cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: LXXXIV. PUBLICATION TRENDS IN THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: A REVIEW OF THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS

Summary.-Research articles published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) during its first 20 years (1968-1987) are the focus of this review. It is an analysis of five target areas as these appear in 780 research articles published in JABA during this period. These areas include behavior(s), participant(s), setting(s), experimental design(s), and author(s) and are subdivided into more specialized categories for purpose of analysis. Results indicate that JABA has seen a variety of changes in what has been published. The implications for JABA, its history, policies, and future are discussed. In 1967, during a meeting of the American Psychological Association, the Board of the Society of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (SEAB) voted to sponsor a journal which "would publish 'applied behavioral studies' " (Laties, 1987, p 505). The new journal, entitled the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA), was designed to be "primarily for original publication of reports of experimental research involving applications of the experimental analysis of behavior to problems of social importance" (JABA, inside front cover). According to Wolf (1978), it was from the beginning the policy of the Journal that submitted manuscripts were to be evaluated and -. or rejected on the basis or' their social importance. Over twenty years have passed since JABA's inaugural issue appeared. Presumably, the articles that have been published during that period have reflected the editors' and reviewers' sense of what subjects and issues were of social importance. The significance of the Journal's twentieth anniversary has prompted several reviews of its contents. Kunkel (1987) analyzed the articles contained in two issues of Volumes 1 and 20 and concluded that "few if any major changes in the major dimensions of applied behavior analysisH have occurred (p. 329). Hopkins (1987) took the position that Kunkel (1987) was essentially correct and suggested that "JABA was, and continues to be, largely devoted to research with one or a few limited behaviors of a few special
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Gd3 in YCl3·6H2O

The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of Gd3+ in YCl3·6H20 with 1100 dilution of Gd/Y ions, has been studied with an X-band spectrometer at 295, 77 and 1.77°K and with a K-band spectrometer at 295 and 77°K. The individual values of all the parameters are evaluated from the data at the three temperatures. In particular, the following values for the g-tensor and the zero-field splitting parameters b20 and b22 are obtained from X-band data: at 295°K, gzz = 1.994±0.005, gxx = 1.992±0.005, gyy = 1.997±0.005, b20 = 1.898 ±0.015 GHz, b22 = −2.247 ± 0.015GHz; at 77°K, gzz = 1.999±0.008, gxx = 2.000±0.008, b20= 1.978 ±0.022 GHz, b22 = −1.574±0.022GHz; at 1.77°K, gzz = 2.002±0.010, gxx = 1.990 ±0.010, b20 = 2.011 ± 0.025 GHz, b22 = −1.650 ±0.025 GHz. (The K-band values are found to be consistent with the X-band values). From the angular dependence of the data in the ZX plane (i) the angle X0 which the Z axis makes with the a vector of the unit cell, is determined to be 58.00 ±0.25° and (ii) the existence of pseudo-symmetry axes at ±5° from the Z axis in the ZX plane as found by heat capacity and specific heat data has been confirmed. An estimate is also made of the extent of admixture of the excited 6P72 state with the ground state 8S72.
A View of Parsing

The questions before this panel presuppose a distinction between parsing and interpretation. There are two other simple and obvious distinctions that I think are necessary for a reasonable discussion of the issues. First, we must clearly distinguish between the static specification of a process and its dynamic execution. Second, we must clearly distinguish two purposes that a natural language processing system might serve: one legitimate goal of a system is to perform some practical task efficiently and well, while a second goal is to assist in developing a scientific understanding of the cognitive operations that underlie human language processing. I will refer to parsers primarily oriented towards the former goal as Practical Parsers (PP) and refer to the others as Performance Model Parsers (PMP). With these distinctions in mind, let me now turn to the questions at hand.
A novel dynamic load balancing library for cluster computing

In the last few years, research advances in dynamic scheduling at application and runtime system levels have contributed to improving the performance of scientific applications in heterogeneous environments. This paper presents the design and implementation of a library as a result of an integrated approach to dynamic load balancing. This approach combines the advantages of optimizing data migration via novel dynamic loop scheduling strategies with the advances in object migration mechanisms of parallel runtime systems. The performance improvements obtained by the use of this library have been investigated by its use in two scientific applications: the N-body simulations, and the profiling of automatic quadrature routines. The experimental results obtained underscore the significance of using such an integrated approach, as well as the benefits of using the library especially in cluster applications characterized by irregular and unpredictable behavior.
Rapid diagnostic testing for mycobacterial infections

