cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A High-Speed Variation-Tolerant Interconnect Technique for Sub-Threshold Circuits Using Capacitive Boosting

This paper describes an interconnect technique for subthreshold circuits to improve global wire delay and reduce the delay variation due to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) fluctuations. By internally boosting the gate voltage of the driver transistors, operating region is shifted from subthreshold region to super-threshold region enhancing performance and improving tolerance to PVT variations. Simulations of a clock distribution network using the proposed driver shows a 66%-76% reduction in 3sigma clock skew value and 84%-88% reduction in clock tree delay compared to using conventional drivers. A 0.4-V test chip has been fabricated in a 0.18-mum 6-metal CMOS process to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Measurement results show 2.6times faster switching speed and 2.4times less delay sensitivity under temperature variations.
How important are dual economy effects for aggregate productivity

This paper brings together development accounting techniques and the dual economy model to address the role that factor markets have in creating variation in aggregate total factor productivity (TFP). Development accounting research has shown that much of the variation in income across countries can be attributed to differences in TFP. The dual economy model suggests that aggregate productivity is depressed by having too many factors allocated to low productivity work in agriculture. Data show large differences in marginal products of similar factors within many developing countries, offering prima facie evidence of this misallocation. Using a simple two-sector decomposition of the economy, this article estimates the role of these misallocations in accounting for the cross-country income distribution. A key contribution is the ability to bring sector-specific data on human and physical capital stocks to the analysis. Variation across countries in the degree of misallocation is shown to account for 30–40% of the variation in income per capita, and up to 80% of the variation in aggregate TFP.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO ROTATING POLARIZED SPHERES

Precise measurement of the attracting force between two spheres inside an electric field indicates that the rotation of one sphere along the axis perpendicular to the electric field reduces the attracting force between them. This reduction becomes smaller as the distance between the two spheres increases. In the limit of infinite rotational speed, the attracting force seems to tend to a non-zero constant.
History dependent quantum random walks as quantum lattice gas automata

Quantum Random Walks (QRW) were first defined as one-particle sectors of Quantum Lattice Gas Automata (QLGA). Recently, they have been generalized to include history dependence, either on previous coin (internal, i.e., spin or velocity) states or on previous position states. These models have the goal of studying the transition to classicality, or more generally, changes in the performance of quantum walks in algorithmic applications. We show that several history dependent QRW can be identified as one-particle sectors of QLGA. This provides a unifying conceptual framework for these models in which the extra degrees of freedom required to store the history information arise naturally as geometrical degrees of freedom on the lattice.
Reserve financing and government infrastructure investment: An application to China

Abstract This paper proposes a novel financing scheme, reserve financing, for government infrastructure investment in China. A two-sector open economy model explores the consequences and policy implications of a surge in infrastructure investment financed by international reserves. The results show that reserve financing, coupled with a managed float exchange rate system, can maintain the country's fast growth rate while mitigating fiscal pressure on local governments. Productive infrastructure capital stimulates domestic demand, reducing the country's dependence on exports. To promote growth and maintain price stability, three factors are critical: return on infrastructure, swift fiscal adjustment, and rapid infrastructure financing.
On motivic cohomology with Z/l-coefficients

In this paper we prove the conjecture of Bloch and Kato which relates Milnor’s K-theory of a field with its Galois cohomology as well as the related comparisons results for motivic cohomology with finite coefficients in the Nisnevich and etale topologies.
Discrete gauge symmetries, baryon number and large extra dimensions

Krauss and Wilczek have shown that an unbroken discrete gauge symmetry is respected by gravitationally mediated processes. This has led to a search for such a symmetry compatible with the standard model or MSSM that would protect protons from gravitationally mediated decay in a universe with a low scale for quantum gravity (large extra dimensions). The fact that the discrete symmetry must remain unbroken and have a gauge origin puts important restrictions on the space of possible discrete symmetries.
Dynamical recognizers: real time language recognition by analog computers

Abstract We consider a model of analog computation which can recognize various languages in real time. We encode an input word as a point in R d by composing iterated maps, and then apply inequalities to the resulting point to test for membership in the language. Each class of maps and inequalities, such as quadratic functions with rational coefficients, is capable of recognizing a particular class of languages. For instance, linear and quadratic maps can have both stack-like and queue-like memories. We use methods equivalent to the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension to separate some of our classes from each other: linear maps are less powerful than quadratic or piecewise-linear ones, polynomials are less powerful than elementary (trigonometric and exponential) maps, and deterministic polynomials of each degree are less powerful than their non-deterministic counterparts. Comparing these dynamical classes with various discrete language classes helps illuminate how iterated maps can store and retrieve information in the continuum, the extent to which computation can be hidden in the encoding from symbol sequences into continuous spaces, and the relationship between analog and digital computation in general. We relate this model to other models of analog computation; in particular, it can be seen as a real-time, constant-space, off-line version of Blum, Shub and Smale's real-valued machines.
Simulating radiative shocks in nozzle shock tubes

