cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter IV Helium Films

Publisher Summary This chapter describes helium films that present a clear cut case of physical adsorption. The helium atom is chemically inert and there can be no question of chemical bonding between the atoms of the film and the atoms of the wall. Offsetting this initial simplification are the complications associated with the existence of the films at low temperatures -the importance of a large zero point energy and the quantum effects which give rise to the λ-transition in the liquid. The superfluidity of the liquid also gives the films unique properties and the flow of the films draws attention to their existence in a dramatic fashion. Thick films of helium are particularly easy to study, because, whereas a thick film of an ordinary substance is readily evaporated by a small amount of stray heat, a helium film under the same circumstances can be replenished by superfluid flow. In addition, the basic factor is probably the force between the wall and a helium atom in the film. This may be a simple vander Waals type of force or something more complicated, as in the theory of McCrum and Eisenstein.
Identifying Effective Parameters for Solute Transport Models in Heterogeneous Environments

Reliable simulation models are an essential prerequisite to accurate assessment of present and future consequences of human activities on ecosystem health and functioning. In particular, for non-point source pollution assessments in the vadose zone, chemical fate and transport models are required at field and watershed scales. However, developing such models that characterize adequately the processes occurring during an arbitrary period of time within an arbitrary spatial region in unsaturated soil is a challenging task due in part to the complexity of the processes and heterogeneity of the properties involved. This task requires developing, calibrating, and evaluating an appropriate process description for the region of interest from relatively sparse spatial and temporal information. Here we discuss and point to some of the relevant literature addressing the various "hurdles" that need to be overcome in order to develop non-point source pollution transport models. Of central concern are spatial heterogeneities of physical properties over a range of scales, how these can be inferred from spatial data, how heterogeneities are effectively represented by macroscale parameters and how (or if) processes can (or should) be related over a range of effective scales. Upscaling from observed microscale processes could yield useful results.
Geographic information retrieval and digital libraries

In this demonstration we will examine the effectiveness of Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) methods in digital library interfaces. We will show how various types of information may benefit from explicit geographic search, and where text-based place name search may be sufficient. We will also show how implicit geographic search (or geographic browsing) can be used to dynamically generate geographic searches in geographic interfaces like Google Earth. In this demostration we will show the algorithms used for Geographic search and how these may be combined with text search. In addition we will show results from the GeoCLEF IR evaluation for text-based search.
Reduction of Activity of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Oxidase by Divalent Cations in Cell-Free Extracts of Bacillus cereus T

A rapid and effective method was devised for the reduction of activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase in crude extracts of Bacillus cereus T. The addition of 25 μmoles of MnCl2 per mg of extract protein in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride buffer reduced NADH oxidase activity by 90% within 1 min, and this reduction was independent of pH between pH 7.0 and 8.5. Other divalent cations such as Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, and Co2+ also reduced NADH oxidase activity, but monovalent cations such as Na+ and K+ were ineffective. The reduction of NADH oxidase activity by divalent cations was presumably due to the removal of an essential flavine cofactor, since the addition of riboflavine and flavine mononucleotide to treated extracts was shown to completely restore NADH oxidase activity. The specificity, convenience, and efficiency of the procedure were shown to be applicable to crude extracts of B. megaterium and B. subtilis and should facilitate spectrophotometric measurements of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases in these and other microorganisms.
Project Alpha: a culturally appropriate approach to adolescent male sex education

Introduction: A national abstention-based pregnancy prevention program was tested among high school inner city youth. Since 1980, the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity lnc has implemented the Project Alpha, a national fraternity program, to teach males about sexual responsibility. This paper reports on the evaluation of a new subcomponent of Project Alpha. Methods: The study population consisted of 200 males attending high school in Houston, Texas. The study used a quasi experimental pretest-posttest untreated reference group design. Measured constructs included knowledge, self-efficacy, perceived risk, beliefs, social norms and sexual intentions. Intervention: Based on the pantheoretical model, ten 50 minute sessions featuring role model stories were distributed and discussed to intervention students. These stories were facilitated by college and graduate students and featured stories of community members and professional athletes who support teenage abstention from sex. Results: The inclusive approach of using community role models to promote behavioural change was found to make a positive impact. Significant effects were observed on student knowledge, self-efficacy, perceived social norms and beliefs. (author abstract)
Incidence of anaphylactoid reactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast carcinoma lymphatic mapping in patients treated with preoperative prophylaxis: results of a surgical prospective clinical practice protocol

