cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sentinel-Lymphonodektomie bei malignen Melanomen

Die Sentinel-Lymphonodektomie (SLNE) ist heute ein essenzielles Standardelement in der Primarversorgung von Patienten mit malignen Melanomen. Dieser minimal-invasive Eingriff ermoglicht die Fruherkennung von Mikrometastasen in den regionaren Lymphknoten mit hoher Sensitivitat und Spezifitat. Das wird allerdings nur durch die optimale Kooperation eines gut trainierten und interdisziplinar besetzten Spezialistenteams gewahrleistet. Die Indikation zur SLNE ist fur alle Patienten mit kutanen Melanomen ab einer Tumordicke von 0,76 mm ohne nachweisbare extrakutane Metastasierung gegeben. Bestandteil der histopathologischen Beurteilung des SLN-Status sollte die mikromorphometrische S-Klassikfikation sein, da sie valide Aussagen sowohl zum Risiko von Metastasen in nachgeschalteten Lymphknoten als auch zur Uberlebensprognose ermoglicht. Daruber hinaus zeichnet sich ab, dass die SLNE – ggf. selektiv erganzt durch eine radikale Komplettierungslymphadenektomie – auch von therapeutischem Wert ist.
Frost heave control of a chilled gas pipeline

Abstract This paper concerns the investigation of a possibility of controlling frost heave of a buried, chilled gas pipeline by heating cables. Experimental and numerical approaches were used to determine the influence of two heat sources placed underneath slab insulation. Saturated sand and highly frost-susceptible Niagara silt were chosen to represent two soil condition extremes regarding frost heave. Laboratory and mathematical models showed good agreement in predicting the size and shape of the frost bulb with variation of heat output from the cables. Experiments on Niagara silt demonstrated the engineering practicability of this system to control frost heaving of a pipeline.
Microstructure of helium-implanted and proton-irradiated T91 ferritic/martensitic steel

In the effort to understand the effect of helium on the irradiated microstructure, the ferritic/martensitic steel T91 was implanted to three helium concentrations of 720 appm, 1260 appm and 1800 appm. The alloy with and without helium pre-implantation was irradiated with 2.0 MeV protons to doses of 2.2 dpa, 7 dpa and 9.2 dpa at 450 °C. The irradiated microstructure, consisting of dislocation loops and bubbles, was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Small bubbles were found in helium pre-implanted samples. No cavities were observed in irradiated samples without helium pre-implantation. Helium was found to promote swelling in T91. Irradiation may not be sufficient for cavity nucleation. However, when combined with helium pre-implantation, irradiation plays a role by assisting bubble growth and promoting swelling.
Women's health care: Rights and responsibilities

We recently participated in efforts to implement community-based women's health programs in regions of the world that are undergoing broad reforms as one form of government is replaced by another. In the course of these activities, we have had reason to review the rich and voluminous literature on the pivotal contributions by patients, providers, and society that result in optimal health for women. This article reflects our perspective of that literature and a framework to achieve that goal.
Centroids Constructed Graphically

The centroid of a finite set of points Archimedes (287-212 BC), regarded as the greatest mathematician and scientist of ancient times, introduced the concept of center of gravity. He used it in many of his works, including the stability of floating bodies, ship design, and in his discovery that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds that of its circumscribing cylinder. It was also used by Pappus of Alexandria in the 3rd century AD in formulating his famous theorems for calculating volume and surface area of solids of revolution. Today a more general concept, center of mass, plays an important role in Newtonian mechanics. Physicists often treat a large body, such as a planet or sun, as a single point (the center of mass) where all the mass is concentrated. In uniform symmetric bodies it is identified with the center of symmetry. This note treats the center of mass of a finite number of points, defined as follows. Given n points rl, r2, ..., rn, regarded as position vectors in Euclidean m-space, relative to some origin 0, let wl, w2, ..., Wn be n positive numbers regarded as weights attached to these points. The center of mass is the position vector c defined to be the weighted average given by
Awareness of Self—A Critical Tool

This paper discusses the applications of self-awareness to all levels of clinical practice, and the urgency for its development in social work students; self-reflectiveness builds clinical competence, can prevent boundary violations and burnout, and offers protection against client violence. It is a basic cornerstone for the development of the professional self, which is the foundation for evolving professional maturation. Students need guidance in becoming aware of how their own feelings, attitudes, and relationships with clients are major factors in the helping process in all service settings, and further, that helping others is in itself a process. Students are generally idealistic, and wish to ease suffering, without understanding the obstacles to be overcome, nor how they themselves would be involved in the process. Social work education, dominated by cognitive-behavioral theories and evidence-based treatments, reinforces students' own tendencies to offer advice and to provide the ‘right solution’ to...
A parameterization for the shortwave transmissivity of stratiform water clouds based on empirical data and radiative transfer theory

