cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-copulatory male behaviour, sperm precedence and multiple mating in a solitary parasitoid wasp

Abstract Abstract. Female Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), previously thought to be unreceptive after their first mating, mated multiply in the field at an incidence of at least 3·2-6·7%. In spring the adult sex ratio was female biased while in autumn it was male biased. Following copulation, male A. melinus guard females for an average of 149 s during which they display behaviour identical to that seen prior to copulation. Behavioural experiments using genetically marked pairs of males were set up to test several hypotheses concerning the adaptive significance of guarding and post-insemination displays. The behaviour seen during guarding probably keeps the female quiescent but does not influence the fate of second-male sperm. Second males that did not guard achieved equal paternity to those that did. Guarding and its associated post-copulatory behaviour helped 'switch off' female receptivity. The percentage of second males that managed to achieve intromission, if attempting to mate with a previously guarded female, dropped from 97 to 70%. Furthermore, males courting a previously guarded female scored significantly more contacts, unsuccessful mounts, time to achieve the successful mount, wingbeats, and time in the successful pre-coital mount. Last-male sperm precedence did not occur. Second males sired 30·5% of the progeny if the guarding male was immediately dislodged and 14·2% of the progeny if the first male was allowed to complete guarding. Thus by delaying rival male courtship through guarding, first male A. melinus decreased the chance that the female would mate again. Guarding also reduced the proportion of progeny sired by a second mating male.
Chromosome abnormalities in meningiomas

Cytogenetic analyses of eight meningiomas grown in culture for 1 week are reported. Normal karyotypes were found in three cases and hypodiploidy in the remaining five. In the five hypodiploid meningiomas, one chromosome #22 was missing in four cases, and one case exhibited a 22q- deletion. In four of these five cases, chromosome #14 was either lost or altered. Chromosome #1 was lost or altered in three, and chromosome #6 in two. These findings lend further support for the association of total or partial loss of chromosome #22 in meningiomas and suggest the involvement of other chromosomes in the clonal evolution of these tumors.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is Superior to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Prevention of Perioperative Myocardial Infarctions During Subsequent Vascular Surgery

Background Among patients in need of coronary revascularization before an elective vascular operation, the value of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in preventing perioperative myocardial infarctions is uncertain. We hypothesized that more complete revascularization would improve outcomes after vascular surgery. Methods In this Veterans Affairs Cooperative trial involving 18 medical centers, 222 patients underwent elective vascular surgery after coronary revascularization. The mode of coronary revascularization was selected at each site by the local investigators (CABG in 91 patients and PCI in 131 patients). The vascular surgical indications were similar in both groups. Results There were 2 deaths in the CABG group (2.2%) and 5 deaths in the PCI group (3.8%; p = 0.497) after the vascular procedure. There were fewer perioperative myocardial infarctions after the vascular operation in CABG patients (6.6%) than in PCI patients (16.8%; p = 0.024), despite more diseased vessels in the CABG group (3.0 ± 1.3 versus 2.2 ± 1.4, respectively; p p p = 0.078). Conclusions Among patients receiving multivessel coronary artery revascularization as prophylaxis for elective vascular surgery, patients having a CABG had fewer myocardial infarctions and tended to spend less time in the hospital after the vascular operation than patients having a PCI. More complete revascularization accounted for the intergroup differences.
Self-consistent-field-Xα-scattered-wave molecular orbital calculation of [CpMoS(μ-S)]2, a molecule that undergoes a photochemically induced isomerization

Abstract A self-consistent-field-Xα-scattered-wave molecular orbital calculation was carried out on the [CpMoS(μ-S)] 2 (Cp = η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) complex. The calculated results were used to rationalize the observed photochemical isomerization of the title complex to [CpMo(μ-S)][μ-S 2 ]. It is proposed that a terminal sulfur (S t ) → Mo charge-transfer excitation is responsible for the isomerization, which is an intramolecular redox; i.e. Mo(V) is reduced to Mo(IV) and S 2− is oxidized to S 2 2− , a result consistent with the charge-transfer character of the excitation. Specifically, the transition responsible for the isomerization is proposed to be 16 b u → 18 a g ( 1 A g → 1 B u ). The 18 a g orbital is primarily Mo in character but it is also MoS t π-antibonding; cleavage of the MoS t π-bond facilitates the isomerization.
Prostaglandins and Natriuresis: the Effect of Renal Prostaglandins on PAH Uptake by Kidney Cortex

THE plasma of dogs loaded with saline seems to contain a “natriuretic hormone” which inhibits the reabsorption of sodium by the proximal renal tubule in the rat1. It also seems that plasma from dogs infused with saline will inhibit the uptake of para-aminohippurate (PAH) by slices of rabbit kidney cortex2. We have tried to determine the relationship between these two factors. One class of compounds which has properties common to “natriuretic hormone” and the factor inhibiting PAH uptake is the prostaglandins. Both “natriuretic hormone” and prostaglandins are dialysable and produce an increase in sodium excretion1,3ndash;5. In addition, prostaglandins are capable of exhibiting a 280 mmicron chromophore which is the absorption peak at which Bricker et al. observed inhibition of PAH by saline expanded plasma2. In order to relate prostaglandins, “natriuretic hormone” and the PAH inhibiting factor, we have studied the effect of prostaglandins on PAH accumulation by rabbit kidney cortex in vitro.
An advanced 0.5- mu m CMOS disposable TiN LDD/salicide spacer process

