cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late Retinal Progenitor Cells Show Intrinsic Limitations in the Production of Cell Types and the Kinetics of Opsin Synthesis

The seven major cell classes of the vertebrate neural retina arise from a pool of multipotent progenitor cells. Several studies suggest a model of retinal development in which both the environment and the progenitor cells themselves change over time (). To test this model, we used a reaggregate culture system in which a labeled population of progenitor cells from the postnatal rat retina were cultured with an excess of embryonic retinal cells. The labeled cells were then assayed for their cell fate choices and their kinetics of rod differentiation, as measured by opsin synthesis. The kinetics of opsin synthesis remained unchanged, but fewer postnatal cells adopted the rod cell fate when cultured with embryonic cells. There was an increase in the percentage of bipolar cells produced by postnatal progenitor cells, indicating a possible respecification of fate. The increase in bipolar cells could occur even after progenitor cells had completed their terminal mitoses. These alterations in cell fates appeared to be caused at least in part by a secreted factor released by the embryonic cells that requires the LIFRbeta/gp130 complex for signaling. Finally, although surrounded by 20-fold more embryonic cells, the postnatal cells did not choose to adopt any fates normally produced only by embryonic cells.
The Impact of Childhood Abuse Among Women With Assault‐Related PTSD Receiving Short‐Term Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy

This study examined the effect of child sexual or physical abuse on brief cognitive-behavioral therapy treatments with adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We analyzed secondary data from two randomized controlled trials (Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002; Resick et al., 2008) that included women with PTSD who did or did not have child sexual abuse (CSA) or child physical abuse (CPA) histories to determine whether childhood abuse impacted dropout rate or reduction in PTSD symptoms. In Study 1, presence, duration, or severity of CSA was not associated with dropout; however, frequency of CSA significantly predicted dropout (OR = 1.23). A significant CPA Severity × Treatment Group interaction emerged such that CPA severity was associated with greater dropout for prolonged exposure (PE; OR = 1.45), but not cognitive processing therapy (CPT; OR = 0.90). Study 2 found no differences in dropout. Study 1, comparing CPT and PE among women who experienced at least 1 rape found no differences in outcome based on childhood abuse history (rp (2) s = .000-.009). Study 2, a dismantling study of CPT with women seeking treatment for adult or child sexual or physical abuse found that for those with no childhood abuse, CPT-C, the cognitive-only version of CPT, had an advantage, whereas both forms of CPT worked best for those with higher frequency of childhood abuse; the effect size was small.
Isolation of porcine parvovirus from commercial trypsin.

The isolation of porcine parvovirus from a lot of commercial 1:250 trypsin is reported and the method is described. Images
Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Chronic Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema

Purpose We determined the efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy in a series of patients with chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Methods Clinical records were reviewed on 24 consecutive patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy in one eye for chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. All 24 patients had failed to improve on medical therapy and had preoperative evidence of either vitreous adhesions to anterior segment structures (23 eyes) or iris capture of the intraocular lens (one eye). Results The mean, best-corrected Snellen visual acuity was 20/190 preoperatively (median, 20/200; range, 20/50 to 3/200) and 20/52 postoperatively (median, 20/40; range, 20/20 to 20/400 [P Conclusions In pseudophakic eyes with chronic cystoid macular edema, vitreous adhesions to anterior segment structures, and visual loss that is unresponsive to medical therapy, pars plana vitrectomy with removal of these vitreous adhesions may lead to improved visual acuity.
Crohn's disease: a case presentation

Crohn's disease is one of the two major types of idiopathic, chronic intestinal inflammation known as inflammatory bowel disease. It is a significant disease process, especially in populations of Northern European ancestry, of chronic relapsing disease along with an increased risk of mortality in long-standing and extensive cases. The clinical presentation of Crohn's disease depends on the anatomical regions affected and the type of inflammation present. The diverse presenting symptoms overlap several disease processes, which necessitates a high degree of suspicion to make the diagnosis. In this case study, a 26-year-old Caucasian male with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting provides an excellent example of a challenging initial clinical presentation and workup of Crohn's disease. A number of therapies are useful for induction and maintenance of remission, along with an enhancement in quality of life. Obtaining the diagnosis of Crohn's disease in a quick, efficient manner and a rapid application of therapy can potentially reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is imperative that physicians maintain a high degree of suspicion for Crohn's disease in the appropriate settings, and that they stay current with screening and treatment guidelines.
Supersymmetric SO(10) simplified.

