cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of a semiquantitative point-of-care assay for the detection of canine microalbuminuria with routine semiquantitative methods for proteinuria.

Background It has been speculated that renal disease can be identified through the detection and quantification of microalbuminuria, however, reliable measurement of albuminuria in any quantity can be challenging. Recently, a new point-of-care immunoassay was validated for the specific detection of microalbuminuria and early renal disease in dogs. Objectives The goal of this study was to determine if measurement of microalbuminuria by the point-of-care immunoassay correlated with results from routine semiquantitative methods for detecting proteinuria in dogs. Methods One hundred and thirty-eight urine samples, from 133 different dogs, submitted for urinalysis to the Clinical Pathology Laboratory at the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were eligible for the study. Samples that contained >20 RBC/high power field (hpf) or >20 WBC/hpf were excluded, as were samples with insufficient volume to complete all tests. All samples were evaluated with a urinary dipstick with or without a sulfosalicylic acid turbidimetric test, a urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio, and the immunoassay for microalbuminuria. Data were analyzed by the Spearman rank order correlation. Results Microalbuminuria results correlated significantly with those of the dipstick (r = 0.715), sulfosalicylic acid test (r = 0.742), and UPC ratio (r = 0.830). Correlation between the immunoassay and UPC ratio was the same (r = 0.830) when only samples with trace or 1+ proteinuria by dipstick were analyzed (n = 51). Conclusions The point-of-care immunoassay results for microalbuminuria correlated with the results of semiquantitative methods for detecting total proteinuria in dogs. Routine methods for canine proteinuria appear to be adequate for determining whether further testing for renal disease is warranted.
Zinc is essential for brain development and function

Zinc's roles in brain function are poorly understood. Zinc is essential pre- and postnatally for growth, maturation, and function. In early pregnancy, zinc is essential for cell multiplication and implantation of the embryo and for cell differentiation and organ formation. Deficiency causes teratology in all tissues. Zn deficiency in later pregnancy impairs neuronal replication and migration (as observed in cerebellar external granular cells). Synaptogenesis is impaired (as observed in Purkinje cells). It has been proposed that zinc deficiency impairs calcium channels causing a decrease in intracellular calcium that suppresses gene expression of growth factors and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. Whatever the mechanism, effects in experimental animals include poorly reversible impairments in learning and memory later in life, which appears associated with decreased neuronal survival. It is unknown if similar phenomena occur in humans. It is known however that low fetal growth, a process caused by maternal zinc deficiency, is risk factor for coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and obesity. One wonders if fetal growth is related to later neuronal health and function. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:165–173, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting dental team performance.

The effect of equipment location on operating efficiency was evaluated by an audiovisual analysis often trained dental teams. A methodologic approach was used to evaluate the effect of equipment location on operating efficiency. An audiovisual analysis of the frequency and the time used for transfers of instruments, of critical incidents that interfered with smooth operating procedures, and of the reactions of the team members to the test situation was made with ten dental teams. More than 1,700 videotape observations showed extreme variability between dentists even in simple transfer of instruments. This indicates that many dentists need to be studied to establish conclusions for more complex instrument transfers. Instrument location modified the type but not the number of critical incidents. It did not affect the dental teams’ responses in questionnaires.
Using Google Scholar for journal impact factors and the h‐index in nationwide publishing assessments in academia – siren songs and air‐raid sirens

Purpose – Google Scholar has been increasingly used in the past six to seven years as a highly efficient information source and service by librarians and other information professionals. The problem is when Google Scholar is touted and used as a bibliometric/scientometric tool and resource in the assessment of the quantity (productivity) and quality (impact) of research publications, in formal and informal ways, for decisions related to tenure, promotion and grant applications of individual researchers and research groups, as well as in journal subscriptions and cancellations. This paper aims to examine this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the use of Google Scholar for journal impact factors and the h‐index in nationwide publishing assessments in academia. It focuses on the issues of access and excess in Google Scholar: the innate limits of Google Scholar and those imposed by its developers on the users.Findings – The paper reveals that issues of access and excess in Google Scholar...
Public Services Innovation through Technology

Governments struggle to understand how technologies can be used to innovate in the development and delivery of public sectors. Frequently, technologies are seen as quick and effective fixes for problems that may run far deeper than obvious process and user dynamics. As often, solutions are considered as 'point provision' and, as such, fail to recognise the complex co-evolution of society, economics, the world outside a governments borders and control, and the technologies themselves. This paper summarises a number of key areas that must be understood in order to effectively innovate through the introduction and management of services mediated by new technologies.
Quantitative total and diffuse reflectance laboratory measurements for remote, standoff, and point sensing

Methods for making total and diffuse directional/hemispherical reflectance measurements in the shortwave to longwave infrared using an integrating sphere are described. The sphere is a commercial, off-the-shelf optical device with its sample port at the bottom, which is essential for examining powdered samples without using a cover glass. The reflectance spectra of recently-developed National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) infrared reflectance standards have been measured using the sphere. Reflectance spectra of other materials such as Spectralon and Infragold were also measured. The relative systematic error for the total reflectance measurements is estimated to be on the order of 3%, and random measurement error for multiple samples of each material is on the order of 0.5%.
Early results of Descemet-stripping and automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in patients with glaucoma drainage devices.

