cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High dose therapy and autologous marrow transplantation as salvage treatment for patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma.

Twenty-nine patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma who failed traditional chemotherapy were treated with high dose chemotherapy with or without total body irradiation followed by infusion of cryopreserved autologous marrow. Complete response was achieved in 1129 patients (38%), partial response in 1329 patients (45%) and 529 patients (17%) had no response. Six complete responders remain well and free of disease for 5+, 6+, 9+, 10+, 18+ and 25+ months, 3 relapsed at 2, 3 and 8 months after marrow infusion, and 2 died from infectious complications. Complete response was seen more frequently with the absence of bulky tumor (70 vs 21%, P = 0.03), a total body irradiation containing regimen (52 vs 0%, P = 0.03), a history of complete remission with initial chemotherapy (55% vs. 9%, P = 0.03), and a performance status ⩾ 80 (56 vs 15%, P = 0.06). High dose therapy had a high response rate (83%) in resistant diffuse large cell lymphoma and yielded durable complete responses in a minority of these patients.
Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structures of Some Antimicrobials Derived from Proflavine

The shifts in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 3‐aminoacridine, proflavine, acridine orange, and acridine yellow were employed to show that the singly charged cations, the predominant species at biological pH, exist in the ground state in the amino form. In the lowest excited singlet state, however, the monocations of the diaminoacridines have the imino structure, a conclusion supported by the relative ground‐ and excited‐state pKa values of the reactions of the monocation with H+. The ground‐state amino structure has its positive charge concentrated at the heterocyclic nitrogen atom, a fact that is of primary importance in determining the geometry of binding to DNA.
The development of preschoolers' private speech

Abstract This study examined the extent to which three age groups of preschoolers regulated their actions with speech-to-self in a task context. Vygotsky stated that preschoolers' behaviors are initially guided by adults' utterances. With development, children themselves use adults' utterances, in the form of private speech, or speech-to-self, to guide their actions. This internalization is characterized by children generating less overt private speech as they develop. The first hypothesis of this study, that preschoolers' ratio of private to total speech should also decline with age, is supported. Vygotsky also hypothesized that children's ability to use private speech to regulate their own actions also develops during the preschool period. Self-regulating private speech has been defined as utterances either accompanying or preceding actions and semantic self-regulating utterances. The second hypothesis of this study, that preschoolers' self-regulating private speech increases with age, is not supported. With development, Vygotsky stated, preschoolers' private speech was said to become syntactically abbreviated as it served a self-regulating function. In this study, most utterances, despite use, were syntactically complex. However, a significant number of utterances were syntactically abbreviated.
Economic news and equity market linkages between the U.S. and U.K.

Abstract The source of equity market linkages between the U.S. and U.K. is investigated by focusing on intraday price movements of stock index futures contracts. We document heightened U.K. return volatility at 11:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. GMT, which corresponds to regular macroeconomic releases in the U.K. and U.S., respectively. The response of U.K. equities in the half-hour surrounding the U.S. announcements is significant and similar to price movements for U.S. equities to the same announcements. These results support the hypothesis that the documented international equity market linkages are attributable to reactions of foreign traders to public information originating from the U.S.
Book Review: Jonathan Boston, Stephen Levine, Elizabeth McLeay, and Nigel Roberts, New Zealand Under MMP: A New Politics? (Auckland: Auckland University Press with Bridget Williams Books, 1996), pp. x, 206, $34.95.

(1997). Book Review: Jonathan Boston, Stephen Levine, Elizabeth McLeay, and Nigel Roberts, New Zealand Under MMP: A New Politics? (Auckland: Auckland University Press with Bridget Williams Books, 1996), pp. x, 206, $34.95. Political Science: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 238-240.
Delayed appearance of pulmonary maturation markers is associated with poor glucose control in diabetic pregnancies

Fetuses born after pregnancies complicated by diabetes display delayed pulmonary maturation as measured by the delayed appearance of biochemical indicators of pulmonary maturity (phosphatidylglycerol, lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio) and by the occurrence of hyaline membrane disease even in term gestations. We tested the hypothesis that poor maternal glycemic control is associated with delayed appearance of the biochemical markers of fetal pulmonary maturation. Consecutive diabetic pregnancies with documentation of maternal glycemic control and amniotic fluid analysis for PG were analyzed. Maternal glycemic control was defined as good if the mean blood glucose was 5.8 mmol/L. The presence of amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol was considered an indicator of lung maturity. Hyaline membrane disease was defined by the criteria of Corbet et al. [J Pediatr 118:277-284, 1991]. A total of 621 diabetic pregnancies were analyzed (261 good glycemic control, 360 poor glycemic control). Phosphatidylglycerol was absent in 21% of good glycemic control vs. 31% of poor glycemic control pregnancies (P < 0.05). When stratified by gestational age, the risk of absence of phosphatidylglycerol was significantly higher in the poor glycemic control group (O.R. 1.83, 1.19-2.84). At 36-37.9 weeks, poor glycemic control pregnancies had significantly higher rates of absent phosphatidylglycerol (37% vs. 22%, O.R. 2.04, 1.1-3.9). All cases of hyaline membrane disease beyond 32 weeks gestation occurred in poor glycemic control pregnancies. There were no cases of hyaline membrane disease beyond 37.0 weeks gestation. We conclude that poorly controlled maternal glucose levels are associated with delayed appearance of phosphatidylglycerol in diabetic pregnancies. However, after 37.0 weeks of gestation, no significant neonatal pulmonary disease occurred.
Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin's really dangerous idea

