cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibrated, late Quaternary age indices using clast rubification and soil development on alluvial surfaces in Pilot Knob Valley, Mojave Desert, southeastern California

The orange coating (varnish) that forms on the undersides (ventral sides) of clasts in desert pavements constitutes a potential relative-age indicator. Using Munsell color notation, we semiquantified the color of the orange, ventral varnish on the undersides of clasts from 15 different alluvial fan and terrace surfaces of various ages ranging from less than 500 to about 25,000 yr. All of the surfaces studied are located along the central portion of the left-lateral Garlock fault, in the Mojave Desert of southern California. The amount of left-lateral offset may be used to determine the relative ages of the surfaces. The previously published slip rate of the fault may also be used to estimate the absolute age of each surface. The color of the ventral varnish is strongly correlated with surface age and appears to be a more reliable age-indicator than the percentage coverage of dorsal varnish. Soil development indices also were not as strongly correlated with age, as were the colors of the ventral varnish. In particular, rubification appears to be more useful than soils for distinguishing relative ages among Holocene surfaces. Humidity sensors indicated that the undersides of clasts condensed moisture nightly for a period of several days to over a week after each rain. These frequent wet-dry cycles may be responsible for the rapid development of clast rubification on Holocene surfaces.
A forecasting model for food and other expenditures

An econometric model consisting of an inverse demand system and a set of lagged supply response relationships; for major categories of US personal consumption expenditures is formulated. The model is capable of sequentially forecasting per capita personal consumption expenditures and their expenditure shares in the long run.
Radiative transitions of low-lying positive-parity mesons

Experiments soon to be performed, such as Coulomb dissociation of hadrons and ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$, will be able to measure radiative decays of mesons with ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={2}^{++}, {1}^{++}, {0}^{++}, \mathrm{and} {1}^{+\ensuremath{-}}$. In advance of these experiments, predictions are made for rates and angular distributions in such processes as ${A}_{1,2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, ${f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and ${f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$. These predictions are based only on vector dominance and single-quark selection rules, but will permit the first tests of such hypotheses for excited mesons. Results include: (a) relatively large partial widths for ${f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$: $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rho})\ensuremath{\simeq}1.5$ MeV and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})\ensuremath{\simeq}8$ keV; (b) the suppression of $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ decays relative to $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ for these processes; (c) relative phases for helicity amplitudes in these processes, implying definite angular distributions in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${f}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; and (d) the nearly complete suppression of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ couplings of ${0}^{++}$ $q\overline{q}$ states.
The Tricultural Experience of Older, African American, Gay Men: Counseling Implications.

The authors argue that unlike their younger counterparts, who experience their young adult development within a dual-identity or bicultural framework, older, African American, gay men experience their development through 3 distinct cultural perspectives. Using a constructivist framework, the authors explore this tricultural development and make recommendations regarding counseling services for this population.
A First Course in Power: Can a Single Course Serve All Students?

This paper is part of a panel entitled "modernizing the first course in power systems." In this paper the authors discuss the first power course requirement at the University of Missouri-Rolla. Undergraduate students are required to take a power course, but they may select between a power systems course or a electromechanical conversion course.
High-speed optical signal sampling via temporal magnification

We demonstrate a novel technique for high-speed characterization of optical signals based on temporal magnification using four-wave mixing in a silicon nanowaveguide. Sampling at 1.3 TS/s is demonstrated with a 5-GHz oscilloscope.
Bounds on error probability of block codes with bounded-angle maximum-likelihood incomplete decoding

Recently, Dolinar et al. obtained extremely tight bounds on the probabilities of decoding error and undetected error for block codes using bounded-angle maximum-likelihood (BA-ML) incomplete decoding. Unfortunately, these bounds are complex and difficult to compute for large block sizes. In this paper we obtain simple exponential upper bounds on both the word error probability and the undetected error probability of block codes using BA-ML decoding.
Expert opinion: Rescue me: rescue medication for migraine.

