cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving quality of life through caregiver training and support.

Both family and professional caregivers play a critical role in the lives of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Individual...
Self-assembly–based posttranslational protein oscillators

Recent advances in synthetic posttranslational protein circuits are substantially impacting the landscape of cellular engineering and offer several advantages compared to traditional gene circuits. However, engineering dynamic phenomena such as oscillations in protein-level circuits remains an outstanding challenge. Few examples of biological posttranslational oscillators are known, necessitating theoretical progress to determine realizable oscillators. We construct mathematical models for two posttranslational oscillators, using few components that interact only through reversible binding and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions. Our designed oscillators rely on the self-assembly of two protein species into multimeric functional enzymes that respectively inhibit and enhance this self-assembly. We limit our analysis to within experimental constraints, finding (i) significant portions of the restricted parameter space yielding oscillations and (ii) that oscillation periods can be tuned by several orders of magnitude using recent advances in computational protein design. Our work paves the way for the rational design and realization of protein-based dynamic systems.
78. Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Summary This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Anatomy Pathophysiology Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis References
Chronique d’une écologie décoloniale dans C’est ma terre de Fabrice Bouckat

This article will examine from a decolonial perspective, how its director, a Martinican with Gabonese origins who lives and works in Guadeloupe, develops a synthetic and universal vision of environmental crises, and thus demonstrates that destruction of ecosystems crosses time and space, cultures and lands, languages and peoples by bringing ecological crisis in the West Indies closer to the one experienced by the Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange.
Laws of Large Numbers

In this lesson, we examine some relationships between relative frequency (Lesson 1, Part I) and probability, specifically expectation, (Lesson 11, Part II). In particular, we examine different modes of convergence of the simple arithmetic mean of real random variables defined on a fixed probability space [ΩSP]; each mode has its own law. “Large” refers to the number of RVs, not their values.
Fasting Biochemistry of Representative Spontaneous and Facultative Hibernators: The White-Tailed Prairie Dog and the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog

The white-tailed prairie dog is a spontaneous hibernator that enters an anorexic state followed by torpor in early fall. The black-tailed prairie dog is a facultative hibernator that enters torpor ...
Seat belt use during pregnancy.

This study investigates the frequency of seat belt use and the factors influencing their use in women attending obstetric clinics affiliated with the University of New Mexico Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Several studies of pregnant women have shown improved survival of mothers and their fetuses when seat belts were worn at the time of motor vehicle crashes. Although the use of seat belts has been mandated by state law in New Mexico since 1986, the percentage of pregnant women using seat belts is not known.
Complex and emergent behavior from neural network pulse stream filters

Simple neural systems based on biologically motivated processing elements with applications to pulse stream filtering are discussed. These few node, moderately connected systems exhibit sensitive filtering capabilities, and complex and emergent information encoding properties. A single filter may operate on frequencies from the sub-hertz range up to the gigahertz range by simply adjusting the DC biases of the system. No changes in the physical structure of the system are required. Circuit level simulations of the systems are used to verify system functionality and demonstrate the basic waveforms produced by the hybrid processing element. >
Robust Face Recognition Using Color Information

This paper presents a robust face recognition method using color information with the following three-fold contributions. First, a novel hybrid color space, the RC r Q color space, is constructed out of three different color spaces: the RGB , YC b C r , and YIQ color spaces. The RC r Q hybrid color space, whose component images possess complementary characteristics, enhances the discriminating power for face recognition. Second, three effective image encoding methods are proposed for the component images in the RC r Q hybrid color space: (i) a patch-based Gabor image representation for the R component image, (ii) a multi-resolution LBP feature fusion scheme for the C r component image, and (iii) a component-based DCT multiple face encoding for the Q component image. Finally, at the decision level, the similarity matrices generated using the three component images in the RC r Q hybrid color space are fused using a weighted sum rule. The most challenging Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) version 2 Experiment 4 shows that the proposed method, which achieves the face verification rate of 92.43% at the false accept rate of 0.1%, performs better than the state-of-the-art face recognition methods.
The Expert's Opinion

INTERVIEWEE PROFILE: An interview with Coral R. Snodgrass, PhD., President Buffalo-Niagara Region Council for International Visitors
An analog CMOS network for Gaussian convolution with embedded image sensing

A circuit that samples an image in two dimensions and uses a resistive network to average it spatially according to a Gaussian weighting function whose width is controlled by an electronically variable resistor is described. A matrix of logarithmic photoreceptors fabricated on the surface of the IC drives currents into the nodes of a mesh consisting of appropriately ratioed positive and negative resistors. The resulting voltage distribution on the network nodes constitutes the smoothed image. No clocking or digital function is required in the action of the network. A prototype network of a 40*45 array of cells along a hexagonal grid is implemented in a standard 2- mu m p-well, double-metal, single-polysilicon CMOS process on a 7.9*9.2-mm die. >
Decomposition results for general polling systems and their applications

