cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of propriospinal neurons after spinal contusion injury as assessed by retrograde labeling.

Abstract We studied the number, location and size of long descending propriospinal tract neurons (LDPT), located in the cervical enlargement (C3–C6 spinal levels), and short thoracic propriospinal neurons (TPS), located in mid-thoracic spinal cord (T5–T7 spinal levels), 2, 6 and 16 weeks following a moderate low thoracic (T9) spinal cord contusion injury (SCI; 25 mm weight drop) and subsequent injections of fluorogold into the upper lumbosacral enlargement (L2–L4 spinal levels). Retrograde labeling showed that ∼23% of LDPT and 10% of TPS neurons were labeled 2 weeks after SCI, relative to uninjured animals. No additional significant decrease in number of labeled LDPT and TPS cells was found at the later time points examined, indicating that the maximal loss of propriospinal neurons in these two subpopulations occurs within the first 2 weeks post-SCI. The distribution of labeled cells post-moderate SCI was similar to normal in terms of their location within the gray matter. However, there was a significant change in the size (cross sectional area) of labeled neurons following injury, relative to uninjured controls, indicating a loss in the number of the largest class of propriospinal neurons. Interestingly, the number of labeled LDPT and TPS neurons was not significantly different following different injury severities. Although the rostro–caudal extent of the lesion site expanded between 2 and 16 weeks following injury, there was no significant difference in the number of propriospinal neurons that could be retrogradely labeled at these time points. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
Environmental Conservation and Cultural Action

Now that conservation models which segregate nature from people (or nature from culture) are no longer seen as viable, we are witnessing the emergence of new approaches that acknowledge the crucial role culture plays in conservation efforts. We now know that environmental conservation is, in many cases, not only contingent on the conservation of natural resources, but also the conservation of cultural resources. Respectively, conservation strategies are increasingly being linked to issues of cultural preservation and survival. This latter goal, however, requires a broader view of the role of culture than is often taken in conservation efforts as well as the kinds of resources that can be used for these purposes. When cultural variables are taken into consideration they are often reduced to a discreet set of resources, such as indigenous knowledge and local systems of ecological protection that can be integrated into projects. But culture needs to be seen as foundational to conservation rather than just an...
A basic monitor system for implementation in operating systems and computer architecture courses

A small operating system suitable for implementation by intermediate level students as a laboratory assignment is described. Although purposely reduced to essentials, the system will actually execute a stream of user jobs. The system is structured in such a way that extensions in various directions are straightforward once the basic system is implemented.
Atmospheric scattering effects on ground-based Fabry-Perot measurements of thermospheric winds: An inversion technique

Abstract The theoretical development of a technique to recover velocities measured with a Fabry-Perot interferometer in the presence of scattered light is presented. Simulations are carried out which show that the inversion is effective in recovering actual velocities, especially in instances when the observed brightness is dominated by scattered light.
Charge carrier scattering by defects in semiconductors

A first-principles framework for calculating the rates of charge carrier scattering by defects in semiconductors is presented. First a quantitative formalism is outlined, followed by the development of an approximate relative formalism that allows rapid assessment of the effects of different defects on carrier transport in given materials. Representative results are presented that demonstrate the applicability of the relative formalism, which achieves a three to four orders of magnitude reduction in computational cost compared to the full quantitative calculation. The differences between the two formalisms are discussed in light of average carrier scattering by a defect, differences between electron and hole scattering, and variations of the scattering matrix elements throughout the Brillouin zone. Results and analysis are presented within the Born approximation for carrier scattering, which is applicable in the absence of strong interactions between scattering centers (i.e., the dilute limit). The theory as presented can be extended to interacting defects without modification if they can be represented as a set of unit defect clusters/complexes without long-range correlated interactions between them.
Predicting drying times for thin materials

Abstract Theory of drying has been analyzed from the basis of capillary flow in solids. When handling thin materials or small particles the resistance to flow of water in the capillaries contributes very little to the resistance to drying. In these cases drying curves are calculated from heat and mass transfer correlations. The only drying data that is needed is the critical water content of the material. In many cases the original concentration can be used if the critical water concentration is not known. This assumption worked quite well for thirty types of welding rod flux. The theory has been checked with hundreds of drying experiments under constant drying conditions. These experiments were made on Balsa wood, Clay and thirty different welding rod materials. The theory predicts the effect of air temperature humidity, air velocity and thickness of samples. The theory was applied to packed bed drying of A12O3 spheres, coke and ceramics and the results checked with drying data given in the literature.
Identification of rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozyme, form 1, as a hepatic progesterone 21-hydroxylase.

