cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of phage- and host-specific RNA in Escherichia coli infected with a fragment of bacteriophage T5

Abstract Escherichia coli F bacteria were infected with an amber mutant of phage T5, which injects only 8% (the pre-early genes) of its genome into the host cell. This system allows study of the simultaneous transcription of host and phage DNA for an extended period of time. With increasing multiplicity of infection, the fraction of phage-specific RNA increases from 0.03 at m.o.i. = 1 to 1.0 m.o.i. →∞, while the fractional synthesis of bacterial RNA decreases correspondingly. This indicates that the pre-early T5 promoters compete with bacterial promoters for RNA polymerase. With increasing multiplicity, the synthesis rates of host mRNA and stable RNA (rRNA and tRNA) decrease in constant proportions. At low multiplicities, when the synthesis of phage RNA is proportional to the number of infecting phage, the initiation frequency at the average pre-early T5 promoter is 30 RNA chains/min; this promoter activity is comparable to that of bacterial rRNA promoters.
Periodical Ownership versus Fulltext Online Access: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

Abstract This article compares the costs and benefits of periodical ownership against online access of a fulltext periodicals database in one academic library. A fulltext database allows the library to offer more than twice as many journals as it does currently for a 15% increase in expenditures.
Goodbye to the Despot: Feldman on Islamic Law in the Ottoman Empire

Noah Feldman's 2008 book, The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, provides a sweeping review of the constitutional history of the Islamic polity that connects the past to developments in the Middle East today. The Ottoman Empire is vital to his argument. This essay critically evaluates Feldman's treatment of the Ottoman period, within the larger context of Islamic history, and in so doing considers the understudied constitutional history of the empire. Without denying the importance of the ulema and the shari'a, it argues that the empire was a hybrid of many different traditions and the centrality of Islamic law should not be overstated.
The need to act a little more ‘scientific’: biomedical researchers investigating complementary and alternative medicine

The advent of scientific research on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has contributed to the current state of flux regarding the distinction between biomedicine and CAM. CAM research scientists play a unique role in reconfiguring this boundary by virtue of their training in biomedical sciences on the one hand and knowledge of CAM on the other. This study uses qualitative interviews to explore how CAM researchers perceive and negotiate challenges inherent in their work. Our analysis considers eight NIH-funded CAM researchers': (1) personal engagement with CAM, (2) social reactions towards perceived suspiciousness of research colleagues and (3) strategic methodological efforts to counteract perceived biases encountered during the peer review process. In response to peer suspicion, interviews showed CAM researchers adjusting their self-presentation style, highlighting their proximity to science, and carefully 'self-censoring' or reframing their unconventional beliefs. Because of what was experienced as peer reviewer bias, interviews showed CAM researchers making conciliatory efforts to adopt heightened methodological stringency. As CAM researchers navigate a broadening of biomedicine's boundaries, while still needing to maintain the identity and research methods of a biomedical scientist, this article explores the constant pressure on CAM researchers to appear and act a little more 'scientific'.
Communication work and electronic surveillance: A model for predicting panoptic effects

By the year 2000, up to 40 million workers are expected to be surveilled electronically in American workplaces. Management often views surveillance as an attempt to achieve certain organizational goals better by more fully utilizing time and other resources. This article adopts the alternative perspective, that of employees/members, from which surveillance can be understood as an attempt to create new power relationships based on an electronic version of Bentham's panopticon. The study postulated four elements of such panoptic relationships and tested the first and most important of these, perception of being surveilled, in a state‐wide survey of information workers (n = 465). Results supported the hypotheses that the more surveilled workers perceive themselves to be the less a) privacy, b) certainty about their role in the work place, c) self‐esteem, and d) workplace communication they experience.
Beyond Regulation: Special Improvement Districts, Design Review and Place-making in New Jersey

Business improvement districts have become increasingly involved in shaping urban policy. In New Jersey, localities are showing interest in legislation that allows the delegation of design review to BIDs. Examining delegations in Bayonne and Maplewood, the paper illustrates the issues that arise when BIDs are proactively involved in both the development of review guidelines and the design of project proposals in addition to their regulatory role. Specifically, it is argued that this raises risks of the capture of the legislative process, bias and conflicts of interest. The paper concludes by offering practical suggestions to improve accountability and fairness in such innovative arrangements.
Hyperspectral Imaging for Early Prediction of Chronic Microvascular Injury in Irradiated Skin

1Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School 2Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School 3Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Michael S. Chin MD1,2, Brian B. Freniere BA1, Luca Lancerotto MD3, Jonathan H. Saleeby MS2, Yuan-Chyuan Lo PhD2, Ronald A. Ignotz PhD1, Dennis P. Orgill MD PhD3, Janice F. Lalikos MD1, Thomas J. Fitzgerald MD2
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Electrofishing Catch Rates of Three Species of Black Bass (Micropterus spp.) from Normandy Reservoir, Tennessee

