cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connecting to Nature: Outdoor Recreation Preferences and Constraints of Older Adults in the Intermountain West, United States

Drawing on household survey data collected in 2018 and 2019, this research identifies key barriers to older adults’ involvement in outdoor recreation, and also highlights management actions that are most likely to bolster and/or impact their participation. With such information, managers can better understand outdoor recreation preferences of older adults and also craft effective strategies to facilitate participation. Survey data illustrated that older adults were most likely to benefit from walking trails and increased law enforcement presence. In addition, males and those in the highest income bracket were most likely to benefit from increase in motorized trail recreational opportunities (e.g., for all-terrain vehicles), not older adults. The research findings provide federal recreation professionals and newly formed state outdoor recreation offices with useful guidance on how to meet the outdoor recreation needs of older adults in the Intermountain West, United States. Subscribe to JPRA
Biochemical Characterization of the Two-Component Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Involved in Valanimycin Biosynthesis.

The flavin reductase (FRED) and isobutylamine N-hydroxylase (IBAH) from Streptomyces viridifaciens constitute a two-component, flavin-dependent monooxygenase system that catalyzes the first step in valanimycin biosynthesis. FRED is an oxidoreductase that provides the reduced flavin to IBAH, which then catalyzes the hydroxylation of isobutylamine (IBA) to isobutylhydroxylamine (IBHA). In this work, we used several complementary methods to investigate FAD binding, steady-state and rapid reaction kinetics, and enzyme-enzyme interactions in the FRED:IBAH system. The affinity of FRED for FADox is higher than its affinity for FADred, consistent with its function as a flavin reductase. Conversely, IBAH binds FADred more tightly than FADox, consistent with its role as a monooxygenase. FRED exhibits a strong preference (28-fold) for NADPH over NADH as the electron source for FAD reduction. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to study the association of FRED and IBAH. In the presence of FAD, either oxidized or reduced, FRED and IBAH associate with a dissociation constant of 7-8 μM. No interaction was observed in the absence of FAD. These results are consistent with the formation of a protein-protein complex for direct transfer of reduced flavin from the reductase to the monooxygenase in this two-component system.
Ten simple rules for attending your first conference.

Conferences are a mainstay of most scientific disciplines, where scientists of all career stages come together to share cutting-edge ideas and approaches. If you do research, chances are you will attend one or more of these meetings in your career. Conferences are a microcosm of their discipline, and while conferences offer different perspectives in different disciplines, they all offer experiences that range from a casual chat waiting in line for coffee to watching someone present their groundbreaking, hot-off-the-press research. The authors of this piece have attended our fair share of conferences and have collectively mentored hundreds of students in understanding the "unwritten rules" and pro-tips of conference attendance. As you head to your first scientific conference, these rules will help you navigate the conference environment and make the most of your experience. We have also developed a web portal which contains far more information about these rules, tables of professional societies and conferences in different disciplines, and other resources that may come in handy for first-time conference attendees and their mentors. We encourage any reader to use, adapt, and contribute to these materials.
Property predictions demonstrate that structural diversity can improve the performance of polyoxymethylene ethers as potential bio-based diesel fuels

Abstract High emissions of particulate matter from diesel engines presents a serious risk to human health and the environment. The addition of oxygenated molecules to diesel fuels has been shown to reduce soot formation during combustion. Polyoxymethylene ethers (POMEs) are a novel class of oxygenated molecules that can be produced from biomass and that have the potential to be used as soot-reducing diesel fuel blendstocks. However, only a few variations of these molecules have been studied thus far, and those that have been characterized present significant disadvantages that could compromise current liquid fuel systems and diesel engines. Using a variety of structure–activity models, we evaluated 67 POMEs to predict the effects of structural variations on important fuel properties. Prediction accuracy was assessed by comparing predictions with measurements for a subset of structures. Nine POME molecules were identified as having potential to reduce soot formation by over 75% compared to conventional diesel fuels while being compatible with current liquid fuel infrastructure, maintaining optimal engine performance, and presenting a minimal risk to the environment. None of these nine POMEs has been previously identified as a potential diesel blendstock. This is the first evaluation of POMEs as a class of molecules and the results guide research on the synthesis, properties, and engine performance of POMEs.
“Where is the Safe Haven?” Transgender Women’s Experiences of Victimization and Help-Seeking across the Life Course:

Transgender women report high rates of interpersonal victimization, including child abuse and maltreatment, intimate partner violence and sexual assault, and community and bias-related violence. Tr...
One-Band Hubbard Model: Definition and Early Solutions

In this chapter, we give details of the derivation of the Hamiltonian for the Hubbard model, the fundamental model of strongly correlated materials. Then, we analyze early solutions of this model by using perturbative and non-perturbative approaches. We discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of different approximations, especially in describing the metal–insulator transition and magnetism. This introductory material is important for understanding the power of dynamical mean-field theory (it will be introduced in the next chapter and is the main topic of the book) that allows one to accurately solve the Hubbard, and as result—to accurately describe physical properties of strongly correlated materials.
Current concerns about veterinary product use and cowcalf fertility

Monitoring and ensuring the fertility of breeding cattle and protecting them from pregnancy-wasting disease are key veterinary services provided to beef cattle clients. Questions about the effect of insecticides, vaccines, and other technologies to improve or compromise bovine reproduction require a thorough investigation of the available evidence to supply clients with informed recommendations.
Introspective accuracy for substance use across a year of treatment for first episode psychosis.

