cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Inflammation Smooth Muscle Positional Identity and Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling

More than a decade ago, DeBakey and Glaeser1 reported that human atherosclerotic lesions form and progress in distinct regional patterns in spite of uniform systemic risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and serum cholesterol. The authors proposed that this might be because of unknown position-specific genetic differences within the arterial system itself. The Hox gene family is a prime candidate for determining these postulated genetic differences, because these conserved developmental control genes are known to specify positional identities and regional diversities along the longitudinal body axis during embryonic patterning in bilateral animals.2,3 The mammalian Hox system includes 39 genes that are organized in 4 separate clusters designated Hoxa through – d , whose sequence alignment reveals the existence of 13 paralogous Hox groups.4 The successive activation of these tandemly arranged genes in each cluster mirrors the rostro-caudal morphogenetic progression such that the genes located at the 3′ end (groups 1 and 2) are activated first and exhibit the most anterior expression boundaries, and the genes located at the 5′ end (group 13) are activated last and occupy the most posteriorly restricted expression domain. This results in distinct domains of unique combinatorial Hox activities, the so-called Hox code that specifies positional identity at a given location,5 and is believed to function analogous to a postal ZIP code.6 Importantly, this topographical Hox code is retained in certain cell populations of adult tissues, such as dermal fibroblasts, where it is believed to be critical for regulating local differentiation and signaling events.6 See accompanying article on page 1248 Although many Hox genes are reported to be expressed in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells …
Dynamic Targeted Pricing in B2B Relationships

We model the multifaceted impact of pricing decisions in business-to-business B2B relationships that are governed by trust. We show how a seller can develop optimal intertemporal targeted pricing strategies to maximize profits over time while taking into consideration the impact of pricing decisions on short-term profit margin, reference price formation, and long-term relationships. Our modeling framework uses a hierarchical Bayesian approach to weave together a multivariate nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model, buyer heterogeneity, and control functions to facilitate targeting, capture the evolution of trust, and control for price endogeneity. We estimate our model on longitudinal transactions data from a retailer in the industrial consumables domain. We find that buyers in our data set can be best represented by two latent states of trust toward the seller---a “vigilant” state that is characterized by heightened price sensitivity and a cautious approach to ordering and a “relaxed” state with purchase behaviors that are consistent with high relational trust. The seller's pricing decisions can transition buyers between these two states. An optimal dynamic and targeted pricing strategy based on our model suggests a 52% improvement in profitability compared with the status quo. Furthermore, a counterfactual analysis examines the seller's optimal pricing policy under fluctuating commodity prices.
A novel rectangular-ring slow-wave structure for interaction with a sheet electron beam

Summary form only given. Conventional round electron beams have a practical current limit beyond which space-charge forces will de-bunch the beam and prevent further rf power amplification. Alternatively, rectangular cross-section sheet electron beams can circumvent this limitation by distributing the current over a larger area by stretching the width of the beam. This topology can enable a >5× increase in current over round beam systems while maintaining relatively low operating voltages. Another advantage of the sheet beam is that the coupling impedance has a relatively small dependence on beam thickness.We describe a novel slow-wave structure formed by a periodic array of rectangular rings interconnected by parallel diagonal conductors forming two zigzag-lines ("rectangularring slow-wave structure"). The zigzags form the inductive part of the slow-wave structure while the rectangular rings are largely capacitive and, with proper design, can slow the phase velocity (ω/β) of the wave to be synchronous with the longitudinally streaming electron beam. The period of the structure can be much less than the condition for backwardwave oscillation to occur. Compared with a rectangular helix,1"3 this new structure should be less prone to backwardwave oscillation. We will present measurements and simulations of the cold characteristics of a test structure and analyses of mode competition and bandwidth optimization for a Kaband rectangular-ring structure.
Bayesian Material Separation Model with Applications to Recycling

In this paper we present a probabilistic model of material separation processes. The model, based on Bayes' Theorem can estimate the performance of any binary separation process. Given input material data and the probabilistic characteristics of the separation process, the model estimates the masses and concentrations of the output streams. Applications of this model to separation processes, including those used in material recycling, are demonstrated.
Repeated Contextual Auctions with Strategic Buyers

Motivated by real-time advertising exchanges, we analyze the problem of pricing inventory in a repeated posted-price auction. We consider both the cases of a truthful and surplus-maximizing buyer, where the former makes decisions myopically on every round, and the latter may strategically react to our algorithm, forgoing short-term surplus in order to trick the algorithm into setting better prices in the future. We further assume a buyer's valuation of a good is a function of a context vector that describes the good being sold. We give the first algorithm attaining sublinear (O(T2/3)) regret in the contextual setting against a surplus-maximizing buyer. We also extend this result to repeated second-price auctions with multiple buyers.
Passing as Black: Racial Identity Work among Biracial Americans