Abstract We use the recently developed Center for Radiative Shock Hydrodynamics (CRASH) code to numerically simulate laser-driven radiative shock experiments. These shocks are launched by an ablated beryllium disk and are driven down xenon-filled plastic tubes. The simulations are initialized by the two-dimensional version of the Lagrangian Hyades code which is used to evaluate the laser energy deposition during the first 1.1 ns. Later times are calculated with the CRASH code. CRASH solves for the multi-material hydrodynamics with separate electron and ion temperatures on an Eulerian block-adaptive-mesh and includes a multi-group flux-limited radiation diffusion and electron thermal heat conduction. The goal of the present paper is to demonstrate the capability to simulate radiative shocks of essentially three-dimensional experimental configurations, such as circular and elliptical nozzles. We show that the compound shock structure of the primary and wall shock is captured and verify that the shock properties are consistent with order-of-magnitude estimates. The synthetic radiographs produced can be used for comparison with future nozzle experiments at high-energy-density laser facilities.
Numerical Study of Dielectric Fluid Bubble Behavior within Diverging External Electric Fields

Past numerical research in the area of pool boiling withi n the presence of electric fields has focused on the case of uniform field intensity. An y numerical or analytical studies of the effect of non-uniform fields have assumed that the bubb les will retain their spherical shape rather than deform. Many of these studies also ignore chan ges to the electric field caused by the presence of the bubbles. However, these assumpti ons are not necessarily accurate as, even in the case of uniform field intensity, bubbles undergo a physical deformation and the electric field can become noticeably altered in the vi cinity of the bubble. This study explores the effect that an electric field can have on vapor bubb les of a dielectric fluid when the field is diverging. A three-dimensional numerical code is pr esented that models bubble deformation due to the presence of the diverging field. Numerical results show that the imbalance of electrical stresses at the bubble surface exerts a net dielectrophoretic force on the bubble, thereby enhancing the separation of liquid an d vapor phases during pool boiling. However, there is also a downward component, not predicted by analytical approximations, serving to push the bubble against the electrode plate that arises from the distortion of the electric field around the bubble in the vicinity of a plate electrode.
Separation of DNA Replication from the Assembly of Break-Competent Meiotic Chromosomes

The meiotic cell division reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid to form gametes for sexual reproduction. Although much progress has been made in understanding meiotic recombination and the two meiotic divisions, the processes leading up to recombination, including the prolonged pre-meiotic S phase (meiS) and the assembly of meiotic chromosome axes, remain poorly defined. We have used genome-wide approaches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to measure the kinetics of pre-meiotic DNA replication and to investigate the interdependencies between replication and axis formation. We found that replication initiation was delayed for a large number of origins in meiS compared to mitosis and that meiotic cells were far more sensitive to replication inhibition, most likely due to the starvation conditions required for meiotic induction. Moreover, replication initiation was delayed even in the absence of chromosome axes, indicating replication timing is independent of the process of axis assembly. Finally, we found that cells were able to install axis components and initiate recombination on unreplicated DNA. Thus, although pre-meiotic DNA replication and meiotic chromosome axis formation occur concurrently, they are not strictly coupled. The functional separation of these processes reveals a modular method of building meiotic chromosomes and predicts that any crosstalk between these modules must occur through superimposed regulatory mechanisms.
A Versatile Radiometer for Infrared Emission Measurements Of the Atmosphere and Targets

The development of a very versatile, reliable, and sensitive radiometer has provided a tool for performing a variety of significant infrared measurements from ground-based and aircraft platforms in the .8 to 7 pm spectral region. The development techniques of the radiometer, the capabilities of the developed instrument, and some typical target and atmospheric emission measurements are presented in the paper. The instrument design incorporates various techniques to eliminate the need for cooling of the optics and structural parts which avoid the inconveniences and difficulties associated with the operation of cryogenically cooled instruments without significantly sacrificing sensitivity. The radiometer may be used in a selectable spectral wavelength and bandwidth mode, a limited spectral scanning mode, or a tuneable spectral wavelength mode. The various modes of operation are accomplished through the use of interference filters whose spectral characteristics are somewhat adjustable by properly controlling or setting their angular orientation. The simplicity of operation of the instrument has provided a means of measuring atmospheric airglow emissions and aurorally enhanced emissions in the .8 to 1.75 um region on a routine basis. Also, through the use of a reticle chopper and background suppression technique, the same radiometer has been adapted for measurements of low energy target emissions in the .8 to 7 um region.
Predictions for the Counts of Faint, High-Redshift Galaxies in the Mid-Infrared

