cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Agglomeration, Selection and the Impact of Policy Distortions on Firm Productivity in China

This paper estimates the impacts of China’s preferential policies on the economic performance of domestic firms in urban agglomerations. First, several proxies for China’s heterogenous policies (e.g. subsidies, access to loans, and tax breaks) are developed in order to examine their individual (and overall) effectiveness to mitigate the selection penalty often found in larger cities. Next, dynamic quantile regression analyses are carried out to examine the impacts of preferential policies on firm productivity, especially in larger cities. The results reveal that Chinese preferential policies create distortions in the selection mechanism by sheltering lower-performing firms from negative competition effects, thus enabling them to stay in the market. Subsequent results from the dynamic analysis reveal, however, that these lower-performing firms are unable to benefit from urbanization economies, thereby bringing into question the rationale of China’s preferential policies to keep them in the market.
Particle-hole symmetry and electromagnetic response of a half-filled Landau level

The problem of the half-filled Landau level has recently received renewed interest. The ground state of the half-filled lowest Landau level is believed to be a Fermi liquid of an emergent ``composite fermion'' quasiparticle. In the past, Halperin-Lee-Read (HLR) theory was employed to describe the low-energy physics of this Fermi-liquid state. Recently, an alternative theory based on the idea of the Dirac composite fermion has been proposed, in which particle-hole symmetry is manifestly realized. In this paper, a previously unknown exact relationship between response functions at finite frequency and wave number is derived. It is shown that this relationship can be accommodated by the Dirac composite fermion theory, but is violated by the HLR theory.
Innate B cells cleave to the marginal zone

The kinase Taok3 and protease ADAM10 mediate determination of the fate of marginal zone B cells.
High-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) for the treatment of melanoma: safety considerations and future directions

Introduction: In 1998, high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) was the first immunotherapy approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma based on durable objective responses documented in a subset of pa...
Neural Correspondence to Human Cognition from Analysis to Intuition – Implications of Display Design for Cognition

Psychophysiological measures can be used to determine whether a particular display produces a general difference in brain function. Such information might be valuable in efforts to improve usability in display design. In this preliminary study, we aimed to use the electroencephalography (EEG) task load index (TLI), given by the ratio of mean frontal midline theta energy to mean parietal alpha energy, to provide insight into the mental effort required by participants performing intuition-inducing and analysis-inducing tasks. We employed behavioral measures (reaction time and percent correct), and a subjective measure (NASA-Task Load Index) to validate the objective measure (TLI). The results we obtained were consistent with our hypothesis that mental effort required for analysis-inducing tasks would be different from that required for intuition-inducing tasks. Although our sample size was small, we were able to obtain a significant positive correlation between NASA-Task Load Index and TLI.
Trefoil-Shaped Outer-Sphere Ion Clusters Mediate Lanthanide(III) Ion Transport with Diglycolamide Ligands.

Outer-sphere ion clusters are inferred in many important natural and technological processes, but their mechanisms of assembly and solution structures are difficult to define. Here, we characterize trefoil-shaped outer-sphere lanthanide chloride and nitrate ion clusters in hydrocarbon solutions formed during liquid–liquid extraction with diglycolamide ligands. These are assembled through steric and electrostatic forces, where the anions reside in equidistant “clefts” between coordinating diglycolamide ligands in positions that satisfy both repulsive and attractive ion–ion interactions. Our study shows how sterically directed electrostatic interactions may assemble stable outer-sphere ion clusters in organic solutions, elucidating new strategies for controlling ion cluster assembly and extraction.
How post-saccadic target blanking affects the detection of stimulus displacements across saccades.

Abstract When a visual stimulus is displaced during a saccade the displacement is often not noticed unless it is large compared to the amplitude of the eye movement. Displacement detection is improved, however, if a blank intervenes between saccade target offset and the presentation of the displaced post-saccadic stimulus. This has been interpreted as evidence that precise information about eye position and accurate memory for the position of the pre-saccadic target are available immediately after saccade offset, but are overridden by the presence of the post-saccadic stimulus if it is present when the eyes land. In the current set of experiments we examined in more detail how blanking contributes to the increase in displacement sensitivity. In two experiments we showed that the presentation of a blank interval between saccade offset and the presentation of the displaced stimulus improved people’s ability to detect that the stimulus had been displaced and also their ability to judge the direction that it had been displaced, but only for displacements opposite to the direction of the saccade (backward displacements). A third experiment suggested that this improvement in the detection of backward displacements was due in part to subjects misremembering the saccade target location as being closer to the initial fixation point than it actually was immediately after the saccade but remembering its location more veridically 50 ms later. This has the effect of improving the detection of displacements as well as their direction of displacement, but preferentially for backwards vs. forward displacements.
N6-methyladenine is an epigenetic marker of mammalian early life stress.

