cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoassay demonstration using a local evanescent array coupled biosensor

A Label-free optical waveguide immunosensor is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The local evanescent array coupled (LEAC) biosensor is based on a local evanescent field shift mechanism, which differs from those of other evanescent waveguide sensors. Antigens specifically bound by immobilized antibodies on the waveguide surface increase the refractive index of the upper cladding of the waveguide, and hence shift the evanescent field distribution up. This local detection mechanism grants the LEAC sensor multi-analyte ability in a single optical path. Compared to traditional biosensors, including surface plasmon resonance and ring resonance biosensors, the nonresonant and temperature/wavelength insensitive properties of the LEAC biosensor relax its requirement on the optical source. It requires no accessory off-chip instruments such as spectrometers, making it a chip-scale biosensing platform. The on-chip detection is accomplished by integrating buried polysilicon detector arrays into silicon nitride waveguide in a commercial complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. Protein antigens and IgG producing biologically relevant antibody-antigen interactions were used to test the clinical utility of the LEAC biosensor platform. Advanced analysis beam propagation method (BPM) simulations and chips with different geometric parameters were used to study the relationship between the sensitivity and structure of LEAC biosensor.
Precision scratching with a micro-scratcher.

Abstract A mechanical scarifier developed at the Allergy Clinic of the University of Kansas Medical Center has been described and critically evaluated.
Aneurysm Formation After Remote Closure of an Arteriovenous Fistula — A Case Report

The anatomic and physiologic changes of an arteriovenous fistula are usually reversible with closure of the fistula. With delayed closure, however, anatomic changes may persist and actually progress. A case of this unusual phenomenon is presented.
Potassium-induced stimulation of glutamate uptake in mouse cerebral astrocytes: the role of intracellular pH.

The Na + -glutamate cotransporters are believed to countertransport OH - and K + . Previous evidence that the velocity of glutamate uptake can exceed the acid extrusion capacity of astrocytes raised the question of whether intracellular pH can become rate limiting for glutamate uptake. Cytoplasmic buffering capacity and acid extrusion in astrocytes are partially HCO 3 - dependent. Also, it was reported recently that raising extracellular [K + ] alkalinizes astrocyte cytoplasm by an HCO 3 - -dependent mechanism. Here, we have compared glutamate uptake in HCO 3 - -buffered and HCO 3 - -depleted solutions at varying [K + ]. We observed a pronounced stimulation of glutamate uptake by extracellular K + (3-24 mM) that was substantially HCO 3 - dependent and affected preferentially the uptake of high concentrations (>25 μM) of glutamate. Stimulation of uptake by low extracellular [K + ] (1.5-3 mM) was less dependent on HCO 3 - . Potassium-induced stimulation of uptake was weaker in rat astrocyte cultures than in mouse. The effects of Ba 2+ and amiloride on glutamate uptake, as well as the HCO 3 - -dependent stimulatory effects of K + and the species difference, all related consistently to effects on intracellular pH. The effects on uptake, however, were much larger than predicted by the associated changes in electrochemical gradient of OH - . A bimodal scheme for glutamate transport can account qualitatively for the observed correlation between intracellular pH and velocity of glutamate uptake.
Consumer Preferences for Food Label Information: A Basis for Segmentation

Analysis of consumer reactions to food labeling alternatives using conjoint measurement raises questions concerning policy proposals to provide consumers with information. Conjoint measurement permits analysis of components of consumer perceptions without tedious data collection and analysis procedures. The study indicates that consumer preferences for information vary widely and an optimal policy should provide different labels for different market segments. Increasing the amount of information may reduce its effectiveness among the low income consumers it is intended to help.
Maoritanga in Whale Rider and Once Were Warriors: a problematic rebirth through female leaders

AbstractWhale Rider and Once Were Warriors portray families who struggle to reconcile their Maori identity with life in twentieth-century Aotearoa/New Zealand. The two movies mirror one another in so far as the former features a Maori chief struggling to prevent the loss of Maori culture within his rural tribal group while the latter follows a nuclear family struggling to reconcile its urban identity with its rural Maori roots. Both movies pit an image of the city as an urban ghetto associated with ‘social deprivation and lack of traditional culture’ against that of the country as a site of ‘Maori cultural identity and salvation’ (Spooner 2001: 95). The task of reconciling both falls to women who must undergo symbolical and/or actual death before being reborn as leaders. Though both movies conclude on a hopeful note, the path to reconciliation they suggest points ‘to a contradiction which continues unresolved in practical reality’ (Webster 1998: 39) and fails to address issues inherent in the concept of M...
Role of the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor in the Maintenance of Genome Integrity

