cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for spinal osteoporosis in men

Risk factors for vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis were evaluated in 105 consecutive male patients over a four-year period. An equal number of men with Paget's disease, matched by age, who concurrently attended the same subspecialty clinic served as control subjects. The relative risk for osteoporosis, estimated by the odds ratio, was increased among those who smoke cigarettes (relative risk = 2.3; p = 0.01), drank alcoholic beverages (relative risk = 2.4; p = 0.02), or had an associated medical disease known to affect calcium or bone metabolism (relative risk = 5.5; p less than 0.001). Obesity was protective (relative risk = 0.3; p less than 0.001). As assessed by a multiple logistic model, the risk associated with smoking and drinking increased with age. The effects of these four major risk factors were largely independent of one another and were cumulative. Thus, spinal osteoporosis in men is frequently associated with recognizable risk factors, some of which are potentially remediable.
Does anomalous violation of null energy condition invalidate holographic c-theorem?

Null energy condition plays a crucial role in holographic renormalization group flow, leading to the holographic c-theorem. Unfortunately, the null energy condition is quantum mechanically violated. Even the averaged version can be violated. We discuss how the anomalous violation of the null energy condition affects the holographic renormalization group flow in (1 + 3)-dimensional bulk gravity. We show that despite the violation of the null energy condition, a suitably modified holographic c-function with a peculiar log correction is still monotonically decreasing in so far as we add the counterterm that removes a ghost mode of gravity.
Spectral analysis of the invariant quark propagator

Abstract The spectral representation is derived for gauge-invariant quark and gluon propagators. The weight is found to be the second derivative of functions associated with a positive matrix.
Undergraduates in transition: a new wave of activism on American college campus

US student attitudes are surveyed and attention drawn to evidence of recent changes displayed in a study of five colleges/universities undertaken by the authors in 1989/90. ‘Collective optimism’ appeared, heroes reappeared and what moved students most was the Challenger explosion rather than the political events which had been emphasised by their predecessors. Attitudes were less selfish and there was greater participation in social action. Examples are given of colleges which have responded by increasing opportunities for community service. The authors suggest that an analysis of past trends indicates that a rise in volunteerism leads to a period of student activism. The inverviews with students carried out by the authors provide evidence of such a development. The article concludes with a suggestion of points which colleges/universities should face in the light of these changes in student attitudes.
The acrophysis: a unifying concept for understanding enchondral bone growth and its disorders. II. Abnormal growth

In order to discuss and illustrate the effects common to normal and abnormal enchondral bone at the physes and at all other growth plates of the developing child, the term “acrophysis” was proposed. Acrophyses include the growth plates of secondary growth centers including carpals and tarsals and apophyses, and the growth plates at the nonphyseal ends of small tubular bones. Abnormalities at acrophyseal sites are analogous to those at the physeal growth plates and their metaphyses. For example, changes relating to the zone of provisional calcification (ZPC) are often important to the demonstration of such similarities. Lead lines were an early example of the concept of analogy from abnormality due to physeal and to acrophyseal disturbance. The ZPC is a key factor in understanding patterns of rickets and its healing. Examples (including hypothyroidism, scurvy and other osteoporosis, Ollier disease, achondroplasia, and osteopetrosis, as well as the family of frostbite, Kashin-Beck disease, and rat bite fever) illustrate the acrophysis principle and in turn their manifestations are explained by that principle.
INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT OF A FORMERLY RELEVANT DIMENSION IN CONCEPT FORMATION

Studies by Kendler and D'Amato (1955), Buss ( 1956), and Harrow and Friedman (1958) have attempted to assess the effects on concept formation of having intermittently reinforced irrelevant stimuli. These studies have concentrated on the possible role intermittent reinforcement might have in the observed superiority of reversal over nonreversal shifts and were designed to eliminate the possibility of intermittent reinforcement of a previously relevant dimension. On the other hand, Gormezano and Grant (1958) systematically varied the amount of intermittent reinforcement of an irrelevant dimension and assessed its effects on the attainment of the concept when in a nonreversal shift it subsequently became relevant. Buss (1953) conjectured that intermittent reinforcement of a previously relevant dimension would impede nonreversal shifts. The present investigation attempts to detail this relationship employing the procedure and analysis of Gormezano and Grant ( 1958). Specifically, it attempts to determine the difficulty of color or number sorting in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Grant & Berg, 1948) while intermittently reinforcing the previously relevant dimension of form 0%, 25%, 50%, or 75% of the time. PROCEDURE General procedure.-A detailed description of the procedure can be found in Gormezano and Grant ( 1958). In the present investigation eight decks of 48 cards were formed from WCST cards such that when S sorted on the basis of color or number he was intermittently reinforced O%, 25%, 50%, or 75% of the time on the irrelevant dimension of form. Each card contained one to four identical figures of a single color. There were four colors-red, green, yellow, and blue; and four figures-triangles, stars, crosses, and circles. Each card could therefore be sorted according to the color, form, or number of the figures. In the test situation a gray sorting tray with four double compartments was placed on a table before S. Four stimulus cards (one red triangle, two green stars, three yellow crosses, and four blue circles) were placed from left to right in the upper halves of the four double comparunents. Two decks of response cards, differing in composition, were placed in a partitioned box fastened to one of the legs of the table, facing E and out of S's view. S was instructed in a standard manner (Gormezano & Grant, 1958). E then selected a response card from one of the compartments and handed
Hypocalcemic Rickets and Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Case Reports and Review of Literature