In the context of supersymmetric SO(10) grand unified models, it is shown that the gauge symmetry breaking as well as a natural doublet-triplet splitting can be achieved with a minimal Higgs system consisting of a single adjoint and a pair of vector and spinor multiplets. Such a Higgs spectrum has been shown to arise in the free fermionic formulation of superstrings. Since the symmetry-breaking mechanism relies on nonrenormalizable operators, some of the Higgs particles of the model turn out to have masses somewhat below the GUT scale. As a consequence, the unification scale is raised to about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ GeV and ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathit{W}}$ is predicted to be slightly larger than the minimal SUSY SU(5) value. Including threshold uncertainties, which turn out to be surprisingly small in the model, we show that the ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathit{W}}$ prediction is consistent with experiments.
Model-based Analysis of the Limits of Optical Metrology with Experimental Comparisons

This paper presents a summary and analysis of a study on optical modeling for critical dimension metrology. The paper is focused on two primary elements: 1) the comparison, stability, and validity of multiple electromagnetic scattering models and 2) a series of model-to-experiment comparisons. A part of the study will cover improved model-to-theory agreement obtained using our new Scatterfield microscopy technique, which has enabled evaluation of previous unquantified errors. The Scatterfield microscopy technique allows us to step or scan an aperture in a conjugate back focal plane of the objective lens enabling illumination of a narrow cone of incident plane waves at a given primary angle of incidence. A series of angle resolved images or intensity data can be obtained for each angle of illumination.
Zinc tin oxide thin film transistor sensor

Abstract A thin film transistor (TFT) using zinc tin oxide (ZTO), deposited from solution, as the active material is demonstrated. A sol–gel method is used to deposit the film, followed by post-deposition annealing at the temperatures from 400 to 600 °C. The field-effect mobility is found to be dependent on post-annealing temperature and becomes as high as 6 cm 2 V −1 s −1 when annealed at 600 °C. The presence of interfacial traps and the surface morphology are studied using capacitance–voltage ( C – V ) measurement and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively, and are likely to be responsible for the annealing temperature-dependent mobility. The transistor is employed as a chemical vapor sensor, operating at room temperature. The sensor performance is optimized by controlling the post-annealing temperature. A considerable increase in drain current is observed in the film corresponding to annealing temperature range 400–500 °C upon delivering polar chemical analytes. The high chemical stability of such inorganic semiconducting oxides makes this a promising approach for developing chemical sensors.
Inference on the Number of Species Through Geometric Lower Bounds

Estimating the number of species in a population from a sample of individuals is investigated in a nonparametric Poisson mixture model. A sequence of lower bounds to the odds that a species is unseen in the sample are proposed from a geometric perspective. A lower bound and its representing mixing distribution can be computed by linear programming with guaranteed convergence. These lower bounds can be estimated by the maximum likelihood method and used to construct lower confidence limits for the number of species by the bootstrap method. Computing the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator is discussed. Simulation is used to assess the performance of estimated lower bounds and compare them with several existing estimators. A genomic application is investigated.
753 Encouraging the Family in Dying Infants: A Concept for Terminal Care of Infants and Children

753 Encouraging the Family in Dying Infants: A Concept for Terminal Care of Infants and Children
Mitotic and pigment-translocating activities of cultured chromatophores of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus

Abstract 1. Using Ham's F-12 medium, an in vitro culture system permitting cellular survival for over 6 months has been developed for the chromatophores of the guppy. 2. In this culture system, the various types of chromatophores (melanophores, erythrophores and xanthophores) migrated out of the explanted tail fin tissue, retained their pigmentation, and displayed both mitotic and pigment-translocating activities. 3. The mitotic activity was evident during the first 3 or 4 weeks in culture, whereas the pigment-translocating ability persisted for 16 weeks. 4. The cultured chromatophores of male fish displayed pigment aggregation in response to adrenergic agents (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and pigment dispersion in response to α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. 5. Cyclic GMP did not elicit pigment-translocating responses in any of the chromatophores.
Recent developments in the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz procedure for multireader ROC study analysis.

Rationale and objectives The Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz (DBM) method has been one of the most popular methods for analyzing multireader receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) studies since it was proposed in 1992. Despite its popularity, the original procedure has several drawbacks: it is limited to jackknife accuracy estimates, it is substantially conservative, and it is not based on a satisfactory conceptual or theoretical model. Recently, solutions to these problems have been presented in three papers. Our purpose is to summarize and provide an overview of these recent developments. Materials and Methods We present and discuss the recently proposed solutions for the various drawbacks of the original DBM method. Results We compare the solutions in a simulation study and find that they result in improved performance for the DBM procedure. We also compare the solutions using two real data studies and find that the modified DBM procedure that incorporates these solutions yields more significant results and clearer interpretations of the variance component parameters than the original DBM procedure. Conclusions We recommend using the modified DBM procedure that incorporates the recent developments.
An evaluation of supersonic STOVL technology

The purpose of this paper is to document the status of supersonic STOVL aircraft technology. The major focus is the presentation of summaries of pertinent aspects of supersonic STOVL technology, such as justification for STOVL aircraft, current designs and their recognized areas of uncertainty, recent research programs, current activities, plans, etc. The remainder of the paper is an evaluation of the performance differential between a current supersonic STOVL design and three production (or near production) fighters, one of them the AV-8B. The results indicate that there is not a large range difference between a STOL aircraft and a STOVL aircraft, and that other aspects of performance, such as field performance or combat maneuverability, may more than make up for this decrement.
Convergence of Multigrid Algorithms for Interior Penalty Methods

