cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Linkages among Gizzard Shad, Zooplankton, and Phytoplankton in Reservoirs

Abstract Food webs in northern temperate lakes frequently exhibit tightly linked interactions between adjacent trophic levels that lead to top-down effects from piscivores to phytoplankton. To determine if these interactions occur in reservoirs dominated by an omnivorous planktivore, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, we experimentally quantified crustacean zooplankton and phytoplankton responses to age-0 gizzard shad (23–90 mm total length) at four gizzard shad densities across three reservoirs, each with a different level of crustacean zooplankton productivity. Age-0 gizzard shad exerted strong top-down effects on crustacean zooplankton, eliminating it from most enclosures within 2 weeks. This decline in crustacean zooplankton did not lead to increases in phytoplankton unless Daphnia spp. were initially abundant. As detritivores, gizzard shad can remain abundant when planktonic food resources are depleted. This trophic decoupling probably allows gizzard shad to structure reservoir food webs by overconsum...
Neurodevelopmental Functioning in Very Young Children Undergoing Treatment for Non-CNS Cancers

OBJECTIVE We initiated a prospective study of very young children with cancer, in comparison with matched healthy children, to investigate neurodevelopmental consequences of non-CNS cancers and treatment. METHODS A total of 61 children (≤42 months) with non-CNS cancers and 61 matched controls underwent an identical age-appropriate neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS Children with cancer manifested deficits compared to healthy controls in motor, mental, and language development, but were similar to controls in cognitive representational abilities and emotional relationships in interaction with their mothers. Better physician-rated health status at diagnosis and mother-rated behavioral status 1 month prior to assessment were associated with better motor and mental performance in the cancer group. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies deficits as well as spared functions in children with non-CNS cancers; the results suggest ways parents and healthcare professionals may plan specific remediations to enhance quality of life in young cancer survivors.
An iterative procedure based on the donnan equilibrium for calculating the polymer‐subphase volume of alginic acid

A numerical iterative procedure is presented to predict the polymer-subphase volume that is formed when anionic polysaccharides such as alginic acid (polyuronic acid from kelp) are suspended in an aqueous solution. (The aqueous region surrounding the polymer chain where a strong electrostatic attractive force for counterions exists is defined as the separate polymer subphase within the colloidal phase enclosed by the polymer coil.) Based on the phase-partition model of Marinsky et al.5 and Donnan equilibrium theory, this iterative procedure utilizes the base titration data of the acidic polysaccharide at different ionic strengths as well as the osmotic properties of the sodium form of the polysaccharide. No detailed structural information of alginic acid is required. The resulting calculations show that the polymer subphase, which accounts for a small fraction of the total solution volume, should be regarded as the reaction zone for acid dissociation and metal binding reactions. The volume of polymer subphase thus calculated may also serve as an excellent index for the morphology of the polymer molecule at different ionic strengths, degrees of ionization, polymer concentrations, and extent of polymer-metal binding.
Molecular modeling of physical aging in epoxy polymers

Epoxy resins are often exposed to prolonged periods of sub-Tg temperatures which cause physical aging to occur. Because physical aging can compromise the performance of epoxies and their composites and because experimental techniques cannot provide all of the necessary physical insight that is needed to fully understand physical aging, efficient computational approaches to predict the effects of physical aging on thermomechanical properties are needed. In the current study, a new method is developed to efficiently establish molecular models of epoxy resins that represent the corresponding molecular structure at specific aging times. Although this approach does not simulate the physical aging process directly, it is useful in establishing molecular models that resemble physically aged states of epoxies. Such models are useful for predicting the thermomechanical properties of aged epoxy resins to facilitate the design of durable engineering structures. For demonstration purposes, the developed method is applied to an EPON 862/diethylene toluene diamine epoxy system for three different crosslink densities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A collateral pathway to the neostriatum from corticofugal neurons of the rat sensory‐motor cortex: An intracellular HRP study

A projection from large pyramidal cells in layer V of the rat somatic sensory-motor (SSM) cortex both to the neostriatum and the brainstem was demonstrated by intracellular recording and injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Layer V neurons that project to the brainstem were identified either by antidromic activation from the cerebral peduncle or by tracing the HRP-labeled axon into the internal capsule in histochemically processed sections. Intracellular responses to stimulation of the hindlimb, forelimb or mystacial pad were also examined. Five of 20 HRP-injected neurons that project to the brainstem had a fine collateral branch within the striatum. These branched corticostriatal cells respond at short latency (7--12 msec) to somatic sensory stimulation. All of the injected corticofugal neurons that had a striatal collateral were large pyramidal neurons located in layer Vb of the forelimb and head areas of SSM cortex. Branched corticofugal neurons have a rich basal dendritic field and a prominent apical dendrite that arborizes in the superficial cortical layers. Intracortical axon collaterals from the branched cells ramify in layers V and VI, and also project to the upper layers of cortex near the apical dentrite. Beyond the cortex, the main axon has no collateral branches, except for a single laterally directed branch in the neostriatum. The diameter of the striatal collateral is small (about 0.5 micrometer) compared to that of the main axon (2.0--2.5 micrometers). It is concluded that these branched cells provided a parallel input to the neostriatum and to brainstem or spinal motor centers.
Frontogenesis Processes in the Middle and Upper Troposphere