Surface measurements of solar flux and total integrated liquid-water content, radiosonde data, and infrared satellite images are analyzed in conjunction with radiative transfer calculations to derive an empirical parameterization for the shortwave transmissivity of continental stratiform water clouds. The data were collected near Denver, Colorado, over a period of six years. A multiple reflection radiative transfer model is employed to estimate stratus cloud transmissivity in terms of the measurable liquid-water path (LWP). A nonlinear fit of estimated transmissivities to the corresponding observations of LWP yields close agreement with a previous, more complicated parameterization. The derived expression for cloud transmissivity is used to predict mean daily surface fluxes for 61 days during which periods of stratiform clouds were observed over the Denver area. A comparison between predicted and measured fluxes shows agreement to within + or - 4 percent, with best agreement for clouds of moderate optical thickness. Potential sources of error are identified with sensitivity studies.
mRNA from human colon tumor and mucosa related to the pol gene of an endogenous A-type retrovirus.

Summary The expression of endogenous retroviral genes in mammals may be etiologically related to genetic diseases including cancer. Recently, A-type human endogenous retroviral genomes have been cloned using the reverse transcriptase ( pol ) genes of rodent intracisternal A-particles (IAP). In this report, RNA from human colon adenocarcinoma and surrounding mucosa was hybridized to mouse IAP pol and gag genes to examine the expression of human endogenous A-type retroviruses. Abundant, heterogeneous size, polyadenylated transcripts homologous to the mouse IAP pol gene were detected in both tissues. Transcripts homologous to the mouse IAP gag region were not found.
Teaching Critical Thinking to Nurses in a Ugandan Hospital

A partnership that was established to provide cross-cultural learning for senior-level community health nursing students from the United States also provided a learning opportunity for nurses at a pediatric neurosurgical hospital in Uganda. The faculty who accompanied the students on the study abroad to the CURE Children’s Hospital of Uganda provided an educational session on critical thinking in response to request from the hospital administrators. Learning outcomes were evidenced through informal one-on-one interactions following the sessions. Even a small contribution such as this teaching intervention in cross-cultural exchange may affirm the belief that “each drop counts” as the nurses may obtain skills that enhance their ability to contribute to saving the lives of their patients.
Reconsidering Openness in Organizational Communication

Much organizational theory and research is characterized by an uncritical acceptance of the efficacy of open communication. In this critique, the lack of support for this view of openness is discussed. A contingency perspective that more accurately reflects the political nature of organizational life is proposed.
Adhesives in the packaging of planar lightwave circuits

Planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) offer significant performance and cost saving advantages over other optical component technologies. However, the packaging of the PLCs has been a challenging task due to the stringent performance and reliability requirements posed by the telecommunication applications. In this paper, those requirements for the PLC-based optical components are outlined; how to use adhesives in the PLC packaging to address those requirements is discussed, such as using high-temperature adhesive to couple optical fibers to the PLCs and using low modulus adhesive to attach PLC die to the packaging case; detailed requirements to the adhesives for PLC packaging applications are listed. In addition, some results of the adhesives developed in our laboratory are presented. Those adhesives can warrant the packaged PLC devices meeting both performance and reliability requirements.
Selective synthesis of dimethylamine over small pore zeolites

Abstract Zeolite H-RHO is highly selective for the synthesis of dimethylamine (DMA) from methanol and ammonia. Shallow-bed dry calcination of NH4-RHO at temperatures from 400 to 700 °C results in progressive deammoniation, dehydroxylation, and dealumination and in dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA) selectivities that progressively change from 50 to 67% and 25 to 5%, respectively. Concurrent changes in dealumination and internal and external acid sites suggest a process whereby DMA selectivity arises from destruction of nonselective sites on impurity phases such as pollucite and/or from hindered TMA diffusivity by either nonframework Al species (NFA) or NFA/methylamine adsorption complexes. Shallow-bed steam calcination at temperatures from 400 to 700 °C results in higher degrees of dehydroxylation and dealumination than shallow-bed dry calcination and in DMA and TMA selectivities that change from 50 to 71% and 20 to 2%, respectively. The higher DMA selectivities result from the higher degree of dealumination and/or the more effective deactivation of impurity phases. Increased activity of shallow-bed steamed H-RHO is correlated with destruction of most of the highly acidic 3610 cm−1 Bronsted sites and to their replacement with weakly acidic 3640 cm−1 OH groups. High dimethyl ether yields observed in samples calcined above 650 °C are associated with an OH band at 3680 cm−1 and attributed to the condensation of nonframework Al species.
Safety of medical and surgical management of chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis

Objective: About 400,000 laparoscopies are performed each year for chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and endometriosis, and an estimated 2.3 million women take prescription drugs for CPP or endometriosis. Although the safety of medical interventions is relatively well established, fewer data are available on complications of surgery. This study evaluates the relative safety of both treatment modalities. Methods: A comprehensive review of available data on medications and surgery was performed. Results: Complications from surgical or medical interventions are unusual. Although few data are available on surgical complications, it has been reported that about 6% of women with deep endometriosis require bowel surgery following endoscopic excision with a CO2 laser. Moderate or severe constipation is common following laparoscopic presacral neurectomy. More data exist on safety profiles of medications, for which statistically and clinically significant adverse events are variable in frequency and severity. Oral contraceptives alone were associated with ocular effects, while only danazol stimulated androgenlike effects. Conclusion: Although complications from medical or surgical treatment of CPP and endometriosis generally are rare, no intervention is without risk. To evaluate the risks and benefits of each modality, physicians and patients can consider whether the risks are acceptable for the degree of efficacy anticipated.
MineScan: non-image data monitoring and mining from imaging modalities

This project is intended to capture and interactively display non-image information routinely generated by imaging modalities. This information relates to the device's performance of the individual procedures and is not necessarily available in other information streams such as DICOM headers. While originally intended for use in servicing the modalities, this information can also be presented to radiologists and administrators within the department for both micro- and macro-management purposes. This data can help hospital administrators and radiologists manage available resources and discover clues to indicate what modifications in hospital operations might significantly improve its ability to provide efficient patient care. Data is collected from a departmental CT scanner. The data consists of a running record of exams followed by a list of processing records logged over a 24-hour period. MineScan extracts information from these records and stores it into a database. A statistical program is run once a day to collect relevant metrics. MineScan can be accessed via a Web browser or through an advanced prototype PACS workstation. This information, if provided in real-time, can be used to manage operations in a busy department. Even when provided historically, the data can be used to assess current activity, analyze trends and plan future operations.
A Higher-Order Poly-Region Boundary Element Method for Steady Thermoviscous Fluid Flows

In this presentation, we re-visit the poly-region boundary element methods (BEM) proposed earlier for the steady Navier-Stokes [1] and Boussinesq [2] flows, and develop a novel higher-order BEM formulation for the thermoviscous fluid flows that involves the definition of the domains of kernel influences due to steady Oseenlets. We introduce region-by-region implementation of the steady-state Oseenlets within the poly-region boundary element fequatramework, and perform integration only over the (parts of) higher-order boundary elements and volume cells that are influenced by the kernels. No integration outside the domains of the kernel influences are needed. Owing to the properties of the convective Oseenlets, the kernel influences are very local and propagate upstream. The localization becomes more prominent as the Reynolds number of the flow increases. This improves the conditioning of the global matrix, which in turn, facilitates an efficient use of the iterative solvers for the sparse matrices [3]. Here, we consider quartic boundary elements and bi-quartic volume cells to ensure a high level resolution in space. Similar to the previous developments [4–6], coefficients of the discrete boundary integral equations are evaluated with the sufficient precision using semi-analytic approach to ensure exceptional accuracy of the boundary element formulation. To demonstrate the attractiveness of the poly-region BEM formulation, we consider a numerical example of the well-known Rayleigh-Benard problem governed by the Boussinesq equations.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Cloud sets as a measure theoretic basis for fuzzy set theory

The theory of Cloud sets is presented and standard techniques of set theory allow for the development of a rich algebra of cloud sets. When measures are added we can introduce the Cloud complement and show that Cloud Sets are isomorphic to fuzzy sets. However, the fundamental manipulations, techniques, and definitions are simpler and more amenable to analysis. For example, the extension principle is easy to define.
Reproductive effects of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) during a controlled exposure study.

Contamination with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (Royal Demolition Explosive [RDX]) has been identified at areas of explosive manufacturing, processing, storage, and usage. Thus, the potential exists for exposure to N-nitroso compounds, hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine, hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX), formed via anaerobic transformation of RDX. Following exposure, reproductive toxicity of TNX was evaluated in three consecutive litters of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine was administered ad libitum via drinking water at four doses: 0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 μg/L. Endpoints investigated included reproductive success, offspring survival, offspring weight gain, offspring organ weights, and liver TNX residues. Data from the present study indicate that TNX bioaccumulates in the liver and is associated with postpartum mortality, dose-dependent decrease in body weight from birth to weaning, and decrease in kidney weight of deer mice offspring.
The blending of rockstone clay with peat for the production of sanitaryware in Guyana

Abstract The objective of this research is to improve the casting properties of Rockstone clay of Guyana in order to make it suitable for sanitaryware production. The clay is kaolinitic, has low plasticity, low modulus of rupture and is void of organic matter. Blending the clay with different amounts of peat can increase its plasticity and modulus of rupture by over 100%. Improved casting, draining, fettling and trimming properties are achieved with no fired color degradation. There is a slight increase in the fired shrinkage. With the addition of peat to Rockstone clay, sanitaryware products are successfully casted and fired on a laboratory scale.
A further analysis of the ethics ofrepresentation in virtual reality: Multi-userenvironments

This is a follow-up article to Philip Brey's ``The ethics of representation and action in Virtual Reality'' (published in this journal in January 1999). Brey's call for more analysis of ethical issues of virtual reality (VR) is continued by further analyzing issues in a specialized domain of VR – namely multi-user environments. Several elements of Brey's article are critiqued in order to give more context and a framework for discussion. Issues surrounding representations of characters in multi-user virtual realities are surveyed in order to focus attention on the importance of additional discussion and analysis of specialized aspects of VR.
Topical fluticasone propionate lotion does not cause HPA axis suppression.

