cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotating detonation wave mechanics through ethylene-air mixtures in hollow combustors, and implications to high frequency combustion instabilities

Abstract Recent investigations into the rotating detonation phenomenon have involved its inception and sustenance in hollow combustors, in contrast to the traditional annular rotating detonation combustor (RDC) designs. Despite this proof-of-concept, the mechanism of propagation of detonation waves in hollow combustors is unclear. On the other hand, the decades-old issue of high frequency combustion instabilities, especially in rocket engines, has been known to produce distinct shock waves that are in-sync with regions of intense combustion, the reason for which is widely attributed to the Rayleigh criterion. In this paper, we argue that there is a considerable overlap in the physics behind the reported rotating detonations in hollow RDCs and the high frequency tangential combustion instabilities that are known to wreak havoc on engines. To support this notion, an atmospheric hollow combustor is experimentally tested to attain the baseline performance. It is then ‘transformed’ into a hollow RDC by the use of a flow-turning obstacle that diverts the combustible ethylene-air mixture towards the outer wall. Two distinct mechanisms are found to cause rotating detonations in a hollow combustor, and subsequently predicate its stability. The observed modes are analogous to the behavior exhibited by planar detonations at the near-limit. This explains not only the widely observed velocity and pressure deficits in rotating detonations, but also the “steep-fronted”, “detonation-like” behavior noted in high frequency combustion instabilities.
The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits: VOLTAGE REFERENCES AND BIASING

INTRODUCTION The previous chapter on amplifier design generally ignored the issue of generating suitable bias voltages or currents. This neglect was by conscious design in order to minimize clutter in the circuit diagrams. In this chapter we finally take up the study of this important topic, focusing on a variety of ways to generate voltages and currents that are relatively independent of supply voltage and temperature. Because CMOS offers relatively limited options for realizing bias circuits, we'll see that some of the most useful biasing idioms are actually those based on bipolar circuits. A parasitic bipolar device exists in every CMOS technology and may be used, for example, in a bandgap voltage reference. Even though the characteristics of parasitic transistors are far from ideal, the performance of bias circuits made with such devices is frequently vastly superior to that of “pure” CMOS bias circuits. In what follows, it is worthwhile to keep in mind that any voltage we produce must depend on some collection of parameters that ultimately have the dimensions of a voltage (such as kT / q , for example). Similarly, any current we produce must depend on parameters that ultimately have the dimensions of current (such as V/R ). Although seemingly obvious and trivial statements, we'll see that they are extremely useful guides for the design of stable references.
The Sensitization of Ascospores to Chemical Activators by Heat Treatment

Short exposures of ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma to temperatures between 38°–50° C have been shown to increase the activating effect of furfural. 28-month-old ascospores, as well as more rec...
Genetic predisposition for inflammation exacerbates effects of striatal iron content on cognitive switching ability in healthy aging.

Abstract Non-heme iron homeostasis interacts with inflammation bidirectionally, and both contribute to age-related decline in brain structure and function via oxidative stress. Thus, individuals with genetic predisposition for inflammation may be at greater risk for brain iron accumulation during aging and more vulnerable to cognitive decline. We examine this hypothesis in a lifespan sample of healthy adults (N = 183, age 20–94 years) who underwent R2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to estimate regional iron content and genotyping of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine for which the T allelle of the single nucleotide polymorphism increases risk for chronic neuroinflammation. Older age was associated with greater striatal iron content that in turn accounted for poorer cognitive switching performance. Heterozygote IL-1β T-carriers demonstrated poorer switching performance in relation to striatal iron content as compared to IL-1β C/C counterparts, despite the two groups being of similar age. With increasing genetic inflammation risk, homozygote IL-1β T/T carriers had lesser age-related variance in striatal iron content as compared to the other groups but showed a similar association of greater striatal iron content predicting poorer cognitive switching. Non-heme iron and inflammation, although necessary for normal neuronal function, both promote oxidative stress that when accumulated in excess, drives a complex mechanism of neural and cognitive decline in aging.
The impact of asphaltene deposition on fluid flow in sandstone

Abstract Asphaltene deposition in oil reservoirs is a contentious issue affecting both well and reservoir productivity. Though the phenomenon has been previously studied in several laboratory experiments, the uniformity aspects of the asphaltene deposit are usually overlooked. We have previously developed an experimental workflow to create a uniform deposit of asphaltene inside the core sample. In this study, the impact of this uniform deposit on fluid flow is quantified through imbibition, corefloods and relative permeability experiments. In addition, the lab results are used in a field scale simulation to investigate the impact of deposition on field performance. The results exhibit a shift in the wettability state where a reduction in both water imbibition rate and capacity are observed after deposition. Besides, up to 25% reduction in absolute permeability is detected. Results of pressure drop experiments across the core conducted on the exposed rocks indicate a change in the wetting characteristics, with the exposed rocks becoming more mixed/intermediate wet and varying with the change in the initial brine saturation in the rock. Subsequently, the relative permeability set is affected where a shift in the oil residual saturation, a downgrade in the oil curve and an upgrade in the water curve are observed. Upscaling this new data to field scale indicated a loss of more than half of the well productivity and an earlier breakthrough if waterflooding is implemented.
Computational Offloading for Energy Constrained Devices in Multi-Hop Cooperative Networks

