cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An intronic PICALM polymorphism, rs588076, is associated with allelic expression of a PICALM isoform

Although genome wide studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s near PICALM with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanism underlying this association is unclear. PICALM is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and modulates As clearance in vitro. Comparing allelic expression provides the means to detect cis-acting regulatory polymorphisms. Thus, we evaluated whether PICALM showed allele expression imbalance (AEI) and whether this imbalance was associated with the AD-associated polymorphism, rs3851179. We measured PICALM allelic expression in 42 human brain samples by using next-generation sequencing. Overall, PICALM demonstrated equal allelic expression with no detectable influence by rs3851179. A single sample demonstrated robust global PICALM allelic expression imbalance (AEI), i.e., each of the measured isoforms showed AEI. Moreover, the PICALM isoform lacking exons 18 and 19 (D18-19 PICALM) showed significant AEI in a subset of individuals. Sequencing these individuals and subsequent genotyping revealed that rs588076, located in PICALM intron 17, was robustly associated with this imbalance in D18-19 PICALM allelic expression (p = 9.54 x 10-5). This polymorphism has been associated previously with systolic blood pressure response to calcium channel blocking agents. To evaluate whether this polymorphism was associated with AD, we genotyped 3269 individuals and found that rs588076 was modestly associated with AD. However, when both the primary AD SNP rs3851179 was added to the logistic regression model, only rs3851179 was significantly associated with AD. PICALM expression shows no evidence of AEI associated with rs3851179. Robust global AEI was detected in one sample, suggesting the existence of a rare SNP that strongly modulates PICALM expression. AEI was detected for the D18-19 PICALM isoform, and rs588076 was associated with this AEI pattern. Conditional on rs3851179, rs588076 was not associated with AD risk, suggesting that D18-19 PICALM is not critical in AD. In summary, this analysis of PICALM allelic expression provides novel insights into the genetics of PICALM expression and AD risk.
Physical and Electrochemical Properties of N-Alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide Ionic Liquids: PY13FSI and PY14FSI

Two ionic liquids based upon N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium cations (PY(1R)(+)) (R=3 for propyl or 4 for butyl) and the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI(-)), N(SO2F)2(-), anion have been extensively characterized. The ionic conductivity and viscosity of these materials are found to be among the highest and lowest, respectively, reported for aprotic ionic liquids. Both ionic liquids crystallize readily on cooling and undergo several solid-solid phase transitions on heating prior to melting. PY13FSI and PY14FSI are found to melt at -9 and -18 degrees C, respectively. The thermal stability of PY13FSI and PY14FSI is notably lower than for the analogous salts with the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI(-)), N(SO2CF3)2(-), anion. Both ionic liquids have a relatively wide electrochemical stability window of approximately 5 V.
Protestant and Catholic Voting Behavior in a Metropolitan Area

Although Church and State are separate in American society, there are well known differences in the typical voting behavior of different religious groups. Since differences in religious affiliation are interrelated with differences in the class position, national origin, and regional location of the population, the analysis of differences in the voting behavior of these groups is complex. The following article makes use of data provided by two urban surveys to perform some of this analysis. Oscar Glantz is an Instructor in the Department of Social Science at Michigan State University.
A 800 MHz system-on-chip for wireless infrastructure applications

The 800MHz System-on-Chip implements the C64x VLIW DSP VelociTI.2/spl trade/ Architecture and delivers 6400 MIPS, 3200 16-bit MMACs, 6400 8-bit MMACs at 0.17 mW/MMAC (8 bit). The chip is implemented in state of the art 90 nm CMOS technology with 7-layer copper metalization. The core dissipates 1080 mW at 800 MHz, 1.2V. The system-on-chip is targeted for high performance wireless infrastructure application. It has an 8-way VLIW DSP core, a 2-level memory system, and an I/O bandwidth of 3.2GB/s.
Opportunities and Obstacles for Good Work in Nursing

Good work in nursing is work that is scientifically effective as well as morally and socially responsible. The purpose of this study was to examine variables that sustain good work among entering nurses (with one to five years of experience) and experienced professional nurses despite the obstacles they encounter. In addition to role models and mentors, entering and experienced nurses identified team work, cohesiveness and shared values as levers for good work. These nurses used prioritization, team building and contemplative practices to overcome obstacles. Entering professional nurses tended to avoid conflict in the work setting. Experienced nurses reported forming teams of decision makers who share similar values to resolve conflict. These findings have implications for nurse education and nursing practice. Reflection on the importance of values and virtue in sustaining good work is important. Entering professional nurses should be encouraged to seek positive role models and reflect on the lessons that...
Partially phosphorylated T cell receptor zeta molecules can inhibit T cell activation.

