cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-DoF twisting electrothermal actuator for Scanning Laser Rangefinder application

This paper reports the design, modeling and characterization of a 2-DoF twisting electrothermal (ET) actuator for reducing parasitic motion in the application of an SOI-CMOS-MEMS-based Scanning Laser Rangefinder (SLR). A schematic-based model was built using a hierarchical MEMS behavioral model library (NODAS) to develop the concept of independently actuating two parallel metal-polysilicon-oxide CMOS-MEMS vertical electrothermal actuators for scanning control. The small in-plane parasitic motion, which is essential for laser alignment, is less than 2 µm. The optical scanning range of 31° about the y-axis and 20° about the x-axis were obtained at 8.6 mW and 14.7 mW, respectively, with a small device footprint of 191 µm – 156 µm.
Slope streaks on Mars: Correlations with surface properties and the potential role of water

The Mars Orbiter Camera on board the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has returned images of numerous dark streaks that are the result of down-slope mass movement occurring under present-day martian climatic conditions. We systematically analyze over 23,000 high-resolution images and demonstrate that slope streaks form exclusively in regions of low thermal inertia (confirming earlier results), steep slopes, and, remarkably, only where peak temperatures exceed 275 K. The northernmost streaks, which form in the coldest environment, form preferentially on warmer south-facing slopes. Repeat images of sites with slope streaks show changes only if the time interval between the two images includes the warm season. Surprisingly (in light of the theoretically short residence time of H_2O close to the surface), the data support the possibility that small amounts of water are transiently present in low-latitude near-surface regions of Mars and undergo phase transitions at times of high insolation, triggering the observed mass movements.
Amalthea: Implications of the temperature observed by Voyager

The temperature profile of Amalthea's surface layer is modeled as a function of location and time of day, assuming a triaxial ellipsoid shape and thermal properties similar to those of the lunar soil. Although the major heat source is direct insolation, temperatures are slightly increased by thermal radiation from Jupiter, sunlight reflected from the planet, and charged particle bombardment. Possible sources of error in the model are discussed in detail, including satellite shape effects, unusually low emissivity, uncommonly rough surface, abnormal thermal inertia, charged particle flux variability, and Joule heating. Voyager 1 IRIS observations suggest that the Amalthean surface has an emissivity near unity, but cannot put any useful limits on the thermal inertia of the Amalthean surface layer.
Progression of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Native Lungs After Single Lung Transplantation

This retrospective, single-center study was conducted to assess the response of native idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs to a potent cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimen in single-lung transplantation recipients. The study included IPF patients who had undergone single-lung transplantation and had chest CT scans before and after transplantation. Five patients underwent single-lung transplantation for IPF between April 1992 and January 2001, and met entry criteria. All patients were placed on an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine. In two of the five patients, ground glass attenuation in the native IPF lung improved post-transplantation. However, fibrotic changes progressed in all five patients. In patients with advanced IPF, a potent cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimen is not likely to have an effect on the progression of the disease.
Cutting Edge: Protein Phosphatase 2A Confers Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disease through an IL-17–Dependent Mechanism

The contribution of individual molecular aberrations to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, is often difficult to evaluate because of the presence of abundant confounding factors. To assess the effect of increased expression of the phosphatase protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in T cells, as recorded in SLE patients, we generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses the PP2Ac subunit in T cells. The transgenic mouse displays a heightened susceptibility to immune-mediated glomerulonephritis in the absence of other immune defects. CD4(+) T cells produce increased amounts of IL-17 while the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood is increased. IL-17 neutralization abrogated the development of glomerulonephritis. We conclude that increased PP2Ac expression participates in SLE pathogenesis by promoting inflammation through unchecked IL-17 production and facilitating the development of end-organ damage.
Computer algebra in the life sciences

This note (1) provides references to recent work that applies computer algebra (CA) to the life sciences, (2) cites literature that explains the biological background of each application, (3) states the mathematical methods that are used, (4) mentions the benefits of CA, and (5) suggests some topics for future work.
Continuous characters in phylogenetic analyses: patterns of corolla tube length evolution in Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae)

The present study comprises an analysis of six different scoring schemes and eight different types of analytic methods aiming to investigate the evolution of a continuous character (i.e. corolla tube length) in Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae). Corolla tube length in the genus is quite variable, ranging from 1 mm to 75 mm, and the length of the corolla tube has implications for pollination biology, such as longer corolla tubes (> 25 mm in length) being pollinated by hummingbirds or moths. In general, the various methods resolve similar ancestral character states; however, different states are reconstructed at nodes in which the descendants greatly differ in corolla tube length. Additionally, it is suggested that all of the variation of a continuous character should be included in analyses, and this may necessitate multiple analyses with different partitions of the data. The various analyses provide evidence that two maximum parsimony methods, linear parsimony and the TNT method, minimize the number of different rates of evolution. In Lithospermum, six origins of corolla tubes > 20 mm in length are resolved, and these origins occurred at two different times periods: (1) in the shadow of hummingbird diversification in North America (approximately 6–8 Mya) and (2) more recently (approximately 1–1.5 MyA). Four substantial decreases in corolla tube length also are reconstructed, and these may be associated with the origin of self-pollination. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ••, ••–••.
Optimal Dynamic Relative Performance Evaluation

