cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supersonic flutter of circular cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure and axial compression.

Results of recent experiments on the flutter of circular cylindrical shells in the Mach number range 2.5-3.5 are presented. Three shells with radius-to-thickness ratios of 2000 were subjected to radial external pressure loadings and to combinations of axial compressive loading and internal pressurization while in the presence of an external, axially-directed supersonic flow. Small amounts of internal pressurization were very stabilizing with respect to flutter, but moderate amounts reduced stability to the unpressurized level. However, high internal pressures completely stabilized the shells. . The axial compressive loading was slightly destabilizing for moderate amounts of internal pressurization. The flutter modes (which were standing waves in the axial direction with zero, one, or two circumferential nodal lines) contained many waves around the circumference (of the order of 20) that traveled in the circumferential direction. This circumferentially traveling wave phenomenon possibly results from the nonlinear nature of cylindrical shells. Model integrity was not threatened by even the most violent flutter, which occurred just prior to buckling under radial external pressure loading and just after buckling under axial compressive loading. Buckled portions of a shell did not flutter. It appears that the large local curvatures encountered in the buckling of a cylindrical shell tend to stabilize the shell locally. However, it also appears that the localized buckling usually encountered in practice reduces the stability of any unbuckled regions of the shell.
von Neumann stability analysis of smoothed particle hydrodynamics—suggestions for optimal algorithms

We present a von Neumann stability analysis of the equations of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) along with a critical discussion of various parts of the algorithm. The stability analysis is done without any major restrictions and, hence, models the full Euler equations in one dimension. This then allows us to deduce optimal ranges for parameters that need to be used in SPH. Thus we show that for the commonly used M"5 spline the ratio of smoothing length to interparticle distance should range between 1.0 to 1.4. We also show that the linear artificial viscosity coefficient and the coefficient of spatial filtering have to be bounded. The results of this von Neumann stability analysis provide us with several suggestions for future algorithm improvement. Because the SPH method is so unique we provide, wherever possible, comparisons with more familiar and well-used high resolution finite difference methods.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies developed against Sarcocystis neurona

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by a protozoal parasite infection of the central nervous system, is the most commonly diagnosed neurologic disease of horses in North America. In specific regions of the United States approximately 50% of the horse population is seropositive to Sarcocystis neurona. However, not all seropositive horses develop clinical signs. Detailed clinical examination, along with cerebrospinal fluid antibody evaluation are often used to diagnose EPM. Postmortem evaluation of the brain stem and spinal cord for histopathologic lesions compatible with nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis is used for reaching a diagnosis since organisms are difficult to detect by routine staining methods. Immunohistochemical staining aids detection of organisms; however, the polyclonal antibodies that react with S. neurona may react with merozoites of other closely related Sarcocystis species. In this study, two different monoclonal antibodies, mAb 2A7–18 and mAb 2G5–2, were developed against the merozoite stage of S. neurona UCD-SN1 strain. The antibodies were evaluated by immunoblot, immunofluorescence, immuno-electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry for their ability to react with S. neurona. MAb 2G5–2 reacted with antigenically distinct S. neurona isolates whereas mAb 2A7–18 appeared to be limited in its ability to recognize different isolates. These two monoclonal antibodies recognize protein epitopes of two different immunodominant proteins of S. neurona.
Conditional weak compactness in certain inductive tensor products

This paper is concerned with the problem of describing the conditionally weakly compact subsets of the inductive tensor product of Banach spaces, and in particular with the case of an Ll-space tensor an arbitrary Banach space. Our results are organized as follows. Section one contains the principal criterion for conditional weak compactness in E (~)F, as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for weak compactness in the tensor product. Of the two sets of conditions, the former is more easily applicable to concrete cases, so it is of interest to know in what instances E (~)F is weakly sequentially complete. This is the subject of section two. Finally, the last section contains applications to the spaces ~t~u, E), ff~t'(2~, E) and cg0 (K, E). § 1. The notation and terminology concerning Banach spaces is standard, with the following possible exceptions. Operator (or map) means continuous linear operator. The adjoint of an operator u is written tu. For E, F Banach spaces over the same scalar field (always real or complex) we consider the algebraic tensor product
Blood Flow through Terminal Arterial Vessels after Denervation of the Bat Wing