The T cell receptor complex (TCR) ζ chain is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated specifically at two of the six ζ immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) tyrosine residues in resting peripheral T cells. Further phosphorylation of ζ is induced by both agonist and antagonist ligands of the TCR, with agonists inducing complete phosphorylation of the ζ ITAM tyrosines. After antagonist stimulation, ζ phosphorylation is incomplete and generates discrete forms of partially phosphorylated ITAMs. Here, we mutate specific tyrosines in chimeric human CD8-ζ molecules to reflect phosphorylation in resting T cells as well as phosphorylation induced by agonist and antagonist ligands. We demonstrate that such partially phosphorylated TCR-ζ species can inhibit IL-2 production in T cell hybridomas and proliferation in T cell clones. This reveals a previously unrecognized, inhibitory function of partially phosphorylated ITAMs. These findings support the concept that TCR antagonism can arise through the generation of an inhibitory signal within the TCR complex and that constitutive ζ phosphorylation in resting T cells is an inhibitory signaling environment.
Biological and social predictors of long-term geriatric depression outcome.

Objective: In this study, we examined 204 older depressed individuals for up to 64 months to determine factors related to depression outcome. We hypothesized that both presence of vascular brain lesions seen on baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and lower baseline social support measures would be related to worse depression outcome.Method: At study entry, all subjects were at least 59 years old, had a diagnosis of major depression, and were free of other major psychiatric illness and primary neurological illness, including dementia and stroke. Depression was diagnosed via structured interview and clinical assessment by a geriatric psychiatrist who completed a Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) to determine severity of depression. Subjects provided self-report data on social support variables and ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL, IADL). All subjects agreed to have a baseline standardized MRI brain scan. Ratings of severity of hyperintensities were determined for the periventricular white matter, deep white matter, and subcortical gray matter by two readers who decided by consensus. Treatment was provided by geropsychiatrists following clinical guidelines. Using mixed models to analyze the data, we determined the effect of a variety of demographic, social and imaging variables on the trajectory of MADRS score, the outcome variable of interest.Results: MADRS scores decreased steadily over time. In a final HLM model, in which time since entry, a baseline time indicator, age, gender, education and Mini-mental State Examination score were controlled, subjective social support, instrumental ADL impairment, subcortical gray matter severity, and the interactions of time with social network and with subcortical gray matter lesions remained significantly associated with MADRS score.Conclusions: Both social and biological factors at baseline are associated with longitudinal depression severity in geriatric depression.
Surgical management of an atypical presentation of a thyroid storm.

Introduction: Thyroid storm is a rare complication of Graves' disease that can carry a poor prognosis. In order to prevent major complications, thyroid storm must be quickly identified in patients and treatment must be promptly implemented. Medical treatment is usually initiated with antithyroid medications, such as propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole, and beta-blockers. However, some patients may experience adverse reactions to these medications and alternate treatment options must be explored. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 30-year-old female initiated on PTU after diagnosis with Graves' disease that later presented an acute thyroid storm. Discussion: Therapy was changed to methimazole, yet the patient subsequently developed angioedema and dyspnea. Medical management was discontinued and emergent thyroidectomy was performed without complication.
A time-domain Discontinuous Galerkin method for mechanical resonator quality factor computations

Numerical simulations are becoming increasingly important in the design of micromechanical resonators, in particular for the prediction of complex frequency response in high quality devices where damping is controlled by anchor losses. Frequency based approaches have been shown to predict these accurately, however, they require the solution of eigenvalue problems or the inversion of Helmholtz-type operators which are known to be very difficult for large-scale iterative solvers. We propose using a time-domain approach instead, where a broadband input signal is propagated through the system with a local explicit time-stepper. This is achieved using a new high-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretization for the linear elasticity equations, in particular a second-order formulation with Compact DG fluxes and a Runge-Kutta time integrator, where the block-diagonal mass matrices allow for efficient, stable, and accurate time stepping. Our solver scales well on distributed parallel computers, even in three spatial dimension and for large problem sizes. The resulting output signal is analyzed using a well-known filter diagonalization method, which is capable of finding accurate frequencies and quality factors for as little as a hundred periods of data. We validate the properties of our scheme on model problems, and demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed analysis process on two high quality factor disk resonators, using an axisymmetric formulation as well as full three dimensional simulations which is shown to scale well.
A history of color research