In this paper we derive decomposition results for the number of customers in polling systems under arbitrary (dynamic) polling order and service policies. Furthermore, we obtain sharper decomposition results for both the number of customers in the system and the waiting times under static polling policies. Our analysis, which is based on distributional laws, relaxes the Poisson assumption that characterizes the polling systems literature. In particular, we obtain exact decomposition results for systems with either Mixed Generalized Erlang (MGE) arrival processes, or asymptotically exact decomposition results for systems with general renewal arrival processes under heavy traffic conditions. The derived decomposition results can be used to obtain the performance analysis of specific systems. As an example, we evaluate the performance of gated Markovian polling systems operating under heavy traffic conditions. We also provide numerical evidence that our heavy traffic analysis is very accurate even for moderate traffic.
A Multidisciplinary Approach To Risk Management For Accounting Firms

This paper develops an integrated risk management decision framework that provides insights into the many factors that are involved in controlling and managing risk for accounting firms. Borrowing from the areas of insurance economics, crime and punishment, accounting, and organization theory, factors are identified that affect the demand for risk reduction. The interaction and application of three different components of risk reduction (market insurance, self-insurance, and self-protection) within the context of risk reduction decision-making are examined.
The national birth defects prevention study: A review of the methods

Background The National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) is a large population-based multicenter case–control study of major birth defects in the United States. Methods Data collection took place from 1998 through 2013 on pregnancies ending between October 1997 and December 2011. Cases could be live born, stillborn, or induced terminations, and were identified from birth defects surveillance programs in Arkansas, California, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Texas, and Utah. Controls were live born infants without major birth defects identified from the same geographical regions and time periods as cases by means of either vital records or birth hospitals. Computer-assisted telephone interviews were completed with women between 6 weeks and 24 months after the estimated date of delivery. After completion of interviews, families received buccal cell collection kits for the mother, father, and infant (if living). Results There were 47,832 eligible cases and 18,272 eligible controls. Among these, 32,187 (67%) and 11,814 (65%), respectively, provided interview information about their pregnancies. Buccal cell collection kits with a cytobrush for at least one family member were returned by 19,065 case and 6,211 control families (65% and 59% of those who were sent a kit). More than 500 projects have been proposed by the collaborators and over 200 manuscripts published using data from the NBDPS through December 2014. Conclusion The NBDPS has made substantial contributions to the field of birth defects epidemiology through its rigorous design, including case classification, detailed questionnaire and specimen collection, large study population, and collaborative activities across Centers. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:656–669, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropsychological differences between survivors of supratentorial and infratentorial brain tumours.

Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between brain tumour location and core areas of cognitive and behavioural functioning for paediatric brain tumour survivors. The extant literature both supports and refutes an association between paediatric brain tumour location and neurocognitive outcomes. We examined neuropsychological test data to identify any differences in neurocognitive and behavioural profile associated with supratentorial versus infratentorial tumour location. Methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, the medical records and neuropsychological test data collected between 1997 and 2002 for 70 children treated for brain tumour at Children's Hospital Los Angeles were reviewed. Fifty-one per cent of the participants had tumours located in the supratentorial regions of the brain, whereas 49% had infratentorial tumours. Primary medical treatments involved tumour resection (90%), cranial radiation therapy (76%), chemotherapy (71%), and 59% all three medical procedures. The two tumour location groups did not differ significantly in the cumulative treatment dose of irradiation to the tumour bed or in the dose delivered to the whole brain. Neuropsychological test data included measures of verbal and non-verbal intellectual functioning, attention/working memory, processing speed, verbal and visual memory, fine motor skills, visual–motor integration, academic achievement, and social–emotional functioning. Differences between the two groups were evaluated using anova, t-tests and chi-squared statistical tests. Results The supratentorial and infratentorial tumour location groups did not differ on measures of intellectual functioning. However, survivors of infratentorial tumours performed more poorly on selected measures of more specific cognitive functions and on parent-report of social–emotional functioning relative to survivors of supratentorial tumours, even when age at diagnosis was held as a covariate. Higher frequency of auditory deficits was noted in the infratentorial tumour group and was associated with lowered academic achievement scores. Conclusions The differences by location found in more specific neurocognitive and social–emotional variables, after controlling for age at diagnosis, may possibly reflect tumour location-specific effects. However, this interpretation remains tentative given the limitations in our study and inability to control for the range of medical and treatment-related factors that may have contributed towards the outcomes observed in our sample. At the same time, most of our findings appear consistent with reports from recent studies in this area.
Chromatographic measurement of nitrogen mineralization rates in marine coastal waters with 15N

