cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint associations of insomnia and sleep duration with prevalent diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

Background Inadequate sleep quantity and quality are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. This relationship is not well-examined in US Hispanics/Latinos, and prior analyses may be confounded by sleep apnea. This cross-sectional study examined joint associations of sleep duration and insomnia with diabetes among diverse US Hispanic/Latinos. Methods Baseline data on sleep quantity and quality were obtained from 15227 participants (mean age 41; range 18–74 years) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Complex survey multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between prevalent diabetes and six phenotypes defined by cross-classifying sleep duration (short ≤6 h, average >6–9 h, long >9 h) and insomnia, adjusting for sex, age, site and Hispanic/Latino background interaction, education, physical activity, diet quality, and sleep apnea. Results In the weighted population, 14% had diabetes, 28% had insomnia, 9% were short sleepers, and 19% were long sleepers. Compared with those with average sleep and no insomnia, those with short sleep and insomnia were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 2.11). Average sleepers with insomnia (1.28; 95% CI 1.02, 1.61) and long sleepers without insomnia (1.33; 95% CI 1.07, 1.65) also had elevated odds of diabetes. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated associations, except with long sleep without insomnia. Conclusions Both decreased quantity and quality of sleep are associated with diabetes in Hispanic/Latinos, with the greatest odds among those with short sleep duration and insomnia. The association is largely explained by obesity.
Regulation of Flowering Time and Floral Organ Identity by a MicroRNA and Its APETALA2-Like Target Genes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼21-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that have been identified in both animals and plants. Although in animals there is direct evidence implicating particular miRNAs in the control of developmental timing, to date it is not known whether plant miRNAs also play a role in regulating temporal transitions. Through an activation-tagging approach, we demonstrate that miRNA 172 (miR172) causes early flowering and disrupts the specification of floral organ identity when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. miR172 normally is expressed in a temporal manner, consistent with its proposed role in flowering time control. The regulatory target of miR172 is a subfamily of APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factor genes. We present evidence that miR172 downregulates these target genes by a translational mechanism rather than by RNA cleavage. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses indicate that two of the AP2-like target genes normally act as floral repressors, supporting the notion that miR172 regulates flowering time by downregulating AP2-like target genes.
Investigation of a 3-D hybrid finite-element/boundary-element method for electromagnetic launch applications and validation using semianalytical solutions

The hybrid finite element/boundary element (FE/BE) computational scheme is advantageous in that it satisfies boundary conditions at infinity while avoiding meshing and computations in the air regions. Of numerous hybrid schemes, one using the fundamental solution of Poisson's equation as the weighting function has been employed successfully in many fields. Analyses in electromagnetic (EM) launch usually involve strong coupling among EM, thermal, and structural equations. The hybrid method has the added benefit that it may be fashioned to incorporate the effect of structural deformations on EM fields. Here, a three-dimensional (3D) hybrid algorithm using the fundamental solution of Poisson's equation as the weighting function is investigated and implemented in the parallel version of the code electromechanical analysis program in 3D (EMAP3D). The method is validated using two examples with semianalytical solutions: a 3D ring conductor with rectangular cross section carrying uniform current, and a quadrupole configuration with four independent, closed-ring conductors excited by imposed potential differences. The solutions obtained using the hybrid method match the semianalytical solutions within approximately four percent deviations.
Psychosocial Adjustment among Intellectually Gifted Adolescents: the Role of Cognitive-Developmental and Experiential Factors

Levels of psychological adjustment were examined among 51 high achieving, intellectually gifted adolescents with a mean age of 14.1 years. These students were compared with older adolescents matched with them on cognitive maturity (n = 30), and with two groups matched with them on chronological age (CA). One of the CA-matched groups contained children not identified as gifted (n = 47), while the other consisted of athletically talented youngsters (n = 39). All participants belonged to upper middle class families. On multiple indices of adjustment, intellectually gifted adolescents were comparable to older adolescents with similar cognitive skills, but differed from both groups of age mates. Differences between the gifted and non-gifted CA-matched groups were stronger than were those between the gifted group and the athletes of the same age. The findings were interpreted in terms of cognitive-developmental and experiential influences on psychological adjustment. The study also revealed gender effects which appeared to be linked with conflicts faced by gifted females between issues of achievement and those of social acceptance.
Functional limitations in patients with diabetes and transmetatarsal amputations.

