cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ileal angiodysplasia causing chronic, occult gastrointestinal bleeding in a 14-year-old boy

Abstract A 14-year old boy with anemia due to chronic gastrointestinal bleeding required recurrent transfusion. An extensive non-invasive evaluation that included detection of fresh blood in the small bowel followed by laparotomy with on-table pan-endoscopy (including enteroscopy) was unsuccessful in identifying a bleeding source. After repeat capsule endoscopy at our center confirmed bleeding in the distal small bowel, CT angiography identified a 6-mm focal area of enhancement in the ileum communicating with a distal branch of the superior mesenteric artery. Direct visceral angiography with super-selective arteriography identified a fast-flow vascular malformation supplied by terminal branches of the ileal artery. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed intra-abdominal adhesions and no clear vascular malformation. Initial careful visual and manual examination of the bowel after conversion to laparotomy failed to identify the lesion. On-table retrograde enteroscopy demonstrated a small, pulsatile lesion without ulceration or adherent clot in the mucosa of the proximal ileum. With endoscopic transillumination, a cluster of serpiginous vessels could be seen within the wall of the small bowel. The lesion was resected and pathology was consistent with angiodysplasia. Angiodysplasia is a rare cause of occult, chronic gastrointestinal bleeding in children. A multidisciplinary approach optimizes the likelihood of therapeutic success.
Model Drawing Strategy for Fraction Word Problem Solving of Fourth-Grade Students with Learning Disabilities.

This study used a multiple probe across participants design to examine the effects of a model drawing strategy (MDS) intervention package on fraction comparing and ordering word problem–solving per...
The Search for a Gold Standard to Detect Rejection in Heart Transplant Patients: Are We There Yet?

Article, see p 917 Heart transplantation remains the only definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure. Advances in immunosuppressive therapies have improved outcomes; however, allograft rejection is still a major impediment to survival. Although cellular rejection rates have been declining, rates of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) have shown little improvement and afflict 10% to 20% of patients.1 AMR correlates with adverse outcomes, including hemodynamic compromise rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and death.1 Despite efforts from the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) to standardize the diagnosis and grading of AMR,2 subjectivity in interpreting histological findings will continue to be an insurmountable obstacle. This is not helped by a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease.2 In this issue of Circulation , Loupy et al3 address this knowledge gap by using gene expression profiling in endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) samples from heart transplant recipients with AMR. Gene expression profiling of allograft biopsy samples using RNA extraction and microarray analysis was performed on 71 biopsy samples from 55 patients who were diagnosed with AMR using conventional histology. They were compared with a matched control group of 55 rejection-free and acute cellular rejection (ACR) patients to eliminate any overlap in gene expression between the 2 types of rejection. AMR was diagnosed by using the 2013 ISHLT pathological grading system (Table), and patients with all grades were included. This study is the first to characterize the molecular landscape of AMR in heart transplantation by using EMB samples. The results showed that 4 gene sets are expressed in AMR and include …
ASSOCIATION OF REMNANT-LIKE PARTICLE CHOLESTEROL AND LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN TRIGLYCERIDE WITH INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS: THE ARIC STUDY

Background: Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) produces remnant lipoproteins enriched with cholesterol, known as remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLPC). Elevated TGRLs also dysregulate LDL metabolism, which may increase TG content in LDL (LDL-TG). Evidence suggests RLPC and LDL-TG
Design of observers for lipschitz nonlinear systems using LMI

Abstract The problem of constructing full-order state estimators for a class of systems with Lipschitz nonlinearities is addressed. By using Lyapunov functions and functionals, conditions have been found that guarantee the asymptotic stability of the estimation error. Such conditions can be conveniently expressed by means of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed observer design methods.
Cost of Unnecessary Testing in the Evaluation of Pediatric Syncope

Syncope is a common and a typically benign clinical problem in children and adolescents. The majority of tests ordered in otherwise healthy pediatric patients presenting with syncope have low diagnostic yield. This study quantifies testing and corresponding patient charges in a group of pediatric patients presenting for outpatient evaluation for syncope. Patients seen between 3/2011 and 4/2013 in the multi-disciplinary Syncope Clinic at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center were enrolled in a registry which was reviewed for patient information. The electronic medical record was used to determine which syncope patients underwent cardiac (electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, or exercise testing) or neurologic (head CT/MRI or electroencephalogram) testing within the interval from 3 months before to 3 months after the Syncope Clinic visit. Testing charges were obtained through hospital billing records. 442 patients were included for analysis; 91% were Caucasian; 65.6% were female; median age was 15.1 years (8.1–21.2 years). Cardiac and neurologic testing was common in this population. While some testing was performed during the Syncope Clinic visit, 46% of the testing occurred before or after the visit. A total of $1.1 million was charged to payers for cardiac and neurological testing with an average total charge of $2488 per patient. Despite the typically benign etiology of pediatric syncope, patients often have expensive and unnecessary cardiac and/or neurologic testing. Reducing or eliminating this unnecessary testing could have a significant impact on healthcare costs, especially as the economics of healthcare shift to more capitated systems.
Successful endoscopic removal of 42 magnetic balls