As the number of mobile devices that natively support ad hoc communication protocols increase, large ad hoc networks can be created not only to facilitate communication among the mobile devices, but also to assist devices that are executing computationally intensive applications. Prior work has developed computation offloading systems for mobile devices, but this work has focused exclusively on offloading to single hop neighbors, due in part to the practical challenges of setting up multi-hop networks using existing ad hoc communication protocols. However, limiting the offloading of computation to one-hop neighbors inherently restricts the number of devices that can participate in the distributed computation. By presenting a heuristic, aimed at avoiding partitioning the network, as well as an iterative task assignment algorithm that can optimize the assignment of computational tasks to devices in a multi-hop cooperative network, we are able to evaluate the effect of computational offloading in multi-hop networks. Experimental results, obtained from an implementation on Android devices, are integrated with an analytical model that enables the evaluation of system performance under a variety of conditions. These experimental and analytic results demonstrate the benefit of enabling computation offloading to all devices in a multi-hop cooperative network.
ARNT2 Tunes Activity-Dependent Gene Expression through NCoR2-Mediated Repression and NPAS4-Mediated Activation

Summary Neuronal activity-dependent transcription is tuned to ensure precise gene induction during periods of heightened synaptic activity, allowing for appropriate responses of activated neurons within neural circuits. The consequences of aberrant induction of activity-dependent genes on neuronal physiology are not yet clear. Here, we demonstrate that, in the absence of synaptic excitation, the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS family transcription factor ARNT2 recruits the NCoR2 co-repressor complex to suppress neuronal activity-dependent regulatory elements and maintain low basal levels of inducible genes. This restricts inhibition of excitatory neurons, maintaining them in a state that is receptive to future sensory stimuli. By contrast, in response to heightened neuronal activity, ARNT2 recruits the neuronal-specific bHLH-PAS factor NPAS4 to activity-dependent regulatory elements to induce transcription and thereby increase somatic inhibitory input. Thus, the interplay of bHLH-PAS complexes at activity-dependent regulatory elements maintains temporal control of activity-dependent gene expression and scales somatic inhibition with circuit activity.
Outcomes Assessment in Dermatologic Surgery

Whether performing a randomized controlled trial, a cohort study, or a case-control study, it is essential to select the outcomes to be measured (Dupuy et al, Outcome measures. In: Williams H, Bigby M, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B, Dellavale R, Ran Y, Furue E (eds) Evidence-based dermatology, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 71–74, 2014; Alam et al, Rationalizing outcome measures in dermatologic surgery. Curr Derm Rep 4(3):140–146. doi:10.1007/s13671-015-0106-5, 2015; Alam, Evidence based procedural dermatology. In: Maibach HI, Gorouhi F (eds) Evidence based dermatology, 2nd edn. PMPH-USA, Shelton, pp 539–545, 2012). Deciding on appropriate outcomes requires consideration of the purpose of the study, the types of outcomes available, the number of outcomes that may be appropriate, outcomes that are commonly measured, and outcomes that convey patients’ perceptions. Closely related to the task of outcomes selection is choosing specific outcome measures to represent these outcomes. For example, if scar appearance is a selected outcome, a particular validated scar scale may be the corresponding outcome measure.
Unplanned ICU Admission Is Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes in Geriatric Trauma Patients

Abstract Background Geriatric trauma patients who require an unplanned ICU admission (UIA) may experience worse outcomes. As such, the American College of Surgeons initiated the Trauma Quality Improvement Program which tracks UIA as a quality benchmark. We sought to determine the overall rate and impact of UIA in our geriatric trauma population and to identify predictive risk factors. Methods All geriatric trauma patients (≥65) admitted to an urban, level I trauma center from January 2012 to June 2018 were identified. A retrospectively collected administrative database was queried for demographics, comorbidities, injury characteristics, and outcomes. UIA were identified and medical records were queried. Univariate analysis followed by binary logistic regression analysis were performed (P Results Of the 2923 geriatric patients identified, 95 (3.3%) patients experienced UIA, most commonly secondary to respiratory (34.7%) and cardiac (22.1%) events. Patients with UIA were older (81 versus 78, P = 0.04), and had higher injury severity score (10 versus 9, P Conclusions Despite relatively low injury severity, geriatric trauma patients requiring UIA have a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Those initially admitted to the ICU are at especially high risk for UIA, suggesting the benefit of strategies to provide an extra layer of care post-ICU.
NPM-BUNDLE: Non-Preemptive Multitask Scheduling for Jobs with BUNDLE-Based Thread-Level Scheduling.

