cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Of Machine Learning Tools For Distinguishing Fraud From Error

Fraud and error are two underlying sources of misstated financial statements. Modern machine learning techniques provide a potential direction to distinguish the two factors in such statements. In this paper, a thorough evaluation is conducted evaluation on how the off-the-shelf machine learning tools perform for fraud/error classification. In particular, the task is treated as a standard binary classification problem; i.e., mapping from an input vector of financial indices to a class label which is either error or fraud. With a real dataset of financial restatements, this study empirically evaluates and analyzes five state-of-the-art classifiers, including logistic regression, artificial neural network, support vector machines, decision trees, and bagging. There are several important observations from the experimental results. First, it is observed that bagging performs the best among these commonly used general purpose machine learning tools. Second, the results show that the underlying relationship from the statement indices to the fraud/error decision is likely to be non-linear. Third, it is very challenging to distinguish error from fraud, and general machine learning approaches, though perform better than pure chance, leave much room for improvement. The results suggest that more advanced or task-specific solutions are needed for fraud/error classification.
Maximal aerobic capacity in African-American and Caucasian prepubertal children

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in resting, submaximal, and maximal (V˙o 2 max) oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) in African-American (n = 44) and Caucasian (n = 31) prepubertal child...
Users Joining Multiple Sites: Distributions and Patterns

The rise of social media has led to an explosion in the number of possible sites users can join. However, this same profusion of social media sites has made it nearly impossible for users to actively engage in all of them simultaneously. Accordingly, users must make choices about which sites to use or to neglect. In this paper, we study users that have joined multiple sites. We study how individuals are distributed across sites, the way they select sites to join, and behavioral patterns they exhibit while selecting sites. Our study demonstrates that while users have a tendency to join the most popular or trendiest sites, this does not fully explain users' selections. We demonstrate that peer pressure also influences the decisions users make about joining emerging sites.
Tuning Bandwidths for Near-Threshold Stimuli in Area MT

Britten, Kenneth H. and William T. Newsome. Tuning bandwidths for near-threshold stimuli in area MT. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 762–770, 1998. It is not known whether psychophysical performance depends p...
Implementing and Evaluating Variable Soil Thickness in the Community Land Model, Version 4.5 (CLM4.5)

This work was supported by DOE (DE-SC0006773), NASA (NNX13AK82A), and NSF (AGS-0944101). L. R. Leung was supported by the DOE Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research Earth System Modeling program. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. We thank the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for providing the GRACE data, which were processed by Sean Swenson under support from the NASA MEaSUREs Program. High-performance computing support was provided by NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, through computing time on Yellowstone (http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) and on The University of Arizona Research Computing
Water Supply Risk, Demand Uncertainty and the Implied Price of Water Shortfall

Water management have been plagued by the problem of determining its price. The purpose of this paper is to provide a financial based approach for the implied price of water shortfall. To do so, we consider the price of municipalities’ contracts for external water supplies (such as supply from desalination plants, acquisition of water from other sources etc.). The approach used is based on the utility and certain equivalents implied in water prices policies. Initially we consider a single municipality and subsequently we consider the case of competing demands for water. Such problems are particularly relevant when the demands for water from say industry, agriculture or demand for human needs are competing.
Helium Droplet Assembled Nanocluster Films: Cluster Formation and Deposition Rates

This article examines the formation of nanoclusters by superfluid helium droplet assembly and the rates at which they can be deposited. A model of this process is presented that takes into account the hydrodynamic properties of droplet nozzle, the helium droplet size distribution, the dopant incorporation and condensation process, and the transport and collision of the doped droplet beam with a substrate. The results of this model are validated against measured magnesium cluster deposition rates produced in a droplet beam over a range of nozzle pressures and temperatures. This effort illuminates the connection between cluster deposition and the hydrodynamic state of a helium droplet beam, as well as, demonstrates the feasibility and level of control that can exist in creating cluster-based films by helium droplet assisted cluster assembly.
Prospective Evaluation of Neurotoxicity in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Adjuvant Paclitaxel.

