cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property Rights in Firms

This paper presents a property-rights-based approach to comparative corporate governance. Two central claims are advanced. The first is that property rights institutions are the principal source of diversity among national corporate governance systems. More specifically, firms in a given economy are shaped by (1) the extent to which control rights over assets are allocated to politicians and bureaucrats rather than private agents, and (2) the degree to which control rights over assets are legally as opposed to politically or socially enforced. To illustrate, the paper examines cross-country data on such factors as economic freedom, corruption, and political risk to create a property rights spectrum for the United States, Japan, and South Korea that explains observed corporate governance differences among the three countries. The second claim is that convergence of corporate governance systems will be limited, despite the existence of powerful market forces operating at the global level. Property rights analysis is again used to frame the argument. While the efficiency concerns that drive the mechanisms of convergence operate powerfully on firm managers, they act only weakly on the political actors who hold significant control rights over firms in every economy. Thus, convergence will occur only where institutional inertia grounded in politics can be overcome. Even where formal rules converge, differences in enforcement practices linked to distinctive national structures are likely to persist.
Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation following Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Background Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at a fourfold to sixfold higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) compared to the general population, though incidence rates among patients undergoing alcohol septal ablation (ASA) are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate atrial fibrillation incidence following ASA. Methods We studied 132 consecutive HCM patients without comorbid AF that underwent 154 ASA procedures. The incidence of AF in follow-up was assessed through chart abstraction including electrocardiography. Survival free of AF was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Results Over a mean follow-up of 3.6 ± 2.7 years (maximum 11.3 years), 10 (7.6%) patients developed new-onset AF. Of those who developed AF, both resting and provoked left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients had improved significantly (difference –79.78 mm Hg, P ≤ 0.005). Severity of mitral regurgitation improved in 7 (70%) patients. Survival free of AF was estimated to be 99.1%, 93.7%, and 91.7% at 1, 3, and 5 years. Conclusions Despite relieving LVOT obstruction and improving mitral regurgitation severity via ASA, new-onset AF remained a common complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Notes on Boletes. III.

Boletus mutabilis was described by Morgan from Ohio in 1884. So far as I know, it has not been found by anyone since, but there is no question at all but that there are many species of boletes in other parts of this country than Peck's New York and Frost's New England that have never been reported, because of lack of any wide interest in these plants. Murrill in listing this as a doubtful species,1 said that he had not seen the types, but that Peck's New York plants are either B. sordidus or B. felleus. I do not remember whether Peck's plants were collected by him or were sent by Morgan, but in either case it seems strange that either of them would identify a true B. sordidus or B. felleus as B. mutabilis. Any bolete sporophore that could be called B. mutabilis is far from either B. sordidus (which I have said previously 2 may be B. porphyrosporus, but which perhaps is not) or B. felleus. Morgan's plant is charac? terized especially by the bright yellow stipe, tubes and flesh, with the tubes and flesh promptly changing to deep blue. The dark brown B. sordidus with light colored flesh apparently not changing to blue and the distinctive B. felleus with white, unchanging flesh, reticulate stipe and flesh-colored tubes are about as far removed from the plant described by Morgan as could possibly be imagined. Inasmuch as the really distinctive feature of B. mutabilis as de? scribed by Morgan is the sudden changing of the flesh and tubes to blue when cut or bruised, it was most natural for one to be reminded of the extremely sensitive European B. pulverulentus. When descriptions of these two plants are compared, it is found that they read almost word for word, one for the other. As far
The Strength Analysis and Calculation of an Unmanned Submersible under Lifting

For the lifting process of unmanned submersible,there are certain requirement for the strength of cabins and interconnecting pieces. The numerical analysis of finite element method and theoretical calculation method were given to the lifting strength analysis. First,it used a finite-element analysis method by establishing the point-mass and rigid region to analyze cabin,gave the way to applying boundary conditions and loads calculating method,obtained stress and strain distribution of cabin under tension,and found the weak stress parts;then force analysis and check of the ring-distributed bolt-set connection with turning torque was finished by theoretical calculation method.
Decreased senile plaque density in Alzheimer neocortex adjacent to an omental transposition

Post-mortem studies of the brain of an Alzheimer patient indicate fewer senile plaques in the crests of cortical gyri underneath an omental transposition than in neighboring cortical areas.
Cyclothymic temperament: the impact of age.