Previous studies of microcirculation in the denervated wing of the unanesthetized bat showed that major arterial vessels increased markedly in diameter and lost their ability to contract spontaneously. Arteriolar vessels did not show such an increase in diameter, and furthermore their spontaneous contractile activity increased. These observations led to the idea that regulation of blood flow and blood pressure might be continued to some degree in the absence of central nervous control through enhanced activity of arteriolar vessels which just precede the capillary nets. Therefore a thorough study by direct microscopic observation of the behavior of arterial vessels in the following surgical and pharmacological denervation was made. The data support the hypothesis that loss of tone and loss of contractile activity in the large arterial vessels following denervation produce an increase of tone and activity in the smaller, more distally located vessels, thereby causing a redistribution of the site of regulation of flow through capillary nets. The largest arterial vessels showed and increase in average diameter of 38% after surgical denervation, while the terminal arterioles showed a decrease in average diameter of 24%. Neither phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline) norpentolinium (Ansolysen) were as effective as surgical denervation in producing relaxation of the large arterial vessels. Neither drug inhibited spontaneous contractile activity of the terminal vessels.
Motion estimation of two-dimensional objects based on the straight line hough transform: A new approach

Abstract In this paper we propose a novel technique for estimating motion of two-dimensional objects. The technique involves representing objects uniquely by straight-line approximations of the boundary, {( θ , p )} and estimating motion from shifts in the θ − p space. The straight-line approximation of the boundary is obtained by detecting dominant points during contour tracing and then approximating the pixels between adjacent dominant points (along the contour) by a straight line using the Hough transform. We have developed a computationally efficient way of detecting dominant points in a single pass during contour tracing. The proposed object representation enables us to determine the translation and rotation with significantly fewer computations compared with existing methods. Our method can also detect the motion parameters correctly for partially overlapping objects.
Hamstring impingement from an oblique proximal tibial locking screw: A case report

Despite being valuable tools for the treatment of fractures,intramedullary nails have been associated with a number ofcomplications, some of which are unique due to the need to insertproximal and distal locking screws. Previously reported complica-tions with proximal locking screws include nerve and vesselinjury.
SU‐GG‐I‐19: A New X‐Ray Scatter Estimation and Correction Method for Kilo‐Voltage Cone Beam CT Assisted by Multislice CT Scans

Purpose: To estimate and correct for the x‐ray scatter on the flat panel detector on kV cone beam CT(CBCT)image acquisition, assisted by the original 3D volumetric image set acquired using multislice (MS) CT scanner. Method and Materials: Flood field from the CBCT flat panel detector is stored on the On Board Imager (OBI) workstation. Using the flood field together with the image acquired from MSCT scanner (GE LightSpeed PET/CT) prior to any treatment, the scatter‐free cone beam projection at each projection angle is estimated. Subtracting this estimated scatter‐free projection data from the cone beam CT projection at the same angle gives us the x‐ray scatter fluence plus uncertainties due to patient positioning and organ motion. Note that scatter has majority of low frequency components with high magnitude and patient positioning and organ motion has mainly high frequency components with very small magnitude. The calculated fluence is smoothed out using a low pass filter for eliminating high frequency signals to get pure scatter fluence. For the rest of CBCT scans during treatment, subtracting the estimated scatter fluence from CBCT projections in each scan yields an estimate of scatter‐free projections for image reconstruction. Simulations were performed on mathematical phantoms. Scatter and organ motion were introduced into the projections. After applying the above algorithm, the images were reconstructed using FDK algorithm. These images were compared to the uncorrected images and percentage decrease in variance in the images was tabulated. Image quality at various aspects was analyzed. Results and Conclusion: Filtering techniques are sufficient to extract the low‐frequency components from the subtracted signal to estimate the scatter fluence. This scatter correction strategy is patient specific and provides considerable improvements in image quality, especially for correcting the cupping artifact.
Enhancing supply chain performance with improved order-control policies

This article takes up the study of the dynamics of a single product in a prototype three-stage supply chain system, at the downstream warehouse end of the chain, under a responsive chain strategy. The dynamics under various ordering policies and the parameters which will yield desired responses are systematically analysed, both for deterministic and stochastic systems. Higher-order control policies are then proposed and analysed. The considered key performance criteria are the permanent inventory deviations from the desired levels, or the offset, the maximum dip in inventory, the 'undershoot', the damping effect and decay rates, and the duration of time in the negative region, for deterministic systems; and additionally, the inventory variance for stochastic systems. It is shown that the disadvantages of the conventional (proportional-integral-derivative) control policies, like large negative deviations, low decay rates, and high inventory variance, can be overcome by the use of higher-order control policies proposed herein.
Making music with DSP

The recent trend has been to move DSP education earlier in the curriculum. This paper demonstrates using music to teach sinusoids and MIDI at both the undergraduate (DSP First) and high school (Infinity Project) level.
Turing's sexual guessing game

Bien qu'importante, la question: L'ordinateur, pense-t-il? n'est pas la seule question sur la nature de la pensee posee, consciemment ou inconsciemment, par Turing dans son texte, extremement complexe et riche « Computing machinery and intelligence » (1950). Moins apparentes, mais non pas moins importantes d'apres l'A., sont les questions sur la nature du sexe, le naturel et l'artificiel, l'analogue et le discret, le biologique et le culturel
Reaction of carbon monoxide with ozone: Kinetics and chemiluminescence