Drawing on interview data with black-white biracial adults, we examine the considerable agency most have in asserting their racial identities to others. Extending research on ‘‘identity work’’ (Snow and Anderson 1987), we explore the strategies biracial people use to conceal (i.e., pass), cover, and/or accent aspects of their racial ancestries, and the individual and structural-level factors that limit the accessibility and/or effectiveness of some strategies. We further find that how these biracial respondents identify is often contextual—most identify as biracial, but in some contexts, they pass as monoracial. Scholars argue that passing may be a relic of the past, yet we find that passing still occurs today. Most notably, we find a striking reverse pattern of passing today—while passing during the Jim Crow era involved passing as white, these respondents more often report passing as black today. Motivations for identity work are explored, with an emphasis on passing as black.
When is communication a ‘meeting of minds’?

Do infants and young children (two-year-olds) possess an implicit theory of mind which is revealed through their communicative interactions or are they simply treating their interlocutors as objects to manipulate in service to their own material ends? Shatz & O'Reilly (1990) criticized a paper by Golinkoff (1986) for claiming that infants were attempting to communicate as opposed to simply manipulate their listeners. This paper takes exception to that argument. It reviews additional evidence which indicates that infants in the second year of life are capable of communicating for the sake of the ‘meeting of minds’. The alternative – treating young children's communications as only the firing off of conversational routines for the purpose of attaining material ends – seriously underestimates infants' knowledge of the communicative process.
Birth weight discordance in multiple gestations: Occurrence and outcomes

This paper reviews the patterns of occurrence, measurement and the effect of birth weight discordance on fetal and neonatal mortality in multiple pregnancies (twins and triplets). Birth weight discordance is fairly common among multiple pregnancies, and about one-quarter of the twin deliveries are affected by a birth weight discordance of 15%, while nearly 5% of twin gestations experience severe discordance (>or= 35%). Factors influencing birth weight discordance are exaggerated in triplet deliveries. Approximately 20% of triplet sets experience a birth weight discordance of 25 - 35% and nearly 10% experience severe forms of discordance. Frequencies of discordant sets at >25% discordance along the range of birth weight deciles show an inverse logarithmic relationship in twins, while the best-fit function in triplets is polynomial. Birth weight discordance is significantly associated with both fetal and neonatal mortality. Neonatal demise among the severely discordant smaller twin is significantly more frequent than in a non-discordant smaller twin. The magnitude of the effect is greater when one or both of the discordant twins are concomitantly small for gestational age.
IMPLICATIONS FOR MARINE MAMMALS OF LARGE-SCALE CHANGES IN THE MARINE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

The amount of underwater sound from ship traffic, commercial, research, and military sound sources has increased significantly over the past century. Marine mammals and many other marine animals rely on sound for short- and long-range communication, for orientation, and for locating prey. This reliance has raised concern that elevated sound levels from human sources may interfere with the behavior and physiology of marine animals. The dominant source of human sound in the sea stems from propulsion of ships. Shipping noise centers in the 20to 200-Hz band. Frequencies this low propagate efficiently in the sea, and shipping has elevated the global deepwater ambient noise 10- to 100-fold in this frequency band. Baleen whales use the same frequency band for some of their communication signals, and concern has been raised that elevated ambient noise may reduce the range over which they can communicate. Marine mammals have a variety of mechanisms to compensate for increased noise, but little is known about the maximum range at which they may need to communicate. Some of the most intense human sources of sound include air guns used for seismic exploration and sonar for military and commercial use. Human sources of sound in the ocean can disturb marine mammals, evoking behavioral responses that can productively be viewed as similar to predation risk, and they can trigger allostatic physiological responses to adapt to the stressor. Marine mammals have been shown to avoid some human sound sources at ranges of kilometers, raising concern about displacement from important habitats. There are few studies to guide predictions of when such changes start to lower the fitness of individuals or have negative consequences for the population. Although acute responses to intense sounds have generated considerable interest, the more significant risk to populations of marine mammals is likely to stem from less visible effects of chronic exposure.
A Poisson Based Bursty Model of Internet Traffic

This paper presents a model for bursty data traffic on modern networks. The model is simple and amenable to analysis, thus enhancing its practical utility. We use the model to generate arrivals to a single queue and compute its performance measures. We also propose a measure of burstiness based upon these performance parameters that is easy to measure and use. Several traffic traces were downloaded from the internet and analyzed to determine their burstiness properties. We conclude that predictions from the model are consistent with the data on the internet and the degradation of all the parameters due to burstiness.
Modification of the Penn State Forage and Total Mixed Ration Particle Separator and the Effects of Moisture Content on its Measurements