Abstract Six highly purified forms of rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450, isolated from hepatic microsomes, exhibit differences in the regiospecific metabolism of progesterone. Only one of the isozymes studied, form 1, catalyzes the formation of deoxycorticosterone from progesterone at an appreciable rate. This cytochrome P-450 isozyme may participate in the conversion of progesterone to deoxycorticosterone during pregnancy. All six forms of cytochrome P-450 catalyze 6β- and 16α-hydroxylation at the two concentrations of progesterone tested. Form 3b exhibits a lower apparent Km for 6β-hydroxylation than the other five.
IgG subclasses and IgM in rats: immunoregulatory effects of cimetidine on serum levels.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated an immunomodulatory role for cimetidine on antibody production. In these experiments we measured IgG subclasses and IgM in rats and also examined the effects of cimetidine on serum levels. Four week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were given cimetidine in three different treatment regimens. IgG subclasses and IgM determinations were carried out by radial immunodiffusion method on sera when animals were 6 and 8 weeks old. IgG 1 levels in 6 week-old animals who received intraperitoneal cimetidine on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15 and 16 were significantly higher (305 ± 12 mg/l vs 236 ± 53 in control animals). By 8 weeks of age in control animals, IgG 1 levels had fallen to 78 mg/l and were statistically lower than the levels in all cimetidine treatment groups. Eight week-old control animals also demonstrated a four-fold fall in IgG 2b levels (613 ± 310 mg/l) when compared to in 6 week-old control (2295 ± 1057 mg/l) animals, or 8 week-old animals who had received cimetidine. Animals receiving intravenous cimetidine on days 4, 11 and 18 had significantly lower (133 ± 3 mg/l) serum levels of IgG 2c , at 6 weeks of age, as compared to control animals (177 ± 16); however, no statistically significant differences in IgG 2c levels were observed in 8 week-old animals. No statistically significant differences in the levels of IgG 2a or IgM were observed in either 6 or 8 week-old control and experimental animals. It appears that cimetidine does influence certain IgG subclasses, however, route and timing of cimetidine administration are critical in modulating these effects.
Shame and recognition: the politics of disclosure and acknowledgement: a reply to Julie Connolly

This is a reply to:Connolly, Julie. 2014. “Shame and recognition: the politics of disclosure and acknowledgement.” Global Discourse. 4 (4): 409–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2014.926733.
Transportprobleme und Graphentheorie

Die beiden folgenden Satze werden bewiesen: AlsAnwendungsbeispiel wird das „assignment problem“ behandelt.
Corrections to the exponential decay law for the 2P → 1S transition in hydrogenlike atoms

Abstract We calculate explicit corrections to the Weisskopf-Wigner laws governing the spontaneous radiative transition 2P → 1S in a non-relativistic two level hydrogenlike atom. Deviations from the usual exponential decay and lorentzian emission spectrum prove to be unobservably small, even at the sub-ppm detection levels characterizing experiments searching for atomic parity violations.
Femtosecond X-Ray Free Electron Laser Pulse Duration Measurement from Spectral Correlation Function

We present a novel method for measuring the duration of femtosecond x-ray pulses from self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron lasers by performing statistical analysis in the spectral domain. Analytical expressions of the spectral correlation function were derived in the linear regime to extract both the pulse duration and the spectrometer resolution. Numerical simulations confirmed that the method can be also used in the nonlinear regime. The method was demonstrated experimentally at the Linac Coherent Light Source by measuring pulse durations down to 13 fs FWHM.
The sequential development of cancer: A morphological perspective

Cancer development proceeds through sequential or contemporaneous morphological changes from normal, preneoplastic, and premalignant lesions to highly malignant neoplasms. The morphological continuum that comprises cancer development is usually divided into diagnostic categories of hyperplasia (or dysplasia), benign neoplasia, and malignant neoplasia based on perceived biological behavior. Although a morphological continuum may be evident from the histological evaluation of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, it is not axiomatic that all preneoplastic or benign lesions progress. The probability of regression or progression from one category to another, or the rates at which these might occur, are seldom known for spontaneous or induced neoplasms. Host factors as well as exogenous stimuli may influence these events. The concept of neoplastic progression and the limitations of our knowledge of the biological behavior of preneoplastic lesions and benign neoplasms are important considerations in the interpretation of pathology data from carcinogenicity studies.
Bioactivity of a 29-kilodalton insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 fragment present in excess in chronic renal failure serum

Children with chronic renal failure (CRF) have normal or high serum levels of GH, IGF-I, and IGF-II. Despite this, the serum of CRF patients has low IGF bioactivity, which may contribute to CRF growth failure. Recent studies suggest that excess IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the ≈35-kD fractions of CRF serum contribute to this low IGF bioactivity. This report characterizes a 29-kD form of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-329, which accumulates in the ≈35-kD fractions of CRF serum and peritoneal dialysate. Deglycosylation and[125I]IGF ligand blot studies show that IGFBP-329 is a glycosylated IGFBP-3 fragment with low affinity for IGF peptides. Using an IGFBP-3 antibody column, IGFBP-329 was purified to homogeneity from the≈35-kD fractions of peritoneal dialysate from children with CRF. Compared with native IGFBP-3, pure IGFBP-329 has a 4-10-fold lower affinity for IGF-II and a 200-fold lower affinity for IGF-I. Consistent with the binding data, IGFBP-329 inhibited IGF-II-stimulated thymidine incorporation in chondrosarcoma cells, but was a less potent inhibitor than native IGFBP-3; also, native IGFBP-3 clearly inhibited IGF-I-stimulated thymidine incorporation in chondrosarcoma cells and potentiated IGF-I-stimulated aminoisobutyric acid uptake in bovine fibroblasts, but higher concentrations of IGFBP-329 had no effect on these IGF-I actions. Thus, the 29-kD IGFBP-3 form that accumulates in CRF serum and extravascular spaces is an IGFBP-3 fragment that may modulate IGF-II, but not IGF-I, effects on target tissues. Whether IGFBP-329 plays any role in the growth failure of children with CRF remains to be determined.
Ubiquitin signalling: what's in a chain?

