cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased Microvascular Reactivity and Improved Mortality in Septic Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Abstract—Persistent vasodilation characteristic of septic shock may result from overproduction of nitric oxide and can lead to pressor-refractory hypotension and death. To evaluate the significance of cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the pathogenesis of sepsis, we used a clinically relevant mouse model of sepsis and compared mortality and microvascular reactivity in wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice deficient in iNOS. WT C57BL/6 and iNOS-deficient mice were made septic by cecal ligation and puncture. Treated mice were given fluids and antibiotics every 6 hours. Microvascular vasoconstriction in response to topical norepinephrine was measured in cremasteric arterioles (15 to 30 μm) by videomicroscopy. Mortality at 48 hours was significantly lower in treated septic iNOS-deficient mice (45%) than in treated septic WT mice (76%), untreated septic iNOS-deficient mice (87%), or untreated WT mice (100%) (P<0.01). Norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction was decreased in WT septic mice (EC5...
NANO SCENARIO: Role-playing to appreciate the societal effects of nanotechnology

This article describes a university-sponsored experiential-based simulation, the NANO SCENARIO, to increase the public's awareness and affect attitudes on the societal implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology by bringing together diverse stakeholders' perspectives in a participatory learning environment. Nanotechnology has the potential for massive societal effects across all sectors, globally. Thus, new forms of education are needed to prepare members of society for making complex decisions about policy, governance, and values. Here, the authors examine the theoretical and conceptual framework of the simulation, which uses improvised role-play and perspective-taking to engage the public in a transformative learning experience. As part of this examination, they describe the uses and constraints of simulations with open-ended goals and without competition and prescribed rules. They believe educational role-play scenarios with active participation of the public can serve as a dynamic method for civic engagement across a range of complex, interdisciplinary topics and new technological dilemmas.
The forward problem of electromagnetic induction: accurate finite-difference approximations for two-dimensional discrete boundaries with arbitrary geometry

SUMMARY We describe finite-difference approximations to the equations of 2-D electromagnetic induction that permit discrete boundaries to have arbitrary geometrical relationships to the nodes. This allows finite-difference modelling with the flexibility normally ascribed to finite-element modelling. Accuracy is demonstrated by comparison with finite-element computations. We also show that related approximations lead to substantially improved accuracy in regions of steep, but not discontinuous, conductivity gradient.
Cyanuric Chloride and N-Methyl Morpholine in Methanol as a Fixative for Polysaccharides

Rat submandibular and sublingual gland fragments 2 mm thick were immersed in 0.5% (0.025 M) cyanuric chloride in anhydrous methanol containing 1% (0.1 M) N-methyl morpholine at 23–27 C. After 18–24 hr, the tissues were washed in methanol, cleared in xylene, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 3–8 μ. These tissues were compared with those fixed in: (1) 10% aqueous cold neutral buffered formalin, (2) anhydrous cold methanol, (3) 0.5% (0.014 M) cetylpyridinium chloride in 10% neutral buffered aqueous formalin, and (4) 0.4% (0.015 M) 5-aminoacridine in 50% aqueous ethanol. Tissues fixed in cyanuric chloride were well preserved with little loss or alteration of tissue components, particularly of epithelial mucins and serous components, in contrast to the poor preservation seen with the other fixatives. Tissues were examined by phase-contrast or following staining with Alcian blue 8GX and colloidal iron methods for complex acidic carbohydrates, and, the periodic acid-Schiff method for carbohydrates rich in vi...
Parallelization and performance of three-dimensional plasma simulation

Plasma-assisted materials processing is being applied for several applications including manufacture of integrated circuits. A need of these applications is the ability to computer simulate the plasma systems and plasma processes. The motion of particles in particle type plasma simulations is inherently parallel. Further, the solution to Poisson's equation and the calculation of local electric and magnetic fields (Maxwell's equations) requires usage of only data values from the immediate neighbors. This leads to the possibility of developing particle-type simulations on massively parallel processors. The primary goal of this work was to explore the avenues available to reduce the time taken to run a simulation to its convergence. We compared the execution times for completing some number of iterations on three different platforms: the HP 735, the Sun Sparc 10, and the MasPar MP2. We observed that by properly designing the parallel algorithms speed-ups of over 13 times more than an HP 735 and over 40 times more than a Sparc 10 could be achieved. >
Towards global principles of brain processing

A set of principles are developed to explain how general information processing is carried out in the brain. These involve sub-cortical sites to help create specific control structures to achieve active responses to inputs and to develop memory systems for more effective responses to the environment. Consciousness and thinking are regarded as top-level processes created by suitable attentionally driven brain structures which are identified mainly in posterior and anterior sites respectively. In particular a specific neural model, the CODAM model, is developed to explain consciousness. Experimental evidence for the principles and their neural adumbrations are briefly surveyed.
Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Case Report, Workup, and Review of the Literature

Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with coronary heart disease being the most common manifestation disease. While deaths attributed to coronary heart disease are falling in the developed world, the number of patients with cardiomyopathy continues to increase. In this paper, the current literature on imaging modalities for infiltrative and inflammatory cardiomyopathies is reviewed, focusing on the three most common diagnoses, namely sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and myocarditis.
Activity of descending propriospinal axons in the turtle hindlimb enlargement during two forms of fictive scratching: phase analyses.

