cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silicon Ingot Growth By An Oscillating Crucible Technique

The efficiency of devices made from cast silicon is limited by structural factors such as dislocations and grain boundaries. Improving the crystallinity of this cast material continues to be an area of great importance to the photovoltaic community. To improve the solar cell performance, single crystal silicon with lower dislocation densities and silicon carbide inclusions are necessary. This paper describes an ingot growth technique which is designed to yield a high quality ingot. In this method, the crucible containing the melt is rotationally accelerated and decelerated periodically. This oscillation is intended to homogenize the solution by effectively stirring the melt. Several ingots were directionally solidified using this Oscillating Crucible Technique (OCT) with the result that single crystallinity was achieved to the top of the ingot and approximately 70% of the ingot was single crystal. Using an IR spectrophotometer, the interstitial oxygen and substitutional carbon content was measured and found to be uniform over the entire ingot. Details of the crystal growth conditions and resultant structure with chemical analysis is presented.
An analytical diffusion model for long distance transport of air pollutants

Abstract A steady-state two-dimensional diffusion model suitable for predicting ambient air pollutant concentrations averaged over a long time period (e.g., month, season or year) and resulting from the transport of pollutants for distances greater than about 100 km from the source is described. Analytical solutions are derived for the primary pollutant emitted from a point source and for secondary pollutant formed from it. Depletion effects, whether due to wet or dry deposition or chemical conversion to another species, are accounted for in these models as first order processes. Thus, solutions for multiple point sources may be superimposed. In this model the time-averaging of the random trajectories of pollutant-contaminated air parcels is represented by horizontal diffusion in a steady, two-dimensional flow field of the time-averaged wind. The resulting concentration isopleths for a point source show significant dispersion both upwind and cross wind of the source with respect to the mean wind field. The analytical theory for the dispersion of a primary pollutant is compared with the numerical predictions of a plume trajectory model for the case of steady emission from a point source. Good overall agreement between the two models is achieved whether or not depletion by wet and dry deposition is included. The theory for the dispersion of a secondary pollutant is compared with measurements of the annual average sulfate concentration in the U.S. Calculations are carried out using SO2 emissions from electric power plants in the United States as a source inventory. Using optimum values of the dispersion parameters, the correlation coefficient of observed and calculated ambient concentrations is 0.87 for the eastern United States and 0.69 for the western region. The optimum dispersion parameters used are comparable to values quoted in the literature. The horizontal length scale characterizing the sulphate concentration distribution from a single source is about 500 km, being noticeably larger than that characterizing the primary (sulfur dioxide) distribution. Using optimum dispersion parameters, a point source of 33 kg s−1 of sulfur dioxide would give rise to a maximum annual average sulfate concentration of 1 μ m−3. A calculation of annual average SO2 concentrations in the United States is carried out using previously derived optimal values of the parameters from the sulfate calculation. The resulting isopleths are similar to measured values in the eastern U.S.
Synchronous slow space-charge wave accelerator (SSWA)

Abstract A novel ion acceleration scheme that employs a slow space charge wave on an electron beam, which promises a high efficiency, is described and discussed.
β-Catenin Overexpression in the Mouse Brain Phenocopies Lithium-Sensitive Behaviors

Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) at therapeutic concentrations; however, it is unclear if this inhibition and its downstream effects on specific signaling pathways are relevant to the treatment of bipolar disorder and depression. One of the targets of GSK-3 is the transcription factor β-catenin. Normally active GSK-3 phosphorylates β-catenin, leading to its degradation. Inhibition of GSK-3 therefore increases β-catenin. We have utilized transgenic mice to investigate the behavioral consequences of CNS β-catenin overexpression. Transgenic mice overexpressing β-catenin demonstrated behavioral changes similar to those observed following the administration of lithium, including decreased immobility time in the forced swim test (FST). Further, we show that although acute administration of lithium and overexpression of the β-catenin transgene inhibits d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, neither lithium nor the β-catenin transgene prevents d-amphetamine-induced sensitization, as measured by locomotor activity. Both lithium-treated and β-catenin mice had an elevated response to d-amphetamine following multiple administrations of the stimulant, though the difference in absolute locomotion was maintained throughout the sensitization time-course. Neither acute lithium nor β-catenin overexpression had an effect on d-amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. The results of this study, in which β-catenin transgenic mice exhibited behaviors identical to those observed in lithium-treated mice, are consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of lithium in these models are mediated through its direct inhibition of GSK-3 and the consequent increase in β-catenin. By associating the behavioral effects of lithium with β-catenin levels, these data suggest that increasing β-catenin might be a novel therapeutic strategy for mood disorders.
Theory and Evidence of Imprinting in Human Infants

