cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nadolol: its use in the prophylactic treatment of migraine.

SYNOPSIS In the prophylactic phase of the treatment of migraine the use of beta-blocking agents has become quite prominent within the past few years. The circulation is responsive in both the internal and the external carotid arteries to beta-adrenergic neuro-transmission. It is postulated that beta-blocking agents would be helpful in preventing vasoconstriction in the internal carotid arteries by inhibiting impulses to beta receptors in the brain; also it would prevent the excessive adrenergic vasodilation in the external carotid arteries. The beta-adrenergic blockade thus offers an approach to the control of arterial vasodilation during the migraine attack. The purpose of this study is to determine the relative efficacy and safety of nadolol, a new beta-blocking agent, in reducing the frequency and or, the severity of migraine attacks as compared to placebo. Nadolol competes specifically with beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists for available beta-receptor sites. This drug inhibits beta-1 receptors, which are located chiefly in the cardiac muscle, and beta-2 receptors, which are located chiefly in the bronchial and the vascular musculature. When access to beta-adrenergic receptor sites is blocked by nadolol, the chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are decreased proportionately. Nadolol has no intrinsic sympathomimetric activity, nor does it have an anesthetic-like membrane stabilizing action. The results obtained in this study, which were very encouraging, are presented, along with the side effects, which were very minimal.
A low power and low noise p-HEMT ku band VCO

In this letter, we report a differential 12-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) implemented using a commercial GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (p-HEMT) process. The VCO can operate with 3mW of dc power. The single-side-band phase noise at 1-MHz offset from the carrier is -116dBc and is achieved with 15mW of dc power consumption. This VCO has a figure of merit of -190.5dBc which is the best that has been reported for a p-HEMT VCO in the authors' knowledge
Human recombinant erythropoietin augments serum asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations but does not compromise nitric oxide generation in mice

BACKGROUND Patients with advanced chronic renal disease (CRD) suffer from excessive morbidity and mortality due to complications of accelerated atherosclerosis. Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), which is routinely used to treat the anaemia present in approximately 90% of dialysis-dependent patients with end-stage renal disease, may induce vascular dysfunction by reducing nitric oxide (NO) availability. Pathophysiologic concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), are found in patients with CRD and correlate with vascular disease and cardiovascular mortality. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of EPO on ADMA concentrations and NO generation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we wanted to study the effect of EPO on the expression of the enzymes that regulate ADMA metabolism and NO generation. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to therapeutic concentrations of EPO. The expression and metabolic activity of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase II (DDAH II), the enzyme that degrades ADMA, was evaluated. Following subcutaneous administration of EPO to Balb/c mice for 10 weeks, serum ADMA concentrations were determined. Systolic blood pressure was measured noninvasively. Urinary nitrite and nitrate (NOx) concentrations were assessed by Griess assay. Protein expression of DDAH and NOS in livers and kidneys was measured by western blotting. RESULTS EPO suppressed ADMA elaboration by HUVECs. Systolic blood pressure and serum concentrations of ADMA were significantly elevated in EPO-treated mice. The protein expression of DDAH I in the kidney and liver was upregulated while hepatic expression of DDAH II was decreased and renal DDAH II expression remained unchanged by EPO administration. However, EPO augmented urinary NOx concentrations as well as the expression of NOS 1 and NOS 2 in the kidney. CONCLUSION In spite of elevating serum ADMA concentrations, EPO does not appear to compromise overall NO generation in Balb/c mice.
Find a penny and pick it up: capitalizing on mutual fund rounding

Mutual funds whose share prices are not calculated with enough precision face the danger of opportunistic trading. This fact is documented empirically with respect to the Government Securities Investment Fund (G Fund), a part of the defined contribution plan run by the US federal government for its employees. The results are important both for policymakers and for mutual fund management.
Modelling the recent time trends in UK permanent health insurance recovery, mortality and claim inception transition intensities

Abstract Models representing the underlying trends in UK permanent health insurance (PHI) recovery, mortality and claim inception transition intensitives over the 20 year calendar period, from 1975 to 1994 inclusive, are proposed. The investigation of such trends is of special interest given that the three transition intensities, with stationary estimates based on the equivalent grouped data for the quadrennial observation window 1975–1978, form an important part of UK continuous mortality investigation (CMI) Bureau multiple-state model for PHI business and play an important role in the pricing and reserving for PHI sickness benefits.
Rethinking actions: implementation and association

