cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability-Based Optimization for Dynamic Loads

A general formulation is presented for weight optimization of indeterminate structures subject to transient dynamic loads and reliability constraints. Two distinct methods of structural analysis are examined and compared for use in the optimization algorithm: (1)Numerical integration of equations of motion and (2)shock spectra. Details of the essential computation of standard derivation of response quantities associated with each analysis technique are also examined. The formulations are illustrated by design examples of a rigid frame subjected to an acceleration impulse applied to its base.
A fairy tale future for Fontans: Fact or fable?

References 1. Fraser CD Jr. To fenestrate or not: The Fontan debate gets more complicated. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:2538-9. 2. Belin de Chantem ele E, Gauquelin-Koch G, Duvareille M, Pellet N, Gharib C, Custaud MA. Blood volume measurement: the comparison of pulse dye densitometry and Dill and Costill’s methods. Life Sci. 2006;78: 1564-9. 3. Saiki H, Seki M, Kurishima C, Masutani S, Senzaki H. Low venous capacitance and high venous return resistance in the fontan circulation: potential for new therapies. Circulation. 2011;124:A11757. 4. Magosso E, Cavalcanti S, Ursino M. Theoretical analysis of rest and exercise hemodynamics in patients with total cavopulmonary connection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;282:H1018-34. 5. Krishnan US, Taneja I, Gewitz M, Young R, Stewart J. Peripheral vascular adaptation and orthostatic tolerance in Fontan physiology. Circulation. 2009; 120:1775-83.
Order Diprotodontia—Eimeriidae

This chapter summarizes everything we know, to date, about the eimeriid coccidia that have been described from members of the marsupial order Diprotodontia. This is the largest order of extant Australidelphian marsupials, with about 11 families, 39 genera, and 143 species, and includes such well-known species as kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, possums, and koala bears. Only 5/11 (45%) families, 14/39 (36%) genera, and 35/143 (24%) of Diprotodontia species in Australia have been examined for intestinal coccidians. From this modest sample, 44 Eimeria , but no Isospora , species have been identified that seem to be valid, and in almost every species, we know only the structures and dimensions of their sporulated oocysts. We know almost nothing about the biology of these species including sporulation time of their oocysts; the prepatent or the patent period; and the site of infection in the intestine where endogenous development occurs. There no studies to delineate the complete endogenous life cycle for any of them; no cross-transmission studies; very little is known of their ability (or not) to be pathogenic; and the type specimens have been deposited into accredited museums for only two eimerians. However, there is recent progress in the right direction, because we now have partial gene sequences for 2 of the 44 eimerians, E. macropodis and E. trichosuri .
Associate Attrition and the Tragedy of the Commons

Empirical studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that associate attrition is a significant and increasing problem for large law firms. My Article examines how incentive structures at law firms affect associate retention rates. My central thesis that partners’ use of associate labor resembles a classic “tragedy of the commons” in which associates are overworked and undervalued. The overexploitation of associate labor dampens morale among associates and leads to inefficiently high levels of associate attrition. Law firms can resolve this problem by forcing partners to “internalize” the attrition costs that their exploitative activities impose on the firm.
Efficacy of the Brain Injury Family Intervention: Impact on Family Members.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the effectiveness of an intervention (Brain Injury Family Intervention) for family caregivers after acquired brain injury. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective, controlled repeated-measures design. METHODS: The Brain Injury Family Intervention was designed as a whole family approach to addressing needs, emphasizing education, skill building, and psychological support. One hundred eight families of outpatients were assigned to either a treatment or wait list control group. The manualized treatment focused on highly relevant topics (eg, common injury effects, coping with loss and change, communication, and stress management) and was composed of five 2-hour sessions with outcome measurement pretreatment, posttreatment, and at 3 months following. Outcome measures included the Family Needs Questionnaire, the Service Obstacles Scale, and the Zarit Burden Interview. RESULTS: Treatment group caregivers showed an increase in met needs, greater satisfaction with services, and reduced burden relative to pretesting, whereas controls did not. Between-group differences for Professional Support needs were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation provided evidence that a curriculum-based education, skill-building, and support intervention can benefit caregivers for up to 3 months. Additional research is needed to ascertain the longer-term benefits of intervention and the efficacy of alternative delivery methods (eg, via telephone and the Internet). Language: en
Debugging reinvented

When software developers want to understand the reason for a program's behavior, they must translate their questions about the behavior into a series of questions about code, speculating about the causes in the process. The Whyline is a new kind of debugging tool that avoids such speculation by instead enabling developers to select a question about program output from a set of why did and why didn't questions derived from the program's code and execution. The tool then finds one or more possible explanations for the output in question, using a combination of static and dynamic slicing, precise call graphs, and new algorithms for determining potential sources of values and explanations for why a line of code was not reached. Evaluations of the tool on one task showed that novice programmers with the Whyline were twice as fast as expert programmers without it. The tool has the potential to simplify debugging in many software development contexts.
Ordovician (Whiterockian) gastropods of Nevada; Bellerophontoidea, Macluritoidea, and Euomphaloidea