(1958). Theory and Evidence of Imprinting in Human Infants. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 155-166.
New approach for nonseparable dynamic programming problems

A general class of nonseparable dynamic problems is studied in a dynamic programming framework by introducingkth-order separability. The solution approach uses multiobjective dynamic programming as a separation strategy forkth-order separable dynamic problems. The theoretical grounding on which the optimal solution of the original nonseparable dynamic problem can be attained by a noninferior solution of the corresponding multiobjective dynamic programming problem is established. The relationship between the overall optimal Lagrangian multipliers and the stage-optimal Lagrangian multipliers and the relationship between the overall weighting vector and the stage weighting vector are explored, providing the basis for identifying the optimal solution of the original nonseparable problem from among the set of noninferior solutions generated by the envelope approach.
Particle-hole symmetry and the Pfaffian state.

We show that the particle-hole conjugate of the Pfaffian state---or ``anti-Pfaffian'' state---is in a different universality class from the Pfaffian state, with different topological order. The two states can be distinguished easily by their edge physics: their edges differ in both their thermal Hall conductance and their tunneling exponents. At the same time, the two states are exactly degenerate in energy for a $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ quantum Hall system in the idealized limit of zero Landau level mixing. Thus, both are good candidates for the observed ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}=\frac{5}{2}({e}^{2}/h)$ quantum Hall plateau.
Experimental Limits on Heavy Lepton Production by Neutrinos

We present upper limits on the production of heavy leptons (L+-) by neutrinos via the process ..nu../sub parallel/ + Ne..-->.. L+- + ..., L+- ..-->.. e +- + ..nu.. + ..nu..-bar. These limits imply that the L/sup -/ and L/sup +/, if they couple in full strength to ..nu../sub ..mu../ are heavier than 7.5 and 9 GeV, respectively. They also imply that the coupling strength ..nu../sub ..mu../ to the recently discovered 1.9-GeV heavy lepton tau is less than 0.025 of the normal ..nu mu.. - ..mu.. coupling.
Effect of puromycin administration on presynaptic bouton regeneration after hemisection of rat spinal cord

Abstract The effect of puromycin on synaptic renewal on spinal neurons 1 to 1.5 mm rostral to the site of a T1-T2 interface after hemisection was studied. Ninety-five Long-Evans rats were utilized (five animals per group) 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days posthemisection. The groups consisted of normal animals, those with spinal cord hemisection alone, those with Gelfoam sponge saturated with 0.9% saline placed in the lesion, or those with a Gelfoam sponge saturated with 1.0 m m puromycin dihydrochloride in 0.9% saline placed in the lesion (at surgery). The spinal cords were processed for the light microscopic impregnation of presynaptic boutons. Counts of boutons (lamina IV and IX motoneurons) were made from coded material and analyzed statistically. After spinal cord hemisection alone, there was a cyclic significant renewal of presynaptic boutons on the somata of lamina IV and IX neurons with decreases ( P P P P
Ultrasonic propagation properties of articular cartilage at 100 MHz

A pilot study on articular cartilage assessed the contributions of individual matrix components to ultrasound propagation. The influence of collagen fibril orientation and collagen cross linking was also assessed. Sections of adult bovine articular cartilage cut both parallel and perpendicular to the articular surface were examined using the scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM) operating at an ultrasonic frequency of 100 MHz. A set of samples was evaluated that had been sequentially treated by enzymes to (1) remove 85% of the chondroitin sulfate; (2) remove remaining glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and other noncollagen proteins, leaving only the collagen fibril network; and (3) disrupt the collagen intermolecular cross links. Two striking observations were made: a profound effect of the ‘‘preferred’’ collagen fibril orientation on ultrasonic speed and a marked increase in attenuation coefficient when intermolecular cross links were broken in the collagen.
Fos and Jun expression in rat supraoptic nucleus neurons after acute vs. repeated osmotic stimulation

Abstract Using a double-label immunofluorescence method, we analyzed the time course of the appearance of Fos and Jun in the nuclei of supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons following intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline. Fos and Jun immunostaining appeared within 30 min, peaked at 90–120 min, and disappeared 4–5 h later. At all time points (30, 60, 120, 180, 240 min postinjection), colocalized Fos and Jun immunostaining was observed (>90% colocalized staining in labeled neurons). At 4 h post-saline injection, some rats received a second injection of normal or hypertonic saline. A second injection of normal saline resulted in no Fos/Jun immunostaining 90 min later, while hypertonic saline induced combined Fos/Jun staining in only 17% of SON neurons. Of the remaining SON cells, 23% had staining to Fos alone and 4% of the cells stained for Jun only. In spite of the delivery of an effective second osmotic stimulus, determined by assessment of plasma osmolality and sodium content, SON neurons exhibited less colocalized Fos/Jun immunostaining, dramatically less Jun expression, and substantial, but attenuated, immunostaining for Fos. These results are discussed in the context of known negative feedback mechanisms that control the re-expression of these transcription factors.
Influence of religious and spiritual values on the willingness of Chinese–Americans to donate organs for transplantation

