical areas to five pre-frontal executive regions, each of which chairs at least one on-going “sub-committee” and vies with the other executives for taking over central control of conscious attention and willed action. It is through the dynamic interaction of this executive committee that unified conscious experiences and a sense of continuous self-identity are created. There is growing evidence that the amygdala-orbitofrontal brain circuit, in particular, is crucial to impulse control, “knowledge of good and evil,” personality, personhood, and even “how X-me made Y-me do something.” There are striking examples of the ways that orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate “committee members” can stage an insurrection against the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex executive chair.
Long Renal Arteries Too Much of a Good Thing

It has now been >100 years since the seminal observations of Professor Tigerstedt and his medical student–colleague, Bergmann, demonstrated the pressor effects of renal extracts.1 The clinical relevance of these observations became more apparent with the classical experiments of Harry Goldblatt and his colleagues who demonstrated in the 1930s that inducing renal ischemia by ligation of a renal artery could cause hypertension in dogs.2 The identification of renin and angiotensin in the laboratories of Page and Helmer in Indianapolis3 and, virtually simultaneously, by Braun-Menendez and Fasciolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina,4 elucidated the mechanism involved. The search for human counterparts of the experimental paradigm by which renal ischemia led to hypertension and its potential remediation soon followed with the application of the tedious biological assay for renin to venous blood samples obtained from the kidneys with stenotic lesions in vivo by Judson and Helmer.5 This introduced an era, encompassing the past 40 years, when the possibility of correcting this increasingly recognized secondary form of hypertension became feasible. A variety of techniques have now been devised to detect abnormalities of renal blood flow and to attempt to correct them by surgical means or with a variety of vascular interventions when found. Although ischemic lesions of the main renal artery have received the overwhelming majority …
Modeling activated states of GPCRs: the rhodopsin template

Activation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) is an allosteric mechanism triggered by ligand binding and resulting in conformational changes transduced by the transmembrane domain. Models of the activated forms of GPCRs have become increasingly necessary for the development of a clear understanding of signal propagation into the cell. Experimental evidence points to a multiplicity of conformations related to the activation of the receptor, rendered important physiologically by the suggestion that different conformations may be responsible for coupling to different signaling pathways. In contrast to the inactive state of rhodopsin (RHO) for which several high quality X-ray structures are available, the structure-related information for the active states of rhodopsin and all other GPCRs is indirect. We have collected and stored such information in a repository we maintain for activation-specific structural data available for rhodopsin-like GPCRs, http://www.physiology.med.cornell.edu/GPCRactivation/gpcrindex.html. Using these data as structural constraints, we have applied Simulated Annealing Molecular Dynamics to construct a number of different active state models of RHO starting from the known inactive structure. The common features of the models indicate that TM3 and TM5 play an important role in activation, in addition to the well-established rearrangement of TM6. Some of the structural changes observed in these models occur in regions that were not involved in the constraints, and have not been previously tested experimentally; they emerge as interesting candidates for further experimental exploration of the conformational space of activated GPCRs. We show that none of the normal modes calculated from the inactive structure has a dominant contribution along the path of conformational rearrangement from inactive to the active forms of RHO in the models. This result may differentiate rhodopsin from other GPCRs, and the reasons for this difference are discussed in the context of the structural properties and the physiological function of the protein.
Absolute shape measurements using high-resolution optoelectronic holography methods

