cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A REPLICATION-DEFECTIVE HUMAN ADENOVIRUS RECOMBINANT SERVES AS A HIGHLY EFFICACIOUS VACCINE CARRIER

In this manuscript, an E1 and E3 deleted adenoviral recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (G protein) under the control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter was tested for induction of a rabies virus-specific immune response in mice. The construct was found to induce neutralizing antibodies and cytolytic T cells to rabies virus. Mice vaccinated with the adenoviral construct either by the systemic route or by application into the airways were protected against a subsequent infection with a virulent strain of rabies virus. The efficacy of the replication-defective construct was far superior to that of a well-characterized vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant.
Predictors of plasma and urinary catecholamine levels in normotensive and hypertensive men and women

Age, sex, hypertension and dietary sodium are proposed to affect plasma and urinary catecholamines. Yet no prior study has examined the simultaneous effects of these factors within the same study population. So results may have been confounded by factors not determined. We investigate, for the first time, the impact of simultaneously determined predictors of plasma and urinary catecholamines and the relationship of catecholamines with the diagnosis of hypertension. Hypertensive and normotensive subjects (n=308) were studied off antihypertensives in liberal and low sodium balance. 24 h urinary catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) were measured. Plasma catecholamines were measured supine after overnight fast. Repeated measures multivariate linear regression models examined the effect of sex, race, age, body mass index (BMI), dietary salt (liberal salt vs low salt), hypertension status and mean arterial pressure (MAP) on plasma and urinary catecholamines. Logistic regression determined the relationship of catecholamines with diagnosis of hypertension. Dietary sodium restriction and increasing age predicted increased plasma and urinary norepinephrine, with sodium restriction having the greatest effect. Female sex predicted lower urinary and plasma epinephrine. Neither plasma nor urinary catecholamines predicted the diagnosis of hypertension. In summary, specific demographic factors variably impact catecholamines and should be considered when assessing catecholamines in research and clinical settings.
Scaling of mechanical power output during burst escape flight in the Corvidae

Avian locomotor burst performance (e.g. acceleration, maneuverability) decreases with increasing body size and has significant implications for the survivorship, ecology and evolution of birds. However, the underlying mechanism of this scaling relationship has been elusive. The most cited mechanistic hypothesis posits that wingbeat frequency alone limits maximal muscular mass-specific power output. Because wingbeat frequency decreases with body size, it may explain the often-observed negative scaling of flight performance. To test this hypothesis we recorded in vivo muscular mechanical power from work-loop mechanics using surgically implanted sonomicrometry (measuring muscle length change) and strain gauges (measuring muscle force) in four species of Corvidae performing burst take-off and vertical escape flight. The scale relationships derived for the four species suggest that maximum muscle-mass-specific power scales slightly negatively with pectoralis muscle mass ( M –0.18m, 95% CI: –0.42 to 0.05), but less than the scaling of wingbeat frequency ( M –0.29m, 95% CI: –0.37 to –0.23). Mean muscle stress was independent of muscle mass ( M –0.02m, 95% CI: –0.20 to 0.19), but total muscle strain (percent length change) scaled positively ( M 0.12m, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.18), which is consistent with previous results from ground birds (Order Galliformes). These empirical results lend minimal support to the power-limiting hypothesis, but also suggest that muscle function changes with size to partially compensate for detrimental effects of size on power output, even within closely related species. Nevertheless, additional data for other taxa are needed to substantiate these scaling patterns.
Vax1/2 Genes Counteract Mitf-Induced Respecification of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

During vertebrate eye development, the transcription factor MITF acts to promote the development of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In embryos with Mitf mutations, the future RPE hyperproliferates and is respecified as retinal tissue but only in a small portion of the dorsal RPE. Using a series of genetic crosses, we show that this spatial restriction of RPE respecification is brought about by persistent expression of the anti-retinogenic ventral homeodomain gene Vax2 in the dorso-proximal and both Vax1 and Vax2 in the ventral RPE. We further show that dorso-proximal RPE respecification in Vax2/Mitf double mutants and dorso-proximal and ventral RPE respecification in Vax1/2/Mitf triple mutants result from increased FGF/MAP kinase signaling. In none of the mutants, however, does the distal RPE show signs of hyperproliferation or respecification, likely due to local JAGGED1/NOTCH signaling. Expression studies and optic vesicle culture experiments also suggest a role for NOTCH signaling within the mutant dorsal RPE domains, where ectopic JAGGED1 expression may partially counteract the effects of FGF/ERK1/2 signaling on RPE respecification. The results indicate the presence of complex interplays between distinct transcription factors and signaling molecules during eye development and show how RPE phenotypes associated with mutations in one gene are modulated by expression changes in other genes.
Thermal conductivity of high-purity vanadium

The thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of high purity vanadium have been measured as functions of temperature from 5 K to 300 K. The samples were purified using the electrotransport technique and had resistance ratios (R27K/R4.2K) of 1524, 785, 81, and 38. The highest purity sample had a thermal conductivity maximum of 920 W/mK occurring at 9 K. The three highest purity samples had thermal conductivities which decreased to 35 W/mK at room temperature. The intrinsic thermal resistivity of vanadium varied as T2 for temperatures less than 60 K owing to electron-phonon scattering. The residual electrical resistivity of the highest purity sample was 1.3 × 10−10 Ωm. The ideal resistivity of vanadium varied as T3’4 at low temperatures. The Seebeck coefficient was positive from 5 K to 240 K and had a maximum at 60 K.
Flexible combat modeling

Global changes in military affairs place new demands for flexibility on military models and analysis. Military models were historically designed to assess central European conflict, with limited options for examining alternative scenarios or other conflict variations. Military models today must deal with these issue, but must also reflect the more likely future regional conflicts, in which strategies, doctrines, forces, and environment will vary significantly from the European standard of the past. Models like the RAND Strategy Assessment System (RSAS) have already begun to meet these new requirements, addressing a multipolar world that poses a wide variety of prospective conflicts. It allows for relatively easy and powerful manipulation of conflict scenarios and parameters as well as providing graphical interfaces for both intermediate variables and final figures of merit. It also has begun to reflect some of the significant regional differences in conflict style. But several advances in the state of the...
Some precipitation-altitude studies of the Tennessee Valley Authority

Three precipitation-altitude studies made cooperatively by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the U.S. Weather Bureau are discussed. In one study covering observations of a line of precipitation stations across the Great Smoky Mountains, a typical increase of rainfall with altitude is described. Results of another study, an investigation across sharp-crested Snake Mountain, North Carolina, show precipitation at the top of the ridge to be only 70 pct of that on the slopes a short distance below the crest. A similar situation is described on Clinch Mountain in Virginia. Seasonal effects are noted, with the most pronounced differences occurring in the October–March period. The low catch at the ridgetop stations is attributed to a combination of updraft and carry-over of moisture-laden air because of the steep slopes and narrow crest widths of the ridges.
Heuristics for the deterministic bidding problem

We study a suite of heuristics that were designed for bidding in the simultaneous auctions that characterize the Trading Agent Competition (TAC) Travel Game. At a high-level, the design of many successful TAC agents can be summarized as: (i) predict: build a model of the auctions' clearing prices, and (ii) optimize: solve for an (approximately) optimal set of bids, given this model. We focus on the optimization piece of this design.
Clinical review of olfaction.

The special sense of smell is an important constituent of the human chemosensory system. Advances in our understanding of olfactory molecular processes and neurophysiology now permit a rational approach to the evaluation and treatment of patients. Since there are approximately 2 million American adults with chemosensory disorders, such problems merit our attenti0n.l Patients with smell disorders suffer from more than just the psychological loss of a pleasant sensory experience (ie, enjoyment of food, sniffing a flower), although this loss alone can cause depression. The elimination of an early warning of environmental danger (ie, smoke from a fire, leaking natural gas, spoiled food) can lead to physical harm or injury. Certain vocations, such as food preparers or perfumists, require an intact chemosensory system. The communication between individuals of various physiologic states, such as sexual receptivity and arousal, is carried via scents and body odors, even in humans.’ Disturbance of chemosensation can profoundly affect nutrition and body weight. The continuous, usually subliminal, sea of odors in which we exist has a tremendous influence on our daily existence; olfaction is appreciated most when the sense is lost or dysfunctional.
Demonstration of mast cells in the postnatal mouse ovary.

Cytologically demonstrable mast cells are present within the ovaries of neonatal mice from two strains (ICR, Ttf/t12). They show a preferential distribution, being observed in the hilum primarily in addition to the ovarian mesentery, bursa and ovary proper. They are most evident in the newborn (0 day) animal and show an apparent decrease during the first postnatal week.
On the stability of a planet between Mars and the asteroid belt: Implications for the Planet V hypothesis

Abstract The stability of an additional planet between the orbit of Mars and the asteroid belt is examined in the context of the Planet V hypothesis. In this model, the Solar System initially contained a fifth terrestrial planet, “Planet V,” which was removed after ∼700 Myr, a possible trigger for the late heavy bombardment on the inner planets. The model is investigated using 96 N-body integrations of the 8 major planets with an additional body between Mars and the asteroid belt. In more than 1/4 of simulations, Planet V survives for 1000 Myr. In most other cases, Planet V collides with the Sun or hits another planet after several hundred Myr, leaving 4 surviving terrestrial planets. In 24/96 simulations, Planet V is lost by ejection or collision with the Sun while the other four terrestrial planets survive without undergoing a collision. In 18 cases, Planet V is removed at least 200 Myr after the beginning of the simulation. The endstate depends sensitively on the mass of Planet V. Collision with the Sun is likely when Planet V's mass is 0.25 Mars masses or less. When Planet V is more massive than this, collisions involving it and/or other terrestrial planets become commonplace. In unstable systems, the times of first encounter and first collision/ejection depend on the initial aphelion distance of Mars. Reducing Mars's aphelion distance increases these times and also increases the fraction of systems surviving for 1000 Myr. When Mars's current orbit is used, the stability of Planet V increases when these two planets are widely separated initially. Planet V's aphelion distance Q typically begins to cross the asteroid belt within a few tens to a few hundred Myr, and its orbit last leaves the belt several hundred Myr later in most cases. The total time spent with Q > 2.1 AU is typically less than 200 Myr.
‘Ground truth’ for selection on CCR5-Δ32

