cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 2-silaketenyl radical (HCSiO): Ground and first excited electronic states

Abstract The ground and first excited electronic states of the 2-silaketenyl radical (HCSiO) have been studied systematically employing ab initio electronic structure theory. The ground ( X 2 A″ ) state of HCSiO is found to have a trans -planar bent structure, while the first excited ( A 2 A′) state possesses a linear equilibrium configuration. The X 2 A″ state of HCSiO is more distorted from linearity and is more polar than the ground state of HCCO. With our most reliable level of theory, cc-pVQZ CCSD(T), the classical X – A splitting was determined to be only 5.8 kcal/mol (0.25 eV, 2030 cm −1 ). The ground state of HCSiO was found to be quite stable thermodynamically against the two dissociation reactions HCSiO ( X 2 A″ )→ H ( 2 S )+ CSiO ( X 3 Σ − ) and HCSiO ( X 2 A″ )→ CH ( X 2 Π )+ SiO ( X 1 Σ + ). HCSiO in its ground electronic state is predicted to lie 36.7 kcal/mol above the HSiCO ground state. The structural and energetic features for the two lowest-lying states of HCSiO are closer to the corresponding states of HCCO than to those of HSiCO and HSiSiO. Due to its large dipole moment and the substantial infrared (IR) intensities of some of the vibrational modes, the HCSiO radical may be suitable for microwave and IR spectroscopic investigations.
The Expression of Embryonic Liver Development Genes in Hepatitis C Induced Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a difficult disease to study even after a decade of genomic analysis. Patient and disease heterogeneity, differences in statistical methods and multiple testing issues have resulted in a fragmented understanding of the molecular basis of tumor biology. Some researchers have suggested that HCC appears to share pathways with embryonic development. Therefore we generated targeted hypotheses regarding changes in developmental genes specific to the liver in HCV-cirrhosis and HCV-HCC. We obtained microarray studies from 30 patients with HCV-cirrhosis and 49 patients with HCV-HCC and compared to 12 normal livers. Genes specific to non-liver development have known associations with other cancer types but none were expressed in either adult liver or tumor tissue, while 98 of 179 (55%) genes specific to liver development had differential expression between normal and cirrhotic or HCC samples. We found genes from each developmental stage dysregulated in tumors compared to normal and cirrhotic samples. Although there was no single tumor marker, we identified a set of genes (Bone Morphogenetic Protein inhibitors GPC3, GREM1, FSTL3, and FST) in which at least one gene was over-expressed in 100% of the tumor samples. Only five genes were differentially expressed exclusively in late-stage tumors, indicating that while developmental genes appear to play a profound role in cirrhosis and malignant transformation, they play a limited role in late-stage HCC.
Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly

Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia found in the elderly. The cornerstones of therapy are prevention of thromboembolism with anticoagulation therapy, control of ventricular rate, and restoration of sinus rhythm when feasible. The use of warfarin therapy has been shown to be effective in reducing strokes, but management can be difficult, and the development of new oral anticoagulant medications is an area of ongoing research. In addition, new strategies to promote the maintenance of sinus rhythm, including new pharmacotherapy as well as catheter-based and surgical procedures, are becoming more widespread. Data regarding the use of more invasive modalities in elderly patients are accumulating. In this article, we will give a brief overview of current management options of atrial fibrillation, and will focus specifically on new data pertaining to the role of these strategies in elderly patients.
Biology as Precedent

The law operates by linking precedents to current issues. What if we regard the genome as precedent? How will it affect legal and social policy?
Intra-cistronic complementation among trpC mutants of Escherichia coli.

Some merodiploids containing two different trpC alleles grow in the absence of added tryptophan. The trpC gene product is the bifunctional enzyme indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase but the ability to grow on minimal medium does not require that the alleles be dificient in different functions. This indication of complementation is supported by the evidence that the trpC alleles, of the merodiploids, can be transferred by transduction or by the trp-colV,B episome. Genetic recombination between episome and chromosome is seen to occur, but at a rate too low to explain the observed results. The nature of the interaction between the trpC alleles is not readily explained since indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase appears to consist of a single polypeptide chain in in vitro studies.
STRUCTURE OF LOW-LYING STATES IN A = 15 NUCLEI.

