cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Learning Outcomes And The Use Of The Discussion Board In An Online Course

With the popularity and resulting demand for online courses growing, many educators have developed at least a component of their courses, if not the entire course, online. These online courses, or components thereof, present many challenges to educators. Of the challenges faced, none is more important than learning. If we are not returning to the static model of learning but instead we are increasing the number of online courses then as educators, we must deliver online courses in which students learn through active participation. In developing online courses, one of the first challenges facing the instructor is to identify and communicate the learning outcomes of the course. Without identification of learning outcomes, instructors will not be able to assess learning. Once learning objectives are identified and assessments match these outcomes, faculty should find ways to create an active learning environment. This paper describes the progression of an online introductory accounting course and how it evolved to improve the learning experience and create an active learning environment for students. Our experiences may provide useful examples that could be followed by others. The paper specifically describes the identification and communication of learning outcomes with related assessments and the use of the discussion board to foster an active learning environment.
Course of symptom change during anxiety treatment: Reductions in anxiety and depression in patients completing the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management program

When treating anxious patients with co-occurring depression, research demonstrates that both types of symptoms independently improve. The current analyses examined how reductions in anxiety and depression may be interrelated both during treatment, as well as over time following treatment. Participants were 503 individuals with one or more DSM-IV anxiety disorders who completed a collaborative care anxiety management program. Anxiety and depression were assessed at each treatment session (i.e., session by session data) and also at 6, 12, and 18-month post-baseline assessments (i.e., long-term outcomes data). Mediation analyses examined changes in symptoms in session by session data and long-term outcomes data. Anxiety and depression changed reciprocally in session by session data; change in anxiety mediated change in depression to a greater extent than vice versa. In the long-term outcomes data, change in anxiety mediated change in depression. However, the reverse mediation model of the long-term outcomes period revealed that accounting for changes in depression altered the effect of time on anxiety. Thus, temporal change during active treatment may share similarities with those related to maintaining gains after treatment, although differences arose in the reverse mediation models. Limitations of the methodology and implications of anxiety treatment for depression outcomes are discussed.
Light-activated drug confirms a mechanism of ion channel blockade.

A VARIETY of mechanisms underlie the pharmacological blockade of membrane excitability. Some drugs seem to reduce the frequency at which ion channels open; a good example is the effect of curare on acetylcholine receptor channels at normal resting potentials. Another sort of mechanism may account for the action of many local anaesthetics and related drugs containing charged ammonium groups. It is postulated that such molecules block transmembrane currents as they bind to sites within open ion channels, much like a plug in a drain, with the important difference that the events occur on a millisecond time scale. This model, which we shall call ‘open-channel blockade’, was first applied to the effect of internal tetraethylammonium ions on K+ channels in squid axon1 and more recently to similar actions of local anaesthetics on acetylcholine receptor channels2–4 and on electrically excitable Na+ channels5. (Curare seems to exert an additional open-channel blockade at high negative potentials6,7.) The concept of open-channel blockade would receive direct experimental support from the demonstration that the blockade is exerted even if the blocking molecule is not bound to the channel (or indeed is not present at all) until after the channel opens. Such a demonstration is made possible by a drug that (1) blocks acetylcholine receptor channels in Electrophorus electroplaque, and (2) is created, in less than a millisecond, by a flash of light.
Stress affects dopaminergic signaling pathways in Drosophila melanogaster

Behaviors modulated by dopamine appear to be conserved across species. In the model system Drosophila melanogaster, as in mammals, dopamine modulates female sexual receptivity, a simple form of learning and responses to drugs of abuse. Synthesis, reuptake and binding of dopamine are also evolutionarily conserved. Since stress has been shown to affect dopaminergic signaling pathways in mammals, we investigated the consequences of exposure to diverse stressors on dopaminergic physiology in the fruit fly, D. melanogaster. Animals were exposed to a metabolic stress (starvation), an oxidative stress (via the superoxide anion generator paraquat) or a mechanical stress (gentle vortexing). Sexual maturity, reproductive status, gender and type of stress differentially affected survival. The stress paradigms also resulted in alterations in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Exposure to these stressors perturbed female sexual receptivity and ovarian development, which are modulated by dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic physiology is affected as a consequence of stress. Transgenic Drosophila with reduced levels of neuronal dopamine displayed an altered response to these stressors, suggesting that, as in mammals, dopamine is a key element in the stress response.
Synthesis of Oligonucleotides and Thermal Stability of Duplexes Containing the β-C-Nucleoside Analogue of Fapy·dG