Abstract Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, smallmouth bass M. dolomieu, and spotted bass M. punctulatus were sampled by electrofishing in the spring and fall for 6 years in Normandy Reservoir, Tennessee, to assess spatial and seasonal differences in abundance. Bass were collected each season from 40 transects stratified among the following habitats: riprap, rubble, gravel, mixed substrate, and coves. A randomized-block design analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to partition variation by habitat and year. Abundance was greatest in riprap habitats for largemouth bass and smallmouth bass in spring samples. Abundance was greatest in rubble habitats for spotted bass in spring samples, but in only 2 of 6 years. Abundance of largemouth bass and spotted bass was lowest in gravel habitats and cove habitats, respectively; smallmouth bass abundance was uniform and consistently low in all nonriprap habitats. Abundance trends among habitats in fall samples were similar to spring samples for all three species. G...
State of the art: Natural gas hydrates as a natural resource

Abstract An overview is provided of hydrates in nature manuscripts among the 800 papers of the Seventh International Conference on Gas Hydrates (Edinburgh, July 17–22, 2011), to demonstrate the basic chemico-geophysics, as well as a perspective on hydrates as a resource activity by each country. The following summarizes the current status of gas hydrates as a natural resource: (1) there is substantial methane in hydrates, (2) the most accessible hydrates are in sandy sediments, with lithological controls, (3) laboratory characterization tools are available, (4) field detection tools are acceptable, (5) many of the national programs are in the phase of resource identification and characterization, with two exceptions, and (6) the first long-term production tests of methane hydrates will likely start in 2012 in the North Slope permafrost, and offshore Japan.
Epstein-Barr virus infection and immunologic dysfunction in patients with aqueous tear deficiency.

The authors tested their hypothesis that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a risk factor for aqueous tear deficiency (ATD) by evaluating 38 ATD patients and 17 controls for serologic evidence of EBV infection. Aqueous tear deficiency was graded clinically as mild or severe. A linear trend toward elevated EBV capsid (P less than 0.05) and early antigen (P less than 0.001) titers was noted from control to severe ATD patients. Rubella and cytomegalovirus antibody titers were poorly correlated with EBV titers, suggesting that the elevated EBV antibodies in ATD patients were not due to nonspecific polyclonal B-cell activation. Epstein-Barr virus antigens were detected in two of six lacrimal gland biopsies from severe ATD patients with Sjogren's syndrome, but in none of the control glands. Aqueous tear deficiency patients were evaluated for immunologic dysfunction associated with EBV infection. Linear trends of elevated serum IgG (P less than 0.05), autoantibody and immune complex positivity (P less than 0.05), and reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity (P less than 0.05) were found from controls to severe ATD patients. Furthermore, reduced T-helper lymphocyte counts (P less than 0.06) and an increased percentage of HLA-DR+ CD8 lymphocytes (P less than 0.05) were observed in severe ATD patients compared with the mild and control groups. A multivariate analysis of the data showed a significant correlation between severe ATD and elevated EBV early antigen titers, Sjogren's syndrome, and an increased percentage of HLA-DR+ CD8 lymphocytes. The authors' findings suggest that EBV infection may be a risk factor for development of ATD in a subset of ATD patients with greater disease severity, Sjogren's syndrome, and immunologic dysfunction.
The prevalence rates of pathological gambling: A look at methods

Planning the gambling environment requires protection of the public's health, safety and welfare. Whereas most public gaming provisions and statutes address the public's fears of organized crime as well as some welfare needs, rarely do they safeguard the public's health regarding the spread of the mental disease known as pathological gambling. Measurement of the prevalence and incidence of this disease would enable policy planners to evaluate both the state's responsibility for an epidemic and the adequacy of publicly funded treatment programs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the methods which underlie three different estimates of the prevalence rate of pathological gambling and to critique them in the light of sound epidemiological procedure. In 1975, the Institute for Social Research (ISR) of the University of Michigan conducted a national survey and a survey of the state of Nevada on behalf of the U.S. Commission on a National Policy Toward Gambling. Using discriminant function analysis coupled with subjective inspection of cases in the “at-risk” pool, the researchers estimated rates of “probable” and “potential” pathological gamblers. In 1984 and 1985, this author surveyed residents in the Delaware Valley and the state of Ohio using the cumulative clinical signs method which also posited rates of “probable” and “potential” pathological gamblers. In 1986, researchers at the Office of Mental Health for the State of New York employed a formal screening device to survey residents and proposed a rate of “probable” pathological gamblers and a rate of “problem” — although not pathological — gamblers. All three approaches produced different estimates. The utility of prevalence and incidence rate research in this field is threatened by a lack of consensus about the proper epidemiological procedure to be employed in arriving at these estimates. There is also confusion about the distinction between a “probable” and a “potential” pathological gambler. The planning purpose, method, validity and reliability of prevalence rate research about pathological gambling are addressed in this paper.
Geographic Size Variation in Tamiasciurus douglasii: Significance in Relation to Conifer Cone Morphology

