cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in transitory cholinergic neurons, starburst amacrine cells, and GABAergic amacrine cells of rabbit retina, with implications for previsual and visual development of retinal ganglion cells.

Starburst amacrine cells (SACs), the only acetylcholine (ACh)-releasing amacrine cells (ACs) in adult rabbit retina, contain GABA and are key elements in the retina's directionally selective (DS) mechanism. Unlike many other GABAergic ACs, they use glutamic acid decarboxlyase (GAD) 67 , not GAD 65 , to synthesize GABA. Using immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate the apoptosis at birth (P0) of transitory putative ACs that exhibit immunoreactivity (IR) for the ACh-synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), GAD 67 , and the GABA transporter, GAT1. Only a few intact, displaced ChAT-immunoreactive SAC bodies are detected at P0. At P2, ChAT-IR is detected in the two narrowly stratified substrata of starburst dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Quantitative analysis reveals that in the first postnatal week, only a small fraction of SACs cells express ChAT- and GABA-IR. Not until the end of the second week are they expressed in all SACs. At P0, a three-tiered stratification of GABA-IR is present in the IPL, entirely different from the adult pattern of seven substrata, emerging at P3―P4, and optimally visualized at P13. At P0, GAD 65 is detectable in normally placed AC bodies. At PI, GAD 65 -IR appears in dendrites of nonstarburst GABAergic ACs, and by P5 is robust in the adult pattern of four substrata in the IPL. GAD 65 -IR never co-localizes with ChAT-IR. In a temporal comparison of our data with physiological, pharmacological, and ultrastructural studies, we suggest that transitory ChAT-immunoreactive cells share with SACs production of stage II (nicotinic) waves of previsual synchronous activity in ganglion cells (GCs). Further, we conclude that ( 1 ) GAD 65 -immunoreactive, non-SAC GABAergic ACs are the most likely candidates responsible for the suppression of stage III (muscarinic/AMPA-kainate) waves and (2) DS responses first appear in DS GCs, when about 50% of SACs express ChAT- and GABA-IR, and in 100% of DS GCs, when expression occurs in all SACs.
Tetrabutylammonium Dichlorocuprate(I)

[39926-94-8] C16H36Cl2CuN (MW 376.92) InChI = 1S/C16H36N.2ClH.Cu/c1-5-9-13-17(14-10-6-2,15-11-7-3)16-12-8-4;;;/h5-16H2,1-4H3;2*1H;/q+1;;;+1/p-2 InChIKey = YIUUANLZYOKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-L (homogeneous catalyst for rearrangement of propargyl chlorides to allenyl chlorides;2 reagent for halogen exchange of halonitrobenzenes1) Alternate Name: copper(I) chloride–tetra-n-butylammonium chloride. Physical Data: mp 71–72 °C. Solubility: sol haloalkanes, haloarenes, ketones, and other polar solvents; poorly sol alkanes. Preparative Methods: in situ complexation of freshly prepared Copper(I) Chloride by tetrabutylammonium chloride in appropriate solvent (acetone, chloroform, etc.);2 pure material can best be prepared by reduction of Copper(II) Sulfate pentahydrate in aqueous solution with sodium sulfite or ascorbic acid in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate and sodium chloride, in the molar ratio 1∶2∶1∶4. The resulting dichlorocuprate salt is extracted into CH2Cl2 and may be purified by recrystallization.3 Purification: the CH2Cl2 solution of the reagent may be dried, the solvent evaporated, and the residue recrystallized from ethyl acetate to yield colorless crystalline rhombic plates. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the solid cuprate salt is stable to short-term exposure to air, but should be used immediately or stored under an inert atmosphere.
Theoretical and methodological elements for integrating ethics as a foundation into the education of professional and design disciplines

The paper addresses the integration of ethics into professional education related to the disciplines responsible for the conception and creation of the artificial (artefactual or technology). The ontological-epistemological paradigm of those disciplines is understood within the frame of the sciences of the artificial as established by Herbert Simon (1969). According to that paradigm, those sciences include disciplines not only related to the production of artefacts (technology), such as engineering, architecture, industrial design, etc, but also disciplines related to devised courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones, like medicine, law, education, etc. They are centered on intentional action and at their core is the activity of design, which is their common foundation and attitude, or their common culture. The science of design becomes the broader foundational discipline for any professions engaged in the intentional transformation of the world.
Designing Compact Causal Digital Filters for Low-Frequency Strainmeter Data

For the strainmeter component of the Plate Boundary Observatory, filters are needed to produce low-frequency series (5-minute samples) from the higher- frequency (1 Hz) data generated by the instruments. We present design methods for finding filters that are efficient, causal, and compact. We use standard methods for generating symmetric finite impulse response filters, followed by root finding, selection of roots, and reconstruction of the weights, using procedures that make these processes numerically stable. The final filters show appropriate performance even in the presence of large teleseismic signals, but introduce unavoidable artifacts for strain data from large local earthquakes.
Molecular Systematic Studies in Cycads: Evidence from trnL Intron and ITS2 rDNA Sequences

