cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative growth in the postnatal skull of the extant North American turtle Pseudemys texana (Testudinoidea: Emydidae)

Bever, G.S. 2007. Comparative growth in the postnatal skull of the extant North American turtle Pseudemys texana (Testudinoidea: Emydidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 88: 000–000 Postnatal growth is one of the many aspects of developmental morphology that remains distinctly understudied in reptiles. Variation and ontogenetic scaling within the skull of the extant emydid turtle, Pseudemys texana is described based on 25 continuous characters. Results indicate that skull shape in this species changes little during postnatal growth relative to the only cryptodire taxa for which comparable datasets are available (Apalone ferox and Sternotherus odoratus). This relative lack of change results in the paedomorphic retention of a largely juvenile appearance in the adult form of P. texana. The skulls of males and females, despite the presence of distinct sexual dimorphism in size, grow with similar scaling patterns, and the few observed differences appear to reflect alteration of the male growth trajectory. Comparisons with A. ferox and S. odoratus reveal a number of similarities and differences that are here interpreted within a phylogenetic context. These preliminary hypotheses constitute predictive statements that phylogenetically bracket the majority of extant cryptodire species and provide baseline comparative data that are necessary for the future recognition of apomorphic transformations. Plasticity of ontogenetic scaling as a response to the homeostatic needs and behaviour of individuals commonly is evoked as a limitation of ontogenetic scaling as a means to inform phylogenetic studies. These evocations are largely unfounded considering that variability itself can evolve and thus be phylogenetically informative.
Galileo, Scientific Entrepreneur

Galileo9s Instruments of Credit. Telescopes, Images, Secrecy. By Mario Biagioli. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006. 312 pp. $35, £22.50. ISBN 0-226-04561-7. The author explores how Galileo shifted his tactics as his circumstances changed through such episodes as his early discoveries using the telescope, the dispute over sunspots, and the controversy over the relation between Copernicus9s theories and Scripture.
Comparison of Headache in OEF/OIF Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Against Controls Matched for Age, Sex, Race and Deployment Time (I12-1.009)

OBJECTIVE: Compare HA problem in veterans deployed to Iraq (OIF) or Afghanistan (OEF) who did or did not suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). BACKGROUND: TBI occurs in 15-23% of deployed soldiers. There is little data on the long term course of post-traumatic headache (PTH) in these. This study compares headache (HA) in veterans who did or did not suffer a mild TBI while deployed. DESIGN/METHODS: This study deals with 35 randomly selected veterans with a deployment-related mild TBI (D-TBI) and 35 controls matched for age, sex, race and time of deployment. All subjects were interviewed by telephone with screening questionnaires dealing with TBI and with HA. Data collected included frequency, duration and intensity of HA and HA-associated symptoms. The data here reflects only the most severe HA experienced. Subjects were 2-12 years post-TBI. HA diagnosis was by ICHD2 criteria. Statistics included Chi square and Fisher’s tests. RESULTS: Frequency of most severe HA was divided into categories of >3/week, 2-3/week, 1-4/month, <1/month and none. The numbers in these categories respectively were: 6, 12, 16, 2, and 0 for D-TBI, and for Controls: 2, 4, 11, 11, 7 (p<0.0001, [Chi Square] for comparison). Headache intensity was defined by amount of disability as follows: Disabling (in bed), Severe (activity decreased 50-90%), Moderate-Mild (can do 50+% of normal activity) and none. For D-TBI, the numbers were: 18, 13, 5, and 0; while for controls 3, 1, 24, 7 (p<0.0001 Chi Square). The HA diagnosis was: for TBI, 23 migraine, 1 probable migraine, and 2 tension HA; for controls, 11 migraine, 6 probable migraine, 11 tension, and 7 no HA (p<0.0001, Fisher). CONCLUSIONS: Mild TBI is associated with marked increase in severe headache as compared to controls. The diagnosis is predominantly migraine. Study Supported by: Education Research Fund of OKC VAMC. Disclosure: Dr. Couch has received personal compensation for activities as a speaker. has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Current Treatment Options in Neurology. Dr. Stewart has nothing to disclose.
Education 2.0: The Learning Web Revolution and the Transformation of the School

Education 2.0: The Learning Web Revolution and the Transformation of the School Par L. J. Waks Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2013, 256 pages. ISBN: 978-1-61205-036-2 (PB)
Re-envisioning success in the cultural sector

Although the criteria for determining success as a cultural institution at the beginning of the twenty-first century are still evolving, there are a few universals that are emerging. Successful cultural organizations serve the specific needs of audiences while maximizing the flexibility and ingenuity of their relationships, both inside and outside the organization, all within the context of the economic, social and political realities in which they exist. Success should not be limited to a single set of outcomes, but requires excellence in three basic areas: (1) Support of the Public Good, which includes accomplishing one's cultural/aesthetic mission, but also being a good community citizen; (2) Organizational Investment, including building and nurturing staff; supporting a climate and culture for creativity, innovation, collaboration and research and development; and (3) Financial Stability, including building organizational value and, when possible, generating annual financial surpluses that can be used...
Surgical oncology of exotic animals