V-cycle, F-cycle and W-cycle multigrid algorithms for interior penalty methods for second order elliptic boundary value problems are studied in this paper. It is shown that these algorithms converge uniformly with respect to all grid levels if the number of smoothing steps is sufficiently large, and that the contraction numbers decrease as the number of smoothing steps increases, at a rate determined by the elliptic regularity of the problem. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
What Have We Learned from Columbine: The Impact of the Self-System on Suicidal and Violent Ideation Among Adolescents

This study first examined a model of the predictors and mediators of both suicidal ideation and violent ideation, particularly since both types of ideation were highly correlated (r=.55) among our young adolescent participants. The variables in the model were those identified in media accounts of the histories of the 10 high-profile school shooting cases, and that have also been included in our earlier model of the predictors of suicidal ideation, which we expanded to include violent ideation. Perceptions of competence or adequacy and social support from peers and parents predicted two mediators in the model, an adjustment/depression composite (self-esteem, hope to hopelessness, and affect, along a continuum from cheerful to depressed) and anger-induced physical aggression. These variables, in turn, predicted both suicidal and violent ideation. Secondly, we examined adolescents' reactions to vignettes that described harassing events, at the hands of peers and teachers simulating the type of audience-observed ridicule experienced by the school shooters. We were particularly interested in the emotional reaction of humiliation, an effect that has received surprisingly little attention in the emotion literature. Humiliation was related to other emotions such as anger and depression, consistent with the co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms demonstrated in the overall model. Next we compared those who reported that they would respond violently to the events in vignettes compared to those reporting nonviolent reactions. Examining the variables in the general model, those who reported violent ideation reported markedly lower perceptions of adequacy, lower levels of social support, lower self-esteem, greater hopelessness, depressed affect, and anger-induced aggression. The violent ideators also reported higher levels of both homicidal and suicidal ideation. Discussion focused on the fact that thoughts of violence toward others as well as toward the self have similar psychosocial origins that should be considered in the prevention and intervention efforts.
Transgenic Corneal Neurofluorescence in Mice: A New Model for in vivo Investigation of Nerve Structure and Regeneration

Purpose To quantify the level of neuron-specific fluorescence in the corneas of transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) driven by the thy1 promoter and examine the viability of using thy1-YFP mice as a model for studying nerve regeneration in vivo. Methods The structure of corneal innervation in thy1-YFP mice visible with reporter gene fluorescence was compared with that visible with traditional immunofluorescence techniques. The percentage of corneal nerves with YFP fluorescence in wholemounted corneas and trigeminal neuron cultures was determined. Regeneration of fluorescent corneal neuronal processes after wounding was monitored in vivo. Results In the mouse cornea, neuron-specific immunostaining determined that nerves enter the stroma in several bundles that then extend throughout the entire cornea. These stromal nerve bundles form a subbasal plexus beneath the corneal epithelium. Fine nerves from this plexus travel superficially to the ocular surface. Neuron-specific expression of YFP allowed visualization of nearly all large nerve bundles of the stroma but only some of the many finer nerves of the subbasal plexus and surface. In the subbasal nerve plexus, 46% of total neuronal processes exhibited YFP neurofluorescence. In vitro, 22% of cultured trigeminal neurons exhibited YFP neurofluorescence. After corneal nerve transection, nerve processes distal to the site of injury degenerated, whereas those proximal to the site regenerated in a pattern different from original nerve architecture. Conclusions Thy1-YFP mice display neurofluorescence and provide a novel model for monitoring the patterning, injury, and growth of corneal nerves in vivo.
Necessity of substrates for the Crabtree effect in Ehrlich-Lettre carcinoma cells.

Abstract There are striking differences among the Krebs cycle intermediates, and lactate and pyruvate as to their ability to stimulate respiration of washed Ehrlich-Lettre carcinoma cells in an endogenous system and to allow an observable Crabtree effect when glucose is added. There appears to be a similarity between the amounts of respiratory stimulation and Crabtree effect, that is, the greater the respiratory stimulation with added substrate, the larger the Crabtree effect when glucose also is added. Lactate, pyruvate, oxalacetate, and succinate are very effective in producing respiratory stimulation and affording a Crabtree effect, but malate, citrate, and α-ketoglutarate produce very little respiratory stimulation and very little inhibition when glucose also is added. Glucose in the presence of large amounts of lactate actually causes stimulation of respiration. Pyruvate and lactate quickly produce appreciable oxalacetate in the washed cell system. Also, when oxalacetate is used as substrate there is rapid formation of lactate, pyruvate, and small amounts of malate. Thus the respiratory stimulation by oxalacetate in part may be due to the formation of pyruvate and lactate. Furthermore, the pyruvate and lactate formed are adequate to allow a Crabtree effect when glucose is added.
Core polarization effects in 15O and 15N

