cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiometric Performance Of The Test-Bed Aircraft Multispectral Scanner (TBAMS) System

Laboratory and flight radiometric performance testing of an experimental multispectral scanner system is described. High sensitivity performance is confirmed by test results using noise equivalent spectral radiance as the primary figure of merit. A performance comparison between the test-bed aircraft multispectral scanner (TBAMS) and the Bendix modular multispectral scanner (M2S) is presented. Methods for achieving high sensitivity operation are discussed as well as some of the practical implications of such operation for flight remote sensing experiments.
Social workers in primary prevention: action and ideology in mental health.

Primary prevention and a public health model have been among the distinguishing innovations of the, community mental health movement. Social work practice, however, has historically been involved in community intervention and environmental manipulation to offset social and psychological jeopardy. Given a long tradition of commitment to activity and techniques which are now hailed as mental health's “third revolution”, this study explores the role of social work in primary prevention. Data are from a survey of three community mental health centers in which professional staff completed the Gottesfeld Critical Issues of Community Mental Health questionnaire, a time-distribution form, and a prevention questionnaire. In addition, all staff working in primary prevention were interviewed in depth. The total sample of this study of mental health professionals was 84. This study points to some intersting contradictions found between social work action and ideology in primary prevention. Also, social workers are compared with other professionals in order to isolate, some primary prevention tasks and attitudes that appear unique to each.
Physiological importance of aquaporin water channels

Aquaporins (AQP) are a family of at least ten homologous water transporting proteins in mammals that are expressed in many epithelial, endothelial and other tissues. Abnormalities in humans and mice lacking AQPs provide direct evidence for their physiological importance. Humans lacking AQP1 or AQP2 manifest polyuria with defective urinary concentrating ability and humans with mutations in MIP (AQP0) develop cataracts. Transgenic knockout mice lacking AQP1 or AQP3 are also remarkably polyuric, and knock-in mice expressing a mutant AQP2 have severe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus resulting in impaired neonatal survival. Other interesting phenotypes in AQP knockout mice include reduced pain sensation, reduced intraocular pressure, defective corneal fluid transport and impaired dietary fat processing (AQP1), dry skin (AQP3), protection from brain swelling and impaired hearing/vision (AQP4), and reduced fluid secretion by salivary and airway submucosal glands (AQP5). However, many phenotype studies were negative, such as normal airway/lung and skeletal muscle function despite AQP expression, indicating that tissue-specific aquaporin expression does not indicate physiological significance. The general paradigm from studies on transgenic mouse models of AQP deletion is that AQPs facilitate rapid near-isosmolar transepithelial fluid absorption / secretion, as well as rapid vectorial water movement driven by osmotic gradients. The transgenic mouse studies suggest that aquaporin inhibitors may have clinical indications as diuretics and in the treatment of cerebral edema, elevated intraocular pressure, and other conditions of abnormal fluid homeostasis.
Progress Self-Monitoring: Effects on Children’s Self-Efficacy and Achievement

This experiment investigated the effects of progress self-monitoring on children's achievement and percepts of self-efficacy in the context of mathematical competency development. Children lacking subtraction skills received didactic instruction in subtraction and practice opportunities. Some children (self-monitoring) monitored their own progress after each training session, whereas others (external monitoring) had their progress monitored by an adult. A third group received no monitoring. Results showed that self- and external monitoring led to significantly higher percepts of efficacy, skill, and persistence compared with no monitoring. The two progress monitoring conditions did not differ significantly on these measures. The utility of self-monitoring procedures in actual classrooms is discussed.
An inhibitory function for JNK in the regulation of IGF-I signaling in breast cancer

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) is frequently overexpressed in a variety of cancer types. Since many breast tumors and cancer cell lines overexpress IGF-IR, we tested IGF-I effects on chemotherapy-treated breast cancer cells. IGF-I protects from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, suggesting that overlapping signaling pathways modulate IGF-I and chemotherapy treatment outcomes. Taxol and other chemotherapy drugs induce c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a kinase that conveys cellular stress and death signals. Notably, in this paper we show that IGF-I alone induces a potent JNK response and this activity is reversed by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) with LY294002 in MCF-7 but not T47D cells. Cotreatment of cells with chemotherapy and IGF-I leads to additive JNK responses. Using cells overexpressing Akt, we confirm that IGF-I-mediated survival is Akt dependent. In contrast, overexpression of JNK significantly enhances Taxol-induced apoptosis and inhibits IGF-I survival effects. Further, JNK attenuates anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 cells. The inhibitory effect of JNK appears to be mediated by serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate) since both Taxol and IGF-I treatment enhanced Ser312 IRS-1 phosphorylation, while LY294002 blocked IGF-I-mediated phosphorylation. Taken together, these data provide a mechanism whereby stress or growth factors activate JNK to reduce proliferation and/or survival in breast cancer cells.
Preventing Perioperative Adverse Drug Reactions

