cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Significance of Quantitative Evidence in FTC Deceptive Advertising Cases

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has no guidelines for the development, presentation, and evaluation of statistical evidence by litigators or administrative law judges in deceptive advertising cases. As a result, Commission opinions and evidentiary findings related to statistical testimony run to hundreds of pages, discouraging the most determined reader, while orders emerging from the decisions are vague as to their implications for statistical proof of a "reasonable basis" for making an advertising claim. The increasing statistical sophistication of lawyers suggests that an examination of the process by which litigators present and judges evaluate quantitative evidence is appropriate. This article argues that structuring debate over disclosure along the lines of relevance, practical significance, and statistical significance may be fruitful in the resolution of deceptive advertising cases. The fact finder will benefit from organizing the quantitative evidence along these lines in order to simplify and structure the statistical analysis, clarify the resolution of factual issues addressed by quantitative evidence, and clarify substantive remedial requirements through more specific orders to advertisers. This article considers a variety of guidelines that have been used or recommended to direct scientific and econometric research in several substantive law areas. Characteristics peculiar to the factual issues in deceptive advertising cases are highlighted and compared to issues arising in those areas.
Preclinical Presbyopic Development

Determination of the amplitude of accommodation using subjective methods is the most common clinical practice, and for a great number of years since Donders, subjective methods have been used in the laboratory as well. Although objective methods are available, they often require the employment of special procedures such as the use of infrared light, ultrasound, or photography (see Appendix).
Heterochromatin staining pattern of quail-chicken hybrid lymphocytes

Feulgen-Rossenbeck staining of lymphoid cells of quail-chicken hybrids in histologic sections revealed a pattern of heterochromatin arrangement distinguishable from that of either parental type. During interphase, hybrid lymphocytes exhibited combined characteristics of both the parental quail and the parental chicken. Hybrid heterochromatin was arranged in a large central mass as in the quail and in fairly evenly distributed small chromacenters around the periphery of the nucleus similar to the arrangement in the chicken. It is suggested that this pattern of staining can be used as a marker for hybrid cells in studies of genetic interactions.
Revised paleoenvironmental analysis of the Holocene portion of the Barbados sea-level record: Cobbler's Reef revisited

Sample elevations corrected for tectonic uplift and assessed relative to local modeled sea levels provide a new perspective on paleoenvironmental history at Cobbler’s Reef, Barbados. Previously, 14C-dated surface samples of fragmented Acropora palmata plotted above paleo sea level based on their present (uplifted) elevations, suggesting supratidal rubble deposited during a period of extreme storms (4500–3000 cal BP), precipitating reef demise. At several sites, however, A. palmata persisted, existing until ~370 cal BP. Uplift-corrected A. palmata sample elevations lie below the western Atlantic sea-level curve, and ~2 m below ICE-6G-modeled paleo sea level, under slow rates of sea-level rise, negating the possibility that Cobbler’s Reef is a supratidal storm ridge. Most sites show limited age ranges from corals likely damaged/killed on the reef crest, not the mixed ages of rubble ridges, strongly suggesting the reef framework died off in stages over 6500 yr. Reef crest death assemblages invoke multiple paleohistoric causes, from ubiquitous hurricanes to anthropogenic impacts. Comparison of death assemblage ages to dated regional paleotempestological sequences, proxy-based paleotemperatures, recorded hurricanes, tsunamis, European settlement, deforestation, and resulting turbidity, reveals many possible factors inimical to the survival of A. palmata along Cobbler’s Reef.
Towards Predictable Precision Manipulation of Unknown Objects with Underactuated Fingers

This paper describes a new concept in underactuated hand design, motivated by a study of parallel mechanisms. Inspired by the end-effector motion and system reconfiguration in parallel wrists, we propose a morphology of fingers such that during fingertip precision manipulation the instantaneous screw axes, which describe the displacement of the grasped object respect to the palm of the hand, always intersect at the same known fixed point regardless of the object’s particularities. A physical hand was built to evaluate the feasibility of the design concept in improving precision manipulation capabilities while preserving power-grasping functionality. The tendon-driven hand is underactuated, with one actuator for each of the two-degree-of-freedom fingers, and passive rotary fingertips are used to minimize slip at contact points during manipulation. Experimental results with the hand demonstrate the effectiveness of the concept, thus encouraging further research in the area.
Pain Management Experiences and the Acceptability of Cognitive Behavioral Strategies Among American Indians and Alaska Natives

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to explore the chronic pain experience and establish cultural appropriateness of cognitive behavioral pain management (CBPM) techniques in American Indians ...
Comparison of clinical outcomes and risk factors in polymicrobial versus monomicrobial enterococcal bloodstream infections

