cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Problem-Solving Therapy for Executive Dysfunction After Child Traumatic Brain Injury

OBJECTIVE: Executive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is common and leads to significant problems in functioning across multiple settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a web-based counselor-assisted problem solving (CAPS) intervention compared with an Internet resource comparison (IRC) for treatment of executive dysfunction within 12 months after complicated mild to severe TBI in adolescents. We hypothesized that CAPS would significantly improve parent ratings of executive dysfunction compared with an IRC. METHODS: Participants included 132 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who sustained a complicated mild to severe TBI within 1 to 6 months before study enrollment. Study design was a multisite, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Study sites included 3 tertiary pediatric hospitals and 2 tertiary general medical centers. The main outcome measure was primary caregiver Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function Global Executive Composite at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Generalized linear models that controlled for baseline scores were used to compare the CAPS and IRC scores. RESULTS: In older teens, the CAPS group showed significant improvement in executive function behaviors at 6-month follow-up compared with the IRC group ( F = 6.74, P = .01, Cohen’s d = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that web-based CAPS improves primary caregiver-rated executive functioning within the first 12 months after TBI in older adolescents. Future research needs to define the optimal timing after injury for delivery of CAPS and characteristics of individuals and families who are most likely to benefit from CAPS. * Abbreviations: BRI — : Behavioral Regulation Index BRIEF — : Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function CAPS — : counselor-assisted problem solving CT — : computerized tomography GCS — : Glasgow Coma Scale GEC — : Global Executive Composite IRC — : Internet Resource Comparison MI — : Metacognition Index TBI — : traumatic brain injury
A convolution backprojection formula for three-dimensional vector tomography

Three-dimensional (3-D) tomographic measurements of vector flow fields are possible using acoustical, optical, and magnetic resonance imaging. A general mathematical framework for this type of data acquisition called the probe transform has been studied by the author in previous work. It has been shown that the irrotational field component can be reconstructed using only one probe direction, and that the solenoidal field component can be reconstructed using only two probe directions. Previously, the reconstruction formulas were of the backprojection-convolution type; that is, first backproject then convolve in 3-D. In this paper a convolution-backprojection formula, which has significant computational savings, is developed. Numerical simulations are also given to demonstrate the performance of this new approach. >
Out-of-hospital cervical spine immobilization: making policy in the absence of definitive information.

Abstract [Hoffman JR, Mower WR. Out-of-hospital cervical spine immobilization: making policy in the absence of definitive information. Ann Emerg Med. June 2001;37:632-634.]
Balancing performance, energy, and quality in pervasive computing

We describe Spectra, a remote execution system for battery-powered clients used in pervasive computing. Spectra enables applications to combine the mobility of small devices with the greater processing power of static compute servers. Spectra is self-tuning: it monitors both application resource usage and the availability of resources in the environment, and dynamically determines how and where to execute application components. In making this determination, Spectra balances the competing goals of performance, energy conservation, and application quality. We have validated Spectra's approach on the Compaq Itsy v2.2 and IBM ThinkPad 560X using a speech recognizer a document preparation system, and a natural language translator. Our results confirm that Spectra almost always selects the best execution plan, and that its few suboptimal choices are very close to optimal.
Cloning of a structural and functional homolog of the circadian clock gene period from the giant silkmoth antheraea pernyi

Abstract The period ( per ) gene of Drosophila plays an important role in circadian clock function. Interestingly, homologs of per have not been cloned outside of dipteran species. Using a PCR strategy, we now report the cloning of the cDNA of a per homolog from the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi. The cDNA encodes a protein of 849 amino acids, which shows highest identity (39%) with the per protein of Drosophila virilis. Stretches of high identity between moth and fly proteins are in the amino terminus, the PAS region, and the region surrounding the site of the per s mutation in Drosophila. Moth per homolog mRNA levels exhibit a prominent circadian variation in adult heads, and per protein antibodies show a pronounced variation of per antigen staining in photoreceptor nuclei. With sequence information derived from moth and flies, per -like cDNA fragments were readily cloned by PCR from other moth species and a third insect order.
GeoFold: Topology-based protein unfolding pathways capture the effects of engineered disulfides on kinetic stability

Protein unfolding is modeled as an ensemble of pathways, where each step in each pathway is the addition of one topologically possible conformational degree of freedom. Starting with a known protein structure, GeoFold hierarchically partitions (cuts) the native structure into substructures using revolute joints and translations. The energy of each cut and its activation barrier are calculated using buried solvent accessible surface area, side chain entropy, hydrogen bonding, buried cavities, and backbone degrees of freedom. A directed acyclic graph is constructed from the cuts, representing a network of simultaneous equilibria. Finite difference simulations on this graph simulate native unfolding pathways. Experimentally observed changes in the unfolding rates for disulfide mutants of barnase, T4 lysozyme, dihydrofolate reductase, and factor for inversion stimulation were qualitatively reproduced in these simulations. Detailed unfolding pathways for each case explain the effects of changes in the chain topology on the folding energy landscape. GeoFold is a useful tool for the inference of the effects of disulfide engineering on the energy landscape of protein unfolding.
Thermal infrared spectroscopy and modeling of experimentally shocked basalts