Objective To establish the absence of adrenal suppression of fluticasone propionate (FP) 0.05% lotion when applied extensively to children (3 months to 6 years), with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Study design Open-label, conducted at 6 US centers; 44 subjects (3 to 71 months) with widespread AD (mean body surface area treated, 65%) received FP lotion twice daily for up to 4 weeks. Results No significant differences in mean cortisol levels were detected before or after treatment. At baseline, mean (±standard deviation) cortisols before and after cosyntropin (CST) stimulation were 13 ± 6 μg/dL and 35 ± 6 μg/dL, respectively. End-treatment, pre-CST, and post-CST cortisols were 12 ± 6 μg/dL and 33 ± 8 μg/dL, respectively. All 42 subjects with end-treatment post-CST cortisols demonstrated a normal adrenal response to CST (>18.0 μg/dL). FP lotion was well tolerated. Subjects who had blood drawn for bioavailability showed no correlation between FP levels and end-treatment post-CST cortisols. Conclusions In patients as young as 3 months, FP lotion had no effect on HPA axis function and did not cause skin thinning even when used extensively over widespread, severe inflammatory disease. These results, together with others from studies using cream and ointment, provide further evidence of the safety of FP.
Tensile and impact properties of thick-section plate and weldments

Abstract Most nuclear pressure vessels have been fabricated from ASTM A533, grade B, class 1 steel plate. This steel is quenched and tempered in order to obtain its optimum properties in section sizes from 6 to 12 in. in thickness. The quench-and-temper heat treatment results in a variation in mechanical properties through the thickness of the plate. The room-temperature ultimate tensile strength varies from nearly 97 000 psi at the plate surface to about 89 500 psi at the midsection ( 1 2 T ). The greatest effect of the quench is observed in the nil ductility transition temperature. The 30 ft lb Charpy V-notch temperature varies from −150°F at the surface to + 10°F at the 1 8 T location. Anisotropy due to the rolling is reflected in the upper shelf values of the longitudinal, transverse, and through-the-thickness properties of the plate, These values are 115, 100, and 80 ft lb, respectively, for the three directions. Three welding processes are employed in the fabrication of the pressure vessels. These are the submerged arc (subarc) process, the shielded metal-arc process, and the electroslag process. The subarc and shielded metal-arc processes employ multipass welding techniques and the weldments resulting from these processes are only stress relieved after welding. The electroslag weld consists of a coarse-grained (ingot-like) structure which is unacceptable in the as-welded condition. The electroslag weldment is quenched and tempered after welding. The ultimate tensile strength of the welds is uniform through their thicknesses. Their ultimate tensile strengths are all similar, about 80 000 to 85 000 psi. The impact properties of the electroslag and multipass weldments are not similar. The electroslag weld metal has an upper shelf Charpy V-notch energy of about 80 ft lb, whereas the multipass welds (subarc and shielded metal-arc) have shelf values of from 120 to 150 ft lb. Further, the 30 ft lb Cv temperature of the subarc and shielded metal-arc welds are near −50 to −70°F. The temperature for the electroslag weld metal for the same energy value is −20°F.
On-Line Analysis of Wire Spark Chamber Data

By attaching a medium-sized computer (IBM 1800) on-line to a wire spark chamber system and using simple algorithms, it is possible to analyze all the events and thus have much improved capability of monitoring the experiment. This paper describes the information so obtained and how it can be used.
Functional approaches to teaching concurrency

Traditional approaches to addressing issues of concurrency rely on mechanisms added to standard imperative languages such as Java, such as “synchronized” methods and blocks, combined with a “wait/notify” mechanism used to block and awaken processes when a shared resource is not in an acceptable state. The problem with this approach, however, is that mutable state is potentially accessible via many paths, and each such path must be analyzed for possible race conditions, deadlocks, and safety violations.The root cause of many concurrency problems is attributable to shared, mutable state. In light of this, two approaches to mitigating concurrency problems are immutable variables and state isolation within distinct concurrent actors. Erlang, a language developed at Ericsson for distributed, fault-tolerant switches, is a language supporting both approaches. This paper reports on an experiment to include Erlang as part of an existing course on concurrent systems design. This version of the course is currently underway, and the Erlang material is being introduced as this is written. Results from the approach will be ready well before the conference, and should serve as an inspiration (or warning) to others considering such a change.
An Overview of Less Commonly Taught Languages in the United States

"Critical, rare, uncommon, neglected, exotic, strategic" are a few of the many terms that are used to describe languages as diverse as Amharic, Chinese, and Zulu. The author prefers the value-free and descriptive term "less commonly taught languages" (or LCTLs), in which he includes all human languages with the exception of English, French, German, and Spanish.
High resolution measurement of coercivity variations in magneto-optical recording media