This article reviews the initial management of exotic patients with amass. The important principles of the initial workup, including how to get a definitive diagnosis and how to stage the extent of the disease are covered. There are many biopsy instruments currently available, and the advantages and disadvantages of these are presented. Principles of tumor excision and marking the tissue sampled are also discussed. It is important to submit all of the tissue excised and evaluate the surgical margins for the presence of neoplastic cells, even if the tumor seems too small to put in the sample vial. Follow-up for patients that have had cancer surgery is also reviewed, along with the effects of adjunct therapies on wound healing.
OEDEMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF CELLULITIS AND DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

Abstract The differentiation between cellulitis and deep vein thrombosis was investigated in a series of patients with acutely swollen, painful, red legs. Oedema-fluid protein concentrations (as mean [SD]) were significantly higher in patients with cellulitis than in those with deep vein thrombosis (19·8 g/l [5·0] vs 5·85 g/l [1·6]), and the oncotic pressure of oedema-fluid was also significantly higher in cellulitis (6·3 mm Hg [1·3] vs 2·1 mm Hg [0·6]). In hospitals where phlebography, plethysmography, or doppler ultrasound are not available, measurement of oedema-fluid protein concentrations may be a rapid and inexpensive guide to the cause of a red, swollen leg.
Semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: an approach for the measurement of target gene expression in human brain

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a very powerful tool for qualitative evaluation of nucleic acids due to its high efficiency and convenience. Together with the reverse transcription (RT) reaction, the PCR method has been widely applied to the quantitative measurement of DNA and RNA messages. Since RT-PCR is much more sensitive than all of the traditional methods for quantification of mRNA, including Northern blot, ribonuclease protection, RNA blot, and solution hybridization assays, it is the method of choice for quantitative analyses of low abundance mRNA messages. However, because of the exponential nature of the PCR amplification, RT-PCR quantitation may be problematic, giving false estimates of the abundance of the target messages. By using the constitutively expressed 'housekeeping' gene cyclophilin as a reference gene to normalize mRNA levels, and by taking data from the exponential phase of the PCR amplification, we have developed a rapid and reliable semi-quantitative measurement of the relative abundance of dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA. The semi-quantitative PCR method has been applied to illustrate its use for the measurement of DAT mRNA in post mortem human brain.
Increased lateral oxidation rates of AlInAs on InP using short-period superlattics

We present greatly increased lateral oxidation rates for AlInAs grown as a short-period superlattice of InAs and AlAs compared to the analog alloy. The tensile strain in the AlAs layers is balanced by the compressive strain in the InAs layers, creating a strain-compensated alloy lattice-matched to InP. Oxidation layers with superlattice periods up to 40 A and cladded by lattice-matched InGaAs layers were grown on InP substrates and laterally oxidized at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 525°C. The oxidation depth for a given time and temperature was seen to increase with superlattice period, allowing increased oxidation depths or reduced oxidation temperatures compared to the analog alloy. Oxidized layers were examined with transmission electron microscopy and were found to retain some of the superlattice structure.
Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function associated with captivity in Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii).

Abstract Gambel's white-crowned sparrows were captured and brought into captivity in order to study seasonal changes in the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in captive birds. 30 min of restraint elicited a rise in corticosterone titers that varied depending upon the season and physiological state of the birds. Restraint elevated corticosterone titers significantly more during the fall (within 2 weeks of capture from the wild) than during either the winter or during a prealternate or prebasic molt. We also examined what changes in the HPA axis could account for altered corticosterone levels. Exogenous ACTH significantly elevated corticosterone levels beyond the response to restraint during the fall, indicating a dramatic enhancement of the adrenal's ability to secrete corticosterone. Exogenous ACTH was ineffective at other times, suggesting that the adrenal's ability to release corticosterone often limits circulating levels. We further inferred the pituitary's ACTH secretory ability by injecting exogenous corticotrophin-releasing factor, arginine vasotocin, and mesotocin and measuring corticosterone release. Pituitaries failed to respond to any exogenous releasing factor during the fall, suggesting that the pituitary may be the site in the HPA axis regulating corticosterone release at this time. When compared to wild-caught birds, these results suggest that captivity alters both adrenal and pituitary function during restraint in white-crowned sparrows, and that this change depends upon the season and/or physiological state of the animal. Captivity thus appears to have a profound affect on the function of the HPA axis, and these results reiterate the caution that must be used to extrapolate laboratory data to field conditions.
Unemployment among technical professionals

The present tragedy of the unemployed technical professional—although no greater than that of the unemployed blue collar worker—is receiving a lot of attention these days on Capitol Hill. A slew of bills has been presented aimed at ‘retraining’ scientists and engineers for new jobs in new areas of employment outside aerospace and defense; other proposals would give loans and grants to workers and localities to ease the impact of economics. The hearings on these bills have called forth a litany of heralds of a new day for professionals who will now turn their energies toward problems of the environment, urban development, poverty, and other questions whose answers may or may not be technology-intensive.
Measurement of thermal effects on the optical properties of prostate tissue at wavelengths of 1,064 and 633 nm.