An advanced 0.5- mu m CMOS technology which features disposable TiN spacers to define both lightly doped drain (LDD) implantation and self-aligned silicided source, drain, and gate regions is discussed. Since the LDD implantation sequences are reversed using the disposable TiN spacers, this process results in CMOS devices with low salicided junction leakage, reduced source/drain lateral diffusion, and shallow phosphorus N/sup -/ and boron P/sup -/ regions for improved short-channel behavior. >
Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic similarities between Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales

Pliocene–Quaternary sapropels of the Mediterranean Sea and mid-Cretaceous black shales share many distinctive properties. Organic carbon concentrations that often exceed 5% in both types of sequences record episodes of exceptional accumulation of organic matter. Although both are rich in marine organic matter, they have high C/N ratios that mimic those of land–plant organic matter, which suggests less-efficient organic matter recycling than in the modern ocean. The coupled presence of isorenieratene derivatives and low δ15N values that result from microbial primary productivity indicates that photic zone anoxia existed during their formation and implies strong stratification of the surface ocean. Enrichments of redox-sensitive metals and sediment laminations indicate that anoxia existed deeper in the water column and at the seafloor. Multiple proxies indicate freshening of surface waters of the Mediterranean and imply periods of wetter climate during times of sapropel deposition. Episodes of black shale deposition similarly coincide with times of wetter climate. These comparisons suggest that the wetter climate created similar conditions of surface salinity stratification that enhanced microbial primary production and magnified organic matter export during deposition of both the Mediterranean sapropels and mid-Cretaceous black shales.
A general, positive ion mode ESI-MS approach for the analysis of singly charged inorganic and organic anions using a dicationic reagent.

Anion analysis continues to be of great importance to many scientific and technical fields. We propose here a general and sensitive method of detecting singly charged anions by ESI-MS and LC−ESI-MS as positive ions. This method utilizes a dicationic reagent to form a complex with the anion that retains an overall positive charge for analysis by MS. Nitrate, thiocyanate, perchlorate, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), halogenated acetic acids, and various other inorganic and organic anions and are investigated. The use of tandem mass spectrometry to enhance the detection limits of some of the anions is demonstrated. Chaotropic anions provided the lowest detection limits, with PFOA detected at the hundreds of femtograms level. Indeed, this single approach provides the lowest reported detection limits for a variety of anions, especially PFOA, nitrate, monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and bromochloroacetic acid, among others. The integrated areas and signal-to-noise ratios for five ions during a chroma...
What h.m. taught us

Studies on H.M. generated five main findings: that memory is a distinct psychological function, that amnesia spares short-term and working memory, that amnesia is an impairment of declarative and episodic memory, that the hippocampus is a core brain structure supporting memory, and that the hippocampus supports the permanent consolidation of memories. Each of these basic findings has recently been challenged, but a consideration of these studies suggests the new observations serve to support the original findings on H.M. and improve our understanding of the memory functions of the hippocampal system.
Phospholipase C-induced "Na-channels" in the crystalline lens.

Abstract When present on the posterior side of the lens (in vitro in a divided Ussing-type chamber) phospholipase C increased translenticular p.d. and short-circuit current (SCC) while on the anterior it decreased these parameters. The electrical resistance, Δ p.d. Δ SCC , was unchanged. These effects were absent or reduced when the side of the lens exposed to the enzyme was bathed with Na-free, choline Ringer. On the posterior, the enzyme increased Na flux from the posterior to anterior bathing solutions but the Na flux in the opposite direction was unchanged. On the anterior it had the converse effect. Fluxes of K and Cl were unaffected. The enzyme increased the intracellular accumulation of Na when present on either side. Lithium could partly substitute for Na as the effects on p.d. and SCC were still seen. The results are of interest both with respect to the mechanism of Na movement across the lens and the possible nature of “Na-channels” in membranes.
What can plant autophagy do for an innate immune response

Autophagy plays an established role in the execution of senescence, starvation, and stress responses in plants. More recently, an emerging role for autophagy has been discovered during the plant innate immune response. Recent papers have shown autophagy to restrict, and conversely, to also promote programmed cell death (PCD) at the site of pathogen infection. These initial studies have piqued our excitement, but they have also revealed gaps in our understanding of plant autophagy regulation, in our ability to monitor autophagy in plant cells, and in our ability to manipulate autophagic activity. In this review, we present the most pressing questions now facing the field of plant autophagy in general, with specific focus on autophagy as it occurs during a plant-pathogen interaction. To begin to answer these questions, we place recent findings in the context of studies of autophagy and immunity in other systems, and in the context of the mammalian immune response in particular.
Optical absorbance of silver ellipsoidal particles

