cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer of tuber soft rot and early blight resistances from Solanum brevidens into cultivated potato.

Tuber soft rot and early blight are serious potato diseases. Development of potato varieties resistant to these diseases has been hindered by the scarcity of resistant germplasm. A diploid wild species, Solanum brevidens, shows significant resistance to both diseases. Numerous potato breeding lines have been developed from a potato-S. brevidens somatic hybrid, A206. A BC3 clone, C75-5+297, derived from this somatic hybrid as well as its BC1 and BC2 parental lines showed resistance to both tuber soft rot and early blight. Clone C75-5+297 has consistently out-yielded common varieties under disease stress. Using both molecular and cytogenetic approaches we demonstrated that a single copy of chromosome 8 from S. brevidens replaced a potato chromosome 8 in C75-5+297. Thus, C75-5+297 represents a potato-S. brevidens chromosome substitution line. Our results suggest that the presence of a single chromosome from S. brevidens may significantly impact the resistance to multiple potato diseases. The high yield potential of C75-5+297 makes it an excellent parent for developing potato varieties with resistances to both tuber soft rot and early blight.
Monoclonal antibodies: from benchtop to bedside

"Medical utility of monoclonal antibodies is only limited by our imagination. It is expected that efficient and accurate delivery strategies and technologies will continuously evolve to unveil the ever-broadening medical benefits of monoclonal antibodies".
High pressure studies of the carbon-oxygen reaction

Abstract The reaction of highly crystalline graphite flakes at O2 pressures between 0.1–6.4 MPa and temperatures between 733–842 K is followed. The global activation energy for the reaction is 204 ± 4 kj/mole and is independent of carbon burnoff and O2 pressure. The order of the reaction decreases from 0.83 to 0.51 as reaction temperature increases from 733 to 842 K. The results are considered on the basis of the known existence of stable and fleeting oxygen complexes on the carbon surface and the possible existence of nascent carbon active sites during carbon gasification.
Prospective Comparison of Computerized Tomography and Excretory Urography in the Initial Evaluation of Asymptomatic Microhematuria

ABSTRACTPurpose: The ideal imaging study for evaluation of the upper urinary tract in patients with microhematuria has been debated. We prospectively compared the diagnostic yield of computerized tomography (CT) to excretory urography (IVP) in the initial evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria.Materials and Methods: Between December 1998 and June 2001, 115 patients presenting with asymptomatic microhematuria underwent CT and IVP before cystoscopy. Helical CT images with 5 mm. adrenal and kidney slices with and without contrast material were followed by delayed 5 mm. ureteral contrast images through the bladder base. Each CT and IVP was examined by a radiologist who was blinded to the result of the other imaging study. Diagnostic yields of the imaging techniques were compared using the test of 2 proportions and chi-square analysis.Results: Radiographic abnormalities were noted on CT or IVP in 38 patients. Sensitivity was 100% for CT and 60.5% for IVP, and specificity 97.4% for CT and 90.9% for IVP. CT a...
Schizophrenia: a postulated animal model.

Summary Studies dealing with psychiatric concomitants of epilepsy and penetrating brain injury suggest that phenomena seen may be based on the side of injury. A separate, growing literature has begun to relate shizophrenia directly to problems of interhemispheric relation. Experimental work on animal rotation also deals with aspects of cerebral asymmetry. The chemical and anatomic systems manipulated in the animal work are the same as those postulated to be central to a biological understanding of schizophrenia. How these seemingly disparate subject matters may merge and point to a plausible animal model for the schizophrenias is the hypothesis presented in this paper.
Essential role of Plzf in maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells

Little is known of the molecular mechanisms whereby spermatogonia, mitotic germ cells of the testis, self-renew and differentiate into sperm. Here we show that Zfp145, encoding the transcriptional repressor Plzf, has a crucial role in spermatogenesis. Zfp145 expression was restricted to gonocytes and undifferentiated spermatogonia and was absent in tubules of W/W(v) mutants that lack these cells. Mice lacking Zfp145 underwent a progressive loss of spermatogonia with age, associated with increases in apoptosis and subsequent loss of tubule structure but without overt differentiation defects or loss of the supporting Sertoli cells. Spermatogonial transplantation experiments revealed a depletion of spermatogonial stem cells in the adult. Microarray analysis of isolated spermatogonia from Zfp145-null mice before testis degeneration showed alterations in the expression profile of genes associated with spermatogenesis. These results identify Plzf as a spermatogonia-specific transcription factor in the testis that is required to regulate self-renewal and maintenance of the stem cell pool.
p68, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, is expressed in chordate embryo neural and mesodermal tissues.

