cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STEMulate-K12: Automating STEM Attraction

This Research-Work-in-Progress presents the development of an e-learning tool that facilitates the integration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) into non-STEM lesson plans. The present effort adds features to promote attraction to STEM. To increase the rate of attracting students to STEM, the researchers are investigating the strategic use of e-learning. The e-learning tool is being designed to be widely accessible online and easily integrated with most K-12 curricula. The tool focuses on enabling students to actively explore the dependencies of STEM-related models without needing to understand the underlying math and science, which is the usual barrier. The researchers previously developed a beta test tool framework for researchers and educators to upload integrated STEM lessons to a shared community of users (K-12 students and teachers). Uploaded lesson materials include a narrative, a representative image, searchable keywords, and a parameterized STEM model. Users can explore various outcomes by dialing-in various input values. This effort advances the prior work by integrating features that are likely to increase attraction to STEM. These features are based on dispelling misconceptions to increase mindfulness and offers guidelines for developing lessons that balance cognitive load and ease. To measure attraction, pre- and post-surveys and statistical analysis will be facilitated through the tool.
Differences in Justice, Differences in Outcomes: A DID Approach to Studying Outcomes in Juvenile and Adult Court Processing

For almost half a century, there has been an ongoing philosophical debate regarding the appropriateness of processing youth in adult courts. Since the juvenile system was theoretically designed to ...
Hardware Security Primitive Exploiting Intrinsic Variability in Analog Behavior of 3-D NAND Flash Memory Array

The 3-D NAND flash memory has become an integral part of the cyber-physical systems to cope with the huge data explosion in this era of Internet of Things (IoT). Moreover, hardware security primitives such as physical unclonable function (PUF) have become indispensable in the functional circuits of these cyber-physical systems for protection against security vulnerabilities and adversary attacks. Therefore, in this paper, for the first time, we propose a PUF exploiting the intrinsic variability in the string current of the ubiquitous 3-D NAND flash memory owing to the process variations and the inherent material imperfections such as grain boundaries and the associated traps. With the aid of the Monte Carlo simulations utilizing a calibrated compact model for 3-D nand flash memory, we demonstrate that the proposed PUF exhibits excellent performance metrics such as uniformity (UF) (50%), diffuseness (DF) (50%), and uniqueness (UQ) (50.08%) and is resilient to the machine learning attacks. The ultradense 3-D NAND flash memory array also enables a significantly large set of challenge-response pairs (CRPs) for a strong PUF action.
Designing a Comprehensive Procedure for Flagging Archived Traffic Data: A Case Study:

Archived data management systems (ADMS) are extensively used for storing historical traffic data (e.g., volume, speed, occupancy) collected from traffic sensors. Archived traffic data have importan...
Meaning and relationship-centered care: Recommendations for clinicians attending to the spiritual distress of patients at the end of life

Summary The end of life is an inherently spiritual experience. In this setting, clinicians have an opportunity to invite patient spirituality into the room, to respond as a person, and even to prescribe spiritual interventions, while remembering to handle such spiritual clinical work with care. Bearing witness to suffering and loss, clinicians are at risk for burnout. But burnout may come more from the avoidance of grief than from its presence. To work with patients at the end of life in a sustainable way, clinicians can practice self-care, seek meaning in their work, and develop relationship and emotional intimacy with their patients. The promise of such care is a model of practice called relationship-centered care, where the relationship between the patient and the clinician as a human is central. Such work allows for the possibility of “bi-directionality” and “exquisite empathy” but requires a careful awareness of the patient, the environment, and deep self-awareness . Such intimate spiritual care offers both paradox and promise. Responding to patient spirituality, clinicians may be moved to pay deeper attention to our own spiritual life—our humanity, our relationships, and the ultimate meaning in our own lives.
Study and Use of Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician conodonts in central, southern, and western Laurentia, 1933–2018