The reaction of carbon monoxide with ozone was studied in the range of 75–160°C in the presence of varying amounts of CO2 and, for a few experiments, of O2. At room temperature the reaction was immeasurably slow, but in a flow system it showed chemiluminescence with undamped oscillations. In a static system above 75°C the emission showed damped oscillations when O2 was present. In the absence ofadded O2 the emission showed a slow decay with a half-life of 1 hr. The luminescence consisted of partially resolved bands in the range of 325–600 nm, and the source was identified as CO2(1B2) → CO2(1Σg+) + hv. The kinetics were complex, and the observed rate law could be accounted for bya mechanism involving the chain sequence . From measurements of -d[O3]/dtand relative emission, rate constant ratios were obtained and estimates of k3were made.
Purification and partial characterization of the polygalacturonases produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

Abstract 1. 1. Polygalacturonase produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was divided into two fractions on DEAE-cellulose. Most of the polygalacturonase activity (> 90%) (E+) was not adsorbed to the DEAE-cellulose. The remainder (E−) was eluted with NaCl. 2. 2. E+ was purified by column chromatography on CM-cellulose and hydroxylapatite. The protein and enzyme activity from the purified polygalacturonase was eluted as a single peak after chromatography on Bio-Rex 70 and gave a single band after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide. 3. 3. Comparisons by viscosity reduction and reducing group release activity suggest that the purified enzyme obtained from E+ is an endopolygalacturonase. Nevertheless, the first detectable product of hydrolysis was monogalacturonic acid. Carbohydrates are associated with the E+ polygalacturonase. 4. 4. When E− polygalacturonase was purified by chromatography on CM-cellulose and hydroxylapatite it became positively charged as judged by its behavior during ion-exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the purified E− polygalacturonase was lower than that purified from E+ and their elution patterns from Sephadex G-75 were significantly different. Negatively charged polygalacturonase may result from combination of polygalacturonase with negatively charged carbohydrates.
Letter to the editor: "Depolarization and repolarization alternans in an anesthetized canine ischemia model".

to the editor: The article by Gordon et al. ([1][1]) provides plenty of food for thought, particularly in terms of its possible extrapolation to the clinical situation. The authors used cardiac electrical alternans (EA) of depolarization and repolarization measured in unipolar epicardial
Abrupt-Kink Model of Dislocation Motion

A new model of dislocation motion is presented. The behavior of a dislocation in the presence of an applied stress is described in terms of a redistribution of kinks along its length. In contrast with previous models, in which a kink is envisaged as a smooth step extending over many lattice constants, we suppose a kink to be abrupt. Consequently, kink diffusion is considered to be a thermally activated process. Transport equations are formulated which include the effects of generation, diffusion, and collision of kinks. General results obtained from these equations show that a dislocation does not behave like an extensible string in this model. Particular application to small harmonically-time-dependent stresses leads naturally to a new theory of the Bordoni anelastic peak. The characteristic relaxation time depends on line length as well as the attempt frequency and activation energy for diffusion. As a result the decrease in the peak height and slight lowering of the peak temperature upon alloying or neutron irradiation are explained. Assuming an exponential distribution of line lengths, the results of the theory are used to evaluate the merit of different published values of the activation energy. Calculated attenuation peaks for different frequencies are shown to account for the experimentally observed large half-widths in pure cold-worked metals. The absence of a peak in well-annealed metals is explained if dislocations are then arranged parallel to the close-packed directions, thereby eliminating the kink density. The process by which cold-working annealed materials can give rise to kinks is discussed. Experiments are suggested which might further test the theory.
Growth kinetics of GaN grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We report on the incorporation kinetics of gallium during gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) of GaN using elemental Ga and NH3 gas as source materials. Desorption mass spectrometry (DMS) is used to perform in situ quantitative measurements of GaN formation, Ga desorption and Ga surface accumulation during growth. The rate of formation of GaN is reported as a function of incident Ga flux (0.1–0.75 ML/s) and incident NH3 flux (1−300 × 10−7 Torr beam-equivalent pressure) at a constant growth temperature of 725°C. Three distinct growth regimes are observed: (1) GaN is formed where all of the incident Ga flux is consumed, (2) part of the incident Ga is consumed to form GaN while the excess is desorbed from the surface, and (3) GaN formation coexists with desorption and surface accumulation of Ga. It is generally observed that the Ga surface accumulation is inhibited by increasing the rate of incidence of NH3 and/or by decreasing the rate of incidence of Ga at this temperature. In addition, the order of the reaction between Ga and NH3 is determined to be unity, supporting the validity of the Ga + NH 3 → GaN + 3 2 H 2 reaction.
A class of exact solutions of the navier-stokes equations. Plane unsteady flow

Abstract We indicate a class of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, representing plane unsteady motions having non-uniform vorticity.
Son preference and intimate partner violence victimization in India: examining the role of actual and desired family composition.

