cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of serum lactate and survival outcomes in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest

Abstract Introduction Recent studies have suggested that serum lactate may serve as a marker to predict mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest (CA). The relationship between serum lactate and CA outcomes requires further characterization, especially among patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and aggressive post-arrest care. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients resuscitated from non-traumatic CA at three urban U.S. hospitals was performed using an established internet-based post-arrest registry. Adult (≥18 years) patients resuscitated from CA and receiving TH treatment were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders to survival outcomes. Survival to discharge served as the primary endpoint. Results A total of 199 post-CA patients treated with TH between 5/2005 and 11/2011 were included in this analysis. The mean age was 56.9±16.5 years, 85/199 (42.7%) patients were female, and survival to discharge was attained in 84/199 (42.2%). While lower initial post-CA serum lactate levels were not associated with increased survival to discharge, subsequent lactate measurements were significantly associated with outcomes (24-h serum lactate levels in survivors vs. non-survivors, 2.7±0.5 vs. 4.2±0.4mmol/L, p p Conclusion Lower serum lactate levels at 12h and 24h, but not initially following cardiac arrest, are associated with survival to hospital discharge after resuscitation from CA and TH treatment. Prospective investigation of serum lactate as a potential prognostic tool in CA is needed.
Pulmonary Vein Antral Isolation and Nonpulmonary Vein Trigger Ablation without Additional Substrate Modification for Treating Longstanding Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

PV Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: Effectiveness of antral pulmonary vein isolation (PVAI) and ablation of non-PV triggers (non-PVTA) in controlling longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been reported. We sought to describe clinical outcomes with this ablation strategy in patients (pts) followed for at least 1 year. Methods: Two hundred pts underwent PVAI for longstanding persistent AF and were followed for recurrence. Thirty-three pts with <1-year follow-up and 37 pts with additional RF atrial ablation were excluded, leaving 130 pts for analysis. Results: All 130 pts (108 men, mean LA 4.7 ± 0.6 cm, mean AF duration of 38 ± 44 months) underwent PVAI with entrance/exit block. In addition, 24 pts (15 pts during the initial procedure and 9 additional pts at repeat ablations) had 40 non-PVTA, including 3 with AVNRT. During follow-up, atrial flutter (AFL) was noted in 7 (5%) pts. The AF-free survival after single procedure without antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) was 38%. Repeat AF or AFL ablation was performed in 37 pts (28%) with PV reconnection uniformly identified (3.7 ± 0.5 veins/pt). During mean follow-up of 41.1 ± 23.8 months (range 12–103 months), 85/130 pts (65%) were in sinus rhythm with 65 pts (50%) off AAD, 20 pts (15%) on AAD. Additionally, 9 pts (7%) have had rare episodes of AF such that 72% of pts have had good long-term clinical outcome. Of the 36 pts with recurrent AF, 20 pts have not had a repeat procedure. Conclusions: PVAI with non-PVTA for longstanding persistent AF provides good long-term AF control in over 70% of patients with infrequent (5%) AFL. AAD therapy and repeat PVAI may be required for this optimal outcome. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 806-813, August 2012)
Empirical Evidence on the Austrian Business Cycle Theory

The Austrian business cycle theory suggests that a monetary shock disturbs relative prices, such as the term structure of interest rates, systematically altering profit rates across economic sectors. Resource use responds to those changes, generating a cyclical pattern of real income. The divergence of the interest rate structure, from the previous and unchanged time preferences, means that the expansion is unsustainable and must end in recession. Quarterly data for eight U.S. business cycles, 1950:1 through 1991:1 are standardized by time period and used to explore business cycle facts and relations between money, interest rates, capacity utilization and income. Results are consistent with the hypotheses of the Austrian theory of a business cycle caused by a monetary shock and propagated by relative price changes. The Austrian theory of the business cycle, as originally presented by Mises (1966, 1971) and Hayek (1967), implies several distinctive hypotheses about patterns of relative prices, the response of the income level and its composition, and the role of resource constraints. Business cycle theories demonstrate their power of explanation by hypothesis testing or by simulation in comparison to actual cycles. Since Burns and Mitchell (1946), "stylized facts" of cycles have become the behavior that needs to be explained. Austrian theory offers distinctive stylized facts about the cyclical behavior of real interest rates, changes in composition of capital structure, the relation of short-term to long-term interest rates, and the endogenous nature of expansion and contraction phases. Garrison (1986:449-450), Tullock (1988:74-76), and others have considered the empirical question of the explanatory power of the Austrian theory and whether the mechanism of price induced changes in the composition of the capital stock is sufficient in magnitude to account for the macroeconomic phenomenon of a business cycle. There is a clear need to consider how well the Austrian theory can explain observed cyclical behavior. There have been few empirical analyses of the Austrian theory, due to limited ability to express Austrian concepts in operational terms and to methodological opposition to empiri- cal testing of hypotheses. Mises (1966:56) claimed that "the impracticality of measurement is not due to the lack of technical methods for the establishment of measure. It is due to the absence of constant relations.... Statistical figures referring to economic events are his- torical data. They tell us what happened in a non-repeatable historical case." Within this methodology, empirical behavior could confirm or illustrate theory or characterize historical episodes, but would not be considered evidence in the evaluation of theory. The concepts of subjective economic behavior present widely recognized problems for measurement and
Non-Parametric Probabilistic Image Segmentation

