cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macromarketing in an Era of Global Change

Five global changes over the past 30 years are identified as driving forces shaping the nature and importance of macromarketing. Beyond the “coming of age” of marketing in the Western world, these changes are: the transition of command economies, deregulation in developed economies, the globalization of competition, the revolution in knowledge-based competition, and internalization of the environment. As driving forces they establish an imperative for measurement and analysis of macromarketing phenomena. It is postulated that systems theory can provide macromarketing with the philosophy and organizing principles to help the discipline meet the challenges generated by the forces driving global change. Resume On distingue cinq changements mondiaux survenus depuis 30 ans, definis comme eant les forces motrices qui ont modele la nature et l'importance du macromarketing. Plus marquants que ≪ l'arrivee a maturiue ≫ du marketing dans le monde occidental, ce sont: la transition des economies dirigeantes, la dereglementation des economies evoluees, la mondialisation de la concurrence, la revolution dans la course des connaissances et l'internationalisation des questions environnementales. Ces elements moteurs ont etabli la necessite de mesurer et d'analyser le phenomene du macromarketing. L'article avance l'hypothese que le macromarketing peut puiser dans la theorie des systemes la philosophie et les principes d'organisation qui l'aideront a relever les defis engendres par ces forces quipoussent au changement mondial.
Effect of Nose Shape on Three-Dimensional Streamlines and Heating Rates

A new method for calculating the three-dimensional inviscid surface streamlines and streamline metrics using Cartesian coordinates and time as the independent variable of integration has been developed. The technique calculates the streamline from a specified point on the body to a point near the stagnation point by using a prescribed pressure distribution in the Euler equations. The differential equations, which are singular at the stagnation point, are of the two-point boundary-value-problem type. Laminar heating rates are calculated using the axisymmetric analog concept for three-dimensional boundary layers and approximate solutions to the axisymmetric boundary-layer equations. Results for elliptic conic forebody geometries indicate that the location of the point of maximum heating depends on the angle of attack of the conic and the type of conic in the plane of symmetry. This location is in general different from the stagnation point. The new method was found to give smooth predictions of heat transfer in the nose region where previous methods gave oscillatory results. a b by e
Integrable couplings of vector AKNS soliton equations

By enlarging the associated matrix spectral problems, two specific classes of multicomponent integrable couplings of the physically important vector AKNS soliton equations are constructed, which can be linked to each other by a Backlund transformation. The resulting two hierarchies of integrable couplings possess the enlarged zero curvature representations and recursion structures, and thus each system in the two hierarchies has infinitely many commuting symmetries.
Applications of ImmunoPET: Using 124I-Anti-PSCA A11 Minibody for Imaging Disease Progression and Response to Therapy in Mouse Xenograft Models of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is highly expressed in local prostate cancers and prostate cancer bone metastases and its expression correlates with androgen receptor activation and a poor prognosis. In this study, we investigate the potential clinical applications of immunoPET with the anti-PSCA A11 minibody, an antibody fragment optimized for use as an imaging agent. We compare A11 minibody immunoPET to 18 F-Fluoride PET bone scans for detecting prostate cancer bone tumors and evaluate the ability of the A11 minibody to image tumor response to androgen deprivation. Experimental Design: Osteoblastic, PSCA-expressing, LAPC-9 intratibial xenografts were imaged with serial 124 I-anti-PSCA A11 minibody immunoPET and 18 F-Fluoride bone scans. Mice bearing LAPC-9 subcutaneous xenografts were treated with either vehicle or MDV-3100 and imaged with A11 minibody immunoPET/CT scans pre- and posttreatment. Ex vivo flow cytometry measured the change in PSCA expression in response to androgen deprivation. Results: A11 minibody demonstrated improved sensitivity and specificity over 18 F-Fluoride bone scans for detecting LAPC-9 intratibial xenografts at all time points. LAPC-9 subcutaneous xenografts showed downregulation of PSCA when treated with MDV-3100 which A11 minibody immunoPET was able to detect in vivo . Conclusions: A11 minibody immunoPET has the potential to improve the sensitivity and specificity of clinical prostate cancer metastasis detection over bone scans, which are the current clinical standard-of-care. A11 minibody immunoPET additionally has the potential to image the activity of the androgen signaling axis in vivo which may help evaluate the clinical response to androgen deprivation and the development of castration resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6367–78. ©2014 AACR .
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Individual Addiction Counseling for Co-occurring Substance Use and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