Abstract Basic issues regarding upper-level frontogenesis addressed in this paper are: (i) simulated frontogenesis influenced by the initial flow, (ii) upper-level frontogenesis as essentially a two-dimensional process, and (iii) frontal-scale positive feedback between vertical advection of momentum and vorticity advection by the ageostrophic wind, which is important for the intensification of upper-level frontal zones. The methodology for investigation is based on analysis of simulated upper-level frontogenesis with a three-dimensional primitive-equation model. The model is a simplified version of the UCLA GCM, with 21 layers in the vertical, horizontal resolution of 1.2° lat × 1.5° long; a 60° sector of one hemisphere as periodic domain, and physics reduced to horizontal diffusion and dry convective adjustment. Simulations initialized with jet streams symmetric about the latitude of maximum wind at each pressure level produce—in the middle troposphere—the strongest frontal zones downstream of the trough...
Yeast as Models of Mitotic Fidelity

Chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy which is defined as the cellular state of having a chromosome count that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. Aneuploidy is associated with human diseases including mental retardation, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, aneuploidy is the major cause of spontaneous abortions and its occurrence increases with aging. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to aneuploidy. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a good model to study the effects aneuploidy elicits on cellular homeostasis and physiology. This chapter focuses on the current understanding of how the yeast S. cerevisiae responds to the acquisition of extra chromosomes and highlights how studies in aneuploid yeasts provide insights onto the effects of aneuploidy in human cells.
In Search of the 'Ultimate Meaning' in Arapaho Tradition and Contemporary Experience

Les Arapaho constituent une tribu indienne etablie dans l'Etat americain contemporain du Wyoming. Leur mythe d'origine lui-meme ne donne aucune preuve de l'existence d'un etre supreme. Le createur apparait plutot comme un demiurge a la forme humaine. Lors d'une precedente creation, les Arapaho ont ete punis. On ne saura jamais s'il existe un createur de cet ancien monde; si l'histoire existe, elle demeure gardee a travers une tradition orale a laquelle seuls les privilegies ont acces. L'A. s'interesse aux quatre aspects de la realite ultime: le but des rituels et des symboles, le sens des visions, le mystere de l'alienation et du mal, la vie apres la mort
Modification and Development of the Arachnid Palpal Claw, with Especial Reference to Spiders

Among the many devices of animals which aid in the transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female, three are so out of the ordinary that they have attracted a good deal of attention and are usually mentioned together. These are the hectocotylized arms of male cephalopods, the penis on the second segment of the abdomen of male dragon flies, and the highly developed palpal organs of male spiders. In the three groups the process of sperm transfer is more or less analogous. Since the animals are not related, the processes are to be considered merely as parallel developments.
Early predictors of phonological and morphosyntactic skills in second graders with cochlear implants

Abstract Purpose Newborn hearing screening has made it possible to provide early treatment of hearing loss to more children than ever before, raising expectations these children will be able to attend regular schools. But continuing deficits in spoken language skills have led to challenges in meeting those expectations. This study was conducted to (1) examine two kinds of language skills (phonological and morphosyntactic) at school age (second grade) for children with cochlear implants (CIs); (2) see which measures from earlier in life best predicted performance at second grade; (3) explore how well these skills supported other cognitive and language functions; and (4) examine how treatment factors affected measured outcomes. Methods Data were analyzed from 100 second-grade, monolingual English-speaking children: 51 with CIs and 49 with normal hearing (NH). Ten measures of spoken language and related functions were collected: three each of phonological and morphosyntactic skills; and four of other cognitive and language functions. Six measures from preschool and seven from kindergarten served as predictor variables. The effects of treatment variables were examined. Results Children with CIs were more delayed acquiring phonological than morphosyntactic skills. Mean length of utterance at earlier ages was the most consistent predictor of both phonological and morphosyntactic skills at second grade. Early bimodal stimulation had a weak, but positive effect on phonological skills at second grade; sign language experience during preschool had a negative effect on morphosyntactic structures in spoken language. Conclusions Children with CIs are delayed in language acquisition, and especially so in phonological skills. Appropriate testing and treatments can help ameliorate these delays.
Correlation between Quantitative Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen-B27 and Multislice Computed Tomography Signs in Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis

Objective To investigate the relationship between quantitative detection of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-B27 and multislice spiral(MSCT) signs in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis(JAS).Methods Thirty patients with JAS accepted both MSCT examination and quantitative detection of HLA-B27 by flow cytometry(FCM).The data of FCM was analyzed by dedicated HLA-B27 software package.And the median channel fluorescent intensities of the gated T-cells labeled with phycoerythrin(PE) and CD3 were measured.All the results were regarded as positive with a higher fluorescent intensity than the threshold(146-148),and negative with a lower one.The data were statistically analyzed by using the software of SPSS 18.0(non-parametric rank test).Results Among these 30 cases,28 cases were male,2 cases were female;Clinical symptoms were coxa,knee or leg pain,and a few of back and foot pain.MSCT showed the changes of sacroiliac joint:arthrosclerosis and cystic changes in 12 cases(40%);bone destruction in 11 cases(36%);joint gap change in 7 cases(23%);sacroiliac joint surface fuzzy in 6 cases(20%);vacuum sign in 4 cases(13%).Grade 0 in 8 cases,and grade Ⅰin 5 cases,grade Ⅱ in 8 cases,grade Ⅲ in 9 cases.There were no statistical difference between grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ,grade Ⅱand Ⅲ for the levels of HLA-B27(P0.05),but there was statistical difference between grade Ⅰand grade Ⅲ(P0.01).The quantitative expression of HLA-B27 in grade Ⅲ was bigger than that in grade Ⅰ.Conclusions The quantitative expression of HLA-B27 is different in JAS children;There is correlation between quantitative detection of HLA-B27 and MSCT signs.The Quantitative HLA-B27 examination can be used as an index for early diagnosis of JAS.
Steroid hormones in monkey oviductal fluid.

In six rhesus monkeys, ovulation was induced by human menpausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin and the oviducts were catheterized for continuous collection of oviductal fluid. Oviductal fluid and plasma samples were obtained daily from days 8 to 16 of therapy and were analyzed for estrone (E 1 ), 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P). Ovulation was confirmed by noting increases in plasma progesterone levels and by direct inspection of the corpus luteum (C-L) during laparotomy. Two monkeys ovulated with one or two C-L, two monkeys had "superovulation" with multiple C-L, and the other two monkeys failed to ovulate. The oviductal fluid volume was larger during the preovulatory phase than during the postovulatory phase of the cycle. The concentrations of steroid hormones in the oviductal fluid were lowerthan those in the plasma prior to ovulation, but E 1 and T rose to or above plasma levels during the postovulatory period. Following ovulation, there was a gradual increase in the oviductal fluid concentrations of E 1 , T, and P, whereas the concentrations of E 2 and A decreased. In anovulatory cycles, all steroid hormone levels fluctuated without trend throughout the observation period. In superovulated cycles, the concentrations of all steroids in the oviductal fluid increased rapidly following ovulation and reached levels that were 3 to 8 times those in the plasma. By using equilibrium dialysis, the nonprotein-bound (free) fraction of steroid in the oviductal fluid was determined. The mean (± standard error) values of percentage of free E 1 , E 2 , A, T, and P, respectively, were 62.3±3.2, 64.4±2.6, 73.8±1.9, 64.1±2.1, and 46.9±2.7%. The corresponding data for percentage of free plasma steroid, respectively, were: 7.62±0.30, 3.92±0.14, 9.84±0.49, 2.68±0.10, and 3.61±0.13%. Thus, high concentrations of biologically active free steroid hormones, found in significant amounts after ovulation, are present in the oviductal environment and might influence its function during this crucial period in reproduction. In addition, the qualitative difference between plasma and oviductal hormones suggests a mechanism other than passive diffusion for their presence in oviductal fluid.
An Optimization-based Framework to Learn Conditional Random Fields for Multi-label Classification

This paper studies multi-label classification problem in which data instances are associated with multiple, possibly high-dimensional, label vectors. This problem is especially challenging when labels are dependent and one cannot decompose the problem into a set of independent classification problems. To address the problem and properly represent label dependencies we propose and study a pairwise conditional random Field (CRF) model. We develop a new approach for learning the structure and parameters of the CRF from data. The approach maximizes the pseudo likelihood of observed labels and relies on the fast proximal gradient descend for learning the structure and limited memory BFGS for learning the parameters of the model. Empirical results on several datasets show that our approach outperforms several multi-label classification baselines, including recently published state-of-the-art methods.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the demonstration of Trichomonas vaginalis by immunofluorescence. A fresh isolate of T. vaginalis that had been rendered free of contaminant organisms was incubated at 37° C anaerobically with gentle agitation for 72 hours in 13 liters of the commercially available medium, Trich-O-Med. The organisms were recovered by centrifugation and subsequently washed three times with pH 6.2 phosphate buffered saline. Extraction was done in saline by cryolysis. Rabbits were injected by various routes over a three week period. The indirect procedure was used with fluorescein tagged goat anti-rabbit serum. The Leitz fluorescence microscope was used to view the reaction. In each case, the slides from the positive cultures demonstrated the fluorescent trichomonads. In each case, the slides from the positive cultures demonstrated the fluorescent trichomonads. Morphology appeared typical except the flagella were not demonstrable. Smears were made from the swabs in saline and treated as above using the indirect immunofluorescent procedure. Hanging drop preparations were also observed.
Psychiatric disorders among women with the fragile X premutation without children affected by fragile X syndrome.

