cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vortex pairing in a circular jet under controlled excitation. Part 2. Coherent structure dynamics

The coherent structure dynamics in the near field of a circular jet has been experimentally explored by inducing ‘stable’ vortex pairing through controlled excitation (see Zaman & Hussain 1980) and applying phase-averaging techniques. Hot-wire measurements were made in a 7·62 cm air jet with laminar exit boundary layer at the Reynolds number ReD = 3·2 × 104, excited at the Strouhal number StD = 0·85. At a particular phase during the pairing process, spatial distributions of the phase-average longitudinal and lateral velocity perturbations (〈u)〉, 〈v〉), vorticity, streamlines, the coherent and background Reynolds stresses and turbulence intensities have been educed. These data have been obtained for four different locations occupied by the vortices at the same phase (preceding, during, and following the pairing event), in the region 0 < x/D < 5. Spatial distributions of these measures at four successive phases during the pairing process are also educed in an attempt to further understand the vortex-pairing dynamics. The flow physics is discussed on the basis of measurements over the physical extent of the vortical structures, phase-locked to specific phases of the pairing event and thus do not involve use of the Taylor hypothesis.The computed pseudostream functions at particular phases are compared with the corresponding streamlines drawn by the method of isoclines. Transition of the vortices is examined on the basis of vorticity diffusion, the superimposed random fluctuation field intensities and Reynolds stress and phase-locked circumferential correlation measurements. The peak vorticity drops rapidly owing to transition and interaction of the vortices during pairing but, farther downstream, the decay can be attributed to destruction of the coherent vorticity by the background turbulence Reynolds stress, especially at the locations of the latter's ‘saddle points’. Controlled excitation enhances the initial circumferential coherence of the vortical structures, but is ineffective in delaying turbulent breakdown near the end of the potential core; the breakdown appears to occur through evolution of the circumferential lobe structures. The coherent structure Reynolds stress is found to be much larger than the background turbulence Reynolds stress for 0 < x/D [lsim ] 3, but these two are comparable near the end of the jet potential core. The zone average of the coherent structure Reynolds stress over the cross-section of the merging vortex pair is much larger than that over a single vortical structure either before or after the completion of pairing. During the pairing process, such average correlations are found to be the largest at an early phase of the process while entrainment, turbulent breakdown as well as rapid diffusion of vorticity occur at a later phase. The regions of alternate positive and negative coherent Reynolds stresses associated with the structures and their interactions help explain ‘negative production’.
Composition, Roles, and Regulation of Cullin-Based Ubiquitin E3 Ligases

Due to their sessile nature, plants depend on flexible regulatory systems that allow them to adequately regulate developmental and physiological processes in context with environmental cues. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which targets a great number of proteins for degradation, is cellular tool that provides the necessary flexibility to accomplish this task. Ubiquitin E3 ligases provide the needed specificity to the pathway by selectively binding to particular substrates and facilitating their ubiquitylation. The largest group of E3 ligases known in plants is represented by CULLIN-REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING) E3 ligases (CRLs). In recent years, a great amount of knowledge has been generated to reveal the critical roles of these enzymes across all aspects of plant life. This review provides an overview of the different classes of CRLs in plants, their specific complex compositions, the variety of biological processes they control, and the regulatory steps that can affect their activities.
Developing a Psychopathology Curriculum During Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Residency Training: General Principles and a Problem-Based Approach

Psychopathology is one of the core elements in a curriculum on child and adolescent psychiatry. Because there is no best-evidence model described for teaching this topic, an approach must be developed in each program that meets the standards set out by the Residency Review Committee and fully prepares its graduates to be competent child and adolescent psychiatrists. Methods used for teaching psychopathology may vary widely among programs and should be based on a sound educational rationale and adult learning principles that emphasize life-long, self-directed learning. This article describes an overall approach to curriculum design and expands on the use of problem-based learning as an educational method for teaching psychopathology in a child and adolescent psychiatry residency program.
A simple method for long-term drug infusion in mice. Evaluation of guanazole as a model.