Son preference has been considered as a determinant of women's risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience in India, although quantitative evidence from large nationally representative studies testing this relationship is limited. This study examines the association between husband's son preference, sex composition of children and risk of physical and sexual IPV victimization among wives. Information was collected for 26,284 couples in the nationally representative 2005-2006 National Family Health Survey of India. The exposures were husband's son preference measured as husband's desire for one or more sons greater than the number of daughters and sex composition of the household: only sons, only daughters and mixed. Outcome included past year physical and/or sexual IPV. The results showed that husband's reported son preference (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.98-1.13) and sex composition of children were not associated with risk for IPV victimization in the models adjusted for socio-demographic factors. The findings from this first population-based study of socio-cultural norms around son preference and married Indian women's risk for IPV victimization indicate that cultural preference for sons does not influence women's risk for IPV victimization. Language: en
Long-term outcome for men with teratoma found at postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection

BACKGROUND: Patients with pure teratoma within the postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND) specimen traditionally have been considered at low risk for disease progression. The objectives of this study were to determine the disease-related outcomes of patients who had pure teratoma identified at the time of PC-RPLND and to examine the prognostic value of clinical variables that were identified previously as important predictors of disease recurrence in these patients. METHODS: Between 1980 and 2003, 97 patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor and pure teratoma histology at the time of PC-RPLND were identified. The medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively for pertinent clinical and treatment-related outcomes. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 7.4 years, 21 patients (22%) developed recurrent disease after PC-RPLND. The 5-year and 10-year probabilities (±standard error) of freedom from disease recurrence were 81% ± 4% and 76% ± 5%, respectively. The postchemotherapy α-fetoprotein (AFP) level and mediastinal involvement at presentation were statistically significant predictors of disease recurrence on multivariate analysis. Nine of 97 patients (9.3%) died from testis cancer, and 4 patients died from other causes. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with pure teratoma histology at PC-RPLND, mediastinal involvement at presentation and the presence of an elevated AFP level before PC-RPLND predicted an unfavorable outcome. The absence of mediastinal involvement and normal AFP level, however, did not confirm freedom from disease recurrence. Patients who had teratoma at the time of PC-RPLND remained at considerable risk for disease progression because of the unpredictable nature of teratoma and the presence of unrecognized, active germ cell disease outside the retroperitoneum. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Promoting breast cancer screening among Chamorro women in Southern California.

Background. Asian American and Pacific Islander women represent a significant at-risk population for breast cancer, with their mortality rates rising while rates fall for all other racial groups. Methods. This 3-year study employed a quasi-experimental design to test the influence of an intervention on screening rates among women age 50 years and older in Southern California compared to Northern California. Results. Despite significant exposure of women to the educational elements in Southern California, the intervention did not increase women’s knowledge, attitudes, or screening behaviors. Conclusions. We discuss several study design and implementation limitations that could have influenced the study’s results.
Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital

The article reviews the book “Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital,” by Ronald S. Burt.
Dynamic response of a containment vessel to fluid pressure pulses

Abstract Two methods, one of which is a very simple approximation, are proposed for the dynamic analysis of the response of the wall of a nuclear containment vessel to the fluid pressure exerted on it when the relief valve discharge piping is cleared.
Experience with moving visual stimuli drives the early development of cortical direction selectivity

The onset of vision occurs when neural circuits in the visual cortex are immature, lacking both the full complement of connections and the response selectivity that defines functional maturity. Direction-selective responses are particularly vulnerable to the effects of early visual deprivation, but it remains unclear how stimulus-driven neural activity guides the emergence of cortical direction selectivity. Here we report observations from a motion training protocol that allowed us to monitor the impact of experience on the development of direction-selective responses in visually naive ferrets. Using intrinsic signal imaging techniques, we found that training with a single axis of motion induced the rapid emergence of direction columns that were confined to cortical regions preferentially activated by the training stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging techniques, we found that single neurons in visually naive animals exhibited weak directional biases and lacked the strong local coherence in the spatial organization of direction preference that was evident in mature animals. Training with a moving stimulus, but not with a flashed stimulus, strengthened the direction-selective responses of individual neurons and preferentially reversed the direction biases of neurons that deviated from their neighbours. Both effects contributed to an increase in local coherence. We conclude that early experience with moving visual stimuli drives the rapid emergence of direction-selective responses in the visual cortex.
Extension of external voltage control of electroosmosis to high-pH buffers