Objective: Co-occurring posttraumatic stress (PTSD) and substance use disorders provide clinical challenges to addiction treatment providers. Interventions are needed that are effective, well-tolerated by patients, and capable of being delivered by typical clinicians in community settings. This is a randomized controlled trial of integrated cognitive behavioral therapy for co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Methods: Fifty-three participants sampled from seven community addiction treatment programs were randomized to integrated cognitive behavioral therapy plus standard care or individual addiction counseling plus standard care. Fourteen community therapists employed by these programs delivered both manual-guided therapies. Primary outcomes were PTSD symptoms, substance use symptoms, and therapy retention. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-month follow-up. Results: Integrated cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective than individual addiction counseling in reducing PTSD re-...
Unconditionally Convergent Nonlinear Solver for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media under Viscous Force, Buoyancy, and Capillarity☆

Abstract Numerical simulations of multiphase flow in porous media often face convergence difficulties in the nonlinear Newton solver, including erratic time stepping, large number of (Newton) iterations, and timestep cuts. Such convergence problems can lead to unacceptably large computational time and are often the main impediment to performing simulation studies of large scale problems, such as oil/gas recovery, groundwater remediation, and CO 2 geological sequestration. We analyze the nonlinearity of the discrete transport (mass conservation) equation for immiscible, two-phase flow in porous media in the presence of viscous, buoyancy, and capillary forces. The critical features that cause oscillations and divergence of the Newton iterations are identified and located. Based on the analysis, we develop a nonlinear solver that guides Newton iterations safely and efficiently, such that convergence is achieved for arbitrary timestep sizes.
Intensity correlation functions and fluctuations in light scattered from a random medium.

The propagation of light in a disordered medium with purely elastic scattering is considered. The intensity correlation functions for the diffusely reflected and transmitted light from a slab are shown to have long-range power-law behavior. This arises from the interference of the underlying wave fields of the diffusive modes of the light intensity. This interference also gives rise to anomalous fluctuations in the transmission coefficient analogous to conductance fluctuations in metals.
Epistemic curiosity and incidental recognition in relation to degree of uncertainty: Some general trends and intersubject differences

This study sought to clarify the empirical relationships between epistemic curiosity, incidental recognition, and degree of uncertainty. Sixty-four college and high school students had to solve four problems differing in level of uncertainty, measured in terms of the nearness in probability of being correct of four response alternatives, on each of eight trials. Additionally, subjects indicated how curious they were to learn the correct answer for each problem just prior to being shown that answer. Subsequently, an incidental recognition test for the correct answers was administered. It was revealed that both epistemic curiosity and recognition bore monotonically increasing relationships to degree of uncertainty, and that systematic intersubject differences in expressed curiosity but not recognition obtain. The results are discussed in terms of the prevailing theoretical orientation generally, and particularly in terms of certain conflicting predictions. Considerations for future research directions are entertained.
Particle Sorting by Repeated Freezing and Thawing

If a hetrogeneous mixture of particles of various sizes is frozen and thawed repeatedly, the particles are sorted into relatively uniformn groups by size. The movement of particles depends on the amount of water between the ice-water interface and the particle, the rate of freezing, the distribution of the particles by size, and the orientation of the freeze-thaw plane.
2008 Special Issue: Reversed and forward buffering of behavioral spike sequences enables retrospective and prospective retrieval in hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1

We propose a mechanism to explain both retrospective and prospective recall activity found in experimental data from hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1. Our model of temporal context dependent episodic memory replicates reverse recall in CA1, as recently recorded and published [Foster, D., & Wilson, M. (2006). Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Nature, 440, 680-683], as well as the prospective and retrospective activity recorded in region CA3 during spatial tasks [Johnson, A., & Redish, A. (2006). Neural ensembles in ca3 transiently encode paths forward of the animal at a decision point: a possible mechanism for the consideration of alternatives. In 2006 neuroscience meeting planner. Atlanta, GA: Society for Neuroscience. (Program no. 574.2)]. We suppose that CA3 encodes episodic memory of both forward and reversed sequences of perforant path spikes representing place input. Using a persistent firing buffer mechanism in layer II of entorhinal cortex, simulated episodic learning involves dentate gyrus, layer III of entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1. Associations are formed between buffered episodic cues, unique temporal context specific representations in dentate gyrus, and episodic memory in the CA3 recurrent network.
The Least of These: Reading Poetry to Encourage Reflection on the Care of Vulnerable Patients

