cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The DAC 2012 routability-driven placement contest and benchmark suite

Existing routability-driven placers mostly employ rudimentary and often crude congestion models that fail to account for the complexities in modern designs, e.g., the impact of non-uniform wiring stacks, layer directives, partial and/or complete routing blockages, etc. In addition, they are hampered by congestion metrics that do not accurately score or represent design congestion. This is in large part due to the non-availability of public designs depicting industrial wiring stacks and other complexities affecting design routability. The aim of the DAC 2012 routability-driven placement contest is to address these issues, by way of the following: (a) release challenging benchmark designs that are derived from modern industrial ASICs, and contain information to perform both placement and routing, (b) present a new congestion metric, as well as an accurate congestion analysis framework to evaluate and compare the routability of various placement algorithms. We hope that a set of challenging benchmarks, along with a standard, publicly available evaluation framework will further advance research in routability-driven placement.
Caffeine actions on currents induced by calcium-overload in Purkinje fibers.

Abstract The ionic events underlying the changes induced by caffeine in calcium-overloaded Purkinje fibers were studied by means of a voltage-clamp technique. The following results were obtained. In fibers exposed to strophanthidin (5 × 10−7 M), a depolarizing clamp of suitable magnitude or duration is followed by an oscillatory current (IOS) often superimposed on a decaying inward tail current (the “tail current”). Caffeine (9 mM) abolishes IOS and increases the tail current. Caffeine has similar actions when calcium overload is induced by increasing [Ca]0 or decreasing [Na]0. The magnitude of the tail current is reduced by decreasing [Ca]0. The tail current appears with repolarizations to −40 mV or more negative values as IOS appears in the absence of caffeine. As with IOS the tail current can be triggered twice (during and after a test clamp of suitable characteristics), becomes more inward with repeated clamps and becomes larger with larger or longer conditioning clamps. During the recovery from caffeine exposure, the tail current decreases gradually as IOS returns progressively. It is concluded that both IOS and tail current are caused by calcium overload but are affected in opposite direction by caffeine, apparently because caffeine decreases the calcium overload in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (abolition of IOS) and increases the calcium to be extruded from the sarcoplasm (increase in the tail current).
Mutagenesis around residue 176 on HLA-B∗0702 characterizes multiple distinct epitopes for anti-HLA antibodies

Preformed antibodies against HLA-A,B,C molecules cause hyperacute rejection of transplanted allogeneic tissues. To understand better the molecular basis of hyperacute rejection, narrowly reactive anti-HLA-B*0702 monoclonal antibodies have been studied. Previous epitope mapping studies of these monoclonal antibodies by mutating B*0702 have conflicted with antibody-blocking studies. To resolve these discrepancies, we mutated B*0702 residues around the antigenically important residue 176, and measured anti-B*0702 antibody binding. Antibody MB40.2 binding is abrogated by mutations at residues 169, 180, and 182, close to residue 176 in the primary structure. However, MB40.2 binding is not affected by 12 other B*0702 mutations close to residue 176 in the tertiary structure. This suggests that MB40.2 may recognize a sequential B*0702 epitope including residues between positions 169-182. Antibody BB7.1 binding requires B*0702 alpha 2-domain residues 166 and 169. Competition for B*0702 residue 169 explains why MB40.2 and BB7.1 crossblock. Because BB7.1 binding also requires B*0702 alpha 1-domain residues, BB7.1 may contact both alpha-helices, straddling the B*0702 peptide-binding groove. Previous results showed that both MB40.2 and MB40.3 binding require B*0702 residues 176/178. However, MB40.3 binding is not affected by any of 15 other mutations near residue 176. This suggests that MB40.3 does not contact residues 176/178; rather, residues 176/178 appear to affect MB40.3 binding by subtly influencing B*0702 conformation. Thus, monoclonal antibodies influenced by a defined B*0702 region around residue 176 appear to recognize three different types of epitopes. This suggests that human alloantibodies also recognize diverse types of HLA epitopes.
New ground state for the Splay-Fréedericksz transition in a polymer nematic liquid crystal.

We have discovered a new form of Fr\'eedericksz transition in which uniform splay distortion is replaced by a complex periodic twist-splay pattern having a lower critical field than that for uniform splay. Experimental evidence is presented along with an exact calculation of both the critical field and the initial form of the distortion as a function of the ratio of the splay and twist elastic constants.
Strategies for Reducing Homophobia During Medical Training

This paper describes the need for teaching about homosexuality in medical schools in order to improve the health care of homosexual patients and to improve the learning environment for gay and lesbian physicians-in-training. Homophobic attitudes and heterosexual biases in medical training and clinical interventions are reviewed. Next, teaching approaches that have been used to address homosexuality and homophobia in medicine are discussed. Finally, strategies and opportunities to integrate teaching about homosexuality with the needs of homosexual patients throughout the medical school experience are presented. Opportunities for teaching about homosexuality and the clinical needs of homosexual patients are present throughout the medical school curriculum. Impediments to utilizing these opportunities need to be overcome so that homosexual patients receive optimal health care by physicians trained to understand their clinical needs.
An improved high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method to measure atrazine and its metabolites in human urine

