cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in drug metabolism.

The cytochromes P450 are a superfamily of hemoproteins that catalyze the metabolism of a large number of xenobiotics and endobiotics. The type and amount (i.e., the animal's phenotype) of the P450s expressed by the animal, primarily in the liver, thus determine the metabolic response of the animal to a chemical challenge. A majority of the characterized P450s involved in hepatic drug metabolism have been identified in experimental animals. However, recently at least 12 human drug-metabolizing P450s have been characterized at the molecular and/or enzyme level. The characterization of these P450s has made it possible to "phenotype" microsomal samples with respect to their relative levels of the various P450s and their metabolic capabilities. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the human P450s involved in drug metabolism with their related forms in the rat and other experimental species.
Strengthening the Language Requirement at the University of Minnesota: An Initial Report

: Early in 1983, the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Minnesota embarked on an investigation of its foreign language requirement for the BA degree. After nearly a year of public hearings and deliberations, the Task Force appointed by the dean determined the then current language requirement to be inadequate and recommended the establishment of an entrance standard as well as the strengthening of the graduation requirement. In March 1984, the College of Liberal Arts Faculty Assembly approved the Task Force recommendations with only a few minor revisions. The key concept in both the entrance standard and the graduation requirement is proficiency, using the ACTFL Provisional Proficiency Guidelines. Since the publication of the Guidelines is relatively recent and since there were only a few certified testers for the ACTFL system, it was first necessary to hold a workshop to train Minnesota secondary and collegiate teachers. The first workshop was held in June 1984. Thirty teachers were trained, ten each for French, German, and Spanish. Shorter workshops were held during the 1984–85 academic year to plan the implementation of proficiency testing for speaking, reading, listening, and writing in French, German, and Spanish. The testing instruments for listening, reading, and writing were drafted in June 1985 and will be used for pilot-testing during Fall, Winter, and Spring Quarters in 1985–86. In Spring 1986, all secondary school seniors planning to enter the College of Liberal Arts in Fall 1986 will be tested for proficiency according to the ACTFL Guidelines.
Are there geon analogues in sourceless gauge-field theories?

It has recently been shown that there is no finite-energy non-singular solution to the sourceless gauge-field equations in four-dimensional Minkowski space that does not radiate energy. However, this does not preclude the possibility of solutions which hold themselves together for a long time before radiating away their energy. If they existed, such objects would be analogous to the geons of general relativity. We show such objects do not exist.
Remodelling of the pinna in myxoid degeneration of the ear

Idiopathic deformation of the pinna is not widely reported in the current literature. We present a series of cases in which patients have required surgery for spontaneous thickening and deformation of the auricular cartilage, and a description of a technique for surgical correction. Four cases of idiopathic deformation of the pinna are reported. Our preferred technique of scaphoid rim incision and anterior carving of the cartilage is described, with intra-operative photographs. Each patient reported spontaneous swelling of the upper poles of the ears beginning in the second or third decade of life. In 3 cases the deformity was bilateral, although in each of these cases one side was more severely affected than the other. Histology for these cases was reported as myxoid degeneration of the ear. All of the reported patients were pleased with the aesthetic outcome of their auricular remodelling. Currently, there are no typical patient demographics for idiopathic myxoid degeneration of the ear. We have achieved good aesthetic results by hand carving the anterior aspect of the deformed cartilage via scaphoid rim incisions.
Acute otitis media in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance and universal administration of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

The last decade has witnessed a shift in the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) with an earlier onset of disease and a greater proportion of children with recurrent episodes before 1 year of age. In addition antimicrobial resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole among otopathogens has increased significantly. Most recently universal administration of a seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Earlier onset of disease and the decrease in antimicrobial susceptibility among pediatric respiratory bacterial pathogens is likely to increase the risk of failure among young children with AOM. A seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of serotype-specific pneumococcal otitis; however, increase in disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes and Haemophilus influenzae has been reported. With these events as the background, I have reviewed the strategies most likely to be successful for the treatment of AOM in 2002.
Natural Infection of Suffolk Sheep with Scrapie Virus

A better understanding of the infectious process in scrapie was sought by studying the temporal distribution of virus in naturally infected Suffolk sheep. Virus was detected (by mouse inoculation) first in lymphatic tissues and intestine of clinically normal lambs (age, 10-14 months). Titers were generally low. Infection of the central nervous system was first detected in a 25-month-old clinically normal sheep whose nonneural tissues had moderate amounts of virus. In sheep affected with scrapie, similar amounts in nonneural tissues accompanied high concentrations in the central nervous system, notably in sites of severest neurohistologic changes. No virus was found in clinically normal high-risk sheep 54 to 104 months old. The early appearance of virus in tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric-portal lymph nodes, and intestine suggests that primary infection occurs by way of the alimentary tract, either prenatally from virus in amniotic fluid or postnatally from virus in a contaminated environment.
Bounded index and summability methods

