cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analog, digital, and combined analog-digital computers for real-time simulation

A large, important area of use for automatic computing machines is the study of the dynamic operation of physical systems, especially guidance and control systems. If the mathematical model under study describes in substantial detail an existing or contemplated piece of equipment and if stimuli are employed that correspond to those experienced by the equipment when in use, the process of study is referred to as simulation. The term simulation cannot be used to express a precisely defined area of work because widely varying interpretations are given to it. As used here, the term refers to an area of computation comprising analysis of large, complex systems that are represented in sufficient detail to include many of the distinguishing characteristics of practical equipment, even though few, if any, parts of the actual system are linked with the computational components.
Sonication-Assisted Oligomannoside Synthesis

We have investigated the use of sonication for the synthesis of oligomannosides. A convenient sonication-mediated glycosylation protocol that is applicable to traditional glycosylation methods has been developed. This protocol can be applicable for activating glycosyl donors that are known to have low reactivity which enable the synthesis of oligomannosides of particular biological interest with the same efficiency.
The Fisher hypothesis and the forecastability and persistence of inflation

Abstract For the period 1860 to 1939, the simple correlation of the U.S. commercial paper rate with the contemporaneous inflation rate is −0.17. The corresponding correlation for the period 1950 to 1979 is 0.71. This paper attributes this apparent change in the Fisher relation to differences in the stochastic process of inflation, rather than a change in any structural relationship between interest rates and expected inflation. Contrary to recent claims in the literature, there is little evidence of inflation non-neutrality in data from the pre-World War I period.
EXACT RESULTS FOR 1D CONSERVED ORDER PARAMETER MODEL

Recent exact results for a particle-exchange model on a linear lattice, with only irreversible moves reducing the local energy allowed, are reviewed. This model describes a zero-temperature Kawasaki-type phase-separation process which reaches a frozen, initial-condition-dependent state at large times.
Recent Development on Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries

New discoveries in anode materials for sodium ion batteries (NIBs) are highly necessary to achieve the goals of widespread applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and grid-level energy storage. Carbon-based materials are critical for this task as they are inexpensive, abundant, and versatile. They contain a plethora of structures and morphologies, ranging from highly ordered graphite or nanotubes to highly disordered amorphous carbon, thus making them very attractive for electrochemical energy storage. This review attempts to cover past and recent progress in the development of carbon-based anode materials for NIBs. To give a larger context, the article will briefly cover other anode materials for NIBs as well. The aim of this paper is to provide a timely update for researchers currently involved in the respective fields or to serve as a starting point for individuals who would like to gain a greater knowledge of new NIB anode materials.
Ionosphere response to recurrent geomagnetic activity: Local time dependency

[1] Observations of global positioning system total electron content (TEC) and in situ electron densities at altitudes of ~350-370 km from the CHAMP satellite are used to illustrate the local time and latitude dependence of 9 day periodicities in the ionosphere due to recurring high-speed solar wind streams and geomagnetic activity during 2005. A local time dependence is found, with nighttime TEC oscillations concentrated at high latitudes and close to ±40% of background levels. The largest oscillations in daytime TEC occur at midlatitudes and are ±25% of background levels. Furthermore, the daytime response is generally symmetric about the geomagnetic equator with anticorrelation between high and low latitudes, whereas at night the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere is generally in-phase with low latitudes and anticorrelated with the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere. A combination of enhanced equatorward neutral winds and changes in neutral composition are thought to be the primary mechanisms responsible for the observed ionospheric response. Although similar mechanisms are driving the response, the local time dependency arises because of the presence (lack) of photoionization during the daytime (nighttime). Similar trends are observed in CHAMP in situ electron densities; however, the oscillations at a near-constant altitude are ~10-15% larger than the TEC oscillations. Additionally, the CHAMP observations reveal possible variations in the strength of the equatorial ionization anomaly, indicating that disturbance dynamo electric fields may also contribute to the ionospheric response to recurrent geomagnetic activity. The results presented are the first to reveal the significant differences between the daytime and nighttime response of the ionosphere to periodic forcing from solar wind high-speed streams.
Solar gamma-ray lines as probes of accelerated particle directionalities in flares

Anisotropies of charged particles accelerated in solar flares can be studied by observing Doppler shifts of selected gamma-ray lines. The spectral shape of the 6.1-MeV line of O-16 is calculated. If the accelerated particles are isotropic, the line remains centered at an emitting-nucleus rest-frame energy of 6129.4 keV, and its width (FWHM) is about 100 keV. However, for particle anisotropies that may be produced in solar flares, the line is shifted to lower energies by about 30 to 40 keV.
The Electro-Optic Effect in Uniaxial Crystals of the Dihydrogen Phosphate Type.*,† III. Measurement of Coefficients