The BUNDLE and BUNDLEP scheduling algorithms are cache-cognizant thread-level scheduling algorithms and associated worst case execution time and cache overhead (WCETO) techniques for hard real-time multi-threaded tasks. The BUNDLE-based approaches utilize the inter-thread cache benefit to reduce WCETO values for jobs. Currently, the BUNDLE-based approaches are limited to scheduling a single task. This work aims to expand the applicability of BUNDLE-based scheduling to multiple task multi-threaded task sets. BUNDLE-based scheduling leverages knowledge of potential cache conflicts to selectively preempt one thread in favor of another from the same job. This thread-level preemption is a requirement for the run-time behavior and WCETO calculation to receive the benefit of BUNDLE-based approaches. This work proposes scheduling BUNDLE-based jobs non-preemptively according to the earliest deadline first (EDF) policy. Jobs are forbidden from preempting one another, while threads within a job are allowed to preempt other threads. An accompanying schedulability test is provided, named Threads Per Job (TPJ). TPJ is a novel schedulability test, input is a task set specification which may be transformed (under certain restrictions); dividing threads among tasks in an effort to find a feasible task set. Enhanced by the flexibility to transform task sets and taking advantage of the inter-thread cache benefit, the evaluation shows TPJ scheduling task sets fully preemptive EDF cannot.
Turning a Classroom into the United Nations: Supporting Social Justice through International Collaboration:

Students from six countries collaborated on projects promoting social justice and aimed at international diplomacy. The collaboration included social work students in policy courses and internation...
Keynote Speaker: Emery N. Brown

Emery Brown, M.D., Ph.D. is an American statistician, neuroscientist, and anesthesiologist. He is the Warren M. Zapol Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School and at Massachusetts General Hospital(MGH), and a practicing anesthesiologist at MGH. At MIT he is the Edward Hood Taplin Professor of Medical Engineering and professor of computational neuroscience, the Associate Director of the Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and the Director of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology. Brown is one of only 19 individuals who has been elected to all three branches of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Brown is also the first African American and first anesthesiologist to be elected to all three National Academies.
Thermoelastic properties of tungsten at simultaneous high pressure and temperature

The compressional (P) and shear wave velocities (S) and unit cell volumes (densities) of polycrystalline tungsten (W) have been measured simultaneously up to 10.5 GPa and 1073 K using ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with x-ray diffraction and x-radiography techniques. Thermoelastic properties of W were derived using different methods. We obtained the isothermal bulk modulus KT0 = 310.3(1.5) GPa, its pressure derivative K′T0 = 4.4(3), its temperature derivative at constant pressure ( ∂ K T / ∂ T ) P = − 0.0138 ( 1 ) GPa K − 1 and at constant volume ( ∂ K T / ∂ T ) V = − 0.0050 GPa K − 1, the thermal expansion α(0, T) = 1.02(27) × 10−5 + 7.39(3.2) × 10−9 T (K−1), as well as the pressure derivative of thermal expansion ( ∂ α / ∂ P ) T = − 1.44 ( 1 ) × 10 − 7 K − 1 GP a − 1 based on the high-temperature Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (EOS), the Vinet EOS, and thermal pressure approach. Finite strain analysis allowed us to derive the elastic properties and their pressure/temperature derivatives independent of the choice of pressure scale. A least-squares fitting yielded KS0 = 314.5(2.5) GPa, KS0′ = 4.45(9), (∂KS/∂T)P = − 0.0076(6) GPa K−1, G0 = 162.4(9) GPa, G0′ = 1.8(1), (∂G/∂T)P = − 0.0175(9) GPa K−1, and α 298 K = 1.23 × 10 − 5 K − 1. Fitting current data to the Mie–Gruneisen–Debye EOS with derived θ 0 = 383.4 K yielded γ 0 = 1.81 ( 6 ) and q = 0.3. The thermoelastic parameters obtained from various approaches are consistent with one another and comparable with previous results within uncertainties. Our current study provides a complete and self-consistent dataset for the thermoelastic properties of tungsten at high P–T conditions, which is important to improve the theoretical modeling of these materials under dynamic conditions.
Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs

Individuals sometimes exhibit striking constancy to a single behaviour even when they are capable of short-term behavioural flexibility. Constancy enables animals to avoid costs such as memory constraints, but can also inflict significant opportunity costs through behaviour–environment mismatch. It is unclear when individuals should exhibit behavioural constancy and which types of costs most strongly influence such behaviour. We use a case in which individuals within a population exhibit more than one handling tactic for a single food type to investigate whether costs associated with switching among tactics constrain expression of intra-individual variation. Using wild bumble bees (Bombus spp.) that feed on nectar through flower openings (legitimate visits) or through holes at the base of flowers (robbing), we asked three questions. (1) Do individual bees exhibit tactic constancy within and across foraging bouts? (2) Are individuals willing to switch their food-handling tactics? (3) Is constancy in food-handling tactics maintained by costs associated with switching tactics? We measured energetic costs in addition to handling times. We found that bees freely foraging in meadows were highly constant to a single food-handling tactic both within and across bouts. However, experiments with individual captive bees showed that these bees were willing to switch tactics and experienced minimal costs in doing so. Thus, switching costs do not drive the observed constancy in food-handling tactics of bumble bees within and across foraging bouts.
Owen Lovejoy and the Coalition for Equality: Clergy, African Americans, and Women United for Abolition

Review of: Owen Lovejoy and the Coalition for Equality: Clergy, African Americans, and Women United for Abolition
International Derivative Markets

Derivatives improve the efficiency of financial markets and, by permitting more financial risks to be hedged, may permit some borrowers more access to sources of funds. Derivatives are a double-edged sword in that (i) they can be used to manage risk, and (ii) they can become financial weapons of mass destruction if used solely for speculative purposes. Managing derivatives positions has shown to be tricky since only a small amount (“margin”) is needed to establish a position. That may hide the full extent of a firm or bank financial obligations.
Extraction of intrinsic column peak profiles of narrow-bore and microbore columns by peak deconvolution methods.

Abstract The intrinsic peak profiles (free from the delay and dispersion caused by state-of-the art UHPLC systems) generated by narrow-bore and microbore chromatographic columns used in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomic analyses are extracted from two different deconvolution methods. The first method is based on the classical discrete Fourier transform (DFT) while the second method refers to the Taylor expansion of the continuous Fourier transform (FT). The two numerical methods are compared regarding the accurate determination of the intrinsic peak profiles of the non-retained compound (toluene) expected on a narrow-bore 2.1 mm × 100 mm column packed with 1.6 μm CORTECS-C18 superficially porous particles and installed on three different LC systems (ACQUITY i-class UPLC, ACQUITY H-class UPLC, and Arc LC systems). The DFT-based method is most relevant when the low-frequency band of the chromatographic peak does not overlap with the high-frequency bands related to the experimental baseline noise (pump/detector). The Taylor expansion-based method is successful for the extraction of the intrinsic peak profiles of narrow-bore 2.1 mm i.d. columns packed with sub-2 μm particles installed on standard UHPLC systems. When the LC system dispersion significantly exceeds that of the column, the DFT-based method is preferred over the Taylor expansion-based method and is successfully applied to extract the intrinsic peak profiles generated by a microbore 1.0 mm × 100 mm column packed with 1.8 μm HSS-C18 fully porous particles (volume variance ∼ 0.15 μL2 for the non-retained compound toluene) run on the low-dispersion ACQUITY i-class UPLC system (∼ 1 μL2 volume variance). This result opens up promising avenues for the development, quality control, and LC-MS analyses of microbore 1 mm i.d. columns using the state-of-the-art UHPLC instruments at flow rates larger than 0.1 mL/min.
The influence of race on parental beliefs and concerns during an autism diagnosis: A mixed-method analysis:

The purpose of this mixed-method study was to examine racial differences in parental beliefs and concern about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) versus clinical judgment. The sample included 489 child...
Robotic Assisted Pudendal Neurolysis for Severe Pudendal Neuralgia

Study Objective To demonstrate robotic assisted pudendal neurolysis surgery in a patient with severe pudendal neuralgia. Design Patient followed until 6-month postoperative visit. Setting Video collected while patient in dorsal lithotomy position with steep Trendelenburg under general anesthesia in the operating room. Patients or Participants 60-year-old female with long history of chronic pelvic pain and pudendal neuralgia after multiple pelvic floor reconstructive surgeries at an outside facility. Interventions Robotic assisted pudendal neurolysis in a patient desiring additional treatment for her pudendal neuralgia after multiple other therapies. Measurements and Main Results Improvement in pain assessed via patient reported pain at both pre- and postoperative visits. Patient reported improved pain at both her 4-week and 6-month postoperative visits. Conclusion This video demonstrates robotic assisted pudendal neurolysis surgery in a patient desiring further treatment for her severe pudendal neuralgia. The patient reported improved pain at her postoperative visits. Robotic assisted pudendal neurolysis is a viable option for patients suffering from severe and refractory pudendal neuralgia.
Smoker's Mustache Revisited: Upper Lip Hair Yellow Discoloration Associated With Tobacco.