Deep mid-infrared (MIR) observations could reveal a population of faint, high-redshift (z > 3), dusty starburst galaxies that are the progenitors of present-day spheroids or bulges and are beyond the reach of current instruments. We utilize a semianalytic galaxy formation scheme to find a range of models for the MIR galaxy counts, down to a flux level of a few nanojanskys. The models incorporate the formation of heavily dust-enshrouded stellar populations at high redshift and are consistent with existing observations, including faint counts at 1.6 ?m in the NICMOS Hubble Deep Field, and the upper limit on the extragalactic MIR background from TeV gamma rays. Our models predict ~0.04-0.4 galaxies arcsec-2 at the threshold of 100 nJy at 6 ?m, with a comparable or larger surface density at longer MIR wavelengths. We conclude that a significant new population of high-redshift galaxies could be detected by the James Webb Space Telescope. Such a population would constitute background noise for the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and could necessitate repeat observations: every TPF resolution element would have a chance of up to ~10% of being contaminated by a background galaxy.
Critical nucleation field at the structured surface of a superconductor

The effect of a structured surface of a superconductor on the critical nucleation field is discussed in two cases: one with the magnetic field parallel to the grating wavenumber and the other parallel to the ripples. In the first case, it is found that the critical field is reduced as a function of grating height, whereas in the latter case it is increased.
Charm Leptonic and Semileptonic Decays

Experimental results for the pseudoscalar decay constants f D and f D s are reviewed. Semileptonic form factor results from D → ( pseudoscalar ) l ν and D → ( vector ) l ν decays are also reviewed.
Atomic and optical tests of Lorentz symmetry

This paper reports on the Fourth Meeting on Lorentz and CPT Symmetry, CPT '07, held in August 2007 in Bloomington, IN, USA. The focus is on recent tests of Lorentz symmetry using atomic and optical physics. Results presented at the meeting include improved bounds on Lorentz violation in the photon sector, and the first bounds on several coefficients in the gravity sector.
Developing tools and technologies to meet MSR Planetary Protection requirements

This paper describes the tools and technologies that need to be developed for a Caching Rover mission in order to meet the overall Planetary Protection requirements for future Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. This is the result of an eight-month study sponsored by the Mars Program Office. The goal of this study is to provide a future MSR project with a focused technology development plan for achieving the necessary planetary protection and sample integrity capabilities for a Mars Caching Rover mission.
Double Diastereoselection in Intramolecular Photocycloadditions: A Radical Rearrangement Approach to the Total Synthesis of the Spirovetivane Phytoalexin (±)-Lubiminol

The highly stereoselective total synthesis of the phytoalexin (±)-lubiminol (1) has been accomplished. The synthesis relies on three pivotal transformations: (1) a conjugate addition−cyclization reaction to prepare a highly functionalized 2-carbomethoxycyclopentenone as a photocycloaddition substrate, (2) a double diastereoselective intramolecular photocycloaddition for a stereoselective intramolecular photoaddition reaction which establishes the central quaternary spirocenter, and (3) the transformation of the photoadduct into the required spiro[5.4]decane through a radical fragmentation−rearrangement reaction.
Phase theory for multiple aperture systems

We establish the groundwork for a phase theory applicable to multiple aperture systems. To do this, we define ideal behavior as the phase behavior of an off-axis piece of a system that has rotational symmetry. Then we examine the phase behavior of a more general system that has only a single plane of symmetry. This system represents a branch of a multiple aperture system. Comparison of the two systems leads to conditions for which the plane symmetric system has ideal behavior. As a result of this comparison, design rules that are commonly applied to multiple aperture systems appear naturally, including the well- known requirement that the exit pupil is a scaled copy of the entrance pupil. The phase theory that we present is cohesive, provides useful design guidelines, and can be considered an addition to wave aberration theory.
The marginal Fermi Liquid – An exact derivation based on Dirac's first class constraints method

Abstract Dirac's method for constraints is used for solving the problem of exclusion of double occupancy for Correlated Electrons. The constraints are enforced by the pair operator Q ( x → ) = ψ ↓ ( x → ) ψ ↑ ( x → ) which annihilates the ground state | Ψ 0 〉 . Away from half fillings the operator Q ( x → ) is replaced by a set of first class non-Abelian constraints Q α ( − ) ( x → ) restricted to negative energies. The propagator for a single hole away from half fillings is determined by modified measure which is a function of the time duration of the hole propagator. As a result: (a) The imaginary part of the self energy is linear in the frequency. At large hole concentrations a Fermi Liquid self energy is obtained. (b) For the superconducting state the constraints generate an asymmetric spectrum excitations between electrons and holes giving rise to an asymmetry tunneling density of states.
Assessment of symptoms and symptom burden before and after engraftment during allogeneic blood or marrow transplant (BMT)