The formamidopyrimidine lesions (Fapy.dA, Fapy.dG) are formed in significant amounts when DNA is exposed to oxidative stress. These lesions are unusual in that they readily epimerize in solution. The distribution of configurational isomers in DNA is unknown. Nonepimerizable, nonhydrolyzable analogues are useful probes for investigating the configuration of Fapy lesions in DNA and as potential enzyme inhibitors. The beta-C-nucleoside of Fapy.dG has been prepared and introduced sight-specifically into oligonucleotides via its respective beta-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite. The phosphoramidite was prepared via a Wittig reaction between a protected form of deoxyribose and a suitably functionalized pyrimidine. The pyrimidine contained methyl and 2-propyl groups at the O4 and O2 positions, respectively, to differentiate between them following C-nucleoside formation. The formamide was derived from a nitro group at C5. The phosphoramidite coupled in 80% yield via a single 15-min coupling using tetrazole as activator. Oligonucleotides as long as 36 nucleotides were prepared and characterized by ESI-MS.
Preparation of Non-Oxide Ceramics by Pyrolysis of Organometallic Precursors

Chemical processing routes to advanced ceramic materials are gaining importance as a convenient approach to control the stoichiometry, purity, microstructure and final form of the ceramic products [1]. The pyrolytic conversion of organometallic molecules and polymers is one such chemical processing route that has been widely applied in ceramic fiber technology [1,2], in coating processes [1,2], and in the sintering of bulk ceramic objects [3]. Despite these advances in practical applications, there is a continuing need in this area for a better fundamental understanding of the chemistry involved during the precursor-to-ceramic conversion process and for the development of new precursors which yield the desired ceramic(s) in high yield and purity.
Stabilization of the structure and activity of yeast carboxypeptidase Y by its high-mannose oligosaccharide chains.

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate was shown to promote both the inactivation and proteolytic degradation of the yeast glycoprotein, carboxypeptidase Y, with the former effect occurring six times faster than the latter. Although the proteolysis, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was inhibited by pepstatin, which implicates the presence of proteinase A, the possibility of autodigestion could not be ruled out. A contributing role of the enzyme's carbohydrate moiety to these two processes was revealed by treating carboxypeptidase Y with endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase H. This treatment removes all four of the enzyme's Oligosaccharide chains in sodium dodecyl sulfate and as a consequence increases the rate of inactivation of the resulting carboxypeptidase Y by twofold and its proteolytic degradation by threefold relative to that of untreated enzyme. It thus appears that carboxypeptidase Y is a glycoprotein whose structural integrity and functional activity are influenced by its associated carbohydrate component.
Positive entropy homeomorphisms of chainable continua and indecomposable subcontinua

It is shown that if X is a chainable continuum and h: X → X is a homeomorphism such that the topological entropy of h is greater than 0, then X must contain an indecomposable subcontinuum. This answers a question of Barge.
On information flow in ordination

The path of information flow is described and major sources of information loss are identified in ordinations. These sources are shown to be related to the resemblance function and to the transformations which produce the ordiantion co-ordinates. Preventive steps to minimize information loss are suggested.
An investigation of personality traits in relation to job and career satisfaction of information technology professionals

Personality traits were examined in relation to job satisfaction and career satisfaction for 1059 information technology (IT) professionals. As hypothesized, eight traits were significantly related to both job and career satisfaction: Assertiveness, Emotional Resilience, Extraversion, Openness, Teamwork Disposition, Customer Service Orientation, Optimism, and Work Drive. Regression analyses indicated that sets of three and four traits accounted for 17 and 25%, respectively, of job and career satisfaction variance. As expected, career satisfaction correlations were of generally higher magnitude than corresponding job satisfaction correlations. Results were interpreted in terms of IT research and theorizing. The findings that Extraversion and Teamwork Disposition were related to job and career satisfaction contravenes job descriptions and career planning advice, suggesting that independent introverts are better suited for IT work. Given that adult personality is antecedent to work experiences, it was suggested that future research proposing to show the effects of work-related factors such as pay and challenge on job or career satisfaction should first control for personality traits. Other practical and theoretical implications were noted.
Molecular dynamics of local protein motions in lactate dehydrogenase

