cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uptake and distribution of iron and copper during the development of the rat fetus

Abstract The growth and the uptake of iron and copper by the rat fetus during the developmental period of 12–21 days of fetal age were investigated. Beginning at the age of 15 days, the liver was analyzed separately to give body values for iron and copper. The largest percentage increases in dry matter were at 15–16 and 18–21 days of fetal age. Maximal percentage uptake of iron by the body occurred between 15 and 16 days of age and continued to increase until age 21. The largest absolute amount of iron uptake was found between days 20 and 21. Maximal percentage uptake of iron by the liver occurred between 15 and 16 days, increased gradually to the age of 18 days, and from then on the iron remained constant suggesting the attainment of the physiological level of iron. The concentration of iron in the liver and body increased gradually until the age of 18 days, after which the concentration began to decline. The pattern of copper uptake by the body was similar to that found for iron. In contrast to liver iron and body copper, the largest percentage uptake of copper by the liver occurred between days 16 and 18 rather than between days 15 and 16. Body copper concentration remained fairly constant during 15–21 days and liver copper concentration followed closely the pattern for iron. Dry matter and iron in the liver remained at a fairly constant proportion to the dry matter and iron of the fetus, whereas large fluctuations were found for liver copper. The relations of the patterns found for iron and copper with morphological and physiological changes in the fetus were discussed.
Policy Compliance of Smokers on a Tobacco-Free University Campus

Abstract Objectives: To explore factors influencing compliance with campus tobacco policies and strategies to increase compliance. Participants: Sixty tobacco smokers (April 2012). Methods: A 22-item intercept-interview with closed- and open-ended questions was conducted with smokers in adjacent compliant and noncompliant areas at 1 university with a 100% tobacco ban. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: Most reported that the smoking policy was not enforced. Noncompliant smokers had less knowledge of locations where tobacco use was permitted and were more likely to identify their smoking location as compliant and had knowingly violated the policy. Choice of location to smoke was related to convenience and a desire to follow the policy. Smokers recommended consequences for noncompliance and structures that accommodated smoking to increase adherence to the tobacco ban. Conclusions: Additional education, environmental, and contingency strategies are needed to increa...
Biosynthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate: substrate requirements for formation of two independent species.

Abstract Formation of two species of [ 14 C]proteochondroitin sulfate has previously been demonstrated with UDP- d -[ 14 C]glucuronic acid and UDP- N -acetylgalactosamine as substrates with a microsomal preparation from chick-embryo epiphyseal cartilage. A large species of [ 14 C]proteoglycan that appeared at an earlier stage of synthesis was excluded on Sepharose CL-2B, indicating that it was larger than proteoglycans found in cartilage matrix. Another newly synthesized, smaller [ 14 C]proteoglycan species also formed was retarted on Sepharose CL-2B, and appeared to be at a later stage of synthesis. A 6-h pulse-chase experiment using UDP-[ 14 C]GlcA and UDP-GalNAc followed by cold UDP-GlcA demonstrates that there was no conversion of the large [ 14 C]proteoglycan to the small [ 14 C]proteoglycan. Sulfation of the newly formed large and small [ 14 C]proteoglycans with adenylyl sulfate 3′-phosphate also did not alter their chromatographic patterns, indicating that sulfation did not trigger any post-synthetic size modification. Synthesis with lower concentrations of the sugar nucleotides resulted in a disproportionate diminution in formation of the large proteoglycan. The apparent K m values of UDP-GlcA for the formation of large and small proteoglycans were 0.055 and 0.015m m , respectively. Concentration requirements for UDP-GalNAc also showed a similar 4-fold difference. These results indicate that, even though the large proteoglycan was at an earlier stage of synthesis, it was not a precursor to the small proteoglycan, and that these proteoglycans represent two separately synthesized species.
Preferential Integration of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 into a Polypyrimidine/Polypurine-Rich Region within AAVS1

