cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximating the Munsell book of color with the generalized lightness, hue, and saturation color model

The uniformity of a color model (space) is a desirable property for various applications, one of which is color imaging and visualization of quantitative information. In such applications, another desirable property is the availability of efficient algorithmic transformations between the given model and other color models (e.g., RGB for CRT displays, XYZ for standard specifications). The uniformity of the CIELUV and CIELAB spaces is limited to local neighborhoods and rather inadequate globally. The transformations from CIELUV and CIELAB to other spaces are mathematically complex and computationally inefficient. The Munsell Book of Color presents true uniformity but covers only a subset of all visible colors (roughly 1600 uniformly spaced samples). Transformations to other spaces are also complex and require additional interpolations for points not in the original subset. GLHS--the generalized lightness, hue, and saturation color model [7] is a family of LHS models whose members are selected parametrically. A single pair of algorithms provides efficient transformations between all family members and the RGB model. We discuss an optimization process to find a GLHS family member that is the closest approximation to the Munsell Book of Color. We compare the resulting model to the hexcone model, the Munsell Book of Color, and to the CIELUV space.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adapting to virtual environments: Visual-motor skill acquisition versus perceptual recalibration

Virtual environment (VE) technology exposes users to a variety of intersensory and sensory-motor discordances to which they must adapt for optimal performance. Our research has distinguished two types of adaptation: Visual-motor skill acquisition and perceptual recalibration. The first involves learning a new way to coordinate hand and eye, while the second is an automatic, restricted process of perceptual learning. We conclude that an understanding of the controlling conditions and defining characteristics of these two adaptive mechanisms allows one to predict which is the more likely to occur with a given VE and how best to train its users.
Risk society without reflexive modernization? The case from northwestern Michigan

Abstract Energy infrastructure projects have long been the source of public controversy, whether for economic, environmental, or social reasons. In this paper I examine the controversy surrounding the construction of a wind turbine park near Ludington, in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Michigan from the perspectives of Beck's ‘risk society’ thesis and the associated concept of ‘reflexive modernization’. Although many energy projects have been evaluated in such terms, the theories are traditionally presented as a single block. In this paper I re-consider the fusion of risk society and reflexive modernization through the analysis of resistance to the wind farm project outlined above. Following Beck et al.'s guidelines, I ‘test’ for the presence of reflexive modernization, analyzing the case study through a discourse analysis. I determine that while evidence of the ‘risk society’ thesis abounds, it is not entirely clear that ‘reflexive modernization’ is occurring. This is due, superficially, to differences in the involved parties' interests in actually changing (and being open to changing) their ontologies, policies, and procedures in response to critique; and, more fundamentally, to the inherent indeterminability of knowledge, or the realpolitik that conflict between competing claims to knowledge can never be resolved to all parties' satisfaction. To that end, I call for the re-isolation of the risk society and reflexive modernization concepts in relation to energy and other infrastructure projects.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Macrosegregation and Shrinkage in Large-Diameter Steel Roll Castings

Minimizing macrosegregation and shrinkage in large cast steel mill rolls challenges the limits of commercial foundry technology. Processing improvements have been achieved by balancing the total heat input of casting with the rate of heat extraction from the surface of the roll in the mold. A submerged entry nozzle (SEN) technique that injects a dilute alloy addition through a nozzle into the partially solidified net-shaped roll ingot can mitigate both centerline segregation and midradius channel segregate conditions. The objective of this study is to optimize the melt chemistry, solidification, and SEN conditions to minimize centerline and midradius segregation, and then to improve the quality of the transition region between the outer shell and the diluted interior region. To accomplish this objective, a multiphase, multicomponent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code was developed for studying the macrosegregation and shrinkage under various casting conditions for a 65-ton, 1.6-m-diameter steel roll. The developed CFD framework consists of solving for the volume fraction of phases (air and steel mixture), temperature, flow, and solute balance in multicomponent alloy systems. Thermal boundary conditions were determined by measuring the temperature in the mold at several radial depths and height locations. The thermophysical properties including viscosity of steel alloy used in the simulations are functions of temperature. The steel mixture in the species-transfer model consists of the following elements: Fe, Mn, Si, S, P, C, Cr, Mo, and V. Density and liquidus temperature of the steel mixture are locally affected by the segregation of these elements. The model predictions were validated against macrosegregation measured from pieces cut from the 65-ton roll. The effect of key processing parameters such as melt composition and superheat of both the shell and the dilute interior alloy are addressed. The influence of mold type and thickness on macrosegregation and shrinkage also are discussed.
ON THE STABILITY OF SOME CHEMICAL PROCESSES VIA THE THEORY OF POSITIVE SYSTEMS

In this paper, an analysis of some chemical process systems is carried out using the theory of positive linear systems. Some potential simplification in the analysis of the dynamic behavior of the system is possible using this approach, and rapid qualitative predictions can be made.
Abstract 3214: C-strand fill-in at human telomeres requires lagging strand synthesis machinery and is essential for maintaining functional telomeres