Action processing allows us to move through and interact with the world, as well as understand the movements performed by other people. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the semantics of actions as differentiated from the semantics of objects. However, as the understanding of action semantics has evolved, it is evident that the existing literature conflates two senses of the word 'action'-one that stems from studies of tool use and the other from event representation. In this paper, we suggest that this issue can be clarified by closely examining differences in how the human parietal and temporal cortices of the brain process action-related stimuli. By contrasting the posterior parietal cortex to the posterolateral temporal cortex, we characterize two complementary action systems in the human brain, each with its own specialization of function. We suggest that these two systems be referred to as the parietal Action Implementation System, and the posterolateral temporal Action Association System. While the frontoparietal system is concerned primarily with how we perform actions, and simulate others' actions, the temporal action system is more involved with processing actions from a third-person, conceptual standpoint. Recent work in cognitive neuroscience of perception and language, as well as the neuroanatomical organization of these brain regions support this distinction. We will discuss the implications of this work for cognition-, language-, and neuroscience-based action research.
The design of small diameter neutrally buoyant electrooptic tether cables for maximum power transfer

Underwater vehicles that are tethered by an electrooptic cable normally have adequate endurance, ample power, and an abundance of bandwidth available for bi-directional communication and data transfer. The security of a hard link also facilitates the deployment, recovery, and tracking, and may in some cases aid in the maneuvering of the vehicle. Despite these advantages, a tethered system's performance is often negatively impacted by the in-water weight of the cable and its associated drag. Tightly coupled to these problems is the ever present danger of fouling the tether on fixed or floating objects in the ocean. The disadvantages of cable drag and weight may be minimized by keeping the cable diameter and its associated in-water weight as small as possible. Careful design of the cable and of the power transfer and power distribution systems is required to achieve this goal. As the cable diameter is reduced, the power required to achieve system performance objectives is reduced. This benefit permits weight and space reductions in the vehicle and the tether management and surface power transfer systems. The paper develops a systematic method of exploring tradeoffs in cable diameter and weight within vehicle load regulation and power transfer constraints. It is shown that through careful consideration and design, the major drawbacks of a tethered system may be minimized without negatively impacting the overall robustness of the system. >
Intelligent simulation environments: identification of the basics

A problem exists in efficiently combining a non-deterministic decision capability with a current discrete event simulation language for use by the simulationist (programmer and in the future the user). This paper explores this problem in the context of the discrete event simulation problem domain implemented in Siman [tm]. The purpose is (1) to provide an ontological definition of abstract ideas from data to wisdom, (2) identify a taxonomy of simulation and artificial intelligence combination dialects, and (3) establish the need for and then introduce a "decide node" which will assist the simulationist in incorporating a broader spectrum of the ontology more easily than current dialects allow.
Constructs of the Work/ Life Interface: A Synthesis of the Literature and Introduction of the Concept of Work/Life Harmony

The purpose of this article is to identify construct definitions and measurement tools for the work/life interface concepts: conflict, enrichment, and balance. An understanding of these concepts is...
Nonlinear Microwave Effects on Iron Based Microstrip Filter

Nonlinear effects in magnetic films are a subject of growing interest. The onset of parametric instability translates into practical power limits for microwave devices. Nearly all high-power studies were done in ferrites; recently, An investigated Permalloy. However, no work has been performed on planar devices or on iron films. Here, we investigate the transmission of cw microwaves in a 6-mm-long, 13-mum-wide and 200-nm-thick iron-based microstrip notch filter in the frequency domain. At a particular field, there are three regions in the transmission response. Up to a threshold power of Pcrit, the differential absorption of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is nearly constant as a function of input power. Above Pcrit, the sample absorption decreases significantly as the power is increased. In addition, we observe a subsidiary absorption (SA) peak at a frequency above that of the FMR. We observed butterfly-like curves (Pcrit versus applied static magnetic field H), similar to ferrites, for FMR as well as for the subsidiary absorption. We compare the strength of the critical rf field in Fe, YIG, and Permalloy. These numbers indicate that Fe in a microstrip geometry has a much higher power handling capability. Finally, our structures can also be used as a power limiter. The SA can be significantly increased at high powers, thus limiting the transmission in the frequency range where the SA occurs. The usual FMR peak can be used as a small-signal suppressor
State space modeling and control of MIMO smart structures

A system identification technique for the derivation of minimal, continuous time state variable models for smart structural systems is presented. A procedure for the measurement of state variables using distributed sensors is developed. This allows for the implementation of MIMO full state feedback controllers with simple analog hardware. The structural identification technique is based upon the measurement of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the structure. This procedure requires the measurement of steady state values at the modal frequencies and utilizes a sensor array consisting of shaped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. The amount of control system hardware required for the implementation of linear quadratic regulators is significantly reduced. The proposed identification technique has been successfully implemented on an experimental cantilever plate system and the results are presented.
Similar activity of mecamylamine stereoisomers in vitro and in vivo

