cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Splicing of the Human Cyclin D-binding Myb-like Protein (hDMP1) Yields a Truncated Protein Isoform That Alters Macrophage Differentiation Patterns

Abstract We have cloned two novel, alternatively spliced messages of human cyclin D-binding Myb-like protein (hDMP1). The known, full-length protein has been named hDMP1α and the new isoforms, hDMP1β and hDMP1γ. The hDMP1α, -β, and -γ splice variants have unique expression patterns in normal hematopoietic cells; hDMP1β mRNA transcripts are strongly expressed in quiescent CD34+ cells and freshly isolated peripheral blood leukocytes, as compared with hDMP1α. In contrast, activated T-cells and developing myeloid cells, macrophages, and granulocytes express low levels of hDMP1β transcripts, and hDMP1γ is ubiquitously and weakly expressed. Mouse Dmp1 has been shown to activate CD13/aminopeptidase N (APN) and p19ARF gene expression via binding to canonical DNA recognition sites in the respective promoters. Assessment of CD13/APN promoter responsiveness demonstrated that hDMP1α but not hDMP1β and -γ, is a transcriptional activator. Furthermore, hDMP1β was found to inhibit the CD13/APN promoter transactivation ability of hDMP1α. Stable, ectopic expression of hDMP1β and, to a lesser extent hDMP1γ, reduced endogenous cell surface levels of CD13/APN in U937 cells. Moreover, stable, ectopic expression of hDMP1β altered phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced terminal differentiation of U937 cells to macrophages and resulted in maintenance of proliferation. These results demonstrate that hDMP1β antagonizes hDMP1α activity and suggest that cellular functions of hDMP1 may be regulated by cellular hDMP1 isoform levels.
Slopes of the Carotid Pulse Wave in Normal Subjects, Aortic Valvular Diseases, and Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis

Variations in certain slopes of the carotid pulse which exist among normal subjects, patients with aortic valvular disease, and those with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were examined. Records from 256 subjects were quantified with computer technics. The externally recorded volume pulses were related to simultaneously recorded brachial artery pressures (cuff); thus the slopes are expressed in mm Hg/sec. Several slopes were studied: the maximum rate of pressure rise, the mean systolic upstroke (onset of carotid upstroke to peak systolic excursion), and the least square fits of the first twothirds of the upstroke and the first two-thirds of diastole. The least square slopes of 98% of the patients with aortic stenosis were <457 mm Hg/sec, whereas none of those with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis was that low. The greatest overlap was between patients with aortic stenosis and those with aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency. The slopes correlated poorly with valve areas and gradient in aortic stenosis an...
Characterization of interface and border traps in ALD Al2O3/GaN MOS capacitors with two-step surface pretreatments on Ga-polar GaN

Abstract Atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al 2 O 3 /Ga-polar GaN(0001) metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors have been prepared with surface pretreatments including ex-situ wet sulfide passivation and in-situ cyclic trimethylaluminum (TMA)/hydrogen plasma exposure. Capacitance–voltage characterization showed that the two-step surface preparation led to reductions in the densities of both interface traps and border traps. The influence of the pretreatments on interfacial bonding was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). DFT calculations correlate the electronic properties with the interfacial bonding from the two-step surface preparation. The results are consistent with the surface preparations influencing the nucleation density of the ALD films and, therefore, the defect density of the interface and neighboring oxide.
Perfectionistic concerns mediate the relationship between psychologically controlling parenting and achievement goal orientations

The present study investigated the mediating role of perfectionism in the effects of psychologically controlling parenting on achievement goals. Undergraduate students (N = 367) completed measures related to perfectionism, psychologically controlling parenting, and achievement goals. Four dimensions of perfectionism (personal standards, organization, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions) were considered. Psychologically controlling parenting positively predicted doubts about actions and concern over mistakes but not the other two dimensions of perfectionism. Psychologically controlling parenting positively predicted both performance approach and avoidance goals; yet these effects were fully mediated by doubts about actions and concern over mistakes. Organization was positively related to mastery and performance-approach goals and doubts about actions showed the opposite pattern. Concern over mistakes was positively related to performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Personal standards were linked to all types of achievement goals, suggesting both benefits and consequences.
Poly(ethylene oxide) Silananted Nanosize Fumed Silica: DSC and TGA Characterization of the Surface

Low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was grafted onto high-surface-area (A380) fumed silica (SiO2) by the use of a silane coupling agent, (CH3O)3−Si−(CH2)3−(OCH2CH2)x−OCH3, with x = 6−9,...
Coevolution in resource-limited competition communities

