cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Fermentation Residue and an Antibiotic on Growth of Chickens Fed Rations Containing Corn or Wheat

Abstract Studies were conducted with Indian River “Hybro” broiler chicks to characterize the growth promoting properties of an antibiotic fermentation residue (Vigofac) which had shown a greater response with wheat- than corn-base rations. Results confirmed the growth inducing activity of Vigofac, and revealed the activity to be primarily in the extract. It appeared that Vigofac promoted growth primarily by increasing feed consumption. Gross energy analyses of droppings suggested increased utilization of energy on wheat diets but not corn. Vigofac did not influence intestinal, thyroidal or pancreatic weights. Zinc bacitracin was also shown to improve the availability of energy in wheat diets and reduced intestinal weights.
War as Self-Defense

First imagine a case in which a person uses violence in self-defense; then imagine a case in which two people engage in self-defense against a threat they jointly face. Continue to imagine further cases in which increasing numbers of people act with increasing coordination to defend both themselves and each other against a common threat, or a range of threats they face together. What you are imagining is a spectrum of cases that begins with acts of individual self-defense and, as the threats become more complex and extensive, the threatened individuals more numerous, and their defensive action more integrated, eventually reaches cases involving a scale of violence that is constitutive of war. But if war, at least in some instances, lies on a continuum with individual self- and other-defense, and if acts of individual self- and other-defense can sometimes be morally justified, then war can in principle be morally justified as well. It follows that the only coherent forms of pacifism are those that reject the permissibility of individual self- or other-defense—for example, those based on an absolute prohibition of violence or killing.
Hyperplane arrangements in preference modeling

Abstract A standard representation of a family B of partial orders on a given finite set X is as a set of vertices of a cube. The metric and order structures on B inherited from the cube are often used in applications. In this paper, following Stanley [(1996). Hyperplane arrangements, interval orders, and trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 2620–2625], we represent relations in B by regions and cells of a hyperplane arrangement arising from numerical representations of the partial orders in B . To illustrate this approach, we establish wellgradedness of some families of generalized semiorders. Although the families of linear and weak orders are not well graded, our approach allows the recasting of such concepts as well graded families of sets.
Recombinant leukocyte a interferon (rIFN‐αA) in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma: Analysis of complete and long‐term responding patients

Ninety-six patients with disseminated malignant melanoma received thrice weekly intramuscular injections of leukocyte A recombinant interferon (rIFN-alpha A, Roferon-A, Hoffmann La Roche) at doses of 12 X 10(6) U/m2 or 50 X 10(6) U/m2 with or without cimetidine as an immunorestorative agent. Four patients, two with prior chemotherapy, demonstrated either a complete response (3 months, soft tissue metastasis) or exceptionally durable response durations (months) of 29+ (soft tissue; lung lesion), 31+ (soft tissue), and 35+ (soft tissue; liver lesions). None of these patients had particularly characteristic clinical parameters. As noted previously, using chemotherapy, a small proportion of patients with advanced malignant melanoma, despite prior therapy, may achieve prolonged objective regression with rIFN-alpha A.
Optimum Producer-Service Location

Presented in this paper is a formal economic model that identifies the optimal intraurban location for a producer-service vendor that caters to the technical needs of spatially dispersed clients in the manufacturing sector. Two major components are incorporated into the model. The first of these describes the oft-cited externalization process among industrial firms, where in-house service provision is selectively abandoned in favor of out-sourcing. The second component describes a vendor location process based on profit maximization, where buyers and sellers are optimally located relative to one another. Normative modeling propositions are then compared with current empirical streams in the literature on producer-service location, the role of manufacturing demand, and the process of selective vertical disintegration among industrial firms. The paper is concluded with a brief research agenda for modeling the intraurban locational behavior of specialist firms in the producer services.
Required Software Productivity Tool Skills: Public Library Directors' Perceptions

ABSTRACT. Studies report the need for personnel in all library fields to be skillful in software productivity tool usage. This skill is defined as encompassing collaborative and office automation software products and tools. Public library directors often find it difficult to assess this skill in applicants seeking employment. This research study, consequently, investigates the public library director's perception of the importance of professional job candidates having information technology skills as indicated by external certification in software productivity tools. The study divides the results based upon class standing among libraries and upon the tenure of the public library directors in their jobs. The conclusions support a positive response to the need for information technology skills and external certification of applicants by public library directors.
HOW TO STARVE A TUMOR

The formation of new blood vessels, termed angiogenesis, is a central process in the evolution of a tumor and its subsequent metastasis. Angiogenesis is potently inhibited by the fumagillins, a family of epoxide-containing natural products. The recent identification of a protein target for these compounds may help decipher the mechanisms underlying endothelial cell growth. The fact that binding is irreversible may inspire the design of electrophilic inhibitors of other, poorly understood cellular processes.
Na2Al2Ge3O10·2H2O: an aluminogermanate with the tetranatrolite topology