We propose a simple probabilistic generative model for image segmentation. Like other probabilistic algorithms (such as EM on a mixture of Gaussians) the proposed model is principled, provides both hard and probabilistic cluster assignments, as well as the ability to naturally incorporate prior knowledge. While previous probabilistic approaches are restricted to parametric models of clusters (e.g., Gaussians) we eliminate this limitation. The suggested approach does not make heavy assumptions on the shape of the clusters and can thus handle complex structures. Our experiments show that the suggested approach outperforms previous work on a variety of image segmentation tasks.
Alternative action in Costa Rica: peasants as positive participants.

As the developing world modernises and traditionally excluded groups seek to take part in their societies, the political activity of the peasantry assumes an ever-increasing importance. Yet most scholarship has focused on the more spectacular forms of political action such as rebellion. In recent years some scholars have turned their attention to the other extreme of everyday resistance,1 but such contributions are still limited in number. This paper utilises an inclusive view of peasant politics and takes the position that all kinds of peasant political action are different parts of one whole, such that a similarity of motivation lies behind them all. It concentrates upon a category of political action that falls between rebellion and everyday resistance: organised, non-violent peasant protest. It studies these alternative forms of political action within a political system which is relatively open to such tactics. The story which emerges reveals that by resorting to non-violent protest, peasants can make a positive contribution to their societies and improve their own welfare. In developing this argument the paper links the study of non-violent protest to existing theories and research on peasant violence and everyday resistance. In doing so it argues that the explanations for riot and rebellion given in the moral economy theory, and which underlie acts of everyday resistance, also help to account for collective, non-violent peasant political activity.
Myeloid-Related Protein Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis

SA100A8, SA100A9, and SA100A12 are members of the myeloid-related protein class. SA100A8 and SA100A9, also known as MRP-8 and MRP-14, respectively, are intracellular Ca(2+)-binding proteins produced mainly by neutrophils and monocytes where they exist as a heterodimeric complex in the cytosol. The MRP-8/-14 complex has been shown to promote chronic inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In that regard, MRP-8 and MRP-14 regulate the inflammatory response through their capacity to recruit neutrophils and monocytes to target tissues resulting in attachment to endothelium. MRPs also activate the signal transduction pathway principally involving the stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases. MRP-8/MRP-14 also increased nitric oxide synthesis. Most recently, the MRP-8/MRP-14 complex was shown to be a novel ligand for the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-4, in particular. Engagement of TLRs by the MRP-8/-14 complex may be particularly important for activating antigen-presenting dendritic cells which regulate critical autoimmune responses that promote chronic synovitis characteristic of RA.
The Role of Case Study Research in Political Science: Evidence for Causal Claims

Political science research, particularly in international relations and comparative politics, has increasingly become dominated by statistical and formal approaches. The promise of these approaches shifted the methodological emphasis away from case study research. In response, supporters of case study research argue that case studies provide evidence for causal claims that is not available through statistical and formal research methods, and many have advocated multimethod research. I propose a way of understanding the integration of multiple methodologies in which the causes sought in case studies are treated as singular causation and contingent on a theoretical framework.
Prospective evaluation of inappropriate unable-to-assess CAM-ICU documentations of critically ill adult patients

Delirium occurs in the intensive care unit and identification is often performed using a validated assessment tool such as the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) patients. The CAM-ICU has three ratings: positive, negative, and unable to assess (UTA). Patients may often be assigned UTA when it is inappropriate given the level of sedation or medical condition. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of inappropriate UTA CAM-ICU documentations. A single-center prospective observational analysis was performed evaluating CAM-ICU documentations from October 27, 2014, to December 26, 2014. Patients admitted to the medical and surgical ICU were included and excluded if admitted to the ICU for less than 24 h. CAM-ICU assessments were performed per institutional guidelines using CAM-ICU scoring as validated in literature. CAM-ICU patient documentations were recorded as positive, negative, UTA, or not assessed. Patients with an appropriate UTA documentation were deeply sedated, non-English speaking, or not medically able to participate in the assessment. The major endpoint assessed rates of inappropriate UTA CAM-ICU documentations. Minor endpoints evaluated adherence to CAM-ICU documentations and use of pharmacologic agents for symptoms of delirium. Sixty-one patients were identified with 45 (74 %) medical, 16 (26 %) surgical, of which 27 (44.3 %) were mechanically ventilated. There were 116 UTA documentations with 35 (30.2 %) identified as inappropriate. Of the 906 identified CAM-ICU documentation opportunities, adherence was 439 (48.5 %). Overall, 18 (29.5 %) of the 61 patients were administered pharmacologic agents for delirium management and 5 (27.7 %) had a positive CAM-ICU documented within 24 h. Rates of inappropriate UTA CAM-ICU documentations may be significantly higher than reported in literature. Additional research is needed to identify an acceptable rate of inappropriate UTA CAM-ICU assessments and its clinical impact on delirium management.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma High Dose Therapy

