cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtypes of medullary respiratory neurons

The activity of medullary respiratory neurons was recorded in decerebrate and pentobarbital-anesthetized cats with and without vagotomy. Five subtypes of medullary neurons were identified by the relationship of their burst to the respiratory cycle or by their discharge frequency pattern: (i) I-throughout, active throughout inspiration; (ii) I-late, active only during the latter half of inspiration; (iii) I-early, active at the transition between expiration and inspiration; (iv) E-early, discharging during expiration with a maximum frequency at the beginning; (v) E-late, discharging during expiration with a frequency varying from constant to a maximum at the end. Most respiratory neurons were I-throughout and E-late types. In cats with intact vagus nerves, neurons inhibited by lung inflation were designated α and those facilitated were designated β, giving as subtypes I-α-throughout (inhibited) and I-β-throughout (facilitated), E-α-late (inhibited) and E-β-late (facilitated). Limited observations showed vagal inhibition of I-late and I-early and facilitation of E-early types. During hypocarbic apnea, neuronal activity ranged from silence to continuous firing and more than half of both the inspiratory and expiratory neurons retained some aperiodic activity, irrespective of neuronal subtype. Rhythmic discharge activity among these active cells was resumed only as spontaneous breathing commenced.
The sleep lactate infusion: arousal and the panic mechanism.

Allin JT, Banks EM (1972): Functional aspects of ultrasound production by infant albino rats (rattus no~egi~us). Anim Behcrv 20: 175. Blizard DA (1981): The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains: A North American perspective. Be/rev Genet 11:469. Broadhurst PL (1961): Analysis of maternal effects in the inheritance of behavior. J Anim Be&v 9:129. Broadhu~t PL (1975): The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains of rats: A survey. Behav Genet 5:229.
Wheel running in the rat induced by a fixed-time presentation of water

Four female water-deprived albino rats were given free access to a running wheel and food in baseline sessions with water present for the first 375 sec of each daily 100-min session. In experimental sessions, water was presented intermittently according to a fixed-time (FT) 2-min schedule, which delivered water on a periodic basis independently of the rat’s behavior, resulting in 50 7.5sec presentations of the water tube. Food consumption did not vary as a function of the experimental condition, whereas running increased for all Ss during the schedule conditions. Increases in running appeared to be the result of increases in both initiations of running and run-burst lengths.
Customizing verb definitions for specific semantic domains

We examine the functions performed by verb definitions in the process of semantic interpretation in PUNDIT, and the changes in the interpretation process that are caused by different uses of the same verb. We give detailed examples of how the interpretation process is affected by changes in thematic roles, selection restrictions and semantic predicates in the decompositions that constitute the verb definitions. In addition we introduce the notion of a change-of-state inference that must be drawn by reference resolution and argue that it plays an equally important function in capturing distinctions among verb senses. We demonstrate the role of the change-of-state inference with several different concrete representations of varying senses of the verb break.
HPLC Analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids

Cyclopropenoid fatty acid methyl esters have been analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The refractive index detector’s linear response to various lipids was studied. Verification of peak identity was by spectroscopy of collected peaks and cochromatography with authentic samples. The HPLC method is simple, convenient and gives precision and absolute, values which are consistent with those from traditional methods.
Modeling the Construction Management Process to Support Situational Simulations

Construction managers are decision makers who administer nontrivial processes. The replacement of highly experienced construction managers and other construction professionals is a laborious process for the industry. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for the construction management practice that serves as the foundation for the development of situational simulations. Situational simulations are temporally dynamic clinical exercises with the objective of exposing participants to rapidly unfolding events and the pressure of decision making. The application of situational simulations provides construction managers and other decision makers the opportunity of experiencing and responding to risky events without endangering the success of real projects, further enhancing their decision-making skills. The construction management conceptual framework includes a process, a product, and an information model. The analysis of a basic mathematical representation of the process model is the focus of this paper.
A study of the shaking and grooming induced by RX 336-M in rats.

Abstract Several endogenous peptides and experimental agents induce “wet-dog” shakes and excessive grooming after acute administration to rats, but quantitative information on a possible relationship between the two behaviors is lacking. RX 336-M (7,8-dihydro-5′,6′-dimethylcyclohex-5′-eno-1′,2′,8′,14 codeinone) is a novel compound which elicits dose-related shaking and grooming in the rat. We have measured and compared the shaking and grooming induced by several doses of RX 336-M (1.5–12 mg/kg, IP) in male Sprague Dawley rats at various stages of maturatin. Analysis of the correlation between the number of “wet-dog” shakes and the frequency of grooming episodes indicates that a relationship may exist between the shaking and grooming. The excessive grooming induced by RX 336-M may be a mechanism by which the rat's state of arousal (raised by the shaking) is lowered and homeostasis is maintained.
Surface Structure and Orientation of PTFE Films Determined by Experimental and FEFF8-Calculated NEXAFS Spectra