Yellow hair discoloration (xanthotrichia) has been observed in several settings. Indeed, acquired xanthotrichia, in addition to environmental and occupational causes, can be observed secondary to either iatrogenic, topical, or systemic exposure to systemic drugs and certain systemic conditions: most commonly essential fatty acid deficiencies, protein deficiency, or vitamin B12 deficiency. Smoker's mustache refers to the acquired yellow discoloration of previously white hair on the cutaneous upper lip of men. These individuals are typically elderly and have a history of smoking either cigarettes, cigars, or pipes of several years' duration. The asymptomatic dyschromia often originates centrally, affecting the hair overlying the philtrum and expanding laterally. The condition is asymptomatic, and affected individuals are either unaware of the color change or not concerned with their altered appearance. Yellow to brown discoloration of the thumbnails, fingernails, or both (such as nicotine sign and/or harlequin nails) may be an accompanying clinical stigma to the smoker's mustache and a clue to the diagnosis. Management options include smoking cessation or hair removal of the discolored hair, or both; however, patients usually elect to continue smoking, maintain their facial hair, and continue to display their distinctive yellow smoker's mustache.
Advances in bioactivation research

General Concepts and Basic Mechanisms.- Metabolic Concerns in Drug Design.- Role of Bioactivation in Idiosyncratic Drug Toxicity: Structure#x2013 Toxicity Relationships.- Michael Addition#x2013 Elimination Reactions: Roles in Toxicity and Potential New Therapeutic Applications.- Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contrasting Roles in Detoxification and Bioactivation of Drugs and Xenobiotics.- Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 2A and 2B Enzymes.- CYP2E1 #x2013 Biochemical and Toxicological Aspects and Role in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury.- One- and Two-Electron-Mediated Reduction of Quinones: Enzymology and Toxicological Implications.- Lipoxidation-Derived Electrophiles as Biological Reactive Intermediates.- Bioactivation and Protein Modification Reactions of Unsaturated Aldehydes.- Tissue-Specific Features and Risk Assessment Applications.- Adaptive Responses and Signal Transduction Pathways in Chemically Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death.- Hepatic Bioactivation and Drug-Induced Liver Injury.- Role of Cysteine S-Conjugate #x03B2 -Lyases in the Bioactivation of Renal Toxicants.- Bioactivation of Xenobiotics in Lung: Role of CYPs and FMOs.- Generation of Reactive Metabolites and Associated DNA Adducts from Benzene, Butadiene, and PAH in Bone Marrow. Their Effects on Hematopoiesis and Impact on Human Health.- Butadiene-Mediated Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis.- Pharmacogenetics of Drug Bioactivation Pathways.- Human Phenanthrene Metabolites as Probes for the Metabolic Activation and Detoxification of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
A dialectical perspective on burnout and engagement

Abstract With strong empirical evidence existing for conflicting models, the nature of burnout and engagement continues to be debated. Scholars have recognized the need to theoretically clarify the nature of the burnout–engagement relationship in order to advance empirical research related to both topics. The purpose of this paper is to reconcile existing perspectives through an alternative approach that provides an alternate view of burnout and engagement based on dialectical theory. Implications for common theories used to study burnout and engagement are discussed, followed by suggestions and models for future research utilizing dialectics.
25 – Membrane Biology and Biophysics

The structural integrity of the lipid bilayer component of the cell membrane is essential for facilitating the maintenance of physiological transmembrane ionic concentration gradients at a metabolic energy cost that is affordable. Despite the effectiveness of the lipid bilayer in restricting diffusive ionic transport, approximately 85%–95% of cellular metabolic energy is used to maintain the gradients by specialized ion pumps. The sodium–potassium pump may serve as an example. It simultaneously transports potassium into and sodium out of the cell, against the transmembrane ionic concentration gradients, with ATP as the energy source. It is ironic that despite its critical role in supporting life, the lipid bilayer is quite fragile in comparison to other biologic macromolecular structures. Permeabilization and disruption of the membrane lipid bilayer is a major component of massive radiation injury, reperfusion injury, thermal burns, frostbite, electrical shock, and many other forms of trauma-mediated tissue injury. Thus, the biology and biophysics of cell membrane damage and subsequent sealing are central to the science of surgery.
Architectural features and perceptions of community residences for people with mental retardation

Architects, group home administrators, people with mental retardation, family members of people with mental retardation, and college undergraduates substantially agreed regarding the rated homelikeness of slides of interiors of 20 community residences for people with mental retardation ranging from institutional to homey, mean r = .87. Clusters of physical features identified using an architectural inventory were found to be associated with homelikeness ratings. Adjectives applied to rooms with these features were determined using a Q-sort method. Two factors were identified from Q-sort correlations: Homelikeness-Institutionality and Spatial Organization as well as a third variable, privacy.
Microscopic model of impact ionization in Al x Ga 1-x Sb