A world devoid of color is a gray and bleak one. Despite this, the specific benefits of color vision are difficult to quantify. Picasso said flippantly “when I run out of blue I use red” by which he meant that it is the brightness (or value) of a pigment and not its color that describes the 3-dimensional shape of objects. Matisse demonstrated this point beautifully in his painting La Femme au Chapeau (The Woman in the Hat, Paris, 1905; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art). A grayscale version shows that the values of the pigments preserve the shape of the woman’s face quite well: the color transitions do not interfere with an accurate representation of the play of light across her face (Livingstone, 2002). That the painting reads well as a face despite the radical color transitions shows that color is not an important cue to shape. Indeed, object shapes are easily recognizable even in dim light when color vision is absent. Moreover, many people function perfectly well with impaired color perception: as many as one in twelve men are red-green color-blind and many of them are unaware of it. But color cues are useful. In monkeys, for example, they assist the discrimination of nutritional foods (e.g. red berries) and of suitable procreative partners (e.g. male birds with the most colorful feathers).
High Power InAsSb/InAsSbP Laser Diodes Emitting at 3 ∼ 5 μm Range

We report metalorganic chemical vapor deposition-grown double heterostructure and multiple quantum well InAsSb/InAsSbP laser diodes emitting at 3 to 4 μm and light emitting diodes up to 5 μm. Maximum output power up to 1 W (from two facets) with differential efficiency above 70 % up to 150 K was obtained from a MQW laser with stripe width of 100 μm and cavity length of 700 μm for emitting wavelength of 3.6 μm at 90 K. Maximum operating temperature up to 220 K with threshold current density of 40 A/cm 2 at 78 K were achieved from the double-heterostructure lasers emitting at 3.2 μm. The far-field beam divergence as narrow as 24° was achieved with the use of higher energy gap barrier layers, i.e., lower effective refractive index, in MQW active region. We also discuss the effect of composition-fluctuation in the InAsSb active region on the gain and threshold current of the lasers.
Women's Work in Agriculture: Divergent Trends in England and America, 1800 to 1930

English cheeses—Cheddar, Gloucester single or double, Cheshire, Stilton, and others—are familiar throughout the Anglo-American world, whether consumed after dinner in English homes or as key ingredients of American tex-mex or vegetarian cuisine. These famous cheeses originated long ago but in most cases reached a zenith in quantity and in reputation during the last century. Little is known about the history of English cheese dairying, despite its fame and its importance to agriculture past and present. Its economic background has received only slight attention, and its social history is almost entirely unexplored; yet clearly the social structure of English cheese dairying has historically exerted a major influence on the industry, because it traditionally depended upon a distinctive sexual division of labor. The history of women's work in English cheese dairying has implications for a broader historiographical question: When and why did women gradually disappear from many kinds of agricultural work in Western societies?
High Gamma Diversity and Low Beta Diversity of Non-Biting Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Streams of the Gorkhi Terelj National Park, Outer Mongolia

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to document gamma diversity of Chironomidae in Outer Mongolia by documenting alpha and beta diversity of chironomids from streams sites within Gorkhi Terelj National Park and in the surrounding area. Pupal exuviae of Chironomidae were collected from streams using standardized, semi-quantitative sampling methods so that patterns in community structure could be compared to patterns in the study sites. Gamma diversity for the twelve sites in this study was 98 species, including 26 new records for Mongolia; alpha diversity of Chironomidae ranged from 3 to 37 species. Beta diversity ranged from 0–0.44 and mean beta diversity was 0.17. Species diversity did not correlate to distance between sites. The Chao 1 species estimator estimated 126 species of Chironomidae from the streams in Gorkhi Terelj National Park. Ad hoc analysis comparing chironomid communities from Gorkhi Terelj National Park and Lake Hovsgol area stream and lake sites increased the estimated number of spe...
Supporting software designers with integrated domain-oriented design environments

An approach that embeds human-computer cooperative problem-solving tools into knowledge-based design environments that work in conjunction with human software designers in specific application domains is described. This human-centered approach takes advantage of peoples' ability to understand and incrementally reformulate their problems, while allowing them to contribute to the gradual improvement of the underlying knowledge base. The notion of evolution circumvents the inability of the original builders of a design environment to anticipate all future needs and knowledge for complete coverage of a domain. The access and development of knowledge is supported in a cycle of location, comprehension, and modification. Modification includes the evolution of the knowledge base and tools. A framework for building such tools and mechanisms is described and illustrated in terms of three systems: CATALOGEXPLORER, EXPLAINER, and MODIFIER. User studies of these systems demonstrate the promise and the limitations of the design environment approach. >
NSAIDs and butyrate sensitize a human colorectal cancer cell line to TNF-α and Fas ligation: the role of reactive oxygen species