A previous characterization of mecamylamine stereoisomers using nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes revealed only small differences between the activity of the R and S forms of mecamylamine. However, that work was limited in the breadth of receptor subtypes tested, especially in regard to the discrimination of high and low sensitivity receptors, which differ in the ratios of alpha and beta subunits. We report new data using subunit concatamers, which produce uniform populations of high-sensitivity or low-sensitivity receptors, as well as alpha2, alpha5, and alpha6-containing receptors, which were not studied previously. Consistent with previous studies, we found that beta4-containing receptors were most sensitive to mecamylamine and that the IC50 values for the inhibition of net charge were lower than for inhibition of peak currents. No large differences were seen between the activities of the mecamylamine isomers. Additionally, a previously reported potentiation of high-sensitivity α4β2 receptors by S-mecamylamine could not be reproduced in the oocyte system, even with mutants that had greatly reduced sensitivity to mecamylamine inhibition or when the selective agonist TC-2559 was used. In vivo studies suggested that the R-isomer might be somewhat more potent than the S isomer at blocking CNS effects of nicotine. Although the potency difference was no more than a factor of two, it is consistent with lower LD50 estimates previously reported for the R isomer. Our results significantly extend knowledge of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity profile of mecamylamine and support the hypothesis that these effects are not strongly stereoisomer selective.
Comparisons of developmental modeling frameworks and levels of analysis in cognition: connectionist and dynamic systems theories deserve attention, but don’t yet explain attention

In this article, an investigator who is outside of the connectionist / dynamic systems (CD) tradition, but is sympathetic to many of its theoretical stances, considers whether these are separate approaches and what the two approaches mean for the development of information processing. It is argued that these approaches have not been defined in the target articles of this special issue narrowly enough to make them clearly separate approaches. Rather, they appear to emphasize different aspects of a common approach. It is also suggested that they do not form an overarching theory of development but do form an important theoretical approach at one level of analysis. In particular, one may sometimes, but not always, have to get into nonlinear interactions between faculties of the mind to predict and explain behavior. Finally, an attempt is made to challenge the CD approach to become more global by confronting the issue of how attention and conscious awareness should be represented in these models, and how the development of them may occur. Evidence of changes in automatic and attention-related parameters of processing may provide a scaffolding upon which better CD models can be constructed.
Meningioangiomatosis associated with neurofibromatosis: report of 2 cases in a single family and review of the literature

Background: Meningioangiomatosis (MA) is a rare benign disorder. It may occur sporadically or in association with neurofibromatosis (NF). The sporadic type typically presents with seizures, whereas that associated with NF is often asymptomatic. Of the 100 cases reported, only 14 are associated with NF. We now report 2 additional cases of MA associated with neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) in a single family, with one occurring in the cerebellum. The etiology, pathology, and imaging features of MA are presented. Case Description: A 38-year-old woman (patient 1) presented with a 4-month history of ataxia. She had been diagnosed previously with NF2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain revealed bilateral acoustic neuromas and multiple calcified intracranial lesions. Her 13-year-old daughter (patient 2) presented with complex partial seizures. MRI scans of the brain revealed bilateral acoustic neuromas and a right parietal mass.Patient 1 underwent a suboccipital craniotomy to resect the right-sided acoustic neuroma. A small portion of normal-appearing cerebellar cortex was resected to avoid undue retraction. Histopathologic examination showed the presence of a lesion consistent with MA. Patient 2 underwent a right temporal-parietal craniotomy to remove the enhancing epileptogenic right posterior temporoparietal lesion. Histopathologic analysis showed a lesion consistent with meningioma and MA. Conclusions: MA has been reported infrequently in association with NF2. We now report 2 cases of MA associated with NF2 in one family, and we add the cerebellum to possible locations of occurrence. MA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cortical lesions, particularly in patients with NF2.
Communicative gestures in coreference identification in multiparty meetings