Background: Cyclothymic temperament (CT) is a more or less 'permanent' instability of mood, thinking and activity (behaviour), which is frequent in bipolar disorders. Testing the impact of age on CT items, as has been done in many mood disorders, could further define its features. The aim of the study was to test the relationship between age and CT items. Methods: During follow-up visits in a private practice, 209 consecutive remitted bipolar II (BP-II, n = 138) and major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 71) outpatients were re-diagnosed by a mood disorder specialist psychiatrist, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (blind to patients), and self-assessed CT was evaluated by the TEMPS-A questionnaire (blind to interviewer). Results: Mean (SD) age was 39.1 (10.0) years (median 39, range 16-63 years). BP-II had significantly more CT items. Logistic regression tested the association between each CT item and age. Of the 17 CT items, 8 showed a trend (p < 0.10) or significant association with age. Among these items, there were items suggested to be core features of CT, i.e. instability of mood and energy: 'moods and energy either high or low', 'constantly switching between being lively and sluggish' and 'being sad and happy at the same time'. However, other CT items related to mood and energy instability, i.e. 'sudden shifts in mood and energy' and 'mood often changing for no reason', were not significantly associated with age. Discussion: Study findings suggest that age may have an impact on some CT items related to mood and energy, which might become more common with age (according to the item's wording), and that many CT items may not be impacted by age, suggesting more stability.
Successful Liver Transplantation for Hyperammonemic Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma

ABSTRACTFibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is a rare hepatocellular tumor usually arising in noninfected and noncirrhotic livers. Only 2 cases accompanied by hyperammonemia due to intrahepatic shunting have been reported. A 23-year-old white woman presented with a 2-week history of nausea, vomit
Understanding Viscoelasticity Changes in Single Cells using Variable Indentation-Rate Viscoelastic Analysis

Increased myocardial stiffness correlates with reduced cardiac performance, arrhythmias and increased mortality, yet the contribution of the cytoskeleton to these mechanical alterations is poorly understood. Our group has recently identified that post-translational modifications of microtubules, particularly detyrosination, correlates with declining cardiac function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. To determine if changes in microtubule detyrosination induce changes in cardiomyocyte mechanical properties, we employed a new AFM method, variable indentation-rate viscoelastic analysis, VIVA, to compare the viscoelasticity of isolated rat cardiomyoctes expressing different levels of microtubule detyrosination. Individual cardiomyocytes were either treated with parthenolide or transduced with adenovirus encoding tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) to reduce the amount of detyrosination. Alternatively, detyrosination was increased by genetically silencing TTL with shRNA. Using VIVA to determine viscoelasticity, we found a substantial correlation between the detyrosination level and cardiomyocyte viscoelasticity. In particular, increases in detyrosination increased both the stiffness and viscosity of cardiomyocytes, while reduction of detyrosination decreased the stiffness and viscosity roughly 2 fold. These AFM results agree with contractile measurements that show TTL overexpression leads to a higher contractile velocity and faster relaxation time. This can be explained by a lower viscosity of myocytes expressing lower levels of microtubule detyrosination. Our findings identify microtubule detyrosination as a regulator of myocyte stiffness, and suggest that targeting this cytoskeletal modification could be beneficial in certain cardiomyopathies.
The Postobservation Conference

(1978). The Postobservation Conference. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 73-74.
On the Partial-Period Correlation Moments of GMW Sequences

Recently, Scholtz and Welch showed how Gordon-Mills-Welch (GMW) difference sets could be made to yield sequences which in addition to sharing identical full-period correlation properties with m-sequences also have large linear span. In this paper, we examine the partial-period (p-p) correlation properties of GMW sequences and provide closed-form expressions for their even p-p correlation moments. An upper bound is derived for the fourth order p-p correlation moment of a large class of GMW sequences and is shown to be close to a lower bound derived from the general p-p correlation moment expression for arbitrary binary sequences given earlier by Kumar. These bounds are tabulated for several specific GMW sequences.
Dominance of the Unaffected Hemisphere Motor Network and Its Role in the Behavior of Chronic Stroke Survivors.

