cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing atrophy: Another step toward a classification of gastritis

The Sydney System is a novel classification of gastritis that attempts to incorporate etiologic, topographic, and morphologic criteria into a clinically relevant scheme. In September of 1994, a group of 20 gastric pathologists from various parts of the world gathered in Houston, Texas, U.S.A., to reappraise the Sydney System 4 years after its introduction and to attempt to reach a broad consensus on gastritis. One of the most controversial issues at the Houston Workshop was the concept of atrophy. Several factors converge to foment confusion and disagreement. "Normal" is imprecisely defined; the loss of glands occurs with distinct patterns and has different functional significance in antrum and corpus; inflammatory infiltrate and lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria may alter the architecture of the gastric mucosa, particularly in the antrum, making loss especially arduous to discern from mere displacement; the relationship between atrophy and intestinal metaplasia remains incompletely understood; and finally, and perhaps most important, the topographic patterns of distribution and the genesis and evolution of atrophic gastritis have been among the most divisive predicaments in the tumultuous arena of gastritis. This article explores some of the difficulties surrounding the concept of atrophy, summarizes the resolutions made at the Houston Workshop, and presents a novel approach to the histopathologic evaluation of atrophic gastritis.
Insect freezing protection in Pterostichus brevicornis (Carabidae).

THERE are conflicting opinions concerning the mechanisms of freezing protection and survival in adult insects1, 2 generally resulting from a lack of consideration of pre-experimental conditions (that is, temperature exposure) or inappropriate analytical procedures. The ground beetle, Pterostichus brevicornis, has a circumpolar distribution with populations in some glacial refugia. Here it aggregates and overwinters in decayed stumps in the Fairbanks locale while ambient temperatures lower than −40° C have been recorded. Lower lethal temperatures (LD50) for winter acclimatized forms are near −87° C3, and limited survival has been recorded after brief exposures to −196° C (liquid N2).
In vivo T cell activation in lymphoid tissues is inhibited in the oxygen-poor microenvironment.

Activation of immune cells is under control of immunological and physiological regulatory mechanisms to ensure adequate destruction of pathogens with the minimum collateral damage to “innocent” bystander cells. The concept of physiological negative regulation of immune response has been advocated based on the finding of the critical immunoregulatory role of extracellular adenosine. Local tissue oxygen tension was proposed to function as one of such physiological regulatory mechanisms of immune responses. In the current study, we utilized in vivo marker of local tissue hypoxia pimonidazole hydrochloride (Hypoxyprobe-1) in the flowcytometric analysis of oxygen levels to which lymphocytes are exposed in vivo. The level of exposure to hypoxia in vivo was low in B cells and the levels increased in the following order: T cells < NKT cells < NK cells. The thymus was more hypoxic than the spleen and lymph nodes, suggesting the variation in the degree of oxygenation among lymphoid organs and cell types in normal mice. Based on in vitro studies, tissue hypoxia has been assumed to be suppressive to T cell activation in vivo, but there was no direct evidence demonstrating that T cells exposed to hypoxic environment in vivo are less activated. We tested whether the state of activation of T cells in vivo changes due to their exposure to hypoxic tissue microenvironments. The parallel analysis of more hypoxic and less hypoxic T cells in the same mouse revealed that the degree of T cell activation was significantly stronger in better-oxygenated T cells. These observations suggest that the extent of T cell activation in vivo is dependent on their localization and is decreased in environment with low oxygen tension.
Child Sexual Abuse and Bulimic Behaviors: An Exploratory Investigation of the Frequency and Nature of a Relationship

ABSTRACT Clinical and research literature have both described a possible relationship between a history of child sexual abuse and the development of eating disorders, particularly Bulimia; however, previous investigations have resulted in widely varied results. Dissociation has been suggested as a possible link between the two phenomena but has rarely been studied empirically. This study used a large non-clinical sample (N = 391) to investigate the frequency with which the two phenomena co-occur and to examine dissociation as a possible explanation for this co-occurrence. Child sexual abuse (CSA) was reported by 16.6% of the sample, while 9.4% reported bulimic behaviors. Results demonstrated minimal overlap between the two groups, however, suggesting that CSA and bulimic tendencies may be separate, albeit not uncommon, phenomena. Further, while higher levels of dissociation were found among those with a history of child sexual abuse (compared to those without a history of child sexual abuse) and with thos...
Defect identification and repair algorithm for polymer light emitting diodes