An entire function f(z) is of bounded index if there exists a non-negative integer N such that . The least such integer N is called the index of f (se Lepson (1966)).
Regulatory Polymorphisms and their Contribution to Interindividual Differences in the Expression of Enzymes Influencing Drug and Toxicant Disposition

The unexpected paucity of human protein encoding genes suggested that polymorphisms altering gene expression might be more important than initially thought. From an evolutionary perspective, traits such as xenobiotic metabolism and transport that require a dynamic response to environmental changes would evolve more efficiently through variation in regulatory sequences versus coding variants. Such variation would be manifest as co-dominant traits and selection pressures would operate more efficiently because of their ability to impact fitness in the heterozygous state. Our current understanding of regulatory polymorphisms impacting drug disposition is reviewed including specific discussion regarding knowledge gaps and future research opportunities.
Brainstorming: The common thread in TQM, empowerment, re‐engineering and continuous improvement

Contends that in order to be successful with many quality improvement techniques ‐ such as TQM, empowerment, re‐engineering and continuous improvement ‐ it is vital that employees be able to articulate their ideas and inquiries. An atmosphere that facilitates and encourages brainstorming will enhance employees’ desire and ability to articulate their viewpoints. Elaborates on the importance of this aspect of employee empowerment and also addresses implementation issues.
Estimates of Liquid Species Diffusivities from Experiments on Reduced-Gravity Combustion of Heptane–Hexadecane Droplets

Abstract Experiments on combustion of heptane/hexadecane mixture droplets were conducted in a reduced-gravity environment. Initial droplet diameters ranged from 0.47 to 1.5 mm, and initial hexadecane mass fractions ranged from 0.05 to 0.4. The ambient gas was O2/He (with O2 mole fractions of 0.3 and 0.5), or atmospheric air, and pressures were varied from 0.033 to 0.3 MPa (abs). A previous asymptotic theory was extended to allow data on flame contractions to be used to estimate liquid species diffusion coefficients. The liquid species diffusion coefficients were found to vary significantly with pressure; this is attributed to variations in droplet temperatures.
New Potential Function for Atomic and Solid-State Calculations

An expression for the potential energy of an isolated atom or a solid as a functional of the electron density is proposed. A one-electron potential function is derived from it by means of the variational principle. It has the correct asymptotic form at large radii in the case of atoms and ions. It also gives the correct total energy of the low-density electron gas. Calculations of binding energies of electrons in negative ions and of the bulk properties of some simple solids are given as examples of applications.
Candida infection in a premature infant presenting as discitis.

Vertebral disc space narrowing at multiple levels was observed in a preterm infant. Post mortem examination showed discitis and osteomyelitis due to Candida. Candida enters into the differential diagnosis of vertebral discitis and osteomyelitis in infants and children.
Incidence of high-risk acute coronary syndromes and eligibility for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors among patients admitted for possible myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Objective Recent studies have demonstrated that glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors can reduce cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, little is known about how many patients are actually eligible for treatment. Our purpose was to determine how many patients admitted for possible myocardial infarction (MI) meet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor treatment criteria. Methods Patients admitted for possible MI who underwent a standard protocol that included serial sampling of total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, and troponin I (TnI) were retrospectively assigned to different treatment algorithms on the basis of criteria from GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor trials: an electrocardiogram (ECG) consistent with acute MI or ischemia, and myocardial marker elevations. Elevated CK-MB was considered diagnostic of MI. High-risk ACS was defined as ischemic ECG changes or troponin elevations without CK-MB elevations. Results A total of 2179 patients were admitted for MI exclusion. MI was identified in 304 patients (14.0%) (123 ST-elevation, 49 ischemic ECG, 132 nonischemic ECG). Another 273 patients (12.5%) without CK-MB criteria for MI met high-risk ACS criteria (172 ischemic ECG, 120 TnI elevations). Ischemic ECGs or elevated myocardial markers identified 454 (21%) patients as eligible for treatment. Inclusion of patients with ST elevation increased eligibility to 26.5%. Of the 454 non-ST-elevation ACS patients, 340 (74%) were identified early by the ECG or the initial markers. Conclusions A large proportion of patients admitted for possible MI met criteria for treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The non-ST-elevation ACS group was >3 times larger than the ST-elevation MI group. These findings have important implications for treatment of patients with ACS. (Am Heart J 2002;143:70-5.)
17β-Estradiol Alters Rat Type-II Alveolar Cell Recovery from High Levels of Ozone