The coercivity of amorphous rare-earth-transition-metal magnetooptical recording media has been measured as a function of position on the films utilizing a micro-Kerr-hysteresis-loop tracer with an effective measuring aperture of 0.5 mu m. The local variations of wall motion coercivity (H/sub c/) in films whose magnetization reversal was dominated by nucleation were as large as 20%. In contrast, H/sub c/ in films whose magnetization reversal was dominated by domain-wall motion exhibited a negligibly small variation from place to place. It was found that the fields required to collapse micron-sized domains were typically 20% less than H/sub c/ as measured above. The predominant magnetization-reversal mechanism in the films is mainly determined by fabrication processes. >
BNP-induced activation of cGMP in human cardiac fibroblasts : Interactions with fibronectin and natriuretic peptide receptors

Cardiac remodeling involves the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including fibronectin (FN). FN contains RGD motifs that bind integrins at DDX sequences allowing signaling from the ECM to the nucleus. We noted that the natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) sequence contains both RGD and DDX sequences. The goal of the current investigation was to determine potential interactions between FN and NPR-A on BNP induction of cGMP in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Further, we sought to determine whether a Mayo designed NPR-A specific RGD peptide could modify this interaction. Here we reconfirm the presence of all three natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR) in CFs. CFs plated on FN demonstrated a pronounced increase in cGMP production to BNP compared to non-coated plates. This production was also enhanced by the NPR-A specific RGD peptide, which further augmented FN associated cGMP production. Addition of HS-142-1, a NPR-A/B antagonist, abrogated the responses of BNP to both FN and the NPR-A specific RGD peptide. Finally, we defined a possible role for the NPR-C through non-cGMP mechanisms in mediating the anti-proliferative actions of BNP in CFs where the NPR-C antagonist cANF 4-28 but not HS-142-1 blocked BNP-mediated inhibition of proliferation of CFs. We conclude that NPR-A interacts with components of the ECM such as FN to enhance BNP activation of cGMP and that a small NPR-A specific RGD peptide augments this action of BNP with possible therapeutic implications. Lastly, the NPR-C may also have a role in mediating anti-proliferative actions of BNP in CFs.
A simple method for the purification of rat brain Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).

Abstract Several methods of purification of Na + , K + -adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) have been previously described for a wide variety of tissues. In general, highest activity preparations have necessitated large amounts of tissue and many purification steps. This article describes a technique that allows partial purification of Na + ,K + -ATPase from as few as 15 rat brains and should be of interest to investigators of the pharmacology of this particular enzyme system. In this modified version of the Jorgensen procedure ( Biochim Biophys Acta 356:36–52,1974) we purified the Na + ,K + -ATPase from 15–90 rat brains, and obtained enzyme preparations with a mean specific activity of 552 ± 37.6 μ mol Pi/mg of protein/hr (95.5% ouabain sensitive). This “purified” enzyme had an activity ratio (Mg 2+ + Na + + K + )/(Mg 2+ + Na + ) of 47.4 ± 12.3 SEM, compared to 3.29 ± 0.17 SEM for the untreated microsomes. Ouabain inhibited the “purified” enzyme with an I 50 of 6 × 10 −9 M. Ouabain binding (644 pmol/mg of protein) yielded a turnover number of 13,700 min −1 . Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme revealed predominantly the α and β subunits with some minor contaminant bands. Previous methods of purification of rat brain Na + , K + -ATPase have employed sodium deoxycholate and high concentrations of Nal; the reported specific activity obtained was generally 150–350 μmol Pi/mg of protein/hr. We have employed higher SDS concentrations than in Jorgensen's technique for rabbit kidney but the procedure is simpler because sucrose gradients are not used. Final wash steps also include 10–20% glycerol in the media. These modifications have yielded Na + ,K + -ATPase of significantly higher specific activity than previously reported for rat brain.
Correlation between patient recall of bone densitometry results and subsequent treatment adherence

Treatment of osteoporosis is often inadequate. One reason can be insufficient patient education following diagnostic bone densitometry (DXA). Therefore, we studied how patients are informed and treated following their first DXA. Individuals who had DXA at a rural hospital in Wisconsin were surveyed with a questionnaire regarding their post-test education and prescribed treatment. Their DXA results and the specialty of their clinician were also recorded. Eighty percent of the 1,014 participants were informed of their results. Of the 341 participants who had normal bone mineral density (BMD), 63% reported correct results, while only 31% of the 309 who had osteopenia and 50% of the 364 who had osteoporosis reported correct results. Accuracy in reporting was not affected by the patients’ age or the specialty of their clinicians. Following DXA, 339 patients (33%) were started on medications; 86% of those remained on some prescribed therapy for osteoporosis, but 140 (41%) did not continue the initial medication. Reasons for discontinuation included side effects (48%) and cost (26%). Patients with low BMD who correctly reported their results were more likely to have received a medication and to continue to take it ( p <0.0001). Calcium supplements were recommended to 65% of those not taking calcium prior to DXA. Internists were more likely than family practitioners to recommend calcium, and their patients reported better medication adherence, as did those with osteoporosis compared with osteopenia. We conclude that, while most participants are informed of the results of their DXAs, the retained information may not be accurate. Correct understanding of DXA results may lead to higher treatment rates and better adherence to treatment among patients with low BMD.
Phosphorus content of ovalbumin and of some products of its enzymatic degradation.

