cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MMIC antenna technology development in the 30/20 gigahertz band

This paper presents a progress summary of NASA's efforts in developing 20 and 30 GHz GaAs MMIC devices and an advanced satellite communications antenna system using these devices. In the interest of preserving resources such as frequency spectrum and orbital space the antenna system is being developed with multiple fixed spot beams and multiple scanning spot beams. NASA set high goals for the MMIC development to pushc GaAs technology. These goals and the main features of the MMIC devices are discussed. Some packaging and characterization considerations are also discussed. The 20 GHz transmit antenna and 30 GHz receive antenna are being developed separately. The approach selected is to perform contractual configuration studies, purchase a 20-GHz experimental antenna system (EAS) and perform in-house evaluation. The features and key specifications of the EAS are discussed. Additional supporting technologies such as effects of coupling on modest sized arrays, MMIC matching techniques, in-house analytical capability, wideband and dual frequency microstrip patch array development, and MMIC packaging techniques are described. Some plans for future are also discussed.
Revisiting the Zintl–Klemm Concept: A2AuBi (A = Li or Na)

Alkali metal gold bismuthides, A2AuBi, are isoelectronic with alkali metal thallides, ATl = A2TlTl, and yet Na2AuBi adopts an orthorhombic structure with a 1-D zigzag “ribbon” structural motif rather than the cubic double diamond structure type of NaTl as well as Li2AuBi. Using first principles quantum mechanical calculations applied to A2AuBi, hypothetical “A2HgPb,” and A2TlTl, and comprehensively decomposing the total energies into metallicity, ionicity, and covalency components to establish parallels with the qualitative Zintl–Klemm formalism, the factors determining the relative stability between the zigzag “ribbon” and the diamond network are examined. An interplay between volume-dependent energy terms, i.e., metallicity or ionicity, and covalency among the electronegative components determines which structural motif is favored. In Na2AuBi, there are two factors stabilizing the zigzag “ribbon.” Au 5d states significantly interact with Bi 6p states, especially Au 5d with Bi 6pz to promote stronger Au–Bi covalent interactions than in the diamond network. This factor does not exist in Na2TlTl and “A2HgPb,” where Hg, Tl, and Pb 5d states are well localized. Secondly, the zigzag ribbons provide effective covalent interactions at larger volumes, as in Na2AuBi, while effective covalent interactions occur in the diamond network only at smaller volume, as in Li2AuBi.
Potential CNS Antitumor Agents VI: Aziridinylbenzoquinones III

Thirty-one aziridinylbenzoquinones were compared against five murine tumor models in vivo. Two intracerebral (ependymoblastoma and L-1210 leukemia) and three intraperitoneal (P-388 and L-1210 leukemia and B16 melanoma) systems were utilized. Excellent activity was observed for many compounds. Multiple long-term survivors were produced in the ependymoblastoma, P-388, and intraperitoneal L-1210 systems. Diethyl 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarbamate demonstrated superior activity in all five test systems. This compound also was reproducibly active against two colon tumors, a mammary tumor, and the intracerebrally implanted P-388 leukemia model.
Novel Bioactive Steroidal Alkaloids from Pachysandra procumbens

Abstract (+)-(20S)-20-(Dimethylamino)-3α-(methylbenzoylamino)-11-methylene-5α-pregnane (1), a steroidal alkaloid with a new substitution pattern, was isolated from the entire plant of Pachysandra procumbens, together with four other new steroidal alkaloids, (+)-(20S)-3-(benzoylamino)-20-(dimethylamino)-5α-pregn-2-en-4β-ol (2), (+)-(20S)-20-(dimethylamino)-16α-hydroxy-3β-(3′α-isopropyl)-lactam-5α-pregn-4-one (3), (+)-(20S)-20-(dimethylamino)-3α-(methylbenzoylamino)-5α-pregn-12β-yl acetate (4), and (+)-(20S)-20-(dimethylamino)-3α-(methylsenecioylamino)-5α-pregn-12β-ol (5), as well as two known compounds, (+)-pachysamine H (6) and (+)-pachysandrine B (7). The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1–7 were evaluated for their potential cancer chemopreventive properties using an in vitro estrone sulfatase assay.
Dynamic dependence in term rewriting systems and its application to program slicing

Abstract Program slicing is a useful technique for debugging, testing, and analyzing programs. A program slice consists of the parts of a program that (potentially) affect the values computed at some point of interest. With rare exceptions, program slices have hitherto been computed and defined in ad-hoc and language-specific ways. The principal contribution of this paper is to show that general and semantically well-founded notions of slicing and dependence can be derived in a simple, uniform way from term rewriting systems (TRSs). Our slicing technique is applicable to any language whose semantics is specified in TRS form. Moreover, we show that our method admits an efficient implementation. Viewed more abstractly, our techniques yield a method for automatically deriving certain minimal equational theorems on open terms as a consequence of deriving a single theorem about a closed term. Our techniques can thus be used to augment the capabilities of equational theorem proving systems.
On equilibrium in resource markets with scale economies and stochastic prices