Internationally, there have been isolated case reports published of children presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the setting of undiagnosed rickets. Although there has been an increased prevalence of rickets in the United States, there has been only one documented case of associated DCM. At our institution, a hospital database search was conducted from year 1997 to year 2007 to identify patients with confirmed vitamin D deficiency in addition to DCM. Through this search, four exclusively breast-fed African American infants were identified. These infants presented with congestive heart failure secondary to DCM and, at their admission, were found to have laboratory evidence consistent with hypocalcemic rickets. These patients responded dramatically to treatment with vitamin D and calcium, and cardiac function returned to normal within months. Early recognition of vitamin D deficiency was an important factor in these patients’ clinical course. These case reviews present a rare, serious complication of vitamin D-deficient rickets and support evidence for prevention of this nutritional deficiency with vitamin D supplementation in exclusively breast-fed infants.
Pauli Blocking Versus Electrostatic Attenuation of Optical Transition Intensities in Charged PbSe Quantum Dots

Quantum dots can be charged selectively by electrons or holes. This leads to changes in the intensity of interband and intraband optical transitions. Using atomistic pseudopotential calculations, we show that (i) when carriers are injected into dot-interior quantum-confined states, the intensity of interband transitions that have those states as their initial or final states is attenuated (``Pauli blocking'') and (ii) when carriers are injected into localized states near the surface of the dots, the electrostatic field set up by these charges attenuates all optically allowed interband transitions. We describe and explain these two mechanisms of intensity attenuation in the case of charged $\mathrm{PbSe}$ quantum dots. In addition, this study reveals a new assignment of the peaks in the absorption spectrum. The absorption spectrum of charged $\mathrm{PbSe}$ dots was previously interpreted assuming that all injected electrons reside in dot-interior states. This assumption has led to the suggestion that the second absorption peak originates from ${S}_{h}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{P}_{e}$ and ${P}_{h}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{S}_{e}$ optical transitions, despite the fact that such transitions are expected to be dipole forbidden. Our results show that the observed bleaching of absorption peaks upon electron or hole charging does not imply that the ${S}_{h}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{P}_{e}$ or ${P}_{h}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{S}_{e}$ transitions are allowed. Instead, the observed bleaching sequence is consistent with charging of both dot-interior and surface-localized states and with the assignment of the second absorption peak to the allowed ${P}_{h}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{P}_{e}$ transition.
Transport properties of condensed monolayers

In an earlier paper, monolayer permeability was derived on the basis of the fluctuations that occur in monolayer density at equilibrium. In this paper, the same model is used to derive the monolayer transport properties. First, expressions are developed for the probability and for the frequency of local expansions. These expressions are then used to derive the self-diffusion coefficient (D), the viscosity (η), and the thermal conductivity (κ) of a monolayer in terms of properties that are related to the surface isotherm. Whereas D has a reasonable magnitude, η is extremely small and many orders of magnitude lower than measured surface viscosities. The differences are discussed in terms of the monolayer model and the effect of the subphase. The utility of the model for processes involving natural membranes is also considered.
The Web Beyond Google: Innovative Search Tools and Their Implications for Reference Services

This article explores Internet search tools that harness emerging technologies and user-centric features such as Web 2.0 sites, mobile applications, metasearching, real-time information, peer-to-peer searches, visual interfaces, and computational abilities. Reference librarians everywhere have incorporated Google into their searching repertoires, but what about other search engines that feature “bleeding edge” technologies and human-friendly designs? Our article is a concise guide to nine innovative search engines—Silobreaker, Zuula, Bing, ChaCha, CompletePlanet, DuckDuckGo, Spezify, Wolfram|Alpha, and Wowd—which give us a glimpse into the future of searching technology. We conclude our article by discussing implications for reference services.
Weighted estimating equations for semiparametric transformation models with censored data from a case‐cohort design

SUMMARY In a case-cohort design introduced by Prentice (1986), covariates are assembled only for a subcohort randomly selected from the entire cohort, and any additional cases outside the subcohort. Semiparametric transformation models are considered here for failure time data from the case-cohort design. Weighted estimating equations are proposed for esti mation of the regression parameters. The estimation procedure of survival probability at given covariate levels is also provided. Asymptotic properties are derived for the estimators using finite population sampling theory, U-statistics theory and martingale convergence results. The finite-sample properties of the proposed estimators, as well as the efficiency relative to the full cohort estimators, are assessed via simulation studies. A case-cohort dataset from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study is used to illustrate the estimating procedure.
Inverse Fourier transform in the gamma coordinate system

