cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EMPLOYEES' PERCEPTION OF GROUP JOB SATISFACTION

Summary.-Utilizing the interview method of job satisfaction, the survey was conducted within a communications firm. As part of the survey employees from seven departments were asked to indicate their over-all job satisfaction and their estimates of the job satisfaction of their co-workers. For the entire sample of 136 employees a significant underestimation of co-workers' satisfaction was indicated. Six of the seven departments showed a significant underestimation while the remaining one, although nonsignificant, was in the same direction. Results are discussed in terms of differences in attributional processes of actors and observers. Ramifications of misperception of co-workers' satisfaction are discussed as well as importance of dissemination of results of job satisfaction surveys throughout the organization. Job satisfaction has been extensively studied over the decades in an attempt to demonstrate the relationships of job satisfaction with myriad dependent measures such as productivity, turnover, and absenteeism (Vroom, 1964; Lawler, 1973; Fisher, 1980). The process of assessing job satisfaction and the dispensing of that information throughout the organization can and has varied tremendously from one organization to another. Some organizations disseminate the results of surveys to all echelons while others channel the information only to personnel and top management. This practice has implicitly stated the importance of management's knowledge of results which would give impetus to organizational response where needed. Negligible emphasis has been placed on employees' assessment of organizational satisfaction. A lack of veridical information on the part of employees may lead to misperception of the job satisfaction of their co-workers and consequently the satisfaction of the organization. Since empirical data are unavailable, employees have limited cues with which to assess the satisfaction of others. Such a dearth of cues could lead to a significant over- or underestimation (depending on attributional processes) of the satisfaction of others. Evidence can be evinced from both the industrial, organizational and social psychological literature on misperception and misattribution of others' internal states. Misperception of workers' needs by both management and labor has been reported by Gluskinos and Kestleman (1971) while Moore (1974) demonstrated that supervisors' perception of learning time differed from those of both superiors and subordinates. Differential perceptions and attributions of individuals within a group are consistently found in the social
The CD4-Mediated Immune Response Is Critical in Determining the Outcome of Infection Using Theiler's Viruses with VP1 Capsid Protein Point Mutations

Abstract Daniel's strain of Theiler's virus (DA) induces a chronic demyelinating disease in the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible SJL mice, which serves as an excellent model of multiple sclerosis. We previously demonstrated that point mutations near a putative virus receptor-binding site [VP1 99 (Gly to Ser) or 100 (Gly to Asp)] totally attenuate the ability of DA to persist and induce demyelination in SJL mice. The current studies demonstrate that class II-restricted CD4 + T cells play a major role in clearing VP1 mutant DA viruses from the CNS to prevent demyelination. Infection of SJL CD4 (−/−) mice with DA-VP1-99(Ser) or DA-VP1-100(Asp) resulted in virus persistence and prominent demyelination in the spinal cord. In contrast, infection of SJL CD8 (−/−) mice with DA-VP1-99(Ser) or DA-VP1-100 did not result in virus persistence or demyelination. In addition, no virus-specific cytotoxicity was observed in CNS-infiltrating lymphocytes following infection of SJL mice with VP1 mutant viruses. The mutant DA-VP1-99(Ser) and DA-VP1(100) viruses were in fact neurovirulent when compared to the wild-type DA virus, as they induced an overwhelming encephalitis and early lethality (2 to 4 days postinfection) in mice deficient in the IFN-α/β receptor. Therefore, the nondemyelinating phenotype observed with DA-VP1-99(Ser) and DA-VP1-100(Asp) viruses is dependent in part on the CD4-mediated host immune response.
Failure of radioactive iodine in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism after treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI) is common and many patiedlxnts require either additional doses or surgery before they are cured. The purpose of this study was to identify patterns and predictors of failure of RAI in patients with hyperthyroidism. We conducted a retrospective review of patients treated with RAI from 2007 to 2010. Failure of RAI was defined as receipt of additional dose(s) and/or total thyroidectomy. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, we conducted univariate analysis to identify factors associated with failure of RAI. A final multivariate model was then constructed with significant (p < 0.05) variables from the univariate analysis. Of the 325 patients analyzed, 74 patients (22.8 %) failed initial RAI treatment, 53 (71.6 %) received additional RAI, 13 (17.6 %) received additional RAI followed by surgery, and the remaining 8 (10.8 %) were cured after thyroidectomy. The percentage of patients who failed decreased in a stepwise fashion as RAI dose increased. Similarly, the incidence of failure increased as the presenting T3 level increased. Sensitivity analysis revealed that RAI doses <12.5 mCi were associated with failure while initial T3 and free T4 levels of at least 4.5 pg/mL and 2.3 ng/dL, respectively, were associated with failure. In the final multivariate analysis, higher T4 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.26; p = 0.02) and methimazole treatment (HR 2.55; 95 % CI 1.22–5.33; p = 0.01) were associated with failure. Laboratory values at presentation can predict which patients with hyperthyroidism are at risk for failing RAI treatment. Higher doses of RAI or surgical referral may prevent the need for repeat RAI in selected patients.
The LxVP and PxIxIT NFAT Motifs Bind Jointly to Overlapping Epitopes on Calcineurin’s Catalytic Domain Distant to the Regulatory Domain

The serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin (Cn) targets the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFATs) that activate cytokine genes. Calcium influx activates Cn to dephosphorylate multiple serine residues within the ∼200 residue NFAT regulatory domain, which triggers joint nuclear translocation of NFAT and Cn. The dephosphorylation process relies on the interaction between Cn and the conserved motifs PxIxIT and LxVP, which are located N- and C-terminal to the phosphorylation sites in NFAT's regulatory domain. Here, we show that an NFATc1-derived 15-residue peptide segment containing the conserved LxVP motif binds to an epitope on Cn's catalytic domain (CnA), which overlaps with the previously established PxIxIT binding site on CnA and is distant to the regulatory domain (CnB). Both NFAT motifs partially compete for binding but do not fully displace each other on the CnA epitope, revealing that both segments bind simultaneously to the same epitope on the catalytic domain.
A position-sensitive detector for neutron powder diffraction

A linear position-sensitive detector has been constructed with an array of three proportional counters and installed on the neutron powder diffractometer at the University of Missouri Research Reactor. The event position is determined by the charge division method using digital arithmetic. Consideration has been given to the corrections necessary to account for the differences in detection efficiency, solid angle, dead time and resolution for different points along the detector, caused by the finite thickness and tangential orientation of the detectors. An important feature of the instrument is an oscillating radial collimator with high transmission placed between the sample and detector which enables the system to have low background and a high signal-to-noise ratio. By considering the angular rate of accumulating data, the peak intensity per channel and the resolution of a Bragg diffraction peak, the enchancement factor for the position-sensitive detector is estimated to be about 50 compared to a single detector with a step scan. This allows experiments to be performed with better statistics, better resolution and smaller samples, and enables marginal experiments to be worthwhile. A number of structures have been refined with this detector using Rietveld analysis including a new rare-earth-transition-metal phase whose structure has been solved from the powder diffraction data.
A catalog of SCN1A variants

Over the past 10 years mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels (Na(v)s) have become closely associated with inheritable forms of epilepsy. One isoform in particular, Na(v)1.1 (gene symbol SCN1A), appears to be a superculprit, registering with more than 330 mutations to date. The associated phenotypes range from benign febrile seizures to extremely serious conditions, such as Dravet's syndrome (SMEI). Despite the wealth of information, mutational analyses are cumbersome, owing to inconsistencies among the Na(v)1.1 sequences to which different research groups refer. Splicing variability is the core problem: Na(v)1.1 co-exists in three isoforms, two of them lack 11 or 28 amino acids compared to full-length Na(v).1.1. This review establishes a standardized nomenclature for Na(v)1.1 variants so as to provide a platform from which future mutation analyses can be started without need for up-front data normalization. An online resource--SCN1A infobase--is introduced.
Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia in Sickle Cell Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia frequently occurs in immunocompromised hosts. Unlike encapsulated bacteria and Mycoplasma, CMV pneumonia has not been reported in sickle cell disease. We describe a case of a healthy young man with sickle cell thalassemia who died with CMV pneumonia.
Approximation Orders of and Approximation Maps from Local Principal Shift-Invariant Spaces

Approximation orders of shift-invariant subspaces of Lp(Rd), 2 ? p ? ∞, generated by the shifts of one compactly supported function are considered. In that course, explicit approximation maps are constructed. The approach avoids quasi-interpolation and applies to stationary and non-stationary refinements. The general results are specialized to box spline spaces, to obtain new results on their approximation orders.
Where next for family planning

This article discusses the comeback of family planning after years of controversy over certain family planning programs throughout the world. It states that to take advantage of the opportunity to re-emerge family planning it will require a major reorientation of the design of family planning programs--away from a focus on the couples who are easiest to reach toward couples who are poor and excluded and who most need and want family planning services.
New observational constraints on the M87 jet

New observations at 1.6-3.45 microns confirm the presence of a dramatic (change in spectral index of approximately 1) break between radio-IR wavelengths and 6,000 A in the spectrum of the M87 jet. These data, in combination with data taken in other spectral regions, show that the individual knots in the M87 jet have nearly the same spectral indices and nearly the same large (change in spectral index of approximately 1) spectral break. This large spectral break and the constancy of spectral properties between the knots pose serious constraints for models of the M87 jet.
Consumer Sovereignty, Prices and Preferences for Higher‐order Goods

This paper considers two arguments for markets: prices, within them, allow us to coordinate our activities in situations of dispersed knowledge and ignorance, and markets foster consumer sovereignt...
Can Russia Learn from China in Its Quest for WTO Entry