I. Abstract The results of a pilot DNA sequencing study of cycads conducted at the new molecular systematics laboratory at Fairchild Tropical Garden are presented and assessed with reference to previous phylogenetic analyses and classification schemes based on morphology and anatomy. Two DNA regions were sequenced and analyzed for variation, an intron in the trnL gene in the chloroplast genome (trnL intron) and the internal transcribed spacer region between the 5.8S and 26S ribosomal DNA subunits (ITS2). The trnL intron proved to be relatively conservative among cycad genera, while the ITS2 region contained higher levels of variation. Parsimony analysis of the sequences suggests a number of relationships, some of which were inferred by previous morphological studies, some of which are new. The sequences of Cycas are the most divergent among cycads, suggesting the longest isolation. Dioon is relatively isolated from the other genera and contains two major clades. Stangeria does not appear closely related t...
Hormonal and electrolyte responses of conscious sheep to 96 h of hypoxia

Hypoxia alters the relationship of aldosterone secretion to plasma renin activity. The potential role plasma electrolytes play in this modification is not clear. This study analyzed the interrelationships among renin, aldosterone, vasopressin (ADH), and plasma electrolytes during 96 h of normobaric hypoxia. Eight ewes were exposed, in discrete experiments, to hypocapnic hypoxia [arterial O2 tension (PaO2) 37-42 mmHg, arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) 26-28 mmHg] and eucapnic hypoxia (PaO2 40-43 mmHg, PaCO2 28-31 mmHg) by N2 dilution in an environmental chamber. Urine output (24 h) was measured, and arterial plasma samples were collected during the normoxic control period and at 24-h intervals of hypoxia. Plasma Na+, K+, renin, and ADH levels did not change from the normoxic values during either hypocapnic or eucapnic hypoxia. However, urinary aldosterone excretion [critical significance (alpha) less than 0.046] and K+ excretion (alpha less than 0.046) decreased markedly during each type of hypoxia. All sheep developed a pronounced negative K+ balance by 96 h of hypoxia. These data suggest that plasma K+ concentration is preserved by movement of K+ out of the intracellular compartment; this change in K+ distribution may inhibit aldosterone secretion during hypoxia.
NSAIDs increase bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation on antithrombotic therapy

Commentary on: Lamberts M, Lip GY, Hansen ML, et al. Relation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to serious bleeding and thromboembolism risk in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving antithrombotic therapy: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:690–8.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] The decision to prescribe antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) requires a careful assessment of the competing risks of ischaemic stroke and major bleeding, most importantly intracerebral haemorrhage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increase the risk of haemorrhage and are included in the HAS-BLED score which predicts the 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with AF receiving oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy.1 NSAID use has also been associated with an increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction.2 There is limited data available on the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnn%2BIntern%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D161%26rft.spage%253D690%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.7326%252FM13-1581%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25402512%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.7326/M13-1581&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25402512&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F5%2F188.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000347245600026&link_type=ISI
The Norms of Assertion

A topic of lively debate in contemporary epistemology and philosophy of language is what norms might govern our linguistic practice of asserting. When we tell each other things, such as that it will probably rain tomorrow, we’re asserting. There’s an intuitive sense in which some assertions are good, whereas others are bad. Lies, for example, seem like good candidates for things we shouldn’t say. But what’s the difference between honest truth-telling and lying? Are all false assertions bad assertions? These questions concern whether there are any standards governing what it takes to assert well. We call these standards norms . And so the debate about what, if any, norms govern the linguistic practice of assertion is known as the norms of assertion debate. When one’s assertion satisfies the norm, we say that the assertion is warranted.
What Can Digital Processing Do for 3-D Super-Resolution Microscopy?

Novel three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy techniques enable diffraction unlimited imaging. Resolution is limited by the photon count and the underlying noise. I discuss the role digital design and post-processing plays in attaining the new fundamental limits.
Development of MAV Control Algorithms using an Indoor Flight Test Facility

