cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination differences: victim of false charges?

The problem of correlation in data is considered for spectroscopic difference techniques. In the application of the method of combination differences to diatomic rotational structure with R and P branches only, there is no correlation problem, because each line is used only once in computing the differences. Under best circumstances the combination difference method can match the statistically optimum direct fit method exactly in the more limited goal of estimating the rotational and distortional constants for a given level. The correlation problem arises when a Q branch is added to a combination difference treatment, as it does also in the method of successive differences. Treatment of these cases by correlated least squares can again achieve exact agreement with the direct fit.
Low temperature characteristics of ionic polymer–metal composite actuators

Abstract Presented here is a description of ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) as an attractive solution for cold operation actuators. This is because of their capability for actuation with relatively low electric fields (∼10 kV/m), durability and capability of operating within the subzero regime T
Symposium on mammary neoplasia.

An international conference on mammary neoplasia sponsored by the Institute for Medical Research and the National Institutes of Health was held in Cherry Hill New Jersey on November 11-13 1971. 2 reports given focused on the genetic aspects of breast cancer. Bulbrook reported on the urinary steroid excretion patterns in women while Brennan and Wolfe studied the usefulness of xeroradiography in detecting ductal hyperplasia. Paymaster reviewed the epidemiology of breast cancer in India while Ozzello suggested that human breast cancer cells may perform a variety of synthetic and secretory activities. Sarkar suggested that there may be a connection between human breast cancer and RNA viruses and Dalton presented the ultrastructural detail of the mouse feline and human RNA virus. Nandi discussed his recent studies which attempt to locate the mammary tumor virus activity in blood. Concerning tissue and organ culture Lasfargues outlined a new method of growing human breast cancer cells in suspension cultures. Concerning immunology and interferon Blair attempted to elucidate the observation that immunodepression depressed MTV-induced mammary tumor development. Studies have shown striking regression of spontaneous breast cancers in animals following the administration of interferon inducers. Although the role of specific RNA viruses in the oncogenesis of many animal tumors is widely accepted the exact genetic mechanisms by which the viral RNA is expressed causes malignant transformation in the intact animals are not clear. The recent discovery of the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the subsequent demonstration that it is an integral part of all RNA tumor virions has opened a new field of investigation. Spiegelman Schlom Gallo and Temin all reported on it. Muhlbock reported on the influence of prolactin and estrogen on breast cancer as did Meites and Pearson. Thus the relation of an oncogenic virus to breast cancer and the role of reverse transcriptase in tumor viruses were thoroughly discussed at the conference.
Activation of Group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors reduces behavioral and electrographic correlates of pilocarpine induced status epilepticus

Novel treatments for epilepsy are necessary because many epilepsy patients are resistant to medication. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), specifically mGluR 2 and 3, may serve as antiepileptic drug targets because of their role in controlling synaptic release. In this study, we administered a Group 2 mGluR agonist, LY379268, one of two mGluR2-specific positive allosteric modulators, BINA or CBiPES, or a cocktail of both BINA and LY379268 in a series of experiments using the pilocarpine model of SE. In one study, groups received treatments 15 min prior to pilocarpine, while in a second study groups received treatments after SE had been initiated to determine whether the drugs could reduce development and progression of SE. We measured bouts of stage 5 seizures, latency to the first seizure, and the maximum Racine score to characterize the seizure severity. We analyzed mouse EEG with implanted electrodes using a power analysis. We found that pretreatment and posttreatment with LY379268 was effective at reducing both behavioral correlates and power in EEG bandwidths associated with seizure, while CBiPES was less effective and BINA was ineffective. These data generally support continued development of mGluR2 pharmacology for novel antiepileptic drugs, though further study with additional drugs and concentrations will be necessary.
Flight test results for UAVs using boid guidance algorithms

Abstract A critical technology for operating groups of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is distributed guidance. Distributed guidance allows an operator to command several vehicles at the same time, reduces operator workload, and adds redundancy to the system. Some of the leading software candidates for achieving distributed guidance are known as Boid Guidance Algorithms (BGAs), which are agent-based techniques relying on the interactions of simple behaviors. Flight tests are crucial to the advancement of flight technologies such as BGAs, and this was identified as an important area for development. This paper presents the results from the 2005 flight tests of BGAs at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center with two RnR Products’ APV-3 UAVs employing CloudCap Technology's Piccolo autopilot system. Major challenges in these flight tests include the use of a waypoint-following system, limited computation resources, and management of safety procedures. The conclusions of this work include the need for using a path-following platform and completion of a full system optimization. This work is an important step in the development of a deployable distributed guidance system.
Abelian D terms and the superpartner spectrum of anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking

We address the tachyonic slepton problem of anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking using Abelian D terms. We demonstrate that the most general extra $U(1)$ symmetry that does not disrupt gauge coupling unification has a large set of possible charges that solves the problem. It is shown that previous studies in this direction that added both an extra hypercharge D-term and another D-term induced by $B\ensuremath{-}L$ symmetry (or similar) can be mapped into a single D-term of the general ancillary ${U(1)}_{\mathrm{a}}.$ The ${U(1)}_{\mathrm{a}}$ formalism enables identifying the sign of squark mass corrections which leads to an upper bound of the entire superpartner spectrum given knowledge of just one superpartner mass.
Improving a Bayesian network's ability to predict the probability of malignancy of microcalcifications on mammography

Abstract Mammography is the best test we have for the early detection of breast cancer but it is not perfect largely because performance is attenuated by significant variability of practice. We set out to develop a probabilistic expert system that would uniformly improve performance of all radiologists to the level of expert knowledge. This expert system has been found to effectively discriminate between benign and malignant conditions based on individual patient risk factors and mammographic findings. In this experiment, we test whether the expert system can generate well-calibrated probability estimates of malignancy based on mammographic findings for use in decision-making.
Effect of β-carotene on vitamin A light stability in fortified milk

Abstract The effect of incorporation of β-carotene into the carrier system on the light stability of all- trans retinyl palmitate in fortified skim milk was investigated. Skim milk was fortified with all- trans retinyl palmitate using corn oil with and without added β-carotene as the vitamin carrier. Two levels of β-carotene were used, one similar to, the other half the concentration of vitamin A in the carrier system. After homogenization and pasteurization, fortified milk samples were exposed to fluorescent light (1614 lx) at 4°C in glass tubes. Less light degradation of all- trans retinyl palmitate occurred in samples containing added β-carotene in the carrier systems compared to samples without added β-carotene. The β-carotene content of fortified milk samples showed only a slight decrease over the four-day period of exposure.
Relation between Lagrangian and Eulerian spectra based upon a canonical statistical theory of geophysical fluid waves

A formulation of fluid dynamics in terms of Lagrangian variables allows one to make direct use of the standard methods of statistical mechanics. However, most observations and empirical studies of large geophysical fluid systems are in terms of Eulerian variables, and this raises the issue of how to relate quantities given in terms of one set of variables to the corresponding quantities given in terms of the other set. In a completely general treatment of fluids, one must consider both oscillatory and translational modes of motion. The oscillatory modes are wavelike and lead to correlations which are analogous to those for phonons in the solid. The translational modes are particlelike and lead to correlations which correspond to diffusion in a weakly interacting gas. In this paper we consider the class of fluids for which the translational modes can be neglected. Based upon the assumption that the statistical distribution of the canonically conjugate Lagrangian variables is of a Gaussian form, we obtain a tractable expression for the Eulerian spectra in terms of the Lagrangian spectra and show that, in general, the two types of spectra are significantly different. In particular, it is shown that the Eulerian wave-number spectrum exhibits a large wave-number power-law decay which is similar to that often observed in geophysical systems and further is independent of the detailed nature of the Lagrangian wave-number spectrum. The large wave-number decay of the Eulerian spectrum is due to advection and is strictly a kinematic effect. This also implies that experiments which focus on the large wave-number advective tail cannot yield information about the true dynamics of the system. The application of this result to the problem of explaining the observed distribution of oceanic internal waves is discussed.
A cost analysis of endometrial ablation, abdominal hysterectomy, vaginal hysterectomy, and laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy in the treatment of primary menorrhagia

Abstract Study Objective . To assess the cost of four procedures performed to treat primary menorrhagia. Design . Retrospective analysis. Setting . A 394-bed womens' teaching hospital. Patients . Eighty healthy women undergoing one of the four procedures. Interventions . The study patients were equally divided among vaginal hysterectomy (VH), total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), and endometrial ablation (EA). Measurements and Main Results . Endometrial ablation was associated with significantly reduced hospital costs and a shorter recovery period than the other modalities. Hospital costs were less for VH and return to work was quicker after LAVH and VH. This study did not evaluate long-term failures or complications unless they occurred within the first 2 months after the procedure. Conclusion . Among women who could be treated by any of these techniques, VH was significantly more cost effective for the permanent management of primary menorrhagia than LAVH and TAH. The cost efficiency of EA was clearly implied, but further studies must be completed to evaluate the long-term costs associated with treatment failures. Although physicians should not choose a procedure based exclusively on cost, the expense of a less efficient or more costly procedure may affect a hospital's competitiveness in this era of managed care.
Vehicle/occupant movement in moderate speed in-line collisions