New measurements of thermal infrared emission spectra (250–1400 cm –1 ; ~7–40 μm) of experimentally shocked basalt and basaltic andesite (17–56 GPa) exhibit changes in spectral features with increasing pressure consistent with changes in the structure of plagioclase feldspars. Major spectral absorptions in unshocked rocks between 350–700 cm –1 (due to Si-O-Si octahedral bending vibrations) and between 1000–1250 cm –1 (due to Si-O antisymmetric stretch motions of the silica tetrahedra) transform at pressures >20–25 GPa to two broad spectral features centered near 950–1050 and 400–450 cm –1 . Linear deconvolution models using spectral libraries composed of common mineral and glass spectra replicate the spectra of shocked basalt relatively well up to shock pressures of 20–25 GPa, above which model errors increase substantially, coincident with the onset of diaplectic glass formation in plagioclase. Inclusion of shocked feldspar spectra in the libraries improves Þ ts for more highly shocked basalt. However, deconvolution models of the basaltic andesite select shocked feldspar end-members even for unshocked samples, likely caused by the higher primary glass content in the basaltic andesite sample.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOTYPES AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

SYNOPSIS. We offer the thesis that environmental physiologists and evolutionary biologists can find fertile common ground in the study of how individual variation in physiological phenotypes originates and develops. The sources of such individual variation are often complex; the consequences affect how natural selection will act on a suite of traits, of which some may seem, at first glance, far removed from the usual domain of environmental physiology. We illustrate our thesis in two ways. First, we offer two examples drawn from studies of thermal tolerance in the poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa. We show how fitness variation can be a complex function of the gestational temperature and thermal tolerance and how these effects can produce environmentally induced variation among populations in thermal tolerance that mimics a pattern of adaptive variation. Second, we review two case studies that illuminate how environmental effects on a multivariate phenotype can channel the action of natural selection. The phenotypic plasticity of male life history in Poecilia latipinna in response to temperature embraces a spectrum of traits; the effects of each one upon fitness will influence the ability of selection to mold the response of any one of them to temperature. The phenotypic covariances in thermal tolerance and life-history traits in Heterandria formosa differ slightly between populations from different parts of the species range, apparently because of differences between them in thermal sensitivity; this difference insures that the multivariate nature of selection will be correspondingly different in those different populations.
Mouse brain gene expression analysis using model based clustering

Conventional cluster analysis of gene expression is often limited in its ability to incorporate cellular level heterogeneity that exists in the brain. We generate in situ hybridized gene expression cellular resolution maps (a set of multiple 2D images for each gene) of the mouse brain. Using a digital mouse brain atlas and advanced image analysis methods, gene expression profiles for each brain structure is calculated. We present a method to identify brain structure clusters with similar expression for a given gene using multivariate model-based clustering. In this study a family of Gaussian mixture models is used. Variation in the model is derived from parameterizing the covariance matrix by the shape, volume and orientation. Using expectation maximization and Bayesian information criterion both optimal model parameters and the number of clusters are determined. The results facilitate effective identification of brain structures with biologically interpretable expression profiles in a fully automated manner.
A Practical Approach to Flux Measurements of Long Duration in the Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer

Abstract The practical limitations imposed by the marine environment on the principal flux-measurement methods for experiments requiring more than a few days’ duration are examined. Reservations are presented as to the suitability of the bulk method as a primary determination for fluxes and stability. It is suggested that the profile (or gradient) method is more practical. The influence that marine platforms have upon various flux measurements is discussed. Evidence is presented which suggests that platform-induced distortions, even when the bulk method is used, are probably more severe than is appreciated by many experimenters. Because of the potential for platform-induced distortions, it is argued that marine flux measurements should always be accompanied by an auxiliary flux-determination method. The bulk method is recommended as an adjunct to the profile, method, since the combination can yield two simultaneous determinations with only a modest increase in experimental effort. The appropriate vertical...
Laminar flame speeds under engine-relevant conditions: Uncertainty quantification and minimization in spherically expanding flame experiments