An aluminogermanate, Na2Al2Ge3O10·2H2O (NaAlGe-NAT), possessing the natrolite topology has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions at 423 K from sodium- and tetramethylammonium-containing gels. Room temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction data indicate a tetragonal unit cell with a = 13.314(2) and c = 6.819(2) A, and space group . NaAlGe-NAT displays complete disorder of aluminium and germanium in the framework, with Ge/Al = 1.5. The substitution of germanium for silicon in the framework leads to a larger unit cell volume for NaAlGe-NAT compared with Na8Al8Si12O40·8H2O (NaAlSi-NAT) and Na8Ga8Si12O40·8H2O (NaGaSi-NAT) framework structures. The mean rotation angle Ψ of the chains (composed of 4=1 secondary building units) relative to the a and b cell axes is 20.4°, compared with 21.7 and 22.9° calculated for NaGaSi-NAT and NaAlSi-NAT, respectively. Elliptical channels along the c-axis host well-ordered water molecules and sodium cations in fully occupied sites.
The demise of the great mother: Islam, reform, and women’s emancipation in Turkey

W omen have existed in the peripheries of innumerable facets of human history since the beginning of time. As civilizations have risen, women have been heedlessly subjected to subordinate roles and the predisposition of a collective "inferior" status. As their actual roles have been minimized in the eyes of men, their titles have gone through a reductionist revision assigning them secondary classifications, such as "gatherer" rather than "'hunter," "home maker" instead of "'head of the household," and "follower," rather than "leader." Yet long before they were relegated to secondary roles, women enjoyed superior status, more distinguished than that of men, even during prehistoric times. This paper intends to examine the changing roles of women in Anatolia from ancient civilizations to Ottoman Empire and present-day Turkey. As reproduction and productivity concerns preoccupied men's survival instincts, and ranked as important as defeating an enemy on the battlefield, images of plump female bodies with large breasts and pregnant navels came to be recognized as deities of worship) However, while a multitude of historic civilizations have demonstrated implementation of both negative and stereotypical forms of gender roles, some of the earliest religious deities found in certain geographical areas of prehistoric Anatolia had been comprised of significant female figures who have either led the nations or influenced the lives of the people in that region. In prehistoric ages central regions of Turkey were originally known as the "Land of Hattis" which occupied the highlands in the area that lay between modern-day
Surface tension measurements with the pulsating bubble method

Abstract The bubble method for determining equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions from the measured pressure difference across the air/water interface is described. Data for either constant surface area or pulsating area conditions are presented for three sets of systems. For dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)-hexadecanol dispersions in saline at 37°C, the dynamic tension depends strongly on the protocol of dispersion preparation. The two surfactants show strong synergistic effects in lowering tension. For aqueous salts of fatty acid soaps (carbon number n =8–18) at 37°C in saline/buffer, the surface activity increases (tension is lower and equilibration time is shorter) up to n =12, and then decreases for n ⩾ 14, as these soaps are less soluble. For aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and octanol in water at 25°C, the dynamic tension depends on the total concentration, on the molar ratio, as expected, and on the pulsation period relative to the timescale for tension equilibration. The results are relevant in the formulation of surfactant mixtures for cleaning products, foaming, and lung surfactant replacement drugs.
Reconfigurable electro-optical directed-logic circuit using carrier-depletion micro-ring resonators

Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable electro-optical directed-logic circuit based on a regular array of integrated optical switches. Each 1×1 optical switch consists of a micro-ring resonator with an embedded lateral p–n junction and a micro-heater. We achieve high-speed on–off switching by applying electrical logic signals to the p–n junction. We can configure the operation mode of each switch by thermal tuning the resonance wavelength. The result is an integrated optical circuit that can be reconfigured to perform any combinational logic operation. As a proof-of-principle, we fabricated a multi-spectral directed-logic circuit based on a fourfold array of switches and showed that this circuit can be reconfigured to perform arbitrary two-input logic functions with speeds up to 3 GB/s.
Congenital pulmonary artery branch stenosis: association with renal artery stenosis.

A patient had multiple bilateral stenoses of the pulmonary artery and its branches with systemic hypertension associated with mild stenoses of the renal arteries. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography are important in the evaluation of the degree of stenoses and pulmonary hypertension. This case suggests that in a child or young person with hypertension and a loud precordial murmur, lesions other than coarctation of the aorta may be present Unexplained systemic hypertension requires further investigative workup which is essential for proper treatment and long-term management of these patients.
Multiplex high-throughput gene mutation analysis in acute myeloid leukemia.