Abstract : States in 15O up to 8.32 MeV excitation have been studied in the 14N(3He,d)15O reaction at 14 MeV. States in 15N up to 6.33 MeV excitation were observed in the reaction 14C(3He,d)15N at the same energy. Angular distributions were measured between 10 degrees and 40 degrees lab, and l values and spectroscopic factors were obtained by comparison with DW calculations. The results have been compared with the results of several calculations for A = 14 ground state wave functions. Spectroscopic factors for transitions to even parity states in A = 15 nuclei are in excellent agreement with calculations of Halbert and French. (Author)
N‐Substituted‐2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanols as potential antitumor agents

Twenty-seven Schiff-base derivatives of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol have been prepared and submitted for antitumor testing. Thirteen N -substituted-2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanols were prepared by the reduction of the above Schiff bases. These also were submitted for antitumor testing.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Amino Acid Surfactants from Industrial Waste Proteins

N-Acyl amino acid surfactants (AAS) were chemically derived from industrial waste protein hydrolysates [cottonseed (CSD), silk residue (SR), and silk chrysalis (SC)] according to two methods: (1) reacting hydrolysates with alkyl acyl chloride, followed by purification and neutralization with alcoholic sodium hydroxide; (2) reacting hydrolysate with fatty alcohols in organic solvents followed by purification. The yield of purified mixed AAS (sodium salt) was ∼60−75%; amino acid ester from glutamic acid was considerably higher (85−92%) than the sodium salt derivatives. Results indicate that as acyl chain length (i.e., C12−C18) increased, surface tension of AAS increased, critical micelle concentration (cmc) decreased, and Krafft point increased. The emulsifying power of AAS in O/W emulsion was better with n-decanol as an oil phase than liquid paraffin. The C12 derivatives of all the mixed AAS showed high foaming power. Mixed AAS from CSD exhibited the best lime soap dispersing requirement (5.7−6.5 g/100 g)...
Mass commuting and influenza vaccination prevalence in New York city: Protection in a mixing environment

Objective Assess influenza vaccination among commuters using mass transit in New York City (NYC).
The “hidden” side of the “flying-geese” catch-up model: Japan’s dirigiste institutional setup and a deepening financial morass

Abstract Akamatsu’s original “flying geese” (FG) growth model is often used as a frame of reference for both further conceptual elaborations and empirical explorations. So far, only the positive results of FG development have been focused on and emphasized in connection with Asia’s phenomenal growth in the precrisis period. The Japanese economy, supposedly Asia’s lead goose, is in the eleventh consecutive year of stagnation. How has such a once successful lead goose come to be stricken by financial woes? This paper points out that Japan’s once miraculous FG growth was made possible because it established an effective dirigiste catch-up regime in the early postwar period but that Japan’s present financial predicament is paradoxically a path-dependent outcome of this FG strategy. The institutional, especially financial, dimension of FG strategy needs to be taken into account to explain why such a strategy once proved effective but later culminated in a deepening financial morass. The FG model should encompass not only the industrial dimension of catch-up but also its institutional, particularly financial, dimension.
Whole Language in a Foreign Language Class: From Theory to Practice

Absteact.Theoretical perspectives from related disciplines such as early childhood education, bilingual education, and English as a second language education can be valuable in a foreign language education context. This article presents eight philosophical principles needed for implementing a whole language philosophy in a foreign language class and a description of the author's whole language foreign language class (WLFLC) as a practical example. The article outlines the three basic components needed to establish a WLFLC: (1) the classroom setting; (2) the resource books used in the class; and (3) the schedule of instructional activities for the class. The author also presents a description of four major activities used in this WLFLC: (1) language projects; (2) reading children's literature in the foreign language; (3) dialogue journal writing; and (4) portfolio assessment. General conclusions about implementing a whole language philosophy in a foreign language class are provided.
Cloning and mapping of the MEIS1 gene, the human homolog of a murine leukemogenic gene.

Abstract The mammalian homeobox genes encode a family of transcription factors that are important in a wide range of cellular processes, including hematopoiesis. Aberrant expression of some homeobox genes is known to be oncogenic. We report the cloning and initial characterization of a human homeobox gene, MEIS1, identified in a survey of homeobox genes expressed in the human fetal liver. The complete cDNA sequence shows that MEIS1 is likely to be the human homolog of Meis1, a mouse gene that is known to be activated in myeloid leukemia by retroviral insertion. We found that the MEIS1 gene is expressed at low levels in normal immunohematopoietic tissues, including the fetal liver. However, consistent with its possible role in myeloid leukemogenesis, MEIS1 was expressed in a subset of myeloid leukemia cell lines, with the highest expression seen in those with a megakaryocytic–erythroid phenotype. The gene is also expressed at high levels in the cerebellum. The gene is located on human chromosome region 2p13–p14 and contains the previously identified anonymous markers D2S134 and NIB1519. Whether this gene, which is leukemogenic in mice, also plays a leukemogenic role in humans will require further study.
Multiphoton Ionization of Liquid Water with 3.0−5.0 eV Photons†

We report a picosecond laser study of the transient absorption of hydrated electrons generated by the 3−5 eV multiphoton ionization of liquid water. The geminate kinetics indicate that eaq- is produced by at least three different mechanisms over this energy range. Power dependence of the signal amplitude shows a two-photon threshold for 4.0 eV excitation and a three-photon threshold absorption at 3.47 eV, consistent with two- or three-photon excitation of the A(1B1) lowest excited state. For (three-photon) excitation in the range 3.02−3.47 eV very little (≤15%) geminate recombination is observed while for the (two-photon) excitation at shorter wavelengths significant recombination (≥55%) is observed. In the region of 3.85−4.54 eV, photon-energy-independent kinetics indicate that eaq- is produced via two-photon excitation of the A state followed by an ionization process in which the electrons do not obtain any excess kinetic energy. For photon energies in the range of 4.75−5.05 eV, the escape fraction incr...
Reevaluation of Energy Use in Wheat Production in the United States

