cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of gut microbiota in programming the immune phenotype

The human fetus lives in a germ-free intrauterine environment and enters the outside world containing microorganisms from several sources, resulting in gut colonization. Full-term, vaginally born infants are completely colonized with a diverse array of bacterial families in clusters (Phyla) and species (>1000) by the first year of life. Colonizing bacteria communicating with the gut epithelium and underlying lymphoid tissues (‘bacterial–epithelial crosstalk’) result in a functional immune phenotype and no expression of disease (immune homeostasis). Appropriate colonization is influenced by the prebiotic effect of breast milk oligosaccharides. Adequate colonization results in an innate and adaptive mucosal immune phenotype via communication between molecular patterns on colonizing bacteria and pattern-recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors) on epithelial and lymphoid cells. This ontogeny affects the immune system's capacity to develop oral tolerance to innocuous bacteria and benign antigens. Inadequate intestinal colonization with premature delivery, delivery by Cesarean section and excessive use of perinatal antibiotics results in the absence of adequate bacterial–epithelial crosstalk and an increased incidence of immune-mediated diseases [e.g., asthma, allergy in general and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)]. Fortunately, infants with inadequate intestinal colonization can be restored to a bacterial balance with the intake of probiotics. This has been shown to prevent debilitating diseases such as NEC. Thus, understanding the role of gut microbiota in programming of the immune phenotype may be important in preventing disease expression in later childhood and adulthood.
Health-related social control and relationship interdependence among gay couples

How gay partners influence each other to promote health and prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is poorly understood. The present study combined qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the experience of health-related social control and relationship processes among a sample of 60 gay male couples. Couples completed semistructured interviews and separate self-administered questionnaires. Findings suggest that partners attempt to change a variety of behaviors, many of which are not HIV related, that they use a variety of social control tactics, some of which are specific to HIV prevention, and that their care and concern for each other and their relationship motivate social control to change health behaviors. The implications for health behavior change research and intervention are discussed.
Emergent properties of referral systems

Agents must decide with whom to interact, which is nontrivial when no central directories are available. A classical decentralized approach is referral systems, where agents adaptively give referrals to one another. We study the emergent properties of referral systems, especially those dealing with their quality, efficiency, and structure. Our key findings are (1) pathological graph structures can emerge due to some neighbor selection policies and (2) if these are avoided, quality and efficiency depend on referral policies. Further, authorities emerge automatically and the extent of their relative authoritativeness depends on the policies.
Geopolitics of Film: Valley of the Wolves—Iraq and Its Reception in Turkey and Beyond

This article investigates Valley of the Wolves— Iraq as a cinematic text produced and widely consumed in domestic and international cinema markets. By placing a non-Western movie in the analysis of film studies, the authors claim to situate the film in a three-part analysis that has received less attention from other disciplines. First, the film can be situated as a cinematic challenge to the American media representation of the Iraq War and to the Bush administration’s “war on terror” discourse in so-called unstable regions. In addition, Valley of the Wolves—Iraq attempts to negotiate and contest the meaning and the depiction of the war discourse in Iraq brought to bear by American popular, practical, and formal geopoliticians by reproducing the cinematic space and retelling stories of the war from the “other” vantage point. Second, the film in its own right can be located as a cultural product that attempts to consolidate the geopolitical imaginations of Turkey in the Middle East and the world. Third, this study aims to formalize audience interpretation of such political entertainment using empirical techniques. In this context, the critical question is how and to what extent this film plays a representational role within Turkish society and how it affects audiences’ geopolitical perceptions.
Stressors on Citizens and Ecosystems: Alleviation Tactics

Stress on human populations can be defined by as a biological term. It is the psychological result of internal (physiological) reactions to external forces [1]. Stress evolves from a failure or inability of humans to adapt to change or respond at the right moment to emotional or physical threats whether actual or imagined. Contrasting responses may be to fight for what one judges to be right or to flee from a real or perceived threat to fight another day. Animals show the same reaction. Stress (psychological pressure) is caused by one or a combination of physical, chemical, biological, economic, or sociopolitical changes that imperil environmental vitality, sustainability, and stability. Stress on ecosystems results from a disruption that affects their ability to support the life and natural resources they contain. This is a consequence of an evolving or sudden, sometimes prolonged change in one or more factors such as temperature, precipitation or lack of it (floods, droughts), water salinity, pH, and influx of matter toxic ingested by organisms.
Differentiation of microcystin, nodularin, and their component amino acids by drop-coating deposition Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectra of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), MC-RR, MC-LA, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW, MC-YR, and nodularin collected by drop-coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy are sufficiently unique for variant identification. Amino acid spectra of l-phenylalanine, l-leucine, l-alanine, d-alanine, l-glutamic acid, l-arginine, l-tryptophan, l-tyrosine, and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid were collected in crystalline, DCDR, and aqueous forms to aid in cyanotoxin Raman peak assignments. Both peak ratio analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) properly classified 72 DCDR spectra belonging to the eight toxins. Loading plots for the first three principal components (PCs) most heavily weighted the peaks highlighted in the peak ratio analysis, specifically the 760 cm–1 tryptophan peak, 853 cm–1 tyrosine peak, and 1006 cm–1 phenylalanine peak. Peak ratio analyses may be preferred under some circumstances because of the ease and speed with which the ratios can be computed, even by untrained lab technicians. A set of rules was cr...
Where Did All of the Fields Go