This paper reviews Russia's foreign trade policy and trade-related issues in its World Trade Organization entry negotiations. The disputes between Russia and its major trade partners are analyzed. The discussion focuses on Russia's economic structure, corporate governance, and market access to agriculture and service sectors. Russia's experience is compared with China's entry application to the WTO, and the disputes hindering the final agreement are discussed. Suggestions are made for Russian policy-makers to learn from China to structurally reform Russia's economic and trade regimes to meet WTO requirements and to promote its economic growth and global economic integration.
Pore architecture and ion sites in acid-sensing ion channels and P2X receptors

Acid-sensing ion channels are proton-activated, sodium-selective channels composed of three subunits, and are members of the superfamily of epithelial sodium channels, mechanosensitive and FMRF-amide peptide-gated ion channels. These ubiquitous eukaryotic ion channels have essential roles in biological activities as diverse as sodium homeostasis, taste and pain. Despite their crucial roles in biology and their unusual trimeric subunit stoichiometry, there is little knowledge of the structural and chemical principles underlying their ion channel architecture and ion-binding sites. Here we present the structure of a functional acid-sensing ion channel in a desensitized state at 3 A resolution, the location and composition of the ∼8 A ‘thick’ desensitization gate, and the trigonal antiprism coordination of caesium ions bound in the extracellular vestibule. Comparison of the acid-sensing ion channel structure with the ATP-gated P2X4 receptor reveals similarity in pore architecture and aqueous vestibules, suggesting that there are unanticipated yet common structural and mechanistic principles. P2X receptors are ATP-gated non-selective cation channels involved in nociception and inflammatory responses, whose structures were unknown. Kawate et al. now present the crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in a closed state. The trimeric structure reveals some of the molecular underpinnings of ligand-binding, cation entry and channel gating. A related paper presents the structure of chicken acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) in a desensitized state. Like P2X receptors, ASICs are trimeric, but they belong to an entirely different family of ion channels. The structure determination of ASIC1 shows how ion permeation and desensitization may occur, and comparison of ASIC and P2X structures suggests that these functionally distinct channels employ similar mechanistic principles. Like P2X receptors, acid-sensing ion channels are trimeric in structure; however, they belong to an entirely different family. Here, the structure of an acid-sensing ion channel is presented and compared to the structure of P2X4, suggesting that these functionally distinct channels use similar mechanistic principles.
The Relationship between Perceived and Objective Price-Quality:

Four studies were conducted to assess the accuracy with which consumers perceive objective price-quality relationships. Results across four studies indicate that, overall, consumers perceive object...
Evaluating the N/O Chemical Network: The Distribution of N2O and NO in the Sagittarius B2 Complex

Mapping observations of the J = 6 → 5 transition of N2O and the Π, J = 3/2 → 1/2 line of NO in the 2 mm band toward the core region of the Sagittarius B2 complex have been carried out using the Kitt Peak 12 m telescope. Emission from NO was found to be extended over a region 2' × 5' in size that includes the Sgr B2 (N), Sgr B2 (M), and Sgr B2 (OH) positions, very similar to the distribution found for HNO. In contrast, N2O emission was confined to a source approximately 1' in extent, slightly elongated in the north-south direction and centered on the Sgr B2 (N) core. A virtually identical distribution was found for the JKτ = 140 → 14-1 E transition of methanol, which lies 255 K above ground state and samples very hot gas. Excitation conditions are favorable for the J = 6 → 5 line of N2O over the entire NO region; hence, the confined nature of this species is a result of chemistry. The J = 3 → 2 and J = 9 → 8 lines of N2O at 75 and 226 GHz, respectively, were also detected at Sgr B2 (N). Combined with the J = 6 → 5 data, these transitions indicate a column density for this molecule of Ntot ~ 1.5 × 1015 cm-2 at this position and an abundance of f(N2O/H2) ~ 1.5 × 10-9. This fractional abundance is almost 2 orders of magnitude higher than predicted by low-temperature chemical models. The N2O observations suggest that this molecule is preferentially formed in high-temperature gas; a likely mechanism is the neutral-neutral reaction NO + NH → N2O + H, which has an appreciable rate only at T > 125 K. The column density of NO found over the Sgr B2 cloud was Ntot ~ (0.8-1.5) × 1016 cm-2, corresponding to a fractional abundance of f(NO/H2) ~ (0.8-1.5) × 10-8, which is about 1 order of magnitude less than model predictions. The similar distributions of NO and HNO suggest a chemical connection. It is likely that the major route to HNO is from NO via the ion-molecule process NO + HNO+ → NO+ + HNO, which occurs readily at low temperatures. The NO molecule thus appears to be the main precursor species in the N/O chemical network.
Metropolitan growth in transition.

