cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioprotectant Activity of 5-Diethylsulfonamoylsalicylatocopper(II) in Gamma Irradiated Mice

Survival and changes in mean body mass of whole-body irradiated mice were determined to examine the radioprotectant activity of 5-diethylsulfonamoylsalicylatocopper(II) [Cu(II) (5-DESS)]. One of four groups of 25 female C57BL/6 mice were treated subcutaneously (sc)with 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 μmol Cu(II)(5- DESS)/kg of body mass 3 hours before exposure to 8.0 Gy, gamma irradiation. In this paradigm, doses of Cu(II)(5- DESS) increased survival up to 92% above vehicle-treated control mice (P = 0.008). Mean body mass determinations revealed that mice treated with 80 to 120 μmol Cu(II)(5-DESS)/kg of body mass exhibited a smaller decrease in body mass than other complex-treated groups. These results support the hypothesis that Cu(II)(5-DESS) is an effective radioprotectant.
The nucleic acid melting activity of Escherichia coli CspE is critical for transcription antitermination and cold acclimation of cells.

Members of bacterial Csp (cold-shock protein) family promote cellular adaptation to low temperature and participate in many other aspects of gene expression regulation through mechanisms that are not yet fully elucidated. Csp proteins interact with single-stranded nucleic acids and destabilize nucleic acid secondary structures. Some Csp proteins also act as transcription antiterminatorsin vivo and in vitro. Here, we selected a mutation in the cloned cspE gene that abolished CspE-induced transcription antitermination. In vitro, mutant CspE showed RNA binding activity similar to that of the wild-type CspE but was unable to destabilize nucleic acid secondary structures. Thus, nucleic acid melting ability of CspE and its transcription antitermination activity are correlated. In vivo, mutant cspE was functional with respect to up-regulation of expression of rpoS, but, unlike the wild-type cspE, it did not complement the cold-sensitive phenotype of the quadruple ΔcspAΔcspBΔcspGΔcspEdeletion strain. Thus, the nucleic acid-melting activity of Csp is critical for its prototypical function of supporting low temperature survival of the cell.
A Near-Infrared Survey of Old Novae--II. CK Vulpeculae and V605 Aquilae

We present near-infrared photometry of two objects that have been classified as clasical novae: CK Vulpeculae and V605 Aquilae. We were surprised to find that CK Vul was a moderately bright near-infrared source (mK = 14.13). Infrared images conclusively show that the near-infrared source is positionally coincident with the optical candidate for CK Vul. We are able to model the near-infrared + IRAS spectral energy distributions of both objects with a two-component model composed of a heavily extinguished central source, and a cooler blackbody source consistent with a cool dust shell. The combination of the model results and the outburst parameters suggest that these two objects might be of a similar nature. If we are to make this association, however, the central source luminosity of CK Vul object must have declined dramatically since the eruption in 1670. Because of its brightness, near-infrared spectroscopy of the CK Vul counterpart should be easily achievable with current instrumentation. Such observations are needed to determine the true nature of this source.
719 CELL ELASTIMETRY IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF DISORDERS OF NEUTROPHIL MOTILITY

Although clinically similar, disorders of neutrophil (PMN) movement are heterogeneous and involve a number of separable mechanisms. The characterization of these mechanisms has been limited by available research techniques. We recently described the application of cell elastimetry to the study of normal PMN motility. The assay, which measures amounts of negative pressure required to aspirate individual PMNS into micropipettes provides an estimate of deformability of the PMN. In normal PMNS, deformability has similar Ca++, energy (glycolysis), pH, temperature and contractile protein requirements to those of normal Boyden chamber chemotaxis. It was, therefore, suggested that the assay might provide an important probe in the study of abnormal PMN motility. We now report the first such studies. PMNS from subjects with recognized abnormalities of motility including normal neonates and children with lazy leukocyte syndrome, diabetes mellitus, familial chemotactic deficiencies, sporadic chemotactic deficiencies and hyper-IgE-eczema-infection syndrome were studied in 3 assays: chemotaxis (Boyden chamber); chemokinesis (capillary tube migration); and deformability (elastimetry). The data showed: 1) marked heterogeneity existed among PMN profiles obtained from the various subject groups; 2) a strong correlation existed between chemotaxis and deformability, but none between chemokinesis and deformability; 3) the only condition in which chemotaxis was consistently decreased but deformability normal was in 5 patients with the hyper-IgE syndrome. This strongly suggests a unique mechanism of abnormal PMN motility in that disorder. Since elastimetry is a single cell assay, it lends itself ideally to study of the individual steps of PMN movement in normal and abnormal states.
Distributed system V IPC in LOCUS: a design and implementation retrospective