Micro Air Vehicles are small, low mass vehicles that may be used for unique intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. The concept of having a small vehicle operating in close proximity to a target means that it will likely operate in urban environments, below the roofline, and will fly at relatively slow speeds of a few meters per second or less. There is a need to characterize the dynamics of these vehicles in a controlled test environment and use the information to develop aircraft control algorithms. To meet this need the Air Force Research Lab has constructed the Micro Air Vehicle Integration and Application Research Institute (AVIARI) Indoor Flight Test Laboratory. Flight testing of small aircraft is conducted in a test arena with a measurement volume of 20.8 m x 16.8 m x 7 m. Information on aircraft position, as well as pitch, roll, and yaw angles is acquired using a near real time, sixty camera videogrammetry system. This paper presents the results from a test program which determined transfer functions for a small, 0.21 N, fixed wing aircraft with a wingspan of 335mm. The transfer functions were utilized within mathematical models of control algorithms to determine appropriate gains for vehicle control. Effective heading and altitude control of the aircraft were demonstrated using feedback from the videogrammetry system. Waypoint tracking was demonstrated using both fixed and virtual waypoints.
Assessing and Enhancing Environmental Sustainability: A Conceptual Review

While sustainability is an essential concept to ensure the future of humanity and the integrity of the resources and ecosystems on which we depend, identifying a comprehensive yet realistic way to assess and enhance sustainability may be one of the most difficult challenges of our time. We review the primary environmental sustainability assessment approaches, categorizing them as either being design-based or those that employ computational frameworks and/or indicators. We also briefly review approaches used for assessing economic and social sustainability because sustainability necessitates integrating environmental, economic, and social elements. We identify the collective limitations of the existing assessment approaches, showing that there is not a consistent definition of sustainability, that the approaches are generally not comprehensive and are subject to unintended consequences, that there is little to no connection between bottom-up and top-down approaches, and that the field of sustainability is ...
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in women delivering liveborn infants and other women of child-bearing age within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Mini-Sentinel program

This study was conducted in order to assess the prevalence of use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) among pregnant women delivering a liveborn infant in the USA. A retrospective study was conducted using the automated databases of 15 health-care systems participating in the Mini-Sentinel program. Diagnosis and procedure codes were used to identify women ages 10 to 54 years delivering a liveborn infant between April 2001 and December 2013. A comparison group of age- and date-matched women without live births was identified. The frequency of use of SSRIs was identified from outpatient dispensing data. Among the 1,895,519 liveborn deliveries, 113,689 women (6.0 %) were exposed to an SSRI during pregnancy during the period 2001–2013; 5.4 % were exposed to an SSRI during 2013. During the corresponding time period, 10.5 % of the age- and date-matched cohort of women without live births was exposed to an SSRI, with 10.1 % exposed to an SSRI during 2013. The most common agents dispensed during pregnancy were sertraline (n = 48,678), fluoxetine (n = 28,983), and citalopram (n = 20,591). Among those women exposed to an SSRI during pregnancy, 53.8 % had a diagnosis of depression and 37.3 % had a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder during pregnancy or within 180 days prior to pregnancy. Our finding that 6 % of women with live births were prescribed SSRIs during pregnancy highlights the importance of understanding the differential effects of these medications and other therapeutic options on the developing fetus and on the pregnant women.
Understanding the Coffee Crisis: What can We Learn from Price Dynamics?

An econometric model of coffee price dynamics is specified and estimated to capture the evolution of coffee prices at the farm, wholesale and retail levels. It investigates the historical influence of the International Coffee Agreement (ICA) through its effects on yield and planting decisions. In the short run, the ICA caused Brazilian farm prices to become disconnected from international prices. The ICA helped coffee producers to better incorporate current world price information into planting decisions. This created a price cycle that did not exist in non-ICA periods. The low coffee prices experienced since the disintegration of the ICA are consistent with low supply response to price information. Asymmetric price transmission at the retail level helped roasters and retailers benefit from upstream price interventions. Our results urge caution when considering future coffee price interventions.
Syntheses, Reactivity, Structures, and Dynamic Properties of Gyroscope-like Iron Carbonyl Complexes Based on Dibridgehead Diarsine Cages

Reactions of BrMg(CH2)mCH═CH2 (m = 4, a; 5, b; 6, c) and AsCl3 (0.30 equiv) give the arsines As((CH2)mCH═CH2)3 (58–70%), which when added to iron tricarbonyl sources yield trans-Fe(CO)3(As((CH2)mCH═CH2)3)2 (66–70%). Reactions with Grubbs’ catalyst (18 mol %, CH2Cl2, reflux) and then hydrogenations (ClRh(PPh3)3/60–80 °C) afford gyroscope-like complexes trans-Fe(CO)3(As((CH2)n)3As) (4a–c, n = 2m + 2; 41–59%/two steps) of idealized D3h symmetry. Additions of NO+BF4– give the isoelectronic and isosteric cations [Fe(CO)2(NO)(As((CH2)n)3As)]+BF4– (5a–c+ BF4–; 81–98%), and [H(OEt2)2]+BArf– (BArf = B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4) gives the hydride complexes mer,trans-[Fe(CO)3(H)(As((CH2)n)3As)]+BArf– (6a–c+ BArf–; 98–99%). Crystal structures of 4a–c and 5b+BF4– are determined. That of 4c suggests enough van der Waals clearance for the Fe(CO)3 moiety to rotate within the As(CH2)14As linkages; that of 4a shows rotation to be blocked by the shorter As(CH2)10As linkages. The rotator dynamics in these complexes are probed by VT N...
Extraction of t slopes from experimental γ p → K + Λ and γ p → K + Σ 0 cross section data