The impact ionization rates and coefficients are computed for Al x Ga 1-x Sb avalanche photodiodes with alloy compositions near the resonance between the energy gap and the spin-orbit splitting. Realistic pseudopotential band structures and wavefunctions including spin-orbit corrections are employed to evaluate the electron and hole initiated impact ionization rates. We address seemingly contradictory experimental data regarding the presence of an enhancement in the hole to electron impact ionization coefficient ratio near the resonance between the energy gap and the spin-orbit splitting. The hole to electron impact ionization coefficient ratio shows no enhancement at high electric fields. However, an enhancement due to the resonance in the band structure is predicted for weak fields.
Expressiveness and query complexity in an electronic health record data model.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Describe a high-level conceptual electronic health record (EHR) data model, explain how the model is expressive, present an algorithm for querying the model and determine the complexity of this algorithm. DESIGN: Entity-Relationship diagramming is used to represent the model, which relies on variably nested relations to enable expressiveness. The algorithm complexity is described using "big-oh" or "O()" notation. RESULTS: The data model appears to be highly expressive. A tractable recursive query processing algorithm is presented which is polynomial in time and space complexity. CONCLUSION: Several hurdles remain before the model and algorithm described can be fully tested in a live setting, including the development of techniques to populate the model. However, the study does show the ability to formally analyze an EHR model to understand its particular expressiveness and query complexity.
The influence of environmental risk factors in hospitalization for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease‐related diagnoses in the United States

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 852–861 Summary Background The impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease on hospitalization is unknown. Aim To describe the characteristics of patients hospitalized for diagnoses related to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and find potential environmental influences that affect their hospitalization. Methods Data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project were used to study the demographic characteristics of hospitalizations associated with GERD during 2003–2006. Data from the Centers for Disease Control were used for information about the US prevalence of obesity. Results During 2003–2006, 0.5 million patients with a primary and 14.5 million patients with a secondary GERD-related diagnosis became hospitalized in the US. Oesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia were more common in female than in male inpatients, whereas Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma were more common in male than in female inpatients. All GERD-related diagnoses were more common in white people than non-white people. Hospitalizations associated with oesophageal reflux, reflux oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus showed resembling geographical distributions among different US states. The prevalence of obesity and the hospitalization for hiatal hernia or reflux oesophagitis were also characterized by similar geographical distributions. Conclusion The large numbers of inpatients with a discharge diagnosis of GERD-related conditions attest to the frequent occurrence and relevance of GERD in contributing to hospitalization in the US.
Junction configuration-induced mechanisms govern elastic and inelastic deformations in hybrid carbon nanomaterials

Abstract Although various hybrid 3D carbon-based architectures are reported by covalently connecting low dimensional carbon allotropes, the effect of junction configuration on deformation and mechanical properties of the hybrid carbon architectures remain elusive. Here, we focus on Pillared Graphene Nanostructure (PGN) as a model system with symmetric and asymmetric junctions to explore its diverse elastic and inelastic properties via first-principles and molecular dynamics simulations. By introducing heptagonal and octagonal rings in the junctions, our findings demonstrate that in contrast to the stacked of graphene sheets, which exhibit weak out-of-plane properties, both junction types impart a cooperative two-regime deformation mechanism that provides a number of superior characteristics in PGN, including 3D balance of strength and toughness as well as an outstanding ∼42% out-of-plane ductility preceding the failure. Furthermore, asymmetric junctions impose wrinkles in the PGN sheets, which add extra in-plane flexibility and shear compliance, result in a nearly zero/negative in-plane Poisson's ratio in PGN, and cause the octagonal rings to act as hotspot for initiating of fracture. Our results provide the first atomistic “lens” on fundamental understanding of junction-induced deformation mechanisms in pillared graphene and can potentially provide a new phase space to better control and design mechano-mutable hybrid carbon nanostructures.
Using Prosody and Phonotactics in Arabic Dialect Identiﬁcation

While Modern Standard Arabic is the formal spoken and written language of the Arab world, dialects are the major communication mode for everyday life; identifying a speaker’s dialect is thus critical to speech processing tasks such as automatic speech recognition, as well as speaker identification. We examine the role of prosodic features (intonation and rhythm) across four Arabic dialects: Gulf, Iraqi, Levantine, and Egyptian, for the purpose of automatic dialect identification. We show that prosodic features can significantly improve identification, over a purely phonotactic-based approach, with an identification accuracy of 86.33% for 2m utterances.
Dense CMOS-photonics integration in sub-100nm technology node

A sub-100nm technology that allows the monolithic integration of optical devices as features into a 90nm base high-performance logic technology node is demonstrated. The technology is promising for next generation optical communications for applications.
Streptomycin Resistance (rpsL) Produces an Absolute Requirement for Polyamines for Growth of an Escherichia coli Strain Unable to Synthesize Putrescine and Spermidine [Δ(speA-speB) ΔspecC]

The presence of certain rpsL (strA) mutations in a strain of Escherichia coli that cannot synthesize putrescine or spermidine because of deletions in ornithine decarboxylase, arginine decarboxylase, and agmatine ureohydrolase, converts a partial requirement for polyamines for growth into an absolute requirement.
Georgia manufacturing industry: key factors of exchange of knowledge with external sources