How do we encourage medical students, residents, and physicians to reflect critically and empathically on the plight of vulnerable patients? Exposure alone may not be sufficient, as some evidence suggests that contact with such patients leads to more negative attitudes in trainees.1 A series of 16-line poems2 (11 total, 3 quoted below) by physician-poet Rafael Campo offers provocative material that can easily be integrated in discussions of both novice learners’ and experienced doctors’ clinical interactions with the underserved and other vulnerable groups. Campo’s poetry tackles the intersection of social and medical issues in addressing topics such as alcoholism, child abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, drug abuse, AIDS, racial prejudice, homelessness, and homophobia. It compels the reader’s gaze to linger on patients who have been discarded and devalued in the health care system. In almost all the poems, the doctor fails the patient, not necessarily medically, but certainly humanely. These are powerful pieces, viscerally painful to read, that hold up a mirror to all the wrong turns that doctors (and society) can take in interacting with vulnerable populations. Each of these mini-narratives can be a starting point for medical readers to develop a detailed awareness of how indifference, negative judgment, and overt prejudice can manifest in clinical encounters and explore ways of expressing attitudes and behaviors exemplifying values different—and better—than the ones on display in these works. Used as a basis for discussion, not to condemn physicians but to better understand how easily they can yield to detachment, indifference, objectification, even contempt, these readings can deepen learners’ awareness of attitudinal and behavioral pitfalls in clinical practice, and redirect them to alternative ways of perceiving and acting.
Transoral laser microresection for cancer of the larynx involving the anterior commissure.

Objective: To share the authors' experience of transoral laser microresection in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior commissure of the larynx. Study Design: Retrospective review of 39 patients with squamous carcinoma involving the anterior commissure of the larynx, all managed with transoral laser microresection between September 1996 and December 2001. Twenty-three patients had pT1 or pT2 cancers. Sixteen patients had pT3 or pT4 disease, two with N2b neck metastases. Twenty patients had cancers exhibiting spread to the subglottis. Twenty-five patients had received prior treatment(s). Methods: Specific data points entered into a portable database were retrospectively verified against the patient's electronic medical record. Sorting and analysis were completed in a desktop spreadsheet. We evaluated tumor recurrence, cause of death, tracheostomy, hospital length of stay, and voice quality. Results: None of the 17 patients with early cancers (pT1 or pT2a) had local recurrence, and none received postoperative radiotherapy. Five of the 22 patients with intermediate or advanced disease (pT2b/pT3 or pT4 cancer) required second treatments for persistent or recurrent disease. Of these, two had small residual foci amenable to second-stage resection by laser. One patient developed a prelaryngeal soft tissue recurrence and retained his larynx after wide local excision and radiotherapy. Two patients (both previously irradiated) developed delayed recurrences requiring total laryngectomy. Four retreated patients remained alive without disease. One patient died of other causes. Voice remained no worse after transoral laser microresection in 19 patients. It was one level worse (on a scale of 0 to 5) for 16 patients. Eleven patients received temporary tracheotomies, some for airway, some for exposure. Twelve patients left the hospital on a same-day basis. The average hospital stay was 3.3 days. Conclusion: Transoral laser microsurgery is one of the options to be considered for the treatment of squamous cell cancer involving the anterior commissure of the larynx.
Carotenohematoporphyrins as Tumor‐Imaging Dyes. Synthesis and In Vitro Photophysical Characterization*

Multichromophoric dyes for use in tumor imaging have been synthesized and photophysically characterized. Structurally, these dyes are dyads and triads that consist of one or two carotenoid polyenes covalently attached to hematoporphyrin (HP) or hematoporphyrin dimethyl ester (HPDME) moieties via ester linkages. The ground-state absorption of each compound shows that the electronic interaction between the chromophores is small. The fluorescence quantum yield for the dyad monocaroteno-HPDME is 0.033 and the dicaroteno-HPDME triads have yields between 0.016 and 0.007, all of which are reduced with respect to the parent compound HPDME (0.09). Global analysis of the transient fluorescence decays of the dyads and triads requires two exponential components (approximately 5-6 ns and approximately 1-2 ns) to fit the data, while a single exponential component with a lifetime of 9.3 ns describes the decay data of the parent HPDME. Possible mechanisms for the observed porphyrin fluorescence quenching by the nearby carotenoid are discussed. Nanosecond transient absorption reveals a carotene triplet with maximum absorption at 560 nm and a 5.0 microsecond lifetime. No transient was detected at 450 nm, indicating rapid (< or = 10 ns) triplet energy transfer from the hematoporphyrin to the carotenoid moieties in fluid as well as in rigid media. The yield of triplet energy transfer from the porphyrin to the carotenoid moiety is unity. Singlet oxygen (O2(1 delta g), studies support the transient absorption data, as none of these compounds is capable of sensitizing O2(1 delta g). Liposome vesicles were used to study the photophysical characteristics of the dyes in phospholipid membranes. Singlet oxygen was not sensitized by the dyads and triads in liposomes. Transient absorption measurements suggest that the triads are substantially aggregated within the phospholipid bilayer, whereas aggregation in the dyads is less severe.
Improving speech perception in noise with current focusing in cochlear implant users

