cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise of the Territory

GUTHRIE. MULHALL. O R L A N D O, Perry, Ceres, Three Sands, and Tonkawa. Blackwell. He liked the flat land in between, the gray farmhouses, the long straight road lined with dark telephone poles, the wires rising and falling in sweet regular curves from pole to pole like moving arcs that would make circles if they could, a lot of perfect circles all across the dull sky. The boy slept, his head pressed against the window glass. It was a straight smooth road once you crossed the Cimarr?n. All you heard was the wind rushing around the car. The engine, a big Firedome-8 with plenty of reserve power, ran quiet, and warm air from under the dash came silently out onto your legs and into the rest of the car.
Allelic Variation of the FimH Lectin of Escherichia coli Type 1 Fimbriae and Uropathogenesis

One of the clearest examples of pathoadaptive mutation can be found in the allelic variation of the FimH lectin adhesin of type 1 fimbriae. This chapter reviews evidence for the role of type 1 fimbriae as urovirulence factors. While the focus is on the FimH lectin and the occurrence of mutations that cause some fimH alleles to be pathoadaptive, the discussion on allelic variation of FimH is presented within the broader context of type 1 fimbrial biology in the chapter. Type 1 fimbriae bearing the FimH lectin are expressed on the surfaces of virtually all Escherichia coli strains and most other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Importantly, zonal analysis of fimC alleles from the same strains did not reveal any similar signs of adaptive selection. No striking differences could be found between the highest binding and lowest binding of the strains in terms of fimbrial number, fimbrial length, and relative amounts of FimH protein incorporated into fimbriae. These results suggested that conformational differences in the FimH subunit alone were responsible for the differences in E. coli adhesion. It was logical to hypothesize, on the basis of the in vitro studies, that the ability to bind effectively to Man1 receptors was a key factor in the pathogenesis of cystitis.
Complete mitochondrial genome of Coregonus autumnalis

The complete mitochondrial genome of Coregonus autumnalis is determined in this study. The mitogenome is 16,736 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and a D-loop region. The overall base composition of the H-strand is 26.73% A, 29.44% C, 18.14% for G and 25.69% for T. The G+C content is 47.58%. In this article, the mitochondrial genome sequencing for Coregonus autumnalis is carried out for the first time.
Evapotranspiration comparisons between eddy covariance measurements and meteorological and remote‐sensing‐based models in disturbed ponderosa pine forests

Evapotranspiration (ET) comprises a major portion of the water budget in forests, yet few studies have measured or estimated ET in semi-arid, high-elevation ponderosa pine forests of the south-western USA or have investigated the capacity of models to predict ET in disturbed forests. We measured actual ET with the eddy covariance (eddy) method over 4 years in three ponderosa pine forests near Flagstaff, Arizona, that differ in disturbance history (undisturbed control, wildfire burned, and restoration thinning) and compared these measurements (415–510 mm year−1 on average) with actual ET estimated from five meteorological models [Penman–Monteith (P-M), P-M with dynamic control of stomatal resistance (P-M-d), Priestley–Taylor (P-T), McNaughton–Black (M-B), and Shuttleworth–Wallace (S-W)] and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ET product. The meteorological models with constant stomatal resistance (P-M, M-B, and S-W) provided the most accurate estimates of annual eddy ET (average percent differences ranged between 11 and −14%), but their accuracy varied across sites. The P-M-d consistently underpredicted ET at all sites. The more simplistic P-T model performed well at the control site (18% overprediction) but strongly overpredicted annual eddy ET at the restoration sites (92%) and underpredicted at the fire site (−26%). The MODIS ET underpredicted annual eddy ET at all sites by at least 51% primarily because of underestimation of leaf area index. Overall, we conclude that with accurate parameterization, micrometeorological models can predict ET within 30% in forests of the south-western USA and that remote sensing-based ET estimates need to be improved through use of higher resolution products. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NUTRITION OF FIVE BACTEROIDES STRAINS

Quinto, Grace (University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington). Nutrition of five Bacteroides strains. J. Bacteriol. 84:559-562. 1962.-Some of the nutritional requirements of five gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, including Ristella perfoetens, Zuberella clostridiformis, and three Bacteroides strains freshly isolated from clinical exudates, were investigated. A fluid maintenance medium was developed in which the three freshly isolated strains, C-4, C-7, and C-2795, grew maximally in 12 to 24 hr. The maintenance medium contained 2.0% Trypticase and Proteose Peptone, 0.5% glucose, and 0.1% sodium thioglycolate; it was adjusted to pH 7.2 and supplemented with 0.1 mug of hemin/ml. Strains C-4, C-7, and C-2795 were cultivated through 14 serial cultures in fluid maintenance medium containing 0.1 mug of hemin/ml. The most satisfactory inoculum was a 1:100 or 1:1,000 dilution of a 24-hr seed culture. All the strains except Z. clostridiformis grew serially in a defined medium. R. perfoetens required pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, and the following amino acids: histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, phenylalanine, cystine, and probably arginine, glutamic acid, methionine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine. The C-4, C-7, and C-2795 strains required the hemin supplement in defined medium, but not vitamins, purines, or pyrimidines.
Calorie Restriction in Obesity: Prevention of Kidney Disease in Rodents

The incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has risen considerably in the past two decades. This trend is partly due to the alarming rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes over the same period, which in turn might be linked to the staggering increase in overweight and obesity. If these trends continue, ESRD can be expected not only to cause suffering of ever growing numbers of patients, but also to become an increasing financial as well as logistical burden on the health care system. Therefore, it is imperative not only to gain a better understanding of the molecular, cellular and metabolic mechanisms involved in renal pathology, but also to uncover treatment modalities, including lifestyle changes, that can help prevent and/or slow the progression of kidney pathogenesis. Insights into both of these aspects are provided by animal models of obesity and diabetes. It has long been known that food restriction, more so than restriction of any particular dietary component, can greatly enhance longevity in laboratory rodents. These findings are being extended into a variety of other mammals, including nonhuman primates. These studies have indicated that caloric restriction in nonobese laboratory animals does not primarily affect specific disease processes but rather nonspecifically slows the aging process. In contrast, a growing body of evidence suggests that in genetically obese animals, food restriction can prevent or greatly delay the onset of specific degenerative lesions, in particular glomerulonephritis associated with obesity and diabetes.
Basis-Independent Polynomial Division Algorithm Applied to Division in Lagrange and Bernstein Basis

Division algorithms for univariate polynomials represented with respect to Lagrange and Bernstein basis are developed. These algorithms are obtained by abstracting from the classical polynomial division algorithm for polynomials represented with respect to the usual power basis. It is shown that these algorithms are quadratic in the degrees of their inputs, as in the power basis case.
Democracy, capitalism and racism: Latino labour and US capitalism

Since the US voters elected Barack Obama in 2008 – the first African American President of the United States of America – we witness continual attacks on this first black president. The attacks by the Tea Party have been widely broadcasted by those parts of the US media most sympathetic to their concerns. The Tea Party has also attacked Nancy Pelosi – the first woman Speaker of the House; the President’s Healthcare Reform (initially planned to provide healthcare for 50 millions of Americans); the minimum wage and many other social protections for the middle class. Their other attacks were directed against the Latino labour.
Scanning the past: a modern approach to ancient culture

The University of Michigan owns one of the largest collections of ancient papyri. In 1991 a project was initiated to explore image capture of papyri in the Michigan collection with the use of electronic media (scanners), and to create a detailed online catalog with information relevant for all those involved in the study and research of the ancient Mediterranean world. In the summer of 1994, the Michigan papyrus collection underwent an extensive period of testing alternative media for image capture, as well as better, faster, and more efficient hardware and software. The collection created its own home page on the World Wide Web and made available sample images as a means of soliciting comments from the experts in the field of papyrology. The papyrus collection at Duke University has also launched a project similar to that envisioned by Michigan in 1991; and that project is now approaching completion. Further developments in the past two years have brought together the five largest papyrus collections in the United States to form a consortium known as the Advanced Papyrological Information System (APIS), which operates under the guidance of the American Society of Papyrologists (ASP).
A correlative study of immunoglobulin isotype expression in common migraine

SYNOPSIS Recent studies have hypothesized that late-onset immune response may be mediated through Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in common migraine. In the present study, measurements of serum concentrations IgD, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgG were obtained on samples of healthy controls and common migraineurs. No significant differences in concentration of any of the isotypes were found between groups. Correlational analysis between isotypes within groups demonstrated that whereas the relationships between IgD and IgG, IgD and IgA, and IgG and IgE were positive in the control group, the correlations between these variables in the migraineurs were negative (inverse). Moreover, the application of semi-partial correlational techniques to these relationships generated divergent models of regulatory process underlying isotype expression. In control subjects, IgD is involved in the expression of IgA and IgE, which are reciprocally related to each other and in turn affect the concentration of IgG. Common migraineurs were found to be characterized by a dysfunctional regulatory process as manifested in their pattern of isotype expression. IgD is involved in the independent expression of IgA, IgE or IgG, but IgA and IgE are not involved in the expression of IgG and there is no reciprocal relationship between IgA and IgE.
Inhibition of Epidermal and Dermal DNA Synthesis by Mouse and Cow-Snout Epidermal Extracts