ABSTRACTThe loss of farmland each year due to development in New York State is astounding. Yet, agriculture remains an important part of the local economy and is essential in providing local food to New York residents. Many land-use protective measures that have been put in place such as large minimal lot-size zoning and agricultural districts have failed to slow down the rate of farmland lost each year. Conservation easements are a vital protective tool, but they require lots of private and public funding. This funding is necessary in order to ensure farmland for future generations. Before it is too late, New York needs to follow the lead of states such as Pennsylvania, which has shown an overwhelming commitment to protecting vital farmland.
The Year in Review: Economics at the Antitrust Division, 2005-2006

This paper covers the activities of the Economic Analysis Group (EAG) of the Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, during 2005-2006. It describes the economic analysis undertaken by EAG in several important investigations, appellate matters, and other activities as an advocate for competition.
Vanished Twins and Misdiagnosed Sex: A Case Report with Implications in Prenatal Counseling Using Noninvasive Cell-Free DNA Screening

Cell-free DNA testing is a recently introduced method for screening pregnant women for fetal trisomy, which is associated with some common significant genetic diseases, as well as the sex of the fetus. The case described here demonstrates the connection between the ultrasound "vanishing twin" phenomenon and the misdiagnosis of prenatal sex using cell-free DNA testing.
Update on Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Latent tuberculosis infection refers to an asymptomatic, nontransmissible infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, carrying a 5% to 10% lifetime risk of progressing to active disease. One-half of this risk occurs within the first two years after infection. High-risk groups include recent immigrants from high-incidence countries, health care professionals, persons living or working in institutional settings, and homeless persons. Risk factors for progression to active disease include immunodeficiency, recent exposure to tuberculosis, and chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. Tuberculin skin testing has several limitations, including the need for multiple office visits and the potential for false-positive results in patients who have received the bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine or been exposed to environmental mycobacteria. Interferon-gamma release assays address these deficiencies but are limited by their cost and requirement for blood processing. Interferon-gamma release assays are preferred in immigrants exposed to bacillus Calmette-Guerin and in patients who are not likely to return for interpretation of skin test results. Tuberculin skin testing is preferred for children younger than five years. Active disease should be excluded before initiating treatment. The newest treatment option of 12 weekly doses of isoniazid and rifapentine has similar or better effectiveness than standard nine-month therapy with daily isoniazid. A four-month regimen of daily rifampin is another alternative.
Mechanical Transport of Liquid Foods

This chapter explores the overall characteristics and properties of liquid food—its viscosity, velocity of water in a pipe, and rheological properties of power law fluids. Capillary tube viscometers are commonly used in determination of the viscosity of liquid foods. Experimental procedure involves determining the volumetric flow rate of a given liquid as it flows through the viscometer under a known pressure drop at constant temperature. The chapter discusses the use of Pitot tube, one of the most common convenient instruments used in measuring velocity profiles in a fluid flowing through a pipe. The rheological properties of power law fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian characteristics—also called shear thinning fluids—are measured using viscometers. Examples, problem statements, various approaches, and programming of worksheets are illustrated to highlight the challenges faced. In problems involving fluid flow, the magnitude of the Reynolds number is used as an indicator of the flow conditions. Obtaining values for friction factors for the liquid flow in a pipe, a requisite in designing pumping systems is also discussed.
Multidetector CT of Mandibular Fractures, Reductions, and Complications: A Clinically Relevant Primer for the Radiologist