Energy budgets for agricultural production can be used as building blocks for life-cycle assessments that include agricultural products, and can also serve as a first step toward identifying crop production processes that benefit most from increased efficiency. A general trend toward increased energy efficiency in U.S. agriculture has been reported. For wheat cultivation, in particular, this study updates cradle-to-gate process analyses produced in the seventies and eighties. Input quantities were obtained from official U.S. statistics and other sources and multiplied by calculated or recently published energy coefficients. The total energy input into the production of a kilogram of average U.S. wheat grain is estimated to range from 3.1 to 4.9 MJ/kg, with a best estimate at 3.9 MJ/kg. The dominant contribution is energy embodied in nitrogen fertilizer at 47% of the total energy input, followed by diesel fuel (25%), and smaller contributions such as energy embodied in seed grain, gasoline, electricity, and phosphorus fertilizer. This distribution is reflected in the energy carrier mix, with natural gas dominating (57%), followed by diesel fuel (30%). High variability in energy coefficients masks potential gains in total energy efficiency as compared to earlier, similar U.S. studies. Estimates from an input-output model for several input processes agree well with process analysis results, but the model's application can be limited by aggregation issues: Total energy inputs for generic food grain production were lower than wheat fertilizer inputs alone, possibly due to aggregation of diverse products into the food grain sector.
Presidential Address On THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION REVISITED

This article offers a critical reading of C. Wright Mills's The Sociological Imagination (1959). Such a reading reveals the need to reassess the basis, practice, purpose, and impact of sociology. Accordingly, interpretive materials drawn from stories about and by alcoholics and a new cultural grouping, Adult Children of Alcoholics, are used to illustrate the foundations of a minimalist sociology. Know that the … sociological imagination has its chance to make a difference in the quality of life in our time. (Mills 1959, p. 226)
Distinct auditory and lateral line nuclei in the midbrain of catfishes

The catfish torus semicircularis (TS) comprises two major nuclei, which are specialized to process separately inputs of three acousticolateral modalities: VIII nerve acoustic input in one, and lateral line mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive input in the other. Electrophysiological recording and mapping experiments demonstrate a medial auditory region, a lateral electroreceptive region, and an intercalated mechanoreceptive region in the TS Nissl and Golgi-Cox preparations distinguished two rostrocaudally elongate, nuclear divisions, which correlate, one with the auditory and the other with the mechano- and electroreceptive regions. The medially positioned auditory nucleus is here called the nucleus centralis. The nucleus centralis appears as a rostrally flattened cylinder of uniformly packed cells, covered dorsally and laterally by a fiber rind. Cells within this nucleus conform to one of three general cell types based upon somatic and dendritic morphology: type 1 cells, which are the most abundant" have a single major primary dendrite and an axon typically arising from the same somatic pole; type 2 cells have two major primary dendrites and an axon, which issues from a third distinct somatic pole; and type 3 cells have several major primary dendrites and their axons are associated with one of the major somatic poles. No systematic orientation of dendrites could be found in the nucleus centralis. The laterally positioned lateral line nucleus, to be called the nucleus lateralis, includes two subdivisions: a large pars lateralis containing predominantly electroreceptive units, and a smaller, ventromedial pars medialis encompassing predominantly mechanoreceptive units. Each subdivision is found to be somatotopically organized, inputs from the head projecting to rostral areas and inputs from the tail to caudal areas. Although the cell types resemble those described for the nucleus centralis, a greater degree of cytoarchitectural orderliness is discernible: (a) cells in the nucleus lateralis group into four, alternating cell-poor cell-rich, layers; and (b) the dendritic fields of many type 1 and type 2 cells located in layer II tend to orient in a rostrodorsal-caudoventral attitude, perpendicular to the laminar planes. Fink-Heimer preparations of brains with unilateral, lateral line lobe lesions demonstrate heavy fiber and terminal degeneration confined to the nucleus lateralis on both sides. Lateral line fibers ascend bilaterally in the lateral halves of the lateral lemnisci. At the level of the dorsal oculomotor nucleus the lemniscal fibers in this portion split into two fascicles, one proceeding rostrally to innervate the rostral portion of the nucleus lateralis, and the other arching back dorsolaterally to innervate the caudal portions of the nucleus.
Composite panels containing multiple through-the-width delaminations and subjected to compression. Part I: Analysis

Abstract An analytical and experimental investigation was performed to study the compression response of laminated composite panels containing multiple through-the-width delaminations. Both flat and cylindrical panels were considered. The major objective of the study was to develop an analytical model for simulating the deformations of the laminated panels from initial loading to final collapse. The model consists of three parts: a stress analysis, a contact analysis, and a failure analysis. A nonlinear finite element code was developed based on the model. Extensive experimental work on T300 976 composites was also conducted during the investigation to verify the model and the numerical calculations. The results of the study will be presented in two parts: I — Analysis and II — Experiments. In this paper, the development of the analytical model, the implementation of the model into the finite element code, and comparisons between the calculations based on the model and the existing analytical and experimental results will be presented. The experiments performed during the investigation, and the comparisons between the calculations and the test data will be given in the second paper.
Immediate versus delayed initiation of the contraceptive patch after abortion: a randomized trial.