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Telomeric single-stranded G-overhangs are required for protecting chromosome ends and for telomerase elongation of telomeres. However, the molecular mechanism for G-overhang generation at human telomeres is unclear. We report here that G-overhangs undergo cell cycle-regulated dynamic changes independent of telomerase activity. G-overhangs are lengthened during S phase due to extensive C-strand resection, and shortened at G2 phase as a result of C-strand fill-in. This delayed C-strand fill-in is mediated by lagging-strand polymerases and regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Inhibiting C-strand fill-in induces telomere DNA damage response and a G2 arrest, suggesting a critical role of proper G-overhang generation in maintaining genome stability. In addition, the last nucleotide at C-strand remains precisely defined throughout the cell cycle. Our results indicate that both C-strand resection and fill-in are strictly regulated during the cell cycle to ensure proper G-overhang generation, and unveil an essential role of C-stand fill-in in maintaining functional telomeres. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3214.
New differential Bottcher-Onsager method used to determine polarizability and apparent radius of tungstosilicate (SiO4(WO3)124-)

A differential form for the Bottcher--Onsager law is derived. Based on this form, a new method is presented for determining the polarizability and apparent radius of the molecules of a solute from measurements of the temperature variation of the density and specific refractive increment of its solutions. The method is particularly applicable to solutes which are only slightly soluble in a given solvent. The density and specific refractive increment of aqueous solutions of tungstosilicic acid have been measured at four temperatures: nominally, 20, 25, 35, and 45/sup 0/C. The densities are found to be linear functions of concentration in the range 0 to 0.03 M. From the density measurements, the apparent molar volume of H/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/(WO/sub 3/)/sub 12/ at each temperature is determined. The specific refractive increment is determined for radiation at 589 m..mu... Using our differential method, we find ..cap alpha../sub 2/ = 50 +- 5 A/sup 3/ and a/sub 2/ = 3.2 +- 0.2 A, where ..cap alpha../sub 2/ and a/sub 2/ are the polarizability and effective radius, respectively, of SiO/sub 4/(WO/sub 3/)/sub 12//sup 4 -/.
Evaluation of plasma concentrations of propoxyphene utilizing a hybrid principal component-analysis of variance technique. Case II--equipotent doses.

Abstract Four normal male subjects were given equimolar doses of propoxyphene napsylate (100 mg) and propoxyphene hydrochloride (65 mg). The napsylate salt was administered orally; the hydrochloride was administered orally and by im and iv routes. Plasma propoxyphene concentrations were determined for each subject at 8 time-points during the 24 hr following administration. The resulting curves were evaluated by a hybrid principal component-analysis of variance (HPCAV) technique which partitions amplitude and shape components of the curves into independent elements. Church's principal component analysis was also used to provide complementary information, strengthen the analysis, and permit a comparison of the 2 principal component techniques. Shape and amplitude differences were detected among the routes of administration, but no differences between the plasma concentration curves of the orally administered salts could be detected.
Doxastic Voluntarism and the Function of Epistemic Evaluations

Control of our own beliefs is allegedly required for the truth of epistemic evaluations, such as “S ought to believe that p”, or “S ought to suspend judgment (and so refrain from any belief) whether p”. However, we cannot usually believe or refrain from believing at will. I agree with a number of recent authors in thinking that this apparent conflict is to be resolved by distinguishing reasons for believing that give evidence that p from reasons that make it desirable to believe that p whether or not p is true. I argue however that there is a different problem, one that becomes clearer in light of this solution to the first problem. Someone’s approval of our beliefs is at least often a non-evidential reason to believe, and as such cannot change our beliefs. Ought judgments aim to change the world. But ‘ought to believe’ judgments can’t do that by changing the belief, if they don’t give evidence. So I argue that we should instead regard epistemic ought judgments as aimed mainly at influencing assertions that express the belief and other actions based on the belief, in accord with recent philosophical claims that we have epistemic norms for assertion and action.
Regulation of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene expression

Natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA) is the biological receptor of the peptide hormones atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The level and activity of this receptor determines the biological effects of ANP and BNP in different tissues mainly directed towards the maintenance of salt and water homeostasis. The core transcriptional machinery of the TATA-less Npr1 gene, which encodes NPRA, consists of three SP1 binding sites and the inverted CCAAT box. This promoter region of Npr1 gene has been shown to contain several putative binding sites for the known transcription factors, but the functional significance of most of these regulatory sequences is yet to be elucidated. The present review discusses the current knowledge of the functional significance of the promoter region of Npr1 gene and its transcriptional regulation by a number of factors including different hormones, growth factors, changes in extracellular osmolarity, and certain physiological and patho-physiological conditions.
The dopant density and temperature dependence of electron mobility and resistivity in n-type silicon