Symptom burden (SB) is the combined impact of all disease- or therapy-related symptoms on one’s ability to function as one did before onset of disease or therapy. Clinician report of BMT toxicities is well described, but patient report of symptoms is not. Lack of understanding of symptoms and SB may result in failure to address symptoms and return patients to optimum functioning. The purpose of this study was to describe symptoms and SB in AML/MDS patients undergoing allogeneic BMT before and after neutrophil engraftment (first of 3 consecutive days ANC ≥ 500 cells/mm 3 ). Methods: 30 patients with a mean age of 52.9 yrs (SD 9.6) rated 19 symptoms on a 0-10 scale twice weekly from baseline before the start of conditioning to 28 days post-BMT using the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory. Results: Patient/treatment characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Mean global symptom intensity (GSI) peaked at Day +11 post-BMT. The 7 most severe symptoms on Day +11 were pain, drowsiness, lack of appetite, dry mouth, mouth sores, physical weakness, and fatigue. Mean symptom intensity scores and SDs are reported in Table 2. There was a significant difference (t=−4.34, p Most symptoms have not declined significantly a month post-BMT and patients remain burdened by symptoms. Clinicians should verify with patients the symptoms they are experiencing and intervene to control them. Further research is needed in SB and causative mechanisms of symptoms after BMT to improve treatment outcomes.
Distributional analysis for model predictive deferrable load control

Deferrable load control is essential for handling the uncertainties associated with the increasing penetration of renewable generation. Model predictive control has emerged as an effective approach for deferrable load control, and has received considerable attention. Though the average-case performance of model predictive deferrable load control has been analyzed in prior works, the distribution of the performance has been elusive. In this paper, we prove strong concentration results on the load variation obtained by model predictive deferrable load control. These results highlight that the typical performance of model predictive deferrable load control is tightly concentrated around the average-case performance.
Exotic Top Partners and Little Higgs

Little Higgs models often give rise to top partners beyond the minimal ones necessary for the cancellation of quadratic divergences. We review how this occurs and discuss the phenomenology of these exotic states. We emphasize the possible importance of new pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons in top partner decays. Indeed, cascade decays of exotic top partners may be the best way to discover these new bosons. We illustrate these points with a new Little Higgs construction based on an SO(10)/SO(5)2 coset structure, which fills a gap in the model building literature. These observations motivate new search strategies for top partners at the LHC, including for final states with b-jets and a large multiplicity of electroweak bosons.
Branch flow model: Relaxations and convexification

We propose a branch flow model for the analysis and optimization of mesh as well as radial networks. The model leads to a new approach to solving optimal power flow (OPF) that consists of two relaxation steps. The first step eliminates the voltage and current angles and the second step approximates the resulting problem by a conic program that can be solved efficiently. For radial networks, we prove that both relaxation steps are always exact, provided there are no upper bounds on loads. For mesh networks, the conic relaxation is always exact but the angle relaxation may not be exact, and we provide a simple way to determine if a relaxed solution is globally optimal. We propose convexification of mesh networks using phase shifters so that OPF for the convexified network can always be solved efficiently for an optimal solution. We prove that convexification requires phase shifters only outside a spanning tree of the network and their placement depends only on network topology, not on power flows, generation, loads, or operating constraints. Part I introduces our branch flow model, explains the two relaxation steps, and proves the conditions for exact relaxation. Part II describes convexification of mesh networks, and presents simulation results.
The preparation and allylation of difluoromethylcadmium

Abstract The reaction of iodo- and bromodifluoromethane with cadmium powder in DMF at room temperature provides a useful route to difluoromethylcadmium. This partially fluorinated cadmium reagent exhibits excellent thermal stability to temperatures of 65–75 °C, and rapid decomposition does not occur until 105 °C. This reagent reacts readily with allylic halides and shows promise as a new difluoromethylation reagent. The preparation of F -alkyl and F -vinylcadmium reagents has recently received considerable attention [1–13]. These F -cadmium compounds display excellent thermal stability and have been utilized as difluorocarbene, F -alkyl and F -vinyl transfer reagents. The ease of reaction of F -alkyl iodides and bromopentafluorobenzene with cadmium metal [7] prompted us to examine this approach as a method for the preparation of a partially fluorinated cadmium reagent. Our initial interest focused on: (a) the ease of formation of a partially fluorinated cadmium reagent vs . the F -alkyl analog; (b) the stability of this reagent vs . the F -analog; and (c) the reactivity of this reagent vs . the F -analog.
The Allocation and Monitoring Role of Capital Markets: Theory and International Evidence

Capital markets perform two distinct functions: provision of capital and facilitation of good governance through information production and monitoring. I argue that the governance function has more impact on the efficiency with which resources are utilized within the firm. Based on industry-level data across 38 countries, I present evidence suggesting a positive relation between market-based governance and improvements in industry efficiency. The measures of governance are also positively correlated with productivity improvements and growth in real output. Furthermore, while governance affects efficiency, the capital provision services induce technological change. The evidence underscores the role of capital markets as a conduit of socially valuable governance services as distinct from capital provision.
Functionalization of C60 with diphosphonate groups: a route to bone-vectored fullerenes