A 35-year-old woman has a 15-year history ofmigraine without aura occurring 1 time per week.Shehas tried a variety of triptans, sumatriptan-naproxensodium, and dihydroergotamine nasal spray but theconsistency of response is about 60% even whentaken when the headache is mild, with recurrence ofheadache about 25% of the time.The headaches canbe severe, interfering with ability to function, andoccasionallywithvomitinglastingupto2-3days.Trip-tans are inconsistently effective when taken for asecond dose. She is on topirimate 100 mg, which hasdecreased the frequency of headaches from 3 perweek. She is otherwise healthy on no other medica-tions except for an oral contraceptive.Questions:Whatrescuemedicationisavailableasan outpatient and what is the evidence for efﬁcacy? Ifshe were to go to the emergency department with asevereheadache,arethereotheroptions?Areopiatesand butalbital relatively contraindicated in thesymptomatic treatment of migraine? If a patient hascontraindications to use of triptans or ergots or iftriptans or dihydroergotamine (DHE) are noteffective at all, what symptomatic options areavailable?
Interpreting Direction of Anxiety Within Hanin's Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine Jones' (1991) directionality hypothesis and Hanin's (2000) individual zone of optimal functioning model. Swimmers' performance was examined to determine if cognitive and somatic anxiety was within cognitive and somatic individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOFs). Direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was examined to determine if anxiety within IZOFs would be reported as facilitative to performance. One 3×3 (cognitive anxiety X somatic anxiety) ANOVA was calculated using ipsative t scores as the performance dependent variable. Two separate one factor ANOVAs for cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety were calculated using ipsatized cognitive and somatic direction scores as the dependent variables. Results indicated support for Hanin's IZOF theory relative to intensity of cognitive anxiety, however, interpretations of anxiety within IZOFs failed to provide support for the directional hypothesis. Results are explained via examination of extant anxiety-...
Treatment of Pediatric Overweight: An Examination of Feasibility and Effectiveness in an Applied Clinical Setting

Objective To examine the effectiveness and feasibility of an evidence-based treatment for weight loss in children. Methods A total of 41 children who were overweight and their families were provided a modified version of the Traffic Light Diet (TLD) in an applied setting. Children who received treatment as usual (TAU) constituted a comparison sample. Results Children receiving the modified TLD demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in standardized body mass index (z-BMI) than children receiving TAU. Conclusions The TLD is a feasible treatment that can be implemented in applied settings that include samples often excluded from treatment efficacy studies. Results are discussed in the context of bridging the gap between science and service.
ACQUISITION OF RESISTANCE GENES BY THE INCQ PLASMID R1162 IS LIMITED BY ITS HIGH COPY NUMBER AND LACK OF A PARTITIONING MECHANISM

R1162 is a representative member of the broad-host-range IncQ group of multicopy plasmids. Lower-copy-number derivatives of R1162 were constructed in vitro and shown to be unstable, indicating that partitioning of plasmid copies at cell division is due to random distribution and not to an active partitioning mechanism. However, the normal copy number of R1162 reduces cell fitness during growth in broth and favors the emergence of unstable, lower-copy-number variants. As a result, plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance genes active at a low copy number eventually result in plasmid loss during periods of no selection. We argue that the maintenance of R1162 in a population requires a gene that is selected only at high levels. This reduces the potential for acquiring genes from other R factors and could explain the limited variety of antibiotic resistance genes contained by naturally occurring IncQ plasmids.
Poverty and biodiversity: Measuring the overlap of human poverty and the biodiversity hotspots

Abstract In an effort to prioritize conservation efforts, scientists have developed the concept of biodiversity hotspots. Since most hotspots occur in countries where poverty is widespread, the success of conservation efforts depends upon the recognition that poverty can be a significant constraint on conservation, and at the same time conservation is an important component to the alleviation of long-term poverty. In this paper we present five key socio-economic poverty indicators (access to water, undernourishment, potential population pressure, number living below poverty line and debt service) and integrate them with an ecologically based hotspots analysis in order to illustrate magnitude of the overlap between biological conservation and poverty. The analysis here suggests that the overlap between severe, multifaceted poverty and key areas of global biodiversity is great and needs to be acknowledged. Understanding the magnitude of overlap and interactions among poverty, conservation and macroeconomic processes is crucial for identifying illusive, yet possible, win–win solutions.
Timing Verification by Formal Signal Interaction Modeling in a Multi-level Timing Simulator

A new multi-level macromodeling technique for timing simulation has been developed. This technique is based upon the modeling of the behavior of subcircuits under single input changes. The possible interactions between multiple input changes determine the range of validity of the models. A formal method for developing the model validity conditions is presented. This work establishes a bridge between timing analysis by using single input change models, and timing simulation which correctly models signal interactions. The availability of a formal criterion for the validity of the models allows the dynamic identification of the parts of the circuit that require more accurate models. As a result, the cost advantage of high level models can be fully exploited while still allowing critical interactions to be simulated with high accuracy.
Multivitamin use and colon cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort (United States).

