cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue factor pathway vs. collagen pathway for in vivo platelet activation

The roles that the various platelet collagen receptors play in initial platelet adhesion and thrombus growth remain controversial. Here we summarize some of the pertinent data and discuss some recent studies of the initiation and propagation of platelet accumulation into thrombi and the initiation and propagation of thrombin generation. Mice lacking platelet surface glycoprotein VI (GPVI) form normal thrombi in the laser injury model but have a diminished thrombotic response to severe FeCl3 injury. We hypothesize that the paths to thrombus formation in these two models are different with interaction of GPVI and collagen predominant early after severe FeCl3-induced injury but platelet activation by thrombin predominant after laser-induced injury. Understanding of the response to insult in thrombosis models deepens our understanding of the process and provides a firm foundation for evaluation of anti-thrombotic therapy in these models.
Micro-surface and bulk thermal behavior of a single-grain decagonal Al–Ni–Co quasicrystal

Abstract Scanning thermal microscopy is used to examine the thermal behavior of specific surfaces of a ∼0.8 cm3 single-grain Al74Ni10Co16 decagonal quasicrystal. The response of a micro-thermal probe in contact with aperiodic and periodic surfaces in air reveals the anisotropic heat flow of the decagonal structure. Heat dissipation with the probe on the aperiodic surface is higher than when the probe is on the periodic surface. While the SThM technique is generally considered to be constrained to the surface region below the nominally 2–5 μm probe tip radius, the heat flow data obtained are clearly comprised of contributions from both the lateral surface around the probe tip and a volume normal to the surface in contact. Heat flow in the decagonal Al74Ni10Co16 quasicrystal can be modeled by an elliptical distribution of thermal diffusion. Parameters for the model used in this study were obtained by making bulk thermal diffusivity measurements using the laser flash method on specimens along the 2- and 10-fold directions. The model was applied to a surface oriented 45° to the major axes and verified from bulk measurements obtained from a sample cut along this orientation.
Filtering with perfectly correlated measurement noise.

Examination of (radar) Doppler data which are formed by mi1ing the returning microwave signal with a replica of the transmitted signal, counting the cycles of the beat, and sampling the counter at evenly spaced intervals t sub i. It is shown that the amount of information which can be extracted from a set of data may be larger if the associated noise is perfectly correlated than if it is white, and that the use of the white noise assumption in the filter may result in the loss of some of this information.
Temporal and spatial resolution of scattered and recoiled atoms for surface elemental and structural analysis

Developments in low-energy ion scattering over the past 10 years have led to new techniques for surface elemental and structural analyses. The fundamental physics involved in these new methods is summarized herein and some examples of the applications of the techniques are presented. Three major new developments are considered. First, time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (ToF-SARS) takes advantage of ToF techniques to detect simultaneously both ions and fast neutrals that are scattered and recoiled from surfaces. Elemental analyses are obtained by application of binary collision theory, and structural analyses are performed by rotation of the sample in order to measure intensity changes as a function of incident and azimuthal angles. Second, scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS) takes advantage of a large position-sensitive microchannel plate detector, coupled with ToF techniques, to capture element-specific, time-resolved, spatial and intensity distributions of scattered and recoiled atoms from surfaces. These images combine atomic scale microscopy and spatial averaging because they are created from a macroscopic surface area but they are directly related to the atomic arrangement of the surface at the subnanoscale level; the features of the images are sensitive to changes in interatomic spacings at a level of <0.1 A. Third, a classical ion trajectory simulation program, called scattering and recoiling imaging code (SARIC), which is designed specifically for structural interpretation of ToF-SARS and SARIS data, has been developed. This program allows quantitative comparison of experimental and simulated data for surface structure determinations.
The effects of superconductor–stabilizer interfacial resistance on the quench of a current-carrying coated conductor

We present the results of numerical analysis of a model of normal zone propagation in coated conductors. The main emphasis is on the effects of increased contact resistance between the superconducting film and the stabilizer on the speed of normal zone propagation, the maximum temperature rise inside the normal zone, and the stability margins. We show that with increasing contact resistance the speed of normal zone propagation increases, the maximum temperature inside the normal zone decreases, and stability margins shrink. This may have an overall beneficial effect on quench protection quality of coated conductors. We also briefly discuss the propagation of solitons and development of the temperature modulation along the wire.
EVALUATION OF UNIVENTRICULAR ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTION BY NMR IMAGING