Summary Classification of acute myeloid leukemia increasingly depends on genetic analysis. However, the number of known mutations in acute myeloid leukemia is expanding rapidly. Therefore, we tested a high-throughput screening method for acute myeloid leukemia mutation analysis using a multiplex mass spectrometry–based approach. To our knowledge, this is the first reported application of this approach to genotype leukemias in a clinical setting. One hundred seven acute myeloid leukemia cases were screened for mutations using a panel that covers 344 point mutations across 31 genes known to be associated with leukemia. The analysis was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for mutations in genes of interest followed by primer extension reactions. Products were analyzed on a Sequenom MassARRAY system (San Diego, CA). The multiplex panel yielded mutations in 58% of acute myeloid leukemia cases with normal cytogenetics and 21% of cases with abnormal cytogenetics. Cytogenetics and routine polymerase chain reaction–based screening of NPM1 , CEBPA , FLT3-ITD , and KIT was also performed on a subset of cases. When combined with the results of these standard polymerase chain reaction–based tests, the mutation frequency reached 78% in cases with normal cytogenetics. Of these, 42% harbored multiple mutations primarily involving NPM1 with NRAS , KRAS , CEBPA , PTPN11 , IDH1 , or FLT3 . In contrast, cases with abnormal cytogenetics rarely harbored more than 1 mutation (1.5%), suggesting different underlying biology. This study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of broad-based mutation profiling of acute myeloid leukemia in a clinical setting. This approach will be helpful in defining prognostic subgroups of acute myeloid leukemia and contribute to the selection of patients for enrollment into trials with novel inhibitors.
IRON INTAKE AFFECTS LIPID PEROXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY OF DISTAL COLONIC MUCOSA

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of low, adequate, and high dietary iron (Fe) levels on lipid peroxidation, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in colon and liver. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed iron deficient (DFe; 14 mg Fe/kg diet; n=8), adequate iron (AFe; 39 mg Fe/kg diet, n=8), or high iron (HFe; 454 mg Fe/kg diet; n=8) diets for 3 weeks. Liver Fe concentrations were 26, 84, and 243 ug/g wet weight, respectively, for rats fed DFe, AFe, and HFe diets (p<0.0001). Lipid peroxidation was increased 70% in distal colonic mucosa of rats fed HFe diets compared to that of rats fed AFe and DFe diets (p<0.01), but lipid peroxidation was unaffected by diet in proximal colon or liver. While distal colonic mucosal GSH-Px activity was lower in DFe rats (0.062 U/mg protein), than in AFe rats (0.091 U/mg protein), and HFe rats (0.089 U/mg protein) (p<0.05), iron intake had no effect on GSH-Px activity in proximal colon or liver. The distal colon had higher GSH-Px activity than proximal colon (p<0.0001). GST activity in colon and liver, and hepatic GSH concentrations were not altered by dietary iron intakes. This study suggests that distal and proximal colonic mucosa may respond differently to changes in Fe status.
Beyond Civil—Military Relations: Reflections on Civilian Control of a Private, Multinational Workforce

This article applies the problem of civilian control over the military to the realm of private military contractors. The author argues that military outsourcing strips the principal —agent relationship of many of the structures and dynamics that states have traditionally used to control militaries. Many of the same qualities that make private military corporations successful as both economic actors and political surrogates also lead to reductions in the possibility for effective civilian control. The author supports these claims through an examination of the multilevel, fragmented, and global nature of the private military corporation market, with particular attention to divisions within the labor force. The implications of this analysis are that using private military corporations raises persistent challenges and tensions for effective state control that cannot be easily regulated away.
Optical Coherence Tomography Integrated with Reflectometry for Ophthalmologic Measurement

A non-invasive dual-functional eye measurement system is developed by integrating spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system with an optical reflectometer. The integrated system measures anterior segment of the eye as commonly performed by a SD-OCT while at the same time provides high resolution evaluation of tear film thickness and tear thinning dynamics. 6 μm axial resolution for anterior segment imaging and high resolution of 21nm for tear film thickness measurement are achieved. The present minimum measured tear film thickness is 0.3 μm. As a phantom study, a model eye with artificial tear film is evaluated using the integrated OCT/reflectometer device.
Large-scale purification of high activity Azotobacter vinelandII nitrogenase.

Abstract A large scale, rapid, high-yield purification procedure for Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase proteins has been developed. Yields of approx. 600 mg of the FeMo protein (Av1) and approx. 550 mg of the Fe protein Av2 are routinely obtained using a procedure that requires only 28 h. The specific activities of Av1 and Av2, respetively, are 3000 and 2100 nmol H2 evolved/min per mg. These activities are significantly higher than those commonly used in reactivity studies. Procedures for the isolation and concentration of large quantities of iron-molybdenum confactor of nitrogenase are also reported. Techniques for anaerobic protein manipulation, generally applicable to the purification of oxygen sensitive proteins are also described.
Model Studies of Elastic Wave Propagations in Crustal Blocks under Tectonic Stresses

