cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coagulation during hypothermia in man.

SummaryClotting times, platelets, thromboplastin generation, prothrombin consumption, prothrombin time, and concentrations of prothrombin, accelerator globulin, proconvertin, and fibrinogen were measured in 10 patients after the slow induction of hypothermia and later during surgery and transfusion. In contrast to previous studies in the dog, uncomplicated hypothermia in man was not associated with a fall in concentration of clotting factors. Moderate disturbances in coagulation with surgery and transfusion during hypothermia were in most regards similar to those observed during surgery and transfusion at normal body temperature. The one significant difference was a decrease in prothrombin consumption.
CMOS Transistor Amplifier Temperature Compensation: Modeling and Analysis

The effect of temperature variations on a cascode low-noise MOS amplifier is analyzed. A gate biasing scheme for temperature compensation is illustrated. RF circuit simulation results show that the low-noise amplifier with temperature compensation can reduce temperature variation effect on the noise figure of the amplifier over a wide range of temperatures. Analytical equations to predict temperature compensation effect are also presented.
Diastereoselectivity in ergoline synthesis: A face selective epoxidation

Abstract Epoxidation of 1-Benzoyl-1,2,2a,3-tetrahydrobenz[ cd ]indole ( 4a ) proceeded smoothly with metachloroperbenzoic acid with high exo diastereoselectivity (de = 96%) and chemical yield (97%). The basis for this selectivity was probed with substituent effects, and was extended to other oxidation media.
Emerging roles of TET proteins and 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in active DNA demethylation and beyond.

Cytosine methylation is the major epigenetic modification of metazoan DNA. Although there is strong evidence that active DNA demethylation occurs in animal cells, the molecular details of this process are unknown. The recent discovery of the TET protein family (TET1–3) 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases has provided a new entry point to reveal the identity of the long-sought DNA demethylase. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the function of TET proteins and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) through various biochemical and genomic approaches, the current evidence for a role of 5hmC as an early intermediate in active DNA demethylation and the potential functions of TET proteins and 5hmC beyond active DNA demethylation. We also discuss how future studies can extend our knowledge of this novel epigenetic modification.
The impact of aerobic activity on cognitive function in older adults: A new synthesis based on the concept of executive control

Numerous reaction time studies have suggested that age-related declines in cognitive function might be ameliorated by lifestyles involving aerobic activity or by interventionist programmes of aerobic exercise. These studies are far from conclusive, however, reflecting a failure to factor out cognitive from sensory and motor processes. Following a critical review of the literature, we report on recent developments that differentiate cognitive processes involving executive vs non-executive control, the former being associated with frontal lobe function. Three key studies suggest that aerobic exercise primarily improves executive control.
The Actions of Iodide and TSH on Thyroid Cells Showing a Dual Control System for the Iodide Pump

In dispersed thyroid cells, iodide concentrating activity was depressed as much as 70% following preincubation with iodide (4 to 60 µM). This effect of iodide appears to represent an in vitro counterpart of the autoregulation of iodide transport that has been observed in rats and mice given injections of iodide. The depression of iodide accumulation was increased in proportion to the duration of the preincubation, to the iodide concentration used, and to the magnitude of iodoprotein formation during the preincubation. It was completely abolished by methimazole present during the preincubation. The depression of iodide concentrating activity induced by iodide was attributable to decreases in the rate constant for unidirectional iodide influx without alteration in the iodide efflux process, so that at any particular concentration of iodide in the medium, the rate of iodide influx was lower in iodide pretreated cells than in the corresponding control cells. This depression of the influx process was associate...
A coding scheme for m-out-of-n codes

A scheme for the construction of m-out-of-n codes based on the arithmetic coding technique is described. For appropriate values of n, k, and m, the scheme can be used to construct an (n,k) block code in which all the codewords are of weight m. Such codes are useful, for example, in providing perfect error detection capability in asymmetric channels such as optical communication links and laser disks. The encoding and decoding algorithms of the scheme perform simple arithmetic operations recursively, thereby facilitating the construction of codes with relatively long block sizes. The scheme also allows the construction of optimal or nearly optimal m-out-of-n codes for a wide range of block sizes limited only by the arithmetic precision used. >
Re-visioning risk assessment for human service decision making

Abstract This article examines the usefulness of actuarial risk assessment for high-stakes decision making in child welfare, mental health, criminal justice and juvenile justice. Review of the literature affirms the potential benefits of risk assessment instruments for decision making by human service professionals. However, research also hints at the underutilization of risk assessment in practice. Although a number of explanations may account for this, the needs of decision makers in the real world of day to day practice has received little attention in the literature. This article identifies insights from the Recognition primed decision making theory (RPD) that promise to strengthen the utility of actuarial risk assessment instruments. It argues that an actuarial risk assessment instrument, based on appropriate causal theory, would have a greater likelihood of utilization as compared to the a-theoretical instruments that predominate in current structured decision making systems.
NMR investigations of arylmethyl carbocation precursors adsorbed on zeolite HY

