cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cofferdam Construction: I-205 Columbia River Bridge

The foundations for I-205 North Channel crossing of the Columbia River are two types, large spread footings with seals bearing directly on dense conglomerate and double bell shaped footings supported on bearing pile driven into the conglomerate. The methods used to construct these two types of foundations consist of two unique and separate cofferdam systems. The first system utilizes 100 feet long interlocking H-pile sections to form a cofferdam 145 feet by 59 feet by 100 feet deep. The use of these interlocking sections allows a designed dewatered depth of 62 feet with only two support points for the entire wall. The second system utilizes two bell shaped steel forms, stiffened to withstand a hydrostatic head of 54 feet. The larger of these two forms is 83 feet by 66 feet in plan by 62 feet high and weighs 450 tons. These forms, except for the top 14 feet, are one solid welded unit which was set and stripped in one piece.
Traction–separation relationships for hydrogen induced grain boundary embrittlement in nickel via molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract A statistical approach combined with molecular dynamics simulations is used to study the influence of hydrogen on intergranular decohesion. This methodology is applied to a Ni Σ3(112)[ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] symmetric tilt grain boundary. Hydrogenated grain boundaries with different H concentrations are constructed using an energy minimization technique with initial H atom positions guided by Monte Carlo simulation results. Decohesion behavior is assessed through extraction of a traction–separation relationship during steady-state crack propagation in a statistically meaningful approach, building upon prior work employing atomistic cohesive zone volume elements (CZVEs). A sensitivity analysis is performed on the numerical approach used to extract the traction–separation relationships, clarifying the role of CZVE size, threshold parameters necessary to differentiate elastic and decohesion responses, and the numerical averaging technique. Results show that increasing H coverage at the Ni Σ3(112)[ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] grain boundary asymmetrically influences the crack tip velocity during propagation, leads to a general decrease in the work of separation required for crack propagation, and provides a reduction in the peak stress in the extracted traction–separation relationship. The present framework offers a meaningful vehicle to pass atomistically derived interfacial behavior to higher length scale formulations for intergranular fracture.
Complications Associated with Digoxin Therapy in Low-Birth Weight Infants

Eighteen infants, each weighing less than 1,500 gm, were treated with low dose digoxin therapy for patent ductus arteriosus and signs of circulatory congestion. Nine of the 18 developed one or more signs of clinical deterioration felt to be related to digoxin therapy: eight infants experienced frequent episodes of bradycardia, six had cardiac arrhythmias, and six experienced feeding difficulties. All signs disappeared when digoxin therapy was discontinued. Digoxin, even in relatively low dosages, can have deleterious complications in seriously ill low-birth-weight infants. Alternatives to digoxin in this patient population should be considered before institution of digoxin therapy.
The scientific method and design and test

A few years ago, during a well-attended open Design Automation Conference benchmark forum, a panellist pointed out that "...reporting experimental results is a science and an art. A survey of the literature may reveal a consistent methodology.... Also, we should address the verification of reported results." In retrospect, the suggestion may have hinted at the vast body of techniques commonly known as experimental design. However, this forum was not ready to expand on the subject. Most search engines currently on the Web return tens of thousands of URLs in response to keyword searches using terms such as experimental design or design of experiments. Few, if any, of these search results point to an evaluation of CAD algorithms. In contrast, the experimental design methodology, pioneered by Fischer during the 1920s in agricultural research, is now firmly established in science and manufacturing. Its application to biomedical research can save lives. Biomedical journals have strict guidelines on how to report experimental results so others may replicate experiments. A URL from a medical school points to a concise illustration of a simple experimental design flow and the terminology used. Adopting the accepted norms of experimental design will give us a scientific method to conduct, verify, and report comparative performance evaluations of CAD algorithms.
Distributing representation for robust interpretation of dialogue utterances

A syntax tree or standard semantic representation can be represented as a set of indexed constraints. This paper describes how this idea can be used in task oriented dialogue systems to provide interpretation rules which incorporate structural and contextual constraints where available, and degrade gracefully on ungrammatical input.
Association of Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Loci With One‐Year Weight Loss in the Look AHEAD Clinical Trial

The importance of lifestyle intervention for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been underscored by the limited benefit of pharmacologic therapies. We sought to determine whether genetic variants that contribute to T2D risk modify the response of weight and waist circumference to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in patients with obesity and T2D. Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) is a randomized clinical trial comparing an ILI with a control condition on the risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults with T2D. We analyzed 28 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at/near 17 T2D-susceptibility genes in 3,903 consented participants. We genetically characterized the cohort by assessing whether T2D-susceptibility loci were overrepresented compared with a nondiabetic community-based cohort (N = 1,016). We evaluated the association of individual variants and a composite genetic risk score (GRS) with anthropometric traits at baseline and after 1-year of intervention. Look AHEAD subjects carried more T2D-susceptibility alleles than the control population. At baseline, TCF7L2 risk alleles and the highest GRS were associated with lower BMI and waist circumference. Nominally significant genotype-by-intervention interactions were detected for 1-year change in waist circumference with JAZF1, MTNR1B, and IRS1, and BMI with JAZF1. Highest GRS was associated with a greater reduction in waist circumference at year 1, although the variance in change attributable to the GRS was small. This study shows that the genetic burden associated with T2D risk does not undermine the effect of lifestyle intervention and suggests the existence of additional genomic regions, distinct from the T2D-susceptibility loci, which may enhance or mitigate weight loss.
COMMENTS ON: “SELECTED PROBLEMS OF INTERCOUNTRY COMPARISONS ON THE BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EEC”