Darwin proposed an explicitly aesthetic theory of sexual selection in which he described mate preferences as a ‘taste for the beautiful’, an ‘aesthetic capacity’, etc. These statements were not merely colourful Victorian mannerisms, but explicit expressions of Darwin's hypothesis that mate preferences can evolve for arbitrarily attractive traits that do not provide any additional benefits to mate choice. In his critique of Darwin, A. R. Wallace proposed an entirely modern mechanism of mate preference evolution through the correlation of display traits with male vigour or viability, but he called this mechanism natural selection. Wallace's honest advertisement proposal was stridently anti-Darwinian and anti-aesthetic. Most modern sexual selection research relies on essentially the same Neo-Wallacean theory renamed as sexual selection. I define the process of aesthetic evolution as the evolution of a communication signal through sensory/cognitive evaluation, which is most elaborated through coevolution of the signal and its evaluation. Sensory evaluation includes the possibility that display traits do not encode information that is being assessed, but are merely preferred. A genuinely Darwinian, aesthetic theory of sexual selection requires the incorporation of the Lande–Kirkpatrick null model into sexual selection research, but also encompasses the possibility of sensory bias, good genes and direct benefits mechanisms.
Sophia: an Information Plane for networked systems

This paper motivates and describes an example network Information Plane, called Sophia, currently deployed on PlanetLab. Sophia is a distributed system that collects, stores, propagates, aggregates, and reacts to observations about the network's current conditions. Sophia's approach is novel: it can be viewed as a multi-user distributed expression evaluator in which sensors and actuators form the ground terms, and statements take on the complete expressiveness of a logic language like Prolog. This paper argues that this approach has several advantages in managing and controlling a complex, federated, and evolving network: (1) a declarative logic language provides a natural way to express the kinds of statements that are common to this application domain, through temporal and positional logic rules, facts and expressions; and (2) distributed evaluation of such logic expressions provides many opportunities for performance optimization yielding an efficient system.
Energy components of aqueous solution: Insight from hybrid QM/MM simulations using a polarizable solvent model

An energy decomposition method is present in statistical Monte Carlo simulations of aqueous solutions of a series of organic solutes, making use of a hybrid quantum mechanical and polarizable molecular mechanical (QM/MM-PIPF) approach. In the hybrid QM/MM-PIPF method, the mutual solute–solvent polarization effect is specifically considered through a coupled iterative procedure that ensures the convergence of solvent induced dipoles and the solute wave function. It should be noted that the method is an approximate approach without specifically considering the electronic correlation effect between solute and solvent electrons, and energetic results have not been verified by free energy calculations. Nevertheless, the energy decomposition analysis provides insight into the details of the molecular polarization effect. Qualitative trends of the energy components from such analyses provide guidance in the understanding of the nature of intermolecular interactions in biomolecular systems, whereas quantitative results on specific terms may be utilized to derive empirical, yet computationally more efficient, force fields. Polarization effects are found to be significant, which contribute 10% to 23% to the total solute–solvent interaction energies. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem18:1061–1071, 1997
Solution of the differential equation (∂2∂x∂y + ax∂∂x + by∂∂y + cxy + ∂∂t) P(x, y, t) = 0 and the Bogoliubov transformation☆☆☆

Abstract An eigen function expansion for the solution of the Lambropolous partial differential equation is obtained by the use of a transformation similar to the Bugolubov transformation familiar in Bose gas theory. Also the technique of normal ordering of operators is employed. The orthogonality properties of such solutions are also analysed.
Systemic Chemotherapy and Two-Stage Hepatectomy for Extensive Bilateral Colorectal Liver Metastases: Perioperative Safety and Survival