Abstract Background Immediate start of the contraceptive patch has not been studied in women after surgical abortion. Study Design Women presenting for surgical abortion who had chosen the transdermal patch for contraception were randomized to either delayed start of the patch (beginning the Sunday after their abortion) or immediate start (directly observed application of the patch in the clinic). Subjects were contacted at 2 and 6 months to assess contraceptive use. Results Two hundred ninety-eight women were randomized, and the follow-up rate was 71% at 2 months and 53% at 6 months. Method continuation did not differ by timing of initiation. At 2 months, 71% in the delayed-start group and 74% in the immediate-start group were using the patch [p=.6, with a difference of 3.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=−17.2% to +11.2%]. At 6 months, 55% in the delayed-start group and 43% in the immediate-start group were using the patch (p=.13, with a difference of 11.9%, 95% CI=−19.2% to +34%). Conclusion Immediate initiation of the contraceptive patch after surgical abortion was not associated with increased use of patch at 2 or 6 months.
Rapid growth of large-scale (40-55 cm) KDP crystals

KDP (KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}) single crystals up to 47 cm in size have been grown by the rapid growth technique on the point seed in glass recrystallizers of 1000 L in volume at growth rates of 10 to 25 mm/day in both the [001] and [100] directions. Measurements of the optical quality of 41 x 41 cm single crystal plates are presented.
Microtubule transport and assembly during axon growth.

There is controversy concerning the mechanisms by which the axonal microtubule (MT) array is elaborated, with some models focusing on MT assembly and other models focusing on MT transport. We have proposed a composite model in which MT assembly and transport are both important (Joshi, H.C., and P.W. Baas. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 121:1191-1196). In the present study, we have taken a novel approach to evaluate the merits of this proposal. Biotinylated tubulin was microinjected into cultured neurons that had already grown short axons. The axons were then permitted to grow longer, after which the cells were prepared for immunoelectron microscopic analyses. We reasoned that any polymer that assembled or turned over subunits after the introduction of the probe should label for biotin, while any polymer that was already assembled but did not turnover should not label. Therefore, the presence in the newly grown region of the axon of any unlabeled MT polymer is indicative of MT transport. In sampled regions, the majority of the polymer was labeled, indicating that MT assembly events are active during axon growth. Varying amounts of unlabeled polymer were also present in the newly grown regions, indicating that MT transport also occurs. Together these findings demonstrate that MT assembly and transport both contribute to the elaboration of the axonal MT array.
An Unique Ultracapacitor Direct Integration Scheme in Multilevel Motor Drives for Large Vehicle Propulsion

This paper introduces a new set of methods to directly integrate ultracapacitor banks into cascaded multilevel inverters used for large vehicle propulsion. The idea is to replace the regular dc-link capacitors with ultracapacitors in order to combine the energy storage unit and motor drive. This approach eliminates the need for an interfacing dc-dc converter and considerably improves the efficiency of regenerative braking energy restoration in electric and hybrid vehicles. Utilizing the proposed modulation control set, the two cascaded inverters can have their dc voltage levels maintained at any ratio (even a non-integer ratio) or dynamically varied over a wide range without disrupting the normal operation of the electric motor. As an advantage, ultracapacitor voltage or state of charge can be freely controlled for braking and/or acceleration power management. An optimal regenerative energy management scheme is proposed based on the vehicle's speed range considerations. Detailed simulations verified the proposed methods.
Secondary evolutionary escalation between brachiopods and enemies of other prey.

The fossil record of predation indicates that attacks on Paleozoic brachiopods were very rare, especially compared to those on post-Paleozoic mollusks, yet stratigraphically and geographically widespread. Drilling frequencies were very low in the early Paleozoic («1%) and went up slightly in the mid-to-late Paleozoic. Present-day brachiopods revealed frequencies only slightly higher. The persistent rarity of drilling suggests that brachiopods were the secondary casualties of mistaken or opportunistic attacks by the enemies of other taxa. Such sporadic attacks became slightly more frequent as trophic systems escalated and predators diversified. Some evolutionarily persistent biotic interactions may be incidental rather than coevolutionary or escalatory in nature.
3-Dimensional Elastic Registration System of Prostate Biopsy Location by Real-Time 3-Dimensional Transrectal Ultrasound Guidance With Magnetic Resonance/Transrectal Ultrasound Image Fusion