The p68 DEAD-box RNA helicases have been identified in diverse organisms, in- cluding yeast, invertebrates, and mammals. DEAD-box RNA helicases are thought to unwind duplexed RNAs, and the p68 family may participate in initiating nucleolar assembly. Recent evidence also suggests that they are developmentally regulated in chordate embryos. bobcat, a newly described member of this gene family, has been found in eggs and developing embryos of the ascidian urochor- date, Molgula oculata. Antisense RNA experiments have implicated this gene in establishing basic chordate features, including the notochord and neural tube in ascidians (Swalla et al. 1999). We have isolated p68 homologs from chick and Xenopus in order to investigate their possible role in vertebrate development. We show that embryonic expression of p68 in chick, frog, and ascidian embryos is high in the developing brain and spinal cord as well as in the sensory vesicles. In frog embryos, p68 expression also marks the streams of migrating cranial neural crest cells throughout neural tube development and in tailbud stages, but neural crest expression is faint in chick embryos. Ascidian embryos also show mesodermal p68 expression during gastrulation and neurulation, and we docu- ment some p68 mesodermal expression in both chick and frog. Thus, as shown in these studies, p68 is expressed in early neural development and in various mesodermal tissues in a variety of chordate embryos, including chick, frog, and ascidian. Further functional experiments will be necessary to understand the role(s) p68 may play in vertebrate development. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 288:193- 204, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chest X-Ray Resources

This column will introduce several freely available chest x-ray (CXR) websites. Physicians and nurses alike may be required to perform CXR readings; 1 however, diagnoses based upon CXR readings are not always accurate, 2 implying that the activity requires careful attention and study. The following websites provide images, instruction, and case studies to serve as supplementary educational tools or refresher materials for medical professionals who work with CXRs. Medical students with an interest in CXRs may also find the following websites useful for their own education and future interpretation of CXRs.
Quasi-static compaction of porous propellant beds. II. Experiments and application of lattice compaction model to cannon propellants

Abstract Five cannon propellants were quasi-statically compacted in a 127 mm diameter die/ram set at pressures up to 150 MPa. Some of the propellants were similar in composition to much smaller particle size single- or double-base ball propellants that had been previously compacted in a 25.4 mm diameter die/ram set. Simultaneous measurements of applied and transmitted forces, bed displacement, and outer die wall strain were made during loading, unloading, and reloading (only for two materials). Bed densities at or exceeding theoretical maximum were achieved for each material during loading (and reloading). Thermal softening near maximum density was especially significant for the single-base propellants, which were the most difficult to compact. Beds of nitrocellulose-based propellants momentarily locked during unloading even though the die wall was well lubricated. The dominant compaction mechanism was plastic deformation with the virtual absence of fracture, the same as for the ball propellants. Profiles of axial stress versus density were fitted by a previously-developed model which requires only the initial bed density and the Meyer yield stress (py). For one material, with compressive yield stress (Y) data that could be interpolated for the same strain rate during bed compaction, it was verified that py ∼ 3Y. For the nitrocellulose-based propellants, py decreased systematically with increased plasticizer level.
A view of the relation between the continuum theory of lattice defects and non-euclidean geometry in the linear approximation

Abstract A view is presented of the relation between the continuum theory of defects in crystals and the mathematical theory of non-metric, non-Riemannian geometry. Both theories are treated in the linear approximation. The lattice defects consist of disclinations, dislocations, and extra-matter, which are identified with the following three important tensors from non-Euclidean geometry: the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor, the Cartan torsion tensor and the non-metric Q-tensor. The correspondence between the two theories is established by finding a relation between the coefficients of linear connection of non-Euclidean geometry and the elastic strain, bend-twist, and quasi-plastic strain of defect theory. The definitions of the important tensors from non-Euclidean geometry then generally correspond to the field equations of defect theory. The identities for the curvature tensor generally correspond to the continuity equations of defect theory. The relation to the conventional formulation of defect theory is pointed out. Two examples are given to illustrate the concepts of the paper. One example is related to the deformations associated with constant dislocation distribution and the other to the deformations of a constant disclination distribution.
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY IN THE SEAGRASS, SYRINGODIUM FILIFORME, FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN'

Reproductive physiology in Syringodium filiforme Kuitz. is controlled primarily by temperature under day lengths ranging from 12 hr to continuous light. Texas plants can be induced to flower at temperatures ranging from 20 to 24 C, but southern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean plants are most readily induced at 23-24 C. Texas plants proceed to anthesis at temperatures above 22 C, but St. Croix plants require higher temperatures, above 25 C, for emergence of flowers from the bracts. Flowers induced under continuous light proceed to anthesis under day lengths shortened to 11 hr, but further floral induction is inhibited even under inductive temperatures. In natural seagrass beds, flowering occurs primarily under lengthening day lengths and warming temperatures that follow winter minima, but inflorescences may occur at other times of the year if temperatures permit. FLOWERING and reproductive physiology of seagrasses, marine spermatophytes in two families, Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitaceae, have not been explored extensively under controlled environmental conditions. Among the tropical seagrasses, flowering has been reported in two species, Halophila engelmannii Aschers. (McMillan, 1974, 1976) and Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig (Marmelstein, Morgan, and Peguegnat, 1968; McMillan, 1974). The investigations of Halophila demonstrated temperature-photoperiod conditions involved in floral induction, but the studies of Thalassia dealt with flowers that probably had been induced under natural field conditions. Although an occasional inflorescence had appeared in laboratory cultures of Syringodiumfiliforme Kiitz., the sporadic nature of the flowering prompted this analysis of its reproductive physiology.
Rates of Down syndrome at livebirth by one-year maternal age intervals in studies with apparent close to complete ascertainment in populations of European origin: A proposed revised rate schedule for use in genetic and prenatal screening