Abstract A coevolutionary model of species packing is developed which allows evolutionary adjustment in both niche position and within-phenotype niche width of from one of three competing species. The environment is specified as a single resource dimension x and availability of resources along x is given by a Gaussian curve with parameters ( x R and σ R ). The model predicts that for S species the ratio of optimal niche width (ŵ) to σR is roughly independent of σR and can be approximated by 1 S when the competitors are completely resource limited. Niche separation ( d w ) increases only moderately with increases in resource diversity σR and is greater for two than for three competing species. To the extent that the competitors do not utilize all resources, both optimal niche separation and niche width decrease. Many of the general trends in niche width and niche separation predicted by this coevolutionary model parallel those from optimal foraging theory and limiting similarity models of community structure. The coevolutionary model stands out, however, in the singularly high values predicted for niche separation, making coevolved communities highly invadeable. Hence, the theory suggests, as some empirical evidence indicates, that coevolved competition communities can only exist as such on remote islands or in other habitats which might be free from invasion by outside species. For such communities, resource diversity (σR) should have much less effect on species packing than either species number itself or the extent that these competitors are resource limited.
TIMING—THE KEY TO MARKET ENTRY

Increasing rates of change in technologies, markets, and other environmental factors make time a valued resource in marketing decisions. When decisions are made and implemented requires explicit managerial attention. Increased pressures on managers to develop profitable streams of new products make new product entry one of the more important marketing decisions affected by timing—especially in a rapidly changing environment. To improve the management of this decision, time‐based competitive entry strategies are considered, along with an approach for making the timing decision. The approach is based on a case study. Implementation aspects of the market entry timing decision are also considered.
Handwashing in the emergency department

Study objectives: Nosocomial infections affect nearly 10% of hospitalized patients and represent a major problem in health care facilities, resulting in prolonged hospital stays, substantial morbidity and mortality, and excessive costs. The hands of health care workers are the primary mode of transmission of drug-resistant pathogens to patients, and proper hand hygiene is the single most important means of preventing health care–associated infections. Even the routine use of gloves does not provide complete protection. Microorganisms from patients have been recovered on the hands of up to 30% of health care workers who wore gloves, so handwashing remains an important part of preventing nosocomial infections. We examine the patterns of handwashing among a group of emergency physicians and nurses in a busy urban emergency department (ED). Methods: Practitioners (physicians and nurses) were observed for 2-hour blocks of time in an ED setting. These caregivers were told they were being observed to collect data on another ED study. Each patient contact and handwashing event was noted. The use of gloves during the patient contact and the use of antimicrobial gel were also noted. Results: There were 250 patient contacts noted (123 by 16 physicians and 127 by 14 nurses) during a total of 30 hours. Overall, there were 22 handwashing events that accompanied these visits (8.8%), 3 uses of gel sanitizer, and 111 glove uses (44%). The physicians averaged 7.7 contacts per 2-hour block and 0.73 handwashing events (10.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.2% to 16.4%). Nurses averaged 8.9 patient contacts per 2-hour block, with 0.76 handwashing events (7.6%; 95% CI 1.7% to 13.5%). Physicians and nurses used gloves 44% of the time. Conclusion: In this busy ED, health care providers washed their hands 8% to 10% of the time after a patient visit and used gloves less than 50% of the time. There exists, at least in this population, a significant deficit in compliance with what should be standard operating procedure in the care of patients.
An improved fourier method for power system frequency estimation

Power system frequency is a critical parameter of voltage and current measurements for many applications such as power quality, monitoring and protection. This paper presents a new approach for frequency estimation based on Taylor series expansion and Fourier algorithm. The method is derived using a dynamic signal model with varying parameters. The changing envelope of a power signal within an observation data window is approximated with a second order Taylor series. Fourier algorithm is used for computing the parameters of such signal model. The algorithm using linear model approach is presented as well to alleviate the computational complexity. Inheriting from Fourier algorithm, this algorithm is immune to power system harmonics. It achieves excellent performance for signals with dynamic variations. The performance is investigated and compared with other techniques through simulations for various scenarios observed in real power system. Experimental studies demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm.
Test-retest reliability of the cough stress test in the evaluation of urinary incontinence.

Abstract Objective: To determine the test-retest reliability of the cough stress test in women who present with complaints of urinary incontinence. Methods: This prospective observational study involved 50 women between the ages of 28 and 78 years with primary complaints of urinary incontinence. All subjects underwent a pelvic examination, cystometrogram, and a cough stress test. The cough stress test was performed in the standing position at a bladder volume of 300 mL or at maximum cystometric capacity if it was less than 300 mL. The results of the cough stress test were recorded as positive if urine loss occurred with a cough or as negative if no urine loss was seen and the bladder volume was recorded. The women returned in 1–4 weeks for a second cough stress test performed at the same bladder volume as at the initial examination. Results: Of the 50 women studied, 45 (90%) had similar results with both cough stress tests. Thirty-five had a positive cough stress test on the initial examination, and 32 of these patients (91%) also had a positive cough stress test at a repeat visit. Fifteen patients had a negative initial cough stress test, and 13 of these 15 (87%) had a negative cough stress test on repeat examination. All 20 patients diagnosed as having pure genuine stress incontinence had a positive cough stress test on initial and repeat examinations. Of the 15 patients diagnosed with detrusor instability or sensory urge incontinence, 13 (86%) had negative cough stress tests on initial and repeat examinations. Of the 15 patients diagnosed with mixed incontinence, 12 (80%) had positive cough stress tests on initial and repeat examinations. Conclusion: The cough stress test appears to be a reliable test. The reliability is more consistent in women with a diagnosis of pure genuine stress incontinence.
Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)