Abstract Traditional analysis of electron mobility in n -type silicon neglects the effect of electron-electron scattering in the mobility calculations. As a result, theory fails to conform with experiment when dopant density exceeds 2 × 10 16 cm −3 . In this work, an improved theoretical model for computing mobility and resistivity as functions of dopant density and temperature has been developed for n -type silicon. The model has been applied to phosphorus-doped silicon for dopant densities from 10 13 to 10 19 cm −3 , and temperatures between 100 and 500 K. The mobility was calculated analytically by appropriately combining lattice, ionized impurity and neutral impurity scattering contributions. The effect of electron-electron scattering was incorporated empirically for dopant densities greater than 2 × 10 16 cm −3 . Additionally, the anisotropic scattering effect was included in the mobility formulations. Resistivity measurements on seven phosphorus-doped silicon wafers with dopant densities from 1.2 × 10 14 to 2.5 × 10 18 cm −3 were carried out for temperatures from 100 to 500 K. Electron mobility at 300 K was deduced from resistivity and junction C-V measurements for dopant densities from 10 14 to 10 18 cm −3 . Agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data for both electron mobility and resistivity of phosphorus-doped silicon was within ±7% in the range of dopant densities and temperatures studied.
A modular RCP for flexible interdomain route control

This paper presents the MRCP (Modular Routing Control Platform), a routing control architecture that provides complete control and visibility of interdomain routing in a single AS. We propose a set of principles for making interdomain routing control more flexible and extensible, and show how the design of the MRCP adheres to the principles and enables new functionalities and services.
Channel gate! Tension, leak and disclosure

The crystal structure of a bacterial MscL shows how this homopentameric channel protein is held tightly shut to prevent leakage whilst at rest. By inference, the structure also shows how a stretch force in the lipid bilayer causes the channel to open. We now have a concrete picture as to how a stimulus 'gates' an ion channel.
Design of bivariate sinc wavelets

This paper introduces a new way of constructing 2-D wavelets which generalizes the univariate sinc wavelets to images sampled on arbitrary lattices. For lattices other than Cartesian, such wavelets are no longer tensor products of the univariate version. The proposed construction method is based on the zonotope decomposition of the Brillouin zone of the lattice and can be generalized to all 2-D or 3-D lattices. While our construction allows for the derivation of sinc wavelets for any 2-D lattice, we particularly study the case for the hexagonal lattice. We present experiments that contrast Cartesian tensor-product wavelet decomposition against the non-separable hexagonal wavelet decomposition and demonstrate the increased isotropy in the latter case.
Spatial mapping of the percentage cellularity in human bone marrow using magnetic resonance imaging

A noninvasive assay for the spatial distribution of the percentage cellularity in human bone marrow is presented. Twelve individuals were studied using two magnetic resonance imaging techniques: (1) fast spin echoimaging with frequency selective presaturation, and (2) three‐point chemical shiftimaging. The data were compared to results obtained using a previously validated stimulated echo spectroscopic method. The results of this study demonstrate that a measure of the percentage cellularity in bone marrow is possible using magnetic resonance imaging techniques provided that high‐quality water or lipid suppression is achieved across the region of interest. Since the method is applicable to bone marrow at any anatomic location, it may prove useful in dosimetric calculations during and after a course of internal or external beam radiotherapy.
Cation Analysis of Woods Hole Sea Water

THE Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, provides running sea water from tanks which are supplied by a pumping system from a point where currents and depth ensure purity. This water provides media for many biological experiments and its cationic constitution may be of significance. Water drawn from this system has been analysed for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.
Hydrogen Bonding and Tautomerism in Anils of Salicylaldehydes and Related Compounds. A Study of Deuterium Isotope Effects on13C Chemical Shifts

Deuterium-induced chemical shift differences on the 13C (DIS) are reported for a series of Schiff bases of salicylaldehydes, 1-(phenyliminomethyl)naphthalen-2-ol and 4-chloro-1,7-phenanthrolin-10-ol. Provided that corrections for the hydrogen donor atom and diamagnetic effects of the surrounding groups are made, plots of logarithms of two bond DIS vs. the chemical shift of the exchangeable proton are linear for compounds in which tautomeric equilibria are absent or strongly displaced in favor of one form. Molecules with comparably populated tautomers in fast exchange fall off this correlation. By this method, anils of salicylaldehydes were found to exist as hydroxy forms with localized hydrogen bonds while 1-(phenyliminomethyl)naphthalen-2-ol and 4-chloro-1,7-phenanthrolin-10-ol were found to be tautomeric mixtures dominated by the hydroxy forms. DIS also revealed that 4-chlor-1,7-phenanthrolin-10-ol exists in solution as an aggregate of two molecules.
The role of generalization in the acquisition of autoshaped keypecking in pigeons