Objective: Multivitamins contain several nutrients, including folic acid, which are hypothesized to reduce colon cancer risk. Previous epidemiologic studies have suggested that effects of multivitamins containing substantial amounts of folic acid (introduced in 1973) may not be evident until 15 or more years since first use. Methods: We examined the association between daily multivitamin use and colon cancer mortality among 806,397 US men and women in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort who completed a questionnaire at enrollment in 1982 and were followed for mortality through 1998. Results: After multivariate adjustment, multivitamin use at enrollment showed little association with colon cancer mortality. After 15 years since first use of a multivitamin potentially containing folic acid, we observed slightly decreased risk of colon cancer mortality (rate ratio (RR) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.99). Consistent with previous reports, this association was stronger among participants consuming two or more alcoholic drinks per day (RR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.91). Conclusion: Our results are consistent with a modest reduction in colon cancer mortality associated with use of folic acid-containing multivitamins among moderate to heavy alcohol users.
Photochemistry of 1-carbomethoxy-6-methyltricyclo[4.3.1.04,6]Dec-2-en-10-one. preparation of a 1,3-cyclooctadiene

Abstract The preparation and photorearrangements of pyrazoline 7 and vinylcyclopropane 8 are described.
AN EXERCISE FOR INCREASING STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY '

During the first week of a class in developmental psychology, students listed 5 to 7 characteristics they believed represent life-span developmental characteristics for the categories of infants, young children, adolescents, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Students retained their lists which were referred to during discussion throughout the course. Students reported this activity increased their understanding of topics central to life-span developmental psychology.
What geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex

Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright flickering lights; on waking up or falling asleep; in "near-death" experiences; and in many other syndromes. Kluver organized the images into four groups called form constants: (I) tunnels and funnels, (II) spirals, (III) lattices, including honeycombs and triangles, and (IV) cobwebs. In most cases, the images are seen in both eyes and move with them. We interpret this to mean that they are generated in the brain. Here, we summarize a theory of their origin in visual cortex (area V1), based on the assumption that the form of the retino-cortical map and the architecture of V1 determine their geometry. (A much longer and more detailed mathematical version has been published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 356 [2001].)We model V1 as the continuum limit of a lattice of interconnected hypercolumns, each comprising a number of interconnected iso-orientation columns. Based on anatomical evidence, we assume that the lateral connectivity between hypercolumns exhibits symmetries, rendering it invariant under the action of the Euclidean group E(2), composed of reflections and translations in the plane, and a (novel) shift-twist action. Using this symmetry, we show that the various patterns of activity that spontaneously emerge when V1's spatially uniform resting state becomes unstable correspond to the form constants when transformed to the visual field using the retino-cortical map. The results are sensitive to the detailed specification of the lateral connectivity and suggest that the cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures.
Legal protections to promote response willingness among the local public health workforce

OBJECTIVE: The legal environment may improve response willingness among local health department (LHD) workers. We examined whether 3 hypothetical legal protections influence LHD workers' self-reported response willingness for 4 emergency scenarios and whether specific demographic factors are associated with LHD workers' response willingness given these legal protections. METHODS: Our 2011-2012 survey included questions on demographics and about attitudes and beliefs regarding LHD workers' willingness to respond to 4 emergency scenarios given specific legal protections (i.e., ensuring priority health care for workers' families, granting workers access to mental health services, and guaranteeing access to personal protective equipment). Data were collected from 1238 LHD workers in 3 states. RESULTS: Across scenarios, between 60% and 83% of LHD workers agreed that they would be more willing to respond given the presence of 1 of the 3 hypothetical legal protections. Among the 3 legal protections, a guarantee of personal protective equipment elicited the greatest agreement with improved response willingness. CONCLUSIONS: Specific legal protections augment a majority of LHD workers' response willingness. Policymakers must, however, balance improved response willingness with other considerations, such as the ethical implications of prioritizing responders over the general public. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;0:1-5). Language: en
A modified DBT skills training program for oppositional defiant adolescents: promising preliminary findings

A modified skills training component of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was implemented in a group therapy format for non-suicidal outpatient young adolescents who met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Thirty-two youths completed the 16-week program, as well as pre- and post-treatment measures. The treatment was effective not only in decreasing negative behaviors, but also in increasing positive behaviors, per caregiver report. The youths reported a significant reduction in externalizing and internalizing symptoms and in depression. Reliable change indices indicated that far more participants were in the improved category than in the deteriorated category on the measures of interest. Despite the absence of control groups but consistent with the treatment outcome research literature for DBT-based treatments for other disorders, this study demonstrated that DBT skills training is feasible and shows promise in improving the behavior of ODD young adolescents.
Experimental evidence for a structural unit model of quasiperiodic grain boundaries in aluminum

This paper presents a geometrical description of aperiodic grain boundaries within the framework of a quasiperiodic lattice. Experimental evidence is given in support of a structural unit model of quasiperiodic [100]45°twist and [100]45°twist plus tilt grain boundaries in aluminum.
Burns: what are the pharmacological treatment options?