The Penn State Particle Separator has led to widespread measurement of forage and total mixed ration (TMR) particle size. However, a large proportion of small particles may pass through both sieves when a TMR is analyzed, and field research has suggested that both shaking frequency and sample dry matter may affect the results. The objectives of this project were to test the effects of an additional sieve with a smaller aperture size, shaking frequency, and sample moisture content on results obtained. A sieve was constructed out of wire with a nominal size aperture of 1.18 mm. Samples of alfalfa haylage, corn silage, and a TMR were shaken at frequencies of 0.9, 1.1, and 1.6 Hz with a 17-cm stroke length. Reducing shaking frequency to 0.9 Hz resulted in more material being retained on the 19.0-mm sieve for all sample types, increasing the geometric mean. Increasing frequency to 1.6 Hz did not affect the geometric mean, but did result in a greater amount of corn silage falling through the 1.18-mm sieve. For alfalfa haylage, moisture content between 57.4 and 35.6% did not affect results; however, for corn silage, less moisture increased the percentage of particles less than 1.18 mm and decreased the geometric mean. For both sample types, further drying caused a greater proportion of small particles and a smaller geometric mean. We suggest using a third sieve and shaking at 1.1 Hz or greater with a stroke length of 17 cm when using the Penn State Particle Separator to analyze forage particle size.
Software-based instruction caching for embedded processors

While hardware instruction caches are present in virtually all general-purpose and high-performance microprocessors today, many embedded processors use SRAM or scratchpad memories instead. These are simple array memory structures that are directly addressed and explicitly managed by software. Compared to hardware caches of the same data capacity, they are smaller, have shorter access times and consume less energy per access. Access times are also easier to predict with simple memories since there is no possibility of a "miss." On the other hand, they are more difficult for the programmer to use since they are not automatically managed.In this paper, we present a software system that allows all or part of an SRAM or scratchpad memory to be automatically managed as a cache. This system provides the programming convenience of a cache for processors that lack dedicated caching hardware. It has been implemented for an actual processor and runs on real hardware. Our results show that a software-based instruction cache can be built that provides performance within 10% of a traditional hardware cache on many benchmarks while using a cheaper, simpler, SRAM memory. On these same benchmarks, energy consumption is up to 3% lower than it would be using a hardware cache.
Modulating the effects of diabetes on osseointegration with aminoguanidine and doxycycline.

Background: The current knowledge of wound healing around implant surfaces is quite limited, particularly as it relates to the effects of systemic diseases such as diabetes. The purpose of our research is to histologically evaluate the effects of aminoguanidine and doxycycline in the modification of peri-implant wound healing around endosseous implants in diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups. One group served as the non-diabetic control, while diabetes was induced in other groups. Titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS) implants were placed in the femora of each animal 2 weeks following diabetic induction. One group of diabetic rats was given aminoguanidine via intraperitoneal injection, and another given doxycycline via oral gavage for 28 days beginning on the day of implantation. The third group of diabetic rats received no medication (controls). All animals were sacrificed following 28 days of healing. Results: The results were measured ...
Collective Role of Thermocline and Zonal Advective Feedbacks in the ENSO Mode

The vertical advection of anomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling and the zonal advection of mean sea surface temperature (SST) by anomalous current are known to be essential for the equatorial SST anomaly associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the coupled model, these two processes are referred to as the thermocline feedback and the zonal advective feedback, respectively. Using a version of a recharge oscillator model for ENSO obtained from the stripped-down approximation of the Cane-Zebiak-type model, it is demonstrated that these two feedbacks, which are linked dynamically through the geostrophic approximation, tend constructively to contribute to the growth and phase transition of ENSO. However, these two feedbacks control the leading coupled mode in different ways. The thermocline feedback leads to a coupled mode through the merging of the damped SST mode and ocean adjustment mode, whereas the zonal advective feedback tends to destabilize the gravest ocean basin mode. With both of these feedbacks, the leading modes of the coupled model still can be traced back to these different origins under moderate changes in the model setup. The main consequence of these sensitivities is that the growth rate and frequency of the ENSO mode may be sensitive to slight changes in basic-state parameters, which control the strength of these feedbacks.
Vector Competence of Two Species of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Southern California for Dirofilaria immitis (Filariidea: Onchocercidae)

Two species of mosquitoes reared to adults from field-collected larvae or egg rafts in or near Los Angeles County, CA, were exposed to dogs with known levels of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) microfilariae per 20 cubic millimeters of blood. Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) readily blood fed on an infected dog ingested microfilariae but did not become infected. Culiseta incidens (Thomson) also fed on an infected dog became infected, and 10% of the microfilariae developed to the L3 stage. Cs. incidens is a peridomestic species broadly distributed in Los Angeles County and abundant from February through December. The wide distribution of this species as well as its long annual period of reproductive activity in Los Angeles County may contribute to its potential as a vector of D. immitis.
Spinal leptomeningeal hemangioblastomatosis in von Hippel-Lindau disease: magnetic resonance and pathological findings.