Precision and accuracy in determining rates of Down syndrome at livebirth are indispensible to algorithms which determine eligibility for prenatal cytogenetic diagnostic services. We derived Down syndrome rates by single year of maternal age which we propose as a revised rate schedule for background risk. Data on European-origin populations were obtained from 5 sources judged most likely to have complete ascertainment of cases. A "constant plus exponent" regression model and variants extending the analysis to higher powers of maternal age were applied to several ranges of maternal age. Confidence intervals about the rates were calculated. This analysis results in rates significantly higher than those in widespread use though the confidence intervals show a need for caution in assuming precision. Sources of variation in rates are also considered.
Membrane Thickness Sensitivity of Prestin Orthologs: The Evolution of a Piezoelectric Protein

How proteins evolve new functionality is an important question in biology; prestin (SLC26A5) is a case in point. Prestin drives outer hair cell somatic motility and amplifies mechanical vibrations in the mammalian cochlea. The motility of mammalian prestin is analogous to piezoelectricity, in which charge transfer is coupled to changes in membrane area occupied by the protein. Intriguingly, nonmammalian prestin orthologs function as anion exchangers but are apparently nonmotile. We previously found that mammalian prestin is sensitive to membrane thickness, suggesting that prestin's extended conformation has a thinner hydrophobic height in the lipid bilayer. Because prestin-based motility is a mammalian specialization, we initially hypothesized that nonmotile prestin orthologs, while functioning as anion transporters, should be much less sensitive to membrane thickness. We found the exact opposite to be true. Chicken prestin was the most sensitive to thickness changes, displaying the largest shift in voltage dependence. Platypus prestin displayed an intermediate response to membrane thickness and gerbil prestin was the least sensitive. To explain these observations, we present a theory where force production, rather than displacement, was selected for the evolution of prestin as a piezoelectric membrane motor.
Bichromatic wave propagation in periodically poled media.

The energy-exchange process between the fundamental and its second-harmonic fields copropagating in an optical medium is facilitated by the spatially periodic dc poling field. The nonlinear dynamics of this system is investigated in the context of an effective Hamiltonian formalism. The explicitly included cross-modulation and self-phase-modulation nonlinear terms lead to the bifurcation instability interpreted as a new switching phenomenon in which both up- and down-conversion efficiencies can be precisely controlled by the external field. Experiments testing predicted effects are suggested
Investigating ambivalence towards organisational change in a Football Championship Subdivision intercollegiate athletic department

Abstract To date, few scholars have examined organisational change in the sport industry, with the majority focusing on forces driving change. Only a handful have investigated responses to change, primarily centering upon factors contributing to resistance. Historically, most work in measuring attitudes has placed them on a bipolar continuum ranging from negative to positive. Recently, though, researchers have presented data to support an indifference-ambivalence attitudinal dimension characterised by evaluative tension. There have been few studies, however, that have examined ambivalence towards organisational change. Therefore, this research was undertaken to investigate ambivalence towards organisational change in a Football Championship Subdivision intercollegiate athletic department in the U.S. Through a case study, we demonstrate that ambivalence was a salient response to change, and that intrapersonal conflict, perceived lack of institutional support, managerial turnover, and previous negative experience with change served as antecedents. We then highlight the theoretical and practical significance of our study.
The effects of tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) and tumor inhibitor factors (TIFs) on tumor vascularization: A mathematical model

A mathematical model, which examines the effects of Tumor Angiogenesis Factor (TAF) and Tumor Inhibitor Factors (TIFs) on tumor angiogenesis and predicts the onset of vascularization, is presented. The TAF and TIFs are produced within the tumor, while in the prevascular stage, by a layer of viable proliferating cancer cells on the tumor boundary. When the concentrations of TAF and TIFs have reached a critical level, they are released into the surrounding tissue. If TAF and TIFs have penetrated the tissue to the extent that they can reach the tips of the neighboring capillaries, then regulation of the formation of new blood vessels begins. The present model describes this process in three stages, and the appropriate diffusion equations for the production and secretion of TAF and TIFs are solved in spherical geometry. The concentrations of these chemical substances are monitored and the rate of growth of the capillary boundary, which moves towards the tumor surface marking the onset of vascularization, is determined.
Finiteness of compact maximal flats of bounded volume

Let M be a complete Riemannian locally symmetric space of non-positive curvature and of finite volume. We show that there are only finitely many compact maximal flats in M of volume bounded by a given number. As a corollary in the case $M=\mathrm{SL}_n(\mathbb{Z})\backslash\mathrm{SL}_n(\mathbb{R})/\mathrm{SO}_n$ , we give a different proof of a theorem of Remak that for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$ , there are only finitely many totally real number fields of degree n whose regulator is less than a given number.
Determination of the anelastic modulus for several metals