Purpose To evaluate the outcome of Descemet-stripping and automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in patients with glaucoma tube shunts in the anterior chamber. Methods Retrospective review of 4 patients with a history of tube shunt placement that experienced corneal decompensation and subsequently underwent DSAEK at 1 institution. Details of the surgical procedures as well as postoperative features including graft attachment, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), graft clarity, and central corneal thickness were recorded. Results There were no graft detachments postoperatively. In all but 1 case, the corneal edema resolved with a corresponding decrease in corneal thickness. In 1 case, where there was excessive donor tissue manipulation intraoperatively, the edema failed to resolve. This patient underwent a repeat DSAEK with subsequent graft attachment and resolution of the corneal edema. In all 4 patients, the tube shunt was revised at the time of DSAEK. The tube was not tied or plugged in any of the patients. Except for 1 patient with fibrin reaction, there were no IOP spikes postoperatively. At the 6-month follow-up, the visual acuity had improved in all patients and the IOP had not changed significantly from preoperative levels. Conclusion This small series suggests that DSAEK is a viable and effective option in patients with existing tube shunts. The presence of a tube did not affect the rate of graft dislocation; however, it appeared to increased the rate of complications postoperatively. These early outcomes support the use of DSAEK as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty in this patient population.
High‐Yield Synthesis of Si3N4/SiC Ceramic Materials by Pyrolysis of a Novel Polyorganosilazane

The action of basic catalysts such as KH on the ammonolysis products of CH3SiHCl2, (CH3SiHNH)n, results information of polysilazanes of intermediate molecular weight (600 to 1800). Pyrolysis of these polysilazanes gives ceramic materials, which appear to be mixtures of Si3N4, SiC, and C, in yields of 80 to 85%.
Hydrophilic polymethylmethacrylate hollow fibers for capillary electrophoresis of biomolecules

Neutral hydrophilic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) hollow fibers were used as capillary electrophoresis columns. Efficient separations of proteins and nucleotides were obtained with the untreated columns. More than 230,000 theoretical plates were obtained for lysozyme variants. The uniformity and ultraviolet adsorption properties of the PMMA capillaries were evaluated. The percent relative standard deviation (RSD) of the PMMA hollow-fiber inner diameter was 5.2%. The RSD of the PMMA hollow-fiber outer diameter was 2.4%. PMMA hollow fibers are transparent above 250 nm. The electroosmotic flow characteristics of the hydrophilic PMMA were compared to those of fused silica and hydrophobic polypropylene. The fused silica and polypropylene columns exhibit relatively high electroosmotic flow compared to PMMA. In addition, comparisons of heat dissipation abilities between fused silica and PMMA were made. Overall, PMMA hollow fibers perform in capillary electrophoresis as well as fused silica capillaries at relatively low voltage. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Micro Sep9: 57–62, 1997
Parallel Discrete Event Simulation for Multi-Core Systems: Analysis and Optimization

Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) can substantially improve the performance and capacity of simulation, allowing the study of larger, more detailed models, in less time. PDES is a fine-grained parallel application whose performance and scalability is limited by communication latencies. Traditionally, PDES simulation kernels use message passing; often these simulators are written for distributed environments, and shared memory is used to optimize message passing among processes on the same machine. In this paper, we develop, characterize and optimize a thread-based version of a PDES simulator on three representative multi-core platforms. The multi-threaded implementation eliminates multiple message copying and significantly minimizes synchronization delays. We study the performance of the simulator on three hardware platforms: an Intel Core i7 machine, and a 48-core AMD Opteron Magny-Cours system, and a 64-core Tilera TilePro64. We discover that the three platforms encounter substantially different bottlenecks because of their different architectures. We identify these bottlenecks and propose mechanisms to overcome them. Our results show that multi-threaded implementation improves the performance over an MPI-based version by up to a factor of 3 on the Core i7, 1.4 on the AMD Magny-Cours, and 2.8 on the Tilera Tile64.
Overnight "guesting" of day hospital patients.