Epidermal aqueous extracts, previously assayed by their inhibition of epidermal mitosis, were assayed by their inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation into epidermal, dermal, and total skin DNA. Several experimental sources for epidermal extract, newborn mouse and cow-snout epidermis, were prepared and assayed with different epidermal and dermal tissues: hairless mouse (hr/hr) and chick embryo shank skin. Cow-snout aqueous epidermal extract inhibits thymidine incorporation into 15- and 19-day-old chick embryo shank skin and mouse skin DNA. The inhibition found in mouse skin DNA was greatest in the epidermis but also present in the dermis. Epinephrine does not influence the inhibition in 15-day-old chick embryo skin. Mouse epidermal extracts inhibit both mouse (hr/hr) epidermal and dermal DNA synthesis. Boiled mouse and cow-snout extracts still inhibit thymidine incorporation into epidermal and dermal DNA. Although tissue specificity of extracts that inhibit epidermal mitosis has previously been demonstrated, our preliminary results with epidermal extracts do not indicate complete tissue specificity when thymidine incorporation into epidermal and dermal DNA is measured. Mouse and cow-snout epidermal extracts inhibit thymidine incorporation into epidermal DNA more than dermal DNA.
Talking trash about landfills: Using quantitative scoring schemes in landfill siting processes

Policymakers and the public often turn to scientific experts for help in making decisions about complex policy problems. Such decisions, however, may involve trade-offs among desired goals and so require considerable technical and political judgment. Typically there is no objectively "best" answer, although some answers may be better than others. We use a case study of a landfill siting process in Orange County, North Carolina, to analyze how quantitative scoring schemes may best be used to facilitate site selection processes. Quantitative scoring schemes, used and interpreted properly, can help policymakers and the public focus their attention on central rather than peripheral issues, and thereby conduct a more informed political debate. For the quantitative scoring scheme to fulfill this role, however, the community must be explicit about how the scoring scheme will be used within the larger decisionmaking framework. Clarifying the power and limitations of quantitative scoring schemes shows promise for facilitating decisionmaking regarding other locally unpopular land use siting processes, as well as any public policy decision involving multiple objectives. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Do you know where your group is? development of a group-as-a-whole compass. Part I

A therapist's ability to locate the essential dimensions of a group is a critical skill. The literature on group-as-a-whole theory and practice is a rich body of work that reveals a variety of discrete models and approaches with little coordination between them. This paper is an attempt at theory binding. A group-as-a-whole compass is introduced as a spherical motif to integrate varied conceptual understandings of whole-group functioning. The compass, by providing a metapsychological framework, is designed to orient the therapist and theoretician to the myriad ways that group-centered configurations come to life and can be known.
Clinical Correlates of Enuresis in ADHD and Non-ADHD Children

Abstract Enuresis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common childhood disorders that often co-occur. Although each has been linked to neurodevelopmental immaturity and increased risk for psychopathology, the clinical correlates of enuresis remain unclear. Subjects were 140 6–17–year-old boys with DSM-III-R ADHD and 120 non-ADHD controls. Information on enuresis and psychiatric diagnoses was obtained in a standardized manner blind to the child's clinical status. Our results show that (1) enuresis did not increase the risk for psychopathology in children with or without ADHD; (2) enuresis was not associated with psychosocial adversity or developmental immaturity; (3) enuresis was associated with increased risk for learning disability, impaired intellectual functioning, and impaired school achievement in normal control children but not in children with ADHD; and (4) the same pattern of findings was obtained after stratifying children with enuresis by primary versus secondary and by nocturnal versus diurnal subtypes. These results suggest that the clinical implications of enuresis may differ for ADHD and non-ADHD children.
An analytical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation in the absence of noise

A Fourier series with time varying coefficients is used to represent the modulo-2π phase error probability density function (pdf) in order to solve the Fokker-Planck (FP) equation as applied to the first-order phase-locked loop (PLL). The Fourier coefficients and hence the pdf are obtained analytically for the case when the initial phase error is a random variable uniformly distributed and the additive noise is zero.
On the Jacobi series

The Jacobi series of a functionf is an expansion in a series of ascending powers of a prescribed polynomialP of degreen in which the coefficients are polynomials of lesser degree. These coefficients are usually expressed as contour integrals or are determined by their interpolatory properties. We show how they may be expressed as generalized derivatives off with respect toP. In so doing we also show how the Jacobi series may be expressed (in yet another way) as a generalized Taylor series. In addition, we obtain a number of interesting relations among the generalized derivatives.
Systems Biology: The Role of Engineering in the Reverse Engineering of Biological Signaling

One of the principle tasks of systems biology has been the reverse engineering of signaling networks. Because of the striking similarities to engineering systems, a number of analysis and design tools from engineering disciplines have been used in this process. This review looks at several examples including the analysis of homeostasis using control theory, the attenuation of noise using signal processing, statistical inference and the use of information theory to understand both binary decision systems and the response of eukaryotic chemotactic cells.
He-Ne laser enhanced cellular hydrogen peroxide production and induced modulations in metabolic activity in malignant human brain cancer: Evidence for a “by-stander” effect

