cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twofold Video Hashing With Automatic Synchronization

As a robust media representation technique, video hashing is frequently used in near-duplicate detection, video authentication, and antipiracy search. Distortions to a video may include spatial modifications to each frame, temporal de-synchronization, and joint spatio-temporal attacks. To address the increasingly difficult case of finding videos under spatio-temporal modifications, we propose a new framework called two-stage video hashing. First, an efficient automatic synchronization is achieved using dynamic time warping (DTW) and a complementary video comparison measure is developed based on flow hashing (FH), which is extracted from the synchronized videos. Next, a fusion mechanism called distance boosting is proposed to fuse the information extracted by DTW and FH in a future–proof manner in the sense whenever model retraining is needed, the existing hash vectors do not need to be regenerated. Experiments on real video collections show that such a hash extraction and fusion method enables unprecedented robustness under both spatial and temporal attacks.
Architecture of the Florida power grid as a complex network

Abstract We study the Florida high-voltage power grid as a technological network embedded in space. Measurements of geographical lengths of transmission lines, the mixing of generators and loads, the weighted clustering coefficient, as well as the organization of edge conductance weights show a complex architecture quite different from random-graph models usually considered. In particular, we introduce a parametrized mixing matrix to characterize the mixing pattern of generators and loads in the Florida Grid, which is intermediate between the random mixing case and the semi-bipartite case where generator–generator transmission lines are forbidden. Our observations motivate an investigation of optimization (design) principles leading to the structural organization of power grids. We thus propose two network optimization models for the Florida Grid as a case study. Our results show that the Florida Grid is optimized not only by reducing the construction cost (measured by the total length of power lines), but also through reducing the total pairwise edge resistance in the grid, which increases the robustness of power transmission between generators and loads against random line failures. We then embed our models in spatial areas of different aspect ratios and study how this geometric factor affects the network structure, as well as the box-counting fractal dimension of the grids generated by our models.
Second-order phase theory in multiple-aperture systems

We establish the groundwork for a phase theory applicable to multiple-aperture systems. We examine the phase behavior of a reference system with rotational symmetry, and then examine the phase behavior of a system with only a single plane of symmetry assumed. A comparison of the two systems leads to the mathematical conditions for which one branch of a multiple-aperture system has ideal behavior.
Adding the Everywhere Operator to Propositional Logic

Sound and complete modal propositional logic C is presented, in which "P" has the interpretation "P is true in all states". The interpretation is already known as the Carnapian extension of S5. A new axiomatization for C provides two insights. First, introducing an inference rule "textual substitution" allows seamless integration of the propositional and modal parts of the logic, giving a more practical system for writing formal proofs. Second, the two following approaches to axiomatizing a logic are shown to be not equivalent: (i) give axiom schemes that denote an infinite number of axioms and (ii) write a finite number of axioms in terms of propositional variables and introduce a substitution inference rule.
Semiclassical scattering in Yang-Mills theory

Abstract A classical solution to the Yang-Mills theory is given a semiclassical interpretation. The boundary value problem on a complex time contour which arises from the semiclassical approximation to multiparticle scattering amplitudes is reviewed and applied to the case of Yang-Mills theory. The solution describes a classically forbidden transition between states with a large average number of particles in the limit g → 0. It dominates a transition probability with a semiclassical suppression factor equal to twice the action of the well-known BPST instanton. Hence, it is relevant to the problem of high-energy tunnelling. It describes transitions of unit topological charge for an appropriate time contour. Therefore, it may have a direct interpretation in terms of fermion-number violating processes in electroweak theory. The solution describes a transition between an initial state with parametrically fewer particles than the final state. Thus, it may be relevant to the study of semiclassical initial-state corrections in the limit of a small number of initial particles. The implications of these results for multiparticle production in electroweak theory are also discussed.
Ultraviolet and Optical Observations of OB Associations and Field Stars in the Southwest Region of the Large Magellanic Cloud

Using ultraviolet photometry from the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) combined with photometry and spectroscopy from three ground-based optical data sets we have analyzed the stellar content of OB associations and field areas in and around the regions N79, N81, N83, and N94 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. In particular, we compare data for the OB association Lucke-Hodge 2 (LH 2) to determine how strongly the initial mass function (IMF) may depend on different photometric reductions and calibrations. Although the data sets exhibit median photometric differences of up to 30%, the resulting uncorrected IMFs are reasonably similar, typically Γ ~ -1.6 in the 5–60 M⊙ mass range. However, when we correct for the background contribution of field stars, the calculated IMF flattens to Γ = -1.3 ± 0.2 (similar to the Salpeter IMF slope). This change underlines the importance of correcting for field star contamination in determinations of the IMF of star formation regions. It is possible that even in the case of an universal IMF, the variability of the density of background stars could be the dominant factor creating the differences between calculated IMFs for OB associations. We have also combined the UIT data with the most extensive of these ground-based optical data sets—the Magellanic Cloud Photometric Survey—to study the distribution of the candidate O-type stars in the field. We find a significant fraction, roughly half, of the candidate O-type stars are found in field regions, far from any obvious OB associations (in accord with the 1982 suggestions of Garmany, Conti, & Chiosi for O-type stars in the solar neighborhood). These stars are greater than 2' (30 pc) from the boundaries of existing OB associations in the region, which is a distance greater than most O-type stars with typical dispersion velocities will travel in their lifetimes. The origin of these massive field stars (either as runaways, members of low-density star-forming regions, or examples of isolated massive star formation) will have to be determined by further observations and analysis.
Kinetics of salicylates in blood and joint fluid