This paper provides auxiliary results for our general scheme of computed tomography. In 3D parallel-beam geometry, we first demonstrate that the inverse Fourier transform in different coordinate systems leads to different reconstruction formulas and explain why the Radon formula cannot directly work with truncated projection data. Also, we introduce a gamma coordinate system, analyze its properties, compute the Jacobian of the coordinate transform, and define weight functions for the inverse Fourier transform assuming a simple scanning model. Then, we generate Orlov's theorem and a weighted Radon formula from the inverse Fourier transform in the new system. Furthermore, we present the motion equation of the frequency plane and the conditions for sharp points of the instantaneous rotation axis. Our analysis on the motion of the frequency plane is related to the Frenet-Serret theorem in the differential geometry.
Water sorption of acid-doped polyaniline powders and hollow fibers : Equilibrium and kinetic response

Measurements are reported for the sorption equilibrium and transport of water vapor into polyaniline (PANI) powders and asymmetric, microporous hollow fibers. Equilibrium isotherms at 298 K were measured on powders doped with 13 different organic and inorganic acids to change the polyaniline from its emeraldine base, PANI-EB (insulating) form, to the emeraldine salt, PANI-ES (conducting) form. The powders were exposed to air streams of varying relative humidity (RH) from 15 to 80%. The four acid dopants, H3PO4, HPF6, HBF4, and CF3SO3H, provided the highest water sorption figures-of-merit and also displayed nonlinear isotherms. At 50% RH, these four doped powders adsorbed 0.9−1.6 molecules of water per PANI-ES repeat unit. Measurements of the sorption kinetics on the hollow fibers were done with one dopant acid, H3PO4. The data were obtained under exposure to air streams at an ambient pressure of ∼0.1 MPa with relative humidity ∼50% and temperatures of 300−309 K. The sorption process was well-described by ...
Claim mobile: engaging conflicting stakeholder requirements in healthcare in uganda

Claim Mobile is a platform designed to support a project that subsidizes healthcare by reimbursing health service providers in Uganda for treatment of patients with sexually transmitted infections. As with many development projects, the Uganda Output-Based Aid (OBA) project involves a number of stakeholders: the service providers, the project implementers, the financiers, and the Ugandan government. Design of an appropriate solution requires meeting the various and conflicting requirements of all of these stakeholders. In this paper we detail the rapid design and testing of a pilot implementation of a mobile and web-based system for processing claims forms, based on two prior field visits to Uganda. Based on a comparative device study, semi-structured interviews, health clinic surveys, and a brief deployment, we affirm the selection of the mobile phone as a platform from the health clinic perspective, and further suggest that effective design for development requires more than addressing requirements of the the “users” of the mobile phones but also all the other stakeholders involved, who may have conflicting requirements.
Growth and characterization of Mg-doped AlGaN–AlN short-period superlattices for deep-UV optoelectronic devices

Abstract We report the growth and characterization of Mg-doped, short-period superlattices (Mg-SPSLs) consisting of AlN and Al0.23Ga0.77N epilayers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. Superlattices with periods ranging from 10 to 25 A and with an average Al composition of 0.42–0.74 were investigated. Optical transmission measurements showed that these structures have optical transparencies similar to random-alloy AlxGa1−xN epilayers of the same average composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed that the period and average Al composition of the superlattices were in agreement with targeted values. Additionally, Mg doping of SPSL structures degraded or eliminated satellite peaks that were otherwise observed in the XRD scans of undoped or Si-doped SPSL structures, suggesting that the presence of Mg during growth alters the interfaces of the epilayers. P-type doping typically produced lateral resistivities of less than 10 ohm cm, and notably, a p-type resistivity of 6 ohm cm was measured in a Mg-SPSL structure with an average Al composition of 0.74. Analysis of temperature dependent resistivity showed an activation energy of 29 meV for a Mg-SPSL with an average composition of 0.62 and 18 meV for a Mg-SPSL with a composition of 0.49. The combined optical and electrical characteristics of these p-SPSLs suggest they could be potential candidates for wide bandgap p-type cladding layers in deep-UV laser diode structures.
The Utility of Evaluating True Vocal Fold Motion Before Thyroid Surgery