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indomethacin and salicylic acid and the short chain fatty acid butyrate are effective colon cancer chemopreventive agents that increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in colon cancer cells. Here we demonstrate that these agents sensitize the normally resistant human HT-29 colon cancer cell line to apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha or a Fas ligating antibody. The role of ROS in this sensitization is supported by the finding that direct exposure of the cells to H2O2 is sufficient for sensitization. Neither TNF-alpha nor Fas ligation alter basal or chemopreventive agent-activated ROS generation, suggesting that the death ligands and chemopreventive agents act in a complementary fashion. The dual chemopreventive agent/death ligand treatments do not increase Fas, TNF receptor 1, Bak or c-myc expression (although salicylic acid moderately induces of Fas expression). Cell death does correlate with alterations in NF-kappa B activity: the NSAIDs, butyrate and H2O2 enhance c-Rel complex formation by TNF-alpha and provide an overall enhancement of NF-kappa B activation by Fas. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocks cell death and NF-kappa B activation induced by Fas ligation, suggesting a potential role for NF-kappa B in Fas-induced apoptosis in these cells. The effects of NAC on TNF-alpha-induced cell death are more complex, with NAC being marginally protective and itself enhancing the formation of c-Rel containing complexes at higher concentrations (25 mM). The influence of NSAIDs and butyrate on ROS generation and death ligand sensitivity may be relevant to their ability to suppress colon carcinogenesis.
EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF A SPATIALLY STRUCTURED HOST-PARASITE ASSOCIATION: DROSOPHILA INNUBILA AND MALE-KILLING WOLBACHIA

The mode and tempo of host-parasite evolution depend on population structure and history and the strength of selection that the species exert on each other. Here we genetically and epidemiologically characterize populations of the mycophagous fly Drosophila innubila and its male-killing Wolbachia endosymbiont, with the aim of integrating the local through global nature of this association. Drosophila innubila inhabit the forested "sky island" regions of the of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where its distribution is highly fragmented. We examine geographically isolated sky island populations of D. innubila, surveying the frequency and expression of Wolbachia infection as well as the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations of the host and parasite. In all populations, Wolbachia infection is associated with virtually complete male-killing, thus providing no evidence for the evolution of population-specific interaction phenotypes or local resistance. Although Wolbachia infection occurs in each of the main populations, there is variation among populations in the prevalence of infection and the resulting population-level sex ratio of D. innubila. Among these populations, the nuclear genes of D. innubila show moderate, though significant, differentiation. In contrast, the host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which shares transmission with Wolbachia, exhibits substantially greater geographic differentiation, even after accounting for differences in transmission between nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We suggest that this pattern is caused by local Wolbachia--but not D. innubila--fluctuations in prevalence that increase the severity of drift experienced only by the mtDNA. Overall, our data suggest that the association between D. innubila and male-killing Wolbachia is ecologically dynamic within local populations, but evolutionarily coherent across the species as a whole.
Drunken sailors and others. Drinking problems in specific occupations

Lower blue-collar occupations appear to be more susceptible to heavy drinking and some kinds of problems associated with drinking, but larger differences were found between particular occupation gr...
Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia in children: correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and prior therapy

We have studied 20 children with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who were 3 months to 16 years old at diagnosis of their primary neoplasm and 1 to 24 years old at diagnosis of their secondary neoplasm. The median interval from initial treatment for the first malignancy to diagnosis of therapy-related MDS or AML was 46 months (range, 12 to 116 months). Twelve patients had chromosomal abnormalities resulting in loss of material from the long arm of chromosomes 5 and/or 7, three patients had abnormalities of chromosome 11 band q23, one patient had both classes of abnormalities, three patients had other abnormalities, and one patient had a normal karyotype. Ten of 12 patients with chromosome 5 and/or 7 abnormalities had been exposed to an alkylating agent, and two of three patients with 11q23 abnormalities had been exposed to an epipodophyllotoxin. The patient with both classes of abnormalities had been exposed to both types of therapy. We conclude that abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 are common in children with therapy-related MDS or AML. The proposed relationships between exposure to alkylating agents and abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 and between exposure to epipodophyllotoxins and abnormalities of 11q23 are supported in this pediatric series.
Spectrophotometric determination of selenium in various samples using 5,6-diaminouracil hydrochloride (DAUH)

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Se (IV) using 5,6-diaminouracil hydrochloride (DAUH) as an analytical reagent. The reagent has been synthesized and characterized using IR, 1H NMR. The metal ion in aqueous medium forms yellow colored complex with DAUH showing maximum absorbance at 343 nm. Hence, analytical studies were further carried out at 343 nm. The reagent reacts with selenium in acidic medium to form yellow colored 1:1 (M:L) complex . The color reactions are instantaneous and absorbance values remain constant for one week. The composition of the Se (IV) complex with DAUH was studied by the method of job's continuous variation and molar ratio method. Beer's law was obeyed in the range 0.2-15.0 μg mL −1 of Se (IV). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of the method were found to be 0.5×10 +4 L.mol -1 .cm -1 and 0.031μg.cm -2 respectively. Since DAUH method is more sensitive, it was applied for the determination of selenium in samples.
Interrelationship between colonic muscularis mucosae activity and changes in transmucosal potential difference