Control of electroosmosis by an applied external voltage field in capillary electrophoresis has been limited to buffer pH approximately 5 or below. This poor control at higher pH is caused by a high density of surface charge induced by chemical equilibrium overwhelming the influence of the external voltage-induced charges within the electric double layer. A tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilane treatment was used on fused-silica capillaries to minimize chemically generated ζ-potential where this treatment allowed for control of electroosmosis over a large pH range (2-10). Blocking the surface with traditional polymer-based surface treatments does not work in this application since the polymers increase the viscosity within the electric double layer and impede electroosmosis. The surface created by this reaction is demonstrated in extremely narrow capillaries, down to 2-μm internal diameter. The treated surface is sterically hindered against acid- and base-catalyzed degradation reactions typically associated with organosilanes. This results in a surface that was stable to experimental buffer pH extremes, from pH 3 to pH 10, and was stable for at least 8 weeks exposed to both solution and air.
US at a crossroads

Science once enjoyed a close and fruitful relationship with the White House and Capitol Hill — one that must now be rekindled, as a new president and Congress take office.
Destruction of estrogenic activity in water using UV advanced oxidation

The transformation of the steroidal Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) by direct UV photolysis and UV/H(2)O(2) advanced oxidation was studied from the perspective of the removal of estrogenic activity associated with the compounds. First, experiments were performed to link the oxidation of E2 and EE2 with subsequent reduction in estrogenic activity. No statistically significant difference between removal rates was observed, implying that the oxidation products of E2 and EE2 are not as estrogenic (measured by the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES)) as the parent compounds. Utilizing the YES, 90% removal of estrogenic activity of E2 and EE2 at environmentally relevant concentrations ( approximately 3 microg L(-1)) was achieved using a combination of 5 mg L(-1) H(2)O(2) and a UV fluence of less than 350 mJ cm(-2). Thus, these compounds, when considered at environmentally relevant levels, are significantly degraded at much lower UV fluences than previously thought. A steady state OH radical model was used to predict oxidation of EE2 in laboratory and natural waters.
Spectrum preserving linear maps on JBW*-triples

In this paper, we will consider a linear mapping between two JBW*-triples with the property that it preserves spectrum with respect to two arbitrary homotopes. We will show that such a map is a jordan homomorphism of those homotopes modulo the radical, which we characterize explicitly.
Characters and Scenes: Studies in Charlotte M. Yonge

Characters and Scenes: Studies in Charlotte M. Yonge JULIA COURTNEY AND CLEMENCE SCHULTZE, eds. Abingdon, Beechcroft Books, 2007 218 pp., ISBN 978 0 9557096 0 9, £16 Characters and Scenes: Studies ...
Detection of esophageal varices using CT and MRI.

The development of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients carries a significant risk of hemorrhage and associated morbidity/mortality. Universal endoscopic screening, however, is invasive and expensive. Conversely, cirrhotic patients often have imaging findings which suggest portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of CT and/or MRI to detect esophageal varices compared to EGD. Medical records from 2000 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. CT and/or MRI images were included if performed within 90 days of EGD. Two blinded, experienced radiologists were asked to review images for the presence of esophageal varices, as well as other findings associated with portal hypertension. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were calculated using EGD findings as the gold standard. A total of 195 patients and 142 patients met criteria for CT and MRI, respectively. The sensitivity of CT to detect EGD varices was 58–89%, but increased to 65–100% when specifically looking at large endoscopic varices. Overall specificity was 68–82%, but increased to 97–100% when applying ≥4 mm varices criteria. CT was superior to MRI in the detection of endoscopic varices; the addition of other portal hypertension stigmata did not improve results. The exclusion of large endoscopic varices by CT, using standardized criteria, may obviate the need or frequency of EGD screening in select patient populations. Alternatively, CT findings highly suggestive of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients may warrant further investigation and/or treatment. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.
The Utilization and Choices of Aneuploidy Screening in a Midwestern Population

The types, interpretation, and use of first- and second-trimester aneuploidy screening are often unclear for many women. This impairs appropriate decision making and understanding of the implications of prenatal genetic testing options. The purpose of this study was to examine the utilization of Stepwise Sequential screening in our Midwestern population, demographic factors associated with choice of screening and method of risk reporting and it’s potential impact on women’s choices. First trimester screening was performed for 2,634 women during the study period. Results were not reported or “framed” as “positive” or “negative”. Rather, the specific age-risk and screen-risk for T21 were relayed, along with options for follow-up Stepwise Sequential screening and invasive testing. Nearly 80 % of women declined Stepwise Sequential screening. Minorities and women of lower education were least likely to pursue further screening. Less than 4 % of the study population elected invasive testing. First trimester screening was associated with a 53 % reduction in amniocenteses and 20 % fewer CVS’s compared to pre-first trimester screening availability. Reporting age-and screen-risks for T21, rather than classifying results as “positive” or “negative” based on a pre-determined threshold, was associated with a low uptake of further testing.
A New Species of Hampeella (Musci, Ptychomniaceae) from Queensland, Australia

