cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral explanations reduce retributive punishment but not reward: The mediating role of conscious will.

Abstract Conceptions of responsibility are associated with the degree to which people ascribe conscious will to others. However, it is not known how the biological and environmental circumstances of moral actors independently impact attributions of conscious will. Although reductions in conscious will are associated with diminished punishment of criminals, does a reduced sense of conscious will of a hero affect support for reward? In two pre-registered studies (total N = 2668), we investigated the effects of biological or environmental histories on judgements of punishment and reward. Biological and environmental circumstances (especially biological) reduced perceptions of conscious will, which in turn reduced conviction judgements and punishment severity (Studies 1–2). In the context of a moderated mediation, we found that reductions in perceptions of conscious will were unrelated for a desire to reward a hero (Study 2). Findings are discussed in the context of a model of judgement, conscious will, and responsibility.
Music Therapy and Music-Based Interventions for Movement Disorders

There is emerging evidence that music therapy and other methods using music and rhythm may meaningfully improve a broad range of symptoms in neurological and non-neurological disorders. This review highlights the findings of recent studies utilizing music and rhythm-based interventions for gait impairment, other motor symptoms, and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD) and other movement disorders. Limitations of current studies as well as future research directions are discussed. Multiple studies have demonstrated short-term benefits of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait parameters including gait freezing in PD, with recent studies indicating that it may reduce falls. Demonstration of benefits for gait in both dopaminergic “on” and “off” states suggests that this intervention can be a valuable addition to the current armamentarium of PD therapies. There is also emerging evidence of motor and non-motor benefits from group dancing, singing, and instrumental music performance in PD. Preliminary evidence for music therapy and music-based interventions in movement disorders other than PD (such as Huntington disease, Tourette syndrome, and progressive supranuclear palsy) is limited but promising. Music therapy and other music and rhythm-based interventions may offer a range of symptomatic benefits to patients with PD and other movement disorders. Studies investigating the potential mechanisms of music’s effects and well-controlled multicenter trials of these interventions are urgently needed.
Optimal Sensor Placement for Vibration Control of a Flexible Aircraft Wing

This paper studies the placement of sensors to achieve optimal vibration suppression for a flexible BWB (Blended-Wing-Body) airplane wing. For a given flight speed range, vibration behaviors of the wing structure are evaluated by guaranteed ${\mathcal{H}}_{2}$ performance of the closed-loop system with the ${\mathcal{H}}_{2}$ LPV controller. Candidate sensor locations are identified on each wing, and the optimal sensor placements are found by globally searching through all possible combination over those candidate locations. With the LPV modeling of a flexible wing and ${\mathcal{H}}_{2}$ controller synthesis conditions, simulation results provide the optimal sensor locations for a given number of sensors. In addition the trade-off between optimal system performance and number of sensors can also be attained.
A mouse model of sleep deprived neuropathology to study resilience to Alzheimer’s disease

Resilience to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a well-known clinical and pathological observation, but the mechanisms involved are not known. Adequate sleep is a potential factor in maintaining resilience to neurodegenerative conditions such as AD. It is well known that sleep deprivation is a major health concern in developed countries and is associated with increasing age. Normal aging produces sleep disturbances including sleep fragmentation and sleep loss in humans, which has recently been recognized as an important risk factor for AD. The idea of enhancing AD resilience by targeting sleep deprivation encompasses the concept of physical resilience to aging. We demonstrate the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation in aging mice and propose a mouse model of AD to test the concept. The model provides a means of testing therapeutics that could be investigated in clinical trials designed to prevent sleep deprivation and enhance resilience to aging and AD in the elderly. Keywords: Mouse model of sleep deprivation, resilience to aging, resilience to Alzheimer’s disease
Fibroblast–tumor cell signaling limits HER2 kinase therapy response via activation of MTOR and antiapoptotic pathways

Despite the implementation of multiple HER2-targeted therapies, patients with advanced HER2+ breast cancer ultimately develop drug resistance. Stromal fibroblasts represent an abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment and have been linked to poor outcomes and drug resistance. Here, we show that fibroblasts counteract the cytotoxic effects of HER2 kinase-targeted therapy in a subset of HER2+ breast cancer cell lines and allow cancer cells to proliferate in the presence of the HER2 kinase inhibitor lapatinib. Fibroblasts from primary breast tumors, normal breast tissue, and lung tissue have similar protective effects on tumor cells via paracrine factors. This fibroblast-mediated reduction in drug sensitivity involves increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins and sustained activation of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway, despite inhibition of the HER2 and the RAS-ERK pathways in tumor cells. HER2 therapy sensitivity is restored in the fibroblast cocultures by combination treatment with inhibitors of MTOR or the antiapoptotic proteins BCL-XL and MCL-1. Expression of activated AKT in tumor cells recapitulates the effects of fibroblasts resulting in sustained MTOR signaling and poor lapatinib response. Lapatinib sensitivity was not altered by fibroblasts in tumor cells that exhibited sustained MTOR signaling due to a strong gain-of-function PI3KCA mutation. These findings indicate that in addition to tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms that cause constitutive PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway activation, secreted factors from fibroblasts can maintain this pathway in the context of HER2 inhibition. Our integrated proteomic-phenotypic approach presents a strategy for the discovery of protective mechanisms in fibroblast-rich tumors and the design of rational combination therapies to restore drug sensitivity.
mSphere of Influence: Organoids and Single-Cell Sequencing, a Powerful Combination To Uncover Epithelial and Immune Cell Interactions in the Human Gut Environment