As is well known1,2, the phosphorus content of ovalbumin does not, in general, correspond to an integral number of phosphorus atoms per mole of this protein if its molecular weight is taken as 44,000. About two years ago, Linderstrφm-Lang suggested to me that this lack of stoichiometry might be correlated with the occurrence, in ovalbumin, of two electrophoretically distinguishable components, A1 and A23, the relative abundance of which varies somewhat from one preparation to another but averages about 85 per cent A1 and 15 per cent A2. In the course of the electrophoretic studies carried out in this laboratory of the ovalbumin plakalbumin transformation recently discovered by Linderstrφm-Lang and Ottesen4–6, a modification of ovalbumin was encountered which crystallized in plates but differed electrophoretically from plakalbumin7. The solution from which these plate crystals were obtained was found to be contaminated with Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, probably B. subtilis. In subsequent experiments a subculture from a single colony of this bacterial contaminant was kept in blood broth as the stock culture and was used as a source of enzymes for modifying ovalbumin. Phosphorus analyses of the proteins at different stages of enzymatic degradation were made. A comparison of these results with the electrophoretic analyses has made possible a test of Linderstrφm-Lang's suggestion.
The temporal and spatial variability of rainfall power

In this paper a statistical model of raindrop size distributions is used to examine the temporal variability of rainfall power and to develop techniques for estimating rainfall power from observations of rainfall rate and radar reflectivity factor. The model of raindrop size distributions is based on the assumptions that: 1) raindrop arrival rate at the ground can be represented by a Poisson process with randomly varying rate of occurrence and 2) diameters of raindrops have a lognormal distribution with parameters that are time-varying random processes. The lognormal distribution plays a central role in both characterization of the temporal variability of rainfall power and in state estimation of rainfall power from rainfall rate and radar reflectivity observations. Empirical results are presented using drop-size data from a number of sites in the United States. Spatial variability of rainfall power is examined empirically using the rainfall power-reflectivity relationships developed from drop-size data and radar data from the southern plains region of the United States.
Fgf20 Is Required for Sensory Epithelial Specification in the Developing Cochlea

Tissue-specific deletion of Fgfr1 results in severe defects in the development of both hair cells and support cells (Pirvola et al., 2002). Despite the importance of Fgfr1 in this early phase of cochlear development, the timing for the requirement for FGF signaling at this stage is not known. Therefore, we investigated the requirement for FGF signaling at early stages of cochlear development using an FGF receptor inhibitor. We find that inhibition of FGF signaling from embryonic day 14 (E14) to E16 has a dramatic effect on the development of the sensory epithelium, causing a severe reduction in hair cells and support cells, similar to that reported for the Fgfr1 deletion. The effects of inhibition of FGF signaling on sensory specification are not explained by increases in cell death or changes in proliferation but lead to a rapid reduction in Pea3 and Erm and a loss of Math1 expression. We also show that a specific FGF, FGF20, is the likely ligand for FGFR1 at this sensory specification phase of cochlear development; Fgf20 is expressed at the right time and place to mediate sensory cell specification, and blocking FGF20 with a specific antibody inhibits hair cell and support cell development in a manner similar to the FGF receptor inhibitor. Our results thus define the period of FGF-dependent sensory cell specification and the ligand that mediates this step in cochlear development.
Sympatho-adrenal medullary activity and behavior during exposure to footshock stress: a comparison of seven rat strains.

The effects of footshock stress on circulating levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) and behavioral activation were examined in male rats of seven strains: spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), stroke-prone hypertensive (SP-SHR), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), Osborne-Mendel (OM), Brown Norway (BN), and Charles River Wistar (CRW). A catheter was inserted into the ventral caudal artery of each rat to allow for direct measurement of blood pressure and heart rate and for repeated sampling of blood in conscious, undisturbed animals. Two days after insertion of the catheter, resting levels of plasma NE and EPI were higher in SHRs than in CRWs; no other comparisons among strains were significant. No strain differences were noted in the increments in plasma NE and EPI following transfer of rats from the home cage to a shock chamber. There were, however, significant strain differences in the responses of rats to 5 min of footshock (2.5 mA, 0.4 sec duration every 5 sec). Shock-induced increments in plasma NE and EPI were greatest in SHRs and lowest in S-D, O-M, B-N and CRW strains. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between activity and shock-induced increments in plasma NE (r=0.89, p<0.01) and EPI (r=0.93, p<0.01). These findings indicate an association between activity of the sympatho-adrenal medullary system and behavioral activation during footshock stress. In addition, responsivity to stress was greatest in those strains (SHR and SP-SHR) which are genetically predisposed to increases in blood pressure.
Effect of filipin on liposomes prepared with different types of steroids.