Background: Many advances have been made in the understanding and management of burn injury, dramatically increasing pharmacological decision options for burn care professionals. Since burn injury is so multi-faceted, these advances cross many injury processes, both acute and chronic. Objective: The purpose of this review was to highlight the advances and decision options across the entire scope of the burn injury process. The burn-related processes with the most significant pharmacological options of approved products are highlighted. Methods: The scope of the current research is the most pertinent literature, which has been summarized with the addition of a personal perspective. Results/conclusions: Many advances over the past decade in multiple fields have made pharmacological options plentiful in burn care. That said, there are many problems for the burn patient which persist, making burn injury still the most severe form of trauma. These issues range from management of a catabolic state with involunt...
Sputtered YBCO films on metal substrates

Magnetron sputtering was used to deposit superconducting YBCO thin films on four polycrystalline metal substrates. Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and silver were used as buffer layers. The thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was apparently correlated to the properties of the superconductor. Auger depth profiles showed that the YSZ buffer blocked diffusion of most metal elements from the substrate. Nevertheless, contamination of the films depressed {ital T}{sub {ital c}} to 81 K on Hastelloy X from 87 K on single-crystal strontium titanate. The films on metal substrates were c-axis oriented, but with random rotation in the a-b plane and smaller grain size than epitaxial films on single crystals. The weak links from these factors restrict {ital J}{sub {ital c}} to 10{sup 4} A/cm{sup 2} at 40 K.
PROTOS-L: Towards a Knowledge Base Programming Language

Developing and maintaining knowledge bases is of central importance for any knowledge based system. PROTOS-L is a language based on logic programming that integrates a variety of concepts for programming large knowledge based systems like a powerful type concept, a module concept, and access to relational databases. The type concept covers user defined sorts, subsort relationships supporting multiple inheritance and parameterized sorts in the form of polymorphism. The module concept is similar to that of Modula-2 and allows to hide implementation details from the user of a module. Database access is fully embedded in the programming language PROTOS-L and can be programmed transparent to the user of a program or a program part. It is argued that the integration of these concepts into a uniform framework leads to a powerful knowledge base programming language. For illustration purposes we develop a job planning scenario. PROTOS-L is currently being designed and implemented at IBM Stuttgart within the international EUREKA project PROTOS.
Family Expressed Emotion Prior to Onset of Psychosis

This study compared components of expressed emotion (EE; rejection, warmth, protectiveness, and fusion) across three samples: two in which the subjects had an established schizophrenic or mood disorder, and a third in which the subjects were at high risk for an initial psychosis. Methods: Family members rated themselves on the Social Adjustment Scale-III and, in the prodromal sample, estimated the duration of the prodrome. Results: Scores were all but identical in the two established-disorder samples but were markedly higher than scores in the prodromal sample on all four factors. In mothers, warmth (decreasing), rejection, protectiveness, and fusion (increasing) were significantly correlated with duration of prodrome, whereas for fathers, warmth and protectiveness were similarly correlated. Conclusion: These data suggest that expressed emotion is largely reactive to deterioration manifested by the young person developing a psychotic disorder, rather than a trait of family members.
An evaluation of content related to violence in personal health texts

Intentional injuries continue to disproportionately affect young people in the USA and around the world. College campuses themselves are often sites of violent acts. College personal health courses rely upon personal wellness textbooks as resources to raise awareness, provide current scientifically based information, and offer strategies and skills for behavior change. Ten popular personal health textbooks were reviewed for their coverage of violence. A 61-item coding sheet was created and covered the following three areas related to violence: (1) definitions, data, interventions, and assessment tools; (2) inclusion of types of violence most relevant to college-aged students; and (3) inclusion of types of violence less directly affecting college-aged students. Overall, the evaluated texts had limited inclusion of types of violence most relevant to college-aged students. In conclusion, areas of violence that impact college students had minimal levels of coverage, with most areas being absent or having weak...
Glass coating for PDMS microfluidic channels by sol–gel methods

Soft lithography using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) allows one to fabricate complex microfluidic devices easily and at low cost. However, PDMS swells in the presence of many organic solvents significantly degrading the performance of the device. We present a method to coat PDMS channels with a glass-like layer using sol–gel chemistry. This coating greatly increases chemical resistance of the channels; moreover, it can be functionalized with a wide range of chemicals to precisely control interfacial properties. This method combines the ease of fabrication afforded by soft-lithography with the precision control and chemical robustness afforded by glass.
Tyrosine kinase of insulin-like growth factor receptor as a target for chemoprevention and treatment strategy in NSCLC