ALTHOUGH the existence of tectonic stresses is known, so far no practical method has been discovered to locate and determine the magnitude of these stresses. In this communication a technique is discussed which may be utilized to detect the tectonic stresses.
Abstract 2233: Rearrangement of ERG and CHD1 genes in prostate cancer as a marker of tumor heterogeneity

Efforts to develop targeted therapy based on genomic findings are complicated by the polygenic nature of drug resistance and genetic heterogeneity between separate biopsy cores. These findings have led to the conclusion that analysis of multiple biopsy cores and consideration of multiple targeted agents will be important. Because of our concern that these assessments may be missing an additional layer of heterogeneity within even a single biopsy core, which sequencing alone may not identify, we studied the genetic heterogeneity of cells in focal areas using TMA. Using confocal microscopy, we analyzed the most common and prostate cancer specific gene rearrangement (TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and CHD1 deletion) in neighboring single cells in a tumor focus without changing the stromal microenvironment. We evaluated 56 patients that underwent radical prostatectomy at CINJ with pathological assessment, grading, and ERG rearrangement status. Overall, ERG rearrangements occurred in 24/56 (42.9%) patients. The most frequent mechanism of rearrangements was deletion (58%), while a split event was confirmed in 25% of the ERG-rearranged cases. In 88% of cases the ERG rearrangement was associated with TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. A copy number gain of the non-rearranged ERG gene occurred in 10/56 (17.6%) cases. A heterogeneous mix of ERG deletions, translocations, and copy number changes occurred in 8/24 (33%) patients, with a combination of deletions and translocations alone occurring in 3/24 (12.5%) cases. 20/21 (95%) of analyzed cases with ERG-rearrangement were negative for CHD1 gene rearrangement (p Citation Format: Irina V. Tereshchenko, Hua Zhong, Marina Chekmareva, Urmila Santanam, Whitney Petrosky, Noriko Kane-Goldsmith, Jay A. Tischfield, Robert DiPaola. Rearrangement of ERG and CHD1 genes in prostate cancer as a marker of tumor heterogeneity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2233. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2233
West Virginia Incorporated: Religion and the Railroad in the Timber Counties

Just as natural resources attracted industrialists, people attracted Protestant missionaries. By the mid-1880s, the idea of West Virginia as a backward region confined completely within an otherwise advanced and modern country became accepted fact among mainline Protestant denominations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, these denominations established systematic and well-funded missionary endeavors into the southern mountains. The railroads themselves played no small part in the effectiveness of these efforts, allowing proselytizers to penetrate deep into the backcountry and high into the mountains, planting new churches, and growing existing ones. But this straightforward link between industry and religion hides a more complex and nuanced relationship between the secular and the sacred. 4 JOSEPH SUPER / WEST VIRGINIA INCORPORATED
Ceramic composites with a ductile Ni3Al binder phase

Abstract Composites of B-doped ductile Ni3Al alloys with both non-oxide (WC, TiC) and oxide (Al2O3) ceramic powders were produced by hot-pressing. The Ni3Al alloys wet the non-oxide ceramic powders well and form a semi-continuous intergranular phase. However, the Ni3Al alloys do not wet the oxide powders well and tend to form discrete “islands” of the metallic phase. Mechanical property testing showed the flexural strength is retained to temperatures of at least 800 °C. The fracture toughness and hardness were found to be equal to or higher than comparable Co-based hardmetal systems. Initial corrosion tests showed excellent resistance to acid solutions.
Mass spectroscopic characterization of the GeSe: GeI4 vapor transport system

The GeSe:GeI4 vapor crystal growth system was characterized mass spectroscopically. A steady-state Knudsen effusion technique was developed to simulate the equilibrium conditions at one end of a vapor transport ampoule. It was found that the previously neglected equilibrium GeSe2(s) = GeSe(v) + 1/2Se2(v) reduces the Se2(v) concentration to an extent that sublimation/condensation of GeSe becomes the dominant transport mechanism. At total pressures near 1 atm the concentration of an additional Ge-Se-I vapor species becomes comparable to that of GeSe(v).
Galectin-3 Stimulates Preadipocyte Proliferation and Is Up-regulated in Growing Adipose Tissue

KIWAKI, KOHJI, COLLEEN M. NOVAK, DANIEL K. HSU, FU-TONG LIU, AND JAMES A. LEVINE. Galectin3 stimulates preadipocyte proliferation and is up-regulated in growing adipose tissue. Obesity. 2007;15:32–39. Objective: Some cytokines and mediators of inflammation can alter adiposity through their effects on adipocyte number. To probe the molecular basis of obesity, this study determined whether galectin-3 was present in adipose tissue and investigated its effects on fat cell number. Research Methods and Procedures: In the first study, obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat (58%) diet. Epididymal fat pads were collected at Day 0, Day 60, and Day 120 after the start of high-fat feeding. Results: Levels of adipocyte galectin-3 protein, determined using Western blot analysis, increased as the mice became obese. Galectin-3 mRNA and protein were then detected in human adipose tissue, primarily in the preadipocyte fraction. It was found that recombinant human galectin-3 stimulated proliferation of primary cultured preadipocytes as well as DNA synthesis through lectin-carbohydrate interaction. Discussion: Galectin-3, which has been known to play a versatile role especially in immune cells, might play a role also in adipose tissue and be associated with the pathophysiology of obesity.
Attributes Used to Promote Adult Continuing Education Degree Programs in a Metropolitan Newspaper.

