cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Analysis of Hedge Funds Versus Long-Only Portfolios

This article examines empirical evidence of active performance differences in long-only versus long/short investing. It also provides potential explanations from the standpoint of compensation and investment constraints. To further gain insight of how hedge funds incur risks, the article reviews the evolution of methodologies for analyzing hedge fund risk. It first examines return/risk patterns of various hedge fund investments and issues related to data reliability. Risk factors related to market returns, economic conditions and financial markets are presented. The article proposes an alternative method of analyzing "investment style" as applied to hedge fund investments. It also reviews the contingent claim approach to hedge fund risk analysis: replicating hedge fund's option-like payoffs or trading strategies. The investment implications are discussed in the final section
The role of radical parametrectomy in the treatment of occult cervical carcinoma after extrafascial hysterectomy.

Abstract Objectives . To assess the morbidity and efficacy of radical parametrectomy (RP) performed following extrafascial hysterectomy in patients with occult cervical carcinoma. Methods . An IRB approved retrospective chart review identified 23 patients that underwent RP with pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy and upper vaginectomy. Data were collected on demographics, tumor stage, grade, histology, indication for hysterectomy, surgical findings, complications, recurrence, and survival. Results . Of the 23 patients, 2 patients had a stage IA 2 lesion while 21 patients had a stage IB 1 lesion. There were 5 patients with a grade 1 tumor, 10 with grade 2, 4 with grade 3, and 4 with unknown grade. Median age was 41 years (range 27–59). The most common indication (48%) for extrafascial hysterectomy was CIS of the cervix. Four patients (17%) had metastasis to pelvic nodes or evidence of tumor at the margin at the time of RP. Three of these 4 patients with a positive specimen received adjuvant radiation and all are alive (mean follow-up 66 months). One patient declined radiation and is alive at 42 months. There were 7 (30%) operative complications: Most notably 4 patients received blood transfusions. Two of 19 patients (11%) with no residual tumor in RP specimen recurred and 1 patient was salvaged with radiation (follow-up 103 months). With a median follow-up of 61 months (range 9–103), overall 5-year survival is 96%. Conclusions . RP is an acceptable option for patients diagnosed with an occult cervical carcinoma at the time of extrafascial hysterectomy. Careful selection of RP for patients unlikely to have residual tumor will obviate the need for radiation in most instances.
Shifting management of a community volunteer system for improved child health outcomes: results from an operations research study in Burundi

Background: Community-based strategies that foster frequent contact between caregivers of children under five and provide credible sources of health information are essential to improve child survival. Care Groups are a community-based implementation strategy for the delivery of social and behavior change interventions. This study assessed if supervision of Care Group activities by Ministry of Health (MOH) personnel could achieve the same child health outcomes as supervision provided by specialized non-governmental organization (NGO) staff. Methods: The study was a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design implemented in Burundi. A total of 45 MOHled Care Groups with 478 Care Group Volunteers (CGVs) were established in the intervention area; and 50 NGO-led Care Groups with 509 CGVs were formed in the comparison area. Data were collected from 593 and 700 mothers of children 0-23 months at baseline and endline, respectively. Pearson’s chi-squared test and difference-indifference analysis assessed changes in 40 child health and nutrition outcomes. A qualitative process evaluation was also conducted midway through the study. Results: The MOH-led Care Group model performed at least as well as the NGO-led model in achieving specific child health and nutrition outcomes. Mothers of children 0-23 months in the intervention and comparison sites reported similar levels of knowledge and practices for 38 of 40 dependent variables measured in the study, and these results remained unchanged after accounting for differences in the indicator values at baseline. Process monitoring data confirmed that the MOH-led Care Group model and the NGO-led Care Group model were implemented with similar intervention strength. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that behavior change interventions traditionally led by NGOs can be implemented through the existing MOH systems and achieve similar results, thereby increasing the potential for sustainable child health outcomes. Future research on the MOH-led Care Group model is required to systematically document all inputs and monetary costs borne by the MOH to implement the model.
Science Education for Minorities: A Bibliography: A Preliminary Report

Science and applied science are deeply embedded in the history of the development of this country. From Ben Franklin’s kite experiment to artificial kidneys to men on the moon, much of our pioneering spirit has been directed toward exploring the frontiers of science and technology.
Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: Extracellular matrix–stromal cell contribution to neoplastic phenotype of epithelial cells in the breast

Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions play an important role both in normal mammary gland development and during neoplastic transformation. Perturbations in the production, deposition and degradation of the extracellular matrix occurring during neoplastic transformation and progression have been implicated to arise from alterations in the stromal response. These changes in the stroma exhibit a dominant regulatory role, via microenvironmental epigenetic effectors, to contribute to the development of the tumorigenic epithelial phenotype. The role of stromally derived microenvironmental epigenetic effectors in modulating epithelial growth, hormonal response, morphogenesis and epithelial plasticity is discussed.
Rho-dependent termination within the trp t' terminator. II. Effects of kinetic competition and rho processivity.

