cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Activation of Penile Progenitor Cells With Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy.

Abstract Background We previously reported that progenitor cells, or stem cells, exist within penile tissue. We hypothesized that acoustic wave stimulation by low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) would activate local stem or progenitor cells within the penis, producing regenerative effects. Aims To study the feasibility of in situ penile progenitor cell activation by Li-ESWT. Methods We performed a cohort analysis of young and middle-age male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) pulse followed by Li-ESWT. In addition, Li-ESWT was applied to cultured Schwann cells and endothelial cells to study the molecular mechanism involved in cell proliferation. Thirty minutes before Li-ESWT, each rat received an intraperitoneal injection of EdU. Li-ESWT was applied to the penis at very low (0.02 mJ/mm 2 at 3 Hz for 300 pulses) or low (0.057 mJ/mm 2 at 3 Hz for 500 pulses) energy levels. The endothelial and Schwann cells were treated with very low energy (0.02 mJ/mm 2 at 3 Hz for 300 pulses) in vitro. Outcomes At 48 hours or 1 week after Li-ESWT, penile tissues were harvested for histologic study to assess EdU + and Ki-67 + cells, and cell proliferation, Ki-67 expression, Erk1/2 phosphorylation, translocation, and angiogenesis were examined in cultured Schwann and endothelial cells after Li-ESWT. Results Li-ESWT significantly increased EdU + cells within penile erectile tissues ( P Clinical Translation The present results provide a possible explanation for the clinical benefits seen with Li-ESWT. Strengths and Limitations The main limitation of the present project was the short period of study and the animal model used. Li-ESWT could be less effective in improving erectile function in old animals because of the decreased number and quality of penile stem or progenitor cells associated with aging. Conclusion Li-ESWT activation of local penile progenitor cells might be one of the mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of shockwave treatment for erectile dysfunction, which represents a non-invasive alternative to exogenous stem cell therapy. Lin G, Reed-Maldonado AB, Wang B, et al. In Situ Activation of Penile Progenitor Cells With Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy. J Sex Med 2017;14:493–501.
Studies on the nature of pain arising from an ischemic limb: II. Biochemical studies

Summary It is suggested that potassium plays a major role in the genesis of ischemic pain; this hypothesis is based partly on experimental work on animals, and, to some extent, on the clinical observations and biochemical studies we have presented. During muscular activity potassium is liberated from the cells. Under ischemic conditions, a physical factor is introduced which leads to a rapid accumulation of the potassium ion until it reaches the threshold required for stimulating the pain end organs in the muscle. It is further assumed that an increase in the activity of tissues other than muscle, possibly skin, might also result in discharge of potassium, and, under suitable ischemic conditions, result in pain.
Stories of transformation: using personal narrative to explore transformative experience among undergraduate peer mentors

AbstractWhile past researchers suggest undergraduate peer mentors (PMs) benefit from mentoring their peers, this experience is rarely associated with transformative learning. Using narrative analysis of authentic mentoring stories, we explored how particular types of mentoring experiences contribute to transformative learning for PMs of first-year university students. In this study, transformation was more likely when PMs engaged in meaningful routines and everyday practices; exercised purposeful “pretending” in unfamiliar aspects of their role; embraced challenge and surprise; regularly reflected on experiences; and were mentored by supportive faculty and staff. Findings have implications for PM selection and training, as well as program design.
Immune biomarkers and treatment (tx) outcome in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) patients (pts) treated with preoperative chemotherapy (preop chemo) plus bevacizumab (bev).