Twelve patients (pts), ages 7 mos. to 23 yrs. (mean 11 yrs.), with known univentricular atrioventricular (AV) connection (“Single ventricle”) were evaluated by ECG-gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multiple sections were obtained in transverse, coronal and oblique planes using a 0.3T or LOT magnet and SE 30 pulsing techniques. MRI studies were evaluated using a segmental approach prior to reviewing the echocardiograms and angiograms which were available on all pts. MRI accurately depicted: 1) cardiovisceral and atrial situs 2) presence of splenic tissue 3) systemic and pulmonary venous connections 4) the mode of AV connection (i.e. absent right, double inlet, etc.) 5) the morphology and spatial relationships of the main and rudimentary ventricular chambers (6) the ventriculoarterial (VA) connections and 7) surgical procedures (i.e. shunts, PA bands). Seven pts had absent right AV connection, 4 had double inlet anatomy and 1 had an absent left AV connection. The absent AV connection was true atresia in 6 with invagination to the cardiac crux of fat-containing sulcus tissue which appears bright on MRI and an imperforate valve in 1. In 11 pts, the rudimentary chamber could be visualized. VA discordance was demonstrated in 2 pts with absent right AV connection, in all 5 with double inlet LV's and the 1 with absent left AV connection. We conclude that MRI accurately depicts cardiac morphology in pts with univentricular AV connection, often providing information not available with other imaging techniques.
Identifying structural features on 1,1-diphenyl-hexahydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazin-3-ones critical for Neuropeptide S antagonist activity

A series of 7-substituted 1,1-diphenyl-hexahydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazin-3-ones were synthesized and tested for Neuropeptide S (NPS) antagonist activity. A concise synthetic route was developed, which features a DMAP catalyzed carbamate formation. 4-Fluorobenzyl urea (1c) and benzyl urea (1d) were identified as the most potent antagonists among the compounds examined. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) demonstrate that a 7-position urea functionality is required for potent antagonist activity and alkylation of the urea nitrogen (1e) or replacement with carbon or oxygen (5a) results in reduced potency. In addition, compounds with alpha-methyl substitution (1b) or elongated alkyl chains (1h and 1j) had reduced potency, indicating a limited tolerance for 7-position substituents.
Understanding the selectivity of a moderate oxidation catalyst: hydrogen abstraction by a fully characterized, activated catalyst, the robust dihydroxo manganese(IV) complex of a bridged cyclam.

Distinctive mechanistic pathways account for the remarkable selectivity of a molecularly designed and robust manganese catalyst, Mn(Me2EBC)Cl2, whose activated form has been isolated and thoroughly characterized. In keeping with the existence of two activated catalytic functional groups, MnIV(OH)22+ (BDEOH = 83.0 kcal/mol) and MnIV(O)OH+ (BDEOH = 84.3 kcal/mol), two distinctive Polanyi correlations are observed, the latter being over 10-fold more rapid despite their similarity. Remarkably, only relatively weak C−H bonds (≤∼82 kcal/mol) suffer hydrogen abstraction by either group, with the stoppage occurring at substrate BDECH ≥ catalyst BDEOH. Earlier studies established a selective Lewis acid mechanism as the dominant oxygen atom insertion pathway for this catalyst. These two pathways (hydrogen abstraction and oxygen atom transfer) dominate the oxidation reactions catalyzed by these systems, accounting for the moderate oxidizing power and associated selectivity of Mn(Me2EBC)Cl2 in H2O2 oxidations.
Methods of Measurement of Impulse Noise Susceptibility of TV Receiver

The usual method of determining impulse noise susceptibility is to feed various levels of noise from the motor in an electric shaver, electric eraser or electric drill to the antenna leads of a TV receiver and observe the effect upon the picture. The designer then attempts to determine what section of the TV receiver is being affected by the noise. This rather unknown level and type of noise is difficult to reproduce for comparison of various receiver designs. The method here proposed to test the receiver provides a known level of noise to test for horizontal and vertical sync stability, AGC set up, and white streaking.
Market Transparency in Business-to-Business e-Commerce: A Simulation Analysis

Market transparency refers to the level of current trade information revealed to participants by market makers. This paper analyzes the effect of market transparency on the outcomes of posted-offer style Business-to-Business e-commerce markets. First, increasing market transparency improves the price-tracking ability of sellers, and results in higher efficiency. However, revelation of quantity information on transactions is not very crucial as opposed to price information. Second, although sellers extract significantly higher surplus profit than buyers can do in a posted-offer market, the difference vanishes with increasing market transparency. Lastly, sellers in posted-offer markets respond poorly to external demand shocks. Interestingly, the poor price-tracking performance of sellers hurts buyers more. In other words, seller profits are much less sensitive to demand shocks as compared to buyer surpluses.
Computational Modeling of the Optical Rotation of Amino Acids: An ‘in Silico’ Experiment for Physical Chemistry

A computational experiment that investigates the optical activity of the amino acid valine has been developed for an upper-level undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory course. Hybrid density functional theory calculations were carried out for valine to confirm the rule that adding a strong acid to a solution of an amino acid in the l configuration renders the optical rotation more positive. Correspondingly, if the optical rotation becomes more negative, the amino acid is of the d configuration. The students employed the open-source molecular editor Avogadro to build the molecules, conduct conformer searches, and calculate the energies of the conformers with a molecular mechanics force field. Subsequent geometry optimizations and optical rotation calculations were performed with a quantum chemistry program, using the WebMO graphical interface. The role of the solvent in stabilizing the zwitterionic form of an amino acid was investigated.
On Approaches to Polygonal Decomposition for Hierarchical Image Representation

