cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The High Altitude water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory

Abstract HAWC is a continuously operated, wide field of view detector comprised of three hundred 188,000 liter water Cherenkov detectors, each instrumented with four photomultipliers providing charge and timing information. HAWC covers approximately ∼22,000 m2 at an altitude of 4100m and reliably estimates the energy and arrival direction of gamma and cosmic rays with significant sensitivity over energies from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. With an instantaneous field of view of 2 steradians, HAWC observes 2/3 of the sky in 24 hours. HAWC has been optimized to study transient and steady emission from both galactic and extragalactic sources of gamma rays and serves as a survey instrument for multi-wavelength studies. HAWC has significant discovery potential, including the possibility of indirect detection of dark matter through the observation of gamma rays produced via dark-matter particle annihilation. HAWC has been making observations since summer 2012 and officially commenced data-taking operations with the completed detector on March 20, 2015. This paper will describe the detector design, science capabilities, first scientific results and future plans of the HAWC observatory.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Complexes with CuICuI, Cu1.5Cu1.5m and CuIICuII Core Structures Supported by a Flexible Dipyridylamide Ligand.

A series of copper complexes supported by a simple dipyridylamide ligand (H2pcp) were isolated and characterized. Treatment of H2pcp with NaH and copper(I) salts led to the formation of [Cu2(2pcp)2] (1a) and {Na[(Cu2(2pcp)2)2]PF6}n (1b). The X-ray crystal structures of both complexes feature CuICuI cores with close Cu···Cu interactions. Electrochemical studies of 1a showed a reversible one-electron oxidation wave in CH2Cl2. On the basis of the work on 1a, we began studying the mixed-valence copper species supported by this ligand. The reaction of H2pcp with Cu(OAc)2 and CuCl in different stoichiometries yielded [Cu2(2pcp)2Cl] (2) and [Cu3(2pcp)2Cl2] (3). X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic characterization suggested delocalized Cu1.5Cu1.5 core structures of both compounds. These results further inspired us to explore the coordination properties of H2pcp toward CuII ions. The complexes [HNEt3][Cu2(2pcp)3(ClO4)](ClO4) (4a), [Cu2(2pcp)3(NO3)] (4b), and [Cu2(2pcp)3(H2O)]BF4 (4c) featuring dinuclear CuIICu...
ATRX and DAXX: Mechanisms and Mutations

Recent genome sequencing efforts in a variety of cancers have revealed mutations and/or structural alterations in ATRX and DAXX, which together encode a complex that deposits histone variant H3.3 into repetitive heterochromatin. These regions include retrotransposons, pericentric heterochromatin, and telomeres, the latter of which show deregulation in ATRX/DAXX-mutant tumors. Interestingly, ATRX and DAXX mutations are often found in pediatric tumors, suggesting a particular developmental context in which these mutations drive disease. Here we review the functions of ATRX and DAXX in chromatin regulation as well as their potential contributions to tumorigenesis. We place emphasis on the chromatin remodeler ATRX, which is mutated in the developmental disorder for which it is named, α-thalassemia, mental retardation, X-linked syndrome, and at high frequency in a number of adult and pediatric tumors.
RETINAL CAPILLARY DENSITY IN PATIENTS WITH BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINOPATHY.

Purpose: To quantify retinal capillary density and determine its correlation with visual acuity in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR). Methods: Patients with BCR and age-matched controls were imaged using a commercially available spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography system (RTVue- XR Avanti; Optovue, Inc). We used the integrated software of the optical coherence tomography angiography device to analyze the foveal avascular zone area and the capillary density in the full retina as well as in the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus. We assessed the correlation between these parameters and visual acuity. Results: Seventy-four eyes of 42 study participants (37 eyes of 21 BCR and 37 eyes of 21 healthy subjects) were included in this observational cross-sectional study. Capillary density of the full retina, superficial capillary plexus, and deep capillary plexus were significantly decreased in BCR compared with the healthy control group (P < 0.01). Visual acuity in patients with BCR was significantly associated with the capillary density of the superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus, and full retina (P < 0.01) but not with the area of the foveal avascular zone. Conclusion: The decrease in visual acuity in patients with BCR is associated with retinal vascular impairment. Vessel density of the retinal capillary plexuses may be a promising imaging biomarker for BCR disease severity.
Bladder Cancer Recovery Pathways: A Systematic Review.

