cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitigating airport congestion: market mechanisms and airline response models

Efficient allocation of scarce resources in networks is an important problem worldwide. In this thesis, we focus on resource allocation problems in a network of congested airports. The increasing demand for access to the world's major commercial airports combined with the limited operational capacity at many of these airports have led to growing air traffic congestion resulting in several billion dollars of delay cost every year. In this thesis, we study two demand-management techniques – strategic and operational approaches to mitigate airport congestion. As a strategic initiative, auctions have been proposed to allocate runway slot capacity. We focus on two elements in the design of such slot auctions – airline valuations and activity rules. An aspect of airport slot market environments, which we argue must be considered in auction design, is the fact that the participating airlines are budget-constrained. (1) The problem of finding the best bundle of slots on which to bid in an iterative combinatorial auction, also called the preference elicitation problem, is a particularly hard problem, even more in the case of airlines in a slot auction. We propose a valuation model, called the Aggregated Integrated Airline Scheduling and Fleet Assignment Model, to help airlines understand the true value of the different bundles of slots in the auction. This model is efficient and was found to be robust to data uncertainty in our experimental simulations. (2) Activity rules are checks made by the auctioneer at the end of every round to suppress strategic behavior by bidders and to promote consistent, continual preference elicitation. These rules find applications in several real world scenarios including slot auctions. We show that the commonly used activity rules are not applicable for slot auctions as they prevent straightforward behavior by budget-constrained bidders. We propose the notion of a strong activity rule which characterizes straightforward bidding strategies. We then show how a strong activity rule in the context of budget-constrained bidders (and quasi-linear bidders) can be expressed as a linear feasibility problem. This work on activity rules also applies to more general iterative combinatorial auctions. We also study operational (real-time) demand-management initiatives that are used when there are sudden drops in capacity at airports due to various uncertainties, such as bad-weather. We propose a system design that integrates the capacity allocation, airline recovery and inter-airline slot exchange procedures, and suggest metrics to evaluate the different approaches to fair allocations. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
De-Epicardialization: A Simple, Effective Surgical Treatment for Angina Pectoris

Removal of the epicardium of the dog's heart with 95 per cent phenol permits anastomoses between pericardial vessels and the coronary arteries that are large enough to carry the Schlesinger mass (40 micra or larger). In 18 patients suffering from intractable angina pectoris an operation consisting of phenolization, instillation of talc and pneumonopexy has resulted in consistent relief of pain. The simplicity of the procedure exposes the patient to minimum risk of fresh thrombosis; its effectiveness justifies further trial.
Trends in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Despite reductions in the incidence of new hepatitis C virus infections, infections from previous decades continue to place a substantial burden on our health care system. Although the course of th...
Maternal Risk Factors for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Not As Simple As It Might Seem

Gathering information about drinking during pregnancy is one of the most difficult aspects of studying fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). This information is critical to linking specific risk factors to any particular diagnosis within the FASD continuum. This article reviews highlights from the literature on maternal risk factors for FASD and illustrates that maternal risk is multidimensional, including factors related to quantity, frequency, and timing of alcohol exposure; maternal age; number of pregnancies; number of times the mother has given birth; the mother's body size; nutrition; socioeconomic status; metabolism; religion; spirituality; depression; other drug use; and social relationships. More research is needed to more clearly define what type of individual behavioral, physical, and genetic factors are most likely to lead to having children with FASD.
Toward a general collection methodology for Android devices

The Android platform has been deployed across a wide range of devices, predominately mobile phones, bringing unprecedented common software features to a diverse set of devices independent of carrier and manufacturer. Modern digital forensics processes differentiate collection and analysis, with collection ideally only occurring once and the subsequent analysis relying upon proper collection. After exploring special device boot modes and Android's partitioning schema we detail the composition of an Android bootable image and discuss the creation of such an image designed for forensic collection. The major contribution of this paper is a general process for data collection of Android devices and related results of experiments carried out on several specific devices.
DEAMON: Energy-efficient Sensor Monitoring

In people-centric opportunistic sensing, people offer their mobile nodes (such as smart phones) as platforms for collecting sensor data. A sensing application distributes sensing 'tasks,' which specify what sensor data to collect and under what conditions to report the data back to the application. To perform a task, mobile nodes may use on-board sensors, a body-area network of personal sensors, or sensors from neighboring nodes that volunteer to contribute their sensing resources. In all three cases, continuous sensor monitoring can drain a node's battery. We propose DEAMON (Distributed Energy-Aware MONitoring), an energy-efficient distributed algorithm for long-term sensor monitoring. Our approach assumes only that mobile nodes are tasked to report sensor data under conditions specified by a Boolean expression, and that a network of nearby sensor nodes contribute to monitoring subsets of the task's sensors. Our algorithm to select sensor nodes and to monitor the sensing condition couserves energy of all nodes by limiting sensing and communication operations. We evaluate DEAMON with a stochastic analysis and with simulation results, and show that it should significantly reduce energy consumption.
B lymphocyte development in the rabbit.

