cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ontology for Enforcing Security and Privacy Policies on Mobile Devices

Mobile devices have experienced explosive growth and rapid adoption. These devices have also become troves of security and privacy data of the consumers that utilize them. What makes mobile devices unique from traditional computing platforms is the additional sensing components they contain and their ease of access which allow consumers to make these devices a part of their lives. Additionally these devices are fragmented in operating systems, sensing capabilities, and device manufacturers. In this paper we define an ontology that can be utilized as a foundation for enforcing security and privacy policies across all mobile devices, and use the ontology to define policies and to model knowledge elements for mobile devices. We also identify areas where the policies can be applied, including whether to enforce policies on the device or in the cloud.
Science as cultural practice: A rhetorical perspective

This essay develops a conception of science as a complex series of cultural practices mediated in and through discourse. This conception requires attention to discourses typically considered non‐scientific, such as those resulting in funding decisions. A case study of the cold fusion controversy demonstrates that internal scientific practices cannot explain adequately the eventual closure of the debate, and that we must look to the rhetorical practices of Congressional committees and government agencies for those explanations.
Opportunism in Interfirm Relationships: Forms, Outcomes, and Solutions

Abstract Much of the recent literature on interfirm relationships has focused on strategies for controlling opportunism. Somewhat surprisingly, little attention has been paid in this literature to the opportunism construct itself. Specifically, prior research has failed to recognize the different types of behavior that are hidden behind the general opportunism label. As a consequence, the knowledge of strategies for managing opportunism remains incomplete. The authors review the original and emergent conceptualizations of opportunism and illustrate them using actual industry cases. The authors also develop a conceptual framework of governance strategies that can be used to manage different forms of opportunism.
STREAMLINE UPWIND SCHEME FOR CONTROL-VOLUME FINITE ELEMENTS, PART I. FORMULATIONS

The basic features of the Galerkin and control-volume-based finite-element approximations are outlined. For convection-diffusion problems, these approximations could lead to unstable solutions. The streamline upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) finite-element approach to overcome this problem is discussed. After this, extensions of the concepts in the SUPG approach are made to the control-volume-based finite-element method. The resulting streamline upwind control-volume (SUCV) finite-element method exhibits upwinding features similar to the SUPG method while retaining the conservative property of control-volume methods.
Adhesion formation and uterine tube healing in the rabbit: A controlled study of the effects of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen

Abstract To determine if the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors ibuprofen and flurbiprofen can suppress postoperative adhesion formation, New Zealand White rabbits that had uterine tubal ligation underwent uterine tube reanastomosis and were given either saline solution (controls), 75 mg of ibuprofen intravenously every 6 hours, or 12.5 mg of flurbiprofen intravenously every 6 hours for 8 doses after operation. Both ibuprofen and flurbiprofen significantly reduced postoperative adhesions (p
Impact of Older Adults' Experience With Psychotherapy on Treatment Engagement

The goal of the study was to characterize older adults' experience with psychotherapy and examine its impact on engagement in psychotherapy. The study included 50 adults over age 60 who screened positive for depression and participated in the BRIGHTEN Program, an interdisciplinary geriatric mental health program. Qualitative analyses revealed five themes leading to treatment initiation: health concerns, family issues, the experience of depressive symptoms, beliefs about what participants could get from psychotherapy, and positive outcomes seen in others. Those without a history of mental health treatment were more likely to endorse health concerns as a treatment motivator and were more likely to terminate treatment early. Future research is warranted to determine how to effectively engage older adults seeking mental health treatment for the first time.
Recovering scene structures from scattered surface points

Abstract Given scattered points from range or volumetric images, methods for the recovery of scene structures are described. The structures are represented by rational Gaussian surfaces. Examples demonstrating reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) scenes from scattered depth measurements obtained from stereo disparity, recovery of 3D shapes from noisy range data, and segmentation of volumetric images for the extraction of generalized cylinders are presented.
Solute descriptors for characterizing retention properties of open-tubular columns of different selectivity in gas chromatography at intermediate temperatures

Abstract An iteration procedure is used to optimize the solute descriptors for 94 compounds suitable for characterizing the retention properties of open-tubular columns for gas chromatography in the intermediate temperature range of 160–240 °C. These solute descriptors are used to calculate the system constants of the solvation parameter model for nine open-tubular columns (SPB-Octyl, HP-5, Rtx-440, Rxi-50, Rtx-OPP, DB-1701, DB-225, HP-Innowax, and HP-88) at increments of 20 °C from 160 to 240 °C. The optimized descriptors afford a two- to three-fold improvement in the fit to the retention model compared with literature values as determined by the standard deviation of the difference between the model predicted and experimental retention factors (log k ). Combining literature values for the system constants at lower temperatures (60–140 °C) with those obtained here allowed system maps to be constructed for the nine columns over the full temperature range of 60–240 °C. For a wide temperature range the system maps indicate that the relationship between the system constants and temperature is non-linear and that polar interactions are likely to be important in relative and absolute terms to quite high temperatures.
Interference phenomena in the refraction of a surface polariton by vertical dielectric barriers

A normal mode analysis is used to calculate the transmission and reflection coefficients for a surface polariton propagating along the interface between a surface active medium and a dielectric and incident normally on a vertical dielectric barrier of finite thickness or a thin dielectric film of finite length. The efficiencies of conversion of the surface polariton into transmitted and reflected bulk waves are also determined. The radiation patterns associated with the latter waves are presented.
Simulation Based Adverse Event Reporting System: Development and Feasibility

Abstract Background Adverse event reporting has been shown to be an important measure in the prevention of future adverse events because it allows for systems to discover, evaluate, and understand the causes of such events. Methods One hundred seventy-one 1st and 2nd semester traditional and accelerated bachelor of science in nursing and nurse anesthesia students participated in a feasibility study of a reporting system designed to capture adverse events occurring during simulation encounters. A prospective longitudinal design was used to determine the viability, practicality, and sustainability of incorporating a reporting system into an established simulation program. Results Medication events were the most frequently reported (34%) followed by failure to rescue and order execution events. Causal factors reported as contributors to medication errors varied; however, communication (37%) breakdown and incorrect dosage (34%) were the most frequently cited. Failure to rescue event causes primarily related to the inability of students to recognize the signs of deterioration quickly and delays in calling for help. Finally, order execution events also had varied causative reasons, with delays in execution of the order and communication being the most frequently cited. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the feasibility of developing and implementing an electronic adverse event reporting system for use as part of a simulation program.
Synthesis of irreversibly binding bicalutamide analogs for imaging studies

A new synthetic methodology for preparing radioactive androgen receptor binding compounds in order to determine receptor-ligands interactions has been developed.
The Balance of Power as a Guide to Policy-Making

Of the "neutralist" American foreign policy in 1913 and 1914, George F. Kennan wrote that "History does not forgive us our national mistakes because they are explicable in terms of our domestic politics.... A nation which excuses its own failures by the sacred untouchableness of its own habits can excuse itself into complete disaster."' Kennan implied that unless foreign policy-making achieves,a considerable degree of independence from the total political process there can be no assurance of national survival. Survival implies intelligent and dispassionate planning and analysis, which in turn are dependent upon their separation from politics as traditionally practiced in a democracy. Historically the balance of power has been held out as a means for planning policy in an intelligent and dispassionate manner. It has been considered as a highly practical principle at once clarifying the nature of the state system and setting forth the operational rules whereby the survival of single states within that system might be assured. Its merits lay in its objectivity, its detachment from ideology, its universality, and its independence from short-term considerations. It stressed the essentials, timeless and inescapable, in international affairs: power and power relationships. The eighteenth century advocates of the balance of power pictured Europe as a great "confederation" or "system." Despite its division into sovereign states, eternally in competition with each other, Europe was held to be a "great family" of units characterized by similar institutions, similar value systems, and similar cultural traits. Even the motivations of European rulers and statesmen were considered to be identical. Politics, therefore, unfolded in a milieu characterized by an institutional and cultural consensus among the participants. A Fleury as well as a Frederick the Great,
Predictions of noise disturbance near large airports

Abstract This report examines the relationship between public annoyance with aircraft noise, objective measures of the noise itself, and mediating social or psychological conditions which affect the noise-annoyance relationship. The noise readings and interviews were gathered in areas within 12 miles of the major airports serving Atlanta, Dallas, Denver and Los Angeles. A total of 4212 hour-long interviews were conducted in the survey period of May and June, 1967. Noise measurements were made shortly before and concurrent with interviewing in the sampled areas. The noise measures evaluated include the composite noise rating (CNR), and modified noise and number index (NNI), noise exposure forecast (NEF), and composite noise index (CNI). An additional measure of another type was also investigated: the cumulative time during the day in which the speech interference level (SIL) of aircraft noise exceeded certain values. From the analysis, it was apparent that CNR and NNI are essentially interchangeable, and are rather well correlated both with NEF and with the logarithms of the SIL duration measures. Seven major social-psychological predictors of annoyance are also identified. In order of importance (determined by their ability, in combination with the noise measures, to predict annoyance) the measures are: fear of aircraft crashing in the neighborhood; distance from the airport; susceptibility to noise; noise adaptability; city of residence; belief in misfeasance in the aircraft or airport industries; and the extent to which the airport is seen as important to the local economy. These variables, selected from 53 correlated predictors of annoyance, were found to be consistently the most powerful predictors of annoyance measure—annoyance, V—when used in conjunction with a noise predictor. Of the noise predictors studied, CNR proved to be the most stable in the presence of the social predictors. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that the generalized predictive equation for the revised measure of annoyance V will, within limitations imposed by the data and the assumptions from which it was derived, remove about 63% of the variance between predicted and observed mean values of V. In generalizing the annoyance model whose development is described here, it should be recognized that the data contributing to its derivation were obtained in large cities, in neighborhoods near major airport traffic patterns. Although the sampling design ensured sufficient stratification of economic, cultural, and ethnic groups, the extent to which the four airport situations studied are “typical” of the nation as a whole is not yet established.
Selective electroless deposition of copper on organic thin films with improved morphology

We have investigated the selective electroless deposition (ELD) of Cu on functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Previous studies have demonstrated that Cu deposits on −COOH and −CH3 terminated SAMs using ELD. However, the deposited films were rough and contained irregular crystallites. Further, the copper penetrated through the film. In this Article, we demonstrate that copper can be selectively deposited on −COOH terminated SAMs with improved morphology and without penetration of copper through the organic layer. The method employs a Cu(II) seed layer and an additive, adenine or guanine. We demonstrate the efficacy of the technique on photopatterned −CH3/–COOH SAMs. Copper is observed to deposit only atop the −COOH terminated SAM area and not on the −CH3 terminated SAM. The use of a Cu(II) seed layer increased the Cu ELD rate on both −COOH and −CH3 terminated SAMs. The deposited copper layer strongly adheres to the −COOH terminated SAMs because the copper layer nucleates at Cu2+–carboxylate com...
Effect of dietary treatment with dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII) on the urinary bladder epithelium of arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) knockout and C57BL/6 wild type female mice

Abstract Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is carcinogenic to the human urinary bladder. It produces urothelial cytotoxicity and proliferation in rats and mice. DMA V , a major methylated urinary metabolite of iAs, is a rat bladder carcinogen, but without effects on the mouse urothelium. DMA III was shown to be the likely urinary metabolite of DMA V inducing urothelial changes and is also postulated to be one of the active metabolites of iAs. To evaluate potential DMA III -induced urothelial effects, it was administered to As3mt knockout mice which cannot methylate arsenicals. Female C57BL/6 wild type and As3mt knockout mice (10/group) were administered DMA III , 77.3 ppm in water for four weeks. Urothelial effects were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy (EM) and immunohistochemical detection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. EM findings were rated 1–5, with higher rating indicating greater extent of cytotoxicity visualized. DMA III significantly increased the BrdU labeling index, a ratio of BrdU labeled cells to non-labeled cells, in the treated knockout group compared to control and wild type treated groups. DMA III induced simple hyperplasia in more knockout mice (4/10) compared to wild type mice (2/10). All treated knockout mice had more and larger intracytoplasmic granules compared to the treated wild type mice. Changes in EM classification were not significant. In conclusion, DMA III induces urothelial toxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in mice and most likely plays a role in inorganic arsenic-induced urothelial changes. However, DMA V does not induce hyperplasia in mice, suggesting that urinary concentrations of DMA III do not reach cytotoxic levels in DMA V -treated mice.
RRR-α-tocopherol decreases the expression of the major scavenger receptor, CD36, in human macrophages via inhibition of tyrosine kinase (Tyk2)

The class B scavenger receptor, CD36, binds to oxidized LDL (OxLDL), is present in atherosclerotic lesions, and is upregulated by OxLDL or AcLDL. Previously we have shown that RRR-alpha-tocopherol (AT) enrichment of human monocyte-derived macrophages inhibited OxLDL or AcLDL induced CD36 expression. The mechanism by which AT inhibited CD36 expression is not known. In the present study, we explored the mechanism by which AT decreases CD36 expression in human macrophages. Macrophages were enriched with AT (100 microM) or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 6 mM) overnight and then incubated with oxLDL or AcLDL for 48 h. The effect of protein kinase C inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors on OxLDL or AcLDL-induced CD36 expression was quantitated by flow cytometry. Protein kinase C inhibitors or NAC had no effect while there was a significant inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (P < 0.01). OxLDL or AcLDL significantly increased tyrosine kinase activity which was significantly inhibited by pre-incubation with AT or with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Western blotting revealed an increase in Tyk2 as well as phosphotyk2 with OxLDL or AcLDL. Immunoprecipitation of CD36 followed by Western blotting with Tyk2 antibodies revealed that Tyk2 was associated with CD36. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an additional direct cellular effect of AT, i.e. inhibition of CD36 expression via inhibition of tyrosine kinase (Tyk2).
Test-retest reliability of the seated Functional Rotation Test in people with Parkinson's disease: a preliminary study.

This study established the test-retest reliability of a seated Functional Rotation Test monitoring hand-pointing, together with head and trunk-rotation performance, in people with Parkinson's disease. An ancillary purpose was to establish the concurrent validity between the Functional Rotation Test and an electrogoniometer. 10 males with Parkinson's disease (M age = 70.5 yr.; Hoehn and Yahr staging severity ranging from II to IV) were recruited. Subjects were fitted with laser-pointing devices, sat in the Functional Rotation room, and were instructed to turn actively and point to their right (or left) as far as they could comfortably manage. Tagged projections were scored (in degrees). Testing was repeated after a brief interval. Electrogoniometer projected locations were compared with Functional Rotation Test scores. Intraclass correlation coefficients (.91 to .97) indicated excellent test-retest reliability. There was also excellent agreement between electrogoniometric and Functional Rotation Test value...
Sterol carrier protein 2: a role in steroid hormone synthesis?

Abstract The intracellular movement of cholesterol is an important regulated step in the process of steroidogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol is translocated to key organelles, including the mitochondria, remains poorly understood. Lipid transfer proteins may have an important function in this process. One candidate lipid transfer protein is sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2). This 13.2 kDa protein enhances the movement of cholesterol between vesicles and isolated mitochondria. It also stimulates mitochondrial pregnenolone synthesis. When introduced into intact cells, anti-SCP2 antibodies reduce steroid secretion. Moreover, expression of SCP2 in COS cells engineered to produce progestins increases steroid formation. SCP2 is abundant in steroidogenic glands and the pattern of SCP2 gene expression is consistent with a role for the protein in hormone synthesis: SCP2 transcripts are more prominent in the most steroidogenic compartments of the ovary and tropic hormones that stimulate steroidogenesis increase SCP2 gene expression. Other evidence that suggests that SCP2 plays important roles in cellular function includes a remarkable conservation of primary structure across species. The mechanisms by which SCP2 promotes intracellular sterol movement have not been elucidated. The protein appears to bind sterols and is synthesized with a 20 amino acid N-terminal “pro-” sequence that may serve to target SCP2 to mitochondria. In addition, the C-terminus of SCP2 contains a peroxisome-targeting sequence. SCP2 is derived from a large gene that encodes transcripts that are translated into larger proteins of 30 and 58 kDa. The 58 kDa protein, which has some structural homologies with thiolases, seems to be specifically targeted to peroxisomes whereas SCP2 has a broader subcellular distribution. The significance of the peroxisome association of SCP2 and steroidogenesis has not been disclosed. However, diseases of peroxisome function, including adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, have notable deficits in steroid and bile acid metabolism, thus linking peroxisomes and steroidogenesis. SCP2 is deficient in fibroblasts of patients with these diseases.
Site-specific considerations for managing phosphorus

Nutrient management can be difficult for land receiving nonuniform and sometimes very large applications of animal manure. The objective of this research was to document spatial variability in soil P status and develop a management strategy to help producers avoid problems related to past manure management practices. A 60-ha center-pivot sprinkler irrigated cornfield was intensively sampled (12.2 by 24.4 m alternate grid) and analyzed for Bray-1 P. The average Bray-1 P concentration showed that only a maintenance application would be sufficient; however, 74% of the individual data points indicated a positive response to P fertilizer could be expected. A map revealed unusually high soil P concentrations around a previous farmstead. Other spatial patterns were related to depositional areas with relatively high organic matter content. Consultants are beginning to collect soil samples on a 100 by 100 m grid (1.0-ha cells). The study field was separated into 1.0-ha cells from which P availability maps were generated using data from a single point in the center of each hypothetical cell and compared to the map using data from the cell corners. These maps were similar in some respects but would result in considerably different variable-rate P application maps. Results document the limitations and potential fallacies associated with grid sampling. A more reasonable approach might be to use a bare-soil photograph, crop canopy image, or yield map to identify sampling areas with similar characteristics to define sampling zones. Every effort should be made to identify past manure history prior to soil sampling.
Somatotopic organization of cat brachial spinal cord.

Abstract The representation of forelimb skin was mapped in the dorsal horn of spinal cord segments C4-T2 using single-unit recording techniques. The trajectory of segmental representation was found to course down the anterior surface of the forelimb, across the ventral surface of the forepaw, and up the posterior surface onto the anterior thorax, with shifting overlap, and little receptive field overlap between the preaxial and postaxial limb. Cells with receptive field centers on the proximal limb were generally located in the lateral dorsal horn and cells with distal receptive field centers tended to be located more medially. Cells with receptive fields on the ventral surface of the limb were located medially in the dorsal horn and those on the dorsal surface were in the lateral dorsal horn. Receptive field geometries varied with location on the limb. We conclude that forelimb segmental representation in the cervicothoracic cord obeys the same organizational rules as hind limb representation in the lumbosacral cord.
Inhibition/Stimulation of Bovine Papillomavirus by Adeno-Associated Virus Is Time as Well as Multiplicity Dependent

Infection by adeno-associated virus (AAV) is associated with lower cervical cancer rates. We have been investigating the hypothesis that AAV interacts with and inhibits the role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in cervical cancer. We have been studying the response of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) oncogenic transformation and DNA replication to AAV as a prototype system. The AAV Rep 78 gene product is responsible for this inhibition. Here, it is demonstrated that in two assay systems, focus formation of C127 cells and chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT, measuring P89 promoter expression) assays, the smaller the time interval between AAV introduction relative to BPV introduction, the higher the level of inhibition resulted. Preinfection with AAV was also effective in inhibiting BPV, but the effectiveness also decreased with increasing time intervals. These differences in inhibition demonstrate that the efficiency of AAV's inhibition of BPV changes dramatically with time (as much as 10(4) when delaying AAV infection) and possibly reflect temporal changes in viral gene expression by AAV, BPV, or both, which affect the AAV-papillomavirus interaction. It is further found that two different chimeric BPV/AAV genomes, equivalent to a specific simultaneous infection by these viruses at a specific ratio (which can't be duplicated by virus infection), were fully defective for oncogenic transformation and DNA replication. These chimeric BPV/AAV genomes were also able to trans-inhibit the wild-type BPV genome. Finally, and surprisingly, C127 cells with resident AAV Rep78 positive provirus were found to have increased sensitivity to oncogenic transformation by BPV. These data define the conditions under which an inhibitory affect of the AAV Rep78 gene on BPV phentotypes can be expected. However, under certain conditions AAV appears able to stimulate BPV oncogenic transformation. This final observation is not totally unexpected as Rep78 is a transcription factor known to both stimulate or repress AAV's own gene expression depending upon adenovirus coinfection.
High-performance image processing system

Abstract A high-performance image processing system (HIPS) has been developed to provide two- dimensional image acquisition for a variety of opti- cal applications. The system is built around two high-performance visible-light charged coupled device(CCD) arrays: a 32-port, 1024 x 1024 pixel array anda 16-port, 512 x 512 pixel array. The arrays and as- sociated circuitry were designed to operate at high frame rates, with an optical power dynamic range ofover 30 dB. The 512 x 512 array is designed to operateat over 800 frames per second; the larger device, atover 300 frames per second. The system has two main units: a stand-alone high-performance camera array module (HPCAM)and a VME-based image capture and display system(ICADS). HPCAM contains a CCD array and associ-ated drive and control electronics. ICADS consists ofan analog multiplexer, digitizer, digital frame buffer-integrator, main central processing unit (CPU) board with user and Ethernet interfaces, graphics driver, and high-resolution monitor.The CCD arrays used in this work are designed foruse in optical processing systems, such as radar ambi-guity, wide-band signal detection, and synthetic aper-ture radar (SAR) image formation processors. Thissystem provides a method for capturing and display-ing CCD array output data, giving the researcher amethod to analyze and develop CCD array and opti-cal processing systems.
Two-dimensional gas phases of Ar, Kr, AND Xe on Ag(111)

Abstract Observations and calculations are reported for the 2D gas phase of Ar, Kr, and Xe adsorbed on the (111) face of Ag. The measurement of the coverage of 2D gas is sensitive to the gas adsorbed on the coherently diffracting regions of the Ag; appreciable contributions to the measured coverage from gas adsorbed at extrinsic sites can be excluded. The gas density at the condensation of the solid monolayer is remarkably high, of the order of 15% of the 2D solid density. Statistical mechanical calculations, using Monte Carlo simulations, show that the unusually dense 2D gas is stabilized against condensation because substrate-mediated interactions raise the energy of the 2D solid relative to the value which would be calculated using the bare 3D pair potentials. The simulations show that the gas is very nonideal, with large specific heat and large density fluctuations. The only comparable states of a 3D gas occur near the gas-liquid critical point.
The clinical phenotype of wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous JAK2V617F in polycythemia vera.

BACKGROUND Several studies have recently reported on the occurrence of a JAK2V617F mutation in myeloid cells from the majority of patients with polycythemia vera (PV). The clinical relevance of this novel observation currently is under study. METHODS In a single institutional study, mutation screening for JAK2V617F was performed in DNA derived from archived blood granulocytes from 63 consecutive patients with PV in whom current diagnostic criteria were strictly applied and the diagnosis confirmed by bone marrow histology. RESULTS The JAK2V617F mutant allele was detected in 58 of the 63 patients (92%) with 21% homozygosity. The clinical phenotype of the five patients with the wild-type allele was otherwise typical for the disease. A statistical comparison between JAK2V617F heterozygotes (n = 45 patients) and homozygotes (n = 13 patients) did not reveal any significant associations with regard to age, gender, leukocyte or platelet count at the time of diagnosis, duration of disease, or the incidences of thrombosis or bleeding. However, compared with their heterozygote counterparts, JAK2V617F homozygote patients displayed a significantly higher hemoglobin level at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.001), an increased incidence of pruritus (69% vs. 38%; P = 0.04), a higher rate of fibrotic transformation (23% vs. 2%; P = 0.009), and higher PRV-1 transcript levels in their blood granulocytes (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current clinical study support previous laboratory observations that link JAK2V617F with the PV phenotype by demonstrating a mutant allele dose effect on erythrocytosis and clinical and laboratory features characteristic of PV. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Props and Teacher‐Direction: Inf luence on Activity Participation by Kindergarten Children

This study was conducted to determine the effect of novel equipment and of teacher-direc tion on activity participation of kindergarten children during free-choice play. Twenty children attending the Early Childhood Laboratory kindergarten in the College of Home Economics at the University of Kentucky were offered a choice among activities which were teacher-initiated with a prop, teacher-initiated with no props, child-initiated with a prop, or child-initiated with no props. The amount of time each child spent in the four types of ac tivities during a four-week period allowed for a ranking of the child's preference and the data were analyzed by means of the Friedman analysis of variance by rank. The results indicated that the group as a whole had highest preference for teacher-initiated activity involving a prop, but when analyzed by sex, the presence or absence of the teacher failed to significantly influence the activity choices of the boys. The girls consistently preferred activities in the presence of a teacher. The implication of these findings suggests a need for early childhood teachers to encourage independence of girls as well as boys through curriculum planning and teaching style.
Cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplant recipients: Updates on clinical management

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common complication after liver transplantation, and it is associated with multiple direct and indirect effects. Management of CMV infection and disease has evolved over the years, and clinical guidelines have been recently updated. Universal antiviral prophylaxis and a pre-emptive treatment strategy are options for prevention. A currently-recruiting randomized clinical trial is comparing the efficacy and safety of the two prevention strategies in the highest risk D+R- liver recipients. Drug-resistant CMV infection remains uncommon but is now increasing in incidence. This highlights the currently limited therapeutic options, and the need for novel drug discoveries. Immunotherapy and antiviral drugs with novel mechanisms of action are being investigated, including letermovir (AIC246) and brincidofovir (CMX001). This article reviews the current state of CMV management after liver transplantation, including the updated practice guidelines, and summarizes the data on investigational drugs and vaccines in clinical development.
Efficacy of endovascular stroke management in elderly patients

We would like to thank Dr Hirsch and colleagues from Massachusetts General Hospital for their insightful comment on our paper.1 The authors advocate a more cautious conclusion regarding the efficacy of endovascular stroke intervention in the elderly as a control group of younger patients was lacking in our study. Although comparison with a younger group of patients is interesting, such data can hardly be used for drawing definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of endovascular therapy. A clinical comparison between young and older patients is unfortunately not possible due to tremendous differences between the two study populations, such as pre-existing medical comorbidities and dementia. Randomized controlled studies comparing patient outcomes with intra-arterial therapy versus intravenous thrombolysis or best medical management will be needed to provide definitive information on the best therapeutic approach in this patient population. In patients with a National …
Gastrointestinal hormone receptors in primary human colorectal carcinomas.

Background In this study, the prevalence and identity of the cells expressing functional receptors for the gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones: gastrin, bombesin, and neurotensin in dissociated cells from 20 freshly resected human primary colorectal carcinomas were determined. Materials and methods GI peptide hormone-induced increases in the concentration of free intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were used as an assay for the detection of functional receptors. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed in a subset of tumor samples. Agonist-responsive cells were identified as either of epithelial or stromal origin by immunocytochemistry with cytokeratin and vimentin antibodies, respectively. Results Overall, expression of GI peptide hormone receptors was more frequent in stromal cells when compared to epithelial cells. Of the three receptors, expression of bombesin receptor (95%) was most prevalent in vimentin-positive (stromal) cells; whereas, gastrin receptor expression by cytokeratin-positive (epithelial) cells was more common (39%). A single gastrin receptor splice variant differentially regulates [Ca2+]i in a cell-type specific manner. The gastrin receptor-expression profile in the 11 colon cancer-derived cell lines did not reflect the prevalence of expression in primary human cancers. Conclusions The Ca2+ assay is a sensitive method for detecting functional GI peptide hormone receptor expression by colon cancer cells. Because this approach utilizes living cells, it is amenable to further functional analyses of signal transduction mechanisms at the single cell level. Importantly, our data provide a rationale for examining of the role of these GI peptide hormones and their cognate receptors in mesenchymal cell biology.
Digital Brain Atlases for Biomedicine [Life Sciences]

Spurred by the advent of in vivo imaging methods, computational neuroanatomy - in particular the development of brain atlases - has emerged over the last decade as a major discipline in neuroscience , engaging diverse fields such as computer science, mathematics, signal processing, and statistics. This new field is greatly advancing medical research, basic biological science, and clinical practice. An atlas may be used as an instance of anatomy upon which teaching or surgical planning is based, a reference frame for understanding the normal variation of anatomy, a coordinate system for functional localization studies, and a probabilistic space into which functional or structural features are mapped. Within the context of neuroinformatics, the atlas serves as the mechanism through which novel sources of spatially indexed or image-based information may be linked with other databases such that new relationships may be derived. In this article, we introduce the technology and challenges of constructing digital brain atlases and some of their most promising applications in biomedicine.
La liberalización en la industria de equipo de telecomunicación en España, 1963-1973

Resumen En los estudios de historia economica, la industria de equipo de telecomunicacion nunca ha logrado ocupar el lugar que corresponde a una rama que, por afectar directamente a infraestructuras estrategicas, es tan esencial para el desarrollo economico. Con el fin de poner algun remedio a tal agravio, este articulo indaga y explica los cambios sustanciales que tuvieron lugar en la industria de telecomunicaciones en Espana durante la decada 1963-1973. Dichos cambios son contemplados en el contexto de la estructura de mercado existente y en el de las transformaciones habidas en el marco macroeconomico del pais, caracterizado por el desarrollismo franquista. Una breve revision de la bibliografia da paso a la discusion del problema de las bases nacionales de una industria dominada por las multinacionales. El articulo adopta la doble perspectiva oferta-demanda con un decidido enfoque interdisciplinar y se apoya esencialmente en fuentes primarias, sean empresariales de caracter privado y publico, fuentes generales publicas o diversas colecciones de hemeroteca. Su aportacion primordial al debate reside en haber puesto al descubierto la liberalizacion en el suministro de equipo telefonico, muy anterior a la entrada de la competencia en el servicio, el alcance limitado de esa liberalizacion y sus condicionantes.
Semantic Theory and Second Language Acquisition

The article identifies four different types of meaning situated in different modules of language. Such a modular view of language architecture suggests that there may be differential difficulties of acquisition for the different modules. It is argued that second language (L2) acquisition of meaning involves acquiring interpretive mismatches at the first and second language (L1-L2) syntax-semantics interfaces. In acquiring meaning, learners face two types of learning situations. One situation where the sentence syntax presents less difficulty but different pieces of functional morphology subsume different primitives of meaning is dubbed simple syntax–complex semantics. Another type of learning situation is exemplified in less frequent, dispreferred, or syntactically complex sentences where the sentential semantics offers no mismatch; these are labeled complex syntax–simple semantics. Studies representative of these learning situations are reviewed. The issues of importance of explicit instruction with respect to interpretive properties and the effect of the native language are addressed. Studies looking at acquisition of language-specific discourse properties and universal pragmatics are also reviewed. These representative studies and numerous other studies on the L2 acquisition of meaning point to no visible barrier to ultimate success in the acquisition of semantics and pragmatics.
Ontogeny of long-term memory for learned taste aversions.

Eighteen-day-old and adult rats were trained on a learned taste-aversion (illness reinforced) or a lick-suppression (shock reinforced) task and tested for retention after either 1, 28, or 56 days. Young rats showed a retention deficit relative to adults in the lick-suppression task but not for taste-aversion learning. Young rats did, however, show relatively less suppression to the saline solution than adult, but a follow-up experiment showed that changing the poisoned solution to a more-distinctive flavor produced high levels of suppression and no retention deficit in 18-day-old rats. In the final experiment a technique was developed for studying retention of taste aversion in suckling rats. Retention of taste aversion was studied in 10-, 12-, 15-, and 20-day-old rats at retention intervals ranging from 1 to 10 days. Using this procedure the younger (10- and 12-day-old) rats showed more rapid forgetting than 15- or 20-day-olds. These findings were interpreted as (I) evidence for a dissociation of memory for learned taste aversions from other kinds of learning and (2) further support for the general proposition of improved long-term memory during early ontogenesis.
Preparation and polymerization of vinyl 12-hydroxystearate

Vinyl 12-hydroxystearate was prepared from 12-hydroxystearic acid by vinyl interchange procedure with vinyl acetate. In the reaction, no products having a free hydroxyl group were obtained. The main addition product had the 1-alkoxyethyl acetate structure. Vinyl 12-hydroxystearate was obtained by the treatment of this addition product with acid washed activated alumina in ether solution. Vinyl 12-hydroxystearate polymerized in an emulsion system at a pH of 7–8.5 with standard free radical initiation to give a colorless solid polymer (softening range was 71–75°C.). Vinyl 12-hydroxystearate was copolymerized with vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate and vinyl chloride and the copolymers thus obtained have been characterized.
Localization and Characterization of Flavivirus Envelope Glycoprotein Cross-Reactive Epitopes

The flavivirus E glycoprotein, the primary antigen that induces protective immunity, is essential for membrane fusion and mediates binding to cellular receptors. Human flavivirus infections stimulate virus species-specific as well as flavivirus cross-reactive immune responses. Flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies in human sera create a serious problem for serodiagnosis, especially for secondary flavivirus infections, due to the difficulty of differentiating primary from secondary cross-reactive serum antibodies. The presence of subneutralizing levels of flavivirus cross-reactive serum antibodies may result in a dramatic increase in the severity of secondary flavivirus infections via antibody-dependent enhancement. An understanding of flavivirus E-glycoprotein cross-reactive epitopes is therefore critical for improving public health responses to these serious diseases. We identified six E-glycoprotein residues that are incorporated into three distinct flavivirus cross-reactive epitopes. Two of these epitopes which are recognized by distinct monoclonal antibodies contain overlapping continuous residues located within the highly conserved fusion peptide. The third epitope consists of discontinuous residues that are structurally related to the strictly conserved tryptophan at dengue virus serotype 2 E-glycoprotein position 231.
Threshold functions for automated cloud analyses of global meteorological satellite imagery

Abstract Polar-orbiting meteorological satellites collect imagery across a wide range of solar illumination and atmospheric conditions. Algorithms used to create automated cloud analyses from these data must compensate for variations in cloud signatures caused by changes in atmospheric attenuation and solar scattering geometry that occur as the satellite orbits the Earth. In this paper, a methodology is presented that describes the variations in cloud spectral signatures that result from changes in satellite observational conditions. Relationships are developed that describe the impact of solar illumination and scattering geometry on the spectral signature of optically-thick water clouds in the daytime Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) visible and near-infrared imageryxs. Additional relationships are presented that describe the impact of total integrated water vapour on the spectral signatures of optically-thin cirrus and stratus clouds in night-time AVHRR infrared. Threshold functions are ...
Long-term survival, valve durability, and reoperation for 4 aortic root procedures combined with ascending aorta replacement.

Abstract Objective To evaluate long-term results of aortic root procedures combined with ascending aorta replacement for aneurysms, using 4 surgical strategies. Methods From January 1995 to January 2011, 957 patients underwent 1 of 4 aortic root procedures: valve preservation (remodeling or modified reimplantation, n = 261); composite biologic graft (n = 297); composite mechanical graft (n = 156); or allograft root (n = 243). Results Seven deaths occurred (0.73%), none after valve-preserving procedures, and 13 strokes (1.4%). Composite grafts exhibited higher gradients than allografts or valve preservation, but the latter 2 exhibited more aortic regurgitation (2.7% biologic and 0% mechanical composite grafts vs 24% valve-preserving and 19% allografts at 10 years). Within 2 to 5 years, valve preservation exhibited the least left ventricular hypertrophy, allograft replacement the greatest; however, valve preservation had the highest early risk of reoperation, allograft replacement the lowest. Patients receiving allografts had the highest risk of late reoperation ( P . 05), and those receiving composite mechanical grafts and valve preservation had the lowest. Composite bioprosthesis patients had the highest risk of late death (57% at 15 years vs 14%-26% for the remaining procedures, P P Conclusions These 4 aortic root procedures, combined with ascending aorta replacement, provide excellent survival and good durability. Valve-preserving and allograft procedures have the lowest gradients and best ventricular remodeling, but they have more late regurgitation, and likely, less risk of valve-related complications, such as bleeding, hemorrhage, and endocarditis. Despite the early risk of reoperation, we recommend valve-preserving procedures for young patients when possible. Composite bioprostheses are preferable for the elderly.
Effects of informational sessions on anxiety precardiovascular procedure

To measure the effect of an informational video intervention (IVI) compared to standard care (SC) preparation on anxiety and satisfaction prior to percutaneous cardiovascular procedure (PCVP). A quasi-experimental, randomized, prepost design was used to measure the effect of IVI, provided pre-PCVP, compared with SC only preparation on admission anxiety compared with post the IVI and SC preparation. There were 113 males/72 females, mean age of 61.8 years, assigned to IVI (n = 94) or SC group (n = 91). After the preparatory information session, there was no difference between groups on state anxiety (37.6 ± 11.7 vs. 36.3 ± 10.7; z = -.500, p = .617). There was a significant improvement in satisfaction in IVI group (54.23 ± 5.5 vs. 50.7 ± 6.6 (z = -2.9, p = .003). IVI session improved satisfaction with preparation. Viewing the IVI within hours of a PCVP did not reduce measurable anxiety. Further research may reveal a more ideal viewing time.
Electro‐Deprotection—Electrochemical Removal of Protecting Groups

The reactions of electrochemical splitting may be successfully used for removal of protecting groups. Theoretical and preparative aspects of the method of electro-deprotection are discussed, and examples of its use are given. The removal often requires high potentials. The use of modified protecting groups (“inner activation”) or of catalysts (electron carriers) which facilitate electron transfer against the standard potential gradient (“external activation”), can greatly increase the scope of the electrochemical method.