The paper by Gerardi covers considerable ground, touching on a wide variety of issues in the area of international comparisons of product and purchasing power. Since our views on most of these subjects have been expounded in one or another of the International Comparison Project volumes and we will concentrate mainly on the central issue raised by Gerardi of the selection of an aggregation process that must somehow take account of the tastes of all the people who are the subject of an international comparison inquiry. In addition, we comment on some other points including the notion of special purpose PPPs. Finally, we make a brief statement about where we think future research will be most useful in improving international comparisons.
Antithrombotic Drugs: Part II

There are three categories of antithrombotic agents: drugs which prevent fibrin fromation (the anticoagulants and defibrinating enzymes), drugs which prevent platelet adhesion or aggregation (the antiplatelet drugs), and thrombolytic drugs which induce fibrin degradation. Clinical studies have now led to a better understanding of the relative value of these drugs in different thrombotic disorders. In addition, knowledge of the mechanism of action of some of these drugs has recently been much advanced. The anticoagulant drugs in clinical use are heparin and the oral anticoagulants. Heparin is a potent inhibitor of several steps on the intrinsic coagulation pathway through its effect on a plasma cofactor, antithrombin III. its action is immediate, but heparin must be given parenterally. Oral anticoagulants act more slowly, by reducing the hepatic synthesis of biologically active factors II, VII, IX and X, but can be given by mouth. Heparin is therefore most suitable for starting anticoagulant treatment, while oral anticoagulants are generally used for prolonged therapy. The value of the anticoagulants as antithrombotic agents has been best assessed by studying their effectiveness in preventing and treating venous thromboembolic disease. Oral anticoagulants have been repeatedly shown to prevent venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients at high risk of developing these complications. However, the increased risk of postoperative bleeding has prevented their widespread use for this purpose in surgical patients. Recently, the use of low doses of heparin, given subcutaneously before and after surgery, has been shown to markedly reduce the incidence of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (including fatal pulmonary embolism) after major elective abdominal surgery, and to produce only a slight increase of postoperative bleeding. This represents a major advance in anticoagulant prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism insurgical patients. However, low dose heparin prophylasix is relatively ineffective in patients having hip surgery, and has not been evaluated in patients having other types of orthopaidic surgery. There is direct evidence that antocoagulant therapy prevents death and recurrent embolism in patients who have developed pulmonary embolism, and considerable indirect evidence that it prevents pulmonary embolism, and considerable indirect evidence that it prevents pulmonary embolism (and death from pulmonary embolism) in patients who have venous thrombosis. The incidence of further venous thromboembolism or bleeding during treatment appears to be minimised when heparin is given by continuous intravenous infusion in a dose sufficient to produce a moderate, but no excessive, prolongation of a heparin-sensitive, in vitro coagulation test. The tests most commonly used to monitor heparin therapy was based on either the whole blood clotting time or the activated partial thromboplastin time...
Recognizing And Locating Partially Occluded Objects: Symbolic Clustering Method

Recognition of objects using model can be formulated as the finding of affine transforms such that the locations of all object features are consistent with the projected positions of the model from a single view. This paper describes an efficient method for the computing of the transform using the symbolic clustering method. Matches between image features and object features are explored to generate hypotheses of possible object locations. Consistent hypotheses are grouped to form clusters. Supporting evidence of the participating hypotheses of a cluster is collected to generate a new transform hypothesis. The clusters that contain sufficient amount of evidence are selected for further verification. Hypotheses are verified by comparing the object against the image directly. The advantage of this approach is that the basic hypotheses can be computed easily and in parallel and the clusters can be generated efficiently. Also, since clusters with strong supports are selected and investigated first, the probability that the correct transforms are computed earlier in the hypothesize-and-test process is high. Therefore, the total amount of computation for the recognition task may be reduced.
The Cylindrical Dipole as a Sensor or Probe

The cylindrical dipole is shown to be frequency-independent over the range of electrical lengths kh ' 1 for resistive loads in the range 3.77 -' RL C 377 fl when used to measure the time derivative of the electric field. It can also be used to measure the electric field in the frequency domain and used as a standard for calibrating sensors with regard to their frequency independence over selected ranges of frequency.
Delayed response deficit by cryogenic depression of frontal cortex.