In the preceding companion article (Berkowitz and Stein, 1994b), we showed that many descending propriospinal neurons in the turtle were rhythmically activated during two different motor patterns, fictive rostra1 scratching and fictive pocket scratching. In this article, we present phase analyses of the activity of each such neuron during fictive scratching. Each neuron’s activity was concentrated in a particular phase of the ipsilateral hip flexor muscle nerve (VP-HP) activity cycle; each had a distinct “preferred phase.” Each neuron’s preferred phase during fictive rostra1 scratching was similar to its preferred phase during fictive pocket scratching. This result is consistent with the idea that some descending propriospinal neurons may contribute to the generation of both rostra1 scratching and pocket scratching. Many descending propriospinal neurons were rhythmically activated during fictive scratching evoked on either side of the body. This activity may contribute to production of bilateral hindlimb movements during scratching. It is also possible that synaptic interactions between the two sides of the spinal cord may be important in generating the motor patterns for movement of a single hindlimb. In addition, we present a model which illustrates that a population of propriospinal neurons, each of which is broadly tuned to a region of the body surface and is rhythmically activated in a constant phase of the hip control cycle, could mediate the selection and generation of rostra1 scratching and pocket scratching. Thus, the selection of an appropriate motor pattern and the production of the required knee-hip synergy may each be distributed over a diverse population of spinal cord neurons. This model requires that each such neuron project to both knee muscle and hip muscle motoneurons. According to this model, the process of selecting a motor pattern would not be completed until knee muscle motoneurons integrate overlapping excitatory and inhibitory inputs.
The Conditioned Reinforcing Effects of Stimuli Associated with Morphine Reinforcement

(1968). The Conditioned Reinforcing Effects of Stimuli Associated with Morphine Reinforcement. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 223-230.
A Cytosolic Iron Chaperone That Delivers Iron to Ferritin

Ferritins are the main iron storage proteins found in animals, plants, and bacteria. The capacity to store iron in ferritin is essential for life in mammals, but the mechanism by which cytosolic iron is delivered to ferritin is unknown. Human ferritins expressed in yeast contain little iron. Human poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) increased the amount of iron loaded into ferritin when expressed in yeast. PCBP1 bound to ferritin in vivo and bound iron and facilitated iron loading into ferritin in vitro. Depletion of PCBP1 in human cells inhibited ferritin iron loading and increased cytosolic iron pools. Thus, PCBP1 can function as a cytosolic iron chaperone in the delivery of iron to ferritin.
Rapid retraction of microvolume aqueous plugs traveling in a wettable capillary

We report a transport behavior—specifically, rapid retraction movement—of small (∼μL) deionized water plugs traveling in series within a small wettable tubular geometry. In this study, two water plugs separated by a certain distance in a dry cylindrical glass capillary were moved by positive pressure airflow applied at the tube inlet. As the plugs travel, a thin aqueous film is generated between the plugs as a result of the leading plug's aqueous deposition onto the inner surface of the tube. The leading plug continuously loses volume by film deposition onto the surface and eventually ruptures. Then, the lagging plug quickly travels the distance initially separating the two plugs (plug retraction). Our studies show that the rapid retraction of the lagging plug is caused by surface tension in addition to the positive pressure applied. Furthermore, the plug retraction speed is strongly affected by tube radius and the distance between the plugs.
Switching Behavior in p-Type Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon with One and Two Blocking Contacts

We compare switching behaviour in Cr/a-Si:H(p)/Ag and c-Si(p)/a-Si:H(p)/Ag structures containing p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The a-Si:H layer is made by hot wire chemical vapor deposition. We observed that the switching is polarity-dependent only in the sample on c-Si(p). Switching to a low-resistance state occurs at 0.4 mA/cm2 when any of the metal contacts are biased positive. When the c-Si(p) is biased positive holes are injected and no switching occurs even up to 4 A/cm2. We suggest that the switching requires a blocking metal/a-Si(p), possibly because local electrical breakdown initiates metal filament formation.
Entrainment and spreading characteristics of jets from asymmetric nozzles