The electro-optic coefficients of two crystals have been measured by both static and dynamic methods. For NH4H2PO4, r63=2.54, r41=6.25; for KH2PO4, r63=3.15, r41=2.58 (units 10−7 c.g.s., 20°C λ5560). The variation of the electro-optic response with the frequency of the applied field is given and related to the piezoelectric vibrations of the crystal. A theoretical relation for the difference in the electro-optic constants measured at constant stress and at constant strain is derived, which provides a check on the consistency of the presently available electro-optic, photo-elastic, piezoelectric, and elastic coefficients for these crystals. The use of a.c. methods to obtain high precision in polarization measurements is discussed.
Weyl--Titchmarsh theory for CMV operators associated with orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

We provide a detailed treatment of Weyl-Titchmarsh theory for half-lattice and full-lattice CMV operators and discuss their systems of orthonormal Laurent polynomials on the unit circle, spectral functions, variants of Weyl-Titchmarsh functions, and Green's functions. In particular, we discuss the corresponding spectral representations of half-lattice and full-lattice CMV operators.
Shock Synthesis of Amino Acids in Simulated Primitive Environments

Primitive earth prebiological organic synthesis via amino acids shock heating in atmosphere-simulating gas mixture, suggesting energy sources from atmospheric entry
Inferring market information from the price and quantity of S&L deposits

Abstract This paper infers market information embedded in the price and quantity of S&L deposits. While previous empirical research typically treats the risk premium as the key element of deposit interest spread, subsidy-shifting theory suggests that deposit rates also contain a subsidy-shifting premium that arises from an institution’s eagerness to fund loan and investment opportunities that extract deposit-insurance subsidies. This paper examines the existence and the nature of both premiums and shows how regulators can use this information to make regulatory oversight more effective.
Strain- and stress-based continuum damage models—I. Formulation

Abstract Continuum elastoplastic damage models employing irreversible thermodynamics and internal state variables are developed within two alternative dual frameworks. In a strain [ stress ]-based formulation, damage is characterized through the effective stress [ strain ] concept together with the hypothesis of strain [ stress ] equivalence , and plastic flow is introduced by means of an additive split of the stress [ strain ] tensor . In a strain -based formulation we redefine the equivalent strain , usually defined as the J 2 -norm of the strain tensor, as the (undamaged) energy norm of the strain tensor. In a stress -based approach we employ the complementary energy norm of the stress tensor. These thermodynamically motivated definitions result, for ductile damage, in symmetric elastic-damage moduli. For brittle damage, a simple strain -based anisotropic characterization of damage is proposed that can predict crack development parallel to the axis of loading (splitting mode). The strain- and stress-based frameworks lead to dual but not equivalent formulations, neither physically nor computationally. A viscous regularization of strain- based, rate-independent damage models is also developed, with a structure analogous to viscoplasticity of the Perzyna type, which produces retardation of microcrack growth at higher strain rates. This regularization leads to well-posed initial value problems. Application is made to the cap model with an isotropic strain-based damage mechanism. Comparisons with experimental results and numerical simulations are undertaken in Part II of this work.
A PRIORI ESTIMATES FOR THE MOTION OF A SELF-GRAVITATING INCOMPRESSIBLE LIQUID WITH FREE SURFACE BOUNDARY

In this paper, we prove a priori estimates in Lagrangian coordinates for the equations of motion of an incompressible, inviscid, self-gravitating fluid with free-boundary. The estimates show that on a finite time interval we control five derivatives of the fluid-velocity and five and a half derivatives of the coordinates of the moving domain.
DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY, WIMP DETECTION, AND THE GALACTIC HALO

Abstract Distinguishing the signals due to scattering of WIMP dark matter off of nuclear targets from those due to background noise is a major challenge. The Earth's motion relative to the galactic halo should produce halo-dependent seasonal modulation in the event rate, but it also should produce an angular signal that is both far stronger and less ambiguous. Distinct patterns in the recoil spectrum can reflect the details of the galactic halo. We derive a new formalism to calculate angular event rates, and present the predicted angular signal for a variety of halo models and calculate the number of events needed to distinguish a dark matter signal from an isotropic background.
Micro-Ellipsometric Measurements of Strained Layer Structures

Ellipsometric measurements are extremely sensitive (on the monolayer scale) to layer thicknesses and surface or interfacial roughness. However, lateral resolution is poor, because of the need for a highly collimated ( ≤0.05° ) and therefore large diameter (typically 1 mm) optical beam. Many materials are inhomogeneous on a smaller lateral scale, in which case conventional ellipsometry simply measures some average value. Focusing the beam leads, for an incoherent light source, to an uncollimated beam and a consequential spread in the angle of incidence, which in turn degrades the sensitivity. We describe here a technique for focusing a coherent, Gaussian laser beam to a minimum spot size of about 30μm × 130μm, while maintaining a negligible effective spread in angle of incidence. The technique was used to measure semi-insulating (S.I.) GaAs, laser annealed ion implanted GaAs, and In I Ga 1−x As strained layer structures.
Performance evaluation of road detection and following systems