Abstract #1115 Background: Taxanes are increasingly used in the treatment of early stage breast cancer (BC). Up to 30% of patients develop moderate-severe neurotoxicity during treatment. We recently reported that about 60% of BC patients complain of some neuropathy up to 2 years after completing adjuvant paclitaxel (T) treatment. The prevalence, severity, and natural history of this syndrome have not been well described. Methods: Using a prospective cohort study design, women with stage I-III breast cancer undergoing adjuvant paclitaxel were enrolled. At baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, all patients completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Taxane (FACT-Tax) and quantitative sensory testing (touch perception and vibration threshold) was conducted. The FACT-Tax includes a 16-item subscale which measures the severity of neurotoxicity, where lower scores represent worsening symptoms. Blood was obtained at baseline and 2 weeks post-treatment to measure serum nerve growth factor (NGF) levels. Results: A total of 34 out of a target of 50 patients have been enrolled to date; median age: 48 (32-77); White/Hispanic/Black/Other: 10/17/4/1; median body mass index (kg/m 2 ): 28 (21-44); stage I/II/III: 4/19/8; paclitaxel regimen T q2wks x4/T q2wks x6/T qwk x12: 19/8/5. Compared to baseline, there was a significant decrease in vibration sense at 8 weeks during active treatment. Mean scores on the Neurotoxicity subscale of the FACT-Tax decreased from 37.3 at baseline to 30.7 at week 4 (p=0.009) and 29.7 at week 8 (p=0.006). These scores remained lower than baseline at 3 months and 6 months after completing paclitaxel treatment (33.7 and 33.2, respectively). At 6 months, up to 50% of patients reported persistent numbness or discomfort in the hands and feet. Serum NGF analyses are underway to determine whether this biomarker correlates with neuropathy symptoms. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to prospectively evaluate persistent neuropathy in women prior to, during and following adjuvant paclitaxel therapy. Over 50% of patients developed moderate to severe neuropathy during active treatment, which persisted 6 months post-treatment. Taxane-based chemotherapy has been shown to improve survival, however, neurotoxicity is the main long-term side effect. Understanding the natural history of this toxicity and validating appropriate measures to be used in interventions to prevent and treat taxane-induced neuropathy are critical. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1115.
The Pre-Lay Pause: A Five-Day Fast Near The Beginning of Production For Improving Early Egg Size of Commercial Laying Hens

Abstract A five-day fast near the beginning of production (“pre-laypause”) resulted in improved early egg size in two trials using a popular commercial layer strain (Hy-Line W-36). Egg weight differences ranged from 0.7-1.5 g/egg (0.6-1.2 lb/30 doz. case) during the first half of a complete laying cycle (22-65 weeks of age). Hen-housed egg production was similar in Paused (231 eggs) and Full-Fed (233 eggs) birds. The fast did not result in improved egg size in another commercial strain reputed to lay lager eggs (Shaver 288). It was concluded that the pre-lay pause can be profitable with some strains, especially during periods when large price differences exist between medium and large eggs.
Adaptive increase in peptide YY and enteroglucagon after proctocolectomy and pelvic ileal reservoir construction.

Functional results improve with time after proctocolectomy and pelvic ileal reservoir construction. We hypothesized that adaptive increases of circulating and tissue levels of the gut hormones peptide YY (PYY) and enteroglucagon may contribute to this improvement by slowing small bowel transit and increasing small bowel absorption. The specific aim of this study was to measure plasma and ileal mucosal concentrations of PYY and enteroglucagon in dogs 1 year after proctocolectomy and ileal reservoir-anal anastomosis. In the ileal reservoir dogs, postprandial PYY levels reached 238±31 pmol/ liter compared with 93±33 pmol/liter in sham operated controls (P<0.001). Postprandial plasma enteroglucagon levels reached 199±53 pmol/liter in reservoir animals and 52±4 pmol/liter in controls (P<0.05). Tissue levels of PYY in the mucosa of the ileal reservoirs were 419±43 pmol/g compared with 133±23 pmol/ g in normal terminal ileum (P<0.0001). Enteroglucagon levels were also elevated in reservoir mucosa (193 ±21 pmol/gvs.113±9 pmol/g in controls,P<0.05). These data demonstrate that postprandial and tissue levels of PYY and enteroglucagon increase in dogs 1 year after construction of ileal reservoirs. The adaptive increase in PYY would slow small bowel transit and the increase in enteroglucagon would promote mucosal growth, each contributing to the improved functional results.
Thiocyanate secretion in sweat in cystic fibrosis.

SummaryThe mean sweat/serum ratio of thiocyanate in cystic fibrosis was 3.4 times the ratio in controls. This indicates that like sodium chloride and iodide, thiocyanate is involved in the defect of sweat electrolyte secretion in cystic fibrosis.
A longitudinal study of change resistance: Its antecedents and consequences over time

Not all employees respond alike to organizational changes that they experience in common. In 40 health care clinics undergoing significant organizational change, we found that the level of resistan...
Incorporation of (1− 14 C) Acetate into cis -7-Dodecen-1-ol Acetate, a Sex Pheromone in the Cabbage Looper ( Trichoplusia ni ) 1

Adult female cabbage loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) injected with (1−14C) acetate produce pheromone containing 14C activity. Pheromone production in μ g and rate of (1−14C) acetate uptake varies with age and temperature in a manner indicative of metabolic activity. Purification and partial degradation of the pheromone molecule from both live moths and in vitro incubated glands show that the 14C activity is distributed throughout the molecule. De novo synthesis from acetate, occurring only in the glandular epithelium of the sex pheromone-producing gland, is indicated.
Field Tests of Acaricides Against Pacific Spider Mite on Grapevines