This in vitro study investigated the relationship between rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae motor activity and changes in transmucosal potential difference. Spontaneous muscle contractions and potential difference oscillations occurred independently and were not neurally driven. ACh and histamine directly stimulated the muscularis mucosae, but their mucosal effects were largely indirect, suggesting that muscularis mucosae contractions promote epithelial secretion. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induced large potential difference changes but small muscularis mucosae contractions, demonstrating mucosal secretion without significant muscle activity. Lowered intraluminal pH directly stimulated the muscle, whereas a bile salt-lipid mixture evoked TTX- and atropine-sensitive increases in its contractile activity. Increased intraluminal pressure and hypertonic luminal perfusion did not elicit muscularis mucosae excitation. Thus under basal conditions muscle and mucosal activities are independent, but evoked muscularis mucosae contractions can stimulate epithelial secretion. In response to specific luminal stimuli, muscularis mucosae motor activity is increased via the activation of cholinergic nerves. These data suggest that muscularis mucosae and mucosal functions are physiologically linked and that their activities can be coordinated by multiple mechanisms.
A Sex Attractant for Male Moths of the Glassy Cutworm Crymodes devastator (Brace): a Mixture of Z -11-Hexadecen-1-yl Acetate, Z -11-Hexadecenal and Z -7-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate

Adult males of the glassy cutworm, Crymodes devastator (Brace), were attracted to traps baited with equal-part mixtures of Z -11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, Z -11-hexadecenal and Z -7-dodecen-1-yl acetate. Other species were not attracted to this ternary sex attractant. Electroantennogram measurements revealed strong male antennal stimulations by each of the 3 components. Attractancy in the field was completely inhibited by the incorporation of small quantities of either Z -11-hexadecen-1-ol or Z -9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate in the chemical lures.
On the Life History and the Poison Apparatus of the White Flannel Moth, Lagoa Crispata Packard.

The white flannel moth, according to Holland, ranges from Massachusetts southward along the coast. According to Riley and Johannsen, the white flannel moth occurs in the Atlantic and Southern United States. The caterpillar, Holland says, feeds on blackberry. As early as 1869 the life history of this species was observed by J. A. Lintner. In the published account there are very complete descriptions of the various stages, of the habits of the larvae, as well as of the manner of spinning the cocoon. The number of larval instars observed were six. The host plants of the larvae are given as various species of Quercus, Vaccinium, Pteris aquilina, and other plants. According to Smith, quoted by Felt, the caterpillar,“lives on most of the orchard trees and small fruits as well as many other trees and shrubs.” Felt lists, in addition to the host plants named above, elm, apple, and raspberry.
Association between Social Support and Medication Compliance in Patient with Anti-Hypertension Therapy

[Objective]To probe into the present status of medication compliance in patients with anti-hypertension therapy and to explore the association between social support and medication compliance.[Methods]By simple random sampling method,1068 patients were selected from a district of Shanghai.A cross-sectional survey was conducted with selfadministered questionnaires,containing Morisky Scale and Social Support Rating Scale.[Results]The questionnaire findings highlighted that 70.4% of the respondents with good compliance.The scores of social support,subjective support,objective support,and support utilization were 39.63±7.17,24.25±4.73,8.49±2.57,and 6.91±2.21,respectively.The results of Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that social support utilization was significantly correlated with medication compliance(rs=0.85,P=0.005).The results of multivariate logistic analysis indicated that support utilization[odds ratio(OR)=1.57;95% confidence interval(CI): 1.178-2.086],hypertension course(OR=2.01;95%CI: 1.415-2.866),and per capita monthly family income(OR=1.76;95%CI: 1.223-2.538) were impact factors of medication compliance.[Conclusion]Patients with higher support utilization show better medication compliance.Establishing a comprehensive and effective social support system,improving utilization level of social support,and making special care to patients suffering from a shorter course of hypertension or a lower economic level may increase medication compliance in hypertensive patients.
Early rheumatoid arthritis in Finland.

The first Finnish early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort was established in 1973-75 at the Rheumatism Foundation Hospital in Heinola, a hospital for rheumatic diseases only. Since then early RA cohorts for the purposes of longitudinal observation have been established at the Jyvaskyla Central Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital. Furthermore, 199 patients with early RA were enrolled in a multicenter randomized controlled study in 1993-95. The primary observations from these cohorts are summarized in this essay.
Fundamentals of Joint Injection

OBJECTIVE. Using image guidance for joint access is a valuable fundamental skill. The purpose of this article is to review fluoroscopic and ultrasound-guided techniques and the medications used for injection into the glenohumeral, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joints. CONCLUSION. Thorough understanding of basic injection principles, knowledge of the underlying anatomy, and consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the imaging approaches should facilitate selection of the most appropriate technique for any clinical scenario.
The epidemiologist facing assessment of low risk

Les etudes epidemiologiques portant sur les faibles risques impliquent des difficultes methodologiques importantes. Apres definition du concept de risque, on attire l'attention sur la necessite de controler tous les risques dominants qui peuvent etre lies a la maladie, avant de s'exprimer sur le facteur a faible risque. Ce procede devient aussi essentiel pour determiner les facteurs de confusion. Une autre condition importante pour les etudes sur les faibles risques est de leur assurer une puissance statistique suffisante
PL05.1 Treatment to prevent hiv: does timing matter?

