cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Combinations of Immune-Modulating Antibodies in Melanoma and Beyond

Immune-modulating antibodies demonstrate activity in increasing numbers of malignancies, and more will be developed in the coming decade. Although active as single agents, optimal outcomes will require combination therapies for many patients. Currently, most combinations are based on either PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists or anti-CTLA-4. The combination of anti-PD-1 with anti-CTLA-4 demonstrates promising activity in metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma and will be tested in multipe other malignancies. Future combinations will likely involve two or more checkpoint inhibitors, a checkpoint inhibitor in combination with an agonist of costimulation, combinations of costimulatory agents or combinations with antibodies that alter lymphyocyte trafficking. Although opportunities for effective combinations are available, major challeneges include the potential for autoimmune toxicity and the selection of patients.
Transmyocardial laser revascularization limits in vivo adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in porcine myocardium.

Objective: Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) is emerging as a potential treatment option for patients with end-stage CAD, and adjuvant gene therapy may be helpful in further improving the results of the procedure. However, the effects of TMR on gene transfer are unknown. Methods: Swine underwent left thoracotomy. TMR was performed to create five channels at 2-cm intervals in the anterolateral free wall of the left ventricle (LV) followed by injection of 1×109 plaque-forming units (pfu) of a replication-deficient adenovirus vector carrying the reporter gene β-galactosidase (Ad.Pac β-gal). An additional five direct injections of 1×109 pfu Ad.Pac β-gal were made at 2-cm intervals in the posterolateral LV of each heart. Control animals underwent TMR alone/vehicle alone ( n =3) or empty virus alone/no treatment ( n =3) of the anterolateral/posterolateral LV, respectively. Results: ELISA revealed significantly greater transgene expression in the direct Ad.Pac β-gal injection versus TMR plus Ad.Pac β-gal inject regions at both 3 ( n =6) (273.0±58.5 vs. 133.4+28.1 pg β-gal/g protein, P =0.02) and 7 days ( n =6) (180.0+59.9 vs. 56.7+18.1 pg β-gal/g protein, P =0.02) postoperatively. At 14 days postoperatively ( n =2), no transgene expression was detected in either region. No transgene expression was detected in any of the control regions at 3 days postoperatively. CD-18 staining revealed significantly greater inflammation in the TMR plus Ad.Pac β-gal and TMR alone regions as compared to Ad.Pac β-gal or vehicle ( P <0.001). Conclusions: Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in conjunction with TMR is possible, although TMR appears to limit the degree of transgene expression attained as compared to direct intramyocardial injection alone, likely due to the greater immune response observed with the former. These findings may have important implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at combining TMR with gene therapy for CAD.
Quantizing Ulam's Control Conjecture

Like classically chaotic systems, can quantum systems be nudged from a given initial state to any other by arbitrarily weak control fields? We explore a scaling theory that sets fundamental limits on the time required for population transfer with weak control fields. Our results depend on the size of the quantum state space and on the rate and extent of energy flow within the system. When the unperturbed dynamics is quantum localized, the total distance in state space over which control can be achieved grows linearly with the number of photons that are expended.
Structured stochastic uncertainty

We consider linear time invariant systems in feedback with structured stochastic uncertainties. This setting encompasses linear systems with both additive and multiplicative noise. We provide a purely input-output treatment of these systems without recourse to state space models, and thus our results are applicable to certain classes of distributed systems. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for mean square stability in terms of the spectral radius of a linear matrix operator whose dimension is that of the number of uncertainties, rather than the dimension of any underlying state space models. Our condition is applicable to the case of correlated uncertainties, and reproduces earlier results for uncorrelated uncertainties.
Long-term outcomes following myeloablative allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma compared to autologous transplantation and the impact of graft-versus-myeloma effect.

Long-term outcomes following myeloablative allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma compared to autologous transplantation and the impact of graft-versus-myeloma effect
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

This essay examines occurrences of classical literature in selected American and European films about twentieth-century war. Homer’sIliad and Horace’s line fromOdes 3.2 quoted in the title provide the starting point for an analysis of the influence of the ancient code of heroism on modern education and on attitudes toward war. In the films chosen for discussion, classical models appear as justification for and exhortation to military service or, by contrast, as a means to question blind patriotism and to criticize military irresponsibility.
Tectonic History of Mississippi Embayment and Surrounding Areas: ABSTRACT