We report an improved solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with isotope dilution quantification to measure seven atrazine metabolites in urine. The metabolites measured were hydroxyatrazine (HA), diaminochloroatrazine (DACT), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), desethylatrazine (DEA), desethylatrazine mercapturate (DEAM), atrazine mercapturate (ATZM), and atrazine (ATZ). Using offline mixed-mode reversed-phase/cation-exchange solid-phase extraction dramatically increased recovery and sensitivity by reducing the influence of matrix components during separation and analysis. DACT extraction recovery improved to greater than 80% while the other analytes had similar extraction efficiencies as previously observed. Limits of detection were lower than our previous method (0.05-0.19 ng/mL) with relative standard deviations less than 10%. The total runtime was shorter (18 min) than the previous on-line method, thus it is suitable for large-scale sample analyses. We increased the throughput of our method twofold by using the newer extraction technique.
Corrigendum to “Regular and embedded solitons in a generalized Pochhammer PDE” [Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 14 (2009) 2637–2641]

For strictly embedded solitary waves, which occur on isolated curves in the parameter space where continua of delocalized solitary waves exist, the amplitude of the tail is strictly zero. Once again, this is an extra feature not encountered in the standard variational procedure. Hence, we have set a 1⁄4 0 in the above equations in order to recover such embedded solitary waves. The first two equations can be solved simultaneously for a2 and a3. These solutions can be plugged into the third variational Euler–Lagrange equation to yield
Analog computer simulation of a three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier bridge

This paper establishes analog computer simulations of the widely used three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier bridge. It is shown that when the individual currents in the legs of the rectifier bridge are not developed directly in the simulation, it is possible to avoid the instability and drift problems which have plagued previous investigators. Furthermore, by proper attention to the periodic nature of the operation of the rectifier bridge, the number of computer components may be considerably reduced. In particular, only two electronic switches need be used if the operating range of the delay angle is small. The unique features of the modern high-speed repetitive-operation type of analog computer are utilized throughout the analysis. Computation time is typically reduced by a factor of 300 when compared with existing digital computer routines. The accuracy of the simulation is illustrated by comparing the computer output to recordings taken from an actual system. Good correlation is demonstrated for both transient and steady-state operation.
Fin whale song characteristics recorded on ocean bottom seismometers in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Fin whales produce low frequency sequences of vocalizations that can be detected opportunistically on ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). Using an automatic detection algorithm, we have analyzed fin whale calls recorded on OBSs in the Northeast Pacific Ocean over broad spatial and temporal scales. The Cascadia Initiative experiment consists of 70 OBSs deployed for a total of four years (2011–2015). It extends from Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino, and several hundred kilometers offshore. Additional OBS data that overlap spatially with the northern portion of the Cascadia Initiative instruments are available from the Neptune Canada cabled observatory, which has been online since 2009, and from standalone deployments between 2003 and 2006. With this study, we examine call characteristics and seasonal call counts for patterns that might indicate migratory movements or distinct acoustic populations. Both frequency and inter-pulse interval (IPI) are automatically extracted for each detected call and seasonal and inter-annual calling patterns are examined using daily binned call count histograms. Preliminary analysis of a subset of Cascadia Initiative data from 2011 to 2013 shows a dominant sequence of alternating classic and backbeat calls at center frequencies of 20 and 18.5 Hz, respectively, and preceding IPIs of 16 and 18 s, respectively.
Structure of genetic diversity in the two major gene pools of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae)

Domesticated materials with well-known wild relatives provide an experimental system to reveal how human selection during cultivation affects genetic composition and adaptation to novel environments. In this paper, our goal was to elucidate how two geographically distinct domestication events modified the structure and level of genetic diversity in common bean. Specifically, we analyzed the genome-wide genetic composition at 26, mostly unlinked microsatellite loci in 349 accessions of wild and domesticated common bean from the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Using a model-based approach, implemented in the software STRUCTURE, we identified nine wild or domesticated populations in common bean, including four of Andean and four of Mesoamerican origins. The ninth population was the putative wild ancestor of the species, which was classified as a Mesoamerican population. A neighbor-joining analysis and a principal coordinate analysis confirmed genetic relationships among accessions and populations observed with the STRUCTURE analysis. Geographic and genetic distances in wild populations were congruent with the exception of a few putative hybrids identified in this study, suggesting a predominant effect of isolation by distance. Domesticated common bean populations possessed lower genetic diversity, higher F(ST), and generally higher linkage disequilibrium (LD) than wild populations in both gene pools; their geographic distributions were less correlated with genetic distance, probably reflecting seed-based gene flow after domestication. The LD was reduced when analyzed in separate Andean and Mesoamerican germplasm samples. The Andean domesticated race Nueva Granada had the highest F(ST) value and widest geographic distribution compared to other domesticated races, suggesting a very recent origin or a selection event, presumably associated with a determinate growth habit, which predominates in this race.
Simultaneous prenatal ethanol and nicotine exposure affect ethanol consumption, ethanol preference and oxytocin receptor binding in adolescent and adult rats.