BACKGROUND Severe anaphylactoid reactions to isosulfan blue dye requiring resuscitation are reported to occur in 1.1% of patients with breast carcinoma undergoing sentinel lymphadenectomy. In December 2001, the authors began administering a prophylactic regimen before dye injection to determine whether prophylaxis reduced the incidence of life-threatening reactions. METHODS All patients were mapped with technetium-99m–labeled sulfur colloid. Those also receiving isosulfan blue dye were administered a glucocorticoid, diphenhydramine, and famotidine intravenously just before or at induction of anesthesia. Adverse reactions at the time of surgery were analyzed. RESULTS Between December 2001 and July 2003, 1013 consecutive patients underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast carcinoma. Six hundred sixty-seven patients (65.8%) received prophylaxis and isosulfan blue dye, 33 (3.3%) received prophylaxis but no dye, 12 (1.2%) received dye but no prophylaxis, and 301 (29.7%) received no prophylaxis or dye. Blue urticaria and facial edema were observed in 3 (0.5%) of 667 patients receiving prophylaxis and dye and in 1 (8.3%) of 12 patients receiving dye but no prophylaxis. There were no episodes of hypotension, and no patients required vasopressors, ventilatory support, or intensive care observation. Adverse reactions to agents other than blue dye were observed in 2 (0.3%) of 667 patients receiving prophylaxis and dye and in 3 (1.0%) of 301 receiving no prophylaxis and no dye (P = 0.1773). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative prophylaxis was found to reduce the severity, but not the overall incidence, of adverse reactions to isosulfan blue dye. No life-threatening reactions were noted in patients treated with preoperative prophylaxis. Based on these results, the authors now routinely recommend administration of prophylaxis to patients receiving isosulfan blue for lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Multiplication and Fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under Carbon Dioxide Pressure in Wine

Conditions for rapid fermentation of sugar in wine under pressure were sought for use in continuous production of naturally fermented sparkling wine. Wine yeast growth and fermentation were measured under CO(2) pressure. The medium was white wine with added glucose. Pressure was very inhibitory to growth, especially at low pH or high alcohol concentration. Use of various strains of wine yeast, cultures of various ages, or cells adapted to wine did not give more rapid growth. Addition of nutrients increased growth, but under no conditions was growth rapid enough to bring about sufficiently rapid fermentation rates. Conditions for rapid fermentation were sought by use of high levels of cells as inocula. Fermentation rates in wine also were inhibited by pressure, and were dependent on pH and alcohol levels. Addition of nutrients did not increase the fermentation rate, but rapid fermentation rates were obtained, under pressure, by inoculation with high levels of cells adapted several weeks to the base wine. Thus, continuous sparkling-wine production might be practical with proper amounts of adapted cells used as inocula, or perhaps with reuse of the fermentation culture.
The Role of Natriuretic Peptides: From the Emergency Department Throughout Hospitalization

Assessment of natriuretic peptide (NP) levels has a well-established role in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute heart failure (AHF) patients. Current guidelines recommend assessment of NPs when the diagnosis is in question, yet multiple studies suggest a broader value of NP assessment. Measurement of NP levels results in more efficient treatment, resource utilization (ie, reduced costs), and possibly improved short- and long-term outcomes. Given the large number of patients hospitalized every year with heart failure, combined with the high post-discharge mortality, rehospitalization rates, and subsequent large financial costs, improving outcomes for hospitalized HF patients remains an unmet need. In this review, we highlight the value of NP assessment, starting in the emergency department and throughout hospitalization. The contents of this review were generated from a roundtable discussion of AHF and biomarker experts held in Chicago in April 2012 and focused on addressing the burden of AHF and readmission.
The Social Life of Stories: Narrative and Knowledge in the Yukon Territory.; Northern Passage: Ethnography and Apprenticeship among the Subarctic Dene.

The Social Life of Stories: Narrative and Knowledge in the Yukon Territory. Julie Cruikshank. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 211 pp. Northern Passage: Ethnography and Apprenticeship among the Subarctic Dene. Robert Jarvenpa. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998. 210 pp.
Interpretation of radar-detected internal layer folding in West Antarctic ice streams

Low-frequency surface-based radar-profiling experiments on Ice Streams Β and C, West Antarctica, have yielded high-resolution images which depict folding of the internal layers that can aid in the interpretation of ice-stream dynamics. Unlike folding seen in most earlier radar studies of ice sheets, the present structures have no relationship to bedrock topography and show tilting of their axial fold planes in the flow direction. Rather than being standing waves created by topography or local variations in basal shear stress, the data show that these folds originate upstream of the region of streaming flow and are advected into the ice streams. The mechanism for producing folds is hypothesized to be changes in the basal boundary conditions as the ice makes the transition from inland ice to ice-stream flow. Migration of this transition zone headward can then cause folds in the internal layering to be propagated down the ice streams.
Predictors of lifestyle behaviors, trust of health care provider, and utilization of health services among adolescents living in a rural area.

