cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical materials for use with excimer lasers

Synthetic UV-grade fused silica, crystalline fluorides, and dielectric coatings have been evaluated for transparency and durability at 193 nm. Most bulk materials eventually develop color centers, and fused silica also changes its density and index of refraction. However, the rate at which these changes occur and their magnitude vary strongly with material, grade, and other more subtle details. Careful selection and possibly pretesting are recommended, in order to ensure optimal matching between the intended application and the material properties.
Spin-Orbital Texture in Topological Insulators

For three-dimensional topological insulators in the Bi2Se3 family, topological surface states with p(z) orbitals have a left-handed spin texture for the upper Dirac cone and a right-handed spin texture for the lower Dirac cone. In this work, we predict a new form of the spin-orbital texture associated with the p(x) and p(y) orbitals. For the upper Dirac cone, a left-handed (right-handed) spin texture is coupled to the "radial" ("tangential") orbital texture, whereas for the lower Dirac cone, the coupling of spin and orbital textures is the exact opposite. The "tangential" ("radial") orbital texture is dominant for the upper (lower) Dirac cone, leading to the right-handed spin texture for the in-plane orbitals of both the upper and lower Dirac cones. A spin-resolved and photon polarized angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiment is proposed to observe this novel spin-orbital texture.
Functional Interaction of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen with MSH2-MSH6 and MSH2-MSH3 Complexes

Eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair requires the concerted action of several proteins, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and heterodimers of MSH2 complexed with either MSH3 or MSH6. Here we report that MSH3 and MSH6, but not MSH2, contain N-terminal sequence motifs characteristic of proteins that bind to PCNA. MSH3 and MSH6 peptides containing these motifs bound PCNA, as did the intact Msh2-Msh6 complex. This binding was strongly reduced when alanine was substituted for conserved residues in the motif. Yeast strains containing alanine substitutions in the PCNA binding motif of Msh6 or Msh3 had elevated mutation rates, indicating that these interactions are important for genome stability. When human MSH3 or MSH6 peptides containing the PCNA binding motif were added to a human cell extract, mismatch repair activity was inhibited at a step preceding DNA resynthesis. Thus, MSH3 and MSH6 interactions with PCNA may facilitate early steps in DNA mismatch repair and may also be important for other roles of these eukaryotic MutS homologs.
Effects of surface roughness on the surface-polariton dispersion relation

The effects of surface roughness on the dispersion relation for surface polaritons at the rough interface between vacuum and a semi-infinite dielectric medium, characterized by an isotropic dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, have been determined. An integral equation is established for the Green's function for the matrix differential operator in Maxwell's equation for the macroscopic electric field in the presence of a rough interface, in terms of the corresponding Green's function in the presence of a plane interface. On the assumption that the Fourier coefficients of the surface roughness profile function are Gaussianly distributed random variables the integral equation can be solved. The position of the pole in the resulting solution corresponding to the frequency of the surface polariton has been determined through terms of $O({\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2})$, where ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}$ is the mean-square deviation of the surface from flatness. The resulting expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the surface-polariton dispersion relation are evaluated for two different choices of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, the first corresponding to a diatomic polar crystal of cubic symmetry, the second corresponding to intraband transitions in a metal or semiconductor with free carriers. The effects of surface roughness are found to be significant only for wavelengths of the surface polariton comparable with or longer than the transverse correlation length characterizing the horizontal distribution of surface roughness.
A novel synthetic method for (R)- and (S)-muscones by enantioselective hydrogenation of (E)- and (Z)-3-methyl-2-cyclopentadecen-1-ones catalyzed by p-tolyl-BINAP-Ru(II) complexes

A novel and practical synthesis of (R)- and (S)-muscones by the asymmetric hydrogenation of (E)- and (Z)-3-methyl-2-cyclopentadecen-1-ones catalyzed by p-tolyl-BINAP-Ru(II) complexes has been achieved in nearly complete enantioselectivity.
Intelligence Tests and Social Policy

Snyderman, M., & Herrnstein, R.J. (1983). Intelligence tests and the Immigration Act of 1924. American Psychologist, 38, 986–995.
The Malfunctioning Silastic Catheter—Radiologic Assessment and Treatment

Occlusion of silastic catheters is attributed to several documented causes. One factor not yet adequately documented is fibrin sleeve formation. In this instance, the catheter functions for infusion purposes, but blood withdrawal is no longer feasible. This is a troublesome occurrence when encountered in the clinical setting. This report reviews the assessment of fibrin sleeve formation, the use of catheter phlebography and treatment with low-dose streptokinase. Seventeen instances of the inability to aspirate blood from silastic catheters are evaluated with restoration of full catheter function in all cases after streptokinase administration. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition10:70-73, 1986)
Phosphorylation of Phosphatase Inhibitor-2 at Centrosomes during Mitosis

