cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projected changes of extreme weather events in the eastern United States based on a high resolution climate modeling system

This study is the first evaluation of dynamical downscaling using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model on a 4 km 4 km high resolution scale in the eastern US driven by the new Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM v1.0). First we examined the global and regional climate model results, and corrected an inconsistency in skin temperature during the downscaling process by modifying the land/sea mask. In comparison with observations, WRF shows statistically significant improvement over CESM in reproducing extreme weather events, with improvement for heat wave frequency estimation as high as 98%. The fossil fuel intensive scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 was used to study a possible future mid-century climate extreme in 2057‐9. Both the heat waves and the extreme precipitation in 2057‐9 are more severe than the present climate in the Eastern US. The Northeastern US shows large increases in both heat wave intensity (3.05 C higher) and annual extreme precipitation (107.3 mm more per year).
A thermogravimetric study of the adipates and sebacates of praseodymium and neodymium

Abstract A study of the thermal decomposition, in air, of praseodymium and neodymium adipate and sebacate has suggested the decomposition pattern which follows (An represents either adipate or sebacate). The compounds were prepared by homogeneous precipitation. For the adipates formed at pH greater than 5 as well as for the sebacates precipitated at any pH: The sebacates were precipitated quantitatively at pH greater than about 5.1; precipitation of the adipates was incomplete even at values of pH as high as 8.8. The adipates were thermally stable up to 180°C whereas the sebacates underwent slow decomposition at temperatures close to 100°C.
A long-term follow-up of a recreate the scene, DRO, overcorrection and lemon juice therapy program for severe aggressive biting

Abstract Recreating situations for a 4-year-old mentally retarded child who attacked and bit others was consequated with DRO, lemon juice and overcorrection at a preschool center for children at risk for severe developmental disabilities. Previous attempts by classroom teachers with reinforcement programs, time-out, verbal reprimands, and counseling had failed. Employing an ABAB design, biting was found to be directly under the control of treatment. The biting was suppressed and gains were maintained over a 10 month follow-up. The implications of the results are discussed.
Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay for the quantitative determination of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone-3β-sulfate in human plasma

Abstract A new, simple, reproducible and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet absorbance detection at 240 nm was developed and validated for the determination of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone-3β-sulfate in human plasma. The method was based upon solid-phase (C 18 ) extraction of plasma after addition of 17β-hydroxy-3β-methoxyandrost-5-en-7-one as internal standard. Using 1 ml of plasma for extraction, the detection limit of the assay was 3 ng/ml. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range 10–1000 ng/ml. Stored at −20°C for about 4 months at various concentrations in plasma, 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone-3β-sulfate did not reveal any appreciable degradation. Also included herein is a method for the simultaneous detection and determination of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone and 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone-3β-acetate in plasma.
Stimulation of Release of LH by Synthetic LH-RH in Vivo: I. A Comparative Study of Natural and Synthetic Hormones*

Synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was synthesized by Merrifield's solid phase method based on the proposed structure of porcine LH-RH: (pyro)Glu-His-Trp- Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2. It was then purified by countercurrent distribution and electrophoresis. LH-releasing activity of the synthetic LH-RH was tested in ovariectomized estrogenprogesterone treated rats. The dosages were expressed by mole based on its tryptophan content. As small a dose as 3.47 × 10–12 mole induced a significant rise of serum LH. At the same log dose intervals, the dose regression lines for synthetic LH-RH were parallel to those for natural LH-RH. Injection of either the natural or synthetic LH-RH preparations increased serum LH significantly 5 min after injection. The maximum rise in LH was attained between 10 to 20 min after injection. Then, serum LH levels slightly decreased but remained at approximately the same levels up to 60 min after injection. Significant (p < 0.02), but very slight increment of ...
Simulation of Catalytic Oxidation and Selective Catalytic NOx Reduction in Lean-Exhaust Hybrid Vehicles

Physically-based models for diesel exhaust catalytic oxidation and urea-based selective catalytic nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction are used to study their impact on drive cycle performance of hypothetical light-duty diesel-powered hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles (HEVs and PHEVs). The models have been implemented as highly flexible SIMULINK block modules. The parameters of the NOx reduction model have been adjusted to reflect the characteristics of commercially available Cu-zeolite catalysts, which are of widespread current interest. The models are applied using the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) software for vehicle simulations, along with a previously published methodology that accounts for emissions and temperature transients in the engine exhaust. Results illustrate that the diesel oxidation catalyst-selective catalytic reduction (DOC-SCR) combination can reduce carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and NOx emissions without creating a significant direct fuel penalty, but there is also an increase in the possibility of ammonia slip. Also, the addition of an upstream DOC increases aftertreatment thermal inertia, delaying light-off of the SCR catalyst. The emissions reduction efficiency of the DOC-SCR combination was found to be better for the simulated HEV compared to the simulated PHEV.
Evaluation of a new ambulatory blood pressure monitor (Accutracker 102): laboratory comparisons with direct arterial pressure, stethoscopic auscultatory pressure, and readings from a similar monitor (Spacelabs Model 5200).

Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure levels generated by a new noninvasive ambulatory monitor, the Accutracker 102, were compared in the laboratory with intra-arterial pressure levels in 12 normotensive men, and with stethoscopic auscultatory determinations in 27 normotensive and hypertensive men and women over a wide range of within-subject pressure variations. In 11 subjects, its performance was also compared with another ambulatory monitor, the Spacelabs Model 5200. Highly positive correlations with both the intra-arterial (median r=+.90 for SBP, +.92 for DBP) and the stethoscopic standards (median r=+.93 for SBP, +.88 for DBP) were obtained using Accutracker's automatic readings (digital readout), while slightly higher correlations were obtained with hand-scoring of recorded data. The Spacelabs BP monitor also yielded readings that were highly correlated with stethoscopic readings (median r=+.83 for SBP, +.77 for DBP), although in 3 of the 11 subjects the Accutracker correlations were substantially higher than the Spacelabs correlations. Despite their generally good tracking of changes in pressure, both ambulatory monitors yielded absolute values in many subjects that differed by 5 mmHg or more from stethoscopic levels. The Accutracker's SBP levels were consistently too high and its DBP levels were occasionally too low, while Spacelabs' SBP and DBP values were too high and too low with equal frequency. However, mean deviation scores for each patient calculated from 5 concurrent ambulatory monitor and stethoscopic readings were shown to yield relatively stable correction factors for use when comparison with clinical standards is desired.
Performance index and classifier approaches to real-time, discrete-event control

Abstract This paper has two parts. Section 1 reviews aspects of transient stability analysis and control with emphasis on how to exploit computation capability for improved off-line, online, and real-time decision making. It also surveys advanced transient stability controls. As an example of a complex instability that is challenging to control, it describes the December 14, 1994 breakup of the western North America interconnection. Section 2 proposes a form of real-time, wide-area, discontinuous transient stability control using decision trees computed on-line as operating conditions change. Input to decision trees are predictor indices measured during a short window following a severe disturbance. Measurements and computations for these variables, mostly taken or computed at generating plants, can include synchronized voltage angles, relative rotor-angle estimates, generator relative speed estimates, electrical positive sequence power as proxy for accelerating power, accelerating energy, etc. Discontinuous control can include generator tripping, fast HVDC power changes, series or shunt capacitor insertion, and dynamic braking. The study system is a relatively small (176-bus) equivalent of the western North American synchronous interconnection.
Two-photon induced fluorescence of Cy5-DNA in buffer solution and on silver island films.

Abstract We report the observation of a strong two-photon induced fluorescence emission of Cy5-DNA within the tunable range of a Ti:Sapphire laser. The estimated two-photon cross-section for Cy5-DNA of 400 GM is about 3.5-fold higher than it was reported for rhodamine B. The fundamental anisotropies of Cy5-DNA are close to the theoretical limits of 2/5 and 4/7 for one- and two-photon excitation, respectively. We also observed an enhanced two-photon induced fluorescence (TPIF) of Cy5-DNA deposited on silver island films (SIFs). In the presence of SIFs, the TPIF is about 100-fold brighter. The brightness increase of Cy5-DNA TPIF near SIFs is mostly due to enhanced local field.
LATERALITY OF SUBCORTICAL INVOLVEMENT AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE: A FACTOR ANALYSIS.

An attempt was made to clarify the nature of factors underlying verbal and perceptual performance as a function of lateralized subcortical involvement, i.e., parkinsonism. Tests requiring overt ver...
Interference with islet-specific homing of autoreactive T cells: an emerging therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes.

Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes involves the activation of autoimmune T cells, consequent homing of activated lymphocytes to the pancreatic islets and ensuing destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Interaction between activated lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the islets is the hallmark of the homing process. Initial adhesion, firm adhesion and diapedesis of lymphocytes are the three crucial steps involved in the homing process. Cell-surface receptors including integrins, selectins and hyaluronate receptor CD44 mediate the initial steps of homing. Diapedesis relies on a series of proteolytic events mediated by matrix metalloproteinases. Here, molecular mechanisms governing transendothelial migration of the diabetogenic effector cells are discussed and resulting pharmacological strategies are considered.
Objects Closer Than They Appear: Regulating Health-Based Advertising of Food

Until I moved to the United States more than a decade ago, my only exposure to prescription drug advertising was the weekly copy of the British Medical Journal that my father, a physician, left in ...
Observations concerning the reactivity of normal and rheumatoid gamma globulins in rheumatoid serologic reactions.