This article presents a simple, but yet quantitative model of vehicle and occupant movement in moderate-speed, in-line collisions. The modelling is based upon established and validated representations of force-deflection relations during frontal/rear-end collisions. The developed model is applicable with head-on, rear-end, and fixed structure collisions. The modelling results show that the vehicle and occupant movement during collision is well described by sinusoidal and linear functions. The model shows that in the beginning stages of an accident, the occupant movement relative to the vehicle is proportional to the cube of the accident time. Thus, the occupant movement in the vehicle is initially slow but then rapidly increasing. Thus, from the perspective of safety, the beginning stages of an accident provide the greatest opportunity for implementation/deployment of air bags, pretensioners, and adaptive head restraint systems.
Selective Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2E1 in Vivo and in Vitro with trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

The effect of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1, on the catalytic activities and total content of hepatic P450 was determined in vivo and in vitro. Hepatic microsomes were prepared from groups of rats prior to dosing and at 2, 5, 12, and 24 h postdosing, and total P450 content and the activities of P450 1A2, P450 2A1, P450 2B, P450 2C6, P450 2C11, P450 2D1, P450 2E1, and P450 3A were determined. The lowest dose of DCE that yielded maximal inactivation of P450 2E1 was found to be 100 mg/kg. Significant decreases in total content of P450 or the activities of P450 1A2, P450 2A1, P450 2B, P450 2C6, P450 2C11, P450 2D1, and P450 3A were not observed during the 24 h following administration of DCE (100 mg/kg ip), but P450 2E1 activity was diminished about 65% at 2 and 5 h after DCE treatment and returned to control levels at 24 h. Additionally, there was little or no significant effect on the activities of hepatic cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase or mitochondrial or microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenases 5 h postdosing. DCE showed the same selectivity for P450 inactivation in vitro, and P450 2E1 activity was inhibited by >80% without affecting the other isozymes. However, DCE (5 mM) also proved to be a good competitive inhibitor of the probe activities of P450 1A2 and P450 2C6. The in vivo inhibition of P450 2E1 was accompanied by decreases in the levels of the immunoreactive protein, and an additional immunoreactive band appeared at ca. 30 kDa in the Western blot of microsomes from DCE-treated rats, possibly arising from proteolytic degradation of P450 2E1 protein after covalent modification by the inhibitor. DCE is an effective, relatively nontoxic inhibitor of P450 2E1 in vivo and in vitro that has greater selectivity than other agents currently used.
Genetic mapping revealed two loci for soybean aphid resistance in PI 567301B

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is the most damaging insect pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in North America. New soybean aphid biotypes have been evolving quickly and at least three confirmed biotypes have been reported in USA. These biotypes are capable of defeating most known aphid resistant soybean genes indicating the need for identification of new genes. Plant Introduction (PI) 567301B was earlier identified to have antixenosis resistance against biotype 1 and 2 of the soybean aphid. Two hundred and three F7:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross of soybean aphid susceptible cultivar Wyandot and resistant PI 567301B were used for mapping aphid resistance genes using the quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach. A subset of 94 RILs and 516 polymorphic SNP makers were used to construct a genome-wide molecular linkage map. Two candidate QTL regions for aphid resistance were identified on this linkage map. Fine mapping of the QTL regions was conducted with SSR markers using all 203 RILs. A major gene on chromosome 13 was mapped near the previously identified Rag2 gene. However, an earlier study revealed that the detached leaves of PI 567301B had no resistance against the soybean aphids while the detached leaves of PI 243540 (source of Rag2) maintained aphid resistance. These results and the earlier finding that PI 243540 showed antibiosis resistance and PI 567301B showed antixenosis type resistance, indicating that the aphid resistances in the two PIs are not controlled by the same gene. Thus, we have mapped a new gene near the Rag2 locus for soybean aphid resistance that should be useful in breeding for new aphid-resistant soybean cultivars. Molecular markers closely linked to this gene are available for marker-assisted breeding. Also, the minor locus found on chromosome 8 represents the first reported soybean aphid-resistant locus on this chromosome.
Influence of surface composition on the kinetics of alachlor reduction by iron pyrite.