Samples of blood and joint fluid from 30 patients who had taken buffered acetylsalicylic acid were examined for concentrations of total salicylates (TSA), acetylsalicylate (ASA) and salicylate (SA). The data were arranged in groups according to diagnosis of the joint disease. Analysis of the data did not show significant difference in the kinetics of TSA into blood. In groups the time to first appearance of 0.3 mg/l averaged 6.3 min for TSA; these values averaged 7.7 min for ASA and 10.9 min for SA. Close to maximum concentrations in blood averaged 18.9 mg/l for TSA, 3.3 mg/l for ASA, and 23.3 mg/l for SA. The time for first appearance of 0.3 mg/l of total salicylates in joint fluid ranged from 10 to 34 min with an average of 18.1 min; the values of ASA averaged 19.4 min and those of SA 21.9 min. The maximum concentration in joint fluid averaged 15.7 mg/l for TSA, 2.5 mg/l for ASA, and 14.5 mg/l for SA. Transport of salicylates from blood to joint fluid showed a pattern consistent with the type of joint disease. Support was found for the hypothesis that diffusion was the major factor in the movement of salicylates from blood to joint fluid.
Pd(II)-Catalyzed Amination of C−H Bonds Using Single-Electron or Two-electron Oxidants

Pd(II)-catalyzed intramolecular amination of arenes is developed using either a one- or two-electron oxidant. The reaction protocol tolerates a wide range of deactivating groups including acetyl, cyano, and nitro groups. This catalytic reaction allows expedient syntheses of broadly useful substituted indolines or indoles.
Uranyl-peroxide interactions favor nanocluster self-assembly.

Uranyl peroxide polyhedra are known to self-assemble into complex closed clusters with fullerene and other topologies containing as many as 60 polyhedra. Here clusters containing 20 uranyl pentagonal triperoxides have been isolated and characterized that assume the smallest possible fullerene topology consisting only of 12 pentagons. Oxalate has been used to crystallize fragments of larger uranyl peroxide clusters, and these fragments and other known structures indicate that the U−O2−U dihedral angle is inherently bent. Such bending is thought to be essential in directing the self-assembly of uranyl peroxide polyhedra into closed clusters.
Escape of Ionizing Radiation from High-Redshift Galaxies

We model the escape of ionizing radiation from high-redshift galaxies using high-resolution adaptive mesh refinement N-body + hydrodynamics simulations. Our simulations include the time-dependent and spatially resolved transfer of ionizing radiation in three dimensions, including the effects of dust absorption. For galaxies of total mass M 1011 M☉ and star formation rates SFR ≈ 1–5 M☉ yr−1, we find angular averaged escape fractions of 1%-3% over the entire redshift interval studied (3 < z < 9). In addition, we find that the escape fraction varies by more than an order of magnitude along different lines of sight within individual galaxies, from the largest values near galactic poles to the smallest along the galactic disk. The escape fraction declines steeply at lower masses and SFR. We show that the low values of escape fractions are due to a small fraction of young stars located just outside the edge of the H I disk. This fraction, and hence the escape fraction, is progressively smaller in disks of smaller galaxies because their H I disks are thicker and more extended relative to the distribution of young stars compared to massive galaxies. We compare our predicted escape fraction of ionizing photons with previous results and find a general agreement with both other simulation results and available direct detection measurements at z ~ 3. We also compare our simulations with a novel method to estimate the escape fraction in galaxies from the observed distribution of neutral hydrogen column densities along the lines of sight to long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs). Using this method we find escape fractions of the GRB host galaxies of 2%-3%, consistent with our theoretical predictions. Our results thus suggest that high-redshift galaxies are inefficient in releasing ionizing radiation produced by young stars into the intergalactic medium.
An analytic model for parallel computation

