cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in School Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Anxiety is the most common mental health problem that occurs with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and due to creating a more inclusive learning environment, children with ASD are placed in general education classrooms. Thus, addressing anxiety problems for children with ASD in school settings become critically important. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the current qualities of studies and the effects of school-based interventions for reducing anxiety in children with ASD. The study included six studies with a total of 165 participants. A random-effect meta-analysis yielded a moderate overall effect (g = − 0.58, 95% CI [− 0.96, − 0.20], z = − 3.01, p < .05) with no significant heterogeneity, Q (5) = 7.31, p = 0.20. Findings of the systematic review indicated that school-based interventions for anxiety problems are still in the early stages, and studies showed significant issues with adaptations of current clinical-based interventions and anxiety measurements to use in school settings for children with ASD. Interpretation of these findings and implications are discussed.
Combined Robotic Ventral Rectopexy and Sacrocolpopexy- a Single Institution Approach

Study Objective To describe the multidisciplinary workup of pelvic organ prolapse and rectal prolapse or intussusception and to describe our technique of robotic ventral rectopexy and sacrocolpopexy. Design N/A. Setting N/A. Patients or Participants This is a patient with multi-compartment pelvic organ prolapse and rectal intussusception. Interventions The surgery is begun with the sacral dissection. The peritoneum is then opened in continuation along the right side of the rectum. Once the peritoneal reflection has been opened, it is carried down and further dissected from the posterior vagina. The deep pelvic dissection is then performed in the rectovaginal septum to the levator ani muscles, about five to six centimeters deep. Once the levator muscles are exposed, a ruler is introduced into the pelvis and the rectal width is measured. The anterior bladder dissection is then performed. A single sheet of flat, large pore, polypropylene mesh is then introduced and first secured to the levators bilaterally. Next the mesh is secured to the anterior rectum, sewing distal to proximal. This single sheet of mesh is then also used for the entire sacrocolpopexy by next securing the mesh to the posterior vagina. The mesh is then folded over the vaginal apex to the anterior vagina and before it is secured, the sacral tail is created by using the midportion of the mesh pulled out over the apex. The remaining steps of the procedure are completed in the same fashion as a standard sacrocolpopexy. Measurements and Main Results The patient had excellent anterior, apical, and posterior support with the use of a single flat sheet of lightweight mesh. The surgery had no complications with a minimal EBL. Conclusion Multidisciplinary treatment of concomitant pelvic organ and rectal prolapse by urogynecology and colorectal surgery allows for a safe and effective treatment of both conditions concurrently via a robotic ventral rectopexy and sacrocolpopexy with a single lightweight flat mesh sheet.
The Extent of the Isoplanatic Patch of the Human Eye

Isoplanatic patch size (95% confidence interval) HOA Astigmatism & HOA Defocus, astigmatism & HOA Pupil size Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical 4 mm 4.62° (3.91-5.86) 5.06° (4.01-6.89) 3.60° (3.07-4.78) 3.60° (3.03-4.74) 2.88° (2.58-3.75) 3.02° (2.54-3.64) 5 mm 3.74° (3.22-4.77) 4.08° (3.29-5.12) 3.02° (2.60-3.83) 2.86° (2.48-3.51) 2.33° (2.09-2.95) 2.44° (2.13-3.00) 6 mm 3.16° (2.82-4.08) 3.42° (2.82-4.02) 2.64° (2.30-3.30) 2.44° (2.16-2.95) 2.01° (1.80-2.50) 2.10° (1.86-2.64) RMS Difference Surface RMS Difference Contour
Chemically Robust Phthalocyanines: Photosensitizer and Electron Shuttle in Solid State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

A completely solid state dye sensitized solar cell (DSSSC) is proposed in which chemically robust phthalocyanine (Pc) sensitizers, F16ZnPc and F40ZnPc, are sandwiched between n-TiO2 and p-NiO. While the energy conversion efficiencies of conventional Gratzel cells are continually increasing, the DSSSC design effectively solves the long term stability issues of the volatile liquid electrolyte. Through analysis of the electronic structure of the Pc|semiconductor systems, the free energy associated with hole injection into the valence band of NiO upon photoexcitation of the sensitizer and electron injection into the conduction band of TiO2 from the reduced form of the sensitizer as well as the competing charge recombination processes are calculated. Thermodynamically, the charge injection processes are found to be favored over the undesired charge recombination processes. These findings suggest promising energy conversion for the NiO|Pc|TiO2 DSSSC.
Another look at echocardiography. Concepts in biomedical engineering.