B62 NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and worldwide. Recent application of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC could only benefit a small fraction of NSCLC patients. To find new therapeutic options for those who are insensitive to EGFR TKI, we investigated roles of IGF-1R signaling in NSCLC. We analyzed antitumor activity of PQIP, a novel small molecule IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in cigarette carcinogen induced lung cancer models in vitro and in vivo, single and in combination with erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We found malignant human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells have increased dependence on IGF-1R signaling for proliferation and survival. IGF-1R is mainly coupled with Akt pathway, but not MAPK pathway in NSCLC cells. PQIP inhibited cancer cell proliferation through G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. IGFR and EGFR pathways can transactivate each other and cooperate to stimulate cancer cell proliferation. Finally, we demonstrated PQIP inhibited lung tumor formation and progression in vivo in a transgenic mouse, in which IGF-1 is exclusively expressed in the lung. Taken together, IGF-IR-targeting agents or in combination with EGFR targeting agents, may be effective chemopreventive and therapeutic approaches for NSCLC.
Oral contraception: past present and future perspectives.

Oral contraceptives (OCs) were initially approved for unrestricted use in 1960 in the United States and have been used and studied extensively for 30 years. The initial formulations contained a fixed dose of estrogen and progestogen ingested for 21 days, with a seven-day pill-free interval. Subsequent formulations contained a sequential estrogen dose, a progestogen alone given daily, and variable doses of both progestogen and estrogen. Although the estrogen and progestogen doses employed in currently marketed OCs are markedly lower than those used in the OCs of the 1960s and 1970s, the excellent contraceptive efficacy of these compounds has not been compromised. The estrogen component produces a dose-related increase in serum globulin concentrations, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, along with a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, while the progestogen component causes peripheral insulin resistance, a decrease in HDL cholesterol, an increase in LDL cholesterol, and various androgenic effects. The effect of nicotine on thromboxane release acts synergistically with the elevated serum clotting factors to increase the incidence of both arterial and venous thrombotic events, particularly in women smokers over 35 years of age. However, there is no evidence of increased risk of myocardial infarction or stroke in healthy, nonsmoking women of any age who use OCs containing less than 50 micrograms estrogen. Likewise, the lower-dose estrogen/progestogen formulations do not have a clinically significant effect on glucose metabolism and have a neutral effect on lipoprotein metabolism. In addition, the many noncontraceptive health benefits associated with OCs are maintained with the lower-dose formulations. Thus, the low-dose formulations should improve the overall health of healthy, nonsmoking women as well as effectively prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Aluminosilicate melts and glasses at 1 to 3 GPa: Temperature and pressure effects on recovered structural and density changes

In the pressure range in the Earth’s mantle where many basaltic magmas are generated (1 to 3 GPa) (Stolper et al. 1981), increases in the coordination numbers of the network-forming cations in aluminosilicate melts have generally been considered to be minor, although effects on silicon and particularly on aluminum coordination in non-bridging oxygen-rich glasses from the higher, 5 to 12 GPa range, are now well known. Most high-precision measurements of network cation coordination in such samples have been made by spectroscopy (notably 27 Al and 29 Si NMR) on glasses quenched from high-temperature, high-pressure melts synthesized in solid-media apparatuses and decompressed to room temperature and 1 bar pressure. There are several effects that could lead to the underestimation of the extent of actual structural (and density) changes in high-pressure/temperature melts from such data. For non-bridging oxygen-rich sodium and calcium aluminosilicate compositions in the 1 to 3 GPa range, we show here that glasses annealed near to their glass transition temperatures systematically record higher recovered increases in aluminum coordination and in density than samples quenched from high-temperature melts. In the piston-cylinder apparatus used, rates of cooling through the glass transition are measured as very similar for both higher and lower initial temperatures, indicating that fictive temperature effects are not the likely explanation of these differences. Instead, transient decreases in melt pressure during thermal quenching, which may be especially large for high initial run temperatures, of as much as 0.5 to 1 GPa, may be responsible. As a result, the equilibrium proportion of high-coordinated Al in this pressure range may be 50 to 90% greater than previously estimated, reaching mean coordination numbers (e.g., 4.5) that are probably high enough to significantly affect melt properties. New data on jadeite (NaAlSi 2 O 6 ) glass confirm that aluminum coordination increase with pressure is inhibited in compositions low in non-bridging O atoms.
Study on factors affecting bonding properties of waterborne polyurethane laminating adhesives