Abstract The effects of residual interaction are investigated in 15O and 15N. Wave functions of the 1 2 − and 3 2 − states are constructed by mixing the single-hole spherical and 2p3h deformed configurations. The even-parity states are constructed by mixing the 1p2h and 3p4h deformed states. The effective charge for the E2 transitions among odd-parity states is calculated by taking account of the contribution of the 2+ states of the 16O core. The E2/M1 mixing ratio of the 3 2 − 6 MeV → 1 2 − g.s. transition is calculated. Calculated values agree well with experiment. The 3 2 − 6 MeV → 1 2 − g.s. transition is found to be predominantly single-hole M1 both in 15O and 15N. The electromagnetic decay of the 5 MeV doublet, 6.79 MeV 3 2 + , 8.29 MeV 3 2 + and 8.74 MeV 1 2 + states of 15 O is also discussed. The ft value for the 15 O β+ 15 N ground-state decay is calculated. It is found to be independent of the deformed admixture in the ground state and is 10% lower than the experimental value. The spectroscopic factors of the 1 2 − and 3 2 − states , for single-nucleon pick-up reactions 16O(p, d)15O etc. are also calculated. Agreement with experiment is good for 10% deformed admixture. From this and the calculations of electromagnetic decay of the levels of mass 15, it is concluded that the ground state has a 10% deformed 2p3h component.
Photosynthesis and respiration in a fast growing strain of Gigartina exasperata (Harvey and Bailey)

Abstract Photosynthesis and respiration rates of blades from a selected, fast growing strain of the marine red alga. Gigartina exasperata Harvey and Bailey, a carrageenan producer, were measured with an oxygen electrode and compared with rates similarly obtained from wild material of the same species. The measurements, expressed as μl O 2 · mg chl a −1 , min −1 . were made over a light intensity range from 5 to 800 μE · m −2 · sec −1 and a temperature range of 6 to 16°C. The photosynthesis light intensity data are best described by hyperbolic functions.
Resistivity and percolation in a liquid/solid two-phase alloy

Abstract We calculated the resistivity of Au1−xSix alloys in the regions between the liquidus and solidus temperatures where the system is a two-phase mixture of liquid and solid. The results are compared with the experimental data of Hauser, Ray and Tauc. The unusual behavior found in the Au rich region, where, near the liquids temperature, the temperature coefficient of resistance was found to be large and negative, can be explained in our calculation only if the size of the solid gold clusters becomes very small and thus limits the electron mean free path.
Provider variation in the quality of metabolic stone management.

Purpose: Urinary stone disease is a chronic condition for which secondary prevention (dietary and medical therapy guided by 24-hour urine collection results) has an important role. Assessing the response to these interventions with followup testing is recommended and yet to our knowledge provider compliance with these guidelines is unknown.Materials and Methods: Using Litholink® files from 1995 to 2013 we identified adults with urinary stone disease who underwent metabolic evaluation and the providers who ordered the evaluation. By focusing on patients with an abnormality on the initial collection we determined the proportion who underwent a followup test within 6 months of the initial test. Multilevel modeling was done to quantify variation in followup testing among providers after accounting for various patient and provider factors.Results: A total of 208,125 patients had an abnormality on the initial collection, of whom only 33,413 (16.1%) performed a repeat collection within 6 months. While most varia...
Differential pumping: Is it really effective?

Abstract In some applications involving synchrotron radiation beamlines it is necessary to maintain pressure differentials along the beamline. As an uninterrupted line of sight must also be maintained when the patterns of gas flow become critical. By computer simulation we show that strong beaming effects are always introduced and are dependent on the actual choice of vacuum layout. efficient differential pumping designs must take these effects in account.
What my mother told me: Examining the roles of maternal gene products in a vertebrate

In Xenopus, mRNAs synthesized during oocyte differentiation are inherited by the egg and direct all protein synthesis until the late-blastula stage. This provides an opportunity to study the roles of maternally expressed genes in embryonic development of a vertebrate. Oocytes can be depleted of specific mRNAs by the injection of antisense deoxyoligonucleotides and then fertilized to assay for developmental abnormalities. The ease of experimental manipulation of early Xenopus embryos in culture gives considerable opportunity for the analysis of the abnormalities seen.
Study 3-2: An Exploration of Transitivities Formulated From a Set of Piagetian-Derived Operations and Their Implications in Traversing Learning Hierarchies.

