cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular evolution of the chalcone synthase multigene family in the morning glory genome

Plant genomes appear to exploit the process of gene duplication as a primary means of acquiring biochemical and developmental flexibility. Thus, for example, most of the enzymatic components of plant secondary metabolism are encoded by small families of genes that originated through duplication over evolutionary time. The dynamics of gene family evolution are well illustrated by the genes that encode chalcone synthase (CHS), the first committed step in flavonoid biosynthesis. We review pertinent facts about CHS evolution in flowering plants with special reference to the morning glory genus, Ipomoea. Our review shows that new CHS genes are recruited recurrently in flowering plant evolution. Rates of nucleotide substitution are frequently accelerated in new duplicate genes, and there is clear evidence for repeated shifts in enzymatic function among duplicate copies of CHS genes. In addition, we present new data on expression patterns of CHS genes as a function of tissue and developmental stage in the common morning glory (I. purpurea). These data show extensive differentiation in gene expression among duplicate copies of CHS genes. We also show that a single mutation which blocks anthocyanin biosynthesis in the floral limb is correlated with a loss of expression of one of the six duplicate CHS genes present in the morning glory genome. This suggests that different duplicate copies of CHS have acquired specialized functional roles over the course of evolution. We conclude that recurrent gene duplication and subsequent differentiation is a major adaptive strategy in plant genome evolution.
How Rare Are Subgroups of Index 2

SummaryUsing elementary combinatorics and linear algebra, we compute the number of subgroups of index 2 in any finite group. This leads to necessary and sufficient conditions for groups to have no subgroups of index 2, or to have a unique subgroup of index 2. Illustrative examples are provided, along with a class of counterexamples to the converse of Lagrange's Theorem.
Picosecond pulse measurements using the active laser medium

A simple method for measuring the pulse lengths of synchronously pumped dye lasers which does not require the use of an external nonlinear medium, such as a doubling crystal or two-photon fluorescence cell, to autocorrelate the pulses is discussed. The technique involves feeding the laser pulses back into the dye jet, thus correlating the output pulses with the intracavity pulses to obtain pulse length signatures in the resulting time-averaged laser power. Experimental measurements were performed using a rhodamine 6G dye laser pumped by a mode-locked frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The results agree well with numerical computations, and the method proves effective in determining lengths of picosecond laser pulses. >
Expression morphing from distant viewpoints

In this paper, we propose an image-based approach to photo-realistic view synthesis by integrating field morphing and view morphing in a single framework. We thus provide a unified technique for synthesizing new images that include both viewpoint changes and object deformations. For view morphing, we relax the requirement of monotonicity along epipolar lines to piecewise monotonicity, by incorporating a segmentation stage prior to interpolation. This allows for dealing with occlusions and visibility issues, and hence alleviates the "ghosting effects" that typically occur when morphing is performed between distant viewpoints. We have particularly applied our approach to the synthesis of human facial expressions, while allowing for wide change of viewing positions and directions.
Constant transconductance bias circuit with an on-chip resistor

A method to generate stable transconductance (g/sub m/) without using precise external components is presented. The off-chip resistor in a conventional constant-g/sub m/ bias circuit is replaced with a variable on-chip resistor. A MOSFET biased in triode region is used as a variable resistor. The resistance of the MOSFET is tuned by a background tuning scheme to achieve the stable transconductance that is immune to process, voltage and temperature variation. The transconductance generated by the constant-g/sub m/ bias circuit designed in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process with 1.5F supply displays less than 1% variation for a 20% change in power supply voltage and less than /spl plusmn/1.5% variation for a 60/spl deg/C change in temperature. The whole circuit draws approximately 850/spl mu/A from a supply.
Fertility of bulls fed large amounts of grass silage for one and two years.

Summary Seven pairs of bulls were maintained for 2 yr. on an experiment comparing a ration of grass silage (fed at daily rate of 3 lb. per 100 lb. of body weight) and hay, with a control ration of hay and concentrates. Over the 2-yr. period, there were 30,845 first services to the silage-fed bulls and 36,025 first services to the control bulls. The 180-day nonreturn rate was 66.2 and 66.6% for the silage and control groups, respectively. Eighteen pairs of bulls similarly treated for a 1-yr. period had 40,833 and 43,839 first services, and 180-day nonreturn rates of 64.9 and 65.3%, for the silage and control groups, respectively. The all-roughage ration maintained bulls in good condition throughout the 2-yr. period, and semen quality was not affected. Liberal use of grass silage in a high-roughage feeding program at the breeding organization resulted in a considerable reduction in feed cost.
Psychological Considerations in Sensory Analysis