Abstract The spherically expanding flame method is the only approach for measuring laminar flame speeds at thermodynamic states that are relevant to engines. In the present study, a comprehensive evaluation of data obtained under constant pressure and constant volume conditions was carried out through experiments, development of a mathematically rigorous method for uncertainty quantification and propagation, and advancement of numerical models that describe the experiments accurately. The proposed uncertainty characterization approach accounts for parameters related to all measurements, data processing, and finally data interpretation. With the aid of direct numerical simulations, an alternative approach was proposed to derive laminar flame speeds in constant pressure experiments by eliminating the need for using extrapolation equations developed based on simplifying assumptions, which are known to be susceptible to major errors under certain conditions. The propagation of spherical flames under constant volume conditions was investigated through experiments carried out in an entirely spherical chamber and the use of two numerical models. The first involves the solution of the one-dimensional conservation equations of mass, species, and energy while accounting for pressure rise. The second model was developed based on thermodynamics similarly to existing literature, but radiation loss was introduced at the optically thin limit and approximations were made to allow for re-absorption with minimum computational cost. It was shown that neglecting radiation in constant volume experiments could introduce errors as high as 15%. Incorporating the aforementioned techniques, laminar flame speeds were measured and reported with properly quantified uncertainties for flames of synthesis gas for pressures ranging from 3 to 30 atm, and unburned mixture temperatures ranging from 298 to 550 K. Selected measurements were carried out as well for methane and propane flames for pressures ranging from 3 to 7 atm, and unburned mixture temperature of 298 K. The approaches introduced in this study allow for the determination of laminar flame speeds with notably reduced uncertainties under conditions of relevance to engines, which has major implications for the validation of kinetic models of surrogate and real fuels.
Books on the Move

London, June 2014. I'm queuing outside a downtown church behind a six-foot-tall man whose neck juts into my view every time the lights change at the corner. He's craning for a white van whose walls are lined with hardcovers and paperbacks. Its sponsor, the Quaker Homeless Action Committee, helps readers who are sleeping rough reclaim a right that many citizens take for granted: book borrowing.
The Board of Director's and Prior Audit Opinion's Influence on the Stock Market Reaction to Announced Auditor Changes: An Agency Cost Perspective

This paper studies a sample of firms that changed their auditors and examines the potential agency cost issues that may arise. We find that on average the stock market interprets auditor changes as an agency cost because the changes seem to be management entrenching events. We also document that board of director composition influences the stock market's interpretation of the auditor change announcements and therefore that a board of directors can protect firms from management entrenchment behavior.
‘Blessed Are They That Mourn’: Expressions of Grief in South Central Kentucky, 1870-1910

During the nineteenth century, Americans were gradually changing their funeral and burial practices in an effort to soften death's harshness. In large northern communities, the profes sionalization of undertaking services and the opening of com munity cemeteries on the outskirts of population centers occurred prior to the Civil War.1 But in rural areas such as south central Kentucky, changes in burial customs transpired primarily between 1870 and 1910. While adapting the etiquette described in period literature, south central Kentuckians sought to establish expres sions of grief which would testify to their traditional values of family, community, and religion and enable them to survive the frequent losses of loved ones. Between 1870 and 1910, south central Kentucky was a predominantly agrarian area with developing industries in its county seats. As was common throughout the United States, area residents frequently experienced the loss or friends and loved ones by death. In 1910, the Kentucky State Board of Health recorded the following statistics on death's frequency in the area:2
Implications of Arterial Stiffness

The implications for increased arterial stiffness are just now beginning to be understood. However, there is still much unknown in this emerging field of study. In this chapter we overview several areas of clinical importance that influence arterial stiffness, which include aging, sex, race, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness, and the implications of these on cardiovascular health and target organ damage. These discussions merely highlight the complex interactions that occur with aging alone, which become increasingly convoluted with multiple pathologies. Thus, our discussion only begins to elucidate the very complex processes contributing to aortic stiffness and the overall health implications.
A murine model of subglottic granulation.

Objective This study aimed to develop a functional model of subglottic stenosis by inducing direct airway irritation in transplanted mouse laryngotracheal complexes. Methods Laryngotracheal complexes from C57BL/6 mice were harvested and divided into three groups: uninjured, mechanically injured and chemically injured. Donor laryngotracheal complexes from each group were placed in dorsal subcutaneous pockets of recipient mice. Each week, the transplanted laryngotracheal complexes were harvested, and tissues were fixed, sectioned, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Representative slides were reviewed by a blinded pathologist, to determine the formation of granulation tissue, and graded as to the degree of granulation formation. Results Direct airway irritation induced granulation tissue formation under the disrupted epithelium of airway mucosa; this was seen as early as two weeks after chemical injury. Conclusion Results indicate that granulation tissue formation in a murine model may be an efficient tool for investigating the development and treatment of subglottic stenosis.
Totally automated system for Open-Path Atmospheric Monitoring by FT-IR Spectrometry