Abstract Substance use exacerbates psychosis, mania, depression, and poor functioning in people with first episodes of psychosis (FEP) and is associated with poor treatment outcomes, even when it does not reach the level of a formal disorder. Impaired insight and substance use are common issues that may interfere with treatment outcomes among people experiencing FEP, yet both are treatable. Improvements in these domains are associated with better outcomes. Low insight could increase risk for substance use by impairing the ability to self-appraise and assess consequences. Introspective accuracy (IA) is understudied in this area and is one way of considering self-appraisal. This study is an archival review using data collected from NAVIGATE, a coordinated specialty care program treating people with FEP. IA was operationalized as the difference between clinician and client ratings of substance use. We tested whether IA changed over one year of treatment and whether those changes occurred alongside changes in symptoms and illness self-management. No changes in IA were detected in relation to illness self-management. Changes in IA for substance use occurred midway through treatment—individuals with greater symptom remission had more overconfident IA. Prior research on insight has shown a paradox where greater insight accompanies more symptoms. However, past research has also shown a relationship between IA and functional outcomes, like illness self-management, and that overconfidence in one domain can positively bias clinician ratings in another. Our findings suggest either a positive bias for ratings associated with overconfident IA or an insight paradox type effect.
Social Processes Associated With Health and Health Behaviors Linked to Early Mortality in People With a Diagnosis of a Serious Mental Illness.

Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) experience a 10- to 25-year reduced life expectancy compared with the general population. Early mortality for people with SMI has mainly been attribute...
Revisiting a colonial landmark: caravanserais as tools of urban transformation in early colonial Tanzania

This article uncovers the colonial past of the Bagamoyo Caravanserai, a historic site in the Tanzanian town of Bagamoyo. Situating the origin of the building, as well as that of a similar structure...
Fire and Carbon Cycling in the Subalpine Forests of Yellowstone National Park

Our research group carried out two projects through UW-NPS and the AMK Ranch in 2007, a field study (project #1) and a workshop for managers (project #2). In 2004 we had initiated a field study of carbon stocks along a replicated chronosequence of stands in Yellowstone National Park that had burned at varying times from ca. 1700 AD through 1988. In each stand we measured all of the major carbon pools (including live biomass, dead biomass, and soil carbon) to characterize changes over time in net ecosystem production (the net balance between carbon uptake and loss from an ecosystem). These empirical data were then used to evaluate the potential effects of changing climate and changing fire frequency on how the Yellowstone landscape as a whole functions as either a carbon sink or a carbon source in the global carbon cycle.
Harry F. Harlow

Kurz nachdem er an der Stanford-University promovierte, wurde Harry Harlow 1930 an der University of Wisconsin Assistenz-Professor fur Psychologie. Mit Ausnahme seiner zweijahrigen Dienstzeit als Chef psychologe bei der United States Army (1950–52) blieb er an der University of Wisconsin, wo er „George Cary Comstock Research Professor of Psychology“wurde. Er errichtete das weltberuhmte Primaten-Labor der Universitat und leistete bahnbrechende Forschungen auf verschiedenen Gebieten, wie dem affektionalen System der Primaten, deren Lernfahigkeiten, den Auswirkungen von sozialer Isolation und der Erzeugung und therapeutischen Behandlung von Depressionen bei Affen. Professor Harlow war Herausgeber des „Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology“(1951–1963) und Prasident der „American Psychological Association“(1958). Jetzt arbeitet er an der University of Arizona.
A Web-based GUI for the set up and maintenance of the wave models at the naval oceanographic office