Samples of gamma globulin (F II) derived from sera of rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid subjects behaved in a similar fashion either as a sensitizing agent or inhibitor in five separate tests for rheumatoid factor. Rheumatoid agglutinator and its gamma globulin reactant, or a precursor thereof, were found to coexist in all rheumatoid patients studied. The previous observation that gamma globulin has increased affinity for rheumatoid factor after heating to 63d C. for 10 minutes was confirmed. Specimens de globulinn gamma (F II), derivate ab seros de subjectos rheumatoide e nonrheumatoide, se comportava similemente, tanto como agente sensibilisatori e etiam como inhibitor, in cinque distincte tests pro factor rheumatoide. Esseva constatate que agglutinator rheumatoide e su reactante globulina gamma (o un precursor de illo) co-existeva in omne le patientes rheumatoide studiate. Esseva confirmate que le affinitate de globulina gamma pro factor rheumatoide esseva augmentate per calefaction a 63 C. durante 10 minutas.
Kinetics of hydrazine decomposition in a laminar non-isothermal flow

Abstract The experimental results on the decomposition of hydrazine are re-examined. The assumption is made that a dilute hydrazinetoluene gas mixture at low pressure will not undergo isothermal reaction under the flow conditions experienced in the apparatus used by Szwarc, but that there will be a strong effect due to heat transfer in the entrance region of the reactor. Analysis of the non-isothermal reactor leads to reinterpretation of the experimental rate data. The existing data are found to favour a second-order formation for NH2 radicals, rather than a first-order formation. The rate constant is approximately 1019exp(−60 000/RT) cm3/mole sec, which appears to be the low-pressure value in a quasi-unimolecular rate process.
Large Discrepancy In Homogenous Quasi-Arithmetic Progressions

We prove that the class of homogeneous quasi-arithmetic progressions has unbounded discrepancy. That is, we show that given any 2-coloring of the natural numbers and any positive integer D, one can find a real number α≥1 and a set of natural numbers of the form {0, [α], [2α], [3α], . . . , [kα]} so that one color appears at least D times more than the other color. This was already proved by Beck in 1983, but the proof given here is somewhat simpler and gives a better bound on the discrepancy.
Importance of river inputs to Arctic coastal food webs

Nutrients transported from land to sea by rivers are essential to the health and productivity of coastal food webs, yet there are many places in the world where understanding of river inputs to the ocean remains limited. This is particularly true in the Arctic, where river water flow and chemistry data are scarce.
Demonstrations of Agency in Contemporary International Children’s Literature: An Exploratory Critical Content Analysis Across Personal, Social, and Cultural Dimensions

International children’s literature has the potential to create global experiences and cultural insights for young people confronted with limited and biased images of the world offered by media. The current inquiry was designed to explore, through a critical content analysis approach, international children’s literature in which characters demonstrate personal, social, and cultural agency in a variety of global contexts. Sources for the literature were various award lists published in the United States from 2000 to 2013 from which 27 touchstone books were selected to analyze intensively. Results from this exploration of literature indicate that there is an array of characters and contexts that provide positive images of agency in youth in the global community. Because such books have the potential to foster positive global insights and support readers’ development of agency across the three dimensions, international children’s literature must continue to be explored and shared with students.
Intrapulmonary presentation of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the extremity. Report of two cases.

Two cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma are reported. The patients presented with metastasis to the lung, 10 years and 2 years, respectively, prior to discovery of the primary neoplasms in the soft tissues of the lower extremities. Cancer 58:1144-1148, 1986.
Effect of Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes, (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the Brown Citrus Aphid: Preliminary Assessment of a Compatibility Study

Recently, a strain of Isaria fumosorosea Wize (.Ifr) (= Paecilomyces fumosoroseus [Luangsa-ard et al. 2005]), (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) was discovered in a Florida citrus grove infecting the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Meyer et al. 2008). Also, laboratory studies have demonstrated that Ifr may be effective against several commercially important pests of citrus (Poprawski et al. 1999; Avery et al. 2009; Hoy et al. 2010; Hunter et al. 2011). Therefore, the use of Ifr (PFR 97TM 20% WDG, Certis USA, Columbia, Maryland), approved in 2011 by EPA for use in commercial citrus, may offer a potential tool for balancing citrus pest management with consum er demands for organic citrus produce. The brown citrus aphid (BCA), Toxoptera citri cidus Kirkaldy (=T. citricida [Nieto Nafria et al. 2005]), (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was discovered in Florida in 1995 and is recognized as a serious pest of citrus capable of vectoring citrus triseza virus (Halbert & Brown 1996; Michaud 1998; Roy & Brlansky 2009). Under optimal conditions, na tive natural enemies provide good management of BCA, although these are easily disrupted by insecticide applications (Michaud 1998; 2002). Presently, the aphid's population is managed in part by the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Evans & Strange 1997). This generalist aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes, native to Florida and the Americas, is an effective biocontrol agent of BCA (Evans & Strange 1997). The objectives of our study were to assess the impact of Ifr on the mor tality of BCA populations as well as the parasit ism and emergence rates of L. testaceipes. BCA and Carrizo citrus (a trifoliate hybrid: Washington navel x trifoliate orange) were ob tained from the Sub-Tropical Insect Research Unit, USDA Horticulture Research Laboratory in Fort Pierce, Florida. For the experiment, 5 car rizo citrus seedlings (25-30 cm tall) were placed in each of four separate nylon mesh-covered cages (35 x 35 x 35 cm) and each infested with 4 alate BCA (20 per cage). A second infestation was made after 9 days. Cages were maintained in a growth room at 24.0 ± 1 °C, 45.0 ± 1 % RH and 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. Two weeks later, 10 L. testa ceipes adults were added to two of the cages. After an additional 4 days, one cage with and without L. testaceipes was treated with Isaria fumosoro sea (Ifr) suspension (PFR 97TM 20% WDG) at 107 CFU/ml using Nalgene® (Nalge Nunc Interna tional, Rochester, NY) aerosol sprayer. The ger mination of PFR 97TM blastospores was 96% using the technique of Avery et al. 2009. The remaining 2 cages were sprayed with an equal volume of wa ter. Parasitoids were temporarily removed from all cages prior to spraying to eliminate potential drowning and were replaced with an additional 5 to compensate for handling stress. Two replicates of the same study were conducted on different dates.
Simulated N deposition negatively impacts sugar maple regeneration in a northern hardwood ecosystem

