cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Records Management in the Administration of College and University Archives

WHAT role should records management play in the administration of college and university archives? To answer this question we must first understand just what this activity is and its relation to archives administration. It evolved during the years of the Great Depression and the Second World War as a product of the effort to control the rapidly accelerating accumulation of papers in the Federal Government agencies. The first phase in the evolution of records management took place at the National Archives as an outgrowth of the effort to improve the quality of accessioned records. As the Archives began to take in the noncurrent records of Government agencies, it had the unhappy experience of inheriting the results of poor filing practices of the offices of origin. In all too many cases these noncurrent records consisted of poorly arranged papers infiltrated with many extra copies, printed and processed nonrecord material, and record material of ephemeral value. The process of weeding out the disposable material and rearranging the records of enduring value at the National Archives was time consuming. The remedy lay in the archivist's extending his concern to the offices of origin and, in collaboration with them, improving the management of their records. To bring this about the National Archives inaugurated its "Records Administration Program," relying on the legal sanction of powers granted to the Archivist of the United States in the National Archives Act of 1934. The strongest impact of the program was felt in the defense agencies, to which archivists from the National Archives were transferred to administer the program. The Records Administration Program of the National Archives remained in effect for some 9 years, during which many of the current records in the agencies of origin were surveyed, appraised, and evaluated, and the results were recorded in a document that, after a period of experimentation, of trial and error, finally came to be known as a "schedule for the retention and disposal of records." The development of a schedule for an agency was a major accomplishment in that it was
Electromagnetic plane-wave force on a slab having various constitutive parameters and embedded in a background material

An exact theory describing the electromagnetic plane-wave force density on a scattering slab having various constitutive parameters and embedded in a background material with complex impedance is presented. It is shown that the constitutive parameters of the background medium contribute to the force density only through the impedance and not the refractive index. Asymptotic expressions show that the total force per unit area for sufficiently thick slabs having overall loss or gain remains positive, irrespective of the refractive index sign in the slab. However, example material responses indicate that for thin slabs the total force per unit area can be negative for both positive and negative refractive index slabs with gain.
Further Developments in the Dynamic Stiffness Matrix (DSM) Based Direct Damping Identification Method

Theoretical development of a dynamic stiffness matrix (DSM) based direct damping matrix identification method is revisited in this paper. This method was proposed to identify both the mechanism and spatial distribution of damping in dynamic structures as a matrix of general function of frequency. The objective of this paper, in addition to the review of the theoretical development, is to investigate some major issues regarding the feasibility of this method. The first issue investigated is how the errors in measured frequency response functions (FRF) affect the accuracy of the DSM. It was already known that the DSM is highly sensitive to errors that are present in the FRF. A detailed analytical and computational study is conducted, which finally leads to a sound physical explanation of the high sensitivity of the DSM to measurement errors. A new and also important conclusion is that the leakage error drastically affects the accuracy of the computed DSM. The second major issue reported is the experimental implementation of the DSM based method to minimize the leakage error. Based on the findings presented in this study, a new and improved test setup is designed and developed, which enables the authors to obtain a good quality result that supports the theoretical and numerical analyses previously conducted.
NRAS mutant melanoma: an overview for the clinician for melanoma management.

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and the incidence continues to rise in the United States and worldwide. Activating mutations in RAS oncogenes are found in roughly a third of all human cancers. Mutations in NRAS occur in approximately a fifth of cutaneous melanomas and are associated with aggressive clinical behavior. Cells harboring oncogenic NRAS mutations exhibit activation of multiple signaling cascades, including PI3K/Akt, MEK-ERK and RAL, which collectively stimulate cancer growth. While strategies to target N-Ras itself have proven ineffective, targeting one or more N-Ras effector pathways has shown promise in preclinical models. Despite promising preclinical data, current therapies for NRAS mutant melanoma remain limited. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies for BRAF mutant melanoma are transforming the treatment of metastatic melanoma, but the ideal treatment for NRAS mutant melanoma remains unknown. Improved understanding of NRAS mutant melanoma and relevant N-Ras eff...
Considerations for successful reuse in systems engineering

Reuse is the idea of leveraging previously developed capabilities into a new project for the purposes of improving project characteristics (i.e. cost, schedule, risk). While reuse is a fairly well-known concept in domains such as software and product development, almost no research has been conducted on reuse in the systems engineering domain. This paper provides six general principles of reuse, identifies success factors for reuse, and summarizes some key challenges and opportunities for future research in the area of reuse in systems engineering.
Laboratory Evaluations of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides on Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Damage and Survival on Lettuce

