cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fathers’ Emotional Awareness and Children’s Empathy and Externalizing Problems: The Role of Intimate Partner Violence

Emerging evidence suggests that fathers, more so than mothers, socialize emotions in a gender-stereotyped manner. Gender-stereotyped emotion socialization may be particularly pronounced in men perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV), and may be detrimental to child adjustment, particularly for boys. This study explored the relation between fathers' socialization of children's emotions and child adjustment in families where IPV is present. We hypothesized that in families where there is IPV, fathers' awareness of their children's sadness and fear will be associated with negative child outcomes. Participants were 74 families recruited for a longitudinal study. Interview and questionnaire measures were used to assess IPV and fathers' emotional awareness when children were 5 years old. Child adjustment was measured when children were 16 years old. Results suggested that in families where there is IPV, fathers who were more aware of their children's fear had children who showed lower levels of empathy and higher levels of externalizing problems than children whose fathers were less aware of their fear, specifically for boys. Results are discussed in terms of gender socialization in families where there is IPV.
Cultural Factors and the Response to Pain: A Review1

A review of the literature on the effects of ethnocultural factors on the response to pain revealed a paucity of information. The few existing experimental studies yield equivocal results as to the significance of such factors and suffer from anthropological naivete. On the other hand, only one anthropological report dealing specifically with this problem was found, but it lacks experimental control of pain. Consequently, the question as to whether or not there are basic differences between ethnocultural groups in the response to pain remains unanswered. However, there is some experimental evidence that attitudinal factors do influence the response to pain within cultural groups. There is thus a need for the cultural anthropologist to combine forces with the medical investigator in order to add to our knowledge about the pain response.
Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) as a screening method for hepatitis B markers in an open population

Commercially available kits for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were evaluated in American Samoa during a public health programme to eliminate the transmission of hepatitis B. The first 19,184 serum specimens obtained, representing 68% of the total cooperating population, were initially tested for anti-HBs, and those without detectable antibody were tested for HBsAg. All the antigen-positive serum samples, and a selection of the antigen- and antibody-negative specimens were tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of both markers. Compared with the standard tests, the EIA kits for anti-HBs and HBsAg performed well; sensitivity and specificity were 90.3 and 96.0%, respectively, for antibody, and 97.8 and 97.9% respectively for antigen. Substantial disagreement between the EIA and RIA tests for HBsAg was found only for specimens considered weakly reactive by EIA. Few differences were found between three EIA method options for follow-up HBsAg testing of weakly reactive serum specimens; each option contributed about equally to improved test specificity for these 'borderline' specimens. Based on their demonstrated equivalence to the standard RIA tests, we conclude that the EIA kits for anti-HBs and HBsAg detection are suitable for use in hepatitis B control programmes in open populations.
Organic geochemical characterization of the density fractions of a Permian torbanite

Abstract Two distinct organic components, the Botryococcus-related alginite (Reinschia) and the amorphous organic matrix, were isolated by high-resolution density gradient centrifugation (DGC) from a Permian torbanite (New South Wales, Australia). On the density profile, the alginite (1.03–1.10 g/ml) and the matrix (1.16–1.21 g/ml) appear to be two distinct peaks. With fluorescence microscopy, the alginite shows bright yellow to orange fluorescence and well-preserved algal structure, whereas the matrix has a reddish brown fluorescence of medium intensity. The H/C and O/C atomic ratios indicate that the alginite is equivalent to a Type I kerogen, whereas the matrix falls into the Type II kerogen category. The more “heavy” O and S, and less “light” H content in the matrix also helps in explaining the higher density of the matrix relative to the alginite. Flash pyrolysis-GC/MS of the CH2Cl2-extracted density fractions shows that the pyrolyzates of both the alginite and the matrix are dominated by normal alk-1-enes and alkanes, which range up to C31. However, these normal hydrocarbons are relatively more abundant in the alginite than in the matrix. The alginite also produced a n-α-ω-alkadiene series which was not detected in the matrix. Compared to the alginite, the matrix pyrolyzate is enriched in C19C31 straight-chain aliphatics and aromatic, phenolic and hopanoid compounds, suggesting that the matrix was formed through incorporation of degraded algal material and humic matter. The higher Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI) value of the matrix pyrolyzates relative to the alginite indicates that the MPI is affected by organic matter type.
Drug-susceptibility testing in tuberculosis: methods and reliability of results

