cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 178: In-vitro Fluid Dynamic Investigation of a Novel Hyper Elastic-Thin Film Nitinol Stent and the Pipeline Embolization Device for Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment

Introduction: Fusiform and wide-neck intracranial aneurysms (ICAs) can be challenging to treat with conventional endovascular or surgical means. Recently developed low porosity stents, such as the pipeline embolization device (PED), are designed to treat these ICAs by diverting flow away from the aneurysmal sac. However, low porosity stents rely on a dense metal mesh to divert flow, which reduces flexibility and increases the risk of perforator blockage. In this study, we compare fluid dynamic performance between the PED and a novel high porosity stent fabricated from Hyper Elastic-Thin Film Nitinol (HE-TFN). Methods: An idealized model of a sidewall ICA with a collateral branch, located immediately upstream of the aneurysm, was constructed from transparent silicone. A blood analog solution was circulated through the model at steady and pulsatile flow rates spanning a range of physiologic conditions. The PED and two HE-TFN stents, with pore densities of 8 and 21 pores/mm 2 for 500 and 300 υm pore meshes respectively, were deployed into the model. Each stent was placed across the aneurysm and collateral. Volumetric flow velocity data were acquired before and after stent placement using particle image velocimetry. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were also conducted. Results: For both steady and pulsatile conditions, the 300 HE-TFN stent led to the largest drops in RMS Velocity Magnitude in the aneurysmal sac and in cross-neck flow. Under pulsatile conditions, the average drops in aneurysmal RMS Velocity Magnitude over the cardiac cycle, for the range of parent-vessel flow rates investigated, were 42.8-73.7% for the PED, 46.4-58.1% for the 500 HE-TFN, and 68.9-82.7% for the 300 HE-TFN. The largest drops were observed at lower parent-vessel flow rates and at peak systole. Examination of collateral flows showed that the PED led to the largest drops in collateral RMS Velocity Magnitude. Under pulsatile conditions, the average drops in collateral RMS Velocity Magnitude over the cardiac cycle were 38.3-46.1% for the PED, 14.0-25.9% for the 500 HE-TFN, and 34.5-40.8% for the 300 HE-TFN. For steady flow, both the aneurysmal and collateral performance metrics followed similar trends. Conclusion: The 300 HE-TFN stent led to larger reductions in cross-neck flow than the PED. This may be due to the higher pore density of the HE-TFN, which may be of greater importance for aneurysm occlusion than absolute porosity. Additionally, the ultra low profile, thin struts of the HE-TFN reduce perforator blockage as demonstrated by increased post-treatment collateral flows as compared to the PED. Overall, the 300 HE-TFN device performed best among the flow diversion devices examined by this study. CFD results characterizing the flow dynamics of each device will also be presented.
Uplink and Downlink Electronics Upgrades for the NASA Deep Space Network Aperture Enhancement (DAE) Project

In order to meet its future space tracking requirements, the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) is adding 6 additional 34-meter beam waveguide (BWG) antennas to the network. For this new project, called the DSN Aperture Enhancement (DAE) Project, the long-term plan is to have 4 34m BWG antennas at each of the 3 complexes around the world. The 4 antennas will allow X/Ka-band tracking of additional spacecraft and can also be arrayed to provide a G/T performance equivalent to a 70m antenna. The upgrades to the uplink and downlink electronics for the new antennas are described here. The new designs were driven by several considerations, including parts obsolescence, cost reduction, improved reliability and maintainability, and capability to meet future performance requirements. The use of of highdensity FPGAs has allowed a flexible, software-defined radio (SDR) approach to be used in both the uplink and downlink electronics. In particular, the uplink signal generation, including command and ranging baseband generation as well as modulation onto the uplink carrier, has been implemented with a single FPGA. The downlink signal processing, including demodulation, decoding and frame synchronization, has been implemented with 2 FPGAs. The first new antenna with the electronics upgrades is scheduled to be operational in Canberra, Australia in October, 2014.
S07.4 Identification of Determinants Triggering Antigenic Variation in Mycoplasma Genitalium

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen associated with reproductive tract disease in men and women. Despite the development of a robust antibody response, MG can persist for months to years, potentially increasing the risk for sexual transmission and serious upper reproductive tract infection in women. The molecular basis of MG pathogenesis is poorly understood, in part due to its fastidious nature, extremely small genome lacking known virulence genes, and the limited genetic tools available for molecular investigations. Nevertheless, previous studies have linked MG virulence to its unique terminal organelle, a complex structure that mediates adherence, motility, and cell division. The terminal organelle is composed of a complex array of unique proteins, including MgpB and MgpC which serve as major adhesins and are required for terminal organelle biogenesis. Remarkably, these two surface-exposed proteins also undergo phase and antigenic variation through a unique process of segmental recombination between discreet variable regions within mgp B and mgp C and multiple homologous archived sequences, termed MgPa repeats (MgPar). Our goal is to identify the molecular factors required to promote this genetic diversity, a mechanism which likely contributes to the ability of MG to adapt to different host conditions and maintain persistent infections. Recently, we have shown that RecA is required for mgp B/C gene variation and that this protein is expressed in several isoforms. We have now expanded these studies by showing that these RecA isoforms originate from different translational start sites and that specific rec A upstream sequences regulate the expression ratio of these isoforms and mgp B/C-MgPar recombination. Together, these studies suggest the presence of novel regulatory mechanisms that may allow this genetically challenged organism to cause disease, evade the host immune response, and persist in infected individuals.
Satiating the Demand: Planning for Alternative Models of Regional Food Distribution