The first descriptions of Laurentian Lower Ordovician conodonts were in the 1930s in the central USA. Authors boiled shales to free the conodont elements. The use of acetic acid began in 1940 at the University of Missouri. The first study of Cambrian conodonts was in 1959; part of the material was from the western USA and part from northern Europe. In the mid 1960s, research began to be based on measured sections and systematically collected samples; many new taxa still were being described. Histological studies resulted in recognising three major groups of Cambrian conodonts, protoconodonts, paraconodonts, and euconodonts. The latter group was the most successful. Preliminary biozonal frameworks were established in the early 1970s and were tied into biozonations based on other fossil groups. Conodont studies became more widespread geographically during the 1980s, biozonations were refined, and conodont zones began to be correlated globally based on many cosmopolitan taxa. In the 1980s, geochemists found that conodonts were useful source materials for chemostratigraphy. The Pander Society was founded in 1967. Regular meetings of the society have been held since 1968 in the USA and internationally, resulting in many important proceedings volumes. The International Working Group on the Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary decided to use conodonts as the primary fossil group to define that boundary, thus stimulating intensive study of conodonts of that age. Definition of that boundary was achieved in 2001, although problems remain because of redeposited conodonts at the stratotype section. A Working Group will recommend a GSSP for the base of the highest stage of the Cambrian, Stage 10. The lowest occurrence of the euconodont Eoconodontus notchpeakensis (Miller Journal of Paleontology, 43(2), 413–439 1969) is being considered to define the base of that stage. The species occurs in depositional environments from nearshore sandstones and dolostones to deep-ocean radiolarian cherts, indicating that conodonts had become adapted to many depositional environments during the late Cambrian. The alternative fossil for marking the base of Stage 10 is the lowest occurrence of an agnostoid arthropod, Lotagnostus americanus (Salter 1860), which has a controversial taxonomy.
Effects of changing agricultural subsidies on production and exports in Iran.

Subsidy is a tool used by governments as a form of financial aid to support specific economic sectors. Today subsidy is common in several countries such as Iran due to different political and economic reasons. This study has examined the effects of changing agricultural subsidies on, production and exports. For this purpose, a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) for the year 2012 was used in social accounting matrix form in 2001 as the statistical basis. For the extraction and transportation of nonlinear programming model "mixed complementary problem" (MCP) was used. Social Accounting Matrix was divided into main sectors: agriculture, oil and gas, textiles, energy, industry and services. Then, the effect of agricultural subsidies and its effect on endogenous variables were investigated. Results showed that reducing agricultural subsidies, decreases the level of agricultural production by 21.3 percent and increases prices which in turn causes deviation of real exchange rate from equilibrium that prevents the exports in this sector. Moreover, by reducing subsidies the unemployment rate increases and welfare decreases.
Average Power: A Cautionary Note:

Replication is an important contemporary issue in psychological research, and there is great interest in ways of assessing replicability, in particular, retrospectively via prior studies. The avera...
Individual and social network correlates of recent treatment for substance use disorders among persons who use drugs in Baltimore, MD (2014 – 2017)

Abstract Background This analysis examined individual and network correlates of treatment enrollment for substance use disorders (SUDs) in the past 6 months and whether these factors varied by type(s) of drug(s) used and type of SUD treatment received. Methods Between 2014 and 2017, 330 Baltimore residents who reported using heroin, crack, and/or cocaine in the past 6 months completed a survey to assess demographics, substance use, recent SUD treatment enrollment, and information about their network members. The primary outcome was recent enrollment in any type of SUD treatment (i.e., methadone maintenance, detox, residential, outpatient, and meetings/self-help) vs. none. Using logistic regression, recent SUD treatment enrollment was regressed on individual and network characteristics. Results Overall, 214 were enrolled in some form of SUD treatment in the past 6 months (56.6% Methadone Maintenance, 29.8% Detox, 25.9% Residential, 47.8% Outpatient, and 90.7% Meetings/Self-Help). The median number of network members listed was 4.0 (interquartile range: 4-6). In the adjusted model, the odds of SUD treatment enrollment increased with each additional network member who was currently enrolled in SUD treatment (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]:2.22; 95%CI:1.47-3.33). The odds of SUD treatment enrollment decreased by 35% for each additional network member who used heroin, crack, and/or cocaine and could provide them with social support (AOR:0.65; 95%CI:0.48-1.88). Conclusions Our findings suggest a complex link between the intersecting roles of network members and SUD treatment outcomes among persons who use drugs and the importance of collecting detailed social network information on the different domains of social support provided.
Contract Characteristics and the Probability of Litigation

Using a novel data set, we empirically determine the effects of contract cost, competition, the strength of incentives and firm size on the probability that a government contract relationship will lead to litigation. We find evidence that the use of high-powered contracts increases the probability of litigation, but that sellers consider these risks when choosing contract structure. We also introduce a technique for testing the litigation selection hypothesis that is based upon Hausman's specification test.
"It's a War on People …".

What do certain military missions in Afghanistan, domestic spying in the United States, therapeutic interventions in Russia and Denmark, torture and rape in an Indonesian police station, and Stop a...
Age differences in the association of comorbid burden with adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2.

