cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar Energy Application in Drainage Pumping Stations to Save Water and Reducing CO2 Emission

Abstract Freshwater resources in Egypt are very limited. Additionally, drains are important unconventional water resources. The objectives of this paper are divided into two goals. The first goal is to save freshwater by reducing the evaporation from the drainage channels. Secondly, to reduce the CO2 emission by replacing the traditional fuel of the drainage’s pump station by renewable energy. Many drainage pumps in Egypt are old and cause CO2 emission that is estimated by tons. Solar cell power represents the alternative fuel resource for these drainage pumps, it also reduces the emissions. The pump station on the Algharak drain in Egypt was studied as a sample for the drainage systems. Climate data such as solar irradiation, evaporation, air temperature, specific humidity, and wind speed were collected. The pump station data such as pump discharge, number of units, and the head were collected. Two scenarios of the pumping operation of the pump stations on Algharak drain were studied. In each scenario, the solar pumping power, area of solar cells, evaporation loss, and the value of reduction of CO2 were estimated. The results of this research could be used all over Egypt to help save a number of unconventional water resources.
MyoMonitor: Evaluating Muscle Fatigue with Commodity Smartphones

Abstract Muscle fatigue is common among humans and also a crucial indicator of many muscular diseases such as muscular dystrophy and disorders. Timely evaluation of muscle fatigue, hence, is important to track disease progress and avoid disease exacerbations. However, convenient tools for evaluating muscle fatigue out of clinic are still missing. In this paper, we present a new technique that uses commodity smartphones to evaluate muscle fatigue through simple and daily muscle exercises. The basic idea of our technique is to mimic an active sonar system with the smartphone’s built-in microphone and speaker, and use this sonar system to evaluate muscle fatigue from the muscle’s surface characteristics that can be measured from the transmitted acoustic signal. More specifically, our technique first measures the acoustic channel disturbances caused by fatigue-induced muscle tremor via channel estimation, and then derives quantitative fatigue levels from the variation of acoustic channel estimation. By using the arm bicep muscle as our primary target, we designed the exercise protocol and implemented a smartphone app for fatigue evaluation. Experiment results verified that our technique can precisely evaluate the speed of muscle fatigue accumulation, as well as identifying the actual fatigue occurrence. This technique, hence, could be used in practical home settings for effective fatigue evaluation on a daily basis.
Colonial Latin America

This chapter analyzes the period from Columbus’s arrival in the Americas in 1492 to the independence of most of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the nineteenth century. We discuss the dominant economic policy of the period—mercantilism—and then analyze its successes and failures using the concept of Dutch Disease and Victor Bulmer-Thomas’s analytical framework of economic linkages, income flows and policy consistency.
Post­translational Modifications Promote Formation of SOD1 Oligomers With Potential Toxicity in ALS

Mutation of the ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) causes a subset of cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) through structural destabilization of SOD1, w...
Yeast 20 S RNA replicon. Replication intermediates and encoded putative RNA polymerase.

Abstract The 20 S RNA genome is a circular single-stranded replicon, present in most laboratory yeast strains, whose copy number is induced 10,000-fold by transfer of cells to acetate medium without a carbon source. We have sequenced most of the 20 S RNA genome, and the (+) strand has a long open reading frame with the potential to encode a protein with homology to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The presence of a typical cAMP-dependent phosphorylation site in the putative RNA polymerase suggests that the acetate amplification of the 20 S RNA genome might be mediated by cAMP, a signal known to transmit the same nutritional status information to the sporulation-control system. Our inability to clone across the gap in the sequence suggests either autocatalytic cleavage of the RNA in the reverse transcriptase reaction, an unusual linkage of 5' and 3' ends of a fundamentally linear molecule, or a structure unusually resistant to reverse transcription. The identity of our sequence with that of the accompanying paper (Rodriguez-Cousino, N., Esteban, L.M., and Esteban, R. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12772-12778) for W double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) suggests that W is the replicative form of 20 S RNA. The presence of single-stranded (+) and (-) strands and greater than unit length molecules suggests a rolling circle mode of replication as has been suggested for viroids.
Trafficking of Cell-Surface β-Amyloid Precursor Protein: Evidence that a Sorting Intermediate Participates in Synaptic Vesicle Recycling