Continuing our quantitative analysis of rho-dependent termination at the trp t ‘ terminator, we here present evidence that the position of rho-dependent terminators along the template is strongly regulated by the secondary structure of the nascent RNA transcript, and that the prerequisite for establishing an effective kinetic competition between elongation and rho-dependent RNA release at a particular termination position is an upstream rho hexamer properly bound to a rho loading site on the nascent transcript. As a consequence kinetic competition regulates termination efficiency at individual positions downstream of the rho loading site, but does not control the position of the termination zone. Conditions that favor the formation of stable secondary structure on the RNA shift the initial rho-dependent termination position downstream. These results are consistent with a model that states that the rho protein requires ∼70−80 nucleotide residues of unstructured RNA to load onto the transcript and cause ter...
What happens to the other 75 percent? A case study of one university's findings on GPA statistics versus job opportunities

Interfacing with industries interested in our graduates is one of the enjoyable aspects of teaching. Typically, all the parties share a sincere desire to be as helpful to each other as possible, along with a shared concern for the future welfare of the graduating students. This attitude of mutual good will is especially apparent in recruitment representatives who are proud of their companies. Occasionally, however, a recruiter, new on the circuit, allows his pride in his company to reach such a high level that he drops a comment like, “We would like to talk to your best students.” Or even the somewhat more conservative, “We would like to interview your top 25 percent.” We suspect, though, that this thought occurs many more times than it is openly stated. This led to the question which became the basis of our study, “What happens to the other 75 percent?”
Estimates of free-radical production in rat and swine hearts: method and application of measuring malondialdehyde levels in fresh and frozen myocardium.

Toxic peroxides result when oxygen radicals with various peroxidic precursors in tissue or blood. A colorimetric method based on reactions of malondialdehyde (MDA), a key intermediate in the formation of peroxides, has been described in fresh tissues. The present report adapts this assay to measure MDA levels in frozen heart muscle from rats and swine. Mean tissue values of MDA ranged from 154–353 nmol/g (n=13) in fresh rat hearts perfused by the Langendorff technique. Values in frozen samples were 228±14 nmol MDA/g (n=22). When mechanical function was increased in isolated working rat hearts, tissue MDA levels decreased by-25‡% (P<0.025). In working swine hearts, increasing perfusate levels of unsaturated fatty acids caused a 42% increase in tissue MDA levels, P<0.001. Suppressing fatty acid oxidation with either oxfenicine or low flow ischemia caused no significant shifts in peroxide contents. Thus, the thiobarbituric acid method for MDA measurements is well adapted to analyzing frozen myocardium, and MDA levels appear sensitive to alterations in mechanical function and the presence of excess fatty acids.
Maintenance of Interphase Chromosome Compaction and Homolog Pairing in Drosophila Is Regulated by the Condensin Cap-H2 and Its Partner Mrg15

Dynamic regulation of chromosome structure and organization is critical for fundamental cellular processes such as gene expression and chromosome segregation. Condensins are conserved chromosome-associated proteins that regulate a variety of chromosome dynamics, including axial shortening, lateral compaction, and homolog pairing. However, how the in vivo activities of condensins are regulated and how functional interactors target condensins to chromatin are not well understood. To better understand how Drosophila melanogaster condensin is regulated, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified the chromo-barrel domain protein Mrg15 to interact with the Cap-H2 condensin subunit. Genetic interactions demonstrate that Mrg15 function is required for Cap-H2-mediated unpairing of polytene chromosomes in ovarian nurse cells and salivary gland cells. In diploid tissues, transvection assays demonstrate that Mrg15 inhibits transvection at Ubx and cooperates with Cap-H2 to antagonize transvection at yellow. In cultured cells, we show that levels of chromatin-bound Cap-H2 protein are partially dependent on Mrg15 and that Cap-H2-mediated homolog unpairing is suppressed by RNA interference depletion of Mrg15. Thus, maintenance of interphase chromosome compaction and homolog pairing status requires both Mrg15 and Cap-H2. We propose a model where the Mrg15 and Cap-H2 protein–protein interaction may serve to recruit Cap-H2 to chromatin and facilitates compaction of interphase chromatin.
Clinical efficacy and electrophysiology of imipramine for ventricular tachycardia