During multiparty meetings, participants can use non-verbal modalities such as hand gestures to make reference to the shared environment. Therefore, one hypothesis is that incorporating hand gestures can improve coreference identification, a task that automatically identifies what participants refer to with their linguistic expressions. To evaluate this hypothesis, this paper examines the role of hand gestures in coreference identification, in particular, focusing on two questions: (1) what signals can distinguish communicative gestures that can potentially help coreference identification from non-communicative gestures; and (2) in what ways can communicative gestures help coreference identification. Based on the AMI data, our empirical results have shown that the length of gesture production is highly indicative of whether a gesture is communicative and potentially helpful in language understanding. Our experiments on the automated identification of coreferring expressions indicate that while the incorporation of simple gesture features does not improve overall performance, it does show potential on expressions referring to participants, an important and unique component of the meeting domain. A further analysis suggests that communicative gestures provide both redundant and complementary information, but further domain modeling and world knowledge incorporation is required to take full advantage of information that is complementary.
Enhancement of the high-temperature utility of a polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene block copolymer by friedel–crafts naphthoylation

A procedure was developed for the Friedel- Crafts naphthoylation of the polystyrene segments of a poly- styrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer. It was possible to obtain up to 72% 1-naphthoy- lation or 100% 2-naphthoylation of the polystyrene segments in the copolymer. Naphthoylation could also be accom- plished using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as a catalyst. The naphthoylated products were characterized by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The mechanical properties of the original and naphthoylated polymers were measured from 25 to 125°C. The results obtained indicate that naph- thoylation enhances the tensile properties of the polymers at elevated temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1289 -1295, 2003
Erratum to: High-speed systolic architectures for finite field inversion [Integration 38(3) (2005) 383-398]

The architecture with distributed control described in this paper does not work as claimed. The correct details are provided in this note.
Spider aggressiveness determines the bidirectional consequences of host–inquiline interactions

Individual behavioral variation (aka behavioral types [BTs]) can alter the nature of species interactions. Here, we explore the performance consequences of behavioral variation in heterospecific dyads of the social spider Anelosimus studiosus and two of its most common inquilines (Larinioides cornutus and Theridion murarium). We determined the BTs of A. studiosus (docile vs. aggressive), determined the aggressiveness of their inquilines, and released dyads in the field for 40 days. We assessed the performance of A. studiosus and its inquilines using egg case mass and change in body mass, respectively. In the absence of inquilines, we found that aggressive A. studiosus outperformed dociles, however docile A. studiosus outperformed aggressives in the presence of inquilines. Aggression in T. murarium had a large effect on A. studiosus fecundity and its own performance, though this trend was not observed in L. cornutus. The performance of host and inquiline was simultaneously maximized when dyads were composed of opposing BTs: docile A. studiosus with aggressive T. murarium and vice versa. Thus, our data demonstrate bidirectional impacts of behavioral variation in a host–inquiline interaction and reveal that the traits that yield the greatest success in one species may depend on the representation of traits in another associated species.
Response of a Sliding Structure to Earthquake Excitation

Etude d'une structure rigide avec une fondation a frottement soumise a une excitation sismique aleatoire. On simule la structure par une masse rigide et on suppose une force de frottement de Coulomb pour resister au glissement. On considere des modeles a bruit blanc et a bruit blanc filtre de l'acceleration sismique du sol. Resolution de la serie resultante d'equations differentielles pour divers moments et on evalue le deplacement par glissement quadratique moyen et les reponses aux vitesses de glissement. On obtient les reponses non stationnaires pour plusieurs valeurs du coefficient de frottement
The End of Mass Incarceration? Mapping the Contradictions of Criminal Justice Policy and Practice