Abstract Approaches to polygonal decomposition for hierarchical image representation are described. For planar decomposition, quad trees using square and triangular neighborhoods are found to be the only feasible methods, having the same computational complexity. For rigid images the choice of the appropriate tree type is determined by the grid topology. Triangular and square quad trees are appropriate for the triangular and square grids, whereas trees of order 7 are necessary for the hexagonal grid.
Who is Authorized to Do Applied Ethics? Inherently Political Dimensions of Applied Ethics

A standard view in ethics is that ethical issues concern a different range of human concerns than does politics. This essay goes beyond the long-standing dispute about the extent to which applied ethics needs a commitment to ethical theory. It argues that regardless of the outcome of that dispute, applied ethics, because it presumes something about the nature of authority, rests upon and is implicated in political theory. After internalist and externalist accounts of applied ethics are described, “mixed” approaches are considered that contain inevitable political dimensions. A feminist alternative, Walker’s metaethic of responsibility, shows that authority is best understood as relational and that situations of unequal power are therefore often the places where applied ethics arises. Furthermore, in a democratic society, commitments to democracy should shape the account of authority, and, thus, the nature of applied ethics as well.
Lumen and plaque shape in atherosclerotic coronary arteries assessed by in vivo intracoronary ultrasound.

Current knowledge of lumen and plaque shape of atherosclerotic coronary vessels is derived from in vitro examination of coronary vessels. The in vivo plaque and lumen shape was studied by intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) imaging in 82 patients with coronary artery disease and the images were analyzed by computerized morphometry. In 386 of the 638 cross sections (61%) with atherosclerotic plaque, nondiseased wall (intima thickness 60% had residual nondiseased wall, and 40% of these cross sections showed eccentric plaque. A circular or near-circular lumen (ratio of long/short diameter < 1.1) was found in 252 cross sections (39%), an elliptical lumen in 370 (58%), and a "D"-shaped lumen in 16 cross sections (3%); slit- or star-like lumen shapes were not detected. The ratio of long/short diameter was lower in the 555 noncalcified (1.10 +/- 0.08) than in the 83 calcified cross sections (1.15 +/- 0.08; p < 0.001). Radiographic lumen area measurements were simulated in ellipse models based on the long and short lumen axes measured in the ICUS images. Assuming a single radiographic view, maximal over- or underestimation of up to 40% compared with the true vessel lumen is possible. Errors in lumen area measurements increased with plaque area stenosis, reflecting the more elliptical lumen shape in advanced coronary disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exploring the structure of the space of compilation sequences using randomized search algorithms

Modern optimizing compilers apply a fixed sequence of optimizations, which we call a compilation sequence, to each program that they compile. These compilers let the user modify their behavior in a small number of specified ways, using command-line flags (e.g.,-O1,-O2,...). For five years, we have been working with compilers that automatically select an appropriate compilation sequence for each input program. These adaptive compilers discover a good compilation sequence tailored to the input program, the target machine, and a user-chosen objective function. We have shown, as have others, that program-specific sequences can produce better results than any single universal sequence [1, 7, 10, 21, 23] Our adaptive compiler looks for compilation sequences in a large and complex search space. Its typical compilation sequence includes 10 passes (with possible repeats) chosen from the 16 available--there are 1610 or [1,099,511,627,776] such sequences. To learn about the properties of such spaces, we have studied subspaces that consist of 10 passes drawn from a set of 5 (510 or 9,765,625 sequences). These 10-of-5 subspaces are small enough that we can analyze them thoroughly but large enough to reflect important properties of the full spaces.This paper reports, in detail, on our analysis of several of these subspaces and on the consequences of those observed properties for the design of search algorithms.
A new system for the collection of multiple serial plankton samples

Abstract A new plankton sampler is described which employs the Hardy principle to collect plankton from a half-meter zooplankton net; the strips of filtering gauze are advanced by an electric drive every 30 sec so that a series of discrete samples of this duration, each representing the filtrate from about 20 m 3 of water, is collected. The flow through the mouth of the net, and the temperature and depth range during each sampling period, are recorded on the paper chart of a miniature electronic recorder simultaneously with the collection of plankton samples. The entire system and its power supply are contained in a single underwater vehicle towed on an ordinary non-conducting wire cable. The capability of the model described is about one hour's sampling to a maximum depth of 680 m; in a double oblique tow two samples are obtained, one descending and the other ascending, each comprising about 50 discrete samples representing depth intervals of about 10 m. Sampling may be extended either temporally or spatially with minimal modifications and patchiness may be investigated in any desired sense, be it horizontal, oblique or vertical.
A boundedness theorem for Hom-stacks