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) preferentially integrates its genome into the AAVS1 locus on human chromosome 19. Preferential integration requires the AAV2 Rep68 or Rep78 protein (Rep68/78), a Rep68/78 binding site (RBS), and a nicking site within AAVS1 and may also require an RBS within the virus genome. To obtain further information that might help to elucidate the mechanism and preferred substrate configurations of preferential integration, we amplified junctions between AAV2 DNA and AAVS1 from AAV2-infected HeLaJW cells and cells with defective Artemis or xeroderma pigmentosum group A genes. We sequenced 61 distinct junctions. The integration junction sequences show the three classical types of nonhomologous-end-joining joints: microhomology at junctions (57%), insertion of sequences that are not normally contiguous with either the AAV2 or the AAVS1 sequences at the junction (31%), and direct joining (11%). These junctions were spread over 750 bases and were all downstream of the Rep68/78 nicking site within AAVS1. Two-thirds of the junctions map to 350 bases of AAVS1 that are rich in polypyrimidine tracts on the nicked strand. The majority of AAV2 breakpoints were within the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences, which contain RBSs. We never detected a complete ITR at a junction. Residual ITRs at junctions never contained more than one RBS, suggesting that the hairpin form, rather than the linear ITR, is the more frequent integration substrate. Our data are consistent with a model in which a cellular protein other than Artemis cleaves AAV2 hairpins to produce free ends for integration.
MY APPROACH to Detecting Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) can be an elusive and serious disease. Symptoms alone are often unreliable as some patients are altogether unaware that they have an arrhythmia. Furthermore, even those that are symptomatic from their AF may feel only a small proportion of episodes. Given the fact that AF may be intermittent and asymptomatic, heart rhythm monitoring is the key to making the diagnosis. There are two main situations in which I search for AF. The first is when the patient has intermittent symptoms potentially caused by AF. Common symptoms include palpitations, shortness of breath, or dizziness. If my physical exam and ECG do not show AF, then ambulatory monitoring is the next step. I guide my monitoring selection to the frequency, duration, and severity of symptoms. If a patient tells me that he or she has daily palpitations, then a 24to 48-hour Holter monitor would be appropriate. For a patient with symptoms once every few weeks, an event monitor or mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry monitor would be my first option. For the patient with an episode every few months, particularly if it’s associated with severe symptoms such as syncope or pulmonary edema, I would still start with a 2to 4-week external monitor, hoping to pick up an episode. If the short-term external monitor shows no AF, I next recommend an implantable cardiac monitor. These miniature devices are
Effect of nitrite on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of nitrite on the mitochondrial oxidation of succinate and of ascorbate plus tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD) was investigated using tightly-coupled ox neck muscle mitochondria. 2. 2. Both respiration and oxidative phosphorylation were inhibited by nitrite, the effect being more pronounced at a low pH. 3. 3. The oxidation of ascorbate plus TMPD was more sensitive to nitrite than the oxidation of succinate at both pH 7.2 and at pH 6.1. 4. 4. At pH 6.1, the State 3 respiration for the oxidation of ascorbate plus TMPD was completely inhibited by 3.75 μmoles nitrite per mg. protein as compared with 15.50 μmoles nitrite per mg. protein for the oxidation of succinate.
Specificity of affinity labeling of anti-DNP antibodies.

Abstract A method is described for quantitatively evaluating the specificity of affinity labeling of antibody molecules. This method involves the reaction of a mixture of two non-cross-reacting antibodies with a reagent which will undergo affinity labeling with only one of the antibodies, followed by specific precipitation of the antibody which has not been specifically labeled. Data for the specificity of the reaction of anti-(2–4, dinitrophenyl) antibody with two different affinity labeling reagents is presented. The specificity observed for these reagents is shown to be sufficient for use in fragmentation studies to identify peptides derived from the active site without ambiquity arising from non-specific modification.
Selection of Holstein Bulls for Future Use in Artificial Insemination

Abstract Pedigree and performance data supplied by seven major artificial insemination (AI) studs were examined to evaluate the intensity of pedigree and progeny test selection achieved in choosing young Holstein bulls for future use in AI. The bulls and cows chosen to produce sons for sampling represented a group of individuals highly selected for milk and milk fat production and for type traits; pedigree selection, however, was less effective than expected. Selection indexes computed in retrospect for the sires and dams of young bulls revealed a general overemphasis of milk fat production and classification score relative to milk production for the combinations of economic, genetic, and phenotypic parameters. As a group, the studs returned to service approximately 25% of sons sampled. The mean performance of sons returned to service exceeded the mean performance of all sons sampled by 146.2 kg and 5.0 kg for regressed deviated milk and milk fat yield and 2.2 points for classification score. Genetic progress per year might be considerably reduced by an excessively long generation interval.
A generalization of the simple capture-recapture model with applications to epidemiological research☆

Abstract A method has been described to estimate the efficiency of each notification source and the total population when two or more independent sources are used for reporting the occurrence of events. The method depends on the independence of the sources and, for the special case of two sources, reduces to the simple capture-recapture model.
Reducing Complexity of Software Deployment with Delta Configuration

