cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed Methods Assessment of Health Tracking Use by Diverse, Urban Youth

Health tracking technologies are changing the way people engage with health and lifestyle management. Healthy behaviors acquired early in life are most effective for disease prevention, but feasibi...
Survey of Swimming Pools in California

Abstract This survey reveals significant trends in joint planning, construction, site utilization, and operation of public aquatic facilities by all governing agencies and schools in California. It indicates something of the multiple use and types of pool now being completed. The statistical analysis of these facilities, revealing the large numbers of pools now available, is an index to this phase of capital outlay development in the West. Detailed data on specific facilities are omitted, but information in greater detail can be obtained from the source. Rapid shift to school-centered site utilization is verified and substantiated.
Post-radiation reactive changes in a single vertebral body mimicking metastatic pineoblastoma: Case report

This 18-year-old woman presented with headache and diplopia over several months and was found to have an enhancing pineal tumor with resultant obstructive hydrocephalus. Following standard preoperative diagnostic tests, including spinal axis imaging, the patient was taken to the operating room for an endoscopic third ventriculostomy to relieve hydrocephalus and then subsequently underwent a craniotomy for gross-total resection of the pineal mass. The patient was discharged after an uneventful hospital course and received standard adjuvant cranial-spinal radiation and chemotherapy as an outpatient. Follow-up imaging 1 year after surgery demonstrated a metabolically active, lytic lesion in the C-3 vertebral body and new lung lesions suggesting a metastatic pineoblastoma. The patient underwent a C-3 anterior corpectomy and reconstruction without complication as aggressive therapy for presumed metastatic disease. Final pathological results from the vertebral lesion were consistent with radiation-induced reactive changes, not metastatic pineoblastoma as originally suspected. The patient recovered well and remains symptom free. To the authors' knowledge this is the first reported case of reactive changes mimicking metastasis in a single vertebral body following standard therapy for resected primary pineoblastoma.
Development of antisense and antigene oligonucleotide analogs.

Publisher Summary Many excellent reviews and monographs have been written describing the chemistry and biological activity of various antisense and antigene oligonucleotides. This chapter focuses on two lines of research that are aimed at the development of antisense and antigene oligonucleotide analogs. The first line of research involves the development of nuclease-resistant antisense oligonucleotide analogs, the oligonucleoside methylphosphonates. The second line of research involves the development of nucleoside and oligonucleotide analogs that can be used to recognize sequences in double-stranded DNA. Antisense oligonucleotides are designed to interact with cytoplasmic messenger RNA (mRNA) or with precursor mRNA in the nucleus. Antigene oligonucleotides are designed to bind to double-stranded DNA via the formation of triple-stranded complexes (triplexes). Antisense oligonucleotides depend on Watson–Crick hydrogen-bonding interactions between an oligomer and its target, whereas antigene oligonucleotides make use of Hoogsteen or reversed-Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding schemes. Antisense and antigene oligonucleotide analogs hold great promise for the design of reagents that can be used to inhibit gene expression selectively at either the mRNA or DNA level.
Nanoparticle Aggregation and Fractal Growth in Fluid Smectic Membranes

We observe directly the diffusion and aggregation of buckyball clusters dispersed in thin, freely-suspended films of smectic liquid crystal using reflected light microscopy. The buckyballs at early times are barely resolvable, nanoscale clusters, which diffuse stochastically in the film. Clusters eventually coalesce to form micron-scale, fractal aggregates whose effective radius increases approximately linearly with time, so that after several days, millimeter-size fractals extend across the entire film. The measured fractal dimension of these final networks suggests that the aggregation of the buckyball clusters in the film is a diffusion-limited process.
Energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms predicted by quantum electrodynamics, 10≤Z≤40

Energy-level separations predicted by quantum electrodynamics among the n=1 and n=2 states of hydrogen-like atoms with nuclear charge Z in the range 10≤Z≤40 are tabulated. For each level, the various Lamb-shift effects are listed separately.
Inquiry with imagery: historical archive retrieval with digital cameras

This paper describes an integration of geographic information systems (GIS) and multimedia technologies to transform the ways K-12 students learn about their local communities. We have augmented a digital camera with a global positioning system (GPS) and a digital compass to record its position and orientation when pictures are taken. The metadata are used to retrieve and present historical images of the photographed locations to students. Another set of tools allows them to annotate and compare these historical images to develop explanations of how and why their communities have changed over time. We describe the camera architecture and learning outcomes that we expect to see in classroom use.
Solid phase synthesis of hydrogen bond surrogate derived α-helices: resolving the case of a difficult amide coupling

Solid phase synthesis of HBS helices involving the Fukuyama–Mitsunobu reaction and triphosgene coupling is described.
Characterization of Lipase Activity in Cold-Stored Butter