The spreading characteristics of jets from several asymmetric nozzles, as well as a set of rectangular orifices, are compared covering a jet Mach number range of 0.3 1.8. The effect of tabs for a rectangular and an axisymmetric nozzle is also included in the comparison. While most of the results are obtained experimentally, the flowfield is also studied computationally for a few cases. Compared to the axisymmetric jet, the asymmetric jets spread only slightly faster at subsonic conditions, while at supersonic conditions, when screech occurs, they spread much faster. An organization and intensification of the azimuthal vortical structures under the screeching condition is thought to be responsible for the increased spreading. Curiously, the jet from a 'lobed' nozzle spreads much less at supersonic conditions compared to all other cases. This is due to the absence of screech with this nozzle. Data from the rectangular orifices suggest that a stretching of the mixing layer, obtained by increasing the aspect ratio for a given crosssectional area, becomes effective in increasing entrainment only when DH/D becomes greater than about 2.5, where DH is the hydraulic diameter and D is the equivalent diameter. Jet spreading for the tab configurations, on the other hand, is found to be significantly more than any of the no-tab cases. This is true in the subsonic regime, as well as in the supersonic regime in spite of the fact that screech is essentially eliminated by the tabs. The dynamics of the streamwise vortex pairs produced by the tabs cause the most efficient jet spreading thus far observed in the study.
Oxygen Ordering in Yba2cu3oz at Low Temperature

A parameter-free phase diagram is derived for oxygen ordering in the YBa2Cu3Oz compound. Four phase regions are found in which the following structures are stable: Tetragonal, Ortho I, Ortho II, and anti-Ortho I. In addition, long-period quasi-one-dimensional states of order can become stable at low temperature. A simple branching algorithm allows one to predict these additional structures and their diffraction patterns. Theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with recent experimental findings. Implications for the existence of Tc plateaus are briefly discussed.
PLANES, BIPLANES, AND THEIR CODES

Design theory and algebraic coding theory have their origins in disparate fields of study: the statistical theory of the design of experiments and the theory of information transmission in electrical engineering. Yet each has enriched the other by providing tools capable of answering interesting and fundamental questions. A primary topic of this exposition will be the study of biplanes and projective planes, focusing on certain interesting relationships between these two types of combinatorial designs, relationships which are uncovered by exploiting the techniques of coding theory. We shall set the stage in Section 1 by presenting a fairly complete introduction to the theory of designs, thereby putting both planes and biplanes in proper perspective. Section 2 presents the terminology of coding theory and a few of its tools. Then we examine both biplanes and planes from the viewpoint of coding theory. Additional design-theoretic tools are developed in Section 3, and in Section 4 much of the preceding is brought to bear in elucidating an elegant coding-theoretic link between planes and biplanes.
Dark adaptation abnormalities and recovery in acute thioridazine toxicity.

PUPOSE To document acute thioridazine toxicity from the symptoms only, through the development of ophthalmoscopic signs and recovery of dark adaptation and electroretinogram responses. These findings support the thesis that visual loss is metabolic and reversible if diagnosed early. METHODS Case Report. RESULTS A case is presented of acute thioridazine toxicity with documentation of the development of symptoms before any ophthalmoscopic evidence of toxicity. This case uniquely shows the time course of dark adaptation, showing both delay in adaptation and elevated final threshold, it includes full electrophysiologic studies from within the first weeks of symptoms and regular follow-up demonstrating marked recovery of dark adaptation in terms of both delay and final threshold, a nearly normal electroretinography and normal color vision within 10 months. CONCLUSION Our findings give support to the thesis that functional visual disturbance is primarily metabolic and reversible if detected early in the course of toxicity.
Automating the Library of Congress Classification Scheme

Potential uses for classification data in machine readable form and reasons for the development of a standard, the USMARC Format for Classification Daata, which allows for classification data to interact with other USMARC bibliographic and authority data are discussed. The development, structure, content, and use of the standard is reviewed with implementation decisions for the Library of Congress Classification scheme noted. The author examines the implementation of USMARC classification at LC, the conversion of the schedules, and the functionality of the software being used. Problems in the effort are explored, and enhancements desired for the online classification system are considered.
Using Analyses of Amino Acid Coevolution to Understand Protein Structure and Function

Abstract Determining which residues of a protein contribute to a specific function is a difficult problem. Analyses of amino acid covariation within a protein family can serve as a useful guide by identifying residues that are functionally coupled. Covariation analyses have been successfully used on several different protein families to identify residues that work together to promote folding, enable protein–protein interactions, or contribute to an enzymatic activity. Covariation is a statistical signal that can be measured in a multiple sequence alignment of homologous proteins. As sequence databases have expanded dramatically, covariation analyses have become easier and more powerful. In this chapter, we describe how functional covariation arises during the evolution of proteins and how this signal can be distinguished from various background signals. We discuss the basic methodology for performing amino acid covariation analysis, using bacterial two-component signal transduction proteins as an example. We provide practical suggestions for each step of the process including assembly of protein sequences, construction of a multiple sequence alignment, measurement of covariation, and analysis of results.
Characterization of a Porcine Enterocyte Receptor for Group a Rotavirus