In the past several decades, progress has been made in treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with radiolabeled antibodies. Early work was performed using high doses of I-131 antibodies, followed by use of Y-90 labeled constructs. Specific radiolabeling techniques were developed for these uses. Principles of dosimetry estimation using imaging and other techniques were also developed for radiation absorbed dose estimation in dose escalation patient cohorts. Radiation safety guidelines and procedures also play an important role in this form of treatment. These involve specifics of patient care as well as protection of healthcare workers and providers. Clinical trials and results, as well as the comparison literature are reviewed and cited to provide a solid background for understanding high dose radioimmunotherapy in Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
The History of Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Steroids

The application of gas-liquid chromatography to the separation and measurement of steroids dates back less than six years. Although it appeared from the early reports of gas chromatography [1–3], that this tool would find its primary application in the separation of relatively volatile substances, by 1959 a number of compounds of boiling points nearly equal to steroid molecules had been gas chromatographed successfully. Notable among them are the fatty acids, which were chromatographed as the methyl esters to reduce the hydrogen bonding effects of the carboxyl group, thereby decreasing their boiling point. Late in 1959, there appeared a report by Eglinton et al. [4] describing the gas chromatographic separation of a number of substances including two relatively nonpolar sterols. This work was done using short grease columns and required fairly long retention times. Soon thereafter, a report by Berthuis and Recourt [5] also showed the possibility of chromatographing sterols in the vapor phase. However, the first specific efforts directed toward the separation of hormones containing the steroid nucleus were reported independently and nearly simultaneously by three laboratories in 1960.
An Insight into Laser Revascularization of the heart

The application of magnetic resonance to diagnostic medical imaging stands as one of the great scientific achievements in the past 50 years. Magnetic resonance techniques are easily applied to organs which remain stationary during the imaging procedure, such as the brain and musculoskeletal system. Imaging of moving heart structures and circulating blood is considerably more difficult. Clinical application of magnetic resonance to the cardiovascular system remains challenging but continuing technological innovations have enabled cardiovascular specialists to more effectively utilize magnetic resonance in clinical practice as well as for innovative research. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are now being used with increasing frequency for the assessment of patients with cardiovascular disease. This paper will introduce clinicians to the current applications of these flexible and robust tools. A brief introduction will be given to the physics of MRI, the instrumentation and the imaging strategies. The main focus of the article, however, is to review how these techniques are being applied by clinicians in routine daily care. The Journal of Tehran Heart Center 3 (2006) 125-136
SEAWARD PROFILE FOR RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS

For several years, some coastal engineers have been aware that the seaward face of rubble mound breakwaters of the common trapezoidal cross-section is conducive to relatively severe wave action and possible damage to the breakwaters. Further, it has been suggested that a preferable seaward profile would be that composed of three straight lines, with the middle line at a relatively small angle with the horizontal, to form what might be thought of as abroad berm. In order to arrive at a more realistic knowledge of seaward profiles for which wave intensity and likelihood of breakwater damage are minimal, a laboratory study of shallow-water wave action on rubble breakwaters was initiated at Auburn University, It is hoped that such knowledge will lead to design procedures which will result in (a) less violent wave action, (b) less structural damage, and (c) the possible use of smaller stones. Thus far, the study has been devoted to shallow-water waves of two types, steep, smooth waves and spilling breakers, acting, with normal incidence, upon breakwaters constructed of various materials and having an initial seaward slope of 1 on if. For each set of conditions, the stable seaward profile was determined. Through dimensional analysis and curve fitting, an effort was made to describe the stable seaward profiles in terms of physical quantities which influence the profiles. It is the authors1 belief that the results of this study will be useful in leading to more rational design procedures.
A study of the O/Ag(111) system with scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at ambient pressures