We describe a methodology for evaluating algorithms to provide quantitative information about how well road detection and road following algorithms perform. The approach relies on generating a set of standard data sets annotated with ground truth. We evaluate the algorithms used to detect roads by comparing the output of the algorithms with ground truth, which we obtain by having humans annotate the data sets used to test the algorithms. Ground truth annotations are acquired from more than one person to reduce systematic errors. Results are quantified by looking at false positive and false negative regions of the image sequences when compared with the ground truth. We describe the evaluation of a number of variants of a road detection system based on neural networks.
Concentration of Haar measures, with an application to random matrices

Abstract We show that the mixing times of random walks on compact groups can be used to obtain concentration inequalities for the respective Haar measures. As an application, we derive a concentration inequality for the empirical distribution of eigenvalues of sums of random Hermitian matrices, with possible applications in free probability. The advantage over existing techniques is that the new method can deal with functions that are non-Lipschitz or even discontinuous with respect to the usual metrics.
Benchmarking historical corporate performance

This paper uses Bayesian tree models for statistical benchmarking in data sets with awkward marginals and complicated dependence structures. The method is applied to a very large database on corporate performance over the last four decades. The results of this study provide a formal basis for making cross-peer-group comparisons among companies in very different industries and operating environments. This is done by using models for Bayesian multiple hypothesis testing to determine which firms, if any, have systematically out-performed their peer groups over time. We conclude that systematic out-performance, while it seems to exist, is quite rare worldwide.
Testing Long Memory in the Presence of Structural Breaks: An Application to Regional and National Housing Markets

We use parametric and semi-parametric methods to explore the effects of structural breaks on long memory processes in nine US regional and national housing prices over the period from January 1991 to February 2014. The results reveal multiple structural breaks and differential break points across regions. The regional break points do not coincide with the national break suggesting a spatial pattern of the underlying determinants of regional housing prices. We find long memory in regional housing prices using the entire sample period, but the results are generally reversed in sub-samples (regimes) that incorporate structural breaks. Our evidence suggests that failure to account for structural breaks when testing for long memory can lead to incorrect inferences. The results, which proved robust to model specifications, have important implications for policy prescriptions, for market efficiency, and for the integration of regional housing markets.
Contact homology and one parameter families of Legendrian knots

We consider S 1 -families of Legendrian knots in the standard contact R 3 . We define the monodromy of such a loop, which is an automorphism of the Chekanov-Eliashberg contact homology of the starting (and ending) point. We prove this monodromy is a homotopy invariant of the loop (Theorem 1.1). We also establish techniques to address the issue of Reidemeister moves of Lagrangian projections of Legendrian links. As an application, we exhibit a loop of right-handed Legendrian torus knots which is non-contractible in the space Leg(S 1 , R 3 ) of Legendrian knots, although it is contractible in the space Emb(S 1 ,R 3 ) of smooth knots. For this result, we also compute the contact homology of what we call the Legendrian closure of a positive braid (Definition 6.1) and construct an augmentation for each such link diagram.
Igualdad de oportunidades

El autor explora en este articulo dos concepciones de la igualdad de oportunidades ampliamente difundidas en las democracias occidentales de nuestros dias. Al clasico principio del merito opone la igualdad de oportunidades en la adquisicion del merito, que discute apoyandose en la metafora de la nivelacion del terreno de juego. Roemer propone un modelo matematico elemental para analizar el peso del esfuerzo y las circunstancias individuales en la formacion individual y, de acuerdo con este, desarrolla un algoritmo para evaluar la inversion estatal en los programas de igualacion de oportunidades. Este algoritmo se ilustra con su aplicacion en dos casos (sanitario y educativo, respectivamente) y se acompana de una discusion de las dificultades que aparecen en su desarrollo
Time-space tradeoffs in resolution: superpolynomial lower bounds for superlinear space

We give the first time-space tradeoff lower bounds for Resolution proofs that apply to superlinear space. In particular, we show that there are formulas of size N that have Resolution refutations of space and size each roughly Nlog2 N (and like all formulas have Resolution refutations of space N) for which any Resolution refutation using space S and length T requires T ≥ (N0.58 log2 N/S)Ω(log log N/log log log N). By downward translation, a similar tradeoff applies to all smaller space bounds. We also show somewhat stronger time-space tradeoff lower bounds for Regular Resolution, which are also the first to apply to superlinear space. Namely, for any space bound S at most 2o(N1/4) there are formulas of size $N$, having clauses of width 4, that have Regular Resolution proofs of space S and slightly larger size T=O(NS), but for which any Regular Resolution proof of space S1-e requires length TΩ(log log N/ log log log N).
Synthesis of bis(2-tetrahydropyranyl)methanes - new potential precursors for cyclic polyethers