Statement of Significance: In this poster, we describe the software for an automated system for atmospheric monitoring by open-path FT-IR.
A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress,1933–1939

FEW political developments in recent American history have been more significant than the creation of a conservative coalition in Congress. Formed by Republicans and conservative Democrats to combat the New Deal, this "unholy alliance" operated effectively as early as 1937, and by 1939 it was strong enough to block extensions of the administration's program. It has functioned with varying degrees of success since that time, harassing and alarming Presidents of both parties. Certain aspects of the coalition are well known and open to little question.' Undoubtedly, both houses of Congress were more cantankerous in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term than they had been in his first, and most of the uncooperative congressmen were conservative on key issues. They tended to favor balanced budgets, to oppose welfare programs, to be suspicious of organized labor, and to speak favorably of states rights and limited government. But historians have seldom ventured beyond these generalizations. They have not identified the members of the coalition. They have not tried to generalize about them as a group. They have not probed into the questions of why or when the coalition began. Finally, they have not shown whether the coalition was consciously organized, well disciplined, or coherent on crucial roll calls. These matters deserve attention. Actually, the conservative leaders were well known. In the House the focus of conservative strength was the Rules Committee, dominated after 1938 by Edward E. Cox, a fiery Georgian who was a ranking Democratic member, and by Howard W. Smith, a Jeffersonian Democrat from Virginia. These two men, with three other southern Democrats and four Republicans, composed a majority of the fourteen-man committee after 1936.2
Tyrosinase and Phenols. Action of Diversely Activated Tyrosinase on Monohydric and O-Dihydric Phenols.

Summary1. Protyrosinase from the egg of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis was activated to form tyrosinase by the following reagents: sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (aerosol OT), sodium dodecyl sulfate, HgCl2, heat (70°-10'), and urea. 2. Tyrosinase, produced by different activators, was allowed to act upon monohydric (tyramine-HCl, p-cresol) and o-dihydric (catechol) phenols as substrates and relative rates of activity studied. 3. All enzymes tested showed activity for both monohydric and o-dihydric phenols. 4. Urea and HgCl2 activated tyrosinase showed high monophenolase activity and low catecholase activity. All other enzyme samples exhibited both monophenolase and catecholase activity in varying degrees. 5. Animal and plant tyrosinases seem similar in that both possess enzymatic activities more or less conditioned by chemical treatments.
Research in tourist product model design of Palace Museum based on TRIZ and QFD

QFD and TRIZ as the guiding theory for design,from a rational perspective,puts forward a new tourist product design method.The method by the estabishment of relevant quality house and the theory of system analysis,effectively improves the design efficiency,reduces the development costs and shortens the development cycle.Using this theory,the National Palace Museum has established its tourist products design option.
Coordinate glycosylation and cell surface expression of glycophorin A during normal human erythropoiesis

The expression of two epitopes on glycophorin A (GPA) during erythroid development was examined on normal human bone marrow using quantitative flow cytometry. The highly correlated binding of two monoclonal antibodies, one sensitive and the other insensitive to glycosylation, indicated that the two epitopes were coordinately expressed during erythroid development. Both antigens reached a maximum expression during the early normoblast stage and were maintained at a constant amount per cell throughout further maturation to erythrocytes. These data suggest that glycosylation of GPA, as detected by antibodies recognizing blood group (M) and (N) antigens, does not increase during erythroid maturation.
Evaluation of Stocking Density during Second-Year Growth of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides, Raised Indoors in a Recirculating Aquaculture System

Largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides, are a highly desirable food fish especially among Asian populations in large cities throughout North America. The primary production method for food-size LMB (>500 g) has been outdoor ponds that require two growing seasons (18 mo). Indoor, controlled-environment production using recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) technologies could potentially reduce the growout period by maintaining ideal temperatures year-round. Researchers conducted a 26-wk study to evaluate optimal stocking densities for growout of second-year LMB to food-fish size in an indoor RAS. LMB fingerlings (112.0 ± 38.0 g) were randomly stocked into nine 900-L tanks to achieve densities of 30, 60, or 120 fish/m3 with three replicate tanks per density. The RAS consisted of a 3000-L sump, ¼ hp pump, bead filter for solids removal, mixed-moving-bed biofilter for nitrification, and a 400-watt ultraviolet light for sterilization. Fish were fed a commercially available floating diet (45% protein and 16% lipid) once daily to apparent satiation. At harvest, all fish were counted, individually weighed, and measured. Total biomass densities significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with stocking rate achieving 6.2, 13.2, and 22.9 kg/m3 for fish stocked at 20, 60, and 120 fish/m3, respectively. The stocking densities evaluated had no significant impact (P > 0.05) on survival, average harvest weight, or feed conversion ratio which averaged 92.9 ± 5.8%, 294.5 ± 21.1 g, and 1.8 ± 0.3, respectively. After approximately 6 mo of culture, LMB did not attain target weights of >500 g. Observed competition among fish likely resulted in large size variability and overall poor growth compared to second-year growth in ponds. Additional research is needed to better assess the suitability of LMB for culture in RAS.
My new dishwasher and free-market health care.

