cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Osteogenic Activity of Bone Removed From Healing Extraction Sockets in Humans

Cores of bone from healing extraction sites were studied at time intervals of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 weeks. The results revealed that between 4 and 8 weeks proliferation of cellular and connective tissue elements occur within the healing socket. Islands of new bone with an osteoid seam surrounded by osteoblasts are present within the connective tissue. From 8 to 12 weeks the bone undergoes maturation and forms a trabecular pattern. Although less pronounced, an osteoid seam is still present and osteoblasts occur in fewer numbers. By 12 to 16 weeks the bony trabeculae are mature with very little osteoid and few osteoblasts. This bone resembles alveolar trabecular bone. Two phases of bony regeneration are apparent from the present study. From 4 to 8 weeks there is a progressive osteogenic phase with proliferation of osteogenic cells and immature bone formation. From 8 to 12 weeks the Osteogenesis slows down and the trabeculae mature and increase in volume. From 12 to 16 weeks the bone appears to stabilize wi...
A comparison of histological methods for demonstrating calcification.

Female rats were given45Ca or32P from 13 to 18 days of pegnancy. Serial sections from the heads of their fetuses were studied by autoradiography, as well as by several histological methods for assessing calcification. The earliest detection of45calcium occured at the same time as a positive reaction for calcium with one of the histological methods used.32P was not detectable by autoradiographic methods until somewhat later than45Ca, and its presence coincided with the earliest positive reaction with all of the other histological methods employed. The bones in these fetal heads began to calcify in a partcular sequence, the mandible first, then the frontal bone and maxilla, followed by the nasal, parietal and interparietal bones.
Set-systems with signed solutions

Abstract Qualitative properties of general collections of systems of m linear equations in n unknowns are studied. More precisely, a family Ax = B of systems of linear equations is determined by A =( A 1 , A 2 ,…, A n ) where each A i and B is a nonempty subset of R m . The family consists of all systems A x= b where the i th column of A belongs to A i , and b belongs to B . These general collections include the purely qualitative systems (where each A i and B is set of all vectors with a given sign pattern), cone-systems (where each A i and B is a cone in R m ), and interval systems (where each A i and B is an interval of vectors). We give necessary and sufficient conditions on A and B for the sign patterns of the solutions to A x= b to be independent of the choice of A and b .
Shape and Size Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms Using Wide Curve Theory

A wide curve is a curve with width or cross section. This paper introduces a shape and size synthesis method for compliant mechanisms based on free-form wide curve theory. With the proposed method, detailed dimensions synthesis can be performed to further improve the performance after the topology is selected. Every connection in the topology is represented by a parametric wide curve in which variable shape and size are fully described and conveniently controlled by the limited number of parameters. The shape and size synthesis is formulated as the optimization of the control parameters of wide curves corresponding to all connections in the topology. Problem-dependent objectives are optimized and practical constraints are imposed during the optimization process. The optimization problem is solved by the constrained nonlinear programing algorithm in the MATLAB Optimization Toolbox. Two examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthesis procedure.
The Impact of State Supreme Court Decisions on Public School Finance

Beginning with Serrano v. Priest in 1971, equity-based decisions issued by state supreme courts led to a decrease in cross-district inequality in per pupil expenditures. In subsequent years, more state supreme courts overturned existing systems of public school finance for failing to provide adequate education to students living in poor school districts. Adequacy-based decisions have not produced measurable changes in cross-district inequality in expenditures, but have led to higher overall levels of funding for public education. The nationwide increase in per pupil expenditures over the past several decades is, however, largely the product of growth in personal incomes and a decline in the relative size of the cohort of school-age children, and not of court-ordered finance reforms. In California, after Serrano and the most far-reaching equalization reforms implemented anywhere in the country, the association between the wealth of a school district and educational quality remains strong and persistent. If one’s concern is the quality of education that students receive and not the amount of money spent on them, the victories that reformers have won in the courts have been hollow victories.
Online license plate matching procedures using license-plate recognition machines and new weighted edit distance

License-plate recognition (LPR) technology has been widely applied in many different transportation applications such as enforcement, vehicle monitoring, and access control. Recently, there has been effort to exploit an LPR database for vehicle tracking using popular template matching procedures. Existing template matching procedures assume that the true reference string is always available. However, under a two-point LPR survey, a vehicle could have its plate misread at both locations generating a pair of misread strings (or templates) with no reference for matching. To compensate for LPR misreading problem, we propose a new weight function based on a probability model to match the observed outcomes of a dual LPR setup. Also, considering that reversal errors are never made in LPR machines, new editing constraints as a function of the string lengths are proposed to avoid compensation for reversal errors. These editing constraints are incorporated into the constraint edit distance formulation to improve the performance of the matching procedure. Finally, considering that previous template matching procedures do not take advantage of passage time information available in LPR databases, we present an online tracking procedure that considers the properties of probability distribution of vehicle journey times in order to increase the probability of correct matches. Experimental results show that our proposed procedure can improve the accuracy of LPR systems and achieve up to 97% of positive matches with no false matches. Further research is needed to extend the ideas proposed herein to plate-matching with multiple, i.e., more than two, LPR units.
Evoked potentials in artificial neural nets.