Isotope ratios for ammonium were determined directly on seawater filtrates by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for isotope dilution and enrichment experiments in the Mississippi River plume region of the Gulf of Mexico. The 2 isotopic forms could be differentiated by cation exchange chromatography because the ratio of "NH,': "NH, is slightly greater than the ratio of 14NH,+: I4NH3 in aqueous solutions at pH's near the pK for ammonium (ca pH 9) . Relatively small (e.g. 60 ml) water samples were fortified in the field with lSN-ammonium or "N-amino acids and incubated at simulated in situ temperature and light conditions. At 2 to 13 h intervals, subsamples were filtered (0.2 pm pore size) and frozen for later HPLC analysis in the laboratory. Isotope-dilution experiments conducted on water samples collected from different depths in the plume indicated that maximum ammonium regeneration rates occurred in near-surface waters where phytoplankton and bacterial production rates are relatively high. Amino acid and ammonium concentration changes and ISN-NH, compositional changes were measured at 4 intervals over 21 h after the addition of a n I5N-labeled amino acid mixture (4 FM). Comparison of the amount of 15N recovered as I5NH, to that removed from solution as 15N-labeled amino acids indicated that the potential conversion of 'assimilated' "N-labeled amino acids to dissolved ammonium ranged from about 50 % in surface water to about 90 % in nearbottom (30 m depth) water. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the HPLC approach for measuring nitrogen regeneration rates or conversion efficiencies in small volumes of marine coastal waters.
Histamine receptor-mediated signaling during development and brain function in adulthood

Histamine might have an important role in brain development. However, most studies have focused on short-term effects of histamine receptor-mediated signaling on brain function in adulthood. Little is known about the potential long-term effects of histamine receptor-mediated signaling during development on brain function in adulthood. We hypothesize that increased postsynaptic histamine receptor-mediated signaling during development has detrimental effects on brain function in adulthood. Our data support this hypothesis. In the developing mouse brain, histamine H3 receptor blockade, which increases histamine release, has detrimental sex-dependent effects on object recognition, spatial learning in the water maze, and pre-pulse inhibition in adulthood. Our data also support the hypothesis that histamine mediates the detrimental long-term sex-dependent effects of methamphetamine exposure early in life on these brain functions in adulthood. Therefore, increased efforts are warranted to carefully evaluate the effects of drugs that directly or indirectly affect histamine receptor-mediated signaling during development on cognitive function later in life.
Direct Interaction between USF and SREBP-1c Mediates Synergistic Activation of the Fatty-acid Synthase Promoter

To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional activation of fatty-acid synthase (FAS), we examined the relationship between upstream stimulatory factor (USF) and SREBP-1c, two transcription factors that we have shown previously to be critical for FAS induction by feeding/insulin. Here, by using a combination of tandem affinity purification and coimmunoprecipitation, we demonstrate, for the first time, that USF and SREBP-1 interact in vitro and in vivo. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown experiments with various USF and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) deletion constructs indicate that the basic helix-loop-helix domain of USF interacts directly with the basic helix-loop-helix and an N-terminal region of SREBP-1c. Furthermore, cotransfection of USF and SREBP-1c with an FAS promoter-luciferase reporter construct in Drosophila SL2 cells results in highly synergistic activation of the FAS promoter. We also show similar cooperative activation of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase promoter by USF and SREBP-1c. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of mouse liver demonstrates that USF binds constitutively to the mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase promoter during fasting/refeeding in vivo, whereas binding of SREBP-1 is observed only during refeeding, in a manner identical to that of the FAS promoter. In addition, we show that the synergy we have observed depends on the activation domains of both proteins and that mutated USF or SREBP lacking the N-terminal activation domain could inhibit the transactivation of the other. Closely positioned E-boxes and sterol regulatory elements found in the promoters of several lipogenic genes suggest a common mechanism of induction by feeding/insulin.
Regulation of actomyosin and contraction in smooth muscle

Unlike striated muscle cells, smooth muscle cells do not have an organized sarcomeric structure. However, all smooth muscle cells contain the contractile proteins, myosin, actin, and tropomyosin. Polymorphism of the myosin heavy chain exists in smooth muscle cells. Two myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, SM1 (204 kDa) and SM2 (200 kDa), are present in smooth muscle cells; however, their ratios vary in smooth muscles from different sources. The hypertrophy of the urinary bladder induced by partial outlet obstruction in rabbits is associated with an alteration of the SM1-to-SM2 ratio from 1:3 to 1:1. Both heavy chains react with polyclonal antibody against smooth muscle myosin; however, antibody prepared against a peptide from the C-terminal region of the SM2 heavy chain cross-reacts only with the SM2 heavy chain. Removal of the obstruction reverses the bladder to normal mass with a concomitant change in the SM1-to-SM2 ratio back to 1:3. The expression of the SM1 mRNA is increased in response to obstruction-induced hypertrophy, and it also returns to normal upon removal of the obstruction. Urinary bladder smooth muscle contains predominantly γ-actin. Obstruction-induced hypertrophy of the bladder smooth muscle is associated with an increase in the γ-actin at both protein and mRNA levels. The β-non-muscle actin is decreased and the α-smooth muscle actin is unchanged in response to obstruction-induced bladder hypertrophy.
SU‐E‐I‐176: Impact of Residual Activity and Clock Synchronization on Quantitative Treatment Response Assessment