SummaryA simplified technique for iv infusion in unrestricted DBA/2J inbred mice has been described. The method, which involves direct cannulation of the tail vein with polyethylene tubing, is suitable for routine use. Guanazole, an antileukemic agent with a short plamsa half-life, was evaluated as a model compound. After administration for 47 hr at the rate of 0.3 ml/hr, guanazole (30 mg/ml) caused a marked inhibition of incorporation of 14C-uridine, administered 15 min before sacrifice, primarily into DNA of spleen, thymus and bone marrow in decreasing order. Inhibition of incorporation into RNA was less marked but followed a similar pattern. The effects on the incorporation of uridine in nucleic acids of kidney, heart and brain were minimal. Increased incorporations into RNA and DNA occurred in liver. The data for the hemopoietic and lymphoid organs, namely, spleen, thymus and marrow, are consistent with the reported immunosup-pressive and myelosuppressive effects of the drug and also with the inhibiti...
Christianity Among the Nomads: The Catholic Church in Northern Kenya (review)

Paul Tablino. Christianity Among the Nomads: The Catholic Church in Northern Kenya. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2004. 312 pp. Available from Paulines Publications Africa, P.O. Box 49026, Nairobi, GPO, Kenya. Illustrated. Maps. Biographical Notes. References. Index. 600KS. Paper. Paul Tablino, a missionary priest in northern Kenya since 1964, is also a highly respected ethnographer and historian whose previous works include The Gabra: Camel Nomads of Northern Kenya (1999). He brings to this current work not only the perspective of a missionary priest, but also the insights and analyses of an experienced ethnographer and historian well versed in the subdeties of social transformations in Africa. As the author notes in his introduction, the focus of this volume is on missionaries as agents of change. A chapter on the traditional religious beliefs and social organization of the diverse peoples of northern Kenya is followed by three chapters on the geographic and social origins and philosophical orientations of the various Catholic missionary groups that came to northern Kenya. Thus, early on in the book, the author sets the stage for a meaningful discussion of the outcomes of the encounter that ultimately occurred between Western missionaries and the people of northern Kenya. The focus of a second volume, now in preparation, will be on the responses of those who underwent change. Although Catholic missionaries traveled to northern Kenya in the early twentieth century, a meaningful presence there was not established until well into the 1950s and 1960s. This was rather late relative to Christian missionary activity in other areas of Kenya, and is accounted for by several variables, including manpower resource allocations to more densely populated areas such as the Kikuyu highlands, the presence of a largely nomadic population in northern Kenya, and an extremely poor transportation infrastructure which made many areas inaccessible. In addition, northern Kenya had been a closed district during much of the colonial era because of periodic and unpredictable civil unrest and the regular incursions of livestock raiders over the borders from Ethiopia and Somalia. Following Kenya's independence in 1963, the presence of Somali shifta in the region and Somali territorial claims to northern Kenya led to serious armed conflicts against a background of weak administrative control on the part of a new government. Not surprisingly, some missionaries were killed by bandits in northern Kenya, including the Reverend Michele Stallone in 1965 at Baragoi and the Reverend Luigi Graiff at South Horr in 1981. …
Strength and toughness of jade and related natural fibrous materials

Room temperature mechanical properties measured for natural fibrous “jade” materials with random fibre orientations were similar to strengths (e.g. ∼ 100 MPa) and toughnesses,K IC, (e.g. ∼3M Pa m1/2) in other studies. However, nearly three- and five-fold higher values were found respectively for strength and fracture toughness of “jade” with highly aligned fibres for crack propagation perpendicular to the fibres. Further, the results indicate significantly higher strength and toughness with decreasing fibre diameter and increasing aspect ratio, and an accompanying increase in intrafibre fracture. However, failure was predominantly catastrophic in character for all fibre orientations, indicating some material (i.e. matrix) is necessary for non-catastrophic failure as found in fibre composites.
Renal Replacement Therapy I: Indications and Timing

The indications for initiation of renal replacement therapy in acute renal failure are controversial. Although volume overload, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia and other electrolyte disturbances, and overt uremic manifestations are commonly accepted indications for renal replacement therapy, specific criteria for initiation of therapy based on these conditions are highly subjective. Progressive azotemia in the absence of overt uremia is another common indication for renal replacement therapy although there is no consensus on the degree of azotemia that warrants initiation of therapy. The clinical data regarding timing and initiation of renal support in patients who have acute renal failure are reviewed. Definitive resolution of the appropriate indications and timing for initiation of renal replacement therapy in acute renal failure requires prospective evaluation in a randomized clinical trial.
MIC channels are inhibited by internal divalent cations but not ATP.

TRPM7 channels are nonselective cation channels that possess a functional α-kinase domain. It has been proposed that heterologously expressed TRPM7 channels are activated (Runnels et al., 2001) or inhibited (Nadler et al., 2001) by dialyzing the cell with millimolar levels of ATP. The endogenous correlate of TRPM7 has been identified in T-lymphocytes and RBL (rat basophilic leukemia) cells and named MagNuM (for Mg2+-nucleotide-inhibited metal) or MIC (for Mg2+-inhibited cation). Here, we report that internal Mg2+ rather than MgATP inhibits this current. Cytoplasmic MgATP, supplied by dialysis at millimolar concentrations, effectively inhibits only when a weak Mg2+ chelator is present in the pipette solution. Thus, MgATP acts as a source of Mg2+ rather than a source of ATP. Using an externally accessible site within the pore of the MIC channel itself as a bioassay, we show that equimolar MgCl2 and MgATP solutions contain similar amounts of free Mg2+, explaining the fact that numeric values of Mg2+ and MgATP concentrations necessary for complete inhibition are the same. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mg2+ is not unique in its inhibitory action, as Ba2+, Sr2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ can substitute for Mg2+, causing complete inhibition. We conclude that MIC current inhibition occurs simply by divalent cations.
Drugs for malaria