This article seeks to explain why incarceration rates have nudged only slightly downward despite significant reductions in crime and the widespread enactment of policy reforms intended to reduce prison populations. Socio-legal scholarship and studies of institutional dynamics highlight the impact of street-level bureaucrats’ legal discretion and “subterranean” (Hacker 2004) political activities. Drawing on these literatures, as well as research on changing cultural sensibilities around crime, we hypothesize that criminal justice actors are exercising discretion in ways that offset the decarcerative impact of the crime drop and recent policy reforms, and specifically target violent offenders. Decomposition methods are used to analyze national crime, arrest, and felony filing data, as well as National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) data regarding prison-related trends in order to assess these hypotheses. The findings indicate that many criminal justice actors are exercising their discretion in ways that sustain high incarceration rates. These results underscore the importance of expanding our analytic focus to include not just formal policy changes but also the on-the-ground decisions of the actors who comprise the penal system.
Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to New York City for UIST 2010, the Twenty-Third Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. UIST is the premier forum for the presentation of research innovations in the software and technology of human-computer interfaces. Sponsored by ACM's special interest groups on computer-human interaction (SIGCHI) and computer graphics (SIGGRAPH), UIST brings together researchers and practitioners from many areas, including web and graphical interfaces, new input and output devices, information visualization, interactive displays, tangible computing and CSCW. The single-track schedule, intimate size, and location in the most exciting city in the world, make UIST 2010 an ideal place to exchange results and forge future collaborations. The call for papers attracted 207 full paper and tech note submissions from more than 20 countries. The program committee accepted 38 papers (18%) after a thorough review process. Each anonymous submission was assigned primary and secondary program committee members. The primary committee member assigned at least two external reviewers for each submission, and the secondary at least one. After receiving the reviews, both program committee members wrote a meta-review for every submission. Authors were then given all reviews and the opportunity to write a short rebuttal. The program committee then met in New York on June 4-5, 2010, to examine each submission and select the top papers. Submissions were finally accepted only after the authors provided a final revision addressing the committee's comments. For this year we are very fortunate to have, as our invited speakers, Marvin Minsky, Natalie Jeremijenko, and Jaron Lanier -- three great geniuses at different stages in their careers. Each, in their unique way, is a deep and pioneering thinker about the interface between human and machine, whose many and profound contributions effortlessly span the range of technology, culture and the arts. Returning this year is the Student Innovation Contest, which challenges student teams to develop new interactions on unique hardware. This year's contest features a prototype keyboard that incorporates a touchscreen, designed by Microsoft Adaptive Sciences. Posters, demos and the eighth annual Doctoral Symposium complete the program. These are described in the UIST program companion distributed at the conference. Also, for the first time we are holding a special contest that asks contributors to look twenty years into the future and submit an abstract for a paper they might present at UIST 2030 (demos optional).
Contemporary perspectives in leisure: meanings, motives and lifelong learning, edited by Sam Elkington and Sean J. Gammon

Contemporary Perspectives in Leisure: Meanings, Motives and Lifelong Learning is a concerted effort to transition the study and teaching of leisure into the twenty-first century. It is a re-examina...
Mössbauer Scattering in Pr 59 141

We have completed a series of M\"ossbauer scattering experiments on $_{59}^{141}\mathrm{Pr}$ using an axially symmetric backscattering arrangement. From the relative isomer shifts between ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{+4}$ and ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{+3}$ compounds we estimate that the change in the mean-square charge radius between the 145-keV excited state and ground state of the $_{59}^{141}\mathrm{Pr}$ nucleus is 1.28 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Pr${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibits ordered magnetic behavior below 15 K. We estimated the hyperfine fields for the electronic ground states of a ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{+4}$ ion in a magnetic cubic crystal and compared the observed values of the effective fields with the calculated fields. We found the best agreement when we assumed that the exchange field was directed toward a nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{+4}$ ion. We obtained $(3.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ for the magnetic moment of the 145-keV spin-$\frac{7}{2}$ level of $_{59}^{141}\mathrm{Pr}$.
Party System Competition and Private Sector Development in Africa

AbstractDemocratic transitions by many African countries have generated much analysis of the organisational features of political parties or their role in voter mobilisation during elections. Yet, scholars have largely overlooked how parties negotiate economic policymaking or interact with the private sector in countries that are incipient democracies and emerging markets. This article argues that the stability or fragmentation of the party system affects patterns of private sector development and shapes linkages between the state, business and labour. It compares Mozambique and Zambia to demonstrate how variations in party system characteristics influence the relationship between economic and political interests.
Rapid extraction of quantitative kinetic information from variable-temperature reaction profiles

Abstract Analysis of variable-temperature reaction profiles, measured in an isothermal packed-bed reactor (PBR) whose temperature increases during the experiment, has the potential to yield accurate and precise kinetic parameters quickly for some heterogeneous catalysts. The method is demonstrated here for a typical supported nanoparticle catalyst, 2 wt% Pd/Al 2 O 3 , in the oxidation of H 2 , C 3 H 8 and CO by O 2 . These reactions do not exhibit major changes in activation energy as a function of conversion over the range of reaction conditions analyzed. Reliable and quantitative information about rate laws was extracted readily from the shapes and positions of the profiles, as an alternative to more laborious conventional kinetic analyses. Temperature and pressure gradients were minimized by the use of sieved catalyst particles and large amounts of inert diluent for both the catalyst and feed gas. Curve-fitting of analytical expressions with as few as two adjustable parameters results in remarkable agreement between models and data. First-order profiles are kinetically-limited, without mass and heat transfer effects, while inverse-first-order profiles deviate from kinetically-controlled behavior at intermediate-to-high conversions. The activation energy and reaction order with respect to the limiting reactant obtained from a single reaction profile (with appropriate data truncation for non-kinetic phenomena, as necessary) are at least as accurate and precise as those obtained from a conventional Arrhenius analysis conducted with data obtained under differential conditions, and can be measured in a fraction of the experimental time. Information about more elaborate rate laws can be obtained by global curve-fitting of a family of such profiles recorded with different volumetric flow rates.
Diagnosis and management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