Abstract In this paper, I show the existence and the characteristics of equilibrium in a non-renewable resource market where extraction costs are non-convex and market price is subject to stochastic shocks, an empirically relevant setting. In my model firms may be motivated to hold inventories to facilitate production smoothing, which allows them to continue producing at a smooth pace at any instant when extraction ceases, e.g. when reserves are exhausted. This aspect of the model then supports a competitive equilibrium in the presence of non-convex costs. Casual empirical evidence is provided that supports the central features of my model for a variety of non-renewable resources, lending credence to the explanation for equilibrium I propose.
Protogalactic mergers and cosmochronology

We construct schematic models for chemical evolution and cosmochronology within the expanding and collapsing protogalactic halo followed by formation of the local disk. Star formation is associated with both the rate of protogalactic mergers and the intrinsic gas density of protogalactic clouds and the disk. This leads naturally to a scenario in which star formation in the disk can be delayed by several billion years relative to the formation of the oldest globular clusters. We analyze various cosmochronometers in the context of this model and show that the apparent differences between the maximum globular-cluster ages, the white-dwarf cooling age, and nuclear chronometric ages can be understood. The merger models which satisfy the age constraints imply a relatively late forming peak in luminosity and therefore may be consistent with the observed peak in galaxy number counts at intermediate redshifts. Versions of the model with and without nonbaryonic dark matters can yield significant dark baryonic halos.
Advertising and Coordination

When market information such as price is difficult to communicate, consumers and firms may be unable to take advantage of mutually beneficial scale economies, so that coordination failures arise. Ostensibly uninformative advertising expenditures can be used to eliminate coordination failures, by allowing an efficient firm to communicate implicitly that it offers a low price. This provides a theoretical explanation for Benham's (1972) empirical association of the ability to advertise with lower prices and larger scale. Advertising becomes necessary for optimal coordination when the identity of the efficient firm is uncertain. An application to loss-leader pricing is developed.
Turbulence and the transportation of rock debris by streams

An earlier paper by the author (Toward a theory of the morphologic significance of turbulence in the flow of water in streams, Univ. Calif. Pub. Geogr., v. 6, No. 1, 1932) presented a method of computing the distribution of intensity of turbulence in the plane cross-section of a stream, from surface-slope and distribution of velocity in the cross-section. In the present paper the results of such computation are compared with the results of computing the same measure of intensity of turbulence from measurements of turbidity by an equation derived by W. Schmidt (Der Massenaustausch in freier Luft und verwandte Erscheinungen, p. 62, 1925). This equation relates the vertical distribution of suspended matter in a column of turbulent fluid to the intensity of turbulence within the same column. The results given by the two procedures are in qualitative agreement. Moreover, assuming a typical vertical distribution of intensity of turbulence, the Schmidt equation, applied to the several fractions of a complex sample of suspended silt, gives results agreeing with the data of measurement such as those published by L. G. Straub (Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 1932, p. 379).
Asymmetric Addition of Diorganozinc Reagents to Aldehydes and Ketones

The direct addition of organometallic reagents to carbonyl compounds is an efficient and versatile method to generate C-C bonds with concomitant formation of secondary and tertiary alcohols. 1 , 2 ...
Acts of Institution: Embodying Feminist Rhetorical Methodologies in Space and Time

While feminist scholars consider bodies, dress, and space central to inquiry into gendered rhetorics, we lack methodologies that situate these factors—and the additional factor of time—in an integrated system. Pierre Bourdieu's concept of “acts of institution” can help feminist rhetoricians to construct richer accounts of the gendering of the female body. The example of rhetorics surrounding women factory workers in World War II America demonstrates how rhetorical practices produce gender differences through embodied, spatiotemporal rhetorics. In this case wartime adjustments did not bring about long-term changes because they relied on a fundamental antithesis between men and women.
Wonderful world of weak values

An introduction to weak values will be given along with experimental results in precision beam deflection, signal to noise ratio, phase amplification and precision frequency measurements.
Lifting endomorphisms to automorphisms

Normal endomorphisms of von Neumann algebras need not be extendable to automorphisms of a larger von Neumann algebra, but they always have asymptotic lifts. We describe the structure of endomorphisms and their asymptotic lifts in some detail, and apply those results to complete the identification of asymptotic lifts of unital completely positive linear maps on von Neumann algebras in terms of their minimal dilations to endomorphisms.
Black hole thermodynamical entropy