After the nasal bones, the mandible is the second most common site of facial fractures, and mandibular fractures frequently require open reduction. In the trauma injury setting, multidetector computed tomography (CT) has become the cornerstone imaging modality for determining the most appropriate treatment management, fixation method, and surgical approach. Multidetector CT is also used to assess the adequacy of the reduction and evaluate potential complications in the postoperative period. For successful restoration of the mandible's form and function, as well as management of posttraumatic and postoperative complications, reconstructive surgeons are required to have a detailed understanding of mandibular biomechanics, occlusion, and anatomy. To provide added value in the diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up of mandibular fractures, radiologists should be aware of these concepts. Knowledge of the techniques commonly used to achieve occlusal and anatomic reduction and of the rationale behind the range of available treatment options for different injury patterns-from isolated and nondisplaced fractures to multisite and comminuted fractures-also is essential. This article focuses on the use of multidetector CT for pre- and postoperative evaluation of mandibular fractures and outlines fundamental concepts of diagnosis and management-beginning with an explanation of common fracture patterns and their biomechanical underpinnings, and followed by a review of the common postoperative appearances of these fractures after semirigid and rigid fixation procedures. Specific considerations regarding fractures in different regions of the tooth-bearing and non-tooth-bearing mandible and the unique issues pertaining to the edentulous atrophic mandible are reviewed, and key features that distinguish major from minor complications are described. (©)RSNA, 2016.
A Retrospective Analysis of the Utility of Head Computed Tomography and/or Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Benign Macrocrania.

Objective To assess whether computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neurosurgical evaluations altered the diagnosis or management of children diagnosed with benign macrocrania of infancy by ultrasonography (US). Study design We queried our radiology database to identify patients diagnosed with benign macrocrania of infancy by US between 2006 and 2013. Medical records of those with follow-up CT/MRI were reviewed to determine clinical/neurologic status and whether or not CT/MRI imaging resulted in diagnosis of communicating hydrocephalus or required neurosurgical intervention. Results Patients with benign macrocrania of infancy (n = 466) were identified (mean age at diagnosis: 6.5 months). Eighty-four patients (18.0%) received subsequent head CT/MRI; of these, 10 patients had neurologic abnormalities before 2 years of age, of which 3 had significant findings on MRI (temporal lobe white matter changes, dysmorphic ventricles, thinned corpus callosum). One patient without neurologic abnormalities had nonspecific white matter signal abnormality (stable over 6 months) but no change in management. None required neurosurgical intervention. Another 9/84 patients had incidental findings including Chiari I (3), small subdural bleeds (2), arachnoid cyst (1), small cavernous malformation (1), frontal bone dermoid (1), and a linear parietal bone fracture after a fall (1). Conclusions Children diagnosed with benign macrocrania of infancy on US without focal neurologic findings do not require subsequent brain CT/MRI or neurosurgical evaluation. Decreasing unnecessary imaging would decrease costs, minimize radiation and sedation exposures, and increase clinic availability of neurology and neurosurgery specialists.
Charge Separation Related to Photocatalytic H2 Production from a Ru–Apoflavodoxin–Ni Biohybrid

The direct creation of a fuel from sunlight and water via photochemical energy conversion provides a sustainable method for producing a clean source of energy. Here we report the preparation of a solar fuel biohybrid that embeds a nickel diphosphine hydrogen evolution catalyst into the cofactor binding pocket of the electron shuttle protein, flavodoxin (Fld). The system is made photocatalytic by linking a cysteine residue in Fld to a ruthenium photosensitizer. Importantly, the protein environment enables the otherwise insoluble Ni catalyst to perform photocatalysis in aqueous solution over a pH range of 3.5–12.0, with optimal turnover frequency 410 ± 30 h–1 and turnover number 620 ± 80 mol H2/mol hybrid observed at pH 6.2. For the first time, a reversible light-induced charge-separated state involving a Ni(I) intermediate was directly monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Transient optical measurements reflect two conformational states, with a Ni(I) state formed in ∼1.6 or ∼185 μs tha...
Network analysis of global tobacco control collaboration: data from the World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH)

The World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH) is held every three years to foster communication and collaboration on global tobacco control. Very little is known about the nature of interactions between WCTOH attendees and their linkages to tobacco control organizations, so knowing this information could help improve tobacco control efforts. At the 2015 WCTOH, we implemented an online survey to assess barriers to global tobacco control activities, which information sources they use for tobacco control information, and with whom they interact regarding tobacco control. A total of 169 respondents completed the survey, with responses from all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Respondents worked in all areas of tobacco control; the most common were research (29.2%) and patient care/treatment (23.3%). The top barriers faced regarding tobacco control activities were: funding is weak (56.8%), government commitment (45.0%), tobacco industry interference (43.8%), and lack of coordination (34.3%). The network analysis identified Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) and Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) as the two most prominent groups that people belonged to and where they went to exchange information and best practices. Important regional and country specific groups also appear to be growing, such as the African Tobacco Control Alliance (ATCA) and the Argentinian Association of Tabacology (ASAT). Mapping and better understanding the global tobacco control network is important for informing knowledge exchange and best practices, particularly as increasing attention is being focused on global tobacco control efforts in low- and middle-income countries in particular. The present study demonstrates that even a subsample of the WCTOH shows considerable collaboration. The full WCTOH network should be mapped in order to foster greater collaboration that has the the potential to improve global tobacco control efforts.
Evaluation of transit proximity effects on residential land prices: an empirical study in Austin, Texas