Abstract Addition of lipase from Candida cylindracea to butter caused concentrations of free fatty acids to increase with increasing storage temperatures (−28 to 6°C) and times (0 to 60 days). The free fatty acids concentrations in butters also increased with greater numbers of freeze-thaw cycles (one to four), especially at the higher thawing temperature of 21°C. Evidence was obtained for two lipases in a sample of rancid commercial butter. These lipases showed different positional specificity for free fatty acids, and the activity of each enzyme was either dependent upon or independent of storage temperature.
Resonant RHEED study of Cu3Au(111) surface order

Abstract Using single-crystal thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy, we have examined the surface order-disorder transition of Cu3Au(111). The surface order S was determined quantitatively by means of resonant reflection high-energy electron diffraction at structure and superstructure resonances. We find a surface order that varies with a critical exponent in reduced temperature that agrees well with the mean field prediction β = 1 2 .
Pituitary localization of 3H-spiroperidol by an Uptake/Storage Mechanism?

The lack of a pituitary imaging agent combined with the considerable clinical value for such an agent prompted an examination of 3H-spiroperidol (3HSp). Spiroperidol was selected for initial evaluation based on its high affinity for D2 receptors which are known to be present in the pituitary. A time course study of 3HSp concentration in rat pituitary and other tissues was conducted. Pituitary activity levels were found to be constant from 5 min to 4 h and were about 8 times levels in corpus striatum at 1 h. Blocking studies with (+) butaclamol and with unlabelled spiroperidol suggested the existence of both a D2 receptor mediated binding localization and a second uptake which is postulated to be an internalization process. Further studies involving ultracentrifugation of pituitary homogenates resulted in evidence for association of 3HSp with dense subcellular particles. 3HSp thus appears to be internalized by pituitary cells.
Ribosomal protein synthesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Abstract Incorporation of a mixture of radioactive amino acids by polyribosomes from muscle extracts of 10 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was over 5-fold higher than 10 normal controls; yet the ribosome content relative to noncollagen protein was the same for both groups. Heavy polyribosomes from the dystrophic muscle produced 4- to 5-fold more collagen than identical control fractions. The extent of collagen synthesis by the dystrophic heavy polyribosomes depended on whether a complementary soluble enzyme came from the patients or from the controls. Supplementation of the dystrophic heavy polyribosomes with normal soluble enzymes restored the synthesis of collagen to that of the controls. This suggests that a substance(s) in the soluble fraction may have the potential for arresting the progressive development of connective tissue in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Shelah’s work on non-semi-proper iterations, I

In this paper, we give details of results of Shelah concerning iterated Namba forcing over a ground model of CH and iteration of P[W] where W is a stationary subset of ω2 concentrating on points of countable cofinality.
Can cinnamon bring aroma in Parkinson's disease treatment?

While in one hand, due to genetic alterations, lifestyle changes, infections or injuries, or sudden turn of life events, we get health problems, on the other, we have been endowed with enormous natural remedies to take care our health. Cinnamon, the brown bark of cinnamon tree, is one such natural product that has already been being used for centuries throughout the world as spice or flavoring agent. In addition, medieval physicians used cinnamon for medical purposes to treat a variety of disorders including arthritis, coughing, hoarseness, sore throats, etc. It was once so highly-prized that several wars were fought over it.
Coming Out of the Campus Closet: The Emerging Visibility of Queer Students at the University of Florida, 1970–1982

This historical work chronicles the emergence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) student visibility at the University of Florida from 1970 to 1982. It focuses on the establishment of an LGBTQ student group and student reactions to queer visibility. This work relies heavily on the student newspaper for the student perspective, and shows how the emergence of queer students was part of the expansion of student affairs offices and how queer student movements grew from other social protest movements. Higher education history has almost entirely omitted queer experiences, and queer history has not looked deeply into higher education.
Bayesian semiparametric joint models for functional predictors.

Motivated by the need to understand and predict early pregnancy loss using hormonal indicators of pregnancy health, this article proposes a semiparametric Bayesian approach for assessing the relationship between functional predictors and a response. A multivariate adaptive spline model is used to describe the functional predictors, and a generalized linear model with a random intercept describes the response. Through specifying the random intercept to follow a Dirichlet process jointly with the random spline coefficients, we obtain a procedure that clusters trajectories according to shape and according to the parameters of the response model for each cluster. This very flexible method allows for the incorporation of covariates in the models for both the response and the trajectory. We apply the method to postovulatory progesterone data from the Early Pregnancy Study and find that the model successfully predicts early pregnancy loss.
RNA-triggered gene silencing

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has recently been shown to trigger sequence-specific gene silencing in a wide variety of organisms, including nematodes, plants, trypanosomes, fruit flies and planaria; meanwhile an as yet uncharacterized RNA trigger has been shown to induce DNA methylation in several different plant systems. In addition to providing a surprisingly effective set of tools to interfere selectively with gene function, these observations are spurring new inquiries to understand RNA-triggered genetic-control mechanisms and their biological roles.
Conservation of population structure and genetic diversity under captive breeding of remnant coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations

Rebuilding wild populations often involves captive broodstocks derived from small, remnant populations. We measured a hatchery program’s ability to conserve genetic diversity when founding captive broodstocks from such populations. Migratory coaster brook trout were extirpated from most of their historic range in US waters of Lake Superior and were proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Two captive broodstocks, one with 19 founders and another with 99 founders, were established to rebuild US populations. We used microsatellite markers to examine genetic variation in source populations and early hatchery generations. Broodstocks retained the strong differentiation found between source populations; however, one founder, with a low probability of belonging to either source population, sired 5.7% of F1 progeny. We found small changes in within-population genetic variation across successive wild and hatchery generations of broodstocks. Evaluation of stage-specific survivorship indicated that equalizing family sizes of embryos produced modest gains in the effective number of breeders, and that survival in the hatchery was nearly random across families. Our study demonstrates the value of genetic monitoring during initial stages of hatchery programs for small and declining populations.
A Host-Based Intrusion Detection System Using Architectural Features to Improve Sophisticated Denial-of-Service Attack Detections

Application features like port numbers are used by Network-based Intrusion Detection Systems NIDSs to detect attacks coming from networks. System calls and the operating system related information are used by Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems HIDSs to detect intrusions toward a host. However, the relationship between hardware architecture events and Denial-of-Service DoS attacks has not been well revealed. When increasingly sophisticated intrusions emerge, some attacks are able to bypass both the application and the operating system level feature monitors. Therefore, a more effective solution is required to enhance existing HIDSs. In this article, the authors identify the following hardware architecture features: Instruction Count, Cache Miss, Bus Traffic and integrate them into a HIDS framework based on a modern statistical Gradient Boosting Trees model. Through the integration of application, operating system and architecture level features, the proposed HIDS demonstrates a significant improvement of the detection rate in terms of sophisticated DoS intrusions.
An Automated GPS-Based Prompted Recall Survey with Learning Algorithms

Using GPS technology in the collection of household travel data has been gaining importance as the technology matures. This paper documents recent developments in the field of GPS travel surveying and ways in which GPS has been incorporated into or even replaced traditional household travel survey methods. A new household activity survey is presented which uses automated data reduction methods to determine activity and travel locations based on a series of heuristics developed from land-use data and travel characteristics. The algorithms are used in an internet-based prompted recall survey which utilizes advanced learning algorithms to reduce the burden placed on survey respondents. Initial results of a small pilot study are discussed and potential areas of future work are presented.
Sodium-calcium exchange in cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

1. Intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) was measured in cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator Fura-2. 2. Resting [Ca2+]i was 112 +/- 10 nM. Application of ouabain (20 microM) was without effect on [Ca2+]i for periods of up to 1 h. Monensin (10 microM) resting [Ca2+]i to 145 +/- 32 nM over approximately 2 min. In the presence of ouabain (20 microM), 10 microM-monensin increased [Ca2+]i to 146 +/- 15 nM. 3. Removal of extracellular sodium was without effect in resting cells or cells exposed to ouabain alone. However, in the presence of monensin, replacement of extracellular Na+ with Li+ resulted in a prompt increase in [Ca2+]i to a peak of 280 +/- 37 nM, which then returned towards resting levels. When Na+ was removed in the presence of both ouabain and monensin, [Ca2+]i reached a peak of 585 +/- 53 nM. 4. When extracellular Na+ was replaced with K+, to achieve simultaneous Na+ removal and depolarization, [Ca2+]i reached a peak of 568 +/- 63 nM, compared with a peak of 462 +/- 38 nM when Li+ was used as a Na+ substitute in paired experiments. The transient increase in [Ca2+]i evoked by sodium removal peaked earlier when K+ was used as the sodium substitute, showing that depolarization increased the rate of calcium influx into the cell when sodium was removed from the bathing medium. 5. Removal of extracellular K+ had no effect on the low-Na(+)-evoked increase in [Ca2+]i. 6. Returning extracellular Na+ during the increase in [Ca2+]i resulting from Na+ removal increased the rate of return of [Ca2+]i towards basal levels. In the absence of Na+, [Ca2+]i took 41 +/- 5 s to decline from 400 to 200 nM, and this was reduced to 26 +/- 6 s (n = 4, S.E.M.) when Na+ was returned to the bathing solution. 7. These results indicate endothelial cells possess a voltage-dependent Na(+) -Ca2+ exchange mechanism in the surface membrane. However, this mechanism does not appear to be of primary importance in the maintenance of resting [Ca2+]i since cells were able to restore a low [Ca2+]i in the absence of extracellular Na+. The evidence for the existence of a Na(+) -Ca2+ exchanger in the surface membrane of endothelial cells and the possibility that this mechanism may contribute to calcium entry and/or extrusion during agonist-evoked responses is discussed.
Monomolecular Multimodal Fluorescence-Radioisotope Imaging Agents