Despite the relative absence of wholesale distribution in much of the planning profession's academic and grey literature, emerging models promise to remake the relationship between producers and their regional markets. In this article, key lessons from the value(s) chain literature are illustrated with examples from comparative case studies con¬ducted by the University of Wisconsin–Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural System to acquaint professional planners and allied professionals with strategies for imbuing mid- to high-volume local food distribution with normative values such as transparency and fairness. The research presented here is not a comprehensive analysis of regional wholesale food distribution. Rather, we have focused on organizational, logistical, and marketing characteristics of local and regional food value(s) chains. We utilize an exploratory comparative case study method to identify innovations in food distribution focusing on midtier food value(s) chains. We then describe larger system interventions that planners could employ to better accommodate midtier food distribution needs in the regional planning and food regulatory environment. These interventions include documentation of existing wholesale food system infrastructure; incorporation of agricultural industry clusters into regional economic development planning; cultivation of regional culinary identities to enhance marketing and branding efforts; and collaboration with policy makers and food safety regulators to foster zoning and regulation that protect public safety and welfare and build the capacity and market access of local food entrepreneurs.
Candidate Materials to Replace Heptachlor as a Selective Control for the Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil in Southern California

Parathion will control the larvae of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), when applied at 4 ounces per acre. However, this compound is highly, toxic to the beneficial insects mentioned below and therefore is undesirable from the standpoint of integrated control. Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S -( 4-oxo-1,2,3, benzotriazin-3-( 4H)-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) gave good initial control of the weevil larvae when applied at 4 ounces per acre but does not have the residual action to suppress an increasing population. Phosdrin® (a mixture of the alpha isomer of 2-carbomethoxy-1-methylvinyl dimethyl l phosphate (not less than 60%) and related compounds (not more than 40%)) at 4 ounces, ronnel at 8 ounces, Dibrom® (1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate) at 15.5 ounces, and dimethoate at 4 ounces per acre gave mediocre control of the weevil larvae. Parathion at 4 ounces, Guthion at 9 ounces, and dimethoate at 4 ounces per acre were quite toxic to the following important predators: Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Orius tristicolor (White), and Nabis ferus (L.); and also to the following hymenopterous parasites: Praon palitans Muesebeck, Therioaphis maculata Muesebeck, Aphelinus semiflavus Howard, which attack Therioaphis maculate (Buckton), and the newly introduced pea aphid parasite Aphirlius smithi Sharma and Rao. Methoxychlor applied at 8 ounces per acre by ground equipment, and 12 ounces per acre by airplane, gave satisfactory control of the weevil larvae. Most of the predators and parasites survived treatment even at the higher dosage of methoxychlor.
Gender, genre and intertextuality in Rachid Bouchareb’s Hors la loi

This article examines the close relationship between gender, film genre and intertextuality in Franco-Algerian filmmaker Rachid Bouchareb’s 2010 feature film Hors la loi to argue that the film’s problematic gender politics detract from Bouchareb’s intended construction of an imagined community. Hors la loi is a historical film about Algerians’ struggle for national liberation from the French, focusing particularly on the Algerian community in Paris. Bouchareb’s multiple filmic intertexts include Pontecorvo’s Battle of Algiers and Hollywood genres such as gangster/mafia, crime, war and western movies. These film genres all tend to center on male characters, a feature also found in Bouchareb’s film. In Hors la loi, female characters are types and stock characters. The film does not reflect the historical reality of Algerian women’s active participation in the war. Bouchareb’s problematic representation of women’s role in the war is due primarily to the influence of epic Hollywood intertexts, which leave les...
Adaptive step-size algorithm for Fourier beam-propagation method with absorbing boundary layer of auto-determined width

Two algorithms that enhance the utility of the absorbing boundary layer are presented, mainly in the framework of the Fourier beam-propagation method. One is an automated boundary layer width selector that chooses a near-optimal boundary size based on the initial beam shape. The second algorithm adjusts the propagation step sizes based on the beam shape at the beginning of each step in order to reduce aliasing artifacts.
Trends in endovascular surgery.

Endovascular surgery is a new multidisciplinary field that applies the recently innovated techniques of angioscopy, intraluminal ultrasound, balloon angioplasty, laser, mechanical athrectomy, and stents. This field can be defined as a diagnostic and therapeutic discipline that utilizes catheter-based systems to treat vascular disease. The technology is rapidly evolving in an attempt to more completely and specifically treat the athrosclerotic plaque without collateral injury to the adjacent normal vessel wall. The excellent procedural results are presently mitigated by high re-stenosis rates. The indications for these interventions will expand once this limitation, currently heavily researched, is solved.
Discussion: A Mistake in Dynamic Coherence Arguments?