The purpose of this article is to help nurses prevent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the perioperative, endoscopic, and special procedure areas. Up to 30% of hospitalized patients experience an ADR. Taking comprehensive medication histories, maintaining constant vigilance, and recognizing inherently dangerous patient/medication combinations are essential in preventing ADRs. The mechanisms of medication toxicity and identifying potentially preventable adverse reactions are discussed. Practical nursing guidelines and tips that patients can use to prevent ADRs from occurring are delineated. Not every ADR can be prevented, but informed nurses can implement measures to reduce their occurrence.
Microfluidic perfusion for regulating diffusible signaling in stem cells.

Background Autocrine & paracrine signaling are widespread both in vivo and in vitro, and are particularly important in embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and lineage commitment. Although autocrine signaling via fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4) is known to be required in mouse ESC (mESC) neuroectodermal specification, the question of whether FGF4 autocrine signaling is sufficient, or whether other soluble ligands are also involved in fate specification, is unknown. The spatially confined and closed-loop nature of diffusible signaling makes its experimental control challenging; current experimental approaches typically require prior knowledge of the factor/receptor in order to modulate the loop. A new approach explored in this work is to leverage transport phenomena at cellular resolution to downregulate overall diffusible signaling through the physical removal of cell-secreted ligands. Methodology/Principal Findings We develop a multiplex microfluidic platform to continuously remove cell-secreted (autocrine\paracrine) factors to downregulate diffusible signaling. By comparing cell growth and differentiation in side-by-side chambers with or without added cell-secreted factors, we isolate the effects of diffusible signaling from artifacts such as shear, nutrient depletion, and microsystem effects, and find that cell-secreted growth factor(s) are required during neuroectodermal specification. Then we induce FGF4 signaling in minimal chemically defined medium (N2B27) and inhibit FGF signaling in fully supplemented differentiation medium with cell-secreted factors to determine that the non-FGF cell-secreted factors are required to promote growth of differentiating mESCs. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate for the first time that flow can downregulate autocrine\paracrine signaling and examine sufficiency of extracellular factors. We show that autocrine\paracrine signaling drives neuroectodermal commitment of mESCs through both FGF4-dependent and -independent pathways. Overall, by uncovering autocrine\paracrine processes previously hidden in conventional culture systems, our results establish microfluidic perfusion as a technique to study and manipulate diffusible signaling in cell systems.
Sintering studies on a cobalt molybdate-alumina catalyst

A commercial cobalt molybdate-alumina has been sintered at 800 or 925 °C and characterized with respect to total surface area (BET), specific surface area of molybdena after reduction, redox behavior at 500 °C, and X-ray analysis. Marked stabilization of the catalyst against sintering occurs if a small amount (2 wt%) of zirconia is added by impregnation. The redox behavior (H2, O2) at 500 °C provides a measure of the total amount of accessible, reducible oxides present; O2 chemisorption at − 195 °C provides a measure of the accessible molybdena surface area in the prereduced catalyst. The stabilization by zirconia may result from reaction with surface defects or grain boundaries at which the sintering processes originate.
Photophysics, photochemistry and kinetics of photochromic 2H-pyrans and chromenes

Abstract Nine naturally occurring and synthetic chromenes and 2 H -pyrans (oxo and sulfo) derivatives have been examined using microsecond and nanosecond laser flash techniques. Triplet transients have only been observed for the coumarin-substituted chromenes (xanthyletin and seselin). Photochromism of the coumarin-substituted chromenes arose dominantly via an excited triplet state in about 800 ns. For the other chromenes and 2 H -pyrans, the colored forms arose only from an excited singlet state and subnanosecond rise times were observed. Fluorescence lifetimes have been determined for some chromenes at room temperature as well as 77 K. For xanthyletin, a fluorescence lifetime of less than 30 ps at 295 K in hexane was observed.
Dimer and Néel order-parameter fluctuations in the spin-fluid phase of the s =1/2 spin chain with first- and second-neighbor couplings

