cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive optics wide-field microscope corrections using a MEMS DM and Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

We demonstrated the used of an adaptive optic system in biological imaging to improve the imaging characteristics of a wide field microscope. A crimson red fluorescent bead emitting light at 650 nm was used together with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and deformable mirror to compensate for the aberrations introduce by a Drosophila embryo. The measurement and correction at one wavelength improves the resolving power at a different wavelength, enabling the structure of the sample to be resolved (510 nm). The use of the crimson beads allow for less photobleaching to be done to the science object of the embryo, in this case our GFP model (green fluorescent beads), and allows for the science object and wavefront reference to be spectrally separated. The spectral separation allows for single points sources to be used for wavefront measurements, which is a necessary condition for the Shack-Hartmann Wavefront sensor operation.
Thickness-two graphs part one: New nine-critical graphs, permuted layer graphs, and Catlin's graphs

The purpose of this article is to offer new insight and tools toward the pursuit of the largest chromatic number in the class of thicknesstwo graphs. At present, the highest chromatic number known for a thickness-two graph is 9, and there is only one known color-critical such graph. We introduce 40 small 9-critical thickness-two graphs, and then use a newconstruction, the permuted layer graphs, together with a construction of Hajos to create an infinite family of 9-critical thickness-two graphs. Finally, a non-trivial infinite subfamily of Catlin's graphs, with directly computable chromatic numbers, is shown to have thickness two. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 57: 198–214, 2008
Cooperative Query Answering via Type Abstraction Hierarchy

Cooperative query answering consists of analyzing the intent of the query and providing generalized, neighborhood or associated information relevant to the query. The key issues to accomplish cooperative query answering consist of supporting different knowledge representations at different abstract levels and providing inference between these levels. In this paper the Type Abstraction Hierarchy is proposed which is characterized by dealing with subtyping from subsumption, composition, and also abstraction views. Based on the type abstraction feature provided by this model, an inference technique for cooperative query answering is developed. Such an inference is performed by abstracting and refining the goal to generalize and specialize the query scope and to derive relevant answers with different generality, coverage, and approximation, or to link related subjects at certain levels by using different representations of knowledge given at different levels. A prototype system has been implemented at UCLA that demonstrates the use of this approach for such decision making and problem solving applications as conceptual query processing, neighborhood inference, and subject association.
Shallow Seismicity in Stable Continental Regions

A worldwide compilation of well-constrained fault ruptures and focal depths of earthquakes reveals that the Earth9s crust in many stable continental regions (SCRs) is characterized by a bimodal depth distribution with a very shallow upper crustal component. The distributions can vary in a) depth of the modes and b) strength of bimodality, probably due to intracrustal boundaries, differences in frictional and rheological properties, heat-flow densities, strain-rates, and tectonic forces or forces stemming from the surface. Overall, SCR ruptures and SCR earthquakes are confined within the upper third (0–10 km) and/or the lower third of the crust (20–35 km), while the midcrust (10–20 km) tends to be aseismic. Historical data indicate that some SCRs show very well-developed bimodal distributions of focal depths ( e.g. , North Alpine foreland basin in Europe, Kachchh basin in India), while others show weak to no developed bimodal distributions ( e.g. , Charlevoix seismic zone, New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States). Moreover, many large SCR earthquakes ( M w 4.5–8.0) nucleate on reverse faults and close to the surface ( m b e.g. , ground motion).
Christian Fundamentalism and Support for Capital Punishment

Few public policy issues have inflamed passions as consistently and as strongly as the debate over capital punishment. Religious denominations have been deeply involved on both sides of the issue, drawing both on teachings and traditions of justice and on those that emphasize the dignity of human life. Scholarly researchers have investigated the role that religious beliefs play in shaping sentiments toward crime control policies, with a particular focus on the relationship between belonging to a Christian fundamentalist denomination and support for the death penalty. Researchers have reasoned that Christian fundamentalists should be more likely to support capital punishment than other more moderate denominations because they hold conservative religious beliefs that justify the use of the death penalty. Using 1998 data from the General Social Survey, the authors initially show that contrary to common views, Christian fundamentalist affiliation is unrelated to support for capital punishment. Subsequent anal...
Tracking of multiple targets using pipelined-adaptive algorithm

New pipelined-adaptive algorithms are proposed for tracking multiple frequencies or Angles-of-Arrival (AOA) of moving targets. Pipelining of adaptive filters poses a critical challenge because of the timing mismatch arising from the feedback signals. In this paper, some relaxation techniques are utilized to pipeline adaptive algorithms for high-speed tracking of frequency/AOAs. Two adaptive tracking algorithms have been mapped into pipelined forms, namely Least-Mean Squares (LMS) and Recursive Least-Squares (RLS). Preliminary simulation studies with multiple sources indicate encouraging results.
Theoretical study of the isomerization of TaC+n (n = 7−13) cations