A facile synthesis for derivatizing fullerenes with diphosphonate groups based on the Bingel reaction has been explored. Five different bisadduct isomers of C60 with tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate, CH2(PO3Et2)2, have been synthesized, separated and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 31P{1H} and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Hydrolysis of the C60[C(PO3Et2)2]2 isomers generates water-soluble diphosphonic acids, C60[C(PO3H2)2]2 for future in vitro and in vivo studies in which mineralized bone tissue will be selectively targeted.
Exotic group actions on simply connected smooth 4-manifolds

Dedicated to Jose Maria Montesinos on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Abstract. We produce infinite families of exotic actions of finite cyclic groups on simply connected smooth 4-manifolds with nontrivial Seiberg-Witten invari- ants.
Vortex state structure of a Bose condensate in an asymmetric trap

Abstract Based on an analytic solution of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in the large-condensate (Thomas–Fermi) limit we determine the structure of a stationary vortex in a Bose–Einstein condensate in a nonaxisymmetric rotating trap. The condensate velocity field has cylindrical symmetry only near the vortex core and becomes intrinsically anisotropic near the condensate boundaries. Rotating the anisotropic trap induces an additional irrotational velocity field even for a vortex-free condensate.
Supersonic Aerodynamic Characteristics of Proposed Mars '07 Smart Lander Configurations

Supersonic aerodynamic data were obtained for proposed Mars '07 Smart Lander configurations in NASA Langley Research Center's Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. The primary objective of this test program was to assess the supersonic aerodynamic characteristics of the baseline Smart Lander configuration with and without fixed shelf/tab control surfaces. Data were obtained over a Mach-number range of 2.3-4.5, at a freestream Reynolds number of 1 x 10 6 based on body diameter. All configurations were run at angles of attack from -5 to 20 deg and angles of sideslip of -5 to 5 deg. These results were complemented with computational fluid dynamic predictions to enhance the understanding of experimentally observed aerodynamic trends. Inviscid and viscous full model computational solutions compared well with experimental results for the baseline and three shelf/tab configurations. Over the range tested, Mach-number effects were shown to be small on vehicle aerodynamic characteristics. Based on the results from three different shelf/tab configurations, a fixed-control surface appears to be a feasible concept for meeting aerodynamic performance metrics necessary to satisfy mission requirements.
On the Metalation-Silylation of 1,3,5-Trioxane

Abstract Cyanotriethylsilane was unique in affording synthetically useful amounts of silylated product from the in situ reaction with 1,3,5-trioxane and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide.
Limitations on using the operator product expansion at small values of x

Abstract Limits on the regions of Q 2 and x where the operator product expansion can be safely used, at small values of x are given. For a fixed large Q 2 there is an x0(Q2) such that for Bjorken x-values below x0 the operator product expansion breaks down with significant nonperturbative corrections occurring in the leading twist coefficient and anomalous dimension functions due to diffusion of gluons to small values of transverse momentum.
Worldsheet instanton corrections to the Kaluza-Klein monopole

The Kaluza-Klein monopole is a well known object in both gravity and string theory, related by T-duality to a ``smeared'' NS5-brane which retains the isometry around the duality circle. As the true NS5-brane solution is localized at a point on the circle, duality implies that the Kaluza-Klein monopole should show some corresponding behavior. In this paper, we express the Kaluza-Klein monopole as a gauged linear sigma model in two dimensions and show that worldsheet instantons give corrections to its geometry. These corrections can be understood as a localization in ``winding space'' which could be probed by strings with winding charge around the circle.
Distributed pose estimation from multiple views

A method is introduced to track the object's motion and estimate its pose from multiple cameras. We focus on direct estimation of the 3D pose from 2D image sequences. We derive a distributed solution that is equivalent to the centralized pose estimation from multiple cameras. Moreover, we show that, by using a proper rotation between each camera and a fixed camera view, we can rely on independent pose estimation from each camera. Then, we propose a robust solution to the centralized pose estimation problem by deriving a best linear unbiased estimate from the rotated pose estimates obtained from each camera. The resulting pose estimation is therefore robust to errors obtained from specific camera views. Moreover, the computational complexity of the distributed solution is efficient and grows linearly with the number of camera views. Finally, the computer simulation experiments demonstrate that our algorithm is fast and accurate.
Numerical Study of Separated Turbulent Flow over Airfoils

A numerical scheme for the solution of two-dimensional time-dependent Reynolds equations is developed and applied to the flow past airfoils. The airfoil is mapped conformally into a circular cylinder, and the equations are solved in the cylinder plane. The turbulence models used in this study are the mixing-length model and a hybrid model consisting of mixing-length model and the two-equation k-€ model. An explicit integral relation is used to determine the kinematics of the problem. After the method was calibrated using simpler geometries, it was applied to the case of a 12% thick Joukowski airfoil at 15 deg angle of attack, at a Reynolds number of 3.6 X10. It is observed from the results that the turbulent flow past an airfoil at high angles of attack shows oscillatory behavior (with the lift and drag coefficients continuously varying with time) similar to the behavior in laminar flows.
Self-assembling semicrystalline polymer into highly ordered, microscopic concentric rings by evaporation.

