cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy macromodeling of embedded operating systems

As embedded systems get more complex, deployment of embedded operating systems (OSs) as software run-time engines has become common. In particular, this trend is true even for battery-powered embedded systems, where maximizing battery life is a primary concern. In such OS-driven embedded software, the overall energy consumption depends very much on which OS is used and how the OS is used. Therefore, the energy effects of the OS need to be studied in order to design low-energy systems effectively.In this paper, we discuss the motivation for performing OS energy characterization and propose a methodology to perform the characterization systematically. The methodology consists of two parts. The first part is analysis, which is concerned with identifying a set of components that can be used to characterize the OS energy consumption, called energy characteristics. The second part is macromodeling, which is concerned with obtaining quantitative macromodels for the energy characteristics. It involves the process of experiment design, data collection, and macromodel fitting. The OS energy macromodels can be used conveniently as OS energy estimators in high-level or architectural optimization of embedded systems for low-energy consumption.As far as we know, this work is the first attempt to systematically tackle energy macromodeling of an embedded OS. To demonstrate our approach, we present experimental results for two well-known embedded OSs, namely, μC/OS and embedded Linux OS.
Monte Carlo evaluation of non-linear scattering equations for subsurface reflection

We describe a new mathematical framework for solving a wide variety of rendering problems based on a non-linear integral scattering equation. This framework treats the scattering functions of complex aggregate objects as first-class rendering primitives; these scattering functions accurately account for all scattering events inside them. We also describe new techniques for computing scattering functions from the composition of scattering objects. We demonstrate that solution techniques based on this new approach can be more efficient than previous techniques based on radiance transport and the equation of transfer and we apply these techniques to a number of problems in rendering scattering from complex surfaces.
Alterations in the white blood cell picture in normal, hypophysectomized and splenectomized guinea pigs during mild stress and following epinephrine injection.

EARLIER studies on the pituitary-adrenal axis in the guinea pig (Schweizer and Long, 1950) are being extended using the decrease in lymphocytes and eosinophils as an indication of adrenal cortical secretion (Dougherty and White, 1944; Recant, Hume, Forsham and Thorn, 1950). Although it is standard procedure to use unanaesthetized mice and rats in studies of changes in the blood cell picture, many of the reports on alterations in the white blood cell count of the guinea pig are based on the use of anaesthetized animals (Bacchus, Heiffer and Altszuler, 1952; Piliero and Gordon, (personal communication); Samter, Erickson and Kofoed, 1952). Since the response of the guinea pig to anaesthesia is known to be uneven and since the use of anaesthesia introduces an additional variable in any experiment, it seemed desirable to standardize the blood cell counting procedure for the unanaesthetized guinea pig.
Role of histamine in endotoxin shock.

SummaryIntravenous injection of lethal doses of endotoxin in anesthetized dogs results in rapid decrease in total blood histamine, a concomitant rise in plasma histamine, and increased peripheral vascular responsiveness to histamine. These findings support the view that histamine performs a crucial role in progressive development of hypotension following administration of endotoxin.FigureAppreciation is expressed to Lorentz E. Wittmers for technical assistance.
Extending MCI beyond Alzheimer disease

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has emerged as an incipient stage of disease that defines the transition between normal aging and pathologic decline, with an elevated risk of progression to dementia. Despite consensus conferences to develop criteria for MCI, several limitations result in irregular application of these criteria and variability in outcomes. Rates of progression to dementia differ due to variations in population selection, follow-up interval, and operationalization of criteria. For example, diagnoses are generally highest in clinic-based samples (e.g., 15% per year) when compared to community samples (7.3% per year).1 An additional limitation to the concept of MCI is that it has been largely applied to Alzheimer disease (AD), neglecting the multiple other dementing conditions that can evolve from this early state of decline. One study demonstrated that more than 20% of patients with MCI with primary memory impairment progressed to non-AD such as dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and vascular dementia.2 Progression of nonamnestic MCI is likely …
Hypogammaglobulinemia in an infant withcongenital rubella syndrome; failure of l-adamantanamine to stop virus excretion

Infants with congenital rubella syndrome characteristically have high titers ofantibodies which neutralize rubella virus. A single case of hypogammaglobulinemia in association with congenital rubella is here reported, in which antibodies to the virus did not develop. Persistent viremia, as well as virus excretion from the throat, were detected in this infant for 81/2 months. Treatment with an antiviral agent (l-adamantanamine) was unsuccessful.
Ecdysone-initiated developmental changes in wing epidermis RNA polymerase activity during the adult development of the oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi.

