cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of cefazolin in rat tissues.

Abstract A rapid, sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for cefazolin in rat tissues was developed. Tissue samples were homogenized in distilled water, acidified with 8.5% phosphoric acid, and centrifuged. Cefazolin was isolated from the supernatant by solid-phase extraction on C 18 cartridges. The eluate containing cefazolin and internal standard, cephalexin, was injected onto a reversed-phase C 18 column and eluted with a mobile phase of 23% methanol in 0.02 M sodium phosphate monobasic (pH 5.0) and detected with UV absorbance at 270 nm. Recoveries of cefazolin were 33.7 ± 2.5%, 45.4 ± 2.1%, and 42.9 ± 1.0% from liver, spleen and lung, respectively. The calibration curves for cefazolin were established at 0.5–1500 μg/g in spleen, 0.1–250 μg/g in liver and 0.1–75 μg/g in lung. The assay was reproducible with within-day and between-day variations of 1–2 and 1–4%, respectively. Application of the assay for tissue distribution of cefazolin in liposomal targeting study was demonstrated.
Cyanide in the Chemical Arsenal of Garlic Mustard, Alliaria petiolata

Cyanide production has been reported from over 2500 plant species, including some members of the Brassicaceae. We report that the important invasive plant, Alliaria petiolata, produces levels of cyanide in its tissues that can reach 100 ppm fresh weight (FW), a level considered toxic to many vertebrates. In a comparative study, levels of cyanide in leaves of young first-year plants were 25 times higher than in leaves of young Arabidopsis thaliana plants and over 150 times higher than in leaves of young Brassica kaber, B. rapa, and B. napus. In first-year plants, cyanide levels were highest in young leaves of seedlings and declined with leaf age on individual plants. Leaves of young plants infested with green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) produced just over half as much cyanide as leaves of healthy plants, suggesting that aphid feeding led to loss of cyanide from intact tissues before analysis, or that aphid feeding inhibited cyanide precursor production. In a developmental study, levels of cyanide in the youngest and oldest leaf of young garlic mustard plants were four times lower than in the youngest and oldest leaf of young Sorghum sudanense (cv. Cadan 97) plants, but cyanide levels did not decline in these leaves with plant age as in S. sudanense. Different populations of garlic mustard varied moderately in the constitutive and inducible expression of cyanide in leaves, but no populations studied were acyanogenic. Although cyanide production could result from breakdown products of glucosinolates, no cyanide was detected in vitro from decomposition of sinigrin, the major glucosinolate of garlic mustard. These studies indicate that cyanide produced from an as yet unidentified cyanogenic compound is a part of the battery of chemical defenses expressed by garlic mustard.
Application of sodium hypochlorite oxidations to the structure of coal

Abstract Investigations of the reactions of sodium hypochlorite with 2-naphthol, 2-naphthoic acid, and benzoic acid show that the naphthalene derivatives react vigorously with the reagent at 65 °C to give phthalic acid and that benzoic acid accelerates the disproportionation of hypochlorite into chloride and chlorate. Some previous conclusions about the aliphatic structure of coal appear to be unjustified.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use and Nutrient Intake Among Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis in the United States

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) often use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). However, specific CAM therapies used within this population have not been thoroughly described, particularly the use of supplements, herbal remedies, and dietary modifications. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of specific types of CAM used by adults with MS in the United States. Participants included adults who were diagnosed with MS at least 1 year prior to study enrollment. CAM use was measured using the CAM Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey, and nutrient intake was assessed using an Automated Self-Administered 24-h Recall. This study found that a majority (77 %, n = 27) of the sample used CAM within the past 12 months, the most prevalent type being vitamins/minerals (88.9 %, n = 24), nonvitamin, nonmineral, natural products (NP) (44.4 %, n = 12), relaxation techniques (33.3 %, n = 9), and special diets (29.6 %, n = 8). Regarding diet, median percent calories from fat (37 %) and saturated fat (12 %) were higher than current recommendations, while dietary fiber intake met only 87 % of the adequate intake. Participants following the Paleo (7.4 %, n = 2) diet did not meet the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamins D and E, while those on the Swank diet (7.4 %, n = 2) were below the EAR for vitamins C, A, E, and folate. The results support previous findings that CAM therapies are commonly used by individuals with MS. Inadequate intakes of certain vitamins and minerals by those following the Swank and Paleo diet suggest these diets may be too restrictive, thus further research is warranted.
Delinquency, substance abuse, and risk taking in middle-class adolescents