As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann–Gibbs (BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein–Hawking results, physically meaningful evidence (e.g., the holographic principle) has accumulated that the BG entropy S BG of a (3+1) black hole is proportional to its area L 2 (L being a characteristic linear length), and not to its volume L 3. Similarly it exists the area law, so named because, for a wide class of strongly quantum-entangled d-dimensional systems, S BG is proportional to lnL if d=1, and to L d−1 if d>1, instead of being proportional to L d (d≥1). These results violate the extensivity of the thermodynamical entropy of a d-dimensional system. This thermodynamical inconsistency disappears if we realize that the thermodynamical entropy of such nonstandard systems is not to be identified with the BG additive entropy but with appropriately generalized nonadditive entropies. Indeed, the celebrated usefulness of the BG entropy is founded on hypothesis such as relatively weak probabilistic correlations (and their connections to ergodicity, which by no means can be assumed as a general rule of nature). Here we introduce a generalized entropy which, for the Schwarzschild black hole and the area law, can solve the thermodynamic puzzle.
A Milnor Condition for Nonatomic Lipschitz Games and Its Applications

One of Milnor's reasonable axioms is generalized to nonatomic games. Several uses of this generalization are discussed. In particular, the general form of values and semivalues on subspaces of pNA∞ is derived.
Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs

Cellulose samples are routinely analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine their crystal type (polymorph) and crystallinity. However, the connection is seldom made between those efforts and the crystal structures of cellulose that have been proposed with synchrotron X-radiation and neutron diffraction over the past decade or so. In part, this desirable connection is thwarted by the use of different conventions for description of the unit cells of the crystal structures. In the present work, powder diffraction patterns from cellulose Iα, Iβ, II, IIII, and IIIII were calculated based on the published atomic coordinates and unit cell dimensions contained in modified “crystal information files” (.cif) that are supplied in the Supplementary Information. The calculations used peak widths at half maximum height of both 0.1 and 1.5° 2θ, providing both highly resolved indications of the contributions of each contributing reflection to the observable diffraction peaks as well as intensity profiles that more closely resemble those from practical cellulose samples. Miller indices are shown for each contributing peak that conform to the convention with c as the fiber axis, a right-handed relationship among the axes and the length of a < b. Adoption of this convention, already used for crystal structure determinations, is also urged for routine studies of polymorph and crystallinity. The calculated patterns are shown with and without preferred orientation along the fiber axis. Diffraction intensities, output by the Mercury program from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, have several uses including comparisons with experimental data. Calculated intensities from different polymorphs can be added in varying proportions using a spreadsheet program to simulate patterns such as those from partially mercerized cellulose or various composites.
Transference in Spaces of Measures

The transference theory for Lp spaces of Calderon, Coifman, and Weiss is a powerful tool with many applications to singular integrals, ergodic theory, and spectral theory of operators. Transference methods afford a unified approach to many problems in diverse areas, which previously were proved by a variety of methods. The purpose of this paper is to bring about a similar approach to the study of measures. Specifically, deep results in classical harmonic analysis and ergodic theory, due to Bochner, de Leeuw and Glicksberg, Forelli, and others are all extensions of the classical F. & M. Riesz Theorem. We show that all these extensions are obtainable via our new transference principle for spaces of measures.
Murphy’s law in algebraic geometry: Badly-behaved deformation spaces

We consider the question: “How bad can the deformation space of an object be?” The answer seems to be: “Unless there is some a priori reason otherwise, the deformation space may be as bad as possible.” We show this for a number of important moduli spaces. More precisely, every singularity of finite type over ℤ (up to smooth parameters) appears on: the Hilbert scheme of curves in projective space; and the moduli spaces of smooth projective general-type surfaces (or higher-dimensional varieties), plane curves with nodes and cusps, stable sheaves, isolated threefold singularities, and more. The objects themselves are not pathological, and are in fact as nice as can be: the curves are smooth, the surfaces are automorphism-free and have very ample canonical bundle, the stable sheaves are torsion-free of rank 1, the singularities are normal and Cohen-Macaulay, etc. This justifies Mumford’s philosophy that even moduli spaces of well-behaved objects should be arbitrarily bad unless there is an a priori reason otherwise. Thus one can construct a smooth curve in projective space whose deformation space has any given number of components, each with any given singularity type, with any given non-reduced behavior. Similarly one can give a surface over $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ that lifts to ℤ/p 7 but not ℤ/p 8. (Of course the results hold in the holomorphic category as well.) It is usually difficult to compute deformation spaces directly from obstruction theories. We circumvent this by relating them to more tractable deformation spaces via smooth morphisms. The essential starting point is Mnev’s universality theorem.
On the holomorphic structure of a low energy supersymmetric Wilson effective action

Abstract The Wilson (exact) renormalization group equations are used to determine the evolution of a general low energy N = 1 supersymmetric action containing a U(1) gauge vector multiplet and a neutral chiral multiplet. The effective theory evolves towards satisfying a fixed relation where the Kahler potential and effective gauge coupling are obtained from a N = 2 supersymmetric holomorphic prepotential.
Scaling of Rocket Nozzle Admittances