We recently demonstrated that the Alzheimer’s β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is internalized from the axonal cell surface. In this study, we use biochemical and cell biological methods to characterize endocytotic compartments that participate in trafficking of APP in central neurons. APP is present in presynaptic clathrin-coated vesicles purified from bovine brain, together with the recycling synaptic vesicle integral membrane proteins synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, and SV2. In contrast, APP is largely excluded from synaptic vesicles purified from rat brain. In primary cerebellar macroneurons, cell-surface APP is internalized with recycling synaptic vesicle integral membrane proteins but is subsequently sorted away from synaptic vesicles and transported retrogradely to the neuronal soma. Internalized APP partially co-localizes with rab5a-containing compartments in axons and with V-ATPase-containing compartments in both axons and neuronal soma. These results provide direct biochemical evidence that an obligate sorting compartment participates in the regeneration of synaptic vesicles during exo/endocytotic recycling at nerve terminals but do not preclude concurrent “kiss-and-run” recycling. Moreover, APP is now, to our knowledge, the first demonstrated example of an axonal cell-surface protein that is internalized with recycling synaptic vesicle membrane proteins but is subsequently sorted away from synaptic vesicles.
Cytotoxicity to allogeneic cells in the chicken: III. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in normal and agammaglobulinemic chickens

Abstract Spleen cells from normal and Aγ chickens mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity ADCC on syngeneic or allogeneic RBC. They are non-T, non-B cells with Fc receptors. They are nylon wool adherent; a proportion of them are also plastic adherent and inhibitable by trypan blue. They are resistant to 2000-rad γ-irradiation in vitro . Spleen cells can be armed to mediate ADCC on unsensitized target RBC by incubation with antibody.
Neuroaccounting, Part I: The Primate Brain and Reciprocal Exchange

We develop the hypothesis that culturally evolved accounting principles (e.g., Objectivity) have their roots in how the biologically evolved human brain evaluates the desirability of reciprocal exchange. Our analysis is communicated in two related parts. In this first essay, Part I, we provide background on the structure and evolution of the brain, the measurement of brain activity during economic decision-making using neuroscientific methods, and the brain's central role in building economic institutions. In the second essay, Part II, we describe the emergence of modern accounting principles and review the neuroscientific evidence suggesting a mapping from brain function to the principles of modern accounting. Our analysis of NeuroAccounting is important because it extends Basu and Waymire (2006) to provide a new way to scientifically view accounting, which can prove useful for evaluating the desirability of implementing new policies that run contrary to long-established accounting principles.
A partitionable distributed beamformer and signal conditioner architecture

VLSI circuit technology provides at least an order of magnitude increase in signal processing density; this greater processing density and the associated reduction in cost per function has led to larger systems with significant increases in front-end signal conditioning and signal data transfer capability. Increased signal conditioning can be provided by distributed signal processing using both parallel and pipelined operations. Increased signal data transfer requirements can be satisfied using local, nearest-neighbor communication instead of global communication. The combination of parallel processing and parallel signal data paths offers an approach for VLSI signal conditioners with much higher processing throughput and signal bandwidth; this combination of attributes is typical of systolic array processor organizations [1]. An interconnection method and two distributed processing elements, one multi-function programmable and the other single-function programmable, are described.
Idealism and Scepticism: A Reply to Brueckner

Anthony Brueckner argues that Berkeleyan idealism lacks anti-sceptical force because of the way Berkeley draws the appearance/reality distinction. But Brueckner's case rests on a misunderstanding of Berkeley's view. Properly understood, Berkeleyan idealism does indeed have anti-sceptical force.
THE PSYCHOLOGIZING OF CHINESE HEALING PRACTICES IN THE UNITED STATES

This paper explores ways in which Chinese healing practices have undergone acculturation in the United States since the early 1970s. Reacting to what is perceived as biomedicine's focus on the physiological, those who describe themselves as favoring a holistic orientation often use the language of "energy blockage" to explain illness, whether thought of as "physical," "emotional," or "spiritual." Acupuncture in particular has been appropriated as one modality with which to "unblock" such conditions, leading to its being used by some practitioners in conjunction with more psychotherapeutic approaches which include valuing the verbalizing of feelings. Some non-Chinese practitioners in the United States, returning to older Chinese texts to develop "an American acupuncture," are reinserting diagnoses eliminated from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by the People's Republic of China as "superstition." The assumption has been that many such diagnostic categories refer to psychological or spiritual conditions, and therefore may be useful in those American contexts which favor this orientation. Among these categories are those drawn from traditions of demonology in Chinese medicine. What was once a religious category in China turns psychological in the American setting. At the same time, many who use these terms have, since the late 1960s, increasingly conflated the psychological and the religious, the latter being reframed as "spiritual." Thus, this indigenization of Chinese practices is a complex synthesis which can be described as simultaneously medical, psychotherapeutic, and religious.
Using BiblioSpec for Creating and Searching Tandem MS Peptide Libraries

BiblioSpec is a software package for creating and searching libraries of tandem MS peptide spectra. Library searching provides a quick method for making peptide-spectrum matches by comparing a query spectrum to a collection of reference spectra of known peptide sequence. Pre-assembled libraries for several model organisms can be used as the basis of a search or custom libraries can easily be assembled. The protocols in this unit describe installing BiblioSpec, searching libraries, and creating custom libraries.
Erratum To: Early pro-inflammatory cytokine elevations in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma

Following the publication of our article [1] we noticed that the author name was included incorrectly. Author name Christine M Denger Crish in the original article should read Christine M Dengler Crish. The original version of the article has now been corrected to reflect this.
Entrance and growth of lactic Acid bacteria in gas-exchanged, brined cucumbers.