Abstract A method was developed to determine the anelastic modulus or the grain matrix by using the stress-strain data obtained at stresses in the anelastic range in a constant extension rate tensile test This method was applied to determine the anelastic modulus of several metals. The values of the measured modulus were consistent with literature data. The significance of the experimental results was examined based on current theoretical concepts.
Symbiontic Interrelationships Between Microbes and Ambrosia Beetles. VI. Amino Acid Composition of Ectosymbiotic Fungi of Xyleborus ferrugineus

The ambrosial fungi, Fusarium solani, Cephalosporium sp., and Graphium sp., mutualistically associated with Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are rich in amino acids. Thirty to 32 acids were identified, but at least 10 other unknowns were detected. Of the free amino acids, alanine was the most abundant in F. solani and Cephalosporium sp.; alanine and glutamic acid were equally abundant in Graphium sp. Taurine, glutamic acid, and arginine were secondary only to alanine in F. solani . The quantity of glutamic acid in Cephalosporium sp. was secondary only to that of alanine. Arginine and aspartic acid were other major acids in Graphium sp. Protein-bound amino acids were high in concentrations of leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, alanine, aspartic and glutamic acid, glycine, proline, and serine in the 3 species, with Graphium sp. having about 1.5–2.0 times that of the other 2 species. F. solani had a high content of δ-amino-n-butyric acid. There was little change in total amino acid content or components between 5-, 10-, and 15-day-old F. solani .
Estimates of the contributions of sources to inhalable particulate concentrations in detroit

Abstract For a one-week period during July 1981, samples of fine (diameter −3 . A major contribution from a sulfate source, which appears to be coal combustion, was identified. This source is estimated to account for about 50% of the fine mass. Small contributions (less than 10%) from motor vehicles, incineration, fugitive dust and fuel oil combustion were also identified. Organic carbon, not associated with any of the above sources, also accounted for ≈ 10%. The coarse fraction which averaged 25.8 μg m −3 was dominated by crustal material which accounted for about two-thirds of the coarse material. Significant contributions were also identified from motor vehicles (mostly due to reintrained road dust) and iron and steel industry emissions.
Natural and sexual selection on color patterns in poeciliid fishes

In poeciliid fishes, sexual dichromism is associated with larger size and larger broods, but there is no relationship between sexual size dimorphism and sexual dichromism, or between degree of dichromism and color pattern polymorphism. Factors are discussed which influence the evolution of color pattern polymorphisms, sexual dimorphism and dichromism. Detailed studies of South American species have shown that the color patterns of poeciliid fishes have predictable effects in (1) avoiding diurnal visually hunting predators; (2) mating success; and (3) species recognition. Data from some Central American species indicate that some color pattern elements may be closely linked to physiologically variable loci, which further affect the variation in color patterns. Different elements of any given color pattern can be influenced by different modes of natural selection; in guppies the relationship between predation intensity and color pattern is different for melanin, carotenoid, and structural colors. Different color patterns have different degrees of conspicuousness on different backgrounds, and may appear differently to predators and mates with differing visual abilities.
Thinking about genetic redundancy

Partial functional redundancy among genes is frequently observed in a wide range of organisms and processes, but the selective value of such redundancy is not immediately apparent. Any fully redundant function should be evolutionarily unstable: unless selection acts to maintain the redundancy it will tend to be lost by mutational drift. I discuss four possible mechanisms by which selection might act to maintain genetic redundancy.
New fluorosulfonyl-containing monomers/polymers

Abstract New fluorinated monomers and polymers containing the fluorosulfonyl group have been prepared and characterized via the reaction of β-fluorosultones ( CF 2 CF 2 OSO 2 , CF 3 CFCF 2 OSO 2 , SF 5 CFCF 2 OSO 2 , SF 5 CHCF 2 OSO 2 ) with polyvinyl and allyl alcohols.
Kinase-deficient CMVpp65 triggers a CMVpp65 specific T-cell immune response in HLA-A*0201.Kb transgenic mice after DNA immunization

CMVpp65, a candidate component of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccines, has phosphokinase (PK) activity that could affect vaccine safety. A mutated form of CMVpp65 substituting asparagine for lysine at the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site (CMVpp65mII) is kinase-deficient. Using DNA immunizations in a transgenic human leucocyte antigen (HLA)A*0201.Kb mouse model, the mutated CMVpp65 induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) immunity similarly to native CMVpp65. Murine CTL lines generated from these immunizations killed human cells either after sensitization with CMVpp65-specific peptides or after infection with either CMV-Towne strain or rvac-pp65. It is proposed that CMVpp65mII be evaluated in candidate vaccines for CMV.
CALCIUM ENTRY IN RABBIT CORNEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS : EVIDENCE FOR A NONVOLTAGE DEPENDENT PATHWAY