To apply the admittance data measured experimentally for small-scale nozzles, the necessary scaling criteria must be established. The results of an investigation undertaken to determine these criteria are presented and the data indicate that under cold-flow conditions the damping of axial instabilities provided by full-scale nozzles can be determined from the attenuation data obtained experimentally for geometrically similar small-scale nozzles. The scaling of both short and long nozzles has been investigated. The experimental data also support the scaling criteria proposed by Crocco in his analytical investigation of nozzle damping.
Parton-parton elastic scattering and rapidity gaps at very high energies

Abstract The theory of the perturbative pomeron, due to Lipatov and collaborators, is used to compute the probability of observing parton-parton elastic scattering and rapidity gaps between jets in hadron collisions at very high energies.
Integrable twists in AdS/CFT

A class of marginal deformations of four-dimensional = 4 super Yang-Mills theory has been found to correspond to a set of smooth, multiparameter deformations of the S5 target subspace in the holographic dual on AdS5 ? S5. We present here an analogous set of deformations that act on global toroidal isometries in the AdS5 subspace. Remarkably, certain sectors of the string theory remain classically integrable in this larger class of so-called ?-deformed AdS5 ? S5 backgrounds. Relying on studies of deformed (2)? models, we formulate a local (2)? Lax representation that admits a classical, thermodynamic Bethe equation (based on the Riemann-Hilbert interpretation of Bethe's ansatz) encoding the spectrum in the deformed AdS5 geometry. This result is extended to a set of discretized, asymptotic Bethe equations for the twisted string theory. Near-pp-wave energy spectra within (2)? and (2)? sectors provide a useful and stringent test of such equations, demonstrating the reliability of this technology in a wider class of string backgrounds. In addition, we study a twisted Hubbard model that yields certain predictions of the dual ?-deformed gauge theory.
IR dynamics on branes and space-time geometry

Abstract the type I theory compactified on T3. When the D5-brane wraps the T3 it yields a D2-brane in seven dimensions. In the leading approximation the moduli space of vacua of the three dimensional field theory on the brane is T 4 Z 2 . The dual M theory description of this theory is a compactification on K3 and our 2-brane is the eleven dimensional 2-brane at a point in K3. We use this fact to conclude that strong coupling IR effects in the three dimensional theory on the brane turn its moduli space into a K3. This interpretation allows us to solve various strongly coupled gauge theories in three dimensions by identifying their Coulomb branch with a piece of a (sometime singular) K3.
Clean up your Web pages with HP's HTML tidy

HTML Tidy is a free utility that is able to fix up a wide range of problems and to bring to your attention things that you need to work on yourself.
Scaling and Orbits for an Isotropic Metric

Conventional interpretation of the Einstein Equation has inconsistencies and contradictions, such as gravitational fields without energy, objects crossing event-horizons, objects exceeding the speed of light, and inconsistency in scaling the speed of light and its factors. An isotropic metric resolves such problems by attributing energy to the gravitational field, in the Einstein Equation. This paper discusses symmetries of an isotropic metric, including scaling of physical quantities, the Lorentz transformation, covariant derivatives, and stress-energy tensors, and transitivity of this scaling between inertial reference frames. Force, charge, Planck’s constant, and the fine structure constant remain invariant under isotropic gravitational scaling. Gravitational scattering, orbital period, and precession distinguish between isotropic and Schwarzschild metrics. An isotropic metric accommodates quantum mechanics and improves models of black-holes.
A model of computation for VLSI with related complexity results

A new model of computation for VLSI, based on the assumption that time for propagating information is at least linear in the distance, is proposed. While accommodating for basic laws of physics, the model is designed to be general and technology independent. Thus, from a complexity viewpoint, it is especially suited for deriving lower bounds and trade-offs. New results for a number of problems, including fan-in, transitive functions, matrix multiplication, and sorting are presented. As regards upper bounds, it must be noted that, because of communication costs, the model clearly favors regular and pipelined architectures (e.g., systolic arrays).
Theragnostic imaging for radiation oncology: dose-painting by numbers

Summary Theragnostic imaging for radiation oncology is the use of molecular and functional imaging to prescribe the distribution of radiation in four dimensions—the three dimensions of space plus time—of radiotherapy alone or combined with other treatment modalities in an individual patient. Several new imaging targets for positron-emission tomography, single-photon-emission CT, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy allow variations in microenvironmental or cellular phenotypes that modulate the effect of radiation to be mapped in three dimensions. Dose-painting by numbers is a strategy by which the dose distribution delivered by inverse planned intensity-modulated radiotherapy is prescribed in four dimensions. This approach will revolutionise the way that radiotherapy is prescribed and planned and, at least in theory, will improve the therapeutic outcome in terms of local tumour control and side-effects to unaffected tissue
The Compellence Dilemma: International Disputes with Violent Groups