Maher (Philos Sci 59:120–141, 1992b) advances an objection to dynamic Dutch-book arguments, partly inspired by the discussion in Levi (The Monist 70:193–211, 1987; in particular by Levi’s case 2, p. 204). Informally, the objection is that the decision maker will “see the Dutch book coming” and consequently refuse to bet, thus escaping the Dutch book. Maher makes this explicit by modeling the decision maker’s choices as a sequential decision problem. On this basis he claims that there is a mistake in dynamic coherence arguments. There is really no formal mistake in classical dynamic coherence arguments, but the discussions in Maher and Levi do suggest interesting ways in which the definition of dynamic coherence might be strengthened. Such a strengthened "sequentialized" notion of dynamic coherence is explored here. It so happens that even on the strengthened standards for a Dutch book, the classic dynamic coherence argument for conditioning still goes through.
Innovations in 1920s and 1930s Hollywood Cinematography, Sound Technology, and Feature-Length Animation

The American film industry was in a hurry to grow up, from the early ‘teens to the 1930s. The ragtag nickelodeon days transformed into Classical Hollywood’s studio structures and star system. East and West Coast became configured as, respectively, the business and the production ends of the studios. The vertical integration of the studios had begun, insuring that the film product would be produced, distributed, and exhibited under one banner. Cinematographer Glen MacWilliams, sound technician Bernard B. Brown, and Disney animator Ollie Johnston were the children of this era. In their respective fields, they were eyewitnesses to the development of sophisticated camera techniques, talking-picture technology, and the maturation of the animated feature film. For a useful overview of the early days of the emerging studio system, see Janet Staiger, Ed. The Studio System (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, NJ, 1995).
LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

Welcome to the world of linear algebra. The two central problems about which much of the theory of linear algebra revolves are the problem of finding all solutions to a linear system and that of finding an eigensystem for a square matrix. The latter problem will not be encountered until Chapter 5; it requires some background development and the motivation for this problem is fairly sophisticated. By contrast, the former problem is easy to understand and motivate. As a matter of fact, simple cases of this problem are a part of most high-school algebra backgrounds. We will address the problem of existence of solutions for a linear system and how to solve such a system for all of its solutions. Examples of linear systems appear in nearly every scientific discipline; we touch on a few in this chapter.
Artificial Neural Networks and other AI Applications for Business Management Decision Support

Artificial intelligence AI in general and artificial neural networks ANN in particular provide a tremendous amount of knowledge to improve managerial decision making. Additionally, these same ANN and AI techniques also serve as knowledge repositories and distribution schema for organizations that facilitate managerial leadership responsibilities. This article examines how various ANN and other AI applications may be adapted to facilitate managerial leadership, improve manager performance and in some cases perform management activities. Further research that classifies leadership styles and the desired qualities of leaders is reviewed.
Treatment of refractory adult lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with 4'(9- acridinylamino) methanesulfon-M-anisidide (AMSA)

Twenty-four adults with ALL were treated with AMSA alone or in combination. Twenty-two were treated at time of relapse and two patients after failing primary induction therapy. All had been treated with anthracyclines prior to receiving AMSA. Of the 22 patients with ALL in relapse, 4 achieved a complete remission. Two of these patients have relapsed while receiving maintenance chemotherapy; one died 1 mo after achieving remission due to the occurrence of cholycystitis in the setting of pancytopenia and one patient underwent bone marrow transplantation and is in remission at 8 mo after the second remission. Both patients who failed primary induction therapy remain in remission at 11 and 36 mo, respectively. The use of AMSA should be considered for patients with ALL who fail primary induction as well as those whose leukemia becomes resistant to conventional agents.
A Parental Report of Youth Transition Readiness: The Parent STARx Questionnaire (STARx-P) and Re-evaluation of the STARx Child Report.

Abstract Purpose The STARx Questionnaire is a self-report measure of health care transition (HCT) readiness in youth with chronic diseases. We aimed to improve reliability and generalizability of the STARx and report initial reliability data on the STARx-P Questionnaire, a self-report measure of parent perspective on their child's HCT readiness. Methods Participants were recruited in several clinics from a large academic hospital in the southeastern USA and via the therapeutic summer camp for children with chronic disease. Children with chronic conditions responded to the 18-question STARx Questionnaire and their parents responded to the parent version, the STARx-P Questionnaire. Results IRB-approved consents were obtained from 341 parents (89.4% mothers) and 455 children (Mean age 12.28 ± 2.53; 36.9% Males; 68.6% Caucasian; 22.6% African-American). The most common diagnoses were kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, cerebral palsy, sickle cell, and cystic fibrosis. Principal component analysis of the STARx-P Questionnaire identified three major subscales in both the child and parent-report: Disease Knowledge, Self-management and Provider Communication. Internal reliability was moderate to good (α = 0.545–0.759). Conclusions The STARx-P Questionnaire and STARx Version 4 Questionnaire have demonstrated initial reliability in this multi-institution study. It is the first HCT readiness questionnaire that includes a parent-proxy report which is needed in studies of non-verbal and/or developmentally delayed children. Parent-report can also give unique insights not obtained from self-reports.
Mechanistic Aspects of Enzymatic Catalysis in Anhydrous Organic Solvents