Respiratory health is negatively impacted by exposure to ozone or to estrogens. Increasingly, individuals have simultaneous environmental exposure to both compounds. Characterizing the cellular responses stimulated by the combination of ozone and estrogens, therefore, is crucial to our complete understanding of the compounds' environmental health impacts. Our work introduces an alveolar cell culture model with defined media that provides evidence of ozone damage and determines sex hormones alter the cells' susceptibility to oxidative damage. Specifically, we investigated the individual and combined effects of environmentally relevant levels of ozone and 17β-estradiol on non-cancerous rat, type-II alveolar cells by examining biomarkers of cellular health and redox balance. The data reveal a complex role for 17β-estradiol in cellular recovery from 1 hr exposure to high ozone levels. At 0.5 hr post-ozone necrosis and inflammation markers show 17β-estradiol augments the detrimental effects of 350 ppb ozone, but after 24 hr of recovery, steroid treatment alters glutathione redox ratio and allows cellular proliferation.
Pharmacologic treatment of bronchiolitis in infants and children: a systematic review.

Background Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Up to 3% of all children in their first year of life are hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids are commonly used treatments, but little consensus exists about optimal management strategies. Objective To conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of commonly used treatments for bronchiolitis in infants and children. Data Sources We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register for references to randomized controlled trials of bronchiolitis treatment published since 1980. Study Selection Randomized controlled trials of interventions for bronchiolitis in infants and children were included if they were published in English between 1980 and November 2002 and had a minimum sample size of 10. Data Extraction We abstracted data on characteristics of the study population, interventions used, and results of studies meeting entry criteria into evidence tables and analyzed them by drug category. Data Synthesis Interventions were grouped by drug category and qualitatively synthesized. Results Of 797 abstracts identified in the literature search, we included 54 randomized controlled trials. This review includes 44 studies of the most common interventions: epinephrine (n = 8), β2-agonist bronchodilators (n = 13), corticosteroids (n = 13), and ribavirin (n = 10). Studies were, in general, underpowered to detect statistically significant outcome differences between study groups. Few studies collected data on outcomes that are of great importance to parents and clinicians, such as the need for and duration of hospitalization. Conclusions Overall, little evidence supports a routine role for any of these drugs in treating patients with bronchiolitis. A sufficiently large, well-designed pragmatic trial of the commonly used interventions for bronchiolitis is needed to determine the most effective treatment strategies for managing this condition.
Sun-control options in a high-rise office building

Abstract The DOE-2 building energy analysis computer program has been used to study the life-cycle cost and annual energy use for a wide range of glazing and sun-control options in a 25-story office building with 50% glazing. Four climates in the U.S. have been analyzed: Miami, Los Angeles, Washington, DC, and Chicago. The impact of daylighting in the perimeter zones for the various sun-control options has also been investigated. Double glazing was found to have little effect on energy use in Miami and Los Angeles, but reduced energy use 11–23% in Washington, DC, and 16–32% in Chicago, Daylighting reduced energy use 10–22% and had a simple payback period of 3.7–8.9 years depending on climate and type of fenestration. Of the alternatives considered, the lowest life-cycle cost and energy use were obtained with daylighting coupled with clear glazing and exterior sun-control blinds.
Inhibition of phosphorylation of rat synaptosomal proteins by snake venom phospholipase A2 neurotoxins (β-bungarotoxin, notexin) and enzymes (Naja naja atra, Naja nigricollis)

Some snake venom neurotoxins, such as beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BuTX) and notexin, which inhibit the release of neurotransmitter at both peripheral and central presynaptic terminals possess phospholipase A2 activity. In contrast, most snake venom phospholipase A2 enzymes such as those isolated from Naja naja atra and Naja nigricollis are structurally homologous to these neutrotoxins but do not have any specific or potent presynaptic action although they have higher enzymatic activities than the neurotoxins. In order to investigate the mechanisms of presynaptic action of the snake venom neurotoxins, we studied their effects on phosphorylation of rat brain synaptosomal proteins. It is known that phosphorylation of synapsin I, a neuron specific and synaptic vesicle associated phosphoprotein, increases neurotransmitter release. Incubation of cerebral cortical synaptosomes with 32P-orthophosphate at 37 degrees C for 30 min, caused significant phosphorylation of a wide mol. wt range of proteins including most markedly those proteins in the mol. wt range (81,000-86,000) of synapsin I. Both snake venom phospholipase A2 neurotoxins and enzymes (5, 15 and 50 nM) inhibited phosphorylation in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner with the following order of potencies: beta-BuTX greater than N.n. atra phospholipase A2 greater than or equal to notexin greater than N. nigricollis phospholipase A2. Five nanomoles of beta-BuTX, which has the lowest phospholipase A2 activity, inhibited phosphorylation of a wide range of mol. wt proteins (51,000-188,000) by 42-58%. At the same concentration, N.n. atra phospholipase A2 (which possesses the highest enzymatic activity), notexin and N. nigricollis phospholipase A2 caused less inhibition than beta-BuTX, ranging from 0-40% depending on the agent used. These results indicate that there is no correlation between their potencies in inhibiting phosphorylation and the levels of their phospholipase A2 activities. An inhibitory activity on phosphorylation may be at least partially responsible for a presynaptically-induced block of neurotransmitter release.
A discrete event simulation model for assembling the international space station