When cellular proteins are attached to a Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chain, the proteasome will usually degrade them. But attaching such a chain to a yeast transcription factor inhibits its activity without degradation, raising questions about how polyubiquitination regulates transcriptional activation and why the protein is spared destruction.
Raman-active phonons of a twin-free YBa2Cu3O7 crystal: A complete polarization analysis.

A complete Raman analysis has been performed on a high-quality ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ crystal made free of twins by a mechanical detwinning process. Marked a-b anisotropy is observed in the intensity of the ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{g}}$ phonons at 116, 335, and 495 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. At room temperature, the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{y}\mathit{y}}$ component of the polarizability tensor of the 116-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ phonon is strongly coupled to an electronic continuum, the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$ component is less strongly coupled, and the coupling of the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{z}\mathit{z}}$ component is not apparent in the Raman line shape. ${\mathit{B}}_{2\mathit{g}}$ and ${\mathit{B}}_{3\mathit{g}}$ phonon pairs are reproducibly found at 70 and 83 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, 142 and 140 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, 210 and 303 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and 579 and 526 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Comparison of the observed ${\mathit{B}}_{2\mathit{g}}$-${\mathit{B}}_{3\mathit{g}}$ pairs to literature calculations of frequencies is made.
Multiscale Detection of Sulfur Cinquefoil Using Aerial Photography

Abstract We evaluated the effectiveness of natural color aerial photography as a tool to improve detection, monitoring, and mapping of sulfur cinquefoil ( Potentilla recta L.) infestations. Sulfur cinquefoil is an exotic perennial plant invading interior Pacific Northwest rangelands. Because sulfur cinquefoil produces distinctive pale yellow flowers, we timed aerial photography for early July, when the plant was at peak bloom. Photography was collected at 3 spatial scales (1:3 000, 1:6 000, and 1:12 000). A grid with 250-m spacing was superimposed over photographs of the entire study area using geographic information systems. At each grid intersection point ( n = 80), we visually analyzed the photographs within a 404.7-m 2 (0.1 acre) circular plot, recorded sulfur cinquefoil presence, and estimated sulfur cinquefoil percent cover. Sample points on the grid were then located in the field using a global positioning system. Field data collected at each point included sulfur cinquefoil presence, percent cover, and stem density; and total vegetation composition and percent cover by life form. Results indicate that the accuracy of detecting sulfur cinquefoil increased from small to large scale. At the 1:3 000 scale, sulfur cinquefoil presence was correctly identified in 76.9% of the sites, whereas at the 1:6 000 and 1:12 000 scales, infestations were identified in 67.9% and 59.1% of the sites, respectively. Low-density infestations (
The potentials of helium ion microscopy for semiconductor process metrology

Semiconductor manufacturing is always looking for more effective ways to monitor and control the manufacturing process. Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM) presents a new approach to process monitoring which has several potential advantages over the traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM) currently in use in semiconductor research and manufacturing facilities across the world. Due to the very high source brightness, and the shorter wavelength of the helium ions, it is theoretically possible to focus the ion beam into a smaller probe size relative to that of an electron beam of an SEM. Hence, resolution 2 to 4 times that of comparable SEMs is theoretically possible. In an SEM, an electron beam interacts with the sample and an array of signals are generated, collected and imaged. This interaction zone may be quite large depending upon the accelerating voltage and materials involved. Conversely, the helium ion beam interacts with the sample, but it does not have as large an excitation volume and thus, the image collected is more surface sensitive and can potentially provide sharp images on a wide range of materials. Compared to an SEM, the secondary electron yield is quite high - allowing for imaging at extremely low beam currents and the relatively low mass of the helium ion, in contrast to other ion sources such as gallium potentially results in minimal damage to the sample. This presentation will report on some of the preliminary work being done on the HIM as a research and measurement tool for semiconductor process metrology being done at NIST.
Protein—drug complexes important for immunoregulation and organ transplantation