Background and Objective The extent of thermal injury during laser prostatectomy is dependent on the light distribution in laser-irradiated tissue. As tissue is irradiated, the optical properties change as a function of temperature due to an alteration of molecular and cellular structure. The purpose of the present study was to determine how the exposure of both fresh and previously frozen canine prostate tissue to elevated temperatures affects the optical properties. Study Design/Materials and Methods Optical properties were measured by using a double integrating sphere spectrophotometer with an inverse adding-doubling algorithm. Measurements were made at two wavelengths (1,064 nm and 633 nm) on samples heated in a waterbath in 5°–10° increments for 10 min through a 50°C temperature range. Results Upon coagulation, the absorption coefficient of fresh tissue decreased from the baseline measurement for both wavelengths (0.027 ± 0.003 to 0.019 ± 0.002 for λ = 1,064 nm; 0.073 ± 0.007 to 0.061 ± 0.006 for λ = 633 nm). However, the scattering coefficient increased sharply from the baseline measurement following coagulation (3.06 ± 0.26 to 6.05 ± 0.29 for λ = 1,064 nm; 4.89 ± 0.23 to 7.22 ± 0.30 for λ = 633 nm). Thermal coagulation occurred during exposure to temperatures between 60°C and 70°C. Conclusion Data obtained in this study indicate that thermal coagulation of tissue alters the optical properties. The extent to which these changes occur was found to be dependent on wavelength and freshness of tissue. These results are significant because they suggest how thermally induced changes in the optical properties may limit the depth of light penetration in tissue thus compromising treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 24:38–47, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Apparel import decisions in the United States and Japan based on demand theory

This research investigated factors that determine apparel import demand in the United States and Japan based on demand theory and industry and trade contexts of apparel trade. More specifically, (a) product price and income based on demand theory, (b) labour cost and lead time based on the apparel industry context and (c) tariff, quota and exchange rates based on the trade context were used to estimate apparel import demand in the United States and Japan between 1974 and 2004 using multiple regression analysis.
Outcome Following Autogenous Soft Tissue Interpositional Arthroplasty for End-Stage Hallux Rigidus: A Systematic Review

Autogenous soft tissue interpositional arthroplasty has been proposed as an alternative to arthrodesis and other forms of arthroplasty for treatment of end-stage hallux rigidus because of the perceived safety and efficacy. The author undertook a systematic review of electronic databases and other relevant sources to identify material relating to the outcomes following autogenous soft tissue interpositional arthroplasty for end-stage hallux rigidus. Information from peer-reviewed journals, as well as from non-peer-reviewed publications, abstracts and posters, textbooks, and unpublished works, were also considered. In an effort to procure the highest quality studies available, studies were eligible for inclusion only if they involved consecutively enrolled patients undergoing isolated autogenous soft tissue interpositional arthroplasty for the treatment of end-stage hallux rigidus, evaluated patients at mean follow-up of 12-months' duration or longer, included pre- and postoperative range of motion of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint, determined pre- and postoperative outcomes using a scoring system, and documented any complications. Two studies involving a total of 28 autogenous soft tissue interpositional arthroplasties for end-stage hallux rigidus were identified that met the inclusion criteria. There were 12 men (52%) and 11 women (48%) with a mean age of 58.2 years followed for a mean of 21.6 months. Both studies used the AOFAS First Metatarsal-Phalangeal-Hallux Scoring System, which had a mean of 26.0 preoperatively rising to 89.4 postoperatively. First metatarsal-phalangeal joint dorsiflexion had a mean of 16.7 degrees preoperatively rising to 51.1 degrees postoperatively. Complications occurred in 4 (14.3%) feet and no feet required surgical revision. The results of this systematic review demonstrate improvement in patient outcomes and first metatarsal-phalangeal joint dorsiflexion, as well as few complications following autogenous soft tissue interpositional arthroplasty for end-stage hallux rigidus. However, there is still a need for methodologically sound prospective cohort studies that compare autogenous soft tissue interpositional arthroplasty with other forms of arthroplasty and arthrodesis for end-stage hallux rigidus.
Discontinuous Galerkin method based on non-polynomial approximation spaces