Abstract The conformation and dynamics of an active-site loop in Bacillus stearothermophilus lactate dehydrogenase has been examined. A series of molecular dynamics calculations were performed in which only this loop and neighboring amino acid residues were allowed to move. Though the remainder of the protein was held rigid, it was still included in energy calculations. In this initial study, solvent water was not included. Several interesting features were observed. Two triads of electrostatically interacting amino acid side chains were identified. Their functional significance was assessed in simulations by changing the charge properties of each triad's amino acid side chains. Results indicate one triad reduces the loop's internal flexibility while the other mediates both loop closing and the precise positioning of the catalytically important arginine 92 side chain. These results link loop motions with the catalytic function of lactate dehydrogenase.
Accuracy of the Combination of Mammography and Sonography in Predicting Tumor Response in Breast Cancer Patients After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Residual tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an important consideration in surgical planning. We examined the accuracy of the combination of mammography and sonography in predicting pathologic residual tumor size. Tumor size was evaluated by physical examination, mammography, and sonography at diagnosis and before surgery in 162 breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Agreement between the predicted and the pathologic responses and the predicted and the pathologic tumor sizes was calculated. The effect of invasive lobular carcinoma, high nuclear grade, hormone receptor positivity, and the presence of an extensive intraductal component on the accuracy of mammography and sonography in predicting pathologic residual tumor size was analyzed. Forty-two patients (25.9%) had a pathologic complete response (pCR). Overall agreement between predicted and pathologic responses was 53% for physical examination, 67% for mammography plus sonography, and 63% for physical examination plus mammography and sonography. The sensitivity of mammography and sonography in predicting pCR was 78.6%, and the specificity was 92.5%; the accuracy was 88.9%. Residual tumor size determined by mammography and sonography correlated with pathologic residual tumor size (r = .662); pathologic tumor size was within .5 cm of predicted in 69.1% of patients. Multivariate analysis showed that pathologic residual tumor size was underestimated for lobular carcinoma and overestimated for poorly differentiated tumors. The combination of mammography and sonography has a high accuracy in predicting pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Agreement of residual tumor size in mammography and sonography with pathologic residual tumor size was moderate.
Atom optics using microfabricated structures

We present a novel method for fabricating precisely positioned small openings in thin silicon nitride membranes. Several optical elements for atoms have been constructed, including amplitude diffraction gratings and zone plates, and the results of experiments using these devices are presented. A method for creating a blazed diffraction grating is discussed.
Genetically Informative Research on Adolescent Substance Use: Methods, Findings, and Challenges

Objective To provide an overview of the genetic epidemiology of substance use and misuse in adolescents. Method A selective review of genetically informative research strategies, their limitations, and key findings examining issues related to the heritability of substance use and substance use disorders in children and adolescents is presented. Results Adoption, twin, and extended-family designs have established there is a strong heritable component to liability to nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drug dependence in adults. However, shared environmental influences are relatively stronger in youth samples and at earlier stages of substance involvement (e.g., use). There is considerable overlap in the genetic influences associated with the abuse/dependence across drug classes, and shared genetic influences contribute to the commonly observed associations between substance-use disorders and externalizing and, to a lesser extent, internalizing psychopathology. Rapid technologic advances have made the identification of specific gene variants that influence risks for substance-use disorders feasible, and linkage and association (including genomewide association studies) have identified promising candidate genes implicated in the development of substance-use disorders. Conclusions Studies using genetically informative research designs, including those that examine aggregate genetic factors and those examining specific gene variants, individually and in interaction with environmental influences, offer promising avenues not only for delineating genetic effects on substance-use disorders but also for understanding the unfolding of risk across development and the interaction between environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of these disorders.
Analysis of the Spirochaeta aurantia flaA gene and transcript

The flaA gene, which codes for the Spirochaeta aurantia flagellar filament outer layer polypeptide, FlaA, was cloned, sequenced and analysed. The gene appears to be transcribed into a monocistronic mRNA from a sigma 70-like promoter. The translational start is 31 base pairs after the start of the transcript, the open reading frame is 1011 base pairs, and a rho-independent-like transcription terminator sequence begins about 19 base pairs after the translational stop codon. The deduced amino acid sequence of the S. aurantia FlaA showed 40% identity with the Treponema pallidum FlaA, but these polypeptides did not show a significant similarity to other polypeptides for which sequence information was available.
Region-specific changes in 5-HT1A receptor-activated G-proteins in rat brain following chronic buspirone

5-Hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptors, which activate inhibitory G-proteins, are implicated in psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Studies suggest that chronic 5-HT1A receptor agonist administration alters 5-HT1A receptor function, but the effect of chronic treatment on 5-HT1A receptor-activated G-proteins is unclear. In this study, agonist-stimulated [35S]guanylyl-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (GTPγS) binding was examined following chronic administration of buspirone. Brains were processed for [35S]GTPγS autoradiography using R(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) for 5-HT1A receptors or baclofen for GABAB receptors. Net 8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was decreased by 25–30% in the septum and dorsal raphe nucleus of buspirone-treated animals. No significant changes in 8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were found in the prefrontal, entorhinal or cingulate cortices or hippocampus in buspirone-treated rats. GABAB receptor-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was increased by 25% in the hippocampus, with no significant changes in any other region examined. These results demonstrate region-specific alterations in 5-HT1A and GABAB receptor-activated G-proteins following chronic buspirone treatment, which may contribute to the clinical effects of this drug.
XeF+, IF+, and other unusual ions generated by reactions of hyperthermal ion beams at self-assembled monolayer surfaces