Recent evidence described 6-methyladenine (6 mA) as a novel epigenetic regulator in a variety of multicellular species, including rodents; however, its capacity to influence gene expression in the mammalian brain remains unknown. We examined if 6 mA is present and regulated by early life stress associated with predator odor exposure (POE) within the developing rat amygdala. Our results provide evidence that 6 mA is present in the mammalian brain, is altered within the Htr2a gene promoter by early life stress and biological sex, and increased 6 mA is associated with gene repression. These data suggest that methylation of adenosine within mammalian DNA may be used as an additional epigenetic biomarker for investigating the development of stress-induced neuropathology.
Bariatric Tourism: Bidirectional and in the United States

Bariatric tourism is defined as the travel of an individual to another region to pursue a bariatric operation. This chapter will focus on bariatric tourism related to the United States. As such, bariatric tourism can be considered as outbound (outside the United States), inbound (into the United States), or intrabound (within the United States). Bariatric tourism presents a complex clinical, societal, and international issue that is multifaceted both at the patient level and at the population level. The decision for a patient to pursue bariatric care outside of their healthcare region can have multiple implications for their own safety as well as the well-being of the populations they visit. In addition, the management of the bariatric meditourist poses a unique clinical challenge for surgeons who are tasked with managing complications. We present the known literature on bariatric tourism, including the estimated scope of the issue, current guidelines, the outcomes and international standards of care, cost considerations, and ethical issues.
Knave, Patriot, or Factionist: Three Rousseauian Hypotheses About the Election of President Trump

Rousseau’s political science suggests three hypotheses for understanding the election of President Trump. First, he may be just the sort of “clever knave” or “insinuating talker” against whom Rousseau warns in the Social Contract; on this theory, Trump must be assumed to have duped the voters and be expected to disappoint his supporters. Additionally, Trump’s election to the presidency despite his never having held public office suggests a flawed institutional design. Second, the appeal of Trump’s nationalistic agenda accords with Rousseau’s claim that cosmopolitan ideals would not sustain a viable polity and that republican regimes would need instead to attract the patriotic devotion of the citizens; on this optimistic view, Trump would be expected to promote the common good of citizens, possibly at the expense of non-citizens and outsiders. Finally, Trump may perhaps represent the victory of a faction and suggest the fraying of our constitutional consensus (i.e., general will).
Polytopes with Few Vertices

The aim of the present chapter is a discussion, as complete as possible at present, of polytopes with ‘few’ vertices. In section 6.1 we deal with d-polytopes having d + 2 vertices; Sections 6.2 and 6.3 present two different approaches to the classification of d-polytopes with d + 3 vertices, while section 6.4 deals with a remarkable phenomenon concerning centrally symmetric polytopes.
The FABEL Domain for Illustration

In this book we will give a lot of examples to illustrate the CBR issues and methods discussed. Many of the examples given come from the FABEL project and its application domain, that is architectural design. In this chapter we introduce this domain.
How to make a good egg!: The need for remodeling of oocyte Ca2+ signaling to mediate the egg-to-embryo transition

Abstract The egg-to-embryo transition marks the initiation of multicellular organismal development and is mediated by a specialized Ca 2+ transient at fertilization. This explosive Ca 2+ signal has captured the interest and imagination of scientists for many decades, given its cataclysmic nature and necessity for the egg-to-embryo transition. Learning how the egg acquires the competency to generate this Ca 2+ transient at fertilization is essential to our understanding of the mechanisms controlling egg and the transition to embryogenesis. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of how Ca 2+ signaling pathways remodel during oocyte maturation in preparation for fertilization with a special emphasis on the frog oocyte as additional reviews in this issue will touch on this in other species.
Synkaryon and Heterokaryon Analyses of Clonal Senescence

The observation of Hayflick and Moorhead in 1961 that human diploid cells have a limited replicative in vitro life span (clonal senescence) (1) has been confirmed in many laboratories throughout the world. In addition to their predictable proliferative behavior, they are remarkably resistant to spontaneous or induced transformation to immortal cell lines.
Röntgenologische und nuklearmedizinische Verfahren zur Diagnostik und Differentialdiagnostik von Knochentumoren

Rontgenuntersuchung und Skelettszintigraphie stehen in der Diagnose und Differentialdiagnose von tumorosen Knochenprozessen im Vordergrund. Sie bilden die Grundlage der radiologischen Skelettabklarung.
Narrative Inquiry and ELT Research