Evolutionary senescence theory predicts that genetically isolated populations historically subjected to low rates of environmentally-imposed mortality will ultimately evolve senescence that is retarded in relation to that of populations historically subjected to higher mortality rates. This prediction was evaluated in the field by comparing three general measures of senescence—age-specific mortality rate acceleration, age-related reproductive output and tail tendon collagen denaturation rate—in two radiocollared Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) populations, one a mainland control and the other an insular population having a four-to five-thousand-year history of reduced exposure to predators. In comparison with those on the mainland, insular female opossums were found to exhibit greater survivorship and reduced litter sizes at all ages, as well as slower acceleration of age-specific mortality. Also, island females in their second reproductive year failed to show the senescent reduction in pouch young growth rate seen in mainland animals. Island opossums also manifested slower ‘ageing’ of tail tendon fibres, a generalized measure of physiological ageing. All these results are consistent with evolutionary senescence theory. Various environmental explanations (parasitism, disease, lessened food availability) for this populational difference are evaluated by physiological measures. No evidence for an environmental explanation is found.
Agricultural and monetary shocks before the great depression: A graph-theoretic causal investigation

Abstract This paper uses graph-theoretic methods to investigate the causal relationships between agriculture, money, interest rates, prices, and real GDP in 12 countries during the years 1869–1929. We find that agricultural production directly and indirectly causes real GDP in two-thirds of the cases. Monetary shocks also play an important causal role in about half the cases, but unlike agriculture, the causal links are usually indirect through other variables to real GDP. The direct causal link between money and prices is also particularly strong. Between 1869 and 1929, money causes prices in nearly all of the countries in the sample.
[Met5]enkephalin acts via δ‐opioid receptors to inhibit pelvic nerve‐evoked contractions of cat distal colon

1 The effects of opioids on the sacral parasympathetic outflow to cat distal colon were studied in vitro using muscle strips orientated in the axis of the longitudinal muscle layer, with pelvic nerves attached. Electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerves evoked contractions that were blocked by atropine (1 X 10(-6) M) and tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7) M). 2 [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin and [Met5]- and [Leu5]enkephalin caused concentration-dependent, reversible inhibition of pelvic nerve-evoked contractions, with IC50 values of 8.3 X 10(-10) M, 2.2 X 10(-9) and 2.1 X 10(-9) M respectively. 3 Morphine (1 X 10(-7)-1 X 10(-5) M) and [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin (1 X 10(-8)-1 X 10(-6) M) and U-50,488H (1 X 10(-8)-10(-6) M) were much less potent as inhibitors than [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin. 4 Naloxone (1 X 10(-7) M), an antagonist at each of the three opioid receptor types, antagonized the effects of both [Met5]enkephalin and morphine. However, ICI 174,864, a specific delta-opioid receptor antagonist, antagonised the effects of [Met5]enkephalin only. 5 The inhibitory actions of [Met5]enkephalin were inversely related to frequency of pelvic nerve stimulation. Also, [Met5]enkephalin at a concentration (3 X 10(-9) M) which produced a large inhibition of neurogenic contractions, had no effect on contractions to exogenous acetylcholine. These results suggest a prejunctional site for inhibitory opioid receptors. 6 In summary, prejunctional inhibitory delta-opioid receptors are present on the sacral parasympathetic outflow to cat distal colon; kappa- and/or mu-opioid receptors may also be present, but appear to be of lesser importance.
Comparing the Surface Chemical Properties and the Effect of Salts on the Cloud Point of a Conventional Nonionic Surfactant, Octoxynol 9 (Triton X-100), and of Its Oligomer, Tyloxapol (Triton WR-1339)

Abstract The surface-chemical properties, critical micelle concentrations (CMC), and effect of salts on the cloud points (CP) of octoxynol 9 (Triton X-100) and tyloxapol (Triton WR-1339) were compared. The latter nonionic surfactant is essentially a heptamer of the former. Even though the molecular weight of tyloxapol is 7 times larger than that of octoxynol 9, its area per molecule adsorbed at the air–water interface is only twice as large. This suggests an unusual orientation for molecules of tyloxapol at the surface and is in keeping with a plateau that is less horizontal and has a somewhat higher surface tension than the plateaus of most nonionic surfactants. The CMC of octoxynol 9 was 4.4 times larger than that of tyloxapol. Unexpectedly, the CP of dilute aqueous tyloxapol solutions was 28°C higher than that of octoxynol 9 solutions. The salting-out ions Na + , Cl − and SO 2− 4 lowered the CP of tyloxapol 29% more than that of octoxynol 9. However, because the blank tyloxapol solution started out with a higher CP value, its CPs in the presence of salts were higher than those of octoxynol 9. Pb 2+ and Mg 2+ cations salted both surfactants in, raising their CP, Pb 2+ more extensively than Mg 2+ .
Multiple picrotoxinin effect on glycine channels in rat hippocampal neurons.