Enzymatic catalysis in non-aqueous media has progressed from using enzymes in aqueous solutions containing relatively low fractions of water-miscible organic cosolvents to that in biphasic aqueous-organic mixtures, to that in microemulsions and reversed micelles, to that in monophasic organic media containing small amounts of water, to that in anhydrous organic solvents. It is easy to understand why enzymes retain catalytic activity in the first three types of reaction media, for in all of them the enzyme molecules are located in aqueous environments (and therefore the inherent enzymatic properties in such systems are usually not significantly different from those in water). Conversely, the phenomenon of enzymes vigorously functioning in organic solvents with no water goes against the conventional wisdom and universally accepted dogmas. Nevertheless, it has now been firmly established (see Ref. [1] for a review) that this phenomenon exists, that it is quite general and highly beneficial for bioprocessing [2], and that enzymes in organic solvents exhibit remarkable novel properties, e.g., greatly enhanced thermal stability and dramatically altered substrate specificity and stereoselectivity. In this presentation, fundamental questions concerning enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents will be addressed: How does enzymatic activity depend on the nature of the solvent and why? What physicochemical rules govern substrate, inhibitor, enantiomeric, and positional specificities of enzymes in organic solvents? What is the enzyme’s structure and mechanisms of action in anhydrous media? and What additional new properties do enzymes acquire when placed in non-aqueous solvents?
Comparison of Lactic Acid Levels in Children with Suspected and Confirmed Intussusception

Abstract Background Currently, no laboratory test can identify children with intussusception. Lactic acid is a marker of ischemia in gastrointestinal emergencies. Objectives We present a case series comparing lactic acid levels in children with suspected and confirmed intussusception. Methods This is a prospective single case series of 39 patients who had suspected intussusception. Patients were eligible if they underwent abdominal ultrasound screening for suspected intussusception. Blood collected at the time of peripheral intravenous line placement was analyzed for lactic acid levels before ultrasound. Results Thirty-nine patients were enrolled; 16 were diagnosed with intussusception. Mean (± standard deviation) lactic acid levels were not significantly different between children with suspected (1.7 ± 0.69 mmol/L) and confirmed intussusception (1.93 ± 1.13 mmol/L). Conclusions Lactic acid levels cannot identify children with intussusception.
Practical Research on VSC Prototype Based on IGBTs Serial Connected Technology

With the development of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and pulsewidth modulation control strategy, the voltage source converter (VSC) is getting more and more popular, which can be used in high-voltage frequency converter, VSC-HVDC, FACTS, and custom power. In high voltage and high power applications, serial connection of IGBTs is a good solution to overcome the voltage limitation of the single IGBT. However, for using IGBTs in this way, a comprehensive range of issues need to be addressed, especially the static and dynamic voltage-sharing of each IGBT module. This paper presents the theoretical and practical study on how to use serial-connected IGBTs in a VSC, including adaptive dynamic voltage-balance strategy, voltage-balance circuit, power supply system, and valve vase electronics. A three-phase two-level VSC consisted of 6 arms multiplied by 12 serial-connected 3300 V IGBT modules is also developed. To test the performance of the VSC, pulse test of the one arm and inverter operation test of the whole VSC are carried out. The experimental results show that the maximum voltage imbalance is about 10%, the voltage shoots are less than 12%; and the VSC works stably, which indicates a solid foundation for industrial application.
Economic Analyses of GERD

GERD is a chronic disorder in the majority of cases and frequently requires prolonged therapy. The symptoms of reflux disease have a profound effect on quality of life and work performance making GERD an expensive disease for society to manage. Health related expenditures are generally described as direct costs (the costs of providing and obtaining treatment) and the indirect costs (other costs due to the disease such as time lost from work that are not related to the provision of health care). When competitive management strategies are compared, the cost of each strategy must be balanced against its effectiveness. When new treatments become available the cost often increases and the benefit of improved therapeutic response can be assessed by cost-effectiveness studies. A new therapeutic intervention that increases therapeutic efficacy but costs less than standard therapy is the ideal new treatment. While this is the goal of new therapeutic interventions, most innovations in medicine increase both cost and effectiveness and the trade-off between the increased cost and improved effectiveness must be determined by cost-effectiveness studies. There are three general approaches to the management of any chronic disease: (1) Reduce costs regardless of outcome, (2) Improve outcomes regardless of cost, and (3) Maximize outcomes within the constraints of available resources. Cost-effectiveness studies help to optimize clinical outcomes within the constraints of available resources.
Soulless Matter, Seats of Energy. Metals, Gems and Minerals in South Asian Traditions

This eclectic collection of studies is, as its editors indicate, the third volume in a trilogy, complementing earlier volumes on the animal and plant kingdoms in South Asian traditions. The title o...
Impact Spatter Bloodstain Patterns on Textiles.

