cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Germination of seeds of Tamarix ramosissima

The germination of seeds of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) was compared at a wide range of constant or alternating temperatures from 0 through 40° C. Germination temperature profiles were developed for seeds of saltcedar collected from the Walker River Delta in western Nevada over a 3 year period. Germination occurred over a wide range of temperatures. For 2 of the 3 years of testing, maximum germination observed was 98 or 100%, indicating the seed lots were highly viable. Germination ranged from 0 to 6% at very cold seedbed temperatures, but jumped to 39 to 43% at cold seedbed temperatures. There was very little difference in germination between moderate and warmer seedbed temperatures. No single temperature always supported optimum germination. The temperatures that most frequently supported optima were 10/20 (10° C for 16 hours and 20° C for 8 hours in each 24 hour period), 10/25, 15/20, and 35° C. Mid summer collections of saltcedar seeds were much more variable in germination response compared to annually repeated late spring collections from the Walker River Delta. Available soil moisture apparently is an important factor in the germinability of saltcedar seeds collected in mid summer. Temperature regimes that supported optimum germination for the Walker River Delta accession of seed collected in mid summer, tended to occur at higher temperatures than for seeds collected from the same stand in late spring. Comparison of the saltcedar profile with germination temperature profiles of seeds of tree willow (Salix lutea Nutt.), coyote willow (S. exigua Nutt.), or Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Watson) revealed that germination of saltcedar seeds was equal in the number of regimes with some germination, mean of optima, and maximum observed germination. For all other germination characteristics measured, saltcedar is lower and sometimes distinctly lower than for seeds of the native woody species.
A reconfigurable, multi-gigahertz pulse shaping circuit based on distributed transversal filters

A distributed transversal filter (DTF) is a good candidate for ultrafast pulse shaping in wideband systems like UWB. This paper presents the circuit analysis of DTFs based on transmission line theory. We also show the detailed design procedure of DTFs. A 5-tap prototype DTF is designed and fabricated using microwave PCB substrate and pHEMT discrete transistors. Simulation and initial measurement results demonstrate its pulse shaping capability.
CLAIMS RESERVING USING TWEEDIE'S COMPOUND POISSON MODEL

We consider the problem of claims reserving and estimating run-off triangles. We generalize the gamma cell distributions model which leads to Tweedie’s compound Poisson model. Choosing a suitable parametrization, we estimate the parameters of our model within the framework of generalized linear models (see Jorgensen-de Souza [2] and Smyth-Jorgensen [8]). We show that these methods lead to reasonable estimates of the outstanding loss liabilities.
Nuclear Plant Systems Analysis Research at EPRI

A synopsis is given of research projects on probabilistic systems analysis conducted by the Risk Assessment Program of the Electric Power Research Institute. A brief outline of the value of systems analysis both within PRA and as a stand-alone discipline is used to show how the objectives of the research program are related to industry needs. Research projects and their deliverables are discussed in relation to three objectives: (1) to improve the credibility of the methods and results, (2) to provide computer tools and technology transfer, and (3) to develop use of the methods to improve safety and availability in operation. Recent achievements and future plans are briefly described and an up to date list of relevant EPRI publications is provided.
Black-Burst-Based Multihop Broadcast Protocols for Vehicular Networks

In this paper, two IEEE 802.11-based multihop broadcast protocols, namely urban multihop broadcast and ad hoc multihop broadcast, are proposed to address the broadcast storm, hidden node, and reliability problems of multihop broadcast in vehicular networks. In the proposed protocols, the functions of forwarding and acknowledging the broadcast packet are assigned to only one vehicle by dividing the road portion inside the transmission range into segments and choosing the vehicle in the furthest nonempty segment without a priori topology information. The simulation results confirm that our protocols have very high success rate and efficient channel utilization when compared with other flooding-based protocols. It is also concluded that there is no need for infrastructure support unless the line of sight among different road segments incident to an intersection is blocked with obstacles.
Pitch and Mesophase Fibers

The pitch fibers and mesophase fibers discussed in this chapter are produced from. isotropic pitch and mesophase pitch precursors, respectively. Thus, perhaps they would be more accurately termed isotropic pitch-based and mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. Even though presently these fibers represent only about 10% of the total carbon fibers produced worldwide, potentially, they could become a low-cost alternative to PAN-based carbon fibers. This, coupled with their unique ability to develop a graphitic structure, makes these fibers extremely attractive candidates for present research and future market growth.
Structure and Optimality of Myopic Sensing for Opportunistic Spectrum Access