13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR evidence for arylmethyl carbocations formed from a series of 13C-labeled precursors adsorbed at room temperature on heat-pretreated zeolite HY is reported and discussed. The reactivities of precursors of three kinds of arylmethyl carbocations, (C6H5)313C⊕, (C6H5)213C⊕H, and C6H513C⊕H2, are compared, and evidence for the chemical transformations of arylmethylium precursors on zeolite HY is provided by analyzing CDCl3 extracts. High-field (14.1 T) 27Al MAS NMR spectra are obtained on preheated zeolite HY as a function of the heating temperature under vacuum (10-3 Torr). An intense peak, which might be related to a low-symmetry AlOn species, is observed with an 27Al chemical shift of about 23 ppm for a zeolite HY sample that has been heated at 600 °C. Several convenient procedures are described for the preparation of 13C-labeled arylmethyl carbocation precursors.
Studies on the Motility of Plasmodium Sporozoites

SYNOPSIS Albumin was found to have a striking stimulatory effect on motility of Plasmodium sporozoites, while serum globulins had an inhibitory effect. Albumin also preserved viability of sporozoites in vitro at 4 C for several days. P. berghei, P. cynomolgi, and P. falciparum sporozoites each had a distinct and characteristic type of motility. P. berghei sporozoites from oocysts had a different type of motility from that of salivary gland sporozoites, each type presumably associated with different invasive capacities at different times during the life cycle of the parasite. This change in sporozoite motility during development was also associated with other physiologic developmental changes in the sporozoite. The degree of motility of a given pool of sporozoites was to some degree associated with other parameters of metabolic activity of these sporozoites, i.e. infectivity, immunogenicity, and secretory activity. Secretions of the rhoptry-microneme complex may play a role in sporozoite motility.
Previous studies of statistical assessment of analgesic consumption.

Moore et al. studied postoperative supplementary (‘rescue’) analgesic consumption and described its skewed distribution among patients. Figure 1 histogram by Moore et al. is very similar to my 1994 article’s Figure 1 cumulative distribution curve. On the basis of my Monte Carlo simulations, I share the perspective by Moore et al. that trials using cut-points of analgesic usage provide for easy interpretation with little loss of statistical power, but for reasons additional to those that they discuss. Wilcoxon– Mann–Whitney tests have slightly higher statistical power to differentiate between groups than do tests using a cut-point. In addition, limitations to the Wilcoxon– Mann–Whitney tests’ corresponding power analyses and confidence intervals, from the many patients with zero analgesic consumption, have been addressed. Yet, such statistical advances do not compensate for the clinical issue that covariates, such as patient age, can have such large influences on analgesic consumption that the covariates often should be included in trial designs and interpretations. That can easily be done with cut-points.
Effects of Phenytoin on Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Men with Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

A low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an important and common risk factor for coronary heart disease. Cross-sectional studies and uncontrolled clinical trials have suggested that phenytoin can significantly raise HDL-C levels. This study was undertaken to determine whether phenytoin can raise HDL-C levels in men with low levels of HDL-C. Ninety-two men currently receiving outpatient care at a Veterans Affairs medical center and with baseline HDL-C levels ≤ 1.16 mmol/L (45 mg/dL) were recruited to participate in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Participants received a placebo or 100 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg of phenytoin once daily for 14 weeks. Lipid levels were measured at baseline and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. After 14 weeks of treatment, the 200-mg and 300-mg phenytoin groups together achieved a significant 10% increase in HDL-C levels compared with placebo after adjusting for differences in baseline HDL-C levels, age, and body mass index. Other lipid levels did not significantly change in the phenytoin groups compared with placebo. Average compliance was 98% or greater for each of the treatment groups. Eighteen participants dropped out of the study with similar numbers from each treatment group. Side effects were mild and mostly transient. Low doses of phenytoin are well tolerated and can effectively increase HDL-C levels in men with low levels of HDL-C.
A Process Model for Prevention Program Research

Interventions attempted before the onset of a counseling problem are primary prevention efforts. A process model for prevention program research is the focus of this paper. The process model features four essential steps: assessment, goal setting, strategy implementation, and evaluation. The likely problems encountered by a prevention researcher at each step of the model are discussed.
A Job is a Job is a Job... or is it?: Behavioral Observations in the Adolescent Workplace

Researchers and policy makers have treated adolescent work experience as a unidimensional phenomenon and have ignored possible differences among jobs along the very dimensions of working posited as...
Quasi-harmonic method for studying very low frequency modes in proteins

