cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of radiation-induced attenuation in optical fibers by optical-time-domain reflectometry

ABSTRACT Co radiation-induced attenuation is measured by optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) techniques and compared toconventional optical throughput measurements. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the OTDR technique are discussed. i_t_ INTRODUCTION Since 1983, the Nuclear Effects Task Group (NETG) formed by NATO RSG.12 (Panel IV, A/C 243) has been utilizing inter-laboratory comparisons of radiation-induced attenuation in optical fibers to develop an international test protocol for thesemeasurements.1'2'3 The protocol was to be based on the combined experience of participating Laboratories within the NATOcountries. Each of these facilities accomplished their previous attenuation measurements by documenting the change in lighttransmission through the fiber during and following irradiation (i.e., by throughput techniques). NETG results through 1989have been published.4'5 These efforts resulted in a finalized test protocol,6 which has been submitted to several certificationorganizations for consideration as an international standard.The NETG protocol defines procedures for measuring attenuation changes due to radiation exposure using throughput tech-niques. The procedure also includes a section suggesting that similar measurements should be possible using optical timedomain reflectometry techniques. However, since no OTDR-based measurements had been completed for radiation-inducedattenuation when the current draft of the protocol was finalized, no detailed recommendations were made regarding the use ofan OTDR.At the 1990 NETG meeting at the Royal Military College of Science (Shrivenham, UK), the absence of any data for evalua-tion of OTDRs for radiation-induced attenuation measurements was cited as a major need within the testing community andseveral of the participating Laboratories were tasked to investigate this area for subsequent evaluation by the NETG. Thispaper reports on the OTDR investigation within the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In the process, a better understandingwas gained for situations wherein the use of OTDR may be critical for enabling a measurement. In general cases, however,we suggest that the use of OTDR is more cumbersome and less accurate than throughput measurements.Significant assistance was received from colleagues who are also pursuing OTDR tests7'8 who have shared their progress withthe present authors. Only one paper in the literature, to our knowledge, has previously appeared reflecting their experience.9
Ovariectomy as a means of abortion and control of estrus in feedlot heifers.

Abstract Three hundred and six heifers were randomly assigned to treatment groups in a three by six factorial design. Treatments were ovariectomy, melengestrol acetate (MGA), manual abortion, intramuscular estradiol cypionate (ECP) or Prostaglandin F2α and untreated controls. The Average Daily Gain (ADG) of the Ovariectomized Group was less (p .05) for the total feeding period. Feed intake of the Ovariectomized Group was less (p .05) for the total period. The Prostaglandin Group required fewer days to reach slaughter condition than the Ovariectomy or MGA Groups (p The only difference in the cost/benefit analysis was in the direct cost of the treatments. Factors other than the various treatments interrupted many pregnancies. The effects of treatments varied with 100% of pregnancies terminated only in the Prostaglandin F2α Group.
XRCC3 genetic polymorphism, smoking, and lung carcinoma risk in minority populations.

BACKGROUND The XRCC3 protein participates in DNA double-strand breaks and recombinational repair. A single C-to-T nucleotide change at codon 241 (Thr241Met) has been identified in the XRCC3 gene. Using a hospital-based case–control approach, the authors studied the XRCC3 polymorphism as a possible genetic risk factor for lung carcinoma in African Americans and Mexican Americans. METHODS A total of 112 patients with lung carcinoma were frequency matched with 190 control participants on the basis of age, gender, and ethnicity. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism molecular analysis was used successfully to identify the XRCC3 polymorphism in peripheral blood lymphocytes. RESULTS No significant association between the XRCC3 variant allele polymorphism (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.72–2.15) and lung carcinoma risk was noted. However, a significantly increased risk for lung carcinoma (OR, 5.20; 95% CI, 1.59–17.03) was evident in heavy smokers with the variant T-allele genotypes. Furthermore, a joint effect of the T-allele and heavy smoking was observed (OR, 37.31; 95% CI, 11.43–121.72). CONCLUSIONS The XRCC3 polymorphism appeared to be associated with increased risk of lung carcinoma in certain subgroups. It is plausible that the association is very heavily dependent on the degree of smoking. Further studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm these findings. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11692
Endocytic uptake of a large array of HPMA copolymers: Elucidation into the dependence on the physicochemical characteristics

Endocytic uptake and subcellular trafficking of a large array of HPMA (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) based copolymers possessing positively or negatively charged residues, or hydrophobic groups were evaluated by flow cytometry and living cell confocal microscopy in cultured prostate cancer cells. The degrees of cellular uptake of various copolymer fractions with narrow polydispersities were quantified. The copolymer charge was the predominant physicochemical feature in terms of cellular uptake. Fast and efficient uptake occurred in positively charged copolymers due to non-specific adsorptive endocytosis, whereas slow uptake of negatively charged copolymers was observed. The uptake of copolymers was also molecular weight dependent. The copolymers were internalized into the cells through multiple endocytic pathways: positively charged copolymers robustly engaged clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, while weakly negatively charged copolymers weakly employed these pathways; strongly negatively charged copolymers only mobilized macropinocytosis. HPMA copolymer possessing 4 mol% of moderately hydrophobic functional groups did not show preferential uptake. All copolymers ultimately localized in late endosomes/lysosomes via early endosomes; with varying kinetics among the copolymers. This study indicates that cell entry and subsequent intracellular trafficking of polymeric drug carriers are strongly dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarrier, such as charge and molecular weight.
The children's orientation and amnesia test: Relationship to severity of acute head injury and to recovery of memory