We analyze recent ${K}^{+}$ meson photoproduction data from the CLAS collaboration for the reactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{0}$, fitting measured forward-angle differential cross sections to the form $A{e}^{Bt}$. We develop a quantitative scheme for determining the kinematic region where the fit is to be done, and, from the extracted $t$-slope $B$, determine whether single-Reggeon exchange can explain the production mechanism. We find that, in the region $5lsl8.1\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, production of the ${K}^{+}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ channel can be explained by single ${K}^{+}$ Reggeon exchange, but the ${K}^{+}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{0}$ production channel cannot. We verify these conclusions by fitting the data to a differential cross section produced by the interfering sum of two exponential amplitudes.
Comparison of virtual oscillator and droop control

Virtual oscillator control (VOC) and droop control are distinct methods to ensure synchronization and power sharing of parallel inverters in islanded systems. VOC is a control strategy where the dynamics of a nonlinear oscillator are used to derive control states to modulate the switch terminals of an inverter. Since VOC is a time-domain controller that reacts to instantaneous measurements with no additional filters or computations, it provides a rapid response during transients and stabilizes volatile dynamics. In contrast, droop control regulates the inverter voltage in response to the measured average real and reactive power output. Given that real and reactive power are phasor quantities that are not well-defined in real time, droop controllers typically use multiplicative operations in conjunction with low-pass filters on the current and voltage measurements to calculate such quantities. Since these filters must suppress low frequency ac harmonics, they typically have low cutoff frequencies that ultimately impede droop controller bandwidth. Although VOC and droop control can be engineered to produce similar steady-state characteristics, their dynamic performance can differ markedly. This paper presents an analytical framework to characterize and compare the dynamic response of VOC and droop control. The analysis is experimentally validated with three 120 V inverters rated at 1kW, demonstrating that for the same design specifications VOC is roughly 8 times faster and presents almost no overshoot after a transient.
Audio and audiovisual cueing in visual search: effects of target uncertainty and auditory cue precision

Auditory spatial cue accuracy and target uncertainty were examined within visual search. Participants identified a visual target to be present or absent under various target percentage conditions (25%, 50%, & 100%) with either an auditory cue which was spatially coincident with or displaced 4° or 8° (vertical or horizontal) from the target, or both an auditory and visual cue (circle 6.5° radius; identifying the local-target-area surrounding the target). Within the auditory cue condition, horizontal displacement was a greater detriment to target present search times than vertical displacement, regardless of error magnitude or target percentage. When provided an audiovisual cue, search times decreased 25% for present targets, and as much as 300% for absent targets. Furthermore, within audiovisual cue condition, while present target search times decreased with target percentage, absent target search times increased with target percentage. Cue condition and target uncertainty driven search strategies are discussed, with recommended design requirements and research implementations.
Relation of Increased Epicardial Fat After Fontan Palliation to Cardiac Output and Systemic Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Epicardial fat produces multiple proinflammatory cytokines and is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Inflammation and resultant endothelial dysfunction may play a role in progressive myocardial dysfunction among adults with single ventricle physiology after Fontan palliation, but the potential impact of increased epicardial fat volume (EFV) has not been studied. This study sought to determine if there is greater EFV in Fontan patients compared with a group of repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) patients. We retrospectively measured EFV manually on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Fontan patients, ≥15 years, and 1:1 age, sex, and body mass index–matched patients with rTOF. EFV was indexed to body surface area. A random subset of studies was re-measured to assess intra- and interobserver reliability. Fontan patients (n = 63, median age 21.6 years, 51% male, mean body mass index 24.2 ± 5.6 kg/m 2 ) had a larger indexed EFV compared with matched rTOF patients (75.3 ± 29.2 ml/m 2 vs 60.0 ± 19.9 ml/m 2 , p = 0.001). In Fontan patients, indexed EFV was inversely correlated with ventricular ejection fraction (r = −0.26, p = 0.04) and cardiac index (r = −0.33, p = 0.01). Intra- and interobserver reliabilities of the indexed EFV measurements in both groups were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient ranges from 0.93 to 0.97). In conclusion, indexed EFV is higher in Fontan patients compared with patients with rTOF and is associated with lower ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac index. Increased EFV could play a role in the failing Fontan circulation, but longitudinal studies are necessary to establish any causative role.
Geographic Variation in the Supply of Selected Behavioral Health Providers

