cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retention—retainers may be forever

Abstract The very word “retain” means “to hold back or hold secure”. From the earliest days of orthodontic tooth movement, many schemes have been proposed to ensure posttreatment stability. The very best research indicates that no solution has been found. A posttreatment routine is recommended. It is suggested that each patient be advised to follow this and further warned that the dental profession does not have any reliable method to predict future dental stability with or without orthodontic treatment.
The relative position of paired valves at venous junctions suggests their role in modulating three-dimensional flow pattern in veins.

Purpose The aim of the study is to investigate the relative position of orifices of two valves within the most proximal segments of the great saphenous vein (GSV), and the femoral vein (FV).
Development of the ALOHANET

The development of the ALOHA system packet broadcasting network at the University of Hawaii illustrates a number of general principles about the relationship between information theory and the design of real information systems. An anecdotal account is given of the development of the ALOHA system, emphasizing the interaction of the theory and the design of the experimental network. In addition, some preliminary results are described on the comparison of ALOHA channels and spread spectrum channels when used for packet communications.
Group Support, Satisfaction, and the Behaviour Profiles of Group Members*

The response profiles of individuals systematically supported and non-supported by other group members are compared to determine the effects of social reinforcement upon behaviour. These profiles are in turn contrasted with those reported by Bales for groups in which members report high and low satisfaction with the group's performance, and also with the combined behaviour profiles of twenty-four groups, the latter serving as a ‘normative group’. The comparisons indicate that individuals in the support and satisfaction conditions make more positive affect and directive responses than individuals in the normative, non-supported and dissatisfied conditions, where as individuals in the non-supported and dissatisfied conditions make more inquiries and negative affect responses than those in the other three conditions.
Relative Contribution of Modifiable Versus Non-Modifiable Factors as Predictors of Racial Variance in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Weight Loss Outcomes

African-Americans have been shown to have poorer weight loss outcomes after bariatric surgery, and many reasons for such outcomes have been postulated, including metabolic and genetic differences, socioeconomic factors, and differences in culture. African-Americans have also been noted to have differences from the majority population in other psychosocial correlates to weight loss outcomes. However, the relative contribution of targetable factors in relation to non-modifiable factors to such outcomes remains unclear. African-American and Caucasian patients who had received a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and returned for a 12-month follow up appointment (n = 415) were selected for retrospective analysis. A stepwise hierarchical regression of 12 month percent excess weight loss (% EWL) was conducted that included race after controlling for psychosocial and demographic factors previously linked to postsurgical outcomes. These variables were then compared between racial groups using independent t tests and chi-square analyses. Race remained a significant predictor of % EWL after controlling for pertinent psychosocial and demographic variables. Age and preoperative BMI were significant negative predictors, whereas presurgical BMI loss and Caucasian race were positive (p < 0.05). Percentage of follow-up appointment attendance was borderline significant. No significant racial differences were noted in these variables. Non-modifiable factors inherent to race such as metabolism play small but significant roles in the postoperative weight loss in African-American patients. Further research is needed to better elucidate the roles of targetable factors in outcomes, particularly adherence and pay status as their evaluation in this study was limited.
Massive Mediastinal Hematoma Caused by a Double‐Lumen Subclavian Catheter

: Double-lumen subclavian catheters have recently been released for use as a temporary blood access for extracorporeal circulation. Initial reports indicate that once properly inserted, these catheters are safe. However, massive mediastinal hematoma that occurred 3 days after insertion and uneventful initial dialysis with a double-lumen subclavian catheter has been documented. The patient experienced excruciating pain immediately after the onset of the subsequent dialysis and was found to have developed a massive mediastinal hematoma. It appears that at some point after the completion of the initial dialysis, the catheter tip eroded the vein and entered the mediastinum. As a result, the proximal (arterial) perforations were inside the vein, allowing blood to freely enter the circuit and be forcefully pumped into the mediastinum through the distal (venous) perforations near the tip. Prompt recognition of the problem and immediate discontinuation of dialysis prevented a potential fatal outcome in this case.
ROLE OF BNIP3 AND NIX IN CELL DEATH, AUTOPHAGY, AND MITOPHAGY

BNIP3 and NIX are proteins related to the BH3-only family, which induce both cell death and autophagy. Consistent with their ability to induce cell death, BNIP3 and NIX are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and heart disease. In tumor cells, BNIP3 and NIX are regulated by hypoxia, and the deregulation of BNIP3 or NIX expression is associated with tumor growth. In heart muscle, BNIP3 and NIX are regulated by hypoxia and Galphaq-dependent signaling, respectively, and their expression is associated with decreased myocardial function. Apart from their role in cell death, BNIP3 and NIX are also implicated in the induction of autophagy. In erythroid cells, NIX is required for a specialized type of autophagy that targets mitochondria for elimination (mitophagy). Similarly, BNIP3 regulates mitophagy in response to hypoxia. In this review, we will discuss possible mechanisms by which BNIP3 and NIX induce cell death and mitophagy. We will also consider the potential relationship between cell death pathways and autophagy in development and homeostasis.
Fighting Nuclear Energy, Fighting for India's Democracy