This paper describes new interprocess communications facilities that have been added to the Locus system [POPEK 81][WALKER 83]. The facilities improve Locus's interprocess communication repertoire by providing distributed support for three separate subsystems from System V UNIX: messages, semaphores, and shared memory. Here we describe these subsystems and their integration into in the Locus architecture.
Simultaneous Single-Particle Tracking and Visualization of Domain Structure on Lipid Monolayers

A new method is presented that combines dual fluorescence microscopy and single-particle tracking (SPT) to investigate the impact of spatial inhomogeneities in membranes on lateral diffusion within Langmuir monolayers. Incontrast to previous SPT experiments, random walks of individual fluorescent tracer particles and the structure of the membrane are simultaneously imaged. Monolayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-2-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE) in the liquid condensed/liquid expanded phase are used to model the inhomogeneous plasma membrane, while the fluorescent particles embedded in the membrane serve as model proteins. The interactions between tracers and the domain boundary and the resulting change in their random walks are directly observed. Since this technique permits systematic SPT studies of diffusion in inhomogeneous monolayers, its extensions to more biologically relevant monolayers are laid out as well.
Seasonal changes in the blood composition of captive and free-living White-crowned Sparrows

Seasonal changes in several blood components (cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus, glyceride glycerol, free fatty acids, and calcium), hematocrit, and body mass were studied in captive and free-living groups of White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) over a 2-year period. Cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus, and glyceride glycerol levels were correlated with body mass and all of them changed in parallel during the year (Table 2 and Figs. 1–3). These lipids were elevated during premigratory and migratory periods, minimal during the summer breeding period, and reduced during periods of body molt. Concentrations of them were consistently higher in captive birds than in free-living ones. Free fatty acid levels were highly variable and not correlated with levels of other blood lipids or with body mass (Fig. 4). However, they too increased during premigratory periods. On the other hand, they were consistently higher in free-living sparrows than in captives. Plasma calcium was relatively constant at 3–5 mEq/l between July and the following March (Fig. 5). It increased during the spring, but earlier than preparations for migration by 2–3 weeks. It was also elevated in egg-laying females. The hematocrit rose during the vernal migratory period, but not during the autumnal one; was minimal in breeding birds; and declined during periods of body molt (Fig. 6). Calcium and hematocrit levels were similar in captive and free-living birds. It appears that captive populations of White-crowned Sparrows generally provide relibale information concerning changes in blood composition that are taking place concurrently in the field.
The role of ENSO in global ocean temperature changes during 1955–2011 simulated with a 1D climate model

Global average ocean temperature variations to 2,000 m depth during 1955–2011 are simulated with a 40 layer 1D forcing-feedback-mixing model for three forcing cases. The first case uses standard anthropogenic and volcanic external radiative forcings. The second adds non-radiative internal forcing (ocean mixing changes initiated in the top 200 m) proportional to the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) to represent an internal mode of natural variability. The third case further adds ENSO-related radiative forcing proportional to MEI as a possible natural cloud forcing mechanism associated with atmospheric circulation changes. The model adjustable parameters are net radiative feedback, effective diffusivities, and internal radiative (e.g., cloud) and non-radiative (ocean mixing) forcing coefficients at adjustable time lags. Model output is compared to Levitus ocean temperature changes in 50 m layers during 1955–2011 to 700 m depth, and to lag regression coefficients between satellite radiative flux variations and sea surface temperature between 2000 and 2010. A net feedback parameter of 1.7Wm−2 K−1 with only anthropogenic and volcanic forcings increases to 2.8Wm−2 K−1 when all ENSO forcings (which are one-third radiative) are included, along with better agreement between model and observations. The results suggest ENSO can influence multi-decadal temperature trends, and that internal radiative forcing of the climate system affects the diagnosis of feedbacks. Also, the relatively small differences in model ocean warming associated with the three cases suggests that the observed levels of ocean warming since the 1950s is not a very strong constraint on our estimates of climate sensitivity.
Natural line shape

For many years there have been two expressions for the natural radiative line shape, depending on the form of the Hamiltonian assumed for the interaction of an atom with the radiation field. It is shown that this difference arises from artificial assumptions about the atom-field interaction, and that the same line shape is obtained from either form under the appropriate physical assumptions.
On the reuse of rhodium(I) bisphosphine complexes in catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation of 2-acetamidoacrylic acid

The cationic rhodium(I) complexes having the general formulas, [Rh(cod)-p-p)]Cl and [Rh(p-p)Cl]2, were prepared and investigated as homogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of 2-acetamidoacrylic acid: (cod is 1,5-cyclooctadiene and p-p is one of bisphosphines such as bis(1,2-diphenylphosphino)ethane (diphos), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenyl (bpbp) and ()-2,3-o-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (()-diop)). It was found that these catalysts can be used repeatedly in the above hydrogenations and that the chloride ion plays an important role in the repetitive utilization because these complexes are probably maintained as [Rh(p-p)Cl]2 during and after the work-up procedures of the product.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Free Polyoxoanions Mo6O192- and W6O192- in the Gas Phase