Abstract Monkeys with chronically implanted cryogenic probes over the surface of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were tested in a delayed response task. Performance of this task was reversibly impaired by bilateral cooling and also, to a lesser extent, by unilateral cooling of this cortical area. Cooling to subdural temperatures of 25–30°C was sufficient to produce deficits. These deficits are interpreted as caused by reversible inactivation of the cortex around the sulcus principalis, with the consequent disruption of short-term memory function.
The formation of organotin halide adducts with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine oxy)ethane and methyldiphenylphosphine oxide

Abstract The acidities of a series of organotin halides toward the bidentate base 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine oxy)ethane ([C6H5)2P(O)CH2]2, EDPO) were determined by monitoring the 31P chemical shift of equimolar mixtures of acid and base as a function of concentration in chloroform. Additional studies used the analogous Lewis monodentate base methyldiphenylphosphine oxide (MPPO) and the Lewis base triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). In all cases, formation of a 1 1 adduct was found to predominate. Comparison of the equilibrium constants for specific organotin halides showed that EDPO and MPPO have comparable base strengths in chloroform. TPPO is a weaker base than either EDPO or MPPO in chloroform. Tin-119 NMR indicated that the organotin halide-EDPO adducts have 5-coordination at tin with no chelation of the base.
Ancestry-independent fate specification and plasticity in the developmental timing of a typical Drosophila neuronal lineage.

In the Drosophila CNS, combinatorial, interdependent, sequential genetic programs in neuroectodermal (NE) cells, prior to the formation of neuroblasts (NBs), determine the initial identity of NBs. Temporal factors are then sequentially expressed to change the temporal identity. It is unclear at what levels this positional and temporal information integrates to determine progeny cell identity. One idea is that this is a top-down linear process: the identity of a NB determines the identity of its daughter, the ganglion mother cell (GMC), the asymmetric division of the GMC and the fate specification of daughter cells of the GMC. Our results with midline ( mid ), which encodes a T-box protein, in a typical lineage, NB4-2→GMC-1→RP2/sib, suggest that at least part of the process operates in GMCs. That is, a GMC or a neuronal identity need not be determined at the NB or NE level. This is demonstrated by showing that Mid is expressed in a row 5 GMC (M-GMC), but not in its parent NB or NE cell. In mid mutants, M-GMC changes into GMC-1 and generates an RP2 and a sib without affecting the expression of key genes at the NE/NB levels. Expression of Mid in the M-GMC in mid mutants rescues the fate change, indicating that Mid specifies neurons at the GMC level. Moreover, we found a significant plasticity in the temporal window in which a neuronal lineage can develop. Although the extra GMC-1 in mid mutants is born ∼2 hours later than the bona fide GMC-1, it follows the same developmental pattern as the bona fide GMC-1. Thus, a GMC identity can be independent of parental identity and GMC formation and elaboration need not be strictly time-bound.
Ultrafast shock compression of self-assembled monolayers: a molecular picture.

Simulations of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are performed to interpret experimental measurements of ultrafast ∼1 GPa (volume compression ΔV ∼ 0.1) planar shock compression dynamics probed by vi...
Calculus of variations inL

Given an arbitrary function we determine the greatest quasiconvex minorant of the function in a way analogous to the classical Legendre-Fenchel transform. The greatest quasiconvex minorant is shown to be the same as the lower semicontinuous regularization of the functional. This fact is used to produce the relaxation of functionals onL ∞ of the formF (ξ, ξ′)=ess sup0≤s≤T h(s, ξ(s), ξ′(s)). The relaxed functional will be lower semicontinuous in the appropriate topology and yields the existence of a minimizer. Then the relaxation theorem is established, proving that the original problem and the relaxed problem have the same values under broad assumptions onh.
Synthesis and carbonylation of some α-alkoxyalkyl cobalt complexes, [RCH(or′)CO(CO)3PPh3] (R = H, CH3; R′ = Me, Et)

Abstract Cobalt α-alkoxyalkyl compounds [ROCH2Co(CO)3PPh3] (R = Me, Et) and [CH3(EtO)CHCo(CO)3PPh3] have been synthesized and transformed to their acyl derivatives, [R′CH(OR)C(O)Co(CO)3PPh3] 9R′ = H, CH3), using 1 atm. of CO. The α-ethoxyethyl complex [CH3(EtO)CHCo(CO)3PPh3] was generated by treating the acetyl compound [CH3C(O)Co(CO)3PPh3] with triethyloxonium hexafluorophosphate in CH2Cl2 and then reducing with LiHBEt3. The thermal instability of the resulting [CH3(EtO) CHCo(CO)3PPh3] compound precluded its full characterization, although it transformed into its acyl derivative in 82% isolated yield. The ethoxycarbene intermediate [CH3(EtO)C=Co(CO)3PPh3]+PF6−, the two alkoxymethyl complexes and the three acyl complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR and NMR (1H, 13C, 31P) spectroscopy. Attempts to convert the α-alkoxyacyl complex [ROCH2C(O)Co(CO)3PPh3] and [CH3(EtO)CHC(O)Co(CO)3PPh3] into their alkoxycarbene compounds with a variety of alkylating agents instead afforded [CO(CO)3(PPh3)2]+.
Residual Strain Effects on Bridging Stress of Cracked and Delaminated Fiber Metal Laminates