The TiCl4- or SnCl4-promoted cyclization of homoallylic alcohols with malonaldehyde bis(dimethylacetal) affords bis(2-tetra-hydropyranyl)methane derivatives, which are potential precursors of C-(1→1)-disaccharides and other cyclic polyethers.
Bardeen-Petterson Effect and Quasi-periodic Oscillations in X-Ray Binaries

The Bardeen-Petterson effect around a rapidly rotating compact object causes a tilted accretion disk to warp into the equatorial plane of the rotating body. Viscous forces cause the accretion flow to divide into two distinct regions—an inner aligned accretion disk and an outer tilted accretion disk. The transition between these two occurs at a characteristic radius that depends on the mass and angular momentum of the central object and possibly on the accretion rate through the disk. We propose that accreting material passing through the transition region may generate quasi-periodic brightness oscillations such as have been observed in a number of X-ray binaries. We show that this effect may be present in the black hole X-ray binary GRO J1655-40. We also argue that the quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) frequency range predicted by this model is consistent with observed QPO frequencies in both black hole and neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries.
Hierarchical multilinear models for multiway data

Reduced-rank decompositions provide descriptions of the variation among the elements of a matrix or array. In such decompositions, the elements of an array are expressed as products of low-dimensional latent factors. This article presents a model-based version of such a decomposition, extending the scope of reduced-rank methods to accommodate a variety of data types such as longitudinal social networks and continuous multivariate data that are cross-classified by categorical variables. The proposed model-based approach is hierarchical, in that the latent factors corresponding to a given dimension of the array are not a priori independent, but exchangeable. Such a hierarchical approach allows more flexibility in the types of patterns that can be represented.
Taut distance-regular graphs and the subconstituent algebra

We consider a bipartite distance-regular graph @C with diameter D>=4 and valency k>=3. Let X denote the vertex set of @C and fix x@?X. Let @C"2^2 denote the graph with vertex set X@?={y@?X|@?(x,y)=2}, and edge set R@?={yz|y,z@?X@?,@?(y,z)=2}, where @? is the path-length distance function for @C. The graph @C"2^2 has exactly k"2 vertices, where k"2 is the second valency of @C. Let @h"1,@h"2,...,@h"k"""2 denote the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of @C"2^2; we call these the local eigenvalues of@C. Let A denote the adjacency matrix of @C. We obtain upper and lower bounds for the local eigenvalues in terms of the intersection numbers of @C and the eigenvalues of A. Let T=T(x) denote the subalgebra of Mat"X(C) generated by A,E"0^*,E"1^*,...,E"D^*, where for 0=0}. We give a detailed description of the thin irreducible T-modules that have endpoint 2 and dimension D-3. MacLean [An inequality involving two eigenvalues of a bipartite distance-regular graph, Discrete Math. 225 (2000) 193-216] defined what it means for @C to be taut. We obtain three characterizations of the taut condition, each of which involves the local eigenvalues or the above T-modules.
Approximation of Dual Gabor Frames, Window Decay, and Wireless Communications

We consider two problems involving Gabor frames that have recently received much attention. The first problem concerns the approximation of dual Gabor frames in L2(R) by finite-dimensional methods. Utilizing the duality relations for Gabor frames we derive a method to approximate the dual Gabor frame, that is much simpler than previously proposed techniques. Furthermore it enables us to give estimates for the approximation rate when the dimension of the finite model approaches infinity. The second problem concerns the relation between the decay of the window function g and its canonical dual window γ=S−1g as well as its canonical tight window ψ=S−1/2g. Based on results on commutative Banach algebras and Laurent operators we derive a general condition under which γ and h inherit the decay properties of g. These derivations are of relevance in the context of wireless communications. More precisely, our results provide a theoretical foundation for a recently proposed method for the design of time-frequency well-localized pulse shapes for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems.
Absolute Measurement of an Optical-Rectification Coefficient in Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate

A direct measurement of an optical-rectification coefficient in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) is described. The result is (X0xyz,+X0xyz) = (1.32±0.18)×10−7 esu, at 6943 a and 27°. The 15% uncertainty represents an improvement by a factor of 20 over the previous absolute measurement of an optical rectification coefficient by Bass et al. The improved precision makes possible a more meaningful test of a theoretical relationship between the optical-rectification coefficients X0, and the linear electro-optic coefficient X0. This relationship, first pointed out by Armstrong et al. and studied in more detail by Ward and Franken, is (X0ikj+X0ikj) = 1/4 (Xωjik+Xωkij). It is concluded that the present measurement, together with electro-optic data from the literature, is consistent with the validity of this relationship.
Gromov hyperbolic spaces and the sharp isoperimetric constant

In this article we exhibit the largest constant in a quadratic isoperimetric inequality which ensures that a geodesic metric space is Gromov hyperbolic. As a particular consequence we obtain that Euclidean space is a borderline case for Gromov hyperbolicity in terms of the isoperimetric function. We prove similar results for the linear filling radius inequality. Our results strengthen and generalize theorems of Gromov, Papasoglu and others.
The spectrum of diffuse cosmic hard x-rays measured with heao-1