Abstract The effect of picrotoxinin on glycine-induced chloride currents was studied in dissociated rat hippocampal neuron culture in whole-cell and excised outside-out patches. Picrotoxinin blocked the glycine induced chloride currents. The picrotoxinin effect at 20 μM on glycine dose response relationship suggested a competitive mechanism. However, at 1 mM, the picrotoxinin effect was largely noncompetitive. In excised patches, glycine activated two types of channels distinguished by a difference in conductances. The first group had single channel conductances of around 47 pS and another around 100 pS. Occasionally, both types of channels were found in the same excised patch. Low concentration of picrotoxinin selectively blocked large conductance channels. At higher concentrations of 0.5 to 1 mM, picrotoxinin blocked the small conductance channels by a flickering block. These findings indicate that the whole-cell glycine current in rat hippocampal neurons is mediated by at least two types of channels. The two types of channels have distinct conductance, picrotoxinin sensitivity and different mechanism of picrotoxinin block.
Planning against biological terrorism: Lessons from outbreak investigations

We examined outbreak investigations conducted around the world from 1988 to 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Epidemic Intelligence Service. In 44 (4.0%) of 1,099 investigations, identified causative agents had bioterrorism potential. In six investigations, intentional use of infectious agents was considered. Healthcare providers reported 270 (24.6%) outbreaks and infection control practitioners reported 129 (11.7%); together they reported 399 (36.3%) of the outbreaks. Health departments reported 335 (30.5%) outbreaks. For six outbreaks in which bioterrorism or intentional contamination was possible, reporting was delayed for up to 26 days. We confirmed that the most critical component for bioterrorism outbreak detection and reporting is the frontline healthcare profession and the local health departments. Bioterrorism preparedness should emphasize education and support of this frontline as well as methods to shorten the time between outbreak and reporting.
Theoretical skin-friction law in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract We study transitional and turbulent boundary layers using a turbulent velocity profile equation recently derived from the Navier–Stokes-alpha and Leray-alpha models. From this equation we obtain a theoretical prediction of the skin-friction coefficient in a wide range of Reynolds numbers based on momentum thickness, and deduce the maximal value of c f max = 0.0063 for turbulent velocity profiles. A two-parameter family of solutions to the equation matches experimental data in the transitional boundary layers with different free-stream turbulence intensity, while one-parameter family of solutions, obtained using our skin-friction coefficient law, matches experimental data in the turbulent boundary layer for moderately large Reynolds numbers.
Large polarization self-rotation in rubidium vapour: application for squeezing of electromagnetic vacuum

We study polarization self-rotation of elliptically polarized light in an optically thick atomic rubidium vapour. Polarization rotation angles as large as 2 radians were detected. We discuss the application of this self-rotation for squeezing of electromagnetic vacuum and develop a theoretical model of the effect.
Long QT syndrome: an indication for cervicothoracic sympathectomy.

Beta-blockade represents the primary treatment modality in patients with long QT syndrome, but left cervicothoracic sympathectomy (LCS) has been employed in refractory cases and in cases with malignant arrhythmias. LCS was performed in ten patients (six male, four female) with long QT syndrome, ranging in age from 1 month to 40 years (median 15 years). Familial long QT syndrome was present in seven patients (70%). The mean(s.e.m.) (range) preoperative corrected QT interval (QTc) was 0.52(0.01) (0.46-0.60)s. The mean(s.e.m.) duration of symptoms was 4.4(1.1) years with a mean(s.e.m.) of 4.1(0.9) syncopal episodes and 1.2(0.2) cardiac arrests per patient. LCS was carried out for refractory symptoms on beta-blockers in nine cases; a single patient was unable to tolerate beta-blockers and LCS represented the primary treatment modality. A left supraclavicular approach was utilized in each patient, resecting a portion of the stellate and all of the T2 and T3 ganglia. The median(range) length of hospitalization following operation was 2(2-6) days. There were no unexpected complications of operation, although nine (90%) of the patients developed Horner's syndrome. The QTc decreased a mean(s.e.m.) of 0.03(0.01)s following operation (P < 0.01). The frequency of symptomatic episodes decreased from a mean(s.e.m.) of 7.1(3.1)/year before LCS to 0.1(0.1) after operation (P < 0.001). Patients have been followed for a mean of 1.3(0.3) years, and all but one patient remains symptom-free; the youngest patient died suddenly 10 months after surgery. These results suggest that LCS is associated with significant clinical benefits in patients with long QT syndrome and the procedure should be considered when symptoms are refractory and malignant, or when contraindications to beta-blockers are present.
Editorial, special issue on bioinformatics