Field tests for the control of Tetranychus pacificus McGregor showed that plots with the highest pretreatment counts of 3 replicates of each acaricidal treatment tended to have the highest post-treatment counts with a probability of less than 0.001 by the t test. Use of ranked data appeared to be useful in the statistical analysis of treatments applied to grapevines of widely varying degrees of initial infestation. Among the more effective acaricides tested were Tranid® ( exo -5-chloro-6-oxo- endo -2-norbonanecarbonitrile O -(methylcarbamoyl) oxime), Azodrin® (3-hydroxy- N -methyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate), formetanate, phosalone, and Dessin® (2- sec -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl isopropyl carbonate).
Doppler assessment of stress induced ischemic diastolic dysfunction

Considerable interest has recently been focused on the importance of diastolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in the production of signs and symptoms in acquired heart disease. Studies in patients presenting with symptoms of congestive heart failure, for example, have estimated that 34% to 42% will have normal left ventricular ejection fractions, implying a major role for abnormalities of left ventricular compliance and/or relaxation [1, 2, 3]. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography has emerged as a clinically useful tool in the noninvasive evaluation of abnormalities of LV filling, by virtue of its beat to beat analysis of the velocity of trans-mitral blood flow. Abnormal left ventricular diastolic function has been studied using this technique in patients with hypertension [4, 5, 6], hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [7, 8, 9, 10], and dilated cardiomyopathy [11], with a prevalent pattern being identified of a shift in ventricular filling from early to late diastole. Reduced flow velocity in early diastole has been attributed to impaired relaxation with consequent compromise of early diastolic filling. Increased transmitral flow velocity in late diastole is felt to reflect a compensatory increase in the atrial contribution to left ventricular filling. The effects of myocardial ischemia on diastolic ventricular function are more complex.
Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of clusters of norovirus gastroenteritis in Jinshan District in 2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of clusters of norovirus gastroenteritis in Jinshan District in 2012 so as to provide scientific references for formulating the prevention and control strategies. Methods Real- time RT- PCR assays were performed to detect the nucleotide of norovirus. Descriptive epidemiological surveys were conducted to analyze the epidemiological features of clusters of norovirus gastroenteritis in Jinshan District. Results Totally 8 clusters of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in Jinshan District in 2012,involving 132 patients. The attack rates ranged from 21. 74% to 67. 86%,with an average attack rate of 38. 37%. The cases occurred in nurseries,kindergartens and schools. Winter was the peak season for norovirus gastroenteritis. The ratio of male to female was 1. 32: 1. The 8 clusters were all caused by GⅡ norovirus,but the source of the infection was unclear. Conclusions GⅡ norovirus was the main pathogen for the clusters of nonbacterial gastroenterits in Jinshan District. It is necessary to strengthen the epidemic surveillance in nurseries,kindergartens and schools so as to prevent the spread of the disease.
Levels and Styles of Political Involvement

The study of political activism, in France in particular, has benefited over the years from multiple, competing angles of analysis. Researchers have observed and recorded cases of political participation focusing on different actors and preferences of involvement. Whereas all the findings delivered have been very compelling, the lenses of analysis employed have indirectly affected a possible reconciliation among the different conclusions. The first section in this chapter tries to provide a coherent organization of the research approaches used and of their overall findings in the study of political activism and group participation in France. The second part of the chapter provides instead a discussion on the operationalization of the most important variables in the study of political action, leading to the operationalization choices in this book.
Impact of Amidination on Peptide Fragmentation and Identification in Shotgun Proteomics

Peptide amidination labeling using S-methyl thioacetimidate (SMTA) is investigated in an attempt to increase the number and types of peptides that can be detected in a bottom-up proteomics experiment. This derivatization method affects the basicity of lysine residues and is shown here to significantly impact the idiosyncracies of peptide fragmentation and peptide detectability. The unique and highly reproducible fragmentation properties of SMTA-labeled peptides, such as the strong propensity for forming b1 fragment ions, can be further exploited to modify the scoring of peptide-spectrum pairs and improve peptide identification. To this end, we have developed a supervised postprocessing algorithm to exploit these characteristics of peptides labeled by SMTA. Our experiments show that although the overall number of identifications are similar, the SMTA modification enabled the detection of 16–26% peptides not previously observed in comparable CID/HCD tandem mass spectrometry experiments without SMTA labeling.
Boundary layer effects on the critical nozzle of hydrogen sonic jet

Abstract When hydrogen flows through a small finite length constant exit area nozzle the viscous effects create a fluid throat which acts as a converging-diverging nozzle and lead to Mach number greater than one at the exit if the jet is under-expanded. This phenomenon influences the mass flow rate and the dispersion cloud size. In this study, the boundary layer effect on the unsteady hydrogen sonic jet flow through a 1 mm diameter pipe from a high pressure reservoir (up to 70 MPa) is studied using computational fluid dynamics with a large eddy simulation turbulence model. This viscous flow simulation is compared with a non-viscous simulation to demonstrate that the velocity is supersonic at the exit of a small exit nozzle and that the mass flow is reduced.
Abstract 18563: The Role of a Change in ECG Voltage on the Diagnosis and Prognosis in Cardiac Amyloidosis