Summary 1. During the next century, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is projected to more than double, potentially leading to a decline in plant diversity as well as a change in plant community composition and structure. 2. In a decade-long field experiment, simulated atmospheric N deposition has slowed litter decay, resulting in an accumulation of forest floor (i.e. Oi & Oe horizons). We reasoned that a greater forest floor mass under simulated N deposition would impose a physical barrier to sugar maple Acer saccharum seedling establishment, thereby reducing seedling populations of an ecologically and economically important tree species. 3. To test this idea, we first quantified sugar maple seedling abundance in replicate northern hardwood forest stands receiving ambient atmospheric N (7–12 kg N ha )1 year )1 ) and experimental atmospheric N deposition, simulating future amounts in eastern North America (ambient plus 30 kg NO3 Nh a )1 year )1 ). Then, we experimentally manipulated forest floor mass under ambient and simulated N deposition treatments. Finally, we transplanted first-year established seedlings into areas receiving ambient and simulated N deposition and quantified their mortality after 1 year. 4. First-year seedling abundance did not differ under ambient and simulated N deposition; however, there were greater abundances of second- and third-to-fifth-year seedlings under ambient N deposition ( P< 0AE001). In all cases, experimental manipulation to increase forest floor mass, equivalent to that under simulated N deposition, resulted in significantly (P =0 AE001) fewer established individuals, regardless of whether the greater forest floor mass occurred under ambient or simulated N deposition. Finally, fewer 1-year-old transplanted seedlings survived when grown under simulated N, albeit that result was not statistically significant. 5. Synthesis and applications. The slowing of decay and the accumulation of forest floor under anthropogenic N deposition can negatively impact seedling survival and potentially alter stand development and structural diversity. As atmospheric N deposition increases globally, it becomes necessary to understand the mechanisms that lead to population changes for ecologically important tree species. The responses we document should be considered in simulations of future of forest dynamics, as atmospheric N deposition continues to increase, specifically when sugar maple life-history traits are included to simulate regeneration, structural diversity and stand development.
Dependence of negative-mode electrospray ionization response factors on mobile phase composition and molecular structure for newly-authenticated neutral acylsucrose metabolites

Authentic standards of known concentrations serve as references for accurate absolute quantification of plant metabolites using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). However, often such standards are not commercially available or not amenable for custom syntheses. Despite the widespread use of electrospray ionization for metabolite analyses, the fundamentals needed for reliable prediction of molecular response factors have yet to be explored in detail for analytes that lack ionized functional groups. In order to lay a foundation for quantifying unknown neutral plant metabolites in absence of authentic standards, sub-milligram quantities of purified homologous acylsucrose metabolites were authenticated by subjecting each to basic hydrolysis and quantifying the sucrose product using stable-isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Once authenticated, molar response factors of [M + formate]− ions for the acylsucrose metabolites were determined at different mobile phase compositions ranging from 40%–80% acetonitrile, and demonstrated relationships of response factors with mobile phase composition and metabolite structural features including nonpolar surface areas, the length of the longest acyl chain, and the number of hydroxyl groups. This approach was employed to calculate predicted response factors for three authenticated acylsucroses based on mean values for all isomers with a common number of total acyl carbon atoms. Absolute UHPLC-MS quantification was performed on these three metabolites in an extract from leaves of the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites LA1777, yielding deviations of 26%, 6.7%, and 7.3% from values established using compound-specific response factors.
Generalizations of Midy's theorem on repeating decimals.