This chapter explores the contributions and potential of narrative inquiry in English language teaching. Two stories of experience are presented and used as a touchstone throughout the chapter. We begin by discussing key terms—narrative inquiry and English language teaching and learning—to set boundaries for the review. The latter term led to a literature of learning of English as a second, third, or other language in predominantly English-speaking cultures and environments. The former term led to an experiential literature focused on language learning in life contexts. The narrative inquiry research literature is traced through the social sciences, educational studies, and language learning literature. Experiential characteristics of narrative inquiry are brought forward, and a detailed narrative inquiry analysis is made of two specific studies. In addition, life-based literary narratives are named and described. The contribution of narrative inquiry lies in its potential to permit and encourage the study of English language teaching and learning in the context of life and in the pursuit of broad educational questions.
Least squares preconditioning for mixed methods with nonconforming trial spaces

We consider a preconditioning technique for mixed methods with a conforming test space and a nonconforming trial space. Our method is based on the classical saddle point disccretization theory for ...
The Availability and Use of Information Communication Technologies by Extension Agents in Delta Agricultural Development Project, Delta State Nigeria

AbstractThe study evaluated the availability and use of information and communication technologies. The specific objectives were to identify the information communication technologies available to ...
Psychosomatic Medicine in Indian Subcontinent: A Historical Perspective

Psychosomatic Medicine has been an integral part of medicine in India since ancient times. India here refers to Indian sub-continent or South Asia, and includes modern countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and Maldives.
Fit for Purpose: An Evolutionary Strategy for the Implementation and Verification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons requires States Parties to designate a “competent international authority or authorities” for negotiating and verifying the irreversible elimination...
Examination of Nudging Schemes in the Simulation of Meteorology for Use in Air Quality Experiments: Application in the Great Lakes Region

AbstractHigh levels of ozone have been observed along the shores of Lake Michigan for the last 40 years. Models continue to struggle in their ability to replicate ozone behavior in the region. In t...
Application of 2016 WHO classification in the diagnosis of paediatric high-grade MYC-negative mature B-cell lymphoma with Burkitt-like morphological features.

Aims Historically, there has been no consensus on the diagnostic classification of high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBCL) with morphological features of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) but no MYC gene rearrangement (MYC-negative). The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues has shed some light on this field with the modification of the grey-zone lymphoma with features intermediate between BL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and the creation of several new entities. The aim of this study was to investigate how the revised WHO classification affects our practice in diagnosing these lymphomas in children. Methods We retrospectively reviewed cases of mature HGBCL diagnosed at our hospital between 2015 and 2018. Results Among 14 mature HGBCL cases with BL morphological features, 11 showed MYC rearrangement consistent with BL and 3 were MYC-negative. Two MYC-negative cases showed regions of 11q gain and loss by microarray consistent with Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration (BLL-11q). The third MYC-negative case showed diffuse and strong MUM1 expression, translocation involving 6p25 by chromosome analysis and IRF4 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis consistent with large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement (LBL-IRF4). All patients were treated according to applicable chemotherapeutic protocols and achieved remission. Conclusions BLL-11q and LBL-IRF4, two newly defined entities, should be considered in paediatric MYC-negative mature HGBCL cases. Accurate diagnosis needs careful histopathological examination and proper cytogenetic testing. Since they have unique cytogenetic features, specific treatments for them may emerge in the future. Therefore, accurate diagnosis based on the 2016 WHO classification is clinically significant.
NurseTRUST: A Leadership Model for Advancing Population Health.

An interview with one of the current leaders for NurseTRUST tells the story of a newly formed organization to advance nursing leadership to address population health. The vision has always been to ...
Reasons why OCT Global Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness is a Poor Measure of Glaucomatous Progression.

Purpose To assess the effects of local defects, segmentation errors, and improper image alignment on the performance of the commonly used optical coherence tomography (OCT) measure of progression, that is the change in global (average) circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness (ΔG). Methods One hundred fifty eyes suspected of, or with, early glaucoma had OCT circle and cube scans obtained using eye tracking on two occasions at least 1 year apart. Statistical progression was defined by fixed values of ΔG (3-8 um) and quantile regression. For a reference standard, four authors identified 30 eyes as "likely progressed," and 61 eyes that "likely had not progressed" based on OCT reports from both baseline and follow-up tests. Results A ΔG criterion of 4 um had the best accuracy: 77%, with 5 false positive (8.2%) and 16 false negative (53%). A post hoc analysis of circular b-scans and OCT probability maps of these eyes indicated that segmentation errors and local progression accounted for most of these mistakes. Segmentation errors, although less common, were also present in true positives and true negatives. Conclusions Local defects and segmentation errors are the primary reasons for the poor performance of cpRNFL thickness G metric. Because these problems are difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate, the G metric should not be relied on in isolation for detecting glaucomatous progression. Translational relevance Local defects and segmentation errors are easily identified by viewing OCT circumpapillary images, which should be part of the standard protocol for detecting glaucomatous progression.
Pharmacotherapy of Acute COVID-19 Infection and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Current State of Knowledge