Abstract The molecular structures have been determined for TaC+n (n = 7−13) isomers. The structures considered included metallacyclic, linear, bridged, atop and metallocenic isomers. The properties of isomers such as the stabilization energies and atomic charges depend on whether the number of carbon atoms is odd or even, consistent with the experimental observations. The experimentally predicted existence of different isomers has been confirmed in the present work.
Micromixing in Reactive, Deformable Bubble and Droplet Swarms

Detailed, high-resolution numerical simulations have been performed of the buoyancy-driven motion of deformable, chemically reacting bubble and droplet swarms. Mass transfer rates and chemical reaction selectivities were determined and a comparison is presented between the results for bubble/droplet swarms and single bubbles. The mixing in the wake of bubbles was characterized as well. It was shown that for mixing-sensitive reaction networks, the hydrodynamics of the bubble swarm may significantly impact the reaction selectivity. Four special cases are highlighted, i.e., highly exothermic reactions, heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, animal cell cultures and experiments. The most important outcome of this work is that bubble swarms and the impact of the swarm hydrodynamics on reacting systems can be studied in detail. This is the first study of this kind reported in the literature. Its importance is paramount as knowledge of the unique flow dynamics inside bubble swarms is crucial to understanding the mechanisms controlling mass transport and chemical reactions and is a prerequisite for effective process intensification.
β-Adrenergic Receptor–Stimulated Apoptosis in Cardiac Myocytes Is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species/c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase–Dependent Activation of the Mitochondrial Pathway

Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors (betaARs) causes apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs). The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating betaAR-stimulated apoptosis is not known. Stimulation of betaARs with norepinephrine (10 micromol/L) in the presence of prazosin (100 nmol/L) for 24 hours increased the number of apoptotic myocytes as determined by TUNEL staining by 3.6- fold. The superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride (MnTMPyP; 10 micromol/L) and Euk-134 decreased betaAR-stimulated apoptosis by 89+/-6% and 76+/-10%, respectively. Infection with an adenovirus expressing catalase decreased betaAR-stimulated apoptosis by 82+/-15%. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor bongkrekic acid (50 micromol/L) decreased betaAR-stimulated apoptosis by 76+/-8%, and the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk (25 micromol/L) decreased betaAR-stimulated apoptosis by 62+/-11%. betaAR-stimulated cytochrome c release was inhibited by MnTMPyP. betaAR stimulation caused c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which was abolished by MnTMPyP. Transfection with an adenovirus expressing dominant-negative JNK inhibited betaAR-stimulated apoptosis by 81+/-12%, and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited both betaAR-stimulated apoptosis and cytochrome c release. Thus, betaAR-stimulated apoptosis in ARVMs involves ROS/JNK-dependent activation of the mitochondrial death pathway.
CONTRACTUALISM, PERSONAL VALUES, AND WELL-BEING

Scanlon's distinction between well-being and other personal values cannot be made out clearly if well-being is understood, as it commonly is, to consist in whatever is intrinsically good for a person. Two other accounts of well-being, however, might be able to explain this distinction. One is a version of the rational care view proposed by Stephen Darwall; another is a rational sympathy view suggested by some of Brad Hooker's work.
The Use of Land and Sea Based Wind Data in a Simple Circulation Model

Abstract The use of land based wind data in nearshore oceanographic work is common, but these winds do not accurately reflect coastal oceanic winds. Ocean winds are often underestimated by a factor of 2 and directional differences are also observed. Wind time series from land and sea regimes in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) were applied to a reduced form of the momentum equation to estimate the alongshore current. Currents were closely approximated by ocean wind stress, but were consistently underestimated by land data. Further statistical analyses verified this discrepancy in speed and also indicated significant differences between ocean and speed-adjusted land winds. The bottom frictional coefficient required to balance alongshore momentum was unrealistically small when land based wind data were used as input.
Intracranial meningiomas: an overview of diagnosis and treatment.