Collisions of atomic and molecular ions (I+, Xe+; CH3I+, I 2 + ) with self-assembled fluoroalkyl-monolayer surfaces result in reactions involving the net transfer of fluorine atoms or fluorocarbon radicals from the surface to the projectile ions. The scattered products, which include unusual ionic species such as IF+, IF 2 + CFI+; CF2I+, I2F+, and XeF+, are generated in endothermic ion-surface reactions. These reactions are not observed when the collision partner is a gas-phase (rather than a surface-bound) perfluoroalkane. Evidence is presented which suggests that in some cases molecular projectiles undergo surface-induced dissociation to yield atomic species which subsequently react with the surface. Fluorine abstraction is favored for projectiles containing highly polarizable elements.
Advanced techniques for endoscopic biliary imaging: cholangioscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, confocal, and beyond

Cholangioscopy, endosonography, and confocal microscopy represent important technologies that expand biliary imaging beyond a level previously realized by noninvasive modalities (ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopic ultrasonography has shown efficacy for the evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures; however, this modality seems most reliable for distal bile duct abnormalities and in the setting of a moderate to high pretest probability for malignancy. Further refinement of these technologies, validation of their respective diagnostic criteria, and study within the context of comparative, randomized trials are needed and will contribute greatly to expedient patient care.
Effects of calcium to phosphorus ratio in the diet of dairy cows on incidence of parturient paresis.

Abstract Nineteen Jersey and three Ayrshire cows (26 parturitions, second lactation and beyond) were allotted to two groups according to lactation number, milk production, and previous incidence of parturient paresis. Twelve cows were fed (for periods up to 12 mo before parturition) a complete feed of corn silage and concentrate with a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.1:1. The other cows were fed similarly except that calcium carbonate was added to increase the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio to 2.3:1. In 7 of the 14 parturitions of cows fed the 1.1:1 diet and in 9 of the 12 fed the 2.3:1 diet, treatment for parturient paresis was required. The length of time the diets were fed before parturition had no obvious effect on incidence of parturient paresis. Plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus were lower from 48h prepartum to 48h postpartum in paretic than in nonparetic cows. Nonparetic cows fed the 2.3:1 diet had a higher plasma calcium concentration from 48h to 4 wk postpartum than did nonparetic cows fed the 1.1:1 diet. There were no other significant dietary effects on plasma calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus.
A New Cosmic-Ray Telescope for High Altitudes

A cosmic-ray telescope is described having an angular resolution of approximately ±15°. The distance between the two outermost trays, each containing 8 Geiger counters, is 1 meter. The area of each tray is approximately 24×24 cm^2. Triple coincidences modulate a transmitter and the signals, including those giving the air pressure and temperature of the instrument, are recorded on the ground. The counting rate is such that at the peak of the curve the relative probable error during a 4 minute interval is about 1.5 percent. Accidental counts are found to be nearly negligible at all altitudes and latitudes, but some correction needs to be made for loss in efficiency because of the inherent dead time of the counters. An absolute determination of cosmic-ray intensity at the vertical at Pasadena was made in order to express the results as nearly as possible independently of the apparatus used.
Competitive position effects and market share: An exploratory investigation

Abstract This paper investigates the relative competitive position of a firm with a view toward determining those marketing effort dimensions that significantly influence market share. The study differs from previously published reports in that it utilizes the Profit Impact of Marketing Strategy (PIMS) data base on relative marketing effort to identify key marketing effort variables for two broad classes of goods: consumer nondurables and capital goods. The framework for a competitive positive effects model is developed in terms of nine relative marketing effort dimensions expressed along categories roughly corresponding to competitive superiority, parity, or inferiority. Hypotheses for the two classes of goods, gleaned from the available marketing literature, were empirically tested with use of linear regression models. Though the sets of coefficients relating to the nine marketing decision variables significantly differed ac across industries, similar patterns were found in both groups with respect to the relative breadth of product line and relative product quality dimensions. The results also tended to (a) support the claim of Buzzel et al. [Product Quality, Strategic Planning Institute, Cambridge, 1978] that for product quality to matter, improvements relative to competition must be substantial, and (b) show that for certain effort dimensions striving for competitive superiority may not generate sizable increases in relative market share.
RF Linearity and Nonlinear Source Resistance in AlGaN/GaN HFET's