The demand for reliable drug-susceptibility testing (DST) increases with the expansion of antituberculosis drug-resistance surveillance, and with the need for an appropriate treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, whose incidence gradually increases in many parts of the world. However, the reliability of DST results obtained through widely used methods does not meet acceptable levels, except for DST to isoniazid and rifampicin. In general, susceptibility results are highly predictable, while resistance results show low predictive values when the resistance prevalence is <10%. Poor reliability stems from a weak correlation with clinical response and a low reproducibility due to the poor standardisation of the complex and fragile test procedures. Therefore, in vitro criteria of resistance for susceptibility testing should be carefully determined with representative clinical samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients never treated with any antituberculosis drug, and from patients having failed treatment with a regimen containing the tested drug; DST should then be carefully standardised to obtain reproducible results. The critical concentration of some drugs is close to the minimal inhibitory concentration for wild susceptible strains and, thus, drug-susceptibility testing is prone to yield poorly reproducible results. These issues call for physicians' attention when using the results from drug-susceptibility testing for case management.
THE GENETIC BASIS OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS

The genetic basis of sexual dimorphisms is an intriguing problem of evolutionary genetics because dimorphic traits are limited to one sex. Such traits can arise genetically in two ways. First, the alleles that cause dimorphisms could be limited in expression to only one sex at their first appearance. Alternatively, dimorphism alleles could initially be expressed in both sexes, but subsequently be repressed or promoted in only one sex by the evolution of modifier genes or regulatory elements. We investigated these alternatives by looking for the expression of sexually dimorphic traits in female hybrids between bird species whose males show different types of ornaments. If modifier alleles or regulatory elements involved in sex-limited traits are not completely dominant, the modification should break down in female hybrids, which might then show dimorphic traits resembling those seen in males. Of 13 interspecific hybridizations examined, we found not a single instance of the expression of male-limited ornaments in female hybrids. This suggests that male ornaments were sex limited from the outset or that those traits became sex limited through the evolution of dominant modifiers—possibly cis-dominant regulatory elements. Observing hybrid phenotypes is a useful approach to studying the genetics and evolution of dimorphic traits.
Neuroimaging and Psychopharmacology.

This review presents the most recent research concerning neuroimaging in developmental disabilities. Changes in structure and activation have been found in children with ADHD and learning disabilities, following intervention. For the children with learning disabilities changes in activation have been found following intensive behavioral and academic intervention. Structural and activation differences in the auditory processing regions of the brain were found prior to academic intervention, with activation differences found for those children responding to the reading programs. Children with ADHD have been found to show differences in brain structures with few studies evaluating the differences in activation following medication. Emerging evidence indicates differences in the frontal regions of the brain for children who respond successfully to medication. Finally, a discussion of the variables that can impact the results in neuroimaging studies is presented. Further study is needed in this area, and additional variables of concern are also discussed. With the advent of structural and functional neuroimaging, it is now possible to obtain information about brain activity during selected tasks as well as differences in brain structure across various psychological disorders. Contemporary neurological models for language, reading, and attention suggest that these complex behaviors are a result of the interaction of functional systems that are separate (Luria, 1980). During development, these systems change in organization and possibly in structure in response to neurological maturation, experience, and environmental influences (Semrud-Clikeman, 1997). Variations in anatomical structure can contribute to differing types of developmental disabilities depending on the type and severity of deviance. To be useful, these models need to
Application of A Conditional Risk Assessment Methodology for Prioritization of Critical Infrastructure

In 2006, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) initiated a preliminary risk methodology comparison study for civil infrastructure projects. The research study focused on a review of the state-of-practice of critical infrastructure security risk assessment, evaluating their effectiveness in addressing security and protection requirements. As a continuation to that effort, USACE and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) established an interagency agreement to further this study by evaluating comparative advantages and limitations of a number of risk assessment methodologies and identifying requirements for a risk assessment methodology that could support risk-informed decisions considering a wide spectrum of consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. A comprehensive evaluation process was developed to provide a standardized and objective method for comparing two or more risk methodologies. This paper discusses the preliminary findings and recommendations resulting from this joint USACE-DHS effort. Keywords: risk assessment; risk assessment methodology; conditional risk; vulnerability assessment; portfolio prioritization; critical infrastructure; Dams Sector
Palgrave concise historical atlas of Central Asia

Palgrave concise historical atlas of Central Asia, by R. Abazov, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, 144 pp., £14.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1403975423 An affordable atlas of Central Asia is hard to ...
iOS app programming using an inverted classroom in a small department