Two doubly charged polyoxoanions, Mo6O192- and W6O192-, were observed in the gas phase using electrospray ionization. Their electronic structures were investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations with relativistic effective core potentials. Each dianion was found to be highly stable despite the presence of strong intramolecular Coulomb repulsion, estimated to be about 2 eV for each system. The valence detachment features were all shown to originate from electronic excitations involving oxygen lone-pair type orbitals. Their observed energies were in excellent agreement with the theoretical vertical detachment energies calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. Despite being multiply charged, polyoxometalate oxide clusters can be studied in the gas phase, providing the opportunity for detailed benchmark theoretical studies on the electronic structures of these important transition-metal oxide systems.
Why Waste Time on Roadmaps When We Don't Have Cars?

Reliability and yield depend on timely accurate failure analysis (FA). While scaling and new materials continue to drive integrated circuit performance, key areas of analytical technology remain largely stagnant. FA roadmaps and whitepapers detail major challenges facing the industry, but research, development, and tool commercialization are languid. Unlike the mainstream activities of design, manufacturing, and test, FA suffers from a loss of focus, a lack of funding, and a small commercial market. After a review of major shortcomings in analytical capability, this paper will discuss barriers to analytical technology development and propose alternatives for providing a more fertile infrastructure for requisite research and development.
Algorithms and stories

For most of human history, human knowledge was considered to be something that was stored and captured by words. This began to change when Galileo said that the book of nature is written in the language of mathematics. Today, Dan Dennett and many others argue that all genuine scientific knowledge is in the form of mathematical algorithms. However, recently discovered neurocomputational algorithms can be used to justify the claim that there is genuine knowledge which is non-algorithmic. The fact that these algorithms use prototype deployment, rather than mathematics or logic, gives us good reason to believe that there is a kind of knowledge that we derive from stories that is different from our knowledge of algorithms. Even though we would need algorithms to build a system that can make sense out of stories, we do not need to use algorithms when we ourselves embody a system that learns from stories. The success of the Galilean perspective in the physical sciences has often resulted in an attempt to mathematize the humanities. I am arguing that the dynamic neurocomputational perspective can give us a better understanding of how we get knowledge and wisdom from the stories told by disciplines such as Literature, History, Anthropology and Theology. This new neurological data can be used to justify the traditional pedagogy of these disciplines, which originally stressed the telling of stories rather than the learning of algorithms.
REDUCTION OF PROGENY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF SYMBIOTIC FUNGI

In four studies with loblolly pine bolts over a 2-year period, absence of the normal complement of mycangial and ectodermal fungi, or absence of mycangial fungi alone, caused a significant decrease in number of progeny, progeny/gallery, progeny/cm of gallery, and ratio of increase of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. Initial emergence of progeny was delayed 13 to 24 days. Absence of fungi had no effect on number of successful attacks, length of ovipositional gallery, and number of egg niches/cm of gallery.
Characterization of laser produced tetrakis (dimethylamino) ethylene plasma in a high-pressure background gas

We present an interferometric and spectroscopic characterization of ultraviolet (UV) laser photoionization of a low ionization potential organic vapor, tetrakis (dimethylamino) ethylene (TMAE), seeded in high-pressure air component gases. These experiments are performed to explore the feasibility of using an electrodeless UV laser preionization of TMAE to initiate a plasma seeded in atmospheric pressure gases that can later be sustained by radiofrequency (RF) power by inductive wave coupling, thereby reducing the initiation RF power budget. A large volume (500 cc), high-density (/spl sim/10/sup 13/cm/sup -3/), electrodeless plasma is created by single-photon, 193 nm excimer laser ionization. 105 GHz millimeter-wave interferometry along with optical spectroscopy is employed to investigate the plasma formation and decay characteristics. The TMAE plasma decay mechanisms including two-body and three-body recombination with and without high pressure gases are examined and the dominant loss processes discussed and evaluated. Both density and optical emission measurements show a delay of 140 /spl plusmn/ 10 ns in the peak plasma density and emission indicating that the dominant ionization process is delayed ionization via excitation of super-excited states. The experiment also shows that TMAE remains a viable seed gas for UV ionization in the presence of air for t/spl les/10 min.
Biasing of Hyperkinetic Behavior Ratings by Diagnostic Reports: Effects of Observer Training and Assessment Method

Videotapes of two preschool children were observed by 24 raters. Raters were given diagnostic reports suggesting hyperkinesis for one of the children but not for the other. Twelve raters used a rating scale to assess hyperkinesis, while the remainder used a time-sampling method. Within each of these groups, half of the raters received training on the instrument they used. The results indicate that training had the effect of reducing the biasing effect of the diagnostic label when the rating scale was employed. No biasing effect was noted for the time-sampling results. Discussion centered on the use of observational training and time sampling as methods of obtaining minimally biased data on labeled populations.
Lysosomes in the spleen of the chick embryo. I. Description in the normal spleen