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) experiments have provided information about the orientation of adsorbed small molecules, self-assembled monolayers, and polymers. Long fluorocarbon chains are known to have a twisted (or helical) structure due to the steric interactions of the fluorine atoms. Carbon K-edge and fluorine K-edge NEXAFS spectra of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) have been calculated using FEFF8 to determine how changing the helical structure of the PTFE chains affects the NEXAFS spectra. Specific structural parameters varied in the calculations included unwinding the helix, changing bond angles, and theoretically "stretching" the PTFE chains. Changing these structural parameters resulted in changes in the calculated NEXAFS spectra. Experimental NEXAFS spectra were obtained at beamline U7A of the NSLS on highly oriented, rubbed PTFE samples. A large polarization dependence is observed at the fluorine K-edge for the C-F σ * peak and at the carbon K-edge for the C-F σ * peaks (at 292.3 and 299 eV) and the C-C σ * peak (at 295.7 eV), consistent with the fluorocarbon chains oriented parallel to the gold surface along the "rubbing" direction. FEFF8 NEXAFS spectra calculated with self-consistent spherical muffin-tin potentials, a full multiple-scattering formalism, the structural coordinates for bulk PTFE, and no adjustable physical parameters are in good agreement with the experimental NEXAFS spectra, showing the fluorocarbon chains in the rubbed PTFE films have a helical structure.
Massive-Scale Gene Co-Expression Network Construction and Robustness Testing Using Random Matrix Theory

The study of gene relationships and their effect on biological function and phenotype is a focal point in systems biology. Gene co-expression networks built using microarray expression profiles are one technique for discovering and interpreting gene relationships. A knowledge-independent thresholding technique, such as Random Matrix Theory (RMT), is useful for identifying meaningful relationships. Highly connected genes in the thresholded network are then grouped into modules that provide insight into their collective functionality. While it has been shown that co-expression networks are biologically relevant, it has not been determined to what extent any given network is functionally robust given perturbations in the input sample set. For such a test, hundreds of networks are needed and hence a tool to rapidly construct these networks. To examine functional robustness of networks with varying input, we enhanced an existing RMT implementation for improved scalability and tested functional robustness of human (Homo sapiens), rice (Oryza sativa) and budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We demonstrate dramatic decrease in network construction time and computational requirements and show that despite some variation in global properties between networks, functional similarity remains high. Moreover, the biological function captured by co-expression networks thresholded by RMT is highly robust.
Age differences in rereading.

Younger and older adults read a series of expository and narrative passages twice in order to answer comprehension questions. Reading time was used to index attentional allocation to word, textbase, and situation model processing and to assess shifts in the allocation policy from the first to the second reading. Older readers’ comprehension was at least as good as that of younger readers. Analysis of reading times suggested that for both genres, older adults allocated more attention to situation model features than younger adults did on the first reading, whereas young and old allocated attention similarly to this level of representation on the second reading, suggesting that mature readers may give greater priority to situation model construction when first encountering text. Also, for both genres, older adults showed relatively less facilitation than the young in word-level processing in rereading, suggesting that representation at this level is not as firmly established during reading or decays more quickly for older readers. For narrative texts only, this pattern also obtained for textbase processing. Collectively, these data show that age equivalence in text comprehension at the molar level may be accomplished through different processing routes at the molecular level.
Protective effects of TASK-3 (KCNK9) and related 2P K channels during cellular stress

Tandem pore domain (or 2P) K channels form a recently isolated family of channels that are responsible for background K currents in excitable tissues. Previous studies have indicated that 2P K channel activity produces membrane hyperpolarization, which may offer protection from cellular insults. To study the effect of these channels in neuroprotection, we overexpressed pH-sensitive 2P K channels by transfecting the partially transformed C8 cell line with these channels. Tandem pore weak inward rectifier K channel (TWIK)-related acid-sensitive K channel 3 (TASK-3, KCNK9) as well as other pH sensitive 2P K channels (TASK-1 and TASK-2) enhanced cell viability by inhibiting the activation of intracellular apoptosis pathways. To explore the cellular basis for this protection in a more complex cellular environment, we infected cultured hippocampal slices with Sindbis virus constructs containing the coding sequences of these channels. Expression of TASK-3 throughout the hippocampal structure afforded neurons within the dentate and CA1 regions significant protection from an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Neuroprotection within TASK-3 expressing slices was also enhanced by incubation with isoflurane. These results confirm a protective physiologic capability of TASK-3 and related 2P K channels, and suggest agents that enhance their activity, such as volatile anesthetics may intensify these protective effects.
Regge pole residues near α = 0 in the presence of fixed pole effects

Abstract We discuss a certain channel independent feature of fixed pole effects in Regge pole residues for hadronic processes and investigate the residues of the ω and the ϱ in the presence of these effects. Our analysis suggests that a dip is expected for all reactions associated with the dominance of the ω exchange.
Critical parameters in drug delivery by intravenous infusion.