In late 2002 and early 2003, a discrete event simulation (DES) model was used to help NASA assess the viability of achieving a politically important goal. The goal was to complete the assembly of the international space station through the milestone known as United States Core Complete by February 19th, 2004. The analysis provided by the DES model was subsequently shown to be consistent with NASA's official assessments regarding the completion date for U.S. Core Complete. The success of this DES model has led to further improvements in modeling NASA's project to assemble the international space station.
Complex Optical Spectrum Analysis Using a Tunable Dispersive Optical Filter

A technique using a tunable dispersive filter is presented to obtain the relative phase and amplitude of a periodic optical waveform. A proof-of-concept demonstration is presented using a dual-drive modulator to create modulated test signals. The experimental results of their characterization are presented and compared to theory.
Early Stages of Sintering of Si3N4 Nanoclusters Via Parallel Molecular Dynamics

We investigate early stages of sintering of silicon nitride (Si3N4) nanoclusters by molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations on parallel computers. Within 100 pico seconds, an asymmetric neck is formed between nanocrystals at 2,000K. In the neck region, there are more four-fold than three-fold coordinated Si atoms. In contrast, amorphous nanoclusters develop a symmetric neck, which has nearly the same number of three-fold and four-fold coordinated Si atoms. In the case of sintering among three nanoclusters, a chain-like structure forms in 200 pico seconds. The present study shows that sintering is driven by rapid diffusion of surface atoms and cluster rearrangement.
Output-Noise Statistical Characterization for Digital-Phase-Demodulation Systems With Intensity-Based Input Noise

A large fraction of fiber-optic-sensor systems make use of interferometry in the measurement process, implying the need for demodulation to obtain the encoded signal of interest. Of great interest for sensor characterization is the performance of the demodulation scheme under the influence of noise. In this paper, we construct a very general transfer function that relates intensity-induced input noise to its phase noise realization in the output for a wide class of digital-demodulation techniques. We proceed to compute analytically a probability density function of this output noise and use this to compute low-order statistical moments of the output noise. We compare the analytical formulations with simulated data from a representative demodulation scheme used in a currently existing fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system and find excellent agreement
Rod photoreceptors dissociated from the adult rabbit retina

Rod photoreceptors have been isolated from the adult rabbit retina using enzymatic and mechanical dissociation procedures; their fine structure, synaptic activity, and long-term viability were examined using conventional electron-microscopic, quick-freezing, and cell culture techniques. Freshly dissociated photoreceptors were well-preserved compared to their counterparts in the intact retina. About half of the cells, however, exhibited broad continuity between inner and outer segments. Quick-frozen, freeze-substituted rods differed from chemically fixed cells in 3 respects: (1) there was an increased amount of granular matrix in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum; (2) branching and anastomosing profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum had disappeared from the inner segment; and (3) the number of synaptic vesicles within the spherule was highly variable, in some cases leaving synaptic ribbons completely denuded of their halo of vesicles. Light-adapted, solitary rod cells continued to be synaptically active: their endings were capable of endocytosis when placed in the dark in the presence of extracellular ferritin and tracer was incorporated into vesicles and vacuoles; this uptake was much reduced when the cells were incubated with the tracer in the light. Thus, synaptic vesicle regeneration was stimulated in the dark, suggesting that vesicles underwent exocytosis in the dark. Isolated rod cells adhered poorly to most standard substrates; without proper adhesion, cells deteriorated in 2-4 hr. However, photoreceptors did adhere to glutaraldehyde-fixed Vitrogen gels and could be maintained for over 48 hr on this substrate if kept in a complete medium at 22 degrees C. In contrast, Muller cells adhered quickly to a laminin substrate with their endfoot processes. The differential adhesion properties of Muller and photoreceptor cells may be useful in obtaining pure populations of glial cells or neurons from the adult mammalian retina.
Strategies for and advances in the development of Staphylococcus aureus prophylactic vaccines