Questions about Reversibility 1. Before being exposed to instruction, do children do as well on an objective as they do on its inverse? 2. After being exposed to instruction, do children do as well on an objective as they do on its inverse? 3. Having achieved an objective as a result of instruction, do children achieve the inverse objective without further instruction? That is, do they get the inverse "free of charge"?
New and Improved Parameters for Twenty-two Pulsars

OBSERVATIONSs made with the 92 m telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory have resulted in improved positions, periods, period derivatives, dispersion measures and pulse widths for a number of recently discovered or weak pulsars. The new data are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
In Vivo Delivery of Recombinant Viruses to the Fetal Murine Cochlea: Transduction Characteristics and Long-Term Effects on Auditory Function

Congenital hearing deficits can be caused by a variety of genetic and acquired conditions. Complete reversal of deficits in the peripheral auditory system may require delivery of corrective genes to cochlear progenitor cells. We tested delivery of lentivirus and an array of recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) serotypes for efficiency and cellular specificity of transgene expression after in utero delivery to the developing mouse otocyst. Stability of expression and safety with respect to auditory function were then tested in those vectors that had the most favorable in utero cochlear transduction characteristics (AAV2/1, AAV2/8, and lentivirus). AAV2/1 was found to be the optimal vector for in utero cochlear gene transfer. It efficiently transduced progenitors giving rise to both inner and outer hair cells and supporting cells and had no adverse effect on cochlear cell differentiation. Further, it had no pathological effect on differentiated hair cells or the integrity of the auditory nerve or brain-stem nuclei as measured by auditory brain-stem response testing. AAV2/1 promises to be useful in further studies evaluating differentiation pathways of cochlear cells in health and disease and for developing gene-based therapies for congenital and acquired forms of peripheral hearing loss.
Olfactory bulb monoamine concentrations vary with time of day

The olfactory bulb (OB) has been recently identified as a circadian oscillator capable of operating independently of the master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. OB oscillations manifest as rhythms in clock genes, electrical activity, and odor sensitivity. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin have been shown to modulate olfactory information processing by the OB and may be part of the mechanism that underlies diurnal changes in olfactory sensitivity. Rhythmic release of these neurotransmitters could generate OB rhythms in electrical activity and olfactory sensitivity. We hypothesized that these monoamines were rhythmically released in the OB. To test our hypotheses, we examined monoamine levels in the OB, over the course of a day, by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. We observed that dopamine and its metabolite, 3-4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, rhythmically fluctuate over the day. In contrast, norepinephrine is arrhythmic. Serotonin and its metabolite hydroxyindoleacetic acid appear to rhythmically fluctuate. Each of these monoamines has been shown to alter OB circuit behavior and influence odor processing. Rhythmic release of serotonin may be a mechanism by which the suprachiasmatic nuclei communicate, indirectly, with the OB.
Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring during a Himalayan ascent.

Transcutaneous PO2 (PtcO2) measurements were taken daily on seven subjects during two nine day ascents of the Himalayas to an altitude of 4,579 meters. Five of the subjects lived in areas under 450 meters (Group I), while two subjects lived at an altitude of 3,100 meters (Group II). The PtcO2 values decreased with increasing altitude. The Group II subjects had PtcO2 values greater than the Group I subjects and the difference became greater with increasing altitude. The linear regression lines of PtcO2/pbO2 to PbO2 for Group I during ascent and decent were lower than the regression line for Group II (PbO2 is the barometric oxygen partial pressure). The regression line for Group I data during the second half of the trek approached the data for Group II. We conclude that acclimatization to high altitude is possibly associated with increasing peripheral tissue oxygenation as assessed by PtcO2 values.
Stochastic Inequality Probabilities for Adaptively Randomized Clinical Trials

We examine stochastic inequality probabilities of the form P (X > Y ) and P (X > max (Y, Z )) where X, Y, and Z are random variables with beta, gamma, or inverse gamma distributions. We discuss the applications of such inequality probabilities to adaptively randomized clinical trials as well as methods for calculating their values.
Adverse events after Fluzone® Intradermal vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2011–2013

Abstract Background In May 2011, the first trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine exclusively for intradermal administration (TIV-ID) was licensed in the US for adults aged 18–64 years. Objective To characterize adverse events (AEs) after TIV-ID reported to the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a spontaneous reporting surveillance system. Methods We searched VAERS for US reports after TIV-ID among persons vaccinated from July 1, 2011–February 28, 2013. Medical records were requested for reports coded as serious (death, hospitalization, prolonged hospitalization, disability, life-threatening-illness), and those suggesting anaphylaxis. Clinicians reviewed available information and assigned a primary clinical category to each report. Empirical Bayesian data mining was used to identify disproportional AE reporting following TIV-ID. Causality was not assessed. Results VAERS received 466 reports after TIV-ID; 9 (1.9%) were serious, including one reported fatality in an 88-year-old vaccinee. Median age was 43 years (range 4–88 years). The most common AE categories were: 218 (46.8%) injection site reactions; 89 (19.1%) other non-infectious (comprised mainly of constitutional signs and symptoms); and 74 (15.9%) allergy. Eight reports (1.7%) of anaphylaxis were verified by the Brighton criteria or a documented physician diagnosis. Disproportional reporting was identified for three AEs: ‘injection site nodule’, ‘injection site pruritus’, and ‘drug administered to patient of inappropriate age’. The findings for the first two AEs were expected. Twenty-four reports of vaccinees Conclusions Review of VAERS reports did not identify any new or unexpected safety concerns after TIV-ID. Injection site reactions were the most commonly reported AEs, similar to the pre-licensure clinical trials. Use of TIV-ID in younger and older individuals outside the approved age range highlights the need for education of healthcare providers regarding approved TIV-ID use.
Mechanism of the biosynthesis of squalene from farnesyl pyrophosphate