Bioinformatics has been an active research area bordering biology and computer science since about a decade ago. Combinatorial optimization methods have proven to be productive in various branches of bioinformatics, e.g., genomic distance computation, DNA sequence analysis and RNA fold prediction, etc. I am honored to have the chance to edit this special issue on bioinformatics aiming at attracting more bioinformatics research using combinatorial optimization methods. There are six papers in this special issue, four of which are selected from ISAAC 2005 (the 16th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation). The first paper is “Improved Algorithms for Largest Cardinality 2-Interval Pattern Problem,” by Erdong Chen, Linji Yang and Hao Yuan. The authors followed the 2interval model for the RNA secondary structure proposed by Vialette. They improved the running times of three polynomially solvable cases; namely, proceding & nesting, crossing, and a special case on nesting & crossing when the input intervals are disjoint. The second paper is “A 2-Approximation for the Preceding-and-Crossing Structured 2-Interval Pattern Problem,” by Minghui Jiang. Like the first paper, this one is also based on a similar model. The author presented a simple approximation solution for the general preceding & crossing case (which is known to be NP-complete). The previous approximation factor of 6 is reduced to 2. The third paper “Efficient Algorithms for Finding a Longest Common Increasing Subsequence,” by Wun-Tat Chan, Yong Zhang, Stanley P.Y. Fung, Deshi Ye and Hong Zhu, focuses on computing the longest sequence among all increasing sequences that are subsequences of the m given sequences. The running times of the previous algorithms were greatly improved. For example, when m = 2 the previous time bound is O(n2) while the new bound is almost linear for practical datasets. In the fourth paper “An Efficient Polynomial Space and Polynomial Delay Algorithm for Enumeration of Maximal Motifs in a Sequence,” Hiroki Arimura and Takeaki
Warfarin anticoagulation: Difficulties in interpretation of the prothrombin time

Studies of the prothrombin time in normals and patients receiving warfarin therapy revealed a marked shortening of the prothrombin time when the blood was collected in any type of collection tube other than a polypropylene tube. This shortening of the prothrombin time in patients receiving coumadin therapy was time and temperature dependent. This in-vitro shortening of the prothrombin time could lead to serious clinical errors involving dosage of warfarin derivatives to be administered to patients.
Interferon-induced retinopathy in asymptomatic cancer patients.

Abstract Objectives Interferon-induced ocular complications, including retinal ischemia and ischemic optic neuropathy, can be associated with significant visual loss. We report three cases of asymptomatic ischemic retinopathy in cancer patients receiving interferon. Design Retrospective, interventional, noncomparative small case series. Methods Retrospective review of the medical records and fundus photographs. Results Interferon-induced ischemic retinopathy can occur in asymptomatic cancer patients. The retinal changes are usually reversible with discontinuation of interferon therapy. Conclusions These three cases underscore the importance of dilated funduscopic examination at baseline and during follow-up, at least every 3 months, for all cancer patients receiving interferon to identify retinal toxicity at its earliest stages. A prospective study evaluating the incidence and severity of interferon retinopathy in cancer patients would be prudent.
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor messenger RNA stabilization in tumor necrosis factor-α plus fibronectin-activated peripheral blood eosinophils

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is critical for promoting the long-term survival of lung- or airway-based eosinophils. Previously, we have shown that fibronectin and tumor necrosis factor α induced autocrine production of GM-CSF that markedly enhanced eosinophil survival. Cytokine release was preceded by and dependent on messenger RNA (mRNA) stabilization. Here, we show that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is responsible for GM-CSF mRNA stabilization in peripheral blood eosinophils (pbeos). Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not p38 correlated with GM-CSF mRNA stability. Although ERK inhibition completely prevented GM-CSF mRNA stabilization, p38 inhibition had a partial effect. To establish which MAPK was crucial, we transduced pbeos with dominant-active TatMEK1(E) or TatMKK3b(E) proteins that selectively phosphorylate ERK or p38, respectively. These studies showed that ERK but not p38 was sufficient for GM-CSF mRNA stabilization. These data are in contradistinction to the c-Jun NH2-termainal kinase–mediated regulation of interleukin 2 and 3 mRNAs and suggest unique regulatory features for GM-CSF mRNA in eosinophils.
An investigation of grain-boundary embrittlement in Fe−P, Fe−P−S, and Fe−Sb−S alloys

Grain-boundary embrittlement of pure iron due to phosphorous, antimony and sulfur is studied using fracture appearance transition temperature measurements and Auger electron emission spectroscopy chemical analysis of fractured surfaces. Phosphorus and sulfur are found to segregate to grain boundaries in the entire ferrite range. Segregation to grain boundaries of these elements in the austenite appears to be negligible. It is shown that the segregation of these elements to grain boundaries in iron does not conform to the Gibb's equilibrium segregation model. Sulfur appears to be a more severe embrittler of iron than does phosphorous.
Some Problems of the Aged in the Rural Milieu in Israel