Background Enhanced recovery pathways, also known as fast-track protocols, have been adopted since the early 2000s by various surgical specialties with the goal of improving patient outcomes and reducing the cost burden of major surgery on the health care system. Objective To review the scientific literature on the origin of enhanced recovery pathways, track the contemporary utilization of such practices for patients undergoing radical cystectomy, and analyze the available data regarding their effect on morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost. Methods A literature search of multiple electronic databases was undertaken. Manuscripts including patients undergoing radical cystectomy were chosen based on predefined criteria with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Strength of evidence for each study that met inclusion criteria was assessed based on the risk of bias, consistency, directness, and precision. Results Database searches resulted in 1,236 potentially relevant articles. A total of 485 articles were selected for full-text dual review and 106 studies in 52 publications met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion The utilization of enhanced recovery pathways with the goal of improving overall patient morbidity and mortality is well supported in the literature, however standardization of implementation and adherence across institutions is lacking, and their direct efficacy on reducing preventable treatment related expenditures is unconfirmed.
Partition-based decomposition algorithms for two-stage Stochastic integer programs with continuous recourse

In this paper, we propose partition-based decomposition algorithms for solving two-stage stochastic integer program with continuous recourse. The partition-based decomposition method enhance the classical decomposition methods (such as Benders decomposition) by utilizing the inexact cuts (coarse cuts) induced by a scenario partition. Coarse cut generation can be much less expensive than the standard Benders cuts, when the partition size is relatively small compared to the total number of scenarios. We conduct an extensive computational study to illustrate the advantage of the proposed partition-based decomposition algorithms compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.
Gestalt Techniques in Marriage Counseling

Gestalt therapy, used alone or with other modalities, can help in abating stereotyping and ambivalence and in bringing a new awareness to the marriage partners
Collaborating in the Absence of Trust? What Collaborative Governance Theory and Practice Can Learn From the Literatures of Conflict Resolution, Psychology, and Law:

Trust is often touted as both an element of success and an outcome of interest in collaboration research, usually without defining the term or acknowledging the possibility of collaborating when tr...
Biomarker Signatures of Sickle Cell Disease Severity

Abstract Identifying sickle cell disease patients at high risk of complications could lead to personalized treatment and better prognosis but despite many advances prediction of the clinical course of these patients remains elusive. We propose a system-type approach to discover profiles of multiple, common biomarkers that correlate with morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease. We used cluster analysis to discover 17 signatures of 17 common circulating biomarkers in 2320 participants of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, and evaluated the association of these signatures with risk for stroke, pain, leg ulceration, acute chest syndrome, avascular necrosis, seizure, death, and trend of fetal hemoglobin and hemolysis using longitudinally collected data. The analysis shows that some of the signatures are associated with reduced risk for complications, while others are associated with increased risk for complications. We also show that these signatures repeat in two more contemporary studies of sickle cell disease and correlate with recently discovered biomarkers of pulmonary vascular disease. With replication and further study, these biomarker signatures could become an important and affordable precision medicine tool to aid treatment and management of the disease.
Cytokine activation of transcription.

In this review we have attempted to outline the events leading to cytokine-mediated gene transcription by using that Jak/STAT and theNF-kB pathways as two examples. It is important to remember that cytokine activation of gene transcription is not the result of a single, linear signaling cascade, but involves a complex network of interacting signal-transduction pathways. Integration of numerous, often contradicting instructions received by the cell through a variety of cytokine and growth factor receptors determines the qualitative and quantitative transcriptional response.
Synthesis of Social Patterns of Domination

Sociology studies systems of interacting individuals or groups of individuals, and mathematical sociology creates the mathematical tools needed for such studies. We suggest that pattern theory — the mathematical theory of regular structures — can be used to create such tools.
Analysis of interfacial structure and bond strength of self-etch adhesives.

Purpose To determine the bond strength, nanoleakage and interfacial morphology of four self-etch adhesives bonded to superficial dentin.
Demands Imposed on Systems Science by Complexity

All human knowledge is constructed by human beings as collections of models. Models are of three types: formal, informal, and hybrid (a mixture of formal and informal). Formal models are of three types: numerant, structural, and hybrid (a mixture of numerant and structural). Structural models can be linear or nonlinear. A linear structural model is a drawing that is isomorphic to a directed graph, such that a directed line can be drawn passing through all vertexes and lines without touching any of them more than once.
Challenges of Obesity Treatment: The Question of Decisional Capacity

Cheryl is a 42-year-old woman with severe obesity (current BMI of 42, 5′6″ and 290 lb) and multiple complicating psychosocial factors contributing to her weight status. Cheryl is presenting to the ...
The Effect of Prostaglandin Analogue Bimatoprost on Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy

Purpose We characterize the effect of bimatoprost on orbital adipose tissue in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) with clinicopathologic correlation. Methods Orbital adipose-derived stem cells (OASCs) from types 1 and 2 TAO and control patients with and without exposure to 1 μm bimatoprost were examined via immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot for cell viability, migration capacity, lipid content, adipocyte morphology, mitochondrial content, and levels of adipogenic markers. A retrospective chart review was performed for clinicopathologic correlation. In mice, optical coherence tomography and pattern electroretinography were performed at baseline and at 1 month following a retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost, followed by orbital exenteration for histopathologic examination. Results Types 1 and 2 TAO-derived cells had a significantly higher migration capacity and lipid content than those of healthy controls. With the addition of bimatoprost, types 1 and 2 TAO and control adipocytes exhibited a significant decrease in lipid content with morphologic transformation into smaller and multilocular lipid droplets, and an increase in mitochondrial load and UCP-1 expression consistent with an increase in brown adipose tissue turnover. Retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost in mice did not alter the gross morphology, retinal thickness, or ganglion cell function in vivo. Conclusions Bimatoprost inhibits adipogenesis in OASCs and upregulates pathways involved in the browning of adipocytes. Furthermore, retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost is tolerated without immediate adverse effects in mice. Our results suggest a potential future application of prostaglandin analogues in the treatment of TAO.
Void collapse generated meso-scale energy localization in shocked energetic materials: Non-dimensional parameters, regimes, and criticality of hotspots

The formation of hotspots due to collapse of voids leads to enhanced sensitivity of heterogeneous energetic (HE) materials. Several mechanisms of void collapse have been identified, but the regimes in which these mechanisms dominate have not been clearly delineated using scaling arguments and dimensionless parameters. This paper examines void collapse in cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX) to demarcate regimes where plastic collapse and hydrodynamic jetting play dominant roles in influencing hotspot related sensitivity. Using scaling arguments, a criticality envelope for HMX is derived in the form Σcr=∑(Ps,Dvoid), i.e., as a function of shock pressure Ps and void size Dvoid, which are controllable design parameters. Once a critical hotspot forms, its subsequent growth displays a complex relationship to Ps and Dvoid. These complexities are explained with scaling arguments that clarify the physical mechanisms that predominate in various regimes of hotspot formation. The insights and scaling laws obtained can be useful in the design of HE materials.
Saint-Saëns and the Stage: Operas, Plays, Pageants, a Ballet and a Film

The stage works of Saint-Saens range from grand open-air pageants to one-act comic operas, and include the first composed film score. Yet, with the exception of Samson et Dalila, his twelve operas have lain in the shadows since the composer's death in 1921. Widely performed in his lifetime, they vanished from the repertory - never played, never recorded - until now. With four twenty-first-century revivals as a backdrop, this timely book is the first study of Saint-Saens's operas, demonstrating the presence of the same breadth and versatility as in his better known works. Hugh Macdonald's wide knowledge of French music in the nineteenth century gives a powerful understanding of the different conventions and expectations that governed French opera at the time. The interaction of Saint-Saens with his contemporaries is a colourful and important part of the story.
An Analysis of the Finite Element Method for Second Order Elliptic Boundary Value Problems. An Introduction

These notes represent an expansion of lectures given at Dusseldorf in the summer of 1987. It is hoped that they will provide an introduction to the mathematical analysis of the finite element method for second order elliptic boundary value problems. They are geared towards students who have a good background in analysis but are not familiar with the finite element method. Thus we start at the beginning with the aim of understanding the method and developing basic techniques and ideas which seem to be fundamental to it. The treatment here is neither exhaustive nor general. Rather, topics are covered which we feel address important problems whose solutions make use of basic techniques. We have attempted to give selfcontained proofs wherever possible. It is hoped that these will be adequate in order that the student be able to understand some recent results in the field. For the convenience of the student a bibliography has been included which covers some topics not treated in these notes.
Resistance-Based Embedded Non-Volatile Memories as Synaptic Devices in Spiking Neural Networks

This paper presents prospect and challenges of using state-of-the-art memory technologies in neuro-inspired computing. As it has become critical to move beyond the Von-Neumann architecture, emulation of biological system has been sought after. In this paper, characteristics of a desired synaptic device required for constructing neural network are examined to highlight what functionalities of synapses can be emulated with new non-volatile memory (NVM) devices, what the basic requirements are to realize artificial inorganic neurons and synapses, and which material and device structures can be used for this purpose.
SYMMETRICAL PALATAL fiBROMATOSIS (SPF) – 5 NEW CASES AND A LOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC NAME FOR A RARE LESION WITH A DOZEN DIFFERENT NAMES