Abstract Ethanol consumption and smoking during pregnancy are common, despite the known adverse effects on the fetus. The teratogenicity of each drug independently is well established; however, the effects of concurrent exposure to ethanol and nicotine in preclinical models remain unclear. This study examined the impact of simultaneous prenatal exposure to both ethanol and nicotine on offspring ethanol preference behaviors and oxytocin system dynamics. Rat dams were given liquid diet (17% ethanol derived calories (EDC)) on gestational day (GD) 5 and 35% EDC from GD 6–20 and concurrently an osmotic minipump delivered nicotine (3–6 mg/kg/day) from GD 4–postpartum day 10. Offspring were tested for ethanol preference during adolescence (postnatal day (PND) 30–43) and again at adulthood (PND 60–73), followed by assays for oxytocin mRNA expression and receptor binding in relevant brain regions. Prenatal exposure decreased ethanol preference in males during adolescence, and decreased consumption and preference in females during adulthood compared to controls. Oxytocin receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus was increased in adult prenatally exposed males only. Prenatal exposure to these drugs sex-specifically decreased ethanol preference behavior in offspring unlike reports for either drug separately. The possible role of oxytocin in reduction of ethanol consumption behavior is highlighted.
Intravenous valproate associated with significant hypotension in the treatment of status epilepticus.

Intravenous valproate has been suggested for the treatment of status epilepticus in part because of its relatively good cardiovascular safety profile. We report a case of severe hypotension associated with intravenous valproate used to treat status epilepticus in an 11-year-old girl. Valproate 960 mg (30 mg/kg) was infused over 1 hour. The patient's blood pressure decreased from a baseline of 130/80 mm Hg to 70/55 mm Hg, 39 minutes into the infusion. Although her seizures stopped, her blood pressure fluctuated between 90/60 mm Hg and 60/30 mm Hg over the next several hours, requiring treatment with intravenous fluids and pressor therapy. Endotracheal intubation eventually was performed. Once her blood pressure stabilized, the patient improved clinically. To our knowledge, this is the first report of significant hypotension associated with intravenous valproate in the treatment of status epilepticus in the pediatric population. (J Child Neurol 1999;14:822-823).
THE EFFECTS OF BACKGROUND, COURSEWORK, AND INVOLVEMENT ON STUDENTS' GRADES AND SATISFACTION

Research during the 1970s and 1980s identifies grades and satisfaction with college as important educational outcomes, both in their own right and because of their relationship to other outcomes such as persistence. Building on previous research, this article examines the relationship between grades and satisfaction using a latent variable model that includes a variety of factors found to influence grades and satisfaction. The covariance structure analyses indicate that the model provides an accurate representation of the data and explains a substantial proportion of the variance in satisfaction and grades. Results suggest that satisfaction exerts a stronger influence on grades than grades exert on satisfaction. These findings suggest that popular recursive models of educational outcomes should be reevaluated, and that non-recursive models may provide a more accurate representation of educational effects.
A THEORETICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FACTORS CONTROLLING THE CATALYTIC EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSMETHYLATION ENZYME : CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE

The reaction mechanism of the nonenzymatic transmethylation of catechol by S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet, as modeled by sulfonium ion) has been elucidated using ab initio and semiempirical quantum mechanical methods. The gas phase reaction between catecholate and sulfonium is extremely fast, involving no overall barrier. The reaction profile to some extent resembles a typical gas phase SN2 reaction. However, in aqueous solution, this reaction is very slow with a predicted barrier of 37.3 kcal/mol. The calculated (kH/kD)α, k12/k13, k16/k18, and k32/k34 are 0.80, 1.06, 1.003, and 1.010, respectively. Previously, Schowen and co-workers measured (kH/kD)α and k12/k13 to be 0.83 ± 0.05 and 1.09 ± 0.05 for the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)-catalyzed methylation of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone by AdoMet. This good agreement between the calculated kinetic isotope effects for the model reaction and the measured kinetic isotope effects for the enzymatic reaction seems to suggest that the structure of the enzymatic...
Charge- and size-based separation of macromolecules using ultrathin silicon membranes

Commercial ultrafiltration and dialysis membranes have broad pore size distributions and are over 1,000 times thicker than the molecules they are designed to separate, leading to poor size cut-off properties, filtrate loss within the membranes, and low transport rates. Nanofabricated membranes have great potential in molecular separation applications by offering more precise structural control, yet transport is also limited by micrometre-scale thicknesses. This limitation can be addressed by a new class of ultrathin nanostructured membranes where the membrane is roughly as thick (approximately 10 nm) as the molecules being separated, but membrane fragility and complex fabrication have prevented the use of ultrathin membranes for molecular separations. Here we report the development of an ultrathin porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) membrane using straightforward silicon fabrication techniques that provide control over average pore sizes from approximately 5 nm to 25 nm. Our pnc-Si membranes can retain proteins while permitting the transport of small molecules at rates an order of magnitude faster than existing materials, separate differently sized proteins under physiological conditions, and separate similarly sized molecules carrying different charges. Despite being only 15 nm thick, pnc-Si membranes that are free-standing over 40,000 microm2 can support a full atmosphere of differential pressure without plastic deformation or fracture. By providing efficient, low-loss macromolecule separations, pnc-Si membranes are expected to enable a variety of new devices, including membrane-based chromatography systems and both analytical and preparative microfluidic systems that require highly efficient separations.
ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY: Beyond AZT (ZDV)