The spleen of the 19-day chick embryo is shown to contain large amounts of hydrolytic enzymes active at acid pH (acid phosphatase, acid deoxyribonuclease, acid ribonuclease, cathepsin, aryl-sulfatase and β-glucuronidase), which are associated with subcellular particles that have the properties of lysosomes. (1) The enzymes can be sedimented with subcellular fractions which contain particles approximately the size of mitochondria. (2) The enzymes are associated with a band of particles of greater density than mitochondria in sucrose gradients. (3) The activities of the structure-linked enzymes are latent. (4) The cytochemically demonstrable activity of acid phosphatase is found in discrete regions of the cytoplasm of the spleen cells. The amount of activity increases with developmental age of the embryonic spleen. This finding is correlated with the increase in detectable acid phosphatase-containing particles. The most marked period of lysosome production is from the twelfth to the sixteenth day of development. Previous investigations have shown that both major types of phagocytic cells, granulocytes and macrophages, differentiate in the embryo spleen. It is known that in the mammal these cells are rich in lysosome. The production of lysosomes in the spleen is correlated with the differentiation of granulocytes, and with the functional development of the spleen as a reticuloendothelial organ.
Robotic-assisted laparoendoscopic single-site surgery in gynecology: initial report and technique

Robotic surgery has greatly improved surgeon dexterity and ergonomics but has substantially increased the number and size of ports required. The typical robotic surgical procedure will use three 8-mm ports and two 12-mm ports. Single-port laparoscopy, also known as Laparo-Endoscopic Single Site (LESS) surgery, is an attempt to further enhance cosmetic benefits and reduce morbidity of minimally invasive surgery.We present our initial clinical experience and technique with robotic-assisted single-port surgery in gynecology.
Ribosome Recycling Factor and Release Factor 3 Action Promotes TnaC-Peptidyl-tRNA Dropoff and Relieves Ribosome Stalling during Tryptophan Induction of tna Operon Expression in Escherichia coli

Upon tryptophan induction of tna operon expression in Escherichia coli, the leader peptidyl-tRNA, TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro), resists cleavage, resulting in ribosome stalling at the tnaC stop codon. This stalled ribosome blocks Rho factor binding and action, preventing transcription termination in the tna operon's leader region. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of tnaC was previously shown to inhibit cell growth by reducing uncharged tRNA(2)(Pro) availability. Which factors relieve ribosome stalling, facilitate TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro) cleavage, and relieve growth inhibition were addressed in the current study. In strains containing the chromosomal tna operon and lacking a tnaC plasmid, the overproduction of ribosome recycling factor (RRF) and release factor 3 (RF3) reduced tna operon expression. Their overproduction in vivo also increased the rate of cleavage of TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro), relieving the growth inhibition associated with plasmid-mediated tnaC overexpression. The overproduction of elongation factor G or initiation factor 3 did not have comparable effects, and tmRNA was incapable of attacking TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro) in stalled ribosome complexes. The stability of TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro) was increased appreciably in strains deficient in RRF and RF3 or deficient in peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. These findings reveal the existence of a natural mechanism whereby an amino acid, tryptophan, binds to ribosomes that have just completed the synthesis of TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro). Bound tryptophan inhibits RF2-mediated cleavage of TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro), resulting in the stalling of the ribosome translating tnaC mRNA. This stalling results in increased transcription of the structural genes of the tna operon. RRF and RF3 then bind to this stalled ribosome complex and slowly release TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro). This release allows ribosome recycling and permits the cleavage of TnaC-tRNA(2)(Pro) by peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.
A class of grouped Brunk estimators and penalized spline estimators for monotone regression

We study a class of monotone univariate regression estimators. We use B-splines to approximate an underlying regression function and estimate spline coefficients based on grouped data. We investigate asymptotic properties of two monotone estimators: a grouped Brunk estimator and a penalized monotone estimator. These estimators are consistent at the boundary and their mean square errors achieve optimal convergence rates under suitable assumptions of the true regression function. Asymptotic distributions are developed and are shown to be independent of spline degrees and the number of knots. Simulation results and car data illustrate performance of the proposed estimators.
PSEUDOMASARIS VESPOIDES (CRESSON), A POLLEN PROVISIONING WASP

A first account of the habits of Pseudomasaris vespoides has been given by Dr. A. Davidson ('13). He found their nests, usually attached to a twig of a low bush, and built after the manner of the mud dauber wasp but of stony hardness. The completed cell was closed by a stopper of clay which was depressed in the center so that the top of the nest presented a series of small cups. The cup was believed to conserve the rain, soften the stopper and enable the insect to more easily emerge. The cells were thought to have been stored with small larvae. According to Bradley ('22), P. vespoides is found in South Dakota, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada and California.
Face Values: Responsibility Inc.