Continuous-wave He-Ne laser exposures (Intensity=35 mW/cm2, λ=632.8nm, Fluence range: 1J/cm2 to 50 J/cm2) on non-confluent and actively dividing human malignant glioblastoma cells was found to increase the cellular production levels of H 2 O 2 . Modulations in the cellular metabolic activity were detected (through the MTS assay) three days after laser irradiation. The metabolic activity was found to be dependent on the laser dose of exposure (i.e., fluence). In addition, three days after the laser exposure, the potential laser induced “bystander” effect was tested through the transfer of growth media from laser irradiated cells onto non-irradiated cells. After two additional days of incubation (5 days post exposure), the non-laser irradiated cells were found to have a significant increase in their metabolic activities. Modulations in the metabolic activities in the non-irradiated cells were found to be fluence dependent from the initial laser exposed cells treatment conditions. The results herein support the hypothesis of an important functional role for light enhanced cellular H 2 O 2 generation to yield bio-modulatory effects locally and at a distance. The classical “bi-phasic” modulation response of cells to light irradiation is hypothesized to depend upon the quantity of light-enhanced H 2 O 2 molecules generated from the mitochondria and the number of cells which interact with the H 2 O 2 molecules.
Comparison of self-reported cognitive difficulties in a national sample of long-term cancer survivors and cancer-naive controls.

Background Evidence that long-term cancer survivors (LTCS) experience greater cognitive dysfunction than individuals without cancer is mixed. This analysis of a population-based sample of United States residents compares self-reported cognitive difficulties in LTCS and cancer naive controls (CNC), controlling for psychiatric disorders. Methods National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R) interviews were conducted in a nationally-representative sample of 9282 people, of whom 5692 were assessed for cancer history. Long-term survivors of adult cancers were defined as individuals who were at least 18 years old at time of diagnosis; greater than 5 years following diagnosis; and with cancer reportedly in remission or cured. Cognitive dysfunction queries included two screening questions and five items drawn than the World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Psychiatric disorders were identified using the WHO's Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained from multivariable logistic regression models fit to evaluate the relationship between cancer status (LTCS versus CNC) and cognitive symptoms. Results Of NCS-R participants, 225 met criteria for LTCS and 3953 for CNC. Long-term cancer survivors and CNC screened positive for cognitive symptoms at a rate of 19.5% and 20.8%, respectively, for the first screen and 16.0% and 16.4%, respectively, for the second. Adjusting for demographic and psychiatric variables, LTCS did not carry increased odds of experiencing cognitive symptoms [(OR) 1.00 (95% CI, .59 to 1.68); (OR) .95 (95 %CI, .57 to 1.59)]. Conclusions Self-reported cognitive symptoms are common among LTCS and CNC. LTCS do not report cognitive symptoms with greater frequency.
Reappraising the race, class, gender equation: A critical theoretical perspective

Abstract The central thesis of this critical analysis is that racial‐self pervade the social structure and political economy and thereby affect consciousness, identity and all forms of relationships including the clinical context. Given this empirically grounded axiom, it is imperative that social workers become cognizant of the dynamic influence of race in practice and in research. Social class and gender are also potent variables in the equation. However, race — especially the “Black‐White” dichotomization — is the principal molder of multiple forms of interaction. Within the clinical milieu, it can result in biased and negative imagery, false comparisons, erroneous prejudgements, deceptive language, and the nullification of the “other's” identity. Caution must be exercised by clinicians who attempt to structure the racial self primarily as a sexualized entity. Social workers, psychotherapists and other clinicians must understand the far‐reaching impact of their self‐attitudes, images, personal biases a...
Radionuclide Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Patients Requiring Intraoperative Balloon Pump Assistance

Abstract Twenty-three surviving patients who were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass with intraaortic balloon pump assistance returned for follow-up radionuclide left ventricular (LV) function and thallium 201 perfusion studies at a mean of 23 ± 3 months following operation. It was found that despite profound intraoperative myocardial depression requiring intraaortic balloon assistance, 13 patients had no change (within 10%) in the resting LV ejection fraction compared with the preoperative measurement. Among all 23 patients, there was no difference between mean (± standard error of the mean) preoperative and postoperative resting LV ejection fraction (48 ± 4 vs 46 ± 4%, p = not significant [NS]). Only 11 patients had perioperative myocardial infarction documented by new Q waves in the electrocardiogram, by elevation of creatine kinase–MB fraction, or by defects on thallium 201 imaging not explained by documented myocardial infarction before operation. Overall, postoperative resting LV ejection fraction was not different from the preoperative value in patients with perioperative myocardial infarction (44 ± 7 vs 47 ± 5%, p = NS). Postoperative resting LV ejection fraction rose by ≥ 10% compared with preoperative values in 4 patients (3 with aortic valve replacement), remained within the 10% limit in 9 patients, and fell by ≥ 10% in 10 patients (7 with perioperative myocardial infarction). Only 4 out of 16 patients studied at follow-up with exercise radionuclide studies demonstrated a normal LV response to exercise (≥ 5% increase in LV ejection fraction). Thus, among survivors requiring intraaortic balloon pump assistance for weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, LV performance at rest is frequently preserved. In addition, 11 of the 23 patients had evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, indicating a component of reversible intraoperative LV dysfunction.
Semi-Autonomous Consensus: Network Measures and Adaptive Trees