To many, the term ‘‘psychology’’ conjures the image of a distraught patient lying on a couch, telling hermost intimate thoughts to a beardedman smoking a cigar and scribbling notes somewhere behind her. ‘‘What on earth do interpreted dreams, unhappy childhoods, and envy for certain aspects of male anatomy have to do with the sensory evaluation of dairy products?’’ you may ask. The answer is, ‘‘Not much.’’ When we talk about psychological considerations in sensory analysis, we are not calling upon the ghost of Sigmund Freud, but instead referring back to some of his predecessors and contemporaries up north in Germany: Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner and Wilhelm Wundt. These men were all pioneers in the area of experimental psychology, a branch of psychology that does not rely upon interviews and introspection, but rather upon the experimental method. Experimental psychology, in essence, does not trust the individual to be able to accurately tell the researcher what features are most important in determining a response. Instead, through careful design and controls, experimental psychology forces the individual to demonstrate what aspects are most important and to more or less ‘‘Prove it.’’ The sub-discipline of experimental psychology known as psychophysics is of greatest relevance to sensory analysis. Fechner, while working in Weber’s lab, gave rise to psychophysics with the publication of Elemente der Psychophysik (1860). Psychophysics is the area of natural science that deals with sensory physiology andwhich strives to explain the relationship between sensory stimuli and human responses. A major focus of psychophysics is to discover the relationship between a stimulus (C) and the resulting sensation (R). In its simplest form, this expression may be expressed as a mathematical function (f ), R=f(C). Inspired by Fechner’s treatise, Wilhelm Wundt is credited with establishing the first laboratory for psychological research. The tools upon which the psychophysicist relied, and often still relies, weremeasured thresholds and direct scaling, tools that are often used today in sensory analysis. A complete discussion of psychophysics was provided by Amerine et al. (1965). Much of the early work in psychophysics was devoted to discovering how well a
Operative Treatment of Infections in the Foot and Ankle

Treatment of infections of the foot and ankle, similar to other areas of orthopaedics, often require operative treatment to remove infected tissue and bone, and potentiate the effectiveness of antibiotic management. Owing to the presence of patient comorbidities such as diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, a seemingly minor infection can result in major morbidity and even mortality in patients already having infections in the foot and ankle. In this article, we focus on the general principles of irrigation and debridement for treating foot or ankle infections or infections of both, and discuss treatment strategies for septic ankle arthritis and periprosthetic ankle joint infections following total ankle arthroplasty. Additionally, we add tips and techniques based on our experience in treating a variety of situations involving the patient with infected foot and ankle.
Impact of Cultures on Management Decisions Following Surgical Repair of Penetrating Ocular Trauma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of routine bacterial and fungal cultures in the diagnosis of endophthalmitis and in the subsequent management of patients following penetrating ocular trauma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 70 consecutive patients with penetrating ocular trauma for whom intraoperative bacterial and fungal cultures had been obtained from the wound, aqueous, vitreous, and/or intraocular foreign body (IOFB) were retrospectively reviewed. The incidences of infection among eyes with and without a clinical diagnosis of infection were compared. A determination as to change in clinical management (change of antibiotic, length of treatment) was made. RESULTS: Twenty of 70 patients (29%) had positive cultures of the wound, aqueous, vitreous, and/or IOFB. Nine (13%) of the 70 patients were diagnosed as having endophthalmitis, based on clinical findings at presentation and during the subsequent clinical course. Seven (78%) of these 9 patients with a clinical diagnosis of endophthalmitis had positive cultures. The remaining 61 eyes showed no evidence of clinically apparent infections, despite positive cultures from 13 eyes (21%). Microbiologic data derived from the culture results influenced the clinical management of all 7 patients with endophthalmitis. Culture results (positive or negative) did not alter clinical decisions in eyes without clinical evidence of infection. CONCLUSION: Bacterial or fungal cultures obtained from the eye in the setting of penetrating trauma often had growth of organisms without clinical signs of infection. Positive culture results directly influenced management decisions in cases with clinically evident endophthalmitis. However, routine intraoperative bacterial cultures did not help to identify patients in whom endophthalmitis would develop, nor did they assist in directing management decisions in eyes without clinical suspicion of infection.
The CFO and Capital Efficiency

Our experience has been that a deliberate capital efficiency program can surface ideas that result in permanent capital spending cuts of between 10 and 25 percent - without changing the quantity or quality of goods and services provided by the company. Most capital spending programs require net present value calculations, and an economic profit justification, if the capital required for investment in the project exceeds a limit (often $1 million). The remainder of capital spending is for small projects, environmental protection, or for health and safety reasons. Spending on small items in one case accounted for 63 percent of the total capital spending. It is not surprising that careful examination of spending on small items uncovers opportunities for the more efficient use of capital.
Environmental Health as a Determinant of Socioeconomic Development: The Need to Modify Contemporary Malaysian Strategies