For the first time since the inception of its nuclear power program in 1948, India is reverberating from a groundswell of unprecedented public opposition to the Government of India's (GoI) decision...
A computational framework for the 3D structure determination of viruses with unknown symmetry

The protein shell of all virus structures resolved to this date exhibit some form of symmetry, most of them are spherical viruses with icosahedral symmetry; the study of viruses whose symmetry is not known, of structures which do not exhibit any symmetry, as well as the study of the genetic material of a virus are considerably more challenging. Increasing the resolution of the structure determination and solving structures with no symmetry represents a quantum leap in virus structure determination based upon electron microscopy. Computing is a major component of the structure determination process. Nowadays it is not feasible to increase the resolution of the structure determination of large macromolecules like viruses or to solve structures with no symmetry without novel parallel algorithms and environments enabling structural biologists to use parallel systems, clusters of workstations, or providing access to grid computing.
Solitary-wave solutions of the generalised three-wave and four-wave equations

Abstract The standard three-wave and four-wave equations are generalised by the inclusion of all resonant third-order nonlinearities. These generalised equations can be derived from an averaged lagrangian density. Analytic solitary-wave solutions of the governing equations are obtained and the physical properties of the solitary waves are discussed.
Algorithm 835: MultRoot---a Matlab package for computing polynomial roots and multiplicities

MultRoot is a collection of Matlab modules for accurate computation of polynomial roots, especially roots with non-trivial multiplicities. As a blackbox-type software, MultRoot requires the polynomial coefficients as the only input, and outputs the computed roots, multiplicities, backward error, estimated forward error, and the structure-preserving condition number. The most significant features of MultRoot are the multiplicity identification capability and high accuracy on multiple roots without using multiprecision arithmetic, even if the polynomial coefficients are inexact. A comprehensive test suite of polynomials that are collected from the literature is included for numerical experiments and performance comparison.
Fuzzy control as a disruptive technology

s a sometime observer of fuzzy logic A and fuzzy control [ 11, I took particular interest in the fuzzy versus conventional control debate. (A report on this debate appears elsewhere in this issue. -Editor) In the debate, each participant staked out positions from which it was highly unlikely he could be definitively proven wrong. Reducing the debate to two seemingly opposing viewpoints, one could say that fuzzy control underperforms conventional control in feedback systems and that, nevertheless, it is being used in more and more applications. The purpose of this column is to bring to the attention of the controls community a business model called a disruptive technology [2]. The salient feature of this model is that it underperforms the technology it eventually replaces. After viewing the debate, it seemed apparent that the disruptive technology model could explain the above apparent paradox.
Cytotoxicity of cyclometalated platinum complexes based on tridentate NCN and CNN-coordinating ligands: Remarkable coordination dependence

Abstract A series of cyclometalated platinum complexes with diverse coordination patterns and geometries were screened for their anticancer activity. It was discovered that the N^C^N-coordinated platinum complex based on 1,3-di(pyridyl)benzene displayed much higher cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cells NCI-H522, HCC827, and NCI-H1299, and human prostate cancer cell RV1 than cisplatin. In a sharp contrast, the C^N^N-coordinated platinum complex based on 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine was ineffective on these cancer cells. This remarkable difference in cytotoxicity displayed by N^C^N- and C^N^N-coordinated platinum complexes was related to the trans effect of the carbon donor in the cyclometalated platinum complexes, which played a crucial role in facilitating the dissociation of the chloride ligand to create an active binding site. The DNA binding was studied for the N^C^N-coordinated platinum complex using electrophoresis and emission titration. The cellular uptake observed by fluorescent microscope showed that the complex is largely concentrated in the cytoplasm. The possible pathways for the cell apoptosis were studied by western blot analysis and the activation of PARP via caspase 7 was observed.
A Robust Real-Time Algorithm for Enhancing a Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiogram

Currently, nonexperimental fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) systems are limited to the invasive scalp electrode that is used to monitor the status of a fetus or possibly determine a cardiac arrhythmia by heart rate (HR) determination. The invasive procedure can lead to complications and has a requirement of rupturing the fetal membranes that limit the monitoring time to immediately before delivery. A noninvasive procedure would allow physicians to obtain heart rate and electrophysiological information throughout the pregnancy without rupturing the membranes. The FECG noninvasive technique can be used to determine fetal status and cardiac arrhythmia similarly as the invasive procedure along with possibly the activity of the autonomic nervous system by spectral HR analysis, other clinical conditions that are being correlated with HR variability, and electrophysiological information such as acidosis and premature ventricular contractions. Finally, the noninvasive method can possibly be used to monitor uterine contracts through analyzing the abdominal electromyographic (AEMG) activity. Previously reported noninvasive procedures have not been commonly used in clinical practice because several different artifacts interfere with the FECG obtained from the abdominal area. The two most prevalent signals include the abdominal maternal electrocardiogram (AMECG) and AEMG interference from the cardiac and abdominal skeletal muscles of the mother. This paper discusses a computationally nonintensive robust real-time fetal monitoring system. The system consistently suppresses the AMECG in the presence of interfering signals, without filtering and/or distorting the electrophysiological information of the FECG and AEMG, and with two electrocardiogram leads. Furthermore, AMECG suppression can be obtained without canceling the FECG when the AMECG and FECG occur simultaneously. After AMECG attenuation, the FECG signal-to-noise ratio is improved by averaging a relatively small number of FECG complexes to avoid distorting the electrophysiological information of the FECG. Clinical data from 13 patients were used to test the algorithm?s robustness. The results from these data sets will be presented.
When Moms Are Incarcerated: The Needs of Children, Mothers, and Caregivers

Maternal incarceration increasingly contributes to the number of children placed in kinship care arrangements. The needs of incarcerated women, their children, and the children's caregivers have historically been dealt with in isolation. Practitioners across substantive areas of corrections, child welfare, and aging must think creatively and collaboratively about ways to positively assist these families. This paper examines the needs of children, imprisoned women, and the children's kinship caregivers from an ecological theoretical perspective. Key findings from evaluation studies of programs designed to strengthen families affected by maternal incarceration are discussed. Finally, interventions that increase adaptive exchanges between incarcerated women, their children, and the children's caregivers are suggested.
Intravenous Recording of Intracranial, Broadband EEG

The most direct evaluation of human brain activity has been obtained from intracranial electrodes placed either on the surface of the brain or inserted into the brain to record from deep brain structures. Currently, the placement of intracranial electrodes implies transcranial surgery, either through a burr hole or a craniotomy, but the high degree of invasiveness and potential for morbidity of such major surgical procedures limits the applicability of intracranial recording. The vascular system provides a natural avenue to reach many brain regions that currently are reached by transcranial approaches, along with deep brain structures that cannot be reached via a transcranial approach without significant risk. To determine the applicability of intravascular approaches to high-frequency intracranial monitoring, a catheter containing multiple macro- and micro-electrodes was placed into the superior sagittal sinus of anesthetized pigs in parallel with clinical, subdural electrode grids to record epileptiform activity induced by direct, cortical injection of penicillin and to record responses to electrical stimulation. Intravascular electrodes recorded epileptiform spikes with similar magnitudes and waveshapes to those obtained by surface electrodes, both for macroelectrodes and microelectrodes, including the spatiotemporal evolution of epileptiform activity, suggesting that intravascular electrodes might provide localizing information regarding seizure foci. Sinusoidal electrical stimulation showed that intravascular electrodes provide sufficient broadband fidelity to record high-frequency, physiological events that may also prove useful in localizing seizure onset zones. As intravascular techniques have transformed cardiology, so intravascular neurophysiology may transform intracranial monitoring, in general, and the treatment of epilepsy, in particular.
Computational studies on the kinetics and mechanisms for NH3 reactions with ClOx (x = 0-4) radicals.

Kinetics and mechanisms for NH3 reactions with ClOx (x = 0−4) radicals have been investigated at the G2M level of theory in conjunction with statistical theory calculations. The geometric parameters of the species and stationary points involved in the reactions have been optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. Their energetics have been further refined with the G2M method. The results show that the H-abstraction process is the most favorable channel in each reaction and the barriers predicted in decreasing order are OClO > ClO > Cl > ClO3 > ClO4. All reactions were found to occur by hydrogen-bonding complexes; the rate constants for these complex metathetical processes have been calculated in the temperature range 200−2000 K by the microcanonical VTST and/or RRKM theory (for ClO4 + NH3) with Eckart tunneling and multiple reflection corrections. The predicted rate constants are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Magnetostrictive Study of High Strength Steels With Respect to Angle From Rolling Direction

Many of the commonly used high strength steels have small amounts of magnetostriction. This magnetostriction can be utilized, for example to measure the torque on a rotating shaft. Previous studies on the magnetostriction in high strength steels have ignored the internal anisotropies due to previous material handling. This paper presents data taken on rods of a high strength steel that have been machined parallel, perpendicular and 45° to the rolling direction. Magnetization, magnetostriction, susceptibility, and stress-strain curves have been measured under various stresses and fields. In general, the parallel cylinders showed altered B-H, susceptibility, and magnetostriction curves compared to the other two orientations. These measurements will be incorporated into a future Vector Preisach model allowing detailed predictions of the magnetic state after stress and field changes.
Exact Absorption Probability in the Extremal Six-Dimensional Dyonic String Background