Recently published U.S. Geological Survey gravity and magnetic maps constitute powerful tools for interpreting the tectonic nature and history of the northern part of the Mississippi embayment. Perhaps the most striking feature of the maps is a set of alternating, roughly coincident gravity and magnetic anomalies that bear northeastward and extend from the northwestern edge of the embayment to Alabama. Positive anomalies in this set are viewed, using the model of McKensie, as zones of stretching, thinning, and subsidence of the continental lithosphere. Gradients between positive and negative anomalies may mark the position of listric faults, which blocked out grabens and horsts within the basement rocks, forming a low-relief crustal mosaic. This mosaic was jostled by the Ouachita collision during the Late Pennsylvanian. A horst on the northwestern flank of the embayment was pushed slightly northeastward and uplifted at its northeastern end to form the Pascola arch. Potential field maps provide no evidence that the Pascola arch connected the Ozark and Nashville domes. Older structures athwart the region trend of the mosaic, such as the Ste. Genevieve and Rough Creek faults, were reactivated as thrust faults up on their southern sides. In the Early Permian, alkalic dikes were intruded in the region of the Illinois Mineral District providing the earliest evidence of a lens of low velocity mantle rock beneath the embayment. Radiometric dates suggest alkalic igneous activity peaked in the Cretaceous. In this scenario, the Reelfoot region evolved from a broad complex graben to a true rift during the late Paleozoic. Mesozoic igneous events and present seismicity suggest that the Reelfoot is not a dying rift; it is instead being born. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1460------------
Results from the 3rd Drag Prediction Workshop Using the NSU3D Unstructured Mesh Solver

Results from the third AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop using the unstructured mesh Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver NSU3D are presented. Computations include a grid convergence study on a transonic wing-body and wing-body-fairing configuration at a fixed CL condition using grids up to 41 million points, as well as an incidence sweep (drag polar) at fixed Mach and Reynolds number. A second set of results on a pair of closely related wing geometries is also described, including a grid convergence study at fixed incidence, and an incidence sweep (drag polar) for both wing geometries. For all cases, approximate second-order accurate grid convergence characteristics are demonstrated, with overall accuracy and eciency comparable to other structured, overset, and unstructured workshop calculations. However, it is found that diering grid converged results may be inferred based on dierent families of self-similar coarse and fine grid sequences, particularly for values such as absolute drag at fixed incidence. More consistent grid convergence for idealized drag values (omitting induced drag) is observed, thus validating the procedure of performing grid convergence studies at fixed CL. These grid convergence issues are attributed to the large range of disparate scales which must be resolved in aerodynamic flows, and point to the need for further advances in quantifying and resolving discretization errors for such problems. Over the last five years, the AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Committee has sponsored three Drag Prediction Workshops (DPW), with the aim of assessing the state-of-the-art of current Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers at predicting absolute and incremental drag changes on generic transonic transport aircraft configurations.
Reading and Writing to Learn Science: Achieving Scientific Literacy.

A key step in helping students to achieve scientific literacy is to ensure that each school's curriculum supports students' efforts to learn science meaningfully. Educational researchers play a vital role in this step by providing teachers, teacher educators, administrators, and policy makers with information about the creation of a curriculum that supports scientific literacy. In a scientific literacy curriculum, reading and writing can serve as dynamic vehicles for learning science meaningfully. The task of educational researchers is to show how reading and writing can be used most effectively to support science learning. Much of what is done now in schools is based on teacher intuition—good intuition—but intuition nonetheless. What is needed is school-based research to validate and build upon these intuitions. This article is intended to stimulate research on reading and writing to learn science.
An O(log n) expected rounds randomized byzantine generals protocol

Byzantine Generals protocols enable processes to broadcast messages reliably in the presence of faulty processes. These protocols are run in a system that consists of n processes, t of which are faulty. The protocols are conducted in synchronous rounds of message exchange. It is shown that, in the absence of eavesdropping, without using cryptography, for any e > 0 and t = n/(3 + e), there is a randomized protocol with O(log n) expected number of rounds. If cryptographic methods are allowed, then, for e > 0 and t = n/(2 + e), there is a randomized protocol with O(log n) expected number of rounds. This is an improvement on the lower bound of t + 1 rounds required for deterministic protocols, and on a previous result of t/log n expected number of rounds for randomized noncryptographic protocols.
ORIENTING TASK EFFECTS ON THE RETENTION OF AN INTENTIONALLY LEARNED LINEAR ARM MOVEMENT

The present study investigated the effects of an orienting task on both the immediate and delayed recall of a linear arm movement. All 60 college and graduate students were given the instructions to learn an experimenter-defined target position; however, some subjects were presented additional non-target positions interpolated between presentations of the target position. One group made verbal estimates of the distance between the target and non-target positions, another group made no estimates concerning target and non-target positions, while a third group was presented only the target positions. The group making the verbal estimates was most accurate after an immediate and a 10-min. filled retention interval.
An Application of Swept-Volume Computation In Machine Tool Probing