Abstract A study is described wherein 20 per cent of consecutive admissions to a day hospital required overnight “guesting” on an inpatient service for some part of their hospitalization. They were found to be a more seriously disturbed group of patients than those who did not require guesting, and tended to have difficulty in separating from their family of origin. Main indications for guesting were suicide or destructive behavior. Contrary to expectations patients who required guesting did not necessarily come from inadequate or uncooperative families. Guested patients, however, were less successful than nonguested patients in disengaging from their families of origin or in establishing a lasting marriageable relationship. Tentative predictive criteria are offered to identify the future guested patient at the time of admission. It is imperative that studies such as this be replicated. Our results, based on a very small sample of guested patients, should be viewed as tentative and suggestive of areas for further exploration.
Competing interactions in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic perovskite superlattices

Soft x-ray magnetic dichroism, magnetization, and magnetotransport measurements demonstrate that the competition between different magnetic interactions (exchange coupling, electronic reconstruction, and long-range interactions) in ${\text{La}}_{0.7}{\text{Sr}}_{0.3}{\text{FeO}}_{3}(\text{LSFO})/{\text{La}}_{0.7}{\text{Sr}}_{0.3}{\text{MnO}}_{3}(\text{LSMO})$ perovskite oxide superlattices leads to unexpected functional properties. The antiferromagnetic order parameter in LSFO and ferromagnetic order parameter in LSMO show a dissimilar dependence on sublayer thickness and temperature, illustrating the high degree of tunability in these artificially layered materials.
Myoneural maturation and function of the foetal rat tongue at the time of secondary palate closure

Abstract Most authors consider the tongue active in secondary palate closure; some consider it passive; but specific information is wanting. We therefore studied the Holtzman rat foetal tongue by direct observation, histologically, under direct and neural stimulation, and when curarized. The tongue has differentiated into myoblasts (longitudinalis and verticalis) and young fibres (transversus, hyoglossus, genioglossus) four hours prior to closure. At this age it responds to both direct electrical and XII nerve nucleus stimulation. Curarization at high levels neither prevents closure nor abolishes foetal reflexes. The tongue myoneural apparatus is functional at palate closure.
A biometric study of suture fusion and skull growth in peccaries.

Museum skull populations of Dicotyles tajacu (collared peccary) and Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary) were sampled for a study correlating suture fusion and the dynamics of skull growth. The skulls were scored for degree of fusion of each suture, and measurements of various cranial dimensions were taken. The fusion scores and measurements were then analyzed by a variety of statistical procedures. The sequence of suture closure in peccaries differs from most other mammals in the early fusion of most palatal and facial sutures. This difference is thought to be related to a need for strengthening the snout, which is used in stressful rooting and feeding activities. Most differences in closure order between the two peccary genera are correlated with differences in adult skull proportions. A general association was found between synostosis of individual sutures and the cessation of rapid growth in related cranial dimensions. However, in many dimensions slow linear growth continued after synostosis, presumably by periosteal apposition.
Aplysia behavioral biology: III. Head-bobbing in relation to food deprivation in A. brasiliana

Head-bobbing by Aplysia brasiliana occurs during swimming at the water's surface, and is characterized by a bending, stretching, and vertical lifting of the “neck” such that the oral tentacles momentarily emerge at the air—water interface. In the laboratory, animals exhibited progressive increases in head-bobbing frequency as the regularly scheduled daily feeding time approached. To determine if head-bobbing was a function of food deprivation, animals were deprived of food for varying intervals from 0 to 100 hr over 22 days, and food was presented at temporally unpredictable intervals to avoid time-dependent entrainment. The number of head-bobs/60 sec correlated significantly with food deprivation up to 41 hr without food, beyond which time head-bobbing was not observed. Field and laboratory results suggested that head-bobbing is a food-seeking behavior in A. brasiliana , serving as a mechanism to increase the probability of encountering floating and/or surface food.
THE ASSIGNMENT OF ACYCLIC STEREOISOMERS. 11. CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF 3-PHOSPHONYL-2- BENZOYLAMINOPROPIONIC ACID METHYL-ESTERS

Abstract The conformational analysis of 3-phosphonyl-2-benzoylaminopropionic acid methyl esters, which occur as diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers owing to two present chiral centres, has been managed successfully by means of 31P, 13C, 1H and 15N chemical shifts as well as the characteristically different coupling constants between the 1H, 13C and 31P nuclei. In this light, the diastereomers involved could be assigned readily.
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Localization and Stability in Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Requires Interaction with Ankyrin-B