Investment and growth in emerging markets will bring new opportunities, but with them added responsibility. Will companies be able to rise to meet the new responsibility agenda? Deloitte's John Connolly thinks so and argues that the business case is overwhelming.
A reservation protocol for packet voice and data integration in unidirectional bus networks

A movable boundary protocol is proposed for integrating packet voice and data in unidirectional bus networks. The head station on the bus learns the number of ready-to-transmit voice stations by reading a 'request' bit in the header of the received packets and allocates the exact number of voice slots needed in each frame. The protocol guarantees that the maximum delay to transmit a voice packet will be less than the round-trip propagation delay at the head station plus twice the time needed to form the packet. The average data packet delay is evaluated via approximate analysis and simulation, for the case in which the voice-reserved slots in a frame are contiguous and for the case in which they are evenly distributed. >
ChIP-chip versus ChIP-seq: Lessons for experimental design and data analysis

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by microarray hybridization (ChIP-chip) or high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) allows genome-wide discovery of protein-DNA interactions such as transcription factor bindings and histone modifications. Previous reports only compared a small number of profiles, and little has been done to compare histone modification profiles generated by the two technologies or to assess the impact of input DNA libraries in ChIP-seq analysis. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of a modENCODE dataset consisting of 31 pairs of ChIP-chip/ChIP-seq profiles of the coactivator CBP, RNA polymerase II (RNA PolII), and six histone modifications across four developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. Both technologies produce highly reproducible profiles within each platform, ChIP-seq generally produces profiles with a better signal-to-noise ratio, and allows detection of more peaks and narrower peaks. The set of peaks identified by the two technologies can be significantly different, but the extent to which they differ varies depending on the factor and the analysis algorithm. Importantly, we found that there is a significant variation among multiple sequencing profiles of input DNA libraries and that this variation most likely arises from both differences in experimental condition and sequencing depth. We further show that using an inappropriate input DNA profile can impact the average signal profiles around genomic features and peak calling results, highlighting the importance of having high quality input DNA data for normalization in ChIP-seq analysis. Our findings highlight the biases present in each of the platforms, show the variability that can arise from both technology and analysis methods, and emphasize the importance of obtaining high quality and deeply sequenced input DNA libraries for ChIP-seq analysis.
Fluid-inclusion evidence for impact heating at the Siljan Ring, Sweden

The Siljan Ring in central Sweden is a Devonian impact crater of the complex type. The 52-km-wide crater occurs in Precambrian Dala series granites. Deep drilling in the crater provides samples from depths down to 6000 m; these are supplemented by surface samples from the crater and surrounding regions. Secondary fluid inclusions occur in matrix quartz of nearly all granites examined. Most inclusions contain low-salinity water and water vapor; no CH/sub 4/ or H/sub 2/ has been detected. In surface samples, peak trapping temperatures are 327-342/sup 0/C on the crater's inner plateau, and minimum trapping temperatures are 135-225/sup 0/C near the annular moat. In the subsurface, trapping temperatures distinguish two sample populations separated by a flat-lying 60-m-thick dolerite at 1200 m below sea level. In the deep sample group below -1200 m, estimated trapping temperatures increase with depth along gradients between 17 and 32/sup 0/C/km, from 250-300/sup 0/C just below the dolerite to 320-440/sup 0/C at -5711 m. Trapping temperatures in samples above -1200 m are hotter than would be predicted by extrapolation of the deep trends and are believed to reflect hydrothermal activity generated by impact heating. This interpretation is supported by the presence of hotter temperatures of fluid-inclusionmore » trapping in samples from inside the crater compared to outside, and by crosscutting relations which show that some fluid-inclusion trails postdate impact-related features such as planar elements in quartz. Impact-heated fluids circulated through a circular domain of rock approximately 52 km wide and at least 1.2 km thick. The large scale of this circulation system indicates that impact-generated hydrothermal activity can be a significant mechanism for heat dissipation following bolide impacts on water-bearing planets.« less
Model of therapeutic and non-therapeutic responses to patient aggression

The primary purpose of this qualitative meta-synthesis was to explicate a framework of therapeutic nursing management of patient aggression in psychiatric settings. Findings from 15 qualitative research reports were placed into an electronic matrix, analyzed, and interpreted using content analysis, memoing, and diagramming. Nurses therapeutically respond to patient aggression using one of two response styles, intuitive or emergent. Authentic engagement characterizes both of these styles and involves grounding the opportunity for interaction in the context at hand, reciprocity between the nurse and patient, limit setting, and teamwork. Conversely, two non-therapeutic response styles (inflexibility and disengagement) lead to non-therapeutic outcomes.
"Be Very Careful Not to Let the Facts Get Mixed Up with the Truth": Children Prenatally Exposed to Crack/Cocaine.