In the spring of 2013 we offered an experimental course in iOS app programming course to our upper-division computing majors. This course was constructed to explore whether it would be possible to merge a couple of interesting recent trends in education, the flipped (or inverted) classroom [7] and the widespread availability of videos and written tutorials containing instruction on computer programming topics on-line. The hypothesis for the course was that one could teach a class using only available on-line resources, and using a "flipped" classroom style, and without requiring the students to purchase anything. It did prove possible to teach the course, and student engagement was high, but the hypothesized reduction in instructor workload due to use of already created on-line resources was not observed in this case.
An energy-aware scheduling heuristic for distributed systems using non-cooperative games

Main concerns for scheduling policies of large-scale distributed computing systems are performance, scalability and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective, batch-mode scheduling algorithm that manages tasks and resources in such systems using non-cooperative local games. The scheduling problem is modeled by profiling the various tasks and their dependencies. A set of independent, high-priority root tasks are identified as players in our game model. A group layout is given to the nodes in the distributed system based on geographic proximity. Each group plays non-cooperative games simultaneously to compute energy-aware Nash equilibrium schedules for the root tasks (step 1). A figure of merit called health is defined for each node based on its load, voltage and temperature. For each player i.e. task, the payoff for choosing a node is calculated based on its health and processing time for task on that node. Based on turnaround time of a Nash equilibrium schedule and rate of change in health of the associated group, another figure of merit called rate is calculated per group. Root tasks are allocated to group with maximum rate (step 2). Limits are specified on rate metric for optimal load balancing and energy conservation in the distributed system. Simulation results explain benefits of our algorithm by comparing our results with greedy approach and a heuristic based on cooperative games from recent literature. Our algorithm shows up to 37% improvement in health and 10–14% improvement in turnaround time.
A comparative study of semantic change in grammaticalization and lexicalization in Chinese and Germanic languages

This study explores the typological regularity of semantic change in grammaticalization and lexicalization in Chinese and Germanic languages. Earlier studies, mostly done on Indo-European languages (e.g. Heine et al. 1991, Traugott & Dasher 2002), suggest that semantic change follows the cline A>A, B>B. Based on numerous case studies of semantic change in grammaticalization and lexicalization in Chinese, this paper provides evidence that semantic change in Chinese follows a somewhat different pattern: A>A, B>A,B,C. The key factors responsible for this, as it will be argued, are twofold: Chinese grammar is typologically structured without inflections and Chinese words have become increasingly disyllabic. Indo-European languages, which exhibit quite different grammatical and morphological structures and diachronic evolution, therefore show a different tendency.
Oncogenic BRAF Deletions That Function as Homodimers and Are Sensitive to Inhibition by RAF Dimer Inhibitor LY3009120

We have identified previously undiscovered BRAF in-frame deletions near the αC-helix region of the kinase domain in pancreatic, lung, ovarian, and thyroid cancers. These deletions are mutually exclusive with KRAS mutations and occur in 4.21% of KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer. siRNA knockdown in cells harboring BRAF deletions showed that the MAPK activity and cell growth are BRAF dependent. Structurally, the BRAF deletions are predicted to shorten the β3/αC-helix loop and hinder its flexibility by locking the helix in the active αC-helix-in conformation that favors dimer formation. Expression of L485-P490–deleted BRAF is able to transform NIH/3T3 cells in a BRAF dimer–dependent manner. BRAF homodimer is confirmed to be the dominant RAF dimer by proximity ligation assays in BRAF deletion cells, which are resistant to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and sensitive to LY3009120, a RAF dimer inhibitor. In tumor models with BRAF deletions, LY3009120 has shown tumor growth regression, whereas vemurafenib is inactive. Significance: This study discovered oncogenic BRAF deletions with a distinct activation mechanism dependent on the BRAF dimer formation in tumor cells. LY3009120 is active against these cells and represents a potential treatment option for patients with cancer with these BRAF deletions, or other atypical BRAF mutations where BRAF functions as a dimer. Cancer Discov; 6(3); 300–15. ©2016 AACR . This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, [p. 217][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/6/217?iss=3
Polymer-Additive Extraction via Pressurized Fluids and Organic Solvents of Variously Cross-Linked Poly(methylmethacrylates)

Abstract Variously cross-linked poly(methylmethacrylates) (PMMAs) are synthesized with three additives incorporated at theoretically 1000 microg of the additive per gram of prepared polymer. The additives are Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, and Irgafos 168. The in-house" synthesized polyacrylates are then subjected to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to determine if additive recovery is a function of percent cross-linking. Although considerable work in this regard has been performed with non-cross-linked polyolefins, the literature is lacking regarding polyacrylates. Some additive degradation apparently occurs during the synthesis, as judged by the increased complexity of the extract high-performance liquid chromatographic trace and the low percent recoveries observed especially for the Irganoxes. For low polymer cross-linking (1%), it appears that both PMMA synthetic reproducibility and readily observed polymer swelling during SFE are serious issues that adversely affect additive percent recovery and precision of results. Higher percent cross-linking yields more consistent analytical data than low percent cross-linking, even though the amount of additive extracted in all PMMA samples (regardless of cross-linking percentage) is essentially the same whether the extraction is via SFE or liquid-solid extraction with methylene chloride. Results for comparably cross-linked poly(ethylmethacrylate) and poly(butylmethacrylate) are similar to PMMA.
A Feasibility Study of Using Cellular Data Modems for UAV Tracking and Control