The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) runs the Wave Model (WAM) and Steady-State Spectral Wave Model (STWAVE) in many areas throughout the world. Nearly 60 different areas need to be run two times a day, and around 90 graphical products are produced and displayed on the World Wide Web. To assist operational modelers set up and maintain the model run stream, we have devised a Web based GUI. Recent improvements in the NAVOCEANO wave model run stream allow creation of such a GUI in a logical manner. Therefore, the authors will first review these recent improvements and show how they allow easier interface with a GUI. These improvements include a stable WAM and STWAVE run stream, lists of model domains kept in flat files similar to database tables, and robust scripts that run WAM and STWAVE. These improvements are the basis for the GUI. The GUI uses a number of free packages including the LINUX operating system, the Apache Web server, the MySQL database server, and the Generic Mapping Tools. The GUI contains a number of distinct tables corresponding to distinct model objects. Examples of objects include WAM models, WAM graphics, and WAM output spectra. Each object has a distinct set of associated widgets, associated constraints, and associated routines used to construct the model object. Widgets, constraints, and routines are also stored in a relational database. The GUI operates through a series of four procedures. The functionality of the system comes from entering and changing entries in the database tables. By being able to add widgets and constraints by adding entries into a database table, we save a great deal of time. To add new model objects, users create a new table and tie in creation subroutines around the new object. A meta GUI runs on top of the GUI to automate this process. The authors will demonstrate features of the interface. We will show screen shots demonstrating the set up of a typical WAM model. The authors discuss strengths and weaknesses of their approach against other approaches.
Triglyceride, cholesterol and weight changes among risperidone-treated youths. A retrospective study.

The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to assess triglyceride, cholesterol and weight changes among risperidone-treated youths. The charts of 22 child and adolescent inpatients were abstracted. The sample's mean (±SD) age was 12.8 (±2.6) years, daily risperidone dose 2.7 (±2.2) mg, and average length of exposure 4.9 (±1.0) months. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed statistically and clinically significant weight gain averaging 7.0 (±4.7) kg (95 % confidence interval [CI] for the mean=4.9, 9.1; F=49.421, df=1,21, p 0.05). On the basis of this preliminary report it seems prudent to be clinically vigilant and conservative, recommending regular laboratory monitoring until a clearer picture emerges regarding lipid dysregulation associated with risperidone and other atypical antipsychotic use in children and adolescents.
Spiel als paradoxes rauschendes Netzwerk

Natascha Adamowskys Arbeit basiert auf gegenwartigen Medientheorien. Der Begriff des Spiels wird auf die in den letzten Jahren neuentstandenen „medialen Festbuhnen“ — Performance, Techno, elektronische Massenmedien — angewendet, um so neue virtuelle und digitale Medien erklaren zu konnen. Neben der Analyse von Festen, dem Vergnugungspark und Computerspielen werden auch Phanomene wie die Loveparade und Cyberspace in ihre Uberlegungen einbezogen. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Sonderpreis der Lowenclub-Stiftung fur die beste Forschungsarbeit zum Thema Freizeit und Spiel ausgezeichnet.
SU‐GG‐T‐32: Dosimetric Advantages of Active Tracking and Dynamic Delivery

Purpose: To investigate dosimetric effect of tumor tracking. To evaluate changes of treatment volumes when tracking is applied. Method and Materials:Tumors in thorax region incur significant amount of motion and deformation due to respiratory and cardiac cycles. In this study volumetric and dosimetric effect of tumor motion tracking have been investigated. We have analyzed data for ten patients who were diagnosed with lungcancer. In order to make dosimetry comparison the treatment plan was made for each of ten phases of tumor motion. The dosimetric and volumetric effects were analyzed for two groups of tumor motion. In the first group tumor motion was up to 1.5cm, whereas for the second the motion was up to 2.5cm. Results: It was observed that during respiratory cycle GTV was changed from l–3cm3 for GTVs around 20cm3, 5cm3 for GTVs around 50cm3, and 20cm3 for GTVs of 100 cm3 and above, depending on tumor position and respiratory cycle itself. When active tracking was applied and tumor motion was up to 1.5cm, irradiated PTV was from 20–30% less for medium size tumors and more then 50% for small size tumors. For tumor motion range up to 2.5cm irradiated PTV was two times smaller when tracking is applied. It was noticed that V20 with tracking was from 2–15% less of V20 without tracking, for tumor motion up to 1.5cm. For tumors within motion range from 2.2cm to 2.5cm, V20 with tracking was from 11–30% less comparing to one without tracking. Calculating dose it was concluded that 20% of healthy lung approximately receives from 2Gy to 6Gy less when tumor tracking technique was used. Conclusion: Implementation of real‐time tracking techniques can minimize irradiation to health tissues and improve sparing of critical organs. Consequently, quality of patient treatment potentially can be improved. Acknowledgement: Study supported by Elekta,Ltd.
Bilateral Arm Training With Rhythmic Auditory Cueing in Chronic Stroke: Not Always Efficacious:

Objective. Bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing (BATRAC) has been reported to be efficacious in promoting upper-extremity (UE) recovery in chronic stroke. We tested a modified form of BATRAC (modBATRAC) in a new group of participants with a condensed treatment regime to determine whether we could replicate these reported results. Methods. Fourteen subjects with chronic stroke completed 2 weeks of 2.25 hours per session, 4 sessions per week of modBATRAC. Results. No significant changes were observed in UE Fugl-Meyer or Wolf Motor Function Test scores. Subjects did report increased paretic UE use on the Motor Activity Log (mean change, 0.50; SD = 0.70). Conclusions. The results of this study offer only partial support for the efficacy of modBATRAC. As in previous trials, modBATRAC facilitated increased use of the paretic arm, but unlike previous trials, it did not increase motor performance. These differences may reflect a more temporally condensed training schedule and less impaired patients.
Isospin asymmetry and type-I superconductivity in neutron star matter