Laboratory studies were conducted to test the effects of synthetic and natural insecticides on lettuce leaf consumption by beet armyworm, Spondoptera exigua (Hi.ibner). Two synthetic and 4 natural insecticides we compared: Capture (bifenthrin), Lannate (methomyl), Success (spinosad), Xentari (Bacillus thuringiensis suhsp. aizawai) , Kryocide (cryolite), and Trilogy (90% neem oil extract). Capture, Lannate, Success, and Xentari at 50 ppm (AI) caused 100% mortality within 1 d after exposure and prevented any detectable feeding on leaf disks by neonate S. exigua larvae. Capture, Lannate, Success, and Xentari at 50 ppm allowed only minor feeding by 3rd and 5th instar S. exigua before causing nearly 100% mortality. Xentari at 50 ppm appeared less effective than the synthetic insecticides and Success, but statistical differences among them were not significant. Neither Kryocide nor Trilogy at 50 ppm reduced leaf consumption by neonate, 3rd instar, and 5th instar S. exigua compared with controls. Higher concentrations of Kryocide and Trilogy (1,000 and 10,000 ppm) did significantly reduce leaf consumption by 3rd instar S. exigua . The most effective natural insecticides we tested for reducing lettuce consumption by S. exigua were Success and Xentari.
Effects of age, food intake, and stress on plasma hexosamine levels in the rat.

SummaryThe following observations were made on plasma hexosamine levels in the rat: 1) there is an increase during the period of rapid growth, 2) no significant diurnal changes could be demonstrated, 3) the amount of food eaten is important in the maintenance of a normal level, 4) stress increases and fasting lowers the plasma hexosamine level in the normal rat, 5) fasting prevents the expected increase following stress.
An Integrative Approach to Biomarker Development in Psoriatic Arthritis

The recent discovery that the interleukin 23/Th17 pathway is pivotal in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) creates new opportunities for the development of mechanistic biomarkers that will assist in the diagnosis and management of this disorder. While biomarkers are still in the discovery phase, new approaches including multiplex panels, fine sequencing of epigenetic and genetic data in non-coding regions of the human genome, and improved imaging modalities will likely foster the development of actionable biomarkers in PsA. In this report, I review the field of biomarkers, underscore the importance of an integrative approach that incorporates both descriptive and mechanistic biomarkers, and discuss the status of biomarker discovery in PsA.
Management of intraoperatively diagnosed colonic injury during percutaneous nephrostolithotomy

Colonic injury associated with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy is an unusual event. Significant and morbid sequelae can be avoided through careful evaluation and management, which is facilitated by intraoperative diagnosis. Factors predisposing to colonic injury during percutaneous nephrostolithotomy include a lower caliceal access site, lateral origin of the percutaneous puncture, left-sided kidney, female patient, advancing patient age, and thin body habitus of the patient. Principles of management include inspection of the percutaneous nephrostolithotomy tract for colonic injury whenever the tract is inspected for bleeding, high index of suspicion for colonic injury when a patient develops unexplained signs or symptoms of inflammation or infection postoperatively, and prompt, assured drainage of both the colon and urinary collecting system.
A Chameleon's Fate: Transnational Mixed-Race Vietnamese Identities

The chameleon's fate is an apt metaphor for the lives of mixed-race Vietnamese children, many of whom were born of these kind of brutal cultural contact. In the aftermath of the U.S. war in Southeast Asia, a number of mixed-race children told the story of the war. Though the story of the war is physically signified by these individuals, the meanings produced through mixed-race identity are multiple and unfixed. The fluidity of meaning comes partially through shifting historical and geographical contextualizations of transnational mixed-race identities.
Influence, Control, and Power

To be adequate, a social science must have accurate descriptions of certain relationships among human beings; of these relationships, influence, control, and power are clearly the most important. Although the social scientist is not immediately concerned with the ethical problems that involve the concept of freedom, the relations between the activity of one person and the activity of another that are important to him should be explicated in a way that logically relates them to a theory of freedom and unfreedom. My analysis will relate them by correlating influence with free activities and control with unfree activities.
Immune Compromise Due to Metabolic Disorders: Malnutrition, Obesity, Stress, and Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies are often missed by the clinician since they occur in circumstances that can be easily overlooked, or not appreciated or differentiated from the primary underlying disease. Primary malnutrition from an inadequate intake of selected micronutrients or vitamins leading to increased susceptibility to infections and co-morbid conditions can be clinically significant. These nutrient deficiencies occur most commonly in Third World countries, but, surprisingly, can also occur in industrialized nations because of lack of access to care or poor nutrition for socio-economic reasons. Metabolic deviations such as diabetes, obesity, and inborn errors of metabolism can lead to changes in immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. In fact, the increased susceptibility to infections and the developing immune deficiency can be a “window” into the primary causes leading to these secondary immune deficiencies. In a somewhat related subject of secondary immune deficiency, too much of a good thing can also lead to immune deviations. Thus, over-exercise or changes in mental states, such as stress, can lead to immune deficiencies. This topic of acquired or secondary immune deficiency is often neglected, except of course for HIV infection. Although the topic is very broad and often complex, this chapter will provide “brush strokes” for gaining a better appreciation of the secondary immune deficiency disorders.
Synthetic peptides cytomodulin-1 (CM-1) and cytomodulin-2 (CM-2) promote collagen synthesis and wound healing in vitro