The machine tool probing can improve efficiency in many different ways, but it is underused in almost every manufacturing location. Part of the reason, probing is underused, is the complexity that often comes with adding probing to the process. Manufacturing companies generate milling and drilling tool paths with ease, using any of a variety of CAM systems. But probing calls for macros that are often either added to the NC code through manual editing, or else entered right at the CNC. This papers present a method to address this shortcoming. A method has been developed using a swept-volume computation to emulate the physical environment for probing process. The virtual probing trajectories are obtained from CAM software. In the mathematical algorithm, the swept volumes of the probing tools are computed from the probing tools’ geometric data and trajectories. Collision operations are then performed on the swept volumes of the virtual probing tools and the virtual machined workpiece to verify the probing process.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Nutrient profiles in the everglades: examination along the eutrophication gradient

Abstract We examined the concentration profiles of nutrients in the surface water, soil and pore water along the eutrophication gradient of the Water Conservation Area-2A (WCA-2A) in the northern Everglades. Phosphorus levels in the surface waters contributed by the agricultural runoff showed an exponential decrease downstream of the inflow structures attaining background values of 7–12, 7–9 and 5–6 μg l −1 of TP, TDP and PO 4 P, respectively, at distances of 8–10 km. The pore water PO 4 P concentration in the oligotrophic areas ranged between 5 and 10 μg l −1 . Molar ratios of dissolved inorganic N and P suggest a possible switch in nutrient limitation in the surface water from P in the oligotrophic areas to N in the eutrophic areas (DIN:DIP ∼ 5). External nutrient loading has also contributed to a three- to four-fold increase in soil TP concentration and enhanced pore water PO 4 P in the northern marshes. Unlike P, C and N concentration in the soils remained fairly uniform along the eutrophication gradient. 210 Pb dating of soil cores suggests that the increase in soil P concentration (from −1 ) and P accumulation rate (from 0.06 to 0.46 g P m −2 per year) at the eutrophic site correlates with the installation of inflow structures in 1960–1963 through which agricultural drainage from the Hillsboro canal enters the marshes. Organic P makes up 70–90% of the total P in the soils as uptake by algae and macrophytes is the primary mechanism of P removal in these wetlands. Calcium supply from the underlying bedrock suggested from the surface and pore water chemical profiles has important consequences for P-cycling in the Everglades as Ca-bound P is the major form of inorganic P storage in the soils.
Coaching Teachers for Emergent Literacy Instruction Using Performance-Based Feedback:

Coaching has garnered support as a professional development approach that helps teachers use research-based instruction to teach emergent literacy skills to young children. However, approaches to c...
Reflections on citizen–state child welfare partnerships: Listening to citizen review panel volunteers and agency liaisons

Abstract Objective Previous research pertaining to the citizen review panel (CRP) initiative indicates that discrepancies exist between panel member and state agency liaison perceptions of CRP effectiveness in fulfilling the CAPTA CRP mandate. This study explores the impressions of both CRP members and liaisons involving barriers to effective CRP–state child welfare partnerships and recommendations to improve the relationship, provided through narrative survey responses from CRP liaisons from 30 states and D.C. and panel members from 32 states and D.C. Thematic categories which emerged from analyses of these responses are discussed, and a conceptual model and substantive-level theory of the CRP–child protective services (CPS) relationship developed from the results are presented. Results The complex nature of CRP–CPS relationships emerged as the central theme among CRP members' and liaisons' responses. Liaisons and CRP members identified a need for CRP members to become more educated globally on child welfare despite the relatively high level of education and experience of much of the sample. Difficulties encountered by panel members in the effort to partner surfaced in themes of mistrust and skepticism about the worth of citizen participation in child protection. Negative agency attitudes, lack of role clarity, and lack of commitment to authentic partnership were cited as negative influences upon the relationship by both liaisons and CRP members. The most important preferred outcome of the partnership was that citizen volunteers would become more knowledgeable partners who could meaningfully contribute to child welfare efforts. A second desired outcome important to CRP members was to form a shared vision with CPS. Conclusions Findings imply that when key components of mutual respect, legitimacy, CPS knowledge, shared vision, authenticity, citizen engagement, honest communication, and a serious, deliberative process are in any way impeded, the partnership is vulnerable to breakdown, and intended outcomes may be compromised. Implications Important relational difficulties that have formed barriers between volunteers and CPS agencies have been identified, and results suggest specific issues to target for improvement. These findings can prompt a more informed discourse about the challenges and opportunities presented when attempting to engage citizens in child welfare practice and policy-making, and can lead to new research paths. Suggestions for such efforts are offered.
Effects and interactions of parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate concentrations in isolated renal tubules.