Abstract The ultrasonic waveform representing the motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve provides precise timing for opening and closing of the mitral valve and for the opening snap. The largest amount of acoustic power in the cardiac cycle is generated from aortic valve opening and closing. Analysis of pulse-by-pulse echoes provides more accurate information. Pulse-by-pulse echoes provide a simple method for detecting turbulence at the mitral valve in patients with mitral regurgitation. The motion of the prosthetic ball and cage can be separated only by pulse-by-pulse analysis. Analysis of the echocardiogram may provide a simple, safe and painless technic for measuring stroke volume and cardiac output in patients with implanted prosthetic valves. The linear assumption of flow is known to be false, but the degree of nonlinearity is unknown. The pulse-by-pulse technic described here shows promise in terms of resolving the nonlinear flow.
2-D discrete cosine transform array processor using non-planar connections

Summary form only given. The authors present a noble implementation of a two-level pipelined array processor that can perform 2-dimensional discrete cosine transform using nonplanar connections among processing elements which are internally bit-serial pipelined. The designs are derived by systematic mapping based on representing an algorithm and its implementation in an n-dimensional grid and relating the two by affine transformation. The implementation is systolic except for one global connection and exploits the full concurrency of the matrix multiplications involved. >
Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator under a Random Quadratic Perturbation

The behavior of a quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator under a random perturbation of the form $f(t){q}^{2}$ is discussed. Equations are obtained governing the time evolution of the Wigner function and the weight function for the $P$ representation. The latter function satisfies a fourth-order differential equation, in contrast to the simpler second-order equation obeyed by the Wigner function.
Cellular actions of angiogenesis inhibitors on blood vessels

Blood vessels of tumors have multiple cellular abnormalities that impair blood flow and drug delivery but provide targets for novel therapeutics. These abnormalities involve all components of the vessel wall, including endothelial cells, pericytes, and vascular basement membrane. Endothelial cells of tumor vessels have abnormal gene expression, are dynamic, and undergo sprouting, proliferation, and regression. The endothelial cells have a defective barrier function, are leaky, and may depend on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for survival. Pericytes of tumor vessels lack the normally intimate association with endothelial cells, and the surrounding basement membrane has redundant loose layers that reflect continual remodeling of the vasculature. Studies of the cellular actions of VEGF inhibitors on mouse models of spontaneous and implanted tumors have shown rapid, robust changes in tumor vessels. Strikingly, in some tumors, within 24 h, endothelial fenestrations disappear, vascular sprouting is suppressed, blood flow ceases, and patency is lost in many vessels. As many as 80% of tumor vessels may regress within 7 days. Similarly, normal blood vessels with abundant endothelial fenestrations, as in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and endocrine organs, may be sensitive to VEGF inhibitors. Surviving tumor vessels acquire more normal features, including uniform caliber, diminished branching, reduced VEGFR-2 expression, and tighter pericyte coverage. Empty sleeves ofvascularbasementmembrane, leftbehind after endothelial cells degenerate, provide a record of pretreatment vessel number and a scaffold for vascular regrowth after cessation of therapy. Normalization of surviving tumor vessels may improve local hemodynamics and perivascular delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and therapeutics, despite reduced angiogenesis and tumor vascularity.
Pupillary psychosensory restitution and aging.

The possible changes in pupillary psychosensory restitution (PPR) occurring with age were investigated by means of pupillography. Measurements of pupillary size and motion were obtained from a group of 94 ostensibly normal, white, male and female subjects ranging in age from 7.5 to 90.8 years. The results indicate (1) statistically significant differences in the PPR occurring with age as reflected in a progressive decrease in mean maxima and minima pupil diameters, extent of constriction, and response velocity; (2) in general, a progressive increase in the variability of the response with age; (3) a significant, linear, and negative relationship between age and the PPR, the correlation coefficients ranging from −0.53 to −0.72 (df = 91); (4) a significant relationship between pupil size in the dark and in the light, the correlation coefficient being 0.92; (5) that the relationship in (4) is not attributable to the accompanying decrease in size, since the partial correlation coefficient for the partial correlation between pupil size in the dark and in the light, with the effect of age held constant, is 0.86; and (6) that sex and eye color are not factors in this study. Autonomic nervous system response (revealed in the PPR) and age are variables which should be considered in investigations on pupil size and motion, intensity discrimination, brilliance-function, relative luminosity, and visual fields.
Electron transfer reactions dynamically coupled to a dielectric medium: Orientational effects and bridge assistance

A new treatment for studying electron transfer reactions is considered. The treatment allows for a detailed description of the electronic structure and is therefore appropriate for a complete description of weakly interacting electron transfer reactions. The initial state for the electron transfer system is selected by a variational scheme. The electron transfer is pictured to take place in an encounter complex consisting of the donor, the acceptor, and (optionally) a solvent/bridge molecule. The electronic structure of the encounter complex is dynamically coupled to the surrounding solvent, and the direct time evolution of the electron transfer system is followed by a nonlinear time-dependent Hartree-Fock method. We present examples with benzeneanion radical as the donor, pyridine as the acceptor, and water as the bridge/solvent molecule. The general formalism appears to be a useful approach for studying electron transfer reactions in solution.
Transforming Anaerobic Adhesives into Highly Durable and Abrasion Resistant Superhydrophobic Organoclay Nanocomposite Films: A New Hybrid Spray Adhesive for Tough Superhydrophobicity