Abstract The biosynthesis of squalene (1) from farnesyl pyrophosphate (2) has been studied by carrying out calculations for models. The suggested mechanism involves initial allylic attack on 2 by the enzyme, probably by the trapping of farnesyl cation, followed by S N 2' reaction with a second molecule of 2 to form a π complex which is deprotonated to presqualene pyrophosphate (3). Ionization of 3, followed by cyclopropylcarbinyl rearrangement and hydride reduction, gives 1. The rearrangement does not involve a cyclobutyl cation (bicyclobutanium ion) as an intermediate.
Castrati choir and opera singers

, , . . called acrobats of the larynx. Theirs is the ~eeord of a cruel experiment carried out on ihuman b e i n g s h e l p l e s s children[ Some authors ~bte that as many as 4,000 to 5,000 youngsters ~ ere castrated annually, sacrificed through }eed on the altar of music. 4-6 How did this come about? What were the efidocrinologic, physical, and psychoemotional ~ffects of emasculation in childhood.9 What were ~ e effects on subsequent sexual potency and ~ehavior~ This was not a scientific experiment; ;ho records were kept, and one can only infer ~0me answers from descriptive accounts and anecdotes and, in some instances, from portraits ~ nd caricatures. Our objective is to offer some Xpianation and some postulates regarding the !6astrati era" how it came about, why the victims became Such phenomenal singers, and how ~nally it was eclipsed, From time immemorial the male gonads were :regarded as sacred symbols of divine power; one Swore by them. The word testis is from the Latin, meaning a witness; placing hand on the testis
Effects of DEM sources on hydrologic applications

Digital elevation model (DEM) data have been used to derive hydrological features which serve as inputs to various models. Currently, elevation data are available from several major sources and at different spatial resolutions: the National Elevation Dataset (NED), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, and the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data. This article shows the variability of analysis results from these data sources and of different scales. A standard algorithm in GIS was used to extract river networks from these DEM data for part of Kansas. Extracted networks were compared with the one derived from the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). Flood simulation results obtained from various sets of DEM data were also compared. Using higher resolution DEMs can derive more accurate river networks, but highest resolution data may not necessarily offer the best results, depending on the resolutions selected to compare the extracted networks. DEM spatial resolution may have minor impacts on flood simulation results, but inundation areas from flood simulations vary significantly across different DEM data sources. Results highlight the caveats on using DEM-derived river network data for hydrologic applications and the difficulties in reconciling differences among elevation data from various sources and of different resolutions.
Managerial goals in a performance-driven system: theory and empirical tests in higher education

Factors influencing managerial goals and decision-making processes have been debated for decades among public administration scholars. Previous literature has explained goal setting through theories of performance gaps, bureaucratic control, and isomorphic rationality. However, there exists no direct empirical test of these theories to determine which theoretical expectation may have more or less weight with managers when setting organizational goals. Using an original survey of university presidents, this study tests how public managers prioritize competing performance goals. Findings suggest that the goal setting decisions of these public managers is primarily driven by political control mechanisms.
Population structure and thinning in natural stands of Atlantic White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP)

Data from forestry yield tables were used to investigate the population structure of natural stands of Atlantic White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) in the mid-Atlantic states. The proportion of individuals in three size classes, 1-5 inch dbh, 5-8 inch dbh and > 8 inch dbh was shown to depend on both site age since clearcutting and site quality. Site age and site quality also determined the degree to which cedar populations underwent density dependent mortality (self-thinning). On all sites, the smallest individuals were removed by self-thinning. Analyses of this type allow predictions to be made of forest stand dynamics and further an understanding of population processes in natural communities.
Harmonic Generation and Parametrically Coupled Spin Waves in Yttrium Iron Garnet