Background: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a health care emergency across the world. Although mitigation measures, such as social distancing and face m...
Development of the University Postoperative Obstructive Sleep Apnea Protocol (UPOP)

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this project was to retrospectively analyze medical records to determine the relationship between surgical patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk factors and the occurrence of a critical respiratory event (CRE) in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), and to subsequently develop a protocol for postoperative care. Although OSA is prevalent among the surgical population, research has primarily focused on preoperative identification and tailored perioperative care with limited application of standardized postoperative OSA management. Design Surgical charts were retrospectively reviewed between April 1, 2019 and June 31, 2019. Medical records were reviewed to identify surgical patients who had a diagnosis of OSA or two or more OSA risk factors. For patients who met initial inclusion, PACU charts were reviewed for the occurrence of a CRE while in PACU. Data analysis involved use of both Microsoft Excel 2011 and IBM SPSS Statistics Base, version 26. Methods Medical records were reviewed to identify patients in PACU who had two or more documented OSA risk factors (body mass index >35, snoring, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertension [HTN], or male) or a diagnosis of OSA (n = 1,361). This sample was further refined to determine the patients who had a CRE (oxygen saturation less than 92%; respiratory rate less than 10, Modified Aldrete Respiratory Score of 1 and/or lesser) while in the PACU (n = 200). Findings There was a statistically significant relationship between one CRE in the PACU and a pre-existing diagnosis of HTN, DM, snoring, alcohol use, and male gender (P Conclusions The University Postoperative Obstructive Sleep Apnea Protocol was designed based on results and current evidence-based practice. Development of a postoperative OSA protocol will positively impact patient outcomes and may reduce health care expenditures. Next steps include protocol implementation and analysis.
Study on Controllable MOA in 750kV System to Cancel Closing Resistor of Circuit Breakers

This paper studied the use of controllable metal oxide arrester (MOA) to cancel closing resistors of circuit breakers in 750kV system. The principle diagram and control strategy of controllable MOA was introduced. Based on typical system conditions, the limitation effect of controllable MOA on closing overvoltage was studied. The influence of parameters of controllable MOA on overvoltage limitation effect was analyzed. The parameter configuration of controllable MOA for different line length to cancel closing resistor of the circuit breaker was proposed. The energy consumption and power frequency voltage withstand of the controllable MOA under different operating and fault conditions were studied.
Police Officers Killed in the Line of Duty: A Correspondence Analysis of Circumstances and Time of Day

Police officers are the most‐visible representatives of the U.S. legal system. They are close to the community and most‐responsible for direct intervention in cases of criminal activity. An attack ...
Comparison of motivational latent profiles using the PALS and AGQ-R

Abstract Given inconsistencies in the extant literature, achievement goal theory and research remain at an important crossroads, with ongoing questions about the conceptualization of achievement goals, measurement of achievement goals, and inferences made regarding achievement goal related findings. Using latent profile analysis, we explored how achievement goals vary across measures (PALS; Midgley et al., 2000 and AGQ-R; Elliot & Murayama, 2008) and domain (math vs. language arts) across a sample of primarily African American middle and high school students in the South. Main findings showed that the PALS and AGQ-R distinguish different profile goal-patterns, and that this is true across both the math and language arts domains. Not surprisingly, generally, students adopting more adaptive goal profiles (e.g., mastery or multiple) reported higher endorsement of cognitive engagement and social and academic future selves. Current findings support previous research observing disparate AGQ-R and PALS outcomes, adding evidence with domain-specific latent profiles. Given differences in profile patterns, findings suggest the instruments may be differentially tapping into goal perceptions.
Software Reliability Modeling and Methods: A State of the Art Review

The increasing dependence of our modern society on software systems has driven the development of software products to be more competitive and time-consuming. At the same time, large-scale software development is still considered a complex, effort-consuming, and expensive activity, given the influence of the transitions in software development, which are the adoption of software product lines, software development globalization, and the adoption of software ecosystems. Hence, the consequences of software failures become costly and even dangerous. In this chapter, we thus review probabilistic software reliability models with different groups. Since nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) based software reliability models have been successful tools in practical software reliability engineering, this chapter mainly focuses on the review of NHPP based software reliability models that address various concerns in software development practices, such as testing efficiency, testing coverage, multiple fault types, time-delay fault removal, and environmental factors.
Identifying Best Fair Intervention.

We study the problem of best arm identification with a fairness constraint in a given causal model. The goal is to find a soft intervention on a given node to maximize the outcome while meeting a fairness constraint by counterfactual estimation with only partial knowledge of the causal model. The problem is motivated by ensuring fairness on an online marketplace. We provide theoretical guarantees on the probability of error and empirically examine the effectiveness of our algorithm with a two-stage baseline.
Evolution of Late Right Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Association With Outcomes.