Several studies have demonstrated increased rates of anxiety and depressive disorders among female carriers of the fragile X premutation. However, the majority of these studies focused on mothers of children with fragile X syndrome, who experience higher rates of parenting stress that may contribute to the emergence of these disorders. The present study compared psychiatric symptom presentation (utilizing measures of current symptoms and lifetime DSM-IV Axis I disorders) in 24 female carriers without affected children (mean age = 32.1 years) to 26 non-carrier women from the community (mean age = 30.5 years). We also examined the association between CGG repeat size (adjusted for X activation ratio) and mRNA, with severity of psychiatric symptoms. Women with the premutation reported significantly elevated symptoms of anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsiveness, and somatization relative to controls during the past week. Carriers had significantly higher rates of lifetime social phobia (42.3%) compared to controls (12.5%); however, this comparison did not remain significant after multiple comparison adjustment. Rates of other psychiatric disorders were not significantly elevated relative to controls, though it should be noted that lifetime rates among controls were much higher than previously published population estimates. Although the sample is relatively small, the study of this unique cohort suggests the premutation confers risk for mood and anxiety disorders independent of the stress of parenting children with FXS. Screening for psychiatric disorders in women with the premutation, even before they become parents, is important and highly encouraged. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reciprocal Tissue Interactions in Morphogenesis and Hormonal Responsiveness of the Female Reproductive Tract

A brief review is made of the literature which describes the role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in organogenesis of the female reproductive tract and other organs that exhibit developmental sensitivity to steroid hormones. Also reviewed are studies in which the developing neonatal mouse uterus is used as a model for investigating the mechanisms underlying acute effects of estrogen and progesterone on uterine epithelial cell proliferation.
MP-trie: Fast Spatial Queries on Moving Objects

As spatial data being collected by various industries (e.g., telecommunication, insurance, automotive) is on the increase, indexing and answering queries extremely quickly is necessary. This paper proposes a new mechanism, Mobile PATRICIA-trie (MP-trie), for fast queries on moving objects that provides a 1000x improvement in performance over state-of-the-art spatial indexing mechanisms. We reduce the problem of spatial indexing to that of prefix-matching over binary strings, which is then coupled with off-the-shelf commercially available content-addressable memory (commonly used in IP routers for forwarding table lookups). We validate our approach on data collected from a real-world deployment in Stockholm, Sweden across 2000 cars for a period of one month.
Uptake of inhaled polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a human longitudinal cohort study and animal inhalation studies

PCBs are a group of 209 persistent organic pollutants whose carcinogenic and neurological toxicities are well established. PCB inhalation exposure assessments have been lacking for non-occupational conditions and for lower-Cl congeners. We assessed congener-specific inhalation and dietary exposure for 78 adolescent children and their mothers (n=68) in the Airborne Exposure to Semi-volatile Organic Pollutants (AESOP) Study. Congener-specific PCB inhalation exposure was modeled using 293 measurements of indoor and outdoor airborne PCB concentrations at homes and schools, analyzed via tandem quadrupole GS-MS/MS, combined with questionnaire data from the AESOP Study. Dietary exposure was modeled using Canadian Total Diet Survey PCBs and U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey food ingestion rates. For ∑PCB, including the higher-Cl congeners, dietary exposure dominated. For individual lower-Cl congeners, inhalation exposure was as high as one-third of the total dietary + inhalation exposure. Geometric mean ∑PCB inhalation was greater for urban mothers (7.1 µg yr -1 ) and children (12.0 µg yr -1 ) than for rural mothers (2.4 µg yr -1 ) and children (8.9 µg yr -1 ). AESOP Study schools had higher indoor PCB concentrations than did homes, and accounted for the majority of children9s inhalation exposure. Concurrent sub-chronic inhalation studies in rats using a complex PCB mixture that represents urban air demonstrated uptake from the lung resulting in alteration of thyroid hormones and increased oxidative stress. Although several PCB congeners were enriched in lung tissue, the lung was primarily a route of exposure rather than a target organ for inhaled PCBs.
CAD/CAM Removable Dental Prostheses: a Review of Digital Impression Techniques for Edentulous Arches and Advancements on Design and Manufacturing Systems