The authors report fabrication of tough nanostructured self-cleaning superhydrophobic polymer-organoclay films from anaerobic acrylic adhesives displaying strong adhesion to metal surfaces. Both industrial and bio-grade anaerobic adhesives such as bone cements could be used. Montmorillonite clay filled anaerobic adhesives were modified by blending with a water dispersed fluoro-methacrylic latex in solution to form abrasion resistant interpenetrating polymer network films upon spray casting. The adhesive films could cure by thermosetting in oxygen-rich environments. Very high contact angles with low hysteresis were also measured for acidic (pH 2) and basic (pH 11) aqueous buffer solutions indicating resistance to acidic and basic media.
Newer trends in imaging bony injuries of the knee

With newer advances in imaging technology, evaluation of the acutely traumatized knee has evolved. After the initial plain radiographic examination, it has become standard practice to use magnetic resonance imaging, especially when internal knee derangement is suspected. This review discusses imaging of common bony knee injuries.
Global Star Formation in the L1630 Molecular Cloud

This paper presents the preliminary results of a study of star formation in the L1630 molecular cloud. We have completed an unbiased, well sampled, systematic CS (2→1) survey for density condensations and a 2.2 μm survey for embedded infrared sources in L1630. These surveys have provided us with a complete census of the dense cores and young stellar objects within this molecular cloud. As a result, four embedded stellar clusters have been identified in this cloud. These clusters are located near the most massive CS cores implying that the most active sites of star formation are located within the most massive dense cores.
The silent carrier allele: β thalassemia without a mutation in the β-globin gene or its immediate flanking regions

Abstract A molecular genetic analysis has been performed using as subjects an Albanian family in which the father is a silent carrier, the mother has high Hb A 2 -β thalassemia trait, and both children have β thalassemia. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the daughter's paternal β-globin gene and its flanking regions failed to reveal any base changes of known functional significance. When introduced into HeLa cells the gene was expressed at normal levels with proper processing of RNA. Haplotype analysis revealed that the affected son and daughter inherited different ϵγδβ-globin gene clusters from the father. The silent carrier allele is not due to a mutation within the β-globin structural gene or its flanking regions and as such represents a novel form of β + thalassemia.
The prevalence of patent interferences in gene technology

Unlike all other countries in the world, the United States awards patents to the first to invent, not to the first to file an application for a patent. In cases where two or more inventors submit patent applications claiming the same invention, an interference may be declared. Interference is the process by which the US Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO; Washington, DC, USA) determines which of the applicants was the first to invent and diligently reduce the invention to practice. More than half of these are resolved in favor of the inventor who was the first-to-file, raising questions about whether this unique system is worth retaining. Interferences are relatively rare. For the period 1998-2002, an average of four interferences were declared for every 10,000 patent applications filed. Data we have gathered suggest that interference proceedings in gene discovery and biotechnology are much more prevalent than other areas of technology. The resulting legal fees are costing the biotechnology industry millions of dollars each year. Comments Postprint version. Published in Nature Biotechnology, Volume 22, Issue 2, February 2004, pages 153-154. Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0204-153 This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/bioethics_papers/49 Competition in research Competition in gene discovery research Running head: Competition in research Word count: 1029 Authors: Jon F. Merz * & Michelle R. Henry * * Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Market Street, Suite 320, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3308 USA.
Synthesis of ansamycins: An approach to the naphthoquinone portion of the rifamycins and streptovaricins

Abstract Naphthoquinone 1 , a fully functionalized model for intermediates in ansamycin synthesis, was prepared by the intramolecular Claisen condensation of benzofuran 9 followed by oxidation of the novel tricyclic compound 10 .
High-speed analog complex-amplitude liquid-crystal light modulator.

A homogeneously aligned smectic A* liquid-crystal quarter-wave retarder is used to produce analog complex-amplitude modulation of light through the electroclinic effect. The device consists of a reflection-mode polarization rotative phase shifter enhanced by an asymmetric resonator. With an entrance mirror reflectivity of 70%, an analog modulation of 65% of a fringe was observed. The 10–90% response time of the liquid crystal was measured to be 25 μs at 25°C.
Specifying and verifying systems with TLA

TLA+ is a high-level specification language that has been used to specify and check the correctness of several hardware protocols. We expect that it can also be used to specify and check concurrent algorithms and protocols for software systems.
Direct demonstration of unique mode of natural peptide binding to the type 2 cholecystokinin receptor using photoaffinity labeling