While Malaysia has made significant advances in improving the quality of life of its citizens through socioeconomic development, which has included control of major tropical diseases and provision of modern health and medical services, recent episodes of air, water, and soil pollution caused by domestic, industrial and transportation activities indicate an increasing cost in environmental health. Industrial diversification has also led to an increased variety of occupational exposures that are hazardous to health. Contemporary environmental protection policies in Malaysia, and worldwide, are only partially successful and greater effort must be given to prevention, reduction, or recycling of wastes, and to protection of workers from occupational hazards. The need for scientific evidence to justify changing behaviours- that are damaging to environments and the communities they support is reviewed. Examples of epidemiological studies, new analytical protocols and biological monitoring methods are given. Eight strategic areas that need to be modified in order to better address behavioural environmental problems as systems, and to lead towards a sustainable economy with optimal adaptation to the environment are suggested. ABSTRAK Sementara Malaysia telah banyak mencapai kemajuan dalam mempertingkatkan kualiti hidup penduduknya melalui pembangunan sosioekonomi termasuk pengawalan penyakit tropika utama dan peruntukan perkhidmatan kesihatan dan perubatan moden, episod-episod pencemaran udara, air dan tanah yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan domestik, industri dan pengangkutan di hari-hari kebelakangan ini menunjukkan pertambahan kos kesihatan sekitaran. Pempelbagaian industri telah juga menambahkan variasi pendedahan kerja yang berbahaya terhadap kesihatan. Polisi perlindungan alam sekitar masa kini di Malaysia, dan di seluruh dunia, agak terhad kejayaannya dan usaha yang lebih gigih diperlukan bagi menghalang, mengurang atau menggunakan semula sisa buangan serta melindungi para pekerja daripada mala petaka kerja. Keperluan bukti saintifik bagi menjustifikasikan perubahan tingkah laku yang membahayakan alam sekitar dan masyarakat yang ditanggungnya diulas. Contoh-contoh kajian epidemiologi, tata cara analisis yang baru serta metod permonitoran biologi diberikan. Lapan bidang strategik yang perlu diubahsuai bagi menghadapi dengan lebih berkesan masalah tingkah laku-alam sekitar sebagai sistem serta memandu ke arah satu bentuk ekonomi yang berterusan dengan pengubahsuaian yang optimum terhadap alam sekitar dicadangkan.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system after treatment of Hodgkin's disease.

A case of a 34-year-old man with stage IIIB nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s disease complicated by the development of a central nervous system non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is described. The second tumor became symptomatic eight months after the initial diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease, but a tissue diagnosis was not made until autopsy two months later. The Hodgkin’s disease was, at that time, in remission, and the autopsy revealed no persistent or recurrent Hodgkin’s disease. Despite radiotherapy, the brain lymphoma had progressed to involve the spinal leptomeninges extensively, but there was no lymphoma outside the central nervous system (CNS) at autopsy. The significance of this unique case is discussed in light of the known risk for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as a second malignancy after Hodgkin’s disease and in view of recent information concerning CNS lymphoma.
Abstract 5500: Phenotypic risk factors for malignant melanoma in-situ in US women and men

Malignant melanoma in-situ (MMIS) has been associated with the risk of invasive melanoma, either through invasive transformation or as a marker for de novo invasive melanoma. However, while risk of invasive melanoma has been extensively studied, very little data exists on phenotypic risk factors of MMIS. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the risk of MMIS according to host phenotypic characteristics amongst a large population of US women and men. Methods: We used data from three prospective cohort studies, the Nurse9s Health Study 1 and 2 (NHS, NHS2), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Data were collected via biennial questionnaires from 44,998 males and 205,153 females over a 28, 20 and 22 year period for NHS1, NHS2, and HPFS, respectively. 1,097 melanoma in-situ lesions were identified and confirmed via pathology reports. Risk factors were family history of melanoma, number of atypical (>3mm) nevi on an extremity, childhood/adolescent sunburn reaction, number of childhood/adolescent sunburns and natural hair color at age 21. Age-adjusted and multivariate regression analysis was performed. Further sub-analysis in NHS evaluated MMIS risk based on Fitzpatrick skin type. Results: Individuals with a family history of melanoma had increased risk of MMIS in all three studies, NHS mvRR 1.51 (95% CI 1.13-2.02), NHS2 RR 1.95 (95% CI 1.42-2.69), HPFS RR 2.72 (95% CI 1.61-4.59). Three or more moles on the extremity were also associated with increased risk of MMIS, NHS RR 1.62 (95% CI 1.19-2.21), NHS2 RR 1.63 (95% CI 1.08-2.45), HPFS RR 1.93 (95% CI 1.21-3.08). In individuals with 6 or more moles on an extremity, the relative risk increased to reflect threefold risk, NHS mvRR 2.77 (95% CI 2.02-3.78), NHS2 mvRR 2.95 (95% CI 2.25-3.88), HPFS mvRR 2.79 (95% CI 1.75-4.46) (P for trend Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5500. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5500
A Practical Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Chemometric Models for Real-Time Monitoring of Moisture Content in a Fluidised Bed Dryer Using near Infrared Technology:

Qualitative and quantitative chemometric models were evaluated to monitor moisture content of a wet granulation in a fluidised bed dryer using near infrared (NIR) technology. A principal component ...
Recruitment and Retention Across Cultures

The flow of human capital into and out of organizations is a crucial aspect of organizational functioning. Recruitment is the primary mechanism for attracting human capital to the organization, whereas retention involves keeping desired employees in the fold once they are employed. Although extensive research explores and informs recruitment and retention, the bulk of the theory and research in major organizational psychology and organizational behavior journals adopts a US-centric perspective. This narrow perspective may be misleading, particularly in an increasingly globalized work context. We systematically analyze studies on the flow of people into and out of organizations in a variety of cultural contexts and especially in organizations managing talent across national borders. In so doing, we seek to create a coherent platform for future research by identifying key themes in the literature and using these themes to summarize what we know and indicate where we need to go in studying recruitment and re...
A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Money Management Intervention for Veterans With Psychiatric Disabilities

Objective:The study evaluated an intervention to help veterans with psychiatric disabilities, who face a unique set of challenges concerning money management.Methods:A randomized clinical trial was conducted of a brief (one to three hours) psychoeducational, recovery-oriented money management intervention called $teps for Achieving Financial Empowerment ($AFE).Results:Analyses revealed no main effects on outcomes of random assignment to $AFE (N=67) or a control condition consisting of usual care (N=77). Veterans who reported using $AFE skills showed significantly lower impulsive buying, more responsible spending, higher rates of engaging in vocational activities, and greater number of work hours compared with veterans in the control condition.Conclusions:Findings have clinical implications for case management services involving informal money management assistance. Offering veterans with psychiatric disabilities a one-time money management intervention is unlikely to lead to substantial changes. Results i...
Diagnostic modalities in the pregnant patient.

Summary Pregnancy determination may be made within 3 to 4 weeks' gestational age using radioimmunoassay or two-site ELISA assay. Using serum progesterone concentrations, serial quantitative β-hCG levels, culdocentesis, sonography, laparoscopy, and fetal heart rate determination, the clinician is able to determine fetal viability and implantation site often within 6 to 7 weeks' gestational age. Improved sensitivity in diagnostic modalities, as well as increased awareness of the often subtle clinical findings in ectopic pregnancy are probably both responsible for the decline in morbidity and mortality seen with ectopic pregnancy over the past 25 years. As the incidence has seen an even greater increase than this decline, however, ectopic pregnancy remains the leading cause of first-trimester maternal mortality in this country. With the use of imaging in pregnancy, the question of fetal safety must also arise. The modalities currently used in the first trimester of pregnancy appear to pose minimal risks to the developing fetus if used only when necessary, and then with caution.
Dynamics of Contact Formation in Disordered Polypeptides

Molecular simulations with reliable protein and solvent models can provide information on timescales associated with reconfiguration of unfolded/disordered proteins in aqueous solution. One fundamental dynamical timescale associated with protein unfolded state that has been measured experimentally is the rate of contact formation between a probe and a quencher. We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the characteristic time of contact formation in disordered peptides and how it depends on peptide length. We find that our simulations with a recently proposed protein model (Amber03ws with TIP4P2005 water model) can quantitatively capture the experimental quenching times. With our simulation data, we can also address if commonly used one-dimensional (1D) diffusion models to interpret experimental data are reliable or not. We find that the results obtained from Szabo-Schulten-Schulten theory applied to a 1D diffusion model derived from the simulation data are in remarkable agreement with directly calculated rates. We also present simulation results on dynamics associated with conformational changes in the unfolded state for many long disordered proteins and compare it with the available single-molecule FRET and NMR data. Our main finding is that modern protein force fields are capable of providing accurate information on protein dynamics in the disordered states.
Introduction and application of the multiscale coefficient of variation analysis

Quantifying how patterns of behavior relate across multiple levels of measurement typically requires long time series for reliable parameter estimation. We describe a novel analysis that estimates patterns of variability across multiple scales of analysis suitable for time series of short duration. The multiscale coefficient of variation (MSCV) measures the distance between local coefficient of variation estimates within particular time windows and the overall coefficient of variation across all time samples. We first describe the MSCV analysis and provide an example analytical protocol with corresponding MATLAB implementation and code. Next, we present a simulation study testing the new analysis using time series generated by ARFIMA models that span white noise, short-term and long-term correlations. The MSCV analysis was observed to be sensitive to specific parameters of ARFIMA models varying in the type of temporal structure and time series length. We then apply the MSCV analysis to short time series of speech phrases and musical themes to show commonalities in multiscale structure. The simulation and application studies provide evidence that the MSCV analysis can discriminate between time series varying in multiscale structure and length.
Antitumor activity and suppression of AKT pathway activation by PDK1 inhibitor SNS-391.