Multivariate analysis of cranial characters of the tree squirrel, Tamiasciurus douglasii , was employed in an evaluation) of geographic variation. Principal components analysis yielded a strong size component. Regression and correlation analyses identified conifer cone size, toughness, and caloric content as good predictors of variation in size of squirrels. A hypothesis that squirrel morphology is influenced by pressures associated with maintaining efficiency in conifer cone caching and winter cone utilization is examined. It suggests that with geographic changes in cone morphology squirrel size has undergone selection. The smallest squirrels were found in spruce, hemlock, and redwood forests, where trees have small cones with little energy per cone. Larger squirrels were from forests with predominantely large, energy rich pine cones. It appears that populations of T. douglasii have developed feeding tactics based on morphology which minimize loss of net energy available from their primary winter food source by increasing their efficiency in handling time. Large squirrels utilize large cones that give a high net energy/handling time ratio in areas where food must be consumed quickly. Small squirrels utilize small, probably lower ratio cones in less demanding environments.
The influence of mass transfer on solute transport in column experiments with an aggregated soil

Abstract The spreading of concentration fronts in dynamic column experiments conducted with a porous, aggregated soil is analyzed by means of a previously documented transport model (DFPSDM) that accounts for longitudinal dispersion, external mass transfer in the boundary layer surrounding the aggregate particles, and diffusion in the intra-aggregate pores. The data are drawn from a previous report on the transport of tritiated water, chloride, and calcium ion in a column filled with Ione soil having an average aggregate particle diameter of 0.34 cm, at pore water velocities from 3 to 143 cm/h. The parameters for dispersion, external mass transfer, and internal diffusion were predicted for the experimental conditions by means of generalized correlations, independent of the column data. The predicted degree of solute front-spreading agreed well with the experimental observations. Consistent with the aggregate porosity of 45%, the tortuosity factor for internal pore diffusion was approximately equal to 2. Quantitative criteria for the spreading influence of the three mechanisms are evaluated with respect to the column data. Hydrodynamic dispersion is thought to have governed the front shape in the experiments at low velocity, and internal pore diffusion is believed to have dominated at high velocity; the external mass transfer resistance played a minor role under all conditions. A transport model such as DFPSDM is useful for interpreting column data with regard to the mechanisms controlling concentration front dynamics, but care must be exercised to avoid confounding the effects of the relevant processes.
KCI in Dry Cured Hams: Effect on Trichinae Devitalization and Chemical and Physical Properties

Thirty trichina-infected hams were dry-cured under laboratory conditions for 62 and 69 days using three curing formulations which included the partial (0%, 25% and SO%) substitution of NaCl by KCI. Each treatment rendered the product free of viable trichinae. Sixty commercial hams were processed at a dry-cured ham plant. A high incidence of spoilage (62%) was observed among hams commercially processed. The degree of spoilage appears to be associated with the final sodium plus potassium content of the product. This study suggests that potassium cnhanccs the absorption of curing ingredients thus providing better protection against spoilage microflora. Under minimal processing conditions. both NaCl and KCI have essentially the same ability to devitalize trichinae in drp-cured hams.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-dependent activation of an arrested RNA polymerase II elongation complex.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein is a transcriptional activator that is essential for efficient viral gene expression and replication. Tat increases the level of full-length transcripts from the HIV-1 promoter by dramatically enhancing the elongation efficiency of the RNA polymerase II complexes assembled on this promoter. Tat could potentially activate the transcription machinery during initiation, elongation, or both. We used an immobilized HIV-1 promoter template with a reversible lac repressor (LacR) elongation block inserted downstream to dissect the stages in transcription affected by Tat. Transcription complexes assembled in the absence of Tat and blocked by LacR cannot be activated by incubation with Tat alone. These complexes can, however, be activated if Tat is added in combination with cellular factors. In this system, Tat also promoted the assembly of preinitiation complexes capable of elongating efficiently, suggesting that Tat can associate with transcription complex at an early stage. These data indicate that Tat can activate elongation of RNA polymerase by modifying an already elongating transcription complex. The data also suggest the possibility that Tat can interact with initiation complexes.
Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment

Most tumor cells express antigens that can mediate recognition by host CD8(+) T cells. Cancers that are detected clinically must have evaded antitumor immune responses to grow progressively. Recent work has suggested two broad categories of tumor escape based on cellular and molecular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. One major subset shows a T cell-inflamed phenotype consisting of infiltrating T cells, a broad chemokine profile and a type I interferon signature indicative of innate immune activation. These tumors appear to resist immune attack through the dominant inhibitory effects of immune system-suppressive pathways. The other major phenotype lacks this T cell-inflamed phenotype and appears to resist immune attack through immune system exclusion or ignorance. These two major phenotypes of tumor microenvironment may require distinct immunotherapeutic interventions for maximal therapeutic effect.
ALGEBRAIC DE RHAM COHOMOLOGY