Objective To present 5 new cases of a lesion reported fewer than 20 times in the literature, under a dozen different names, and to recommend the most appropriate name. Methods 5 new SPF cases are clinically and microscopically characterized, with a literature review. Findings 5 cases (3F & 2M) presented in patients 20-39 years of age. All presented as bilateral, symmetrical, asymptomatic, sessile, moderately firm or soft (n = 2) masses of the lateral posterior hard palate; 2 were isolated to the tuberosities. All masses were normal in color, with smooth, nonulcerated surfaces and occasional broad surface nodularity. One case had bilateral secondary, anterior extensions. Underlying bone was radiographically normal, and adjacent teeth were asymptomatic. All masses seemed to originate from tissues over the palatal bone, only secondarily extending to gingivae and/or crestal tuberosity bone, i.e. this does not appear to be a gingival entity, as previously thought. Cases had been present 2-15 years, with no familial or environmental etiologies identified. Histopathologically, masses were comprised of dense, avascular fibrous connective tissue with scattered thick bands of collagen and occasional slight surface nodularity. Surface epithelium showed regions with long, pointed and/or thin rete processes, and subepithelial stroma contained scattered large, angular fibroblasts, sometimes with multiple nuclei, sometimes with a “smudged” appearance, consistent with those in giant cell fibroma; melanin granules were not present. Conservative surgical excision affected cure in all cases. Conclusion The present investigators propose SPF as the most accurate name for this chronic, presumably rare and certainly unique entity. It fits the definition of fibromatosis more than reactive fibrous hyperplasia, and the presence of giant fibroblasts in the stroma is a unique, possibly required, histopathologic feature. Conservative surgical excision is the recommended treatment, with no recurrences reported to date.
Let your fingers do the walking: Finger force distinguishes competing accounts of the congruency sequence effect

The ability to remain flexible while engaging in goal-directed behavior is a critical aspect of cognitive control. A classic example of such flexibility is the congruency sequence effect (CSE) in distractor-interference tasks. In such tasks, participants respond more slowly when a distractor cues a different response than a target (incongruent trials) than when it cues the same response (congruent trials). However, this congruency effect is smaller after incongruent trials than after congruent trials. Interestingly, recent data from the prime-probe task indicate that this CSE is largest when participants treat the distractor, or prime, as the first of two temporally separated targets. It remains unclear, however, whether the CSE in this task indexes (1) control processes that modulate response activation before the second target (i.e., probe) appears or (2) congruency switch costs that delay responses after the probe appears. To distinguish between these accounts, participants' responses were recorded with force-sensitive keys. After responding to the prime, but before the probe appeared, participants exerted greater force on (1) the key cued by the prime after congruent trials, but on (2) the opposite key after incongruent trials. These findings indicate that the ability to remain flexible while engaging in goal-directed behavior relies on control processes that modulate response activation prior to the appearance of a goal-relevant stimulus.
Aztec Botany, Agriculture, Trade, and Medicine

Mexico, a botanical paradise located in southern North America, is the third largest country of Latin America and one-fifth the size of the United States. Mexico’s climate varies from temperate to tropical and from wetlands to desert. Mountain ranges as high as 7000 feet are responsible for the huge variation in microclimates and ecosystems.
Effect of sputter pressure on microstructure and properties of β-Ta thin films

Abstract Tantalum thin films may be deposited in two phases. The stable bulk alpha phase is well known, but the metastable tetragonal beta phase is relatively poorly understood. We reported previously on a series of 100% β-Ta films deposited under varying sputter pressures in a low-oxygen environment, and discussed texture, stresses, and phase selection. Here, we discuss microstructure, morphology, and properties of these same β-Ta films. Grain size increases with sputter pressure, which can be explained by the energies of incident species at the growing film. Mechanical properties were measured by nanoindentation. Hardness decreases with grain size in accordance with the Hall-Petch relation while comparison of indentation modulus with biaxial modulus measurements indicates that the β phase is elastically anisotropic, and much stiffer in the [001] direction than in others. Finally, a canonical resistivity value for virtually oxygen-free, 100% β-Ta films of 169 ± 5 µΩcm is reported for the first time.
Glass formation and structure of melt quenched mixed oxy-sulfide Na4P2S7-xOx glasses for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5

Abstract The structures of Na4P2S 7-xOx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, glasses were investigated using melt quench (MQ) samples. The short-range order (SRO) structures of these glasses were examined using a combination of Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and 31P Magic Angle Spinning NMR (31P MAS NMR) spectroscopies to determine how oxygen is incorporated into the sulfide structure. Using vibrational spectroscopy, semi-quantitative 31P MAS NMR, and charge balancing, a complete compositional map of all the SRO structures present in these glasses has been generated. From these results, full incorporation of the oxygen into the sulfide melt was found to occur across the compositional series through a structural disproportionation reaction where oxygen systematically replaces bridging sulfurs (BSs), before replacing the remaining non-bridging sulfurs (NBSs). Under the melting and quenching conditions used in this study, it was found that the melts crystallize too quickly to form homogeneous crystallite-free glasses for x > 5.
Effects of radiation and MediPort placement on the development of thoracic outlet syndrome.