Balance of motor network activity between the two brain hemispheres after stroke is crucial for functional recovery. Several studies have extensively studied the role of the affected brain hemisphere to better understand changes in motor network activity following stroke. Very few studies have examined the role of the unaffected brain hemisphere and confirmed the test-retest reliability of connectivity measures on unaffected hemisphere. We recorded blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals from nine stroke survivors with hemiparesis of the left or right hand. Participants performed a motor execution task with affected hand, unaffected hand, and both hands simultaneously. Participants returned for a repeat fMRI scan one week later. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we evaluated effective connectivity among three motor areas: the primary motor area (M1), the premotor cortex (PMC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) for the affected and unaffected hemispheres separately. Five participants’ manual motor ability was assessed by Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA) scores and root-mean square error (RMSE) of participants’ tracking ability during a robot-assisted game. We found (i) that the task performance with the affected hand resulted in strengthening of the connectivity pattern for unaffected hemisphere (ii) an identical network of the unaffected hemisphere when participants performed the task with their unaffected hand and (iii) the pattern of directional connectivity observed in the affected hemisphere was identical for tasks using the affected hand only or both hands. Furthermore, paired t-test comparison found no significant differences in connectivity strength for any path when compared with one-week follow-up. Brain-behavior linear correlation analysis showed that the connectivity patterns in the unaffected hemisphere more accurately reflected the behavioral conditions than the connectivity patterns in the affected hemisphere. Above findings enrich our knowledge of unaffected brain hemisphere following stroke, which further strengthens our neurobiological understanding of stroke-affected brain and can help to effectively identify and apply stroke-treatments.
Incubator embedded cell culture imaging system (EmSight) based on Fourier ptychographic microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Multi-day tracking of cells in culture systems can provide valuable information in bioscience experiments. We report the development of a cell culture imaging system, named EmSight, which incorporates multiple compact Fourier ptychographic microscopes with a standard multiwell imaging plate. The system is housed in an incubator and presently incorporates six microscopes, imaging an ANSI standard 6-well plate at the same time. By using the same low magnification objective lenses (NA of 0.1) as the objective and the tube lens, the EmSight is configured as a 1:1 imaging system that, providing large field-of-view (FOV) imaging (5.7 mm × 4.3 mm) onto a low-cost CMOS imaging sensor. The EmSight improves the image resolution by capturing a series of images of the sample at varying illumination angles; the instrument reconstructs a higher-resolution image by using the iterative Fourier ptychographic algorithm. In addition to providing high-resolution brightfield and phase imaging, the EmSight is also capable of fluorescence imaging at the native resolution of the objectives. We characterized the system using a phase Siemens star target, and show four-fold improved coherent resolution (synthetic NA of 0.42) and a depth of field of 0.2 mm. To conduct live, long-term dopaminergic neuron imaging, we cultured ventral midbrain from mice driving eGFP from the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. The EmSight system tracks movements of dopaminergic neurons over a 21 day period.
Wishes, gratitude, and spending preferences in Russian children

Gratitude is an important virtue in any cultural group. In Russian culture, gratitude is a salient and highly promoted trait that is seen as one of the cornerstones of social cohesion. In this study, we investigate wishes, expressions of gratitude, and self-reported spending preferences in 305 Russian 7- to 14-year-olds. Using logistic regression analysis, we found that the younger Russian children were more likely to express concrete gratitude, whereas the older children more frequently expressed connective gratitude. The younger children were also more likely to express wishes for immediate gratification, whereas the older children focused more on self-oriented wishes. Moreover, we found that about one in every six children expressed wishes for well-being of others as their greatest wish. The children’s intent to donate money to charity/poor was predicted by children’s wishes for others’ well-being. These findings are discussed through the lens of Russian culture and history.
Database engine integration and performance analysis of the BigDAWG polystore system

The BigDAWG polystore database system aims to address workloads dealing with large, heterogeneous datasets. The need for such a system is motivated by an increase in Big Data applications dealing with disparate types of data, from large scale analytics to realtime data streams to text-based records, each suited for different storage engines. These applications often perform cross-engine queries on correlated data, resulting in complex query planning, data migration, and execution. One such application is a medical application built by the Intel Science and Technology Center (ISTC) on data collected from an intensive care unit (ICU). We present work done to add support for two commonly used database engines, Vertica and MySQL, to the BigDAWG system, as well as results and analysis from performance evaluation of the system using the TPC-H benchmark.
Rox1 Medited Repression

For a large number of oxygen-regulated genes in the facultative aerobe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the presence of oxygen is sensed through the ability to use oxygen for heme biosynthesis. Heme induces the transcription of oxygen-induced genes and represses the transcription of hypoxic genes. Repression is mediated by the Rox1 protein in conjunction with the Ssn6/Tupl general repression complex. The differential repression of hypoxic genes results from a combination of the tightness of Rox1 binding to the regulatory region of specific hypoxic genes and the presence or absence of binding sites for Mot3 which enhances Rox1 repression.
Passive mode-locking of 3.25um GaSb-based type-I quantum-well cascade diode lasers