Introduction: Intravenous infusion is commonly used to deliver medications and fluids to patients. The duration of an infusion is short (hours) in the operating room where intravenous agents are infused to anesthetize patients and to manage circulation. Critically ill patients often receive infusions for days. Infusion technology has become increasingly sophisticated and complex. The technical advances broaden the clinical application of intravenous infusion methodology and provide safety features. Areas covered: This article provides an historical overview of intravenous infusion and discusses components of infusion systems. A section describes configuration of components to meet clinical needs. The article describes physical properties of infusion systems, emphasizing how critical parameters of resistance to flow, infusion pump performance and interactions between fluid flows and the dead volume influence medication and fluid delivery. The authors emphasize the use of infusions in the intensive care and...
Purkinje neuron synchrony elicits time-locked spiking in the cerebellar nuclei

Through a combination of intrinsic and synaptic properties, synchronous activation of a small number of Purkinje cells can set the spike timing of target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The sole output of the cerebellar cortex consists of Purkinje cells, which are GABAergic, and hence expected to inhibit their targets, the cerebellar nuclei. However, an inverse relationship in firing rate is not always observed between Purkinje and nuclear cells. Abigail Person and Indira Raman now propose that through a combination of kinetics, intrinsic firing rates and convergence of projections, synchronous activation of a small number of Purkinje cells can transmit information about spike timing. This work suggests a role for synchronous activity previously reported in cerebellar cortex, and demonstrates more generally how synchronous inhibition could be used to generate phase-locked activity. An unusual feature of the cerebellar cortex is that its output neurons, Purkinje cells, release GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). Their high intrinsic firing rates1 (50 Hz) and extensive convergence2,3 predict that their target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei would be largely inhibited unless Purkinje cells pause their spiking, yet Purkinje and nuclear neuron firing rates do not always vary inversely4. One indication of how these synapses transmit information is that populations of Purkinje neurons synchronize their spikes during cerebellar behaviours5,6,7,8,9,10,11. If nuclear neurons respond to Purkinje synchrony, they may encode signals from subsets of inhibitory inputs7,12,13,14. Here we show in weanling and adult mice that nuclear neurons transmit the timing of synchronous Purkinje afferent spikes, owing to modest Purkinje-to-nuclear convergence ratios (∼40:1), fast inhibitory postsynaptic current kinetics (τdecay = 2.5 ms) and high intrinsic firing rates (∼90 Hz). In vitro, dynamically clamped asynchronous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials mimicking Purkinje afferents suppress nuclear cell spiking, whereas synchronous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials entrain nuclear cell spiking. With partial synchrony, nuclear neurons time-lock their spikes to the synchronous subpopulation of inputs, even when only 2 out of 40 afferents synchronize. In vivo, nuclear neurons reliably phase-lock to regular trains of molecular layer stimulation. Thus, cerebellar nuclear neurons can preferentially relay the spike timing of synchronized Purkinje cells to downstream premotor areas.
The modified operator strongly implicit scheme, MOSI, as a fast elliptic solver

A new fast elliptic solver is introduced that is suited for systems of finite difference equations associated with five point molecules. This modified operator strongly implicit scheme, MOSI, is a further development of the modified strongly implicit scheme, MSI, which is an approximate LU decomposition sparse matrix solver. Comparisons are made between MOSI and some other commonly used equation solvers, which indicate that it is faster than these solvers, including the MSI scheme.
Properties of splines in tension

Abstract Rigorous arguments are given establishing convergence rates and asymptotic behavior of interpolatory tension splines with variable tension. It is shown that for sufficiently smooth data, convergence is O ( h 4 ) for uniformly bounded tension parameters. For large tension parameters the tension spline is essentially locally linear and applications of this fact are given which allow one to construct convex or monotone approximants.
Surface characteristics of finished posterior composite resins.

Abstract Samples of a large particle-filled posterior composite resin were finished with rotary instruments and alumina polishing pastes for SEM examination. High-speed rotary instruments left a rough surface, which was more a characteristic of the instrument used than the optimum finish that could be achieved. In contrast, alumina pastes produced smooth surfaces free from artifacts. Six different posterior composites were polished with alumina pastes for SEM and profilometer examination. Unlike anterior materials, small particle-filled posterior composites attained smoother surfaces than microfilled resins. Profile tracings and average surface roughness for each material correlated with SEM appearances. Materials with similar roughness values showed very different surface characteristics.
Birthdate Effects and Gifted Program Participation in Kindergarten