This article introduces the idea of a compellence dilemma. This dilemma arises when the domestic policies of adversaries—such as hosting violent groups—threaten states’ security. Such states often consider coercive instruments to compel their adversary to change those policies. The problem? The prospect of costly punishment makes cooperation more attractive for the adversary. However, if they fail to coerce policy change, harsh punishments can reduce the adversary's capacity to enact policy change and induce harmful domestic instability. These problems are compounded by the fact that both the threatened states’ incentive to use costly punishments and the costs of failed compellence increase with the severity of the security threat. The logic of the compellence dilemma applies whenever a state uses damaging coercive instruments but risks failing to achieve its immediate objectives. I analyze the compellence dilemma with a dynamic game-theoretic model of interaction among a target state, host state, and violent group, and show that it is pervasive in equilibrium. I show that the compellence dilemma causes states to refrain from using harsh punishments even when they would compel the host state to cooperate. Concerns about decreasing future host-state capacity and increasing group power drive this result
Incentive conflict in deposit-institution regulation: evidence from Australia

Economic models are collections of hypotheses put together to explain an interesting pattern of repeated behavior. Economists, as other scientists, tailor their models to past data sets and given institutional structures. To broaden the usefulness of a model requires the need to reassess its pertinence in fresh data sets and alternative institutional structures when and as further observations develop. The issue to be tested is the extent to which postulated elements of behavior occur in different circumstances and in different eras. Building on Jensen and Meckling (1975) and Myers and Majluf (1984), Kane (1989 a and b) offers a formal model of incentive conflict in depositinstitution regulation. This model was designed to explain pre-1990 U.S. failures of federal and state deposit-insurance funds. It incorporates four premises. First, whether or not an explicit government deposit-insurance system exists whose potential losses are subject to limited liability and formal coverage limits, depositors and deposit-institution managers recognize that the self-interest of government officials creates a conjectural system of implicit coverages that embodies a rational expectation of taxpayer ‘bailout’.
Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of meso-Aziridines with Functionalized Mercaptans

Conditions for the phosphoric acid-catalyzed highly enantioselective ring-opening of meso-aziridines with a series of functionalized aromatic thiol nucleophiles are described. The procedure utilizes commercially available aromatic thiols, a series of meso-aziridines, and a catalytic amount of VAPOL phosphoric acid to explore the substrate scope of this highly enantioselective reaction.
Quasar X-ray spectra revisited

A sample of 45 quasars observed by the IPC on the Einstein satellite is used to reexamine the relationship of the soft X-ray energy index with radio properties and the optical Fe II emission. The tendency for radio-loud quasars to have systematically flatter X-ray energy indices than radio-quiet quasars is confirmed with the soft X-ray excess having negligible effect. There is a tendency for the flatness of the X-ray slope to correlate with radio core dominance for radio-loud quasars, suggesting that a component of the X-ray emission is relativistically beamed. For the radio-quiet quasars, the soft X-ray energy indices with a mean of about 1.0 are consistent with the indices found at higher energies, although steeper than those observed for Seyfert 1 galaxies where the reflection model gives a good fit to the data. The correlation of Fe II emission line strength with X-ray energy index is confirmed for radio-quiet quasars using a subset of 18 objects. The radio-loud quasars show no evidence for a correlation. This relation suggests a connection between the ionizing continuum and line emission from the broad emission-line region (BELR) of radio-quiet quasars, but in the opposite sense to that predicted by current photoionization models. The correlations of X-ray slope with radio core dominance and Fe II equivalent width within the radio-loud and radio-quiet subclasses, respectively, imply that the observed wide range of X-ray energy indices is real rather than due to the large measuring uncertainties for individual objects.
Serum-dependent transcellular active calcium transport.

Abstract When compared with other tissues engaged in transcellular active calcium transport, the chick chorioallantoic membrane represents a convenient experimental system. When bathed with tissue culture fluid containing 10% serum it remains viable for at least 7 h with the electrical properties of the tissue being attributable to the active influx of both Na + and Cl − . The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of the serum component of the media for both the electrical parameters and for active calcium transport. Under short-circuit conditions both the flux ratio and the net flux of calcium decreased in the absence of serum. The short-circuit current was not affected. Removing the acellular inner shell membrane resulted in a marked increase in PD due primarily to an increase in the short-circuit current which now became strongly serum-dependent. In contrast to normal membranes, the stripped membranes exhibited an electrical resistance that was independent of serum. In the stripped membrane net calcium transport under short-circuit conditions was only observed when serum was present. The direction of such net transport was the opposite of that seen in the normal membranes. The data are consistent with the existence of two opposing calcium ‘pumps’, one in each epithelial layer. Characteristics of the tissue which make it attractive for use as a model system for transcellular calcium transport are discussed.
Self-Assembly Strategies for Integrating Light Harvesting and Charge Separation in Artificial Photosynthetic Systems

In natural photosynthesis, organisms optimize solar energy conversion through organized assemblies of photofunctional chromophores and catalysts within proteins that provide specifically tailored environments for chemical reactions. As with their natural counterparts, artificial photosynthetic systems for practical solar fuels production must collect light energy, separate charge, and transport charge to catalytic sites where multielectron redox processes will occur. While encouraging progress has been made on each aspect of this complex problem, researchers have not yet developed self-ordering and self-assembling components and the tailored environments necessary to realize a fully-functional artificial system. Previously researchers have used complex, covalent molecular systems comprised of chromophores, electron donors, and electron acceptors to mimic both the light-harvesting and the charge separation functions of photosynthetic proteins. These systems allow for study of the dependencies of electron t...
The Social Roots of the Partisan Gender Gap

