cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alane hydrogen storage for automotive fuel cells – Off-board regeneration processes and efficiencies

Abstract Alane is considered an attractive carrier of hydrogen for on-board light-duty vehicle hydrogen storage systems because of its high intrinsic capacity (10.1 wt% H 2 ), small heat of formation (∼7 kJ/mol H 2 ), and fast apparent decomposition kinetics. Regeneration of spent Al by direct hydrogenation is impractical due to the extremely high hydrogen equilibrium pressure required (∼7000 bar). This paper examines the off-board regeneration of alane using a three-step organometallic process. In the first step, a relatively stable adduct of a tertiary amine and alane is formed from elemental aluminum and hydrogen gas under moderate conditions of temperature and pressure. The second step involves transamination of the adduct by a second tertiary amine to form a secondary tertiary amine-alane adduct that is less stable than the first adduct. This secondary amine alane adduct is thermally decomposed in the final step to yield alane and the secondary amine for reuse in the process. All reagents, except aluminum and hydrogen, are recovered and recycled. Two process flowsheets have been constructed, and energy consumption in each step of the regeneration process has been calculated. Additionally, total energy requirements across the entire chain of production, delivery, storage, recovery, and regeneration has been evaluated to determine the overall well-to-tank efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. In one flowsheet, the well-to-tank efficiency is ∼24.2% which improves to ∼42.1% if waste heat is freely available from industrial sources. The estimated greenhouse gas emissions are 31.6 kg CO 2 (eq) per kg H 2 delivered to the vehicle and reduce to 20.6 kg/kg-H 2 if free waste heat is readily available.
Calcium mobilisation during reproduction in snail Helix aspersa.

THE land snail Helix aspersa lays up to 100 eggs at a time, each with 0.6 mg of calcium in the form of calcite crystals. There is insufficient calcium in any part of the reproductive tract to account for this.
Obesity level and attrition: support for patient-treatment matching in obesity treatment.

Obesity treatment studies report attrition rates front 20% to 45%. To reduce attrition, researchers have proposed matching patients to treatment based upon level of obesity. The current study attempted to validate the commonly held assumption that a mismatch between obesity level and treatment will promote attrition. The level of obesity and attrition rates of 39 adults who enrolled in a 12-session behavior therapy program were examined. As obesity level increased, so did attrition. Sixty-nine percent of subjects with mild obesity, 43% of subjects with moderate obesity and 0% of subjects with severe obesity completed treatment.
Menthol biosynthesis and molecular genetics

(−)-Menthol is the most familiar of the monoterpenes as both a pure natural product and as the principal and characteristic constituent of the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha x piperita). In this paper, we review the biosynthesis and molecular genetics of (−)-menthol production in peppermint. In Mentha species, essential oil biosynthesis and storage is restricted to the peltate glandular trichomes (oil glands) on the aerial surfaces of the plant. A mechanical method for the isolation of metabolically functional oil glands, has provided a system for precursor feeding studies to elucidate pathway steps, as well as a highly enriched source of the relevant biosynthetic enzymes and of their corresponding transcripts with which cDNA libraries have been constructed to permit cloning and characterization of key structural genes. The biosynthesis of (−)-menthol from primary metabolism requires eight enzymatic steps, and involves the formation and subsequent cyclization of the universal monoterpene precursor geranyl diphosphate to the parent olefin (−)-(4S)-limonene as the first committed reaction of the sequence. Following hydroxylation at C3, a series of four redox transformations and an isomerization occur in a general “allylic oxidation–conjugate reduction” scheme that installs three chiral centers on the substituted cyclohexanoid ring to yield (−)-(1R, 3R, 4S)-menthol. The properties of each enzyme and gene of menthol biosynthesis are described, as are their probable evolutionary origins in primary metabolism. The organization of menthol biosynthesis is complex in involving four subcellular compartments, and regulation of the pathway appears to reside largely at the level of gene expression. Genetic engineering to up-regulate a flux-limiting step and down-regulate a side route reaction has led to improvement in the composition and yield of peppermint oil.
Finite element methdos for calculation of steady, viscoelastic flow using constitutive equations with a Newtonian viscosity

Adding a Newtonian solvent to most differential viscoelastic constitutive equations mathematically regularizes the coupled set formed by the momentum, continuity and constitutive equations. The momentum and continuity equations form an elliptic saddle point problem for velocity and pressure, and the constitutive equation is hyperbolic in stress. Three finite element algorithms are presented that exploit this elliptic behavior by expressing the momentum equation in different differential forms. The first is based on the viscous elliptic operator that arises naturally with the introduction of a Newtonian solvent viscosity; the second is based on the explicitly elliptic momentum equation formulation developed for the upper-convected Maxwell model; and the third is based on an elastic-viscous splitting of the momentum equation. Finite element discretizations are created by using Galerkin's method for the momentum and continuity equations and the streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin method for the components of the constitutive equation. In the latter two methods, additional interpolants are introduced so as to maintain continuous representations of velocity derivatives across element boundaries; this is a requirement if only those higher-order velocity terms which are explicitly elliptic are integrated by parts. Calculations for flow between eccentric cylinders and through a corrugated tube demonstrate the numerical stability and accuracy of each of the formulations. The robustness of each algorithm for calculation of flows at high Deborah numbers depends on the value of the ratio β ≡ ηS/gh0, where ηs is the solvent viscosity and η0 is the viscosity of the solution. The algorithm based on the elastic-viscous splitting is the most robust across the full range 0 ≤ β ≤ 1.
Monitoring Regional Effects of High Pressure Injection of Industrial Waste Water in a Limestone Aquifera