The Children's Orientation and Amnesia Test (COAT) was developed to assess cognition serially during the early stage of recovery from traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents. The norms for the COAT, which is composed of 16 items evaluating general orientation, temporal orientation, and memory, were defined from data obtained from 146 children aged 3 to 15 years. In 37 patients with head injuries, the duration of posttraumatic amnesia, as indicated by the number of days COAT scores were in the impaired range, was significantly related to both verbal and nonverbal memory at the baseline and 6 and 12 months after injury. COAT scores were a better predictor of verbal and nonverbal memory performance than the Glasgow Coma Scale score at 6 and 12 months after the injury. This study shows that the COAT has adequate reliability and validity as a measure of the duration of posttraumatic amnesia in children and adolescents.
Enzymatic measurement of serum glycerol using a COBAS-BIO centrifugal analyzer.

An enzymatic method for the measurement of glycerol using glycerol kinase coupled to pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase was adapted to a COBAS-BIO centrifugal analyzer. Routine standardization is not required under the optimized conditions since the calculation factor derived from the measurement of pure glycerol standard was found to be identical to the theoretical value. Excellent correlation between the method and the DuPont ACA triglyceride method was obtained. The coefficients of variation for within-run and day-to-day precision were less than 4%. Only 2 μL of serum is required, making this an excellent means for monitoring therapeutic glycerol administration in premature infants with hydrocephalus. The method has the sensitivity to measure glycerol concentrations as low as 0.1 mmol/L. This, together with the rapid analysis time (28 specimens in 10 min), makes it suitable for the correction of glycerol interference in the measurement of serum triglyceride.
Harvest frequency effects on white clover forage biomass, quality, and theoretical ethanol yield

Abstract Understanding the growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) under varying management regimes and weather conditions will aid producers in making sound decisions on the utilization of this crop. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of harvest frequencies on white clover forage biomass potential, theoretical ethanol yield, crude protein (CP) concentration, and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM). Frequency of forage removal (treatment), year, and treatment × year interactions significantly affected forage quantity and quality. This 4-year study indicated that forage dry matter (DM) yield, theoretical ethanol yield, CP concentration, and IVDOM with four harvests (15 May, 1 and 15 June, and 1 July) or two harvests (15 May, and 15 June) were consistently better than the other one, two, or three harvest systems. Four harvests yielded on average 2380 ± 80 kg ha−1 (a theoretical ethanol yield of 570 ± 20 L ha−1) with 540 kg ha−1 of CP and 1780 kg ha−1 of digestible DM. Forage removed with two harvests (15 May and 15 June) yielded on average 2200 ± 80 kg ha−1 (a theoretical ethanol yield of 530 ± 20 L ha−1) with 490 kg ha−1 of CP and 1640 kg ha−1 of digestible DM. A two harvest system would reduce harvest costs over that of a four harvest system and would allow for two haying or grazing rotations (each with 28–30 day rest) before a decline of white clover DM production in mid-summer.
Between Consensus and Conflict: Habermas, Post-Modern Agonism and the Early American Public Sphere

Efforts thus far to bridge the distance between Habermasian public sphere theory and post-modernism have failed, and recent studies only reify the bifurcation. Some theorists trace this problem to misreadings of Habermas's recent works that overemphasize the weight he places on consensus. I argue instead that Habermas's stress on consensus is genuine and first emerged in his early historical work on the public sphere, wherein he focused on an absolutist theory of consensus and relegated dissent to a marginal ancillary position from which he has never really recovered it. Had Habermas turned from Europe to early America, he could have found early public sphere theorists that were much more alive to the irreducible centrality of dissent. More importantly, if current theorists will return to this history they will be better able to understand a model of the dissentient public sphere (and its counterpublics) that lies between Habermasian consensus and post-modern agonism.
Intraoperative localization of jejunal bleeding due to Dieulafoy's disease using Tc-99m RBC

A 73-year-old man who had two previously unsuccessful ileal resections for gastrointestinal bleeding thought to be due to multiple angiodysplastic lesions again presented with acute bleeding. Results of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy were positive, but those of celiac angiography were negative. The patient
Political competence and ideological constraint

Abstract Converse's definition of ideological contraint is expanded to provide for various respondent identified ideological dimensions rather than an all encompassing liberal-conservative dimension. Using this redefinition a sample of adults is shown to have high levels of ideological constraint. Ideological constraint is shown to vary with the degree of cognitive complexity and the degree of preference evaluability. The latter is a new concept that suggests that some issues will be easier for a respondent to demonstrate constraint on depending upon the availability and applicability of preference criteria. Salience is also shown to have a positive relationship with ideological constraint, but only when preference evaluability is high.
Experience with new double J ureteral catheter stent