Deploying a modern software service usually involves installing several software components, and configuring these components properly to realize the complex interdependencies between them. This process, which accounts for a significant portion of information technology (IT) cost, is complex and error-prone. In this paper, we propose delta configuration - an approach that reduces the cost of software deployment by eliminating a large number of choices on parameter values that administrators have to make during deployment. In delta configuration, the complex software stack of a distributed service is first installed and tested in a test environment. The resulting software images are then captured and used for deployment in production environments. To deploy a software service, we only need to copy these pre-configured software images into a production environment and modify them to account for the difference between the test environment and a production environment. We have implemented a prototype system that achieves software deployment using delta configuration of the configuration state captured inside virtual machines. We perform a case study to demonstrate that our scheme leads to substantial reduction in complexity for the customer, over the traditional software deployment method.
Chemically amplified resists based on polymer side‐chain rearrangement or electrophilic crosslinking

A variety of resist systems have been studied that owe their sensitivity to the occurrence of catalyzed electrophilic rearrangements or substitution processes. In most designs, polyfunctional or polymer-bound benzylic ethers, esters, or alcohols are used in the key step of the reaction, which is initiated by protonation of the latent electrophilic moiety, resulting in formation of a carbocationic center. Thermal activation of the electrophilic process leads to the formation of new C-C bonds with liberation of a proton; therefore the overall process is catalytic and amounts to chemical amplification
Use of local exchange potentials in inelastic scattering

Abstract We have investigated the use of local exchange potentials for approximating the solution of the exchange integro-differential equation. It is found that judging the accuracy of such potentials by their ability to produce correct elastic scattering phase shifts may not be sufficient for inelastic scattering. This is illustrated through a model calculation of electron excitation of the 2p state of hydrogen.
Self-Designated Dual-Language Programs: Is There a Gap Between Labeling and Implementation?

Abstract The United States has seen a tremendous growth in dual-language programs over the last decade. This rapid growth brings up questions about the congruency between labels and implementation. Our experiences observing some of the programs and listening to teachers talk about the programs in New York City led us to propose that many of the self-designated dual-language programs stray from even the minimal guidelines for such programs. Our study investigated this, and within this paper we will juxtapose those programs that are congruent with the minimal standards with those that are less faithful to the model in order to gain a better understanding of how schools and districts can work to create dual-language programs that foster an authentic transformation of the instructional environment.
A petrologic and Rb–Sr isotopic study of intrusive rocks near Fairbanks, Alaska

Epizonal granodiorite and granite plutons intrude the northwestern portion of the Yukon Crystalline Terrane near Fairbanks, Alaska. Mineralogic, major-oxide, and trace-element studies indicate that the plutons represent a comagmatic fractionation suite. A Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron for one pluton yields an age of 90.9 ± 0.9 Ma, in agreement with previous K–Ar dating of biotite and hornblende and an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.71238 ± 0.00014. The elevated initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio suggests that the plutons may have had a different source from that of the belt of subduction-related, mid-Cretaceous plutonic rocks found farther to the southeast in the Yukon Crystalline Terrane. In contrast, they appear to have been formed at least in part by anatectic melting of Late Proterozoic or early Paleozoic crustal rocks. Comparison of aplite dike compositions with the synthetic granite system, estimates of average uplift rate, and K–Ar cooling ages of surrounding schists all indicate that the magmas that formed the plu...
Successful and unsuccessful university students: Quantitative hemispheric EEG differences

Quantitative measurements of EEG amplitudes were obtained on academically successful and unsuccessful university students during a 5 min, eyes closed, relaxed state. Integrations measured continuously the fully rectified amplitudes of brain waves cumulated over successive epochs of 5 s, regardless of the correlation of a wave to a particular frequency band. The poor academic students, as a group, displayed a significantly higher right/left variance ratio of the cumulated amplitudes at both the temporal and occipital sites than the academically successful group. Upon examining the histograms for these cumulated amplitudes, it was found that the unsuccessful students displayed a greater number of polymodal (non-Gaussian) distributions, particularly in the right hemisphere. These data, which resemble patterns often found in depression, suggest a relative disorganization of right hemispheric activity in the unsuccessful students, and within limits, seems related to the cognitive and/or emotional stability of these students.
Electron beam heating effects during environmental scanning electron microscopy imaging of water condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) show promise as promoters of dropwise condensation. Droplets with diameters below ∼10 μm account for the majority of the heat transferred during dropwise condensation but their growth dynamics on SHS have not been systematically studied. Due to the complex topography of the surface environmental scanning electron microscopy is the preferred method for observing the growth dynamics of droplets in this size regime. By studying electron beam heating effects on condensed water droplets we establish a magnification limit below which the heating effects are negligible and use this insight to study the mechanism of individual drop growth.
Long-term retention explained by a model of short-term learning in the adaptive control of reaching.