The dynamical properties at {ital T}=0 of the one-dimensional (1D) {ital s}=1/2 nearest-neighbor (NN) {ital XXZ} model with an additional isotropic next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling are investigated by means of the recursion method in combination with a weak-coupling continued-fraction analysis. The focus is on the dynamic structure factors {ital S}{sub {ital zz}}({ital q},{omega}) and {ital S}{sub {ital DD}}({ital q},{omega}), which describe (for {ital q}={pi}) the fluctuations of the N{acute e}el and dimer order parameters, respectively. We calculate the dependence on the exchange constants of the infrared exponent, the renormalized bandwidth of spinon excitations, and the spectral-weight distribution in {ital S}{sub {ital zz}}({pi},{omega}) and {ital S}{sub {ital DD}}({pi},{omega}), all in the spin-fluid phase, which is realized for planar NN anisotropy and sufficiently weak NNN coupling. For some parameter values we find a discrete branch of excitations above the spinon continuum. They contribute to {ital S}{sub {ital zz}}({ital q},{omega}) but not to {ital S}{sub {ital DD}}({ital q},{omega}). {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
On the Effects of Horizontal Resolution in a Limited-Area Model of the Gulf Stream System

Abstract An adiabatic, primitive equation, eddy-resolving circulation model has been applied to the Gulf Stream System from Cape Hatteras to east of the Grand Banks (30°–48°N, 78°–45°W). A two-layer version of the model was driven both by direct wind forcing and by transport prescribed at inflow ports south of Cape Hatteras for the Gulf Stream and near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland for the deep western boundary current. The mean upper-layer thickness was sufficiently large for interface outcropping not to occur. Numerical experiments previously run at 0.2° horizontal resolution (∼20 km) had some realistic features, but a key unresolved deficiency was that the highest eddy kinetic energies obtained near the Gulf Stream were too low relative to data by a factor of about 2, with inadequate eastward penetration. A unique set of new numerical experiments has extended previous results to higher horizontal resolution, all other conditions being held fixed. At 0.1° horizontal resolution, eddy kinetic energies i...
Quantitative in situ correlation between microscopic MRI and polarized light microscopy studies of articular cartilage

Abstract Objective To establish the correlation between the non-invasive imaging by magnetic resonance microscopy (μMRI) and the histological imaging by polarized light microscopy (PLM) accurately, quantitatively, at the highest possible MRI resolution (13.7μm), and based on the same piece of tissue (articular cartilage from canine shoulder joint). Design In μMRI experiments, the laminar appearance (the magic angle effect) of the proton intensity images and the anisotropic characteristics of the T 2 relaxation images were analysed. In PLM experiments, the images of the optical retardation and collagen-fibre orientation in cartilage were constructed in two dimensions. Results The T 2 profile has a distinctly asymmetric bell-shaped curve and three featured zones. The retardation profile has a non-zero minimum at the middle of the transitional zone of the tissue. The angle profile has a smooth variation across the transitional zone. These facts suggest that the collagen fibres in the transitional zone are not entirely random but have a residual order. In addition, the peak of the T 2 profile coincides with the minimum of the retardation profile, both represent the most isotropic region of the tissue. A hyperbolic tangent function was found to best describe the transition of the collagen fibres in cartilage. A set of criteria was developed for each technique to define the features in the quantitative measurements. Conclusions The criteria offer, for the first time, a set of quantitative and objective means to subdivide the tissue thickness into the zones in histology and in MRI. It is shown that the μMRI zones based on the T 2 characteristics are statistically equivalent to the histological zones based on the collagen fibre orientation (t-probabilities of 0.730, 0.973, 0.647, 0.850 for the superficial, transitional, radial zones and the total thickness).
Screw Dislocations in Graphite

Graphite contains varying concentrations of screw dislocations whose Burgers vector parallels the c axis. Single crystals of natural graphite contain very few such dislocations; furthermore, their Burgers vector always exceeds 450 angstroms. Pyrolytic graphites annealed above 3000°C contain abundant screw dislocations, ranging from 106 to 5 x 108 per square centimeter in two different samples prepared by somewhat different methods. The Burgers vectors of these screws are predominantly 3.35 angstroms.
3D relative pose estimation from distance-only measurements

In this paper, we develop an algorithm for determining the relative position and attitude of two robots moving in 3D, using only dead-reckoning and inter-robot distance measurements. From the mechanical analogue of parallel manipulators, it is known that this problem has 40 solutions when six distance measurements are available. These general solutions are not known in closed-form, and existing closed-form solutions require additional bearing sensors, or impose strong constraints on the geometric structure of the manipulator (in our case, the robots' trajectories). This paper presents, for the first time, an efficient, algebraic algorithm to solve the relative pose using 10 distance measurements, without imposing any constraints on the robots' motion. We further present a weighted least-squares refinement step, and validate our algorithm in various simulations, demonstrating its efficiency and accuracy.
An efficient cluster update model in MANET