The ability of zidovudine (ZDV, formerly called azidothymidine or AZT) monotherapy to reduce the perinatal transmission of HIV as demonstrated by the Pediatric ACTG Protocol 076 Study has had a dramatic impact on the care of HIV-infected pregnant women in the United States. 5 A rapidly growing arsenal of other therapeutic options to combat HIV has altered the outlook for infected men, women, and children. Accumulating data on combination therapy employing these newer antiretroviral agents have clearly demonstrated survival benefits. Although ZDV monotherapy remains the standard for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, it may now be inadequate therapy for treatment of the mother. The safety and efficacy of the newer therapeutic agents have yet to be established during pregnancy. However, the need to maintain maternal health and well-being mandates that clinicians understand the benefits and limitations of antiretroviral therapy beyond ZDV.
Monolayer characteristics and calcium adsorption to cerebroside and cerebroside sulphate oriented at the air-water interface.

Abstract Cerebroside and cerebroside sulphate orient as monolayers at the air-water interface. The force-area curve of cerebroside is of a condensed type and cerebroside sulphate is typical of a liquid-expanded monolayer. There is no reduction in area per molecule when the force-area curve is measured on 1 M HCl and this is believed to indicate the presence of H 3 O + hydrogen-bonded to the sulphate groups. Surface potential subphase pH curves show a marked change in ΔV centered about pH 6.5 which is unrelated to any primary electrostatic effects. Acetylation or trimethylsilylation of some of the polar groups of the lipid results in a substantial reduction in the change in ΔV . The results are interpreted as a change in the orientation of water molecules about the polar head group of the lipid. An additional change in ΔV exclusive to cerebroside sulphate is seen at pH's below 3 which is associated with the ionization of the sulphate. The actual p K of ionization was approx. pH-0.3. Adsorption of 45 Ca 2+ to monolayers of cerebroside sulphate as determined by a surface radioactivity technique also indicates that the lipid is fully ionized above pH 3.5. H + competes for absorbed calcium below pH 5.5. The preference of Ca 2+ as the counter ion is of the order of 2·10 4 times greater than for Na + or K + . K + has a slight competitive advantage over Na + in displacing adsorbed 45 Ca 2+ . The adsorption of 45 Ca 2+ to cerebroside sulphate monolayers at 53, 85, 200 and 400 A 2 /molecule was related to the concentration of Ca 2+ in the subphase. At 85 and 200 A 2 /molecule the apparent association constant of the binding adhered strictly to the mass equation with each Ca 2+ interacting by two-point electrostatic attachment. Deviations from the mass equation could be accounted for by electrostatic effects at 53 and 400 A 2 /molecule of the lipid. The Boltzmann distribution concept of counterion binding solved by the Gouy equation does not coincide with the mass action approach of the Stern theory. The reduction in the proportion of calcium bound per lipid molecule when the area occupied by each counter ion exceeds twice the diameter of the hydrated calcium ion indicates a “fixed” position of Ca 2+ in close association with the sulphate as predicted by the Stern theory.
Dual-phase magnesia-zirconia ceramics with strength retention at elevated temperatures

Two-phase polycrystalline ceramics containing MgO and ZrO2 were fabricated by pressureless sintering powder compacts in air to near theoretical density. MnO was added as a densification aid in most compositions. For samples fabricated with 20 vol% ZrO2 and 80 vol% MgO (which actually contained ∼23 vol% ZrO2(ss) after sintering because some of the MgO dissolved in zirconia), densities in excess of 98% theoretical were achieved at temperatures as low as about 1250° C. However, most of the samples were typically sintered at 1420±10° C. The grain sizes of the two phases, ZrO2(ss) and MgO(ss), were of the order of 1.4μm. Thermal etching of the specimens showed the presence of very uniform sized domains (approximately 240 nm in size) in zirconia grains. Some samples were also fabricated in which 8 mol% CaO was added in order to stabilize the high-temperature cubic polymorph of zirconia to room temperature. The grain sizes of the two phases in this composition were also of the order of 1.4μm. No domains were observed in zirconia grains in CaO-doped samples. Fracture strength was measured as a function of volume fraction of zirconia. Strength values in excess of 500 MPa have been measured on samples fabricated with 40 vol% zirconia (the amount of zirconia (ss) is ∼43 vol%). Samples of similar composition but with CaO doping exhibited strength of the order of 300 MPa despite an essentially identical grain size and density. Fracture toughness of samples containing CaO was 3.0 MPa m1/2 while that of the samples without CaO was 5.2 MPam1/2. No monoclinic phase was observed on either the fracture or the ground surfaces of CaO-doped and undoped samples. Fracture strength and toughness, measured as a function of temperature up to 1000° C, were found to be nearly independent of temperature. The temperature independence of the strength suggests that strengthening and toughening in this material does not occur by transformation toughening.
Target‐ as well as source‐derived factors direct the morphogenesis of anomalous retino‐thalamic projections