We show that the minimally coupled massless scalar wave equation in the background of a six-dimensional extremal dyonic string (or D1{endash}D5-brane intersection) is exactly solvable, in terms of Mathieu functions. Using this fact, we calculate the absorption probabilities for these scalar waves and present explicit results for the first few low-energy corrections to the leading-order expressions. For a specific tuning of the dyonic charges, one can reach a domain where the low-energy absorption probability goes to zero with inverse powers of the logarithm of the energy. This is a dividing domain between the regime where the low-energy absorption probability approaches zero with positive powers of energy and the regime where the probability is an oscillatory function of the logarithm of the energy. By the conjectured AdS-CFT correspondence, these results shed novel light on the strongly coupled two-dimensional field theory away from its infrared conformally invariant fixed point (the strongly coupled {open_quotes}noncritical{close_quotes} string). {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Discussion: What Shall We Teach Beginners?

is hard to justify. A common argument is to say that if the individual were drawn at random then the error would be random, but this is random sampling error not random process error. It was this type of argument that caused problems for WP's students and they were right to be troubled. If as statisticians we claim to have "correct" methods of model specification then in many areas we will be ignored and our valuable contributions to design and measurement will be lost. In Smith (1997) I argue that we must recognise the limitations of statistical thinking and not make grandiose claims for the universality of our discipline based on the fact that variation is universal. The real challenge of this paper is to teachers. How can the ideas of scientific thinking be incorporated into the teaching of statistics? If problems are context specific then would it be better to teach statistical thinking to applied scientists, who should be familiar with at least one context, than to mathematicians who work in a context free zone? Certainly I find teaching engineers a more rewarding experience than teaching mathematicians because they are problem driven. Perhaps mathematicians should be forced to study an applied science before they embark on a statistics
Formal and informal crime control views in Nigeria and the United States: An exploratory study among college students

Formal and informal crime control is used to deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. Formal crime control relies on the law and official government agencies to curb criminal actions. Informal crime control relies on moral and social institutions (e.g., family or church) to promote lawful behavior. This study examined the importance of formal and informal crime control in Nigeria and the United States. Using the data collected from 758 college students, the study found that the Nigerian and U.S. respondents differed on most of the formal and informal control questions. Nigerian respondents were more likely to feel that the formal control mechanisms of the police and law deterred crime, whereas U.S. respondents were more supportive of the courts and prisons as effective forms of control. Nigerian students were more likely to feel that shame, neighborhood watches, and surveillance by neighbors were effective forms of informal social control. Both Nigerian and U.S. respondents felt that being re...
Involvement of HDAC1 and HDAC3 in the Pathology of Polyglutamine Disorders: Therapeutic Implications for Selective HDAC1/HDAC3 Inhibitors.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) enzymes, which affect the acetylation status of histones and other important cellular proteins, have been recognized as potentially useful therapeutic targets for a broad range of human disorders. Emerging studies have demonstrated that different types of HDAC inhibitors show beneficial effects in various experimental models of neurological disorders. HDAC enzymes comprise a large family of proteins, with18 HDAC enzymes currently identified in humans. Hence, an important question for HDAC inhibitor therapeutics is which HDAC enzyme(s) is/are important for the amelioration of disease phenotypes, as it has become clear that individual HDAC enzymes play different biological roles in the brain. This review will discuss evidence supporting the involvement of HDAC1 and HDAC3 in polyglutamine disorders, including Huntington’s disease, and the use of HDAC1- and HDAC3-selective HDAC inhibitors as therapeutic intervention for these disorders. Further, while HDAC inhibitors are known alter chromatin structure resulting in changes in gene transcription, understanding the exact mechanisms responsible for the preclinical efficacy of these compounds remains a challenge. The potential chromatin-related and non-chromatin-related mechanisms of action of selective HDAC inhibitors will also be discussed.
Climate change impact and uncertainty analysis of extreme rainfall events in the Apalachicola River basin, Florida