Staphylococcus aureus is a common human commensal organism and also a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide associated with high death rates, prolonged hospitalization and increased medical costs. Severe S. aureus infections are becoming progressively more difficult to treat because of the spread of strains resistant to antibiotics, and community-acquired disease is also increasing. There are many clinical presentations of disease including superficial skin and soft-tissue infections, as well as severe invasive infections including bacteremia, pneumonia and endocarditis. The diverse array of virulence factors expressed by S. aureus contributes to pathogenesis and has provided the basis for antigen selection for new vaccines in clinical development. Key prerequisites for vaccine development include the development of approaches to monitor the immunological responses generated by the vaccine in a way that can predict the vaccine effectiveness. Careful consideration of the patient populations in which candidate vaccines are initially evaluated for their efficacy will also play a key role for vaccine development. There are now several vaccines at different stages of clinical development that offer exciting prospects for the prevention of this devastating disease. The composition and the early clinical results from the evaluation of these vaccines are discussed in this article.
Interactive selective decompression of medical images

We propose an image compression algorithm for the progressive transmission of medical images. Our algorithm permits the user to interactively specify arbitrary portions of a medical image for transmission at various levels of resolution up to lossless. The algorithm is adaptive and is based on quadtree segmentation followed by entropy coding.
Treatment of angioaccess-induced ischemia by revascularization.

Abstract Upper extremity ischemia related to the construction of a chronic angioaccess is a serious and occasionally devastating complication. Fourteen patients with end-stage renal disease (mean age 58 ± 18 years, 13 with diabetes, 10 female) had ischemia after construction of an angioaccess. Twelve patients had a polytetrafluoroethylene brachioaxillary bridge arteriovenous fistula (BAVF), one patient had a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and one patient had a brachiocephalic AVF. All patients had severe ischemia and five of them had established gangrenous changes. Symptoms appeared immediately after construction of the access in 10 patients. The remaining four patients had late onset of ischemia. The technique used for revascularization in all of these patients consisted of ligating the artery just distal to the takeoff of the AVF or BAVF and establishing an arterial bypass from a point proximal to the AVF or BAVF inflow to a point distal to the ligature. Bypass grafts consisted of saphenous vein in 13 cases and polytetrafluoroethylene in one case. Thirteen patients had a complete recovery, including healing of gangrenous lesions. One patient with severe gangrene of the hand at the time of revascularization required forearm amputation 13 months later because of progressive occlusive arterial disease. All AVFs were patent at 1 year. The 1-year patency rate for the BAVFs was 81.7%. All arterial bypasses were patent at 1 year. It is concluded that this technique offers consistent and durable hemodynamic and clinical improvement in arms affected by access-induced ischemia, with minimal morbidity, and does not affect the longevity of the angioaccess. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:861–6.)
Implementing a brief evidence-based HIV intervention: a mixed methods examination of compliance fidelity.

Dissemination of HIV behavioral prevention programs has increased the reach of evidence-based interventions, but there is a paucity of data on implementation and diffusion. The present mixed methods study focused on RESPECT, a brief counseling and testing intervention, examining compliance fidelity and the extent to which Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) policies and training have diffused to practice settings. Using client exit surveys (N = 830) and counselor interviews (N = 64), we examined implementation in 26 community-based agencies (CBOs) and public health departments (DPHs) in the USA. Multivariate analyses showed that at-risk clients, ethnic minority clients, and those who were primarily seeking services other than HIV/STI testing, were more likely to receive the program with fidelity. Counselor data suggested that multiple factors (e.g., client characteristics, agency structure) impact program adaptations. RESPECT is being delivered with good fidelity and reaching at-risk clients. The data provide support for CDC diffusion efforts. Future studies should continue to examine compliance fidelity and program sustainability.
PN acquisition for DS/SS using a preloop parallel binary search phase estimator and a closed-loop selective search subsystem

An acquisition method of long pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems is presented. The concurrent cross correlation of locally generated auxiliary signals with the incoming PN sequence produces binary search estimates leading to an initial approximation of the input signal's PN offset. The PN receiver then uses a closed-loop subsystem to determine the true offset of the incoming PN signal. New phase estimates are generated from successive corrections of likely errors in the binary search. The acquisition scheme's average acquisition time and its variance are analytically determined. Simulation results show that the proposed acquisition scheme is faster than the conventional serial receiver. A hybrid serial/parallel PN acquisition receiver is used for comparing the acquisition performance given similar hardware complexity. The hybrid receiver used the same number of parallel correlators as used in the proposed receiver's input phase estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides an improved performance under normal operating conditions.
Cancer Cell-Derived Clusterin Modulates the Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase-Akt Pathway through Attenuation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 during Serum Deprivation