A neural net model of discrete populations of formal neurons have been constructed to study evoked potentials based on our previous simulation studies (Anninos, 1972). Some interesting results came up from the examination of our findings regarding the latencies and the period of the cyclic activity of the evoked potentials. In fact, the different successive latencies for the five identical stimuli and the different periods for each of the cyclic activities, all are consequences of inhibitory and excitatory influences from a large neuronal population. Furthermore, such behavior of the system is not only related to the unknown neuronal population but was also substantially altered by what occurred in other systems at the time of stimulus, or prior to it.
Correlates and Consequences of Parent–Teen Incongruence in Reports of Teens' Sexual Experience

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, factors associated with incongruence between parents' and adolescents' reports of teens' sexual experience were investigated, and the consequences of inaccurate parental knowledge for adolescents' subsequent sexual behaviors were explored. Most parents of virgins accurately reported teens' lack of experience, but most parents of teens who had had sex provided inaccurate reports. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that many adolescent-, parent-, and family-level factors predicted the accuracy of parents' reports. Parents' accurate knowledge of their teens' sexual experience was not found to be consistently beneficial for teens' subsequent sexual outcomes. Rather, parents' expectations about teens' sexual experience created a self-fulfilling prophecy, with teens' subsequent sexual outcomes conforming to parents' expectations. These findings suggest that research on parent–teen communication about sex needs to consider the expectations being...
Impact of Azimuthally Controlled Fluidic Chevrons on Jet Noise

The impact of azimuthally controlled air injection on broadband shock noise and mixing noise for single and dual stream jets was investigated. The single stream experiments focused on noise reduction for low supersonic jet exhausts. Dual stream experiments included high subsonic core and fan conditions and supersonic fan conditions with transonic core conditions. For the dual stream experiments, air was injected into the core stream. Significant reductions in broadband shock noise were achieved in a single jet with an injection mass flow equal to 1.2% of the core mass flow. Injection near the pylon produced greater broadband shock noise reductions than injection at other locations around the nozzle periphery. Air injection into the core stream did not result in broadband shock noise reduction in dual stream jets. Fluidic injection resulted in some mixing noise reductions for both the single and dual stream jets. For subsonic fan and core conditions, the lowest noise levels were obtained when injecting on the side of the nozzle closest to the microphone axis.
Note on the Phylogenetic Systematics of the Family Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera), with a Description of the Eggs and Nymphs of the Asian Species

The phylogeny of the Pteronarcyidae is reassessed using data from previously unavailable life history stages of the Asian species and those from earlier studies by other workers. Eggs and nymphs are described for the Asian species of this family, Pteronarcys sachalina Klapalek and P. reticulata (Burmeister). The data matrix (12 species by 75 characters) is analyzed using the PENNY (parsimony method) and CLIQUE (compatibility method) options of the PHYLIP program and the microcomputer MacClade (parsimony method) program. The shortest tree, 92 steps, produced by these programs most closely resembles a phylogeny proposed earlier. The family's classification is revised; the recently proposed tribes, Pteronarcellini and Pteronarcyini, are rejected. The distribution pattern is correlated with Paleozoic-Cenozoic geological eras.
Magnetic Interactions of Cr-Cr and Co-Co Impurity Pairs in ZnO within a Band-Gap Corrected Density-Functional Approach

The well-known ``band-gap'' problem in approximate density functionals is manifested mainly in an overly low energy of the conduction band (CB). As a consequence, the localized gap states of $3d$ impurities states in wide-gap oxides such as $\mathrm{ZnO}$ occur often incorrectly as resonances inside the CB, leading to a spurious transfer of electrons from the impurity state into the CB of the host, and to a physically misleading description of the magnetic $3d\text{\ensuremath{-}}3d$ interactions. A correct description requires that the magnetic coupling of the impurity pairs be self-consistently determined in the presence of a correctly positioned CB (with respect to the $3d$ states), which we achieve here through the addition of empirical nonlocal external potentials to the standard density functional Hamiltonian. After this correction, both Co and Cr form occupied localized states in the gap and empty resonances low inside the CB. In otherwise undoped $\mathrm{ZnO}$, Co and Cr remain paramagnetic, but electron-doping instigates strong ferromagnetic coupling when the resonant states become partially occupied.
Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly compared with younger adults with learning disabilities.