In this paper, we develop discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods based on non-polynomial approximation spaces for numerically solving time dependent hyperbolic and parabolic and steady state hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). The algorithm is based on approximation spaces consisting of non-polynomial elementary functions such as exponential functions, trigonometric functions, etc., with the objective of obtaining better approximations for specific types of PDEs and initial and boundary conditions. It is shown that L2 stability and error estimates can be obtained when the approximation space is suitably selected. It is also shown with numerical examples that a careful selection of the approximation space to fit individual PDE and initial and boundary conditions often provides more accurate results than the DG methods based on the polynomial approximation spaces of the same order of accuracy.
Quality of life before and after endovascular and retroperitoneal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Purpose This study was undertaken to evaluate changes in quality of life and to compare conventional outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular and open retroperitoneal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Methods Between October 2000 and May 2003, 129 patients underwent elective AAA repair, endovascular repair in 22 patients and open retroperitoneal repair in 107 patients. The Short-Form Health Survey, 12 items (SF-12) was administered preoperatively and at 3 weeks, 4 months, and 1 year after discharge. Quality of life, hospital and intensive care unit stay, perioperative complications, discharge disposition, readmission, and hospital cost were statistically evaluated. Results For the total group, significant differences were observed for both Physical Component Summary scores ( P P = .001) between time points. There were no significant differences for either Component Summary score between open and endovascular procedures for any time period. Number of weeks required to return to baseline functional status was similar after either open or endovascular repair (7.22 vs 5.47 weeks, respectively; P = .09). Mean hospital and intensive care unit stay was 4.4 and 1 days, respectively, for open repair versus 1.9 and 0 days, respectively, for endovascular repair ( P P ≥ .54). Mean total hospital cost for endovascular repair was 1.60 times that for open repair (mean difference, $11,662; P Conclusions Hospital stay is significantly shorter after endovascular AAA repair. However, hospital cost is almost twice that for open retroperitoneal repair. Perioperative complications, discharge disposition, and hospital readmission are not statistically different between the two groups. Effect on health-related quality of life is similar after either open retroperitoneal or endovascular AAA repair.
Urine Spiking in a Pain Medicine Clinic: An Attempt to Simulate Adherence

Dear Editor: Urine drug test methods are classified as either screening or confirmatory. Immunoassay-based point-of-care (POC) drug screens offer results within minutes, often allowing physicians to make real-time clinical decisions ⇓. Immunoassay also has important limitations, including limited test menus; inability to distinguish among members of a drug class; inability to differentiate drugs from their metabolites; inability to quantitate compounds; and cross-reactivity with nontargeted compounds. For confirmatory analysis, mass spectrometry in conjunction with liquid or gas chromatography is commonly utilized to supplement immunoassay. This analytical technique, while more expensive and time-consuming than immunoassay, allows highly sensitive and specific identification of analytes by measuring the distinctive mass-to-charge ratios of ions. However, there is a lack of general agreement on the indications for confirmation testing. Another critical consideration is tampered urine samples. To conceal inappropriate drug use, individuals may substitute with drug-free synthetic or authentic urine, or add oxidizing chemicals or other adulterates to the samples that could interference with the test performance ⇓. Such donor behavior sometimes necessitates that toxicology laboratories perform specimen validity tests in addition to drug analysis. Buprenorphine/naloxone is U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved for the treatment of opioid dependence. It is also used off-label for analgesia, particularly for patients with co-occurring chronic pain and opioid …
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transition to Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts Contributes to Fibrovascular Network Expansion and Tumor Progression

Background Tumor associated fibroblasts (TAF), are essential for tumor progression providing both a functional and structural supportive environment. TAF, known as activated fibroblasts, have an established biological impact on tumorigenesis as matrix synthesizing or matrix degrading cells, contractile cells, and even blood vessel associated cells. The production of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, matrix-degrading enzymes, and immunomodulatory mechanisms by these cells augment tumor progression by providing a suitable environment. There are several suggested origins of the TAF including tissue-resident, circulating, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transitioned cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We provide evidence that TAF are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that acquire a TAF phenotype following exposure to or systemic recruitment into adenocarcinoma xenograft models including breast, pancreatic, and ovarian. We define the MSC derived TAF in a xenograft ovarian carcinoma model by the immunohistochemical presence of 1) fibroblast specific protein and fibroblast activated protein; 2) markers phenotypically associated with aggressiveness, including tenascin-c, thrombospondin-1, and stromelysin-1; 3) production of pro-tumorigenic growth factors including hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and interleukin-6; and 4) factors indicative of vascularization, including alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We demonstrate that under long-term tumor conditioning in vitro, MSC express TAF–like proteins. Additionally, human MSC but not murine MSC stimulated tumor growth primarily through the paracrine production of secreted IL6. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest the dependence of in vitro Skov-3 tumor cell proliferation is due to the presence of tumor-stimulated MSC secreted IL6. The subsequent TAF phenotype arises from the MSC which ultimately promotes tumor growth through the contribution of microvascularization, stromal networks, and the production of tumor-stimulating paracrine factors.
Die photochemische Darstellung von Mangancarbonylderivaten