Background: Low voltage on ECG may be caused by various medical conditions. In cardiac amyloidosis, low voltage in the limb leads is found in approximately 50% with AL and only 20-25% of ATTR, whet...
Sex attraction and recognition in the caridean shrimp Heptacarpus paludicola Holmes (Decapoda: Hippolytidae)

Newly molted female Heptacarpus paludicola with full ovaries evoke a copulatory response from males upon contact. Males recognize a matable female for copulation by apparent contact chemoreception with the antennal flagellae. Observational evidence in this species and in several others cited in the literature did not strongly suggest distance perception of matable females by males. However, when tested in an experimental “olfactometer” evidence was obtained to indicate that matable females of this species emit a pheromone that increases activity of males, whereas hard‐shelled, embryo‐bearing females do not. Although newly molted females with full ovaries were by far the most effective in evoking copulatory behavior from males, newly molted females without ovarian development (due to parasitization or food deprivation) showed varying degrees of attractiveness. Newly molted males were not attractive to other males. The duration of attractiveness to males was less than one day after matable females had molte...
Calcium stimulates self-assembly of protein kinase C α in vitro

Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a nodal regulator in several intracellular signaling networks. PKCα is composed of modular domains that interact with each other to dynamically regulate spatial-temporal function. We find that PKCα specifically, rapidly and reversibly self-assembles in the presence of calcium in vitro. This phenomenon is dependent on, and can be modulated by an intramolecular interaction between the C1a and C2 protein domains of PKCα. Next, we monitor self-assembly of PKC-mCitrine fusion proteins using time-resolved and steady-state homoFRET. HomoFRET between full-length PKCα molecules is observed when in solution with both calcium and liposomes containing either diacylglycerol (DAG) or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). Surprisingly, the C2 domain is sufficient to cluster on liposomes containing PI(4,5)P2, indicating the C1a domain is not required for self-assembly in this context. We conclude that three distinct clustered states of PKCα can be formed depending on what combination of cofactors are bound, but Ca2+ is minimally required and sufficient for clustering.
A 3D Poly(ethylene glycol)-based Tumor Angiogenesis Model to Study the Influence of Vascular Cells on Lung Tumor Cell Behavior.

Tumor angiogenesis is critical to tumor growth and metastasis, yet much is unknown about the role vascular cells play in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro models that mimic in vivo tumor neovascularization facilitate exploration of this role. Here we investigated lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells (344SQ) and endothelial and pericyte vascular cells encapsulated in cell-adhesive, proteolytically-degradable poly(ethylene) glycol-based hydrogels. 344SQ in hydrogels formed spheroids and secreted proangiogenic growth factors that significantly increased with exposure to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a potent tumor progression-promoting factor. Vascular cells in hydrogels formed tubule networks with localized activated TGF-β1. To study cancer cell-vascular cell interactions, we engineered a 2-layer hydrogel with 344SQ and vascular cell layers. Large, invasive 344SQ clusters (area > 5,000 μm2, circularity < 0.25) developed at the interface between the layers, and were not evident further from the interface or in control hydrogels without vascular cells. A modified model with spatially restricted 344SQ and vascular cell layers confirmed that observed cluster morphological changes required close proximity to vascular cells. Additionally, TGF-β1 inhibition blocked endothelial cell-driven 344SQ migration. Our findings suggest vascular cells contribute to tumor progression and establish this culture system as a platform for studying tumor vascularization.
Enteric Hyperoxaluria, Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis, and Oxalate Nephropathy After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a popular weight loss surgery for adults with morbid obesity. This chapter reviews potential renal complications caused by abnormalities in oxalate handling after RYGB—i.e., enteric hyperoxaluria, calcium oxalate (CaO x ) nephrolithiasis, and oxalate nephropathy. Hyperoxaluria is an adverse effect of RYGB that occurs due to fat malabsorption and contributes to CaO x nephrolithiasis and oxalate nephropathy. Risk factors for CaO x kidney stones after RYGB include low urine volume, high urine oxalate, and low urine citrate. Oxalate nephropathy is diagnosed by the characteristic kidney biopsy finding of acute tubular injury with oxalate crystals in renal tubules. Therapies to lower urine oxalate include lowering fat and oxalate intake, using calcium supplements to bind oxalate, bile acid sequestrants, or probiotics that degrade intraluminal oxalate. Physicians need to be aware of the possibility of oxalate-mediated renal complications after RYGB, and promptly treat hyperoxaluria to stop kidney damage.
LQ vs. ℓ ∞ in controller design for systems with delay and quantization