Characterization of surface shape and deformation is of pri- mary importance in a number of testing and metrology applications re- lated to the functionality, performance, and integrity of components. In this paper, a unique, compact, and versatile state-of-the-art fiber-optic- based optoelectronic holography (OEH) methodology is described. This description addresses apparatus and analysis algorithms, especially de- veloped to perform measurements of both absolute surface shape and deformation. The OEH can be arranged in multiple configurations, which include the three-camera, three-illumination, and in-plane speckle corre- lation setups. With the OEH apparatus and analysis algorithms, absolute shape measurements can be made, using present setup, with a spatial resolution and accuracy of better than 30 and 10 mm, respectively, for volumes characterized by a 300-mm length. Optimizing the experimental setup and incorporating equipment, as it becomes available, having su- perior capabilities to the ones utilized in the present investigations can further increase resolution and accuracy in the measurements. The par- ticular feature of this methodology is its capability to export the measure- ments data directly into CAD environments for subsequent processing, analysis, and definition of CAD/CAE models. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)02601-5)
Salicylic Acid Activates DNA Damage Responses to Potentiate Plant Immunity

DNA damage is normally detrimental to living organisms. Here we show that it can also serve as a signal to promote immune responses in plants. We found that the plant immune hormone salicylic acid (SA) can trigger DNA damage in the absence of a genotoxic agent. The DNA damage sensor proteins RAD17 and ATR are required for effective immune responses. These sensor proteins are negatively regulated by a key immune regulator, SNI1 (suppressor of npr1-1, inducible 1), which we found is a subunit of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) 5/6 complex required for controlling DNA damage. Elevated DNA damage caused by the sni1 mutation or treatment with a DNA-damaging agent markedly enhances SA-mediated defense gene expression. Our study suggests that activation of DNA damage responses is an intrinsic component of the plant immune responses.
Policy Critique: Report of the WINEP Presidential Study Group

A Response to Navigating Through Turbulence: America and the Middle East in a New Century. Report of the Presidential Study Group (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001)
Bringing indices of species vulnerability to climate change into geographic space: An assessment across the Coronado National Forest

Indices that rate the vulnerability of species to climate change in a given area are increasingly used to inform conservation and climate change adaptation strategies. These species vulnerability indices (SVI) are not commonly associated with landscape features that may affect local-scale vulnerability. To do so would increase their utility by allowing managers to examine how the distributions of vulnerable species coincide with environmental features such as topography and land use, and to detect landscape-scale patterns of vulnerability across species. In this study we evaluated 15 animal species that had been scored with the USDA-Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station's sys- tem for assessing vulnerability of species to climate change. We applied the vulnerability scores to each species' respective habitat models in order to visualize the spatial patterns of cross-species vulnerability across the biologically diverse Coronado national forest, and to identify the considerations of spatially referencing such indices. Across the study extent, cross-species vulnerability was higher in higher-elevation woodlands and lower in desert scrub. The results of spatially referencing SVI scores may vary according to the species examined, the area of interest, the selection of habitat models, and the method by which cross-species vulnerability indices are created. We show that it is simple and constructive to bring species vulnerability indices into geographic space: landscape-scale patterns of vulnerability can be detected, and relevant ecological and socioeconomic contexts can be taken into account, allowing for more robust conservation and management strategies.
Effects of Magnesium and High Dietary Intakes of Pyridoxine on the Chick

Abstract Day-old broiler-type male chicks were used to determine what effects magnesium and high dietary pyridoxine had on the chick’s performance. The chicks were randomly assigned to 15 treatments of magnesium at 875, 1375 and 1875 mg./kg. diet and pyridoxine at 1, 4, 31, 301 and 3001 mg./kg. diet in a 3 × 5 factorial block design. A regression was used to study some of the criteria. The highest mortality of 20% occurred in chicks on the 1875 mg. magnesium-3001 mg. pyridoxine treatment. Magnesium and pyridoxine had highly significant effects on body moisture. Effects due to magnesium and pyridoxine and the interaction between the two were highly significant for weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization (E.F.U.). At 1875 mg. magnesium/kg. diet, maximum growth response and E.F.U. were predicted to occur on 10 and 39 mg. pyridoxine/kg. diet, respectively. Neither magnesium nor the interaction between magnesium and pyridoxine had any significant effect on carcass protein. Pyridoxine had a highly significant effect on carcass protein. Maximum response in carcass protein occurred at 31 mg. pyridoxine/kg. diet irrespective of magnesium level. Serum aminotransferase activity (S.A.) was significant for magnesium, pyridoxine and the interaction between the two. Pyridoxine requirement for maximum S.A. was 49 mg./kg. diet at 1875 mg. magnesium/kg. diet. Pyridoxine requirement for maximum response was highest for S.A. and least for growth. But S.A. had the highest R2 whereas growth had the least.
Direct Effects of Retinoic Acid on Entry of Fetal Male Germ Cells into Meiosis in Mice