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is functionally inactivated at high frequency in human cancers. Based on the role of RB as a negative regulator of cell cycle this event would be expected to contribute to deregulated proliferation. However, evidence suggests that loss of RB not only mediates aberrant proliferation, but compromises the fidelity of cell cycle transitions leading to a breakdown in genome integrity. This review is focused on the mechanisms underlying this facet of RB function and the contibution of this process to tumorigenesis.
Carbon isotope (δ13C) differences between Late Cretaceous ammonites and benthic mollusks from Antarctica

Abstract Ammonites are one of the most common fossils of the Mesozoic, but there is little consensus on their mode of life. Isotopic studies have been used to reconstruct their preferred water temperature from δ 18 O measurements, but δ 13 C values have more ambiguous interpretations. Previous studies have recorded population differences in δ 13 C values between ammonite and benthic organisms without explaining the cause in detail. Here we examine a molluscan community from Seymour Island, Antarctica and find a 4‰ carbon isotope offset between ammonites and other benthic mollusks. The most likely cause of this anomaly is an increased metabolic carbon contribution to ammonite shell material when compared with other mollusks, but we cannot rule out the possibility of a methane seep contribution. Increased respired CO 2 production could be generated by a more active lifestyle and increased energy demands, which may have increased the susceptibility of ammonites to the end Cretaceous mass extinction.
1314 EFFECT OF ARM POSITION ON HYPOVENTILATION DUE TO DIAPHRAGMATIC PARALYSIS

We report a 3970 gm term infant who sustained bilateral Erb's palsies, left facial palsy, and right hemidiaphragm paralysis because of a difficult delivery. Cyanosis, tachypnea and shallow respirations persisted, requiring mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation. We hypothesized that placing the arms above the head would expand the chest, allow more efficient use of intercostal and accessory muscles, and improve ventilation. This was tested by measuring arterial blood gases when the arms were extended down at the sides and when the arms were up beside the head: Summary and conclusions: Ventilation is markedly improved by positioning the arms above the head. This has relevance in management of hypoventilation due to neuromuscular problems, flail chest from rib fractures, severe rickets, and chest deformities.
Influence of mastitis on properties of milk. X. Fatty acid composition.

Abstract The effect of mastitis on the concentration of fatty acids in individual quarter milk samples was investigated. Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (>20mm) milks contained higher Lipase activities and acid degree values and lower concentrations of phospholipids than the corresponding negative (
Intersecting work and family: The influence of relational beliefs and behaviors on work–family integration

Strategies to integrate work and family have caught the attention of organizations, institutions, academics and families, and many people are motivated to find ways to blend these two domains. Spillover theory, whose tenets surround the mutual influence of home and work, provides a useful framework for understanding better what contributes to achieving work–family integration. Although much of the existing research focuses on the negative influence of these domains, some evidence exists that they positively influence one another as well. This study uses hierarchical multiple regression to test hypotheses about relational identity on positive and negative work–family spillover and considers perceived spousal support and relational equity as moderators. Results reveal that perceived spousal support predicts positive spillover and that it moderates the relationship between relational identity and negative spillover. Other results are discussed as well as limitations and future directions.
Degree of Susceptibility to Faking of the Ethical Reasoning Inventory

AbstractThis study sought to determine whether the Ethical Reasoning Inventory, a recently developed objective measure of moral reasoning, was susceptible to faking. A total of 174 college students were given the measure with either standard, "fake good," or "fake bad" instructions. The standard condition produced a seven-day test-re test reliability of .80. Subjects were unable to fake upward but were able to lower their scores significantly. In addition, those initially scoring high were able to fake significantly lower than those initially scoring low, possibly indicating a better understanding of the lower stages.
Frozen femoral head allogeneic bone grafts for orthognathic surgery

Abstract Bone grafts are occasionally required in orthognathic surgery procedures. Allogeneic grafts are desirable because they decrease patient morbidity. Fresh frozen bone obtained during total hip replacement has been used in 12 orthognathic operations. Observations for one to three years have showed very good results.
Drinking Patterns in US Counties From 2002 to 2012

Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of any drinking and binge drinking from 2002 to 2012 and heavy drinking from 2005 to 2012 in every US county.Methods. We applied small area models to Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. These models incorporated spatial and temporal smoothing and explicitly accounted for methodological changes to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System during this period.Results. We found large differences between counties in all measures of alcohol use: in 2012, any drinking prevalence ranged from 11.0% to 78.7%, heavy drinking prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 22.4%, and binge drinking prevalence ranged from 5.9% to 36.0%. Moreover, there was wide variation in the proportion of all drinkers who engaged in heavy or binge drinking. Heavy and binge drinking prevalence increased in most counties between 2005 and 2012, but the magnitude of change varied considerably.Conclusions. There are large differences within the United States in levels and recent trends in alcohol...
Lost gems: Identifying rare and unusual monographs in a university's circulating collection