We describe a simple technique for producing arrays of silver ellipsoidal particles with parallel principal axes. The optical absorbance of the silver ellipsoids produced by this technique was measured as a function of angle, polarization, and wavelength of the incident light. Calculations of the optical absorbance were made using nonretarded electrodynamics and the bulk optical constants for silver. The results of these calculations are shown to compare favorably with the experimentally observed absorbance.
Calcium Dynamics in Cortical Astrocytes and Arterioles During Neurovascular Coupling

Neuronal activity in the brain is thought to be coupled to cerebral arterioles (functional hyperemia) through Ca2+ signals in astrocytes. Although functional hyperemia occurs rapidly, within seconds, such rapid signaling has not been demonstrated in situ, and Ca2+ measurements in parenchymal arterioles are still lacking. Using a laser scanning confocal microscope and fluorescence Ca2+ indicators, we provide the first evidence that in a brain slice preparation, increased neuronal activity by electrical stimulation (ES) is rapidly signaled, within seconds, to cerebral arterioles and is associated with astrocytic Ca2+ waves. Smooth muscle cells in parenchymal arterioles exhibited Ca2+ and diameter oscillations ("vasomotion") that were rapidly suppressed by ES. The neuronal-mediated Ca2+ rise in cortical astrocytes was dependent on intracellular (inositol trisphosphate [IP3]) and extracellular voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel sources. The Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin prevented the rise in astrocytic [Ca2+]i and the suppression of Ca2+ oscillations in parenchymal arterioles to ES, indicating that neuronal activity was necessary for both events. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in astrocytes significantly decreased the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations in parenchymal arterioles. This study supports the concept that astrocytic Ca2+ changes signal the cerebral microvasculature and indicate the novel concept that this communication occurs through the suppression of arteriolar [Ca2+]i oscillations and corresponding vasomotion. The full text of this article is available online at http://circres.ahajournals.org.
Current practice and future directions in the prevention and acute management of migraine

Migraine is a common and disabling brain disorder with a strong inherited component. Because patients with migraine have severe and disabling attacks usually of headache with other symptoms of sensory disturbance (eg, light and sound sensitivity), medical treatment is often required. Patients can be managed by use of acute attack therapies (eg, simple analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or specific agents with vasoconstrictor properties (ie, triptans or ergot derivatives). Future non-vasoconstrictor approaches include calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists. Preventive therapy is probably indicated in about a third of patients with migraine, and a broad range of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical options exist. Medication overuse is an important concern in migraine therapeutics and needs to be identified and managed. In most patients, migraine can be improved with careful attention to the details of therapy, and in those for whom it cannot, neuromodulation approaches, such as occipital nerve stimulation, are currently being actively studied and offer much promise.
Patient-Centered Decision Making: Empowering Women to Make Informed Choices— Panel Discussion

London (UK): General Medical Counsel; 1999. 5. Blanchard CG, Labrecque MS, Ruckdeschel JC, Blanchard EB. Information and decisionmaking preferences of hospitalised cancer patients. Soc Sci Med 1988;27:1139–1145. 6. Sutherland HJ, Llewellyn-Thomas HA, Lockwood GA, Trichler DL, Till JE. Cancer patients, their desire for information and participation in treatment decisions. J Roy Soc Med 1989;82:260–263. 7. Cassileth BR, Zupkis RV, Sutton-Smith K, March V. Information and participation preferences of hospitalised adult cancer patients. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:832–836. 8. Anell A, Rosen P, Hjortsberg C. Choice and participation in the health services: a survey of preferences among Swedish residents. Health Policy 1997;40:157–168. 9. Stiggelbout AM, Kiebert GM. Patient preferences regarding information and participation in clinical decision-making. Can Med Assoc J 1997;157:383–389. 10. Degner LF, Sloane JA. Decision-making during serious illness: what role do patients really want to play? J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:941–950. 11. Richards MA, Ramirez AJ, Degner LF, Fallowfield LJ, Maher EJ, Neuberger J: Offering choice of treatment to patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:112–116. 12. Beaver K, Luker KA, Owens RG, Leinster SJ, Degner LF, Sloane JA. Treatment decision making in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Cancer Nurs 1996;19:8–19. 13. Charles C, Redko C, Whelan T, Gafni A, Reyno L. Doing nothing is no choice: lay constructions of treatment decision-making among women with early stage breast cancer. Hamilton McMaster University Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis 1996; working paper 96–117. 14. Morris J, Royle G. Offering patients a choice of surgery for early breast cancer: a reduction in anxiety and depression in patients and their husbands. Soc Sci Med 1988;26:583–585. 15. Wilson RG, Hart A, Dawes P. Mastectomy or conservation: the patient’s choice. Br Med J 1988;297:1167–1169. 16. Fallowfield LJ, Hall A, Maguire GP, Baum M, A’Hern RP. 1994: Psychological effects of being offered choice of surgery for breast cancer. Br Med J 1994;309:448. 17. O’Connor A, Rostom A, Fiset V, et al. Decision aids for patients facing health treatment or screening decisions: systematic review. Br Med J 1999;319:731–734. 18. Murray E, Davis H, See Tai S, Gray A, Coulter A, Haines A. A randomised controlled trial of an interactive multimedia decision aid on hormone replacement therapy in primary care. Br Med J. In Press.
Hard-to-detect errors due to the assembly-language environment