Diagnosis of diseases by different imaging methods can provide complementary information about the functional status of diseased tissues or organs. To overcome the current difficulties in coregistering images from different imaging modalities with a high degree of accuracy, we prepared near-infrared (NIR) monomolecular multimodal imaging agents (MOMIAs) consisting of a heptamethine carbocyanine and 111In-DOTA chelate that served as antennae for optical and scintigraphic imaging, respectively. Their spectral properties clearly show that coordination of indium to MOMIA increased the fluorescence intensity of the compounds. The MOMIAs are exceptionally stable in biological media and serum up to 24 h at 37 degrees C. Biodistribution of the compounds in mice obtained by fluorescence photon and gamma-counts demonstrated a similar distribution trend of the molecular probe in different tissues, suggesting that the detected fluorescence and gamma-emissions emanated from the same source (MOMIA). At 24 h postinjection, the MOMIAs were excreted by the renal and hepatobiliary systems and the blood level of a representative MOMIA was very low, thereby reducing background noise caused by circulating molecular probes. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of preparing single molecules with the capacity to emit discernible and diagnostic fluorescent and gamma-radiations for optical and nuclear imaging of living organisms.
From "Punks" To Geopoliticians: U.S. and Panamanian Teenagers and the 1964 Canal Zone Riots

In 1964, U.S. civilian teenagers managed a rare feat by sparking a major foreign policy crisis. Even more remarkable, they were abroad when they did it, and they caused the crisis out of what many considered too much patriotism. The riots that rocked Panama beginning on 9 January of that year started as a scuffle between Panamanian and U.S. high school students in front of Balboa High School (BHS), a “Zonian” institution mostly for U.S. citizens. The immediate circumstances were complicated: teenagers from Panama City marched into the town of Balboa in the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone to protest the fact that BHS was not flying the Panamanian flag. Balboa High students, in turn, were already demanding that their flag continue to fly. President John Kennedy had ordered that both nations' flags be hoisted in the Zone, but implementation was slow. Then, local administrators decreed that neither flag would fly at BHS. The flag dispute seemed trivial, but its resolution could change which nation enjoyed sovereignty over the Zone. On 9 January, in the scuffle between Panamanian and U.S. students, the Panamanians' flag was torn. Then came the crisis. Within hours of the altercation, thousands of adults unleashed a bloody violence that lasted four days and killed twenty-one Panamanians and four U.S. soldiers. The U.S. Army took control of the Zone and Panama suspended diplomatic relations with the U.S. government. Panamanians further insisted on the scrapping of the 1903 Treaty that had established U.S. control over the Canal Zone. After years of negotiations, these riots led to the Panama Canal treaties in the 1970s and to the transfer of the Canal from U.S. to Panamanian hands in 1999.
Oxalate Ion Decomposition under UV Light from Low Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

Kinetics of oxalate ion decomposition under UV light from low pressure mercury vapor lamps (LPMVL) was studied in a batch reactor. The effects of UV light intensity (1.38×10−6 to 5.27×10−6 EL−1s−1, where E: Einstein or 1 mole of photons), temperature (15−35°C), initial oxalate concentration ((2.05−21.1) × 10−5 M), initial pH (5.45−8.94) and alkalinity (0–50 mg L−1 as CaCO3) on the photodecomposition kinetics of oxalate in de-ionized water were investigated. Oxalate decay followed split-rate pseudo-first-order kinetics. The decay rate constants decreased with increasing initial oxalate concentration, initial pH, alkalinity and temperature, but increased with UV light intensity. Solution pH increased during oxalate decomposition and reached a plateau as oxalate reached the analytical detection limit in de-ionized water. Addition of carbonate alkalinity virtually eliminated the pH profile. Time-dependent profiles for non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and total carbon (TC) showed that the carbon not account...
Isolation of Cultured Human Monocytes/Macrophages in Suspension Utilizing Liquid and Solid Phase Gelatin

We developed a method which provides a mechanism for isolating adherent mononuclear cells without subjecting them to traumatic physical or chemical methods of removal from their surface attachment sites. This method uses gelatin, which is solid at room temperature and liquid at 37 degrees C, as the adhering surface. Blood monocytes bind to gelatin-coated flasks at room temperature and are easily and gently removed when the gelatin is liquified at 37 degrees C. Monocytes, so isolated, are viable and functional [phagocytosis, adherence and Fc(IgG) and C3 receptor activity].
A generalized object-oriented approach to solving ordinary and partial differential equations using finite elements