Transforming growth factor-/spl beta/1 (TGF-/spl beta/1) is believed to be a key player in wound healing, promoting cell proliferation, migration, and matrix synthesis in a variety of cell types. We have designed two peptides, i.e., cytomodulin-1 (CM-1) and cytomodulin-2 (CM-2), to simulate the binding domain of TGF-/spl beta/1. In this study we examined the bioactivity of the two synthetic peptides CM-1 and CM-2 on human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). Synthetic peptides CM-1 and CM-2 in culture media increased wound healing of fibroblasts in an injury model in vitro. In addition, CM-1 and CM-2 enhanced the gene expression of collagen I and increased the production of pro-collagen I peptide in HFF. These results suggest that CM-1 and CM-2 have potentially useful clinical applications in wound healing.
Chiral corrections to the Adler-Weisberger sum rule

The Adler-Weisberger sum rule for the nucleon axial-vector charge, ${g}_{A}$, offers a unique signature of chiral symmetry and its breaking in QCD. Its derivation relies on both algebraic aspects of chiral symmetry, which guarantee the convergence of the sum rule, and dynamical aspects of chiral symmetry breaking\char22{}as exploited using chiral perturbation theory\char22{}which allow the rigorous inclusion of explicit chiral symmetry breaking effects due to light-quark masses. The original derivations obtained the sum rule in the chiral limit and, without the benefit of chiral perturbation theory, made various attempts at extrapolating to nonvanishing pion masses. In this paper, the leading, universal, chiral corrections to the chiral-limit sum rule are obtained. Using PDG data, a recent parametrization of the pion-nucleon total cross sections in the resonance region given by the SAID group, as well as recent Roy-Steiner equation determinations of subthreshold amplitudes, threshold parameters, and correlated low-energy constants, the Adler-Weisberger sum rule is confronted with experimental data. With uncertainty estimates associated with the cross-section parametrization, the Goldberger-Treimann discrepancy, and the truncation of the sum rule at $\mathcal{O}({M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{4})$ in the chiral expansion, this work finds ${g}_{A}=1.248\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013$.
Updates in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia and Its Role in the Treatment of Acute Pain in the Ambulatory Setting

The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest advances in pediatric regional anesthesia with special emphasis on its role in the ambulatory surgical setting. Undertreated pain in children following ambulatory surgery is not a rare occurrence and it is associated with increased morbidity and significant psychosocial harm. Use of regional anesthesia as part of the anesthetic approach in the ambulatory setting is safe when performed on children under general anesthesia and inclusion of certain adjuncts improves block outcomes. Ultrasonographic visualization during blockade improves safety and prolongs duration. Ambulatory continuous nerve blocks in older children are safe, efficacious, and associated with high patient and caregiver satisfaction rates. In the ever-growing field of pediatric same-day surgery, safe and efficient flow through the perioperative period necessitates use of a multimodal approach, of which regional anesthesia is but one important component. Perioperative complications are minimized with less opioid use, and yet appropriate pain management must be ensured. Pediatric regional anesthesia has been shown to be exceedingly safe under general anesthesia. Findings demonstrate that advances in ultrasound technology have contributed to safer and longer-lasting analgesia. It facilitates the development of new methods by which regional anesthesia can improve postoperative analgesia in children upon discharge and beyond.
Impact of RAD51C-mediated Homologous Recombination on Genomic Integrity in Barrett's Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Background: In normal cells, RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR) is a precise DNA repair mechanism which plays a key role in the maintenance of genomic integrity and stability. However, elevated (dysregulated) RAD51 is implicated in genomic instability and is a potential target for treatment of certain cancers, including Barrett’s adenocarcinoma (BAC). In this study, we investigated genomic impact and translational significance of moderate vs. strong suppression of RAD51 in BAC cells. Methods: BAC cells (FLO-1 and OE33) were transduced with non-targeting control (CS) or RAD51-specific shRNAs, mediating a moderate (40-50%) suppression or strong (80-near 100%) suppression of the gene. DNA breaks, spontaneous or following exposure to DNA damaging agent, were examined by comet assay and 53BP1 staining. Genomewide expression was monitored by microarrays (Affymetrix). Genomic instability was evaluated by Alu-PCR and Homologous recombination (HR) and single strand annealing (SSA) activities measured using plasmid based assays. Results: We previously showed that suppression of RAD51 significantly reduces the acquisition of genomic changes over time, as assessed by SNP arrays (Affymetrix). Here, we show that although moderate suppression consistenly inhibits/reduces HR activity, the strong suppression is associated with increase in HR activity (by ~15 - ³ 50% in various experiments), suggesting activation of RAD51-independent pathway. Contrary to moderate suppression, a strong suppression of RAD51 is associated with a significant increase in spontaneous as well as UV-induced DNA breaks as well as altered expression of genes involved in detection/processing of DNA breaks and apoptosis. Stronger RAD51 suppression was also associated with mutagenic single strand annealing mediated HR with evidence of increased genomic instability. Suppression of RAD51C inhibited RAD51-independent (SSA-mediated) HR, indicating its role in this process. Conclusion: Elevated (dysregulated) RAD51 in BAC is implicated in both the repair of DNA breaks as well as ongoing genomic rearrangements. Moderate suppression of this gene reduces HR activity, whereas strong or near complete suppression of this gene activates RAD51C-dependent HR involving a mechanism known as single strand annealing (SSA). SSA-mediated HR, which is a mutagenic HR pathway, further disrupts genomic integrity by increasing DNA breaks and acquisition of new genomic changes in BAC cells. We, therefore, conclude that inhibition of RAD51C, alone or in combination with RAD51 suppression, has potential to make BAC cells static.
Integrated Behavioral Health Care in Pediatric Subspecialty Clinics