The theoretical prediction of a negative coe¢ cient on positively correlated peer performance that underlies much of the empirical literature on relative performance evaluation, is commonly obtained from the special case where variance-covariance matrix of the performance measures is exogenously restricted to be independent of the evaluee’s action. Using the dynamic approach of Holmstrom and Milgrom (1987), I study the properties of contracts that optimally condition an agent’s compensation both on his own performance and on how well he fares relative to a peer (group) when this restriction is not imposed. I show that if the covariance is non-zero, the optimal contract is linear in own and peer performance as well as the correlation between own and peer performance while, in line with the preponderance of the empirical evidence, in it’s simplest and perhaps most reasonable form the model predicts that the expected coe¢ cient on peer performance is exactly zero.
Unity in Diversity: A Global Consensus on Choosing the IMF’S Managing Director — Evidence from CGD's Online Survey

On May 19, 2011, the Center for Global Development launched an online survey of the global development community on three issues: the selection process for the IMF’s managing director, criteria for rating the candidates, and actual ratings for 15 candidates who had been named by the international media. Between May 19 and June 23, CGD received 790 responses from people whose characteristics reflect the diversity of the international finance and development community. Survey participants represent 81 nations, all world regions, high-, middle-, and low-income countries, and all adult age groups. In this working paper, David Wheeler analyzes the survey results, incorporating the diversity of the respondents by dividing participants into four mutually exclusive assessment groups: Europeans, who have a particular interest in this context; non-European nationals of other high-income countries; and nationals of middle- and low-income countries. Although the participants are diverse, their responses indicate striking unity on all three survey issues. First, both European and non-European participants reject Europe’s traditional selection prerogative by large margins, with equally strong support for an open, transparent, competitive selection process. Second, participants exhibit uniformity in the relative importance they ascribe to CGD’s six criteria for selecting candidates. Third, the participants exhibit striking consistency in rating the fifteen candidates.
Surface Properties of Plastocyanin at an Air-water Interface

The area/molecule, A, and surface potential, ⊿V , of plastocyanin (pcyan) at an air-water inter­ face varies with pH. At a pH of about 8.6 a maximum value is obtained for A and ⊿V. At a surface pressure of 3 dyn/cm A and ⊿V are 375 A² and 325 mV, respectively. The dipole moment is 2050 milliDebyes. Pcyan and chlorophyll α (chl) form a mixed film (free energy of mixing and interaction is negative). At a concentration of [pcyan] / [chl] ≈ 1 a maximum interaction is observed both for ⊿V and A (at pH 7.8). Irradiation of the mixed film, in a nitrogen atmosphere, results in an increase in A and ⊿V.
True females of the subgenus Photomorphina Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Using morphological and distributional evidence, the females of Photomorphus (Photomorphina) archboldi Manley & Deyrup, P. (Photomorphina) auriventris Schuster, and P. (Photomorphina) spinci (Bradley) are newly described. Discovery of these females facilitated a necessary study on the structural differences between the two Photomorphus subgenera, Photomorphus Viereck and Photomorphina Schuster, and revealed diagnostic setal patterns and sculpturing of the mesosoma and metasoma for the two subgenera. Furthermore, examination of type material revealed past misidentifications that led to incorrect taxonomic status for these insects, requiring significant changes to taxonomy. Photomorphus myrmicoides (Cockerell) is transferred from the subgenus Photomorphina to subgenus Photomorphus. Photomorphus subtenuis (Viereck), revised status, and Photomorphus impar (Melander), revised status, are resurrected from incorrect synonymy under P. myrmicoides. Photomorphus impar is considered the senior synonym of Mutilla parvula Blake, P. johnsoni Viereck, and P. johnsoni var. argentipilis Schuster, new synonyms.
GENETIC PATHWAYS TO COLORECTAL CANCER

The first known cancer family would be described today as having hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, in which, as in familial adenomatous polyposis, the emergence of a malignancy requires a seemingly unlikely sequence of somatic mutations, superimposed on a risk-conveying inheritance. Events identified in the inherited syndromes are proving crucial in learning precisely how nonfamilial tumors develop
Paradigm Shifts in the Phylogeographic Analysis of Seaweeds