It has been argued by Buckley et al. [1] that nuclear matter is a type-I rather than a type-II superconductor. The suggested mechanism is a strong interaction between neutron and proton Cooper pairs, which arises from an assumed U(2) symmetry of the effective potential, which is supposed to originate in isospin symmetry of the underlying nuclear interactions. To test this claim, we perform an explicit mean-field calculation of the effective potential of the Cooper pairs in a model with a simple four-point pairing interaction. In the neutron star context, matter is very neutron rich with less than 10% protons, so there is no neutron-proton pairing. We find that under these conditions our model shows no interaction between proton Cooper pairs and neutron Cooper pairs at the mean-field level. We estimate the leading contribution beyond mean field and find that it is small and attractive at weak coupling.
Optimal policy surfaces for a multi-item inventory problem

Abstract A multi-item inventory problem under periodic review with unspecified single-item ordering and storage costs is considered in this paper. The problem as posed involves multiple aggregate objectives and constraints. An approximate solution methodology is derived based on asymptotic properties from renewal theory. The results are presented in the form of an optimal policy surface that shows the tradeoff of the cost of a policy versus customer service, while satisfying the workload for handling orders and storage room space constraints.
Coordinated Leading and Lagging Strand DNA Synthesis on a Minicircular Template

The coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging DNA strands is thought to involve a dimeric DNA polymerase and a looping of the lagging strand so that both strands can be synthesized in the same direction. We have constructed a minicircle with a replication fork that permits an assessment of the stoichiometry of the proteins and a measurement of the synthesis of each strand. The replisome consisting of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, and single-stranded DNA-binding protein mediates coordinated replication. The criteria for coordination are fulfilled: (1) a replication loop is formed, (2) leading and lagging strand synthesis are coupled, (3) the lagging strand polymerase recycles from one Okazaki fragment to another, and (4) the length of Okazaki fragments is regulated. T7 single-stranded DNA-binding protein is essential for coordination.
Postmodernism As A Humanism

Abstract The impact of postmodern thought on traditional humanistic psychology is examined, and the conclusion is reached that the effect of the postmodern argument is to undermine the grounding principles for a moral, humane and generative society. However, by revisinoing such concepts as agency and experience in terms of the primacy of relationship, postmodernism urges us to create multiple ways of generating integrative conversation, in a way that is congenial with the deepest hopes of the humanistic tradition.
Preserved Oxygenation Despite Reduced Blood Flow in Poststenotic Kidneys in Human Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis reduces blood flow and perfusion pressures to the poststenotic kidney producing renovascular hypertension and threatening glomerular filtration rate. Little is known regarding regional tissue oxygenation in human renovascular disease that develops slowly. We compared stenotic and contralateral kidneys regarding volume, tissue perfusion, blood flow measured by multidetector computed tomography, and blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance values in the cortex and medulla in 14 patients with unilateral stenosis (mean: 71% by quantitative computed tomography) and in 14 essential hypertensive patients during 150 mEq/d of sodium intake and renin-angiotensin blockade. Stenotic kidney volume was reduced compared with the contralateral kidney (118.6+/-9.9 versus 155.4+/-13.7 mL; P<0.01), as was total blood flow (269.7+/-42.2 versus 383.7+/-49; P=0.02), mainly because of reduced cortical volume. Tissue perfusion was similar but lower than essential hypertension (1.5 versus 1.2 mL/min per milliliter; P<0.05). Blood oxygen level-dependent MR at 3 T confirmed elevated R2* values (a measure of deoxyhemoglobin) in deep medullary regions in all 3 sets of kidneys (38.9+/-0.7 versus cortex 17.8+/-0.36 s(-1); P<0.0001). Despite reduced blood flow, R2* values did not differ between atherosclerotic and essential hypertensive kidneys, although furosemide-suppressible fall in medullary R2* was reduced in stenotic kidneys (5.7+/-1.8 versus 9.4+/-1.9 s(-1); P<0.05). Renal venous oxygen levels from the stenotic kidney were higher than those from essential hypertensives (65.1+/-2.2 versus 58.1+/-1.2; P=0.006). These data indicate that, although stenosis reduced blood flow and volume, cortical and medullary oxygenation was preserved under these conditions.
Multiscale hydrogeomorphic influences on bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ) spawning habitat

We investigated multiscale hydrogeomorphic influences on the distribution and abundance of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning in snowmelt-dominated streams of the upper Flathead River bas...
Silent myocardial ischemia. I. Pathophysiology, frequency of occurrence, and approaches toward detection.

