cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Images By Solid State Ionography

Solid state thermocurrent and radioconductivity (electrical conductivity during irradiation) experiments have indicated the feasibility of using ionic solids for radiographic imaging. In gaseous systems, the process is called ionography; the image is formed by collection and trapping of charge. A charge yield of about 10-10 coulomb/cm2-mR at a field of 105 V/cm was measured for Al203; the charge yield varies linearly with the electric field. This material also shows good charge sensitivity for the room temperature region. Gadolinium Gallium Garnet, although not as sensitive as Al203, has also shown potential for radiographic imaging. Ionographic images were made at atmospheric pressure using 80 kVp x-rays collecting the charge on an aluminum backed mylar film. The aluminum backing electrode is then removed to produce a transparency, which can then be viewed as a conventional radiographic image. An image of a JEDEC-JT-4.2 pattern demonstrated that the imaging system can easily resolve 4 line pairs/mm and seems limited at our exposure levels only by quantum statistics.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of Adolescent Caffeine Consumption on Cocaine Sensitivity

Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance, and consumption by adolescents has risen markedly in recent years. We identified the effects of adolescent caffeine consumption on cocaine sensitivity and determined neurobiological changes within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that may underlie caffeine-induced hypersensitivity to cocaine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed caffeine (0.3 g/l) or water for 28 days during adolescence (postnatal day 28–55; P28–P55) or adulthood (P67–P94). Testing occurred in the absence of caffeine during adulthood (P62–82 or P101–121). Cocaine-induced and quinpirole (D2 receptor agonist)-induced locomotion was enhanced in rats that consumed caffeine during adolescence. Adolescent consumption of caffeine also enhanced the development of a conditioned place preference at a sub-threshold dose of cocaine (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.). These behavioral changes were not observed in adults consuming caffeine for an equivalent period of time. Sucrose preferences were not altered in rats that consumed caffeine during adolescence, suggesting there are no differences in natural reward. Caffeine consumption during adolescence reduced basal dopamine levels and augmented dopamine release in the NAc in response to cocaine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Caffeine consumption during adolescence also increased the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine transporter, and adenosine A1 receptor and decreased adenosine A2A receptor expression in the NAc. Consumption of caffeine during adulthood increased adenosine A1 receptor expression in the NAc, but no other protein expression changes were observed. Together these findings suggest that caffeine consumption during adolescence produced changes in the NAc that are evident in adulthood and may contribute to increases in cocaine-mediated behaviors.
Operating characteristics predicted by models for diagnostic tasks involving lesion localization.

In 1996 Swensson published an observer model that predicted receiver operating characteristic (ROC), localization ROC (LROC), free-response ROC (FROC) and alternative FROC (AFROC) curves, thereby achieving “unification” of different observer performance paradigms. More recently a model termed initial detection and candidate analysis (IDCA) has been proposed for fitting computer aided detection (CAD) generated FROC data, and recently a search model for human observer FROC data has been proposed. The purpose of this study was to derive IDCA and the search model based expressions for operating characteristics, and to compare the predictions to the Swensson model. For three out of four mammography CAD data sets all models yielded good fits in the high-confidence region, i.e., near the lower end of the plots. The search model and IDCA tended to better fit the data in the low-confidence region, i.e., near the upper end of the plots, particularly for FROC curves for which the Swensson model predictions departed markedly from the data. For one data set none of the models yielded satisfactory fits. A unique characteristic of search model and IDCA predicted operating characteristics is that the operating point is not allowed to move continuously to the lowest confidence limit of the corresponding Swensson model curves. This prediction is actually observed in the CAD raw data and it is the primary reason for the poor FROC fits of the Swensson model in the low-confidence region.
Assessment of 2,3,7,8-TCDD contamination at 2,4,5-trichlorophenol production and manufacturing use facilities and associated waste disposal sites

Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assessed the presence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) at 2,4,5-trichlorophenol production and manufacturing use facilities and their associated waste disposal sites in the U.S. Under EPA's National Dioxin Strategy 100 such sites have been identified. EPA has investigated most of these 100 sites and continues to develop appropriate response measures where appropriate. Several site histories are discussed.
The Regulation of PGE2 Biosynthesis in MG-63 Osteosarcoma Cells by IL-1 and FGF Is Cell Density-Dependent