Meningiomas are extraaxial central nervous system tumors most often discovered in middle to late adult life, and are more often seen in women. Ninety percent of meningiomas are benign, 6% are atypical, and 2% are malignant. Most patients in whom a meningioma is diagnosed undergo resection to relieve neurological symptoms. Complete resection is often curative. For the majority of incompletely resected or recurrent tumors not previously irradiated, radiotherapy is administered. Radiotherapy may be administered as either conventional external-beam radiation therapy or stereotactically by linear accelerator, Leksell Gamma Knife, or Cyberknife radiosurgery. Advocates of stereotactic radiotherapy have suggested this therapy in lieu of surgery particularly in high-risk patients, those with meningiomas in eloquent or surgically inaccessible locations, and elderly patients. When the meningioma is unresectable or all other treatments (surgery and radiotherapy) have failed, hormonal therapy or chemotherapy may be considered. Notwithstanding limited data, hydroxyurea has been modestly successful in patients with recurrent meningiomas. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC-07/10/E1)
Assessing the functional coherence of gene sets with metrics based on the Gene Ontology graph

Motivation: The results of initial analyses for many high-throughput technologies commonly take the form of gene or protein sets, and one of the ensuing tasks is to evaluate the functional coherence of these sets. The study of gene set function most commonly makes use of controlled vocabulary in the form of ontology annotations. For a given gene set, the statistical significance of observing these annotations or ‘enrichment’ may be tested using a number of methods. Instead of testing for significance of individual terms, this study is concerned with the task of assessing the global functional coherence of gene sets, for which novel metrics and statistical methods have been devised. Results: The metrics of this study are based on the topological properties of graphs comprised of genes and their Gene Ontology annotations. A novel aspect of these methods is that both the enrichment of annotations and the relationships among annotations are considered when determining the significance of functional coherence. We applied our methods to perform analyses on an existing database and on microarray experimental results. Here, we demonstrated that our approach is highly discriminative in terms of differentiating coherent gene sets from random ones and that it provides biologically sensible evaluations in microarray analysis. We further used examples to show the utility of graph visualization as a tool for studying the functional coherence of gene sets. Availability: The implementation is provided as a freely accessible web application at: http://projects.dbbe.musc.edu/gosteiner. Additionally, the source code written in the Python programming language, is available under the General Public License of the Free Software Foundation. Contact: lux@musc.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reducing attrition bias with an instrumental variable in a regression model: Results from a panel of rheumatoid arthritis patients

This study proposes an econometric technique to reduce attrition bias in panel data. In the simplest case, one estimates two regressions. The first is a probit regression based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics measured at baseline. The probit regression estimates the probability that subjects stay or leave over the duration of the study. We insert the predicted probabilities from the probit regression into an inverse Mills ratio (IMR) or hazard rate to form an instrumental variable. We use this instrumental variable subsequently as an additional covariate in a second regression model that attempts to explain fluctuations in the dependent variable. The second regression, which is linear, includes only subjects who remained in the study. In alternative models, instrumental variables are created using predicted values from least squares and logit regressions estimating the probability that subjects stay or leave. The use of the instrumental variables reduces the effects of attrition bias in the linear regression model. We applied the technique to a panel of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) enrolled in 1981 and followed through 1990. We attempted to predict values for a measure of functional disability recorded in 1990 with use of covariates measured in 1981. The dependent variable was an index of disability in 1990 and the independent variables (covariates) included the disability index from 1981, the years of duration of RA, gender, marital status, education, and age in 1981. The correction technique suggested that ignoring attrition bias would underestimate the strength of associations between being female and the subsequent disability index, and overestimate the strength of associations between being married spouse present, age, and the initial disability index on the one hand and the subsequent disability index on the other.
An improved space-time adaptive processing model: A spatiotemporal approach for fMRI

Based on the space-time adaptive processing (STAP) model we developed, an improved STAP model is introduced which combines correlated spatial information in its steering matrix. Experiment shows that this spatiotemporal approach will more closely match the true scenario and fully utilizes the spatiotemporal potential of the STAP model for fMRI.
Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown in Acute and Chronic Cerebrovascular Disease

Disruptions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and edema formation both play key roles in the development of neurological dysfunction in acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. Animal studies have revealed the molecular cascades that are initiated with hypoxia/ischemia in the cells forming the neurovascular unit and that contribute to cell death. Matrix metalloproteinases cause reversible degradation of tight junction proteins early after the onset of ischemia, and a delayed secondary opening during a neuroinflammatory response occurring from 24 to 72 hours after. Cyclooxygenases are important in the delayed opening as the neuroinflammatory response progresses. An early opening of the BBB within the 3-hour therapeutic window for tissue-type plasminogen activator can allow it to enter the brain and increase the risk of hemorrhage. Chronic hypoxic hypoperfusion opens the BBB, which contributes to the cognitive changes seen with lacunar strokes and white matter injury in subcortical ischemic vascular disease. This review will describe the molecular and cellular events associated with BBB disruption and potential therapies directed toward restoring the integrity of the neurovascular unit.
Character weakness, partisan bias, and presidential evaluation: Modifications and extensions