e13560 Background: 3-Phosphatidylinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) interacts with its substrate kinases after binding phosphatidylinositol (PI). PDK1 also affects downstream targets in a PI-independent manner, causing activation of additional pathways. PDK1 activation of AKT involves both PI-dependent and independent mechanisms, making PDK1 a challenging target for AKT pathway inhibition. Here we describe a novel PDK1 inhibitor, SNS-391, that is highly effective at inhibiting AKT activity with broad anti-tumor activity. Methods: SNS-391 was evaluated in the prostate cancer PC-3 cell line (PTEN null) for inhibition of several signaling pathways and was tested in proliferation assays in over 50 tumor cell lines of prostate, lung, colon, breast, melanoma, and pancreatic origin. Tumor xenograft studies were conducted in prostate, gastric, lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer models. Tumor samples were analyzed for pathway inhibition and compound exposure to develop PK/PD relationships. Results: SNS-391 (...
The role of lipids in corneal diseases and dystrophies: a systematic review.

Corneal diseases are an extensive cause of blindness worldwide and continue to persist as a challenging public health concern. Recently, various lipid-based therapies have been advocated for the modulation of corneal diseases; however, the number of studies is still very limited. Here we focus on developments and challenges on lipid-based therapies for dry eye disease, diabetic neuropathy, and Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy. All three diseases are highly prevalent conditions and involve corneal stress and inflammation. Lipid-based therapeutics discussed includes cyclooxygenase inhibitors, essential fatty acids, and resolvin analogs. Lipids also show increasing promise as biomarkers of disease and are explored in this review.
Evaluation of Left Atrial Function: Current Status

ABSTRACTThis review examines the current status of measuring left atrial mechanical functions and the ability of atrial functional analysis to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Increasing data support the use of echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance in this regard. This review will discuss the various techniques used to assess left atrium reservoir, conduit, and booster pump functions and will focus on their ability to predict cardiovascular events in general and referral populations, and in patients with atrial fibrillation and other heart diseases.
Recent advances in the knowledge of Mexican Alticinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae).

The present study updates previously published biodiversity/faunistics of the flea beetles of Mexico published by the author after examination of 6132 specimens from 8 institutional collections. The following 9 genera were selected as indicators of the effects of known diversity only through examination of museum specimens (i.e., "indoor collecting"): Alagoasa Bechyne; Asphaera Chevrolat; Capraita Bechyne; Disonycha Chevrolat; Kuschelina Bechyne; Omophoita Chevrolat; Prasona Baly; Systena Chevrolat; and Walterianella Bechyne. From the specimens examined in these genera from the 8 collections, there were 394 new records for Mexican states of the 287 new species records representing 47% new records of the species recorded from those states. Total new state records 287 from 80 species. States with most new records: Chiapas (32); Nayarit (27); Sinaloa (24). 80 spp. (47%) with new state records. Systena oberthuri Baly is reported from Mexico for the first time. The current total of Alticinae in Mexico is 90 genera/626 species. The difficulties of the generic boundaries between Systena and Prasona, Alagoasa and Kuschelina; as well as the specific boundaries between A. jacobiana and A. decemguttatus and the specific level pattern variation in Disonycha glabrata and Alagoasa decemguttatus are discussed. Kuschelina semipurpurea, formerly placed in Alagoasa, is placed is considered as a new combination.
A Fundamental Model of Mistuning for a Single Family of Modes

A new reduced order model of mistuned bladed disk vibration is presented. This new approach is shown to accurately represent the response of real turbine geometries when only a single family of modes is excited. Yet its mathematical form is even simpler than that of a mass-spring model. Because it requires only minimal input data, this model is much easier to use than previous reduced order methods. Furthermore, its simplicity allows the fundamental parameters that control mistuning to be readily identified.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Road to Innovation

Having cultivated creativity does not mean automatically being innovative. Furthermore, being innovative at one point does not imply being innovative continually.
Antithyroid antibodies in depressed patients

The presence of antithyroid (antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin) antibodies was assessed in 45 psychiatric inpatients with prominent depressive symptoms (28 with DSM-III major depression). Nine patients (20%) had detectable titers of antithyroid antibodies, a rate considerably higher than the 5%-10% observed in the normal population. Each of these nine patients with symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis had normal baseline serum thyrotropin concentrations and normal thyroid function (as assessed by T4, T3 uptake, and free thyroxine index). These findings support the hypothesis of subtle thyroid dysfunction in a sizable sample of psychiatric inpatients with prominent depressive symptoms.
Association Development and Professional Transformation model for nurse leaders