In hierarchical networks, the efficient choices of cluster-head as well as the cluster update interval is important to keep the established cluster structure stable and improve the communication quality. In this paper, we establish a cluster update interval model and use this model to determine a reliable update interval for the cluster structures in MANETs. This update interval is affected by two main factors: nodes' relative mobility and transmission range. We establish a cluster update interval model which uses the expected link lifetime with respect to the cluster-head (CH) as the update interval. The proposed model takes all of the above mentioned factors into consideration and no weights combination is needed. Simulation results shows that our proposed model can help to determine a dynamic cluster update interval adapting to various scenarios and achieve better stability in the cluster structure.
MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS STUDY OF SURFACE SEGREGATION IN LIQUID SEMICONDUCTOR ALLOYS

We report the results of a molecular-dynamics study of the surface tension and surface profile of liquid Si and Ge $(\mathcal{l}$-Si and $\mathcal{l}$-Ge) and their alloys using empirical Stillinger-Weber potentials. The calculations are carried out at two temperatures slightly above the melting temperatures of Si and Ge and the alloys Si${}_{0.8}$Ge${}_{0.2}$ and Si${}_{0.2}$Ge${}_{0.8}.$ They show clear evidence of surface segregation by Ge, the component with the lower surface tension.
Catecholamine‐containing neurons in Drosophila melanogaster: Distribution and development

The development of catecholamine-containing neurons (CA neurons) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was studied. Glyoxylic-acid-induced histofluorescence and antibodies against dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase were used to describe catecholamine distribution in the larval central nervous system (CNS). The three techniques gave rise to a similar pattern of distribution of putative CA neurons. At all developmental stages CA neurons were distributed widely throughout the CNS but represented only a small fraction of all CNS neurons. Catecholamine-containing processes were confined to the CNS. The CA neurons are first discerned at about 18 hours of embryonic development. We suggest that these larval CA neurons are maintained throughout the ontogeny of the fly and that the adult CA pattern is composed of embryonic neurons and neurons that differentiate during metamorphosis.
Effect of a la carte and snack bar foods at school on children's lunchtime intake of fruits and vegetables.

Abstract Objectives To compare lunch fruit, juice, and vegetable (FJV) intake of fourth-grade students who receive only National School Lunch Program meals and fifth-grade students who also have access to a school snack bar and to compare FJV intake by meal source among fifth-grade students. Design Cross-sectional study: students completed FJV preference questionnaires and 5 days of lunch food records in classrooms. Subjects/setting 312 fourth- and 282 fifth-grade students in south Texas. Main outcome measures Mean FJV consumption. Statistical analyses performed Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance. Results Fourth-grade students (n=312) consumed significantly more fruits, juices, and vegetables (0.80 serving) than fifth-grade students (n=282) (0.60 serving). Students whose parents reported a high school education or less consumed more regular and total vegetables than students whose parents reported some college or higher education. There were no interaction effects among gender, grade, ethnic, or family education groups. Fifth-grade students who ate only snack bar meals consumed significantly less total fruits, juices, and vegetables (0.40 serving) than fifth-grade students who ate school lunch meals (0.82 serving). Controlling for FJV preferences did not change the main effect for grade level in the FJV consumption models. Applications/conclusions FJV consumption during school lunch is low. School foodservice staff should identify FJV items that middle school students prefer and increase availability of those items in middle school cafeterias and snackbars. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:1482-1486 .
Complementing Objective Procedures with Subjective Priors in Water Resource Planning

A procedure is outlined which allows consideration of both objective and subjective indicators to establish priorities in plan implementation of water resource development. The objective procedure utilizes stepwise multiple discriminant analysis to predict community performance regarding planned project implementation, based on previous project implementation in the Northeast. The subjective procedure incorporates prior probabilities developed by the planner, based on observation and experience gained through the planning process. The proposed analysis could eliminate waste through better allocation of planning funds to implementation studies exhibiting higher probability of early implementation.
Vitamins, the Central Nervous System, and Behavior

Vitamins constitute a group of 13 organic compounds that are essential for the metabolism of other nutrients and the maintenance of a variety of physiological functions. As a virtue of being organic compounds, all vitamins contain the element carbon. However, the 13 vitamins vary greatly in chemical composition and in the roles they play in the body. Vitamins, in contrast to the macronutrients, protein, fat, and carbohydrate, are required in relatively small amounts in the diet and are not a source of energy. The primary function of many vitamins is catalytic; they often serve as coenzymes which facilitate the actions of enzymes involved in essential metabolic reactions.
Laser signal injection microscopy of Si integrated circuits with a numerical aperture increasing lens

Numerical aperture increasing lens (NAIL) microscopy in reflected light imaging of Si integrated circuits is applied to laser signal injection microscopy. The improved lateral spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio provided by NAIL microscopy will greatly enhance the capability of laser signal injection microscopy
A new trick to a routine procedure: taking the fear out of the axillary vein stick using the 35° caudal view