Jose Lemme-Dumit works in the field of mucosal immunology and vaccines. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how two papers, "Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium" by Sato et al. (T. Sato, D. E. Stange, M. Ferrante, R. G. J. Vries, et al., Gastroenterology 141:1762-1772, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.050) and "T helper cell cytokines modulate intestinal stem cell renewal and differentiation" by Biton et al. (M. Biton, A. L. Haber, N. Rogel, G. Burgin, et al., Cell 175:1307-1320.E22, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.008), have influenced his research by describing the development of intestinal organoid cultures and implementation of high-throughput sequencing analysis. The combination of these forefront technologies has expanded opportunities for mechanistic interrogation of host immunity to enteric pathogens.
Treatment of comorbid sleep disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder in active duty military: Design and methodology of a randomized clinical trial.

Many individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also suffer from insomnia and nightmares, which may be symptoms of PTSD or constitute partially independent comorbid disorders. Sleep disturbances are resistant to current treatments for PTSD, and those suffering from PTSD, insomnia, and nightmares have worse PTSD treatment outcomes. In addition, insomnia and nightmares are risk factors for depression, substance abuse, anxiety, and suicide. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Nightmares (CBT-IN (2) 12 sessions of CPT followed by 6 sessions of CBT-IN or (3) 12 sessions of CPT followed by an additional 6 sessions of CPT. All participants will be assessed at baseline, during treatment, and at 1-week, 1-month, 3-months, and 6-months posttreatment. The primary outcome will be PTSD symptom severity.
A Resource-Efficient Modular Course Design for Co-Teaching Integrated Sustainability in Higher Education: Developing the Next Generation of Entrepreneurial Leaders:

Society faces mounting pressures related to economic growth, social injustice, and environmental degradation. Building upon scholarly consensus regarding the necessity of multidisciplinary approach...
An intelligent distance learning framework: assessment-driven approach

Abstract Online education is popular for various remote trainings, or it becomes inevitable in anomalous situations, for example, COVID-19 pandemic. One of the well-recognized online education platforms is massive online open courses, whose contents are developed by world-famous experts. However, the learning effectiveness of online education is not yet higher than face-to-face classroom education. It is in part because the online contents are uniformly designed for all heterogeneous online students, even to the students who need the same course topic at different levels. Also when a student needs to revisit a course content to strengthen his or her weakness, typical online infrastructures do not pinpoint their areas of weakness to go over. This chapter proposes both online lecture and mobile assessment platforms to elevate the quality of distance learning. The online platform proposed is the three-layers of four quadrant panes. The online platform has three layers: (1) basic, (2) advanced, and (3) application per course module. Each layer is divided into four quadrants: (a) slides quadrant, (b) videos quadrant, (c) summary quadrant, and (d) quizlet quadrant panes. Students begin with the basic layer first, dive into the advanced layer, and apply the application layer. The other platform is a mobile assessment. One of the critical issues in distance learning is fair assessment management. Smartphone-based assessment of online student learning performance disables the high chance of cheating schemes and enables the building of student learning patterns. Its analytics eventually leads to the reorganization of online course module sequences. The contribution is (1) an accurate recognition of student weakness; (2) an intelligent and automatic answering to student questions; and (3) a mobile phone application-based assessment.
INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES: DETERRENT FOR BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION

Purpose: This paper is to offer the comprehensive review of the interdisciplinary state of knowledge regarding anti-corruption policies, with a particular focus on reducing corruption among civil servants. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on the work of economists, political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists, we conclude possible precautionary measures against corruption in public administration or bureaucracy. Findings: We find growing evidence of the effectiveness of policies based on monitoring, including top-down and bottom-up strategies and e-governance. In addition, these measures seem to be a necessary to make changes in restructuring bureaucracies, and screening and recruiting mechanisms in order to effectively deal with corruption cases happening in bureaucracy. Originality: This study contributes to understanding the effectiveness of traditional corruption reduction strategies pursued by governments.
Experimental and numerical analysis of 3D printed suture joints under shearing load