Examining the effectiveness of control in networked systems is a thriving research area. Autonomous systems that can be intermittently influenced (controlled) by external agents find applications ranging from machine calibration to satellite control. We refer to this class of networks as semi-autonomous. If the semi-autonomous agents' interaction dynamics are consensus-based, we dub this subclass as semi-autonomous consensus, which is the focus of the paper. Within such a subclass, we consider the dynamics of networked agents in the context of performance (friendly influence) and security (unfriendly influence). Our approach to appraise a semi-autonomous consensus network is to expose the network to fundamental test signals, namely white noise and an impulse, and use the resultant system response to quantify network performance and security. Traditionally, input-output properties are varied by altering the dynamics of the network agents. We instead adopt topological methods for this task, designing five protocols for tree graphs that rewire the network topology, leaving the network agents' dynamics untouched. In pursuit of this objective, four adaptive protocols are introduced to either increase or decrease the mean tracking and variance damping measures, respectively. Finally, a proposed fifth hybrid protocol is shown to have a guaranteed performance for both measures using a game-theoretic formalism.
Middleware architecture for cloud-based services using software defined networking (SDN)

In modern enterprise and Internet-based application environments, a separate middlebox infrastructure for providing application delivery services such as security (e.g., firewalls, intrusion detection), performance (e.g., SSL off loaders), and scaling (e.g., load balancers) is deployed. However, there is no explicit support for middleboxes in the original Internet design; forcing datacenter administrators to accommodate middleboxes through ad-hoc and error-prone network configuration techniques. Given their importance and yet the ad-hoc nature of their deployment, we plan to study application delivery (in general) in the context of cloud-based application deployment environments. To fully leverage these opportunities, ASPs need to deploy a globally distributed application-level routing infrastructure to intelligently route application traffic to the right instance. But, since such an infrastructure would be extremely hard to own and mange, it is best to design a shared solution where application-level routing could be provided as a service by a third party provider having a globally distributed presence, such as an ISP. Although these requirements seem separate, they can be converged into a single abstraction for supporting application delivery in the cloud context.
Conformationally restricted peptide isosteres. 2.1 Synthesis and in vitro potency of dipeptide renin inhibitors employing a 2-alkylsulfonyl-3-phenylcyclopropane carboxamide as a P3 amino acid replacement ☆

Abstract A series of dipeptide renin inhibitors employing a 2,3-disubstituted cyclopropane carboxamide at the P3 position of the molecule were prepared by coupling racemic(IS,2R,3R) 2-alkylsulfonyl-3-phenyl(or cyclohexyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the amino acid derivatives 11a–d. The individual diastereomers were separated and tested for in vitro potency. IC50 values ranged from 0.37 to 1.4 nM and 5.8 to 29 nm against purified, pH 6.0 and plasma, pH 7.4 human renin, respectively. In all examples, the more polar diastereomer was the most potent.
Coronary Artery Disease and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Recent reports of myocardial infarctions in young persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving protease inhibitor therapy have raised concerns about premature coronary artery disease in this population. Endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, hypertriglyceridemia, and abnormal coronary artery pathology were in fact associated with HIV infection prior to the availability of protease inhibitor therapy. Newly recognized risk factors, such as insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, and fat redistribution syndrome, may exacerbate underlying atherosclerotic risk for patients receiving protease inhibitors. Data on the incidence of myocardial infarction among these patients are largely limited to case reports but are of concern. Pending the availability of further data, it is prudent to monitor these patients for hyperlipidemia and consider interventions to modify cardiac risk factors.
Desiccation resistance in megalopae of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus: water loss and the role of the shell