ABSTRACTThe Austin MetroRail line in Texas, U.S.A. began operations in 2010 and since then transit-oriented development projects have been fuelled around train stations. Traditional location theory holds that proximity to a transit station should be capitalized into land prices, and numerous empirical studies have demonstrated the effects with mixed results. However, to date no empirical study has investigated this relationship between the newly built rail line and land prices in Austin. This study fills the research gap and suggests a positive effect associated with transit proximity by employing spatial hedonic models. This study also contributes to the existing literature especially in the context of Texas cities where there is a lack of relevant research on transit-capitalization-related topics, and provides insights for decision-makers with different perspectives regarding further rail investment or transportation financing strategies such as value capture programs.
Repeal of the Affordable Care Act Will Negatively Impact Children at End of Life

* Abbreviation: ACA — : Affordable Care Act Unfortunately, hospice care is drastically underutilized by children and adolescents at the end of life.1 Annually, more than three-fourths of the over 55 000 pediatric deaths take place in a hospital setting without hospice care involvement.2 Comprehensive hospice services for children offer an opportunity for family-centered care with prominent symptom management at the end of life. Although the majority of pediatric deaths are due to unintentional injury, it is estimated that nearly 17 000 deaths each year are due to chronic, complex conditions, and the majority of these children are enrolled in Medicaid because of their disability status, severity of disease, or overall functional status.3 Although a small proportion of the pediatric population (an estimated 0.4%–0.7% or 320 000–560 000 in total), children with medical complexity account for 15% to 33% of all pediatric health care spending and nearly 60% to 67% are enrolled in Medicaid.3 Before the Affordable Care Act (ACA), children enrolled in Medicaid and their families had to choose between continuing curative therapies or receiving hospice care services. For many of these children, curative therapies include long-standing regimens necessary for symptom management and optimal quality of life. Forgoing curative therapies to enroll in hospice care was an eligibility … Address correspondence to Jessica Keim-Malpass, PhD, RN, University of Virginia School of Nursing, P.O. Box 800782 Charlottesville, VA 22908. E-mail: jlk2t{at}virginia.edu
Giving Oral Expression “Free Rein”: Implications for Diversity of University Hate Speech Code

This paper uses history, law, and First Amendment theory to examine the concepts of political correctness, free speech, and hate speech in a search for a solution of how best to deal with hate speech incidents that occur in the university campus community. The paper notes the American tendency toward tyranny of the majority as noted by Alexis de Tocqueville in the 1830s and then proceeds to examine the double-edged sword of free speech. By guaranteeing freedom of speech we promote the right to shout down ethnic and other minority groups; by providing penalties against those who use it to shout others down we make society less free. This paper suggests a different answer: promote more speech expressed in community meetings conducted in an atmosphere that is safe and encouraging for all to express their views.
Minimizing Maximum Flow Time on Related Machines via Dynamic Posted Pricing

We consider a setting where selfish agents want to schedule jobs on related machines. The agent submitting a job picks a server that minimizes a linear combination of the server price and the resulting response time for that job on the selected server. The manager's task is to maintain server prices to (approximately) optimize the maximum response time, which is a measure of social good. We show that the existence of a pricing scheme with certain competitiveness is equivalent to the existence of a monotone immediate-dispatch algorithm. Our main result is a monotone immediate-dispatch algorithm that is O(1)-competitive with respect to the maximum response time.
Is Gut Microbial LPS a Potential Trigger of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders in children, with hallmarks of joint inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and leukocyte infiltration1. As in other autoimmune diseases, the exact etiopathogenesis, and pathogenic drivers of JIA, remain incompletely understood. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), several studies have shown that disease susceptibility is strongly associated with sets of immune-response genes, which include specific MHC alleles. In contrast, JIA does not seem to have such a strong association, and there is less occurrence of familial aggregations, and only limited disease concordance in homozygotic twins2,3,4,5. All of these observations suggest a key role in JIA pathogenesis for noninherited factors. Indeed, a number of reports have implicated maternal factors, such as breast-feeding, and whether the mother is a smoker6. Other environmental factors have been cited, such as bacterial or viral infection, antibiotic usage7, and most recently the influence of shifts in the gut microbiome8. The development of state-of-the-art 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology for microbial profiling has opened the door for the characterization of the phylogenetic distribution of taxa in the gut bacterial communities in an individual. With this culture-independent approach, an increasing number of reports have documented decreases in gut microbiome diversity and other forms of dysbiosis in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that include … Address correspondence to Dr. G.J. Silverman, Laboratory of B cell Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Room 804, 450 E. 29th St., New York, New York 10016, USA. E-mail: Gregg.silverman{at}nyumc.org
The impact of carbonation on bulk and ITZ porosity in microconcrete materials with fly ash replacement