Abstract Commentators in the profession are asking why adult continuing education students seem preoccupied over getting “a good grade” and “finishing school quickly” rather than pausing to consider how the teaching/learning process helps their personal growth and valuing learning for learning's sake. The purpose of this study was to identify, categorize, and analyze attributes used in print advertisements to promote adult continuing education degree programs. We identified the range of attributes used by four-year universities and colleges in their print advertising during a nine-year period, thereby determining a typology of attributes and accounting for the number of times each attribute appeared. The study shows that expediency, flexibility, and convenience are by far the most prominent features attributes used to market adult continuing education degree programs, far outdistancing personal growth and professional development benefits attributes and developing an affinity for learning for learning's s...
Parameters affecting interlaminar stresses in tapered laminates under static loading conditions

Tapered laminates by internal ply drop-offs have been studied. An extensive finite element program has been developed for microcomputers using displacement formulation. A 20 node, three dimensional element was used. Parameters which can influence the strength of the laminate were studied. These parameters include the location of the drop-off in the thickness direction, the degree of resin filling inside the drop-off, the shape of the drop-off, the effect of width of laminate, and the orientation of the lamina where the drop-off was made. Locations of failure based on maximum stress criterion were btained. Crack growth stimulation was also performed by consecutive removal of failed elements. Results show that crack growth is not continuous.
Anarchy, self-governance, and legal titling

Scholars and policymakers prescribe legal titling to improve prospects for economic development and political order. However, a public choice literature exists that has long recognized that self-governance often works well and that the state may not be able to improve upon local economic institutions at reasonable cost. Although the implication that legal titling should proceed with caution is seemingly straightforward, the literature on legal titling does not take anarchy seriously as a policy option. In addition, there is a public choice literature that presumes the state is the most important source of property rights. This essay fills this gap in the property rights literature by applying the concept of “efficient anarchy” to legal titling in Afghanistan. Original fieldwork evidence from rural Afghanistan suggests that anarchy of land governance is a better option than legal titling. The essay concludes by opening up the black box of state building by explaining why it often makes sense to sequence improvements in political capacity and political constraints prior to investing in legal titling.
Antecedents to Shopping Online: A Shopping Preference Perspective

The growth in online retailing has been phenomenal over the past few years. This study examines the influence of social orientation of the customer, outshopping orientation and enjoyment derived from shopping on the customer's preference to shop online using shopping preference theory as the theoretical framework. The research was conducted using Gen Y university students. The study finds that online shoppers are more likely to be outshoppers and are likely to derive more enjoyment from shopping. The social orientation of the shopper did not influence online shopping preference. In addition, it was found that, as posited by earlier studies, men prefer to shop online more than women.
Imaging through a confocal optical interference filter

Abstract The problem of spatial and temporal filtering of an image by a spherical mirror type of optical interference filter is formulated. Improvements over current optical filter designs by 103 in the temporal resolution of optical images appear feasible. Applications — including velocity, temperature and turbulence distribution measurements and acousto-optic image conversion — are discussed.
Between Depression and Prosperity? Changes in the Community Context of Historical African American Migration

This article analyzes changes in the significance of African American ethnogenesis on the contrasting flows of young migrants and total migrants to urban areas throughout the United States. I test a destination migration model during the two decades 1930-40 and 1950-60. Because of the temporal and spatial dependency among the urban counties, I use seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) to estimate simultaneously the coefficients across the two periods. By focusing on the characteristics of urban destinations, the article goes beyond most previous work that considers only the characteristics of places of origin. By examining two distinct time periods, various period effects are also appropriately considered. The results support the significance of ethnogenesis, or the establishment of social networks and communication patterns as the bases of... institutional and communal life (Ronald C. Taylor), in shaping the historical migration of African Americans. However, due in part to this very ethnogenic activity, over time the relative risks of mobility for prospective migrants were gradually reduced as the migration itself became a social movement. Many of the factors that previously conditioned the migration declined in their significance, leading to reduced dynamism of the migration process
Personality Profiles of Incoming Male and Female Medical Students: Results of a Multi-Site 9-Year Study