Purpose: The accuracy of quantitative PET is influenced by many factors whose uncertainties need to be characterized for its reliable use in treatment response assessment. Among the factors are residual activity and lack of synchronization between PET‐scanner and dose‐calibrator clocks which are frequently overlooked. Therefore, we characterized their effects on PET‐ based treatment response assessment. Methods: Fifteen patients receiving targeted molecular therapy underwent whole body [18F]FLT PET/CT scans at multiple time points. Response was calculated as the change in SUV between subsequent scans. Residual‐activity left in syringe after injection effects were assessed by comparing response measures when SUV values were corrected for residual activity (range: 0.07mCi‐0.61mCi) to when they were not. Uncertainty in response was also compared between scans where the synchronization of the PET‐scanner and dose‐calibrator clocks were randomly offset (range: 1min‐60mins) to when they were synchronized. The effect of both factors on PERCIST classification of treatment response was assessed. Results: Residual‐activity and lack of clock synchronization had significant effects on treatment response (p=0.05). 3% change in clock offsets between subsequent scans resulted in 2.5% absolute difference in response. The mean difference in responses due to desynchronized clocks was 18% (maximum=35%). 3% change in residual activity resulted in 0.1% absolute difference in response. Not accounting for residual‐activity caused mean difference of 1% (maximum=6%) in the response. Changes in clock synchronization and not accounting for residual activity resulted in reclassification of the PERCIST response status of over 30% of the patients. Conclusions: Lack of synchronization between PET‐scanner and dose‐ calibrator clocks and not accounting for residual activity caused a difference in response. Administration procedures that minimize residual activity (e.g. flushing syringe with saline) have to be implemented. Also, all clocks used with dose‐calibrator have to be synchronized with PET‐scanner clock periodically. Otherwise patients can be wrongly classified as partial, stable, or progressive disease.
Is unconscious identity priming lexical or sublexical

We examined unconscious priming in a stem-completion task with both identity and form-related primes. Participants were given exclusion instructions to avoid completing a stem (e.g., ca---) with a briefly flashed masked word (e.g., candy). In Experiment 1, priming of around 7% occurred for both identity (e.g., candy) and form-based (e.g., windy) primes at a 33 ms exposure duration. When examining only trials in which the participants failed to identify the prime, this effect increased to 12% for identity primes, but remained the same for form-based primes. In Experiment 2, priming without prime identification was 9% for identity primes, 4% for homophone primes, and 3% for orthographic control primes. Although identity priming was greater than form priming in both experiments, regression analyses revealed that orthographic and phonological overlap alone between the flashed primes and targets could completely account for unconscious identity priming. Hence, we conclude that masked words may only activate their sublexical orthographic and phonological representations and not their lexical representations.
Effect of hydrostatic pulmonary edema on the interparabronchial septum of the chicken lung

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to examine the interparabronchial septum as a potential site of lymphatic drainage in the lungs of anesthetized chickens (Gallus domesticus). Birds were subjected to extracellular fluid volume expansion in order to produce hydrostatic pulmonary edema via increased pulmonary capillary fluid flux into the interstitial spaces of the lung. Micrographs obtained from freeze-dried lungs of volume-loaded birds were compared with similarly prepared lungs from normal control chickens, which were not volume loaded. The adjacent parabronchi of the control lungs were closely opposed by a minimal septal space, whereas the interparabronchial septal space of the volume-loaded birds was measurably thickened and appeared to be engorged as a result of hydrostatic pulmonary edema. The results of this study are consistent with observations of the lungs of mammals subjected to hydrostatic pulmonary edema and suggest that the interparabronchial septum may be a potential route of lymphatic drainage in the avian lung.
Diastereoselective [2,3] Wittig rearrangement of carbohydrate-derived tertiary allylic ethers. 2. Synthesis of an advanced rapamycin intermediate from D-glucose.

Abstract The advanced rapamycin intermediate 26 has been prepared by an iterative sigmatropic sequence incorporating the diastereoselective [2,3] Wittig rearrangement of a D -glucofuranose-derived tertiary allylic ether.
Comparison of red-shifted firefly luciferase Ppy RE9 and conventional Luc2 as bioluminescence imaging reporter genes for in vivo imaging of stem cells

One critical issue for noninvasive imaging of transplanted bioluminescent cells is the large amount of light absorption in tissue when emission wavelengths below 600 nm are used. Luciferase with a red-shifted spectrum can potentially bypass this limitation. We assessed and compared a mutant of firefly luciferase (Ppy RE9, PRE9) against the yellow luciferase luc2 gene for use in cell transplantation studies. C17.2 neural stem cells expressing PRE9-Venus and luc2-Venus were sorted by flow cytometry and assessed for bioluminescence in vitro in culture and in vivo after transplantation into the brain of immunodeficient Rag2-/- mice. We found that the luminescence from PRE9 was stable, with a peak emission at 620 nm, shifted to the red compared to that of luc2. The emission peak for PRE9 was pH-independent, in contrast to luc2, and much less affected by tissue absorbance compared to that of luc2. However, the total emitted light radiance from PRE9 was substantially lower than that of luc2, both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that PRE9 has favorable properties as compared to luc2 in terms of pH independence, red-shifted spectrum, tissue light penetration, and signal quantification, justifying further optimization of protein expression and enzymatic activity.
Laser flash photolysis kinetic studies of enol ether radical cations. Rate constants for heterolysis of alpha-methoxy-beta-phosphatoxyalkyl radicals and for cyclizations of enol ether radical cations