Abstract We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which treatment of the human osteoblast-like cell line MG-63 with interleukin 1β (IL-1) and/or fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) elicited prostaglandin biosynthesis. IL-1 induced a 5-fold increase in PGE2 production compared to controls. While treatment with FGF-1 alone did not affect PGE2 biosynthesis, it enhanced the formation of PGE2 by IL-1 by an additional 3- to 5-fold. IL-1-induced PGE2 biosynthesis accompanied increases in steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding cPLA2 (10- to 15-fold) and PGHS-2 (>3-fold) and concomitant increases in cPLA2 protein (>3-fold) and PGHS-2 protein (>1.5-fold). FGF-1 treatment did not affect PGHS-2 gene expression, but enhanced the effect of IL-1 on PGHS-2 expression by an additional 2- to 3-fold. FGF-1 alone enhanced cPLA2 expression (5-fold), and the combined effects of FGF-1 and IL-1 on cPLA2 expression were additive. There was no measurable effect of either agonist on PGHS-1 expression. We also discovered that induction of PGE2 biosynthesis in response to IL-1 or IL-1/FGF-1 was affected by the density of MG-63 cells in culture. Subconfluent cultures displayed a 3- to 10-fold greater response to IL-1 or IL-1/FGF-1 than confluent cultures. The decreased PGE2 induction by IL-1 in confluent cultures was associated with reduced IL-1 receptor expression. We conclude that the signaling pathways resulting in PGE2 biosynthesis in response to proinflammatory agents like IL-1 are subject to complex regulation by additional soluble mediators as well as cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix interactions.
Unit hydrographs derived from the Nash model

ABSTRACT: Unit hydrograph ordinates are often estimated by deconvoluting excess rainfall pulses and corresponding direct runoff. The resulting ordinates are given at discrete times spaced evenly at intervals equal to the duration of the rainfall pulse. If the new duration is not a multiple of the parent duration, hydrograph interpolation is required. Linear interpolation, piece-wise nonlinear interpolation and graphical smoothing have been used. These interpolation schemes are expedient but they lack theoretical basis and can lead to undesirable results. Interpolation can be avoided if the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) for the watershed is known. Here two issues connected with the classic Nash IUH are examined: (1) how should the Nash parameters be estimated? and (2) under what conditions is the resulting hydrograph able to reasonably represent watershed response? In the first case, nonlinear constrained optimization provides better estimates of the IUH parameters than does the method of moments. In the second case, the Nash IUH gives good results on watersheds with mild shape unit hydrographs, but performs poorly on watersheds having sharply peaked unit hydrographs. Overall, in comparison to empirical interpolation alternatives, the Nash IUH offers a theoretically sound and practical approach to estimate unit hydrographs for a wide variety of watersheds.
Activation of the Interferon Pathway is Dependent Upon Autoantibodies in African-American SLE Patients, but Not in European-American SLE Patients.

Background: In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antibodies directed at RNA-binding proteins (anti-RBP) are associated with high serum type I interferon (IFN), which plays an important role in SLE pathogenesis. African-Americans (AA) are more likely to develop SLE, and SLE is also more severe in this population. We hypothesized that peripheral blood gene expression patterns would differ between AA and European-American (EA) SLE patients, and between those with anti-RBP antibodies and those who lack these antibodies. Methods: Whole blood RNA from 33 female SLE patients and 16 matched female controls from AA and EA ancestral backgrounds was analyzed on Affymetrix Gene 1.0 ST gene expression arrays. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to compare the top differentially expressed canonical pathways amongst the sample groups. An independent cohort of 116 SLE patients was used to replicate findings using qPCR. Results: Both AA and EA patients with positive anti-RBP antibodies showed over-expression of similar IFN-related canonical pathways, such as IFN Signaling (P = 1.3x10-7 and 6.3x10-11 in AA vs. EA respectively), Antigen Presenting Pathway (P = 1.8x10-5 and 2.5x10-6) and a number of pattern recognition receptor pathways. In anti-RBP negative (RBP -) patients, EA subjects demonstrated similar IFN-related pathway activation, whereas no IFN-related pathways were detected in RBP - AA patients. qPCR validation confirmed similar results. Conclusions: Our data show that IFN-induced gene expression is completely dependent on the presence of anti-RBP antibodies in AA SLE patients but not in EA patients. This molecular heterogeneity suggests differences in IFN-pathway activation between ancestral backgrounds in SLE. This heterogeneity may be clinically important, as therapeutics targeting this pathway are being developed.
Obstructive nephropathy: towards biomarker discovery and gene therapy

Obstructive nephropathy is a major cause of renal failure, particularly in infants and children. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the progression of the tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis-processes that lead to nephron loss-have been elucidated in the past 5 years. Following urinary tract obstruction and tubular dilatation, a cascade of events results in upregulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, tubular apoptosis and macrophage infiltration of the interstitium. This is followed by accumulation of interstitial fibroblasts through proliferation of resident fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of renal tubular cells. Under the influence of cytokines, chemokines and other signaling molecules produced by tubular and interstitial cells, fibroblasts undergo transformation to myofibroblasts that induce expansion of the extracellular matrix. The cellular interactions that regulate development of interstitial inflammation, tubular apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis are complex. Changes in renal gene expression and protein production afford many potential biomarkers of disease progression and targets for therapeutic manipulation. These include signaling molecules and receptors involved in macrophage recruitment and proliferation, tubular death signals and survival factors, and modulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Targeted gene deletion and various forms of gene therapy have been used in experimental obstructive nephropathy, mostly rodent models of unilateral ureteral obstruction or cell culture techniques. Further refinement of these models is needed to develop a matrix of biomarkers with clinical predictive value, as well as molecular therapies that will prevent or reverse the renal structural and functional consequences of obstructive nephropathy.
Persistent Neuroinflammatory Effects of Serial Exposure to Stress and Methamphetamine on the Blood-Brain Barrier