The action of the polyene antibiotic filipin on the permeability of liposomes prepared with lecithin and several plant and other steroids was studied. The effect of filipin was found to be dependent upon the type of steroid incorporated into the membrane. The interaction of filipin with steroids was found to be related both to the functional group at the 3-position and the aliphatic chain of the steroid. Complex formation of the steroid with filipin in aqueous solutions, as detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, correlated with the ability of filipin to increase the permeability of the liposomes.From these results it was suggested that the action of filipin could be used as a diagnostic tool to determine the presence of different steroids in plant membranes. Differences in the sensitivity of subcellular organelles to filipin may be due to differences in the steroid composition of their membranes.
Occupational concerns of women who are homeless and have children: an occupational justice critique.

SUMMARYThe purpose of this exploratory study was to describe the occupational goals and concerns of women who are homeless with children. Twenty-seven women with children living in homeless shelters completed interviews using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Occupational issues and concerns were identified for each participant, and then they were pooled. A total of 169 occupational concerns were described and analyzed. The most common occupational issues identified by participants concerned finances, employment, education, transportation, housing, time for self, personal appearance, home management, and parenting. Analysis of identified occupational concerns suggests that the homeless women with children experienced a range of institutional and social barriers to occupational participation: essentially a form of occupational injustice. This study raises questions concerning the most effective roles for occupational therapists to facilitate empowerment so that women who are homeless ma...
Sleep duration is associated with dyslipidemia in patients with bipolar disorder in clinical remission.

Background The pathways to increased cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder include health behaviors, psychosocial stress and long-term medication exposure. However, the evidence that the association between cardiovascular risk factors and bipolar disorder remains significant after controlling for these co-factors suggests that additional important risk factors have yet to be identified. Our hypothesis is that disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle are an important and under-recognized pathway through which affective disorders lead to increased cardiovascular risk.
Psychological interventions for the adolescent with cleft lip and palate

The normal developmental tasks of adolescence include individuation from family, development of sense of personal identity, and establishment of satisfactory peer relationships. Accomplishment of each of these tasks is potentially more difficult for the adolescent who is also coping with the ongoing treatment demands of cleft lip and palate or other craniofacial disorders (CFA). This article presents treatment strategies that can be used by multidisciplinary teams to assist the adolescent with CFA in mastering age appropriate developmental tasks.
Trends in Undergraduate Medical Education: Clinical Clerkship Learning Objectives

Objective To assist and inform the process of revising learning objectives for the psychiatry clerkship, a comprehensive review of the current state of learning objectives endorsed by national specialty organizations for core clinical clerkships was undertaken.
Mfn Tariff Reductions and Developing Country Trade Benefits Under the Gsp

Pomfret contends that our I977 '....results are almost guaranteed by (our) model's assumptions and hence (our) results provide little objective support for such policy advice '.1 We disagree with this conclusion and still contend that the use of our model and the resulting policy conclusions are valid. In our model trade creation (TC) and trade diversion (TD) can be specified in terms of cross-price elasticities as follows:2
Issues on diversity, training, and mentorship of young scientists: An interview

Academic institutions across the country have long recognized the value of racial integration and have consistently opposed legal challenges to affirmative action policies. Despite these efforts, the percentage of underrepresented minorities in academic positions has not increased in proportion to their representation in society. Recruitment of underrepresented minorities into scientific and academic careers is important, because these individuals provide valuable contributions to research and teaching, and they serve as positive role models to others aspiring to such professions. In this interview, Renato Aguilera, Chair of the ASCB Minorities Affairs Committee, answers questions from MBoC Features Editor Doug Kellogg about diversity in the scientific workforce.
Multi-dimensional neutron computed tomography using cooled charge-coupled devices

A prototype position-sensitive neutron detector was designed and built for two- and three-dimensional tomographic imaging of materials and complex assemblies. The detector system consists of an LiF-ZnS scintillator screen optically coupled to a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD). Practical resolution limits of the single-screen system were calculated to be approximately 100 mu m, determined by the neutron-beam divergence and the resolution of the scintillator screen. Contrast resolution in a (200- mu m)/sup 3/ volume element was calculated to be 1% of the cross section in small samples. The system included the MIT Research Reactor as a thermal neutron source (nominal flux approximately 2.4*10/sup 8/ n degrees /cm-/sup 2/s), a rotating sample holder, and the two-dimensional position-sensitive detector. The effects of scatter were estimated and compared to data. Two- and three-dimensional tomograms of phantoms and several demonstration objects, including a control valve and an oil well dolomite core sample, were obtained. >
Comparison of Bacillus cereus Bacteriophages CP-51 and CP-53