Neonatal tectal lesions in hamsters result in the elimination of a major central target of retinal axons, massively denervate the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP), and lead to a marked increase of the retino-LP projection. In such animals, retino-LP axons show all of the normally-occurring terminal types. In addition, large clusters of varicosities, whose tubular configuration resembles the major type of tecto-LP terminals observed in normal animals, are also noted if the tectal lesion is made on the day after birth (P1). If, however, the neonatal lesion occurs on P5 rather than on P1, terminals resembling normal tecto-LP endings are rarely observed; rather, the distribution and morphology of retino-LP terminals bear a greater resemblance to those seen in normal hamsters, but the size and complexity of the terminals, particularly those that form string-like arrangements, is significantly increased. Our findings suggest that the altered morphology of some abnormally induced retino-LP terminals may be orchestrated by target-associated signals. However, there are age-related limitations on the degree to which afferent systems can vary their terminal morphology; these restrictions may derive from the target, or may be a function of intrinsic changes within the cells of origin of the afferent fibers.
Performance bounds for the effectiveness of pooling in multi-processing systems

The need for quantifying the effect of resource pooling on performance of multi-processing systems arises frequently in the design of a variety of manufacturing, communication, and service systems. In this paper, we examine the effect of resource pooling and assess its impact on system performance. In particular, we provide performance bounds on the effectiveness of several pooling scenarios and discuss capacity and utilization tradeoffs between independent and pooled systems. We also propose a methodology for making optimal pooling decisions and describe the characteristics of this optimal solution. Limitations to the effectiveness of pooling are identified and conditions under which pooling may degrade performance are discussed.
Material considerations for high heat flux components

Abstract The environment to which high heat flux materials are exposed is probably the most severe of any fusion reactor component. The close coupling of these components to the plasma makes their proper operation of critical importance in obtaining good plasma performance. High heat flux materials must be capable of withstanding repeated thermal cycling without failure, must have desirable plasma interaction properties, must be capable of operating without degrading the plasma, must be compatible with the tritium environment, and must have sufficient radiation damage resistance to allow operation for reasonable lifetimes. This paper briefly discusses these issues and presents some of the considerations involved in the selection of materials.
Reducing the toxicity of anticancer therapy: new strategies

Cytoprotective agents offer opportunities to reduce the treatment-related toxicity of anticancer therapy and perhaps to increase the dose and dose intensity of radiation and chemotherapy. One such agent is amifostine, an organic thiophosphate. Amifostine selectively protects normal tissues and provides broad-spectrum protection for a variety of organs while remaining minimally toxic. Clinical studies have demonstrated that amifostine protects against myelotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, mucositis and esophagitis in patients treated with alkylating and platinum agents, paclitaxel and radiation therapy. In addition, preclinical studies suggest the possibility of protection against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and radiation- and chemotherapy-induced mutagenicity. Preclinical and clinical studies have not demonstrated any diminution of antitumor efficacy. Amifostine is well tolerated in doses of 740 or 910 mg/m2. The most common side effects requiring treatment are transient hypotension, which responds to intravenous fluids, and nausea and vomiting, effectively treated with 5-HT3 antagonists and dexamethasone.
The fine structure of continuous human neuroblastoma lines SK-N-SH, SK-N-BE(2), and SK-N-MC

Cell cultures of the continuous human neuroblastoma lines SK-N-SH, SK-N-BE(2), and SK-N-MC at exponential and stationary growth phase have been examined by electron microscopy. At the level of fine structure these cells did not show typical neuronal differentiation such as extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum or neurites with microtubules and neurofilaments. Instead they were characterized by abundant free ribosomes, moderate Golgi complexes, and usually scant granular endoplasmic reticulum, features similar to the fine structure of early normal embryonic autonomic neurons. However, in several respects appearance of differentiated features of the neuroblastoma cells did not follow the pattern observed for normal neurons, suggesting noncoordinate, expression of neuronal phenotypic properties. First, an occasional neuroblastoma cell had as extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum as would be found at later stages in normal developing neurons. Second, the cellular processes of these neuroblastoma cells did not have the fine structure of developing or mature axons in vivo. Third, few dense core vesicles were found in SK-N-SH and SK-N-BE(2), though these organelles are numerous in early normal adrenergic neurons and the adrenergic character of these two lines is apparent from other studies that have demonstrated expression of neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes (SK-N-MC is cholinergic). The fine structural characterization of these continuous human neuroblastoma cell lines will allow this parameter to be utilized with other approaches in future experimental studies.
Formation of HCl·6H2O from ice and HCl under ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract The interactions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) with ultrathin (10–100 monolayers thick) films of ice between 120 and 180 K were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIRAS). HCl is initially absorbed by ice at 120 K to form the stoichiometrically fixed hexahydrate phase, HCl·6H 2 O. Infrared spectroscopic measurements suggest that the hexahydrate is present as an amorphous solid. Upon the conversion of ice to HCl·6H 2 O, HCl is adsorbed to the thin film surface, possibly with the H–Cl bond intact. The amorphous hexahydrate can be crystallized by annealing at 165 K for several minutes. Infrared spectra of the resulting films closely resemble those reported elsewhere of authentic, macroscopic samples of crystalline HCl·6H 2 O. If the H 2 O to HCl ratio is less than 1:6, two phases are present: pure or nearly pure ice, and pure or nearly pure HCl·6H 2 O. The infrared spectra of such films were simulated by an appropriate linear combination of the spectra of ice and HCl·6H 2 O. The sublimation kinetics of ice and HCl·6H 2 O are analyzed, and the results used to infer that the enthalpy of HCl absorption by ice is −126±14 kJ mol −1 .
Efficient packet classification for network intrusion detection using FPGA