Abstract. The terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus H. Milne Edwards undergoes larval development in the sea and then moves to land as a megalopa, where it metamorphoses and remains for the rest of its life. As a small organism (generally <3 mg), in a body adapted for pelagic life, the megalopa must avoid desiccating in air to make a successful sea-to-land transition. In this study, I measured rates of water loss in 1 to 26-day-old megalopae without mollusk shells to determine if there is an improvement in desiccation resistance with age. I also exposed 26-day-old megalopae with or without shells to different relative-humidity conditions for 1 h to determine if shells worn by megalopae allow them to function in air that is not fully saturated. Megalopae without shells did not survive exposure to a relative humidity (RH) of less than 99%, while those with shells survived 52% RH. Older megalopae lost water more slowly than younger ones. However, the amount of body water explained more of the variation in water-loss rate than age; individuals with smaller body-water masses showed lower rates of absolute water loss. Though megalopae of C. compressus become less water permeable as they approach metamorphosis on land, most of their ability to avoid desiccation comes from the shell. Shell-wearing can be considered a pre-adaptation to a terrestrial life-style because shell-wearing behavior predates land invasion in hermit crabs, and desiccation-proofing in air is a novel function for shells.
Planning and the environment of a community mental health center

“In community mental health centers with poorly developed planning units... the director may find himself in a state of intermittent crisis attempting to meet one unanticipated environmental problem after another. Such a reactive stance to environmental events makes it difficult a reactive stance to environmental events makes it difficult to be proactive in developing innovative programs, since organizational resources are quickly captured by makeshift attempts to deal with a series of emergencies.”
Screening Rose Clover and Subterranean Clover Germplasm for Isoflavones

Subterranean clovers (Trifolium brachycalycinum Katzn. and Morley, T. subterraneum L., and T. yanninicum Katzn. & Morley) contain phytoestrogenic isoflavones. High levels of these componds are responsible for sheep (Ovis aries) reproductive disorders
Oral contraceptives and breast cancer review and meta-analysis

To evaluate the relation between use of oral contraceptives and the incidence of breast cancer, the authors reviewed the epidemiologic literature and used quantitative methods to summarize the data. Study results for any use of oral contraceptives were pooled using a model that accounted for both interstudy and intrastudy variability. The authors also explored interstudy variability and modeled a duration-effect relation between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer. Case-control and follow-up studies were considered separately. Overall, the authors observed no increase in the risk of breast cancer for women who had ever used oral contraceptives, even after a long duration of use. These results were consistent across study design. However, data combined from case-control studies revealed a statistically significant positive trend (P = 0.001) in the risk of premenopausal breast cancer for women exposed to oral contraceptives for longer duration. This risk was predominant among women who used oral contraceptives for at least 4 years before their first term pregnancy (relative risk = 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.36 to 2.19). Additional study is required to determine whether this finding in a subgroup of exposed women is confirmed and whether the risk remains increased with advancing age.
The TGF-α precursor expressed on the cell surface binds to the EGF receptor on adjacent cells, leading to signal transduction

The 50 amino acid form of TGF-alpha is cleaved from a conserved integral membrane glycoprotein by a protease that, in many tumor cells, appears to be limiting. To test whether the membrane-bound precursor has biological activity in the absence of processing, we introduced amino acid substitutions at the proteolytic cleavage sites. BHK cells transfected with expression vectors containing these altered sequences do not secrete detectable levels of mature TGF-alpha into the medium, but express high levels of proTGF-alpha at the cell surface. Coincubation of these BHK cells with A431 cells demonstrates that membrane-bound proTGF-alpha may bind to EGF receptors on the surface of contiguous cells, induce receptor autophosphorylation, and thereby produce a rapid rise in A431 intracellular calcium levels. Thus, proTGF-alpha can be biologically active in the absence of processing, a fact that may have implications for the integral membrane precursors of related growth factors.
Infant feeding practices of middle-class breastfeeding and formula-feeding mothers.

Of 100 new mothers from the area of Seattle Washington self-selected for study 87% breastfed for at least 2 weeks and a mean of 6.8 months. Upon weaning 29% of infants were given cows milk and the remainder were fed formula. Breastfeeding mothers introduced solid foods later used more homemade baby foods were more likely to have attended perinatal classes and were more receptive to infant feeding advice from friends and classes while formula feeding mothers preferred the advice of their pediatricians. (authors)
Seasonality of income and poverty in Bangladesh

Abstract Seasonal food deprivation in Bangladesh, locally known as Monga, sometimes rises to the level of famine during the pre-harvest period of aman rice. An analysis of household income and expenditure survey data shows that income and consumption are lower during Monga than in other seasons, and that seasonal income greatly influences seasonal consumption. Econometric estimates reject the hypothesis of perfect consumption smoothing. In the northwestern region of greater Rangpur, rural households suffer disproportionately from Monga. Seasonal differences in poverty across regions are due mainly to differences in household-specific seasonality of income and consumption. Income diversification explains the lower incidence of income seasonality observed in non-Rangpur regions. To contain seasonal hunger in greater Rangpur, public policies should promote rural income diversification together with seasonal migration. A flexible microfinance scheme that provides both production and consumption loans on flexible repayment terms could help diversify income and reduce seasonality of income and poverty.
Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice.

Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene result in defective epithelial cAMP-dependent Cl− secretion and increased airway Na+ absorption. The mechanistic links between these altered ion transport processes and the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease, however, are unclear. To test the hypothesis that accelerated Na+ transport alone can produce cystic fibrosis-like lung disease, we generated mice with airway-specific overexpression of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). Here we show that increased airway Na+ absorption in vivo caused airway surface liquid (ASL) volume depletion, increased mucus concentration, delayed mucus transport and mucus adhesion to airway surfaces. Defective mucus transport caused a severe spontaneous lung disease sharing features with cystic fibrosis, including mucus obstruction, goblet cell metaplasia, neutrophilic inflammation and poor bacterial clearance. We conclude that increasing airway Na+ absorption initiates cystic fibrosis-like lung disease and produces a model for the study of the pathogenesis and therapy of this disease.
Are Buffer Organizations Doomed to Fail? Inevitable Dilemmas and Tensions

This paper emphasizes the precariousness of the role played by buffer organizations in higher education, and identifies some sources of their vulnerability. A key premise is that most buffer organizations cannot sustain themselves as neutral parties ‘standing between’ the universities and the government; most have a distinctive tilt toward one or the other of their constituencies. This tilt is a special vulnerability if a situation arises where the buffer organization is challenged or tries to take on a new role. How the inevitable tensions play out, and which way a buffer organization will tilt, are affected by several factors, including aspects of organizational structure (funding source, governance structure, patterns of reporting), scope of activities, and cultural factors, especially whether the organization has gained recognition for an independent voice on issues. Also, an organization may never be challenged over its ‘buffer’ role, either because of circumstances or because its leadership works to avoid being challenged.
Allometric scaling of tracheal morphology among bumblebee sisters (Apidae: Bombus): compensation for oxygen limitation at large body sizes?

AbstractThe scaling of insect respiratory systems with body size has important implications for ecology and evolution of insects, ranging from allometry of aerobic performance to current and past environmental constraints on insect body size. Previous work examining scaling across beetle species and during ontogeny of grasshoppers suggests strong tracheal hypermetry, with larger insects investing relatively more volume in their tracheal systems. However, these approaches potentially confound body size differences with species or life stage differences in morphology or physiology. To circumvent these issues, we took advantage of large body size variation within bumblebee nests. Workers with 75% genetic similarity nevertheless varied in body size from under 50 mg to more than 250 mg, and queens exceeded 500 mg. We estimated respiratory volume, dimensions of pronotal spiracles, and body size of individual bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) from lab-reared nests. Among workers, tracheal system volume scaled hyperm...
Surgical Outpatient Concerns

Just asking the patient what he or she is concerned about may help. The vast majority of patients in this study listed multiple concerns when asked. Very few hesitated or had to take time to think about the question or their answer. Give them your time and listen.
Uncertainty Visualizations: Helping Decision Makers Become More Aware of Uncertainty and Its Implications

Uncertainty is inherent in all real work contexts; it creates ambiguities that make decision making difficult. To help decision makers manage ambiguity, the authors developed and evaluated a domain...
Synthesis of zinc oxide nanowires on seeded and unseeded gold substrates: Role of seed nucleation and precursor concentration

Abstract ZnO nanowires were synthesized on gold-coated glass substrates using the hydrothermal method. The effects of precursor concentration, substrate annealing and seeding on the morphology, dimension, and distribution of resultant nanowires were investigated. We found that the density of nanowires on substrates pre-seeded with ZnO nanoparticles is about two orders of magnitude greater than unseeded ones, while the dimension of ZnO nanowires for pre-seeded samples is much smaller than unseeded samples. In addition, we found that the fraction of substrate area covered by nanowires for unseeded samples is proportional to the precursor concentration, and proposed a simple nucleation model to explain this behavior. For pre-seeded substrates, ZnO nanowire density first increases with concentration and decreases as concentration exceeds 20 mM. We attribute this behavior to the competition for ions among the dense wires of varying length as well as the fusion of neighboring wires into larger ones.
The role of phenolic compounds and other plant constituents in feeding by Canada geese in a coastal marsh.

We have assessed the relative importance of phenolic compounds, other secondary metabolites, and gross nutrient levels as feeding cues to Canada geese. Phenolic content was the most significant constituent influencing feeding selection by geese. Nutrient content had little or no effect on feeding selection.Correlative data showing the negative influence of plant phenolics on food choices by wild geese were supported by feeding preference tests. Extracts of unpalatable plants inhibited feeding by captive geese relative to extracts of palatable plants. In high phenolic plants, the phenolic containing methanol extract was more inhibitory than extractions made with petroleum ether. In a relatively low phenolic, unpalatable plant, an inhibitory factor was extractable in petroleum ether, indicating that for this species, another class of deterrents was involved. Preference tests with individual secondary metabolites showed that tannic acid and quebracho tannin were very effective in inhibiting feeding by geese and phenolic acids were slightly inhibitory, but a sesquiterpene lactone was not deterrent. These results point out the primacy of some secondary metabolites in determining food choices by geese.
Sources of nickel, vanadium and black carbon in aerosols in Milwaukee