Economic studies indicated that highly innovative firms have a decisive influence on national economic growth. Some studies have shown that many industry innovations arise out of research collaboration. Therefore, states seek to implement policies that promote research collaboration leading to highly innovative behaviour among firms within their states. This research study addressed the question: what organisational characteristics of firms are most positively associated with engagement in research collaboration? Drawing data from the 2005 Georgia Manufacturing Survey, this study has compared firms not engaged in research collaboration with those engaged in research collaboration with other firms and/or public research organisations. Using a logic model from econometrics, this research has identified four variables most positively associated with firm’s tendency to engage in research collaboration between two firms (size, highly innovative, percentage of workers organised in teams and percentage of workers with training in information technology). The five public-private variables include size, highly innovative and teamwork, process innovation and intra-organisational incentives. Some of these variables are components of a firm’s capacity to absorb external knowledge and apply it toward innovation, such us, team work and IT training.
Radial Artery Bypass for Intractable Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Background Vertebrobasilar insufficiency resulting from embolism, atherosclerosis, or arterial dissection has long been a challenge for successful management and outcomes. The main treatment options include medical therapy, angioplasty and stenting, and surgical revascularization. Unlike cardiac or peripheral vascular revascularization, large randomized trials with cerebrorevascularization have not revealed favorable outcomes. In patients who have failed maximal medical therapy, and having persistent debilitating symptomology, cerebral revascularization may still be a viable option. Methods We report 3 patients who presented with symptoms of vertebrobasilar ischemia. The diagnosis was verified by computerized tomographic arteriography and digital subtraction angiography. Results These patients subsequently underwent revascularization with a radial artery graft. We also present a comprehensive review of the literature of treatment for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Conclusions Surgical revascularization should be considered in the posterior circulation in the rare subset of patients with VBI, who remain symptomatic despite having a protracted course of maximal medical therapy with large- and medium-sized vessel occlusions and poor collateral circulation.
Yes, we can: physical activity and group identification among healthy adults

Drawing on social identity theory and social cognitive theory, this research was designed to investigate the role played by group identification, self-efficacy and outcome expectations in physical activity behavior. Healthy adult participants (N = 130) who identified strongly with an exercise referent group reported higher levels of physical activity, and this relationship was mediated by self-efficacy and outcome expectations. This study adds to the existing literature on the effects of social groups on health and is one of the first to examine the interplay of personal factors and group membership on physical activity.
Effects of Ancillary Information upon Photointerpreter Performance

The effects of ancillary information upon photointerpreter performance were evaluated under four modes of system operation, and an assessment of the influence of a variety of “information” variables upon interpreter performance was carried out. Thirty-two trained surveillance officers identified single annotated targets within controlled and matched sets of imagery. The subjects' task was to provide a vector of probabilities associated with each possible identification of an item in their imagery. The probabilistic estimates represented the likelihood that a particular target name was the correct name for the item in the imagery. The results indicated that the provision of ancillary information enhanced accuracy of identification regardless of whether the information was qualitative or quantitative, and regardless of whether that information was presented simultaneous with or subsequent to the imagery. Furthermore, under the conditions of this study, the integration function proved to be best carried out ...
Third graders' metalinguistic skills, reading skills, and stress production in derived English words.

Purpose This study examined relationships between 3rd graders’ metalinguistic skills (phonological and morphological awareness), reading skills (decoding and word identification), and accurate stre...
Evaluation Of Fan Beam Computerized Tomography Systems

The relationship between processing time and image quality of fan beam computerized tomography (CT) systems was examined using computer simulations. Process-ing time was related to the number of projections and samples per projection, and image quality was measured using discrete normalized mean squared error, discrete normalized mean absolute error, and binary error. First, simula-tions were performed on resolution test patterns, measuring the effect of changing the linear or angular spacing on the image quality. The best trade-off between time and resolution appeared to be at a spacing of 3 pixels for linear resolution, and at an angular frequency corresponding to a 16-sector circle. In addition, computer experiments were performed on "industrial" test patterns, measuring the effect of increasing the number of projections and samples per projection on the image quality. The results showed that the optimum choice of these parameters is on the order of N for an N x N image grid, with slight variations depending on the shape of the test pattern used.
A genetic signature can predict prognosis and response to therapy in breast cancer: Oncotype DX