The purpose of this note is to prove the following “boundedness” stated in [Ol]. Let X and Y be separated Deligne–Mumford stacks of finite presentation over an algebraic space S and define HomS(X ,Y) as in [Ol, 1.1]. Assume that X is flat and proper over S, and that locally in the fppf topology on S, there exists a finite flat surjection Z → X from an algebraic space Z. Let Y → W be a quasi-finite proper surjection over S to a separated algebraic space W over S of finite presentation. By [Ol, 1.1] we then have Deligne–Mumford stacks HomS(X ,Y) and HomS(X ,W ).
The threshold for stellar winds in hot main-sequence stars

The profiles of ultraviolet resonance lines of C IV were surveyed in a sample of 29 cluster and association members in the spectral type range O9-B2 III-V, together with a few field stars of interest. The temperatures and gravities of the stars were taken from the model atmosphere analysis by Grigsby, Morrison, & Anderson (1992), and the luminosities were estimated on the basis of cluster and association distances from the recent literature. A parameter P(sub w) was defined in order to describe the degree and assymetry of the C IV profile. This parameter, together with total C IV equivalent width, was found to be well correlated with stellar luminosity and temperature. A few anomalous stars were noted: tau Sco, HD 66665, HD 13621, and the ON stars HD12323 and HD 201345. The results suggest a sudden onset of observable mass loss at T(effective) = 27,500 +/- 500 K, log (L/solar luminosity) = 4.4 +/- 0.12, in agreement with the previous study by Prinja (1989). At T(effective) = 28,000 K and log g = 4, our non-LTE model atmospheres show an enhancement in the ground-state population of C(+3) in their topmost layer, which could be responsible for initiation of the winds via radiation pressure on the C(+3) ions, or for the onset of visibility of C(+3) ions in the wind because of an increase in the optical depth in the C IV lines in the outermost layers.
Mucous extravasation phenomenon of the hard palate following periodontal surgery.

postoperative complications following free mucosal autografts are few and of minor consequence. This is a case report of a recurrent palatal swelling occurring 6 weeks to 3 months postoperatively following removal of palatal tissue for a free mucosal autografi. Excision and histologic examination of the recurrent swelling confirmed the clinical diagnosis of mucocele or mucous extravasation phenomenon.
Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in healthy horses.

Five healthy Equidae (4 horses and one pony) were given a single i.v. dose of ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg bwt) to determine the pharmacokinetics and concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Blood was drawn from an i.v. jugular catheter and CSF from a pre-placed, intrathecal catheter. Serum and CSF concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean serum concentration of ceftriaxone was 144.7 micrograms/ml 15 min after injection and declined to 0.3 microgram/ml 10 h after injection. The elimination rate constant (lambda 2) was 0.63 +/- s.e. 0.23/h, the elimination half-life (t 1/2) was 1.62 +/- s.e. 0.42 h and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) was 330.8 +/- 11.8 ml/kg bwt. Clearance was 312.7 +/- 38 ml/h/kg bwt and mean residence time was 1.13 +/- 0.14 h. Mean CSF concentration was 0.60 +/- 0.14 microgram/ml at 3 h after injection and 0.4 +/- 0.31 microgram/ml at 8 h. Ceftriaxone may be useful in the treatment of bacterial infections in horses. Its ability to penetrate the CSF should make it effective in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia: report of a series of 5 cases with long-term follow-up

We report a series of 5 cases of segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia (SOMD) with follow-up periods ranging from 8 to 21 years, bringing the total number of reported cases to 45. SOMD is a sporadic, mesoectodermal dysplasia that presents early in life, possibly as early as in utero and exhibits male gender predominance (1.7:1.0). Its features include enlargement of the soft tissue and/or bone of 1 hemimaxilla that may produce mild facial asymmetry. Subsequent growth of the affected area is proportional to that of the unaffected hemimaxilla. Sclerotic radiographic bone changes and dental developmental abnormalities are also present. The dense bone, which often exhibits a radiographic vertical orientation of the trabecular bone pattern, is typically associated with delayed eruption of the teeth. Congenitally missing premolar teeth (either or both) is a common feature of this condition that is of significant diagnostic value. Although ipsilateral cutaneous findings have been reported in 23%, our cases exhibited none. Computed tomographic imaging demonstrated extensive involvement of the maxillary bone, including the lateral wall and floor of the maxillary sinus and the hard palate. The affected bone presents no impediment to either orthodontic tooth movement or to the successful osteointegration of dental implants. The cause of SOMD is unknown; the clues to the cause of this unusual phenotypic expression are buried in the intricacies of developmental biology within the first branchial arch.
Earthworm populations in septic system filter fields and potential effects on wastewater renovation