Abstract Two hypotheses are tested in this exploration of how factors influencing metropolitan migration have changed. Results show that the traditional model of economic opportunity fails to meet the criteria of “symmetry” and “timelessness.” Determinants of migration differ substantially between samples of rapidly growing and relatively declining metropolitan areas and between time periods examined.
Singly laid mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) eggs resist mortality from water mold infection

Parasites and pathogens are noteworthy forces in evolutionary and population biology. Water molds are known to infect and kill amphibian eggs, and masses placed in clusters sometimes suffer greater losses. Thus, selection may favor single oviposition behavior in which females scatter individual eggs to avoid contact with dead eggs, thereby lowering the chances of hyphal spread. I tested the hypothesis that eggs in physical contact with dead eggs are more susceptible to death via pathogen infection using a singly laying urodele, the mole salamander, whose congeners mostly lay eggs in masses. Focal eggs were placed in replicated containers with variable egg contact (physically touching or separated) by treatment eggs that varied in status (dead or alive). The effect of egg arrangement was significant, with focal eggs surviving better to hatching when not contacting treatment eggs. Although treatment egg status (dead vs. alive) was not influential on its own, the interaction between egg contact and status was an important determinant of focal egg survival. Only when eggs were physically touching was it important whether they were dead or alive. Moreover, when eggs were touching there was a significant positive association between focal egg survival and the number of surviving treatment eggs. Water mold infected most dead eggs in all treatment groups. This study shows that mole salamander eggs are more likely to die when touching other eggs that have perished, most likely because of a greater chance of water mold infection. Such mortality may have contributed to diversification of egg-laying behavior in amphibians and shows a potentially compounding fitness cost of diminished fertilization success and embryo viability.
Modeling Entrance into STEM Fields of Study Among Students Beginning at Community Colleges and Four-Year Institutions

In this study, a theoretical model is tested to examine factors shaping the decision to pursue STEM fields of study among students entering community colleges and four-year institutions, based on a nationally representative sample of high school graduates from 2004. Applying the social cognitive career theory and multi-group structural equation modeling analysis, this research highlights a number of findings that may point to specific points of intervention along students’ educational pathway into STEM. This study also reveals important heterogeneity in the effects of high school and postsecondary variables based on where students start their postsecondary education: community colleges or four-year institutions. For example, while high school exposure to math and science courses appears to be a strong influence on four-year beginners’ STEM interest, its impact on community college beginners’ STEM interest, albeit being positive, is much smaller. In addition, college academic integration and financial aid receipt exhibit differential effects on STEM entrance, accruing more to four-year college students and less to those starting at community colleges.
Bioretention function under climate change scenarios in North Carolina, USA

Summary The effect of climate change on stormwater controls is largely unknown. Evaluating such effects is important for understanding how well resiliency can be built into urban watersheds by implementing these systems. Bioretention areas with varied media depths, in situ soil types, drainage configurations, and surface infiltration capabilities have previously been monitored, modelled, and calibrated using the continuous simulation model, DRAINMOD. In this study, data from downscaled climate projections for 2055 through 2058 were utilized in these models to evaluate changes in system hydrologic function under two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). The results were compared to those generated using a “Base” scenario of observed data from 2001 to 2004. The results showed a modest change in the overall water balance of the system. In particular, the frequency and magnitude of overflow from the systems substantially increased under the climate change scenarios. As this represents an increase in the amount of uncontrolled, untreated runoff from the contributing watersheds, it is of particular concern. Further modelling showed that between 9.0 and 31.0 cm of additional storage would be required under the climate change scenarios to restrict annual overflow to that of the base scenario. Bioretention surface storage volume and infiltration rate appeared important in determining a system’s ability to cope with increased yearly rainfall and higher rainfall magnitudes. As climate change effects vary based on location, similar studies should be performed in other locations to determine localized effects on stormwater controls.
Functional Respiratory Disorders

Learning objectives Reading this article will enable health care providers to recognize and to diagnose paroxysmal sneezing, sighing dyspnea, habit cough, and vocal cord dysfunction and to reinforce their knowledge of the epidemiology, etiopathology, clinical features, and treatment of these disorders. Data sources The literature was reviewed using a MEDLINE search for information relating to the above-mentioned disorders. Indexing terms used included psychogenic wheezing, vocal cord dysfunction, functional respiratory disorders, sighing dyspnea, paroxysmal sneezing, habit cough, and psychogenic stridor. Review was restricted to English language articles from 1966 onward, with cross-referencing to obtain older references. Study selection All human studies that clearly identified the above-mentioned disorders as being nonorganic on the basis of historic and appropriate laboratory evaluation were reviewed. No studies were rejected on the basis of subject age, although special emphasis was given to articles concerning children and adolescents ( Results Functional respiratory disorders are common and affect mostly children, adolescents, and young adults, resulting in considerable morbidity and contributing significantly to patient and physician cost and frustration. A history of a psychiatric disorder with temporally related psychogenic stressors is frequently found. Professionals disagree on the technical classification of some of these conditions (ie, psychosomatic versus somatoform), but there is agreement that treatment directed toward underlying stressors should be the cornerstone of therapy. Conclusions Functional respiratory disorders must be considered in patients with atypical symptoms, especially those resistant to conventional therapy. Possible psychogenic stressors must be inquired into and, when identified, treated in a multidisciplinary manner. This may involve reassurance regarding the absence of significant organic abnormality, counseling, and occasional recourse to formal psychiatric intervention.
Subaerial storm deposits formed on barrier flats by wind-driven currents