An analytical model is developed that accounts for the effects of both residual thermal strain and residual post-cure stretching strain in the prediction of the bridging stress and the crack opening displacement (COD) of cracked and delaminated fiber metal laminates. Two GLARE® tensile specimen configurations with center cracks in the aluminum layers, one with elliptically shaped delaminations and the other with rhomboidally shaped delaminations, are analyzed with the governing solutions of the analytical model. The shear deformations at the delamination front of either the resin rich region at the metal-fiber layer interface or the fiber layer itself are modeled. Analytical results show that the presence of residual thermal strain reduces the bridging stress while residual post-cure stretching strain increases the bridging stress. A high post-cure stretching level, inducing a greater bridging stress for lowering the COD and also affecting crack closure at crack tips, can result in an increased fatigue life. The use of either of the two shear models has negligible effect on the calculated bridging stress and COD. The analytical results are correlated with available test data of CODs for validating the analytical model.
Integrated online courseware for computer science courses

Computer Science CourseWare (CSCW) is a Web-based integrated online courseware system for the management of computer science courses developed by the Miami University Department of Computer Science and Systems Analysis. The system is designed to support a unified student experience for content delivery and programming (and general) assignment management. CSCW promotes incremental development through rapid feedback for students with its integrated Java style checking (using PMD [2]) and automatic grading capabilities. CSCW integrates with existing version control infrastructure (using Subversion [4]) and authentication infrastructure (LDAP or custom plug-in) to minimize administration. Paperless handling of programming assignments is encouraged with the ability for precise feedback to be entered by instructors for student consumption. CSCW focuses on the needs of courses using computer programs as a primary assessment measure. CSCW is actively being used at Miami University.
Malicious takeover of voting systems: arbitrary code execution on optical scan voting terminals

This work focuses on the AccuVote Optical Scan voting terminal (AV-OS) that is widely used in US elections. We present a new attack that can be delivered without opening the system enclosure, and without changing a single bit of the system's firmware. The attack is launched by inserting a maliciously programmed AV-OS memory card into the terminal. The card contains binary code that exploits careless runtime memory management in the system's firmware to transfer control to alternate routines stored in the memory card. Once the control is taken by the injected code, the voting system is forced to operate according to the wishes of the attacker. In particular, given that the attack results in the execution of the arbitrary code, an attacker can completely take over AV-OS operation and compromise the results of an election. It is also noteworthy that once a memory card is compromised it can be duplicated using the native function of the voting terminal. In some past elections it was observed that up to 6% of all memory cards were involved in card duplication. There exists a non-trivial possibility that the infection on one memory card can propagate virally to other cards in a given election. This development was performed without access to the source code of the AV-OS system and without access to any internal vendor documentation. We note that this work is performed solely with the purpose of security analysis of AV-OS.
Centenary of William James's Principles of Psychology From the Chaos of Mental Life to the Science of Psychology

William James's views on the science of psychology were as provocative as his observations of psychological and behavioral phenomena. His perspective on psychology as a natural science is reviewed briefly, the concept of "levels" is defined, and several emerging principles illustrating the importance of multilevel integrative research on mind-brain relationships are described. These emerging principles, which are not derived from, but would be at home in, James's Principles of Psychology, are the principle of multiple determinism, the corollary of proximity, the principle of nonadditive determinism, and the principle of reciprocal causation. These principles illustrate how the understanding of social psychological phenomena can inform and be informed by the study of both environmental (situational) and organismic (biological) factors.
Determination of A0 for the symmetric top molecules

Abstract A new method for the determination of the constant A 0 in symmetric top molecules is proposed. This method utilizes the data for the overtone bands of a doubly degenerate vibration of symmetry species E 1 u . Transitions necessary for the determination of A 0 have been indicated for all symmetric top symmetry groups. The precision of A 0 values determined according to the method suggested is also discussed.
Differentiation and Integration of Welfare-to-Work Service Delivery in North Carolina

Under Temporary Aid to Needy Families, county social service agencies determine how to work with government and nonprofit agencies to achieve Work First program goals. We use classical organization theory to examine how levels of differentiation and integration in county-level inter-organizational relationships affect client outcomes. We combine interviews with Work First program managers in 34 counties with publicly available data. Our findings do not support classical organization theory formulations, but suggest TANF participants benefit from the availability of a variety of services and options within a county, and from the coordination of those services.
Multiple Equilibria Analyses of Gas−Porous Solid Isotherms

This article confirms the physical significance of a new method for determining adsorption energy distributions in porous materials. The premise of the model is that an adsorption isotherm consists of several equilibrium processes corresponding to adsorption into a distinct pore size regime. A distribution type equilibrium constant, K, involving the gas and adsorbate in a pore of capacity n describes each process. In order to define the n's and K's for all the processes involved, isotherms are collected at several temperatures to minimize the ratio of unknowns to knowns. In this article the model is extended to a series of adsorptives and it is shown that the resulting K's, ΔH's, and n's are not meaningless empirical fit parameters but have the meaning suggested by the model. The ΔG's vary linearly with ΔH for each pore size regime and both correlate linearly with the square root of the van der Waals a parameter, a1/2. In addition to providing strong support for the physical significance of the parameters...
Solvation energy density occlusion approximation for evaluation of desolvation penalties in biomolecular interactions.