Abstract The shear resistance of bio-inspired suture joints with different waviness is explored through an integrated experimental and numerical approach. Polymeric single lap shear specimens with different waviness are designed and fabricated via multi-material additive manufacturing. Quasi-static mechanical experiments are performed to quantify the effective shear stiffness and strength of the joints. SEM images show that the 3D printed suture joints fail under combined adhesive and cohesive failure mechanisms. To evaluate the effects of printing direction on the mechanical behaviors of suture joints, both tensile and single lap shear specimens are designed and printed in two orthogonal directions: parallel to the interface (H direction) and perpendicular to the interface (V direction). An inverse method was used to obtained the effective material properties of the interfacial layer printed in both directions. Nonlinear Finite Element models with cohesive interaction and mixed mode damage initiation and evolution are developed.
Researching, Learning, and Healing Within the Master’s House: A Collaborative Autoethnography

This paper tells the story of resistance and efforts to work and mend within an anti-Black institution: higher education. Through a collaborative autoethnographic approach, seven Black academics connected to the Action Research Collective team (a group focused on supporting graduate students and cultivating equitable campus climates), explored how doing research as a team served as a mechanism for healing from the trauma of anti-Black racism. This paper illustrates how researching, learning, and healing can manifest within research teams by emphasizing visibility, shared experience, authenticity, and community.
Multielectrode array analysis of human iPSC-motor neuron maturation following coculture with iPSC-spinal cord astrocytes (P4.4-031)

Objective: Develop a fully humanized co-culture platform of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal cord astrocytes (hiPSC-A) and motor neurons (hiPSC-MN) for multi-electrode array (MEA) recording. Background: MEA has been previously utilized in electrophysiological recordings of rodent MNs and hiPSC-cortical neurons. However, there is no literature on hiPSC-A influences on hiPSC-MN electrophysiological properties. Design/Methods: Through the critical steps of caudalization and ventralization, we generated spinal cord hiPSC-A and -MNs. We compared hiPSC-MN monocultures to hiPSC-MN and hiPSC-A co-cultures and investigated astrocyte variables that could influence MN maturation. MEA recordings were performed weekly over a four-week period, to obtain electrophysiological parameters including spike and burst rate and the percentage of spiking and bursting electrodes. Immunocytochemistry was used to analyze astrocyte and neuronal populations. We tested the effect of neurotransmitter agonists/antagonists, including kainate, CNQX and bicuculline. Results: The culture of hiPSC-MN alone resulted in large aggregates of cells with delayed electrophysiological maturation. The addition of hiPSC-A resulted in reduced neuronal aggregation accompanied by the accelerated electrophysiological maturation of hiPSC-MN across all time points examined. These electrophysiological measures following hiPSC-A/hiPSC-MN co-culture were mirrored morphologically by increased diameter of neuronal processes, mean soma size, and complexity of neuronal connections. We also found that hiPSC-MN and hiPSC-neurons expressed appropriate neurotransmitter receptors which were modulated by known agonist/antagonists. Using several lines of hiPSC-A, we also found that the electrophysiological properties are consistent across lines. When compared with rodent astrocytes, hiPSC-A also appear to induce a more rapid maturation of hiPSC-MN both morphologically and electrophysiologically. Conclusions: We demonstrate that this humanized co-culture method allows for the long-term, non-invasive, serial recording of spinal cord neuronal populations, and for the electrophysiological analysis of the effects of pharmacologic manipulation of these cultures. This platform will be of use for studying astrocyte/neuron interactions in the context of motor neuron disease. Disclosure: Dr. Taga has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dastgheyb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Joseph has nothing to disclose. Dr. Habela has nothing to disclose. Dr. Richard has nothing to disclose. Dr. Haughey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maragakis has nothing to disclose.
Judgment Calls: Principle and Politics in Constitutional Law

Preface 1. Introduction PART I: THE "PROBLEM" OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 2. The Inevitability of American Judicial Review 3. The Democracy Worry PART II: DISCRETION AND JUDGMENT 4. How to Think About Discretion 5. Reason and Relevance 6. The Anatomy of Judgment PART III: PRECEDENT AS A SAFEGUARD 7. Respect for Precedent 8. Explaining Precedent PART IV: PROCESS SAFEGUARDS 9. Deliberation and Multiple Decision-makers 10. Transparency 11. Incrementalism PART V: INTERNALIZED SAFEGUARDS 12. Professionalism and the Selection Process 13. The Role of the Legal Academy PART VI: CASE STUDIES 14. Terrorism 15. Abortion 16. Affirmative Action Some Closing Words Bibliographic Essay
Vaginal hysterectomy and vaginectomy in personal retrospect.