Passively mode-locked type-I quantum well cascade diode lasers emitting in the methane absorption band near 3.25 μm were designed, fabricated and characterized. The deep etched ~5.5-μm-wide single spatial mode ridge waveguide design utilizing split-contact architecture was implemented. The devices with absorber to gain section length ratios of 11% and 5.5% were studied. Lasers with the longer absorber section (~300 μm) generated smooth bell-shape-like emission spectrum with about 30 lasing modes at full-width-at-half-maximum level. Devices with reverse biased absorber section demonstrated stable radio frequency beat with nearly perfect Lorentzian shape over four orders of magnitude of intensity. The estimated pulse-to-pulse timing jitter was about 110 fs/cycle. Laser generated average power of more than 1 mW in mode-locked regime.
A digital frequency synthesizer with dither-assisted pulling mitigation for simultaneous DCO and reference path coupling

Injection pulling on frequency synthesizers has become a critical design challenge for high-performance wireless transceivers, especially in highly integrated multiradio platforms, imposing stringent constraints on system-level frequency planning. For instance, the oscillator of the victim phase-locked loop (PLL) can be disturbed by the power-amplifier (PA) output or other nearby PLLs when their fundamental or harmonic frequency components are close to the victim PLL carrier frequency. Although the aggressor waveform in most cases is known a priori, the coupling path and mechanism (electric or magnetic) is complex and varying over time and operating conditions. Hence, the transfer function of the coupling path cannot be predetermined or reliably compensated with foreground calibration. Therefore, recent works [1-4] have proposed adaptive techniques that track the transfer function in the background. However, they only focus on pulling mitigation of the oscillator, and some incur high overhead, e.g., an additional ADC in the case of an analog PLL. In real operation, the interfering signal can affect not only the oscillator but also the input reference clock [1]. The compensation mechanism is different for two coupling paths, i.e. the oscillator pulling mitigation can worsen perturbation caused by reference path coupling, as noted in [5]. To alleviate those issues, this work proposes a dither-assisted pulling mitigation scheme that orthogonalizes the coupling from both DCO and reference paths and allows simultaneous rejection in the background. Moreover, the technique also aims to mitigate different aggressor waveforms while minimizing the hardware overhead. The prototype is implemented in 65nm CMOS and uses a digital PLL architecture for better technology scalability. Various types of interference are injected to the DCO and reference paths simultaneously, and the measurement shows 12 and 22.5dB spectral improvement for the PA and the oscillator mutual pulling, respectively, which validates the effectiveness of the technique.
Neural Determinants of Task Performance during Feature-Based Attention in Human Cortex

Abstract Studies of feature-based attention have associated activity in a dorsal frontoparietal network with putative attentional priority signals. Yet, how this neural activity mediates attentional selection and whether it guides behavior are fundamental questions that require investigation. We reasoned that endogenous fluctuations in the quality of attentional priority should influence task performance. Human subjects detected a speed increment while viewing clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) motion (baseline task) or while attending to either direction amid distracters (attention task). In an fMRI experiment, direction-specific neural pattern similarity between the baseline task and the attention task revealed a higher level of similarity for correct than incorrect trials in frontoparietal regions. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we disrupted posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and found a selective deficit in the attention task, but not in the baseline task, demonstrating the necessity of this cortical area during feature-based attention. These results reveal that frontoparietal areas maintain attentional priority that facilitates successful behavioral selection.
The same hippocampal CA1 population simultaneously codes temporal information over multiple timescales

It has long been hypothesized that a primary function of the hippocampus is to discover and exploit temporal relationships between events. Previously, it has been reported that sequences of "time cells" in the hippocampus extend for tens of seconds. Other studies have shown that neuronal firing in the hippocampus fluctuates over hours and days. Both of these mechanisms could enable temporal encoding of events over very different timescales. However, thus far, these two classes of phenomena have never been observed simultaneously, which is necessary to ascribe broad-range temporal coding to the hippocampus. Using in vivo calcium imaging in unrestrained mice, we observed sequences of hippocampal neurons that bridged a 10 s delay. Similar sequences were observed over multiple days, but the set of neurons participating in those sequences changed gradually. Thus, the same population of neurons that encodes temporal information over seconds can also be used to distinguish periods of time over much longer timescales. These results unify two previously separate paradigms of temporal processing in the hippocampus that support episodic memory.
Physiology of Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is the consequence of abnormal nerve sensitivity, firing, and connections. Pain persisting for 3 months is unlikely to resolve spontaneously. Premorbid psychological distress, occupational issues, nicotine use, and a previous pain condition can be used to predict the persistence of pain. Complete fabrication of pain complaints or malingering occurs rarely.
Transient Isolated Downbeating Vertical Nystagmus as a Complication of Intrathecal Anesthesia (P6.022)