Let n denote a positive integer relatively prime to 10. Let the period of 1/n be a · b with b > 1. Break the repeating block of a · b digits up into b sub blocks, each of length a, and let B(n,a,b) denote the sum of these b blocks. In 1836, E. Midy proved that if p is a prime greater than 5, and the period of 1/p is 2 · a, then B(p,a,2) = 10 a ! 1. In 2004, B. Ginsberg [2] showed that if p is a prime greater than 5, and the period of 1/p is 3 · a, then B(p,a,3) = 10 a ! 1. In 2005, A. Gupta and B. Sury [3] showed that if p is a prime greater than 5, and the period of 1/p is a·b with b > 1, then B(p,a,b) = k·(10 a ! 1). (The results of Midy and Ginsberg follow quickly from this). In this paper we examine the case in which p is not necessarily prime. Define two positive integers u and v to be period compatible provided that there exist odd integers r and t and a positive integer s such that the periods of 1/u and 1/v are of the form r · 2 s and t · 2 s respectively. Let n be a positive integer relatively prime to 10 and let the period of 1/n be a · b with b > 1. The following are proved: (i) If n is relatively prime to 10 a ! 1, then B(n,a,b) = k · (10 a ! 1). (ii) If for every prime factor p of n, the integer a is not a multiple of the period of 1/p, then B(n,a,b) = k · (10 a ! 1). (iii) If b = 2, then B(n,a,2) = 10 a ! 1 if, and only if, every two prime factors of
Predicting leaf appearance in field-grown winter wheat: evaluating linear and non-linear models

Leaf appearance is often simulated using the phyllochron concept that assumes a linear relationship between leaf appearance rate (LAR) and temperature. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to evaluate a non-linear model and two versions of the phyllochron approach to predict LAR, and to compare the differences in predictions of leaf appearance using daily, hourly, and maximum and minimum air temperatures. In the non-linear model, daily LAR (DLAR) was simulated based on the product of temperature and photoperiod response functions. The temperature function was a beta type distribution, while the photoperiod response was an exponential function. The non-linear model accurately predicted leaf appearance, and generally had a lower root mean square error (RMSE) than the two models based on the phyllochron over the two growing seasons. The mean square error was divided into systematic and unsystematic errors. For the first season, all models had a greater systematic than unsystematic error. For the second growing season, the phyllochron models had as large or larger systematic error than the non-linear model using the different temperatures. No significant improvement in the prediction of the Haun stage using hourly air temperature was found as compared to daily mean air temperature. In general, using the maximum and minimum temperatures provided the poorest predictions of LAR and resulted in the largest RMSE because these two temperatures do not represent the mean daily temperature.
Experiments on mapping techniques for exploratory pattern analysis

Abstract We describe two computer-based experiments evaluating the effectiveness of several mapping techniques for exploratory pattern analysis. The first experiment compares various mappings and classical clustering techniques as aids to people whose objective is to find clusters in the data. The second experiment evaluates the effectiveness of two-dimensional displays produced by analytic mappings for people designing linear and piecewise linear classifiers. The performance of the classifiers designed by the people aided by these displays is compared with automatically trained classifiers. Based on these experiments we selected three best mapping methods. Even the untrained users who took part in our experiments achieved very good results with the aid of these best mappings. In fact, these results were superior by a significant margin to those obtained from renowned classical pattern recognition procedures. Another valuable result of our experiments is that they allowed us to identify the sets of parameters most often used by the participants and, consequently, suggest guidelines for the best use of mapping techniques.
Estimation of the relative bioavailability of zinc from inorganic zinc sources for sheep

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study bioavailability of reagent (RG) and feed (FG) grade sources of Zn for sheep based on tissue Zn uptake and liver metallothionein (MT) concentration. In both experiments, 42 crossbred wether lambs were given a practical basal diet containing 44 mg kg −1 Zn (Exp. 1) or 64 mg kg −1 Zn (Exp. 2) for a 7 day adjustment period followed by experimental diets for 23 days. In Exp. 1, the basal diet was supplemented with 0, 700, 1400, or 2100 mg kg −1 Zn as RG ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O (standard) or 1400 mg kg −1 Zn as RG Zn basic carbonate, Zn oxide, or metallic Zn. Based on multiple linear regression slope ratios of log 10 transformed accumulation of Zn in pancreas, liver and kidney on dietary Zn concentration, relative bioavailability estimates were sulfate 100, carbonate 106, oxide 106, and metal 76. In Exp. 2, added concentrations were the same and sources were FG sulfate-A (standard) or FG sulfate-B, oxide-A, and oxide-B. Bioavailability estimates on the same basis were 100, 86, 87, and 79 respectively. Use of liver MT as the response criterion gave estimates of 100, 88, 88, and 77 respectively.
Another look at delineation of uniform pavement sections based on falling weight deflectometer deflections data

The large amount of data commonly used to characterize the pavement surface and structural conditions offer a challenge to practitioners making decisions about the representative value of a particu...
Differential Effects of Age and Sex on the Cerebellar Hemispheres and the Vermis: A Prospective MR Study