More than 10 billion gallons (38 × 106 m3) of acid industrial liquid waste has been injected in about 11 years under high pressure into a saline-water-filled part of a limestone aquifer of low transmissivity between 1,400 and 1,700 feet (430 and 520 m) below land surface near Pensacola, Florida. A similar waste disposal system is planned for the same zone at a site about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to the east. The injection zone is the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer. The lower limestone is overlain by a confining layer of plastic clay about 220 feet (67 m) thick at the active injection site and underlain by another confining layer of shale and clay. The upper confining layer is overlain by the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer. The active injection system consists of two injection wells about a quarter of a mile (0.4 km) apart and three monitor wells. Two of the monitor wells (deep monitors) are used to observe hydraulic and geochemical effects of waste injection in the injection zone at locations about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) north of the center of the injection site. The third well (shallow monitor), used to observe any effects in the upper limestone, is about 100 feet (30 m) from one of the injection wells. Since 1972 the injection zone has also been monitored at a test well at the planned new injection site. Three more monitor wells in the injection zone were activated in early 1974 at sites 17 miles (27 km) northeast, 22 miles (35 km) east and 33 miles (53 km) northeast of the injection site. The six deep monitors provide a system for evaluating the regional effects of injecting wastes. No change in pressure or water quality due to injection was, by mid-1974, evident in the upper limestone at the injection site, but static pressures in the lower limestone at the site had increased 8 fold since injection began in 1963. Chemical analyses indicated probable arrival of the diluted waste at the south monitor well in 1973. By mid-1974 waste evidently had not reached the north monitor well. Calculations indicate that by mid-1974 pressure effects from waste injection extended radially more than 40 miles (64 km) from the injection site. By mid-1974 pressure effects of injection were evident from water-level measurements made at the five deep monitor wells nearest the active injection site. No effects were recognized at the well 33 miles (53 km) away. Less than 20 miles (32 km) northeast of the active injection site, the lower limestone contains fresh water. Changes in the pressure regime due to injection indicate a tendency for northeastward movement of the fresh-water/salt-water interface in the lower limestone.
Attentional Training: Our Best Kept Secret

(2002). Attentional Training: Our Best Kept Secret. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 73, No. 9, pp. 26-30.
Perturbations in Epidemiological Models: When zombies attack, we can survive!

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the existence of stability-changing bifurcations in epidemiological models used to study the spread of zombiism through a human population. These bifurcations show that although linear instability of disease-free equilibria may exist in a model, perturbations of model parameters may result in stability. Thus, we show that humans can survive a zombie outbreak.
Fishermen, Scientists, and Boundary Spanners: Cooperative Research in the U.S. Illex Squid Fishery

This article presents a cooperative fisheries research effort aimed to improve the science and management of the U.S. Illex squid fishery. This collaboration between government scientists, the squid industry, and a consultant scientist produced new biological information about squid and improved the assessment of this species. This case illustrates the challenges and possibilities of involving nonscientific citizens in scientific research for policymaking. The involvement of the lead government assessment scientist for Illex squid was critical to the utility of the data collected. In this case, the integration of fishermen's contributory expertise in science occurred through the work of key boundary spanners with interactional expertise. Here this included a consultant scientist and key fishermen who were able to communicate with government scientists and the industry. The collaboration also provided some fishermen with interactional expertise related to doing science such that they were able to communica...
R7-binding protein targets the G protein β5/R7-regulator of G protein signaling complex to lipid rafts in neuronal cells and brain