Tests based on nucleic acid amplification can rapidly detect mycobacteria in clinical samples. These appear to be promising and may change how mycobacterial diseases are diagnosed in the future. Utilization of nucleic acid hybridization and DNA sequencing has enabled the identification of mycobacteria to the species level and detection of mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance. Combining nucleic acid amplification with genotypic identification methods allows detection and identification of mycobacteria directly in clinical samples and, to a limited extent, detection of antimicrobial resistance. IFN-γ-based assays provide results faster than the tuberculin skin test and address many of its shortcomings, and are thus poised to replace the latter in the coming years.
Bilateral adrenal haemorrhage secondary to intra-abdominal sepsis: a case report

Introduction Bilateral adrenal haemorrhage is a rare cause of adrenal failure. Clinical features are non-specific and therefore a high index of suspicion must be maintained in patients at risk. Predisposing factors include infection, malignancy and the post-operative state.
PySP: modeling and solving stochastic programs in Python

Although stochastic programming is a powerful tool for modeling decision-making under uncertainty, various impediments have historically prevented its wide-spread use. One factor involves the ability of non-specialists to easily express stochastic programming problems as extensions of their deterministic counterparts, which are typically formulated first. A second factor relates to the difficulty of solving stochastic programming models, particularly in the mixed-integer, non-linear, and/or multi-stage cases. Intricate, configurable, and parallel decomposition strategies are frequently required to achieve tractable run-times on large-scale problems. We simultaneously address both of these factors in our PySP software package, which is part of the Coopr open-source Python repository for optimization; the latter is distributed as part of IBM’s COIN-OR repository. To formulate a stochastic program in PySP, the user specifies both the deterministic base model (supporting linear, non-linear, and mixed-integer components) and the scenario tree model (defining the problem stages and the nature of uncertain parameters) in the Pyomo open-source algebraic modeling language. Given these two models, PySP provides two paths for solution of the corresponding stochastic program. The first alternative involves passing an extensive form to a standard deterministic solver. For more complex stochastic programs, we provide an implementation of Rockafellar and Wets’ Progressive Hedging algorithm. Our particular focus is on the use of Progressive Hedging as an effective heuristic for obtaining approximate solutions to multi-stage stochastic programs. By leveraging the combination of a high-level programming language (Python) and the embedding of the base deterministic model in that language (Pyomo), we are able to provide completely generic and highly configurable solver implementations. PySP has been used by a number of research groups, including our own, to rapidly prototype and solve difficult stochastic programming problems.
Ontology representation and analysis of vaccine formulation and administration and their effects on vaccine immune responses

A vaccine is a processed material that if administered, is able to stimulate an adaptive immune response to prevent or ameliorate a disease. A vaccination process may protect the host against subsequent exposure to an infectious agent and result in reduced disease or total prevention of the disease. Vaccine formulation and administration methods may affect vaccine safety and efficacy significantly. In this report, the detailed classification and definitions of vaccine components and vaccine administration processes are represented using OWL within the framework of the Vaccine Ontology (VO). Different use cases demonstrate how different vaccine formulations and routes of vaccine administration affect the protection efficacy, general immune responses, and adverse events following vaccination. For example, vaccinations of mice with Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 using intraperitoneal or intranasal administration resulted in different protection levels. As shown in the vaccine adverse event data provided by US FDA, live attenuated and nonliving vaccines are usually administered in different routes and have different local and systematic adverse effect manifestations. Vaccine formulation and administration route can independently or collaboratively affect host response outcomes (positive protective immunity or adverse events) after vaccination. Ontological representation of different vaccine and vaccination factors in these two areas allows better understanding and analysis of the causal effects between different factors and immune responses.
Formation of a Gel from a Heated Emulsion of Alfalfa Leaf Protein and Peanut Oil

A new method was investigated for extracting the proteins from green leaves (alfalfa). An opaque white gel formed when an emulsion of chloroplast-free leaf tissue juice and peanut oil was heated for 10 min at 90°C. The proximate composition of this gel was 40% moisture, 2% protein, 57% fat, 0.2% ash, and <1% carbohydrate. SDS-PAGE analysis of the gel suggested that fraction 1 or ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase is the major protein component present. The apparent viscosity of the gel, 5,257 m Pa.sec, was less than one-tenth of mayonnaise.
Images in cardiovascular medicine. Transient constrictive pericarditis with videographic display of Kussmaul sign.