Direct analysis of mode of peptide docking using intrinsic photoaffinity labeling has provided detailed insights for the molecular basis of cholecystokinin (CCK) interaction with the type 1 CCK receptor. In the current work, this technique has been applied to the closely related type 2 CCK receptor that also binds the natural full agonist peptide, CCK, with high affinity. A series of photolabile CCK analog probes with sites of covalent attachment extending from position 26 through 32 were characterized, with the highest affinity analogs that possessed full biological activity utilized in photoaffinity labeling. The position 29 probe, incorporating a photolabile benzoyl-phenylalanine in that position, was shown to bind with high affinity and to be a full agonist, with potency not different from that of natural CCK, and to covalently label the type 2 CCK receptor in a saturable, specific and efficient manner. Using proteolytic peptide mapping, mutagenesis, and radiochemical Edman degradation sequencing, this probe was shown to establish a covalent bond with type 2 CCK receptor residue Phe¹²⁰ in the first extracellular loop. This was in contrast to its covalent attachment to Glu³⁴⁵ in the third extracellular loop of the type 1 CCK receptor, directly documenting differences in mode of docking this peptide to these receptors.
Microhabitat relationships of five co-occurring saxicolous mosses on cliffs and scree slopes in eastern Newfoundland

The microhabitat relationships of five mosses, which co-occur on cliffs and scree-slopes in eastern Newfoundland, were evaluated by discriminant functions (DFA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). The first three discriminant functions account for 91.3% of the among-species variation in microhabitat characteristics, and are interpreted as representing species separation along 1) water deficit, 2) pH, and 3) temperature gradients. Multiple regression of individual species’abundances on measured microhabitat variables was successful, and highly significant regression equations accounting for 78% to 91% of variation in abundance were developed for all but one of the species studied. The combined DFA and MRA results show that the five moss species have distinct and different microhabitats within the cliff/scree-slope habitat. Microdistribution of Grimmia torquata, an arctic-montane moss at its southern limit, appears to be determined by sensitivity to high summer temperatures. Two southern mosses at their northern limit (Aulacomnium androgynum, Isothecium myosuroides) appear to be limited by water availability and, possibly, by low winter temperatures. The abundance of two species whose distributions extend both north and south of the study area (Encalypta procera, Eurhynchium pulchellum) shows no clear relationship with microclimate, though the microdistribution of the former species appears to be highly dependant on pH.
The Impact of Ischemia Time During Open Nephron Sparing Surgery on Solitary Kidneys: A Multi-Institutional Study

Purpose: The safe duration of ischemia during nephron sparing surgery remains controversial. We performed a multi-institutional study to evaluate the renal effects of vascular clamping in patients with solitary kidneys.Materials and Methods: Using the Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic databases, we identified 537 patients with solitary kidneys who underwent open nephron sparing surgery. Renal complications were compared among patients who did not require vascular clamping (85), and those who had warm ischemia (174) and cold ischemia (278).Results: Median patient age (63, 65, 64 years) and preoperative creatinine (1.4, 1.3, 1.4 mg/dl) were similar among patients with no ischemia, warm ischemia and cold ischemia, respectively. Median tumor size was smaller in patients with no ischemia (2.5 cm), compared to patients with warm (3.5 cm) and cold (4.0 cm) ischemia (p <0.001). Warm and cold ischemia was associated with a significantly increased risk of urine leak (p = 0.006), acute (p <0.001) and chronic (p = 0.0...
Bent silica fiber evanescent absorption sensors for near-infrared spectroscopy

Silica optical fibers have been modified to improve their sensitivity as evanescent wave sensors for liquids. A section of fiber is stripped of its cladding and bent or coiled, which significantly increases the evanescent wave interaction with the surrounding environment. The effect of sensor shape, solute concentration, refractive index, and temperature on the sensor response is discussed.
Si-based epitaxial growth by rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition

Rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (RTPCVD) has received considerable attention because of its ability to reduce many of the processing problems associated with thermal exposure in conventional chemical vapor deposition while still retaining the ability to grow high quality epitaxial layers. We have used RTPCVD to grow epitaxial films of undoped Si in-situ doped Si and Ge1Si1. Both bare Si substrates and Si-on-insulator (SOl) substrates were used. We have also demonstrated selective epitaxial growth (SEG) of Si using oxide masks. Our results show that RTPCVD is capable of growing high quality epitaxial layers with sharp concentration transition profiles. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The development of a closed-form analytical model for the stability analysis of nuclear-coupled density-wave oscillations in boiling water nuclear reactors

Abstract A state-of-the-art one-dimensional thermal-hydraulic model has been developed to be used for the linear analysis of nuclear-coupled density-wave oscillations in a boiling water nuclear reactor (BWR). This model accounts for phasic slip, distributed spacers, subcooled boiling, space/time-dependent power distributions and distributed heated wall dynamics. In addition to a parallel channel stability analysis, a detailed model was derived for the BWR loop analysis of both the natural and forced circulation modes of operation. The model for coolant thermal-hydraulics has been coupled with the point kinetics model of reactor neutronics. Kinetics parameters for use in the neutronics model have been obtained by utilizing self-consistent nodal data and power distributions. The computer implementation of this model, NUFREQ-N, was used for the parametric study of a typical BWR/4, as well as for comparisons with existing in-core and out-of-core data. Also, NUFREQ-N was applied to analyze the expected stability characteristics of a typical BWR/4.
Distributed large data-object management architecture