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of age and sex on the size of the cerebellar hemispheres, the cerebellar vermis, and the pons in healthy adults. METHODS We estimated the volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres (excluding the vermis and the peduncles), the cross-sectional area of the vermis, and the cross-sectional area of the ventral pons from MR images obtained in 146 healthy volunteers, 18 to 77 years old. RESULTS We found a mild but significant age-related reduction in the volume of the cerebellar hemispheres and in the total area of the cerebellar vermis; however, the analysis of age trends in the vermian lobules revealed differential age-related declines. The areas of lobules VI and VII and of the posterior vermian lobules (VIII-X) declined significantly with age, whereas the anterior vermis (I-V) showed no significant age-related shrinkage. The volume of the cerebellar hemispheres (especially the right) and the area of the anterior vermis were greater in men, even after adjustment for height. Neither age nor sex affected the area of the ventral pons. CONCLUSIONS Normal aging of the cerebellum is associated with selective regional shrinkage. The cerebellar hemispheres and the area of the anterior vermis may be larger in men than in women regardless of differences in body size.
Effects of individual versus cooperative learning and type of reward on performance and continuing motivation

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of individual versus cooperative learning and type of reward on performance and continuing motivation. Subjects used either an individual or cooperative learning strategy while receiving information, examples, practice, and feedback from an instructional television lesson. Subjects were also provided with one of three rewards (i.e., task, performance, none). Results indicates that subjects who worked alone performed better on the post-test and expressed more continuing motivation than those who worked cooperatively. Type of reward did not affect performance or continuing motivation. Implications for employing cooperative groups in settings that were originally designed for individual learning are provided.
Microbes, Oxytocin, and Healthful longevity

The microbiome is shown to have important roles in human health. Recent studies in mice show intestinal microbes stimulate host neuropeptide oxytocin and immune physiology in a mind-body paradigm with diverse outputs improved systemic wound-healing capacity. Oxytocin is best known for roles in reproduction and immunity, but is more recently implicated in obesity, human bonding, and trust. Microbial reprogramming of host oxytocin may offer far-reaching benefits in physical, mental, and social health for healthful longevity.
Towards net zero energy schools: a case study approach

Net zero energy is a topic that is trending in the construction industry. A part of the net zero movement garnering the most attention is K-12 public school construction. Alachua County's Meadowbrook Elementary School (K-5) is a high performance school which can achieve net zero energy status with some proven and effective practices. In this paper, we discuss and compare the current baseline energy usage of the school since its completion and target opportunities to reduce energy usage. Recommendations based on the ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide (50% Energy Savings) with the help of energy modelling and simulation would close the gap needed to make Florida schools energy self-sufficient. Further renewable energy production will be added by taking advantage of the Florida climate zone. The suggestions reviewed and applied in this paper will establish guidelines for prospective net zero energy schools in general and the Florida based schools in particular.
APPLICATION OF GAS‐LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO STUDY OF THE ENVELOPE LIPIDS OF HETEROCYSTS12

SUMMARY Gas-liquid chromatography of algal extracts provides a sensitive assay for their content of 1-(O-α-d-glycopyranosyl)-3, 25-hexacosanediol, the principal glycolipid from the envelope of heterocysts of Anabaena cylindrica. Different patterns of lipids were found in the heterocysts of 5 species of Anabaena and Nostoc. Lipids with comparable chromatographic properties were detected in Gloeocapsa.
A novel method for tracking western Lake Erie Microcystis blooms, 2002–2011

Abstract After a period of improvement from the late 1970s through the mid 1990s, western Lake Erie has returned to eutrophic conditions and harmful algal blooms now dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa . The detection of long-term trends in Microcystis blooms would benefit from a convenient method for quantifying Microcystis using archived plankton tows. From 2002 to 2011, summer Microcystis blooms in western Lake Erie were quantified using plankton tows (N = 649). A flotation separation method was devised to quantify Microcystis biovolume in the tows, and the method was tested against whole water cell counts. Floating Microcystis biovolume (mL) in preserved tows was highly correlated with total Microcystis cells (R 2 = 0.84) and biomass (R 2 = 0.95) in whole water samples. We found that Microcystis annual biovolume was highly variable among years; the 2011 bloom was 2.4 times greater than the second largest bloom (2008) and 29.0 times greater than the smallest bloom (2002). Advantages of the method include use of archived samples, high sampling volume, and low effort and expense. Limitations include specificity for cyanobacterial blooms dominated by large Microcystis colonies and the need for site-specific validation. This study indicates that the flotation method can be used to rapidly assess past and present Microcystis in western Lake Erie and that there was high variability in the timing, duration, and intensity of the annual Microcystis blooms over a 10-year period. The data made possible by this method will aid further investigations into the underlying causal factors of blooms.
Kidney Transplantation: Graft Monitoring and Immunosuppression