BACKGROUND The literature regarding psychiatric illness among elderly people with learning disabilities is limited and conflicting because of methodological differences. There have been no recent studies comparing psychiatric epidemiology between younger and older adults with learning disabilities, using the same methodology and definitions. METHOD Comprehensive psychiatric examination using a semi-structured rating scale was undertaken on everyone with learning disabilities, aged 65 years or over (n = 134), living in a defined geographical area. Comparison was made with a randomly selected control group of adults with learning disabilities aged 20-65 years (n = 73) drawn from the same geographical area. RESULTS Elderly people with learning disabilities have a greater prevalence of psychiatric morbidity than younger controls (68.7 v. 47.9%). Rates for depression and anxiety disorders are high, and dementia is common: there are equal rates for schizophrenia/delusional disorders, autism and behaviour disorders in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The higher psychiatric morbidity among elderly (compared with younger) people with learning disabilities has not previously received adequate recognition. This warrants further investigation by service planners and clinicians.
Mechanical properties of electrospun bilayer fibrous membranes as potential scaffolds for tissue engineering

Bilayer fibrous membranes of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) were fabricated by electrospinning, using a parallel-disk mandrel configuration that resulted in the sequential deposition of a layer with fibers aligned across the two parallel disks and a layer with randomly oriented fibers, both layers deposited in a single process step. Membrane structure and fiber alignment were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform. Because of the intricacies of the generated electric field, bilayer membranes exhibited higher porosity than single-layer membranes consisting of randomly oriented fibers fabricated with a solid-drum collector. However, despite their higher porosity, bilayer membranes demonstrated generally higher elastic modulus, yield strength and toughness than single-layer membranes with random fibers. Bilayer membrane deformation at relatively high strain rates comprised multiple abrupt microfracture events characterized by discontinuous fiber breakage. Bilayer membrane elongation yielded excessive necking of the layer with random fibers and remarkable fiber stretching (on the order of 400%) in the layer with fibers aligned in the stress direction. In addition, fibers in both layers exhibited multiple localized necking, attributed to the nonuniform distribution of crystalline phases in the fibrillar structure. The high membrane porosity, good mechanical properties, and good biocompatibility and biodegradability of PLLA (demonstrated in previous studies) make the present bilayer membranes good scaffold candidates for a wide range of tissue engineering applications.
The Effect of Iron on the Primary Root Elongation of Arabidopsis during Phosphate Deficiency

Root architecture differences have been linked to the survival of plants on phosphate (P)-deficient soils, as well as to the improved yields of P-efficient crop cultivars. To understand how these differences arise, we have studied the root architectures of P-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0) plants. A striking aspect of the root architecture of these plants is that their primary root elongation is inhibited when grown on P-deficient medium. Here, we present evidence suggesting that this inhibition is a result of iron (Fe) toxicity. When the Fe concentration in P-deficient medium is reduced, we observe elongation of the primary root without an increase in P availability or a corresponding change in the expression of P deficiency-regulated genes. Recovery of the primary root elongation is associated with larger plant weights, improved ability to take up P from the medium, and increased tissue P content. This suggests that manipulating Fe availability to a plant could be a valuable strategy for improving a plant's ability to tolerate P deficiency.
Time-domain response of a diffusive medium from speckle pattern frequency correlations

Summary form only given. The optical characterization of scattering media has many important biological and environmental sensing applications. Useful spectroscopic or imaging data from within a scattering domain requires some form of measured data inversion with a model for the scattering domain. Laser speckle data using light of appropriate coherence, coupled with a diffusion equation model, can be used to extract the scattering domain parameters. An external-cavity laser diode whose center frequency could be tuned over a range of approximately 60 GHz was used to illuminate several diffusive media slab samples. Using suitable imaging optics consisting of an aperture and lens, the intensity speckle pattern from the output face of the sample was measured using a CCD camera.
Editorial Commentary: Improving Antimicrobial Use in Children by Interacting With Prescribing Clinicians

facility over time. In addition, the team compared their local changes in use with changes in use at 25 other children’s hospitals in the United States during the same period. The comparative hospitals are members of the Child Health Corporation of America, and usage data were obtained from an administrative database. This study is a welcome addition to the literature because, before this study, few studies have assessed the impact of prospective audit and feedback on antibiotic use, particularly in pediatric populations. Audit and feedback is one of the
Replication policies for layered clustering of NFS servers

Layered clustering offers cluster-like load balancing for unmodified NFS or CIFS servers. Read requests sent to a busy server can be offloaded to other servers holding replicas of the accessed files. This paper explores a key design question for this approach; which files should be replicated? We find that the popular policy of replicating read-only files offers little benefit. A policy that replicates read-only portions of read-mostly files, however, implicitly coordinates with client cache invalidations and thereby allows almost all read operations to be offloaded. In a read-heavy trace, 75% of all operations and 52% of all data transfers can be offloaded.
Gauge and Averaging in Gravitational Self-force