Abstract The molecular mechanisms required for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) targeting to specialized endoplasmic reticulum membrane domains are unknown. We report here a direct, high affinity interaction between InsP3R and ankyrin-B and demonstrate that this association is critical for InsP3R post-translational stability and localization in cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Recombinant ankyrin-B membrane-binding domain directly interacts with purified cerebellar InsP3R (Kd = 2 nm). 220-kDa ankyrin-B co-immunoprecipitates with InsP3R in tissue extracts from brain, heart, and lung. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the ankyrin-B ANK (ankyrin repeat) repeat β-hairpin loop tips revealed that consecutive ANK repeat β-hairpin loop tips (repeats 22-24) are required for InsP3R interaction, thus providing the first detailed evidence of how ankyrin polypeptides associate with membrane proteins. Pulse-chase biosynthesis experiments demonstrate that reduction or loss of ankyrin-B in ankyrin-B (+/-) or ankyrin-B (-/-) neonatal cardiomyocytes leads to ∼3-fold reduction in half-life of newly synthesized InsP3R. Furthermore, interactions with ankyrin-B are required for InsP3R stability as abnormal InsP3R phenotypes, including mis-localization, and reduced half-life in ankyrin-B (+/-) cardiomyocytes can be rescued by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-220-kDa ankyrin-B but not by GFP-220-kDa ankyrin-B mutants, which do not associate with InsP3R. These new results provide the first physiological evidence of a molecular partner required for early post-translational stability of InsP3R.
Analysis of Crystallographic High Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth in a Nickel Base Alloy

Crack growth behavior of a nickel-base alloy, Udimet 700, was studied at room temperature and 850 °C in air and vacuum. Crack growth rates were higher in air than in vacuum but this increase in growth rates was nearly the same at both temperatures. In contrast to the effect of environment, an increase of temperature from 25 to 850 °C has a much larger effect on growth rates although the mode of crack growth did not change with temperature or with environment. A detailed analysis of the fracture surfaces indicated that the growth rates under all of the above experimental conditions occurs by a crystallographic faceted mode with the plane of the facet identified to be the {100} cleavage plane rather than a slip plane. Also the increase in growth rates with temperature appears not to be directly related to an environmental effect, creep effect or variation of elastic modulus with temperature.
Pansclerotic Morphea with Features of Eosinophilic Fasciitis: Distinct Entities or Part of a Continuum?

Scleroderma is a highly complex disorder in its clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations due to varying degrees of vasculopathy, autoimmunity, altered endothelium function, and abnormal fibrosis. The most widely used classification system grouped eosinophilic fasciitis and disabling pansclerotic morphea of childhood into the category of deep morphea. This previous classification does not include a category for overlapping conditions. A proposed new classification includes a new mixed subtype in which a combination of two or more of the previous subtypes is present in the same individual, although eosinophilic fasciitis has been excluded. We present the case of a 4-year-old boy who presented with features of disabling pansclerotic morphea and eosinophilic fasciitis simultaneously, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported. This suggests that these diseases are part of a more closely related continuum rather than separate disorders, as currently classified.
Efficient detection of intermediate filament proteins using a panspecific monoclonal antibody: anti-IFA.

Summary Anti-IFA, a panspecific monoclonal antibody which was raised against human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), recognizes a determinant common to GFAP and all other intermediate filament proteins. This antibody can be used to identify intermediate filament proteins from both vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. Its utility in immunoblot studies of intermediate filament proteins is enhanced by using cytoskeleton extracts and protease treatment to facilitate the transfer of high molecular weight (> 70 000) proteins from gels to nitrocellulose membranes.
Deterministic approximation algorithms for the maximum traveling salesman and maximum triangle packing problems

We give derandomizations of known randomized approximation algorithms for the maximum traveling salesman problem and the maximum triangle packing problem: we show how to define pessimistic estimators for certain probabilities, based on the analysis of the randomized algorithms, and show that we can multiply the estimators to obtain pessimistic estimators for the expected weight of the solution. The method of pessimistic estimators (Raghavan (1988) [14]) then immediately implies that the randomized algorithms can be derandomized. For the maximum triangle packing problem, this gives deterministic algorithms with better approximation guarantees than what was previously known. The key idea in our analysis is the specification of conditions on pessimistic estimators of two expectations E[Y] and E[Z], under which the product of the pessimistic estimators is a pessimistic estimator of E[YZ], where Y and Z are two random variables. This approach can be useful when derandomizing algorithms for which one needs to bound the probability of some event that can be expressed as an intersection of multiple events; using our method, one can define pessimistic estimators for the probabilities of the individual events, and then multiply them to obtain a pessimistic estimator for the probability of the intersection of the events.
Survival of the fattest? Indices of body condition do not predict viability in the brown anole (Anolis sagrei)