Synopsis A quasi-harmonic approximation is described for studying very low frequency vibrations and flexible paths in proteins. The force constants of the empirical potential function are quadratic approximations to the potentials of mean force; they are evaluated from a molecular dynamics simulation of a protein based on a detailed anharmonic potentia!. The method is used to identify very low frequency (N1 cm-1) normal modes for the protein pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. A simplified model for the protein is used, for which each residue is represented by a single interaction center. The quasi-harmonic force constants of the virtual internal coordinates are evaluated and the normal-mode frequencies and eigenvectors are obtained. Conformations corresponding to distortions along selected low-frequency modes are analyzed.
Equilibrium measurement in the reactions of heme-proteins with gaseous ligands

Abstract A spectrophotometric method is described which when used as directed provides routine precision of about ±0.5% in degree of gas binding and about ±0.1% in partial pressure of the gas. The method is an elaboration of methods now in use, but has been improved both by the incorporation of a partially bored stopcock for introduction of the gas and by elaboration of manipulative procedures to reduce protein loss either via denaturation or through the production of oxidized forms. Manipulative errors have been reduced to the point that the limiting error is that of a high-grade spectrophotometer. The method is convenient and is not time consuming. Further improvements in spectrometric methods may be possible, but only with very elaborate attention to manipulative errors and only with the use of devices of higher photometric precision than most conventional commercial spectrophotometers. The method makes it now possible to determine directly with precision isotherms for the binding of carbon monoxide to myoglobin.
The Impact of Primary Melanoma Thickness and Microscopic Tumor Burden in Sentinel Lymph Nodes on Melanoma Patient Survival

The primary objectives of this work are to (1) quantitate tumor burden in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), and (2) assess the independent contributions of SLN tumor burden and primary melanoma thickness (PMT) with respect to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Sixty-three patients (41 male and 22 female) with one or more positive SLNs were available for review in this study, with median follow-up of 6.8 years. PMT was measured and SLN metastases were assessed for size, as maximum metastasis size (MMS) in mm, by hematoxylin and eosin (HE HR = 17.26 and P < 0.001 for OS) relative to the baseline group with PMT <1.6 mm. All patients had completion lymph node dissection (CLND) except for four patients. Patients with positive CLND (14, 22.2%) showed significant worse PFS (P = 0.002) and OS (P = 0.0003) than the negative CLND group (45, 71.4%). PMT and MMS were independently prognostic of PFS and OS in melanoma patients. Patients with negative CLND had significantly better PFS and OS than those with positive CLND.
D(e,e′p) data

One hopes to learn about the short range structure of the deuteron by measuring the D(e,e′p)n cross section at large nucleon momenta. The problems of previous experiments are discussed and a recent Hall A experiment at Jefferson Lab is presented. PACS: 25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few nucleon systems – 25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions – 25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum
Copper signaling in the mammalian nervous system: Synaptic effects

Copper is an essential metal present at high levels in the CNS. Its role as a cofactor in mitochondrial ATP production and in essential cuproenzymes is well defined. Menkes and Wilson's diseases are severe neurodegenerative conditions that demonstrate the importance of Cu transport into the secretory pathway. In the brain, intracellular levels of Cu, which is almost entirely protein bound, exceed extracellular levels by more than 100-fold. Cu stored in the secretory pathway is released in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and can transiently reach concentrations over 100 μM at synapses. The ability of low micromolar levels of Cu to bind to and modulate the function of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels contributes to its effects on synaptic transmission. Cu also binds to amyloid precursor protein and prion protein; both proteins are found at synapses and brain Cu homeostasis is disrupted in mice lacking either protein. Especially intriguing is the ability of Cu to affect AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a monitor of cellular energy status. Despite this, few investigators have examined the direct effects of Cu on synaptic transmission and plasticity. Although the variability of results demonstrates complex influences of Cu that are highly method sensitive, these studies nevertheless strongly support important roles for endogenous Cu and new roles for Cu-binding proteins in synaptic function/plasticity and behavior. Further study of the many roles of Cu in nervous system function will reveal targets for intervention in other diseases in which Cu homeostasis is disrupted.
Relations of Age and Education to Managers' Work Values

The relations of age and years of formal education to work values of 209 middle managers was examined. Older men placed less importance on intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics while older women reported lower desire for independence. Men and women with more education showed a greater desire for intrinsic job aspects, independence, and the opportunity to perform managerial activities.
Preanalytical Errors Introduced by Sample-Transportation Systems: A Means to Assess Them