Comorbid behavioral and physical health conditions are accompanied by troubling symptom burden, functional impairment, and treatment complexity. Pediatric subspecialty care clinics offer an opportunity for the implementation of integrated behavioral health (BH) care models that promote resiliency. This article reviews integrated BH care in oncology, palliative care, pain, neuropsychiatry, cystic fibrosis, and transplantation. Examples include integrated care mandates, standards of care, research, and quality improvement by child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs) and allied BH clinicians. The role of CAPs in integrated BH care in subspecialty care is explored, focusing on cost, resource use, financial support, and patient and provider satisfaction.
Interpersonal Movement Synchrony Responds to High- and Low-Level Conversational Constraints.

Much work on communication and joint action conceptualizes interaction as a dynamical system. Under this view, dynamic properties of interaction should be shaped by the context in which the interaction is taking place. Here we explore interpersonal movement coordination or synchrony---the degree to which individuals move in similar ways over time---as one such context-sensitive property. Studies of coordination have typically investigated how these dynamics are influenced by either high-level constraints (i.e., slow-changing factors) or low-level constraints (i.e., fast-changing factors like movement). Focusing on nonverbal communication behaviors during naturalistic conversation, we analyzed how interacting participants' head movement dynamics were shaped simultaneously by high-level constraints (i.e., conversation type; friendly conversations or arguments) and low-level constraints (i.e., perceptual stimuli; non-informative visual stimuli vs. informative visual stimuli). We found that high- and low-level constraints interacted non-additively to affect interpersonal movement dynamics, highlighting the context sensitivity of interaction and supporting the view of joint action as a complex adaptive system.
Mobilization of Bacteriocins during Competence in Streptococci

Many streptococci have evolved the ability for natural genetic competence. Recent studies have uncovered regulatory links between competence and the production of antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins in multiple streptococcal species. This reveals a broadly distributed strategy among streptococci to exploit bacteriocin-mediated killing during competence for adaptive gain.
Design and mechanical properties of elastically isotropic trusses

The present article addresses design of stiff, elastically isotropic trusses and their mechanical properties. Isotropic trusses are created by combining two or more elementary cubic trusses in appropriate proportions and with their respective nodes lying on a common space lattice. Two isotropic binary compound trusses and many isotropic ternary trusses are identified, all with Young’s moduli equal to the maximal possible value for isotropic strut-based structures. In finite-sized trusses, strain elevations are obtained in struts near the external free boundaries: a consequence of reduced nodal connectivity and thus reduced constraint on strut deformation and rotation. Although the boundary effects persist over distances of only about two unit cell lengths and have minimal effect on elastic properties, their manifestations in failure are more nuanced, especially when failure occurs by modes other than buckling (yielding or fracture). Exhaustive analyses are performed to glean insights into the mechanics of failure of such trusses.
A method for distinguishing tongue surface topology for different categories of speech sound