Cochlear implant (CI) users typically have excellent speech recognition in quiet but struggle with understanding speech in noise. It is thought that broad current spread from stimulating electrodes causes adjacent electrodes to activate overlapping populations of neurons which results in interactions across adjacent channels. Current focusing has been studied as a way to reduce spread of excitation, and therefore, reduce channel interactions. In particular, partial tripolar stimulation has been shown to reduce spread of excitation relative to monopolar stimulation. However, the crucial question is whether this benefit translates to improvements in speech perception. In this study, we compared speech perception in noise with experimental monopolar and partial tripolar speech processing strategies. The two strategies were matched in terms of number of active electrodes, microphone, filterbanks, stimulation rate and loudness (although both strategies used a lower stimulation rate than typical clinical strategies). The results of this study showed a significant improvement in speech perception in noise with partial tripolar stimulation. All subjects benefited from the current focused speech processing strategy. There was a mean improvement in speech recognition threshold of 2.7 dB in a digits in noise task and a mean improvement of 3 dB in a sentences in noise task with partial tripolar stimulation relative to monopolar stimulation. Although the experimental monopolar strategy was worse than the clinical, presumably due to different microphones, frequency allocations and stimulation rates, the experimental partial-tripolar strategy, which had the same changes, showed no acute deficit relative to the clinical.
Rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton in estradiol-treated MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells.

In response to treatment with 17β-estradiol, MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells undergo a marked rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton. The most conspicuous aspect of this rearrangement is the formation of an extensive array of lamellipodial structures which are situated beneath cell clusters. Treatment of cells with 17β-estradiol in the presence of the anti-estrogen ICI182,780 suppressed the development of the lamellipodial structures, indicating that this cytoskeletal rearrangement is mediated by the estrogen receptor. Time-lapse, video-enhanced, differential interference contrast microscopy reveals that the lamellipodial structures are actively motile beneath cell clusters. Furthermore, the lamellipodial structures form few focal contacts with the underlying substrate of the coverslip, as evidenced by either interference reflection microscopy or staining for the focal contact protein talin, indicating that these structures are not strongly adhered to the substratum. Immunofluorescence localization of E-cadherin indicates that this cell–cell adhesion receptor is present within these structures as either adhesion plaque- or point contact-like depositions. These findings implicate the cadherin-based cell–cell adhesion system in supporting tumor cell motility over adjacent cell surfaces via discrete adhesive structures which are associated with motile lamellipodia.
A Case of Mistaken Identity: Commensal Bacteria Direct the Antibody Response to HIV

Over 30 years after the discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS, there is still no vaccine or cure. This is in part because HIV cripples the immune system’s strategies for eliminating pathogens, including HIV itself. The development of an effective vaccine depends on eliciting an appropriate and
Vector attenuation bias in the classical errors-in-variables model

Abstract We consider the errors-in-variables model when more than one independent variable is measured with error, and show that the vector of corresponding OLS parameter estimates is asymptotically biased towards zero. The appropriate vector norm is not, in general, the euclidean norm.
Measuring Distributional Inequality: Relative Body Mass Index Distributions by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Education, United States (1999–2006)

Few studies consider obesity inequalities as a distributional property. This study uses relative distribution methods to explore inequalities in body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)). Data from 1999-2006 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to compare BMI distributions by gender, Black/White race, and education subgroups in the United States. For men, comparisons between Whites and Blacks show a polarized relative distribution, with more Black men at increased risk of over or underweight. Comparisons by education (overall and within race/ethnic groups) effects also show a polarized relative distribution, with more cases of the least educated men at the upper and lower tails of the BMI distribution. For women, Blacks have a greater probability of high BMI values largely due to a right-shifted BMI distribution relative to White women. Women with less education also have a BMI distribution shifted to the right compared to the most educated women.
Space-based tactical ballistic missile launch parameter estimation

The author explores the influence of a priori uncertainties in launch time and trajectory fly-out profiles, along with sensor angle measurement errors, on the estimation of missile launch location and heading angle. An error model is developed to compute the statistics of the estimation errors using a single pair of angle measurements, one from each of two satellites, or both from the same satellite platform. The measurements and estimation methods are described, followed by a derivation of the estimation errors for the hypothetical case of perfect knowledge of trajectory and launch time. Using the ideal case as a framework, the errors are generalized to include trajectory and launch time uncertainties. The results are discussed with the aid of graphics which were run parametrically to highlight important dependencies and sensitivities. >
A new anti-depressive strategy for the elderly: Ablation of FKBP5/FKBP51