(1997). B Lymphocyte Development in the Rabbit. International Reviews of Immunology: Vol. 15, No. 3-4, pp. 129-163.
Evolving management of atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a common, complex inflammatory skin disorder with an immunological basis, characterized by eczematous dermatitis and pruritis. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is increasing in industrialized areas of the world, including the USA and western Europe. There is an estimated 15–20% lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis in young school-age children in the USA and western Europe. Evidence suggests that atopic dermatitis may represent an entry point for allergic disease, with some data supporting claims that 50–80% of children with atopic dermatitis may develop other symptoms of the atopic triad, including allergic rhinitis and asthma. There has been an evolution in the understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of atopic dermatitis, leading to the introduction of new therapeutic agents and treatment options. Ongoing studies are now evaluating if early effective treatment of atopic dermatitis in an infant modifies the risk of developing other atopic disease or alleviates its im...
The Location of Cathodic Reaction during Localized Corrosion

A theoretical model for predicting the current and potential distribution within a prototypic pit was used to estimate conditions under which cathodic reaction occurs in the occluded region. The model is developed for a long, narrow occluded cell where the anode is localized in the tip region. Cathodic reaction (hydrogen reduction) on the side walls and external surface is predicted by assuming metal‐ion hydrolysis, diffusion of hydrogen ions, Ohm's law, cathodic reduction via Tafel kinetics, and constriction of current lines entering the occluded region. Results indicate that cathodic reaction within occluded regions is favored for deep narrow regions in solutions of low hydrogen ion concentration. Dimensionless groupings of system parameters are used to scan behavior over wide ranges of parameter space and to compile conditions under which appreciable cathodic reaction can be anticipated within occluded cells.
Clinical implications for therapy: possible cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibition.

1. The circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) contribute importantly to cardiovascular homeostasis. Systemic and/or local activation of the RAS is seen in many pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system (e.g. hypertension and congestive heart failure). Increased angiotensin production participates in the pathophysiology of these and other disease states. Accordingly, inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system have a broad spectrum of therapeutic efficacy. 2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are effective antihypertensive agents that do not adversely affect serum lipid levels. In addition, they reduce left ventricular hypertrophy. 3. ACE inhibitors cause coronary vasodilation and reduce ventricular work and wall stress. They have been shown to reduce experimental infarct size and to increase anginal threshold in humans. 4. After experimental or human myocardial infarction that results in significant left ventricular dysfunction, ACE inhibitors prevent ventricular dilatation and development of congestive heart failure, and may improve survival. 5. ACE inhibitors can prevent ventricular fibrillation and contractile impairment (stunned myocardium) associated with reperfusion injury after experimental myocardial ischaemia. 6. ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload, improve exercise capacity, reduce ventricular arrhythmias, and improve patient survival in clinical cardiac failure. 7. Taken together, inhibition of the RAS may potentially result in primary as well as secondary protective effects on the cardiovascular system.
Elastic Properties of Oxide Solid Solutions: The System Al2O3−Cr2O3

Sound velocities, densities, and lattice parameters of hot-pressed bodies of the solid-solution series Al2O3−Cr2O3 were investigated. Measured lattice parameters deviated slightly from Vegard's law. The compositional dependence of the longitudinal sound velocity agreed well with the predictions of Birch; the observed dependence of the bulk modulus on ionic volume did not agree with the relation of Anderson and Nafe.
Universal input single-phase single-stage power supply with power factor correction and automatic voltage clamping

A single-phase single-stage power supply with power factor correction and automatic voltage clamping is proposed in this paper. This topology combines a boost input current shaper with a new double winding clamped DC/DC power converter. With this configuration, when the main switch is turned off, the voltage of the switch is automatically clamped to the sum of the two bulk capacitor voltages. The energy in the leakage inductance of the primary transformer is recycled. In addition, the voltage stress of the main switch is reduced compared with that of a flyback converter with one primary winding. Experimental results verify the analysis.
Consumer-centric service-oriented architecture: a new approach

This paper extends the current service-oriented architecture (SOA) to introduce a consumer-centric service-oriented architecture (CCSOA) paradigm. The current SOA is producer-centric, because the basic idea is that service providers publish services that they produce and let the consumers to search available services to compose their applications. CCSOA focuses on consumers' publishing the services they need and even the applications they need. The service providers must produce services that are in need. This new paradigm extends the design and code sharing, and thus further improves the software productivity. This paper presents the concepts, architecture, enabling techniques, and illustrative examples.
Large-scale mRNA expression profiling in the common ice plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, performing C3 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