(1999). My New Dishwasher and Free-Market Health Care. Hospital Practice: Vol. 34, No. 10, pp. 126-138.
Testicular Seminoma: A Case Report of 2 Brothers with Seminoma and a Review of the Literature of Testicular Malignancies Occurring in Closely Related Family Members

AbstractTesticular malignancies in closely related family members rarely occur. This report describes 2 young adult brothers who had left testicular seminoma. Only 15 instances of testicular malignancies in closely related family members have been described previously.
Familial Juvenile Type III Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation: Urodynamic Findings

Two sisters with juvenile type III spinal cord arteriovenous malformations were studied urodynamically. Micturitional dysfunction was prominent in the clinical presentation of both cases. Although both patients had similar lesions 1 demonstrated detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia, while the other showed only detrusor hyperreflexia. This is the first report of a familial occurrence of juvenile type III arteriovenous malformation and of the associated urodynamic findings.
Pluronic-P123-Templated Synthesis of Silica with Cubic Ia3d Structure in the Presence of Micelle Swelling Agent.

The syntheses of silicas with highly ordered cubic Ia3d structure templated by Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) block copolymer surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) additive in the presence of swelling agents are demonstrated. It was found that the cubic Ia3d silica forms at 25 °C when a moderate amount of a swelling agent, such as 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB), 1,4-diisopropylbenzene (DIPB), or 1,3,5-triethylbenzene (TEB), is added. However, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene was not found suitable, suggesting that the success of the synthesis requires a careful selection of a swelling agent. An increase in the relative amount of the swelling agent in a limited range tends to cause an increase in the unit-cell size, while a further unit cell parameter increase can be accomplished with TIPB through a concomitant decrease in the synthesis temperature and increase in the relative amount of the swelling agent. Many of the cubic Ia3d products, including those with the largest attained unit-cell sizes, were highly o...
General evaluation of the patient with alopecia.

The evaluation of the patient with alopecia is a multistep process that comprises obtaining a good medical history, performing the clinical examination with a special emphasis on the examination of cut and plucked hair, doing a scalp biopsy, and ordering appropriate laboratory studies. Genetic counseling may be provided if it is requested.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Micrococcus luteus by linear furanocoumarins in culture media

The linear furanocoumarins psoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) were tested as antimicrobial agents against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Micrococcus luteus. The linear furanocoumarins were activated with UV light at 365 nm for 60 min. MICs of these furanocoumarins in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract were determined at room temperature for 48 h. Psoralen was the most effective antimicrobial agent of the three studied. This compound inhibited the three test microorganisms at concentrations of 5 μg/ml or lower. Only L. monocytogenes was inhibited by 5-MOP.Concentrations of at least 10μg of 8-MOP per ml were required to inhibit the test microorganisms. Mixtures containing at least 7.5 μg of psoralen per ml inhibited the growth of the three microorganisms. In the absence of psoralen, mixtures of 5- MOP and 8-MOP were ineffective as growth inhibitors of M. luteus and E. coli O157:H7.
Evaluation of Functional NK Cell Responses in Vaccinated and SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques

NK cells are crucial components of the innate immune system due to their capacity to exert rapid cytotoxic and immunomodulatory function in the absence of prior sensitization. NK cells can become activated by exposure to target cells and/or by cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we examined the effects of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimen and subsequent SIV infection on the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory functions of circulatory NK cells. While vaccination did not significantly impact the capacity of NK cells to kill MHC-devoid 721.221 target cells, SIV-infection led to a significant decrease in target cell killing. NK cells from un-infected macaques were responsive to a low dose (5 ng/ml) of IL-15 pre-activation, leading to significant increases in their cytotoxic potential, however, NK cells from SIV-infected macaques required a higher dose (50 ng/ml) of IL-15 pre-activation in order to significantly increase their cytotoxic potential. In contrast, no differences were observed in the capacity of NK cells from vaccinated and SIV-infected macaques to respond to IL-12 and IL-18. Similarly, NK cells both before and after infection exhibited equivalent responses to Fc-mediated activation. Collectively our results show that early SIV-infection impairs the natural cytotoxic capacity of circulatory NK cells without affecting Fc-mediated or cytokine-producing function.
Dynamics of Water in Gemini Surfactant-Based Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.