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins), composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, are positioned at the inner face of the plasma membrane and relay signals from activated G protein-coupled cell surface receptors to various signaling pathways. Gβ5 is the most structurally divergent Gβ isoform and forms tight heterodimers with regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins of the R7 subfamily (R7-RGS). The subcellular localization of Gβ 5/R7-RGS protein complexes is regulated by the palmitoylation status of the associated R7-binding protein (R7BP), a recently discovered SNARE-like protein. We investigate here whether R7BP controls the targeting of Gβ5/R7-RGS complexes to lipid rafts, cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains where conventional heterotrimeric G proteins and some effector proteins are concentrated in neurons and brain. We show that endogenous Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP protein complexes are present in native neuron-like PC12 cells and that a fraction is targeted to low-density, detergent-resistant membrane lipid rafts. The buoyant density of endogenous raft-associated Gβ5/R7-RGS protein complexes in PC12 cells was similar to that of lipid rafts containing the palmitoylated marker proteins PSD-95 and LAT, but distinct from that of the membrane microdomain where flotillin was localized. Overexpression of wild-type R7BP, but not its palmitoylation-deficient mutant, greatly enriched the fraction of endogenous Gβ5/R7-RGS protein complexes in the lipid rafts. In HEK-293 cells the palmitoylation status of R7BP also regulated the lipid raft targeting of co-expressed Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP proteins. A fraction of endogenous Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP complexes was also present in lipid rafts in mouse brain. A fraction of Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP protein complexes is targeted to low-density, detergent-resistant membrane lipid rafts in PC12 cells and brain. In cultured cells, the palmitoylation status of R7BP regulated the lipid raft targeting of endogenous or co-expressed Gβ5/R7-RGS proteins. Taken together with recent evidence that the kinetic effects of the Gβ5 complex on GPCR signaling are greatly enhanced by R7BP palmitoylation through a membrane-anchoring mechanism, our data suggest the targeting of the Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP complex to lipid rafts in neurons and brain, where G proteins and their effectors are concentrated, may be central to the G protein regulatory function of the complex.
Blood pressure and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor use in hypertensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency.

Abstract Background Hypertension treatment is important in managing chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Little is known, however, about the blood pressure (BP) control achieved or the pattern of antihypertensive drug prescription among CRI patients. Methods Using computerized medical records, we studied 3089 adult hypertensive subjects treated at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston, MA) from 1990 through 1998. All subjects had at least two serum creatinine measurements ≥2 years apart, at least two BP readings, and online weight (to estimate Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance [CrCl]). Results The average mean arterial pressure over time (mean MAP) was 103 ± 9 mm Hg among those with CrCl >60 mL/min, 102 ± 9 mm Hg among those with CrCl 41 to 60 mL/min, and 101 ± 9 mm Hg among those with CrCl 21 to 40 mL/min. There were no significant differences in mean MAP among the different categories of renal function in the multivariate analysis ( P = .26 for trend). The proportion of patients with final systolic BP P = .68 for trend). The proportion of subjects who were prescribed ACE inhibitors was 38% among those with CrCl >60 mL/min, 36% among those with CrCl 41 to 60 mL/min, and only 27% among those with CrCl 21 to 40 mL/min ( P = .003 for trend). Conclusions The BP control achieved among hypertensive CRI subjects, although no worse than that among those without CRI, was found to be suboptimal. Patients with CrCl 21 to 40 mL/min were less likely to be prescribed ACE inhibitors than were those with CrCl >60 mL/min. Improvement is needed in the clinical management of these factors that can influence the progression of CRI.
Emotion regulation difficulties in anorexia nervosa: Relationship to self-perceived sensory sensitivity

Changes in sensation (e.g., prickly skin) are crucial constituents of emotional experience, and the intensity of perceived changes has been linked to emotional intensity and dysregulation. The current study examined the relationship between sensory sensitivity and emotion regulation among adults with anorexia nervosa (AN), a disorder characterised by disturbance in the experience of the body. Twenty-one individuals with AN, 20 individuals with AN who were weight-restored, and 23 typical controls completed self-report measures of sensory sensitivity and emotion regulation. AN participants reported heightened sensory sensitivity and greater difficulty regulating emotions relative to controls. Self-perceived sensory sensitivity was associated with greater emotion dysregulation. Weight-restored AN participants reported greater ability to regulate emotions than their currently underweight counterparts, despite heightened sensitivity. Findings suggest that hypersensitivity may be a persisting feature in AN, and that weight restoration may involve improved ability to cope with sensation.
Development in A Time of Globalization