Foreign body ingestion in pediatric patients is a common emergency department presentation. Despite a ban and recall in 2014 for the magnetic toy “Buckyballs” due to posing a deadly risk if ingested, clinical cases continue to occur. The need for surgical management in the setting of multiple magnet ingestions is related to compromised blood supply when at least two magnets are attracted while separated by gastrointestinal mucosa, and previous studies have indicated that the majority of multiple magnet ingestions require surgical intervention. In the setting of a known recent ingestion, endoscopic removal can potentially safely avoid the morbidity and mortality associated with surgical procedures. We present an interesting clinical case of multiple magnetic ingestion managed with endoscopic procedure.
The Garden Spot: Year One

The owner and manager of a small garden shop that opened on January 1 needs to analyze and record transactions, prepare financial statements, and assess the company's performance during its first year of operations. She also needs to provide a set of financial statements for her bank, as she is required to do annually based on her loan agreement. Students will prepare journal entries, post this information to T-accounts, record the necessary adjusting entries and post to T-accounts, prepare an income statement that summarizes results of operations for the year, and prepare a balance sheet as of December 31. Excerpt UVA-C-2378 Rev. Aug. 16, 2016 The Garden Spot: Year One It was almost midnight on December 31, and Mary Jo Barnes was reflecting on her first year as owner and manager of The Garden Spot, a small garden shop she had opened on January 1 in Charlottesville, Virginia. She and her husband, Josh, had both worked in a large city in the northeastern United States for the past 10years and had decided to relocate to Charlottesville to establish a different lifestyle. Barnes had a degree in horticulture and wanted to devote her working days to something she enjoyed and was passionate about. So she decided to start her own business and opened a small retail garden shop selling plants, trees, shrubs, and flowers. Barnes recalled what a busy day she had on that first day in January: 1. She had met with her lawyer to incorporate the business, and she and Josh invested $ 60,000 in the company in exchange for shares of common stock. They had contemplated borrowing the $ 60,000 from Barnes's parents but had decided instead to use some of the money they had saved over the past 10 years. . . .
Why Consumers Like Facebook Brands: The Role of Aspirational Brand Personality in Consumer Behavior

ABSTRACTIn total, the top five brands on Facebook have more than 500 million fans through the “like” Facebook button feature and yet research shows that about only 1% engage with the top brands on Facebook. This suggests that individuals have other underlying reasons for liking brands' Facebook pages. To address the question of the latent motivations for liking brands on Facebook, a conceptual model proposing that individuals liked Facebook brands to achieve specific virtual identities was developed and tested. The results demonstrate the significance of brand personality in determining consumer behavior. Self-congruity was also revealed to be an important moderator in the relationships theorized between brand personality and consumers' online behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are outlined and discussed.
Biology of portal hypertension

Portal hypertension develops as a result of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance often caused by chronic liver disease that leads to structural distortion by fibrosis, microvascular thrombosis, dysfunction of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. While the basic mechanisms of LSEC and HSC dysregulation have been extensively studied, the role of microvascular thrombosis and platelet function in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension remains to be clearly characterized. As a secondary event, portal hypertension results in splanchnic and systemic arterial vasodilation, leading to the development of a hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome and subsequently to clinically devastating complications including gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy from the formation of portosystemic shunts, ascites, and renal failure due to the hepatorenal syndrome. This review article discusses: (1) mechanisms of sinusoidal portal hypertension, focusing on HSC and LSEC biology, pathological angiogenesis, and the role of microvascular thrombosis and platelets, (2) the mesenteric vasculature in portal hypertension, and (3) future directions for vascular biology research in portal hypertension.
Predation risk and patch size jointly determine perceived patch quality in ovipositing treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis

Two of the most important factors determining community structure and diversity within and among habitat patches are patch size and patch quality. Despite the importance of patch size in existing paradigms in island biogeography, metapopulation biology, landscape ecology, and metacommunity ecology, and growing conservation concerns with habitat fragmentation, there has been little investigation into how patch size interacts with patch quality. We crossed three levels of patch size (1.13 m2 , 2.54 m2 and 5.73 m2 ) with two levels of patch quality (fish presence/absence, green sunfish [Lepomis cyanellus] and golden shiners [Notemigonus crysoleucus]) in six replicate experimental landscapes (3 × 2 × 6 = 36 patches). Both fish predators have been previously shown to elicit avoidance in ovipositing treefrogs. We examined how patch size and patch quality, as well as the interaction between size and quality, affected female oviposition preference and male calling site choice in a natural population of treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis). Females almost exclusively oviposited in the largest fishless patches, indicating that females use both risk, in the form of fish predators, and size itself, as components of patch quality. Females routinely use much smaller natural and experimental patches, suggesting that the responses to patch size are highly context dependent. Responses to fish were unaffected by patch size. Male responses largely mimicked those of females, but did not drive female oviposition. We suggest that patch size itself functions as another aspect of patch quality for H. chrysoscelis, and serves as another niche dimension across which species may behaviorally sort in natural systems. Because of strong, shared avoidance of fish (as well as other predators), among many colonizing taxa, patch size may be a critical factor in species sorting and processes of community assembly in freshwater habitats, allowing species to behaviorally segregate along gradients of patch size in fishless ponds. Conversely, lack of variation in patch size may concentrate colonization activity, leading to intensification of species interactions and/or increased use of lesser quality patches.
Keeping It Real: Naturalistic Teaching Strategies (NaTS) for Play and Social Skills with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Naturalistic teaching strategies are treatment procedures that employ loosely structured settings, typically in the natural environment, as a means of promoting motivation, functional relationships, and generalization and maintenance for children with autism spectrum disorder. This chapter provides a detailed analysis of what these strategies are, why they work, and how to do them. Moreover, several of these strategies are specifically discussed. The reader is encouraged to use naturalistic teaching strategies as they are amenable to teaching play and social skills.
A Heterogeneous Label Propagation Algorithm for Disease Gene Discovery.

Label propagation is an effective and efficient technique to utilize local and global features in a network for semi-supervised learning. In the literature, one challenge is how to propagate information in heterogeneous networks comprising several subnetworks, each of which has its own cluster structures that need to be explored independently. In this paper, we introduce an intutitive algorithm MINProp (Mutual Interaction-based Network Propagation) and a simple regularization framework for propagating information between subnetworks in a heterogeneous network. MINProp sequentially performs label propagation on each individual subnetwork with the current label information derived from the other subnetworks and repeats this step until convergence to the global optimal solution to the convex objective function of the regularization framework. The independent label propagation on each subnetwork explores the cluster structure in the subnetwork. The label information from the other subnetworks is used to capture mutual interactions (bicluster structures) between the vertices in each pair of the subnetworks. MINProp algorithm is applied to disease gene discovery from a heterogeneus network of disease phenotypes and genes. In the experiments, MINProp significantly output-performed the original label propagation algorithm on a single network and the state-of-the-art methods for discovering disease genes. The results also suggest that MINProp is more effective in utilizing the modular structures in a heterogenous network. Finally, MINProp discovered new disease-gene associations that are only reported recently.
Optic Nerve Glioma

Tumors of the visual pathways — optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract — may have a long natural history. Controversies exist as to their appropriate management. Some believe therapy should be reserved until a patient has progressive symptoms, although others argue for early treatment to minimize visual deterioration. Depending on the location of the tumor, surgery, combined modalities and radiotherapy alone may be used in the treatment of this disorder. Some argue that attempt at surgical removal, even just biopsy, may make vision worse. Most of the literature recommends radiation doses of at least 4500–5000 rad. Improvements in vision are frequently seen following radiotherapy. Vascular occlusion is a late risk of high fractionated dose and high total dose radiation. Ninety-one percent of radiation oncologists would treat optic glioma according to the national survey.
The role of lipid in stearyl CoA desaturation.

The fatty acid desaturase system was one of the first microsomal enzymes for which a lipid requirement was established. Using Fleischer’s procedure of aqueous acetone extraction (Lester & Fleischer, 1961) we were able to reduce the desaturase activity of hen liver microsomes to very low levels and restore activity completely with a mixture of lipids isolated from the microsomes (Holloway & Peluffo, 1964; Jones at al., 1969). Shortly after this observation cytochrome b5 was implicated in the desaturation process (Oshino et al., 1966). Progress in the isolation and purification of the stearyl CoA desaturase has been slow and it is only in the last two years that the complete resolution and reconstitution of the stearyl CoA desaturase has been achieved by Strittmatter and co-workers (Strittmatter et al., 1974).
Comparison of one vs two CTs for attenuation correction of both rest and stress SPECT data for myocardial perfusion imaging with Tc-99m Tetrofosmin