Sample transportation is one of the major factors contributing to delays in returning high-quality clinical laboratory results to the patient bedside. Furthermore, sample quality can be compromised by exposure to extremes of temperature and physical forces during transportation. Uncontrolled temperature-induced errors are well understood and are often prevented by using environmentally controlled transportation containers. The effects of excessive physical forces applied to medical samples are poorly understood, however. For example, pneumatic tubes are in widespread use for transporting medical samples to the laboratory, because they substantially reduce turnaround times (1) and are a less expensive alternative to creating satellite laboratories (2). While in transit in pneumatic tubes, samples are subjected to roller coaster–type rapid accelerations during “takeoff,” radial gravitational forces when turning sharp corners, and …
Characterization of Aerosolized Ovalbumin

Aerosol stability of ovalbumin at various environmental conditions was examined in terms of aerodynamic particle size/mass, particle concentration, and detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aerosols of ovalbumin were generated in a 1000 liter dynamic aerosol toroid (DAT) drum and the aerosol was sampled over a two hour period with all-glass impingers (AGIs) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS®). Aerodynamic size and mass increases, associated with increases in temperature and relative humidity, were shown to be small but statistically significant (p ≤ 0.0014). A minimum of 50% of the aerosolized ovalbumin was detectable by ELISA after 2 h under all conditions tested. The stability of ovalbumin as demonstrated would allow it to be used as an aerosolized protein challenge material in biological defense testing under the temperature and humidity conditions tested.
Beyond correlation: Bringing artificial intelligence to events data

The Feature Vector Editor offers a user‐extensible environment for exploratory data analysis. Several empirical studies have applied this environment to the SHERFACS International Conflict Management dataset. Current analysis techniques include boolean analysis, temporal analysis, and automatic rule learning. Implemented portably in ANSI Common Lisp and the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM), the system features an advanced interface that makes it intuitive for people to manipulate data and discover significant relationships. The system encapsulates data within objects and defines generic protocols that mediate all interactions between data, users and analysis algorithms. Generic data protocols make possible rapid integration of new datasets and new analysis algorithms with heterogeneous data formats. More sophisticated research reformulates SHERFACS conflict codings as machine‐parsable narratives suitable for processing into semantic representations by the RELATUS Natural Language System. Experiments w...
Tuberculosis treatment discontinuation and symptom persistence: an observational study of Bihar, India's public care system covering >100,000,000 inhabitants.

The effectiveness of India’s TB control programs depend critically on patients completing appropriate treatment. Discontinuing treatment prior to completion can leave patients infectious and symptomatic. Developing strategies to reduce early discontinuation requires characterizing its patterns and their link to symptom persistence. The 2011 BEST-TB survey (360 clusters, 11 districts) sampled patients (n = 1007) from Bihar’s public healthcare system who had initiated treatment >6 months prior to being interviewed, administering questionnaires to patients about TB treatment duration and symptoms, prior treatment, and sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression models estimated the risk of treatment discontinuation for these characteristics. Similar models estimated probabilities of symptom persistence to 25 weeks post-treatment initiation adjusting for the same predictors and treatment duration. All models included district fixed effects, robust standard errors, and adjustments for the survey sampling design. Treatment default timing and symptom persistence relied solely on self-report. 24% of patients discontinued treatment prior to 25 weeks. Higher likelihood of discontinuation occurred in those who had failed to complete previous TB treatment episodes (aOR: 4.77 [95% CI: 1.98 – 11.53]) and those seeing multiple providers (3.67 per provider [1.94 – 6.95]). Symptoms persisted in 42% of patients discontinuing treatment within 5 weeks versus 28% for completing 25 weeks of treatment. Symptom persistence was more likely for those with prior TB treatment (aOR: 5.05 [1.90 – 13.38]); poorer patients (2.94 [1.51 – 5.72]); and women (1.79 [1.07 – 2.99]). Predictors for treatment discontinuation prior to 16 weeks were similar. Premature TB treatment discontinuation and symptom persistence is particularly high among individuals who have failed to complete treatment for a prior episode. Strategies to identify and promote treatment completion in this group appear promising. Likewise, effective TB regimens of shortened duration currently in trials may eventually help to achieve higher treatment completion rates.
Shock tube studies of the N2O/CH4/CO/Ar and N2O/C2H6/CO/Ar systems

Abstract Reflected shock waves were used to heat N 2 O/C 2 H 6 /CO/Ar and N 2 O/CH 4 /CO/Ar mixtures to temperatures of 1875–2855 K at total concentrations of 5 × 10 18 cm −3 . Oxygen atom production was monitored via the flame band emission at 450 nm, and CO 2 production was observed at 4.27 μm. These data were then compared to the results of numerical integration of the rate equations, using rate constant and mechanistic information obtained in earlier studies of H 2 and CH 2 O oxidation under similar conditions. For the C 2 H 6 mixture, it was possible to achieve good agreement between these calculations and the observed data using only one additional reaction O+CH 3 →CH 2 O+OH The calculations were insensitive to the precise value of the rate constant used, but the results are consistent with recent high temperature literature values. For the CH 4 mixture, the best agreement was achieved using a recent high temperature value for O+CH 4 →CH 3 +OH The data indicated that this reaction has a markedly non-Arrhenius rate constant; use of a value based upon low temperature data gives results inconsistent with those observed. The CH 4 system was insensitive to any other methane reaction rate constant. There was some experimental evidence to suggest an unsuspected complexity in methyl radical decay channels at the lowest temperatures observed. The mechanism/rate constant combination used here was then applied to the analysis of literature data for CH 3 oxidation by O 2 . This analysis was designed to obtain a value for the rate constant of CH 3 +O 2 →CH 2 O+OH Results indicated that the most recent high temperature studies yield values consistent with the present analysis.
Girth, minimum degree, and circumference