The paper examines grounds on which a 'second opinion' to the Washington Consensus may be constructed using data for a sample of 123 rich and poor nations for the period from 1960 to 1995. The historical record makes abundantly clear that international inequality has increased not only over the long haul of the past two centuries but also in recent decades. Unequal development derives mainly from economic and political-economic forces internal to nations. Unregulated global market forces mostly follow this process rather than countering it. At the same time, the fragile internal development process is vulnerable to the disruptive forces of unrestricted openness. To be sure, access to global markets can be a powerful factor in development. But development success has hinged on selective and phased integration with world markets. This understanding clearly goes against the prevailing view that the growth benefits from globalization far outweigh the costs and that the main task for developing countries is to eliminate all impediments in the way of integrating their domestic economies with global trade and financial flows. It is not only economic growth as it relates to globalization that is at issue. The historical record also shows that the wealth of nations alone fails to account for variations in the levels of national poverty and inequality. Hence, we must also be concerned about whether increasing globalization restructures incentives in a direction that is conducive to reducing inequality and poverty. Apart from the purely economic mechanisms, this concern must extend also to the capacities for public action that globalization might weaken. The paper is animated by the belief that given the continuing primacy of the nation state, a modicum of national policy autonomy is vital to a politically sustainable economy, particularly in redressing endemic problems of poverty and inequality.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphism (-786T->C) and increased risk of angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background and Purpose— Vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains a leading cause of death and disability after aneurysm rupture. Decreased availability of nitric oxide (NO) may be crucial in its pathogenesis. We hypothesized that endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms may determine susceptibility to vasospasm in SAH patients. Methods— We conducted a prospective cohort study of SAH patients and determined vasospasm by cerebral angiography. We genotyped 3 eNOS polymorphisms: an intron 4 variable-number tandem-repeat, a promoter single-nucleotide polymorphism (−786T→C SNP), and a coding SNP in exon 7 (894G→T encoding E298D). Using multivariable logistic regression, we quantified the association of eNOS polymorphisms in patients with vasospasm confirmed by cerebral angiography. Results— For the eNOS promoter −786T→C SNP, the presence of the CC genotype compared with any T genotype (CT or TT) was associated with increased odds of vasospasm (odds ratio=2.97, 95% CI=1.32 to 6.67, P=...
Null spaces and ranges for the classical and spherical Radon transforms

Abstract Let R be the classical Radon transform that integrates a function over hyperplanes in R n and let SM be the transform that integrates a function over spheres containing the origin in R n . We prove continuity results for both transforms and explicitly give the null space of R for a class of square integrable functions on the exterior of a ball in R n as well as the null space of SM for square integrable functions on a ball. We show SM : L 2 ( R n ) → L 2 ( R n ) is one-one, and we characterize the range of SM on classes of smooth functions and square integrable functions by certain moment conditions. If g ( x ) is a Schwartz function on R n that is zero to infinite order at x = 0, we prove moment conditions sufficient for g to be in the range of SM ( C ∞ ( R n )). We apply our results on SM to existence and uniqueness theorems for solutions to a characteristic initial value problem for the Darboux partial differential equation.
Reactivity of solvent alcohol on degradation of CFC113

1,1,2-Trichloro-trifluoroethane (CFC113) was dissolved in alkaline 1-butanol, 2-butanol, iso-butyl alcohol, and phenyl ethyl alcohol and irradiated with 60Co gamma rays after purged with pure nitrogen gas. In all these solvents, the concentration of CFC113 and hydroxide ion decreased and that of chloride ion increased with a dose observed in 2-propanol solution. The reaction efficiency increases in order of 1-butanol<iso-butyl alcohol<phenyl ethyl alcohol<2-butanol<2-propanol. The solvent effect will depend on the binding energy of the αC–H of the alcohol molecule and electron affinity and dipole moment of the ketones or aldehydes produced from the alcohols.
Wavelet preprocessed amplitude-modulated phase-only filter for recognition applications

A wavelet preprocessed amplitude-modulated phase-only filter has been implemented. It is evaluated in terms of various pattern recognition performance statistics. The effect of thresholding nonlinearity has also been studied.
Improved compensation for analog-to-digital converters

Two changes are recommended for procedures used in building two-dimensional state-space error correction tables to compensate high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The modifications require three frequencies to calibrate all states as well as extrapolation of estimated outputs to achieve a straight line input-output integral characteristic for the ADC. A simulated 6-bit ADC with only 35-dBc spurious free signal range is shown to be correctable to 53 dB over 80% of the Nyquist band when suggested changes are used to calibrate the ADC. >
Ambiguous-cue learning in preschool children: A test of the dimensional characteristics of task stimuli

Abstract Sixteen preschool children were administered a two-choice discrimination problem consisting of three stimulus compounds: the consistently rewarded stimulus, the consistently nonrewarded stimulus, and the ambiguous stimulus which was nonrewarded when paired with the positive, but rewarded when paired with the negative. When both pair of stimuli, positive-ambiguous and negative-ambiguous, were presented together the subject was required either to choose or to avoid the ambiguous stimulus depending upon the stimulus with which it was paired. In Experiment 1, when each of three stimuli (positive, negative, ambiguous) varied along one nonspatial cue dimension (color), performance was better on negative-ambiguous trials than positive-ambiguous trials. In Experiment 2, when the positive and negative stimuli varied along three nonspatial cue dimensions (colors and form) and the ambiguous stimulus varied along one of these dimensions (color), superior positive-ambiguous over negative-ambiguous performance was obtained. These findings complement those reported for other subjects and confirm Berch's ( D. B. Berch, Learning and Motivation, 1974 , 5, 135–148) predictions regarding use of differential numbers of cue dimensions.
Genetic Variability in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). IV. Mutation Load in Some African Populations