Abstract Malaria remains one of the most common causes of illness and death in developing countries. Malaria generally has been treated with quinoline-containing antimalarials (chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, primaquine, amodiaquine) or antifolates (sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, proguanil). Newer drugs include the artemisinin derivatives and atovaquone. The selection of antimalarials for a given case of malaria is based on (1) the species of Plasmodium involved, (2) the severity of the illness, and (3) the geographic origin of the infection. Antimalarials also are used prophylactically, but generally only by visitors to endemic regions. Chloroquine-resistant strains of malaria now are found throughout the world; multidrug-resistant malaria is now common in Southeast Asia. Drug-resistant malaria is becoming an increasingly important public health problem. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Low strain rate testing based on drop weight impact tester

As the use of fiber composites extends to automotive applications, there is a need to characterize the composite properties at low strain rates, such as below 100/s. In performing such low strain rate tests, the commonly used split Hopkinson’s pressure bar for high strain rate investigations should become inadequate. A high-speed hydraulic testing machine may be suitable for testing at the low strain rates; however, it is not necessarily available to the general engineers because of its high cost. On the basis of a drop weight impact tester, this study presents an affordable testing technique for characterizing a carbon composite at low strain rates. Both compressive and tensile tests are demonstrated in this study.
A theoretical agenda for feminist HCI

HCI has a complex and often ambivalent attitude towards the issue of gender and interactive systems. Here I discuss three dominant paradigms for treating gender in HCI, and discuss their limitations. Next, I will present the theoretical perspectives on gender which are on the fringes of HCI -Technology as Masculine Culture, Gender Positionality, and Lived Body Experience - and discuss their possible contributions. I will show how this supports a reassessment of the use of gender theory in technological settings and its relevance for framing questions of gender in HCI. My goal in doing so is to argue for the importance of a more direct treatment of gender in HCI and move towards a feminist theory for HCI.
The Natural History of Hepatitis A: The Potential for Transmission by Transfusion of Blood or Blood Products

A study of the natral history and risk factors for hepatitis A can shed light on the potential for contamination of plasma concentrate with hepatitis A virus (HAV). According to the long-term Sentinel Counties Study conducted by Alter and colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, the most frequently reported risk factors for HAV infection are living with a patient who has hepatitis, homosexual activity, and close contact with young children. International travel to hepatitis A endemic areas and illicit parenteral drug use were less frequently documented risk factors, although illicit injectable drug use has been considered more significant in other hepatitis A studies. Approximately 40% of patients with hepatitis A reported no apparent risk factors. Hepatitis A occurs most often today in the 5- to 30-year-old age group. Young adults, who are also eligible donors, are thus at risk of infection. The natural history of hepatitis A was studied in New World owl monkeys. Fecal shedding of infectious virus was detected by 4 days after intravenous injection of infectious material and peaked at almost 10 million infectious particles per gram of feces just prior to onset of chemical evidence of liver disease. Viremia of substantial magnitude occurred throughout most of the 4-week incubation period and was maximal during the prodromal stage, prior to the development of clinical, chemical, or serologic manifestations of infection. Although the magnitude of hepatitis A viremia has not been well documented in humans, it is likely to reach levels of 10(4)-10(6) infectious particles per milliliter of blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A fluorescence light-up Ag nanocluster probe that discriminates single-nucleotide variants by emission color.

Rapid and precise screening of small genetic variations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), among an individual’s genome is still an unmet challenge at point-of-care settings. One crucial step toward this goal is the development of discrimination probes that require no enzymatic reaction and are easy to use. Here we report a new type of fluorescent molecular probe, termed a chameleon NanoCluster Beacon (cNCB), that lights up into different colors upon binding SNP targets. NanoCluster Beacons (NCBs) are collections of a small number of Ag atoms templated on single-stranded DNA that fluoresce strongly when placed in proximity to particular DNA sequences, termed enhancers. Here we show the fluorescence emission color of a NCB can change substantially (a shift of 60–70 nm in the emission maximum) depending upon the alignment between the silver nanocluster and the DNA enhancer sequence. Chameleon NCBs exploit this color shift to directly detect SNPs, based on the fact that different SNPs produce a...
The effects of off-campus service learning on the moral reasoning of college students