Abstract Coastal storm deposits produced by moderate- to high-velocity wind-driven currents are documented on aerial photographs of Texas Gulf Coast barriers following Hurricanes Carla, Beulah, and Celia. Sedimentary features on back-barrier flats that serve as criteria for inferring wind-driven currents include: (1) counterclockwise curvature of washover channels, (2) flame-shaped fans emerging from deeply incised channels, (3) closely spaced, slightly curved striations, (4) transverse sand waves along bay shorelines, and in some cases, (5) rhomboid bed forms. Flame-shaped and striated fans composed of sand and shell fragments also form on higher ground between washover channels. These fans coalesce laterally to form thin sediment wedges with crenulated landward and seaward margins; sediment by-pass areas separate these wedges from storm berms. The preserved storm features were formed after storm landfall by undirectional flow. Surface drift velocities, which lack precision because of underlying assumptions, were estimated by (1) small-wave theory applied to rhomboid bed forms, (2) ratios of surface drift velocity to wind velocity (3–5%), and (3) calculations based on drag coefficients. These estimates suggest that average wind-driven currents were between 1.3 and 2.9 m/sec.
Making Home Health Social Work More Effective

As part of the recent growth in home health care, social workers play an important role in providing services to homebound patients and their families. However, current reimbursement methods have impeded the provision of effective and efficient social work services. This paper explores alternative methods for reimbursement of social work services, and suggests additional ways in which home health social work can become more effective.
Electro-optical detection of single λ-DNA

Single λ-DNA molecules are detected on a nanopore-gated optofluidic chip electrically and optically. Statistical variations in the single particle trajectories are used to predict the intensity distribution of the fluorescence signals.
Computerized analysis of TV images for ultrasensitive monitoring of the reaction of fluorochrome with protein

Abstract Preparation of protein-specific fluorescent probes with the desired degree of fluorochrome can be greatly facilitated by a technique that combines thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with quantitative image analysis (QIA). Using TLC QIA , the investigator can determine the fluorochrome/protein ratio on-line with only a few micrograms of protein as fluorochrome is conjugated to protein. In addition, this technique allows rapid quantitation of dye noncovalently adsorbed to fluorochrome-labeled protein.
EU media policy and/as cultural policy: economic and cultural tensions in MEDIA 2007

This article is an examination of the cultural and economic tensions that arise in the formulation and implementation of media policy in the European Union. Through an analysis of the MEDIA 2007 program, the authors investigate how the priorities of cultural policy and media policy interact and conflict. EU policy goals from the mid‐2000s onwards have emphasized attention to the economic potential of the creative and cultural industries, which complicates the cultural potential of audiovisual media. MEDIA 2007 in particular demonstrates these tensions, as the design of this policy mechanism emphasized audiovisual media’s potential for European economic growth as a precondition for achieving cultural objectives.
Preparation and characterization of Pd/Ni thin films for hydrogen sensing

Abstract To investigate a newly proposed hydrogen sensing method, Pd100−xNix (x = 8, 9, 12, 15) thin films are deposited on rough α-Al2O3 substrates by electron beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. The structure and composition of the Pd/Ni films are studied by X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, and scanning electron microscopy. At 22°C, the electrical resistance increases with increasing hydrogen concentration and the steady-state response to hydrogen in the presence of nitrogen is significantly larger than that of Pd/Ni thin-film sensors reported in the literature. The sensor response time is typically several tens of seconds. The sensor can operate after exposure to air for more than half a year. Oxygen has little effect on sensor response time and steady response. Exposure to several percent of CO for several minutes can increase the sensor response time significantly. Several possible remedies for CO poisoning are proposed. The sensor sensitivity decreases with increasing temperature, rendering the sensor insentive above 100°C.
Cation ordering in synthetic low-calcium actinolite