Older age and comorbid burden are both associated with adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2, but it is not known whether the association between comorbid burden and adverse outcomes differs in older and younger adults. To compare the relationship between comorbid burden and adverse outcomes in adults with SARS-CoV-2 of different ages (18–64, 65–79 and ≥ 80 years). Observational longitudinal cohort study of 170,528 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System between 2/28/20 and 12/31/2020 who were followed through 01/31/2021. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI); Incidence of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and death within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. The cumulative 30-day incidence of death was 0.8% in cohort members < 65 years, 7.1% in those aged 65–79 years and 20.6% in those aged ≥80 years. The respective 30-day incidences of hospitalization were 8.2, 21.7 and 29.5%, of ICU admission were 2.7, 8.6, and 11% and of mechanical ventilation were 1, 3.9 and 3.2%. Median CCI (interquartile range) ranged from 0.0 (0.0, 2.0) in the youngest, to 4 (2.0, 7.0) in the oldest age group. The adjusted association of CCI with all outcomes was attenuated at older ages such that the threshold level of CCI above which the risk for each outcome exceeded the reference group (1st quartile) was lower in younger than in older cohort members (p < 0.001 for all age group interactions). The CCI is calculated based on diagnostic codes, which may not provide an accurate assessment of comorbid burden. Age differences in the distribution and prognostic significance of overall comorbid burden could inform clinical management, vaccination prioritization and population health during the pandemic and argue for more work to understand the role of age and comorbidity in shaping the care of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2.
A PUF-Based Modeling-Attack Resilient Authentication Protocol for IoT Devices

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) offer a promising solution for authentication of IoT devices as they provide unique fingerprints for the underlying devices through their challenge-response pairs. However, PUFs have been shown to be vulnerable to modeling attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol to thwart such vulnerability by limiting the adversary’s ability to intercept the whole challenge bits exchanged with IoT nodes. We split the challenge bits over multiple messages and engage one or multiple helper nodes in the dissemination process. We further study the implications of various parts of the challenge patterns on the modeling attack and propose extensions of our protocol that exploit bits scrambling and padding to ameliorate the attack resiliency. The experimental results extracted from a 16-bit and a 64-bit arbiter-PUF implemented on FPGA demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in boosting the robustness of IoT authentication.
Globalization and Wages in Manufacturing in the Developing Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegrations and Fully Modified OLS Regressions

This paper explores the long run relationship between wages in manufacturing and globalization using panel data from three developing countries for the period 1980~ 2001. Globalization is measured by foreign direct investment inflows and trade openness of a country. Recently developed techniques for testing panel cointegration hypotheses are applied to test the null of no cointegration. The panel cointegration test statistics indicate that wages in manufacturing are cointegrated with both measures ofglobalization. The results -thus provide some evidence for the existence of a long run relationship between globalization and wages in manufacturing for this sample ofcountries. The panel Fully Modified OLS estimation method is then used to obtain the cointegrating coefficients and test their statistical significance. Thepanel group mean statistics showthat the average slope coefficients between the two measures of globalization and wages are significantly different from zero. The null hypothesis that the individual coefficients are all zero is thus rejected. (Fl5)
Chlamydia trachomatis infection among sexual minorities

Same sex behavior is not infrequent among women in the USA and despite widespread prevalence of chlamydial infections, few data are available that describe its prevalence among these sexual minority c
Cooling rate effects on paleointensity estimates in submarine basaltic glass and implications for dating young flows

[1] Cooling rate effects on the intensity of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) have been well documented in ceramics. In that case, laboratory cooling is generally more rapid than the initial cooling, leading to an overestimate of the paleofield by 5–10% in Thellier-type paleointensity experiments. The reverse scenario, however, has never been tested. We examine the effects of cooling rate on paleointensity estimates from rapidly quenched submarine basaltic glass (SBG) samples from 13 sites at 17°30′–18°30′S on the East Pacific Rise. Absolute cooling rates determined by relaxation geospeedometry at five of these sites range from ∼10 to ∼330°C min−1 at the glass transition (∼650°C). Over the dominant range of remanence blocking temperatures (∼200–400°C), the natural cooling rates are approximately equal to or slightly slower than the laboratory cooling rates during the Thellier experiment. These results suggest that while the cooling rate effect might introduce some within-site scatter, it should not result in a systematic bias in paleointensity from SBG. Paleointensity estimates from the 15 sites range from ∼29 to 59 μT, with an average standard error of ∼1 μT. Comparison with models of geomagnetic field intensity variations at the site indicate the youngest group of samples is very recent (indistinguishable from present-day) and the oldest is at least 500, and probably several thousand, years old. These age estimates are consistent with available radiometric ages and geologic observations.
Apgar score and dental caries risk in the primary dentition of five year olds.