Risk-taking attitudes are strong predictors of delinquency and substance abuse among male and female middle-class adolescents. Risk-taking measures make strong and independent contributions to predicting self-reported delinquency and drug and alcohol use, even taking into account bonding to family and school and attitudes toward one's religious faith and employment. A measure of involvement with a delinquent peer group also predicts delinquency and drug and alcohol use. Moreover, those adolescents who are more likely to be involved in delinquent activity, or to be heavier users of substances, are less likely to turn to parents or formal helpers (e.g., counselors, teachers, etc.), and more likely to turn to peers for help. Delinquency and substance abuse prevention programs should take into account adolescent risk taking and should affect peer group norms if they are to be effective. Language: en
Problems associated with switch to modafinil – a novel alerting agent in narcolepsy

Modafinil is a novel medication recently approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Commonly, patients had already been prescribed medications for their syndrome. This report outlines difficulties encountered in the clinical practice of switching patients to modafinil. Naive subjects accepted modafinil best. Subjects withdrawn from amphetamine had the most problems and failure to withdraw. Venlafaxine hydrochloride combined well with modafinil to control cataplectic attacks. Usage of a progressive withdrawal protocol may ease the difficulties observed.
ACGME and ABOS Changes for the Orthopaedic Surgery PGY-1 (Intern) Year

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) recently mandated major changes to curricular requirements for the PGY-1 (intern) year for categorical orthopaedic surgery residents. Since July 1, 2013, PGY-1 residents are required to have 6 months of orthopaedic surgery rotations, 6 months of nonorthopaedic surgery rotations, and complete a mandatory surgical skills curriculum [1, 2]. The ACGME and ABOS executed these changes in an effort to improve the quality and breadth of education for interns, preparing them for more advanced orthopaedic education. These changes were prompted by shifts in general surgery procedures (from open to laparoscopic), which have reduced the operating room experience of suturing and knot tying for interns, as well as by duty hour requirements that further reduce the operating room experience for interns. Together, these shifts in first-year resident experience have resulted in less surgical training for the orthopaedic surgery intern. The new ABOS requirements, which commence on July 1, 2014, seek to offset those losses [1, 2]. This column describes the changes mandated by the ABOS and ACGME for the orthopaedic intern year, discusses some limitations associated with these changes, and offers program strategies for effective implementation.
Self-Regulated Compounded Rectifiers

A mercury-vapor rectifier can function as its own automatic regulator with the aid of the grid-control circuit described in this paper. The control equipment is practically inertialess and, therefore, is almost instantaneous in its operation. The circuit may be compounded to have a wide variety of characteristics.
Shortcut through an evil door: Optimality of correct-by-construction controllers in adversarial environments

A recent method to obtain correct robot controllers is to automatically synthesize them from high-level robot missions that are specified in temporal logic. In this context, we aim for controllers that are optimal, i.e., do not let the robot take unnecessarily costly paths to reach its goals. Previous work on obtaining optimal synthesized robot controllers either ignored interactions with the environment, or assumed a cooperative environment. In this paper, we solve the problem of obtaining optimal robot controllers for adversarial environments. Our main observation is that the quality of a path to a goal has two dimensions: (1) the number of phases in which the robot waits for the environment to perform some actions and (2) the cost of the robot's actions to reach the goal. Our synthesis algorithm can take any prioritization over the possible cost combinations into account, and computes the optimal strategy in a symbolic manner, despite the fact that the action costs can be non-integer. We show the scalability of the new algorithm by example of a delivery problem.
Up-regulation of p300 Binding and p50 Acetylation in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Promoter Activation

It is well established that p300 plays an important role in mediating gene expressions. However, it is less clear how its binding is influenced by physiological stimuli and how its altered binding affects transactivator acetylation and binding. In this study, we determined p300 binding to a core cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter region by chromatin immunoprecipitation and streptavidin-agarose pull-down assays in basal and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-treated human foreskin fibroblasts. We found basal binding of p300, p50/p65 NF-kappaB, cyclic AMP regulatory element-binding protein-2, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, and c-Jun. p50/p65 and p300 binding was selectively increased by TNFalpha. Immunoprecipitation confirmed direct interaction of p300 with NF-kappaB and the other involved transactivators. p50 acetylation was detected in resting cells and was increased by TNFalpha or lipopolysaccharide. Overexpression of p300 augmented p50 acetylation, which was attenuated by deletion of its histone acetyltransferase domain. Enhanced p50 acetylation correlated with increased p50 binding to COX-2 promoter and transcriptional activation. Co-transfection of E1A with p300 abrogated p50 acetylation and p50 binding. These findings suggest that up-regulation of p300 binding and its acetylation of NF-kappaB occupies a central position in COX-2 promoter activation.
Kinetics Study of OH Radical Reactions with n-Octane, n-Nonane, and n-Decane at 240−340 K Using the Relative Rate/Discharge Flow/Mass Spectrometry Technique

The kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radical with n-octane (k1), n-nonane (k2), and n-decane (k3) at 240−340 K and a total pressure of ∼1 Torr has been studied using relative rate combined with discharge flow and mass spectrometer (RR/DF/MS) technique. The rate constant for these reactions was found to be positively dependent on temperature, with an Arrhenius expression of k1 = (2.27 ± 0.21) × 10-11exp[(−296 ± 27)/T], k2 = (4.35 ± 0.49) × 10-11exp[(−411 ± 32)/T], and k3 = (2.26 ± 0.28) × 10-11exp[(−160 ± 36)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (uncertainties taken as 2σ), respectively. Our results are in good agreement with previous studies at and above room temperature using different techniques. Assuming that the reaction of alkane with hydroxyl radical is the predominant form for loss of these alkanes in the troposphere, the atmospheric lifetime for n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane is estimated to be about 43, 35, and 28 h, respectively.
Domain-general and domain-specific developmental assessments: do they measure the same thing?

Abstract The concept of epistemological development is useful in psychological assessment only insofar as instruments can be designed to measure it consistently, reliably, and without bias. In the psychosocial domain, most traditional stage assessment systems rely on a process of matching concepts in a scoring manual generated from a limited number of construction cases, and thus suffer from bias introduced by an over-dependence on particular content. In contrast, the Hierarchical Complexity Scoring System (HCSS) employs criteria for assessing the hierarchical complexity of texts that are independent of specific conceptual content. This paper examines whether the HCSS and a conventional stage assessment system, Kohlberg’s Standard Issue Scoring System (SISS), measure the same dimension of performance. We scored 378 moral judgment interviews with both scoring systems. We then conducted a multidimensional partial credit analysis to determine the extent to which the two scoring systems assess the same dimension of performance. The disattenuated correlation between performance estimates on the SISS and HCSS is .92. Based on this and other evidence, we conclude that a single latent trait — hierarchical complexity — is the predominant dimension assessed by the two systems.
Alternative Approach to Multisensor Navigation

An alternative to the Kalman filtering technique, based on logical rather than numerical techniques, is presented. It can be implemented on one or more microprocessors (with a fixed communications protocol between the individual microprocessors); requires only limited preprocessing of the input data; can have its constituent subsystem changed without major revision to the combiner as new or better navigation techniques, such as the global positioning system (GPS) or Loran-C, become available; and tolerates a wide variety of sensor, hardware, and software errors. The basic structure of the method and results of simulations of its performance in the presence of errors common to low-cost sensors (such as VOR or basic Omega) are presented, along with a discussion of possible extensions.
Computational aspects of the control of large flexible structures

This paper advances a unified theory for the modalspace control method developed by these authors for the control of large flexible structures and places the theory on a more rigorous foundation. The unified approach permits the simultaneous treatment of a broad spectrum of interrelated problems. In particular, the theory is valid for both nongyroscopic and gyroscopic systems and for systems with ignorable coordinates resulting from rigid body motions. In addition, it permits a convenient way of studying the question of control spillover. The modal-space control method is different from any other modal control method in that it provides both internal (plant) and external (controller) decoupling.
Postinfarction ventricular aneurysmectomy.

Summary Most operations performed for the treatment of ventricular aneurysm do not achieve maximal rehabilitation of the damaged heart. Cardiac surgeons generally ignore the importance of the flail septum that results from anteroseptal infarction. Many believe that the obstructed left anterior descending coronary artery must be carefully avoided during closure of the ventriculotomy incision. In addition, many surgeons believe that it is necessary to buttress all ventricular sutures with Teflon. For some reason, there seems to be a fear that the left ventricular volume will be reduced to an intolerable level after proper ventricular aneurysmectomy. Between January 1976 and December 1982, 102 patients underwent ventricular aneurysmectomy at St. Joseph's Hospital Health Center. The hospital mortality rate was 5.9 percent. The operative technique described emphasizes the need for foreshortening the fibrosed septum in an effort to minimize residual paradoxic motion. The left anterior descending coronary artery is routinely incorporated in the eversion technique; Teflon buttressing is never employed. Our surgical technique has evolved from a surgical experience that began in 1962 at the Cleveland Clinic Hospital.
Examining Leader–Follower Congruence of Social Responsibility Values in Transformational Leadership

Recent reviews of corporate social responsibility (CSR) research indicate a need for studies of micro-level influence processes addressing CSR values. Transformational leadership is a values-laden influence process whereby leaders elicit superior follower performance through the alignment of work values. Using data from 129 leaders and 582 of their direct reports, this study’s results demonstrated that leader CSR values were associated with transformational leadership. Transformational leadership was positively associated with follower stakeholder CSR values and negatively related to follower shareholder CSR values. Leader stakeholder CSR values moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and follower stakeholder values, offering evidence of leader–follower value congruence while addressing a limitation of prior studies that adopted perceptual measures of values congruence. Implications for transformational leadership theory, practice, and future research are discussed.
System of systems engineering and enterprise architecture: implications for governance of complex systems