Background: Adolescents have elevated morbidity and mortality rates associated with risk-taking behaviors, but utilize health services at low levels. There is little evidence concerning health behavior, trust of health care provider, or utilization of health services among adolescents living in rural areas. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine individual characteristic variables and determine the extent to which these variables influence lifestyle behaviors, trust of health care provider (HCP), and utilization of health services among adolescents attending public high school in rural Indiana. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional, quantitative design. Instruments used in this study were the Wake Forest Interpersonal Trust in Physician scale, Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire, the Stanford Health Care Utilization Questionnaire, and an investigator-developed individual characteristic survey. Hierarchical multiple regression evaluated individual characteristic variables as predicting lifestyle behaviors and trust of HCP, while negative binomial regression predicted number of HCP visits and number of emergency room visits in the past 12 months. Results: Correlations, analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis tests evaluated relationships between variables. Trust of HCP was predicted by usual source of care, health insurance, lifestyle behavior, and transportation difficulty. Lifestyle behavior was predicted by self-rated health, age, trust of HCP, and sex. Predictors of number of HCP visits were sex, household income, self-rated health, self-perceived need, health insurance, and number of ER visits, while household income and number of HCP visits predicted number of ER visits. Conclusion: This study adds to the evidence regarding health services utilization and lifestyle behavior, while providing an initial reliable quantitative measurement of trust of HCPs among American adolescents living in a rural area. Results of this study demonstrate the importance of having a HCP as a usual source of care and the need for school-based health services in rural areas. Future research should test the Wake Forest Trust in Physician scale among diverse adolescent samples, measure intention to seek health services beliefs, and evaluate informal sources of health information among rural adolescents. Additionally, research should evaluate the risk for or existence of chronic health conditions using biological markers among adolescents living in a rural area, along with behavior interventions to prevent or self-manage identified chronic health conditions. With approximately 22% of American adolescents living in rural areas and therefore at risk for poor outcomes, it is imperative that the research community place greater attention on the health of rural dwelling adolescents.
Interaction-assisted SU(2) adiabatic holonomies in Josephson phase qubits

We propose a scheme for generating SU(2) adiabatic geometric phases in a circuit consisting of three capacitively coupled flux-biased Josephson phase qubits.
Distribution of Peaks in Linear Earthquake Response

In the response spectrum approach to earthquake-resistant design, it is assumed that: (1)The structure remains linear or can be modeled by an equivalent linear system; and (2)vibrations can be described by the largest relative (or absolute) response amplitude. From the viewpoint of understanding the progressing damage, however, it is useful to determine other response characteristics which, for example, relate duration of strong shaking with all, not just the largest, relative response amplitude. A generalization of the theory of Cartwright and Longuet-Higgins is presented to describe the expected and the most probable amplitudes of local response peaks in terms of: (1)Root-mean-square amplitude of the response; (2)a measure, (ϵ\N), of the frequency “width” of the response spectrum; and (3) total number of peaks of response.
Anandamide and delta 9-THC dilation of cerebral arterioles is blocked by indomethacin

Anandamide (AN, arachidonyl ethanolamide) has been isolated from the brain and shown to be an endogenous ligand for the delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) receptor. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether AN or delta 9-THC can affect the cerebral circulation. With the use of the closed cranial window AN and delta 9-THC (10(-13)-10(-3) M) were topically applied to rabbit cerebral arterioles and effects on diameter were measured with a microscope. AN and delta 9-THC similarly induced a dose-dependent dilation starting at concentrations as low as 10(-12) M. Maximum dilation for AN was 25% and that for delta 9-THC 22%. Topical coapplication of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, completely blocked dilation, whereas the free radical scavengers superoxide dismutase and catalase or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) had no effect on AN-induced dilation. The cerebrospinal fluid level of prostaglandin E2 increased only in response to 10(-7) M and greater AN and was not affected by delta 9-THC. [3H]AN superfused through the cranial window was 20% converted to arachidonic acid. These results show that AN and delta 9-THC can modulate cerebral arterioles, likely by stimulating release and metabolism of endogenous arachidonic acid. Whether dilation is due to vasodilator eicosanoids, or other vasoactive agents whose synthesis or release is cyclooxygenase dependent, is uncertain.
Particles Released From the Gyro C1E3 During Simulated Extracorporeal Circulation

Evaluation of released particles from the blood pump during extracorporeal circulation is an important aspect because the particles may cause microembolism. The Gyro C1E3 is a centrifugal blood pump that has an impeller suspended by double pivot bearings inside the housing; therefore, it is important to evaluate the released particles. The C1E3 was driven for 14 days to simulate clinical left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS). Also, a roller pump was driven for 2 days as a comparison. Released particles were weighed and examined by SEM. After 14 days of pumping, the particles from the C1E3 were 238.6 microg in an LVAD condition. The particles with the roller pump were 270.2 microg after only 2 days. Average particle sizes with the roller pump and C1E3 were 3.7 and 0.6 microm, respectively. These results suggest that the Gyro C1E3 substantially reduces the risk of microembolism from released particles.
/Hg,Cd/Te photodiodes for detection of two-micrometer infrared radiation