The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and prostaglandins (PGs) on concentrations of cAMP were investigated in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters. Maximal concentrations of cAMP were reached by 1 min (10-fold increase from basal) in response to maximal concentrations of PTH (7 U/ml). PGEi produced changes which were 3 times greater than PTH at 1 min and 10 times greater during the remaining time periods, with maximal effects reached 5 min after its addition. Inclusion of l-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine at a final concentration of 5 mM resulted in changes in cAMP which did not differ between hormones during a 10-min period. Maximal concentrations of PTH and PGEi, when added together, produced nonadditive effects on both tubule concentrations of cAMP as well as on adenylate cyclase activity of renal cortical homogenates. Pretreatment of tubules with either trypsin or pronase (0.1–2 mg/ml) significantly reduced the effect of PTH on cAMP elevation without affecting the response to PGE1. Indomethacin ...
Identification and area estimation of agricultural crops by computer classification of LANDSAT MSS data

Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data covering a three-county area in northern Illinois were classified using computer-aided techniques as corn, soybeans, or 'other.' Recognition of test fields was 80% accurate. County estimates of the area of corn and soybeans agreed closely with those made by the USDA. Results of the use of a priori information in classification, techniques to produce unbiased area estimates, and the use of temporal and spatial features for classification are discussed. The extendability, variability, and size of training sets, wavelength band selection, and spectral characteristics of crops were also investigated.
A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling for Prenatal Genetic Testing

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are tests for the prenatal diagnosis of cytogenetic abnormalities. We calculated the incremental costs per abnormal birth averted, and the incremental costs per quality-adjusted outcome, of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling performed for the indication of maternal age. Probabilities were obtained from the literature, and direct medical costs from hospital charges deflated to reflect aggregated contracted care reimbursements. Utilities were used to quality-adjust prenatal testing outcomes. Based on costs per abnormal birth averted, at all maternal ages from 30 to 43 years, amniocentesis was more cost-effective than chorionic villus sampling; at ages 44 and 45, chorionic villus sampling was more cost-effective. However, if the anxiety reduction provided by first-trimester diagnosis was equivalent to a 0.2% risk of an abnormal child, chorionic villus sampling was more cost-effective than amniocentesis at all maternal ages. Based on data from the 1988 United States natality cohort, the current policy of testing women aged 35 and older would cost $103,329 and $111,184 per abnormal birth averted for amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, respectively. Testing women aged 30 and older would almost double these costs. For either prenatal test, targeting high risk women for testing, and striving for utilization rates of 50% or higher, appeared to be the most cost-effective policy.
Rough Wall Modification of Two-Layer k−ε

A formulation is developed to apply the two-layer κ-e model to rough surfaces. The approach involves modifying the l ν formula and the boundary condition on κ. A hydrodynamic roughness length is introduced and related to the geometrical roughness through a calibration procedure. An experiment has been conducted to test the model. It provides data on flow over a ramp with and without surface roughness
Effects of Active Control on the Flow Structure in a High Reynolds Number Supersonic Jet

A supersonic axisymmetric jet of design Mach number 1.3 operated in perfectly- and imperfectly-expanded flow regimes is excited by using localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs). The jet is operated at three fully-expanded jet Mach numbers (MJ) of 1.2 (over-expanded), 1.3 (perfectly-expanded), and 1.4 (under-expanded). The Reynolds number based on the jet diameter and jet exit velocity ranges from 1.1×106 to 1.4×106. Eight equally-spaced LAFPAs are housed in a boron nitride nozzle extension. The forcing Strouhal number is ranged from 0.07 to 2.62 for azimuthal modes of 0-3, ±1, ±2, and ±4. In the perfectly-expanded jet, the most effective forcing is obtained at m = ±1 and the jet spreading is significantly enhanced at a forcing Strouhal number of about 0.3 at this mode. For the perfectly-expanded jet, the effects of forcing on the jet development and structure formation are very similar to those observed in a MJ = 0.9 subsonic jet, which has been investigated previously. However, the generated str...
Surgical Treatment of Emphysema Using Bovine Pericardium Strips

ABSTRACT Chronic pulmonary emphysema (CPE) damages lung tissue, causing it to lose elasticity and no longer exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently. In the past, lung transplantation was the only surgical treatment for CPE. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) using bovine pericardium strips is a surgical approach that removes emphysematous lung tissue, allows healthy lung tissue to reexpand, and improves the functioning of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Surgical stapling devices buttressed with strips of bovine pericardium are used in LVRS procedures to reduce air leaks along staple lines. Patients with CPE who have undergone LVRS procedures using bovine pericardium strips have experienced a dramatic increase in their ability to exchange air, allowing them to have more normal lifestyles. AORN J 63 (Feb 1996) 373–388.
Unsuspected esophageal foreign bodies in adults with upper airway obstruction.