Objective: To describe a case of transient isolated downbeat nystagmus with oscillopsia in the setting of intrathecal anesthesia. Background: Vertical nystagmus is most commonly seen as part of a constellation of neurologic signs and symptoms associated with lower brain stem or cerebellar lesions. Transient isolated downbeating nystagmus can be a rare complication of intrathecal anesthesia, with few case reports presented in the literature. Its pathophysiologic mechanism is unclear, though it has been proposed that it may be related to opiate-mediated inhibition of binding sites located in the vestibular nuclei and cerebellum. Design/Methods: A 35 year-old G1P0 was admitted for labor. She underwent cesarean section for nonreassuring fetal heart tracings and prolonged labor, and received intrathecal anesthesia with morphine, fentanyl, and bupivacaine. While laying down in the operating room, she experienced sudden onset oscillopsia with movement of static objects, described “as if you were driving and looking at the lane divider on the road”. She reported this to the anesthesiologist, who noted bilateral downbeating vertical nystagmus but without other focal neurologic signs. This persisted post-operatively for less than 2 hours with complete resolution in the recovery room. She reported no headache, weakness, numbness or other neurological symptoms. Results: The patient was monitored in the recovery room with rapid resolution of her oscillopsia. Neurological exam was normal and nystagmus was unable to be elicited with provocative maneuvers. She did not receive naloxone. Given the relatively short duration and spontaneous resolution of her symptoms, this was felt most likely to represent a medication side effect rather than a transient ischemic event. Conclusions: Transient isolated downbeating nystagmus is a rare self-limiting complication of intrathecal anesthesia administration, but should be considered as a potential etiology once other vascular causes have been ruled out. Administration of naloxone in suspected cases may help to confirm this diagnosis. Disclosure: Dr. Leung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Motiwala has nothing to disclose.
Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States

This article presents an analysis of how activists, politicians, and the media framed youth involvement in the sex trade during the 1970s, the 1990s, and the 2000s in the United States. Across these periods of public concern about the issue, similar framing has recurred that has drawn upon gendered and racialized notions of victimization and perpetration. This frame has successfully brought attention to this issue by exploiting public anxieties at historical moments when social change was threatening white male dominance. Using intersectional feminist theory, I argue that mainstream rhetoric opposing the youth sex trade worked largely within neoliberal logics, ignoring histories of dispossession and structural violence and reinforcing individualistic notions of personhood and normative ideas about subjectivity and agency. As part of the ongoing project of racial and gender formation in US society, this discourse has shored up neoliberal governance, particularly the build-up of the prison industrial complex, and it has obscured the state's failure to address the myriad social problems that make youth vulnerable to the sex trade.
Early Predictors of Later Expressive Language in Boys With Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract The predictive ability of early consonant inventory and intentional communication on later expressive language was examined in 36 boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Autism symptom severit...
Should We Care About Early Post-Stroke Rehabilitation? Not Yet, but Soon

Studies in humans and animal models show that most recovery from impairment occurs in the first 1–3 months after stroke as a result of both spontaneous recovery as well as increased responsiveness to enriched environments and training. Improvement from impairment is attributable to a short-lived “sensitive period” of post-stroke plasticity defined by unique genetic, physiological, and structural events. Unfortunately, rehabilitative interventions in humans have not been able to exploit this sensitive period similar to that seen in animal models. Here, we review these data and suggest a path forward. Pre-clinical data reveal underlying mechanisms that define the post-stroke sensitive period. These data are then discussed in the context of the spontaneous post-stroke recovery described in humans. Future work will need to capitalize on unique interactions between the sensitive period, spontaneous recovery, and novel types of rehabilitative interventions.
Majority and Minority Subgroup Argumentation Messages

Past research suggests that majority and minority subgroups influence group members in different ways. This exploratory study examined the communication behind such influence, specifically the argu...
Prioritizing Patient Protection: Prosecutorial Discretion In Healthcare Fraud Investigations

This Article examines the ethical issues of prosecutorial discretion in healthcare fraud investigations, focusing on the tension arising out of a prosecutor’s role as attorney for the government and for the people.
Indoor Household Particulate Matter Measurements Using a Network of Low-cost Sensors