1129 Objectives To investigate whether radiation exposure could be reduced for patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) by using only a single CT for attenuation correction (AC) vs the standard acquisition of a CT for both rest (R) and stress (S) with Tc-99m Tetrofosmin. Methods Retrospectively, 20 patients with abnormal MPI results were chosen. Our 1 day scanning protocol for R/S MPI uses any 1 of 3 SPECT/CT scanners with a CT at both R and S for AC. Both R-CT & S-CT were used for AC of R & S MPI to produce 3 sum difference score (SDS) groups: group 1, the standard method of processing with R-CT AC for R-MPI & S-CT AC for S-MPI; group 2, using R-CT AC for both S-MPI & R-MPI; group 3, using S-CT AC for both S-MPI & R-MPI. All MPI were analysed by a single operator using 4D-MSPECT v4.2 to produce SDS groups. Linear regression was used to compare the differences in SDS between groups. Group 1 processing was repeated blindly in order to find intraoperator variability. Our institutional review board approved the project. Results For intraoperator variability, linear regression yielded excellent agreement: y = 0.98x + 0.17, R2=0.79*. There were no significant differences between the SDS of groups 1 & 3 (y = 0.81x - 0.26, R2=0.73*) which represents how a single S-CT performs as the only source of AC. Conversely, there were significant differences in SDS between groups 1 & 2 (y = 0.74x + 0.08 R2= 0.57*) which represents how the R-CT performs as the single source of AC. *All linear regression analysis demonstrated an ANOVA significance (F) of Conclusions These results show that a single CT obtained during S-MPI may be used for attenuation correction of both R/S MPI without producing a significant difference in SDS; thereby, potentially reducing patient exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation. Sole utilization of the R-CT for attenuation correction of both S and R MPI may lead to significant errors in SDS
Habitat edge responses of generalist predators are predicted by prey and structural resources.

Generalist predators are thought to be less vulnerable to habitat fragmentation because they use diverse resources across larger spatial scales than specialist predators. Thus, it has been suggested that generalist predators may respond positively to habitat edges or demonstrate no edge response, because they can potentially use prey resources equally well on both sides of the habitat edge. However, most predictions about generalist predator responses to the habitat edge are based solely on prey resources, without consideration of other potential drivers. For instance, structural resources are essential for some species to build webs to capture prey or to avoid intraguild predation and cannibalism. In this study, we used both prey and structural resources to predict the response of four predator functional groups (hunting spiders, web-building spiders, aerial predators, and epigeic predators that feed on the detrital/algal food web) to a habitat edge between two salt-marsh grasses (Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens). We found that generalist predators largely demonstrated negative responses to the habitat edge and had distinct habitat associations. Positive edge responses were only observed in one functional group (hunting spiders), and this pattern was driven by the two most abundant species. Negative responses to the habitat edge were more common among taxa and were better explained by structural resources rather than prey resources in the two habitats. Although it is generally acknowledged that specialists decline in fragmented habitats, generalists are thought to be more resilient. However, our research demonstrates that even generalists have habitat structural or food resource requirements that may limit their resilience to habitat loss and fragmentation.
Bayesian Analysis of Mixed-effect Regression Models Driven by Ordinary Differential Equations

Non-linear regression models with regression functions specified by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) involving some unknown parameters are used to model dynamical systems appearing in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, viral dynamics, engineering, and many other fields. We consider the situation where multiple subjects are involved, each of which follow the same ODE model, with different parameters related by a linear regression model in certain observable covariates in the presence of a random effect. We follow a Bayesian two-step method, where first a nonparametric spline model is used and then a posterior on the parameter of interest is induced by a suitable projection map depending on the system of ODEs. Our main contribution is accommodating mixed effects within the Bayesian two-step method by using a further projection on the space of linear combinations of covariates. We describe efficient posterior computational techniques based on direct sampling and optimization. We show that the parameters of interest are estimable at the parametric rate and Bayesian credible sets have the correct frequentist coverage in large samples. By an extensive simulation study, we show the effectiveness of the proposed method. We apply the proposed method to an intravenous glucose tolerance test study.
Cellular Concentrations of Nucleotide Diphosphate-Chelated Magnesium Ions Accelerate Catalysis by RNA and DNA Enzymes.

RNAs are involved in myriad cellular events. In general, RNA function is affected by cellular conditions. For instance, molecular crowding promotes RNA folding through compaction of the RNA. Metabo...
Adaptive design for Gaussian process regression under censoring

A key objective in engineering problems is to predict an unknown experimental surface over an input domain. In complex physical experiments, this may be hampered by response censoring, which results in a significant loss of information. For such problems, experimental design is paramount for maximizing predictive power using a small number of expensive experimental runs. To tackle this, we propose a novel adaptive design method, called the integrated censored mean-squared error (ICMSE) method. The ICMSE method first estimates the posterior probability of a new observation being censored, then adaptively chooses design points that minimize predictive uncertainty under censoring. Adopting a Gaussian process regression model with product correlation function, the proposed ICMSE criterion is easy to evaluate, which allows for efficient design optimization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the ICMSE design in two real-world applications on surgical planning and wafer manufacturing.
CHAPTER I – Calculus on Euclidean Space