Abstract Experience with a newly designed self-retaining silicone ureteral stent is presented. The stent is supplied in various lengths, has a J or hook molded into each end to prevent migration and has been designed specifically to be passed during an open operation as well as endoscopically. The device is used to provide free drainage to the bladder, reduce or eliminate urine leakage, provide stenting of the ureter and allow for earlier discharge from the hospital of patients without external catheters. In some cases the stent may be used instead of a nephrostomy tube to provide prolonged drainage with less chance of infection. It is removed easily in the outpatient facility by cystoscopy.
Paraventricular nucleus ablation disrupts daily torpor in Siberian hamsters

Abstract Siberian hamsters were maintained in a short-day photoperiod (8 h light/day) at 15°C; body temperature (T b ) was telemstrically monitored at 10-min intervals over the course of 4 months. Animals manifesting repeated torpor bouts (T b b rhythms, as determined by periodogram analysis, were normal in all operated and sham-operated animals. Body mass did not change in PVN-ablated animals that continued to express torpor; in contrast, rapid and sustained increases in body mass were manifested by all hamsters that terminated expression of torpor. Expression of torpor is attenuated in the absence of the PVN; it is suggested that the PVN influences torpor Indirectly by regulating body mass or the availability of metabolic fuels.
HEME BINDING BY A BACTERIAL REPRESSOR PROTEIN, THE GENE PRODUCT OF THE FERRIC UPTAKE REGULATION (FUR) GENE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Thefur gene product, Fur, ofEscherichia coli is a repressor when it binds Fe(II). Since heme and iron metabolism are closely linked and Fur is rich in histidine, a ligand for heme, the binding of heme to Fur was investigated. The oxidized Fur-heme complex is stable and low spin with a Soret maximum at 404 nm and no 620-nm band. CO coordinates with the reduced heme-Fur complex, causing a shift from 412 nm to 410 nm, and stabilizes it, increasing the half-life from 5 to 15 min. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the Soret region show heme bound in an asymmetric environment in Fur, both in the oxidized and reduced-CO forms. Quenching of tyrosine fluorescence by heme revealed rapid, tight binding (K d<1μM) with an unusual stoichiometry of 1 heme:1 Fur dimer. Fur binds Mn(II), a model ligand for the endogenous Fe(II), much more weakly (K d>80μM). Far-ultraviolet CD spectroscopy showed that theα-helix content of apo-Fur decreases slightly with heme binding, but increases with Mn(II) binding. Competition experiments indicated that heme interacts with Fur dimers at the same site as Mn(II) and can displace the metal. In contrast to Mn(II), Zn(II) did not quench the tyrosine fluoroescence of Fur, affected the CD spectrum less than Mn(II), but did bind in a manner which prevented heme from binding. In sum, Fur not only binds heme and Zn(II) with sufficient affinity to be biologically relevant, but the interactions that occur between these ligands and their effects on Mn(II) binding need to be taken into account when addressing the biological function of Fur.
A chloroplast absorbance change from violaxanthin de-epoxidation. A possible component of 515 nm changes.

A light-induced chloroplast absorbance change that is stimulated by ascorbate and is due to violaxanthin de-epoxidation is described. The difference spectrum had characteristics of a carotenoid shift with a large positive peak at 505 nm, smaller peaks at 468 and 437 nm, and a sharp negative change at 483 nm. The absorbance change in the 510 to 520 nm region was appreciable, suggesting the possibility that de-epoxidation is a component of so-called 515 nm changes. The effects of DCMU2, DPIP, and nigericin on the 505 nm change indicated that de-epoxidation was mediated by hydrogen-ion transport linked to photosystem 1.
Sickle cell vasoocclusion: Many issues and some answers

The pathophysiology of sickle (SS) cell vasoocclusion is derived from the presence of hemoglobin S (HbS) which forms polymeric fibers in the deoxygenated state. Nevertheless, phenotypic expression of sickle cell disease (i.e., clinical severity) shows marked individual variations and is influenced by genetic modifiers such as epistatic effects of linked and unlinked genes. Furthermore, the polymerization of HbS is central but not the only event, and is more likely a consequence of disruptions of the steady state of flow. The available evidence indicates that the vasoocclusive crisis is a microcirculatory event in which multiple factors could be involved. We present a model of vasoocclusion as a two step process in which adhesion of deformable cells occurs first, followed by obstruction induced by less deformable SS cells. This review discusses, in addition, rheologic and microcirculatory behavior of SS erythrocytes and the interacting role of vascular factors, red cell heterogeneity, deoxygenation rates, and red cell-endothelial interactions in the pathophysiology of SS cell vasoocclusion.
Influence of the surface microlayer on nutrients, chlorophyll and algal diversity of a small eutrophic bog pond