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the porosity patterns found in microconcrete materials to better understand the gaseous diffusion pathways and reaction of CO2 within the bulk cement paste and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of microconcrete materials containing different fly ash replacement types. Image segmentation was applied to evaluate the porosity as a function of distance from an exposed surface in the bulk cement paste and from aggregate boundaries in the ITZ in both carbonated and non‑carbonated microconcrete materials. The ITZ region remained more porous compared to the bulk cement paste for all microconcrete types after carbonation despite a change in the porosity profile across the ITZ region. Results indicate that both the carbonation reaction capacity and porosity before carbonation impact the decrease in porosity observed as a result of carbonation in the ITZ and bulk cement paste regions.
The role of menopause in tenofovir diphosphate and emtricitabine triphosphate concentrations in cervical tissue.

OBJECTIVE Although postmenopausal (post-M) women have behavioral and biological risk factors for HIV infection, the activity of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agents in older adults has not been well studied. DESIGN We used an ex-vivo approach to compare the tissue concentrations of tenofovir (TFV) diphosphate (TFVdp) and emtricitabine (FTC) triphosphate (FTCtp) in cervical tissues from premenopausal (pre-M) and post-M women. METHOD Cervical explants from 16 pre-M and 11 post-M women were incubated in 10-300 μg/ml TFV or FTC for 24 h. Explants were then snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored until analysis. TFVdp and FTCtp were quantified using tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Active metabolite concentrations of TFVdp were more than nine-fold lower in post-M explants (P < 0.05). The percentage of TFV converted to TFVdp in pre-M explants was 0.0038 [below the limit of quantification (BLQ)-0.5886] compared with 0.0004 (BLQ-0.0706) in post-M explants. The majority of FTCtp concentrations were BLQ. For both TFVdp and FTCtp, there was a trend for more unquantifiable concentrations in post-M vs. pre-M (TFV: 38 vs. 21%, P = 0.2; FTC: 71 vs. 52%, P = 0.2). CONCLUSION These findings could have implications in the use of nucleotide-based PrEP strategies targeted to older women. If validated in vivo, lower exposures of active nucleoside/tide metabolites could mean post-M women need higher doses of TFV-based PrEP to achieve protective efficacy.
Translating Product Innovation into a Potential Retail Business and Service Start-up through the Student GradCap Event

Students from a fashion merchandising and design program created the GradCap Kit as a business development challenge through the National Retail Federation's student challenge in 2014. After costing, marketing and distribution channel research, the students presented their work successfully to NRF and were awarded first place. After competition, faculty felt the product concept was worthy of market trials. Program students worked to raise funds for and produce a Senior Fashion show. The winning GradCap product was translated into a Grad Cap Decorating fundraising event. Event and product logistics were addressed including promotional strategies, location, costing, registration, product preparation, training and event staffing. Initial product sourcing for papers, glue, lettering and trims was completed. Faculty worked with IT and university financial personnel and created an on-line registration system. Fifty-five customers attended the event. Color selection was broadly assorted. Customers enjoyed themselves and were generally excited with completed graduation caps.
Improvement of Chediak-Higashi Leukocyte Function by Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate

The addition of cholinergic agents and cyclic 3'5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro from a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome corrected the impaired release of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, to normal. Coinciding with the improvement in degranulation, the bactericidal capacity was enhanced to normal. Similar concentrations of cholinergic agents potentiated chemotaxis to control values. On the other hand, the phagocytic rate of lipopolysaccharide-coated paraffin-oil droplets was not altered by the cholinergic agents. The improvement in Chediak-Higashi syndrome polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by the addition of cholinergic agents and dibutyryl cGMP suggested disturbed intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels.
A Poison Produced by Bacterium Enteritidis and Bacterium Aertrycke Which Is Active in Mice When Given by Mouth 5. Influence of Nitrogenous and Lipoid Compounds on the Potency of Botulinus Toxin