Aims The axillary vein is frequently used to implant pacemaker and defibrillator leads. We describe a technique utilizing the caudal fluoroscopic view to facilitate axillary venous access without contrast. Methods and results Outcomes of device implants or upgrades utilizing this technique were examined during a 1-year period at our institution. Of 229 consecutive implants, only 9 patients required an alternate technique for lead implantation. There were zero cases of pneumothorax. Conclusions The caudal view allows for optimal appreciation of the anterior border of the lung and the first rib. This simple technique increases the implanter's appreciation of and control over the access needle depth relative to the lung and first rib, thereby reducing pneumothorax risk.
Social Networking, Workplace, and Entertainment Literacies: The Out-of-School Literate Lives of Newcomer Adolescent Immigrants

Using a New Literacy Studies perspective that recognizes multiple literacies that are meaningful within their sociocultural traditions, this collective case study investigated the range, form, and purpose of the out-of-school literacies of four Latina/o adolescent English learners. The qualitative methodology employed constructivist interviews, digital artifacts, and observations. Findings demonstrated that their most prevalent out-of-school literacies take place on the social networking site of Facebook, in their workplaces, and through Spanish entertainment. The literacies in these spaces have unique and purposeful roles for the individuals that allow them to connect to their home countries and maintain their Latina/o identities, acquire English, support themselves, and establish a place to succeed. Findings demonstrate that these students are multilingual, multicultural transnationals who communicate with multiple modalities across various borders.
Regulation of Inflorescence Architecture and Organ Shape by the ERECTA Gene in Arabidopsis

The architecture of higher plants is largely determined by the size, shape, and arrangement of the shoot organs that are formed in a reiterative manner by the shoot apical meristem. Immense variations in plant architecture, due to altered shape, size, and position of the individual shoot unit, has significance in adaptation as well as domestication of crop plants. The Arabidopsis erecta mutant displays a dramatic alteration in inflorescence architecture and organ shape. Morphometric analysis of representative erecta alleles with different severities revealed that ERECTA regulates pedicel length and plant size in a quantitative manner but has complex effects on floral organ size: The organs of erecta mutants contain a lesser number of larger, and isotropically expanded cortex cells, suggesting that ERECTA is required for a coordinated cell proliferation or cell expansion within the same tissue layer (i.e. cortex). The molecular identity of ERECTA as a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) is consistent with its predicted role in cell-cell coordination.
Multimodal Separation Logic for Reasoning About Operational Semantics

We show how to reason, in the proof assistant Coq, about realistic programming languages using a combination of separation logic and heterogeneous multimodal logic. A heterogeneous multimodal logic is a logic with several modal operators that are not required to satisfy the same frame conditions. The result is a powerful and elegant system for reasoning about programming languages and their semantics. The techniques are quite general and can be adopted to a wide variety of settings.
Force-frequency relationship of human atrial muscle in vitro: beta-adrenergic mechanisms.

(10 figures) It has been recognized that the relationship between the frequency of activation of cardiac muscle and the force of contraction developed describes a fundamental property of the mechanical function of this tissue (KRUTA, 1964). While this force-frequency relationship has been extensively studied in a variety of myocardial preparations, a detailed description of the relationship for human cardiac tissue is lacking. Thus, while several investigators have alluded to the study of the force-frequency relationship of isolated human cardiac muscle ( SONNENBLICK et al., 1965; WHALEN ef al., 1958), these reports were Iimited by the narrow frequency range studied or by the absence of quantitative data. The mechanism whereby force varies with the interval between excitation is incompletely understood. One hypothesis states that the increase in force of contraction seen with increasing frequency of beating is partly mediated through the release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), at least in isolated tissue (KOCH-WESER, 1965). However, in mammalian muscle such as kitten papillary and atrial tissue, NE apparently plays
Constitutive relations for cohesionless frictional granular materials

Abstract Based on the micro-mechanical model recently developed by Nemat-Nasser S. (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 (2000) 1541), a three-dimensional continuum mechanics model is presented for the deformation of granular materials which carry the applied load through frictional contacts. The model incorporates the anisotropy (or fabric) which develops as a frictional granular mass is deformed in shear, and includes the coupling between shearing and volumetric straining (or dilatancy). The model parameters are estimated, based on the results of a series of cyclic shearing experiments on large hollow cylindrical samples of silica sand. Then, the model is used to predict other experimental results, arriving at good correlation.
An Evaluation of the Protein Quality of Mormon Crickets (Anabrus simplex Haldeman) When Used as a High Protein Feedstuff for Poultry