Background Enterococcal bloodstream infections (EBSIs) are frequently polymicrobial but scant data describe the outcomes and risk factors of polymicrobial EBSI. This study describes the outcomes and risk factors of polymicrobial versus monomicrobial EBSI. Methods In this single-center, retrospective, matched cohort study, patients with polymicrobial EBSI were matched 1:1 to patients with monomicrobial EBSI by age ± 10 years, EBSI source, Pitt bacteremia score, and enterococcal species. Conditional logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of 30-day mortality and polymicrobial EBSI. Results In 142 matched pairs, 30-day mortality was 18.3% versus 21.1% ( P = .551) in monomicrobial and polymicrobial EBSI, respectively. In multivariable analysis, recent chemotherapy/radiation (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.799; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.814-12.696), chronic renal disease (aOR, 2.310; 95% CI, 1.176-4.539), and Pitt bacteremia score (aOR, 1.399; 95% CI, 1.147-1.706) were associated with 30-day mortality. Recent chemotherapy/radiation (aOR, 2.770; 95% CI, 1.016-7.551), and recent antibiotic exposure (aOR, 1.892; 95% CI, 1.157-3.092) were positively associated with polymicrobial EBSI, whereas chronic hemodialysis was negatively associated (aOR, 0.496; 95% CI, 0.29-81). Conclusions Overall, polymicrobial EBSI were not independently associated with mortality. Risk factors for, and the clinical implications of, polymicrobial EBSI should be further studied to inform clinical management and improve outcomes.
Coupon Usage by Chinese Consumers

This study examinee the use of coupon by a segment of the Asian population about which little is known, Chinese Americans. Couponing behavior including types of coupons used, frequency of use, coupon source and desired monetary face values were investigated. Results suggested that Chinese Americans, like many other consumer groups, are coupon users.
397 TESTOSTERONE SUPPLEMENTATION INDUCES SKELETAL MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY, AND INCREASES SATELLITE CELL NUMBER AND REPLICATION IN HEALTHY OLDER MEN

Aging of humans is associated with a decrease in muscle fiber number and cross-sectional area (CSA), resulting in a net loss of skeletal muscle mass. As satellite cells play an important role in skeletal muscle adaptation to anabolic stimuli and injury, we determined whether the number of satellite cells was lower in older men than young men. In addition, we determined the effects of graded doses of testosterone on muscle fiber area, satellite cell number and replication in healthy, older men. Healthy, old men, (60-75 yrs) received a long-acting GnRH agonist to suppress endogenous testosterone production and 25, 50, 125, 300, or 600mg testosterone enanthate IM weekly for 20 wks. Muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis before and after treatment and immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy were used to perform fiber typing and to identify dividing and apoptotic satellite cells. Results The number and CSA of type I and type II fibers did not differ among five groups at baseline. Mean CSA of type II fibers was significantly smaller in older men at baseline (3157+55 μm2) than young men (3710±134 μm2). Testosterone administration in older men was associated with a dose-dependent increase in CSA of both type I (increase 384±286; 633±395; and 1507±313 μm2 respectively at 125, 300 and 600 mg doses) and II fibers (increase: 502±397; 1159±525 μm2 respectively at 300 and 600 mg doses). The number of satellite cells also increased dose-dependently at the three highest doses (5%, 10%, and 12% increase at 125, 300 and 600 mg doses). The percent of muscle fibers showing proliferating satellite cells, assessed by PCNA staining, was significantly lower in older men at baseline than young men; testosterone treatment was associated with an increase in the number of PCNA+ satellite cells (baseline 5.5±4.5 vs 15.8±5.5% after treatment). Conclusion Although muscle fiber CSA and satellite cell number are lower in older men than young men, older men respond to graded doses of testosterone with a dose-dependent increase in muscle fiber area and satellite cell number. Testosterone-induced increase in satellite cell number is associated with an increase in satellite cell replication.
308 Nanometer Excimer Laser in the Therapy of Peripheral Vascular Disease

Excimer laser (308 nm) is presently utilized to treat a wide range of peripheral arterial disease states. It has been used extensively in obstructive disease of the superficial femoral, popliteal, and infra-popliteal vessels. It has been utilized to treat in-stent obstructions as well as graft occlusions. It has been utilized as a crossing tool and an atherectomy device. Advancements in laser technology and technique have resulted in increased utilization. The EXCITE trial has shown laser atherectomy to be superior to PTA for the treatment of SFA in-stent restenosis. Ongoing research utilizing laser atherectomy followed by drug-eluting balloon angioplasty has shown encouraging initial results. Laser results appear to be related as much to improved technique as to improved technology.
SpecWatch: Adversarial spectrum usage monitoring in CRNs with unknown statistics