The occurrence of toxic materials in cultures of bacteria of the paratyphoid group has been recognized ever since Gaertner isolated the first known member, Bact. enteritidis, in 1888. The effect of these so-called toxins on laboratory animals has received considerable study, undoubtedly because of the frequent association of certain members of this group with food poisoning. Apparently the symptoms that characterize intoxication with these substances (viz., an incubation period of about 45 minutes followed by dyspnea, diarrhea, prostration, and often convulsions and death) are produced only when the materials are given intravenously. Injection by other routes and feeding have rarely seemed to produce noticeable effect. During recent years two reports have presented some evidence that these bacteria contain within themselves something that affects the mucosa of part of the gastrointestinal tract when they are fed to certain animals. Savage and White 1 have reported that both living and heat killed suspensions of Bact. enteritidis and Bact. aertrycke have an irritating action upon the stomach and duodenum of rabbits, causing marked congestion, which could be noted when these animals were killed a few hours after being fed the preparations. Arnold and Singer 2 have found a marked diminution in the secretion of acid in the stomachs of dogs fed both unheated and heated cultures of Bact. enteritidis. Bact. enteritidis and Bact. aertrycke are undoubtedly the members of the paratyphoid group that are most commonly involved in food poisoning. This paper presents the results of experiments in which bacteria of these 2 types, and their products, were given by mouth to animals that are susceptible to spontaneous infection by this route with these organisms. Mice were chosen. Their susceptibility to Bact. enteritidis and to Bact aertrycke is high, and spontaneous epidemics among them are
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN COUNTS OF MERISTIC FEATURES OF YELLOWSTONE CUTTHROAT TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS CLARKI BOUVIERI)

ABSTR-\CT.-\Ve determined variability in counts of meristic features (pyloric caecae, vertebrae, pelvic fin rays, gill­ rakers, basibranchial teeth, scales above the lateral line, and scales in the lateral series) of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouderi) by 3 independent readers, by the same reader on 3 different occasions, and among fish from 12 sampling sites within a 650-km2 watershed. Genetic purity of the cutthroat trout was determined by elec­ trophoretic analysis. Significant differences in meristic counts were observed among 3 readers and among sampling sites, but not among 3 occasions by a single reader. Scale counts were within the reported range for Yellowstone cutthroat trout, but counts of other structures (pyloric caecae, gillrakers, vertebrae) were as similar to rainbow trout as to Yellowstone cut­ throat trout. .\'Ieristic counts identified the fish as cutthroat trout; however, variation among readers and sampling sites, as well as within the species, limits their use when identif}'ing genetically pure cutthroat trout or assessing possible integra­ tion with rainbow trout.
Form at its Limits: Edward Said, Marxism, and the Valences of Critique

In his 1936 essay ‘Narrate or Describe’, Gyorgy Lukacs writes: ‘when a writer attempts as an observer and describer to achieve a comprehensive description, he must either reject any principle of selection, undertake an inexhaustible labour of Sisyphus or simply emphasize the picturesque and superficial aspects best adapted to description’. Nearly 80 years later, Bruno Latour would write that description is ‘the highest and rarest achievement’. However differently these two thinkers conceive of description, the passages above seem to mark the crux of a contemporary problem for literary studies. The recent groundswell of methodological polemics on the one hand (Rita Felski, Heather Love, Stephen Best and Sharon Marcus) and formal polemics on the other (Caroline Levine, Anna Kornbluh, W. J. T. Mitchell) appears to be symptomatic of an anxiety about literary studies more generally. We might best be able to capture this anxiety in the form of a question: what exactly is it that we—literary scholars—do? This article argues that the (re)turn to form and the turn to post-critique are of a shared moment and derive from this shared concern. Further, and perhaps most crucially, we argue that no amount of surface topography nor formal ingenuity will answer the question that undergirds both. Rather, we argue that it is an attention to form at its limits that will serve our contemporary moment. As such, we turn to the work of Edward Said as a case study for literary criticism and theory that anticipates these contemporary debates and suggests various ways forward.
The Ising model: blink and polyptic

Blinkand "Polyptelic" are software generated animations that consist of a matrix of cells that transition between 2 states, taking stock of their neighbors' actions. The process goes back and forth between states of stability where all cells try to be like their neighbors, and states of transition where the cells know their neighbors' state but cant decide if they should be like them or not. A certain degree of deviance is programmed so that some of the cells resist or differ from the general status quo of the collection. The status of the overall image is dynamically determined computationally in realtime and therefore guarantees a continuous stream of behavior based on the interaction of the cells.
A Revised Definition of Games: An Analysis of Grasshopper Errors, Omissions, and Ambiguities

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I review Suits’ classic description of games and cite three kinds of problems—mischaracterizations, omissions, and ambiguities. I build on previous criticisms by myself and o...
Timing and Potential Causes of 19th-Century Glacier Advances in Coastal Alaska Based on Tree-Ring Dating and Historical Accounts