La transplantation renale est devenue le meilleur traitement des maladies terminales du rein (end stage renal disease [ESRD]). Les episodes de rejet d'allogreffes sont devenus l'exception plutot que la regle. Le developpement de la biopsie d'allogreffe guidee par l'echographie en temps reel et l'acceptation des criteres de Banff pour l'evaluation histologique permettent un controle histologique sur et precis du greffon. De nouveaux agents d'immunodepression, tels que le tacrolimus (Prograf) et le mycophenolate mofetil (Celsept) ont diminue de facon considerable le nombre d'episodes de rejet primitif et refractaire. Une preparation en micro-emulsion de ciclosporine permet une absorption plus uniforme et une standardisation d'accessibilite de ces medicaments. De nouvelles molecules biologiques sous forme d'anticorps monoclonaux ou de recepteurs hybrides solubles permettent de reduire les doses d'immunodepresseurs chimiques toxiques et d'obtenir une immunodepression plus specifique dirigee contre les elements du systeme immunitaire implique dans le rejet d'une allogreffe donnee. Actuellement on assiste au developpement de tests pour identifier les patients qui vont developper une hyporeactivite de donneur antigene specifique. Nous esperons que ces etudes pourraient servir de guide pour la reduction et la suppression eventuelle des agents immunosuppressifs des receveurs d'allogreffes renales stables.
Mycorrhizae, biocides, and biocontrol. 1. Herbicide-mycorrhiza interactions in soybean and cocklebur treated with bentazon

Abstract Interactions between herbicides and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are little-known but may differentially affect the development of tolerant and susceptible plants. We conducted this greenhouse study to determine if VAM fungi modify the effects of the herbicide bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothidiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide) on soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Men.) and common cocklebur ( Xanthium strumarium L.). The experiment was designed as an eight-treatment, 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. Individual potted soybean or cocklebur plants were grown in a high (28 mg kg −1 ) P-content soil. The plants were colonized by VAM fungi (a mixture of Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann, Glomus leptotichum Schenck and Smith, and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe) and sprayed with bentazon. Alternatively, they were exposed only to VAM fungi or to the herbicide, or to neither of these factors. The effects of VAM fungi on plant dry mass were small, but larger in cocklebur than in soybean, especially for the herbicide-treated plants. Root/shoot ratios in cocklebur were larger and shoot dry matter content smaller than those in soybean. The VAM effect in the herbicide-treated plants was greater than in the nontreated ones for both parameters. Colonized root length in cocklebur was drastically reduced by the herbicide (43%), as were leaf dry weight and N, P, and K concentrations. Changes were small, and generally not significant in soybean. Gradual necrosis of treated cocklebur shoots was related to an accelerated loss of shoot dry matter, especially in VAM plants. The data suggest that changes in source-sink relations following herbicide treatment favor enhanced export of shoot dry matter to the roots in susceptible relative to tolerant plants. This biomass may be preferentially available for export from susceptible-plant roots to the soil system through the VAM mycelium.
Acute Treatment of Concussion

Concussion is a common problem presenting to the emergency department and primary care offices. The goal of acute care is to identify clinically significant intracranial lesions, treat acute concussion symptoms, and provide patients and families with useful discharge instructions. This chapter will focus on acute care issues including criteria requiring urgent evaluation, neuroimaging guidelines, acute symptom management, medications, admission criteria, outpatient, and discharge management.
COX Inhibitor Influence on Skeletal Muscle Fiber Size and Metabolic Adaptations to Resistance Exercise in Older Adults

Common cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting drugs enhance resistance exercise induced muscle mass and strength gains in older individuals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the underlying mechanism regulating this effect was specific to Type I or Type II muscle fibers, which have different contractile and metabolic profiles. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and after 12 weeks of knee-extensor resistance exercise (3 days/week) from healthy older men who consumed either a placebo (n = 8; 64±2 years) or COX inhibitor (acetaminophen, 4 gram/day; n = 7; 64±1 years) in double-blind fashion. Muscle samples were examined for Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area, capillarization, and metabolic enzyme activities (glycogen phosphorylase, citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase). Type I fiber size did not change with training in the placebo group (304±590 μm(2)) but increased 28% in the COX inhibitor group (1,388±760 μm(2), p < .1). Type II fiber size increased 26% in the placebo group (1,432±499 μm(2), p < .05) and 37% in the COX inhibitor group (1,825±400 μm(2), p < .05). Muscle capillarization and enzyme activity were generally maintained in the placebo group. However, capillary to fiber ratio increased 24% (p < .1) and citrate synthase activity increased 18% (p < .05) in the COX inhibitor group. COX inhibitor consumption during resistance exercise in older individuals enhances myocellular growth, and this effect is more pronounced in Type I muscle fibers.
Cardiac electrophysiologic actions of KB-944 (fostedil), a new calcium antagonist, in the anesthetized dog

The cardiac electrophysiologic actions of a novel calcium antagonist, KB-944 [Fostedil, Abbott-53986, diethyl 4-(benzothiazol-2-yl) benzylphosphonate], were examined in anesthetized dogs. Cumulative doses of 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg i.v. produced dose-dependent increases in atrioventricular (AV) nodal refractoriness and conduction time (AH interval), although failing to alter atrial or ventricular refractoriness. Intra-atrial, infranodal and intraventricular conduction (PA, HV and H-EG intervals, respectively) were unchanged. In three of nine dogs, 2.5 to 12.5 mg/kg of KB-944 produced third degree AV blockade. Pretreatment with propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) was accompanied by sinoatrial blockade in three of five dogs who later received 12.5 mg/kg of KB-944. Glucagon (4 micrograms/kg) reversed the electrophysiologic changes associated with administration of KB-944 alone or in conjunction with propranolol. An examination of the temporal profiles of the cardiac electrophysiologic effects of KB-944 indicated selective alterations in AV nodal conduction and refractoriness for durations of approximately 60, 120 and 180 to 240 min after administration of 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg i.v. These results suggest that KB-944 may be an effective agent for treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias via selective depression of the AV nodal conduction system.
Biomechanical Comparison of the Latarjet Procedure with and without Capsular Repair