The innate character of ink jet instability sometimes causes device defects in polymer light emitting diodes (PLED). This study develops an image-processing method to identify defects by methods such as filtering, color processing, background subtraction, dilation, etc. Based upon the defect information and the pre-built ink jet print head library, the amount of ink volume and the location to print on can be appropriately estimated to patch defects. In addition, an optimal printing route can be determined with a specially designed head driving waveform, consisting of pre-oscillations during motion intermission. By this methodology a 60 pL sized drop from ink jet nozzles can approximately patch the PLED panel with pixel resolution of 240x73 μm, the QCIF standard. The results demonstrated good accuracy in landing while patching unfilled pixels. However, there are some satellite drop occurrences observed due to the sensitivity of image data threshold level setting. Overall, the confidence level of successful defect identification is larger than 95%. In this paper, an optimal repair route and a strategy about thin film morphology control were also discussed. These approaches are helpful to repair defects and, consequently, increase the yield rate for PLED or other applications by ink jet technology.
Physical-Layer Intrusion Detection in Wireless Networks

This paper describes a method for detecting intrusions in wireless local area networks (WLANs) based on physical layer features extracted from the radio frequency (RF) waveform of individual network packets. The features considered include those intrinsic to the packet source (wireless user node), as well as those related to the propagation path between the source and a network access point (AP). It is shown that the statistics of a set of packet features can be used to fingerprint each packet source in the network, thereby providing a mechanism for identifying rogue node activity, such as a spoofing attack. Empirical results are presented for an IEEE 802.11b network.
Black-White Differences in Political Efficacy, Trust, and Sociopolitical Participation: A Critique of the Empowerment Hypothesis

This study is a critique of Bobo and Gilliam's (1990) empowerment hypothesis. The authors examine black-white differences in political trust, efficacy, and sociopolitical participation. The study took place in Mobile, Alabama, and involved a telephone probability survey of 428 respondents. The authors argue for an expanded operational definition of empowerment, and research results support this position. No significant differences between blacks and whites emerged for political participation, attending to news, gender, age, occupation, or education. Blacks were significantly more politically trusting, efficacious, and involved in the community than were whites.
Detection of L-lactate in polyethylene glycol solutions confirms the identity of the active-site ligand in a proline dehydrogenase structure.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is often used in protein crystallography as a low-ionic-strength precipitant for crystallization and as a cryoprotectant for low-temperature data collection. Prompted by the discovery of an apparent l-lactate molecule bound in the active site of the Escherichia coli PutA proline dehydrogenase domain crystal structure, the l-lactate concentration of several PEG solutions was measured. 50%(w/v) solutions of PEGs with molecular weight 3000, 4000 and 8000 contain millimolar levels of l-lactate. In contrast, l-­lactate was not detected in solutions of PEG monomethyl ethers or PEG 3350. These results help to explain why l-lactate was present in the proline dehydrogenase domain crystal structure. This work also has implications for the crystallization of enzymes that bind l-lactate.
Ceftazidime in treatment of urinary tractinfection in patients with spinal cord injury: Comparison with moxalactam*

Ceftazidime was compared with moxalactam in the treatment of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury. Patients received ceftazidime or moxalactam, 500 mg twice daily for five days. Urine specimens were collected by urethral catheter. Adequate follow-up was obtained in 26 patients treated with ceftazidime and 13 patients treated with moxalactam. The infecting bacteria were not cultured in significant numbers from the urine of any patients after two to four days of antibiotics, except for 1 patient who had Pseudomonas aeruginosa persisting in the urine while receiving ceftazidime. At five to nine days after completing antibiotic therapy, the cure rate was 42 percent for ceftazidime and 15 percent for moxalactam. The rate of reinfection was significantly lower in the ceftazidime group than the moxalactam group.
Chronic Congestive Heart Failure: Observations at Abdominal Ultrasound with a Comparison of Abdominal Veins in Healthy Individuals

Findings observed at abdominal ultrasound in 8 patients with chronic congestive heart failure were hepatomegaly and dilated inferior vena cava which did not change its caliber during respiration. In some cases, distended hepatic or renal veins were also present. In a control group without known hepatic, cardiac, or renal disease, the veins were narrower, and the caliber of the inferior vena cava always responded to respiration, being widest at the end of inspiration and collapsed at Valsalva maneuver.
Characterization of the general anion-binding site in glutamate dehydrogenase-NADPH complex.

Abstract The reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate, catalyzed by bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase, is inhibited by various anions. Formate and acetate ions are competitive with α-ketoglutarate. The pH dependence of the p K i profiles for these anions reveals that they bind to the enzyme-NADPH complex only when an enzymatic residue of p K 8.0 ± 0.1 in the binary complex is protonated. The ionization of this residue has a Δ H ion of 15 ± 4 kcal/mol. These p K and Δ H ion values are not significantly different from those observed in the same complex for the enzyme group which binds the γ-CO 2 − of α-ketoglutarate and oxalylglycine. It is concluded that formate and acetate also bind to the γ-car☐ylate site in enzyme-NADPH. The K i values for formate and acetate in a buffer containing 0.1 M phosphate are 20 ± 4 and 32 ± 5mM, respectively, when the p K 8.0 group is fully protonated. Phosphate and trifluoroacetate also show an inhibitory effect, while valerate and sulfate have little effect on the reductive amination rates. The results suggest that specific anions can bind to the γ-car☐ylate site by ionic interactions and alter the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the glutamate dehydrogenase-NADPH complex in significant ways.
Brain fatty acids of an antarctic fish, Trematomus bernacchii