Abstract Invasive electrophysiologic studies were performed before and during treatment with imipramine in 18 patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT). All received imipramine, 50 mg twice daily for 3 days, and then 100 mg twice daily for 3 days. Imipramine increased the infranodal conduction times (HV) (from 58 ± 7.8 to 65 ± 10 ms) and QRS duration (from 133 ± 21 to 153 ± 39 ms) and significantly decreased sinus cycle length (from 875 ±145 to 711 ± 116 ms) and maximal corrected sinus nodal recovery time (from 457 ± 656 to 380 ± 603 ms). The Wenckebach cycle length tended to decrease and the QT interval to increase, but these changes were not statistically significant. Atrial and ventricular refractory periods, atrioventricular nodal conduction times and induced VT cycle length did not change significantly. Imipramine prevented induction of VT in 2 patients, and VT was more difficult to induce in 1 patient. These 3 patients received chronic imipramine therapy. The 2 patients in whom no VT could be induced while taking imipramine have had no recurrence of arrhythmia at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. The third patient died suddenly 4 months after discharge from the hospital. One patient had worsening of arrhythmias while taking imipramine and 61% had minor adverse effects. The mean combined plasma imipramine and desmethylimipramine concentration at the time of the repeat electrophysiologic study was 227 ± 114 ng/ml. Imipramine is effective against VT in some patients; however, like other type I antiarrhythmic drugs, the rate of efficacy is low.
An intraspecific genetic map of velvetbean (Mucuna sp.) based on AFLP markers.

Velvetbean (Mucuna sp., n=11), a self-pollinated species, is an important legume used in tropical agricultural systems in rotation with other crops for nematode management and/or soil improvement. A genetic map of velvetbean was constructed in order to identify potential molecular markers linked to important morphological and agronomic traits that would be particularly useful for developing and improving the species. Traits such as seed coat color, pod color, and pod pubescence were among the main parameters observed in a process of genetic diversity estimation. Two slightly divergent velvetbean accessions, PI364362 and ‘Edgar Farm White’, a land race from Alabama, were used to make an intraspecific F1 hybrid. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP) detected an average of six polymorphic fragments per primer pair between the two parents. As expected for dominant markers, the sum of all AFLP bands from both parents was generally observed to be present in the AFLP profiles of the F1 progeny, indicating full penetrance and the dominant nature of AFLP markers. An F2 population was generated by self-pollinating a single F1 plant. Using 37 AFLP primer pairs, we detected 233 polymorphic markers of which 164 (70.4%) segregated in 3:1 Mendelian ratios, while the remaining 69 (29.6%) both segregated and were scorable. The genetic linkage map constructed from this population comprised 166 markers, including two morphological traits (pod color and pod pubescence). Twenty linkage groups were found with an average distance between markers of 34.4 cM, covering a total of 687.9 cM. The linkage groups contained from 2 to 12 loci each and the distance between two consecutive loci ranged from 0 to 21.8 cM. The newly designated morphological traits pod color (pdc) and pod pubescence (pdp) co-segregated with each other at a distance of 4.2 cM. Two DNA markers designated ACGCAG2 and ACTCTG1 were located in the same group as pdc and pdp. The AFLP linkage map provides opportunities for use in marker-assisted selection and in the detection of loci controlling morphologically important traits.
Shear-Enhanced Crystallization in Isotactic Polypropylene. 3. Evidence for a Kinetic Pathway to Nucleation

In situ rheo-optical techniques are combined with synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) to investigate the oriented crystallization precursors that develop upon strongly shearing an isothermal melt of polydisperse isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The “short-term shearing” experimental protocol, developed by Janeschitz-Kriegl and co-workers, is used under conditions previously determined to induce oriented crystallite growth. Surprisingly, the time for these precursors to appear decreases with increasing temperature, tracking the melt dynamics of the polymer moleculesa behavior unanticipated by current models. Thus, nucleation proceeds via a “nonclassical” kinetic pathway that effectively eliminates the activation barrier for nucleation. To characterize the importance of chain length distribution for the formation of nucleation precursors, experiments were performed with model bidisperse systems containing a small percentage of high molecular weight iPP blended with lower molecular weight iPP of matched stereoregularity. Oriented crystallization was not observed for the individual components of the blend under the most extreme experimental conditions investigated, but it was readily observed for the bidisperse blend. This suggests that, under intense shear, nucleation of oriented crystallites is governed by the rheologically determined formation of a critical anisotropic configuration of polymer chains in the melt.
State of stress in the lithosphere

The development of stress in rocks … is a fundamental problem, the solution of which is essential to our general understanding of geodynamics. Regional stress measurements … are crucial for the determination of the driving mechanisms of global tectonics. Equally important is the use of rock stress information in the study of such classical geologic processes as igneous intrusion, faulting, and the mechanics of hydrologic systems. In addition, knowledge of rock stress can be applied directly to such immediately practical applications as earthquake prediction and control, ground control in areas of mining and underground excavations, design of subsurface structures, and dam stability; indeed, it has been in conjunction with such applications that most existing stress measurement methods have been developed. [Shoemaker, 1975]
DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in brain, liver, and kidneys of asymptomatic methylmercury treated rats