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the calculus on Euclidean space. The chapter reviews that part of elementary calculus that deals with differentiation of functions of three variables, and with curves in space. Three-dimensional space is often used in mathematics without being formally defined. It is said to be the space of ordinary experience. Euclidean 3-space E3 is the set of all ordered triples of real numbers. Such a triple p = (p1, p2, p3) is called a point of E3. In linear algebra, it is shown that E3 is, in a natural way, a vector space over the real numbers. Differential calculus deals with another aspect of E3 starting with the notion of differentiable real-valued functions on E3. The chapter discusses some fundamentals related to it. Intuitively, a vector in E3 is an oriented line segment, or “arrow.” Vectors are used widely in physics and engineering to describe forces, velocities, angular momenta, and many other concepts.
Role of pre-operative PROMIS scores in predicting post-operative outcomes and likelihood of achieving MCID following arthroscopic meniscus surgery:

Objectives:The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement and Information System computer-adaptive test (PROMIS-CAT) forms in patients undergoing menis...
Ethics Assessed: An Interdisciplinary Effort to Develop Standards for Automated Learning Assessment in IT Courses

To prepare for ABET accreditation in the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology program, educational objectives were updated with input from constituency groups and student learning outcomes were revised to align with those required by the ABET criteria. This paper describes the project and process that IT program faculty, in collaboration with an instructional developer, initiated to improve assessment and reporting under ABET criteria. This work-in-progress, although embedded within the university-wide learning management system, is of broader applicability, functioning as a semi-automated tool for standardizing evaluation of learning outcomes in other IT programs as well.
Paris Savant: Capital of Science in the Age of Enlightenment: Trans. Susan Emanuel, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 328 pp., $36.95, ISBN 9780199382545, Publication Date: June 2019

Bruno Belhoste’s Paris Savant is a learned and engaging book on science in Enlightenment Paris. Although it was first published in French in 2011, Susan Emanuel’s 2019 translation has now made the ...
Quantitative imaging and dynamics of tumor therapy with viruses

Cancer therapy remains challenging due to the myriad presentations of the disease and the vast genetic diversity of tumors that continuously evolve and often become resistant to therapy. Viruses can be engineered to specifically infect, replicate, and kill tumor cells (tumor virotherapy). Moreover, the viruses can be 'armed' with therapeutic genes to enhance their oncolytic effect. Using viruses to treat cancer is exciting and novel and in principle can be used for a broad variety of tumors. However, the approach is distinctly different from other cancer therapies since success depends on establishment of an infection within the tumor and ongoing propagation of the oncolytic virus within the tumor itself. Therefore, the target itself amplifies the therapy. This introduces complex dynamics especially when the immune system is taken into consideration as well as the physical and other biological barriers to virus growth. Understanding these dynamics not only requires mathematical and computational models but also approaches for the non-invasive monitoring of the virus and tumor populations. In this perspective, we discuss strategies and current results to achieve this important goal of understanding these dynamics in pursuit of optimization of oncolytic virotherapy.
Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America

From the Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth Rock to Christian Coalition canvassers working for George W. Bush, Americans have long sought to integrate faith with politics. Few have been as successful as Hollywood evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson. During the years between the two world wars, McPherson was the most flamboyant and controversial minister in the United States. She built an enormously successful and innovative mega-church, established a mass media empire, and produced spellbinding theatrical sermons that rivalled Tinseltown's spectacular shows. As McPherson's power grew, she moved beyond religion into the realm of politics, launching a national crusade to fight the teaching of evolution in the schools, defend Prohibition, and resurrect what she believed was the United States' Christian heritage. Convinced that the antichrist was working to destroy the nation's Protestant foundations, she and her allies saw themselves as a besieged minority called by God to join the "old time religion" to American patriotism. Matthew Sutton's definitive study of Aimee Semple McPherson reveals the woman, most often remembered as the hypocritical vamp in Sinclair Lewis' "Elmer Gantry", as a trail-blazing pioneer. Her life marked the beginning of Pentecostalism's advance from the margins of Protestantism to the mainstream of American culture. Indeed, from her location in Hollywood, McPherson's integration of politics with faith set precedents for the religious right, while her celebrity status, use of spectacle, and mass media savvy came to define modern evangelicalism.
Transportation and the Behavioral Sciences

The policy-oriented disciplines that serve the functions of government and society (e.g., transportation, housing, health, education, energy, environment) are rapidly changing. Each has evolved at an accelerating pace over the last 20 years, after a period of relative lull in the early 1960s. Until recently, these subjects have been treated as distinct and separate entities, but recent trends indicate a growing tendency by analysts to regard them as interrelated and overlapping.
Representing UNIX Domain Metaphors