Detection of 1.5 to 2.3-micrometer radiation is important for a number of earth resource and military applications. Hgi_xCdxTe photodiodes have recently been developed which offer substantial improvement in operating temperature for detection of 1.5 to 2.3-micrometer radiation. For example, arrays of Hg1-xCdxTe photodiodes with cutoffs in the 2.0 to 2.3-micrometer spectral range have achieved detectivities of 1.0 x 1012 - 4.0 x 1012 cm Hz1/2/W at an operating temp-erature of 193 K. In this paper we present results on these (Hg,Cd)Te photodiode arrays.
Neighborhood Residential Segregation and Physical Health among Hispanic Americans: Good, Bad, or Benign?

Although considerable evidence shows that residential segregation is deleterious to the health of African Americans, findings regarding segregation and health for Hispanic Americans are inconsistent. Competing hypotheses regarding the effects of neighborhood segregation on health are tested with data from Puerto Rican and Mexican American residents of Chicago. Multilevel analyses reveal that segregation is associated with more health problems for Puerto Rican Americans but not for Mexican Americans. In addition, the relationship between segregation and health was conditioned by generational status for Mexican Americans: Second- or later-generation Mexican Americans living in highly segregated neighborhoods had better health than first-generation Mexican Americans in such neighborhoods. These findings reveal that residential segregation has differential effects across Hispanic groups and suggest that a high degree of contact with Mexican Americans promotes health by facilitating flow of informal health resources and social support.
Abstract 5067: Neurofilament heavy polypeptide regulates the Akt-β-catenin pathway in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of aggressive cancer growth. We observed promoter methylation and loss of expression in neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NEFH) in a significant proportion of primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) samples that were of a high tumor grade and advanced stage. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of NEFH accelerated ESCC cell growth in culture and increased tumorigenicity in vivo, whereas forced expression of NEFH significantly inhibited cell growth and colony formation. Loss of NEFH caused up-regulation of pyruvate kinase-M2 type and down-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, via activation of the Akt/β-catenin pathway, resulting in enhanced aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. The acceleration of glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction in NEFH-knockdown cells was suppressed in the absence of β-catenin expression, and was decreased by the treatment of 2-Deoxyglucose, a glycolytic inhibitor, or API-2, an Akt inhibitor. Loss of NEFH activates the Akt/β-catenin pathway and increases glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cancer cells with methylated NEFH can be targeted for destruction with specific inhibitors of deregulated downstream pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5067.
Cryogenic detectors based on superconducting transition-edge sensors for time-energy-resolved single-photon counters and for dark matter searches

Abstract We present the recent progress using transition-edge sensors (TES) for cryogenic particle detectors. First, by directly absorbing photons in tungsten TES devices, an instrument has been made which time stamps ( 0.1 μs ) and energy resolves (0.15 eV FWHM) each photon at rates up to 10 kHz. Observations of the Crab pulsar are the first broad spectrum infrared through full optical and time resolved on any astronomical object. Second, in the CDMS (cryogenic dark matter search) experiment looking for WIMPs, large crystals of silicon and germanium are instrumented with QET (quasiparticle-trap-assisted electrothermal-feedback transition-edge sensors) phonon sensors which provide the recoil energy and location in x,y and z for each event. Together with an ionization readout, these detectors provide powerful discrimination capabilities against known backgrounds and they are now probing new regions for WIMP dark matter.
Model for a Torsional-Mode Ultrasonic Transducer for an Acousto-Optic In-Fiber Isolator

Torsional ultrasound modes can couple the optical polarization states in a birefringent fiber. Polarization coupling produced by interaction with a higher-order torsional mode slightly above its cutoff may provide a route to producing an in-fiber isolator suitable for use in narrow-band high-power fiber amplifiers. This paper describes a model of a transducer generating torsional modes in a cylindrical fiber. This model predicts that almost all of the power applied to the transducer is radiated into the desired mode. The paper also discusses effects produced by acoustic absorption and the dependence of the acoustic velocity on temperature.
Platelet uptake of the pheochromocytoma-scanning agent 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanadine☆

The pheochromocytoma-scanning agent 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanadine (131I-MIGB) was concentrated in the platelets of ten subjects undergoing scans for suspected pheochromocytomas. In vitro studies also demonstrated that 131I-MIBG was concentrated in platelets. In contrast to serotonin, which had maximum in vitro platelet uptake of one hour, the peak in vitro platelet uptake of 131I-MIBG did not occur until six hours. In vitro platelet 131I-MIBG uptake was decreased by 79% to 98% following the neuronal-uptake-blocking agent imipramine. These studies suggest that pheochromocytomas take up 131I-MIBG by a neuronal-pump mechanism. Further studies to determine if 131I-MIBG is taken up by other tumors with a neuronal-pump mechanism, such as carcinoid tumors, will be valuable.
Vaporization, melting and heat conduction in the laser drilling process