This research examines the effects of an off-campus service learning program on the moral reasoning development of college students. A pre–post quasi-experimental design was employed with two group...
Direct kernel least-squares support vector machines with heuristic regularization

This tutorial paper introduces direct kernel least squares support vector machines, where traditional ridge regression is applied directly on the kernel transformed data, rather than using the primal dual formulation. A direct kernel method can be any regression model, where the kernel is considered as a data pre-processing step. The emphasis of the paper is that such direct kernel methods often require kernel centering in order to work. A heuristic formula for the regularization parameter is proposed based on preliminary scaling experiments.
Intravenous prostaglandins E2 and F2α for the induction of term labor

Abstract Prostaglandins E 2 and F 2 α and synthetic oxytocin were studied for efficacy and side effects in a double-blind protocol for the induction of labor at term in 100 women. That an inducibility scoring index should be part of each clinical oxytocin trial is evidenced by the fact that erroneous conclusions would have been drawn if it had not been used. All patients who were classified as having "easy inductions" were delivered independent of which drug they received; however, the 3 categories of graded "difficult inductions" reflected success rates from 93.3 to 40 per cent, depending upon difficulty of induction. Synthetic oxytocin and prostaglandin F 2 α were found to be equally efficacious in the difficult groups although more cases will be required to allow significant statistical analysis. Except for an increased incidence of innocuous uterine hypertonus, no significant side effects of prostaglandin infusions were noted.
Bargaining, Uncertainty, and Property Rights in Fisheries

Garrett Hardin's “tragedy of the commons” metaphor is commonly invoked to account for the unfortunate state of world fisheries. But the world s oceans are no longer a global commons and have not been so for the past two decades. Open-access regimes have persisted within many exclusive economic zones (EEZs) during this time, but coastal states' authority to regulate domestic fisheries has existed for more than a generation. Faced with the prospect of Hardin's tragedy, coastal states have had more than twenty years to devise institutional constraints that would prevent it. This article asserts that the dismal experience with EEZs is in large part attributable to distributive bargaining problems that arose within coastal states in the wake of EEZ extension. Moreover, the article argues that high levels of uncertainty that characterize the early stages of institutional development have exacerbated these problems. Finally, the article demonstrates how the variety of institutional designs and paths of institutional development that are observed in the cases of Iceland, Norway, and Atlantic Canada result from the different configurations of political power and political structure within each case. While the empirical discussion is focused upon property rights and fisheries, the theoretical discussion of bargaining and uncertainty has widespread application across comparative and international politics.
Detecting volcanic resurfacing of heavily cratered terrain: Flooding simulations on the Moon using Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data

Abstract Early extrusive volcanism from mantle melting marks the transition from primary to secondary crust formation. Detection of secondary crust is often obscured by the high impact flux early in solar system history. To recognize the relationship between heavily cratered terrain and volcanic resurfacing, this study documents how volcanic resurfacing alters the impact cratering record and models the thickness, area, and volume of volcanic flood deposits. Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data are used to analyze three different regions of the lunar highlands: the Hertzsprung basin; a farside heavily cratered region; and the central highlands. Lunar mare emplacement style is assumed to be similar to that of terrestrial flood basalts, involving large volumes of material extruded from dike-fed fissures over relatively short periods of time. Thus, each region was flooded at 0.5 km elevation intervals to simulate such volcanic flooding and to assess areal patterns, thickness, volumes, and emplacement history. These simulations show three primary stages of volcanic flooding: (1) Initial flooding is largely confined to individual craters and deposits are thick and localized; (2) basalt flows breach crater rim crests and are emplaced laterally between larger craters as thin widespread deposits; and (3) lateral spreading decreases in response to regional topographic variations and the deposits thicken and bury intermediate-sized and larger craters. Application of these techniques to the South Pole-Aitken basin shows that emplacement of ∼1−2 km of cryptomaria can potentially explain the paucity of craters 20–64 km in diameter on the floor of the basin relative to the distribution in the surrounding highlands.
Democracy and public management cases