Abstract 1. 1. Analysis was made of the fatty acids of the brain of Trematomus bernacchii, a stenotherm, endemic to the Antarctic. 2. 2. Brain fatty acids of Trematomus were compared with those of a temperate marine eurytherm, Leptocottus armatus, and with those of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. 3. 3. Comparing percentages of composition of the major fatty acids present, significant differences between Leptocottus and Trematomus was found in palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic. 4. 4. Approximately 6·5 per cent of the fatty acids of the brain of Trematomus consisted of 24-carbon polyunsaturates.
Workplace mind shifts

Digital technologies allow people to change the workplace in a fundamental way. The connectivity enabled by these technologies has opened new opportunities for how, when, and where people work. Those opportunities, when exploited, can help organisations be more effective in their use of human capital. Capturing these opportunities requires a mind shift whereby corporate real estate professionals perceive things differently‐and then act differently. That mind shift should challenge established values and assumptions about where value gets created as well as where people work and how people connect with others. The mind shift should, in turn, lead workspace professionals to rethink their approaches to workplace design, and stimulate new organisational patterns for creating, justifying and continuously improving workplaces and enterprise‐wide workplace portfolios. Pioneering work by SunMicrosystems and Hewlett Packard is showing the way. Other workplace professionals can effectively follow if they harness the connective power of technology as an integral part of workplace design. That design should begin with the work that needs to be done; create the best package of physical and cyber space to do it; and evolve as work requirements change.
A research agenda for outpatient consultation-liaison psychiatry ☆

Primary care settings are increasingly important sites for psychiatric research. A broader range of many psychiatric disorders is encountered here than in the mental health arena, and their study will therefore provide us with a more representative picture of the true nature of these disorders. This is also the setting in which to investigate the medical care process itself, including such phenomena as nonadherence with the medical regimen, patient delay before seeking appropriate medical attention, the placebo phenomenon, patient satisfaction, and the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. Much of primary care practice consists of the management and palliation of somatic symptoms, yet the phenomenology of somatic symptoms has barely been investigated. Outpatient psychiatric researchers are in an ideal position to study the entire process of symptom perception, formation, experience, and reporting, including the phenomenon of somatization. However, ambulatory medical settings impose particular constraints and demands upon consultation-liaison researchers. They may be met with indifference and even suspicion, and in turn they too often fail to appreciate the nature of the primary care setting and the research questions that are important to primary care providers, whose interest and involvement must be enlisted from the outset. Consultation-liaison researchers must acquire the substantive skills, knowledge, and techniques that are demanded by this type of research, because this work must be rigorous and of high caliber.
Comparative temperature and water relations and the effects of thermal acclimation on Tenebrio molitor and Tenebrio obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of temperature, relative humidity and thermal acclimation were studied in Tenebrio molitor and T. obscurus. The pupal stage is the most resistant to high temperature stress and xeric (12% RH) conditions. 2. 2. Older larvae exhibit greater survivorship under xeric rather than mesic (72% RH) conditions. Embryonic development was unsuccessful at 10°C regardless of RH. Oviposition rates were higher under mesic conditions over a temperature range of 25–35°C. Xeric conditions reduced adult longevity. 3. 3. Acclimation rates for ATPase activities were highest in those insects acclimated at 15 and tested at 30°C. Evaporative water loss was higher under xeric conditions. Larval burrowing activity was enhanced in cold-acclimated insects. 4. 4. The temperature and water relations of these tenebrionids is compared to other terrestrial arthropods.
Spontaneous release of acetylcholine and acetylhomocholine from mouse forebrain minces: Cytoplasmic or vesicular origin