A difficulty with previous treatments of the gravitational self-force is that an explicit formula for the force is available only in a particular gauge (Lorenz gauge), where the force in other gauges must be found through a transformation law once the Lorenz-gauge force is known. For a class of gauges satisfying a 'parity condition' ensuring that the Hamiltonian center of mass of the particle is well-defined, I show that the gravitational self-force is always given by the angle average of the bare gravitational force. To derive this result I replace the computational strategy of previous work with a new approach, wherein the form of the force is first fixed up to a gauge-invariant piece by simple manipulations, and then that piece is determined by working in a gauge designed specifically to simplify the computation. This offers significant computational savings over the Lorenz gauge, since the Hadamard expansion is avoided entirely and the metric perturbation takes a very simple form. I also show that the rest mass of the particle does not evolve due to first-order self-force effects. Finally, I consider the 'mode sum regularization' scheme for computing the self-force in black hole background spacetimes, and use the angle-average form ofmore » the force to show that the same mode-by-mode subtraction may be performed in all parity-regular gauges. It appears plausible that suitably modified versions of the Regge-Wheeler and radiation gauges (convenient to Schwarzschild and Kerr, respectively) are in this class.« less
Emotions in economic action and interaction

How do emotions influence economic action? Current literature recognizes the importance of emotions for economy because they either help individuals perform economic roles through emotion management or enhancement of emotional intelligence, or because they aid rationality through their influence on preference formation. All these strands of research investigate the link between emotions and economy from an atomistic/individualistic perspective. I argue for a different approach, one that adopts a relational perspective, focuses on emotional embeddedness and examines how emotions matter in economic interactions. Emotional embeddedness research starts with a premise that emotions result from and are influenced by interactions between economic actors during the economic process where emotional currents and their visceral and physical manifestations come to the fore. This increases the uncertainty in economic transactions and complicates the given means-ends logic of rational economic decision making, yielding economic action principles different from utility maximization. I propose two types of such creative economic action in this paper: improvisation and situational adaptation. Improvisation characterizes situations where ends (goals) and means are unclear at the beginning of a transaction process and get articulated as a consequence of emotional embeddedness experienced during a process. Situational adaptation characterizes situations in which means or ends of action change because of interaction-induced emotions that prompt actors to choose new means/ends. The article concludes with a call for empirical research that explicates further the influence of emotions not merely for rational economic action but also creative economic interactions.
The influence of aqueous iron chemistry on the uptake of iron by the coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii1

Iron uptake by the coastal diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, was measured by a technique that exploits the Fe(III) reducing property of ascorbate to dissolve filterable colloidal iron. For the well defined chemical conditions imposed by a large excess of the aminocarboxylate complexing agents, EDTA, CDTA, DTPA, and NTA, in the absence of light, the iron uptake rate was a function of the activity of Fe 3+. In the light, the uptake rate in the presence of EDTA and CDTA was enhanced by factors of 2 and 6 due to photodegradation of the Fe(III) complex yielding Fe(II). An even greater enhancement resulted from the addition of ascorbate, a Fe(III) reductant, to the medium. In the absence of chelators, iron uptake rates appeared to depend on the total iron concentration for both Fe(II) and Fe(III) additions to the medium. A saturated uptake rate (1.5 x lo-l6 mol. cell-’ * h-l) was observed in the presence of unchelated Fe(II) or colloidal Fe(III), as well as in the presence of chelators. Uptake rates measured in the presence of metabolic inhibitors are consistent with the hypothesis that a membrane-bound metal binding complex (termed phytotransferrin) transfers iron across the membrane by a process not directly coupled to photosynthetic or respiratory activity. On the basis of all the experiments done, it is suggested that the iron uptake rate is determined by the extent of Fe binding to phytotransferrin, which is in turn controlled by pseudo-equilibrium with free (reactive) iron in the medium, even when the medium is not at equilibrium due to (photo)reduction of Fe(III) or dissolution of ferric hydroxide.
The third generation wind structural benchmark: a Nash cumulant robust approach

The use of cost-cumulant-based controllers to mitigate vibrations, caused in civil engineering structures by winds and seismic events, has led to performances [Pham, K. D., et al., June 30, 2004], [Pham, K. D., et al., April 2004], [Pham, K. D., et al., Dec. 2004], [Pham, K. D., et al., Sept. 2004], [Pham, K. D., et al., May 2002], [Pham, K. D., et al., May 2004], [Sain, M. K., et al., 2000], [Won, C. H., et al., July 1994] which compare well with other control paradigms, when applied to civil engineering benchmarks. In this paper, we extend the cost-cumulant control concept to include a provision for explicit consideration of robustness considerations. Structured uncertainty is associated with one player, while control is associated with another player. Each of the players has a distinct cost, which has cumulants generated by a wind or earthquake process. Design is carried out by a Nash-type algorithm. The method is applied to the third generation wind structural benchmark, and it seems to be a natural fit for the civil engineering applications which entail both environmental disturbances and modelling errors.
Involvement of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the Child Protection System

The present study provides information about children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are involved in the child protection system in a large, Midwestern state. Findings revealed that childr...
A randomized controlled trial of bupivacaine through intracostal catheters for pain management after thoracotomy.