Using FPGA technology for real-time network intrusion detection has gained many research efforts recently. In this paper, a novel packet classification architecture called BV-TCAM is presented, which is implemented for an FPGA-based Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). The classifier can report multiple matches at gigabit per second network link rates. The BV-TCAM architecture combines the Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) and the Bit Vector (BV) algorithm to effectively compress the data representations and boost throughput. A tree-bitmap implementation of the BV algorithm is used for source and destination port lookup while a TCAM performs the lookup of the other header fields, which can be represented as a prefix or exact value. The architecture eliminates the requirement for prefix expansion of port ranges. With the aid of a small embedded TCAM, packet classification can be implemented in a relatively small part of the available logic of an FPGA. The design is prototyped and evaluated in a Xilinx FPGA XCV2000E on the FPX platform. Even with the most difficult set of rules and packet inputs, the circuit is fast enough to sustain OC48 traffic throughput. Using larger and faster FPGAs, the system can work at speeds greater than OC192.
Polarization transfer and the spin-parity composition of the charge-exchange continuum.

Measured and calculated transverse polarization coefficients are compared at 0/sup 0/ for the reactions /sup 90/Zr(p,n), /sup 48/Ca(p,n), and /sup 40/Ca(p,n) at intermediate incident energies and at negative Q values up to approx.50 MeV in an attempt to better understand the spin-parity composition of the charge-exchange continuum. Even at 0/sup 0/ the data indicate a significant amount of natural parity spin-flip strength, and this is supported by our calculations. We also present the predicted polarization transfer coefficient spectrum for the (p,n) reaction on /sup 90/Zr at 500 MeV, whose measurement is anticipated in the near future.
Modulation of NMDA receptor expression in the rat spinal cord by peripheral nerve injury and adrenal medullary grafting

Excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the spinal cord consequent to peripheral injury has been implicated in the initiation of neuropathologic events leading to a state of chronic hyperexcitability and persistence of exaggerated sensory processing. In other CNS disease or injury states, NMDA-mediated neurotoxic damage is associated with a loss of NMDA receptors, and outcome may be improved by agents reducing NMDA activation. Previous findings in our laboratory have demonstrated that the transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue into the spinal subarachnoid space can alleviate sensory abnormalities and reduce the induction of a putative nitric oxide synthase consequent to peripheral nerve injury. In order to determine changes in NMDA receptor expression in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury and adrenal medullary grafting, NMDA receptor binding using a high-affinity competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, CGP-39653, and NMDAR1 subunit distribution using immunocytochemistry were investigated. Two weeks following peripheral nerve injury by loose ligation of the right sciatic nerve, either adrenal medullary or striated muscle (control) tissue pieces were implanted in the spinal subarachnoid space. Binding studies revealed a marked reduction in [3H]CGP-39653 binding at L4-L5 levels ipsilateral to peripheral nerve injury in control transplanted animals. In contrast, NMDA binding was normalized in adrenal medullary grafted animals. In addition, NMDAR1 immunoreactivity was reduced in both the dorsal horn neuropil and motor neurons of the ventral horn in animals with peripheral nerve injury, while levels in adrenal medullary grafted animals appeared similar to intact controls. These results suggest that adrenal medullary transplants reduce abnormal sensory processing resulting from peripheral injury by intervening in the spinal NMDA-excitotoxicity cascade.
Syntheses of symmetric and unsymmetric 2,6‐bis(phosphino)phenols