The language used to describe technical domains like UNIX is filled with metaphor. An approach to metaphor, based on the explicit representation of knowledge about metaphors, has been developed. MIDAS (Metaphor Interpretation, Denotation, and Acquisition System) is a computer program that that has been developed based upon this approach. MIDAS can be used to represent knowledge about conventional metaphors, interpret metaphoric language by applying this knowledge, and dynamically learn new metaphors as they are encountered during normal processing.
Use of Recovery Probabilities Can Improve Sampling Efficiency for Throw Traps in Vegetated Habitats

Abstract Throw traps are commonly used to assess small fish and macroinvertebrate (SFI) communities in aquatic habitats. Traditionally, numerous passes with a bar seine are used to remove all SFIs from within the throw trap, providing density estimates that are comparable across habitat types. However, similar information can be gathered with fewer seine passes than are traditionally used, thus allowing more sampling in a given field effort. The appropriate number of seine passes to meet study objectives can be determined if habitat-specific recovery probabilities are estimated. We investigated how SFI recovery probabilities within throw traps varied among five submerged aquatic vegetation habitat types and how these recovery probabilities can be used to determine the number of seine passes necessary to assess and detect differences in SFI relative abundance. Using a 1-m2 throw trap and bar seine, we found that estimates of SFI recovery probability were high (75–80%) and similar across habitats. Because o...
Investigation on Requirements of Robotic Platforms to Teach Social Skills to Individuals with Autism

This paper reports on some of the robotic platforms used in the project AUROSO which investigates the use of robots as educationally useful interventions to improve social interactions for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Our approach to treatment uses an educational intervention based on Socially Assistive Robotics (SAR), the DIR/Floortime intervention model and social script/stories. Requirements are established and a variety of robotic models/platforms were investigated as to the feasibility of an economical, practical and efficient means of helping teach social skills to individuals with ASD for use by teachers, families, service providers and other community organizations.
Reactions of carbohydrates with hydroperoxides : Part I. Oxidation of aldoses with sodium peroxide☆

Abstract It was found that aqueous alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions at 0° degrade aldohexoses almost quantitatively to 6 moles of formic acid, and aldopentoses to 5 moles. A mechanism is proposed for the stepwise degradation of aldoses to formic acid, consisting of the addition of a hydroperoxide anion to the aldehydo modification of the sugar, followed by decomposition of the adduct to formic acid and the next lower aldose. The authors found that iron salts accelerate the reaction and suggested that decomposition of the peroxide adduct may take place by a free-radical process, as well as by an ionic mechanism. Reactions of the following hexoses were measured: d -glucose, d -mannose, d -galactose, d D-allose, d -altrose, and d -talose, and the following pentoses: d -xylose, d -arabinose, d -lyxose, and d -ribose. The reaction rates for the various sugars increased in the order just cited.
An Implementation of a Tree-Based N-Body Algorithm on Message-Passing Architectures

In this paper, a “manager-worker” model for a parallel implementation of hierarchical N-body algorithm is introduced. We describe a load-balanced, extremely simple algorithm for solving the Astrophysics simulation of N-body problem using tree-based data structures and coarse-grained parallel architectures. This algorithm, based on the Barnes-Hut method, first assembles a tree data structure which represents the distribution of bodies, or particles, at all length-scales. A domain decomposition, or an adaptive load balancing technique is used to assign bodies to processors as well as to insure that processors are assigned equal amounts of work. Therefore, the problem of load balancing for parallelized particle simulations implemented on MIMD machines is addressed and a simple dynamic had balancing algorithm, called costzones, is employed A number of measurements were carried out in order to reveal the behavior of the N-body application with respect to a partitioning technique and load imbalance overhead. We also show that, with using the introduced manager-worker model and the costzones domain decomposition technique, the algorithm is load balanced and that the majority of the time of the algorithm is spent in performing on-processor functions and not in inter-processor communications. We have conducted our study on several MIMD machines such as the 256-processor Cray T3D and the 64-processor Intel Paragon at JPL/ESS-NASA and on the 32-processor Thinking Machines CMS at UMC.
Language Teacher Education for a Global Society: A Modular Model for Knowing, Analyzing, Recognizing, Doing, and Seeing