Abstract The interaction of O 2 with the Ag(111) surface was studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in the pressure range from 10 − 9 Torr to 1 atm at room temperature and with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) up to 0.3 Torr O 2 in the temperature range from RT to 413 K. STM images show that the Ag(111) surface topography is little affected in regions with large flat terraces, except for the appearance of mobile features due to oxygen atoms at pressures above 0.01 Torr. In regions where the step density is high, the surface became rough under 0.01 Torr of O 2 , due to the local oxidation of Ag. Various chemical states of oxygen due to chemisorbed, oxide and subsurface species were identified by XPS as a function of pressure and temperature. The findings from the STM images and XPS measurements indicate that formation of an oxide phase, the thermodynamically stable form at room temperature under ambient O 2 pressure, is kinetically hindered in the flat terrace areas but proceeds readily in regions with high-step density.
DeltaFS: exascale file systems scale better without dedicated servers

High performance computing fault tolerance depends on scalable parallel file system performance. For more than a decade scalable bandwidth has been available from the object storage systems that underlie modern parallel file systems, and recently we have seen demonstrations of scalable parallel metadata using dynamic partitioning of the namespace over multiple metadata servers. But even these scalable parallel file systems require significant numbers of dedicated servers, and some workloads still experience bottlenecks. We envision exascale parallel file systems that do not have any dedicated server machines. Instead a parallel job instantiates a file system namespace service in client middleware that operates on only scalable object storage and communicates with other jobs by sharing or publishing namespace snapshots. Experiments shows that our serverless file system design, DeltaFS, performs metadata operations orders of magnitude faster than traditional file system architectures.
Three-dimensional imaging of the developing mouse female reproductive organs with optical coherence tomography

Infertility is a known major health concern and is estimated to impact ~15% of couples in the U.S. The majority of failed pregnancies occur before or during implantation of the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Understanding the mechanisms regulating development by studying mouse reproductive organs could significantly contribute to an improved understanding of normal development of reproductive organs and developmental causes of infertility in humans. Towards this goal, we report a three-dimensional (3D) imaging study of the developing mouse reproductive organs (ovary, oviduct, and uterus) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). In our study, OCT was used for 3D imaging of reproductive organs without exogenous contrast agents and provides micro-scale spatial resolution. Experiments were conducted in vitro on mouse reproductive organs ranging from the embryonic day 14.5 to adult stages. Structural features of the ovary, oviduct, and uterus are presented. Additionally, a comparison with traditional histological analysis is illustrated. These results provide a basis for a wide range of infertility studies in mouse models. Through integration with traditional genetic and molecular biology approaches, this imaging method can improve understanding of ovary, oviduct, and uterus development and function, serving to further contribute to our understanding of fertility and infertility.
The morphogenesis of the parasitic forms of dimorphic fungi. A review.

Specific consideration has been given in this review to the sequence of morphologic events which characterize the transformation of dimorphic pathogenic fungi from the saprophytic to the parasitic phase of growth. Three general mechanisms of conversion have been described for those dimorphic fungi which exist in the tissues of a host as blastospores: (1) The hyphal cells of the saprophytic phase swell, assume a yeast-like shape and eventually fragment to form a mass of individual blastospores. (2) The hyphal cells (terminal or interstitial) bud directly to form blastospores. (3) The hyphal cells form conidiospores in a fashion characteristic of the saprophytic phase, but these conidia produce buds which eventually separate from the parent spore and become the blastospores of the yeast phase of growth.
Resistance of Spider Mites to Acaricides: Comparison of Slide Dip and Leaf Dip Methods

In choosing a method of evaluating the practical significance of resistance in populations of spider mites to acaricides, the technique should be simple, provide reproducible results, and simulate as closely as possible the condition under which the acaricide will be used for mite control. The slide-dip assay, as described by Voss (1961), fulfills the 1st 2 criteria, but it measures only topical toxicity, is difficult to use with acaricides that are ineffective against adult female mites, and is not suitable for use with slow-acting acricides because control mortality becomes excessive after ca. 3 days. Nevertheless, a modified version of the slide-dip technique has been proposed as the standard assay method for determining acaricide resistance in spider mites (Anonymous 1968). In the present study, we compared the slide-dip method with a topical leaf-dip and a residual leaf-dip method for determining aearicidal toxicities.
Dominance relationships in femaleHerotilapia multispinosa (Pisces: Cichlidae)

Agonistic interactions between all possible pairings of 10 adult female rainbow cichlids (Herotilapia multispinosa) were observed in three round-robin tournaments. Specific behaviors and color patterns were found to characterize winning and losing fish. The outcomes of agonistic encounters were used to construct a hypothetical dominance hierarchy. This hierarchy was consistent over the three tournaments in that (1) the order of animals in the hierarchy remained relatively unchanged and (2) the relationship between the members of a particular dyad tended to remain stable. The latter was especially true for fish of widely different dominance rank.
"Organizational Dynamics of Workplace Flexibility: Contextual, Change, & Multi-level Linkages"

Although employer and employee interest in workplace flexibility policies and informal practices (e.g. flextime, telework, part time, leaves) to support flexible working is growing, an accumulated ...
LIAISON PSYCHIATRY AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS.