Identifying and evaluating the oldest published content held by the library using a set of transfer criteria provided a means to systematically evaluate and, if necessary, move rare or unusual content into a more secure location. The process enabled us to correct cataloging errors, identify and address items with condition issues, be familiar with the library's unique holdings and finally, to identify and add content distinctly associated with EMU's history to the University Archives and Special Collections.
Solute segregation transition and drag force on grain boundaries

Abstract We investigate solute segregation and transition at grain boundaries and the corresponding drag effect on grain boundary migration. A continuum model of grain boundary segregation based on gradient thermodynamics and its discrete counterpart (discrete lattice model) are formulated. The model differs from much previous work because it takes into account several physically distinctive terms, including concentration gradient, spatial variation of gradient-energy coefficient and concentration dependence of solute–grain boundary interactions. Their effects on the equilibrium and steady-state solute concentration profiles across the grain boundary, the segregation transition temperature and the corresponding drag forces are characterized for a prototype planar grain boundary in a regular solution. It is found that omission of these terms could result in a significant overestimate or underestimate (depending on the boundary velocity) of the enhancement of solute segregation and drag force for systems of a positive mixing energy. Without considering these terms, much higher transition temperatures are predicted and the critical point is displaced towards much higher bulk solute concentration and temperature. The model predicts a sharp transition of grain boundary mobility as a function of temperature, which is related to the sharp transition of solute concentration of grain boundary as a function of temperature. The transition temperatures obtained during heating and cooling are different from each other, leading to a hysteresis loop in both the concentration–temperature plot and the mobility–temperature plot. These predictions agree well with experimental observations.
Acute scrotum -- etiology and management.

Objective: Acute scrotal pain is a common urological emergency. Urgent exploration is the standard means of management, since no investigation can confidently exclude torsion of testis from the differential diagnosis.Methods: A review of all boys presenting with acute scrotal pain who underwent emergency scrotal exploration between January 1983 and March 2003 was performed.Results: 195 boys were included in this study. They were divided into 3 groups: group 1–73 with epididymo-orchitis, group 2–63 with torsion of testicular appendages and group 3–57 with spermatic cord torsion. The patients in group 2 were older than group 1, also patients in group 1 were older than group 3. During neonatal period the most common pathology was spermatic cord torsion, whereas in prepubertal period torsion of appendages was more common. In all boys, mean duration of pain at presentation was 2.11 days. Epididymo-orchitis was diagnosed in 37% of patients, with torsion of the appendages being the next most common entity. Testicular torsion was diagnosed in 29% of patients. In the group with testicular torsion salvage rate of testis was 37% because of late admission. The perioperative morbidity and mortality was not seen in any of the groups.Conclusion: We believe that any boy with acute scrotal pain and any suspicion of testicular torsion in physical examination must be applied routine surgical exploration.
Panel proposes solar system missions

A proposed probe to the Kuiper Belt and Pluto and another to Europa are among the priority Solar System exploration missions that should be pursued by NASA over the next decade, according to an 11 July report by a steering group of the Space Studies Board of the U.S. National Research Council (NRC). The report, “New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy,” was requested by NASA, and proposes a set of new missions and facilities to respond to key questions in four cross-cutting themes. The themes, which the report indicates form the basis for an integrated space exploration strategy are: the first billion years of Solar System history; volatiles and organics: the stuff of life; the origin and evolution of habitable worlds; and processes: how planets work.
Radiometric Calibration And Image Processing Of Landsat Tm Data To Improve Assessment Of Thermal Signatures

Absolute radiometric analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal infrared image data requires processing to remove atmospheric effects and knowledge of target material type in order to obtain kinetic surface temperatures. Results are presented in which a modified version of the LOWTRAN-5A atmospheric propagation model is used to remove atmospheric effects. Target emissivities are estimated by using shorter wavelength bands of the TM sensor to outline general land cover classes, and assigning an emissivity to the land cover type. By combining atmospheric effects, emissivity, and internal radiometric calibration data, surface temperature images have been generated. These images include corrections for internal sensor calibration, emissivity, upwelled radiance, and atmospheric transmission. These techniques have been implemented using parallel processing methods on an image display system resulting in relatively high image throughput rates. Using the higher resolution short wavelength data in processing the thermal infrared data has an additional advantage in that it gives the appearance of improving the resolution of the thermal infrared data. These displays clearly aid the assessment of thermal signatures.
Two-sample tests for growth curves under dependent right censoring