The problems of the aged in three types of rural settings in Israel are presented. The uniqueness of each setting, “moshav,” “kibbutz,” and village brings about different approaches to basically similar problems. Social and economic problems have been found to dominate and some solutions to these problems are presented.
The use of stochastic models in the interpretation of historical data from sewage treatment plants

Abstract A 3-yr historical record of sewage treatment plant performance has been evaluated graphically and with time series methodology. Models relating influent biochemical oxygen demand to effluent biochemical oxygen demand, mixed liquor suspended solids, temperature, and hydraulic detention time were constructed. Four possible definitions of plant efficiency were defined and studied as well. The use of efficiency rather than effluent BOD for modeling performance was not helpful. A logarithmic transformation of BOD seems to be a better metric than BOD itself. Studying historical records should lead to an improved understanding of plant dynamics. Time series methods seem to be one useful tool for this work.
Brief report: Activities in heterosexual romantic relationships: grade differences and associations with relationship satisfaction.

Whereas much research addresses relations of youths’ heterosexual romantic relationships with sexual and/or delinquent activities, less attention has been paid to youths’ more normative, day-to-day activities with romantic partners. This gap in the literature is problematic given that these activities define the substance of the relationships and likely are connected to relationship satisfaction. In the current study, 223 youths in fifth (28 boys; 32 girls), eighth (31 boys; 40 girls), and eleventh (36 boys; 56 girls) grades reporting current romantic relationships indicated their engagement in activities with romantic partners and relationship satisfaction. Findings revealed important grade differences in activity involvement, with eighth- and eleventh-graders reporting higher engagement than fifth-graders, especially in out-of-school activities. Additionally, engagement in out-of-school activities was most strongly associated with relationship satisfaction for all grades.
Technology readiness level six and autonomous mobility

During FY03, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory undertook a series of experiments designed to assess the maturity of autonomous mobility technology for the Future Combat Systems Armed Robotic Vehicle concept. The experiments assessed the technology against a level 6 standard in the technology readiness level (TRL) maturation schedule identified by a 1999 Government Accounting Office report. During the course of experimentation, 646 missions were conducted over a total distance of ~560 km and time of ~100 hr. Autonomous operation represented 96% and 88% of total distance and time, respectively. To satisfy the TRL 6 "relevant environment" standard, several experimental factors were varied over the three-site test as part of a formal, statistical, experimental design. This paper reports the specific findings pertaining to relevant-environment questions that were posed for the study and lends additional support to the Lead System Integrator decision that TRL 6 has been attained for the autonomous navigation system.
Supradose Intra-Arterial Cisplatin and Concurrent Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Stage IV Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Feasible and Efficacious in a Multi-Institutional Setting: Results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9615

Purpose To determine the feasibility of high-dose intra-arterial (IA) cisplatin and concurrent radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the multi-institutional setting (Multi-RADPLAT). Patients and Methods Eligibility included T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. Patients received cisplatin (150 mg/m2 IA with sodium thiosulfate 9 g/m2 intravenous [IV], followed by 12 g/m2 IV over 6 hours, weekly for 4 weeks) and concurrent RT (70 Gy, 2.0 Gy/fraction, daily for 5 days over 7 weeks). Between May 1997 and December 1999, 67 patients from three experienced and eight inexperienced centers were enrolled, of whom 61 were eligible for analysis. Results Multi-RADPLAT was feasible (ie, three or four infusions of IA cisplatin and full dose of RT) in 53 patients (87%). The complete response (CR) rate was 85% at the primary site and 88% at nodal regions, and the overall CR rate was 80%. At a median follow-up of 3.9 years for alive patients (range,...
The effect of hyperthyroidism on the photoperiodic stimulation of testicular recrudescence in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Abstract Hyperthyroidism in the lizard Anolis carolinensis significantly reduces the stimulatory response of the quiescent testis to increased day length. It is suggested that the lizard thyroid gland may play a role in regulating reproductive cycles.
Part II: Generalization of the Solution to Arbitrary Cross Sections

The semi-empirical solution to the diffusion equation for the case of dyeing fibers with round cross section from finite baths containing soluble dyes proposed in the first paper of this series is generalized to fibers of arbitrary cross section. The errors incurred by this generalization are examined and correction factors are given.
ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE FLUXES OF MOMENTUM AND SENSIBLE HEAT