We present a patient who exemplifies the interplay of factors contributing to the development of venous-type thoracic outlet syndrome. The patient was treated with both radiation and chemotherapy f...
Double Dorsiflexion Sign (DDFS) and Double Finger Tap Sign (DFTS): More tricks in the neurologist’s bag for assessing non-physiological weakness? (P5.333)

Objective: Testing accuracy of DDFS and DFTS in identifying inorganic paresis. Background: While physical exam maneuvers, such as the Hoover’s and Abductor sign, can aid in differentiating patients with organic and non-organic weakness, many patients inevitably undergo intracranial imaging for evaluation. We propose two new physical exam techniques, DDFS and DFTS, which can assist in this differentiation. For DDFS, the patient dorsiflexes against resistance in both ankles individually, and then both simultaneously. Both groups of patients will have paresis in the affected limb when individually tested; however, during simultaneous testing, the inorganic patients will have transient improvement in the affected limb, followed by “give way” weakness in both limbs. For DFTS, the patient taps their index finger and thumb together in each hand individually, and then, simultaneously. Both groups of patients will have reduced speed in the affected hand when tested individually; however, during simultaneous testing, non-organic patients will have fluctuating speeds and amplitudes in both hands. Design/Methods: A prospective observational study of patients examined in a single center from 10/2016 – 10/2017. Patients were divided into controls (suspected organic weakness) and cases (suspected in organic weakness). DDF, DFT, Hoover and Abductor signs were performed. The exam findings were cross-verified using CT and MRI imaging, along with, attending assessments. Accuracy of the signs was analyzed using sensitivity and specificity along corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: 19 patients were enrolled, of which 16 were cases and 3 controls. DDFS identified inorganic paresis in 87.5% of patients (14/16) while DFTS identified inorganic paresis in 100% of the patients (11/11). All tests revealed high sensitivity with 100% specificity. Conclusions: In this selected group of patients, DDFS and DFTS appear a reliable method to screen between organic and non-organic paresis. Larger studies are warranted to further assess their validity in isolation, and in conjunction with the other established maneuvers. Disclosure: Dr. Butt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schultz has nothing to disclose.
Proximity and the Pox: Pathologizing Infidelity in Marston’s Dutch Courtesan

Marston’s Dutch Courtesan links the dangers of sexually transmitted infection and false religious doctrine, both spread by the Family of Love. The play finds dark comedy in the syphilis epidemic that urban sexual promiscuity perpetuated and in ridiculous religious heterodoxy. Both seem to thrive on infidelity. By making the tavern-owning Mulligrubs, the sex worker Franceschina, and her bawd Mary Faugh members of the Family of Love, Marston makes the corporeal dangers of illicit sex during an epidemic even more dangerous when its companion is the contagion of Familism, threatening to spread as efficiently as the syphilis ravaging early modern London.
Assimilation of the Pediatric Essential Core Competencies by Professional Physical Therapist Education Programs.

Purpose This study examined the degree to which pediatric essential core competencies (ECCs) are meeting their intended purpose to provide guidance to pediatric educators in professional physical therapy (PT) education programs and to determine facilitators, barriers, and recommendations to implementation of ECCs in curricula. Methods Pediatric PT educators from professional PT education programs were recruited to participate in a survey. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze close-ended questions for frequency of responses and content analysis to generate themes. Results Of the 162 completed surveys, most participants were aware of the ECCs (96%) and used them to inform pediatric curriculum (88%). A mean proportion (86%-95%) of participants perceived their program curricula addressed the ECCs very or moderately well. Multiple themes of facilitators/barriers/recommendations to ECC implementation were determined. Conclusions Most pediatric educators are aware of and using the ECCs to guide pediatric education to prepare graduates for pediatric patients/clients.
A New Measure of State Capacity, 1789-2018

This paper contributes to the literature on state capacity by creating a measure with far more comprehensive data coverage across time than has previously been possible. It uses data from the Varieties of Democracy dataset on fiscal capacity, a state’s control over its territory, the rule of law, and the provision of public goods used to support markets. Like previous literature, it demonstrates the historical prevalence of warfare to predict state capacity. It also links state capacity to economic growth. Unlike previous literature, it is able to test these findings using panel data. We are also able to quantitatively assess the position conjectured by Acemoglu and Robinson (2019) regarding the importance of balance between the power of society and the power of the state. These applications are meant to illustrate the ways in which the measure can improve upon the rigor of existing literature on state capacity.
Fundamental aspects of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta olefin polymerization catalysis: an experimental and computational overview