There are few reports of studies of impact spatter on textiles even though bloodstained textiles are found at many violent scenes. Impact spatter was deposited at 90°impact angle onto three knit fabrics of different yarn sizes and on paper. The resulting stain areas and number of stains were measured using ImageJ and compared with stains on paper using one-factor ANOVA. The number of stains observed and their areas on the knit fabrics decreased as the yarn size increased. It was also found that blood that deposited on the fabric wicked only in the direction of the fibers at that location within the fabric which led to distorted stain shapes. Fewer observed impact spatter stains were found on cotton jersey knits for fabrics made with larger yarns than on paper. As the yarn size became smaller, the number of stains became the same as on paper.
Pre-service teachers’ classroom management beliefs and associated teacher characteristics

Over 200 survey responses of single subject pre-service teachers were analysed through mixed methodology. Open-ended responses of teachers’ beliefs on classroom management were qualitatively analys...
Genomic correlates of response to PD-1 axis inhibitors (IO) in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) using explainable artificial intelligence (AI).

570Background: AI is increasingly being used in clinical cancer genomics research. Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs) are AI algorithms that capture multivariate, mutli-level dependencies in com...
The Characteristic Recovery Time as a Novel, Noninvasive Metric for Assessing In Vivo Cartilage Mechanical Function.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease characterized by the degeneration of cartilage tissue, and is a leading cause of disability in the United States. The clinical diagnosis of OA includes the presence of pain and radiographic imaging findings, which typically do not present until advanced stages of the disease when treatment is difficult. Therefore, identifying new methods of OA detection that are sensitive to earlier pathological changes in cartilage, which may be addressed prior to the development of irreversible OA, is critical for improving OA treatment. A potentially promising avenue for developing early detection methods involves measuring the tissue’s in vivo mechanical response to loading, as changes in mechanical function are commonly observed in ex vivo studies of early OA. However, thus far the mechanical function of cartilage has not been widely assessed in vivo. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a novel methodology that can be used to measure an in vivo mechanical property of cartilage: the characteristic recovery time. Specifically, in this study we quantified the characteristic recovery time of cartilage thickness after exercise in relatively young subjects with asymptomatic cartilage. Additionally, we measured baseline cartilage thickness and T1rho and T2 relaxation times (quantitative MRI) prior to exercise in these subjects to assess whether baseline MRI measures are predictive of the characteristic recovery time, to understand whether or not the characteristic recovery time provides independent information about cartilage’s mechanical state. Our results show that the mean recovery strain response across subjects was well-characterized by an exponential approach with a characteristic time of 25.2 min, similar to literature values of human characteristic times measured ex vivo. Further, we were unable to detect a statistically significant linear relationship between the characteristic recovery time and the baseline metrics measured here (T1rho relaxation time, T2 relaxation time, and cartilage thickness). This might suggest that the characteristic recovery time has the potential to provide additional information about the mechanical state of cartilage not captured by these baseline MRI metrics. Importantly, this study presents a noninvasive methodology for quantifying the characteristic recovery time, an in vivo mechanical property of cartilage. As mechanical response may be indicative of cartilage health, this study underscores the need for future studies investigating the characteristic recovery time and in vivo cartilage mechanical response at various stages of OA.
Environmental factors influencing annual sucker (Catostomus sp.) migration into a Great Lakes tributary

Abstract Fish migration in rivers is a growing area of concern as mounting anthropogenic influences, particularly fragmentation from dams and barriers, constitute major threats to global river species diversity. Barriers can impede the movement of fishes between areas critical to the completion of their lifecycle, affecting both population and ecosystem viability. In response, fish passage solutions have been identified as a critical need to maintain fisheries viability in the Laurentian Great Lakes, and around the world. Pivotal to the success of these fish passage solutions is a more complete understanding of the movement phenology and environmental cues that instigate migration. We used a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) to evaluate environmental triggers of river entry during spring and summer for three size classes of migratory fishes in the Boardman River, a Lake Michigan tributary. Our results indicate that medium size fish (>30 cm and
Ultrafast dynamics of gallium vacancy charge states in β − Ga 2 O 3

The authors use optical supercontinuum spectroscopy to probe the time evolution of the absorption spectrum of gallium vacancy charge states in \ensuremath{\beta}- Ga${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ at ultrafast time scales.
Neuromodulators enable overlapping synaptic memory regimes and nonlinear transition dynamics in recurrent neural networks

Summary Mood, arousal, and other internal neural states can drastically alter behavior, even in identical external circumstances — the proverbial glass half full or empty. Neuromodulators are critical in controlling these internal neural states, and aberrations in neuromodulatory processes are linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders. To study how neuromodulators influence neural behavior, we modeled neuromodulation as a multiplicative factor acting on synaptic transmission between neurons in a recurrent neural network. We found this simple mechanism could vastly increase the computational capability and flexibility of a neural network by enabling overlapping storage of synaptic memories able to drive diverse, even diametrically opposed, behaviors. We analyzed how local or cell-type specific neuromodulation changes network activity to support such behaviors and reproduced experimental findings of Drosophila starvation behavior. We revealed that circuits have idiosyncratic, non-linear dose-response properties that can be different for chemical versus electrical modulation. Our findings help explain how neuromodulation “unlocks” specific behaviors with important implications for neuropsychiatric therapeutics.
Nursing student perceptions of required online educational programs utilized outside the classroom.