Abstract This paper presents a new method of designing an object-oriented finite element program. In contrast to the traditional structured programming approach and some earlier object-oriented approaches designed only for solving specific problems, this approach adopts a very general structure originating from the weak form of the initial/boundary value problem. A coherent system of classes, representing concepts used in finite element methods, has been designed such that their instantiation discretizes the continuous problem into algebraic or differential equations. The discrete equations are further solved using a chain of instances of numerical methods, thus providing support for a flexible and problem-optimized code. The proposed approach is applied to a series of test problems from elasto-plasticity, heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and appears to be easily adaptable to a large range of problems.
Spintronic effects in metallic, semiconductor, metal oxide and metal semiconductor heterostructures

Spintronics is a rapidly growing field focusing on phenomena and related devices essentially dependent on spin transport. Some of them are already an established part of microelectronics. We review recent theoretical and experimental advances in achieving large spin injection efficiency (polarization of current) and accumulated spin polarization. These include tunnel and giant magnetoresistance, spin-torque and spin–orbit effects on electron transport in various heterostructures. We give a microscopic description of spin tunneling through oxide and modified Schottky barriers between a ferromagnet (FM) and a semiconductor (S). It is shown that in such FM–S junctions electrons with a certain spin projection can be efficiently injected into (or extracted from) S, while electrons with the opposite spin can accumulate in S near the interface. The criterion for efficient injection is opposite to a known Rashba criterion, since the barrier should be rather transparent. In degenerate semiconductors, extraction of spin can proceed at low temperatures. We mention a few novel spin-valve ultrafast devices with small dissipated power: a magnetic sensor, a spin transistor, an amplifier, a frequency multiplier, a square-law detector and a source of polarized radiation. We also discuss effects related to spin–orbital interactions, such as the spin Hall effect (SHE) and a recently predicted positive magnetoresistance accompanying SHE. Some esoteric devices such as 'spinFET', interacting spin logic and spin-based quantum computing are discussed and problems with their realization are highlighted. We demonstrate that the so-called 'ferroelectric tunnel junctions' are unlikely to provide additional functionality because in all realistic situations the ferroelectric barrier would be split into domains by the depolarizing field.
Free vs. transcribed text for keystroke-dynamics evaluations

Background. One revolutionary application of keystroke dynamics is continuous reauthentication: confirming a typist's identity during normal computer usage without interrupting the user.Aim. In laboratory evaluations, subjects are typically given transcription tasks rather than free composition (e.g., copying rather than composing text), because transcription is easier for subjects. This work establishes whether free and transcribed text produce equivalent evaluation results.Method. Twenty subjects completed comparable transcription and free-composition tasks; two keystroke-dynamics classifiers were implemented; each classifier was evaluated using both the free-composition and transcription samples.Results. Transcription hold and keydown-keydown times are 2--3 milliseconds slower than free-text features; t-tests showed these effects to be significant. However, these effects did not significantly change evaluation results.Conclusions. The additional difficulty of collecting freely composed text from subjects seems unnecessary; researchers are encouraged to continue using transcription tasks.
Approximate analysis methods for asymmetric plan base‐isolated buildings

An approximate method for linear analysis of asymmetric-plan, multistorey buildings is specialized for a single-storey, base-isolated structure. To find the mode shapes of the torsionally coupled system, the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure is applied using the torsionally uncoupled modes as Ritz vectors. This approach reduces to analysis of two single-storey systems, each with vibration properties and eccentricities (labelled ‘effective eccentricities’) similar to corresponding properties of the isolation system or the fixed-base structure. With certain assumptions, the vibration properties of the coupled system can be expressed explicitly in terms of these single-storey system properties. Three different methods are developed: the first is a direct application of the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure; the second and third use simplifications for the effective eccentricities, assuming a relatively stiff superstructure. The accuracy of these proposed methods and the rigid structure method in determining responses are assessed for a range of system parameters including eccentricity and structure flexibility. For a subset of systems with equal isolation and structural eccentricities, two of the methods are exact and the third is sufficiently accurate; all three are preferred to the rigid structure method. For systems with zero isolation eccentricity, however, all approximate methods considered are inconsistent and should be applied with caution, only to systems with small structural eccentricities or stiff structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE UNDERLYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRADFORD DISTRIBUTION

The Bradford distribution differs from most probability distributions in that it is concerned with the rank-order S of the elements in terms of their productivity (from highest down to lowest) rather than with the numerical values n of the element's productivity. The defining relationship is that S is exponentially related to G, the cumulative production of the elements of rank-order S or less. This implies a Zipf-like relationship between mean productivity and rank-order, which is analogous to the Weber-Fechner law of Psychophysics. A variational specification of the distribution is given, and it is pointed out that the relationship between the construction of the Bradford and that of the usual distributions is roughly analogous to the relationship between Lebesgue and Riemann integration. It has been pointed out in the past that many informational data fit the approximate formula for the Bradford distribution (where n is considered to be a continuous variable). It is shown that when the exact Bradford distribution is used (with productivity taken to be an integer, as it actually is) then the fit with the data is even better, clear down to n=3,2 and even 1. This is demonstrated by fits with data from the scatter of articles on operations research among journals and also with data on the citations to a single medical journal by articles in other journals. The paper also includes tables and formulas to enable the reader to fit the distribution to data of his choice.
Disparities in Pancreas Cancer Care