We performed experiments to elucidate the calcium influx pathways in freshly dispersed rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Three possible pathways were considered: voltage-gated Ca++ channels, Na+/Ca++ exchange, and nonvoltage-dependent Ca++-permeable channels. Whole cell inward currents carrying either Ca++ or Ba++ were not detected using voltage clamp techniques. We also used imaging technology and the Ca++-sensitive ratiometric dye fura 2 to measure changes in intracellular Ca++ concentration ([Ca]i). Bath perfusion with NaCl Ringer's solution containing the calcium channel agonist Bay-K-8644 (1 μm), or Ni++ (40 μm), a blocker of many voltage-dependent calcium channels, did not affect [Ca++]i. Membrane depolarization with a KCl Ringer's bath solution resulted in a decrease in [Ca++]i. These results are inconsistent with the presence of voltage gated Ca++ channels. Nonvoltage gated Ca++ entry, on the other hand, would be reduced by membrane depolarization and enhanced by membrane hyperpolarization. Agents which hyperpolarize via stimulation of K+ current, such as flufenamic acid, resulted in an increase in ratio intensity. The cells were found to be permeable to Mn++ and bath perfusion with 5 mm Ni++ decreased [Ca++]i suggesting that the Ca++ conductance was blocked. These results are most consistent with a nonvoltage gated Ca++ influx pathway. Finally, replacing extracellular Na+ with Li+ resulted in an increase in [Ca++]i if the cells were first Na+-loaded using the Na+ ionophore monensin and ouabain, a Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor. These results suggest that Na+/Ca++ exchange may also regulate [Ca++] in this cell type.
The effects of involvement on children's memory for events

Abstract The effects of involvement on children's reports of events were examined. In a first experiment, first and fourth graders' memory for self-performed and observed events was assessed. In all situations, children recalled more self-performed than other-performed activities. In addition, repeated questioning was found to facilitate accessibility to self- and other-performed activities equally. In a second experiment, the effects of involvement were eliminated when children observed familiar others performing activities. These findings support the hypothesis that integration within a richly elaborated schema enhances recall of events.
Rethinking Neoinstitutional Interaction: Municipal Arena-Specific Strategies and the Base Closure Process

This article synthesizes the ideas of image and venue, the notion that governments act as interest groups and lobby within the federal system, and inside/outside interest group strategies with neoinstitutionalism. This is necessary to explain the active, entrepreneurial behavior of institutional venues, which until now have been assumed to be passive in nature. It is well known that public administrators not only serve the public interest, but also their institutional interests. To do so, administrators must be aware that their success or failure depends on their ability to adopt a policy that is arena-specific. For purposes of illustration, the authors use two case studies that demonstrate how cities actively attempt to block base closure and defense downsizing threats to their locales.
Hippocampal control of cingulate cortical and anterior thalamic information processing during learning in rabbits.

Past studies of the neural determinants of discriminative avoidance conditioning in rabbits have fostered a theoretical model that describes the interactive functioning of the cingulate cortex (Brodmann's Areas 24 and 29), the anterior ventral and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei (AVN and MDN) and the hippocampus. Here we test hypotheses of the model concerning the influence of the hippocampus on cortical and thalamic information processing. The rabbits learned to perform locomotory conditioned responses (CRs) in an activity wheel in response to an acoustic (pure tone) positive conditional stimulus (CS+). A shock unconditional stimulus (US) was given 5 s after CS+ onset, but locomotion during the CS+ -US interval prevented the US. The rabbits also learned to ignore a second tone (a negative conditional stimulus, CS-) of different auditory frequency than the CS+, that did not predict the US. Multi-unit activity and intracranial macropotentials were recorded in the cingulate cortex and the AVN uring acquisition, overtraining, extinction, reacquisition and reversal training. Data were obtained in intact rabbits and in rabbits with bilateral lesions of the subicular complex, the origin of projections of the hippocampal formation to the cingulate cortex and AVN. In addition, the activity in the AVN was recorded in a separate group of rabbits with posterior cingulate cortical (Area 29) lesions. Subicular and Area 29 lesions were associated with an enhancement of the training-induced CS+ elicited neuronal response in the AVN. The frequency of CRs was enhanced in animals with subicular lesions. CS elicited unit responses in the cingulate cortices were attenuated in rabbits with subicular lesions. Both of the lesions were associated with significantly increased amplitudes of the CS elicited average cortical and thalamic macropotentials. These results suggested the following conclusions: a) subiculocortical afferents provide an enabling influence that is essential for CS elicited excitation in the cingulate cortex; b) the cingulate cortical excitatory response in intact animals exerts a limiting influence on the activity in the AVN; c) the enhanced AVN neuronal response in rabbits with lesions is due to the absence of the limiting influence and it contributes to the increased CR frequency in those animals. It is hypothesized that the hippocampus via subiculocortical projections, governs the flow of CR-inducing thalamocortical excitatory volleys. This governance determines the timing of CR output. The results of hippocampal processing of contextual information acting through the subiculocortical projection determines the moment most appropriate for the CR.
Isoproterenol accelerates the postnatal differentiation of rat submandibular gland

Abstract The incorporation of 14 C-leucine into the soluble proteins of the submandibular gland was studied in rats of different ages. The proteins were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The pattern of protein synthesis during postnatal development undergoes a considerable change. Certain secretory proteins are not synthesized before 3 wk of age. Isoproterenol, given for 5 days beginning at 6 days of age, accelerates the postnatal differentiation of the submandibular gland. This is manifested not only in a morphological differentiation of acinar cells but in the induction of the synthesis of proteins characteristic for more advanced stages of development.
Co-payments and the use of emergency department services in the children's health insurance program.