Abstract Background The use of online educational programs (OEPs) such as ATI™, Kaplan™, and Course Point™, to facilitate learning is generally thought to be an innovative and complementary approach to supplement learning across many nursing programs. The rapid transition to an online learning environment, dominated by Zoom, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has further increased faculty and student reliance on OEPs both in and out of the classroom. The aim of this study is to examine student perceptions of faculty assigned OEPs utilized outside the classroom. Method Cross-sectional, correlational survey design was used to explore the relationships between student perceptions and the use of OEPs among nursing students enrolled in a traditional baccalaureate nursing program. Results Nursing students (n = 221) spent an average of 7.85 h on OEPs and an additional 6.4 h on the Zoom platform. Sophomore students spent significantly more hours engaging in the OEPs (F(3,191) = 10.09, p = .00) and Zoom (F(3,193) = 8.89, p = .00) than the other academic levels. On average, sophomores spent a total of 20 h per week engaging in OEPs (M = 10.9, SD = 11.5) and Zoom (M = 9.18, SD = 4.3). Freshmen students had a significantly more favorable view of OEPs than senior students did (p = .02). Qualitative data analysis from open ended responses revealed four themes: Too many programs, Cost, Technological challenges, and Benefits. Conclusions The cost, ease of use, and the number of OEPs assigned influence student perception of OEP. Faculty should be mindful of student burden related to number of OEPs assigned, time required to complete the OEPs, and cost. Furthermore, faculty should consider collaborating with other faculty to streamline the use of OEPs, enhance relevancy, and eliminate redundancy.
A Phase I Trial of Concurrent Or Sequential Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients with Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (COSINR Study)

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Prior studies have examined stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in oligometastatic NSCLC patients, including multimodality treatment with anti-PD1 monotherapy. Questions remain regarding the timing of SBRT and immunotherapy, safety with dual checkpoint blockade, and the utility in widely metastatic patients. This randomized phase 1 trial combined nivolumab and ipilimumab with sequential or concurrent multisite SBRT (mSBRT) in stage IV NSCLC patients to evaluate safety and obtain preliminary activity data. METHODS Treatment-naive patients with metastatic NSCLC were randomized to concurrent (SBRT with immunotherapy) or sequential (SBRT followed by immunotherapy) treatment. A maximum of four treatment fields received SBRT. Nivolumab/ipilimumab continued until clinically significant progression, development of toxicity, or two years. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as grade ≥ 3 toxicity to the relevant organ system attributed to SBRT and immunotherapy within 3 months. RESULTS A total of 37 patients were evaluable. No dose limiting toxicity occurred in the concurrent cohort (n=18). The sequential cohort required a dose reduction in the central lung group due to two grade 4 pneumonitis events (2/19). Overall best response was: 5.4%(2/37) complete response, 40.5%(15/37) partial response, 16.2%(6/37) stable disease, and 37.8%(14/37) progressive disease. Median progression-free survival was 5.8 months (95% CI: 3.6 to 11.4 mos), with median follow up of 17.0 months. Median overall survival was not reached. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent nivolumab/ipilimumab and SBRT was not more toxic than sequential therapy, and multisite SBRT was well tolerated in widely metastatic patients. Multimodality therapy resulted in durable metastases control and encouraging early OS.
Thirsty for Change: Considering Water Privatization in Developing Countries

Access, maintenance, and distribution of clean water are daunting tasks for developing nations. Efforts to provide clean drinking water have often fallen short, which has prompted the World Bank to advocate for privatization. From a theoretical perspective, privatization blends the advantages of corporate efficiency with responsible management on behalf of the national government. Analysis of attempts to privatize water in the Philippines, with the establishment of the Metropolitan Waterworks Sewerage System (MWSS), shows mixed results. Between 1997 and 2003, citizens with access to water increased from 58 percent to 84 percent, yet water became five times costlier due to privatization. Advocates may applaud the efficiency of the model, but developing nations must emphasize accessibility and affordability of the resource. Privatization, as a model for water distribution, remains contentious.
Proteinases in Enamel Development