This article focuses on the misperceptions of children who have been prenatally exposed to crack/cocaine. The article begins with a brief overview of the research surrounding cocaine use and its effect on newborns exposed in utero. Following this discussion, the most popular misperceptions (which include not only the effects of crack/cocaine exposure, but the background of those children who are exposed) are discussed with supporting research, as are interventions. The article concludes with a discussion about looking beyond prenatal drug exposure and focusing on the child. Studies looking at these children longitudinally are highlighted.
Forced Unfolding of Proteins Within Cells

To identify cytoskeletal proteins that change conformation or assembly within stressed cells, in situ labeling of sterically shielded cysteines with fluorophores was analyzed by fluorescence imaging, quantitative mass spectrometry, and sequential two-dye labeling. Within red blood cells, shotgun labeling showed that shielded cysteines in the two isoforms of the cytoskeletal protein spectrin were increasingly labeled as a function of shear stress and time, indicative of forced unfolding of specific domains. Within mesenchymal stem cells—as a prototypical adherent cell—nonmuscle myosin IIA and vimentin are just two of the cytoskeletal proteins identified that show differential labeling in tensed versus drug-relaxed cells. Cysteine labeling of proteins within live cells can thus be used to fluorescently map out sites of molecular-scale deformation, and the results also suggest means to colocalize signaling events such as phosphorylation with forced unfolding.
Relationship between market orientation and performance in family owned firms: a context-specific investigation

Market orientation has been found to be an important factor in how firms respond to environmental changes. This study reports on the market orientation of family firms using survey data of 368 firms. A high score on market orientation was strongly related to improved performance, measured in terms of increase in overall revenues, return on capital and profit margin. While size was not a factor in the ability to becoming market oriented, family firms' organisational type was found to have an effect on the overall revenue performance measure. The implications of these findings to the academic literature on family firms and the management of family owned firms are discussed.
Electromyographic Analysis of Hip Rehabilitation Exercises in a Group of Healthy Subjects

Study Design Single-occasion, repeated-measures design. Objective To determine the magnitude of hip abductor muscle activation during 6 rehabilitation exercises. Background Many researchers have reported that hip strengthening, especially of the hip abductors, is an important component of a lower extremity rehabilitation program. Clinicians employ non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing exercise to strengthen the hip musculature; however, researchers have not examined relative differences in muscle activation during commonly used exercises. Information regarding these differences may provide clinicians with a scientific rationale needed for exercise prescription. Methods and Measures Sixteen healthy subjects (mean ± SD age, 27 ± 5 years; range, 18–42 years; mean ± SD height, 1.7 ± 0.2 m; mean ± SD body mass, 76 ± 15 kg) volunteered for this study. Bipolar surface electrodes were applied to the right gluteus medius muscle. We measured muscle activation as subjects performed 3 non-weight-bearing (sidelying ri...
Fabrication and Characterization of a Wafer-Level MEMS Vacuum Package With Vertical Feedthroughs

This paper reports a MEMS vacuum package with vertical feedthroughs formed in a glass substrate all at the wafer level. This approach satisfies requirements for MEMS vacuum packages, including small size, vacuum/hermetic capability, sealed and low parasitic feedthroughs, wafer-level processing, compatibility with most MEMS processes, and low cost. It also enables flip-chip solder attachment to a PC board. The package has an integrated micro-Pirani gauge on a glass substrate for in situ monitoring, a silicon cap, and vertical feedthroughs through the glass. The integrated Pirani gauge has 0.6 milli-torr resolution at 0.1 torr and 0.2 torr resolution at 100 torr. Using the Pirani gauge, the fabricated vacuum package is characterized. The package has maintained ~33 torr base pressure with plusmn1.5 torr uncertainty for more than four months without a getter. The long-term measured pressure uncertainty is from the measurement setup and environment, and can be improved using a getter inside the package. [2007-0160]
Re-evaluation of the species composition of Bashkirovitrema Skrjabin, 1944 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), with the description of two new species of this genus and the proposal of Kostadinovatrema novaeguiniense n. g., n. sp.

A comparison of specimens previously identified as Bashkirovitrema incrassatum (Diesing, 1850) from the African or cape clawless otter Aonyxcapensis, and the speckle-throated or spotted-throated otter Hydrictismaculicollis from the Old World with specimens and descriptions of B. incrassatum from the New World showed that those from Africa (Bashkirovitrema africanum n. sp.) had a more extensive distribution of the vitelline fields than either B. canadense n. sp. from the northern river otter Lontracanadensis and the American mink Neovison vison (North America) and B. incrassatum from the Neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis (South America). B. africanum n. sp. further differs from B. canadense n. sp. by having a smaller body, shorter forebody, smaller oral sucker, longer cirrus, shorter intertesticular space, shorter post-testicular space and longer eggs. B.canadense n. sp. can be distinguished from B. incrassatum by having a longer body, longer forebody, smaller sucker ratio, smaller testes, greater distance between the ventral sucker and the ovary, shorter cirrus-sac, longer post-testicular space and narrower eggs. B. africanum n. sp. differs from B. incrassatum by having a smaller ventral sucker, larger ovary, shorter cirrus-sac, smaller intertesticular space, larger post-testicular space and longer eggs that are not as wide. Kostadinovatrema n. g., as represented by K. novaeguiniense n. sp., can be separated from species of Bashkirovitrema Skrjabin, 1944 by having a wider body width to length profile, a head collar that is narrower than the forebody and armed with 33 rather than 27 collar spines, an ovary that is further removed anteriorly from the testes, and a dorso-ventrally flattened hindbody that is nearly as broad as the forebody. The new genus differs from Hypoderaeum Dietz, 1909 and Moliniella Hubner, 1939 by having 33 head collar spines.
Disposition of Procainamide in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure Receiving Medical Therapy