The normal operation of many cyberphysical, biological, and neural systems fit naturally with robust control, with key variables like lane positions, voltages, temperatures, blood pressures, etc maintained within tight bounds despite diverse uncertainties. However, two challenges in particularly need further theory that this paper addresses. One is that control is distributed with communication having limits on bandwidth and delay. Another is that normal operations can be disrupted and bounds violated, but it is desirable to make such acute situations rare and recoverable without crashing. We take the simplest model that has both normal and acute modes with bandwidth and delay constraints, and focus on two relatively extreme but familiar starting points: i) average case LQG (or ℋ 2 ) and ii) worst case l 1 control with l ∞ signal bounds. Both have strengths and weaknesses that we highlight, and this leads naturally to a win-win hybrid scheme that has better performance than either alone, with relatively modest computational costs.
Emotion Dysregulation Across Emotion Systems in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display alterations in both emotion reactivity and regulation. One mechanism underlying such alternations may be reduced coherence amon...
84-year-old woman with dizziness.

Clinical introduction An 84-year-old woman presented with palpitations. Her past medical history included tissue aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass, left ventricular impairment and bronchiectasis. An ECG is shown in Figure 1A. She was diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia. Adenosine 12 mg intravenously failed to restore sinus rhythm, even though she experienced the usual side effects of flushing and bronchoconstriction. She was then electrically cardioverted: ECG postcardioversion is shown in Figure 1B. Question Which is the most likely diagnosis? A Atrial flutter B Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia C Bundle branch re-entrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) D Fasicular VT E Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) VT
Predicting the Environmental Fate of Toxic Contaminants in Large Lakes: Data Requirements for Mathematical Models

The relation between field research in ecotoxicology and modelling activities to predict the environmental fate of contaminants in large lakes is analyzed in terms of data needs. Modellers need data from research projects on pathways as well as concentration data. Are all these data needed and what are the alternatives? Examples are taken from research on the Great Lakes of North America, mainly Lake Ontario.
Hierarchical Linear Models

In applications of generalized linear models to education, observations at one level are frequently nested within units at another level. For example, we have measurements on students, who are located within a class, which is within a school, and so on. Methods for analyzing such data go back several decades, but new methods have led to many extensions and interesting ways of interpreting such models. These include models for multiple measures on individuals (such as longitudinal studies), and individuals nested within studies (for meta-analysis). These models also directly solve the aggregation problem: statistics on higher level units (e.g., correlations of school or classroom means) often do not equal (and may even be opposite in sign to) those for lower level units (both overall and within each higher level unit).
The Person Case Constraint

We propose a theory of the person restrictions in clitic double object constructions, a phenomenon known as the Person Case Constraint (PCC). In our proposal, the PCC is concerned with the encoding of perspective, and is, as such, a syntax-semantics interface phenomenon. A phase-based Person-Constraint, triggered by an interpretable person feature on the Applicative head, is responsible for the grammatical marking of the indirect object as a point-of-view center. Variation in the values of the interpretable person feature are shown to have counterparts in logophoric roles. The Person-Constraint has several clauses, which are subject to parametric variation, and which account for the range of cross-linguistic variation in PCC effects. The clauses of the P-Constraint are regulated by a theory of markedness, making predictions about how widely attested and robust the different types of PCC grammars are.
Diversity and Inclusion in Turkey: Citizenship and Belonging

Inspired by one of Esmeray’s narratives of marginalization, which the Turkish singer-actor “unmarginalizes” by means of her storytelling, Melike Sayoglu analyzes the formation of the Turkish nation-state, the experiences of Turkish ethnic groups, and the government’s attempts to respond to these various ethnic groups. In foregrounding the silenced narratives of the African Turks by means of one of Esmeray’s songs and various governmental laws, the chapter details how relationships between majority and minority groups are best determined in conversations between both parties.
The Future of MFT: Clinical Implications of Cross-Cultural Responsiveness and Social Justice Lens to the Field

In our final chapter of this volume, we summarize the information from our contributors’ chapters and provide an overview of the future of the field of marriage and family therapy (MFT) and the continued need for attention to cross-cultural responsiveness and social justice. We bring together the overall themes of the book and how each of the authors has contributed to these themes as well as to the larger implications and conclusions we can draw regarding the future of systemic therapies and multiculturalism.
Improved Lithium Iodide neutron scintillator with Eu2+ activation II: Activator zoning and concentration effects in Bridgman-grown crystals