In a recent article Goren (American Journal of Political Science, 46, 627–641, 2002) draws upon theories of negativity bias, partisan bias, and motivated reasoning to posit that the more strongly people identify with the opposition party of a presidential candidate, the more heavily they will rely on character weakness impressions to construct global candidate evaluations. This paper modifies the theoretical framework by positing that (1) partisans will judge opposition nominees most critically on the traits owned by the former’s party and (2) partisan bias promotes negativity bias in the evaluation of incumbent presidents seeking reelection and incumbent vice presidents seeking the presidency. Analysis of data from the 2000 and 2004 NES surveys, along with a reconsideration of the results from the 1984 to 1996 period covered in the original piece, yields strong empirical support for these expectations.
The specificity of hemagglutination reactions in human and experimental penicillin hypersensitivity

Abstract By a modification of the technique of hemagglutination by use of cells sensitized by incubation with penicillin at pH 8.6, titers of 1:16 or higher were obtained with the majority of sera from subjects with penicillin allergy. With the increased sensitivity of the hemagglutination assay, detailed hapten-inhibition studies with many human sera were possible. The results were compared to those obtained with sera from rabbits immunized with penicillin, penicilloyl-bovine gamma globulin, and penicillenate-thiolated bovine gamma globulin. Evidence is presented which indicates that penicilloyl in the d -α configuration is, in general, the most effective inhibitor of hemagglutination reactions mediated by sera of humans immunized to benzylpenicillin. However, with individual sera, penicillenate, penilloate, penamaldoyl, a random mixture of penicilloyl enantiomorphs, or derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid may be more effective inhibitors, and a variety of combinations of antibody specificities are observed. The fact that d -α penicilloyl is the best inhibitor among several preparations of penicilloyl diastereoisomers is discussed in relation to its possible relevance to the mechanism of formation of penicilloyl antigen from penicillin in vivo. It is suggested that protein-bound penicilloyl is formed both by direct reaction of penicillin with protein amino groups and through rearrangement of penicillin to the intermediate, penicillenic acid.
Real-time dobutamine stress myocardial perfusion echocardiography predicts outcome in the elderly

Aims Although there is an increasing number of studies showing the value of perfusion imaging with real-time contrast echocardiography (RTCE) for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD), no data exist regarding the value of this technique for detecting CAD and predicting outcome in the elderly. Methods and results We examined the outcome of 399 patients ≥70 years old who underwent dobutamine stress RTCE for known or suspected CAD. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) was performed using low mechanical index pulse sequence schemes following intravenous small bolus injections of ultrasound contrast. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed within 1 month of the stress test in 60 patients. Events were defined as cardiac death or non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI). Sensitivity of MPI for detecting CAD by QCA was 94% [confidence interval (CI) 91–99], specificity was 67% (CI 36–74), and accuracy was 90% (CI 82–95). During a median follow-up of 21 months, 46 events occurred (31 cardiac deaths, 15 non-fatal MI). Univariate predictors of outcome were diuretic use ( P = 0.03), abnormal stress wall motion ( P < 0.0001), and abnormal stress MPI ( P < 0.0001). Abnormal stress MPI, however, was the most significant predictor of outcome ( χ 2 7.5; P = 0.006). Conclusion Myocardial perfusion analysis during dobutamine stress RTCE provides incremental predictive value in determining the outcome of elderly patients being evaluated for the presence of CAD.
Genetic structure and evolved malaria resistance in Hawaiian honeycreepers.

Infectious diseases now threaten wildlife populations worldwide but population recovery following local extinction has rarely been observed. In such a case, do resistant individuals recolonize from a central remnant population, or do they spread from small, perhaps overlooked, populations of resistant individuals? Introduced avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) has devastated low-elevation populations of native birds in Hawaii, but at least one species (Hawaii amakihi, Hemignathus virens) that was greatly reduced at elevations below about 1000 m tolerates malaria and has initiated a remarkable and rapid recovery. We assessed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers from amakihi and two other Hawaiian honeycreepers, apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea), at nine primary study sites from 2001 to 2003 to determine the source of re-establishing birds. In addition, we obtained sequences from tissue from amakihi museum study skins (1898 and 1948–49) to assess temporal changes in allele distributions. We found that amakihi in lowland areas are, and have historically been, differentiated from birds at high elevations and had unique alleles retained through time; that is, their genetic signature was not a subset of the genetic variation at higher elevations. We suggest that high disease pressure rapidly selected for resistance to malaria at low elevation, leaving small pockets of resistant birds, and this resistance spread outward from the scattered remnant populations. Low-elevation amakihi are currently isolated from higher elevations (> 1000 m) where disease emergence and transmission rates appear to vary seasonally and annually. In contrast to results from amakihi, no genetic differentiation between elevations was found in apapane and iiwi, indicating that slight variation in genetic or life-history attributes can determine disease resistance and population recovery. Determining the conditions that allow for the development of resistance to disease is essential to understanding how species evolve resistance across a landscape of varying disease pressures.
Disparities in road crash mortality among pedestrians using wheelchairs in the USA: results of a capture-recapture analysis