Recent methodologic advances have led to important clinical insights regarding the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. Chief among these advances has been the development of accurate ambulatory ECG monitoring of the ST segment. With the use of this new technology, investigators have found that patients with coronary artery disease have frequent episodes of painless myocardial ischemia during daily activity,‘-* a phenomenon that has been termed “silent ischemia.” Silent ischemia frequently occurs at relatively low heart rates and in the absence of exercise.3-7 Investigators are now using a wide variety of techniques to study the pathophysiology of this phenomenon, including ambulatory monitoring, radionuclide imaging, and new means of angiographic assessment, which permit evaluation of coronary vascular endothelial cell function and coronary vascular reactivity. There has also been much recent speculation regarding the potential prognostic implications of silent ischemia. Understandably, there has been little integration of the information regarding this recently studied phenomenon. This article evaluates the current knowledge regarding silent ischemia, with emphasis on potential clinical pitfalls and areas of needed investigation for more adequate characterization of this phenomenon.
Inhibition of systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblast type I collagen production and gene expression by simvastatin

Objective To examine whether statins are capable of modulating collagen gene expression in cultured systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. Methods Cultured dermal fibroblasts from 3 patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis of recent onset were treated with 5 μM and 10 μM of simvastatin for 3 or 4 days. Morphologic features, cytotoxicity, and type I collagen production and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the fibroblasts were examined. The effects of mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which are lipids downstream from the hydroxymethylglutaryl–coenzyme A block, were also examined. Transient transfections with COL1A1 promoter-reporter constructs and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays were utilized to examine COL1A1 transcription and Sp1 and CCAAT-box binding factor (CBF) binding. Results Simvastatin did not cause morphologic changes or cytotoxicity in the fibroblasts, even after 4 days of treatment. Type I collagen production and mRNA levels showed a potent and dose-related inhibition following 3 and 4 days of treatment. The inhibition of collagen gene expression by simvastatin was completely reversed by mevalonate and GGPP, but not by FPP. The statin effects occurred at the transcriptional level and involved the proximal COL1A1 promoter region encompassing −174 bp. A significant reduction in Sp1 and CBF binding activity was also found in simvastatin-treated cells. Conclusion Simvastatin is a powerful inhibitor of type I collagen gene expression in normal and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. The pleiotropic protective effects of statins on various endothelial and immune cell functions in conjunction with their potent inhibitory effects on type I collagen gene expression suggest that statins may be effective therapeutic agents in systemic sclerosis.
An ab initio and experimental study of vibrational effects in low energy O++C2H2 charge-transfer collisions

Theoretical and experimental studies are performed to elucidate the low energy charge-transfer dynamics of the reaction, O+(4S)+C2H2(X 1Σg+)→O+C2H2+. In particular, the role of the low-frequency acetylene bending modes (612 and 730 cm−1) in promoting charge transfer was examined. High-temperature guided-ion beam measurements are carried out over the energy range from near-thermal to 3 eV at 310 and 610 K. The charge-transfer cross sections are found to decrease up to 0.5 eV, to have a constant value at intermediate energies between 0.5 and 1.5 eV, and then to dramatically increase above a threshold of a spin-allowed process determined to be at 1.7 eV. A bending vibrational enhancement of ∼8 is observed at intermediate energies. Thermal energy rate co-efficients are measured in a variable temperature-selected ion flow drift tube apparatus from 193 to 500 K. At each temperature, a negative energy dependence is observed. In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism in detail, high level ab initio calculation...
Mitochondrial autonomy Studies on the mitochondral glycoprotein: Glucosyl and mitochondrial glycoprotein: Mannosyl transferase enzyme systems of rat liver mitochondria utilizing endogenous acceptors

Abstract Glycoprotein and protein synthesis by isolated rat liver mitochodria was measured by the incorporation of radioactivity labeled monosaccharides or leucine into mitochodrial proteins. The transfer from the following nucleoside diphosphate-[ 14 C]monosaccharide precursors onto endogenous mitochondrial acceptors was demonstrated: UDP-glucose, GDP-mannose, UDP-galactose, GDP-fucose, UDP- N -acetylglucosamine and UDP- N -acetylgalactosamine. In particular the enzyme systems involved in the transfer from UDP-glucose (mitochodrial glycoprotein: glycosyl transferase system) and GDP-mannose (mitochondrial glycoprotein: mannosyl transferase system) were studied in detail. Activity of these transferase systems was dependent on structural intactness of the mitochondrion, not very dependent on an external energy source, and absolutely dependent on divalent cations for activation. For the mitochondrial glycoprotein: glycosyl and mitochondrial glycoprotein: mannosyl transferase systems Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were the best activators of ten cations tested. The catalytic activity of the mitochondrial glycoprtein: glucosyl transferase system had a sharp pH dependence with the maximum at pH 7, while the mitochondrial glycoprotein: mannosyl transferase system had a broad pH dependence with the maximum between pH 8.0 and 9.2. Both transferase systems had an optimum catalytic activity at a temperature of 35°. Chloramphenicol (1.0 mg/ml) inhibited protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria 75% but had no effect on glycosyllation, and cycloheximide (1.0 mg/ml) had no effect on either protein synthesis or glycosyllation. Glycoproteins synthesized in vitro by mitochondria were demonstrated to be located mainly in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the transferases and endogenous acceptor proteins were also shown to be localized there.
The pediatric corneal infiltrate.