Inhibitor-2 (I-2) is a regulator of protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1), known to be phosphorylated in vitro by multiple kinases. In particular Thr72 is a Thr-Pro phosphorylation site conserved from yeast to human, but there is no evidence that this phosphorylation responds to any physiological signals. Here, we used electrophoretic mobility shift and immunoblotting with a site-specific phospho-Thr72 antibody to establish Thr72 phosphorylation in HeLa cells and show a 25-fold increase in phosphorylation during mitosis. Mass spectrometry demonstrated I-2 in actively growing HeLa cells was also phosphorylated at three other sites, Ser120, Ser121, and an additional Ser located between residues 70 and 90. In vitro kinase assays using recombinant I-2 as a substrate showed that the Thr72 kinase(s) was activated during mitosis, and sensitivity to kinase inhibitors indicated that the principal I-2 Thr72 kinase was not GSK3 but instead a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. Immunocytochemistry confirmed Thr72 phosphorylation of I-2 during mitosis, with peak intensity at prophase, and revealed subcellular concentration of the phospho-Thr72 I-2 at centrosomes. Together, the data show dynamic changes in I-2 phosphorylation during mitosis and localization of phosphorylated I-2 at centrosomes, suggesting involvement in mammalian cell division.
Secretagogue induced calcium mobilization in single pancreatic acinar cells

Microspectrofluorometry of fura-2 was utilized to monitor [Ca2+]i in single acinar cells stimulated with a cholinergic agonist and cholecystokinin. A similar amplitude of agonist induced Ca mobilization between single cell and populational approaches was observed. New findings in single cells not observable in populations of cells include: 1) the maintenance of a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i above basal levels throughout agonist application, 2) the reloading of the agonist-sensitive Ca pool only following removal of the agonist and 3) the presence of oscillations of [Ca2+]i in response to agonist application which is enhanced at lower agonist concentrations.
Do resources aid in supply chain functioning and management? Yes, but more (and more precise) research is needed

We highlight key contributions from the special topic forum (STF) articles and detail findings from a survey of researchers interested in the role of resources on supply chain functioning and management. We assert that the STF articles have closed important gaps between what needed to be known and is now known about how and when resources aid supply chains. However, the survey findings suggest that researchers who invoke theories of resources need to be more precise in their theoretical exposition and that future research needs to focus more heavily on the role of resources not just within, but also beyond a firm's boundaries (i.e., interfirm), and how those resources aid supply chains. The survey findings also suggest that future supply chain studies should focus more on investigating contingency relationships, and �fitting� research designs to address the specific research question of interest. Broadly speaking, we conclude that resources within and across firm boundaries are vital to supply chain functioning and management, but that as research evolves, new insights might be best characterized by studies that take stock of critical contingencies.
Treatment of Test Anxiety by Applied Relaxation and Cue-Controlled Relaxation

Several procedures have been used to produce relaxation and thus reduce test anxiety. The purpose of this study was to compare three types of treatment of test anxiety: applied relaxation, cognitive cue-controlled relaxation, and conditioned cue-controlled relaxation. Also, cognitive and conditioning explanations for the two cue-controlled treatments were explored Subjects were female undergraduates (N = 18) scoring in the upper 15% of the distribution of 1,055 students completing the Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale. Pre- and post-treatment scores on several self-report and performance measures of anxiety were used to evaluate the efficiency of each technique. Most statistically significant changes were obtained in the applied relaxation group. No significant differences were found between the two cue-controlled procedures used in the study. Recommendations concerning future investigations are discussed; specific procedural modifications for future studies are outlined.
Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease A case‐control study

A case-control study was conducted to assess personal and family medical history and the appearance of Alzheimer9s disease. We compared 98 men with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer9s disease and 162 controls, matched by sex, year of birth, and town of residence. Family history of dementia and personal history of depression were more frequent in patients. The number of cigarettes smoked was geater in cases.
Isomorphism of subshifts is a universal countable borel equivalence relation

We use the theory of Borel equivalence relations to analyze the equivalence relation of isomorphism among one-dimensional subshifts. We show that this equivalence relation is a universal countable Borel equivalence relation, so that it admits no definable complete invariants fundamentally simpler than the equivalence classes. We also see that the classification of higher dimensional subshifts up to isomorphism has the same complexity as for the one-dimensional case.
Color Tint Matching by Children

160 children, 10 males and 10 females each from age levels 3 through 10, made color tint matchings with 2 sets of materials. An 8 × 2 × 4 factorial design was employed. The results showed: (a) Ss matched figures with fewer errors than they made in matching squares; (b) success in color matching varied with age; (c) red, yellow, blue, and green were not discriminated with the same relative accuracy at all age levels; (d) Ss matched figures of most preferred-least preferred colors with fewer errors than squares of most preferred-least preferred colors; (e) the most preferred color was blue, followed by red, green, and yellow; and (f) no sex differences were observed.
Clinical Leadership Development in Accelerated Baccalaureate Nursing Students: An Education Innovation