The gene FKBP5 codes for FKBP51, a co-chaperone protein of the Hsp90 complex that increases with age. Through its association with Hsp90, FKBP51 regulates the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FKBP5 gene associate with increased recurrence of depressive episodes, increased susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, attempt of suicide, and major depressive disorder in HIV patients. Variation in one of these SNPs correlates with increased levels of FKBP51. FKBP51 is also increased in HIV patients. Moreover, increases in FKBP51 in the amygdala produce an anxiety phenotype in mice. Therefore, we tested the behavioral consequences of FKBP5 deletion in aged mice. Similar to that of naive animals treated with classical antidepressants FKBP5−/− mice showed antidepressant behavior without affecting cognition and other basic motor functions. Reduced corticosterone levels following stress accompanied these observed effects on depression. Age-dependent anxiety was also modulated by FKBP5 deletion. Therefore, drug discovery efforts focused on depleting FKBP51 levels may yield novel antidepressant therapies.
Methodology for modeling the mechanical interaction between a reaction wheel and a flexible structure

This paper presents a modeling methodology used to predict the performance of a flexible structure, such as a space telescope, in the presence of an on-board vibrational disturbance source, such as a reaction wheel assembly (RWA). Both decoupled and coupled analysis methods are presented. The decoupled method relies on blocked RWA disturbances, measured with the RWA hardmounted to a rigid surface. The coupled method corrects the blocked RWA disturbance boundary conditions using 'force filters' which depend on estimates of the interface accelerances of the RWA and spacecraft. Both methods were validated on the Micro-Precision Interferometer testbed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Experimental results are encouraging, indicating that both methods provide sufficient accuracy compared to measured values; however, the coupled method provides the best results when the gyroscopic nature of the spinning RWA is captured in the RWA accelerance model. Additionally, the RWA disturbance cross spectral density terms are found to be influential.
A case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis of the tarsal cuboid following a penetrating wound of the foot in childhood

Abstract A case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis of the cuboid following a penetrating wound of the foot is presented. The clinical course is described and the subject of plantar puncture wounds leading to bone infection is discussed.
Characterization of the avian Ich-1 cDNA and expression of Ich-1L mRNA in the hen ovary.

Abstract We have sequenced the chicken interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) and ced-3 homolog (Ich-1) cDNA, and evaluated Ich-1 mRNA expression in the hen ovary during follicle development. While two alternatively spliced forms of Ich-1, Ich-1 L and Ich-1 S , were amplified by PCR from an embryonic chicken cDNA library, only the Ich-1 L form was found to be expressed in adult ovarian granulosa and theca tissues. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of ICH-1 L is 70.8% identical to human ICH-1 L and contains the conserved QACRG peptide active catalytic sequence characteristic of many ICE-related family of cysteine proteases.
The tear trough and lid/cheek junction: anatomy and implications for surgical correction.

Background: The tear trough and the lid/cheek junction become more visible with age. These landmarks are adjacent, forming in some patients a continuous indentation or groove below the infraorbital rim. Numerous, often conflicting procedures have been described to improve the appearance of the region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomy underlying the tear trough and the lid/cheekjunction and to evaluate the procedures designed to correct them. Methods: Twelve fresh cadaver lower lid and midface dissections were performed (six heads). The orbital regions were dissected in layers, and medical photography was performed. Results: In the subcutaneous plane, the tear trough and lid/cheek junction overlie the junction of the palpebral and orbital portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle and the cephalic border of the malar fat pad. In the submuscular plane, these landmarks differ. Along the tear trough, the orbicularis muscle is attached directly to the bone. Along the lid/cheek junction, the attachment is ligamentous by means of the orbicularis retaining ligament. Conclusions: The tear trough and lid/cheek junction are primarily explained by superficial (subcutaneous) anatomical features. Atrophy of skin and fat is the most likely explanation for age-related visibility of these landmarks. "Descent" of this region with age is unlikely (the structures are fixed to bone). Bulging orbital fat accentuates these landmarks. Interventions must extend significantly below the infraorbital rim. Fat or synthetic filler may be best placed in the intraorbicularis plane (tear trough) and in the suborbicularis plane (lid/cheek junction).
Impact of angiotensin II on the kidney: does an angiotensin II receptor blocker make sense?

Abstract The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure, volume, and electrolyte balance. Derangements of the RAS may contribute to hypertension and renal injury, particularly in patients with types 1 or 2 diabetes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been proven to be beneficial in patients with hypertension and diabetes by preventing or delaying the development and progression of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Comparisons with other drug classes demonstrate renoprotective effects for ACE inhibitors that are independent of—and additive to—their systemic antihypertensive actions. These renal effects may derive from their preferential dilation of renal efferent arterioles, which further reduces intraglomerular pressure. Inhibition of angiotensin II (Ang II) synthesis is subtotal, however, because local non-ACE enzymes also convert Ang I to Ang II. The existence of alternative pathways for Ang II generation that are unaffected by ACE inhibitors raises questions about whether ACE is the optimal target for RAS suppression. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs), which interrupt the RAS at the target-organ receptor level, will block the effect of angiotensin whether its production involved ACE or a non-ACE pathway. ARBs are currently undergoing clinical trials to assess their efficacy in hypertensive patients with nephropathy.
The beneficial effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with severe traumatic brain injury complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome: a hypothesis