A 55-year-old man with von Hippel-Lindau disease presented with quadriparesis. Multiple enhancing cervical and thoracic spinal masses were seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A rim of diffuse, nodular enhancement linking all of the discrete masses was apparent on the surface of the cervical and thoracic regions of the cord. Surgical exploration revealed multiple extramedullary-intradural and intramedullary masses, extending to and infiltrating the cord; the leptomeninges contained numerous small tumor seeds at several levels. The excised spinal masses were diagnosed as capillary hemangioblastomas, which infiltrated the pia mater. Diffuse, intense, spinal leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI associated with multiple hemangioblastomas has not been previously reported and may be referred to as spinal "leptomeningeal hemangioblastomatosis."
Dialogue: Increased usage of special educational services by children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies

Because of improved treatment and pregnancy management, many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) now have safe, successful pregnancies. Prior studies have led to identified specific risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome, among them antiphospholipid antibody (aPL), severe disease flare and kidney disease. Adverse pregnancy outcomes that still do occur in patients with SLE include fetal death, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and small for gestational age infants. Thus many surviving babies are at risk for the later life physical complications and neurodevelopmental delays associated with early gestational age and small size. While numbers vary from study to study, preterm birth and low birth weight probably occur in up to a quarter of SLE pregnancies overall. Risk of damage to their children is an area of concern for women with lupus and for their physicians. Some have suggested that the risk for neurodevelopmental delay is even greater than the risk imposed by low gestational age and birth size alone. In 1988 …
Twisted Tori of Constant Mean Curvature in R3

In an earlier paper [11] we showed the existence of a countable number of isometricly distinct closed bounded surfaces of genus one in R3 with constant mean curvature. These provided counterexamples to a conjecture attributed to H. Hopf [5].
Using video surveillance footage to support validity of self-reported classroom data

The use of video surveillance footage presents a new possibility in educational research as a reliable and valid source of learning and teaching activities in classrooms. However, the unique nature of surveillance footage requires different approaches and poses distinctive challenges in utilizing it in research, yet no methodological guides are currently available in educational research. The purpose of this reflective methodological review is to share our lessons learned from a mixed-methods study that utilized video surveillance footage for triangulating self-reported classroom data. We discuss (1) the importance of triangulation of self-reported data to reduce biases of it, (2) the unique benefits and limitations of using video surveillance data, (3) a methodological framework for video surveillance data analysis, and (4) our process of data analysis with technical, ethical, and other issues in mind when using such data. Software programs to aid video data analysis are briefly introduced as well.
Space-time gradient metasurfaces

Metasurfaces characterized by a transverse gradient of local impedance have recently opened exciting directions for light manipulation at the subwavelength scale. Here we add a temporal gradient to the picture, showing that spatiotemporal variations over a surface may greatly extend the degree of wave manipulation in metasurfaces, and break several of their constraints associated with symmetries. As an example, we synthesize a nonreciprocal classical analog to electromagnetically induced transparency, opening a narrow window of one-way efficient transmission in an otherwise opaque surface. These properties pave the way to magnetic-free, planarized, nonreciprocal ultrathin surfaces for free-space isolation.
Galen, De indolentia, and Early Christian Literature

Galen's De indolentia, a recently discovered letter-treatise, provides salient evidence for culture, literature, medicine, and philosophy at Rome in the late second century CE. Galen's vast oeuvre offers an important—although often neglected—source for the study of early Christian literature.
The Industrial Mathematician Views his Profession: A Report of the Committee on Corporate Members

(1974). The Industrial Mathematician Views his Profession: A Report of the Committee on Corporate Members. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 7, pp. 699-716.
Genre variation in student writing: A multi-dimensional analysis

Abstract EAP professionals often desire to better understand writing in the disciplines (WID) to inform their pedagogical materials and practices. While genre analysis has increased our understanding of academic writing, quantitative, corpus-based approaches can supplement the area (Biber, Connor, & Upton, 2007). To that end, a multi-dimensional (MD) analysis was conducted using dimensions extracted by Hardy and Romer (2013). Paper types from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP) were investigated along the following dimensions (1) Involved, Academic Narrative vs. Descriptive, Informational Discourse; (2) Expression of Opinions and Mental Processes; (3) Situation-Dependent, Non-Procedural Evaluation vs. Procedural Discourse; and (4) Production of Possibility Statement and Argumentation. The MICUSP paper types were found to pattern similarly across all four dimensions, with the more personal genres (e.g., creative writing, critiques/evaluations, response papers) and the more objective genres (e.g., research papers, reports) consistently averaging dimension scores on opposing ends of the poles.
Application of antibiotic ointment to the site of venous catheterization--a controlled trial.