Abstract Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the protein quality of Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex Haldeman) when fed to broiler chicks. The first trial was designed to identify the limiting amino acids in Mormon crickets using purified diets. The basal diet was supplemented with amino acids based on an amino acid analysis of Mormon crickets and preliminary feeding trials, and the results indicated that methionine and arginine were probably colimiting. In the second experiment Mormon crickets were incorporated into practical diets replacing soybean meal as the major source of protein. In an 8-week feeding trial the corn-cricket diet compared favorably with a corn-soybean meal diet with no significant differences in weight gain or feed/gain ratios. There was no adverse effect on the taste of the meat from birds fed the corn-cricket diet as determined by a taste panel.
A phishing vulnerability analysis of web based systems

Phishing, a criminal act of collecting personal, bank and credit card information by sending out forged e-mails with fake websites, has become the most popular practice among the criminals of the Web. Phishing attacks are becoming more and more sophisticated and are constantly on the rise. The impact of phishing is quite drastic since it involves the threat of identity theft and financial losses. A lot of groups and organizations are trying to study this act and also inform and update the public on what are the latest tactics being used in the phishing sector. According to industry estimates, phishing attacks are on the rise every year and the existing anti phishing solutions fall short in detecting phishing. Moreover, phishers come up with innovative methods of phishing everyday making it even more difficult to detect and prevent phishing. This paper explains in detail the various methods used in phishing. We perform a root-cause analysis of the methods used in phishing, the motivation for phishing and in the process come up with a fishbone diagram outlining the causes and methodologies used in phishing. This analysis is aimed at helping developers to design and develop better anti phishing solutions.
5-hydroxytryptamine evokes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in bovine aortic endothelial cell cultures.

Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) results in the produc- tion of nitric oxide (NO) that mediates the vasorelaxing properties of endothelial cells. The goal of this project was to address the possibility that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulates eNOS activity in bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) cultures. Here, we tested the hypothesis that 5-HT receptors mediate eNOS activation by measuring agonist-stimulated ( 3 H)L-citrulline (( 3 H)L-Cit) formation in BAEC cultures. We found that 5-HT stimulated the conversion of ( 3 H)L-arginine (( 3 H)L-Arg) to ( 3 H)L-Cit, indicat- ing eNOS activation. The high affinity 5-HT1B receptor agonist, 5-nonyloxytryptamine (5-NOT)-stimulated ( 3 H)L-Cit turnover responses were concentration-(0.01 nM to 100 µ M) and time-dependent. Maximal responses were observed within 10 min following agonist exposures. These responses were effectively blocked by the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, isamoltane, the 5-HT1B/5-HT2 receptor antagonist, methiothepin, and the eNOS selective antagonists (0.01-10 µ M): L-N v -monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and L-N v -iminoethyl-L-ornithine (L-NIO). Pretreatment of BAEC cultures with pertussis toxin (PTX; 1-100 ng/ml) for 16 hr resulted in significant inhibition of the agonist- stimulated eNOS activity, indicating the involvement of Gi proteins. These findings lend evidence of a 5-HT1B receptor/eNOS pathway, accounting in part for the activa- tion of eNOS by 5-HT. Further investigation is needed to determine the role of other vascular 5-HT receptors in the stimulation of eNOS activity. (P.S.E.B.M. 1999, Vol 221)
Updating Inductive Inference

Updating inductive inference cannot be performed in the classic fashion of using the conclusion of one stage as a prior for the next stage. Minimum cross-entropy inference, which uses the prior-posterior formalism, can lead to inconsistencies and violations of the positive value of information principle. A more acceptable updating procedure is based on the notion of proper scoring rule as a figure of merit.
Up close and personal: The value of feedback in implementing an individual energy-saving adaptation

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explore the drivers of computer-related sustainability behavior at a medium-sized US university and the extent to which an inexpensive energy-saving device installed on 146 administrator, faculty and general staff workstations achieved significant savings in kWh, CO2 kg and dollars. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-method approach was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data to inform the study, and an intervention was introduced to raise awareness of energy-saving initiatives on a medium-sized university campus at an individual level. A simple computer energy efficiency device to measure the kWh, carbon emissions and monetary savings was installed on office workstations of 146 administrator, faculty and general staff. The research design enabled analysis of university mitigation strategies along with energy-saving behaviors, attitudes and savings in CO2 kg and dollars resulting from the installation of the adaptation intervention. Findings – Extr...
Financing and Signaling Decisions under Asymmetric Information

This paper presents an experimental investigation of a financing-investment environment under asymmetric information. It examines the underpricing-signaling hypothesis. Importantly, the paper tests and compares this hypothesis under the two institutions for financing offers that are commonly observed in corporate financial markets: take-it-or-leave-it offer (TLO) and the competitive bidding offer (CBO). The results suggest that underpricing can serve as a credible signal of quality under certain parameters. The underpricing is lower under CBO than under TLO institution. The use of experimental methods contributes an empirical perspective on the role of underpricing and the choice of institution in corporate financial markets.
Caffeine Consumption and Cardiovascular Risks: Little Cause for Concern.