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), such as quadrotors or fixed-wing aircraft, are increasingly common in airspace between 100 and 2000 meters. Extending current aviation infrastructure management operations, such as flight plan approval or aircraft tracking, to include UAV systems is difficult for multiple reasons, such as the technical challenge of tracking objects that frequently travel below the radar floor. This work explores the feasibility of using cellular data modems to achieve low-cost UAV tracking solutions for small consumer UAVs, such as *rotors, which typically have a very low-altitude flight path. We also explore the altitude at which the data modem functionality diminishes. We present a UAV tracking architecture and web service interface, as well as the empirical evidence gathered from testing the real-time capabilities and limitations of such a system.
Intestinal injury after ischemia-reperfusion:role of PARP activation and AIF translocation

Objective:To investigate the role of PARP activation and AIF translocation in intestinal injury after ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Methods:The intestinal ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) model in rats was established by clamping both the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min,followed by reperfusion for 2h.The animals were assigned to different groups:I/R group,Drug group(3-AB,PARP inhibitor,30 mg/kg i.v.) and Sham group.The morphological changes of intestine,PARP-1 activation,apoptosis and the expression of PARP-1 cleavage p85 and AIF were detected by means of HE,immunohistochemical staining for poly(ADPribose),TUNEL and Western blot respectively.Results:In I/R group,the extent of intestinal injure and PARP-1 activation,the expression of PARP-1 cleavage p85,AIF and TUNEL positive-staining were elevated significantly.In Drug group,these variables were statistically lower than those in I/R group,but higher than those of Sham group.Conclusion:These findings indicate that PARP activation and AIF translocation contribute to intestinal injury after ischemia-reperfusion;PARP-1 inhibitor has the potential protection for intestinal I/R by inhibiting PARP-1 activation and preventing AIF translocation.
MUC1 in hematological malignancies.

AbstractMucin1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane oncogenic protein that plays a central role in malignant transformation and disease evolution, including cell proliferation, survival, self-renewal, and metastatic invasion. MUC1 has been shown to interact with diverse effectors such as β-catenin, receptor tyrosine kinases, and c-Abl, which are of importance in the pathogenesis of various hematological malignancies. In myeloid leukemia, MUC1 has been shown to have an essential role in leukemia stem-cell function, the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the promotion of terminal myeloid differentiation. As such, MUC1 is an attractive therapeutic target in hematologic malignancies. Targeting MUC1 has been shown to be an effective approach for inducing cell death in tumor in in vivo and in vitro models. Furthermore, MUC1 inhibition is synergistic with other therapeutic agents in the treatment of hematologic disorders. This review will explore the role of MUC1 in hematological malignancies, and strategies f...
Elastic Green’s function for a composite solid containing a crack at an angle to the interface

We describe the virtual force method of calculating the elastic Green’s function for a bimaterial composite solid containing a planar interface and a semi-infinite crack inclined at an arbitrary angle to the interface. The crack tip is assumed to be at the interface and extends to infinity. The calculated Green’s function satisfies the condition of the continuity of tractions and displacements across the interface and the zero traction boundary condition at the surfaces of the crack.
Central Banking without Romance

Many economists, including former Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, believe that the gold standard generates poor economic outcomes including output volatility, price instability, financial panics, the spread of recessions via the exchange rate, and speculation-induced collapse. These problems, however, do not by themselves demonstrate the superiority of central banks over the gold standard. Comparative institutional analysis requires demonstrating that the relevant alternative, in this case a central bank, can improve upon these outcomes in practice. We use this standard to compare central banking and the gold standard in the United States. Recent theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the Fed has not been able to measurably improve upon the gold standard even when it comes to these deficiencies.
To watch or to read? The respective influence of televised political debates and media debate coverage on citizen learning

Courses: Media and Politics, Political Communication, Political Rhetoric, Media Effects.Objective: By taking part in a classroom activity, students will explore how cognitive frames and media frames play a role in learning from political debates.
What's Important: Being Present.