Abstract Detailed analysis of the health effects of particulate matter shows that metals and black carbon have significant impacts of their own. A summer intensive study was performed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in July and August 2010 to identify potential sources of nickel, vanadium and black carbon in the atmosphere. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) was used to collect single-particle mass spectra and an Aethalometer was used to measure black carbon. Comparison with the National Emissions Inventory was performed using mesoscale meteorological simulations based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and the Comprehensive Air-quality Model with eXtensions (CAMx). The analysis suggests that nickel and vanadium are primarily emitted by industrial point sources in the Menomonee valley and that black carbon is primarily associated with mobile sources and emissions of nitrogen oxides. Evaluation of ship emissions from the port of Milwaukee suggest that they are responsible for approximately 5% of nickel and vanadium and approximately 10% of black carbon in Milwaukee. Elevated concentrations of air pollutants were found to occur mainly during wind stagnation events suggesting that local sources dominate over regional transport.
Q0000–398 is a high-redshift quasar with a large angular size

REDSHIFTS of between 2.5 and 3.1 have been measured for nine optically-selected quasars as part of the Cerro Tololo survey of the Southern Hemisphere (M. G. Smith, see ref. 1). None of these quasars were known to be radio sources. We chose several accessible quasars from Smith's list as a starting point in our investigation to see if they might not be radio sources. We report that Q0000–398 is a quasar of high redshift and large angular size.
Identification of the gas-phase products which occur during the deposition of AIN using the organometallic percursor: [(CH3)2AINH2]3

Abstract Molecular beam-mass spectrometry is used to analyze the gas-phase products occuring during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of AIN using tris-dimethylaluminum amide, [(CH3)2AINH2]3 (I), as a precursor. By correlating the ion signals in the mass spectra for the case of I to the ion signals in the mass spectra of the deuterated analogue, [(CH3)2AIND2]3, it is possible to assign tentative structures to the ion signals in the mass spectra of the gas flow emerging from the reactor. It is shown that time-of-flight velocity spectra can be used to determine the molecular weight of the species which generate the ion signals in the mass spectra. For the case of high pumping speeds or short reactor residence times, the time-of-flight velocity spectra indicate that the trimeric form of the precursor is the only species present in the gas phase at a reactor temperature of 100°C. However, at low pumping speeds the time-of-flight velocity spectra support the existence of dimeric as well as trimeric forms of the precursor at a reactor temperature of 100°C.
Ferritin--a general metal detoxicant.

Binding of nonferrous metal ions to ferritin was compared to that of the phosphate-free or phosphate containing synthetic iron cores. The Scatchard plots for the synthetic cores reveal a high affinity site for Cd, Zn, Be, and Al, with KD in the range 10−5–10−7M. Preloading the cores with phosphate increased the number of metal ions bound without altering the KD. The metal ions with smaller ionic radii (Be, Al) were bound in larger numbers than those with larger ionic radii (Cd, Zn).
Clinical management of drug addicts infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus.

Abstract Substance abuse and infections remain two of the major problems in the world today. Both are associated with serious morbidity and mortality, including immunological impairment leading to opportunistic infections, mental and neuropsychiatric complications of HIV and HCV infections, and liver damage of chronic HCV infection. Clinical management of substance abusers with infections is possible, available, and effective if individuals in drug treatment programs are closely monitored for adherence and compliance to HIV/HCV treatment regimens
Genome Sequences of Nine Bordetella holmesii Strains Isolated in the United States.

ABSTRACT An increasing number of pertussis-like cases are attributed to the emergent pathogen Bordetella holmesii. The genomes of 9 clinical isolates show that they are clonal, lack the virulence factors encoded by B. pertussis, and are more similar to nonpertussis bordetellae. New markers for B. holmesii can be developed using these sequences.
Replication and Pedagogy in the History of Psychology V: The Metronome and Wilhelm Wundt’s Search for the Components of Consciousness

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) believed that consciousness was represented by the interconnection of psychical processes comprised of temporal elements and compounds. To explore these processes, Wundt used a metronome to measure the amount of information that passed into consciousness across time. The current project replicated some of his procedures, to better understand the role of introspection and the complexity of the metronome task for experimenters and observers. The results of the replication were mixed, but the replication helped provide insights into Wundt’s procedures and their relationship to his theories.
Optical cavity-based biosensor utilizing differential detection

We report an optical cavity-based biosensor utilizing differential detection for increased sensitivity, lower cost, and multiplexing capability. Calculated differential values show linear and monotonic change for the sensing layer thickness with a sensitivity of 0.061/nm.