Over the past two years, universities in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Latin America have asked to use some of the Kennedy School's public management teaching cases in their own programs. They also ask how they might develop and teach new cases set in their own nations. In almost every instance, the calls have come from nations on the frontlines of the worldwide movement toward democratization: South Africa, Chile, Hungary, and Spain. There is good reason to think this more than coincidental: For schools of public policy and management, democracy is likely to breed an interest in "cases," and cases, in turn, may provide a means to sustain and enhance democratic governance. Bringing this American pedagogy to newly democratizing and developing nations creates a new set of writing and teaching complications. The public management teaching case-the narrative account of strategy, tactics and policymaking in the public sector, written to frame a specific "decision point" or otherwise be provocative-dates to the mid-1940s, when the late Merle Fainsod and others set out to capture the details of the responses of public managers to their political environments. It was the goal of these case pioneers to augment the traditional public administration curriculum, with its emphasis on technical skills. At the same time, the head of the first formal effort to write and distribute such cases on a large scale recognized that such documents could play a role in the body politic, as well as in the classroom. Harold Stein, first director of the Inter-University Case Program, founded in 1951 with funds from the Carnegie Corporation, wrote in 1952, of the utility of a blow-by-blow account of policymaking and/or implementation. "A most painful problem of public enlightenment in a democracy is to secure understanding of the fact that quick and easy answers to the government's problems are frequently more appealing than wise," wrote Stein, adding, perhaps a bit optimistically that "an intimate acquaintance with the laborious processes by which public decisions are made should, one hopes, lead to more balanced judgments on what governments do [1952]." Stein, of course, took for granted the existence of the underpinnings of democratic government, one which would permit case research to proceed at all. But he surely would not have disagreed that democracy is a prerequisite for the development-and use-of public management cases. The ostensibly routine act of writing and teaching cases (in which a detailed account of the factors impinging on a public decision is produced and then held up for open discussion and critique in a classroom setting) requires a democratic context, both in government and in the classroom. Absent a democratic environment, it would be both impossible and pointless to seek to develop public management teaching cases. Both their production and use depends on key attributes of officialdom in democratic societies. Official candor: The development of cases requires public officials to provide accounts not only of their final decisions and public pronouncements
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of hyaluronic acid-binding region and link protein epitopes in brain

The 1C6 monoclonal antibody to the hyaluronic acid-binding region weakly stained a 65-kD component in immunoblots of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of brain, and the 8A4 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes two epitopes in the polypeptide portion of link protein, produced strong staining of a 45-kD component present in the brain proteoglycans. These antibodies were utilized to examine the localization of hyaluronic acid-binding region and link protein epitopes in rat cerebellum. Like the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans themselves and hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid-binding region and link protein immunoreactivity changed from a predominantly extracellular to an intracellular (cytoplasmic and intra-axonal) location during the first postnatal month of brain development. The cell types which showed staining of hyaluronic acid-binding region and link protein, such as granule cells and their axons (the parallel fibers), astrocytes, and certain myelinated fibers, were generally the same as those previously found to contain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. Prominent staining of some cell nuclei was also observed. In agreement with earlier conclusions concerning the localization of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, there was no intracellular staining of Purkinje cells or nerve endings or staining of certain other structures, such as oligodendroglia and synaptic vesicles. The similar localizations and coordinate developmental changes of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid-binding region, and link protein add further support to previous evidence for the unusual cytoplasmic localization of these proteoglycans in mature brain. Our results also suggest that much of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain may exist in the form of aggregates with hyaluronic acid.
The existence of a region inaccessible to magneto‐telluric sounding

Summary. The exponential attenuation of fluctuating electromagnetic fields suggests that practical magneto telluric measurements may be uninformative about the electrical conductivity at sufficiently great depths. This notion can be made precise for one-dimensional systems. Below a critical depth the conductivity function may be chosen freely without affecting the consistency of the model with the data. This depth is readily computable with quadratic or linear programming techniques and does not rely upon linearization of the equations.
Effect of varying the duration of exposure to phenobarbital on its enhancement of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine-induced thyroid tumorigenesis in male Wistar rats

Male Wistar rats were injected s.c. with a single dose of 280 mg N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) per 100 g body weight and the effect of subsequent exposure to 500 p.p.m. phenobarbitone (PB) for 6, 12 and 19 weeks on development of thyroid tumors was studied. Exposure to PB for 12 or 19 weeks enhanced the development of thyroid tumors in the rats. The incidences of thyroid tumors in DHPN-treated rats at the end of the experiment for 20 weeks were 87%, 83%, 42% and 37%, respectively, in rats given PB for 19 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 weeks, and in those given no PB. The incidence of thyroid cancers was 12% in rats given DHPN and then PB for 19 weeks. The total numbers of thyroid tumors were 241, 125, 65 and 23, respectively, in DHPN-treated rats given PB for 19 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 weeks, and in those given no PB. Thus, the total numbers of thyroid tumors were correlated with the period of PB treatment.
Fibrin content of carotid thrombi alters the production of embolic stroke in the rat.