Background Optimal management of pain after thoracotomy can be challenging. Continuous infusion of local anesthetic into the incision may help reduce the amount of narcotics required to control postoperative pain. To address this issue, we performed a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial of infusion of bupivacaine versus placebo through intercostal and subcutaneous catheters after thoracotomy. Methods From April 2006 to June 2007, 124 patients had intercostal catheters placed at thoracotomy and connected to continuous infusion pain pumps. Each patient had catheters placed in the intercostal space near the head of the rib and subcutaneously beneath the incision; both were connected to an infusion pump through a Y connector. Patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo (normal saline solution) or 0.25% bupivacaine as a 4 cc per hour infusion for 100 hours after thoracotomy. All personnel caring for the patients were blinded to the content of the infusion. Demographic information, visual analog pain scores, and oral morphine equivalent usage was recorded for each patient. In addition to the infusion catheters, all patients had epidural analgesia that remained in place until postoperative day 3. Results There were 60 patients in the bupivacaine arm and 64 in the placebo group. Overall mean age was 64.7 years and 65 (52.4%) were men. Mean body mass index was 28.8 kg/m 2 . There were no statistical differences in any demographic parameter except that there were more men in the placebo group. Pulmonary resection was performed in 100 patients, an antireflux procedure in 16, and other miscellaneous procedures in 8. There was no statistical difference in the morphine equivalent usage between the two groups. There was also no difference between the average daily pain scores between the two groups. Length of stay was not significantly different between groups: mean (SD) of 6.2 (3.4) and 6.7 (5.0) for placebo and bupivacaine, respectively ( p = 0.51). There was no operative mortality, and complications occurred in 28% of patients (placebo group, 25%; bupivacaine group, 32%; p = 0.41). Conclusions This randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial demonstrated that the infusion of local anesthetic into the subcutaneous area and around the rib fracture site in addition to epidural analgesia did not reduce the amount of narcotic usage after a thoracotomy, nor did it affect visual analog pain scores. Pain control with intercostal catheters infusing local anesthetics did not produce a measurable pain relief beyond that provided by epidural analgesia.
Linking the Struggle for Education and Social Justice: Historical Perspectives of African American Leadership in Schools.

Societal barriers to the successful education of Black children were identified by the noted historian Carter G. Woodson more than 70 years ago in his classic text The Mis-Education of the Negro. Woodson argued that there were serious problems with inaccurate, ill-planned, depoliticized curriculum content and lack of resources, as well as problems with the poor, unethical preparation of teachers. Historically, Black educational leaders had to overcome these barriers as well as others to be of service to the African American community. They created schools where none existed, struggled against the perpetuation of unequal educational environments, or built viable alternative schools. Motivated by the belief that education would“uplift the race,” women and men organized and developed institutions to mitigate the harsh realities of Black life Through socially critical writings, oratorical power, and activism, many leaders succeeded in making a difference in the educational settings that served Black people. T...
Rapid mobility of mobile IP over WLAN

In this paper, the rapid mobility of MIP/WLAN is emulated on a test-bed. The performance of MIP/WLAN at different moving speeds is evaluated. The result shows that current MIP protocol is not suitable for rapid moving environments. This paper depicts the relationship between the performance and the moving speed and breaks down the handoff latency of MIP/WLAN. A Speed Adaptive MIP extension is proposed and implemented on Hierarchical MIP. The emulation result shows that the Speed Adaptive MIP greatly improves the performance of MIP/WLAN in rapid moving environments.
PubMed and beyond: a survey of web tools for searching biomedical literature.

The past decade has witnessed the modern advances of high-throughput technology and rapid growth of research capacity in producing large-scale biological data, both of which were concomitant with an exponential growth of biomedical literature. This wealth of scholarly knowledge is of significant importance for researchers in making scientific discoveries and healthcare professionals in managing health-related matters. However, the acquisition of such information is becoming increasingly difficult due to its large volume and rapid growth. In response, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is continuously making changes to its PubMed Web service for improvement. Meanwhile, different entities have devoted themselves to developing Web tools for helping users quickly and efficiently search and retrieve relevant publications. These practices, together with maturity in the field of text mining, have led to an increase in the number and quality of various Web tools that provide comparable literature search service to PubMed. In this study, we review 28 such tools, highlight their respective innovations, compare them to the PubMed system and one another, and discuss directions for future development. Furthermore, we have built a website dedicated to tracking existing systems and future advances in the field of biomedical literature search. Taken together, our work serves information seekers in choosing tools for their needs and service providers and developers in keeping current in the field. Database URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Lu/search
Shoulder arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis: 303 consecutive cases with minimum 5-year follow-up.