Summary Measures of body mass and length are commonly used to derive indices of condition, which are often assumed to reflect the energetic state of an animal and, by extension, to predict its fitness. However, the relationship between condition and fitness is rarely quantified, and the appropriate method(s) for deriving indices of condition are frequently debated. Data from a decade of mark–recapture studies involving over 4,600 individual lizards (Anolis sagrei) and 41 replicates of selection across seven populations were used to test the common assumption that condition, as estimated from body mass and length, is a strong predictor of adult survival, an important component of fitness. Inferences about natural selection were compared between two alternative indices of condition: the popular residual index (Ri), and the scaled mass index (Mi), which was recently proposed as a more appropriate method. Linear, quadratic and correlational selection gradients obtained using Ri and Mi were highly correlated with one another. Relative to variance in selection among replicates and to error associated with the estimation of selection gradients, variance due to the use of alternative condition indices was minor and effectively negligible. Contrary to the intuitive prediction that individuals in better condition should exhibit higher survival, there was no evidence for strong or consistent linear (directional) selection for higher condition indices in either males or females. Significant quadratic (stabilizing or disruptive) selection on condition was similarly rare in both sexes. Correlational selection favoured combinations of large size and high condition in males, but not females. Collectively, these results indicate that inferences about natural selection may be robust to the choice between indices of condition but that indices of condition can be unreliable as proxies for fitness, particularly when relationships between fitness components and condition are contingent upon interactions with other traits.
Use of a surface gamma-neutron gauge for in situ measurement of changes in bulk density of the tilled zone

Abstract Short-term temporal changes in bulk density and related soil-water properties of a tilled soil may appreciably influence the processes of infiltration, soil water storage, runoff and erosion. Using a properly-calibrated surface gamma-neutron gauge, the changes in bulk density and moisture content within the topsoil layer can be measured in situ and at a large number of locations, with a minimum amount of time and expense. In this study on a Bernow loam soil (Typic Paleudult), factory calibration for either the neutron or the gamma component of a Troxler gauge was found unsatisfactory when compared with soil cores. Field calibration was obtained for both these components. Two different methods tried for gamma calibration gave satisfactory and nearly the same results. These findings generally agreed with the results for two other soils, whose data were available from an earlier study. Using field calibrations, soil bulk density was measured weekly at several sites within 4 freshly-tilled plots, one left bare, two planted to corn and one to soya bean, in depth intervals of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm. The plots were irrigated 3 days before each measurement. Over a 15-week period, the major changes in bulk density occurred only within the 0–10-cm layer, and these changes were strongly correlated with the amount of water applied. The presence of crops did not significantly influence these changes measured in the interrow areas. However, some additional data in the 0–10-cm layer indicated that roots may modify soil bulk density in the crop row and interrow areas differently. Measurements of this type serve to provide important information for improving soil and water management.
Simplified Calculation of CACO3 Saturation at High Temperatures and Pressures in Brine Solutions

A simplified method to calculate CaCO/sub 3/ saturation is developed using only commonly measured field parameters. The calculated saturation index, I/sup S/, and pH values are accurate at high temperatures and pressure in brines and are compared with less sophisticated and more complex calculations. The final forms of I/sub S/ and pH calculations are derived using conditional equilibrium constants dependent on temperature, pressure, and ionic strength, which eliminate the need for activity coefficients. The I/sub S/ equation is presented in forms for calculation with known or derived pH and where the pH of the solution is known. Practical application of I/sub S/ is shown by calculating the scaling tendency of several geopressure energy wells of the U.S. Gulf Coast region. 18 refs.
Strip-on-cylinder test apparatus for die wear characterization

This paper presents a novel strip-on-cylinder test apparatus specifically aimed at characterizing die wear in sheet metal forming. The novelty lies in the design of wear tracks and the integration of the corresponding measurement method via the white light interferometer with nano-scale accuracy. Experimental results are presented. This apparatus enables a fast and accurate evaluation of wear amount under controlled contact pressure, relative sliding speed and lubrication condition. The results can be used to establish a die wear severity index map for industrial applications and to assist in the selection of die materials or coating methods.
Straightforward Synthesis of Cysteine-Reactive Telechelic Polystyrene

Synthesis of a thiol-reactive telechelic polystyrene and conjugation of cysteine is reported. A dimethylfulvene-protected maleimide-functionalized atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator (3) was synthesized, and the thermostability was compared to the analogous furan-protected initiator (1) by thermogravometric analysis (TGA). The former protecting group was stable to a higher temperature than the latter in the bulk phase (143 °C vs 125 °C) and thus was investigated as an initiator for the ATRP of styrene. Kinetic studies of the polymerization of styrene mediated by copper(I)/N,N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) indicated that the reaction proceeded in a controlled manner with high initiator efficiency (92%). Polystyrene with a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 2530 Da and a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.15 was then synthesized and subjected to atom transfer radical (ATR) coupling to form the bis-functionalized polymer. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) an...
Cadmium and zinc flux in wild-type and cadmium-resistant CHO cells.