The Little Ice Age (LIA), ca. CE 1250-1850, was a cold period of global extent, with the nature and timing of reduced temperatures varying by region. The Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is a key location to study the climatic drivers of glacier fluctuations during the LIA because dendrochronologogical techniques can provide precise ages of ice advances and retreats. Here, we use dendrochronology to date the most recent advance of La Perouse Glacier in the Fairweather Range of Southeast Alaska. After maintaining a relatively contracted state since at least CE 1200, La Perouse advanced to its maximum LIA position between CE 1850 and 1895. Like many other glaciers bordering the GOA, the La Perouse Glacier reached this maximum position relatively late in the LIA compared with glaciers in other regions. This is curious because reconstructions of paleoclimate in the GOA region indicate the 19th century was not the coldest period of the LIA. Using newly available paleoclimate data, we hypothesize that a combination of moderately cool summers accompanying the Dalton Solar Minimum and exceptionally snowy winters associated with a strengthened Aleutian Low could have caused these relatively late LIA advances. Such a scenario implies that winter climate processes, which are heavily influenced by ocean-atmospheric variability in the North Pacific region, have modulated these coastal glaciers’ sensitivity to shifts in summer temperatures.
Best practice for peripheral intravenous catheter replacement

Commentary on : Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al . Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;1:CD007798. PIVCs are the most common invasive procedure with each patient receiving an average of two PIVCs during their admission.1 This common device, however, increases risk for BSI/CRBSI with a mortality rate of 12%–25%.2 Many institutions disagree on what best practice recommendations …
The Making of Mexico City’s Historic Center: National Patrimony in the Age of Urban Renewal:

This article focuses on the origins of Mexico’s Federal District Planning Commission (1950–1953) and the consequences of its failure to implement a major urban renewal project in downtown Mexico Ci...
Transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 causes rapid bronchodilation via nonepithelial PGE2

Transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) is a ligand-gated cation channel that responds to endogenous and exogenous irritants. TRPA1 is expressed on multiple cell types throughout the lungs, but previous studies have primarily focused on TRPA1 stimulation of airway sensory nerves. We sought to understand the integrated physiological airway response to TRPA1 stimulation. The TRPA1 agonists allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and cinnamaldehyde (CINN) were tested in sedated, mechanically ventilated guinea pigs in vivo. Reproducible bronchoconstrictions were induced by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves. Animals were then treated with intravenous AITC or CINN. AITC and CINN were also tested on isolated guinea pig and mouse tracheas and postmortem human trachealis muscle strips in an organ bath. Tissues were contracted with methacholine, histamine, or potassium chloride and then treated with AITC or CINN. Some airways were pretreated with TRPA1 antagonists, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the EP2 receptor antagonist PF 04418948, or tetrodotoxin. AITC and CINN blocked vagally mediated bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Pretreatment with indomethacin completely abolished the airway response to TRPA1 agonists. Similarly, AITC and CINN dose-dependently relaxed precontracted guinea pig, mouse, and human airways in the organ bath. AITC- and CINN-induced airway relaxation required TRPA1, prostaglandins, and PGE2 receptor activation. TRPA1-induced airway relaxation did not require epithelium or tetrodotoxin-sensitive nerves. Finally, AITC blocked airway hyperreactivity in two animal models of allergic asthma. These data demonstrate that stimulation of TRPA1 causes bronchodilation of intact airways and suggest that the TRPA1 pathway is a potential pharmacological target for bronchodilation.
Src family kinases inhibition by dasatinib blocks initial and subsequent platelet deposition on collagen under flow, but lacks efficacy with thrombin generation.

Abstract Kinase inhibitors can pose bleeding risks as platelet signaling evolves during clotting. Using microfluidics (200 s−1 wall shear rate) to perfuse Factor XIIa-inhibited or thrombin-inhibited whole blood (WB) over collagen ± tissue factor (TF), we explored the potency of the Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor dasatinib or the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor GS-9973 present at clot initiation or added after 90 s (via rapid switch to inhibitor-pretreated WB). When initially present, dasatinib potently inhibited platelet deposition on collagen (no TF). Furthermore, dasatinib immediately inhibited subsequent platelet deposition when introduced 90 s after clot initiation. However, when thrombin was generated, dasatinib was markedly less potent against platelet deposition on collagen/TF (but blocked fibrin deposition) and had no effect when added 90 s after clot initiation. Similarly, dasatinib added at 90 s had no effect on clotting on collagen/TF when fibrin was also blocked with Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, indicating that strong thrombin-induced signaling (but not fibrin-induced signaling) can bypass the SFK inhibition at later times. The Syk inhibitor GS-9973 was less potent than dasatinib when present initially, but inhibited clot growth when added at 90 s, even in the presence of thrombin (±fibrin). Interestingly, the active form (R-406) of fostamatinib inhibits platelet function in only 2 0f 5 healthy blood samples. SFK-inhibitors may have reduced antithrombotic activity and reduced bleeding risks in settings of high TF and local thrombin generation. For oncology patients, SFK-inhibitors like dasatinib may have reduced antithrombotic activity and reduced bleeding risk in settings of local thrombin generation.
Multiparametric Ultrasound to Assess Adult Carotid Arteries