Purpose: This study conveys findings of a 9-year multi-site study of personality traits among incoming medical students. The purpose of the study was twofold. First, it assessed gender dif­ferences by exploring personality traits of incoming male and female medical students. Second, it sought to illuminate personality factors associated with those who choose a career in medicine by comparing personality characteristics of medical students to those of the general population. Methods: The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) was administered at four medical schools to two thousand one hundred seventy seven first-year medical students (1021 females; 1156 males). Results: Study findings revealed significant personality differences between male and female medical students on 11 of 16 personality factors as well as substantial differences in personality functioning between medical students and the general population. Findings are de­scribed and future directions for analyses are presented. Keywords: gender, medical students, personality
Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein required for ATP-dependent priming of Ca 2+ -activated secretion

ELUCIDATION of the reactions responsible for the calcium-regulated fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane in secretory cells would be facilitated by the identification of participant proteins having known biochemical activities. The successful characterization of cytosolic1–3 and vesicle4,5 proteins that may function in calcium-regulated secretion has not yet revealed the molecular events underlying this process. Regulated secretion consists of sequential priming and triggering steps which depend on ATP and Ca2+, respectively, and require distinct cytosolic proteins6. Characterization of priming-specific factors (PEP proteins) should enable the ATP-requiring reactions to be identified. Here we show that one of the mammalian priming factors (PEP3) is identical to phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP)7. The physiological role of PITP was previously unknown. We also find that SEC14p, the yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein which is essential for constitutive secretion8–10, can substitute for PEP3/PITP in priming. Our results indicate that a role for phospholipid transfer proteins is conserved in the constitutive and regulated secretory pathways.
Equivalent circuit components of nickel-metal hydride battery at different states of charge

Abstract Equations that describe the voltage variations with time of rechargeable batteries during charging and discharging were used to determine the component values of the equivalent circuit of nickel–metal hydride batteries under different states of charge (SOC). The equivalent circuit of the battery was described as an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor and the parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor. The battery model used different values of resistance and capacitance, in the parallel combination, during the different phases of the discharge–rest–charge–rest sequence. The results show that the resistances in the equivalent circuit are approximately constant with variations in the SOC. For the discharge and charge phases the capacitor value increased and decreased, respectively, as the SOC decreased. The value of the capacitor in the parallel RC circuit is an indicator of the battery SOC.
To tap or not to tap: high likelihood of meningitis without sepsis among very low birth weight infants.

Context. Neonatal meningitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We speculated that meningitis may be underdiagnosed among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants because of the failure to perform lumbar punctures (LPs) in infants with suspected sepsis. Objective. This study was undertaken to review the epidemiology of late-onset meningitis in VLBW (401–1500 g) infants and to evaluate the concordance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood culture (BC) results. Methods. VLBW infants (excluding those with intraventricular shunts) born at centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network from September 1, 1998, through December 31, 2001, were studied. Late-onset meningitis was defined by culture-based criteria and classified as meningitis with or without associated sepsis. Unadjusted comparisons were made using χ2 tests and adjusted comparisons using regression models. Results. Of 9641 VLBW infants who survived >3 days, 2877 (30%) had ≥1 LPs, and 6056 (63%) had ≥1 BC performed after day 3. One hundred thirty-four infants had late-onset meningitis (1.4% of all patients; 5% of those with an LP). Pathogens associated with meningitis were similar to those associated with sepsis. One third (45 of 134) of the infants with meningitis had negative BCs. Lower gestational age and prior sepsis increased risk for meningitis. Compared with uninfected infants, those with meningitis had a longer time on mechanical ventilation (28 vs 18 days), had longer hospitalizations (91 vs 79 days), were more likely to have seizures (25% vs 2%), and were more likely to die (23% vs 2%). Conclusions. Meningitis is a serious complication among VLBW infants, associated with increased severity of illness and risk of death. Of note, one third of the infants with meningitis had meningitis in the absence of sepsis. Because CSF cultures were performed only half as often as BCs, this discordance in blood and CSF culture results suggests that meningitis may be underdiagnosed among VLBW infants.
General principles of medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic gastrointestinal diseases that affect patients in the prime of their lives. Because inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients generally live a normal lifespan, chronic medical therapy for IBD must be tolerable, simple to adhere to, and have as few side effects as possible. This article discusses the impact of IBD on quality of life and stresses the importance of appropriate and individualized medical therapy. To help clinicians determine the efficacy of particular IBD medications, this article offers a brief, practical interpretation of clinical, endoscopic, and quality-of-life end points used in clinical trials. Finally, it provides a summary of the current accepted medical therapies for ulcerative colitis adn Crohn's disease and recommendations for using these medications in clinical practice.
An abundant androgen-regulated mRNA in the mouse kidney