A series of low-Ca (1.8–1.65 atoms Ca per formula unit) actinolites were synthesized in the system CaO-FeO-MgO-SiO2-H2O with bulk compositions of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mol% ferro-actinolite when projected onto the tremolite–ferro-actinolite join for the purpose of determining the cation site occupancies as a function of bulk composition. Syntheses were done by multiple treatments of the oxide-metal mixtures in internally heated gas vessels at 600–800 °C, 6 kbar, f O2 near the Co-CoO buffer, which is sufficiently low to prevent the appearance of Fe3+ in this study, and for total durations up to 774 hours. Bulk compositions of the synthesis products were assessed by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM), and by using unit-cell dimensions (CD method), whereas the site occupancies were assessed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinements, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Selected-area electron-diffraction (SAED) patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images were obtained to study the structure and defects of the samples. A maximum of about 2% non-amphibole chain-multiplicity faults (CMFs) were observed in the sample with 10 mol% ferro-actinolite component, indicating the strong reduction in CMFs that occurs with only a small addition of ferro-actinolite to tremolitic amphiboles. This study, as with earlier studies, found no significant preferential partitioning of Fe and Mg relative to the bulk Fe content of the sample at the M1 and M3 sites, weak partitioning of Mg relative to Fe into the M2 site, and strong partitioning of Fe relative to Mg at the M4 site. No ferric iron was detected. The partitioning of Fe and Mg at the M4 site was modeled by a simple ideal-activity, two-site exchange reaction using the actinolites from this study and those of previous studies with bulk Fe/(Fe + Mg) 0.3 and with low Al, Mn, and Na contents using 1 bar and 298K values of Δ G ° = 62 kJ and Δ S ° = 54 J/K. The FTIR data were analyzed for the presence of short-range order of Fe and Mg at the M1 and M3 sites but none was found.
Infant Exposures and Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)

(hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% CI, 1.04-3.51, and HR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.26-7.24, respectively), adjusting for the HLA-DR genotype, first-degree relative with T1DM, maternal education, and delivery type. Specifically, early exposure to fruit and late exposure to rice/oat predicted T1DM (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.14-4.39, and HR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.36-6.11, respectively), while breastfeeding at the time of introduction to wheat/barley conferred protection (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26-0.86). Complicated vaginal delivery was also a predictor of T1DM (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.03-3.61).
Compositional dependence of cation impurity gettering in Hg 1-x Cd x Te

Cation impurity gettering in Hg1−xCdxTe is described in the context of process models which include the interactions of the impurities and the dominant native point defects. Experimental results are presented using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) profiles of Au redistribution in Hg1−xCdxTe (x = 0.2,0.3,0.4) following Hg anneals and ion mills, which are processes known to inject excess Hg interstitials. In either process, the IB impurity distributes preferentially to high vacancy regions. The junction depth of the low to high impurity transition is determined by SIMS. For Hg-rich anneals of Au-doped high vacancy concentration material, the impurity junction behavior with respect to anneal time and temperature is compared to that expected for type converted electrical junctions in vacancy-only material. For milled Au-doped Hg0.7Cd0.3Te with a high vacancy concentration, the impurity junction depths are approximately proportional to the amount of material removed, as was the case with x = 0.2 material. Hg anneal type-conversion rates are found to have a strong compositional dependence which compares favorably with the strong self-diffusion coefficient dependence on x-value. In contrast, the mill conversion rate has a weak x-value dependence. Effects of trace vs dominant Au levels compared to the background vacancy concentration are quantified. True decoration of intrinsic defect processes requires Au <<[Cation Vacancies].
Brassica cover cropping for weed management: A review

Cover crops offer many benefits for farmers seeking to reduce their reliance on external inputs. These include maintaining and improving soil quality, preventing erosion and, in some cases, allelopathic weed control. Allelopathic potential has been well documented for cover crops such as cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Much less is known about other potentially allelopathic cover crops, including certain brassicaceous species that are normally grown for their oilseeds, including canola and rapeseed (both Brassica napus L.) and mustards (e.g., Sinapis alba L., white and yellow mustard). Because of their potential contribution to pest management, there is increased interest in growing brassicas, both as cover crops and as seed crops harvested for oil production. In this review, we first discuss unique attributes of brassicas that make them promising options for pest management, as well as generally beneficial cover crops. Next, we review the literature from controlled settings on the effects of brassicas, brassica extracts and isolated compounds contained therein on seed germination, seedling emergence and establishment, and seedling growth—effects that, combined or taken alone, could contribute to reducing the density and vigor of weed communities in the field. Field studies examining the detrimental effects of brassicas in rotation with other crops, as well as examining the effects of brassica cover crops on weed dynamics in subsequent crops, also are reviewed. Finally, we review some important agronomic considerations about the use of brassica cover crops.
Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis

Vitamin D is a principal regulator of calcium homeostasis. However, recent evidence has indicated that vitamin D can have numerous other physiological functions including inhibition of proliferation of a number of malignant cells including breast and prostate cancer cells and protection against certain immune mediated disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). The geographic incidence of MS indicates an increase in MS with a decrease in sunlight exposure. Since vitamin D is produced in the skin by solar or UV irradiation and high serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) have been reported to correlate with a reduced risk of MS, a protective role of vitamin D is suggested. Mechanisms whereby the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) may act to mediate this protective effect are reviewed. Due to its immunosuppressive actions, it has been suggested that 1,25(OH)2D3 may prevent the induction of MS. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 338–343, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In-Situ Swelling For Holographic Color Control