A much-celebrated story of positive selection in the human genome is the 32-bp deletion in the chemokine receptor CCR5, a variant that confers resistance to AIDS. This variant was postulated to be a relatively recent response to plague or smallpox. New research shows that the frequency of CCR5-Δ32 in Bronze Age samples is similar to that seen today, pushing the observed age of the allele back to at least 3000 and possibly 5000 years ago. Interestingly, the extent of heterozygosity, differentiation across populations and linkage disequilibrium in the CCR5 region is not dissimilar to other human genomic regions, challenging claims of recent positive selection.
Finite Element Models for Arterial Wall Mechanics

Arterial wall mechanics has been studied for nearly 200 years. This subject is of importance if we are to gain a fundamental understanding of this complex biological structure, as well as information needed to design prosthetics. Biomechanical arterial models continue to play an important role in the study of atherosclerosis, a disease of the arterial wall that is the chief cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States and the Western World. Over the past 20 years, the finite element model (FEM) has been used in a variety of ways to simulate the structural response of large arteries. Our purpose is to summarize the uses of FEMs in arterial mechanics. We will also indicate directions for future research in this area. A specialized FEM was described in the literature for the study of transport in the arterial wall, however the convection was not directly linked to arterial wall mechanics. In this paper special attention will be given to the development of FEMs based on the poroelastic view of arterial tissues which couple wall deformation, free tissue fluid motion, and associated transport phenomena in the arterial wall. In the future such models should provide fundamental quantitative information relating arterial wall mechanics and transport which may lead to a better understanding of both normal arterial physiology and atherogenesis.
A new methodology for modelling break failure patterns in deteriorating water distribution systems: Theory

Abstract Two case studies are presented, where Proportional Hazards and Poisson-type models are applied to predict failure probabilities in deteriorating water pipes. It is shown that breaks follow a nonhomogeneous Markov Process during the early stages of deterioration, that is, the failure probability is a function of time and also depends, among other things, on the number of previous breaks. During the later stages of deterioration a constant, but highly varying among pipes, break rate characterizes the failure pattern. In this latter case breaks could be reasonably approximated as Poisson arrivals. The results help in identifying factors that contribute to increased break rates and provide a high level of detail necessary for understanding failure pattern variability at the individual pipe level. The proposed methodologies are expected to provide a useful quantitative tool for improving maintenance strategies.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura in children.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an acquired blood disorder characterized by increased platelet destruction, low platelet counts, and a potential for serious bleeding. The disease may follow a viral illness and is very often an immune-mediated process. While it is usually a transient disorder that resolves spontaneously within 6 months, it may have a prolonged course and require medical intervention.Several treatment modalities are currently being used in childhood ITP. The administration of steroids is the most common and most controversial. Other routine management includes preventing injury and controlling any acute bleeding that may occur, the most serious being intracranial and gastrointestinal.The prognosis for childhood ITP is excellent, and greater than 90 percent of children are well by year.
Underuse of analgesia in very young pediatric patients with isolated painful injuries.

Abstract Study objective: We sought to compare the use of analgesic agents in very young children with that in older children with isolated painful injuries. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients seen between 1999 and 2000 in a pediatric emergency department. Patients aged 6 months to 10 years who sustained isolated long bone fractures or second- and third-degree burns were included. Exclusion criteria included head injury, chest or abdominal trauma, and developmental delay or neurologic disorder. Research subjects were separated into 2 study groups: very young (ages 6 to 24 months) and school age (ages 6 to 10 years). Results: One hundred eighty research subjects met the inclusion and exclusion criteria: 96 in the very young group and 84 in the school age group. Research subjects in the very young group received no analgesic agents more often than school age research subjects for all injuries (64.6% versus 47.6%, respectively), all fractures (70.6% versus 48.8%, respectively), displaced fractures (55.0% versus 22.0%, respectively), and all burns (50.0% versus 25.0%, respectively). When analgesic agents were administered, very young patients were less likely to receive narcotics compared with school age patients. Analgesic dosing for both the very young and school age groups was similar and within established guidelines. Conclusion: Children younger than 2 years of age receive disproportionately less analgesia than school age children, despite having obviously painful conditions. Emergency physicians should consider special issues involved in assessing and managing pain in very young children. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:617-622.]
Concentration Dependence of Self-Assembled Monolayer Island Nucleation and Growth