The common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) has emerged as a useful model for molecular genetic studies of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) because CAM can be induced in this species by water deficit or salinity stress. Non-redundant sequence information from expressed sequence tag data was used to fabricate a custom oligonucleotide microarray to compare large-scale mRNA expression patterns in M. crystallinum plants conducting C(3) photosynthesis versus CAM. Samples were collected every 4 h over a 24 h time period at the start of the subjective second day from plants grown under constant light and temperature conditions in order to capture variation in mRNA expression due to salinity stress and circadian clock control. Of 8455 genes, a total of 2343 genes (approximately 28%) showed a significant change as judged by analysis of variance (ANOVA) in steady-state mRNA abundance at one or more time points over the 24 h period. Of these, 858 (10%) and 599 (7%) exhibited a greater than two-fold ratio (TFR) increase or decrease in mRNA abundance, respectively. Functional categorization of these TFR genes revealed that many genes encoding products that function in CAM-related C(4) acid carboxylation/decarboxylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, polysaccharide, polyol, and starch biosynthesis/degradation, protein degradation, transcriptional activation, signalling, stress response, and transport facilitation, and novel, unclassified proteins exhibited stress-induced increases in mRNA abundance. In contrast, salt stress resulted in a significant decrease in transcript abundance for genes encoding photosynthetic functions, protein synthesis, and cellular biogenesis functions. Many genes with CAM-related functions exhibited phase shifts in their putative circadian expression patterns following CAM induction. This report establishes an extensive catalogue of gene expression patterns for future investigations aimed at understanding the complex, transcriptional hierarchies that govern CAM-specific expression patterns. A novel graph-theoretic approach called 'Max Clique Builder' is introduced that identifies and organizes sets of coordinately regulated genes, such as those encoding subunits of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase complex, into tighter functionally related clusters with more similar expression patterns compared with standard hierarchical clustering methods.
The coloring of PVC

Polyvinyl chloride—PVC—has been commercial since the mid-1930s. It is one of the most versatile of all thermoplastic resins. By the end of this year, United States consumption of PVC resin could reach 4.2 million metric tons. Some of the key markets for PVC are pipe, siding, windows, floor coverings, wire and cable insulation, and protective coatings, to name just a few. As you would expect, color plays an integral part in many of these applications. The purpose of this paper is to review the major colorant types and families that are used to color PVC, with special emphasis placed on end-use applications. Within the context of coloring PVC, the continued use or replacement of lead and cadmium bearing colorants is discussed.
The Guantanamo Diet: Actual Facts About Detainee Weight Change

This paper investigates claims that an alleged obesity epidemic a Guantanamo, is the number one problem at the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility, and finds it factually unsupportable. From October 2006 to March 2007, of the 428 detainees weighed, only 68 detainees — less than 16% — qualified as obese. This obscures the reality that detainees’ weights varied so wildly that many detainees have been obese briefly and under-nourished at other times. Nearly the same percentage of Guantanamo detainees have become underweight at some point as have become obese at some point. Comparatively, any obesity “problem” at Guantanamo is less severe than obesity in the United States and far less severe than obesity in Oklahoma. Insofar as obesity has increased in Guantanamo over time, this is due to the government’s own release patterns, which release earlier those who are least overweight, thus emphasizing obesity.
Rat and human bile acid binders are members of the monomeric reductase gene family.

Major advances have provided important new information on the fundamental mechanism of bile acid transport and metabolism in the liver. Previous studies of bile acid transport in enriched hepatocyte plasma membrane domains, isolated cells, couplets and whole organ perfusion are now complemented by the recent molecular identification of membrane spanning bile acid transporters and specific cytosolic binding proteins. With these new tools, the interrelationship of bile acid uptake, efflux and transport within the cell can be examined. We have focused on the molecular characterization of both human and rat cytosolic bile acid binding proteins in order to define their physiological function. This chapter will review the physiological role and biochemical characteristic of specific cytosolic bile acid binding proteins in human and rat liver. Molecular cloning of these genes reveals them to be members of a newly emerging family of monomeric reductase suggesting multifunctional role for this class of proteins.
Applying the stages of change