Background This is an update on a previously documented cohort of patients who underwent shoulder arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis, with a minimum 5-year clinical follow-up. Methods The survivorship of 303 consecutive shoulder arthroplasties (108 hemiarthroplasties, 195 total shoulder arthroplasties) for rheumatoid arthritis at one institution was assessed. There were 255 arthroplasties in the clinical analysis and 188 in the radiographic analysis. Results Kaplan-Meier survivorship free of revision at 5 years and 10 years was 96.1% and 92.9% for total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and 89.2% and 87.9% for hemiarthroplasty (HA). The most common indications were glenoid loosening (5%) and infection (2%) for TSA revision and glenoid arthrosis (7%) for HA revision. Pain relief was greater with TSA than with HA. In patients with an intact rotator cuff, in comparing TSA with HA, those with a TSA had greater improvements in pain scores (−2.7 vs −1.8 on a 5-point scale) and degrees of elevation (45 versus 24) (P = .08). Approximately 30% of humeral components and 73% of glenoid components had periprosthetic lucencies. There was a shift in position of the glenoid in 33% of TSAs, and 36% were “at risk.” Eighty-one percent of HAs had moderate or severe glenoid erosion. Discussion/Conclusion Both HA and TSA provide pain relief and improved motion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with an intact rotator cuff, pain relief and range of motion are more improved with TSA compared with HA. There is a high rate of component lucency, but component revision is uncommon.
Interaction of triorganotin compounds with Chesapeake Bay sediments and benthos

Triorganotin compounds can interact with various segments of natural water systems. In sediments, for example, these compounds can undergo speciation, and can also become injurious to benthos. The interaction of tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds with sediments have been studied using extraction techniques in addition to directly observing these compounds in sediments using Mossbauer spectroscopy. The effect of these compounds on benthos has also been examined. The results of these studies are reviewed with particular regard to studies on sediments from the Chesapeake Bay, USA.
An octave band electronic scan cylindrical array

An octave bandwidth, electronic scanning cylindrical array has been designed, and a demonstration unit has been built and tested. Using a two-dimensional Luneburg lens beamformer with a simple switching network, a cluster of beams is positioned electronically to cover any azimuth sector. By properly weighting the Luneburg lens excitation, low-azimuth sidelobes are obtained, and beam shapes and pointing angles remain substantially invariant over the octave frequency band. The design embodies novel techniques for obtaining high efficiency, high crossover, and low sidelobes on all beams within the cluster using a simple switching circuit. The principles of the design are experimentally demonstrated on a 2048-element electronic scan array. The theoretical basis of the technical approach, including tradeoffs for low sidelobes and wide bandwidth, is presented. The design details and measured performance of the experimental antenna are described. >
A Study on Key Technique of Product Configuration System Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm

In order to establish the configuration relation of complex product structure, a new product structure configuration model based on polychromatic graph theory was presented. Then the optimum product structure configuration mathematical model was got and the improved ant colony algorithm was employed to solve the problem. Therefore, the prototype system was developed on the basis of the model. The results showed that the solution quality got by improved ant colony algorithm was better than the solution got by traditional ant colony algorithm, and the product configuration model can exactly present the configuration information, product attribute and assembly relation for complex product. Base on the improved ant colony algorithm, the product configuration management prototype system was designed. The product configuration system makes parallelizing product design become possible. It presents a new way of cooperation design.
FOSSIL MARINE VERTEBRATES FROM THE LOWERMOST GREENHORN LIMESTONE (UPPER CRETACEOUS: MIDDLE CENOMANIAN) IN SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO

Fossiliferous deposits of the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) are found on the Comanche National Grassland in southeastern Colorado. The lowest portion of the Greenhorn Limestone, the base of the Lincoln Limestone Member, contains calcarenite beds rich in disarticulated remains of marine vertebrates. We examined the composition of the vertebrate paleofauna from one particular location (Tobe locality) through surface collecting and acid solution of rocks. The paleofauna is taxonomically diverse, consisting of 22 chondrichthyans, at least 15 osteichthyan fishes, and six aquatic reptiles. Molluscan taxa indicate that the basal Lincoln Limestone in southeastern Colorado was deposited sometime between middle Middle Cenomanian (ca. 95 Ma) and late Middle Cenomanian (ca. 94.7 Ma), and the composition of the vertebrate fauna (primarily chondrichthyan taxa) agrees with this interpretation. The Tobe locality was situated far from the shorelines of the Western Interior Seaway, with relatively high-energy waves impinging upon the seafloor, concentrating biogenic remains. Fossil remains within the calcarenite appear to have undergone minor time-averaging, based upon erosional rounding and breakage present in numerous specimens. Nevertheless, the deposit contains one of the best representative Middle Cenomanian vertebrate communities so far described from the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Considering that the paleofauna consists of taxa diverse in size, morphology, and inferred ecology, the trophic structure of the paleocommunity was probably complex.
A simple Monte Carlo approach to examine sample robustness in growth regressions