Two-stage hepatectomy has been proposed for patients with bilateral colorectal liver metastases (CLM). The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients with CLM treated with preoperative chemotherapy followed by one- or two-stage hepatectomy. From a prospective database, 214 consecutive patients who received preoperative systemic chemotherapy (fluoropyrimidine with irinotecan or oxaliplatin) followed by planned one- or two-stage hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed (1998–2006). In patients undergoing two-stage procedures, minor hepatectomy (wedge or segmental resection[s]) was systematically performed before major (more than three segments), second-stage hepatectomy. Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) was performed if indicated. One- (group I) and two-stage(group II) hepatectomies were performed in 184 and 21 patients, respectively. Median number of metastases in groups I and II were two (range 1–20) and seven (range 2–20). All patients in group II had bilateral disease vs 39% in group I. Major hepatectomy was performed in all patients in group II and 79% in group I. PVE was performed in 18 group I and 12 group II patients without increase in morbidity. For group I, group II first stage, and group II second stage, respectively, morbidity (24%, 24%, 43%), median hospital stay (7 days, 6 days, 6.5 days) and 30 days postoperative mortality (2%, 0%, 0%) were not significantly different (P = NS). Median follow-up was 25 months; median survival has not been reached. One- and 3-year overall and disease-free survival rates from the time of hepatic resection were 95% and 75%, 63% and 39%, respectively in group I; 95% and 86%, 70% and 51%, respectively in group II (P = NS). Two-stage hepatectomy with preoperative chemotherapy results in comparable morbidity and survival rates as one-stage hepatectomy. This approach enables selection and treatment of patients with multiple, bilateral CLM who will benefit from aggressive surgery with good outcomes.
Safer SDN programming through Arbiter

Software Defined Networking (SDN) programs are written with respect to assumptions on software and hardware facilities and protocol definitions. Silent mismatches between the expected feature set and implemented feature set of SDN artifacts can easily lead to hard to debug network configurations, decreased network performance, outages, or worse, security vulnerabilities. We show how the paradigm of axiomatic programming, supported by practical dependent types, provides effective support for SDN executable specifications and verification.​
Significant Anomalies and Recurrence Rate Revealed by Follow-up Radiographic Screening after Neonatal Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in the ECMO Era |[dagger]| 1208

Objective: To determine the recurrence rate of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and to reveal any additional developmental lung or thoracic anomalies, we reviewed follow-up chest radiographs in survivors who underwent neonatal repair after ECMO therapy had been introduced into our intensive care nursery.
Organizational centralization in court administration: An empirical assessment

Data gathered from a national survey of court managers are used to examine the centralized versus decentralized perspectives recently developed in organizational theories of court administration. Two areas are examined in the research: administrative decision making and job formalization. Utilizing discriminant analysis, it appears that few states are dominated by a single management approach, and that in all likelihood the local norms and values influence the ways in which the courts are managed.
A Comparison of the Sit and Reach and the Modified Sit and Reach in the Measurement of Flexibility in Women

(1992). A Comparison of the Sit and Reach and the Modified Sit and Reach in the Measurement of Flexibility in Women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 191-195.
DataSplash: A Direct Manipulation Environment for Programming Semantic Zoom Visualizations of Tabular Data

Abstract We describe DataSplash, a direct manipulation system for creating semantic zoom visualizations of tabular (relational) data. DataSplash makes contributions in three areas that are key to the construction of such visualizations. First, DataSplash helps users graphically specify the visual appearance of groups of objects. Second, the system helps users visually program the way the appearance of groups of objects changes as users browse the visualization. Third, DataSplash allows users to create groups of graphical links between canvases. These direct manipulation facilities simplify the process of constructing semantic zoom applications, particularly ones that display large data sets.
Missouri River Watershed: the Object for Hydrological Study and Uncertainty of Models

The longest river (2540 mi) and the second drainage area (529 346 mi2) in the North America the Missouri River is one from the most interesting hydrological objects to study. The issue of uncertainty is the basis for any application of knowledge (“Uncertainty is an attribute of information.” From Zadeh, 2005) and has to be one of the main tasks in Earth’s systems study. Knowledge about natural systems (watershed in our case) may be only obtained by the analysis of the empirical (instrumental) data (observations). Principle of Uncertainty is the basic low in Physic. In Hydrology, the Uncertainty starts from the unveiling of the research task by the researcher. The main source of the uncertainty comes from the natural system “extraction” (unit’s boundaries) for modeling and from the limitations of data representing both time and space variability. The watershed has the formal determined boundary and this property places hydrology in the center of regional climate research. The uncertainty is considered in context of time and space with use of cybernetic model of the watershed and described on base of specification of the system in the coordinates on the Earth. The math model does not have criteria to verify itself (Godel's incompleteness theorems) – multitasks & multiscales studies have to be completed. The data analysis for Upper Missouri River provide a base for regionalization, a multi-scaled description of the structure of river watersheds and their interaction with climate characteristics, and uncertainty of the obtained knowledge. The formulation of the uncertainty for watershed helps to explain the scope of practical applications to be developed, and the tasks to study, communicate and educate the public/communities about water resources and environmental issues, including extreme events like drought/flooding. Science is one of many components of life but the scientist is the only holder of the “truth” and a creator of formal knowledge of the nature. “… data analysis assists in the formulation of a model … A model is merely your reflection of reality and, like probability, it describes neither you nor the world, but only a relationship between you and that world” (From Lindley, “Principles of Statistics”, 2006).
Effect of unilateral tympanotomy on auditory induced c-fos expression in cochlear nuclei