Esophageal foreign bodies rarely cause respiratory distress in adults. While it is well known that upper airway obstruction can occur with esophageal foreign bodies in children, the otorlaryngologic literature mentions little of this problem in older patients. Two adults with airway obstruction from unsuspected esophageal foreign bodies are described, with emphasis on the problems of diagnosis and management. The possibility of an unsuspected esophageal foreign body should be kept in mind during the evaluation of respiratory distress in an adult, especially in one who is a poor historian or has a history of a psychiatric disorder. Early endoscopic removal is the treatment of choice, although esophagotomy may be required.
A relativistic quantum field theoretical model for nuclear slab collision dynamics

Abstract We treat the dynamics of colliding nuclear slabs in a relativistic quantum field theory by using the relativistic mean field approximation. Starting from Walecka's lagrangian, the nucleons are represented by single-particle spinors determined by a Dirac equation that contains a repulsive mean vector meson field and an attractive mean scalar meson field. Both fields satisfy Klein-Gordon equations whose source terms are again determined by the nucleon spinors. The two equal nuclear slabs are translationally invariant in two transverse dimensions and consist of spin and isospin symmetric nuclear matter. By specification of appropriate initial conditions for the collision, we numerically solve the system of coupled Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations for lab energies per nucleon up to 420 MeV. For small energies the results are similar to TDHF results. The time dependence of the density distribution, the mean meson fields, and the damping of the collision are studied. At the highest bombarding energy retardation effects are taken into account.
A programmable multiple-tone generator

A simple tone generator that allows software control of auditory stimuli is described. The circuit provides for the simultaneous generation, timing, and amplification of three different tones. Its low cost, ease of construction, and versatility make it an attractive alternative to conventional auditory stimulus hardware.
Effect of cursor characteristics on pilots' tracking performance on a cathode-ray tube in dynamic simulation

The effects of cursor configuration, size, and orientation on the performance of 11 commercial airline pilots were investigated in a difficult compensatory tracking task in a moving-base aircraft simulator. Three levels of congruent cab motion (0, 1, and 2 times the visual motion) were superimposed on the tracking task. Data analysis of the mean tracking error scores revealed no significant effects of cursor size, orientation, or configuration on pilots' tracking performance. Mean tracking error did not significantly differ between the three levels of motion for the conditions with a single dot as the cursor. However, for the dotted and solid line cursors, tracking error significantly decreased from the no motion condition to the motion conditions. The addition of simulator motion significantly reduced tracking error for large cursors, but not for small ones such as a single dot
Effect of the sixth axial ligand in CS-ligated iron(II)octaethylporphyrinates: structural and Mössbauer studies.

The effect of a sixth ligand in a series of low-spin thiocarbonyl-ligated iron(II)octaethylporphyrinates has been investigated. Six-coordinate complexes have been synthesized and characterized by Mossbauer and infrared spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray structure determinations. The results are compared with the five-coordinate parent complex. The crystal structures of [Fe(OEP)(CS)(1-MeIm)] and [Fe(OEP)(CS)(Py)] are reported and discussed. The 1-methylimidazole and pyridine derivatives exhibit Fe-C(CS) bond distances of 1.703(4) and 1.706(2) A that are significantly longer than the 1.662(3) A reported for five-coordinate [Fe(OEP)(CS)] (Scheidt, W. R.; Geiger, D. K. Inorg. Chem. 1982, 21, 1208). The trans Fe-N(ligand) distances of 2.112(3) and 2.1550(15) A observed for the 1-methylimidazole and pyridine complex are approximately 0.13 A longer than those observed for analogous bis-ligated complexes and are consistent with a significant structural trans effect for the CS ligand. Mossbauer investigations carried out for five- and six-coordinate thiocarbonyl derivatives with several different sixth axial ligands reveal interesting features. All derivatives exhibit very small isomer shift values, consistent with a very strong interaction between iron and CS. The five-coordinate derivative has delta(Fe) = 0.08 mm/s, and the six-coordinate complexes exhibit delta(Fe) = 0.14 to 0.19 mm/s at 4.2 K. The five-coordinate complex shows a large quadrupole splitting (DeltaE(q) = 1.93 mm/s at 4.2 K) which is reduced on coordination of the sixth ligand (DeltaE(q) = 0.42-0.80 mm/s at 4.2 K). Addition of a sixth ligand also leads to a small decrease in the value of nu(CS). Correlations in structural, IR, and Mossbauer results suggest that the sixth ligand effect is primarily induced by changes in sigma-bonding. The structure of [Fe(OEP)(CS)(CH(3)OH)] is briefly reported. Crystal data: [Fe(OEP)(CS)(1-MeIm)] crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, Z = 4, a = 9.5906(5) A, b = 16.704(4) A, c = 23.1417(6) A, beta = 100.453(7) degrees. [Fe(OEP)(CS)(Py)] crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, Z = 5, a = 13.9073(6) A, b = 16.2624(7) A, c = 22.0709(9) A, alpha = 70.586(1) degrees, beta = 77.242(1) degrees, gamma = 77.959(1) degrees. [Fe(OEP)(CS)(CH(3)OH)] crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, Z = 1, a = 9.0599(5) A, b = 9.4389(5) A, c = 11.0676(6) A, alpha = 90.261(1) degrees, beta = 100.362(1) degrees, gamma = 114.664(1) degrees.
Synthesis of sterically crowded derivatives of anomeric pairs of D-glucose disaccharides.