SUMMARY In many tumour growth inhibition studies, tumour sizes are recorded over a period of time, forming a growth curve for each experimental animal. A frequently asked question in these studies is whether or not different treatment agents/inhibitors result in different growth rates. To compare tumour growth rates under two treatments, either the t-test or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test could be used under suitable assumptions, provided that a one-dimensional variable, such as the area under the curve, is used to summarise a growth curve. Such tests may not be valid in the presence of informative heterogeneous censoring, in that a subject's continued participation in the experiment may depend on the tumour size and/or the level of toxicity of the treatment given. We propose test statistics that naturally correct the bias caused by the censorship and retain high efficiency. They are easy to construct and are nonparametric in nature, making no assumption on the distributions of the growth curves. The method is illustrated with an example from a tumour growth inhibition study on mice. Simulation results are also reported showing that the method performs well with moderate sample sizes.
Label-Free Detection of DNA Hybridization Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The SERS spectrum of DNA is strongly dominated by the strong spectral feature of adenine at 736 cm−1; the presence of adenine can serve as an endogenous marker for the label-free SERS-based detection of DNA hybridization when the probe DNA sequence is adenine-free. The substitution of 2-aminopurine for adenine on the probe DNA sequence enables the detection of a target sequence using SERS, upon hybridization of the target with the 2-AP-substituted probe DNA sequence.
Gate-modulated graphene quantum point contact device for DNA sensing

In this paper, we present a computational model to describe the electrical response of a constricted graphene nanoribbon (GNR) to biomolecules translocating through a nanopore. For this purpose, we use a self-consistent 3D Poisson equation solver coupled with an accurate three-orbital tight-binding model to assess the ability for a gate electrode to modulate both the carrier concentration as well as the conductance in the GNR. We also investigate the role of electrolytic screening on the sensitivity of the conductance to external charges and find that the gate electrode can either suppress or enhance the screening of biomolecular charges in the nanopore depending on the value of its potential. Translocating a double-stranded DNA molecule along the pore axis imparted a large change in the conductance at particular gate voltages, suggesting that such a device can be used to sense translocating biomolecules and can be actively tuned to maximize its sensitivity.
Controlled leading-edge suction for management of unsteady separation over pitching airfoils

The effect on the unsteady surface pressures of controlled suction from a spanwise slot, located at 2% chord in the suction surface of a two-dimensional NACA 0012 airfoil model, was examined in detail for a wide range of pitch rates with a constant velocity ramp motion. The experiments were conducted in the Andrew Fejer Wind Tunnel at the Illinois Institute of Technology's Fluid Dynamics Research Center. The optimum suction required to meet three different control objectives, suppression of the dynamic-stall vortex, delaying detachment of the vortex from the airfoil surface, and maximizing the unsteady lift, was determined for different pitch rates and angles of attack. The pressure data were used to develop specifications for the flow state over the airfoil surface that would meet these objectives. Such specifications are necessary for the development of on-line flow management systems. A procedure was also developed to account for variations in suction and motion history.
Variations in hub service in the US domestic air transportation network

Abstract This paper looks at the various types of hubs that have evolved in the air transportation network in the USA. Since deregulation of the industry at the end of the 1970s, the major air carriers have expanded their networks to become more competitive, and the number and types of hubs have grown accordingly. A connectivity analysis using a traditional matrix approach is used to derive indices which are the basis for the development of a connectivity classification scheme. In addition, the various service functions of hubs are explored.
Endocrine factors influencing radiation injury to central nervous tissue

Abstract Corticosteroids have been shown experimentally to lower the tolerance of various normal tissues (lung, kidney, intestine) to irradiation. Pre-existing hypertension also modifies the effect of irradiation on the rat spinal cord and brain. Hypercorticism and hypertension co-exist in patients with Cushing's disease. Although these patients are often approached therapeutically by irradiation, no reports concerning differences in the radiation sensitivity of nervous tissue between normal subjects (non-functioning pituitary adenomas) and those with hormonal imbalance and/or hypertension appear to be available. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed 14 patients with radiation damage to brain or to optic pathways following moderate doses for pituitary adenomas. Seven of the 14 patients (50%) had Cushing's disease. This apparent higher incidence of radiation injury is significant if we consider that less than 5% of all patients receiving irradiation for pituitary adenomas have Cushing's disease.
‘Unsticking’ and exposing the surface area of graphene bilayers via randomly distributed nanoparticles

Abstract The exemplary properties of graphene and the potential inclusion of nanoparticles have suggested applications in energy storage, catalysts and sensing. A critical feature of the performance of these nanocomposites is the distribution of nanoparticles and the exposed area of the graphene. Here we report a computational analysis exploring the effect of the dispersion of nanoparticles between layers of graphene, characterizing both solvent accessible surface area (SASA) and inter-graphene adhesion energy (ΔEg). We find a maximum number of nanoparticles before the accessible graphene surface area decreases, and a limit where the system separates as the graphene layers no longer ‘stick’.
Use of vertical temperature gradients for prediction of tidal flat sediment characteristics