Abstract Entrance of lactic acid bacteria into the interior of brined cucumbers was found to be greatly influenced by gas composition of the cucumbers before brining. Exchange of the internal gas of fresh cucumbers with O2 resulted in absorption of bacteria into the subsequently brined fruit within a few hours. Bacteria were absorbed into nonexchanged cucumbers to a lesser extent. Little bacterial absorption occurred in N2-exchanged cucumbers. Stomata of the cucumber skin appeared to be a likely port for bacterial entry. When Pediococcus cerevisiae or Lactobacillus plantarum cells were added to the brine of O2-exchanged cucumbers, the respective cell types colonized in large numbers within intercellular spaces and vascular elements of mesocarp tissue during fermentation of the cucumbers. Implications of these observations, particularly with regard to bloater formation in brined cucumbers, are discussed.
Citrate and the conversion of carbohydrate into fat. The regulation of fatty acid synthesis by rat liver extracts

1. The rate of fatty acid synthesis by particle-free extracts prepared from rat liver is increased greatly if the enzyme system is first activated with citrate. 2. The extent of the activation depends on the citrate concentration and on the time of activation in an interdependent manner. 3. Citrate activation is strongly dependent on temperature. 4. Tricarballylate can replace citrate as an activator, but its presence in the assay inhibits fatty acid synthesis. 5. Mg2+ ions can replace citrate in the activation but not in the complete reaction system. 6. ATP prevents the activating effect of citrate and Mg2+ ions. 7. The rate of fatty acid synthesis is increased by palmitoyl-dl-carnitine. This type of activation, additional to that caused by citrate, is rapid and does not depend on prior incubation. 8. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by palmitoyl-CoA can be prevented by palmitoyl-dl-carnitine or by increasing the concentration of protein.
Production of Acetic Acid and Other Volatile Compounds by Leuconostoc citrovorum and Leuconostoc dextranicum

Single-strain milk cultures of Leuconostoc dextranicum are capable of reducing added acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butanone to the corresponding alcohols at 30 C. L. dextranicum and L. citrovorum reduced propionaldehyde to n-propanol quantitatively in 30 hr, and the reduction of this compound paralleled culture growth. Under unagitated conditions, these organisms produced large amounts of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol. The yield of acetic acid increased when cultures were agitated during growth. This increase in acetic acid production was accompanied by a 20- to 70-fold decrease in ethyl alcohol. The addition of acetaldehyde to the fermentation caused a reduction in the final concentration of acetic acid.
Informed Consent in the Twenty‐First Century: What It Is, What It Isn't, and Future Challenges in Informed Consent and Shared Decision Making

Consent evolved from judge-made law in Great Britain in 1767. The term informed consent entered the judicial lexicon in 1957. The first court case to articulate a reasonable person standard adopted by the high courts in Canada and Australia was heard in the U.S. in 1972. Today, informed consent continues to develop in four areas: (i) the court-based doctrines of consent and informed consent in clinical care in judge-made law; (ii) federal regulations related to research on human study participants; (iii) shared decision making adopted by care organizations and medical societies in the US, Canada, and Europe; and (iv) areas including decision analysis, discourse analysis, ethics, linguistic analysis, patient–physician communication, risk and evidence communication, and social theory. In this paper, we will focus on consent and informed consent in the first part of the twenty-first century. We will examine a range of information and decision making frameworks from the oldest court-established frameworks of consent and informed consent to recent conceptions of information and decision making in evidence-based decision making and shared decision making in the patient–physician relationship. This paper is divided into three parts: I. What informed consent is, II. What informed consent isn't, and III. Future challenges in informed consent and shared decision making.
Using structural and textual information to capture feature coupling in object-oriented software

Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between coupling and external software quality attributes, such as fault-proneness, and the application of coupling to software maintenance tasks, such as impact analysis. These previous studies concentrate on class coupling. However, there is a growing focus on the study of features in software, and features are often implemented across multiple classes, meaning class-level coupling measures are not applicable. We ask the pertinent question, "Is measuring coupling at the feature-level also useful?" We define new feature coupling metrics based on structural and textual source code information and extend the unified framework for coupling measurement to include these new metrics. We also conduct three extensive case studies to evaluate these new metrics and answer this research question. The first study examines the relationship between feature coupling and fault-proneness, the second assesses feature coupling in the context of impact analysis, and the third study surveys developers to determine if the metrics align with what they consider to be coupled features. All three studies provide evidence that feature coupling metrics are indeed useful new measures that capture coupling at a higher level of abstraction than classes and can be useful for finding bugs, guiding testing effort, and assessing change impact.
Effects of set on subject's interpretation of placebo marihuana effects