The objective of this study was to determine the subcellular origin of cholinergic transmitter released spontaneously from mouse forebrain minces. To accomplish this objective, minces were pretreated in ionic media and then loaded with [14C]homocholine, an analog of choline, to form the false transmitter [14C]acetylhomocholine ([14C]AHCh). The ratio of the false transmitter [14C]AHCh to the true transmitter ACh was then used as an index of cholinergic transmitter contents for both the cytoplasmic (S3) and vesicle-bound (P3) fractions. Three different pretreatment procedures were used to cause the following changes in S3 and P3 false to true transmitter ratios prior to spontaneous release: 1) a small increase in the S3 ratio of [14C]AHCh to acetylcholine (ACh) and a large increase in the P3 ratio of [14C]AHCh to ACh; 2) a decrease in the S3 ratio of [14C]AHCh to ACh and an increase in the P3 ratio of [14C]AHCh to ACh; 3) an increase in the P3 ratio of [14C]AHCh to ACh without affecting the S3 ratio of [14C]AHCh to ACh. The influence of each pretreatment on these subcellular ratios was then compared with its influence on the spontaneous release ratio of [14C]AHCh to ACh. In all 3 instances, the influence of pretreatment on the ratio of spontaneously released false and true cholinergic transmitters from minces coincided with the effect of pretreatment on the pre-release ratio of false to true transmitter in the S3 fraction. These results suggest that much of the cholinergic transmitter which is spontaneously released from mouse forebrain occurs from the cytroplasmic fraction.
Carbohydrate liquid crystals

Abstract There has been a marked increase during the past 5 years in the number of mesogenic compounds synthesized from the common, naturally occurring carbohydrates, particularly from glucose and glucitol. The structure of the mesophases depends on the shape of the molecules. Cyclic and acyclic carbohydrates with single n-alkyl or acyl chains of more than six carbon atoms are calamitic amphiphiles which form thermotropic smectic Ad phases. The more soluble of these mesogens are used as non-ionic surfactants for solubilizing and crystallizing membrane proteins. They form gels and lyotropic phases with water. The lamellar phase is most common, but some carbohydrate amphiphiles exhibit all of the classical lyotropic phases associated with the ionic surfactants, i.e. lamellar, cubic and hexagonal. Both the smectic Ad and the lamellar Lα phases are believed to be bilayers with interdigitized alkyl chains in the interior of the molecular clusters. The crystal structures of the alkylated cyclic sugars hitherto ...
Twin boundary energetics in pure aluminium

Abstract The energetics of annealing twins in pure aluminium were investigated by thin film transmission electron microscopy techniques. Coherent {111} twin boundaries were rigorously analyzed, and found to have a frequency of less than 10 −3 /grain as compared with approximately 1–10/grain for other f.c.c. metals and alloys at 0.8 T m . The formation of grain-corner twins was observed for the first time, indicating that corner twin formation is energetically favorable in pure aluminium. While twin bands (two parallel twin boundaries) intersecting grain boundaries were not observed, the analysis of nearly symmetrical twin boundary-grain boundary intersections allowed a mean ratio of twin boundary/grain boundary free energy to be measured as 0.23 at 450°C. The temperature coefficient for twin boundary free energy was found to be approximately −0.07 ergs/cm 2 °C; and the twin boundary and stackingfault free energies were estimated to be 105 and 210 ergs/cm 2 respectively at room temperature (25°C).
Switching behaviours in semiconducting carbon fibres

There has been increasing interest in polymeric carbon materials obtained by pyrolysing organic precursors because this class of materials exhibits semiconducting characteristics [1~4]. The wide spectrum of electrical properties that polymeric carbons can be tailored to exhibit provides a unique opportunity of evaluating electrical conduction mechanisms in amorphous materials [5, 6]. More recently, carbon materials appear to be promising for use in the design of electronic devices such as light emitting diodes [7, 8], infrared sensors [9] and humidity sensors [10]. Switching behaviour in pyrolysed polyfurylalcohol thin films was reported by Antonowicz and colleagues [11, 12]. The problems associated with these micro-scale thin films in previous studies include difficulty of processing and lack of stability. The fabrication of carbon fibres, which possess stable and reproducible bulk properties, involves simple manipulation of precursor processing parameters such as heat treatment temperature (HTT) and time. Unique electrical properties have been observed with semiconducting carbon fibres [13]. This letter presents the switching behaviours of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based semiconducting carbon fibres, which may prove to be of great technological significance. Theoretical considerations for switching mechanisms are also discussed. The starting material used for this study was PAN fibre bundles, each containing 6000 1.1 denier monofilament (11.5 gm diameter), supplied by RK carbon fibre, Inc. The fibre precursor was stabilized in air at temperatures ranging from 210 to 230 °C for 2-3 h while under tension to avoid shrinkage. Subsequent treatment involved pyrolysis of the oxidized PAN fibre in argon atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 400 to 950 °C for 1 h to obtain partially carbonized PAN fibres (PC-PANs) [13]. After the heat treatment, a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer with a CuK~ radiation source was used to obtain X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of these PCPANs. Results indicated that the structure of most of the PC-PANs investigated was largely amorphous, but possibly with a small amount of micro-crystalline domains, the concentration of which increased with increasing heat treatment temperature and time. Silver or aluminium electrodes were connected to the samples (typically 0.1-2.0cm in length) to facilitate electrical measurements. The d.c. conductivity was measured by the four-point method with a
Woman with intertrochanteric femur fracture diagnosed by MR