We have observed the formation process of octadecylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on mica in situ, at the liquid/solid interface, using atomic force microscopy. The submonolayer island nucleation rate was found to depend on the concentration of the deposition solution, which affects the deposition rate of adsorbate molecules on the substrate. The power-law dependence of the submonolayer island density on the solution concentration was consistent with the interpretation that the minimum size of a stable island is two molecules. Four distinct regimes of growth were found: a low-coverage nucleation regime, an intermediate coverage regime, an aggregation regime in which the island density remained constant, and a coalescence regime. The island density kinetics in the first two regimes were compared with the predictions of a kinetic theory of 2D cluster growth typically used to describe vapor phase molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures.
High Strain Rate Behavior of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu Solder Alloys and Its Influence on the Fracture Location Within Solder Joints

Significant work has been done on the characterization of SnAgCu solder alloys at low strain rates (10−6 to 10−2 s−1 ), and as a result, the behavior of solder over these strain rate regimes is well understood. On the other hand, there is a lack of accurate and consistent data for solder at high strain rates. In this paper, we will present data obtained using a servo-hydraulic mechanical tester and split-Hopkinson bar for the Sn3.8wt%Ag0.7wt% Cu solder alloy over strain rates spanning 0.001 to 500s−1 . It is shown that the saturation stress correlates well with strain rate over nine decades on a log-log plot. It is also shown that a fit using Anand model based on low strain rate regime (4×10−6 to 2×10−4 s−1 ) data captures the high strain rate results to a reasonable accuracy. It is commonly observed that in low strain rate failure, as in thermo-mechanical fatigue, failure tends to occur through the bulk of the solder. However in high strain rate failures, as those seen in drop tests, fractures occur through the intermetallic layer. We present finite element simulations of ball shear and ball pull tests using the above high strain rate data. It is demonstrated how the shift in failure mode from the bulk solder to intermetallic compound may be explained based on the high strain rate behavior of the SnAgCu solder alloy.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Remote sensing aids in sea-ice analysis

Satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is fast becoming an indispensable tool for operational sea-ice analysis. In anticipation of this, the Naval Research Laboratory and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration established a data link between the Alaska SAR Facility (ASF) in Fairbanks and the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center in Suitland, Md. The Joint Ice Center is the national center for ice analysis and forecasting. At the NRL Remote Sensing Applications Branch, we are working to ensure that SAR and other satellite data are used to best advantage for ice analysis by putting together appropriate software tools for manipulating images, developing algorithms for automated image analysis, and combining sensor data in ways that increase confidence in the final product, usually an ice type and concentration map. This article gives a brief look at some recent work in each of these areas.
Inducer T lymphocytes synthesize a factor that stimulates proliferation of cloned mast cells

Inducer T lymphocytes activate other cells to divide and express new function. Known target cells include other lymphocytes and haematopoietic stem cells1. We now provide evidence that the inducer T cell acts on another important target population: mast cells. Mast cells have a central role in the expression of immediate hypersensitivity and are also prominent in T-cell mediated reactions of the delayed type2–7. Because the proliferation of differentiated cells is often regulated by soluble growth factors, we examined an inducer T-cell clone for its ability to stimulate mast cell proliferation. We report here that cloned Ly1+2− inducer T cells produce a factor that selectively induces morphologically and karyotypically normal mouse mast cell clones to proliferate. We therefore suggest that inducer T cells may regulate mast cell numbers by releasing a soluble growth factor that stimulates them to divide. Because mast cell products also affect certain T-cell functions8–10, mast cell-T cell interactions may comprise part of an immunoregulatory circuit.
Comparative carcinogenicity of 4-aminobiphenyl and the food pyrolysates,Glu-P-1,IQ,PhIP,and MeIQx in the neonatal B6C3F1 male mouse

The tumorigenic activities of four representative heterocyclic amine food pyrolysates, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ(, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), were assessed in the neonatal male B6C3F1 mouse and were compared with that of the potent human carcinogen, 4-amino-biphenyl (4-ABP). These aromatic amines were administered by i.p. injection at two dose levels on days 1, 8, and 15 after birth; and the incidence of tumors was examined at 8 and 12 months. Glu-P-1, IQ, PhIP, MeIQx, and 4-ABP each induced a significant incidence of hepatic adenomas, as compared to the solvent-treated (DMSO) control. Hepatocellular carcinomas were also observed with 4-ABP, SO, and MeIQx. Overall tumorigenicity was in the order: 4-ABP > Glu-P-1 > IQ ∼ PhIP > MeIQx > DMSO. In the neonatal B6C3F1 mouse, these heterocyclic aromatic amines showed potent tumorigenicity after 8 and 12 months at total doses that were 5–10 000-fold less than those employed in standard chronic bioassays.
Shopping orientations and patronage preferences for internet auctions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of consumers’ shopping orientations and income on online auction patronage intentions. Design/methodology/approach – The study collected data using a national sample of 3,000 online auction consumers over the age of 18, who had purchased from internet auction sites eBay, Yahoo, or Bargain Hunter in the previous six months and used structural equation modelling for data analysis. Findings – The results suggest that consumers’ price consciousness shopping orientation, which increases shopping in online stores, decreases patronage intentions towards the online auction site. In addition, the findings indicate that consumers’ search orientation, convenience orientation and income level increase patronage intentions towards the online auction site. Originality/value – The key theoretical and academic contribution of this study focuses on testing and integrating the shopping orientations literature in the more modern area of online auction retailing. P...
LIMIT ON THE ANGULAR SIZE OF CYG XR-1.