Research suggests that more than half of all emergency department (ED) visits in the United States are for nonurgent conditions, leading to billions of dollars in potentially avoidable spending annually. In this study, we examine the effects of co-payment changes on ED utilization among children enrolled in ALL Kids, Alabama’s Children’s Health Insurance Program We separately model the effect of the 2003 co-payment increases on the monthly probability of any ED visit, and visits within three severity categories, using linear probability models that control for beneficiary characteristics and time trends that are allowed to vary in the pre- and postperiods. We observe a small decline in the probability of ED visits 1 year after the co-payment increase. However, low-severity visits, which we hypothesize to be more price sensitive, show no significant evidence of a decline. Our study suggests that the modest co-payment changes were not effective in improving the efficiency of ED utilization.
Deformation parameters of the charge distribution and the optical potential for some nuclei in and near the rare earth region

Elastic and inelastic scattering of α particles on 154Sm, 166Er, 168Er, 182W, 184W, and 186W was performed with incident energies between 11 and 21 MeV. Excitation functions for 0+, 2+, and 4+ states of the ground state rotational band were measured. Pronounced destructive nuclear-Coulomb interference effects were observed. Reduced E2 and E4 transition moments and charge and optical potential deformation parameters were determined from coupled channel analysis of both the sub-Coulomb and interference data.
Importance of Body Size to the Recruitment Process in Largemouth Bass Populations

Abstract Results of pond studies indicated that the number of young-of-the-year (age-0) largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides that grow to 15 cm or longer depends on the presence of suitable prey such as bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. Prey availability, which influences growth and length distributions of young largemouth bass, may be a major determinant of recruitment to adult stock. On the premise that large age-0 fish have lower mortality rates than small members of the same cohort, we applied a model of size structure to the problem of forecasting eventual recruitment from cohorts of young largemouth bass. The model confirmed that length distributions of age-0 fish can have important influences on subsequent recruitment; good first-summer growth may mitigate, in part, such detrimental events as water-level fluctuations. The model may be a more refined predictor of recruitment than density of age-0 fish. Received March 20, 1984 Accepted February 23, 1985
Regulation of Minimum Rates in Transportation

Importance of the problem, 206. — Congressional directives, 207. — General attitude of the Commission, 208. — Minimum rates and discrimination, 211. — Adequacy of revenue, 211. — Protection of the rate structure, 214. — Preservation of the advantages of particular modes of transport: the value standard, 220; particular agencies, 223; cost standards, 225. — Conclusions, 229.
Antiferromagnetic Resonance in MnTiO3

The effective internal field (2H E H A )1/2 as well as its temperature dependence has been found from anti-ferromagnetic resonance experiments for two different single crystals of MnTiO3, and from absorption edge data for a pure powder sample. The data are consistent with a uniaxial collinear two sublattice model as predicted from dc susceptibility and neutron diffraction measurements. The data for one crystal yielded results in good agreement with the powder material with a g value of 2.1 and effective internal field of 52 kgauss at 4.2°K. All samples followed a Brillouin function for spin 5/2 fairly well but with different Neel temperatures higher than that previously reported for this material.
We should screen for major depression

Abstract This article is a response to Coyne, Thompson, Palmer, Kagee, and Maunsell's (2000) article, “Should We Screen for Depression? Caveats and Potential Pitfalls.” We address four points that we view as central to their argument: (1) current screening measures are inadequate; (2) correct identification of depressed patients does not result in improved clinical outcomes; (3) screening is too expensive; and (4) screening may have harmful negative effects. We discuss the following important issues: (1) screening and prevention are still in the research and development phase; (2) the kindling phenomenon is an important reason to screen; (3) there is a need to focus screening and prevention efforts on ethnic minorities; and (4) high depressive symptoms have a substantial public health impact. Finally, we present reasons why screening is advisable, both for prevention and treatment purposes, and provide our recommendations. Our stance is that, in order for screening and prevention to become practical, they need to be implemented in both research and practice contexts. Therefore, we should make screening for major depression a priority.
Metabolism of natural volatile compounds by strawberry fruit.