We consider opportunistic spectrum access for secondary users over multiple channels whose occupancy by primary users is modeled as discrete-time Markov processes. Due to hardware limitations and energy constraints, a secondary user can choose, in each slot, one channel to sense and decide whether to access based on the sensing outcome. The design of sensing strategies that govern channel selections in each slot for optimal throughput performance of the secondary user can be formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). We exploit the structure of this problem when channels are independently and identically distributed. We reveal that the myopic sensing policy has a simple structure: channel selection is reduced to a counting process with little complexity. Further, for the two-channel case, we prove that the myopic sensing policy is in fact the optimal policy. Numerical results have also demonstrated the optimality of the myopic sensing policy when there are more than two channels.
Chemical and Behavioral Factors Influencing Food Selection of Leptinotarsa Beetle

Oligophagous insects are well suited for the study of interactions between plant chemicals and insect behavior because of their high degree of host plant specificity. Our studies of several Solanaceae feeders belonging to the genus Leptinotarsa, especially L. decemlineata, have demonstrated that both primary and secondary plant chemicals are indispensable in the regulation of feeding behavior (Hsiao and Fraenkel, 1968a,b,c,d; Hsiao, 1969). Primary plant chemicals such as sugars, amino acids, phospholipids, etc. are common to all plants and serve as essential phagostimulants to elicit initial feeding response and to maintain continuous feeding on the host-plant (Hsiao, 1972). Many secondary plant chemicals (e.g. alkaloids in Solanaceae) have now been shown to exert repellent, deterrent, and toxic effects, and their presence provides the basis of insect resistance in the majority of plants (Hsiao, 1974).
Priority-Based Conflict Resolution in Inconsistent Relational Databases ∗

We study here the impact of priorities on conflict resolution in inconsistent relational databases. We extend the framework of [1], which is based on the notions of repair and consistent query answer. We propose a set of postulates that an extended framework should satisfy and consider two instantiations of the framework: (locally preferred)l -repairs and (globally preferred)g-repairs. We study the relationships between them and the impact each notion of repair has on the computational complexity of repair checking and consistent query answers.
Difference in Work-Related Violence by Nurse License Type

Nurses are at considerable risk for work-related violence. This study compared the experiences of work-related violence among registered nurses (RNs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) to quantify differences in risks and exposures and to gain insight into possible interventions. A randomsample(n =6,300)oflicensedMinnesotanurseswassurveyedregardingtheprevious12month period. Nurses self-reported violent events and demographic information. After adjustment for potential confounders and nonresponse, LPNs had an increased risk for both physical assault (odds ratio = 1.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.1–1.9) and nonphysical violence (oddsratio=1.2;95%confidenceinterval =1.0–1.5)comparedtoRNs.Someexposuresresulted in increased risks for both types of violence for RNs and LPNs: working primarily in psychiatric departments and long-term care facilities. In contrast, working in clinics resulted in decreased risks for both license types. Some risks varied by license type. Risk of physical assault was increased for LPNs working with neonatal/pediatric patients, whereas RNs’ risk was decreased. RNs’ risk of physical violence increased while providing care, whereas LPNs’ risk increased while supervising care. A better understanding of how this problem varies by license type and work setting will assist in designing efficacious interventions. (Index words: Violence; Work related;
Fractal scaling behavior of water flow patterns on inhomogeneous surfaces

We have analyzed the patterns formed by water flowing over an inhomogeneous incline and have found fractal scaling behavior in the downhill direction, with ${d}_{f}=1.35\ensuremath{-}1.45$. The observed behavior is consistent with recent theoretical predictions involving nonlinear fluid flow close to threshold conditions.
Lysis of aminobisphosphonate-sensitized MCF-7 breast tumor cells by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells

Aminobisphosphonates are drugs administered for the treatment of bone resorption. They can indirectly activate peripheral γδ T cells and render tumor cells susceptible to lysis by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. We have investigated the molecules involved in conjugate formation and killing of aminobisphosphonate-treated MCF-7 breast tumor cells by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Lysis of aminobisphosphonate (Pamidronate and Zoledronate)-treated MCF-7 tumor cells by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was assessed by chromium release assays and time-lapse video microscopy. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were chosen as aminobisphosphonates are employed to alleviate bone resorption in this malignancy. Cell cycle profile and expression of MICA, ICAM-I and FasL on aminobisphosphonate-sensitized MCF-7 breast tumor cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. Involvement of γδ TCR and NKG2D in mediating cytotoxicity of aminobisphosphonate-treated MCF-7 breast tumor cells by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was assessed using blocking antibodies in chromium release assays. MCF-7 tumor cells pretreated with Pamidronate and Zoledronate were efficiently lysed by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Pamidronate and Zoledronate treatment of MCF-7 cells induced S phase arrest and did not alter expression of MICA, ICAM-I and FasL. Blocking γδ TCR and NKG2D on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells inhibited lysis of Pamidronate and Zoledronate-treated MCF-7 cells. Inhibiting the perforin-granzyme pathway in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells using concanamycin A reduced their ability to lyse aminobisphosphonate-treated MCF-7 cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells form strong conjugates with aminobisphosphonate-treated MCF-7 breast tumor cells. γδ TCR, NKG2D and perforin-granzyme pathway are involved in the lysis of MCF-7 breast tumor cells treated with aminobisphosphonates by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
Threshold Shear Strain for Cyclic Pore-Water Pressure in Cohesive Soils