We present the case of an elderly woman who sustained an intertrochanteric hip fracture from a fall, with negative findings on plain film. The fracture was subsequently diagnosed using MRI and surgically fixed. MRI continues to be the gold standard for diagnosing occult hip fractures in the acute setting. Any elderly patient presenting with hip pain following a fall or other trauma must be regarded as having a fracture until proven otherwise, even if plain films are normal.
Activity, Abundance, and Diversity of Nitrifying Archaea and Denitrifying Bacteria in Sediments of a Subtropical Estuary: Bahía del Tóbari, Mexico

Fixed nitrogen (N) removal from estuaries via coupled nitrification–denitrification plays a significant role in the global N cycle and the biogeochemistry of individual estuaries. Much of our understanding of these processes is drawn from temperate estuaries, yet tropical and subtropical estuaries may respond differently to N inputs. I tested the hypothesis that nitrification is limited within subtropical estuaries by comparing nitrification and denitrification potentials, and the abundance of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) and bacterial nitrite reductase (nirS) genes, across five sites in Bahia del Tobari, Mexico. Sampling was conducted when agricultural runoff supplied substantial quantities of N (ca. 20–80 μM ammonium), yet nitrification was detected at a single site. Denitrification was measured at four sites, and three displayed nitrate uptake rather than net nitrification—indicating a N sink within these sediments. Bacterial nirS genes uniformly outnumbered archaeal amoA genes (3- to 49-fold) and were more abundant in the northern part of the estuary. Patterns of community similarity among different sites were also different for nirS and archaeal amoA: similarities between sites based on nirS were often greater than for amoA, and sites were more rarely statistically different from each other. While amoA abundance was inversely related to temperature, neither amoA nor nirS was correlated with nitrification or denitrification potentials. My results are broadly consistent with known and proposed patterns of nitrification and denitrification in subtropical estuarine sediments, including the idea that nitrification is limited within subtropical estuarine sediments.
Overexpression of the Arabidopsis α-expansin gene AtEXPA1 accelerates stomatal opening by decreasing the volumetric elastic modulus.

Guard cell walls of stomata are highly specialized in plants. Previous research focused on the structure and anatomy of guard cell walls, but little is known about guard cell regulation during stomata movement. In this work, we investigate the possible biological role of the Arabidopsis expansin gene AtEXPA1 in stomatal opening. The AtEXPA1 promoter drove the expression of the GUS reporter gene specifically in guard cells. Light-induced stomatal opening was accelerated in 35S::AtEXPA1 lines, whereas the anti-AtEXPA1 antibody decelerated light-induced stomatal opening. The inhibition of the anti-AtEXPA1 antibody on stomatal opening was largely dependent on the environmental pH. The volumetric elastic modulus (e) was measured as an indicator of changes in the cell wall. The e value of guard cells in 35S::AtEXPA1 lines was smaller than in the wild types. The putative role of AtEXPA1 as controller of stomatal opening rate and its regulation are discussed.
Persistent poverty among Africans Americans in the United States: the impact of public policy

This study examines the persistent poverty that exists among African Americans in the United States. It explains why African Americans in the United States are much more likely to live and/or remain in poverty than any other population group. This study is based on the premise that the governmental system has affected African Americans through the use of public policies. This study demonstrates how the outcome of public policies, programs and institutional practices has impacted the lives of African Americans. The primary focus of this study is to challenge the long-standing, incorrect, misdirected, flawed paradigm that was designed to eliminate poverty through the use of federal antipoverty policies and programs. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty Great Society Legislation was used as a single case study approach to analyze and gather data to determine if antipoverty programs and policies have helped or hindered African Americans, in moving in or out of poverty. Although, Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society Legislation was notable and made an honest attempt to eliminate poverty, it suffered from the same fatal flaws of trying to fix/blame the individual instead of blaming the structural failures within the governmental system. In this research, the results show that failed federal policies and programs have caused African Americans to remain poor and underprivileged in the United States. Failed policies have also created a culture of poverty among poor African Americans, meaning that they have learned to adapt to a lifestyle that allows them to deal with poverty, while sharing common problems such as having the lowest income levels with the least amount of education. The results show that African Americans are persistently poor because of the structural failures within the governmental system, not because of an individual’s characteristics. The conclusions drawn from the findings suggest that: the old paradigm must be challenged and changed; there is a systemic problem within United States governmental institutions and it’s political, economic, and social structures failed to satisfy the needs of the poor. Poverty was not lessened or eliminated among African Americans, they continue to have the highest poverty rates when compared to white Americans, and they continuously face barriers to employment, access to health care and medical services, educational attainment, unaffordable housing and inequality. This study will challenge the United States governmental system, its policies and programs that were created to minimize or eliminate poverty. This study is instrumental because it will reconceptualize poverty and propose a prevailing paradigm shift in United States public policy. It will provide the federal government with prescriptions to look at poverty differently, focusing on the failures within the structure of government instead of blaming the powerless individual.
Asbestos disease risk communication conducted by the New Jersey Department of Health.