BOTH nebular and stellar objects have been identified as discrete sources of cosmic X-rays. Representative of the first is the Crab Nebula, the size of which has been measured to be 1 to 2 arc min in the energy range 1–6 keV according to observations during a lunar occupation1 and with a modulation collimator2. This size is comparable with the optical size of the nebula. Representative of stellar sources is Sco X–1, the X-ray size of which has been shown to be less than 20 arc s by a measurement with a modulation collimator, also in the energy range 1–6 keV (ref. 3). The optical counterpart of Sco X–1 is an irregularly variable blue star4. The tentative identifications of Cas XR–1 with the supernova remnant, Cas A (ref. 5, and of several other X-ray sources with blue stars (Cyg X–2 (ref. 6), Cen XR–2 (ref. 7)) obviously suggest that these particular sources can be assigned to the nebular and the stellar classes, respectively.
DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION IN A MEANINGFUL ONGOING GROUP

First-year and second-year students enrolled in the Master of Business Administration program at Brigham Young University rated all pairs of persons in their group as to their relative similarity-dissimilarity on an 8-point scale. Multidimensional scaling procedures yielded three significant dimensions for the first-year group and two for the second-year group. Correlations were then computed between the dimensions and a series of sociometric choices by Ss, personal data obtained from student files, scores on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, and teacher ratings. The dimensions obtained for the first-year group were identified as “perceived competency,” “aggressive self-interest,” and “social interest and self-understanding,” and those for the second-year group were identified as “demonstrated competency” and “group maintenance.” Differences in the dimensions between the groups and relationships of the obtained dimensions with those found in other studies were discussed.
Impact of HPV testing, HPV vaccine development, and changing screening frequency on national Pap test volume: projections from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

BACKGROUND. The frequently cited number of 50 million annual Papanicolaou cervical screening (Pap) tests performed in the US was based on the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) of the 1980s. Since then, monumental changes have occurred. More change will soon follow when primary human papilloma virus (HPV) testing and/or HPV vaccine delivery are fully accepted and implemented. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the total annual Pap tests performed in the US based on recent NHIS surveys, and 2) to estimate the potential change in the total annual Pap volume produced by changing demographics, reduced screening frequency, HPV testing, and the HPV vaccine. METHODS. In the NHIS 2000 and NHIS 2005, women were asked to report the frequency of their Pap tests for the 6 years prior to the interview and to report whether they had abnormal findings. The authors analyzed the survey respondents answers to these questions by using SAS Survey Procedures (SAS Institute, NC). The results were stratified by age, and the total national volume was then extrapolated from a similarly stratified 2000 US census. The projected increase of total Pap tests for the next 25 years was determined by using the projected census data. Potential reductions of Pap tests performed secondarily to HPV testing of women >30 years old and of HPV vaccination were also determined. RESULTS. Based on NHIS 2000 and NHIS 2005, 66 million (95% CI, 65–68) and 65 million (95% CI, 64–67) Pap tests were performed in the US, respectively. Had HPV testing been performed in women older than 30 years who had both negative HPV and negative 3-year Pap tests, then 30% (95% CI, 29–32%) of Pap tests would not have been performed. If both HPV testing and vaccination are performed, the total number of Pap tests performed annually is predicted to be reduced by 43% (95% CI, 35–38%). CONCLUSIONS. Therefore, despite an expected increase in the population of women eligible for Pap tests, the total number will likely decrease substantially in the future. This, in turn, will decrease the demand for a traditionally trained cytotechnology workforce. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Proton Transfer in H5O2+ and H3O2- with an External Restraining Force