Purpose: We determined the accuracy of the novel Urostation 3-dimensional transrectal ultrasound system (Koelis, La Tranche, France) for image based mapping biopsies in a prostate phantom. The system is capable of 1) registering the 3-dimensional location of each biopsy track in the 3-dimensional prostate volume data and 2) performing elastic image fusion of transrectal ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging.Materials and Methods: We used 3 CIRS-053 prostate phantoms containing 3 hypoechoic lesions to perform ultrasound guided biopsy and 3 CIRS-066 phantoms (Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, Norfolk, Virginia) containing 3 isoechoic but magnetic resonance imaging visible lesions to perform magnetic resonance fusion guided biopsy. Three targeted biopsies were done per lesion. Each biopsy tract was injected with gadolinium based magnetic resonance contrast mixed with india ink. Phantoms were then subjected to 1 mm slice magnetic resonance imaging and serial step sectioning to assess the accuracy o...
On the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect Due to Snoek Strain Aging in the Niobium Oxygen System

Dynamic strain aging in niobium containing between 0.01 and 0.95 at. pct oxygen was investigated between 77 and 971 K using a nominal strain rate of 8.8 × 10-5 s-1. At higher oxygen concentrations both type A and type B serrations were observed between 355 and 422 K. It is proposed that all of this serrated flow is due to Snoek dynamic strain aging. This is supported by the appearance of the serrations at much lower temperatures than those normally associated with Cottrell strain aging and the observation that the time between the type A serrations on a stress strain curve equals the jump time of an oxygen atom. Strain rate sensitivity measurements were consistent with the generally accepted view that serrations occur only when the strain rate sensitivity becomes sufficiently negative.
On the smoothness of value functions and the existence of optimal strategies in diffusion models

Studies of dynamic economic models often rely on each agent having a smooth value function and a well-defined optimal strategy. For time-homogeneous optimal control problems with a one-dimensional diffusion, we prove that the corresponding value function must be twice continuously differentiable under Lipschitz, growth, and non-vanishing-volatility conditions. Under similar conditions, the value function of any optimal stopping problem is shown to be (once) continuously differentiable. We also provide sufficient conditions, based on comparative statics and differential methods, for the existence of an optimal control in the sense of strong solutions. The results are applied to growth, experimentation, and dynamic contracting settings.
STARTLE REFLEX HABITUATION IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Two groups of children (9 with cerebral palsy and 10 normals, matched for sex and age) participated in a study of the startle reflex. Each child was instructed to press a button as soon as possible after the onset of a visual stimulus on a box on the table at which they were seated. During some of the trials, a sudden and intense auditory stimulus (85 dB) was presented concomitantly with the onset of the visual stimulus, and effects on reaction time recorded. Mean reaction time of normal children was significantly faster than that of the group with cerebral palsy. The magnitude of disruption associated with the first startle stimulus presentation was signicantly greater for cerebral palsied children. The course between groups of habituation to the startle stimuli was not significantly different. Data support the hypothesis that startle reflexes of children with cerebral palsy are more marked than are those of normal children.
Habitat of Giardia in the Intestine.

Authorities on intestinal protozoa (Hegner,1 Wenyon,2 Lynch3) state that Giardia lives in the upper part of the small intestine, mainly in the duodenum rather than in the cecum which is a common habitat for Trichomonas and Chilomastix. Hegner4 has described Giardia canis as the species present in the dog, but has not recorded the level of the intestine in which this organism has been found. In connection with our Tulane Strain A of Endamoeba histolytica in dogs we have encountered Giardia canis as a contamination. In maintaining the ameba in vivo by continuously subinoculating one dog from another per rectum (Faust), we have had an opportunity to study in life and at autopsy dogs which have received the Giardia as an experimental infection. These observations we have compared with data obtained from naturally infected dogs.In the majority of our cases harboring a natural Giardia infection the primary seat of the organism is in the cecum and appendix; frequently it is also in the colon and the rectum; occa...
POTENTIATION OF ANGIOTENSIN II-INDUCED DRINKING BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS IS A SPECIFIC GLUCOCORTICOID TYPE II RECEPTOR (GR)-MEDIATED EVENT

Abstract Earlier studies showed that pretreatment (3 and 6 h) of rats with the glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone, potentiated the drinking response to either central or peripheral administration of angiotensin II (AII). In the present study the specificity and mechanisms of this potentiation were examined. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of rats with the pure glucocorticoid agonist, RU 28362 (0.4–1.6 mg/kg; 3–24 h), resulted in a time- and dose-dependent potentiation of the drinking responses to either peripherally (100 μg/kg, s.c.) or centrally (10 ng) injected AII, similar to the effects of dexamethasone. Drinking induced by central injection of carbachol (200 ng) was unaltered by pretreatment with RU 28362, suggesting that potentiation by this compound was specific for AII. The potentiation of AII-induced drinking by either dexamethasone or RU 28362 was completely abolished by pretreatment with the glucocorticoid Type II receptor (GR) antagonist, RU 38486 (2 mg/kg, i.p.), but not by the mineralocorticoid Type I receptor (MR) blocker, mespirenone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Taken together, these results indicate that the glucocorticoid-induced potentiation of AII-induced drinking is mediated via GR. Associated with the fact that glucocorticoids potentiate AII-induced drinking is the observation that these steroids also potentiate AII-induced urine output. This enhancement of urine output may explain in part the potentiation in drinking behavior. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Frequency composition of perturbed slider motion