Since October 1985, the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) has required hospitals to report all patients with a discharge diagnosis of asbestosis. As follow-up to a needs assessment survey of these patients, the NJDOH developed an educational packet including an information bulletin titled “Asbestos Disease: Medical and Legal Facts for Employees” and a pre-stamped postcard evaluation survey. The packet was sent to 1,418 patients reported by hospitals; 433 patients returned the evaluation questionnaire. The survey assessed attitudinal responses (were the materials helpful and easy to understand?) and behavioral responses (did the respondent plan on discussing the materials with a doctor or lawyer?) to the information in the packet. Of the postcard respondents, 85% found the materials helpful, and approximately half indicated that they would discuss the materials with a doctor or lawyer. Of the 33% who were proxy respondents, half appeared not to have understood that the materials had relevance to them as family members. Modifications to the protocol for the asbestos disease educational packet were made based on the evaluation data. Limitations of the evaluation survey and the value of process evaluations in risk communication projects are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gas chromatography of the N-trifluoroacetylmethyl esters of the amino acids.

Abstract The N-trifluoroacetylmethyl esters were found to yield single peaks on gas chromatography for the amino acids: alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, glycine, proline, aspartic acid, threonine, methionine, serine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, hydroxyproline, and lysine. Improved yields of the derivatives were prepared by the use of sulfonated polystyrene resin in the hydrogen form as a catalyst for the formation of the methyl ester.
Touch-Enabled Input Devices for Controlling Virtual Environments

Abstract The benefits of using virtual environment display technology is the familiarity of the user with the modalities of that environment providing a very intuitive access to models or data sets represented by using this technology. Various different styles of input devices are typically used for such virtual environments, ranging from standard game-pads to high-end commercial devices like an A.R.T. flystick2. These devices work great for operations such as selection or navigating the scene. Whenever more sophisticated dialog-based input is required, these devices typically rely on traditional 2D metaphors projected into the virtual environment. The use of tablet devices can provide a significantly more natural input-paradigm under these circumstances. This paper describes the deployment of a standard Android tablet device that interfaces with a virtual environment over the wireless network. The tablet device was tested using traditional CAVE-type display configurations and wall-type display systems using various different 3D stereoscopic technology including active stereo and passive stereo.
Plasticity Enhancement of MoSi2 at Elevated Temperatures Through the Addition of TiC

Monolithic MoSi2 and MoSi2-TiC particulate composites with 10 vol % and 15 vol % TiC were tested in compression between 950°C and 1200°C. The MoSi2-TiC composites can be deformed plastically at lower temperatures than MoSi2 can before brittle fracture occurs. The composites exhibit much lower strain hardening rates and attain zero strain hardening rate at much lower strains than monolithic MoSi2. The differences between the composites and monolithic MoSi2 in plasticity and in strain hardening behavior is attributed to efficient dislocation generation into the matrix from sources at the MoSi2-TiC interfaces.
Mechanism of the Invasiveness of Cancer.

D URING THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS AN attempt has been made in this laboratory to arrive at an explanation of the invasiveness characteristic of malignant tumors. In contrast to benign tumor cells, which remain restricted to their site of origin, malignant cells have the ability to infiltrate adjacent tissues and thus become locally disseminated. Furthermore, their capacity for invasiveness allows them to penetrate into the lumina of lymphatic and blood vessels, whereby they are transported to more distant parts. It was thought that physical and chemical differences must exist between benign and malignant neoplastic cells which permit the former to remain localized and the latter to permeate adjacent normal tissues. Under the assumption that these differences between the types of cells were ascertainable by experimental methods, a series of investigations was made.'
Regulating Religious Noise: The Council of Vienne, the Mosque Call and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Late Medieval Mediterranean World

This paper examines the issue of religious noise in the later middle ages, in those areas of the western Mediterranean, especially in the Crown of Aragon, where Muslims and Christians lived in close proximity. In particular, it considers the role of the Council of Vienne (1311) in shifting and reflecting contemporary Christian attitudes toward public and audible Muslim religious observance, including the call to prayer (adhān) and local pilgrimage (ziyāra). This article will place the Vienne rulings in a wider context, first discussing the regulation of religious noise until the end of the thirteenth century, then examining data from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. As will become evident, although the Council of Vienne did mark a turning point in the Christian effort to control the religious acoustic environment, its legislation was neither as original nor as effective as is often believed. Nevertheless, the Council marked a shift in contemporary thinking about religious noise, signaling increased awareness of noise as a problem and adding authority to prohibitions on public Muslim religious expression. Parallel concerns expressed by both Muslims and Christians about the religious noise and public rituals of minority communities (whether the mosque call, the ringing of bells, or local pilgrimage) demonstrate inter-religious tensions in the Mediterranean World at the turn of the fourteenth century.
Predictors of student health care utilization patterns.