Introduction In 2015, an estimated 43.4 million Americans aged 18 and older suffered from a behavioral health issue. Accurate estimates of the number of psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurse practitioners are needed as demand for behavioral health care grows. Methods The National Plan and Provider Enumeration System National Provider Identifier data (October 2015) was used to examine the supply of psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurse practitioners. Providers were classified into three geographic categories based on their practicing county (metropolitan, micropolitan, and non-core). Claritas 2014 U.S. population data were used to calculate provider-to-population ratios for each provider type. Analysis was completed in 2016. Results Substantial variation exists across Census Divisions in the per capita supply of psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurse practitioners. The New England Census Division had the highest per capita supply and the West South Central Census Division had among the lowest supply of all three provider types. Nationally, the per capita supply of these providers was substantially lower in non-metropolitan counties than in metropolitan counties, but Census Division disparities persisted across geographic categories. There was a more than tenfold difference in the percentage of counties lacking a psychiatrist between the New England Census Division (6%) and the West North Central Census Division (69%). Higher percentages of non-metropolitan counties lacked a psychiatrist. Conclusions Psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurse practitioners are unequally distributed throughout the U.S. Disparities exist across Census Divisions and geographic categories. Understanding this unequal distribution is necessary for developing approaches to improving access to behavioral health services for underserved populations. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled The Behavioral Health Workforce: Planning, Practice, and Preparation, which is sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Personality and Developmental Correlates

What kind of person is a symptom reporter and how did he or she get to be that way? The previous chapters clearly point to the fact that there are large individual differences in the ways that people perceive and report symptom clusters. By the same token, there are also large variations between people in the raw number and magnitude of symptoms they report. In this chapter, we will examine symptom reporting as a personality disposition. In order to dissect the symptom reporter, we must first introduce some common measurement instruments and construct validation studies. The second section presents data that demonstrate the relationship between symptom reporting and a large number of other dispositional measures. Once the relative independence of the symptom-reporting construct has been established, we will delve into possible proximal and distal correlates of symptom reporting. That is, in the third section, data will be presented that examine the relationships between symptom reporting and a number of common behaviors such as smoking, drug taking, diet, and exercise. One could argue without these data that symptom reporters are the way they are because they live profligate, degenerate lives.
Intrademic Genetic Structure and Natural Selection in Insects

Genetic structure can be defined as the manner in which genetic variation is distributed within and among individuals grouped at hierarchical spatial scales. Classically, genetic structure has been regarded as an interdemic phenomenon (Wright 1931). In that view, species are subdivided into some number of more or less randomly mating subunits, or demes, that are connected to one another by some pattern of gene flow. An individual is characterized by its genotype, a deme, by its allele frequency. Genetic structure can then be quantified as some function of the variance among demes in allele frequency. Defined in this manner, genetic structure arises owing to the diversifying effects of genetic drift and founding events as they operate independently in the various demes, or from spatial variation in selection pressures. It is limited by the gene flow that occurs when individuals migrate among populations. By definition, interdemic structure persists across generations, though it can be modified.
Elimination of Fretting Wear Particles from the Surface of a Power Cable on a Disk Drive Actuator: A Case Study

This paper discusses in detail the S EM/EDS failure analysis as well as the thorough evaluation of the mechanical design and its contributing factors to fretting wear. The experimental results of the solution to the fretting problem are presented.
The Rowley Decision: How the Supreme Court Views the Education of Handicapped Children:

This review of the U.S. Supreme Court's first interpretation of Public Law 94-142 details the national economic environment in which the decision took place, provides a history of the Rowley case i...
Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead: Diverse behavioral strategies in a large and warming river system

Rising river temperatures in western North America have increased the energetic costs of migration and the risk of premature mortality in many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. Predicting and managing risks for these populations requires data on acute and cumulative thermal exposure, the spatio-temporal distribution of adverse conditions, and the potentially mitigating effects of cool-water refuges. In this study, we paired radiotelemetry with archival temperature loggers to construct continuous, spatially-explicit thermal histories for 212 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and 200 adult steelhead (O. mykiss). The fish amassed ~500,000 temperature records (30-min intervals) while migrating through 470 kilometers of the Columbia and Snake rivers en route to spawning sites in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Spring- and most summer-run Chinook salmon migrated before river temperatures reached annual highs; their body temperatures closely matched ambient temperatures and most had thermal maxima in the lower Snake River. In contrast, many individual fall-run Chinook salmon and most steelhead had maxima near thermal tolerance limits (20-22 °C) in the lower Columbia River. High temperatures elicited extensive use of thermal refuges near tributary confluences, where body temperatures were ~2-10 °C cooler than the adjacent migration corridor. Many steelhead used refuges for weeks or more whereas salmon use was typically hours to days, reflecting differences in spawn timing. Almost no refuge use was detected in a ~260-km reach where a thermal migration barrier may more frequently develop in future warmer years. Within population, cumulative thermal exposure was strongly positively correlated (0.88 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) with migration duration and inconsistently associated (-0.28 ≤ r ≤ 0.09) with migration date. All four populations have likely experienced historically high mean and maximum temperatures in recent years. Expected responses include population-specific shifts in migration phenology, increased reliance on patchily-distributed thermal refuges, and natural selection favoring temperature-tolerant phenotypes.
Partition-based optimization model for generative anatomy modeling language (POM-GAML)