The article discussed factors effecting the bonding properties of waterborne polyurethane laminating adhesives and studied the affecting patterns of these factors.The result showed that the main effecting factors were the kind and percent of polyols oligomer,diisocyanate and curing agent,and the surface tension and solid percent of the adhesives.
Can market-based solutions work for all of medicare? Barriers to reform in the medicare population residing in health professional shortage areas

The proportion of the Medicare-eligible population living in health professional shortage areas (HPSAs), their demographics, and three health status indicators were examined in relationship to market-based reform proposals. Medicare-eligible residents of Georgia and Kentucky were classified as living in an HPSA (n = 154,812) or non-HPSA (n = 556,602). Chi-squares were computed for demographic variables and health status indicators. A Mantel-Haenszel summary chi-square was computed after stratification of health status indicators by poverty level. Elderly residents of HPSAs accounted for 22% of the study population. Significant differences in all demographic variables except sex were detected. HPSA residents were more likely to have a mobility limitation, self-care limitation, or both a mobility and self-care limitation. Elderly residents in HPSAs are significantly more likely to have poorer health status and mobility limitations. Physician supply in HPSAs may be inadequate to support market-based reforms.
High performance SiC MOSFET module for industrial applications

A novel 1.7kV, 500A low inductance half-bridge module has been developed for fast-switching SiC devices. The module has a maximum temperature rating of 175°C. There are 12 GE SiC MOSFET chips per switch and the MOSFET's body diode is utilized as the freewheeling diode. The module's typical on-resistance is 3.8mOhms at 25°C and 5.8mOhms at 175°C. Internal loop inductance measured from DC input terminals is 4.5nH, approximately 75% lower than that of a standard IGBT module. When connected to a low inductance busbars, the module can be switched in 50ns without excessive voltage and current overshoots. Double pulse inductive switching losses at VDS=1000V, Id=450A and TJ=150°C are: EON=21.5mJ, EOFF=16.5mJ and EREC=6mJ. The losses are at least ten times lower when compared to a similarly rated IGBT module, highlighting the SiC advantage for higher switching frequency applications. Short circuit testing was performed, demonstrating good ruggedness albeit the need for a fast protection circuit.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration in the Classroom

This is a case study in response to Charlotte Woods' challenge to examine interdisciplinary work in the classroom environment. In a classroom, collaboration across departments with diverse knowledge bases means establishing shared goals and trust through open communication. This class joined interior design and business students to produce a feasibility study for the Lenawee County YMCA. The goal was to expand the YMCA's membership and update the current facility for better barrier free access. Process: Seven assignments informed the students about diverse topics and build the students into a cohesive team. Students corrected each other's work and each assignment had different team members with different tasks to build trust. Through a process of researching, sharing, writing, and editing two research papers, a cohesive team was developed. Key to moving the project forward was maximizing class time to use strategies to coordinate, inform and motivate student for timely completion of tasks. Outcome: In sixteen weeks, student prepared a sixty page booklet of their Evidence Based Design, location information, and history research, interviews, assessment of the site and 132 responses to the survey sent out to 2,500 members. The booklet concluded with a new marketing plan to encourage younger people to use this facility and program remodeling of the facility to gain more access for everyone.
Integration site selection by lentiviruses: biology and possible control.

Retroviral vectors are popular vehicles for gene transfer, since they neatly integrate a single copy of a new gene into a transduced cell. The viral cDNA that becomes integrated is colinear with the vector genome, yielding a predictable final product. Gene transfer by transfection of naked DNA, in contrast, leads to the formation of scrambled arrays of new sequences that are often unstable and unpredictable in their behavior. Retroviral cDNA integration is sequence nonspecific with respect to the choice of target site; however, this raises a variety of issues surrounding the safety and effectiveness of retroviral vectors. This chapter first covers studies of target site selection by retroviruses, particularly HIV-1, and then the efforts being made to control target site selection in vivo.
Training in bariatric endoscopy

Abstract Bariatric endoscopy has emerged as an alternative treatment modality for obesity and its related comorbidities. The field includes a wide range of procedures from endoscopic treatment for complications of bariatric surgery to performing primary endoscopic procedures for weight loss. Additionally, knowledge of adjunctive lifestyle therapy and pharmacotherapy are also critical to ensuring successful outcomes. This article reviews specific goals, resources, and specific steps for acquisition of specific cognitive and technical skills in bariatric endoscopic procedures.
Effects of Grafting Density on Block Polymer Self-Assembly: From Linear to Bottlebrush.