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), dynamic spectrum access has been proposed to improve the spectrum utilization, but it also generates spectrum misuse problems. One common solution to these problems is to deploy monitors to detect misbehaviors on certain channel. However, in multi-channel CRNs, it is very costly to deploy monitors on every channel. With a limited number of monitors, we have to decide which channels to monitor. In addition, we need to determine how long to monitor each channel and in which order to monitor, because switching channels incurs costs. Moreover, the information about the misuse behavior is not available a priori. To answer those questions, we model the spectrum usage monitoring problem as an adversarial multi-armed bandit problem with switching costs and design two effective online algorithms, SpecWatch and SpecWatch+. In SpecWatch, we select strategies based on the monitoring history and repeat the same strategy for certain timeslots to reduce switching costs. We prove its expected weak regret, i.e., the performance difference between the solution of SpecWatch and optimal (fixed) solution, is O(T2/3), where T is the time horizon. Whereas, in SpecWatch+, we select strategies more strategically to improve the performance. We show its actual weak regret is O(T2/3) with probability 1-δ, for any δ e (0,1). Both algorithms are evaluated through extensive simulations.
Engine Misfire Detection with Pervasive Mobile Audio

We address the problem of detecting whether an engine is misfiring by using machine learning techniques on transformed audio data collected from a smartphone. We recorded audio samples in an uncontrolled environment and extracted Fourier, Wavelet and Mel-frequency Cepstrum features from normal and abnormal engines. We then implemented Fisher Score and Relief Score based variable ranking to obtain an informative reduced feature set for training and testing classification algorithms. Using this feature set, we were able to obtain a model accuracy of over 99 % using a linear SVM applied to outsample data. This application of machine learning to vehicle subsystem monitoring simplifies traditional engine diagnostics, aiding vehicle owners in the maintenance process and opening up new avenues for pervasive mobile sensing and automotive diagnostics.
Changing the world with a Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card size computer developed in 2012 at the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory, The Pi costs only $35, runs Linux in a graphical environment, and provide GPIO (general purpose I/O) connectors for sensors and motors. In this tutorial we will introduce the Pi and provide a guide to using it, include hardware and software requirements. We will also describe how we are using the Pi in undergraduate computer offering ranging from introductory program courses to upper-level systems offerings.
Software-Defined Network Exchanges (SDXs) and Infrastructure (SDI): Emerging innovations in SDN and SDI interdomain multi-layer services and capabilities

Software-Defined-Networking (SDN) is quickly transforming the networking landscape. Programmable networking based on many types of virtualization techniques, including SDN, enable high levels of abstraction for network services, control and management functions, and underlying technology resources. These approaches enable network designers to create a much wider range of services and capability, including through Software Defined Networking Exchanges (SDXs) than can be provided with traditional networks and exchange facilities, enabling a) many more dynamic provisioning options, including in real time b) faster implementation of new and enhanced services c) enabling applications, edge processes and even individuals to directly control core resources; e) substantially improved options for creating customizable networks and e) enhanced operational efficiency and effectiveness. In addition, these capabilities are now being extended to other types of Software Defined Infrastructure (SDI), including clouds, compute grids, storage devices, instruments, and many other types of edge devices.
Child Labor and Ratification of Trade and Labor Provisions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is it a Question of Political Choices?

The high ratification levels of International Labour Organization (ILO) core child labor conventions and related provisions among sub-Saharan African countries should be reflected in significantly reduced incidence of child labor in the region. However, observed trends identify this region with the highest incidence of child labor and a slower reduction rate. The key question addressed in this paper is, what explains the puzzling counterintuitive high incidence of child labor despite high ratification rates of core ]LO child labor conventions? This paper argues that the incentive spectrum of the key decision makers the political elite appears to be a key factor in explaining the observed outcome with respect to the limited enforcement of those conventions.
Review: selective filtration--a phlebotomy strategy for sickle cell therapy.

The molecular defect in sickle cell disease is an error in the coding for hemoglobin synthesis. All of a patient's erythrocyte precursors share the genetic defect, but the patient's circulating erythrocytes are heterogenous in their degree of deformability. Periodic removal, by selective filtration, of the least deformable of the circulating erythrocytes might prove of clinical benefit. Sickle cell ; Blood transfusion ; Autologous ;
A Unified Analysis of Structured Sonar-terrain Data using Bayesian Functional Mixed Models.

Sonar emits pulses of sound and uses the reflected echoes to gain information about target objects. It offers a low cost, complementary sensing modality for small robotic platforms. Although existi...
A Modular Approach for The Diagnostic Analysis of Dynamic Systems Using Time Series Models

Abstract In many dynamic systems such as aircrafts, space vehicles, nuclear power plants and magnetohydrodynamic generators, it is often necessary to determine the cause of fluctuations in a primary variable as a function of dynamic inputs to the system and other process variables. The timely detection of the source of anomaly in the system is useful in preventing damage to the system and restoring it to normal operational mode. In this paper multivariate empirical time series models have been developed in various forms and applied to system diagnostics. Proper combination of multiple-input single-output models and multivariate feedback models are shown to give useful cause-effect relationships among dynamic variables. Recursive model parameter estimation methods, and causal flow maps are developed and applied to the diagnostics of fluctuations in the output voltage of an open-cycle magnetohydrodynamic generator.
Understanding Word Reading Difficulties in Children With SLI.