We present a new lower bound on the circumference (length of a longest cycle) of a graph with given girth (length of a shortest cycle) g and minimum degree δ, namely $${\rm cir} (G)\ge \delta (\delta -1)^{\lfloor {g-3 \over 4} \rfloor } \left (p\;+{4\over \delta-2}\right )- g \quad-{8\over \delta-2},$$ where p e{;1, 2, 3, 4}; and p a g +2(mod 4). This improves a previous bound of similar character given by Voss and naturally extends other bounds by Voss and Peyrat, and by Zhang. More generally, we find a lower bound on the circumference of graphs of given girth g in which every path of fixed order n has at least d neighbors. As an application, we obtain a lower bound on the circumference of (chromatic index) class 2 graphs in terms of girth g and maximum degree ”. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 34: 221233, 2000
Impact evaluation of rural road projects

The paper focuses on ex-post impact evaluations, meaning that one is evaluating impacts after an intervention has happened and had time to have impacts. By 'impact evaluation' the authors mean that an effort is made to establish causality by exploiting the fact that the interventions are assigned to specific units, namely households, firms, or locations in the case of roads, such that non assigned units exist that provide clues to the counterfactual situation of what would have happened in the absence of the intervention. In order to set the stage for the discussion of design and data, the paper first discusses in section two evaluation issues that are specific to rural road impact evaluation. Section three then turns to the implications for evaluation methods and data requirements. Next, section four examines various steps in the evaluation and issues specific to road evaluations that need to be addressed at different stages, as well as some risks and difficulties that may be faced as the evaluation proceeds. Section five briefly notes some general findings from recent rural road impact evaluations, while section six turns to some of the outstanding generic questions that rural road evaluations could help throw light on. The section also briefly introduces structural methods to assess rural road impacts as an alternative to standard impact evaluation methods.
Estimating Leaf Nitrogen Concentration In Barley By Coupling Hyperspectral Measurements With Optimal Combination Principle

Leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), as a key indicator of nitrogen (N) status, can be used to evaluate N nutrient levels and improve fertilizer regulation in fields. Due to the non-destructive and quick detection, hyperspectral remote sensing with hundreds of very narrow bands plays an unique role in monitoring LNC in crop, but most of the current methods using hyperspectral techniques are still based on spectral univariate analyses, which often bring about the unstability of the models for LNC estimates. By introducing the optimal combination principle to conduct multivariate analyses and form the combination model, this paper proposes a new method with hyperspectral measurments to estimate LNC in barley. First, this study analyzed the relationships between LNC in barley and three types of spectral parameters including spectral position, area features, vegetation indices, and established the quantitative models of determining LNC with the key spectral variables, then using the optimal combination method w...
Decomposition of products in nilpotent table algebras

Abstract Two theorems on the decomposition of products in nilpotent commutative table algebras are established. This generalizes several results of Adan-Bante on the decomposition of products of irreducible characters and of conjugacy classes of finite p -groups, and extends these results to fusion rule algebras and association schemes.
Grasping of deformable 3D objects under gravity

The research area of robotic grasping of soft objects is difficult for multiple reasons: high cost computation of deformation, and the changes of the wrench space, contact areas, as well as point wise contact modes inside the areas. This thesis describes modeling of grasped soft objects and recovering their gravity-free shapes. Chapter 1 will introduce the background and related work. Chapter 2 will focus on grasping and picking up soft objects. In the beginning, some results will be shortly described on resisting a third force applied on a 2D rigid body . The results will show that one of the forces must lie on an edge of the friction cone in order to achieve the optimized total normal force. Studying grasping of soft 2D objects will pave the way for picking up 3D objects. Even though there are some similar methods used in both situations, such as the four events of contact establishment, contact break, stick-to-slip and slip-to-stick, which can happen in the finger’s squeezing process, there is still some significant difference between the 2D and 3D cases. This difference goes beyond just adding one more dimension, because the gravity effect has to be considered in 3D cases. In Chapter 3, the focus will be on recovering the shape of a 3D object. Since we use its shape under gravity to construct the stiffness matrix and compute deformations, errors are observed in the experiment. The reason behind this, is that the stiffness matrix in conventional FEM practice already encodes the effect of gravity, which is considered again in the constitutive equation used for computing deformation. Then a numerical iteration method will be introduced to recover the gravity free shape.
Heteroepitaxy on (001) Silicon: Growth Mechanisms and Defect Formation.