This report describes the motion of a 3370 type slider as a function of frequency and interface speed. The data is plotted as three dimensional surfaces which are very useful in delineating natural air bearing frequencies from driving frequencies caused by mechanical perturbations.
Modeling and analysis of quadratic term in the wind effects on structures

Abstract Historically, the quadratic drag term containing the square of the fluctuating velocity component has been often ignored in analyses of wind-excited structures. This paper addresses a technique to model the contribution of this term to the system response extremes. Among the topics covered are the development of a non-Gaussian gust loading factor via moment-based Hermite transformation. A frequency domain analysis approach involving Volterra theory and higher-order response cumulant calculations from direct integrations or Kac-Siegert technique is employed to obtain information needed for this transformation.
Economic integration and labor flows: stage migration in farm labor markets in Mexico and the United States.

This article examines the probable effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on migration from Mexico to the United States disputing the view that expansion of jobs in Mexico could rapidly reduce undocumented migration. To the extent that NAFTA causes Mexican export agriculture to expand migration to the United States will increase rather than decrease in the short run. Data collected in both California and the Mexican State of Baja California show that indigenous migrants from southern Mexico typically first undertake internal migration which lowers the costs and risks of U.S. migration. Two features of employment in export agriculture were found to be specially significant in lowering the costs of U.S. migration: first working in export agriculture exposes migrants to more diverse social networks and information about U.S. migration; second agro-export employment in northern Mexico provides stable employment albeit low-wage employment for some members of the family close to the border (especially women and children) while allowing other members of the family to assume the risks of U.S. migration. (EXCERPT)
Interleukin-1β Induction of NFκB Is Partially Regulated by H2O2-mediated Activation of NFκB-inducing Kinase

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to act as second messengers in a number of signal transduction pathways, including NFκB. However, the mechanism(s) by which ROS regulate NFκB remain unclear and controversial. In the present report, we describe a mechanism whereby interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation of NFκB is partially regulated by H2O2-mediated activation of NIK and subsequent NIK-mediated phosphorylation of IKKα. IL-1β induced H2O2 production in MCF-7 cells and clearance of this ROS through the expression of GPx-1 reduced NFκB transcriptional activation by inhibiting NIK-mediated phosphorylation of IKKα. Although IKKα and IKKβ were both involved in IL-1β-mediated activation of NFκB, only the IKKα-dependent component was modulated by changes in H2O2 levels. Interestingly, in vitro reconstitution experiments demonstrated that NIK was activated by a very narrow range of H2O2 (1–10 μm), whereas higher concentrations (100 μm to 1 mm) inhibited NIK activity. Treatment of cells with the general Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor (okadaic acid) lead to activation of NFκB and enhanced NIK activity as a IKKα kinase, suggesting that ROS may directly regulate NIK through the inhibition of phosphatases. Recruitment of NIK to TRAF6 following IL-1β stimulation was inhibited by H2O2 clearance and Rac1 siRNA, suggesting that Rac-dependent NADPH oxidase may be a source of ROS required for NIK activation. In summary, our studies have demonstrated that redox regulation of NIK by H2O2 is mechanistically important in IL-1β induction of NFκB activation.
Comparison of intraoperatively built custom linked seeds versus loose seed gun applicator technique using real-time intraoperative planning for permanent prostate brachytherapy.

Purpose To report our dosimetric results using a novel push-button seed delivery system that constructs custom links of seeds intraoperatively. Methods and Materials From 2005 to 2007, 43 patients underwent implantation using a gun applicator (GA), and from 2007 to 2008, 48 patientsunderwent implantation with a novel technique allowing creation of intraoperatively built custom links of seeds (IBCL). Specific endpoint analyses were prostate D90% (pD90%), rV100% > 1.3 cc, and overall time under anesthesia. Results Final analyses included 91 patients, 43 GA and 48 IBCL. Absolute change in pD90% (ΔpD90%) between intraoperative and postoperative plans was evaluated. Using GA method, the ΔpD90% was −8.1Gy and −12.8Gy for I-125 and Pd-103 implants, respectively. Similarly, the IBCL technique resulted in a ΔpD90% of −8.7Gy and −9.8Gy for I-125 and Pd-103 implants, respectively. No statistically significant difference in ΔpD90% was found comparing methods. The GA method had two intraoperative and 10 postoperative rV100% >1.3 cc. For IBCL, five intraoperative and eight postoperative plans had rV100% >1.3 cc. For GA, the mean time under anesthesia was 75 min and 87 min for Pd-103 and I-125 implants, respectively. For IBCL, the mean time was 86 and 98 min for Pd-103 and I-125. There was a statistical difference between the methods when comparing mean time under anesthesia. Conclusions Dosimetrically relevant endpoints were equivalent between the two methods. Currently, time under anesthesia is longer using the IBCL technique but has decreased over time. IBCL is a straightforward brachytherapy technique that can be implemented into clinical practice as an alternative to gun applicators.
CYTOCHROMES P450 IN CRUSTACEA