Two experiments investigated the role of generalization in the acquisition of autoshaped keypecking. In Experiment 1, 20 pigeons were exposed to an autoshaping procedure in the presence or absence of food magazine illumination. Pigeons did not peck a lighted response key when the food magazine was not illuminated, but they did reliably peck the key when the magazine was illuminated. In Experiment 2, 12 pigeons were exposed to an autoshaping procedure in the presence of two keylights. One keylight although dissimilar in hue to the magazine light, perfectly predicted reinforcement. A second keylight, similar in hue to the magazine light, never predicted reinforcement. Eleven of the 12 pigeons directed their initial keypeck toward the independent (generalized) keylight. Responding later shifted to the predictive light. These results suggest that generalization plays an important role in the acquisition of autoshaped keypecking.
Governmentality and the National Museum of the American Indian: understanding the indigenous museum in a settler society

This article provides critical analysis of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) in Washington DC and suggests Michel Foucault's governmentality is a useful analytic of power for understanding such complex, cultural institutions. Looking at the museum's political/economic situatedness and the idea that museum reform indicates empowerment, I propose we step away from overly reductive readings of such institutions and adopt approaches which will account for the ambivalent nature of the museum. Rather than understanding the museum as repressive or empowering, I suggest we understand the ways in which it acts as a technology of the self though which cultural citizens form their subjectivity. As I argue, the museum is indicative of a broader discursive shift in power/knowledge formation, reflected by the emergence of ethnic/indigenous museums in settler societies making attempts to include indigenous ‘voice’. I argue the state and private interest work in tandem to provide...
Processing advanced glycation end product-modified albumin by the renal proximal tubule and the early pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.

Abstract: Diabetes is characterized by increased quantities of circulating proteins modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Proteins filtered at the glomerulus and presented to the renal proximal tubule are likely to be highly modified by AGEs. The proximal tubule binds, takes up, and catabolizes AGE-modified albumin by pathways different from those of unmodified albumin. These differences were examined in polarized, electrically resistant proximal tubular cells grown in monolayer culture. In patients with type 1 diabetes, urinary excretion of a lysosomal enzyme predicted the development of nephropathy.
Pleistocene proboscidean fossils from the Alaskan continental shelf

Pleistocene proboscidean fossils recovered from the Bering Land Bridge strengthen the hypothesis that man may have originally colonized the Americas via this route during times of lowered sea level.
Behaviour at eight years in children with surgically corrected transposition: The Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial.

Uncertainty exists regarding the degree to which infants with congenitally malformed hearts are at risk of behavioural disorders in childhood. Data was collected as part of a randomized clinical trial involving 155 children with surgically corrected transposition (concordant atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial connections or alignments). As infants, they underwent the arterial switch operation, involving deep hypothermia with predominantly total circulatory arrest or predominantly low-flow continuous cardiopulmonary bypass as the method of providing support to the vital organs. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist when the patients were aged 4 and 8 years, and the Connors’ Parent Rating Scale at the age of 8 years. When the children were aged 8, teachers completed the Teacher’s Report Form and the Connors’ Teacher Rating Scale. In the cohort as a whole, the frequencies of behavioural problems identified by both parents and teachers were elevated, particularly on the scales for competence of the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Adaptive scales of the Teacher’s Report Form. Approximately 1 in 5 patients had scores for Total Problem Behavior in the range of clinical concern on both the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher’s Report Form. Few differences were found, however, according to the method of operative treatment. Postoperative seizures were associated with social and attention problems. Children experiencing academic problems at the age of 8 showed a larger increase in behavioural problems between the ages of 4 and 8 than did children making adequate academic progress. Children with congenitally malformed hearts who underwent reparative surgery in infancy using a strategy of severe haemodilution and alpha stat are at increased risk of behavioural problems in middle childhood.
In Vitro Doppler Assessment of Pressure Gradients Across Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunts

The relation between flow velocity and the pressure decrease is evaluated in Blalock-Taussig shunts used in congenital heart surgery and is related to the flow conditions and geometries of the shunts studied. The authors propose that the flow conditions within the shunt as well as shunt dimensions need to be taken into account when using Doppler velocimetry to predict pressure drops across these shunts.
Fractionation of the dysexecutive syndrome in a heterogeneous neurological sample: comparing the Dysexecutive Questionnaire and the Brock Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire.