The immediate early gene, c-fos, signals expression of target genes. Three natural occurring physiological entities: (1) learning, (2) plasticity, and (3) stress are proposed to use c-fos gene expression to signal molecular changes in neurons. The objective of this study was to determine whether c-fos expression is predominately activated by stress or by novel events associated with learning and plasticity. The approach was to quantitate the number of neurons in cochlear nuclei which express Fos protein following short-term novel sound stimuli together with either uni- or bilateral tympanotomy so as to differentiate novel sound stimuli from stress activation. The results show that routinely experienced sounds do not elicit c-fos expression in medullary cochlear nuclei, but novel sounds produced a 25-fold increase in the number of active cells. Following unilateral tympanotomy with novel sound stimulation, only a small number of cells were activated, ipsilaterally, (partially deafened side) while contralaterally, there was a 30-fold increase. After normalization of the data for control values, the data clearly indicate that novelty of sound stimuli induce c-fos gene expression. Furthermore, bilateral tympanotomy (bilateral partial deafening) with sound stimulation activated both sides by 20-fold, indicating that the c-fos response followed the sound stimulation. The data allow us to conclude that stress generates only a small contribution to c-fos gene expression while novel stimuli are potent signals, strongly implicating c-fos in novelty induced adaptation processes involved in learning and plasticity.
Designing field research in technical communication: usability testing for in-house user documentation

Cet article presente la methodologie a suivre pour concevoir et mener une etude sur l'utilisation effective par les personnels d'un manuel d'utilisation de la documentation interne de l'entreprise
A novel in situ double-labeling method for simultaneous detection of mRNA and expressed protein or two different mRNAs

Abstract We have developed a novel double-labeling method to investigate multiple gene expression in single cells. The method relies on the use of a radioactive probe followed by a colorimetric probe. Unique to this method, the radioactive signal is first captured on an emulsion pre-coated slide, which totally separates it from the process of color development and prevents any interference with the radiolabeled probe. We cite two applications of the new procedure: (1) to study the correlation between acetylcholine receptor (AChR) α-subunit mRNA and protein expression in cultured chick myoblasts and (2) to investigate the co-expression of (AChR) α and γ mRNAs in nascent myotubes. In the former case, the radioactive signal is generated by incubation of live cells with 125 I-α-bungarotoxin, in the latter, by an in situ hybridization (ISH) with 35 S-labeled DNA probe. Colorimetric labeling is accomplished in a second step by ISH using digoxigenin-labeled oligos. Analysis of 203 myoblasts showed that AChR α-subunit protein and mRNA are co-expressed. Examination of 4-day-old myotubes suggested that most, but not all, nuclear clusters co-express α and γ mRNAs. These results demonstrate that the described protocol has high sensitivity and specificity for detection of protein and message, or two different mRNAs on a single cell level.
Modeling of Heavy‐Atom–Ligand NMR Spin–Spin Coupling in Solution: Molecular Dynamics Study and Natural Bond Orbital Analysis of Hg ? C Coupling Constants

Ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) and relativistic density functional NMR methods were applied to calculate the one-bond Hg-C NMR indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling constants (J) of [Hg(CN)(2) ] and [CH(3) HgCl] in solution. The MD averages were obtained as J((199) Hg-(13) C)=3200 and 1575 Hz, respectively. The experimental Hg-C spin-spin coupling constants of [Hg(CN)(2) ] in methanol and [CH(3) HgCl] in DMSO are 3143 and 1674 Hz, respectively. To deal with solvent effects in the calculations, finite "droplet" models of the two systems were set up. Solvent effects in both systems lead to a strong increase of the Hg-C coupling constant. From a relativistic natural localized molecular orbital (NLMO) analysis, it was found that the degree of delocalization of the Hg 5d(σ) nonbonding orbital and of the HgC bonding orbital between the two coupled atoms, the nature of the trans Hg-C/Cl bonding orbital, and the s character of these orbitals, exhibit trends upon solvation of the complexes that, when combined, lead to the strong increase of J(Hg-C).
Coupled axisymmetric finite element model of a magneto-hydraulic actuator for active engine mounts

A coupled axisymmetric finite element model is formulated to describe the dynamic performance of a hydraulically amplified Terfenol-D mount actuator. The formulation is based on the weak form representations of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetics and Navier's equation for mechanical systems. Terfenol-D constitutive behavior is modeled using a fully coupled energy averaged model. Fluid pressure is computed from the volumetric deformation of the fluid chamber and coupled back to the structure as tractions on the boundaries encompassing the fluid. Seal friction is modeled using the Lugre friction model. The resulting model equations are coded into COMSOL (a commercial finite element package) which is used for meshing and global assembly of matrices. Results show that the model accurately describes the mechanical and electrical response of the actuator under static and dynamic conditions. At higher frequencies there are some errors in the phase due to the anhysteretic nature of the Terfenol-D constitutive law. A parametric study reveals that the performance of the actuator can be significantly improved by stiffening the fluid chamber components and reducing seal friction.
Altered ribosomes in a suppressor strain of Escherichia coli.