We announce the development of a theory of algebraic De Rham cohomology and homology for arbitrary schemes over a field of characteristic zero. Over the complex numbers, this theory is equivalent to singular cohomology. Applications include generalizations of theorems of Lefschetz and Barth on the cohomology of projective varieties.
Benzylfluorocarbene: Reactions and kinetics

Abstract Benzylfluorocarbene, generated from the corresponding diazirine, is accompanied by considerable azine formation. Its rearrangement to β-fluorostyrene isomers in tetrachloroethane is characterized by E a = 3.2 kcal/mol and log A = 9.5 s −1
Classification of parenchymal abnormality in scleroderma lung using a novel approach to denoise images collected via a multicenter study.

Rationale and Objectives Computerized classification techniques have been developed to offer accurate and robust pattern recognition in interstitial lung disease using texture features. However, these techniques still present challenges when analyzing computed tomographic (CT) image data from multiprotocols because of disparate acquisition protocols or from standardized, multicenter clinical trials because of noise variability. Our objective is to investigate the utility of denoising thin section CT image data to improve the classification of scleroderma disease patterns. The patterns are lung fibrosis (LF), groundglass (GG), honeycomb (HC), or normal lung (NL) within small regions of interest (ROIs). Methods High-resolution CT images were scanned in a multicenter clinical trial for the Scleroderma Lung Study. A thoracic radiologist contoured a training set (38 patients) consisting of 148 ROIs with 46 LF, 85 GG, 4 HC, and 13 NL patterns and contoured a test set (33 new patients) consisting of 132 ROIs with 44 LF, 72 GG, 4 HC, and 12 NL patterns. The corresponding CT slices of a contoured ROI were denoised using Aujol's mathematic partial differential equation algorithm. The algorithm's noise parameter was estimated as the standard deviation of grey-level signal (in Hounsfield units) in a homogeneous, non-lung region: the aorta. Within each contoured ROI, every pixel within a 4 × 4 neighborhood was sampled (4 × 4 grid sampling). All sampled pixels from a contoured ROI were assumed to be the same disease pattern as labeled by the radiologist. 5,690 pixels (3,009 LF, 1,994 GG, 348 HC, and 339 NL) and 5,045 pixels (2,665 LF, 1,753 GG, 291 HC, and 336 NL) were sampled in training and test sets, respectively. Next, 58 texture features from the original and denoised image were calculated for each pixel. Using a multinomial logistic model, subsets of features (one from original and another from denoised images) were selected to classify disease patterns. Finally, pixels were classified into disease patterns using a support vector machine procedure. Results From the training set, multinomial logistic model selected 45 features from the original images and 38 features from denoised images to classify disease patterns. Using the test set, the overall pixel classification rate by SVM increased from 87.8% to 89.5% with denoising. The specific classification rates (original/denoised) were 96.3/96.4% for LF, 88.8/89.4% for GG, 21.3/28.9% for HC, and 73.5/88.4% for NL. Denoising significantly improved the NL and overall classification rates ( P = .037 and P = .047 respectively) at ROI level. Conclusions Analyzing multicenter data using a denoising approach led to more parsimonious classification models with increasing accuracy. This approach offers a novel alternate classification strategy for heterogeneous technical and disease components. Furthermore, the model offers the potential to discriminate the multiple patterns of scleroderma disease correctly.
Forecasting province-level {\text {CO}}_{2} emissions in China

Due to criticisms of potential identification issues within spatial panel data models, this study contributes to the literature by comparing forecasts of province-level carbon dioxide emissions against empirical reality using dynamic, spatial panel data models with and without fixed effects. From a policy standpoint, understanding how to predict emissions is important for designing climate change mitigation policies. From a statistical standpoint, it is important to test spatial econometrics models to see if they are a valid strategy to describe the underlying data. We find that the best model is the spatio-temporal panel data model which controls for fixed effects. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering not only spatial and temporal dependence but also the individual or heterogeneous characteristics within each province.
The Re-assertion of the British Empire in Southeast Asia

Bayly and Harper's Forgotten Wars examines the interrelated events, individuals, and ideologies involved in Britain's re-conquest of Southeast Asia after World War II, as well as its authoritarian attempts to shape the postwar landscape there and to re-assert its political and moral authority in a rapidly shifting global context. British imperial violence and authoritarianism were more pronounced in Southeast Asia during the postwar era than commonly acknowledged. Hence, issues of morality, objectivity, and methodology acquire a new relevance concerning the literature about the end of the British Empire.
Isolation and characterization of a transferrin binding protein from rat plasma