The phylogeographic analysis of seaweeds faces numerous biological, methodological, and conceptual challenges. One challenge is to understand how life-history phases, mating systems, dispersal mechanisms, and physiological tolerances influence the distributions and persistence of local populations. A second challenge has been to develop genetic assay methods that allow us to trace unbroken gene lineages so they can be tested with models using coalescence theory. An integral part of this challenge has been to identify unrecombining sections of DNA with known modes of inheritance. For the most part, seaweed phylogeographic studies have used unrecombining organellar and plastid DNAs, but new methods of phasing haplotypes of nuclear DNA can provide an enormous amount of data to fine-tune hypotheses to distinguish the effects of demography and natural selection. Finally, phylogeography faces conceptual challenges, as we learn ever more about palaeoclimates, the historical shapes of shorelines, and the dynamics of ocean currents. A major advance is the marriage between demographic models and models of natural selection, because both interact to mold the shapes of gene genealogies.
A High Capacity Holographic Storage System

This paper describes a potential storage system that would provide 224 bytes of data with a random access of 2μsec, and a data rate of 50 megabytes/sec. The system discussed is organized as a block oriented optically accessed memory and utilizes holography as the storage mechanism. The information is stored holographically.
In Defence of Reasonable Doubt

In criminal trials the state must establish, to a particular standard of proof, the defendant's guilt. The most widely used and important standard of proof for criminal conviction is the ‘beyond a reasonable doubt' standard. But what legitimates this standard, rather than an alternative? One view holds the standard of proof should be determined or justified – at least in large part – by its consequences. In this spirit, Laudan uses crime statistics to estimate risks the average citizen runs of being violently victimised and falsely convicted. He argues that since the former risk is higher, and the aggregate harms are worse, the standard of proof should be substantially lowered. He presents a formula for calculating the preferred standard. In this article I outline various ways Laudan's uses of crime statistics are flawed, and explain how he substantially overestimates risks of victimhood and underestimates costs of false convictions. I also explain why his formula is mistaken, and illuminate consequences Laudan neglects. I conclude that, even if consequences determine the appropriate standard of proof, Laudan's arguments fail to show the standard is too high. I conclude by suggesting that the inadequacies of Laudan's reasoning might be good news for consequence-based justifications of the standard of proof.
Remembering parents in parent-mediated early intervention: An approach to examining impact on parents and families

The goal of this review is to advance the discussion regarding meaningful outcomes of early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. The rapid growth in the development and evaluation of early intervention approaches for autism spectrum disorder includes both therapist-driven and parent-mediated interventions. The majority of research on both approaches to early intervention focuses on promoting child outcomes (e.g. language acquisition) with less emphasis on family and parent outcomes (e.g. quality of life, self-efficacy). Given that parent buy-in is essential for parent-mediated interventions to be effective over time, increased attention to family outcomes that are of value to families and have the potential to be impacted positively by these interventions is needed to develop, disseminate, and sustain high-quality interventions in community settings. In this review, we draw from work on parent and family outcomes targeted in related fields (e.g. Part C early intervention, pediatric chronic illness, behavior management parent training) that we propose are particularly relevant for evaluating the impact of parent-mediated interventions in early intervention for autism spectrum disorder.
Vacuumized and Unvacuumized Polyethylene or Polyester Film Bags: Insect Survival and Resistance to Insect Penetration

Insect survival and reproduction were determined in vacuumized (V) and unvacuumized (UV) polyethylene (PE) or polyester (PET) bags of shelled peanuts. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae and adults survived and reproduced in V-PE (200 millibars) bags, and larvae survived, developed to adults, and reproduced in UV-PE bags. At 12 mo, live insects were found in UV-PE bags artificially infested with larvae and in V-PE bags initially infested with adults. Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and T. castaneum larvae matured to adults in V-PET and UV-PET bags, but no reproduction occurred when these bags were artificially infested with either adults or larvae. L. serrlcome adults reproduced in UV-PE as well as in V-PE bags. Cadra cautella (Walker) larvae matured and reproduced in UV-PE bags and matured in V-PE bags. C. cautella and L. serricorne penetrated the PE film. None of the three species tested reproduced in PET bags or penetrated these bags. PET bags exposed to external infestations were not penetrated. All V-PE bags were penetrated, whereas only 10% of the UV-PE bags were penetrated. The remaining intact bags developed low internal pressures during 12 mo of storage.
Advancing research on team process dynamics: Theoretical, methodological, and measurement considerations

Team processes are inherently dynamic phenomena theoretically, but they have largely been treated as static in research. It is well established that they are important contributors to team effectiv...
Quality and Safety Control of Raw Materials and Fresh and Primarily Processed Products:Fresh Vegetable Quality Control

With the development of fresh vegetables in China,it has been found that fresh vegetable product safety is becoming a big issue in China.This article aims to give a review of the current situation and control measures of fresh vegetable product safety in China.Fresh vegetable product safety risks can arise at any point in the fresh vegetable product chain from farm to mouth.Therefore,quality and safety control of fresh vegetable products should be based on the food safety management system(FSMS) including hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP) and good agricultural practices(GAP) by enforcing the standard and system and intensifying management,inspection and supervision from farm to fresh vegetable product supplier to processor to retailer to consumer,which are very important to improve fresh vegetable product safety in China.
Mothers and daughters from breast cancer families: a qualitative study of their perceptions of risks and benefits associated with minor's participation in genetic susceptibility research.