A multiprocessor (MP) system is defined to be two or more independent processing units accessing a common memory for instructions and data. The common memory may be divided into independently accessible banks. A parallel program is a program operating on an MP system which makes use of more than one processing unit to achieve its computational goals.An analytic model is constructed which exposes certain properties of parallel programs, based on certain idealized assumptions. These assumptions are that:1. the program algorithm may be divided into independent parallel-executable sections in any way desired;2. the program is compute-bound, so that input-output considerations do not affect its behavior;3. there exist linear cost functions for elapsed time and for computer time used;4. initiation and termination of each independent activity of a parallel program incurs an identical amount of overhead;5. competition for access to storage causes degradation in performance, manifested as reduced computational speed; and6. references to storage are independently and uniformly distributed.Under these assumptions, the model gives an optimal number of processing units to use for the program in order to achieve minimum cost. This optimum is dependent on the overhead, the degradation, and the ratio of the cost of elapsed time to the cost of computer time. In the limit of very large compute time, a bound for the cost ratio is established, below which the use of parallel methods is not economically feasible. This lower bound depends only on the behavior of the degradation factor. Further analysis shows that the degradation factor is linear in the number of processing units employed, inversely linear in the number of independent storage banks, and quadratic in the relative storage accessing rate.A Monte Carlo model was constructed by J. L. Rosenfeld which gave similar results for those situations where the assumptions of the two models coincided.
The Impact of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act On The Risk of Savings Institutions

The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) of 1989 was intended to enhance the safety of savings institutions. We develop and test a model showing how institution-specific characteristics modify the overall effect of FIRREA on the risk of savings institutions. Our model incorporates market risk, interest rate risk, and exposure to real estate conditions. We find that risk shifts vary across savings institutions. Larger institutions exhibit no obvious shift in risk, while smaller institutions show reduced risk since FIRREA. Moreover, the effects are more favorable for institutions that maintained higher capital levels in response to FIRREA's provisions.
Large‐ring, chromogenic benzocrown compounds

Eight novel, large-ring chromogenic benzocrown compounds have been synthesized. Two incorporate 19-and 20-membered crown units with six ring oxygens. Six others contain large rings ranging from 21-crown-7 to 30-crown-10. For all six benzocrown compounds, the 4′-(2″,4″-dinitro-6″-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino group was employed as the chromogenic unit. In addition, 4′-picrylamino and 4′-(2″,6″-dinitro-4″-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino groups were also attached to benzo-21-crown-7.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE LIGHTEST MOLYBDENUM ISOTOPES

We discuss implications of recent precision measurements for the 93Rh proton separation energy for the production of the lightest molybdenum isotopes in proton-rich Type II supernova (SN II) ejecta. It has recently been shown that a novel neutrino-induced process makes these ejecta a promising site for the production of the light molybdenum isotopes and other p-nuclei with atomic mass near 100. The origin of these isotopes has long been uncertain. A distinguishing feature of nucleosynthesis in neutrino-irradiated outflows is that the relative production of 92Mo and 94Mo is set by a competition governed by the proton separation energy of 93Rh. We use the detailed nuclear network calculations and the recent experimental results for this proton separation energy to place constraints on the outflow characteristics that produce the lightest molybdenum isotopes in their solar proportions. It is found that for the conditions calculated in recent two-dimensional SN simulations, and also for a large range of outflow characteristics around these conditions, the solar ratio of 92Mo to 94Mo cannot be achieved. This suggests that either proton-rich winds from SNe II do not exclusively produce both isotopes, or that these winds are qualitatively different than calculated in today's SN models.
Effects of halo substructure on the power spectrum and bispectrum

We study the effects of halo substructure and a distribution in the concentration parameter of haloes on large-scale structure statistics. The effects on the power spectrum and bispectrum are studied on the smallest scales accessible from future surveys. We compare halo-model predictions with results based on N-body simulations, but also extend our predictions to 10-kpc scales which will be probed by future simulations. We find that weak-lensing surveys proposed for the coming decade can probe the power spectrum on small enough scales to detect substructure in massive haloes. We discuss the prospects of constraining the mass fraction in substructure in view of partial degeneracies with parameters such as the tilt and running of the primordial power spectrum.
Room-temperature synthesis of CuInQ2 (Q = S or Se) in non-aqueous solution using an organoindium reagent

We have discovered a novel two-phase synthesis of CuInSe2 at 25 deg C from Cu2Se and (C5H5)3In in 4-methylpyridine (4-MePy). An analogous reaction to produce CuInS2 must be run at 140 deg C in refluxing 4-MePy in the presence of 2-mercaptopyridine. Microscopy of CuInSe2 produced at 25 deg C shows it to be platelet-shaped crystallites with an approximate particle size of 10 microns, less than 2 percent C and H, with a small amount of unidentified crystalline impurity. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to produce from solution a material that is ordinarily synthesized in bulk or films at much higher temperatures or using extraneous reagents and/or electrons.
Enrichment of the intergalactic medium by radiation pressure driven dust efflux