From a strain of Escherichia coli K12 auxotrophic for tryptophan, a temperature-sensitive revertant strain was isolated; the revertant strain was tryptophan-independent at 30°C but failed to grow at 43°C even when supplemented with tryptophan. Conjugation and transduction tests showed that the revertant phenotype at 30°C is due to a suppressor mutation; that the two characteristics, suppression and temperature-sensitivity, are due to the same mutational event; and that the suppressor mutation is located near the threonine—leucine loci. The ribosomes of the temperature-sensitive suppressed strain were found to be more temperature sensitive than the ribosomes of the parental strain in their capacity to function in the polymerization of phenylalanine to polyphenylalanine. The 50 s subunit is the temperature-sensitive component. Cells of the temperature-sensitive suppressed strain, when shifted from 30°C to 43°C, increase their mass for a few hours but fail to divide. During this period the specific activity of certain enzymes decreases. This may mean that large numbers of faulty proteins are produced at the higher temperature.
The Magnificent Montagna Symposia on the Biology of the Skin

The mid-nineteenth century was a time of great excitement and high expectations in ermatology, especially for the research segment. The Society for Investigative Dermatology had een formed a decade earlier, on the heels of the creation of the National Institutes of Health. The morphologic, descriptive, didactic dermatology, dominated by the European masters for enturies, was giving way to the pursuit of investigative, experimental dermatology and the new era of neodermatology.
Erosional unloading, hillslope geometry, and the height of the Cascade Range, Washington State, USA.

Peaks in the Cascade Range in northern Washington State are on average ∼800 m higher than in southern Washington. The influences of differential valley excavation and variations in hillslope length and average slope on these altitudinal trends were tested using a 3-dimensional model for isostatic rock uplift and calculations of hillslope length and slope respectively. The magnitude of isostatic peak uplift calculated by the model is highly dependent on the flexural rigidity (D) and the related effective elastic thickness (Te) of the crust of this region. Crustal rigidity was constrained using published estimates and by estimating the depth of the seismogenic zone in the area (D > 1 × 1023 Nm and Te > 24 km). With these constraints, isostatic compensation due to differential erosion added < 700 m and 300 m, or < 25% overall, of height to peaks in the northern and southern Cascades, respectively. Deeper valley incision in the northern Cascades accounts for < 300 m of the 800 m difference in peak altitudes between north and south. Similarly, variation in valley spacing and slope account for < 350 m of the difference in mean altitude between northern and southern regions. Hence, at least several hundred m difference in altitude between the northern and southern regions of the Cascades in Washington must be due to tectonic, geologic, or geophysical factors rather than surficial and geomorphic effects like isostatic response to valley incision and hillslope geometry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The osteoporosis revolution marches on

In 1997, when I reported on the progress of the “osteoporosis revolution,”1 five topics were emphasized: genetics, local factors, bone mass measurements, biochemical markers, and prevention and therapy. During the past 10 years there has been substantial progress in all of these areas, but the revolution is by no means over. This review summarizes our current concepts of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment with an emphasis on the advances that have been made during the past decade. The osteoporosis revolution is a relatively recent problem in human history, due largely to the great increase in life expectancy and the effects of “civilization,” that is, the movement of humans from outdoors to indoors and from heavy physical activity to sedentary occupations. Although originally the diagnosis of osteoporosis was made after patients had had a fragility fracture, we now can make a diagnosis of osteoporosis before fractures occur when there is a marked reduction of bone mineral density (BMD) or of osteopenia, when there is a moderate reduction in BMD. This has made it possible to start preventive measures and early therapy in high-risk patients before there is any fracture. Nevertheless, most patients are not diagnosed until after their first fragility fracture; and, unfortunately, many are not diagnosed or treated even after that fracture. Although the highest incidence is among postmenopausal women, substantial numbers of older men are affected; and a few younger individuals, particularly those with important secondary causes for bone loss, are also at risk for fragility fractures.
Local Discriminative Distance Metrics and their Real World Applications

The ultimate goal of distance metric learning is to use discriminative information to keep data samples in the same class close, and those in different classes separate. Local distance metric methods can preserve discriminative information by considering neighborhood influence. We propose a discriminative distance metric approach by maximizing local pairwise constraints. Based on the local learning framework, we then extend this approach to a multiple metrics approach, local discriminative distance metrics (LDDM), by learning distance metrics on the local vicinity of each training sample. This extension avoids the global optimization for irrelevant pairwise constraints and can thus maximize the discriminative information in each local area. Theoretical analysis for the error bound of the proposed methods has been provided. In addition, we have studied three challenging real-world problems: crater detection, crime prediction, and accelerometer based activity recognition. We design and apply three local distance learning metrics to achieve the best performance for each particular task.
Effect of Seawater Soluble Fraction of Kerosene on Chemotaxis in a Marine Snail, Nassarius obsoletus