[1] Sediment characteristics largely govern tidal flat morphologic evolution; however, conventional methods of investigating spatial variability in lithology on tidal flats are difficult to employ in these highly dynamic regions. In response, a series of laboratory experiments was designed to investigate the use of temperature diffusion toward sediment characterization. A vertical thermistor array was used to quantify temperature gradients in simulated tidal flat sediments of varying compositions. Thermal conductivity estimates derived from these arrays were similar to measurements from a standard heated needle probe, which substantiates the thermistor methodology. While the thermal diffusivities of dry homogeneous sediments were similar, diffusivities for saturated homogeneous sediments ranged approximately one order of magnitude. The thermal diffusivity of saturated sand was five times the thermal diffusivity of saturated kaolin and more than eight times the thermal diffusivity of saturated bentonite. This suggests that vertical temperature gradients can be used for distinguishing homogeneous saturated sands from homogeneous saturated clays and perhaps even between homogeneous saturated clay types. However, experiments with more realistic tidal flat mixtures were less discriminating. Relationships between thermal diffusivity and percent fines for saturated mixtures varied depending upon clay composition, indicating that clay hydration and/or water content controls thermal gradients. Furthermore, existing models for the bulk conductivity of sediment mixtures were improved only through the use of calibrated estimates of homogeneous end-member conductivity and water content values. Our findings suggest that remotely sensed observations of water content and thermal diffusivity could only be used to qualitatively estimate tidal flat sediment characteristics.
Lack of radiation dose response for patients with low-risk clinically localized prostate cancer: a retrospective analysis.

Abstract Purpose: The need for dose escalation for patients with low-risk clinically localized prostate cancer remains controversial. In this study, we report our pooled institutional experience of low-risk patients treated with a range of "standard" radiation doses to assess outcome in regard to biochemical failure and to determine whether a dose-response relationship exists within this conventional dose range. Methods and Materials: Patients with low-risk clinically localized prostate cancer (T1 or T2a, Gleason grade ≤6, and prostate-specific antigen ≤10 ng/mL) treated at Joint Center for Radiation Therapy-affiliated institutions between October 1989 and September 1997 were retrospectively analyzed for freedom from biochemical failure. The dose was prescribed volumetrically with 95% normalization to between 5760 and 6900 cGy (6100 and 7300 cGy ICRU reference point dose). Patients were stratified into 3 groups with relatively equal numbers of patients ( 6660 cGy). To ensure that any differences in biochemical failure between patients at the lower and higher ends of the dose range used were not masked by analysis of the entire cohort, patients receiving ≤6500 cGy or ≥6800 cGy were subsequently analyzed separately. Biochemical failure was defined per the ASTRO consensus definition. The log-rank test was used to assess for differences in follow-up and time to biochemical failure. A Kaplan-Meier plot of time to biochemical failure for the initial 3 subgroups was generated. Results: A total of 264 patients were identified. Sixteen patients whose dose was not recorded in the database were excluded from analysis. The median follow-up was 35 months. No significant differences were found in baseline prostate-specific antigen, Gleason grade, or clinical stage among the groups. The overall actuarial rate of 5-year freedom from biochemical failure was 80.2%. By dose level, the 5-year biochemical failure-free rate was 79.2%, 78.4%, and 84.5% for 6660 cGy, respectively. These differences were not significant. Subsequently, 45 patients receiving ≤6500 cGy were compared with 23 patients receiving ≥6800 cGy. The difference between these groups was not significant. The 5-year freedom from biochemical failure rate for the patients receiving ≤6500 cGy was 89.9%. Conclusion: Within a range of doses considered standard for treatment of low-risk clinically localized prostate cancer during an 8-year period, no improvement in biochemical freedom from failure was noted with the higher doses. The overall 5-year rate of freedom from biochemical failure is consistent with that reported by others with standard and escalated external beam doses used in this low-risk population. A prospective randomized study is necessary to define the optimal dose in this patient population.
PRINCIPALS AS BUREAUCRATS

In this study administrative behaviour of secondary Principals is examined to test hypotheses that assume this behaviour to be bureaucratic. Overall, non‐bureaucratic behaviour is found in the responses of a sample of twenty New South Wales high school Principals to a set of in‐basket items. An alternative role definition is therefore suggested — that of leader — and the implications of the Principals' leadership role definition are discussed.
Fitness of Fourth Grade Children

Abstract It was the purpose of this study to compare performances of fourth grade children on the Kraus-Weber test to those on the California Physical Performance Test. The results show that children who fail one strength item or any two or more items on the K-W test make lower scores on the average in running, jumping, throwing and sit-ups than do those who pass all K-W items. This difference is significant in all events for boys but only in the throw for girls. In addition, race and sex differences in K-W tests were investigated.
Computer science in the Air Force Academy core curriculum