In the growth of thin films of compound semiconductors on (001) silicon substrates by vapor deposition techniques, it is usual to employ a two-step process. In this method, an initial (buffer) layer is first grown at a relatively low temperature; once a continuous film has formed on the substrate, its temperature is raised for the subsequent bulk growth. Carrying out the growth in a one-step process by heating the substrate to the final temperature before allowing the gases into the CVD reactor usually results in a polycrystalline aggregate. In this paper, classical nucleation and growth mechanisms are used to explain-the reasons for the different morphology of the one-step and two-step growth films. The heteroepitaxial films on (001) silicon often contain a high density of stacking faults and twins. The occurrence of these planar defects is usually attributed to stresses that arise from lattice mismatch and/or thermal mismatch (differences in coefficients of thermal expansion) between the substrate and the epilayer. It is argued that, in fact, mismatch stresses play a minor role in the generation of planar defects. Instead, an alternative mechanism for their formation is proposed which is based on the facetted shape of nuclei and errors in stacking of {111} planes which occur during deposition on the facets. Conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy have been used to investigate three systems grown by CVD or MOCVD: SiC/Si, GaAs/Si and GaP/Si. These systems have different lattice and thermal mismatches, and the results support the proposed model for the formation of defects.
MEN, WOMEN, AND MANAGERS: ARE STEREOTYPES FINALLY CHANGING?

As the number of women in management roles increases and organizations place a greater emphasis on diversity, a subsequent change in perceptions of women as leader-like is expected. To test this notion, we examined gender and management stereotypes of male and female managers and students. Results reveal considerable change in male managers’ views of women over the past 30 years, as evidenced by greater congruence between their perceptions of women and successful managers and stronger endorsement of agentic and task-oriented leadership characteristics for women. Stereotypes held by male students changed less, remaining strikingly similar to stereotypes held by male managers 15 years ago. Across samples, there was general agreement in the characteristics of managers but less agreement about the characteristics of women. We also found men somewhat less likely than women to attribute successful manager characteristics to women. Respondents with positive past experiences with female managers tended to rate women higher on management characteristics. In the United States, the number of women in the managerial and professional ranks has steadily increased. According to Catalyst, a research and advisory organization committed to advancing women in business, women now hold 51% of managerial and professional specialty positions (Welle, 2004). Women also hold 51% of bachelor’s degrees and 45% of all advanced degrees (Eagly & Karau, 2002). Although these numbers are larger today than ever before, the progression of women into executive positions continues to be slow. For example, among the Fortune 500 companies, only 16% of corporate officers, 14% of board directors, 5% of top earners, and just over 1% of CEOs are women (Welle, 2004). Much research has focused on explaining the slow managerial advancement of women (e.g., Cleveland, Vescio, & Barnes-Farrell, 2005; Stroh, Brett, & Reilly, 1992), ruling out reasons such as lesser skills, education, and time out of the workforce. One plausible explanation that has not been ruled out is that women face subtle barriers in the corporate climb. In a recent survey of 120 CEOs and 705 female executives drawn from the
Network Traffic Scheduling Algorithm for Application-Specific Architectures

For many application-specific and mission-oriented multiple processor systems, the interprocessor communication is deterministic and can be specified at system inception. This specification can be automatically mapped onto a physical system using a network traffic scheduler. An iterative network traffic scheduler is presented which, given the arbitrary topology of the communication network, translates the deterministic communication into a network traffic routing pattern. Previous work has shown the existence of a network traffic scheduling algorithm based on a fluid-flow model that converges to an optimal solution. Issues of iteration complexity and convergence rate of the algorithm are discussed in this paper along with the overall methodology of application-specific architecture design. An upper bound on the traffic scheduling time can be determined. It is further shown that incremental traffic pattern changes can be more efficiently scheduled than total system rescheduling. Such incremental changes can model slowly-changing nondeterministic interprocessor communication. Hence, the algorithm presented in this paper can function as a (pseudo) dynamic traffic scheduler.
Visualizing Vortex Shedding of an Elastic Plate Interacting with a 3D Viscous Flow

Fluid-flexible-structure-interaction is a challenging problem in fluid dynamics that is not well understood, due to the highly complicated nature of the problem. Vortex motion plays a central role in such interaction. In this paper we visualize the vortex shedding from a flexible plate tethered at its midline in a viscous incompressible flow in three dimensions. By arranging visualized features along the time line, or by simulations settings, the proposed visualization design aims to simultaneously investigate multiple simulation output flow patterns in 3D time-dependent fields. As a result, a series of visualizations are produced and facilitating a greater understanding of the fluid-flexible-structure-interaction.
Molecular genetics and Crohn's disease.