Research has suggested that relatively older children are more likely to be identified as gifted and talented students compared with their younger peers. Such a phenomenon disadvantages the youngest students while at the same time confers additional advantages to the older students as a result of receiving specialized and/or extra instruction. The current study investigated the presence of this phenomenon on a national level using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analyses that accounted for the nested structure of the data and included student demographic variables as well as academic achievement skills as controls. Findings showed that even though a weak correlation indicated that relatively older students, on average, were more likely to be in a gifted and talented program, the association disappeared once academic achievement skills were accounted for.
Effect of Resin Cure Recipe and Ambient Processing Temperature on the Material Properties of Marine Grade Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

The effects of the resin curing recipe and ambient processing temperature on the mechanical properties of composite laminates were investigated. Woven roving E-glass/vinyl-ester composite plates were fabricated with a pliable-bag vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process over a range of ambient temperatures and resin gel times commonly encountered when fabricating polymer composite parts for the marine industry. Standardized tests for Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness, compression, constituent volume fraction, and Barcol hardness were conducted. Interlaminar fracture toughness exhibited the most variability among the measured properties. Although there were few direct correlations between the measured properties and the parameters in the study, there were several statistically significant differences that could not be discarded as random, as they were consistent among the replicate panels fabricated for each combination of parameters in the study.
SU‐HH‐BRB‐06: Emission Guided Radiation Therapy: A Simulation Study of Treatment without Margin

Purpose: Accurate tumor tracking remains as a major challenge in radiation therapy. Margins are added to the clinical target volume (CTV) to ensure the treatment of tumor in the presence of patient setup uncertainty. Fiducial seeds and calypso markers are commonly implanted into the disease sites to further reduce the dosedelivery error due to tumor motion. For more accurate dosedelivery and improved patient comfort, the use of radioactive tracers in positron emission tomography(PET) as non‐invasive tumor markers has been proposed ‐ a concept called emission‐guided radiation therapy (EGRT). Method and Materials: Instead of using images obtained from a stand‐alone PET scanner for treatment guidance, we mount a positronimaging system on a radiation therapy machine. Such an EGRT system is able to track the tumor in real time based on the lines of response (LOR) of the tumorpositron events, and perform radiation therapy simultaneously. One main algorithmic difficulty of EGRT implementation is how to deliver the dose based on an existing treatment plan and the acquired real‐time tumor location information. In this work, we illustrate the EGRT concept using computer simulations and propose an adaptive algorithm for dosedelivery.Results: EGRT's advantage on increased dosedelivery accuracy is demonstrated using a prostate treatment case without the setup margin. The emission process is simulated by Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission package and Linac dosedelivery is simulated using a voxel‐based Monte Carlo algorithm. A treatment setup error of 1cm is simulated on the prostate. The dose distributions show that the proposed EGRT can accurately deliver the prescribed dose to the CTV without using margins to compensate for the setup error. Conclusion: Although still in a preliminary research stage, EGRT has the potential to substantially reduce tumor location uncertainties and to greatly increase the performance of current radiation therapy.
Household obesity prevention: take action-A group-randomized trial.

TO THE EDITOR: The recently published paper by French et al. has drawn some attention in the field (1). The authors claimed ‘‘The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an intervention to prevent weight gain among households (HHs) in the community. No significant intervention effects were observed for change in HH BMI-z score. Intervention HHs significantly reduced television viewing, snacks/sweets intake, and dollars per person spent eating out, and increased (adults only) physical activity and self-weighing frequency compared with control HHs’’ (1). However, we believe a disconnect exists between the design, analysis, and report of this study.
Germination and growth effects of hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL (a corrosion inhibitor) on Phaseolus vulgaris

Abstract This research was designed to address the potential for germination and growth effects in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Bush Blue Lake) from hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL, a proprietary chromated, zinc-phosphate compound added to DOE cooling water systems for corrosion inhibition. Studies were conducted at low and high Orocol TL concentrations in the soil by adjusting soil pH and the percent of organic matter. Germination effects were determined for seeds germinated in soils adjusted to differing pH ranges (4–4.5, 5–5.5, and 6.5–7), levels of organic matter (1.8%, 3%, and 5%), and Orocol TL amendments (control of 0, 10, and 500 μg/g chromium). Growth responses (effects) were determined from plants cultured in the same soil treatment combinations as described for the germination study. High levels (500 μg/g) of hexavalent chromium in soil (as Orocol TL) affected germination and growth, while a high level of organic matter significantly reduced chromium toxicity on germination. At lower chromium concentrations there was significant uptake by all plant parts, with a corresponding reduction in biomass of leaves. Consequently, adjustments of soil pH from 4.0 to 7.0 appear to have no significant effect on chromium uptake in plants. Increasing the organic matter level to 5%, while decreasing the toxicity of high chromium levels to germinating seed, did not affect chromium uptake.
Postoperative Hepatic Transplants: Review of Ultrasound Applications in Detecting Hepatic Artery Thrombosis