Individual biting females were collected from 5 different localities in Africa. Eggs were obtained and F1 progeny were sib-mated. F2 progeny were scored for visible mutations; each mutant isolation was indicative of heterozygosity in the parent generation. A total of 64 females was tested, involving 382 F1 pair matings and examination of 24,000 F2 progeny. There were 34 different kinds of mutations recovered among 142 different isolations. Two populations from the coast of Kenya gave 2.96 and 2.72 mutations per mosquito, carried in the heterozygous condition. Populations from West Africa gave 0.52 (Ghana), 0.72 (Nigeria) and 0.84 (Rep. de Congo). Each population carried a distinctive array of different kinds of mutants. The populations from East Africa were above and those from West Africa were below the value of 1.32 mutations per mosquito obtained in 3 laboratory strains by VandeHey.
Posterior repositioning of glaucoma implants for anterior segment complications.

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy of repositioning Baerveldt aqueous implant tubes from the anterior chamber into the vitreous cavity in the management of anterior chamber tube–related complications. Design Noncomparative case series. Participants Nine eyes of eight consecutive subjects with anterior segment problems (corneal decompensation with a shallow anterior chamber or recurrent tube erosion unresponsive to conventional revision). Intervention Baerveldt implant tubes were repositioned from the anterior chamber into the vitreous cavity after pars plana vitrectomy. Main outcome measures Preservation of visual acuity, maintenance of intraocular pressure (IOP) control, and resolution of the anterior segment problem. Results Nine eyes of eight subjects were collaboratively managed by the operating glaucoma and vitreoretinal surgeons and followed postoperatively for an average time of 17 months (range, 2–42 months). Visual acuity remained stable or improved in seven of the nine eyes. IOP remained controlled in all eyes, with an average IOP of 14.3 ± 3.0 standard deviation mmHg (range, 10–18 mmHg). Progression of the anterior segment problem, which dictated the revision, was halted in three of five eyes with corneal decompensation and shallow anterior chambers and in all eyes with recurrent tube erosion. Postoperative complications included one successfully repaired retinal detachment occurring 9 months postoperatively. Conclusions Repositioning of an anterior chamber Baerveldt shunt tube into the vitreous cavity is a viable option for resolving recalcitrant tube-related anterior segment complications.
Conserved quantities for stationary Einstein-Maxwell space-times☆

Abstract We show that every stationary Einstein-Maxwell space-time has eight divergence-free vector fields and we isolate these in general form. The vector fields and associated conserved quantities are calculated for several families of space-times.
Manufacturing case studies: generic case studies for manufacturing simulation applications

Manufacturing managers typically commission simulation case studies to support their decision-making processes. These studies are used to evaluate alternative solutions to manufacturing problems in areas such as plant layout, scheduling, capacity planning, capital equipment acquisition, inventory management, and supply chain planning. Procedures for performing case studies vary from organization to organization, and situation to situation. It is possible that two different simulation analysts faced with the same manufacturing problem would perform their case studies differently, obtain different results, and reach different conclusions. The authors contend that standardization of the case study methodology and development of generic case studies would increase the likelihood that the simulation process will be deterministic, i.e., produce repeatable results. This paper presents background on case studies and makes recommendations concerning the advancement of manufacturing simulation case study methods and practices.
Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive therapy with zonisamide in childhood intractable epilepsy.

Purpose: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of zonisamide (ZNS) adjunctive therapy in children with intractable epilepsy to existing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Methods: A clinical retrospective study was performed from 2003 to 2005 at two tertiary epilepsy centers. We reviewed the data from 163 children (107 boys and 56 girls) who experienced more than four seizures per month, whose seizures were intractable to an initial 2 or more AEDs, and could be followed up for at least 6 months after ZNS adjunctive therapy initiation. Efficacy was estimated by seizure reduction rate according to seizure types including infantile spasms, and adverse events were also measured. Results: Seventy-nine patients (48.5%) out of 163 patients experienced a reduction in seizure frequency of more than 50%, and 25 patients (15.3%) became seizure-free. The rate of seizure reduction greater than 50% in children with partial seizures was 40.5% (17/42) and in children with generalized seizures was 51.2% (62/121). Of 36 patients who manifested mainly myoclonic seizures, 20 patients (55.6%) showed a seizure reduction of more than 50% and 9 patients (25.0%) were seizure-free. Mean maintenance dosage of drug was 8.2 mg/kg/day (range 5.0-16.0 mg/kg/day). Adverse events were documented in 15 children (9.2%), including somnolence (8 patients), fatigue, and anorexia, but all were transient and successfully managed. One patient discontinued ZNS therapy due to acute pancreatitis. Conclusion: ZNS adjunctive therapy is an effective and safe treatment in various childhood intractable epilepsy.
State-to-state differential cross sections by velocity mapping for rotational excitation of CO by Ne