Abstract Melting and vaporization phenomena during the laser drilling process are investigated in this paper. The locations of the solid–liquid and liquid–vapor interfaces were obtained by solving energy conservation equations at the interfaces. The dependence of saturation temperature on the back pressure is taken into account by using the Clausius/Clapeyron equation. The conduction heat loss to the solid is also included in the model and is solved by using an integral approximate method. The results show that the fraction of the heat lost through conduction to the solid is very small and its effect on the vaporization process is not significant. On the other hand, the conduction heat loss significantly reduces the thickness of the liquid layer, which becomes the recast layer after drilling.
Effect of thiocetamide on the activity of alkaline ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor in rat liver

Abstract Administration of thioacetamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg body wt./day results in an increase in the alkaline ribonuclease activity of rat liver paniculate fractions. There is a change in the distribution of the enzyme among these fractions inasmuch as the total ribonuclease in the lysosomal fraction remained constant or decreased while the ribonuclease in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions markedly increased. A decrease in the amount of ‘latent’ ribonuclease was found in the cytoplasmic particulate fractions. No concomitant increase in phosphodiesterase activity could be detected. It was established earlier 1,2 that the increased ribonuclease activity in the hepatic nuclei and nucleoli after thioacetamide treatment is not simply an accompaniment of increased nuclear size. The present study indicates that in the thioacetamide-treated liver, the augmented ribonuclease activity in the paniculate fractions is associated with a decrease in the concentration of ribonuclease inhibitor in the cell-free supernatant fraction.
Electrophysiologic findings after Fontan repair of functional single ventricle.

Abstract Cardiac arrhythmias are well recognized sequelae of the Fontan operation for complex congenital anomalies. In this study the electrophysiologic effects of the Fontan procedure were evaluated in 30 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization with electrophysiologic study 1.9 ± 1.3 years (mean ± SD) after modified Fontan repair for functional single ventricle. Abnormalities of sinus node or ectopic pacemaker automaticity were detected in 50% (15 patients) by determination of a prolonged corrected sinus node or pacemaker recovery time. Total sinoatrial conduction time was prolonged in 50% of the patients with normal sinus rhythm. Sinus noue or ectopic atrial pacemaker function was entirely normal in only 43% of patients. The predominant atrial rhythm was normal sinus in 70% and ectopic atrial or junctional in 30%. Abnormalities of atrial effective and functional refractory periods were noted in 43% of patients and were most pronounced at faster paced cycle lengths. Atrial endocardial catheter mapping revealed intraatrial conduction delays between adjacent sites in 76% of the patients tested and in eight of nine patients with inducible intraatrial reentry. Programmed atrial simulation induced nonsustained supraventricular arrhythmias in 10% of the 30 patients and sustained arrhythmias in 27%. Intraatrial reentry was the most common inducible arrhythmia and was present in seven of the eight patients with sustained and two of the three patients with nonsustained atrial arrhythmias. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities were noted in 10% (three patients). No patient had inducible ventricular arrhythmias with programmed ventricular stimulation. The electrophysiologic findings after Fontan repair include abnormal sinus node function, prolonged atrial refractoriness, delayed intraatrial conduction and inducible atrial arrhythmias. The predictive value of electrophysiologic testing in this group of patients is unknown. Further study and continued clinical follow-up are essential to determine which patients will be at risk for the development of late life-threatening arrhythmias.
SIMULATION FOR FIRE DEPARTMENT DEPLOYMENT POLICY ANALYSIS

This paper discusses the use of simulation in the determination and analysis of alternative deployment strategies for urban fire supression systems. The simulation model utilizes the New York City-Rand Institute simulator of fire department operations tailored for use with the Denver Fire department. A distinction is made between static deployment (where mathematical programming methods are used) and dynamic analysis (which employs the simulation model). The simulation model is described, as are its extensive data requirements. The results discuss measures of validation of the simulation and outline the recommendations resulting from this research.
Exchange flow between open water and floating vegetation

This study describes the exchange flow between a region with open water and a region with a partial-depth porous obstruction, which represents the thermally-driven exchange that occurs between open water and floating vegetation. The partial-depth porous obstruction represents the root layer, which does not penetrate to the bed. Initially, a vertical wall separates the two regions, with fluid of higher density in the obstructed region and fluid of lower density in the open region. This density difference represents the influence of differential solar heating due to shading by the vegetation. For a range of root density and root depths, the velocity distribution is measured in the lab using PIV. When the vertical wall is removed, the less dense water flows into the obstructed region at the surface. This surface flow bifurcates into two layers, one flowing directly through the root layer and one flowing beneath the root layer. A flow directed out of the vegetated region occurs at the bed. A model is developed that predicts the flow rates within each layer based on energy considerations. The experiments and model together suggest that at time- and length-scales relevant to the field, the flow structure for any root layer porosity approaches that of a fully blocked layer, for which the exchange flow occurs only beneath the root layer.
Is epidermal growth factor present in human blood? Interference with the radioreceptor assay for epidermal growth factor