MgCl2 supported Ziegler–Natta (Z–N) catalysts have emerged as the most exciting chemical process for polyolefin technology, which is responsible for the production of ∼150 million tons of polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene) per annum. However, fundamental chemistry of Z–N catalysts is not fully understood yet due to their multi-component nature as well as heterogeneous systems. Therefore, in this review, we have highlighted the chronological development of a heterogeneous Z–N catalyst and its polymerization (ethylene, propylene and 1-butene) process including termination steps. Then, we have discussed different structural and chemical aspects of the catalyst support, catalytically active sites, cocatalyst, internal/external electron donors and their different combinations. In the last two decades, density functional theory (DFT) has been employed in Z–N systems to strengthen the experimental work as well as to understand mechanistic aspects of Z–N systems. Future directions of Z–N catalysts have also been discussed.
Integration of Biodynamic Imaging and RNA-seq predicts chemotherapy response in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common, aggressive cancer of notorious genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. A major challenge is predicting response to drug treatment that has typically been done using genomic tools alone with little success. A novel method that incorporates phenotypic profiling for predicting the effectiveness of therapy for individual patients is desperately needed. BioDynamic Imaging (BDI) is a technique for measuring time-dependent fluctuations in back-scattered light through living tumor tissues to identify critical changes in intracellular dynamics that are associated with phenotypic response to drugs. In this study, BDI and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data were collected on tumor samples from dogs with naturally occurring DLBCL, an animal model of increasingly recognized relevance to the human disease. BDI and RNA-seq data were combined to identify correlations between gene co-expression modules and linear combinations of biomarkers to provide biological mechanistic interpretations of BDI biomarkers. Using regularized multivariate logistic regression, we combined RNA-seq and BDI data to develop a novel machine learning model to accurately predict the clinical response of canine DLBCL to combination chemotherapy (i.e. CHOP). Our model incorporates data on the expression of 4 genes and 3 BDI-derived phenotypic biomarkers, capturing changes in transcription, microtubule related processes, and apoptosis. These results suggest that multi-scale genomic and phenotypic data integration can identify patients that respond to a given treatment a priori in a disease that has been difficult to treat. Our work provides an important framework for future development of strategies and treatments in precision cancer medicine. Key PointsO_LICombined intracellular Doppler spectra and RNA-seq classify DLBCL samples as sensitive or resistance to CHOP chemotherapy C_LIO_LIKey dynamic features were identified that can be used to classify dogs with naturally-occurring DLBCL as CHOP-sensitive or -resistant C_LI
Surface Segmentation and Description

As discussed previously, we have decided to use surface descriptions segmented at physical boundaries. In particular, we propose that the following surface points and lines are critical for a natural segmentation of the surface: Jump boundaries—where the surface undergoes a discontinuity; Creases—which corresponds to a surface orientation discontinuity.
Direct and Indirect Effectiveness and Safety of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Practice

This chapter reviews both the direct and indirect effects of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into routine use. At this time, available data on vaccine impact are primarily from the United States, reflecting the timing of vaccine introduction. Reports from several sources indicate that the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine had a profound effect on invasive pneumococcal disease (such as bacteremia, bacteremic pneumonia, and meningitis) in children and that the effect occurred quickly following introduction. The shortages of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that occurred between 2001 and 2004 meant that many children received an abbreviated two-dose series, received the primary three-dose series without the fourth (booster) dose, or experienced delays in the scheduled administration of doses. Pneumococci are generally transmitted from persons carrying pneumococci in the nasopharynx to others who become carriers; a small percentage of the new carriers will go on to develop disease. The reduction in carriage of vaccine serotypes in children who have received pneumococcal conjugate vaccine means that fewer vaccine serotype pneumococci are circulating among families, in day care centers, and in the community. Conjugate vaccines as currently designed can protect against only a limited number of the 90 pneumococcal serotypes. Data on vaccine impact on carriage and disease following routine introduction have added a wealth of information on top of that learned from clinical trials.
Chapter 11. Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies focusing on antiviral agents. In one series of double-blind placebo-controlled tests, a total of 58 volunteers were treated with 100 mg of amantadine HC1 or placebo twice daily starting 26 hours prior to infection with influenza A2/Rockville/l/65 and treatment was found to significantly diminish the occurrence and severity of the induced disease. In other study, human volunteers were challenged with influenza A2/Moscow/21/65, A2/Leningrad/133/67, or A2/Hong Kong/1/68. Preliminary reports indicated that prophylactic treatment with 100 or 200 mg of amantadine HCl per day provided a good degree of protection against the disease, which was greater than obtained with vaccine. In addition, it was also reported that drug plus antibody or immune γ-globulin provided an additive effect in these challenge studies. Laboratory experiments with mouse-adapted influenza A2/Taiwan/9/64 in mice indicated that either vaccination or amantadine HC1 treatment provided protection from death and that combined treatment showed an additive effect. In another laboratory study, it was demonstrated that although amantadine HC1 treatment offered a high degree of protection against death in mice infected with influenza A2/Japan/305/57, treatment did not significantly reduce lung titers nor reduce the transmission of infection to recipient mice.
Differentiation-induced gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Characterization of a differentially expressed gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to the activation of transcription of an unidentified gene which encodes a 4.9-kilobase (kb) mRNA. Several cDNAs that include the complete sequence of this mRNA were obtained and used to isolate and characterize the gene. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of both cDNA and genomic clones revealed that the gene encodes the mouse stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), an enzyme known to be expressed upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The predicted amino acid sequence (355 residues) of the mouse 3T3-L1 adipocyte SCD exhibits 92% identity to that of the rat liver SCD. There is also a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity between the mouse and rat mRNAs in their unusually long approximately 3.5-kb 3'-untranslated regions. Mice fed a diet containing unsaturated triacylglycerides express SCD mRNA only in adipose tissue, whereas mice starved and refed a fat-free diet, express SCD mRNA in both liver and adipose tissue. The mouse gene for the desaturase spans approximately 15 kb and contains 6 exons and 5 introns with all intron-exon junctions conforming to the GT/AG splicing rule. As determined by S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension analysis, the transcriptional initiation site maps 152 nucleotides upstream from the initiation methionine codon. A canonical promoter "TATA" box is located 30 base pairs upstream of the Cap site. A typical "CCAAT" box sequence is not present in the adjacent 5'-flanking region; however, there is a GC-rich sequence (at nucleotide -215) similar to the binding site for the nuclear transcription factor Sp1. Upstream from the transcriptional initiation site are elements with homology (approximately 75%) to the putative fat-specific transcriptional element FSE2 and core consensus sequences for cAMP and glucocorticoid regulatory elements. A chimeric construct, containing 363 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence and 30 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated sequence of the mouse SCD gene ligated to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, was transfected into 3T3-L1 cells. When cells were induced to differentiate into adipocytes, expression of the SCD chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene increased approximately 63-fold, suggesting that the SCD promoter region contains elements that mediate the response to adipogenic agents which induce differentiation.
Structural differences in COMECON and EEC agricultural productivity