Nursing faculty members are responsible for assuring competence and safety in the preparation of prelicensure students who are preparing to deliver care in diverse settings. The growing complexity of care and the rapid expansion of knowledge have challenged the adequacy of traditional educational approaches. Proposed solutions have encouraged closer integration of classroom and clinical teaching. This article describes an integrated instructional approach to developing clinical leadership competencies in a cohort of accelerated, second-degree, baccalaureate nursing students. Fifty-six students completed an intensive clinical experience in long-term care settings in which they used evidence on improving care for persons with heart failure to practice the principles of delegation and supervision with nursing staff. The pre- and postassessments indicated improvement in heart failure knowledge and increased readiness for delegation and supervision of certified nursing assistants. As one component of the learning experience, the students completed reflection journals. The entries in the students' journals revealed five themes: (a) low leadership self-efficacy, (b) managing the credibility gap, (c) flexibility in communication strategies, (d) RN accountability in delegation and supervision, and (e) knowledge dissemination with diverse nursing staff. Students and faculty judged the learning experience to be successful and supported the experience for future cohorts of students. This report is one example of how innovative learning experiences could be developed to increase the "real-world" aspects of clinical care within a multidisciplinary team context for the entry-level learner.
Effects ofd-lysergic acid diethylamide and 2-brom-lysergic acid diethylamide on dominance behavior of the rat

Abstract Two dose-response experiments showed that LSD-25 and BOL-148 inhibited dominance behavior in the rats in a food competition situation. Peak effects of LSD-25 and of BOL-148 occurred 15 min and 45 min, respectively, after intraperitoneal injection. The two dose-response curves show that percent inhibition of dominance behavior is an increasing monotonic function of dose. The ED50 shown by LSD-25 and BOL-148 curves are 0.0085 mgkg and 0.75 mgkg, respectively. The much lower ED50 shown by the LSD-25 curve as compared with that of BOL-148 suggests that LSD-25 is a significantly more potent dominance inhibitor than is BOL-148.
Sustaining a digital collection after the grants: the Early Washington Maps Project

OCLC Systems & Services Services International Digital Library Perspectives, v. 22, no. 1 (2006).
FM Stereo Multiplex Demodulation with a Non-Symmetrical Waveform

F. M. Stereo Multiplex Demodulation is typically performed by (1) product detection and matrixing, or (2) square wave switching. In either case great emphasis has been placed upon utilizing a symmetrical waveform; that is, a non-distorted cosine wave in case (1), and a square wave with 50% duty cycle in case (2).
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol: Isotopic Labeling and Transient Reaction

Transient reaction techniques were combined with isotope labeling to study the reaction steps for the room-temperature, photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of ethanol on TiO2. Carbon-13 labeled ethanol (CH313CH2OH) was adsorbed on the catalyst and photocatalytically oxidized in the absence of gas-phase ethanol. The amounts of species remaining on the surface after PCO were determined by temperature-programmed oxidation. During PCO, only CO2 and H2O formed for low coverages of ethanol, whereas acetaldehyde also desorbed for saturation coverage. Acetaldehyde forms rapidly from ethanol oxidation during PCO. At both low and high ethanol coverages, the α-carbon is preferentially oxidized and thus 13CO2 forms faster than 12CO2 at short illumination times. At longer times, the rates of 13CO2 and 12CO2 formation are nearly identical. The difference in behavior between 13CO2 and 12CO2 formation suggests two parallel reactions of ethanol, which may be due to two adsorption sites on TiO2.
Acidic fog-induced changes in host-plant suitability : Interactions ofTrichoplusia ni andPhaseolus lunatus.

Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P > 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P < 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
Meaning of the Repression-Sensitization scale: defensive style or self-report of symptoms of psychopathology.

Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) scale assesses self-reported symptoms of psychopathology. In Study 1, 42 subjects were assigned randomly to groups that received differing instructions on the extent to which they should report experiencing distress and reveal personal problems. This manipulation produced highly significant group differences and accounted for most of the variability in R-S scale scores. In Study 2, R-S scale scores and scores of the Health Opinion Survey were correlated in a sample of 100 subjects. The high correlation obtained for these two measures suggests that both measures assess the same dimension, i.e., self-report of symptoms of psychopathology. The results of these studies indicate that the R-S scale is influenced so powerfully by self-report of symptoms of psychopathology that its usefulness in assessing repression-sensitization is questionable.
The cDNAs encoding two forms of the LYN protein tyrosine kinase are expressed in rat mast cells and human myeloid cells