We are exploring the use of highly distributed computing and storage architectures to provide all aspects of collecting, storing, analyzing, and accessing large data-objects. These data-objects can be anywhere from tens of MBytes to tens of GBytes in size. Examples are: single large images from electron microscopes, video images such as cardio- angiography, sets of related images such as MRI data and images and numerical data such as the output from a particle accelerator-experiment. The sources of such data objects are often remote from the users of the data and from available large-scale storage and computation systems. Our Large Data- object Management system provides network interface between the object sources, the data management system and the user of the data. As the data is being stored, a cataloguing system automatically creates and stores condensed versions of the data, textual metadata and pointers to the original data. The catalogue system provides a Web based graphical interface to the data. The user is able the view the low- resolution data with a standard internet connection and Web browser, or if high-resolution is required can use a high- speed connection and special application programs to view the high-resolution original data.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improved ion transmission from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum using a multicapillary inlet and electrodynamic ion funnel interface

A heated multicapillary inlet and ion funnel interface was developed to couple an electrospray ionization (ESI) source to a high-vacuum stage for obtaining improved sensitivity in mass spectrometric applications. The inlet was constructed from an array of seven thin-wall stainless steel tubes soldered into a central hole of a cylindrical heating block. An electrodynamic ion funnel was used in the interface region to more effectively capture, focus, and transmit ions from the multicapillary inlet. The interface of seven capillary inlets with the ion funnel showed more than 7 times higher transmission efficiency compared to that of a single capillary inlet with the ion funnel and a 23-fold greater transmission efficiency than could be obtained using the standard orifice−skimmer interface of a triple-quadrupole MS. The multiple-capillary inlet and ion funnel interface showed an overall 10% ion transmission efficiency and approximately 3−4% overall detection efficiency of ions from solution based (i.e., prior...
Engine Mount Optimization for Vibration Isolation in Motorcycles

This paper presents a comprehensive model to capture the dynamics of a motorcycle system in order to evaluate the quality of vibration isolation. The two main structural components in the motorcycle assembly - the frame and the swing-arm - are modeled using reduced order finite element models; the power-train assembly is modeled as a six degree-of-freedom (DOF) rigid body connected to the frame through the engine mounts and to the swing-arm through a shaft assembly. The engine mounts are modeled as tri-axial spring-damper systems. Models of the front-end assembly as well as front and rear tires are also included in the overall model. The complete vehicle model is used to solve the engine mount optimization problem so as to minimize the total force transmitted to the frame while meeting packaging and other side constraints. The mount system parameters - stiffness, position and orientation vectors - are used as design variables for the optimization problem. The imposed loads include forces and moments due to engine imbalance as well as loads transmitted due to irregularities in the road surface through the tire patch.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Reflecting on National Geographic Magazine and Academic Geography: The September 2005 Special Issue on Africa

(2005). Reflecting on National Geographic Magazine and Academic Geography: The September 2005 Special Issue on Africa. African Geographical Review: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 93-100.
CREATIVITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS: A PREVALENT STEREOTYPE

Although researchers conceptualize creativity in very positive ways (Eisenman, 1968; Piers, 1968), the stereotype of the creative or talented person has often been that he is "crazy" or mentally ill. Perhaps mental illness and creativity are linked because of known deviant behavior of some famous people, e.g., van Gogh's cutting off his ear. In any event, some surprising results emerged while the author was teaching a one-quarter course in mental hygiene at a large state university. There were 12 students in the course, most of them undergraduate seniors majoring in psychology. During one class session, with all 12 Ss present, the author asserted that there was no research evidence to support the stereotype that creative people were likely to be mentally ill. Then, the following question was included on a true-false test administered as part of the course: "Research evidence clearly shows a positive relationship between creativiry and mental illness." The test was administered approximately 2 wk. after the author talked about the absence of a link between creativity and mental illness. Surprisingly, 10 of the 12 Ss answered "true" indicating that they believed there was a relationship between creativiry and mental illness. If we anticipate chat only half will "get the answer correct" the surprising behavior of the 10 Ss yields a binomial p of .038 (two-tailed test). This finding is surprising because students are usually able to give the teacher what he wants in order to get a good grade, regardless of their personal beliefs. Perhaps the stereotype about creativity and mental illness is so strong that classroom discussion could not change it. Throughout history, deviant behaviors, including creativity, have been denigrated. Of course, it is possible that the teacher's presentation was confusing or unclear, such that no change in Ss' stereocype occurred.
Effects of hippocampal lesions on competitive behavior in rats.