A comparative study between proton transfer in H5O and H3O has been carried out using the 6-31 + G** basis set at the MP level. An external harmonic force is imposed between the two terminal hydrogens (one on either end of the complex) to restrain the H bond lengths to a range where two minima exist in the potential energy surface, while providing the OH2 and OH− groups appropriate flexibility to approach one another during the course of transfer. The H bond length in the anion is found to be longer and more linear than that in the cation. Geometries and orientations of the subunits play an important role in determining the H bond length and the nonlinearity of the bond. Similar trends are noted for both the ions as the spring stiffens: The barrier reaches its asymptotic maximum for intermolecular force constants larger than about 7 mdyn/A, as do the equilibrium and transition-state values of R(OO). The energy barrier for the anion is higher than that of the cation. For both systems, the intrinsic reaction coordinate divides the transfer process into two consecutive steps: The approach of the two O atoms is followed by the actual motion of the proton. In fact, the hydrogen-bonded hydrogen moves upward, perpendicular to the line joining the O atoms, during the first step. The first steps account for about 30% of the energy required for proton transfer in the cation, whereas for the anion it is about 45%. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Newspaper coverage of mental illness: Is it changing?

Abstract Because the public gets much of its knowledge of mental illness from the news media, it is important to understand what those media report about mental illnesses. It is also useful to know whether or not news coverage of mental illness is changing. The current study looked at 300 newspaper articles containing the key phrase “mental illness” from 6 different newspapers for 1989 and for 1999. Each article was read and rated with respect to a variety of elements, including what specific disorders were named, what the main themes of each article were, and what was the overall tone of the article. Results indicated that there was more coverage of issues of stigma and mental health insurance parity, fewer themes of dangerousness, and fewer articles with negative tone in 1999 than in 1989. However, dangerousness was still the most common theme of 1999 articles and negative articles were still twice as likely to occur as positive ones. Articles in 1999, as in 1989, tended not to name specific psychiatric...
Hispanic vs non‐Hispanic response to online self‐service tasks: implications for perceived quality and patronage intentions

Purpose – Although internet growth has allowed producers to shift control of service transactions to the customer, little research has examined the effects of this shift. The purpose of this paper is to focus on how the performance of different task types differentially affects consumer responses.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a field study using online data collection to examine the US Hispanic market, the fastest‐growing consumer group in the US as well as one of the fastest growing online user groups.Findings – The paper finds that Hispanic consumers were less affected by the type of task than non‐Hispanic consumers, in terms of perceived quality, satisfaction, and intended patronage. Using constructs from the communications literature, task effects on three communication perceptions were shown to explain the differences.Research limitations/implications – The results provide support for the notion that more complex (transaction) tasks can lead to lower evaluations than less complex (inform...
Respiratory syncytial virus causes increased bronchial epithelial permeability.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced diseases are mediated through active cytokines released during infection. We hypothesized that RSV infection causes bronchial epithelial monolayer permeability in vitro via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Methods: Human bronchial epithelial cells were infected with RSV. In some cultures, VEGF antibody was included to block VEGF response; in other cultures, palivizumab was added to block RSV infection. Permeability was assessed in real-time using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. VEGF release was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gap formation was assessed using live cell imaging. Results: RSV-infected cells demonstrated a decrease in the resistance of the monolayer indicating an increase in permeability; this increase was blocked with VEGF-specific antibody, and palivizumab. Intercellular gap formation developed in RSV-infected epithelial monolayers. Conclusion: RSV increases permeability of the bronchial airway epithelial monolayer via VEGF induction.
Studies on the relation of thiomethyl-β-d-galactoside accumulation to thiomethyl-β-d-galactoside phosphorylation in Staphylococcus aureus HS1159

Abstract 1. 1. The nature of thiomethyl-β- d -galactoside (TMG) trasport and phosphorylation by Staphylococcus aureas HS1159 has been investigated. 2. 2. The enzyme system which catalyzes the production of thiomethyl-β- d -galactoside 6-phosphate (TMG-6-P) is dependent on phosphoenolpyruvate and is similar to the phosphotransferase reported by Kundig, Ghosh and Roseman . 3. 3. The extent of uptake of TMG by S. aureus HS1159 can be altered by changes in temperature, the presence of iodoacetate, and by genetic mutation. However, in all cases where uptake is measurable, all the [14C]TMG accumulated within the cells is [14C]TMG-6-P. 4. 4. The suggestion by Kennedy and Scarborough that the phosphorylated sugar is the substrate of the staphylococcal ‘β-galactosidase’, taken together with the experiments presented here, lead to the hypothesis that in Staphylococcus, galactoside permeation may depend upon the first reaction of galactoside metabolism.
Few buffers, many hot spots, and no tree saturation (with high probability)

In a multistage network, hotspots induce tree saturation. The known solutions employ a variety of techniques, including combining (which works only for certain kinds of messages), feedback damping (which appears to provide low utilization in the absence of hot spots), and large numbers of buffers. In practice, the approach used today is to provide large numbers of buffers: in a P-processor system, the rule of thumb appears to be to provide $10P$ buffers, but 10P buffers may be too expensive for systems containing 105 or more processors. Even employing $\Omega(P)$ buffers does not appear to provide any guarantees, however. This paper shows that by organizing the switches so that the messages addressed to a particular processor can use only certain of the buffers, many hotspots can be tolerated with few buffers. For example, a switch with $O(\log P)$ buffers can tolerate a single hotspot with probability $1$, and allows the first few hotspots to have a large number of buffers before being declared a hotspot. A switch with B buffers will block a given non-hotspot message with probability less than $O(1/s)$ if there are $O(B/\log s)$ hotspots, and can handle a factor of O(ln \ln s) more hotspots before the probability becomes a constant. A similar approach can also be used to improve caching behavior in a multithreaded system in which one of the threads tries to consume all of the cache.
Evaluation of soybean RFLP marker diversity in adapted germ plasm.