“How was deployment?” As a military orthopaedist, this is a question I got frequently from family, friends, and colleagues after recently returning from overseas. Many curious orthopaedic colleagues wanted to know what type of cases I had completed, whether I thought service overseas made me a better surgeon, or what it was like to be “over there helping all those injured service-members.” When I answer, I’m a little embarrassed to admit that I was not deployed to an area that is recognized as a “combat zone.” The closest I got to trauma while deployed were a couple of ankle fractures. I saw plenty of clinic patients and walk-ins with various aches and pains, but it was not a very busy orthopaedic practice. This relatively slow pace left me with a lot of time to think. I thought mostly about my family. While I was fortunate enough to have access to technology that made keeping in touch with them pretty easy from where I was stationed, the bottom line is that I was thousands of miles and multiple time zones away from the people I love most. Amid this longing to be with my family, I realized that it was not so much that I wanted to talk to them. I simply missed their presence. And that is …
Neighborhood Environment and Cognition in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Context Some evidence suggests that treating vascular risk factors and performing mentally stimulating activities may delay cognitive impairment onset in older adults. Exposure to a complex neighborhood environment may be one mechanism to help delay cognitive decline. Evidence acquisition PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global database were systematically reviewed, identifying 25 studies published from February 1, 1989 to March 5, 2016 (data synthesized, May 3, 2015 to October 7, 2016). The review was restricted to quantitative studies focused on: (1) neighborhood social and built environment and cognition; and (2) community-dwelling adults aged ≥45 years. Evidence synthesis The majority of studies were cross-sectional, U.S.-based, and found at least one significant association. The diversity of measures and neighborhood definitions limited the synthesis of findings in many instances. Evidence was moderately strong for an association between neighborhood SES and cognition, and modest for associations between neighborhood demographics, design, and destination accessibility and cognition. Most studies examining effect modification found significant associations, with some evidence for effect modification of the neighborhood SES−cognition association by individual-level SES. No studies had low risk of bias and many tested multiple associations that increased the chance of a statistically significant finding. Considering the studies to date, the evidence for an association between neighborhood characteristics and cognition is modest. Conclusions Future studies should include longitudinal measures of neighborhood characteristics and cognition; examine potential effect modifiers, such as sex and disability; and study mediators that may help elucidate the biological mechanisms linking neighborhood environment and cognition.
Models of Intragroup Conflict in Management: A Literature Review

Abstract The study of intragroup dynamics in management studies views conflict as a contingency process that can benefit or harm a group based of characteristics of the group and context. We review five models of intragroup conflict in management studies. These models include diversity-conflict and behavioral negotiation models that focus primarily on conflict within a group of people; social exchange and transaction cost economics models that focus primarily on conflict within a group of firms; and social dilemma models that focus on conflict in collectives of people, organizations, communities, and generations. The review is constituted by summarizing the insights of each model, foundational papers to each model; the most recent uses and developments of the models in the last decade; the complementarity of these models; and the future research directions.
Socioeconomic Impacts of Changes in Pesticide Usage

Rapid changes in the types and quantities of pesticides used by agriculture have been occurring for at least the last 3 decades. Chemical pesticides have replaced ineffective cultural practices and new more effective, broader spectrum chemicals have replaced old chemicals. Persistent expansion in the number of pests controlled by pesticides has resulted in the emergence of chemical pest control as an integral part of the production process for most agricultural commodities.
Gender-related outcomes after open repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

Abstract Objective Female sex has been associated with greater morbidity and mortality for a variety of major cardiovascular procedures. We sought to determine the influence of female sex on early and late outcomes after open descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (DTA) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. Methods We searched our aortic surgery database to identify patients having open DTA or TAAA repair. Logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the effect of sex on perioperative and long-term outcomes. Results From 1997 until 2017, there were 783 patients who underwent DTA or TAAA repair. There were 462 male patients and 321 female patients. Female patients were significantly older (67.6 ± 13.9 years vs 62.6 ± 14.7 years; P Conclusions Women undergoing open DTA or TAAA repair are not at greater risk for operative mortality than their male counterparts are. Reduced preoperative pulmonary function may contribute to an increased risk for respiratory failure in the perioperative period.
Polyethersulfone optical fibers with thermally induced microbubbles for custom side-scattering profiles.