Background: Conditions in utero and early life underlie risk for several childhood disorders. This study tested the hypothesis that the Apgar score predicted dental caries in the primary dentition. Methods: A retrospective cohort study conducted in 2003 examined associations between conditions at birth and early life with dental caries experience at five years. Dental examination data for a random sample of five-year-old South Australian children were obtained from School Dental Service electronic records. A questionnaire mailed to the parents obtained information about neonatal status at delivery (five-minute Apgar score, birthweight, plurality, gestational age) and details about birth order, weaning, and behavioural, familial and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Of the 1398 sampled children with a completed questionnaire (response rate = 64.6%), 1058 were singleton term deliveries among whom prevalence of dental caries was 40.1%. In weighted log-binomial regression analysis, children with an Apgar score of <=8 relative to a score of 9–10 had greater probability of dental caries in the primary dentition after adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioural covariates and water fluoridation concentration (adjusted PR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.95). Conclusions: Readily accessible markers of early life, such as the Apgar score, may guide clinicians in identifying children at potentially heightened risk for dental caries and aid decision-making in allocating preventive services.
The Beveridge-Nelson decomposition of economic time series: Another economical computational method

Abstract This note describes a simple and an economical computational procedure for generating the permanent/cyclical decomposition of economic time series proposed by Beveridge and Nelson (1981). Our procedure is a more complete alternative than the method suggested by Cuddington and Winters (1987).
Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates intracrine survival of breast cancer cells through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1*Authors contributed equally

2523 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in breast tumors has been correlated with a poor outcome in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Moreover, the expression, localization and function of VEGF receptors (VEGFR), VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 as well as neurophilin-1 (NP-1), in breast cancer are controversial. Therefore, we investigated the expression and function of VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 in breast cancer cells. We observed that VEGFR-1 expression was abundant, VEGFR-2 expression was low and NP-1 expression was variable. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, transfected with antisense VEGF cDNA or with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) for VEGF (siVEGF), resulted in a significant reduction in VEGF expression and increased apoptosis as compared to the control cells. Additionally, specific targeted knockdown of VEGFR-1 expression by siVEGFR-1 significantly decreased the survival of breast cancer cells through down-regulation of AKT phosphorylation, while targeted knockdown of VEGFR-2 or neuropilin-1 (NP-1) expression had no effect on the survival of these cancer cells. Since a VEGFR-1 specific ligand, the placenta growth factor (PIGF), surprisingly, did not inhibit the breast cancer cell apoptosis induced by siVEGF, and since VEGFR-1 antibody also had no effects on the survival of these cells, we examined VEGFR-1 localization. VEGFR-1 was found to be predominantly expressed internally in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Specifically, VEGFR-1 was found to be colocalized with Lamin A/C and was expressed mainly in the nuclear envelope in breast cancer cell lines and primary breast cancer tumors. Breast cancer cells treated with siVEGFR-1 showed significant decrease of VEGFR-1 expression and lack of VEGFR-1 expression in the nuclear envelope. These results provide evidence of a unique survival system in breast cancer cells by which VEGF can act as an internal autocrine (intracrine) survival factor through its binding to VEGFR-1, and may provide a more optimal strategy for tumor therapy based on the inhibition of angiogenesis.
Review of Theorist: a Symbolic mathematics and graphics application

Abstract This note presents a critical review of Theorist ™, a symbolic mathemathics and graphing application of potential interest to the field of structural geology.
Abstract T P203: Areas of Cerebral Ischemia Have Increased Propensity to Convert to Infarct Among Diabetics

Diabetes influences ischemic stroke outcome. While several theories are proposed, the mechanism for worse outcomes is unclear. Perfusion computed tomography (PCT) helps identify stroke patients who would benefit from endovascular therapy. Our hypothesis was that PCT could potentially be used to elucidate the biological basis of poor outcomes among diabetics with stroke Methods: Patients with ischemic stroke that underwent PCT at admission from August 2011 to March 2012 were reviewed. PCT protocol included 4 supratentorial slices, 8mm thick. Areas of increased mean transit time(MTT) were traced and marked as ischemic area. Area of preserved cerebral blood volume(CBV) was penumbra. CBV and MTT were compared among diabetics and non-diabetics. Results: The study included 44 patients: 15 diabetic and 29 non-diabetics. The age, sex, race distributions and NIH stroke scale in both groups were similar. There were no differences in risk factors such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation and smoking. The average MTT...
Myoepithelioma: Review of the literature and report of a case with ultrastructural confirmation

The myoepithelioma is a rare salivary gland tumor composed nearly exclusively of myoepithelial cells. A case occurring on the palate of a 22-year-old man is reported. Electron microscopic findings of occasional desmosomes, a basal lamina associated with the plasma memb;rane, and perinuclear cytoplasmic filaments confirmed the diagnosis. The myoepithelioma appears to resemble the pleomorphic adenoma clinically and may be a development variant of the pleomorphic adenoma.
Beyond semidefinite relaxation: Basis banks and computationally enhanced guarantees