Abstract Total mercury levels increased with dose in the brain, liver, and kidneys of adult male rats treated with methylmercury hydroxide. The distribution of mercury among these organs was constant over a seven day period in animals treated with 10 mg/kg/day. The brain, liver, and kidneys of animals treated with a total dose of 70 mg/kg contained 10, 113, and 260 ppm of mercury, respectively. These animals displayed no neurological signs of alkylmercury poisoning. Organ-specific changes in total content and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein occurred as the tissue mercury burden increased. In general, macromolecular synthesis was enhanced in the brain and liver, while inhibitory effects were predominate in the kidneys. The synthesis of proteins was more sensitive to mercury than nucleic acids. Total ribosome content and their distribution among their functional cytoplasmic compartments varied with alterations in protein synthesis activity, suggesting disturbances at the level of gene translation. The capacity to synthesize DNA was conserved in the liver and kidneys at elevated tissue mercury levels. The evidence presented advances the hypothesis that disturbances in protein synthesis is a fundamental aspect of alkylmercury poisoning.
Improving approval plan performance: A case study

Abstract An efficient approval plan should enable libraries to save on acquisitions costs while achieving higher use satisfaction by making new materials available sooner. Two internal systems for handling approval plans are compared to show that approval plan performance can be improved significantly by taking full advantage of automation capabilities.
Stabilization of Charges and Protonation States in the Active Site of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: A Computational Study†

The initial step of the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine by the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) requires an active-site cysteine residue to be in its deprotonated (thiolate) form so as to make a nucleophilic attack on the phosphate to form a phosphoenzyme intermediate. At the same time, an active-site aspartic acid residue must be in its protonated form to serve as a general acid donating a proton to the leaving tyrosyl moiety. The protein must therefore provide an unusual electrostatic environment in the active site to maintain these protonation states in the free enzyme and in the Michaelis complex with the substrate, whose phosphate group is in the −2 charged form. We present electrostatic calculations for the pKa of the ionizable side chains of four different PTPases. The study includes Michaelis complexes with the substrate, as well as free enzymes. The calculations consistently predict that in the neutral to mildly acidic pH range, the active-site cysteine residue is deprotonated and the...
The regenerative capacity of the telencephalon of the goldfish and rat

Abstract The regenerative capacity of the central nervous system appears to be related to phylogenetic level. The present studies in the goldfish and rat were undertaken to ascertain the regenerative capacity of the telencephalon. Five types of telencephalic lesions performed in goldfish were total removal, removal of one hemisphere, removal of lateral portion of hemispheres, partial section of hemisphere, and stab wound in hemisphere. In the rat a stab wound was made in occipital cortex. Animals were killed up to 2 years postoperatively. In the goldfish regardless of age at operation, removal of a mass of tissue did not result in restitution of the ablated parenchyma. After partial transection, cysts were observed in the telencephalic parenchyma partially or completely lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells which were often ciliated. Giant pleomorphic reactive neuroglial cells were found in the area of the lesion. These cells usually became necrotic after 60 days. Severed axons regenerated around the lesions and reformed characteristic tracts. Ninety days after transection the area of the lesion was sometimes filled with epithelial cells which subsequently became glial in form so that the area of lesion was characterized by cysts and increased vascularity. Cortical regeneration in the rat was abortive. The cellular reaction to injury was compared in these two animals.
A role for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex as a transmembrane linker between laminin and actin

The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex was tested for interaction with several components of the extracellular matrix as well as actin. The 156-kD dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (156-kD dystroglycan) specifically bound laminin in a calcium-dependent manner and was inhibited by NaCl (IC50 = 250 mM) but was not affected by 1,000-fold (wt/wt) excesses of lactose, IKVAV, or YIGSR peptides. Laminin binding was inhibited by heparin (IC50 = 100 micrograms/ml), suggesting that one of the heparin-binding domains of laminin is involved in binding dystroglycan while negatively charged oligosaccharide moieties on dystroglycan were found to be necessary for its laminin-binding activity. No interaction between any component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV, entactin, or heparan sulfate proteoglycan was detected by 125I-protein overlay and/or extracellular matrix protein-Sepharose precipitation. In addition, laminin-Sepharose quantitatively precipitated purified dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, demonstrating that the laminin-binding site is accessible when dystroglycan is associated with the complex. Dystroglycan of nonmuscle tissues also bound laminin. However, the other proteins of the striated muscle dystrophin-glycoprotein complex appear to be absent, antigenically dissimilar or less tightly associated with dystroglycan in nonmuscle tissues. Finally, we show that the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex cosediments with F-actin but does not bind calcium or calmodulin. Our results support a role for the striated muscle dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in linking the actin-based cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, our results suggest that dystrophin and dystroglycan may play substantially different functional roles in nonmuscle tissues.
Probe Beam Amplification Via Two and Four Wave Mixing in a Kerr-Like (Liquid Crystal) Medium