Abstract We have previously reported on the formation of Suzuki Phase precipitate particles as a result of the addition of the divalent activator ion Eu 2 + to the monovalent alkali halide host LiI. [Boatner et al. (2017)]. These precipitates form during Bridgman or other melt-growth processes, even at low Eu 2 + concentrations (e.g., 0.1% EuI2 doping), and scatter the scintillation light reducing the optical transparency of the scintillator and adversely affecting its radiation-detection performance. In our prior work, we developed a two-stage thermal-treatment method for the post-growth removal of the Suzuki Phase particles and the realization of a significant improvement in the optical transparency and associated neutron-detection of LiI:Eu 2 + scintillators. These improvements resulted in neutron-detection performance that is superior to GS-20 glass and that allows for the application of pulse height gamma-ray discrimination over a wide range of gamma ray energies as opposed to pulse shape discrimination. Here, we apply the two-stage thermal-processing method for the removal of Suzuki phase precipitates and carry out an in-depth study, first, of the neutron scintillator performance versus the Eu 2 + activator-ion-concentration spatial variation as a result of zoning effects during the Bridgman growth of LiI:Eu 2 + and, second, of the effects of varying the initial Eu 2 + activator ion concentration prior to crystal growth. The Eu 2 + zoning variation results allow one to identify and select the most efficient location of the scintillation performance in a directionally solidified single-crystal boule . The present study of the initial activator concentration levels shows that there are, in fact, two distinct types of luminescence centers with varying performance properties — one that occurs only at low EuI 2 addition levels (e.g., 0.01 to 0.06 %EuI2) and that is quickly replaced by a second luminescing center with increasing Eu 2 + content (e.g., at ∼ 0.1% EuI2). The light yield for the luminescing center formed using a Eu activator in LiI is a critical function of the Eu concentration in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 % EuI2, and a high light yield of 100,000 photons/neutron is observed at the 0.06 %EuI 2 additive level prior to thermal processing.
Relation between Light-scattering Cross-sections and the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities of Liquids and Solids

We establish the theoretical connection between the light scattering spectrum of a medium and its (third-order) nonlinear optical susceptibility. This connection is used to obtain the nonlinear susceptibility spectra.
Development and Characterization of a Novel Live Attenuated Vaccine Against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish.

Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC). Type six secretion system (T6SS) is a sophisticated nanomachine that delivers effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells as well as other bacteria. In the current work, we in-frame deleted the E. ictaluri evpB gene located in the T6SS operon by allelic exchange. The safety and efficacy of EiΔevpB as well as Aquavac-ESC, a commercial vaccine manufactured by Intervet/Merck Animal Health, were evaluated in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings and fry by immersion exposure. Our results showed that the EiΔevpB strain was avirulent and fully protective in catfish fingerlings. The EiΔevpB strain was also safe in catfish fry, and immersion vaccination with EiΔevpB at doses 106 and 107 CFU/ml in water resulted in 34.24% and 80.34% survival after wild-type immersion challenge compared to sham-vaccinated fry (1.79% survival). Catfish fry vaccinated with EiΔevpB at doses 106, 107, and 108 CFU/ml in water exhibited dose-dependent protection. When compared with Aquavac-ESC, EiΔevpB provided significantly higher protection in catfish fingerlings and fry (p < 0.05). Results indicate that the EiΔevpB strain is safe and can be used to protect catfish fingerlings and fry against E. ictaluri.
Comparative performance of reference laboratory tests and in-clinic tests for Giardia in canine feces

We examined the performance of four in-clinic Giardia diagnostic tests by comparing results to three laboratory methods for detection of Giardia. A set of 177 fecal samples originally submitted to a commercial laboratory by veterinarians for routine ova and parasite (O&P) testing was used. Specimens were examined by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) for presence of Giardia cysts which served as the gold standard. Fecal samples were tested using a Giardia-specific cyst wall antigen microtiter plate format enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and each of the in-clinic assays adhering to the package insert for each kit. Evaluated were four in-clinic antigen test kits: VetScan® Canine Giardia Rapid Test (Abaxis), Anigen® Rapid CPV-CCV-Giardia Antigen Test (BioNote), SNAP® Giardia Test (IDEXX) and Witness® Giardia Test (Zoetis). In the comparison of the in-clinic tests to the DFA standard test sensitivity ranged between 70.0–87.1%, and specificity ranged between 71.1–93.4%. Of the tests evaluated here, the SNAP test had the highest sensitivity and specificity. The SNAP test had the highest percent positive and percent negative agreement when compared to the microtiter plate format ELISA and the O&P assay.
The big house as home: roots tourism and slavery in the USA

The dominant discourse preferences the experiences of African Americans who take trips to sites linked to slavery outside of the USA. This paper expands research on roots tourism, by centring the experiences of those who travel to slavery-related sites in the USA. Documenting the case of the Behind the Big House Tour as a response to the Annual Pilgrimage Tour of Historic Homes and Churches in Holly Springs, Mississippi, this study examines evidence for African diasporic roots tourists who acknowledge sites at which their ancestors were enslaved as home sites. Results suggest that this level of acceptance occurs when African Americans come to feel a sense of belonging. The study identifies two general conditions needed to facilitate this process: access to slavery-related sites encouraged by historic site owners or managers and reunion with enslaved ancestors and descendants of those who historically lived and worked at slavery-related sites.
Genetic screening for single-cell variability modulators driving therapy resistance