A drop of semicrystalline polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), solution was placed in a restricted geometry consisting of a sphere on a flat substrate (i.e., sphere-on-flat geometry). Upon solvent evaporation from the sphere-on-flat geometry, microscopic concentric rings of PEO with appropriate high molecular weight were produced via controlled, repetitive pinning (“stick”) and depinning (“slip”) cycles of the contact line. The evaporation-induced concentric rings of PEO exhibited a fibrillar-like surface morphology. Subsequent isothermal crystallization of rings at 40 and 58 °C led to the formation of multilayer of flat-on lamellae (i.e., spiral morphology). In between adjacent spirals, depletion zones were developed during crystallization, as revealed by AFM measurements. The present highly ordered, concentric PEO rings may serve as a platform to study cell adhesion and motility, neuron guidance, cell mechanotransduction, and other biological processes.
INDUCTANCE EFFECTS IN RLC TREES

A closed form solution for characterizing voltage-based signals in an RLC tree is presented. The closed form solution is used to derive figures of merit to characterize the effects of inductance at a specific node in an RLC tree. The effective damping factor of the signal at a specific node in an RLC tree is shown to be one useful figure of merit. It is shown that as the effective damping factor of a signal increases, an RC model is sufficiently accurate to characterize the waveform. The rise time of the input signal driving an RLC tree is shown to be a second factor that affects the relative significance of inductance. As the rise time of the input signal increases as compared to the effective LC time constant at a specific node within an RLC tree, the signal at this node will no longer exhibit the effects of inductance. It is demonstrated that a single line analysis to determine the importance of including inductance to characterize an interconnect line that is a part of a tree is invalid in many cases and can lead to erroneous conclusions. The error exhibited by single line analysis is due to the large interaction among the branches of the tree.
Exchange rate dynamics in Indonesia: 1980–1998

Abstract This paper estimates the equilibrium level of the real exchange rate for Indonesia in order to measure the extent of overvaluation of the rupiah at the time of the Asian crisis in 1997. The equilibrium level of the real exchange rate is measured using co-integration approach, unobserved component model and structural vector autoregression (SVAR). The paper uses these models to analyze the developments in the exchange rate policy. None of the models support overvaluation of the rupiah to justify the massive depreciation in 1997.
A case study of knowledge integration across multiple memories in Soar

Online perception, behavior, and learning in complex domains require an intelligent agent to quickly and reliably access different types of knowledge. A cognitive architecture, therefore, must implement a diverse set of memories that are optimized for storing, accessing, and learning these different types of knowledge. In this paper, we describe a complex Soar agent that uses and learns multiple types of knowledge while interacting with a human in a real-world domain. Our hypothesis is that a diverse set of memories is required for the different types of knowledge. We first present the agent’s processing, highlighting the types of knowledge used for each phase. We then present Soar’s memories and identify which memory is used for each type of knowledge. We also analyze which properties of each memory make it appropriate for the knowledge it encodes. These include procedural, semantic, and episodic knowledge, all of which play critical roles in the agent’s ability to learn and extend its capabilities. We conclude with a summary of our analysis, and conclude that a diversity of memory systems and knowledge are useful for supporting general, integrated intelligence.
Discovery of Extreme Asymmetry in the Debris Disk Surrounding HD 15115

We report the first scattered light detection of a dusty debris disk surrounding the F2 V star HD 15115 using the Hubble Space Telescope in the optical and Keck adaptive optics in the near-infrared. The most remarkable property of the HD 15115 disk relative to other debris disks is its extreme length asymmetry. The east side of the disk is detected to ~315 AU radius, whereas the west side of the disk has radius >550 AU. We find a blue optical to near-infrared scattered light color relative to the star that indicates grain scattering properties similar to the AU Mic debris disk. The existence of a large debris disk surrounding HD 15115 adds further evidence for membership in the β Pic moving group, which was previously argued based on kinematics alone. Here we hypothesize that the extreme disk asymmetry is due to dynamical perturbations from HIP 12545, an M star east of HD 15115 that shares a common proper motion vector, heliocentric distance, galactic space velocity, and age.
Recognition of dichotic melodies by musicians and nonmusicians