system with plastic cannulae include septic phlebitis [1], bacteremia [2-5], and breakage of the catheter [6, 7]. Thoburn et al. [2] reported that catheter-induced phlebitis represented the fourth most common hospital-acquired infection at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and that 4 of 62 patients with phlebitis developed bacteremia. Smits and Freedman [3] in reviewing 98 cases of bacteremia noted 9 cases in which no focus other than the
Appropriateness: A Key to Enabling the Use of Genomics in Clinical Practice?

President Obama’s Precision Medicine Initiative is poised to generate genome sequence data from 1 million Americans. 1 However, such data are not yet routinely used in clinical care. It is time to formulate strategies for clinical decision making and policy around genomic information. We argue that appropriateness can help bridge the evidence gaps that have opened between patients’ genomes and their healthcare. The research methodology of appropriateness has been helpful for other emerging technologies, such as percutaneous coronary interventions, 2 and can guide clinical decision making as new evidence accumulates.
Kallmann syndrome: MR evaluation of olfactory system.

PURPOSE To describe the MR appearance of the olfactory bulbs and tracts and temporal lobes in patients with Kallmann syndrome, a disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. METHODS High-resolution MR scans with a surface coil placed over the nasion were performed in two patients with Kallmann syndrome. Coronal 3-mm thick contiguous sections were obtained through the olfactory bulbs and tracts. MR scans included volumetric analysis of the bulbs, tracts, temporal lobes, and hippocampi. RESULTS No olfactory bulbs or tracts could be identified in patients with Kallmann syndrome. In comparison, the olfactory bulbs and tracts were identifiable in seven healthy volunteers. The temporal lobe and hippocampal volumes were comparable between control subjects and Kallmann patients. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution surface-coil MR can identify the absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts in patients with Kallmann syndrome. Normal olfactory bulbs and tracts are easily discerned with surface-coil imaging.
Clinical Observation of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Old Ages

OBJECTIVE To observe the therapeutic effect of integrated Chinese traditional and western medicine in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)in old ages.METHODS 90 patients with sputum-positive pulmonary TB were randomly divided into treatment group of integrated Chinese traditional and western medicine(50 cases) and control group of chemotherapy(40 cases).The control group was given western medicine only, and the treatment group was given Chinese traditional medicine in addition.RESULTS The rate of sputum-negative conversion and obviously X-ray sorption in treatment group was significantly higher than control group(P 0.05).CONCLUSION The therapeutic effect of integrated Chinese traditional and western medicine is superior to the chemotherapy.
“By Hirsute Author”: Gender and Communication in the Work and Study of David Foster Wallace

ABSTRACT“By Hirsute Author” explores representations of gender and communication in the context of desire in Wallace’s work, as one aspect of his abiding concern with the struggle to define self through language, and in order to understand his work’s feminist achievements and blindnesses. First, it examines his reading of Wittgenstein’s Mistress, finding in his feminist critique of Markson Wallace’s own masculinist orientation and sense of complicity with Markson’s objectification of Kate. It then considers the Lacanian model of language, desire, and self-definition as employed and critiqued by much of Wallace’s fiction, and the ways in which this simultaneous critique/complicity defines the “feminist parody of feminism” of his fiction. Finally, the essay considers the impact on Wallace studies of its relative dearth of attention to gender issues and of input by female scholars.
Moments of Movement Intersection in India: Informing and Transforming Bodies in Movements

The terrain of social movements around gender and sexuality in India has shifted dramatically since the 1990s. It is vastly different from the 1970s and 1980s when the autonomous feminist movement was one of the only ones that addressed these issues. Today the queer, sex worker and transgender movements are also working for gender and sexual justice and are important interlocutors for the autonomous feminist movement. In this chapter I examine moments of what I call “movement intersection”, when movements actively challenge, contest and cooperate with each other. In particular I examine how these moments of intersection inform and transform understandings as well as practices around gender and sexual justice of the movements that intersect.
SmartNecklace: designing a wearable multi-sensor system for smart eating detection