Soybean RFLP markers have been primarily developed and genetically mapped using wide crosses between exotic and adapted genotypes. We have screened 38 soybean lines at 128 RFLP marker loci primarily to characterize germ plasm structure but also to evaluate the utility of RFLP markers identified in unadapted populations. Of these DNA probes 70% detected RFLPs in this set of soybean lines with an average polymorphism index of 0.30. This means that only 1 out of 5 marker loci was informative between any particular pair of adapted soybean lines. The variance associated with the estimation of RFLP genetic distance (GDR) was determined, and the value obtained suggested that the use of more than 65–90 marker loci for germ plasm surveys will add little precision. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis of the GDR matrix revealed the relative lack of diversity in adapted germ plasm. Within the cultivated lines, several lines adapted to Southern US maturity zones also appeared as a separate group. GDR data was compared to the genetic distance estimates obtained from pedigree analysis (GDP). These two measures were correlated with r = 0.54 for all 38 lines, but the correlation increased to r = 0.73 when only adapted lines were analyzed.
Extinction under intracranial and conventional reinforcement: Effect of a correlated counter

Rats underwent fixed-ratio training and extinction with and without a correlated counter under either intracranial or liquid reinforcement. The added counter increased resistance to extinction. This effect was attributed to secondary reinforcing properties of the counter, and taken as evidence for an interpretation of rapid extinction under ICR as being due to lack of conditioned reinforcement.
Use of Postoperative Irradiation for Carcinoma of the Cervix.

Early stage cervical cancer is treated with radical surgery or definitive irradiation. There is no consensus as to the use of adjuvant pelvic irradiation for patients who have undergone radical hysterectomy. Several pathological indicators are predictors of local pelvic disease recurrence. Positive pelvic lymph nodes, large tumor size, stromal penetration, and vascular invasion are factors that have a negative impact on local control and 5-year survival rates. The presence of one or more of these findings may influence the decision to incorporate pelvic irradiation into the postoperative treatment plan of a woman with cervical cancer.
Transient elevation of intrasynaptosomal free calcium by putrescine.

Abstract The role of polyamines in the regulation of free intrasynaptosomal Ca 2+ , [Ca 2+ ] i was studied. After preincubation of rat brain sy synaptosomes with 5 mM difluormethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decar☐ylase, the K + -induced increase of [Ca 2+ ] i was 33% less than that in non-treated synaptosomes. Putrescine (1 mM) added together with DFMO negated the effect of DFMO suggesting that abnormally low polyamine concentrations were the reason for the diminished K + -response. Putrescine alone did not alter the K + -response to [Ca 2+ ] i . Instead putrescine (0.5 mM) caused a rapid ( 2+ ] i but did not simultaneously increase 45 Ca 2+ uptake into polarized synaptosomes. Neither spermidine nor spermine (0.5 mM) significantly altered [Ca 2+ ] i . The results suggest that polyamines play a role in the regulation of free intrasynaptosomal Ca 2+ .
SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN GRIZZLY BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS) AND BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS), FROM ALASKA, 1988 TO 1991

We tested 644 serum samples from 480 grizzly bears and 40 black bears from Alaska (USA), collected between 1988 and 1991, for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a commercially available latex agglutination test (LAT). A titer ≥64 was considered positive. Serum antibody prevalence for T. gondii in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) was 18% (87 of 480). Prevalence ranged from 9% (seven of 77) on Kodiak Island to 28% (15 of 54) in northern Alaska. Prevalence was directly correlated to age. No grizzly bears < 2-year-old had T. gondii antibody. High antibody titers were found mainly in grizzly bears captured north of the Arctic Circle. Antibody prevalence in black bears (Ursus americanus) from Interior Alaska was 15% (six of 40′), similar to the prevalence in grizzly bears from the same area (13%; five of 40).
Handedness Effects on Procedural Training in Pediatrics

Objective To determine handedness effects on procedural training.Patients and Methods Pediatric trainees and attendings from 3 institutions participated in a Web-based survey examining whether handedness affected learning procedures, the hand used to perform procedures, and if handedness training was received.Results and Conclusions Of 778 physicians, 39% completed surveys, and 11% wrote with their left hand. Learning procedures were affected in left-handed physicians (60% vs 7.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 17.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.9-40.1), and they used their non-dominant or both hands to perform procedures (48.6% vs 21%; OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.7-7.4). Few physicians received handedness training (20% vs 10.7%; P= .16). Left-handed physicians were affected learning lumbar puncture (29% vs 4%; OR= 10.0; 95% CI = 3.8-26.4), intubation (36% vs 5%; OR=11.0; 95% CI=4.4-27.4), and suturing (32% vs 4%; OR = 11.7; 95% CI = 4.5-30.5).
Identification of donor-derived dendritic cell progenitors in bone marrow of spontaneously tolerant liver allograft recipients.