Abstract RNA polymerase activity of Antheraea pernyi wings has been measured during pupal-adult development and correlated with the circulating ecdysone (molting hormone) titer. The hormone concentration, which was determined by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography, persisted at a low level in pupae placed at low temperature. 2 days after transfer of the animals to room temperature and photoperiodic conditions conducive to adult development, the ecdysone titer increased rapidly, and decreased gradually thereafter to the end of adult development. Upon transfer to environmental conditions where adult development occurs, both RNA polymerase I and II activity increased. A second phase of enzyme stimulation coincided with the rise in ecdysone titer; however, the two classes of enzyme activity did not develop synchronously. Removal of the pupal brain prevented both the increase in ecdysone titer and the concomitant rise in polymerase activity, but did not interfere with the initial enhancement of enzyme activity after the pupae were transferred to room temperature. These and other observations suggest that resumption of normal metabolic activity at room temperature is mediated by a low ecdysone titer but that adult development is elicited by a greatly elevated hormone titer.
Structural pattern differences in course enrollment rates among community college students

This study tested a structural equation model of enrollment patterns of white and Hispanic males and females in two-year institutions and the invariance of parameter estimates among the different subgroups in the study. The model represented a multiequation model with three latent endogenous variables, high school academic preparation in mathematics and science, mathematics and science attitudes, and the dependent variable, enrollment patterns in mathematics and science courses. Exogenous variables included parents' education, levels of encouragement by others, and high school grades. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the structural and measurement coefficients of the hypothesized causal model for all subgroups in the study. In summary, an examination of the direct and total effect coefficients revealed different underlying patterns of factors for white and Hispanic females. No convergence on the model was found for white and Hispanic males. Equality constraints on all structural coefficients for both white and Hispanic females were tested and results indicated that all parameter estimates in the structural models for both subgroups were significantly different from each other.
Staphylococcal delta hemolysin: Purification and characterization☆

Abstract A procedure using selective positive adsorption with aluminum hydroxide gel is described for the preparation of the delta hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus . The purified toxin is homogeneous by the techniques of acrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and isoelectric focusing. The hemolytic activity of the purified lysin increased 20-fold when compared to the original lysin. Delta hemolysin is a protein of molecular weight 103,000 and consists of at least five subunits. The molecular weight of the subunits is approximately 21,000 daltons, determined after dissociation in nonionic detergents and assayed by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The sedimentation constant, s °20 w is 6.04S. Smaller polypeptide chains are attained by dissociation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, guanidine hydrochloride and Tween 80. Purified delta hemolysin does not contain histidine, arginine, proline, tyrosine or cysteine. Trypsin digestion yields eight unique peptides predicted by the assumption of seven lysine residues per polypeptide chain. An agar gel diffusion assay to supplement the conventional assay of hemolytic activity is described.
Semivariance of Property Value Estimates as a Determinant of Default Risk

Standard practice in the residential mortgage underwriting industry is to estimate collateral values via independent appraisals conducted by third parties. This paper empirically examines the role of property value (i.e., appraisal) uncertainty as a determinant of default on residential mortgage loans. Based upon an analysis of 1,428 residential loans drawn from the portfolio of a national mortgage lender, we find evidence that semivariance in property value uncertainty is related to default risk. Specifically, subject properties that are valued above the sales price of recently sold “similar and proximate” properties show evidence of greater default risk. Interestingly, a variance (range) measure of property value uncertainty is not significantly related to default risk.
Human Omental Microvascular Endothelial and Mesothelial Cells: Characterization of Two Distinct Mesodermally Derived Epithelial Cells

Human omental microvascular endothelial (HOME) and mesothelial (MESO) cells share many phenotypic properties, but can be characterized from one another based upon a comprehensive panel of endothelial and mesothelial markers. Traditional cell markers such as von-Willebrand factor, DiI-Ac-LDL, and Ulex europaeus I lectin are not sufficient to distinguish between HOME and MESO cells. Furthermore, immunoreactivity to a panel of endothelial cell-specific monoclonal antibodies, including representatives from the known clusters of differentiation (CD), indicate that some of these antigens are coexpressed in HOME and MESO cells. In distinguishing between the two cell types, HOME and not MESO cells express E-selectin, E/P-selectin, P-selectin (CD62), Le-y, and VLA-6 (CDw49f*). Moreover, HOME cells and not MESO cells form tube-like structures when cultured on Matrigel. MESO cells differ from HOME cells based upon (1) the expression of cytokeratins; (2) their rapid proliferation in response to platelet-derived growth factor; and (3) a change from an epitheliod to fibroblast-like morphology in response to tumor necrosis factor and epidermal growth factor. Both HOME and MESO cells express tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor, but urokinase activity is only expressed by MESO cells. As there is no one universal endothelial or mesothelial cell marker that can specifically confirm the identity of these cells, it appears necessary to employ a comprehensive panel of cell markers to rule out the possibility of misidentifying a cell culture.
A randomized-crossover trial to decrease bacterial contamination on hospital scrubs