Abstract Probe beam amplification in a Kerr-like medium, e.g. a nematic liquid crystal film via 2-wave mixing is possible if it is stoke shifted relative to the pump beam. We report experiment observation of this effect and contribution from other multi-wave mixing effects.
Enhanced Enantioselectivity in Excitation of Chiral Molecules by Superchiral Light

A molecule or larger body is chiral if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image (enantiomer). Electromagnetic fields may be chiral, too, with circularly polarized light (CPL) as the paradigmatic example. A recently introduced measure of the local degree of chiral dissymmetry in electromagnetic fields suggested the existence of optical modes more selective than circularly polarized plane waves in preferentially exciting single enantiomers in certain regions of space. By probing induced fluorescence intensity, we demonstrated experimentally an 11-fold enhancement over CPL in discrimination of the enantiomers of a biperylene derivative by precisely sculpted electromagnetic fields. This result, which agrees to within 15% with theoretical predictions, establishes that optical chirality is a fundamental and tunable property of light, with possible applications ranging from plasmonic sensors to absolute asymmetric synthesis.
Feasibility of a pediatric cognitive-behavioral self-management intervention: Coping Openly and Personally with Epilepsy (COPE)

Abstract A pilot study was conducted to examine the feasibility and satisfaction of an integrated cognitive-behavioral and self-management intervention for youth with epilepsy (YWE) and caregivers. The Coping Openly and Personally with Epilepsy (COPE) intervention was based on empirically supported cognitive-behavioral techniques and theory driven self-management content. Content of the intervention consists of epilepsy education, primary and secondary coping skills. Children and adolescents ages 10–15, who had been diagnosed with epilepsy for at least six months (ICD-9345 codes), had at least average intelligence, no history of a serious mental illness, were not currently being treated for major depression, and lived within an 80 mile radius were considered eligible. Nine youth and their caregivers completed the COPE program and provided self-report data on feasibility, accuracy, and satisfaction of the COPE program. Caregivers and youth reported a high level of satisfaction with the COPE program, and findings support the feasibility and accuracy of the intervention content and delivery. Results provide a foundation for future randomized, controlled, clinical trials to examine the effectiveness of the COPE program for youth with epilepsy and their caregivers.
Charting a New Course: A Case Study on the Impact of Outreach Events at Kent State University Libraries

In an effort to market the library as a more inviting, student-friendly place, librarians at the main library of Kent State University have piloted several new events to lure students into the building and keep them coming back. With the transition to more social events hosted by the university libraries, a number of questions arose among librarians and staff regarding the role of the academic library. For example: Do social events violate the mission of the academic library? Do they diminish the credibility of the academic library? Do social events unnecessarily blur the lines between academic and public libraries? Is this social avenue an effective one for promoting traditional library services and resources such as assistance from librarians, interlibrary loan, and access to research databases? Is opening the academic library into a social space something that should be continued? This paper reports the results of a case study focusing on the creation of social events by one academic library at a large...
Depression and osteoporosis: epidemiology and potential mediating pathways

There have been numerous studies examining the association between depression and bone mineral density (BMD), but the underlying nature of this relationship remains unclear. Independent of this association, there is a growing body of evidence that depression impacts the risk for fracture in older adults. This article reviews the current epidemiological evidence regarding comorbidity of depression, low bone mineral density, and fracture. A review of the literature on depression, depressive symptoms, low BMD, osteoporosis, and fracture using electronic databases. We reviewed 20 studies of the association between depression and BMD and five reports of the relationship between depression and fractures. Potential mediating mechanisms (both physiological and behavioral) are discussed, as well as potential confounding influences (e.g., medication use). Most studies support the finding that depression is associated with increased risk for both low BMD and fractures, but variation in study design, sample composition, and exposure measurement make comparisons across studies difficult. Researchers should be aware of potential confounders, such as medication use, that may influence results. Future research should focus on identifying mediating pathways and targets for intervention in the relationships between depression, low BMD, and fracture.
The pros and cons of generic drugs

Yes, they save money. But are they good for us? It is a tough time for Big Pharma. The pipeline of new blockbuster drugs has largely dried up. Many are losing their patent protection, allowing competition from generic versions to emerge. For almost every major disease category—infections, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, lipid disorders, acid reflux, and more—cheap and effective generic drugs are now available. Furthermore, the US economy is being bankrupted by healthcare costs. Even though drugs are not even close to the largest part of the healthcare budget—around 10% by most accounts1—switching to generic prescription drugs to save money seems an easy and visible way to help deal with the crisis. A recent article by Ranit Mishori in the Washington Post extolled the benefits of generics, urging patients and doctors alike to embrace them.2 There is no doubt about the savings. On www.drugstore.com I can buy 90 generic simvastatin 20 mg tablets for $74 (£46; €53); the same amount of brand name Zocor costs $486. Ninety lisinopril 20 mg tablets are $34, while Prinivil …
Rational Approach to the Surgical Management of Tricuspid Atresia