Multilineage donor-derived hematopoietic cell chimerism is a persistent feature of spontaneously tolerant mouse liver allograft recipients. We have shown previously that normal liver-derived precursors of chimeric dendritic cells (DC) propagated in vitro migrate in vivo to T-dependent areas of allogeneic lymphoid tissue, where they or their progeny appear to persist indefinitely. In this study, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CsF)+interleukin-4 (IL-4) were used to propagate DC progenitors from freshly isolated mouse bone marrow. The progenitor cells gave rise in 7-10 days to potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) that stimulated naive allogeneic T cells in primary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). The culture method, together with the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of donor and recipient strain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II mRNA was used to test whether donor-derived DC could be propagated from the bone marrow of unmodified, orthotopic liver allograft recipients. Freshly isolated bone marrow from these transplanted animals contained small numbers of donor cells and responded to GM-CSF+IL-4 stimulation. In addition to cells expressing recipient (B10) phenotype (H-2K b+ ; Ia b+ ), a minor population of donor (B10.BR)-derived cells (H-2K k+ ; Ia k ) were also propagated from liver graft recipients euthanized two weeks posttransplant. DC sorted from these cultures exhibited stimulatory activity for recipient strain T cells consistent with a low level (<1%) of donor DC propagation. The immunologic role of donor-derived DC progenitors in liver allograft recipients and its relation to the induction and maintenance of donor-specific unresponsiveness remains to be determined.
Atropine augmentation in dobutamine stress echocardiography: role and incremental value in a clinical practice setting.

Abstract Objectives . This study sought to evaluate the role and incremental value of atropine in a large patient group undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Background . The use of atropine to potentiate dobutamine stress is not standard practice. Although the utility of atropine has been described, data on its incremental value remain limited and do not exist for a routine clinical practice setting. Methods . Dobutamine stress echocardiography was perfomed in 1,171 patients with use of a standard protocol. Atropine (maximal dose 2.0 mg) was given to 299 patients (26%) who did not attain target heart rate. Coronary angiography was performed in 183 patients (46 received atropine), 148 of whom were found to have significant coronary artery disease (≥ 70% diameter stenosis in a major epicardial vessel, ≥50% stenosis for left main coronary artery disease). All tests were reviewed independently by experienced observers. Results . There were no major adverse events. Patients receiving atropine had a lower rest heart rate (65 vs. 74 beats/min, p Conclusions . Augmentation of heart rate had a modest influence on the overall diagnostic sensitivity of dobutamine stress echocardiography in our study cohort. However, it was particularly helpful in patients receiving beta-blockers and those with milder coronary disease. Despite the use of ≥1 mg of atropine in some patients, this incremental value was not achieved at the expense of safety.
Extragenic suppression of the requirement for diaminopimelate in diaminopimelate auxotrophs of Mycobacterium smegmatis

Mycobacteria, like many prokaryotes, have a peptidoglycan with peptides composed of L-alanine (or glycine), D-iso-glutamine, meso-diaminopimelate, and D-alanine. We sought to study mycobacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis by constructing diaminopimelate (DAP) auxotrophs of Mycobacterium smegmatis and then isolating spontaneous mutants of these auxotrophs that can grow in the absence of DAP. Here we report the isolation and characterization of seven classes of spontaneous M. smegmatis mutants with extragenic mutations that can suppress the DAP requirement of DAP auxotrophs.
Humanistic Psychology’s Social Justice Philosophy: Systemically Treating the Psychosocial and Health Effects of Racism

Racism has held a prominent place in much of psychology discourse, but humanistic psychology may not yet have realized its full potential to contribute in meaningful ways to dialogues about racism....
Growing Well-connected Graphs

The algebraic connectivity of a graph is the second smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian, and is a measure of how well-connected the graph is. We study the problem of adding edges (from a set of candidate edges) to a graph so as to maximize its algebraic connectivity. This is a difficult combinatorial optimization, so we seek a heuristic for approximately solving the problem. The standard convex relaxation of the problem can be expressed as a semidefinite program (SDP); for modest sized problems, this yields a cheaply computable upper bound on the optimal value, as well as a heuristic for choosing the edges to be added. We describe a new greedy heuristic for the problem. The heuristic is based on the Fiedler vector, and therefore can be applied to very large graphs.