The presence of metals in hot cluster gas and in Lyα absorbers, as well as the mass-metallicity relation of observed galaxies, suggest that galaxies lose a significant fraction of their metals to the intergalactic medium (IGM). Theoretical studies of this process have concentrated on metal removal by dynamical processes or supernova-driven winds. Here we investigate the enrichment of the IGM by the expulsion of dust grains from galaxies by radiation pressure. We use already completed cosmological simulations to which we add dust, assuming that most dust can reach the equilibrium point between radiation pressure and gravitational forces. We find that the expulsion of dust and its subsequent (partial) destruction in the IGM can plausibly account for the observed level of C and Si enrichment of the z = 3 IGM. At low z, dust ejection and destruction could explain a substantial fraction of the metals in clusters, but it cannot account for all of the chemical species observed. Dust expelled by radiation pressure could give clusters a visual opacity of up to 0.2-0.5 mag in their central regions, even after destruction by the hot intracluster medium; this value is interestingly close to limits and claimed observations of cluster extinction. We also comment on the implications of our results for the opacity of the general IGM. Finally, we suggest a possible "hybrid" scenario in which winds expel gas and dust into galaxy halos but in which radiation pressure distributes the dust uniformly through the IGM.
Integrated Protection System Design for Shipboard Power System

This paper presents an advanced protection system design for the main power system of an all-electric ship. Considering the unique characteristics of shipboard power systems, current differential scheme has been chosen as the most reliable primary protection scheme. A graph-theory-based algorithm automatically assigns input currents to their proper differential protection zone. Based on these assignments, the protection scheme trips the minimal number of breakers to isolate a fault. This connection between the graph-theory algorithm and breaker assignments enables the protection system to be adaptive with different configurations. As an extension to these fast fault detection and isolation functions, the fast reconfiguration algorithm is developed to maintain the power balance of the remainder power system after a severe fault with the aim of reducing the impact of fault to the minimum.
Algorithms for graph partitioning on the planted partition model

The NP-hard graph bisection problem is to partition the nodes of an undirected graph into two equal-sized groups so as to minimize the number of edges that cross the partition. The more general graph l-partition problem is to partition the nodes of an undirected graph into l equal-sized groups so as to minimize the total number of edges that cross between groups. We present a simple, linear-time algorithm for the graph l-partition problem and we analyze it on a random “planted l-partition” model. In this model, the n nodes of a graph are partitioned into l groups, each of size n/l; two nodes in the same group are connected by an edge with some probability p, and two nodes in different groups are connected by an edge with some probability r<p. We show that if p−r≥n−1/2+ϵ for some constant ϵ, then the algorithm finds the optimal partition with probability 1− exp(−nΘ(e)). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18: 116–140, 2001
DEMONSTRATION OF ULTRA HI-FI (UHF) METHODS

Computational aero-acoustics (CAA) requires efficient, high-resolution simulation tools. Most current techniques utilize finite-difference approaches because high order accuracy is considered too difficult or expensive to achieve with finite volume or finite element methods. However, a novel finite volume approach i.e. ultra hi-fi (UHF) which utilizes Hermite fluxes is presented which can achieve both arbitrary accuracy and fidelity in space and time. The technique can be applied to unstructured grids with some loss of fidelity or with multi-block structured grids for maximum efficiency and resolution. In either paradigm, it is possible to resolve ultra-short waves (defined as waves having wavelengths that are shorter than a grid cell). This is demonstrated here by solving the 4th CAA workshop Category 1 Problem 1.
Supersymmetric integrable scattering theories with unstable particles

We propose scattering matrices for N = 1 supersymmetric integrable quantum field theories in 1+1 dimensions which involve unstable particles in their spectra. By means of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz we analyze the ultraviolet behaviour of some of these theories and identify the effective Virasoro central charge of the underlying conformal field theories.
Zero forcing sets and bipartite circulants

Abstract In this paper we introduce a class of regular bipartite graphs whose biadjacency matrices are circulant matrices – a generalization of circulant graphs which happen to be bipartite – and we describe some of their properties. Notably, we compute upper and lower bounds for the zero forcing number for such a graph based only on the parameters that describe its biadjacency matrix. The main results of the paper characterize the bipartite circulant graphs that achieve equality in the lower bound and compute their minimum ranks.
C-glycosides to fused polycyclic ethers. An efficient entry into the A-D ring system of gambierol.