Mechanical denudation of the endothelium of the carotid artery in animals produces a nonocclusive thrombus, but the brains of these animals have not been examined for the presence of embolic stroke...
Manifestations of drug reactions urticaria and cutaneous necrotizing venulitis

Abstract Urticaria is a nonspecific cutaneous reaction pattern characterized clinically by transient pruritic, blanching erythematous wheals. The lesions are usually relatively unimpressive histologically and characterized by dermal edema, vasodilitation, and a sparse infiltrate of mononuclear cells and occasionally eosinophils around dermal venules. In these cases, there is no evidence of vessel wall inflammation or necrosis. These lesions have been referred to as nonvasculitic or simple urticaria. The condition has a clinical course of variable duration, is seldom associated with significant systemic signs or symptoms, and may be due to either hypersensitivity or nonhypersensitivity mechanisms. Drugs are frequently the cause of this type of urticaria and may involve either allergic or pharmacologic mechanisms. In some cases, urticaria-like lesions may show histologic features of inflammation and necrosis of dermal venules (necrotizing venulitis.) This type of clinical-pathologic reaction pattern is characteristic of patients with a syndrome referred to as "urticarial vasculitis" and patients with features of serum sickness or serum-sickness-like syndrome. These illnesses are characterized by a high incidence of associated systemic signs and systems and are thought to be due to immune complex hypersensitivity mechanisms. The syndrome of urticarial vasculitis is rarely due to drugs but may be exacerbated by them. On the other hand serum-sickness-like syndrome is commonly due to drugs. Although cutaneous necrotizing venulitis may be associated with urticarial lesions, it is more often characterized by palpable purpura or other types of skin lesions suggestive of vessel wall necrosis. These cases are thought to be due to immune complex hypersensitivity mechanisms and drugs are a cause.
Exemplar Theory's Predicted Typicality Gradient Can Be Tested and Disconfirmed

One of exemplar theory's central predictions concerns the shape of typicality gradients. The typicality gradient it predicts is a consequence of its exemplar-based comparisons and appears no matter how the theory is evaluated. However, this predicted typicality gradient does not fit the empirical typicality gradients obtained in an influential version of the dot-distortion category task, and this is true even when the exemplar model is made more flexible and mathematically powerful. Thus, exemplar theory is disconfirmed in this domain of categorization. In contrast, prototype theories are consistent with the empirically obtained typicality gradients.
Hole stress concentrations in filamentary structures

A major problem in the utilization of composites is the effect of stress concentrators on the reliability of the structure. Considerable work has been done in this area under the assumption that the material is either isotropic or orthotropic, but relatively few practical developments have occurred under the assumption that a ply is actually a two-phase material. One of the more notable achievements was Hedgepeth's work on two and three-dimensional slits based on shear lag type assumptions. This approach allows the matrix material to carry only shear stress and the filaments to carry only axial loading. Fichter has recently extended Hedgepeth's work to include multiple slits and the author wishes to acknowledge Fichter's advice during the development of this paper. The theory is developed for holes of arbitrary cross section following the solution pattern established by Hedgepeth ~ in 1961. Some examples of a circular hole in a filamentary material are shown to illustrate the effect of the material properties and the number of filaments cut.
Modeling biofuel expansion effects on land use change dynamics

Increasing demand for crop-based biofuels, in addition to other human drivers of land use, induces direct and indirect land use changes (LUC). Our system dynamics tool is intended to complement existing LUC modeling approaches and to improve the understanding of global LUC drivers and dynamics by allowing examination of global LUC under diverse scenarios and varying model assumptions. We report on a small subset of such analyses. This model provides insights into the drivers and dynamic interactions of LUC (e.g., dietary choices and biofuel policy) and is not intended to assert improvement in numerical results relative to other works. Demand for food commodities are mostly met in high food and high crop-based biofuel demand scenarios, but cropland must expand substantially. Meeting roughly 25% of global transportation fuel demand by 2050 with biofuels requires >2 times the land used to meet food demands under a presumed 40% increase in per capita food demand. In comparison, the high food demand scenario requires greater pastureland for meat production, leading to larger overall expansion into forest and grassland. Our results indicate that, in all scenarios, there is a potential for supply shortfalls, and associated upward pressure on prices, of food commodities requiring higher land use intensity (e.g., beef) which biofuels could exacerbate.
On the Bloch–Kato conjecture for elliptic modular forms of square-free level

Let \(\kappa \ge 6\) be an even integer, \(M\) an odd square-free integer, and \(f \in S_{2\kappa -2}(\Gamma _0(M))\) a newform. We prove that under some reasonable assumptions that half of the \(\lambda \)-part of the Bloch–Kato conjecture for the near central critical value \(L(\kappa ,f)\) is true. We do this by bounding the \(\ell \)-valuation of the order of the appropriate Bloch–Kato Selmer group below by the \(\ell \)-valuation of algebraic part of \(L(\kappa ,f)\). We prove this by constructing a congruence between the Saito–Kurokawa lift of \(f\) and a cuspidal Siegel modular form.
Modeling and Characterization of Dynamic Failure of Soda-lime Glass Under High-Speed Impact