Grafting density is an important structural parameter that exerts significant influences over the physical properties of architecturally complex polymers. In this report, the physical consequences of varying the grafting density (z) were studied in the context of block polymer self-assembly. Well-defined block polymers spanning the linear, comb, and bottlebrush regimes (0 ≤ z ≤ 1) were prepared via grafting-through ring-opening-metathesis polymerization. ω-Norbornenyl poly(d,l-lactide) and polystyrene macromonomers were copolymerized with discrete comonomers in different feed ratios, enabling precise control over both the grafting density and molecular weight. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments demonstrate that these graft block polymers self-assemble into long-range-ordered lamellar structures. For 17 series of block polymers with variable z, the scaling of the lamellar period with the total backbone degree of polymerization (d* ∼ Nbbα) was studied. The scaling exponent α monotonically decreases wi...
Polysomes, Stress Granules, and Processing Bodies: A Dynamic Triumvirate Controlling Cytoplasmic mRNA Fate and Function.

Discoveries illuminate highly regulated dynamics of mRNA translation, sequestration, and degradation within the cytoplasm of plants.
Effects of pond management on biodiversity patterns and community structure of zooplankton in urban environments

Abstract As urban areas continue expanding, major cities become connected forming megacities. Urban encroachment into natural areas transforms the landscape into a built environment with heterogeneously distributed patches of novel habitat. Community structure within novel habitats is influenced by anthropogenic factors including fragmentation and species interactions. Alterations in complex biodiversity patterns may be used to assess how urban stressors impact community assemblages which, ultimately, may inform sustainable management decisions. To manage algal blooms, Aquashade® is applied directly to ponds. We investigated the effects of Aquashade®, nutrient loading and dispersal on local species diversity and compositional turnover of zooplankton communities from suburban ponds in Columbia, MD, USA using a mesocosm approach. We found that Aquashade® acted as an environmental filter by increasing local species diversity and decreasing compositional turnover. This ultimately could have an overall homogenizing effect on the regional species pool (or γ-diversity). The same pattern was observed in mesocosms that received simulated dispersal events of zooplankton. Nutrients, overall, increased autotrophic biomass and while Aquashade® had no effect on autotrophic biomass, the interaction of nutrients and Aquashade® similarly caused a homogenization of the zooplankton community. Additionally, there was an overall increase in cladoceran ephippia in mesocosms receiving Aquashade® compared to those not, suggesting there is a ‘trigger’ switching cladocerans from parthenogenic to sexual reproduction. Taken together, our results show the application of Aquashade®, nutrient loading and dispersal shift biodiversity patterns in urban zooplankton communities. We hypothesize these shifts originate at the resource level through alterations in the phytoplankton community either through composition or nutritive value in ponds receiving Aquashade®. Our study illustrates the importance of investigating multiple-scales of community assemblages when assessing impacts of anthropogenic stressors. Consideration of how to best manage green spaces may include planned un-managed areas to maintain regional biodiversity and heterogenous communities within the urban environment.
Superlattices and Intercalation Compounds

A crystallographic superlattice denotes a structure with additional periodicity arising from a large unit cell containing multiples of the primitive unit cells of the constituents of the superlattice. Typically, the periodicity is smaller than the electron mean free path, so that the various layers of the superlattice are electronically coupled to each other. In this volume we will be concerned with superlattices associated with layered materials where the superlattice periodicity occurs in one-dimension (1D) perpendicular to the layer planes (the z-direction). In many interesting cases, electronic transport is largely confined to the basal planes (x-y planes) normal to the z-direction, giving rise to two-dimensional behavior, as for example the 2D electron gas found in semiconductor heterostructure quantum wells. Furthermore, for commensurate intercalation compounds described below, 2D superlattices are frequently found in the layer planes, in addition to the 1D superlattices in the z-direction. By patterning in the layer planes, 1D superlattices in the xy plane can also be observed in semiconductors heterostructure superlattices.
Cortical Auditory Area of Macaca mulatta and Its Relation to the Second Somatic Sensory Area (Sm II)

The study here reported was carried out more than 35 years ago, when the method of electrical stimulation of nerve fibers in the exposed spiral osseous lamina, first applied to the cat by Woolsey and Walzl (43, 44) was employed to define topological relations between the cochlea and the cortical auditory field in the monkey [Walzl and Woolsey (33); Woolsey and Walzl (45)]. Only a general diagram of the results has ever been published [Woolsey and Fairman (42); Walzl (32); Woolsey (37); Davis (11); Woolsey (41)]. The present account fully reports the data collected and undertakes to relate the findings to more detailed results now available on the cat [Woolsey (41); Reale and Imig (29)] and to other auditory studies on primates [Ades and Felder (1); McCulloch et al. (23); Licklider and Kryter (22); Pribram et al. (28); Kennedy (20); Woolsey (41); Neff (25); Bailey et al. (4); Brugge and Merzenich (7); Merzenich and Brugge (24); Imig et al. (19)]
Electrothermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