Abstract In recent years, interest has been renewed concerning student utilization and nonutilization of university and college health services. A study was conducted at James Madison University to examine for prediction purposes: (a) student utilization patterns; (b) knowledge of available services; and (c) attitudes toward the student health service. Questionnaires were sent to a 10% random sample of the student population. Employing multiple regression analysis, the predictive value of the independent variables of knowledge, attitudes, convenience, and sociodemographic data were evaluated for the three criterion (dependent) variables related to utilization and non-utilization of health services. These had been identified as (1) frequency of use, (2) number of different types of use, and (3) user-nonuser. Results of the analysis indicated that certain predictor variables could predict to an extent the utilization and nonutilization patterns of students. The implications of these findings as well as thei...
Phenomenological electronic stopping-power model for molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation of ion implantation into silicon

It is crucial to have a good phenomenological model of electronic stopping power for modeling the physics of ion implantation into crystalline silicon. In the spirit of the Brandt-Kitagawa effective charge theory, we develop a model for electronic stopping power for an ion, which can be factorized into (i) a globally averaged effective charge taking into account effects of close and distant collisions by target electrons with the ion, and (ii) a local charge density dependent electronic stopping power for a proton. This phenomenological model is implemented into both molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations. There is only one free parameter in the model, namely, the one electron radius ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}^{0}$ for unbound electrons. By fine tuning this parameter, it is shown that the model can work successfully for both boron and arsenic implants. We report that the results of the dopant profile simulation for both species are in excellent agreement with the experimental profiles measured by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) over a wide range of energies and with different incident directions. We point out that the model has wide applicability, for it captures the correct physics of electronic stopping in ion implantation. This model also provides a good physically based damping mechanism for molecular dynamics simulations in the electronic stopping power regime, as evidenced by the striking agreement of dopant profiles calculated in our molecular dynamics simulations with the SIMS data. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Growth and Doping of AlxGa1−xN Deposited Directly on α(6H)-SiC(0001) Substrates via Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Monocrystalline AlxGa1−xN(0001) (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.70) thin films, void of oriented domain structures and associated low-angle grain boundaries, have been grown at high temperatures via OMVPE directly on vicinal and on-axis α(6H)-SiC(0001) wafers using TEG, TEA and ammonia in a cold-wall, vertical, pancake-style reactor. The surface morphologies were smooth and die densities and distributions of dislocations were comparable to that observed in GaN(0001) films grown on high temperature A1N buffer layers. Double-crystal XRC measurements showed a FWHM value as low as 186 arc sec for the (0002) reflection. Spectra obtained via CL showed strong near band-edge emissions with FWHM values as low as 31 meV. The compositions of the AlxGa1−xN films were determined using EDX, AES and RBS and compared to the values of the bandgap as measured by spectral ellipsometry and CL emissions. A negative bowing parameter was found. Controlled n-type, Si-doping of AlxGa1−xN for x ≤ 0.4 has been achieved with net carrier concentrations ranging from ≈ 2 × 1017 cm−3 to 2 × 1019 cm−3. Acceptor doping with Mg for x < 0.13 was also successful.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Secondary Glaucoma After Hyphema in Sickle Cell Patients

Four patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies (one sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (SC); three sickle cell trait (AS)) and hyphemas had a higher percentage of erythrocytes sickled in their anterior chambers than in their circulating venous blood. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was severely increased, despite relatively small amounts of intracameral blood. Systemic hypotensive agents were not always successful in reducing IOP, and in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, are probably contraindicated in high or repeated dose regimens. Moderate increase of IOP in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy patients may produced rapid deterioration of visual function, because of a greater than usual effect on vascular perfusion in the central retinal artery and optic nerve. Early anterior chamber paracentesis may be the best treatment for this type of hyphema-induced secondary glaucoma.
Multiple Functions of the IKK-Related Kinase IKKε in Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Immunity

IKKϵ is an IKK (inhibitor of nuclear factor κBkinase)–related kinase implicated in virus induction of interferon-β (IFNβ). We report that, although mice lacking IKKϵ produce normal amounts of IFNβ, they are hypersusceptible to viral infection because of a defect in the IFN signaling pathway. Specifically, a subset of type I IFN-stimulated genes are not activated in the absence of IKKϵ because the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 complex (ISGF3) does not bind to promoter elements of the affected genes. We demonstrate that IKKϵ is activated by IFNβ and that IKKϵ directly phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), a component of ISGF3. We conclude that IKKϵ plays a critical role in the IFN-inducible antiviral transcriptional response.
Macroelectronics: a gateway to electronics and instrumentation education