In both male and female germ cells of mice, retinoic acid (RA) is a meiosis-inducing factor. In the present study, we used a germ cell culture system to examine the direct effects of RA on meiotic initiation in male germ cells at the stage when they normally enter mitotic arrest to determine the extent to which fetal male germ cells can respond to exogenous RA to alter their sex-specific pathway. Male germ cells between 13.5 and 15.5 days postcoitum (dpc) were isolated from Pou5fl-green fluorescent protein transgenic fetuses and cultured with or without RA for up to 6 days. In the absence of RA, male germ cells did not undergo DNA replication and did not enter meiosis in culture. However, in the presence of RA, male germ cells isolated at 13.5 dpc expressed Stra8 and initiated the meiotic process. The ratio of cells entering meiosis gradually decreased as cells were isolated progressively at later stages. By 15.5 dpc, isolated male germ cells lost their ability to respond to RA signaling. These cells remained dispersed as single cells and progressed along the male differentiation pathway, as evidenced by the establishment of male-specific methylation imprints regardless of the presence or absence of RA. We conclude that male germ cells maintain sexual bipotency until 14.5 dpc that can be reversed by the addition of RA. Once male germ cells enter mitotic arrest, however, they appear to be committed irreversibly to the male-specific differentiation pathway even in the presence of exogenously added RA.
In Vitro Metabolism of Certain Nornuciferine Derivatives

The metabolism of nornuciferine and seven of its derivatives by rat, rabbit, and guinea pig liver microsomes was studied. Nornuciferine was found as a metabolite of the N-alkylated analogs. A sensitive method for analyzing nornuciferine was developed based on reverse TLC fluorimetry. By using this method, relative N-dealkylation rates were studied with guinea pig microsomes. The conversion of nornuciferine to the oxoaporphine, lysicamine, was observed photolytically and metabolically with rat and rabbit microsomes. Chromatographic and spectral analyses of lysicamine are discussed.
Are voluntary internal controls-related audit report disclosures informative in IPOs?

Initial public offering (IPO) companies are exempt from Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, leaving investors to assess the quality of an IPO company’s internal controls, which affect the quality of management-provided financial information, without an opinion on internal controls effectiveness from management or the external auditor. When not engaged to opine on the effectiveness of internal controls, auditing standards permit auditors to voluntarily state that their opinion does not extend to internal control effectiveness. Given auditors’ limited ability to distinguish financial reporting quality in the unqualified audit report, the costly nature of audit report modifications, and auditors’ litigation risk concerns, these auditor voluntary internal controls-related disclosures are likely informative as to the quality of internal controls. Using a sample of IPOs completed on United States equity exchanges from 2005 through 2014, I predict and find that auditor voluntary internal controls-related disclosure is associated with a higher likelihood of post-IPO auditor-reported internal control deficiencies, higher IPO accounting and auditing expenses, lower post-IPO returns, and lower post-IPO earnings. These associations are robust to addressing the endogenous nature of the auditor’s disclosure decision. Overall, my results suggest that auditor voluntary disclosures are informative. This research should be of interest to investors, regulators tasked with reforming the audit reporting model, and legislators who recently passed Title I of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act that exempts qualifying IPO companies from Section 404(b) reporting requirements for up to five years.
Time for International Cooperation in Terror Justice: A Proposed International Criminal Justice System to Address Transnational Terrorism