Background and Purpose. Reports in the surgical and rehabilitation literature suggest that patients with transmetatarsal amputations (TMAs) function well with regular shoes and a toe filler. Functional limitations, however, have not been documented in this population. The purpose of this study was to compare the function of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and TMA with that of age- and gender-matched control subjects. Subjects. Thirty subjects (15 subjects with DM and TMAs and 15 control subjects), with a mean age of 62.3 years (SD=9.2, range=43–83), were studied. Methods. Function was measured using the Functional Reach Test (FRT), the Physical Performance Test (PPT), walking speed for 15.2 m (50 ft), and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Subjects in the TMA-DM group wore standard shoes with a toe filler. Results. The TMA-DM group scored lower (mean±standard deviation) than did the control group on all tests (FRT: 19.1±8.6 vs 31.5±9.1 cm [7.5±3.4 vs 12.4±3.6 in]; PPT: 18.7±4.8 vs 24.1±2.2 points [28 points possible]; walking speed: 51.5±13.2 vs 75.6±9.3 m/min; SIP: 17.0±12.7 vs 3.7±4.7). Conclusion and Discussion. Persons with DM and TMAs have considerable functional limitations. Research is needed to determine whether therapeutic footwear or other forms of rehabilitation can improve their function.
Secondary Flows in Axial Turbines—A Review

Abstract: An important problem that arises in the design and the performance of axial flow turbines is the understanding, analysis, prediction and control of secondary flows. Sieverding1 has given a review of secondary flow literature, covering up to 1985. In this paper a brief review of pre-1985 work is given, and then a survey of open literature secondary flow investigations since the Sieverding review is presented. Most of the studies reviewed deal with plane or annular cascade flows. Tip clearance effects are not covered. The basic secondary flow picture for a turbine cascade, as measured and verified by a number of investigators is described. Recent work that shows refined secondary flow vortex structures is examined. A flow parameter based on inlet boundary layer properties used to predict horseshoe vortex swirl is presented. Work on secondary flow loss reduction, involving airfoil geometry, endwall fences and endwall contouring is briefly reviewed. A new leading edge bulb geometry that has demonstrated impressive loss reduction is considered. It is concluded that accurate routine prediction of secondary flow losses has not yet been achieved, and must await either a better turbulence model or more experiments to reveal new endwall loss production mechanisms. Lastly, loss is examined from the standpoint of entropy generation.
Combining Geocaching and Children's Literature

Geocaching is a growing phenomenon and an interesting pastime that attracts people worldwide. This activity involves participants using Global Positioning System (GPS) units to hunt for hidden caches in a variety of settings. However, the educational value of the activity has yet to be fully realized. Researchers conducting the current study sought to infuse geocaching and the GPS technology in an interdisciplinary lesson in a third-grade classroom. The research team combined literature, technology, history, geography, art, diversity, and imagination into one two-part social studies lesson. The third graders were then surveyed about their reactions to the activity and the use of the GPS units. All respondents enjoyed the literature component of the activity and hunting with GPS units. Participants also indicated that programming and using the GPS units were their favorite aspects of the activity. Three participants had difficulty using the GPS units, yet all participants wanted to conduct more geocaching activities. Further research should be attempted with different types of literature and with children of different ages. Children also clearly enjoyed using the technology even when they did not fully understand it. Therefore, future research should also explore comprehensive instruction in the use of GPS units with elementary-aged children.
A gold-bearing gabbro-syenite complex

(1981). A gold-bearing gabbro-syenite complex. International Geology Review: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 57-60.
Directions for computer-mediated scholarship

Current practices of computer-mediated scholarship (CMS) are analyzed, and directions for establishing CMS systems are identified. Experiences with established, disciplinary-specific CMS systems show that systems-oriented approaches to building systems for scholarship can be successful in providing a comprehensive set of features to meet the needs of scholars. The use and potential for tools-oriented approaches to CMS show that computer-mediated communication forums and network information retrieval tools can provide many needs of scholars, including searching for sources, communicating with colleagues, analyzing source materials, disseminating research, and preparing instruction.
Residencies in Addiction Psychiatry: 1990 to 2000, A Decade of Progress

This article reviews the history and status of addiction psychiatry residencies based on surveys conducted in 1990 and again in 1999. The 19 of 38 approved programs in operation since 1990 filled more positions than those that were more recently accredited, but they were not significantly different in time allocated to respective clinical assignments or in salary support. Altogether, the programs provide a broad array of training sites (inpatient and outpatient, alcohol and other-drug related) suitable for the diverse needs that graduates will encounter. There were, however, differences in the balance of time dedicated to research relative to patient care. Salaries were relatively modest and drawn from federal and local sources.
Terahertz applications of frequency selective surfaces: analysis, design, fabrication and testing

In this paper, metallodielectric IR FSS filters were synthesized using fractal and GA techniques with fabrication constraints. Measured results show excellent agreement with PMM simulation. The synthesis of DFSS for near-IR filter applications was performed using a GA. The advantages of DFSS include low loss at visible wavelengths and polarization independent filter responses. Designs for low loss IR NIMs based on FSS were also discussed. Future work includes fabricating FSS and DFSS filters that operate at near-IR and visible wavelengths.
Radio-telescope antenna parameters