Two series of enol ether radical cations were studied by laser flash photolysis methods. The radical cations were produced by heterolyses of the phosphate groups from the corresponding alpha-methoxy-beta-diethylphosphatoxy or beta-diphenylphosphatoxy radicals that were produced by 355 nm photolysis of N-hydroxypryidine-2-thione (PTOC) ester radical precursors. Syntheses of the radical precursors are described. Cyclizations of enol ether radical cations 1 gave distonic radical cations containing the diphenylalkyl radical, whereas cyclizations of enol ether radical cations 2 gave distonic radical cation products containing a diphenylcyclopropylcarbinyl radical moiety that rapidly ring-opened to a diphenylalkyl radical product. For 5-exo cyclizations, the heterolysis reactions were rate limiting, whereas for 6-exo and 7-exo cyclizations, the heterolyses were fast and the cyclizations were rate limiting. Rate constants were measured in acetonitrile and in acetonitrile solutions containing 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, and several Arrhenius functions were determined. The heterolysis reactions showed a strong solvent polarity effect, whereas the cyclization reactions that gave distonic radical cation products did not. Recombination reactions or deprotonations of the radical cation within the first-formed ion pair compete with diffusive escape of the ions, and the yields of distonic radical cation products were a function of solvent polarity and increased in more polar solvent mixtures. The 5-exo cyclizations were fast enough to compete efficiently with other reactions within the ion pair (k approximately 2 x 10(9) s(-1) at 20 degrees C). The 6-exo cyclization reactions of the enol ether radical cations are 100 times faster (radical cations 1) and 10 000 times faster (radical cations 2) than cyclizations of the corresponding radicals (k approximately 4 x 10(7) s(-1) at 20 degrees C). Second-order rate constants were determined for reactions of one enol ether radical cation with water and with methanol; the rate constants at ambient temperature are 1.1 x 10(6) and 1.4 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), respectively.
Current bladder management treatment options for women with disabilities

Various options are available for improving the management of bladder function for women with disabilities. Our approach has always been to begin with the least invasive treatment option, which accomplishes the important goal of preserving renal function and preventing infection, while maintaining continence. If these approaches fail, then more elaborate procedures can be considered. The woman's preference as well as her body habits and lifestyle should always be priorities when designing a bladder management program.
Defensive counterterrorism measures and domestic politics

Unlike most of the literature, this paper includes domestic political considerations in which two countries must decide defensive countermeasures against a common terrorist threat. A delegation problem arises as voters strategically choose a policymaker whose preferences differ from their own. As a consequence, countries limit the presumed oversupply of defensive countermeasures. Thus, the inclusion of domestic politics gives a new perspective on counterterrorism. The timing of elections is also shown to make a difference.
Articulated Thoughts of Intimate Partner Abusive Men during Anger Arousal: Correlates with Personality Disorder Features

This study extends Eckhardt et al. (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66:259–269, 1998) research on cognitive correlates of anger arousal among intimate partner abusers (IPA; n = 130), distressed/nonviolent (DNV; n = 27), and satisfied/nonviolent men (SNV; n = 21) during a standardized anger induction task by examining variables thought to differentiate batterers. Variables pertinent to the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (Psychological Bulletin, 116:476–497, 1994) typology—borderline and antisocial personality, psychopathy, general violence, and partner violence—were correlated to articulated cognitive distortions. Since between group comparisons were not significant, articulated anger was correlated with antisocial, borderline, and psychopathic features. Borderline personality features correlated positively with articulations reflecting jealousy. Articulated themes were more consistently related to psychopathology than to violence, suggesting that tailoring treatments to personality features of clients may prove fruitful.
Some Results from 1/8-Scale Shuttle Model Vibration Studies

Highlights of experimental and analytical vibration studies of a 1/8-scale structural dynamic model of the Space Shuttle are presented. The Space Shuttle is a launch vehicle with elements assembled in an asymmetric manner. Responses of the assembled vehicle are characterized by directional coupling and high modal density at low frequencies. Effects of distortion of structure near element interfaces are shown to be significant and predictable with highly detailed mathematical models. Acquisition of modal data by single-point random excitation is shown to be viable for these complex structures. Element studies reveal large liquid-structure interactions and a wide range of structural damping.
An approach for time-dependent bone modeling and remodeling-application: a preliminary remodeling simulation.