Abstract A transferrin binding protein was isolated from normal rat placenta and from iron-deficient rat plasma using a human transferrin affinity column. The yield of the isolated pure protein from iron-deficient rat plasma was about 0.5 μg/ml plasma. The major protein had a molecular mass of 85 kDa and contained carbohydrate. Reduction with mercaptoethanol did not change the molecular mass of the plasma transferrin binding protein whereas the native placental transferrin receptor of 180 kDa was reduced to 90 kDa. The transferrin binding protein reacted with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against rat transferrin receptor. Immunoblotting of both normal and iron deficient rat plasma showed that the transferrin binding protein had a molecular mass of 85 kDa. In vitro digestion of purified rat placental transferrin receptor and red blood cells with trypsin provided an identical peptide profile, suggesting that the transferrin binding protein in rat plasma is derived from proteolysis of the extracellular portion of the transferrin receptor of erythroid tissues.
Nucleotides Within the Anticodon Stem Are Important for Optimal Use of tRNALys,3 As the Primer for HIV-1 Reverse Transcription

HIV-1 utilizes tRNA(Lys,3) as the primer for initiation of reverse transcription. To further examine the tRNA sequence and structural requirements for primer selection, we developed a complementation system which required tRNA(Lys) to be provided in trans. We constructed an HIV-1 provirus in which the primer-binding site (PBS) was altered to be complementary to the 3' terminal 18-nucleotides of E. coli tRNA(Lys,3), which shares many bases with mammalian tRNA(Lys,3), and demonstrated that infectious virus was obtained only if the provirus was co-transfected with the plasmid encoding E. coli tRNA(Lys,3). In the current study we have mutated E. coli tRNA(Lys,3) so that nucleotides within the stem of the anticodon stem-loop were made identical to mammalian tRNA(Lys,3). Analysis of the complementation revealed that the modified E. coli tRNA(Lys,3) (E. coli tRNA(Lys,3)-MA) complemented 3-5 times more efficiently than E. coli tRNA(Lys,3). Mutation of nucleotides within the anticodon stem region of E. coli tRNA(Lys,3)-MA that differed from E. coli tRNA(Lys,3) revealed the importance of the nucleotide sequence for efficient use in reverse transcription. The results of our studies highlight that multiple regions of mammalian tRNA(Lys,3) are important for the preference of tRNA(Lys,3) as the primer for HIV-1 reverse transcription.
The peripheral analgesic effect of tramadol in reducing propofol injection pain: A comparison with lidocaine

Background and Objectives. Tramadol and metoclopramide have a local anesthetic effect similar to lidocaine following intradermal injection. When metoclopramide was retained in the venous system for 1 minute, it was found to be as effective as lidocaine in reducing propofol injection pain. Using this metoclopramide model, the effects of tramadol in reducing pain on propofol injection was investigated. Methods. One hundred five patients were randomly allocated to receive 50 mg tramadol (group T), 60 mg lidocaine (group L), or normal saline (group NS) as pretreatment to reduce pain on propofol injection. Following venous occlusion with a tourniquet (70 mm Hg), one of the drugs was intravenously administered. Venous retention of the drug was maintained for 1 minute. Immediately after the tourniquet release, intravenous injection of 100 mg propofol (10 mL) at a rate of 0.5 mL/s followed. Pain assessment was made after each injection. Results. Transient minor injection pain and local skin reactions were significantly greater with tramadol than with lidocaine (P Conclusions. Using 1-minute retention in veins, both tramadol and lidocaine significantly reduced propofol injection pain. A local anesthetic activity is postulated.
Automated synthesis of reactive controllers for software-defined networks

With the tremendous growth of the Internet and the emerging software-defined networks, there is an increasing need for rigorous and scalable network management methods and tool support. This paper proposes a synthesis approach for managing software-defined networks. We formulate the construction of network control logic as a reactive synthesis problem which is solvable with existing synthesis tools. The key idea is to synthesize a strategy that manages control logic in response to network changes while satisfying some network-wide specification. Finally, we investigate network abstractions for scalability. For large networks, instead of synthesizing control logic directly, we use its abstraction-a smaller network that simulates its behavior-for synthesis, and then implement the synthesized control on the original network while preserving the correctness. By using the so-called simulation relations, we also prove the soundness of this abstraction-based synthesis approach.
Schemata: Its Role in the Early Reading Process of Children.

Abstract Using samples of computer‐generated alpha‐numeric characters (A, N) with controlled degrees of pattern similarity, the pattern classification of two groups of kindergarten children, classified as good or poor pre‐readers, was studied in a schematic concept formation (SCF) task. Response latency reflected large differences between groups and individuals, suggesting that both pattern classification and feature processing are involved in the early reading skills of children.
Professional Role Complexity and Job Satisfaction of Collegiate Certified Athletic Trainers

Abstract Context: Whenever professionals have multiple role obligations in the workplace, they face potential professional role complexities. Objective: To examine whether certified athletic traine...
The change in osmotically inactive fraction produced by cell activation.