Abstract Wastewater renovation in septic-system filter fields can be affected by preferential flow through soil macropores. Anecic earthworm species make deep vertical burrows that may reduce renovation by acting as preferential flow paths that decrease effluent contact with the soil matrix. On the other hand, endogeic earthworms make largely horizontal burrows that may enhance wastewater renovation by distributing the effluent over a larger area. Additionally, the moist, nutrient-rich environment in filter fields may increase earthworm populations by enhancing their survival. Therefore, our objectives were to determine earthworm numbers and biomass with distance from soil treatment trenches, and identify species present to estimate potential effects on wastewater renovation. Five septic systems were investigated. At each site, earthworm populations were measured using formalin extraction at 10 locations along each of three 7-m long transects perpendicular to the trenches. There were an average of 6.4 times more earthworms and 5.4 times more earthworm biomass within 1 m of the trench than in the background (3.5–7.0 m from the trenches) in 13 of the 15 transects. This suggests that earthworms may have a significant effect on the movement of effluent. Because only epigeic and endogeic species were observed, the potential for reduced renovation and groundwater contamination at these sites is likely low. This may not be the case in areas with large numbers of anecic earthworms.
Basic Science Review: A Multistage Model for Human Colon Carcinoma Development Integrating Cell Culture Studies with Pathology

AbstractThere is much clinical and experimental evidence that colon carcinoma in humans evolves through a series of preneoplastic stages. Preneoplastic colonic cells have been characterized in normal-appearing epithelium of “flat mucosae” from patients genetically at risk to develop colon cancer. These cells differ from normal colonic epithelial cells by a delay in terminal differentiation which leads to an enlargement of the zone of dividing cells within the colonic crypt, a test-tube-like hollow cylinder roughly 50-60 cells deep (1,2). These patients include those with familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome and those without polyposis, but with a family history of first-degree relatives with colon cancer. Such crypts with extended proliferative zones are not only characteristic of patients genetically predisposed to develop colon cancer, but are found in patients without any known syndrome who have developed a carcinoma (3). The biopsies were taken at least 4 cm from the tumor, suggesting an area of a...
A new NDT: Evaluation of plastic strains in bulk from displacements on surfaces

Utilisation d'une methode basee sur un usage inverse de la methode des equations integrales frontieres
Acousto-optic modulators for optical fibers using Hertzian contact with a grooved transducer substrate

The authors describe acousto-optic modulators for optical fibers, fabricated by the deposition of thin zinc-oxide transducers onto specially lapped glass capillary tubes. By exposing the inner surface of the capillary and contacting it to an optical fiber of the same diameter, a good Hertzian contact can be easily attained, providing efficient throughput of acoustic energy at frequencies in excess of 1 GHz. A phase modulator for a single-mode fiber has been fabricated in such a manner, achieving a maximum phase retardation of 1.0 rad/W input electrical power at 416 MHz. Its frequency, power, and polarization characteristics are discussed. Also presented are data from a frequency shifter/modal coupler for a two-mode optical fiber. This device achieved 6% power coupling from the fundamental optical mode to the second-order mode with 500 mW input power at 1.03 GHz. Single sideband modulation was observed with >19-dB suppression of the unwanted sideband. The authors also describe the design of an optical tap using the same technology. >
Listening to Discourses of Ethics and Aesthetics

Music, as sound, physically and figuratively transcends previously erected or conceptualized boundaries. Artists and listeners each have the ability to aurally extend their values into new spaces, where others hear them. Passions and ideas gain traction through a constant aural negotiation that exists within the music that individuals use to soundtrack their public and private lives. As argued by the contributors to this roundtable, music both resides within the larger societal and cultural constellations that surround it and helps to shape those dynamics in active ways. Music, as a loosely defined social practice, plays an important role in self-identification. Musical aesthetics provide an avenue through which listeners and performers place themselves within specific social groups. Al-āla and Andalusian genres typically associated with North African elite classes constitute one prominent example that is threaded throughout this roundtable. These social groups are rarely exclusive, however, and musical aesthetics provide a significant set of data through which scholars might read (or, perhaps better put, listen to) the dynamic nature of social institutions and the cultural formations that mold them.
Berezin–Toeplitz quantization on Lie groups

Let K be a connected compact semisimple Lie group and KC its complexification. The generalized Segal-Bargmann space for KC, is a space of square-integrable holomorphic functions on KC, with respect to a K-invariant heat kernel measure. This space is connected to the "Schrodinger" Hilbert space L 2 (K) by a unitary map, the generalized Segal-Bargmann transform. This paper considers certain natural operators on L 2 (K), namely mul- tiplication operators and differential operators, conjugated by the general- ized Segal-Bargmann transform. The main results show that the resulting operators on the generalized Segal-Bargmann space can be represented as Toeplitz operators. The symbols of these Toeplitz operators are expressed in terms of a certain subelliptic heat kernel on KC. I also examine some of the results from an infinite-dimensional point of view based on the work of L. Gross and P. Malliavin.
A Series of Unforeseen Events: The Space Shuttle, Mission Evolution, and Flexibili ty