With the recent widespread availability of gastrin radioimmunoassays, the development of increasingly effective medical therapy for gastric hypersecretion, and improved methods to localize gastrinomas in patients with Zollinger- Ellison syndrome, the diagnosis, treatment of the gastric acid hypersecretion, and approach to the tumor have changed significantly. Recent advances in each of these areas and the current management of a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are reviewed.
Analysis of voltage-gated and synaptic conductances contributing to network excitability defects in the mutant mouse tottering

1. Intracellular current- and voltage-clamp recordings were carried out in CA3 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices of adult tg/tg mice and their coisogenic C57BL/6J (+/+) controls with the use of the single-electrode switch-clamp technique. The principal aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the tg gene-linked prolongation (mean 60%) of a giant synaptic response, the potassium-induced paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS) at depolarized membrane potentials (Vm -47 to -54 mV) during synchronous network bursting induced by 10 mM potassium ([K+]o). 2. To examine the role of intrinsic voltage-dependent conductances underlying the mutant PDS prolongation, neurons were voltage clamped by the use of microelectrodes filled with 100 mM QX-314 or QX-222 chloride (voltage-gated sodium channel blockers) and 2 M cesium sulphate (potassium channel blocker). The whole-cell currents active during the PDS showed a significantly prolonged duration (mean 34%) at depolarized Vms in tg/tg com...
Moderation and Mediation in Interindividual Longitudinal Analysis

Developmental psychopathology research often involves hypotheses about multiple variables interacting and affecting each other over time to produce adaptive and maladaptive behavior and thus analytic methods for examining moderation and mediation in longitudinal data are particularly germane in this area. This chapter describes methods for testing moderation and mediation in cross sectional data, outlines two frameworks frequently used for the analysis of longitudinal data, and describes a number of models for testing longitudinal moderation and mediation, including ax lag as moderator model, multilevel models with time-varying covariate interactions, a model of mediation change over time, autoregressive panel models, latent growth curve models, latent change score models, and exponential decay models. Methods for combining moderation and mediation and causal inference in longitudinal data are also discussed. Illustrative analyses are conducted using example data on kindergarten through fifth-graders' attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, interpersonal skills, academic performance, and depression variables from the ECLS-K data set. Keywords: mediation; moderation; longitudinal data; interactions; change over time
Social Surrogates, Social Motivations, and Everyday Activities: The Case for a Strong, Subtle, and Sneaky Social Self

Abstract Although the idea of human beings being primarily and inextricably social has strong support in the psychological literature, an examination of how human beings actually choose to spend much of their time suggests a species more interested in solitude than social connection. In this chapter, we propose that a careful examination of seemingly nonsocial activities actually strongly supports a view of humans as primarily and inextricably social beings. We argue that the social self can be seen as strong, subtle, and sneaky. Specifically, because social motivations are so strong, they can be filled in unexpected ways that people may not even recognize. In other words, social motives sometimes work below the surface of consciousness in subtle and seemingly sneaky (i.e., unconscious and indirect) ways. For example, although we know we are being social when we call a friend on the phone or go to a party, our research suggests that we may also be socially motivated when we turn on the television, read a book, watch a football game, or go to a movie. We present evidence that supports a conception of a social self that propels us to actions that may not seem social to those around us, or even to ourselves, but that are actually fulfilling our very human and highly pervasive needs for social connection. We begin by discussing the seemingly nonsocial means people use to fulfill the need to belong. We then move on to reviewing evidence of ways in which people can be unaware of the strength of their social needs and of the social nature of their behavior. Finally, we conclude by discussing what this work suggests about human nature, modern behavior, and the social self.
Intranasal Fentanyl for Initial Treatment of a Vaso-Occlusive Crisis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial

A painful vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is the most common indication for patients with sickle cell disease (SSD) to seek emergency care. The mainstay of treatment for VOC is aggressive intravenous analgesia with opiates and hydration. However, there is often a delay in establishing intravenous access and providing initial analgesia to these patients. Intranasal fentanyl (INF) has been shown to be safe and effective in providing prompt analgesia to children with other painful conditions in the ED and prehospital setting. Our objective was to determine …
Disseminated Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Head and Neck