Compounds bearing the structural motif of 2,6-bis(phosphino)phenol have been synthesized via two general methods. Double lithium-halogen exchange occurred in low-temperature reactions of O-protected (by methyl- or tetrahydropyranyl groups) 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol derivatives with BuLi (2 equivalents); quenching the reaction mixtures with chlorophosphines ClPR2 (R = Ph, iPr) and corresponding O-deprotection yielded symmetrically substituted 2,6-bis(phosphino)phenols. Sequential incorporation of PR2 functionalities was accomplished via single lithium-halogen exchange (1 eq. of BuLi) of tetrahydropyranyl-protected 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol followed by ClPR2 quenches, thus enabling the syntheses of unsymmetric 2,6-bis(phosphino)phenols. Such compounds were also obtained via sequential ortho-lithiations of tetrahydropyranyl-protected 4-tert-but ylphenol, followed by ClPR2 quenches. All of the new compounds have been characterized by spectrometric methods (1H and 31P NMR, and mass spectrometry). In addition, two of the compounds, 1-(diphenylphosphino)-3-(diphenylphosphoryl)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzene (3a-ox) and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzene (6a) have also been characterized via single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:656–663, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20251
“Follow Your Bliss”: A Process for Career Happiness

In this qualitative study, 8 individuals, notably happy at work, were interviewed to explore the psychological and environmental determinants of their work satisfaction and the significant factors in their career development. Results indicated that participants (a) demonstrated a dogged commitment to follow their interests, what they succeeded in and enjoyed (careers tended to follow a positive meandering path); (b) exhibited a breadth of personal competencies and strengths; and (c) functioned in work environments characterized by freedom, challenge, meaning, and positive social atmosphere. Joseph Campbell's (1968, 1988) paradigms provide a framework for conceptualizing happiness at work. Practical suggestions are offered to counselors and researchers.
Cuba: The end of an era

The embargo, at least as we have known it, is going to end regardless of Castro or anything he does. But, what's next? How will the new congressional and public consensus on Cuba propel U.S. policy, and who should take the lead?
Effect of coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction on left ventricular compliance in man.

The evaluation of left ventricular (LV) compliance by use of the pressure-volume (P-V) relationship encounters several serious difficulties. Since the P-V relationship is curvilinear, it is difficult to quantitate. Furthermore, alterations of resting heart size and geometry also produce marked changes in the P-V curve. The first derivative of the P-V relationship, however, is a precisely linear function expressed by the formula dP/dV = aP+b. The slope of this linear function, a, termed the passive elastic modulus, has been shown to be independent of initial volume and primarily and predominantly determined by changes in the stiffness of the myocardium. Myocardial wall stiffness was evaluated in three groups of subjects during LV catheterization. In 13 normal subjects a = 0.005; in 13 with coronary artery disease a = 0.011; and in 12 with acute infarction a = 0.045. The differences in stiffness among the groups were highly significant (P < 0.005). It was concluded that a measurable change in ventricular co...
SUSTAINABLE IT SERVICES: DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FRAMEWORK

Sustainable Information Technology (IT) refers to the practice of utilizing computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT's first wave is often referred to as "green IT" and primarily focuses on reducing energy costs and carbon footprints of datacenters and IT operations. However, it is the emerging second wave, which emphasizes the role of IT services as an enabler of the overall corporate sustainability strategy that may hold the most promise for sustainability-based innovation. This paper provides a review of the literature on the current state of sustainable IT and presents a strategy framework for its future development.
Issues in Bringing New Drugs to the Market

The Editorial “Sending pharma better signals” by J. Avorn (29 July, p. 669) provides a good outline of what should be done to enhance the development and subsequent use of pharmaceutical medications. Oversight by regulatory agencies, purchasing by government and third-party payors, physician
Enhancing Substance Abuse Treatment with Case Management: Its Impact on Employment

This article examines the effectiveness of strengths-based case management in assisting persons with substance abuse problems improve employment-related functioning. In a study of 632 veterans seeking treatment for substance abuse problems, Wright State University's Enhanced Treatment Project found that veterans in substance abuse treatment had improved in several areas of employment functioning, including number of days employed. Among clients who expressed interest in receiving assistance with employment-related issues, those who received strengths-based case management demonstrated additional improvement in employment functioning including more days employed, fewer employment problems and being less troubled about their employment situation. Correlations between improved employment functioning and improved functioning in other life areas further support the value of case management. The implications of these findings for the inclusion of case management services in substance abuse treatment programs will be discussed.
In situ cytokine production by breast cancer tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

Background: Human breast cancers progressively grow despite the presence of extensive lymphocytic infiltration and specific antitumor immune recognition, thereby calling into question the competency of breast tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The function of breast TILs in vivo and their possible role in the suppression of an antitumor immune response are largely unknown.
Isolating periodicities to refine the organization's control system: an analysis of four methods

Abstract Effective organizational control not only requires sophisticated monitoring systems but also depends upon the coordination of the various processes monitored. When important periodicities are inherent in these processes, knowledge of such periodicities aids in the development of simple models that generate useful monitoring information and facilitates the coordination of these processes. Failure to recognize important process periodicities often results in control information confounding which over time causes a deterioration of control system effectiveness. In this paper, the author examines four methods which may be used to isolate process periodicities. Each method is specified, analyzed and illustrated. Two cases are provided and the four methods are compared on ten criteria which the manager may use to evaluate the methods. The discussion of the methods is intended to provide management with a general understanding of the nature of the methods as well as indicate the relative trade-offs inherent in their use.
Laminar Non-Newtonian Flow through a Porous Annulus