Aims This pilot study evaluated an Association Development and Professional Transformation (ADAPT) model for nursing leadership development and assessed satisfaction with the ADAPT workshop. Background Nurses often lack self-confidence and self-efficacy in leadership roles. There is a need for nurses to take leadership opportunities that serve to advance the nursing profession. Methods A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design was used. The sampling method selected professional nursing association (PNA) members. Novice participants completed a pre-assessment and post-assessment Leadership Practice Inventory-Self (LPI-S) survey and attended the ADAPT workshop. Experienced nurse leaders participated as mentors. Both groups completed a satisfaction survey after the workshop. Results Awareness of nursing leadership behaviours increased. Total mean scores for each subscale on the LPI-S increased but this was not statistically significant. All participants reported satisfaction with the ADAPT workshop. Conclusions This study offers evidence that the ADAPT model influences leadership behaviours. The ADAPT workshop provided a method to gain a leadership perspective and to encourage nurses to fulfil a leadership role within professional nursing associations. Implications for nursing management Organisations and professional nursing associations that support the leadership potential of nurses must invest in providing leadership development opportunities.
Foreign accent in L2 Japanese: A cross-sectional study

The current study examines acoustic sources of foreign accent in second language Japanese produced by American learners across different instructional levels and learning backgrounds. Our prior work has demonstrated that pitch accent, vowel duration, and spectral information of the vowel [e] influence perceived foreign accent in Japanese short sentences produced by intermediate learners, with pitch accent exerting the strongest influence. Building on this prior finding, the current study examines Japanese produced by American learners at the beginning level (n = 10), at the intermediate level (n = 16), American learners who have had early exposure to Japanese (n = 10), native Japanese speakers (n = 10), and ratings of the speech samples by native Japanese listeners (n = 10) to investigate the difference in the extent of perceived accent in their speech and the acoustic sources that influence perceived accent. The results of the current study shed light on issues related to development of second language speech, and the perceptual relevance of the development to lay listeners. The current study examines acoustic sources of foreign accent in second language Japanese produced by American learners across different instructional levels and learning backgrounds. Our prior work has demonstrated that pitch accent, vowel duration, and spectral information of the vowel [e] influence perceived foreign accent in Japanese short sentences produced by intermediate learners, with pitch accent exerting the strongest influence. Building on this prior finding, the current study examines Japanese produced by American learners at the beginning level (n = 10), at the intermediate level (n = 16), American learners who have had early exposure to Japanese (n = 10), native Japanese speakers (n = 10), and ratings of the speech samples by native Japanese listeners (n = 10) to investigate the difference in the extent of perceived accent in their speech and the acoustic sources that influence perceived accent. The results of the current study shed light on issues related to development of second language s...
Comprehensive Characterization of Silicon Photomultipliers for Nuclear Security Applications

Scintillation detectors are an essential instrument in a variety of fields, serving as an effective means of detecting radiation for industrial, defense, medical, and basic-research applications. Light sensors are an integral part of all scintillation detectors and can affect detector performance as much as the scintillator itself. The photomultiplier tube (PMT) has been the standard light sensor for over half a century, but alternatives have been developed recently, and the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is perhaps the most promising of these new technologies. SiPMs can produce gains of the same order of magnitude as most PMTs and have shown reduced noise levels in the newest generations. Additionally, they posses benefits characteristic of solid-state devices such as insensitivity to magnetic fields, mechanical ruggedness, compactness, low operating voltages, and high quantum efficiencies. The timing properties of light sensors are an important characteristic for many applications, including nuclear security. For example, accurate timing is necessary for time of flight experiments, scatter cameras, and background suppression. This work aims to characterize the time resolution of many commercially available new-generation SiPMs, specifically in a time-coincidence setting. SiPMs have been acquired from five leading manufacturers possessing a variety of pixel and microcell sizes. Results are presented with an organic scintillator p-terphenyl and coincidence time resolution of less than 300 picoseconds is achieved. Comparison with PMTs shows that the PMT pair tested has a superior time resolution of 83 picoseconds.
Talking across the membrane.

One goal of synthetic biologists is to develop artificial systems to help study biological processes. Now, cell communication and differentiation have been demonstrated using spatiotemporal patterns created in artificial multicellular compartments.
Highly potent fentanyl analogs: apnea from exposure to small quantities of ß-hydroxyfentanyl and furanylfentanyl.

Context: Fentanyl analogs are synthetic opioids that bind to mu receptors with high potency. We report two cases where users developed apnea and required naloxone reversal after exposure to small q...
Integrator or Gremlin? Identity Partnerships and Team Newcomer Socialization

When newcomers enter teams, they seek out identity resources from team incumbents to help their socialization. In turn, team incumbents offer identity resources to newcomers to support incumbents’ ...
Electrochemical Atomic Layer Etching (e-ALE) of Copper - Thermodynamic and Diffusion-Reaction Considerations of the Surface-Limited Sulfidization of Copper

Electrochemical atomic layer etching (e-ALE) presents a facile approach for etching metals with unprecedented atomic-scale precision. In e-ALE of copper (Cu) metal, the crucial first step is the surface-limited sulfidization of Cu to form a cuprous sulfide (Cu2S) monolayer. In this work, we investigate the thermodynamic, kinetic and transport properties of the sulfidization reaction. By comparing steady-state and non-steady-state experimental studies with equilibrium and non-equilibrium (diffusion-reaction) models, system parameters such as equilibrium constant, reaction rate constant and diffusion coefficient were precisely determined. Knowing these parameters enabled the quantification of rate-limiting factors in the sulfidization process thereby improving our understanding of the chronoamperometry features observed in sulfidization studies.
The Infra-Red Radiation of Hydrogen