IN aquatic environments, behaviour such as food finding, reproductive activities and orientation may depend on an organism's detection of specific chemical cues. One of the dangers of the increasing load of pollutants in the sea is that natural chemically mediated behaviour important in the lives of marine animals may be disrupted by minute amounts of these contaminants. This possibility has been suggested for chronic pollution by oil, whose sublethal effects are little known1. To examine quantitatively behavioural disruption by oils, we have investigated the effect of the seawater-soluble fraction of kerosene on the attraction of the marine prosobranch snail, Nassarius obsoletus, to food extracts. This snail has already been found to be quite suitable for studies of chemoreception2,3. Kerosene seawater extract was selected because its components have been identified and quantified and are also present in seawater extracts of some crude oils4.
The course of posttraumatic stress disorder in a follow-up study of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing.

BACKGROUND: The course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in populations directly exposed to terrorist attacks is of major importance in the post-9/11 era. Because no systematic diagnostic studies of the most highly exposed individuals of the 9/11 terrorist attacks have yet been done, the Oklahoma City bombing remains a unique opportunity to examine PTSD over time in high-exposure terrorist victims. METHODS: This study assessed 137 survivors in the direct path of the explosion at approximately 6 and 17 months postdisaster, using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS: Combined index and follow-up data yielded a higher (41%) incidence of PTSD than detected at index (32%) or follow-up (31%). All PTSD was chronic (89% unremitted at 17 months) with no delayed-onset cases. The avoidance and numbing symptom group C, unlike groups B and D alone, was pivotal to current PTSD status and was associated with indicators of functioning at index and follow-up. The findings at index were sustainable. CONCLUSIONS: This follow-up study confirmed the immediacy of onset of PTSD and its persistence over time, pointing to the need for early interventions that continue over the long term. Group C avoidance and numbing symptoms may aid in early recognition of PTSD and in predicting long-term functioning. Language: en
Intraosseous ganglion of the distal ulna

A patient with wrist pain and cystic changes of the ulnar head is presented. This x-ray finding has not previously been reported in patients without rheumatoid arthritis. At the time of operation a tear of the triangular fibrocartilage was present.
Public involvement in resource planning: Toward bridging the gap between policy and implementation

Abstract Virtually every major congressional act passed since 1946 mandates citizen participation in government administrative policymaking. Nevertheless, the public involvement goals contained in resource planning legislation are often not met in practice. The article presents an evaluation of the public involvement methods used in U. S. Forest Service land management planning. The results suggest that some of the public involvement goals contained in the National Forest Management Act of 1976 were not met for most forests. The barriers to providing effective public involvement were (1) the complex, technical planning process adopted by the agency; (2) a lack of agency guidance on conducting interactive public involvement; (3) a desire to avoid controversy; and (4) internal power struggles that affected the planning process. To meet the public involvement goals of planning legislation, agencies should clearly identify and address controversial public issues; conduct substantive, interactive public involv...
CB1 receptors modulate the intake of a sweetened fat diet in response to mu-opioid receptor stimulation of the nucleus accumbens

Previous research has demonstrated that concurrent systemic administration of CB(1) cannabinoid and mu-opioid receptor agonists increases feeding in rats. However, the possible neural loci of this cooperative effect have yet to be identified. These studies tested whether the nucleus accumbens shell may be one site of the interactive effects of opioid and cannabinoid ligands on feeding. Injection of the mu-opioid agonist DAMGO (at 0, 0.025, 0.25, or 2.5 µg/0.5 µl/side) directly into the rat nucleus accumbens shell increased feeding on a sweetened-fat diet, and this effect was blocked by pretreatment with either the mu-opioid antagonist naltrexone (20 µg/0.5 µl/side) or the CB(1) antagonist SR141716 (0.5 µg/0.5 µl/side). Activation of nucleus accumbens shell CB(1) receptors with WIN55212-2 alone (at 0.1 or 0.5 µg/0.5 µl/side) had no apparent effect on food intake. However, local injections of the low dose of DAMGO (.025 µg/0.5 µl/side) in this region along with WIN55212-2 (at 0.25 or 0.50 µg/0.5 µl/side) increased feeding above that induced by DAMGO alone. These data suggest an important modulatory role for cannabinoid receptors in the expression of feeding behaviors in response to mu-opioid receptor activation of the nucleus accumbens shell.
Selection of Sustainable Wind Turbine Tower Geometry and Material Using Multi-Level Decision Making