Abstract A dichotic recognition test was administered to 24 musicians and 24 nonmusicians. The stimuli consisted of melodic, random diatonic and random chromatic melodies (previously rated as to melodic content) and speech syllables. The results show left ear advantages for the melodies and right ear advantages for the speech in both musicians and nonmusicians. The ear advantages were constant with amount of memory load imposed by the recognition task, and across the three types of melodies. The pattern of individual scores did not reveal differences between subject groups. The findings imply that melodies are processed by the right hemisphere regardless of specific training.
Gauge invariance and wave packet simulations in the presence of dipole fields

Abstract A method for performing wave packet simulations in dipole fields is presented. Starting from a Hamiltonian with noncommuting terms, a gauge transformation leads to a new Hamiltonian which allows to calculate explicitly the evolution operator. In this new gauge, the dipole field is fully included in the vector potential. The method of Goldberg et al. [Am. J. Phys. 35 (1967) 177] based on the Caley form of the evolution operator is then generalized, and the resulting scheme is applied to describe a switching device. The device is composed of a well region separated from a free region by a potential barrier, such that one bound state and one quasi-level are present. For a particle initially in the ground state, transitions to the quasi level are induced by applying a dipole field, and the wave function can subsequently tunnel in the free region. The probability to tunnel in the free region exhibits a plateaux structure as the wave function is emitted by “bursts” after each Rabi oscillation has been completed.
Efficient Construction of (Distributed) Verifiable Random Functions

We give the first simple and efficient construction of verifiable random functions (VRFs). VRFs, introduced by Micali et al. [13], combine the properties of regular pseudorandom functions (PRFs) (i.e., indistinguishability from a random function) and digital signatures (i.e., one can provide an unforgeable proof that the VRF value is correctly computed). The efficiency of our VRF construction is only slightly worse than that of a regular PRF construction of Naor and Reingold [16]. In contrast to our direct construction, all previous VRF constructions [13, 12] involved an expensive generic transformation from verifiable unpredictable functions (VUFs).We also provide the first construction of distributed VRFs. Our construction is more efficient than the only known construction of distributed (non-verifiable) PRFs [17], but has more applications than the latter. For example, it can be used to distributively implement the random oracle model in a publicly verifiable manner, which by itself has many applications.Our construction is based on a new variant of decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH) assumption on certain groups where the regular DDH assumption does not hold [10, 9]. Nevertheless, this variant of DDH seems to be plausible based on our current understanding of these groups. We hope that the demonstrated power of our assumption will serve as a motivation for its closer study.
Inverse design methods for radiative transfer systems

Radiant enclosures used in industrial processes have traditionally been designed by trial-and-error, a technique that usually demands considerable time to find a solution of limited quality. As an alternative, designers have recently adopted optimization and inverse methodologies to solve design problems involving radiative transfer; the optimization methodology solves the inverse problem implicitly by transforming it into a multivariable minimization problem, while the inverse design methodology solves the problem explicitly using regularization. This paper presents the details of both methodologies, and demonstrates them by solving for the optimal heater settings in an industrially relevant radiant enclosure design problem.
Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein enhancement of oscillations as a possible solution to the solar-neutrino problem.

Mikheyev and Smirnov have observed that neutrino oscillations in the Sun can be greatly enhanced through the mechanism of Wolfenstein matter oscillations. We develop a qualitative understanding of this phenomenon in the small-mixing-angle limit and carry out extensive calculations in order to apply it to the solar-neutrino problem. Our simple theoretical model agrees remarkably well with the calculations. After determining those values of ..delta..m-italic/sup 2/ and sin/sup 2/2theta in the small-mixing-angle limit for which the /sup 8/B plus /sup 7/Be neutrino capture rate in /sup 37/Cl is suppressed by a factor 2--4, we predict the corresponding capture rate for p-italicp-italic plus /sup 7/Be neutrinos in /sup 71/Ga. The gallium capture rate can range from no reduction to a factor of 10 reduction. We also determine the modified spectrum of /sup 8/B neutrinos arriving at Earth and discuss the importance of this spectrum as a means of choosing between oscillations and the solar model as the cause of the solar-neutrino problem, and also as a means of distinguishing between different sets of oscillation parameters.
Rethinking the Freshwater Eel: Salt Marsh Trophic Support of the American Eel, Anguilla rostrata

Despite the fact that Anguilla rostrata (American eel) are frequently captured in salt marshes, their role in salt marsh food webs and the influence of human impacts, such as tidal restrictions, on this role remains unclear. To better understand salt marsh trophic support of A. rostrata, eels were collected from tidally restricted and unrestricted salt marsh creeks within three New England estuaries. Gut contents were examined, and eel muscle tissue was analyzed for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values and entered into MixSir mixing models to understand if salt marsh food sources are important contributors to eel diet. Data suggest that eel prey rely heavily on salt marsh organic matter and eels utilize salt marsh secondary production as an energetic resource over time, and thus can be considered salt marsh residents. Gut contents indicate that A. rostrata function as top predators, feeding primarily on secondary consumers including other fish species, crustaceans, and polychaetes. Higher A. rostrata trophic position measured upstream of reference creeks suggests that severe tidal restrictions may result in altered food webs, but it is not clear how this impacts the overall fitness of A. rostrata populations in New England salt marshes.
Surface emission properties of strongly magnetic neutron stars