Cellular plasticity describes the ability of cells to transition from one set of phenotypes to another. In melanoma, transient fluctuations in the molecular state of tumor cells mark the formation of rare cells primed to survive BRAF inhibition and reprogram into a stably drug-resistant fate. However, the biological processes governing cellular priming remain unknown. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screens to identify genes that affect cell fate decisions by altering cellular plasticity. We found that many factors can independently affect cellular priming and fate decisions. We discovered a new plasticity-based mode of increasing resistance to BRAF inhibition that pushes cells towards a more differentiated state. Manipulating cellular plasticity through inhibition of DOT1L before the addition of the BRAF inhibitor resulted in more therapy resistance than concurrent administration. Our results indicate that modulating cellular plasticity can alter cell fate decisions and may prove useful for treating drug resistance in other cancers.
Contemporary Trends and End-Results of National Institutes of Health Grant Funding to Departments of Urology in the United States: A 10-year Analysis.

Purpose:We explored the patterns and distribution of National Institutes of Health grant funding for urological research in the United States.Materials and Methods:The National Institutes of Health...
The macroeconomic consequences of remittances

Abstract This paper analyzes the dynamic absorption of remittances at the macroeconomic level, contrasting two possible effects on economic activity, depending on whether these accrue to hand-to-mouth wage earners or credit-constrained entrepreneurs. Using an open economy DSGE model with heterogeneous households, we show that the effects of remittances are inherently contractionary if they accrue to the first group, and expansionary when they accrue to the second group. Calibrating the model to the Philippines using both aggregate data as well as micro-evidence from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), we show that accounting for both binding credit constraints and the internal distribution of remittances improves the model's fit to the data. Welfare gains result when the distribution of remittances is skewed towards entrepreneurs.
Case Series of Clinical Findings of Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in Contrast to Kawasaki Disease

Several months into the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is growing concern over an increase in the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-linked Kawasaki-like disease in the pediatric population. The pediatric patients presented to the emergency room with impending shock in the setting of an atypical Kawasaki picture. On May 14, 2020, the CDC Health Alert Network released a case definition for this evolving syndrome and named it multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We report three cases of MIS-C associated with SAR-COV2 who presented to our emergency room. Persistent fever was present in all three patients and mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common associations. All three patients were found to have antibodies to COVID-19. MIS-C is a similar but distinct entity as compared to Kawasaki disease. High inflammatory markers are supportive of the diagnosis, and cardiac evaluation is crucial in MIS-C. High suspicion for the diagnosis and low threshold for workup will prevent delayed treatment.
Structure of the human ATM kinase and mechanism of Nbs1 binding

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can lead to mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, genome instability, and ultimately cancer. Central to the sensing of DSBs are ATM (Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) kinase, which belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family, and the MRN (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) protein complex that activates ATM. How the MRN complex recruits and activates ATM kinase is poorly understood. Previous studies indicate that the FxF/Y motif of Nbs1 directly binds to ATM kinase and is required to retain active ATM at sites of DNA damage. Here, we report the 2.5 [A] resolution cryo-EM structures of human ATM and its complex with the Nbs1 FxF/Y motif. In keeping with previous structures of ATM and its yeast homolog Tel1, the dimeric human ATM kinase adopts a symmetric, butterfly-shaped autoinhibited structure. The conformation of the ATM kinase domain is most similar to the inactive states of other PIKKs, suggesting that activation may involve an analogous realigning the N and C lobes along with relieving the blockage of the substrate-binding site. We show that the Nbs1 FxF/Y motif binds to a conserved hydrophobic cleft within the Spiral domain of ATM, suggesting an allosteric mechanism of activation. We evaluate the importance of these interactions with mutagenesis and biochemical assays.
PCB Winding Coupled Inductor Design for SiC-Based Soft-Switching Three-Phase AC-DC Converter with Balance Technique

This paper explores PCB winding coupled inductor design for a SiC-based critical conduction mode soft-switching three-phase ac-dc converter with balance technique. Although using SiC devices with the soft-switching technique can achieve high power density and efficiency, high dv/dt over the system parasitic capacitance causes substantial common mode (CM) noise compared to Si devices. To reduce the CM noise, a balance technique is applied to the three-phase ac-dc converter creating a return path and adding inductors in the path. The inductors in the main circuit and the return path are coupled in one core and implemented with the PCB windings to enhance the CM noise reduction capability. A new PCB winding structure is introduced to minimize the winding loss and to have strong coupling between the main and additional inductors. Design considerations and the design process of the PCB winding coupled inductor are discussed in detail. The performance of the soft-switching three-phase acdc converter with the proposed PCB winding coupled inductor is experimentally verified with a SiC-based 25-kW laboratory prototype.
EMSS, MESS, & HTSS: Signatures for Broadcast

The previous two chapters present two protocols to authenticate broadcast streams. These protocol allow a receiver to authenticate the sender of a message, but they do not provide a signature, which would allow the receiver to convince a third party that the sender really did send that message. So how can we sign (or provide non-repudiation) for each broadcast message?
3 – Food Chain and Resource Organisms