In calculations involving many displacements of an interacting pair of biomolecules, such as brownian dynamics, the docking of a substrate/ligand to an enzyme/receptor, or the screening of a large number of ligands as prospective inhibitors for a particular receptor site, there is a need for rapid evaluation of the desolvation penalties of the interacting pair. Although continuum electrostatic treatments with distinct dielectric constants for solute and solvent provide an account of the electrostatics of solvation and desolvation, it is necessary to re-solve the Poisson equation, at considerable computational cost, for each displacement of the interacting pair. We present a new method that uses a formulation of continuum electrostatic solvation in terms of the solvation energy density and approximates desolvation in terms of the occlusion of this density. We call it the SEDO approximation. It avoids the need to re-solve the Poisson equation, as desolvation is now estimated by an integral over the occluded volume. Test calculations are presented for some simple model systems and for some real systems that have previously been studied using the Poisson equation approach: MHC class I protein–peptide complexes and a congeneric series of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease–ligand complexes. For most of the systems considered, the trends and magnitudes of the desolvation component of interaction energies obtained using the SEDO approximation are in reasonable correlation with those obtained by re-solving the Poisson equation. In most cases, the error introduced by the SEDO approximation is much less than that of the often-used test-charge approximation for the charge–charge components of intermolecular interactions. Proteins 2001;43:12–27. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The eye and thyroid disease.

Purpose of review The pathophysiology and optimal management of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) have not yet been elucidated. Recent studies have increased our knowledge of the disease process and different diagnostic and therapeutic options. This review highlights the recent progress in TED research and identifies areas requiring further advancements.
The plasma potassium level in the newborn.

SummaryPlasma potassium levels of placental and early infantile blood samples are only slightly greater than the mean normal level for adults.
Generation and detection of whistler wave induced space plasma turbulence at Gakona, Alaska

We report on high-frequency wave injection experiments using the beat wave technique to study the generation of very-low-frequency (VLF) whistler waves in the ionosphere above Gakona, Alaska. This work is aimed at investigating whistler wave interactions with ionospheric plasmas and radiation belts. The beat wave technique involves injecting two X-mode waves at a difference frequency in the VLF range using the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) heating facility. A sequence of beat wave-generated whistler waves at 2, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 11.5, 15.5, 22.5, 28.5 and 40.5 kHz were detected in our 2011 experiments. We present Modular Ultra-high-frequency Ionospheric Radar (MUIR) (446 MHz) measurements of ion lines as the primary diagnosis of ionospheric plasma effects caused by beat wave-generated whistler waves. A magnetometer and digisonde were used to monitor the background ionospheric plasma conditions throughout the experiments. Our theoretical and data analyses show that VLF whistler waves can effectively interact with ionospheric plasmas via two different four-wave interaction processes leading to energization of electrons and ions. These preliminary results support our Arecibo experiments to study NAU-launched 40.75 kHz whistler wave interactions with space plasmas.
A Determination of e m from the Refraction of X-Rays in a Diamond Prism

Measurements of the index of refraction of the copper ${K}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ line by a diamond prism have been made with an estimated accuracy of one part in 10,000. These measurements together with the quantum theory of dispersion and the ruled grating wave-length of the copper ${K}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ line afford a method of evaluating $\frac{e}{m}$ with an accuracy comparable to that of previous determinations by other methods. The value of $\frac{e}{m}$ is given by the equation $\frac{e}{m}=\ensuremath{\delta}{\left[\frac{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rho}F}{2\ensuremath{\pi}W}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{1}^{s}{N}_{s}{1+A}\right]}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ where $\ensuremath{\delta}$, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, $R$, ${N}_{s}$ and $W$ have their usual meaning and $A$ is the factor which takes into account the electronic binding. For carbon and a ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2.75}$ law of absorption, the value of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{1}^{s}=6.0163\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0006$. Using $\ensuremath{\delta}=9224.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$, $W=12.0148$, $\ensuremath{\rho}=3.5154$, $F=96513.1$, $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.39220\mathrm{A}$, one obtains $\frac{e}{m}=(1.7601\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ e.m.u. This bound electron value is higher than most previous spectroscopic determinations but is in excellent agreement with the free electron results of Dunnington.
On the spectroelectrochemical characterization of the electrocatalytic oxidation of Cu(II) ethylenediamine