Growth regressions are often influenced by extreme observations in the sample. We demonstrate the usefulness of a simple Monte Carlo method as a diagnostic for sample robustness. We apply the technique to a data set used by Mehlum et al. (2006), who show that institutional quality is decisive for growth in resource rich countries. Monte Carlo sampling reveals that this result hinges crucially on the inclusion of Malaysia in the sample of countries. Inclusion of Malaysia yields robust, significant estimates of the key interaction term between resource abundance and institutions, whereby strong institutions can turn resource abundance into a blessing. Exclusion of Malaysia yields robust, insignificant estimates of the interaction term, whereby institutions cannot overcome the resource curse. Further explorations find that the remaining results in Mehlum et al. (2006) are similarly sensitive to the sample of countries included. We argue that the Monte Carlo method utilised provides easily interpretable representations of the robustness of estimates to an arbitrary sample of countries and should become standard practice in growth regression diagnostics, similar to robustness testing of alternative specifications and additional covariates.
Yield of Abnormal CT with First Complex FS

Physicians in Emergency Medicine, Pediatric Neurology, and Radiology at Children’s Hospital Boston, MA studied the risk of intracranial pathology requiring immediate intervention among patients presenting in the ED with a first complex febrile seizure (CFS).
Nurturant talk to children.

The speech addressed to children, usually called Baby Talk, is not homogeneous. As Brown suggested, one dimension, "Communicative Clarity," controls the variables that contribute to simplifying the task of communicating to the child. The second dimension, "Affection/Nurturance," controls the variables that express a particular kind of social relationship between adult and child. The speech of mothers (and sometimes fathers) to 21 children aged four to nine years was recorded in two situations in a hospital: first in a waiting room and then in the recovery room following minor elective surgery. There were considerably more nurturant and supportive utterances in the post- compared to the pre-operative setting. Mothers spoke more slowly, used more affectionate terms. Fathers' speech followed the mothers' pattern. Parents of both sexes were more nurturant to their daughters during the pre-operative period, indicating that the post-operative setting was compelling enough to obviate individual differences. A cl...
Sequences preceding the minimal promoter of the Xenopus somatic 5S RNA gene increase binding efficiency for transcription factors.

Abstract Sequences preceding the minimal promoter play a role in the differential expression of the Xenopus somatic and oocyte-type 5S RNA genes. In this report, the somatic sequences between -32 and +37 are shown to increase transcriptional activity in microinjected embryos, yet have little to no effect in microinjected oocyte nuclei. In vitro, these sequences increase activity in whole oocyte S150 extracts, but not in oocyte nuclear extracts. In S150 extracts, these somatic sequences facilitate binding by a commonly required factor(s), other than TFIIIA, which forms a stable complex with the 5S gene. This transcriptional enhancement is also apparent in a reconstituted system using purified TFIIIA and partially purified TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
Combinatorial electrochemistry – Processing and characterization for materials discovery

Abstract Combinatorial materials science is a research methodology for accelerating the pace of materials discovery and optimization. This article reviews issues in combinatorial processing of materials for, and characterization of materials by, electrochemical methods. In particular the emphasis is on the discovery of electrocatalysts for energy uses, including batteries, fuel cells, and related applications. The article also discusses issues in analyzing and using the data obtained from such experiments. Finally, it is emphasized that for most applications it is necessary to confirm results obtained by rapid screening with more traditional approaches on bulk samples in “real world” environments.
Partial Migration and Differential Winter Distribution of House Finches in the Eastern United States

Three hypotheses that attempt to explain latitudinal sex ratio variation on wintering grounds are: 1) the behavioral dominance hypothesis, 2) the arrival time/sexual selection hypothesis, and 3) the body size/physiological hypothesis. Testing these hypotheses is difficult because many predictions are not mutually exclusive. By examining migratory behavior and winter distributions of House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), a species in which females dominate males despite their smaller size, we controlled for confounding effects of body size on behavioral dominance. We examined U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service records of House Finches banded throughout the eastern United States following their introduction in 1940. These data suggest the evolution of partial migration among the introduced population of finches, with a trend in recent years (1975-1989) for females to migrate farther than males. The proportion of males on wintering grounds varied significantly and consistently with latitude in the East. Sex ratios north of 380N latitude were malebiased, while those south of this were female-biased. Similar patterns were not apparent among western House Finches during winter or in the eastern population during the breeding season. Of the three hypotheses, only the body size hypothesis correctly predicts the pattern observed among wintering finches. Therefore, different energetic constraints facing male and female House Finches, perhaps related to body size, may be influencing migratory behavior and winter distributions.
Nano-Thermometry: Transmission Electron Microscopy of Femtosecond Laser Irradiated Co/Si Multilayer Thin Foils