Recently, two structures of the Ser/Thr phosphorylase calcineurin in complex with FK506 and its cognate immunophilin, FKBP12, have been reported, both solved by small pharmaceutical companies focused on structure-based drug design. A realization, however, that the toxicities associated with calcineurin-mediated immunosuppressants might be mechanism based has driven the current interest in alternative approaches to autoimmunity prophylaxis and preventing transplant rejection. Regulatory approval in 1995 of the immunosuppressant prodrug mycophenolate mofetil, whose active metabolite, mycophenolic acid, inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, has focused attention on the potential significance of the de novo purine-biosynthesis pathway as a target for immunosuppressive drugs, leading ultimately to the solution of enzyme structure as a drug design target. As this and other clinically relevant targets are discovered, elaborated and refined via the activity of their cognate agents (as was the case for the phosphatase calcineurin via the activity of cyclosporin), a critical opportunity should ensue for structural biology to exert a profound effect on the future development of these therapies.
Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and structure–activity insight of NH- and N-methyl-3,5-bis-(arylidenyl)-4-piperidones

Twenty-one NH- and N-methyl-3,5-bis-(arylidenyl)-4-piperidone analogs of curcumin, 12 of which are novel, were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against B16 (murine melanoma) and L1210 (murine lymphoma) cells grown in culture. These curcumin analogs are related to a known anticancer STAT3 inhibitor 3,5-bis-(4-fluorobenzyl)-4-piperidone (3). The compounds showed remarkable cytotoxicity, especially against B16 cells. The dimethoxy substituted analogs 4e and 4f and dihydroxy analog 4i emerged as the most active compounds with IC50 values in the range of 0.2–2.3 μM. 4e, f, and i were about 10-times more cytotoxic against both cell lines than 3. Analysis of the results demonstrates that the position of the hydroxyl group is crucial for cytotoxicity. Amino-containing analogs are generally less active than their halogenated and oxygen-containing analogs, and N-substitution in the 4-piperidone moiety adds value to the cytotoxicity of the compounds.
Stream channel experiments on downstream movement of recently emerged trout, Salmo trutta L., and salmon, S. salar L.—111. Effects of developmental stage and day and night upon dispersal

Four experimental stream channels were used to examine the temporal pattern of downstream dispersal of young salmon and trout at four constant water velocities from the time of emergence from the gravel onwards. At low water velocities (c. 8.0 cm s −1) young salmon showed a high rate of dispersal which was maintained until a very low population density was attained. At higher velocities salmon showed a lower rate of dispersal and the final population density was higher. Trout showed a low dispersal rate at low velocity and higher rates at higher velocities. However, the final trout population density was similar at all water velocities because the low dispersal rate observed at the low velocity persisted for a much longer period than did the higher values at the higher water velocities. The results do not support the view that young salmonids have a narrow and definable period of sensitivity to water velocity. Dispersal rates were significantly higher by night than by day (P <0.001) at all velocities for both fish species.
Powerline perching with a fixed-wing UAV

The ability to land on a powerline to recharge will dramatically enhance the endurance and therefore mission capabilities for small UAVs. The magnetic fields around these powerlines have a well known structure. In this paper we evaluate the possibility of using onboard magnetometers, in combination with an inertial measurement unit and dynamic model of the aircraft, to localize the vehicle relative to the powerline. Specifically, we investigate the near-field structure of a dipole magnetic field configuration and demonstrate that state estimation using particle filters can provide sufficiently accurate, high-bandwidth, and lowlatency estimates to be compatible with aggressive near-field maneuvering by the aircraft to acquire to perch on the line.
Isolation and characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity.

Abstract We have isolated a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line that is defective in long-chain fatty alcohol oxidation. The ability of the mutant cells to convert labeled hexadecanol to the corresponding fatty acid in vivo was reduced to 5% of the parent strain. Whole-cell homogenates from the mutant strain, FAA.1, were deficient in long-chain fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase (FAO; EC 1.1.1.192) activity, which catalyzes the oxidation of hexadecanol to hexadecanoic acid, although the intermediate fatty aldehyde was formed normally. A direct measurement of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase showed that the FAA.1 strain was defective in this component of FAO activity. FAA.1 is a two-stage mutant that was selected from a previously described parent strain, ZR-82, which is defective in ether lipid biosynthesis and peroxisome assembly. Because of combined defects in ether lipid biosynthesis and fatty alcohol oxidation, the ability of the FAA.1 cells to incorporate hexadecanol into complex lipids was greatly impaired, resulting in a 60-fold increase in cellular fatty alcohol levels. As the FAO deficiency in FAA.1 cells appears to be identical to the defect associated with the human genetic disorder Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, the FAA.1 cell line may be useful in studying this disease.
Risk factors for traumatic blunt cerebrovascular injury diagnosed by computed tomography angiography in the pediatric population: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECT Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is frequently used to examine patients for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) after cranial trauma, but the pediatric population at risk for BCVI is poorly defined. Although CTA is effective for BCVI screening in adults, the increased lifetime risk for malignant tumors associated with this screening modality warrants efforts to reduce its use in children. The authors' objective was to evaluate the incidence of BCVI diagnosed by CTA in a pediatric patient cohort and to create a prediction model to identify children at high risk for BCVI. METHODS Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were collected retrospectively for pediatric patients who underwent CTA during examination for traumatic cranial injury from 2003 through 2013. The primary outcome was injury to the carotid or vertebral artery diagnosed by CTA. RESULTS The authors identified 234 patients (mean age 8.3 years, range 0.04-17 years, 150 [64%] boys) who underwent CTA screening for BCVI. Of these, 24 (10.3%) had a focal neurological deficit, and 153 (65.4%) had intracranial hemorrhage on a head CTA. Thirty-seven BCVIs were observed in 36 patients (15.4%), and 16 patients (6.8%) died. Multivariate regression analysis identified fracture through the carotid canal, petrous temporal bone fracture, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of < 8, focal neurological deficit, and stroke on initial CT scan as independent risk factors for BCVI. A prediction model for identifying children at high risk for BCVI was created. A score of ≤ 2 yielded a 7.9% probability of BCVI and a score of ≥ 3 a risk of 39.3% for BCVI. CONCLUSIONS For cranial trauma in children, fracture of the petrous temporal bone or through the carotid canal, focal neurological deficit, stroke, and a GCS score of < 8 are independent risk factors for BCVI.
Vietnam, Consensus, and the Belief Systems of American Leaders