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of screening laryngoscopic examination in evaluating vocal fold (VF) mobility before thyroid surgery. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of 340 patients who have undergone thyroid surgery from January 1998 to June 2005 and had preoperative laryngoscopy by mirror, fiberoptic, or videostroboscopic examination. Reports of preoperative voice change or complaint and reports of preoperative VF examination, including the method of examination, were recorded. For patients with VF motion impairment, reports of the intraoperative condition of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), preoperative diagnosis based on fine needle aspiration, and final postoperative histopathologic examination results were recorded. Results: Twenty-two patients were found to have preoperative VF motion impairment, of which seven (32%) patients were asymptomatic with no detectable subjective or objective voice problems. This differs significantly from the hypothesis that patients with VF motion impairment are always symptomatic (P = .009). Using voice symptoms as a screening test to predict VF motion impairment in 340 patients reveals that the sensitivity was 68%, specificity was 91%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 31%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 98%. Among the 22 patients with preoperative VF motion impairment, five (72%) of the seven asymptomatic patients had benign, slowly progressive disease on their final histopathology reports. Six of these asymptomatic patients had their preoperative VF evaluation by fiberoptic examination, whereas one patient had indirect mirror laryngoscopy. Of 22 patients with preoperative VF motion impairment, five (22.5%) patients had abnormal VF mobility contralateral to the thyroid lesion on their preoperative evaluation, and only two of them had nerve injury reported after a previous thyroid surgery. This result differs significantly from the hypothesis that impaired mobility is ipsilateral to the side of the lesion (P = .05). Conclusions: Patients without voice complaints can have VF motion impairment. Patients can also have VF motion impairment contralateral to the thyroid lesion. Preoperative VF examination helps counsel patients appropriately about the risks of surgery and helps outline a plan for the extent of surgery while minimizing the medicolegal ramifications of iatrogenic RLN injury.
Clinical Versus Statistical Significance in the Assessment of Pain Relief

Abstract [Todd KH: Clinical versus statistical significance in the assessment of pain relief. Ann Emerg Med April 1996;27:439-441.]
Risk of stroke after chiropractic spinal manipulation in medicare B beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years with neck pain

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to quantify risk of stroke after chiropractic spinal manipulation, as compared to evaluation by a primary care physician, for Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years with neck pain. Methods This is a retrospective cohort analysis of a 100% sample of annualized Medicare claims data on 1 157 475 beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years with an office visit to either a chiropractor or primary care physician for neck pain. We compared hazard of vertebrobasilar stroke and any stroke at 7 and 30 days after office visit using a Cox proportional hazards model. We used direct adjusted survival curves to estimate cumulative probability of stroke up to 30 days for the 2 cohorts. Results The proportion of subjects with stroke of any type in the chiropractic cohort was 1.2 per 1000 at 7 days and 5.1 per 1000 at 30 days. In the primary care cohort, the proportion of subjects with stroke of any type was 1.4 per 1000 at 7 days and 2.8 per 1000 at 30 days. In the chiropractic cohort, the adjusted risk of stroke was significantly lower at 7 days as compared to the primary care cohort (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.45), but at 30 days, a slight elevation in risk was observed for the chiropractic cohort (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.19). Conclusions Among Medicare B beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years with neck pain, incidence of vertebrobasilar stroke was extremely low. Small differences in risk between patients who saw a chiropractor and those who saw a primary care physician are probably not clinically significant.
An approximate version of Hadwiger's conjecture for claw-free graphs

Hadwiger's conjecture states that every graph with chromatic number χ has a clique minor of size χ. In this paper we prove a weakened version of this conjecture for the class of claw-free graphs (graphs that do not have a vertex with three pairwise nonadjacent neighbors). Our main result is that a claw-free graph with chromatic number χ has a clique minor of size \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage[mathscr]{euscript}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\lceil\frac{2}{3}\chi\rceil$\end{document}. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 63: 259–278, 2010 Part of this research was conducted while Maria Chudnovsky served as a Clay Mathematics Institute Research Fellow.
Optical bandgaps from ab initio methods: an examination of the singlet-triplet approximation

Abstract The estimation of polymer bandgaps by extrapolation of singlet-triplet transition energies has been examined for polyacetylene. Singlet-triplet and singlet-singlet transition energies were calculated with a variety of basis sets for selected oligomers. The singlet-triplet energy shows only small ( 10 H 12 , the polarization functions still contribute ≈0.05 eV.
Surface modification of carbon black by nitrogen and allylamine plasma treatment for fuel cell electrocatalyst

Abstract Carbon black used for fuel cell catalyst support system is modified using nitrogen and allylamine plasma and its effect on the carbon surface and fuel cell performance are reported. Custom designed radio frequency tumbling plasma reactor is used to surface modify the carbon black. Boehms Titration method, XRD and TEM are performed to confirm and analyze the effects of plasma treatment on the carbon surface. In the fuel cell electrochemical study both the nitrogen and allylamine modified catalyst support system exhibited better discharge performance than the control system. Nitrogen moieties on the carbon surface helped to decrease the particle size of catalytically active sites and provided good anchoring of Pt to the surface thereby resulted in increased electrochemical performance in the fuel cell evaluation.
Knowledge management – the new librarianship? From custodians of history to gatekeepers to the future