e12134Background: Though preliminary study of the BC immune microenvironment suggests that HR+ tumors are less immune-active than other subtypes, immune biomarkers may have important clinical implications in HR+ BC pts. Methods: 78 HR+/HER2- BC pts were enrolled on a prospective trial of preop bev followed by bev with adriamycin/cyclophosphamide/paclitaxel dose-dense chemo. Tumor samples were collected at diagnosis and surgery (pre-tx and post-tx). PD-L1 expression (by immunohistochemistry) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were scored. Whole transcriptome sequencing and Nanostring PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel were performed. Pathologic response at surgery was assessed by Miller-Payne (MP) and residual cancer burden (RCB) scores. We calculated adjusted correlations by linear/logistic regression for RCB/dichotomized MP, respectively. Results: 55 pts who received trial tx and had >1 analyzable specimen are included. Pre-tx TILs and tumor PD-L1 (tPD-L1) scores (see table) were slightly positively...
Tracheobronchomalacia Is Associated with Increased Morbidity in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Rationale: Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a common comorbidity in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, the effect of TBM on the clinical course of BPD is not well understood.Objectives: We sought to assess the impact of TBM on outcomes in neonates with BPD in a large, multicenter cohort.Methods: We performed a cohort study of 974 neonates with BPD admitted to 27 neonatal intensive care units participating in the Children’s Hospital Neonatal Database who had undergone bronchoscopy. In-hospital morbidity for neonates with BPD and TBM (n = 353, 36.2%) was compared with those without TBM (n = 621, 63.8%) using mixed-effects multivariate regression.Results: Neonates with TBM and BPD had more comorbidities, such as gastroesophageal reflux (odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–2.29; P = 0.001) and pneumonia (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.21–2.33; P = 0.002), and more commonly required surgeries, such as tracheostomy (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15–2.11; P = 0.005) and gastrostomy (OR, 1.38...
Closed-loop path following of traveling wave rectilinear motion through obstacle-strewn terrain

High-level, closed-loop traversal through obstacle-strewn environments remains an open and challenging endeavor for snake-like robotic platforms. Rectilinear forms of locomotion, despite their unique mobility advantages compared to other gait shapes, have seen relatively little progress toward this objective. A dynamical exposition of traveling wave rectilinear motion is reviewed and applied to generate a functional mapping from gait parameter space to corresponding averaged steady-behavior body velocities. We demonstrate the system dynamics, in this case, resemble that of a fixed forward-velocity unicycle where average body curvature presents itself as a versatile control input, modulating angular body velocity in a linear manner. Target body velocities computed to track non-trivial planned paths, then, are mapped to average body curvature commands, enabling autonomous path following, by a physical, multi-link robotic snake, through a series of distinct obstacle arrangements.
Management of the Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defect

A corneal epithelial defect typically heals quickly in the setting of an otherwise healthy ocular surface. However, underlying ocular surface diseases, such as dry eye syndrome, limbal stem cell deficiency, and neurotrophic keratopathy, as well as a history of diabetes, can slow the healing process [1]. Persistent epithelial defects occur when there is loss of the epithelial cell layer that does not heal within 2 weeks with conventional treatments, such as artificial tear application [2]. These cases can be challenging to manage, since they are often recalcitrant to standard therapies and can result in infection, scarring, thinning, and even perforation of the cornea. The clinical courses of three actual patients with persistent epithelial defects due to distinct underlying etiologies are presented, and their management is discussed.
Sub-noxious Intravesical Lipopolysaccharide Triggers Bladder Inflammation and Symptom Onset in A Transgenic Autoimmune Cystitis Model: A MAPP Network Animal Study

Patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) can potentially develop symptom flares after exposure to minor bladder irritants such as subclinical bacterial infection. To reproduce this symptom onset, we intravesically instilled a sub-noxious dose of uropathogenic E. coli component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in young URO-OVA/OT-I mice, a transgenic autoimmune cystitis model that spontaneously develops bladder inflammation at ≥10 weeks of age. Female URO-OVA/OT-I mice (6-weeks old) were treated intravesically with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS containing a sub-noxious dose (1 μg) of LPS. Mice were evaluated for bladder inflammation, pelvic pain, and voiding dysfunction at days 1, 7, and 14 post-treatment. Mice treated with LPS but not PBS developed early bladder inflammation with increased macrophage infiltration. Accordingly, the inflamed bladders expressed increased levels of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and pain mediator (substance P precursor). In addition, LPS-treated mice exhibited pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction such as increased urinary frequency and reduced bladder capacity. These functional changes sustained up to day 14 tested. Our results indicate that a single sub-noxious dose of intravesical LPS triggers early bladder inflammation and symptom onset in URO-OVA/OT-I mice, providing a useful model for IC/BPS symptom flare study.
Probing long-range ordering in nickel-base alloys with proton irradiation