Second-harmonic generation and ferromagnetic resonance have been investigated in spheres of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) as a function of incident power above the threshold for excitation of $z$-directed spin waves by the second-order Suhl instability. The fundamental frequency was 8.42 GHz and the temperature 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The second-harmonic power output ${P}_{2\ensuremath{\omega}}$ has the following features above threshold: (a) ${P}_{2\ensuremath{\omega}}$ goes through a minimum and then a maximum as a function of incident power; (b) the line profile of ${P}_{2\ensuremath{\omega}}$ versus dc field $H$ shows two and then three peaks; (c) sufficiently far above threshold, ${P}_{2\ensuremath{\omega}}$ initially increases after the pulse of incident power is turned off. None of these effects is correlated with unusual behavior of the transverse magnetization, which always increases with power above threshold, has a single resonance line, and begins to decay as soon as incident power is turned off. The results are explained in terms of parametric coupling between the initially excited $z$-directed spin waves and other spin waves, with explicit account taken of the ensuing phase relations. These tend to make the other spin waves interfere destructively with the uniform mode ($k=0$) in their contribution to ${P}_{2\ensuremath{\omega}}$. In this way, quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is obtained with reasonable values for two adjustable parameters. Coherent phase relations between the interacting spin waves are essential for an understanding of the results. If all $k\ensuremath{\ne}0$ magnon interactions are lumped into effective relaxation rates, it is possible to explain the transverse resonance data, but not the second-harmonic effects.
Tolerance maintenance depends on persistence of the tolerizing antigen: Evidence from transplantation studies on Xenopuslaevis

Abstract In order to assess the role of antigen persistence in the tolerant state, tolerance was induced in Xenopus laevis by the embryonic transplantation of whole eyes or tail tissue. Both types of transplants were seen to heal in and persist, with no signs of immunological incompatibility. At metamorphosis, tail resorption occurred and grafted tail tissue was lost. Eye transplants were maintained through metamorphosis in most eye grafted animals. Eye graft recipients which had maintained the transplant were observed to accept challenge skin allografts from donors of the same genotype as the eye donor in all but one case, while recipients which had lost the eye transplant at metamorphosis or had the eye transplant experimentally removed sometimes did not accept the challenge skin graft. Animals tail grafted as embryos did not accept post metamorphic skin grafts from donors of the same genotype as the tail tissue donor, but rejection was not accelerated. It is proposed that tolerance induction is dependent on the presence of appropriately presented antigen at a time when precursor thymocyte cells are migrating to the thymus, prior to their processing into alloreactive cells, and that tolerance maintenance is dependent upon the persistence of the tolerizing antigen.
Atomic resolution analysis of a 2:1 complex of CpG and acridine orange

Cytidylyl-3', 5'-guanosine and acridine orange crystallize in a highly-ordered triclinic lattice which diffracts X-rays to 0.85 angstrom resolution. The crystal structure has been solved and refined to a residual factor of 9.5%. The two dinucleoside phosphate molecules form an antiparallel double helix with the acridine orange intercalated between them. The two base pairs of the double helical fragment have a twist angle of 10 degrees and it is found to have a C3' endo-(3', 5')-C2' endo mixed sugar puckering along the nucleotide backbone as has been observed for other simple intercalator complexes. Twenty-five water molecules have been located in the lattice together with a sodium ion. The intercalator double helical fragments form sheets which are held together by van der Waals interactions in one direction and hydrogen bonding interactions in the other. The crystal lattice contains aqueous channels in which sixteen water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the nucleotide, none to the intercalator, five water molecules are coordinated about the sodium ion and four water molecules bind solely to other water molecules. The bases in the base pairs have a dihedral angle of 7 to 8 degrees between them.
Therapist correlates of attitudes toward sexual minority individuals, affirmative counseling self-efficacy, and beliefs about affirmative practice.

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of training in sexual minority issues, professional identification, and gender on attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals, affirmative counseling self-efficacy, and beliefs about affirmative practice among mental health practitioners in the USA. Method: We used the Internet to recruit a nationwide sample of 443 heterosexual psychologists (n = 270), clinical social workers (n = 110), and marriage and family therapists (n = 63) residing in the USA. Results: When controlling for years of practice experience and age, results from structural equation modeling analysis showed that training was associated with more affirmative attitudes, higher levels of affirmative counseling self-efficacy, and more positive beliefs. Female therapists reported more affirmative attitudes and higher levels of affirmative counseling self-efficacy than male therapists. Professional identification did not predict any criterion variables, when c...
Electromagnetic field effects and mechanisms

The author discusses the following topics: exposure vs. dose; known mechanisms; thermal effects vs. nonthermal effects; membrane excitation; electric fields (charge interactions; permanent dipole interactions; induced dipole interactions); magnetic field effects; free radical effects; human perception of 60 Hz magnetic fields; cyclotron resonance; microwave auditory effect; blood-brain barrier effects.
The effect of Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Pd(II) ions on racemisation of hydroxy α-amino acids

Abstract The study examined the effect of Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Pd(II) ions on the rate of racemisation of L -serine and L -threonine. All ions except Ni(II) enhanced the racemisation of serine; the retarding effect of Ni(II) increased with ion concentration. Both Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions retarded the racemisation of threonine.
Caveolin-1 negatively regulates a metalloprotease-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation by angiotensin II