This paper explores the contributions from integrating system of systems engineering (SoSE) and enterprise architecture (EA) to enhance governance of complex systems. In exploration, this paper seeks to achieve three primary objectives. First, the nature of the complex environment facing modern enterprises is examined. Second, the role, contributions, and limitations of SoSE in more effectively addressing the integration and coordination necessary for the system to act as a unity environment are examined. Third, the potential contributions of EA to support the technical articulation for the information flows supporting the communication and control structure essential to the operation of a complex system are examined. Finally, the intersection of SoSE and EA is examined as an acceleration of the capabilities for enhanced governance of complex systems. The paper concludes with several critical directions for using SoSE and EA to expand governance capabilities.
General Method for Analyzing Higgs Potentials

This thesis is based on several papers published by the author and some more work to be published. We explain the technical problem of minimizing Higgs potentials using group theoretical concepts. Three mathematical results which belong to distinct areas are used to analyze the Higgs potential in an abstract way. The problem reduces to one of finding "contours" of directional minima and thus our method is geometrical. It is explained in detail and demonstrated for some simple cases. We show that the Michel-Radicati conjecture and the Gell-Mann-Slansky conjecture have geometrical significance besides predicting the most likely symmetry groups of the absolute minimum of the potential. We also apply the method to a non-monotonic potential.
Charge distributions in bipolar particle charging

Abstract We consider the process by which a stationary charge distribution develops when spherical particles are immersed in a bipolar charge environment. For particles sufficiently larger than the characteristic electrostatic length e2/4πϵoκT this distribution is shown to be a normal Gaussian, regardless of the kinetic details of the charging process or the degree of charge asymmetry. The parameters of the distribution can be easily computed if the kinetic constants of the charging process are known. Under certain conditions the charge distribution is the well-known Boltzmann law. A criterion is presented to determine when the Boltzmann law is the solution to the charging equations.
Evaluation of MERRA Land Surface Estimates in Preparation for the Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission

AbstractThe authors evaluated several land surface variables from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) product that are important for global ecological and hydrological studies, including daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) surface air temperatures, atmosphere vapor pressure deficit (VPD), incident solar radiation (SWrad), and surface soil moisture. The MERRA results were evaluated against in situ measurements, similar global products derived from satellite microwave [the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E)] remote sensing and earlier generation atmospheric analysis [Goddard Earth Observing System version 4 (GEOS-4)] products. Relative to GEOS-4, MERRA is generally warmer (~0.5°C for Tmin and Tmax) and drier (~50 Pa for VPD) for low- and middle-latitude regions ( 3°C) in mountainous areas, tro...
Treatment solutions are unclear for perimegaprosthetic infections.

Background Infection about a megaprosthesis is a dreaded complication. Treatment options vary from debridement alone to staged revisions, arthrodesis, and amputation. Indications for how to treat this complication are unclear.
James Parkes: Honesty in the Christian-Jewish Interchange

O ONE who believes in the living God can help being sickened by the history of the relations of Christianity and Judaism. Throughout this history the name of the God of love has been dragged into the mire of religious polemics and hatred. If we go back to the beginnings of Christianity we find that the record is by no means one-sided. Christianity originated as a sect within Judaism, but it soon rejected the authority of Torah in the legal sense of prescribing conduct for all aspects of life. Furthermore, in the face of the Deuteronomic statement that a man who hangs on a tree is accursed (21:23), the Christians proclaimed their belief in a crucified Messiah. The Jews were not benevolent in their reaction to this sect of messianists; they reacted in the way that religious groups anywhere and at any time have reacted to dissident factions. Christians were often persecuted by the Romans because the Jews, who had been given a special waiver from the mandatory sacrifice to the Emperor, refused to acknowledge Christians as their own, thereby subjecting the Christians to this idolatrous obligation.
On the effect of test-suite reduction on automatically generated model-based tests

Model checking techniques can be successfully employed as a test-case generation technique to generate tests from formal models. The number of tests-cases produced, however, is typically large for complex coverage criteria such as MC/DC. Test-suite reduction can provide us with a smaller set of test-cases that preserve the original coverage--often a dramatically smaller set. Nevertheless, one potential drawback with test-suite reduction is that this might affect the quality of the test-suite in terms of fault finding. Previous empirical studies provide conflicting evidence on this issue. To further investigate the problem and determine its effect when testing implementations derived from formal models of software we performed an experiment using a large case example of a Flight Guidance System, generated reduced test-suites for a variety of structural coverage criteria while preserving coverage, and recorded their fault finding effectiveness. Our results indicate that the size of the specification based test-suites can be dramatically reduced and that the fault detection of the reduced test-suites is adversely affected. In this report we describe our experiment, analyze the results, and discuss the implications for testing based on formal specifications.
A Sectoral Analysis of Human Rights and FDI: Does Industry Type Matter?*