The aim of the study was to assess the value of multiparametric ultrasound in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk screening of the carotid artery. We performed ultrasonography of carotid ar...
Spermine-mediated tight sealing of the Magnaporthe oryzae appressorial pore-rice leaf surface interface.

Cellular adhesion mediates many important plant–microbe interactions. In the devastating blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae1, powerful glycoprotein-rich mucilage adhesives2 cement melanized and pressurized dome-shaped infection cells—appressoria—to host rice leaf surfaces. Enormous internal turgor pressure is directed onto a penetration peg emerging from the unmelanized, thin-walled pore at the appressorial base1–4, forcing it through the leaf cuticle where it elongates invasive hyphae in underlying epidermal cells5. Mucilage sealing around the appressorial pore facilitates turgor build-up2, but the molecular underpinnings of mucilage secretion and appressorial adhesion are unknown. Here, we discovered an unanticipated and sole role for spermine in facilitating mucilage production by mitigating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the developing appressorium. Mutant strains lacking the spermine synthase-encoding gene SPS1 progressed through all stages of appressorial development, including penetration peg formation, but cuticle penetration was unsuccessful due to reduced appressorial adhesion, which led to solute leakage. Mechanistically, spermine neutralized off-target oxygen free radicals produced by NADPH oxidase-1 (Nox1)3,6 that otherwise elicited ER stress and the unfolded protein response, thereby critically reducing mucilage secretion. Our study reveals that spermine metabolism via redox buffering of the ER underpins appressorial adhesion and rice cell invasion and provides insights into a process that is fundamental to host plant infection. Spermine facilitates mucilage production and rice cell invasion by mitigating endoplasmic reticulum stress in the developing Magnaporthe oryzae appressorium.
Exploring the Similarity Between Implicit and Explicit Prosody: Prosodic Phrasing and Individual Differences:

In recent years, work carried out in the context of the implicit prosody hypothesis (IPH) has called into question the assumption that implicit (i.e., silently generated) prosody and explicit (overtly produced) prosody are similar in form. Focusing on prosodic phrasing, the present study explored this issue using an individual differences approach, and using methods that do not rely on the sentence comprehension tests characteristic of work within the IPH program. A large group of native English speakers participated in a production experiment intended to identify individual differences in average prosodic phrase length, phonologically defined. We then explored whether these (explicit) prosodic differences were related to two other kinds of variation, each with a connection to implicit prosody. First, we tested whether individual differences in explicit prosodic phrase length were predicted by individual differences in working memory capacity, a relationship that has been established for implicit prosody. Second, we explored whether participants' explicit prosodic phrase lengths were predictive of their behavior in a silent-reading task in which they had to identify their own implicit prosodic groupings. In both cases, the findings are argued to be consistent with a similarity between explicit and implicit prosody. First, participants with higher working memory capacity (as estimated by reading spans) were associated with longer prosodic phrases. Second, participants who produced longer explicit prosodic phrases in speech tended to report generating longer prosodic phrases in silent reading. Implications for the nature of implicit prosody, and how it can be studied, are discussed.
Choosing the Optimal Power Coils Using Open-Source k-Oriented Design Automation

Wireless power coils have found important use in implantable medical devices for safe and reliable wireless power transfer. Designing coils for each specific application is a complex process with many interdependent design variables; determining the most optimal design parameters for each pair is challenging and time-consuming. In this paper, we develop an automated design method for planar square-spiral coils that generates the idealized design parameters for maximum power transfer efficiency according to the input design requirements. Computational complexity is first reduced by isolating the inductive coupling coefficient, k, from other design parameters. A simplified but accurate equivalent circuit model is then developed, where skin effect, proximity effect, and parasitic capacitive coupling are iteratively considered. The proposed method is implemented in an open-source software which accounts for the input fabrication limitations and application specific requirements. The accuracy of the estimated power transfer efficiency is validated via finite element method simulation. Using the presented approach, the coil design process is fully automated and can be done in few minutes.