Even though naturally occurring iron sulfide minerals have previously been shown capable of promoting reductive dehalogenations, the role of surface composition has not been fully investigated. Some researchers have proposed that sulfur species represent redox-active moieties on iron pyrite surfaces. Results from this study indicate that neither the stoichiometric (100) pyrite surface, nor monosulfide defects, play direct roles in the observed reduction of the herbicide alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxy-methyl)acetanilide]. Pyrite surfaces were initially characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); the samples were then transferred to a liquid cell coupled to the ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Aliquots were periodically removed from the liquid cell to monitor the appearance of the reductive dechlorination product, 2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide. In experiments with unaltered pyrite (100) surfaces, rates of reaction decreased over time, even though no change in surface composition could be discerned via XPS. In contrast, ion-bombarded surfaces, which are dominated by monosulfide species, exhibit an initial induction period of low reactivity during which the highly defective surface is oxidized by water. Only after the monosulfide defects undergo oxidation does the rate of alachlor reduction increase, precluding a direct role for these defects as alachlor reductants.
Muscle Protein Synthesis and Growth of Two Strains of Chicks Vaccinated for Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis

Rates of in vitro protein synthesis were monitored during an 8-week period in male broilers and Leghorns. The birds received vaccinations during Weeks 2 and 5 posthatching for Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis by the administration of a standard dose of the mixed vaccine in the drinking water. Both types of birds exhibited a marked decline in the rate of protein synthesis during each week after vaccination. The decline in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) levels were not as pronounced as those for protein synthesis, but DNA concentrations did tend to reflect the protein pattern between Weeks 5 and 6. Live weight of both types of birds increased at a steady rate throughout the period, but grams of carcass protein accrued per week followed the protein synthesis rate patterns during the 8-week period. The results suggest that Leghorns are more susceptible than broilers to the stress of vaccination.
High intracerebral levels of CRH result in CRH receptor downregulation in the amygdala and neuroimmune desensitization

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) acts at the pituitary level to increase ACTH secretion and, within the central nervous system, to stimulate the sympathoadrenomedullary axis and behavioral activity. In addition, the central administration of CRH has been reported to reduce cellular immunity in the periphery. This study investigated the temporal relationship between CRH receptor regulation and the changes in splenic natural killer (NK) cell and pituitary-adrenocortical hormone responses to a single intracisternal (IC) CRH challenge (acute CRH) 24 h after chronic CRH pretreatment (5 nmol/day IC CRH for 4 days). Chronic CRH significantly decreased by44.2 ± 7.8% (P
Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting Size of Body and Body Parts of Turkeys 3. The Relation of Gonad Size to Body Weight and Body Measurements at Three Different Ages

ABSTRACT PRELIMINARY observations indicating possible genetic differences in gonad size of immature turkeys suggested further investigation of the problem. Genetic variation in gonad size has been found in studies with chickens (Jaap and Thompson, 1944; El-Ibiary and Shaffner, 1951; Hoffman, Comstock and Shaffner, 1953). According to Jaap and Thompson (1944) there is some correspondence between natal testis weight and early postnatal growth of different strains of chickens. Hoffman et al. (1953) found a significant regression of testis and ovary weight on body weight of 12-week-old chickens, although the portion of the variance accounted for by this regression was relatively small. Testis size and quantity of semen production in chickens are known to be correlated (Burrows and Titus, 1939). It is not known to what extent differences in gonad size at different ages prior to sexual maturity correspond to the differences which have been found in age at first appearance of semen . . .
Effect of Ammonium Nitrate and Low-Level Foliar Treatments of Simazine on Some Chemical Components and Protein Quality of‘Pinkeye Purple Hull’ Pea Seeds

Southern pea seeds were grown 2 yrs with treatments of ammonium nitrate fertilizer 0, 30, and 60 kg/ha and simazine 0, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm applied as a foliar spray. Yield, proximate analysis, amino acid content, and protein quality were determined. No differences were found in yield, crude fat, and crude fiber. Ash, protein, and several of the amino acids increased with the 30 and 60 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Treatments with simazine had no effect on the essential amino acid content. In the Southern pea seeds, protein quality was decreased by the treatments with nitrogen fertilizer, simazine, and combinations of these treatments.
Slosh wave and geyser excitations due to liquid hydrogen shut-off during draining in microgravity

The dynamical behavior of liquid hydrogen shut-off during draining, and shut-off at the moment of the incipience of a suction dip have been investigated. It shows that a large amplitude surge is observed for liquid in the container at the moment of liquid hydrogen shut-off in reduced gravity. It also shows that slosh waves accompanied by a strong geyser are developed for surge-related flow fields induced by liquid hydrogen shut-off at the incipience of a suction dip. In the slosh wave excitation, both a lower gravity environment and higher flow rate before the shut-off of liquid draining are resonsible for the initiation of greater amplitude slosh waves. Slosh wave excitation, due to shut-off during liquid hydrogen draining, shift the fluid mass distribution in the container which imposes time-dependent variation in the spacecraft moment of inertia. This provides important information necessary for on-orbit guidance and attitude control of spacecraft.
Interaction of a liver-specific factor with an enhancer 4.8 kilobases upstream of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene.