In a companion paper, we presented a time-dependent theory for bone modeling and remodeling in response to a daily loading history. This paper represents a preliminary attempt to use the theory to determine the distribution of bone density within the adult proximal femur under an assumed normal loading history. Subsequent functional adaptation of the internal structure due to changes in the loading history are then determined. Throughout this preliminary study, the external geometry of the proximal femur is considered to be fixed, i.e., changes in the external shape are neither stimulated nor allowed. Linear and trilinear (dead-zone nonlinearity) rate remodeling laws were compared. Computer emulations using two-dimensional finite element models were successful in creating a normal-appearing distribution of bone tissue when remodeling was initiated from a solid structure of homogeneous bone density. Subsequent reduction in the loading history caused regional bone atrophy. Reinstatement of the normal loading history caused a generalized increase in bone mass but resulted in a slightly different bone distribution than was calculated for a constant loading history. These results demonstrate the utility of the remodeling theory and are consistent with the hypothesis that similar stress-related phenomena are responsible for both normal morphogenesis and functional adaptiation in response to changes in the bone loading.
Amygdalin metabolism and effect on reproduction of rats fed apricot kernels

Diets containing 10% ground apricot kernels were fed to young and breeding male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The kernels werE obtained from 35 specific apricot cultivars and divided into groups containing low amygdalin (less than 50 mg cyanide per 100 g), moderate amygdalin (100-200 mg cyanide per 100 g), or high amygdalin (more than 200 mg cyanide per 100 g). Growth of young male rats was greatest in the low- or moderate-amygdalin group which may indicate only that they were more sensitive to the bitter taste of the kernels with high amygdalin contents. In female rats, but not males, liver rhodanese activity and thiocyanate (SCN) blood levels were increased with the high-amygdalin diet, but both male and females efficiently excreted thiocyanate, indicating efficient detoxication and clearance of cyanide hydrolyzed from the dietary amygdalin. No changes in blood chemistry were observed. Although parturition and 3-d survival indices were poor in pups from dams fed a basal semisynthetic diet, offspring of breeding rats fed the high-amygdalin diet for 18 wk had lower 3-d survival indices, lactation indices, and weaning weights than those in the low-amygdalin group. This may indicate that the cyanide present in the milk may not be efficiently detoxified to SCN and excreted by neonates.
Shape and function of the unilateral cleft nose in adolescents following modified Millard lip repair.

Summary 24 patients with unilateral clefts operated on (at age of 6 months) according to the Millard (1964) procedure were examined at an average age of 10.1 years. Nasal shape and function were evaluated. No change of nasal shape was found during the observation period. The results were superior to those attained by the author with the Tennison-Trauner (1952, 1957) procedure in 6 cases. 13 of the Millard (1964) cases are not expected to need secondary nasal correction at a later date.
Dopamine-mediated mechanisms of the prefrontal cortex

Abstract The dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex is functionally as well as anatomically specific. Dopamine-immunopositive terminals form symmetrical, presumed inhibitory, synapses on the spines of pyramidal neurons usually in conjunction with input from other afferent sources. In addition, different subsets of prefrontal neurons appear to bear different complements of D1 and D2 receptors. The cognitive deficits associated with dopamine deficiency in the prefrontal cortex are equally selective: they are expressed in performance which is memory-guided and not in tasks which are guided by external stimuli. Evidence from studies of experimentally induced dopamine deficits in nonhuman primates as well as in patients with Parkinson's disease supports the view that short-term (working) memory is a mnemonic process especially vulnerable to dopamine loss. This dependence can be understood if dopamine afferents modulate the responses of prefrontal neurons to excitatory input, particularly via axospinous synapses on projection neurons that participate in mnemonic coding and/or influence motor outflow and feedback to the cortex. It is possible that different subsets of pyramidal neurons bearing the majority of D1 and D2 receptors, respectively, mediate different aspects of memory-guided behaviours.
Making quality count in biological data sources

We propose an extension to the semistructured data model that captures and integrates information about the quality of the stored data. Specifically, we describe the main challenges involved in measuring and representing data quality, and how we addressed them. These challenges include extending an existing data model to include quality metadata, identifying useful quality measures, and devising a way to compute and update the value of the quality measures as data is queried and updated. Although our approach can be generalized to various other domains, it is currently aimed at describing the quality of biological data sources. We illustrate the benefits of our model using several examples from biological databases.
Chemistry of C-Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Heterocarboranes. 24. Synthetic, Spectroscopic, Structural, and Reactivity Studies on Half- and Full-Sandwich Yttracarboranes of 2,3-C2B4- and 2,4-C2B4-Carborane Ligands