The horizontal transmission of HIV infection depends primarily on the concentration of virus in the blood and genital secretions. Accordingly, sexual transmission of HIV can be virtually eliminated with successful antiretroviral treatment (ART); not surprisingly, vulnerability for an HIV negative partner exists early in treatment and when/if treatment fails. Treatment of HIV (even at high CD4 count) improves health and prevents neoplasms and tuberculosis. These results have led to widespread recommendation for universal testing and treatment (UTT), limited only by infrastructure and not stage of disease. However, the detection and treatment of acute and early infection remains a challenge. There is strong evidence that treatment of acute and early HIV has both health and public health benefit. And people treated during acute infection have a smaller viral reservoir (“latent pool”) and may be better candidates for attempts at viral eradication (i.e. cure). However, detection of patients with very early infection remains a challenge. Point of care tests currently available to detect acute infection do not perform well. Syndromic algorithms for detection of acute infection are available but they have not been widely used, even in Africa. Use of viral phylogeny to detect HIV clusters has highlighted acute infection in some studies (especially among MSM), but such work has been primarily retrospective; real-time use of viral phylogeny for HIV prevention has not yet been implemented. Ongoing community based “test and treat” trials in Africa may help determine the importance of acute infection in the centre of the pandemic. The outstanding question for public policy is what degree of emphasis to place on detection and treatment of acute and early HIV, a question that can only be addressed with further empirical results and cost/benefit analysis.
Electron Transfer from Photoexcited Bacteriopheophytin to p-Benzoquinone in Cationic Micelles

The primary energy storage reactions in photosynthesis are light-driven charge separation processes that take place within special pigment-protein complexes called reaction centers. In reaction centers isolated from photosynthetic bacteria, it appears that electron transfer occurs from the lowest excited singlet state (P*) of a bacteriochlorophyll dimer to a qui- none by way of a molecule of bacteriopheophytin (BPh). Although the initial electron transfer from P* to BPh occurs within 4 ps of excitation by a short pulse of light (1), the reverse electron transfer step that returns the molecules to the ground state is more than 1000 times slower (2). This gives ample time for the electron to move from BPh to the quinone, which takes about 200 ps (3,4). Both of the forward electron transfer steps have quantum yields of 100%, even at cryogenic temperatures (2,5). Thus, within the bacterial reaction center light is converted to useful chemical potential via a highly efficient multistep charge separation process, initiated by an excited singlet state electron donor, in a time appreciably less than a nanosecond.
The imaging findings of typical and atypical genital and gynecologic infections

Genital and gynecologic infections are common medical problems, affecting millions of women worldwide. The spectrum of these infections extends from the labia, including processes such as necrotizing fasciitis and anogenital warts, to the upper reproductive tracts in conditions including endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Although often a clinical diagnosis, the radiologist plays an important role in determining the etiology of acute abdominal and pelvic pain as well as facilitating the diagnosis for cases which are not clinically straightforward. Imaging also plays an important role in assessing the complications and sequelae of these conditions, including infertility, chronic abdominal and pelvic pain, and pelvic adhesions. Familiarity with the appearances of these infections, their complications, and their potential mimics on sonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and hysterosalpingography is important for timely diagnosis and optimal clinical outcomes.
224 S-GLUTATHIONYL HEMOGLOBIN IN PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE.

S-Glutathionyl hemoglobin is a proposed marker of oxidative stress in patients with diabetes, renal failure, and other diseases. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a condition of oxidative stress, but S-glutathionyl hemoglobin levels have not been studied in SCD patients. The purpose of these experiments was to determine if S-glutathionyl hemoglobin S (HbS-SG) levels are elevated in patients with SCD. Blood was collected from patients attending pediatric sickle cell clinic for routine care. Hemolysates were prepared by adding 5 μL of erythrocytes to 100 μL of hemolyzing reagent. A standard containing HbS-SG was prepared by incubating hemolysate from a SCD patient with glutathione disulfide (10 mmol/L) for 24 hours at 37°C. Hemoglobin variants, including HbS-SG, were then identified and quantified by capillary isoelectric focusing. Analysis of the standard showed that HbS-SG has an isoelectric point similar to that of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and could not be differentiated from HbF. S-Glutathionyl hemoglobin can be converted to the unmodified form by incubating with reducing agent. Hemolysates from SCD patients were analyzed before and after incubation with dithiothreitol (DTT), and the level of HbS-SG was calculated as the quantitative difference in the amount of HbF in untreated and DTT-treated hemolysates. The results showed that HbF levels in hemolysates from SCD patients were significantly lower after treatment with DTT. HbF levels in blood from infants with normal hemoglobin phenotype were not decreased following treatment with DTT. Hemolysates stored at −20°C, but not −70°C, contained progressively higher levels of HbS-SG over time. We conclude that HbS-SG was present at low levels in patients with SCD. Since HbS-SG and HbF have similar charge properties, HbF levels may be overestimated in samples containing HbS-SG when measured using conventional charge-based separation methods such as cellulose acetate electrophoresis, especially when samples are stored under suboptimal conditions. The possibility that HbS-SG could interfere with measurement of other hemoglobin variants by other separation methods is also under investigation.
3D power grid modeling