Threshold shear strain for cyclic pore-water pressure, γt , is a fundamental property of fully saturated soils subjected to undrained cyclic loading. At cyclic shear strain amplitude, γc , larger than γt residual cyclic pore-water pressure changes rapidly with the number of cycles, N , while at γc < γt such changes are negligible even at large N . To augment limited experimental data base of γt in cohesive soils, five values of γt for two elastic silts and a clay were determined in five special cyclic Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)-type direct simple shear (NGI-DSS), constant volume equivalent undrained tests. Threshold γt was also tested on one sand, with the results comparing favorably to published data. The test results confirm that γt in cohesive soils is larger than in cohesionless soils and that it generally increases with the soil’s plasticity index (PI). For the silts and clay having PI=14–30, γt =0.024–0.06% was obtained. Limited data suggest that γt in plastic silts and clays practically...
Neuromuscular Facilitation in Crayfish: Dependence on Potassium and Strophanthidin

1.Long-term facilitation (LTF) and short-term facilitation (STF) at excitatory neuromuscular junctions were studied under conditions of varying [K + ] 0 and with the addition of strophanthidin. 2.The magnitude of LTF varied inversely with [K + ] 0 , while STF was unaffected. 3.Strophanthidin concentrations greater than 10 −5 M greatly increased LTF, but not STF. 4.Both LTF and STF were unaffected by large decreases in excitatory junctional potential amplitude produced by the addition of GABA or Mn +2 . 5.The results support the hypothesis that LTF is a consequence of Na + accumulation in presynaptic terminals and behaves independently of STF.
Midlife and Aging Parents of Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Impacts of Lifelong Parenting

Abstract Using population data, this study included parents of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (n = 220) and parents of individuals without disabilities (n = 1,042). Parents of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities were further divided into those who co-resided with their adult child and those whose adult child lived elsewhere, and the 3 groups were compared regarding parental patterns of attainment, social participation, psychological functioning, and health in midlife and early old age. In midlife, parents of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities were similar in general to comparison parents. However, by early old age, these parents had poorer health and mental health. Co-residence between the adult with intellectual and developmental disabilities and the parent was prevalent during midlife (51.4%) and in the early years of old age (38.6%), and there were different patterns of parental outcomes, depending on the residential s...
Complex properties of heavy oil sand

Summary With more core samples measured in laboratory, we observed wide scattering of velocity on heavy oil sand samples from different fields. A simple universal modeling for heavy oil sand velocity is unrealistic at this stage. However, with improvements on measurement techniques, plus additional information from heavy oil study and other sources, we have better understanding on each factor controlling velocities of heavy oil sands, which include: rock texture, pore fluid properties, and interaction between pore fluids and rock frame at different temperatures.
The biology of the limnephilid caddisfly Dicosmoecus gilvipes (Hagen) in Northern California and Oregon (USA) Streams

The limnephilid caddisfly Dicosmoecus gilvipies (Hagen) occurs in many streams of northwestern United States and British Columbia. Because of the large size of the fully grown larva, its synchronous emergence pattern, and its frequent imitation by fly-fishing anglers, D. gilvipes is one of the best known North American aquatic insects. Egg masses are found at the bases of Carex sedges. Cases of early larval instars are made of organic material and detritus; 3rd and 4th instars incorporate pebbles into cases. The 5th-instar case is made entirely of mineral material. Larvae can travel up to 25 m per day, and are predominantly scraper-grazers. Fifth instars attach their cases to the underside of boulders in mid-summer and remain dormant until pupation in autumn. All northern California populations known are univoltine. Adult females use sex pheromones to attract males; most males come to trapped females in the 1st hour after sunset. In laboratory studies, males and females fly during the mate attraction period but generally not at other times. Males but not females exhibit circadian rhythms that govern flight periodicity. In enclosures to study biotic interactions, the density of D. gilvipes larvae has a negative effect on the densities of sessile grazers. This species has been widely used in trophic and behavioral studies conducted in the laboratory and field, and may be a model organism for ecological studies of caddisflies and other benthic macroinvertebrates.
Is Working to Age 70 Really the Answer for Retirement Income Adequacy