Deliberate variations of the emulsion thickness between holographic exposures and reconstruction produce a range of output wavelengths from a fixed exposure wavelength, a technique known as "pseudo-color" multi-color reflection holography. Usual methods require the removal of the film or plate from the holographic setup between exposures for imbibition of a swelling agent, followed by drying and replacement, so that a retention of the swelling agent forces a physical increase in the thickness of the emulsion. The density (and hence the thickness) of the gelatin binder can also be varied by changing its electrolytic environment. By immersing the holographic emulsion in a suitable solution, allowing it to come to a new equilibrium thickness, and exposing with a long-wavelength laser, shorter wavelength reconstructions can be obtained without removing the film or plate from the setup. Accurate changes of solution can make a precise sequence of swellings possible, producing multiple reconstruction colors from a set of constant-wavelength recordings. Here we describe pre-treatments of the emulsion that make rapid and stable equilibria possible, and swelling bath sequences that produce color primaries suitable for full-color computer-graphic holographic imagery.
Maternal Substance Use and HIV Status: Adolescent Risk and Resilience.

We examined the risk and protective factors and mental health problems of 105 low SES, urban adolescents whose mothers were coping with alcohol abuse and other drug problems. Approximately half of the mothers were also HIV-infected. As hypothesized, there were few differences between adolescents of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers in background characteristics, mental health issues and current substance use risk behaviors. In addition to maternal substance abuse, youth in both groups experienced similar risk factors including early foster care placement and high levels of maltreatment. Current patterns of emerging risk behaviors were evident among youth in both groups as well as signs of resiliency including high levels of school attendance. These results underscore the importance of interventions for youth of substance abusing mothers, particularly those living in urban poverty.
Issues in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

A review of the issues surrounding the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is presented in this paper. Discussed are complications in diagnosis resulting from inconsistent agreement about what's considered “normal” impairment in the elderly. Also discussed are diagnostic complications resulting from factors other than dementia that produce AD-like symptoms and deficits (depression, psychosocial issues). A definition of AD is presented, along with an explanation of the course of data and is a rived at through the exclusion of other possibilities. Clinical indicators of whether a patient possibly has AD, probably has it, or definitely has it, are also discussed.
When does CalPERS’ activism add value?

The California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS) is a pioneer of shareholder activism and a leading proponent of governance reform among public pension funds. We examine factors (such as board structure, ownership structure, past performance, and size of target firms, as well as proposed governance reform) that may be associated with the value of CalPERS’ activism. The results can be useful in guiding institutional governance efforts in the future. The results show that poor prior performance, smaller firm size, and a larger board are associated with greater announcement period returns. In addition, there is weak evidence of greater announcement returns when the board includes a greater number of insiders, CEO ownership is high, and director and officer (excluding CEO) ownership is low.
Eigenvalue bounds for AB+BA, with A,B positive definite matrices

Abstract Bounds are derived for the eigenvalues of the Hermitian matrix C given by C = AB + BA , where A and B are positive definite, Hermitian, complex matrices. A sufficient condition is given for C to be positive definite.
Approximate Solution to Inverse Scattering Problem for Potentials With Small Support

Let q(x) be a real-valued function with compact support D ⊂ R 3 . Given the scattering amplitude A(α', α, k) for all α', α ∈ S 2 and a fixed frequency k > 0, the moments of q(x) up to the second order are found using a computationally simple and relatively stable two-step procedure. First, one finds the zeroth moment (total intensity) and the first moment (centre of inertia) of the potential q. Second, one refines the above moments and finds the tensor of the second central moments of q. Asymptotic error estimates are given for these moments as d = diam (D) → 0. Physically, this means that (k 2 + sup | q(x))d 2 << 1 and sup |q(x)|d << k. The found moments give an approximate position and the shape of the support of q. In particular, an ellipsoid D and a real constant q are found, such that the potential q(x) = q, x ∈ D, and q(x) = 0, x? D, produces the scattering data which fit best the observed scattering data and has the same zeroth, first, and second moments as the desired potential. A similar algorithm for finding the shape of D given only the modulus of the scattering amplitude A (α', α) is also developed.
Indecent coverage? Protecting the goals of health insurance from the impact of co-payments.

As pressures increase to contain growing healthcare expenditures, there is currently a prominent rise in the shift of healthcare costs to patients in the form of deductibles, co-pays, and co-insurance. Rising co-payments are part of a larger picture of increasing overall out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures. From 1990 to 2000, per capita out-of-pocket payments for healthcare reached $707 in the United States, and doubled in several European countries with universal health insurance, reaching $396 in Denmark, $290 in Germany, and $466 in Italy in 2000.
Comfort Zone-Design Free Stalls: Do They Influence the Stall Use Behavior of Lame Cows?