Principal antenna parameters which are useful in characterizing the electrical performance of radio-telescope antennas are defined and the relations between them are established. The application of these parameters to radio astronomical measurements is discussed.
Oxidation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid Arachidonoyl Ethanolamide by the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases: Physiological and Pharmacological Implications

Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) is an endogenous amide of arachidonic acid and an important signaling mediator of the endocannabinoid system. Given its numerous roles in maintaining normal physiological function and modulating pathophysiological responses throughout the body, the endocannabinoid system is an important pharmacological target amenable to manipulation directly by cannabinoid receptor ligands or indirectly by drugs that alter endocannabinoid synthesis and inactivation. The latter approach has the possible advantage of more selectivity, thus there is the potential for fewer untoward effects like those that are traditionally associated with cannabinoid receptor ligands. In that regard, inhibitors of the principal inactivating enzyme for anandamide, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), are currently in development for the treatment of pain and inflammation. However, several pathways involved in anandamide synthesis, metabolism, and inactivation all need to be taken into account when evaluating the effects of FAAH inhibitors and similar agents in preclinical models and assessing their clinical potential. Anandamide undergoes oxidation by several human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP4F2, CYP4X1, and the highly polymorphic CYP2D6, forming numerous structurally diverse lipids, which are likely to have important physiological roles, as evidenced by the demonstration that a P450-derived epoxide of anandamide is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptor 2. The focus of this review is to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the P450-mediated pathways of the metabolism of anandamide, because these are likely to be important in mediating endocannabinoid signaling as well as the pharmacological responses to endocannabinoid-targeting drugs.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE OF VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION: Mechanisms of Family and Peer Influence

This article presents an overview of current research and thinking on the developmental course of aggression and violent behavior from early childhood through adolescence. Differing developmental trajectories are highlighted, and salient family and peer influences are described. Acquired social information processing patterns are discussed as potential mediators of the link between social experience in the family and peer group and individual differences in children's aggressive behavior. The need for developmentally sensitive models that focus on the interplay of family and peer experience, information processing patterns, and onset and chronicity of aggression is stressed.
Hypothesis Tests for Evaluating Numerical Precipitation Forecasts

Abstract When evaluating differences between competing precipitation forecasts, formal hypothesis testing is rarely performed. This may be due to the difficulty in applying common tests given the spatial correlation of and non-normality of errors. Possible ways around these difficulties are explored here. Two datasets of precipitation forecasts are evaluated, a set of two competing gridded precipitation forecasts from operational weather prediction models and sets of competing probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts from model output statistics and from an ensemble of forecasts. For each test, data from each competing forecast are collected into one sample for each case day to avoid problems with spatial correlation. Next, several possible hypothesis test methods are evaluated: the paired t test, the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and two resampling tests. The more involved resampling test methodology is the most appropriate when testing threat scores from nonprobabilistic forecasts. ...
Databasing in CLP Psychiatry

The epoch of the 1990’s has proclaimed the need for documenting and recording information in nearly every category of endeavor: business, health care, teaching, government. This demand necessitates a move toward creating computerized database systems to collect, aggregate, and transform pertinent data into usable information. On all levels of health service delivery we need to understand not only what we are doing, but what we should not be doing. Never before has there been such an opportunity to document an enterprise and then re-examine what has been done, by whom, and for what indications.
A hybrid between a resistant and a susceptible strain of mouse alters the pattern of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced white matter disease and favors oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) produces a chronic disease in its natural host, the mouse, characterised by primary inflammatory demyelination of the spinal cord. This viral infection is considered a very good model for human MS because the pathogenesis of myelin injury is mediated through the host immune response. Susceptibility and/or resistance to the demyelinating disease depend on multiple genes both in and outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The pathological lesions in animals with different degrees of susceptibility vary in both their severity and in their ability to become remyelinated. In general, animals with intermediate levels of susceptibility show the best potential for remyelination. Most crosses of susceptible animals with resistant strains carrying the H-2b haplotype are resistant with only a couple of exceptions. One such exception is the (SJL/J x C57L/J)F1 hybrid, which is susceptible to the disease. To study whether the resistant genotype of C57L/J mice could modify the phenotypic expression of pathological lesions characteristic of the highly susceptible SJL/J mouse, we performed a light microscopical and ultrastructural study of the spinal cord of both parental strains and their F1 progeny. We focused particularly on the relationship between severity of inflammation, and especially macrophage infiltration, and the subsequent remyelinating potential of lesions. The results show a dramatic difference between the ability to remyelinate lesions by infected SJL/J mice vs similarly infected (SJL/L x C57L/J)F1 hybrids, and suggest an important influence by resistant genes in modulating the phenotypic expression of disease, including the ability to stimulate oligodendroglia-mediated remyelination.
Design of a Flapping Quad-Winged Micro Air Vehicle