1. Resting and activated eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata were swollen in hypotonic sea water (60, 70, 80, and 90 per cent), and allowed to attain equilibrium volumes (Figs. 1 and 2). 2. Both fertilized and unfertilized eggs obey the Boyle-van't-Hoff law, but the value for b, the "osmotically inactive fraction" or non-swellable volume, was different for the two, averaging in the cases studied 7.3 per cent for unfertilized and 27.4 per cent for fertilized. 3. On activation, the eggs of the sea urchin undergo a definite increase in total cell volume, of approximately 2.7 per cent. 4. Some evidence is adduced for the possibility that the alteration in cell volume and in o.i.f. may depend upon the species in question. 5. A parallelism between change in b and alteration of respiratory metabolism in Arbacia, Chaetopterus, and Arbacia fragments is pointed out. This requires further investigation in other species to establish generality. 6. Equations for the calculation of the point at which osmotic pressures and cell volumes are identical for unfertilized and fertilized eggs are included. 7. A mechanical analogue of the phenomena is introduced (Fig. 3).
Petroleum Expulsion Part 1. Theory of Kerogen Swelling in Multicomponent Solvents

An extended Flory−Rehner and Regular Solution Theory model framework has been developed for interpreting the swelling behavior of kerogen toward solvents. Thermodynamic parameters controlling the swelling response of kerogen are the solubility parameter, the cross-link density, and the volume fraction of the kerogen network veq that minimizes its elastic strain energy, termed “native swelling”. These parameters are obtained by optimizing the match between theoretical predictions and experimental swelling data of kerogen for neat solvents. A good match between theory and experiment is obtained for Draupne Type II kerogen. These results imply that this kerogen behaves like a cross-linked elastomer network and that the interaction with the solvents used involves nonspecific interactions. This model framework enables prediction of the kerogen's response to solvent mixtures. This is an important step toward modeling hydrocarbon expulsion from kerogen during petroleum generation. If the composition of the mixtu...
Solvent effects in ligand substitutions of square planar complexes

Data on solvent effects in ligand substitution in square planar complexes are reviewed. In view of the fact that solvent effects for reactions of the planar complexes are quite different from those observed for saturated carbon substrates, it is felt that previous explanations for protic-dipolar aprotic solvent effects may have to be reconsidered.
Distribution of lanthanide and actinide elements between bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and buffered lactate solutions containing selected complexants

With the renewed interest in the closure of the nuclear fuel cycle, the TALSPEAK process is being considered for the separation of Am and Cm from the lanthanide fission products in a next generation reprocessing plant. However, an efficient separation requires tight control of the pH which likely will be difficult to achieve on a large scale. To address this issue, we measured the distribution of lanthanide and actinide elements between aqueous and organic phases in the presence of complexants which were potentially less sensitive to pH control than the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic (DTPA) used in the process. To perform the extractions, a rapid and accurate method was developed for measuring distribution coefficients based on the preparation of lanthanide tracers in the Savannah River National Laboratory neutron activation analysis facility. The complexants tested included aceto-, benzo-, and salicylhydroxamic acids, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN). The hydroxamic acids were the least effective of the complexants tested. The separation factors for TPEN and NH4SCN were higher, especially for the heaviest lanthanides in the series; however, no conditions were identified which resulted in separations factors which consistently approached those measured for the use of DTPA.
Local distribution of the lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, in response to host ants and plants.

The caterpillars of Jalmenus evagoras are tended by ants as they feed upon Acacia trees. In the area of Brisbane, Australia, J. evagoras require ants of the Iridomyrmex anceps species group; predation and parasitism are so intense that larvae and pupae deprived of attendant ants cannot survive (Pierce 1983). We investigated the efficiency with which J. evagoras locate and exploit the “host ant” resource by sampling 737 quadrats in 30 sampling grids and six study sites containing appropriate host plants; ants were collected at baits located in the center of each quadrat. J. evagoras was found in all habitats where I. anceps cooccurred with host Acacia. Nine of the ten sampling grids which had three or more I. anceps/Acacia “host” quadrats also had colonies of J. evagoras present (or immediately adjacent), including sites as far as 35 km apart. Of 19 sampling grids on which “host” quadrats were rare (i.e., less than three quadrats), none had J. evagoras (P<0.001). Within sample grids, I. anceps was distributed indepedently from Acacia trees, suggesting that they are not dependent for their survival on either Acacia or on J. evagoras. Within montane pasture habitats, I. anceps and at least one other ground-dwelling Iridomyrmex species were distributed in mutually exclusive “ant mosaic” territories which were stable during a one month period. I. anceps did not colonize or tend pupae of J. evagoras experimentally placed in adjacent territories of a different, nontending species of Iridomyrmex, demonstrating the integrity of territory boundaries. Sampling of ants in Acacia trees revealed that, in the absence of J. evagoras, Iridomyrmex workers are not common above ground level, and that their numbers decline in larger trees (P=0.02). In I. anceps territories, eight of nine J. evagoras pupae placed in trees over 3.0 m tall were not found after 24 h whereas all ten controls placed in low trees were found and tended (P=0.00012). This may explain why J. evagoras tends to oviposit in trees less than 2.0 m tall. An alternative hypothesis, that smaller trees have higher content of total nitrogen, and are threfore more nutritious, was not supported. We conclude that the local distribution and host tree selection by J. evagoras is dependent upon the distribution, patchiness, and foraging behavior of the host ant, I. anceps, and its spatial overlap with a number of species of host Acacia.
RESISTIVE STATES IN HIGH-FIELD TYPE-II SUPERCONDUCTORS.