The dynamics of water confined to nanometer-sized domains is important in a variety of applications ranging from proton exchange membranes to crowding effects in biophysics. In this work, we study the dynamics of water in gemini surfactant-based lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) using molecular dynamics simulations. These systems have well characterized morphologies, for example, hexagonal, gyroid, and lamellar, and the surfaces of the confining regions can be controlled by modifying the headgroup of the surfactants. This allows one to study the effect of topology, functionalization, and interfacial curvature on the dynamics of confined water. Through analysis of the translational diffusion and rotational relaxation, we conclude that the hydration level and resulting confinement length scale is the predominate determiner of the rates of water dynamics, and other effects, namely, surface functionality and curvature, are largely secondary. This novel analysis of the water dynamics in these LLC systems provid...
Fall- and Spring-sown Cover Crop Mulches Affect Yield, Fruit Cleanliness, and Fusarium Fruit Rot Development in Pumpkin

In 2001 and 2002, falland spring-sown, spring-killed or spring-sown living cover crops mulches were evaluated for their effects on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) number and weight, fruit cleanliness, and fusarium fruit rot (FFR; Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1). In general, the number and weight of orange (mature) fruit and total fruit weight were higher in bare soil (conventional), fallor spring-sown, spring-killed cover crop mulches compared with spring-sown, living annual medic (Medicago spp.) cover crop mulches. In both years, pumpkins grown on fall-sown winter rye (Secale cereale), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), winter rye + hairy vetch, and spring-sown oat (Avena sativa) produced fruit numbers and weights comparable to or slightly higher than bare soil (conventional) production, suggesting that these cover crop mulches had no effects on reducing pumpkin yield. The number and weight of pumpkins grown in spring-sown, living annual medic cover crop mulches were reduced in both years compared with the other cover crop mulches. On artificially inoculated field plots, percentages of groundcover at harvest and fruit with FFR were 89% and 5% in fall-sown winter rye (seeded at 90 lb/acre), 88% and 10% in fall-sown rye (50 lb/acre), 85% and 5% in fallsown rye + hairy vetch (50 lb/acre each), 19% and 30% in fall-sown hairy vetch (50 lb/acre), 23% and 23% in spring-sown oat (110 lb/acre), 1% and 25% to 39% in spring-sown, living annual medics (40 lb/acre) and 0% and 46% in bare soil plots, respectively. Results suggest that cover crop mulches such as fall-sown winter rye, fallsown winter rye + hairy vetch, or spring-sown, spring-killed oat killed and left on the soil surface may help reduce losses to FFR in pumpkin production.
Customer Propositions for Global Brands

In my research and analysis of diverse global brands, I have observed a surprisingly simple handful of customer propositions. In general, the most successful fall into one of five categories, which I refer to as value, mass, premium, prestige, and fun brands. Each of these targets a different global segment defined by the segment’s universal needs, ranging from the biggest value per dollar to the most fun per dollar. The chapter highlights the differences among the five types of global brands, their distinct positioning, and their unique challenges. Of course, within these five types, brand managers seek to differentiate their offerings from others in the multinational corporation’s portfolio and from competitors in the space. Sometimes managers draw from the characteristics of the other four categories, and so the five types blur at the edges. In fine-tuning and repositioning your global brand proposition, you can increase your strategic options by understanding each of these categories, the customers they serve, the needs they fulfill, the challenges they face, and the value they deliver to the corporation.
High voltage ride-through control method for DFIG-based wind turbines based on Resonant Controller

This paper analyzes the transient process of a DFIG based wind turbine in detail during general grid voltage swell conditions, especially the symmetrical voltage swell cases. And the key points influencing the turbines' high voltage ride-through (HVRT) capability is then evaluated. Furthermore, a HVRT control scheme, based on the resonant control, is put forward, which can meet the grid codes' reactive current requirement. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control scheme can accelerate the attenuation of the dc and negative sequence stator fluxes, and thus reduce the fluctuations in the active/reactive power, the electromagnetic torque and the dc link voltage. As a result, a smooth HVRT process can be obtained, which is meaningful to the turbines' safety.
Double Affine Hecke Algebras

This is an essentially self-contained monograph in an intriguing field of fundamental importance for Representation Theory, Harmonic Analysis, Mathematical Physics, and Combinatorics. It is a major source of general information about the double affine Hecke algebra, also called Cherednik's algebra, and its impressive applications. Chapter 1 is devoted to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations attached to root systems and their relations to affine Hecke algebras, Kac-Moody algebras, and Fourier analysis. Chapter 2 contains a systematic exposition of the representation theory of the one-dimensional DAHA. It is the simplest case but far from trivial with deep connections in the theory of special functions. Chapter 3 is about DAHA in full generality, including applications to Macdonald polynomials, Fourier transforms, Gauss-Selberg integrals, Verlinde algebras, and Gaussian sums. This book is designed for mathematicians and physicists, experts and students, for those who want to master the double Hecke algebra technique. Visit http://arxiv.org/math.QA/0404307 to read Chapter 0 and selected topics from other chapters.
Breathable Vapor Toxicant Barriers Based on Multilayer Graphene Oxide