An analytic method has been developed to assist in interpreting data from two-dimensional ultrasound tongue imaging by determining whether the position of the tongue surface significantly differs for two categories of speech sound and, if so, which region is most associated with the difference. Individual tongue traces are modeled as curves in a polar coordinate system around a reference point. Two categories of speech sound are compared as a function of the distance between the traces of the two categories at each arc angle. The regions of the arc with the most significant deviation (i.e., where the categories are best contrasted) are shown by the largest ratio of mean to standard deviation (the greatest number of standard deviations separating the mean tongue surfaces). Categories are most distinguished in regions with more than one standard deviation separating them. A ratio of the angular distance between a point of complete overlap (no contrast) and the maximum positive and negative differentiation points has potential as a speaker-agnostic measure of which regions of tongue position are important at the level of the linguistic variety. To demonstrate this method, its application to the vowel anteriority contrast in several Turkic languages is presented.An analytic method has been developed to assist in interpreting data from two-dimensional ultrasound tongue imaging by determining whether the position of the tongue surface significantly differs for two categories of speech sound and, if so, which region is most associated with the difference. Individual tongue traces are modeled as curves in a polar coordinate system around a reference point. Two categories of speech sound are compared as a function of the distance between the traces of the two categories at each arc angle. The regions of the arc with the most significant deviation (i.e., where the categories are best contrasted) are shown by the largest ratio of mean to standard deviation (the greatest number of standard deviations separating the mean tongue surfaces). Categories are most distinguished in regions with more than one standard deviation separating them. A ratio of the angular distance between a point of complete overlap (no contrast) and the maximum positive and negative differentiation p...
Immune System, Innate; Overview

The primary function of the immune system is to protect the body against a myriad of ever-evolving pathogens, and it broadly falls into two categories, ‘innate immune system’ and ‘adaptive immune system’. Until recently, it was believed that the immune system and nervous system were two different entities, which did not interact with each other except during immune-mediated neuro-degeneration. It is now becoming clear that the immune system and brain are connected and crosstalk during development stages to maintain homeostasis.
Extracellular β-transglucosidase activity from conidia of Neurospora crassa

Abstract Detailed study of carbohydrases has shown that many possess transglycosidase activity. Preparations of β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger have been studied extensively ( Crook and Stone, 1957 ; Barker, et al. , 1955 ) and it has been found that during the hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose, several additional oligosaccharides are produced. An explanation ( Jermyn, 1957 ; Gottschalk, 1958 ) of these two apparently different activities of a single enzyme has the following mechanism: 1. 1. 2. 2. When X is hydrogen the reaction is a normal hydrolysis. But if X is a glycoside containing OH groups transglycosidation results and a new glycoside is synthesized. This report describes additional properties of an extracellular enzyme preparation of Neurospora conidia already shown to contain cellobiase and p-nitro-phenyl β-D. glucosidase (Eberhart, 1961) . These preparations contain β-transglucosidase activity that is responsible for the production of new oligosaccharides—principally with the formation of β-1, 6 linkages.
Psychoanalysis in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Just before World War I, Durkheim and Freud each independently proposed that guilt is an internalization of cultural values. Since then, the field of personality and culture has burgeoned into its now massive proportions. Interdisciplinary studies, involving psychology, sociology, and anthropology, have developed into what is now the field of psychoanalytic anthropology.
Small-Signal Stability Assessment and Active Stabilization of a Bidirectional Battery Charger

A two-stage electric vehicle (EV) battery charger typically consists of an ac–dc converter cascaded with a dc–dc converter. In such a cascaded system, maintaining stability at the intermediate dc link is imperative for reliable operation of the battery charger under different operating modes. This paper addresses the intermediate dc-link stability challenges that exist in a bidirectional two-stage grid connected single-phase battery charger. It is delineated that the small-signal load-dependent resistance of the ac–dc converter plays a crucial role in determining the stability of the bidirectional battery charger. A virtual-resistor-based active damping control strategy that does not require any additional sensors is explored for the ac–dc converter to stabilize the cascaded system under all operating modes irrespective of the power flow direction. Experimental results on a grid-connected single-phase battery charger hardware prototype are presented to validate the proposed models and showcase the improvement in the dc-link stability due to the virtual-resistance-based active damping approach.
Effect of mixture proportions on concrete performance

Abstract This paper aims to investigate the relationship between paste ingredients for achieving an optimum paste-to-void volume ratio to meet given performance requirements. To this end, the effect of mixture proportion characteristics, including slag-cement replacement, air-content, water-to-cementitious material ratio (w/cm), and paste volume on concrete performance were evaluated. The performance of the mixtures was evaluated through compressive strength, abrasion resistance, sorptivity, shrinkage, and freeze-thaw resistance measurements. According to the test results, incorporation of slag cement resulted in a significant improvement in concrete performance. In addition, correlation between paste content and concrete properties was found dependent on w/cm, and the maximum desirable paste volume appeared to be about 1.6 times the void content of the combined aggregate system used in this study to achieve optimum performance.
Cross-Linked Polyphenol-Based Drug Nano-Self-Assemblies Engineered to Blockade Prostate Cancer Senescence.

Cellular senescence is one of the prevailing issues in cancer therapeutics that promotes cancer relapse, chemoresistance, and recurrence. Patients undergoing persistent chemotherapy often develop d...
Growth and Yield Performance of Solanum tuberosum Grown from Seed Potatoes Infected with 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Haplotypes A and B.