Gastropods are abundant in the Middle Ordovician (Whiterockian) Antelope Valley Formation of Nevada. Because Whiterockian rocks are absent in much of central and eastern North America, these Nevada gastropods play a significant role in understanding the Early to Middle Ordovician transition of the class. The shell and operculum of a new genus and species of macluritoid, Monitorella auricula, is described. New euomphaloid taxa include Walcottoma frydai n. gen. and sp., Rossospira harrisae n. gen. and sp., Barnesella measuresae n. sp., Helicotoma gubanovi n. sp., Lytospira yochelsoni n. sp., and Malayaspira hintzei n. sp.
ETYMOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME NON-ALTAIC ORIENTAL WORDS IN THE OLD-RUSSIAN IGOŔ-SONG

The words Div,, Stribogsb, Kaso,bskyjb , lada, mecb , tuga, and turTb were originally to be discussed in my research monograph The Oriental Elements in the Vocabulary of the Oldest Russian Epos, the Igor-Tale (Slovo o pblku Igoreve), which was, in the main, ready for print in the spring of I945. Technical difficulties of all kinds delayed the publication of this monograph, however, and only in I952, it appeared as a special supplement to Word, Vol. 7, Monograph No. i, Dec. I95I, distributed July I952; 98 pp. 1). Since in my study of the Oriental elements in the IgofSong, as it was published, only the words of Altaic origin-however, with the exception of mecb-or those which have been borrowed into Old-Russian through the mediation of Altaic languages are treated, the few words of non-Altaic origin are presented in this article. I purposely abstain from a discussion of the river names D^neTprb,, Dons, (and DonbCb), and the personal names Borisb and Xors l/X^brs's. The name of the Donm, and its Slavic diminutive Don bCb is Iranian and closest in form to Oset'i don 'streaming water, river, creek', (cf. Vs. F. Miller, Osetinsko-Russko-Nemeckij Slovak, I, 499 f.), so that it is to be considered as of Alano-Aorsic origin, while an older name of the Don, TavacO, either represents another form of the same root, as Vasmer (Untersuchungen iiber die altesten Wohnsitze der Slaven,I: Die Iranier in Siidrussland [Leipzig, I923], p. 74 and Russisches Etymolog. Worterbuch
Phase Transformation in Barium Tetraborate.

Orthorhombic BaB8O13 (a = 8.550, b = 17.352, c= 13.211 A, D = 2.927 g/cm3 at 25 °C) transforms reversibly at 700 °C to a high-temperature tetragonal form (a = 8.629, c = 13.252 A, D = 2.906 g/cm3) stable from 700 °C to the congruent melting point (889 °C) of the compound. The transition is rapid and probably displacive in character. At the transformation point cell constants change discontinuously, doubling of the b axis is lost and cell contents are reduced from Z = 8 to Z = 4. Doubling of the b axis reappears with cooling to the transformation temperature and volume strain is relieved by formation of multiple twins or domains. The latent heat of transformation is 2100 J/mol (0.50 kcal/mol) and dT/dP = -0.0363 K/bar.
Abstract PL04-02: Oral iloprost for the chemoprevention of lung cancer: A multicenter, SPORE-initiated trial