Nutrients, chlorophyll, phaeophytin and algal abundances were investigated in the surface microlayer and at subsurface depths in a small eutrophic bog pond. Nutrient levels were consistently higher in the microlayer while algal abundance was sometimes higher but sometimes lower in the microlayer than at near subsurface depths. Algal diversity values were strongly influenced by the depth of flagellate blooms, and in contrast to previous studies, diversity in the microlayer was higher than at near subsurface depths. These results are discussed in terms of weather parameters, affinity of algal species for the surface and differences between microlayer ecology in shallow and deep water systems.
A high power, narrow linewidth D2O laser at 384.6 μm☆

Abstract A D 2 O oscillator-amplifier laser system has been developed that produces 12.7 mJ pulses with a peak power level of 195 kW at a wavelength of 384.6 μm. The linewidth was measured to be 70 MHz FWHM and an efficiency of 0.11% was observed.
Shock tensors and shock polars

Abstract A refraction law for the velocity at an oblique shock in a compressible fluid is derived in dyadic form similar to that for refraction of light rays at an interface. The shock tensor embodies only the assumptions of conservation of mass and equality of tangential velocity components. Given the shock inclination and density ratio, a quadratic equation in the ratio of the flow speeds can be found with flow turning angle as a parameter. Analysis of the two solutions shows that they lie on a circle in the polar plane, a result independent of the equation of state or other conservation laws. If the density ratio is allowed to vary, a pencil of circles is generated in the hodograph plane ; or, equivalently a right, elliptic cone with two nappes appears in the three-space formed when the density ratio coordinate is added at right angles to the hodograph plane. The further requirements that momentum and energy be conserved taken together with weak restrictions on the functional form of the equation of state are sufficient to permit the development of a general theory of shock polars. The allowed shock states are seen to lie on the space curve formed by intersection of a surface called the Hugoniot cylinder with the elliptic cone. The projection of this space curve on the hodograph plane is the shock polar. The theory is applied to the special case of a polytropic gas by way of illustration.
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Phosphination. Enantioselective Synthesis of PAMP−BH3, Ligand Effects on Catalysis, and Direct Observation of the Stereochemistry of Transmetalation and Reductive Elimination

The complexes Pd(diphos)(o-An)(I) (o-An = o-MeOC6H4; diphos = dppe (3), (S,S)-Chiraphos (4), (R,R)-Me-Duphos (5), (R,S)-t-Bu-Josiphos (6), (R)-Tol-Binap (7)) were prepared. Complex 6 catalyzed the coupling of PH(Me)(Ph)(BH3) (2) with o-AnI in the presence of base to yield PAMP−BH3 (P(Me)(Ph)(o-An)(BH3) (1)) in low enantiomeric excess. The course of stoichiometric reactions of 3−7 with 2 and NaOSiMe3 depended on the diphosphine ligand. Complexes 6 and 7 gave PAMP−BH3 (1) and Pd(0) species; no intermediates were observed. With 3, the intermediate Pd(dppe)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) (10) was observed by 31P NMR, while 4 gave the isolable diastereomeric palladium complexes (SP)-Pd((S,S)-Chiraphos)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) (11a) and (RP)-Pd((S,S)-Chiraphos)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) (11b), whose absolute configurations were determined by X-ray crystallography after separation. The analogous Pd((R,R)-Me-Duphos)(o-An)(P(Me)(Ph)(BH3)) diastereomers (12a,b) were also separated and isolated. Treatment of 4 with highly enantioe...
Chapter 3: Three-membered ring systems

Publisher Summary Three-membered ring systems, epoxides and aziridines in particular, are excellent synthetic intermediates. This is largely because of their ability to be converted into other functional groups, such as diols, diamines, and amino alcohols to name a few. While the synthesis of aziridines and epoxides can be quite challenging, the rewards for a selective and high-yielding synthesis can be substantial. Epoxides are possibly the most studied of the three-membered heterocycles. While host methods for the synthesis of epoxides have been developed, work continues, especially in the development of more chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective methods. The development of new metal-based epoxidation catalysts continues to garner significant levels of activity. The use of a Mn-based catalyst with a water-soluble ligand provides excellent yields of the corresponding epoxides. In earlier studies, the use of a hydrazinium salt as a nitrogen transfer agent in combination with base proved to be a synthetically useful method for the synthesis of aziridine. Hydrazinium salt can be readily prepared as either the iodide or nitrate salt, although the iodide synthesis is more convenient.
The materials and methods of hand-colouring zoological illustrations

Thousands of colourists were employed to hand-colour illustrations in zoological books and journals during two centuries. They followed pattern plates that were prints with monochrome outlines coloured by the artist for them to copy. Accounts of the materials that they used, and the methods employed to achieve fine coloured plates closely resembling the original water-colours, have been collected from many documents.
Development of cerebral dominance: Dichotic listening asymmetry in normal and learning-disabled children

Abstract The magnitude of the dichotic right-ear advantage was assessed in 48 normal and 48 learning-disabled children representing an age range of approximately 5 years. All subjects were matched according to age, sex, and handedness. An analysis of results indicated a significant right-ear advantage in both the normal and learning-disabled children, but revealed no developmental trends for either group. Differences observed in the performance of the learning-disabled and normal children may reflect variability in selective attention rather than differences in the degree of cerebral lateralization. These results suggest a need for a reconceptualization of the causative factors affecting children with learning disorders and lend support to the notion that cerebral lateralization is not a developmental phenomenon.
A test of the punctuated-cycling hypothesis in Ambystoma forelimb regenerates: the roles of animal size, limb innervation, and the aneurogenic condition.