With the success of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), there is a large and growing interest in smaller versions called micro-air vehicles (MAVs). This paper describes phase I of an ongoing project by Wright State University to create a flapping quad-winged micro-air vehicle. The goal of this initial phase is to design a flapping mechanism to be used for testing wing designs. The mechanism chosen was a simple four-bar with a crank shaft and coupler to achieve proper phase lag between the fore and hind wings. The first iteration of wings were designed as flat plates with aspect geometry based on a photograph of a dragonfly. These will be used to gain wind tunnel measurements and validate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. Both the mechanism and the wings were manufactured through the use of a rapid prototype machine. Further wing iterations will be designed to match the deformation patterns found in real dragonfly wings.
Reply to T. Finazzi and H. Kim et al.

Finazzi and Kim et al raise important questions of whether a noninferiority margin was properly and prospectively designated in the International Atomic Energy Agency protocol of the study recently reported by Roa et al. Finazzi and Kim et al also wonder whether noninferiority could be justifiably claimed after an initial interim analysis led to trial closure. Additional concerns about protocol eligibility criteria were also raised—might some patients designated as elderly or frail in this International Atomic Energy Agency–sponsored trial possibly be better treated with courses of radiation that are longer than 1 week, with or without chemotherapy? Inartfully phrased protocol language indicating that “...changing the [radiotherapy] regimen from 1 week to 3 weeks would improve survival by 15%” does not mean that the protocol was conducted as anything but a noninferiority trial, with a noninferiority margin of 15%, and the rules for discontinuing the trial are clearly set out in the section on sample size and duration of study in the study protocol. It would certainly have been difficult to justify continuing the trial, given the purview of the independent data monitoring and evaluation committee and their obligation to mandate trial closure at the time of the first interim analysis—after 98 of 144 planned patients had been accrued—on the basis of these same guidelines. What might have happened if an approximate additional 50 patients had been accrued? We will never know, but the data we have do not indicate that the results would be any different. Finally, the question of whether the 1-week radiotherapy course is the best option for all patients who fit the protocol eligibility criteria may be simply answered. The results of this trial justify it in relation to a 3-week course of radiation treatment, but it is not clear whether increasingly aggressive treatment regimens that incorporate chemotherapy might provide better outcomes for some subsets of patients.
Study on molecular typing of Salmonella typhi isolated in Longgang,Shenzhen during 2004～2008 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Objective: To analyze the homology of Salmonella typhi isolated in Longgang,Shenzhen from 2004 to 2008.Methods:S.typhi isolates were collected in Longgang,Shenzhen during 2004~2008 and identified by biochemical and serotype methods.After the genome of S.typhi was digested by restricted enzyme XbaI,the electrophoresis fingerprint was obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,and the homology analysis was performed by BioNumerics 5.1 software.Results:A total of 32 S.typhi isolates were obtained.The results analyzed by BioNumerics showed that a total of 24 PFGE types were present.Except one,other 31 isolates belonged to six pulsotypes with similarity at least 85%.Some isolates from different years were the same and some ones were different.Conclusion:Six S.typhi clones are probably present in Longgang,Shenzhen.The spread of these clones probably mainly contributed to the presence of S.typhi in this area.So public health structure should be further reinforced.The PFGE fingerprint provides the good basis for the molecular typing network of S.typhi in this area.It also provides the technique support for the timely and active surveillance of diseases caused by S.typhi and source tracking.
Effects of ground on earthquake motion

Earthquake damage at a given location depends on properties of the arriving elastic waves, of the ground at the shaken site, and of the structures involved. To investigate effects of the ground on the motion at the surface, five identical seismographs have been operated temporarily at 25 locations within 30 miles from the Seismological Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, and their records have been compared with those written by an identical instrument recording in routine at the Seismological Laboratory. The ratio of amplitudes at sites on fairly dry alluvium more than 500 feet deep to those at the Seismological Laboratory (on crystalline rock) is frequently 5 : 1 or more for earthquake waves having periods of 1 to 1 1/2 sec. For waves having periods of 0.1 ± sec. and waves having periods exceeding 10 sec. (length more than 10 miles) the corresponding differences in amplitudes are small. Amplitudes of earthquake waves and of the continuous unrest of the ground recorded at sites on water-saturated soft ground may be ten times those recorded at the Laboratory. The period of waves for which the response relative to that at the Seismological Laboratory is greatest usually decreases as the thickness of the alluvium decreases and is about ¼ sec. at stations on alluvium 100 ± feet thick. At stations on crystalline rock the motion of the ground does not differ significantly from that at the Laboratory for waves having periods exceeding ¼ sec. At sites on alluvium, relatively strong shaking lasts several times as long as at those on crystalline rock; usually this ratio decreases with decreasing thickness of the alluvium. Ground effects may produce appreciable differences in duration and amount of shaking even at localities only a fraction of a mile apart. The importance of selecting crystalline rock or at least dry ground and avoiding water-saturated soft ground for foundations of buildings to reduce potential earthquake damage is stressed.
Voltage Control Technology of DC Energy Storage Unit in Electrical Energy Quality Compensator Based on Zero Voltage Transition