Abstract Two isoforms of lck / yes -related n ovel (LYN) protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) appear to play a role in B-cell-IgM and FcP E RI receptor signaling. The cDNAs lynA and lynB encoding these two forms were isolated and sequenced; they were derived from rat mucosal mast cell and human myeloid cell lines. The nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences share 94 and 97% identity between rat and mouse lyn , respectively, and 88 and 96% identity between rat and human lyn . In all three species, a region of 20 aa is uniformly inserted at an identical site and its sequence is highly conserved. This suggests an important regulatory role for this region mediated by this PTK.
Calculation of magnetic susceptibilities of diatomic molecules : VII. Heteronuclear molecules

Abstract The diamagnetic susceptibilities of a number of homonuclear diatomic molecules are evaluated from LCAO-MO-SCF functions by means of the method of gauge invariant atomic orbitals. The results are -32.683 for Li 2 , -31.381 for Be 2 , -20.496 for C 2 , -13.837 for N 2 and -18.579 for F 2 , where the susceptibilities are expressed in terms of cgs units × 10 -6 . The agreement with the available experimental result and with other calculations is satisfactory.
Liquid capillary waveguide application in absorbance spectroscopy (Reply to the comment by Byrne and Kaltenbacher)

quartz/polymer waveguides offers strong advantages in the measurement of CDOM in seawater. The need to carefully match the refractive indices of natural and reference solutions (very challenging in estuarine waters) can be mitigated or eliminated entirely. It is highly desirable to conduct CDOM measurements using waveguides that do not propagate light across optical interfaces. The best means of achieving this objective is the use of waveguides in which the liquid core is in direct physical contact with walls that have a lower index of refraction than water. Additionally, we note that if such an LCW (i.e., nT , nW) is itself immersed in water, any light propagating within the Teflon wall will efficiently exit the LCW. In this case, even for poorly collimated light, only light traveling solely within the LCW liquid core will reach the detector. We are currently using an LCW of this design for in situ measurements of analytes in seawater (Steimle et al. pers. comm.). As a final note on the practicality of these waveguides. A 50-cm quartz/polymer LCW is currently sold commercially for roughly US $1300, whereas a 50-cm length of a Teflon AF-2400 LCW costs approximately US $100.
Strategic Collaboration Between Nonprofits and Businesses

Collaboration between nonprofits and businesses is increasing and becoming more strategically important. Based on 15 case studies, this article presents a cross-sector collaboration framework consi...
Temporal integration vs. parallel processing: coping with the variability of neuronal messages in directional hearing of insects

The behaviour of many animals indicates a high precision in the processing of sensory signals, which often seems at odds with the large variability of individual neuronal responses. Using the directional hearing of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus (Ch. biguttulus) as a model system, we investigated the possible contributions of temporal integration and parallel processing at the receptor level to the observed behavioural acuity. The precision of the animals' phonotactic orientation behaviour to stimuli of different durations was measured and compared with the spiking responses of auditory receptor cells, leading to the following results. A behavioural decision based on integrating the spikes from a pair of receptors (one cell in each ear) over a 1000-ms time window would substantially decrease the error probability, compared with evaluating a 250-ms period. The animal as a whole, however, responded as precisely to a 250 ms stimulus as to a stimulus of natural duration (c. 1000 ms). A phonotactic decision based on a 1.5 dB intensity difference between the ears corresponds to a spike count difference of approximately 1 spike per 100 ms in a pair of receptors. As these differences are in the order of the statistical spike count fluctuations, the error probabilities for an ideal observer of the spike count are substantially higher (13-18%) than the errors observed in the behavioural tests (only 5%). We conclude that the animals' nervous system has to sample information from a pool of 6-13 receptors to arrive at the observed behavioural precision.
Pest control experiments show benefits of complexity at landscape and local scales

Farms benefit from pest control services provided by nature, but management of these services requires an understanding of how habitat complexity within and around the farm impacts the relationship between agricultural pests and their enemies. Using cage experiments, this study measures the effect of habitat complexity across scales on pest suppression of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae in broccoli. Our results reveal that proportional reduction of pest density increases with complexity both at the landscape scale (measured by natural habitat cover in the 1 km around the farm) and at the local scale (plant diversity). While high local complexity can compensate for low complexity at landscape scales and vice versa, a delay in natural enemy arrival to locally complex sites in simple landscapes may compromise the enemies' ability to provide adequate control. Local complexity in simplified landscapes may only provide adequate top-down pest control in cooler microclimates with relatively low aphid colonization rates. Even so, strong natural enemy function can be overwhelmed by high rates of pest reproduction or colonization from nearby source habitat.
Exact fault simulation for systems on silicon that protects each core's intellectual property (IP)