Despite many recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease, its cause is unknown. Multiple causes are likely, including environmental, familial, and genetic. Progress in molecular genetic technology has provided less expensive and more accurate tools for investigating the genetics behind familial diseases and has focused interest on the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Familial clustering of Crohn's disease has been obvious since the disease was named. The first case of related patients with Crohn's disease was reported in 1932 by Crohn et al in their original article describing a 14-year-old boy and his 32-year-old sister, 9 both of whom were affected. Since then, the association between Crohn's disease and familial risk has been stressed by Kirsner and Spencer 15 and reported by many other investigators. The past few years have seen the application of molecular-genetic techniques to the clinical situation of familial clustering of Crohn's disease, with the object of identifying a gene or genes associated with the disease. Genetics also may help to account for the various clinical and epidemiologic correlations between Crohn's phenotype and factors such as age, race and gender. This article explains the molecular genetics relevant to Crohn's disease and summarizes current knowledge.
On Approximating the Rate Region for Source Coding with Coded Side Information

The achievable rate region for the problem of lossless source coding with coded side information was derived by Ahlswede and Korner in 1975. While the Ahlswede-Korner bound completely characterizes the achievable rate region when the source and side information are memoryless, calculating this bound for a given memoryless joint probability mass function on the source and side information requires an optimization over all possible auxiliary random variables meeting a given Markov condition and alphabet size constraint. This optimization turns out to be surprisingly difficult even for very simple distributions on the source and side information. We here propose a (1 + epsiv)-approximation algorithm for the given rate region. The proposed technique involves quantization of a space of conditional distributions followed by linear programming. The resulting algorithm guarantees performance within a multiplicative factor (1 + epsiv) of the optimal performance - even when that optimal performance is unknown.
Miss reduction in embedded processors through dynamic, power-friendly cache design

Today, embedded processors are expected to be able to run complex, algorithm-heavy applications that were originally designed and coded for general-purpose processors. As a result, traditional methods for addressing performance and determinism become inadequate. This paper explores a new data cache design for use in modern high-performance embedded processors that will dynamically improve execution time, power efficiency, and determinism within the system. The simulation results show significant improvement in cache miss ratios and reduction in power consumption of approximately 30% and 15%, respectively.
The paradoxical success of fuzzy logic

This paper investigates the question of which aspects of fuzzy logic are essential to its practical usefulness. We show that as a formal system, a standard version of fuzzy logic collapses mathematically to two-valued logic, while empirically, fuzzy logic is not adequate for reasoning about uncertain evidence in expert systems. Nevertheless, applications of fuzzy logic in heuristic control have been highly successful. We argue that the inconsistencies of fuzzy logic have not been harmful in practice because current fuzzy controllers are far simpler than other knowledge-based systems. In the future, the technical limitations of fuzzy logic can be expected to become important in practice, and work on fuzzy controllers will also encounter several problems of scale already known for other knowledge-based systems.
A DNA adenine methylase mutant of Shigella flexneri shows no significant attenuation of virulence

Mutants of Salmonella defective in DNA adenine methylase (dam) have been reported to be attenuated for virulence and to provide protective immunity when used as vaccine strains. To determine whether these observations could be extended to Shigella, a dam mutant of Shigella flexneri 2a was characterized and examined for the role of dam in pathogenesis. The Shigella dam mutant showed some unique characteristics; however, it retained virulence in vivo as well as in vitro. The mutant invaded cultured L2 monolayer cells as efficiently as the wild-type parent, but its intracellular growth was suppressed up to 7 h post-invasion. Furthermore, the invading dam mutant formed smaller plaques in cell monolayers compared to the parent strain. However, the mutant produced keratoconjunctivitis in the Sereny test in guinea pigs only slightly more slowly than the wild-type. While the effect of the dam mutation on virulence was modest, the rate of spontaneous mutation in the dam mutant was 1000-fold greater compared with the wild-type. The virulence and high mutability displayed by the dam mutant of Sh. flexneri suggest that a general anti-bacterial pathogen vaccine strategy based on mutations in dam needs to be re-evaluated.
Polyelectrolyte solutions: Counterion condensation and intermolecular interactions

This article demonstrates that the neglect of nonlinear effects in the conventional counterion condensation theory for the double layer about a charged cylinder can be significant, especially for phenomena involving intramolecular or intermolecular interactions in dilute solutions. For concentrated solutions the Manning theory derives from a linearized superposition approximation for the potential, in contrast to the cylindrical-cell model, which explicitly treats interactions within an ordered array of parallel cylinders. A new theory which treats interactions explicitly while permitting disorder in two dimensions is presented, and predictions for the osmotic pressure are compared with those from the Manning and cylindrical-cell models.
Postoperative Monitoring for Clinical Deterioration