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization estimates that 4.3 million deaths globally in 2012 were attributable to household air pollution, of which particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) is a significant contributor. When integrated with a wireless network, low-cost PM measurements potentially provide personalized information on indoor concentrations in real time so that individuals can take action. The objectives of this study were to (1) deploy a network of research-grade instruments and low-cost sensors in a home environment and evaluate the performance, (2) characterize activities and conditions that increase PM concentrations, and (3) identify how these activities affect the PM levels in different rooms of a home. The wireless sensor network included low-cost PM sensors, a gateway, and a database for storing data. Based on the commercially available Dylos DC1100 Pro (Utah Modified Dylos Sensor) and Plantower PMS sensor (AirU), the low-cost sensors were compared to three research-grade instruments—the GRIMM, DustTrak, and MiniVol—in two households in Salt Lake City during summer and winter, with the results suggesting that the low-cost sensors agreed well with the DustTrak. Of the activities, frying food and spraying aerosol products generated the largest increase in PM, both in the room of the activity (the kitchen and bedroom, respectively) and the adjacent rooms. High outdoor PM concentrations during a cold air pool episode also caused indoor levels to rise. In addition, different PM sources triggered different sensor responses. Consequently, obtaining accurate estimates of the mass concentration in an indoor environment, with its wide variety of PM sources, is challenging. However, low-cost PM sensors can be incorporated into an indoor air-quality measurement network to help individuals manage their personal exposure.
Providing Transgender Patient Care: Athletic Trainers' Compassion and Lack of Preparedness.

Context Previous researchers have indicated that athletic trainers (ATs) had a favorable view of treating transgender patients, yet the ATs did not perceive themselves as competent in their patient care knowledge or abilities. Objective To gain more in-depth information about ATs' knowledge and experiences regarding the health care needs of transgender student-athletes. Design Mixed-methods study. Setting Individual, semistructured follow-up interviews. Patients or other participants Fifteen ATs (4 men, 10 women, 1 transgender female; age = 34 ± 9 years, experience = 11 ± 8 years) who took part in a cross-sectional survey in April 2018. Main outcome measure(s) The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Member checking was completed to ensure trustworthiness of the data. Next, the data were analyzed via a multiphase process and 3-member coding team who followed the consensual qualitative research tradition. The coding team analyzed the transcripts for domains and categories. The final consensus codebook and coded transcripts were audited by a member of the research team for credibility. Results Four main domains were identified: (1) perceived deficiencies, (2) misconceptions, (3) concerns, and (4) creating safety. Participants described knowledge deficiencies in themselves, health care providers within their units, and providers able to provide safe transition care. The ATs demonstrated misconceptions when defining transgender and transitioning and when describing how the body responds to hormone replacement therapy. They expressed concern for the mental health and wellness, self-image, and potential cost of transgender health care for transgender student-athletes. However, participants also described efforts to create safety within their units by validating transgender patients, instilling trust, adjusting the physical environment, and engaging in professional development to improve their knowledge. Conclusions Athletic trainers wanted to create a safe space for transgender student-athletes but lacked the necessary knowledge to treat transgender patients. Professional resources to improve their knowledge, skills, and abilities in caring for transgender patients are a continuing need.
A standardized telephone interview with validated questionnaires for very long-term evaluation of women lost to follow-up after a stress urinary incontinence procedure.

OBJECTIVES Telephone interviews including questionnaires have been used to obtain very long-term (>10-year) follow-up after stress urinary incontinence (SUI) procedures in women otherwise lost to follow-up (LTF). For questionnaires validated for office use, our goal was to evaluate recent telephone vs last clinic scores in a long-term study. METHODS For women with >10 years of follow-up after anterior vaginal wall suspension (AVWS) for bothersome SUI associated with an anterior compartment prolapse, questionnaire scores from their last clinic encounter were compared with their scores from a standardized telephone interview at long-term follow-up. The validated questionnaires were Urinary Distress Inventory 6-Short Form (UDI-6), International Incontinence Questionnaire 7-Short Form (IIQ-7), and Quality of Life (QoL). RESULTS Eighty-four women underwent a telephone interview (median follow-up: 13.8 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 12.2-17) after AVWS. The median difference between telephone and clinic visit was 10.2 years (IQR: 6.1-12.2). The clinic UDI-6 total score remained low but was higher than the phone score (mean difference 1.2, P = .0023). The UDI-6 Q2, Q3, Q5, IIQ-7, and QoL scores did not significantly differ between clinic and phone. For "incontinent" AVWS patients (UDI-6 Q3 ≥ 2), there was a larger difference between clinic and phone UDI-6 total score (P < .0001), while "dry" patients (UDI-6 Q3 ≤ 1) responded similarly. CONCLUSIONS In women who would otherwise be LTF after anti-incontinence native tissue repair AVWS, UDI-6 total score varied slightly between last clinic and long-term follow-up phone interviews, but QoL and IIQ-7 remained similar.
Crossing the “Cookie Theft” Corpus Chasm: Applying What BERT Learns From Outside Data to the ADReSS Challenge Dementia Detection Task