Most programming errors are reasonably simple to understand and detect. One of the benefits of a high-level language is its encapsulation of error-prone concepts such as memory access and stack manipulation. Assembly-language programmers do not have this luxury. In our quest to create automated error-prevention and error-detection tools for assembly language, we need to create a comprehensive list of possible errors. We are not considering syntax errors or algorithmic errors. Assemblers, simple testing, and automated testing can detect those errors. We want to deal with design errors that are direct byproducts of the assembly-language environment or result from a programmer's lack of understanding of the assembly-language environment. Over many years of assembly-language instruction, we have come across a plethora of errors. Understanding the different types of errors and how to prevent and detect them is essential to our goal of creating automated error-prevention and error-detection tools. In this paper we list and explain the types of errors we have cataloged.
Target and X-ray detector considerations in low-duty and intense pulse electro-channeling experiments

The use of the Stanford Mark III electron accelerator presents special difficulties for channeling experiments due to its low-duty factor pulses. To compensate for the low-duty cycle of the channeled electron beam, the author utilized the high average current generated by the accelerator and analyzed the X-ray output using a turnable X-ray monochromator and a semiconductor detector operating in the current mode, rather than in the normal pulse mode. Cooling of the specimen was achieved by using a copper cooling rod to remove the dissipation of 10 W into a liquid nitrogen heat sink. The nonlinear efficiency of the monochromator over its full range of 5-30 keV was compensated by controlling the scanning rotation speed using a minicomputer-controlled stepping motor. >
Designing impact assessments for evaluating ecological effects of agricultural conservation practices on streams.

Conservation practices are regularly implemented within agricultural watersheds throughout the United States without evaluating their ecological impacts. Impact assessments documenting how habitat and aquatic biota within streams respond to these practices are needed for evaluating the effects of conservation practices. Numerous sampling protocols have been developed for monitoring streams. However, protocols designed for monitoring studies are not appropriate for impact assessments. We developed guiding principles for designing impact assessments of ecological responses to conservation practices. The guiding principles are as fol- lows: (1) develop the hypothesis first, (2) use replicated experimental designs having controls and treatments, (3) assess the habitat and biological characteristics with quantitative and repeatable sampling methods, (4) use multiple sampling techniques for collecting aquatic organisms, and (5) standardize sampling efforts for aquatic organisms. The guiding principles were applied in designing a study intended to evaluate the influence of herba- ceous riparian buffers on channelized headwater streams in central Ohio. Our example highlights that the application of our recommendations will result in impact assessments that are hypothesis-driven and incorpo- rate quantitative methods for the measurement of abiotic and biotic attributes. (KEY TERMS: agricultural streams; conservation practices; environmental impacts; experimental design; envi- ronmental sampling; aquatic ecology; Conservation Effects Assessment Project.)
Specific Fragments of φX174 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Produced by a Restriction Enzyme from Haemophilus aegyptius, Endonuclease Z

A restriction-like enzyme has been purified from Haemophilus aegyptius. This nuclease, endonuclease Z, produces a rapid decrease in the viscosity of native calf thymus and H. influenzae deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), but does not degrade homologous DNA. The specificity of endonuclease Z is different from that of the similar endonuclease isolated from H. influenzae (endonuclease R). The purified enzyme cleaves the double-stranded replicative form DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 (phiX174 RF DNA) into at least 11 specific limit fragments whose molecular sizes have been estimated by gel electrophoresis. The position of these fragments with respect to the genetic map of phiX174 can be determined by using the genetic assay for small fragments of phiX174 DNA.
Investigating the copper coordination, electrochemistry, and Cu(II) reduction kinetics of biologically relevant selone and thione compounds

Selenium- and sulfur-containing compounds can act as antioxidants by binding copper. To determine how this copper coordination results in the observed antioxidant activity, biologically relevant Cu+ and Cu2+ complexes with the formulae [Cu(dmit)3]+ (3), [Cu(dmise)4]+ (4a), and [TpmiPrCu(MISeox)]2+ (6) (dmise = N,N′-dimethylimidazole selone; dmit = N,N′-dimethylimidazole thione; MISeox = bis(1-methylimidazolyl)diselenide; TpmiPr = tris(1,3-diisopropylpyrazolyl)methane) were synthesized, characterized, and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. In addition, kinetic studies using UV-vis spectroscopy indicate that dmise reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ three times faster than dmit. Coordination of dmise and MISeox to copper also results in more negative Cu2+/+ reduction potentials (−373 mV and −503 mV) compared to dmit (−217 mV). These results highlight the different complexation behaviors and reactivities of analogous selone- and thione-containing compounds, traits which likely influence their antioxidant activity.
My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone

Partner phubbing (Pphubbing) can be best understood as the extent to which an individual uses or is distracted by his/her cell phone while in the company of his/her relationship partner. The present study is the first to investigate the oft-occurring behavior of Pphubbing and its impact on relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. In Study 1, a nine-item scale was developed to measure Pphubbing. The scale was found to be highly reliable and valid. Study 2 assessed the study's proposed relationships among a sample of 145 adults. Results suggest that Pphubbing's impact on relationship satisfaction is mediated by conflict over cell phone use. One's attachment style was found to moderate the Pphubbing - cell phone conflict relationship. Those with anxious attachment styles reported higher levels of cell phone conflict than those with less anxious attachment styles. Importantly, Pphubbing was found to indirectly impact depression through relationship satisfaction and ultimately life satisfaction. Given the ever-increasing use of cell phones to communicate between romantic partners, the present research offers insight into the process by which such use may impact relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. Directions for future research are discussed. A valid scale of partner phubbing (Pphubbing) was developed.Pphubbing was found to have a negative impact on relationship satisfaction.Cell phone conflict mediated the impact of Pphubbing on relationship satisfaction.Attachment style moderated the Pphubbing - cell phone conflict relationship.Pphubbing was found to indirectly impact life satisfaction and depression.
CARE OF THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: INTRAVENOUS ALIMENTATION

In the past, starvation has been the mode of death for many seriously ill children. Utilizing this new method of intravenous alimentation, these fatalities may often be prevented. In our series, two infants were unable to tolerate the infusate, and 40 of the 53 children are alive. Only one infant died because of a complication of the method. Other causes of death included extreme prematurity, pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis, acute surgical complications, extensive burns, and immune deficiency disease. Despite its effectiveness, this life-saving method of feeding should be reserved for those patients in whom satisfactory nutrition is not otherwise possible.
LIKE and Recommendation in Social Media

This tutorial covers the state-of-the-art developments in LIKE and recommendation in social media. It is designed for graduate students, practitioners, or IT managers with general understanding on WWW and social media. No prerequisite is expected.
Semi-discrete matrix-free formulation of 3D elastic full waveform inversion modeling

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is an emerging subsurface imaging technique, used to locate oil and gas reservoirs. The key challenges that hinder its adoption by industry are both algorithmic and computational in nature, including storage, communication, and processing of large-scale data structures, which impose cardinal impediments upon computational scalability. In this work we will present a complete matrix-free algorithmic formulation of a 3D elastic time domain spectral element solver for both the forward and adjoint wave-fields as part of a greater cloud based FWI framework. We discuss computational optimisation (SIMD vectorisation, use of Many Integrated Core architectures, etc.) and present scaling results for two HPC systems, namely an IBM Blue Gene/Q and an Intel based system equipped with Xeon Phi coprocessors.
A Comparison of Ensemble Averaging Methods Using Dean's Method for In-Situ Impedance Measurements

*Dean’s two-microphone method is a well known technique to determine the in-situ impedance of a locally reacting acoustic liner using local measurements of the dynamic pressure at the face sheet and at the back sheet. The method was originally developed during the era of analog data recording and processing systems. The advent of digital data recording and processing systems has expanded the capabilities of the method. This paper explores several different ways to compute the impedance using alternative ensemble averaging methods. The impact of signal noise is investigated by applying the different averaging methods to in-situ measurements of an acoustic liner acquired during a full scale engine test. The differences between the computed impedance are compared to gain insight into the characteristics of the signal noise and to explore an apparent difference in the liner impedance between tonal and broadband excitation. Nomenclature
Preliminary Design of Three Combustion Concepts to Burn Low Btu Coal Gas in a High Temperature 1600 C (3000 F) Combustion Turbine

This paper presents the preliminary design of three different combustors for a high temperature turbine to burn low Btu coal gas at a firing temperature of 1425 C (3000 F), The turbine is to flow 700 lb of air per second at 16 to 1 pressure ratio.Copyright © 1978 by ASME
Investigation on HIV and syphilis infection and related behavior among floating population in Fengtai District of Beijing City