Zebra chip (ZC) disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is associated with infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso). Two haplotypes of Lso—A and B—occur in the United States. Lso hap...
A CHALLENGING CASE OF COEXISTENT HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY AND AORTIC STENOSIS

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and aortic stenosis (AS) are both characterized by elevated gradients across the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and/or aortic valve. Delineating the cause of symptoms and choosing an appropriate management strategy can be challenging in patients
Unconscionability in Contracting for Worker Training

Despite urgent calls for retraining and upskilling workers amidst the threat automation poses to many existing jobs, a forty-year-long reduction in public and private worker training programs means that some firms offer training only with contractual strings attached. This Article exposes the dangers of these conditional training contracts and proposes the law of unconscionability as a more effective framework for legal challenges than the statutory-based claims more commonly advanced by plaintiffs. One type of conditional training contract, the training repayment agreement (TRA), requires an employee to pay the employer a fixed or pro rata sum if the employee received on-the-job training and quits work or is fired within a set period of time. TRAs often constrain employee mobility without providing employees the portable skills needed for quality jobs. Many courts and scholars have treated TRAs favorably, however, especially as compared to noncompete covenants, which can harm workers in ways similar to TRAs. This Article offers a set of factors to determine unconscionability in TRAs as an analogue to the group of reasonableness factors under the law of noncompetes. These proposed factors focus on the TRA repayment amount, the length of time required to work to avoid repayment, and the nexus between the repayment amount and the training’s cost to the employer and benefit to the employee. The Article also compares TRAs with another type of emerging conditional training contract: the income share agreement (ISA). Under an ISA, a lender advances a certain amount of training in exchange for a set percentage of the trainee’s future income. Ultimately, worker training should be reenvisioned as a collective investment. In the meantime, an unconscionability framework for assessing conditional training contracts would be a practical step in the right direction.
High dynamic range, sub-diffuse reflectance imaging over a wide field using an active line scan

Active line scan imaging (LSI) with spatial gating is explored for wide-field, sub-diffuse sensing of scattering microtextures. Spatial gating involves masking detector pixels far from the laser line of incidence on a turbid target. The active line scan provides broadband spatial frequency modulation, and the spatial gating effectively high pass filters the reflectance. The major benefits of LSI are that of high dynamic range signal preservation and high contrast-to-noise when imaging at high spatial frequencies. As such, LSI presents as an inherently high sensitivity and high dynamic range way to image microscopic scattering features on the surfaces of turbid media.
Translational, Vibrational, Rotational, and Electronic Contributions to the Partition Function of Monoatomic and Diatomic Ideal Gases and Sample Problem

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 4 of M&S. First, we will derive an expression for the canonical partition function of a monoatomic ideal gas, including calculating the translational contribution to the partition function and its average translation energy. Second, we will discuss the Energy Equipartition Theorem. Second, we will derive an expression for the electronic contribution to the atomic partition function. Third, we will solve Sample Problem 40.1 to calculate the fraction of helium atoms in the first excited state at 300 K, given information about the degeneracies and energies of the excited states involved. Fourth, we will calculate the energy, heat capacity at constant volume, and pressure of a monoatomic ideal gas. Finally, we will begin discussing a diatomic ideal gas, where in addition to the translational and electronic degrees of freedom encountered in the case of a monoatomic ideal gas, we will need to incorporate the vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom, which we will discuss in Lecture 41. Here, we will calculate the translational and electronic contributions to the molecular partition function of a diatomic ideal gas.
Ca2+-mediated coupling between neuromuscular junction and mitochondria in skeletal muscle

The volitional movement of skeletal is controlled by the motor neuron at the site of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where the retrograde signals are also passed back from muscle to the motor neuron. As the normal function of muscle largely depends on mitochondria that determine the fate of a skeletal muscle myofiber, there must exist a fine-controlled functional coupling between NMJ and mitochondria in myofibers. This mini-review discusses recent publications that reveal how spatiotemporal profiles of intracellular free Ca2+ could couple mitochondrial function with the activity of NMJ in skeletal muscle myofibers.
Synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes via directed bridgehead functionalization

Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) are increasingly valued as intermediates in ‘strain release’ chemistry for the synthesis of substituted four membered rings and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes, with applications including bioconjugation processes. Variation of the BCB bridgehead substituents can be challenging due to the inherent strain of the bicyclic scaffold, often necessitating linear syntheses of specific BCB targets. Here we report the first palladium catalyzed cross-coupling on pre-formed BCBs which enables a ‘late stage’ diversification of the bridgehead position, and the conversion of the resultant products into a range of useful small ring building blocks.
Type A Aortic Dissection With Concurrent Aortic Valve Endocarditis, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Abstract We describe surgical repair of a Stanford Type A aortic dissection with concurrent aortic valve Streptococcus equi endocarditis in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage and disseminated i...
Pathway-Specific Defects in T, B, and NK Cells and Age-Dependent Development of High IgE in Mice Heterozygous for a CADINS-Associated Dominant Negative CARD11 Allele .