Contents Preface Chapter 1: (Re)visioning Language Teacher Education 1.1 Globalizing Perspectives 1.2 Operating Principles 1.3 Challenging Priorities 1.4 Designing KARDS Chapter 2: Knowing 2.1. Professional knowledge 2.2. Procedural Knowledge 2.3. Personal Knowledge Chapter 3: Analyzing 3.1. Learner Needs 3.2. Learner Motivation 3.3. Learner Autonomy 3.4. Classroom Implications Chapter 4: Recognizing 4.1. Teacher Identities 4.2. Teacher Beliefs 4.3. Teacher Values 4.4. The Teaching Self Chapter 5: Doing 5.1. Teaching 5.2. Theorizing 5.3. Dialogizing Chapter 6: Seeing 6.1. Learner Perspective 6.2. Teacher Perspective 6.3. Observer Perspective 6.4. "On Seeing-that" Chapter 7: (Re)making a Modular Model 7.1. Models and Modules 7.2. Design and Delivery 7.3. Challenge and Change 7.4. Closings and Openings References Index
Microbiology for the Surgical Pathologist

Microbiology for the surgical pathologist is presented in an organism-by-organism fashion and divided into segments based upon the category of infectious agent including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The chapter is designed to present information that is most relevant to the surgical pathologist in evaluation of tissues affected by an infectious disease process including common histologic patterns and classic presentation of diseases, the differential diagnoses that should be considered, special stains that may assist in diagnoses, and the characteristic morphologic features of microorganisms. Images for many of the diseases discussed are provided for reference.
Oxalate Degradation by Gastrointestinal Bacteria from Humans

Anaerobic bacteria that metabolize oxalic acid have only recently been isolated from the rumen and from other gastrointestinal habitats. They constitute a new genus and species, Oxalobacter formigenes. This report presents the first comparison of cultural counts of these organisms from human feces and indicates that numbers as high as 10(7)/g may be present in feces from normal humans. Rates of oxalate degradation by mixed bacterial populations in feces from seven normal humans ranged from 0.1 to 4.8 mumol/(g X h). With fecal samples from eight patients that had undergone jejunoileal bypass surgery, rates were much lower [0-0.006 mumol/(g X h)]. We propose that oxalic acid degradation by Oxalobacter formigenes may influence absorption of oxalate from the intestine and that lower rates or lack of oxalate degradation in the colons of jejunoileal bypass patients may contribute to the increased absorption of dietary oxalate and the hyperoxaluria commonly associated with such patients.
Neutrino propagation in matter and a CP-violating phase

Abstract We point out that the dependence on the order of the matter through which neutrinos pass can provide a window into the presence of a CP-violating phase in the mixing matrix of the neutrino sector. This allows for study of CP in the neutrino sector without the necessity of making a comparison between the behavior of neutrinos and that of antineutrinos.
Replication pattern of the X and Y chromosomes in partially synchronized human lymphocyte cultures.

The replication pattern of the X and Y chromosomes at the beginning of the synthetic phase was studied in human lymphocyte cultures partially synchronized by the addition of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUdR). The data were evaluated statistically by an analysis of the distribution of silver grain counts over the X and Y chromosomes. —In cells from normal females, one of the X chromosomes began replication later than any other chromosomes of the complement. The short arm of the late replicating X chromosome started replication earlier than the long arm. The telomeric region of the short arm was a preferential site of DNA synthesis at the beginning of replication. —In partially synchronized lymphocyte cultures from a patient with the XXY syndrome, the Y chromosome started replication together with the late replicating X chromosome. The Y chromosome most frequently replicated synchronously with the short arm of the X. The centromeric region of the Y chromosome initiated synthesis before the telomeric region and appeared to replicate synchronously with the telomeric region of the short arm of the X. These findings are discussed with reference to the pairing of the X and Y chromosomes at meiosis.
Interaction of neuropeptides and cultured glial (Müller) cells of the chick retina: elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP by vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and, to a lesser extent, glucagon were found to increase intracellular cyclic AMP rapidly in cultured glial (Muller) cells of the chick embryo retina. Although VIP elicited higher cyclic AMP accumulation than glucagon at each concentration tested, the half-maximal concentrations were similar, i.e., 6 X 10(-8) M for VIP and 8 X 10(-8) M for glucagon. Secretin had a minimal effect on cyclic AMP accumulation even at a very high (5 X 10(-6) M) concentration. Several other peptide and nonpeptide putative agonists also had little effect on cyclic AMP accumulation. The cultured Muller cell may thus be a useful model for examining VIP and glucagon effects on glial elements of the CNS.
Signal processing scheme for central position identification in a white-light interferometric system with a dual wavelength source

A signal processing scheme using a curve fitting algorithm to determine the central position of the digitized fringe pattern output of a white light interferometric (WLI) system is discussed. An analytic result for the resolution obtained in the central fringe position measurement using a specific curve fitting scheme has been given and a simulation of the measurement of the central position of a computer generated fringe pattern has been carried out. The results from the simulation show good agreement with those from the theoretical analysis. A supporting experiment to investigate this effect has also been carried out and the short term repeatability of the central position measurement using the curve fitting scheme gives close agreement with the theoretical results.
Observations of mercury-containing aerosols in the tropopause region