Purpose of review To highlight the most important causes of acquired corneal scarring and infiltrates in children. The lack of recognition of these disorders can lead to long-term visual loss in children. Recent findings There have been few articles on this topic in the recent ophthalmic literature, but all have stressed the need for early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Summary The most important causes of corneal scarring or infiltrates in children are keratoconus, phlyctenulosis, and herpes simplex keratitis.
Synthesis of platelet activating factor by ocular tissue from inflamed eyes.

• Platelet activating factors (PAFs) are a family of ether lipids with properties that suggest a major role in inflammation. We have previously implicated PAFs in ocular inflammation based on the inhibition of several rabbit models of iritis with a specific PAF receptor antagonist. We have tested ocular tissues for the ability to synthesize PAF. Iris, ciliary body, cornea, and/or retina were carefully dissected from New Zealand white rabbits, and tissue from four eyes was pooled. Tissues were stimulated with calcium ionophore (10 μmol/L), and supernatants were extracted with chloroformmethanol. Platelet-aggregating activity was found in the chloroform phase in 2 of 9, 1 of 8, 0 of 9, and 3 of 9 studies involving iris, retina, ciliary body, or cornea, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the intravitreal injection of 125 ng of endotoxin, aggregating activity was consistently detectable from supernatants of stimulated iris and ciliary body, occasionally present from stimulated retina but not detectable from cornea. The shape of the aggregation curve resembled that produced by 0.5 to 2.0 ng of authentic PAF. Moreover, the aggregation could be completely inhibited by a PAF receptor antagonist and the aggregating activity chromatographed identically on high-performance liquid chromatography to a PAF standard. These studies indicate that PAF-like activity could be detected from several ocular tissues subsequent to inflammation. Iris, ciliary body, retina, vascular endothelium, and/or leukocytes could each contribute to the presence of this inflammatory mediator.
Publish or Perish and Innovative Teaching: Combining the Two to Explore Ethical Behaviors

Marketing academics are increasingly challenged to publish quality research while maintaining strong teaching. This paper describes how two researchers integrated the gathering of sensitive consumer behavior data into a class role-playing exercise in ethics. First, a novel method of gathering sensitive data is proposed to study an unethical behavior many younger populations participate in deshopping, or unethical returning of store merchandise. The student-gathered snowball sampling technique is used as a class project to involve students in the uncovering of reasons shoppers give for participating in the act. Rationalizations for deshopping and motivations for abstaining from the behavior are gathered; students critically analyze and brainstorm these rationalizations later in class. Role-playing exercises where students take on the positions of unethical shopper, store manager, service desk employee, marketing executive, and ethical customer abstaining from the behavior are heatedly explored in class dis...
Cell Cycle Analysis of Cultured Mammalian Cells after Exposure to 4,5',8-Trimethylpsoralen and Long-Wave Ultraviolet Light

Cell cycle analysis was used to study the the effect of 4,5'8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A) on cultured mammalian cells. DNA distribution patterns were measured for murine melanoma cells (a cloned line of Cloudman S91) and a strain of diploid human skin fibroblasts (CRL 1295) using both a microfluorimetry procedure and flow cytometry. The untreated cells and those receiving TMP along and UV-A alone had identical DNA content as assessed at several posttreatment intervals (0-72 hr). The majority of cells in control groups contained a G1 DNA content, whereas exposure to TMP (2 x 10(-7) M) plus UV-A (1 Joule/cm2) led to the accumulation of cells in the G2 phase. These observations were similar for each cell type and both analytical techniques were in excellent agreement. The finding that psoralen plus UV-A induces a phase-specific G2 blockade in cultured cells has important implications for understanding the mechanisms which account for enhanced pigmentation and suppression of cellular proliferation following exposure to these agents in vivo.
Ion Imaging In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

In the technique of analysis known as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), a beam of energetic ions (2-40 keV) strikes a sample(pd dislodges atoms lying near the surface by the process known as sputtering, Figure 1. A small fraction (104 - 10 2) of the sputtered sample atoms is emitted in a charged state, the so-called secondary ions. Because of their electrical charge, the secondary ions can be attracted by appropriate electrical fields into a mass spectrometer which disperses the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. Ion detection is accomplished by either an electrical detector or a photographic plate. By varying the strength of the magnetic and/or electrical field of the mass spectrometer, a mass spectrum of the positive or negative sputtered ions in the form of intensity versus mass-to-charge ratio is obtained.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
IMMORTALIZED FETAL RAT NEURONAL CELLS SYNTHESIZE NEUROPEPTIDE Y. † 384