Restricting ourselves to high-field region, we calculate the longitudinal electrical current and the transverse heat current in the resistive states of the high-field type-II superconductors (i.e., type-II superconductors with a large Pauli paramagnetism). It is suggested that the measurements of the longitudinal resistivity together with magnetization data allows one to decompose the magnetization into components due to diamagnetic and paramagnetic currents.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Bacterial Growth Parameters in Milk as Measured by Conductivity

Inhibition of bacterial growth by dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) has been well established in many foods including dairy foods. However, the effects of dissolved CO2 on specific growth parameters such as length of lag phase, time to maximum growth rate, and numbers of organisms at the stationary phase have not been quantified for organisms of concern in milk. The effect of dissolved CO2 concentrations of 0.6 to 61.4 mM on specific bacterial growth parameters in raw or single organism inoculated sterile milk was determined at 15 degrees C by conductance. Commingled raw or sterile milks were amended to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml each of urea and arginine HCl. Sterile milks were inoculated singly with one of six different microorganisms to a final concentration of approximately 10(2) to 10(3) cfu/ml; raw milk was adjusted to a final indigenous bacterial population of approximately 10(3) cfu/ml. Conductivity of the milk was recorded every 60 s over 4 to 5 d in a circulating apparatus at 15 degrees C. Conductivity values were fit to Gompertz equations and growth parameters calculated. Conductance correlated with plate counts and was satisfactory for monitoring microbial growth. Data fit the Gompertz equation with high correlation (R2 = 0.96 to 1.00). In all cases, dissolved CO2 significantly inhibited growth of raw milk bacteria, influencing lag, exponential, and stationary growth phases as well as all tested monocultures.
Fracture Mechanics and Surface Chemistry Studies of Subcritical Crack Growth in AISI 4340 Steel.

Coordinated fracture mechanics and surface chemistry experiments were carried out to develop further understanding of environment enhanced subcritical crack growth in high strength steels. The kinetics of crack growth were determined for an AISI 4340 steel (tempered at 204°C) in hydrogen and in water, and the kinetics for the reactions of water with the same steel were also determined. A regime of rate limited (Stage II) crack growth was observed in each of the environments. Stage II crack growth was found to be thermally activated, with an apparent activation energy of 14.7 ±2.9 kJ/mole for crack growth in hydrogen, and 33.5 ± 5.0 kJ/mole in water. Fractographic evidence indicated that the fracture path through the microstructure was the same for these environments, and suggested hydrogen to be the embrittling species for environment enhanced crack growth in hydrogen and in water/water vapor. A slow step in the surface reaction of water vapor with steel was identified, and exhibited an activation energy of 36 ± 14 kJ/ mole. This reaction step was identified to be that for the nucleation and growth of oxide. The hydrogen responsible for embrittlement was presumed to be produced during this reaction. On the basis of a comparison of the activation energies, in conjunction with other supporting data, this slow step in the water/metal surface reaction was unambiguously identified as the rate controlling process for crack growth in water/water vapor. The inhibiting effect of oxygen and the influence of water vapor pressure on environment enhanced subcritical crack growth were considered. The influence of segregation of alloying and residual impurity elements on crack growth was also considered.
Computerised campimetry with static dark-on-bright stimuli

Perimetric examination of the central visual field with low contrast static dark-on-bright stimuli on a video display unit (VDU) is described. Threshold detection sensitivities to such dark stimuli are determined in normal as well as pathological central visual fields of glaucomatous, diabetic and neuro-ophthalmic patients. The static dark (light decrement type) stimuli on VDU seem capable of documenting the central visual field defects with high accuracy and revealing the field loss missed by conventional luminous (light increment type) stimuli of equal size and duration. In this report, the author presents examples from his new perimetric approach.
Photoreceptor Cell Differentiation Requires Regulated Proteolysis of the Transcriptional Repressor Tramtrack

The transcription repressor Tramtrack (TTK) is found in cone cells but not photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila eye. We show that down-regulation of TTK expression occurs in photoreceptor cells and is required for their fate determination. Down-regulation requires the presence of Phyllopod (PHYL), which is induced by the RAS pathway, and Seven In Absentia (SINA). Loss of either gene causes accumulation of TTK in photoreceptor cells, and TTK does not accumulate in cone cells if both PHYL and SINA are present. We report that SINA and PHYL promote ubiquitination and rapid degradation of TTK by the proteasome pathway in cell culture, and both SINA and PHYL bind to the N-terminal domain of TTK. These results argue that photoreceptor differentiation is regulated by the RAS pathway through targeted proteolysis of the TTK repressor.
Mixed Leukocyte Culture Response in HL‐A “Identical Individuals”