Nach der photochemischen Umsetzung von Mn2(CO)10 mit stickstoffhaltigen Liganden (Acetonitril, Propionitril, Acrylnitril, Benzonitril und Pyridin) sowie Triphenylphosphin konnten Komplexe des Typs Mn2(CO)9L isoliert werden. Mit Butadien wurde ein Chelatkomplex Mn2(CO)8C4H6 erhalten. An Hand der elementaranalytischen Daten und der IR-Spektren wird die Konfiguration der Komplexe diskutiert. Im Falle der Stickstoffbasen tritt aquatoriale, mit Triphenylphosphin axiale Substitution ein. Die IR-Spektren im Bereich der CO-Valenzschwingungen werden diskutiert und zugeordnet.
Image segmentation based on oscillatory correlation

We study image segmentation on the basis of locally excitatory, globally inhibitory oscillator networks (LEGION), whereby the phases of oscillators encode the binding of pixels. We introduce a lateral potential for each oscillator so that only oscillators with strong connections from their neighborhood can develop high potentials. Based on the concept of the lateral potential, a solution to remove noisy regions in an image is proposed for LEGION, so that it suppresses the oscillators corresponding to noisy regions but without affecting those corresponding to major regions. We show that the resulting oscillator network separates an image into several major regions, plus a background consisting of all noisy regions, and we illustrate network properties by computer simulation. The network exhibits a natural capacity in segmenting images. The oscillatory dynamics leads to a computer algorithm, which is applied successfully to segmenting real gray-level images. A number of issues regarding biological plausibility and perceptual organization are discussed. We argue that LEGION provides a novel and effective framework for image segmentation and figure-ground segregation.
Contrasting seed morphology dynamics in relation to the alleviation of dormancy with soil storage

We examined the effect of prolonged (up to 450 days) soil burial in the field on seed morphological traits (seed coat structure, permeability) to identify their potential roles in seed dormancy and...
Equations of State for Tricritical Points

Renormalization-group recursion relations are used to calculate to order $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=4\ensuremath{-}d$ the free-energy, ordering-susceptibility, and magnetization-crossover scaling functions for tricritical points in isotropic $n$-vector models. The equations of state describe critical and tricritical behavior in both ordered and disordered phases.
Comparison among Different Patterns of Priority Vectors Estimation Methods.

Benford's law of the ‘first digits’ states that in spite of intuitively expected equal frequency of 1/9 of the decimal digits r = 1, … , 9 appearance on the first place of any number, various empirical studies shows another pattern of these frequencies distribution, which is log10(1 + 1/r). The article considers this law and other designs of data generation for pair comparison matrices, and several estimation techniques for the priority vectors. Among those are Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART), and several additional approaches of the multiple criteria decision making. The closeness of a priority vector evaluated by a data elicited from an expert to one or another pattern helps to identify a nature of the data comparison process.
Some experiments on the dynamic plastic behavior of shell intersections

Abstract An experimental investigation into the dynamic plastic behavior of some metal shell intersections is reported. The models consist of a cylindrical nozzle intersecting a hemispherical shell which is subjected to a uniformly distributed internal impulsive velocity field. The magnitude of the initial kinetic energy of the dynamic load is sufficient to cause inelastic behavior and small permanent displacements.
The role of hydration in the phototransformation of phytochrome.

— Changes in the visible absorption spectrum and in phototransformation of phytochrome have been found to be associated with dehydration and rehydration. These spectral properties explain the previously reported rapid appearance of phytochrome in imbibing seeds. No evidence was found for the orientation of the phytochrome chromophore in gelatin films or in preparations subjected to a shearing force.
MALDI MS Sample Preparation by Using Paraffin Wax Film: Systematic Study and Application for Peptide Analysis

Recently developed sample preparation techniques employing hydrophobic sample support have improved the detection sensitivity and mass spectral quality of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). These methods concentrate the samples on target by minimizing the sample area via the solvent repellent effect of the target surface. In the current study, we employed the use of paraffin wax film (Parafilm M) for improved MALDI MS analysis of low-abundance peptide mixtures, including neuronal tissue releasate and protein tryptic digests. This thin film was found to strongly repel polar solvents including water, methanol, and acetonitrile, which enabled the application of a wide range of sample preparation protocols that involved the use of various organic solvents. A “nanoliter-volume deposition” technique employing a capillary column has been used to produce tiny (∼400 μm) matrix spots of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid on the film. By systematically optimizing the sample volume, solv...
Improving clinical practice through the use of clinical practice guidelines