The performance of lithium-ion batteries is contingent on the operational temperature and applied current rate. Especially in electric vehicle application, repeated heavy-duty drive cycles impose intense thermal stress on batteries, resulting in safety concerns. This paper explains the electrochemistry within the battery and analyzes the dependence of battery internal parameters on temperature and current rate based on their electrochemical nature. In addition, this interdependence is used in the equivalent circuit model to predict the battery behavior under different drive cycles. Finally, the behavior under different drive cycles is analyzed to improve the battery performance in electric vehicles.
Clinical utility of an ultrasensitive urinary free cortisol assay by tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Background 24 h urinary free cortisol measurement is a clinically important first-line screening test for Cushing’s syndrome (CS). Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays have superior sensitivity and specificity compared to immunoassays. Our goal was to improve and validate a LC-MS/MS method to measure urinary free cortisol in both adult and pediatric patients and to characterize its clinical diagnostic performance of CS by chart review. Methods We improved a LC-MS/MS method previously reported for urinary free cortisol to be able to measure urinary and salivary cortisol in the same batch for increased efficiency. The sample preparation was by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane followed by stepwise washing with acidic, basic and neutral solutions. The assay’s analytical performance was characterized, and a retrospective patient chart review was conducted to evaluate the assay’s clinical performance in diagnosing CS. Results The LC-MS/MS assay demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and was linear within an analytical measurement range of 10–10,000 ng/dL. Assay accuracy was satisfactory as determined by spike and recovery studies and highly correlated with a reference LC-MS/MS method. The assay’s clinical diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in detecting CS was 96% and 91%, respectively, when compared to a urinary cortisol excretion of at least 50 µg/24 h. Conclusions The improved LC-MS/MS method is both sensitive and specific with enhanced analytical performance and clinical diagnostic utility to screen for CS. The clinical diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were superior based on retrospective patient chart review.
The Variation of Polymer Morphology and Structure Through Surface Interactions

We have been exploring several methods of preparing unique polymer structures through variation of surface interactions between a polymerizing monomer and a suitable substrate. We have termed the first of these techniques “epitaxial polymerization.” It involves the epitaxial crystallization of a monomer on a crystalline substrate such as an alkali halide, and subsequent solid state polymerization. A number of new monomer and polymer crystalline phases have been produced by this technique. Monomers being investigated include cyclic sulfur-nitrogen compounds, cyclic posphazines, and diacetylenes.Monomers that do not ordinarily polymerize in the solid state can be polymerized by “epitaxial polymerization.”
American Default: The Untold Story of FDR, the Supreme Court, and the Battle over Gold. By Sebastian Edwards. (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2018. Pp. 252. $29.95.)

For readers who might shy away from a title dealing with economic history, either because of their limited knowledge of the subject or a suspicion that it is far more political than factual, this b...
Providing health care for patients with childhood cancer and survivors: A survey of pediatric primary care providers.

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to assess self-reported comfort levels of pediatric primary care providers (PCPs) in providing acute medical care to patients with childhood cancer who currently were receiving therapy (on-therapy patients) and health maintenance care to childhood cancer survivors, independently and in conjunction with pediatric oncologists, along with confidence levels regarding knowledge about immunizations for survivors. All levels were measured using 7-point Likert scales. METHODS A cross-sectional, 23-item survey mailed to practicing PCPs affiliated with a tertiary children's hospital was analyzed. RESULTS The response rate was 64.4% (259 of 402 eligible PCPs). The mean PCP comfort level was higher when collaborating with a pediatric oncologist to provide acute medical care for on-therapy patients and health maintenance care for childhood cancer survivors (mean ratings of 6.0 ± 1.5 and 6.4 ± 1.3, respectively) compared with independently providing such care (mean ratings of 4.6 ± 1.8 and 5.0 ± 1.7, respectively; P < .0001). Only approximately 30% of PCPs were confident in their knowledge regarding immunizations for survivors. Certain factors were found to be associated with PCP comfort in providing care in conjunction with a pediatric oncologist. For acute care, these factors were rural location compared with urban location (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% CI, 1.9-13.1 [P = .03]) and having cared for ≥6 on-therapy patients within the past year versus none (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.9-7.5 [P = .0001]). For survivor health maintenance care, practice location <50 miles from pediatric oncology specialty care versus ≥50 miles was the only factor found to be associated with PCP comfort (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.1 [P = .009]). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study underscore the need for collaboration between pediatric oncologists and PCPs when caring for children with cancer across the spectrum of care.