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide synthesized in-vivo within the arcuate nucleus and released in the paraventricular nucleus, causes hyperphagia and anxiolysis. To determine the presence of NPY synthesis and secretion by fetal rat neural cells that were immortalized by the temperature sensitive large T antigen, we undertook the present study. Using undifferentiated (33°C, serum-containing medium) and differentiated(39°C, serum-free defined medium) neural cells predominantly expressing neuronal (neurofilament [NF] positive, glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] negative), and glial (NF -ve, GFAP +ve) phenotypes, we characterized the presence of NPY mRNA by Northern blot analysis (n=2), cellular peptide by immunohistochemical analysis (n=4), and extracellular secretion of the NPY peptide over 20 min by radioimmunoassay of Kreb's buffer conditioned medium(n=10). Differentiation of neuronal and glial enriched cell cultures led to a 24-fold and 13-fold increase in NPY mRNA (0.8 kb) concentrations respectively(p <0.01). A similar change was noted in the number of cells expressing NPY immunoreactivity, this immunoreactivity being noted only in well differentiated neuronal cells and their processes. The increase in NPY immunoreactive cell number with differentiation was not paralleled by an increase in the extracellularly secreted NPY peptide levels. Employing 10μm of antisense oligonucleotide complementary to 20 bp downstream starting from the ATG-translation start site codon of the rat preproNPY gene, the number of NPY immunoreactive neuronal cells diminished 6-fold when compared to corresponding sense and missense oligonucleotide treated cells (n=3 each; p.<0.05). We conclude that 1] immortalized fetal neuronal cells synthesize and actively secrete NPY, the rate of synthesis being higher in differentiated cells, and 2] appropriately synthesized antisense oligonucleotides suppress neuronal NPY peptide production. These in-vitro studies will set the stage for undertaking in-vivo selective neuronal knock out of the hypothalamic NPY, thereby allowing phenotypic characterization of postnatal animals in the absence of hypothalamic NPY production.
Solute effects on spin labels at an aqueous-exposed site in the flap region of HIV-1 protease.

The effects of solutes on spin-label mobility and protein conformation have been investigated with X-band continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for spin labels attached to an aqueous-exposed site in the β-hairpin flap region of HIV-1 protease. Specifically, we examined the effects of glycerol, sucrose, PEG3000, and Ficoll400 for four commonly used nitroxide spin labels and found that the largest perturbations to the EPR line shapes occur for solutions containing PEG3000 and glycerol. From comparisons of the spectral line shapes and distance distribution profiles of spin-labeled HIV-1 protease with and without inhibitor, it was concluded that solutes such as glycerol and PEG3000 alter the line shapes of the spin label in the β-hairpin flaps of HIV-1 PR by modulation of spin-label mobility through changes in preferential interactions with the solutes. It is noteworthy that the high osmolality of the 40% glycerol solution did not alter the conformation of the flaps as ...
Liver in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: morphologic observations and in vitro synthesis of alpha1-antitrypsin.

Extract: In an effort to characterize the hepatic abnormality in patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, three unrelated children with the disorder (Pi types ZZ and SZ), two heterozygous parents (Pi type MZ), and three normal subjects (Pi type MM) were studied. As expected, the livers of the ZZ- and SZ-deficient subjects showed abnormal accumulation of α1-antitrypsin in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as judged by immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies. Their parents (MZ phenotype) demonstrated identical although less extensive hepatic abnormalities. Short term cultures of liver tissue in the presence of radiolabeled amino acids showed both synthesis and release of α1-antitrypsin in normal control subjects and in the patients with the Z protein. Radiolabeled intracellular α1-antitrypsin could not be found. These studies demonstrate synthesis of α1-antitrypsin by the livers of normal and genetically deficient subjects in vitro, and suggest several possible mechanisms for α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Speculation: Studies in vitro of the synthesis and release of α1-antitrypsin, as shown in the present investigation, may reveal the molecular basis of this genetic disorder.
An Empirical Model of Urban Spatial Development

This paper examines land development patterns by using an integrated approach that combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial econometric models. It presents evidence that land development sites are affected by each other, and that any attempt to analyze the land development process without consideration of spatial dependence will most likely yield biased parameter estimates, misleading significant levels, and insufficient estimates of the dependent variable. It is found that spatial lagged variables not only improve model performance substantially, but also reveal the presence of clustering land development. This paper demonstrates that incorporation of spatial statistics is made easier with the application of GIS.
Methane emissions from wetlands: An in situ side-by-side comparison of two static accumulation chamber designs