The rate of organ donation among minority groups in the United States, including Chinese-Americans, is very low. There is currently very little data in the biomedical literature that builds on qualitative research to quantify the attitudes of Chinese Americans toward organ donation. The present study quantitatively assesses the religious and cultural reasons that Chinese-Americans appear to be less willing to donate their organs than other populations. It also seeks to determine whether Confucian, Buddhist, or Daoist ideals are a significant factor in their overall reluctance to donate organs among respondents in this sample. A questionnaire distributed to Chinese American adults asked about general feelings toward organ donation and Buddhist, Confucian, Christian, Daoist, and other spiritual objections. The results suggest that Chinese-Americans are indeed influenced by Confucian values, and to a lesser extent, Buddhist, Daoist, and other spiritual beliefs, that associate an intact body with respect for ancestors or nature. Another significant finding is that the subjects were most willing to donate their organs after their deaths, to close relatives, and then in descending order, distant relatives, people from their home country, and strangers. This 'negotiable' willingness has enormous implications for clinicians, who may be able to increase organ donation rates among Chinese-Americans by, first, recognizing their diverse spiritual beliefs, and, second, offering a variety of possibilities for the organ procurement and allocation.
The number of maximal independent sets in a connected graph

Abstract We determine the maximum number of maximal independent sets which a connected graph on n vertices can have, and we completely characterize the extremal graphs, thereby answering a question of Wilf.
Catecholamine Involvement in Episodic Luteinizing Hormone Release in Adult Ovariectomized Rats

This study was intended to examine the role of hypothalamic norepinephrine (HNE) and dopamine (HDA) in episodic luteinizing hormone (LH) release in adult ovariectomized rats. Unrestrained, unanesthetized rats with indwelling right atrial cannulae were bled continuously (30, 50, or 100 mul of whole blood/4-6 min for 3-4 hours), and the blood samples were analyzed for LH by radio-immunoassay. In other individual rats, changes in the hypothalamic levels of norepinephrine and dopamine after drug administration were determined by a radioisotopic-enzymatic catechol-O-methyl transferase assay. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine significantly decreased HNE and HDA concentrations but failed to alter episodic LH release. Two dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors (U-14,624 and FLA-63) caused marked reductions in HNE, small but not statistically significant increases in HDA, and an inhibition of episodic LH secretion. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulator, caused a transient (50-60 min) but marked inhibition of episodic LH release. Saline injection had no effect. Pimozide, a blocker of dopamine receptors, prevented the inhibitory effects seen following apomorphine. Although not studied in detail, pimozide alone did not appear to alter episodic LH secretion. These data suggest that in adult ovariectomized rats norepinephrine may be an excitatory neurotransmitter in the modulation of episodic LH release. The activation of dopamine receptors may be capable of inhibiting this release process. However, the apparent inability of pimozide alone to alter episodic LH discharge suggests that under physiological conditions dopamine may not play a role in the modulation of episodic LH secretion.
The pyrolysis of hexafluoropropylene oxide

Abstract The Kinetics of the pyrolysis of hexafluoropropylene oxide, HFPO, were studied so that studies of SH2 reactions by fluorine atoms [1] could be extended to the fluorine atom-HFPO reaction. Experiments carried out between 141° and 257° show that HFPO yields carbonyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluorocyclopropane as products and gives the first-order rate constant k = 10 13.2 ± .2 exp- 36,000 ± 500 RT sec−1 The activation energy for attack by fluorine atoms on HFPO is 8–9 kcal mole−1. The general effect of fluorine atom substituents on the stability of three-membered rings is discussed.
A Derivation of Entropy and the Maximum Entropy Criterion in the Context of Decision Problems

In this paper the entropy functional is derived in the context of decision making under uncertainty. It is shown that the mathematical description of a decision problem can be partitioned into two parts: a probability distribution p and a convex set LN(A) that describes the remaining structure of the problem. The question of selecting a general representative form for this convex set is explored, and a set of assumptions is proposed that specifies a form for such a representative set LN. Corresponding to this set LN, the entropy of the probability p can be interpreted as an information measure with respect to decision problems. In addition, it is shown that if this set LN is substituted for the set LN(A) in a given decision problem, the use of the maximum entropy criterion for probability selection corresponds to a minimax solution to the representative form of the problem. To the extent that the set LN resembles the set LN(A) in a given decision problem, the use of the maximum entropy criterion for probability selection corresponds to a minimax criterion for decision making.
The connections between science and biosafety