Background: Tissue microarray studies have shown that the majority of NSCLC have decreased expression of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) and prostacyclin supplementation (genetic overexpression and the oral prostacyclin analogue iloprost) chemoprevent lung cancer in a variety of murine models, including cigarette smoke exposure. Based on these promising results, a multi-center, double-blind, placebo controlled, phase II trial of iloprost in subjects at increased risk for lung cancer conducted at SPORE in lung cancer sites. Methods: Subjects were selected for the trial if they meet the following criteria: current or former smoker (> 20 pack years); at least mild cytologic atypia on sputum cytology; no previous history of cancer. Fluorescent bronchoscopy was performed with 6 standard endobronchial sites biopsied, along with all other abnormally appearing areas. Subjects were then randomized to oral iloprost (in escalating doses) or placebo for 6 months and then a repeat bronchoscopy with biopsy of all the central airway areas sampled on the first bronchoscopy. The primary endpoints for the study are bronchial histology and Ki-67 labeling index. Results: For the iloprost study, 152 subjects were randomized and 125 completed both bronchoscopies (60/75 iloprost, 65/77 placebo). Treatment groups were well matched for age, tobacco exposure and baseline histology. Endobronchial histology was summarized within patients using three separate measures: worst biopsy score (Max), dysplasia index (DI - defined as the percentage of biopsies with a score of at least 4 (mild dysplasia) or worse), and average of all biopsy scores (Avg). 74% of subjects had at least one biopsy displaying mild dysplasia (score 4.0) or worse on the initial bronchoscopy. A reproducibility study with two independent pathologists demonstrated that 85% of readings were within one histologic grade. Baseline histology was significantly worse for current smokers (Avg 3.0) than former smokers (Avg 2.1). Former smokers receiving oral iloprost exhibited a significant improvement in Avg (0.41 better, p=0.010), Max (1.10 units, p=0.002), and an improvement in DI (12.45%, p=0.006). No histologic improvement occurred in current smokers. Proliferation by Ki-67 index was a secondary endpoint and demonstrated no change with iloprost administration. There were no differences in dropout rates or SAEs between treatment groups. Analyses for other biomarkers in iloprost samples (including urinary prostaglandin metabolites, miRNAs, and EMT markers) are in progress. Conclusions: Oral iloprost significantly improves endobronchial dysplasia in former smokers and deserves further study to determine if it can prevent the development of lung cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):PL04-02.
Fabrication and Measurement of 4H-Silicon Carbide Avalanche Photodiodes

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) that are sensitive in the ultraviolet (UV) from approximately 250 – 350 nm have been fabricated from 4H-SiC. The SiC APDs, which use hole-initiated avalanche multiplication, were produced using n-type SiC epitaxial layers grown on a p-type substrate. In order to achieve avalanche breakdown in the bulk of the material, a dry ion-based etching technique was used to form sloped sidewalls on the devices. The devices had an area of approximately 1 mm2, and they had maximum breakdown voltages of approximately 500 V. The APDs had a positive temperature coefficient for avalanche breakdown voltage and showed excellent stability for multiplication factors in excess of several hundred. Dark current, photo responsivity, and multiplication measurements from room temperature to 150°C will be presented. The dark noise performance of the APDs has also been characterized using a standard nuclear spectroscopy system consisting of a charge sensitive preamplifier, a shaping amplifier, and a multichannel analyzer. The input equivalent dark noise charge and excess noise factor for the dark current was measured over a range of shaping times, temperatures, and bias voltages. The noise performance of SiC APDs in applications such as gamma ray or x-ray spectroscopy will be highly dependent on the achievement of low bulk leakage current at the operating point. Here, an ionization coefficient ratio (k=α/β) of 0.078 was found.
RECENT STUDIES ON TREMATODES OF BIRDS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE LIFE HISTORY IN THE DIGENEA

Publisher Summary This chapter presents recent studies on trematodes of birds and the interpretation of the life history in the digenea. In Philophtalmus megalurus, the miracidium does not enter the molluscan host but only penetrates it sufficiently to release a single embryo and then dies. The embryo migrates to the snail's heart, attaches to its lining, and continues development while bathed by the host's blood. Polyembryony may be operative in some trematodes if the embryo dissociates and its components produce more than one offspring. It may become either a typical redia or a sporocyst if the digestive system does not develop. Rediae are produced by both types of germinal sacs but in less time and in smaller numbers by sporocysts.
The analysis of food additives surveillance results in Wanzhou district in 2010

Objective:To understand the service condition of food additives in Wanzhou and provide scientific basis for drawing up some practical and effective preventive measures.Methods: The food samples from supermarkets,farmers markets,restaurants,eating houses etc.,were analysed based on the Methods of Food Hygienic Analysis.Results: 231 food samples were tested and,among them,206 were qualified,the qualification rate was 89.2%;121 were detected,the detectable rate was 52.4%.Conclusion: The exceeding standard rate of food additives was low in Wanzhou,but the detectable rate was higher,so the related department should take corresponding measures to enhance food safety.
Measuring Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Use Among Young Adults.

OBJECTIVE: Marijuana use can result in a variety of negative consequences, yet it remains popular among young adults and the general public at large. Combined with the growing empirical support for the benefits of medicinal marijuana as well as the steady increase in popular opinion regarding its legalization, it is of growing importance to identify strategies that may mitigate the harms related to marijuana use, reduce consumption levels, and limit resulting negative consequences among young adults who use marijuana. The purpose of this study was to develop and conduct initial psychometric analyses on a new scale, which we named the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana (PBSM) scale. METHOD: A sample of undergraduate college students who reported past-6-month marijuana use (n = 210) responded to the initial pool of PBSM items and completed measures of marijuana use, consequences from marijuana use, alcohol use, and protective behavioral strategies for alcohol. RESULTS: Results from an iterative principal component analyses process yielded a single-factor structure with 39 items. The PBSM mean composite score negatively associated with marijuana use and consequences, with the strongest correlations evident for pastmonth users. The PBSM also significantly positively correlated with alcohol protective strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Protective behavioral strategies for marijuana appear to be a measurable construct that are related to marijuana frequency and consequences, and thus may be a useful component of intervention and prevention programs with young adults. More work testing the PBSM items with larger and more diverse samples of young adults is encouraged. Language: en
Fatigue Capacity of Headed Shear Studs in Composite Bridge Girders