Prior literature shows demographic differences in patients surgically treated for pancreatic cancer (PC). We hypothesized that socioeconomic disparities also exist across all aspects of PC care, in both surgically and non-surgically treated patients. We identified a cohort of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I–IV PC in the 1994–2008 California Cancer Registry. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the impact of race, sex, and insurance status on (1) resectability (absence of advanced disease), (2) receipt of surgery, and (3) receipt of adjuvant/primary chemotherapy (+/– radiotherapy). Among 20,312 patients, 7,585 (37 %) had resectable disease; 40 % who met this definition received surgery (N = 3,153). On multivariate analysis, males were less likely to present with resectable tumors [odds ratio (OR) 0.91, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.85–0.96], but sex did not otherwise predict treatment. Black patients were as likely as White patients to show resectable disease, yet were less likely to receive surgery (OR 0.66, 95 % CI 0.54–0.80), and adjuvant (OR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.58–0.98) or primary chemotherapy +/– radiation. Compared with Medicaid recipients, non-Medicare/Medicaid enrollees were more likely to receive surgery (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.4–2.2), and the uninsured were less likely to receive adjuvant therapy (OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.30–0.98). Though Black patients appear to present with comparable rates of resectability, they receive care that deviates from current guidelines. Insurance status is associated with inferior profiles of resectability and treatments. Future policies and research should identify effective strategies to ensure receipt of standard care.
Source-channel coding over Gaussian sensor networks with active sensing

A limited energy budget is a major obstacle to the practical, wide deployment of sensor networks and hence necessitates the judicious optimization of available resources. In this paper, joint optimization of sensing and communication resources to minimize total energy spent within a sensor network is considered. A particular sensor network model with one Gaussian source observed by many sensors, subject to additive independent Gaussian observation noise, is examined. Sensors communicate with the receiver over an additive Gaussian multiple access channel. The aim of the receiver is to reconstruct the underlying source with minimum mean squared error. The fundamental tradeoff between communication and sensing over this sensor network model is characterized. Under symmetric conditions, for a single sensor, power is shared equally between communication and sensing. As the number of sensors increases, the sensing error dominates the overall error expression, hence sensing takes almost all power. The optimal power scheduling among sensors in the asymmetric case is determined, and it is shown that the power allocation schedule admits a simple decentralized implementation. Numerical results show that joint optimization of communication and sensing power yields significant power savings compared to the conventional approach of optimization of only communication power allocation.
“I Believe They Are Papists!”: Natives, Moravians, and the Politics of Conversion in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut

In 1743, four Moravians evangelizing Natives in western Connecticut were arrested and tried before colonial officials and ministers. Placing this fascinating episode in the context of imperial warfare and religious revivalism of the early 1740s, the essay illustrates how Indians on the borderlands became key players in times of conflict.
Naturalistic assessment of executive function and everyday multitasking in healthy older adults

ABSTRACTEveryday multitasking and its cognitive correlates were investigated in an older adult population using a naturalistic task, the Day Out Task. Fifty older adults and 50 younger adults prioritized, organized, initiated, and completed a number of subtasks in a campus apartment to prepare for a day out (e.g., gather ingredients for a recipe, collect change for a bus ride). Participants also completed tests assessing cognitive constructs important in multitasking. Compared to younger adults, the older adults took longer to complete the everyday tasks and more poorly sequenced the subtasks. Although they initiated, completed, and interweaved a similar number of subtasks, the older adults demonstrated poorer task quality and accuracy, completing more subtasks inefficiently. For the older adults, reduced prospective memory abilities were predictive of poorer task sequencing, while executive processes and prospective memory were predictive of inefficiently completed subtasks. The findings suggest that exe...
Clinical and socioeconomic factors influence treatment decisions in Graves' disease.

