cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER WITH INFLUENZAL VIRUSES III. THE RELATION OF TOLERANCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN

Tolerance to the pyrogenic action of intravenously injected virus has been studied in rabbits given either PR8 strain of influenza A virus or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The following findings suggest that the capacity of the animal to release an endogenous pyrogen is a critical factor. (a) Viruses produce fever by the release of endogenous pyrogen. (b) Tolerance to the pyrogenic effect of reinjected virus is associated with a decrease or absence of endogenous pyrogen production. (c) Tolerance to virus fever may be induced by the prior injection of endogenous pyrogen. (d) Cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between virus and bacterial endotoxin (typhoid vaccine), both of which cause the release of endogenous pyrogen. A difference has been noted in the mechanism of tolerance to successive injections of virus and of bacterial endotoxin. Repeated injections of endotoxins bring about an accelerated clearance of these substances from the blood stream with the result that there is a diminished stimulus to endogenous pyrogen production. Tolerance to virus, on the other hand, is unaccompanied by changes in the rate at which virus disappears from the circulation. It is postulated that circulating endogenous pyrogen, induced by the injection of a number of pyrogenic agents including viruses, temporarily suppresses the further release of endogenous pyrogen and thereby contributes to virus tolerance.
The scale representation

The authors considers "scale" a physical attribute of a signal and develop its properties. He presents an operator which represents scale and study its characteristics and representation. This allows one to define the scale transform and the energy scale density spectrum which is an indication of the intensity of scale values in a signal. He obtains explicit expressions for the mean scale, scale bandwidth, instantaneous scale, and scale group delay. Furthermore, he derives expressions for mean time, mean frequency, duration, frequency bandwidth in terms of the scale variable. The short-time transform is defined and used to obtain the conditional value of scale for a given time. He shows that as the windows narrows one obtains instantaneous scale. Convolution and correlation theorems for scale are derived. A formulation is devised for studying linear scale-invariant systems. He derives joint representations of time-scale and frequency-scale, General classes for each are presented using the same methodology as for the time-frequency case. As special cases the joint distributions of Marinovich-Altes (1978, 1986) and Bertrand-Bertrand (1984) are recovered. Also, joint representations of the three quantities, time-frequency-scale are devised. A general expression for the local scale autocorrelation function is given. Uncertainty principles for scale and time and scale and frequency are derived. >
SPERM PENETRATION THROUGH THE ZONA PELLUCIDA OF THE SHEEP EGG.

Sheep eggs were obtained at appointed times from 4 to 16 hours after ovulation and examined for evidence of penetration by spermatozoa. The following observations were made: (1) The fertilizing spermatozoon makes a curved slit in the zona as a result of traversing it. The slit seems to be an open passage. (2) The sperm head of the ram has ventral-dorsal asymmetry. The flat side of the sperm head always faces the vitellus as it passes through the zona. (3) A fine filament-like structure was observed extending from the anterior tip of sperm heads embedded in the zona. (4) The site on the zona at which spermatozoa penetrate into the egg is random.
Aesthetic Amenities and Safety Hazards Associated with Walking and Bicycling for Transportation in New York City

Background One strategy to address health problems related to insufficient physical activity is to examine modifiable neighborhood characteristics associated with active transportation.
Associations between invasive eucalyptus psyllids and arthropod litter communities under tree canopies in southern California

Honeydew-producing psyllids are an important pest of eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in California, USA, and may influence surrounding litter arthropod communities. In particular, the introduced Australian psyllids Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (both Hemiptera: Psyllidae) may facilitate the prevalence of invasive ant species. We examined ground-dwelling arthropod communities under eucalyptus trees infested by psyllids. We used a model comparison approach to examine the association of psyllid infestation, ant abundance, and environmental factors with ground arthropod abundance and richness. We found a significant positive association between ant activity on eucalyptus trees and psyllid abundance. Higher psyllid abundance and higher Argentine ant abundance were associated with increased arthropod richness. Irrigation was also associated with increased arthropod richness and abundance. Regardless of location collected, arthropod communities collected in pitfall traps under trees with high psyllid abundance had high similarity to arthropod communities under trees with high ant activity. Abundance of isopods was positively associated with both ant and psyllid abundance. Other arthropod groups differed in their association with ants and psyllids. Argentine ants may exacerbate pest impacts and may also decrease the effectiveness of biological control programs for eucalyptus lerp psyllids.
STAR: a dementia-specific training program for staff in assisted living residences.

PURPOSE This article describes, and provides data on, an innovative, comprehensive, dementia-specific training program designed to teach direct care staff in assisted living residences to improve care and reduce problems in residents with dementia. DESIGN AND METHODS STAR-which stands for Staff Training in Assisted living Residences-provides two 4-hr workshops augmented by four individualized on-site consultations and three leadership sessions. Developed by means of an iterative process of implementation and revision, it was then evaluated in a small randomized controlled trial. A total of 114 staff and 120 residents in 15 residences participated. RESULTS STAR was exceptionally well received. Training details are provided with a discussion of unique challenges inherent in implementation. Following training, STAR residents evidenced significantly reduced levels of affective and behavioral distress compared with control residents. Furthermore, STAR residents improved whereas control residents worsened (p < .05). Staff with STAR staff training reported less adverse impact and reaction to residents' problems (p < .05) and more job satisfaction (p < .10) compared with control staff. IMPLICATIONS STAR is an effective training program for direct care staff working with dementia residents in assisted living. The importance of continued development and investigation of STAR efficacy and effectiveness is underscored by the growing numbers of residents with dementia who are receiving care in these settings.
Developing and Teaching an Integrated Series of Courses in Embedded Computer Systems

With embedded computer systems being a core topic in computer engineering, there are typically one or more courses in a program that provide varying coverage. Many universities offer introductory courses that focus on microcontroller-based systems and embedded programming. Advanced courses often do not have a common focus and are not available until the graduate level, leaving a gap in training undergraduates. At Iowa State University, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering developed a new senior-level design course on embedded systems design (CPRE 488) that bridges the content between the introductory course on microcontrollers (CPRE 211) and a graduate course on system-level design (CPRE 588). This paper presents the process of developing the integrated series of courses that spans early undergraduate to graduate levels, including the team approach used. The set of courses and the development process should be of interest to educators considering expanding or enhancing the curriculum in embedded systems.
Design of software controlled insulin infusion by continuous glucose analisis using embeded systems

Automated technique for insulin infusion is reported. The highlighted area of the paper is the design of an insulin infusion pump where the rate of insulin infusion depends on the amount of glucose in the blood. Glucose levels are monitored and calculated quantitatively by introducing amperometric enzyme electrode (glucose sensor) in blood. The amount of glucose is estimated and output of this sensor is electrical signal (mV). Analog signal obtained is converted into digital signal using ADC ICs. The basic principle of this technique is that amount of voltage obtained for normal glucose level is obtained and this voltage is taken as the cutoff frequency for a high pass filter. A stepper motor is connected to infusion pump. The rate and amount of insulin infusing into the blood depends on the speed of the stepper motor. A microcontroller is programmed in such a way that the motor starts working when there is a signal for the filter and the speed of the motor can be varied according to input. Whole setup works on batteries. Level converter is used to match all frequencies and voltages of the components used.
Thermal properties and oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the thermophilic purple bacterium, Chromatium tepidum

Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) partially purified from the thermophilic purple bacterium Chromatium tepidum displayed maximum carboxylase activity at 50°C, while enzyme from a related mesophilic species, Chromatium vinosum, was completely inactive at 50°C. RuBPCase from C. tepidum showed ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate-dependent oxygenase activity, and, in addition, O2 was found to partially destroy carboxylase activity. It is concluded that thermophilic purple bacteria produce heat-stable RuBPCase and that all RuBPCases, even those from an obligate anaerobe such as C. tepidum, have associated oxygenase activity.
Proatherogenic Role for NK Cells Revealed

Atherosclerosis is now widely accepted as an inflammatory disease that involves both the innate and acquired immune systems.1 Several types of immune cells have been identified in the atherosclerotic lesions of humans and animal models. Numerous studies have shown a role for T and B lymphocytes in atherogenesis.2–6 Most studies have shown that T lymphocytes are proatherogenic, whereas B lymphocytes are associated with protection from atherosclerosis.2–6 The mechanisms for T and B lymphocyte–mediated modulation of atherosclerosis remain undefined, but may involve the production of proatherosclerotic cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, and the secretion of atheroprotective autoantibodies, respectively. See page 1049 Macrophages are particularly important to the atherosclerotic disease process. They are among the first cells to infiltrate the artery wall and regulate lesion growth from its inception through uptake of modified lipoproteins, production of apolipoprotein (apo)-E and regulation of cholesterol efflux, secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, and contribution to the inflammatory process.7,8 The importance of macrophages to atherosclerosis has been emphasized in animal models with defective macrophage biology such as the op/op and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1–deficient mice.9–11 In these cases, reduction in macrophage accumulation in the artery wall led to significant protection against atherosclerosis. Although the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis is now undisputed, the importance of other cells of the innate immune system has not yet been solidified. Few studies have looked at mast cells and neutrophils in atherosclerosis, and, until recently, not much had been determined regarding natural killer (NK) cells.1 NK cells are members of the innate immune system and are defined by their ability to lyse tumor cells in vivo.12 In addition, and perhaps more relevant to the atherogenic process, NK cells participate in innate immunity through the production of cytokines such as IFN-γ in response to interleukin (IL)-12 and …
Strength Capacity and Cardiometabolic Risk Clustering in Adolescents

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the gender-specific independent association between muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk clustering in a large cohort ( n = 1421) of children. METHODS: Principal component analysis was used to determine the pattern of risk clustering and to derive a continuous aggregate score (MetScore) from various cardiometabolic risk components: percent body fat (%BF), fasting glucose, blood pressure, plasma triglycerides levels, and HDL-cholesterol. Gender-stratified risk and MetScore were assessed by using general linear models and logistic regression for differences between strength tertiles, as well as independent associations with age, BMI, estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity, and muscular strength (normalized for body mass). RESULTS: In both boys ( n = 670) and girls ( n = 751), there were significant differences in cardiometabolic profiles across strength tertiles, such that stronger adolescents had lower overall risk. Age, BMI, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity participation, and strength were all individually correlated with multiple risk components, as well as the overall MetScore. However, in the adjusted model, only BMI (β = 0.30), physical inactivity (β = 0.30), and normalized strength capacity (β = –1.5) emerged as significant ( P < .05) predictors of MetScore. %BF was the strongest loading coefficient within the principal component analysis–derived MetScore outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Normalized strength is independently associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in boys and girls. Moreover, %BF was associated with all cardiometabolic risk factors and carried the strongest loading coefficient. These findings bolster the importance of early strength acquisition and healthy body composition in childhood.
Dynamics and Control of Electromagnetic Satellite Formations in Low Earth Orbits

*Electromagnetic Formation Flying (EMFF) is a novel concept of controlling the relative degrees of freedom of a satellite formation without the expenditure of fuel by using High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) wires to create magnetic dipoles. Due to inherent nonlinearities and couplings, dynamics and control problem associated with EMFF is difficult especially for near Earth operations. This paper presents the dynamic models for Electromagnetic Formations in Low Earth Orbits. Then nonlinear adaptive control laws, for both translation and attitude control, are presented that enable formation control in LEO. Angular momentum management for LEO operation is an issue with EMFF and ways of managing it by exploiting the nonlinearity of magnetic dipoles using switching is also discussed. Some closed loop nonlinear simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the control scheme for EMFF in Low Earth Orbits.
Grand Cayman Island and the Resort Cycle Concept

Butler's model of cyclical tourism development (exploration, involvement, develop ment, consolidation, stagnation, and either rejuvenation, stability, or decline) is applied empirically to Grand Cayman Island, which to date largely conforms to the stages of the model. A significant deviation isfound with respect to local versus non-local control; owing to several factors, local participation seems to have increased rather than decreased in the development stage. Weaver's resort-cycle model is also applied, and a contrast is made between tourism. development on Grand Cayman Island (a nonplantation culture) and Antigua (a plantation culture), where external control has been maintained during the development stage. Long-term stability is predicted for tourism on Grand Cayman Island; social, economic, and environmental stresses building in Antigua may lead to the decline stage for tourism on that island.
Birth prevalence, mutation rate, sex ratio, parents' age, and ethnicity in Apert syndrome

Apert syndrome was studied to determine birth prevalence, mutation rate, sex ratio, parents' age, and ethnicity among 2,493,331 live births registered in the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program (CBDMP) from 1983 through 1993; 31 affected infants were identified. The sample was completed with an additional 22 cases from the Center for Craniofacial Anomalies (CCA), University of California, San Francisco, for a total of 53 affected children. Birth prevalence, calculated from the CBDMP subsample, was 12.4 cases per million live births (confidence interval [CI] 8.6,17.9). The calculated mutation rate was 6.2 × 10−6 per gene per generation. Asians had the highest prevalence (22.3 per million live births; CI 7.1,61.3) and Hispanics the lowest (7.6 per million, CI 3.3-16.4). In the large population-based CBDMP subsample, there was an almost equal number of affected males and females, (sex ratio 0.94) but in the clinical CCA subsample, there were more affected females (sex ratio 0.79). For all cases, the mean age of mothers was 28.9±6.0 years, and of fathers was 34.1±6.2 years. Almost half of fathers were older than 35 years when the child was born; for more than 20% of cases, both parents were older than 35 years. These findings may support the view that point mutations appear to be more commonly associated with paternal than with maternal alleles. Representing the largest systematically ascertained population-based study of Apert syndrome to date, they provide a reliable basis for genetic counseling and decision-making, and for focused research to define the cause of this syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 72:394–398, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Static multiparticle systems in general relativity

We develop exact static solutions to the field equations of general relativity that represent axially symmetric distributions of isolated bodies. The solutions obtained do not involve negative mass; the gravitational attraction between the bodies is counterbalanced by the Coulomb repulsion of electrical charges placed on the bodies. Since the assignment of physical interpretations to axially symmetric solutions is not straightforward in general relativity, we also present additional arguments showing that our multiparticle interpretation is indeed correct. Thus we analyse, for the case of two isolated particles, the behavior of the differential invariants and the geodesic motion of test particles, and for all the examples considered we find agreement with our multiparticle interpretation. Our solutions also contain nonsingular event horizons, which we relate to an electrovac theorem recently proved by Israel.
Impact of sex steroids and their suppression on skeletal growth and maturation

Forty girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) were studied before and during 1-3 yr of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LHRH) agonist (LHRHa) administration to examine the impact of gonadal steroid secretion and its suppression on skeletal growth and maturation. Pubertal growth velocity (GV) was 10.1 +/- 0.7 (SE) cm/yr and, when normalized for chronological age (CA) and bone age (BA), demonstrated that the effects of sex steroids were most profound in patients with the youngest CA and BA. GV decreased significantly to 5.8 +/- 0.3 (n = 40), 4.6 +/- 0.3 (n = 30), and 3.2 +/- 0.6 cm/yr (n = 12) during 3 yr of gonadal suppression and correlated negatively with starting BA. Skeletal maturation was markedly accelerated by premature sex steroid secretion (BA/CA = 1.8 +/- 0.1), was slowed significantly with gonadal suppression (mean delta BA/delta CA less than 1), and also was negatively correlated with the starting BA. Cumulative increases in predicted adult height were observed regardless of starting BA and averaged +2.0 +/- 0.4, +5.2 +/- 0.5, and +6.7 +/- 1.2 cm after 1, 2, and 3 yr of gonadal suppression. The comparable changes in height predictions across all BAs despite highly variable GVs underscore the need for use of developmental (i.e., BA-based) rather than CA-based standards in the analysis of growth during gonadal steroid exposure and suppression in childhood.
Skills for Effective Participation in Consortia: Preparing for Collaborating and Collaboration

SUMMARY Consortial participation provides opportunities and challenges for libraries. The intellectual and financial benefits are readily apparent-if libraries work together, they gain access to more content at a lower price. However, consortial participation also provides challenges with regard to coordination and communication. Though library directors/deans often provide initial leadership, especially in the selection of the type and range of consortial participation, collection development and electronic resources (ER) librarians tend to lead the way in work on the more detailed tasks that are involved. It is, primarily, more experienced librarians who are assigned to work with consortial representatives; there is a lot of on-the-job learning.
A delay differential equation model of follicle waves in women

This article presents a mathematical model for hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle which predicts the occurrence of follicle waves in normally cycling women. Several follicles of ovulatory size that develop sequentially during one menstrual cycle are referred to as follicle waves. The model consists of 13 nonlinear, delay differential equations with 51 parameters. Model simulations exhibit a unique stable periodic cycle and this menstrual cycle accurately approximates blood levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones found in the biological literature. Numerical experiments illustrate that the number of follicle waves corresponds to the number of rises in pituitary follicle stimulating hormone. Modifications of the model equations result in simulations which predict the possibility of two ovulations at different times during the same menstrual cycle and, hence, the occurrence of dizygotic twins via a phenomenon referred to as superfecundation. Sensitive parameters are identified and bifurcations in model behaviour with respect to parameter changes are discussed. Studying follicle waves may be helpful for improving female fertility and for understanding some aspects of female reproductive ageing.
Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology of Antidepressants

Described as the drugs of choice in treating acute depression, the tricyclics are unusual in that too high a dosage may be as ineffective as one that is too low, and plasma levels may vary as much as 30-fold among patients given the same dosage. After the recommended approach to determining appropriate dosage has been tried, the 15% or so of patients who do not respond are not likely to benefit from a switch of drugs.
The medism of Thessaly.

It has been demonstrated by F. Herrmann that the earliest issues of Larisean coinage, which are earlier than those of any other Thessalian city, are struck on the Persian standard. The Athenian tyrants of the Chersonese struck coins which conformed to the Persian as well as to the Attic system, but the adoption of the Persian standard by an independent Greek state is, so far as can be at present ascertained, an unique phenomenon. Nevertheless, though his conclusion is remarkable, the arguments of Herrmann appear to be incontestable and are accepted by numismatists. The purpose of this article is to shew that this discovery corroborates rather than conflicts with the evidence of ancient literary authorities. It is hard to reconcile only with modern interpretations of this literary evidence and with reconstructions of the period, which must accordingly be somewhat modified.
Model for Coupled Large-Strain Consolidation and Solute Transport under Constant Rate of Strain

A numerical model, called CSTCRS1, is presented for coupled onedimensional large strain consolidation and solute transport under constant rate of strain (CRS) loading conditions. The model is based on a dual-Lagrangian framework that tracks separately the motions of fluid and solid phases. A series of numerical simulations indicates that transport boundary conditions can have an important effect on the solute transport during CRS consolidation. The zero concentration boundary condition yielded the largest solute mass outflows, the reservoir boundary condition yielded intermediate values, and the zero concentration gradient boundary condition yielded the smallest outflows. Additional simulations indicate that, for conditions considered, increasing the applied strain rate will generally decrease solute mass outflow.
The Pragmatic Function of "bei" from "Being Employed"

With event structural analysis,the papers studies the structure and function of "being employed",the phrase in popular use,and concludes that the pragmatic function of "bei" possesses event character of "external objective cause with internal state".This conclusion can solve the some unanswered problems in the study of "bei".
Abstract A22: NEO212: A novel temozolomide-perillyl alcohol conjugate exhibits superior activity against temozolomide resistant gliomas and intracranial triple negative breast cancer metastasis

Although the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) has become the standard of care in the treatment of malignant gliomas, its overall efficacy is still limited by development of drug resistance, limited blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrance, and myelotoxicity. Recently, we have synthesized a TMZ analog where the monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH) is covalently linked to TMZ via a carbamide bond. This new compound (NEO212) has been tested in two situations: TMZ resistant gliomas and breast cancer intracranial metastasis. Glioma cell lines (U251TR, LN229TR2, T98G) determined to be TMZ resistant based on base excision repair (BER) pathway, mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, or overexpression of O6 methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) were evaluated in-vitro. In vivo experiments were performed using intracranial implant of luciferase labeled TMZ resistant cell lines. Triple negative breast cancer lines were tested, and implanted intracranially for in-vivo model. NEO212 was administered in both cases using subcutaneous injection using 10 day treatment, 7 day rest cycles did not have significant toxicity on normal astrocytes and brain endothelial cells. NEO212 induced cell death appeared to be independent of the mechanism of DNA repair resistance. In vivo experiments using intracranial implant of luciferase labeled TMZ resistant cell lines demonstrated that NEO212 crossed the BBB, reduced intracranial growth, and increased animal survival significantly compared to TMZ, without significant toxicity (including bone marrow). NEO212 was also effective in TMZ resistant breast cancer lines. In an intracranial mouse tumor model with triple-negative breast cancer, NEO212 revealed considerably greater therapeutic efficacy than TMZ, where a single cycle of treatment (10 days) extended median survival benefit from 6 days (in the case of TMZ) to 28 days, with good tolerance. NEO212 appears to be a promising well tolerated new agent with similar mechanism of cytotoxicity to TMZ. Its increased potency is most likely multi-factorial: 1) increased DNA damage, involving a broader scope of DNA repair mechanisms. 2) linkage with POH, resulting in longer biological half-life and greater opportunity for placement of cytotoxic DNA lesions. 3) increased lipophilicity, allowing for better penetration of the BBB, and possibly cell membrane. Preliminary results demonstrate that it can safely be administered systemically; more detailed toxicity studies are currently underway. Citation Format: Thomas C. Chen, Axel H. Schonthal, Weijun Wang, Heeyon Cho, Florence H. Hofman. NEO212: A novel temozolomide-perillyl alcohol conjugate exhibits superior activity against temozolomide resistant gliomas and intracranial triple negative breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr A22.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of chloroquine diphosphate with adenosine 5'-phosphate and other nucleotides.

The interaction of the antimalarial drug chloroquine diphosphate, 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline diphosphate, with nucleotides has been studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Certain of the proton resonances of the drug and the nucleotides are shifted as a result of the interaction. This study shows that ring interactions occur in mixtures of chloroquine diphosphate and purine nucleotides, but appear to be minimal in drug mixtures containing pyrimidine nucleotides. Adenosine 59-triphosphate, in contrast to adenosine 59-phosphate, causes shifts of the chloroquine side chain proton signals in addition to those of the ring, suggesting an electrostatic interaction due to the presence of the additional phosphate groups. Interactions are decreased sharply at elevated temperatures. The differences observed between the shifts in proton signals of chloroquine in chloroquine-nucleotide mixtures and those observed at high concentrations of the drug alone suggest that the major interactions are between drug and nucleotide.
When wounds do not heal: a case study.

The maintenance of skin integrity is a potentially challenging problem for critical care nurses. A multidisciplinary approach with creative thinking often is required. This article presents a case study illustrating the nursing interventions used in managing a patient’s multisystem disorder that had been complicated by poor skin integrity. Nursing approaches to the psychosocial issues encountered by the patient, family, and health care professionals are also described.
Direct simulation of electron transfer in the cobalt hexammine(II/III) self-exchange reaction

We present an atomistic simulation of the cobalt hexammine(II/III) self-exchange reaction using path integral (PI) methods. We construct a simple force field for the system in its reactant state that includes parameters for both atom–atom interactions, and interactions with an explicit transferring electron represented in the PI framework. We then calculate the outer sphere free energy barrier due to solvent reorganization from a PI molecular dynamics simulation and we obtain the dynamic transmission coefficient using ring polymer molecular dynamics. Combining these calculated values with literature values for the inner sphere reorganization energy, we obtain a reaction rate in good agreement with experimental measurements. The protocol introduced here circumvents the need for complex, system-specific force field parameterization along an assumed reaction coordinate making it sufficiently accurate, efficient, and broadly applicable to the study of both adiabatic and nonadiabatic charge transfer reactions in transition metal complexes.
Rapid Generation of miRNA Inhibitor Leads by Bioinformatics and Efficient High-Throughput Screening Methods

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has opened an entire new avenue for drug development. These short (15-22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs, which function in RNA silencing and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, have been shown to critically affect numerous pathways in both development and disease progression. Current miRNA drug development focuses on either reintroducing the miRNA into cells through the use of a miRNA mimic or inhibiting its function via use of a synthetic antagomir. Although these methods have shown some success as therapeutics, they face challenges particularly with regard to cellular uptake and for use as systemic reagents. We recently presented a novel mechanism of inhibiting miR-544 by directed inhibition of miRNA biogenesis. We found that inhibition of DICER processing of miR-544 through the use of a small molecule abolished miR-544 function in regulating adaptation of breast cancer cells to hypoxic stress. Herein, we describe a protocol that utilizes bioinformatics to first identify lead small molecules that bind to DICER cleavage sites in pre-miRNAs and then employ an efficient, high-throughput fluorescent-based screening system to determine the inhibitory potential of the lead compounds and their derivatives.
A Pilot Study Examining the Severity and Outcome of the Post–Cardiac Arrest Syndrome A Comparative Analysis of Two Geographically Distinct Hospitals

Background—Cardiac arrest occurs in >400 000 patients in the United States per year, and mortality rates vary across the country. Whether variations in cardiac arrest outcome are the result of differences in hospital or patient characteristics remains understudied. We tested whether hospital-independent factors would account for the difference in outcome between 2 geographically distinct hospitals. Methods and Results—Consecutive adult (age >18 years) out-of-hospital cardiac arrests were considered for analysis. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Predictor variables were classified according to whether they were hospital-independent or whether they could be related to the hospital's quality of care. Only hospital-independent variables were considered for the analysis. Sequential logistic modeling was used to assess outcome. A propensity score was derived and was used in subsequent multivariate logistic regression to predict hospital outcome. A total of 208 subjects were included. Overall morta...
High School Students' Jobs: Related and Unrelated to School

Work experience can be beneficial to high school students, especially when the work is regular and less than 20 hours/week. Previous studies have found that school-related work experience provides more learning opportunities with fewer negative consequences than jobs unrelated to school. This study analyzed responses of 22,183 seniors from 868 high schools who had been employed during the school year. In this study, contrary to previous studies, students with school-related jobs expected to get less education and were academically less able than those whose jobs were unrelated to school. Comparisons of students' self-reports of the quality of their jobs failed to confirm the hypothesis that school-related jobs were more advantageous than jobs unrelated to school. Black students were nearly twice as likely to report having school-related jobs as non-Hispanic white students. The difference in job quality may result from schools underinvesting in high-quality cooperative education, internships, and other for...
How Cyanobacteria went green.

One of the most important developments in Earth's history is the change from the anaerobic environment of the early Earth to the aerobic and highly oxidizing environment that we have today, with 21% atmospheric oxygen (O2) ( 1 ). Many geologists, atmospheric scientists, and biologists have studied this dramatic change in the redox state of Earth—the “great oxidation event” ( 2 )—to understand when and how it took place. On page 1436 of this issue, Soo et al. report exciting new evidence toward answers to both these questions ( 3 ).
Immigration and Mental Health.

While the experience of migration and resettlement in a new country is associated with mental health risks, immigrants generally demonstrate better mental health than expected. This review describes patterns in mental health outcomes among immigrants. We discuss a conceptual model of the potential underlying mechanisms that could buffer the stress and disadvantage experienced by this substantial and growing population. While epidemiological studies have established a general pattern of lower risk for mental health disorders among first-generation (foreign-born) immigrants in the USA, recent studies highlight how this pattern varies substantially by the intersection of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, and socioeconomic status. Contextual factors including the family and neighborhood context, an immigrant’s social position, experiences of social support and social exclusion, language competency and ability, and exposure to discrimination and acculturative stress further influence the relationship between immigration and mental health. We conclude with an emphasis on social resilience processes, with a focus on how immigrants develop social relations, social capital, and social networks. We recommend future directions for research that prioritize identifying and understanding social adaptation strategies adopted by immigrant groups to cope with immigration stressors.
Abstract 5568: Towards decoding the interplay between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in cancer

Abnormal metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, yet its regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. Cancer cells were considered to mostly utilize glycolysis, referred to as the Warburg effect. However recent evidence suggests that oxidative phosphorylation also plays a crucial role during cancer progression. Here we utilized a systems biology approach to decipher the regulatory principle of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Integrating information from literature, we constructed a regulatory network of genes and metabolites, from which we extracted a core circuit containing HIF-1, AMPK and ROS. Our circuit analysis showed that while normal cells have an oxidative state and a glycolytic state, cancer cells can access an additional hybrid state with both metabolic modes coexisting, due to higher ROS production and/or oncogenic activation, such as RAS, MYC and c-SRC. The anti-correlation between AMPK and HIF-1 and the association of metabolic states with oncogenes were further confirmed using TCGA patient transcriptomics data of multiple cancer types and single-cell RNA-seq data of lung adenocarcinoma. We propose that the hybrid phenotype contributes to metabolic plasticity, allowing cancer cells to adapt to various microenvironments. Using model simulations, we predicted the efficacies of several metabolic cancer therapies based on their effectiveness in reducing metabolic plasticity. Our theoretical framework of metabolism can serve as a platform to decode cancer metabolic plasticity and design cancer therapies targeting metabolism. Citation Format: Dongya Jia, Linglin Yu, Mingyang Lu, Eshel Ben-Jacob, Jianpeng Ma, Herbert Levine, Benny A. Kaipparettu, Jose Onuchic. Towards decoding the interplay between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5568. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5568
Multitape NFA: weak synchronization of the input heads

Given an n -tape nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) M with a one-way read-only head per tape and a right end marker $ on each tape, and a nonnegative integer k , we say that M is weakly k -synchronized if for every n -tuple x =(x 1 , …, x n ) that is accepted, there is a computation on x such that at any time during the computation, no pair of input heads, neither of which is on $, are more than k cells apart. As usual, an n -tuple x =(x 1 , …, x n ) is accepted if M eventually reaches the configuration where all n heads are on $ in an accepting state. We show decidable and undecidable results concerning questions such as: (1) Given M , is it weakly k -synchronized for some k (resp., for a specified k ) and (2) Given M , is there a weakly k -synchronized M ′ for some k (resp., for a specified k ) such that L (M ′)=L (M )? Most of our results are the strongest possible in the sense that slight restrictions on the models make the undecidable problems decidable. A few questions remain open.
Creative Thinking Abilities: Measures for Various Domains

Although creativity and creative thinking have been mentioned in schools as part of an identification process of gifted and talented students, they have been largely neglected in the mainstream education scene. The measurement issue is one of the reasons for neglect in the development of creative talent, along with the high-stakes testing environment of recent years which has narrowed the curriculum to exclude the teaching and assessment of creativity. In this chapter, the need for measures of creative potential will be discussed by describing macro components that are foundations for realizing creative potential along with the need for developing quality measures of creative potential. Clarifying definitions of creativity and creative thinking are offered, as an informative definition for any psychological construct is a condition for developing quality measures. The chapter, then, focuses on the measures of creative-thinking ability, distinguishing domain generality and domain specificity of creative-thinking ability. As most of the creative-thinking measures have been domain-general, the chapter briefly describes the domain-general measures, followed by an in-depth description of domain-specific measures, especially Creative Real Life Problem Solving measures (e.g., Creative Real Life Problem Solving: Thinking and Imagination, Las Vegas, NV), with a hope that the measures of creative potential discussed will enable researchers and practitioners helping individuals learn to be more creative.
Arsenic and Old Facts

The Burnet-Hahn and Wilson analyses differ on one fundamental issue: How significant is the cancer risk from exposure to small doses of arsenic. I am not qualified to resolve that issue; nor, I suspect, is anyone else. The arsenic controversy should not be settled by experts who establish a nationwide standard, but by the individual water systems and their customers who bear both the cost and risk of arsenic exposure.
Quality of life among migrant construction workers in Bangalore city: A cross-sectional study

Context: The construction industry is one of the oldest industries in India, which employs a large number of workers of poor socioeconomic status. Bangalore has seen significant rise in the number of migrants from various parts of the country to work in construction industry. These workers suffer from lack of good accommodation, basic sanitation, health facilities, stressful working conditions, and poor social life. Quality of life (QoL) among a population is an essential step to understand and improve health status, well-being, and mental health of the population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done to assess QoL among migrant construction workers in Bangalore. We interviewed 400 workers using questionnaire containing sociodemographic profile and WHOQOLBREF scale. Factors associated with QoL were tested using independent “t” test and Chi-square test and P
In Search of Zora/When Metadata Isn’t Enough: Rescuing the Experiences of Black Women Through Statistical Modeling

This study used statistical topic modeling to examine 800,000 documents within HathiTrust and JSTOR databases to identify the kinds of discourses in books, poetry, newspapers, and journals related ...
Effect of Caregiver's Race and Ethnicity on Acceptance of Passive Immobilization for Their Child's Dental Treatment.

Purpose: To determine if caregivers' race and ethnicity impact their willingness to accept passive immobilization for their child's dental treatment and to determine if a detailed description of passive immobilization will make caregivers more likely to accept the technique. Methods: Caregivers of one- to 11-year-old patients were recruited in a university pediatric dental clinic. They completed two surveys and reviewed a written and pictorial description of passive immobilization. Results: A total of 266 caregivers participated. Subjects were willing to accept passive immobilization at the following percentages by race/ethnicity: Hispanic (84 percent); African American (66 percent); Asian (50 percent); and non-Hispanic Caucasian (24 percent). There was a significant association between a caregiver's race and ethnicity and the willingness to consent to passive immobilization (P =.000), and in willingness to accept passive immobilization after reviewing its detailed description (P =.000). Conclusion: Differences in acceptance of passive immobilization were observed based upon race and ethnicity. African American and Hispanic caregivers were more willing to accept the technique than their Asian and non-Hispanic Caucasian counter- parts. Caregivers were more likely to accept the use of passive immobilization after they were given more information about the technique. (J Dent Child 2019;86(1):3-9) Received May 30, 2018; Last Revision August 3, 2018; Accepted August 7, 2018.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Exposure to Violence.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are relatively common and can lead to harmful outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. The current study investigates the relationship between ACEs and exposure t...
Author Correction: Sex-Specific Developmental Effects of Father Absence on Casual Sexual Behavior and Life History Strategy

When FA occurred during middle childhood, males exhibited faster LH strategies, whereas when FA occurred during adolescence, females exhibited faster LH strategies.
The effects of assistance dogs on psychosocial health and wellbeing: A systematic literature review.

Beyond the functional tasks that assistance dogs are trained for, there is growing literature describing their benefits on the psychosocial health and wellbeing of their handlers. However, this research is not only widely disparate but, despite its growth, has not been reviewed since 2012. Our objective was to identify, summarize, and methodologically evaluate studies quantifying the psychosocial effects of assistance dogs for individuals with physical disabilities. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted across seven electronic databases. Records were independently screened by two authors. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed outcomes from guide, hearing, medical, or mobility service dogs, if they collected original data on handlers’ psychosocial functioning, and if the outcome was measured quantitatively with a validated, standardized measure. Studies on psychiatric service dogs, emotional support dogs, and pet dogs were excluded. Of 1,830 records screened, 24 articles were identified (12 publications, 12 theses) containing 27 studies (15 cross-sectional, 12 longitudinal). Studies assessed the effects of mobility (18), hearing (7), guide (4), and medical (2) assistance dog partnerships with an average sample size of N = 83. An analysis of 147 statistical comparisons across the domains of psychological health, quality of life, social health, and vitality found that 68% of comparisons were null, 30% were positive in the hypothesized direction, and 2% were negative. Positive outcomes included significant effects of having an assistance dog on psychological wellbeing, emotional functioning, self-esteem, and vitality. However, it is of note that several methodological weaknesses of the studies make it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions, including inadequate reporting and a failure to account for moderating or confounding variables. Future research will benefit from stronger methodological rigor and reporting to account for heterogeneity in both humans and assistance dogs as well as continued high-quality replication.
Epyllia and Epithalamia: Some Narrative Frames for Early Opera

The first operas were often associated with princely wedding festivities, such as Jacopo Peri’s Euridice (Florence, 1600) or Claudio Monteverdi’s Arianna (Mantua, 1608). They formed part of a serie...