Clinical practice guidelines are a valued resource for clinicians looking for expert recommendations to direct clinical decision-making. However, the reliability and trustworthiness of many clinical practice guidelines were subpar as many guidelines were fraught with expert opinion, conflicts of interest and bias. The Institute of Medicine thus created a set of standards for the development of clinical practice guidelines. These standards emphasize transparency, avoidance of conflicts of interest and a foundation in high-quality peer-reviewed evidence. The AABB adhered to the IOM standards in generating guidelines on red blood cell transfusion in 2012. A varied, multidisciplinary panel was convened to perform a rigorous evaluation of all available research. Clear rationale was given to every recommendation, including a discussion on the lack of available evidence when the panel was unable to make a strong recommendation. Both the quality of evidence used to make recommendations and the strength of the recommendations themselves were rated. The end result was a set of recommendations expounding a restrictive blood transfusion strategy that clinicians should feel comfortable relying on to influence their practice. Overall, all future guidelines should strive to follow in the footsteps of the AABB guidelines by meeting the IOM standards.
The Three Chemical Steps of Tn10/IS10 Transposition Involve Repeated Utilization of a Single Active Site

Abstract Nonreplicative transposition by Tn10/IS10 involves three chemical steps at each transposon end: cleavage of the two strands plus joining of one strand to target DNA. These steps occur within a synaptic complex comprising two transposon ends and monomers of IS10 transposase. We report four transposase mutations that individually abolish each of the three chemical steps without affecting the synaptic complex. We conclude that a single constellation of residues, the "active site," directly catalyzes each of the three steps. Analyses of reactions containing mixtures of wild-type and catalysis-defective transposases indicate that a single transposase monomer at each end catalyzes the cleavage of two strands and that strand transfer is carried out by the same monomers that previously catalyzed cleavage. These and other data suggest that one active site unit carries out all three reactions in succession at one transposon end.
Rectourethral fistula on the urethrogram

Radiologic demonstration of a rectourethral fistula is of importance in the evaluation of the male neonate with imperforate anus. After pull-through operation a remnant of the fistula may remain as a small unimportant sinus tract or may cause problems.
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in human lung.

Abstract Cyclic[ 14 C]adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in human lung fragments has been measured by an isotopic method. It was found that aminophylline transiently increased cyclic[ 14 C]AMP by 100% in doses above 1 mM. β-Adrenergic agents, epinephrine and isoproterenol, increased cyclic [ 14 C]AMP by greater than 1000% through at least 10 min of incubation. Combinations of isoproterenol and aminophylline acted synergistically. Norepinephrine alone increased cyclic[ 14 C]AMP but to a lesser degree than isoproterenol or epinephrine. In the presence of β-adrenergic blockade, norepinephrine and epinephrine decreased cyclic [ 14 C]AMP below control values.
The Bang and the Whimper: Model Cities and Ghetto Opinion

This article gauges the success of the first-year Houston Model Cities program according to criteria based on neighborhood resident opinion rather than outside program evalua tion. The percentage of residents knowing of the program was low, as expected; but these tended to be the "neediest," in the sense of being distrustful and perceiving neighbor hood problems. They also possessed slightly more potential for political support of the program. Though residents' program evaluations were strongly favorable, the "neediest" were much less favorable; and there was no relationship with potential political support. The program's success by these standards must therefore be regarded as highly mixed.
Taranenko receives Scarf Award

AGU's fourth annual F. L. Scarf Award has been awarded to Yuri Taranenko for his Ph.D. thesis “Interaction With the Lower Ionosphere of Electromagnetic Pulses From Lightning: Heating, Attachment, Ionization, and Optical Emissions.” Taranenko completed his graduate work within the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford University. As a part of the award, Taranenko will give an invited talk on a topic related to his thesis at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The award was established to honor Fred L. Scarf, a pioneer and leader in solar-planetary research, who flew plasma wave experiments on a number of space missions. Fred remained active in research until his sudden death while visiting the Soviet Union during his participation in the Phobos mission. The award is given by the Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) section for an outstanding dissertation that contributes directly to solar-planetary science. Each year nominations of students who have completed their doctoral degrees during the past year are solicited from the scientific community. The major criterion for the award is the impact or potential impact of the research on the field of solar-terrestrial and planetary studies. The awardee receives $1,000 and is invited to deliver a paper at one of the following year's AGU meetings.
Behavior of carbon-14 in waste packages for spent fuel in a tuff repository

Abstract Light water reactor spent fuel in the U.S. contains only about 37 MBq of carbon-14 per kg U (1 curie per metric tonne of initial uranium); however, the potential U.S. repository at Yucca Mountain would be located above the water table, where air is present. Temperatures might be intentionally elevated by design in order to drive away water. If waste package containment is breached prior to depletion by radioactive decay, C-14 could be released as 14 CO 2 and transported in the gas phase. Since it appears that transport would be rapid relative to radioactive decay, release to the accessible environment would be possible. This paper reviews the evaluation of the inventory of C-14 and what can be projected about its likely behavior. Uncertainties in the containment lifetimes of waste packages, and costs involved in attempting to assure long-term containment, are discussed. Consequences of total release are placed in perspective. An opinion is offered that these consequences are too small to justify the costs of trying to assure that releases would be below the previously prevailing U.S. regulatory limits. The regulations are currently being reconsidered by a committee of the National Academy of Sciences.
Anatomical and technical correlates in endoscopic anterior skull base surgery: a cadaveric analysis.