Abstract Human whole blood serum reduces the binding of [ 125 I]labeled mouse epidermal growth factor to cultured human fibroblasts as well as does 70–100 ng/ml mouse epidermal growth factor. However, at most 1–2% of the binding inhibitor detected in human whole blood serum is related to epidermal growth factor — the remaining consists of other factors released during preparation of serum, predominantly the platelet-derived growth factor, which are capable of altering the binding properties of the epidermal growth factor receptor. This accounts for much of the differences between values reported for epidermal growth factor concentration in blood by investigators using different assay procedures.
STALKING AND RESTRAINING ORDERS: A LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT Stalking is a complex subject that has only recently come to our collective consciousness. Exactly what stalking is, who the stalkers are and how we currently respond to stalking has generated controversy within academic, medical and legal professions. This article proposes a definition of stalking, reviews the various typologies of stalkers, and examines the advantages and disadvantages of using restraining orders on this unique population.
Phase equilibria in fluid inclusions from the Khtada Lake metamorphic complex

Abstract The Khtada Lake. British Columbia, metamorphic complex consists of high grade amphibolite and metasedimentary units with development of gneiss, migmatite and homogeneous autochthonous plutons. Maximum metamorphic conditions are estimated to have exceeded 5 kbar and 700°C. Fluid inclusions in matrix quartz are highly variable in density and composition, ranging from apparently pure CO 2 (gas or liquid or both at room temperature) through CO 2 + H 2 O ± CH 4 mixtures to inclusions which are entirely aqueous. They occur along cracks, in groups without planar features and as isolated inclusions. The latter and some which occur in groups, are interpreted to most nearly approximate, in density and composition, the fluids present during the peak of metamorphism. The density and fluid composition data are derived from direct observations of phase changes between − 180 and + 380°C and from the application of published experimental data in the system CH 4 -CO 2 -H 2 O-NaCl. The most dense, pure CO 2 inclusions indicate a pressure of entrapment at 5 kbar, if a temperature of 700°C is assumed. This is in close agreement with the minimum P - T estimates from the mineral assemblages. Methane was positively identified in inclusions in graphite-bearing specimens. Salt content is concluded to be about 5–6 wt% NaCl equivalent in the aqueous phase in both aqueous and CO 2 + H 2 O inclusions. There is evidence of immiscible separation of CO 2 -rich and H 2 O-rich fluids at temperatures at least as high as 375°C.
THE POU GENE CEH-18 PROMOTES GONADAL SHEATH CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION REQUIRED FOR MEIOTIC MATURATION AND OVULATION IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

In Caenorhabditis elegans, specialized contractile myoepithelial cells of the somatic gonad, the gonadal sheath cells, are closely apposed to oocytes and are required for normal meiotic maturation and ovulation. Previously we found that mutations in the ceh-18 gene, which encodes a POU-class homeoprotein expressed in sheath cells, result in oocyte defects. To determine the basis for these oocyte defects, we have used time-lapse video Nomarski microscopy to observe meiotic maturation, ovulation, and early embryogenesis in ceh-18 mutants. In ceh-18 mutants sheath cell contractions are weaker, less frequent, and uncoordinated throughout the sequence of ovulation events, and ovulation is defective. Defective ovulation can result in the formation of endomitotic oocytes in the gonad, the formation of haploid embryos, and reversals in embryonic polarity. ceh-18 mutant oocytes exhibit defects prior to nuclear envelope breakdown, suggesting that they are physiologically different from the wild type. We observed delays in meiotic maturation, as well as maturation out of the normal spatial and temporal sequence, suggesting that proximal sheath cells directly or indirectly promote and spatially restrict meiotic maturation. Analysis of sheath cell differentiation in ceh-18 mutants using antibodies to proteins of the contractile apparatus reveals that although contractile proteins are expressed, the sheath cells appear disorganized. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that ceh-18 mutant sheath cells are morphologically irregular and only loosely cover oocytes. Taken together, these observations indicate that ceh-18 is a crucial determinant of sheath cell differentiation, a function required for normal meiotic maturation and ovulation.
Comparative study of bias-reversing schemes for low frequency noise reduction in dc SQUIDS