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of CAD/CAM removable dental prostheses in the treatment of completely edentulous patients. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing protocols continue to evolve in many areas in dentistry including removable complete dentures. Current protocols are advantageous in decreasing the number of clinical appointments needed, which may reduce the distress in elderly with limited access to care. In addition, CAD/CAM complete dentures are fabricated using standardized techniques using high-value quality controlled materials. Laboratory tabletop scanners are being used predominantly for the digitization of conventional impressions or dental casts. Further research is needed to further advance existing intra-oral scanners in digital impressioning of the completely edentulous jaws. Use of digital technology in complete denture manufacturing provides prostheses with improved quality such as reduced porosity, polymerization shrinkage, and improved retention. Presence of digital depository data allows replacement dentures to be fabricated in case they are lost or damaged.
Does Adoption of an Affirmative Action Policy Constitute an Act Discreditable to the Profession? A Philosophical Look at a Practical Ethical Question

Rule 501 of the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct prohibits acts that are discreditable to the profession, as do the codes of ethics of several other professional accounting organizations. The AICPA Code includes employment discrimination as an act discreditable to the profession. Many firms have adopted affirmative action programs in an attempt to prevent discrimination. The problem is that affirmative action programs favor certain groups over others on the basis of race or gender, thus making them discriminatory programs. The author questions whether the adoption of an affirmative action policy constitutes an act discreditable to the profession, since affirmative action programs are discriminatory and since discriminatory employment practices constitute acts discreditable to the profession.
Numerical integration of detector response functions via Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Calculations of detector response functions are complicated because they include the intricacies of signal creation from the detector itself as well as a complex interplay between the detector, the particle-emitting target, and the entire experimental environment. As such, these functions are typically only accessible through time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, the output of thousands of Monte Carlo simulations can be necessary in order to extract a physics result from a single experiment. Here we describe a method to obtain a full description of the detector response function using Monte Carlo simulations. We also show that a response function calculated in this way can be used to create Monte Carlo simulation output spectra a factor of ∼ 1000 × faster than running a new Monte Carlo simulation. A detailed discussion of the proper treatment of uncertainties when using this and other similar methods is provided as well. This method is demonstrated and tested using simulated data from the Chi-Nu experiment, which measures prompt fission neutron spectra at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center.
Solid state coordination chemistry of polyoxomolybdate clusters: Hydrothermal synthesis and structures of and (Hpt=5(4′-pyridyl)tetrazole)

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of MoO3, Cu(CH3CO2)2·H2O and 5(4′-pyridyl)tetrazole (4-Hpt) yielded a low temperature Cu(II) phase [{Cu3(4-pt)2(4-Hpt)2(H2O)2}{Mo8O26}]·2H2O (1·2H2O) and a high temperature Cu(I) material [{Cu10(4-pt)6(4-Hpt)2}{Mo8O26}]·2H2O (2·2H2O). The two-dimensional structure of 1 is constructed from β-octamolybdate clusters embedded in a { Cu 3 ( 4 -pt ) 2 ( 4 -Hpt ) 2 ( H 2 O ) 2 } n 4 n + network. The copper(II)-pyridyltetrazolate layer consists of trinuclear clusters of corner-sharing copper ‘4 + 2’ octahedra linked through the dipodal 4-pt ligands. In contrast, the three-dimensional structure of 2 contains the {β-Mo8O26}4− building block embedded in a three-dimensional { Cu 10 ( 4 -pt ) 6 ( 4 -Hpt ) 2 } n 4 n + framework. The copper(I)-pyridyltetrazolate substructure consists of chains of Cu tetrahedra and trigonal planes bridged by tetrazolate groups and connected through exo-catenate {CuN2O} trigonal planar units bonding to the pyridyl nitrogens of the dipodal ligand.
Plan invention and plan transformation

Most work on planning in A.I. is directed at the problem of how to manage the application of previously specified plans in familiar domains. However, an important aspect of planning behavior in general is the ability to plan intelligently in novel domains. The first step towards accounting for this behavior must be to characterize the process whereby general planning knowledge can be used to construct new plans in a specific domain. In my thesis I propose a model of such a process. This model assumes that the planner possess some plans which are appropriate for the domain in question, but that the current set is by no means adequate to operate effectively in the domain. The model I propose monitors the execution of these known plans and creates new plans in response to specific problems.
Impact of a Novel Multiparameter Decision Support System on Intraoperative Processes of Care and Postoperative Outcomes.