Primary objective: Research on the ecological validity of neuropsychological tests of executive functioning has been limited by disagreement in the number and make-up of the factors underlying the dysexecutive syndrome. The current study sought to determine whether similar components of everyday executive dysfunction are being measured by the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) and the Brock Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire (BAFQ).Research design: Using the same sample, a factor analysis of the DEX and the BAFQ was conducted to determine whether a similar underlying factor structure for the dysexecutive syndrome would be found across measures.Methods and procedures: The significant others of 46 adults with varying neurological conditions completed the DEX and BAFQ.Main outcomes and results: Behavioural inhibition, goal-directed behaviour/intentionality and executive memory/cognition were found to be key underlying factors of the everyday dysexecutive syndrome identified by both measures. The remaining fact...
Numerical Prediction of Evaporation Processes in Porous Media Combustors

This paper presents a numerical study of evaporation characteristics of liquid fuel spray in porous media. A two-energy equation model was employed to predict solid and gas phase temperatures. Governing equations were solved on a two-dimensional axisymmetric computational domain of 2.15 × 20 cm. An air-blast atomizer model was used to inject kerosene fuel spray on to the porous medium. Combustion in porous media was simulated by using a uniform volumetric heat source in the porous region. Numerical results were obtained with a commercial code Fluent 6.0. For a heat feedback rate of 1% of average heat input, the porous medium attained a temperature of 465 K. This data agreed well with experimental data obtained by infrared imaging. With an increase in heat feedback rate, the porous medium temperature also increased. Surface temperature distribution in porous media for different heat feedback rates was predicted. Results indicate that the transverse distribution was uniform within 1.5% of the mean value. Droplet diameter was smaller in spray core upstream of porous medium and increased radially due to the swirling action imparted to the atomizing air. Transverse vapor concentration results downstream of porous medium show that the distribution was uniform within 5% of the mean value, which demonstrates that porous medium uniformly distributes the fuel vapor-air mixture. The spatially homogeneous reactant mixture is important to achieve good combustion, reduce pollutant formation, and minimize instabilities in practical combustors. Effects of equivalence ratio and flame temperature on transverse vapor concentration profiles were also numerically studied. Porous media combustors could be used in gas turbine and industrial burner applications to reduce pollutant emissions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Changes in male courting frequency in pairs of the cichlid fish, Sarotherodon (Tilapia) mossambicus, with unlimited or with only visual contact

Observations were made of approximately 60 adult male and female Sarotherodon (Tilapia) mossambicus . Males residing with females (unlimited contact) displayed significantly more than males in aquaria adjacent to females with only visual contact. In addition, unlimited contact males showed increased courting prior to female oviposition, whereas males with only visual contact exhibited little change in courting frequency throughout the interval between spawnings. Changes in chemical stimuli broadcast by females could account for the results, but other nonvisual modes could be important, especially under field conditions.
Real-time observation of dendrite coarsening in Sn-13%Bi alloy by synchrotron microradiography

An improved synchrotron microradiography technique is being used to study dendrite growth and coarsening in Sn-13%Bi alloy in real time. The morphology of growing dendrites can be well resolved with reasonable image contrast. Dendrite arm remelting, coalescence, and fragmentation have been observed in a real alloy and in real time during solidification under controlled thermal gradients and cooling rates. This research opens a different window to the study of alloy solidification and enables unambiguous understanding of solidification processes in optically opaque, metallic alloys.
Evaluation of the Jones jig appliance for distal molar movement.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the Jones jig appliance on distal movement of maxillary molars and reciprocal effects on premolars and maxillary incisors. Cephalometric radiographs before and after orthodontic treatment of 72 consecutively treated patients, 46 females and 26 males, were measured to define treatment changes attributed to the Jones jig. Comparative measurements were made on a matched sample of 35 patients (20 females and 15 males) treated with cervical headgear by the same clinician. Both series of patients were treated to correct an Angle Class II molar relationship. The molar correction in the Jones jig patients consisted primarily of molar distal movement. Dental, soft tissue, and skeletal changes were evaluated and compared for significant differences between techniques. The results from the Jones jig sample showed the mean maxillary first molar distal movement was 2.51 mm, with distal tipping of 7.53 degrees. The mean reciprocal mesial movement of the maxillary premolar was 2.0 mm, with mesial tipping of 4.76 degrees. The maxillary first molar extruded 0.14 mm; the maxillary premolar extruded 1.88 mm. The maxillary second molars were also moved distally 2.02 mm and tipped distally 7.89 degrees. The longitudinal assessment (initial to completion of orthodontic treatment) showed significant differences between the Jones jig sample and the cervical headgear sample for lower lip to E-line and SNA. The Jones jig sample showed a mean decrease in lower lip to E-line of 0.25 mm versus 1.20 mm (P < .0212) for the headgear sample. SNA decreased 0.40 degrees for the Jones jig sample versus 1.20 degrees (P < .0093) for the headgear sample. However, the Jones jig sample and cervical headgear sample did not show significant differences of the final position in either linear or angular measurements of the maxillary first molars and corresponding premolar-incisor anchor units. The Jones jig appliance demonstrated treatment results comparable with those of the sample treated with cervical headgear. The Jones jig sample demonstrated effective distal molar movement and maintenance of the Class I molar relationship. Advantages of the Jones jig include minimal dependence on patient compliance, ease of fabrication, and ease of buccal force application.
A Note on Indices and Assumptions