Abstract Vaginal hysterectomy has always been popular on the Tulane University Service at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans. For a number of years it has constituted well over half of all the hysterectomies performed on the Service and much the same proportion holds in the private practices of the Staff. Although the operation is always used selectively, its increasing incidence is explained by broadening of the indications. The instillation of aqueous mercurochrome into the bladder as part of the preoperative vaginal preparation stimulates voluntary voiding and has greatly reduced the number of postoperative urinary complications. The Williams vaginectomy is recommended for prolapse of the vaginal vault.
Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps: Flume and hydrodynamic models

[1] The conceptual model of hyporheic exchange below river steps may oversimplify exchange flow paths if it depicts a uniform pattern of downstream-directed upwelling. This research used nonmobile, porous bed flume experiments and hydrodynamic simulation (CFD) to characterize hyporheic flow paths below a river step with a hydraulic jump. Bed slope was 1%, step height was 4 cm, downstream flow depth was 4 cm, substrate was 1 cm median diameter gravel, and hydraulic jump length was 25 cm in the flume and CFD experiments. With the hydraulic jump, flow paths changed to include downwelling beneath the water plunging into the pool and upstream-directed upwelling at the base of the step and beneath the length of jump. Failure to represent the influence of static and dynamic pressures associated with hydraulic jumps leads to erroneous prediction of subsurface flow paths in 75% of the streambed beneath the jump. A refined conceptual model for hyporheic flow paths below a step with a hydraulic jump includes reversed hyporheic circulation cells, in which downwelling water moves upstream and then upwells, and flow reversals, in which the larger flow net of downstream-directed upwelling encounters a nested flow path of upstream-directed upwelling. Heterogeneity in hyporheic flow paths at hydraulic jumps has the potential to explain field-observed mosaics in streambed redox patterns and expand structure-function relationships used in river management and restoration.
Scheduling Queries for Parallel Execution on Multicomputer Database Management Systems

In this paper, we investigate two scheduling approaches for multicomputer-based parallel database systems: the competition-based technique allows queries to compete freely for computing resources, while the planning-based scheme relies on a centralized scheduler to plan the execution of all queries. Our studies show that competition-based though provides impressive performance, the planning-based is consistently the better approach.
Sparse Bayesian learning and the relevance multi-layer perceptron network

We introduce a simple framework for sparse Bayesian learning with multi-layer perceptron (IMLP) networks, inspired by Tipping's relevance vector machine (RVM). Like the RVM, a Bayesian prior is adopted that includes separate hyperparameters for each weight, allowing redundant weights and hidden layer units to be identified and subsequently pruned from the network, whilst also providing a means to avoid over-fitting the training data. This approach is also more easily implemented, as only the diagonal elements of the Hessian matrix are used in the update formula for the regularisation parameters, rather than the traces of square sub-matrices of the Hessian corresponding to the weights associated with each regularisation parameter. The proposed relevance multi-layer perceptron (RMLP) is evaluated over several publicly available benchmark datasets, demonstrating the viability of the approach, giving rise to similar generalisation performance, but with far fewer weights.
Use of head mask to aid esophageal tamponage.

Summary 1.A head mask is described and illustrated for use with esophageal tamponade therapy that allows proper traction of the esophageal tube eliminating the usual complications. 2.Frequent use of esophageal tamponage is recommended especially with the addition of head mask traction.
A dependence graph-based approach to the design of algorithm-based fault tolerant systems

A two-stage approach to the design of algorithm-based fault-tolerant (ABFT) systems is proposed. In the first stage a code is chosen to encode the data used in the algorithm. In the second stage the optimal architecture for implementing the scheme is chosen through the use of dependence graphs. Dependence graphs are a graph-theoretic form of algorithm representation. It is demonstrated that not all architectures are ideal for the implementation of a particular ABFT scheme. The authors propose new measures for characterizing the fault-tolerance capability of a system in order to better exploit the proposed design method. Dependence graphs can also be used for the synthesis of ABFT schemes for nonlinear problems. An example of a fault-tolerant median filter is provided to illustrate the usefulness of the dependence graph as a design tool for nonlinear system synthesis. >
Criteria satisfaction under measure based uncertainty

A fundamental task in decision-making is the determination, in the face of uncertain information, of the satisfaction of some criteria in terms of a scalar value. Our objective here is to help support this task. We first discuss the process of selecting an uncertainty model for our knowledge, here we emphasize the tradeoff between functionality of the representation and its ability to model our knowledge, cointention. We next discuss the process of scalarization, determining a single value to represent some uncertain value. Some features required of operations used for scalarization are introduced. We look at the scalarization procedures used in probability theory, the expected value, and that used in possibility theory. We then turn to a more general framework for the representation of uncertain information based on a set measure.
Cytopathic effects of deuterium oxide on the male gonads of the mouse and dog.