AbstractShear connectors are commonly used in steel bridges to join the concrete deck and steel superstructure, providing a mechanism for shear transfer across the steel–concrete interface. The most common type of shear connector is the headed shear stud. In the current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Specifications on composite design, shear stud fatigue often governs over static strength, and a large number of shear connectors often result. The stud fatigue capacities presented in the AASHTO standard are largely based on a limited sample of composite fatigue tests performed in the 1960s, with limited fatigue test data at lower stress ranges leading to a somewhat arbitrary constant amplitude fatigue limit (CAFL). This often governs the composite design for bridges with moderate-to-high traffic demands. This paper presents results from an experimental and analytical study of the fatigue behavior of headed shear studs to address the lack of existing e...
Processing of Metadata on Multimedia Using ExifTool: A Programming Approach in Python

The exchange image file format (Exif) standard defines the specification for how to store metadata and ancillary tags for multimedia files. These tags are useful in documenting information about how the content in the multimedia file was collected, stored, and modified. The list of available tags are constantly being updated, with one of the most notable updates being the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates being automatically applied by digital recording equipment. The ExifTool is one of several systems that are available for reading and modifying these metadata. This research provides historical insight into the use and application of Exif data, its manipulation, and evolution. A programming example using the ExifTool application and application programming interface (API) is also provided to demonstrate how the Exif toolset can be integrated into systems for scraping websites and reporting on specific tags that are contained within the images extracted from the website.
Surface and grain boundary complexions in transition metal – Bismuth alloys

Abstract This article reviews experimental and theoretical work related to grain boundary complexions in transition metals, especially bismuth alloy complexions on nickel and copper surfaces and grain boundaries. One-, three-, five-, and seven-layer bismuth complexions are observed on the Ni(1 1 1) surface. Recent experiments suggest that Bi impurities segregate to form bilayer complexions on Ni and Cu grain boundaries which could possibly explain liquid metal embrittlement. Density functional theory calculations of Bi films on transition metal grain boundaries confirm that Bi bilayer complexions (actually a pair of monolayers bound to the metal surfaces) are thermodynamically stable. Meanwhile, complexion transitions have been demonstrated with molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations and are supported by analytical thermodynamic models.
Actuality Entailments, negation, and free choice inferences

In some languages, (certain) root modals license Actuality Entailments (AEs) when they are perfective-marked. We discuss two puzzling properties of these constructions: (i) when AE-licensing modals are negated, the result entails the negation of actuality, and (ii) when AE-licensing modals embed disjunctions, no Free Choice inferences are available. We develop an account of (i) and show that, given an implicature-based view of Free Choice, (ii) follows as a consequence.
Six Variations on the Variational Method

As a graduate student in physics at the University of Michigan many years ago I had the good fortune to take a course in function theory from Norman Steenrod that pretty much changed the course of my life. My experience in that course plus several private conversations convinced me to switch out of physics and into mathematics. I recall one of our sessions particularly, where, in trying to describe what mathematical research was like, Steenrod said that really there were only about a dozen or so ideas in the whole subject, which people just use over and over again, and once you have mastered these you are, so to speak, in business. I wish now I’d had the presence of mind to ask him for his list of the top twelve. In any case, I expect that on anyone’s list, one of the ideas would be the so-called variational method.
Identification of Novel Regulators of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization.

Abstract In an effort to identify the molecular changes during hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization we have analyzed genome wide changes in gene expression in HSCs in response to the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide (Cy) and the growth factor granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G). Cy/G treatment leads to an initial loss of proliferating precursors, followed by a rapid expansion of stem and progenitor cells and their migration to the peripheral blood. While this approach has been capitalized on for harvesting hematopoietic stem cells in clinical therapy, the molecular regulation of this process remains less well understood. To analyze changes in gene expression that occur in vivo as HSCs proliferate and prepare to migrate out of the bone marrow, we enriched for HSC fractions by isolating cells that express c-kit (K), Sca-1(S) and low levels of Thy1.1(T) but do not express lineage (L) markers (KTLS) from untreated mice and mice treated with Cy, G or Cy/G. The gene expression profile of these cells was examined by microarray analysis, relative to HSCs isolated from untreated mice. Interestingly, among the genes upregulated by Cy/G, a large majority (>60%) were a consequence of synergistic activity between Cy and G, while the rest of the upregulated genes could be attributed to activation by Cy or G alone. To test whether this screen allowed identification of novel candidates that regulate HSC function we analyzed the role of transforming growth factor beta induced gene (Big-h3), a gene highly upregulated after Cy/G treatment. Big-h3 is an extracellular matrix protein that mediates the adhesion and migration of various cell types, however its role in HSCs is unknown. Our experiments indicate that overexpression of Big-h3 in HSCs leads to enhanced adhesion to fibronectin as well as upregulation of specific integrins. These experiments suggest that changes in adhesion are an integral component of HSC mobilization, and that Big-h3 is one regulator of such processes. Further functional analysis of other candidates will likely lead to identification of other novel regulators of HSC development and mobilization.
Me and mine