Abstract We have previously identified a series of five DNase-I hypersensitive (HS) sites within and around the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene. The far upstream region has now been sequenced, and the tissue-specific HS site has been mapped more precisely at 4,800 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site of the PEPCK gene. DNA fragments that include the HS site were cloned upstream of various promoters to test whether these regions modulate transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was enhanced when the DNA fragment encompassing the upstream HS site was linked to various lengths of the PEPCK promoter or to the heterologous simian virus 40 promoter. This upstream region in conjunction with the proximal promoter, which may contain a tissue-specific element, conferred maximum activation in H4IIE hepatoma cells, which express the endogenous PEPCK gene. When these experiments were performed in XC cells, in which the gene is not expressed, transcriptional activation by the upstream element was still significant. Evidence of a specific protein-DNA interaction, using DNA mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays, was obtained only when using H4IIE cell nuclear extracts. Competition assay showed that the interacting factor may be similar or identical to the liver-specific factor HNF3. We suggest that this protein factor binds to DNA within the HS site and interacts with the proximal promoter region to control tissue-specific high-level expression of the PEPCK gene.
Variation in computed tomography radiation dose in community hospitals.

Abstract Purpose Concerns abound regarding the radiation dose administered to children during trauma evaluations. It is important to minimize the radiation dose administered when a computed tomographic (CT) scan is performed. This study was carried out to determine the radiation dose delivered during trauma abdominal/pelvic CT scans performed in community hospitals. Methods Data on consecutive children transferred after abdominal/pelvic CT scan for trauma were reviewed. Dose information was retrieved directly from reports provided, or the hospital was contacted directly, and an age-standardized dose ratio was generated. Results One hundred eighty-six patients were identified, and 36 patients were excluded, leaving 150 patients from 40 different hospitals. Half received radiation doses that were less than the national 75th percentile norm, and half received radiation doses that were greater, overall ranging from 0.17 to 5.07 times. Conclusions Radiation exposure is a concern among those who evaluate injured children. Although not performing a CT scan may be the best way to reduce the dose, when a CT scan is deemed necessary, the scanner must be adjusted to the lowest possible settings necessary to obtain the information desired. This study identified a thirty-times range of radiation dosage for CT scans performed across 40 different hospitals.
Mitigating catastrophic failure at intersections of autonomous vehicles

Fully autonomous vehicles promise enormous gains in safety, efficiency, and economy. Before such gains can be realized, safety and reliability concerns must be addressed. We have previously introduced a system for managing such vehicles at intersections that is capable of handling more vehicles and causing fewer delays than traffic lights and stop signs [2]. While the system is safe under normal operating conditions, we have not discussed the possibility or implications of unforeseen mechanical failures. Because the system orchestrates such precarious "close calls" the tolerance for such errors is small.In this paper, we introduce safety features of the system designed to deal with these types of failures, and perform a basic failure mode analysis, demonstrating that without these features, the system is unsuitable for deployment due to a propensity for catastrophic failure modes.
Why Memory Really Is a Generative Epistemic Source: A Reply to Senor

In "Preserving Preservationism: A Reply to Lackey," Thomas D. Senor challenges the view found in my paper, "Memory as a Generative Epistemic Source,"1 in which I argue, first, that a preservationist view of memory (what I originally called the Preservation View of Memory or the PVM)2 is false and, second, that memory can therefore function as a generative epistemic source. In particular, he attempts to undermine my view that memory does not merely have the capacity to preserve epistemic features that have been generated by other purportedly more basic sources such as sense perception and reason but can instead generate justification and knowledge in its own right. To this end, Senor begins by offering responses that the preservationist can provide to two of the counterexamples found in my paper. He then argues that even if my counterexamples are granted, they are irrelevant to a "carefully construed" version of preservationism. In what follows, I take up each of Senor's points in turn, showing that none of his arguments succeed in challenging my original conclusion that memory can function as a generative epistemic source.
PTCA in angulated segments: Effects of balloon material, balloon length, and inflation sequence on straightening forces in an in vitro model

We sought to determine the effect of balloon material, balloon length, and inflation sequence on the straightening forces generated during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in angulated segments. Using an in vitro model consisting of a curved channel (3/4" radius) with a displaceable pressure sensor, we examined four different balloon materials: compliant (POC), semicompliant (PE600 and Duralyn), and noncompliant (PET), two balloon lengths (20 mm and 40 mm), and two inflation sequences (rapid and slow) with continuous recording of straightening force during each balloon inflation. Three balloons were tested for each combination of material, length, and inflation sequence. Long balloons exerted significantly lower straightening forces. There were significantly higher straightening forces with noncompliant, particularly short, balloons. Varying the inflation sequence had no significant effect. For PTCA in angulated segments: (1) long balloons produce lower straightening force, (2) noncompliant balloons produce higher straightening force, particularly with short balloons, and (3) varying the inflation sequence has no significant effect on straightening force. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Age-dependent induction of congophilic neurofibrillary tau inclusions in tau transgenic mice.