Studies of methamphetamine (Meth)-induced neurotoxicity have traditionally focused on monoaminergic terminal damage while more recent studies have found that stress exacerbates these damaging effects of Meth. Similarities that exist between the mechanisms that cause monoaminergic terminal damage in response to stress and Meth and those capable of producing a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) suggest that the well-known high co-morbidity of stress and Meth could produce long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruption. The current studies examined the role of neuroinflammation in mediating the effects of exposure to chronic stress and/or Meth on BBB structure and function. Rats were pre-exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and/or challenged with Meth. Twenty-four hours after the treatment of Meth in rats pre-exposed to CUS, occludin and claudin-5 immunoreactivity were decreased while truncation of β-dystroglycan, as well as FITC-dextran and water extravasation was increased. All changes other than β-dystroglycan and edema persisted 7 days later, occurred with increases in GFAP and COX-2, and were blocked by ketoprofen after Meth treatment. In addition, persistent increases in FITC-dextran extravasation were prevented by treatment with an EP1 receptor antagonist after Meth exposure. The results indicate that CUS and Meth synergize to produce long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruptions that are mediated by cyclooxygenase and protracted increases in inflammation. These results suggest that stress and Meth can synergize to produce a long-lasting vulnerability of the brain to subsequent environmental insults resulting from the persistent breach of the BBB.
A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis of Self-Report Measures of Adult Attachment

This study is a reliability generalization meta-analysis that reviews 5 of the most frequently used continuous measures of adult attachment security: the Adult Attachment Scale, Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Experiences in Close Relationships, and Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised. A total of 313,462 individuals from 564 studies provided 1,629 internal consistency reliability estimates for this meta-analysis. We present the average internal consistency reliability of scores for each measure and test the consistency of score reliabilities across a wide variety of sample characteristics. In light of this, we highlight several issues in the measurement of adult attachment security and make concrete recommendations for researchers seeking to measure adult attachment.
Determination of major, minor and trace elements in bone by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Abstract Inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry (i.c.p.e.s.) is applied to the measurement of the concentrations of twenty elements in human and animal bone (IAEA H-5) samples. Hydride and elemental generation i.c.p.e.s. are employed for the determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury, and electrothermal vaporization—i.c.p.e.s. is used for the verification of copper. For low concentration levels of eight elements (Cd, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V), a poly(dithiocarbamate) chelating resin provides a 30-fold preconcentration factor and separation from the matrix prior to the spectrometric measurement.
Progressive muscle relaxation, yoga stretching, and ABC relaxation theory

This study compared the psychological effects of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and yoga stretching (hatha) exercises. Forty participants were randomly divided into two groups and taught PMR or yoga stretching exercises. Both groups practiced once a week for five weeks and were given the Smith Relaxation States Inventory before and after each session. As hypothesized, practitioners of PMR displayed higher levels of relaxation states (R-States) Physical Relaxation and Disengagement at Week 4 and higher levels of Mental Quiet and Joy as a posttraining aftereffect at Week 5. Contrary to what was hypothesized, groups did not display different levels of R-States Energized or Aware. Results suggest the value of supplementing traditional somatic conceptualizations of relaxation with the psychological approach embodied in ABC relaxation theory. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Orchard floor management utilizing soil-applied coal dust for frost protection Part II. Seasonal microclimate effect

Abstract Orchard floor management has been found to affect the microclimate on radiation frost nights; however, long-term effects of management on the seasonal microclimate have not been studied. Comparisons were made of microclimatic factors in the spring of 1986 between two adjacent 1.4 ha peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) plots in the Shenandoah Valley of West Virginia. The orchard floor of one plot had grass maintained in both the 3-m-wide tree row and 3-m-wide grass alley (grass plot); the floor of the other plot was similar except that coal dust was applied to the soil surface of the tree row (coal dust plot). Net radiative (Rn), soil heat (G), and sensible heat flux were greater during the daytime in the coal dust plot. Averaged over the 55-day period of this study, the daily Rn and G was 7 and 2 W m−2 greater in the coal dust plot, respectively. Thus, G accounted for 30% of Rn on a daily basis. Daily average tree-row air (to 195 cm) and soil (to 5 cm) temperatures were ∼ 0.2 and 2.5°C higher, respectively, in the coal dust plot. The cumulative differences found at the end of this study indicated that the coal dust plot absorbed 32 MJ more net radiant energy than the grass plot. Cumulative G differences accounted for 9 MJ (30%) of the Rn difference, with a greater heat flux into the soil in the coal dust plot. An approximate difference of 130 growing-degree-hours (GDH), which represented a 1% difference, was found at the end of the study. However, at the time of bloom, which required 4000 GDH, only a 40 GDH difference was found. These results indicate that microclimatic differences between management systems are cumulative and that differences for the site studied can develop by late spring. In years with greater cloud-free days, even larger microclimatic differences could develop than those reported in this study.
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9q and p53 alterations in human bladder cancer