Climate change impact on rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves at the Apalachicola River basin (Florida Panhandle coast) is assessed using an ensemble of regional climate models (RCMs) obtained from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program. The suitability of seven RCMs on simulating temporal variation of rainfall at the fine-scale is assessed for the case study region. Two RCMs, HRM3–HADCM3 and RCM3–GFDL, are found to have good skill scores in generating high intensity events at the mid-afternoon (2:00–4:00 PM). These two RCMs are selected for assessing potential climate change impact on IDF curves. Two methods are used to conduct bias correction on future rainfall IDF curves, i.e., maximum intensity percentile-based method, and sequential bias correction and maximum intensity percentile-based method. Based on the projection by HRM3–HADCM3, there is no significant change in rainfall intensity at the upstream and middle stream stations but higher intensity at the downstream station. RCM3–GFDL projected increased rainfall intensity from upstream to downstream, particularly at the downstream. The potential temporal shift of extreme rainfall events coupled with overall increased intensities may exacerbate flood magnitudes and lead to increased sediment and nutrient loadings to the estuary, especially in light of sea level change.
Subcritical crack growth in silicon carbide

Crack growth behaviour in two types of commercially available silicon carbide was examined from 600 to 850° C in ambient atmospheres containing oxygen, water vapour, and sulphur dioxide. The double-torsion specimen was used in the incremental displacement rate mode to yield (K1,V) relations. The direct-bonded material exhibited unstable crack propagation and arrest behaviour which was not measureably affected by temperature variations or the corrosive environments. The hot-pressed material exhibited subcritical crack growth similar to the three regions of the classical (K1,V) diagram. Oxidation of the silicon carbide is suggested to be the mechanism of stress corrosion operating in these environments.
Drosophila Rel proteins are central regulators of a robust, multi-organ immune network.

Survival of all animals depends on effective protection against infection. In Drosophila, opportunistic infection kills larvae if they lack the Rel/NF-κB proteins Dorsal and Dif. We have used tissue-specific expression of Dif and Dorsal to reveal that these Rel proteins act in three different tissues to defend larvae from infection. Dif and Dorsal act in circulating blood cells, where they are required autonomously to promote blood-cell survival and phagocytosis of microorganisms. We show that a major transcriptional target of Dorsal and Dif in blood cells is Drosophila IAP1, a gene protecting these cells from death. We find that in addition to their autonomous role in blood-cell survival, Dif and Dorsal also act in the fat body to produce factors that promote blood-cell viability. These Rel proteins act in the epidermis to prevent infection by maintaining a barrier to microbial entry. Dorsal or Dif in any one of the three tissues is sufficient to defend the animal from opportunistic infection. Thus Drosophila has a multi-pronged system of defense and each branch of this network requires Rel proteins. Based on similarities between Drosophila and mammals, we propose that a Rel-dependent network is an ancient and robust framework of animal immune systems.
Infection patterns in chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

Background: We revisited the postulate that localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) patients have robust serum antibody (ab) responses to periodontal pathogens while patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) show weak responses. We also studied ab responses in localized chronic (LCP) and generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP). Methods: Fifty-seven patients (14–74 years, 25% male, 70% Hispanic, 26% African American) were studied (15 LAP, 19 GAP, 11 LCP, 12 GCP patients). Three plaque samples/subject were analysed with respect to 15 species, and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to the same bacteria were determined. Ab responses were expressed as log-transformed titres, and “infection ratios”, i.e., log-transformed ratios of ab titre over the subject-based mean bacterial load for the homologous species. Results: The results failed to corroborate the postulate that LAG patients have robust responses to infecting agents while GAP subjects exhibit weak responses. This held true for ab to “red complex”, “orange complex”, and health-associated species, and for both titres and infection ratios. Similarly, no differences were found between ab titres or infection ratios in chronic and aggressive periodontitis, or their extent-based subdivisions. Conclusions: A distinction between the two principal categories of the current periodontitis classification cannot be established by the study of infection patterns.
Semantic and morphosyntactic language outcomes in biologically at-risk children

Abstract This study examines the language and cognitive outcomes for 69 children who were placed in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) immediately postpartum. These children are known to be at risk for later cognitive and academic problems. This study focused on language outcomes in conjunction with cognitive outcomes. To obtain a view of language development beyond that available from general tests such as verbal IQ, specific aspects of semantic and morphosyntactic language performance were assessed at 4 years of age and their relationships with environmental and medical factors were examined. The results of the study show that these children have an elevated incidence of language and cognitive difficulties. Approximately 60% of the children were experiencing problems in at least one aspect of language development. Semantic language outcomes were related to environmental variables such as maternal education and poverty, but unrelated to factors such as family history of language or learning problems, birth weight or gestational age. Syntactic outcomes, in contrast, showed no relationship to environmental factors. Importantly, the strength of the relationship between semantic performance and environmental variables varied as a function of language outcome. Children who showed profiles indicating normal language development showed the strongest relationships between semantic performance and environmental variables. In contrast, children with language and/or cognitive delays showed little to no benefits from higher levels of maternal education or higher income.
Simultaneous algorithmic resolution of singularities