Intraneuronal filamentous tau inclusions such as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related sporadic and familial tauopathies. NFTs identical to those found in AD brains have also been detected in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of cognitively normal individuals as they age. To recapitulate age-induced NFT formation in a mouse model, we examined 12- to 24-month-old transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing the smallest human brain tau isoform. These Tg mice develop congophilic tau inclusions in several brain regions including the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. NFT-like inclusions were first detected in Tg mice at 18 to 20 months of age and they were detected by histochemical dyes that bind specifically to crossed β-pleated sheet structures (eg, Congo red, Thioflavin S). Moreover, ultrastructurally these lesions contained straight tau filaments comprised of both mouse and human tau proteins but not other cytoskeletal proteins (eg, neurofilaments, microtubules). Isolated tau filaments were also recovered from detergent-insoluble tau fractions and insoluble tau proteins accumulated in brain in an age-dependent manner. Thus, overexpression of the smallest human brain tau isoform resulted in late onset and age-dependent formation of congophilic tau inclusions with properties similar to those in the tangles of human tauopathies, thereby implicating aging in the pathogenesis of fibrous tau inclusions.
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF A WEST TEXAS SALT MARSH

ABSTRACT This study describes the distribution of species in a 21.6 ha inland salt marsh, consisting of three plant communities. The marsh community is along Leon Creek in the Diamond Y Spring Preserve in Pecos County near Fort Stockton, in western Texas (31°00.54′N, 102°55.49′W). From driest (highest elevation) to wettest (lowest elevation), the sequence is a Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton, Poaceae) grassland, a Distichlis spicata (saltgrass, Poaceae) grassland, and in the drainage a Schoenoplectus americanus (bulrush, Cyperaceae) marsh community. The communities were simple, with a total of 15 species found in the marsh. The mean plant cover in the salt marsh was 59%. The Sporobolus grassland covered 26% of the marsh and contained six species including S. airoides with 52 ± 36% cover and D. spicata with 13 ± 21% cover. The four other species were Helianthus paradoxus (Pecos or puzzle sunflower, Asteraceae), Suaeda calceoliformis (seepweed, Chenopodiaceae), Limonium limbatum (sea lavender, Plumbagin...
Broadband bistatic coherent and incoherent detection of buried objects beneath randomly rough surfaces

This paper investigates the application of angular correlation function (ACF) processing for target detection when a metallic object beneath a randomly rough soil surface is sought by ground penetrating radar (GPR). ACF processing is an inherently coherent and multistatic approach. The author compares its results to those from candidate multistatic incoherent processing strategies. In 2D numerical simulations, the author assumes that the antennas are elevated above the soil surface, and that the only significant source of environmental randomness is the soil surface roughness. To expand the basis for the ACF, averaging is performed over both frequency and limited spatial shift. The author takes pains to use realistic GPR problem parameters, together with relevant and varied target geometries. Results are evaluated over an ensemble of geometrical realizations to gain some statistical picture of each method's behavior and performance. Under the parameter limitations applied, combined frequency and spatial averaging are required to produce recognizable ACF behavior. Contrary to expectations, the ACF processing performs best in the vicinity of the "memory line," not when it is avoided.
Justice for the ninety-six: liverpool FC fans and uncommon use of football song.

Recent scholarship concerning football supporter song has largely focused on its common uses, such as identity construction and performance, particularly during the match and in relation to opposition fans. This article examines two unusual uses of football song by supporters of Liverpool Football Club that transcend that usual sort of singing. It argues that in singing for justice for the victims of Hillsborough for six minutes at the beginning of a high profile televised match, and in using the same song to sing down Andy Burnham, the then minister for Sport, at a memorial, Liverpool fans sang beyond the normal bounds of their sporting performance. In musically unifying their protest, they created a cultural object of significant power, able to resonate through the media in unusual ways and in doing that, they colonized space beyond the stadium with their collective identity and ideology. These two exceptional uses of song by Liverpool football fans reveal a fundamental shift in both the scope and the c...
Simple sliding mode control scheme applied to robot manipulators