In Experiment 1, groups containing three rats each competed against each other in paired competition until a hierarchial pattern stabilized. The competition involved one rat pushing another out of a tube to reach the reinforcement. In each triad, the middle-ranked rat was given a bilateral hippocampectomy or cortical control lesion. When tested postoperatively in paired competition, the rats with hippocampal lesions won and lost in the same pattern as cortical controls whether tested with previous partners or with winners and losers they had not previously encountered. These hippocampal rats, compared with cortical controls, were significantly impaired on a passive avoidance test. In Experiment 2, rats were lesioned prior to testing in paired competition. Without prior competitive experience, rats with hippocampal lesions lost significantly more of their bouts than the cortical control pairs. Thus, when animals had not been given prior competitive experience, hippocampal lesions resulted in their losing consistently.
The mechanism and thermodynamics of transesterification of acetate-ester enolates in the gas phase

Abstract In solution, base-catalyzed hydrolysis and transesterification of esters are initiated by hydroxide- or alkoxide-ion attack at the carbonyl carbon. At low pressures in the gas phase, however, transesterification proceeds by an attack of the enolate anion of an acetate ester on an alcohol. Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) indicates that the reaction is the second-order process: − CH 2 -CO 2 -R + R′-OH → − CH 2 -CO 2 -R′ + R-OH and there is little to no detectable production of either alkoxide anion. Labeling studies show that the product and reactant enolate anion esters undergo exchange of hydrogens located α to the carbonyl carbon with the deuterium of R′-OD. The extent of the H/D exchange increases with reaction time, pointing to a short-lived intermediate. The alcoholysis reaction rate constants increase with increasing acidity of the primary, straight-chained alkyl alcohols, whereas steric effects associated with branched alcohols cause the rate constants to decrease. Equilibrium constants, which were determined directly from measurements at equilibrium and which were calculated from the forward and reverse rate constants, are near unity and show internal consistency. In the absence of steric effects, the larger enolate is always the favored product at equilibrium. The intermediate for the transesterification reaction, which can be generated at a few tenths of a torr in a tandem mass spectrometer, is tetrahedral, but other adducts that are collisionally stabilized under these conditions are principally loosely bound complexes.
Ocular ischemic syndrome: recent trends in medical management.

Purpose of review To summarize general concepts of ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS), and present current scientific developments in delineating the pathogenesis and treatment of this disorder. Recent findings Recent studies suggest that OIS is associated with a significant risk of cerebrovascular, ocular, and systemic morbidity. Summary OIS is a serious blinding condition that occurs in the setting of carotid artery occlusion. Restoration of arterial perfusion and early diagnosis are critical for preserving visual function and reducing the risk of devastating ocular complications.
The role of magnetic resonance imaging mammography in the surgical management of the index breast cancer.

Hypothesis Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mammography, after positive fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or stereotactic biopsy, may alter surgical management of the index breast cancer. Design Review of MRI mammograms compared with conventional mammograms and clinical examination. Setting Rural community hospital. Patients Consecutive cohort of 27 patients with breast cancer who underwent prebiopsy or preoperative MRI mammography. Intervention Surgical management of breast cancer. Main Outcome Measure Change in surgical management prompted by findings on MRI mammography. Results Prebiopsy or preoperative MRI mammography changed surgical management in 13 (48%) of 27 patients with breast cancer by discovering multicentric cancers or more extensive cancer. Of the 27 patients, 9 with positive FNA biopsy results of palpable masses underwent preoperative MRI; in 6 of the 9, ipsilateral multicentric cancers or more extensive cancer was discovered that necessitated mastectomy rather than breast conservation. Eighteen of the 27 patients had category 4/5 mammograms. Ten of these patients had stereotactic biopsies followed by MRI; 4 of the 10 had changes on the MRIs that required mastectomy rather than breast conservation. Eight of the 27 patients had MRI before stereotactic biopsy; 3 of the 8 had MRI abnormalities that required mastectomy. One patient had contralateral, multicentric cancers not seen on conventional mammography, necessitating bilateral mastectomies. Conclusions We recommend that patients who desire breast conservation undergo MRI mammography before biopsy of a category 4/5 mammogram or immediately after a positive FNA biopsy result of a palpable mass.
Antibody deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and burden of illness.

BACKGROUND A subset of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has refractory disease. The risk factors for refractory CRS include atopy, a disrupted mucociliary transport system, medical conditions affecting the sinonasal tract mucosa, and immunodeficiency. METHODS We review four primary immunodeficiencies reported in individuals with CRS: common variable immune deficiency (CVID), selective IgA deficiency, IgG subclass deficiency, and specific antibody deficiency. We also review treatment options for individuals with both CRS and a concomitant immune defect. RESULTS There is a high prevalence of CRS in individuals with CVID and selective IgA deficiency. While many reports describe IgG subclass deficiency in individuals with CRS, the clinical relevance of this is unclear. Specific antibody deficiency may play a more significant role in the pathogenesis of refractory CRS. CONCLUSION Screening for a primary immunodeficiency should be part of the diagnostic workup of refractory CRS, as its identification may allow for more effective long-term therapeutic options.
Transient traffic congestion control with Traveling Auctions