From a transtheoretical perspective, PROCHASKA, NORCROSS and DICLEMENTE summarise prescriptive and proscriptive guidelines for improving treatments based on five stages of change the client may progress through - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Change is not viewed as a linear progression through the stages; rather, most clients move through the stages of change in a spiral pattern. While people progress from contemplation to preparation to action to maintenance, most will relapse. Fortunately, most move back to the contemplation stage and into preparation and action. Eleven practice recommendations are advanced against the central need to assess the stage of a client's readiness for change and to tailor interventions accordingly. A small and finite set of change processes or strategies have been identified across hundreds of psychotherapy techniques and across diverse disorders. Eight change process are outlined in detail. In the transtheoretical model, change processes associated with particular therapeutic models are applied optimally at each stage of change accompanied by stage-matched 'relationships of choice'. Guidance is given on how to avoid mismatching stages and processes. Smoking is used as an illustrative problem behaviour.
Some Remarks Concerning André Thevet1

Andre Thevet, priest and friar, almoner to Catherine de Medici, cosmographer to four kings of France, is remembered by students of Brazilian history as one of the chroniclers of the unsuccessful attempt on the part of Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon (1510–1571) to found a French settlement in Rio bay. One might say that Thevet’s career was in a very real sense the product of the Christian humanism of the sixteenth century, and his life practically spanned those momentous one hundred years. Apparently of humble stock, he was born in the ancient town of Angouleme in 1502, almost at the time when Brazil was discovered. Of his early life and education virtually nothing is known, and a search for records made a number of years ago in his native city failed to disclose anything that might throw light on his first years.
Nonfluorescent quenchers to correlate single-molecule conformational and compositional dynamics.

Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful method for studying the conformational dynamics of a biomolecule in real-time. However, studying how interacting ligands correlate with and regulate the conformational dynamics of the biomolecule is extremely challenging because of the availability of a limited number of fluorescent dyes with both high quantum yield and minimal spectral overlap. Here we report the use of a nonfluorescent quencher (Black Hole Quencher, BHQ) as an acceptor for smFRET. Using a Cy3/BHQ pair, we can accurately follow conformational changes of the ribosome during elongation in real time. We demonstrate the application of single-color FRET to correlate the conformational dynamics of the ribosome with the compositional dynamics of tRNA. We use the normal Cy5 FRET acceptor to observe arrival of a fluorescently labeled tRNA with a concomitant transition of the ribosome from the locked to the unlocked conformation. Our results illustrate the potential of nonfluorescent quenchers in single-molecule correlation studies.
The Subgenus Neoculex in America North of Mexico (Diptera, Culicidae)

Culex , subgenus Neoculex includes about twenty-five described species of mosquitoes from various sections of the world. They are distinguished by the following sum of characters: tarsi unbanded, scutal bristles strong and numerous, scales of vertex all narrow, male palpus without erect scale-like hairs on the “long” segment, male antennae without unusual processes, mesosome essentially of two lobes connected by a bridge about halfway between the base and apex. In the Nearctic species the male palpi are longer than the proboscis but in many exotic species the palpi are conspicuously shorter. The larvae are hardly separable on general characters from those of related subgenera, Mochthogenes, Lophoceraomyia and Melanoconion .
Promoting effects of comprehensive prenatal guidance on natural childbirth

Objectives:To explore and analyze the promoting effects of prenatal comprehensive guidance on natural childbirth.Method:400 women with the first pregnancy who were admitted into our hospital from March 2011 to March 2013,aging from 22 to 34 years old,were selected and randomly divided into control group and ob-servation group,with 200 cases in each group.Women in the control group received routine prenatal guidance,while those in the observation group received prenatal guidance and health education from trained personnel.The effects on the cesarean section rate and the relevant social factors were discussed,as well as the pregnancy complicated diseases such as macrosomia,pregnancy induced hypertension and abnormal fetal position,etc.Results:Natural childbirth rate of the observation group was 75%,which was significantly higher than that of the control group(51%);social factors had a great impact on the women who chose cesarean.In the observation group,the total incidence of macrosomnia,gestational hypertension,fetal abnormalities and other pregnancy complications was 15%,which was significantly lower than that of the control group(P 0.05).Conclusion:Comprehensive prenatal guidance is useful to help pregnant women to gain more knowledge and have a better understanding on the delivery process.Moreover,prenatal guidance can increase their confidence on natural childbirth and reduce the cesarean section rate.
Wartime Tactical Equipment Support System Based on Information System

The difference between present equipment support system and accurate support is analyzed,the features and basic requirements for wartime equipment support system based on information system are explained,and wartime tactical equipment support system based on information system is constructed accordingly. Taking the whole process of long-distance mobile warfare as background,the working of wartime tactical equipment support system based on information system is discussed,providing theoretical reference for improving tactical equipment support capability.
Investigation of Red Jujube Trees Irrigation Status in Tarim Basin