[Objective] To understand the infection status,related behavior and influencing factors of HIV and syphilis among floating population in Fengtai District of Beijing City.[Methods]The cross-sectional study design and cluster sampling method were adopted for questionnaire survey and serological testing among 1 625 individuals of 4 different occupational groups of floating populations including construction workers,factory workers,three-star hotel service workers and unemployed in labor market.[Results] No one of 1 625 individuals was infected with HIV,the positive rates of syphilis ELISA and syphilis RPR were 0.37% and 0.12%.Having sex with casual partners or not and having homosexual act in recent 1 year were the risk factors to syphilis infection.72.7% of study objects were discriminatory to people with HIV or AIDS patients.Education(χ2=13.273,P0.01)and knowledge about AIDS(OR=0.484,95%CI=0.354-0.663) were the direct factors influencing the AIDS discriminatory attitudes.32.4% of study objects chose nonstandard treatment measures when they had genital symptoms.[Conclusion]The prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis are generally low among the migrants in Fengtai District,but risk factors to syphilis and HIV transmission are still existed.It is necessary to take more comprehensive and effective intervention measures.
Educational nationalism and the alternation of international scientific pattern

Nobel Prize in science is an important scale to measure the scientific education and research among the different countries and different academic organizations. Nobel Prize during 1901-1920 made it clear that the England as the international scientific centre had been displaced by the Germany. The scientific education and research attracted more attention in Germany than England provides part explanations. Furthermore,that educational nationalism as a policy was carried out actively in Germany is another important reason.
Short-term immobilization has a minimal effect on the strength and fatigability of a human hand muscle.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between reduced fatigability typically observed in disused muscle and an improved resistance to the impairment of neuromuscular propagatio...
Monte Carlo Studies of Phase Transitions in Clusters of Tellurium Hexafluoride and Benzene

The melting, and in some cases, the freezing transitions of clusters of tellurium hexafluoride and benzene containing 12, 13 and 14 molecules, have been investigated by means of isothermal Monte Carlo simulations, using rigid model molecules with pairwise additive potentials between atomic sites (7 for TeF6, 12 for benzene.) Various diagnostic methods were used to analyze results, including caloric curves, relative root mean square distance fluctuations (δ) and indices of translational and rotational diffusion. Results show transitions analogous to melting and freezing ocuring over a range of temperatures. Consequences of the magic number 13, so prominently displayed by Lennard-Jones spheres, were found to be more conspicuous in benzene clusters than in the case of TeF6. Vibrational and librational motions of the molecules in cold, solid-like clusters were found to be much freer for TeF6, but not for benzene, than in the bulk. Rotational diffusion in both cases began at lower temperatures than translational diffusion. As the small clusters were heated they fragmented more readily than larger clusters at the same temperature, and evaporated rapidly upon melting.
Delivering Fresh Water: Critical Infrastructure, Environmental Justice, and Flint, Michigan.

The author reflects on the water infrastructure and lead poisoning in Flint, Michigan, how the incident offers a chance to rethink what is meant by critical infrastructure, and environmental justice concerning drinking water in the U.S. He states water and wastewater are critical infrastructure assigned to the Environmental Protection Agency and mentions public health principles in regards to infrastructure and water sources. He considers infrastructure decay in Flint and other poor communities.
Una visión antimodernista y antiautonomizante: la belleza de Beatriz Milhazes

Hoy las convenciones que caracterizaban al artista estan devaluadas: se cuestiona la autonomia artistica mediante obras que cruzan las barreras entre disciplinas y se enfatiza la repeticion mas que la originalidad, entre otros cambios notables. Sostenemos que es posible vincular la practica pictorica de ciertos artistas con estas nuevas condiciones de experimentacion. Centraremos nuestro analisis en Beatriz Milhazes (Rio de Janeiro, 1960) quien, si bien trabaja desde la pintura, coloca, simultaneamente, a la pintura en la mira. Ella reconoce la tradicion pictorica pero testea sus limites, para cruzarlos, reconsiderarlos, otorgarles nuevos sentidos. Subvierte la especificidad de la pintura (el valor de la superficie y el original, la jerarquizacion de la vista en detrimento del cuerpo). Asi, aun cuando “pinta”, esto es, trabaja con el gran medio artistico por antonomasia, propone una reconceptualizacion de la nocion misma del “arte” o de la “alta cultura”.
Two Effector Mechanisms of the Adaptive Immune Response

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, immunologists argued about the defense mechanisms by which pathogens were eliminated. Some adhered to Paul Ehrlich's humoral theory while others were proponents of Ilya Metchnikov's phagocytic theory. In the 1880s, George Nuttall and others published the initial descriptions of a serum substance (antibody) capable of reacting with a foreign invader (antigen). The study of antibodies and their activity dominated immunology during the next 60 years due to the ability to easily detect these molecules both in naturally occurring infections and in artificially induced responses. Early studies of antibody and its activity led to the development of diagnostic procedures as well as therapeutic manipulations (vaccines; serotherapy). However, some immunological phenomena, such as skin graft rejection and skin hypersensitivity, could not readily be explained by the actions of antibody. Investigations of the transfer of skin hypersensitivity to naive animals and the rejection of transplanted skin led to an appreciation of a second group of effector mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the activation of lymphocytes that directly eliminate pathogens. The study of the mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity has resolved some issues in understanding the normal immune response to several classes of infectious microorganisms as well as on a large number of immunopathologies.
The Newly Emerging View of the Genome