Abstract The punctuated-cycling (PC) hypothesis [39] predicts that the proportion of actively cycling (AC) cells within the blastema influences the rate of limb regeneration in urodele amphibians. To test this, we compared the rate of regeneration and the parameters of the PC hypothesis in small and large Ambystoma mexicanum larvae and in aneurogenic limbs of Ambystoma maculatum. Aneurogenic limbs regenerated more slowly than limbs of small axolotls, but considerably faster than limbs of large axolotls. Regardless of regeneration rates, virtually all blastema cells were in the proliferative fraction (Pf) (ranging from 92.3% +4.2% to 96.2% +mn3.4%). As predicted, in the blastemata of more rapidly regenerating small axolotls, 86% of the proliferative fraction was actively cycling, but as regeneration slowed, the proportion of the proliferative fraction that was actively cycling decreased (the AC of aneurogenic limbs being 69.5%, and that of large axolotl limbs being 57.3%) and the proportion of transiently quiescent cells increased. The parameters of the PC hypothesis were also examined in small axolotls at two different times during regeneration. During dedifferentiation and initial blastema formation, 61% of the cells in the proliferative fraction were actively cycling and 34% were transiently quiescent. During the rapid-growth phase of the blastema, 88% of the cells in the proliferative fraction were actively cycling and only 7% of the cells were transiently quiescent. It therefore appears that dedifferentiated cells do not immediately begin active cycling and that the transiently quiescent population is relatively large; however, during the period of rapid growth the proportion of transiently quiescent cells is small. In amputated/denervated limbs of small axolotls, the size of the proliferative fraction decreased as the length of the denervation interval increased. Furthermore, with prolonged denervation the total proportion of actively cycling blastema cells also declined (to about 15%). The failure of denervated limbs to regenerate was correlated with an increased nonproliferative fraction and a reduced proportion of actively cycling cells.
Sustainability and Scale: US Milk-Market Orders as Relocalization Policy:

There has been a recent wave of political and theoretical interest in localism and relocalization as a political strategy in resistance to the hegemonic power of globalization. Some geographers and other observers of spatial politics have been skeptical of these efforts, questioning the effectiveness and the effects of relocalization movements. In response, DuPuis and Goodman have argued for a ‘reflexive localism’ that takes a more pragmatic approach, understanding the ways in which this form of politics can or cannot provide a powerful alternative to globalization. Building on current realist studies, this analysis seeks to build a more reflexive framework with which to understand the politics of localism. To do this the study draws upon the perspectives of political ecology and the politics of scale and uses a comparative historical methodology to look at one of the most effective forms of localized governance in US agriculture: the milk-market-order system. The analysis shows that market orders created...
The influence of the magnetic field on the photosubstitution reaction of coordination complexes

Abstract Photolyses of rhodium(III) complexes, Rh(NH3)5X2+ (X = Cl− and Br−), under intense magnetic fields, e.g. λexcit = 360 nm and H = 24 kG, have been investigated. The magnetic field quenches the photoaquation of the ammonia and enhances the photoaquation of the acido ligand, X = Cl− or Br− by 10% for H = 24 kG. The implication of two different precursors in the formation of the photoproducts is discussed.
Semiconductor Thermoelectric Converters with Improved Precision

To reduce the influence of the Thomson effect, computer models of thermoelectric measuring converters based on thermopiles with a small number of thermocouples have been constructed. The temperature distribution was studied in a converter heater with a nonuniform arrangement of thermocouples and in a heater with variable heat release along its length. The optimal ratio between the thermopile and heater thermal resistances was calculated whereby the influence of the Thomson effect is minimized. Use of optimized thermal converters based on semiconductor thermopiles enables reduction of the heteropolarity of direct current conversion to 5 ppm to 10 ppm and expands the operating measurement range towards high alternating current frequencies.
Cerebroside synthesis and hydrolysis in a neurological mutant mouse (msd).