Extensive theoretical, psychophysical, and neurobiological work has focused on the mechanisms by which short-term learning develops into long-term memory. Better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the ability to improve the efficiency of training procedures. A key phenomenon in the formation of long-term memory is the effect of over learning on retention—discovered by Ebbinghaus in 1885: when the initial training period in a task is prolonged even beyond what is necessary for good immediate recall, long-term retention improves. Although this over learning effect has received considerable attention as a phenomenon in psychology research, the mechanisms governing this process are not well understood, and the ability to predict the benefit conveyed by varying degrees of over learning does not yet exist. Here we studied the relationship between the duration of an initial training period and the amount of retention 24 h later for the adaptation of human reaching arm movements to a novel force environment. We show that in this motor adaptation task, the amount of long-term retention is predicted not by the overall performance level achieved during the training period but rather by the level of a specific component process in a multi-rate model of short-term memory formation. These findings indicate that while multiple learning processes determine the ability to learn a motor adaptation, only one provides a gateway to long-term memory formation. Understanding the dynamics of this key learning process may allow for the rational design of training and rehabilitation paradigms that maximize the long-term benefit of each session.
A web-deployed interface for performing ab initio molecular dynamics, optimization, and electronic structure in Fireball

Abstract Fireball is an ab initio technique for fast local orbital simulations of nanotechnological, solid state, and biological systems. We have implemented a convenient interface for new users and software architects in the platform-independent Java language to access Fireball 's unique and powerful capabilities. The graphical user interface can be run directly from a web server or from within a larger framework such as the Computational Science and Engineering Online (CSE-Online) environment or the Distributed Analysis of Neutron Scattering Experiments (DANSE) framework. We demonstrate its use for high-throughput electronic structure calculations and a multi-100 atom quantum molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Program summary Program title: FireballUI Catalogue identifier: AECF_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AECF_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 279 784 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 12 836 145 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Java Computer: PC and workstation Operating system: The GUI will run under Windows, Mac and Linux. Executables for Mac and Linux are included in the package. RAM: 512 MB Word size: 32 or 64 bits Classification: 4.14 Nature of problem: The set up and running of many simulations (all of the same type), from the command line, is a slow process. But most research quality codes, including the ab initio tight-binding code FIREBALL, are designed to run from the command line. The desire is to have a method for quickly and efficiently setting up and running a host of simulations. Solution method: We have created a graphical user interface for use with the FIREBALL code. Once the user has created the files containing the atomic coordinates for each system that they are going to run a simulation on, the user can set up and start the computations of up to hundreds of simulations. Running time: 3 to 5 minutes on a 2 GHz Pentium IV processor.
Lipid Bilayer Coated Gold Nanoparticles Provide Insight Into Proteins' Conformational Changes

While nanoparticles have been studied and used for many years and their unique chemical and physical properties have been extensively characterized, nanoparticles are now increasingly used to investigate biological systems. Nanoparticles can be formed on a submicron scale and do not interfere with normal biological processes, thus can be used in an in vivo system, allowing researchers to gain insight into its inner workings. The use of nanoparticles has also proven to be quite flexible, and has provided an indispensable tool in the advancement of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and detection of biomolecules. We have previously studied conformational changes occuring within proteins upon binding to phospholipid model membranes, particularly the tumor suppressor protein PTEN. To gain a more in depth characterization of these protein conformation changes, we have developed a technique in which we have fabricated 50nm gold nanoparticles coated with an asymmetric lipid bilayer, in a manner that allows us to control the identity of the lipids making up the outer leaflet. Using Raman spectroscopy, we will take advantage of the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect, which will increase PTEN band intensities binding of the protein to the lipid covered nanoparticle. Systematic mutation of tryptophan residues within the protein will allow us to probe the binding induced conformational changes in the vicinity of the tryptophan. While SERS has been used previously to study protein conformational changes, proteins were in these cases directly immobilized onto the nanoparticles. In contrast, our novel approach immobilizes the lipids on the nanoparticles and the protein can freely interact with the target lipid. While we plan to use these methods to examine PTEN, further development of this technique will allow for better study of conformational changes in a myriad of interfacial enzymes.
The impact of diabetes concentration programs on pharmacy graduates' provision of diabetes care services.

Objective. To determine practice outcomes associated with doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) graduates from 2 universities who completed a diabetes-concentration. Methods. An online survey instrument was sent to 93 PharmD graduates who completed a concentration in diabetes and 94 control graduates to determine their knowledge of and skills in providing diabetes care and how frequently they provided diabetes care services. Results. Ninety-seven graduates (52%) responded. Significantly more graduates with a diabetes concentration rated their ability to instruct patients on insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, and insulin dose adjustment as good or excellent compared to a control group of graduates. Graduates with a diabetes concentration also rated their ability to perform blood glucose monitoring and foot examinations higher than graduates without a diabetes concentration (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Completing a diabetes concentration increased graduates' knowledge of diabetes and confidence in their ability to provide care but did not appear to alter their practice patterns significantly. Further study is needed to determine whether other barriers to pharmacists providing diabetes care exist in practice settings.
Initial validation of a virtual-reality robotic simulator.