Cellular flux of cadmium-109 and zinc-65 is characterized in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. The transport of cadmium is primarily unidirectional and, following uptake, cadmium is strongly retained. Zinc transport is bidirectional and intracellular zinc continuously leaches out into the medium. Nonradioactive cadmium or zinc enhances the efflux of65Zn from prelabeled cells. Transport of these metals into wild-type cells is not affected by azide, ouabain, cycloheximide, or actinomycin D. A cadmium-resistant mutant was isolated that exhibited altered sensitivities to certain inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis as well as quantitative differences in metal transport and accumulation. Although the mutant accumulates less cadmium than the wild-type cell, that which is retained is bound much more tightly. In addition, this lower rate of cadmium uptake is significantly decreased by either cycloheximide or actinomycin D. This suggests that thede novo synthesis of a protein or proteins is required for much of the net cadmium retention by the cadmium-resistant cells.
Universal isolation of cross-linked peptides: Application to neurofibrillary tangles

A universal procedure to isolate cross-linked peptides has been demonstrated. The procedure relies on initially converting the epsilon-amino groups of lysine to dimethyl lysine by reductive methylation with sodium cyanoborohydride and formaldehyde. The lysine-modified protein is proteolytically cleaved and the resulting alpha-amino groups derivatized with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)5000 succinyl hydroxysuccinimide. Any unintentional derivatization of tyrosine side chains can be reversed by incubation under mildly alkaline conditions. The cross-linked polypeptides contain two poly(ethylene glycol)5000 chains while non-cross-linked peptides contain a single poly(ethylene glycol)5000 chain. The two populations of peptides can be separated by gel filtration chromatography. This procedure has been shown capable of isolating cross-linked peptides using glutathione, lysozyme, chemically cross-linked hemoglobin, and neurofibrillary tangles isolated from the brain of a case of Alzheimer's disease.
Supervision of Social Work Interns as Members of a Multidisciplinary Team

Social work students placed on a multidisciplinary team will be exposed to diverse ways of interpreting a case, which is an invaluable experience. Placement in a multidisciplinary setting can be an excellent way to engage students in teamwork. Supervisors need to adequately address various aspects in working on a team with students. A survey of 44 bachelor of social work students placed in an internship designed to help them learn about community organizing, program development, or fund-raising revealed that 41 students wanted to better understand the roles of different disciplines in service provision. Although 33 students reported participating in multidisciplinary team meetings and 23 reported discussing working on a team in supervision, less than half (21) reported that they discussed how different disciplines work together to assist clients. This article will discuss the importance of learning to work with other disciplines during training to prepare students for future work in social services.
Cytological and serological studies of a feline endogenous C-type virus.

An endogenous feline C-type virus isolated from an SPF cat colony apparently free from FeLV and observed neoplasms, was found to be more closely related serologically to the RD114 virus than to conventional FeLV. It produced syncytia on a variety of cocultures, including a normal human lymphoid suspended cell culture. The endogenous C-type viral particles, while similar in overall size to FeLV, possessed nucleoids of significantly smaller size.
Arg287Gln variant of EPHX2 and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are associated with insulin sensitivity in humans.

Abstract Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) protect against the development of insulin resistance in rodents. EETs are hydrolyzed to less biologically active diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase (encoded for by EPHX2). Functional variants of EPHX2 encode for enzymes with increased (Lys55Arg) or decreased (Arg287Gln) hydrolase activity. This study tested the hypothesis that variants of EPHX2 are associated with insulin sensitivity or secretion in humans. Subjects participating in metabolic phenotyping studies were genotyped. Eighty-five subjects underwent hyperglycemic clamps. There was no relationship between the Lys55Arg genotype and insulin sensitivity or secretion. In contrast, the EPHX2 287Gln variant was associated with higher insulin sensitivity index (p = 0.019 controlling for body mass index and metabolic syndrome). Also, there was an interactive effect of EPHX2 Arg287Gln genotype and body mass index on insulin sensitivity index (p = 0.029). There was no relationship between EPHX2 Arg287Gln genotype and acute or late-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but disposition index was higher in 287Gln carriers compared with Arg/Arg (p = 0.022). Plasma EETs correlated with insulin sensitivity index (r = 0.64, p = 0.015 for total EETs) and were decreased in the metabolic syndrome. A genetic variant that results in decreased soluble epoxide hydrolase activity is associated with increased insulin sensitivity, as are higher EETs.
Increased depressive symptoms in menopausal age women with bipolar disorder: age and gender comparison.