Background:The authors hypothesized that a multiparameter intraoperative decision support system with real-time visualizations may improve processes of care and outcomes.Methods:Electronic health record data were retrospectively compared over a 6-yr period across three groups: experimental cases, in
A Comprehensive Leadership Education Model to Train, Teach, and Develop Leadership in Youth

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the youth leadership development literature and were able to construct a conceptual model for teaching, training, and developing leadership in youth. After citing the need for leadership education, and the lack of information regarding leadership development for young people in career and technical education, the model is described in detail and proposed as a curriculum framework for teaching leadership to all students. The model consists of five dimensions and three stages of development. The five dimensions of the conceptual model are: (1) Leadership Knowledge and Information, (2) Leadership Attitude, Will, and Desire, (3) Decision Making, Reasoning, and Critical Thinking, (4) Oral and Written Communication Skills, and (5) Intra and Interpersonal Relations. The recommendation is made to allow the model to serve as the first step in developing a curriculum designed to teach leadership to youth in a formal setting.
Sonochemically Prepared Molybdenum Sulfide

A sonochemical preparation of high surface area, sub-micron molybdenum sulfide is described.[1] A slurry of elemental sulfur and molybdenum hexacarbonyl in isodurene was irradiated with high-intensity ultrasound (20 kHz, ∼ 80 W/cm2) under Ar followed by heating under vacuum to remove residual solvent and any unreacted precursor.
The effect of cauterization of the rabbit ovary on adhesion formation.

A new treatment modality that involves laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovary has been described as an alternative to ovarian wedge resection. The authors investigated the effect of multiple cautery of the rabbit ovary on adhesion formation. Twenty animals were studied after being divided into four groups of five animals each. Group 1 animals underwent a control operation that involved opening and closing of the peritoneum only. All other animals underwent cautery of the right ovary, with the left ovary used as a control. Group 2 animals had no intraperitoneal substance instilled. Group 3 animals had 2.5 ml/kg of sterile normal saline instilled intraperitoneally. Group 4 animals had 2.5 ml/kg of 32% dextran 70 instilled intraperitoneally. Two weeks later, adhesions were evaluated with a macroscopic and a microscopic scoring system. Cautery of the ovaries was associated with the formation of a significant amount of adhesions. The mean macroscopic adhesion score for a cauterized ovary was 2.73 ± 0.38 and for the control ovary was 0.00 ± 0.00 ( P P
WHY IS THERE NO UNIFIED THEORY OFENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE? 1

Those who work on the role of institutions as determinants of the course of human/environment relations have much in common. They employ compatible perspectives on the nature of institutions, subscribe to the main tenets of the “new institutionalism” in the social sciences, and seek to understand the roles that institutions play both in causing and confronting environmental problems. Yet this common agenda has not led to the emergence of a vibrant and mutually beneficial dialogue among those focusing on smallscale systems and approaching these issues from a bottom-up perspective and those examining macro-level systems and considering the issues from a top-down perspective. In this essay, I seek both to explain the reasons for this failure to engage in a lively dialogue and to offer some suggestions for overcoming this problem. I locate the causes of the problem in divergent research strategies, conceptual fixations, and conflicting methodological practices. Overcoming the resultant disconnect will not be easy. But I advocate a strategy featuring an emphasis on common questions and a commitment to common activities as a promising approach for those who believe that bridging the gap between bottom-up and top-down studies is both feasible and desirable.
Abstract WP451: Frequency and Characteristics of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Population-based Study

Objective: To determine the frequency and characteristics of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in a population-based study Patients and Methods: The population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging i...
Abstract MP23: Heart Failure is Associated With Incident Venous Thromboembolism: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: Heart failure (HF) hospitalization places patients at increased short-term risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the degree to which incident HF is a long-term risk factor for ...
Removal of landfill leachate ultraviolet quenching substances by electricity induced humic acid precipitation and electrooxidation in a membrane electrochemical reactor.

Abstract Persistent UV quenching substances (UVQS) in landfill leachate can affect the effectiveness of UV disinfection in domestic wastewater treatment systems when leachate is being co-treated. As a result, effective onsite leachate pre-treatment will have to be implemented to reduce the UV quenching capability. Herein, a membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) was developed and investigated for treating UV quenching organics contained in landfill leachate. Compared to a control reactor that did not have a membrane separator, the MER achieved significantly higher removals of both dissolved organic carbon (61.5 ± 4.1%) and UV254nm absorbance (63.4 ± 8.4%). This enhanced performance was likely due to the combined effects of humic acid precipitation and augmented oxidation of organics. The MER was able to remove 89.1 ± 2.9% of total nitrogen from the leachate while recovering about 51% of the influent ammonia in the catholyte, in comparison to 38.1 ± 4.4% of total nitrogen removal by the control reactor. The MER consumed significantly less electrical energy with specific energy consumption of 70.62 kWh kg−1 DOC or 33.03 kWh kg−1 sCOD, compared to that of the control reactor (211.8 kWh kg−1 DOC or 55.02 kWh kg−1 sCOD). A current density of 20 mA cm−2 was considered optimal in terms of both UVQS removal and energy efficiency. Consideration should be given to the spacing of electrodes to minimize internal resistance and also to avoid trapping of the produced gas bubbles. These results collectively suggest that the MER is a promising onsite pretreatment approach for landfill leachate and further exploration of this technology should be encouraged.
La définition juridique des communs environnementaux