Characterizing eating behaviors to inform and prevent obesity requires nutritionists, behaviorists and interventionists to disrupt subjects' routine with questionnaires and unfamiliar eating environments. Such a disruption may be necessary as a means of self-reflection, however, prevents researchers from capturing problematic eating behaviors in a free-living environment. An automated system alleviates many of these disruptions; however, success in automating sensing of eating habits has proven to be a challenge due to high within-subject variability in people's eating habits. Given a positive correlation between eating duration and caloric intake, along with the fact that many problematic eaters spend time alone, this paper presents a passive sensing system designed with the following three goals: detecting eating episodes through data analytics of passive sensors, detecting time spent alone while eating, and designing a passive sensing system that people will adhere to wearing in the field, without disrupting regular activity or behavior. A real-time coarse multi-layered classification approach is proposed to detect challenging eating episodes with confounding factors using data from piezoelectric, audio, and inertial sensors. The system was tested on 7 participants with 14 eating episodes, resulting in an 80.8%, and 91.3% average F-measure for detection of eating and alone time, respectively. Additionally, results of a survey highlights the importance of user-customization to increase adherence to neck-worn sensors.
Near‐continuous tremor and low‐frequency earthquake activities in the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone revealed by a mini seismic array

Tectonic tremor and low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are relatively poorly studied in the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone due to the limited data availability, difficult logistics, and rugged terrain. Using 2 months of continuous data recorded by a mini seismic array in the Akutan Island, we detect near-continuous tremor activity with an average of 1.3 h of tectonic tremor per day using a beam backprojection method. Tremor sources are clustered in two patches with an ~25 km gap in between them. In addition, we visually identify three low-frequency earthquakes, and using them as templates, we detect ~1300 additional LFEs applying a matched-filter method. Tremor and LFE activities agree well in space and time, and LFEs show a much smaller recurrence interval during tremor than during non-tremor time periods. Tremor sources propagate both along the strike and dip directions of the subduction fault with velocities ranging between 13 and 110 km/h. Prolific patchy tremor and LFE activities suggest lateral heterogeneity in the locked to freely slipping transition zone, indicating that slow earthquakes may play an important role in the earthquake cycles in this subduction zone.
Type II Endometrial Cancer Overexpresses NILCO: A Preliminary Evaluation.

Objective. The expression of NILCO molecules (Notch, IL-1, and leptin crosstalk outcome) and the association with obesity were investigated in types I and II endometrial cancer (EmCa). Additionally, the involvement of NILCO in leptin-induced invasiveness of EmCa cells was investigated. Methods. The expression of NILCO mRNAs and proteins were analyzed in EmCa from African-American and Chinese patients (tissue array, cases). The role of NILCO in leptin-induced invasion of Ishikawa and An3ca EmCa cells was investigated using Notch, IL-1, and leptin signaling inhibitors. Results. NILCO molecules were expressed higher in type II EmCa, regardless of ethnic background or obesity status of patients. NILCO proteins were mainly localized in the cellular membrane and cytoplasm of type II EmCa. Additionally, EmCa from obese African-American patients showed higher levels of NILCO molecules than EmCa from lean patients. Notably, leptin-induced EmCa cell invasion was abrogated by NILCO inhibitors. Conclusion. Type II EmCa expressed higher NILCO molecules, which may suggest it is involved in the progression of the more aggressive EmCa phenotype. Obesity was associated with higher expression of NILCO molecules in EmCa. Leptin-induced cell invasion was dependent on NILCO. Hence, NILCO might be involved in tumor progression and could represent a new target/biomarker for type II EmCa.
Memorable Messages as Sources of Hope

Based on hope theory, this study examined potential links between hope and memorable messages. Using qualitative methods, the authors coded the content and form of memorable messages in three domains: academics, relationships, and finances. Quantitative analysis then tested if the memorable message characteristics of positivity and efficacy were associated with dispositional and domain-specific hope. Consistent with predictions, participants with higher dispositional hope reported more positive and efficacious messages across message domains. Hierarchical regression analysis suggested that the agency, but not the pathways, dimension of dispositional hope predicted message positivity and efficacy. Regression results also indicated that participants with higher domain-specific pathways reported more efficacious memorable messages.
Temperature and Copper Concentration Effects on the Formation of Graphene-Encapsulated Copper Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin

The effects of temperature and copper catalyst concentration on the formation of graphene-encapsulated copper nanoparticles (GECNs) were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance, and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that higher amounts of copper atoms facilitated the growth of more graphene islands and formed smaller size GECNs. A copper catalyst facilitated the decomposition of lignin at the lowest temperature studied (600 °C). Increasing the temperature up to 1000 °C retarded the degradation process, while assisting the reconfiguration of the defective sites of the graphene layers, thus producing higher-quality GECNs.
A Generalized System Simulation Approach to Agricultural Development Planning and Policy Making