There is tremendous interest in graphene-based membranes as protective molecular barriers or molecular sieves for separation technologies. Graphene oxide (GO) films in the dry state are known to be effective barriers for molecular transport and to expand in the presence of moisture to create enlarged intersheet gallery spaces that allow rapid water permeation. Here we explore an application for GO membranes as water-breathable barrier layers for personal protective equipment, which are designed to allow outward perspiration while protecting the wearer from chemical toxicants or biochemical agents in the local environment. A device was developed to measure permeation rates of small-molecular toxicants in the presence of counter-current water flow simulating active perspiration. The technique was applied to trichloroethylene (TCE) and benzene, which are important environmental toxicants, and ethanol as a limiting case to model very small, highly water-soluble organic molecules. Submicron GO membranes are sh...
Abstract 3287: Associations of whole food and lifestyle-based inflammation scores with all-cause, cancer- and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality

Chronically higher levels of inflammation have been implicated in the etiology of cancer and other major chronic diseases. Contributors to chronic inflammation likely include diet, physical activity, obesity, and smoking. We developed dietary (DIS), lifestyle (LIS), and overall (OIS) inflammation scores to characterize the aggregate of pro- and anti-inflammatory exposures, and investigated associations of the scores with all-cause, cancer- and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality in the prospective Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS) (n=21,426). The components of the scores were selected based on biological plausibility and previous literature. The dietary components included processed meats, red meat, white meat, fish, nuts, legumes, coffee, tea, dairy products, refined and whole grains, and nine other botanical categories. The lifestyle components included body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, and exercise level. Associations of each score component with a panel of biomarkers of inflammation in a subset of 577 male and female, black and white, chronic disease-free participants in REGARDS were assessed using multivariable linear regression, and the resulting beta coefficients were used to weight each score component. For each study participant, the weighted score components were summed to produce the scores such that a higher score was more pro-inflammatory. The scores were categorized according to quintiles of their distributions among all REGARDS participants at baseline, and their associations with mortality were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Over an average of 7.89 years follow-up, 2,964 individuals died, including 854 from cancer. With increasing levels of each score, there was increasing risk for all-cause, cancer- and CVD-specific mortalities. For those in the highest relative to the lowest quintiles of the OIS, DIS, and LIS, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all-cause mortality were: 2.16 (1.87, 2.49; Ptrend Citation Format: Doratha Byrd, Ashley Holmes, Suzanne Judd, W Dana Flanders, Roberd M. Bostick. Associations of whole food and lifestyle-based inflammation scores with all-cause, cancer- and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3287. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3287
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans and the Risk of a Second Amphibian Pandemic

Amphibians are experiencing devastating population declines globally. A major driver is chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Bd was described in 1999 and has been linked with declines since the 1970s, while Bsal is a more recently discovered pathogen that was described in 2013. It is hypothesized that Bsal originated in Asia and spread via international trade to Europe, where it has been linked to salamander die-offs. Trade in live amphibians thus represents a significant threat to global biodiversity in amphibians. We review the current state of knowledge regarding Bsal and describe the risk of Bsal spread. We discuss regional responses to Bsal and barriers that impede a rapid, coordinated global effort. The discovery of a second deadly emerging chytrid fungal pathogen in amphibians poses an opportunity for scientists, conservationists, and governments to improve global biosecurity and further protect humans and wildlife from a growing number of emerging infectious diseases.
What Types of Instructional Shifts Do Students Experience? Investigating Active Learning in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Classes across Key Transition Points from Middle School to the University Level

Despite the need for a strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) workforce, there is a high attrition rate for students who intend to complete undergraduate majors in these disciplines. Students who leave STEM degree programs often cite uninspiring instruction in introductory courses, including traditional lecturing, as a reason. While undergraduate courses play a critical role in STEM retention, little is understood about the instructional transitions students encounter upon moving from secondary to post-secondary STEM courses. This study compares classroom observation data collected using the Classroom Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (COPUS) from over 450 middle school, high school, introductory-level university, and advanced-level university classes across STEM disciplines. We find similarities between middle school and high school classroom instruction, which are characterized by a large proportion of time spent on active-learning instructional strategies, such as small-group activities and peer discussion. In contrast, introductory and advanced university instructors devote more time to instructor-centered teaching strategies, such as lecturing. These instructor-centered teaching strategies are present in classes regardless of class enrollment size, class period length, or whether or not the class includes a separate laboratory section. Middle school, high school, and university instructors were also surveyed about their views of what STEM instructional practices are most common at each educational level and asked to provide an explanation of those perceptions. Instructors from all levels struggled to predict the level of lecturing practices and often expressed uncertainty about what instruction looks like at levels other than their own. These findings suggest that more opportunities need to be created for instructors across multiple levels of the education system to share their active learning teaching practices and discuss the transitions students are making between different educational levels.
The Basal Ganglia and Movement