While there is a considerable degree of consensus about the economic determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI), the role of socio-political factors has only recently come under scrutiny. In this study, we build upon research on one such factor, human rights. Specifically, whereas extant research into FDI examines aggregate investment indices, we seek to disaggregate the analysis of FDI to further assess the role of human rights, namely physical integrity rights, in investment decisions. As FDI is a heterogeneous enterprise, we posit that the importance of human rights varies in part due to the nature of the industrial sector. In particular, two factors that vary across industrial sectors—skill requirements and the degree to which societal acceptance or “social license” is sought—likely increase the salience of human rights concerns in investment decisions. To empirically assess these linkages, we analyze U.S. FDI across 10 different sectors. We find human rights to be a significant determinant of FDI across sectors that value higher skills and integration within the host society.
Neural activity supporting the formation of associative memory versus source memory

The ability to form a new association with discontiguous elements constitutes the very crux of episodic memory. However, it is not fully understood whether different types of associations rely on common neural correlates for encoding associations. In the present study, we investigated whether the formation of associative memory (associations between items) and source memory (associations between an item and its context) recruits common neural activity during encoding, or whether each type of association requires different neural activity for subsequent memory. During study, participants were visually presented a list of object pairs in the scanner while the names of objects were simultaneously presented either in a male or female voice. Participants completed a post-scan recognition test for associative and source memories for object pairs and their contexts. Associative memory was predicted in the left inferior prefrontal cortex, the fusiform gyrus and the medial temporal lobe including both perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices and the posterior hippocampus. Encoding activity for source memory was identified in the right insula and the right anterior hippocampus. Further, neural activity in the right posterior hippocampus was recruited for successful formation of both associative and source memories. Collectively, these findings highlight the pivotal role of the hippocampus in successful encoding of associative and source memories and add more weight to the role of the perirhinal cortex in associative encoding of objects. The present findings have implications for roles of the medial temporal lobe sub-regions for successful formation of associative and source memories.
Lubricant Flow and Accumulation on the Air Bearing Surface of a Hard Disk Drive

During normal operations of a hard disk drive (HDD), a slider flies over the surface of a spinning disk lifted by a thin layer of air. The disk surface is coated by a molecularly-thin layer of lubricant to protect it against corrosion and reduce wear on the read/write head. The flying height of the slider should be as small as possible in order to achieve higher recording densities. In current HDDs the head-to-disk spacing is on the order of 1–3 nm [1]. At this ultra-low spacing lubricant from the disk often transfers to the slider’s air bearing surface (ABS) forming a thin film that imposes a significant degradation on its performance. Problems such as head instabilities, flying stiction, disk lubricant depletion and increase in head-disk spacing occur when lubricant is present on the ABS [2]. To avoid this condition, modern sliders should be able to remove the lubricant from the ABS as fast as possible. Hence, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the lubricant flow process and its driving forces.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Population subdivision in the Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

The Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) exhibits a circumpolar distribution in coastal waters south of the Antarctic Polar Front. For a preliminary evaluation of global population structure in this species, we examined four mitochondrial regions and 13 nuclear gene fragments in samples from four CCAMLR Subareas in the Southern Ocean (Australian Antarctic Territory (Subarea 58.4.2), Ross Dependency (Subareas 88.1 and 88.2) and the South Shetland Islands (Subarea 48.1). Significant genetic differentiation within and among locations was observed for both mitochondrial and nuclear loci. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers developed here will be useful for more extensive analyses of population structure in this species.
The BMI as a somatotypic measure of physique: A rejoinder to Jeremy E.C. Genovese

Abstract In 2008, Maddan, Walker and Miller promoted the use of the Body Mass Index (BMI) as a viable alternative to Sheldon's technique of somatotyping. Utilizing the BMI, Maddan Walker and Miller re-analyzed the original data from the Sheldon studies. This analysis indicated a statistically significant relationship between the two measures of somatotyping. Genovese wrote a response to this work suggesting the BMI is not a useful proxy for somatotyping individuals. We respond to Genovese's critique by providing a full explication of the Sheldon somatoype measure and an analysis of Sheldon's original data accounting for all of the different somatotypes identified. Analyses here indicate that the original somatotype measure was very subjective. Although not without flaws, the BMI provides an objective somatotype measure that is comparable, if not superior, to the measure promulgated by Sheldon.
Contraception for adolescents with lupus

Sexually active adolescents, including young women with lupus, are at high risk for unplanned pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy among teens with lupus is associated with an elevated risk of poor maternal and fetal outcomes. The provision of effective contraception is a crucial element of care for a sexually-active young woman with lupus. Unfortunately, providers may be hesitant to prescribe contraception to this group due to concerns about increasing the risk of lupus complications. This article reviews the risks and benefits of currently-available contraceptives for young women with lupus. Providers are encouraged to consider long-term, highly-effective contraception, such as implantables and intrauterine devices, for appropriately selected adolescents with lupus.
Observation of direct vibrational excitation in gas-surface collisions: NO on Ag(111).