Summary Three enzymes related to myelin and ganglioside metabolism in the brains of normal and mutant ( msd /Y) mice were compared through the ages 8–21 days old. No difference is seen in the glucosyltransferase which makes glucocerebroside or in the galactosidase which hydrolyzes galactocerebroside. However, the galactosyltransferase which makes galactocerebroside is markedly decreased in the mutants. The difference is most pronounced at 17 days, which is the age of maximal normal activity (15% of normal); it is 50% of normal in 8-day mice. This variation with age is interpreted to mean that the galactosyltransferase in neurons is normal in both genotypes, but somewhat defective in the glia of msd /Y mice. The affinity of the enzyme for its nucleotide substrate, UDPGal, is the same in normal and affected animals. Mixing experiments indicate that the difference in enzyme activities is not due primarily to the presence of an endogenous inhibitor. A comparison of Jimpy mice and normal littermates 17 days old reveals enzymatic relationships similar to those seen in 17-day msd and normal mice.
Photoelastic stress analysis of cast-gold endodontic posts

Two-dimensional photoelasticity was used to compare stresses generated upon loading of cast gold endodontic posts of two different diameters. Ten models were used, five for each diameter size tested. The models were constructed to simulate maxillary central incisors. Drill bits were used to prepare the root canal, and after root canal preparation was completed the post preparations were constructed using the Parapost system. The gold posts, made of type III gold, were cast using the Beauty Cast technique. A composite core was then placed on each of the posts to be tested. These models were positioned in a circular polariscope and vertical loads of 30 and 60 pounds were applied to each of the models, with the fringe patterns photographed immediately after each load was applied. The stresses were evaluated by determining the maximum fringe order in the simulated root and periodontium of the model. The results of this study suggest that (1) the diameter of a post with a core affects the magnitude of stress, (2) stress generally increases as post diameter increases, and (3) stress increases as the vertical load increases. It seems advisable to restrict the diameter of the post used in providing support for restorations, particularly when large occlusal for forces are exerted by the patient. The use of smaller diameter posts reduces the stresses exerted upon the dentin of the tooth and the tooth supporting structures, limits the amount of tooth material removed during preparation and, possibly, aids operative procedures by limiting the amount of tooth preparation.
Geomechanical modeling of the nucleation process of Australia's 1989 M5.6 Newcastle earthquake

Abstract Inherent to black-coal mining in New South Wales (Australia) since 1801, the discharge of ground water may have triggered the M5.6 Newcastle earthquake in 1989. 4-dimensional geomechanical model simulations reveal that widespread water removal and coal as deep as a 500 m depth resulted in an unload of the Earth's crust. This unload caused a destabilization process of the pre-existing Newcastle fault in the interior of the crust beneath the Newcastle coal field. In tandem, an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress may have reactivated this reverse fault. Over the course of the last fifty years, elevated levels of lithostatic stress alterations have accelerated. In 1991, based on the modeling of the crust's elastostatic response to the unload, there has been the minimal critical shear stress changes of 0.01 Mega Pascal (0.1 bar) that reached the Newcastle fault at a depth where the 1989 mainshock nucleated. Hence, it can be anticipated that other faults might also be critically stressed in that region for a couple of reasons. First, the size of the area (volume) that is affected by the induced stress changes is larger than the ruptured area of the Newcastle fault. Second, the seismic moment magnitude of the 1989 M5.6 Newcastle earthquake is associated with only a fraction of mass removal (1 of 55), following McGarr's mass-moment relationship. Lastly, these findings confirm ongoing seismicity in the Newcastle region since the beginning of the 19th century after a dormant period of 10,000 years of no seismicity.
OBSERVING SINGLE MOLECULE CHEMICAL REACTIONS ON METAL NANOPARTICLES

We report the study of the photodecomposition of single Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules adsorbed on silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were immobilized and spatially isolated on polylysine-derivatized glass coverslips, and confocal laser microspectroscopy was used to obtain surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra from individual R6G molecules. The photodecomposition of these molecules was observed with 150-ms temporal resolution. The photoproduct was identified as graphitic carbon based on the appearance of broad SERS vibrational bands at 1592 cm{sup -1} and 1340 cm{sup -1} observed in both bulk and averaged single-molecule photoproduct spectra. In contrast, when observed at the single-molecule level, the photoproduct yielded sharp SERS spectra. The inhomogeneous broadening of the bulk SERS spectra is due to a variety of photoproducts in different surface orientations and is a characteristic of ensemble-averaged measurements of disordered systems. These single-molecule studies indicate a photodecomposition pathway by which the R6G molecule desorbs from the metal surface, an excited-state photoreaction occurs, and the R6G photoproduct(s) readsorbs to the surface. A SERS spectrum is obtained when either the intact R6G or the R6G photoproduct(s) are adsorbed on a SERS-active site. This work further illustrates the power of single-molecule spectroscopy (SMS) to reveal unique behaviors of single molecules thatmore » are not discernable with bulk measurements.« less
Role incongruency in marriage and family counseling

Abstract Incongruency in role expectations produces strain in the marriage. But this doer not mean that spouses seeking marriage counseling experience more role incongruency than others. By studying 104 couples divided into experimental and control groups, it was found that there was no more. role expectation incongruency in the couples seeking marriage counseling than in those not seeking counseling. It might be that the major difference lies in how couples of both groups handle whatever incongruency may exist. What occurs between spouses can be easily applied to role incongruency among all members of the family.
Multiagent Knowledge-Based Environment for Concurrent Engineering Applications:

The systematic integration of humans with the tools, resources, and information assets of an organization is fundamental to concurrent engineering (CE) In an integrated environment, all entities must first be connected, and they then must work cooperatively Services that support "concurrency"—through communication, team coordination, information sharing, and integration—in an interactive and formerly serial product development process provide the foundation for a CE environment Product developers working concurrently in their application domains need "built-in" tools and "operated-in" tools in a computer-aided CE environment The latter group of tools evolves over time and requires continuous extensions and changes since each next product development is either new or an improvement of the previous one Product developers need a CE programming environment in which they can build programs from other developed programs, built-in tools, and knowledge bases describ ing how to perform a complex design process In ...
Directionally Crystallized Potassium Silicate Glass-Ceramic

Glasses in the potassium silicate system were directionally crystallized in a temperature gradient furnace. A composition of approximately 40 wt % K2O and 60 wt % SiO2 was used. Quenched glass samples were placed in alumina crucibles with K2O·2SiO2 seed crystals on the bottom surface. The crucible was translated from the hot zone to the cold zone of the furnace. A thermal gradient of 14°C/mm was maintained. Sample height was about 6 mm and translation rates were about 5 mm/h, 1.33 mm/h and 0.83 mm/h. Well-aligned crystals were observed to grow from the bottom of the crucible. Individual crystals were about 0.07 mm wide and extended the length of the crucible parallel to the thermal gradient. The degree of alignment was found to depend on initial temperature and translation rate. The samples have been studied using primarily optical microscopy.
Photolysts of rhodamine-WT dye

Abstract Photolysis of rhodamine-WT dye under natural sunlight conditions was determined by measuring the loss of fluorescence as a function of time. Rate coefficients at 30° north latitude ranged from 4.77 × 10 −2 day −1 for summer to 3.16 × 10 −2 day −2 for winter. Experimental coefficients were in good agreement with values calculated using a laboratory-determined value of the quantum yield.
IEEE 802.11n MAC Improvements: A MAC and PHY Cross-Layer Model to Estimate the Throughput

We propose an analytical medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) cross-layer model to estimate the saturation net throughput of IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) with MAC enhancements. These MAC improvements consist of modifications of the IEEE 802.11 distribution coordination function (DCF) MAC protocol in order to support concatenation and multiframe transmission techniques.
Measuring enterprise reuse in large corporate environment

Reuse continues to be an important topic in most IT organizations. In a previous article, the author (2003) identifies the top obstacles in enterprise reuse as: lack of awareness of software available for reuse (repository), level of effort required to design software for reuse (education and lessons learned) and programmer lack of intent to actually reuse other organizational assets (education and executive support). This paper reviews a methodology utilized in a large telecommunications organization to measure reuse at the enterprise level. The paper reviews the different type of assets available for reuse, repository methodology, and specific metrics of reuse.
Sphincter pharyngoplasty for management of velopharyngeal insufficiency

Velopharyngeal closure is essential for normal speech production. Velopharyngeal insufficiency is characterized by nasal air emissions and hypernasal resonance. The most common surgical procedures used to treat velopharyngeal insufficiency include posterior pharyngeal flap, palatoplasty, and sphincter pharyngoplasty. The sphincter pharyngoplasty is used when fiberoptic nasal endoscopy reveals velopharyngeal inadequacy associated with adequate velar movement but poor lateral wall motion. It is suited for both coronal and circular closure patterns. In our experience, it may be considered for all patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy and transverse orientation of the levator veli palatini. 1 This article describes the senior author's method for performing a sphincter pharyngoplasty.
PECVD silicon and nitride postbond films for protecting bondpads, bonds and bondwires from corrosion failure

It was demonstrated experimentally that the ultimate strain of PECVD thin-film silicon nitride coatings increased as the films were made thinner, giving them better mechanical properties for protecting underlying bulk Al structures such as bondwires, bond, and bondpads. In sections of under a micron, the films did not crack over Al bonds or bondwires during standard industrial temperature cycling. Temperature ramping tests indicated that 1000-A films had at least three times the ultimate strain expected from bulk values. Film thickness was consistent around bondwires and in the vicinity of the bonds from the plasma deposition. The most susceptible part of the films was the area in the occluded cavity under the foot of the bond. The spread of Al metallization corrosion under these films proceeded at a slower rate than the thinner films due to their more favorable mechanical properties. The results of this project indicate that PECVD silicon nitride films are good candidates as protective films for mounted and bonded microelectronic or hybrid devices and have the potential of outperforming polymeric films by a wide margin. >
Feed Intake of Goats and Sheep Following Acetate or Propionate Injections into Rumen, Ruminal Pouches, and Abomasum as Affected by local Anesthetics