Abstract We have investigated the effectiveness for low frequency noise reduction of three different schemes of periodic bias current reversal in dc SQUIDs operated in the flux-locked mode. The three techniques incorporate different frequency and phase relationships between the bias current waveform and the flux modulation waveform. We find that some SQUIDs show significant low frequency noise reduction under bias reversing, while other SQUID devices of the same design inherently achieve the lower level of low frequency noise and hence do not benefit from bias reversal.
Quenching of debris beds having variable permeability in the axial and radial directions

Abstract In this paper experiments and analyses for the cooling conditions of debris beds with variable permeability in the axial and radial directions are performed. In the experiments steel particles varying in diameter from 1.6 mm to 6.35 mm were used to simulate the core debris beds. The particles were heated inductively to temperatures up to 630°C in an inert atmosphere. Thereafter, the particulate beds were flooded either from the top or from the bottom. In the experiments water at room temperature was used as the coolant. Several configurations of the particulate bed yielding extreme variations in permeability were studied. Analyses to establish the coolability limits have been performed.
The uniqueness of negative urgency as a common risk factor for self-harm behaviors, alcohol consumption, and eating problems.

► 29% of the nonclinical sample (N=215) reported a history of self-harm behavior. ► Self-harmers had lower levels of self-control and higher levels of affect lability. ► Self-harmers had higher rates of alcohol use and eating problems. ► Negative urgency was uniquely related to self-harm, alcohol, and eating problems. ► Negative urgency mediated effect of self-control and affective lability on behavior. abstract article i nfo Research suggests that self-control, affective lability, and negative urgency are associated with deliberate self-harm, problematic alcohol consumption, and eating problems. Few studies have fully examined how neg- ative urgency might uniquely explain the effects of self-control and affective lability on these outcomes, as com- pared to other impulsivity-related traits. This was the goal of the current study. Of an initial group of 734 undergraduate students, 29% indicated a history of deliberate self-harm. These 215 individuals were randomly matched with a group of non-self-harmers (total N=430; mean age=22.36, SD=6.59; 76.2% female). Self-harmers showed higher rates of alcohol use (F(2, 186)=5.48, pb.001) and eating problems (F(2, 186)= 7.74, pb.001). In a structural equation model, negative urgency was significantly associated with self-harming frequency (β=3.81, pb.001), variety of self-harm methods (β=5.79, pb.001), the number of years of self-harming (β=2.75, pb.001), problematic alcohol use (β=1.80, pb.05), and eating problems (β=3.99, pb.001). Negative urgency was positively associated with affective lability (β=7.71, pb.001) and negatively associated with self-control (β=�13.59, pb.001). Negative urgency is the only impulsivity-related trait that is a common risk factor associated with increased self-harm, problematic alcohol use, and eating problems. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
What motivates physicians throughout their careers in medicine

Motivation provides direction and purpose in physicians' work, and motivating factors vary during different career stages. Motivation theories divide sources of motivation into those intrinsic to the work, such as the opportunity for self-expression and intellectual challenge, and those extrinsic to the work, such as salary and time. Although much attention has focused on minimizing negative extrinsic factors, the authors argue that career resilience requires that physicians reflect on and define the sources of their own intrinsic motivation. Opportunities to maximize self-awareness may allow physicians to structure their work in ways that maximize meaning and fulfillment over the long-term.
Something old, something new, something borrowed: Themes in the voices of a new generation of feminists

This study examines one particularly prominent effort to give voice to the third wave of feminism. We analyzed Listen Up: Voices from the Next Generation of Feminists, which is one of the first and most often cited works claiming to give voice to a new wave of U.S. feminism. Thematic analysis of the essays in Listen Up revealed four themes shared by young feminists who contributed to the book: (a) resisting negative social messages about women, (b) recognizing connections and building collective identity, (c) claiming a voice, and (d) investing personally in the continuing feminist struggle. In echoing key themes of the second‐wave feminist movement in the United States, the third wave affiliates itself with the second wave. However, the rising generation of feminists departs from second‐wave feminists in two key respects: (a) the priority accorded to making feminism inclusive and (b) the starting point of the two movements. Thus, the third wave seems more an evolution—one that is substantive in some ways...
The Importance of Family Functioning to Caregiver Adaptation in Mothers of Child Cancer Patients: Testing a Social Ecological Model:

This study was designed to investigate associations between family relationships, personal-psychological caregiver adaptation (ie, depressive symptomatology, sense of burden), and ability to function within the health care system (perceived doctor-parent relationship) in mothers of child cancer patients. Data were collected through a survey of a sample of 29 mothers whose children were diagnosed with some form of childhood cancer, mainly leukemia. Family functioning was positively related to both caregiver adaptation and doctor-parent relationship. Mothers who reported decreased maternal depression and burden were significantly more likely to report respectively improved spousal relationships and improved spousal communication. Mothers reporting more positive doctor-parent relationships also described themselves as having improved relationships with spouse and child, and improved spousal communication. Maternal well-being and doctor-parent relationship were not directly related. By suggesting that both intrapsychic and instrumental maternal adaptation are influenced by positive relationships in the family, this study provides support for the social ecological model of stress. The possibility that family factors exert a direct influence on both caregiver intrapsychic well-being and instrumental skills argues for the importance of their being carefully considered in any models evaluating caregiver adaptation.
Atmospheric effects on inlets for supersonic cruise aircraft