In this paper we articulate and diagnose a previously unrecognized problem for theories of entitlement, what we call the Claims Conundrum. It applies to all entitlements that are originally generated by some claim-generating action, such as laboring, promising, or contract-signing. The Conundrum is spurred by the very plausible thought that a later claim to the object to which one is entitled is a function of whether that original claim-generating action is attributable to one. This is further assumed to depend on one’s being identical to the person who performed the claim-generating action. But the right theory of personal identity for grounding these later claims proves quite elusive. In demonstrating both the Claims Conundrum and diagnosing its source, we begin with its (previously unobserved) instantiation in John Locke’s theories of personal identity and initial acquisition, and then we gradually expand its net to include both Lockean and non-Lockean theories of both, moving ultimately to show that this is a problem for most entitlements generally. We then diagnose the source of the trouble, showing that a basic assumption about the link between attributability and identity that most people take to be obvious is in fact false, clearing a path for future investigation into this overlooked but serious problem’s resolution.
Geant4 Analysis of a Thermal Neutron Real-Time Imaging System

Thermal neutron imaging is a technique for nondestructive testing providing complementary information to X-ray imaging for a wide range of applications in science and engineering. Advancement of electronic imaging systems makes it possible to obtain neutron radiographs in real time. This method requires a scintillator to convert neutrons to optical photons and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to detect those photons. Alongside, a well collimated beam which reduces geometrical blurriness, the use of a thin scintillator can improve the spatial resolution significantly. A representative scintillator that has been applied widely for thermal neutron imaging is 6LiF:ZnS (Ag). In this paper, a multiphysics simulation approach for designing thermal neutron imaging system is investigated. The Geant4 code is used to investigate the performance of a thermal neutron imaging system starting with a neutron source and including the production of charged particles and optical photons in the scintillator and their transport for image formation in the detector. The simulation geometry includes the neutron beam collimator and sapphire filter. The 6LiF:ZnS (Ag) scintillator is modeled along with a pixelated detector for image recording. The spatial resolution of the system was obtained as the thickness of the scintillator screen was varied between 50 and $400~\mu \text{m}$ . The results of the simulation were compared to experimental results, including measurements performed using the PULSTAR nuclear reactor imaging beam, showing good agreement. Using the established model, further examination showed that the resolution contribution of the scintillator screen is correlated with its thickness and the range of the neutron absorption reaction products (i.e., the alpha and triton particles). Consequently, thinner screens exhibit improved spatial resolution. However, this will compromise detection efficiency due to the reduced probability of neutron absorption.
Online Learning Modules and Nursing Students' Knowledge of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is identified as a major global health issue. Recommendations for increased training for health professionals from both the Institute of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health have been outlined. Nursing curriculum tools developed by the National Tuberculosis Consortium and presented through online learning modules were utilized in an experimental study of baccalaureate nursing students. Knowles’ Theory of Adult Learning provided the theoretical framework for the study. The test scores on a thirty question multiple-choice exam of students who participated in the intervention are compared to those of students who only participated in the regular course content. Although the mean raw score on the exam was higher for the experimental than the control group, the small number of participants that completed the study prevented the results from being analyzed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Limitations of the study included the small sample size, inexperience of the investigator in designing and conducting an experimental study, the amount of extra time involved for students in the intervention group, and the lack of ability to correlate demographic information to individual results. Implications for nurses prepared to practice at the master’s level include the need for further research to explore effective teaching methods for baccalaureate nursing students; involvement in policy development related to tuberculosis knowledge and screening, especially of health care workers; and a recommendation for a continued commitment to encourage nurse research on educating future nurses on complex heath care topics such as tuberculosis.
Grasping with flexible link fingers: An initial study