Abstract Background A revised definition of right heart failure (RHF) for the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs database of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) was introduced in June 2014. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of RHF over time and the association of RHF status at 3 months with 12-month outcomes after LVAD. Methods All patients in Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs with follow-up and supported at least 3 months with a continuous flow LVAD implanted between June 2, 2014 and March 31, 2017 without a simultaneous RVAD. RHF was defined as both documentation and manifestations of elevated central venous pressures. Results There were 6,118 patients included with an incidence of RHF at 3, 6, and 12 months postimplant categorized as mild in 5%, 6%, and 6% and moderate in 5%, 3%, and 3%, respectively. For those with no RHF at 3 months, there was a low incidence of subsequent RHF at 6 and 12 months. The lack of RHF at 3 months, compared with mild and moderate RHF, was associated with a lower 12-month cumulative incidence of mortality (6.9% vs 16.7% vs 28.1%; P Conclusions In patients surviving 3 months with LVAD support alone, mild or moderate RHF occurred in nearly 1 of 10 patients at 12 months. Patients with late RHF had worse survival and a higher cumulative incidence of major adverse events.
GSP and Development: Increasing the Effectiveness of Nonreciprocal Preferences

Introduction 821 I. Nonreciprocal Preferences and the WTO Framework ...... 824 II. U.S. Nonreciprocal preference Scheme 827 III. EU Nonreciprocal preference Scheme 830 IV. Comparison of EU and U.S. Nonreciprocal Preference Schemes 835 A. Stability of Preference Schemes 836 B. Conditions on Country Eligibility 840 C. Product Coverage 843 D. Rules of Origin 849 Conclusion 859
Getting used to being a patient: the postoperative experience of living liver transplant donors.

Context—Living donor liver transplant is a viable option for eligible persons in need of a liver transplant, but little is known about the hospitalization experience of patients undergoing hepatectomy for transplant donation.Objective—To explore the hospital experience of patients recovering from donor hepatectomy.Design—A qualitative interpretive descriptive design was used to understand the hospital experience of patients recovering from donor hepatectomy. Semistructured interviews, conducted before discharge, were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Coding was performed independently, then jointly by investigators to reach consensus on emerging themes.Setting—Major university hospital in the Northeastern United States.Sample—Adults (>18 years of age) whose primary language was English or Spanish and who could provide written informed consent.Results—The sample consisted of 15 participants who had a mean age of 34.6 years; half were women. Most were white and college educated. The relationship of the d...
Biosynthesis of Phosphatidic Acid, Lysophosphatidic Acid, Diglyceride, and Triglyceride by Fatty Acyltransferase Pathways in Escherichia coli

Fatty acyl coenzyme A-glycerol 3-phosphate, fatty acyl coenzyme A-lysophosphatidic acid, fatty acyl coenzyme A-monoglyceride, and fatty acyl coenzyme A-diglyceride acyltransferase activities were found in a particulate fraction of broken cell preparations of Escherichia coli. The synthesis of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid catalyzed by these enzymes was demonstrated to be dependent upon the presence of glycerol 3-phosphate, fatty acyl-CoA, and magnesium ion. Magnesium ion was partially replaceable by calcium ion. Isolated, radiochemically pure lysophosphatidic acid served as a substrate in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid in an enzymatic reaction with fatty acyl-CoA. This observation suggests that lysophosphatidic acid functions as an intermediary in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid from glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acyl-CoA. Under similar conditions of incubation both monoglyceride and diglyceride functioned as acceptors of the fatty acyl moiety from fatty acyl-CoA. Glycerol, however, did not serve as a substrate in the acylation reaction. Glycerol was incorporated into phospholipid only when adenosine triphosphate was added to an incubation system capable of acylating glycerol 3-phosphate. Lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, oleyl, linoleyl, linolenyl, cis-vaccenyl, and trans-vaccenyl coenzyme A derivatives were tested and found to be active substrates in vitro in the acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate. However, lauric, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, and trans-vaccenic acids have not been reported to exist as constituents of the phospholipids of E. coli. This finding suggests that the acyl transferase reaction does not possess the specificity required for excluding certain fatty acids which do not naturally occur in the phospholipids of E. coli.
Good child, bad tooth. Management of the fear of tooth extraction in children.