OBJECTIVES To determine: 1) the views of daughters at increased risk of developing breast cancer regarding the benefits and risks of participating in genetic susceptibility research; 2) mothers' views about enrolling their daughters in genetic susceptibility research; and 3) any important areas of agreement and disagreement between mothers and daughters in their assessment of risks and benefits. METHODS We conducted separate interviews of mothers and daughters from 12 breast cancer families recruited primarily through the Breast Center at Johns Hopkins University. Daughters were between the ages of 10 and 17. Interviews were transcribed and coded and analyzed qualitatively. RESULTS We observed that mothers and daughters had a range of reactions to the prospect of enrolling children and adolescents in genetic susceptibility research, that perceptions of benefits and risks were fairly concordant between mothers and daughters, and that daughters initially identified no risks of participating, but their perceptions of the risks and benefits of genetic susceptibility research evolved over the course of conversation. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the view that informed consent ought to be a "process" rather than a single event, and that children's first reactions to the prospect of participating in genetic testing research should not be taken as evidence that they have adequately considered the risks and benefits of participation.
Intrusions, Deception, and Campaigns

Cyber intrusions consist of cyber attack campaigns, composed of cyber kill chains, which include various cyber attacks, composed of multiple attacks steps. The defender aiming to defeat such cyber intrusions, or reduce their impacts, can use cyber D&D against the attacker. Our analysis reveals opportunities for cyber-D&D at each phase of this cyber intrusion model. In this chapter we examine cyber-D&D options for the various phases of the cyber kill chain, and propose a model for planning, preparing, and executing active defense cyber-D&D operations. The chapter concludes with an examination of how to advance mission goals across intrusion campaigns by developing deception campaigns.Cyber intrusion tactics and strategies have advanced considerably over the last two decades. Analysts have drawn on empirical observations to formulate high-level models of cyber intrusions. The four-tiered pyramidal model of intrusions in Fig. 3.1 depicts various granularities of abstractions in such models.
Urodynamic Assessment of Incontinence After Prostatectomy

AbstractThere were 15 men with incontinence after prostatectomy who were assessed with a urethral pressure profile and a multichannel filling and voiding study with sphincter electromyography. Of these 15 patients 7 had sphincter weakness alone, 7 had sphincter weakness and detrusor hyperreflexia, and 1 had detrusor hyperreflexia alone. Full urodynamic assessment is essential before treatment can be recommended for incontinence after prostatectomy.
Measurement of α-Tocopherol Turnover in Plasma and in Lipoproteins Using Stable Isotopes and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Burton and Daroszewska (16) have presented an excellent method for quantifying alpha-tocopherol in human and animal tissues. The present paper expands that method by including the theory and calculations for alpha-tocopherol turnover in human plasma and lipoprotein fractions. Recent advances in mathematical modeling in experimental nutrition (22) have been aided by the increased availability of labeled isotopes and sensitive analytical methods. Applied to the study of alpha-tocopherol, these techniques will allow the characterization of the kinetic behavior of this micronutrient in vivo and expand the understanding of this key nutrient's role in preventing disease.
Prestroke Vascular Pathology and the Risk of Recurrent Stroke and Poststroke Dementia.

Background and Purpose— Improved short-term survival after stroke has necessitated quantifying risk and risk factors of long-term sequelae after stroke (ie, recurrent stroke and dementia). This risk may be influenced by exposure to cardiovascular risk factors before the initial stroke. Within the population-based Rotterdam Study, we determined the long-term risk of recurrent stroke and dementia, and the proportion of recurrent strokes and poststroke dementia cases that are attributable to prestroke cardiovascular risk factors (ie, the population attributable risk). Methods— We followed up 1237 patients with first-ever stroke and 4928 stroke-free participants, matched on age, sex, examination round, and stroke date (index date), for the occurrence of stroke or dementia. We calculated incidence rates in both groups and estimated the individual and combined population attributable risk of prestroke cardiovascular risk factors for both outcomes. Results— Beyond 1 year after stroke, patients retained a 3-fold increased risk of recurrent stroke and an almost 2-fold increased risk of dementia compared with people without stroke. In total, 39% (95% confidence interval, 18%–66%) of recurrent strokes and 10% (95% confidence interval, 0%–91%) of poststroke dementia cases were attributable to prestroke cardiovascular risk factors. These percentages were similar for first-ever stroke and dementia in the matched stroke-free population. Conclusions— Long-term risks of recurrent stroke and poststroke dementia remain high and are substantially influenced by prestroke risk factors, emphasizing the need for optimizing primary prevention.
4. Note on a paper by Balfour Stewart, Esq., in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