Mixed-compression inlet dynamic behavior in the vicinity of unstart, was simulated and analyzed to investigate time response of an inlet's normal shock to independent disturbances in ambient temperature and pressure and relative velocity (longitudinal gust), with and without inlet controls active. The results indicate that atmospheric disturbances may be more important than internal disturbances in setting inlet controls requirements because they are usually not anticipated and because normal shock response to rapid atmospheric disturbances is not attenuated by the inlet, as it is for engine induced disturbances. However, before inlet control requirements can be fully assessed, more statistics on extreme atmospheric disturbances are needed.
Isolation and concentration techniques for capillary column gas chromatographic analysis

Revue des differentes methodes de preparation des echantillons pour l'analyse chromatographique gazeuse sur colonne capillaire
Photosensitization of murine tumor, vasculature and skin by 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrin

— The effects of topical and systemic administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were examined in several murine tumor systems with regard to porphyrin accumulation kinetics in tumor, skin and blood, vascular and tumor cell photosensitization and tumor response after light exposure. Marked, transient increases in porphyrin levels were observed in tumor and skin after systemic and topical ALA. Rapid, transient, dose-dependent porphyrin increases were also observed in blood; these were pronounced after systemic ALA injection and mild after topical application. They were highest within 1 h after ALA injection, thereafter declining rapidly. This matched the clearing kinetics of injected exogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Initially, vascular photosensitivity changed inversely to blood porphyrin levels, increasing gradually up to 5 h post-ALA, as porphyrin was clearing from the bloodstream. This pattern was again matched by injected, exogenous PpIX. After therapeutic tumor treatment vascular disruption of the tumor bed, while observed, was incomplete, especially at the tumor base. Minimal direct tumor cell kill was found at low photodynamic therapy (PDT) doses (250 mg/kg ALA, 135 J/cm2 light). Significant, but limited (<1 log) direct photodynamic tumor cell kill was obtained when the PDT dose was raised to 500 mg/kg systemic ALA, followed 3 h later by 270 J/cm2, a dose that was however toxic to the animals. The further reduction of clonogenic tumor cells over 24 h following treatment was moderate and probably limited by the incomplete disruption of the vasculature. Tumor responses were highest when light treatment was carried out at the time of highest tumor porphyrin content rather than at the time of highest vascular photosensitivity. Tumor destruction did not reach the tumor base, regardless of treatment conditions.
Close encounter with Saturn's Moon Iapetus

Following the Cassini spacecraft's 10 September flyby of Saturn's moon Iapetus, scientists now are examining hundreds of transmitted images of the moon's reflectance, heavily cratered surface, and a 20-kilometer-high mountain ridge along the equator that gives Iapetus an irregular walnut-like shape. Carolyn Porco, Cassini imaging team leader at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo., compared the flyby to something out of the book Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. “Our flight over the surface of Iapetus was like a non-stop free fall, down the rabbit hole. Very few places in our solar system are more bizarre than the patchwork of pitch dark and snowy bright we've seen on this moon,” she said. The flyby, which brought Cassini just 1640 kilometers above Iapetus's surface—100 times closer than a 2004 encounter by the same spacecraft— will help scientists to better understand the chemical composition of the surface and look for evidence of a faint atmosphere. Iapetus images are available at: http://saturn.jpl .nasa.gov,http://www.nasa.gov/cassini, and http://ciclops.org.
PLUTONIUM(IV) AND PLUTONIUM(VI) EXTRACTION BY 1-HYDROXY-6-N-OCTYLCARBOXAMIDE-2(1H)-PYRIDINONE*

ABSTRACT Extraction of Pu(IV) and Pu(VI) from nitric acid media by the promising new extractant l-hydroxy-6-N-octylcarboxamide-2(1H)-pyridinone (octyl-1,2-HOPO) has been investigated. The effects of nitric acid, sodium, aluminum and iron(III) nitrates on extraction have been examined. Octyl-1,2-HOPO exhibits high specificity for Pu(IV) over a wide range of acidity and ionic strength. The affinity of octyl-1,2-HOPO for Pu(VI) is much less than for Pu(IV). However, the extraction of Pu(VI) is possible from acidic as well as from highly salted media. Two water soluble ligands, 1-hydroxyethane-1,1,-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) and H(2,2)-1,2-HOPO, have been shown to be very effective for back extraction.