Abstract Research into the effects of marihuana on humans has tended to equate psychological and physiological effects. Administration of placebo THC to heavy marihuana users in a true experimental setting helps to identify certain social processes that may be responsible for some of the psychological set effects usually assumed to be caused by THC induced physiological changes. Furthermore, it is deduced from the evidence that the subjective effects of marihuana, under certain conditions, may be experienced independently of drug-taking.
Relaxation studies of the proflavine-DNA complex: The kinetics of an intercalation reaction

Abstract We report temperature-jump relaxation kinetic studies of the proflavine-DNA complex. Consideration is restricted to the “strong binding” region commonly thought to represent intercalation of the dye between the base pairs. Two relaxation times are found, indicating that there are two forms of the complex at equilibrium. Evidence is presented for the view that in the less strongly bound form the dye is attached externally to the double helix, and that this outside binding precedes insertion in the intercalation reaction. The relaxation method is able to measure the forward and reverse rates for insertion of proflavine between the base pairs, and is therefore able to determine accurately the equilibrium distribution between intercalated and externally bound states of the dye. External binding is found to contribute only a small percentage of the total binding when the salt concentration is high (about 7% in 0.2 m -Na+), but is much more important in low salt concentrations. Glucosylation of the DNA, as in T2 bacteriophage, increases the fraction of external binding by a factor of about three. The insertion reaction occurs in roughly the millisecond time range, as a firstorder process from the externally bound state. Lower salt concentrations accelerate intercalation, whereas glucosylation of the DNA slows the process markedly. Two limiting mechanisms for the insertion reaction are proposed, distinguished by whether or not an adjacent base pair must open to allow the dye to enter. The results favor, but do not conclusively prove, a mechanism that proceeds without opening of base pairs.
Theoretical study of lifetimes and polarizabilities in Ba

The $6s\text{\ensuremath{-}}n{p}_{j}$ $(n=6--9)$ electric-dipole matrix elements and $6s\text{\ensuremath{-}}n{d}_{j}$ $(n=5--7)$ electric-quadrupole matrix elements in ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ are calculated using the relativistic all-order method. The resulting values are used to evaluate ground-state dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities. In addition, the electric-dipole $6{p}_{j}\text{\ensuremath{-}}5{d}_{{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ matrix elements and magnetic-dipole $5{d}_{5∕2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}5{d}_{3∕2}$ matrix element are calculated using the same method in order to determine the lifetimes of the $6{p}_{1∕2}$, $6{p}_{3∕2}$, $5{d}_{3∕2}$, and $5{d}_{5∕2}$ levels. The accuracy of the $6s\text{\ensuremath{-}}5{d}_{j}$ matrix elements is investigated in detail in order to estimate the uncertainties in the quadrupole polarizability and $5{d}_{j}$ lifetime values. The lifetimes of the $5d$ states in ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ are extremely long, making precise experiments very difficult. Our final results for dipole and quadrupole ground-state polarizabilities are ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E1}=124.15{a}_{0}^{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E2}=4182(34){a}_{0}^{5}$, respectively. The resulting lifetime values are ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{6{p}_{1∕2}}=7.83\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{6{p}_{3∕2}}=6.27\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{5{d}_{3∕2}}=81.5(1.2)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$, and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{5{d}_{5∕2}}=30.3(4)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$. An extensive comparison with other theoretical and experimental values is carried out for both lifetimes and polarizabilities.
Cytochrome P-450 in insects. 6. Age dependency and phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450, P-450 reductase, and monooxygenase activities in susceptible and resistant strains of Musca domestica

Abstract Development and phenobarbital (PB) induction of microsomal cytochrome P -450, cytochrome P -450 reductase, two epoxidation, and two O -demethylation activities were examined in chronologically timed populations of insecticide-susceptible (NAIDM) and -resistant (Rutgers) house flies. Measurements of these enzymes started with the pharate adult stage and ended 5 days following eclosion. Untreated insects of both strains had comparable reductase levels, whereas cytochrome P -450 and associated monooxygenase activities were 1.5-fold or more higher in Rutgers. Maximum induction, as well as toxicity, occurred at a lower PB concentration in NAIDM than Rutgers. The drug caused consistently higher increases in enzymes and activities within 12 hr of starting treatment in both strains. When PB was withdrawn from treated flies (both strains) 48 hr after treatment began, specific activities (product min −1 mg protein −1 ) in all enzymes returned to control values in 24 hr while metabolic capacity (product min −1 insect −1 ) achieved control values within 48 hr. The changes in turnover numbers (pmol product min −1 pmol P -450 −1 ), in conjunction with the differences in the monooxygenation of the four substrates, suggest that PB treatment induced both a quantitative and qualitative change in NAIDM monooxygenation but only a quantitative change in Rutgers monooxygenation.
Imatinib use either pre- or post-allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) does not increase cardiac toxicity in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients

Since the introduction of imatinib mesylate, the role of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) for CML has essentially been reserved for patients with advanced disease or imatinib resistance. In addition, there have been concerns regarding imatinib associated cardiac toxicity. We investigated the outcome of 61 patients with CML who received a myeloablative allo-HCT at the University of Minnesota between 1999 and 2006. The median age at HCT was 38.4 (range; 6.9-56.9) years. Thirty-seven patients were in first chronic phase and twenty-four patients in a second chronic or accelerated phase at the time of HCT. Twenty-six patients received imatinib therapy before or after HCT, and thirty-five patients either never received imatinib (n=32) or received it only at the time of relapse after HCT (n=3). OS and relapse-free survival (RFS) at 2 years was 69 and 55% for the imatinib group, and 57 and 49% for the non-imatinib group (P=0.57 and 0.95, respectively). There was no difference in the risk of relapse at 2 years between the groups. Symptomatic cardiac toxicity at 1 year was reported in three imatinib group (12%) and two non-imatinib group (6%) patients (P=0.44). Thus, patients treated with imatinib either before or after myeloablative allo-HCT had no increase in cardiac toxicity.
Senile dementia and informed consent

Senile dementia in the elderly is a prevalent condition which requires ongoing medical treatment. This disease causes a deterioration of cognitive processes and, consequently, it is likely to impair the capacities required to give informed consent to needed medical care. However, a diagnosis of senile dementia does not necessarily indicate that the afflicted individual is incompetent. The means of assessing competency in dementia patients and their likely impairments according to five standards is described in this paper. Recommendations for obtaining consent from the competent dementia patient are made and mechanisms for providing special protection to the incompetent patient in the consent process are discussed.
Reduction rules for time Petri nets

The goal of net reduction is to increase the effectiveness of Petri-netbased real-time program analysis. Petri-net-based analysis, like all reachabilitybased methods, suffers from the state explosion problem. Petri net reduction is one key method for combating this problem. In this paper, we extend several rules for the reduction of ordinary Petri nets to work with time Petri nets. We introduce a notion of equivalence among time Petri nets, and prove that our reduction rules yield equivalent nets. This notion of equivalence guarantees that crucial timing and concurrency properties are preserved.
Dependence measures for non-cigarette tobacco products within the context of the global epidemic: a systematic review

Objectives Validated metrics of tobacco dependence exist, but their value for global surveillance of tobacco dependence and development of tobacco control interventions is not well understood. This paper reviews tobacco dependence metrics for non-cigarette products, and whether measures of tobacco dependence have been validated in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Data sources Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL and Global Health databases using variant terms for types of tobacco, dependence, measures and validity/reliability. Articles discussing dependence theories and/or metrics were fully reviewed and synthesised. Study selection Searches yielded 2702 unique articles. Two independent coders identified 587 articles for abstract review, and 229 were subsequently fully reviewed. Findings from 50 eligible papers are summarised. Data extraction An initial thematic analysis concentrated on four concepts: general tobacco dependence, dependence metrics, tobacco dependence in LMIC and dependence on non-cigarette tobacco. Data synthesis Analysis identified 14 distinct tobacco dependence instruments. Existing metrics treat tobacco dependence as multifaceted. Measures have been developed almost exclusively around cigarette smoking, although some validation and application across products has occurred. Where cross-national validation has occurred, however, this has rarely included LMIC. Conclusions For purposes of global surveillance of tobacco dependence, there is a compelling need for validated measures to apply universally across social contexts and a multitude of tobacco products. Alternatively, effective tobacco control interventions require validated dependence measures that integrate specific behavioural elements and social context of product use. While different measures of dependence are required to fulfil each of these goals, both have value in addressing the global tobacco epidemic.
Analysis of family- and population-based samples in cohort genome-wide association studies

Cohort studies typically sample unrelated individuals from a population, although family members of index cases may also be recruited to investigate shared familial risk factors. Recruitment of family members may be incomplete or ancillary to the main cohort, resulting in a mixed sample of independent family units, including unrelated singletons and multiplex families. Multiple methods are available to perform genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of binary or continuous traits in families, but it is unclear whether methods known to perform well on ascertained pedigrees, sibships, or trios are appropriate in analysis of a mixed unrelated cohort and family sample. We present simulation studies based on Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) pedigree structures to compare the performance of several popular methods of GWA analysis for both quantitative and dichotomous traits in cohort studies. We evaluate approaches suitable for analysis of families, and combined the best performing methods with population-based samples either by meta-analysis, or by pooled analysis of family- and population-based samples (mega-analysis), comparing type 1 error and power. We further assess practical considerations, such as availability of software and ability to incorporate covariates in statistical modeling, and demonstrate our recommended approaches through quantitative and binary trait analysis of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in 2,553 MESA family- and population-based African-American samples. Our results suggest linear modeling approaches that accommodate family-induced phenotypic correlation (e.g., variance-component model for quantitative traits or generalized estimating equations for dichotomous traits) perform best in the context of combined family- and population-based cohort GWAS.
Effect of Ligand Variation on the Site of Protonation in the Metal Carbynes CpL2Mo⋮CBu and TpL2Mo⋮CBu [L = CO, P(OR)3]