Abstract Objective The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate anatomical relationships and 2) develop technical correlates for endoscopic anterior skull base (ASB) surgery. Study Design Cadaver study. Setting Minimally invasive surgery laboratory. Subjects and Methods Ten adult fresh-frozen cadaver heads were dissected from December 2006 to December 2007. The endoscopic trans-cribriform, trans-ethmoid approach to the anterior cranial base was refined over these consecutive dissections. Endoscopic orientation along the ventral axis was assessed with 0°, 30°, and 70° rigid telescopes. Anatomical dimensions of the ASB window were measured in the anteroposterior (posterior table of frontal sinus to planum sphenoidale) and transverse (orbit-to-orbit) dimensions at the anterior ethmoid artery (AEA) and posterior ethmoid artery (PEA). Results Endoscopic cadaveric dissections confirmed technical feasibility of ASB surgery and greatly enhanced understanding of ASB anatomical concepts. The 30° rigid endoscope provided the most optimal view from the frontal sinus to the planum sphenoidale with the least distortion, relative to 0° and 70° scopes. Careful identification of the AEA and PEA was requisite for proper orientation at the ASB. The posterior one third of the ASB was thickest and always required drilling for resection. The mean boundaries of the ASB window were 33.7 mm (anterior to posterior) and 23.5 and 19.1 mm at the AEA and PEA (orbit to orbit), respectively. Conclusion This prospective cadaveric study outlined key correlates for endoscopic ASB surgery. It serves to highlight the requisite technical steps and anatomical dimensions when the trans-nasal endoscopic route is employed for ASB pathology.
Characterization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases with multiple separation techniques

Abstract Studies of various conditions and techniques used to separate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat kidney have demonstrated that the cationic cofactor requirements, apparent kinetic constants, number, size, and net charge of separated enzyme forms can be altered by a variety of factors. Dithiothreitol affects the number and kinetic properties of enzyme forms fractionated by isoelectric focusing and the degree of cooperativity of a low K m cyclic AMP-specific enzyme separated on Sephadex G-150. In contrast to results obtained by sucrose gradient analyses, isoelectric focusing in glycerol gradients resolved cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase into a single peak of activity. Inclusion of ethylene glycol in the buffers used for DEAE-cellulose chromatography greatly enhanced the yields of eluted enzymes, and the pH of the salt gradients markedly affected cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase elution profiles. Our results suggest (a) that in addition to protein sulfhydryl reactions, hydrophobic interactions of enzyme subunits may play an important role in the regulation of this enzyme system, (b) that cautious interpretation of results obtained from a single separation technique is required since relatively slight modifications in any one isolation procedure can result in markedly different data, and (c) that the oligomeric nature of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase requires physical analysis by a variety of techniques to avoid biochemical anomalies.
On the transformation of diffusion processes into the Wiener process

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for transforming into the Wiener process a one-dimensional diffusion process descibed by a Kolmogorov or by a Langevin equation are provided, and the transformation is determined. The relationship of these conditions with the criterion due to Cherkasov is exploited. A few examples are discussed.
IGF1 Activates PKC α-Dependent Protein Synthesis in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes

Acute exposure to interleukin 1 beta (IL1beta) or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) promoted the translocation of PKC alpha from the cytosol to the membrane of adult rat cardiomyocytes. Western analysis demonstrated that membranal localization of PKC alpha was increased from 23% in the control to 49% after exposure to IGF1, and it was increased to 42% after exposure to IL1beta. Activation of Erk1/Erk2 by IGF1 and IL1beta was studied using a phosphorylation-specific antibody. IGF1-induced activation of p44/p42 MAP kinase was blocked by preincubation with the PKC inhibitors, bisindolylmaleimide and Go6976, as well as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. IGF1 increased the rate of protein synthesis, indicated by the increase in L-[(14)C(U)] phenylalanine incorporation over time, and this effect was inhibited by Go6976.
Adult Attachment Ratings (AAR): An Item Response Theory Analysis

The Adult Attachment Ratings (AAR) include 3 scales for anxious, ambivalent attachment (excessive dependency, interpersonal ambivalence, and compulsive care-giving), 3 for avoidant attachment (rigid self-control, defensive separation, and emotional detachment), and 1 for secure attachment. The scales include items (ranging from 6–16 in their original form) scored by raters using a 3-point format (0 = absent, 1 = present, and 2 = strongly present) and summed to produce a total score. Item response theory (IRT) analyses were conducted with data from 414 participants recruited from psychiatric outpatient, medical, and community settings to identify the most informative items from each scale. The IRT results allowed us to shorten the scales to 5-item versions that are more precise and easier to rate because of their brevity. In general, the effective range of measurement for the scales was 0 to +2 SDs for each of the attachment constructs; that is, from average to high levels of attachment problems. Evidence ...
X-AUTOSOME RATIO AND THE BEHAVIOR PATTERN OF INDIVIDUAL X-CHROMOSOMES IN PLACENTAL MAMMALS.