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) often show considerable reading difficulties. Research has revealed two primary reading profiles among children with SLI: (a) one of poor word readi...
Serotonin syndrome caused by drug to drug interaction between escitalopram and dextromethorphan

A 63-year-old woman with a history of long-standing depression, maintained on escitalopram, presented with altered mental status. Patient had recently been prescribed dextromethorphan-promethazine cough syrup 2 weeks prior for an upper respiratory tract infection. On admission, she was lethargic and obtunded and found to have inducible myoclonus on examination. The rest of her physical exam was unremarkable. Pertinent lab and imaging findings showed QTc prolongation on ECG, negative electroencephalogram and CT head findings, essentially normal blood tests and a negative toxicology screen. The patient was admitted to the step down unit for close observation; both escitalopram and the cough syrup were suspended and was supportively managed. Overnight the patient9s mental status improved and the serial EcGs showed resolution of the prolonged QTc. Patient was discharged home without further complication.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has long been established as a safe and effective treatment for the management of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Due to the success of DBS in the treatment of motor symptoms of advanced PD, this therapy is also considered an effective treatment in earlier stages of PD. This chapter provides an overview on the use of DBS surgery in PD, including patient selection criteria, surgical approaches, surgical target selection, side-effects of neuromodulation, and future applications.
Design and provisioning of wdm networks for traffic grooming

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is the most viable technique for utilizing the enormous amounts of bandwidth inherently available in optical fibers. However, the bandwidth offered by a single wavelength in WDM networks is on the order of tens of Gigabits per second, while most of the applications' bandwidth requirements are still subwavelength. Therefore, cost-effective design and provisioning of WDM networks require that traffic from different sessions share bandwidth of a single wavelength by employing electronic multiplexing at higher layers. This is known as traffic grooming. Optical networks supporting traffic grooming are usually designed in a way such that the cost of the higher layer equipment used to support a given traffic matrix is reduced. In this thesis, we propose a number of optimal and heuristic solutions for the design and provisioning of optical networks for traffic grooming with an objective of network cost reduction. In doing so, we address several practical issues. Specifically, we address the design and provisioning of WDM networks on unidirectional and bidirectional rings for arbitrary unicast traffic grooming, and on mesh topologies for arbitrary multipoint traffic grooming. In multipoint traffic grooming, we address both multicast and many-to-one traffic grooming problems. We provide a unified frame work for optimal and approximate network dimensioning and channel provisioning for the generic multicast traffic grooming problem, as well as some variants of the problem. For many-to-one traffic grooming we propose optimal as well as heuristic solutions. Optimal formulations which are inherently non-linear are mapped to an optimal linear formulation. In the heuristic solutions, we employ different problem specific search strategies to explore the solution space. We provide a number of experimental results to show the efficacy of our proposed techniques for the traffic grooming problem in WDM networks.
Zebrafish small molecule screen in reprogramming/cell fate modulation.

Embryonic zebrafish have long been used for lineage tracing studies. In zebrafish embryos, the cell fate identities can be determined by whole-mount in situ hybridization, or by visualization of live embryos if using fluorescent reporter lines. We use embryonic zebrafish to study the effects of a leukemic oncogene AML1-ETO on modulating hematopoietic cell fate. Induced expression of AML1-ETO is able to efficiently reprogram hematopoietic progenitor cells from erythroid to myeloid cell fate. Using the zebrafish model of AML1-ETO, we performed a chemical screen to identify small molecules that suppress the cell fate switch in the presence of AML1-ETO. The methods discussed herein may be broadly applicable for identifying small molecules that modulate other cell fate decisions.
Job-Embedded Professional Development : Support, Collaboration, and Learning in Schools

In today’s schools, teachers are frequently called on to adapt new curricula and instructional practices in their classrooms. Making sense of the complexities of teaching occurs primarily during the work day, and instead of relying on before or after school one-size-fits-all professional development activities, schools must support teachers in learning on the job. The latest book from renowned author Sally J. Zepeda is written for teachers, teacher leaders, and school and district leaders who want to support job-embedded learning, a powerful form of professional development characterized by active learning and reflection grounded in the context of a teachers’ work environment. Job-Embedded Professional Development provides a framework for helping teachers stop, take a deep breath, and learn along the way as they engage in their daily work. Through the engaging job-embedded learning activities, processes, and cases from the field explored in this book, teachers will immediately be able to: Implement what they are learning in the context of their own classrooms; Work with supportive peers who can coach them along the way; Get feedback on what’s working and what needs to be tweaked; Learn as adult learners fully capable of making sound professional judgments; Engage in conversations that allow teachers to dig deeper into their practices; Focus intently on content knowledge and the linkages to instruction and assessment; Capitalize on learning in digital learning environments before, during, and after school; Gain confidence in themselves and others through learning together.
A Fiducial Scaffold for ECG Compression in Low-Powered Devices