The international community continues to struggle to address the proliferation of transnational terrorism. Ideologically driven, non‐state affiliated terrorist organizations, the most well‐known being Al‐Qaeda, have successfully exploited chasms within international law and therefore are met with a fractured and inconsistent global response to their violent actions. In particular, states are unclear and divided as to the due process requirements to be used when a transnational terrorist is captured. Questions concerning confinement, trials, and punishment abound and remain unanswered. This article attempts to answer these questions by offering a proposal for a comprehensive international criminal justice system that specifies how to handle a transnational terror suspect from the point of capture, through prosecution, and into post-trial confinement.
STIs in Pediatrics, Perinatology and Reproduction

The incidence of many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women, including Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is greatest among those under the age of 25 years, a time when many women may become pregnant.
Development and exhumation of a Neogene sedimentary basin during extension, east-central Nevada

An analysis of the Miocene Horse Camp basin in the central Basin and Range province demonstrates that individual components of an extensional basin system may undergo initial subsidence and subsequent uplift and exhumation during extension. The Horse Camp basin developed during Miocene time above a west-dipping detachment fault and between two east-striking accommodation faults. Growth strata indicate that the west-dipping detachment was active throughout basin filling. Lateral facies variations in alluvial-fan, fan-delta, and lacustrine deposits indicate that the east-striking accommodation faults along the northern and southern basin margins bounded primary sediment source areas. During late Miocene time, the hanging-wall block of the detachment system was broken by the west-dipping Railroad Valley normal fault, thereby inducing development of an extensional basin, Railroad Valley, in the newly formed hanging wall and uplift and exhumation of the older Horse Camp basin in the footwall. The total amount of exhumation during Neogene extension is calculated for a single range block, the northern Grant Range. Early exhumation is recorded by the detrital compositions of middle-late Miocene strata in the southern part of the Horse Camp basin. Provenance modeling indicates that approximately 1600 m of Mississippian to Silurian section was exhumed in the range during middle-late Miocene Horse Camp deposition. From late Miocene to Holocene time, both the northern Grant Range and Horse Camp basin were exhumed in the footwall of the Railroad Valley fault. A comparison between the currently exposed bedrock geology and calculated late Miocene exposure levels from the provenance model indicates that 1000–2000 m of Cambrian–Ordovician section must have been exposed in the range after late Miocene deposition in the Horse Camp basin. Modern alluvial fans in eastern Railroad Valley have drainage networks that contain exposures of the fill of the Horse Camp basin, indicating that older basin fill is being recycled into the modern extensional basin. Extensional basin systems having similar basinward shifts of the major fault system are particularly susceptible to uplift, exhumation, and erosional recycling, not unlike the structurally dismembered margins of foreland basin systems.
Depression of Acetycholine Synthesis by Serum from Working Muscle. Healthy Subjects and Myasthenia Gravis Patients.

Summary1. The effect of muscle work of healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis on the ability of serum to modify acetylcholine synthesis in vitro was investigated. 2. Acetylcholine synthesis in mixtures of frog brain and serum from immobilized arm of healthy subjects was twice as much as in the absence of serum. 3. Acetylcholine synthesis in the presence of serum from working arm was 40% less than in the presence of serum from immobilized arm. 4. Acetylcholine synthesis in the presence of serum from the immobilized arm of patients with myasthenia gravis was less than in the presence of serum from the immobilized arm of healthy subjects. The more severe the myasthenia gravis, the less the acetylcholine synthesis. 5. Acetylcholine synthesis in the presence of serum from the working arm of patients with myasthenia gravis was 15 to 26% less than with serum of their own immobilized arm, but on the average 42 % less than the amount synthesized in the presence of serum from the immobilized arm of he...
Influence of Herbivore Diet on the Pathogenesis of Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae)