Healthcare worker attire may become contaminated with pathogenic organisms during a normal shift. We performed a randomized crossover study to assess whether treatment with an antimicrobial coating would decrease bacterial contamination on scrubs. Thirty percent of all scrubs were contaminated; there was no difference in the rate of contamination between the intervention and control groups.
When Good Fences Make Bad Neighbors: Fixed Borders, State Weakness, and International Conflict

Since the end of World War II, the norm of fixed borders—the proscription against foreign conquest and annexation of homeland territory—has gained prevalence in world politics. Although the norm seeks to make the world a more peaceful place, it may instead cause it to become more conflict prone. Among sociopolitically weak states—states that lack legitimate and effective governmental institutions—fixed borders can actually increase instability and conflict. Adherence to the norm of fixed borders can lead to the perpetuation and exacerbation of weakness in states that are already weak or that have just gained independence. It does so by depriving states of what was traditionally the most potent incentive to increase efforts of state building: territorial pressures. By creating conditions that are rife for the spillover of civil wars and by supplying opportunities for foreign predation, sociopolitically weak states in a world of fixed borders have become a major source of interstate conflict in much of the ...
Impaired growth, delayed ossification, and reduced osteoclastic activity in the growth plate of calcium-supplemented rats with renal failure.

Linear growth is reduced in prepubertal children with adynamic renal osteodystrophy, suggesting that the proliferation and/or differentiation of epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes is abnormal in this disorder. To examine this issue, in situ hybridization and histochemistry were used to measure selected markers of endochondral bone formation and bone resorption in the proximal tibia of subtotally nephrectomized rats fed a high calcium diet to induce biochemical changes consistent with adynamic osteodystrophy. Blood ionized calcium concentrations were higher and serum PTH levels were lower in nephrectomized, calcium-supplemented rats than in either intact or nephrectomized control animals. Linear growth and tibial length were reduced, but messenger RNA levels for type II collagen, type X collagen, and the PTH/PTHrP receptor did not differ from control values in nephrectomized rats given supplemental calcium. In contrast, both the width of epiphyseal cartilage and the height of the zone of hypertrophic cho...
Water stress, CO2 and photoperiod influence hormone levels in wheat

'Super Dwarf' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants have been grown from seed to maturity in the Mir space station where they were periodically exposed, because of microgravity and other constraints, to water deficit, waterlogging, high CO2 levels, and low light intensities. The plants produced many tillers, but none of them produced viable seed. Studies have been initiated to determine why the plants responded in these ways. In the present study, effects of the listed stresses on abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and isopentenyl adenosine ([9R]iP) levels in roots and leaves of plants grown under otherwise near optimal conditions on earth were measured. Hormones were extracted, purified by HPLC, and quantified by noncompetitive indirect ELISA. In response to water deficit, ABA levels increased in roots and leaves, IAA levels decreased in roots and leaves, and [9R]iP levels increased in leaves but decreased in roots. In response to waterlogging, ABA, IAA and [9R]iP levels briefly increased in roots and leaves and then decreased. When portions of the root system were exposed to waterlogging and/or water deficit, ABA levels in leaves increased while [9R]iP and IAA levels decreased. These responses were correlated with the percentage of the root system stressed. At a low photosynthetic photon flux (100 micromoles m-2 s-1), plants grown in continuous light had higher leaf ABA levels than plants grown using an 18 or 21 h photoperiod.
In-network services for customization in next-generation networks

The design of the current Internet lacks in adaptability to accommodate novel network uses and functional requirements. It is therefore important to explore how new services can be introduced into the network infrastructure. We present a novel network architecture that can accommodate the deployment and custom instantiation of such network services. We discuss the motivation for our design and several of the research challenges that arise in this context.
Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise

Satellite measurements of Earth’s gravity field show that the mass loss of glaciers and ice caps contributed to sea level rise by approximately 0.4 millimetres per year between 2003 and 2010. The extent to which mass loss from ice-covered land areas contributes to sea-level rise is not known accurately, in part because previous global estimates use different techniques for glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite has provided monthly measurements of the global gravity field since 2002. Using GRACE data, Jacob et al. assess regional mass loss between 2003 and 2010, and conclude that mass loss from ice-covered land areas contributed almost 1.5 mm per year to the sea-level rise. Estimated mass loss from the high mountains of Asia was negligible, in contrast to some other reports. Glaciers and ice caps (GICs) are important contributors to present-day global mean sea level rise1,2,3,4. Most previous global mass balance estimates for GICs rely on extrapolation of sparse mass balance measurements1,2,4 representing only a small fraction of the GIC area, leaving their overall contribution to sea level rise unclear. Here we show that GICs, excluding the Greenland and Antarctic peripheral GICs, lost mass at a rate of 148 ± 30 Gt yr−1 from January 2003 to December 2010, contributing 0.41 ± 0.08 mm yr−1 to sea level rise. Our results are based on a global, simultaneous inversion of monthly GRACE-derived satellite gravity fields, from which we calculate the mass change over all ice-covered regions greater in area than 100 km2. The GIC rate for 2003–2010 is about 30 per cent smaller than the previous mass balance estimate that most closely matches our study period2. The high mountains of Asia, in particular, show a mass loss of only 4 ± 20 Gt yr−1 for 2003–2010, compared with 47–55 Gt yr−1 in previously published estimates2,5. For completeness, we also estimate that the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, including their peripheral GICs, contributed 1.06 ± 0.19 mm yr−1 to sea level rise over the same time period. The total contribution to sea level rise from all ice-covered regions is thus 1.48 ± 0.26 mm −1, which agrees well with independent estimates of sea level rise originating from land ice loss and other terrestrial sources6.
Investigation on performance of variable geometry ejectors for CO₂ refrigeration cycles

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive study on a controllable two-phase flow ejector component efficiencies and ejector performances in transcritical CO 2 refrigeration cycles. A two-phase flow ejector expansion model was developed and experimentally validated. A method of determining the efficiencies of ejector motive nozzle, suction nozzle, and mixing section based on the measured performance data external to the ejector was developed. It was found that motive nozzle efficiency decreases as ejector throat area decreases, and that suction nozzle efficiency is affected by outdoor air temperature. Empirical correlations of ejector component efficiencies were reduced. Parametric modeling study results show that the operation of an ejector reaches its optimum performance at ejector throat diameter approximately of 2.3 mm, mixing section constant-area diameter approximately of 3.5 mm, and diffuser diameter ratio a little bit larger than 2. Higher efficiencies of motive nozzle and suction nozzle as well as higher motive nozzle inlet pressure result in better ejector performances in certain ranges of motive nozzle throat diameter and mixing section constant-area diameter.
Melanotrophs of Xenopus laevis do respond directly to neuropeptide-Y as evidenced by reductions in secretion and cytosolic calcium pulsing in isolated cells.

Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is present, along with dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, in the neurons innervating the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis, and all three neurotransmitters have been shown to inhibit melanotroph secretion from isolated neurointermediate lobes. However, unlike dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, NPY has been reported to be without inhibitory effect on secretion from dispersions of intermediate lobe cells. Moreover, binding studies have been taken as indicating that Xenopus melanotrophs lack NPY receptors, although such receptors appear to be present on folliculostellate cells. For these reasons, NPY has been considered to act indirectly on Xenopus melanotrophs; the putative intermediary is supposed to be the folliculo-stellate cell. However, the present experiments show that NPY does strongly inhibit melanotroph secretion from cells dispersed from Xenopus intermediate lobes. In addition, they demonstrate that NPY acts directly on individual Xenopus melanot...
A Simple Approach for Demonstrating Soil Water Retention and Field Capacity

It is difficult to demonstrate the soil water retention relationship and related concepts because the specialized equipment required for performing these measurements is unavailable in most classrooms. This article outlines a low-cost, easily visualized method by which these concepts can be demonstrated in most any classroom. Columns (62.5 cm tall) were constructed using 25, 2.5 cm tall sections of 7.62-cm (3-inch) i.d. polyvinyl chloride pipe, which were connected using transparent tape. Three different soil materials were packed to specified bulk densities in the columns, and saturated with water. These vertical columns were then allowed to drain into a simulated water table 2.5 cm above the bottom of the soil volume until drainage ceased. After drainage, columns were sectioned to determine water content distribution with depth along the column. It was assumed that matric potential was inversely related to height above the water table. Therefore, water content measurements and assumed potentials for each section provided data for a water retention curve with minimum potential of approximately –60 cm. During drainage, measurements of soil matric potential were taken at regular intervals using tensiometers installed within the column, validating assumptions about matric potential. Among soil materials tested, those with narrow particle-size distributions, ∼100% sand, gave the widest distribution of water contents in the observed matric potential ranges. This method, with proper explanation and execution, may be a valuable learning tool by which visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners may be better able to understand the concepts pertaining to soil–water retention relationships.
An analysis of a method of in-situ thermal properties determination for geologic formations