Robotic surgery is an accepted adjunct to minimally invasive surgery, but training is restricted to console time. Virtual-reality (VR) simulation has been shown to be effective for laparoscopic training and so we seek to validate a novel VR robotic simulator. The American Urological Association (AUA) Office of Education approved this study. Subjects enrolled in a robotics training course at the 2007 AUA annual meeting underwent skills training in a da Vinci dry-lab module and a virtual-reality robotics module which included a three-dimensional (3D) VR robotic simulator. Demographic and acceptability data were obtained, and performance metrics from the simulator were compared between experienced and nonexperienced roboticists for a ring transfer task. Fifteen subjects—four with previous robotic surgery experience and 11 without—participated. Nine subjects were still in urology training and nearly half of the group had reported playing video games. Overall performance of the da Vinci system and the simulator were deemed acceptable by a Likert scale (0–6) rating of 5.23 versus 4.69, respectively. Experienced subjects outperformed nonexperienced subjects on the simulator on three metrics: total task time (96 s versus 159 s, P < 0.02), economy of motion (1,301 mm versus 2,095 mm, P < 0.04), and time the telemanipulators spent outside of the center of the platform’s workspace (4 s versus 35 s, P < 0.02). This is the first demonstration of face and construct validity of a virtual-reality robotic simulator. Further studies assessing predictive validity are ultimately required to support incorporation of VR robotic simulation into training curricula.
Identifying the Culprit: Democracy, Dictatorship, and Dispute Initiation

Peceny, Beer, and Sanchez-Terry (2002) find that interstate dyads containing a democracy and a personalist dictatorship are more likely than other types of dyads to experience militarized disputes. They argue that this is because democracies are especially likely to challenge personalist dictatorships. Unfortunately, they do not identify which state in a conflictual dyad initiated the dispute and so cannot present data to support their claim. We improve on their research design by using “directed dyads” to identify potential initiators. We confirm their finding that democracy–personalist dictatorship dyads are particularly conflict-prone, but we also disprove their argument that democracies attack dictators, as we find that personalist dictatorships are more likely to challenge democracies, but not vice versa. We also find that other kinds of autocracies, namely, military regimes and single-party regimes, are more likely to challenge democracies than vice versa. Our findings have important implications for understanding the relationships between regime type and international conflict.The authors thank Caroline Beer very much for assistance with data.
Synthesis of a 2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluorofuranose with the D-lyxo configuration. An intramolecular rearrangement of methyl 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-D-lyxofuranoside observed during the attempted synthesis of 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl)thymine.

Abstract A new sugar, methyl 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro- d -lyxofuranoside (8), which features fluorine substituents on adjacent carbon positions above the plane of the tetrahydrofuran ring, was synthesized from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- d -allofuranose in seven steps and 22% overall yield. During the synthesis, introduction of the second fluorine atom required conditions more forceful than those normally used with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). An attempt to use 8 in the synthesis of the all-cis nucleoside, 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-β- d -lyxofuranosyl)thymine, failed to give the desired product, providing instead 1-(3-deoxy-3-fluoro-2-O-methyl-β- d -xylofuranosyl)thymine (11), the structure of which was confirmed by an independent synthesis. Formation of the rearranged product occurred with the concurrent loss of fluorine and retention of the methoxy group which was transposed from the anomeric to the 2′-position. The present work highlights the reactive nature of this novel dideoxydifluoro sugar precursor.
Multiphoton ionization studies of xenon clusters

Abstract Non-resonant multiphoton ionization of xenon clusters has revealed the same magic numbers as found in the case of electron impact ionization. Large dissociation rates are found for the trimer through pentamer ion, measured on a time scale of ≈ 10 −7 s after ionization.
Optimal algorithm for the nearest common dominator problem

Abstract In a directed acyclic graph G = (V, E) with a single source s, the nearest common dominator for a set of nodes U ⊂ V is the node d closest to U such that every path from s to any node in U goes through d. The distance between any node w and U is defined as the number of arcs in a shortest path from w to any node in U. We develop an optimal algorithm for finding the nearest common dominator d for U, which runs in time proportional to the number of arcs in between d and U.
Convolution products of probability measures on completely simple semigroups