Red jujube,which is one of the local special forest fruits,is chosen as the research object in this investigation.The investigation of red jujube trees irrigation status is carried out on a household basis in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture,HeTian region and Aksu region.The results indicate that: ① the total planting area of red jujube trees in investigation region is 3.16×105 hm2,which is 90.40% of the total planting area in XinJiang;②there are three cultivation patterns,including constructing orchard under direct seeding and monoculture condition,planting in monoculture in prophase and intercropping in the late,planting under intercropping condition;③the flooding and border irrigation are main irrigation methods for red jujube trees,while furrow irrigation,drip irrigation and bubble irrigation are developing gradually;④ the irrigation quota of red jujube trees is 1 200~2 250 m3/hm2 and 5~10 times every year under surface irrigation condition,while 150~675 m3/hm2 and 10~23 times every year under micro-irrigation condition irrigation;⑤the irrigation water use efficiency of red jujube tree changes from 0.14kg/m3 to 1.0 kg/m3 under different irrigation conditions.High yield of red jujube trees can be gained under different irrigation conditions through scientific management.
COGCAM: Contact-free Measurement of Cognitive Stress During Computer Tasks with a Digital Camera

Contact-free camera-based measurement of cognitive stress opens up new possibilities for human-computer interaction with applications in remote learning, stress monitoring, and optimization of workload for user experience. The autonomic nervous system controls the inter-beat intervals of the heart and breathing patterns, and these signals change under cognitive stress. We built a participant-independent cognitive stress recognition model based on photoplethysmographic signals measured remotely at a distance of 3 meters. We tested the model on naturalistic responses from 10 individuals completing randomized-order computer-based tasks (ball control and card sorting). The system successfully detected increased stress during the tasks, which were consistent with self-report measures. Changes in heart rate variability were more discriminative indicators of cognitive stress than were heart rate and breathing rate.
Surgical treatment of benign lesions and strictures of the bile ducts

Gutartige Strikturen der Gallenwege resultieren in 90% der Falle aus chirurgischen Eingriffen. Meist sind sie Folge von Operationen an der Gallenblase und entstehen in diesem Zusammenhang bei brusken Manipulationen am Ductus choledochus. Haufig sind Menschen in jungerem Lebensalter betroffen, die insbesondere bei unbehandelten Strikturen Sekundarkomplikationen wie eine Cholangitis oder sekundare biliare Zirrhose mit den schwerwiegenden Folgen der portalen Hypertension bis hin zum Ausfall der Leberfunktion mit letalem Ausgang erleiden. Obwohl in einigen Situationen die sofortige Versorgung durch eine End-zu-End-Anastomose der Gangstrukturen beschrieben wird, ist diese lediglich fur glatte Schnittverletzungen des Ductus choledochus sinnvoll. Gute Langzeitergebnisse werden in 86% mit der Anlage einer ausgeschalteten und nach Roux-Y eingeleiteten Hepatikojejunostomie erzielt. Grundsatzlich ist die sicherste Art und Weise, eine Komplikation zu vermeiden, und oberste chirurgische Maxime die strenge Indikationsstellung des Ersteingriffes. Am besten beschrankt man sich bei der Entscheidung zur Operation nur auf symptomatische Gallenblasensteine.
NONPARAMETRIC HYPOTHESIS TESTS

This chapter deals with nonparametric hypothesis tests that can be used when the specified parametric form of the underlying distribution cannot be assumed. It will not be assumed that the underlying distribution is normal, or exponential, or any other given type because no particular parametric form for the underlying distribution is assumed, such tests are called nonparametric. Nonparametric test resides can be applied without any assumption on the form of the underlying distribution. The chapter also considers the hypotheses concerning the median of a continuous distribution and illustrates how the sign test can be used. The two sample problem, where data from two separate continuous distributions can be used to test the hypothesis that the distributions are equal and the rank sum test is also presented in the chapter. The runs test can be used to test the hypothesis that a sequence of 0's and 1's constitutes a random sequence that does not follow any specified pattern is also described.
Violent Intimacies: Tactile State Power, Sex/Gender Transgression, and the Politics of Touch in Contemporary Turkey

This article is about how sex, gender, and sexuality are governed in Turkey at the intersection of intimate contact and mandated encounters with medicolegal institutions and the bodies of sex/gender transgressive people. To explore this question, it brings two institutional processes together: trans women’s gender reassignment processes in public hospitals and gay men’s medical examinations to receive exemptions from compulsory military service. In both sites institutional observation and practice are preoccupied with penile penetration as a tool to eliminate and hence regulate sex/gender transgression. I argue that this institutional fixation develops specific proximities and forms of touch by the state on (and in) the bodies of trans women and gay men, which in turn plays a pivotal role in the institutional production of sexual difference and normative regulation of sexuality, desire, sex, and gender in Turkey.
Management of acute subdural hematoma in a patient with portopulmonary hypertension on prostanoid therapy