Universal power quality compensator could ensure electromotor run stably and reliably. If rectifier circuit was used to supply power for its DC energy storage unit,it would produce a lot of harmonic. On the basis of APFC circuit,it proposed a new strategy to reduce the effect of rectifier circuit. The strategy used zero voltage transition technology to control main switching device and the corresponding circuit topology was designed. The opera-tion courses of the circuit and switching states of power devices were researched. Simulation results verified the validity and feasibility of the strategy.
Splenic aspiration biopsy in the dog.

A method of partial marsupialization of the dog spleen which permits repeated aspiration biopsies of the spleen has been developed. Needle-core or open surgical biopsies may also be carried out on these dogs. The cytologic picture found in material from aspiration biopsies of dog spleens is described. Percutaneous splenic-portal venography or injection into the portal circulation may also be carried out by injecting directly into the marsupialized spleen.
Milton: Paradise Lost: The literary after-life of Paradise Lost

Revisions from the Restoration to the Romantics Highly ambitious for himself, the younger Milton hoped to produce a great poem “so written to aftertimes, as they should not willingly let it die” (YP 1:810). Paradise Lost – in many ways the greatest and last of the English epics – had a profound effect on subsequent literary history. Its rich and complex influence is too vast a subject to distill within a short account, but a brief look at the ways selected writers from the Restoration to the Romantic period revised or reworked Milton's poem can show how it continued to live on and serve as a powerful creative stimulus. We can begin with Milton's own “brief epic” Paradise Regained (1671), a four-book poem again focused on the drama of temptation – Satan's spectacular temptations of Jesus in the wilderness (the chief biblical source is Luke 4:1–13). This intensely inward poem about the triumphs of the second Adam over his guileful adversary, however, lacks much of the epic machinery of Paradise Lost . Milton's Jesus is unknown, contemplative, private and poor – hardly the traditional aristocratic epic hero who defines himself by great acts of martial prowess. Moreover, the solitary Jesus can express uncertainty (“Where will this end?,” 2.245) as he proceeds to unravel the meaning of his prophetic vocation as Messiah. And yet Jesus's “deeds” are “Above Heroic” (1.14–15): in his spiritual warfare with Satan, he exemplifies yet once more how mighty weakness can overcome “Satanic strength” (1.161).
Information-theoretic private interactive mechanism

An information-theoretic mechanism for privacy-guaranteed interactions is introduced between two memoryless correlated sources where each source is characterized by a pair of public and private variables. The interactions are modeled as a collection of K/2 pairs of random mappings, one pair for each of the K rounds of interactions. The K/2 random mapping pairs are chosen jointly to minimize the information leakage (privacy measure) over K rounds of the private variable of each source at the other source while ensuring that a desired measure of utility (distortion) of the revealed public variable is satisfied. Arguing that an average case information-theoretic privacy metric can be appropriate for streaming data settings, this paper shows that in general, interaction reduces privacy leakage by drawing some parallels between this problem and the classic interactive source coding problem. Specifically, for the log-loss distortion metric it is shown that the resulting interaction problem is an analog of an interactive information bottleneck problem for which a one-shot interactive mechanism is, in general, not optimal. For the resulting problem with a non-convex constraint space, an algorithm that extends the one-way agglomerative information bottleneck algorithm to the interactive setting is introduced.
428. VSV Produced in CD55 Expressing Cells Has Better Resistance To Neutralization With Non-Immune Human Serum

VSV has shown promise as a systemic oncolytic therapy in many preclinical tumor models. However, its stability in blood circulation is largely compromised due to complement-dependent serum neutralization. In this work we have assessed the effect of producer cell type on serum neutralization of VSV. We show that VSV produced from HeLa cells is resistance to neutralization with non-immune human serum as compared to VSV produced from other cell lines tested (Vero, 3T3, 293, and BHK cell lines). We show that this resistance is associated with decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) expression in HeLa cells as the other cell lines tested did not express detectable levels of CD55. Furthermore, using a recombinant VSV expressing full length human CD55, we show that CD55 expressing VSV is more resistant to neutralization with non-immune human serum as compared to the parental VSV that doesn't express CD55. Currently, we are characterizing Vero cell lines that stably express human CD55 and the VSV produced from these cell lines. We are also generating suspension 293 cell lines stably expressing human CD55 that we plan to use for large scale VSV production.
Pacific Revolt: The Typhoon, Japan and American Imperialism in Melville's Moby Dick

In Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, the American whaler the Pequod encounters a fierce typhoon in Japanese waters. Melville’s novel contains many sublime descriptions of various natural phenomena, yet the typhoon’s force is registered less through direct description than through its effects on the structure of the text and its pivotal role in the plot. Melville is seemingly more interested in the typhoon’s symbolic potential than its concrete actuality. This chapter argues that the location of the typhoon sequence in “the heart of the Japanese cruising ground” makes it legible as a symbol of both political and natural resistance to the USA’s imperial ambitions in the Pacific. In this respect, it bears comparison with another of the novel’s multivalent symbols—the white whale.
Reducing Cannabis Use With a Real-Time Intervention Using Mobile Technology

Abstract Marijuana is the most prevalent drug of abuse among adolescents and young adults in the United States and Europe. We developed a marijuana treatment intervention (“MOMENT”) to address two challenges. First, although frequent marijuana use is associated with adverse emotional, educational, and social sequelae, most youth with problematic use do not seek treatment. Primary care settings have the potential to provide treatment to this population. Motivational interventions such as motivational enhancement therapy (MET) may be effective, but need to be brief and easy to implement in primary care. Second, marijuana use has been linked to negative affective states and specific social settings, yet existing interventions are delivered out of these contexts. MOMENT combines brief MET delivered by a clinician in the primary care setting with momentary intervention delivered using mobile technology in real-life settings. MOMENT is a promising approach to reducing marijuana use among youth who may not be seeking treatment.
Assessing Collaboration Within and Between Teams: A Multiteam Systems Perspective

Developing assessment methods that capture an individual’s capability to collaborate can look to the team and multiteam systems literature, which identifies six critical components of collaboration. These six include team affect/motivation, team interaction processes, and team cognition, as well as corresponding constructs at the system level, multiteam affect/motivation, between-team interaction, and multiteam cognition. This chapter defines and distinguishes teams and multiteam systems and discusses the importance of that distinction for assessing individual collaborative capacity in both small stand-alone teams and larger systems of teams working toward superordinate goals. Particularly, we describe confluent and countervailing forces—the notion that what enables team functioning and effectiveness may or may not also enable the multiteam system effectiveness. Assessments of individual contributions to team and multiteam dynamics must consider the implications to functioning both within and between teams.
International Justice in Africa: Defining Authority and Localizing the Global

When discussions about international law and justice in Africa arise, the narrative is generally predictable. Africa is commonly characterized as a continent that is unable to meet international standards in this domain and thus requires intervention from the outside to insure accountability for serious crimes and the protection of human rights. Commentary on the relationship between the International Criminal Court and its African member states tends to exemplify this narrative. This paper argues that the African continent should instead be seen as the source of many innovative strategies for applying globally accepted legal principles at the local level. This can be seen in the domain of international criminal justice, as well as in the work of regional human rights bodies and courts of regional integration, the latter proving themselves surprisingly activist in the sphere of human rights protections. In order to better analyze this phenomenon, the framework on the variable authority of international courts, developed by Karen Alter, Laurence Helfer, and Mikael Rask Madsen, is applied to the African justice context. This paper concludes that the sometimes exceptional judicial configurations, practices and interpretations found in Africa should be recognized internationally for what they are: expressions of a significant consensus on the part of African legal practitioners, jurists, and activists – if not always the authorities – about the need to protect fundamental human rights and challenge impunity on the African continent.
Black grassroots activism from the 20th to 21st century

These two books effectively cover black activism during each decade of the twentieth century, during which time black people struggled for various rights including economic equality, protection fro...
Realistic and Repeatable Emulation of Energy Harvesting Environments

Harvesting energy from the environment makes it possible to deploy tiny sensors for long periods of time, with little or no required maintenance; however, this free energy makes testing and experimentation difficult. Environmental energy sources vary widely and are often difficult both to predict and to reproduce in the lab during testing. These variations are also behavior dependent—a factor that leaves application engineers unable to make even simple comparisons between algorithms or hardware configurations, using traditional testing approaches.In this article, we describe the design and evaluation of Ekho, an emulator capable of recording energy harvesting conditions and accurately recreating those conditions in the lab. This makes it possible to conduct realistic and repeatable experiments involving energy harvesting devices. Ekho is a general-purpose, mobile tool that supports a wide range of harvesting technologies. We demonstrate, using a working prototype, that Ekho is capable of reproducing solar, Radio Frequency (RF), and kinetic energy harvesting environments accurately and consistently. Our results show that Ekho can recreate harvesting-dependent program behaviors by emulating energy harvesting conditions accurately to within 77.4μA for solar and 15.0μA for kinetic environments, and can emulate RF energy harvesting conditions consistently.
Contracting on GAAP Changes: Large Sample Evidence