Conventional approaches to teaching electronics and instrumentation emphasize microelectronics. This paper describes an approach that emphasizes macroelectronics instead. The objectives of the electronics course now focus on giving students the tools they need to create useful electronic instruments composed of functional subsystems. To achieve this goal, a design project is given at the beginning of the course. The design projects are chosen to provide motivation and affirmation of course content. We have used a power supply and a semiconductor curve tracer as example design projects in offerings at our respective universities. The experience has been positive as measured by student responses and their ability to complete useful instruments. We have also used a model corporate structure as a way to organize student efforts and to handle the support needed to ensure success. All students serve a technical role as design engineers. Depending on class size and the size of model companies desired, students vie for executive, marketing, financial, procurement, manufacturing, and technical-documentation positions.
The role of the caudate in nonmotor behaviors in Huntington's disease

Neuropsychologic data suggest an important role for the caudate nucleus (CN) in behavioral impairments in Huntington's disease (HD). These include abnormalities in executive function, egocentric visuospatial representations, communication, and retrieval of declarative memories, changes in personality, and psychiatric disturbances. Animal paradigms of CN lesions support a role for the CN in some of these behaviors. Current theories of basal ganglia function add explanatory value to the role of the CN in these behaviors. A disconnection of the caudate from limbic structures, including the amygdala may account for many nonmotor behaviors observed in HD.
Impact of Mobile Charge on Matching Sensitivity in SOI Analog Circuits

Elements such as sodium and potassium can contaminate oxides in semiconductor devices, including buried oxides in Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) devices. Common fabrication processes use chemicals which contain such contaminants - an example being chemical-mechanical polish slurries - which can contain high levels of sodium or potassium. When charge contamination, particularly mobile charge contamination, gets under SOI devices, it can shift characteristics such as threshold voltage, and when this happens in sensitive analog circuits, it can lead to yield and reliability issues. We will describe an example and suggest possible layout mitigation strategies.
Sustaining Tobacco Control Coalitions Amid Declining Resources

Mississippi is unique among the 50 states in settling a lawsuit against tobacco companies earlier than the Master Settlement Agreement, devoting a relatively high amount of per capita funding on tobacco control, and avoiding tobacco-control budget cuts. Using a social-ecological approach combining insider and outsider strategies, tobacco-prevention coalitions in Mississippi succeeded in sustaining funding despite serious obstacles. Lessons learned included taking specific actions to embed themselves in the local community, wisely aligning with legislators, choosing courageous and effective champions, and ensuring that people are keenly aware of their existence and efforts. In using these strategies, tobacco-prevention coalitions in Mississippi have become an institution of the community and in so doing helped sustain their funding.
Fast turn characterization of SIMOX wafers

Physical and electrical properties of incoming low-defect SIMOX SOI wafers were characterized by fast turn techniques to determine their suitability for device applications. Physical properties were evaluated extensively with optical reflectometry and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. To facilitate evaluation of the back channel property with minimal processing. Schottky barrier MOS and simple regular MOS test structures were made. Schottky barrier behavior was noted in the characteristics near the origin and the conduction at zero gate bias. Back channel properties were evaluated first, and then the device was subjected to irradiation using a 10-keV ARACOR/4100 X-ray source with doses in the Mrad (SiO/sub 2/) region. The threshold voltage shift and the subthreshold voltage swing were measured. The radiation induced interface states in the Mrad (SiO/sub 2/) region were determined. >
Fast visualization, manipulation, and analysis of binary volumetric objects

A set of algorithms for interactive visualization, manipulation, and measurement of large 3-D objects on general-purpose workstations is described. They are based on a method of representing digital structures called a semiboundary. This data structure stores boundary and interior information. The use of these algorithms for visualizing medical data is addressed. Examples of their use are given. >
Emerging sites of HCI innovation: hackerspaces, hardware startups & incubators

In this paper, we discuss how a flourishing scene of DIY makers is turning visions of tangible and ubiquitous computing into products. Drawing on long-term multi-sited ethnographic research and active participation in DIY making, we provide insights into the social, material, and economic processes that undergird this transition from prototypes to products. The contribution of this paper is three-fold. First, we show how DIY maker practice is illustrative of a broader "return to" and interest in physical materials. This has implications for HCI research that investigates questions of materiality. Second, we shed light on how hackerspaces and hardware start-ups are experimenting with new models of manufacturing and entrepreneurship. We argue that we have to take seriously these maker practices, not just as hobbyist or leisure practice, but as a professionalizing field functioning in parallel to research and industry labs. Finally, we end with reflections on the role of HCI researchers and designers as DIY making emerges as a site of HCI innovation. We argue that HCI is positioned to provide critical reflection, paired with a sensibility for materials, tools and design methods.