Objective This study aims to quantify and describe the burden of fatal pedestrian crashes among persons using wheelchairs in the USA from 2006 to 2012. Design The occurrence of fatal pedestrian crashes among pedestrians using wheelchairs was assessed using two-source capture-recapture. Descriptive analysis of fatal crashes was conducted using customary approaches. Setting Two registries were constructed, both of which likely undercounted fatalities among pedestrians who use wheelchairs. The first used data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, and the second used a LexisNexis news search. Outcome measures Mortality rate (per 100 000 person-years) and crash-level, driver-level and pedestrian-level characteristics of fatal crashes. Results This study found that, from 2006 to 2012, the mortality rate for pedestrians using wheelchairs was 2.07/100 000 person-years (95% CI 1.60 to 2.54), which was 36% higher than the overall population pedestrian mortality rate (p=0.02). Men9s risk was over fivefold higher than women9s risk (p Conclusions Persons who use wheelchairs experience substantial pedestrian mortality disparities calling for behavioural and built environment interventions.
Outcomes With Open and Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy After Neoadjuvant Therapy

Background Neoadjuvant therapy is integral in the treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Despite increasing acceptance of minimally invasive approaches to esophagectomy, there remain concerns about the safety and oncologic soundness after neoadjuvant therapy. We examined outcomes in patients undergoing open and minimally invasive (MIE) Ivor Lewis esophagectomy after neoadjuvant therapy. Methods This was a retrospective series of 130 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer undergoing Ivor Lewis esophagectomy with curative intention after neoadjuvant therapy at a tertiary academic center (2008 to 2012). Results An open procedure was performed in 74 patients (56.9%), and 56 (43.1%) underwent MIE after neoadjuvant therapy. MIE patients had shorter median intensive care unit ( p = 0.002) and hospital lengths of stay ( p p = 0.155). However, observed respiratory complications were significantly reduced after MIE (8.9%) compared with open (29.7%; p = 0.004). Anastomotic leak rates were similar (open: 1.4% vs. MIE: 0%, p = 1.00). Mortality at 30 and 90 days was comparable (open: 2.7% and 4.1% vs MIE: 0% and 1.8%, p = 0.506 and p = 0.634, respectively). Complete resection rates and the number of collected lymph nodes was similar. Overall survival rates at 5 years were similar (open: 61% vs MIE: 50%, p = 0.933). MIE was not a significant predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 1.87; p = 0.810). Conclusions MIE proves its safety after neoadjuvant therapy because it leads to faster progression during the early postoperative period while reducing pulmonary complications. Open and MIE approaches appear equivalent with regards to perioperative oncologic outcomes after neoadjuvant therapy. Long-term outcomes need further validation.
Historic Signs, Compelled Speech, and the Limits of Preservation

This article uses historic signs as a test case to examine the limits of historic preservation law, especially in light of established constitutional doctrine. The article explores multiple purposes of preservation, and evaluates each in relation to the test case of historic signs.
The Moral Meaning of Recent Revisions to the SPJ Code of Ethics

The field of journalism has experienced recent upheavals caused in part by shifts in technology, economic challenges, and questions about the concept of truth telling. This study compares the new version of the Society of Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics with its 1996 version in an effort to determine how journalists who embrace the ethos of a profession have responded to these challenges, as reflected in the standards and practices outlined in their code. A framework for systematically reading codes is offered. The changes are examined in light of relevant moral theories.
Topology Optimization and CFD Analysis of a Hypersonic Vehicle Nose Cone

In order to improve flight performance and hypersonic vehicle (HV) nose cone lifespan furthering the survivability characteristics for future vehicles, Topology Optimization (TO) and Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) analysis were conducted to reduce the overall weight and decrease the amount of heat experienced at the front end of a notional HV. The initial setup was to carry fuel from the fuel tank to the tip of the nose cone, and then utilize branch structure pipes to transfer the heat on the surface of the HV by delivering the fluid back to the engine(s) along the walls of the nose cone. The optimization and CFD analysis were conducted using commercial software and multiple models were created and reanalyzed to scope the complexity of the problem. The optimized solution decreased the temperature on the front end of a notional HV, supporting the original design of the pipe structure and producing a solid foundation to nurture future work.
Reliability and Redundancy of Neurons: Can We Distinguish Probabilistic, Stochastic, and Noisy Processes?