Summary The electrolytic oxidation of the copper-ethylendiamine complex in alkaline solution has been studied using tin oxide optically transparent electrodes. During electrolysis, a thin solid deposit assumed to contain divalent copper oxide or hydroxide, formed on the electrode surface. This deposit appeared to facilitate the electrocatalytic oxidation of CuEn 2 2+ and OH − ions. Spectroscopic and electrochemical data obtained during various electrochemical experiments suggested a mechanism involving trivalent copper as an intermediate in the catalytic step.
The Myth of the Superhuman Professor

Your car has been making ominous clunking sounds lately and you've brought it in for a checkup. The mechanic says there are some minor transmission problems, which he'll fix while you wait. You position yourself in the grimy lounge with the stack of four-year-old issues of Road and Track and wait. And wait. After an hour you poke your head into the garage and ask what's going on, and the mechanic tells you he's right on top of the problem and is almost finished. After two more hours you storm out and find a maze of parts scattered all around and the mechanic thumbing through a repair manual and looking perplexed. You ask him what he's doing, and he says he thinks he needs to replace the torque converter but he's not sure where it is and the diagram in the book is no help. Seriously worried now, you ask him if he's really a trained mechanic, and he says that actually he's not he's a body repairman but the shop policy is that everybody is supposed to work on everything and if you'll just have patience he'll figure it out sooner or later...and while he's got your hood up he might just have a look at a couple of valves that seem like they're about to go. You start to whimper and plead with him to put your car together and let you go.
General Form for the Longitudinal Momentum of a Spherically Symmetric Source

A simple form and its physical interpretation are presented for a solution of the momentum constraint in the initial-value problem of general relativity.
Diurnal Coupling in the Tropical Oceans of CCSM3

Abstract New features that may affect the behavior of the upper ocean in the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) are described. In particular, the addition of an idealized diurnal cycle of solar forcing where the daily mean solar radiation received in each daily coupling interval is distributed over 12 daylight hours is evaluated. The motivation for this simple diurnal cycle is to improve the behavior of the upper ocean, relative to the constant forcing over each day of previous CCSM versions. Both 1- and 3-h coupling intervals are also considered as possible alternatives that explicitly resolve the diurnal cycle of solar forcing. The most prominent and robust effects of all these diurnal cycles are found in the tropical oceans, especially in the Pacific. Here, the mean equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) is warmed by as much as 1°C, in better agreement with observations, and the mean boundary layer depth is reduced. Simple rectification of the diurnal cycle explains about half of the sh...
Dietary regulation of glycolytic enzymes IV. Differential hormonal effects in male and female rat jejunum

1. 1. The effects of oral progesterone, diethylstilbestrolm 17β-estradiol and testosterone (100 μg/100 g body wt.) upon the activity of five enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11), pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40), fructosediphosphatase (D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.11), hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) and Fru-1,6-P2 aldolase (fructose-1,6-diphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13)) were studied in the jejunum of both male and female rats. 2. 2. In male rats, jejunal phosphofructokinase activities were in the following order: testosterone > estradiol > diethylstilbestrol > progesterone > control P progesterone, diethylstilbestrol, estradiol > testosterone (P × 0.01). No differences were noted in the hexokinase or Fru-1,6-P2 aldolase activities in the five groups. 3. 3. In female rats, jejunal phosphofructokinase activities were in the following order: estradiol > diethylstibestrol > testosterone > progesterone > control (P estradiol > progesterone > testosterone > diethylstilbestrol (P < 0.01). No differences were noted in the hexokinase or Fru-1,6-P2 aldolase activities in the five groups. 4. 4. In female rats, bothe progesterone and testosterone blocked the adaptive increases in jejunal phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activities caused by estradiol alone. In male rats, in contrast, estradiol blocked the testosterone-produced adaptive increases in the jejunal phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activities. 5. 5. These data imply that the response of the jejunal enzymes to sex hormones is determined in part by the sex of the animal.
Glycoantigens Induce Human Peripheral Tr1 Cell Differentiation with Gut-homing Specialization

The carbohydrate antigen (glycoantigen) PSA from an intestinal commensal bacteria is able to down-regulate inflammatory bowel disease in model mice, suggesting that stimulation with PSA results in regulatory T cell (Treg) generation. However, mechanisms of how peripheral human T cells respond and home in response to commensal antigens are still not understood. Here, we demonstrate that a single exposure to PSA induces differentiation of human peripheral CD4+ T cells into type-Tr1 Tregs. This is in contrast to mouse models where PSA induced the production of Foxp3+ iTregs. The human PSA-induced Tr1 cells are profoundly anergic and exhibit nonspecific bystander suppression mediated by IL-10 secretion. Most surprisingly, glycoantigen exposure provoked expression of gut homing receptors on their surface. These findings reveal a mechanism for immune homeostasis in the gut whereby exposure to commensal glycoantigens provides the requisite information to responding T cells for proper tissue localization (gut) and function (anti-inflammatory/regulatory).
The Future of Surgical Research