Hampeella concavifolia Hattaway & D. H. Norris (Ptychomniaceae) is described and illustrated from Queensland, Australia. It differs from H. pallens (Sande Lacoste) M. Fleischer in its teretely foliate, attenuate secondary stems; the closely imbricate, strongly concave, symmetrical leaves that have bright orange to red-brown basal cells with incrassate-porose walls; longer capsules (to 2.4 mm); and longer setae (to 14 mm). Hampeella concavifolia is distinguished from H. alaris (Dixon & Sainsbury) Sainsbury by its less differentiated alar cells, usually longer secondary stems (to 3 cm), and differences in peristome ornamentation. This new species is designated as Data Deficient (DD) according to IUCN Red List criteria.
PROTECTIONIST PRESSURES AND AGGREGATE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: COMMENT ON TAKACS

This paper explores the influence of U. S. macroeconomic conditions and the international trade position on protectionist pressures as measured by escape clause cases brought before the International Trade Commission. Several possible difficulties with Takacs' pioneering empirical study of this topic are considered. It is argued that while further support is found for her principal conclusion that the state of the domestic economy is a significant determinant of such protectionist pressures, the quantitative strength of such aggregate factors is less than was suggested by Takacs' original study.
Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US population.

Aims The aim of this study was to compare patterns of drug use and dependence between homosexually experienced and exclusively heterosexually experienced individuals. Design We used a cross-sectional national household interview survey conducted in the United States. Setting Secondary data analysis of the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse was employed. Participants Participants were sexually active individuals, aged 18 years and older, who reported the genders of their sexual partners in the past 12 months; included 174 homosexually experienced (98 men, 96 women) and 9714 exclusively heterosexually experienced (3922 men, 5792 women) respondents. Measurements Life-time, past 30 days and daily use of nine classes of drugs. Symptoms of dysfunctional use and dependence. Findings There were consistent patterns of elevated drug use in homosexually experienced individuals for life-time drug use, but these were greatly attenuated for recent use. Homosexually experienced men were more likely to report use of marijuana, cocaine and heroin, and homosexually experienced women more likely to report use of marijuana and analgesics than individuals reporting only opposite-sex partners. Both homosexually active men and women were more likely than exclusively heterosexually active respondents to report at least one symptom indicating dysfunctional drug use across all drug classes, and to meet criteria for marijuana dependence syndrome. The only difference between homosexually experienced men and women was that men were more likely to report any daily drug use. Conclusions These data are consistent with surveys suggesting that there is a moderate elevation of drug, particularly marijuana, use and dependence in gay and bisexual men and women when compared to heterosexual men and women.
Identification and Characterization of Novel, Naturally Processed Measles Virus Class II HLA-DRB1 Peptides

Previously, we identified a naturally processed and presented measles virus (MV) 19-amino-acid peptide, ASDVETAEGGEIHELLRLQ (MV-P), derived from the phosphoprotein and eluted from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule by using mass spectrometry. We report here the identification of a 14-amino-acid peptide, SAGKVSSTLASELG, derived from the MV nucleoprotein (MV-N) bound to HLA-DRB1*0301. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 281 previously vaccinated measles-mumps-rubella II (MMR-II) subjects (HLA discordant) were studied for peptide recognition by T cells. Significant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses to MV-P and MV-N peptides were observed in 55.9 and 15.3% of subjects, respectively. MV-P- and MV-N-specific interleukin-4 (IL-4) responses were detected in 19.2 and 23.1%, respectively, of PBMC samples. Peptide-specific cytokine responses and HLA-DRB1 allele associations revealed that, for the MV-P peptide, the allele with the strongest association with both IFN-gamma (P = 0.02) and IL-4 (P = 0.03) secretion was DRB1*0301. For MV-N, the allele with the strongest association with IFN-gamma secretion was DRB1*1501 (P = 0.04), and the alleles with the strongest associations with IL-4 secretion were DRB1*1103 and DRB1*1303 (P = 0.01). These results indicate that HLA class II MV proteins can be processed, presented, and identified, and the ability to generate cell-mediated immune responses can be demonstrated. This information is promising for new vaccine design strategies with peptide-based vaccines.
Disambiguation Algorithm for People Search on the Web

In this paper we develop a disambiguation algorithm and then study its impact on People Search. The proposed algorithm first uses extraction techniques to automatically extract `significant' entities such as the names of other persons, organizations, and locations on each Web page. In addition, it extracts and parses HTML and Web related data on each Web page, such as hyperlinks and email addresses. The algorithm then views all this information in a unified way: as an entity-relationship graph where entities (e.g., people, organizations, locations, Web pages) are interconnected via relationships (e.g., `Web page-mentions-person', relationships derived from hyperlinks, etc). The algorithm gains its power by being able to analyze several types of information: attributes associated with the entities (e.g., TF/IDF for Web pages) and, most importantly, direct and indirect interconnections that exist among entities in the ER graph. We next outline our approach in Section 2 and then compare it with the state of the art solutions in Section 3.
Hormones and Heart Disease in Women: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study in Perspective