Direct measurements of the air-sea turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat, along with surface currents, waves and supporting meteorological variables, were acquired during a recent field campaign. Surface currents, measured from a very high frequency radar, were found to steer the stress away from the mean wind direction. Although this effect has been reported in a recent scatterometer study, this is the first time it has been observed in an in situ study with co-located flux, wind and surface current measurements. Data collected during a week of stationary conditions are used to investigate and quantify the sampling variability of the air-sea fluxes of momentum and sensible heat.
The Emerging Profile of Cross-Resistance among the Nonnucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are widely used to treat HIV-1-infected individuals; indeed most first-line antiretroviral therapies typically include one NNRTI in combination with two nucleoside analogs. In 2008, the next-generation NNRTI etravirine was approved for the treatment of HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-experienced individuals, including those with prior NNRTI exposure. NNRTIs are also increasingly being included in strategies to prevent HIV-1 infection. For example: (1) nevirapine is used to prevent mother-to-child transmission; (2) the ASPIRE (MTN 020) study will test whether a vaginal ring containing dapivirine can prevent HIV-1 infection in women; (3) a microbicide gel formulation containing the urea-PETT derivative MIV-150 is in a phase I study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and acceptability; and (4) a long acting rilpivirine formulation is under-development for pre-exposure prophylaxis. Given their widespread use, particularly in resource-limited settings, as well as their low genetic barriers to resistance, there are concerns about overlapping resistance between the different NNRTIs. Consequently, a better understanding of the resistance and cross-resistance profiles among the NNRTI class is important for predicting response to treatment, and surveillance of transmitted drug-resistance.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of an Immunogenic Moiety Obtained from Salmonella typhimurium

Ribosomal preparations obtained from Salmonella typhimurium by differential centrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment of the bacillary lysate were found to be immunogenic in F1 hybrid (C3H/HeJ × DBA/2J) and albino Swiss mice, as determined by progressive host survival. The immunity obtained was independent of the need for adjuvant and dependent on the dosage of immunogen given. Immunizations with the ribosomal preparations induced an immune response comparable to that obtained by vaccination with living organisms and significantly greater than that obtained by immunization with heat-killed salmonellae, purified lipopolysaccharide, or crude and SDS-treated endotoxin preparations. No effect on the immunogenicity of the ribosomal fraction was observed by enzymatic treatment with trypsin, Pronase, deoxyribonuclease, and pancreatic ribonuclease. Linear sucrose density gradient resolution of the preparations showed that the immunogenicity of the ribosomal fraction was not unique to any one of its subcomponents. Ethyl alcohol-precipitated, crude ribonucleic acid preparations obtained from the ribosomal and sucrose density-resolved ribosomal preparations were found to induce an immune response comparable to that obtained by immunization with the entire ribosomal fraction. Dialysis in doubly distilled demineralized water slightly reduced the immunogenicity of the preparation; however, comparable dialysis in 10−4m MgCl2-phosphate buffer did not. Chemical assays of the preparations found to be immunogenic were performed.
Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags from three castes and two life stages of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes

Background: Termites (Isoptera) are eusocial insects whose colonies consist of morphologically and behaviorally specialized castes of sterile workers and soldiers, and reproductive alates. Previous studies on eusocial insects have indicated that caste differentiation and behavior are underlain by differential gene expression. Although much is known about gene expression in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, termites remain relatively understudied in this regard. Therefore, our objective was to assemble an expressed sequence tag (EST) data base for the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, for future gene expression studies. Results: Soldier, worker, and alate caste and two larval cDNA libraries were constructed, and approximately 15,000 randomly chosen clones were sequenced to compile an EST data base. Putative gene functions were assigned based on a BLASTX Swissprot search. Categorical in silico expression patterns for each library were compared using the R-statistic. A significant proportion of the ESTs of each caste and life stages had no significant similarity to those in existing data bases. All cDNA libraries, including those of non-reproductive worker and soldier castes, contained sequences with putative reproductive functions. Genes that showed a potential expression bias among castes included a putative antibacterial humoral response and translation elongation protein in soldiers and a chemosensory protein in alates. Conclusions: We have expanded upon the available sequences for R. flavipes and utilized an in silico method to compare gene expression in different castes of an eusocial insect. The in silico analysis allowed us to identify several genes which may be differentially expressed and involved in caste differences. These include a gene overrepresented in the alate cDNA library with a predicted function of neurotransmitter secretion or cholesterol absorption and a gene predicted to be involved in protein biosynthesis and ligase activity that was overrepresented in the late larval stage cDNA library. The EST data base and analyses reported here will be a valuable resource for future studies on the genomics of R. flavipes and other termites.
The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of VX‐702, a novel, oral P38MAP kinase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers

VX-702, an oral p38MAP kinase inhibitor, is being developed to treat inflammatory diseases. A Phase I study evaluated 1) the PK and PD of single oral doses (SD) of 2.5 to 80 mg, 2) the effect of food on absorption, and 3) the PK and PD of multiple oral doses (MD) of 10 and 20 mg given once daily for 14 days. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was conducted in healthy male and postmenopausal female volunteers. Plasma and urine VX-702 concentrations and ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood concentrations of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β were measured pre- and post-dose. PK and PD were evaluated using noncompartmental analyses and nonlinear mixed effects modeling. VX-702 PK were linear, dose proportional, and modestly variable. The population mean apparent clearance and distributive volume were 3.75 L/hr and 72.8 L. The terminal elimination half life was 16 hours. Steady state, achieved within 3 days during MD regimens, had exposures that were 25–45% greater than the first dose. 66% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Gender or food had no clinically significant effect on exposure. VX-702 was a potent and effective inhibitor of LPS-stimulated TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β production, with IC50s of 99 ng/mL, 59 ng/mL, and 122 ng/mL, respectively. The maximum inhibition of cytokine production was approximately 80% of baseline. Based on the favorable PK and PD profile, further clinical development of VX-702 is warranted. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P52–P52; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.197
Social Capital and the Wages of Mexican Migrants: New Hypotheses and Tests