Although psychiatrists have been consultants to other physicians since the seventeenth century, career liaison psychiatry has developed only since World War II.The essential attitude of the liaison psychiatrist in hospital situations should be one of “collaboration and, above all, of not overselling.” The key to understanding and resolving emotional disturbance in hospitalized patients often lies in clarifying the meaning of the hospital culture to the patient and his modes of communication with personnel in that culture. The liaison psychiatrist needs to draw on his familiarity with individual, interpersonal and small-group psychology.The author reviews 10 cases in which psychiatric consultation was requested for patients hospitalized with myocardial infarctions. In eight cases the consultation was apparently helpful to the internist.
Male-typical courtship, spawning behavior, and olfactory sensitivity are induced to different extents by androgens in the goldfish suggesting they are controlled by different neuroendocrine mechanisms.

Abstract Male-typical reproductive behaviors vary greatly between different species of fishes with androgens playing a variety of roles that appear especially important in the gonochorist cypriniform fishes. The goldfish is an important model for the cypriniformes and while it is clear that male goldfish are fully feminized by prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ), it is not clear whether females will exhibit normal levels of male-typical reproductive behaviors as well as olfactory function when treated with androgens. To answer this question, we exposed sexually-regressed adult female goldfish to several types of androgen and monitored their tendencies to court (inspect females) and mate (spawn, or attempt to release gametes) while monitoring their olfactory sensitivity until changes in these attributes were maximized. Untreated adult males (intact) were included to determine the extent of masculinization. Treatments included the natural androgens, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone (KT and T), administered via capsules (KT + T-implanted fish); the artificial androgen, methyltestosterone (MT), administered via capsules (MT-C); and MT administered in the fishes’ water (MT-B). Male-typical olfactory sensitivity to a pheromone (15keto-PGF 2α ) increased in all androgen-treated groups and by week 6 was fully equivalent to that of males. Male-typical courtship behavior increased in all androgen-treated groups although slowly, and only MT-B females came to exhibit levels equivalent to those of males after 18 weeks. In contrast, male-typical mating activity increased only slightly, with MT-B females reaching levels one-third that of males after 30 weeks. We conclude that while androgens fully masculinize olfactory sensitivity and courtship behavior in goldfish, mating behavior is controlled by a different neuroendocrine mechanism(s) that has yet to be fully elucidated.
Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor of the Uterus with Ovarian Involvement: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Patient: Female, 61 Final Diagnosis: Uterine PEComa with ovarian involvement Symptoms: Palpable abdominal mass Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynecology Objective: Rare disease
Survey on epidemic situation of recessive infection of HFMD in healthy adults and children in Dongguan

Objective:To understand the epidemic situation of recessive infection of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in healthy adults and children in Dongguan city.Methods:To choose dalang town and zhongtang town of dongguan ciyt as the investigation spot.The investigated objects were divided into 7 age groups.30 people for 0～3,4～6,7～12,13～15 years old group respectively,20 people for 16～24,25～64,above 65 years old group respectively,totally 180 people.10 g feces were collected from each people for the enteronvirus nucleic acid detection(include EV71 and CA16 subtype).Results:21 specimens were Eenterovirus positive,the positive rate was 11.67%.10 specimens belong to dalang town,the positive rate was 11.11%,11 specimens belong to zhongtang town,the positive rate was 12.22%.only one specimen was CA16 subtype positive,no EV71 subtype was detected.Among 21 positive specimens,18 was under 6 years old,occupy for 85.71%.Conclusion:There were recessive infection in healthy adults and children in Dongguan city,the positive rate reached to 11.67%,The enterovirus exist in healthy population generally.Under 6 years old children was the main infected population.Among the all specimens,only one was CA16 subtype positive,no EV71 subtype was detected.It show that ca16 and EV71 which were closely related to HFMD have a low recessive infection rate in healthy population.
Disorders Affecting the Skin and the Heart

Numerous disorders affect both the skin and the heart. These include inherited and metabolic disorders, rheumatologic diseases, infectious diseases, and a variety of others. In many instances, awareness of this association allows the dermatologist to assist in identifying potentially life-threatening cardiac conditions.
Phosphorus source--sink relationships of stream sediments in the Rathbun Lake watershed in southern Iowa, USA