Dosage reduction of procainamide has been recommended in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, these recommendations are based primarily on studies with unmatched control groups, suboptimal blood sampling, and in patients not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These agents increase renal blood flow, which theoretically may offset alterations in drug disposition in patients with CHF. The pharmacokinetics of procainamide in patients with chronic CHF and in matched controls were compared. A single intravenous dose of 750 mg of procainamide was administered to 9 patients with chronic New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III CHF (mean +/- SD left ventricular ejection fraction 22 +/- 9%) receiving medical therapy and 7 control subjects matched for age and gender. Blood and urine samples were collected at intervals over a period of 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Patients with CHF and control subjects were demographically similar, with the exception of concomitant medications, including ACE inhibitors (8/9 versus 1/7, respectively). There were no significant differences between patients with CHF and control subjects in mean +/- SD peak serum concentrations (Cmax), area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC0-infinity), total clearance, renal clearance, half-life (t1/2), or volume of distribution (Vd) of procainamide. Similarly, there were no significant differences between patients with CHF and control subjects in the mean +/- SD Cmax, AUC0-infinity, renal clearance, or t1/2 of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA). Procainamide dosage reduction may not be necessary in patients with chronic stable CHF who are receiving medical therapy.
Obesity Prevention In Infants, Children And Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach

The Center for the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles and Obesity Prevention, housed in the College of Health and Human Development, at California State University Fullerton promotes interdisciplinary research and community outreach in areas related to children’s health and weight management. Three research projects presented below offer a comprehensive multi-level approach that guides us in developing current and future programs that are effective for addressing obesity in infants, children, and adults. These projects range from creating and testing a telenovela, designing a healthy eating program emphasizing breakfast nutrition and physical activity, and finally looking at the role of the environment in terms of commute times and obesity patterns.
A Case of Psoriasis Replaced by Allergic Contact Dermatitis in a 12-Year-Old Boy

Allergic contact dermatitis is a significant clinical problem in children and one that the use of essential oils and natural remedies probably exacerbates. We report a case of chronic plaque psoriasis replaced by allergic contact dermatitis in a 12-year-old boy. We suspect that the immunologic response to a hapten in lavender oil disrupted the pathogenesis of psoriasis, causing the psoriasis to temporarily "disappear."
Multicultural Issues in Training and Practice

Multicultural counseling is described as both a helping role and therapy process that recognizes the diverse identities of clients. This approach to counseling emphasizes prevention and intervention efforts that are consistent with the life experiences, contexts, and cultural values of clients. This entry reviews terminology, constructs, theory, and training models for multicultural counseling. Keywords: cultural diversity; microaggressions; multiculturalism; therapy; training
The status of Haemogregarina mansoni Sambon and Seligmann from Zamenis flagelliformis Laurenti

Haemogregarina mansoni Sambon and Seligmann 1907, a parasite of the coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum) is redescribed on the basis of sporogonic stages obtained in the experimental vector Aedes aegypti and designated as Hepatozoon mansoni from hosts collected in north Florida. Gamonts average 14.7 × 4.7 (13–16 × 4–6) and are not recurved, with nuclei situated in the second quarter of the gamont. Erythrocyte cytoplasm is often thin, appearing partially dehemoglobinized, or contracted into a central mass with infected erythrocytes always distorted, longer, and more slender than uninfected cells. Sporogony occurred within the head and thorax of A. aegypti. Oocysts were spherical to ovoid, 144.2 × 126.1 (79–198 × 69–178), containing on average 29.2 (7–64) sporocysts. Sporocysts were spherical to ovoid, 33.1 × 29.8 (19–48 × 18–44), with 20.2 (12–32) sporozoites contained within. Experimental infection in Tantilla relicta produced gamonts that did not differ from those in M. flagellum, but dehemoglobinizat...
Cystamine inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication in cord blood-derived mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes

The effects of cystamine on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) expression in cord blood monocytes-derived macrophages (CBMDM) and lymphocytes were investigated. Cystamine suppressed HIV-1 expression in CBMDM and lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent fashion as determined by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. This inhibitory effect of cystamine occurred with all five HIV-1 strains (both laboratory adopted and fresh isolates) tested in the study. The addition of cystamine to cultures of HIV-1 chronically infected CBMDM also suppressed 80% to 90% of RT activity in comparison with untreated controls. Cystamine also decreased HIV-1 protein expression in CBMDM as determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The inhibitory effects of cystamine on HIV-1 did not appear to be caused by toxicity to CBMDM or lymphocytes because there was no change in cell viability or cellular DNA synthesis as evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion and [3H]-thymidine incorporation at doses of cystamine that inhibit the virus. HIV-1 infected CBMDM or lymphocyte cultures (without cystamine treatment) demonstrated giant syncytium formation or cytopathic effect (CPE), respectively, whereas cystamine-treated cultures lacked the giant syncytia or CPE induced by HIV-1 infection. Thus, these observations indicate that cystamine may have the potential to limit HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes in vivo and may represent a potentially useful compound in the treatment of pediatric HIV-1 infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Mass Spectrometry in Plant-omics

Plant-omics is rapidly becoming an important field of study in the scientific community due to the urgent need to address many of the most important questions facing humanity today with regard to agriculture, medicine, biofuels, environmental decontamination, ecological sustainability, etc. High-performance mass spectrometry is a dominant tool for interrogating the metabolomes, peptidomes, and proteomes of a diversity of plant species under various conditions, revealing key insights into the functions and mechanisms of plant biochemistry.
The Effect of Protein Level on Growth and Efficiency of Feed Utilization

Abstract THE DATA of Hammond, Hendricks and Titus (1938) show that a protein intake of approximately 21 percent is close to the physiological optimum for the growing chick when the diet is fed from hatching to maturity. Chickens receiving a 25 percent protein diet grew no faster to eight weeks of age than did those receiving 21 percent protein. These authors point out that on the basis of feed consumed, the chickens on the 21 percent diet were most efficient. The utilization of protein, per se, decreased, however, with each increase of dietary protein, the chickens receiving only 15 percent protein being the most efficient. Almquist and Asmundson (1944) report that a 30 percent protein starting mash, fed for one or two weeks, may give an initial growth stimulation which the birds maintain to eight weeks of age. After the first week there was no consistent difference in percentage rate of . . .
Faded Bronze Plumage: An Autosomal Mutant in the Turkey

Abstract IN THE spring of 1947 a few and in 1948 a considerable number of “sports” appeared in the Broad Breasted Bronze flock of Mr. Robert K. Shearer, a Pennsylvania turkey breeder. Because these aberrant individuals were markedly smaller in body size than their contemporary normal-colored Bronze turkeys, this matter was referred to one of us (C.E.K.) whose interest in possible correlations between simply inherited mutant coat colors and morphology, physiology and behavior as factors in preadaption to domestication is well known. In the fall of 1948 a trio each of mutants and “normal” colored Bronze were kindly furnished to the University of Georgia by Mr. Shearer. When circumstances made it impossible to obtain poults from these birds, Mr. Shearer, during the spring of 1949, made weekly shipments of day-old poults. Unfortunately, the already poor viability of the mutants is reduced by shipping so that it seems doubtful that sufficient adults . . .
‘Brainwashing’ and Mental Health

The entry traces the history of ‘brainwashing,’ focusing on developments related to Korean War POWs (Prisoners of War) and the communist takeover in China. Use of the term in conflicts over New Religious Movements (NRMs) in America and elsewhere is covered, where participation was defined by some as a mental disorder. Attempts to legitimize the brainwashing term are discussed, including insertion in the DSM-III but unsuccessfully seeking acceptance of brainwashing as a mental disorder by the American Psychological Association. Major court decisions involving the term are described, including key cases where such testimony was deemed inadmissible.
Analysis On The Epidemiological Characteristics Of Measles In Tongling From 2004 To 2009

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Tongling from 2004 to 2009,and provide evidence for making strategies of measles control.Methods Data of measles surveillance which obtained from the Mandatory Reporting System of Infectious Diseases were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.Results From 2004 to 2009,245 cases were reported in Tongling,with an annual average incidence of 5.59/lakh,and the incidence rate in urban area was higher than that in rural.The floating population accounted for 32.65%(80/245).The percentages of the cases were 41.22% in the adults over 18 years old,15.92% in students aged 7-18 years old,21.63% in children aged from 8 months to 6 years old,and 21.63% in infants aged within 8 months respectively.13.47% of 245 cases had vaccination histories of live-attenuated measles vaccine(MV),44.49% were not immunized,and 42.04% had unknown inoculation history.Conclusion Measles cases in local inhabatants had increased,the inoculation rates of live-attenuated MV in floating people were low,only through increasing the inoculation rates of live-attenuated MV and improving measles surveillance could measles be eliminated.