Abstract Advances in methods for sequencing, characterizing, and profiling human genomes have provided a wealth of opportunities for understanding the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Alongside the sequencing of the human genome, large-scale efforts have mapped DNA variation in healthy populations, identified variants associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, revealed complex machinery that regulates DNA and protein synthesis, and cataloged the genes expressed in various tissues and throughout development. Intricate knowledge of these genomic advances will help scientists make further progress in research and clinicians to apply these resources and methods to patient populations. This chapter will build a foundation of knowledge for the interpretation of genomics research, application of genomics methods, and creation of genome-guided medicine.
Growth Hormone and IGF Abnormalities of the African Pygmy

Since the elucidation of the structures of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF I and IGF II) by Humbel1,2, and the development of specific radioimmunoassays for each by Zapf and Froesch3, a number of clinical conditions have been identified that are associated with defects in either the secretion or action of these agents4,5. After 25 years of investigating stature of the African pygmy, data have now been obtained indicating a unique genetic variation in the GH-IGF I axis in these subjects. These data will be presented in this article.
Prenatal Cocaine and Infant Behavior

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales (BNBAS) were administered to 23 infants exposed to cocaine in utero and 29 nonexposed infants recruited from the low-risk nursery, Wayne State University Hospital, Detroit.
Protein Kinase D Signaling in Cancer

Protein Kinase D is a serine/threonine kinase that shows responsiveness to phorbol esters and diacylglycerol and is a direct target for Src family kinases, RhoGTPases and protein kinase C. Thus PKD on first view represents a bona fide oncogene and is currently investigated for its potential as a drug target for multiple cancers. This is supported by the discovery that PKD promotes tumor cell survival in response to damaging stresses such as increases in reactive oxygen species, but also enhances cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in response to activation by growth factor and G-protein-coupled receptors. Based on these findings, the development of PKD inhibitors is progressed within the field. However, accumulating reports also suggest that PKD activation suppresses directed cell migration and invasion, suggesting that PKD expression may be needed for early tumorigenic events, but is downregulated during metastatic progression. This chapter describes the known roles of PKD isoenzymes in all aspects of tumor biology as well as the signaling mechanisms they use, and discusses their potential value as drug targets in cancer.
Abstract IA14: Exploiting context-dependent fragility in oncogenic Ras signaling networks

Context-specific molecular vulnerabilities that arise during tumor evolution represent an attractive intervention target class. However, the frequency and diversity of somatic lesions detected among tumors can confound efforts to identify these targets. To help confront this challenge, we have applied parallel screening of chemical and genetic perturbations within a large panel of molecularly annotated non-small cell lung cancer cell lines to identify intervention opportunities tightly linked to molecular response indicators predictive of target sensitivity. This effort revealed actionable targets within onocogenic Ras signaling networks together with collateral vulnerabilities that arise in consequence of oncogenic KRAS expression. Of note, in no case did we find robust synthetic lethal interactions that were attributable solely to the presence or absence of the KRAS oncogene. Rather, detection of significant chemical/genetic interactions required consideration of somatic alterations that co-occur with KRAS mutations at reasonable frequencies in the population. A conceptual extrapolation is that, at least in the setting of lung cancers, KRAS mutation status does not represent a monolithic mechanistic subtype and intervention strategies should account for KRAS-driven vulnerabilities that are specified by discrete genomic contexts. Citation Format: Michael White. Exploiting context-dependent fragility in oncogenic Ras signaling networks. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA14. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-IA14
High Amounts of Sitting, Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Low Physical Activity Levels: 3 Key Ingredients in the Recipe for Influencing Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence.

Purpose:Limited research has evaluated the independent and additive associations of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with ...
On accelerating stochastic neural networks

Stochastic computing for neural networks is gaining traction for energy efficiency in neuromorphic systems. Generally, the accuracy of these systems is correlated with the the stochastic bit stream length and requires long compute times. In this study we propose methods to accelerate a stochastic computing based feedforward neural network, extreme learning machine. A new stochastic training hardware unit for the extreme learning machine is also proposed. In the proposed design a performance boost of 60.61X is achieved for Orthopedic dataset with 212 bit stream length when tested on a Nvidia GeForce 1050 Ti. The design is also validated for two standardized datasets, an accuracy of 92.4% for MNIST dataset and 87.5% for orthopedic dataset is observed.
Biomechanical Stability Analysis of a Stand-alone Cage, Static and Rotational-dynamic Plate in a Two-level Cervical Fusion Construct.