Vibrationally excited NO molecules have been observed in the scattering of $\mathrm{NO}(v=0)$ from Ag(111). A direct mechanism is inferred based on the observation of $v=1$ angular distributions, which are quasispecular, and rotational-state distributions, which depend on beam energy. Vibrational excitation is found to depend strongly on surface temperature, ${T}_{S}$, and relatively weakly on incident kinetic energy, $E$, reaching (\ensuremath{\sim}7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)% at ${T}_{S}=760$ K and $E=120$ kJ ${\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These results are discussed in terms of an electronic mechanism for vibrational excitation.
Optimizing the Design of Room Air Filters for the Removal of Submicrometer Particles

Room air filters, which usually closely resemble high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, should be designed to maximize the clean air delivery rate (CADR) rather than operate at the very high collection efficiencies and relatively high pressure drops associated with HEPA filters. That is, for fixed electrical energy consumption, filters should remove the most particles possible. This can be accomplished by designing room filters that operate at lower collection efficiencies and higher airflow rates than HEPA filters. Based on filtration theory, the CADR of a fibrous filter is maximized with respect to filter thickness and air velocity at fixed energy consumption and filtration area. For very small particles for which diffusional deposition is the predominant collection mechanism, it is shown that a filter thickness resulting in a collection efficiency of 82% is optimal. For somewhat larger particles having diameters close to the filter's most penetrating size, direct interception is included in th...
Structure-activity studies on amphetamine analogs using drug discrimination methodology

Animals (rats) trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of S(+)-amphetamine sulfate from saline, using a standard operant training procedure, were administered doses of various amphetamine analogs in tests of stimulus generalization in order to study structure-activity relationships (SAR). The types of structural variation of the amphetamine molecule that were investigated included (a) benz-fusion of the aromatic nucleus, (b) α-demethylation of the alkyl side chain, (c) conversion of the benzylic methylene to a carbonyl group, and (d) conformational restriction of the side chain. Benz-fusion and α-demethylation appear to have a detrimental effect on activity in that none of these analogs produced amphetamine-appropriate responding. However, the carbonylated analog, i.e., cathinone, was found to be equipotent with amphetamine. Furthermore, as with amphetamine, the S-isomer of cathinone was found to be more active than its enantiomer. With respect to the conformationally-restricted analogs, the most potent compound was 2-aminotetralin which was about half as active as racemic amphetamine.
Local Control Following Breast-Conserving Surgery for Invasive Cancer: Results of Clinical Trials

Prospective, randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that the alternatives of mastectomy or conservative surgery plus radiation therapy provide equivalent survival for patients with invasive breast cancer. The identification of a subset of women who could undergo conservative surgery without radiotherapy would avoid the costs, inconvenience, and complications of radiotherapy and is an important research goal. Four randomized trials comparing conservative surgery alone with conservative surgery plus radiotherapy have demonstrated an average reduction in the risk of disease recurrence in the breast of 84% with the use of radiotherapy. No significant differences in survival have been observed, although the available studies lack sufficient numbers of patients to demonstrate a potential small, but clinically important, survival advantage for patients treated with radiotherapy. Subset analysis in the randomized trials and prospective studies of highly selected patients have failed to consistently identify a group of patients who do not benefit from radiation therapy. Any recurrence of breast cancer is psychologically devastating, and fewer than one half of the patients who have had disease recurrence after conservative surgery alone have undergone further breast-conserving treatment. At present, a group of patients who do not require radiotherapy has not been reproducibly identified, and radiotherapy should remain a part of breast-conserving therapy for invasive carcinoma.
Examining Market Orientation as Both Culture and Conduct: Modeling The Relationships Between Market Orientation and Employee Responses

The market orientation construct is central to the study of marketing; however, scholars have expressed concern about the multiple market orientation conceptualizations. This paper introduces and tests a model of market-oriented culture and conduct that reconciles the prevailing conceptualizations. In addition, it extends previous research by considering the effect of market orientation on individual-level responses. Findings support the proposed market orientation model. Findings also support a positive relationship between market-oriented responsiveness and salesperson customer orientation. The proposed model offers significant insight into the market orientation construct.
The tumor microenvironment: a target for combination therapy of breast cancer.

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy is in the midst of a major paradigm shift from an approach primarily focused on attacking tumor cells to a strategy also targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). This strategy is designed for the use of combination therapies, several of which are reviewed here. Particular emphasis is placed on targeting such components of the TME as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) overexpressing specific therapy targets such as Legumain, an asparaginyl endopeptidase, proto-oncogene Fra-1, transcription factor Stat3 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as well as HER-2, respectively. The use of DNA vaccines directed against some of these targets overexpressed on both breast tumor cells as well as TAMs and CAFs in the TME results in the elimination of tumor growth, progression, metastasis and recurrence in mouse tumor models. This type of cancer therapy is significantly improved in efficacy by a strategy specifically designed to combine immunotherapies, including DNA vaccines, with a novel chemotherapy featuring highly effective nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, specifically targeted to tumor cells as well as key components of the TME, leading to its modulation and subsequent elimination of tumor growth, metastasis, and, most importantly, suppression of tumor recurrence.
Dispersing agents in reaction media.

P -Aminobenzoic acid was dispersed in a polyethylene glycol 400 and water solution. The dispersed acid underwent a normal Sandmeyer reaction to give p -cyanobenzoic acid in good yields.
Study of the phase transitions in ammonium bromide by Raman spectroscopy

Abstract A complete Raman scattering study of an oriented NH 4 Br single crystal has been carried out and new results are reported for temperature between 45 to 410°K. The study includes measurements and interpretations of the Raman spectral bandwidths, intensities and frequencies of the lattice and internal modes as a function of temperature. Because of the ability of generating a single domain crystal, unambiguous assignments of the Raman active modes are made. From the present data together with those presented previously significant information on the behavior of the ordering and crystal structure associated with the phase transitions in NH 4 Br is obtained.
An endometrial stromal tumor with osteoclast-like giant cells.

Endometrial stromal tumors (ESTs) of the uterine corpus have a striking propensity to display diverse morphological variations, including sex cord–like, smooth muscle, or skeletal muscle differentiation; fibrous change; myxoid change; or bland endometrioid-type glands. They may also contain rhabdoid, foam, clear, or epithelioid/granular cells among others. Recently, we have encountered an EST showing smooth muscle differentiation and osteoclast-like giant cells that were predominantly concentrated in the areas showing smooth muscle differentiation. Osteoclastlike giant cells have not been previously reported in EST to our knowledge; thus, this finding expands the morphological spectrum of these tumors. In addition, although the level of infiltration at the peripheries of the tumor exceeded that allowable under the Tavassoli and Norris criteria for stromal nodules, it did not reach the classic permeative infiltration generally associated with endometrial stromal sarcomas. Historical, prognostic, and diagnostic aspects of margins in EST, especially in those borderline cases such as ours, are also discussed.
Using PCR to Target Misconceptions about Gene Expression

We present a PCR-based laboratory exercise that can be used with first- or second-year biology students to help overcome common misconceptions about gene expression. Biology students typically do not have a clear understanding of the difference between genes (DNA) and gene expression (mRNA/protein) and often believe that genes exist in an organism or cell only when they are expressed. This laboratory exercise allows students to carry out a PCR-based experiment designed to challenge their misunderstanding of the difference between genes and gene expression. Students first transform E. coli with an inducible GFP gene containing plasmid and observe induced and un-induced colonies. The following exercise creates cognitive dissonance when actual PCR results contradict their initial (incorrect) predictions of the presence of the GFP gene in transformed cells. Field testing of this laboratory exercise resulted in learning gains on both knowledge and application questions on concepts related to genes and gene expression.
Clinicopathologic Variation in Raccoons Infected with Different Street Rabies Virus Isolates