From the 15 diverse species of placental mammals investigated cytologically in this laboratory, seven species and one interspecific hybrid were selected for the present study : man (Homo sapiens, 2n=46), cattle (Bos taurus, 2n=60), the cat (Felis domestica, 2n=38), the dog (Canis familiaris, 2n=78), the mouse (Mus musculus, 2n=40), the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, 2n=44), the creeping vole (Microtus oregoni, 2n=17/18), and the mule (2n=63).
Cognition, language, and clinical pathological features of non-Alzheimer's dementias: An overview

Abstract There are many distinct forms of dementia whose pharmacological and behavioral management differ. Differential diagnosis among the dementia variants currently relies upon a weighted combination of genetic and protein biomarkers, neuroanatomical integrity, and behavior. Diagnostic specificity is complicated by a high degree of overlap in the initial presenting symptoms across dementia subtypes. For this reason, reliable markers are of considerable diagnostic value. Communication disorders have proven to be among the strongest predictors for discriminating among dementia subtypes. As such, speech-language pathologists may be poised to make an increasingly visible contribution to dementia diagnosis and its ongoing management. The value and durability of this potential contribution, however, demands an improved discipline-wide knowledge base about the unique features associated with different dementia variants. To this end we provide an overview of cognition, language, and clinical pathological features of four of the most common non-Alzheimer's dementias: frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, Lewy body disease dementia, and Parkinson's disease dementia. Learning outcomes: Readers will learn characteristics and distinguishing features of several non-Alzheimer's dementias, including Parkinson's disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia. Readers will also learn to distinguish between several variants of frontotemporal dementia. Finally, readers will gain knowledge of the term primary progressive aphasia as it relates to the aforementioned dementia etiologies.
Do davis-bacon minimum wages raise product quality?

The Davis-Bacon Act requires labor on most federally financed construction projects to be paid a minimum wage, often equal to the union wage. Since contractors are apt to employ higher quality labor at this higher wage, Davis-Bacon supporters argue that higher quality output will result. Contrary to this reasoning, our paper shows that a Davis-Bacon type rule need not improve output quality. The switch to higher quality labor, combined with a competitive bidding process, produces an important possibility of perverse output quality results from Davis-Bacon.
Increased expression of MAIL, a cytokine-associated nuclear protein, in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis.

Summary Reasons for performing study: The mediators and signalling cascades important in the initiation of laminitis remain unclear. We therefore wanted to explore the genes and overall signalling mechanisms that play an important role in the developmental stage of laminitis. Objective: To use a broad genomic screening technique to identify novel genes that are differentially regulated in the equine lamellae during the developmental period of laminitis. Methods: Differential mRNA display (DRD) was performed to discover regulated genes, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was then used to evaluate lamellar mRNA levels of a regulated gene (MAIL) and mediators related to that gene (IL-1β and IL-6) in control horses (n = 5) and horses administered black walnut extract (BWE; n = 5). Results: Using DRD, MAIL was identified as a regulated gene. RT-qPCR indicated a 4-fold increase in expression of the MAIL mRNA in BWE lamellae compared to controls. A 30-fold increase in IL-1β, and a 160-fold difference in IL-6 mRNA expression was present in BWE lamellae. Differences in MAIL, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression were statistically significant between groups (P<0.05). Conclusions and potential relevance: The data strongly support a role for inflammatory cytokines in the developmental stages of laminitis, possibly inducing the vascular and metabolic alterations reported to occur in the affected digit. These results potentially support the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in horses at risk of laminitis, and warrant further investigation of the link between systemic disease processes associated with laminitis and the reported digital inflammation.
Ecdysterone biosynthesis in Podocarpus elata

Abstract The insect molting hormone ecdysterone was isolated in radioactive form after administration of cholesterol-4- 14 C to Podocarpus elata seedlings. Cholestenone-4- 14 C, however, was not significantly incorporated into ecdysterone by this plant. The biosynthetic implications of these results are discussed.
Channel die compression of aluminum single crystals

Abstract Single crystals of high purity aluminum with initial orientations (001)[110], (011)[01 1 ], (001)[100] and (112)[1 1 0] were compressed in a channel die device to large strain levels. The deformation textures were determined and compared with previous results from rolled f.c.c. single crystals.
Stereoisomerization of the polycis compounds, pro-γ-carotene and prolycopene in chickens and hens.

Abstract Relatively large amounts of the poly cis compounds, pro-γ-carotene and prolycopene were administered to chicks or hens. About four-fifths of the pigment was destroyed, and the rest occurred mainly in the feces. Far-reaching bio-stereoisomerization took place that yielded all- trans and some neo-forms of the compound administered, besides poly cis isomers, in part possessing more cis double bonds than the starting material. Some observations on the behavior of all- trans -lycopene in chicks are reported.