Wind turbine tower design looks primarily at the structural integrity and durability of the tower. Optimization techniques are sometimes employed to maximize the loading capability while reducing material use and cost. Still, the tower is a dynamic part of a complex wind energy conversion system. During system operation, the tower is excited and sways back and forth. This undesirable movement increases cyclical loading on the tower and drivetrain components. To minimize this motion the tower frequency must be offset from the natural frequency of other components. Hence, it is necessary to look at the relationships that exist between the tower and other wind turbine components, such as the rotor, nacelle, and foundation. In addition, tradeoffs between cost, structural performance, and environmental impact can be examined to guide the designer toward a truly sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Ultimately, an optimal design technique can be implemented and used to automate tower design. This work will introduce the analytical model and decision-making architecture that can be used to incorporate greater considerations in future studies. In this paper, nine wind turbine tower designs with different materials and geometries are analyzed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The optimal tower design is selected using a multi-level variation of the Hypothetical Equivalents and Inequivalents Method (HEIM). Using this analysis, a steel tower with variable thickness has been chosen. The findings reaffirm that steel is a favorable choice for turbine tower construction as it performs well on environmental, performance, and cost objectives. The method proposed in this work can be expanded to examine additional design goals and present a higher fidelity model of the wind turbine tower system in future work.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Regeneration of immobilized antibodies on fiber optic probes

The regeneration of antibodies covalently immobilized to an optical fibre surface was investigated by dissociation of the antibody-antigen complex with three different solvents: (a) an acidic solution (0.1 M glycine hydrochloride in 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol, pH 1.75), (b) a basic solution (0.05 M tetraethylamine in 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol, pH 11.0) and (c) 50% (v/v) ethanol in PBS. The fibres coated with polyclonal rabbit anti-goat antibody against a large protein retained 70% and 65% of the original signal after five consecutive regenerations with acidic and basic solvent systems, respectively. The fibres coated with monoclonal mouse anti-trinitrobenzene antibody specific for a small organic molecule, retained over 90% of the original signal when regenerated with basic and ethanol solutions. This study evaluated regeneration and reuse of antibody-coated fibre optic biosensors as a means of reducing routine laboratory analysis costs and time.
Macromolecular leakage beneath full cast crowns: A two-year in vitro investigation.

Abstract Statement of problem. Most microleakage studies have used low molecular weight dyes or isotopes rather than clinically relevant materials such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) or cell wall materials that have been shown to provoke inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp. Purpose. This investigation evaluated the leakage (diffusion) of fluorescently labeled LPS and dextran beneath cast-gold crowns luted with 3 cements. Material and methods. Thirty extracted molars were prepared for crowns. Ten crowns with access ports (facial or lingual) were cast in gold and luted with zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and an adhesive resin cement onto their preparations. Teeth and crowns with filters inserted into the ports were immersed in a solution of labeled macromolecules (TRITC-LPS, FITC-dextran) and evaluated for leakage every month for 24 months. Filters were retrieved and analyzed with fluorescent microscopy. Results. All filters retrieved from crowns luted with zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and adhesive resin cements demonstrated no detectable leakage and were negative for both FITC-dextran and TRITC-LPS for all evaluation periods. Conclusion. For the 24 months of this investigation, zinc phosphate, Ketac-Cem, and CB85:20-5.)
Evidence supporting a role for calcium in apoptosis induction by the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO).

The synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) is a novel anticancer agent that induces apoptosis in tumor cells. The cytotoxic stress underpinning CDDO-induced apoptosis has not been established. This study compared and contrasted the effects of CDDO on COLO 16 human skin cancer cells and their respiration-deficient (ρ0) clones to elucidate the stress signal responsible for initiating apoptosis. CDDO promoted apoptosis in COLO 16 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The ρ0 clones appeared to be more sensitive to CDDO-induced apoptosis implying that the disruption of mitochondrial respiration was not directly associated with triggering cell death. After a 4-h exposure to CDDO, mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential-sensitive dyes revealed mitochondrial hyperpolarization in the COLO 16 cells and mitochondrial depolarization in the ρ0 clones. Electron microscopy illustrated that this exposure also promoted mitochondrial condensation, endoplasmic reticulum dilation, and chromatin condensation in the COLO 16 cells. Endoplasmic reticulum dilation and chromatin condensation were also observed in the ρ0 clones, but the mitochondria in these cells were markedly swollen implying that the disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was associated with cell death. A Ca2+-sensitive dye confirmed that CDDO increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+ in the COLO 16 cells, their ρ0 clones, as well as in malignant breast and lung epithelial cells. A cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator reduced the CDDO-induced increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+, and inhibited caspase activation, the development of apoptotic morphology, and DNA fragmentation in the COLO 16 cells, implying that Ca2+ played a pivotal role in signaling the initiation of apoptosis.
Increased Expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR on Pulmonary Macrophages in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

ABSTRACT: We used an immunoperoxidase method to examine the expression of the immune activation marker HLA-DR on pulmonary tissue obtained at autopsy from 14 patients dying of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Controls consisted of 16 age-matched, sex-matched children dying of noncardiac, nonrespiratory, noninfectious illnesses or as a result of motor vehicle accidents. We did not observe aberrant expression of HLA-DR on pulmonary cndothelial cells. Positive staining appeared exclusively on macrophages. We quantitated the expression of antigen by counting the number of positive macrophages and total macrophages/monocytes per high power field. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients displayed significantly greater numbers of both positive and total macrophages compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The percent positive macrophages also was significantly higher in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients (p < 0.005). We also examined a group of patients dying with infant respiratory distress syndrome. There was no significant difference in number of total macrophages in this group compared with age-matched controls.
The qualitative research audit trail: a complex collection of documentation