Abstract 1. 1. The circumstances under which children arrive for dental extractions have been described, and some of the psychological responses of mothers and children have been outlined. 2. 2. Psychological reactions of regression, anxiety, and the concept of trauma are discussed in relation to dental procedures specifically and to personality development in general. 3. 3. Problems of separation of mother and child and of the child's inability to understand what is being done, as well as the tendency to misperceive treatment as punishment, are pointed out. 4. 4. Several cases are presented to show the responses of different normal children, especially some who became unresponsive and tended to withdraw under the experience of dental extraction. The evolution of the emotional aspects and the manner in which the reactions were handled are presented. 5. 5. The management of these problems in a clinically practical manner is discussed. We have stressed the importance of firm friendliness and honesty with the child, emphasizing clear communication and supportive behavior from the staff and parents. The need to avoid misinformation, haste, and angry criticism or judgmental attitudes is presented.
ASSESSING SEDIMENTATION ISSUES WITHIN AGING FLOOD CONTROL RESERVOIRS IN OKLAHOMA1

Since 1948, the USDA-NRCS has constructed nearly 11,000 flood control dams across the United States, and many of the reservoirs are rapidly filling with sediment. To rehabilitate these structures, the impounded sediment must be assessed to determine the volume of accumulated sediment and the potential hazard this sediment may pose if reintroduced to the environment. An assessment of sedimentation issues within two reservoirs, Sugar Creek No. 12, Hinton, Oklahoma, and Sergeant Major No. 4, Cheyenne, Oklahoma, is presented. Sediment cores obtained using a vibracoring system were composed of alternating layers of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Stratigraphic analysis coupled with 137 Cs dating techniques enabled the discrimination of pre-construction sediment from post-construction deposition. An acoustic profiling system was unencumbered by the relatively shallow water depth at Sugar Creek No. 12 and the seismic horizons agreed well with the sediment core data. Total sediment volume determined from the acoustic survey and the sediment core data for comparable areas differed by only 1.4 percent. The seismic profiling system worked well in the relatively deeper lake of Sergeant Major No. 4 and showed good correspondence to the collected core data. Detailed chemical analyses showed that overall sediment quality was good at both locations and that chemical composition was spatially invariant. Implementation of these techniques will aid action agencies such as the USDA-NRCS in their assessment and effective management of aging flood control reservoirs.
Interlude: From Newton's adjustable clock to Poincaré's chaos.

More that one hundred years ago Poincare (1907) pointed out the limited predictability in dynamics. This fundamentally important new aspect of dynamics was ignored at that time for several reasons. One reason was its negative aspect since in classical dynamics predictability was considered one of the major accomplishments. To destroy the stronghold of dynamics, (i.e. predictability) was not a popular subject and Poincare’s paper was ignored, probably for this psychological reason. Other reasons for postponing actions concerning limited predictability in dynamics were the new fields of mechanics which gained suddenly enormous popularity and attention; quantum mechanics (Planck, 1900) and relativity (Einstein, 1914). Instead of “destroying” the beautiful classical methods and results of dynamics, scientists preferred to turn to the above-mentioned two new fields.
Erie as Nondelegation

Despite its iconic status, Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins’s constitutional basis is unknown. Indeed, because previous justifications for Erie are wanting, leading theorists have claimed that Erie has no constitutional basis at all. This Article challenges that view as profoundly mistaken. While previous accounts of Erie are indeed inadequate, Erie does have a constitutional basis: the nondelegation doctrine. Just as Congress cannot delegate unbridled power to the Executive Branch, Congress also cannot delegate unbridled power to the Judicial Branch. Building on that commonsensical premise, which is consistent with the Constitution’s text and structure and which was endorsed by Chief Justice Marshall himself, this Article argues that Erie overruled Swift v. Tyson because Congress cannot constitutionally empower federal courts to govern the Nation’s commercial law without providing an intelligible principle. Understanding Erie in nondelegation terms also explains the Supreme Court’s more recent holding in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, which relied on Erie to read the Alien Tort Statute narrowly. Just as Congress cannot delegate broad authority to the federal courts to govern the Nation’s internal commerce, Congress cannot delegate broad authority to the federal courts to govern the Nation’s foreign affairs. Finally, because Erie, properly understood, holds that the nondelegation doctrine applies to the Judicial Branch, this Article observes that the Sherman Act may be constitutionally problematic as applied.
The Applicability of Middle Range Theories to the Study of Organizational Effectiveness