The Iraq war has vividly brought the problem of traumatic brain injury to the foreground. The costs of death and morbidity in lost wages, lost taxes, and rehabilitative costs, let alone the emotional costs, are enormous. Military personnel with traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome may represent a substantial problem. Each of these entities, in and of itself, may cause a massive inflammatory response. Both presenting in one patient can precipitate an overwhelming physiological scenario. Inhaled nitric oxide has recently been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects beyond the pulmonary system, in addition to its ability to improve arterial oxygenation. Furthermore, it is virtually without side effects, and can easily be applied to combat casualties or to civilian casualties. Use of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome will show a benefit through improved physiological parameters, a decrease in biochemical markers of inflammation and brain injury, thus leading to better outcomes. A prospective, randomized, non-blinded clinical trial may be performed in which patients meeting the case definition could be entered into the study. The hypothesis may be confirmed by: (1) demonstrating an improvement in physiologic parameters, intracranial pressure, and brain oxygenation with inhaled nitric oxide use in severely head injured patients, and (2) demonstrating a decrease in biochemical serum markers in such patients; specifically, glial fibrillary acidic protein, inflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and (3) documentation of outcomes. Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in traumatic brain injury patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome could result in increased numbers of lives saved, decreased patient morbidity, decreased hospital costs, decreased insurance carrier and government rehabilitation costs, increased tax revenue secondary to occupational rehabilitation, and families could still have their loved ones among them.
THE MINIMUM DISTANCE CONSISTENT 2 SLS ESTIMATOR OF THE STRUCTURAL DISTURBANCE VARIANCE

Let Σ represent the covariance matrix of the structural disturbances. Following Theil the standard consistent estimator of the elements of Σ is given as the mean 2 SLS residual sum of squares. This paper shows the fact that there is a class of consistent estimators of Σ and that the standard estimator is not a minimum distance estimator. It derives the minimum distance consistent 2 SLS estimator of Σ. Then the paper suggests that the derived estimator be applied in the second stage as well as in the third stage of 3 SLS estimation. Other possible applications are indicated. This paper contains an improvement and reformulation of the results previously derived by the author on a related subject that appeared in Metroeconomica [9]. This paper contains an improvement over the previous result in that the derived estimator in this paper possesses not only consistency but also the minimum distance property.
Syringomyelia: Electrophysiologic aspects

The clinical and EMG findings in 44 patients with syringomyelia who were seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1985 are presented. In 10 of the patients, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) of the upper and lower extremities were obtained. All 44 patients had radiographic or surgical evidence of a cervical syrinx. The most common abnormality on nerve conduction studies was a reduced hypothenar compound muscle action potential amplitude (23 patients). Abnormal findings on needle electromyography were present in 33 patients and included sparse fibrillation potentials, reduced motor unit potential (MUP) recruitment, and chronic neurogenic MUP changes in muscles innervated by the C-5, T-1 roots, with the most pronounced changes in small hand muscles. Ulnar and median nerve SEPs were usually normal in the presence of a dissociated sensory loss and were usually abnormal when all sensory modalities were impaired. Abnormalities of tibial nerve SEPs were frequent and were related to impaired proprioceptive sensation in the lower extremities.
A Sensible Next Step on Network Neutrality: The Market Power Question

Two years ago, disagreement on network neutrality stalled momentum to reform the aging Communications Act. Significantly, both sides of the debate have become hardened, in part because of differing views on the market power of Internet access providers and their ability to foreclose competition. However, neither the FCC nor other government authorities have taken a position on the matter, even in the FCCs recent network neutrality adjudication. This essay proposes a way forward, by immediately adopting "truth-in-advertising" and "no-blocking" rules and by beginning a comprehensive, rigorous inquiry into the state of the broadband market  starting with the market power question.
The Role of Training Environment Care Intensity in US Physician Cost Consciousness

Abstract Objective To examine a potential relationship between training environment and physician views about cost consciousness. Participants and Methods This was a cross-sectional study of US physicians who responded to the Physicians, Health Care Costs, and Society survey conducted between May 30, 2012, and September 30, 2012, for whom information was available about the care intensity environment of their residency training hospital. The exposure of interest was a measure of the health care utilization environment during residency from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Hospital Care Intensity (HCI) index of primary training hospitals. The main outcome measure was agreement with an 11-point cost-consciousness scale. The generalized estimating equations method was used to measure the association between exposure and outcome. Results Of the 2556 physicians who responded to the survey, 2424 had a valid HCI index (95%), representing 649 residency programs. The mean ± SD cost-consciousness score among physicians trained at hospitals in the lowest quartile of care intensity (31.8±5.0) was higher than that for physicians trained at hospitals in the top quartile of care intensity (30.7±5.1; P P =.04). Conclusion The intensity of the health care utilization environment during training may play a role in shaping physician cost consciousness later in their careers.
Using paired-pulse facilitation to probe the mechanisms for long-term potentiation (LTP)

Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of excitatory synaptic transmission at Schaffer collateral synapses in the hippocampus was examined in relationship to long-term potentiation (LTP). PPF is a relatively simple-to-measure presynaptic form of synaptic plasticity. It is hypothesized that if the expression of LTP includes a presynaptic component, then PPF and LTP may interfere with one another. When averaged over more than 100 experiments, we observed no change in average PPF with LTP, as reported previously by a number of investigators. When individual experiments were analyzed, however, PPF significantly increased or decreased with LTP in direct relation to the initial value of PPF. There was also a linear relationship between the change in PPF and the magnitude of LTP. The PPF changes were specific to LTP and presynaptic in origin as they were input-specific and persisted with low concentrations of CNQX, GABAA and GABAB antagonists, different interstimulus intervals, and different Ca2+ concentrations. To understand the interaction between LTP and PPF, we constructed a simple model of LTP in which potential contributions by increases in three synaptic parameters were examined: the number of neurotransmitter release sites (n), the probability of release (p), and the postsynaptic unit potential (q). The data were fit by a model in which there were increases in n that changed the average p of the population, but not by a model that increased p or q alone. This is the first experimental evidence for an increase in the number of release sites with LTP, which could be due to pre- or postsynaptic mechanisms.
"A Private Little Revolution": The Home Pregnancy Test in American Culture

The home pregnancy test went from novelty to norm in twenty-five years. This article explores its cultural impact in the context of the women's health movement. Though women had long made do without it, the "private little revolution," as the test was called in an early advertisement, enabled them to take control of their reproductive health care and moved the moment of discovery from the doctor's office (back) to the home. The article introduces the test, explores its acceptance by physicians and by women, looks at the marketing of the test by drug companies, and traces its use in movies, television, and novels.
An incomplete factorization iterative technique for elliptic equations

This paper describes efficient iterative techniques for solving the large sparse symmetric linear systems that arise from application of finite difference approximations to self-adjoint elliptic equations. We use an incomplete factorization technique with the method of D'Yakonov type, generalized conjugate gradient and Chebyshev semi-iterative methods. We compare these methods with numerical examples. Bounds for the 4-norm of the error vector of the Chebyshev semi-iterative method in terms of the spectral radius of the iteration matrix are derived.
Bromodeoxyuridine: a diagnostic tool in biology and medicine, Part III. Proliferation in normal, injured and diseased tissue, growth factors, differentiation, DNA replication sites and in situ hybridization

This paper is a continuation of parts I (history, methods and cell kinetics) and II (clinical applications and carcinogenesis) published previously (Dolbeare, 1995Histochem. J. 27, 339, 923). Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) into DNA is used to measure proliferation in normal, diseased and injured tissue and to follow the effect of growth factors. Immunochemical detection of BrdUrd can be used to determine proliferative characteristics of differentiating tissues and to obtain birth dates for actual differentiation events. Studies are also described in which BrdUrd is used follow the order of DNA replication in specific chromasomes, DNA replication sites in the nucleus and to monitor DNA repair. BrdUrd incorporation has been used as a tool forin situ hybridization experiments.
Genetic population structure of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine: allozyme and amplified mitochondrial DNA variation

The genetic population structure of the precominant zooplankter, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus), was examined to determine whether genetically distinct populations exist in the Gulf of Maine. C. finmarchicus was sampled in three regions of the Gulf of Maine (Great South Channel, spring 1989; northern Gulf of Maine, winter 1990; Great South Channel and Georges Bank, spring 1990). Copepods from seven locations in the Great South Channel, five in the northern Gulf of Maine and four on or near Georges Bank were assayed for allozyme variation and mitochondrial DNA variation of amplified 16S rRNA and cytochrome b genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of both mitochondrial DNA genes revealed no variation among any of the individuals assayed. Analysis of five polymorphic allozyme loci revealed that genetic variation among the three geographic regions was low, and genetic identities were high between all locations (I>0.97). Most of the genetic variation was among locations regardless of region. Chi-square tests were used to examine genetic similarity between specific pairs of locations within and between regions. In the northern Gulf of Maine, genetic homogeneity occurred over larger spatial scales (hundreds of km) than in either the Great South Channel or Georges Bank (tens of km). Only copepods from the Bay of Fundy and Nova Scotian Shelf locations were genetically distinct from Wilkinson Basin copepods at two loci. Copepod populations from the northern locations may have been partially isolated or they may represent immigrant populations (e.g., from the Gulf of St. Lawrence). Several pairs of locations were genetically distinct at one or more loci in the two southern regions. Differences between locations in these regions may represent distinct populations advected into the areas at different times or from different sources (e.g., genetic variation may represent a mixture of genetically distinct northern and southern copepod populations). These results suggest extensive gene flow among populations of C. finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine with some evidence of genetic population subdivision near the Gulf's northeastern and southern boundaries.
Improving spatial coherence in high power lasers