Large volumes of physiological data can now be routinely collected using wearable devices, though a key challenge that remains is the conversion of raw data into clinically relevant and actionable information. While power constraints prevent continuous wireless streaming of large amounts of raw data for offline processing, on-board microprocessors have become sufficiently powerful for data reduction to be performed in real time on the wearable device itself, so that only aggregate, clinically interpretable measures need to be transmitted wirelessly. Here, we use the curve-length transform to extract key beat-by-beat information from the raw ECG waveform, and to identify clinically relevant timing and amplitude information. Each beat is parameterized by 12 morphological features that serve as fiducial markers, sufficient to directly reconstruct a scaffold representation of the ECG waveform. At a nominal heart rate of 70 beats/min and a sampling rate of 250 Hz, typical for wearable monitors, this represents approximately an 18-fold compression. Using difference encoding, the compression ratio improves to 21. Our algorithm computes a running exponentially-weighted average of each identified morphological feature. When any feature deviates significantly from its running average, the algorithm retains the raw waveform for five beats preceding and following the anomaly, enabling future review of the raw data. The algorithm automatically located 93.8% of the 3,615 expert-annotated QRS onsets and offsets in the PhysioNet QT-Database to within 20 ms. Similarly, it located 83.5% of all 3,194 P-wave onset and offset annotations to within 32 ms, and 89.0% of all 3,542 T-wave offset annotations within 72 ms.
Low-cost high temporal resolution diffuse correlation spectroscopy (Conference Presentation)

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an optical method for non-invasive measurements of blood flow in deep tissue microvasculature, such as the brain, without the need for tracers or ionizing radiation. The technique relies on determining temporal autocorrelations of light intensity fluctuations which arise due to time changing speckle patterns of moving scatterers when illuminated by a long coherence length laser. Measurements of blood flow using DCS have extensively been validated and have found some clinical translation already. High temporal resolution by fast sampling of the autocorrelation curves has recently been achieved by software based correlators. Here we demonstrate a new software correlator approach which uses components that are an order of magnitude cheaper than current approaches. We will present on the instrument design, as well as measurements of pulsatile blood flow on healthy volunteers. We will show blood flow measurements with a signal bandwidth of 50Hz and present on signal to noise ratios (SNR) of extracted pulse waveforms as a function of sampling rate. We will show how using an EKG based timing of the signal for averaging increases the fidelity of extracting the blood flow waveform even in low SNR environments. We will further present results of the pulsatile waveforms and the latency of the dicrotic notch as affected by posture changes in healthy volunteers.
Smith after Samuelson: Care and Harm in a Socially Entangled World

In “The Economic Machine and the Invisible Hand” (2009), Murray Milgate argues that the mechanistic thrust of twentieth-century economics owes more to Paul Samuelson than to Adam Smith inasmuch as ...
Too many people, women, men? The psychological effects of population density and sex ratio.

Has your environment become more crowded over time? Do you find yourself surrounded by mostly men or mostly women? Here, we review recent work on the psychological effects of two key ecological dimensions: population density—the number of people in a given space—and sex ratio—the relative proportion of men to women in a group. Higher population densities are associated with a future-oriented psychology, increased educational investment, and a focus on ‘quality over quantity’ in family size and relationship preferences. Unequal sex ratios are associated with increased competition and risky behaviors amongst individuals of the more prevalent sex, and a general shift toward the relationship preferences of the scarcer sex.
Sticky Rice Politics: Impossible Possibilities of Queerness in and Across Yellow Fever and Front Cover

AbstractThis article engages in a close reading of the concept of “sticky rice”—an Asian man falling in love with another Asian man—in and across the films Yellow Fever (1998) and Front Cover (2015...
Incorporation of pora network connerctivity on the prediction of binary liquid phase adsorption of flavour esters in activated carbon