We now recognize that not all breast cancers are the same. Different characteristics in gene expression profiles result in differential clinical behavior. With the use of gene microarrays, different subtypes of breast cancer have been characterized. These subtypes include the basal, the ERBB2+, and the luminal A, B and C subtypes. The importance of these different subtypes lies in the fact that they differ in clinical outcome, with the basal and ERBB2+ subtypes having the worst prognosis and the luminal A group having the best prognosis. However, identification of these subtypes is still not clinically used. Other strategies for evaluating tumors in a clinical setting have been developed using smaller sets of genes. One such strategy is the 21-gene assay (Oncotype DX), which is currently in commercial use in the USA. One advantage of this test is the use of paraffin-embedded blocks instead of previous methods, which required fresh frozen tissue. Oncotype DX has been shown to predict 10-year distant recurrence in patients with estrogen receptor-positive, axillary lymph node-negative breast cancer. This genomic assay has also been shown to predict chemotherapy and endocrine therapy response. Large, prospective, randomized clinical trials are currently underway using this genomic test. Other similar tests are also finding their way in clinical practice. A 70-gene assay, which has been developed by a group in The Netherlands, is currently being used as a tool to assign treatment in women with early stage breast cancer. In the near future, clinical decisions will most likely be dictated by the genetic characteristics of the tumor, with the clinical characteristics becoming less important. Tailoring our treatment based on individual tumor characteristics will help us develop better therapeutic strategies and save many of our patients from receiving unnecessary toxic therapy.
Test of association between GABRA2 (SNP rs279871) and adolescent conduct/alcohol use disorders utilizing a sample of clinic referred youth with serious substance and conduct problems, controls and available first degree relatives

Abstract Recent findings have linked the GABRA2 gene with antisocial personality disorder and alcohol dependence (AD) in adults and conduct disorder (CD), but not AD symptoms, in children and adolescents. We sought to replicate previous findings and test for an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the GABRA2 gene (rs279871) and CD among adolescents. Methods Adolescent patients (n = 371), 13–18 years old, were recruited from a university substance abuse treatment program. Patient siblings (n = 245), parents of patients (n = 355), adolescent controls (n = 185), siblings of controls (n = 163) and parents of controls (n = 263) were included in these analyses (total sample n = 1582). Case-control (using only Caucasian and Hispanic probands) and family-based association tests were completed to test for association between rs279871 and several a priori CD and AD phenotypes. Results For case-control association tests, rs279871 was significantly associated with CD (p = 0.02) but not AD phenotypes; the result did not survive strict correction for multiple testing. All family-based association tests were non-significant (CD p = 0.48; CD symptom count age corrected within sex p = 0.91; AD p = 0.84; alcohol use disorder p = 0.52). Conclusions Consistent with previous findings, the results do not support the association between GABRA2 SNP rs279871 and AD in adolescents. Our results also do not support an association between rs279871 and CD; the study limitations are reviewed.
Preparation and characterization of nickel nanoparticles for binding to his-tag proteins and antigens.

Purpose The purpose of these studies was to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) with a small amount of surface-chelated nickel for obtaining enhanced binding of histidine-tagged (his-tag) proteins compared to non-histidine-tagged protein binding to charged nanoparticles.
The Energy for Ventricular Defibrillation — Too Little or Too Much?

The introduction of direct-current discharge defibrillation into clinical use1 has provided a high yield of resuscitations and has gained universal acceptance. It seemed until recently that this starkly simple electronic device would withstand the onslaught of technologic innovation and inevitable obsolescence. Although the technic is not being challenged, under question is the adequacy of energy being provided by present-day instruments.2 3 4 The general thesis being espoused by the proponents of an energy-dose concept is that body weight is an important determinant of defibrillation energy requirements and that apparatus in current use are inadequate for heavy subjects. This is an issue of . . .
Magnetic Lens Spectrometer Measurements of the Radiations from Light Nuclear Reactions

The radiations from a number of light nuclear reactions are studied with a magnetic lens spectrometer. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energies and intensities are determined from the photoelectric and Compton conversion processes; a new method for intensity measurements is developed in which "thick" Compton converters are used. The complicating effects of Doppler shift and broadening on energy determinations are discussed. The following transition energies, obtained from thick targets at bombarding energies from one to two Mev, are reported: ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}(d,n){\mathrm{N}}^{14}$: 725\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 (assignment uncertain), 1638\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8, 2310\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12, 3381\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13, 5052\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25, and 5690\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 kev; ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}(d,p){\mathrm{C}}^{14}$: 6110\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 kev; ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(d,p){\mathrm{C}}^{13}$: 3082\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 kev; ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{C}}^{12}$: 4443\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 kev; ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$: 428.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8 kev; ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,n){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$: 428.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 kev; ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,p){\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$: 477.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 kev; ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(d,p){\mathrm{O}}^{17}$: 870.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 kev. The internally formed positron distribution from the 3.08-Mev transition in ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ is found to be in agreement with the theoretical distribution for an electric dipole transition; the internally formed positron distributions from ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}+d$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}+d$ are also observed but because of the uncertainty of the background, it is not possible to make unambiguous multipole assignments. The observed internal conversion line spectrum from the 870-kev transition of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ indicates that the transition is electric quadrupole or a mixture of this and magnetic dipole. Semi-empirical formulas are given in the appendix for the most probable and effective energy losses of fast electrons traversing light materials.