The site of thermodynamic protonation of the Fischer carbynes CpL2Mo⋮CBu and TpL2Mo⋮CBu [L = CO, P(OR)3] with HBF4 depends on the number of π-acid CO ligands. As the number of carbonyls increases from zero to two and the electron density at the metal center is decreased by back-bonding, the protonation site shifts from the metal to the carbyne carbon. Parallel behavior in the Tp and Cp series of complexes allows the change in protonation site to be attributed to electronic effects in the ancillary ligands.
Evaluation of performance of selected devices for measuring blood pressure

Standardization of blood pressure measurements is critical for the implementation of screening programs, and especially so for a multicenter, collaborative investigation of community blood pressure control. This need arises from numerous well known sources of variability in blood pressure measurements, some of which are attributable to performance characteristics of instruments and observers. A number of instruments have been developed in recent years with the aim of overcoming certain aspects of this measurement variation. Consequently, the Coordinating Center of the National Heart and Lung Institute Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP) undertook to evaluate several of these devices in order to permit selection for this Program of optimal methods of blood pressure measurement. The mercury sphygmomanometer, which is the basis of most available epidemiologic data on blood pressure, was taken as the standard. In the first experiment, based upon a Graeco-Latin square design, none of the five automated devices tested compared favorably with the standard mercury sphygmomanometer, as judged by the mean values of multiple readings for each of the two specimens of each device. In a series of paired readings, all but one of the automated devices showed marked deviation from readings by the standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Qualitative observations on machine performance were also recorded and indicated serious operating difficulties with several devices—including, unfortunately, the device that had performed well in the second experiment. For the purposes of the Program, none of the automated devices tested performed adequately to recommend their substitution for the standard mercury sphygmomanometer. A modified type of mercury sphygmomanometer, designed to reduce observer bias, was included in this evaluation, did compare well, and will be used by the Program in conjunction with the standard device.
Multi-Megawatt Neutral Beams for MFTF-B

Multi-megawatt neutral-beam sources have successfully made the transition from prototype to commercial production, with some operational improvements due to the commercialization. Long pulse source operation results will be available soon.
Tutorial T6: Robust Design of Nanoscale Circuits in the Presence of Process Variations

The lack of process uniformity in the semiconductor manufacturing has caused variability to become the primary cause of concern for nanometer scale CMOS design. The variations are caused by either global effects such as mask imperfections and lens aberration, or local effects such as layout pattern variations. These variations result in a significant amount of spread in the performance as well as leakage of the manufactured circuits. The effect of variations on circuit leakage current is much more pronounced compared to their effect on the delay. The variations can cause up to 30% variations in the circuit delay and up to 20X variations in the leakage current. Due to this, a large number of chips with significantly large leakage have to be discarded, thus resulting in a considerable yield loss. The microelectronics industry is now facing one of the most important and difficult challenges - the loss of predictability in the functional correctness and performance of nanometer scale integrated circuits. For technology to continue to advance along Moore's curve, it has become imperative to develop techniques to both predict and to optimize the performance of ICs in the presence of process variations. The proposed full day tutorial will be a comprehensive look at the state-of-art techniques for (1) accurately predicting the performance and power in the presence of both inter-die and intra-die process variations, accounting for spatial correlations, and (2) optimizing the power and/or performance in the presence of process variations. The tutorial will cover four main topics: 1. Introduction to process variations: sources and their impact 2. Statistical models for gates and interconnect 3. Statistical static timing analysis and total leakage analysis 4. Performance and power optimization in the presence of process variations.
Peer assessment of pediatric surgeons for potential risks of radiation exposure from computed tomography scans

Abstract Purpose Radiology literature reports potential cancer risk from radiation exposure from computed tomography (CT). We hypothesized that pediatric surgeons' knowledge of potential risks of radiation exposure from CT scan is limited. Methods We used an anonymous, Internet-based peer assessment survey for members of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA). The survey assessed surgeon's knowledge based on potential risks of radiation exposure from CT as well as current practice patterns for use of CT. The χ 2 test of significance was used to detect any differences in responses based on years in training. Results Twenty percent (147/753) of the American Pediatric Surgical Association members completed the survey. About one half (54%) of surgeons believe that the lifetime risk of cancer was increased because of radiation from one abdominal/pelvic CT scan, although more than 75% of respondents underestimated the radiation dose from a CT scan compared to a chest radiograph. Most surgeons generally did not discuss the potential risks of CT scan with their patients. Surgeons demonstrated a range of responses for use of CT for select clinical scenarios. Conclusions Pediatric surgeon's knowledge of potential risks of radiation exposure from CT scan is limited. As the radiology literature indicates an increasing awareness for potential cancer risks from radiation exposure from CT, there is also a need for education of subspecialties outside of radiology.
Collagenaceous, thiol-containing proteins of cnidarian nematocysts: A comparison of the chemistry and protein distribution patterns in two types of cnidae