The relationship of insect diet to pathogenicity and reproduction of an entomogenous nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae All strain (Nematode: Steinernematidae) was investigated in the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). Cutworms fed on collard foliage or on artificial diet were equally infected by and killed by S. carpocapsae. However, nematode progeny production was lower in collard-fed cutworm larvae. The difference in progeny production corresponded to difference in lipid content of cutworms; 210 nematodes per mg were produced from collard-fed larvae, which contained 8% lipids, while 390 nematodes per mg were produced from artificial diet-fed larvae, which contained 16% lipids. Addition of commercially obtained sinigrin, a glucosinolate allelochemical found in collards, to artificial diet at biologically relevant levels also demonstrated suppression of nematode progeny production. It appears that host diet is a salient characteristic in progeny production of entomogenous nematodes.
Continuous Separation of Unburned Carbon from Fly-ash by a Gas Fluidized Bed with Tapping

This paper deals with continuous separation of fly-ash due to segregation in a gas fluidized bed with tapping for the purpose of removing unburned carbon from fly-ash. The flow of fly-ash in the fluidized bed is expressed by a diffusion model. The unburned carbon content of recovered fly-ash is predicted by taking account of this flow characteristic, and the kinetics of segregation is approximated with the rate equation of the first order chemical reaction.
Global Optimization Methods for Aeroservoelastic Concepts

* Graduate student, School of Aeronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Member AIAA Copyright (c) 2002 by J. A. Henderson. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. Abstract The design of aeroservoelastic concepts to achieve radically superior performance requires a conceptual design process that harnesses learning to formal analytical information and experience. For these concepts, multiple objectives become critical to the feasibility and optimality of the product, and multidisciplinary interactions must be understood and exploited at the conceptual level. Concept designs such as morphing wings that make use of distributed actuators to change shape in flight, for instance, have limited control energy and may benefit greatly by the use of aeroelastic leveraging of this energy if the internal structure is compatible with the control system. As a result, structural design, which characterizes the aeroelastic behavior of the concept, must be introduced into the concept design process. Moreover, multiple objectives such as control energy, drag, and weight all become important metrics at the conceptual level. This paper describes an effort to ground conceptual aeroservoelastic structure design processes with global optimization methods to gain information about performance for innovative concepts. The approach uses formal multidisciplinary optimization and analysis tools with multidisciplinary objectives and constraints to populate a design space with different designs with different forms, weights, and performances. The aeroelastic wing design problem is used to demonstrate the process.
alysisHeze Jinan Railway Administration in the areas of drinking water quality an of test results in 2010

Objective Heze Jinan railway areas centralized supply of 29 indicators for monitoring and analysis to ascertain the status of water.Methods In accordance with the drinking water standards(GB/5749-2006)sampling,preservation methods and transported to the laboratory for testing.Results A total of 30 copies of the drinking water testing,colony index rate was 93%,the lowest rate of fluoride,16%,and secondly,Mn,rate was 23%,free of chlorine is 56%, total dissolved solids rate was 67%.Conclusion The quality of drinking water to the broad masses of workers and the health of passengers,still need to strengthen the area of drinking water and improved supervision and inspection work.
Belief & evidence in empirical software engineering

Empirical software engineering has produced a steady stream of evidence-based results concerning the factors that affect important outcomes such as cost, quality, and interval. However, programmers often also have strongly-held a priori opinions about these issues. These opinions are important, since developers are highly-trained professionals whose beliefs would doubtless affect their practice. As in evidence-based medicine, disseminating empirical findings to developers is a key step in ensuring that the findings impact practice. In this paper, we describe a case study, on the prior beliefs of developers at Microsoft, and the relationship of these beliefs to actual empirical data on the projects in which these developers work. Our findings are that a) programmers do indeed have very strong beliefs on certain topics b) their beliefs are primarily formed based on personal experience, rather than on findings in empirical research and c) beliefs can vary with each project, but do not necessarily correspond with actual evidence in that project. Our findings suggest that more effort should be taken to disseminate empirical findings to developers and that more in-depth study the interplay of belief and evidence in software practice is needed.
Lymphangiography in genitourinary cancer.