Approximately 40 million surgeries take place annually in the United States, many of them requiring overnight or lengthier postoperative stays from the 5,000 or more hospitals that comprise our acute healthcare system. Throughout the twentieth century patients assumed that being surrounded by well trained nurses and physicians in hospitals guaranteed safety. That bubble burst with the Institute of Medicine’s 1999 report: To Err Is Human, followed closely by its 2001 report: Crossing the Quality Chasm. For the first time, the US public was put on notice regarding the high likelihood of mistakes and error occurring while hospitalized. Nearly all aspects of hospital care since then have been closely scrutinized and re-engineered to optimize risk reduction, except for one. This remaining aspect comprises the risk of having unexpected serious complications, especially immediately following surgery while recovering on hospital general care floors (GCF). This chapter entitled: “Postoperative Monitoring for Clinical Deterioration, Postoperative Care and Managing Rapidly Evolving Clinical Cascades,” explores in detail this remaining problem with its readers, taking the time to explain in clear, easily understood prose: Why these problems continue occurring What has and has not been done about it, and why How care will be transformed in the near future to prevent these problems What can be done immediately with current resources to begin a safe transition.
Scaffolding functions of arrestin-2 revealed by crystal structure and mutagenesis.

Arrestin binding to activated, phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represents a critical step in regulation of light- and hormone-dependent signaling. Nonvisual arrestins, such as arrestin-2, interact with multiple proteins for the purpose of propagating and terminating signaling events. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, mutagenesis, and binding analysis, we reveal structural features of arrestin-2 that may enable simultaneous binding to phosphorylated receptor, SH3 domains, phosphoinositides, and β-adaptin. The structure of full-length arrrestin-2 thus provides a uniquely oriented scaffold for assembly of multiple, diverse molecules involved in GPCR signal transduction.
Living in a Culture of Overwork: An Ethnographic Study of Flexibility

This ethnographic study of women business owners questions whether the flexibility their occupation affords is truly an advantage to balancing work and other aspects of life. Drawing on Weber’s ide...
Optimizing a polyhedral-semidefinite relaxation of completely positive programs

It has recently been shown (Burer, Math Program 120:479–495, 2009) that a large class of NP-hard nonconvex quadratic programs (NQPs) can be modeled as so-called completely positive programs, i.e., the minimization of a linear function over the convex cone of completely positive matrices subject to linear constraints. Such convex programs are NP-hard in general. A basic tractable relaxation is gotten by approximating the completely positive matrices with doubly nonnegative matrices, i.e., matrices which are both nonnegative and positive semidefinite, resulting in a doubly nonnegative program (DNP). Optimizing a DNP, while polynomial, is expensive in practice for interior-point methods. In this paper, we propose a practically efficient decomposition technique, which approximately solves the DNPs while simultaneously producing lower bounds on the original NQP. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach for solving the basic relaxation of box-constrained NQPs (BoxQPs) and the quadratic assignment problem. For one quadratic assignment instance, a best-known lower bound is obtained. We also incorporate the lower bounds within a branch-and-bound scheme for solving BoxQPs and the quadratic multiple knapsack problem. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, the resulting algorithm for globally solving BoxQPs is the most efficient to date.
Extrinsic Life Goals and Health‐Risk Behaviors in Adolescents1

Guided by self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), two studies examined adolescents' risk behaviors as a function of their extrinsic aspirations for wealth, fame, and image relative to their intrinsic aspirations for growth, relationships, and community; and as a function of their perceptions of their parents' autonomy support. In the first study, adolescents who reported using cigarettes had significantly stronger relative extrinsic aspirations than did adolescents who reported not smoking. In the second study, a composite risk behavior index for adolescents' use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, and their having had sexual intercourse was significantly predicted by their relative extrinsic life goals, and both students' health-compromising behaviors and their relative extrinsic goals were significantly negatively predicted by their perceptions of their parents' autonomy support.
Remembering the Past for Meaningful AI-D.

This position paper describes how the nascent area of AI for development can learn from the challenges and successes of its parents: artificial intelligence and information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D). AI suffered from overly ambitious beginnings and years of stumbling before finding its footing, and achieving impactful ICT4D has been an equally challenging endeavor. We describe the history and challenges of both AI and ICT4D research, and present three broad suggestions for AI-for-development researchers: (1) that they spend as much time as possible with the kind of site or the organization they are hoping to impact; (2) that they be ambitious but humble in their goals and expectations; and (3) that they put AI in the service of existing, well-intented, competent development organizations.