A rational approach to the surgical management of tricuspid atresia with diminished blood flow to the lungs is as follows: A cava-pulmonary artery shunt is performed as the initial operation whenever possible. In the newborn infant and in patients where the pulmonary artery is less than one-half the diameter of the superior vena cava where the two vessels cross, the right pulmonary artery is anastomosed end-to-side to the ascending aorta. Subsequently, when the right pulmonary artery has enlarged, it is detached from the aorta and anastomosed to the superior vena cava. Closure of the outflow from the right ventricle to the left lung can be expected in tricuspid atresia after the first year of life, and unless the ductus remains patent, a systemic artery-pulmonary artery shunt on the left side will be required to supplement the cava-pulmonary artery shunt. This shunt will also be required as a preliminary step to replacing the ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery shunt with a cava-right pulmonary artery ...
Adaptive and maladaptive cardiovascular responses in human sepsis

48. Meyer TE, Sareli P, Marcus RH, Pocock W, Berk MR, 57. Davies J, Spry CJF, Sapsford R, Olsen EGJ, de Perez G, OakMcGregor M. Mechanism underlying Kussmaul’s sign in ley CM, Goodwin JF. Cardiovascular features of 11 patients chronic constrictive nericarditis. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1069with eosinophilic endomyocardial disease. Q J Med 183;52:2372. 49. Navetta FI, Barber MJ, Gurbel PA, Moreadith RW, Bernstein R, Hlatky MA, Coleman RE, Bashore TM. Myocardial ischemiainconstrictivepericarditis.A~H~~~~J1988;116:1107-
The courtship behaviour of the small sulphur butterfly, Eurema lisa (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Abstract Temporal and sequential aspects of the courtship of the small sulphur butterfly, Eurema lisa , are described quantitatively from motion picture film and videotape recordings of interactions between males and perched, virgin females in outdoor cages. Successful courtship (ending in copulation) is divided into eight distinct behavioural events, is sequentially highly stereotyped, and lasts only a few seconds. Examination of unsuccessful courtship reveals features required if copulation is to occur. Field observations of induced and naturally occurring interactions point out that the courtship has no prolonged aerial components and that ascending flights occur between males and mated females only. The discussion focuses on the relationships between the mating behaviour, colour patterns, and ecology of butterflies.
Some Archeological Forgeries From Michigan

The interest of the spurious relics to which I have the pleasure of inviting your attention is, in last analysis, more psychological than archeological; so novel are their designs and so crude the workmanship that an archeologist of training in any field could hardly fail to recognize at a glance their true character. Nevertheless, the efforts made to exploit these objects have been so persistent, and the success so surprising, that it seems worth while to state briefly the facts in regard to them as evidencing not less the credulity of collectors than the activity and perseverance of a forger who under some circumstances might do much harm. Toward the middle of the year 1891 rumors became current regarding marvelous discoveries near Wyman and Edmore, villages in Montcalm county, Michigan, about sixty miles northwest of Lansing. The region was formerly covered with pine forests. These had been cut away for the greater part, and the sawmills removed, but on account of the sandy nature of the soil the farmer had been slow in following up the lumberman, and the land presented a desolate appearance. The low rounded elevations produced by the uprooting of trees in the primeval forest and the decay of the roots which pried up the soil, had not yet been leveled by tillage, and scattered among them were occasional mounds such as are found in other parts of Lower Michigan. On account of the newness of the soil, which in many places had never been turned, the openness of the country stripped of its large trees, and the paucity of inhabitants, the conditions seemed not unfavorable for the perpetration of an archeological fraud. The alleged discoveries had commenced in October 1890, when
The electric birefringence buildup curve as applied to the determination of the dipole moment of soluble collagen

Abstract Electric birefringence patterns of calfskin corium collagen dissolved in citrate buffer in the acid pH range were made. At high concentrations of collagen, these showed an anomalous electric birefringence pattern which was indicative of time-dependent variations in permanent and induced dipole moments. Measurements of dipole moments showed that when the square wave pulsed electric field is created, permanent and induced dipole moments are in the same direction. This is followed by a progressive decrease in permanent dipole moment with pulse duration, and at high field strength the electric field eventually brings about a reversal in direction between permanent and induced dipole moments. The effect of pH on this phenomenon was studied.
An Overview of the Development, Status, and Application of Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Benchmarks for PAH Mixtures

ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of the development, theoretical basis, regulatory status, and application of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Benchmarks (ESBs) for PAH mixtures. ESBs are compared to other sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for PAHs. Data that examine the ability of the ESB approach to predict toxic effects to invertebrates are discussed. A USEPA draft methodology for the development of site-specific ESBs that takes into account the limited bioavailability of PAHs at certain sites is discussed. Research is presented that compares the ability of ESBs and site-specific ESBs to predict the toxicity of sediments collected from manufactured gas plants (MGPs). Site-specific ESBs that accounted for adsorption of PAHs onto black carbon were better predictors of the toxicity of sediments from MGP sites than ESBs that did not account for adsorption to black carbon.
Estimation of maximum surface concentrations from sources near complex terrain in neutral flow