The reaction of YCl3 with closo-exo-5,6-[(μ-H)2Li(THF)2]-1-Li(THF)2-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-2,3-C2B4H4 (R = SiMe3 and Me) or closo-exo-5,6-[(μ-H)2Na(THF)2]-1-Na(THF)2-2,4-(SiMe3)2-2,4-C2B4H4 in 1:2 molar ratios in dry benzene produced the yttracarboranes [Li(THF)4]{1-Cl-1-(THF)-2,2‘-(SiMe3)2-3,3‘-(R)2-4,4‘,5,5‘-Li(THF)[1,1‘-commo-Y(2,3-C2B4H4)2]} (R = SiMe3 (I), Me (II)) or {Na(THF)3}2{[1-(THF)-1-(μ-H)2-2,2‘,4,4‘-(SiMe3)4-1,1‘-commo-Y(2,4-C2B4H4)2]2} (III) in yields of 83%, 80%, and 74%, respectively. Compound I was found to react with excess NaH in dry THF to give a hydridoyttracarborane sandwich 1-H-2,2‘,3,3‘-(SiMe3)4-[4,4‘,5-Li(THF)]2-[1,1‘-commo-Y(2,3-C2B4H4)2] (V) in 80% yield. Attempts to prepare the half-sandwich yttracarboranes directly from the reaction of YCl3, Me3SiCH2MgCl, and 2,3-(SiMe3)2-2,3-C2B4H6 proved unsuccessful, instead, the reaction produced the mixed magnesa-/yttracarborane closo-1-Y-{1,1‘-(μ-Cl)2-exo-[5,6-(μ-H)2-Mg(THF)2]-1,1‘-(μ-Cl)2-[closo-1-Mg(THF)-2,3-(SiMe3)2-2,3-C2B4H4]}-2,3-(SiMe3)2...
The Varicella-Zoster virus origin-binding protein can substitute for the herpes simplex virus origin-binding protein in a transient origin-dependent DNA replication assay in insect cells

Abstract We isolated two recombinant baculoviruses each of which expresses a varicella-zoster virus (VZV) homolog of one ofthe seven herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genes required for DNA replication. We performed transient origin-dependent DNA replication assays in insect cells in which we substituted a baculovirus which expresses a VZV protein for a baculovirus which expresses its HSV homolog. VZV gene 51 protein was found to be able to support origin-dependent DNA synthesis when it was substituted for UL9, the HSV-1 origin-binding protein (01313). This occurred whether an HSV-1 or a VZV origin-containing plasmid was used in the assay. These results suggest that VZV gene 51 protein is able to interact with the HSV replication machinery, and in light of the extensive structural divergence of these proteins, it suggests that initiation of VZV and HSV-1 DNA synthesis may involve a limited number of interactions between the OBP and other replication factors. Substitution of infected-cell protein 8 (ICP8), the major single-stranded DNA-binding protein of HSV-1, with VZV gene 29 protein, however, did not result in amplification of plasmids containing either an HSV-1 or a VZV origin. In the absence of ICP8, addition of both VZV gene 51 protein and gene 29 protein was also negative for origin-dependent replication whether or not UL9 was present. Although demonstration that our baculovirus-expressed VZV gene 29 protein is functional for DNA replication will await development of a VZV replication system, our results suggest that VZV gene 29 protein is unable to interact functionally with one or more of the HSV replication proteins. This approach should contribute to efforts to define the interactions among the alphaherpesvirus DNA replication proteins.
Low-temperature phosphine fumigation of chilled lettuce under insulated cover for postharvest control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Abstract Pallet-scale phosphine fumigations were conducted on pre-chilled iceberg lettuce under an insulated cover to determine efficacy against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and phytotoxicity to lettuce. Vacuum-cooled commercial iceberg lettuce at 3 °C was sealed in a plastic bag, covered with double-bubble foil insulation, and then fumigated with 484 ± 17 ppm phosphine for 18 h under storage at 20 °C. Lettuce temperature increased from 4.5 °C to 7.2 °C during the course of fumigations. The fumigation treatment was replicated three times and achieved complete control of 3453 western flower thrips. Lettuce quality was evaluated 2 weeks after fumigation and the fumigation had no significant negative impact on lettuce quality. This study demonstrates that insulated cover can be used to keep pre-chilled lettuce at low temperature suitable for low-temperature phosphine fumigation to control western flower thrips on harvested lettuce.
S-Matrix andT-matrix zeros in two static models

The dynamical assumption of a minimum ofS-matrix zeros is applied to neutral pseudoscalar and symmetric scalar meson theories in the static limit and one-meson approximation. In both models the generality in theS-matrix solutions is reduced to a one-parameter class with an upper bound on the coupling constant. A low-energy narrow resonance is admissible in theP3/2 channel for the pseudoscalar model, while only a larges-wave scattering length can appear in theT=3/2 channel for the scalar case. Crossing symmetry and unitarity are used to demonstrate that the class of solutions possessing no zeros in the scattering amplitudes is entirely contained in the class of solutions with a minimum number ofS-matrix zeros. All members of the two classes necessarily exhibit ±π/2 asymptotic phase shifts.
Biological activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat.