This paper provides results from EBRI’s Retirement Security Projection Model® to examine claims that merely working to age 70 would provide most workers with adequate retirement income levels. Contrary to some reports that working just a little bit longer -- to age 70 -- will allow between 80 and 90 percent of households to have adequate income in retirement, new research by the nonpartisan Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) shows that for approximately one-third of the households between the ages of 30 and 59 in 2007 that won’t be enough. The EBRI research, the latest in a series of detailed analysis of retirement income adequacy by the Institute, stems from projections that large numbers of Baby Boomer and Generation X workers are likely to run short of what they need to cover general expenses and uninsured health care expenses in retirement. Working longer can, however, have a positive impact. The new research, using results from EBRI’s Retirement Security Projection Model,® shows that nearly two-thirds (64 percent) of households aged 50-59 in 2007 would be considered “ready” for retirement at age 70, compared with 52 percent of those same households if they were to retire at age 65. Moreover, the research indicates that a worker’s participation status in a defined contribution (DC) retirement plan at age 65 will be extremely important due to the multi-year consequences for additional employee and employer contributions to the plan. Among the key reasons for the differences between EBRI’s estimates and other models is that EBRI’s research is based on data from millions of actual 401(k) participants and its model incorporates longevity risk, investment risk, and the risk of potentially catastrophic health care costs (such as prolonged stays in a nursing home). The results highlight, once again, the need for relying on comprehensive data and research methodologies, rather than simplistic “rules of thumb” assumptions.The PDF for the above title, published in the August 2012 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another August 2012 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Satisfaction With Health Coverage and Care: Findings from the 2011 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey.”
A "Smart" ¹²⁸Xe NMR Biosensor for pH-Dependent Cell Labeling.

Here we present a “smart” xenon-129 NMR biosensor that undergoes a peptide conformational change and labels cells in acidic environments. To a cryptophane host molecule with high Xe affinity, we conjugated a 30mer EALA-repeat peptide that is α-helical at pH 5.5 and disordered at pH 7.5. The 129Xe NMR chemical shift at room temperature was strongly pH-dependent (Δδ = 3.4 ppm): δ = 64.2 ppm at pH 7.5 vs δ = 67.6 ppm at pH 5.5, where Trp(peptide)–cryptophane interactions were evidenced by Trp fluorescence quenching. Using hyper-CEST NMR, we probed peptidocryptophane detection limits at low-picomolar (10–11 M) concentration, which compares favorably to other NMR pH reporters at 10–2–10–3 M. Finally, in biosensor-HeLa cell solutions, peptide–cell membrane insertion at pH 5.5 generated a 13.4 ppm downfield cryptophane-129Xe NMR chemical shift relative to pH 7.5 studies. This highlights new uses for 129Xe as an ultrasensitive probe of peptide structure and function, along with potential applications for pH-depen...
Advocacy in the Executive Branch of Government

Typical advocacy activities focus almost always on the Legislative Branch of Government, which is entirely appropriate as members of Congress work directly for their constituents (see Chaps. 4 and 5). Advocacy efforts may also be directed to the Executive Branch, which may not be as accessible, however. But the Executive Departments are charged often with creating new rules and regulations to facilitate implementation of newly passed laws. To be effective here, advocacy requires knowledge about the structure of the Executive Branch, their strategic goals, their use of review panels and advisory committees, and other potential targets for advocacy activities.
Ontology and Oniontology

This short chapter introduces the global architecture of ontology of music which this book is going to discuss in detail.
Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions

Forest management and planning requires information that describes the current state of forests as well as alternative future states of forests. How we estimate and project future forest resource characteristics is both a practical and a conceptual data management challenge for planners and managers. One method for acquiring information on the future state for the tree resources is to employ growth and yield models. Growth and yield model projections allow one to envision future states of the tree resources, which allow us to estimate a suite of outcomes produced by various silvicultural regimes. Thus, the data created from growth and yield projections is used in forest planning and harvest scheduling efforts, wildlife habitat assessments, and other quantitative analyses that are based on the structure of stands of trees. Being able to estimate the conditions of the forest through time is also critical in our understanding of whether the activities scheduled in a forest plan can meet our goals and objectives.
Inhibition studies of the enantiomers of β chloroalanine on purified Alanine Racemase from B.subtilis

Abstract Detailed kinetic studies of the inhibition of Alanine Racemase (5.1.1.1.) by the enantiomers of β chloroalanine reveal that the two enantiomers inhibit the enzyme at strikingly different levels and by different mechanisms. D chloroalanine inhibits at very low concentrations (K j = .005 mM) in a competitive fashion. L chloroalanine inhibits only at much higher concentrations (K j = 1.71 mM) and in a noncompetitive fashion. From these results it is postulated that the active site of the Alanine Racemase reacts asymmetrically with the enantiomers of the substrate and has a conformation which greatly favors the D enantiomer.
Discovery of a Diaminopyrimidine FLT3 Inhibitor Active against Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Profiling of the kinase-binding capabilities of an aminopyrimidine analogue detected in a cellular screen of the St. Jude small-molecule collection led to the identification of a novel series of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors. Structure–activity relationship studies led to the development of compounds exhibiting good potency against MV4-11 and MOLM13 acute myelogenous leukemia cells driven by FLT3, regardless of their FLT3 mutation status. In vitro pharmacological profiling demonstrated that compound 5e shows characteristics suitable for further preclinical development.
Downregulation of the IFNAR1 chain of type 1 interferon receptor contributes to the maintenance of the haematopoietic stem cells