Nonlinear source resistance induced by the onset of space charge limited (SCL) transport at the gate-source access region has been previously reported as an important linearity limitation for AlGaN/GaN HFET devices. A physics based large signal model has been modified to investigate for the first time the AlGaN/GaN HFET's IMD behavior due to source resistance modulation as a function of device design parameters. The predictive capabilities of this model are demonstrated by comparing the results of measured and simulated RF performance. The variation of the IMD versus Lsg spacing and DC bias are investigated. Careful selection of Lsg spacing permits IMD improvement by reducing the nonlinear source resistance effect.
Conjunctive use of desalination— A systems view for planning

Abstract A water system can operate without a desalting sub-system. Likewise, a desalting plant may prove profitable even if justified independently of other sources of water. The question is whether a system utilizing desalting both conjunctively in space and conjunctively in time will introduce sufficient complementarity to increase the payoff. To evaluate this, it is essential to examine the total water system in both space and time. After a brief exposition of the general economic principles underlying the systems view for planning, the topics discussed and illustrated with actual examples are (1) conjunctive use of desalting with ground and/or surface water supplies; (2) Desalting as an interim or short-term water supply; (3) Desalting for water quality enhancement and pollution control; (4) Role of desalting in firming up (increasing the reliability of) existing supplies and in meeting seasonal peaks in demand; (5) The major differences between desalting and conventional techniques for water supply; and (6) some subtle economic considerations in the long-range planning for water supply systems.
Correlation Between Fatty Liver and Lipidemia in Taiwanese

Background Fatty liver is associated with overweight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia and alcoholism. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the severity of fatty liver and the composition of lipidemia. Materials and Methods Subjects with normal liver sonogram (138), mild fatty liver (75), moderate fatty liver (95), and severe fatty liver (29) were randomly collected from patients who underwent complete tests in the Health Test Center. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and blood sugar data were collected. Results BMI, blood pressure, AST, ALT, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, LDL-C, and blood sugar were significantly higher, and HDL-C was significantly lower in patients with fatty liver. Increases in BMI, triglyceride concentration, VLDL-C and blood sugar were positively related to the severity of fatty liver, while HDL-C was negatively related. Cholesterol concentration and LDL-C were no higher in moderate and severe than in mild fatty liver. HDL-C was significantly lower in males than in females for both normal subjects (46.4 ± 12.9 vs 53.4 ± 15.2 mg%, p = 0.004) and subjects with fatty liver (38.8 ± 11.4 vs 46.4 ± 13.1 mg%, p vs 40.1 ± 11.5 mg%, p = 0.02). The mean HDL-C in severe fatty liver in males was 35.6 ± 6.2 mg%. Conclusion Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, LDL-C and blood sugar were significantly higher, and HDL-C was significantly lower in fatty liver than in normal liver. Patients with moderate and severe fatty liver had significantly lower HDL-C concentrations, especially males with severe fatty liver (35.6 ± 6.2 mg%). Low HDL-C is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Formation of the COOH‐terminal amide group of thyrotropin‐releasing‐factor

Abstract The precursors of peptide hormones that possess a COOH-terminal α-amide group contain a glycine residue following the amino acid which is amidated in the hormone. 〈Glu—His—Pro—Gly was synthesized as a putative precursor of thyroliberin. Bovine pituitary neurosecretory granules were shown to contain an amide group-forming activity associated with an Mr of about 62000 protein(s) which converts the tetrapeptide to thyroliberin.
Radioactivity standards for environmental monitoring

The low-level radioactivity laboratory in the Radioactivity Section of the National Bureau of Standards, and its work in producing standards for monitoring in the environment, are described.
The fractional calculus and its role in the synthesis of special functions: Part I

This paper is concerned with the concepts and properties of derivintegral of arbitrary order (real or complex). The relation between the Cauchy formula for repeated integrals and the Riemann‐Liouville integral of integer order is demonstrated. Several general properties of the derivintegral of arbitrary order are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the product rule for arbitrary order derivintegrals. The Riemann‐Liouville fractional integral R–αf and the Weyl fractional integral W–αf (α > 0) are discussed in some detail. It is shown that these integrals can be expressed as the convolution. The Mellin transforms of R–αf and W–αf are calculated. It is shown that R–α and W–α behave like adjoint operators. Several simple examples are cited.
RSSI based range analysis of near-ground nodes in Wi-Fi crowded environments

To determine wireless sensor network (WSN) suitability for real world applications that require near-ground node placement, the effect of node height on range must be investigated. This paper describes a study done on node range at different heights in three, Wi-Fi crowded, environments. In the study, measurements of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) were taken at increasing node separation distance. The experimental data was compared to an existing RSSI range model, based on the two-ray analogy, in order to test the model's validity in urban, Wi-Fi crowded, environments. Further studies regarding bit error rate are proposed. This paper sets the groundwork for a more accurate range model regarding near-ground nodes in Wi-Fi crowded environments.
A note on the low frequency diffraction of elastic waves by a Griffith crack