Abstract Twelve commercial-grade austenitic alloys based on the Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe quaternary system were irradiated using 2 MeV protons at 360 °C to a damage level of 2.5 displacements per atom (dpa). Long-range ordered (Pt2Mo-type) precipitation under proton irradiation was observed, for the first time, in alloys C22, 625, 625P, 625D, 725, and 690. No relevant short-range ordering was observed. These irradiation-enhanced long-range ordered precipitates are coherent with the matrix despite their irregular shape. Of the potential influences on long-range ordering (Ni:Cr, and Ni:(Cr + Mo) ratios, Mo, and iron concentration), Fe content was the strongest by far. The volume fraction of LRO decreases with increasing Fe content by virtue of its role as a stabilizer of the disordered FCC phase, thus reducing the energy savings from ordering. The observed effects of Fe on long-range ordering show qualitative agreement with predictions from thermodynamic modeling. Although solid state diffusion kinetics dominate long-range ordering under purely thermal conditions, ordering under irradiation here (∼ 2.5dpa) is controlled by the thermodynamic driving force. Proton irradiation thus offers a unique approach for studying the low temperature phase transformation in a thermodynamically favored, but kinetically constrained condition.
Economics, Biology, and Naturalism: Three Problems Concerning the Question of Individuality

The paper examines the ramifications of naturalism with regard to the question of individuality in economics and biology. Economic theory has to deal with whether households, firms, and states are individuals or are mere entities such as clubs, networks, and coalitions. Biological theory has to deal with the same question with regard to cells, organisms, family packs, and colonies. To wit, the question of individuality in both disciplines involves three separate problems: the metaphysical, phenomenist, and ontological. The metaphysical problem is concerned with purposeful action: Is the firm or organism exclusively the product of efficient causality (optimization) or is it motivated by final causality (purposefulness)? The phenomenist problem is interested in the substantiality of essences: Is the firm's or organism's scheme of institutions/traits deep or is it extraneous to identity? The ontological problem is related to the issue of reductionism: Is the behavior of lower-level organization governed by a pre-constituted entities or is it context-sensitive? The paper finds that theoretical differences run along the naturalist/anti-naturalist divide rather than along disciplinary specialization. Also, the paper finds that it is not inconsistent for the same theorist to be naturalist with regard to one problem and anti-naturalist with respect to the other two problems.
Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Genetically Engineered Animals

The commercialization of genetically engineered animals, particularly food animals, may pose a number of legal and regulatory questions that have not been encountered before. In addressing these questions, it is helpful to distinguish between the process and the products of animal genetic engi neering. From a legal standpoint, the process of animal genetic engineering will probably be regulated in much the same manner as other currently used veterinary procedures and it is discussed briefly below.
An electromyographical evaluation of the validity of the 2-minute sit-up section of the Army Physical Fitness Test in measuring abdominal strength and endurance.

Objective: The aim was to evaluate electromyographically the validity of the sit-up section of the Army Physical Fitness Test as a way to assess abdominal endurance. Methods: Twenty-eight Reserve Officer Training Corps students at the University of Scranton (Scranton, PA) performed the test while eight electromyography surface electrodes picked up the activity of the rectus abdominus and rectus femoris muscles. The researchers analyzed three groups of five contractions from the beginning, middle, and the end of the test. The percentage area of each group of five contractions for each channel and for each of the 28 participants was averaged. Results: Two paired sample t tests were used to analyze the change in area for the left hip flexor and left abdominal muscle (t = 5.951, p < 0.001) and right hip flexor and right abdominal muscle (t = 5.025, p < 0.001). Results for both right and left sides indicate a statistically significant increase in the use of hip flexors as compared with abdominal muscles. Conclusion: Hip flexors can compensate for fatigued abdominal muscles, causing sit-ups to be performed unsafely, yet are still counted as correct according to Army Physical Fitness Test standards.
Intradermal sufentanil does not improve lidocaine-induced local anesthesia.