Proteinases are essential for proper enamel formation. During the secretory stage of enamel development, the ameloblasts responsible for enamel formation secrete enamel matrix proteins including amelogenin (AMELX), ameloblastin (AMBN), enamelin (ENAM), and matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP20, enamelysin). MMP20 cleaves the enamel matrix proteins soon after they are secreted and these cleavages are essential because the autosomal recessive inheritance of MMP20 mutations can cause severe enamel defects. Later, during the transition to the early maturation stage of enamel development, kallikrein-related peptidase-4 (KLK4) is secreted by ameloblasts. KLK4 facilitates protein removal, which allows the enamel to mature into its final hardened form. Autosomal recessive inheritance of KLK4 mutations can also cause severe enamel defects consisting of soft enamel that easily abrades from teeth. Recently, pre-secretory ameloblasts and secretory stage ameloblasts were demonstrated to express A Disintegrin And Metallopeptidase Domain-10 (ADAM10). Although ADAM10 may facilitate enamel development, mutations are not known to cause enamel defects in humans primarily because its inactivation is likely embryonic lethal as it is in mice. Nonetheless, as discussed below, the ability of ADAM10 to precisely locate on the cell membrane holds exciting possibilities for how cohorts of secretory stage ameloblasts move relative to one another as enamel development progresses.
Chapter 12 Lipoprotein genetics and molecular biology

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews current knowledge of human apolipoprotein (Apo) gene structure and genetic variation. Apolipoproteins are important structural constituents of lipoprotein particles and participate in lipoprotein synthesis, secretion, processing, and catabolism. The DNA sequences combined with cell-free synthesis and tissue and organ culture studies have revealed the presence of apolipoprotein precursors containing NH 2 -terminal extensions, including prepeptides and in some cases propeptides. Human mutations in the apolipoprotein genes have been identified at both the amino acid and the DNA level. ApoA-I is the major protein constituent of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). HDL particles are about 50% protein and 50% lipid, and apoA-I is 70% of HDL protein. ApoA-I participates by two mechanisms in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion. ApoA-I can promote cholesterol efflux from tissues. ApoA-I also displays cofactor activity for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme that is responsible for almost all plasma cholesterol esterification.
Financial leverage clienteles: Theory and evidence

Abstract This paper examines the hypothesis that investors will sort themselves out into tax-induced ‘financial leverage clienteless’ in which the common stocks of highly levered firms will be held by individuals with low personal tax rates, while the shares of firms with little or no leverage will be held by individuals with high personal tax rates. Although the idea of financial leverage clienteless has appeared in the literature before, the immediate motivation for this investigation is a recent paper by Merton Miller. In that paper he argues that under the current U.S. tax structure, personal taxes will offset corporate taxes such that in equilibrium the value of any individual firm will be independent of its use of debt financing. We extend his analysis to show specifically the way in which financial leverage clienteles would come about in his assumed tax environment. We then conduct some direct empirical tests of the leverage clientele hypothesis. These tests can also be viewed as indirect tests of Miller's new proposition on the irrelevance of capital structures. The results of the tests are mixed: The relationship between corporate leverage policies and investors' tax rates is statistically significant, but its magnitude is less than would be predicted by the theory.
Believing This and Alieving That: Theorizing Affect and Intuitions in International Politics

Rationalist models of decision making typically follow the general form of desire + belief = action. But determining an actor's beliefs and desires often proves challenging. One set of theories turns to psychology—and in particular emotions—to uncover how emotions help to shape and strengthen beliefs. Some of this work establishes a fit between emotions and the rationalist paradigm. It holds that emotions account for more than irrational behaviors; they also serve as a source of rational belief. Feeling, it claims, is believing. I argue that if actors belive in the reasonability of their feelings, then this move is warranted. But a range of behavior defies this logic. Instead, I suggest that actors often find themselves torn between contradictory affective intuitions, on the one hand, and rational beliefs, on the other. In consequence, they hold rational beliefs, but their resulting behavior qualifies as irrational. I apply existing work on the distinction between belief and alief to make sense of this phenomenon. I illustrate my claims through a rereading of the security dilemma—where irrational intuitions, in conjunction with rational beliefs, fuel conflict.
Through the eyes of a client — Part II

This is the last of three excerpts from Chapter 3 of Client-Centered Therapy, by Carl R. Rogers, ph.D. Reprinted by permission of the author and publisher, Houghton Mifflin. The first two articles appeared in the September and October, 1951, issues and contained excerpts from the diary kept by a professional ~zoman re~erred to as Miss Cam, during the period of the first five interv@(es. The final section deals with the last several interviews including the ending process and the reactions of the client some time after therapy was ended, as well as Dr. Rogers" own comment on Miss Cain's reactions.
Data Envelopment Analysis: A Management Science Tool for Scientific Marketing Research