Geothermal investigations and thermal methods of oil recovery require the thermal properties of rock be known. The thermal conductivity of rock is normally determined by measuring the properties of core samples which have been removed from the well. The major problem with this is the fact that thermal properties are dependent on the moisture content of the rock. This moisture content is very likely altered in transportation and storage. This paper presents an analysis which serves as the basis of a transient heat flux probe measurement that may be used to determine the thermal conductivity and diffusivity in situ. Such in-situ measurements would overcome the disadvantages of core samples and may also be used when core samples are not available. This analysis also provides a method of estimating the time required in order to obtain valid results. The analysis indicates rather long test times may be required for accurate results. However, it does provide a basis for evaluating the results of measurements taken for shorter times. The effects of contact thermal resistance between the probe, the well casing, and the formation are evaluated.
Interaction of nutrition and infection: effect of folic acid deficiency on resistance to trtpanosoma lewisi and trtpanosoma rhodesiense

Abstract 1. 1. Folic acid deficiency was studied in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma rhodesiense. 2. 2. Irrespective of the day of inoculation, folic acid-deficient and pair-fed control rats showed greater parasitemias than complete diet rats throughout the infections. 3. 3. The average coefficients of variation in body length of T. lewisi cells indicated that the formation of the reproduction-inhibiting antibody (ablastin) was delayed 11 to 16 days in deficient animals compared to pair-fed and normal control animals. 4. 4. In all dietary groups, regardless of the time of inoculation, coefficients of variation in body length of T. rhodesiense cells ranged from 17 to 31.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers: An Interim Analysis and Review of the Literature

There are few large-scale studies that have examined outcomes for BRCA1/2 carriers who have undergone nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). The objective of our study was to examine incidental cancers, operative complications, and locoregional recurrences in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers who underwent NSM for both risk reduction and cancer treatment. This was a retrospective review of pathology results and outcomes of 201 BRCA1/2 carriers from two different institutions who underwent NSM from 2007 to 2014. NSM was performed in 397 breasts of 201 BRCA1/2 carriers. One hundred and twenty-five (62.2 %) patients had a BRCA1 mutation and 76 (37.8 %) had a BRCA2 mutation; 150 (74.6 %) patients underwent NSM for risk reduction and 51 (25.4 %) for cancer. Incidental cancers were found in four (2.7 %) of the 150 risk-reduction patients and two (3.9 %) of the 51 cancer patients. The nipple-areolar complex (NAC) was involved with cancer in three (5.8 %) patients. No prophylactic mastectomy had a positive NAC margin. There was loss of the NAC in seven breasts (1.8 %) and flap necrosis in ten (2.5 %) breasts. With a mean follow-up of 32.6 months (1–76 months), there have been four cancer events—three in cancer patients and one in a risk-reduction patient but none at the NAC. NSM in BRCA1/2 carriers is associated with a low rate of complications and locoregional recurrence but these patients require long-term follow-up in both the cancer and risk-reduction setting.
Estradiol suppresses then enhances intracaudate dopamine-induced contralateral deviation.

Abstract The effects of estradiol on the amount of contralateral postural deviation elicited by unilateral intracaudate injection of dopamine (DA) were tested 2 days and 6 days after hormone treatment. DA (25 μg/0.25 μl) or a control vehicle solution (VH, 0.25 μl) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal anterior caudate-putamen of intact male rats and postural deviation was measured. Then, rats were given estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 μg/100 g body wt per 0.05 ml) or the vehicle, peanut oil (OIL, 0.05 ml/100 g body wt) once. At 2 days and 6 days after EB or OIL treatment, the rats were again administered DA or VH intrastriataly and the amount of contralateral postural deviation was measured. At 2 days after EB treatment the response to intrastriatal DA was significantly decreased, but by 6 days it was significantly increased; OIL had no effect. Thus, the behavioral effects of estrogen are time-dependent and may affect the postsynaptic response to DA in the striatum.
Land of the Fee: Entrance Fees and the National Park Service