This paper studies the concept of algorithmic equiresolution of a family of embedded varieties or ideals, which means a simultaneous resolution of such a family compatible with a given (suitable) algorithm of resolution in characteristic zero. The paper’s approach is more indirect: it primarily considers the more general case of families of basic objects (or marked ideals). A definition of algorithmic equiresolution is proposed, which applies to families whose parameter space T may be non-reduced, e.g., the spectrum of a suitable artinian ring. Other definitions of algorithmic equiresolution are also discussed. These are geometrically very natural, but the parameter space T of the family must be assumed regular. It is proven that when T is regular all the proposed definitions are equivalent.
Early inflorescence and floral development in Zea mays land race Chapalote (Poaceae)

Tassel and ear primordia were collected from greenhouse-grown specimens of the Mexican maize landrace Chapalote and prepared for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Measurements of inflorescence apices and spikelet pair primordia (spp) were made from SEM micrographs. Correlation of inflorescence apex diameter with number of spikelet ranks showed no significant difference between tassels and ears, except at the two-rank level where the ear apical meristem had a significantly smaller diameter than corresponding two-ranked tassels. Within individual inflorescences, spp in different ranks enlarged at comparable rates, although the rates from one ear to the next along the stem differed. In both tassels and ears, spp divide to form paired sessile and pedicellate spikelet primordia when the spp is 150 [xm wide; ear axes are significantly thicker than tassel axes at the time of bifurcation. The similarities in growth between ear and tassel primordia lend further support to the hypothesis that both the maize tassel and ear are derived from a common inflorescence pattern, a pattern shared with teosinte. Inflorescence primordial growth also suggests that a key character difference between teosinte and maize, distichous vs. polystichous arrangement of spikelets, may be related to size of the apical dome and/or rate of primordium production by the apical meristem. There appears to be more than a single morphological event in the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. The evocation of axillary buds (ears) is independent of, and temporally separated from, the transition to flowering at the primary shoot apex (tassel).
The resistance of mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars to tip dieback disease in Florida.

The resistance of Mangifera indica to tip dieback disease caused by Botryosphaeria ribis, anamorphic state Fusicoccum sp., was determined on 361 trees of 122 mango cultivars and relatives planted in the mango germ plasm collection at the University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead. Three trees from each cultivar were evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale ranging from those free of tip dieback to those with extensive branch necrosis. Each cultivar was assigned to one of eight major systematic groups based on race or geographic origin. Resistance to tip dieback disease was not associated with any of the groups. No significant differences in mean disease severity were found among the Indian, Southeast Asian, West Indian, Haden, or Sandersha parts of the Haden-Sandersha Complex, Turpentine types, or a group of unclassified cultivars. Two Mangifera species (M. odorata and M. zeylanica) showed the lowest mean disease rating. Cultivars were also grouped into monoembryonic and polyembryonic types. Although several mango cultivars, mainly found in the monoembryonic group, appeared to be free of the disease, resistance to tip dieback was not associated with embryony. This study provides the first indication that field resistance to tip dieback may be present in some mango cultivars.
Partial liquid ventilation with perflubron attenuates in vivo oxidative damage to proteins and lipids.

Objective:To determine the impact of partial liquid ventilation on the degree of pulmonary damage by reactive oxygen species in a model of acute lung injury caused by systemic endotoxemia.Design:A prospective, controlled,in vivo,animal laboratory study.Setting:Animal research facility of a health sc
Misquotation of a Commonly Referenced Hand Surgery Study

Purpose Novel clinical studies often define how we practice hand surgery. Proper referencing of these articles is therefore critical. Since the publication of Knirk and Jupiter's 1986 study analyzing intra-articular distal radius fractures in young adults, citations of this article have appeared to be inconsistent in the biomedical literature. We believe that analysis of studies referencing the Knirk and Jupiter article will reveal notable discrepancies with respect to the original data. Methods We carefully reviewed Knirk and Jupiter's original article, "Intra-articular Fractures of the Distal End of the Radius in Young Adults" (J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68A:647–659) and formulated a comprehensive tabular outline of results and conclusions made in the article for reference. An electronic search was performed using the Institute for Scientific Information Scientific Citation Index for all articles written in English referencing the Knirk and Jupiter article from 1986 through 2002. Of the 159 articles found in the ISI database, 154 were retrieved and reviewed by 2 hand surgeons. Each article referencing the work was classified into 1 or more of 12 separate categories and rated as accurate, inaccurate, or equivocal with respect to Knirk and Jupiter's original data. Results Of the 154 articles examined, 63 have at least 1 inaccurate reference of the Knirk and Jupiter article. In general, articles referencing Knirk and Jupiter's classification system, protocol, or tables are accurate (59 of 63), whereas a majority of the articles addressing the value of 2 mm of articular incongruity after a distal radius fracture are inaccurate (43 of 57). Conclusions Conclusions drawn from the Knirk and Jupiter article, especially regarding the value of 2 mm of articular incongruity of the radiocarpal joint at the time of fracture union, vary from one author to the next. Care must be taken in referencing biomedical literature, particularly articles that have a potentially profound impact on clinical patient management.
The Value of Human Capital Specificity Versus Transferability