In this article, the impact-induced dynamic failure of a soda-lime glass block is studied using an integrated experimental/analytical approach. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bartechnique is used to ...
The mechanical behavior of conductors exposed to short-duration thermal loading

The current-carrying conductors in an electromagnetic (EM) launcher are exposed to high thermal loads that last for a few milliseconds. In some instances, the temperature increases range up to the melting point of the materials. Even though the equilibrium and creep behavior of materials at high temperature at long time scales is well characterized, such characterization is generally not available for thermal loads lasting for very short durations. Here, we study the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus and yield strength, of commonly used conductors such as aluminum and copper alloys under millisecond-duration thermal loads. A pulser circuit is designed and used in conjunction with a tensile-testing machine to study property degradation concurrent with and subsequent to the application of the thermal load at different strain rates. The results of our study shall be used for generating constitutive descriptions of material behavior and in designing various components of the EM launchers.
Principal neurons and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion have distinct developmental histories

Sympathetic ganglia contain 2 adrenergic derivatives of the neural crest: principal neurons and small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. The developmental mechanisms responsible for the generation of these 2 cell classes in vivo are not well understood. To examine the possible developmental and lineage relationships between differentiating principal neurons and SIF cells, a fluorescence microscopic study utilizing antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and catecholamine histofluorescence has been combined with the ultrastructural examination of embryonic and postnatal rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG). On embryonic day 12.5, before neuroblasts had become postmitotic, the cells in the SCG possessed intense TH immunoreactivity and had weak to bright catecholamine histofluorescence, but no cells displayed the fine structure of mature SIF cells or neurons. At embryonic days 16.5 and 18.5, postmitotic principal neurons expressed more moderate levels of TH and catecholamines characteristic of the late embryonic and postnatal SCG. By contrast, a small number of cells containing intense TH or catecholamine fluorescence were present in embryonic day 16.5 and older ganglia. Almost all of the intensely fluorescent cells observed were found apposed to capillaries within the ganglion. These embryonic intensely fluorescent cells were larger than SIF cells seen postnatally. Ultrastructural examination of developing ganglia confirmed that cells containing numerous large, dense-cored vesicles (LDCVs) were a prominent feature of ganglia that also contained intensely fluorescent cells. In addition, some embryonic cells containing LDCVs were mitotic. From these and other studies, it seems likely that during development, neuron precursors, in response to differentiation factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and/or NGF, acquire overt neuronal traits and become postmitotic. Subsequently, cells resembling mature SIF cells appear next to blood vessels, where they may have received other instructional signals such as glucocorticoids. This developmental scheme suggests that the differentiation of principal neurons and SIF cells is independently regulated, and that the ability of SIF cells to convert into principal neurons observed in vitro cannot account for the generation of neurons in vivo.
Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow

Models are needed that describe how topography and other watershed characteristics affect the chemical composition of runoff waters, yet little spatially distributed data exist to develop such models. A topographically driven flushing mechanism for nitrate (NO3 � ) and dissolved organic carbon has been described in recent literature; however, this mechanism has not yet been thoroughly tested. A 24 ha catchment in the Catskill Mountains of New York was clearcut in the winter of 1996–97, resulting in elevated NO3 � concentrations in soil water, groundwater and streamflow. We sampled shallow subsurface stormflow (SSSF) and streamflow six times during the spring and summer of 1998, 1 year after the harvest. We used a spatially distributed network of piezometers to investigate the relationship between topography and SSSF chemistry. Several indices of topography were computed, including the commonly employed topographic index of Beven and Kirkby (1979; Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24: 43–69). Topographic index was positively correlated with NO3 � concentrations in SSSF. The strength of the NO3 � –topography relationship was best explained by antecedent soil temperature and antecedent precipitation conditions. Results suggest a topographically driven flushing of high NO3 � shallow soil at the site during storm events. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EDA in IBM: past, present, and future

Throughout its history, from the early four-circuit gate-array chips of the late 1960s to today's billion-transistor multichip module, IBM has invested in tools to support its leading-edge technology and high-performance product development. The combination of demanding designs and close cooperation among product, technology, and tool development has given rise to many innovations in the electronic design automation (EDA) area and provided IBM with a significant competitive advantage. This paper highlights IBM's contributions over the last four decades and presents a view of the future, where the best methods of multimillion gate ASIC and gigahertz microprocessor design are converged to enable highly productive system-on-a-chip designs that include widely diverse hardware and software components.
Phenotypic clines, plasticity, and morphological trade-offs in an intertidal snail.