Abstract A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine maximum ground-level concentrations for a variety of source positions (locations and heights) both upstream and downstream of two model hills, an axisymmetric hill (maximum slope 24°) and a two-dimensional ridge (maximum slope 16°), immersed in a simulated neutral atmospheric boundary layer. Terrain amplification factors derived from these measurements were used to construct contour plots showing regions or ‘windows’ of enhanced ground-level concentration. These windows of enhanced ground-level concentration are shown to be a useful guide for estimating the effects of complex terrain on pollutant dispersion or, conversely, for determining source locations near complex terrain which minimize the enhancement of ground-level concentration.
Associations of oral contraceptive use with serum lipids and lipoproteins in young women: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Abstract PURPOSE: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of serum lipids and lipoproteins with oral contraceptive (OC) use were examined among white and black women aged 18–27 years in 1985–1986 and 1988–1991 in the Bogalusa Heart Study, a study of cardiovascular disease in a Southern community. METHODS: Analyses of covariance. RESULTS: In 1985–1986, white OC users had significantly (p CONCLUSIONS: The unfavorable lipid profile associated with OC use was not apparent upon discontinued use. Lack of an adverse effect of OC use on HDL cholesterol at follow-up may be the result of changing formulations, and requires further examination.
Fault-tolerant target localization in sensor networks

Fault-tolerant target detection and localization is a challenging task in collaborative sensor networks. This paper introduces our exploratory work toward identifying the targets in sensor networks with faulty sensors. We explore both spatial and temporal dimensions for data aggregation to decrease the false alarm rate and improve the target position accuracy. To filter out extreme measurements, the median of all readings in a close neighborhood of a sensor is used to approximate its local observation to the targets. The sensor whose observation is a local maxima computes a position estimate at each epoch. Results from multiple epoches are combined together to further decrease the false alarm rate and improve the target localization accuracy. Our algorithms have low computation and communication overheads. Simulation study demonstrates the validity and efficiency of our design.
Initiation of slime mold aggregation viewed as an instability.

Abstract The chemotactic interaction of amoebae, as mediated by acrasin, is evidenced in a variety of ways, the most dramatic of which is aggregation. In this paper we present a mathematical formulation of the general interaction, and provide a detailed analysis of the aggregation process. By analogy with many problems in the physical world, aggregation is viewed as a breakdown of stability caused by intrinsic changes in the basic parameters which characterize the system. This point of view provides a description of aggregation which does not require that any cells be distinguished, but rather assumes a homogeneous population.
Visualization and analysis using virtual reality

Current virtual reality technologies have not yet crossed the threshold of usability. Not surprisingly, VR has so far shown more promise than practical applications. Yet the promise looks bright for fields such as data visualization and analysis. For such problems, VR offers a natural interface between human and computer that will simplify complicated manipulations of the data. It also provides an opportunity to rely on the interplay of combined senses rather than on a single or even dominant sense. Still, we cannot yet say whether VR is better than other visualization and analysis approaches for certain classes of data and, if so, by how much. The payoff will come not for those applications or tasks for which VR is merely better, even if significantly, but for those applications or tasks for which it offers some unique advantage unavailable otherwise. To answer these questions, we embarked on a multipronged program involving the Graphics, Visualization. and Usability (GVU) Center, the Office of Information Technology Scientific Visualization Lab. and other research groups at Georgia Tech. Integration is mandatory since these questions involve basic considerations: how immersive environments affect user interfaces and human-computer interactions; the ranges and capabilities of sensors; computer graphics and the VR optical system; and applications' needs. We describe some of our results. >
APDS panel session IV: intersection of surgical outcomes and medical education.

The American people have become acutely aware of disparate outcomes following surgical interventions. Public reporting of outcomes data and its use in performance improvement and quality control is commonplace. This panel was developed to initiate a discussion regarding the use of patient centered outcomes data in surgical education. To focus the broad topic of integrating outcomes data into surgical education, questions were presented to each speaker before the conference (Table 1). The term outcomes data can be broadly applied. Within the field of surgical education, it is often used to refer to educational outcomes like board examination scores or time to complete a task in the simulation suite. This type of data is already used within the field of surgical education to help program directors and trainees benchmark their progress through the stages of training until they enter the world of surgical practice. While these results are immensely important as markers of resident progression and programmatic success, they are learner-centered proxies, and do not measure the residents’ ability to care for surgical patients or the programs’ ability to train surgeons. Patient centered outcomes data exist for a variety of domains in surgical care. We can measure patient satisfaction, surgical complications and to a lesser extent surgical costs. Despite the ability to generate these data, we seldom use it to direct surgical education to meet the needs of our patients or to assess how successful we, as surgical educators, are in fulfilling our mission to train surgeons. Surgical residents need to understand outcomes data and learn to use data to effect quality improvement. Surgical trainees need to be taught how to deliver patient centered care that capitalizes on their excellence as skilled surgeons, the importance of teamwork and the complexities of the system in which they work. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical
X-ray structure of human beta3beta3 alcohol dehydrogenase. The contribution of ionic interactions to coenzyme binding.