The role of duplex ultrasound in the hepatic transplant patient after surgery is to assess vascular compromise, limited biliary complications, and fluid collections. Debate surrounds sonography's strengths and limitations in detecting the most serious and common complication, hepatic artery thrombosis, which is key in this discussion. Sonographers should be familiar with the limitations and the exciting, new technology developing in hepatic transplant imaging to ensure quality patient care.
Biological activity assessment of the 26,23-lactones of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and their binding properties to chick intestinal receptor and plasma vitamin D binding protein

Abstract The binding of the natural and unnatural diastereoisomers 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 -26, 23-lactone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 -26,23-lactone to the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] chick intestinal receptor have been investigated. Also, the biological activities, under in vivo conditions, of these compounds, in terms of intestinal calcium absorption (ICA) and bone calcium mobilization (BCM), in the chick are reported. The presence of the lactone ring in the C23-C26 position of the seco-steroid side chain increased two to three times the ability of both 25(OH)D 3 and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 to displace 25(OH)[ 3 H]D 3 from the D-binding protein; however, the DBP could not distinguish between the various diastereoisomers. In contrast, the unnatural form (23 R ,25 S ) of the 25-hydroxy-lactone was found to be 10-fold more potent than the natural form, and the unnatural (23 R ,25 S )1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -26,23-lactone three times more potent than the natural 1,25-dihydroxy-lactone in displacing 1,25(OH) 2 [ 3 H]D 3 from its intestinal receptor. While studying the biological activity of these lactone compounds, it was found that the natural form of the 25-hydroxy-lactone increased the intestinal calcium absorption 48 h after injection (16.25 nmol), while bone calcium mobilization was decreased by the same dose of the 25-hydroxy-lactone. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 -26,23-lactone in both its natural and unnatural forms was found to be active in stimulating ICA and BCM. These results suggest that the 25-hydroxy-lactone has some biological activity in the chick and that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -26,23-lactone can mediate ICA and BCM biological responses, probably through an interaction with 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 specific receptors in these target tissues.
Effect of changes in water level on sediment pore water redox geochemistry at a reservoir shoreline

Pore water samplers with high vertical resolution were used to evaluate the response of sediment redox geochemistry during transient hydrologic conditions at Lake Powell, a large reservoir in Utah and Arizona, USA. Samplers were deployed at two different yet proximal shoreline locations, White and Farley Canyons, before and after exposure of sediment to air and subsequent resubmersion, which resulted from fluctuations in the water level of the reservoir. Before exposure to air, an observed increase in dissolved Mn concentrations and, at Farley Canyon, an observed decrease in dissolved U concentrations across and immediately below the sediment–water interface indicated reducing conditions in the sub-surface. After exposure and resubmersion of the sediment, pore water profiles at each site differed distinctly from those observed before the fluctuation in water level. At White Canyon, an increase in U concentrations and a decrease in Mn concentrations in pore water after exposure and subsequent resubmersion are suggestive of oxidative processes occurring during the period of sediment exposure. Data from Farley Canyon suggest that the same processes may be occurring, but to a lesser extent. Depth profiles of As and Pb were also examined, but were relatively featureless compared to those of Mn and U. At both sites, sediment evaluated for pore water chemistry in the second sampling was only fully resubmerged for 2–5 days prior to the second sampling event, yet reducing conditions were clearly evident in the Mn pore water profiles. This suggests that the dynamics of the biogeochemical processes occurring in surface sediment at Lake Powell are responsive on the timescale defined by the fluctuating water levels in the reservoir.
The rise and fall of high performance Fortran

HPF pioneered a high-level approach to parallel programming but failed to win over a broad user community.
Effects of diffusion induced recrystallization on volume diffusion in the copper-nickel system

The effects of diffusion induced recrystallization (DIR) on volume diffusion in the Cu(Ni) system was investigated. Cu-Ni diffusion couples annealed at 500, 550, 600, and 650 °C for 120 and 200 h were used to calculate the volume diffusion for the Cu(Ni) binary system. Using characterization techniques such as focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), observation of the interdiffusion zone revealed areas containing DIR and nonDIR. The volume diffusion of Ni into Cu across the non-DIR regions were calculated using the Boltzmann-Matano (B/M) method at 1 wt% Ni to be 8.05E-21, 9.88E-20, 4.53E-19, 2.67E-18 m 2 /s for 500, 550, 600, and 650 °C, respectively. Calculations of volume diffusion across the DIR zones were approximately three to four orders of magnitude higher than the volume diffusion based on the non-DIR information. Literature values for volume diffusion in the Cu(Ni) system are also higher than the non-DIR values by approximately one order of magnitude, implying that previous values may contain grain boundary contributions.  2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Postcolonial (in)securities, the bjp and the politics of Hindutva: Broadening the security paradigm between the realist and anti-nuclear/peace groups in India