The surface waters of Rathbun Lake watershed in southern Iowa are impacted by agricultural sources of sediments and nutrients, including phosphorus (P). Because stream sediments often play an important role in regulating P concentrations in stream water, we investigated sediment-water column P relationships in four creeks within the watershed and then evaluated the relationship between sediment properties and indicators of the risk of P loss. Based on Mehlich-3-extractable P (17 to 68 mg kg(-1)) and degree of P saturation (2 to 12 %), stream bank and bed sediments at the four sites were unlikely to serve as major sources of P. However, equilibrium P concentrations, which ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 mg L(-1), indicated that bed sediments could release P to the water column depending on dissolved P (DP) concentrations in the stream water and the time of year. The likelihood of P desorption from the sediments increased with increasing pH (r = 0.92, p < 0.01) and sand content (r = 0.78, p < 0.05), but decreased with clay content (r = -0.72, p < 0.05) and iron (Fe) (r = -0.93, p < 0.001) associated with organic matter. From these results, we speculate that changes in land use within the riparian areas may, at least initially, have little effect on P concentrations in the streams. Low concentrations of DP relative to total P (TP) in these streams, however, suggest that P loads to Rathbun Lake can be reduced if P inputs from eroded bank sediments are controlled.
Founding an empire on India’s North-Eastern frontiers, 1790–1840: climate, commerce, polity, by Gunnel Cederlöf, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2014, xiii + 373 pp., Rs. 895 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-809057-1

After a long period of neglect, there is a growing body of scholarship addressing North-East India. However, most studies focus on the region’s postcolonial history of insurgency, identity politics...
Co-morbidity of PTSD and immune system dysfunction: opportunities for treatment

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined as a psychiatric disorder; however, PTSD co-occurs with multiple somatic manifestations. People living with PTSD commonly manifest dysregulations in the systems that regulate the stress response, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and development of a pro-inflammatory state. Additionally, somatic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and disorders have a high rate of co-morbidity with PTSD. Recognition and understanding of the compounding effect that these disease states can have on each other, evidenced from poorer treatment outcomes and accelerated disease progression in patients suffering from co-morbid PTSD and/or other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, has the potential to lead to additional treatment opportunities.
Hydrogen-bonded dimer of N,N′-(5-n-butyl-5-oxodibenzo[b,d]phosphole-3,7-diyl)bis(benzamide) dimethylformamide solvate

The structure of a “large wing-span phosphine,” in the oxide form, N,N′-(5-n-butyl-5-oxodibenzo[b,d]phosphole-3,7-diyl)bis(benzamide), C30H27N2O3P, cocrystallized with dimethylformamide (DMF), C3H7NO, is reported. The title compound is crystallized in a triclinic system with cell dimensions of a = 10.295(8) b = 12.743(5) c = 13.239(6) A, α = 108.14(3), β = 108.16(5), γ = 101.20(4)°, and V=1484.4(5) A3, and forms a hydrogen-bonded dimer via two hydrogen bond linkages of the P—O ··· H—N type involving one of the two amide groups.
Diffusion with chemical reaction in biological systems.

The interplay between diffusion and chemical transformation takes place in practically an infinite number of systems, either in nature or in the chemical industry. A variety of academic disciplines have actively studied the phenomena of diffusion with chemical reaction in order to understand the basic laws and to utilize them in predicting the behavior of systems or to design chemical processes which produce desirable species. Obviously, the study of mass transport and chemical transformation in biological systems is of great importance in the biological sciences. Likewise, the chemical reactions of molecules in industrial systems often involve significant diffusion effects and the interplay of the two effects needs to be understood to design efficient chemical systems. The laws that describe diffusion with chemical reaction are very general and apply to very disparate systems. As was pointed out by Weisz (1973) in an informative review article, discoveries made in various disciplines often were made independently of each other. The emergence of the interdisciplinary field of bioengineering has helped in bringing together knowledge developed in engineering, the pure and the biological sciences.
Clinical course and outcomes of childhood-onset granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Objectives To characterise the clinical course and outcomes of a cohort of children with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Methods Retrospective cohort study of children diagnosed with GPA in a tertiary care facility from 2000-2014. All subjects met the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for GPA or the 2008 European League against Rheumatism/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation/Paediatric Rheumatology European Society criteria for GPA. Predictors of readmission were determined using univariate logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to demonstrate the relapse-free survival probability in follow-up. Results Twenty-eight children (median age 14.7 years) were diagnosed during the study period. At presentation 14 (50%), 5 (18%), and 4 (14%) children required intensive care unit care, ventilator support, and dialysis, respectively. One-third of the children in our cohort had gastrointestinal involvement, one-quarter of whom were previously diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. Two-thirds of children were readmitted. Renal failure and infections accounted for most readmissions. Twenty-three (85%) patients achieved remission, however, 11 subsequently flared (median time to flare 21.5 months). Haematuria at diagnosis was significantly associated with readmission (OR 6.25). At a median follow-up of 3.3 years (range 5 months to 6 years) 10 (37%) children had chronic kidney disease (> stage 2) and none of the children died. Conclusions Children with GPA frequently have severe disease presentations including significant renal, respiratory and gastrointestinal involvement. While most children with GPA achieve remission, nearly half have subsequent relapses.
The Feasibility of a Web Intervention for Military and Veteran Spouses Concerned About Their Partner's Alcohol Misuse.