State-to-state differential cross sections for rotational excitation of CO by Ne were determined in a crossed beam experiment at 511 cm-1. Scattered CO molecules were ionized with 2+1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization and detected with velocity mapping. Cross sections were determined for most of the energetically allowed final states of CO. The results were compared with predictions from two Ne−CO ab initio potential surfaces. The CCSD(T) surface of McBane and Cybulski [J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 11734] predicts the positions of the rotational rainbow maxima more accurately than does the surface of Moszynski et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 4690].
The role of mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplantation revisited

Since its regulatory approval in 1995, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has largely replaced azathioprine (AZA) as the anti-metabolite immunosuppressive of choice in kidney transplantation. While the initial industry-sponsored clinical trials suggested strong reductions in the incidence of acute rejection in the first six months post transplantation, long-term follow-up studies have failed to demonstrate a similar degree of benefit in overall graft and patient survival. In addition, several subsequent studies have raised questions on the potential attenuating effects of calcineurin inhibitor choice on MMF efficacy when compared to AZA. This review will revisit the question of whether the available evidence continues to support the superiority of MMF over AZA in kidney transplantation outcomes while comprehensively reviewing the available evidence from clinical trial data, systematic reviews, and registry studies.
Earnings and Employment in Eastern Europe, 1957 to 1963

I. Introduction, 220. — II. Basic economic goals, 223. — III. The manufacturing sector, 224. — IV. The nonagricultural sector, 234. — V. Conclusions, 238.
Nitrogen fixation in decaying Chestnut logs

Nitrogen fixation is shown to occur in decaying logs of American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., by acetylene reduction techniques, and its significance is considered in relation to log decomposition in forest ecosystems. re]19721109
Completely normal matrices

Abstract Normal matrices in which all submatrices are normal are said to be completely normal. We characterize this class of matrices, determine the possible inertias of a particular completely normal matrix, and show that real matrices in this class are closed under (general) Schur complementation. We provide explicit formulas for the Moore–Penrose inverse of a completely normal matrix of size at least four. A result on irreducible principally normal matrices is derived as well.
Availability and characteristics of abortion training in US ob-gyn residency programs: a national survey

Abstract Objective To assess the availability and characteristics of abortion training in US ob-gyn residency programs. Methods We surveyed fourth-year residents at US residency programs by email regarding availability and type of abortion training, procedural experience and self-assessed competence in abortion skills. We conducted multivariable, ordinal logistic regression with general estimating equations to determine individual-level and resident-reported, program-level correlates of quantity of uterine evacuation procedures done during residency. Results Three hundred sixty-two residents provided data, representing 161 of the 240 residency programs contacted. Access to training in elective abortion was available to most respondents: 54% reported routine training—where abortion training was routinely scheduled; 30% reported opt-in training—where training was available but not routinely integrated; and 16% reported that elective abortion training was not available. Residents in programs with routine elective abortion training and those who intended to do abortions before residency did a greater number of first-trimester manual uterine aspiration and second-trimester dilation and evacuation procedures than those without routine training. Similarly, routine, integrated training, even for indications other than elective abortion, correlated with more clinical experience (all p Conclusion There is a strong independent relationship between routine training and greater clinical experience with uterine aspiration procedures.
Tissue engineering the kidney.

Tissue engineering the kidney. The means by which kidney function can be replaced in humans include dialysis and renal allotransplantation. Dialytic therapies are lifesaving, but often poorly tolerated. Transplantation of human kidneys is limited by the availability of donor organs. During the past decades, a number of different approaches have been applied toward tissue engineering the kidney as a means to replace renal function. The goals of one or another of them included the recapitulation of renal filtration, reabsorptive and secretory functions, and replacement of endocrine/metabolic activities. This review will delineate the progress to date recorded for five approaches: ( 1 ) integration of new nephrons into the kidney; ( 2 ) growing new kidneys in situ; ( 3 ) use of stem cells; ( 4 ) generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation; and ( 5 ) bioengineering of an artificial kidney. All five approaches utilize cellular therapy. The first four employ transplantation as well, and the fifth uses dialysis.
Breast MR Imaging: Current Indications and Advanced Imaging Techniques

Breast cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in women. In the past decades, great strides have been made in breast cancer screening. While multiple screening trials have shown the benefits of screening mammography, there are limitations to x-ray mammography. Given these inherent limitations, efforts have been made to develop adjunctive imaging techniques, including screening ultrasonography, gamma-specific breast imaging, breast tomosynthesis, dedicated breast computed tomography, and breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This article addresses the current indications and advanced imaging applications of breast MR imaging.
WRAPS: Denial-of-Service Defense through Web Referrals