We present a fault simulation approach for multicore systems on silicon (SOC) (a) that provides exact fault coverage for the entire SOC, (b) does so without revealing any intellectual property (IP) of core vendors, and (c) whose run time is comparable to that required by the existing approaches that require all IP to be revealed. This fault simulator assumes a full scan SOC design and is first in a suite of simulation, test generation, and DFT tools that are currently under development. The proposed approach allows flexibility in selection of a test methodology for SOC, reduces test application cost and area and performance overheads, and allows more comprehensive testing.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC COMPARISONS OF GOLDEN CRAYFISH, ORCONECTES LUTEUS, AND RUSTY CRAYFISH, O. RUSTICUS, WITH RANGE CORRECTIONS IN IOWA AND MINNESOTA

Abstract The distribution of the rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, has been purported to include large portions of Iowa and Minnesota among many other states, whereas the golden crayfish, O. luteus, has been reported from Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Illinois. Recent collections made in several river basins in Iowa and southern Minnesota and examination of museum specimens collected in Iowa revealed that many records attributed to O. rusticus are in fact O. luteus. We provide a suite of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, both morphological and genetic, that distinguish O. luteus and O. rusticus and also demonstrate that female O. luteus exhibit form alternation. Comparisons of mitochondrial 16S rRNA haplotypes among populations of O. luteus, O. rusticus, O. cf. rusticus, O. placidus, and O. virilis revealed relatively high levels of sequence divergence among taxa as well as within some taxa. We conclude that O. luteus is a native species in Iowa and southern Minnesota with introduced popu...
Creating model-based adaptive environments using game-specific and game-independent analytics

My research involves creating and evaluating adaptive game environments using player models created with data-driven techniques and algorithms. I hypothesize that I will be able to change parts of a game to elicit certain behaviors from players, and that these changes will also result in an increase of engagement and/or intrinsic motivation. Initial results in my testbed game, Scrabblesque, indicate that data-driven models and techniques can be used to influence player behavior and that these changes in play behavior manifest themselves as an increase in engagement and intrinsic motivation.
A study in transfer learning: Leveraging data from multiple hospitals to enhance hospital-specific predictions

Background Data-driven risk stratification models built using data from a single hospital often have a paucity of training data. However, leveraging data from other hospitals can be challenging owing to institutional differences with patients and with data coding and capture. Objective To investigate three approaches to learning hospital-specific predictions about the risk of hospitalassociated infection with Clostridium difficile, and perform a comparative analysis of the value of different ways of using external data to enhance hospital-specifi cp redictions. Materials and methods We evaluated each approach on 132 853 admissions from three hospitals, varying in size and location. The first approach was a single-task approach, in which only training data from the target hospital (ie, the hospital for which the model was intended) were used. The second used only data from the other two hospitals. The third approach jointly incorporated data from all hospitals while seeking a solution in the target space. Results The relative performance of the three different approaches was found to be sensitive to the hospital selected as the target. However, incorporating data from all hospitals consistently had the highest performance. Discussion The results characterize the challenges and opportunities that come with (1) using data or models from collections of hospitals without adapting them to the site at which the model will be used, and (2) using only local data to build models for small institutions or rare events. Conclusions We show how external data from other hospitals can be successfully and efficiently incorporated into hospital-specifi cm odels.
Using an ensemble of classifiers to audit a production classifier

After deploying a classifier in production it is essential to support its lifecycle. This paper describes the application of an ensemble of classifiers to support two stages of the lifecycle of an on-line classifier used to underwrite life insurance applications: the monitoring of its decisions quality and the updating of the production classifier over time. All combinations of five classification methods and seven fusion methods were assessed from the perspective of accuracy and pairwise diversity of the classifiers, and accuracy, precision, and coverage of the fused classifiers. The proposed architecture consists of three off-line classifiers and a fusion module.
Rubber Emissivity and the Thermal State of Tires

Abstract An experimental procedure is described for obtaining accurate values of emissivity for materials of low thermal conductivity such as rubber. This procedure is then used to obtain data for the emissivity of tire tread, white sidewall, black sidewall, and inner‐liner surfaces. The significance of these results to infrared (IR) temperature measurement and to the analytical modeling of the thermal state of a tire is discussed.
Humoral Immune Responses in the Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome

The immunologic responses that mediate viral clearance of and recovery from hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) due to Sin Nombre (SN) virus are unknown. Serial serum samples from 26 patients with acute SN virus infection were tested for IgG, IgA, and IgM reactivity to recombinant viral nucleocapsid (N) and glycoprotein G1 antigens by a novel strip immunoblot assay. The titers of antibodies capable of neutralizing SN virus in vitro also were determined for each sample. At admission, patients with severe disease had lower titers of IgG antibodies to SN virus N antigen ( ) and lower neutralizing antibody titers P ! .033 ( ), compared with patients with mild disease. These data suggest that a strong 25 P ! 3.4 3 10 neutralizing antibody response may be a predictor of effective clearance of and recovery from SN virus infection and raise the possibility that passive immunotherapy may be useful in HCPS.
Low Upper Limit to Methane Abundance on Mars