Abstract 1. 1. Nematocyst structural proteins (NSP) from the sea anemones Aiptasia pallida and Metridium senile and the siphonophore Physalia physalis are primarily low molecular weight collagens linked by disulfide bonds. 2. 2. NSP patterns resolved by SDS-PAGE revealed a common, major collagen species (40 kDa) in each nematocyst type, together with other collagens and non-thiol-containing proteins. 3. 3. For each cnidarian, NSP glycosylation profiles were significantly different. 4. 4. Monoclonal antibodies against Aiptasia NSP demonstrated a differential distribution between capsule wall and thread. 5. 5. NSP differences would account for the diversity of morphologic and functional types.
Protein kinase activity, growth and differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells.

Abstract The addition of type 2 cAMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates division of cultured Friend erythroleukemia cells. A synthetic peptide representing the inhibitory portion of the heat stable protein kinase inhibitor protein and an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochoride or H-9) inhibited cell division. The latter inhibitor (H-9) induced differentiation of the cells.
Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Blood Flow Characteristics in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract Background . Lung transplantation is now an acceptable form of therapy for pulmonary hypertension, but controversy remains regarding the most appropriate surgical procedure. In this study, the changes in pulmonary vascular mechanics occurring in the setting of pulmonary hypertension were investigated using an adult canine model of monocrotaline pyrrole–induced pulmonary hypertension. Methods . Animals underwent pulmonary artery catheterization to measure right heart pressures before and 8 weeks after injection of either 3 mg/kg of monocrotaline pyrrole (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8). Eight weeks after injection, hearts underwent instrumentation with an ultrasonic flow probe and micromanometers. Harmonic derivation of functional data was achieved with Fourier analysis. Results . Significant increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were observed after monocrotaline pyrrole injection. There was no significant difference in pulmonary blood flow. However, significant increases in input resistance and right ventricular hydraulic power with significant decreases in transpulmonary efficiency were observed. Conclusions . Pulmonary hypertension causes significant alterations in pulmonary hemodynamics. Pulmonary blood flow is maintained by a significant increase in total power but with a significant decrease in transpulmonary efficiency. This adult canine model of pulmonary hypertension provides a useful means by which to evaluate surgical options of lung transplantation for improving pulmonary hemodynamics in the setting of chronic pulmonary hypertension.
Optimal design and use of retry in fault-tolerant computer systems

In this paper, a new method is presented for (i) determining an optimal retry policy and (ii) using retry for fault characterization, which is defined as classification of the fault type and determination of fault durations. First, an optimal retry policy is derived for a given fault characteristic, which determines the maximum allowable retry durations so as to minimize the total task completion time. Then, the combined fault characterization and retry decision, in which the characteristic of a fault is estimated simultaneously with the determination of the optimal retry policy, are carried out. Two solution approaches are developed: one is based on point estimation and the other on Bayes sequential decision analysis.Numerical examples are presented in which all the durations associated with faults (i.e., active, benign, and interfailure durations) have monotone hazard rate functions (e.g., exponential Weibull and gamma distributions). These are standard distributions commonly used for modeling and analyses of faults.
Seasonal Dynamics and Plant Preferences of Megacopta cribraria, an Exotic Invasive Insect Species in the Southeast

Megacopta cribraria (Kudzu Bug) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an invasive insect in the Southeast. In Baldwin County, GA, we found adult Kudzu Bugs at high abundances throughout the summer, while juveniles showed peaks in early July and September. We conducted a series of choice-preference tests and determined that the insects preferred Glycine max (Soybean) over Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean). Additionally, they preferred Pueraria montana var. lobata (Kudzu) over Soybeans, highlighting the role of Kudzu as a primary host plant. Additionally, Kudzu Bugs continued to feed on Soybeans, even in the presence of Kudzu.
Vitamin D is associated with atheroprotective high-density lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women