Concerned partners (CPs) of military service members and veterans with alcohol misuse face significant help-seeking barriers. We adapted the Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) intervention into a 4-session web-based intervention (WBI) called Partners Connect. The program aims to help the CP increase their own well-being, teach the CP how to manage his/her behavior (e.g., communication) toward their partner, and identify ways the CP can help their partner reduce drinking and seek treatment. We recruited CPs through social media, and then tested the feasibility and acceptance of the WBI by conducting qualitative interviews and post-WBI session surveys after their WBI sessions. CPs (n = 12) spontaneously reported improvements in communication and more effective management of their partner’s drinking due to skills learned. They discussed how the online approach can help overcome barriers to seeking in-person help. This WBI fills an important gap in clinical services for military and veteran CPs and CPs in the general population who may not otherwise seek in-person counseling.
Imaging near orthopedic hardware.

Over one million total joint replacement surgeries were performed in the US in 2013 alone, and this number is expected to more than double by 2030. Traditional imaging techniques for postoperative evaluation of implanted devices, such as radiography, computerized tomography, or ultrasound, utilize ionizing radiation, suffer from beam hardening artifact, or lack the inherent high contrast necessary to adequately evaluate soft tissues around the implants, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to its ability to generate multiplanar, high-contrast images without the use of ionizing radiation is ideal for evaluating periprosthetic soft tissues but has traditionally suffered from in-plane and through-plane data misregistration due to the magnetic susceptibility of implanted materials. A recent renaissance in the interest of imaging near arthroplasty and implanted orthopedic hardware has led to the development of new techniques that help to mitigate the effects of magnetic susceptibility. This article describes the challenges of performing imaging near implanted orthopedic hardware, how to generate clinically interpretable images when imaging near implanted devices, and how the images may be interpreted for clinical use. We will also describe current developments of utilizing MRI to evaluate implanted orthopedic hardware. Level of Evidence: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017
Circuit Obfuscation and Oracle-guided Attacks: Who can Prevail?

This paper provides a systematization of knowledge in the domain of integrated circuit protection through obfuscation with a focus on the recent Boolean satisfiability (SAT) attacks. The study systematically combines real-world IC reverse engineering reports, experimental results using the most recent oracle-guided attacks, and concepts in machine-learning and cryptography to draw a map of the state-of-the-art of IC obfuscation and future challenges and opportunities.
Interpretation of Thermal Neutron Mean Lifetime Experiments

The effects of leakage, detector and source perturbation, and the presence of higher modes in the neutron density distribution on a determination of the mean lifetime of thermal neutrons in water are discussed. The methods used in several recent experiments to minimize these sources of error are analyzed, with particular attention paid to the problem of suppressing the higher modes of the neutron density distribution. The effect of moderator dimensions is presented in terms of mode suppression factors for three characteristic moderator sizes. The mathematical analysis for a proposed large-geometry, high precision mean lifetime experiment is presented, in which the neutron distribution is calculated as a solution to an eigenvalue problem with variable boundary conditions. Three approximations are presented which allow the counter perturbation to be calculated and the mode content controlled. ( auth)
Nebulized opioids for the palliation of dyspnea in terminally ill patients.

Purpose The use of nebulized opioids for the palliation of dyspnea in terminally ill patients is reviewed. Summary More than 50% of patients with advanced diseases experience dyspnea during their final stages of life. Systemically administered opioids are recommended for the management of dyspnea in these patients, but adverse effects may limit their use. Nebulization offers an alternative route for administering opioids, providing relief of dyspnea while minimizing adverse events. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify publications evaluating nebulized opioids for the palliation of dyspnea in patients at end-of-life. Ten studies that evaluated nebulized morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, and morphine-6-glucuronide were reviewed; 1 of these studies evaluated 4 different opioids. Of these 10 studies, 2 had double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover designs; 1 was retrospective, and the remaining 7 were prospective studies. A total of 181 patients, all adults, were evaluated. Subjective improvement in dyspnea from baseline was observed in 9 of the 10 studies. Nebulized morphine 20 mg every 4 hours was the most common opioid studied. Other doses of nebulized opioids included fentanyl 25 and 100 μg and hydromorphone 5 mg. Nine studies reported subjective improvement of dyspnea from baseline after administering nebulized opioids. Six studies evaluated objective outcomes and showed decreased respiratory rate (morphine, fentanyl, and hydromorphone) and heart rate (hydromorphone) and increased oxygen saturation (fentanyl). Mild-to-moderate adverse effects such as claustrophobia due to nebulizer mask, drowsiness, cough, and bitter taste were described. Conclusion Nebulized opioids may provide subjective relief of dyspnea in terminally ill patients with mild-to-moderate adverse effects.
Introduction to Education for Rural Muslim Hui