Recent studies demonstrated that prolonged exposure of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to type I interferons (IFN) stimulates HSCs entrance into cell cycle, continuous proliferation and eventual exhaustion, which could be prevented by ablation of the Ifnar1 chain of IFN receptor. Given that levels IFNAR1 expression can be robustly affected by IFN-independent ubiquitination and downregulation of IFNAR1 in response to activation of protein kinases such as protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α), we aimed to determine the role of IFNAR1 downregulation in the maintenance of HSCs. Mice harboring the ubiquitination-deficient Ifnar1S526A allele displayed greater levels of haematopoietic cell progenitors but reduced numbers of the long-term HSCs compared with wild type mice and animals lacking Ifnar1. Studies using competitive bone marrow repopulation assays showed that CK1α (but not PERK) is essential for the long-term HSCs function. Concurrent ablation of Ifnar1 led to a modest attenuation of the CK1α-null phenotype indicating that, although other CK1α targets are likely to be important, IFNAR1 downregulation can contribute to the maintenance of the HSCs function.
B ProMentora: Zur Methode und Durchführung der empirischen Untersuchung eines Mentoring-Projekts

„Wie kommt es, dass eine bestimmte Aussage erschienen ist und keine andere an ihrer Stelle?“ (Foucault 1973, S. 42).
Bond-level deformation gradients and energy averaging in peridynamics

Abstract Peridynamic models that aim to incorporate a given classical local continuum stress-deformation response function typically start with a nonlocal averaged analog to the deformation gradient as input to the given local stress-deformation response function. This approach has been observed to allow unphysical deformations such as interpenetration and cause loss of linear stability. This paper describes an approach to deal with this shortcoming. The strategy is based on (1) defining a bond-level analog to the deformation gradient tensor – in contrast to the usual vector deformation measure in peridynamics – that captures both the average deformation in the neighborhood of the bond as well as the deviation of the bond stretch from this average deformation, and (2) using this bond-level deformation gradient in the classical local strain energy response to obtain the energy of each bond. Compared to the standard approach that applies the energy to the averaged deformation gradient, this approach instead averages the energy applied to the bond-level deformation gradient.
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Selected Papers From the IEEE SENSORS 2016 Conference

Over the years, the IEEE SENSORS Conference has become one of the premier, truly global event on novelties in any discipline related to sensors and addressing the whole range from principles, design and fabrication to interfacing, data-extraction, applications, and systems. The most recent conference of this series, the IEEE SENSORS 2016 Conference was held October 30 – November 2, 2016, in Orlando, Florida, USA. In a major departure from previous years, IEEE SENSORS 2016 solicited peer-reviewed 3-page conference papers for the first time, which was received with great enthusiasm by our community. A total of 1049 submissions were received, close to the largest in the SENSORS conference history, of which 617 were accepted (58.82%). Track Chairs handled the review process. All accepted papers went through the same peer-review process, each receiving 5 reviews, and those accepted were published in the conference proceedings in IEEE Xplore. However, they were divided into oral (198) and poster (420) presentations at the SENSORS conference depending upon author preference, suitability, session planning and similar considerations. Authors of 31 conference papers identified for the Best Paper Award from the 16 applicable Tracks were invited to submit expanded versions of their conference papers to this “Selected Papers from the IEEE SENSORS 2016 Conference” Special Issue of the IEEE Sensors Journal, of whom 18 submitted. After rigorous peer review according to the editorial procedures of the Journal, the Guest Editors of this Special Issue accepted 12 for publication and included them in the collection on the following pages.
Reflections on Benjamin D. Wright: Pre- and Post-Rasch

Of the contributors to this volume, I probably knew Ben Wright among the longest. It was 1960 when I first became a University of Chicago doctoral student. In Ben’s statistics class, he announced that he needed a research assistant to help analyze data. Two of us applied, and I counted myself lucky to be chosen. In those days, I had the top qualifications of having previously key-punched several IBM cards. I’ll recount some of my experiences in those years, and in the years since.
The $100-Million Dollar Man: Michael Phelps, the Olympic System, and USA Swimming’s Shifts in “Eligibility”

This article focuses on the structures of elite-performance swimming in order to explore the interdependent relationships among the processes of commodification, commercialization, and modern sport...
Modeling Petroleum Reservoirs in Pennsylvanian Strata of the MidContinent, USA

Improved characterization of petroleum reservoirs must include better geologic models in order to predict quantitative attributes of reservoir units. By necessity, petroleum reservoir prediction and modeling must make both interpolations and extrapolations from limited data. Several approaches to modeling of sedimentary rocks include descriptive or conceptual (qualitative) geologic models and geostatistical, simulation (process), and visualization (quantitative) models. Each type of model has its advantages and limitations, including the appropriate scale of application, data requirements, and knowledge as to how the reservoir was formed. All of the models compliment one another, providing views of complex reservoirs from different perspectives. Quantitative modeling potentially can create a more coherent, integrated view of the reservoir than qualitative conceptual models. An optimum model probably includes a combination of approaches based on the extent and type of knowledge about the reservoir.
Developmental Psychology and Society