This Letter describes our use of C-glycosides to synthesize the A−D ring system of the marine ladder toxin gambierol in 20 steps.
Dynamic Force Response of an Open-Ended Squeeze Film Damper

The effects of whirl frequency and lubricant viscosity on the experimental pressure field and film forces in an open-ended squeeze film damper test rig are presented. The measurements refer to circular centered journal motion of amplitude equal to one half the damper clearance ([epsilon] = 0.5). The whirl frequency varied between 16 Hz and 85 Hz, while the lubricant temperature increased from 25 C to 45 C. The damper operated with levels of external pressurization that suppressed lubricant cavitation. The experimental results show conclusively that the radial film force is purely an inertial effect, i.e., it depends solely on the fluid density and the second power of the whirl frequency. The tangential film force shows a variation that depends on the viscous and inertial flow conditions in the squeeze film region. Correlation of experimental forces with conventional SFD models shows the radial force to be [pi] times larger than the theoretical prediction, while the tangential force correlates well for low whirl frequencies and large lubricant viscosities.
Frankenstein's Glue: Transition functions for approximate solutions

Approximations are commonly employed to find approximate solutions to the Einstein equations. These solutions, however, are usually only valid in some specific spacetime region. A global solution can be constructed by gluing approximate solutions together, but this procedure is difficult because discontinuities can arise, leading to large violations of the Einstein equations. In this paper, we provide an attempt to formalize this gluing scheme by studying transition functions that join approximate analytic solutions together. In particular, we propose certain sufficient conditions on these functions and prove that these conditions guarantee that the joined solution still satisfies the Einstein equations analytically to the same order as the approximate ones. An example is also provided for a binary system of non-spinning black holes, where the approximate solutions are taken to be given by a post-Newtonian expansion and a perturbed Schwarzschild solution. For this specific case, we show that if the transition functions satisfy the proposed conditions, then the joined solution does not contain any violations to the Einstein equations larger than those already inherent in the approximations. We further show that if these functions violate the proposed conditions, then the matter content of the spacetime is modified by the introduction of a matter shell, whose stress–energy tensor depends on derivatives of these functions.
Welfare Impacts of the 1998 Financial Crisis in Russia and the Response of the Public Safety Net

We compare welfare indicators for a nationally-representative sample of Russians interviewed shortly after the 1998 financial crisis with data on the same people two years earlier. Both objective and subjective measures reveal a widespread, though not universal, deterioration in welfare. Current expenditures generally contracted more than incomes. Inequality fell. There were both gainers and losers at all levels. The safety net's response fell far short of what was needed to protect living standards, but it did help prevent even greater poverty. Even without better targeting, a modest expansion of the safety net could have prevented an increase in income poverty in the aftermath of the crisis.
Hydrogenation and H-D exchange of chemisorbed ethylene on Ni(100) under vacuum

Abstract Thermal desorption (TDS) and high-resolution electron energy loss (HREELS) spectroscopies have been used to study the reactivity of ethylene with coadsorbed hydrogen on Ni(100) surfaces under vacuum conditions. Hydrogen coadsorption weakens ethylene chemisorption, decreasing the activation barrier and increasing the desorption yield compared to those of the unmodified ethylene adsorption. HD exchange in ethylene takes place to a large extent; up to 20–30% of the molecules go through at least one exchange reaction before desorbing. Ethylene hydrogenation competes with both molecular desorption and HD exchange and is very sensitive to chemisorption geometries. The yields and energetics of all three reactions are greatly influenced by the relative coverages and the order of dosing between ethylene and hydrogen.
Structural, electronic, and hydriding properties of Li2MgSi

Abstract An investigation of Li2MgSi, with particular emphasis on its potential as a hydrogen storage material, is reported. A cubic P 4 ¯ 3 m crystal structure, differing from previous determinations, is established. We find that the material reversibly sorbs ∼2.8 mass% hydrogen at T ∼ 300 °C according to the reaction Li2MgSi + H2 ↔ ½Mg2Si + 2LiH + ½Si. Electronic structure calculations indicate that Li2MgSi is a semiconductor with a small, indirect gap of ∼0.2 eV.
Measurements of 3D velocity and scalar field for a film-cooled airfoil trailing edge

The 3D velocity and concentration fields have been measured for flow in a pressure side cutback trailing edge film cooling geometry consisting of rectangular film cooling slots separated by tapered lands. The velocity field was measured using conventional magnetic resonance velocimetry, and the concentration distribution was measured with a refined magnetic resonance concentration technique that yields experimental uncertainties for the concentration between 5 and 6%. All experiments were performed in water. A separation bubble behind the slot lip entrains coolant and promotes rapid turbulent mixing at the upper edge of the coolant jet. Vortices from inside the slot feed channel and on the upper sides of the lands rapidly distort the initially rectangular shape of the coolant stream and sweep mainstream flow toward the airfoil surface. The vortices also prevent any coolant from reaching the upper surfaces of the land. At the trailing edge, a second separation region exists in the blunt trailing edge wake. The flow forms suction side streaks behind the land tips, as well as streaks behind the slot centers on the pressure side. The peak coolant concentrations in the streaks remain above 25% through the end of the measurement domain, over 30 slot heights downstream.
The Importance of Distinguishing Errors from Irregularities in Restatement Research: The Case of Restatements and CEO/CFO Turnover