In Volume XXI. of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, pages 407–409, a proposition in the Theory of Numbers is demonstrated. The proposition may be extended, and, at the same time, the demonstration simplified. I propose to establish the following result:—Let 1, α, β, γ, … μ, be the n roots of the equation then, will where t is any quantity.
CLoVER: an alterntive concept for damage interrogation in structural health monitoring systems

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is the component of damage prognosis systems responsible for interrogating a structure to detect, locate, and identify any damage present. Guided wave (GW) testing methods are attractive for this application due to the GW ability to travel over long distances with little attenuation and their sensitivity to different damage types. The Composite Long-range Variable-direction Emitting Radar (CLoVER) transducer is introduced as an alternative concept for efficient damage interrogation in GW SHM systems. This transducer has an overall ring geometry, but is composed of individual wedge-shaped anisotropic piezocomposite sectors that can be individually excited to interrogate the structure in a particular direction. The transducer is shown to produce actuation amplitudes larger than those of a similarly sized ring configuration for the same electric current input. The electrode pattern design used allows each sector to act as an independent actuator and sensor element, decreasing the number of separate transducers needed for inspection. The fabrication and characterisation procedures of these transducers are described, and their performance is shown to be similar to that of conventional piezocomposite transducers. Experimental studies of damage detection demonstrating the proposed interrogation approach are also presented for simulated structural defects.
Recommendations and Reviews

The chapter explores how players talk about “What makes a good game?” In their posts to the PA website DS players engage in sophisticated and complex description, categorization, and legitimatization of different modes and attitudes of play, as well as imagine different contingencies that help to shape an idea of other kinds of play and players. At the same time, players couch their discussion of pleasure, experience, and community in terms of value, deals, and commodities. Such discourse in this chapter is connected to issues of value, addiction, and the quotidian.
Performance characteristics of the Access AMH assay for the quantitative determination of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels on the Access* family of automated immunoassay systems

Abstract Objectives Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) measurement is useful as an aid in the evaluation of ovarian reserve. In the past, its conventional use was restricted by the low-throughput and variability of existing manual AMH assays. We developed the automated Access AMH assay for the quantitative determination of AMH levels on the Access family of immunoassay systems. The analytical performance of this new assay was evaluated. Design and methods Sensitivity, dilution linearity, assay imprecision, AMH sample stability, lot-to-lot comparison and correlation with AMH Gen II assay (Beckman Coulter, Inc.) were evaluated. Reference intervals for Access AMH were established in healthy females, males, newborns (≤ 60 days) and pediatric males classified by Tanner stages. Results The limit of blank and limit of detection were below 0.0077 and 0.0098 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 0.010 ng/mL. The total imprecision ranged from 2.4 to 5.2%. Linearity was observed up to 24 ng/mL. Sample storage at room temperature up to 48 h, at 2–8 °C up to 7 days and at − 20 °C up to 15 months had no impact on measured AMH. The correlation study gave a coefficient between 0.99 and 1 and a regression slope between 0.89 and 0.92. Excellent lot-to-lot comparability was observed on controls and patient samples with a maximum bias of 3.7% between 2.81 and 15.03 ng/mL. Conclusions The fully automated Access AMH immunoassay demonstrates excellent analytical performance. As a consequence, the availability of this assay will represent a robust, fast and precise alternative to manual AMH assay testing.
Japan in transition

Japan is clearly in transition. It is undergoing fundamental structural change unlike anything it has experienced in the post-war era. Structurally, the economy now has to switch its emphasis from labor-intensive industries to knowledge-intensive ones. Japan must find ways to retrain displaced workers, and redirect its human resources. It will have to increase the pace of its internationalization. Most importantly, to achieve all of these goals, Japan must substantially deregulate, and reduce government interference in the economy. I have no doubt that the Hosokawa administration is sincere in its current efforts to achieve these goals, and have faith in its ability to carry out these structural reforms. I am confident that the Japan that successfully emerges from this challenge will be a sounder partner, and friend, of the United States, and a universally respected member of the international community.
Nutrition, safety, market status quo appraisal of emerging functional food corn smut (huitlacoche)

Abstract The inequitable availability of food compared to burgeoning population has propelled the search for novel food candidates as well as revival of relegated nutrient sources. In this context, the kingdom fungi hold immense prospects. Fungus constitutes a highly paradoxical domain. Many members of this group are consumed as functional food and appreciated for their medicinal values; whereas some species are recognized as pathogens for animals and plant; incriminated as sources of mutagenic mycotoxins; food spoiling agents; and allergens. The basidiomycota species Ustilago maydis is member with both traits. It is dreaded as the etiological agent of corn smut, the gall disease of maize crop. On the other hand, it is being consumed as delicacy (huitlacoche or corn truffle) since ages and recently, its popularity has risen immensely. This dual, conflicting behavior motivated the author to explore its nutritional composition and dietary safety. Functional food prospect of this enigmatic fungus has been estimated from multiple angles, by gleaning credible information from literature. Also, lacunae in this field have been shown and production scale-up strategies have been suggested. With nutritional profusion and scarce toxic contents, it appears to be a safe edible fungus, worthy of cultivation.
Peripheralised in the Periphery: Migration, Deportation, and Detainment in Ireland and Spain