As part of experiments to evaluate naturally occurring volatile compounds as fumigants to reduce microbial populations, especially pathogenic fungi on strawberry fruit, several test compounds were found to be metabolized by the fruit to yield additional volatile compounds. The natural products used as fumigants comprised alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and hydrocarbons and were tested with fruit in closed containers at refrigeration (2−4 °C) temperatures. The three principal types of volatile metabolites formed by strawberry fruit as determined by GC and GC−MS analyses of headspace vapor samples were esters produced from aliphatic alcohols [e.g., (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate from (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], alcohols formed by the reduction of aliphatic aldehydes (e.g., 1-hexanol from hexanal), and saturated products from reduction of carbon−carbon double bonds conjugated with an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl moiety [e.g., 2-nonanone from (E)-3-nonen-2-one]. Metabolic pathways leading to the formation of the volatile ...
Determination of lead in petroleum and petroleum products by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon rod atomizer

Abstract The use of a carbon rod atomizer for the analysis of lead in petroleum and petroleum products is described. Variables affecting sensitivity studied include: type of lead salt and type of solvent for standard and sample preparation, hydrogen diffusion flame, choice of analytical wavelength and interferences. For the 217.00-nm line, a sensitivity of 1·10-11 g (absolute) and for the 283.31-nm line, a detection limit of 2·10-12 g (absolute) are reported. Results of analysis of gasoline, used bunker heating oil, used jet engine lubricating oil, and crude oil for lead content are presented. An organic-to-aqueous solvent extraction system for lead is described.
Calibration of reaction temperatures in a very high pressure shock tube using chemical thermometers

Two chemical thermometers, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane and cyclohexene, have been used to calibrate the temperatures behind reflected shock waves, T5real, in a unique high-pressure, single-pulse shock tube. Experiments with 1,1,1-trifluoroethane were performed at nominal postshock pressures of 5000 psi and 9000 psi, and T5real was calculated from the extent of the reaction and literature values for k∞. Both parent molecule decomposition and product formation were used to calculate the extent of reaction. At each pressure the two methods of calculating T5real are in excellent agreement. The values for T5real obtained from the cyclohexene experiments are in good agreement with those from 1,1,1-trifluoroethane. The range of the temprature calibration is 1050–1350 K. No discernable pressure dependence between the two sets of experiments was observed for the calculated values of T5real. The effect of a 10% rise in pressure during the residence time on the calculated temperatures was also examined and is found to give rise to only small errors in T5real. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 722–731, 2001
A note on closing the windows: Some lessons from queuing theory

Consider two departments of a government each serving customers of a particular type. We explore conditions under which a reorganization leading to both departments serving both types of customers leads to an enhancement of “efficiency” defined in terms of the expected queue size in a stochstic equilibrium.
ASSESSMENT OF TEENAGE PARENTING

The adolescent mother and her child are a pediatric dyad at high risk medically, socially, and psychologically. A number of studies in the literature characterize the teenage mother in negative terms in regard to her maternal behavior. However, many of these studies are limited by small sample size or by use of subjective measures of parenting behavior. In the present study, we examine the interaction of 73 teenage mother/child pairs utilizing the NCATS Scales (Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale). This is a behavioral observation instrument which has been standardized with older mothers. The parental scores with this instrument have been demonstrated to be predictive of a child's latter cognitive functioning. The teenagers studied ranged in age from 13 to 17 years (mean age 15.8 years). Of this group 66% of the mothers were Hispanic 24% were White and 10% were Black. The mean parenting scores achieved by the teenagers differed significantly from the average score attained in adult mothers in the normative sample (p<05). However when educational level was controlled, there was no difference between the adolescent mothers and the older mothers. Adult mothers with less than a high school education had a mean score comparable to our adolescent sample. This suggests that parenting in the adolescent may be related more to educational level than to age.
A Non-Invasive Solidification Sensor for Metal Casting

Abstract A non-invasive sensor based on high-energy x-ray computed tomography has been developed for monitoring the progression of solidification in metal casting. The sensor comprised a 6 MeV linear accelerator and a 128-channel CdWO 4 detector array. Laboratory experiments were performed on cylindrical castings of pure aluminum and its alloys. The sensor produced a series of time-lapse images showing the movement of the liquid/solid interface during solidification. The solidification front was imaged every two minutes with a planar spatial resolution of 1.6 mm and a contrast sensitivity of 1.5%. The tomography results agreed well with those obtained by thermocouple measurements.
On terrain figures of merit for spacecraft landers.

References 1 Hanley, G. M., "Hypervelocity laminar convective flat plate heating," ARS J. 32, 1740-1743 (1962). 2 Eckert, E. R. G., "Survey of boundary-layer heat transfer at high velocities and high temperature," Wright Air Developmental Center, WADC TR 59-624 (April 1960). 3 Spalding, D. B. and Chi, S. W., "The drag of a compressible turbulent boundary layer on a smooth flat plate with and without heat transfer," J. Fluid Mech. 18, 117-143 (1964). 4 Probstein, R. F., Adams, M. C., and Rose, P. H., "On turbulent heat transfer through a highly cooled partially dissociated boundary layer," J. Aerospace Sci. 25, 751-760 (1958). 5 Arthur, P. D. and Guard, F. L., "Una espressione simplice per il calcolo del riscaldamento aerodinamico nello strato limite turbolento della lastra piana," Aerotecnica 5, 1-4 (1964). 6 Hansen, C. F., "Approximations for the thermodynamic and transport properties of high temperature air," NASA TR R-50 (1959). 7 Schmidt, J. F., "Turbulent skin-friction and heat-transfer coefficients for an inclined flat plate at high hypersonic speeds in terms of free-stream flow properties," NASA TN D-869 (May 1961).
MO-SAMS-L100J-02: Digital Mammography Quality Assurance: Comparing the Manufacturers Recommendations