Marketing has a tradition in conducting scientific research with cutting-edge techniques developed in management science, such as data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Charnes et al. 1985). Two decades ago, Kamakura, Ratchford, and Agrawal (1988) applied DEA to examine market efficiency and consumer welfare loss. In this review of three new books, my purpose is (1) to provide a background of DEA for marketing scholars and executives and (2) to motivate them with exciting DEA advances for marketing theory and practice.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Pulmonary Diseases and Anomalies of Infancy and Childhood. By Milton I. Levine, MD, and Armond V. Mascia, MD. Price, $12. Pp 339. Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., 49 E 33rd St, New York 10016, 1966. Studies of Troublesome Children. By D. H. Stott, MA, PhD. Price, $5.50. Pp 202. Hu¬ manities Press, Inc., 303 Park Ave South, New York 10010, 1966. Pediatrie Nursing. By Audrey J. Kalafatich, RN, MSN. Price, $7. Pp 415. G. P. Putnam's Sons, Inc., 200 Madison Ave, New York, 1966. Operable Heart Disease: Pathophysiology, Di¬ agnosis, and Treatment. By Howard D. Sirak, MD. Price, $12.50. Pp 125. C. V. Mosby Company, 3207 Washington Blvd, St. Louis 63103, 1966. Maternity Nursing. Eleventh edition. By Elise Fitzpatrick, RN, MA; Nicholson J. Eastman, MD; and Sharon R. Reeder, RN, MS. Price, $7.50. Pp 611. J. B. Lippincott Co., East Washington Sq, Philadelphia 19105, 1966. The Pediatrician's Ophthalmology: A Collab¬ orative Effort of Several Authors. Edited by Sumner D. Liebman, MD, and Sydney S. Gellis, MD. Price, $19.50. Pp 337. C. V. Mosby Company, 3207 Washington Blvd, St. Louis 63103, 1966. Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant and Re¬ lated Emergency Procedures, Principles and Practice. Second edition. By Harold Abramson, AM, MD. Price, $16.50. Pp 411. C. V. Mosby Company, 3207 Washington Blvd, St. Louis 63103, 1966. Nursing Care of the Adolescent. By S. L. Hammar, MD, and Jo Ann Eddy, BS, RN. Price, $3.50. Pp 223. Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 200 Park Ave, New York 10003, 1966. The Birth of Language: The Case History of a Non-verbal Child. By Shulamith Kastein and Barbara Trace. Price, $6.75. Pp 182. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 301-327 E Lawrence Ave, Springfield, 111, 1966. The Acute Abdomen. By W. W. Glas, MD, and S. E. Gould, MD. Price, $7.50. Pp 147. Williams and Wilkins Co., 428 E Preston St, Baltimore 21202, 1966. Clinical Epidemiology. Revised edition. By John R. Paul, MD. Price, $7.50. Pp 291. Univer¬ sity of Chicago Press, 5750 S Ellis Ave, Chicago 60637, 1966. The Chromosome Disorders: An Introduction for Clinicians. By G. H. Valentine, MB, ChB (Bristol), MRCP, DCH, FRCP(C). Price, $7. Pp 126. J. B. Lippincott Co., Washing¬
Compact optoelectronic signal processors

Compactness, modularity, programming or learning capability, energy efficiency, and robustness are key features needed in next-generation optoelectronic signal processors. Then and only then will these processors make a commercial impact. Neural network architectures have been given the most attention thus far, so the focus here will be mainly on this family of processors. Advances in the development of next-generation optoelectronic signal processors will continue to be stimulated by the on-going commercial revolution in high-resolution microdisplays and GaAs integrated-circuit technologies. To achieve the desired compactness, the next-generation systems will most likely have to employ light detection, electronic processing and light generation on the same chip. Architectures requiring off-chip sources are not recommended, as these generally require the use of beam splitters, and so are never optimal in terms of compactness and modularity. The purpose here is to encourage development of: (a) cascadable, optoelectronic integrated-circuit arrays (smart-pixels) that employ light detection, electronic processing and light emission on the same chip, (b) compatible, reconfigurable optical interconnection devices, and (c) integration of these elements into compact, modular signal-processing systems.
An introduction to acceleration mechanisms

This paper discusses the acceleration of charged particles by electromagnetic fields, i.e., by fields that are produced by the motion of other charged particles driven by some power source. The mechanisms that are discussed include: Ponderamotive Forces, Acceleration, Plasma Beat Wave Acceleration, Inverse Free Electron Laser Acceleration, Inverse Cerenkov Acceleration, Gravity Acceleration, 2D Linac Acceleration and Conventional Iris Loaded Linac Structure Acceleration. (LSP)
A Better XML Parser through Functional Programming

This paper demonstrates how a higher-level, declarative view of XML parsing as folding over XML documents has helped to design and implement a better XML parser. By better we mean a full-featured, algorithmically optimal, pure-functional parser, which can act as a stream processor. By better we mean an efficient SAX parser that is easy to use, a parser that does not burden an application with the maintenance of a global state across several callbacks, a parser that eliminates classes of possible application errors.This paper describes such better XML parser, SSAX. We demonstrate that SSAX is a better parser by comparing it with several XML parsers written in various (functional) languages, as well as with the reference XML parser Expat. In the experience of the author the declarative approach has greatly helped in the development of SSAX. We argue that the more expressive, reliable and easier to use application interface is the outcome of implementing the parsing engine as an enhanced tree fold combinator, which fully captures the control pattern of the depth-first tree traversal.