What are the implications of increasing a public agency's ability to generate its own revenue for political control of the bureaucracy? This article uses historical cases of public land user fees to argue that, under certain conditions, such a change, rather than increasing agency autonomy, actually facilitates congressional intervention and control. Specifically, if the revenue increase carries no guarantees of increased appropriations and maintained levels of discretion, then old funds are supplanted by new funds with new strings attached. I illustrate the argument by examining the impacts of increased entrance fees on the National Park Service in recent years.
Evidence for Penning Ionization in the Generation of Electronically Excited States of Transition Metal Cations by Laser Vaporization

We report the first evidence for the involvement of Penning ionization in the production of electronically excited state transition metal ions by laser vaporization in the presence of argon carrier gas. The use of argon as a carrier gas has been usually considered to be a more efficient cooling and quenching gas of the excited-state species. The current results show that this view is no longer valid and under certain conditions, where metastable argon atoms can be generated through the laser plasma vaporization, efficient production of electronic excited states of transition metal ions can result. The effect of Penning ionization is demonstrated for the production of excited states of Ni+, Nb+, and Pt+ ions through the coupling of the laser vaporization/ionization of metals and the mass-selected ion mobility techniques. The current finding has significant implications not only for understanding the mechanisms of ion production by laser-surface interactions, but also for developing new approaches to study ...
A construction of the full eigenvariety of a reductive group

Abstract In this paper, we construct for arbitrary reductive group a full eigenvariety, which parameterizes all p-adic overconvergent cohomological eigenforms of the group in the sense of Ash–Stevens and Urban. We also see that the eigenvariety constructed by Eric Urban (2011) [10] is the union of those irreducible components of codimension zero in the eigenvariety we constructed, therefore we can formulate Urbanʼs conjectures.
Spaceborne Doppler precipitation radar: system configurations and performance analysis

Knowledge of the global distribution of the vertical velocity of precipitation is important in in the study of energy transportation in the atmosphere, the climate and weather. Such knowledge can only be directly acquired with the use of spaceborne Doppler precipitation radars. Although the high relative speed of the radar with respect to the rainfall particles introduces significant broadening in the Doppler spectrum, recent studies have shown that the average vertical velocity can be measured to acceptable accuracy levels by appropriate selection of radar parameters. Furthermore, methods to correct for specific errors arising from NUBF effects and pointing uncertainties have recently been developed. In this paper we will present the results of the trade studies on the performances of a spaceborne Doppler radar with different system parameters configurations.
Improving patient and provider communication: A synthesis and review of communication interventions

Abstract Results of 40 experimental trials designed to enhance communication skills of patients or health-care providers are summarized. Calculation of effect sizes (ES) offered a method for comparing the impact of these interventions on communicative behaviors. Communicative behaviors were categorized into interpersonal processes and interviewing skills. For patient-targeted interventions that examined interpersonal process variables ( n = 10), modeling and skill-practice interventions exhibited the largest ES values. For provider-targeted interventions ( n = 30), 21 assessed interviewing skills, 5 examined interpersonal processes and 4 examined both categories. Effect sizes were moderate to large for interviewing skills interventions targeted at medical students. For other provider groups, the majority of studies failed to include the necessary data to calculate ES. The dearth of studies examining interpersonal processes prevented drawing any conclusive statements about their relative efficacy. On the basis of these findings, current methodological concerns are described, recommendations for future research presented and practical implications discussed.
A Novel Fecal Extraction Method To Identify Sabin Vaccine Viruses among Infants Receiving OPV after Previous IPV Administration

A Novel Fecal Extraction Method To Identify Sabin Vaccine Viruses among Infants Receiving OPV after Previous IPV Administration
Determinants of neuronal form

The singular shapes of neurons are the fundamental element of neuronal architecture. We now have a significant body of experimental work, on neuronal and nonneuronal cells, which suggests how those shapes might arise: the cellular machinery involved and how that machinery is guided to produce a particular form. Recent studies have underscored the complexity of interactions within the cell, and between the cell and its environment, that we will need to understand.
Fieldwork Among the Maya: Reflections on the Harvard Chiapas Project

Fieldwork Among the Maya: Reflections on the Harvard Chiapas Project. EVON Z. VOGT. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. xi + 451 pp., charts, photographs, notes, references, appendixes, index.
Offenders’ experiences of violence: A comparison of male and female inmates as victims