ABSTRACT: Research on restatements has grown significantly in recent years. Many of these studies test hypotheses about the causes and consequences of intentional managerial misreporting but rely on restatement data (such as the GAO database) that contains both irregularities (intentional misstatements) and errors (unintentional misstatements). We argue that researchers can significantly enhance the power of tests related to restatements by distinguishing between errors and irregularities, particularly in recent periods when the relative frequency of error-related restatements is increasing. Based on prior research, the reading of numerous restatement announcements, and the guidance that boards receive from lawyers, auditors, and the SEC on how to respond to suspicions of deliberate misreporting, we propose a straightforward procedure for classifying restatements as either errors or irregularities. We show that most of the restatements we classify as irregularities are followed by fraud-related class acti...
R&D subsidy games: a cost sharing approach vs. reward for performance

This paper investigates government subsidy games for private sector research and development (R&D) in a two-country two-firm intra-industry trade model. Two funding structures are compared: “cost sharing” vs. “reward for performance.” Both the theoretical evidence and the results of a Monte Carlo simulation suggest that cost sharing is associated with higher social surplus and quality improvement because it prompts the firm to do more R&D. In a cost sharing program government and firm R&D are always complements. In the reward for performance program government and firm R&D may be complements, but are usually substitutes. In the Monte Carlo results the average firm contribution to R&D expenditure is actually negative with a reward for performance funding structure—raising the question of whether it might be construed as corporate welfare. Finally, the paper characterizes funding priorities for both structures in the case when subsidy dollars are scarce and when they are not.
A Write-Back-Free 2T1D Embedded DRAM With Local Voltage Sensing and a Dual-Row-Access Low Power Mode

A gain cell embedded DRAM (eDRAM) in a 65 nm LP process achieves a 1.0 GHz random read access frequency by eliminating the write-back operation. The read bitline swing of the 2T1D cell is improved by employing short local bitlines connected to local voltage sense amplifiers. A low-overhead dual-row access mode improves the worst-case cell retention time by 3X, minimizing standby power at times when only a fraction of the entire memory is utilized. Measurement results from a 64 kb eDRAM test chip in 65 nm CMOS demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed circuit techniques.
Transient analysis of thin-film structures

Abstract To provide the designer of digital circuits with the potential of a recently developed class of micro-system structures, consisting of thin films of resistance plated on a dielectric substrate, the transient behaviour of these components was investigated analytically and experimentally. A survey was made of alternative approaches for computing the transient response. For arbitrary termination and drive, two methods proved effective: one primarily of mathematical significance, the other of more practical use to the circuit designer. Following the second approach, a lumped model based on physical phenomena was developed and demonstrated to be optimum for circuit design. Experimental agreement with wave shape and response time was excellent.
To sigmoid-based functional description of the volatility smile

Abstract We propose a new static parameterization of the implied volatility surface which is constructed by using polynomials of sigmoid functions combined with some other terms. This parameterization is flexible enough to fit market implied volatilities which demonstrate smile or skew. An arbitrage-free calibration algorithm is considered that constructs the implied volatility surface as a grid in the strike-expiration space and guarantees a lack of arbitrage at every node of this grid. We also demonstrate how to construct an arbitrage-free interpolation and extrapolation in time, as well as build a local volatility and implied pdf surfaces. Asymptotic behavior of this parameterization is discussed, as well as results on stability of the calibrated parameters are presented. Numerical examples show robustness of the proposed approach in building all these surfaces as well as demonstrate a better quality of the fit as compared with some known models.
Carbon Nanotube-Based Digital Vacuum Electronics and Miniature Instrumentation for Space Exploration

JPL has developed high performance cold cathodes using arrays of carbon nanotube bundles that produce > 15 A/cm 2 at applied fields of 5 to 8 V/μm without any beam focusing. They have exhibited robust operation in poor vacuums of 10 -6 to 10 -4 Torr- a typically achievable range inside hermetically sealed microcavities. Using these CNT cathodes JPL has developed miniature X-ray tubes capable of delivering sufficient photon flux at acceleration voltages of <20kV to perform definitive mineralogy on planetary surfaces; mass ionizers that offer two orders of magnitude power savings, and S/N ratio better by a factor of five over conventional ionizers. JPL has also developed a new class of programmable logic gates using CNT vacuum electronics potentially for Venus in situ missions and defense applications. These "digital" vacuum electronic devices are inherently high-temperature tolerant and radiation insensitive. Device design, fabrication and DC switching operation at temperatures up to 700° C are presented in this paper.
Extracting Structural Information of a Heteropolymer from Force-Extension Curves