Large amounts of labeled data are a prerequisite to training accurate and reliable machine learning models. However, in the medical domain in particular, this is also a stumbling block as accurately labeled data are hard to obtain. DementiaBank, a publicly available corpus of spontaneous speech samples from a picture description task widely used to study Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' language characteristics and for training classification models to distinguish patients with AD from healthy controls, is relatively small - a limitation that is further exacerbated when restricting to the balanced subset used in the Alzheimer's Dementia Recognition through Spontaneous Speech (ADReSS) challenge. We build on previous work showing that the performance of traditional machine learning models on DementiaBank can be improved by the addition of normative data from other sources, evaluating the utility of such extrinsic data to further improve the performance of state-of-the-art deep learning based methods on the ADReSS challenge dementia detection task. To this end, we developed a new corpus of professionally transcribed recordings from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), resulting in 1366 additional Cookie Theft Task transcripts, increasing the available training data by an order of magnitude. Using these data in conjunction with DementiaBank is challenging because the WLS metadata corresponding to these transcripts do not contain dementia diagnoses. However, cognitive status of WLS participants can be inferred from results of several cognitive tests including semantic verbal fluency available in WLS data. In this work, we evaluate the utility of using the entire WLS corpus as normative data as well as selecting normative data based on the inferred cognitive status for training deep learning models to discriminate between language produced by patients with dementia and healthy controls. We find that incorporating WLS data during training a BERT model on ADReSS data improves its performance on the ADReSS dementia detection task, supporting the hypotheses that incorporating WLS data adds value in this context. We also demonstrate that weighted cost functions and additional prediction targets may be effective ways to address issues arising from class imbalance and confounding effects due to data provenance.
Image, Necessity, and Trinitarian Psychology in Anselm and Augustine:

This article examines the influence of Augustine’s De Trinitate 9–14 on the concept of foolishness that Anselm develops in the Monologion and Proslogion. Building on Augustine’s understanding of th...
Distributed Generative Adversarial Networks for mmWave Channel Modeling in Wireless UAV Networks

In this paper, a novel framework is proposed to enable air-to-ground channel modeling over millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) wireless network. First, an effective channel estimation approach is developed to collect mmWave channel information allowing each UAV to train a local channel model via a generative adversarial network (GAN). Next, in order to share the channel information between UAVs in a privacy-preserving manner, a cooperative framework, based on a distributed GAN architecture, is developed to enable each UAV to learn the mmWave channel distribution from the entire dataset in a fully distributed approach. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal network structure that maximizes the learning rate for information sharing in the distributed network are derived. Simulation results show that the learning rate of the proposed GAN approach will increase by sharing more generated channel samples at each learning iteration, but decrease given more UAVs in the network. The results also show that the proposed GAN method yields a higher learning accuracy, compared with a standalone GAN, and improves the average rate for UAV downlink communications by over 10%, compared with a baseline real-time channel estimation scheme.
Comparison of human Nrf2 antibodies: A tale of two proteins

The Nrf2 transcription factor is a master regulator of the cellular defense against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An increase in Nrf2 protein levels and an accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus are key parts of the Nrf2 activation mechanism. The western blot technique remains the most widely used method to assess these changes. A well-characterized, specific antibody that is commercially available would greatly enhance these studies in the field. Here, an apparently highly specific Nrf2 monoclonal antibody, EP1808Y from Abcam, is compared with the most widely used Nrf2 antibodies, H-300 and C-20, both from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, in a panel of human cell lines. In addition to detecting Nrf2, EP1808Y avidly detects another protein present in two of the three cell lines tested. This protein can be mistaken for Nrf2 as it co-migrates with verified Nrf2 on two different polyacrylamide gel types. However, unlike Nrf2, its levels and cytoplasmic localization are unaffected by treatment with Nrf2 activators. The possibility that this band corresponds to a form of Nrf2 was excluded by siRNA and immunodepletion experiments. Finally, the monoclonal antibody D1Z9C from Cell Signaling was found to detect Nrf2 with the highest specificity of these four antibodies.
What Determines the Specificity of Subsidies

As countries increasingly protect their domestic industries by government subsidies, specific subsidies—subsidies that target specific industries or firms—have received increasing international attention due to their negative externality in international trade. In this paper, I argue that variations in domestic institutional arrangements can explain the cross-national variation in subsidy specificity. First, I theorize that the size of specific subsidies has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the level of centralization of economic interests, while the size of general subsidies monotonically increases with the level of centralization of economic interests. Then, I expect the supply-side factors such as electoral institutions and government partisanship to interact with the effects of centralization in determining the amount of specific or general subsidies in a country. Using the state aid data set of the European Union between 1992 and 2004, I find that the amount of sectoral aid—state aid targeted at specific industries or firms—is larger in countries where labor and business interests are organized at the industry level than in countries with decentralized or highly centralized industrial relations. The size of state aid targeting a wide range of economic sectors increases as the centralization of labor and business interests increases.
Improving host security with system call policies