Caffeine consumption is virtually ubiquitous in our society. It is naturally found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola drinks. Furthermore, caffeine is often added to beverages, foods, pain relievers, and other products. In the United States, coffee accounts for ≈70% of the caffeine consumed.[1][1
Abstract WP85: Risk factors for Stenosis of Stents Utilized for Stent Assisted Coiling of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Introduction: Stent-assisted coil embolization facilitates the treatment of wide-necked aneurysms. In-stent stenosis, although rare, may lead to stroke by occlusion of the parent artery or by thromboembolism. To our knowledge, the risk factors for in-stent stenosis in this context have not yet been investigated. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that cardiovascular risk factors and vessel size would be associated with in-stent stenosis. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing stent-assisted coil embolization at our institution using the Neuroform stent (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) were identified by billing records. Medical comorbidities were extracted retrospectively from patient charts. In-stent stenosis on last angiogram and vessel size (dichotomized into Results: A total of 224 unruptured aneurysms were treated with stent assisted-coil embolization between 2003 and 2010 utilizing the Neuroform stent. Follow-up catheter angiography was available in 196/224 (87.5%) at mean of 19 mos in those with in-stent stenosis and 24 mos in those without. In-stent stenosis occurred in 8/196 (4.1%). Mean age was 59 in those with in-stent stenosis and 62 in those without. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the groups with and without stenosis were as follows: diabetes 25% (2/8) vs. 6.9% (13/188), hypertension 42.6% (80/188) vs. 50% (4/8), hyperlipidemia 13% (1/8) vs. 5.9% (11/188), coronary artery disease 13% (1/8) vs. 3.7% (7), and smoking 38% (3/8) vs. 39% (75/188). Vessel size was Conclusions: The overall risk of in-stent stenosis in patients undergoing stent-assisted coil embolization was relatively low. Although cardiovascular comorbidities were numerically more common in patients with in-stent stenosis, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant.
Charge Distributions of Ca 40 and Ca 44 from 250-MeV Electron Scattering

Abstract : New information is reported on differences between the charge distributions of Ca40 and of Ca44, obtained by means of elastic scattering of 250 MeV electrons. Attention is focused, experimentally and theoretically, on the difference in scattering between the two isotopes.
Quantitative image sequence analysis of fundus fluorescein angiography

Interpretation of retinal angiographic studies has heretofore been largely qualitative. The temporal properties associated with fluorescein fluorescence of normal and pathologic fundus features are quantified to potentiate pixel assignment and fundus feature quantitation for clinical studies where precise image metrology is vital. Fluorescein angiography studies were digitized, and temporally sequential images were spatially registered with polynomial warping algorithms, allowing for the construction of a three-dimensional angiogram vector. Temporal profiles through spatially registered, temporally sequential pixels were computed. Fundus feature fluorescence behavior was quantified. Fundus features may be discriminated on the basis of spatio-temporal fluorescein fluorescence properties. Pixel assignment based on spatio-temporal relationships will facilitate fundus feature quantitation.
Air-gaps Flashover Characteristics of Phase-to-phase for 1000kV AC Compact Transmission Line

In order to learn flashover characteristics of phase-to-phase air-gaps for 1000 kV UHV AC compact transmission line and to get all kinds of flashover characteristics parameters on the condition of switching overvoltage,which supply the test data for phase-to-phase insulation gap design,the switching impulse test on phase-to-phase air-gaps was carried out with the full-scale UHV compact tower.The standard switching impulse tests and 1000 μs long wave-front switching impulse tests were carried out by the simulation of conductor-to-conductor gaps,and several important curves for transmission projects design were obtained.Test results show that the average flashover voltage of conductor-to-conductor air-gaps in the middle of span is 3.9% higher than that of ring-to-ring air-gaps in the tower window.When α is 0.33,0.4 and 0.5,the relation between flashover voltage and α is approximately linear.
Abstract IA15: Immune control of breast cancer metastasis