We present a theory for the reverse analysis on the sequence information on a single H/P two-letter random heteropolymer (RHP) from its force−extension (f−z) curves during quasi static stretching. Upon stretching of a self-assembled RHP, it undergoes several structural transitions. The typical elastic response of a heteropolymeric globule is a set of overlapping saw-tooth patterns. With consideration of the height and the position of the overlapping saw-tooth shape, we analyze the possibility of extracting the binding energies of the internal domains and the corresponding block sizes of the contributing conformations.
1,6‐Enyne Cyclizations Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Supported Gold Complexes: Deconvoluting Sterics and Electronics

A series of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) supported gold(I) complexes were synthesized, characterized in solution as well as in the solid state, and examined as precatalysts for 1,6-enyne cycloisomerization reactions. The product mixtures obtained for a variety of 1,6-enyne isomerizations were governed primarily by the electronic properties of the aforementioned precatalysts. In particular, precatalysts containing electronic-rich NHC ligands showed increased selectivity for bicyclic products, whereas analogous precatalysts supported by electron-deficient NHCs preferentially afforded olefinic products.
Deep submillimeter surveys: Luminous infrared galaxies at high redshift

Abstract Deep surveys at 850 μ m from Mauna Kea using the SCUBA camera on the JCMT appear to have discovered a substantial population of ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs: L ir > 10 12 L ⊙ ) at high redshift ( z ∼ 1–4). The cumulative space density of these sources (∼ 10 4 deg −2 with S 850 > 1 mJy) is sufficient to account for nearly all of the extragalactic background light at submillimeter wavelengths. Current estimates of the redshift distribution suggest a peak in the comoving space density of SCUBA sources at z = 1 − 3, similar to what is observed for QSOs and radio galaxies. The luminosity density in the far-infrared/submillimeter exceeds that in the UV by factors of 3–10 over this redshift range, implying that as much as 80–90 % of the “activity” in galaxies at z ≲ 4 is hidden by dust. The SCUBA sources plausibly represent the primary epoch in the formation of spheroids and massive black holes triggered by major mergers of gas-rich disks.
Calculation of two-phase dispersed droplet-in-vapor flows including normal shock waves

A method for calculating quasi-one-dimensional, steady-state, two-phase dispersed droplet-in-vapor flow has been developed. The technique is applicable to both subsonic and supersonic single component flow in which normal shock waves may occur, and is the basis for a two-dimensional model. The flow is assumed to be inviscid except for droplet drag. Temperature and pressure equilibrium between phases is assumed, although this is not a requirement of the technique. Example calculations of flow in one-dimensional nozzles with and without normal shocks are given and compared with experimentally measured pressure profiles for both low quality and high quality two-phase steam-water flow.
Confidence, opinions of market efficiency, and investment behavior of finance professors

Abstract We identify finance professors’ opinions on the efficiency of the stock markets in the United States and assess whether their views on efficiency influence their investing behavior. Employing a survey distributed to over 4,000 professors, we obtain four main results. First, most professors believe the market is weak to semi-strong efficient. Second, twice as many professors passively invest than actively invest. Third, our respondents’ perceptions regarding market efficiency are almost entirely un related to their trading behavior. Fourth, the investment objectives of professors are, instead, largely driven by the same behavioral factor as for amateur investors–one's confidence in his own abilities to beat the market, independent of his opinion of market efficiency.
The Ocean and Crust of a Rapidly Accreting Neutron Star: Implications for Magnetic Field Evolution and Thermonuclear Flashes

We investigate the atmospheres, oceans, and crusts of neutron stars accreting at rates sufficiently high (typically in excess of the local Eddington limit) to stabilize the burning of accreted hydrogen and helium. For hydrogen-rich accretion at global rates in excess of 10-8 M☉ yr-1 (typical of a few neutron stars), we discuss the thermal state of the deep ocean and crust and their coupling to the neutron star core, which is heated by conduction (from the crust) and cooled by neutrino emission. We estimate the Ohmic diffusion time in the hot, deep crust and find that it is noticeably shortened (to less than 108 yr) from the values characteristic of the colder crusts in slowly accreting neutron stars. As suggested by Konar & Bhattacharya, at high accretion rates the flow timescale competes with the Ohmic diffusion time in determining the evolution of the crust magnetic field. At a global accretion rate of ≈ 3 × 10−9 M☉ yr-1, the Ohmic diffusion time across a scale height equals the flow time over a large range of densities in the outer crust. In the inner crust (below the neutron drip), the diffusion time is always longer than the flow time for sub-Eddington accretion rates. We speculate on the implications of these calculations for magnetic field evolution in the bright accreting X-ray sources. We also explore the consequences of rapid compression at local accretion rates exceeding 10 times the Eddington rate. This rapid accretion heats the atmosphere/ocean to temperatures of order 109 K at relatively low densities; for stars accreting pure helium, this causes unstable ignition of the ashes (mostly carbon) resulting from stable helium burning. This unstable burning can recur on timescales as short as hours to days and might be the cause of some flares on helium accreting pulsars, in particular 4U 1626-67. Such rapid local accretion rates are common on accreting X-ray pulsars, where the magnetic field focuses the accretion flow onto a small fraction of the stellar area. We estimate how large such a confined "mountain" could be and show that the currents needed to confine the mountain are large enough to modify, by order unity, the magnetic field strength at the polar cap. If the mountain's structure varies in time, the changing surface field could cause temporal changes in the pulse profiles and cyclotron line energies of accreting X-ray pulsars.
Global Phase Diagram of the Kondo Lattice: From Heavy Fermion Metals to Kondo Insulators