Abstract 1. 1. In the CF No. 1 male mice maintained on 30 per cent deuterium oxide in their drinking water the cytological observations on the testes revealed the formation of multinucleated cells containing only spermiogenic elements. Exfoliation of spermatocytes and a disruption of the stages in the seminiferous cycle were also noted. 2. 2. The epididymides of the CF No. 1 mice showed, after 40 days treatment, a complete absence of spermatozoa and a great deal of debris from the tubules of the testis. 3. 3. The C-57 black male mice showed the testicular anomalies seen in the CF No. 1 mice plus an absence of spermatogenic cells. 4. 4. The observations on the testis of the dog were similar to those seen in the CF No. 1 mice. 5. 5. Since no visible evidence of necrobiosis was seen in the testes or epididymides of the deuterated mice, it is suggested that the meiotic divisions in all the deuterated mice were completed but that a block in the differentiation of the daughter cells accounts for the anomalies noted.
Abstract 1488: Metastatic analysis of clonal epithelial and mesenchymal-like murine mammary tumor cells.

Tumor metastasis is the most common cause of cancer mortality, and yet it is among the most poorly understood processes in tumor progression. While carcinomas are composed primarily of epithelial cells, tumors contain a continuum of cells with epithelial and mesenchymal-like properties. This tumor cell heterogeneity is attributed to differentiation plasticity, which is characterized by epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) or mesenchymal to epithelial transitions (MET). It has been proposed that tumor cells undergo EMT in order to disseminate from the primary tumor and MET in order to seed at secondary sites. The invasive mesenchymal carcinoma cell phenotype is thought to be a state required for tumor dissemination, but to date, pathologists have not found conclusive evidence of mesenchymal cells in human metastatic tumor samples. An alternative theory suggests that both mesenchymal and epithelial cells are required for metastasis to occur. According to this theory, detachment from the primary tumor and invasion by mesenchymal cells facilitates the movement of epithelial tumor cells that are able to seed at distant sites. We hypothesize that the presence of mesenchymal-like mammary tumor cells facilitate the metastasis of epithelial tumor cells and that only epithelial cells are able to seed at distant sites. To test this hypothesis, we cloned epithelial and mesenchymal-like primary cell lines from spontaneous mammary tumors produced in FVB MMTV/Neu mice. Epithelial cells have been stably transfected to express firefly luciferase and GFP, and we are in the process of cloning mesenchymal-like cells expressing Renilla luciferase and mCherry. We have preliminary data that shows that when clonal epithelial cells are administered into the mammary fat pad of FVB MMTV/Neu mice, tumors grow, but do not form metastatic lesions. In contrast, when stably transfected clonal epithelial cells are administered with non-transfected clonal mesenchymal-like tumor cells, luciferase+ metastatic lesions in the spleen, liver and lung are detected biophotonically, and GFP + cells are detected in the spleen and liver. These data indicate that epithelial cells are present (but does not rule out the presence of mesenchymal cells) at the metastatic site. Whether epithelial cells undergo EMT, and how metastasis is facilitated by the presence of mesenchymal cells remains to be determined. Citation Format: Katie A. Palen, Bryon D. Johnson, Jill A. Gershan. Metastatic analysis of clonal epithelial and mesenchymal-like murine mammary tumor cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1488. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1488
Lab life: Scientists are snobs

It is a mistake to dismiss the people and projects coming out of lesser-known institutions, argues Keith Weaver — they have strengths too.
Market models of local government: Exit, voting, and the land market

Abstract This paper explores linkages between exit, voting, and the land market that are central to the study of local politics. It raises new questions about the desirability of Tiebout-type governmental structures. Decentralized political and locational choice may not produce an equilibrium solution, and when an equilibrium does exist, the outcome will be dependent upon the historical accidents of community size. The effect of migration on public choices depends on the preferences and incomes of migrants, on the production function for public services, and on the price of land. Migration may lead to public choices that generate more migration in the same or the opposite direction.
Comparative/international research on women and crime analysis of ASC and ESC annual meeting presentations

Despite the recent advocacy of comparative/international and collaborative research by the leaders in the field of criminology and criminal justice, there is uncertainty regarding how much comparative/international research on the topic of women is being conducted. Using the published abstracts of papers presented at the American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting and the European Society of Criminology (ESC) Annual Meeting, the authors examine presentations on women and crime with a cross-cultural or international focus. The current study found that research on crime with an international or comparative focus accounted for an average 14.1% of the ASC women and crime presentations over the 12-year period, and about 24.2% of the ESC women and crime presentations over the 10-year period. With respect to comparing the topical areas of the research, domestic violence was the most prevalent topic in presentations on women and crime at both the ASC and ESC Annual Meetings, while presentations on sex crimes and trafficking occurred more frequently at the ESC Annual Meetings than the ASC Annual Meetings. The authors also discuss the role that the ASC Division of Women and Crime and the Gender, Crime and Justice Working Group of the ESC can play to encourage the study of women and crime internationally. Language: en
A Device to Continuously Monitor Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature at User-Selected Depths and Locations in Culture Ponds