Science and scientific thinking have provided the scientific framework and the evidence that supported and advanced the regulation and risk assessment of genetically engineered (GE) organisms in the environment since the 1980s. This framework for risk assessment has been generally accepted around the world. Scientific societies comprised of bodies of experts continue to provide important input to regulatory processes for the biosafety of GE organisms, enhancing the weight of the input provided as a society over that of individual scientists, although the input of thoughtful, individual scientists with credible, supported arguments should not be underestimated. Such efforts provide confidence by policy-makers and regulators that policies and decisions are based upon credible and substantial reports and research endorsed by the experts in the field. The alignment of research needs of regulators with biosafety research agendas for the products of biotechnology is an iterative process that includes opportunities to improve the communication between regulators and the research community. Government policy-makers, responsible for the stewardship of public funds, have dedicated millions of dollars for biosafety research and have worked to prioritize that research to accommodate what regulators identify as important and to enhance the use of the research accomplished. The integrity of scientists and the resulting science is of major importance when policies and regulatory decisions rely on that science (e.g. data quality) and the associated scientific conclusions. In recognition of this, government processes are being advanced to maintain and enhance that integrity.
Dissociation of Morphological and Physiological Changes Associated With Long-Term Memory in Aplysia

Neurite outgrowth is a process commonly thought to contribute to long-term learning by formation of new synaptic contacts. The behavioral effects of long-term sensitization training in Aplysia were restricted to the trained side of the animal as were changes in strength of the sensorimotor synapse. In contrast, training produced varicosity formation on both sides of the animal. Appositions with follower neurons, however, were enhanced only on the trained side. The dissociation of structural and functional correlates suggests that key regulatory steps are downstream from outgrowth, possibly in the targeting of new processes and activation of new synapses.
The impact of TennCare on hospital efficiency

This study measures the effect of TennCare, a Medicaid managed care reform initiated in 1994, on the efficiency of hospitals in Tennessee. We apply a multiple-output stochastic frontier approach to a panel dataset that represents all short-term acute care hospitals operating in Tennessee for 1990–2001 and find a modest gain in operating efficiency overall. Our results also reveal that the effect of reform on hospital efficiency varies significantly with the admitting hospital’s TennCare patient load and whether the hospital is located in an urban or rural area. During the study period, high-TennCare hospitals in urban areas saw efficiency gains in the 4 years immediately after the implementation of the program while high-TennCare hospitals in rural areas had significant efficiency losses. The effects immediately following the program’s implementation on low-TennCare urban and rural hospitals are similar to those experienced by hospitals with high-TennCare admissions but the magnitude of the effects are much smaller. Policymakers considering large scale reforms of this type should be careful to take into consideration the likely differential responses from urban and rural hospitals that are prone to differ in payer mix and capacity to improve efficiency.
A client server model to facilitate creation of a medical image teaching library

A simple and convenient system for indexing and archiving medical images used in teaching was developed. The approach was to combine a smart client-side graphical user interface that controlled image size, file format, and keyword structure, and communicated with the hospital information system via hypertext markup language, to populate the interface with user selectable pull-down menus. The result is a system that is easily extensible beyond the radiology images for which it was originally designed. Only minor modifications of the client interface are required to adapt the program to accept any file format or image type.
Development of a Level I Fieldwork Evaluation

The Wisconsin Council on Education (Wiscouncil) developed and pilot tested an evaluation of student performance for Level I fieldwork to be use for both occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant students. Data were gathered from 259 students, fieldwork supervisors, and faculty who rated the form on a number of variables. The majority of students and clinical faculty believed the form was good to excellent in meeting their needs, in being useful in a variety of settings, in being applicable for both occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant students, and in overall efficiency. On the basis of the results of the 1-year pilot study, short (23-item) and long (38-item) versions of the form were developed. Implications for use and the importance of future research to determine reliability and validity are discussed.
Elucidation of Zymomonas mobilis physiology and stress responses by quantitative proteomics and transcriptomics