A qualitative study typically involves a large volume of researcher-generated data, including notes about the context of the study, methodological decisions, data analysis procedures, and self-awareness of the researcher. Such data are important in many aspects of the study, particularly in the development of an audit trail to substantiate trustworthiness. Unfortunately, there is little information available to assist researchers in generating the needed documentation. In this article, we discuss the types of data that contribute to credible investigations. Strategies for maintaining effective records in qualitative studies are included, along with examples from our own research.
Basal Endothelial Nitric Oxide Release is Preserved in Overweight and Obese Adults

Objective: Impaired basal nitric oxide release is associated with a number of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, arterial spasm, and myocardial infarction. We determined whether basal endothelial nitric oxide release is reduced in otherwise healthy overweight and obese adult humans. Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy sedentary adults were studied: 32 normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2), 24 overweight (BMI ≥ 25 < 30 kg/m2), and 14 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusions of Ng-monomethyl-l-arginine (5 mg/min), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, were used as an index of basal nitric oxide release. Results: Ng-monomethyl-l-arginine elicited significant reductions in FBF in the normal weight (from 4.1 ± 0.2 to 2.7 ± 0.2 mL/100 mL tissue/min), overweight (4.1 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.2 mL/100 mL tissue/min), and obese (3.9 ± 0.3 to 2.7 ± 0.2 mL/100 mL tissue/min) subjects. Importantly, the magnitude of reduction in FBF (∼30%) was similar among the groups. Discussion: These results indicate that the capacity of the endothelium to release nitric oxide under basal conditions is not compromised in overweight and obese adults.
Behavioural traits of colony founders affect the life history of their colonies

Social arthropods are a major feature in terrestrial ecosystems, and understanding the factors leading to their success is of broad interest. Although many studies have attempted to link colonies' phenotypic composition with their productivity, no study has linked phenotypic composition with the number of offspring colonies formed in the field. I tested whether the behavioural composition of newly founded colonies predicted colony life history patterns in the social spider Anelosimus studiosus. Individual A. studiosus exhibit either an 'aggressive' or 'docile' behavioural type (BT) and BT composition varies among colonies. I constructed artificial colonies of known BT composition and monitored their performance under two conditions: (1) foreign heterospecific spiders present and (2) foreign spiders removed. When heterospecifics were present, colonies founded by docile individuals were invaded by heterospecific spiders more quickly, grew more rapidly in size, produced more offspring colonies per year, but suffered reduced longevity. The life history trade-offs (reproduction, longevity) experienced by colonies resemble those experienced by individuals.
Strain field analysis and sensor design for monitoring machine tool spindle bearing force

The fluctuating strain field produced by the rolling motion of the spindle bearing is analyzed by an elastic model and verified with experimental data. This strain field analysis is of considerable practical significance because of its close correlation to spindle bearing preload, cutting forces, and bearing running conditions. Based on the model, a conventional sensing scheme with strain gages mounted in a groove ground around the bearing outer ring is optimized by selecting proper sensor sizes, locations, and configurations such that signal cross-over error is minimized. In addition, the feasibility of a non-invasive sensing scheme achieved by attaching high sensitivity sensors on the outside surface of the spindle housing is studied. From the strain model, it is found that the level of strain field at the housing surface is substantially lower, and its distribution is not concentrated. Therefore, high sensitivity sensors and different sensing schemes are needed. Simulation results show that, compared with the conventional scheme, the output of this scheme requires less signal processing when the force acting on the bearing is fluctuating.
Oral apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide improves cognitive function and reduces amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that inflammation may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the apo A-I mimetic peptide D-4F has been shown to inhibit atherosclerotic lesion formation and regress already existing lesions (in the presence of pravastatin) and the peptide also decreases brain arteriole inflammation, we undertook a study to evaluate the efficacy of oral D-4F co-administered with pravastatin on cognitive function and amyloid β (Aβ) burden in the hippocampus of APPSwe-PS1ΔE9 mice. Three groups of male mice were administered D-4F and pravastatin, Scrambled D-4F (ScD-4F, a control peptide) and pravastatin in drinking water, while drinking water alone served as control. The escape latency in the Morris Water Maze test was significantly shorter for the D-4F + statin administered animals compared to the other two groups. While the hippocampal region of the brain was covered with 4.2 ± 0.5 and 3.8 ± 0.6% of Aβ load in the control and ScD-4F + statin administered groups, in the D-4F + statin administered group Aβ load was only 1.6 ± 0.1%. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the number of activated microglia (p