SUMMARY No radiographic technique is capable of detecting microscopic disease and so the lymphangiogram must always be expected to have more false-negative results when compared with the results of surgical staging. It is apparent, however, that gross nodal metastases can be detected with a high degree of accuracy for selected genitourinary tumors. In spite of advances in diagnostic imaging, the bipedal lymphangiogram continues to have a place in the staging of genitourinary tumors.
What Factors Affect the Valuation of Reward Objects

In this study, we investigate several different factors to determine which ones affect the value received from rewarding performance with non-monetary objects. Prior research has shown that attributions of competence are needed to increase the value of such objects. We extend the literature by investigating several additional factors, and determine whether they add value to the benefits received from the reward object. In particular, we investigate whether the increase in arousal (feelings of excitement and added interest) intensify the benefit of the reward object. We do this by experimentally manipulating the environment between a high arousal presentation of the reward object and a low to medium arousal presentation. We also include attributions of skill (whether the task to achieve the reward object was one of luck or skill) and gender as potential moderating factors. We find that arousal, competence and gender are important factors, whereas attributions of skill is not significant.
Measurement error in CT assessment of appendix diameter

Appendiceal diameter continues to be cited as an important criterion for diagnosis of appendicitis by computed tomography (CT). To assess sources of error and variability in appendiceal diameter measurements by CT. In this institutional review board-approved review of imaging and medical records, we reviewed CTs performed in children <18 years of age between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31, 2010. Appendiceal diameter was measured in the axial and coronal planes by two reviewers (R1, R2). One year later, 10% of cases were remeasured. For patients who had multiple CTs, serial measurements were made to assess within patient variability. Measurement differences between planes, within and between reviewers, within patients and between CT and pathological measurements were assessed using correlation coefficients and paired t-tests. Six hundred thirty-one CTs performed in 519 patients (mean age: 10.9 ± 4.9 years, 50.8% female) were reviewed. Axial and coronal measurements were strongly correlated (r = 0.92-0.94, P < 0.0001) with coronal plane measurements significantly larger (P < 0.0001). Measurements were strongly correlated between reviewers (r = 0.89-0.9, P < 0.0001) but differed significantly in both planes (axial: +0.2 mm, P=0.003; coronal: +0.1 mm, P=0.007). Repeat measurements were significantly different for one reviewer only in the axial plane (0.3 mm difference, P<0.05). Within patients imaged multiple times, measured appendix diameters differed significantly in the axial plane for both reviewers (R1: 0.5 mm, P = 0.031; R2: 0.7 mm, P = 0.022). Multiple potential sources of measurement error raise concern about the use of rigid diameter cutoffs for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis by CT.
Quantitative MRI Changes in ADHD

Anatomic brain MRIs for 57 boys with ADHD and 55 healthy matched controls, aged 5 to 18 years, were compared at the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD.
An extended JBN method of determining unsteady-state two-phase relative permeability

Relative permeability is the reduction of permeability of porous media when subjected to multi-phase flow and a key parameter in subsurface hydrology. The JBN method [Welge, 1952; Johnson et al., 1959] is a well-known method of obtaining relative permeability, which measures the overall pressure drop and the effluent phase ratio versus time during two-phase displacements. By assuming no capillary pressure or gravity, the JBN method obtains the relative permeabilities to both phases at the core outlet. Since data across a range of saturations are acquired in a relatively short time, this method is widely used. This work extends the JBN method by having (1) section-wise pressure drop measurements between the core inlet, four pressure taps on the core and the outlet, (2) local saturation measurements, and (3) local phase fluxes. With these data, the extended JBN method can determine relative permeabilities to both phases at each pressure tap of the core (not just at the core outlet). The JBN extension is shown using a data set where CO2 invades a brine-filled core. From this it is found that the advantages of the extended JBN method over the regular JBN method are: (1) four times more data are obtained, and (2) data are more accurate because the capillary end effect is experimentally avoided. Avoiding the end effect results in tripling the saturation range, and obtaining relative permeabilities that are consistent with steady-state measurements and roughly 40% higher than those from the regular JBN method. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
What is the key to culturally competent care: Reducing bias or cultural tailoring?