The Web is a complicated graph, with millions of Web sites interlinked together. In this paper, we propose to use this Web sitegraph structure to mitigate flooding attacks on a Web site, using a new Web referral architecture for privileged service ("WRAPS"). WRAPS allows a legitimate client to obtain a privilege URL through a click on a referral hypher-link, from a Web site trusted by the target Web site. Using that URL, the client can get privileged access to the target Web site in a manner that is far less vulnerable to a DDoS flooding attack. WRAPS does not require changes to Web client software and is extremely lightweight for referrer Web sites, which eases its deployment. The massive scale of the Web sitegraph could deter attempts to isolate a Web site through blocking all referrers. We present the design of WRAPS, and the implementation of a prototype system used to evaluate our proposal. Our empirical study demonstrates that WRAPS enables legitimate clients to connect to a Web site smoothly in spite of an intensive flooding attack, at the cost of small overheads on the Web site's ISP's edge routers
A computational method for the calculation of the feasibility boundary and clustering in differential-algebraic systems

A clustering approach is presented to calculate the limits of parametric stability for a stable equilibrium of the power systems modeled by differential algebraic equations (DAEs) , the so-called "feasibility boundary." The underlying algorithm for calculation is based on the sensitivities of the eigenvalues of the DA system. The procedure is illustrated with several examples based on the standard nine-bus system and test beds formed by connecting sets of two and four nine-bus systems together.
The Role of Cytosolic α-Glucan Phosphorylase in Maltose Metabolism and the Comparison of Amylomaltase in Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli

Transitory starch of leaves is broken down hydrolytically, making maltose the predominant form of carbon exported from chloroplasts at night. Maltose metabolism in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli requires amylomaltase (MalQ) and maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP). Possible orthologs of MalQ and MalP in the cytosol of Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) were proposed as disproportionating enzyme (DPE2, At2g40840) and α -glucan phosphorylase (AtPHS2, At3g46970). In this article, we measured the activities of recombinant DPE2 and AtPHS2 proteins with various substrates; we show that maltose and a highly branched, soluble heteroglycan (SHG) are excellent substrates for DPE2 and propose that a SHG is the in vivo substrate for DPE2 and AtPHS2. In E. coli , MalQ and MalP preferentially use smaller maltodextrins (G 3 –G 7 ) and we suggest that MalQ and DPE2 have similar, but nonidentical, roles in maltose metabolism. To study this, we complemented a MalQ − E. coli strain with DPE2 and found that the rescue was not complete. To investigate the role of AtPHS2 in maltose metabolism, we characterized a T-DNA insertion line of the AtPHS2 gene. The nighttime maltose level increased 4 times in the Atphs2 -1 mutant. The comparison of maltose metabolism in Arabidopsis with that in E. coli and the comparison of the maltose level in plants lacking DPE2 or AtPHS2 indicate that an alternative route to metabolize the glucan residues in SHG exists. Other plant species also contain SHG, DPE2, and α -glucan phosphorylase, so this pathway for maltose metabolism may be widespread among plants.
Impact of different dietary fatty acids on plasma and liver lipids is influenced by dietary cholesterol in rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine blood and liver lipid responses in rats to stepwise replacement of palm oil with high-stearate and high-oleate lipids with and without dietary cholesterol. Two 28-day experiments were conducted in which 12% fat ( wt wt ) was fed to rats in diets containing 0 (EXP1) or 0.4% cholesterol (EXP2). Nine diets were compared in each experiment: 12% palm oil was replaced in 3% increments by a high-stearate lipid (five treatments); 6% palm oil combined with 6% high-oleate safflower oil, 12% high-oleate safflower oil, 12% tallow, and 12% corn oil. Gain: consumption ratios were lower when rats were fed high-stearate fats. Plasma and liver cholesterol were greater when rats were fed 0.4% cholesterol (EXP2 compared with EXP1). The tallow diet produced the lowest plasma cholesterol in EXP1, but the highest level in EXP2. Similar plasma cholesterol levels, occurred for groups fed 12% palm oil, corn oil, and saffower oil, with or without dietary cholesterol. In EXP1, dietary treatments had little effect on liver cholesterol. In EXP2, liver cholesterol decreased as consumption of the high-stearate fat increased, and was highest with 12% saffower oil. Proportions of hepatic fatty acids generally reflected intake; however, greater (16:1 and 18:1) and lower (18:0 and 20:4) occurred in cholesterol-supplemented rats (EXP2 compared to EXP1). In conclusion, rat plasma and liver lipid responses to different dietary fats are affected by dietary cholesterol, the presence of which greatly increases liver cholesterol, liver total fat, and tallow-induced hypercholesterolemia.
Answering the Call for 21st Century Instructional Leadership: A Case Study of a School District and University Job-Embedded Aspiring Leaders Partnership