Polyethersulfone (PES) optical fibers are drawn and thermally processed in order to generate variable side-illumination profiles. The thermal treatment allows microbubbles to be formed in an outer layer of the PES fiber, providing light scattering with controllable amplitudes (0.25-2.5 cm−1). Several fibers with different scattering profiles, such as uniform axial irradiation and multiple irradiation spots, are demonstrated. A small microbubble-induced scattering spot on the surface may be used for side-coupling of ambient light into the fiber. These mechanically flexible all-PES fibers with custom-designable scattering profiles may be useful for spatially tuned delivery of light for various applications, including phototherapy.
Predicting primary production in the southern California Current Ecosystem from chlorophyll, nutrient concentrations, and irradiance

We investigated the processes driving variability in primary productivity in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) in order to develop an algorithm for predicting primary productivity from in situ irradiance, nutrient, and chlorophyll (chl) measurements. Primary productivity data from seven process cruises of the CCE Long-Term Ecological Research (CCE LTER) program were used to parameterize the algorithm. An initial algorithm was developed using only irradiance to predict chl-specific productivity was found to have model-data misfit that was correlated with NH4+ concentrations. We thus found that the best estimates of primary productivity were obtained using an equation including NH4+ and irradiance: PP/Chl = V0m*(1-exp(-alpha*PAR/V0m)*NH4/(NH4+KS), where PP/Chl is chlorophyll-specific primary production in units of mg C d-1 / mg Chl, PAR is photosynthetically active radiation (units of uEi m-2 s-1) , NH4+ is in units of umol L-1, V0m = 66.5 mg C d-1 / mg Chl , alpha = 1.5, and KS = 0.025 umol L-1. We then used this algorithm to compute primary productivity rates for the CCE-P1706 cruise on which in situ primary productivity samples were not available. We compared these estimates to independent productivity estimates derived from protistan grazing dilution experiments and found excellent agreement.
Refusal of Vitamin K by Parents of Newborns: A Qualitative Study.

Abstract Objective Despite American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations, some parents refuse intramuscular (IM) vitamin K as prophylaxis against vitamin K deficiency bleeding for their newborns. The purpose of our study was to describe attitudes and perceptions of parents who choose to defer IM vitamin K for their newborns. Methods Using qualitative methodology, we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with parents of newborns in 3 hospitals in Connecticut and California. We used the grounded theory approach and the constant comparative method until saturation was reached. Results Nineteen participants (17 mothers and 2 fathers) of 17 newborns were interviewed; 14 newborns did not receive IM vitamin K due to refusal by the parents, and for 3 newborns IM vitamin K administration was delayed due to initial hesitation by the parents. Four major themes emerged: 1) risk-to-benefit ratio, where parents refused IM vitamin K due to a perceived risk to their newborn from preservatives, for example; 2) "natural" approaches, which led to seeking oral vitamin K or increasing the mother's own prenatal dietary vitamin K intake; 3) placement of trust and mistrust, which involved mistrust of the medical and pharmaceutical community with overlapping concerns about vaccines and trust of self, like-minded allopathic and non-allopathic health care providers, the social circle, the internet, and social media; and 4) informed by experiences, reflecting hospital experiences with prior pregnancies and communication with health care providers. Conclusions Parents' perception of risk, preference for alternative options, trust, and communication with health care providers were pivotal factors when making decisions about IM vitamin K.
Deterring threats and settling scores: How coups influence respect for physical integrity rights:

Do coups affect patterns of political violence like violations of physical integrity rights? Do these patterns vary depending on whether coups succeed or fail? We argue that political uncertainty f...
Metabolomic profiles associated with subtypes of prediabetes among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas, USA.

To understand the complex metabolic changes that occur long before the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, we investigated differences in metabolomic profiles in plasma between prediabetic and normoglycaemic individuals for subtypes of prediabetes defined by fasting glucose, 2 h glucose and HbA1c measures. Untargeted metabolomics data were obtained from 155 plasma samples from 127 Mexican American individuals from Starr County, TX, USA. None had type 2 diabetes at the time of sample collection and 69 had prediabetes by at least one criterion. We tested statistical associations of amino acids and other metabolites with each subtype of prediabetes. We identified distinctive differences in amino acid profiles between prediabetic and normoglycaemic individuals, with further differences in amino acid levels among subtypes of prediabetes. When testing all named metabolites, several fatty acids were also significantly associated with 2 h glucose levels. Multivariate discriminative analyses show that untargeted metabolomic data have considerable potential for identifying metabolic differences among subtypes of prediabetes. People with each subtype of prediabetes have a distinctive metabolomic signature, beyond the well-known differences in branched-chain amino acids. Metabolomics data are available through the NCBI database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP, accession number phs001166; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs001166.v1.p1).
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment's severe complications: A single institution review of incidence, presentation and treatment outcome.