Despite the nearly universal finding from observational studies that postmenopausal estrogen therapy reduces the risk of CHD and the multiple plausible mechanisms by which estrogen might reduce the risk of CHD, hormone therapy had no benefit in the only large randomized clinical trial to date. Although it is possible that estrogen taken over the long term actually reduces CHD risk, it is not reasonable to begin the regimen used in HERS to prevent new or recurrent heart disease, given the observed excess early risk. Given the possible long term benefit, women who are already taking hormone replacement therapy may elect to remain on it. Women who are undecided should be asked to consider participation in clinical trials. The HERS has dramatically illustrated the need for them.
Community-Based Mammography Practice: Services, Charges, and Interpretation Methods

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to accurately describe facility characteristics among community-based screening and diagnostic mammography practices in the United States.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A survey was developed and applied to community-based facilities providing screening mammography in three geographically distinct locations in the states of Washington, Colorado, and New Hampshire. The facility survey was conducted between December 2001 and September 2002. Characteristics surveyed included facility type, services offered, charges for screening and diagnostic mammography, information systems, and interpretation methods, including the frequency of double interpretation.RESULTS. Among 45 responding facilities, services offered included screening mammography at all facilities, diagnostic mammography at 34 facilities (76%), breast sonography at 30 (67%), breast MRI at seven (16%), and nuclear medicine breast scanning at seven (16%). Most facilities surveyed were radiology practices in nonhospital...
A Pedagogic Exploration of Researcher Degrees of Freedom

In this article, I present a spreadsheet that demonstrates how researcher degrees of freedom (RDoF) increase type 1 errors in scientific research. RDoF refer to the flexibility in analyzing and reporting data. The overarching goal is to instill good research practices in students through awareness of the problems associated with RDoF and the mechanisms through which specific types of RDoF increase type 1 error rates. To accomplish this goal, the spreadsheet is organized into four modules. The first three modules use Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate common examples of RDoF—dichotomization, optional stopping and multiple testing. The modules allow students to manipulate factors that control the type 1 error rate. The fourth module demonstrates how multiple types of RDoF combine in practice to produce high type 1 error rates. The article concludes with a set of pedagogic questions that instructors may use to teach core concepts associated with RDoF.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS VI. ISOLATION OF A HEAT-STABLE, SEROLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCE FROM TISSUES INFECTED WITH VACCINE VIRUS

A method has been described by which a stable, serologically active substance has been isolated in a relatively pure state from tissues infected with vaccine virus. It has the characteristics of an alcohol-soluble protein which is not precipitated by boiling in a neutral aqueous solution. In a dilution of 1:640,000 it gives a precipitate when mixed with a serum containing antibodies against Craigie's S antigen of vaccine virus, but no visible reaction occurs when it is mixed with serum depleted of S antibodies by means of absorption.
Novel insights into the INK4-CDK4/6-Rb pathway: counter action of gankyrin against INK4 proteins regulates the CDK4-mediated phosphorylation of Rb.

The newly discovered oncogenic protein gankyrin, which contains six ankyrin repeats, has been reported to be involved in the phosphorylation and degradation of the retinoblastoma gene product, Rb. Using in vitro systems, we have identified a peptide fragment of gankyrin, 176 LHLACDEERN 185 , which is responsible for binding of gankyrin to Rb. We further demonstrated a different mechanism for gankyrin to facilitate the phosphorylation of Rb, by binding with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). This binding does not inhibit the Rb-phosphorylating kinase activity of CDK4, but it competes with p16 binding to CDK4 and counteracts the inhibitory function of p16. We then showed that binding of gankyrin to CDK4 and the consequent counter action of p16 function were not affected by the Rb-binding peptide 176 LHLACDEERN 185 , indicating that the two mechanisms are independent. They also involve different structural regions of gankyrin. While the Rb-binding motif is located at the fifth ankyrin repeat, truncation mutants of gankyrin, with the first three or four ankyrin repeats remaining, are sufficient for binding to CDK4 and for counteracting the inhibitory function of p16. These results demonstrate the potential importance of gankyrin in cell cycle control and tumorigenesis and suggest an expanded INK4-CDK4/ 6-Rb pathway.
Control of Byssochlamys and Related Heat-resistant Fungi in Grape Products.