We construct radiative equilibrium models for strongly magnetized (B 1013 G) neutron star atmospheres taking into account magnetic free-free absorption and scattering processes computed for two polarization modes. We include the effects of vacuum polarization in our calculations. We present temperature profiles and the angle-, photon energy-, and polarization-dependent emerging intensity for a range of magnetic field strengths and effective temperatures of the atmospheres. We find that for B 1014 G, the emerging spectra are bluer than the blackbody corresponding to the effective temperature Teff with modified Planckian shapes because of the photon energy dependence of the magnetic opacities. However, vacuum polarization resonance significantly modifies the spectra for B ~ 1015 G, giving rise to power-law tails at high photon energies. The angle dependence (beaming) of the emerging intensity has two maxima: a narrow (pencil) peak at small angles (5°) with respect to the normal and a broad maximum (fan beam) at intermediate angles (~20°-60°). The relative importance and the opening angle of the radial beam decreases strongly with increasing magnetic field strength and decreasing photon energy. We finally compute a Teff-Tc relation for our models, where Tc is the local color temperature of the spectrum emerging from the neutron star surface, and find that Tc/Teff ranges between 1.1 and 1.8. We discuss the implications of our results for various thermally emitting neutron star models.
Pricing in computer networks: Reshaping the research agenda

Abstract As the internet makes the transition from research testbed to commercial enterprise, the topic of pricing in computer networks has suddenly attracted great attention. Much of the discussion in the network design community and the popular press centers on the usage-based versus flat pricing debate. The more academic literature has largely focused on devising optimal pricing policies; achieving optimal welfare requires charging marginal congestion costs for usage. We contend that the research agenda on pricing in computer networks should shift away from the optimality paradigm and focus more on structural and architectural issues.
Semi-Transparent Gold Film as Simultaneous Surface Heater and Resistance Thermometer for Nucleate Boiling Studies

A large (22 x 25 mm) semi-transparent thin film of gold, approximately 400 A in thickness, is deposited on a glass substrate for simultaneous use as a heat source and resistance thermometer. Construction techniques and calibration procedures are described, and a sample application to a transient boiling process is included with simultaneous high speed photographs taken through the thin film from beneath.
Stereospecific dehydrative alkylation of bis-sulfones: synthesis of a lesser tea tortrix pheromone

The intra- and intermolecular condensation of alcohols with bis-sulfone methylenes, i.e., dehydrative alkylation, using DEAD and Ph 3 P Proceeds stereospecifiically at room temperature under essentially neutral conditions affording good to excellent yields of alkylation/ annulation products
Distributed detection with consulting sensors and communication cost

The problem of distributed detection with consulting sensors in the presence of communication cost associated with any exchange of information (consultation) between sensors is considered. The system considered has two sensors, S1 and S2; S1 is the primary sensor responsible for the final decision u/sub 0/, and S2 is a consulting sensor capable of relaying its decision u/sub 2/ to S1 when requested by S1. The final decision u/sub 0/ is either based on the raw data available to S1 only, or, under certain request conditions, also takes into account the decision u/sub 2/ of sensor S2. Random and nonrandom request schemes are analyzed and numerical results are presented and compared for Gaussian and slow-fading Rayleigh channels. For each decision-making scheme, an associated optimization problem is formulated whose solution is shown to satisfy certain set design criteria that the authors consider essential for sensor fusion. >
SYNTHESIS OF 2′,3′-DIDEOXY-2′,3′-DIDEHYDRO NUCLEOSIDES VIA A SERENDIPITOUS ROUTE

This paper describes a "green" synthesis of 2',3'-unsaturated 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides via an electrochemical reaction. Using this approach d4T, d4U, ddA and ddI can be synthesized in high yields.
A mild four-carbon homologation of aldehydes to E,E-dienamines☆

Abstract The four-carbon homologation of aldehydes to E,E-dienamines can be achieved efficiently under mild conditions by iodomethylenation with CrCl2-CHI3, with subsequent Pd-catalyzed coupling to the vinylstannane 4 followed by mild cleavage of the FMOC group.
An eta primer: solving the U(1) problem with AdS/QCD

Inspired by the AdS/CFT correspondence, we study the pseudoscalar mesons of QCD through a dual embedding in a strongly curved extra dimensional spacetime. This model incorporates the consequences of symmetry and has very few free parameters, due to constraints from five-dimensions and the operator product expansion of QCD. Using as inputs fπ and the pion, kaon, and rho masses, we compute the eta and eta prime masses to be 520 and 867 MeV, respectively. Their decay rates into photons are also computed and found to be in good agreement with data.