BACKGROUND Somatic loss of the 9q allele as well as alteration of the tumor suppressor p53 occurs commonly in bladder cancers. Although alteration of p53 has been strongly associated with invasive stage disease, the prognostic significance of 9q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and the relations between these alterations are less well defined. METHODS The 9q LOH was examined at five microsatellites and p53 alterations (mutation and persistent immunohistochemical staining) in a population-based case series of 271 newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients. Loss of heterozygosity was scored quantitatively and p53 mutation completed using single-strand conformation polymorphism screening followed by sequencing. RESULTS Overall, allelic loss at 9q was detected in 74.5% (202/271) of cases and allele loss was associated with invasive disease (P < 0.05). Although based on small numbers, all nine in situ lesions contained 9q LOH. Age, gender, and smoking were not significantly associated with chromosome 9q allele loss. Both intense persistent p53 staining and LOH at 9q were independently associated with invasive disease (P < 10−14 and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data, using a population-based sample, suggest a relation between 9q LOH and invasive stage bladder cancer, and thereby suggests that a tumor suppressor gene at this loci, in addition to p53, may be important in the development of this more aggressive form of the disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of a mutant endostatin suppresses ovarian carcinoma growth in mice

Earlier studies have shown that a point mutation in human endostatin at position 125 (human endostatin wherein proline 125 was substituted with alanine, P125A-endostatin) improves endothelial cell binding and antiangiogenic activity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene delivery of P125A-endostatin (rAAV-P125Aendo) in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. Intramuscular (i.m.) injection of rAAV-P125Aendo resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum endostatin levels. Consequently, vascular endothelial growth factor- and basic fibroblast growth factor-mediated angiogenesis was significantly inhibited in mice injected with rAAV-P125Aendo as compared to control mice injected with rAAV-LacZ. Furthermore, gene therapy using rAAV-P125Aendo construct showed sustained secretion of P125A-endostatin for up to 9 weeks after a single i.m. administration. Recombinant AAV-P125Aendo injection significantly inhibited the growth of human ovarian cancer cells in athymic nude mice. Immunofluorescence studies of residual tumors surgically removed from the rAAV-P125Aendo-treated animals showed decreased number of vessel ends and vessel length, indicating inhibition of angiogenesis. These studies suggest that recombinant AAV-mediated antiangiogenic gene therapy methods can be used to inhibit ovarian cancer growth.
Fungicide‐induced declines of freshwater biodiversity modify ecosystem functions and services

Although studies on biodiversity and ecosystem function are often framed within the context of anthropogenic change, a central question that remains is how important are direct vs. indirect (via changes in biodiversity) effects of anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem functions in multitrophic-level communities. Here, we quantify the effects of the fungicide chlorothalonil on 34 species-, 2 community- and 11 ecosystemlevel responses in a multitrophic-level system. At ecologically relevant concentrations, chlorothalonil increased mortality of amphibians, gastropods, zooplankton, algae and a macrophyte (reducing taxonomic richness), reduced decomposition and water clarity and elevated dissolved oxygen and net primary productivity. These ecosystem effects were indirect and predictable based on changes in taxonomic richness. A path analysis suggests that chlorothalonil-induced reductions in biodiversity and top-down and bottom-up effects facilitated algal blooms that shifted ecosystem functions. This work emphasises the need to re-evaluate the safety of chlorothalonil and to further link anthropogenic-induced changes in biodiversity to altered ecosystem functions.
Integrating machine learning in ad hoc routing: A wireless adaptive routing protocol

The nodes in a wireless ad hoc network act as routers in a self-configuring network without infrastructure. An application running on the nodes in the ad hoc network may require that intermediate nodes act as routers, receiving and forwarding data packets to other nodes to overcome the limitations of noise, router congestion and limited transmission power. In existing routing protocols, the ‘self-configuring’ aspects of network construction have generally been limited to the construction of routes that minimize the number of intermediate nodes on a route while ignoring the effects that the resulting traffic has on the overall communication capacity of the network. This paper presents a context-aware routing metric that factors the effects of environmental noise and router congestion into a single time-based metric, and further presents a new cross-layer routing protocol, called Warp-5 (Wireless Adaptive Routing Protocol, Version 5), that uses the new metric to make better routing decisions in heterogeneous network systems. Simulation results for Warp-5 are presented and compared to the existing, well-known AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol and the reinforcement-learning based routing protocol, Q-routing. The results show Warp-5 to be superior to shortest path routing protocols and Q-routing for preventing router congestion and packet loss due to noise. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper presents a cross-layer predictor for route selection in wireless ad hoc networks that combines the effects of noise and router congestion into a single time-based routing metric based on statistical estimation from recent experience. A new cross-layer, adaptive routing protocol, called Warp-5, uses this new routing metric to make better routing decisions in noisy or congested wireless ad hoc networks.
Transscleral fixation of a foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens

We describe an approach to transscleral fixation of a foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) using a 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. The technique was used in 80 consecutive eyes, and the results were analyzed for corrected distance visual acuity and safety indicators. Postoperative complications included retinal detachment in 2 eyes (2.5%), Irvine-Gass cystoid macular edema in 3 eyes (3.75%), persistent postoperative corneal edema in 1 eye (1.25%), hyphema in 2 eyes (2.5%), and postoperative vitreous hemorrhage with spontaneous clearing in 1 eye (1.25%). The modified external approach with a 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy had relatively few complications, improved visual acuity in patients requiring a transsclerally sutured PC IOL, and offered several advantages over traditional anterior chamber and conventional techniques of scleral suturing. Financial Disclosure Dr. Adelberg is a consultant to Bausch & Lomb. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The Effect of Intrinsic Ultraviolet Absorbers on the Ionizing Continuum and Narrow Emission Line Ratios in Seyfert Galaxies

We explore the effects of UV-absorbing material on the shape of the EUV continuum radiation emitted by the active galactic nucleus and on the relative strengths of emission lines, formed in the narrow-line regions of Seyfert galaxies, excited by this continuum. Within a sample of Seyfert 1.5 galaxies, objects with flatter soft X-ray slopes tend to have lower values of He II ?4686/H?, which implies a correlation between the observed spectral energy distribution of the ionizing continuum and the narrow emission line strengths. Objects with the flattest soft X-ray continua tend to possess high-column density UV absorption, and it is plausible that the differences in narrow emission line ratios among these galaxies are an indication of the effects of absorbing material internal to the narrow-line region, rather than intrinsic differences in continuum shape. We have generated a set of photoionization models to examine the effect of a range of UV absorbers on the ionizing continuum and, hence, the resulting conditions in a typical narrow-line cloud. Our results indicate that a low-ionization UV absorber with large covering factor will indeed produce the combination of narrow-line ratios and soft X-ray spectral characteristics observed in several Seyfert 1.5 galaxies. Our results also suggest that low-ionization UV absorption may be more common than currently believed.
Subdural Hematoma in Infancy Suggestions for Diagnosis and Management

Symptoms of subdural hematoma in infancy are nonspecific. This article suggests ways to make the diagnosis and details the technic for performing a subdural tap. The staff at the Cin cinnati Children's Hospital has had gratifying results with the conservative approach of repeating subdural taps as indicated.
The impact of mixotrophy on planktonic marine ecosystems

Abstract Mixotrophic protists, which utilize a nutritional strategy that combines phototrophy and phagotrophy, are commonly found in fresh, estuarine, and oceanic waters at all latitudes. A number of different physiological types of mixotrophs are possible, including forms which are able to use both phototrophy and phagotrophy equally well, primarily phototrophic phagocytic ‘algae’, and predominantly heterotrophic photosynthetic ‘protozoa’. Mixotrophs are expected to have important effects on the trophic dynamics of ecosystems, but the exact nature of these effects is not known and likely varies with physiological type. In order to study the impact that mixotrophs may have on the microbial food web, we developed mathematical formulations that simulate each of the three aforementioned physiological types of mixotrophs. These were introduced into idealized, steady-state open ocean and coastal/estuarine environments. Our results indicate that mixotrophs compete for resources with both phytoplankton and zooplankton and that their relative abundance is a function of the feeding strategy (physiological type and whether or not they feed on zooplankton) and the maximum growth and/or grazing rates of the organisms. In our models coexistence of mixotrophs with phytoplankton and zooplankton generally occurs within reasonable parameter ranges, which suggests that mixotrophy represents a unique resource niche under summertime, quasi-steady state conditions. We also find that the introduction of mixotrophs tends to decrease the primary production based on uptake of nitrogen from the dissolved inorganic nitrogen pool, but that this decrease may be compensated for by mixotrophic primary production based upon organic nitrogen sources.
Treatment of Vertebral Disease: Appropriate Use of Open and Endovascular Techniques

Vertebral artery disease is an often underdiagnosed and undertreated cause of posterior circulation ischemia. Revascularization of the vertebral circulation should be considered in patients refractory to medical therapy. Surgical and endovascular techniques are discussed and reviewed in the context of the location and type of vertebral artery disease.
Completeness, Similar Regions, and Unbiased Estimation—Part II