Abstract The two dimensional problem of the diffraction of normally incident compressional and antiplane shear waves by a Griffith crack in an infinite isotropic elastic medium is considered. For wavelengths long compared to the crack length, the stress intensity factors as well as the maximum crack openings are expressed in series of ascending powers of the normalized wave number. The approximate solutions are compared with exact solutions obtained in a previous paper[1], for a Poisson's solid. The results indicate that a five term expansion of each of the series solutions is sufficiently accurate for most problems of practical interest.
Metallic atomic wires on patterned dihydrogenated Si(001)

Electronic structure calculations are performed for atomic wires of metals like Al, Ga, and In placed on a patterned dihydrogenated $\mathrm{Si}(001):1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ in search of structures with metallic behavior. The dihydrogenated Si(001) is patterned by depassivating hygrozen atoms only from one row of Si atoms along the $[1\overline{1}0]$ direction. Various structures of adsorbed metals and their electronic properties are examined. It is found that Al and Ga atomic wires with metallic property are strongly unstable towards the formation of buckled metal dimers leading to semiconducting behavior. Indium atomic wire, however, displays only marginal preference towards the formation of symmetric dimers staying close to the metallic limit. The reasons behind the lack of metallic atomic wires are explored. In addition, a direction is proposed for the realization of metallic wires on the dihydrogenated Si(001).
Competency-based assessment and cultural compression in medical education: lessons from educational anthropology.

Objective This paper explores the thesis that medical education is the cultural transmission to learners of specific values, which are increasingly expressed as graduation competencies. As testing is a powerful way to transmit cultural values to learners in a brief period of time, competency-based assessments can be an instrument of cultural compression in medical education. Methods The author reviewed medical literature to illustrate the concepts from educational anthropology, led the process one medical school used to develop its list of graduation competencies, and conducted a citation search about competency domains. Results There is support in the literature for viewing medical education as an example of cultural transmission and compression and for the assertion that testing influences student behaviour. The graduation competency statements developed by the school reflect traditional and emergent values. The citation search data confirmed that some competency domains reflected traditional values, while others reflected more emergent values. Conclusion Concepts from educational anthropology are relevant to medical education and provide perspectives for understanding contemporary issues such as competency-based assessments.
Boundary layer dynamics of a decaying vortex core

The rapid transient motions within a decaying axi-symmetric vortex boundary layer are analyzed for various “local” Rossby and Reynolds numbers. Both laminar (no-slip) and turbulent (slip) boundary conditions are considered for flows over rotating and stationary surfaces. Similarity transformations are performed by expanding the velocity components in powers of a ratio of dimensionless radius to time. The zeroth-order system described by two nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations is solved by Newton's iterative method. Comparisons are made with Hatton (1975) for the special case of laminar flow over a stationary surface. For the first order system, asymptotic solutions representing the flow far above the lower surface are obtained. For laminar flow our results indicate that the vertical velocity is either only downward, both upward and downward thus indicating the possibility of a stagnation point in the latter case or only upward motion depending on the value of the Rossby (Reynolds) number. Turbulent conditions are shown to produce only negative (downward) vertical velocities. The presence of an axial stagnation point and the value of the Reynolds number for which the axial motion (laminar, zeroth order) becomes completely downward corresponds with the findings of Hatton (1975). The addition of mass as simulated by blowing is shown to effectively delay the decay process. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00861.x
Pulmonary vascular pressures of thoroughbred horses exercised 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after furosemide administration.

Furosemide premedication of horses 4 h prior to exercise significantly attenuates exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension which may help diminish the severity of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. As pulmonary hemodynamic effects of furosemide may be mediated via a reduction in plasma volume (which is most pronounced 15-30 min postfurosemide administration, with plasma volume recovering thereafter), we hypothesized that administration of furosemide at intervals shorter than 4 h before exertion may be more effective in attenuating the exercise-induced rise in pulmonary capillary blood pressure. Thus, our objective was to determine whether furosemide-induced attenuation of exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous hypertension would be enhanced when the drug is administered at intervals shorter than 4 h before exercise. Using established techniques, right atrial, and pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge (venous) pressures were ascertained in seven healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses in a randomized split-plot experimental design. Measurements were made at rest and during exercise performed at maximal heart rate (217 +/- 3 beats/min) in the control (no medications) experiments and following furosemide administration (250 mg intravenously (i.v.)) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h before exercise. Sequence of treatments was randomized and 7 days were allowed between experiments on each horse. Although furosemide administration in the four treatment groups caused only insignificant changes in the pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge pressures of standing horses, furosemide-induced reduction in mean right atrial pressure achieved statistical significance in the 2 h postfurosemide experiments. In the control studies, exercise was attended by statistically significant increments in mean right atrial, as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge pressures. Although exercise in each of the four furosemide experiments was also attended by significant increments in right atrial as well as pulmonary vascular pressures, in the 1, 2 and 3 h postfurosemide experiments, mean right atrial pressure increased to a significantly lower value than in the control study. Exercise-induced changes in pulmonary vascular pressures in the 1 h postfurosemide experiments were not different from the pressures in the control study. There was a significant attenuation of exercise-induced pulmonary capillary and venous hypertension in the 2, 3 and 4 h postfurosemide experiments, but significant differences among these treatments were not found. Thus, these data did not support the contention that administration of furosemide at intervals shorter than 4 h before exercise is more effective in attenuating exercise-induced pulmonary capillary or venous hypertension in Thoroughbred horses.
Spatial Modelling Using a New Class of Nonstationary Covariance Functions.