The bus carefully passes through and makes its rough turns alongside the rugged mountains. As soon as the winding road ends, it is broadened up and leads further to a land of barrenness with small villages remotely scattered where mosques are seen standing in the middle of the harsh landscape and nestled at the foot of mountains, far away from the main road but glittering at passersby with their shiny crescent moons and stars on the top. Gongbeis, or enshrined tombs, are built magnificently containing the remains of spiritual Islamic heroes or founders of various sects, stretching a few blocks in villages; Qingzhen (Halal) restaurants line the streets of counties and township, decorated with boards written Tasmi in Arabic scripts that read, “In the name of God, the most gracious, the most merciful.” Images of Al-Masjid Al-Haram, the Sacred Mosque or the Grand Mosque in the city of Mecca, are hung up on the walls, while Hancan (non-Halal) restaurants are nearly invisible. Men and women are often seen in white hats and colorful headscarves on their scooters and bicycles or driving small trucks and vans. This wide space is called Xihaigu, a name unknown to many Chinese people, but a place that generations of Muslim Hui call home. In the past, accessing this heartland of northwestern China is nearly impossible. Today, it is still not easy to access, even with regular bus and train schedules and asphalt-paved roads. It requires an approximate four-hour bus ride from Yinchuan, the capital city of Ningxia Autonomous Region, or an eight-hour bus ride from Xi’an, the capital city of Shaanxi, to reach a main county center in the area, and it takes another hour or more to get to the towns and villages within the county. There is still no high-speed train stopping by the Guyuan City where the nearest train station is located; with slow trains occasionally make their stops in Guyuan, getting from the train station to any parts of county still needs hours more of traveling (Fig. 1.1).
Kinase inhibitors: the road ahead

Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways have been successfully targeted to inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis for cancer therapy. However, kinase deregulation has been firmly demonstrated to play an essential role in virtually all major disease areas. Kinase inhibitor drug discovery programmes have recently broadened their focus to include an expanded range of kinase targets and therapeutic areas. In this Review, we provide an overview of the novel targets, biological processes and disease areas that kinase-targeting small molecules are being developed against, highlight the associated challenges and assess the strategies and technologies that are enabling efficient generation of highly optimized kinase inhibitors.
Feminist Theory: Liberal

Liberal feminist theorists critique and develop from a gendered perspective the liberal tradition in political theory. In addition they also contribute to ongoing dialogue within feminism about the nature and scope of the feminist agenda. Thus liberal feminism, even in its most theoretical articulations, contributes to the broad feminist project of social criticism. In this article the historical tradition of liberal feminism within feminism, liberal feminism as a focus within liberal theory, and selected bases for critiquing liberal feminism are outlined.
Evidence for the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor during epileptiform discharge.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to be the most easily characterized class of excitatory amino acid receptors in the central nervous system. Receptor activation by NMDA is blocked by certain phosphonate compounds and is sensitive to the extracellular Mg2+ concentration, characteristics lacking in ’non-NMDA’ receptors such as for quisqualate and kainate (for review, see Watkins, 1984). Although NMDA receptors are abundant in the hippocampus (Monaghan et al., 1983; Greenamyre et.al., 1985), putative NMDA antagonists have little or no effect on excitatory synaptic transmission in this structure under normal conditions (see Coan and Collingridge, 1985). Several investigators have therefore suggested that NMDA receptors are activated under abnormal or unusual conditions (Harris et al., 1984; Coan and Collingridge, 1985; Crunelli et al., 1985). For example, NMDA antagonists prevent long-term potentiation (Collingridge et al., 1983b), protect against CNS ischemia (Simon et al., 1984) and suppress some seizures (for review, see Meldrum, 1984). In addition, iontophoretic application of NMDA onto either mammalian neocortical or caudate neurons produces a pattern of burst discharge similar to that observed in an epileptic focus (Flatman et al., 1983; Herrling et al., 1983).
Papillomaviruses of Animals

Papillomaviruses are ubiquitous, persistent, epitheliotropic viruses that infect a wide range of animals. They have co-evolved with their hosts over millions of years and all papillomavirus types have most likely existed since the speciation of their host. Papillomavirus-associated disease ranges from clinically inapparent infections, through a variety of benign warts, to malignant carcinoma.