Inquiries into the distant past of our society are similar to attempts by psychoanalysts to discover points of choice and/or catastrophe in the life of an individual (Wyatt, 1963). The psychoanalyst restricts his efforts to the discovery of these points; it is left to the patient to reconstruct his life in a new and “healthier” manner. Similarly, our historical inquiries aim at uncovering points in time at which crucial choices were made. We can trace the history back to these points, but any distinct groups, such as minority groups, would have to construct on their own a new interpretation of life, a new philosophy of man and his development. They alone can find their identity and aim at its conceptual description.
Mapping, Measuring, and Modeling Urban Growth

Immediately after World War II, developers in the United States took advantage of market demand and government incentives to build new housing subdivisions for returning soldiers anxious to marry, begin families, and resume civilian life. New developments such as Levittown (New York), Park Forest (Illinois) and Lakewood (California)1 sprang up and were quickly filled with affordable cookie-cutter homes for veterans seeking the American Dream of suburban home ownership (Hayden 2003). The baby boom followed. As a result of the boom and international immigration, the U.S. population grew from 151 million to 300 million between 1950 and 2007. To accommodate this expanding population growth, cities and towns in the U.S. rapidly spread into their rural hinterlands.
The Metamorphic Effects of Power

We change in many ways and for many reasons. Disasters and setbacks cause us to become wary of others. Love causes us to become happy and generous. We change because of natural events, such as growing older. We change because we are dissatisfied with ourselves or because others express dissatisfaction.
4.21 The Ribosome

The ribosome is a large and complex ribonucleoprotein particle that, as the site of protein synthesis within the cell, is central to biological function. The last 10 years have produced a revolutionary increase in our knowledge of the ribosome, based in large part on the availability of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures and lower resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) structures, and on experiments of ever-increasing sophistication that build on the information available from these structures. In this chapter, I will emphasize both the most significant accomplishments in our understanding of the bacterial ribosome and the challenges that remain, stressing, in particular, results obtained by biophysical approaches.
Participatory Design of a Hybrid Kinect Game to Promote Collaboration between Autistic Players and Their Peers

We report on the participatory design of a hybrid two-player Kinect game to encourage complex emotion recognition and collaboration between autistic people and their peers. From its inception, auti...
Contained-Delivery Route and the Administration of Postoperative Steroids Following Anterior Cervical Spinal Fusion With Low-dose rhBMP-2 Reduces the Magnitude of Respiratory Compromise.

Study design Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP)-2. Objective Determine whether severity and incidence of respiratory complications after ACDF surgery are decreased when using a low-dose BMP-infused sponge within a constrained carrier and postoperative IV and oral steroids. Summary of background data Many physicians avoid using BMP in anterior cervical spine fusions because of concern for an increased incidence of dysphagia, significant prevertebral swelling, and airway edema compromise. Pilot studies have shown that the local application of steroids may decrease the incidence of postoperative airway edema and dysphagia. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the safety of immediate postoperative tapered steroid use following low-dose rhBMP-2 completely contained inside either an allograft or PEEK cage in reducing the severity and incidence of respiratory complications following ACDF. Materials and methods Forty-seven patients between 33 and 74 years of age, undergoing 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-level ACDFs augmented with a fraction of a small sponge of rhBMP-2 (0.525 mg/level) within an allograft or PEEK cage and prescribed IV and oral postoperative steroids between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2016. The incidence of complications such as dyspnea, dysphagia, airway issues, edema ectopic bone osteolysis, radiculitis, and nonunion were collected using medical charts. Additional data regarding length of hospital stay and readmissions were also recorded. Results No life-threatening respiratory events, such as prolonged intubation, re-intubation, or readmission for labored breathing, were observed. No complications referable to steroids such as delayed healing, uncontrollable blood sugar, or diabetes were encountered in this series. Conclusions This study provides evidence that a tapered dose of steroids and a contained delivery route significantly decreases postoperative respiratory compromise incidence and magnitude following anterior cervical spine fusion using low-dose rhBMP-2.
Association Between Tumor Multifocality on Multi-parametric MRI and Detection of Clinically-Significant Prostate Cancer in Lesions with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Score 4.