Abstract Grasping with flexible fingers presents an attractive approach for certain robotic tasks. Its implementation requires simultaneous position and force control of flexible manipulators, an area about which there is little information in the literature. This paper presents an initial effort at designing controllers for flexible link robots to control both position and force. The analysis is done on a two degree-of-freedom two- link manipulator with the last link flexible. A control strategy is proposed and asymptotic stability is proved. Results from using this control law in simulations and on an experimental setup are presented.
Discontinuation of Natalizumab Therapy at the UT Southwestern MS Center (P01.157)

OBJECTIVE: Ascertain the reasons for discontinuation of natalizumab therapy at our institution. BACKGROUND: Natalizumab is the currently most effective immunomodulating therapy for MS. Despite clear indications to start therapy, there are no clear guidelines to manage patients following discontinuation. Since treatment interruption may lead to resurgent disease activity, understanding the reasons and rationale that culminate in therapy discontinuation is an important part of managing MS patients. DESIGN/METHODS: We analyzed data from MS patients followed at our institution who were treated with natalizumab between July 2006 to October 2012. RESULTS: From a total of 469 patients who received natalizumab, 136 who discontinued therapy qualified for this study. The majority (32.4%) were concerned about the risk for progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy (PML); most were either JC virus IgG seropositive or had received more than 24 consecutive infusions. The second most common reason (18.4%) was intolerable side effects (infusion-related or increased infections). 9.6% cited a lack of perceived benefit. 11.8% had either worsening deficits or transitioned to secondary progression. Twelve (8.8%) patients developed natalizumab neutralizing-antibodies; while almost all developed neutralizing-antibodies within the first year of starting therapy, one patient seroconverted after 41 infusions (with an associated relapse). Six patients experienced a relapse while on therapy (one patient only had a single infusion); these patients had no neutralizing-antibodies. Only one patient developed PML throughout this period. CONCLUSIONS: Even though PML is a rare entity, a perceived unfavorable risk-benefit ratio is the main cause of natalizumab treatment discontinuation at our center. A surprisingly large number of patients reported intolerable side effects. The incidence of neutralizing-antibodies was slightly higher than the AFFIRM and SENTINEL trials; several patients seroconverted after the first 6 months of therapy (where transient seropositivity may be observed). By understanding the rationale of therapy discontinuation, neurologists may help patients come to better informed decisions about stopping natalizumab treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Beh has received research support from Biogen Idec. Dr. Bates has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience and Biogen Idec. Dr. Greenberg has received personal compensation for activities with Elan, Sanofi-Aventis, Diogenix, Biogen Idec, Accorda and MedicalLogix for consulting and from MSAA for honoraria. Dr. Greenberg hold stock and/or stock options in DioGenix, Inc., which sponsored research in which Dr. Greenberg was an investigator. Dr. Greenberg has received research support from Amplimmune, Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, Accelerated Cure Project.
Vignettes in Coastal Plain Geology: Harold Ernest Vokes

Harold Vokes was born in Canada but moved with his family to Pasadena, California, when he was 12. There he attended Occidental College, where he originally intended to be an English major, but the usual required Science course in Geology was all that was needed to change his life.
Evaluation of natural goethite on the removal of arsenate and selenite from water.

Abstract Elevated arsenic and selenium concentrations in water cause health problems to both humans and wildlife. Natural and anthropogenic activities have caused contamination of these elements in waters worldwide, making the development of efficient cost-effective methods in their removal essential. In this work, removal of arsenate and selenite from water by adsorption onto a natural goethite (α-FeOOH) sample was studied at varying conditions. The data was then compared with other arsenate, selenite/goethite adsorption systems as much of literature shows discrepancies due to varying adsorption conditions. Characterization of the goethite was completed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic models were applied; including comparisons of different regression methods. Various adsorption isotherm models were applied to determine the best fitting model and to compare adsorption capacitates with other works. Desorption/leaching of arsenate and selenite was studied though the addition of phosphate and hydroxyl ions. Langmuir isotherm modeling resulted in maximum adsorption capacities of 6.204 and 7.740 mg/g for arsenate and selenite adsorption, respectively. The PSO model applied with a non-linear regression resulted in the best kinetic fits for both adsorption and desorption of arsenate and selenite. Adsorption decreased with increasing pH. Phosphate induced desorption resulted in the highest percentage of arsenate and selenite desorbed, while hydroxide induced resulted in the fastest desorption kinetics.
Radiographic demonstration of intercostal lymphatics and lymph nodes.