(1961). A Note on Indices and Assumptions. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 97-103.
Collagenase Activity in Tissues of Selenium Responsive Myopathic Lambs

SummaryCollagenase activity, measured in terms of amount of hydroxyproline released, was significantly higher in muscle and heart of white muscle diseased (selenium deficient) lambs than normal (selenium supplemented) lambs. No significant differences were found in the activity of this enzyme in liver and kidney between normal and deficient lambs. The significance of these results are discussed.
Microexplosions in tellurite glasses

Femtosecond laser pulses were used to produce localized damage in the bulk and near the surface of baseline, Al2O3-doped and La2O3-doped sodium tellurite glasses. Single or multiple laser pulses were non-linearly absorbed in the focal volume by the glass, leading to permanent changes in the material in the focal volume. These changes were caused by an explosive expansion of the ionized material in the focal volume into the surrounding material, i.e. a microexplosion. The writing of simple structures (periodic array of voxels, as well as lines) was demonstrated. The regions of microexplosion and writing were subsequently characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fingerprints of microexplosions (concentric lines within the region and a concentric ring outside the region), due to the shock wave generated during microexplosions, were evident. In the case of the baseline glass, no chemistry change was observed within the region of the microexplosion. However, Al2O3-doped and La2O3-doped glasses showed depletion of the dopant from the edge to the center of the region of the microexplosions, indicating a chemistry gradient within the regions. Interrogation of the bulk- and laser-treated regions using micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed no structural change due to the microexplosions and writing within these glasses.
Interplay between glucose and leptin signalling determines the strength of GABAergic synapses at POMC neurons

Regulation of GABAergic inhibitory inputs and alterations in POMC neuron activity by nutrients and adiposity signals regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. Thus, understanding how POMC neurons integrate these two signal molecules at the synaptic level is important. Here we show that leptin's action on GABA release to POMC neurons is influenced by glucose levels. Leptin stimulates the JAK2-PI3K pathway in both presynaptic GABAergic terminals and postsynaptic POMC neurons. Inhibition of AMPK activity in presynaptic terminals decreases GABA release at 10 mM glucose. However, postsynaptic TRPC channel opening by the PI3K-PLC signalling pathway in POMC neurons enhances spontaneous GABA release via activation of presynaptic MC3/4 and mGlu receptors at 2.5 mM glucose. High-fat feeding blunts AMPK-dependent presynaptic inhibition, whereas PLC-mediated GABAergic feedback inhibition remains responsive to leptin. Our data indicate that the interplay between glucose and leptin signalling in glutamatergic POMC neurons is critical for determining the strength of inhibitory tone towards POMC neurons.
Medical Library Association Meeting, Seattle, Washington, May 19–23, 2012

The Medical Library Association (MLA) is a group of information professionals interested in integrated delivery of information in the health care environment—to clinicians, medical students and fac...
Structural Insights into Assembly and Regulation of the Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Complex

Plasma membrane PI4P helps determine the identity of this membrane and plays a key role in signal transduction as the precursor of PI(4,5)P2 and its metabolites. Here, we report the atomic structure of the protein scaffold that is required for the plasma membrane localization and function of Stt4/PI4KIIIα, the PI 4-kinase responsible for this PI4P pool. Both proteins of the scaffold, Efr3 and YPP1/TTC7, are composed of α-helical repeats, which are arranged into a rod in Efr3 and a superhelix in Ypp1. A conserved basic patch in Efr3, which binds acidic phospholipids, anchors the complex to the plasma membrane. Stt4/PI4KIIIα is recruited by interacting with the Ypp1 C-terminal lobe, which also binds to unstructured regions in the Efr3 C terminus. Phosphorylation of this Efr3 region counteracts Ypp1 binding, thus providing a mechanism through which Stt4/PI4KIIIα recruitment, and thus a metabolic reaction of fundamental importance in cell physiology, can be regulated.
Silica radical-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation.

Abstract In recent years, more attention has been given to the mechanism of disease induction caused by the surface properties of minerals. In this respect, specific research needs to be focused on the biologic interactions of oxygen radicals generated by mineral particles resulting in cell injury and DNA damage leading to fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. In this investigation, we used electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping to study oxygen radical generation from aqueous suspensions of freshly fractured crystalline silica. Hydroxyl radical (.OH), superoxide radical (O2.-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were all detected. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) partially inhibited .OH yield, whereas catalase abolished .OH generation. H2O2 enhanced .OH generation while deferoxamine inhibited it, indicating that .OH is generated via a Haber-Weiss type reaction. These spin trapping measurements provide the first evidence that aqueous suspensions of silica particles generate O2.- and 1O2. Oxygen consumption measurements indicate that freshly fractured silica uses molecular oxygen to generate O2.- and 1O2. Electrophoretic assays of in vitro DNA strand breakages showed that freshly fractured silica induced DNA strand breakage, which was inhibited by catalase and enhanced by H2O2. In an argon atmosphere, DNA damage was suppressed, showing that molecular oxygen is required for the silica-induced DNA damage. Incubation of freshly fractured silica with linoleic acid generated linoleic acid-derived free radicals and caused dose-dependent lipid peroxidation as measured by ESR spin trapping and malondialdehyde formation. SOD, catalase, and sodium benzoate inhibited lipid peroxidation by 49, 52, and 75%, respectively, again showing the role of oxygen radicals in silica-induced lipid peroxidation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of black widow spider venom on the frog neuromuscular junction. Effects on the fine structure of the frog neuromuscular junction.