The structural heterogeneity of activated carbon is a result of the existence of micropores, mesopores, and macropores of different sizes and shapes, randomly connected in a pore network. In a pore network, some of the pores that are large enough to accommodate the probe molecules may be accessible through smaller pores that only permit the passage of probe molecules having a smaller size. In the adsorption process, especially involving large and complex probe molecules, the pore network connectivity is very important, and governs the transport and reaction properties of the pores. A method for incorporation of the pore network connectivity along with lAST (Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory Method) on the prediction of binary component adsorption isotherm is proposed in this article. IAST is used in conjunction with the modified DR (Dubinin-Radushkevich) single component isotherm, and is found that the incorporation of the connectivity can improve the accuracy of model inpredicts the multicomponent adsorption performance. Keywords: Adsorption, IAST, Pore Network Connectivity Abstrak Pore network connectivity memegang peranan yang penting dalam proses adsorpsi yang melibatkan senyawa senyawa kompleks. Pada makalah ini diusulkan suatu metode yang menggabungkan Pore network connectivity dan persamaan IAST untuk prediksi isotherm adsorpsi senyawa biner. Untuk mendapatkan isotherm adsorpsi dilakukan percobaan dengan menggunakan ethyl propionate dan ethyl butyrate sebagai adsorbate dan sebagai adsorbent digunakan karbon aktif Filtrasorb F-400 dan Norit ROW 0.8. Untuk menggambarkan isotherm adsorpsi dari hasil percobaan digunakan persamaan The Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory dengan modifikasi persamaan isotherm adsorpsi dari Dubinin-Radushkevich dan Pore network connectivity. Dari hasil yang dipero/eh dapat disimpulkan bahwa persamaan yang melibatkan pengaruh pore network connectivity dapat meningkatkan unjuk kerja dari persamaan isotherm multi komponen untuk prediksi data data percobaan adsorpsi biner. Kata Kunci: Adsorpsi, IAST, Pore Network Connectivity
3-branes on resolved conifold

The type-IIB supergravity solution describing a collection of regular and fractional D3-branes on the conifold (hep-th/0002159) was recently generalized to the case of the deformed conifold (hep-th/0007191). Here we present another generalization - when the conifold is replaced by the resolved conifold. This solution can be found in two different ways: (i) by first explicitly constructing the Ricci-flat Kahler metric on resolved conifold and then solving the supergravity equations for the D3-brane ansatz with constant dilaton and (self-dual) 3-form fluxes; (ii) by generalizing the ``conifold" ansatz of hep-th/0002159 in a natural ``asymmetric" way so that the 1-d action describing radial evolution still admits a superpotential and then solving the resulting 1-st order system. The superpotentials corresponding to the ``resolved" and ``deformed" cases turn out to have essentially the same simple structure. The solution for the resolved conifold case has the same asymptotic UV behaviour as in the conifold case, but unlike the deformed conifold case is still singular in the IR. The naked singularity is of repulson type and may have a brane resolution.
Agenda Setting, Issue Priorities and Organizational Maintenance: The US Supreme Court, 1955 to 1994

In recent decades, political science has turned to the study of agenda setting as a central aspect of collective decision-making environments. The content of the public agenda – and the issue agendas of political institutions – make significant social change possible. Recent studies suggest that these political institutions are engaged in both competitive relationships, as they identify and pursue both active and latent public issues, and more complex cue-taking relationships. For separated powers, the problems of co-operation and competition with one another are entwined with internal collective decision-making dilemmas.In this study, we focus on the tension within a political institution between agenda setting as a mechanism for internal organizational maintenance, and agenda setting as a consequence of that institution's interaction with other branches of government and the general public. Specifically, we examine agenda setting by the United States Supreme Court, and ask the question of why the Court allocates more or less of its valuable agenda space to one policy issue over others. Our study environment is the policy issue composition of the Court's docket: the Court's attention to criminal justice policy issues relative to other issues. Among the most important powers of the Court is the power to apportion its agenda space among policy issues.Pacelle argues that the Court's agenda-building process, its culling of cases and issues from numerous petitions, may represent the most important sequence of decisions the Court makes. But the Court's docket is a finite agenda space on which some issues are provided with a larger proportion of the Court's attention. Allocating space to an issue can promote the issue's national visibility and legitimacy as an important public concern.
Cosmos and Technology (Dasein’s Planetary Condition)

In response to Yuk Hui’s essay “For a Cosmotechnical Event,” I argue that the cosmos can only be metaphysically apprehended through a deepening of its astrophysical understanding. This understanding makes the universe—and the Earth—a contingent, historical, and an-archic formation. Dasein is therefore under planetary condition, seeking to ensure that the Earth is finally able to recognize its strangeness. The technologies capable of accompanying an Earth traversed by the abyss of the universe should be able to express a resolutely a-modern, a-human, a-national, and ex-centric technique.
Measuring Postprandial Metabolic Flexibility to Assess Metabolic Health and Disease.