We explore revealed preferences for the contractual treatment of changes to GAAP in a large sample of private credit agreements issued by publicly held U.S. firms. We document a significant time-trend towards excluding GAAP changes from the determination of covenant compliance over the period from 1994 to 2012. This trend is positively associated with proxies for standard setters’ shift in focus towards relevance and international accounting harmonization. At the firm level, borrowers facing higher uncertainty are more likely to write contracts that include GAAP changes, but these firms also show a more pronounced time-trend towards excluding GAAP changes. While this evidence is broadly consistent with an efficiency role for GAAP changes in debt contracting, it is also consistent with a shift in standard setters’ focus offering a partial explanation of why fewer contracts rely on GAAP changes in 2012 than in 1994. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Differential predictive value of PTSD symptom clusters for mental health care among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans following PTSD diagnosis.

Abstract Objectives Veterans from the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are being diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at high rates. This study examined characteristics associated with mental health service utilization, specifically psychotherapy, through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), in a large cohort of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans newly diagnosed with PTSD. Method This study utilized national VA administrative data from Iraq and Afghanistan veterans following an initial diagnosis of PTSD and completed a self-report measure of PTSD symptoms between Fiscal Years 2008–2012 (N=52,456; 91.7% male; 59.7% Caucasian; mean age 30.6, SD=8.3). Regression analyses examined the relation between PTSD symptom cluster severity and treatment-related variables. Results Accounting for demographic/clinical variables, PTSD symptom clusters were related to psychotherapy initiation (re-experiencing, OR=1.23; numbing, OR=1.15), combination treatment (medication and psychotherapy; re-experiencing, OR=1.13; avoidance, OR=1.07; dysphoric arousal, OR=1.06), number of psychotherapy visits (re-experiencing, IRR= 1.08; numbing, IRR=1.09), and adequate dose of therapy (e.g., 8 visits/14 weeks; re-experiencing: OR= 1.07). Conclusions When considering treatment approaches for trauma-exposed veterans, it is important to map the severity of unique PTSD symptoms clusters; this may have implications on the selection of treatment that best fits the veterans’ needs and preferences (e.g., exposure therapy versus cognitive processing therapy).
Phenomenological Social Science and Holistic Social Policy

The reliability of positivistic social science knowledge poses seminal problems for social policy. Needed is more sound phenomenological and qualitative research within the conspectus of the twin theoretical movements of ethnomethodology and the Frankfurt School, towards the goal of a more holistic social science knowledge base as well as a more holistic social policy. The idea of a comprehensive social policy rests on an epistemological base. If we accept the definition given social policy by Martin Rein, that social policy is the "planning for social externalities, redistribution, and the equitable distribution of social benefits, especially social services" with its subject matter being "not the social services alone, but the social purposes and consequences of agricultural, economic, manpower, fiscal, physical development, and social welfare policies," 1 then we can say that "social policy" and "social science" go hand in hand. Without knowledge social policy could not be formulated, not much less be
A First-Order Model of the Multiple-Feed Toroidal Magneto-Dielectric Antenna

A model of the input impedance of the toroidal permeable antenna, which is the dual of the conventional metal loop antenna, is derived, starting from Schelkunoff’s transmission line description of the loop antenna instead of the electrically small limit model. This antenna operates in both the monopole mode and circularly polarized dipole mode and is constructed from a torus of high permeability material. Since the ultimate goal is to obtain an impedance model from which to derive the best matching network; the input impedance is expressed in a form that has a frequency independent resistor terminating a reactive network which is called the Darlington form. Because such a circuit mimics closely the input impedance of the dipole modes of the spherical mode expansion, it is a much better model of the antennas as we go beyond the electrically small limit. The feed loop contribution is explicitly accounted for and the results are compared with fullwave simulations of a typical toroidal antenna operating in both monopole and circularly polarized dipole modes which show a good agreement well beyond the electrically small limit.
Reducing tail latencies in micro-batch streaming workloads

Spark Streaming discretizes streams of data into micro-batches, each of which is further sub-divided into tasks and processed in parallel to improve job throughput. Previous work [2, 3] has lowered end-to-end latency in Spark Streaming. However, two causes of high tail latencies remain unaddressed: 1) data is not load-balanced across tasks, and 2) straggler tasks can increase end-to-end latency by 8 times more than the median task on a production cluster [1]. We propose a feedback-control mechanism that allows frameworks to adaptively load-balance workloads across tasks according to their processing speeds. The task runtimes are thus equalized, lowering end-to-end tail latency. Further, this reduces load on machines that have transient resource bottlenecks, thus resolving the bottlenecks and preventing them from having an enduring impact on task runtimes.
An input-output analysis of recreational fishing expenditures (2006 & 2011) across the southern United States