I suggest that the gender gap in party identification is dependent on question wording and asymmetric stereotypes about men's and women's partisan preferences. A survey experiment reanalyzes the gender gap by comparing the standard partisan battery to an alternative version that emphasizes feelings rather than thoughts. Bringing question wording into closer alignment with theory causes the gender gap to shrink. This happens in part because the "feel" questions find women to be less Democratic than did the "think" questions. Moreover, reduction of the gender gap occurs mostly among highly sophisticated women and not those usually susceptible to question wording effects. Contrary to popular wisdom, men and women appear to be more, not less, alike politically when feelings are primed.
Ether-directed ortho-C-H olefination with a palladium(II)/monoprotected amino acid catalyst

Weak coordination is powerful! A PdII-catalyzed olefination of ortho-C–H bonds of arenes directed by weakly coordinating ethers is developed using mono-protected amino acid (MPAA) ligands. This finding provides a method for chemically modifying ethers, which are abundant in natural products and drug molecules.
Synthesis and structural characterization of group 4 ansa-metallocene complexes containing a 1-sila-3-metallacyclobutane ring

Abstract The metathetical reaction of [SiMe 2 (C 5 H 4 ) 2 ]MCl 2 (M = Ti, Zr) and [MgCH 2 SiMe 2 CH 2 ] x provides a convenient route for the preparation of the corresponding group 4 ansa-metallocenes, [ SiM e 2 ( C 5 H 4 ) 2 ] M ( C H 2 SiM e 2 C ︹ H 2 ) (M = Ti, Zr). These 1-sila-3-metallacyclobutanes have been characterized by elemental analysis, 1 H and 13 C NMR measurements, and X-ray diffraction methods. From a comparison with the corresponding structural parameters of the unbridged species, [ SiM e 2 ( C 5 H 4 ) 2 ] M ( C H 2 SiM e 2 C ︹ H 2 ) the introduction of the SiMe 2 bridge results in a 7–10° increase in the dihedral angle between the cyclopentadienyl rings and does not significantly modify the structural paramters within the essentially planar 1-sila-3-metallacyclobutane ring.
GHOST-FREE AND MODULAR INVARIANT SPECTRA OF A STRING IN SL(2, R) AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL BLACK HOLE GEOMETRY

Abstract Spectra of a string in SL(2, R ) and three-dimensional (BTZ) black hole geometry are discussed. We consider a free field realization of sl (2, R ) different from the standard ones in the treatment of zero-modes. Applying this to the string model in SL(2, R ) , we show that the spectrum is ghost-free. The essence of the argument is the same as Bars' resolution to the ghost problem, but there are differences; for example, the currents do not contain logarithmic cuts. Moreover, we obtain a modular invariant partition function. This realization is also applicable to the analysis of the string in the three-dimensional black hole geometry, the model of which is described by an orbifold of the SL(2, R ) WZW model. We obtain ghost-free and modular invariant spectra for the black hole theory as well. These spectra provide examples of a few sensible spectra of a string in non-trivial backgrounds with curved time and, in particular, in a black hole background with an infinite number of propagating modes.
Correlation between sequence hydrophobicity and surface-exposure pattern of database proteins.

Hydrophobicity is thought to be one of the primary forces driving the folding of proteins. On average, hydrophobic residues occur preferentially in the core, whereas polar residues tend to occur at the surface of a folded protein. By analyzing the known protein structures, we quantify the degree to which the hydrophobicity sequence of a protein correlates with its pattern of surface exposure. We have assessed the statistical significance of this correlation for several hydrophobicity scales in the literature, and find that the computed correlations are significant but far from optimal. We show that this less than optimal correlation arises primarily from the large degree of mutations that naturally occurring proteins can tolerate. Lesser effects are due in part to forces other than hydrophobicity, and we quantify this by analyzing the surface-exposure distributions of all amino acids. Lastly, we show that our database findings are consistent with those found from an off-lattice hydrophobic–polar model of protein folding.
A note on quantum black-box complexity of almost all Boolean functions

Abstract We show that, for almost all N-variable Boolean functions f, N/4− O ( N log N) queries are required to compute f in quantum black-box model with bounded error.
Kinetics of Coal Liquefaction at Very Short Reaction Times