Abstract Historically, agricultural productivity has been much greater in Western Europe than Eastern Europe. Although productivity now seems to be improving at similar rates in all areas, Western Europe still seems to be about 50% more efficient than Eastern Europe. P.C. van den Noort examines the evidence and suggests the possibility of increased exchange of agricultural products, inputs and expertise.
Alternative Profitability Measures and Marketing Channel Structure

Abstract Analysis of marketing channel structure in general, and the decision to franchise in particular, has assumed that the decision maker is seeking to maximize the long-term economic value of the firm. In this article, we consider an alternative accounting-based objective function. We explore some circumstances that might lead to the use of an accounting-based objective function, including the incentive structure faced by non-owner managers, the life cycle of the firm including an impending initial public offering, and data availability considerations. A simple model of franchisor performance is developed and several scenarios of franchise system expansion examined. Decisions to open franchised or company-owned outlets are compared using the competing objective functions.
Techniques for Efficient Software Checking

Dramatic increases in the number of transistors that can be integrated on a chip make processors more susceptible to radiation-induced transient errors. For commodity chips which are cost- and energy-constrained, we need a flexible and inexpensive technology for fault detection. Software approaches can play a major role for this sector of the market because they need little hardware modifications and can be tailored to fit different requirements of reliability and performance. However, software approaches add a significant overhead. In this paper we propose two novel techniques that reduce the overhead of software error checking approaches. The first technique uses boolean logic to identify code patterns that correspond to outcome tolerant branches. We develop a compiler algorithm that finds those patterns and removes the unnecessary replicas. In the second technique we evaluate the performance benefit obtained by removing address checks before load and stores. In addition, we evaluate the overheads that can be removed when the register file is protected in hardware. Our experimental results show that the first technique improves performance by an average 7% for three of the SPEC benchmarks. The second technique can reduce overhead by up-to 50% when the most aggressive optimization is applied.
Model Studies of Wind Loads on Flat-Top Cylinders

Experimental results are presented for wind tunnel tests on a series of model cylinders of varying height-to-diameter ratio, where the cylinder is mounted on the floor of the tunnel in a significantly thick boundary layer. Cylinder heights were increased until no significant changed occurred in the pressure distribution on the flat top. Comparisons of results are made with existing literature and possible extrapolation of results to full scale are examined. Data for the two extreme cases of cylinder heights were analyzed numerically by use of a digital computer and equations for pressure distribution on the cylinder and flat top were obtained. The equations axe developed in a form most useful for subsequent shell stress and deformation analyses.
Improving Data Movement Performance for Sparse Data Patterns on the Blue Gene/Q Supercomputer