Abstract Objective To investigate whether presence of multifocality on multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging would increase the likelihood of detecting clinically-significant prostate cancer in a PI-RADS 4 lesion. Methods We identified patients with at least 1 PI-RADS 4 lesion who underwent multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion prostate biopsy. Patients were grouped into 1 of 4 cohorts–cohort 1 (a PI-RADS 4 index lesion and an additional PI-RADS 2 or 3 lesion), cohort 2 (single lesion with PI-RADS 4), cohort 3 (2 or more PI-RADS 4 lesions), or cohort 4 (a PI-RADS 4 lesion and an index lesion with PI-RADS 5). We compared the rate of grade group (GG) ≥ 2 pathology on targeted biopsy of PI-RADS 4 lesions between cohorts and evaluated clinical and radiological factors associated with cancer detection. Results The overall rate of GG ≥ 2 pathology in the PI-RADS 4 lesions was 35.2%. The rate of GG ≥ 2 pathology in the cohorts 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 21.7%, 36.3%, 49.1%, and 42.7%, respectively (P Conclusion On targeted biopsy of the PI-RADS 4 lesions, the proportion of GG ≥ 2 pathology is approximately 35%. Rate of GG ≥ 2 detection in PI-RADS 4 lesions might differ based on their location, multifocality, and PI-RADS classifications of other lesions identified.
2462 Don't Forget the Appendix! Incidental Appendix Findings During Laparoscopic Pelvic Surgery

Study Objective Evaluate the incidence of appendectomy for grossly abnormal appearance during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery for benign indications and pathologic concordance. Design Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent an appendectomy during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery for other indications. Setting Surgeries by Advanced Gynecologic Surgery Institute (AGSI), a group of three highly skilled minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons, at three community hospitals in the Chicago area. Patients or Participants A total of 3,478 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery by AGSI between January 1, 2013 through February 28, 2018. Seventy-three patients underwent appendectomy, and fifty-six were included in final analysis. All patients were 18 years of age or older with available operative and pathology reports. Interventions IRB approval was obtained and a retrospective chart review conducted using outpatient and inpatient electronic medical records. Measurements and Main Results Patients were assessed for age, body mass index, surgical indication, procedure performed, intra-operative appendiceal findings, blood loss, pathology, intra-operative events, and postoperative complications. Intraoperatively, the most common indication for appendectomy was endometriosis or fibrosis (61.8%) of which 58.8% had confirmatory pathology and 23.5% had normal pathology. Overall, 75.0% of the specimens were positive for a pathologic process. Four (7.2%) appendiceal malignancies were found, three mucinous and one carcinoid tumor. All three patients with mucinous tumors were operated on by a general surgeon, at same time of gynecologic surgery (1) or at a later date (2). No significant sequelae occurred. Conclusion The appendix should be evaluated during gynecologic laparoscopy, as incidental findings may be identified including malignancies. It is safe for trained gynecologists to perform a laparoscopic appendectomy, but a general surgeon should be consulted intra-operatively when a suspicious mass or malignancy is noted. Future research could evaluate postoperative pain profiles, increased costs and surgical time, and incidence of appendiceal pathology in the endometriosis population.
Fracture and fragmentation of simplicial finite element meshes using graphs

An approach for the topological representation of simplicial finite element meshes as graphs is presented. It is shown that by using a graph, the topological changes induced by fracture reduce to a few, local kernel operations. The performance of the graph representation is demonstrated and analyzed, using as reference the three-dimensional fracture algorithm by Pandolfi and Ortiz (Eng. Comput. 1998; 14(4):287–308). It is shown that the graph representation initializes in O(N^(1.1)_E) time and fractures in O(N^(1.0)_I) time, while the reference implementation requires O(N^(2.1)_E) time to initialize and O(N^(1.9)_I) time to fracture, where N_E is the number of elements in the mesh and N_I is the number of interfaces to fracture.
Leveraging Queueing Theory and OS Profiling to Reduce Application Latency

Request latency is a critical metric in determining the usability of online services, such as web applications and databases. Most existing approaches to improve application latency start by detecting bottlenecks in the application deployment; this typically entails determining stages of processing where the application spends most of its time. Inspired by queueing theory, we present an alternative approach to detect and mitigate bottlenecks âArS using variability of processing time as a guiding principle when designing applications.
miRNAs in human cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~18–25 nucleotides), endogenous, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner via the degradation of target mRNAs or the inhibition of protein translation. miRNAs are predicted to target up to one-third of all human mRNAs. Each miRNA can target hundreds of transcripts and proteins directly or indirectly, and more than one miRNA can converge on a single target transcript; thus, the potential regulatory circuitry afforded by miRNAs is enormous. Increasing evidence is revealing that the expression of miRNAs is deregulated in cancer. High-throughput miRNA quantification technologies provide powerful tools to study global miRNA profiles. It has become progressively more apparent that, although the number of miRNAs (~1,000) is much smaller than the number of protein-coding genes (~22,000), miRNA expression signatures more accurately reflect the developmental lineage and tissue origin of human cancers. Large-scale studies in human cancer have further demonstrated that miRNA expression signatures are associated not only with specific tumor subtypes but also with clinical outcomes.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a crime of opportunity?