We introduce a new class of nonstationary covariance functions for spatial modelling. Nonstationary covariance functions allow the model to adapt to spatial surfaces whose variability changes with location. The class includes a nonstationary version of the Matern stationary covariance, in which the differentiability of the spatial surface is controlled by a parameter, freeing one from fixing the differentiability in advance. The class allows one to knit together local covariance parameters into a valid global nonstationary covariance, regardless of how the local covariance structure is estimated. We employ this new nonstationary covariance in a fully Bayesian model in which the unknown spatial process has a Gaussian process (GP) prior distribution with a nonstationary covariance function from the class. We model the nonstationary structure in a computationally efficient way that creates nearly stationary local behavior and for which stationarity is a special case. We also suggest non-Bayesian approaches to nonstationary kriging.To assess the method, we use real climate data to compare the Bayesian nonstationary GP model with a Bayesian stationary GP model, various standard spatial smoothing approaches, and nonstationary models that can adapt to function heterogeneity. The GP models outperform the competitors, but while the nonstationary GP gives qualitatively more sensible results, it shows little advantage over the stationary GP on held-out data, illustrating the difficulty in fitting complicated spatial data.
Debt crisis, adjustment policies and capital formation in developing countries: Where do we stand?

Abstract This paper documents the decline in investment rates observed in developing countries after 1982, and explores analytically and empirically the factors contributing to explain it. The paper focuses on the impact of macroeconomic adjustment and reform measures on private investment, particularly in Latin America and East Asia, and underscores the importance of macroeconomic uncertainty, policy credibility, and potential coordination failures in shaping the response of investment to the changes in economic incentives brought about by structural reforms. The analysis concludes with some policy recommendations to improve the design of sustainable, growth-oriented adjustment programs.
Lactational transfer of bisphenol A in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA), an important industrial chemical to which humans are exposed on a daily basis, has long been associated with endocrine disruption in experimental animal models. Such exposures are of concern, particularly during fetal and early neonatal periods, because of greater vulnerability of developing organs to aberrant endocrine signaling. Although rarely reported, information about internal exposures to the receptor-active aglycone form of BPA during the perinatal period is essential to accurate assessment of potential risks. Lactating Sprague–Dawley dams were treated by daily gavage with 100 μg/kg bw d6-BPA starting at birth. Conjugated and aglycone forms of BPA were then measured by using LC/MS/MS in milk from lactating dams on PND 7 and in serum from dams and their pups on PND 10. All samples were collected 1 h after dosing, a time selected to produce nearly maximal levels. While aglycone BPA was detected in all dam serum and milk samples, none was detected in pup serum (
Congenital nasolacrimal duct cyst/dacryocystocele: An argument for a genetic basis

Embryogenesis of a congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) cyst is attributed to the failure of the Hasner membrane of the NLD system to cannulate. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital NLD cysts supports the argument for a developmental error, with a postnatal prevalence of 6%. The role of a genetic basis for this malformation has never been ascribed. We present a set of monozygotic twins with bilateral congenital NLD cysts as an argument for a genetic basis of this entity. A case report and literature review were performed. We present two cases of bilateral congenital NLD cysts occurring in a set of monozygotic twins. Patients were delivered at 37 weeks via cesarean section. The pregnancy was complicated by preterm labor at 33 weeks requiring administration of terbutaline and betamethasone. At presentation, twin A had bilateral eye discharge, erythema, and swelling medial to the medial canthi as well as nasal obstruction. Computed tomography (CT) showed classic bilateral cystic masses in the inferior meatus. The diagnosis of bilateral infected congenital dacryocystoceles was made. Twin B initially presented with only bilateral eye discharge and CT showed a dilated NLD system. Twin B subsequently developed early signs of bilateral dacryocystoceles the following day. Both patients underwent lacrimal probing and endoscopic marsupialization of the dacryocystoceles. Biopsies were consistent with dacryocystocele. Dacryocystocele is a common presentation of unresolved neonatal NLD obstruction. This case report in a set of identical twins is an argument for a genetic basis for the formation of this lesion.
Interview with Dominic Farace, founder of GreyNet