At last year's SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, we were struck by three things. First, many people were struggling with how to best teach introductory computer science to a population that is predominantly not potential computer science majors (1). Second, there is great value in the exchange of information about how we are attacking the problem, why we chose this path, and how we feel it's working (2). Third, motivation is a key element in learning (3). Many things we heard last year acted as a catalyst for us to make some changes in the core computer science course (Comp Sci 100) at the Air Force Academy. In this paper, we discuss these changes and offer a candid, but preliminary, evaluation of our success in serving the needs of a large and diverse student population.
Optimization of a pulse laser spectrometer for the measurement of the kinetics of singlet oxygen O2(Δg1) decay in solution

A simple sensitive pulse laser spectrometer to measure the kinetics of singlet oxygen decay in solution is described. It utilizes a NdYag laser for pulse excitation of the 1O2 photosensitizers perinaphthenone and Rose Bengal or eosine at 355 nm and 532 nm, respectively. Singlet oxygen phosphorescence is detected by a germanium diode, to which collimated phosphorescence light is directed by concave and parabolic mirrors via a pair of Fresnel lenses and an infrared interference filter. The 1O2 transient decays are monitored using a Hewlett Packard digitizing oscilloscope and a PC computer. The excellent sensitivity of this spectrometer allows us to easily observe 1O2 decay (1 microsecond resolution) after a single pulse of laser excitation, which is important for quenching measurements of chemical substrates that react readily with 1O2. The small sample volume (0.1 ml) prepared in quartz tubes permits fast and inexpensive data acquisition for the determination of 1O2 quenching rate constants in most solvents.
MicroRNA overexpression increases cortical neuronal vulnerability to injury

Previously we reported that several microRNAs (miRNA) are upregulated following experimentally induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Specific miRNAs were found to be sensitive to therapeutic hypothermia and may therefore be important targets for neuroprotective strategies. In this study we developed plasmid constructs that overexpress temperature sensitive miRNAs: miR-34a, miR-451, and miR-874. These constructs were transfected into cultured cortical neurons that were subjected to stretch injury using a cell injury controller device. Levels of expression of genes associated with stress, inflammation, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation were measured by qRT-PCR. mRNA levels of cytokines interleukin 1-β (IL1-β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Caspase 11 were found to be increased up to 24 fold higher than controls in cells overexpressing these miRNAs. After moderate stretch injury, the expression of IL1-β, TNF-α, HSP70 and Caspase 11 all increased over control levels found in uninjured cells suggesting that overexpression of these miRNAs increases cellular vulnerability. miR-34a directly inhibits Bcl2 and XIAP, both anti-apoptotic proteins. The observed increase in Caspase 11 with over-expression of miR-34a indicates that miR-34a may be inducing apoptosis by reducing the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins. miR-34a is predicted to inhibit Jun, which was seen to decrease in cells overexpressing this miRNA along with Fos. Over expression of several miRNAs found to be induced by TBI in vivo (miR-34a, miR-451 and miR-874) leads to increased vulnerability in transfected neurons. Therapeutic hypothermia blunts the expression of these miRNAs in vivo and antisense silencing could be a potential therapeutic approach to targeting the consequences of TBI.
Ground state structure in supersymmetric quantum mechanics

We present a rigorous analysis of the vacuum structure of two models of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. They are the quantum mechanics versions of the two-dimensional N = 1 and N = 2 Wess-Zumino quantum field models. We find that the N = 2 quantum mechanics has degenerate vacua. The space of vacuum states is bosonic, and its dimension is determined by the topological properties of the superpotential. ( 1987 Academic Press. Inc. 1. SUPERSYMMETRY In this paper we address the ground state structure of supersymmetric quantum theory models. We study the simplest class of such models, anharmonic oscillators, in order to illustrate the phenomena which are qualitatively different from the usual ones.
An essential role for trimethylguanosine RNA caps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis and their requirement for splicing of SAE3 and PCH2 meiotic pre-mRNAs

Tgs1 is the enzyme that converts m(7)G RNA caps to the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) caps characteristic of spliceosomal snRNAs. Fungi grow vegetatively without TMG caps, thereby raising the question of what cellular transactions, if any, are TMG cap-dependent. Here, we report that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tgs1 methyltransferase activity is essential for meiosis. tgs1Δ cells are specifically defective in splicing PCH2 and SAE3 meiotic pre-mRNAs. The TMG requirement for SAE3 splicing is alleviated by two intron mutations: a UAUUAAC to UACUAAC change that restores a consensus branchpoint and disruption of a stem-loop encompassing the branchpoint. The TMG requirement for PCH2 splicing is alleviated by a CACUAAC to UACUAAC change restoring a consensus branchpoint and by shortening the PCH2 5' exon. Placing the SAE3 and PCH2 introns within a HIS3 reporter confers Tgs1-dependent histidine prototrophy, signifying that the respective introns are portable determinants of TMG-dependent gene expression. Analysis of in vitro splicing in extracts of TGS1 versus tgs1Δ cells showed that SAE3 intron removal was enfeebled without TMG caps, whereas splicing of ACT1 was unaffected. Our findings illuminate a new mode of tunable splicing, a reliance on TMG caps for an essential developmental RNA transaction, and three genetically distinct meiotic splicing regulons in budding yeast.
Associations of Cycling with Urban Sprawl and the Gasoline Price