Explores the knowledge management paradigm, and offers a model for understanding the future role of knowledge and information professionals. The article starts by exploring the concept of knowledge management and the strategies for its implementation in business organizations. This theme is developed into a consideration of knowledge management in the public sector. Three main roles are proposed for knowledge professionals: managing knowledge repositories; facilitating of knowledge flow and communication; and leveraging value generation capacity.
Genome-wide analysis of human HSF1 signaling reveals a transcriptional program linked to cellular adaptation and survival

Although HSF1 plays an important role in the cellular response to proteotoxic stressors, little is known about the structure and function of the human HSF1 signaling network under both stressed and unstressed conditions. In this study, we used a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray analysis and time course gene expression microarray analysis with and without siRNA-mediated inhibition of HSF1 to comprehensively identify genes regulated directly and indirectly by HSF1. The correlation between promoter binding and gene expression was not significant for all genes bound by HSF1, suggesting that HSF1 binding per se is not sufficient for expression. However, the correlation with promoter binding was significant for genes identified as HSF1-regulated following siRNA knockdown. Among promoters bound by HSF1 following heat shock, a gene ontology analysis showed significant enrichment only in categories related to protein folding. In contrast, analysis of the extended HSF1 signaling network following siRNA knockdown showed enrichment in a variety of categories related to protein folding, anti-apoptosis, RNA splicing, ubiquitinylation and others, highlighting a complex transcriptional program regulated directly and indirectly by HSF1.
Suppression of prolactin and growth hormone responses to 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced glucoprivation by mazindol in humans.

Abstract Glucoprivation induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) 20 min infusions (50 mg/kg) increases growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels in humans. To determine if mazindol, a potent dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake blocking agent, might affect basal and stimulated GH and PRL levels in healthy male and female volunteers, mazindol (1 mg,TID,po) or placebo were administered for one week before 2DG infusions. Plasma samples for glucose, epinephrine (E), NE, PRL, and GH were collected before and after 2DG infusions. During placebo and mazindol therapy, basal values (ng/ml) did not differ for either PRL (8.8 ± 1.6 versus 8.9 ± 1.5 in females and 8.3 ± 0.9 versus 7.7 ± 0.6 in males) or GH (1.6 versus 1.7 ± 0.1 in males and 6.6 ± 3.3 versus 7.0 ± 2.6 in females). Peak stimulated PRL levels were greater in females than in males (97.1 ± 26.2 versus 21.4 ± 5.3 ng/ml, p
High resolution finite volume methods on arbitrary grids via wave propagation

In previous work by the author, a generalization of Godunov’s method for systems of conservation laws has been developed and analyzed that can be applied with arbitrary time steps on arbitrary grids in one space dimension. Stability for arbitrary time steps is achieved by allowing waves to propagate through more than one mesh cell in a time step. In this paper the method is extended to second-order accuracy and to a finite volume method in two space dimensions. This latter method is based on solving one-dimensional normal and tangential Riemann problems at cell interfaces and again propagating waves through one or more mesh cells. By avoiding the usual time step restriction of explicit methods, it is possible to use reasonable time steps on irregular grids where the minimum cell area is much smaller than the average cell. Boundary conditions for the Euler equations are discussed and special attention is given to the case of a Cartesian grid cut by an irregular boundary. In this case small grid cells arise only near the boundary, and it is desirable to use a time step appropriate for the regular interior cells. Numerical results in two dimensions show that this can be achieved.
Wireless integrated circuit for the acquisition of electrocorticogram signals

We present the design and characterization of amplifiers and control logic for an integrated circuit designed to record electrocorticograms (ECoG) from the surface of the brain. The chip, which was fabricated in a 0.6-um BiCMOS process, contains 100 amplifiers, control logic, and circuits for wireless power and transmission of data. ECoG signals, sensed by electrodes, are capacitively coupled to the amplifiers. Each amplifier has a gain of 59.2 dB, a maximum bandwidth of 240 Hz, an input referred noise of 2.8µV, and consumes 4.5µW of power. The output of each amplifier is connected to a 10-bit ADC via an adaptive-bias buffer and transmission gate whose transparency is set by the control logic. The control logic time-shares the ADC by multiplexing through one of five preset patterns of 32 on-chip signals. The digitized waveforms are then broadcasted wirelessly using a 900 MHz FSK transmitter. The entire chip consumes 7.2 mW of power during operation.
Environmental tracer analysis of winter profile development in two basins of Shagawa Lake, Minnesota