Disseminated extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors of the head and neck are very rare, but aggressive tumors. Although the features on radiological imaging may be nonspecific, the imaging is useful for assessing the extent of tumor involvement. Key pathologic features are those of a cellular “blue cell tumor” with variable rhabdoid appearance. These cells express a combination of markers usually viewed as characteristic of diverse lines of differentiation, including EMA, cytokeratins, smooth muscle markers, and GFAP, and occasionally synaptophysin. At a molecular level, the entity is defined by mutations or alterations in the SMARB1/INI1 gene resulting in loss of INI1 expression. Diagnostic features include rhabdoid cells, expression of keratin with absence of desmin, S100 protein and CD34, and loss of INI1 expression. These features are exemplified in this sine qua non radiology-pathology correlation article.
Cytoskeletal Integrators: The Spectrin Superfamily

This review discusses the spectrin superfamily of proteins that function to connect cytoskeletal elements to each other, the cell membrane, and the nucleus. The signature domain is the spectrin repeat, a 106-122-amino-acid segment comprising three α-helices. α-actinin is considered to be the ancestral protein and functions to cross-link actin filaments. It then evolved to generate spectrin and dystrophin that function to link the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane, as well as the spectraplakins and plakins that link cytoskeletal elements to each other and to junctional complexes. A final class comprises the nesprins, which are able to bind to the nuclear membrane. This review discusses the domain organization of the various spectrin family members, their roles in protein-protein interactions, and their roles in disease, as determined from mutations, and it also describes the functional roles of the family members as determined from null phenotypes.
Codes for a distributed caching based Video-on-Demand system

We study the role of codes in the optimization and design of a large-scale Video-on-Demand (VoD) system based on distributed caching, that we have architected and built at Berkeley. We show how network codes can convert a combinatorial problem into a tractable one, and enable a fully distributed algorithm that jointly optimizes the three-fold problem of cache content placement, cache-to-users topology selection, and cache-to-users rate-allocation. While a description of the general VoD system optimization and design can be found in [1], this paper focuses on the critical role of codes in enabling our VoD system. Specifically, we motivate and describe a specific class of network codes, called DRESS codes, that offer desirable tradeoffs between cache-to-user and cache-to-cache communication aspects of the problem needed to sustain a scalable VoD system.
Peripheral Revascularization in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease With Vorapaxar: Insights From the TRA 2°P-TIMI 50 Trial.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether the reduction in peripheral revascularization with vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) is directionally consistent across indications, including acute limb ischemia, progressively disabling symptoms, or both. Background The protease-activated receptor–1 antagonist vorapaxar reduces peripheral revascularization in patients with PAD. Methods The TRA 2°P–TIMI 50 (Thrombin Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 50) trial randomized 26,449 patients with histories of myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic PAD to vorapaxar or placebo on a background of standard therapy. A total of 5,845 patients had a known history of PAD at randomization. Peripheral revascularization procedures reported by the site were a pre-specified outcome. We explored whether the benefit of vorapaxar was consistent across indication and type of procedure. Results Of the 5,845 patients with known PAD, a total of 934 (16%) underwent at least 1 peripheral revascularization over 2.5 years (median). More than one-half (55%) were for worsening claudication, followed by critical limb ischemia (24%), acute limb ischemia (16%), and asymptomatic severe stenosis (4%). Vorapaxar significantly reduced peripheral revascularization (19.3% for placebo, 15.4% for vorapaxar; hazard ratio: 0.82; 95% confidence interval: 0.72 to 0.93; p = 0.003), with a consistent pattern of efficacy across indication. Conclusions Vorapaxar reduces peripheral revascularization in patients with PAD. This benefit of vorapaxar is directionally consistent across type of procedure and indication. (Trial to Assess the Effects of Vorapaxar [SCH 530348; MK-5348] in Preventing Heart Attack and Stroke in Patients With Atherosclerosis [TRA 2°P - TIMI 50] [P04737]; NCT00526474)
Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Celiac disease (CeD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. They share certain characteristics, including autoimmune features, the presence of both gastrointestinal and systemic clinical symptoms, and pathogenic contributions by genetic and environmental factors. However, there are several stark differences that must be appreciated. The immunogenic mechanisms of the two diseases are unique, with differing contributions by the innate and adaptive immune responses. Histologically, CeD is distinct from IBD, which is useful diagnostically as well as for gaining insight into disease mechanisms. Lastly, the role of diagnostic laboratory testing, both serologic and genetic, differs greatly between CeD and IBD. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of what is currently known about the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic testing for CeD and IBD.
Metabolic Stress Drives Keratinocyte Defenses against Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Human skin is commonly colonized and infected by Staphylococcus aureus. Exactly how these organisms are sensed by keratinocytes has not been clearly delineated. Using a combination of metabolic and transcriptomic methodologies, we found that S. aureus infection is sensed as a metabolic stress by the hypoxic keratinocytes. This induces HIF1α signaling, which promotes IL-1β production and stimulates aerobic glycolysis to meet the metabolic requirements of infection. We demonstrate that staphylococci capable of glycolysis, including WT and agr mutants, readily induce HIF1α responses. In contrast, Δpyk glycolytic mutants fail to compete with keratinocytes for their metabolic needs. Suppression of glycolysis using 2-DG blocked keratinocyte production of IL-1β in vitro and significantly exacerbated the S. aureus cutaneous infection in a murine model. Our data suggest that S. aureus impose a metabolic stress on keratinocytes that initiates signaling necessary to promote both glycolysis and the proinflammatory response to infection.
Overview of NASA Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Research for Large Subsonic Transports