A common objective in the design of a new space system is that of flexibility, or the capability to easily modify that system in the future in response to a changing environment or changing requirements. The focus of this paper is a case study of the U.S. Space Shuttle to glean some insight into fundamental characteristics of flexibility in human space systems and how this may be applied to future systems. Data is presented on the evolution of mission requirements over time for 120 missions performed by the Space Shuttle over a period of approximately 27 years. Distinct trends in the time domain – as well causes of these trends – are identified, and early manifest plans from 1982 serve as a confirmation that these trends were not originally anticipated. Eight examples are then presented of engineering modifications that allowed the Shuttle to adapt and accommodate these requirement changes. Conclusions are drawn on the nature of flexibility as experienced by the Space Shuttle. Finally, remaining questions are posed regarding how flexibility is considered in the initial stages of design for space systems.
Promoting abstinence among relapsed chronic smokers: the effect of telephone support.

OBJECTIVES: The present study used telephone support both to sustain abstinence and to encourage renewed quit attempts in smokers who had completed an intensive smoking cessation clinic. METHODS: Subjects were hard-core smokers (n = 1083) who had attended a multisession cessation clinic. They were then assigned randomly to receive telephone support (intervention calls 3, 9, and 21 months after the targeted cessation clinic quit date) or no further intervention. RESULTS: In the intervention condition, subjects who relapsed were significantly more likely to resume abstinence (that is, to recycle) than those in the comparison condition at follow-up (6 months: 17.8% vs 11.3%; 24 months: 25.7% vs 18.2%). Telephone support was not effective in preventing relapse, and overall differences in abstinence outcome were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The major hypothesis of the current study--that telephone support would enhance the resumption of abstinence--received partial support. However, there was no evidence eith...
Using OpenMath to present semantics of Geometric Algebra

This research aids in developing of a Physics Markup Language (PML) for the representation of Physical models. By providing a standard way of documenting the physical and mathematical semantics of these physics based models, a Physics Markup Language (PML) will improve communication of model's semantics to support interoperability between physics-based models, such as multi-physics simulation and interoperability with other non-physics based models. Geometric Algebra (GA) is a powerful and practical framework for the representation and solution of geometrical problems. GA is the fundamental underlying mathematics for most physical models. OpenMath is a XML-based markup language for representing and communicating mathematics that tries to combine natural and formal language. This research utilized OpenMath by creating Content Dictionaries, to implement the mathematical semantics for the underlying mathematics, Geometric Algebra.
The Pathologic Spectrum of Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Histoplasmosis

We characterized the pathologic spectrum of lesions in gastrointestinal and hepatic histoplasmosis by studying cases of disseminated disease in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients from endemic and nonendemic areas. We evaluated 56 specimens from 52 patients with HE discrete hepatic granulomas were seen in less than 20% of involved livers. The pathologist must be aware of the broad range of gastrointestinal and hepatic lesions produced by histoplasmosis and, in particular, that well-formed granulomas are rare. Given the appropriate clinical context, histoplasmosis should be considered in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, regardless of pulmonary symptoms, in nonendemic as well as endemic areas.
Valley formation by fluvial and glacial erosion

Cross-valley profiles from the west slope of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, are used to investigate the relative effects of fluvial and glacial erosion on valley formation. Unlike most ranges where glaciers and rivers sequentially occupied the same valleys, neighboring valleys in the Olympic Mountains developed in similar lithologies but were subject to different degrees of glaciation, allowing comparison of the net effect of glacial and fluvial processes integrated over many glacial cycles. Upslope drainage area was used to normalize comparisons of valley width, ridge-crest-to-valley-bottom relief, and valley cross-sectional area as measures of net differences in the mass of rock excavated from below ridgelines for 131 valley-spanning transects. Valley width, relief, and cross-sectional areas are similar for glaciated, partly glaciated, and unglaciated (fluvial) valleys with drainage areas of ,10 km 2 , but diverge downslope. Glaciated valleys draining .50 km 2 reach two to four times the cross-sectional area and have to 500 m greater relief than comparable fluvial valleys; partly glaciated valleys have intermediate dimensions. At distances of .5 km from valley heads, the cumulative upstream volume of rock removed to form valleys is two to four times greater in glacially incised valleys than in fluvial valleys. The finding of strong differences in the net result of valley excavation by fluvial and glacial erosion supports the interpretation that alpine glaciers are more effective erosional agents than are rivers and implies that large alpine valleys deepened and enlarged in response to Pleistocene glaciation.
Monte Carlo simulation of particulate matter segregation

Abstract Size segregation occurs when particulate matter is subjected to some form of shaking or vibration. This segregation has been the subject of much interest to industries dealing with granular materials. We present the results of new Monte Carlo simulations, which provide insight into the essentially geometric origin of the segregation effect. Results show excellent agreement with segregation observed in experimental systems by other researchers.
Mueller matrix retinal imager with optimized polarization conditions