The paper describes on-chip 3D power grid (PG) modeling for high performance CPU designs. We show that for high frequencies (above 1 GHz) it is necessary to use the full RLM PG model with extracted partial self and mutual conductors' inductances, rather than resistive R or RL models. We also present a practical model reduction technique named "real space reduction" (RSR), which enables simplifying the model and reduces memory and simulation time without significant accuracy losses.
Christ’s faith, doubt, and the cry of dereliction

According to accounts of the Passion, Christ cries out from the cross, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” The cry, I argue, manifests that Christ lacks a belief that God is with him. Given the standard view of faith—belief that p is required for faith that p—it would follow that Christ lost his faith that God is with him just before he died. In this paper, I challenge the standard view by looking at the cognitive requirement of faith. Although faith that p requires some positive cognitive orientation toward p, that orientation need not be belief. I show that reliance is an alternative stance that fulfills the cognitive requirement of faith. Reliance aims at providing sensible guidance for action that is in accord with one’s values/ends. Thinking of the cognitive component of Christ’s faith in terms of reliance makes sense of the doubt manifested in his cry.
Language use and racial redirect in the educational landscape of ‘just good teaching’

AbstractAt colleges and universities across the United States, teacher preparation programs are increasingly required to prepare teachers for culturally and linguistically diverse student populations. Teacher education programs have responded by incorporating fieldwork experiences and curricular requirements that include a social justice and multicultural education focus. One key individual is uniquely positioned to reinforce and connect coursework with classroom practice during the teacher candidate’s practicum experience: the university supervisor. Our research team focused on the supervisors and their understandings of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP) in order to better support them as they worked with teacher candidates to reinforce CRP in the classroom. Through interviews, field notes, and classroom observations, we examined language (words, phrases) that the supervisors used to talk about race and culture in relation to CRP. Our findings indicate a tendency to redirect conversations about race a...
A Single Adaptable Cochaperone-Scaffold Complex Delivers Nascent Iron-Sulfur Clusters to Mammalian Respiratory Chain Complexes I–III

The iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster of the Rieske protein, UQCRFS1, is essential for Complex III (CIII) activity, though the mechanism for Fe-S cluster transfer has not previously been elucidated. Recent studies have shown that the co-chaperone HSC20, essential for Fe-S cluster biogenesis of SDHB, directly binds LYRM7, formerly described as a chaperone that stabilizes UQCRFS1 prior to its insertion into CIII. Here we report that a transient subcomplex involved in CIII assembly, composed of LYRM7 bound to UQCRFS1, interacts with components of an Fe-S transfer complex, consisting of HSC20, its cognate chaperone HSPA9, and the holo-scaffold ISCU. Binding of HSC20 to the LYR motif of LYRM7 in a pre-assembled UQCRFS1-LYRM7 intermediate in the mitochondrial matrix facilitates Fe-S cluster transfer to UQCRFS1. The five Fe-S cluster subunits of Complex I also interact with HSC20 to acquire their clusters, highlighting the crucial role of HSC20 in the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
SLIME: scattering labeled imaging of microvasculature in excised tissues using OCT (Conference Presentation)

Abnormal coronary development causes various health problems. However, coronary development remains one of the highly neglected areas in developmental cardiology due to limited technology. Currently, there is not a robust method available to map the microvasculature throughout the entire embryonic heart in 3D. This is a challenging task because it requires both micron level resolution over a large field of view and sufficient imaging depth. Speckle-variance optical coherence tomography (OCT) has reasonable resolution for coronary vessel mapping, but limited penetration depth and sensitivity to bulk motion made it impossible to apply this method to late-stage beating hearts. Some success has been achieved with coronary dye perfusion, but smaller vessels are not efficiently stained and penetration depth is still an issue. To address this problem, we present an OCT imaging procedure using optical clearing and a contrast agent (titanium dioxide) that enables 3D mapping of the coronary microvasculature in developing embryonic hearts. In brief, the hearts of stage 36 quail embryos were perfused with a low viscosity mixture of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and titanium dioxide through the aorta using micropipette injection. After perfusion, the viscosity of the solution was increased by crosslinking the PVA polymer chains with borate ions. The tissue was then optically cleared. The titanium dioxide particles remaining in the coronaries provided a strong OCT signal, while the rest of the cardiac structures became relatively transparent. Using this technique, we are able to investigate coronary morphologies in different disease models.
Realism, Revisited: The Case of Dalit Literature