The answer to the title question is: with great difficulty in the actual operation of living neurons, although these three properties are distinct and only overlap in their manifestation. The common belief that neurons are generally unreliable in the sense of inconsistent response to the same stimulus is here shown to be a special case and not necessarily due to system noise. The prevalent probabilistic view of neuronal firing remains plausible belief and is virtually untestable. This view models the nervous system with high redundancy of noisy neurons. The arguments usually cited, such as inconsistent response, can not be taken as cogent evidence for it. Several grounds for this conclusion are developed.
Prevalence and correlates of fear of recurrence among adolescent and young adult versus older adult post-treatment cancer survivors.

We sought to (1) assess prevalence of fear of recurrence among cancer survivors diagnosed as adolescent and young adults (AYA; 15–39 years) versus those diagnosed at a later age (40+ years) and (2) identify factors associated with fear of recurrence in each group. We used logistic regression to determine the correlates of fear of recurrence by age group at diagnosis among survivors responding to the 2010 LIVESTRONG survey. Prevalence of fear of recurrence was significantly higher among AYA survivors (85.2 %) than those diagnosed at an older age (79.7 %). Among AYA respondents, being employed and less than 5 years off treatment were positively associated with fear of recurrence while those with thyroid cancer and those who participated in a clinical trial were less likely to experience fear of recurrence. Among older adults, receipt of surgery was associated with fear of recurrence whereas having insurance coverage through Medicare or Medicaid and positive patient-provider communication were negatively associated with fear of recurrence. For both AYA and older adult survivors, changeable factors such as having a more positive cancer care experience may impact fear of recurrence. Our findings highlight the need to identify and understand aspects of the communication process that can be targeted in future interventions with survivors and healthcare providers to ensure that fear of recurrence is being appropriately managed. Factors associated with fear of recurrence differ for AYA and older adult survivors; thus, interventions would likely benefit from tailoring based on age at diagnosis.
Help or Hindrance? ICT’s Impact on the Environment

How do information and communication technologies (ICTs) affect the environment? To what extent do they exacerbate environmental degradation, and to what extent can they mitigate it? Technological developments have led to seemingly boundless possibilities for consumption, as new ways to communicate have brought down the barriers of geographic distance and global trade has boomed. Unfortunately, these developments have not come without environmental costs, including depleted resources and polluted commons. Interestingly, the same ICTs that have fostered these developments may also create opportunities to alleviate pressing environmental challenges and promote sustainable growth.
Cell and Organ Printing

Three-dimensional freeform fabrication, a technique which capitalizes on the ability to print various biological materials and cells along with various tissue scaffold materials, is gaining popularity in tissue engineering due to its potential role in the creation of biomimetic tissues and organs. The flexibility to design and create various 3D cell-scaffold composites gives direct bioprinting a significant advantage over conventional lithography-based approaches in tissue engineering. In this chapter, we present our computer-assisted 3D biological printer, which allows dispensing of various types of hydrogel-based scaffold materials and cells, as well as the techniques to construct multi-layered cell-hydrogel composites. The strategies to generate hydrogel channels and to embed hydrogel matrix to time-release watersoluble factors are introduced together with several production examples using adult mammalian cells and stem cells for the on-demand composition of artificial tissues. List of Abbreviations 3D Three-dimensional ALP Alkaline phosphatase DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium ECM Extracellular matrix ELA Embryonic like-adult (stem cells) FB Fibroblasts FF Freeform fabrication GUI Graphical-user-interface KC Keratinocytes MeHA Methacrylated hyaluronic acid MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane S.-S. Yoo (B) Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA e-mail: yoo@bwh.harvard.edu 3 B.R. Ringeisen et al. (eds.), Cell and Organ Printing, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9145-1_1, C © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 4 S.-S. Yoo and S. Polio RP Rapid prototyping TED Thermoelectric device TTL Transistor-transistor logic UV Ultraviolet VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Recognition of Subcellular Antigen

Specific antigen recognition is required to stimulate generation of a cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL1) response and to allow the resulting effector CTLs to bind and lyse the target cells. Reliable assays allow in vitro assessment of stimulation of a primary and secondary response and of the effector-target interaction. The antigens required to trigger generation of a response are the same as those required to allow binding and lysis by the effector CTL.
Spectral inversion of Lg from earthquakes: A modified method with applications to the 1995, western Texas earthquake sequence