The biological activities of vitamin D3, 25–hydroxyvitamin D3, and 1,2 5–dihydroxyvitamin D3 given each day ip to rats have been compared. Under these conditions, 1,25–dihydroxyvitamin D3 is about 10 times more active than vitamin D3 in the elevation of serum phosphorus and calcification of bone of rats on a low phosphorus diet. It is also about 5 times more active than vitamin D3 in the maintenance of serum calcium and stimulation of growth of rats on a low calcium diet. The 25–hydroxyvitamin D3 equals 1,25–dihydroxyvitamin D3 in its effect on serum calcium and growth of rats on the low calcium diet, but is 1/5 as active in antirachitic activity in rats on the low phosphorus diet. In addition, 1,25–dihydroxyvitamin D3, but not vitamin D3 or 25–hydroxyvitamin D3, tends to produce a hypercalcemia even at low doses in rats on a high calcium diet. (Endocrinology 92: 417, 1973)
Impact of dietary genistein and aging on executive function in rats.

Abstract Genistein is an estrogenic soy isoflavone widely promoted for healthy aging, but its effects on cognitive function are not well-understood. We examined the cognitive effects of once daily oral genistein treatment at two doses (approximately 162 μg/kg/day low dose and a 323 μg/kg/day high dose) in ovariectomized young (7 month), middle-aged (16 month), and old (22 month) Long–Evans rats. Operant tasks including delayed spatial alternation (DSA), differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL), and reversal learning that tap prefrontal cortical function were used to assess working memory, inhibitory control/timing, and strategy shifting, respectively. At the conclusion of cognitive testing, brains were collected and relative densities of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and dopamine transporter (DAT) were measured in the prefrontal cortex. On the DSA task, the high dose old group performed worse than both the high dose young and middle-aged groups. On the DRL task, the high dose of genistein resulted in a marginally significant impairment in the ratio of reinforced to non-reinforced lever presses. This effect was present across age groups. Age effects were also found as old rats performed more poorly than the young and middle-aged rats on the DSA overall. In contrast, middle-aged and old rats made fewer lever presses on the DRL than did the young rats, a pattern of behavior associated with better performance on this task. Moreover, while DAT levels overall decreased with age, genistein treatment produced an increase in DAT expression in old rats relative to similarly aged control rats. D1 and D2 densities did not differ between genistein dose groups or by age. These results highlight the fact that aspects of executive function are differentially sensitive to both genistein exposure and aging and suggest that altered prefrontal dopamine function could potentially play a role in mediating these effects.
Hybrid TiO2−SiO2 Organic/Inorganic Gels: Preparation, Characterization, and Temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis and Oxidation Studies

Permethylated cyclooligosiloxane rings, tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS), and Ti(iPr)2Cl2 were used to prepare hybrid TiO2−SiO2 xerogels. A number of solvents were ineffective for leaching the organic...
Si/SiO2 interface: New structures and well-defined model systems.

A well-defined silicon oxide/silicon interface was synthesized by the reaction of the precursor cluster H 8 Si 8 O 12 with a Si(100) surface and characterized using Si 2p core level photoemission spectroscopy. Information gained regarding the assignments of silicon oxide group shifts and peak widths is used to evaluate assumptions and assignments of photoemission spectra of silicon oxide interfaces
Medication barriers and anti-hypertensive medication adherence: The moderating role of locus of control

Abstract Locus of control as a moderator of the relationship between medication barriers (e.g., side-effects, forgetting to take medication, and keeping track of pills) and anti-hypertensive medication adherence was examined. Baseline data were obtained from 588 hypertensive veterans. In general, fewer medication barriers, higher internal locus of control and lower external locus of control was associated with better hypertensive medication adherence. Furthermore, internal locus of control served as a moderator (β = −.74, p < .01) for the relationship between medication barriers and medication adherence; effect size was large. Decomposition of the interaction revealed that the relationship between medication barriers and medication adherence was strongest when internal control was high (b = −.24, p < .01). Higher internal locus of control was beneficial when barriers to medication adherence are low, but at high perceived barriers, locus of control plays less of a role in medication adherence. Future effor...
An alkylidene-tethered tantallanorbornadiene from reduction of a tantalum(phenylalkenyl)alkylidene derived from 3,3-diphenylcyclopropene ring opening by (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-X)4 (TaTa)

Abstract The terminal (diphenylalkenyl)alkylidene complexes (C5Me4R)Ta(CHCHCPh2)X2 (R=Me, Et; X=Cl, Br) are formed in moderate yields from the ring-opening reaction of 3,3-diphenylcyclopropene with the organoditantalum(III) halides (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-X)4. Potassium amalgam reduction of these alkenylalkylidene complexes afforded the alkylidene-tethered tantallanorbornadienes (C5Me4R)Ta[CHCHCPh(σ2-C6H5)], which possess a bent, boat conformation σ2-arene ligand with a fold angle of 19.24(46)° (R=Me) in the solid state. 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopies are consistent with a rapid flip-flop motion that averages the resonances of the σ2-phenyl group to fewer resonances than expected from the solid-state structure.