The chapter discusses food chain organisms, which is essential to an understanding of the productivity of the waters. In practice, organisms are identified from their structure, on the basis of their external characteristics as much as possible. Phytoplanktons are aquatic plants most familiar to us. Plankton is commonly defined as the animals and plants that drift in either fresh or salt water. It is classified according to size and ability to conduct photosynthesis. The aquatic stages of insects are important food chain animals of the “slime” zone in shallow fresh waters. The most commercially valuable marine plants are the red and brown algae that are commonly known as seaweeds. The most diverse group of commercially important species is that of the hard-shell clams, which belong to several families. Everyone concerned with the sea has occasionally feared the sharks. They have an extraordinarily well-developed sense of smell and may be attracted to the smell of garbage or animal refuse; they are sent into a frenzy by the sight of blood in the water. The catfishes are of special importance as food fish, because they have few bones in their flesh, and most are tolerant of poor water with small amounts of oxygen.
Thin film processing of nonlinear optical materials, 2. Comb‐like polymers containing nonlinear optical active pendant groups

The synthesis and characterization of new homopolymers and copolymers containing π-extended (azomethine) active moieties separated by flexible methylene spacers are reported. All synthesized monomers and polymers show spectroscopic properties (nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet) in accordance with the proposed structures. The inherent solubility of the polymers in common organic solvents permits the determination of the molecular weight distribution from gel-permeation chromatography. The thermal characteristics of the polymers are also described.
The Empty Promise of VARA: The Restrictive Application of a Narrow Statute

The Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) was enacted by Congress in 1990 in order to bring our laws into compliance with Article 6bis of the Berne Convention and to acknowledge that protecting moral rights will foster “a climate of artistic worth and honor that encourages the author in the arduous act of creation.” The passage of this legislation is said to show Congress’s “belief that the art covered by the Act ‘meet[s] a special societal need, and [its] protection and preservation serves an important public interest.’” Notwithstanding these lofty statements about artistic worth, honor and encouraging creation, VARA is a narrowly drafted addition to the Copyright Act. This legislation recognized several moral rights in the United States for the first time, but it does not extend to all works of authorship. It protects only a very select group of artists and only very narrowly defined works. As enacted well over twenty years ago VARA might have fulfilled initially our nation’s obligations under Article 6bis of the Berne Convention even though it provides less protection than most European moral rights legislation. It has been called weak, anemic and insufficient. As interpreted and applied by the courts since 1991, it is now reasonable to conclude that VARA has not come close to fulfilling our obligations under Article 6bis. The federal judiciary, at both the trial and appellate levels, has taken seriously the statute’s restrictive language, its explicit exclusions from coverage, and the legislative history’s emphasis on VARA’s limited scope. In addition, severe tensions between an artist’s moral rights and the defendant’s rights, particularly property rights, have been palpable in many of the cases brought under VARA. As a consequence, courts have shown great reluctance to permit an artist’s moral rights to prevail over a defendant’s rights. Successful reported VARA claims seem to be few and far between.This article, after summarizing VARA’s provisions, presents a pre-VARA moral rights case that might come out much differently if it were litigated today. This hypothetical case highlights many of the issues raised by VARA. Subsequent sections of the article analyze the act’s narrow definition of works of visual art as well as its several limitations on the attribution and integrity rights. These are the key provision which have been interpreted and applied by the courts since VARA’s passage in 1990. Time after time the courts have applied this narrowly drawn statute to deny plausible moral rights claims asserted by visual artists. The rhetoric surrounding the passage of VARA in 1990 made lofty promises, but Congress did not deliver on those promises.
Methodologies and systems for heterogeneous concurrent computing

Heterogeneous concurrent computing is gaining increasing acceptance as an alternative or complementary paradigm to multiprocessor-based parallel processing as well as to conventional supercomputing. While algorithmic and programming aspects of heterogeneous concurrent computing are similar to their parallel processing counterparts, system issues, partitioning and scheduling, and performance aspects are significantly different. In this paper, we discuss critical design and implementation issues in heterogeneous concurrent computing, and describe techniques for enhancing its effectiveness. In particular, we highlight the system level infrastructures that are required, aspects of parallel algorithm development that most affect performance, system capabilities and limitations, and tools and methodologies for effective computing in heterogeneous networked environments. We also present recent developments and experiences in the context of the PVM system and comment on ongoing and future work.
Shaking and Shaping San Francisco

Bracing for Disaster . Earthquake-Resistant Architecture and Engineering in San Francisco, 1838-1933. By Stephen Tobriner . Heyday and Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2006. 351 pp. Paper, $30. ISBN 1-59714-025-2. Reviewing the responses of builders and engineers to San Francisco's earthquakes of 1868 and 1906, the author argues that, contrary to many accounts, the dangers posed by earthquakes were faced and earthquake-resistant features were adopted well before they were legally mandated.