NASA is investing in Electrified Aircraft Propulsion (EAP) research as part of the portfolio to improve the fuel efficiency, emissions, and noise levels in commercial transport aircraft. Turboelectric, partially turboelectric, and hybrid electric propulsion systems are the primary EAP configurations being evaluated for regional jet and larger aircraft. The goal is to show that one or more viable EAP concepts exist for narrow body aircraft and mature tall-pole technologies related to those concepts. A summary of the aircraft system studies, technology development, and facility development is provided. The leading concept for mid-term (2035) introduction of EAP for a single aisle aircraft is a tube and wing, partially turbo electric configuration (STARC-ABL), however other viable configurations exist. Investments are being made to raise the TRL level of light weight, high efficiency motors, generators, and electrical power distribution systems as well as to define the optimal turbine and boundary layer ingestion systems for a mid-term tube and wing configuration. An electric aircraft power system test facility (NEAT) is under construction at NASA Glenn and an electric aircraft control system test facility (HEIST) is under construction at NASA Armstrong. The correct building blocks are in place to have a viable, large plane EAP configuration tested by 2025 leading to entry into service in 2035 if the community chooses to pursue that goal.
Understanding Professional Identities and Goals of Computer Science Undergraduate Students

Understanding professional goals and identities of undergraduate Computer Science (CS) students is critical for curriculum decisions, workforce development, and retention programs. This paper aims to explore the ways in which undergraduate CS students describe their professional goals and identities, and gauge how these goals and identities vary across gender and academic standing. This paper is part of a larger study aimed at understanding how students form their professional goals and identities. In the study presented in this paper, we surveyed 109 CS undergraduate students and interviewed 14 CS undergraduate students across gender and academic standing. The data were qualitatively analyzed using inductive coding and thematic analysis. Our findings indicate that most students identify themselves professionally as software development professionals, various specialized CS professionals, and by their majors. We also found that both male and female students were interested in becoming entrepreneurs, and females were more likely to have professional goals to move into management. This paper contributes to the fields' growing knowledge of undergraduate students' professional goals and professional identities. This knowledge can help CS departments to better align their degree programs, curriculum, and specialization tracks with student goals. Such an alignment has the potential to increase retention in the major as well as prepare students to be competitive in the workforce.
Iron dissolution and speciation in atmospheric mineral dust: Metal-metal synergistic and antagonistic effects

Abstract Under acidic atmospheric conditions, iron leached from atmospheric mineral dust may influence the distribution of bioavailable iron at a global scale. However, the effects of non-Fe-containing minerals on iron dissolution remain unknown. This work describes metal-metal synergistic and antagonistic effects on iron dissolution that go beyond aggregation and ionic strength effects in mineral dust mixtures. In this study, we investigated iron mobilization by proton-promoted dissolution in natural mineral dust samples from the Kalahari Desert (SZ1) and Australian Red Dawn event (RO), along with one iron oxide proxy, hematite. The total iron dissolution in natural dust samples highly corresponds with the respective amount of Ti, rather than their particle sizes or Fe contents. The dust sample with high Ti content, SZ1, also showed a higher fraction of dissolved Fe(II), under dark conditions. These observations are in good agreement with the dissolution data for hematite artificially mixed with metal oxides. Total iron dissolution in hematite, mixed with TiO2, is 1.5- and 2-fold higher compared to that of just hematite under dark and light conditions, respectively. However, dissolution of hematite is suppressed when mixed with Al2O3 and CaO. Under dark conditions, furthermore, dissolved Fe(II) fraction is enhanced for hematite when mixed with TiO2 compared to that of other mixtures or hematite alone. Yet, dissolved Fe(II) is lower in hematite mixed with TiO2 under light conditions compared to that of hematite alone, suggesting photo-oxidation of Fe(II) by reactive oxygen species, such as OH radicals.