Purpose Peripheral opioid receptors may result in antinociceptive effects when occupied by opioids. This study examined intradermally injected sufentanil (S), a highly lipid soluble opioid, administered with and without lidocaine (L), in a thermal pain model.
Special considerations for biologic medications in pediatric ulcerative colitis

Introduction: More extensive disease, high rates of corticosteroid refractory and dependent disease, and the potential impact of disease on growth and development differentiate inflammatory bowel d...
The ARF-AID system: Methods that preserve endogenous protein levels and facilitate rapidly inducible protein degradation

The ARF-AID (Auxin Response Factor-Auxin Inducible Degron) system is a re-engineered auxin-inducible protein degradation system. Inducible degron systems are widely used to specifically and rapidly deplete proteins of interest in cell lines and organisms. An advantage of inducible degradation is that the biological system under study remains intact and functional until perturbation. This feature necessitates that the endogenous levels of the protein are maintained. However, endogenous tagging of genes with AID can result in chronic, auxin-independent proteasome-mediated degradation. The additional expression of the ARF-PB1 domain in the re-engineered ARF-AID system prevents chronic degradation of AID-tagged proteins while preserving rapid degradation of tagged proteins. Here we describe the protocol for engineering human cell lines to implement the ARF-AID system for specific and inducible protein degradation. These methods are adaptable and can be extended from cell lines to organisms.
Stochastic model predictive control with joint chance constraints

This article investigates model predictive control (MPC) of linear systems subject to arbitrary (possibly unbounded) stochastic disturbances. An MPC approach is presented to account for hard input constraints and joint state chance constraints in the presence of unbounded additive disturbances. The Cantelli–Chebyshev inequality is used in combination with risk allocation to obtain computationally tractable but accurate surrogates for the joint state chance constraints when only the mean and variance of the arbitrary disturbance distributions are known. An algorithm is presented for determining the optimal feedback gain and optimal risk allocation by iteratively solving a series of convex programs. The proposed stochastic MPC approach is demonstrated on a continuous acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation process, which is used in the production of biofuels.
A narrative review of advanced ventilator modes in the pediatric intensive care unit

Respiratory failure is a common reason for pediatric intensive care unit admission. The vast majority of children requiring mechanical ventilation can be supported with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) but certain cases with refractory hypoxemia or hypercapnia may require more advanced modes of ventilation. This paper discusses what we have learned about the use of advanced ventilator modes [e.g., high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), high-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV), high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA)] from clinical, animal, and bench studies. The evidence supporting advanced ventilator modes is weak and consists of largely of single center case series, although a few RCTs have been performed. Animal and bench models illustrate the complexities of different modes and the challenges of applying these clinically. Some modes are proprietary to certain ventilators, are expensive, or may only be available at well-resourced centers. Future efforts should include large, multicenter observational, interventional, or adaptive design trials of different rescue modes (e.g., PROSpect trial), evaluate their use during ECMO, and should incorporate assessments through volumetric capnography, electric impedance tomography, and transpulmonary pressure measurements, along with precise reporting of ventilator parameters and physiologic variables.
Structural diversification of hapalindole and fischerindole natural products via cascade biocatalysis.