Abstract Winter profile development was studied comparatively in two basins ( z max = 14 m) separated by a 6 m sill in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota. Based on physical arguments and profile measurements, heat and solutes released from shelf sediments in the western basin cause convective instability at 8–11 m. After a mid-winter interval of instability, radon profiles indicate very low rates of vertical mixing in the benthic boundary layers following their stabilization by ferrous iron. Because of hydrographic features, two types of plunging inflows sometimes enter the western basin in late winter; one anthropogenic inflow alters the lower profiles by adding sodium, radon, and oxygen; the second modifies the mid-depth region by adding ‘weathering tracers’ (especially calcium and silicon) derived from the Ely greenstone. The oxidation of Fe 2+ diffusing upward and laterally from the sediment-water interface is accompanied by near-complete coprecipitation of phosphorus. The oxidation of Fe 2+ has only a minor effect on silicic acid, probably because of unfavorably large Si:P and preferential association of Fe(III) with phosphorus. Despite low pH and temperature, detectable amounts of Mn 2+ oxidize and precipitate above iron in the water column. Solute profiles differentially register the complex effects of hydrodynamic vs. geochemical processes, and as a consequence, affect the estimation of solute budgets in ice-covered lakes.
RAF plus EGFR Inhibition for BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer-Response.

We reported that 2 patients achieved partial responses, 8 patients achieved stable disease, and 2 patients had progression of disease by formal RECIST criteria. The RECIST measurements are graphically illustrated in the waterfall plot in Fig. 3 of our article ([1][1]). As shown in this figure, none
Islet transplantation reverses carcass protein loss in diabetic rats without inducing disproportionate fat accumulation.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial demonstrated that intensive insulin therapy (IIT) improves many secondary complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. However, weight gain in IIT is associated with increased body fat, and no improvement in lean body mass. In the present study we investigated the effects of experimental diabetes on changes in body composition and probed the benefit of glycaemic control achieved through islet transplantation. Male Wistar Furth rats (weight 273±9 g) made diabetic for 2 weeks with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) were infused intraportally with 3265±692 (150 Μm islet equivalent units) syngeneic islets of Langerhans. Body composition was evaluated by proximate analysis in carcasses of transplant rats (Trans), and also in rats made diabetic for 2 or 7 weeks (Db-2, Db-7) and in 2- and 7-week sham controls (Sham-2, Sham-7). Fed plasma glucose levels were 7.3±1.1, 28.2±2.4, 26.8±3.9, 7.5±1.0 and 7.0±0.1 mm/l, respectively, and neither glucose tolerance nor fasting plasma insulin differed between control vs transplant rats (p>0.05). Two weeks of diabetes resulted in a body weight 82% of that of controls (240±5 vs 292±8 g, p 0.05). Body composition analysis indicated that protein mass was virtually completely regained by 5 weeks post-transplantation (Db-2=39.6±0.9, Trans=46.8±4.7, Sham-7=49.6±2.9 g; p>0.05: Trans vs Sham-7), and fat mass of transplant rats was 75% that of control values (p<0.05). These data illustrate that the near physiologic glycaemic control achieved through pancreatic islet transplantation is associated with normalization of lean body mass accretion in experimental diabetes and does not induce a disproportionate accumulation of body fat.
Tooling and system support for authoring multi-device applications

This paper presents a development model, tooling environment, and system support for building and deploying applications targeted to run on multiple heterogeneous end-user devices. Our approach is based on a device-independent application model and consists of three elements: (1) an automated process of specialization, by which device-specific versions of the application are generated, (2) support for hand-customization of generated applications, a process we call tweaking, both within our workbench and using external editors, and (3) a designer-in-the-loop process of generalization, by which a generic model is inferred from concrete interface artifacts such as HTML pages. We argue that this approach is cost-effective and results in usable applications that run on a variety of devices.
Distribution of intravenously administered chlorpromazine in cat tissues

Abstract 1. This study utilized a chemical spectrophotometric method to determine tissue levels of chlorpromazine following its l.v. injection into cats. The data refer to chlorpromazine; in the case of some tissues, they may refer to a closely related chlorpromazine analog. 2. Immediately following the administration of chlorpromazine, 40 μg/gm, levels near 1 mg/gm could be determined in the heart and in the lung. Altogether, there was a rapid shift of chlorpromazine from the blood to other tissues. 3. At 1 hr, chlorpromazine concentrated 4 or 5 fold in the lung, liver and brain; chlorpromazine content of the heart and other tissues was relatively low. 4. For 12 hr after its administration, chlorpromazine content remained high in the liver; it decreased abruptly between 12 and 24 hr. 5. The lung level of chlorpromazine remained at a high level even 48 hr after its administration; brain levels decreased slowly from the 1 hr peak. 6. While at various times the cerebrum, brain stem, and hippocampus exhibited particularly high levels of chlorpromazine compared to other brain areas, these differences never exceeded 50 per cent and were generally less marked. 7. Pharmacological actions of chlorpromazine did not terminate simultaneously. Hypothermia and analgesia seemed associated with the 30–50 μg/gm chlorpromazine levels in various parts of the brain; tranquilization appeared to require less chlorpromazine.
Parametric analysis and modelling of friction drilling process on AISI 1015