Ten raccoons were divided into two random groups (groups 1 and 2) of five animals each. Group 1 raccoons were inoculated intramuscularly in the masseter muscle with a raccoon rabies virus isolate obtained from a natural case of raccoon rabies from the northeastern USA. Group 2 raccoons were infected by a similar route with a Latin American canine isolate of rabies virus. Raccoons either died suddenly or developed neurologic signs compatible with rabies. Clinical signs of rabies in group 1 raccoons were more severe than in group 2. Raccoons in group 1 either died acutely or were euthanized within 25 days ( ± SD = 20.6 ± 2.7 days) postinfection, whereas all group 2 raccoons showed neurologic signs and were euthanized within 17 days (14.2 ± 2.2 days) postinfection. Light microscopic findings revealed extensive nonsuppurative encephalitis predom- inantly located in the cerebrum and brain stem of raccoons in group 1, whereas in group 2 raccoons the lesions were confined to the brain stem regions. In group 1 raccoons, Negri bodies were commonly seen on hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections of brain and in ganglion cells of 5 other tissues (trigeminal nerve, salivary glands, duodenum, pancreas, adrenal gland). Negri bodies, however, were either absent or were only occasionally observed in corresponding tissues of raccoons infected with the canine strain (group 2). Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were also examined for Negri bodies by an immunoperoxidase test, which revealed results similar to the HE findings. Results of this study are compared with histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in raccoons naturally infected with rabies. A major rabies epizootic is currently in progress neuronal and in nonneuronal organs. 9 These different among raccoons in the eastern USA. 18 In response to morphologic presentations by 2 unrelated isolates of this outbreak, an oral vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V- rabies virus prompted us to further investigate this RG) recombinant virus vaccine has been developed. phenomenon. In vaccinated raccoons, the V-RG vaccine produces protective immunity for at least 6 months. 22 To date the vaccine has been field tested for raccoons in 5 northeastern states 21 and Florida and for coyotes in Texas. During experimental evaluation of the V-RG vac- cine, nonvaccinated control raccoons that succumbed to rabies infection had histopathologic changes con- fined to the brain stem, 22 whereas naturally infected rabid raccoons from the eastern rabies enzootic area had microscopic lesions that were distributed predom- inantly in the cerebrum. 9 Similarly, in the experimental raccoons, there was a paucity of Negri bodies within neurons, whereas in the naturally exposed raccoons there were numerous Negri bodies present within both
A Tracer Investigation of Pheromone Dispersion in Lodgepole and Ponderosa Pine Forest Canopies

Tracer experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to study spread of insect pheromone plumes in forest canopies. The field sites consisted of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) canopies in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Ranges of temperature, wind speed, and turbulence conditions were similar in the two campaigns, and field data showed comparable variability on near-instantaneous time scales of wind speed, wind direction, and plume behavior. We developed simple empirical equations to estimate average horizontal and vertical plume spread as functions of standard turbulence statistics, downwind distance from the source, and wind speed. For horizontal plume spread, predicted dispersion coefficients were within a factor of 3, or better, for 97 percent of the observed values in the combined dataset from 2000 and 2001. Likewise, 99 percent of the predicted vertical dispersion coefficients were within a factor of 3 of the observed data.
A HOME-BASED MASSED PRACTICE SYSTEM FOR PEDIATRIC NEUROREHABILITATION

The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel low-cost humancomputer interface (HCI) system for home-based massed practice for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Successful massed practice, a type of neurorehabilitation, may be of value for children with CP because it facilitates impaired hand use. Use of automated, home-based systems could provide a practical means for massed practice. However, the optimal strategy to deliver and monitor homebased massed practice is still unclear. We integrated motion sensor, video game, and HCI software technologies to create a useful home-based massed practice at targeted joints. The system records joint angle and number of movements using a low-cost custom hand-held sensor. The sensor acts as an input device to play video games. We will demonstrate the system and provide preliminary observations on usage by children with CP, including joint motion and muscle activation.
Stock returns in Chinese markets and lucky numbered days

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the stock return impact of “lucky” numbered days in markets dominated by Chinese participants. The existence of such patterns might present arbitrage opportunities for investors who do not share a belief in the Chinese system of “lucky” numbers. Design/methodology/approach – In univariate and multivariate analyses, the author examines the statistical significance of return differences between “lucky” numbered days and other days. The author examines samples which only consider single digit days and months, and the author also considers samples based on the last digit of the day or month. Based on the findings in these tests, the author designs and tests a trading strategy on the Shenzhen Exchange that produces significant risk-adjusted returns in excess of the buy-and-hold return on the Shenzhen Composite Index. Findings – The author shows that “lucky” numbered dates impact stock returns in Chinese markets and demonstrate a “lucky” number date trading stra...
Directional ratio based on parabolic molecules and its application to the analysis of tubular structures

As advances in imaging technologies make more and more data available for biomedical applications, there is an increasing need to develop efficient quantitative algorithms for the analysis and processing of imaging data. In this paper, we introduce an innovative multiscale approach called Directional Ratio which is especially effective to distingush isotropic from anisotropic structures. This task is especially useful in the analysis of images of neurons, the main units of the nervous systems which consist of a main cell body called the soma and many elongated processes called neurites. We analyze the theoretical properties of our method on idealized models of neurons and develop a numerical implementation of this approach for analysis of fluorescent images of cultured neurons. We show that this algorithm is very effective for the detection of somas and the extraction of neurites in images of small circuits of neurons.
Fluorometric Ultramicrodetermination of Calcium in Biologic Fluids

A fluorometric ultramicromethod for the determination of calcium in serum, plasma, spinal fluid, and urine is described. All the reagents, which are premeasured and prepackaged for each determination, are stable indefinitely at room temperature.