We have identified, purified to apparent homogeneity and chemically characterized a biologically-relevant porcine enterocyte receptor for group A porcine rotavirus. Ceramide glycanase digestion followed by acid hydrolysis and monosaccharide compositional analyses indicated the receptor is a family of two GM3 gangliosides, one containing N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid and the other N-acetylneuraminic acid. Both gangliosides displayed dose-dependent inhibition of rotavirus binding to, and infectivity of, host cells. Inhibition of infectivity in a focus-forming-unit-reduction assay was achieved with as little as 2 nmols of NeuGcGM3 (50% inhibition with 3.97 nmol) or NeuAcGM3 (50% inhibition with 9.84 nmol) per 104 FFU of virus. Preliminary data suggest specific porcine GM3 carbohydrate fine structure or spatial orientation of the sialyloligosaccharide epitopes of the holoGM3 gangliosides may be crucial to enterocyte receptor recognition by rotavirus. We have quantified both NeuGcGM3 and NeuAcGM3 in enterocytes of various-aged pigs from newborn through 16 weeks and have found with increasing age the amount of both GM3 derivatives, especially NeuGcGM3 per gram (dry weight) intestinal brush border decreases rapidly from newborn through 4 weeks of age. These results may help explain the age-sensitivity of piglets to severe rotavirus diarrhea.
Sizing It Up

Counting is probably one of our earliest intellectual pursuits, and it is a ubiquitous task in everyday life. The principles of counting are also what several branches of mathematics are based on, especially combinatorics, probability theory, and statistics.
Energy Gap Tuning and Carrier Dynamics in Colloidal Ge1–xSnx Quantum Dots

Optical transition energies and carrier dynamics in colloidally synthesized 2.0 ± 0.8 nm Ge1–xSnx quantum dots (x = 0.055–0.236) having visible luminescence were investigated using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy supported by first-principles calculations. By changing Sn content from x = 0.055 to 0.236, experimentally determined HOMO–LUMO gap at 15 K was tuned from 1.88 to 1.61 eV. Considering the size and compositional variations, these values were consistent with theoretically calculated ones. At 15 K, time-resolved PL revealed slow decay of luminescence (3–27 μs), likely due to the recombination of spin-forbidden dark excitons and recombination of carriers trapped at surface states. Increasing Sn concentration to 23.6% led to 1 order of magnitude faster recombination. At 295 K, PL decays were 3 orders of magnitude faster (9–28 ns) owing to the thermal activation of bright excitons and carrier detrapping from surface states.
A fast stability assessment scheme based on classification and regression tree

Traditional power system stability analysis based on full model computation shows its drawbacks in real-time applications where fast variations are present at both demand side and supply side. This paper presents the use of Decision Trees (DT) for fast evaluation of power system oscillatory stability and voltage stability based on voltage and current phasor measurements. An operating point is grouped into one of several stability categories based on the value of corresponding stability indicator. A new methodology for knowledge base creation has been elaborated to assure practical and sufficient training datasets. Encouraging results are obtained through the performance examination using the generated knowledge base. The impact of DT growing method and node setting on the classification accuracy has been explored. Finally, the differences in performance between regression tree and several other data mining tools have been compared.
Insights from carnivore community composition on the paleoecology of early Pleistocene Eurasian sites: Implications for the dispersal of hominins out of Africa

Abstract Understanding the forces that led to the early Pleistocene dispersal of hominins from Africa into Eurasia is an extremely important question in paleoanthropology. Hypotheses can be roughly divided into intrinsic and environmental consistency hypotheses. The former suggest that characters unique to hominins provided the push for dispersal while the latter hypothesis suggest that environmental factors and specifically the presence of open savanna habitats may have provided the pull for hominins into Eurasia. Here I present the application of a paleoecological proxy which uses carnivore community composition to determine paleoenvironment in five Eurasian early Pleistocene sites. Carnivore community composition, i.e., number of species per family, can distinguish between the main Koppen Geiger habitats and between two main biomes: grassland/shrubland and forest/woodland. Based on comparisons to modern carnivore assemblages, we can identify three groups of early Eurasian Pleistocene sites. The first group includes stratum B of the site of Dmanisi (early Matuyama chron) which was classified as an arid shrubland/grassland environment while the second group includes sites dated to Matuyama Chron: ‘Ubeidiya, Venta Micena and Akhalkalaki, which were classified as temperate forest/woodland environments. The third group includes another site dated to the Matuyama Chron as well, Pirro Nord, which was classified as temperate shrubland/grassland. While dispersal during in the Olduvai – Matuyama boundary (1.78 Ma) may have preferentially targeted arid and semi-arid environments, compatible with the environmental consistency hypothesis, Matuyama Chron dispersals (1.78–0.78 Ma) may have occupied a wider range of environments, consistent with the intrinsic hypothesis.
Perturbation Approach to Lattice Instabilities in Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductors

In this chapter, the viewpoint is taken that the famous Frohlich-Peierls(1,2) lattice phase transition in a quasi-one-dimensional conductor is an effect of the electron-phonon interaction in a highly anisotropic electronic system. The theory adopted here to account for the electronic and lattice properties is essentially that of a conventional field-theoretic treatment of the electron-phonon system.(3) The model to be borne in mind is a system of conduction electrons confined to move along parallel chains without chance of hopping from chain to chain, interacting between the chains via Coulomb interaction, and interacting with the phonons and with impurities.
White matter tract integrity is associated with antidepressant response to lurasidone in bipolar depression

Objectives Patients with bipolar disorder spend the most time in the depressed phase, and that phase is associated with the most morbidity and mortality. Treatment of bipolar depression lacks a test to determine who will respond to treatment. White matter disruptions have been found in bipolar disorder. Previous reports suggest that white matter disruptions may be associated with resistance to antidepressant medication, but this has never been investigated in a prospective study using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication. Methods Eighteen subjects with bipolar disorder who were in a major depressive episode and off all medications were recruited. Magnetic resonance imaging was acquired using a 64-direction diffusion tensor imaging sequence on a 3T scanner. Subjects were treated with 8 weeks of open-label lurasidone. The Montgomrey-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was completed weekly. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics were utilized to perform a regression analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) data with treatment outcome as assessed by percent change in MADRS as a regressor while controlling for age and sex, using a threshold of P (threshold-free cluster enhancement-corrected) <.05. Results FA was positively correlated with antidepressant treatment response in multiple regions of the mean FA skeleton bilaterally, including tracts in the frontal and parietal lobes. Conclusions Greater disruptions in the white matter tracts in bipolar disorder were associated with poorer antidepressant response to lurasidone. The disruptions may potentially indicate treatment with a different antidepressant medication class. These results are limited by the open-label study design, sample size and lack of a healthy control group.
Subcutaneous port for longterm access and administration of topical chemotherapy to the upper urinary tract

Fourteen silicone pigtail catheters were inserted into the renal pelves of ten 25 kg. pigs. These catheters were connected to injection ports implanted in the flank. Each animal received 15 mg. of thiotepa, into one port, weekly for 8 weeks. These were well tolerated. Percutaneous radiography and histological examination showed effective distribution of thiotepa throughout the upper urinary tract. Microscopic changes included cytoplasmic vacuolation, cystic changes and denudation of the mucosa. There was edema and chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the submucosa. This method of access to the upper tracts should be considered for long-term recurrent treatment of upper tract superficial transitional cell carcinoma.
Gender and Organizations

As the new women's movement took shape in the 1960s, feminists criticized organizational hierarchies and bureaucratic practices as masculine, undemocratic, and oppressive, and also argued that men monopolized leading positions, even in radical organizations, excluding women from positions of power and influence. Consequently, critiques of organized male power and the organizational forms in which it was expressed were integral to feminism, and feminists attempted early on to organize in nonhierarchical, nonbureaucratic ways (Ferree & Martin, 1995; Freeman, 1972-1973). Despite this early concern about organizations and male power, gender and organizations as a field of scholarly study developed considerably later than other "gender specializations." In this chapter, I review the history of the field and examine its contents, focussing on organizational structures of gender inequality, organizations as gendered processes, masculinity and sexuality in organizations, gender and organizational change, and potential contributions of this approach to understanding contemporary societal problems.
Toxicology and Pharmacology of the Lanthanides

Broadly speaking, lanthanides interfere with normal metabolism in one of two general ways. The first is through specific biochemical interaction producing, as we shall see, a variety of toxic and pharmacologic sequelae. The second concerns the damage inflicted by radioactive lanthanides. Although the latter is an important matter related to such topical concerns as the safety of nuclear power plants and the dangers of nuclear weapons, it is not, in itself, a field of inquiry that is unique to the lanthanides. Rather, it belongs to the larger arena of radiation biology and biochemistry, a discussion of which lies outside the scope of this book. For this reason, the radiotoxicity of lanthanides is not given more than a passing mention in this chapter. Instead, we shall concentrate on the metabolic and physiological perturbations produced by nonradioactive lanthanides.
The Spin-Photon Echo Revisited