Friction drilling is the process wherein the bushings are formed in the sheet materials by the frictional heat generated between rotating conical tool and workpiece. The bushings are used for threaded connections or as bearing sleeves. The present study explores the application of standard geometry tungsten carbide friction drill tool on AISI 1015. The input parameters material thickness to tool diameter ratio (T/D ratio), spindle speed, feed have been varied to study the effect on the response variables maximum thrust force, maximum torque during the friction drilling cycle and surface roughness of the friction drilled holes. The analyses of the responses have been carried out using the analysis of variance and Taguchi methods. In an attempt to understand the relationship between process parameters and response variables the mathematical modelling using the regression has been proposed.
Lumped model of MEMS diaphragm compressors

Abstract This article presents a quasi-static lumped model of MEMS circular and square/rectangular diaphragm compressors subjected to a specified peak actuation pressure. In this work equations necessary for determining the pressure rise vs. flow rate relationship for a specific peak actuation pressure are provided. In addition, equations are also presented for determining the temporal variation of chamber pressure and volume. The results of the quasi-static lumped model are found to be in good agreement with that of the results of a transient three-dimensional model studied using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a. The independent variables of this model are the geometric, material and operating parameters associated with the MEMS compressor. The geometric parameters are compressor chamber dimensions while the material properties include the diaphragms Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio and the ratio of specific heats of the gas. The operating parameters are the operating frequency and peak actuation pressure; actuation pressure is assigned a sinusoidal form. The performance of MEMS compressors improves with increase in peak actuation pressure when all other parameters are held constant. With increase in the depth of the compression chamber the performance characteristics of MEMS compressors degrade provided all parameters are maintained constant. The model also predicts that increase in just the planar dimensions of the diaphragm reduces the maximum achievable pressure ratio. It is found that the performance of the MEMS compressor is inversely related to Young’s Modulus and the thickness of the diaphragm; thus it would be appropriate to make MEMS compressors with materials of low Young’s modulus or thin diaphragms or a combination of both. Based on the model it is observed that the temporal variation of diaphragm deflection significantly varies from that of the actuation pressure for all operating conditions, unlike assumed in literature, except for those operating conditions existing at the extremes of a performance characteristics curve.
Influence of food on lesions induced by nerve severance in the American cockroach

Abstract Adult Periplaneta americana (the American cockroach) were subjected to nerve severance and maintained on various diets for 2 months to determine the effect of food type on incidence of crop lesions. Incidence was highest among individuals on lab food and lowest on bread crumbs, which formed a more malleable food bolus. Intermediate incidence was observed among those on banana, a diet which was malleable but apparently consumed in much greater quantity.
Unusually strong intramolecular magnetic coupling in a chromium hydride cluster

MOLECULES with large spins, and associated large magnetic moments, are potential building blocks for magnetic materials1. To make such molecules, spin-carrying metal ions can be assembled into polynuclear complexes, but the coupling between the spins is usually antiferromagnetic, leading to antiparallel alignment2. Magnetic coupling leading to parallel alignment occurs only rarely, and even then is usually too weak for the alignment to persist at ambient temperatures3–14. Here we report the synthesis of a tetranuclear chromium hydride cluster with a ground state of non-zero spin (spin quantum number S = 7/2), in which the intra-molecular magnetic coupling is so strong that the magnetic alignment is not disturbed appreciably even at room temperature. This ground state cannot be explained either by simple parallel or anti-parallel alignment of spins, but can be understood in terms of antiparallel alignment of three Cr(III) moments with one Cr(II) moment. These findings indicate that hydride ligands can mediate extremely strong magnetic exchange interactions between metal ions, and that metal hydrides may therefore be promising components for the construction of molecular magnetic materials.
Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes

Abstract 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios, trace element and REE compositions, and textural characteristics were determined for three hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts, one hydrothermal deposit, and two mixed hydrothermalhydrogenetic crusts from the Pacific. The Sr isotope data are compared to the Sr seawater curve for the Cenozoic to determine the ages and growth rates of the crusts. The 87 Sr 86 Sr in the crusts does not increase monotonically with depth as expected if the Sr were solely derived from seawater and perfectly preserved since deposition. This indicates post-depositional exchange of Sr or heterogeneous sources for the Sr originally contained in the crusts. Textures of hydrogenetic crusts generally correlate with Sr isotopic variations. The highest porosity intervals commonly exhibit the highest 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios, indicating exchange with younger seawater. Intervals with the lowest porosity commonly have lower 87 Sr 86 Sr and may preserve the original Sr isotopic ratios. Minimum ages of crust growth inception were calculated from dense, low porosity intervals. Growth of the hydrogenetic crusts began at or after 23 Ma, although their substrates are Cretaceous. Estimated average growth rates of the three hydrogenetic crusts vary between 0.9 and 2.7 mm/Ma, consistent with published rates determined by other techniques. Within the Marshall Islands crust, growth rates for individual layers varied greatly between 1.0 and 5.4 mm/Ma. For one crust, very low 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios occurred in detrital-rich intervals. Hydrothermal Fe-Mn oxide from the active Lau Basin back-arc spreading axis (Valu Fa Ridge) has an 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio with a predominantly seawater signature ( 87 Sr 86 Sr 0.709196 ), indicating a maximum age of 0.9 Ma. One crust from an off-axis seamount west of Gorda Ridge may have begun precipitating hydrogenetically at 0.5 Ma (0.709211), and had increasing hydrothermal or volcanic input in the top half of the crust, indicated by a significantly lower 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio (0.709052).
Brushed block copolymer micelles with pH-sensitive pendant groups for controlled drug delivery.