As a widely used tool in tackling general quadratic optimization problems, semidefinite relaxation (SDR) promises both a polynomial-time complexity and an a priori known sub-optimality guarantee for its approximate solutions. While attempts at improving the guarantees of SDR in a general sense have proven largely unsuccessful, it has been widely observed that the quality of solutions obtained by SDR is usually considerably better than the provided guarantees. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology that paves the way for obtaining improved data-dependent guarantees in a computational way. The derivations are dedicated to a specific quadratic optimization problem (called m-QP) which lies at the core of many communication and active sensing schemes; however, the ideas may be generalized to other quadratic optimization problems. The new guarantees are particularly useful in accuracy sensitive applications, including decision-making scenarios.
Polarization-insensitive thermo-optic switch based on multimode polymeric waveguides with high device packing density

A promising polarization-insensitive thermo-optic switch based on multi-mode polymeric waveguides is reported. This device has a packing density of 40 channels/cm. Simulation result shows that an extinction ratio of greater than 20 dB can be achieved with the device-electrode interaction length of 30 mm. The thermo-optic switch operating at wavelengths of 632.8 nm and 1.3 micrometers has been demonstrated experimentally with extinction ratios of 21 dB and 22 dB, respectively. Such a device has an intrinsic wide optical bandwidth due to the large dynamic range of the phase- matching condition implied by the multi-mode waveguides.
Physiology of endocrine skin interrelations

Hormones influence the skin and play a role in normal biologic processes. Keratinocytes can convert and synthesize endocrine hormones. Endocrine dysregulation of the skin and abnormalities of endocrine functions of keratinocytes may produce abnormal changes in the skin. Knowledge of the cutaneous metabolism of thyroid hormones, steroids, peptide hormones, and vitamin A derivatives is being rapidly updated. Skin manifestations of endocrine disorders result from imbalance in feedback loops maintaining endocrine homeostasis. Definite molecular mechanisms of hormonal action on target cells underlie functional agonism and antagonism of hormonal signals aimed at governing epidermal turnover. The molecular synergism between vitamin A and other hormones may explain the therapeutic efficiency of combining retinoids with other therapies.
Substituted selenourea–tellurium tetrahalide adducts: Precursors to selenium–tellurium alloys

N,N-Dimethylselenourea (DMSeU) yields, with TeX4 (X = Cl or Br), a variety of compounds having bonds from selenium to tellurium. Excluding molecules of solvation these compounds display the following stoichiometries: [(DMSeU)4Te]X2, (DMSeU)3(TeX4)2, and (DMSeU)2Te2X6. Tetramethylselenourea (TMSeU) gives, with TeBr4, crystals of (TMSeU)2TeBr4. Both the carbon–selenium and tellurium–halogen bonds undergo hydrolysis under mild conditions to yield precipitates that are alloys of selenium and tellurium. Thus, this group of compounds affords a new approach to the synthesis of selenium–tellurium alloys. Some of the properties of these compounds, as well as the crystal structure of [(DMSeU)4Te]Cl2, are described in this article.
An alternative formulation of the simultaneous route and departure-time choice equilibrium problem

Abstract Traditional (static) network equilibrium models have always been formulated in a route-based fashion rather than a vehicle-based fashion. That is, the decision variables have been the number of vehicles using each route rather than the route choices of each vehicle. Given the success of this approach, it is not surprising that recent “dynamic” network equilibrium models have been formulated in a similar way. That is, the decision variables in these models are usually the route-specific departure rates over time. In this paper, we develop a vehicle-based equilibrium model of simultaneous route and departure-time choice and discuss the possible advantages of this approach. We then describe a heuristic for solving this model and demonstrate its effectiveness on several small examples.
Introduction To The Special Issue On Microwave Circuits On Silicon Substrates

This article discusses the development of microwave circuits on silicon substrate. Silicon, even though inexpensive, did not provide the performance required for microwave circuits. Instead the development of microwave circuits used GaAs and InP substrates. With the development of commercial usages for microwave circuits, the costs of microwave circuits became an issue. The importance of cost, and the development of Si-device capabilities and fabrication techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy, and ultra-high chemical vapor deposition. provided the circumstances where the development of microwave circuits on silicon is now possible.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Introduces a Nonergodic Diffusion Process in the Plasma Membrane

Tracking individual potassium channels in the plasma membrane reveals complex dynamics involving anomalous diffusion. Theoretical models show that anomalous subdiffusion can be caused by several different processes. In particular, transient binding events, modeled by a continuous time random walk (CTRW), may not only induce anomalous subdiffusion but also weak ergodicity breaking, that is, the ensemble and time averages do not coincide. We studied the physical mechanism underlying Kv2.1 and Kv1.4 potassium channel anomalous dynamics by performing time series analysis of extensive single molecule tracking in the membrane of live mammalian cells. We find ample evidence showing that the ensemble and temporal distributions are different. Our data reveal that two anomalous subdiffusion processes simultaneously coexist and only one of them is ergodic. Weak ergodicity breaking is found to be maintained by immobilization events as long as 60 seconds. In the presence of either actin or chlathrin inhibitors, ergodicity is recovered. In order to elucidate the effects of clathrin endocytosis on Kv2.1 trafficking and diffusion, we have performed simultaneous total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of quantum-dot-tagged Kv2.1 and RFP-tagged clathrin. Our results show that Kv2.1 channels are frequently recycled from and to the plasma membrane. Retrieval of Kv2.1 from the membrane is found to be attained via a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. These endocytic/insertion processes are needed to maintain a nonergodic CTRW. Furthermore, the Kv2.1 stalling events colocalize with clathrin clusters. These results suggest that abortive endocytic events are responsible for the observed channel immobilization in the plasma membrane.
Assessment of control of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity

As very effective targeted biological therapies have become available to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), remission is now the goal of treatment. Since 1981, efforts have been undertaken to develop criteria for clinical remission in RA. Although several different measures of disease activity have been proposed, many issues remain unresolved. Active joint inflammation, even if involving only a few joints, negatively impacts a patient's quality of life and may ultimately result in structural damage. Thus, a low disease activity state (LDAS), which has been adopted as the target in clinical trials of ‘treat to target', may not be the optimal treatment target in clinical practice. Similarly, the definitions of remission used in clinical trials may not be appropriate for use in daily clinical practice because some allow for the presence of several tender and swollen joints. Measures of disease activity do not necessarily correlate with structural remission, which implies halting progression of radiographic evidence of damage over time. Because no single measure of RA disease activity fully quantifies the global burden of disease, rheumatologists must follow multiple parameters to assess disease activity thoroughly and to adjust treatment optimally.
The CHP experience in California: Inputs from the field

Many incentive programs have been developed in California over the past several years to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency, and have undergone modifications to better suit and promote new types of self-generating energy technologies. The Self Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) is one of the largest state-level energy incentive programs, established by the state of California in 2001. The SGIP emerged as a result of the California energy crisis in the year 2000 - to address the rising electricity demand. One of the major target areas of this program is the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) market. At least one major status review of the CHP incentive and implementation has been conducted by the Itron group. This study revealed that many of the CHP facilities were not meeting the required efficiencies related to Section 218.5 of the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). A number of improvements in design and operational aspects of CHP were recommended by the Itron group as a result. More recently, The California Energy Commission (CEC) supported this project to conduct a field survey and review operational status of CHP systems. The field data suggest that there are a number of areas related to system design, operation, control, as well as maintenance that need to be improved in order to make CHP a viable technology. This paper presents these challenges as they relate to the future of the CHP industry in California, with ideas included for how a smart grid might serve to meet some of these challenges and create new opportunities
Impact of a restrictive antimicrobial policy on the process and timing of antimicrobial administration

BACKGROUND: In-hospital antimicrobial approval policies are designed to curb the indiscriminant use of antimicrobials. These policies usually require written forms and/or direct requests to an Infectious Disease specialist (or surrogate) prior to release of the antimicrobial. We hypothesized that the approval processes at our institution results in delayed antimicrobial administration. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study examining the time from order to administration for 25 different antimicrobials ordered “stat.” Antimicrobials were classified as restricted (required approval) or unrestricted. We compared these 2 classes to each other both during the daytime (8 AM to 10 PM), when approval is required for restricted antimicrobials, and at night when the first dose of all antimicrobials is exempted. We defined a delay in administration when the medication was given >1 hour from time of order. We separately examined delays of >2 hours. RESULTS: A higher percentage of >1-hour delays occurred when the antimicrobial was restricted (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-1.82). Similar results were seen for >2-hour delays (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.39-2.21). During the exempt-from-restriction time period (10 PM to 8 AM), there was no difference between these 2 classes of antimicrobials. Results were unchanged by adjustment for service (medicine vs. surgery vs. other), patient characteristics (age, sex, race), or by weekday vs. weekend. CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant delays in stat antimicrobial administration occur in our institution when antimicrobials require preapproval. These findings illustrate the importance of considering clinical efficiency when restrictions are put in place for time-sensitive therapies such as antimicrobials. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:E41–E45. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Some Practical Aspects of FT-IR/PBDS. Part II: Sample Handling Procedures

FT-IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) is truly nondestructive in that none of the sample preparation methods needed for the IR examination of solids are mandated. Such nondestructive examination is, however, inefficient—in that long scanning times are frequently needed—and is not really required with many samples, If it is permissible to subject the sample to a simple hand grinding, efficiency can be greatly improved. Sample preparation and handling are discussed, and the peculiarities of certain samples are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the necessity of proper sample handling for surface studies, data of the vacuum pyrolysis of polyvinyledene being used as example.
Organizational Change Rationales: Exploring Reasons for Multicultural Development in Human Service Agencies