By analogy with Earth, methane in the Martian atmosphere is a potential signature of ongoing or past biological activity. During the past decade, Earth-based telescopic observations reported “plumes” of methane of tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv), and those from Mars orbit showed localized patches, prompting speculation of sources from subsurface bacteria or nonbiological sources. From in situ measurements made with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on Curiosity using a distinctive spectral pattern specific to methane, we report no detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of 0.18 ± 0.67 ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence level), which reduces the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars and limits the recent contribution from extraplanetary and geologic sources.
Smoothing the integration path: key elements in the design of data interfaces and simulators

The integration phase of a satellite program is sometimes filled with unpleasant surprises, particularly in the area of data interfaces among the spacecraft and instruments. Clearly defining the data interfaces is often relegated to the low priority list. Yet, due to the aggressive schedule associated with small satellite programs, surprises at integration time are something the program can ill afford. This paper will present guidelines to follow when designing data interfaces which can help to keep development costs down, increase the likelihood of a common interpretation of the interface, and facilitate the development of low-cost interface simulators. The paper will define what constitutes an interface "concept of operations" and describe why it is so critical to mission success. Finally, the paper discusses the keys to designing effective, low-cost data interface simulators which will both smooth the path to integration and provide a useful tool during on-orbit operations.
Expect a Different Story: Portraying the Contemporary Plateau

By Hand through Memory. Henry J. Casey Hall of Plateau Indians, The High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon, permanent installation. Native Arts of the Columbia Plateau: The Doris Swayze Bounds Collection. Susan E. Harless. ed. Seattle: The University of Washington Press. Published in Association with The High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon, 1998. 136 pp.
Protected, user-level DMA for the SHRIMP network interface

Traditional DMA requires the operating system to perform many tasks to initiate a transfer, with overhead on the order of hundreds or thousands of CPU instructions. This paper describes a mechanism, called User-level Direct Memory Access (UDMA), for initiating DMA transfers of input/output data, with full protection, at a cost of only two user-level memory references. The UDMA mechanism uses existing virtual memory translation hardware to perform permission checking and address translation without kernel involvement. The implementation of the UDMA mechanism is simple, requiring a small extension to the traditional DMA controller and minimal operating system kernel support. The mechanism can be used with a wide variety of I/O devices including network interfaces, data storage devices such as disks and tape drives, and memory-mapped devices such as graphics frame-buffers. As an illustration, we describe how we used UDMA in building network interface hardware for the SHRIMP multicomputer.
The effect of simulated acid rain on growth of root systems of Scindapsus aureus

The effect of acid rain on root systems has not been adequately studied. This study examined the effect of simulated acid rain on the root systems of a common tropical vine. Cuttings (10 cm) of Scindapsus aureus were grown for 7 weeks without soil in deionized water in which the pH was adjusted with sulfuric acid to 2.25, 3.26, 4.4, 5.5, and 6.5 (no acid added). Tap water (pH=8.1) was also examined. Root number and total root length were measured at baseline and after 7 weeks. Stock water at the initial pH was used to maintain the water level weekly. There were no differences in either root number or root length in any of plants in pH 4.4 or greater. Plants at the two lowest pH settings did not produce significant roots. Healthy plants (pH≥4.4) acidified the water’s pH in which they were growing to 4.4-5.4. The pH of plants in more acidic pH remained unchanged. Some roots prefer a more acidic pH. If this is characteristic is widespread, the effect of acid rain on plant root systems may be less severe than anticipated.
Automation procedures for air traffic management: a token-based approach

A token-based air traffic management paradigm is presented that enables the de-coupling of: (1) the air traffic control system (ATCS) task to maintain safety; and (2) airline operational center (AOC) goal to choose optimal flight paths. Under the token-based paradigm, each local area (sector) issues tokens that permit entry to that region of space over an assigned period of time. The number of tokens is limited by the ATCS to guarantee admission and safe passage to the destination point in the sector within a pre-specified time-interval. The token-based paradigm allows AOCs to freely trade the tokens between different aircraft and to choose desirable flight paths by choosing the sequences of sectors (as long as the AOC can procure the needed tokens). Although, the aircraft is forced to fly along established routes in each sector, the flexibility in choice of sectors may meet the AOC's needs for freedom.
A Broad, Quantitative Model for Making Early Requirements Decisions

Although detailed information is typically scarce during a project's early phases, developers frequently need to make key decisions about trade-offs among quality requirements. Developers in many fields-including systems, hardware, and software engineering-routinely make such decisions on the basis of a shallow of the situation or on past experience, which might be irrelevant to the current a consequence, developers can get locked into what is ultimately an inferior design or pay a significant price to reverse such earlier decisions later in the process. By coarsely quantifying relevant factors, a risk-assessment model helps hardware and software engineers make trade-offs among quality requirements early in development.
Dying by irreconcilable numbers.