Abstract Purpose. Determine the relationships between cycling and urban sprawl and between cycling and the gasoline price. Analysis. Cross-sectional multivariate regression analyses using pooled data from two individual-level national surveys to analyze the effects of variations in levels of urban sprawl and the gasoline price on cycling as a form of physical activity. Setting. Metropolitan areas representative of the U.S. population, 1990 to 2001. Subjects. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: 146,730 individuals at least 18 years old in the United States; Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: 73,903 individuals at least 18 years old in the United States. Measures. Self-reported information on bicycling served as the dependent variable. Urban sprawl and the gasoline price served as key independent variables. Results. Living in a metropolitan area with a lower degree of urban sprawl increased the probability of cycling in the past month by 3.4 to 4.4 percentage points and 1.6 to 2.1 percentage...
Epithelial cell guidance by self-generated EGF gradients

Cancer epithelial cells often migrate away from the primary tumor to invade into the surrounding tissues. Their migration is commonly assumed to be directed by pre-existent spatial gradients of chemokines and growth factors in the target tissues. Unexpectedly however, we found that the guided migration of epithelial cells is possible in vitro in the absence of pre-existent chemical gradients. We observed that both normal and cancer epithelial cells can migrate persistently and reach the exit along the shortest path from microscopic mazes filled with uniform concentrations of media. Using microscale engineering techniques and biophysical models, we uncovered a self-guidance strategy during which epithelial cells generate their own guiding cues under conditions of biochemical confinement. The self-guidance strategy depends on the balance between three interdependent processes: epidermal growth factor (EGF) uptake by the cells (U), the restricted transport of EGF through the structured microenvironment (T), and cell chemotaxis toward the resultant EGF gradients (C). The UTC self-guidance strategy can be perturbed by inhibition of signalling through EGF-receptors and appears to be independent from chemokine signalling. Better understanding of the UTC self-guidance strategy could eventually help devise new ways for modulating epithelial cell migration and delaying cancer cell invasion or accelerating wound healing.
Sample complexity of salient feature identification for sparse signal processing

Suppose among a set of N covariates X 1 , X 2 , …, X N there is a subset S of covariates that are salient for predicting outcomes Y. Specifically, we assume that when Y is conditioned on {Y k } k∈S it is independent of the other covariates. Our goal is to identify the subset S from data samples of the covariates and the associated outcomes. We first consider the case where the covariates are independent of each other and then generalize the results to the case where the covariates are dependent with symmetric distributions. We present precise mutual information expressions that characterize the sample complexity for accurately identifying the subset S. We then derive sample complexity bounds for interesting scenarios.
A review of temperature measurement methods for twist drilling processes

The high temperatures experienced by twist drills during drilling processes wear them down and shorten their useable lifespan. To design new twist drills, drill coatings, coolants, and cooling methods that minimise the damage caused by heat, researchers and engineers need to measure the temperature of and the temperature distribution in drills and workpieces accurately and precisely. To that end, this paper reviews a variety of temperature measurement methods for twist drilling, detailing how they work, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It divides these methods into four categories: invasive methods (thermocouples), semi-invasive methods (thermal paint), non-invasive methods (pyrometers and infrared cameras), and metallurgical methods (metallography and energy dispersive X-ray measurement). It also reviews temperature measurement methods that could prove very useful in future drilling studies (thin-film thermocouples and optical fibre sensors).
Summertime evaluation of REFAME over the Unites States for near real-time high resolution precipitation estimation

Summary Precipitation is the key input for hydrometeorological modeling and applications. In many regions of the world, including populated areas, ground-based measurement of precipitation (whether from radar or rain gauge) is either sparse in time and space or nonexistent. Therefore, high-resolution satellite-based precipitation products are recognized as critical data sources, especially for rapidly-evolving hydrometeorological events such as flash floods which primarily occur during summer/warm seasons. As “proof of concept”, a recently proposed algorithm called Rain Estimation using Forward Adjusted-advection of Microwave Estimates (REFAME) and its variation REFAMEgeo are evaluated over the contiguous United States during summers of 2009 and 2011. Both methods are originally designed for near real-time high resolution precipitation estimation from remotely sensed data. High-resolution Q2 (ground radar) precipitation data, in conjunction with two operational near real-time satellite-based precipitation products (PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS) are used as evaluation reference and for comparison. The study is performed at half-hour temporal resolution and at a range of spatial resolutions (0.08-, 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1-degree latitude/longitude). The statistical analyses suggest that REFAMEgeo performs favorably among the studied products in terms of capturing both spatial coverage and intensity of precipitation at near real-time with the temporal resolution offered by geostationary satellites. With respect to volume precipitation, REFAMEgeo together with REFAME demonstrates slight overestimation of intense precipitation and underestimation of light precipitation events. Compared to REFAME, It is observed that REFAMEgeo maintains stable performance, even when the amount of accessible microwave (MW) overpasses is limited. Based on the encouraging outcome of this study which was intended as “proof of concept”, further testing for other seasons and data-rich regions is the next logical step. Upon confirmation of the relative reliability of the algorithm, it is reasonable to recommend the use of its precipitation estimates for data-sparse regions of the world.
Effects of ovariectomy and steroid hormones on vaginal smooth muscle contractility