This paper presents a novel approach for Generative Anatomy Modeling Language (GAML). This approach automatically detects the geometric partitions in 3D anatomy that in turn speeds up integrated non-linear optimization model in GAML for 3D anatomy modeling with constraints (e.g. joints). This integrated non-linear optimization model requires the exponential execution time. However, our approach effectively computes the solution for non-linear optimization model and reduces computation time from exponential to linear time. This is achieved by grouping the 3D geometric constraints into communities. Various community detection algorithms (k-means clustering, Clauset Newman Moore, and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) were used to find communities and partition the non-linear optimization problem into sub-problems. GAML was used to create a case study for 3D shoulder model to benchmark our approach with up to 5000 constraints. Our results show that the computation time was reduced from exponential time to linear time and the error rate between the partitioned and non-partitioned approach decreases with the increasing number of constraints. For the largest constraint set (5000 constraints), speed up was over 2689-fold whereas error was computed as low as 2.2%. This study presents a novel approach to group anatomical constraints in 3D human shoulder model using community detection algorithms. A case study for 3D modeling for shoulder models developed for arthroscopic rotator cuff simulation was presented. Our results significantly reduced the computation time in conjunction with a decrease in error using constrained optimization by linear approximation, non-linear optimization solver.
We Did It Right, But It Was Still Wrong: Toward Assets-Based Design

HCI interventions often fall short of delivering lasting impact in resource-constrained contexts. We reflect on a project where we followed the "right" steps of needs-based, human-centered design, yet failed to deliver impact to the community. We introduce a framework that evaluates an intervention's potential for sustainable impact by maximizing use of assets in the community and minimizing novelty. We propose assets-based design as an approach that starts with what a community has, leveraging those assets in a design, as opposed to a needs-based approach that focuses on adding what a community lacks.
Gender Workplace Harassment and Upward Displaced Aggression

Research on displaced aggression is well established across literatures. However, such research has focused on the typical assumption that displaced aggression happens in a downward progression–fro...
Anellovirus Dynamics Are Associated With Primary Graft Dysfunction in Lung Transplantation.

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is the leading cause of early death in lung transplant. Anelloviruses are small circular DNA viruses that have been noted to be present at elevated levels in immunosuppressed patients. They have been associated with both short- and long-term outcomes in lung transplant, and we hypothesized that anellovirus dynamics might be associated with the development of PGD. Methods We analyzed alphatorquevirus (ie, an anellovirus genus) levels in whole blood samples from 64 adult lung transplant recipients. Results Patients with a relatively rapid rise in alphatorquevirus levels in the week following transplant were less likely to develop higher-grade PGD over the first 3 days following transplant (P = 0.031). Conclusions This study is the first to establish an association between the development of PGD and a component of the blood virome. While it is not known whether anelloviruses directly affect outcomes in lung transplant, they may serve as a biomarker of immune status in lung transplant recipients.
The Search for Invariance: Repeated Positive Testing Serves the Goals of Causal Learning

Positive testing is characteristic of exploratory behavior, yet it seems to be at odds with the aim of information seeking. After all, repeated demonstrations of one’s current hypothesis often produce the same evidence and fail to distinguish it from potential alternatives. Research on the development of scientific reasoning and adult rule learning have both documented and attempted to explain this behavior. The current chapter reviews this prior work and introduces a novel theoretical account—the Search for Invariance (SI) hypothesis—which suggests that producing multiple positive examples serves the goals of causal learning. This hypothesis draws on the interventionist framework of causal reasoning, which suggests that causal learners are concerned with the invariance of candidate hypotheses. In a probabilistic and interdependent causal world, our primary goal is to determine whether, and in what contexts, our causal hypotheses provide accurate foundations for inference and intervention—not to disconfirm their alternatives. By recognizing the central role of invariance in causal learning, the phenomenon of positive testing may be reinterpreted as a rational information-seeking strategy.
Impact of Mechanical Circulatory Support on Pediatric Heart Transplant Candidates with Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