To purchase reprints, contact The InnoVision Group, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656. Phone, (800) 809-2273 or (949) 362-2050 (ext 532); fax, (949) 362-2049; e-mail, reprints@aacn.org. By Christopher W. Bryan-Brown, MD, and Kathleen Dracup, RN, DNSc. From the Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (CWB-B), and the School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (KD).
Parameter Sensitivity and Boundedness of Robotic Hybrid Periodic Orbits

Abstract Model-based nonlinear controllers like feedback linearization and control Lyapunov functions are highly sensitive to the model parameters of the robot. This paper addresses the problem of realizing these controllers in a particular class of hybrid models-systems with impulse effects-through a parameter sensitivity measure. This measure quantifies the sensitivity of a given model-based controller to parameter uncertainty along a particular trajectory By using this measure, output boundedness of the controller (computed torque+PD) will be analyzed. Given outputs that characterize the control objectives, i.e., the goal is to drive these outputs to zero, we consider Lyapunov functions obtained from these outputs. The main result of this paper establishes the ultimate boundedness of the output dynamics in terms of this measure via these Lyapunov functions under the assumption of stable hybrid zero dynamics. This is demonstrated in simulation on a 5-DOF underactuated bipedal robot.
Thermal Tactics of Air-Breathing and Non Air-Breathing Gobiids Inhabiting Mangrove Tidepools on Pulau Hoga, Indonesia

Air-breathing and non air-breathing gobiids inhabiting mangal tidepools on Pulau Hoga, Sulawesi, Indonesia, displayed differing types and degrees of behavioral and physiological adaptations to mitigate daily thermal and oxic stress. Non air-breathing Dusky Frillfin Goby, Bathygobius fuscus, and an undescribed sandflat goby species, Bathygobius sp., had higher critical thermal maxima, CTMax, (41.2 and 41.6 C, respectively) and lower critical thermal minima, CTMin, (11.0 and 11.4 C, respectively) than amphibious Common Mudskipper, Periopthalmus kalolo (40.8 and 12.8 C, respectively). During hypoxia, Common Mudskipper CTMax decreased significantly (38.8 C) and fish displayed a pronounced escape response, while Dusky Frillfin Goby showed no significant CTMax decrease (40.8 C). Neither bathygobiid attempted to escape during CTM trials. Common Mudskipper, however, attempted escape at temperatures significantly lower than their normoxic and hypoxic CTMax (36.4 and 35.0 C, respectively), and at temperatures higher than their normoxic CTMin (18.7 C). Temperature quotients (ratio of metabolic rates or oxygen consumption at two temperatures) for all species approached unity and ranged from 1.00 to 1.37 when exposed to a temperature increase of 6 C. Oxygen insensitive CTMaxima and a wide thermal scope allow bathygobiids to remain in tidepools during the most extreme conditions. In contrast, amphibious Common Mudskipper use a well developed behavioral escape response to avoid unfavorable environments. A sharply reduced temperature quotient response for these gobies diminishes the metabolic costs typically associated with diel temperature increases.
Peri‐transplant clostridium difficile infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) remain the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients in this country. Patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those who undergo hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants are particularly at risk for developing CDI. One hundred and forty seven consecutive allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants were analyzed for peri-transplant Clostridium difficile infections (PT-CDI). Sixteen patients (11%) developed PT-CDI (Median time = 7 days after transplant). The probability for developing PT-CDI during the peri-transplant period was 12.3%. History of CDI was strongly associated with the development of PT-CDI (P = 0.008) (OR = 5.48) (P = 0.017). These patients also developed PT-CDI much earlier than in those without a history (median 1 day vs. 8 days, P = 0.03). The probability for developing PT-CDI for those with a history was 39%. There was a trend toward significance (P = 0.065) between matched related donor grafts and the development of PT-CDI (OR = 0.245) (P = 0.08). Age, sex, diagnosis, transplant preparative regimens, Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, grade 3/4 acute GVHD, or use of antimicrobials within 8 weeks of transplant were not associated with PT-CDI. Non-CDI-related deaths occurred in one patient in the PT-CDI group and nine in the group without PT-CDI. In the remaining 139 patients, the length of hospital stay for those with PT-CDI was significantly longer than those without (mean 27 days vs. 22 days; P = 0.02).
Bioactivity of the Postemergent Herbicides Acifluorfen and Bentazon on Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)1