The three-dimensional structure of the human beta3beta3 dimeric alcohol dehydrogenase (beta3) was determined to 2.4-A resolution. beta3 was crystallized as a ternary complex with the coenzyme NAD+ and the competitive inhibitor 4-iodopyrazole. beta3 is a polymorphic variant at ADH2 that differs from beta1 by a single amino acid substitution of Arg-369 --> Cys. The available x-ray structures of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases show that the side chain of Arg-369 forms an ion pair with the NAD(H) pyrophosphate to stabilize the E.NAD(H) complex. The Cys-369 side chain of beta3 cannot form this interaction. The three-dimensional structures of beta3 and beta1 are virtually identical, with the exception that Cys-369 and two water molecules in beta3 occupy the position of Arg-369 in beta1. The two waters occupy the same positions as two guanidino nitrogens of Arg-369. Hence, the number of hydrogen bonding interactions between the enzyme and NAD(H) are the same for both isoenzymes. However, beta3 differs from beta1 by the loss of the electrostatic interaction between the NAD(H) pyrophosphate and the Arg-369 side chain. The equilibrium dissociation constants of beta3 for NAD+ and NADH are 350-fold and 4000-fold higher, respectively, than those for beta1. These changes correspond to binding free energy differences of 3.5 kcal/mol for NAD+ and 4.9 kcal/mol for NADH. Thus, the Arg-369 --> Cys substitution of beta3 isoenzyme destabilizes the interaction between coenzyme and beta3 alcohol dehydrogenase.
Package cohesion classification

R. C. Martin and others have defined package cohesion metrics. Martin has also developed package cohesion principles that can help developers' partition classes into packages. Careful analysis of these cohesion principles indicates that cohesion is multifaceted. Based on these principles, in this paper we introduce two types or aspects of package cohesion. Thus, we are introducing a package cohesion classification scheme. Further, we define a new metric for each type of cohesion to assess to what extent the principles are followed during software design. The proposed metrics should be useful in designing software that is maintainable and reusable. Additionally, we show how the new metrics can be customized based on expert opinion and field needs. The initial results of the two metrics encourage further future work.
Should the superficial superior colliculus be part of Merker's mesodiencephalic system?

The superficial superior colliculus appears to be a primitive visual analyzer whose function has been taken over by the visual cortex, most completely in man. The phenomenon of blindsight shows that, although intact, the superior colliculus cannot by itself provide conscious perception in human patients. Is it possible that, in anencephalic children, it recovers the role it had in lower mammals?
Subclavian vessel injuries: difficult anatomy and difficult territory

Thoracic and thoracic related vascular injuries represent complex challenges to the trauma surgeon. Subclavian vessel injuries, in particular, are uncommon and highly lethal. Regardless of the mechanism, such injuries can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Systematic review of the literature, with emphasis on the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of these injuries, incorporating the authors’ experience. These injuries are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Patients who survive transport are subject to potentially debilitating injury and possibly death. Management of these injuries varies, depending on hemodynamic stability, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries. Despite significant advancements, mortality due to subclavian vessel injury remains high.
Effects of some tetrahydrocannabinols on hexobarbital sleeping time and amp amphetamine induced hyperactivity in mice

Abstract Further studies on the actions of marihuana (Cannabis sativa) have been reported. An extract of marihuana, natural tetrahydrocannabinol, and two synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols were investigated for depressant or stimulant actions. Sleeping times after sodium hexobarbital and measurement of motor activity after amphitamine administration in mice pretreated with the drugs were used to determine the stimulant or depressant properties, respectively. Natural tetrahydrocannabinol and both synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols significantly prolonged hexobarbital sleeping time, while natural tetrahydrocannabinol, 3-n-amyl tetrahydrocannabinol, and the marihuana extract significantly increased the activity induced by amphetamine. Natural THC and synthetic 3-n-amyl decreased normal activity, but later increased it over that of controls.
"Size" and "shape" variables in the presence of covariates: an application to the sudden infant death syndrome.

Abstract A “size measure independent of shape” is used to investigate differences in “size” and “shape” variables, defined as functions of weight and length at birth, between a random control group and victims of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). At birth, the SIDS group has a lower mean size than the control group. After adjusting for maternal and environmental factors (covariates), there is a lessened but persistent difference in size, suggesting the existence of some undetected factor linked to sudden death in infants.