Many operating system services require special privilege to execute their tasks. A programming error in a privileged service opens the door to system compromise in the form of unauthorized acquisition of privileges. In the worst case, a remote attacker may obtain superuser privileges. In this paper, we discuss the methodology and design of privilege separation, a generic approach that lets parts of an application run with different levels of privilege. Programming errors occurring in the unprivileged parts can no longer be abused to gain unauthorized privileges. Privilege separation is orthogonal to capability systems or application confinement and enhances the security of such systems even further. Privilege separation is especially useful for system services that authenticate users. These services execute privileged operations depending on internal state not known to an application confinement mechanism. As a concrete example, the concept of privilege separation has been implemented in OpenSSH. However, privilege separation is equally useful for other authenticating services. We illustrate how separation of privileges reduces the amount of OpenSSH code that is executed with special privilege. Privilege separation prevents known security vulnerabilities in prior OpenSSH versions including some that were unknown at the time of its implementation.
NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Alzheimer's disease (INC9P.446)

Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a fundamental response in Alzheimer’s pathology. Prominent activation of inflammatory responses has been observed in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in mouse models, however the role of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis is still not clear. We have reported that the fibrillar form of beta amyloid is capable of stimulating the production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β from microglia cells through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 mediated IL-1β production, in turn, induced neurotoxic factors from microglia cells and resulted in neuronal cell death. More importantly, we have recently bred the APP/PS1 mouse into the NLRP3 knock out mice and showed that NLRP3 deficient APP/PS1 mice were completely protected from learning and memory deficits and had decreased Amyloid beta plaques. NLRP3 activation induces both IL-1β and IL18 production. However the role of IL-1β or IL-18, both downstream of NLRP3 inflammasomes, in neuronal cell death are not clear. We used microglia cells and mouse neuronal cell line co-culture system to show the increased neuronal cell death was dependent on the activation of caspase-1 when stimulating microglia cells with Amyloid beta. In addition, IL-1β or IL-18 have synergistic effect in inducing neuronal cell death.
Differential translation of two distinct preprosomatostatin messenger RNAs.

Abstract Somatostatin (SRIF) is a 14-amino acid peptide hormone that is present in pancreatic islets and the brain where it is synthesized as a larger precursor, preprosomatostatin. In pancreatic islets of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus), there are two separate precursors, preproSRIF I and preproSRIF II, which give rise to SRIF-14 or an N-terminally extended form SRIF-28, respectively. Significantly higher levels of preproSRIF I compared to preproSRIF II are synthesized in pancreatic islets. We show here that preproSRIF II mRNA possesses an eight-nucleotide repeat (CCAGCAGA) which is present three times in its 5'-noncoding region; this sequence is absent from preproSRIF I mRNA. Progressive deletion of these octameric repeats results in the concomitant enhancement of preproSRIF II mRNA translation in vitro. Furthermore, expression of native or 5'-truncated preproSRIF II mRNA in non-islet tissue culture cells, using a retroviral expression vector, gave identical results to those obtained in vitro, indicating that differential translation was a function of the mRNA rather than the translation system. We propose that the octameric repeat sequence, or a subset of it, is responsible for attenuation of preproSRIF II mRNA translation. Since the differential translation of preproSRIF II mRNA was reproduced in widely divergent systems, this suggests that our results are not related to islet cell gene expression per se. Rather, it is possible they have general significance in that the 5'-repeat sequences may be recognized by putative trans-acting factors involved in the translational regulation of protein synthesis.
Congestion in Commodity Trading Advisors

Abstract Congestion is often used in the operations area to investigate the excessive effect of inputs on outputs. In finance, and more specifically in the derivatives area, leverage is embedded in options and futures contracts. Commodity Trading Advisors (CTAs) use leverage (margin-to-equity ratio) to magnify returns through the use of these futures contracts. However, excessive leverage may hamper performance. This paper aims to show that a related data envelopment analysis (DEA) called the “congestion model” can offer a more precise picture of identifying CTAs suffering from congestion. In other words, if congestion is present then a reduction in input(s) may generate an increase in output. However, the opposite effect can arise. Although traditional DEA does an excellent job at ranking efficient CTAs, congestion on the other hand sizes up which CTAs are using too much (overuse) of each input, thereby reducing their performance/compound return (output). We measure the congestion of the largest (in term...