Pulse echo phenomena in general are briefly reviewed in relation to the spin echo as the first observed case. Two and three pulse NMR and photon echo amplitudes are calculated on the basis of a geometric model which emphasizes the role of non-linear coupling between the macroscopic polarization components of the ensemble and applied pulses. Coherent radiation damping in NMR is analyzed taking inhomogeneous broadening into account. Interpretations of entropy and thermodynamics are presented in light of the apparent contradiction of reversibility represented by the formation of the echo.
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents as a New Source of Drug Discovery

Abstract There are potentially thousands of natural compounds that can induce a cell death cascade or arrest cell division, and strategic searches for such molecules have led to drugs discoveries with major clinical applications. Far less than 1% of the extracts of marine organisms have been screened for anticancer activity. Because of the dependence of stationary marine organisms on biochemical defense mechanisms, bioactive marine natural products are plentiful, often structurally unique, with no counterparts in terrestrial organisms. Thus, the oceans represent a rich, but largely untapped, resource for biologically active, anticancer compounds. In this review, we discuss the potential of deep-sea hydrothermal vents as a hot spot for bioactive marine natural products discovery. We then display the main mechanism of apoptosis induction and develop a new strategy for anticancer and drug discovery approach. We develop in detail the first isolation and structural elucidation of metabolites from marine organisms associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents (the marine hydrothermal vent bacterium, Thermovibrio ammonificans and the deep-sea hydrothermal vent invertebrate mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus). We conclude with the uniqueness of metabolites that induce apoptosis such as the Xenia elongata compounds series.
Free Energy and Metabolism

Publisher Summary The most useful concept that biochemists have obtained from thermodynamics is that of free energy. By considering the free energy change, it can be told whether a reaction may proceed spontaneously or whether it must be driven by other reactions. This chapter presents the concept of free energy in a simple, descriptive way to introduce the nature of the concept. It also describes various methods of obtaining free energy data. The chapter highlights the relations between free energy and other quantities of direct interest such as equilibrium constants, heats of reaction, and electromotive forces. It explains the applications of thermodynamics to indicate areas of biochemistry in which such information is useful. The chapter explores flow of energy through photosynthesis and its assimilation into chemically stored forms such as starch, utilization of compounds with production of energy-rich phosphate compounds, and use for synthesis or work of various sorts.
Escaping Stellar Particles

Particles from hot stars are continuously escaping. It was known from early on that were it not for such particles, the interplanetary and interstellar space would be a near perfect vacuum with an occasional cosmic ray zipping through. The escaping particles from Sun have been called solar wind (SW). The SW travels across the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) inducing \(\mathcal {EMF}\) that drives a heliospheric current sheet which then interacts with magnetized planets creating structures like magnetospheres populated by high energy particles.
Clinical benefit of treatment for metastatic renal cell cancer at high volume facilities

Advancements in molecular biology and the ability to prime the immune system to target cancer cells have opened new frontiers in anti-cancer therapy, particularly in the metastatic setting.
Correction to: Differential effects of chronic and acute simulated seawater intrusion on tidal freshwater marsh carbon cycling

In the original publication, in the Methods section at the end of the section Gas Exchange Measurements, the following information was missing: “For methane, we dropped one to two data points, as appropriate, to improve the r squared of the regression of methane concentration versus time to ≥0.85. These changes did not affect the findings of the paper.”
Are Adewale and Ngochi more employable than Jamal and Lakeisha? The influence of nationality and ethnicity cues on employment-related evaluations of Blacks in the United States

Previous research has consistently shown that racial bias can influence employers' perceptions and evaluations of Black individuals in hiring and promotion decisions. However, within-race differences (e.g., skin tone, Afrocentric features) can lead to variation in these decisions. In addition to phenotypical variation, ethnicity cues (e.g., perceived country of origin, name) may be important within-race factors influencing the perception and evaluations of Black job applicants. Using a resume evaluation paradigm, participants evaluated one of three resumes in which the target applicant's name provided cues about ethnicity (either Black American, Black African, or White American). Results suggest that Black Americans may experience more discrimination in hiring and are generally perceived less positively across several employment-related domains than both White and Black African applicants. Specifically, we find that Black Americans are less likely to be selected for an interview or offered a job and are evaluated more negatively overall relative to Black Africans.
Fetal Nasal Bone Length in the East African Population