In situ analyses with a laser ionization mass spectrometer aboard a high altitude aircraft have shown that a large fraction of aerosols in the bottom few km of the stratosphere contain small amounts of mercury [1]. Electron microscopy of particles collected near the tropopause has also detected mercury. The distribution of mercury onto many particles indicates that the mercury is from local condensation of gaseous mercury onto particles rather than transport of mercury-rich aerosols from surface sources. The layer of mercury-containing aerosols was present at both middle latitudes and the tropics in two seasons. There is therefore good reason to believe that the layer is global in extent. There are indications that bromine and/or iodine may be involved in the conversion of mercury from the gas to particle phase in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere [2]. Although the results are only semi-quantitative, they are consistent with conversion of much of the available mercury into the particulate phase at those altitudes. Such conversion could have a significant effect on the global lifetime of mercury as well as implications for mercury in rainfall.
Calculation and Evaluation of an Air-Freezing Index for the 1981–2010 Climate Normals Period in the Coterminous United States

AbstractThe air-freezing index (AFI) is a common metric for determining the freezing severity of the winter season and estimating frost depth for midlatitude regions, which is useful for determining the depth of shallow foundation construction. AFI values represent the seasonal magnitude and duration of below-freezing air temperature. Departures of the daily mean temperature above or below 0°C (32°F) are accumulated over each August–July cold season; the seasonal AFI value is defined as the difference between the highest and lowest extrema points. Return periods are computed using generalized extreme value distribution analysis. This research replaces the methodology used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to calculate AFI return periods for the 1951–80 time period, applying the new methodology to the 1981–2010 climate normals period. Seasonal AFI values and return period values were calculated for 5600 stations across the coterminous United States (CONUS), and the results were validat...
Proposals for joint chiefs of staff reorganization

(1986). Proposals for joint chiefs of staff reorganization. Defense Analysis: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 85-99.
Structure and reactivity of the hydrated hematite (0001) surface

Abstract The structure of the hydroxylated hematite (0 0 0 1) surface was investigated using crystal truncation rod diffraction and density functional theory. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that the surface is dominated by two hydroxyl moieties—hydroxyls that are singly coordinated and doubly coordinated with Fe. The results are consistent with the formation of distinct domains of these surface species; one corresponding to the hydroxylation of the surface Fe-cation predicted to be most stable under UHV conditions, and the second a complete removal of this surface Fe species leaving the hydroxylated oxygen layer. Furthermore, our results indicate that the hydroxylated hematite surface structures are significantly more stable than their dehydroxylated counterparts at high water partial pressures, and this transition in stability occurs at water pressures orders of magnitude below the same transition for α-alumina. These results explain the observed differences in reactivity of hematite and alumina (0 0 0 1) surfaces with respect to water and binding of aqueous metal cations.
Global solvability and uniform decays of solutions to quaslinear equation with nonlinear boundary dissipation

A n-dimensional quasiliner wave equation with nonlinear boundary dissipation is considered. Global existence, uniqueness and uniform decay rates are established for the model, under the assumption that the H1(Ω)xL2(Ω') norms of the initial data are sufficiently small. The result presented in this paper extends/generalizes those obtained those obtained recently in (13), where, by contrast, interior nonlinear damping was considered; and those obtained in (31), where the one-dimensional wave equation with linear boundary damping was treated.
The inhibitory effect of antiallergy drugs on allergen and histamine induced wheal and flare response.

Abstract The influence of antiallergy drugs on the allergy skin test has not previously been clearly defined. This study demonstrates that hydroxyzine can significantly inhibit the allergen and histamine induced wheal and flare response. The inhibition is significant one hour after drug administration and remains inhibitory for at least 24 hours. Aminophylline, ephedrine, and prednisone do not cause significant inhibition. Discontinuation of hydroxyzine for 24 hours prior to skin testing is not adequate to avoid wheal and flare inhibition.
Near Real-Time Scour Monitoring System: Application to Indian River Inlet, Delaware

Scour hole monitoring is widely used by engineers in reaction to bridge scour. Current monitoring methods lack the ability to observe wide areas on operational time scales. It is imperative that wide areas be observed after channel bed armoring countermeasures are taken because the armoring occupies an area larger than can be observed by traditional single-point scour monitors. The present bridge piers within the Indian River Inlet, Delaware, are adjacent to deep scour holes that threaten the bridge. A new scour monitoring system (SM) using two three-dimensional profiling sonars was installed on the Indian River Inlet Bridge to observe more than 19,000 m2 of bathymetry daily. The system components, configuration, and operation are described and example data are presented. Bathymetric data collected by the SM compare favorably with historic high-quality multibeam data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Quantitative correlations with temporally consistent data from a single-beam personal watercraft sur...