Two ways to improve spatial coherence in high power beams are considered and compared, spatial filter and adaptive optics. High power in lasers is usually produced by using a succession of optical amplifiers. As intensity increases in optical amplifiers or lasers, spatial coherence decreases because of uneven heating and other nonlinearities. Often a spatial filter in the form of a pinhole is used after each stage that will block the parts of the beam that are spatially incoherent and would scatter sideways out of the beam. The loss of light blocked by the pinhole lowers amplification so that more amplifiers are required. An alternative approach to improving spatial coherence is adaptive optics. In this case the wavefront is measured using a wavefront sensor such as a Hartman wavefront sensor or with a photonic crystal. The measurements are used to compute settings for a deformable mirror. This involves a complicated feedback loop. The deformable mirror reduces the undesirable deviations in the wavefront to improve spatial coherence.
Problems experienced by people with arthritis when using a computer.

Objective To describe the prevalence of computer use problems experienced by a sample of people with arthritis, and to determine differences in the magnitude of these problems among people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and fibromyalgia (FM). Methods Subjects were recruited from the Arthritis Network Disease Registry and asked to complete a survey, the Computer Problems Survey, which was developed for this study. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the total sample and the 3 diagnostic subgroups. Ordinal regressions were used to determine differences between the diagnostic subgroups with respect to each equipment item while controlling for confounding demographic variables. Results A total of 359 respondents completed a survey. Of the 315 respondents who reported using a computer, 84% reported a problem with computer use attributed to their underlying disorder, and ∼77% reported some discomfort related to computer use. Equipment items most likely to account for problems and discomfort were the chair, keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Of the 3 subgroups, significantly more respondents with FM reported more severe discomfort, more problems, and greater limitations related to computer use than those with RA or OA for all 4 equipment items. Conclusion Computer use is significantly affected by arthritis. This could limit the ability of a person with arthritis to participate in work and home activities. Further study is warranted to delineate disease-related limitations and develop interventions to reduce them.
Patterns of neuronal differentiation in neural tube mutant mice: curly tail and Pax3 splotch-delayed.

A battery of antibodies was used to assess development of the spinal cord and its neurons in mouse embryos with neural tube defects (NTDs). The two mutant strains examined, curly tail (ct) and splotch-delayed (Pax3Sp-d), develop an open neural tube for unrelated reasons, and thus provided for a complementary analysis. Five percent of embryos homozygous for the ct gene and 89% of embryos homozygous for the Pax3Sp-d gene develop spina bifida in the lumbosacral region of the neuraxis. Expression of several neuronal antigens, including Islet-1/2, polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), neurofilaments, and a neuronal-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) recognized by monoclonal antibody A60, were used as indicators of the level of differentiation of neuronal tissue. Immunohistochemical labeling suggests that early (embryonic days 12–15) neuronal differentiation in the dorsal and ventral region of the dysraphic neural tube occurs remarkably normally in both of the mutants. Similarly, labeling with antibodies to NCAM and neuroafilaments indicate that axonal development during early neurogenesis is unperturbed. Later stages of neuronal maturation, however, do not occur in the usual manner. Instead, the neuronal tissue begins a prodigious degeneration at embryonic day 17 (E17), so that by E18 only a rudimentary tissue remains. These results suggest that the aberrant morphology of the neural tube does not affect neuronal differentiation. However, the anomalous morphological and chemical environment may contribute to the neuronal degeneration observed at later stages. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Archaeology of Modernity in Colonial Jamaica

The rise of modernity in Europe resulted in the redefinition of social relations between those in control of the apparatus of the state and economy on the one hand, and those who worked and lived within that apparatus on the other. This shift in the definition of the basic social unit from subject to individual citizen was fraught with tension, and resulted in vast changes in the lives of colonized people throughout the European sphere of control. While the material manifestations of these historical processes were many, this article considers how two phenomena associated with modernity impacted the lives of people enslaved at Marshall’s Pen, a Jamaican coffee plantation, in the opening decades of the 19th century. These two considerations included the spread of mass-produced goods mediated through the rise of consumerism visible through archaeologically recovered material culture, and shifting definitions of the relationships between space and social organization reflecting in changing settlement patterns of village life.