Twenty to thirty percent of breast cancer patients eventually develop metastasis despite receiving state-of-the-art therapies. Clearly, identifying better ways to eliminate micro-metastatic tumor cells is paramount to eradicating death from breast cancer. We now know that every tumor is unique and that each tumor is heterogenous. Tumors hijack multiple, redundant pathways to survive and grow, and evolve resistance under selective pressure from therapy. Moreover, micro-metastatic cancer cells may be dormant and resistant to therapy. Thus, traditional approaches to treat cancer and prevent metastatic recurrences don9t work for everyone. Stimulating the immune system to kill cancer cells (known as immunotherapy) carries strong appeal: the response can be individualized; the immune system is effective against diverse pathogens (in this case, tumor antigens); and immunity can evolve and retain memory for long-term control of disease. The challenge is that by the time tumors are clinically detectable they are already ‘invisible’ to the immune system due to a number of factors: (1) natural selection for tumor cells that can escape immune control; (2) immune tolerance to self- and tumor-antigens; and (3) the strongly immunosuppressive environment in tumors, which renders effector cells inactive. A better understanding of how tumors achieve immune evasion will allow development of strategies to promote more effective anti-tumor immunity. We have determined that Ron protein kinase activity in the host immune system is a major contributor to metastasis. This finding was unanticipated; the expected result was that blocking Ron signaling in tumor cells would inhibit tumor progression, which was the basis for development of Ron inhibitors by the pharmaceutical industry. Our work now shows that Ron inhibitors reduce metastasis through dual effects on tumor cells and on the immune system: Approximately 40% of human breast tumors upregulate the Ron ligand, which is secreted from the tumor, activates Ron on macrophages, and polarizes them to an immune suppressive state. Inhibiting Ron, either genetically or with drugs, blocks metastasis by activating an anti-tumor immune response mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Thus, inhibition of Ron boosts anti-tumor immunity and prevents metastasis. These data suggest that inhibition of Ron in the tumor microenvironment might provide a new, complementary strategy to ongoing immunotherapy. Thus, Ron inhibitors might serve as macrophage ‘checkpoint inhibitors’ to complement checkpoint inhibition in T-cells. Citation Format: Alana L. Welm. Immune control of breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.
EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE IN CARRYING A HEAVY, UNILATERAL LOAD: FOOTPRINT EVIDENCE

Although a significant amount of research has examined the biomechanical effects of carrying a load on human walking, most has focussed on fore and aft loads, or evenly balanced loads. In addition, most research on human walking no longer considers footprint analysis, despite its ease of use and its effectiveness in studies of balance. However, one project, with a small number of subjects, suggested that people carrying a heavy load in one hand (e.g., a suitcase or toolbox) make two sorts of adjustments to the placement of their feet on the substrate. The first and most obvious change is a decrease in foot angle (in-toeing) on the unloaded side. This puts the anterior part of the foot further under the center of mass when carrying a load in the contralateral hand and has been amply documented in subsequent studies. The second and more subtle change is a decrease in step width, a practice which also moves the foot on the unloaded side closer to the center of mass. However, tests subsequent to the original study did not show a consistent or significant use of this technique. This discrepancy between original and subsequent results in step width can be explained by the level of expertise which various subjects have. Experience carrying heavy loads may be required for most subjects to develop ways of accommodating loads. For this project, subjects were tested under two conditions: carrying an empty canvas bag; carrying the same bag with 21% of their body weight in it. All subjects walked on paper runners, wearing paint-soaked socks to leave footprint trails. Subjects were asked to walk once with no weights followed by three more times with weights. They were then given 10–15min of practice with the weighted bag, then asked to repeat the protocol, for a total of eight trials (two unweighted and six weighted). Foot angle and step width were measured for all trials. Results show that practice does indeed make a difference in the use of a narrower step when carrying a heavy load. Specifically, the first three weighted trials show a decrease in step width that is nonsignificant, but the last three evince a significant reduction as compared to unweighted trials. In addition, lifetime experience carrying a heavy load led to more immediate changes in foot placement. We conclude that the initial study involved subjects who already had experience carrying a unilateral heavy load and that, as with other activities, mechanically more effective movements are acquired with greater experience and practice.
Video Game Play, Behavior, and Dietary Health

Sedentary video game play and other sedentary media use is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Obesity, in turn, increases the risk for a variety of physical health problems, including diabetes and high blood pressure. Sedentary media use is also linked with decreased activity levels, which also increases the risk of health problems. Three hypotheses – time displacement, increased caloric intake, and decreased metabolic rate – have been posited to explain the relationship between sedentary media use and increased weight status. Empirical support is available for each of these hypotheses; the hypotheses that posit that media displace time for other activities and lead to increased snacking have the strongest support. In terms of video games, the time displacement hypothesis was thought to be the best explanation for the relationship between increased body mass among those who play games frequently and for long periods of time. However, the evidence suggests that game genre (e.g., sports games versus role-playing games) mediates the relationship between game play, body weight, and activity levels. On the other hand, newer physically active games are related to increased energy expenditure and cardiovascular activity. Further, playing physically active games may actually lead to increased interest in other physical activities. Therefore, whereas use of sedentary video games and other sedentary media may increase health risk, the use of physically active video games holds some promise in helping with weight reduction and in fostering interest in regular physical activity.