Pre-thinned foils composed of amorphous silicon and polycrystalline cobalt were irradiated using femtosecond pulse-length lasers at fluences sufficient for ablation (material removal). The resultant ablated hole and surrounding vicinity was studied using transmission electron microscopy to determine modifications to the structure. Evidence of cobalt silicide formation was observed within a 3 micron radius of the laser hole edge by use of selected area electron diffraction (SAED). In addition, elongated grains of crystalline silicon was observed within 500 nm of the laser hole edge, indicating melting of the amorphous silicon and heat dissipation slow enough to allow recyrstallization. This initial work demonstrates the use of pre-designed nanostructured multilayer systems as a method for nanoscale profiling of heat dissipation following pulsed laser irradiation.
Quantitative Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition by Paper Chromatography using Hydrogenation on Papers

For the quantitative analysis of fatty acid composition of fatty oils, the application of paper-chromatography using hydrogenation on papers was examined, in addition to the usual reversed phase paperchromatography consisted of hydrocarbon as the stationary phase and acetonitril acetic acid as the mobil solvent. Complete hydrogenation on papers was achieved after 2 hr at 30, using palladium black as catalyst. By applying this analytical method, the composition of fatty acids of wheat germ oil and of skipper oil was determined as follows. Wheat germ oil : C16F0 : 12.3%, C18F0 : 3.7%, C18F1 : 20.6%, C18F2 : 45.6%, C18F3 : 12.3%, C20F0 : 5.4%. Skipper oil : C14F0 : 8.6%, C16F0 : 14.6%, C16F1 : 3.8%, C18F0 : 1.6%, C18F1 : 8.7%, C18F2, : 6.8%. C18F3 : 1.2%, C20F1 : 15.7%, C20F4, 5 : 7.1%, C22F1 : 17.2% C22F5, 6 : 14.7%
Mixed-Integer Programming Model and Tightening Methods for Scheduling in General Chemical Production Environments

We develop a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model to address chemical production scheduling problems in a wide range of facilities, including facilities with many different types of material handling restrictions and a wide range of process characteristics. We first discuss how material handling restrictions result in different types of production environments and then show how these restrictions can be modeled. We also present extensions for some important processing constraints and briefly discuss how other constraints and characteristics can be modeled. Finally, we present constraint propagation methods for the calculation of parameters that are used to formulate tightening constraints that lead to a substantial reduction of computational requirements. The proposed model is the first to address the generalized chemical production scheduling problem.
Urban Agriculture as Habitat for Birds

For many, the idea that cities can support conservation seems near anathema – is not urban development a growing threat to biodiversity? While true that cities are responsible for destroying or degrading countless acres of habitat and that, once developed, are unlikely to provide high quality habitat to species of greatest conservation concern, they are not without value – especially for bird communities. Urban green spaces have potential to support a diverse assemblage of species and, therefore, can contribute to some dimensions of avian conservation. Even small parcels of green space within cities can attract birds of conservation concern, especially when patches are collectively managed as networks of green space (Goddard et al. 2009). Urban green spaces are represented by a wide variety of land uses, including parks, cemeteries, green walls, green roofs, and the focus of this book – urban agriculture (also commonly referred to more generally as “urban gardens”). Urban gardens and agricultural areas comprise a major component of green space within many cities (Loram et al. 2007), reaching an impressive 86 % in Leon, Nicaragua (Gonzalez-Garcia and Sal 2008). In some cases, these small gardens can make important contributions to conservation. For example, biologists and managers in the UK are designing green roofs (also called “eco roofs”) to provide habitat for the rare and protected black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros; Grant 2006). Thus, any greening of cities, including by way of urban agriculture, can rightly be viewed as an opportunity to improve the ecological condition and conservation value of our cities.
Modeling of photobioreactors for remote microgrids

Biodiesel produced from photo-bioreactors can help replace conventional fuel sources in remote microgrids to develop sustainable, carbon-neutral microgrids. There is, however, a lack of proper mathematical models to study the operation of remote microgrids with photo-bioreactors. This paper uses the thetalogistic growth equation to model the biomass growth in photobioreactors. The model along with an intelligent energy management system for remote microgrids will aid in making this innovative fuel source a commercially viable option for remote microgrids.