Early clinical reports, such as James Parkinson’s “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy” (Parkinson, 1817), gave vivid descriptions of the complex motor symptoms that now are associated with pathological changes in the basal ganglia, and it is primarily from the subsequent clinical literature that information has originated regarding possible roles of the basal ganglia in the coordination of movement. Degeneration of neurons in various nuclei of the basal ganglia has been found in the brains of individuals who had marked slowness or apparent absence of voluntary movement under certain conditions (bradykinesia or akinesia), but these same individuals also may have had an involuntary phasic activity of motor units that produced an incessant resting tremor. Other individuals with pathological changes in the basal ganglia exhibit the more dramatic involuntary movements of athetosis, chorea, or ballismus. As experimental studies were added to clinical-pathological correlations, a common theme appeared, and the basal ganglia were referred to as “centers for the automatic or subvoluntary integration of the various motor centers” (Ferrier, 1876), “supravestibular systems” (Muskens, 1922), “a group... concerned with posture other than the support of the body against gravity” (Martin, 1967). Denny-Brown (1962) even referred to the globus pallidus, from which many of the basal ganglia output fibers originate, as “the ‘head ganglion’ of the motor system of primates, forming the essential link between the environment and the reflex organization.”
Dealing with Child Abuse and Neglect within a Comprehensive Family-Support Program

Since 1989, the Community-Family Partnership (CFP) program in northern Utah has provided comprehensive services to families living in poverty. Such families are at increased risk for child abuse and neglect due to the many stresses associated with poverty (Gaudin, 1993; Tower, 1992). Within the two counties served by the program, the incidence rate of substantiated child abuse and neglect cases in 1994 was 0.3% (n = 355), slightly less than in the state of Utah (0.5%; n = 10,430) (Utah Children, 1996) and the United States (0.4%; n = 1,036,000) (National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, Utah Chapter, 1995; Peterson & Urquiza, 1993).
Cyclopropane Compounds of Biological Interest

The cyclopropane ring is a relative newcomer to be recognized in natural products of biological interest, and to be applied synthetically to prospective biologically active compounds. The syntheses of biologically active cyclopropane derivatives have been studied only during the last 25 years. Ideas concerning the biosynthesis of naturally occurring cyclopropane compounds have been formulated still more recently. Although cyclopropane itself has been used as a general anesthetic in the clinic since 1930, more than 30 years passed before the first cyclopropane derivative, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, became available in medicine. A number of cyclopropane fatty acids had turned up as constituents of certain lipids, but their origin and function did not become understood until much later. These slow developments contrast with the high level of activity in the purely chemical study of cyclopropane and its derivatives. Here the formation of such compounds from olefins or by photochemical reactions, and their ability to rearrange, have had high priority among organic chemists. Kinetic, theoretical, orbital-overlap, and bond-strain studies have also received considerably more attention than medicinal and biological investigations.
A Current-Accuracy-Enhanced Wide-Input-Range DC–DC LED Driver With Feedforward Synchronous Current Control

A wide-input-range (5–115 V) current-accuracy-enhanced dc–dc LED driver is presented in this paper. A feedforward synchronous current control (FSCC) scheme is developed to improve the LED current accuracy over wide ranges of input and output voltages. In the FSCC, a reconfigurable valley current sensor is proposed to provide accurate positive and negative valley inductor current information for the controller corresponding to hard- and soft-switching modes, respectively. A dynamic peak reference generator is developed to automatically adjust the peak current reference value dependent on input and output voltages for reducing the deviations of the average LED current under different input voltages and numbers of output LED, thereby improving the current accuracy. Implemented in a 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ 120-V CMOS process, the experimental results show that the proposed LED driver IC achieves a current accuracy within ±6.0% of the average LED current of 350 mA over an input voltage range from 5 to 115 V and numbers of series-connected LEDs from 1 to 25 by using only a small inductor of 10 $\mu \text{H}$ . Compared with the state-of-the-art synchronous current control scheme, the variations of the LED current can be reduced by 2.3 and 4.2 times in the hard- and soft-switching modes, respectively, with the proposed LED driver using the FSCC.
Talking to the Small Tableau: Touring the Site of Mediatized Memory and Forgiveness in Bongha:

In this article, I observe the way Bongha, a small town of South Korea, constructs the tourist experience, using continually maintained silence regarding certain aspects of the past. The town becam...