In this article, we develop hypotheses about the ways in which network ties influence wages and the circumstances under which social capital assumes greater or lesser importance in the determination of migrant earnings. We then test these hypotheses using data on male Mexican migrants gathered by the Mexican Migration Project. We find that social capital has both direct and indirect effects on migrant wages. Indirectly, social capital influences how a job is obtained and whether it is in the formal sector. Directly, having friends and relatives with migratory experience improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the job search to yield higher wages. Moreover, the effects of social capital on wages are greater for undocumented than documented migrants, reflecting the more tenuous labor market position of the former. These results confirm and extend social capital theory and underscore the importance of social networks in understanding the determination of migrant earnings.
A non-invasive immobilization system and related quality assurance for dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy of intracranial and head and neck disease.

Abstract Purpose: To develop and implement a non-invasive immobilization system guided by a dedicated quality assurance (QA) program for dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of intracranial and head and neck disease, with IMRT delivered using the NOMOS Corporation’s Peacock System and MIMiC collimator. Methods and Materials: Thermoplastic face masks are combined with cradle-shaped polyurethane foaming agents and a dedicated quality assurance program to create a customized headholder system (CHS). Plastic shrinkage was studied to understand its effect on immobilization. Fiducial points for computerized tomography (CT) are obtained by placing multiple dabs of barium paste on mask surfaces at intersections of laser projections used for patient positioning. Fiducial lines are drawn on the cradle along laser projections aligned with nasal surfaces. Lateral CT topograms are annotated with a crosshair indicating the origin of the treatment planning and delivery coordinate system, and with lines delineating the projections of superior-inferior field borders of the linear accelerator’s secondary collimators, or with those of the fully open MIMiC. Port films exposed with and without the MIMiC are compared to annotated topograms to measure positional variance (PV) in superior-inferior (SI), right-left (RL), and anterior posterior (AP) directions. MIMiC vane patterns superposed on port films are applied to verify planned patterns. A 12-patient study of PV was performed by analyzing positions of 10 anatomic points on repeat CT topograms, plotting histograms of PV, and determining average PV. Results and Discussion: A 1.5 ± 0.3 mm SD shrinkage per 70 cm of thermoplastic was observed over 24 h. Average PV of 1.0 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 1.1, and 1.3 ± 0.8 mm were measured in SI, AP, and RL directions, respectively. Lateral port films exposed with and without the MIMiC showed PV of 0.2 ± 1.3 and 0.8 ± 2.2 mm in AP and SI directions. Vane patterns superimposed on port films consistently verified the planned patterns. Conclusion: The CHS provided adequately reproducible immobilization for dynamic IMRT, and may be applicable to decrease PV for other cranial and head and neck external beam radiation therapy.
Selenium-dependent cellular glutathione peroxidase protects mice against a pro-oxidant-induced oxidation of NADPH, NADH, lipids, and protein

Since our prior work indicated that Se-dependent cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) was necessary for protection against paraquat lethality, the present studies were to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms related to that protection. Four groups of mice [Se-deficient or -adequate GPX1 knockout and wild-type (WT)] were injected (i.p.) with 50 mg paraquat/kg body weight and tissues were collected 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 h after the injection. Whereas the ratios of NADPH/NADP and NADH/NAD in lung were reduced by 50–70% only 0.5 h after the injection in all groups, these two ratios in liver of the Se-adequate WT were significantly higher than those of the three GPX1 knockout or deficient groups 2–4 h after the injection. The paraquat-induced pulmonary lipid peroxidation and hepatic protein oxidation, measured as F2-isoprostanes and carbonyl contents, respectively, peaked at 1 h in these three groups. No such oxidative events were shown in any tissue of the Se-adequate WT throughout the time course. Whereas ...
TreadMarks: shared memory computing on networks of workstations

Shared memory facilitates the transition from sequential to parallel processing. Since most data structures can be retained, simply adding synchronization achieves correct, efficient programs for many applications. We discuss our experience with parallel computing on networks of workstations using the TreadMarks distributed shared memory system. DSM allows processes to assume a globally shared virtual memory even though they execute on nodes that do not physically share memory. We illustrate a DSM system consisting of N networked workstations, each with its own memory. The DSM software provides the abstraction of a globally shared memory, in which each processor can access any data item without the programmer having to worry about where the data is or how to obtain its value.