Using the realist and neo-realist theoretical approaches to International Relations, this article will highlight the tensions between the realist and the anti-nuclear/peace movements in India, identify the different perspectives existing within the two groups, and the rationale behind them. Extending the realist and the neo-realist approaches, the article will also analyse how certain postcolonial (in)securities perceived by the current Bharatiya Janata Party ( bjp ) government of India, expressed through Hindutva, has further aggravated the tensions between the realist and the anti-nuclear/peace groups. The article suggests that these groups should broaden their interpretation of India's security paradigm and reconfigure the traditional concept of India's national interest along more sustainable lines. Through discursive analysis of the Indian media and journalistic reports, the article will highlight the contradictory viewpoints and nuances involved in the debates between the realist and anti-nuclear mo...
The origins of stillbirth: infectious diseases.

This article reviews the literature on infectious diseases as a cause of stillbirth. Identifying a specific infection as a cause of stillbirth is limited by many obstacles. Nevertheless, “good faith” efforts estimate that approximately 9% to 15% of stillbirths are caused by infections. Infection may be especially important as a cause of stillbirth occurring early in pregnancy. Recognized causes include syphilis, toxoplasmosis, parvovirus B-19, chorioamnionitis, and Listeria monocytogenes. Other organisms that are “purported to cause” stillbirth include the genital mycoplasmas, Chlamydia trachomatis, HIV, group B streptococci, and others. No single strategy has been developed for effective prevention of stillbirth caused by infection. Six potential strategies and their rationale are presented, but the low rate of stillbirth in most situations would require large intervention trials for hypothesis testing. Infection is an important cause of stillbirth. Within the framework if determining epidemiological etiology, research should be initiated in the role of infectious causes.
Fetishizing Religion: Allah Koura and French 'Islamic Policy' in Late Colonial French Soudan (Mali)

This article argues that an innovative religious movement in postwar French Soudan (Mali) led some French administrators and military officers to adopt a new and more open stance towards local religious practices even as they fought hard to limit conversion to Islam and to counteract Muslim reform. Meanwhile, although the founder of the movement advocated submission to local authorities, young men claiming to be his messengers attacked elders and sorcerers. The article suggests that the religious sphere in the Western Sudan was broader than historians have recognized, and that religious identities were particularly important in the troubled transition from subjects to citizens.
Corporate Tax Burden on Labor: Theory and Empirical Evidence

Distribution tables allow policymakers to assess where the burden of taxation falls among taxpayers with different income levels and other characteristics. This distributional analysis requires making assumptions about the incidence of each component of the tax system, including which individuals really pay each tax. In some cases, the statutory incidence is a good guide to the economic incidence. Government agencies such as the Congressional Budget Office, Treasury, and the Joint Committee on Taxation routinely assume that individual income taxes are borne by the individuals who are legally liable to pay them. In other cases, the economic incidence is obvious even though it does not match the statutory incidence. Agencies distribute excise taxes to consumers and the employer’s share of FICA to employees. Reality is more complicated, but these are fair simplifying assumptions.When it comes to the corporate income tax (CIT), there is no standard assumption that is uniformly applied by those agencies. Statutory incidence provides no guidance because corporations are nothing but legal entities, and economic incidence is not obvious. While the CBO and Treasury have historically assumed that the CIT is borne by owners of capital, the JCT is wary of assigning incidence to any particular group of individuals. The JCT recognizes that distributing the tax to all owners of capital is controversial because some economists argue that shareholders could bear a disproportionate share of the burden relative to their ownership of capital or that employees could bear a large portion through lower wages. Rather than assign the burden incorrectly, their distribution tables ignore the incidence of the CIT altogether, an approach that has drawn criticism.The assignment of the CIT incidence has important implications for the progressivity of the tax, and proper assignment is necessary for understanding how rate changes will affect people at the bottom of the income distribution. Benjamin Harris has shown that the CIT is very progressive under the assumption that the burden falls primarily on capital, less progressive if it falls evenly on capital and labor, and only partially progressive — through the first four quintiles of cash income — if the incidence falls primarily on labor. In other words, if the burden falls primarily on capital, the top quintile of cash income earners will forfeit a smaller percentage of their income to corporate income taxation than earners in the fourth or even middle quintile.In this article, we argue that neither of the agencies’ assumptions — that capital bears 100 percent or that no one bears the tax — is valid. Both approaches fail to reflect recent empirical and theoretic research that finds workers bear a large portion of the burden of the CIT. In particular, the empirical studies suggest that distribution tables that allocate 50 percent or more of the burden to labor may be closer to the truth.
Homozygosity of the polymorphism MICA5.1 identifies extreme risk of progression to overt adrenal insufficiency among 21-hydroxylase antibody-positive patients with type 1 diabetes.