A new Mueller matrix polarimeter was used to image the retinas of normal subjects. Light from a linearly polarized 780 nm laser was passed through a system of variable retarders and scanned across the retina. Light returned from the eye passed through a second system of retarders and a polarizing beamsplitter to two confocal detection channels. Optimization of the polarimetric data reduction matrix was via a condition number metric. The accuracy and repeatability of polarization parameter measurements were within +/- 5%. The magnitudes and orientations of retardance and diattenuation, plus depolarization, were measured over 15 degrees of retina for 15 normal eyes.
A Template Analysis of Teacher Agency at an Academically Successful Dual Language School

Mainstream models of bilingual education view English language learners (ELLs) from a deficiency perspective and engage in the practice of subtractive schooling, which strips the learner of cultural capital that could benefit him or her in terms of educational achievement. Conversely, the dual-language (DL) model is additive in nature, seeking to add English to the student's body of knowledge while at the same time maintaining the first language. Evidence suggests that DL programs have the potential to foster both significant academic achievement and increased cultural awareness in the students they serve. Moreover, researchers have found a pervasive “culture of intellectualism” present in schools with effective DL programs. This culture is characterized by active engagement in learning, including the free exchange of ideas and the promotion of higher order thinking skills. As such, DL programs offer both language-majority and language-minority learners the opportunity to reach advanced levels of academic...
Development and evaluation of a crowdsourcing methodology for knowledge base construction: identifying relationships between clinical problems and medications

Objective We describe a novel, crowdsourcing method for generating a knowledge base of problememedication pairs that takes advantage of manually asserted links between medications and problems. Methods Through iterative review, we developed metrics to estimate the appropriateness of manually entered problememedication links for inclusion in a knowledge base that can be used to infer previously unasserted links between problems and medications. Results Clinicians manually linked 231223 medications (55.30% of prescribed medications) to problems within the electronic health record, generating 41203 distinct problememedication pairs, although not all were accurate. We developed methods to evaluate the accuracy of the pairs, and after limiting the pairs to those meeting an estimated 95% appropriateness threshold, 11166 pairs remained. The pairs in the knowledge base accounted for 183127 total links asserted (76.47% of all links). Retrospective application of the knowledge base linked 68316 medications not previously linked by a clinician to an indicated problem (36.53% of unlinked medications). Expert review of the combined knowledge base, including inferred and manually linked problememedication pairs, found a sensitivity of 65.8% and a specificity of 97.9%. Conclusion Crowdsourcing is an effective, inexpensive method for generating a knowledge base of problememedication pairs that is automatically mapped to local terminologies, up-to-date, and reflective of local prescribing practices and trends.
Taxonomic Status of Etheostoma denoncourti Stauffer and van Snik

Abstract The upper Tennessee River drainage populations of Etheostoma tippecanoe Jordan and Evermann were recently elevated to specific status with the description of the Golden Darter, Etheostoma denoncourti Stauffer and van Snik. In the description, the Duck River system was included as part of the range of E. denoncourti, although no specimens from that system were examined. Evaluation of the taxonomic status of the Duck River system population of E. denoncourti was conducted using meristic, morphometric, and nuptial coloration characters. The Duck River population was compared with other Tennessee River drainage populations of E. denoncourti and with Cumberland and Ohio drainage populations of E. tippecanoe. The Duck River population appears to be unique based strictly on meristics; however, it is similar to other E. denoncourti populations by nuptial coloration, presence of cheek scales behind the eye, and the complete separation of the posterior nasal openings from the interorbital canal. Etheostoma...
Catalysis in competing isocyanate reactions. I. Effect of organotin–tertiary amine catalysts on phenyl isocyanate and N-butanol reaction

An analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed to investigate the competing isocyanate reactions under the influence of various catalysts. The kinetics of the model reaction between phenyl isocyanate and n-butanol was studied in acetonitrile at 50°C. Effects of various catalysts such as an organotin compound, dibutyltin dilaurate, and tertiary amines, 1,4-diazabicyclo-(2,2,2)octane,N,N′,N″-pentamethyldiprophylene triamine,N,N′N″-tris(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-hexahydrotriazine, and N,N,N′-trimethylaminoethyl-ethanolamine on the reaction rate and the formation of reaction products were investigated. The reactions were followed by determining the NCO disappearance using the standard di-n-butylamine back-titration method as well as measuring the formation of various reaction products using the HPLC method. The relative specificity of a catalyst in isocyanate reactions can thus be determined from the profile of the model reaction which depends upon the structure of the catalyst employed.
What Would the World Be Like Without Animals for Food, Fiber, and Labor? Are We Morally Obligated To Do Without Them?