Abstract Derivatization of carbohydrates is of considerable interest since the derivatives can be used for structural studies in the field of mass spectrometry. We report here the synthesis of a series of sterically crowded derivatives of various linkage and stereo-isomeric glucose–glucose disaccharides with the impetus being to understand the effect of these derivatized groups on fragmentation of the glycosidic bond and the development of methodology for discernment of the anomeric configuration. The synthesis of per-alkylated (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl), per-esterified (acetyl, pivaloyl, mesitoyl), and per-silylated ( tert -butyl-dimethyl silyl) glucose–glucose disaccharide derivatives has been reported.
Relationship between anchorage-independent growth and cytochalasin B-induced multinucleation in cloned BHK-21/C13 cells and their chemical transformants.

The relationships between anchorage-independent growth and cytochalasin B (CB)-induced multinucleation in cloned BHK-21 cells and their chemical transformants were studied. Clones of BHK-21 cells derived from flat colonies grown on plastic, that were selected for their extremely low growth on agar plates (Ag- clones), had low CB-multinucleated cell rates (% of cells with more than 3 nuclei), whereas parent BHK-21 cells could grow on an agar plate and had high CB-multinucleated ceil rates. Transformants (agar colonies) were induced in a Ag- clone (L77) after treatment with MNNG and several days of expression time. At least two types of transformants were distinguishable by their agar colony morphologies; globular and dispersing. The clones derived from the transformants retained their ability to grow on an agar plate. Most showed increased CB-multinucleated cell rates when compared to parent L77 cells irrespective of the agar colony type. These results indicate that anchorage-independent growth and CB-multinucleation are closely related in BHK-21 cells and their clones, and that both properties can be induced simultaneously during chemical transformation.
The Moderating Effects of Justice on the Relationship Between Organizational Politics and Workplace Attitudes

Research suggests that perceptions of organizational politics consistently result in negative outcomes for individuals. In the current study, distributive and procedural justice are explored for their effects on the relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and turnover intentions and job satisfaction. We tested these relationships in a sample of 311 employees of a water management district. Results indicated the politics––turnover intentions and politics––job satisfaction relationships were weaker when perceptions of both forms of justice are high. Further, and potentially more interestingly, politics mattered the most when the distribution of outcomes was unfair (distributive justice) as opposed to when procedures were unfair (procedural justice). Implications for future research and management practice are discussed.
Regulation and consequences of cellular changes in the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta during the last larval instar: a review.

The prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, respond to prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) by a regulatory pathway involving cAMP, protein phosphorylation, protein synthesis, and enhanced secretion of ecdysteroids including ecdysone and 3-dehydroecdysone. Recent investigations have revealed that PTTH acts by this general mechanism throughout the fifth larval instar, i.e., during the transition from larva to pupa. However, the glands undergo developmental changes in size, steroidogenic capacity, and in elements of the signalling pathway associated with synthesis, degradation, and intracellular action of cAMP. The present review describes such changes, and their possible regulation and consequences, in the general context of endocrine events underlying larval-pupal metamorphosis during the fifth larval stage.
Studies on the biochemical mechanisms of anorexia caused by formamidine pesticides in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta

Abstract Injection of the fifth-instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta with 10 nmol octopamine (OA), chlordimeform (CDM) and N-demethylchlordimeform (DCDM) resulted in decreasing food consumption, body weight gain and production of fecal pellets. These phenomena were accompanied by elevation of hemolymph glucose, trehalose and total sugar levels. Phentolamine (PA) antagonized the elevation of hemolymph sugars caused by OA, CDM and DCDM in vitro . Furthermore, PA inhibited the activation of hemolymph sugar levels was not additive in vitro . These results support the notion that CDM DCDM on hemolymph sugar levels was not additive in vivo . These results support the notion that CDM or its metabolic activation to DCDM acts on the OA receptor of the tobacco hornworm larvae as has been shown in other insects. Such a rise in hemolymph sugars may be one of the biochemical causes for the CDM-induced antifeeding activity and anorexia in this species.
Global Activity Motivation and Activities of Older People

Measures of global motivation to be active might help to explain the overall activity patterns late in life that, in turn, might help us to better understand the nature of successful and productive aging. We report on a study in which we developed a measure of global activity motivation and examined its relationship to four activities: working, volunteering, exercising, and taking classes. An opportunity sample of 193 persons age 55 and older from eastern Massachusetts responded to a self-administered questionnaire on types of activity and motivations for engaging in these activities. The data show that a four-item global activity motivation measure is present and that it is positively associated with participation in a count of the four activities and two of the specific activities: working and volunteering. This analysis demonstrates that global activity motivation is helpful in understanding patterns of activity among older people beyond the contribution of motivation for specific activities. We offer ...
Construction and Performance of Rugged Ceramic Cup Soil Water Samplers