Surgeons seem to love publishing case series, which are of limited usefulness. How can we encourage them to do randomized clinical trials?
Kinetic studies on the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase. Evidence for coexisting sites for Na+, K+ and Mg2+

Na+-ATPase activity of a dog kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase enzyme preparation was inhibited by a high concentration of NaCl (100 mM) in the presence of 30 microM ATP and 50 microM MgCl2, but stimulated by 100 mM NaCl in the presence of 30 microM ATP and 3 mM MgCl2. The K0.5 for the effect of MgCl2 was near 0.5 mM. Treatment of the enzyme with the organic mercurial thimerosal had little effect on Na+ -ATPase activity with 10 mM NaCl but lessened inhibition by 100 mM NaCl in the presence of 50 microM MgCl2. Similar thimerosal treatment reduced (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by half but did not appreciably affect the K0.5 for activation by either Na+ or K+, although it reduced inhibition by high Na+ concentrations. These data are interpreted in terms of two classes of extracellularly-available low-affinity sites for Na+: Na+-discharge sites at which Na+-binding can drive E2-P back to E1-P, thereby inhibiting Na+-ATPase activity, and sites activating E2-P hydrolysis and thereby stimulating Na+-ATPase activity, corresponding to the K+-acceptance sites. Since these two classes of sites cannot be identical, the data favor co-existing Na+-discharge and K+-acceptance sites. Mg2+ may stimulate Na+-ATPase activity by favoring E2-P over E1-P, through occupying intracellular sites distinct from the phosphorylation site or Na+-acceptance sites, perhaps at a coexisting low-affinity substrate site. Among other effects, thimerosal treatment appears to stimulate the Na+-ATPase reaction and lessen Na+-inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase reaction by increasing the efficacy of Na+ in activating E2-P hydrolysis.
The allelic state at intensifier influences the accumulation of UDP glucose: Flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in maize

Abstract In a variety of genetic backgrounds in maize ( Zea mays ), homozygosity for the recessive allele intensifier ( in ) conditions strikingly deepe
How I treat patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

Critical issues in determining therapeutic strategies for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), who usually die of bone marrow failure with or without conversion to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), include host factors in these mainly older patients, disease heterogeneity, lack of
Two-jet decay of particles with heavy quarks

We examine the possibility that heavy quarks may have significant two-jet decays resulting from the process h..-->..l+gluon with h (l) being the initial (final) heavy (light) quark in addition to the usual three-jet decay process h..-->..qq-barq. The process h..-->..l+g is found to occur with a branching ratio approx. =10% for b-quark decay and approx. =1% for t-quark decay (for m/sub t/approx. =25 GeV).
Transformation of dehydroalanine residues in case in to S-β-(2-pyridylethyl)-L-cysteine side chains

Abstract The SH group of 2-mercaptoethylpyridine adds to the double bond of dehydroalanine residues in alkali-treated casein and acetylated casein to form S-β-(2-pyridylethyl)-L-cysteine (2-PEC) side chains. The generated cysteine derivative can be assayed, after protein hydrolysis, by standard amino acid analysis techniques. The novel transformation may be useful for assessing chemical and biological functions of dehydroalanine residues in proteins.
Communication technologies for focus groups with remote communities: a case study of research with First Nations in Canada:

Communication technologies offer qualitative researchers more options for conducting research with remote communities. It is not always possible for researchers to travel to conduct focus groups an...
Phase diagram of a two-dimensional large-Q Potts model in an external field

Abstract We use a two-dimensional Wang–Landau sampling algorithm to map out the phase diagram of a Q-state Potts model with Q ⩽ 10 in an external field H that couples to one state. Finite-size scaling analyses show that for large Q the first-order phase transition point at H = 0 is in fact a triple point at which three first-order phase transition lines meet. One such line is restricted to H = 0 ; another line has H ⩽ 0 . The third line, which starts at the H = 0 triple point, ends at a critical point ( T c , H c ) which needs to be located in a two-dimensional parameter space. The critical field H c ( Q ) is positive and decreases with decreasing Q, which is in qualitative agreement with previous predictions.
Anxiety in visual perception

Abstract A catastrophe model of the perception of successive bistable figures is proposed. A modelling study which utilized Fisher's perceptual task, together with Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Kuhl's Action Control Scale (ACS), indicated an interaction between emotionality and action orientation upon “catastrophic” perception. Kuhl's theory of the functional meaning of emotions is considered as a possible explanation for the results.
Spin-Seebeck like signal in ferromagnetic bulk metallic glass without platinum contacts

Abstract The anomalous, ordinary, and planar Nernst effects of the ferromagnetic bulk metallic glass Co 85 Si 5 Fe 3 B 3 Mo 2 Ni 2 are reported. The contribution of the anomalous Nernst signal when the magnetic field is oriented in the plane of the specimen is shown to be zero; yet there is an odd component to the measured signal that varies along the sample length. Even though all measurements here are made using point contacts, and no spin-sensitive Pt strips are present, the signal has similarities to the spin-Seebeck signal.
Clinical evaluation of patients eight to nine years after placement of removable partial dentures