Effects of Black Widow Spider Venom on the Frog Neuromuscular Junction: Effects on the Fine Structure of the Frog Neuromuscular Junction
The rate of absorption of water by the skin of the frog, in relation M. H. Fischer's theory of edema

ConclusionThe swelling of frog's legs, in which the circulation of the blood is stopped, may be accounted for by osmotic pressure.
Factors affecting the synthesis and release of the extracellular protease of Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 2160.

Abstract The factors which affect the secretion of the extracellular protease of Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 2160 have been investigated. The secretion of the enzyme appeared to be regulated, since the age of the culture fluid was found to influence secretion. An inverse relationship between the concentration of glucose in growth cultures and the formation of the enzyme was established in experiments in which glucose levels were either measured, or kept constant. These results were extended in a study of the effect of glucose on the incorporation of amino acids into the protease. The addition of cyclic AMP to growth cultures resulted in an alleviation of the effects of glucose. These observations suggest that the secretion of the protease is sensitive to catabolite repression.
Adult Perceptions of Leisure: Life Experiences and Life Structure

Abstract This study examined two questions. First, to what extent did middle aged adults value leisure and perceive freedom in leisure? Second, what was the relationship between valuing leisure, perceived freedom in leisure, and actual life experiences and perceptions of life structure during middle adulthood? Male and female adults between ages 30 and 60 (N = 304) participated in the study by completing a questionnaire packet which contained the following instruments: The Life Structure Assessment, The Life Experiences Survey, The Leisure Ethic Scale, and The Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale. Respondents tended to value leisure and to perceive freedom in leisure. Findings revealed that perceived freedom in leisure (but not valuing leisure) was associated with both life experiences and perceptions of life structure.
Primary graft dysfunction and other selected complications of lung transplantation: A single-center experience of 983 patients

Objectives We sought to review the incidence and outcome of lung transplantation complications observed over 15 years at a single center. Methods We performed a retrospective review from our databases, tracking outcomes after adult and pediatric lung transplantation. The 983 operations between July 1988 and September 2003 included 277 pediatric and 706 adult recipients. Bilateral (74%), unilateral (19%), and living lobar transplants (4%) comprised the bulk of this experience. Retransplantations accounted for 44 (4.5%) of the operations. Results The groups differed by indication for transplantation. The adults included 57% with emphysema and 17% with cystic fibrosis, and the children included no patients with emphysema and 50% with cystic fibrosis. Hospital mortality was 96 (9.8%) of 983, including 46 (17%) of 277 of the children and 50 (7%) of 706 of the adults. The overall survival curves did not differ between adults and children ( P = .56). Freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome at 5 and 10 years was 45% and 18% for adults and 48% and 30% for children, respectively ( P = .53). The causes of death for adults included bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (40%), respiratory failure (17%), and infection (14%), whereas the causes of death in children included bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (35%), infection (28%), and respiratory failure (21%) ( P P P = .48). The frequency of primary graft dysfunction did not differ between children (22%) and adults (23%), despite disparity in the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Conclusion These results highlight major complications after lung transplantation. Despite differences in underlying diagnoses and operative techniques, the 2 cohorts of patients experienced remarkably similar outcomes.
Assessing solar potential of commercial and residential buildings in Indianapolis using LiDAR and GIS modeling

Renewable energy systems (RES) have become a vital part of energy use due to the fact that fossil energy declines and demand for energy keeps growing. Among all types of renewable energies, solar energy is the most important resource for the urban areas, since it is easy to obtain, renewable, and produces very little waste. In dense urban areas, building roofs have been utilized or are considered as the locations for Photovoltaic system (PV) or solar panel installation. This research aimed at extracting building roofs from LiDAR data using an object-based segmentation method in City of Indianapolis, USA, and calculating annual solar energy yield for each extracted roof. LiDAR Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was subtracted from LiDAR Digital Surface Model (DSM) to produce the Normalized Height Model (NHM), which represented the absolute heights of objects on the ground. The building extraction was implemented by using a fuzzy rule-based classification method to filter out commonly seen features in the urban environment such as trees, lawns, and roads. Annual solar radiation yield for each roof plane was calculated based on a hemispherical viewed algorithm. Shadowing effect caused by surrounding trees and solid objects were also taken into account to obtain more accurate solar energy values. Finally, suitability of PV installation for individual roofs was rated based on their annual solar energy output. All extracted roof planes were saved as polygons containing the information of size, azimuth, slope, and exposure for future use.
Sex-biased dispersal in the contemporary United States