Measurement of higher members of Paschen series.---The atomic spectrum of H was investigated in the infra-red region by the photographic method. Neocyanin plates, hypersensitized by an ammonia bath, were used. A powerful discharge tube, maintained in the so-called black stage by careful adjustments, yielded under long exposures six higher members of the Paschen series, the third to the eighth inclusive. The measured wave-lengths agree with the values calculated from the Bohr theory to within the limits of experimental error.Extension of infra-red secondary spectrum of hydrogen.---By changing the conditions of the discharge a strong molecular spectrum of H was produced. This was photographed in the region from 7500 to 10700A under a dispersion of 9A per mm. The wave-lengths of about 425 lines, mostly new, were measured and are given in tables. A number of these lines seem to be members of band groups analogous to the Paschen series of the elementary spectrum.
Energy storage in magnetic textures driven by vorticity flow

An experimentally feasible energy-storage concept is formulated based on vorticity (hydro)dynamics within an easy-plane insulating magnet. The free energy associated with the magnetic winding texture is built up in a circular easy-plane magnetic structure by injecting a vorticity flow in the radial direction. The latter is accomplished by electrically induced spin-transfer torque, which pumps energy into the magnetic system in proportion to the vortex flux. The resultant magnetic metastable state with a finite winding number can be maintained indefinitely because the process of its relaxation via phase slips is exponentially suppressed when the temperature is brought well below the Curie temperature. We characterize the vorticity-current interaction underlying the energy-loading mechanism through its contribution to the effective electric inductance in the rf response. Our proposal may open an avenue for naturally powering spintronic circuits and nontraditional magnet-based neuromorphic networks.
Indocyanine Green Use in the Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent dye that has been used in some medical specialties already for almost 60 years and has gained popularity in recent years due to the clinical applications recently proposed in the surgical field. This review article details the current use of the ICG in the minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery. There is abundant evidence validating the usefulness of ICG fluorescence angiography in the gastrointestinal surgery, leading to a decrease of complications. Other uses, such as its lymphographic use for sentinel lymph node mapping or detection of metastatic lymph nodes, need further investigation to prove its benefit. The heterogeneity and subjective nature of the data remain the greatest challenge when analyzing the possible effects ICG can bring to the gastrointestinal surgery.
Healthcare resources attributable to child tobacco smoke exposure.

Background Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) places an economic toll on the U.S. healthcare system. There is a gap in the literature on pediatric emergency department (ED) and urgent care related healthcare costs and utilization specific to tobacco smoke-exposed patients. The objectives were to assess pediatric ED visits, urgent care visits and hospital admissions longitudinally, and baseline visit costs among tobacco smoke-exposed children (TSE group) relative to unexposed children (non-TSE group). Methods and findings We conducted a retrospective study using electronic medical records of 380 children ages 0-17 years in the TSE group compared to 1,140 in the non-TSE group propensity score matched via nearest neighbor search by child age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Linear and Poisson regression models were used. Overall, children had a mean of 0.19 (SE = 0.01) repeat visits within 30-days, and 0.69 (SE = 0.04) pediatric ED visits and 0.87 (SE = 0.03) urgent care visits over 12-months following their baseline visit. The percent of children with ≥ 1 urgent care visit was higher among the TSE group (52.4%) than the non-TSE group (45.1%, p = 0.01). Children in the TSE group (M = $1,136.97, SE = 76.44) had higher baseline pediatric ED visit costs than the non-TSE group (M = $1,018.96, SE = 125.51, p = 0.01). Overall, children had 0.08 (SE = 0.01) hospital admissions over 12-months, and the TSE group (M = 0.12, SE = 0.02) had higher mean admissions than the non-TSE group (M = 0.06, SE = 0.01, p = 0.02). The child TSE group was at 1.85 times increased risk of having hospital admissions (95% CI = 1.23, 2.79, p = 0.003) than the non-TSE group. Conclusions Tobacco smoke-exposed children had higher urgent care utilization and hospital admissions over 12-months, and higher pediatric ED costs at baseline. Pediatric ED visits, urgent care visits, and hospitalizations may be opportune times for initiating tobacco control interventions, which may result in reductions of preventable acute care visits.
Payment Models for Tele-Neurology (ALS Case)

Telehealth, as a modality of delivering healthcare services, is growing in terms of acceptance and adoption. With a growing number of services being provided via telemedicine technologies, there is a need for a set of safeguards and standards in policies to support the appropriate coverage of and payment for telemedicine services. Our current healthcare system functions on a fee-for-service model, which drives costs through the roof. There are newer and evolving payment models that seek to incentivize value and better population health. This chapter discusses various payment models available and also the upcoming models that will help lower the cost of tele-visits.
Structure and thermodynamics of empty clathrate hydrates below the freezing point of water