The spectrum of the diffuse isotropic component of cosmic X-rays over the 13-180 keV range was determined by the UCSD/MIT Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray instrument (HEAO 1 A-4) on board the High Energy Astronomical Observatory 1 (HEAO 1). The instrument consists of a complex of actively shielded and collimated scintillation counters, including the low-energy detector set from which the data reported here were obtained. These data join smoothly with the spectrum at lower energies reported by the GSFC HEAO 1 A-2 instrument and with that measured to 400 keV by the HEAO 1 A-4 medium-energy detectors. The HEAO 1 data set also joins the recent results from COMPTEL on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) in the 1-10 MeV range, which failed to confirm the existence of an "MeV bump" in this range. Although the spectrum over the entire range 3 keV ≤ E ≤ 100 GeV can be fitted by a simple empirical analytic expression, the origin is likely due to a number of distinct source components. The prevailing idea for the origin is that the hard X-ray spectrum is due to X-rays from various active galactic nucleus components, particularly Seyfert galaxies extending to cosmological distances, and that the low-energy gamma rays may be due to emission from Type Ia supernovae, which is also integrated to cosmological distances. The higher energy gamma-ray spectrum defined by EGRET, also on the CGRO, may be due to unresolved gamma-ray-emitting blazars. Models of production by these source components, extrapolated to the present epoch, must reproduce the observationally derived spectrum.
Eddy Transport and Mixing in a Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Jet on the Sphere

Abstract The baroclinically unstable wind- and buoyancy-driven flow in a zonally reentrant pie-shaped sector on a sphere is numerically modeled and then analyzed using the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) formalism. Mean fields are obtained by zonal and time averaging performed at fixed height. The very large latitudinal extent of the basin (50.7°S latitude to the equator) allows the latitude variation of the Coriolis parameter to strongly influence the flow. Persistent zonal jets are observed in the statistically steady state. Reynolds stress terms play an important role in redistributing zonal angular momentum: convergence of the lateral momentum flux gives rise to a strong eastward jet, with an adjacent westward jet equatorward and weaker multiple jets poleward. An equally prominent feature of the flow is a strong and persistent eddy that has the structure of a Kelvin cat’s eye and generally occupies the zonal width of the basin at latitudes 15°–10°S. A strongly mixed surface diabatic zone overlies the ...
Electron temperature fluctuations associated with the weakly coherent mode in the edge of I-mode plasmas

New measurements of electron temperature fluctuations associated with the weakly coherent mode (WCM) during improved mode, or I-mode plasmas (Whyte et al 2010 Nucl. Fusion. 50 105005) at Alcator C-Mod (Marmar et al 2007 Fusion. Sci. Technol. 51 3261) are presented in this paper. The measurements are made with a 32-channel, high-resolution profile electron cyclotron emission radiometer. The WCM electron temperature fluctuations are localized to a 1 cm region inside the last closed flux surface. The WCM electron temperature fluctuation level is measured in several different I-mode discharges and is in the range , which is an order of magnitude smaller than the WCM density fluctuation level. The WCM edge fluctuations observed in I-mode are believed to play a role in increasing particle transport but not energy transport in the edge of I-mode plasmas. The large difference between normalized density and electron temperature fluctuation amplitudes provides new evidence that the WCM fluctuations can separately affect energy and particle transport.
An effective theory for jet propagation in dense QCD matter: jet broadening and medium-induced bremsstrahlung

Two effects, jet broadening and gluon bremsstrahlung induced by the propagation of a highly energetic quark in dense QCD matter, are reconsidered from effective theory point of view. We modify the standard Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) Lagrangian to include Glauber modes, which are needed to implement the interactions between the medium and the collinear fields. We derive the Feynman rules for this Lagrangian and show that it is invariant under soft and collinear gauge transformations. We find that the newly constructed theory SCETG recovers exactly the general result for the transverse momentum broadening of jets. In the limit where the radiated gluons are significantly less energetic than the parent quark, we obtain a jet energy-loss kernel identical to the one discussed in the reaction operator approach to parton propagation in matter. In the framework of SCETG we present results for the fully-differential bremsstrahlung spectrum for both the incoherent and the Landau-Pomeranchunk-Migdal suppressed regimes beyond the soft-gluon approximation. Gauge invariance of the physics results is demonstrated explicitly by performing the calculations in both the light-cone and covariant R ξ gauges. We also show how the process-dependent medium-induced radiative corrections factorize from the jet production cross section on the example of the quark jets considered here.
Reconnection and flows in the Jovian magnetotail as inferred from magnetometer observations