Abstract The problems of planning for economic development arise from the interplay of the political, social and economic subsystems of a developing country. These problems are characterized by the uncertainty necessarily inherent in any process of planning for the future—uncertainty arising both from the quantity and quality of available data and from the difficulties of forecasting how a large-scale system of complex interactive and feedback relationships will respond to policy inputs. In this paper, we discuss generalized system simulation as an approach to dealing with these problems. We view this approach as a flexible, iterative, problem-investigating process that includes problem formulation, mathematical modeling, testing and refinement of the model, and model application to problem solution—all in close consultation with decision makers. This discussion will be followed by a brief description of a policy-oriented, system simulation model of the Nigerian economy. The model consists of two detailed regional agricultural submodels, an aggregated national nonagricultural submodel, and components which model Nigeria’s population and the interregional trade in food. The policy options the current model is capable of investigating include programs to modernize agricultural production and various forms of tax and commodity marketing board pricing policies. Finally, we outline how the generalized system simulation approach could be implemented within the development-planning and policy-making process, including the use of a hierarchical “library” of models.
Female Spider Wasps, Anoplius splendens Driesbach (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), Learn to Associate the Odor of Host Feces With the Presence of the Host

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine whether or not adult female wasps, Anoplius splendens (Dreisbach), can learn a chemical stimulus (host feces) associated with host microhabitats. In a two-choice, static-air olfactometer, wasps previously exposed to hosts only in association with one stimulus (filter paper conditioned with odors from feces of the host spider, Drassodes auriculoides Barrows) exhibited a greater tendency to visit exclusively, and spend more time in, chambers containing a source of that stimulus as compared to control wasps exposed to paper with no host odors. The capacity for learning olfactory cues based on previous encounters with hosts should enhance the ability of wasps to accurately identify microhabitats where suitable hosts are most likely to be located.
Individual Actions and Corporate Moral Responsibility: A (Reconstituted) Kantian Approach

This paper examines the resources of Kantian ethics to establish corporate moral responsibility. I defend Matthew Altman’s claim that Kantian ethics cannot hold corporations morally responsible for corporate malfeasance. Rather than following Altman in interpreting this inability as a reason not to use Kantian ethics, however, I argue that the Kantian framework is correct: business ethicists should not seek to hold corporations morally responsible. Instead, they should use Kantian (and/or other ethical-theoretical) resources to criticize the actions of individual businesspeople. I set forth a model for decomposing business actions into their individual parts and reconstituting them in a context-specific “maxim” that Kantian ethics can evaluate. The reconstituted form of Kantian ethics that I defend is better able to manage decision-making complexity than traditional interpretations. To demonstrate the usefulness of my approach, I apply it to the recent Wells Fargo bogus-accounts scandal.
Characteristics of Separated Flows

This chapter discusses the characteristics of separated flows. When flow separates from a body surface, a region of the separated flow is formed over and behind the body. The separated flow may be classified in two categories depending upon the size of separated region with respect to body size. If the separation region is relatively small compared to the body and enclosed by the separating stream line and points of separation and reattachment, this type of flow may be defined here simply as separated flow. The other type of separated flow has a large size compared to the body and may not be enclosed such as wake flow behind a blunt body, extending an infinitely long distance downstream.
The Role of Proteins in Water-Holding Capacity of Meat

Water-holding capacity (WHC) is the ability of meat to hold on to its own water. In fresh meat, WHC is expressed as drip or purge. As approximately 85% of the water (75g/100g) in living muscle is present in the cell, changes in the volume of myofibrils will result in changes in the WHC of meat. In PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) pork, myosin denaturation, resulting in myofibrillar shrinkage, is related to high drip losses. However, in so-called RSE (Red, Soft, Exudative) pork, high drip losses cannot be explained by myosin denaturation. Compared to normal pork, denaturation of sarcoplasmic proteins is increased in RSE meat. This suggests a role of sarcoplasmic proteins in WHC. Addition of sarcoplasmic extract to myofibrils results in an increased WHC. Denaturation of the sarcoplasmic proteins results in a reduction of this WHC-enhancing effect. Thus, it seems that sarcoplasmic proteins play an important role in WHC. This information may help to determine the origin of RSE meat
STUDIES ON POLIOVIRUS PRODUCED BY TRANSFECTION WITH CLONED VIRAL cDNA

Publisher Summary Poliovirus is the best-characterized member of the Picornavirus group, which includes positive-strand, non-segmented RNA animal viruses. It has been shown that a cloned, full-length copy of the poliovirus genome is infectious in mammalian cells. Using a procedure for transfection in suspension, more reproducible numbers of infectious foci are obtained. This chapter describes an experiment and its result to examine the RNAs and proteins of viruses that emerge from cells transfected with viral cDNA and presents their comparison to those of wild type poliovirus. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting was used to compare the RNA of transfection-derived virus with that of wild type virus. Large RNAse T1-resistant oligonucleotides were mapped on the viral RNA. These are scattered randomly across the genome. Therefore, the RNAse T1 oligonucleotide fingerprints can be used to compare a random sampling of the structure of the viral RNAs. The availability of an infectious cDNA copy of poliovirus RNA should permit new genetic manipulations with this virus.
The Twelve-Step Recovery Model of AA: A Voluntary Mutual Help Association