Numerous animal rights and animal liberation theorists have concluded that nonhuman animals have moral standing and noninterference rights. Therefore, they say that humans are morally obligated to stop using animals for food, fiber, labor, and research. I disagree with that conclusion for at least 2 reasons. First, it has been suggested that food production models are possible using large herbivores that might actually cause less harm (kill) to animals than a vegan food production model. This is because intensive crop production used to produce food for a vegan diet kills (harms) far more animals of the field than extensive agriculture (pasture production). So, a combined food production system that includes crops and pasture harvested by large herbivores to be used for human food may kill fewer animals than would a vegan-crop model. Second, pragmatically, it is improbable that all peoples of the world could ever be convinced that they must give up animals. In fact, it may be unethical to try to do that, because in poor countries, these animals are essential to the survival of the human populations. But what about the richer nations? Maybe they will or should be convinced to do without animals because of the moral strength of the animal rights and animal liberation theories. However, I believe that there are far too many obstacles for that to happen. What then are we morally obligated to do about animals? I suggest that animals do have moral standing, and that we are morally obligated to recognize their unique species-specific natures and treat them accordingly. That would mean treating animals according to their physical and behavioral needs or telos. That, I believe, is the most likely outcome of the conversation about animal rights.
Real-Time Collaborative Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSN) have shown success in distributed real-time signal processing systems. In collaborative signal processing environments, each sensor is responsible for extracting pertinent information from the surrounding environment and transmitting it to other sensors and/or to the main processing station. Often times, the sensors operate under a number of constraints, such as limited processing power and low bandwidth. In this paper we propose a collaborative signal processing framework that is implemented in an acoustic monitoring scenario. A low-complexity voice activity detector and a gender classifier are implemented on the Crossbow sensor motes. A series of experiments are presented that characterize the performance of the algorithms under varying SNR conditions and in different environments.
Amharic Relatives and Possessives: Definiteness, Agreement, and the Linker

Ouhalla's (2004) valuable discussion of relativized and possessed noun phrases in Amharic leaves a number of questions open. Foremost among these is the placement of the linker element ya-. Starting from an analysis of relative clauses and possessors as predicates of their “heads,” this article develops a syntax of complex noun phrases in Amharic that explains the raison d'etre and placement of ya-, and also accommodates facts about definiteness marking and agreement in the Amharic complex noun phrase that have hitherto largely escaped attention or analysis. The analysis emphasizes the role of Predicate Inversion and head movement in syntax, and it confirms and extends the minimalist Agree- and phase-based approach to syntactic relationships.
Posttranscriptional regulation of adrenal TH gene expression contributes to the maladaptive responses triggered by insulin-induced recurrent hypoglycemia

Acute metabolic stress such as insulin-induced hypoglycemia triggers a counterregulatory response during which the release of catecholamines (epinephrine), the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme and subsequent compensatory catecholamine biosynthesis occur in the adrenal medulla. However, recurrent exposure to hypoglycemia (RH), a consequence of tight glycemic control in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compromises this physiological response. The molecular mechanisms underlying the maladaptive response to repeated glucose deprivation are incompletely understood. We hypothesize that impaired epinephrine release following RH reflects altered regulation of adrenal catecholamine biosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effect of single daily (RH) and twice-daily episodes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia (2RH) on adrenal epinephrine release and production in normal rats. Control animals received saline injections under similar conditions (RS and 2RS, respectively). Following 3 days of treatment, we assessed the counterregulatory hormonal responses during a hypoglycemic clamp. Changes in adrenal TH gene expression were also analyzed. The counterregulatory responses, relative TH transcription and TH mRNA levels and Ser40-TH phosphorylation (marker for enzyme activation) were induced to a similar extent in RS, 2RS, and RH groups. In contrast, epinephrine and glucagon responses were attenuated in the 2RH group and this was associated with a limited elevation of adrenal TH mRNA, rapid inactivation of TH enzyme and no significant changes in TH protein. Our results suggest that novel posttranscriptional mechanisms controlling TH mRNA and activated TH enzyme turnover contribute to the impaired epinephrine responses and may provide new therapeutic targets to prevent HAAF.
Supply chain planning for hurricane response with wind speed information updates

This paper introduces a stochastic inventory control problem that is relevant to proactive disaster recovery planning as it relates to preparing for potential hurricane activity. In particular, we consider a manufacturing or retail organization who experiences demand surge for items such as flashlights, batteries, and gas-powered generators, where the magnitude of demand surge is influenced by various characteristics of an ensuing storm. The planning horizon begins during the initial stages of storm development, when a particular tropical depression or disturbance is first observed, and ends when the storm dissipates. Since hurricane characteristics can be predicted with more accuracy during the later stages of the planning horizon relative to the earlier stages, the inventory control problem is formulated as an optimal stopping problem with Bayesian updates, where the updates are based on hurricane predictions. A dynamic programming algorithm is described to solve the problem, and several examples involving real hurricane wind speed data are presented to illustrate the methodology.
Accurate alignment and high function after kinematically aligned TKA performed with generic instruments

Purpose Performing kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with generic instruments is less costly than patient-specific instrumentation; however, the alignment and function with this new technique are unknown.