Abstract Previous experiments indicated that changes in rumen fluid concentration of volatile fatty acids especially in the dorsal rumen may play a role in the control of feed intake of ruminants. Experiments were designed to test for influence of possible ruminal nerve receptors in this feeding response. In Experiment 1, water (control), M acetate, M propionate (pH 6.5), or M acetate or propionate plus 400mg/ liter of Carbocaine, Xylocaine, or Oxetha-zaine (local anesthetics), were injected into the dorsal rumen of goats during spontaneous meals. Carbocaine and M acetate depressed feeding less than acetate alone (P
Governance, Policy, and Economics of Intergovernmental River Basin Management

This article examines governance, policy, and economic complexities of intergovernmental river basin management. The watershed or river basin approach is examined within the context of integrated water resources management as a means to efficiently manage interstate river systems. Organizational, institutional, and budget structures of watershed management models are explored and benchmarked with economic performance measures of prototypical river basin commissions in the United States. River basin organizations such as the Delaware River Basin Commission have the requisite authority under Federal/state compact to manage a river as a single entity provided financial structures are in place to sustainably fund water resources programs in interstate basins. To sustainably finance watershed programs, river basin governance organizations would benefit from revisiting the economic user pays principles long practiced in Europe, Latin America, and Oceania and advocated by the continental-scale European Union Water Framework Directive.
Statement on deep seabed mining act

Richard A. Frank, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has issued this statement in conjunction with President Carter's signing of the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act: We welcome the new responsibilities assigned to NOAA by the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, which was signed into law by President Carter. NOAA intends vigorously to pursue the tasks given us, so that a comprehensive national program can become effective while we await successful conclusion of the Law of the Sea Treaty.
Culture as situated cognition: Cultural mindsets, cultural fluency, and meaning making

Culture is a human universal, a “good enough” solution to universal needs. It is also a specific meaning-making framework, a “mindset” that influences what feels fluent, what is attended to, which goals or mental procedures are salient. Cross-national comparisons demonstrate both universality and between-group difference (specificity) but cannot address underlying process or distinguish fixed from context-dependent effects. I use a situated cognition framework and experimental methods to address these gaps, demonstrating that salient cultural mindsets have causal downstream consequences for meaning making, self-processes, willingness to invest in relationships, and complex mental procedures. Moreover, individualistic and collectivistic mindsets are accessible cross-culturally so both can be primed. Between-group differences arise in part from momentary cues that make either individualistic or collectivistic mindset accessible.
Handling time promotes the coevolution of aggregation in predator-prey systems.

Predators often have type II functional responses and live in environments where their life history traits as well as those of their prey vary from patch to patch. To understand how spatial heterogeneity and predator handling times influence the coevolution of patch preferences and ecological stability, we perform an ecological and evolutionary analysis of a Nicholson–Bailey type model. We prove that coevolutionarily stable prey and searching predators prefer patches that in isolation support higher prey and searching predator densities, respectively. Using this fact, we determine how environmental variation and predator handling times influence the spatial patterns of patch preferences, population abundances and per-capita predation rates. In particular, long predator handling times are shown to result in the coevolution of predator and prey aggregation. An analytic expression characterizing ecological stability of the coevolved populations is derived. This expression implies that contrary to traditional theoretical expectations, predator handling time can stabilize predator–prey interactions through its coevolutionary influence on patch preferences. These results are shown to have important implications for classical biological control.
Liver transplantation for arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome).

Thirteen out of 268 children (<18 years old) underwent hepatic transplantation (OLT) for end-stage liver disease (ESLD) associated with arteriohepatic dysplasia (AHD). Seven children are alive and well with normal liver function. Six children died, four within 11 days of the operation and the other two at 4 and 10 months after the OLT. Vascular complications with associated septicemia were responsible for the deaths of three children. Two died of heart failure and circulatory collapse, secondary to pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease. The remaining patient died of overwhelming sepsis not associated with technical complications. Seven patients had a portoenterostomy or portocholecystostomy early in life; five of these died after the OLT. Severe cardiovascular abnormalities in some of our patients suggest that complete hemodynamic monitoring with invasive studies should be performed in all patients with AHD, especially in cases of documented hypertrophy of the right ventricle. The improved quality of life in our surviving patients confirms the validity of OLT as a treatment of choice in cases of ESLD due to AHD.
Electrophysiological characterization of volume-activated chloride currents in mouse cholangiocyte cell line.

Recent electrophysiological and radioisotope efflux studies have demonstrated various Cl− channels in cholangiocytes including volume-activated Cl− channels (VACC). Because VACCs play prominent rol...
The Great Solar Anomaly ca. 1780–1800: An error in compiling the record?

The view that the sunspot index time sequence is of lessened validity prior to about 1850 is shown to be consistent with an error in the 1780-1800 time period when phase, offset of the Hale carrier sinusoid from zero mean, and the amplitude modulation envelope all show a lack of conformity with respect to the remainder of the record subsequent to the Maunder minimum. This lack of conformity is consistent with an error that delays one or more of the 11-year cycle minima but recovers phase subsequently. This type of error creates a strongly coherent set of companion changes in offset of the carrier from zero mean and in the amplitude modulation envelope.