Background Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analog used to treat portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) and is one of several drugs shown to increase survival, but results in platelet dysfunction. Little is known about the management of patients on treprostinil who present with an acute subdural hematoma (aSDH). We describe such a case and offer our recommendations on management based on our experience and review of the literature. Case description A 63-year-old, right-handed female with a history of PPHTN presented with severe headache and was found to have a large left aSDH with midline shift on imaging. She was admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU) where she developed hemiparesis and subsequently underwent emergent decompression. Postoperatively she improved, but several hours after became obtunded and imaging showed reaccumulation of the aSDH, which required reoperation. At 6 months postoperatively she had only a mild hemiparesis and was being reconsidered for treprostinil therapy as a bridge to liver transplant. Only one paper in the literature thus far has reported a patient with an aSDH managed with treprostinil. The authors achieved adequate intraoperative hemostasis without the use of platelet transfusion and lack of complications intraoperatively. Conclusion While concerns related to the risk of bleeding in surgery are valid, intraoperative hemostasis does not appear to be profoundly affected. Surgical intervention should not be delayed and prostanoid therapy discontinued, if possible, postoperatively. Patients should be placed in an intensive care setting with assistance from pulmonary specialists and close monitoring of neurological status and blood pressure.
Forging a Laboring Race: the African American worker in the progressive imagination

African Americans entered burgeoning American industries in ever greater numbers from the late nineteenth century on and especially in the wake of World War One which produced massive migration fro...
RF Steganography via LFM Chirp Radar Signals

A novel radio frequency (RF) steganography scheme is proposed to hide digital communication in linear frequency modulation (LFM) radar signals. This joint radar/communication waveform serves two purposes simultaneously: it performs as the original radar waveform, and it provides a covert communication to legitimate receivers. The proposed RF steganography scheme hides digitally modulated communication information inside an LFM radar signal to prevent enemy from detecting the existence of such hidden information via a new modulation and variable symbol duration design.
Using Clinical Laboratory Tests to Monitor Drug Therapy in Pain Management Patients

This special issue focuses on laboratory support for pain management and is the AACC Academy's first Laboratory Medicine Practice Guideline on “Using Clinical Laboratory Tests to Monitor Drug Therapy in Pain Management Patients.” This guideline provides 26 evidence-based and 7 consensus-based
Structured Review of Dichotic Tests of Binaural Integration: Clinical Performance in Children.

Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the evidence of clinical utility for dichotic speech tests of binaural integration used to assess auditory processing in English-speaking children 6–14 years old. Method Dichotic speech test recordings and pertinent research studies were identified from iterative searches of the Internet and bibliographic databases, as well as communication with colleagues and test publishers. Test documentation and peer-reviewed literature were evaluated for evidence of reliability, accuracy, usefulness, and value. Results Eleven dichotic tests of binaural integration were identified for children. Evidence of test–retest reliability was found for 5 tests and demonstrated moderate to good correlation between results on repeated administration (r = .59–.92). Evidence of accuracy was identified for 5 tests but was either inconsistent with accurate performance or was not generalizable due to significant limitations in study design. No evidence was found to either support or disput...
Using latent transition analysis to compare effects of residency status on alcohol-related consequences during the first two years of college.

Abstract The current study examined two research aims: (1) Identify latent statuses of college students who share common patterns of single or repeated experiences with distinct types of negative alcohol-related consequences during the first two years of college; and (2) Examine how changes in students' living arrangements were associated with transitions in the consequence statuses. Using a sample of college student drinkers (N = 1706), four latent statuses were identified that distinguished among distinct combinations of single and repeated experiences across the multiple consequence subtypes: No Consequences, Physical Non-Repeaters, Multiple Consequences, and Multiple Consequences Repeaters. Students who remained in on-campus living spaces were most likely to belong to lower-risk statuses at T1, and remain in those statuses at T2. We found that moving into Greek housing had strongest effects among students who started in the No Consequences status, while students who moved to off-campus housing were most likely to remain in the Multiple Consequences status. Given that students who moved out of on-campus residences were more likely to transition into high-risk statuses, interventions that target students who intend to move to off-campus or fraternity housing should be implemented during the first year of college.
Pebbles and Peregrinatio: The Taskscape of Medieval Devotion on Inishark Island, Ireland

SINCE 2008, the island of Inishark, Co Galway, Ireland, has been the subject of archaeological research by the Cultural Landscapes of the Irish Coast (CLIC) project, directed by Ian Kuijt of the Un...
Turing computable embeddings and coding families of sets