Objective: To gain a better understanding as to whether disparities in patient–provider relationships arise from ethnic minority patients being treated differently than European American patients while they would prefer to be treated the same, or whether disparities arise when ethnic minority patients are treated the same as European American patients while they would prefer to be treated differently.Method: African-American, Latina/Latino and European American community members were recruited to participate in one of 27 focus group discussions. Topics included what made a good or bad relationship with a doctor and what led one to trust a doctor. A thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 10.Results: Patients of all groups described experiences that reflected the concepts of patient-centred care, such as wanting a clinician who is attentive to patients’ needs. African-American patients reported experiences they viewed as discriminatory. Some African-American patients felt it was appropriate to racially...
A Lower Bound for the Number of Fixed Points of Orientation Reversing Homeomorphisms

Let h be an orientation reversing homeomorphism of the plane onto itself. Let X be a plane continuum, invariant under h. If X has at least 2 k invariant bounded complementary domains, then h has at least k + 2 fixed points in X.
Discussion of Constance Quinlan's "The Story of the Caliphate: Understanding the Islamic State Through Narrative Analysis"

Scott W. Ruston (Arizona State University) and Christopher Marsh (US Army School of Advanced Military Studies) provide a rich discussion ofÂ Constance Quinlan's monograph, â€œThe Story of the Caliphate: Understanding the Islamic State through Narrative Analysisâ€.Â
Baryonic Beta Dynamics: The Econophysics of Systematic Risk

The conventional capital asset pricing model remains the dominant paradigm among financial practitioners, if not among scholars of finance. The preferred academic approach—Fama and French’s three-factor model—assigns greater weight to book-to-market ratios and firm size as factors affecting the cross-section of stock returns. In order to rehabilitate the CAPM and its near cousin, the efficient market hypothesis, this book proposes to bifurcate beta (the CAPM’s basic measure of systematic risk) along three vectors: either side of mean returns, relative volatility versus correlation, and cash-flow versus discount-rate effects. These three divisions in beta correspond to the three generations of quarks and leptons in the Standard Model of particle physics.
Efficient identification of multiple bad data

This paper describes a computationally more efficient alternative to the bad data identification procedure that is known as the largest normalized residual (LNR) test. LNR test is a sequential procedure where measurements suspected to carry gross errors are identified and removed from the measurement set one at a time. Thus, the computational burden of the test increases proportional to the existing bad data, making it prohibitively inefficient for systems commonly containing large numbers of measurements with gross errors. In this paper, an improved version of this approach is proposed where the number of identification and correction cycles needed to process a large number of bad data points is significantly reduced. Thus efficient application of the LNR test in very large practical power systems is facilitated.
The Student Experience of Model Development Activties: Going Beyond Correctness to Meet a Client’s Needs

For today’s students to be successful tomorrow in the world beyond school, their mathematics education must go beyond assembling a fixed toolkit of skills and procedures. They will need to be able to adapt and apply the material they learn in school in subtle ways, in order to produce tactful and appropriate solutions to problems under constraints and uncertainty. In this chapter, we describe a genre of activities that provide this kind of experience to learners in classrooms settings. We consider the student experience of these activities, and we show how uncertainty about how to apply the knowledge they have learned opens up space for students to use mathematical ways of thinking to interpret the world. We then show how the presence of a concrete Client provides a means for students to continually test whether their emerging solutions are responsive to the human needs and perspectives of this Client, as well as sensitive to other people in the problem who are affected by their solution.
Artificial Neural Network–Based Machine Learning Approach to Improve Orbit Prediction Accuracy

A machine learning (ML) approach has been proposed to improve orbit prediction accuracy in previous studies. In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is investigated for the same pu...