Kinetics of thermal and catalyzed coal liquefaction was investigated from 10 s to as long as 60 min using a short contact time batch reactor (SCTBR). Using this reactor system avoids the problems of slow heat up and cool down associated with the massive apparatus required for running high-pressure and high-temperature reactions. Coal liquefaction conversion to tetralin-soluble products was determined by changes in ash content in the partially reacted coal relative to that of the unreacted coal. Three distinct phases in the liquefaction process were observed: a very rapid extraction followed by an induction period (i.e., a short period when the extraction is ending and the conversion appears to be stopped) and then a slower conversion of the coal structure itself. By examining the liquefaction process at very short reaction times, it is possible to separate the very rapid extraction process (representing 20-30 wt % of the total conversion) from the slower liquefaction of the coal structure itself. Most previous work has measured the overall reaction rate by studying the process to higher or complete conversion, resulting in a composite of several vastly different rate processes and confounding a valid kinetic analysis. Solvents with different hydrogen donor strengths were also shown to have a strong influence on conversion rate and molecular hydrogen consumption. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to measure the contents of volatile matter, fixed carbon, a possible precursor or intermediate to the retrograde product formation (tar and coke), and ash in the liquefaction solids as a function of liquefaction time.
Intramolecular form factor in dense polymer systems : Systematic deviations from the Debye formula

We discuss theoretically and numerically the intramolecular form factor F(q) in dense polymer systems. Following Flory's ideality hypothesis, chains in the melt adopt Gaussian configurations, and their form factor is supposed to be given by Debye's formula. At striking variance to this, we obtain noticeable (up to 20%) non-monotonic deviations which can be traced back to the incompressibility of dense polymer solutions beyond a local scale. The Kratky plot (q2F(q) vs wave vector q) does not exhibit the plateau expected for Gaussian chains in the intermediate q range. One rather finds a significant decrease according to the correction δ(F-1(q)) = q3/32ρ that only depends on the concentration ρ of the solution, but neither on the persistence length or the interaction strength. The non-analyticity of the above q3 correction is linked to the existence of long-range correlations for collective density fluctuations that survive screening. Finite-chain size effects are found to decay with chain length N as .
Studying the Variation of the Fine-Structure Constant Using Emission-Line Multiplets

As an extension of the method by Bahcall and coworkers to investigate the time dependence of the fine-structure constant, we describe an approach based on new observations of forbidden-line multiplets from different ionic species. We obtain optical spectra of fine-structure transitions in [Ne III], [Ne V], [O III], [O I], and [S II] multiplets from a sample of 14 Seyfert 1.5 galaxies in the low-z range 0.035 < z < 0.281. Each source and each multiplet is independently analyzed to ascertain possible errors. Averaging over our sample, we obtain a conservative value α2(t)/α2(0) = 1.0030 ± 0.0014. However, our sample is limited in size and our fitting technique simplistic, as we primarily intend to illustrate the scope and strength of emission-line studies of the time variation of the fine-structure constant. The approach can be further extended and generalized to a "many-multiplet emission-line method" analogous in principle to the corresponding method using absorption lines. With that aim, we note that the theoretical limits on emission-line ratios of selected ions are precisely known and provide well-constrained selection criteria. We also discuss several other forbidden and allowed lines that may constitute the basis for a more rigorous study using high-resolution instruments on the next generation of 8 m class telescopes.
Sonochemical reformatsky reactions of α‐bromoesters with sym‐(keto)dibenzo‐16‐crown‐5

Reactions of sym-(keto)dibenzo-16-crown-5 with ethyl α-bromoesters, zinc dust and iodine in dioxane and/or tetrahydrofuran under irradiation by high intensity ultrasound (HIU) provide β-hydroxy lariat ether esters in 79-91% yields. HIU-promoted Reformatsky reactions offer several advantages over customary thermal reaction conditions.
Instantons, the QCD Vacuum, and Hadronic Physics ∗

Abstract A large body of evidence from lattice calculations indicates that instantons play a major role in the physics of light hadrons. This evidence is summarized, and recent results concerning the instanton content of the SU(3) vacuum, instanton contributions to the static potential, and a new class of instanton solutions at finite temperature are reviewed.
Computing the largest empty rectangle

We consider the following problem: Given a rectangle containing N points, find the largest area subrectangle with sides parallel to those of the original rectangle which contains none of the given points. If the rectangle is a piece of fabric or sheet metal and the points are flaws, this problem is finding the largest-area rectangular piece which can be salvaged. A previously known result [13] takes $O(N^2 )$ worst-case and $O(N\log ^2 N)$ expected time. This paper presents an $O(N\log ^3 N)$ time, $O(N\log N)$ space algorithm to solve this problem. It uses a divide-and-conquer approach similar to the ones used by Bentley [1] and introduces a new notion of Voronoi diagram along with a method for efficient computation of certain functions over paths of a tree.
Safety aspects of freeway weaving sections

One source of vehicle conflict is the freeway weaving section, where a merge and diverge in close proximity require vehicles either entering or exiting the freeway to execute one or more lane changes. Using accident data for a portion of Southern California, we examined accidents that occurred on three types of weaving sections defined in traffic engineering: Type A, where every merging or diverging vehicle must execute one lane change, Type B, where either merging or diverging can be done without changing lanes, and Type C, where one maneuver requires at least two lane changes. We found no difference among these three types in terms of overall accident rates for 55 weaving sections over one year (1998). However, there were significant differences in terms of the types of accidents that occur within these types in terms of severity, and location of the primary collision, the factors causing the accident, and the time period in which the accident is most likely to occur. These differences in aspects of safety lead to implications for traffic engineering improvements.
Differences between Monte Carlo models for DIS at small x and the relation to BFKL dynamics