Zymomonas mobilis is an excellent ethanologenic bacterium. Biomass pretreatment and saccharification provides access to simple sugars, but also produces inhibitors such as acetate and furfural. Our previous work has identified and confirmed the genetic change of a 1.5-kb deletion in the sodium acetate tolerant Z. mobilis mutant (AcR) leading to constitutively elevated expression of a sodium proton antiporter encoding gene nhaA, which contributes to the sodium acetate tolerance of AcR mutant. In this study, we further investigated the responses of AcR and wild-type ZM4 to sodium acetate stress in minimum media using both transcriptomics and a metabolic labeling approach for quantitative proteomics the first time. Proteomic measurements at two time points identified about eight hundreds proteins, or about half of the predicted proteome. Extracellular metabolite analysis indicated AcR overcame the acetate stress quicker than ZM4 with a concomitant earlier ethanol production in AcR mutant, although the final ethanol yields and cell densities were similar between two strains. Transcriptomic samples were analyzed for four time points and revealed that the response of Z. mobilis to sodium acetate stress is dynamic, complex and involved about one-fifth of the total predicted genes from all different functional categories. The modest correlations between proteomic and transcriptomic data may suggest the involvement of posttranscriptional control. In addition, the transcriptomic data of forty-four microarrays from four experiments for ZM4 and AcR under different conditions were combined to identify strain-specific, media-responsive, growth phase-dependent, and treatment-responsive gene expression profiles. Together this study indicates that minimal medium has the most dramatic effect on gene expression compared to rich medium followed by growth phase, inhibitor, and strain background. Genes involved in protein biosynthesis, glycolysis and fermentation as well as ATP synthesis
Implementation of a distributed control system for dynamic lane assignment

This paper reviews the basic signing technologies available to the traffic engineer for dynamically changing lane assignments. An example installation of dynamic lane assignment in Houston, TX is reviewed and referenced as the motivation for developing a simple traffic signal cabinet interface for dynamic lane assignment signs. Various candidate control architectures are summarized and a distributed control model is recommended due to the simple cabinet retrofit and the inherent malfunction management capabilities. The paper concludes by describing the distributed computing design comprising the sign control interface (SCI) residing in the cabinet and the sign control modules (SCM) residing in each sign.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents

The article reviews psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in youth. Using criteria from Nathan and Gorman (2002), 32 studies are evaluated along a continuum of methodological rigor. In addition, the treatments evaluated in each of the 32 studies are classified according to Chambless et al.'s (1996) and Chambless and Hollon's (1998) criteria. Findings from a series of meta-analyses of the studies that used waitlists also are reported. In accordance with Nathan and Gorman, the majority of the studies were either methodologically robust or fairly rigorous. In accordance with Chambless and colleagues, although no treatment was well-established, Individual Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy (GCBT), GCBT with Parents, GCBT for social phobia (SOP), and Social Effectiveness Training for children with SOP each met criteria for probably efficacious. The other treatments were either possibly efficacious or experimental. Meta-analytic results revealed no significant differences between individual and group treatments on diagnostic recovery rates and anxiety symptom reductions, as well as other youth symptoms (i.e., fear, depression, internalizing and externalizing problems). Parental involvement was similarly efficacious as parental noninvolvement in individual and group treatment formats. The article also provides a summary of the studies that have investigated mediators, moderators, and predictors of treatment outcome. The article concludes with a discussion of the clinical representativeness and generalizability of treatments, practice guidelines, and future research directions.
The evaluation of digital panoramic radiographs taken for implant dentistry in the daily practice

Objectives: This study was conducted 1/ to find out the effects of anatomical sites and implant types on the mag nification and 2/ to evaluate the inter-observer variability on the evaluation using the digital panoramas taken at daily practices. Study design: Panoramic radiographs from 156 patients treated with implants were evaluated by three observers. The length was measured on the lateral aspect of the implant in 1:1 mode using image measurement program and the percent magnification was calculated. The inter-observer correlation coefficient was measured to express inter-observer variability using reliability analysis-scale. Results: The average magnification factor in the panoramic radiograph was 126.8% in the vertical plane. Loca tion within the anatomic arch showed different magnification by a minimum of 119.4% to a maximum of 130.8%. The measurements among three examiners were well correlated showing correlation coefficient of 0.81. The dif ferences between one side and the contralateral side were evaluated and it was shown that the differences were observed only in maxillary anterior and maxillary premolar regions. Additionally, the external non-submerged group had the highest magnification value. Conclusions: It can be concluded that digital panoramic radiographs showed sufficient accuracy and good interexaminer agreement. The radiographic magnification of implant length may be influenced by anatomical sites and implant types.
DO PUBLIC SCHOOLS TEACH SECULAR HUMANISM? WHY WE MAY NEVER KNOW

Members of the New Right regularly charge that public schools teach secular humanism. This alleged teaching of secular humanism is held responsible for varied social ills and is perceived as a violation of constitutional prohibitions against the advocacy of one set of religious beliefs over others. Although New Right attacks may be perceived as political tactics, the author explores them as empirical claims that schools are in fact teaching secular humanism. Currently, there is no persuasive body of research supporting the New Right allegations. The author questions whether or not such research could be designed and concludes that it could but, for various reasons, is unlikely ever to be enacted.
Incontinentia pigmenti: A review and update on the molecular basis of pathophysiology