The chapter – through an examination of detention and deportation in Ireland and Spain during the years 2014 and 2015 – considers the persistent marginalisation of individuals of African descent migrating to seek asylum. Arguing that the two nations’ historically peripheralised positions and negative racialisation in the context of Europe underline their tensions within the Eurozone and approach to migration, the chapter addresses the questions of racism and national identity that forestall the inclusion of people racialised as Black. Ultimately, the chapter asserts that Ireland and Spain – both chafing at human rights protocols – utilise deportation and detention of migrants of African descent to secure racialised Whiteness, maintain economic viability in the European Union, and shed a peripheral European status.
Evolution of the Cellulose Synthase (CesA) Gene Family: Insights from Green Algae and Seedless Plants

The structure of cellulose microfibrils has been correlated with the organization of the arrays of integral plasma membrane protein particles that synthesize them. These “terminal complexes” (TCs) are composed in part of cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CesAs), which not only catalyze the polymerization of glucan chains, but also play a role in TC assembly. The catalytic domains of CesA proteins from prokaryotes and eukaryotes are conserved. However, differences in CesA structure between plants and bacteria presumably contribute to variation in TC and microfibril structure between these organisms. The genetic basis for this variation may be revealed by examining the CesA genes of green algae, a group of related organisms that nonetheless have different types of TCs. Vascular plants and their closest green algal relatives share rosette TCs and highly similar CesAs. This demonstrates a congruence of TC and CesA structure over deep time and provides a basis for analyzing the CesA genes of green algae with different types of TCs. In seed plants, the members of large CesA gene families are differentially expressed during primary and secondary cell wall deposition, particularly in vascular tissue. Phylogenetic analysis of the CesA gene families from vascular plants and the nonvascular plant Physcomitrella patens is consistent with independent CesA diversification in the moss and vascular plant lineages. Characterization of CesA genes from P. patens, which is uniquely suited for targeted mutagenesis and analysis of TC structure by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, also provides a convenient model to manipulate and test the functions of domains potentially involved in TC assembly.
Medical Words Linked to Places

Many medical terms come from places: towns, rivers, islands, forests, mountains, valleys, countries, and continents. These toponymous diseases, syndromes, descriptors, and other entities bring us colorful names that help us recall some of their history. Today we have Zika virus, its name coming from the Zika Forest in Ghana. Caucasian comes from the Caucasus Mountains, lesbian from the island of Lesbos, and Epsom salts from a mineral spring in Epsom, Surrey, England. Chapter 5 tells the stories behind these place-named diseases and how many of them affect us today.
Measuring snow water equivalent from common offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis

Abstract. Many mountainous regions depend on seasonal snowfall for their water resources. Current methods of predicting the availability of water resources rely on long-term relationships between stream discharge and snowpack monitoring at isolated locations, which are less reliable during abnormal snow years. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been shown to be an effective tool for measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) because of the close relationship between snow density and radar velocity. However, the standard methods of measuring radar velocity can be time-consuming. Here we apply a migration focusing method originally developed for extracting velocity information from diffracted energy observed in zero-offset seismic sections to the problem of estimating radar velocities in seasonal snow from common-offset GPR data. Diffractions are isolated by plane-wave-destruction (PWD) filtering and the optimal migration velocity is chosen based on the varimax norm of the migrated image. We then use the radar velocity to estimate snow density, depth, and SWE. The GPR-derived SWE estimates are within 6 % of manual SWE measurements when the GPR antenna is coupled to the snow surface and 3–21 % of the manual measurements when the antenna is mounted on the front of a snowmobile ∼ 0.5 m above the snow surface.
Kinetics of phosphine substitution in CpRu(PPh3)2X (X = Cl, Br, I, N3, and NCO)

The kinetics of phosphine substitution in CpRu(PPh3)2X (X = Br, 1b, X = I, 1c, X = N3, 1d, and X = NCO, 1e) have been measured under pseudo-first order conditions in THF solution and compared with data for CpRu(PPh3)2X (1a). The relative rate of substitution is found to be 1a > 1d > 1b > 1e > 1c. Substitution rates decrease in the presence of added PPh3 and are independent of added X consistent with a dissociative process. Activation parameters for 1a–1c (ΔH† = 113–135 kJ mol−1, ΔS† = 21–102 J mol−1 K−1) and DFT calculations support a dissociative or dissociative interchange pathway even though negative activation entropies (ΔS† = −48 ± 16 to −105 ± 5 J mol−1 K−1) are observed for 1d–e. Differences in Ru–ligand bond angles in 1d–e point to different π-acceptor properties of the pseudohalide ligands, contributing to the faster rate of substitution for the azide complexes, 1d relative to the cyanate derivative 1e. Substitution is not observed when X = F, 1f, X = H, 1g, X = SnF3, 1h, or X = SnCl3, 1i. Compounds 1b–1e also react with chloroform to yield 1a. The rates of halide exchange are comparable to phosphine substitution for 1c and 1d. The latter reaction is inhibited by excess triphenylphosphine and is unaffected by both radical inhibitors and radical traps suggesting that a radical mechanism is unlikely.
Examining the Association Between the NAPLEX, Pre-NAPLEX, and Pre- and Post-admission Factors