We have identified an abundant 20,000 dalton protein (KAP) by in vitro translation of male mouse kidney mRNA. This protein is synthesized in reduced amounts from female kidney mRNA. A KAP cDNA fragment was purified and used for nucleic acid hybridization studies. Females and castrated males have 10 and 200 fold lower levels, respectively, of KAP mRNA relative to males. The administration of testosterone to females or castrated males results in the induction of KAP mRNA to normal male levels. Testicular feminized (Tfm) mice have 3 fold lower levels of KAP mRNA relative to normal males and are not induced by testosterone. KAP mRNA is not found in significant amounts in tissues other than the kidney, and the KAP gene renatures with kinetics similar to single-copy DNA. With the rapidly expanding knowledge of mouse genetics, KAP should prove useful in determining genetic factors which regulate the inducibility and tissue specificity of a hormonally regulated gene.
Compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome: a role for anticoagulation clinics?

Anticoagulation clinics are increasingly used to manage oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with venous thromboembolic disease (VTE). Such clinics may be in a position to assume greater responsibility for other aspects of the long-term management of VTE, including prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Current guidelines suggest use of graduated elastic compression stockings with a pressure of 30–40 mm Hg at the ankle for 2 years following the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to prevent PTS. A survey of anticoagulation clinic providers was conducted to determine to what extent patients with DVT are prescribed compression stockings and by whom, and the degree of compression and duration of therapy prescribed. Survey results show a very low rate of use of compression stockings in patients with DVT, and limited adherence to current recommendations for strength and duration of use. We believe that healthcare providers practicing in anticoagulation clinics should be encouraged to expand their scope of practice into a more comprehensive model of antithrombosis care, including prevention of PTS. By doing so, the extent of use of compression stockings might be increased, and adherence to current guidelines for strength and duration of compression might be improved.
Serotonergic Stimulation of Avian Prolactin Secretion Requires an Intact Dopaminergic System

In order to ascertain if prolactin (PRL) secretion stimulated by serotonin (5-HT) was mediated by the dopaminergic system, both dopamine (DA) and 5-HT were infused into the third ventricle of anesthetized laying turkeys in conjunction with the D1DA receptor antagonist R(+)-SCH-23390 HCl or the 5-HT receptor antagonist Mianserin HCl. When infused alone at the rate of 10 nmol/min, both DA and 5-HT increased circulating PRL levels significantly (P< 0.05) after 20 min (111.0 ± 19.0 to 334.0 ± 115.1 ng/ml and 93.3 ± 13.2 to 173.8 ± 33.3 ng/ml, respectively). When infused in conjunction with the D1DA antagonist, the stimulatory effect of both DA and 5-HT on PRL release was significantly suppressed. The 5-HT antagonist completely blocked 5-HT-stimulated PRL release when infused at the rate of 10 nmol/min. When the 5-HT antagonist was co-infused with DA, PRL levels significantly increased (33.5 ± 3.3 to 112.2 ± 19.7 ng/ml) after 30 min, an increase that did not differ significantly from that caused by DA alone (63.2 ± 16.4 to 144.5 ± 44.1 ng/ml). These data suggest that 5-HT stimulation of PRL secretion requires an intact dopaminergic system and that 5-HT synapses are located further upstream than DA synapses along the PRL-releasing pathway within the avian hypothalamus.
Corneoscleral block excision of postoperative anterior chamber cysts

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the clinical presentation, surgical treatment and histopathology of three cases of cystic epithelial ingrowth occurring after cataract surgery. METHODS: Three patients developed anterior chamber cysts, two with an associated conjunctival bleb and fistula, following extracapsular cataract and phacoemulsification surgery. The technique of block excision and corneoscleral graft was used in the three patients. RESULTS: There was no evidence of recurrence twenty-six, twenty-three and seven months postoperatively. Visual acuities were 20/30, 20/20-2 and 20/25-2, with mild astigmatism and well controlled intraocular pressure. Histopathology illustrated that conjunctival and corneal epithelium invaded the anterior chamber through a wound defect. CONCLUSION: At this time, block excision with a corneoscleral graft may be the most definitive surgical treatment of cystic epithelial ingrowth.
Is it farewell to codeine