Middle range theorizing has been proposed as an efficient means by which sets of hypotheses can be integrated and synthesized into submolar theory, such that the hypotheses are grounded in empirical confirmation while lending themselves to a higher-order theoretical abstraction. This approach can be construed as an epistomological strategy of moderation or middle ground, on a continuum of abstraction above organized descriptive data but beneath comprehensive theories that attempt to explain large-scale social phenomena. According to Merton (1967), middle range theories consist of limited sets of assumptions from which specific hypotheses are logically derived and confirmed by empirical investigation. Advocates of middle range theories (Merton, 1967; Weick, 1974) have outlined three particular characteristics of these theories that are of special concern to this paper. First, middle range theory involves abstractions, but these abstractions are close enough to observed data to be incorporated in propositions that permit empirical testing. Secondly, a given theory of the middle range having a measure of empirical confirmation can often be subsumed under comprehensive theories, which are themselves discrepant in certain respects. Thirdly, an effective strategy of scientific inquiry is to develop theories of the middle range and consolidate them periodically. The focus of this paper is on the applicability of middle range theorizing to the construct of organizational effectiveness, a construct that has met with limited success when conceptualized via traditional modes of analysis, and accordingly may be more profitably studied through the use of middle range theories.
A national comparison of burnout and work‐life balance among internal medicine hospitalists and outpatient general internists

BACKGROUND General internists suffer higher rates of burnout and lower satisfaction with work-life balance than most specialties, but the impact of inpatient vs outpatient practice location is unclear. METHODS Physicians in the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile were previously surveyed about burnout, depression, suicidal ideation, quality of life, fatigue, work-life balance, career plans, and health behaviors. We extracted and compared data for these variables for the 130 internal medicine hospitalists and 448 outpatient general internists who participated. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, hours worked, and practice setting. RESULTS There were 52.3% of the hospitalists and 54.5% of the outpatient internists affected by burnout (P = 0.86). High scores on the emotional exhaustion subscale (43.8% vs 48.1%, P = 0.71) and on the depersonalization subscale (42.3% vs 32.7%, P = 0.17) were common but similar in frequency in the 2 groups. Hospitalists were more likely to score low on the personal accomplishment subscale (20.3% vs 9.6%, P = 0.04). There were no differences in symptoms of depression (40.3% for hospitalists vs 40.0% for outpatient internists, P = 0.73) or recent suicidality (9.2% vs 5.8%, P = 0.15). Rates of reported recent work-home conflict were similar (48.4% vs 41.3%, P = 0.64), but hospitalists were more likely to agree that their work schedule leaves enough time for their personal life and family (50.0% vs 42.0%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Burnout was common among both hospitalists and outpatient general internists, although hospitalists were more satisfied with work-life balance. A better understanding of the causes of distress and identification of solutions for all internists is needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:176–181. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Levels and transitions in Pb 204 and the four valence neutron-hole configurations

Levels of the nucleus $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been investigated using the (n,n'\ensuremath{\gamma}) reaction, and \ensuremath{\gamma} rays from low-spin excited levels have been observed. Forty-three low-spin levels connected by 78 \ensuremath{\gamma} rays are found below 2.9 MeV, whereas only about 28 levels had previously been known. The levels below 2 MeV excitation energy are expected to be dominated by the ${p}_{1/2}$, ${f}_{5/2}$, and ${p}_{3/2}$ valence neutron hole excitations, and ${0}^{+}$ levels at 0, 1730, and 2433.1 keV are associated primarily with these configurations. These states are at almost the same excitation energies as parent ${0}^{+}$ excitations in $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$. Approximately six unnatural-parity levels are identified; this is close to the number predicted in six orbit valence-space shell model calculations. The number of natural-parity levels found, however, is almost twice that calculated with the shell model. Levels and transitions below 2 MeV excitation energy are consistent with expectations basing $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$ states on correlated two-hole excitations dominant in $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$.
One-dose immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis using a noninfectious vaccine.

Recent advances in production and standardization of noninfectious poliovirus vaccine now make it feasible to induce durable immunity against paralytic poliomyelitis with 1 dose of a suitably standardized vaccine. A single dose of vaccine containing 40 8 and 32 D-antigen units of type 1 2 and 3 respectively administered to 6 month old infants was observed to induce antibody levels of or= 1:4 in 90% and immunologic memory in all. Since protection against paralysis is associated with the presence of either type-specific serum antibody or type-specific immunologic memory and since immunologic memory once induced is irreversible then lifelong immunity to paralytic poliomyelitis can be induced with a single dose of a suitably standardized vaccine administered at 5-7 months of age. In areas of the world where exposure to poliovirus can occur prior to this age vaccine should be administered earlier. Until the influence of age and/or maternal antibody has been further studied infants immunized before the age of 6 months should receive a 2nd dose after 6 months of age. (authors)
Stability of steady solutions of reaction-diffusion equations

On etudie la stabilite des solutions stationnaires du systeme de reaction-diffusion perturbe u t +h(x,u)=e 2 u xx dans un rectangle πCR 2 qui satisfait des conditions de Dirichlet ou de Robin le long de la frontiere laterale de π
Measuring bend losses in large-mode-area fibers