The anatomy of the posterior intercostal lymphatics and lymph nodes is reviewed. Theselymph nodes are occasionally visualized by bipedal conventional lymphography. Opacifiedand/or enlarged posterior intercostal lymph nodes may also be identified with computedtomography of the chest. Familiarity with the lymphatic drainage patterns of the intercostalspaces and recognition of abnormal intercostal lymph nodes may provide additional informationregarding disease status in patients with inflammatory or malignant disease of the thorax.
Fatigue Life Assessment for Composite Structure

This work presents some of the most recent advances in the technologies which could enable accurate assessment of useful life for composite aircraft fatigue-critical, flight-critical components and structure. Such technology advances include: (1) nondestructive subsurface measurement shift from just detection of defects to three-dimensional measurement of defect location and size; (2) material characterization methods ability to generate 3D material allowables at minimum time and cost; and (3) fatigue structural analysis techniques ability to capture multiple damage modes and their interaction. The authors summarize their recent results in all three subjects.
Maximum Entropy (Maxent) Method in Expert Systems and Intelligent Control: New Possibilities and Limitations

To describe uncertainty of experts’ statements E1,…, En that form a knowledge base, it is natural to use (subjective) probabilities pi. Correspondingly, it is natural to use probabilities to describe uncertainty of the system’s answer to a given query Q. Since it is impossible to inquire about the expert’s probabilities for all possible (≥ 2n) propositional combinations of Ei i, a knowledge base is usually incomplete in the sense that there are many probability distributions consistent with this knowledge. If we want to return a single probability, we must select one of these distributions. MaxEnt is a natural selection rule, but for expert systems, computing the MaxEnt distribution often takes an unrealistically long time. In this paper, we propose computationally feasible approximate MaxEnt techniques for expert systems and intelligent control.
“Articulating Race: Reading Skin Colour as Taxonomy and as Numerical Data”

Felix von Luschan, a German anthropologist (1854–1924), faced with the ambiguity of verbal skin description, introduced a colour tile system in which each skin shade was given a numerical digit (number) from 1 to 36. von Luschan’s skin colour tiles, which reduced colour to a number, became part of a standard anthropometric toolkit, influencing the field of forensics in the early twentieth century, as practitioners and theorists debated their use to augment the chromatic data gathered by the dominant Bertillon system. This chapter traces the impact of von Luschan’s anthropometric work as well as his biometric skin colour measurement technology to the contemporary dialogues about race in the context of global forensics and security. Further, it investigates the possibility of resisting dominant discourses on race via the articulation of skin colour as biodata.
Route towards extreme optical pulsation in linear cavity ultrafast fibre lasers

Pathways towards the generation of extreme optical pulsation in a chaotic transition regime in a linear fibre laser cavity configuration are presented. In a thulium mode-locked fibre laser, extreme events that can be controllably induced by manipulating the cavity birefringence for pulse energies exceeding the single soliton pulse operating regime are studied in detail for the first time. While a solitonic pulsation structure at the fundamental repetition rate is maintained, additional energy is shed in a chaotic manner, leading to broader spectral generation and shorter pulse durations whose behaviour deviates significantly from a classical statistical distribution. These pulses display markedly different characteristics from any previously reported extreme events in fibre lasers associated with multiple solitons and pulse bunching, thus presenting a novel observation of extreme pulsation. Detailed noise studies indicate that significant enhancement of relaxation oscillations, modulation instability and the interplay with reabsorption mechanisms contribute in this transient chaotic regime. The extreme pulsation generated in a compact fibre laser without any additional nonlinear attractors can provide an attractive platform to accelerate the exploration of the underlying physics of the chaos observed in mode-locked laser systems and can lead to novel fibre laser cavity designs.
Creating Value in Plastic Surgery

Value is defined as the worth, utility, or importance something holds. It can be derived from a variety of goods and services and is relative to a given industry or population. This article will discuss elements of plastic surgery that hold value as to how it pertains to the key players in a medical transaction. It will also discuss strategies for identifying and generating value. Roles of the different members in a plastic surgery transaction were analyzed, specifically the patient, the surgeon, and the facility. Different factors that generated value for all parties were identified throughout the literature. Factors identified that created value included the following: the surgeon's knowledge, experience, and decision-making ability; and technical skill/speed, restoration of life, restoration of form and function, restoration of psychological deficit, instant surgical results, convenience of access, outcomes, cost accounting, research, compassion, and bedside manner. Plastic surgeons can gear their practice to provide the system and their patients with services that hold value. We present several factors that can generate value for the patient, surgeon, and hospital system.
New species and combinations of "Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Clethraceae", and "Cunoniaceae" from the Neotropics

Mandevilla arenicola J.F.Morales sp. nov. from Brazil, Clethra secazu J.F.Morales sp. nov. from Costa Rica, and Weinmannia abstrusa J.F.Morales sp. nov. from Honduras are described and illustrated and their relationships with morphologically related species are discussed. Lectotypes are designated for Anemopaegma tonduzianum Kraenzl., Bignonia sarmentosa var. hirtella Benth. and Paragonia pyramidata var. tomentosa Bureau & K. Schum., as well as these last two names have been combined.
Perspectives on Security of Nuclear Material in Transport