Abstract Objective Emerging data suggest the menopausal transition may be a time of increased risk for depression. This study examines the course of bipolar disorder focusing on depressive symptoms in menopausal transition age women, compared to similar-aged men as well as younger adult women and men. Methods Outpatients with bipolar disorder were assessed with the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD) affective disorders evaluation and longitudinally monitored during naturalistic treatment with the STEP-BD clinical monitoring form. Clinical status (syndromal/subsyndromal depressive symptoms, syndromal/subsyndromal elevation or mixed symptoms, and euthymia) was compared between menopausal transition age women ( n = 47) and pooled similar-aged men ( n = 30) 45–55 years old, younger women ( n = 48) and men ( n = 39) 30–40 years old. Results Subjects included 164 bipolar disorder patients (67 type I, 82 type II, and 15 not otherwise specified), 34% were rapid cycling and 58% women. Bipolar II disorder/bipolar NOS was more common in women. Monitoring averaged 30 ± 22 months, with an average of 0.9 ± 0.5 clinic visits/month. Menopausal age women had a significantly greater proportion of visits with depressive symptoms ( p p Conclusions Menopausal transition age women with bipolar disorder experience a greater proportion of clinic visits with depressive symptoms compared to similarly aged men, and younger women and men with bipolar disorder. Further systematic assessment on the influence of the menopausal transition and reproductive hormones upon mood is needed to better inform clinical practice in treating women with bipolar disorder.
SU‐E‐J‐32: Comparison of Demons and Optical Flow Deformable Image Registration Algorithms on Clinical 4DCT Images

Purpose: To determine the most accurate and practical algorithm for deformable image registration of 4DCT phase images of lungcancer patients. Methods: The most widely used algorithm to implement deformable image registration for lungCT are the Demons (Thirion 1998) and the original H.S. optical flow (Horn & Scunck 1981) algorithms. Both are based on a differential approach that relies on information from image intensities and gradients. These two algorithms were developed in‐house in MatLab and compared based on accuracy of registration on two carefully‐selected patient lung 4DCT scans (i.e., small and large deformations). The accuracy was judged visually based on difference images before and after the registration, and on calculated mean‐square‐distance error (MSE). Results: The results indicate that original H.S optical flow algorithm is more suitable for doing deformable image registration of thoracic CT to CTimages. This is mainly due to faster computation time (up to 4 times faster) and slightly improved accuracy over the Demons algorithm; at least given the time constraint imposed by the number of iterations. Although MSE is not necessarily always an indicator of accuracy, it does back up our conclusions based on visual inspection of difference images. The difference in accuracy is due to the way the deformation vector field (DVF) smoothness is built in the optical flow vs. the Gaussian smoothness implementation in the Demons approach. Speed superiority of optical flow is due to the reduced number of re‐sampling steps necessary while the Demons algorithm has to re‐sample the deformed image at each iteration. Conclusions: In most conventional implementations, the original Horn & Schunck optical flow algorithm is more practical and accurate than the Demons algorithm for doing deformable image registration on thoracic 4DCT images. Further work is necessary to confirm our results in other sites as well.
Inhibition effectiveness of halogenated compounds

Abstract A numerical study of the inhibition efficiency of halogenated compounds was carried out for C 1 - 2 hydrocarbon-air laminar premixed flames. The inhibition efficiency of CF 3 Br, CF 3 I, CF 3 H, C 2 HF 5 , C 2 F 6 , and CF 4 additives was interpreted using an additive group method. In agreement with measurements, the calculated burning velocity decreased exponentially with increasing additive concentration over a wide concentration range. The inhibition parameter Φ proposed by Fristrom and Sawyer indicating inhibition efficiency was modified to take into account the exponential dependence of burning velocity on inhibitor concentration. The inhibition indices for halogen atoms and groups important in the inhibition process were determined for stoichiometric conditions. The physical and chemical effects of the additives were studied. With increasing additive concentration, the chemical influence of an inhibitor saturates and the physical influence increases. Therefore, use of a composite inhibitor composed of a mixture of an effective chemical inhibitor with a high heat capacity diluent may be beneficial. The contribution of physical and chemical components on inhibitor influence are estimated near entinction. A procedure for determination of a regeneration coefficient, which indicates an effective number of catalytic cycles involving inhibitor during the combustion process, is suggested. The regenation coefficient of HBr in stoichiometric methane-air flame with 1% CF 3 Br added is approximately 7.
Preserving accurate figures in coating and bonding mirrors for lightweight x-ray telescopes

Lightweight, high-resolution, high throughput optics for x-ray astronomy requires fabrication and integration of thin mirrors segments with arc-second precision. In this paper, we present results on our effort leading to the most recent two test modules achieving the intermediate goal of 10 arc-second resolution. We will address issues of coating and bonding thin glass mirrors with negligible distortion. Annealing of sputtered high-density metallic films was found to be sufficiently accurate. We will present result from tests of bonding mirrors onto experimental strongbacks, as well as the sensitivity on bonding procedure, bond parameters and environment.
Effects of UV-C treatment on inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on grape tomato surface and stem scars, microbial loads, and quality