Recently prepared as a new H2O phase, ice XVI was obtained by degassing a Ne-sII clathrate hydrate under vacuum, however very little is known of that crystalline solid under temperatures (T ≤ 220 K) and pressures (p ≤ 5000 bar) relevant for the Earth's environment and geochemistry. In this work, atomically detailed calculations using long time-scale molecular simulations, seldom paralelled before, are employed to probe empty sII clathrate hydrates. It is found that the volumetric response to an applied pressure–temperature gradient is accurately described by the Parsafar and Mason equation of state with an accuracy of at least 99.7%. Structural deformation induced upon the crystals is interpreted by monitoring the unit cell length and isobaric thermal expansivity, whilst benchmarked against previous neutron diffraction measurements of ice XVI and hexagonal ice under room pressure conditions; a critical comparison is established with other sII guest occupied lattices (CH4, CO2 and CnH2n+2 with n = 2, 3, 4), often found in permafrost regions and in the margins of continental shelves. Such an analysis reveals that empty sII frameworks are slightly more stable to thermal deformation than their sI analogues and that hexagonal ice is the structurally most stable of the condensed H2O phases addressed here. Of paramount importance for the oil and natural gas industries, heat capacities obtained from enthalpy profiles are identical for the sI and sII empty clathrates up to 2000 bar and diverge by only ∼7.3% at 5000 bar. The canonical tetrahedral symmetry of water-bonded networks is analysed in terms of an angular and a distance order parameters, which are observed to decrease (increase) as pressure (temperature) increases (decreases). The results now being reported constitute a landmark for future studies dealing with high-pressure and very low-temperature conditions, characteristic of the Earth's permafrost environment and other planetary interiors, whilst contributing to expand our knowledge regarding the recently discovered ice XVI phase.
Application of electron backscatter diffraction techniques to quantify effects of aging on sub-grain and spatial heterogeneity in NMC cathodes

Abstract Identification and evaluation of structural heterogeneity in spent cathode materials is crucial to developing appropriate remediation strategies for novel recycling processes. Native heterogeneities may be exacerbated during the cell's operational lifetime, as sub-particle-scale variations induce anisotropic expansion and contraction upon cycling. Structural transformations resulting from repeated cycling and calendar aging predominantly occur at the secondary particle surface and at the grain boundaries (GBs) between primary particles. However, the diffusion and stress build up around and across GBs are poorly understood. In this study, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is employed to track sub-grain lattice structure across a statistically relevant number of Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 (NMC-111) particles. Specifically, differences in lattice misorientation – measured as the deviation from the grain's average orientation – are tracked as a function of position within the electrode (near current collector, middle, and near separator) and as a function of electrochemical cycling. Further, a novel method of structural analysis is developed, offering insight into sub-grain diffusion behavior by comparing lattice misorientation near the grain boundary versus in the grain bulk. The present results suggest that electrode-scale spatial heterogeneity in lattice structure is induced by initial manufacturing conditions, and that radial gradients in lattice misorientation evolve at the primary particle scale with repeated electrochemical cycling.
GPS Lessons Learned from the International Space Station, Space Shuttle and X-38

This document is a collection of writings concerning the application of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to the International Space Station (ISS), Space Shuttle, and X-38 vehicles. An overview of how GPS technology was applied is given for each vehicle, including rationale behind the integration architecture, and rationale governing the use (or non-use) of GPS data during flight.
Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Efficient Hyperspectral Image Projection

Hyperspectral imaging for remote sensing has prompted development of hyperspectral image projectors that can be used to characterize hyperspectral imaging cameras and techniques in the lab. One such emerging astronomical hyperspectral imaging technique is wide-field double-Fourier interferometry. NASA's current, state-of-the-art, Wide-field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT) uses a Calibrated Hyperspectral Image Projector (CHIP) to generate test scenes and provide a more complete understanding of wide-field double-Fourier interferometry. Given enough time, the CHIP is capable of projecting scenes with astronomically realistic spatial and spectral complexity. However, this would require a very lengthy data collection process. For accurate but time-efficient projection of complicated hyperspectral images with the CHIP, the field must be decomposed both spectrally and spatially in a way that provides a favorable trade-off between accurately projecting the hyperspectral image and the time required for data collection. We apply nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to decompose hyperspectral astronomical datacubes into eigenspectra and eigenimages that allow time-efficient projection with the CHIP. Included is a brief analysis of NMF parameters that affect accuracy, including the number of eigenspectra and eigenimages used to approximate the hyperspectral image to be projected. For the chosen field, the normalized mean squared synthesis error is under 0.01 with just 8 eigenspectra. NMF of hyperspectral astronomical fields better utilizes the CHIP's capabilities, providing time-efficient and accurate representations of astronomical scenes to be imaged with the WIIT.