[1] In Jupiter's magnetosphere, events such as flow bursts and changes to the magnetic field are thought to be driven predominantly by internal processes. Analysis of energetic particle data has established that flow bursts are associated with magnetic reconfiguration in the Jovian magnetotail. Here we use magnetometer data throughout the Jovian magnetotail to identify events that we relate to reconnection and flow. Using quantitative criteria, we have identified 249 reconnection events that are characterized by reversals or significant increases in Bθ, the north-south component of the magnetic field, over background levels. We discuss the distribution of the events, their occurrence rate, and location inside or outside of a putative neutral line, as functions of radial distance and local time. Using the sign of Bθ as a proxy for the flow direction, we establish the location of a statistical separatrix and find that its radial distance varies with local time. Where particle signatures of events in our data set have also been analyzed, they generally show increases of anisotropy. However, we have identified scores of additional events that have not been previously identified in the particle data; many of these new events occur in the premidnight local time sector. Finally, we examine our events for the 2–3 day periodicity that has been reported for flow bursts and auroral polar dawn spots and find that this periodicity is present only intermittently and is not statistically significant.
Comparative studies on radiation-induced micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in V79 cells

Abstract Induction of micronuclei (MN) and structural chromosomal aberrations (SCA) by physical agents such as X-rays and UV radiation has been studied extensively in a variety of cell lines for genotoxicity assesment. However, comparative data on the relationship between these two cytogenetic endpoints are limited. This study compares SCA and MN formation in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells treated with X-rays and UV radiation. Four replicate cultures of exponentially growing cells were exposed to four doses of X-rays (100–800 rads). For two replicate cultures, cytochalasin B (3 μg/ml) was added and cells were harvested 16 h later for MN and nuclear division index (NDI) assessment. For the remaining two replicate cultures, colcemid (0.025 μg/ml) was added 16 h post-treatment and cells were harvested 2 h later for SCA and mitotic index (MI) analyses. This experiment was duplicated using four doses of UV radiation (100–800 μJ × 10 2 /cm 2 ). In the X-ray experiment, generally, a decrease in the NDI and MI was noted with increasing dose. Also, there was a clear dose-related increase in percent micronucleated binucleated (MNBN) and aberrant cells. A similar dose response, but with lower frequencies, was observed in the UV radiation treatment. These data suggest a good correlation between chromosome damage as measured by percent MNBN and aberrant cells and cytotoxicity as measured by NDI and MI.
Measuring parameters of massive black hole binaries with partially aligned spins

The future space-based gravitational wave detector LISA will be able to measure parameters of coalescing massive black hole binaries, often to extremely high accuracy. Previous work has demonstrated that the black hole spins can have a strong impact on the accuracy of parameter measurement. Relativistic spin-induced precession modulates the waveform in a manner which can break degeneracies between parameters, in principle significantly improving how well they are measured. Recent studies have indicated, however, that spin precession may be weak for an important subset of astrophysical binary black holes: those in which the spins are aligned due to interactions with gas. In this paper, we examine how well a binary's parameters can be measured when its spins are partially aligned and compare results using waveforms that include higher post-Newtonian harmonics to those that are truncated at leading quadrupole order. We find that the weakened precession can substantially degrade parameter estimation. This degradation is particularly devastating for the extrinsic parameters sky position and distance. Absent higher harmonics, LISA typically localizes the sky position of a nearly aligned binary a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}6$ less accurately than for one in which the spin orientations are random. Our knowledge of a source's sky position will thus be worst for the gas-rich systems which are most likely to produce electromagnetic counterparts. Fortunately, higher harmonics of the waveform can make up for this degradation. By including harmonics beyond the quadrupole in our waveform model, we find that the accuracy with which most of the binary's parameters are measured can be substantially improved. In some cases, parameters can be measured as well in partially aligned binaries as they can be when the binary spins are random.
Deterministic behavior of HLA haplotypes under symmetric overdominant selection

he HLA haplotypes are modelled by considering two loci with nA and nB alleles. Two symmetric overdominant selection models are studied: (1) the fitness of an individual is positively correlated with the number of antigens in that person and (2) the fitness of an individual is higher when he/she is in heterozygous condition with respect to the haplotype combination. For the first model, both multiplicative and additive fitnesses are considered. Population dynamics of the haplotypes are studied by considering four groups of haplotypes, i.e., AiBj, AiBj (l≠j), AkBj (k≠I) and AkBl (k≠i, l≠j) with respective frequencies X11, X10, X01, and X00 among adults. It is shown that the equilibrium points for the three models are the same, with X11= 1/nAnB, X10=(nB-1) X11, X01=(nA-1) X11, X00=(nA-1) (nB-1)X11, and D= X11X00-X10X01=0. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium point is globally stable except for the multiplicative fitness in the first model where the stability holds only when the recombination fraction is larger than or equal to the product of segregation loads at the two loci. The asymptotic rate of approach to the equilibrium is also obtained. That rate for the second model is identical to that for a single locus-multiple allele model with symmetric overdominant selection.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Silanolates