This case study examines pilot year implementation activities associated with an innovative school and university partnership effort to improve the instructional leadership competencies of aspiring assistant principals in an urban school district. This original study highlights the learning of multiple partners involved in a collaborative effort to create a Principal Fellows Partnership (PFP) Program, which provides aspiring school principals with one year of job-embedded and tuition-supported assistant principal internship experience in an elementary or secondary campus setting in the partnering school district. The focus of the program was on developing instructional coaching and leadership skills in administrative interns to challenge status quo practices that negated student learning mastery. Nationally recognized principal preparation programs and research findings on effective leadership along with contextual district partner needs drove the creation and goals of the program. Findings revealed that learning for both educational partners and stakeholders was crucial to reach instructional leadership goals. Mentor principals assigned to the administrative interns reflected on their own development as current school leaders, and university educational leadership faculty addressed curriculum innovation and flexibility in the professoriate to support learning in complex school environments. Recommendations for assistant principals who will be effective 21st century instructional leaders are provided in the conclusion of the study.
Nucleosome: A major immunogen for pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells of lupus

Only a fraction (12%) of 268 "autoreactive" T cell clones derived from lupus-prone mice can selectively induce the production of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies in vitro and accelerate the development of lupus nephritis when transferred in vivo. The CDR3 loops of T cell receptor beta chains expressed by these pathogenic T helper (Th) clones contain a recurrent motif of anionic residues suggesting that they are selected by autoantigens with cationic residues. Herein, we found that approximately 50% of these pathogenic Th clones were specific for nucleosomal antigens, but none of them responded to cationic idiopeptides shared by variable regions of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies. Nucleosomes did not stimulate the T cells as a nonspecific mitogen or superantigen. Only the pathogenic Th cells of lupus responded to nucleosomal antigens that were processed and presented via the major histocompatibility class II pathway. Although the presentation of purified mononucleosomes to the Th clones could be blocked by inhibitors of endosomal proteases, neither of the two components of the nucleosomes--free DNA or histones by themselves--could stimulate the Th clones. Thus critical peptide epitopes for the Th cells were probably protected during uptake and processing of the nucleosome particle as a whole. The nucleosome-specific Th clones preferentially augmented the production of IgG autoantibodies to histone-DNA complex in vitro. In vivo, nucleosome-specific, CD4+ T cells were not detectable in normal mice, but they were found in the spleens of lupus-prone mice as early as 1 mo of age, long before other autoimmune manifestations. Immunization of young, preautoimmune lupus mice with nucleosomes augmented the production of autoantibodies and markedly accelerated the development of severe glomerulonephritis. Previously, crude preparations containing nucleosomes were shown by others to have polyclonal mitogenic activity for B cells from normal as well as lupus mice. Identification here of pure mononucleosome as a lupus-specific immunogen for the Th cells that selectively help the pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody producing B cells of lupus could lead to the design of specific therapy against this pathogenic autoimmune response.
Termination analysis of integer linear loops

Usually, ranking function synthesis and invariant generation over a loop with integer variables involves abstracting the loop to have real variables. Integer division and modulo arithmetic must be soundly abstracted away so that the analysis over the abstracted loop is sound for the original loop. Consequently, the analysis loses precision. In contrast, we introduce a technique for handling loops over integer variables directly. The resulting analysis is more precise than previous analyses.
Mechanism of activation of the NA+/H+ exchanger by arginine vasopressin in hepatocytes

Arginine vasopressin has been shown to activate the Na+/H+ exchanger in hepatocytes by calcium/calmodulin-dependent processes. Whether this activation also involves protein kinase C and is associated with changes in the intracellular pH setpoint was investigated in this study. Changes in pHi and intracellular Ca++ concentration were measured with the fluorescent probes BCECF and quin-2, respectively. Intracellular pH recovery rate was calculated from time-dependent changes in intracellular pH in hepatocytes acid-loaded with sodium propionate. Arginine vasopressin, phorbol myristate acetate and thapsigargin stimulated intracellular pH recovery but did not increase basal intracellular pH. Arginine vasopressin and thapsigargin, but not phorbol myristol acetate, increased intracellular Ca++ concentration. The protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine and calphostin C inhibited arginine vasopressin- and phorbol myristol acetate-induced, but not thapsigargin-induced, intracellular pH recovery. Neither staurosporine nor calphostin C affected arginine vasopressin- and thapsigargin-induced increases in intracellular Ca++ concentration, and no inhibitor affected basal intracellular pH recovery. Arginine vasopressin, phorbol myristol acetate and thapsigargin increased intracellular pH dependency of intracellular pH recovery without affecting intracellular pH setpoint. These results indicate that the activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger by arginine vasopressin is mediated both by Ca++/calmodulin and protein kinase C and may be due to enhanced interaction of H+ with the internal modifier site of the exchanger.
Temperature dependent common emitter current gain and collector-emitter offset voltage study in AlGaN/GaN heterojunction bipolar transistors

We have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with a common emitter (CE) current gain of 31 at 175 K and 11.3 at 295 K. The increase in collector current and CE current gain at lower temperature can be attributed to the reduced base-emitter interface recombination current. We also observed an increase of collector-emitter offset voltage with decrease of temperature. The increase of V/sub CEOFF/ at lower temperature is related to an increase of V/sub BE/ as the base bulk current is increased, or to the reduction of the ideality factor n/sub BE/.