Il n’y a pas de definition juridique des communs environnementaux. La vitalite contemporaine de la notion de « communs » ne surgit pas du droit. Elle s’est construite malgre lui, voire contre lui, en defi a celui-ci. Le commun d’aujourd’hui est avant tout une forme d’action – un « faire commun ». Ce n’est pas la seule action collective qui est ici visee, mais la dimension generative et mobilisatrice de cette action, dont l’une des caracteristiques est d’etre portee par une communaute. Lorsque le « faire commun », articule autour de questions d’acces et d’usages, est applique a un element de l’environnement, alors surgit spontanement le concept de « commun environnemental », visant par la tant la pratique de la gouvernance collective revisitee que – par raccourci – la ressource naturelle elle-meme.
An Experimental Study of Learning in an Online Citizen Science Project: Insights into Study Design and Waitlist Controls

The field of citizen science needs experimental studies to develop a better understanding of the connection between citizen science participation and learning. We conducted an online experiment to test whether social interaction and the primary learning activity, mapping, led to increased content-learning in the citizen-science project, YardMap. Participants were randomly assigned to three treatment/control groups: the full, socially-networked mapping project, the mapping project with its social tools disabled, and a waitlist-control group, whose members took the pre-test and post-tests along with the active participants, but were blocked from participating in the project for a two-month interval between the tests. Based on general linear models, post-minus-pre-test scores (learning gains) did not differ between the two treatments, nor between the treatment and control groups. Individual level of activity in the project did not affect learning gains, but the learning gains were negatively associated with pre-test score for all three groups, indicating that learning occurred, not only in the treatment groups, but also in the control group. Retrospective analysis of participant completion rates, effort, and responses focused on developing possible explanations for this outcome. This analysis uncovered factors that reduced the ability to detect learning, which may be common to many Citizen Science research studies. Of particular interest were factors related to the use of a waitlist control design in online settings. This research concludes with new recommendations for the design of controlled studies of informal science learning, including new controls to explore the mechanisms by which waitlist control participants learned as much as participants in the treatment groups.
Drug Allergy and Perioperative Management of Mastocytosis

Drugs including general anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); antibiotics such as vancomycin and quinolones; contrast media; and opioids are triggers for hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis in mastocytosis patients, but the true incidence is not known, and there are no markers to identify the population at risk. Drugs can induce IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions, and there is no evidence for an increase in IgE-mediated reactions in patients with mastocytosis. Patients presenting with drug allergy do not seem to have an increase in clonal mast cell disorders, but there is limited evidence and no large-scale studies. Serum tryptase and skin examination to rule out cutaneous and systemic mastocytosis are mandatory interventions in all patients presenting with hypotension and/or anaphylaxis during anesthesia and drug administration. Although no controlled or outcomes studies are available, pre-medication regimes are recommended for mastocytosis patients undergoing surgery, anesthesia, and exposure to radiocontrast media since biomarkers are not available to identified patients at increased risk for mast cell activation events and anaphylaxis.
The Role of Household Production in the Determination of Wages and the Process of Capitalist Production

Wages in the capitalist mode of production must be sufficient to ensure the resources necessary for the production/reproduction of labor power. As such they constitute a supplement to the productio...
Quality of Acid-Preserved Edamame Soybean at Immature and Mature Stages

Edamame is a food-grade soybean that is harvested at the green-immature stage (R6) and sold fresh or frozen for consumption after steaming or boiling. Limited studies have been conducted on high-temperature sterilization of edamame in cans and on acid preservation of edamame. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the color retention and texture of edamame when pasteurized in acidic brine as compared to boiling, to assess the effect of sucrose and turmeric addition on acid-treated edamame, and to characterize varietal differences when edamame lines were pasteurized in an acidic brine at either R6 or R8 stage. All studies were conducted using industry-standard processing conditions for acid-preservation of food in glass containers. The results of this research indicated that acid processing caused losses in intensity of green color and hue, but much smaller than those reported when heat-processing edamame in cans. We also observed a small and borderline significant increase in texture (p=0.0790) in acid-preserved samples. In addition, we found that green color is positively affected by the addition of turmeric to the brine, but not of sucrose. Finally, the varieties R07-589 (red-brown seed coat) and R09-345 (black seed coat) acid-processed at R8 had color and texture similar to canned in-kind substitute products. In conclusion, acid-preservation, and addition of turmeric to immature edamame, helped maintain an acceptable quality of the processed products.
Sunbeam: a pipeline for next-generation metagenomic sequencing experiments