Abstract Continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature at two depths in the water column were needed for a 2004 field study conducted during actual harvests of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and for a small-scale research study conducted in 2005. In the on-farm field study, we collected data in grading nets loaded with high densities of channel catfish. The small-scale study was conducted in 0.1-acre channel catfish research ponds. Commercially available dissolved oxygen and temperature monitoring units did not meet study requirements, so we developed a free-floating data collection unit composed of state-of-the-art sensors, a data logger, and readily available materials. The data collection units proved to be durable under conditions existing in both loaded grading nets and in small research ponds.
Quantitation of flavor volatiles in oxidized soybean oil by dynamic headspace analysis

A dynamic headspace procedure was developed for isolating the volatiles from oxidized soybean oil and trapping them on an adsorbent under conditions that gave minimal decomposition of hydroperoxides (50°C for 30 min at a helium flow of 75 mL/min). The volatiles were desorbed from the adsorbent and separated by gas chromatography (GC) on a methyl silicone capillary column. Equations were derived from theoretical considerations that allowed the actual concentration of each flavor component in the oxidized oil to be calculated from the area of the GC peaks. The reliability of the method and calculations was demonstrated by recovery experiments. The concentration of 2-heptanone in a mineral oil emulsion, equivalent in flavor intensity to each component, was calculated and summed to estimate the overall flavor intensity of the samples. The overall estimations were compared with the concentrations of 2-heptanone observed to be equivalent in flavor intensity to the oxidized oil samples when these were tasted in emulsion. The concentrations of individual components calculated from the headspace volatiles data were all present at concentrations below their flavor thresholds, and the simple sum of the intensities of their flavors generally accounted for less than half of the flavor intensities of the oil samples. The differences in the headspace and sensory analyses might be attributed to the flavor of the unoxidized oil, synergistic interactions, and/or the presence of unmeasured flavors components.
Image-guided surgery in minimally invasive urology

Purpose of reviewImage-guided surgery (IGS) is a new type of surgery in which indirect visualization of the surgical anatomy helps the surgeon to enable minimally invasive percutaneous, laparoscopic, or robotic-aided treatment more precisely and safely, to achieve complete tumor removal and sparing
The blue pigment of Corynebacterium insidiosum.

The alfalfa wilt bacterium, Corynebacterium insidiosum, produces a water-insoluble blue substance which accumulates extracellularly. A number of factors (among them strain variation, temperature, pH, nutrition, crowding) have a considerable influence upon pigment production. Proper control of these factors led to a method for large-scale cultivation of C. insidiosum under conditions of good pigmentation.
Current drivers and geographic patterns of HIV in Lesotho: implications for treatment and prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa

The most severe HIV epidemics worldwide occur in Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland. Here we focus on the Lesotho epidemic, which has received little attention. We determined the within-country heterogeneity in the severity of the epidemic, and identified the risk factors for HIV infection. We also determined whether circumcised men in Lesotho have had a decreased risk of HIV infection in comparison with uncircumcised men. We discuss the implications of our results for expanding treatment (current coverage is only 60%) and reducing transmission. We used data from the 2009 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of 3,849 women and 3,075 men in 9,391 households. We performed multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with HIV infection in the sexually active population and calculated age-adjusted odds ratios (aORs). We constructed cartographic country-level prevalence maps using geo-referenced data. HIV is hyperendemic in the general population. The average prevalence is 27% in women and 18% in men, but shows substantial geographic variation. Throughout the country prevalence is higher in urban centers (31% in women; 21% in men) than in rural areas (25% in women; 17% in men), but the vast majority of HIV-infected individuals live in rural areas. Notably, prevalence is extremely high in women (18%) and men (12%) with only one lifetime sex partner. Women with more partners have a greater risk of infection: aOR 2.3 (2 to 4 partners), aOR 4.4 (≥5 partners). A less substantial effect was found for men: aOR 1.4 (3 to 6 partners), aOR 1.8 (≥7 partner). Medical circumcision protected against infection (aOR 0.5), traditional circumcision did not (aOR 0.9). Less than 5% of men in Lesotho have been medically circumcised; approximately 50% have been circumcised using traditional methods. There is a substantial need for treatment throughout Lesotho, particularly in rural areas where there is the greatest burden of disease. Interventions aimed at reducing the number of sex partners may only have a limited effect on reducing transmission. Substantially increasing levels of medical circumcision could be very effective in reducing transmission, but will be very difficult to achieve given the current high prevalence of traditional circumcision.
Flow-Mediated Dilation: Can New Approaches Provide Greater Mechanistic Insight into Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia and Other Diseases?

Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of preeclampsia and may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk years after pregnancy. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a non-invasive endothelial function test that predicts cardiovascular event risk. New protocols allow researchers to measure three components of the FMD response: FMD, low flow-mediated constriction, and shear stimulus. This review encourages researchers to think beyond “low FMD” by examining how these three components may provide additional insights into the mechanisms and location of vascular dysfunction. The review then examines what FMD studies reveal about vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia while highlighting opportunities to gain greater mechanistic insight from new protocols. Studies using traditional protocols show that FMD is low in mid-pregnancy prior to preeclampsia, at diagnosis, and for 3 years post-partum. However, FMD returns to normal by 10 years post-partum. Studies using new protocols are needed to gain more mechanistic insight.
The microscopic, three-dimensional viewing of mammalian chromosomes.

Abstract The three-dimensional morphology of mouse L-cell chromosomes is demonstrated by means of oblique, incident-light microscopy that conforms to orthodox macrophotographic principles.
ANALYZING MANAGERIAL DISCRETION: AN ASSESSMENT TOOL TO PREDICT INDIVIDUAL POLICY DECISIONS

This paper develops the concept of managerial discretion. Discretion, defined as individual empowerment to act, has received increased attention in the management literature, particularly in the policy area. This research develops an instrument to measure discretion of individual managers. Vignettes are used to measure the willingness of managers to act in response to dilemmas that have organizational policy implications. The investigation of the reliability and validity of the developed measure, the Individual Discretion Questionnaire (IDQ), reveals that it identifies variability in managerial response and correlates significantly with two other established measures: locus of control and organizational ethical culture. The results suggest that this assessment tool may provide a means to identify how willing individual managers are to take preventive action in situations that present financial and sociopolitical risks to their organization.
Behavioral risk in early adolescents with HIV+ mothers.

Abstract Purpose To examine the effect of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on sexual and drug use risk behavior, delinquency, and general behavior problems in early adolescents. Methods Baseline data from an ongoing longitudinal study are presented. Participants are 220 HIV-negative early adolescents (aged 10–14 years), 100 with HIV-infected mothers, and 120 with uninfected mothers from ethnic minority, low income, families living in inner-city communities. For two group comparisons, Chi-square and Student's t -tests were used. Multiple and Logistic regressions were conducted to control for age and examine multiple predictors simultaneously. Results Few early adolescents, particularly those younger than 13 years, reported penetrative sexual behavior (oral, anal, or vaginal sex, 7%) or drug use (12%). Nonpenetrative sexual behaviors (kissing, 35%), alcohol use (39%), and engaging in at least one delinquent activity (45% of boys, 26% of girls) were more common. By age 14 years, 21% of the youths reported penetrative sexual behavior and 72% reported alcohol use. Penetrative sexual behavior was significantly associated with delinquent behavior and substance use. There were no differences in risk behaviors between youth with and without HIV-infected mothers. However, among youth with HIV+ mothers, those who knew their mother's status had more thought problems ( p = .042) and reported more frequent alcohol use ( p = .018) than those youth who didn't know. Conclusions Maternal HIV status did not significantly add to the risk for problem behaviors in our sample of urban ethnic minority early adolescents. Fourteen years of age appeared to be a critical time for increased experimenting with sexual behavior and substance use.
Fishing through marine food webs

A recurring pattern of declining mean trophic level of fisheries landings, termed “fishing down the food web,” is thought to be indicative of the serial replacement of high-trophic-level fisheries with less valuable, low-trophic-level fisheries as the former become depleted to economic extinction. An alternative to this view, that declining mean trophic levels indicate the serial addition of low-trophic-level fisheries (“fishing through the food web”), may be equally severe because it ultimately leads to conflicting demands for ecosystem services. By analyzing trends in fishery landings in 48 large marine ecosystems worldwide, we find that fishing down the food web was pervasive (present in 30 ecosystems) but that the sequential addition mechanism was by far the most common one underlying declines in the mean trophic level of landings. Specifically, only 9 ecosystems showed declining catches of upper-trophic-level species, compared with 21 ecosystems that exhibited either no significant change (n = 6) or significant increases (n = 15) in upper-trophic-level catches when fishing down the food web was occurring. Only in the North Atlantic were ecosystems regularly subjected to sequential collapse and replacement of fisheries. We suggest that efforts to promote sustainable use of marine resources will benefit from a fuller consideration of all processes giving rise to fishing down the food web.
Efficient, wideband THz emission from thin electro-optic polymer films

A 3 micron thick polymer film (r33 > 350 pm/V) is used to generate THz radiation greater than a 1000 micron thick crystal of ZnTe. THz emission up to 20 THz is observed.
From lock to correct and efficient software transactional memory