Human capital is a key resource for which firms compete intensely. Human capital theory suggests that firms value both transferable and specific human capital. Yet as transferability increases, specificity decreases. This article examines the value firms place on acquiring executives'human capital as a function of its transferability versus specificity. Using longitudinal data from more than 9,000 executives, this article shows that executives moving to more similar firms receive greater increases to pay than nonmovers and those moving to less similar firms. This article suggests these increases reflect the differential value associated with various types of human capital.
Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Marine ShrimpPenaeus

Abstract The evolutionary relationships among 13 species representing all six subgenera of the shrimp genusPenaeuswere examined using 558 bp of mitochondrial (mt) DNA from the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Analyses of this sequence revealed high genetic divergence between species (d = 8–24%), a finding which contrasts with previous work, which indicated that genetic diversity, based on electrophoretic analysis of allozymes, was extremely low inPenaeus.Three tree-building methods (maximum parsimony, neighbor joining, and maximum likelihood) were concordant in indicating that current subgenera assignments do not reflect evolutionary partitions within the genusPenaeus.While the molecular phylogenies cast doubt on the validity of subgenera, the observed relationships are concordant with biogeographic boundaries across the tropical range ofPenaeus.Both the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific contain monophyletic species pairs which cluster together in all analyses. The Indo-Pacific contains a putative basal taxa (P. indicus), the deepest mtDNA lineages, and the highest diversity, including representatives of all three primary lineages observed inPenaeus.These data are consistent with the suggestion by Dallet al.(1990) thatPenaeusarose in the Indo-Pacific and radiated eastward and westward to account for the current circumtropical distribution of the genus. This phylogenetic framework forPenaeuswill enhance the scientific foundations for wildlife resource management and breeding experiments (hybridization and related manipulations) designed to improve the commercial value of captive strains.
Healthcare utilization among Hispanic immigrants with diabetes: investigating the effect of US documentation status.

Previous studies have not examined whether documentation status has an effect on healthcare utilization among US Hispanic immigrants with diabetes. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the Pew Hispanic Center and Robert Johnson Wood Foundation’s 2007 Hispanic Healthcare Survey. Hispanic immigrants diagnosed with diabetes were included in analyses. The association between documentation status and healthcare utilization was assessed using logistic regressions. Of N = 577 Hispanic immigrants with diabetes, 80 % were documented immigrants and 81 % reported having visited a healthcare provider in the last 6 months. Adjusting for confounders, those who were undocumented faced higher odds of having seen a healthcare provider more than 6 months ago or never when compared to those who were documented (OR = 1.79; 95 % CI 1.01, 3.14). Unique opportunities in addressing healthcare disparities can be found in focusing on the Hispanic immigrant population living with diabetes.
Safely targeting cancer stem cells via selective catenin coactivator antagonism

Throughout our life, long-lived somatic stem cells (SSC) regenerate adult tissues both during homeostatic processes and repair after injury. The role of aberrant regulation of SSC has also recently gained prominence in the field of cancer research. Following malignant transformation, so termed cancer stem cells (CSC), endowed with the same properties as SSC (i.e. the ability to both self-renew and generate differentiated progenitors), play a major part in tumor initiation, therapy resistance and ultimately relapse. The same signaling pathways involved in regulating SSC maintenance are involved in the regulation of CSC. CSC exist in a wide array of tumor types, including leukemias, and brain, breast, prostate and colon tumors. Consequently, one of the key goals in cancer research over the past decade has been to develop therapeutic strategies to safely eliminate the CSC population without damaging the endogenous SSC population. A major hurdle to this goal lies in the identification of the key mechanisms that distinguish CSC from the normal endogenous tissue stem cells. This review will discuss the discovery of the specific CBP/catenin antagonist ICG-001 and the ongoing clinical development of the second generation CBP/catenin antagonist PRI-724. Importantly, specific CBP/catenin antagonists appear to have the ability to safely eliminate CSC by taking advantage of an intrinsic differential preference in the way SSC and CSC divide.
Effect of learned behavior upon conditioned place preference to cathinone.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether first training rats to discriminate the stimulus cues produced by an indirect dopamine agonist, cathinone, would influence a subsequent test of preference. The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm was used to evaluate the reinforcing effects of l-cathinone in four differently treated groups of rats. Half of the animals were trained to discriminate the interoceptive cues produced by 0.8 mg/kg cathinone in a two-lever, food-motivated operant. task. The other animals were equally divided between two groups, one receiving saline and noncontingent reinforcements on the same schedule as those trained to discriminate cathinone; the other group, the “yoked-control” rats, received the same cathinone and saline regimen of administration as the discrimination-trained animals. Results of CPP testing indicate that cathinone produced a statistically significant conditioned place preference only in the group trained to discriminate cathinone and not in the saline or yoked control groups. Furthermore, when half of the cathinone discrimination-trained rats were pretreated with the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B, the conditioned place preference to cathinone was attenuated. The results would indicate that pairing cathinone with a nonpreferred environment tended to make the rat spend more time in that environment and the amount of time spent in the cathinone-associated environment can be increased by prior discrimination training and decreased by diminished dopamine function in the brain.
Habituation and modification of reticular formation neuron responses to peripheral stimulation in cats.