Abstract Objectives Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment for superficial bladder cancer is interrupted in approximatively 8% of cases as a result of complications. The objective is to report the severe related complications of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) following an intravesical instillation for bladder tumor encountered at our institution for the past 5 years. Methods Medical records of a tertiary teaching hospital, located in Beirut, Lebanon, were retrospectively analyzed from June 2014 to June 2019 searching for severe related complications of BCG. A comprehensive review of articles on this subject was conducted. Results The incidence of severe systemic adverse events related to BCG instillation was 1.5% (5 out of 332 patients). A total of five patients were found to have a severe BCG related complication, with fever, chills, and irritative urinary signs being the most frequent symptoms. All patients received antituberculosis therapy (Isoniazid, Rifampin and Ethambutol). Two were put on add-on corticosteroids. Three patients had a computed tomography scan image in favor of an infection. Two patients had a favorable outcome, three patients died. Conclusion BCG severe adverse events were mostly seen in patients with a traumatic instillation. Treatment used at our institution was similar to most cases reported in the literature. A standardized diagnostic and treatment approach should be implemented to help physicians tackle these life-threatening complications.
Outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with left ventricular assist devices: a tertiary care experience

Background and study aims Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement is a therapeutic modality for patients with end-stage heart failure. Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common complication following LVAD implantation. The aim of this study was to report our experience in management and outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding in a large cohort of patients with LVADs. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent LVAD implantation at the University of Rochester Medical Center from January 2008 to June 2017. Data were collected on patient characteristics, clinical aspects of gastrointestinal bleeding events, and procedural interventions. A Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to identify potential risk factors for a gastrointestinal bleeding event. Results During the study period, 345 patients underwent LVAD implantation. Of these, 125 patients (36.2 %) experienced 297 gastrointestinal bleeding events resulting in 533 endoscopic procedures. The diagnostic yield of endoscopy in determining a bleeding source was 49.5 %. If required, therapeutic interventions were successful in achieving homeostasis in 96.2 % of procedures. Our 30-day overall post-procedure adverse event (AE) rate was 6.6 %. Procedure-related (bleeding, infection, and perforation) AEs were very minimal (2.8 %). A Cox proportional hazard model indicated that older age at implant, female sex, African-American race, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary hypertension were statistically significant predictors of a gastrointestinal bleeding event following LVAD implantation. Conclusions LVAD patients have a high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy was able to safely locate a bleeding lesion in approximately half of our patients and was successful in treating bleeding lesions in a majority of the cases.
Acquired Coagulopathy With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Underrecognized Association Between Inflammation and Coagulation

Abstract Introduction Immune-related adverse events affecting virtually every organ system have been described in individuals receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. The spectrum of hematologic adverse effects is diverse and includes autoimmune cytopenias, hemolysis, or inhibition of coagulation factors. The interplay of inflammation and the coagulation cascade is complex, and immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce coagulopathy by disrupting the intricate link between these pathways. Methods We report acquired coagulopathy in two patients treated with the programmed death-ligand 1 antibodies, atezolizumab and avelumab, respectively. Clinical findings and results of extensive laboratory workup are reported. We hypothesize that cytokine release is a potential pathologic mechanism responsible for acquired coagulopathy. Results Symptoms included fever, fatigue, and disorientation in one patient and fever, myalgias, and skin rash in the other. Laboratory features included an abnormal coagulation profile; low fibrinogen levels; and elevated D-dimer, ferritin, and triglycerides. Treatment consisted of intravenous glucocorticoids in both cases and the use of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and clotting factor support in one patient. Conclusions Recognition of acquired coagulopathy as a complication of immunotherapy and its aggressive management are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
An analysis of the connection of 1010 Guangzhou behavior problem children and family functionality

Objective Investigating the incidence of children behavior problem, and its connection with the function of a family.Methods Investigate of 1022 school student ages from 6 to 12 years in urban city of Guangzhou by adopting the Achenbach Children Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Chinese version) and the Family Assessment Device (FAD).Results The detecting rate of school students who were identified with behavior problem was 17.42 percent in city of Guangzhou. The factor of the children behavior problem has positive association with role, emotional involvement, affective reaction and the general purpose of the function of a family;meanwhile the male children's behavioral control, as well as the female children's communication were positive associated with part of the raw score of CBCL. Conclusions The improvement of the family functionality is the key factor to the increasingly children behavior problem prevention. Key words: Children behavior problem; Detecting Rate; Family functionality
Critical behavior at the nematic-smectic- A transition in butyloxybenzylidene heptylaniline (4O.7)