Abstract Heat-resistant strains of Byssochlamys fulva, B. nivea, and other heat-resistant fungi were isolated from vineyard soil, grapes, grape-processing lines, and waste pomace. They are known to remain in grape juice occasionally and to grow in grape juice products. Ascospores of these fungi have a D value (decimal reduction time) of about 10 min at 190 F (88 C), but in the presence of 90 μliters of SO2 per liter (normally added to the juice) the D value was cut in half. Filtration through a commercial diatomaceous filter aid (also a common processing step) entrapped all but about 0.001% of experimentally added spores. Thus, heat in the presence of SO2 and filtration together can reduce the population of these spores by several orders of magnitude. Growth was also prevented by benzoate or sorbate in low concentrations. Oxygen must be reduced to extremely low levels before lack of oxygen limits growth.
Stable isotope signatures of benthic invertebrates in arctic lakes indicate limited coupling to pelagic production

We tested the hypotheses that benthic macroinvertebrates, especially chironomid larvae in the Tribe Chironomini, from small oligotrophic arctic lakes are only weakly linked to pelagic food sources, and that they are trophically linked to biogenic methane. All offshore benthic macroinvertebrates sampled from 20 lakes were depleted in 13
Interrupted Treatment With Growth Factors in Combination With Hydrodynamic Forces Enhances ECM Deposition in Tissue-Engineered Cartilage

Achievement of viable engineered tissues through in-vitro cultivation in bioreactor systems requires a thorough understanding of the complex interplay between mechanical forces and biochemical cues. Briefly, bioreactors have been employed to impart mechanical stimuli to support tissue growth and development. Continuous fluid-induced shear stress, for example, has been shown to influence morphology and properties of engineered cartilage.1 Fluid flow enhances mass transfer mechanisms and simultaneously provides mechanical stimuli across or through the construct to emulate shear forces that occur in the knee or other joints. Critical biochemical factors, such as growth factors, are secreted by cells2,3 and involved in cell-to-cell signaling. Guided by these molecules, cells can communicate with each other and work synergistically to accomplish a specific task. It has also been demonstrated that the pathways of certain growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), are responsive to shear stress, resulting in enhanced cell and tissue activities, and their expression is also up-regulated by fluid-induced shear stress.4,5 This evidence suggests their involvement in mechanotransduction mechanisms. However, a combination of mechanical and biochemical stimuli results in a complex culture environment which is not yet fully characterized. The present study was designed to obtain an understanding of the combined effects of hydrodynamic forces and growth factors on cartilage regeneration by employing a custom-designed wavy-walled bioreactor1 (WWB) and by selecting IGF-1 and TGF-β1 as two model molecules. We hypothesized that bioprocessing conditions which optimize mechanical, biochemical and compositional properties of tissue-engineered cartilage can be achieved under hydrodynamic stimuli in combination with an appropriate use of IGF-1 or TGF-β.© 2011 ASME
Survival Benefits with Vitamin D Receptor Activation: New Insights Since 2003

The introduction of calcitriol followed by several of its analogs in the 1990s made vitamin D receptor activators (VDRA) the cornerstone of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. The 2003 publication of the first major epidemiologic study describing the association of VDRAs with survival in ESRD has raised the awareness of the nephrology community about the potential impact of these agents on morbidity and mortality. This study was followed by numerous other epidemiologic studies which attempted to address the inherent shortcomings of observational studies by using sophisticated statistical methods. The complex nature of the statistical designs applied by some of these studies has led to some confusion about how to interpret the results, and how to use the results in a way that offers the most help for patients, but does not impede future scientific research. This report presents a discussion of relevant studies examining the association between VDRA and survival, with the goal to examine shortcomings that still exist in the knowledge on this subject. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of studies with discrepant results to highlight remaining controversies and to emphasize areas in need of further research. Not withstanding all of the limitations of epidemiologic studies, the preponderance of evidence favors a survival benefit for ESRD patients treated with VDRA. This should provide a powerful impetus to investigate in clinical trials the risks and benefits of VDRA administration as a means to prolong survival.
Millisecond-scale shock-train evolution in high-pressure ratio nozzles: Schlieren imaging and qualitative analysis of shock-boundary layer interaction

The classical picture of shock evolution in nozzles holds that under over-expanded flow conditions, a single, nominally normal shock exists within the nozzle. Focusing on the highly dynamic flow produced during blow-down of an experimental, high-nozzle pressure ratio, planar nozzle, this article presents visual evidence that shock-trains – here, a pair of parallel, nominally normal shocks – dominate the rapidly evolving flow field. Three principal results are presented in this study. First, high-speed schlieren images of the evolving nozzle flow are reported. Second, a simple qualitative model of shock–boundary layer/recirculation zone interaction is proposed and used to explain observed millisecond-scale shocktrain structure. Third, limited wall pressure measurements and schlieren images are combined to propose a second qualitative model of shock-train–boundary layer/recirculation zone evolution on the longer blow-down process timescale. The results provide insight into millisecond-scale compressible flow dynamics within high-nozzle pressure ratios .