Abstract Incontinentia pigmenti is an uncommon X-linked dominant disorder, lethal in the majority of affected males in utero and variably expressed in females. Cutaneous manifestations are classically subdivided into 4 stages: vesicular, verrucous, hyperpigmented, and atrophic. Various hair and nail abnormalities, dental anomalies, and ophthalmologic and neurologic deficits are associated with the disorder. The gene for incontinentia pigmenti has been mapped to Xq28. Recently, mutations in the NEMO/IKK γ gene located at Xq28 have been found to cause expression of the disease. Knockout mice heterozygous for NEMO/IKK γ gene deficiency develop a clinical phenotype very similar to that of incontinentia pigmenti. NEMO/IKKγ is an essential component of the newly discovered nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. When activated, NF-κB controls the expression of multiple genes, including cytokines and chemokines, and protects cells against apoptosis. The mechanism by which NEMO/IKKγ deficiency causes, via the NF-κB pathway, the phenotypical expression of the disease has recently been elucidated. In addition, the newest research findings on eosinophil recruitment through eotaxin release by activated keratinocytes are described in the review. Finally, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency, a disorder allelic to incontinentia pigmenti, is discussed together with implications on the current understanding of NF-κB function. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:169-87.) Learning objective: At the completion of this learning activity, participants will have a comprehensive and current understanding of incontinentia pigmenti, including its typical and uncommon clinical and histopathologic characteristics, diagnostic assessment, and current management strategies. Additionally, participants will gain the most current knowledge of the genetic and molecular basis of cutaneous pathomechanism.
Translational control of bacteriophage f1 gene II and gene X proteins by gene V protein

Abstract The gene II region of bacteriophage f1 DNA codes for two proteins, the 46 kd gene II protein and the 13 kd gene X protein, which results from an in-phase start at codon 300 of gene II. Using antigens II protein IgG, we show that the intracellular concentration of both proteins is controlled by the phage gene V protein. In wild-type f1-infected cells, the amount of gene II protein reaches a plateau of about 1500 molecules per cell at 20 min after infection, as measured by blot immunoassay. Similarly, the amount of gene X protein reaches a peak of about 500 molecules per cell around 10 min after infection. In contrast, when the gene V protein is inactive, both gene II and gene X proteins continue to accumulate at a high rate for at least 40 min after infection. This difference is caused by decreased synthesis of gene II and gene X proteins in the presence of gene V protein, which represses the translation of these two proteins.
Analysis of Gabapentin in Equine Plasma with Measurement Uncertainty Estimation by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Gabapentin (GPT) is an antiepileptic drug that was approved in 1993 for use in the management of neurotrophic pain and as an adjunctive therapy for refractory partial seizure in humans. It is also being tested in veterinary medicine as an adjunctive medication in the treatment of pain due to laminitis, neuropathic, or chronic pain. Gabapentin is readily available by prescription and even on the internet; therefore, it has the potential of being used in racehorses to mask pain. It is for this reason that a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has now been developed for the analysis of GPT in equine plasma and for studying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of GPT in the horse. Sample preparation was by rapid protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Analyte separation was achieved on a reversed-phase ACE C(18) column and analyzed by a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode. Limits of detection, quantification, and confirmation of GPT were 1, 10, and 20 ng/mL, respectively. Calibration curve showed excellent linearity within the 10-2500 ng/mL range (r(2) > 0.999). Intra- and interday precision defined by coefficient of variation was <10%. Intra- and interday accuracy (bias %) was within 90-110%. Measurement uncertainty estimation was 8.6%. The method has been successfully used in the analysis of GPT in equine plasma following its administration to research horses for pharmacokinetic studies and in routine forensic analysis for doping control in racehorses in the State of Pennsylvania.
Hypertension, Hypokalemia, and Thiazide-Induced Diabetes: A 3-Way Connection

Reduction in the dose of diuretics to treat essential hypertension occurred with the recognition that higher doses of thiazides cause hypokalemia, glucose intolerance, and hyperuricemia but little additional reduction in blood pressure.1 Subsequently, large randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus with thiazide diuretics compared with other antihypertensive drugs.2 A meta-analysis done with 143153 participants without diabetes mellitus in 22 clinical trials showed that thiazide diuretics and β-blockers had similarly high risks of developing new-onset diabetes mellitus, followed by placebo and calcium channel blockers; the most protective were angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.3 This detrimental effect on glucose tolerance together with the growing epidemic of diabetes and obesity has reined in the wider use of thiazides despite being effective and inexpensive antihypertensive drugs with strong cardiovascular benefits. Whether thiazide-induced diabetes mellitus has the same adverse prognostic significance as spontaneously occurring diabetes mellitus is not known with certainty.2 If thiazide diuretics unmask the presence of underlying diabetes mellitus, then the earlier detection of diabetes with more aggressive hypertension, lipid, and metabolic control may in fact, instead of being harmful, be protective. There is also some evidence that, although new-onset diabetes mellitus is associated with cardiovascular mortality, treatment of such patients with diuretics has survival benefits. In a long-term analysis of the Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program with a mean follow-up of 14.3 years, the long-term fatality rate was higher in those with had diabetes mellitus at baseline, followed by patients who developed diabetes during follow-up.4 However, diabetes mellitus …
Hierarchical workplace romance: an experimental examination of team member perceptions