To assess solute concentration changes associated with soil compaction and organic matter removal resulting from forest harvesting, we constructed and field tested ceramic cup soil water samplers designed to withstand the forces of compaction by heavy equipment. They were installed with the cup at either the 30-or 60-cm depth; the vacuum and collection tubes rested on the soil surface during treatment. Moderate compaction consisted of a double pass across the plots with a 19 400 kg crawler tractor (60 kPa ground pressure), advancing one track width (61 cm) each pass. Severe compaction included the moderate treatment followed by a double pass with a 20 455 kg rubber-tired, front-end loader (110-120 kPa), advancing one tire width (52 cm) each pass. Cleats on the tracks of the bulldozer pinched the polyethylene tubes on 25% of the samplers, but they were easily repaired. Severe compaction apparently damaged the ceramic cup on one of the 18 samplers installed at the 30-cm depth. Sample acquisition averaged 86% without reestablishing the vacuum during 3- to 4-wk intervals between collections. The samplers appear well suited for use in studies involving soil compaction by heavy equipment.
Optical mapping of translucence changes in rat hippocampal slices during hypoxia

We have evaluated the effects of hypoxia on changes in light transmittance (delta T/T) in rat hippocampal interface slices at 36 degrees C, using a digital imaging system. Slice translucence increased only slightly (delta T/T = 4.65% in CA1; control 2.27%) during brief hypoxia in which hypoxic spreading depression-like depolarization was not induced. If hypoxia duration was sufficient to trigger spreading depression in CA1, slice translucence increased rapidly in CA1 (delta T/T = 27.5%) and smaller, delayed changes were noted in other regions. These spreading depression-induced changes reversed slowly to control levels upon reoxygenation. Measurement of intrinsic optical signals revealed both spatial and temporal patterns of cell volume changes associated with hypoxia and spreading depression in hippocampus.
Salinity-induced changes in isoperoxidases in taro Colocasia esculenta

Abstract The isoperoxidase patterns of two taro cultivars capable of growth at seawater dilutions of 25% or more were substantially altered when compared with freshwater grown plants. These alterations included the appearance of wholly new isozyme bands. Six other cultures were unable to grow in saline media.
Development and endocrine regulation of cytochrome levels in fat body mitochondria of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract Cytochromes aa 3 , b , c , and c 1 each showed distinct developmental patterns in fat body mitochondria of adult, male Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches. Cytochrome b content reached a maximum by day 2 of adult life; whereas, the other cytochromes reached their maxima by day 6. Once developed, the quantities of all the measured cytochromes remained constant through 30 days of age. Endocrine deficiencies changed the cytochrome levels relative to sham operated controls. Alletectomy increased cytochromes aa 3 and b , somewhat decreased cytochrome c 1 and left cytochrome c unchanged. Cardiacectomy-allatectomy significantly reduced the levels of cytochromes c and c 1 but had little effect on cytochromes a and b .
Optical fiber fluoroprobes for biological measurements

An optical fiber fluoroprobe has been designed to make in vivo fluorescence measurements in minute volumes of body fluids. The fluoroprobe is evaluated for conventional laser excited, two-photon excited, and sequentially excited modes of fluorescence detection. Limits of detection, approximately 5 × 10−7 M, were determined for test compounds measured in various solvents including cerebral spinal fluid and whole blood, and are comparable for the three fluorescence techniques. Linear dynamic ranges are shown to be solvent dependent and superior for the nonlinear excited fluorescence techniques. The ultimate detectability and selectivity of this technique are also discussed.
Analyzing mistuned multi-stage turbomachinery rotors with aerodynamic effects