Since the last review of this topic, further insight has been gained into the presence and functions of cytochrome P450 proteins in the hepatopancreas and other organs of aquatic crustacean species, although progress has been slow relative to the advances in other species. Recent studies with several lobster, shrimp, crab and crayfish species suggest that cytochromes P450 in the 2 and 3 families are the most abundant forms in hepatopancreas microsomes. Substrates normally metabolized by CYP2 and CYP3 family members are monooxygenated more rapidly by crustacea than substrates normally metabolized by CYP1 family enzymes, e.g. erythromycin, testosterone and aminopyrine are much more rapidly monooxygenated than ethoxyresorufin. Some progress has been made in cloning and sequencing crustacean P450 forms. CYP2L1 and CYP2L2 cDNA sequences have been cloned from spiny lobster hepatopancreas libraries, and there was evidence for at least two more cytochromes P450 in spiny lobster hepatopancreas. An area of continued interest, but of no consensus or general findings, relates to the presence and inducibility of CYP1 family members in crustacea. Some studies indicate weak induction of total cytochrome P450 and increased turnover of substrates normally associated with CYP1, while others show no effect of the classic inducers that act at the Ah receptor in vertebrates. A few studies of the roles of cytochromes P450 in the biosynthesis and degradation of steroids, including ecdysteroids, have been published. Further studies are needed to understand the regulation and normal function of the crustacean cytochromes P450.
Soldiers As Agents

In her interesting application of moral theory to the military, Jessica Wolfendale points to a little-recognized problem with the use of neuroenhancement drugs: by damping the emotional impact of t...
Theoretical Studies of the Energetics and Dynamics of Chemical Reactions

Computational studies of basic chemical processes not only provide numbers for comparison with experiment or for use in modeling complex chemical phenomena such as combustion, but also provide insight into the fundamental factors that govern molecular structure and change which cannot be obtained from experiment alone. We summarize the results of three case studies, on HCO, OH + H2, and O + C2H2, which illustrate the range of problems that can be addressed by using modern theoretical techniques. In all cases, the potential energy surfaces were characterized by using ab initio electronic structure methods. Collisions between molecules leading to reaction or energy transer were described with quantum dynamical methods (HCO), classical trajectory techniques (HCO and OH + H2), and statistical methods (HCO, OH + H2, and O + C2H2). We can anticipate dramatic increases in the scope of this work as new generations of computers are introduced and as new chemistry software is developed to exploit these computers.
Lower leg pain. Diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndromes and other pain syndromes of the leg.

Leg pain in athletes has many aetiologies. The clinician must strive to specifically define the clinical problem in order to administer the appropriate treatment for the athlete’s condition. Clinical conditions in the leg causing symptoms in athletes include chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECC), tendinitis, medial tibial stress syndrome, stress fractures, fascial defects, musculotendinous junction disruptions (tennis leg), popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, effort-induced venous thrombosis and nerve entrapment. Appropriate diagnostic studies are needed to allow accurate diagnosis. A work-up might include radiographs, bone scans and compartment pressure measurement. Many of these conditions relate to overuse and training errors. Conservative measures including rest, activity modification and rehabilitation will permit a gradual return to participation in sports. Some problems, such as CECC, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome and nerve entrapment may require surgical intervention to allow the resolution of symptoms. Clinicians should be familiar with the range of problems causing leg pain in order to prescribe specific treatment for each athlete.
Height and death in the Antebellum United States: A view through the lens of geographically weighted regression

Factors related to geography such as climate, natural resources or waterways often affect human activities. However, traditional approaches such as ordinary least squares (OLS) have limitations in investigating such patterns. Unlike OLS regression, geographically weighted regression (GWR) allows the coefficients of explanatory variables to differ by locality by giving relatively more weight to geographically close observations. GWR depicts spatial patterns. This paper examines the pattern of height and crude death rate in the United States prior to the Civil War by this method. The GWR results show that access to water transportation increased mortality and decreased stature in the food exporting areas of the Midwest, and the opposite pattern appeared in the food importing areas of the Northeast.
Manipulated Society: Paralyzing the Masses in Post-revolutionary Iran