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light inactivation as affected by the location of pathogens on the surface and at stem scars of whole grape tomatoes. A mixed bacterial cocktail containing a three strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (C9490, E02128 and F00475) and a three serotype mixture of Salmonella enterica (S. Montevideo G4639, S. Newport H1275, and S. Stanley H0558) were used. Tomatoes were spot inoculated using approximately 100 μL of inocula to achieve a population of about 107±1 CFU/tomato. Additionally, the effects of treatment on color, texture, lycopene content, and background microbial loads during post UV-C storage at 4 °C for 21 days were determined. Results showed that UV-C doses of 0.60–6.0 kJ/m2 resulted in 2.3–3.5 log CFU per fruit reduction of E. coli O157:H7 compared to 2.15–3.1 log CFU per fruit reduction for Salmonella on the surfaces. Under the same conditions, log reductions achieved at stem scar were 1.7–3.2 logs CFU for E. coli O157:H7 and 1.9–2.8 logs CFU for Salmonella. The treatment was effective in controlling native microbial loads during storage at 4 °C as the total aerobic mesophilic organisms (PCA) and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts of treated tomatoes were significantly (p < 0.05) lower during storage compared to the control group and the yeast and mold populations were reduced significantly below the detection limit. Furthermore, the firmness of tomato and its color was not affected by the UV-C doses during storage. UV-C radiation could potentially be used for sanitizing fresh tomatoes and extending shelf-life. The results of this study indicate that the specific location of pathogens on the produce influences the effectiveness of UV-C treatment, which should be taken into consideration for the design of UV-C systems for produce sanitization.
The importance of mandibular position in microvascular mandibular reconstruction.

The challenge of mandibular reconstruction rests in the difficulty of re-creating the intricate three-dimensional relationship of the oral cavity, thereby ensuring occlusal relationships, oral competence, and facial contour. Recent advances in microvascular surgery have made reliable transfer of autologous tissue possible, but successful reconstruction depends on accurate insetting of the bone flap. The authors reviewed their five years of experience with mandibular reconstruction and found six patients with a poor reconstructive result secondary to improper insetting of the bone flap. Anteromedially rotated and free-floating proximal mandibular segments appeared to be the most significant contributor to incorrect placement of the bone flap. Based on their findings, the authors devised a simple technique for stabilizing proximal mandibular segments. Laryngoscope, 106:903-907, 1996
The field theory two-body problem in acoustics

We address the problem of determining effective equations of motion for sources in field theories, where finite propagation speeds lead to radiation reaction and runaway solutions. Acoustics is used to illustrate a solution of this problem: The effective equation of motion is obtained by reduction to an inertial manifold. This equation can be approximated to any desired accuracy by expansion (and truncation) in powers of the reciprocal of the wave propagation speed and reduction to a slow manifold of a singular perturbation problem.
Kinship and Access to Land in the Eastern Cape: Implications for Land Tenure Reform

Abstract A focus on institutional norms and rules gives an incomplete picture of rural land tenure; building an account of local practice from specific cases reveals nuances and variations that are otherwise elusive. Following the latter approach, the paper describes so-called ‘communal’ tenure in southern Hobeni, a community in Xhora District, in the Transkei region of the Eastern Cape Province. A practice-based approach reveals significant variations in tenure practices, related to the kinship composition of local neighbourhoods. In areas where a few families are numerically predominant, agnatic kinship is the primary means for access to land. In areas that are diverse in their kin composition, other ties (for example, friendship, church membership, common employment, etc.) are used as a basis for access to land. The demographic variation underlying these practices appears to be widespread in communities in the Eastern Cape and beyond, suggesting considerable diversity within the workings of ‘communal’ ...
Dynamic Driving of Small Shallow Events during Strong Motion

Abstract High-pass filtering (>20 Hz) of acceleration records from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, and 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquakes reveals a series of bursts that occur only during strong shaking. Initially interpreted as originating from asperity failure on the Chelungpu fault, bursts observed during the Chi-Chi earthquake were subsequently determined to be a local effect within about 1 km of the seismic stations. Similar bursts were observed at the U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield seismic array during the Parkfield earthquake and were constrained to originate less than 20 m from the instruments. Such small shallow events cannot result from the triggered release of stored elastic energy because rate-and-state friction rules out stick-slip instability on such small, shallow patches. Our hypothesis is that the bursts are not triggered but are driven by simultaneous shear and tensile stresses near the surface during the strong motion. At 2 Hz, SV - to P -wave mode conversion at the free surface produces tensile stresses to depths of 70 m. Where standard triggering releases stored elastic energy and adds to the incident wave field, this new driving mechanism takes energy out of the 2 Hz strong motion and reradiates it at high frequencies. It is thus an attenuation mechanism that we estimate can contribute 3% to the net attenuation in the very shallow crust.