Abstract Convolution products of probability measures are considered in the context of completely simple semigroups. Given a sequence of measures ( μ n ) ⊂ Prob ( S ) , where S is a finite completely simple semigroup, results are proven which (1) relate the supports of the measures in the sequence to the supports of the tail limit measures, and (2) determine necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of the convolution products in the case of rectangular groups. An example showing how the theory can be used to analyze the convergence behavior of non-homogeneous Markov chains is included.
Evidence for the nutritional essentiality of boron

Since 1981, circumstantial evidence has been accumulating which suggests that boron is an essential nutrient for higher animals including humans; that is, a dietary deprivation of boron consistently results in changed biological functions that could be construed as detrimental and are preventable or reversible by an intake of physiological amounts of boron. Nonetheless, boron is not generally recognized as essential or nutritionally important for humans, probably because a specific biochemical function for boron has not been elucidated, or as demonstrated for plants, it has not been shown necessary to complete the life cycle. However, findings from human and animal experiments show that boron is a dynamic trace element that can affect the metabolism or utilization of numerous substances involved in life processes including calcium, copper, magnesium, nitrogen, glucose, triglyceride, reactive oxygen, and estrogen. Through these effects, boron can affect the function or composition of several body systems including blood, brain, and skeleton. Two hypotheses have appeared to account for these multiple effects. One hypothesis is that boron is a negative regulator that influences a number of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting some key enzyme reactions. The other hypothesis is that boron has a function involved in cell membrane function, stability, or structure such that it influences the response to hormone action, transmembrane signalling, or transmembrane movement of regulatory cations or anions. Regardless of the fact that the function of boron remains undefined, the findings from human and animal studies indicate that boron should be recognized as being of nutritional importance. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The socio-technical architecture of digital labor: Converting play into YouTube money

This article uses the case of video game commentators and examples from research to highlight implications for conceptualizing the concept of “architectures of digital labor.” The concept draws attention not only to the social practices that position activities straddling labor/leisure into a commercial framework but also to the technological platforms that make that possible in a seemingly invisible fashion. The main analytical lens is that of “affordances.” It is used to map how technological features designed into YouTube create a set of probable uses/meanings/practices for users while serving YouTube’s business interests. The analysis is transferable to other social web platforms whose central business model focuses on user-generated content (UGC).
An algorithm for noninvasive identification of angiographic three-vessel and/or left main coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients on the basis of cardiac risk and electron-beam computed tomographic calcium scores.

Objectives We sought to model an algorithm for noninvasive identification of angiographically obstructive three-vessel and/or left main disease based on conventional cardiac risk assessment and site and extent of coronary calcium determined by electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT). Background Such an algorithm would greatly facilitate clinical triage in symptomatic patients with no previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We examined 291 patients with suspected, but not previously diagnosed, CAD who underwent coronary angiography for clinical indications. Cardiac risk factors were determined as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program. An EBCT scan was performed in all patients, and a coronary calcium score (Agatston method) was computed. Total per-patient calcium scores and separate scores for the major coronary arteries were generated. These scores were also analyzed for localization of coronary calcium in the more distal versus proximal tomographic sections. These parameters and the risk factors were considered for the model described in the following section. Results Sixty-eight patients (23%) had angiographic three-vessel and/or left main CAD. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined male sex, presence of diabetes and left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (LCx) coronary calcium scores, independent from more distal calcium localization, as independent predictors for identification of three-vessel and/or left main CAD. Based on this four variable model, a simple noninvasive index (NI) was constructed as the following: loge(LAD score) + loge(LCx score) + 2[if diabetic] + 3[if male]. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for this NI yielded an area under the curve of 0.88 ± 0.03 (p 14 increased the probability of angiographic three-vessel and/or left main CAD from 23% (pretest) to 65–100% (posttest), and NI values <10 increased the probability of no three-vessel and/or left main CAD from 77% (pretest) to 95–100% (posttest). Conclusions On the basis of a simple algorithm (“noninvasive index”), EBCT calcium scanning in conjunction with risk factor analysis can rule in or rule out angiographically severe disease, i.e., three-vessel and/or left main CAD, in symptomatic patients.
Predicting Insulin Requirements for a Portable Insulin Pump Using the Biostator: Evidence for Reversible Insulin Resistance in Poorly Controlled Type I Diabetics