A metalloprotease, ADAM17, mediates the generation of mature ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This is the key signaling step by which angiotensin II (AngII) induces EGFR transactivation leading to hypertrophy and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the regulatory mechanism of ADAM17 activity remains largely unclear. Here we hypothesized that caveolin-1 (Cav1), the major structural protein of a caveolae, a membrane microdomain, is involved in the regulation of ADAM17. In cultured VSMCs, infection of adenovirus encoding Cav1 markedly inhibited AngII-induced EGFR ligand shedding, EGFR transactivation, ERK activation, hypertrophy and migration, but not intracellular Ca2+ elevation. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin and filipin, reagents that disrupt raft structure, both stimulated an EGFR ligand shedding and EGFR transactivation in VSMCs. In addition, non-detergent sucrose gradient membrane fractionations revealed that ADAM17 cofractionated with Cav1 in lipid rafts. These results suggest that lipid rafts and perhaps caveolae provide a negative regulatory environment for EGFR transactivation linked to vascular remodeling induced by AngII. These novel findings may provide important information to target cardiovascular diseases under the enhanced renin angiotensin system.
Fate mapping the avian epiblast with focal injections of a fluorescent-histochemical marker: ectodermal derivatives.

A microinjection technique is described for fate mapping the epiblast of avian embryos. It consists of injecting the epiblast of cultured blastoderms with a fluorescent-histochemical marker, examining rhodamine fluorescence at the time of injection in living blastoderms, and assaying for horseradish peroxidase activity in histological sections obtained from the same embryos collected 24 h postinjection. Our results demonstrate that this procedure routinely marks cells, allowing their fates to be determined and prospective fate maps to be constructed. Two such maps are presented for ectodermal derivatives of the epiblast: one for late stages of Hensen's node progression (stages 3c through 4) and one for early stages of node regression (stages 4 + through 5). These new maps have six significant features. First, they show that regardless of whether the node is progressing or regressing, the flat neural plate extends at least 300 μm cranial to, 300 μm bilateral to and 1 mm caudal to the center of Hensen's node. Second, they confirm our previous fate mapping studies based on quail/chick chimeras. Namely, they show that the prenodal midline region of the epiblast forms the floor of the forebrain and the ventrolateral part of the optic vesicles as well as MHP cells (i.e., mainly wedge-shaped neurepithelial cells contained within the median hinge point of the bending neural plate); in contrast, paranodal and postnodal regions contribute L cells (i.e., mainly spindle-shaped neurepithelial cells constituting the lateral aspects of the neural plate). Third, they reveal a second source of MHP cells, Hensen's node, verifying previous studies of others based on tritiated thymidine labeling. Fourth, they demonstrate, in contrast to studies of others based on vital staining, carbon marking, and choriolallantoic grafting but in accordance with our previous studies based on quail/chick chimeras, that the cells contributing to the four craniocaudal subdivisions of the neural tube (i.e., forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord) are not yet spatially segregated from one another at the flat neural plate stage, although more cranial neural plate cells tend to form more cranial subdivisions and more caudal cells tend to form more caudal subdivisions. Thus, single injections routinely mark multiple neural tube subdivisions. Probable reasons for the discrepancy between our present results and the previous results of others is discussed. Fifth, they suggest that cells contributing to the surface ectoderm and neural plate are not yet completely spatially segregated from one another at the flat neural plate stage, particularly in caudal postnodal regions. Sixth, they delineate the locations of the otic placodes. Therefore, the microinjection technique has contributed important new information about the avian epiblast and, in particular, about the neural plate and its subdivisions.
Presynaptic Terminals Independently Regulate Synaptic Clustering and Autophagy of GABAA Receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans

Synaptic clustering of GABAA receptors is important for the function of inhibitory synapses, influencing synapse strength and, consequently, the balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Presynaptic terminals are known to induce GABAA receptor clustering during synaptogenesis, but the mechanisms of cluster formation and maintenance are not known. To study how presynaptic neurons direct the formation of GABAA receptor clusters, we have investigated GABAA receptor localization in postsynaptic cells that fail to receive presynaptic contacts in Caenorhabditis elegans. Postsynaptic muscles in C. elegans receive acetylcholine and GABA motor innervation, and GABAA receptors cluster opposite GABA terminals. Selective loss of GABA inputs caused GABAA receptors to be diffusely distributed at or near the muscle cell surface, confirming that GABA presynaptic terminals induce GABAA receptor clustering. In contrast, selective loss of acetylcholine innervation had no effect on GABAA receptor localization. However, loss of both GABA and acetylcholine inputs together caused GABAA receptors to traffic to intracellular autophagosomes. Autophagosomes normally transport bulk cytoplasm to the lysosome for degradation. However, we show that GABAA receptors traffic to autophagosomes after endocytic removal from the cell surface and that acetylcholine receptors in the same cells do not traffic to autophagosomes. Thus, autophagy can degrade cell-surface receptors and can do so selectively. Our results show that presynaptic terminals induce GABAA receptor clustering by independently controlling synaptic localization and surface stability of GABAA receptors. They also demonstrate a novel function for autophagy in GABAA receptor degradative trafficking.