Criminologists emphasize the role of violent victimization as both cause and consequence of female crime; this seems less true in research on male offenders. Few gender comparisons of offenders’ victim experiences exist. Yet there are theoretical reasons to believe that for both sexes victimization may both motivate crime and result from criminal involvement. Using self‐report data, this study compared the domestic and criminal victimization experiences of male and female inmates. Both had similar physical child abuse histories. The greatest divergence was found in women's high rates of assaults by intimate partners and men's high rates of assaults by strangers; however, for both sexes these experiences were common. Inmates abused as children were younger at first arrest and showed greater participation in crime. Greater criminal involvement was also associated with more criminal victimization by strangers. In supporting several models linking crime and victimization, these findings suggest that criminolo...
Questions and responses in Spanish monolingual and Spanish–English bilingual conversation

Abstract Drawing on a corpus of naturally occurring conversation, this study presents a quantitative and qualitative overview of the design of questions and responses (567 sequences in total) in monolingual Spanish conversation and in bilingual Spanish-English conversation. First we describe various features of question design and examine their relationship with action formation (e.g., requests for information vs. requests for confirmation). We then focus on responses to polar questions and show that interjection answers are the default answer type in Spanish, with other formats (i.e., repetitions and various marked interjections, including code-switching) being produced ‘for cause’. While some aspects of turn construction do appear to differ for monolinguals and bilinguals (e.g., the (in)availability of code-switching as an interactional resource), others are shown to not be significantly different between the two groups of speakers (e.g., pro-drop in question construction). Throughout the report, we make reference to studies of several other languages in an attempt to situate Spanish within cross-linguistic research on question-response sequences.
Effects of educational attainment on the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease: Results from a research registry

The “reserve” hypothesis suggests that education should affect the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but results from studies examining this idea are not consistent. In a single study, we evaluated the effects of educational attainment on three aspects of the clinical expression of AD: age at symptom onset, rate of cognitive decline, and survival. Subjects were 258 persons with mild-or moderate-stage Alzheimer's, drawn from our AD Research Registry. With statistical adjustment for confounding variables present in a clinic-based design, we found that higher educational attainment was associated with slightly earlier reports of symptom onset and a slower rate of cognitive decline on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). Education did not affect time of survival until death. We conclude that, for subjects in our sample, education had modest effects on aspects of the clinical expression of AD. These effects were not fully consistent with predictions derived from the “reserve” hypothesis.
First-principles calculation of the bulk photovoltaic effect in KNbO 3 and (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb) O 3 − δ

The connection between noncentrosymmetric materials' structure, electronic structure, and bulk photovoltaic performance remains not well understood. In particular, it is still unclear which photovoltaic (PV) mechanisms are relevant for the recently demonstrated visible-light ferroelectric photovoltaic (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)${\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$. In this paper, we study the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) of (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)${\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ by calculating the shift current from first principles. The effects of structural phase, lattice distortion, oxygen vacancies, cation arrangement, composition, and strain on BPVE are systematically studied. We find that (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)${\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ has a comparable shift current with that of the broadly explored ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$, but for a much lower photon energy. In particular, the Glass coefficient of (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb)${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ in a simple layered structure can be as large as 12 times that of ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$. Furthermore, the nature of the wavefunctions dictates the eventual shift current yield, which can be significantly affected and engineered by changing the O vacancy location, cation arrangement, and strain. This is not only helpful for understanding other PV mechanisms that relate to the motion of the photocurrent carriers, but also provides guidelines for the design and optimization of PV materials.
Use of simultaneous IR temperature measurements and DPIV to investigate thermal plumes in a thick layer cooled from above

Simultaneous measurements of surface temperature and the underlying velocity field are presented for a thick horizontal layer evaporatively cooled from above. Previous studies have focused on either the temperature field at the cooled surface or, in a small number of cases, on point velocity measurements in the flow. The current investigation is, to the knowledge of the authors, the first to simultaneously and non-intrusively document both the surface temperature and underlying velocity field in this type of flow. An infrared (IR) sensing array was used to capture the instantaneous free surface temperature field while two-dimensional velocity measurements in planes either perpendicular or parallel to the free surface were acquired using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Data from two cases are discussed.
A late Wisconsinan marine incursion into Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts

Reinterpretation of seismic-reflection data from Cape Cod Bay has produced a revised late Wisconsinan history. Acoustically laminated deposits, originally inferred to be glaciolacustrine, are shown to be glaciomarine by tracing them to glaciomarine mud in Stellwagen Basin, north of Cape Cod Bay. A late Wisconsinan marine deposit of nonglacial origin overlies the glaciomarine deposits in Cape Cod Bay. Both deposits indicate that the crust was isostatically depressed below the late Wisconsinan eustatic sea level and that deglaciation and marine submergence occurred simultaneously. Valleys cut into the marine deposits, both glacial and nonglacial, indicate that a low sea-level stand, the result of isostatic rebound, occurred shortly after the marine incursion. A transgressive uncomformity and marine deposits, both mostly of Holocene age, overlie the late Wisconsinan deposits. The marine incursion, regression, and Holocene transgression represent the northward passage of an isostatically induced peripheral bulge following deglaciation. In turn, the bulge, a response to crustal loading and unloading, indicates thick glacier ice in the terminal zone and lends support to arguments for a maximum Laurentide ice model. Evidence for a late Wisconsinan marine incursion, regression, and the passage of a peripheral bulge should be sought in the other bays and sounds of the New England terminal zone.
Olfactory Physiological Impairment in First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients

Abstract Background Efforts to characterize genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia are increasingly focused on the identification of endophenotypes — neurobiological abnormalities that are evident in individuals at risk. Behavioral studies have demonstrated olfactory impairments in odor detection and identification in unaffected 1st-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, suggesting that abnormalities in this simple sensory system may serve as candidate endophenotypes. It is unclear, however, whether these behavioral abnormalities reflect basic olfactory sensory processing deficits or nonspecific disruptions of attention and cognition. Method Unirhinal chemosensory olfactory evoked potentials were acquired from 14 unaffected 1st-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy individuals with equivalent age and gender distributions, using 3 different concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Subjects were also assessed behaviorally for ability to detect and identify odors. Results Family members exhibited left nostril olfactory detection impairments and bilateral olfactory identification abnormalities. They had reduced evoked potential response amplitudes for the initial N1 component in the left nostril. The subsequent P2 evoked potential response was reduced bilaterally. The pattern and magnitude of family member deficits were comparable to those previously observed for schizophrenia patients. Conclusion 1st-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients exhibit specific neurophysiological impairments in early olfactory sensory processing. The presence of these neurophysiological abnormalities in both schizophrenia patients and their unaffected 1st-degree relatives suggests that these represent genetically mediated vulnerability markers or endophenotypes of the illness.
METHOD FOR RECOGNIZING LOCAL BEDROCK INFLUENCE ON DRIFT PLAINS

Analysis of topographic and bedrock surface data from 41 sites 23.3 km2 (9 m2) within Midwestern areas glaciated during the Late Wisconsinan identifies an average drift thickness-maximum bedrock relief transition equation for the presence or absence of bedrock surface influences on topographic detail. For sites with average drift thicknesses between 15 and 35 m, the transition occurs when average drift thicknesses exceed 0.5 maximum bedrock relief + 10 m. This equation may provide a practical tool in searching for buried bedrock valleys.
Anomalous room temperature magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors

Abstract We report the substantial change in the large room temperature (∼8% at 100 Oe, up to 15% at 1000 Oe) magnetoresistance of thin organic semiconductor films of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) upon doping with PtOEP and Ir(ppy)3 complexes. The origin of magnetic field effects on charge transport properties of organic semiconductors until now has remained obscure. We propose a model for the anomalous magnetoresistance and its change with doping based on the charge transport in these semiconductors being electron–hole (e–h) recombination limited. The process of e–h recombination includes formation of correlated e–h pairs and the subsequent annihilation of e–h pairs with different rates for the singlet and triplet spin states. The e–h pairs may also dissociate back into free charge carriers. We suggest that a magnetic field controls spin interconversion of e–h pairs. In the absence of field the singlet mixes with the entire triplet manifold by hyperfine interaction. The magnetic field lifts the triplet degeneracy, and for strong field, the mixing remains only between the singlet and the T0 component of the triplet, thus changing the e–h recombination rate and hence the current. The experimental results are consistent with the model.
An Eriophyllum Lanatum (Asteraceae) Hybrid Zone in Oregon

Abstract Eriophyllum lanatum vars. achilleoides and leucophyllum intergrade in southwestern Oregon. Some populations cannot be unequivocally assigned to either variety. Chromosome counts showed polyploid populations predominating where the varieties meet in southwestern Oregon. Pollen fertility, estimated by cotton blue-lactophenol staining, was the main criterion used to assess barriers to interbreeding. Artificial hybridizations between diploids revealed barriers to interbreeding between vars. achilleoides and leucophyllum, and between each of them and a morphologically intermediate population. The barriers to interbreeding are substantially less developed than those present between most of the other eight varieties of the E. lanatum complex. Supernumerary chromosomes are postulated to be adaptive in Eriophyllum hybrid zones.