Glycemic control was achieved in 14 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by 36-48-h treatment with a recently marketed clinical model, Biostator glucose controller (Life Science Instruments, Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, Indiana). Control was maintained by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with a portable pump, programmed using infusion profiles from the Biostator. Control of glycemic excursion with the Biostator was variable among patients. This control, reflected by the M-value or a blood glucose index (mean of pre-, peak, and 2-h postmeal levels for four meals) of each patient, correlated directly with their prior glycemic control, as assessed by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level (r = 0.66, P less than 0.01 and r = 0.82, P less than 0.005, for M-value and blood glucose index, respectively). Total insulin infused by the Biostator/24 h overpredicted the subcutaneous infusion dose required on day 2 of pump treatment (183 +/- 11%, P less 0.001). Therefore, these data were not used to program the portable pump. Instead, total insulin dose was estimated using a dietary glucose/insulin (G/I) ratio. This ratio, derived from dietary total available glucose, urine glucose, and insulin dose/24 h during depot insulin treatment, accurately estimated total insulin for pump infusion (97 +/- 4%). The basal infusion rate of the Biostator between 2400 and 0600 h also exceeded the subcutaneous infusion requirement and was reduced to 40% for the initial pump basal rate. The remainder of the insulin (total minus basal) was distributed as premeal boluses according to the Biostator infusion profile for meals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES IN LAKE WINGRA SEDIMENTS DURING WINTER1

Throughout winter, viable counts of bacteria from sediments of Lake Wingra (Madison, Wisconsin) at several different incubation temperatures were always higher at 25°C than 4”C, although the temperature of the sediments remained below 4°C for over 3 months. All of the organisms isolated and initially cultivated at 4°C grew better at 25°C; no obligately psychrophilic bacteria were found. Isotope studies to measure the temperature optima of the resident bacterial flora showed that the optimunl tcmpcraturc for incorporation of 14C-glucosc into cell material and conversion of l”C-glucose into l*C-COT remained at 25°C or greater all winter. A true psychrophilic flora does not develop in these sediments in winter, and bacterial decomposition processes occur at a much slower rate in winter than in summer.
The Power Is in Your Hands: 3D Analysis of Hand Gestures in Naturalistic Video

We study natural human activity under difficult settings of cluttered background, volatile illumination, and frequent occlusion. To that end, a two-stage method for hand and hand-object interaction detection is developed. First, activity proposals are generated from multiple sub-regions in the scene. Then, these are integrated using a second-stage classifier. We study a set of descriptors for detection and activity recognition in terms of performance and speed. With the overarching goal of reducing 'lab setting bias', a case study is introduced with a publicly available annotated RGB and depth dataset. The dataset was captured using a Kinect under real-world driving settings. The approach is motivated by studying actions-as well as semantic elements in the scene and the driver's interaction with them-which may be used to infer driver inattentiveness. The proposed framework significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art baseline on our dataset for hand detection.
Dairy and weight loss hypothesis: an evaluation of the clinical trials

This review evaluates evidence from clinical trials that assessed the effect of dairy product or calcium intake, with or without concomitant energy restriction, on body weight and adiposity. Of 49 randomized trials assessing the effect of dairy products or calcium supplementation on body weight, 41 showed no effect, two demonstrated weight gain, one showed a lower rate of gain, and five showed weight loss. Four of 24 trials report differential fat loss. Consequently, the majority of the current evidence from clinical trials does not support the hypothesis that calcium or dairy consumption aids in weight or fat loss.
Drosophila Bestrophin-1 Chloride Current Is Dually Regulated by Calcium and Cell Volume

Mutations in the human bestrophin-1 (hBest1) gene are responsible for Best vitelliform macular dystrophy, however the mechanisms leading to retinal degeneration have not yet been determined because the function of the bestrophin protein is not fully understood. Bestrophins have been proposed to comprise a new family of Cl− channels that are activated by Ca2+. While the regulation of bestrophin currents has focused on intracellular Ca2+, little is known about other pathways/mechanisms that may also regulate bestrophin currents. Here we show that Cl− currents in Drosophila S2 cells, that we have previously shown are mediated by bestrophins, are dually regulated by Ca2+ and cell volume. The bestrophin Cl− currents were activated in a dose-dependent manner by osmotic pressure differences between the internal and external solutions. The increase in the current was accompanied by cell swelling. The volume-regulated Cl− current was abolished by treating cells with each of four different RNAi constructs that reduced dBest1 expression. The volume-regulated current was rescued by transfecting with dBest1. Furthermore, cells not expressing dBest1 were severely depressed in their ability to regulate their cell volume. Volume regulation and Ca2+ regulation can occur independently of one another: the volume-regulated current was activated in the complete absence of Ca2+ and the Ca2+-activated current was activated independently of alterations in cell volume. These two pathways of bestrophin channel activation can interact; intracellular Ca2+ potentiates the magnitude of the current activated by changes in cell volume. We conclude that in addition to being regulated by intracellular Ca2+, Drosophila bestrophins are also novel members of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) family that are necessary for cell volume homeostasis.
Space–Time Block Codes Achieving Full Diversity With Linear Receivers