In Part I of this study (Lehmann and Scheffe, I950), to which we shall refer as LSI, we defined and illustrated the ooncept of completeness of a family of measures and developed some of its statistical applications. In this part we shall state in section 7 some general results about complete families, showing how from given families one can construct others, and a specific result about the completeness of a certain parametric family. Uniformly most powerful, unbiased tests for certain statistical hypotheses about this parametric family are considered in section 8. Some examples are given in section 9. As mentioned2 in LSI, these results on testing are extensions and simplifications of earlier ones by Neyman (1941), Scheffe (1942), Lehmann (1947), Ghosh (1948), and Iioel (1948). Since then further papers have appeared on the subject by Nandi (1951) and Sverdrup (1953); however, the present version is in a number of ways more general than previous ones. The notation throughout will be that of LSI.
Effect of Elevated Left Atrial Pressure and Decreased Plasma Protein Concentration on the Development of Pulmonary Edema

In 97 dogs left atrial pressure was elevated to various levels up to 50 mm. Hg by partial constriction of the aorta. The effect of these pressures for from 30 min. to 3 hours on the accumulation of lung edema was then studied. Edema was estimated by determining the ratio of the weight of the wet lung to the weight of the same lung after drying. In animals with normal plasma protein concentrations fluid began to transude into the lungs when the left atrial pressure rose above an average of 24 mm. Hg. In another series of animals the plasma protein concentrations were reduced by plasmapheresis at the beginning of each experiment until the plasma protein concentration averaged 47 per cent of the control value. In these animals fluid began to transude into the lungs when the left atrial pressure rose above a critical value of 11 mm Hg. Furthermore, the rate at which fluid accumulated in the lungs, in all series of experiments, was directly proportional to the rise in left atrial pressure above the critical pressure at which fluid began to collect in the lungs.
Logic synthesis through local transformations

A logic designer today faces a growing number of design requirements and technology restrictions, brought about by increases in circuit density and processor complexity. At the same time, the cost of engineering changes has made the correctness of chip implementations more important, and minimization of circuit count less so. These factors underscore the need for increased automation of logic design. This paper describes an experimental system for synthesizing synchronous combinational logic. It allows a designer to start with a naive implementation produced automatically from a functional specification, evaluate it with respect to these many factors and incrementally improve this implementation by applying local transformations until it is acceptable for manufacture. The use of simple local transformations in this system ensures correct implementations, isolates technology-specific data, and will allow the total process to be applied to larger, VLSI designs. The system has been used to synthesize masterslice chip implementations from functional specifications, and to remap implemented masterslice chips from one technology to another while preserving their functional behavior.
A Simple Model for the Reliability of an Infrastructure System Controlled by Agents

A simple dynamic model of agent operation of an infrastructure system is presented. This system evolves over a long time scale by a daily increase in consumer demand that raises the overall load on the system and an engineering response to failures that involves upgrading of the components. The system is controlled by adjusting the upgrading rate of the components and the replacement time of the components. Two agents operate the system. Their behavior is characterized by their risk-averse and risk-taking attitudes while operating the system, their response to large events, and the effect of learning time on adapting to new conditions. A risk-averse operation causes a reduction in the frequency of failures and in the number of failures per unit time. However, risk aversion brings an increase in the probability of extreme events.
Positivist Empiricism versus Alternatives to the Objectivist Illusion

Many works have been written describing the history of positivism, the challenges of traditional positivism, its rebuttal, and so forth: for example, Adorno, Albert, Dahrendorf, Habermas, Pilot, and Popper (1976), Husserl (1965), Giorgi (1976), and Harre and Secord (1972), to name only a few in this vast literature. So many treatises have been forthcoming over the years that it is somewhat surprising to see the central tenets of positivism still prevailing in the discipline. I believe that its perseverance is less a testimony either to the absence of any significant challenges or its great success as such than it is a matter of its societal suitability. It will not serve my present purposes, however, to dredge up this material and restate the details of the debates. Rather, let me simply address myself to what may be considered to be two central tenets of the positivist—empiricist approach to knowledge in psychology and the other human sciences: (1) the privileging of immediate experience and (2) the search for universal laws.
Characteristics of the anion transport system in sea turtle erythrocytes

Erythrocytes of Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempi) contain a 100- to 105-kDa protein that is reactive with a monoclonal antibody to the membrane domain of human erythrocyte band 3. Based on inhibition of membrane HCO(3-)-Cl- exchange with 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), sea turtle erythrocytes were found to contain 4 x 10(6) copies of band 3 per cell. Unidirectional HCO3- transfer, specifically HCO3- out----in-Cl-in----out exchange, where subscript in----out represents transfer from inside to outside and subscript out----in represents transfer from outside to inside, was characterized by a maximal exchange rate of 1.0-1.1 nmol.cm-2.s-1, substrate affinity coefficients of 0.1-0.2 mM for HCO3- and 1.6 mM for Cl-, and an apparent inhibition constant for SITS of 0.6-1.0 microM (10 degrees C, pH 7.6). Under physiological conditions (30 degrees C, pH 7.4), the rate of net HCO3- transfer (i.e., the difference between HCO3- in----out-Cl-out----in and HCO3- out----in-Cl-in----out) was 1.13 nmol. cm-2.s-1 for cells subjected to a 5-mM decrement in CO2 content. This yields a rate coefficient for the "physiological" anion shift in sea turtle blood of 1.7 s-1, indicating that the anion shift may require 2.6 s to reach 99% completion in vivo. The erythrocyte anion shift appears to be a potential rate-limiting step for capillary CO2 exchange in these turtles.
Atmospheric Chemistry: Nature's plasticized aerosols