The preparation of π-rich 2-aryl heterocycles by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sodium heteroarylsilanolates with aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides is described. The cross-coupling process was developed through extensive optimization of the following key variables: (1) identification of stable, isolable alkali metal silanolates, (2) identification of conditions for preformation and isolation of silanolate salts, (3) judicious choice in the palladium catalyst/ligand combination, and (4) selection of the protecting group on the nitrogen of indole. It was found that the alkali metal silanolates, either isolated or formed in situ, offered a significant rate enhancement and broader substrate scope over the use of silanols activated by Bronsted bases such as NaOt-Bu. In addition, the optimized conditions for the cross-coupling of 2-indolylsilanolates were readily applied to the cross-coupling of 2-pyrrolyl-, 2-furyl-, and 2-thienylsilanolates.
Afterglow Emission from Naked Gamma-Ray Bursts

We calculate the afterglow emission for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) going off in an extremely low density medium, referred to as naked bursts. Our results also apply to the case where the external medium density falls off sharply at some distance from the burst. The observed afterglow flux in this case originates at high latitudes, i.e., where the angle between the fluid velocity and the observer line of sight is greater than Γ-1. The observed peak frequency of the spectrum for naked bursts decreases with observer time as t-1, and the flux at the peak of the spectrum falls off as t-2. The 2-10 keV X-ray flux from a naked burst of average fluence should be observable by the Swift satellite for time duration of about 103 longer than the burst variability timescale. The high-latitude emission contributes to the early X-ray afterglow flux for any GRB, not just naked bursts, and can be separated from the shocked interstellar medium emission by their different spectral and temporal properties. Measurements of the high-latitude emission could be used to map the angular structure of GRB-producing shells.
Kinks in finite volume

A (1+1)-dimensional quantum field theory with a degenerate vacuum (in finite volume) can contain particles, known as kinks, which interpolate between different vacua and have non-trivial restrictions on their multi-particle Hilbert space. Assuming such a theory to be integrable, we show how to calculate the multi-kink energy levels in finite volume given its factorizable S-matrix. In massive theories this can be done exactly up to contributions due to off-shell and tunneling effects that fall off exponentially with volume. As a first application we compare our analytical predictions for the kink scattering theories conjectured to describe the sub-leading thermal and magnetic perturbations of the tricritical Ising model with numerical results from the truncated conformal space approach. In particular, for the sub-leading magnetic perturbation our results allow us to decide between the two different S-matrices proposed by Smirnov and Zamolodchikov.
Inflation, government transfers, and optimal central bank independence

Abstract The problem of monetary policy delegation is formulated as a two-stage non-cooperative game between the government and the central bank. The solution to this policy game determines the optimal combination of central bank conservatism and independence. The results show that the optimal institutional design always requires some degree of central bank independence and that there is substitutability between central bank independence and conservatism. The results also show that partial central bank independence can be optimal and that there are circumstances under which it is optimal for the government to appoint a liberal central banker.
Application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to oligosaccharides

The application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) to the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides is described. This review covers the analyses of oligosaccharides in the context of the unique features of FTICR MS and the improvements in instrumentation that make it possible to study this class of compounds. It consists of work performed initially to understand the fundamental aspects of oligosaccharide ionization and unimolecular fragmentation. More recent investigation includes the application of the technique to samples of direct biological origin. Chemical and enzymatic degradation methods in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) and the use front-end methods with FTICR MS are also discussed. The current applications including the characterization of bacterial lipooligosaccharides and phosporylated carbohydrates are described.
Modification of radiation carcinogenesis by marihuana

Male, female, and ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated with 400 rads, 150 rads, or 300 rads, respectively, of 60Co gamma rays when they were between 40 and 50 days of age. The animals were injected three times weekly with either marihuana extract or with alcohol-emulphor carrier. Comparable unirradiated groups were similarly injected. Mean survival time in males was significantly shorter in the 400 rad + marihuana group compared with the three other groups whose mean survival times did not differ. Through the 546 days that the males were observed, the total number of tumors other than fibrosarcomas was significantly greater following radiation and marihuana (22) than radiation alone (6). Fifteen of the tumors were of breast or endocrine tissues. No differences were seen in the unirradiated groups. In the females, which were observed for 635 days, the total number of breast tumors was greater with the combined treatment (38) compared with radiation alone (22). This was entirely due to a marked difference in the adenocarcinoma incidence, which was 21 (radiation + marihuana) compared with four (radiation alone). The number of adenofibromas was similar in the two groups. In the unirradiated female groups the breast adenocarcinoma incidence was eight in the marihuana group and two in the control group. Ovariectomy resulted in a lower breast tumor incidence in all groups. Nonbreast tumors were more frequent in the ovariectomized-irradiated groups. Radiation plus marihuana produced more nonbreast tumors (25) than radiation alone (17) in the ovariectomized females.
Convergence of Harmonic Maps

In this paper we prove a compactness theorem for sequences of harmonic maps which are defined on converging sequences of Riemannian manifolds.
Baryonic condensates on the conifold