We present a simple sliding mode control scheme for robot manipulators that does not rely upon the construction of individually stable discontinuity surfaces, thus greatly reducing the complexity of design. We utilize the structure of the manipulator dynamics and Lyapunov's second method in order to establish a sliding surface on the intersection of the switching surfaces in a direct manner. A simple numerical example accompanies the theoretical development.
Resilience in family and nonfamily firms: an examination of the relationships between manufacturing strategy, competitive strategy and firm performance

Economic recessions that affect firms regardless of location, increased competition and changes in customer expectations, all contribute to disruptions that require firms to be resilient. Building resilience is a long-term strategic initiative that changes the way a firm operates by aligning linkages between functional strategies and competitive strategy. This article compares the relationship between manufacturing strategy and competitive strategy, and the relationship between manufacturing strategy and performance for family and nonfamily firms in the developing economy of Ghana. Using data from 122 manufacturing firms, the results indicate that delivery strategy is associated with the competitive strategy of cost leadership for family firms while flexibility is associated with cost leadership for nonfamily firms. Flexibility is related to the competitive strategy of differentiation for family firms but not for nonfamily firms. While delivery is associated with both sales growth and profitability for fa...
Investigation of Energy Management Strategies for Photovoltaic Systems - A Predictive Control Algorithm

The high cost of energy from stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems dictates that the available energy is used in the most efficient manner possible. To do so requires careful attention to the operating characteristics of all the components of the PV system and the operating decisions of system control. By applying an energy management approach to system control, over-all system operating performance may be improved, yielding either more services provided for a given system rating or a smaller system size for the same services. This paper reports progress toward formulating energy management strategies for stand-alone PV systems, developing an analytical tool that can be used to investigate these strategies, applying this tool to determine the proper control algorithms and control variables for a range of applications, and quantifying the relative performance and economics when compared to systems that do not apply energy management. Although the formulation was originally driven by stand-alone PV system needs, the results are also applicable to hybrid or grid connected systems. An example of a load system for which an energy management stategy is usable is a photovoltaic village power system with battery storage, water pumping with a water tank, lighting, and a differable domestic load. In this case there are three "storage" elements; the battery, the water tank and the differable load. The energy management strategy determines how the energy is routed to the water pump and domestic load and in and out of the battery.
Energy saving control for pneumatic servo systems

This paper proposes an energy saving approach to the control of pneumatic servo systems. The control methodology is presented followed by experimental results that indicate significant energetic savings and essentially no compromise in tracking performance relative to a purely active approach. Specifically, experiments indicate an energy savings of 10 to 46% (depending on the desired tracking frequency) relative to standard 4-way spool valve pneumatic servo actuator control. The savings are generally higher at lower tracking frequencies, since tracking of higher frequencies requires more control effort to minimize tracking error and therefore limits the degree of possible energy savings.
What good is EMG to the patient and practitioner

Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) are not only tests to be performed in isolation and reported without consideration of the clinical context, but rather form part of what has been referred to as the electrodiagnostic consultation. Using all of the pertinent information available to the electromyographer performing the test, the electrodiagnostic consultation strives toward the goal of helping the patient and the referring physician to establish a correct diagnosis. Although not without limitations, EMG as an extension of the clinical history and physical examination can be a powerful and sensitive diagnostic tool. Like any tool, however, the final result depends on the skill and expertise with which it is wielded.
Effect of hyperthermic shock on free and bound potassium levels.

Abstract A study of the levels of “free and bound” potassium in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes obtained from mice in hyperthermic shock was made using an ultrafiltration method for the separation of “free and bound” fractions. Potassium was determined using a flame photometer. A statistically significant increase in the percentage of “free” potassium was observed in whole blood and erythrocytes but not in the plasma. Total potassium content was increased in the plasma. This is discussed in relation to a current theory of shock.
The battery and the windmill : Two models of protestant devotionalism in early-twentieth-century America

In 1912, Andrew Murray, an influential spokesperson for the Keswick theology prevalent in American fundamentalism, decried the sorry state of spirituality among modern Christians. How many there are, he exclaimed, who “say that they have no time and that the heart desire for prayer is lacking; they do not know how to spend half an hour with God! … Day after day, month after month passes, and there is no time to spend one hour with God.” Closing his jeremiad, Murray exclaimed, “How many there are who take only five minutes for prayer!” A few years later, Herbert Willett and Charles Clayton Morrison, editors of The Christian Century , the voice of the emerging liberal movement in American Protestantism, published a daily devotional guide entitled The Daily Altar . Its purpose was to provide Christians with “a few moments of quiet and reflection” in the midst of “short and crowded days” in order to maintain a daily prayer life. To be precise, devotions in The Daily Altar took one and a half minutes to complete.
Evolving role of renal biopsy in small renal masses