Abstract The differences between two standard Monte Carlo models, Lepto and Ariadne , for deep inelastic scattering at small- x is analysed in detail. It is shown that the difference arises from a ‘unorthodox’ suppression factor used in Ariadne which replaces the normal ratio of parton densities. This gives rise to a factor that qualitatively is similar to what one would expect from BFKL dynamics for some observables like the energy flow and forward jets but not for the 2+1 jet cross-section. It is also discussed how one could use the 2+1 jet cross-section as a probe for BFKL dynamics.
Tracing tau neutrinos from WIMP annihilation

Abstract Accumulation and annihilation of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) in the earth and the sun may be observed by the resulting neutrino signal. We demonstrate that, for certain parts of the SUSY parameter space, present and future neutrino telescopes can expect a higher rate of events due to tau-neutrinos than of events due to muon-neutrinos. We show how ν τ ↔ ν μ oscillations, and in the case of the sun also scattering, absorption and regeneration, modify the signal expectation. We find that most currently proposed neutralino models predict equal or increased muon fluxes if ν τ ↔ ν μ oscillations are included.
Iliotibial band tenodesis: a new strategy for attachment.

We investigated the changes in distance between Gerdy's tubercle on the tibia and points on the posterior two thirds of the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle and adjacent lateral femoral shaft in 15 cadav eric knees. A three-dimensional digitizer was used to quantify motion of the knee during flexion ranging from full extension to 120° of flexion. Four load states were applied: internal, external, and neutral rotation, and quadriceps muscles loads based on one third of values in the literature for maximal isometric quadriceps muscles moments. The femoral location most isometric to Gerdy's tubercle was found to be strongly influenced by the load state.A 1.0 cm wide iliotibial band tenodesis was mod elled by five straight lines arising from Gerdy's tu bercle and attaching to a simulated washer at the junction of the lateral femoral condyle and shaft. Using this model and the motion data obtained from the cadavers, we investigated the effects of quadri ceps muscles loading and external rotation ...
Application of Repetitive Control to Eccentricity Compensation in Rolling

Repetitive control is applied here to compensate for roll eccentricity disturbances in thickness control of the cold rolling process. A unique aspect of the process is that the eccentricity disturbance may be from multiple rolls and hence may be composed of multiple periodic components whose periods may not be commensurate, namely, divisible by a common factor an integral number of times. The paper presents a multiple-period repetitive controller structure that can compensate for such a disturbance. The structure proposed is also applicable to other tracking and regulation applications involving multiple periodic signals. Procedures to analyze and design control systems with such a structure, to ensure stability and performance, are presented.
Lifer: a natural language interface facility

This note describes LIFER, a practical facility for creating natural language interfaces to other computer software. Emphasizing human engineering, LIFER has bundled natural language specification and parsing technology into one convenient package.
A New 1,1‘-Binaphthyl-Based Catalyst for the Enantioselective Phenylacetylene Addition to Aromatic Aldehydes without Using a Titanium Complex

A novel 1,1‘-binaphthyl compound containing bulky 3,3‘-aryl substituents is found to catalyze the reaction of a terminal alkyne with various aromatic aldehydes under mild conditions to generate chiral propargyl alcohols with 80−94% ee. Unlike the previously reported 1,1‘-binaphthyl catalysts, this new compound does not require the use of a titanium complex and the pre-preparation of an alkynylzinc. This has greatly simplified the experimental procedure for this reaction.
Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique

Foreword by Seymour Topping Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism Part I: Altering News Content 1. Transforming Storytelling: From Omnidirectional Imaging to Augmented Reality 2. Assessing the State of Online Journalism Part II: Transforming How Journalists Do Their Work 3. New Tools for News Gathering 4. A Reporter's Field Guide to the Internet 5. Journalism Ethics and New Media Part III: Restructuring the Newsroom and the News Industry 6. Newsroom for a New Age: Managing the Virtual Newsroom 7. Digital Television and Video News: A Crisis of Opportunity Part IV: Redefining Relationships 8. Audiences Redefined, Boundaries Removed, Relationships Reinvented 9. Business Models for Online Journalism Part V: Implications for the Future: The Telecommunications Act, Intelligent Agents, and Journalism Practice and Education 10. Long-Term Consequences of the Telecommunications Act of 1996: New Rules of the Game 11. Implications of Intelligent Agents for Journalism: Ghosts in the Machine 12. New Media and Journalism Education: Preparing the Next Generation 13. Job Prospects in Online Journalism Afterword. Contextualized Journalism: Implications for the Evolving Role of Journalists in the Twenty-first Century