Codeine was considered a suitable analgesic for children after adenotonsillectomy. It has been used extensively in the UK1 for over 40 years and appeared effective.2 It was listed in the WHO as the second step on the Analgesic Ladder for the treatment of cancer pain. Adult data suggest the combination paracetamol 1000 mg/codeine 60 mg provides better analgesia (number needed to treat, (NNT) 1.9) than codeine 60 mg (NNT 17), or paracetamol 1000 mg (NNT 4.6), illustrating the synergistic effect of analgesic combinations.3 The addition of codeine to paracetamol increased duration of analgesia by about 1 hour, and reduced the need for rescue medication.4 Consequently, many clinicians have expressed surprise at moves by regulatory bodies (US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency) to impose restrictions on its use in children, particularly after adenotonsillectomy. Children suffer considerable pain with severe functional limitation for at least 7 days after this common procedure.5 Although part of the problem may be inadequate parent education and information concerning analgesia,6 there are also gaps in our pharmacologic armamentarium. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been frowned upon because of fears concerning their effects on platelet function and subsequent postoperative bleeding despite studies demonstrating that NSAIDs did not cause any increase in bleeding requiring a return to operating room.7 Paracetamol dosing recommendations have been lowered in recent years; these recommendations are not based on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic knowledge,8 but rather on fears of potential hepatotoxicity due to paracetamol's oxidative metabolite (N -acetyl- p -benzoquinone imine).9 This adverse effect is rare but devastating when the drug is routinely given, and the reason why some children are so afflicted remains unknown. Opioid use at home is generally discouraged because of dispensing regulations and the knowledge that these drugs can cause …
The missing link between neurobiology and behavior in Aplysia conditioning.

Abstract Over the past decades, a wealth of findings has led to a substantial change in the assumed complexity of classical conditioning. The combined evidence indicates that temporal pairing is neither necessary nor sufficient for the formation of an associative connection. At the same time, studies of model invertebrate nervous systems have allowed us to ask a series of questions about the molecular basis of associative conditioning. The discovery of a pairing-sensitive mechanism in the gill-withdrawal circuitry of Aplysia is regarded as the hallmark of the reductionist approach. This review outlines the insights gathered from behavioral and neurobiological studies. Furthermore, the conceptual frameworks guiding research at the ‘what’ and ‘how’ levels of analysis are compared and contrasted. I argue that a rich cognitive view of conditioning has emerged at the ‘what’ level, whereas the traditional notion of temporal pairing still drives research at the ‘how’ level. A complete account of classical conditioning has to await the resolving of this discordance.
Differential Effects of Monoterpenes and Lovastatin on RAS Processing

Limonene and related monoterpenes have been shown to impair the incorporation of mevalonic acid-derived isoprene compounds, that is farnesyl pyrophosphate, into RAS and RAS-related proteins. As farnesylation is critical for RAS's membrane localization and function, the isoprenylation pathways have received attention as potential targets of anti-RAS pharmacologic maneuvers. We have expanded on these prior studies and demonstrate that one of limonene's metabolic derivatives, perillyl alcohol, decreases the levels of antigenic RAS in the human-derived myeloid THP-1 and lymphoid RPMI-8402 cell lines. Both limonene and perillyl alcohol decrease levels of [35S]methionine-labeled RAS proteins in cells that have been pulsed with radiolabeled methionine for 4 h. In contrast, lovastatin, which inhibits hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and thus depletes cells of farnesyl pyrophosphate, does not diminish levels of total antigenic RAS but rather results in a shift in the RAS protein; levels of farnesylated RAS decrease whereas levels of unmodified/unfarnesylated RAS increase. As limonene and perillyl alcohol do not induce such a shift, we conclude that these monoterpenes decrease farnesylated RAS protein levels by a mechanism that is clearly distinct from that of either depleting cells of farnesyl pyrophosphate or inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl protein transferase that catalyzes the post-translational farnesylation of RAS. Perillyl alcohol decreases antigenic RAS levels but does not decrease levels of another membrane-tethered protein, the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein. Furthermore, perillyl alcohol decreases the levels of radiolabeled methionine incorporated into immunoprecipitable RAS to a greater extent than it decreases radiolabeled methionine incorporated into total cellular protein. Thus there is some degree of specificity for the activity of perillyl alcohol to depress RAS levels.
Separate Signals for Agonist-independent and Agonist-triggered Trafficking of Protease-activated Receptor 1

Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein-coupled, protease-activated receptor for the serine protease thrombin, is activated when thrombin cleaves its amino-terminal exodomain. This irreversible mechanism of activation may have necessitated an unusual pattern of receptor trafficking. Unactivated PAR1 cycles tonically between the cell surface and an intracellular pool, providing an intracellular store of uncleaved receptors and allowing repopulation of the surface with uncleaved receptors after thrombin exposure without new receptor synthesis. Activated PAR1 internalizes rapidly and is degraded in lysosomes. We report characterization of a PAR1 mutant that trafficked like the wild-type receptor when activated but did not internalize and recycle in the absence of agonist. This complements a previous study in which a mutant with normal tonic internalization but defective agonist-triggered internalization was described. These observations suggest that the trafficking behaviors of unactivated and activated PAR1 are specified by distinct signals within the receptor and imply that PAR1 internalization in the presence or absence of agonist may be mediated by distinct molecular machinery. PAR1 mutants that did not internalize in the absence of agonist were also shown to localize exclusively to the cell surface and to be defective in their ability to repopulate the cell surface with uncleaved receptors after thrombin exposure. These observations suggest that tonic internalization is necessary for maintenance of the intracellular PAR1 pool.