We provide new evidence for the gauge/string duality between the baryonic branch of the cascading SU(k(M+1)) × SU(kM) gauge theory and a family of type IIB flux backgrounds based on warped products of the deformed conifold and 3,1. We show that a Euclidean D5-brane wrapping all six deformed conifold directions can be used to measure the baryon expectation values, and present arguments based on κ-symmetry and the equations of motion that identify the gauge bundles required to ensure worldvolume supersymmetry of this object. Furthermore, we investigate its coupling to the pseudoscalar and scalar modes associated with the phase and magnitude, respectively, of the baryon expectation value. We find that these massless modes perturb the Dirac-Born-Infeld and Chern-Simons terms of the D5-brane action in a way consistent with our identification of the baryonic condensates. We match the scaling dimension of the baryon operators computed from the D5-brane action with that found in the cascading gauge theory. We also derive and numerically evaluate an expression that describes the variation of the baryon expectation values along the supergravity dual of the baryonic branch.
Geometric Eisenstein series

The purpose of this of this paper is to develop the theory of Eisenstein series in the framework of geometric Langlands correspondence. Our construction is based on the study of certain relative compactification of the moduli stack of parabolic bundles on a curve suggested by V.Drinfeld. As an application we construct certain automorphic forms for global fields of positive characteristic, whose existence is non-obvious from the point of view of classical tools.
Proton decay and the origin of quark and lepton mixing

It was recently proposed that all flavor mixing has a single source, namely the mixing of the three quark and lepton families with “extra” vectorlike fermions in 5 + $ \overline{5} $ multiplets of SU(5). This was shown to lead to several testable predictions including neutrino masses and CP-violating phases. Here it is shown that the mixing angles within grand unified fermion multiplets are also predicted. Proton decay branching ratios would thus give several independent tests of the model. Certain model parameters could be determined independently from the quark and lepton spectrum and from proton decay.
Stereocontrolled syntheses of 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol and related oxysterols for studies on the activation of LXR receptors

Abstract Efficient syntheses are described of desmosterol ( 4 ), the corresponding 24( S ),25 epoxide ( 6 ) and various analogs of 6 for evaluation as ligands and functional activators of LXR receptors.
Synthesis of (−)-alantrypinone

Abstract A synthesis of (−)-alantrypinone is described. The synthesis features the use of [Me 3 AlSPh]Li as a promoter of a 4-iminobenzoxazine to 4-quinazolinone rearrangement and as a reagent for the deprotection of an Fmoc-protected amino acid derivative.
Asymmetric epoxidation of nonfunctionalized alkenes with high enantioselectivity using chiral sulfamyloxaziridines

Abstract High enantioselectivities (19–65% ee) are reported for the asymmetric epoxidation of a series of nonfunctionalized alkenes using chiral sulfamyloxaziridines ( 1b / 2b ).
On the in vivo significance of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are at the front-line of host defense during infection and play critical roles both in reducing the microbial load early during infection and in linking innate to adaptive immunity. However, successful pathogens have developed mechanisms to resist AMPs. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating AMP-resistance mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in vitro, less is known regarding the in vivo significance of such resistance. Nevertheless, progress has been made in this area, largely by using murine models and, in two instances, human models of infection. Herein, we review progress on the use of in vivo infection models in AMP research and discuss the AMP resistance mechanisms that have been established by in vivo studies to contribute to microbial infection. We posit that in vivo infection models are essential tools for investigators to understand the significance to pathogenesis of genetic changes that impact levels of bacterial susceptibility to AMPs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.
Cigarette demand, health scares and education in Turkey

The purpose of this paper is to examine the demand characteristics of cigarettes in Turkey. Aggregate time-series date for the 1960–88 period are used in estimation. Income and price elasticities of cigarette demand are obtained. The effect of health warning is estimated to reduce cigarette consumption by about 8% since the inception of warnings in 1982. Imports of cigarettes have been allowed since 1984 in addition to advertising of cigarettes in the non-electronic media. The effect of health warnings are found to be stronger than the opposing effect of advertising. The results also suggest that public education about adverse health effects of smoking may be more effective in reducing consumption and less regressive on consumer incomes than raising the price of cigarettes.
The Content of Physics Self-Explanations

Several earlier studies have found the amount learned while studying worked-out examples is proportional to the number of self-explanations generated while studying examples. A self-explanation is a comment about an example statement that contains domain-relevant information over and above what was stated in the example line itself. This article analyzes the specific content of self-explanations generated by students while studying physics examples. In particular, the content is analyzed into pieces of constituent knowledge that were used in the comments. These were further analyzed in order to trace the source of knowledge from which self-explanations could be generated. The results suggest that there are two general sources for self-explanations. The first is deduction from knowledge acquired earlier while reading the text part of the chapter, usually by simply instantiating a general principle, concept, or procedure with information in the current example statement. The second explanation is generaliza...