Cancer cells in their respective microenvironments must endure various growth-constraining stresses. Under these conditions, the cancer cell-derived factors are thought to modulate the signaling pathways between cell growth and dormancy. Here, we describe a cancer cell-derived regulatory system that modulates the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway under serum deprivation stress. Through the use of biochemical purification, we reveal that cancer cell-secreted insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and clusterin, an extracellular stress protein, constitute this regulatory system. We show that secreted clusterin associates with IGF-1 and inhibits its binding to the IGF-1 receptor and hence negatively regulates the PI3K-Akt pathway during serum deprivation. This inhibitory function of clusterin appears to prefer IGF-1, as it fails to exert any effects on epidermal growth factor signaling. We demonstrate furthermore that the constitutive activation of oncogenic signaling downstream of IGF-1 confers insensitivity to the inhibitory effects of clusterin. Thus, the interplay between cancer cell-derived clusterin and IGF-1 may dictate the outcome of cell growth and dormancy during tumorigenic progression.
Inhibition of melanoma growth in a subcutaneous model using ultrasound with low duty cycle

Melanoma has a 5-year survival rate of <10%, primarily due to therapeutic resistance and immune tolerance. Durable responses to therapy of metastatic melanoma are enhanced when the anti tumor immune response is activated. FUS is an emerging non-invasive treatment modality for localized treatment of cancers. Traditionally FUS has been used exclusively for thermal ablation of the target sites; biological responses associated with both thermal and mechanical damage have not been investigated. Damaged tumor cells have release endogenous danger signals, which stimulate an immune response, suggesting that the patient’s dying cancer cells may serve as a therapeutic vaccine which stimulates an antitumor immune response. Specifically, we hypothesize that FUS will augment tumor antigen release and danger signals to mediate rejection of both FUS treated and untreated tumors.
TWO DISTINCT PANCREATIC AMYLASE GENES ARE ACTIVE IN YBR MICE

The genetic determinants of pancreatic amylase expression in YBR mice differ in two respects from those of other inbred strains. First, there are two nonallelic amylase isozymes present in YBR pancreas, while most mouse strains express a single pancreatic amylase protein. In addition, the in vivo rate of total pancreatic amylase synthesis is 50% of that in other strains. Both these traits are determined by genetic sites in the region of the Amy-2 locus on mouse chromosome 3. To determine the molecular basis for the presence of two isozymes in this strain, we have compared portions of their amino acid sequences. Two differences between isozymes A1 and B1 were identified among the 77 residues compared. This result demonstrates that two distinct amylase genes are expressed in YBR pancreas.
Thirty-Day Postoperative Mortality Among Individuals With HIV Infection Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy and Procedure-Matched, Uninfected Comparators

Importance Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has converted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a chronic condition, and patients now undergo a variety of surgical procedures, but current surgical outcomes are inadequately characterized. Objective To compare 30-day postoperative mortality in patients with HIV infection receiving ART with the rates in uninfected individuals. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective analysis of nationwide electronic medical record data from the US Veterans Health Administration Healthcare System, October 1, 1996, to September 30, 2010. Common inpatient surgical procedures were grouped using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Clinical Classification System to match HIV-infected and uninfected patients in a 1:2 ratio. Data on 1641 patients with HIV infection receiving combination ART who were undergoing inpatient surgery were compared with data on 3282 procedure-matched, uninfected comparators. Poisson regression models of 30-day postoperative mortality were adjusted for procedure year, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, hemoglobin level, albumin level, HIV infection, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA level. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause 30-day postoperative mortality. Results The most common procedures in both groups were cholecystectomy (10.5%), hip arthroplasty (10.5%), spine surgery (9.8%), herniorrhaphy (7.4%), and coronary artery bypass grafting (7.0%). In patients with HIV infection, CD4 cell distributions were 80.0% with 200/μL or more, 16.3% with 50/μL to 199/μL, and 3.7% with less than 50/μL; 74.1% of patients with HIV infection had undetectable HIV-1 RNA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with higher 30-day postoperative mortality compared with the mortality in uninfected patients (3.4% [56 patients]) vs 1.6% [53]); incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.41-3.17; P P = .04; 200-499/μL: IRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.20-2.98; P = .01; 50-199/μL: IRR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.29-5.47; P = .01; and P P P Conclusions and Relevance Current postoperative mortality rates among individuals with HIV infection who are receiving ART are low and are influenced as much by hypoalbuminemia and age as by CD4 cell status. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell count are only 2 of many factors associated with surgical outcomes that should be incorporated into surgical decision making.
COMPARISON OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF UNWEIGHTED AND FACTOR SCALES

Data on the Rahim Organizational Conflirt Inventory II, which measures the five styles of handling interpersonal conflict, such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising, were collected from a random national sample of 1,219 executives. Scales for the five conflict styles were constructed by an unweighted method (item averaging) and complete estimation and shorthand methods of factor scaling. A comparison of reliability and validity of the five scales of conflict styles constructed by the three methods indicated no superiority of the factor scaling methods over the unweighted method.
Approximate integrals of radiofrequency-driven particle motion in a magnetic field