The use of market mechanisms to solve computer science problems such as resource sharing, load distribution and network routing, is gaining significant traction. In this paper, we investigate new market mechanisms to solve the problem of bandwidth sharing in wireless networks for transient traffic congestion often generated by event-driven packet flows. Typically, such congestion is transient at each node it arises since the bursts of data move following the event. We first demonstrate that a previously proposed strategy that greedily selects winners in repeated routing auctions is not globally optimal in such a case. We also demonstrate, by evaluating a lookahead mechanism for winner selection in the corresponding auctions, that greedy algorithm approximates optimal selection very closely. Then, we introduce and evaluate a novel mechanism which we call Traveling Auctions to address the problem of transient congestion. We experimentally show that using Traveling Auctions mechanism improves the network performance.
Changes in rat behavior due to RNA injection

Abstract Utilizing additional control and experimental groups, replication was made of a study suggesting transfer of a learned response from one rat to another through RNA injection. Evidence of such transfer was not obtained, but rats injected with RNA, whether from trained or untrained rats, made significantly more responses than those not injected with RNA. Possible explanations of these results are discussed.
Group-level duality of WZW fusion coefficients and Chern-Simons link observables

Abstract We present the duality of the fusion rule multiplicities, modular tranformation matrices and conformal weights of the Wess-Zumino-Witten models based on any of the classical affine Lie algebras SU( N ) K , Sp( N ) K and SO( N ) K under the exchange of N and K . We also exhibit the transformation properties of these quantities under the symmetries of the extended Dynkin diagrams, which play a central role in this group-level duality. We interpret these results in Chern-Simons theory, and derive identities between link observables. Several surprising results involving spinor representations of SO( N ) are proven.
Modulation of plant immunity by light, circadian rhythm, and temperature

Plants perceive and integrate intrinsic and extrinsic signals to execute appropriate responses for maximal survival and reproductive success. Plant immune responses are tightly controlled to ensure effective defenses against pathogens while minimizing their adverse effects on plant growth and development. Plant defenses induced in response to pathogen infection are modulated by abiotic signals such as light, circadian rhythm, and temperature. The modulation occurs on specific key components of plant immunity, indicating an intricate integration of biotic and abiotic signals. This review will summarize very recent studies revealing the intersection of plant defenses with light, circadian rhythm and temperature. In addition, it will discuss the adaptive value and evolutionary constraints of abiotic regulation of plant immunity.
Identification of Rv0535 as methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Summary 5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a natural purine that is metabolized by methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP, E.C 2.4.2.28) in Eukarya and Archaea but generally not in bacteria. In this work, Rv0535, which has been annotated as a probable MTAP in Mycobacterium tuberculosis , was expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The purified protein displayed properties of a phosphorylase and MTA was the preferred substrate. Adenosine and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine were poor substrates and no activity was detected with 5′-methylthioinosine, the other natural purines, or the natural pyrimidines. Kinetic analysis of M. tuberculosis MTAP showed that the K m value for MTA was 9 μM. Rv0535 was estimated as a 30 kDa protein on a denaturing SDS-PAGE gel, which agreed with the molecular mass predicted by its gene sequence. Using gel filtration chromatography, the native molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 60 ± 4 kDa, and thus indicated that M. tuberculosis MTAP is a dimer. Differences in active site between mycobacterial and human MTAPs were identified by homology modeling based on the crystal of the human enzyme. A complete structure–activity relationship analysis could identify differences in substrate specificity between the two enzymes to aid in the development of purine-based, anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Metabolism of the glutathione conjugate of propachlor by in situ perfused kidneys and livers of rats.

1. [1-14C]Propachlor-GSH was perfused at 0.34, 3.4 and 34 μmol/h through the portal vein or the right renal artery of anaesthetized rats with biliary and ureteral cannulas. Urine was the predominant route for elimination of the 14C regardless of the route of perfusion.2. Mercapturic acid conjugates were found to be the end-products of metabolism of the 14C-propachlor-GSH by rat kidneys and liver, indicating that all enzymes necessary for the catabolism of GSH conjugates to mercapturates were present in each of these tissues.3. Perfusion of 14C-propachlor-GSH at 34 μmol/h appeared to exceed the metabolic capacity of both liver and kidneys for this substrate. At this dose, parent compound was detected in the bile of portally perfused rats, and the amounts of 14C recovered in bile, kidneys and carcasses of renally perfused rats were greater than when smaller dosages were perfused.
A Model for yielding in anisotropic metals