Abstract A great deal of research has been conducted on accurately modeling large cyclic structures such as turbomachinery rotors. Accurate modeling of realistic industrial turbomachinery requires overcoming several challenges. The first is the excessively large size of the finite element models (FEMs) needed, which can contain millions of degrees of freedom per stage of the rotor. The second challenge is the presence of small random variations in the structural properties known as mistuning, which arise from operational wear and/or manufacturing tolerances, and destroy the cyclic symmetry of the FEMs. The third is the complexity of turbomachinery models, which often include multiple stages that often have a mismatched computational grid at the interface between stages. The fourth challenge is associated with modeling the aerodynamic loads on the turbomachinery rotor. Much research has been conducted to overcome the first two challenges. By combining cyclic symmetry analysis and component mode mistuning (CMM), compact single-stage reduced order models (ROMs) can be created to accurately capture the free and forced response of these systems. These highly efficient ROMs can be developed from single sector calculations and can be of the order of the number of sectors in the stage. Recently, the third challenge associated with the complexity of modeling multiple stages has been addressed by the authors. Their method uses cyclic symmetry and CMM to form single-stage ROMs (using only single sector models and single sector calculations), and then combines these single-stage ROMs by projecting the motion along the interface between stages along a set of harmonic shape functions. This method allows for the creation of compact ROMs of multi-stage systems with mistuning using sector only calculations. The fourth challenge has been addressed only for single-stage systems by computing a complex aerodynamic matrix (which contains stiffness and damping terms) using an iterative approach. In this work, some of the effects of the aerodynamics on multi-stage systems are explored. The methodology consists of first creating efficient structural ROMs of a multi-stage rotor using the method previously developed, and then iteratively calculating the complex aerodynamic matrices for each stage. A new way to account for the effects of a shift in frequency due to mistuning on the complex aerodynamic matrix is also proposed. Additionally, a new classification of complex multi-stage aeroelastic modes is introduced. The presented results focus on exploring the influences of the aerodynamics and mistuning on the multi-stage response. A variety of numerical results are analyzed for two stages of an industrial rotor.
The Effects of Meniscus Injury on the Development of Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Background:Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and disability, and the knee is one of the most commonly affected joints. Many have speculated that injury to the meniscus may play a key role in the development of knee OA; however, the exact relationship of meniscus injury and knee OA is unknown.Purpose:To examine the rate of meniscus injuries in patients with and without incident radiographic knee OA and to explore how the type, size, and location of the meniscus injury affects the development of OA.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A secondary case-control analysis was conducted of the Knee Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) database, which is a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter cohort study of knee health in patients at risk for knee OA. Eligible patients included those without radiographic OA at baseline in 1 knee. Thirty-two patients who developed radiographic OA in a previously unaffected knee after 2 years of follow-up were matched to 64 age-, sex-, and body m...
In situ high‐frequency observations of mycorrhizas

Understanding the temporal variation of soil and root dynamics is a major step towards determining net carbon in ecosystems. We describe the installation and structure of an in situ soil observatory and sensing network consisting of an automated minirhizotron with associated soil and atmospheric sensors. Ectomycorrhizal hyphae were digitized daily during 2011 in a Mediterranean climate, high-elevation coniferous forest. Hyphal length was high, but stable during winter in moist and cold soil. As soil began to warm and dry, simultaneous mortality and production indicating turnover followed precipitation events. Mortality continued through the dry season, although some hyphae persisted through the extremes. With autumn monsoons, rapid hyphal re-growth occurred following each event. Relative hyphal length is dependent upon soil temperature and moisture. Soil respiration is related to the daily change in hyphal production, but not hyphal mortality. Continuous sensor and observation systems can provide more accurate assessments of soil carbon dynamics.
A Novel Fermentation Pathway in an Escherichia coli Mutant Producing Succinic Acid, Acetic Acid, and Ethanol

Escherichia coli strain NZN111, which is unable to grow fermentatively because of insertional inactivation of the genes encoding pyruvate: formate lyase and the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase, gave rise spontaneously to a chromosomal mutation that restored its ability to ferment glucose. The mutant strain, named AFP111, fermented glucose more slowly than did its wild-type ancestor, strain W1485, and generated a very different spectrum of products. AFP111 produced succinic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol in proportions of approx 2:1:1. Calculations of carbon and electron balances accounted fully for the observed products; 1 mol of glucose was converted to 1 mol of succinic acid and 0.5 mol each of acetic acid and ethanol. The data support the emergence in E. coli of a novel succinic acid:acetic acid:ethanol fermentation pathway.
Plant community development and peat stratigraphy in forested fens in response to ground-water flow systems

The objective of this study was to examine plant community development and peat stratigraphy in the context of ground-water flow systems for five forested peatlands in central New York State for which extensive vegetation, surface hydrology, and water chemistry analyses has been performed. Peatland development trends, from the initial period of peat accumulation to the present, were explored using peat stratigraphy, analysis of ground-water flow systems and evidence from existing vegetation. Detailed analyses, including the construction of numerical ground-water models were performed for one of the five sites to examine the process of bog development within what was once a highly calcareous fen and to examine the impacts of agricultural drainage on peatland ground-water flow. Peat stratigraphy analysis indicated two pathways of peatland development: infilling of shallow lakes and peat accumulation on ground-water seeps. Lake-infill peatlands were characterized by a sequence of limnic peat→ bryophyte-sedge peat→hemic-fibric sedge peat→sapric wood peat (orSphagnum peat). Analysis of ground-water flow systems indicated that four of the peatlands were characterized by mineral-rich ground-water discharge along peatland margins, with lateral flow through the peatlands towards drainage features. The fifth peatland was characterized by a more complex ground-water flow system with a weakly minerotrophic water-table mound driving shallow ground-water recharge flow. The water-table mound has been reduced in extent by agricultural drainage and demonstrates seasonal fluctuations in hydraulic head and areal extent.