Social riots, popular uprisings, and revolutions are among the threats that could have jeopardized the stability of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in its recent history. Since 1979, the clerical establishment has utilized a number of institutions and social groups and applied various strategies to control Iranian society and neutralize such threats, including policies used to silence the masses and force public allegiance to the Islamic Republic. One of Iran’s key strategies involve social manipulation, which includes the “engineering” of the minds, bodies, and emotions of its population. In addition to distributing massive amounts of propaganda and regulating and disciplining citizens’ bodies, the Islamic Republic has deliberately been depressing Iranian citizens through a policy which I call the “politics of sadness.” Through this strategy, the IRI has promoted despondency and hopelessness to the extent that citizens become paralyzed and incapable of challenging the political status quo. The result has simultaneously been satisfying the more conservative and religious parts of society while suppressing its more progressive social spheres. Through these policies, the Islamic Republic has been able to maintain power and has survived despite several social protests that have occurred in last two decades.
An assessment of dead wood patterns and their relationships with biophysical characteristics in two landscapes with different disturbance histories in coastal Oregon, USA

Understanding the relative importance of landscape history, topography, vegetation, and climate to dead wood patterns is important for assessing pattern–process relationships related to dead wood and associated biodiversity. We sampled dead wood at four topographic positions in two landscapes (1400–2100 km2) that experienced different wildfire and salvage histories in coastal Oregon. Study objectives were to (i) determine whether and how the landscapes differed in dead wood amounts and characteristics and (ii) evaluate relationships between dead wood characteristics and potentially related biophysical variables associated with historical and current vegetation, topography, climate, soils, and ecoregion. Despite differences in history, the two landscapes differed little in total dead wood volume; however, they differed in dead wood volume by structural type, decay class, and source (legacy/nonlegacy). Dead wood varied by topographic position, and topography was of greatest importance compared with other fa...
A Congenital Foregut Malformation With a Laryngeal Bronchus

We present the case of a 2-month-old boy who required intubation at birth for stridor, at which point a supraglottic cyst was noted. With recurrence of the cyst, a subsequent computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a mass encroaching on the larynx, descending into the mediastinum, and encasing the major vessels. A median sternotomy and transcervical incision enabled excision of a well-defined mass with a laryngeal attachment. This attachment was consistent with a bronchus on histopathologic investigation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ectopic lung tissue arising from the larynx and descending into the mediastinum.
The Pizzi Holistic Wellness Assessment

SUMMARYThis paper describes the Pizzi Holistic Wellness Assessment tool. Using theory from the field of health promotion and expertise gained in his private home health practice, the author developed and pilot tested this assessment on a variety of individuals. The assessment is designed to be used with different populations in a variety of settings to help clients self assess their health and well-being.
Increased plasma membrane cholesterol in cystic fibrosis cells correlates with CFTR genotype and depends on de novo cholesterol synthesis

Background: Previous observations demonstrate that Cftr-null cells and tissues exhibit alterations in cholesterol processing including perinuclear cholesterol accumulation, increased de novo synthesis, and an increase in plasma membrane cholesterol accessibility compared to wild type controls. The hypothesis of this study is that membrane cholesterol accessibility correlates with CFTR genotype and is in part influenced by de novo cholesterol synthesis. Methods: Electrochemical detection of cholesterol at the plasma membrane is achieved with capillary microelectrodes with a modified platinum coil that accepts covalent attachment of cholesterol oxidase. Modified electrodes absent cholesterol oxidase serves as a baseline control. Cholesterol synthesis is determined by deuterium incorporation into lipids over time. Incorporation into cholesterol specifically is determined by mass spectrometry analysis. All mice used in the study are on a C57Bl/6 background and are between 6 and 8 weeks of age. Results: Membrane cholesterol measurements are elevated in both R117H and ΔF508 mouse nasal epithelium compared to age-matched sibling wt controls demonstrating a genotype correlation to membrane cholesterol detection. Expression of wt CFTR in CF epithelial cells reverts membrane cholesterol to WT levels further demonstrating the impact of CFTR on these processes. In wt epithelial cell, the addition of the CFTR inhibitors, Gly H101 or CFTRinh-172, for 24 h surprisingly results in an initial drop in membrane cholesterol measurement followed by a rebound at 72 h suggesting a feedback mechanism may be driving the increase in membrane cholesterol. De novo cholesterol synthesis contributes to membrane cholesterol accessibility. Conclusions: The data in this study suggest that CFTR influences cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane, which when depleted, leads to an increase in de novo cholesterol synthesis to restore membrane content.
Using Optical Signal Processing to Provide Information Security in Data Networks

We propose and demonstrate the use of real-time optical signal processing, implemented with integrated and packaged off-the-shelf commercial technology, to enhance the security of data networks. Optical steganography, based on spread spectrum, is used to inhibit the observation of data traffic and the analysis of traffic patterns. Using optical CDMA to modulate the data, service interruption is prevented in presence of infrastructure attacks. Unlike conventional wavelength and time multiplexing approaches, the soft blocking capability of optical CDMA provides protection paths without permanently allocating bandwidth. The large size of the optical CDMA code set also reduces the probability that the secure signal can be intercepted by an eavesdropper. Finally, high-speed all-optical data encryption is demonstrated, which prevents side-channel attacks and enables real-time encryption with no delay.