Based on a sample of 2,282 leaders in all walks of American life, this study probes the impact of U.S. involvement in Vietnam on the perceptions, convictions, and belief systems of those who occupy high positions of leadership. The findings clearly indicate that the post-World War II consensus on U.S. foreign policy has been shattered; that the Vietnam experience was a critical sequence of events in this respect; and that differing, largely mutually exclusive belief systems have emerged among the nation's leaders. The competing conceptions of international politics were found to be so coherent and integrated that they are unlikely to change soon or casually. Barring another traumatic event on the order of Pearl Harbor or Vietnam, the prospects for an early emergence of a new foreign policy consensus in the United States thus seem slim, and beyond the capacity of any political figure or group to fashion.
Beams of the Future? [Microwave Surfing]

Which technology offers all of the following advantages? ldr full-duplex gigabit Ethernet throughput ldr no RF-spectrum licensing ldr Immunity to EMI ldr low-cost installation in less than a day. The answer is free-space optics (FSO), a line-of-sight optical link.
Rapid-acting IM ziprasidone in a psychiatric emergency service: a naturalistic study

Abstract Atypical antipsychotics have gained acceptance as first-line treatment for psychotic disorders. Rapid-acting intramuscular (IM) atypicals may supplant benzodiazepine and/or neuroleptic alternatives. IM atypical ziprasidone studies excluded severe psychiatric agitation (PSYCH), or that due to the abuse of alcohol (ETOH) or other substances (SUBS). We report Behavioral Activity Rating Scale agitation scores (range, 1–7) and duration of physical restraints in a naturalistic study in a psychiatric emergency service using IM ziprasidone 20 mg and various doses for conventional antipsychotics. Baseline scores were high for PSYCH, ETOH and SUBS patients (mean, 6.5, 6.9 and 6.6, respectively). Agitation decreased rapidly from baseline with ziprasidone [mean, 5.6, 5.3 and 5.8, respectively, at 15 min ( P P P P n =77; P n =4; P =NS). None of the 19 ziprasidone patients who received electrocardiograms showed prolonged QTc; one had a dystonic reaction. IM ziprasidone appears effective for severe agitation, including agitation associated with alcohol or substance intoxication, and may reduce time in restraints.
Convolution products of nonidentical distributions on a topological semigroup

In this paper we present a number of sufficient conditions on a sequence of probability measuresµ n on a locally compact (second countable) Hausdorff topological semigroupS that guarantee the weak convergence of the sequence of convolution productsµ k,n ≡µ k + 1 *···*µ n (k<n), asn→∞, for allk≥0.
Corporatism versus social democracy: Divergent fortunes of the Austrian and Swedish labour movements

In Austria, the social democrats suffered major electoral losses in the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, and these losses translated primarily into gains for right‐wing populism. In Sweden, by contrast, the social democrats have pretty much held their own in recent elections (except for 1991) and protest voting has assumed leftist as well as rightist forms. Commonly regarded as prototypical instances of ‘corporatism’, the two countries have also diverged with respect to union density, which fell precipitously in Austria while it rose in Sweden from 1970 to 1990. This dual divergence suggests that strong unions remain an important electoral asset for social‐democratic parties. The divergent trajectories of trade‐union membership are in turn related to differences between Austrian and Swedish corporatism.
Advances in directed protein evolution by recursive genetic recombination: applications to therapeutic proteins

Recent developments in directed evolution technologies combined with innovations in robotics and screening methods have revolutionized protein engineering. These methods are being applied broadly to many fields of biotechnology, including chemical engineering, agriculture and human therapeutics. More specifically, DNA shuffling and other methods of genetic recombination and mutation have resulted in the improvement of proteins of therapeutic interest. Optimizing genetic diversity and fitness through iterative directed evolution will accelerate improvements in engineered protein therapeutics.
Health Hazards Associated with Rolling Normal and Enriched Uranium-Evaluation and Control