High-resolution ac calorimetric, x-ray, and light-scattering measurements have been made on $\mathrm{N}\ensuremath{-}[4\ensuremath{-}(n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{butyloxy})\mathrm{benzylidene}]\ensuremath{-}{4}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}(n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{heptyl})\mathrm{aniline}$ (4O.7) near the nematic-smectic-$A$ phase transition. This transition is second order, with a variation in ${C}_{p}$ which is well described by a critical exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.026$ corresponding to the three-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ model. The longitudinal and transverse correlation lengths exhibit single-power-law divergences over the reduced-temperature range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ to 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ with exponents ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, respectively. The anisotropic hyperscaling relation ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}+2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}+\ensuremath{\alpha}=2$ is satisfied to within the errors. A dynamical-scaling analysis of light-scattering measurements of the bend-mode director fluctuations with elastic constant ${K}_{3}$ yields values for ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ which agree absolutely with the x-ray measurements. Thus the data are all internally consistent, and they appear to exclude all current theories of the nematic-smectic-$A$ transition. It is observed that the overall critical behavior in smectic liquid crystals is sensitive to the width of the nematic range; this may offer an explanation for the apparent nonuniversality of the exponents.
Perioperative Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Management for Noncardiac Surgery: A Review

Importance Perioperative cardiovascular complications occur in 3% of hospitalizations for noncardiac surgery in the US. This review summarizes evidence regarding cardiovascular risk assessment prior to noncardiac surgery. Observations Preoperative cardiovascular risk assessment requires a focused history and physical examination to identify signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and severe valvular disease. Risk calculators, such as the Revised Cardiac Risk Index, identify individuals with low risk ( Conclusions and Relevance Comprehensive history, physical examination, and assessment of functional capacity during daily life should be performed prior to noncardiac surgery to assess cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular testing is rarely indicated in patients with a low risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, but may be useful in patients with poor functional capacity (
Velocity Vector Imaging to Assess Longitudinal Wall Motion of Adult Carotid Arteries.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess longitudinal wall motion of the common carotid artery (CCA) using velocity vector imaging (VVI). METHODS From October 2018 to July 2019, we prospectively performed VVI of 204 CCAs (102 adult volunteers, 57 men, 45 women) in young (n = 40, 20-44 y), mid-age (n = 30, 45-64 y), and senior (n = 32, ≥65 y) groups. VVI parameters of CCA included longitudinal motion pattern, motion parameters (strain, strain rate, displacement), and time-to-peak motion parameters (time-to-peak strain, time-to-peak strain rate, time-to-peak displacement). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA post-hoc testing to examine the difference in VVI parameters among the 3 age groups and in paired groups; unpaired t tests to examine the difference in VVI parameters between CCAs with and without atherosclerotic plaque, between hypertensive and normotensive subjects without atherosclerotic plaque; linear regression to analyze correlations of VVI parameters to age, carotid intima-media thickness; and intraclass correlation coefficient to test inter- and intra-observer reliability in performing VVI of the CCA. RESULTS Differences in VVI parameters and patterns among the 3 age groups, between hypertensive and normotensive, and CCAs with and without plaque were significant (p 0.85). CONCLUSIONS VVI is feasible to assess changes in longitudinal CCA wall mechanical properties and synchrony with aging, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
Reactions of propyl radicals: A shock tube–VUV photoionization mass spectrometry study

Abstract The pyrolytic reactions of n-propyl and i-propyl radicals and their precursors have been investigated at elevated temperatures and pressures (600–900 K and 5–8 bar). The studies were performed in a miniature high repetition rate shock tube with synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry yielding comprehensive datasets of temporal and photoionization energy dependencies of reagents and products. The propyl radicals were generated by pyrolysis of alkyl nitrites. In addition to the main decomposition path, NO elimination, the mass spectra allowed an alternative minor path via HNO elimination to be identified and quantified. For the n-propyl precursor the HNO elimination route accounted for 9% of the alkyl nitrite while for the i-propyl precursor it was 2.5%. These values are in good agreement with a recent study on i-butyl radicals in the same apparatus at similar conditions. The ratio of disproportionation/recombination was obtained for n-propyl from the relative concentrations of n-hexane and propene and for i-propyl from 2,3-dimethyl butane and propene. For n-propyl the ratio is 0.3 and 1.2 for i-propyl, both are independent of temperature and pressure over the experimental range. The disproportionation/recombination ratios are about a factor of 2 higher than prior evaluations that are based mainly on room temperature data. The experimental results are some of the first from the apparatus used and comments are made about the technique, challenges encountered, and suggestions for future developments.
Hot-carrier dynamics of type-II InAs/AlAs1-xSbx quantum wells

Photoexcited carrier relaxation dynamics were investigated using AC photoconductivity in type-II quantum wells. Meta stability of excited carriers were observed to arise due to electron-phonon interactions.