The behavior of 59 cows in 4 herds, each with Comfort Zone-design free stalls with dimensions suitable for 700-kg, mature Holstein dairy cows, was filmed for a 48-h period. Comparison was made between nonlame, slightly lame, and moderately lame cows on either rubber-crumb-filled mattress stall surfaces bedded with a small amount of sawdust (2 herds) or a Pack Mat design, which consisted of a rubber-crumb-filled mattress pad installed 5 cm below a raised rear curb, bedded with 5 to 8 cm of sand bedding (2 herds). All other stall design components were similar. Despite adequate resting space and freedom to perform normal rising and lying movements, lame cows on mattresses stood in the stall for >2 h longer than nonlame cows. Although a significant increase in stall standing behavior was observed in lame cows on Pack Mat stalls, the mean (95% confidence interval) standing time in the stall was only 0.7 (0 to 3.0) h/d for nonlame cows and 1.6 (0 to 4.2) h/d for moderately lame cows, which was less than the 2.1 (0 to 4.4), 4.3 (1.6 to 6.9), and 4.9 (2.5 to 7.3) h/d spent standing in the stall for nonlame, slightly lame, and moderately lame cows on mattresses, respectively. This observation supports the hypothesis that it is the nature of the stall surface that dictates changes in stall standing behavior observed in lame cows, rather than other components of stall design. The finding that only 5 to 8 cm of sand over a mattress pad provides most of the benefits of deep sand-bedded stalls, along with other advantages related to stall maintenance and manure handling, gives farmers another useful housing alternative with which to improve cow comfort and well-being.
HIV and refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB).

We report the case of a 36 year old man who was hospitalized with pneumonia and pancytopenia with refractory anemia with excess blasts confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. He was subsequently found to have advanced HIV infection. Both the HIV infection and the myelodysplastic syndrome responded to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with sustained normalization of his hematologic abnormalities within 79 days.
Buspirone fails to affect the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine

Abstract Rats were trained to descriminate 4.0 mg/kg cocaine from saline in a two-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination paradigm. Cocaine (0.5–8.0 mg/kg, IP) produced a dose-related increase in cocaine-appropriate responding, with the training dose of 4.0 mg/kg being the lowest dose that met criterion (> 90% cocaine-appropriate responding over the entire session) for substitution. Pretreatment with buspirone (2.0–16 mg/kg, IP) did not attenuate the discriminative stimulus properties of 4.0 mg/kg cocaine at doses up to those that caused complete suppression of responding (16 mg/kg, IP). In contrast, combinations of 0.12 mg/kg haloperidol with 4.0 mg/kg cocaine-appropriate responding from 100 to 65% while suppressing response rate to 50% of the response rate seen with the 4.0-mg/kg dose of cocaine alone. Thus, behaviorally active doses of buspirone failed to attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in a sensitive behavioral paradigm.
Accuracy of a Portable Inclinometer for Recording Frequency of Trunk Sagittal Flexion

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of a newly developed portable inclinometer (BackTalk) to capture extreme trunk postural data in occupational settings. The device provides information about preselected flexion angles and their frequency. Four devices were simultaneously compared with an electrogoniometer at various combinations of speed and symmetric/asymmetric postures. The results showed that, overall, the BackTalk devices were very successful in detecting sagittal postures at flexion angles of 30° and 45° for all three speeds. However, the average success rate for identifying postures at 15° was only 54.3%. Therefore, if the device is to be used in situations that are highly dynamic and involve small sagittal angles, it may have a high rate of missed recordings. Nervertheless, the BackTalk could be a useful research tool for quantifying the frequency and level of postural load experienced by industrial workers.
Importance of the amino terminus in secretin family G protein-coupled receptors: Intrinsic photoaffinity labeling establishes initial docking constraints for the calcitonin receptor

The calcitonin receptor is a member of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors, closely related to secretin and parathyroid hormone receptors. Although mechanisms of ligand binding have been directly explored for those receptors, current knowledge of the molecular basis of calcitonin binding to its receptor is based only on receptor mutagenesis. In this work we have utilized the more direct approach of photoaffinity labeling to explore spatial approximations between distinct residues within calcitonin and its receptor. For this we have developed two human calcitonin analogues incorporating a photolabile p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine residue in the mid-region and carboxyl-terminal half of the peptide in positions 16 and 26, respectively. Both probes specifically bound to the human calcitonin receptor with high affinity and were potent stimulants of cAMP accumulation in calcitonin receptor-bearing human embryonic kidney 293 cells. They covalently labeled the calcitonin receptor in a saturable and specific manner. Further purification, deglycosylation, specific chemical and enzymatic cleavage, and sequencing of labeled wild type and mutant calcitonin receptors identified the sites of labeling for the position 16 and 26 probes as receptor residues Phe137 and Thr30, respectively. Both were within the extracellular amino terminus of the calcitonin receptor, with the former adjacent to the first transmembrane segment and the latter within the distal amino-terminal tail of the receptor. These data are consistent with affinity labeling of other members of the class B G protein-coupled receptors using analogous probes and may suggest a common ligand binding mechanism for this family.