This article examines how rationales for organizational change shape the subsequent change effort. The change process in question is multicultural development in nonprofit human service agencies. Analysis is based on interviews with consultants and practitioners experienced in multicultural development. To further illustrate connections between rationales and outcomes, three case studies are presented. Results indicate that how the organizational change is framed in part determines the degree of change that occurs.
Immune response to genital mycoplasmosis in bulls

This study was undertaken to determine whether a specific antimycoplasmal immune response could be detected in the male bovine genital tract and to better define mechanisms of immunity at that site. Specific Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis agglutinins were titrated in the serum, semen and preputial mucus extracts of two bulls with M. agalactiae induced chronic seminal vesiculitis and of one normal control bull. Titers from infected bulls averaged 64 for serum, 1024 for semen and <8 for preputial mucus extracts whereas the control bull titers were 16 for serum, <8 for semen, and <8 for preputial mucus extracts. Because of the high semen agglutinin titers from infected bulls it was proposed that semen titers may be more useful diagnostically than serum titers. Studies of immunoglobulin levels in semen revealed that IgA, IgG1 and IgG2 levels were all much higher in infected bulls than in the control bull. These high semen IgA levels together with the high semen agglutinin titers indicated a local secretory immune response in genital tracts of infected bulls.
Hydrogen Diffusivity During Corrosion of High-Purity Aluminum

The effective diffusivity of hydrogen in as-annealed (550°C for 5 h) 99.999% purity polycrystalline aluminum was determined using Al/Pd bilayer membranes following the procedure of K.R. Hebert. Bulk diffusion control was verified by the foil thickness variation method. The room temperature diffusivity of hydrogen was determined to be 1.6 ± 0.4 × 10−10 cm2/s during initial hydrogen charging in 0.01 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The effective diffusivity of hydrogen increased by two orders of magnitude during the second hydrogen charging and approaches the literature for gas phase egress from precharged material. This difference was interpreted to be the result of extensive trapping in freshly annealed foils and high residual trap site occupancy after initial precharging. The activation energy for lattice hydrogen egress was analyzed through constant heating rate thermal desorption spectra. This activation energy was 17.0 ± 0.6 kJ/mol. The experimental results also demonstrated that the measured hydro...
Structural study of Escherichia coli NAD synthetase: overexpression, purification, crystallization, and preliminary crystallographic analysis.

Abstract Escherichia coli NAD synthetase was overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant protein was active in an in vitro enzyme assay. The enzyme required approximately 1.5 mM magnesium for optimal activity. The pH optimum was found to be 8.0–8.5. The recombinant protein was crystallized at room temperature using the hanging-drop vapor diffusion technique with 1.5 M lithium sulfate, 0.1 M Hepes buffer at pH 7.5 as precipitant. The protein was also crystallized in the presence of its substrates, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide and adenosine triphosphate under similar conditions. These crystals diffract to 2.0-A resolution and belong to trigonal space group P3121 with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 91.766, c = 74.17 A and α = β = 90°, γ = 120°. The structure of the complex has been determined using the molecular replacement method.
Body Integrity Identity Disorder: The Persistent Desire to Acquire a Physical Disability

Background: Body integrity identity disorder (BIID) is a rare and unusual psychiatric condition characterized by a persistent desire to acquire a physical disability (e.g., amputati
The effect on liking of underrating or overrating another

Abstract People undoubtedly feel others deserve a correct and fair evaluation. This experiment tested the hypothesis that if an individual discovered he had accorded another less respect than the other deserved, he would attempt to make up for this injustice by a subsequent, temporary overestimation of the other. If he discovered he had accorded the other more respect than the other deserved, he would subsequently underestimate the other. It was expected that this “over-compensation” would occur even if the individual's unjust evaluation had been entirely private. This hypothesis was supported. In the experimental situation, both commitment to the initial unjust evaluation and responsibility for the unjust evaluation were held at a very low level. We felt these restrictions might be necessary to demonstrate the over-compensation response we were proposing. It was also proposed that as subjects became increasingly committed to their initial unjust evaluation, they would attempt to compensate for an initial injustice less and less often, and would increasingly attempt to justify their initial misjudgment. This expectation was not confirmed. Moderately committed subjects demonstrated as much, or more, over-compensation than uncommitted subjects. It was suggested that perhaps even the most committed groups were not in fact very committed to their initial unjust evaluations, which were anonymous.
What shall we do with the preattentive processing stage: Use it or lose it?