Spectral inversion of Lg from earthquake sources is subject to significant errors, due to random and systematic deviation of the Lg spectra from idealized theoretical models. I present an analysis of these errors and demonstrate that their effects tend to increase with decreasing frequency and recording distance. I propose modifications to the inverse method of Xie (1993) to reduce these errors. The modifications include a more robust Q estimator and the added capability of incorporating a priori knowledge into the inversion. The modified method is applied to Lg spectra from the 1995, western Texas earthquake ( MW = 5.7). I measured average two-station Q values for selected station pairs, as well as the source rise time of the mainshock, with an empirical Green's function approach. These served as a priori knowledge for the simultaneous inversion for Lg seismic moment ( M ), corner frequency ( fc ), and path Q . The result of the inversion indicates that Lg source radiation is nearly isotropic. The M and fc values estimated using Lg from the mainshock and two aftershocks are typical for Lg from central and eastern North American earthquakes, with M scaling with fc −4, and M and fc being 3.3 × 1016 N-m and 0.3 Hz, respectively, for the mainshock. The 1-Hz Lg Q correlates with tectonic environments, increasing from about 200 for westerly paths to above 700 for easterly paths. Two-station Q measurements suggest that, as previously discovered for Eurasia, the frequency dependence of Lg Q may be variable with distance if the distance spans a wide range (103 km).
Using Tablet Computers to Increase Patient Engagement With Electronic Personal Health Records: Protocol For a Prospective, Randomized Interventional Study.

Background: Inadequate patient engagement in care is a major barrier to successful transitions from the inpatient setting and can lead to preventable adverse events after discharge, particularly for older adults. While older adults may be less familiar with mobile devices and applications, they may benefit from focused bedside training to engage them in using their Personal Health Record (PHR). Mobile technologies such as tablet computers can be used in the hospital to help bridge this gap in experience by teaching older, hospitalized patients to actively manage their medication list through their PHR during hospitalization and continue to use their PHR for other post-discharge tasks such as scheduling follow-up appointments, viewing test results, and communicating with providers. Bridging this gap is especially important for older, hospitalized adults as they are at higher risk than younger populations for low engagement in transitions of care and poor outcomes such as readmission. Greater understanding of the advantages and limitations of mobile devices for older adults may be important for improving transitions of care. Objective: To better understand the effective use of mobile technologies to improve transitions in care for hospitalized, older adults and leverage these technologies to improve inpatient and postdischarge care for older adults. Methods: We will compare an intervention group with tablet-based training to engage effectively with their PHR to a control group also receiving tablets and basic access to their PHR but no additional training on how to engage with their PHR. Results: Patient enrollment is ongoing. Conclusions: Through this grant, we will further develop our preliminary dataset and practical experience with these mobile technologies to catalyze patient engagement during hospitalization. ClinicalTrial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02109601; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02109601 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6jpXjkwM8) [JMIR Res Protoc 2016;5(3):e176]
International Trade: Geographic Aspects

International trade is the physical movement and electronic transfer of goods and services across national borders. The attributes of trade flows of interest to geographers include the direction, composition, and magnitude of trade. To analyze the geographical aspects, or ‘geographies,’ of international trade patterns, geographers make use of the following core spatial concepts: place, location, distribution, spatial interaction, spatial scale, change, region, and a variety of potentially constraining or limiting forces. Prior to the early 1990s, most of the research by geographers was focused upon commodity movements between countries, with little attention given to the evolving theory of international trade or to the interrelationships that exist between the changing global economy and the geographies of sub-national places. More recently, geographers have begun to intensify their research on international trade, and have been focusing this work at both the macro- and microlevel spatial scales. This research has important implications for world competitiveness, the internationalization and changing spatial structure of economic activities, global–local relationships, government policymaking, and national and regional economic growth and development strategies.
Lyme Disease and CNS Complications

Four adult patients with chronic meningoencephalitis caused by tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi infection are reported from the Depts of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, and University of Koln, Koln, Federal Republic of Germany.
Low Budget Forensic Drive Imaging Using ARM Based Single Board Computers

Traditional forensic analysis of hard disks and external media typically involves a powered down machine and “dead analysis” of these devices. Forensic acquisition of hard drives and external media has traditionally been by one of several means: standalone forensic duplicator; using a hardware write-blocker or dock attached to a laptop, computer, workstation, etc., forensic operating systems that live boot from a USB, CD/DVD or virtual machines with preinstalled operating systems. Standalone forensics acquisition and imaging devices generally cost thousands of dollars. In this paper, we propose the use of single board computers as forensic imaging devices. Single board computers can provide a low budget forensic imaging solution that can be used in a lab, remote acquisition, or even be configured as portable imaging devices. This project tests different ARM processor based single board computers and the software available at the present time. The project includes image acquisition using a write-blocker, software write-blockers and without write-blockers to test the various configurations. The final results demonstrate clearly that ARM based single board computers can be used as low cost and low energy forensic imaging devices.
Understanding the spatial distribution of hydrologic sensitive areas in the landscape using soil topographic index approach