For a particle moving in a non-uniform static magnetic field under the action of a radiofrequency wave, ponderomotive effects result from radiofrequency-driven oscillations nonlinearly coupled with Larmor rotation. Using the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, we show how, despite this coupling, two independent integrals of the particle motion are approximately conserved. These are the magnetic moment of free Larmor rotation and the quasi-energy of the guiding center motion parallel to the d.c. magnetic field. Under the assumption of non-resonant interaction of the particle with the radiofrequency field, these integrals represent adiabatic invariants of the particle motion.
The Role of Time Series Analysis in Econometric Model Evaluation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of modern methods of time series analysis in the evaluation of econometric models. Despite the fact that econometric models are frequently based on time series data, classical regression and related methods are almost always used in parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. The chapter presents an approach to econometric model evaluation that draws heavily on time series methods generally and spectral methods in particular. It presents the general approaches of classical econometrics and time series analysis. This comparison provides the motivation for the view that time series methods can play an important role in econometric model evaluation. The chapter discusses several basic concepts of univariate time series analysis including the power spectrum and explains how these can be used in model evaluation. It presents multivariate time series analysis and an analysis of aggregate consumption data that illustrates the use of time series techniques to evaluate a simple model.
Collaborative filtering with privacy

Server-based collaborative filtering systems have been very successful in e-commerce and in direct recommendation applications. In future, they have many potential applications in ubiquitous computing settings. But today's schemes have problems such as loss of privacy, favoring retail monopolies, and with hampering diffusion of innovations. We propose an alternative model in which users control all of their log data. We describe an algorithm whereby a community of users can compute a public "aggregate" of their data that does not expose individual users' data. The aggregate allows personalized recommendations to be computed by members of the community, or by outsiders. The numerical algorithm is fast, robust and accurate. Our method reduces the collaborative filtering task to an iterative calculation of the aggregate requiring only addition of vectors of user data. Then we use homomorphic encryption to allow sums of encrypted vectors to be computed and decrypted without exposing individual data. We give verification schemes for all parties in the computation. Our system can be implemented with untrusted servers, or with additional infrastructure, as a fully peer-to-peer (P2P) system.
Weight and Mortality Rates: “Gómez Classification” for Children With Cerebral Palsy?

The study of the relationship between body weight and mortality rates has a prominent history in pediatric medicine. In a classic article from 1956 (reprinted in 20001), Gomez and Galvan reported factors associated with death for a group of malnourished children admitted to a hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Those authors defined categories of malnutrition (first, second, and third degree), solely on the basis of expected weight for age, that were associated with mortality risk. Children with third-degree malnutrition, defined as having a body weight <60% of the median weight for age, had a markedly increased risk of death, independent of other factors. These categories, with some modification, were ultimately referred to as the Gomez classification of malnutrition.2 This classification, and others that followed, included the essential elements of an anthropometric indicator, a reference population for comparison, and cutoff points for various degrees of malnutrition. In this issue of Pediatrics , Brooks et al3 “borrowed a page” from Gomez and Galvan; they chose the anthropometric indicator of weight, expanded their previous work developing growth charts for children with … Address correspondence to Richard D. Stevenson, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Kluge Children's Rehabilitation Center, University of Virginia, 2270 Ivy Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903. E-mail: rds8z{at}virginia.edu
The 36-Item Short Form

The use of patient-derived, objective outcome measures has expanded substantially within the orthopaedic literature. Quality-of-life instruments are categorized as general health or as condition-specific questionnaires. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) is a general health-based survey of quality of life. It has been validated, is used widely across medical disciplines, and can be self-administered by the patient with reliability. The SF-36 has been implemented to define disease conditions, to determine the effect of treatment, to differentiate the effect of different treatments, and to compare orthopaedic conditions with other medical conditions. However, a bias of lower over upper extremity function has been demonstrated with the SF-36, as have limitations in assessment of certain physical activities of daily living as well as upper and lower limits on the detection of certain changes in quality-of-life status. Nevertheless, with an adequate knowledge of its effectiveness and limitations, the SF-36 can be a useful tool in many branches of orthopaedic surgery.
Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9-Y0.08Sr0.88Ti0.95Al0.05O3 + δ Composite Mixed Conductors for Hydrogen Separation