Since Neisser (1967) and Treisman & Gelade (1980) many models of selective visual attention have included a preattentive stage of processing. Some researchers have suggested that the term " preattentive"has outlived its usefulness. While there are uses of " preattentive"that should be avoided, we argue against abandoning the concept altogether. If there is selective visual attention and if there is processing of visual stimuli prior to selection, then there is preattentive processing. We hold that a goal of this processing is to abstract a preattentive representation from the stimulus that can be used to guide attention. In that representation, features are coarsely coded in parallel. It is a mistake to think of this representation as self-sufficient " preattentive vision"whose output can directly control behavior. While some forms of perceptual grouping and segregation may be accomplished preattentively, it does not seem to be possible to go directly to a motor response without engaging attention- demanding processes. In particular, while there may be some preattentive conjoining of features, the accurate explicit binding that appears to be required for object recognition entails selective attention to specific objects. Building on the Reverse Hierarchy Theory of Hochstein & Ahissar and on re-entrant ideas of DiLollo, we suggest that features are initially encoded through a feed-forward pathway from V1 to higher visual areas in both ventral and dorsal pathways. Preattentive guidance of focused attention can then be modeled as re-entry from anatomical- ly high-level loci onto earlier loci. Parietal areas appear to guide spatial selection and prestriate areas may guide feature-based selection. In this framework, no part of the brain is exclusively " preattentive" . The same anatomical areas may participate in the feed-forward production of a preattentive representation and then in the more detailed, selective processing modulated by attention through subsequent reentry. Acknowledgment: Grant support from NEI, NIMH, AFOSR
Spin Relaxation Processes in a Two-Proton System

The general theory of nuclear spin relaxation, based on the Boltzmann transport equation for the density matrix, is applied to the very simple, nontrivial system of two identical spins $I=\frac{1}{2}$. A proton pair undergoing hindered rotation around one axis shows a resolvable doublet. The relaxation processes in this doublet are investigated. Explicit formulas for the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times are derived, which display a dependence on the angles of the axis of rotation with the external magnetic field and the radius vector. Experimental evidence for this dependence is discussed. General expressions for the Overhauser and saturation effects with two applied radio-frequency fields are given, which may also be applied to a magnetic ion or nucleus with $I=1$ and crystalline field splitting.
Becoming (M)other: Reflectivity in Le Journal des Demoiselles

AbstractThis article explores the complex positioning of Jeanne-Justine Fouqueau de Pussy (J.J.), editor-in-chief and columnist for the long-running Journal des Demoiselles (1833–96), vis-a-vis the dominant ideology of the feminine in nineteenth-century France. From 1833 to her retirement in 1853, J.J., a self-supporting and mature divorcee living alone, presented herself as a jeune fille who lived at home with her parents and corresponded about the latest fashions and trends with an anonymous and imaginary reader. This article argues that, in spite of the journal’s markedly conservative tenor as a vehicle for promoting respectable femininity and its explicit aim to prepare young girls for bourgeois marriage, the columns of its principal spokeswoman can be read as the expression of an alternative agenda centred in female sociability and autonomy. Analysing fashion plates and sewing patterns alongside sample columns from the twenty-year span of J.J.’s ‘Correspondance’, the article traces the idea of litera...
Influence of length-scales on spatial distribution and interfacial characteristics of B 4 C in a nanostructured Al matrix

Abstract To provide fundamental insight into the influence of length scales on the spatial distribution and characteristics of ceramic/metal interfaces in nanostructured metal matrix composites, we studied an Al alloy reinforced with a broad size distribution of B4C particles, ranging from several nanometers to submicrometers. The B4C was incorporated into an ultrafine grained Al matrix using cryomilling and thermomechanical consolidation. The characteristics of the B4C/Al interface, namely the local chemistry and interfacial structure, were studied in detail using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom-probe tomography. Results reveal significant differences in these characteristics as a function of particle length scale. A significant proportion (∼40%) of B4C nanoparticles was located intragranularly, i.e., within ultrafine grain interiors, whereas submicron B4C particles were surrounded by multiple Al grains, creating intergranular interfaces. Mg–O–N layers, Al2O3 nanoparticles and amorphous regions were observed at the intergranular interfaces, whereas most of the intragranular interfaces were semicoherent and free of other phases or segregation. By combining crystal structure modeling and high-resolution TEM, a specific orientation relationship was identified for the intragranular interfaces: (1 −1 1)Al// ( 0 2 4 ) B 4 C , 3.4° angle between (0 0 2)Al and ( 0 0 3 ) B 4 C , and 7.8° angle between (2 −2 0)Al and ( 0 2 1 ) B 4 C . Mechanisms related to length scale effects on the formation of intragranular versus intergranular interfaces and corresponding structures and chemistries are discussed, as well as the implications of these interface characteristics on strength and ductility.
Public Law 99-457: Facilitating Family Participation on the Multidisciplinary Team:

The requirements for family participation on multidisciplinary teams under PL 99-457 are presented, followed by a brief review of the literature on family participation on existing multidisciplinary teams. A review of the literature on teamwork informs the identification of factors that influence team functioning. The implications of these factors for family participation on the multidisciplinary team are discussed, and strategies for facilitating family participation are outlined.