Abstract Maintaining healthy watershed is pivotal to ensure sustainability in water resources thereby improving the carrying capacity of the earth. Understanding and identifying the spatial variability of hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) in a watershed is an important step to prioritizing the landscape to maintain water sustainability with limited resources. A spatial technique known as Soil Topographic Index (STI) was used to identify HSAs in the landscape. This study was conducted in Clinton and Tewksbury Townships in New Jersey, United States. Three different scenarios (STI>=9, STI>=10, and STI>=11) were conducted to understand the spatial distribution of HSAs in the watershed. The following conclusions were derived from this study. Firstly, a more detail representation of HSAs in the watershed was observed when applying the STI technique with a fine scale light detection and ranging (LiDAR) digitial elevation model. Secondly, all three scenarios consistently identified perennial stream corridors as HSAs; therefore, it is important to protect perennial stream corridors through implementation of various land use controls. Thirdly, this study analyzes the land use pattern of HSAs under the three scenarios and identifies the HSAs for high intensity land uses such as agriculture and urban to be the high priority locations for implementing best management practices for water quality improvements. The procedures developed in this study can be applied to watersheds in other parts of the world with similar physiographic characteristics.
Introducing computational thinking through hands-on projects using R with applications to calculus, probability and data analysis

ABSTRACTThe goal of this paper is to promote computational thinking among mathematics, engineering, science and technology students, through hands-on computer experiments. These activities have the potential to empower students to learn, create and invent with technology, and they engage computational thinking through simulations, visualizations and data analysis. We present nine computer experiments and suggest a few more, with applications to calculus, probability and data analysis, which engage computational thinking through simulations, visualizations and data analysis. We are using the free (open-source) statistical programming language R. Our goal is to give a taste of what R offers rather than to present a comprehensive tutorial on the R language. In our experience, these kinds of interactive computer activities can be easily integrated into a smart classroom. Furthermore, these activities do tend to keep students motivated and actively engaged in the process of learning, problem solving and develo...
Looking at Regional Governance Institutions in Other Countries as a Possible Model for U.S. Metropolitan Areas

General purpose or multipurpose governments at the metropolitan level have proven extremely difficult to create and sustain in the United States. In their absence, a range of institutions have evolved to address problems of regional fragmentation and to promote interlocal cooperation and collaboration. These include single-purpose regional special districts, interlocal contracts and agreements, and voluntary regional organizations of local governments such as councils of government. However, several countries make use of another institutional form, multipurpose special districts, rather than or in addition to single-purpose special districts, as a mechanism for facilitating regional governance and intermunicipal collaboration. This essay examines one example of such an institution: regional districts in British Columbia. It analyzes what accounts for their successful creation and institutionalization and considers whether such an institutional model is potentially adoptable in the United States. It focuse...
Medicine and the Law in Late Imperial China: Cases from the Xing'an Huilan (Conspectus of Penal Cases)

In this paper, I explore the relationship between state and medicine in late imperial China through an examination of the legal statute pertaining to injury and death caused by incompetent physicia...
Lateral response of improved suction bucket foundation for offshore wind turbine in centrifuge modelling

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the improved suction bucket foundation (ISBF) for the offshore wind turbine. The ISBF included the design of two types of internal compartments inside buckets with different aspect ratios (AP). A series of centrifuge tests were performed to investigate the lateral bearing behavior of ISBF in four types of sandy soils. Both static and cyclic lateral loads were applied by an electrical actuator in a load-controlled system. The first method interpolated the lateral bearing capacity from the load-displacement curve and reinforced the results with the stiffness-displacement relationship. Moreover, displacement rate was calculated and plotted to obtain the lateral critical and ultimate bearing capacity as the second method. During cyclic tests, the first several cycles changed the lateral displacement and stiffness significantly, whereas the last several cycles did not obviously affect them. It was demonstrated that the geometric designs of ISBF had limited influence on its lateral bearing behavior, but the soil conditions of the foundation did bring about an obvious difference. The lateral capacity of ISBF was further compared to original suction bucket foundation (OSBF), thereby illustrating the advantages of the ISBF in offshore wind turbine constructions.
Gene Drive 101: A Basic Guidance Resource for Biosafety Professionals

Biosafety risk assessment and containment framework strategies for research involving gene drives pose a challenge, as there are no published guidelines or regulatory information yet written specif...