Context: Autoimmunity associated with Addison’s disease (AD) can be detected by measuring 21-hydroxylase (21OH) autoantibodies. Subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk for AD. Genetic factors including HLA-DRB1*0404 and MICA have been associated with AD in populations with and without T1D. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the effect of the MICA5.1 allele in subjects with 21OH autoantibodies on progression to AD. Design: Two components were used: 1) a cross-sectional study with subjects with AD identified and enrolled from September 1993 to November 2008 and 2) a cohort study prospectively following up patients with T1D who screened positive for 21OH autoantibodies. Setting: Subjects were identified from the Barbara Davis Center and through the National Adrenal Diseases Foundation. Patients: Sixty-three subjects with AD were referred through the National Adrenal Diseases Foundation (AD referrals). Sixty-three subjects with positive 21OH antibodies from the Barbara Davis Center were followed up for progression to AD, and 11 were diagnosed with AD (progressors). Results: Seventy-three percent of progressors (eight of 11) and 57% of AD referrals (36 of 63) were MICA5.1 homozygous (P = ns). Overall, 59% of patients with AD (44 of 74) were MICA5.1/5.1 compared with 17% of nonprogressors (nine of 52) (P < 0.0001) and 19% of normal DR3/4-DQB1*0302 controls (64 of 336) (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Identifying extreme risk should facilitate monitoring of progression from 21OH antibody positivity to overt AD. The HLA-DR3/0404 genotype defines high-risk subjects for adrenal autoimmunity. MICA5.1/5.1 may define those at highest risk for progression to overt AD, a feature unique to AD and distinct from T1D.
A study of lung lavage materials in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis: in vitro response to mitogen and antigen in pigeon breeders' disease.

Abstract BAL fluids and cells were evaluated for cellular content and PHA- and antigen-induced proliferation in patients with the HP, PBD. Peripheral blood cells from these patients were also evaluated for mitogen- and antigen-induced proliferation as a comparison with lung lavage cells. The results indicate that BAL from patients with HP contained large proportions of lymphocytes which responded to PHA. However, several pigeon breeders without typical symptoms of PBD also had high proportions of lymphocytes in BAL and all lung lavage cells from these individuals responded to PHA as did peripheral blood cells from both patients with PBD and their asymptomatic cohorts. When BAL cells were stimulated with pigeon antigens, seven of eight patients with PBD displayed significant proliferation, whereas only two of nine asymptomatic pigeon breeders responded to antigen. Most patients with PBD (five of eight) had circulating lymphocytes which responded to pigeon antigens; however, five of nine asymptomatic pigeon breeders also had circulating lymphocytes which were stimulated by pigeon antigens. This study substantiates the fact that patients with PBD have high proportions of lymphocytes in their bronchoalveolar cells and shows that they respond to PHA, a predominantly T cell mitogen. However, some asymptomatic pigeon breeders also have large proportions of lymphocytes in their BAL fluid which react with PHA; the significance of this finding is not known at the present time. The key finding of lymphocytes in BAL which react with pigeon antigens, usually not found in BAL of asymptomatic pigeon breeders, indicates that specifically activated T lymphocytes are present in the lung parenchyma and suggests that they participate in the pathogenesis of the disease.
A novel type of resistant bacteria induced by gentamicin.

Following growth of Serratia marcescens in the presence of gentamicin, both a normal resistant mutant and a pleiotropic resistant variant, Serratia marcescens, were isolated. The pleiotropic variant strain differed from the parent strain in antibiotic susceptibility profile, colonial morphology, biochemical properties, and susceptibility to Serratia bacteriophages and bacteriocins but was identical in bacteriocin production. While the pleiotropic variant was stable in the absence of gentamicin, reversion to the parent was found in cultures grown aerobically, but not anaerobically. The normal resistant mutants, of apparent spontaneous origin, did not exhibit pleiotropic effects. The pleiotropic variant grew better under anaerobic conditions than it did under aerobic conditions, while the parent strain grew better aerobically. Both the parent strain and the variant were capable of adapting to either environment. The difficulty of identifying this variant in a clinical microbiology laboratory is discussed.
Heterogeneous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers in collapsed and reexpanded states

The pore structure of styrene–divinylbenzene (DVB) copolymers formed by phase separation before or after gelation was compared using apparent densities and mercury porosimetry. The copolymers were prepared with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) as diluent. The pore structure of copolymers formed in homogeneous gelation can collapse upon drying in the rubbery state. The collapsed pores have a mean diameter of about 100–200 A corresponding to the interstices between the microspheres. The collapsed microspheres reexpand again during the sulfonation or chloromethylation reactions, or during the solvent exchange. The pore structure of styrene–DVB networks formed in heterogeneous gelation do not collapse on drying in the swollen state, this being a stable and permanent porosity. The critical crosslink density for transition from homogeneous to the heterogeneous gelation represents a borderline between stable and unstable porosity. The drastical change of swelling and porosity values at the critical crosslink density is due to the collapse of unstable pores.
Improved wavelet decoding via set theoretic estimation