Industrial health surveys have been made over a period of 5 years during rolling operations with normal uranium at LASL and at two off-site plants. The results indicated that personnel participating in this work were not exposed to above-tolerance levels of external or internal radiation hazards. The external radiation hazards were evaluated by means of personnel film badges. The internal hazards from alpha active particles were measured by means of air and urine samples. The exposure at LASL during normal uranium rolling (with adequate ventilation) never exceeded 10% of tolerance. During hot rolling (primary) operations at an off-site plant, with inadequate or no ventilation, personnel were exposed to levels of air-borne contamination above daily tolerance levels for short periods of time. During warm rolling (secondary) operations with normal uranium at a second off-site plant, exposures were less than 10% of daily tolerance levels. Industrial health surveys have been made during enriched uranium rolling operations at LASL. These rolling operations were performed in a workroom with ventilation designed for normal uranium operations. Results of air sampling indicate personnel were exposed to air concentrations above tolerance for short periods of time. Results of urine analysis showed the average exposures never exceeded 20%more » of tolerance. Hot rolllng from salt baths presents the greatest hazards. Hazards during warm rolling from oil baths are minimal. Recommendations are given for the control of health hazards.« less
A partial functional differential equation of Sobolev type

where r(t), t > 0 is the semigroup of bounded linear operators generated by -AB-‘. Equations of type (1.1) have been considered by several authors [24; g-101. In particular our motivation comes from the recent article of Brill [2]. The method employed here is different from Brill’s; however, our results reduce to his when r = 0. The article [ 111 contains results on partial functional differential equations when B = I. Equation (1.1) can be considered as an abstraction of the partial functional differential equation
Preparation for Terrorist Threats: Radiation Injury

This article is part of a collaborative effort by experts in the field of emergency preparedness to complete an overview begun by the late Michael Shannon, MD, MPH, on the current challenges and future directions in pediatric disaster readiness. This particular article, "Preparation for Terrorist Threats: Radiation Injury," will address pertinent clinical management issues relating to radioactive agents and the unique vulnerabilities and care needs of children as potential victims of such terrorism.
Insights into elevated distortion product otoacoustic emissions in sickle cell disease: comparisons of hydroxyurea-treated and non-treated young children.

Abstract Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were examined in 15 normal-hearing African-American children between the ages of 6 and 14 years with homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD), who were on a regimen of hydroxyurea (HDU), a drug that reduces inflammatory processes and symptoms of SCD; a matched group of 15 African-American children with homozygous SCD not on HDU; and 15 African-American children with normal hemoglobin. DPOAEs were evoked by 13 primary tone pairs with f 2 frequencies ranging from 1000 to 4500 Hz. Increased DPOAE amplitudes, believed to be a precursor of eventual hearing loss, were evident in children with SCD who were not receiving HDU. Those taking HDU had DPOAE amplitudes similar to normal controls. These findings suggest that HDU, in addition to reducing symptoms of SCD, may play a role in inhibiting or preventing cochlear pathology and hearing loss in individuals with SCD.
Silencing a Metabolic Oncogene

Small molecules inhibit a mutant enzyme confined to tumors, supporting therapeutic approaches that can reprogram metabolism in cancer.
Recognition sequence design for peptidyl modulators of beta-amyloid aggregation and toxicity.

β-Amyloid (Aβ), the primary protein component of Alzheimer's plaques, is neurotoxic when aggregated into fibrils. We have devised a modular strategy for generating compounds that inhibit Aβ toxicity, based on linking a recognition element for Aβ to a disrupting element designed to interfere with Aβ aggregation. One such compound, with the 15−25 sequence of Aβ as the recognition element and a lysine hexamer as the disrupting element, altered Aβ aggregation kinetics and protected cells from Aβ toxicity [Ghanta et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 29525]. To optimize the recognition element, peptides of 4−8 residues composed of overlapping sequences within the 15−25 domain were synthesized, along with hybrid compounds containing those recognition sequences coupled to a lysine hexamer. None of the recognition peptides altered Aβ aggregation kinetics and only two, KLVFF and KLVF, had any protective effect against Aβ toxicity. The hybrid peptide KLVFF-KKKKKK dramatically altered Aβ aggregation kinetics and aggrega...
Long term follow-up of EEG changes following therapeutic surgery in epilepsy☆

Abstract Four cases, given in some detail, illustrate the effort to compare scalp EEGs taken before surgery for intractable seizures with those recorded some years postoperatively, and to relate these, together with the computer analyses of seizure activity recorded in depth, with the pathology found in the removed tissue and, importantly, with the postoperative clinical state of the patient. These four cases illustrate the following results: (1) Confirmation by histology and ultrastructure studies of abnormal neuronal tissue at the site pinpointed by computer analysis of EEGs as the driving focus for the electrical seizure discharge. (2) Correlation of clinical and behavioral improvement with normalization of the EEG, objectively quantified by computer analysis. Examples are given of excellent recovery (3 cases) and one of, at present, partial recovery.
Vertically integrated sensor array technology for unattended sensor networks (Keynote Address)