Transducing bacteriophages CP-51 and CP-53 were compared. Unlike CP-51, CP-53 appeared to be a lysogenizing phage. CP-51 gave greater frequencies of co-transduction for linked markers than did CP-53. CP-51 was found to be a larger phage which carried more deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) than CP-53. CP-51 DNA contained about 43% guanine plus cytosine and in addition contained 5-hydroxymethyluracil in place of thymine. CP-53 DNA contained no unusual bases; its guanine plus cytosine content was 37%.
The Multiple Stack Algorithm Implemented on a Zilog Z-80 Microcomputer

A sequential algorithm for decoding convolutional codes, the multiple stack algorithm or MSA devised by Chevillat and Costello, has been implemented and tested on a Zilog Z-80 microcomputer system. The results of this implementation, when compared to those of a (2, 1)8 Viterbi algorithm implemented on the same microcomputer system, show that the MSA obtains significantly higher data throughput. The results of the MSA implementation of a (2, 1)15 code suggest that the MSA is a practical choice for codes having longer constraint lengths than are normally used with Viterbi decoding. The comparative results may serve as guidelines for future implementation of the MSA algorithm on faster, more capable microprocessors.
Differential infestation of honey bee, Apis mellifera, worker and queen brood by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor

Difference d'infestation du couvain d'ouvrieres et de reine d'abeilles (Apis mellifera) par l'acarien Varroa destructor. Nous avons compare les niveaux d'acariens dans le couvain d'ouvrieres et le couvain de reines dans des colonies d'Apis mellifera L. de differentes regions des Etats-Unis depourvues d'abeilles africanisees. Dans une experimentation nous avons trouve 75,0 ± 4,0 % (moyenne LS ± SE) des cellules d'ouvrieres infestees par au moins un acarien, alors que seulement 5,1 ± 4,0 % des cellules royales etaient infestees (P < 0,0001; Fig. 2). En outre les degres d'infestation du couvain d'ouvrieres et du couvain de reines etaient significativement differents pour chaque colonie (P<0,0001 pour chaque test; Fig. 3). La correlation entre le taux d'infestation du couvain d'ouvrieres et celui du couvain de reine n'etait pas significatif (r=0,34, P = 0,28, n = 12). De meme, la correlation entre le degre moyen d'infestation par colonie du couvain d'ouvrieres et celui du couvain de reines n'etait pas significatif (r = 0,19, P = 0,56, n = 12). Ces resultats suggerent que les acariens font activement la difference entre larves d'ouvrieres et larves de reine. Nous avons aussi examine la reaction des acariens aux extraits de larves d'ouvrieres et de larves de reines du 5 e stade. Dans les tests sans choix, toutes doses confondues, 57,13 ± 4,94 % en moyenne des acariens s'arretaient sur l'extrait brut de larves d'ouvrieres et 42,88 ± 4,94 % sur celui de reines (P = 0,0528) (Fig. 4A). La reaction aux deux types d'extraits etait significativement plus elevee que la reaction aux solvants (temoins). Dans les tests a deux choix a la dose de 0,5 equivalent larve (Leq), 84,79 ± 4,98 % des acariens s'arretaient sur l'extrait de larve et 15,21 ± 4,98 % sur l'extrait de reine (Fig. 4B) (t 14 = 6,98; P < 0,0001). A la dose de 0,8 Leq, 89,75 ± 4,98 % des acariens s'arretaient sur l'extrait de larve et 10,25 ± 4,98 % sur l'extrait de reine (Fig. 4B) (t 14 = 7,98; P < 0,0001). Enfin nous avons etudie la reaction des acariens a des extraits de gelee royale. Nous avons trouve que 78,5 ± 2,6 % des acariens etaient repousses a la dose de 5 mg Rjeq (equivalant a 5 mg de gelee royale), 85,6 ± 3,7 % a la dose de 10 mg Rejq et 89, 2 ± 3,8 % a la dose de 20 mg Rejq. La reaction a chaque dose etait superieure a celle suscitee par le solvant (temoin): 10,5 ± 2,9 % (P < 0,0001) (Fig. 5). Nos resultats suggerent que la faible presence des acariens dans le couvain de reine est partiellement du a l'activite repulsive de la gelee royale et vraisemblablement a des differences specifiques dans la chimie des larves.
Mechanistic interpretation of selective catalytic hydrogenation and isomerization of alkenes and dienes by ligand deactivated Pd nanoparticles

Unsupported thiolate-capped palladium nanoparticle catalysts are found to be highly substrate-selective for alkene hydrogenation and isomerization. Steric and poisoning effects from thiolate ligands on the nanoparticle surface control reactivity and selectivity by influencing alkene adsorption and directing either di-σ or mono-σ bond formation. The presence of overlapping p orbitals and α protons in alkenes greatly influences the catalytic properties of deactivated palladium nanoparticles leading to easily predictable hydrogenation or isomerization products.