Shoulder instability is a common occurrence in young, physically active individuals. The majority of shoulders dislocate in an anteroinferior direction, resulting in damage to the anteroinferior labrum and glenohumeral ligament. 1,2) Repair of the Bankart lesion by both open and arthroscopic methods has shown favorable outcomes regarding stability and the incidence of recurrence.3,4,5) However, in the setting of significant glenoid bone loss (> 20%), soft tissue reconstructions are universally associated with poor outcomes and unacceptably high recurrence rates.6,7,8,9) In 1954, Latarjet10) described transferring the coracoid process with an intact conjoint tendon to the anterior neck of the glenoid in cases of recalcitrant instability due to glenoid bone loss. The stabilizing mechanism of the Latarjet procedure is thought to be provided by both the "bone block" derived from transfer of the coracoid process, which increases the surface area of the anteroinferior glenoid, and the "sling effect" produced by the conjoint tendon and intact subscapularis.11,12,13) The "sling effect" is especially important in positions of mid to end-range shoulder abduction.13) Another possible stabilizing mechanism of the Latarjet includes the capsular repair from the transferred portion of the coracoacromial ligament to the native capsule after fixation of the coracoid. Several studies show an added benefit to the capsular repair,12,14) while other reports of coracoid transfers not incorporating capsular repair have also shown excellent results and low rates of recurrence.15,16) Furthermore, it is unclear if the capsular repair has any harmful effects, such as restricting the range of motion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Latarjet procedure with and without capsular repair on anteroinferior translation, glenohumeral kinematics and rotational range of motion. We hypothesized that repair of the capsule would result in altered glenohumeral kinematics and reduced range of motion without adding significant resistance to glenohumeral translations.
Taking Adaptive Management Seriously for the Endangered Species Act - Lots of Talk, Little Action

One would think that the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the purpose of which is to conserve the ecosystems upon which endangered species depend, would employ the most advanced tools of ecosystem management. It does not. No serious account of the discipline of ecosystem management fails to position adaptive management techniques as the central approach for implementation of policy and decisions. Yet the ESA hardly mentions ecosystems, much less adaptive management. Rather, it is a classic example of what Professors Sidney Shapiro and Robert Glickstein have described as "front end" decision making that relies almost exclusively on ex ante analysis of decision impacts, whereas adaptive management requires a significant commitment to back end monitoring and adjustment of decision performance.In this Article I explore the history and potential of adaptive management under the ESA. Over the past decade, administrative agencies responsible for implementing the ESA made significant strides toward seeking more back end approaches to the ESA, principally through what is known as the Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) program. Yet there remains no integrated approach for adaptive management connecting the statute's information and planning programs (listing, critical habitat, and recovery plans) with the statute's regulatory programs (federal agency consultations, HCPs). In short, the statute does not create, and the agencies have not adopted, a comprehensive monitoring-adjustment feedback loop for the statute.Rather, adaptive management remains, for all practical purposes, a limited, crisis-driven undertaking for the ESA. The HCP program, which showed early promise as a font of adaptive management implementation, has not lived up to that potential. Other programs within the statute, such as recovery planning and federal agency conservation planning, have been the victims of crabbed judicial and administrative interpretations that suck the life out of any adaptive management potential. Only in response to economic crisis, such as the recent (and continuing) saga of the Klamath River Basin, have Congress and the agencies supported a more aggressive and concerted adaptive management effort. Adaptive management, however, is supposed to avoid crisis, not mop up after it. Much work remains, therefore, before the ESA can be called a model of adaptive management.
Idololatria: Philosophy as a Contrary Faith

As suggested in Chapter II, Christianity is related to philosophy in at least three different ways in the thought of Hamann, or to express it differently, philosophy is conceived in three different ways. The first of these we consider now.
Comment: Reflections on Meat-Eaters, Vegetarians, and Vampires

ABSTRACTIn his comment on the special issue, Consumer and Consumed, the author notes that while much anthropological reflection has been devoted to the cultural rules and functional systems surrounding meat-eating, the ethnography of meat-eating has been sadly neglected. This ethnography is needed in order to reveal the complex negotiations that go into the actual daily practices of vegetarianism and the ways in which these are shaped by factors including household dynamics, issues of risk, trust and blame, emotions, taste, attitudes towards modernity, and by questions of engagement and distance between humans and animals. The comment concludes by highlighting the relationship between meat-eating and cannibalism, suggesting that the fascination in contemporary Euro-American popular culture with flesh-eating and blood-sucking represents a societal preoccupation with the ethical/moral implications of contemporary eating practices.