Abstract Background: Metagenomic sequencing experiments require a number of preprocessing and analytical steps to interpret the microbial and genetic composition of biological samples. Such steps include quality control, adapter trimming, host decontamination, metagenomic classification, read assembly, and alignment to reference genomes. Results: We present here an extensible and modular pipeline called Sunbeam that performs these steps in a consistent and reproducible way. It features a one-step installation and novel tools for eliminating artifactual sequences that may interfere with downstream analysis including Komplexity, a novel software tool to eliminate potentially problematic, low-complexity nucleotide sequences from metagenomic data. Another unique component of the Sunbeam pipeline is an easy-to-use extension framework that enables users to add custom processing or analysis steps directly to the Sunbeam workflow. Conclusions: Sunbeam provides a foundation to build more in-depth analyses and to enable comparisons between disparate sequencing experiments by standardizing routine pre-processing and analytical steps. Sunbeam is written in Python using the Snakemake workflow management software and is freely available at github.com/sunbeam-labs/sunbeam under the GPLv3.
Squaring the System of Systems Management Circle

In the ever-increasing complexity of defense acquisition, the traditional metrics for defense projects of cost, schedule, and performance are insufficient. This paper explores the concept of cost, schedule, and performance to determine if these three quintessential project management criteria are enough to serve as the guiding principles for defense project managers. The ever-increasing complexity of the weapons system development environment, from the necessity for specialization to the intricacies of new technology, requires a broader view than that offered by cost, schedule, and performance. In squaring the project management circle, we must add a fourth variable, context, to provide focus.
Factors Affecting One-Year Outcomes After Major Lower Extremity Amputation in the Vascular Quality Initiative Amputation Registry.

IntroductionMajor lower extremity amputation (LEA) results in significant morbidity and mortality. This study identifies factors contributing to adverse long-term outcomes after major LEA.Study Des...
Modelling local structural and electronic consequences of proton and hydrogen-atom uptake in VO2 with polyoxovanadate clusters

We report the synthesis and characterisation of a series of siloxide-functionalised polyoxovanadate–alkoxide (POV–alkoxide) clusters, [V6O6(OSiMe3)(OMe)12]n (n = 1−, 2−), that serve as molecular models for proton and hydrogen-atom uptake in vanadium dioxide, respectively. Installation of a siloxide moiety on the surface of the Lindqvist core was accomplished via addition of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethylsulfonate to the fully-oxygenated cluster [V6O7(OMe)12]2−. Characterisation of [V6O6(OSiMe3)(OMe)12]1− by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the incorporation of the siloxide group does not result in charge separation within the hexavanadate assembly, an observation that contrasts directly with the behavior of clusters bearing substitutional dopants. The reduced assembly, [V6O6(OSiMe3)(OMe)12]2−, provides an isoelectronic model for H-doped VO2, with a vanadium(III) ion embedded within the cluster core. Notably, structural analysis of [V6O6(OSiMe3)(OMe)12]2− reveals bond perturbations at the siloxide-functionalised vanadium centre that resemble those invoked upon H-atom uptake in VO2 through ab initio calculations. Our results offer atomically precise insight into the local structural and electronic consequences of the installation of hydrogen-atom-like dopants in VO2, and challenge current perspectives of the operative mechanism of electron–proton co-doping in these materials.
Analysis of EEG Use Utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (P3.263)

Objective: To examine trends in the use of electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in the United States from 2003 to 2014. Background: With advances in computer technology and data storage capabilities, cEEG utilization is on the rise; however, rates of expanded use of this technology are unclear. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of EEG use in the US using hospital discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). The data included a total of 93,377,054 hospitalizations, and ICD9 procedure codes were used to determine that 268,452 of these involved the use of an EEG: routine EEG (rEEG) and continuous EEG (cEEG) were performed during 152,385 and 116,815 hospitalizations, respectively. Population-standardized estimates of rates of EEG use, hospital and patient demographics, and hospitalization characteristics. Results: The proportion of hospitalizations involving EEG use increased by 122.7% from 2003 to 2014, an average increase of 11.2% annually. The rate of rEEG use increased by 49.4% over 11 years (4.5% annually), while cEEG use increased by 302.3% (27.5% annually). In 2014, approximately 28% of hospitals included in NIS performed an EEG, compared to 25.6% in 2003. The percentage of hospitals performing rEEGs was relatively stagnant, while the proportion of hospitals performing cEEG showed a 51.8% increase between 2003 and 2014, with 11.6% of hospitals in the 2014 dataset using cEEG monitoring. Hospitals that performed EEGs were more likely to be located in the northeast (33.7% vs 18.7%), categorized as large (66.7% vs 52.1%) and were more likely to be urban teaching hospitals (88.4% vs 64.4%). Conclusions: Rates of EEG use have been increasing steadily over the past 10 years, with the most dramatic increase seen in the use of continuous EEGs. The proportion of hospitals performing EEGs has also increased, albeit more slowly. Certain types of hospitals are more likely to perform EEGs than others. Disclosure: Dr. Bernheimer has nothing to disclose. Dr. O9Neal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kellogg has nothing to disclose.