Understanding the genetic and environmental bases of phenotypic variation and how they covary on local and broad geographic scales is an important goal of evolutionary ecology. Such information can shed light on how organisms adapt to different and changing environments and how life-history trade-offs arise. Surveys of phenotypic variation in 25 Littorina obtusata populations across an approximately 400-km latitudinal gradient in the Gulf of Maine revealed pronounced clines. The shells of snails from northern habitats weighed less and were thinner and weaker in compression than those of conspecifics from southern habitats. In contrast, body size (as measured by soft tissue mass) followed an opposite pattern; northern snails weighed more than southern snails. A reciprocal transplant between a northern and southern habitat revealed substantial plasticity in shell form and body mass and their respective measures of growth. Southern snails transplanted to the northern habitat produced lighter, thinner shells and more body mass than controls raised in their native habitat. In contrast, northern snails transplanted to the southern site produced heavier, thicker shells and less body mass than controls raised in their native habitat. Patterns of final phenotypic variation for all traits were consistent with cogradient variation (i.e., a positive covariance between genetic and environmental influences). However, growth in shell traits followed a countergradient pattern (i.e., a negative covariance between genetic and environmental influences). Interestingly, body growth followed a cogradient pattern, which may reflect constraints imposed by cogradient variation in final shell size and thickness. This result suggests the existence of potential life-history trade-offs associated with increased shell production. Differences in L. obtusata shell form, body mass, and their respective measures of growth are likely induced by geographic differences in both water temperature and the abundance of an invading crab predator (Carcinus maenas). Water temperatures averaged 6.8 degrees C warmer during the transplant experiment and C. maenas abundance is greater in the southern Gulf of Maine. Because both increased water temperature and crab effluent affect shell form in the same way, future experiments are needed to determine the relative importance of each. Nevertheless, it is clear that phenotypic plasticity has an important role in producing geographic variation in L. obtusata shell form. Moreover, the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in L. obtusata and other marine gastropods may be driven by architectural constraints imposed by shell form on body mass and growth.
Dorsal epidural intervertebral disk herniation with atypical radiographic findings: case report and literature review.

Background/Objective: Intervertebral disk herniation is relatively common. Migration usually occurs in the ventral epidural space; rarely, disks migrate to the dorsal epidural space due to the natu...
The conceptual mismatch: A qualitative analysis of transportation costs and stressors for low-income adults.

Abstract Research on transportation and low-income groups has often focused on job accessibility and modeled travel times. Such models disconnect transportation from the more comprehensive social goal of enhancing well-being and fail to account for the full stress and time costs that low-income populations may face. To examine the actual, lived experiences of low-income adults, we conducted 52 interviews in two medium-sized metropolitan areas. Results show that low-income travelers have time costs beyond what is modeled, that low-income populations face stressors, like uncertain and unstable transportation, and that the dynamics of ride giving may strain social relations. In conclusion, we argue that placing transportation within the life experiences of low-income adults is critical for understanding how transportation could support or undermine health and well-being.
What Makes an Excellent Teacher? An Analysis from the Teaching Evaluation

The tasks of teachers include not only teaching the student knowledge and answering their questions, but also teaching students how to become confident and respectful human beings. Lots of research emphasizes specific teaching methodology applied to a specific course. In comparison, this paper focuses on a macro way of studying teaching methodology in order to identify the most valuable characteristics of teachers. The research identifies the teaching qualities most valued by students. The paper surveys thirty students, asking them to rank from highest to the lowest, twelve qualities of teachers (knowledgeable, passionate, patient, etc.). This study is the first to provide statistical analysis on how students rank these twelve different qualities of teachers. The paper further did a pair-wise comparison to see whether the twelve evaluated teachers’ qualities are correlated. The Friedman’s Test, a nonparametric one-way related-measures analysis of variance was performed to see whether the twelve qualities are statistically different from each other. The significance of the research is to provide general guidance as to how teachers can develop a set of characteristics as role models for students in order to perform well in the classroom no matter what specific teaching techniques they would apply.
"Old" is the New "New": a Fingerboard Case Study in Recrudescence as a NIME Development Strategy.

This paper addresses the problem that most electrophones and computer-based musical instruments are ephemera lasting long enough to signal academic and technical prowess. They rarely are used more than in a few musical performances. We offer a case study that suggests that longevity of use depends on stabilizing the interface and innovating the implementation to maintain the required stability of performance for players.
A study of the physical inspection programs for girls in colleges and universities of the Midwest District.

(1947). A Study of the Physical Inspection Programs for Girls in Colleges and Universities of the Midwest District. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 68-71.
Why Be Moral: Learning from the Neo-Confucian Cheng Brothers

In the monograph under review, Yong Huang constructs a timely and innovative intervention in contemporary philosophical ethics. This text is self-consciously philosophical and does not approach Neo...