The increasing need for unattended sensor networks drives individual sensor development, signal processing for network management, and communication technology. The application space is becoming more complex, with requirements for sensor networks in force protection; surveillance of large expanses of rugged terrain; and monitoring complex urban areas. Individual sensors exhibit excellent performance and include a wide variety of sensing modes, such as acoustic, electro-optical imaging, seismic, and radio frequency devices. These sensors continue to shrink with packaging, while applications continue to demand more of the sensor technology. Although single imaging arrays, which are available in spectral bands from the visible through the infrared, can be integrated into packages size as small as a cubic inch, the information from a single sensor is not sufficient to meet requirements for day/night, all-weather operation. This has driven the need for integration of multiple sensors into the compact packages intended for an individual sensor. A major step toward addressing the need for more effective sensor technology for unattended sensor networks is being taken through development of Vertically Integrated Sensor Array (VISA) technology. This technology, currently being developed for imaging sensors, builds multiple layers of signal processing at each pixel in the sensor array. Processing power is dramatically increased, allowing the integration of multiple sensors in small compact packages. This paper reviews the VISA approach to imaging sensors and describes applications for unattended sensors.
Comparison of wet and dry corn stover harvest and storage

Abstract Corn stover has great potential as a biomass feedstock, but harvest and storage of this material is challenged by weather conditions at harvest; material moisture; and equipment shortcomings. Field drying characteristics, harvest efficiency and rate, product bulk density, and storage characteristics were quantified for stover harvested and stored in wet or dry form. Only in one case did stover reach dry baling moisture (∼20%) in the first 4 d of field drying. Conventional hay and forage harvesting equipment (shredder, rake, forage harvester, round baler, and square baler) produced an average harvested yield of about 30% of the total available stover mass. Harvesting capacity of this equipment was limited by difficulty in gathering shredded stover. The density of chopped or baled stover was less than that typically expected with hay and forage crops. Losses of wet stover ensiled at 44% moisture averaged 3.9% with low levels of fermentation products. Dry stover losses were 3.3% and 18.1% for bales stored indoors and outdoors, respectively. Harvesting wet stover right after grain harvest was timelier and resulted in a greater harvesting rate and yield compared to dry stover harvest. Storing wet stover by ensiling resulted in lower losses and more uniform product moisture compared to dry stover bales stored outdoors.
Temporary Stenting of the Sternum After Difficult Cardiac Operations

Stenting the sternum may be essential to keep the sternal edges apart and optimize the hemodynamics in some patients, after cardiac operations. We have devised an effective stent that can be prepared very quickly from the equipment available in the operating room.
Rivastigmine, a New-Generation Cholinesterase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) with a structural formula different from that of currently available ChEIs. Tacrine and donepezil are classified as short-acting or reversible agents since binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) is hydrolyzed within minutes. Rivastigmine is classified as an intermediate-acting or pseudo-irreversible agent due to its long inhibition on AChE of up to 10 hours. Preclinical biochemical studies indicated that rivastigmine has central nervous system selectivity over peripheral inhibition. It ameliorated memory impairment in rats with forebrain lesions. The drug is rapidly absorbed orally, with a bioavailability of 0.355 and low protein binding (40%). Its elimination half-life is less than 2 hours, and it is converted to an inactive metabolite at the site of action, bypassing hepatic metabolic pathways. Its disposition essentially is unaltered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. It also has dose-dependent effects on AChE inhibition. In the two large multicenter clinical trials (total 1324 patients) that used a forced-dosage titration scheme, rivastigmine 6-12 mg/day was superior to placebo on three cognitive and functioning scales (p<0.001). Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most frequently reported adverse events. They occurred mostly during the dosage titration phase and decreased during the maintenance phase. Rivastigmine offers clinicians another therapeutic agent to treat Alzheimer's disease.
FragSeq: transcriptome-wide RNA structure probing using high-throughput sequencing

Classical approaches to determine structures of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) probed only one RNA at a time with enzymes and chemicals, using gel electrophoresis to identify reactive positions. To accelerate RNA structure inference, we developed fragmentation sequencing (FragSeq), a high-throughput RNA structure probing method that uses high-throughput RNA sequencing of fragments generated by digestion with nuclease P1, which specifically cleaves single-stranded nucleic acids. In experiments probing the entire mouse nuclear transcriptome, we accurately and simultaneously mapped single-stranded RNA regions in multiple ncRNAs with known structure. We probed in two cell types to verify reproducibility. We also identified and experimentally validated structured regions in ncRNAs with, to our knowledge, no previously reported probing data.
A Magnetic Effect on Pirani Gauges using Nickel Wires