Transactional memory solves many problems in lock-based parallel programs. Unfortunately, the semantics of transactions are different from those of critical sections defined by locks. The semantic differences make it difficult to correctly port existing lock-based programs to transaction-based programs. Experienced programmers accustomed to lock-based programming can easily make mistakes in transaction-based programming as parallel programs running correctly using locks can run incorrectly when converted to using transactions. This problem becomes even more severe in the efficient software transactional memory implementing weak isolation, optimistic read concurrency management and eager version management.In this paper, we first identify three necessary properties in a program for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Assuming that the input lock-based program satisfies the necessary properties (i.e. well-behaved parallel programs), we next present a correctness condition for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Finally, we develop a correct and efficient software transactional memory implementation that satisfies the correctness condition so that locks in the well behaved parallel programs can be converted to use efficient software transactional memory easily and correctly.
Dehalogenation and mineralization of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the sequential activity of anaerobic and aerobic microbial populations

A sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment process that can mineralize 2,4,6-trichlorophenol has been developed. The process uses diluted anaerobic digester fluid as a culture medium, and a single microbial population enriched from the digester fluid for both the anaerobic and aerobic steps.
Improved sensitivity for low abundance ions in glow discharge Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry following ion preselection in an external octopole ion guide

Ion preselection was used to increase the sensitivity of FTICR-MS for analyzing solid samples with a dc glow discharge ionization source. By decreasing the frequency of the rf voltage applied to its rods, an octopole ion guide functioned as a high-pass mass filter to destabilize the trajectories of the low mass, high abundance ions. An increase in detection sensitivity for high mass, low abundance Pb and Sn ions in a NIST SRM 1104 steel sample was observed.
Use of CART analysis to differentiate pollen of red pine ( Pinus resinosa) and jack pine ( P. banksiana) in New England

The identification of fossil pollen at the generic rather than species level is hampering progress in understanding the biogeography and dynamics of paleo-vegetation. We used CART analysis to facilitate the differentiation of fossil pollen of Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa, which are morphologically similar and nearly always combined in paleoecological studies. The CART model, using four of the ten morphological traits measured, exhibited a high level of correct identification for pollen of each of the species and shows promise as a tool for increasing the detail of paleoecological records and inferences.
Oxidation of substituted carbodiimides and ureas

Abstract Pertrifluoroacetic acid oxidation of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N,N′-diphenyl- sulfurdiimide yielded N-trifluoroacetyl-N,N′-dicyclohexyl urea and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetanilide as the major products. Sodium hypochlorite oxidation of N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenyl thiourea and N-hydroxy-N,N′- diphenyl urea afforded 1,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-2,5-dithio-biurea and 1,2,4-triphenylsemicarbazide, respectively. The dimeric nature of these latter compounds implies the involvement of radical oxidation schemes.
SU-GG-T-210: A Comparison of Dosimetry Devices

Purpose: With more and more departments moving to a filmless environment there is a need to find alternative methods for IMRT and routine QA. Method and Materials: This study compares results from 8 different devices. They include, MapCheck from Sun Nuclear, 729 chamber array from PTW, MatriXX chamber array from Scanditronix‐Wellhofer, EBT gafchromic film from ISP, Varian EPIDdosimetry, Kodak CR, Bang Gel from MGS Research, and Delta4 3D diode array from ScandiDos. The devices were compared using 3 IMRT fields at 6 and 18MV energies. The 3 fields consisted of a small prostate field, a large head and neck field, and a solid compensator field. In addition, a series of 10×10 open field exposures were made at various gantry angles for 6MV. The results are compared to traditional Kodak EDR2 film. Results: All devices reported doses to within about 3% of the calculated values for points inside the treatment area. Larger differences were found for the measured high gradient areas. Differences of up to 60% in cGy/mm were found. There were also large differences in the dose measured outside the treatment area. Only the Mapcheck and EBT film were within 4% of the calculated values in this area. Angular response was found to vary up to about 13% for some of the devices.Conclusion: All of the devices provide reasonable results for measuring doses in the treatment area for normal incidence of the beam. If it is desired to measure at multiple gantry angles or to accurately measure the dose outside the treatment area, then the choices are more limited.
Preterm delivery in mice with renal abscess.

Objective: Our purpose was to develop a mouse model of renal abscess to study the effect of extrauterine infection on preterm delivery. Methods: Escherichia coli or sterile medium was injected into the left kidney of 70 pregnant mice that had completed approximately 75% of gestation. Preterm delivery rates were recorded for various inocula. Kidney specimens were obtained and examined grossly and histologically for abscess formation. Results: Thirty-one of 51 animals (60.8%) infected with 1 × 105–9 × 106 bacteria and none of 19 uninfected animals delivered prematurely (P < .001). Renal abscess was induced in 100% of mice receiving bacterial inoculation but in none receiving sterile medium. Conclusion: Kidney injection provides a reliable method for inducing renal abscess in pregnant mice. Renal abscess induces preterm delivery at a stable rate across a wide range of bacterial inocula. This model of extrauterine infection may be particularly useful in investigations of infection-induced preterm delivery.