Abstract This study examined whether changing the design of a non-steady-state flux chamber accounted for an increase in methane emission rates from two 15-year-old constructed wetlands in central Ohio, USA. An increase in methane emission rates has been observed year to year in these created wetlands since 2004 with the greatest increase from 2008 to 2009 when a change of static field sampling chambers occurred from a PVC frame/bag design to a rigid plastic container design. Bimonthly gas samples were taken over a year in 2009–2010 comparing these different chamber methods previously used at this study area while recording several environmental influences on methane production. A multi-variate regression of the environmental influences determined soil temperature, water level, and dissolved organic carbon concentration of the surface water are weak predictors of methane emission rate ( R 2 = 0.286) during the growing season. There was no significant difference in averaged methane emissions between the original PVC frame/bag method and the later rigid plastic container method in the planted wetland (3.4 and 2.3 mg-C m −2 h −1 respectively) and in the naturally colonized wetland (4.9 and 6.0 mg-C m −2 h −1 respectively). This comparison suggests the large increase of methane emissions in the wetlands from 2008 to 2009 was not an artifact of changing sampling chamber design.
Differential Effects of ‘Noise’ Stress and Workload on Salience and Hemispace Bias in a Screen-Based Target Acquisition Task

Attentional biases in stressed or overworked radar operators (airborne or in Combat Information Centers, etc.) may have important operational implications. This study examined the effects of workload and non-workload-related stress on salience bias in a screen-based target selection and engagement task. Results in the control condition confirmed that appreciable baseline salience bias existed. Moreover, in the non-task-related stress condition (noise/anxiety), a significant increase in salience bias was observed. Elevated workload, in contrast, was associated with no significant changes in salience bias. Overall, the results showed stable individual differences in salience bias and suggested that non-workload related stress influenced ‘high bias’ individuals proportionately more than ‘low bias’ individuals-an outcome with potential implications for selection. Subjects were also significantly biased toward the left hemispace, a powerful effect that remained even after the experiment was repeated using subj...
Diameter Selection of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Programmable Solvation in Binary Sulfonic Acid Mixtures†

Pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dissolve as polycarbocations in superacids through direct protonation. The solvating power of a superacid is determined by the stability of the conjugate base anion that competes with the CNTs for the dissociated proton. We have demonstrated that this equilibrium can be controlled in a predictable fashion, thus rendering the solvating power of a superacid system tunable. In this article, we show that the solvating power of chlorosulfonic acid can be changed in a desired fashion by forming binary mixtures in different proportions with a non-superacid such as methane sulfonic acid. Thus, the successive extraction of carbon nanotubes with binary acid mixtures of increasing solvating power leads to the differentiation of CNTs by their molecular geometry. We show that solvation by direct protonation is sensitive to the geometric strain at the carbon atom and, hence, to the nanotube diameter. In this respect, the direct protonation method is distinct from surfactant-based or electrical-field-based methods that distinguish metallic CNTs from semiconducting types mainly on the existence of finite density of states or not at the Fermi level. We have employed solid-state Raman spectroscopic analysis of the CNT radial breathing modes and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and a systematic mapping method to support our conclusions. We believe the concept demonstrated in this paper holds the potential to be developed into a chemical tool kit useful in the scaleable separation of CNTs by their (n, m) types, thus paving the way for molecular carbon nanotechnology.
Blinded comparison of cervical portio length measurements by digital examination vs Cervilenz.

Objective Cervical length (CL) examinations may identify patients in preterm labor or those who may benefit from prophylactic therapy. We sought to compare the accuracy of clinician digital CL examinations with objective measurements using the Cervilenz device in women presenting with symptoms of preterm labor. Study Design Forty-two patients with singleton gestation from 24 to 34 weeks' gestation and cervical dilation less than 3 cm underwent speculum examination and Cervilenz measurement. A second examiner, blinded to results, digitally measured CL. Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student t tests and McNemar's tests were used to compare digital and Cervilenz measures. Results Digital CL was significantly less than Cervilenz (2.88 vs 3.40 cm; P Conclusion Digital assessment underestimates CL, whereas the Cervilenz device permits a visualized and objective CL measure in patients with preterm labor.
Simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements in gaseous flow fields using the VENOM technique.

We present an initial demonstration of simultaneous velocity and temperature mapping in gaseous flow fields using a new nitric oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence-based method. The vibrationally excited NO monitoring (VENOM) technique is an extension of two-component velocimetry using vibrationally excited NO generated from the photodissociation of seeded NO2 [Appl. Opt.48, 4414 (2009)], where the two sequential fluorescence images are obtained probing two different rotational states to provide both velocity and temperature maps. Comparisons to computational fluid dynamics simulations show that the initial VENOM measurements provide good velocity and temperature maps in the relatively high-density regions of the flow, where the rms uncertainties are approximately 5% for velocity and 9% for temperature.