Objective To test the following hypotheses: (i) anterior cervical discetomy and fusion (ACDF) using stand-alone interbody spacers will significantly reduce the range of motion from intact spine; and (ii) the use of a static or a rotational-dynamic plate will significantly augment the stability of stand-alone interbody spacers, with similar beneficial effect when compared to each other. Methods Eleven human cadaveric subaxial cervical spines (age: 48.2 ± 5.4 years) were tested under the following sequence: (i) intact spine; (ii) ACDF at C4 -C5 using a stand-alone interbody spacer; (iii) ACDF at C5 -C6 and insertion of an interbody spacer (two-level construct); and (iv) randomized placement of either a two-level locking static plate or a rotational-dynamic plate. Results Insertion of stand-alone cage at C4 -C5 and C5 -C6 caused a significant decrease in the range of motion compared to intact spine (P 0.05). Conclusions Cervical stand-alone interbody spacers caused significant restriction in the range of motion. Both plates significantly augmented the stability of stand-alone interbody spacers, with similar stabilizing effect.
Cervantes across the centuries. A quadricentennial volume edited by Angel Flores and M. J. Benardete. New York, The Dryden Press, 1947, X+ 374 páginas. Homenaje a Cervantes. En Realidad, Buenos Aires, octubre de 1947, vol. ii, n° 5.

Se reseno el libro: Cervantes across the centuries. A quadricentennial volume edited by Angel Flores and M. J. Benardete.
A dynamic interplay of enhancer elements regulates Klf4 expression in naïve pluripotency.

Transcription factor (TF)-directed enhanceosome assembly constitutes a fundamental regulatory mechanism driving spatiotemporal gene expression programs during animal development. Despite decades of study, we know little about the dynamics or order of events animating TF assembly at cis-regulatory elements in living cells and the long-range molecular "dialog" between enhancers and promoters. Here, combining genetic, genomic, and imaging approaches, we characterize a complex long-range enhancer cluster governing Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) expression in naive pluripotency. Genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 revealed that OCT4 and SOX2 safeguard an accessible chromatin neighborhood to assist the binding of other TFs/cofactors to the enhancer. Single-molecule live-cell imaging uncovered that two naive pluripotency TFs, STAT3 and ESRRB, interrogate chromatin in a highly dynamic manner, in which SOX2 promotes ESRRB target search and chromatin-binding dynamics through a direct protein-tethering mechanism. Together, our results support a highly dynamic yet intrinsically ordered enhanceosome assembly to maintain the finely balanced transcription program underlying naive pluripotency.
Recognizing the Elephant in the Room: Palliative Care Needs in Acute Kidney Injury.

Patients with advanced kidney disease have substantial palliative care needs, especially toward the end of life, which is characterized by high symptom burden and increased intensity of care despite limited survival ([1][1],[2][2]). For many patients with chronic illness, such as kidney disease,
Both life-history plasticity and local adaptation will shape range-wide responses to climate warming in the tundra plant Silene acaulis.

Many predictions of how climate change will impact biodiversity have focused on range shifts using species-wide climate tolerances, an approach that ignores the demographic mechanisms that enable species to attain broad geographic distributions. But these mechanisms matter, as responses to climate change could fundamentally differ depending on the contributions of life-history plasticity vs. local adaptation to species-wide climate tolerances. In particular, if local adaptation to climate is strong, populations across a species' range-not only those at the trailing range edge-could decline sharply with global climate change. Indeed, faster rates of climate change in many high latitude regions could combine with local adaptation to generate sharper declines well away from trailing edges. Combining 15 years of demographic data from field populations across North America with growth chamber warming experiments, we show that growth and survival in a widespread tundra plant show compensatory responses to warming throughout the species' latitudinal range, buffering overall performance across a range of temperatures. However, populations also differ in their temperature responses, consistent with adaptation to local climate, especially growing season temperature. In particular, warming begins to negatively impact plant growth at cooler temperatures for plants from colder, northern populations than for those from warmer, southern populations, both in the field and in growth chambers. Furthermore, the individuals and maternal families with the fastest growth also have the lowest water use efficiency at all temperatures, suggesting that a trade-off between growth and water use efficiency could further constrain responses to forecasted warming and drying. Taken together, these results suggest that populations throughout species' ranges could be at risk of decline with continued climate change, and that the focus on trailing edge populations risks overlooking the largest potential impacts of climate change on species' abundance and distribution.
Intraindividual Variability of Neuromotor Function Predicts Falls Risk in Older Adults and those with Type 2 Diabetes

This study was designed to examine the effect of increasing age and type 2 diabetes on the average responses and inter- and intraindividual variability of falls risk, reaction time, strength, and w...
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Microemulsion of Dexamethasone and Tobramycin for Topical Ocular Administration.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel dexamethasone- and tobramycin-loaded microemulsion for its potential for treating anterior segment eye infections. Me...
A two-dimensional finite element model of the grain boundary based on thermo-mechanical strain gradient plasticity

In this work, a two-dimensional finite element model for the grain boundary flow rule is de- veloped based on the thermo-mechanical gradient-enhanced plasticity theory. The proposed model is temperature-dependent. A special attention is given to physical and micromechani- cal nature of dislocation interactions in combination with thermal activation on stored and dissipated energy. Thermodynamic conjugate microforces are decomposed into energetic and dissipative components. Correspondingly, two different grain boundary material length sca- les are present in the proposed model. Finally, numerical examples are solved in order to explore characteristics of the proposed grain boundary flow rule.