A new approach to separate hydrogen using oxygen ion and electron/hole mixed conductors has been proposed and is being currently investigated. In this approach, oxygen from steam diffuses across the membrane as ions through coupled transport with electrons/holes, resulting in conversion of the steam into hydrogen. Methane reformation by the transported oxygen occurs on the other side of the membrane. While doped lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxides possess high mixed conductivity under relatively oxidizing conditions, they do not sustain these conductivities under relatively reducing conditions. Further, they are unstable under the relatively reducing conditions expected to prevail on both sides of the membrane in the current process. A new dual-phase composite mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane, comprised of doped ceria, an excellent oxygen-ion conductor, and doped strontium titanate, an excellent electronic conductor, has been developed. This dual-phase composite is stable in very reducing conditions and suitable for application in the proposed hydrogen separation process. The physical and electrical characterization of the composite comprising doped ceria and doped strontium titanate has been investigated in this study.
How Coercive and Legitimate Power Relate to Different Conflict Management Styles: A Case Study of Birjand High Schools

This study investigates the relationship between two sources of organizational power (i.e., coercive and legitimate power) and five conflict management styles (i.e., avoiding, accommodating, competing, collaborating, and compromising style). Results of this study revealed that principals’ coercive power has a positive relationship with avoiding and competing conflict management styles. Since these two conflict management styles both require low levels of cooperation, therefore it is fair to claim that higher degrees of coercive power facilitate the use of conflict management styles that require low levels of cooperation. It was also found that principals’ legitimate power is positively related to accommodating and collaborating conflict management styles. Since both of these styles are associated with high levels of cooperation, therefore it is fair to claim that higher degrees of legitimate power will facilitate the use of conflict management styles requiring high levels of cooperation.
Dysphagia in the high-risk infant: potential factors and mechanisms

Neonatal dysphagia, or abnormalities of swallowing, represent a major global problem, and consequences of dysfunctional feeding patterns carry over into infancy and toddler age groups. Growth, development, and independent feeding skills are all delayed among high-risk infants. Such a group comprises premature birth, low-birth-weight, congenital anomalies, perinatal asphyxia, postsurgical, and sepsis categories. The conflict between pathophysiologic and pragmatic feeding strategies remains a major conundrum and is largely due to a lack of validated diagnostic approaches amid heterogeneity of the patient phenotype. Thus, well-tested feeding management strategies that can be generalizable are lacking. Furthermore, the aerodigestive symptoms and signs, potential risk factors, and contributory etiologies remain nonspecific. This article presents mechanistic evidence related to the pathophysiologic basis of neonatal dysphagia as well as potential opportunities to improve feeding abilities and long-term development.
The Injustice in White-Collar Cases from Selectively Waiving Attorney-Client Privilege, as Shown by Mckesson

The attorney-client privilege protects communications between a client and his attorney, so that other litigants cannot demand these e-mails, letters, and so on through the pre-trial process of discovery. This privilege is ordinarily waived, however, if the client leaks such a document to a third party. Anybody else in litigation against the client can then demand a copy of the document for himself. There is, however, a little-known exception called the selective waiver doctrine, where privileged documents can be turned over to the government without making them available to other litigants. In theory it encourages companies under investigation by the federal government to cooperate by turning over confidential documents without fear of being sued by private civil plaintiffs on those same smoking gun documents. But more realistically the selective waiver keeps defense materials away from white-collar defendants, such as mid-level and senior executives, who need those documents to prove their innocence. Private civil plaintiffs can choose their jurisdiction to avoid the selective waiver doctrine, as only a minority of state and federal jurisdictions has adopted it. Criminal defendants on the other hand do not have that luxury because it is not they but prosecutors who choose where to bring charges. The problem of forum shopping was dramatically proven in 2005 in the multi-forum civil and criminal litigation on the McKesson HBOC securities fraud. Regardless of the merits of the selective waiver doctrine - and the emerging consensus is negative - the intractable forum-shopping problem means the selective waiver doctrine is useless if not unjust. It should be repealed in the jurisdictions where it remains good law.
Aging and Religious Disaffiliation

Patterns of lifetime church attendance and participation in voluntary associations among skid-row men and two samples of "normal" respondents are contrasted with models of aging and affiliation derived from previous research. All samples manifested substantial religious disaffiliation during adult life, with the model based in "disengagement theory" receiving the greatest support. With advancing age, church attendance becomes increasingly less important as a source of voluntary affiliation among both well-to-do and poor men. Comparison of results from cross-sectional and retrospective data suggest that currently accepted generalizations about lifetime patterns of aging and church attendance are open to serious question. Developmental patterns must be distinguished from variations due to societal change, and cross-sectional data do not permit this distinction. * Revision of a paper read at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Montreal, October 1968. The research reported here draws upon data collected by the Homelessness Project, a research program conducted from 1965 to 1968 at the Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, and supported by a grant from the National Institute of M ntal Health (MH-10861). Theodore Caplow was the Principal Investigator. Preparation of the present paper was completed under Project 1960, Department of Rural Sociology, College of AgriThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.17 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 06:21:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms