cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Business Archives in the United States: An Overview and a Personal Perspective

This essay provides an overview of the development of business archives in the United States. The author reviews the uncertain beginnings of corporate archives programs in the 1950s and 1960s, the sudden rush of programs in the 1970s, and the harsh reality check caused by reengineering and downsizing in the 1980s and 1990s. She also reviews the role of public repositories which house corporate archives collections in preserving corporate records. In addition, this essay also presents the author's reflections on the interaction between corporate archives and repositories which collect business records, as a result of her participation in the Records of American Business (RAB) Project. She also lists a number of unanswered questions arising out of the RAB project, requiring further research and writing by the business archives community. The essay concludes with an annotated list of major American corporate archives.
HEMANGIOMATOSIS OF THE ULNA AND FLEXOR MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM WITH SECONDARY FLEXION CONTRACTURE OF THE WRIST AND HAND. A CASE REPORT.

An unusual case of hemangiomatosis is presented involving apparently independently both the flexor muscles of the forearm and ulna in a white girl thirteen years old. The patient did not present any of the usual clinical symptoms of hemangiomatosis of muscle or bone. The roentgenographic changes in the ulna were not those usually associated with hemangiomatosis of tubular bone. Pathological sections showed typical hemangiomatosis involving the flexor muscles as well as the ulna although the changes in the ulna were not as extensive as those in the muscle. At operation the lesion of the flexor muscle did not appear to have invaded the ulna since it was possible to remove the entire flexor muscle mass without difficulty and the thickened periosteum appeared to be intact.
Trade Execution Skill by Floor Traders in Futures Markets: A Reexamination

This paper corrects the bias in the method by Manaster and Mann (1996) and Coval and Shumway (2001) in testing for trade execution skill by professional floor traders. An analysis of transaction data from four commodity markets at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange finds no evidence that proprietary traders make price concessions in adjusting their inventory, which contradicts pure inventory models but is consistent with the information models of market makers. Furthermore, limited evidences are found that dual trading has a positive effect on a trader’s execution skill as predicted by Fishman and Longstaff (1992).
Intelligent and Accessible Data Flow Architectures for Manufacturing System Optimization

Many traditional data acquisition (DAQ) systems are expensive and inadaptable – most rely on traditional closed-source platforms – thus limiting their usefulness for machine tool diagnostics, process control and optimization. In this study, three different intelligent data flow architectures are designed and demonstrated based on consumer grade off-the-shelf hardware and software. These architectures allow data flow between both open- and closed-source platforms through multiple wired and wireless communication protocols. The proposed architectures are also evaluated for machine tool diagnostics and monitoring of multiple machine tools in manufacturing systems. To realize cloud-based manufacturing, real time sensor data are collected and displayed on remote interfaces, smart devices and a cloud/global data platform via the Internet. Findings reveal that such cyber physical system (CPS)-based manufacturing systems can effectively be used for real time process control and optimization.
Quantum computing with the exchange interaction

I discuss the strategies which might be employed for using exchange-coupled solid-state quantum dots for quantum computation. The basic construction of Loss and DiVincenzo will be reviewed, in which mechanisms for generating SWAP gates and one bit gates were introduced. I will present our recent results showing that SWAP gates alone are enough to do quantum computing. I will also introduce some recent results on methods for minimizing the effects spin-orbit coupling in exchange quantum computing.
A Note on the Brachistochrone Problem

(1996). A Note on the Brachistochrone Problem. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 206-208.
A survey of zidovudine use in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Background and Methods. The expanding indications for zidovudine treatment make it important to elucidate the safety and toxicity of this drug for pregnant women and their fetuses. We asked pediatricians and obstetricians at the AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Clinical Trials Units to report information about pregnant women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who were continuing their pregnancies and had received, or were receiving, zidovudine during gestation. Results. Reports of 43 women were received from 17 institutions. Doses of zidovudine ranged from 300 to 1200 mg per day, and 24 women took the drug for at least two trimesters. There were two reported instances of maternal toxicity (one gastrointestinal and one heatologic.) No teratogenic abnormalities occurred in the 12 infants with first-trimester exposure to zidovudine. All the infants, including two sets of twins, were born alive. The 38 singleton infants born at term for whom birth weights were reported had a mean...
Evaluation of radar vehicle detection at four quadrant gate rail crossings

As train frequencies and traffic volumes increase, the need for safer at grade highway/rail crossings is paramount. Closing or grade separating crossings ultimately cannot work for all situations; therefore four quadrant gates may be used to provide a higher level of safety than conventional crossing treatments. At crossings between two adjacent signalized intersections, signal preemption may prevent vehicles from queuing within the crossing island, but some risk of vehicles becoming trapped by the timed exit gate descents still remains. Sensors can be installed to detect vehicles and would extend exit gate closure until the crossing island is clear or conversely allow for either simultaneous or near simultaneous entry and exit gate descents, if no vehicles are present. Radar detection was installed at three sites on North Carolina Railroad Company's H-Line in January 2014. Each crossing activation was broken down into 8 stages based on operating conditions of the gate system. The average duration of the time period when all gates are fully deployed increased considerably during the after period (when radar modified the exit gate behavior) by 10–17 s, providing a longer duration of a sealed crossing before the train arrived.
Biological Characteristics of 6 Strains of Neisseria Meningitidis Group C in Yunnan

Objective To understand the biological characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis(N.meningitidis) group C isolated in Yunnan province.Methods Pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing(MLST)were conducted for the subtyping of N.meningitidis group C.Results By PFGE,6 PFGE patterns were found among 6 strains of N.meningitidis group C,and by MLST,5 types were found among these 6 strains,but 4 MLST types were not included in the database by then.Conclusion Highly diversity of gene of N.meningitidis group C was found and no typical circulating strain was detected in Yunnan province.
Direct ovarian effect of clomiphene citrate in the rabbit.

The effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on ovulation and ovum maturation were studied using the isolated perfused rabbit ovary. CC (10 −5 M) added to the perfusate with human chorionic gonadotropin (50 IU) did not affect ovulatory efficiency, ovulation time, oocyte maturation, or degeneration of ovulated ova and follicular oocytes. During perfusion without human chorionic gonadotropin, the percentage of follicular oocytes with germinal vesicle breakdown was significantly increased in response to CC (10 −5 M or 10 −7 M); a greater percentage of follicular oocytes was degenerated. Estradiol (100 ng/ml) added to the perfusate reversed the effect of CC on degeneration of follicular oocytes. Of follicular oocytes from ovaries perfused with CC, 79.3% were degenerated; in contrast, 25% were degenerated in ovaries treated with CC plus estradiol. These data suggest that CC has a direct ovarian effect and that ovum degeneration associated with CC may be related to an antiestrogenic action.
How do presence, flow, and character identification affect players empathy and interest in learning from a serious computer game?

This study develops and tests an integrated model of how three psychological variablespresence, flow, and character identificationcontribute to interest in learning and empathy with people from other cultures through a simulation game. U.S. college students played one of two roles (an American journalist or Haitian survivor) in the game that dealt with the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Presence was a powerful predictor of flow, character identification, and empathy felt during the games. Furthermore, empathy experienced by game play significantly predicted interest in learning more about the game topics. Flow and identification made secondary contributions to learning outcomes, with flow mediating the effect of presence on males empathy and identification contributing to females interest in learning. While the proposed model was generally successful at predicting outcomes, it did a better job of accounting for the experience of participants who played a role rooted in their own culture (the journalist) than in a different culture (the survivor), and for female than male players. Our results suggest that serious game designers should prioritize inducing empathy and immersive presence in players, giving secondary attention to designing for flow and character identification. Display Omitted We tested a model of the psychology of computer game play and learning outcomes.Immersive presence predicted flow, character identification, and in-game empathy.In-game empathy predicted interest in learning more about the game topics.Flow and identification made secondary contributions to learning outcomes.Learning games should focus on empathy and presence, then flow and identification.
From Design to Analysis: Conducting Controlled Laboratory Experiments with Users

This full-day tutorial provides general instruction about the design of controlled laboratory experiments that are conducted in order to better understand human information interaction and retrieval. Different data collection methods and procedures are described, with an emphasis on self-report measures and scales. This tutorial also introduces the use of statistical power analysis for sample size estimation and introduces and demonstrate two data analysis procedures, Multilevel Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling, that allow for examination of the whole set of variables present in interactive information retrieval (IIR) experiments, along with their various effect sizes. The goals of the tutorial are (1) to increase participants? understanding of the uses of controlled laboratory experiments with human participants; (2) to increase participants? understanding of the technical vocabulary and procedures associated with such experiments and (2) to increase participants? confidence in conducting and evaluating IIR experiments. Ultimately, we hope our tutorial will increase research capacity and research quality in IR by providing instruction about best practices to those contemplating interactive IR experiments.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death and disability in developed countries. Heart disease and stroke are among the top five leading causes of death. This chapter shows the data that CAD is and will continue to become a global burden of disease and, by 2035, nearly half of the US population will have some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The American Heart Association has defined seven key risk factors for heart disease and stroke called “Life’s Simple 7”. These are listed in this chapter along with their global impact.
Special Issue “Polymer Modeling, Control and Monitoring” of Processes

Polymers range from synthetic plastics, such as polyacrylates, to natural biopolymers, such as proteins and DNA.[...]
Randomized, Prospective Comparison of Bioabsorbable and Steel Screw Fixation of Lisfranc Injuries.

Objective:This study's objective is to compare outcomes of bioabsorbable versus steel screws for treating Lisfranc injuries.Design:This research was conducted in a prospective and randomized manner between September 2008 and December 2013.Setting:This study was performed in the outpatient setting at
Plasma potential locking

A positively biased electrode (anode) in a plasma is assumed to have no, or little, global impact if the electrode is small enough, i.e., used as a diagnostic probe. For a sufficiently large anode the plasma is globally impacted via plasma potential locking where the anode potential controls the bulk plasma potential. Prior experiments1 and theoretical descriptions2 are extended here through simulation of a low pressure Ar plasma to better understand this behavior and especially the transition region between the two limiting cases.
State-dependent and -independent effects of dialyzing excitatory neuromodulator receptor antagonists into the ventral respiratory column.

The two major findings are as follows: 1) during unilateral dialysis of 50 mM atropine into the ventral respiratory column to block excitatory muscarinic receptor activity, a compensatory increase ...
A robotic coach architecture for multi-user human-robot interaction (RAMU) with the elderly and cognitively impaired

The population in the US is aging rapidly. By 2030, twenty percent of the US population will be 65 years or older. Both physical and mental health conditions impact older adults' overall quality of life. Recently, Socially Assistive Robotic (SAR) systems have been developed to augment the existing resource-strained healthcare facilities. Several SAR systems were developed to maintain and/or improve older adults' physical, cognitive functioning and social well-being. However, there is limited work on closed-loop SAR systems that can simultaneously engage more than one older adult. In this paper, we developed a robotic coach architecture, RAMU, for interacting with two older adults. In addition, a preliminary study was conducted with four pairs of older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Survey results indicated that participants enjoyed interacting with the robot as well as with each other.
Becoming a scholar: a duoethnography of transformative learning spaces

AbstractResearchers have examined learning partnerships from one-dimensional perspectives, exploring the voices of faculty or the voices of students. This duoethnographic study explored the learning partnership between a faculty member and graduate student on a research team. The authors situated this study employing a tripartite conceptual framework that included Freirean liberatory pedagogy, the learning partnerships model, and duoethnography. The researchers used personal narrative essays and transcripts from two interviews as the basis for this duoethnography. This work revealed key strategies for navigating dissonance including: validating, being vulnerable, and engaging the material. This study has implications for faculty members striving to enhance critical reflection strategies for facilitating transformative learning experiences for graduate students as well as graduate students aiming to build efficacy as scholars.
Anxious and Avoidant Attachment to God Predict Moral Foundations beyond Adult Attachment

Van IJzendoorn and Zwart-Woudstra (1995) and Shaver and Mikulincer (2012) have proposed that adult attachment patterns are related to moral decision-making. We explore the relationship between atta...
Functional outcomes in spinal cord injury (SCI): quality care versus cost containment

Our ability to assess functional outcomes in SCI has recently been improved by agreement with standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. This widely accepted classification should allow uniform measures of impairment and disability and serve as the gold standard for functional outcomes. Measures of impairment allow comparison of more than 15,000 subjects with Frankel grades and severity of paralysis reported to the National Database and comparison of the disability measures, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) in over 2,500 cases which correlates with level and severity of paralysis. These standards are currently in use in several multicenter drug trials and should yield information regarding the effects of pharmacological interventions on impairment/function in the next several years. Studies of the effects of surgery, exercise and health care systems are beginning to emerge. Some investigators suggest social roles, perceived improvement and quality of life scales will be powerful tools in shaping health care reform. More recently, cost efficiency has been added to traditional studies of safety, efficacy and effectiveness. Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and value-added care are new terms introduced into health care. Cost containment proponents are cautioned that improved value and added quality care may result in greater cost efficiency, but not reduced costs. Spinal cord injury care in the future must be cost efficient and, in addition, improve the health status and satisfy the consumer.
Modeling Microorganism Transmission with Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches: An Inquiry Activity

Students will test Madagascar hissing cockroach's capacity as a vector for transmission of microorganisms. By comparing a cockroach exposed to human contact (handled by students) and a cockroach with limited exposure (not handled), students can assess the ability of cockroaches to transmit microorganisms from one location (hands) to another (agar plate where the microorganism will be grown). This will allow students to determine if the Madagascar hissing cockroach, the classroom pet, is a potential vector for microorganisms. Students then will be able to question and relate the concept of insects and objects as vectors for common pathogen transfer.
The U.S. State Department Budget: How Much to Cut?

This paper examines the question of whether the U.S. State Department’s budget should be cut, and if so, by how much. If its budget increased by the same percentage as the increase in GDP since 2000, it would be 43.3 percent smaller than it was in 2016.
Endowment Effects in Evolutionary Game Theory: Enhancing Property Rights

There are many instances in nature of animals having a form of property rights, a respect for mine and thine. This paper addresses the question of how a norm of respecting property rights can emerge within a group of individuals without access to third party enforcement. Building upon work in economics and biology, an agent based model is presented that examines the processes by which property rights emerge within a population. Consistent with findings in biology and evolutionary economics, this process dispenses with deliberately planned creation of property rights and demonstrates their spontaneous emergence by virtue of a few simple factors. Key to this emergence is the endowment effect, which causes owners of a good to be more willing to fight against a challenger to retain possession. This asymmetry in action creates a strong tendency towards challengers respecting the possession claims of owners over time, resulting in emergent property rights.
Sensitivity of a hand-cranked nursery spreader to operator variables.

Abstract Hand-cranked rotary spreaders are used to apply granular pesticides to container crops. Pattern was affected by several variables that are controlled by the operator. A sensitivity study w...
Deciphering the “Fuzzy” Interaction of FG Nucleoporins and Transport Factors Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

Summary The largely intrinsically disordered phenylalanine-glycine-rich nucleoporins (FG Nups) underline a selectivity mechanism that enables the rapid translocation of transport factors (TFs) through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Conflicting models of NPC transport have assumed that FG Nups undergo different conformational transitions upon interacting with TFs. To selectively characterize conformational changes in FG Nups induced by TFs we performed small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with contrast matching. Conformational-ensembles derived from SANS data indicated an increase in the overall size of FG Nups is associated with TF interaction. Moreover, the organization of the FG motif in the interacting state is consistent with prior experimental analyses defining that FG motifs undergo conformational restriction upon interacting with TFs. These results provide structural insights into a highly dynamic interaction and illustrate how functional disorder imparts rapid and selective FG Nup-TF interactions.
Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching Critical Language Awareness: The Importance of Valuing Student Knowledge:

Approaches to teaching critical language awareness are gaining traction in urban schools with culturally and linguistically complex student populations; however, what teachers need to know to enact...
Efficacy of Selenium Pellets in Beef Cows

Four trials testing efficacy of Se pellets (10% Se, 90% Fe) for raising and maintaining whole blood Se in bee: cows were established in Shasta County, CA in 1980. Each pelleted cow received two 30 gram pellets by balling gun. Two trials had groups that received occasional injections of Se-vitamin E. All available cows were bled from two to four times a year with whole blood analyzed for total Se. Statistical analyses for trials with two groups were by T-tests. The trials with three groups were analyzed by one way analysis of variance using Tukey’s Studentized Range Test and P values shown for these trials are from T-tests comparing pelleted to control cows.
Cerebral edema induced by laser interstitial thermal therapy and radiotherapy in close succession in patients with brain tumor

Objective Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is an image-guided technique that uses high temperature to ablate pathological tissue. Brain tumor patients undergoing LITT may also undergo radiation therapy (RT) either before or after LITT. Both procedures have been reported to increase cerebral edema and thereby the two treatments in close succession may worsen existing edema that can be difficult to control. The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of increased and/or symptomatic cerebral edema after combined LITT and RT, the radiographic and clinical signs of this cerebral edema, and the treatment required. Materials and methods This is a single center, retrospective study of patients who underwent LITT and RT less than 60 days apart. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and clinical information were reviewed at three time points (pre-treatment, post-LITT, and post-RT). Results The study cohort comprised eight patients: six with glioblastoma, one with anaplastic astrocytoma, and one with metastasis. Pre-treatment MRI showed cerebral edema in seven patients. Post-LITT MRI showed worsening cerebral edema in three patients, of which one was symptomatic. Post-RT MRI showed worsening cerebral edema in one patient. One patient who received RT before LITT had asymptomatic cerebral edema post-RT that improved post-LITT. Three patients required prolonged steroid therapy (>65 days), while two patients required bevacizumab for steroid-refractory edema. Conclusions LITT and RT treatment in close succession can induce cerebral edema, which can usually be managed successfully with steroids, although the treatment period may be prolonged. A minority of patients may require more aggressive treatment, such as bevacizumab. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:917-923, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance analysis of the parallel Aitken-additive Schwarz waveform relaxation method on distributed environment

Grids provide an incredible amount of resources spread geographically to scientists and researchers, but the poor performance of the interconnection network is often a limiting factor for most parallel applications based on partial differential equations where intensive communications are required. Furthermore, the evolution towards multicore architecture has further exacerbated the problem and a strong endeavor is emerging from the scientific community to effectively exploit parallelism at an unprecedented scale. Indeed, standard softwares and algorithms need to be rethought and redesigned to be able to benefit from the power that new generations of multicore processors offer (hundreds of thousands of nodes).
REGULATION OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS BY HORMONES AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Publisher Summary From the various systems studied, it has been found that extracellular matrix and hormones can interact synergistically to effect either the growth or differentiation of epithelial cells. Normal epithelial cells demonstrate tissue specificity for the type of biomatrix required. Neoplastic epithelial cells have altered tissue specificity with possible correlations to the metastatic potential of the cells. The use of tissue-specific forms of extracellular matrix and serum-free, hormonally supplemented media has resulted in cells demonstrating high attachment and plating efficiencies, the long-term survival of even normal cells, and growth and/or differentiated expression depending upon the culture conditions and upon the cell type. Neoplastic cells also respond to matrix and hormonal signals. However, they do so transiently with a length of time, which correlates inversely with their malignant potential. A comparison of hormonal and matrix requirements of normal and neoplastic cells indicates that the classical description of neoplastic cells as having “loss growth regulation” can be restated as a reduction qualitatively or quantitatively in their regulation by hormones and/or extracellular matrix.
Co-occurring genomic capacity for anaerobic methane and dissimilatory sulfur metabolisms discovered in the Korarchaeota.

Phylogenetic and geological evidence supports the hypothesis that life on Earth originated in thermal environments and conserved energy through methanogenesis or sulfur reduction. Here we describe two populations of the deeply rooted archaeal phylum Korarchaeota, which were retrieved from the metagenome of a circumneutral, suboxic hot spring that contains high levels of sulfate, sulfide, methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. One population is closely related to ‘Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum OPF8’, while the more abundant korarchaeote, ‘Candidatus Methanodesulfokores washburnensis’, contains genes that are necessary for anaerobic methane and dissimilatory sulfur metabolisms. Phylogenetic and ancestral reconstruction analyses suggest that methane metabolism originated in the Korarchaeota, whereas genes for dissimilatory sulfite reduction were horizontally transferred to the Korarchaeota from the Firmicutes. Interactions among enzymes involved in both metabolisms could facilitate exergonic, sulfite-dependent, anaerobic oxidation of methane to methanol; alternatively, ‘Ca. M. washburnensis’ could conduct methanogenesis and sulfur reduction independently. Metabolic reconstruction suggests that ‘Ca. M. washburnensis’ is a mixotroph, capable of amino acid uptake, assimilation of methane-derived carbon and/or CO2 fixation by archaeal type III-b RuBisCO for scavenging ribose carbon. Our findings link anaerobic methane metabolism and dissimilatory sulfur reduction within a single deeply rooted archaeal population and have implications for the evolution of these traits throughout the Archaea. Metagenomics analyses of a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park reveal previously uncharacterized archaeal populations, including one with the genomic capacity to potentially couple anaerobic methane metabolism and dissimilatory sulfur reduction in a single organism.
Successful Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Supporting Science Teachers with a Systematic, Ongoing, Intentional Collaboration between University Engineering and Science Teacher Education Faculty.

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a modified faculty learning community (FLC) composed of university faculty from science education and a variety of engineering disciplines. This research investigate...
Dissecting the role of the Rad51 paralogs during double‐strand break repair

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most cytotoxic forms of DNA damage. Defects in DSB repair are associated with cancer predisposition, as well as, several heritable diseases including Fanc...
Clinical evaluation of germline polymorphisms associated with capecitabine toxicity in breast cancer: TBCRC-015

Capecitabine is important in breast cancer treatment but causes diarrhea and hand-foot syndrome (HFS), affecting adherence and quality of life. We sought to identify pharmacogenomic predictors of capecitabine toxicity using a novel monitoring tool. Patients with metastatic breast cancer were prospectively treated with capecitabine (2000 mg/m2/day, 14 days on/7 off). Patients completed in-person toxicity questionnaires (day 1/cycle) and automated phone-in assessments (days 8, 15). Correlation of genotypes with early and overall toxicity was the primary endpoint. Two hundred and fifty-nine patients were enrolled (14 institutions). Diarrhea and HFS occurred in 52% (17% grade 3) and 69% (9% grade 3), respectively. Only 29% of patients completed four cycles without dose reduction/interruption. In 39%, the highest toxicity grade was captured via phone. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diarrhea—DPYD*5 (odds ratio [OR] 4.9; P = 0.0005), a MTHFR missense SNP (OR 3.3; P = 0.02), and a SNP upstream of MTRR (OR 3.0; P = 0.03). GWAS elucidated a novel HFS SNP (OR 3.0; P = 0.0007) near TNFSF4 (OX40L), a gene implicated in autoimmunity including autoimmune skin diseases never before implicated in HFS. Genotype-gene expression analyses of skin tissues identified rs11158568 (associated with HFS via GWAS) with expression of CHURC1, a transcriptional activator controlling fibroblast growth factor (beta = − 0.74; P = 1.46 × 10–23), representing a previously unidentified mechanism for HFS. This is the first cancer pharmacogenomic study to use phone-in self-reporting, permitting augmented toxicity characterization. Three germline toxicity SNPs were replicated, and several novel SNPs/genes having strong functional relevance were discovered. If further validated, these markers could permit personalized capecitabine dosing.
Chapter 13 – Digital Forensics

This chapter discusses digital forensics, as well as the basic functionality of data processing and storage on computers. The chapter covers the complete life cycle of forensic evidence, handling procedures, and reporting. The technology covered in this chapter includes summaries of hash values, hard drive functionality, file system operations, RAM and volatile storage, and cloning storage devices.
12 – Economic Crime

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the fundamental cause of economic offenses, the desire to acquire money and goods and the ability and willingness to use illegal means to achieve that end. Human beings vary considerably in their devotion to material goods, their needs (real or imagined), and the likelihood that they will break the law to achieve financial ends. Some societies emphasize not acquisition but rather gift giving and plain living. Most religions deplore an undue accumulation of wealth in the face of others' poverty. Burglary is seen to be marked by a calculation of risks and a routine that include getting into and out of a house in short order. The burglary ensues from a perceived threat (which often is to the offender's self-esteem) that escalates into a state of encapsulation (in which the offender can think of no other way out of the dilemma) and then results in the crime. Computer crime requires a particular kind of expertise. Computers make access to illegal economic gains much simpler. White-collar crime, defined commonly as offenses committed by persons of power and status in the course of their occupations, has challenged many of the commonplace explanations of crime, such as those that regard broken homes as important contributors to lawbreaking.
Combination of tumor multinucleation and spatial arrangement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to predict overall survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A multisite study.

6566Background: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients can have major morbidity from current treatment regimens, necessitating accurate identification of patients with aggressive versus ind...
Clinical outcome of transanal endorectal pull-through for neonatal hirschsprung's disease

Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal Hirschsprung's disease (HD)and to evaluate the outcome of one-stage transanal endorectal pull-through in the treatment of neonatal HD.Methods The records of 48 newborns with HD from July 2004 to July 2013 were reviewed retrospectively.Base data,details of management,complications,and outcomes were examined.Results Totally 48 consecutive newborns with HD were identified,of which 32 were classical type,9 were long-segment type and 7 were short-segment type.All were successfully treated by one-stage transanal endorectal pull-through procedure,of which 39 were transanal only,7 were laparoscopic assisted,2 were open.The average preoperative preparation time was (7 ± 2) d.The operation time was (88 ± 15) min.The average intra-operative blood loss was (7 ± 2) ml.The average length of resected bowel was (18 ± 6) cm.The mean hospital stay was (10± 2) d.The follow-up period for all patients was in the range of 3 months to 8 years,and all grew well.Complications included anastomotic stricture (9 cases),constipation (8 cases),incontinence (8 cases),enterocolitis (10 cases),et al.All of them got better at last after treatment.Barium enema showed that the shape of colon had become normal.The score of bowel movement assessment was 4 for 38 cases,3 for 7 cases and 2 for 1 case.Conclusion It is suggested that one-stage transanal endorectal pull-through procedure for neonatal HD was safe,for its less complication good outcome and long term effect,which is worthy of further promotion. Key words: Neonatal Hirschsprung's disease; Operation; Treatment
Targeting the CBP/β-Catenin Interaction to Suppress Activation of Cancer-Promoting Pancreatic Stellate Cells.

Background: Although cyclic AMP-response element binding protein-binding protein (CBP)/β-catenin signaling is known to promote proliferation and fibrosis in various organ systems, its role in the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), the key effector cells of desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer and fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis, is largely unknown. Methods: To investigate the role of the CBP/β-catenin signaling pathway in the activation of PSCs, we have treated mouse and human PSCs with the small molecule specific CBP/β-catenin antagonist ICG-001 and examined the effects of treatment on parameters of activation. Results: We report for the first time that CBP/β-catenin antagonism suppresses activation of PSCs as evidenced by their decreased proliferation, down-regulation of “activation” markers, e.g., α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA/Acta2), collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1a1), Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and Survivin, up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Ppar-γ) which is associated with quiescence, and reduced migration; additionally, CBP/β-catenin antagonism also suppresses PSC-induced migration of cancer cells. Conclusion: CBP/β-catenin antagonism represents a novel therapeutic strategy for suppressing PSC activation and may be effective at countering PSC promotion of pancreatic cancer.
A critical review of piezoresistivity and its application in electrical-resistance-based strain sensing

Piezoresistivity is an electromechanical effect characterized by the reversible change in the electrical resistivity with strain. It is useful for electrical-resistance-based strain/stress sensing. The resistivity can be the volumetric, interfacial or surface resistivity, though the volumetric resistivity is most meaningful scientifically. Because the irreversible resistivity change (due to damage or an irreversible microstructural change) adds to the reversible change that occurs at lower strains, the inclusion of the irreversible effect makes the piezoresistivity appear stronger than the inherent effect. This paper focuses on the inherent piezoresistivity that occurs without irreversible resistivity changes. The effect is described by the gage factor (GF), which is defined as the fractional change in resistance per unit strain. The GF can be positive or negative. Strong piezoresistivity involves the magnitude of the fractional change in resistivity much exceeding the strain magnitude. The reversible effect of strain on the electrical connectivity is the primary piezoresistivity mechanism. Giant piezoresistivity is characterized by GF ≥ 500. This critical review with 209 references covers the theory, mechanisms, methodology and status of piezoresistivity, and provides the first review of the emerging field of giant piezoresistivity. Piezoresistivity is exhibited by electrically conductive materials, particularly metals, carbons and composite materials with conductive fillers and nonconductive matrices. They include functional and structural materials. Piezoresistivity enables structural materials to be self-sensing. Unfortunately, GF was incorrectly or unreliably reported in a substantial fraction of the publications, due to the pitfalls systematically presented here. The most common pitfall involves using the two-probe method for the resistance measurement.
Multilingualism and Reading Identities in Prekindergarten: Young Children Connecting Reading, Language, and the Self

Reading identities, or the ways that a child constructs the self as a reader across contexts and time, play a role in the development of early reading. Prior research on reading identities has repo...
Understanding of Failure Mechanism of High Energy Lithium-Sulfur Pouch Cells

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is a promising next generation energy storage technology for vehicle electrification or large scale energy storage due to the high theoretical energy, low cost, and environmental friendliness of sulfur. 1 However, deployment of Li-S batteries in practical applications has been hindered by the low practical energy and limited cycle life. Extensive researches in Li-S batteries have been performed, and significant advances have been demonstrated in material development and fundamental understandings of the reaction mechanism. 2, 3 However, most of the previous studies are based on thin film sulfur electrodes, excess amount of electrolyte, or small size coin cell configuration. It has been reported that sulfur utilization and cycle life are both affected if using electrodes with elevated sulfur loading and under conditions of lean amount of electrolyte. 4 This indicates scientific gaps existing between the high loading electrodes and the reported thin film counterparts. The new understandings and knowledge linking the "theoretical" and "practical" are essential for the further maturing of the Li-S battery technology. In an attempt to fill such scientific gaps, high energy Li-S pouch cells were designed and fabricated in our research by using high loading electrodes and lean electrolyte. Practically high energy of 372 Wh kg-1 has been demonstrated in the Li-S pouch cells although cycle life is still limited. Systematic understanding of cell failure mechanism under practical conditions was carried out by using advanced characterization techniques. Electrolyte depletion and non-uniformity of electrochemical reactions of both cathode and anode were identified as dominant factors of cell capacity decay and internal short-circuit. Detailed postmortem analysis of the cycled Li-S pouch cell and failure mechanism understanding will be presented and discussed at the meeting. References A. Manthiram, Y. Z. Fu, S. H. Chung, C. X. Zu and Y. S. Su, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 11751-11787. D. Aurbach, E. Pollak, R. Elazari, G. Salitra, C. S. Kelley and J. Affinito, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2009, 156, A694-A702. X. L. Ji, K. T. Lee and L. F. Nazar, Nat. Mater., 2009, 8, 500-506. D. P. Lv, J. M. Zheng, Q. Y. Li, X. Xie, S. Ferrara, Z. M. Nie, L. B. Mehdi, N. D. Browning, J. G. Zhang, G. L. Graff, J. Liu and J. Xiao, Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, 5, 8.
Autosomal recessive diseases among the Athabaskans of the southwestern United States: anthropological, medical, and scientific aspects.

The peopling of the Americas by Native Americans occurred in 4 waves of which the last was Nadene language speakers of whom Athabaskans are the largest group. As the Europeans were entering the Southwestern states of the USA, Athabaskan hunting-gathering tribes were migrating South from Canada along the Rocky Mountains and undergoing potential bottlenecks reflected in autosomal recessive diseases shared by Apaches and Navajos. About 300 years ago, the Navajo developing a sedentary culture learned from Pueblo Indians while the Apache remained hunter-gathers. Although most of the tribe was rounded up and forced to relocate to Bosque Redondo, the adult breeding population was large enough to prevent a genetic bottleneck. However, some Navajo underwent further population bottlenecks while hiding from the brutal US Army action (under Kit Carson's guidance). This led to an increased frequency of other autosomal recessive diseases. Recent advances in population genetics, pathophysiology of the diseases, and social/ethical issues concerning their study are reviewed.
Simulation Study of Breast Cancer Lipid Changes Affecting Membrane Oxygen Permeability: Effects of Chain Length and Cholesterol

Tumor radiotherapy relies on intracellular oxygen (O2) to generate reactive species that trigger cell death, yet hypoxia is common in cancers of the breast. De novo lipid synthesis in tumors supports cell proliferation but also may lead to unusually high levels of the 16:1 palmitoleoyl (Y) phospholipid tail, which is two carbons shorter than the 18:1 oleoyl (O) tail abundant in normal breast tissue. Here, we use atomic resolution molecular dynamics simulations to test two hypotheses: (1) the shorter, 16:1 Y, tail of the de novo lipid biosynthesis product 1-palmitoyl,2-palmitoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PYPC) promotes lower membrane permeability relative to the more common lipid 1-palmitoyl,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), by reducing oxygen solubility in the interleaflet region, and (2) cholesterol further lessens the permeability of PYPC by reducing overall O2 solubility and promoting PYPC tail order adjacent to the rigid cholesterol ring system. The simulations conducted here indicate that PYPC has a permeability of 14 ± 1 cm/s at 37 °C, comparable to 15.4 ± 0.4 cm/s for POPC. Inclusion of cholesterol in a 1:1 ratio with phospholipid intensifies the effect of chain length, giving permeabilities of 10.2 ± 0.2 cm/s for PYPC/cholesterol and 11.0 ± 0.6 cm/s for POPC/cholesterol. These findings indicate that PYPC may not substantially influence membrane-level oxygen flux and is unlikely to hinder breast tissue oxygenation.
Integrating multiple single-cell phenotypes links stress acclimation to prior life history in yeast

Abstract Stress defense and cell growth are inversely related in bulk culture analyses; however, these studies do not capture cellular heterogeneity, thus obscuring true phenotypic relationships. Here, we devised a microfluidics system to characterize multiple phenotypes in single yeast cells responding dynamically to stress. We simultaneously followed cell and colony growth, cell size and volume, and cell-cycle phase plus nuclear trans-localization of two transcription factors: stress-responsive activator Msn2 and repressor Dot6 that are co-regulated during stress. Coordinated activation reflects a systemic stress response, whereas decoupled behavior indicates factor-specific responses. We scored these features before, during, and after salt stress. Modeling of multi-cell phenotypes revealed surprising new information, including unexpected discordance between Msn2 and Dot6 behavior that revealed subpopulations of cells with distinct growth properties. Although past work connected Msn2 activation to growth rate, we instead found stronger correlations with Dot6 behavior. Post-stress growth rate could be partly predicted by integrating multiple cellular phenotypes, with higher accuracy than considering any single feature alone. Our results underscore that life-history experiences partially predict how cells will respond to stress.
Spectral Analysis of Multiparticle Schrödinger Operators

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on two main features of the spectral analysis of N-body Schrodinger operators. First, the spectrum of H is a Cantor set for “most,” almost periodic V. Second, if V is multiplied by a sufficiently large constant, H will have dense point spectrum at low energies.
Tuning of MST neurons to spiral motions

Cells in the dorsal division of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) have large receptive fields and respond to expansion/contraction, rotation, and translation motions. These same motions are generated as we move through the environment, leading investigators to suggest that area MSTd analyzes the optical flow. One influential idea suggests that navigation is achieved by decomposing the optical flow into the separate and discrete channels mentioned above, that is, expansion/contraction, rotation, and translation. We directly tested whether MSTd neurons perform such a decomposition by examining whether there are cells that are preferentially tuned to intermediate spiral motions, which combine both expansion/contraction and rotation components. The finding that many cells in MSTd are preferentially selective for spiral motions indicates that this simple three-channel decomposition hypothesis for MSTd does not appear to be correct. Instead, there is a continuum of patterns to which MSTd cells are selective. In addition, we find that MSTd cells maintain their selectivity when stimuli are moved to different locations in their large receptive fields. This position invariance indicates that MSTd cells selective for expansion cannot give precise information about the retinal location of the focus of expansion. Thus, individual MSTd neurons cannot code, in a precise fashion, the direction of heading by using the location of the focus of expansion. The only way this navigational information could be accurately derived from MSTd is through the use of a coarse, population encoding. Positional invariance and selectivity for a wide array of stimuli suggest that MSTd neurons encode patterns of motion per se, regardless of whether these motions are generated by moving objects or by motion induced by observer locomotion.
A Versatile Support for Binding Native Code to Java

As Java is being considered an appropriate environment for high performance computing, we describe advanced techniques of highly expressive and efficient combining of Java with existing code in other languages. We present their example use in developing of Java wrappers for the lip -- a runtime support library which enables easy and portable parallelization of irregular and out-of-core problems. Sample performance comparison results of out-of-core computations in Java and C are also presented.