In-situ analysis has been proposed as a promising solution to glean faster insight and to reduce the amount of data written out to storage. A critical challenge here is that the reduced dataset needed to visualize a specific region of interest as the simulation is running is typically held on a subset of the nodes and needs to be written out to storage. Coupled multiphysics simulations also produce a sparse data pattern wherein data movement occurs among a subset of nodes. We evaluate the performance of these data patterns and propose several mechanisms for improving performance. Our mechanisms introduce intermediate nodes to implement multiple paths to transfer data on top of default routing algorithms and utilize topology-aware data aggregation to avoid shared bottleneck links. The efficacy of our solutions is evaluated through microbenchmarks and application benchmarks on an IBM Blue Gene/Q system scaling up to 131,072 compute cores. The results show that our algorithms achieve up to a 2X improvement in achievable throughput compared to the default mechanisms.
Metal Forming: Mechanics and Metallurgy

1. Stress and strain 2. Plasticity 3. Strain hardening 4. Plastic instability 5. Temperature and strain-rate dependence 6. Work balance 7. Slab analysis and friction 8. Friction and lubrication 9. Upper-bound analysis 10. Slip-line field analysis 11. Deformation zone geometry 12. Formability 13. Bending 14. Plastic anisotropy 15. Cupping, redrawing and ironing 16. Forming limit diagrams 17. Stamping 18. Hydroforming 19. Other sheet forming operations 20. Formability tests 21. Sheet metal properties.
The Non-Preferment Principle and the 'Racial Tiebreaker' Cases

In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1, 127 S.Ct. 2738 (2007), the Justices again divided 5-4, issuing impassioned disagreements over the extent to which public schools may invoke diversity as a compelling purpose for the use of racial classifications when making certain admissions and transfer decisions, and whether the plans under challenge were narrowly tailored to serve that purpose. As long as analysis of racial classification cases turns on the familiar two-prong inquiry into whether government has asserted a compelling interest and, if so, whether, the challenged program reflects narrow tailoring, the Court's jurisprudence in this area will prove deeply unsatisfying and difficult to predict. We customarily think of equal protection from the stand-point of preventing the state from visiting physical or other harm either directly through its instrumentalities or indirectly by withholding the customary protective force of the law and law enforcement authorities. But because the state can also violate equal protection by distributing goods and services or other valuable benefits or opportunities to members of a favored group rather than to those of a disfavored one - indeed, the classic concern over withholding of law enforcement resources is itself a form of discriminatory distribution of a government benefit - a better conceptual approach may be to think of equal protection as based on a principle of state neutrality or state non-preferment of members of one racial or ethnic group over those of another. I call this the non-preferment principle. The non-preferment principle does a fairly good job of explaining the course of Supreme Court decision-making in this area. It also helps explain Justice Kennedy's critical fifth vote for the judgment in Parents Involved: Where the state acts through racially neutral means, there is no preferential allocation of government goods and services on the basis of one's race. There is, for example, no racial division of the spoils, no basis for constitutional concern when a magnet school is created in a poor neighborhood, even if turns out to be predominated by African-Americans or Hispanics; or if the top 10 percent of every high school class is automatically granted admission to the state university system; or if active recruiting for students takes place in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. The key question is whether the opportunity is allocated on the basis of race or ethnic group status and is available on equal terms to all races and ethnic groups. Under the non-preferment principle, there is also no warrant for strict scrutiny because the government classification is not based on race. Hence, one can avoid the conceptual awkwardness of recognizing an interest as compelling and yet declaring off-limits all direct means of pursuing the objective. One can deal affirmatively with the problem of equality through means that are consistent with government neutrality on matters of race and ethnicity.
Psychological Contributors to the Failure to Anticipate Unintended Consequences

History is replete with well-intentioned actions and policies that have resulted in dramatic unintended consequences. We review evidence that several psychological biases result in an overly narrow focus on the intended consequences of acts and, consequently, tendencies to ignore or give too little weight to potential unintended consequences. First, a motivated desire for the intended consequences of acts can blind people to the likelihood of alternative possibilities. We review evidence that people process information and evidence in biased ways, leaving them overconfident that the desired consequences will come to pass. Second, even in the absence of motives regarding potential consequences, biases in cognition lead people to focus their attention narrowly on intended consequences in a way that limits their consideration of important alternative, unintended consequences. We review how biases toward focalism and anchoring contribute to a failure to foresee unintended consequences. Finally, we review evidence that subtle manipulations of both motivation and attention can be used to increase the focus and weight given to potential unintended consequences and, consequently, improve anticipation.
Effects of hibernation on gut motility in thirteen-lined ground squirrels (1110.4)

Hibernating animals experience dramatic changes in the structure and functions of their digestive system along with other body organ systems. Gut motility helps to propel food along the digestive t...