Digital mammography is quickly becoming the technology of choice for breast imaging with several FDA‐approved systems already available and more on the way. Digital detectors in mammography have different characteristics compared to the traditional screen‐film systems and require by the FDA different Quality Control tests. This lecture is going to discuss the practical issues for the medical physicist who wants to learn the differences in these Quality Control tests and how they impact the mammography facility and ACR accreditation. The lecture will be broken into several parts. The first will review currently available FFDM equipment and their respective Quality Control tests. The second part will compare similar QC tests and discuss the key differences. The third part will review quality control for review workstations and laser printers designed for digital mammography. Educational Objectives: 1. To describe current quality control procedures for FFDM systems. 2. To describe current quality control procedures for review workstations in digital mammography. 3. To describe current quality control procedures for laser printers in digital mammography. 4. To review the impact of QC on ACR accreditation for FFDM systems.
Analytical formulation of small signal stability analysis of power systems with nonlinear load models

It is now recognized that both load dynamics and generating unit dynamics contribute significantly to the limitation of loadability of power systems. In this paper, we take a static nonlinear load representation and different combinations of machine and exciter dynamic models to develop a comprehensive linearized model to study small signal stability. In particular we monitor the Hopf bifurcation instability and through participation factor analysis we identify the relevant state variables.
Free energies of formation of thorium sulphides from solid-state E.M.F. measurements☆

Abstract Thermodynamic information in the thorium-sulphur system has been obtained from measurements on solid electrochemical cells at temperatures of 825–925°C. The cells employed were of the following types: (I) Th, ThF4 | CaF2 | ThF4, ThS, Thα; (II) Th, ThF4 | CaF2 | ThF4, Th2S3, ThS; (III) Th, ThF4 | CaF2 | ThF4, Th7 S12, Th2S3; (IV) Th, ThF4 | CaF2 | ThF4, ThS2, Th7S12. Free energies, entropies and enthalpies of formation of the sulphides were calculated from the data. In addition, lattice parameter measurements were made on thorium monosulphide to investigate the possibility of nonstoicheiometry in this phase. The results of these measurements are discussed.
Pore Fluid Effects on Shear Modulus for Sandstones with Soft Anisotropy

A general analysis of poroelasticity for vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) shows that four eigenvectors are pure shear modes with no coupling to the pore-fluid mechanics. The remaining two eigenvectors are linear combinations of pure compression and uniaxial shear, both of which are coupled to the fluid mechanics. After reducing the problem to a 2 × 2 system, the analysis shows in a relatively elementary fashion how a poroelastic system with isotropic solid elastic frame, but with anisotropy introduced through the poroelastic coefficients, interacts with the mechanics of the pore fluid and produces shear dependence on fluid properties in the overall mechanical system. The analysis shows, for example, that this effect is always present (though sometimes small in magnitude) in the systems studied, and can be quite large (up to a definite maximum increase of 20 per cent) in some rocks — including Spirit River sandstone and Schuler-Cotton Valley sandstone.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Charge coupled devices for intensified imager applications

Three types of CCD sensors have been successfully incorporated into ICCD (intensified CCD) tubes. Intensifier tubes of varying design and application have been manufactured by three different manufacturers. Typical characteristics of the thinned CCDs incorporated into these ICCD's will be presented. Problems concerning the compatibility of tube processing and CCD performance will be discussed, as well as the procedures used to minimize CCD degradation during tube processing. ICCD tube characteristics will also be presented.
Stature in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro: preliminary evidence from prison records

Esta analise sobre condicoes de vida no Rio de Janeiro, no seculo XIX, baseia-se em dados antropometricos e descritivos obtidos na documentacao da Casa de Detencao. A pesquisa mostra que houve mudancas significativas nas alturas de presos ao longo do tempo e em funcao de sua cor e nacionalidade. Principalmente, houve um declinio na estatura de escravos, a partir dos nascidos nos anos 1830 e continuando ate os anos 1860, onde se interrompe o presente estudo. As diferencas entre escravos e homens livres por um lado, e entre brasileiros nativos no Rio de Janeiro e brasileiros nascidos fora da capital por outro lado, mostram que, alem do declinio percebido na estatura dos escravos, houve tambem uma «penalidade urbana» na estatura, indicada pelo fato de serem os presos nascidos no Rio de Janeiro menos altos do que os outros presos brasileiros. Falta de alimentacao, aumento no custo de vida em geral, transferencia de escravos para fora da cidade depois de 1850, e epidemias urbanas eram fatores que influiam nas alturas dos presos.
Spiritual Elders: Charisma and Tradition in Russian Orthodoxy

Irina Paert, Spiritual Elders: Charisma and Tradition in Russian Orthodoxy . DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010. Pp. XIII + 286; illustrations; notes; select bibliography; index. £36....