Eight sets of unrelated HL-A identical individuals and five pairs of parent-child HL-A identical persons were tested for response in oneway MLC. Among 52 unrelated HL-A identical combinations, approximately 65 per cent of the one-way combinations and 90 per cent of the reciprocal combinations resulted in significant stimulation. Simultaneous serotyping with 200 highly selected and unclassified antisera revealed that these individuals were not actually HL-A identical. Two types of discrepant reactions were observed: (i) attributable to new antigens possibly of a third HL-A segregant series and (ii) attributable to the ‘variants’ of certain well-defined HL-A groups, e.g., HL-A2. Though the conclusion is that compatible unrelated donors will be more difficult to find than previously estimated, progress toward this goal is indicated by the present findings that a third of the unrelated combinations selected by phenotyping for 27 antigens were nonstimulatory by mixed leukocyte culture.
Comparison of Upper Cervical Flexion and Cervical Flexion Angle of Computer Workers with Upper Trapezius and Levator Scapular Pain

[Purpose] In this study, we compared upper cervical flexion and cervical flexion angle of computer workers with upper trapezius and levator scapular pain. [Subject] Eight male computer workers with upper trapezius muscle pain and eight others with levator scapular muscle pain participated. [Methods] Each subject was assessed in terms of upper cervical flexion angle and total cervical flexion angles using a cervical range of motion instrument after one hour of computer work. [Results] The upper cervical flexion angle of the group with levator scapular pain was significantly lower than that of the group with upper trapezius pain after computer work. The total cervical flexion angle of the group with upper trapezius pain was significantly lower than that of the group with levator scapular pain after computer work. [Conclusion] For selective and effective intervention for neck pain, therapists should evaluate upper and lower cervical motion individually.
Trashing Identity Politics: Does It Really Get Us Back to Class?

Verity Burgmann creates an unnecessary and ahistorical distinction between the politics of class and that of the various identities through which the contemporary working class defines itself. Indeed, her vision of a self-conscious proletariat seems too male and too musty. Racial and gender identities have achieved a privileged status, compared to that of class, but this has less to do with the outlook of the left-wing academy than with the late twentieth-century transformation of law, politics, and social policy, both in the US and other multicultural nations.
Exposure reduction in cephalometric radiology: A comprehensive approach

Abstract Various methods have been proposed and investigated for the purpose of reducing_ radiation exposures in cephalometric radiography. The purpose of this investigation was to use various dose-reducing methods from four major categories—(1) rare-earth intensifying screens, (2) rare-earth filtration; (3).prepatient soft-tissue enhancement methods, and (4) films varying in speed, and latitude—to determine optimal combinations on the basis of exposure reduction and image quality achieved. In laboratory tests and clinical trials, radiation doses were compared along with various tests of image quality for the standard system currently used at this institution and for experimental systems. Image quality was assessed by standard panel-of-expert methods and more quantitative methods involving optical densitometry, contrast indices, and landmark envelopes of error. Results demonstrated that significant exposure reductions were achievable, often with improved image quality. The degree of exposure reduction was dependent largely upon the type of intensifying screen and to a lesser extent on beam filtration or film types. The greatest reduction in exposures were achieved with techniques using rare-earth beam filtration. Image quality was highest with a new wide-latitude type film. Because such significant reduction in radiation exposure for cephalometrics is possible with new techniques, we conclude that a change from the previous standard should occur. In establishing a new technique, orthodontists should consider adopting rare-earth screens and beam filters, flat-grained films, prepatient soft-tissue enhancement methods, and the elimination of grids.
A rare complication of cervical spinal epidural abscess while receiving conservative treatment

Abstract Cervical spinal epidural abscess (CSEA) is a rare disease that requires prompt diagnosis and early surgical intervention with appropriate antibiotic therapy to ensure better neurologic outcome. However, some patients may forego surgery in some scenarios if they have prolonged neurologic deficits that are unlikely to improve with surgery. We present the first case of CSEA in which hydrocephalus developed while the patient was receiving medical treatment. A 55-year-old female with diabetes mellitus presented to our emergency department with progressive weakness and eventual paralysis. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed CSEA with spinal cord compression. After 1 week of antibiotic treatment, hydrocephalus developed. The patient regained consciousness after emergent external ventricular drain. For sepsis source control, she received corpectomy with abscess drainage; however, there was no obvious neurological improvement. Emergency department crowding has become a widespread problem. Due to prolonged emergency department stay of patients, emergency physicians tend to face late response or complication of treatments, and witness the progression of diseases. This case demonstrates that hydrocephalus may occur in patients with CSEA receiving nonoperative treatment, and caregivers must be alert for any change in patient's consciousness.