The problem of steady laminar flow of a non-Newtonian liquid in an annulus with porous walls of non uniform permeability is reduced to the problem of solving a fourth order differential equation depending on two parameters, namely, the suction Reynolds number and the inelastic number. For small values of the inelastic number series solutions are obtained (i) for small suction or blowing (ii) when the total flow into the channel through the walls is small and the non-Newtonian effect of the liquid on surface-friction and pressure coefficient is examined. Finally, the series solutions are confirmed by exact numerical solutions. Das Problem einer stationaren Laminarstromung einer nicht-Newtonschen Flussigkeit in einem Ring mit porosen Wanden von unterschiedlicher Durchlassigkeit wird auf die Losung einer Differentialgleichung vierter Ordnung, die von zwei Parametern abhangt, und zwar von der Reynolds-Saugzahl und von der unelastischen Zahl, zuruckgefuhrt. Fur kleine Werte der unelastischen Zahl werden Losungen durch Reihen erhalten (i) fur geringes Saugen oder Blasen, (ii) wenn die Gesamtstromung in den Kanal durch die Wande gering ist und wenn die nicht-Newtonsche Wirkung der Flussigkeit auf die Oberflachenreibung und auf den Druck-Koeffizienten untersucht ist. Ferner werden noch die Losungsreihen durch die exakten numerischen Losungen bestatigt.
‘Cold spot’ in West Africa: anchoring the African plate

VERY low heat flow values of 18±2 mW m−2 (0.42±0.04 µcalorie cm−2 s−1) and 22±2 mW m−2 (0.51±0.05 µcalorie cm−2s−1) have been determined for two sites 85 km apart on the West African Precambrian shield in the Niger Republic (Table 1).
Comparison of Compounded Deslorelin and hCG for Induction of Ovulation in Mares

Abstract Ovulation-inducing agents are routinely used in broodmare practice. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of two compounded deslorelin products and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in inducing ovulation in a clinical reproduction program. Breeding records of 203 mares administered an ovulation-inducing agent during the 2006 breeding season were reviewed. Estrous cycles were included for comparison if agents were administered when the largest follicle was 35 to 45 mm in diameter and endometrial edema was present. There was no significant difference ( P > .05) in interval to ovulation for mares receiving deslorelin (1.9 ± 0.7 days) or hCG (2.0 ± 0.7 days). The percentage of mares that ovulated within 48 hours after treatment was also not significantly different between the agents (90.1% and 88.3%, respectively). In summary, clinical efficacy at inducing a timed ovulation in estrual mares with follicles 35 to 45 mm was similar between compounded deslorelin and hCG.
PUVA-induced lymphocyte apoptosis: mechanism of action in psoriasis.

Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA), utilizing oral 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), is a widely utilized and effective treatment for psoriasis vulgaris. Previous studies have suggested that PUVA's mechanism of action in psoriasis is a result of its direct lymphotoxic effects. Trimethylpsoralen (TMP), a potentially safer compound, has been found to be effective in psoriasis during bath water delivery. In this study we examined the relative anti-lymphocytic effects of TMP and 8-MOP through both flow cytometry and tissue analysis on lesional skin during clinical treatment. Based on FACS analysis on phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes, we found TMP to be nearly 10,000 fold more lymphotoxic compared to 8-MOP. In addition, lymphocytes treated with 8-MOP or TMP with UVA displayed DNA degradation patterns typical of apoptotic cell death. These findings were consistent with our investigation of treated psoriatic skin, with virtual elimination of epidermal CD3+ T-cells following bath water treatment with TMP or 8-MOP. These results support the theory that the therapeutic effects of PUVA stem from its toxic effects on activated lymphocytes. If further investigation supports TMP's lack of carcinogenicity, this potent lymphotoxic treatment may prove to be one of the safest and most effective treatments for psoriasis.
Strand Breaks in Plasmid Dna Following Positional Changes of Auger-Electron-Emitting Radionuclides

The purpose of our studies is to elucidate the kinetics of DNA strand breaks caused by low-energy Auger electron emitters in close proximity to DNA. Previously we have studied the DNA break yields in plasmids after the decay of indium-Ill bound to DNA or free in solution. In this work, we compare the DNA break yields in supercoiled DNA of iodine-125 decaying close to DNA following DNA intercalation, minor-groove binding, or surface binding, and at a distance from DNA. Supercoiled DNA, stored at 4oC to accumulate radiation dose from the decay of 125I, was then resolved by gel electrophoresis into supercoiled, nicked circular, and linear forms, representing undamaged DNA, single-strand breaks, and double-strand breaks respectively. DNA-intercalated or groove-bound 125I is more effective than surface-bound radionuclide or 125I free in solution. The hydroxyl radical scavenger DMSO protects against damage by 125I free in solution but has minimal effect on damage by groove-bound 125I.