The structure of atmospheric aerosol particles affects their reactivity and growth rates. Measurements of aerosol properties over the Amazon rainforest indicate that organic particles above tropical rainforests are simple liquid drops.
Bar Fights on the Bowery

A neighborhood’s bars can help tell the complex story of gentrification, symbolic ownership, and public space in today’s New York City.
Development and Validation of a Multidisciplinary Spacesuit Model

In this paper, we develop a novel multidisciplinary spacesuit model. Many models exist for individual spacesuit subsystems, for example the thermal subsystem; however, no one model yet exists that incorporates all subsystems simultaneously. Although a partial understanding of the operation and performance of a spacesuit at the subsystem level can be attained using existing models, the spacesuit is a highly-interdependent, human-sized spacecraft, and an integrated model is needed to aid in the understanding, design, and operation of the spacesuit as a complex engineering system. First, we describe the overall operation of the model, then go into details of the four subsystems: thermal, structures, oxygen flow, and power. Next, we validate the model against the current U.S. spacesuit, the Extra-Vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), at the system and subsystem level. This model is used in a companion paper to conduct multi-objective optimization. These results should prove useful in the design of the next-generation spacesuit.
Manualmedizinische Denkansätze für die Behandlung des tiefen Rückenschmerzes

Der tiefe Ruckenschmerz ist ein Krankheitsbild, das schwierig zu diagnostizieren ist. Eine angemessene und kosteneffektive Behandlung erfordert eine genaue Diagnose. Die manualmedizinische Annaherung an den tiefen Ruckenschmerz schliest die komplexen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Struktur und Funktion ein. Behandlungsmethoden, die auf konservative Art die myofasziale, ligamentare und artikulare Integritat wiederherstellen, konnen die Inzidenz des „failed back syndrome“ verringern. Durch das Erkennen der anatomischen und physiologischen Veranderungen, die diese Funktionsstorungen hervorrufen, verbessert die Anwendung osteopathischer manipulativer Therapie das Behandlungsergebnis und die Lebensqualitat des Patienten wesentlich.
Crystal structures of two bi-cyclo-[5.1.0]octa-nes: potassium trans-bi-cyclo-[5.1.0]octane-4-carboxyl-ate monohydrate and cis-bi-cyclo-[5.1.0]octan-4-yl 4-bromo-benzene-sulfonate.

The crystal structures of the trans-fused compound potassium trans-bi­cyclo­[5.1.0]octane-4-carboxyl­ate monohydrate, K+·C9H13O2−·H2O, (I), and of cis-bi­cyclo­[5.1.0]octan-4-yl 4-bromo­benzene­sulfonate, C14H17BrO3S, (II), have been determined. Compound (I) represents the smallest trans-fused cyclo­propane structure known to date, and features the expected shortening of the bridging C—C bond relative to the other cyclo­propane bond lengths, in contrast to the cis-fused system, (II), where all of the cyclo­propane bond lengths are the same. The bicyclic ring system of (I) is disordered across a crystallographic mirror plane. The geometries of the cis-fused and trans-fused ring systems are compared.
Lead and Strontium Isotopes as Monitors of Anthropogenic Contaminants in the Surficial Environment

Isotopic discrimination can be an effective tool in establishing a direct link between sources of Pb contamination and the presence of anomalously high concentrations of Pb in waters, soils, and organisms. Residential wells supplying water containing up to 1600 ppb Pb to houses built on the former Mohr orchards commercial site, near Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States, were evaluated to discern anthropogenic from geogenic sources. Pb and Sr isotopic data and REE data were determined for waters from residential wells, test wells (drilled for this study), and surface waters from pond and creeks. Local soils, sediments, bedrock, Zn-Pb mineralization and coal were also analyzed, together with locally used Pb-As pesticide. Pb isotope data for residential wells, test wells, and surface waters show substantial overlap with Pb data reflecting anthropogenic actions (e.g., burning fossil fuels, industrial and urban processing activities). Limited contributions of Pb from bedrock, soils, and pesticides are evident. High Pb concentrations in the residential waters are likely related to Pb in groundwater accumulating in sediment in the residential water tanks. The Pb isotope features of waters in underlying shallow aquifers that supply residential wells in the region are best interpreted as reflecting a legacy of anthropogenic Pb rather than geogenic Pb.
Cytokine profiling in healthy children shows association of age with cytokine concentrations.