CARD11 is a multidomain scaffold protein required for normal activation of NF-κB, JNK, and mTOR during Ag receptor signaling. Germline CARD11 mutations cause at least three types of primary immunodeficiency including CARD11 deficiency, B cell expansion with NF-κB and T cell anergy (BENTA), and CARD11-associated atopy with dominant interference of NF-κB signaling (CADINS). CADINS is uniquely caused by heterozygous loss-of-function CARD11 alleles that act as dominant negatives. CADINS patients present with frequent respiratory and skin infections, asthma, allergies, and atopic dermatitis. However, precisely how a heterozygous dominant negative CARD11 allele leads to the development of this CADINS-specific cluster of symptoms remains poorly understood. To address this, we generated mice expressing the CARD11 R30W allele originally identified in patients. We find that CARD11R30W/+ mice exhibit impaired signaling downstream of CARD11 that leads to defects in T, B, and NK cell function and immunodeficiency. CARD11R30W/+ mice develop elevated serum IgE levels with 50% penetrance that becomes more pronounced with age, but do not develop spontaneous atopic dermatitis. CARD11R30W/+ mice display reduced regulatory T cell numbers, but not the Th2 expansion observed in other mice with diminished CARD11 activity. Interestingly, the presence of mixed CARD11 oligomers in CARD11R30W/+ mice causes more severe signaling defects in T cells than in B cells, and specifically impacts IFN-γ production by NK cells, but not NK cell cytotoxicity. Our findings help explain the high susceptibility of CADINS patients to infection and suggest that the development of high serum IgE is not sufficient to induce overt atopic symptoms.
CRISPR screens unveil signal hubs for nutrient licensing of T cell immunity

Nutrients are emerging regulators of adaptive immunity1. Selective nutrients interplay with immunological signals to activate mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a key driver of cell metabolism2–4, but how these environmental signals are integrated for immune regulation remains unclear. Here we use genome-wide CRISPR screening combined with protein–protein interaction networks to identify regulatory modules that mediate immune receptor- and nutrient-dependent signalling to mTORC1 in mouse regulatory T (Treg) cells. SEC31A is identified to promote mTORC1 activation by interacting with the GATOR2 component SEC13 to protect it from SKP1-dependent proteasomal degradation. Accordingly, loss of SEC31A impairs T cell priming and Treg suppressive function in mice. In addition, the SWI/SNF complex restricts expression of the amino acid sensor CASTOR1, thereby enhancing mTORC1 activation. Moreover, we reveal that the CCDC101-associated SAGA complex is a potent inhibitor of mTORC1, which limits the expression of glucose and amino acid transporters and maintains T cell quiescence in vivo. Specific deletion of Ccdc101 in mouse Treg cells results in uncontrolled inflammation but improved antitumour immunity. Collectively, our results establish epigenetic and post-translational mechanisms that underpin how nutrient transporters, sensors and transducers interplay with immune signals for three-tiered regulation of mTORC1 activity and identify their pivotal roles in licensing T cell immunity and immune tolerance. CRISPR screening and protein–protein interaction networks identify components and mechanisms of nutrient-dependent mTORC1 signalling in regulatory T cells and reveal how mTORC1 integrates immunological cues and nutrient signals for adaptive immunity.
Helicopter transportation of patients with obstetric emergencies in an urban area

Abstract Regionalization of perinatal care has contributed to a decline in perinatal morbidity and mortality in neonates delivered at tertiary centers when compared to neonates delivered and transported to the intensive care nurseries. Transportation of the mother to the perinatal center in an emergency situation must be evaluated critically for neonatal outcome, response time, and cost. In a large metropolitan area in Southern California, a helicopter transport service has been used successfully to move emergency patients from referning hospitals to a perinatal center. This experience was examined with respect to response time, cost, obstetric problems, and newborn outcome in our first 100 patients. The results are indicative that when patients and neonates would benefit from delivery at a perinatal center, helicopter transport, even in an urban area, is highly successful and cost effective.
Perceptions of Elderly Former Prisoners of War Regarding Care and Benefits Provided by the Veterans Affairs System

Abstract We examined perceptions of services and benefits held by former U.S. prisoners of war (POWs) and their spouses using qualitative research methods. Subjects were male ex-POWs (n = 16) and their spouses (n = 9) recruited through a national POW organization to participate in focus groups designed to learn about perceptions of care within the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. Questions pertained to ways in which participants were satisfied and dissatisfied with VA health services and benefits, current needs for which services or benefits are unavailable, and barriers to care and benefits. Qualitative analyses revealed that veterans generally rely on the VA for medical care and financial benefits and are typically satisfied with the quality of care and benefits they receive. However, four broad categories of concern were noted: Perceptionsregarding staff; Availabilityof needed services; Accessto services; and Inconsistencyin care. These results point towards areas for potential VA quality improvements eff...
The City and the Coming Climate: Climate Change in the Places We Live