Metabolic abnormalities substantially increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases, which are among the leading causes of mortality globally. Mitigating and preventing these adverse consequences remains challenging due to a limited understanding of metabolic health. Metabolic flexibility, a key tenet of metabolic health, encompasses the responsiveness of interrelated pathways to maintain energy homeostasis throughout daily physiologic challenges, such as the response to meal challenges. One critical underlying research gap concerns the measurement of postprandial metabolic flexibility, which remains incompletely understood. We concisely review the methodology for assessment of postprandial metabolic flexibility in recent human studies. We identify three commonalities of study design, specifically the nature of the challenge, nature of the response measured, and approach to data analysis. Primary interventions were acute short-term nutrition challenges, including single- and multiple-macronutrient tolerance tests. Post-meal challenge responses were measured via laboratory assays and instrumentation, based on a diverse set of metabolic flexibility indicators (e.g., energy expenditure [whole body indirect calorimetry], glucose and insulin kinetics, metabolomics, transcriptomics). Common standard approaches have been diabetes-centric with single-macronutrient challenges (oral glucose tolerance test) to characterize the postprandial response based on glucose and insulin metabolism; or broad measurements of energy expenditure with calculated macronutrient oxidation via indirect calorimetry. Recent methodological advances have included the use of multiple-macronutrient meal challenges that are more representative of physiologic meals consumed by free-living humans, combinatorial approaches for assays and instruments, evaluation of other metabolic flexibility indicators via precision health, systems biology, and temporal perspectives. Omics studies have identified potential novel indicators of metabolic flexibility, which provide greater granularity to prior evidence from canonical approaches. In summary, recent findings indicate the potential for an expanded understanding of postprandial metabolic flexibility, based on non-classical measurements and methodology, which could represent novel dynamic indicators of metabolic diseases.
Chapter 1 - Nutritional Supplementation in Health and Sports Performance

Nutritional status is a major factor in performance and endurance as well as the general health of athletes. Recommendations are provided for vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, several amino acids, and protein to assist athletes in achieving optimum nutrition that supports athletic performance. A number of definitions associated with nutritional supplements, as daily values and recommended daily intake, are provided, and the safety of vitamins and minerals is briefly discussed.
Lattice-based designs of direct sum codebooks for vector quantization

Summary form only given. A direct sum codebook (DSC) has the potential to reduce both memory and computational costs of vector quantization. A DSC consists of several sets or stages of vectors. An equivalent code vector is made from the direct sum of one vector from each stage. Such a structure, with p stages containing m vectors each, has m/sup p/ equivalent code vectors, while requiring the storage of only mp vectors. DSC quantizers are not only memory efficient, they also have a naturally simple encoding algorithm, called a residual encoding. A residual encoding uses the nearest neighbor at each stage, requiring comparison with mp vectors rather than all m/sup p/ possible combinations. Unfortunately, this encoding algorithm is suboptimal because of a problem called entanglement. Entanglement occurs when a different vector from that obtained by a residual encoding is actually a better fit for the input vector. An optimal encoding can be obtained by an exhaustive search, but this sacrifices the savings in computation. Lattice-based DSC quantizers are designed to be optimal under a residual encoding by avoiding entanglement Successive stages of the codebook produce finer and finer partitions of the space, resulting in equivalent code vectors which are points in a truncated lattice. After the initial design, the codebook can be optimized for a given source, increasing performance beyond that of a simple lattice vector quantizer. Experimental results show that DSC quantizers based on cubical lattices perform as well as exhaustive search quantizers on a scalar source.
Hereditary pancreatitis. Description of a fifth kindred and summary of clinical features.

Abstract A fifth kindred with hereditary pancreatitis is described. In four generations of this kindred, six persons are definitely affected with this disease and four others probably have it. In affected kindreds the mode of inheritance appears to be as a non-sex-linked Mendelian dominant. Poor penetrance of the gene and incomplete recessiveness are not excluded. Hereditary pancreatitis often is manifest from early childhood. The sexes so far have been affected with equal frequency. Usually the pancreatic calcifications have appeared as calculi in the larger pancreatic ducts. Gallstones have been observed in only one of twenty-two patients, but in most other respects the clinical picture resembles that of the non-hereditary variety of chronic relapsing pancreatitis. In four of the five kindreds with hereditary pancreatitis, approximately half of the persons so studied (with or without pancreatitis) have excreted abnormally large amounts of lysine and cystine (less often arginine) in the urine. The features of this aminoaciduria are essentially those of "cystinuria," genetically the incompletely recessive type. To the present, no etiologic or pathogenetic relationship between the aminoaciduria and the pancreatitis is apparent.
Sustained periodic terrestrial locomotion in air-breathing fishes

While emergent behaviours have long been reported for air-breathing osteichthyians, only recently have researchers undertaken quantitative analyses of terrestrial locomotion. This review summarizes studies of sustained periodic terrestrial movements by air-breathing fishes and quantifies the contributions of the paired appendages and the axial body to forward propulsion. Elongate fishes with axial-based locomotion, e.g. the ropefish Erpetoichthys calabaricus, generate an anterior-to-posterior wave of undulation that travels down the axial musculoskeletal system and pushes the body against the substratum at multiple points. In contrast, appendage-based locomotors, e.g. the barred mudskipper Periophthalmus argentilineatus, produce no axial bending during sustained locomotion, but instead use repeated protraction-retraction cycles of the pectoral fins to elevate the centre of mass and propel the entire body anteriorly. Fishes that use an axial-appendage-based mechanism, e.g. walking catfishes Clarias spp., produce side-to-side, whole-body bending in co-ordination with protraction-retraction cycles of the pectoral fins. Once the body is maximally bent to one side, the tail is pressed against the substratum and drawn back through the mid-sagittal plane, which elevates the centre of mass and rotates it about a fulcrum formed by the pectoral fin and the ground. Although appendage-based terrestrial locomotion appears to be rare in osteichthyians, many different species appear to have converged upon functionally similar axial-based and axial-appendage-based movements. Based on common forms observed across divergent taxa, it appears that dorsoventral compression of the body, elongation of the axial skeleton or the presence of robust pectoral fins can facilitate effective terrestrial movement by air-breathing fishes.
Minimizing response times in real time planning and search