Adult Geocoris punctipes (Say) caged for 24 h on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, treated with acitluorfen or bentazon deposited more viable eggs when exposed to the plants treated with herbicide than to untreated plants over a 20-day post treatment period. Adults of known age (1 to 3 days) exposed to the herbicides in greenhouse studies showed no effects on egg viability, whereas adults of mixed ages exhibited increased egg viability when exposed to the herbicides in the field. The two post emergence herbicides had no effect on mortality of adults.
Detailed 3D ring pack analysis

Demanding emission targets for combustion engines must be fulfilled in increasingly shorter development cycles. Federal-Mogul utilizes the 3D Ring Pack Analysis to quickly and precisely simulate piston rings during a position change. An application example with a reduction of 15 % blow-by gas shows the potential of possible optimization measures.
American Women Writers Who Write in German

How a language-oriented ethnic group can survive for centuries in a larger society with a different language system, is shown by the way that German-American literature has been reinfused by immigration from the early colonial period down to the present. One demonstration of this vitalization is shown by the work of a number of German-language women writers whom I have recently surveyed.1 All of them have come here from Europe (more of them from Austria than from Germany, by some chance) over the last four decades. All of them are fine writers whose work deserves greater recognition here, especially since they have found more publishers in Europe than in the United States. Half of the group are "emigrants," women who were forced to flee Europe during the Nazi regime; some of their contemporaries did return to the Heimat (homeland) after the war. In this group I list: Helen Adolf, Franzi Ascher-Nash, Maria Berl-Lee, Ruth S. Eissler, Mimi Grossberg, Lily Koerber, Margarete Kollisch, Vera Lachmann, and Gertrud Urzidil. One, Gertrude C. Schwebell, was born in the United States of German parents, thus gaining dual citizenship. The other women are "immigrants," most of whom came voluntarily (although their replies to my queries do not show whether they came as war brides, with other relatives, or on their own initiative). These women are Christa Carvajal, Helene Kastinger-Riley, Anna Krommer, Erika Metzger, Gerda Nischan, Ilse Pracht-Fitzell, Lilo A. Pretzer, Margot Scharpenberg, Christiane Seiler, and Rita Terras. Since literary merit was my prime criterion, I have included women who are just starting to publish as well as those who have established reputations. The one unifying factor was their use of German for their creative writing. Several attempts at grouping them in other ways were made: age-groups, regional groups (according to present residence), Austrian versus German, published versus unpublished, literary influences, and stylistic characteristics. All of these group categories showed too many exceptions to yield any significant conclusions. Even within the New York City area (where most of them now live), the individual variances are greater than the similarities. There are some discernible differences between the emigrants as a group 63
Simulation and measurement of χ (3) nonlinear effects in select two-dimensional photonic crystal structures

We present a nonlinear two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain code based on a modification of the original Yee’s algorithm, and discuss the stability of the code and its applicability to photonic crystal devices. We also demonstrate control over the band structure as well as efficient self-focusing in structures containing nonlinear material.
Caregiver Abuse and Neglect of People with Multiple Sclerosis (P06.198)

Objective:Objective 1: To define major categories of caregiver mistreatment of people with MS and validate a survey instrumentthat reliably detects their presence and severity.Objective 2: To investigate risk factors associated with abuse and neglect among people with MS and their caregivers. Background Approximately one in four people with MS experiences sufficient disability to require formal caregiving, most of which is provided by family members. There is limited literature on caregiver abuse in MS. We therefore undertook a research project to investigate caregiver mistreatment. Design/Methods: An advisory board agreed upon definitions of mistreatment. A Longitudinal, Experts, All Data panel assessed whether caregiver mistreatment had occurred in each participant dyad. During structured, in-home interviews, we assessed 102 participant dyads with the MS Functional Composite, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MS Self-Efficacy Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and quality of life items from the MSQOL. Caregivers completed ADL care scales and documented their weekly caregiving hours. Categorical variables were tested with chi-square analysis. For continuous variables, tests included ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis tests, and logistic regression analyses. Results: Caregivers were predominantly family members. Fifty-seven (55.9%) of participants reported mistreatment. Subtype prevalence rates were 45.1% for psychological abuse, 12.7% for physical abuse, 4.9% for sexual abuse, 22.5% for neglect, and 17.6% for financial abuse. We found significant group differences for depression, psychological aggression, physical assault, quality of life, social support of the person with MS, and whether the caregiver had a mental health diagnosis. Conclusions: We found high rates of caregiver abuse and neglect of people with MS. Increased disability was not associated with mistreatment or severity of mistreatment. Limitations in this study included its small sample size and the fact that most participants were from a single university medical center. Nonetheless, these preliminary data confirm that people with MS tend to be at high risk of abuse and neglect. Supported by: A research contract from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Disclosure: Dr. Morrison has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience and Biogen Idec as a speaker. Dr. MOrrison has received research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Dr. Wiglesworth has received research support from National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Dr. Sorkin has received research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Dr. Mosqueda has received research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.