Purpose With the new era of more effective medicines and increasing use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in children, seemingly more patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) are having positive outcomes. The purpose of this study is to define the effect of MCS on pediatric patients listed for heart transplant with an elevated PVR. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was used to identify patients ages 0-18 at time of listing for heart transplant between 2010 and 2019 who had PVR documented. Patients were divided into MCS (LVAD, RVAD, BiVAD, and TAH) and No-MCS groups, then divided by indexed PVR (PVRi) at time of listing: 6 Wood units. Positive waitlist outcome was defined as reaching transplant or delisted because of clinical improvement. Negative waitlist outcome was defined as death or delisted because too sick to transplant. Results 2081 pediatric patients were listed for heart transplant between 2010 and 2019. MCS was used in 20% overall (n=426); 57% of those with PVRi 6. Median MCS duration was 68 days (IQR 30-142). In all three PVRi groups, MCS patients had a significantly higher incidence of positive waitlist outcome compared to No-MCS patients (Table 1). Within the No-MCS group, patients with a PVRi >6 had a higher incidence of negative waitlist outcome compared to PVRi Conclusion Patients supported with MCS had a significantly higher chance of a positive waitlist outcome than those without such support regardless of PVR status. With better waitlist survival and equivalent post-transplant survival compared to No-MCS patients, MCS patients had better overall survival from listing regardless of PVR.
α 2-Adrenoceptors: Challenges and Opportunities-Enlightenment from the Kidney

It was indeed a Don Quixote-like pursuit of the mechanism of essential hypertension when we serendipitously discovered α 2-adrenoceptors (α 2-ARs) in skin-lightening experiments in the frog. Now α 2-ARs lurk on the horizon involving hypertension causality, renal denervation for hypertension, injury from falling in the elderly and prazosin's mechanism of action in anxiety states such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our goal here is to focus on this horizon and bring into clear view the role of α 2-AR-mediated mechanisms in these seemingly unrelated conditions. Our narrative begins with an explanation of how experiments in isolated perfused kidneys led to the discovery of a sodium-retaining process, a fundamental mechanism of hypertension, mediated by α 2-ARs. In this model system and in the setting of furosemide-induced sodium excretion, α 2-AR activation inhibited adenylate cyclase, suppressed cAMP formation, and caused sodium retention. Further investigations led to the realization that renal α 2-AR expression in hypertensive animals is elevated, thus supporting a key role for kidney α 2-ARs in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Subsequent studies clarified the molecular pathways by which α 2-ARs activate prohypertensive biochemical systems. While investigating the role of α 1-adrenoceptors (α 1-ARs) versus α 2-ARs in renal sympathetic neurotransmission, we noted an astonishing result: in the kidney α 1-ARs suppress the postjunctional expression of α 2-ARs. Here, we describe how this finding relates to a broader understanding of the role of α 2-ARs in diverse disease states. Because of the capacity for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of α 2-AR-induced regulatory mechanisms in the kidney, we looked to the kidney and found enlightenment.
An action-value model explains the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in performance monitoring during affect regulation

Abstract In this study, we merged methods from engineering control theory, machine learning, and human neuroimaging to critically test the putative role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in performance monitoring during an emotion regulation task. Healthy adult participants (n=75) underwent cued-recall of affective image stimuli with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging and psychophysiological response recording. During cued-recall, participants engaged in explicit self-regulation of their affective state toward defined affective goals. Established decoding methods measured affect processing from fMRI BOLD signals across the orthogonal affective dimensions of valence and arousal. We independently validated participants’ affective state representations via stimulus-dependent facial electromyography (valence) and electrodermal activity (arousal) responses. We then used the decoded affective signatures to test and compare four computational models of performance monitoring (i.e., error, predicted response outcome, action-value, and conflict) by their relative abilities to explain task-related dACC activation. We found that the dACC most plausibly encodes action-value for both valence and arousal processing. We confirmed that the dACC directly encodes affective arousal and also likely encodes recruitment of attention and regulation resources. Beyond its contribution to parsing the roles of the dACC in emotion regulation, this study introduced a novel analytical framework through which affect processing and regulation may be functionally dissociated, thereby permitting mechanistic analysis of real-world emotion regulation strategies, e.g., distraction and reappraisal, which are widely employed in cognitive behavioral therapy to address clinical deficits in emotion regulation.
Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Frequency Control: A Lyapunov Approach

The increase in penetration of inverter-based resources provides us with more flexibility in frequency regulation compared to conventional linear droop controllers. Using their power electronic interfaces, inverter-based resources can realize almost arbitrary responses to frequency changes. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a popular method to design these nonlinear controllers to optimize a host of objective functions. The key challenge with RL-based approaches is how to enforce the constraint that the learned controller should be stabilizing. In addition, training these controllers is nontrivial because of the time-coupled dynamics of power systems. In this paper, we propose to explicitly engineer the structure of neural network-based controllers such that they guarantee system stability by design. This is done by constraining the network structures using a well-known Lyapunov function. A recurrent RL architecture is used to efficiently train the controllers. The resulting controllers only use local information and outperform linear droop as well as controllers trained using existing state-of-the-art learning approaches.
Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: Current Treatment Approaches and the Role of Afatinib