Presented on November 7, 2012 from 6:00 pm-7:30 pm in the Reinsch-Pierce Family Auditorium on the Georgia Tech campus.
The Energy Cost of Aerobic Dancing

Abstract The energy cost of three intensities of aerobic dance (low, medium, and high) was determined on four graduate students at Teachers College, Columbia University. All subjects danced seven 2- to 3-minute routines alternated with six 15- to 90-second recovery intervals of continuous walking. The dances were metabolically monitored with a Max Planck respirometer which measured ventilation and collected .06% sample of expired air, which was then analyzed for O2 and CO2 concentration. Values were expressed as [Vdot]O2 l/minute, [Vdot]O2 ml/kg/minute, and energy consumption as kcal/minute, and kcal/kg/minute. Heart rates were monitored by telemetry every minute throughout the dance. The women utilized 3.96 kcal/minute, 6.28 kcal/minute, and 7.75 kcal/minute, for the low, medium, and high intensity routines, respectively, while the men utilized 4.17 kcal/minute, 6.86 kcal/minute, and 9.44 kcal/minute, respectively. The energy expenditure for the low intensity routine was metabolically similar to walking ...
Environmental enrichment counters cocaine abstinence-induced stress and brain reactivity to cocaine cues but fails to prevent the incubation effect

Environmental enrichment (EE) during a period of forced abstinence attenuates incentive motivational effects of cocaine-paired stimuli. Here we examined whether EE during forced abstinence from cocaine self-administration would prevent time-dependent increases in cue-elicited cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., the incubation effect). Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, which was paired with light/tone cues, for 15 days while living in isolated conditions (IC). Controls received yoked saline infusions. Subsequently, rats were assigned to live in either continued IC or EE for either 1 or 21 days of forced abstinence prior to a test for cocaine-seeking behavior. During testing, responding resulted only in presentation of the light/tone cues. Contrary to our prediction, cocaine-seeking behavior increased over time regardless of living condition during abstinence; however, EE attenuated cocaine-seeking behavior relative to IC regardless of length of abstinence. Brains were harvested and trunk blood was collected immediately after the 60-min test and later assayed. Results indicated that short-term EE elevated hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and reduced plasma corticosterone compared to IC. Furthermore, 21 days of EE during forced abstinence prevented increases in the cue-elicited amygdala phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression that was observed in IC rats. These findings suggest that EE attenuates incentive motivational effects of cocaine cues through a mechanism other than preventing the incubation effect, perhaps involving reduction of stress and neural activity in response to cocaine-paired cues during acute withdrawal.
Stark Effect Revisited

We extend the rigorous theory of complex scaling to atoms in constant electric field. This allows one to give a precise mathematical definition of resonance and leads to several results about the perturbation series: Borel summability at nonreal field and a relation between the asymptotics of the perturbation coefficients for large $n$ and the width of the resonance for small field.
Direct validation of in vivo localized 13C MRS measurements of brain glycogen

With the use of localized 13C MRS in conjunction with [1-(13)C]-D-glucose infusion, it is possible to study brain glycogen metabolism in vivo. The purpose of this study was to validate in vivo 13C MRS measurements by comparing them with results from a standard biochemical assay. To increase the [1-(13)C] glycogen concentration, 11 rats were subjected to an episode of acute hypoglycemia followed by a mild hyperglycemic recovery period during which [1-(13)C]-D-glucose was infused. The total brain [1-(13)C] glycogen of the same animal was determined from the enzymatically determined total brain glycogen content, which was fixed by focused microwave irradiation (4 kW in 1.4 s) immediately after the end of the in vivo NMR measurements. The corresponding isotopic enrichment (IE) of glycogen was measured by in vitro 1H MRS of protons bound to glucose C1-alpha. The in vivo [1-(13)C] glycogen concentration was strongly correlated to the in vitro [1-(13)C] glycogen content determined by biochemical measurement in a linear manner (R=0.79). The results are consistent with the notion that localized 13C MRS measurements closely reflect 13C glycogen content in the brain.
Altered properties of Fujinami-virus-infected duck cells and murine sarcoma virus-infected rat cells.

A comparison was made of the properties of uninfected and Fujinami-virus-infected duck cells, uninfected and Murine Sarcoma virus-infected rat cells, and uninfected and Rous Sarcoma virus-infected chicken cells. It was found that alteration in cell shape, increased glycolysis in the absence of serum, and a decreased requirement of serum for multiplication and for glycolysis were constant correlates of the neoplastic conversion brought about by these RNA sarcoma viruses.