A 24-year-old white man with no significant past medical history presented with sharp chest pain that increased with inspiration and radiated to his left shoulder and neck. The pain had begun 1 week before presentation. The patient denied accompanying shortness of breath, dizziness, palpitations, edema, or syncope. The patient recalled having had an upper respiratory infection that he presumed was viral ≈2 weeks before this admission. A review of systems was noncontributory. He denied any unusual exposures. He used alcohol occasionally and denied recreational drug use. On examination, he was afebrile with a blood pressure of 110/56 mm Hg, pulse rate of 90 bpm, and normal oxygen saturations. Pulsus paradoxus of 13 mm Hg was measured, and no jugular venous distension was noted. He appeared to be in moderate distress from the pain. Cardiac examination revealed faint heart sounds without a pericardial rub or murmurs. Complete blood count and serum chemistries were within normal …
Scheduling based on earliness and tardiness criteria in assembly job shops

In this research, the following four scheduling problems have been studied; (1) single machine problem with earliness cost minimization, (2) single machine problem with the sum of the weighted earliness and weighted tardiness cost minimization, (3) assembly job shop problem with earliness cost minimization, and (4) assembly job shop problem with the sum of weighted earliness and weighted tardiness cost minimization. Four mathematical models based on these four scheduling problems were developed in an effort to obtain optimal solutions. Six heuristic algorithms have been developed to solve the problems. The performances of the heuristic algorithms were demonstrated on some sample test problems. Quality of solutions and CPU time of solutions were the factors of interest. Several properties of optimal solutions for the single machine scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing the weighted earliness penalty have been identified In the research. Algorithms I, III, V, and VI were developed based on these identified properties while the algorithms II and IV were developed based on the tabu search concept. Algorithms I and 11 were developed to solve the first case (1) problem. The results indicate that these two algorithms are able to produce solutions close to optimal in small size problems. The results also show that algorithm I is relatively better than algorithm 11 in large size problem. Algorithms III and IV were developed to solve the second case (2) problem. Both algorithms obtained a small average deviation solutions (i.e.. less than 2%) from optimal in small size test problems. For all problems tested, the algorithm IV is the best algorithm for solving the eariiness/tardiness problems compared to algorithm III and the Ow & Morton algorithm. Algorithm V was developed to solve the third case (3) problem. It obtained an average deviation solutions less than 1% from the optimal. Algorithm VI was developed to solve the fourth case (4) problem. Algorithm VI obtained an average deviation solutions of 2.53% from the optimal.
A Few GIS Clarifications on Tornado Density Mapping

AbstractA geographical information system (GIS) perspective is taken to examine conceptual and methodological complications present in tornado density and probability mapping. Tornado density is defined as the inverse-distance-weighted count of tornado touchdown points or tornado-affected cells within a neighborhood area. The paper first adds a few geographic elements into the tornado definition and then characterizes tornado density as a density field in GIS that depends on predefined, modifiable areas to exist. Tornado density is therefore conceptually distinguished from both individual tornadoes and tornado probability. Three factors are identified to be vital in tornado density mapping: the neighborhood size, the distance decay function, and the choice of tornado properties. Correspondingly, 12 neighborhood sizes ranging from 20 to 360 km are tested, four distance decay functions are compared, and two tornado properties—tornado touchdown locations and pathlengths—are separately incorporated in mapping...
Should torsemide be the loop diuretic of choice in systolic heart failure

Furosemide is the most widely prescribed loop diuretic in the setting of systolic heart failure (HF), yet torsemide has been shown to have less inter- and intra-individual variation in bioavailability and a longer duration of action compared with furosemide. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing torsemide versus furosemide in patients with systolic HF using OVID MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica (Embase), Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar was performed. Extracted data included study design, sample characteristics, intervention, outcomes and control for potential confounding factors. A DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to compute summary risk ratios for HF and cardiovascular (CV) readmission outcomes. Two randomized trials comparing furosemide with torsemide in 471 patients with systolic HF were identified. Compared to furosemide, torsemide significantly reduced total HF readmissions (relative risk [RR]: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.28-0.61, p < 0.0001) and HF readmissions (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.84, p = 0.008) as well as CV readmissions (RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.98, p = 0.03) in patients with "at least 1 readmission." Moreover, compared with furosemide, torsemide caused a 14% reduction in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.86 [0.53-1.39], p = 0.54). Compared with furosemide, torsemide significantly reduces HF and CV-related hospital readmissions in systolic HF. Furthermore, torsemide is associated with a trend in reducing all-cause mortality.
Mismatch Characterization of Ring Oscillators

We investigate the frequency matching of ring oscillators to study the matching of the non-static operation of identical high speed analog, digital and RF circuits. The oscillator test structures on a 0.25 mum CMOS technology operate in the 500 MHz to 3 GHz range. The non-static matching experimental results are compared to predictions based on DC matching parameters. Stage averaging versus device size averaging for constant frequency designs is investigated. Global variations and the long distance matching are also examined and compared.
Examination of the use of complementary and alternative medicine in Central Appalachia, USA.

Introduction: A growing number of people in the USA and worldwide use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM usage has been reported to differ by region. Little is known about the usage of CAM, especially among the Appalachian region population. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usage of CAM among adults in Central Appalachia. Methods: A 23-question survey was distributed to 250 participants seeking free medical care at remote area medical events held in Wise County, Virginia in July 2012 and in Buchanan County, Virginia in October 2012. The questions on the survey addressed various aspects concerning CAM: forms of treatment used, frequency of use, main reasons for using CAM, and where they obtained their CAM therapies. The survey also collected demographic characteristics of the respondents. Subjects were asked to complete a two-page survey while waiting for service. Results: A total of 192 (76.8%) responses were useful and complete. About 56% of the CAM users were female and 55% had an annual gross income of less than $20,000. About 49% had used CAM therapies in the past, of which 58% used CAM therapies at least once a month. Respondents used CAM because it worked well ( n=52; 27%), had less side effects ( n=45; 23%), and was affordable ( n=43; 22%). CAM therapies were used mainly to address back pain ( n=23; 15.6%), general health and wellbeing (n=22; 14.9%), depression and anxiety ( n=11; 7.5%), and general pain ( n=11; 7.5%), among others. Having a primary care provider, current level of education, and gross annual income were significantly associated with CAM use ( p<0.001). Most respondents ( n=94; 85%) were comfortable telling their doctor or other medical personnel about their use of CAM therapies. Conclusion: The prevalence of CAM usage among people in the Central Appalachia region was high, and higher than the national average. Most respondents were comfortable sharing their CAM usage information with their healthcare providers. More research is needed to further understand the factors underpinning CAM usage by the Central Appalachia population.
EGF Receptor in Breast Cancer Chemoresistance

Acquisition of resistance of breast cancer to chemotherapy is commonly associated with progression of the disease to increased metastatic spread. Although early studies on this problem examined the possible roles of chemotherapy drug metabolism and efflux by resistant breast cancer cells, more recent work has implicated aberrant growth factor receptor and signal transduction pathways in the process for such commonly used drugs as the anthracyclines. Cell mutability, DNA repair defects, and loss of DNA damage checkpoint controls certainly must play key roles in the ability of cancer cells to evolve such resistance mechanisms.1,2
Protein Kinase D Enzymes as Regulators of EMT and Cancer Cell Invasion

The Protein Kinase D (PKD) isoforms PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3 are effectors of the novel Protein Kinase Cs (nPKCs) and diacylglycerol (DAG). PKDs impact diverse biological processes like protein transport, cell migration, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. PKDs however, have distinct effects on these functions. While PKD1 blocks EMT and cell migration, PKD2 and PKD3 tend to drive both processes. Given the importance of EMT and cell migration to the initiation and progression of various malignancies, abnormal expression of PKDs has been reported in multiple types of cancers, including breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss how EMT and cell migration are regulated by PKD isoforms and the significance of this regulation in the context of cancer development.
Activity and Abundance in Insect Light Trap Sampling

A method is presented for the calculation of the theoretical catch level of insects taken in a light trap or other sampling device. Departures from the theoretical catch are due to high or low activity, and must be accounted for by weather. Weather is defined as the total pattern of all factors of the physical environment. Several methods of calculation for both the population curve and the activity coefficient are developed and tested in a multiple regression calculation based on the log of the minimum temperature and the log of the minimum relative humidity. In terms of this comparison the most nearly correct population curve was found to be that derived from catch points whose weather patterns were closest to the mean weather pattern for all points available, and the best activity calculation resulted from the relationship $\ A=\frac{log catch}{log population}$
A Versatile Self-Assembly Approach toward High Performance Nanoenergetic Composite Using Functionalized Graphene

Exploiting the functionalization chemistry of graphene, long-range electrostatic and short-range covalent interactions were harnessed to produce multifunctional energetic materials through hierarchical self-assembly of nanoscale oxidizer and fuel into highly reactive macrostructures. Specifically, we report a methodology for directing the self-assembly of Al and Bi2O3 nanoparticles on functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) leading to the formation of nanocomposite structures in a colloidal suspension phase that ultimately condense into ultradense macrostructures. The mechanisms driving self-assembly were studied using a host of characterization techniques including zeta potential measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. A remarkable enhancement in energy release from 739 ± 18 to 1421 ± 12 J/g was experimentally measured for the FGS self-assembled nanocomposites.
Iron in neurodegenerative disorders of protein misfolding: a case of prion disorders and Parkinson's disease.

Significance: Intracellular and extracellular aggregation of a specific protein or protein fragments is the principal pathological event in several neurodegenerative conditions. We describe two such conditions: sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD), a rare but potentially infectious and invariably fatal human prion disorder, and Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative condition second only to Alzheimer's disease in prevalence. In sCJD, a cell surface glycoprotein known as the prion protein (PrPC) undergoes a conformational change to PrP-scrapie, a pathogenic and infectious isoform that accumulates in the brain parenchyma as insoluble aggregates. In PD, α-synuclein, a cytosolic protein, forms insoluble aggregates that accumulate in neurons of the substantia nigra and cause neurotoxicity. Recent Advances: Although distinct processes are involved in the pathogenesis of sCJD and PD, both share brain iron dyshomeostasis as a common associated feature that is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid in a disease-specific manner. Critical Issues: Since PrPC and α-synuclein play a significant role in maintaining cellular iron homeostasis, it is important to understand whether the aggregation of these proteins and iron dyshomeostasis are causally related. Here, we discuss recent information on the normal function of PrPC and α-synuclein in cellular iron metabolism and the cellular and biochemical processes that contribute to iron imbalance in sCJD and PD. Future Directions: Improved understanding of the relationship between brain iron imbalance and protein aggregation is likely to help in the development of therapeutic strategies that can restore brain iron homeostasis and mitigate neurotoxicity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 21, 471–484.
Concomitant Twinning and Polymorphism of Ti(C5H4tBu)2Cl2

The title compound (Ti(C5H4tBu)2Cl2, 1) exists in three polymorphs and undergoes two enantiotropic phase transitions between them. The low-temperature, non-merohedrally twinned monoclinic phase III...
RODENTS-A STUDY IN EVOLUTION

Since the beginning of the science, vertebrate 'paleontologists have tended to work on the forms that were the largest, or the most spectacular,'or the most closely related"to man. As rodents fall in none of these, categories, they have been badly neglected. From the point of view of studies in evolution, however, the rodents are among the most important orders of mammals. There are several reasons for this: rodents now make up about.. twothirds of the number of mammiialian species, in the world, and -there 'is every evidence that they have been equally abundant throughout most of theTertiary; the rodents, being a single order of such great size, illustrate parallelism and convergence in evolution better than any other group of mammals; and the rodents will eventualy permit a tie-in, not otherwise possible, between genetics and paleontology.
Solid-state harmonics beyond the atomic limit

Strong-field laser excitation of solids can produce extremely nonlinear electronic and optical behaviour. As recently demonstrated, this includes the generation of high harmonics extending into the vacuum-ultraviolet and extreme-ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. High harmonic generation is shown to occur fundamentally differently in solids and in dilute atomic gases. How the microscopic mechanisms in the solid and the gas differ remains a topic of intense debate. Here we report a direct comparison of high harmonic generation in the solid and gas phases of argon and krypton. Owing to the weak van der Waals interaction, rare (noble)-gas solids are a near-ideal medium in which to study the role of high density and periodicity in the generation process. We find that the high harmonic generation spectra from the rare-gas solids exhibit multiple plateaus extending well beyond the atomic limit of the corresponding gas-phase harmonics measured under similar conditions. The appearance of multiple plateaus indicates strong interband couplings involving multiple single-particle bands. We also compare the dependence of the solid and gas harmonic yield on laser ellipticity and find that they are similar, suggesting the importance of electron-hole recollision in these solids. This implies that gas-phase methods such as polarization gating for attosecond pulse generation and orbital tomography could be realized in solids.
Motivational Example: MPEG-2 Encoder Design

While NoCs gained recently a significant momentum, there are few NoC implementations of real applications reported to date. In this chapter, we present an MPEG-2 encoder using the NoC approach and compare it against the P2P and non-segmented bus-based designs running the same application. The MPEG-2 encoder has been selected as driver application since it covers a rich class of multimedia applications where similar considerations apply from an implementation standpoint.
Sudden death screening

SCD is a tragic-event that rarely affects exercising individuals. It is important for the practitioner to recognize the normal physiologic changes that occur in the exercising athlete that correspond to AHS so as to differentiate them from conditions placing an athlete at risk for SCD. Different clinical entities account for SCD in athletes under age 30 as opposed to over age 30, although there is some overlap. Comprehensive and expensive screening tests have not proved to be cost-effective, nor are they able consistently to identify athletes at risk. A quality history and thorough cardiac screening examination are the best means to identify athletes at risk for SCD and lead to a cost-effective means to pursue further workup. Table 7 lists a screening battery of tests and what the tests detect and miss. In general, a history and physical examination detect aortic stenosis and a portion of HCM and Marfan's syndrome. If the physical examination is suggestive of Marfan's syndrome and a chest roentgenogram is done, a larger portion of cystic medial necrosis will be found. When an ECG is added to the series, most of the HCM patients at risk for SCD can be diagnosed. In addition, if echocardiography is added, most patients with HCM and cystic medial necrosis can be identified. If an exercise stress test is then performed, 20% of coronary artery disease and congenital artery anomalies are identified. Additional studies, including Holter monitoring, electrophysiologic studies, and thallium scintigraphy, can be added to identify further at-risk patients. Because some asymptomatic patients present with SCD, it is virtually impossible to identify comprehensively all patients at risk. By knowing what questions to ask, performing a thorough cardiac screening examination, and being more aware of potential diagnostic clues, the practitioner can feel comfortable in identifying most patients at risk for SCD. Specific history and physical examination guidelines regarding screening for competition are included. Supplemental information is found in the 16th Bethesda Conference. In addition, a well-outlined emergency plan needs to be established when physicians, athletic trainers, or coaches are working with athletes. Proper recognition of cardiac symptoms is a key point. Appropriate education including basic first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training should be encouraged for anyone working extensively with athletes. The emergency plan should include on-site treatment, mechanism to contact emergency personnel, and proper transport to a qualified facility.
Small-Molecule Screen Identifies ROS as Key Regulators of Actin Dynamics in Neutrophils

Abstract Precise spatial and temporal control of actin polymerization and depolymerization is essential for mediating various cellular processes such as migration, phagocytosis, vesicle trafficking and adhesion. In this study, we used a small-molecule functional screening approach to identify novel regulators of actin dynamics during neutrophil migration. Here we show that NADPH-oxidase dependent Reactive Oxygen Species act as negative regulators of actin polymerization. Neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited oxidase or isolated from Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) patient and mice displayed enhanced F-actin polymerization, multiple pseudopods formation and impaired chemotaxis. ROS localized to pseudopodia and inhibited actin polymerization by driving actin glutathionylation at the leading edge of migrating cells. Consistent with these in vitro results, adoptively transferred CGD murine neutrophils also showed impaired in vivo recruitment to sites of inflammation. Together, these results present a novel physiological role for ROS in regulation of action polymerization and shed new light on the pathogenesis of CGD.
Massive Open Online Courses, Big Data, and Education Research

The chapter examines massive open online course (MOOC) research potential, areas of current research about MOOCs, and barriers to and frontiers of future research.
Inflation-Linked Bonds for Strategic Asset Allocation

If one believes in a more sustained economic recovery in the near term than the more volatile one we have been witnessing over the past few years, and hence the inherent risk of accelerating inflation, Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS) could provide inflation protection to institutional investors as a diversifier and a hedging instrument. In this paper, we show that TIPS offer excellent diversification benefits to different types of investors. Given the expectations for the economy in coming years, and the diversification benefits that TIPS offer, we recommend that institutional as well as individual investors allocate approximately 20 percent of portfolios to inflation-linked bonds. There are four apparent reasons for this recommendation: (1) low and sometimes negative correlations with major asset classes, (2) expectation for higher probabilities of inflation surprises, (3) robust risk/return profiles of TIPS, and (4) an inherent need to match liabilities that increase in value as inflation rises.
Maps and Patents

A simple streetcar transfer with a schematic map, patented in 1916, introduces the book. This example shows how claims describing the breadth of the patentee’s monopoly supplements the specification describing how an invention works. The patent system and conventional refereed journals are parallel literatures, similar in several ways, including careful vetting by patent examiners or journal editors. Minimal cross-referencing between the two literatures reflects separate networks of creative people who differ markedly in work environment and sense of problem. The chapter also notes the importance of the US Patent Classification system, used by examiners to find potentially conflicting inventions; the marked historical dissimilarity of trends in cartographic patents and patents in general; and the relevance of social science principles like the Theory of Multiples.
Using Voice Recognition Software to Collect Fisheries Biodata: A Proof of Concept

Biological data collection and processing involves numerous steps, is time consuming, and is error prone. We developed the Voice Data Recording System (VDRS) that eliminates multiple steps in the traditional process by integrating voice recognition software with a normalized, relational database to capture data onto a laptop computer. We compared traditional and VDRS methods and report efficiency and error rates based on Lake Superior Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush survey data collected during 2000–2016. Efficiency was measured by data collection rate and processing duration. Data collection rates were not different between methods. Processing duration for the traditional method averaged 200 staff hours per year, whereas the VDRS has no data processing. Error rates measured for the traditional data method averaged 5% and the VDRS had 0% error. We found that the VDRS is more efficient and less error prone than the traditional method of data collection and provides substantial cost and time savings.
Geriatric Anesthesiology: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?

Geriatric anesthesiology is an emerging, important area more narrowly focused on the art, science, pharmacology, and physiology pertaining to the elderly surgical population. Geriatric medical care has evolved from an empiric discipline in the 1950s and 1960s to a largely evidence-based practice today. This introductory chapter presents some of the foundational concepts of geriatrics and a general approach to caring for geriatric patients presenting for surgery. The burgeoning elderly population has some very specific implications for anesthesiologists which are outlined in this chapter but covered extensively in more detail throughout the textbook. Finally, the history of geriatric anesthesia and educational concerns and opportunities related specifically to geriatric anesthesia are briefly described.
Hindsight: Understanding the Evolution of UI Vulnerabilities in Mobile Browsers

Much of recent research on mobile security has focused on malicious applications. Although mobile devices have powerful browsers that are commonly used by users and are vulnerable to at least as many attacks as their desktop counterparts, mobile web security has not received the attention that it deserves from the community. In particular, there is no longitudinal study that investigates the evolution of mobile browser vulnerabilities over the diverse set of browsers that are available out there. In this paper, we undertake the first such study, focusing on UI vulnerabilities among mobile browsers. We investigate and quantify vulnerabilities to 27 UI-related attacks---compiled from previous work and augmented with new variations of our own---across 128 browser families and 2,324 individual browser versions spanning a period of more than 5 years. In the process, we collect an extensive dataset of browser versions, old and new, from multiple sources. We also design and implement a browser-agnostic testing framework, called Hindsight, to automatically expose browsers to attacks and evaluate their vulnerabilities. We use Hindsight to conduct the tens of thousands of individual attacks that were needed for this study. We discover that 98.6% of the tested browsers are vulnerable to at least one of our attacks and that the average mobile web browser is becoming less secure with each passing year. Overall, our findings support the conclusion that mobile web security has been ignored by the community and must receive more attention.
Inorganic Macromolecules and the Search for New Electroactive and Structural Materials

Modern science and technology form a continuum of disciplines that extends from theoretical chemistry and physics on the one hand to medicine and engineering on the other. An understanding of molecular structure and reactivity is essential for progress in all these disciplines. Within this continuum it is possible to discern three distinct areas of chemical science, areas that are based on common principles, but require the use of different experimental techniques and different conceptual approaches. The three areas are (1) the chemistry of small molecules, (2) the chemistry of macromolecules, and (3) the chemistry of solids and their surfaces.
Pharmacists on the emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation team: Their responsibilities, training, and attitudes

Pharmacist involvement on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) team is associated with lower mortality rates. Despite this finding, pharmacists respond to cardiopulmonary emergencies in only 32% of institutions. The objective of this study was to determine the responsibilities and training of pharmacists as CPR team members and to assess their attitudes toward this role. A total of 1290 adult, acute-care hospitals were randomly surveyed nationwide. A total of 1108 questionnaires were received from 40% (517/1290) of institutions surveyed. Thirty-seven percent (189/517) of the institutions indicated that pharmacists participate on their CPR teams. Pharmacists' responsibilities at cardiopulmonary emergencies included recording medications administered (73.7%), medication preparation (96.6%), providing drug information (97.7%), and calculating doses (98.2%). The most common training methods were BLS certification (79%), the buddy system (59.4%), and continuing education programs (53.6%). Training methods that positively affected perceived qualification in the primary responsibilities were BLS/ACLS certification (P < 0.001) and training programs provided by the institution (P < 0.05). Positive attitudes toward participation on the CPR team were associated with the following factors: years of experience, BLS/ACLS certification, and the pharmacist's perception that he or she was adequately trained (P < 0.001). The results indicate that CPR team pharmacists should be proficient in providing drug information, preparing medications, recording medications administered, and calculating doses. Furthermore, because adequate training positively influenced pharmacists' attitudes toward participation and their perceived qualifications, we recommend that all pharmacists on CPR teams be required to obtain BLS/ACLS certification and participate in educational programs provided by their institution.
Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Malignant Gliomas

Current treatment regimens for malignant gliomas are inadequate. Characterized by aggressive cell proliferation and migration, gliomas lead to a median patient survival of about 1 year despite medical intervention, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Numerous clinical trials are attempting to make headway; intraoperative visualization techniques, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and inhibitors of growth factor pathways and angiogenesis are making incremental, although valuable, progress in our management of this devastating disease. Both current treatments and most clinical trials modulate traditional oncological features of cancers, such as DNA replication, cell proliferation, neovascularization, and necrosis. However, in this chapter we argue that for a sea-change in treatment to occur, unique characteristics of gliomas must be targeted. Blocking the association of glioma cells with the vasculature could contain tumor spread. Inhibiting ion channels on glioma cells prevents the shape and volume changes necessary for cell migration. And preventing assiduous glutamate release from glioma cells decreases excitotoxic neuronal death. To make a substantive impact on clinical management, novel therapies should focus on these neurodegenerative aspects of glioma biology.
Evolutions and Revolutions in Surgical Energy

There is an unquestionable need for an organized surgical curriculum concerned with the application of energy in the surgical or endoscopic field. This is driven by a number of factors that are evolving rapidly, not the least of which are the technological choices themselves which are addressed in detail throughout this manual. The Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) represents an opportunity to address the changes brought about by the interactions of the evolutions and revolutions in technology, patient safety, surgical training, credentialing and societal expectations. While revolutionary in concept, the FUSE program itself will grow to accommodate more devices and more technologies over time. By building a scalable framework, our understanding, competency, and expertise in the use of surgical energy will evolve in a synchronous fashion with the technology.
“It’s All French Music”: Patrons on the Trail

The work being done at Fred’s Lounge to preserve and promote the French-language music of Southwest Louisiana came at a time when academic and governmental interests were focused on discovering, preserving, and promoting the art and music of regional cultures. The work of intellectuals and the interests of community culture boosters came together in an ongoing conversation over three decades in which federal folklorists like Alan Lomax and Ralph Rinzler were collecting music to serve the culture interests of the nation, while academic music collectors like Harry Oster and commercial collectors like Chris Strachwitz went over the same ground in the interests of the state, the university and the record label. Government musicologists, record label executives, and folklore academics had very different ideas about the relationship between folk music, identity, and the larger culture.
Methodologies for constitutive model parameter identification for strain locking materials

Abstract Strain locking materials exhibit a pronounced stiffening above an apparent critical strain. In practice, both natural materials, such as biological tissues, and human-made composites with flexible or undulating microstructures, can exhibit this type of response. This paper describes several methodologies for identifying the material constants required for a thermodynamically consistent constitutive model, that appropriately simulates the strain-locking behavior. Attempts to fit the material constants by minimizing an RMS error function between model behavior and experimental stress-strain curves reveal a non-smooth surface of the stress-based error function, which lead to difficulties in convergence to a material constant set that has a minimum error. An analysis of the constitutive model based on the relationships between the parameters of the constitutive model and physical behavior they govern lead to the construction of a smoother error function and minimization of an objective function with reduced dimensionality. This technique yielded parameters values that accurately represented the experimental data for several material systems. Two optimization methods (both gradient-based and direct) were investigated and their effectiveness in converging to the global minimum solution of the error function was compared. Selected composites and biological materials with strain-locking behaviors were analyzed, and the material constants required for the constitutive model were successfully determined.
Advance Control of a Isofotón-75W Photovoltaic Module Under Matlab-Simulink

We study in this article the best way to transfer all the useful power of photovoltaic systems (Isofoton _75W). Knowing that on the current-voltage characteristic of the generator (which depends on the conditions of illumination, temperature, aging), there is an operating point where the power output is maximum, the optimization is to focus on this point in continuously by acting automatically on the load seen by the generator. This load adaptation is carried out using a static converter whose losses must be as low as possible and which can; moreover, provide a function for formatting an output quantity (continuous-continuous conversion). With voltage modification). We chose to use MPPT maximum power point search technology, based on the "Perturb and Observe (P & O)" algorithm, controlled by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal. The aim of this work is the study of a DC-DC converter under Matlab / Simulink, used in photovoltaic systems (Isofoton_75W), and we are more specifically interested in the BOOST converter.
Comparing mental health disorders among sex trafficked children and three groups of youth at high-risk for trafficking: A dual retrospective cohort and scoping review

Abstract Background Individuals at high-risk for trafficking are often subject to preexisting complex trauma that only intensifies during the trafficking experience. This greatly increases their risk of mental illness, although the actual prevalence of mental health disorders in children who are sex trafficked remains unclear. Objective To examine the prevalence of mental health diagnoses among a sample of youth identified as being sex trafficked, and to discuss these rates in relation to other high-risk groups reported in the literature. Participants and setting 143 female and male child trafficking victims in Wisconsin. Methods We retrospectively reviewed individual medical records, identifying mental health diagnoses and behaviors. The results were compared to summarized prevalence data for mental health disorders in sex trafficked, runaway children, juvenile offenders, and foster care children identified via a scoping review. Results We observed significantly higher rates of ADHD (52.4%, p Conclusions The complex trauma suffered by child survivors of sex trafficking can impart numerous effects with overlapping symptomatology of many mental health disorders. Survivors’ adaptive responses to complex trauma may lead to improper diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders at the expense of prompt access to trauma-focused therapies. Alternative diagnoses and treatments of this complex dysfunction are discussed.