The role of steroid hormones in regulating vaginal smooth muscle contractility was investigated. Rabbits were kept intact or ovariectomized. After 2 weeks, animals were continuously infused with vehicle or supraphysiological levels of testosterone (100 microg/day), or estradiol (200 microg/day), for an additional 2 weeks. The distal vaginal tissue was used to assess contractility in organ baths and changes in tissue structure were assessed by histology. Ovariectomized animals infused with vehicle exhibited significant atrophy of the muscularis and decreased epithelial height, resulting in thinning of the vaginal wall. Estradiol infusion increased epithelial height, comparable to that of intact animals, but only partially restored the muscularis layer. In contrast, testosterone infusion completely restored the muscularis layer, but only partially restored the epithelial height. In vaginal tissue strips contracted with norepinephrine and treated with bretylium, electrical field stimulation (EFS) caused frequency-dependent relaxation that was slightly attenuated with vehicle, significantly inhibited with estradiol and significantly enhanced with testosterone. VIP-induced relaxation was slightly attenuated in tissues from vehicle and estradiol-infused groups, but was enhanced in tissues from testosterone-infused animals. Contraction elicited by EFS or exogenous norepinephrine was not significantly altered with ovariectomy or steroid hormone infusion when data were normalized to potassium contraction. However, the tissue from testosterone-infused animals developed significantly greater contractile force to norepinephrine. These observations suggest that steroid hormones may be important regulators of vaginal tissue structure and contractility.
Warfarin or Not Warfarin

Warfarin or not warfarin? That is the question.Each day, physicians who treat elderly patients, especially octogenar-ians, consider this dilemma. Beneﬁts of warfarin are well known inpatients 75 years of age or older. However, compared with youngerpatients, this group is at higher risk for intracranial hemorrhage andother types of warfarin-associated bleeding. Fang and colleagues (1)examined the risk for intracranial hemorrhage according to age andinternational normalized ratio (INR). However, the patients theyexamined were not good candidates for warfarin therapy. For manyreasons, it is more difﬁcult to control INR in patients 85 years of ageor older. A high percentage of these patients have gait disturbances,neurodegenerative diseases, and other prevalent diseases (for exam-ple, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart fail-ure). Many take drugs such as amiodarone, antibiotics, corticoids,statins, omeprazole, and nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs,which can increase the effect of warfarin. Other patients have socialproblems that make accurate INR monitoring difﬁcult. Because wetreat patients, not percentages or relative risks, we should avoid gen-eralizing recommendations about oral anticoagulation in very oldpatients. We should tailor prescription of anticoagulants accordingto each patient’s associated diseases, concurrent medications, andfunctional and mental status.
Elastic-plastic analysis of frictionless contact at interfacial crack tips

The asymptotic elastic behavior of an interfacial crack occurring between two dissimilar isotropic media is reviewed. Distinct solutions, based on differing assumptions regarding crack-face boundary conditions, can be generated. The assumption of traction-free faces generally leads to oscillatory singular asymptotic fields which mathematically cause crack-face interpenetration, an inconsistency which can be alleviated by alternatively assuming asymptotic frictionless contact. For predominant tensile loading, the elastically-calculated ratio of contact length to crack size is typically very small, but may become appreciable when shear loading is applied. In either case, the singular crack-tip stresses cannot be sustained in materials capable of limited plastic flow, and small scale yielding (SSY) should be considered. In an extension of previous work [11], we identify conditions for SSY within surrounding dominant elastic regions of both traction-free and frictionless contact types. For the latter case, approximate closed form expressions for the plastic zone size and shape are obtained as the locus of points where the elastically-calculated Mises stress equals the tensile yield strength, σ ys ,. The maximum extent of this plastic zone is approximately 3K II c2 /2σ ys 2 , where K II c , is the closed crack-tip bimaterial stress intensity factor. Precise SSY numerical calculations for an elastic/perfectly-plastic material atop a rigid substrate indicate that the asymptotic stress field in the plastically-deforming material is composed of two fan regions and two constant state regions. Within the plastic zone, the interfacial and crack-face tractions asymptotically reach constant values. Compressive crack-face tractions persist even when contained inelastic crack-tip deformation is included.