Real time artificial intelligence (AI) systems are required to respond within a given deadline, or have optimal response times. While some researchers have addressed the issue of planning under deadline constraints, there has been very little research towards optimizing the response time of problem-solving methods. The costs for a response consists of the cost to plan for a solution and the cost of executing the chosen solution. There is an intimate trade-off between these two costs. This paper presents an algorithm for providing near optimal response times by formalizing the trade-offs between planning and execution costs. We provide a proof of correctness and describe an implementation of the algorithm in a real time application of query planning. We also provide a model for considering response times in the context of the A* heuristic search algorithm.
What is the value of historical fidelity in restoration

Abstract The following considers the role of historical fidelity in habitat reconstruction efforts. To what extent should habitat reconstruction be guided by the goal of recreating some past state of a damaged ecosystem? I consider Sarkar’s “replacement argument,” which holds that, in most habitat reconstruction efforts, there is little justification for appealing to historical fidelity. I argue that Sarkar does not provide adequate grounds for deprecating historical fidelity relative to other natural values such as biodiversity or wild nature.
True Negative Predictive Value of Endobronchial Ultrasound in Lung Cancer: Are We Being Conservative Enough?

Background Mediastinal staging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA) requires a high negative predictive value (NPV) (ie, low false negative rate). We provide a conservative calculation of NPV that calls for caution in the interpretation of EBUS results. Methods We retrospectively analyzed our prospectively gathered database (January 2007 to November 2011) to include NSCLC patients who underwent EBUS-FNA for mediastinal staging. We excluded patients with metastatic NSCLC and other malignancies. We assessed FNAs with rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE). The calculation of NPV is NPV=true negatives/true negatives + false negatives. However, this definition ignores nondiagnostic samples. Nondiagnostic samples should be added to the NPV denominator because decisions based on nondiagnostic samples could be flawed. We conservatively calculated NPV for EBUS-FNA as NPV=true negatives/true negatives + false negatives + nondiagnostic. We defined false negatives as negative FNAs but NSCLC-positive surgical biopsy of the same site. Nondiagnostic FNAs were nonrepresentative of lymphoid tissue. We compared diagnostic performance with the inclusion and exclusion of nondiagnostic procedures. Results We studied 120 patients with NSCLC who underwent EBUS-FNA; 5 patients had false negative findings and 10 additional patients had nondiagnostic results. The NPV with and without inclusion of nondiagnostic samples was 65.9% and 85.3%, respectively. Conclusions The inclusion of nondiagnostic specimens into the conservative, worst-case-scenario calculation of NPV for EBUS-FNA in NSCLC lowers the NPV from 85.3% to 65.9%. The true NPV is likely higher than 65.9% as few nondiagnostic specimens are false negatives. Caution is imperative for the safe application of EBUS-FNA in NSCLC staging.
Application of systems biology principles to protein biomarker discovery: Urinary exosomal proteome in renal transplantation

Purpose In mass spectrometry (MS)-based studies to discover urinary protein biomarkers, an important question is how to analyze the data to find the most promising potential biomarkers to be advanced to large-scale validation studies. Here, we describe a “systems biology-based” approach to address this question. Experimental design We analyzed large-scale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data of urinary exosomes from renal allograft recipients with biopsy-proven evidence of immunological rejection or tubular injury (TI). We asked whether bioinformatic analysis of urinary exosomal proteins can identify biological-process based protein groups that correlate with biopsy findings and whether the protein groups fit with general knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Results LC-MS/MS analysis of urinary exosomal proteomes identified more than 1000 proteins in each pathologic group. These protein lists were analyzed computationally to identify the Biological Process and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway terms that are significantly associated with each pathological group. Among the most informative terms for each group were: “sodium ion transport” for TI; “immune response” for all rejection; “epithelial cell differentiation” for cell-mediated rejection; and “acute inflammatory response” for antibody-mediated rejection. Based on these terms, candidate biomarkers were identified using a novel strategy to allow a dichotomous classification between different pathologic categories. Conclusions and clinical relevance The terms and candidate biomarkers identified make rational connections to pathophysiological mechanisms, suggesting that the described bioinformatic approach will be useful in advancing large-scale biomarker identification studies toward a validation phase.