Abstract This chapter frames the context of transportation security in relation to the associated topics of safety and safeguards. This framework establishes the boundaries from one discipline to another within the operational constraints of transportation security. The chapter then provides the practical aspects of transportation security that apply primarily to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)–designated Category I and II nuclear materials (designated quantities of plutonium isotopes and 235U enriched above 20%) used for civil purposes. The transportation security of Category III nuclear materials could be addressed with commercial practices and industry standards. For example, the UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods addresses the requirements for the transport of Class 7 radioactive materials. Due to their potential for use for nonpeaceful purposes, Category I and II nuclear materials warrant special consideration. The concepts developed in this chapter could also apply to the transportation of other nonfissile radioactive materials that may be especially vulnerable to theft or sabotage. Transport of radioactive materials exceeding certain thresholds may require “enhanced security measures” called for in IAEA guidance.
Calcium Activity Dynamics Correlate with Neuronal Phenotype at a Single Cell Level and in a Threshold-Dependent Manner

Calcium is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that plays a vital role in many physiological processes. Recent work has shown that calcium activity is especially critical in vertebrate neural development. Here, we investigated if calcium activity and neuronal phenotype are correlated only on a population level or on the level of single cells. Using Xenopus primary cell culture in which individual cells can be unambiguously identified and associated with a molecular phenotype, we correlated calcium activity with neuronal phenotype on the single-cell level. This analysis revealed that, at the neural plate stage, a high frequency of low-amplitude spiking activity correlates with an excitatory, glutamatergic phenotype, while high-amplitude spiking activity correlates with an inhibitory, GABAergic phenotype. Surprisingly, we also found that high-frequency, low-amplitude spiking activity correlates with neural progenitor cells and that differentiating cells exhibit higher spike amplitude. Additional methods of analysis suggested that differentiating marker tubb2b-expressing cells exhibit relatively persistent and predictable calcium activity compared to the irregular activity of neural progenitor cells. Our study highlights the value of using a range of thresholds for analyzing calcium activity data and underscores the importance of employing multiple methods to characterize the often irregular, complex patterns of calcium activity during early neural development.
NetR and AttR, Two New Bioinformatic Tools to Integrate Diverse Datasets into Cytoscape Network and Attribute Files

High-throughput technologies have allowed researchers to obtain genome-wide data from a wide array of experimental model systems. Unfortunately, however, new data generation tends to significantly outpace data re-utilization, and most high throughput datasets are only rarely used in subsequent studies or to generate new hypotheses to be tested experimentally. The reasons behind such data underutilization include a widespread lack of programming expertise among experimentalist biologists to carry out the necessary file reformatting that is often necessary to integrate published data from disparate sources. We have developed two programs (NetR and AttR), which allow experimental biologists with little to no programming background to integrate publicly available datasets into files that can be later visualized with Cytoscape to display hypothetical networks that result from combining individual datasets, as well as a series of published attributes related to the genes or proteins in the network. NetR also allows users to import protein and genetic interaction data from InterMine, which can further enrich a network model based on curated information. We expect that NetR/AttR will allow experimental biologists to mine a largely unexploited wealth of data in their fields and facilitate their integration into hypothetical models to be tested experimentally.
Interventions Within the Scope of Occupational Therapy to Improve Children's Academic Participation: A Systematic Review.

Importance: Occupational therapy practitioners evaluate students’ ability to participate in school and may provide services to improve learning, academic performance, and participation. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to improve academic participation of children and youth ages 5–21 yr. Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, OTseeker, and Cochrane databases for articles published from 2000 to 2017 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Study Selection and Data Collection: Within the scope of occupational therapy practice and focused on children ages 5–21 yr. Findings: Forty-six studies were included, based on three themes: (1) interventions to support participation and learning in the classroom; (2) interventions to support motivation and participation in literacy, including combined reading, written expression, and comprehension; and (3) interventions to support handwriting. Low strength of evidence supports the use of weighted vests and stability balls, and moderate strength of evidence supports the use of yoga to enhance educational participation. Moderate strength of evidence supports the use of creative activities, parent-mediated interventions, and peer-supported interventions to enhance literacy participation. Strong evidence supports therapeutic practice for handwriting intervention, and low strength of evidence supports various handwriting programs as replacement or additional instructional strategies to enhance handwriting abilities. Conclusions and Relevance: More rigorous studies are needed that are conducted by occupational therapy practitioners in school-based settings and that use measures of participation and academic outcomes. What This Article Adds: This systematic review provides occupational therapy practitioners with evidence on the use of activity-based and occupation-centered interventions to increase children’s participation and learning in school.