Objective. To examine the relationship between the NAPLEX and Pre-NAPLEX among pharmacy graduates, as well as determine effects of pre-pharmacy, pharmacy school, and demographic variables on NAPLEX performance. Methods. A retrospective review of pharmacy graduates' NAPLEX scores, Pre-NAPLEX scores, demographics, pre-pharmacy academic performance factors, and pharmacy school academic performance factors was performed. Bivariate (eg, ANOVA, independent samples t-test) and correlational analyses were conducted, as was stepwise linear regression to examine the significance of Pre-NAPLEX score and other factors as related to NAPLEX score. Results. One hundred fifty graduates were included, with the majority being female (60.7%) and white (72%). Mean NAPLEX score was 104.7. Mean Pre-NAPLEX score was 68.6. White students had significantly higher NAPLEX scores compared to Black/African American students. NAPLEX score was correlated to Pre-NAPLEX score, race/ethnicity, PCAT composite and section scores, undergraduate overall and science GPAs, pharmacy GPA, and on-time graduation. The regression model included pharmacy GPA and Pre-NAPLEX score. Conclusion. The findings provide evidence that, although pharmacy GPA is the most critical determinant, the Pre-NAPLEX score is also a significant predictor of NAPLEX score.
Cervical Kyphosis (Post-laminectomy) Surgery Complication

Post-laminectomy cervical kyphosis, once a common consequence of posterior cervical spine surgery, is now a well-recognized and largely avoided complication. This is largely due to the increased use of anterior cervical decompression and fusion, as well as direct fusion at the time of laminectomy. This complication however is still routinely found in the clinical practice of a deformity spine surgeon. A representative case example is presented. An adult female suffering from difficulty with maintaining erect head position and with axial neck pain many years following cervical laminectomy underwent appropriate imaging evaluation and received a one stage anterior-posterior corrective operation. This patient had developed kyphosis despite absence of the primary risk factors for post-laminectomy deformity: removal of the C2 lamina, removal of four or more laminae, aggressive facetectomy, or age less than 15. An additional significant risk factor of preoperative neutral neck position or kyphosis was unknown. Surgical correction of post-laminectomy kyphosis may include posterior-only fusions, anterior-only fusions with anterior column lengthening, anterior-posterior procedures, or occasionally posterior-anterior-posterior in cases of significant fixed deformity due to ankylosis.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Academic Intrinsic Motivation for Students With Disabilities:

Students who report high levels of intrinsic motivation (IM) perform better on academic tasks compared with students who report low levels of IM. However, there is a paucity of data on IM for several disability categories (e.g., intellectual disability). The focus of this study was to use a nationally representative sample of students with disabilities to understand whether teachers’ perceptions of students’ academic IM varied by disability categories. Correlation and regression models were used to determine factors that influenced teachers’ perceptions of academic IM for students with disabilities. Controlling for external factors, such as parental expectation of their child’s academic career and teachers’ pedagogical competence, attenuated gaps in teacher perception of student IM between students with intellectual disability and learning disability. Including student classroom collaboration variables such as frequency of participation in peer work and classroom discussion to the model reduced disparitie...
Development and evaluation of a patient-centred measurement tool for surgeons' non-technical skills

Background Non-technical skills are essential for safe and effective surgery. Several tools to assess surgeons' non-technical skills from the clinician's perspective have been developed. However, a reliable measurement tool using a patient-centred approach does not currently exist. The aim of this study was to translate the existing Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) tool into a patient-centred evaluation tool. Methods Data were gathered from four cohorts of patients using an iterative four-stage mixed-methods research design. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to establish the psychometric properties of the tool, focusing on validity, reliability, usability and parsimony. Results Some 534 patients were recruited to the study. A total of 24 patient-centred non-technical skill items were developed in stage 1, and reduced to nine items in stage 2 using exploratory factor analysis. In stage 3, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that these nine items each loaded on to one of three factors, with excellent internal consistency: decision-making, leadership, and communication and teamwork. In stage 4, validity testing established that the new tool was independent of physician empathy and predictive of surgical quality. Surgical leadership emerged as the most dominant skill that patients could recognize and evaluate. Conclusion A novel nine-item assessment tool has been developed. The Patients' Evaluation of Non-Technical Skills (PENTS) tool allows valid and reliable measurement of surgeons' non-technical skills from the patient perspective.
U.U.V. Acoustic Sensors