The manuscript by Gallacher and co-workers reveals specific bacteria associated with innate immune responses in ventilated preterm infants affected with bronchopulmonary dysplasiahttps://bit.ly/2Xfaq4b
Generalizing Demonstrated Manipulation Tasks

Captured human motion data can provide a rich source of examples of successful manipulation strategies. General techniques for adapting these examples for use in robotics are not yet available, however, in part because the problem to be solved by the robot will rarely be the same as that in the human demonstration. This paper considers the problem of adapting a human demonstration of a quasistatic manipulation task to new objects and friction conditions (Figure 1). We argue that a manipulation plan is similar to a demonstration if it involves the identical number of contacts and if the applied contact wrenches follow similar trajectories. Based on this notion of similarity, we present an algorithm that uses the human demonstration to constrain the solution space to a set of manipulation plans similar to the demonstration. Our algorithm provides guarantees on maximum task forces and flexibility in contact placement. Results for the task of tumbling large, heavy objects show that manipulation plans similar to a demonstration can be synthesized for a variety of object sizes, shapes, and coefficients of friction. Experimental results with a humanoid robot show that the approach produces natural-looking motion in addition to effective manipulation plans.
Potential Potholes: Predicting Challenges and Learning Outcomes in Research Methods in Psychology Courses:

Identifying impediments to learning can help both instructors and students. In this study students (N = 222) from across the nation listed concepts from research methods they found the most challen...
Joy in Collaboration: Developing Early Childhood Teacher Professionalism through Lesson Study

Early childhood professionals are sometimes referenced as caregivers and other times as educators. In order to empower them as professionals, it is important to provide professional development opp...
Drug Residue Avoidance and Beef Quality Assurance Practices in Dairy Cattle

As part of an overall educational program, bovine veterinarians' knowledge of dairy beef quality assurance was assessed, with particular emphasis on residue avoidance practices. A survey instrument was developed and sent to all members of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) in the member newsletter. Topics included respondent demographics, drug administration practices, record-keeping practices, impression of clients' attitudes and behaviors regarding drug residues, drug information sources, understanding of cull cattle marketing and processing, and interest in Dairy Beef Quality Assurance. Survey respondent demographics were similar to the general AABP membership. Survey results highlighted a need for continued educational efforts for and by veterinarians regarding extra-label drug use, residue avoidance and general knowledge about market dairy beef processing.
Greater baseline connectivity of the salience and negative affect circuits are associated with natural improvements in anxiety over time in untreated participants.

Abstract Background There is limited research examining the natural trajectories of depression and anxiety, how these trajectories relate to baseline neural circuit function, and how symptom trajectory-circuit relationships are impacted by engagement in lifestyle activities including exercise, hobbies, and social interactions. To address these gaps, we assessed these relations over three months in untreated participants. Methods 262 adults (59.5% female, mean age 35) with symptoms of anxiety and depression, untreated with pharmacotherapy or behavioral therapy, completed the DASS-42, WHOQOL, and custom surveys at baseline and follow-up to assess symptoms, psychosocial function, and lifestyle activity engagement. At baseline, participants underwent fMRI under task-free and task-evoked conditions. We quantified six circuits implicated in these symptoms: default mode, salience, negative and positive affect, attention, and cognitive control. Results From baseline to 3 months, some participants demonstrated a natural improvement in anxiety (24%) and depression (26%) symptoms. Greater baseline salience circuit connectivity (pFDR=0.045), specifically between the left and right insula (pFDR=0.045), and greater negative affect circuit connectivity elicited by sad faces (pFDR=0.030) were associated with anxiety symptom improvement. While engagement in lifestyle activities were not associated with anxiety improvements, engagement in hobbies moderated the association between negative affect circuit connectivity and anxiety symptom improvement (p = 0.048). Limitations The observational design limits causal inference. Conclusions Our findings highlight the role of the salience and negative affect circuits as potential circuit markers of natural anxiety symptom improvements over time. Future studies that identify biomarkers associated with symptom improvements are critical for the development of personalized treatment targets.
Racial Gaps in the Labor Market: The Role of Nonwhite Entrepreneurship

We investigate how the racial composition of entrepreneurs affects racial differences in labor market outcomes of workers. We create a novel data set that identifies the race of firm owners in Brazil and link it with matched employer-employee data that contains information on the universe of formal employment contracts. We first present evidence of assortative matching between nonwhite workers and nonwhite entrepreneurs. Controlling for a wide set of covariates, we find that the share of nonwhite workers is 18.7% higher in firms with at least one nonwhite owner. We then show that the adjusted racial wage gap is 28% smaller in firms with nonwhite entrepreneurs than in white-owned firms. This is partially explained by nonwhite workers accessing better occupations in firms with nonwhite entrepreneurs. Lastly, we show that nonwhite workers are 15% more likely to become entrepreneurs if they were previously employed by nonwhite entrepreneurs than if they were employed by white entrepreneurs.