Abstract Females in the contemporary United States disperse farther and are less philopatric than males, a pattern rare among mammals. This difference occurs primarily during the period of first independence following graduation from high School. I examine the patterns and possible causes of sex bias in internal migration using data derived from high school reunion booklets and a survey conducted on a sample of individuals selected from reunion booklets. The bias, which is small but significant, is largely eliminated when locality and socioeconomic factors are controlled. This suggests that these factors affect the sexes differentially. In general, females who move away to college or obtain jobs that are important to their residence are more likely to disperse relatively long distances, while males appear to be more constrained in their dispersal patterns. Female-biased dispersal (virilocal residence) in many nonindustrialized human societies is apparently a consequence of differences between the sexes in patterns of resource accumulation, exemplified by patrilinial inheritance. Similar differences still characterize, to a lesser extent, modern industrialized societies, and may be responsible, at least in part, for the pattern of sex-biased dispersal found in this study.
The effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on single hypoglossal nerve fiber activity.

Abstract The respiratory related modulation of hypoglossal nerve activity has been studied at the single fiber level in cats under hyperoxic hypercapnia and hypoxic conditions and their conduction velocities determined. Changes in fiber activity wer compared to simultaneous changes occurring in phrenic activity. Three different kinds of discharge patterns were observed: (a) inspiratory, (b) phasic activity during both inspiration and expiration, and (c) continuous random with no respiratory modulation. These fibers could be grouped into three categories according to their pattern of discharge during CO 2 breathing. Type I fibers, mean conduction velocity of 30.0 m/sec, exhibited only an inspiratory phasic discharge during 100% O 2 breathing. Their discharge frequency increased rapidly with higher levesl of CO 2 and hypoxia. Type II fibers, mean conduction volocity of 36.7 m/sec, had three different kinds of inspiratory-expiratory discharge patterns during 100% O 2 breathing. With increasing hypercapnia of hypoxia fibers of this group discharged phasically during inspiration and discharged at low frequency during expiration. Type III fibers has a non phasic discharge pattern at 100% O 2 breathing and at all levels of CO 2 tested (up to 10%). Discharge frequency rose during CO 2 rebreathing and hypoxia, but the rate of increase was much less than Type I and Type II fibers. Their mean conduction velocity was 41.3 m/sec. The inspiratory activity of Type I and II fibers increased their activity more than the phrenic during hypercapnia and hypoxia. Type II and Type III fibers are responsible at least in part for the tonic activity of the nerve.
Ultrathin, Multilayered Polyelectrolyte Films as Nanofiltration Membranes

This study shows that alternating polyelectrolyte deposition on porous supports can yield nanofiltration membranes that allow high water flux along with selective ion transport. Membranes composed of 4.5−5 layer pairs of poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PSS/PAH) on porous alumina allow water fluxes of 1−2 m3 m-2 day-1 at 4.8 bar while exhibiting MgSO4 rejections of 96%. Rejections of CaCl2 and Na2SO4 depend on polyelectrolyte deposition conditions and the composition of the outer layer of the membrane. In general, divalent-ion rejection increases when the charge of the outer layer of the membrane has the same sign as the divalent ion being rejected. Increasing the concentration of the supporting electrolyte present during deposition of the terminating PSS layer of PSS/PAH membranes results in a higher surface charge, and hence higher Na2SO4 rejections (up to 95%). Nanofiltration with mixed solutions of NaCl and Na2SO4 yields Cl-/SO42- selectivities of about 30 when the top layer of ...
Resolution improvement in nonlinear photoacoustic microscopy near threshold

We experimentally show a resolution improvement in photoacoustic imaging due to a threshold-type nonlinearity in the photoacoustic response. We quantify the resolution improvement and the associated noise.
Adenosinetriphosphatase and 5-Nucleotidase Activities in the Plasma Membrane of Liver Cells as Revealed by Electron Microscopy

The sites of reaction product resulting from ATPase and 5-nucleotidase activities remaining in parenchymatous cells of osmium-fixed rat liver were studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. These indicate that both ATPase and 5-nucleotidase activities are localized in the plasma membrane where it folds to form the microvilli of the bile canaliculus, and that 5-nucleotidase activity is also present in the microvilli at the sinusoidal aspects of the cells. It is suggested that these enzymes, particularly ATPase, may play a role in molecular transport or in some kind of membrane activity at the cell surface. Of special interest is the apparent differential localization of these enzymes at the absorptive and secretory regions of the plasma membrane of the cell. It may be of interest to study changes in these enzyme localizations in pathologic states, as a sign of changed cell function. Some of the difficulties in the interpretation of enzyme reaction products seen in electron micrographs are discussed.