Abstract Reticular formation neurons have been shown to respond in a dynamic way to repetitive and changing sensory input. Extracellular, microelectrode recording was performed in 22 acutely prepared, unanesthetized, immobilized cats. Twenty-one of 36 midbrain and medullary reticular formation cells manifested response habituation after 5–15 min of repetitive sciatic stimulation at once per 3 sec. Two types of changes were observed in the post-stimulus time histograms and dot displays: decrease in the amplitude or change in the latency of the responses. Recovery of the prehabituated responses and comparison of responses to prehabituation and posthabituation control stimulation of either the other sciatic nerve or forepaw indicated that habituation resulted from the stimulus repetition. Ten of 18 neurons, tested completely, showed response modifications to stimulation of one sciatic nerve after pairing for 10–15 min with a stimulus to the other sciatic or forepaw. Extinction of the modified responses and comparison of control responses before and after pairing suggested that the response modifications were related specifically to the pairing experience. Stimulus pairing initially led to sensory interaction, i.e., the units responded in a different way to pairing of the stimuli than to either stimulus alone. Nine of 12 neurons manifesting sensory interactions later showed response modifications after pairing. Also six of seven cells that had previously displayed both habituation and sensory interactions subsequently demonstrated response modifications. Thus response modifiability appears to be characteristic of many reticular formation cells that also manifest other dynamic properties such as habituation and sensory interaction.
Polygenic control of susceptibility to murine systemic lupus erythematosus

Susceptibility to glomerulonephritis (GN) and anti-dsDNA autoantibody production was analyzed in crosses with a newly developed systemic lupus erythematosus-susceptible inbred strain, NZM/Aeg2410. The mode of inheritance and the number and location of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated susceptibility loci were analyzed by interval mapping in a backcross with C57BL/6. Three chromosomal intervals containing strong recessive GN susceptibility alleles were identified on chromosomes 1, 4, and 7, each containing several potentially interesting candidate genes. Heterozygosity at H-2 was also found to correlate strongly with GN susceptibility, consistent with previous findings in the NZB/NZW parental strain model. Logistic regression analysis indicated that each of these susceptibility alleles independently accounted for a component of GN susceptibility, and that susceptibility was inherited as a threshold genetic liability in this model system.
Theory of static correlations in a fluid of linear molecules

Abstract A computationally convenient technique for calculating static correlations in a fluid of rigid, cylindrically symmetric molecules is proposed. As an example, the method is used to calculate correlations in a fluid of hard, fairly short, linear molecules. An indication of a phase transition from an isotropic to an aligned state is found for particular molecular shapes and packing densities.
Cinema as family romance

This essay analyses the narratives and iconographies of India embedded in a trilogy of blockbuster Hindi films from the long 1970s: Deewar (1975), Trishul (1978), and Shakti (1982). These films represent some of the decade's aspirations as well as its repressions that together constitute its public fantasies. Their narratives provide access to the political unconscious of modern India revealing the profound anxieties that pervaded the public culture of the decade. The essay explores the extent to which the traumas of the decade were displaced on the family, and the crisis in political culture was recast in social terms as a Family Romance in popular Hindi film. It analyzes Deewar's tensions at narrating and containing an incendiary critique of the decade, and it exposes the ‘revisions‘ to this film's masterplot as they were rescripted in Trishul and Shakti. The essay concludes with proposing the social function of cinema as a Family Romance.
Educating patients: self-management approaches.

Purpose. To review and evaluate approaches to educating patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).Methods. A narrative literature review was undertaken to summarize the published literature on patient education for FMS patients.Results. A number of studies contain specific education strategies while others are combined with exercise or movement therapies or cognitive-behavioural therapy.Conclusions. Self-efficacy provides an effective theoretical model from which to understand how patients change as a result of education strategies that focus on self-management. Programmes that combine education with cognitive-behavioural techniques and exercise are most effective in enhancing self-efficacy and decreasing symptoms of FMS.