In this letter, we show that the performance of a wavelet decoder can be improved via a set theoretic approach at low bit rates. The traditional decoding rule is replaced by iterative projection-onto-convex-set (POCS) operations to exploit a priori information about the quantization and geometric constraints of the image source. Experimental results have shown that the proposed set theoretic estimation based scheme is capable of improving both the subjective and the objective performance of wavelet decoders.
Comparing the GPS capabilities of the iPhone 4 and iPhone 3G for vehicle tracking using FreeSim_Mobile

In this paper, we present a comparison between the Apple iPhone 3G™ [2] and the iPhone 4™ [2] using the real-time vehicle tracking application FreeSim_Mobile [24]. The built-in GPS receiver and web capabilities of the iPhone™, coupled with a V2I architecture, are used to send a continuous flow of data to a central server for processing by FreeSim [13–15], which is a real-time traffic simulator. The proportional model algorithm [18] is then used to determine the time to traverse a roadway in order to report in real-time the current flow of traffic. At the University of Alaska Anchorage, we currently have vehicle tracking devices installed in 80 probe vehicles that traverse the Anchorage area. Due to the high cost associated with vehicle tracking devices, it is difficult to penetrate a large vehicular network on a finite amount of money, so we must look towards other available technologies, such as the constantly-expanding cellular network. In this paper we look at the iPhone 4™ capability of reporting accurate and reliable locations and compare it to the recent study of the iPhone 3G™ [24]. Drivers equipped with an iPhone 4™ cellular phone and a vehicle tracking device manually timed how long it took to travel along a 0.99 mile/1.59 kilometer section of roadway. The vehicle tracking device and the iPhone 4™ report speed and location every 10 seconds whereas the iPhone 3G™ reported every 8 seconds [24]. From this data, we calculated the amount of time to traverse the test section of roadway using the proportional model algorithm [18] and compared it to the actual amount of time it took to traverse the test section of roadway as manually timed. We found that the vehicle tracking device had an average error factor of 4.94% from the actual time to traverse the section of roadway (as determined by the stopwatch), whereas the iPhone 4™ was found to have an error factor of 1.10%. The outcome of the case study is used to determine that the iPhone 4™ has higher accuracy than a vehicle tracking device, though it is important to note that the iPhone™ is more limited than a device attached to a vehicle since it can only report its location. If paired with another third party OBD device, however, it can also send the same information as a vehicle tracking device.
Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote.

In two studies, students contacted by telephone were asked to predict whether they would perform a particular behavior (registering to vote or voting, respectively) in the next Tew days. The proportion who predicted that they would do these socially desirable behaviors exceeded the proportion of control subjects wh o performed the behavior without first being aske d to predict whether the y would . Further, in the voting study these errors of overprediction were self-erasing in the sense describe d by S. J. Sherman (Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 1980,39). That is, subjects who were asked to predict whether they would vote—all of whom predicted that they would—actually did vote with substantially greater probability than did the no-prediction control subjects. (Actual voting was verified by consulting official voter rolls.) Asking people to predict whether the y will perform a socially desirable action appears to increase their probability of performing the action. When making predictions about their own behavior, people tend to present themselves favorably; they predict that they will do what appears to be proper or good behavior. However, when given the opportunit y to act , a person' s likelihood of performing a socially desirable action may b e reduced by factors such as the action's time and energy costs, the availability of compelling alternatives, and missed opportunity through not responding promptly. Sherman (1980) showed that asking people to predict their actions does more than jus t reveal a tendency toward favorable self-presentations; the probability of the predicted action is affected. Once subjects have made a prediction, their behavior is likely to confirm that prediction. In one of Sherman's experiments, subjects who were asked to predict whether they would agree t o work 3 hour s t o collect money for the American Cancer Society (49% said they would) were much more likely (31%) to agree with a later request to do so than were those who were never asked to predict their behavior (4%). Thus, apparent errors in prediction are "self-erasing" (Sherman, 1980). Once a person predicts an action, that action is likely to occur, even when the initial prediction is an apparent gross overestimate of the likelihood of performance. In interpreting this finding, Sherman suggested that making a prediction produces a performance-facilitating cognitive representation in which the person
Treatment of pediculosis capitis with topical albendazole

Pediculosis capitis, or head lice infestation, caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, is a common and ubiquitous health concern. Increasing resistance and treatment failures are reported with available topical pediculicides and may prove challenging to manage. Recent data indicate that the oral anti-helmintic agents thiabendazole and albendazole could represent new therapeutic options against pediculosis capitis. We report a novel treatment modality in four patients with head lice who were successfully treated with a topical application of albendazole.