In [7] the notion of Turing computable embeddings is introduced as an effective counterpart for Borel embeddings. The former allows for the study of classes of structures with universe a subset of ω. It also allows for finer distinctions, in particular, among classes with $\aleph_0$ isomorphism types. The hierarchy of effective cardinalities that arises from TC embeddings has been studied, among other places, in [7] and [2]. In this work, we prove that the special class of ‘daisy graphs', a subclass of undirected graphs used to code families of sets, has the same effective cardinality as the class of archimedian real closed fields. As a consequence, the class of abelian p-groups and the class of archimedian real closed fields are TC incomparable.
The Coupon Collector Problem: The Case of Two Collections

Consider the well-known coupon collector’s problem in which each coupon has a different probability of being drawn. Using the principle of inclusion–exclusion we derive computational formulae for the probability distribution and the expected value of the number of coupons needed to get two complete collections. A regression model is built for the dependency of the expected value on the number of coupons in the collection.
Effect of Milk on Short Duration, Sprint, and Power Types of Athletic Performance

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of varied amounts of milk in a balanced diet as it relates to short duration, sprint, and power types of athletic performance. Since milk contributes substantial amounts of protein to the diet, it was felt that protein might be a contributing factor in any cause and effect relationship between milk, diet, and physical performance. Hence protein at three levels were included as a variable by combining the three amounts with the changing levels of milk. Learning and conditioning tests were conducted before the start of the experiment and for the final three days of each diet period. Performance on the tests used in the study was not altered by the use of one or two quarts of milk per day in the diet as compared to the absence of all milk from the diet. At the different levels of protein used in this study, performance was unchanged.
Saccade metrics reflect decision-making dynamics during urgent choices

A perceptual judgment is typically characterized by constructing psychometric and chronometric functions, i.e., by mapping the accuracies and reaction times of motor choices as functions of a sensory stimulus feature dimension. Here, we show that various saccade metrics (e.g., peak velocity) are similarly modulated as functions of sensory cue viewing time during performance of an urgent-decision task. Each of the newly discovered functions reveals the dynamics of the perceptual evaluation process inherent to the underlying judgment. Remarkably, saccade peak velocity correlates with statistical decision confidence, suggesting that saccade kinematics reflect the degree of certainty with which an urgent perceptual decision is made. The data were explained by a race-to-threshold model that also replicates standard performance measures and cortical oculomotor neuronal activity in the task. The results indicate that, although largely stereotyped, saccade metrics carry subtle but reliable traces of the underlying cognitive processes that give rise to each oculomotor choice.
Substance Abuse and Addiction: Implications for Early Relationships and Interventions.

New developments in the treatment of mothers and infants affected by opioid addiction point to the promising effects of interventions that adopt a developmental perspective, occur concurrently with addiction treatment, and target the parent–infant relationship as early as possible. In this article, the authors provide general guidelines for clinicians who wish to use attachment-informed, mentalization-based approaches to support mother–child relationships during a mother’s recovery from addiction. They share an update on research from Mothering From the Inside Out (MIO), an evidence-based individual parenting therapy developed for mothers in addiction treatment.
33 – GAINING FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on gains from international trade. Trade between nations enables each to specialize in the production of those goods for which it has a comparative advantage. Through specialization and trade, aggregate output can be expanded. Mutual gain accrues to the trading partners. Exports and imports are linked. The exports of a nation are the primary source of purchasing power used to import goods. Relative to the no-trade alternative, international exchange and specialization result in lower prices for products that are imported and higher domestic prices for products that are exported. The net effect is an expansion in the consumption alternatives available to a nation. An exporting nation can gain by restricting output and raising the price of a product if the demand for its exports is inelastic and the supply is elastic. Under these circumstances, the burden of an export tax falls on those importing the product. Trade restrictions of this variety, like other protectionist policies, result in a reduction in the joint output of the trading partners.
One-Pot Enol Silane Formation–Alkylation of Ketones with Propargyl Carboxylates Promoted by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate

Ketones readily undergo conversion to enol silanes in the presence of a trialkylamine base and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and add to propargyl cations to yield β-alkynyl ketones. The propargyl cations are generated in the same reaction flask through the TMSOTf-promoted ionization of propargyl acetates or propargyl propionates. A range of enol silane precursors and propargyl carboxylates reacts efficiently (20 examples, up to 99% yield). Cyclization of a representative product in the presence of TMSOTf provided 61% yield of the trisubstituted furan.
Effects of obesity and exercise on colon cancer induction and hematopoiesis in mice

Obesity-induced inflammation is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of diet and exercise in modulating increased CRC risk in obesity and the potential role of alter...
Modeling Sequential Functionality