This paper examines the economic contribution of recreational fishing expenditures across the southern United States (US). Input-output models were constructed for each southern state using US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) fishing expenditures data, both saltwater and freshwater, to determine the direct, indirect, and induced effects of these expenditures. Comparisons were made between pre- and post-recession (2006 and 2011), freshwater and saltwater fishing, and between states. Expenditures were essentially unchanged from 2006 to 2011; but numbers of participating anglers increased by ten percent and the economic contribution generated by the expenditures increased by 10–30%, depending on the economic indicator. The variations across states were substantial, with Florida dominating the others, especially in saltwater fishing. This study documents the important economic contributions of recreational fishing.
Characterizing Global Ozonesonde Profile Variability From Surface to the UT/LS With a Clustering Technique and MERRA‐2 Reanalysis

Our previous studies employing the self-organizing map (SOM) clustering technique to ozonesonde data have found significant links among meteorological and chemical regimes, and the shape of the ozone (O3) profile from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere. These studies, which focused on specific northern hemisphere mid-latitude geographical regions, demonstrated the advantages of SOM clustering by quantifying O3 profile variability and the O3/meteorological correspondence. We expand SOM to a global set of ozonesonde profiles spanning 1980-present from 30 sites to summarize the connections among O3 profiles, meteorology, and chemistry, using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis and other ancillary data. Four clusters of O3 mixing ratio profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) are generated for each site, which show dominant profile shapes and typical seasonality (or lack thereof) that generally correspond to latitude (i.e. Tropical, Subtropical, Mid-Latitude, Polar). Examination of MERRA-2 output reveals a clear relationship among SOM clusters and covarying meteorological fields (geopotential height, potential vorticity, and tropopause height) for Polar and Mid-latitude sites. However, these relationships break down within ±30° latitude. Carbon monoxide satellite data, along with velocity potential, a proxy for convection, calculated from MERRA-2 wind fields assist characterization of the Tropical and Subtropical sites, where biomass burning and convective transport linked to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) dominate O3 variability. In addition to geophysical characterization of O3 profile variability, these results can be used to evaluate chemical transport model output and satellite measurements of O3.
Multipurpose Transposon Insertion Libraries for Large-Scale Analysis of Gene Function in Yeast

Transposons have long been recognized as useful laboratory tools facilitating genome-scale studies of gene function. Relative to traditional methods, transposon mutagenesis offers a rapid and economical means of generating large numbers of independent insertions in target DNA through minimal experimental manipulation. In particular, the transposon insertion library described here is an excellent tool for the analysis of gene function on a large scale in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transposon utilized in this library is multifunctional, such that the library can be used to screen for disruption phenotypes while also providing a means to generate epitope-tagged alleles and, in many cases, conditional alleles. Provided here are complete protocols by which the transposon insertion library may be used to screen for mutant phenotypes in yeast as well as accompanying protocols describing a means of identifying transposon insertion sites within strains of interest. In total, this insertion library is a singularly useful tool for genome-wide functional analysis, and the general approach is applicable to other organisms in which transforming DNA tends to integrate by homologous recombination.
Raman Scattering from Lattice Vibrations of Ga Asx PI-x

First-order Raman scattering from the lattice vibrations of the mixed semiconductor GaAsxP1-x has been studied with both He:Ne and YAG:Nd lasers. Polarization studies have allowed separation of the Raman spectra into two parts, which have the scattering symmetries expected of transverse and longitudinal phonon polarizations in the zincblende structure. The spectra show lattice oscillations in two distinct frequency bands, one of which (345–405 cm-1) is identified with GaP, and the other of which (250–295 cm-1) with GaAs. The prominent feature of each band is a pair of peaks, the lower peak having the symmetry of a transverse phonon, the upper having the symmetry of a longitudinal phonon. In the arsenic band of the phosphorus-rich samples there is a weaker resonance whose strength relative to the “main” transverse resonance increases with decreasing arsenic concentration and is in fact stronger than the “main” resonance in an x ≈ 0.07 sample. Two weak spectral peaks occur in the phosphorus band; in the x ≈ 0. 07 sample they correlate with peaks in the phonon density of states of GaP. The nature of this fine structure indicates an inadequacy of the Verleur-Barker mixed crystal model in the interpretation of Raman and infrared spectra. A theory is also developed for the Raman scattering spectrum of an isotropic, multiply-resonant, infrared-active lattice.