Using a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design and data from 158 subjects, this study assessed the effects of three romance participant characteristics and respondent gender on reactions to working with team members involved in a hierarchical workplace romance. The romance participant characteristics included: (a) marital status of the team leader (married versus single); (b) marital status of a coworker (married versus single); and (c) gender of the team leader–coworker dyad (male–female versus female–male). Significant effects were found for team leader marital status, coworker marital status, and gender of the respondent. This study also examined attributions of blame and attributions of motive (job-related, ego, or love) to the romantic couple for engaging in the workplace romance. Results indicated that the team leader was more frequently attributed blame, yet attribution of blame was affected by the marital status of both the team leader and the coworker. Both the team leader and the coworker were most frequently attributed an ego motive for the involvement. Implications for work teams and managerial policies are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parallel algorithm for channel routing problems (VLSI)

A parallel algorithm for channel routing problems is presented. The problem is to route the given interconnections between two rows of terminals on a multilayer channel where the channel area must be minimized. The current advancement of VLSI chip technology allows one to use four layers composed of two metal layers and two polysilicon layers for routing in a chip. The goal of the proposed parallel algorithm is to find the near-optimum routing solution for the given interconnections in a short time. The algorithm is applied to four-layer channel routing problems requiring n*m*2 processing elements for the n-net-m-track problem. The algorithm has three advantages over the conventional algorithms: (1) it can be easily modified for accommodating more than four-layer problems; (2) it runs both on a sequential machine and on a parallel machine with maximally n*m*2 processors; and (3) the program size is very small. The algorithm is verified by solving seven bench-mark problems. >
Components of woody-tissue respiration in young Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes trees

Woody-tissue respiration was measured on five different dates at three to five locations on each of 12 30-year-old Abies amabilis trees. On any given date, temperature-corrected respiration per unit surface area varied 10 to 40-fold between sampling locations. In stems, the two major components of respiration were growth respiration and sapwood maintenance respiration, which were of roughly equal importance during the growing season. There was no evidence of significant cambial maintenance respiration, suggesting that a stand with high bole surface area would not automatically have high respiration. Respiration in branches was much greater than in boles of comparable volume and growth rates, and was significantly correlated with branch height. Branch respiration may include an another significant component in addition to the two seen in bole respiration, possibly associated with carbohydrate mobilization and transport or with CO2 efflux from the transpiration stream.
Surface mass spectrometry of molecular species.

This tutorial discusses the predominant methods available for surface mass spectrometry (MS) of molecular species: thermal desorption spectroscopy, laser desorption MS, secondary ion MS, post-ionization of desorbed neutrals and surface matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Each of these has the capability to analyze molecular species that are chemisorbed, physisorbed, covalently bound to or the predominant component of a solid surface. These surface MS methods are briefly described, then their capabilities demonstrated using data predominantly from the authors' work. Comparisons are made with related methods in conventional MS. A very brief discussion is provided on the importance of complementing surface MS data with data from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and other surface analysis tools.
Species differences in circulating 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations.

Summary1. Quantitative determinations of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations in the peripheral blood of rabbits, rats, guinea pigs and human subjects were made. 2. Considerable species differences in these concentrations were noted. These differences appear to be quantitative as well as qualitative. 3. Of the species observed, the guinea pig appears to be the best experimental animal for studies of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.
Effect of Green Density on the Thermomechanical Properties of a Ceramic During Sintering

The thermomechanical properties of a commercial barium titanate were experimentally or theoretically determined for samples with green densities ranging from 45% to 55%. For stresses less than 300 kPa, sample deformation was determined to be linear viscous for all three stages of sintering. The shrinkage rates at a given temperature can differ by up to ∼25% as the green density changes from 45% to 55%, and the maximum shrinkage rate increased with decreasing green density. The increase in shrinkage rate with lower green density samples persisted through the final sintering stage. The viscosity was determined by cyclic loading dilatometry to range from 5 to 6 GPa·s in the initial stage of sintering, to 2 GPa·s in the intermediate stage, and to increase to 10–20 GPa·s for all specimens in the final stage of sintering. Differences in the final-stage viscosity were attributed to grain size differences. Relaxation times for the sintering body were estimated to be less than 1 s, indicating that viscous behavior is dominant throughout the sintering process.
Early Controversies over Athetosis: I. Clinical Features, Differentiation from other Movement Disorders, Associated Conditions, and Pathology.