Historically, patients with small renal masses have not routinely undergone percutaneous biopsy before proceeding to surgical extirpation, partly due to concerns of biopsy inaccuracy, needle track seeding, and minimal change in clinical management. However, contemporary improvements in technique and cross-sectional imaging have led to increased diagnostic sufficiency and accuracy of renal biopsy. Major complications are rare. Most importantly, a large proportion of small renal masses biopsied are, in fact, benign, and biopsy has the potential to change clinical management and help patients avoid unnecessary surgical extirpation. Image-guided percutaneous core biopsy should be incorporated into the diagnosis and management of enhancing small renal masses.
Hydroshare: Sharing Diverse Environmental Data Types and Models as Social Objects with Application to the Hydrology Domain

The types of data and models used within the hydrologic science community are diverse. New repositories have succeeded in making data and models more accessible, but are, in most cases, limited to particular types or classes of data or models and also lack the type of collaborative and iterative functionality needed to enable shared data collection and modeling workflows. File sharing systems currently used within many scientific communities for private sharing of preliminary and intermediate data and modeling products do not support collaborative data capture, description, visualization, and annotation. In this article, we cast hydrologic datasets and models as “social objects” that can be published, collaborated around, annotated, discovered, and accessed. This article describes the generic data model and content packaging scheme for diverse hydrologic datasets and models used by a new hydrologic collaborative environment called HydroShare to enable storage, management, sharing, publication, and annotation of the diverse types of data and models used by hydrologic scientists. The flexibility of HydroShare's data model and packaging scheme is demonstrated using multiple hydrologic data and model use cases that highlight its features.
Old and New in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic lung disease traditionally included interventions designed to improve the position of the diaphragm, breathing exercises based on pursed lips breathing, relaxation, and enhancement of abdominal excursion, and physical exercise training. Newer training programs have been designed specifically to enhance the endurance of the respiratory muscles. This review summarizes the results of these interventions, especially with regard to their effects on respiratory muscle function, capacity for physical exercise, and ability to conduct activities of daily living.
Category II: Negative (for Malignancy)

Specimens are assigned to the negative category when the specimen does not contain any material indicative of malignancy or any degree of cellular atypia. Specimens containing only normal pancreatic tissue are assigned to this category only when there is no discrete mass or cystic lesion. Correlation with imaging findings is required for placing a specimen in this category. Specific nonneoplastic entities placed in this category include acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, pseudocyst, lymphoepithelial cyst, and ectopic spleen.
The Limits of Law

This paper, which is the final chapter of a book of essays on the subject, explores the limits of law by drawing on a wide range of theoretical and empirical materials in order to compare legal rules to informal social norms and markets, its main competitors in the shaping of social behavior. The paper first presents three major critiques of law: libertarian, functionalist, and illegitimacy. Next, it explores important features of law, norms, and markets by exploring their interrelationships and then broadly comparing them to one another in light of five vital criteria for policy design: (1) incentives; (2) information; (3) flexibility; (4) transaction costs; and (5) legitimacy. Finally, it develops five general principles, together with specific applications, regarding how law, norms, and markets might best be used to promote whatever policies the polity may adopt. These principles emphasize (1) the importance of comparing alternatives; (2) implementation analysis; (3) process efficiency; (4) sociological, spatial, and temporal responsiveness; and (5) law minimization.
Place Attachment and Context: Comparing a Park and a Trail Within

A number of recent studies have focused on place attachment, defined as the extent to which a person values or identifies with a particular setting. Some studies suggest that place attachment includes an emotional/symbolic place identity dimension and a functional place dependence dimension. One aspect of place attachment that has not been explored empirically is the extent to which people become attached to a specific site versus its larger setting. The main purpose of this study was to examine users' place attachment to a large metropolitan park versus their place attachment to a particular trail located within that same park. The study sample was comprised of 438 recreational users of a paved trail located in a large regional park near Cleveland, Ohio. Majorfindings include: (1) Frequency of use was positively related to both park and trail attachment. (2) Levels of trail attachment varied across different trail activities, but levels of park attachment did not. (3) The most powerful predictor of both park attachment and trail attachment was personal commitment to the activity that users were pursuing. (4) -Unlike previous research, factor analyses indicated that both park and trail attachment were unidimensional rather than comprised of place identity and dependence dimensions. Implications for management and research are discussed. FOR. Scl.