Evidence for elastic interactions is reviewed, and it is concluded that elastic assistance to yielding must be taken into account in an equation for the relationship between yield stress σy and grain size,d. The equation which is proposed is generalized from observation on bicrystal behavior and is σy=σ0+K1d-1/2-K2[1-(d/DL)m][(d/Ds)n-1] σ0 corresponds to the stress at which the second and third terms are equal; K1 is similar to the Hall-Petch constant, but is lower in magnitude; K2 is a constant which depends on the average difference in the matrix of elastic constants between adjacent grains and on grain shape.D L andD s are the upper and lower grain size limits over which elastic interaction takes place, and the third term is zero ford = D L ord = D s. The constantsm andn define, respectively, the limit of the grain over which elastic interaction takes place and the fraction of the grain contributing elastic interaction to the surrounding grains. In effect, [1 - (d/D L)m][d/D s)n -1] constitutes the volume fraction of the grain boundary region over which elastic interaction assists slip. The equation, with different values of the constants, has been shown to fit σy — d -1/2 data over a wide range of grain sizes for Ni,22 Zn,23 and modified 1010 steel.24 Volume fraction of grain boundary deformation zone data for β-Ti-Mn8 are shown to fit predictions as well. The constants σ0,K 1 DL, Ds, m, andn can all be determined experimentally, thus leading to a determination ofK 2z.
Co-Cultural Theorizing: Foundations, Applications & Extensions

This introductory essay provides a comprehensive summary of co-cultural theorizing. In addition to explicating the foundations of the theory, we also summarize exemplars of existing research that applies the theory in different contexts and highlight contemporary scholarship that extends the theory beyond its initial conceptualization. We conclude the essay by providing a preview of the articles featured in this special issue.
Continuous separations in microfabricated channels for monitoring ultrasmall biological environments

Continuous separations in microfabricated channels for monitoring ultrasmall biological environments
A mathematical model of the effect of oxygen consumption on the resistance to flow of sickle cell blood in capillaries

Abstract Erythrocytes in blood from sickle cell anemia patients become less flexible as the oxygen tension in the blood decreases. The present work is concerned with the development of a method of predicting the resulting resistance to flow as a function of oxygen tension. Oxygen consumption in the capillaries is accounted for through the “Krogh cylinder model,” while lubrication theory is used to determine the resistance to flow. These two models are coupled by an experimentally determined relationship between erythrocyte flexibility and oxygen tension. Predicted levels of resistance are up to 8 times greater than those obtained without taking oxygen consumption into account.
Nature of the deconfining phase transition in SU(3) lattice gauge theory.

Monte Carlo calculations on lattices with large spatial volume show that the SU(3) deconfining phase transition is more weakly first order than previously thought. We have studied the transition for ${N}_{T}=4 \mathrm{and} 6$ on lattices of spatial volumes ${16}^{3}$, ${20}^{3}$, and ${24}^{3}$. The ${24}^{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 calculations show a sharp first-order phase transition, yielding a latent heat $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathcal{E}}{{T}^{4}}$ of 2.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12. The ${24}^{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6 calculations suffer greater finite-volume smearing, but suggest that $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathcal{E}}{{T}^{4}}=2.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.24$. Correlation lengths increase significantly near the transition, and the energy plus pressure of the ordered phase depends strongly on $\ensuremath{\beta}$.
Micro- and nanorheology

‘Microrheology’, the determination of viscoelastic properties of soft media from the observed motion of microscopic-sized tracer particles, has undergone a recent surge of development because it allows access to an unprecedented range of frequency response with unprecedented spatial resolution. Several complementary techniques have been developed, but discrepancies have been found among different experiments especially in complex systems, and the validity of interpretation is under debate. ‘Nanorheology’ after explicit confinement of samples to variable thickness, 1 nm to 1 m, is also enjoying rapid development, particularly nanorheology integrated with spectroscopy. Developments, limitations, and opportunities are discussed. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Beyond Pregnancy: Litigating Infertility, Contraception, and Breastfeeding in the Workplace

In the United States, the lower federal courts frequently determine the meaning of statutes through their decisions. Political science research has mostly focused on how lower courts make their interpretations in light of Supreme Court precedents. This article examines how the federal courts have interpreted the Pregnancy Discrimination Act's (PDA) “related medical conditions” clause in the absence of legislative or Supreme Court guidance. Three primary claims have been litigated as conditions related to pregnancy that therefore require protection in the workplace—insurance coverage of prescription contraception, inclusion of infertility treatments under insurance, and the provision of time and privacy for breastfeeding. Besides the PDA's guarantee of formal equality in the workplace, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) also requires employers to make some accommodations for pregnant women. In all three policy areas the case law demonstrates a lack of consistency and the existence of conflict in the...
Premature termination: A risk in eating disorder groups

This study examines the influence of combined vs. conjoint psychotherapy on the phenomenon of premature termination in eating disorder groups. Thirty-eight women with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa or bulimia enrolled in group psychotherapy were designated as group completers or premature terminators using individually defined treatment objectives. Those eating disorder patients in combined group and individual psychotherapy showed a lower frequency of premature termination than patients in conjoint group and individual psychotherapy.