In Chap. 3 techniques were presented to describe the behavior of concurrent systems. The modeling techniques presented were appropriate for combinational logic because these types of circuits have outputs dependent only on the current values of their inputs. This means a model that continuously performs signal assignments provides an accurate model of this circuit behavior. When we start looking at sequential circuits (i.e., D-Flip-Flops, registers, finite state machine, and counters), these devices only update their outputs based upon an event, most often the edge of a clock signal. The modeling techniques presented in Chap. 3 are unable to accurately describe this type of behavior. In this chapter we describe the Verilog constructs to model signal assignments that are triggered by an event to accurately model sequential logic. We can then use these techniques to describe more complex sequential logic circuits such as finite state machines and register transfer level systems.
Plant-microbe interactions before drought influence plant physiological responses to subsequent severe drought

We examined the effect of soil microbial communities on plant physiological responses to drought. Bouteloua gracilis seeds were planted in sterilized sand with (inoculated) and without (controls) soil microbial communities. After substantial growth, drought was imposed by completely withholding water. Before soil moisture declined to zero, inoculated plants germinated faster, were significantly taller, and maintained greater soil moisture than controls. The greater soil moisture of the inoculated plants allowed greater photosynthesis but also induced lower tissue drought tolerance (as indicated by turgor loss point) compared to controls. The inoculated plants were more susceptible to severe drought compared to control plants as indicated by significantly lower mean stomatal conductance, as well as marginally significantly greater mean wilting score, for the entire severe drought period after soil moisture declined to zero. Inoculated plants exhibited enhanced growth and photosynthesis and dampened drought stress over short timescales, but also increased susceptibility to drought over long timescales. This work demonstrates (1) an unexpected insight that microbes can have positive initial effects on plant performance, but negative impacts on plant performance during severe drought, and (2) that microbially altered effects on plant function during well-watered and moderate drought conditions can influence plant function under subsequent severe drought.
The Dune Lakes in central coastal California: why are they dry?

The Dune Lakes comprise 10 natural lakes in the Callender Dunes in central coastal California, USA. These lakes are wetlands in an arid environment, being important habitat for native wildlife and plants, including three occurrences of the federally endangered/State threatened wetland plant, La Graciosa thistle (Cirsium scariosum var. loncholepis; Asteraceae). This plant is known from 21 occurrences, of which only five are extant in 2019. One extant occurrence persists at the lakes and where two other occurrences are likely extirpated. Nine lakes have recently dried, one having been dry for 5 years (2012–2017). Understanding the hydrology of the Dune Lakes is essential for conservation planning and to help prevent extinction of La Graciosa thistle. The best available information points to a combination of two primary causes for drying of the lakes. The first is extensive groundwater extraction beneath Nipomo Mesa to the east. The second is severe drought. The competing demands for water and continued development on the mesa will be obstacles to restoration of the lakes and to recovery of the endangered plant.
Prisons or Problem-Solving: Does the Public Support Specialty Courts?

ABSTRACTRecently, “problem-solving” courts have been developed as an alternative to imprisonment. They are often called “specialty” courts because they process and divert into treatment programs offenders who are seen as different from the general criminal population, such as those with mental health or drug problems, those who are homeless or veterans, and those who engage in domestic violence. Based on a 2017 national survey of 1,000 respondents, the current study examines overall public support for rehabilitation as a goal of corrections and then focuses specifically on support for different types of specialty courts. The analysis reveals that the American public endorses not only the rehabilitative ideal but also the use of problem-solving courts. Further, with only minimal variation, strong support for these courts appears to exist regardless of political orientation and sociodemographic characteristics.
The War Puzzle: TERRITORIAL CONTIGUITY AS A SOURCE OF CONFLICT LEADING TO WAR

Territoriality is the cloth from which humanity's shroud is woven. Why does warfare occur? Why do some wars expand to encompass the entire system? Can more peaceful structures be built? These have been some of the burning questions of the twentieth century. Practical politics has provided answers to these questions. Scientific analysis has found those answers wanting. The next five chapters will carefully sift through the last twenty-five years of scientific research to piece together new answers to these questions. These answers will be suggestive, not definitive. How much confidence we can have in them depends on the success of the research that has been conducted to date. I seek to present all the relevant scientific findings as pieces of evidence that must then be examined and synthesized, before they can be used to provide answers. The analysis of war presented in this part of the book, therefore, must be seen as an exercise in theory construction. I am seeking to explain war by explaining existing findings, but since these findings are sometimes inconsistent and incomplete, a full explanation of war, particularly its onset, requires not only that I interpret the evidence, but that, at times, I go beyond the evidence and hypothesize on the basis of historical example or inductive reasoning. When I do this, and I will do it at certain critical junctures in the argument, it should be clear from the context and the absence of references to data. For this reason, as well as standard criteria of scientific rigor, the explanations offered in this part of the book must be seen as tentative until they are tested deductively.