Definitive treatment of Graves’ disease includes radioactive iodine (RAI) and thyroidectomy, but utilization varies. We hypothesize that, in addition to clinical reasons, there are socioeconomic factors that influence whether a patient undergoes thyroidectomy or RAI. Patients treated for Graves’ disease between August 2007 and September 2013 at our university hospital were included. A comparative analysis of clinical and socioeconomic factors was completed. Of 427 patients, 300 (70 %) underwent RAI, whereas 127 (30 %) underwent surgery. Multiple factors were associated with surgery: younger age (mean 36 vs. 41 years, p < 0.01), female gender (33 vs. 19 % males, p = 0.01), black race (56 vs. 28 % nonblack, p < 0.01), Medicaid or uninsured (43 vs. 27 % private insurance or Medicare, p < 0.01), ophthalmopathy (38 vs. 26 %, p < 0.01), goiter (35 vs. 23 %, p < 0.01), and lowest quartile of median household income (38 vs. 27 % upper three quartiles, p = 0.03). Thyroidectomy increased annually, with 52 % undergoing surgery during the final year (p < 0.01). Adjusting for confounding, younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 1.05), female gender (OR 2.06; 95 % CI 1.06, 4.01), ophthalmopathy (OR 2.35; 95 % CI 1.40, 3.96), and later year of treatment (OR 1.66; 95 % CI 1.41, 1.95) remained significantly associated with surgery. Surgery has now become the primary treatment modality of choice for Graves’ disease at our institution. Clinical factors are the main drivers behind treatment choice, but patients with lower SES are more likely to have clinical features best treated with surgery, underlying the importance of improving access to quality surgical care for all patients.
Controlling the movement of an articulated figure using parametric frame-space interpolation

This paper describes parametric frame space interpolation, a new technique for motion control which allows an animator to define a range of movements using a set of reference movements (a frame space). Once this frame space has been constructed, an animator can specify an envisioned movement in terms of these reference movements or, more precisely, as an interpolation between these reference movements. The result is a high-level motion control mechanism which, while powerful, retains the artistic expressiveness and visual emphasis characteristic of parametric keyframing. Then we will develop simple human locomotion model that illustrates the use of this parametric frame space interpolation technique. This locomotion model blends a range of walking and running movements to form a unified motion framework.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact cratering on the H chondrite parent asteroid

[1] This paper reports petrological data for LaPaz Icefield 02240, 03922, 031125, 031173, 031308, 04462, and 04751, which are meteoritic samples of clast-rich impact melt rocks from the H chondrite parent asteroid. The size distribution and metallographic characteristics of Fe-Ni metal in the melts indicate very rapid 1 to 40°C/s cooling in the temperature range between >1500 and ∼950°C when the clast-melt mixtures were thermally equilibrating. Cooling slowed to values between 10−3 and 10−2°C/s in the temperature range between 700 and 400°C when the melt rocks were cooling to their surroundings. These data suggest that the rocks cooled near the surface of the H chondrite asteroid within suevitic impact deposits. Integrating these data with the petrologic characteristics of other H chondrite melt rocks and their radioisotopic ages indicates that the H chondrite asteroid suffered at least one large impact event while still cooling from endogenous metamorphism at ∼4500 Ma; this impact must have degraded the asteroid's integrity but did not cause shattering. Impact events in the era between ∼4100 and ∼3600 Ma produced melt volumes large enough to allow segregation of metal and troilite from silicate melts, possibly within continuous impact melt sheets contained in craters. The impact record after 3600 Ma does not display such assemblages, which suggests a decrease in the rate of large impact events or a catastrophic size reduction of the H chondrite parent asteroid at around this time.
An apparatus for tensile and bending tests of perinatal, neonatal, pediatric and adult cadaver osteoligamentous cervical spines.

Abstract Investigations of biomechanical properties of pediatric cadaver cervical spines subjected to tensile or bending modes of loading are generally limited by a lack of available tissue and limiting sample sizes, both per age and across age ranges. It is therefore important to develop fixation techniques capable of testing individual cadavers in multiple modes of loading to obtain more biomechanical data per subject. In this study, an experimental apparatus and fixation methodology was developed to accommodate cadaver osteoligamentous head–neck complexes from around birth (perinatal) to full maturation (adult) [cervical length: 2.5–12.5 cm; head breadth: 6–15 cm; head length: 6–19 cm] and sequentially test the whole cervical spine in tension, the upper cervical spine in bending and the upper cervical spine in tension. The experimental apparatus and the fixation methodology provided a rigid casting of the head during testing and did not compromise the skull. Further testing of the intact skull and sub-cranial material was made available due to the design of the apparatus and fixation techniques utilized during spinal testing. The stiffness of the experimental apparatus and fixation technique are reported to better characterize the cervical spine stiffness data obtained from the apparatus. The apparatus and fixation technique stiffness was 1986 N/mm. This experimental system provides a stiff and consistent platform for biomechanical testing across a broad age range and under multiple modes of loading.
Why Preference‐Satisfaction Cannot Ground an Egalitarian Theory of Justice

Dans le cadre du debat sur les theories teleologiques et les theories deontologiques concernant la priorite du bien et du juste, l'A. montre que la these de l'egalitarisme du bien-etre doit etre abandonnee tant que le bien des individus est defini en termes de satisfaction de la preference, a cause du probleme de la circularite des preferences ideales, d'une part, et du probleme des preferences insatiables, d'autre part.
Excessive spinal cord toxicity from intensive central nervous system ‐directed therapies