In The Flaming Feet, the Kannada critic D. R. Nagaraj expresses doubt that the aesthetics of realism can properly incorporate “lower caste cosmologies.” This is a sobering suggestion for protest li...
Jackson Energy Security Workshop: August 6-7, 2015

The UW Center for Global Studies hosted a two-day workshop focusing on energy security involving interdisciplinary faculty from UW, faculty from the Free University of Berlin, and participants from the non-profit and business sectors. This two day event included presentation of six papers (see agenda below) in three panel sessions addressing a variety of issues including traditional and new approaches to energy security, governance and management issues, and community development and agency. A final roundtable session focused on engaging industry, practitioners, and activists in emerging solutions. The workshop was funded by the School of Energy Resources, the Center for Global Studies, and through a European Union grant through the Colorado European Union Center for Excellence at CU-Boulder. This report proceeds in three parts: 1) rationale and agenda, 2) participant list with bios, 3) a discussion of outcomes to date of the workshop.
Metformin-associated lactic acidosis mimicking ischaemic bowel

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is a rare complication among patients who are diabetic, commonly presenting with non-specific findings, and developing mostly among those with other risk factors for lactic acidosis. We report the development of MALA in a 67-year-old man with diabetes who presented with progressive abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea. On presentation the patient was in shock, with signs suggestive of peritonitis, and with severe lactic acidosis, renal failure and non-specific findings on abdominal CT. Neither the patient nor family could provide details of his home pharmaceuticals. Circulatory resuscitation with intravenous crystalloids and vasopressors was commenced, along with empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics. Emergent laparotomy did not show pathological findings. Emergent haemodialysis, initiated postoperatively, resulted in rapid resolution of shock and lactic acidosis. A list of patient's medications, provided afterwards by the family, included metformin. Microbiological studies remained negative and renal function normalised by the time of patient's hospital discharge after 9 days.
High-frequency spectral ultrasound imaging (SUSI) visualizes early post-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) in a mouse model

Abstract Purpose Early treatment of heterotopic ossification (HO) is currently limited by delayed diagnosis due to limited visualization at early time points. In this study, we validate the use of spectral ultrasound imaging (SUSI) in an animal model to detect HO as early as one week after burn tenotomy. Methods Concurrent SUSI, micro CT, and histology at 1, 2, 4, and 9 weeks post-injury were used to follow the progression of HO after an Achilles tenotomy and 30% total body surface area burn (n = 3–5 limbs per time point). To compare the use of SUSI in different types of injury models, mice (n = 5 per group) underwent either burn/tenotomy or skin incision injury and were imaged using a 55 MHz probe on VisualSonics VEVO 770 system at one week post injury to evaluate the ability of SUSI to distinguish between edema and HO. Average acoustic concentration (AAC) and average scatterer diameter (ASD) were calculated for each ultrasound image frame. Micro CT was used to calculate the total volume of HO. Histology was used to confirm bone formation. Results Using SUSI, HO was visualized as early as 1 week after injury. HO was visualized earliest by 4 weeks after injury by micro CT. The average acoustic concentration of HO was 33% more than that of the control limb (n = 5). Spectroscopic foci of HO present at 1 week that persisted throughout all time points correlated with the HO present at 9 weeks on micro CT imaging. Conclusion SUSI visualizes HO as early as one week after injury in an animal model. SUSI represents a new imaging modality with promise for early diagnosis of HO.
Evaluation of self-reported symptoms and interference issues in prostate cancer patients.

283Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and in the next few years is expected to be the leading cause of death among men in the United States. Both the disease and its treatments produce a variety of symptoms that impact prostate cancer outcomes, of which the more common symptoms are in relation to sexual dysfunction. A large body of literature has established that systematic patient reporting of symptoms during routine oncology care leads to clinical benefits. At our comprehensive community cancer center we evaluate patients’ reported symptoms using the Symptom Inventory Tool (SIT), an assessment tool that captures the patients' perceived symptom burden for real-time clinical intervention taken at the point of no intervention and every ≥ 21 days thereafter. Methods: The 27-question SIT is comprised of the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory Tool (MDASI), a validated assessment instrument, with 8 supplementary questions and a free-text box added by Cancer Treatment ...