Sensors for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), in support of various missions, will generally consist of acoustical sensors and processors since the medium for signal/data transmission and reception is water. As such, this paper will necessarily concentrate on such sensors/processors with state-of-the-art technology and advancement projections to the Year 2000.
Engineering ECM Complexity into Biomaterials for Directing Cell Fate

By definition, biomaterials and tissue engineering materials aim to replace, restore, and/or regenerate tissue where disease or injury has caused irreparable damage to native tissue. However, mimicking the complexity of the in vivo milieu has proved to be a serious challenge for current biomaterials. For example, one common strategy involves incorporating a short known biologically active motifs into the biomaterial to encourage cellular attachment, migration, and differentiation. In doing so, the intricacy of the dynamic in vivo environment is greatly diminished. This chapter highlights dynamic elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that provide critical signaling cues in vivo, the state of current biomaterial approaches, and potential approaches to incorporate more complex components into future biomaterials. The goal of this section is to introduce emerging concepts in matrix biology that have the potential to be exploited in biomaterials design, rather than being an exhaustive review of ECM dynamics.
Effect of targeted mutation in collagen V alpha 2 gene on development of cutaneous hyperplasia in tight skin mice.

Collagen V plays a major regulatory role in the formation of heterotypic fibers of the dermis and cartilaginous tissues as well as in the assembly of extracellular matrix. The pN/pN mouse, which is defective in collagen V α2 gene, exhibits skeletal abnormalities, skin fragility, and alterations in the collagen fiber organization, whereas the TSK/+ mouse, which is defective in fibrillin-1, the major component of microfibrils present in the extracellular matrix, develops cutaneous hyperplasia and autoimmunity. We have studied the role of collagen V in the formation of heterotypic collagen fibers in F1 mice, which are obtained by breeding pN/pN with TSK/+ mice. Our results show that F1 progeny neither develop cutaneous hyperplasia nor produce anti-topoisomerase I autoantibodies, unlike TSK/+ mice. The diameter of the collagen fibrils in the skin is also comparable to that found in control mice. Thus, the phenotypic changes observed in the TSK mouse could be reversed by genetic complementation with a collagen V-defective mouse.
The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Sedation Service: Models, Protocols, and Challenges

The field of pediatric hospital medicine has grown rapidly over the past decade. The term “hospitalist” was initially defined in an article in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1996; it is defined as spending half or more of one’s work in the area of inpatient care. There are pediatric hospitalists on the medical staffs of most children’s hospitals in USA, as well as on the medical staffs of an ever-increasing number of community hospitals.
“Sir, you are unethical!” One-tailed vs. Two-tailed Testing

“Sir, you are unethical!” No matter how firmly I stand on the rectitude of my professional beliefs in a debate, this verbal blast will knock my ego off its feet. It is a terrible thing to utter and to hear uttered. I don’t think that I am alone in my reaction to what is for physicians scathing criticism. No greater character wound can be inflicted than “You are unethical!”
Elementary Properties of Systemic Yoyos

To prepare the theoretical foundation for the rest of this book, in this chapter, based on the basic attributes of the yoyo model, we introduce the structure of meridian fields that helps to hold the dynamic spin field of the yoyo model together. With the spin field of a systemic yoyo structure fully established, we establish various properties of general systems, which will soon be fully employed in the following chapters in the investigation of social organizations of different scales from civilizations, the largest forms of human organizations, to individuals, the smallest units of social organizations.
The Plateau Principle: A Key to Biological System Dynamics

There may have been a time when only the clinical pharmacologist and the experimental nutrition scientist truly needed to understand the dynamics of materials introduced into the human body. All that changed with the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, about which information is available from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov). It is now possible to purchase powerful hormones and plant-derived substances over the counter and without prescription from any drugstore in the United States. The freedom is refreshing, but let the buyer beware; our population is now performing the most widespread experiment in drug interactions ever performed in the history of mankind!
calculation Method for Predicting AM0 Isc from High Altitude Aircraft Flight Data

High altitude aircraft have been used by the space photovoltaic (PV) community to determine the air mass Zero (AM0) performance of solar cells for over fifty years. Relative to in-space measurement opportunities, these methods are generally cheaper and more readily available. The data obtained, however, must be corrected for residual atmospheric effects. This paper details the correction method currently being used for the calculation of the estimated AM0 short-circuit current (Isc) for photovoltaic devices flown on the NASA ER-2 calibration platform. This method would also be applicable to other high altitude methods where Isc data is collectedover a sufficiently large range of altitudes. An initial comparison with a four junction (4J) cell flown on the CASOLBA high altitude balloon platform showed an agreement to 0.2%.