Background. Intrathecal chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy are used for both prophylaxis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disease in hematologic malignancies. Twenty-three cases of myelopathy that occurred in patients who received intensive CNS-directed therapy were evaluated to identify the determinants of this severe CNS toxicity. Methods. Nine cases treated by the authors and 14 collected from the literature are discussed. Twelve had Burkitt's leukemia/lymphoma. Patient ages ranged from 3 to 30 years (median, 15 years). The dose intensity of CNS-directed therapies, including intrathecal cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), intrathecal methotrexate (MTX), systemic high dose (HD) MTX, systemic HD ara-C, systemic thiotepa, and CNS radiation, was evaluated by the determination of single drug doses and cumulative total drug or irradiation doses over elapsed treatment durations. Results. Central nervous system treatment was prophylactic in 10 cases; active CNS disease was being treated in 13 cases. One patient received only intrathecal ara-C before toxicity occurred; others received intrathecal ara-C and varying combinations of intrathecal MTX, HD ara-C, HD MTX, CNS radiation, and systemic thiotepa. Eight patients died of toxicity, of whom 6 had autopsy-proven cord necrosis; 3 were ventilator-dependent; 10 had persistent paraplegia or paraparesis; and 2 recovered completely. Conclusion. Both highly intensive, short CNS treatment sequences and lower intensity, long term cumulative treatments may result in this rare but severe myelopathy. The cause is multifactorial, with systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, and radiation therapy contributing to toxicity. Multiple intrathecal ara-C and/or MTX doses given at frequent (daily) intervals should be avoided. Concurrent intrathecal ara-C and systemic HD ara-C also appear to be especially toxic. Intrathecal hydrocortisone given with intrathecal ara-C does not protect against myelopathy. Multiple, frequently spaced courses of CNS-directed therapies must be avoided, especially in patients who have received prior CNS radiation.
Gene targeting of the KI–KII sequence elements in a model pre-B cell line: effects on germline transcription and rearrangement of the κ locus

To study the role of individual sequence elements in the coordinate regulation of rearrangement and germline transcription of the kappa locus, we have (developed a gene targeting system with a mouse model pre-B cell line, 38B9. This line can be induced to initiate K germline transcription and V J rearrangement. Importantly, the effects of gene disruption in the cell line can be analyzed independent of selective pressures that may mask effects in the developing immune system of the mouse. We focused our study on targeting mutation of the endogenous KI KII sequence elements to allow a direct comparison with the same gene disruption reported in mouse studies. Mutations were targeted to one allele, and effects on induced transcription and rearrangement were compared to the remaining wild type allele. Our results show that KI KII mutation has little effect on germline transcription, and reduced the frequency of rearrangement two fold compared to the wild type allele. This report demonstrates that the use of model pre-B cell lines for targeted gene disruption is an attractive alternative to targeting the germline of the mouse.
Causal ambiguity and heterosexual affiliation

Abstract A male's decision to approach a physically attractive female stranger may be fraught with ambivalence. He is drawn by her beauty but he may fear rejection. The conflict lessens, however, if approach can occur under the guise of a motive other than desire to be with the attractive woman. This is because keeping one's true approach motive ambiguous may make direct personal rejection less likely. The effect of ambiguity on males' tendencies to approach females was explored in two experiments. In the first study, presented to subjects as a movie rating exercise, an excuse to sit with an attractive female confederate (a movie preference) was available to some subjects but not to others. As predicted, males only sat with the confederate when a reason for their affiliative behavior, other than her attractiveness, was available. In the second study, male-female dyads were run through the film rating paradigm with the female subjects in the role played by the confederate in Study I. The results of Study I were replicated for the dyads which included attractive females, as expected. The relationships between fear of failure and attributional ambiguity in social and achievement settings are examined. The tendency to discount a person's physical appearance as a cause of social behavior is discussed.
Effect of Surface Charge on Gold Nanoparticle Biotransport: An In Vivo Blood and Biodistribution Study

Intravenously injected nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. While several NPs for such clinical applications have emerged in various designs (metallic, polymeric, quantum dots etc.) [1], a critical issue in their in vivo use is the lack of fundamental studies examining the effects of physicochemical parameters (shape, size, surface properties etc.) on blood circulation, kinetics of accumulation and elimination as well as toxicity [2–4]. We hypothesize that blood, the first medium of interaction in the body, is a major determinant of biotransport and biodistribution. Recent and past in vitro studies have shown that NPs interact with serum proteins (including complement factors), cause platelet aggregation and red blood cell hemolysis, and are taken up by phagocytic cells. However, to our knowledge a detailed in vivo study of the interaction of metallic nanoparticles with blood components as a function of their surface properties does not yet exist.Copyright © 2011 by ASME