Background : Since the description of athetosis in 1871 by American neurologist William Alexander Hammond (1828-1900) the disorder has been a source of controversy, as were many aspects of Hammond’s career. Methods : Review of controversies in the semi-centennial since the description of athetosis. Results : Hammond struggled to establish athetosis as a distinct clinic-pathological entity, and had successfully predicted the striatal pathology in his initial case (albeit somewhat serendipitously). Athetosis was, nevertheless, considered by many neurologists to be a form of post-hemiplegic chorea or part of a continuum between chorea and dystonia. European neurologists, and particularly the French, initially ignored or discounted the concept. Additional controversies arose over whether the movements persisted during sleep, whether athetosis was, or could be, associated with imbecility or insanity, and how it should be treated. Discussion : Some controversies concerning athetosis served to identify areas where knowledge was insufficient to make accurate statements, despite prior self-assured or even dogmatic statements to the contrary. Other controversies illustrated established prejudices, even if these biases were often only apparent with the greater detachment of hindsight.
Studies on Ecology of Planktonic Foraminifera and Radiolaria off Southern California Coast: ABSTRACT

An ecologic study is being conducted on the living planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria off the southern California coast. Collections are being made with Clarke-Bumpus opening and closing, Nansen closing and vertical plankton nets. Initial findings indicate both general and zonal distributions. Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny and Globigerina quinqueloba Natland show a general distribution throughout the water column (tows are taken from the surface to a depth of 1,000 meters), whereas Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) and Globorotalia scitula (Brady) occur only deeper than 100 and 500 meters, respectively, Morphologic similarities between foraminifera and radiolaria, as illustrated by deep living Globorotalia scitula (Brady) and Phacodiscus cf. clypeus Haeckel, are re ated to their bathymetric distribution. Studies on seasonal variation are as yet incomplete. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1768------------
Atypical empathic responses in adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder: A functional MRI investigation

Because youth with aggressive conduct disorder (CD) often inflict pain on others, it is important to determine if they exhibit atypical empathic responses to viewing others in pain. In this initial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, eight adolescents with aggressive CD and eight matched controls with no CD symptoms were scanned while watching animated visual stimuli depicting other people experiencing pain or not experiencing pain. Furthermore, these situations involved either an individual whose pain was caused by accident or an individual whose pain was inflicted on purpose by another person. After scanning, participants rated how painful the situations were. In both groups the perception of others in pain was associated with activation of the pain matrix, including the ACC, insula, somatosensory cortex, supplementary motor area and periaqueductal gray. The pain matrix was activated to a specific extent in participants with CD, who also showed significantly greater amygdala, striatal, and temporal pole activation. When watching situations in which pain was intentionally inflicted, control youth exhibited signal increase in the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and right temporo-parietal junction, whereas youth with CD only exhibited activation in the insula and precentral gyrus. Furthermore, connectivity analyses demonstrated that youth with CD exhibited less amygdala/prefrontal coupling when watching pain inflicted by another than did control youth. These preliminary findings suggest that youth with aggressive CD exhibit an atypical pattern of neural response to viewing others in pain that should be explored in further studies.
Non-deterministic modelling of logical queries in deductive databases

We propose a technique based on Petri Nets formalism to model logic queries in deductive databases. The model is called PNLP (Petri Net model for Logic Programs), and it has a simple formal description and a graphical representation. The PNLP model explicitly represents the relationships between rules and predicates. It is general and flexible enough to demonstrate the flow of control in different algorithms used to evaluate recursive logic queries. In fact the model unifies the level of description of these algorithms, and facilitates identifying similarities and differences between them. The inherent non-determinism in the PNLP model may also be useful in recognizing the parallelism within Horn-clause logic programs. In this paper, the PNLP model is described, and its functionality is demonstrated by modeling several existing algorithms for recursive query evaluation.
Optimal Control of Droop Controlled Inverters in Islanded Microgrids

Abstract For an islanded microgrid modeled by a Kuramoto oscillators nonlinear model, we design the distributed optimal controller using the maximum principle optimization theory. We first quantify synchrony in terms of phases and droop coefficients at the inverters in the microgrid and then we maximize it. We prove that the solution of the distributed optimal control problem exists and we find it. We evaluate performance in a simulation case.