We investigate the measurement of bend losses in few-mode large-mode-area (LMA) fibers. The influence of the light source spectral characteristics, modal power content and cladding light on the measurement accuracy and precision is studied experimentally. Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to understand the distribution of the variations. This study provides practical guidelines for bend loss measurements.
Duplicate exchange lists: A study of costs and response patterns

This study analyzes the time and costs involved in producing and processing lists of duplicates used for exchange; gives data on responses received from different areas around the world; surveys the popularity of different kinds of books used; and assesses the importance of such lists in maintaining balanced exchanges. It is based on data gathered over a six-month period for lists issued by the Stanford University Libraries.
Ancient warriors on modern soil: French military reform and American military images in eighteenth-century France

The American Revolution made idealized characteristics of ancient militaries seem like actual possibilities in France. Roger Chartier recognized that a change occurred in French thinking that had made certain revolutionary ideas ‘conceivable’ by 1789. When French adulation of ancient militaries intermingled with the reports of the early American Revolution, against a backdrop of the urgent need for French military reform, the abstract met the concrete, and the idealized characteristics of effective ancient militaries become practical possibilities. In addition to the potential for a more disciplined, patriotic army reminiscent of the Greeks and Romans, press representations of the American army and militia further introduced more concrete ideas about republican government and a more merit-based society. To old regime France, these ideas were revolutionary indeed. French perceptions of the American military gave new power to old ideas; through the lens of ‘classical republican discourse’ French commentators began to visualize a future revolution.
Generation of millimeter-wave radiation by means of a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser

Millimeter-wave radiation in the band from 53 to 73 GHz has been generated by means of a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser. Power levels of approximately 100 mW were observed with beam currents of 90 to 100 mA; the threshold currents ranged from 35 to 82 mA. The electronic tuning transconductance and the linewidth were also measured, yielding $\frac{\mathrm{df}}{\mathrm{dV}}=0.25$ MHz/V and $\ensuremath{\Delta}fl~0.4$ MHz, respectively. The measured results agree well with predictions based on a linear theory.
Regulating recognition decisions through incremental reinforcement learning

Does incremental reinforcement learning influence recognition memory judgments? We examined this question by subtly altering the relative validity or availability of feedback in order to differentially reinforce old or new recognition judgments. Experiment 1 probabilistically and incorrectly indicated that either misses or false alarms were correct in the context of feedback that was otherwise accurate. Experiment 2 selectively withheld feedback for either misses or false alarms in the context of feedback that was otherwise present. Both manipulations caused prominent shifts of recognition memory decision criteria that remained for considerable periods even after feedback had been altogether removed. Overall, these data demonstrate that incremental reinforcement-learning mechanisms influence the degree of caution subjects exercise when evaluating explicit memories.
The value of snowfall to skiers and boarders.

An interesting winter sport phenomenon inrecent years has been the growth ofsnowboarding. Snowboarding has outpaced skiingat many resorts and has become the snow ridingactivity of choice for many young people. Thisstudy develops an empirical demand model forwinter sport trips amongst college studentsfrom both camps and estimates economic welfareassociated with the two different activities. The results show that both trip demand andsurplus values are strongly affected by snowconditions. These effects are distinctlydifferent for the two consumer groups.
Inactivating a total artificial heart: special moral problems.

It seems generally correct that patients (or their valid surrogates) should be able to withdraw consent for the use of the total artificial heart (TAH) just as they presently may withdraw consent for other life-prolonging technologies such as the ventilator, but lingering moral problems remain with such decisions. First, should patients be permitted to demand actual removal of the TAH rather than mere deactivation? Second, forgoing other life-prolonging technologies is normally considered "indirect" killing and is therefore judged legal (as well as moral to those who accept only indirect killing). As long as the society includes irreversible stoppage of the heart as one of the criteria for death, however, stopping a TAH will be considered direct killing, i.e., murder. To circumvent this inconsistency, society must change its conclusion that stopping other life-prolonging technologies is merely indirect killing, explicitly legalize direct killing by means of stopping a TAH, or revisit the definition of dea...
The Microstructure of Pulverized Coal-Air Flames, I. Stabilization on Small Burners and Direct Sampling Techniques

Abstract The successful stabilization of unaugmented, laminar, premixed, flat flames of coal dust-air on 6.3-cm diameter burners is described. The method of feeding the coal and achieving a uniform dust dispersion is presented and the behavior of the flame is discussed, including its thermal interaction with the burner grid. Procedures and apparatus for the direct sampling, through sonic orifices, of both gaseous species and particulates are presented. Emphasis is placed on the use of direct, molecular beam, mass spectrometry to provide broad detection capability, rapid quenching and high spatial resolution, The initial, bright reaction zone of rich flames of pulverized Pittsburgh Seam coal in air can be probed with a spatial resolution of the order of a millimeter and time resolution of the order of milliseconds