Background Low vitamin D has been associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, a marker of coronary risk. Whether atheroprotective HDL particle composition accounts for this association and whether fat affects this association is not known. Objective To explore the association between HDL particle composition and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) in post-menopausal women. Methods Vitamin D levels and lipoprotein composition were assessed in fasting blood samples of apparently healthy women from a diverse Chicago community. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) abdominal fat area were assessed using computed tomography. Total body fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results We enrolled 78 women (50% black; 50% white), age 48 to 64 years, all of whom were participants in a longitudinal study of fat patterning. They had a mean 25[OH]D of 31 ± 15 μg/L, HDL cholesterol 57±11 mg/dL, and large HDL particle subclass 8.6±3.4 μmol/L. In a multivariable-adjusted regression model, each 5 μg/L higher 25[OH]D predicted 0.57 μmol/L (95%CI 0.20–0.95) higher large HDL particles, independent of race, season, and total HDL particle concentration. This association was only partially confounded by total body fat mass (0.49, 95%CI 0.10–0.89), SAT (0.50, 95%CI 0.11–0.90), or VAT (0.37, 95%CI 0.01–0.74). Age did not significantly influence the strength of associations. Conclusions Higher 25[OH]D levels are associated with large HDL particles. This association is stronger than that of HDL cholesterol and only partially confounded by body fat. Theoretically, vitamin D may protect against cardiovascular risk by promoting formation of large HDL particles, affecting reverse cholesterol transport.
Comment on “The predictability of the magnetosphere and space weather”

Although the emphasis of the Eos article by Li et al. (16 September 2003) describing the predictability of the magnetosphere and space weather was not history, I would like to point out two historical errors that should be of interest to the readers of Eos. The first is the following assertion: “That the Sun might influence the Earth's magnetic field… was first realized in 1859, when the largest magnetic storm ever recorded occurred 17 hours after a white light flare on the Sun.” Seven years earlier, both Sabine [1852] and Wolf [1857] independently found that geomagnetic activity had the same 11-year periodicity as the number of sunspots. Sabine concluded “…it is quite conceivable that affections of the gaseous envelope of the sun…may give rise to sensible magnetical effects at the surface of our planet…” [Sabine,1852].
Design of an Antidumping Law

The GATT/WTO requires an investigation documenting unfair pricing and material injury before AD duties can be imposed. Governments have discretion as to how many periods are included in the injury assessment and how long duties remain in effect. An AD law can be designed so that duopolists implement Markov Perfect rather than Nash-Bertrand strategies, affecting the equilibrium only in low demand states. Material injury doesn't occur, and no complaints are filed. This benefits the home firm and harms the foreign firm less than when duties are imposed. The home government also benefits when investigations and visible protection are costly.
Ontogeny of histone H1 in guinea pig renal cortex. 258

Histone H1 has been implicated in transcriptional regulation, in some instances by inhibiting thyroid receptorDNA interactions. We have shown a postnatal increase in renal cortical Na,KATPase abundance and activity in guinea pig and demonstrated a potential role for thyroid hormones in mediating this increase. Therefore, we wish to understand the ontogeny of H1 histones in the kidney around the time of birth. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDSPAGE) of renal cortical homogenates revealed a 32 kDa protein band greatly more abundant in renal cortex from nearterm guinea pig fetuses (> 60 days gestation; term is 68 days) than from postnatal cortex. An 11amino acid fragment from this band was sequenced and found to be from a histone H1. Immunoblots of renal cortical homogenates from fetal (F), newborn (NB) and adult guinea pigs (n=6/group) were probed with an antihistone H1 antibody as well as antiserum to guinea pig outer medullary Na,KATPaseαβheterodimer. The abundances of these proteins were inversely related, with histone H1/Na,KATPase declining with maturation (F 1.9±0.5; NB 0.7±0.1; adults 0.02±0.01). This decline was largely accounted for simply by postnatal tubular cell hypertrophy. We isolated nuclei from renal cortex of the 3 groups, measured total histone H1 in silverstained SDSPAGE gels of nuclei and noted, however, that there was still a maturational decline in histone H1 abundance; F had 32±13% greater total histone H1 than NB and 26±12% greater than adults, while the abundance of the nucleosome core histones (H2H4) in these gels did not change with maturation (n=23/group). We also measured histone H1 isoform abundances in nuclei preps from the 3 groups. Similar to prior studies of the postnatal development of the mouse and rat kidneys, we noted a maturational decline in the ratio of histone H1A/histone H1° abundances in guinea pig renal cortical nuclei, (F 4.6±0.2; NB 2.6±0.3; adults 2.1±0.2, n=23/group). We conclude that there are maturational decreases in total H1 histone and shifts in histone H1 isoforms. We speculate that these changes may influence the maturation of renal tubular function. Glucocorticoid and thyroid receptors and response elements are known to interact with histone H1, and so the abundance of histone H1 isoforms may be a critical determinant of how the developing kidney responds to hormonal stimuli.
Relationship between the Apperceptive Personality Test and Verbal Intelligence in a University Sample

This study examined the relationship between verbal intelligence and the Apperceptive Personality Test/Brief Adult in a university sample. The recently developed test is a picture-story assessment technique and, as with its parent test, the Apperceptive Personality Test/Comprehensive Adult, combines both projective and objective features. Research to date with both tests has focused on some 19 (objectively scored) questionnaire variables selected for intensive study. The relationship of questionnaire variables to verbal intelligence has not been directly studied. To examine this question, a sample of 149 undergraduates (108 women, 41 men) took the personality test and the Shipley-Hartford Vocabulary Scale