In most of the existing space-time code designs, achieving full diversity is based on maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding at the receiver that is usually computationally expensive and may not have soft outputs. Recently, Zhang-Liu-Wong introduced Toeplitz codes and showed that Toeplitz codes achieve full diversity when a linear receiver, zero-forcing (ZF) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver, is used. Motivated from Zhang-Liu-Wong's results on Toeplitz codes, in this paper, we propose a design criterion for space-time block codes (STBC), in which information symbols and their complex conjugates are linearly embedded, to achieve full diversity when ZF or MMSE receiver is used. The (complex) orthogonal STBC (OSTBC) satisfy the criterion as one may expect. We also show that the symbol rates of STBC under this criterion are upper bounded by 1. Subsequently, we propose a novel family of STBC that satisfy the criterion and thus achieve full diversity with ZF or MMSE receiver. Our newly proposed STBC are constructed by overlapping the 2times2 Alamouti code and hence named overlapped Alamouti codes in this paper. The new codes are close to orthogonal and their symbol rates can approach 1 for any number of transmit antennas. Simulation results show that overlapped Alamouti codes significantly outperform Toeplitz codes for all numbers of transmit antennas and also outperform OSTBC when the number of transmit antennas is above 4.
THE BULLYING DYNAMIC: PREVALENCE OF INVOLVEMENT AMONG A LARGE‐SCALE SAMPLE OF MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOL YOUTH WITH AND WITHOUT DISABILITIES

Bullying has been the topic of much debate and empirical investigations over the past decade. Contemporary literature contends that students with disabilities may be overrepresented within the bullying dynamic as both perpetrators and victims. Unfortunately, prevalence rates associated with the representation of students with disabilities is limited due to measurement, disability status identification, and definition issues. The present study attempted to address these issues by assessing the prevalence rates of specific subgroups of students with disabilities in a large-scale cross-sectional study with 13,325 students without disabilities and 1,183 students with disabilities in Grades 6 through 12. Results suggest that overall, students with disabilities reported proportionally higher rates of bullying, fighting, relational aggression, victimization, online victimization, and relational victimization than did their peers without disabilities. These findings suggest that schools must begin to establish targeted interventions to support skill development based on characteristics associated with specific disability identification.
Planar relationships of the semicircular canals in man.

Principal-component analyses were determined on a series of points measured from the dissected bony labyrinth of ten human skulls, resulting in planar equations for each of the six semicircular canals. Following this, angles were calculated between the ipsilateral canal planes, between opposite synergistically acting canal planes and between each canal and the Reid stereotaxic planes. Results indicated that pairs of ipsilateral canals were nearly perpendicular, with the exception of the angle formed between the anterior and horizontal canal (mean = 111 °). Pairs of contralateral synergistic canal planes formed angles of 19° between right and left horizontal canal planes and 23–24° between vertical canal pairs. The horizontal canals formed an angle of 25° with the Reid horizontal plane. Mathematical equations of the semicircular canals were used to predict the optimal head position for rotational and caloric stimulation.This investigation was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grant NS-06658; ...
On the transition to turbulent convection. Part 1. The transition from two- to three-dimensional flow

In a horizontal convecting layer several distinct transitions occur before the flow becomes turbulent. These are studied experimentally for several Prandtl numbers from 1 to 104. Cell size plan form, transitions in plan form, transition to time-dependence, as well as the heat flux, are measured for Rayleigh numbers from 103 to 105. The second transition, occurring at around 12 times the critical Rayleigh number, is one from steady two-dimensional rolls to a steady regular cellular pattern. There is associated with this a discrete change of slope of the heat flux curve, coinciding with the second transition observed by Malkus. Transitions to time-dependence will be discussed in part 2.
School-Wide Positive Behavior Support in High School: Early Lessons Learned.

School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) is designed to promote positive teaching and learning climates supporting positive social behavior and academic achievement. As a proactive school-wide approach, all students and all staff across all settings are considered. This approach has been implemented in more than 5,000 schools across the United States to date, primarily in elementary and middle schools. High schools are complex organizations with multiple administrators, large numbers of staff and students, and varied expectations related to academic achievement and successful diploma completion. Although key features of SWPBS are similar across schools, specific implementation strategies often are different in high schools. In this article, the authors first delineate the critical features of SWPBS and then present results from a survey of sample high schools implementing SWPBS. They use survey results as a foundation from which to provide guidelines to school teams attempting to implement SWPBS in h...