We discuss the general theoretical arguments advanced earlier for the T=0 global phase diagram of antiferromagnetic Kondo lattice systems, distinguishing between the established and the conjectured. In addition to the well-known phase of a paramagnetic metal with a “large” Fermi surface (PL), there is also an antiferromagnetic phase with a “small” Fermi surface (AFS). We provide the details of the derivation of a quantum non-linear sigma-model (QNLσM) representation of the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian, which leads to an effective field theory containing both low-energy fermions in the vicinity of a Fermi surface and low-energy bosons near zero momentum. An asymptotically exact analysis of this effective field theory is made possible through the development of a renormalization group procedure for mixed fermion-boson systems. Considerations on how to connect the AFS and PL phases lead to a global phase diagram, which not only puts into perspective the theory of local quantum criticality for antiferromagnetic heavy fermion metals, but also provides the basis to understand the surprising recent experiments in chemically-doped as well as pressurized YbRh2Si2. We point out that the AFS phase still occurs for the case of an equal number of spin-1/2 local moments and conduction electrons. This observation raises the prospect for a global phase diagram of heavy fermion systems in the Kondo-insulator regime. Finally, we discuss the connection between the Kondo breakdown physics discussed here for the Kondo lattice systems and the non-Fermi liquid behavior recently studied from a holographic perspective.
A PRACTICAL PREPARATION OF 7-METHOXY-3(2H)-BENZOFURANONE

Abstract A practical new synthesis suitable for large-scale production of 7-methoxy-3(2H)-benzofuranone by conversion of commercially available 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid to 7-methoxy-3-acetoxybenzofuran followed by hydrolysis is described.
Quasi-multipliers and algebrizations of an operator space

Let X be an operator space, let φ be a product on X, and let (X,φ) denote the algebra that one obtains. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the bilinear mapping φ for the algebra (X,φ) to have a completely isometric representation as an algebra of operators on some Hilbert space. In particular, we give an elegant geometrical characterization of such products by using the Haagerup tensor product. Our result makes no assumptions about identities or approximate identities. Our proof is independent of the earlier result of Blecher, Ruan and Sinclair [D.P. Blecher, Z.-J. Ruan, A.M. Sinclair, A characterization of operator algebras, J. Funct. Anal. 89 (1) (1990) 188–201] which solved the case when the bilinear mapping has an identity of norm one, and our result is used to give a simple direct proof of this earlier result. We also develop further the connections between quasi-multipliers of operator spaces and their representations on a Hilbert space or their embeddings in the second dual, and show that the quasi-multipliers of operator spaces defined in [M. Kaneda, V.I. Paulsen, Quasi-multipliers of operator spaces, J. Funct. Anal. 217 (2) (2004) 347–365] coincide with their C∗-algebraic counterparts.
Engineering design of a mass random access plated wire memory

Among the newer memory elements, plated wire has been shown to be a serious contender for aerospace and central store applications. This paper describes a memory development project, sponsored by the Rome Air Development Center, to extend the application of plated wire into the area of mass storage.
Strategic response to GMOs by GM-free countries

SummaryThis article examines the dilemma of a large exporting country of an agricultural product that has to determine whether or not to approve genetically modified (GM) products with or without a labelling regime. We derive two main results. First, the approval decision on GM products is specific to the labelling regime: approval of GM products is optimal under a labelling regime, whereas non-approval is optimal in the absence of a mandatory labelling requirement. Second, the inability to protect the innovator's rent through IPR enforcement can prevent the approval of GM products.
Discoidal structure of the lithosphere

Advanced Summary The following discussion seeks to determine inductively the structural character of the lithosphere at depths beyond the reach of observation. The mechanical state of the outer shell of the lithosphere is discussed on the basis of Adams’ experiments with rocks under confining pressures, which demonstrate that pressure increases the internal friction and consequently the absolute strength of solid rocks. The conclusion reached is that the rate of increase of absolute strength is very great in the first few miles below the surface; that below 10 miles the gain decreases rapidly, but there is, nevertheless, a continued increase in strength with increasing depth under normal conditions of pressure’ and temperature in the lithosphere. Pressure alone can not promote mobility. High temperature in excess of the normal is essential to mobility or fusion. The absolute strength of rock does not, however, increase as rapidly as the load with increasing depth. The relative . . .