OBJECTIVES To establish normal ranges of fetal nasal bone length throughout gestation in the East African population and to subsequently compare these measurements with the standardized reference. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed at the University of Minnesota from January 2011 to December 2016. Fetal nasal bone length measurements were generated in a midsagittal plane at an angle of insonation of 45° from ultrasound images of 1407 nonanomalous fetuses of 1130 mothers of East African decent between 14 and 40 weeks' gestation. The proportion of fetal nasal bone lengths of less than 5.2 mm at week 20 of gestation in the East African population was then compared with the 5% noted by the standardized reference by a χ2 test. RESULTS The fetal nasal bone length increased linearly with advancing gestational age in fetuses of East African mothers (R2 = 0.53; P < .0001). The fetal nasal bone lengths of the East African fetuses were found to be shorter at all ages of gestation compared with the standard reference. At 20 weeks' gestation 17% (95% confidence interval, 13%-22%) of the nasal bone lengths of the East African fetuses were less than 5.2 mm compared with 5% of white and African American fetuses. CONCLUSIONS Using the standard reference may lead to a greater than 3.5-fold overdiagnosis of hypoplastic nasal bones in the East African population. To improve aneuploidy risk stratification and patient counseling in the East African population, the introduction of a standardized East African-based fetal nasal bone length reference seems warranted.
Intelligence Dilemmas: Understanding the Complexity of the P5 Relationship

Threats to stability and peace are likely to continue into the foreseeable future. Likewise, since globalization has expanded in recent years, it has made it difficult in knowing whether any particular country could be viewed as a friend or foe; this is a significant challenge to those working in the field of intelligence and to help determine how intelligence relations can vary depending on the situation. Particularly, this is the case when turning to relations among the permanent five (P5) members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). This research looks to enhance the scholarship of integration (Boyer 1990). It applies the Federal Qualitative Secondary Data Case Study Triangulation Model and a variant of the York Intelligence Red Team Model (YIRTM) to help perform the analysis. Specifically, this study looks at issues from the US perspective to see the way UNSC permanent members advance their own interests. Accordingly, the chapter shows when nations will likely foster relations to share intelligence with one or more of these actors and when it is in the best interest of a country not to do so.
Cauti and clabsi in hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Background: Patients hospitalized for suspected or confirmed COVID-19 often require high levels of support, including supplemental oxygen or ventilation, intravenous fluids and pressors, prone positioning, and strict input/output monitoring Increased utilization of invasive devices such as indwelling urinary catheters and central venous catheters may be needed in this population Staff minimize contact time with COVID-19 patients We hypothesized higher rates of device infection in patients with COVID-19 Table 1 Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study at a 555-bed safety net hospital 4 units (125 beds) primarily cared for patients with confirmed infection Other units did not accept patients until COVID status was deemed negative, except Labor & Delivery and a designated mixed unit Indwelling urinary catheter and central venous catheter (CVC) device days are tracked in all inpatient areas CLABSI and CAUTI surveillance is performed using NHSN definitions The first hospitalized COVID-19 case at our hospital occurred late March 2020 April - May 2020 was considered the initial pandemic phase for our institution Device utilization for the 6 months prior (October 2019 - March 2020) was compared to initial pandemic phase Device infection rates were also compared Within the initial pandemic phase, utilization and infection rates were stratified by COVID-19 vs non-COVID-19 areas Results: Median indwelling urinary catheter usage increased during the initial pandemic period by 36% (998 to 1355 catheter days, p=0 13);CVC usage increased 25% (997 to 1246 CVC days, p=0 13) Hospital-wide, median CAUTI rates remained constant (2 9 and 2 7 infections/1000 catheter days, p=1 00) CLABSI rates increased significantly (0 0 and 1 6 infections/1000 CVC days, p=0 008) CAUTI rates were 83% higher, and CLABSI rates were 65% higher in COVID-19 areas compared to non- COVID-19 areas (Table 1) Urine culture and blood culture ordering were 69% higher and 73% higher in COVID-19 areas, respectively Conclusion: Utilization of both indwelling urinary catheters and CVC increased during the initial phase of the pandemic Hospitalized COVID-19 patients appear to be at higher risk of both CAUTI and CLABSI Patient care protocols, device utilization and culture ordering all require further investigation
Assessing dual language learners of Spanish and English: Development of the QUILS: ES

Abstract Introduction and objectives Developing a language screener for Dual Language Learners presents numerous challenges. We discuss possible solutions for theoretical and methodological problems often encountered in the development of such a test and illustrate possible solutions using a newly developed language screener for Dual Language Learners. Materials and methods The process for developing, validating and norming the screener is also offered as a potential model for the development of other assessments for Dual Language Learners throughout the world. The twelve types of subtests are in three categories: Vocabulary, Syntax, and Process. Results and conclusions Results from the Tryout and Norming phase on 362 Dual Language Learners aged 3–5;11 years are presented, together with the results of item selection via IRT, validity, and reliability testing. The advantage of using Best Scores is highlighted as a useful measure to identify children who are at risk for language difficulties that will impact their academic success. Importantly, knowledge is found to be distributed across the languages.
Milk exosomes: Nature's abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications

Exosomes are a unique subpopulation of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles which are smaller intracellular membrane nanoparticle vesicles. Exosomes have proven to be excellent nanocarriers for carrying lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNAs, and disseminating long-distance intercellular communications in various biological processes. Among various cell-line or biological fluid derived exosomes, milk exosomes are abundant in nature and exhibit many nanocarrier characteristics favorable for theranostic applications. To be an effective delivery carrier for their clinical translation, exosomes must inbuilt loading, release, targeting, and imaging/tracking characteristics. Considering the unmet gaps of milk exosomes in theranostic technology it is essential to focus the current review on drug delivery and imaging applications. This review delineates the efficiency of exosomes to load therapeutic or imaging agents and their successful delivery approaches. It is emphasized on possible modifications of exosomes towards increasing the stability and delivery of agents. This article also summarizes the specific applications and the process of developing milk exosomes as a future pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicle.
IBD risk prediction using multi-ethnic polygenic risk scores

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has emerged as a global disease, yet identifying those at higher risk of developing IBD remains challenging. A new study highlights the use of a multi-ethnic polygenic risk score to determine risk of inflammatory bowel disease in a large primary care population.
Model-driven mapping onto distributed memory parallel computers

The author addresses the problem of exploiting the parallelism available in a program to efficiently employ the resources of the target machine in the context of building a mapping compiler for a distributed memory parallel machine. He demonstrates the effectiveness of using execution models to select the best mapping technique from among those available for a given program segment on a particular machine. Through analysis of the execution models for several mapping techniques for one class of programs on a linear processor array, it is shown that selecting the best technique for a particular program instance can make a significant difference in performance. On the other hand, the results of benchmarks from a mapping compiler for the Warp systolic array machine show that the execution models considered are accurate enough to select the best mapping technique for a given program.
Alcohol Use Disrupts Age-Appropriate Cortical Thinning in Adolescence: A Data Driven Approach

Objective: Cortical thickness changes dramatically during development and is influenced by adolescent drinking. However, previous findings have been inconsistent and limited by region-of-interest approaches that are underpowered because they do not conform to the underlying heterogeneity from the effects of alcohol. Methods: Adolescents (n=657; 12-22 years at baseline) from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) who endorsed little to no alcohol use at baseline were assessed with structural MRI and followed longitudinally at four yearly intervals. Seven unique spatially covarying patterns of cortical thickness were obtained from the baseline scans by applying a novel data-driven method called non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). The cortical thickness maps of all participants9 longitudinal scans were projected onto vertex-level cortical patterns to obtain participant-specific coefficients for each pattern. Linear mixed-effects models were fit to each pattern to investigate longitudinal effects of alcohol consumption on cortical thickness. Results: In most NMF-derived cortical thickness patterns, the longitudinal rate of decline in no/low drinkers was similar for all age cohorts, among moderate drinkers the decline was faster in the younger cohort and slower in the older cohort, among heavy drinkers the decline was fastest in the younger cohort and slowest in the older cohort (FDR corrected p-values < 0.01). Conclusions: The NMF method can delineate spatially coordinated patterns of cortical thickness at the vertex level that are unconstrained by anatomical features. Age-appropriate cortical thinning is more rapid in younger adolescent drinkers and slower in older adolescent drinkers.
Clinical and pathological characteristics of breast cancer with resected brain metastasis.

1089Background: Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) has poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Studies have shown that BCBM may differ from their matched primary tumors in receptor subty...
Impact of Medicaid expansion and methadone coverage as a medication for opioid use disorder on foster care entries during the opioid crisis

Abstract Between 2012 and 2018, incidents of opioid-involved injuries surged and the number of children in foster care due to parental drug use disorder increased. Treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) might prevent or reduce the amount of time that children spend in the child welfare system. Using administrative data, we examined the impact of Medicaid expansion and state support for methadone as a medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on first-time foster care placements. Results show that first-time foster care entries due to parental drug use disorder experienced a reduction of 28 per 100,000 children in Medicaid expansion states with methadone MOUD covered by their state Medicaid programs. The largest reduction was found among non-Hispanic Black children and the youngest children (age 0–1 years). Policies that increase OUD treatment access may reduce foster care placements by reducing parents’ drug use, a risk factor for child abuse/neglect and subsequent home removal.
Synthesis and Metabolism of Glucose-3-H3 and Glucose-4-H3

It was established by Flatt and Ball [1] and in our laboratory [2,3] that TPNH generated in the pentose cycle is not sufficient to provide all the reducing equivalents for the biosynthesis of fatty acids in adipose tissue in vitro, when rates of synthesis are high. To extend these findings, we turned to the use of tritium-labeled substrates. Glucose-1-H3, glucose-6-H3, and H32O were used in mammary gland and adiposetissue [4, 5]. Results with these substrates were at variance with conclusions from previous work based on C14-labeled glucose. This was suspected to be the result of tritium isotope effects. It was deemed of value to prepare glucose labeled with tritium in positions 3 and 4. Glucose-3-H3 was previously used by Kemp and Rose[6].