Cytokine-based diagnostic assays are increasingly used in research and clinical practice. Assays developed for adults such as the interferon-gamma release assay for tuberculosis show inferior performance in children. Limited evidence suggests that release of cytokines is influenced by age but normal ranges of cytokines in children are lacking. Whole blood of healthy children (0–12 years) undergoing elective/diagnostic procedures was stimulated with SEB, PHA, Candida albicans for 24 hours or left unstimulated. Concentrations of eight cytokines were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays and associations with age and other factors quantified by regression analysis. 271 children (median age 5.2 years) were included. In unstimulated samples IL-1ra, IP-10 and TNF-α concentrations decreased by up to −60% with age. Following antigen stimulation, an age-associated increase (ranging from +90% to +500%) was observed for all cytokines except IL-1ra (significant for IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α). Inter-individual variability in cytokine concentrations was large with a coefficient of variation ranging from 42% to 1412%. Despite inter-individual variation age was identified as a strong influencing factor of cytokine concentrations. Age-specific normal values need to be considered for cytokine-based diagnostic purposes. These results are relevant for development of novel cytokine-based diagnostic assays and for optimal dosing of therapeutic agents targeting cytokines.
Development of Velopharyngeal Closure for Vocalization during the First 2 Years of Life.

Purpose The vocalizations of young infants often sound nasalized, suggesting that the velopharynx is open during the 1st few months of life. Whereas acoustic and perceptual studies seemed to suppor...
Memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia: preliminary data from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition support earlier findings.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether memory data presented for a schizophrenia sample in the Technical Manual of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition support trends identified in a previously published review of studies employing an earlier version of the instrument, the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. DESIGN: Archival: reformulation of published data. PATIENTS: Patients with schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Korsakoff's syndrome or traumatic brain injury (TBI) for whom intelligence and memory data were reported in the Technical Manual of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III WMS-III). OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance Intelligence Quotients of the WAIS-III and mean WMS-III Immediate and General Memory Indexes. Single-trial learning and learning slope data were also culled from the WAIS-III WMS-III Technical Manual. RESULTS: Memory indexes for patients with Alzheimer's disease or Korsakoff's syndrome were substantially lower than those for patients with schizophrenia or TBI. In tests of learning processes, patients with schizophrenia had an inferior ability to repeat material presented just once, in comparison with the standardization sample. However, they did relatively better with repeated presentations than patients with Alzheimer's disease or Korsakoff's syndrome. The learning slope for patients with schizophrenia demonstrated an ability to absorb and consolidate increasing amounts of material with repeated exposure that is inconsistent with pronounced memory impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients with schizophrenia exhibit new learning deficiencies, their memory capabilities are not substantially weaker than their general intellectual abilities, and do not approach the memory impairment exhibited by patients with Alzheimer's disease or Korsakoff's syndrome.
A fast, direct algorithm for the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation in two dimensions

The state-of-the-art, large-scale numerical simulations of the scattering problem for the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions rely on iterative solvers for the Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation, with an optimal CPU time O(m 3 log (m)) for an m-by-m wavelength problem. We present a method to solve the same problem directly, as opposed to iteratively, with the obvious advantage in efficiency for multiple right-hand sides corresponding to distinct incident waves. Analytically, this direct method is a hierarchical, recursive scheme consisting of the so-called splitting and merging processes. Algebraically, it amounts to a recursive matrix decomposition, for a cost of O(m 3), of the discretized Lippmann–Schwinger operator. With this matrix decomposition, each back substitution requires only O(m 2 log (m)); therefore, a scattering problem with m incident waves can be solved, altogether, in O(m 3 log (m)) flops.
Court Case Dossier: Anatomy of Chinese Criminal Trials

A Chinese court case dossier reveals much about the routine criminal justice practice with the associated organizational structure and power dimensions.
Camera marker networks for articulated machine pose estimation

Abstract The pose of an articulated machine includes the position and orientation of not only the machine base (e.g., tracks or wheels), but also its major articulated components (e.g., stick and bucket). To automatically estimate this pose is a crucial component of technical innovations aimed at improving both safety and productivity in many construction tasks. Based on computer vision, an automatic observation and analysis platform using a network of cameras and markers is designed to enable such a capability for articulated machines. To model such a complex system, a theoretical framework termed camera marker network is proposed. A graph abstraction of such a network is developed to both systematically manage observations and constraints, and efficiently find the optimal solution. An uncertainty analysis without time-consuming simulation enables optimization of network configurations to reduce estimation uncertainty, leading to several empirical rules for better camera calibration and pose estimation. Through extensive uncertainty analyses and field experiments, this approach is shown to achieve centimeter level bucket depth tracking accuracy from as far as 15 m away with only two ordinary cameras (1.1 megapixels each) and a few markers, providing a flexible and cost-efficient alternative to other commercial products that use infrastructure dependent sensors like GPS. A working prototype has been tested on several active construction sites confirming the method's effectiveness.