Alcoholism treatment has evolved to mean professionalized, scientifically based rehabilitation. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is not a treatment method; it is far better understood as a Twelve-Step Recovery Program within a voluntary self-help/mutual aid organization of self-defined alcoholics. The Twelve-Step Recovery Model is elaborated in three sections, patterned on the AA logo (a triangle within a circle): The triangle's legs represent recovery, service, and unity; the circle represents the reinforcing effect of the three legs upon each other as well as the "technology" of the sharing circle and the fellowship. The first leg of the triangle, recovery, refers to the journey of individuals to abstinence and a new "way of living." The second leg, service, refers to helping other alcoholics which also connects the participants into a fellowship. The third leg, unity, refers to the fellowship of recovering alcoholics, their groups, and organizations. The distinctive AA organizational structure of an inverted pyramid is one in which the members in autonomous local groups direct input to the national service bodies creating a democratic, egalitarian organization maximizing recovery. Analysts describe the AA recovery program as complex, implicitly grounded in sound psychological principles, and more sophisticated than is typically understood. AA provides a nonmedicalized and anonymous "way of living" in the community and should probably be referred to as the Twelve-Step/Twelve Tradition Recovery Model in order to clearly differentiate it from professionally based twelve-step treatments. There are additional self-help/mutual aid groups for alcoholics who prefer philosophies other than AA.
Types and Levels of Pattern Generalization

In this chapter, we synthesize at least 20 years of research studies on pattern generalization that have been conducted with younger and older students in different parts of the globe. Central to pattern generalization are the inferential processes of abduction, induction, and deduction that we discussed in some detail in Chaps. 1 and 2 and now take as given in this chapter. Here we explore the other equally important (and overlapping) dimensions of pattern generalization, namely: natures and sources of generalization; types of structures; ways of attending to structures; and modes of representing and understanding generalizations. In this chapter we remain consistent as before in articulating the complexity of pattern generalization due to differences in, and the simultaneous layering of, processes relevant to constructing, expressing, and justifying interpreted structures.
Current status of adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease

To evaluate the current use of adrenalectomy in the treatment of Cushing's disease, we reviewed seven consecutive patients who have undergone adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease at this medical center during 1983 to 1984. Seventy-one percent (5/7) had pituitary, or type I, Cushing's disease, while 29% (2/7) had adrenal, or type II, Cushing's disease from either an adenoma or an adrenocortical carcinoma. Presenting signs and symptoms, either initially or at the time of recurrence, were typical of Cushing's syndrome. Four of five patients with type I disease had recurrent disease after transphenoidal hypophysectomy, bilateral adrenalectomy, or unilateral adrenalectomy. In three of five patients, medical therapy of hypercortisolism was abandoned because of adverse side effects. Preoperative evaluation in all patients included cortisol and ACTH levels, dexamethasone suppression tests, and computerized tomography (both abdominal and head). In patients with a prior history of adrenalectomy, radiocholesterol scans were also performed and were useful. Angiographic procedures were not required in these patients. In patients with type I disease, posterior operative approaches were used. In patients with type II disease, an anterolateral approach was used. Posterolateral incisions are preferred over Hugh-Young incisions and provide better exposure with a reduced risk of poor wound healing. Morbidity and mortality included one death and three nonhealing wounds. In the six surviving patients, symptoms resolved with variable frequency. Findings suggestive of Nelson's syndrome (hyperpigmentation) have occurred in two patients; serial computerized tomographic scans fail to reveal evidence of pituitary tumors. We conclude that adrenalectomy remains an essential form of therapy for patients with Cushing's syndrome caused by adrenal tumors or recurrence after previous surgery. The response to the operation is generally good, but long-term surveillance is required for the development of Nelson's syndrome.
From theater to laboratory: two regimes of apparatus in the material assemblages of media culture

This research examines the apparatus concepts in the last decades of film studies, from the apparatus theory in the 1970s to the revisionist historiography of the early cinema and new media theory after the 1980s. Diagrammatizing the operation of a cinematographic apparatus as a process to make a fold between its machinic sensor and motor embedded in the material assemblages of media culture, it suggests two prototypes of apparatus, namely theater and laboratory, defined respectively by their different ways of enfolding an inside, problematizing the outside, and reassembling them to each other. Apichatpong Weerasethakul’s ethnographic experiment in Mysterious Object at Noon provides an example of the laboratorial apparatus that transforms its operational environments into the assemblages of singular problems, never representable, but only concretize-able by the apparatus’s function to network them.