A PAIR of sensitive Pirani gauges, set up in this laboratory for another purpose, was found to be remarkably sensitive to small magnetic fields. It seemed worth while to give a report of the phenomenon, which may be of interest to those working in the field of thermomagnetic effects. The gauges consist each of a thin nickel strip, 12 cm. long and 0·003 mm. by 0·05 mm. in cross-section. They are mounted parallel and about 2 cm. apart in a high vacuum, and are connected in two of the arms of a Wheatstone bridge, the other two arms being fixed resistances.
Perturbation Technique for the Anderson Hamiltonian

A new strong-coupling diagrammatic perturbation treatment of the Anderson Hamiltonian confirms in finite order Kondo divergencies for the partition function, associated with an effective $s\ensuremath{-}d$ coupling $J$ as predicted by the Schrieffer-Wolff transformation. This holds true also for the symmetric case. By summing the diagrams with two conduction-electron intermediate states in the limit $U\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, a Kondo temperature with $J$ near diverging is obtained.
Treating work inhibition in group psychotherapy

Work Inhibition, defined as an impaired ability to pursue one's career goals, may be treated by combined individual and group therapy. The author presents a method for assessing the degree of work difficulty, a psychodynamic understanding of the problem, and an approach to treatment. He proposes that helping the patient work more actively in group will generalize to the workplace and reduce inhibition. A clinical illustration is provided.
On the paired Wigner crystal

We investigate the stability of the Wigner crystal with two electrons in the unit cell and find that there is no window (where the paired phase is the ground state) between the plain Wigner crystal and the Fermi liquid. Intracell interaction and exchange are treated exactly and intercell interaction in the harmonic (dipole) approximation. Within this approximation, the paired Wigner crystal has a lower energy than the plain Wigner crystal for rr < 9, indicating that in principle pairing can lower the energy of a Coulomb system. For these densities, however, both the exchange and the anharmonic contributions can be considerable and this critical value may be not very exact.
G1-minimax procedures for the case of prior distributions in discriminant analysis

SUMMARY In discriminant analysis, let q' = (ql, ..., q.) denote the vector of prior probabilities associated with an observation coming from populations H1l, ... ElHm, respectively. Present approaches either consider q fixed and known, and use the corresponding Bayes procedure, or, if q is unknown, assume that the qi are equal, and use the Bayes procedure based on that assumption. In this paper, consideration is given to the idea of a prior distribution on q, and procedures are developed which are optimal for the class Q1 of all priors on q with specified first moment. In addition, a procedure is suggested which would incorporate an estimate of the prior mean into the discrimination procedure.
Effect of Training in Components of Complex Problems on Group Problem-Solving Efficiency under Constrained Communication

270 Ss participated in a three-member group problem-solving game in which group members attempted to develop a system whereby their combined contributions would equal an announced numerical target in a single trial. Targets were designated Fixed or Moving in two distinct treatments. Communication between group members was constrained. The target numbers were grouped into 4 sets in an ascending order of difficulty. Results indicated that training in the component parts of complex problems failed to increase significantly Ss' ability to develop problem-solving systems.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Methadone Enantiomers After Coadministration with Amprenavir in Opioid-Dependent Subjects

Study Objective. To investigate the steady-state pharmacokinetics of methadone enantiomers when coadministered with amprenavir. Design. Prospective, open-label, within-subject pharmacokinetic study. Setting. University research center. Subjects. Nineteen opioid-dependent, methadone-maintained, healthy individuals were enrolled. Intervention. On study day 1, subjects received their usual once-daily dose of methadone alone. On study days 2–11, they received the same once-daily methadone dose plus amprenavir 1200 mg twice/day Serial blood samples were collected over 24 hours on study days 1 and 11 for measurement of plasma R- and S-methadone, and over 12 hours on day 11 for serum amprenavir concentrations. Measurements and Main Results. Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the concentrations and compared between the two treatments (methadone alone vs methadone with amprenavir). Subjects served as their own control for methadone comparisons, and amprenavir comparisons were made by using a historic control group (38 healthy men). Opioid-effect measures were assessed throughout the study. Coadministration of amprenavir with methadone resulted in a 3–4-hour delay in plasma R- and S-methadone enantiomer peak concentrations at steady state (Cmax-ss). The active R-methadone enantiomer area under the plasma concentration–time curve during a dosing interval (AUCτ-ss), Cmax-ss, and the minimum plasma concentration at steady state (Cmin-ss) were decreased by 13%, 25%, and 21%, respectively, after coadministration of methadone and amprenavir. The inactive S-enantiomer AUCτ-ss, Cmax-ss, and Cmin-ss were decreased by 40%, 48%, and 52%, respectively. No clinically significant changes were noted in opioid pharmacodynamic effects, and there was no evidence of opioid withdrawal. No methadone dosage was changed in any subject. Conclusion. No a priori adjustment in methadone dosage is required during coadministration with amprenavir as there is only a small effect on R-methadone exposure and no evidence of opioid withdrawal.