Purpose To investigate the effects of small aliphatic pendent groups conjugated through an acid-sensitive linker to the core of brushed block copolymer micelles on particle properties.
A Two-Property Yield, Failure (Fracture) Criterion for Homogeneous, Isotropic Materials

A critical review is given of the various historical attempts to formulate a general, three-dimensional theory of failure for broad classes of homogeneous, isotropic elastic materials. Following that, a recently developed two-parameter yield/failure criterion is compared with the historical efforts and it is further interpreted and extended. Specifically, the yield/failure criterion is combined with a fracture restriction that places limits on certain tensile stress states, without involving any additional parameters. An evaluation is conducted using available experimental data obtained from a variety of materials types. The two materials parameters are given a primary designation as yield type properties over a specified range of ductile behavior, and as failure or fracture type properties over the complementary brittle range.
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR, TYPE β (TGF β ) INHIBITS THE GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF NORMAL, BUT NOT TRANS-FORMED, B LYMPHOCYTES

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR, TYPE β (TGF β ) INHIBITS THE GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF NORMAL, BUT NOT TRANS-FORMED, B LYMPHOCYTES
A comparison of body size evaluations of obesity surgery patients and general population adults.

RAND, COLLEEN S. W., JAQUELYN LISS RESNIK, AND ALEX M. C. MACGREGOR. A comparison of body size evaluations of obesity surgery patients and general population adults. Obes Res. Objective: To compare post-operative obesity surgery patients and general population adults in their assessments of a wide range of body sizes. Research Methods and Procedures: Obesity surgery patients (n = 274) and general population adults (n = 326) rated ideal and socially acceptable body sizes in separate arrays of babies, children, young adults, and middle-aged and older adults. Nine line figure drawings ranging from very thin to very obese were rated for each array. Results: Both groups selected the same ideal body size for all arrays except for babies. Both groups rejected obese and very thin body sizes as socially acceptable. However, the obesity surgery patients were more restrictive than general population adults in their ratings of socially acceptable body sizes. Current obesity status did not impact ratings for the patient or general population subjects. In the patient sample, time since surgery did not influence body size evaluations. Discussion: The study of body size ratings limited only to the “ideal” size may be misleading because it may mask subtle but meaningful differences between groups. The consistent difference in more restrictive ratings of obesity surgery patients compared to general population adults may be due to patients' greater psychological investment in endorsing the societal ideal body size. It may also be due to patients' status as peripheral group members of the normal weight community. The inability of some patients to maintain their post-operative weight loss may be particularly problematic for those who have defined “socially acceptable” body size most narrowly.
Bacterial culture of apheresis platelets: a mathematical model of the residual rate of contamination based on unconfirmed positive results

Background Platelet septic reactions result from low concentrations of bacteria that escape detection by quality-control BacT/ALERT™ culture testing. We estimate the contamination rate with these bacteria at the time of testing using a mathematical model. Methods Culture results and reported septic reactions are described for platelets collected between January 2007 and December 2011. Initial positive results with negative confirmatory cultures were reclassified assuming some of the ‘unconfirmed positive results’ represent collections contaminated with low-concentration, dormant bacteria. A mathematical model based on the probability of the detection of bacteria describes the upper limit of the residual rate of contamination. Results The rate of confirmed or unconfirmed positive apheresis platelet donations was 188 per million (1:5317) and 110 per million (1:9124), respectively. The rate of post-transfusion sepsis and reported fatalities per distributed component was 1:106 931 and 1:1 015 843, respectively. A linear decrease in unconfirmed positive Bacillus spp. cultures most likely reflected diminishing environmental contamination over time. The remaining unconfirmed positive results identified similar bacteria species as those associated with septic reactions. Assuming that these represent contamination of the collection with low-concentration, dormant bacteria, the model identified a residual contamination of 3524–204 per million (1:284–1:4902) for collections contaminated with 1–20 bacteria, respectively. Discussion Greater than 99·5% of collections contain no viable, aerobic bacteria in solution at the time of early culture testing. For every confirmed positive contaminated collection detected, there are at most 19 collections with low concentrations of dormant bacteria that are not readily detected by early BacT/ALERT™ culture.