Options for the treatment of squamous cell lung carcinoma expanded in recent years with the introduction of the immune checkpoint inhibitors into routine clinical practice in both the first- and second-line settings but are still limited. As a result, pembrolizumab, given either alone or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, is now a standard first-line treatment for squamous cell lung cancer. However, few options exist once patients have progressed on immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy. In this setting, the irreversible ErbB family blocker, afatinib, has a potential role as second or subsequent therapy for some patients. The Phase III LUX-Lung 8 study demonstrated that afatinib significantly prolonged progression-free and overall survival compared with erlotinib in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma. Notably, retrospective, ad-hoc biomarker analyses of a subset of patients from LUX-Lung 8 suggested that patients with ErbB family mutations derived particular benefit from afatinib, especially those with ErbB2 (HER2) mutations. Afatinib has a manageable and predictable safety profile, and adverse events can be managed with the use of a tolerability-guided dose modification protocol. Until more data are available, afatinib could be considered as a potential second-line treatment option for patients who have progressed on combined pembrolizumab and platinum-based chemotherapy and are ineligible for more established second-line options, or as a third-line option in patients who have received first-line immunotherapy, and second-line chemotherapy or chemotherapy and antiangiogenesis therapy. However, further data are required to support the use of afatinib following immunotherapy. Given that treatment options are limited in both of these settings, investigating an agent with an entirely new mechanism of action is warranted. If available, molecular analysis to identify ErbB family mutations or the use of proteomic profiling could help to further isolate patients who are likely to derive the most benefit from afatinib.
The World in a Wafer: A Geography of the Eucharist as Resistance to Globalization

This essay explores Eucharist as resistance to late-capitalist “globalization.” Globalization is often touted as the first true realization of catholicity. Globalization is seen as the demise of the nation-state which has caused so much division among peoples. In contrast, I argue that globalization does not signal the decline of the nation-state but the perfection of the modern state's subsumption of local communities under the universal. True catholicity is based in the practice of the Eucharist, which realizes a universal communion but does so only in local Eucharistic communities, thus overcoming the dichotomy of universal and particular.
A novel 3D path following control framework for robots performing surface finishing tasks

Abstract We describe a novel 3D path following control framework for articulated robots in applications where constant speed travel along a path is desirable, such as robotic surface finishing tasks. Given the desired robot configuration sequence with a list of waypoints along a path, a trajectory optimization scheme based on direct collocation is proposed to determine the Cartesian path and the maximum constant translation speed that are dynamically feasible. Employing the Hermite–Simpson collocation method, a Cartesian path is developed that not only preserves the characteristics of the original motion sequence but also satisfies the physical requirements of the robot kinematics and dynamics. Since joint velocity control is quite common in many industrial robots, we consider a 3D kinematic control in the robot tool frame with control inputs as rate of change of orientation. The objective for the translation motion is to achieve constant speed along the path tangent direction, and that of the orientation control is to orient the robot properly based on the path provided by a converging path planner. We describe the optimization procedure employed with the direct collocation method to obtain the desired Cartesian path, an arc-length based re-parametrization of the desired path, and a path planner that provides a converging path to the desired path. To perform the surface finishing operation, we further present the joint space control law that is converted from the synthesis of the proposed path following and impedance force control in the tool frame. To verify and evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, we have conducted extensive experiments with a six degrees-of-freedom (DOF) industrial robot for several paths that can be employed for surface finishing of a variety of industrial parts.
Model Predictive Control of a Two-Motor Drive Using a Four-Leg Inverter

In this paper, a cost-effective four-leg inverter is proposed to independently control two three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). In this topology, one of the phases of the three-phase PMSM is connected to the midpoint of the dc-link. The mathematical model of the four-leg drive is derived. In addition, the discrete model of the three-phase PMSM and capacitor voltages are obtained. The model predictive control for these motors is developed to control the PMSMs' speeds and voltage of dc-link capacitors and therefore improve the performance of the four-leg inverter. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed drive and control method.
Spanish Speakers in the USA

Acknowledgements Introduction PART I: IDEOLOGIES AND IDENTITIES Chapter One: Language ideologies and language policies Chapter Two: Language and Identity. Chapter Three: "Race", ethnicity and the language of Latinos in the US Chapter Four: Media representations of Spanish and Spanish speakers in US English language TV and film: production and reproduction of ideologies Part II: LANGUAGE PRACTICES Chapter Five: Spanish language maintenance and shift in the US Chapter Six: Linguistic consequences of Spanish-English bilingualism in the US: Spanglish and Chican@ English Chapter Seven: Latin@ education in the U.S. Glossary Index