Removable partial dentures, constructed following principles outlined in this study, provided reasonable service for an 8- to 9-year period for patients who were wearing them. The oral hygiene of the patients was less than ideal. Few teeth were lost by patients in the study. There were no significant differences in caries incidence, changes in sulcus depths, tooth mobility, or alveolar bone loss between patients who were wearing their dentures and those who were not. There were increased levels of gingival inflammation seen in regions covered by the removable partial dentures and in gingivae apical to clasp arms. Other than these findings, there seemed to be no direct evidence that the removable partial dentures were causing dental or periodontal breakdown.
The Stability of Al11Sm3 (Al4Sm) Phases in the Al-Sm Binary System

The relative stability of Al11Sm3 (Al4Sm) intermetallic phases was experimentally investigated through a series of heat treatments followed by microstructural, microchemical, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The principal findings are that the high-temperature tetragonal phase is stable from 1655 to 1333 K and that the low-temperature orthorhombic phases, α and γ, have no range of full stability but are metastable with respect to the crystalline Al and Sm reference states down to 0 K. Thermodynamic modeling is used to describe the relative energetics of stable and metastable phases along with the associated two-phase mixtures. Issues regarding transition energetics and kinetics are discussed.
Problems with using traditional aggregate inventory to sales ratios

Abstract Changes in traditionally constructed aggregate inventory to sales ratios are shown to not necessarily measure changes in underlying subsector inventory behavior. This is because while traditionally constructed aggregate inventory to sales ratios can be viewed as the weighted average of the underlying subsector inventory to sales ratios, the aggregation weights vary over time reflecting shifts in the composition of sales across the subsectors. For example, aggregate ratios can increase when most of the underlying subsectors are reducing inventory to sales ratios; this is shown to have been the case for the US Retail Sector. As a solution to this measurement problem, the use of fixed weight aggregate inventory sales ratios is proposed. These should help business cycle analysts and researchers better gauge the condition of inventories.
Characterization of the Terminal Iron(IV) Imides {[PhBPtBu2(pz‘)]FeIV⋮NAd}+

New hybrid bis(phosphine)(pyrazole)borate tripodal ligands ([PhBP^(tBu)_2(pz‘)]-) are reported that support pseudotetrahedral iron in the oxidation states +1, +2, +3, and +4. The higher oxidation states are stabilized by a terminal Fe_≡NR linkage. Of particular interest is the generation and thorough characterization of an S = 1 Fe^(IV)_≡NR^+ imide cation using this new ligand system. The latter species can be observed electrochemically and spectroscopically, and its solid-state crystal structure is reported.
Models of relaxation in glass

Key features of relaxation behavior of both viscous liquids and glasses are reviewed. Accomplishments and difficulties of phenomenological modeling of structural relaxation are illustrated via comparison of computations with experimental data. A brief summary of physical ideas and results of microscopic modeling is given.
Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants of Alpha-Quartz

The elastic and piezoelectric constants of alpha-quartz have been determined by the resonance (previously known as dynamic) method employing the extensional mode of bars and the contour-extensional mode I (Lam\'e mode) of square plates. It is believed that this approach results in very accurate values.
Restrictions on Symmetry Breaking in Vector-Like Gauge Theories

Modulo some highly plausible assumptions, we show that vector-like global symmetries (like isospin or baryon number) are not spontaneously broken in vector-like gauge theories with θ = 0 (like QCD). We also show that in these theories massless bound states do not form from massive constituents.
„The Apparel Oft Proclaims the Man”: Cooperation with Deviant and Conventional Youths

(1972). „The Apparel Oft Proclaims the Man”: Cooperation with Deviant and Conventional Youths. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 75-82.
Short Communication: Estimate of Non electrostatic Interaction Free Energy Parameters for Milk Fat Globules

Abstract The surface free energy components for bovine milk fat globules (MFG) were calculated by solving a modified Young-Good-Fowkes-Girafalco equation with experimentally obtained contact angles for liquids of known surface tension components. The surface free energy of MFG was dominated by the electron donor term ( γ − ), which formed the basis of a significant repulsive acid-base interaction free energy term at the minimum equilibrium distance. Consideration of the decay of the acid-base and Lifshitz-van der Waals energy term over distance within the context of an "extended DLVO" model shows that physical contact of MFG in the absence of electrostatic repulsion (at their isoelectric point) is prohibited by the acid-base term but that "pseudo-flocculation" might occur at 4- to 5-nm separation in an energy minimum that was ∼15 kT for MFG of diameter=1.0 μ m.
Effect of β-endorphin on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration in humans

Abstract The effect of synthetic human β-endorphin on gastric acid secretion was studied in 9 healthy subjects. Neither 2.5 mg or 15 mg β-endorphin had a significant effect on acid secretion or on serum gastrin concentration despite the fact that this dose of opiate caused a significant increase in serum prolactin concentrations. The role of endogenous opiate-like peptides on gastric secretion is discussed.