Covers how Dominic Farace, the GreyNet director, first became involved in the grey literature scene, and explains how and why the Grey Literature Network Service has developed. Discusses the future prospects of GreyNet and grey literature. Highlights many of the issues concerning the GreyNet movement and looks at Farace’s inspiration for his career therein.
Bridging the education-practice divide: The Salisbury University auditing internship program

Abstract This paper describes in detail the Auditing Internship Program offered each fall and spring semester by the Department of Accounting & Legal Studies at Salisbury University. The Program, which has grown and evolved over the past 20 years, was founded on the purported benefits of experiential learning and calls dating back nearly three decades for curricular change designed to enhance the core competencies of accounting graduates. The internship is organized and run as an actual accounting practice in which the instructor serves as the Executive Partner and maintains professional liability insurance though the AICPA carrier. Students, working in teams ranging in size from three to seven, serve as the professional staff. The client base consists of not-for-profit organizations that vary in size and complexity. Services range from limited scope consulting engagements to operational and financial audits. As evidence of program quality, in 2011 the practice successfully completed an AICPA mandatory peer review for quality of accounting, auditing and attestation services performed by AICPA members in public practice. Additional assessment data in the form of student and employer feedback indicate that the Program is meeting its stated objectives. The description of program operations, cost and fee structure, and implementation recommendations presented in this paper may be used as a guide for those faculty interested in implementing similar programs at their institutions.
Pitting behavior of a bulk Ni–18 wt.% Fe nanocrystalline alloy

Abstract Three electrodeposited Ni–18 wt.% Fe samples were annealed at 400 °C for 3 h (hrs), 8 h, and 24 h to study the effects of grain size on the electrochemical properties of bulk Ni–18 wt.% Fe in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. The electrochemical results from the annealed samples are compared with those measured for the as-received Ni–18 wt.% Fe material consisting of an average grain size of 23 nanometers (nm). Of the four materials studied, the as-received nanocrystalline alloy less sensitive to localized corrosion.
A reinvestigation of the structures for 5‐diazouracil, 5‐diazouridine, 5‐diazo‐2′‐deoxyuridine and certain related derivatives by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The structure of 5-diazouracil and several closely related derivatives have been revised on the basis of pmr spectroscopy. 5-Diazouracil, 5-diazouracil hydrate, 5-diazouracil methanol adduct, 5-diazouridine and 5-diazo-2′-deoxyuridine have been reassigned the structures 5-diazopyrimidin-2,4(3H)dione (XI), 5-diazo-6-hydroxy-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H,6H)dione (XIII), 5-diazo-6-methoxy-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H,6H)dione (XII), 1 -(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-O5′ -6(S)cyclo-5-diazo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2,4(3H,6H)dione (XVII) and 1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-O5′ -6(S)cyclo-5-diazo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2,4(3H,6H)dione (XIX), respectively. Treatment of XII with dimethylamine resulted in a coupling of the 5-diazo group with dimethylamine and a concomitant rearomatization of the heterocyclic ring by expulsion of the 6-methoxy group to furnish 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)uracil (XIV). A similar reaction of XIX and XVII with dimethylamine furnished the corresponding 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)derivatives. The effect which certain resonance hybrids of the diazo moiety may exert in reactions of the above hetero-cycles and the assignment of S configuration at C-6 for the nucleoside derivatives is also discussed.
Automatic parallelization of simulink applications

The parallelization of Simulink applications is currently a responsibility of the system designer and the superscalar execution of the processors. State-of-the-art Simulink compilers excel at producing reliable and production-quality embedded code, but fail to exploit the natural concurrency available in the programs and to effectively use modern multi-core architectures. The reason may be that many Simulink applications are replete with loop-carried dependencies that inhibit most parallel computing techniques and compiler transformations.In this paper, we introduce the concept of strands that allow the data dependencies to be broken while preserving the original semantics of the Simulink program. Our fully automatic compiler transformations create a concurrent representation of the program, and thread-level parallelism for multi-core systems is planned and orchestrated. To improve single processor performance, we also exploit fine grain (equation-level) parallelism by level-order scheduling inside each thread. Our strand transformation has been implemented as an automatic transformation in a proprietary compiler and with a realistic aeronautic model executed in two processors leads to an up to 1.98 times speedup over uniprocessor execution, while the existing manual parallelization method achieves a 1.75 times speedup.