Hapalindoles and related compounds (ambiguines, fischerindoles, welwitindolinones) are a diverse class of indole alkaloid natural products. They are typically isolated from the Stigonematales order...
TORS elective lingual tonsillectomy has less acute morbidity than therapeutic base of tongue TORS

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of diagnostic TORS lingual tonsillectomy (DTLT) on objective swallowing measures for carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP). Methods Between 10/2016-1/2020, 27 patients with p16+ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) level 2a nodal disease underwent DTLT and ipsilateral neck dissection for CUP. No patient had a history of cutaneous SCC. Patients participated in Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) three weeks post-TORS, which were then compared to those from a contemporaneous cohort of 40 patients with clinically-identified p16+ base of tongue (BOT) primary tumors. DIGEST scores were retrospectively calculated. Univariate and multivariate analysis performed, stratified by BOT glossectomy (n = 40) versus lingual tonsillectomy for CUP (n = 27). Radiation to the resected primary or potential primary sources was omitted if margins were ≥3 mm or if no primary identified. Results Twenty-seven consecutive patients with clinical stage cT0N1 HPV-associated OPSCC had a BOT primary pathologically identified in 18/27 (67%). Univariate analysis of functional swallow assessment on MBSImP correlated with improved post-TORS DIGEST scores for CUP. On multivariate analysis (MVA) DIGEST safety scores were improved for CUP than cT1 BOT glossectomy [Odds Ratio (OR) 0.28, p = 0.038]. MVA on matched pT1 CUP (n = 27) vs. pT1 BOT (n = 19), OR of moderate/severe dysphagia for CUP was 0.54 [0.12–2.38, p = 0.417] for DIGEST safety scores and 0.27 [0.06–1.18, p = 0.082] for DIGEST efficiency scores. Moderate/severe dysphagia as determined by DIGEST overall scores for CUP compared to cT1 and pT1 yielded an OR of 0.39 (p = 0.081) and 0.42 (p = 0.195), respectively. Twenty-six total patients received adjuvant RT, and 18 (11 with ≥3 mm margins, 9 with negative specimens) were spared intentional RT to the oropharynx. Median follow-up was 22.6 months with 100% PFS. Conclusions Patients undergoing DTLT for CUP demonstrated acute swallow defecits in the post-operative setting. A comparison of long-term functional results between DTLT and elective irradiation of the primary site should be studied. Level of evidence Level III.
X-ray crystallography reveals molecular recognition mechanism for sugar binding in a melibiose transporter MelB.

Major facilitator superfamily_2 transporters are widely found from bacteria to mammals. The melibiose transporter MelB, which catalyzes melibiose symport with either Na+, Li+, or H+, is a prototype of the Na+-coupled MFS transporters, but its sugar recognition mechanism has been a long-unsolved puzzle. Two high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of a Salmonella typhimurium MelB mutant with a bound ligand, either nitrophenyl-α-d-galactoside or dodecyl-β-d-melibioside, were refined to a resolution of 3.05 or 3.15 A, respectively. In the substrate-binding site, the interaction of both galactosyl moieties on the two ligands with MelBSt are virturally same, so the sugar specificity determinant pocket can be recognized, and hence the molecular recognition mechanism for sugar binding in MelB has been deciphered. The conserved cation-binding pocket is also proposed, which directly connects to the sugar specificity pocket. These key structural findings have laid a solid foundation for our understanding of the cooperative binding and symport mechanisms in Na+-coupled MFS transporters, including eukaryotic transporters such as MFSD2A. Guan and Hariharan report two crystal structures of melibiose transporter MelB in complex with substrate analogs, nitrophenyl-galactoside, and dodecyl-melibioside. Both structures revealed similar specific site for sugar recognition and resolved the cation-binding pocket, advancing the understanding of MelB and related transporters.
“White” Self-Identification: A Source of Uniqueness Threat:

The present research introduces the possibility that Whiteness can threaten majority group members’ sense of uniqueness and reduce their support for multiculturalism, an ideology that emphasizes re...
Masking effect of high IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in an adult sample with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective High intelligence (IQ) adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often perform better on neuropsychological tests relative to average IQ adults with ADHD, despite commensurate functional impairment. This study compared adults with ADHD and high versus average IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to specifically assess this proposed masking effect of IQ on verbal learning/memory performance among those undergoing neuropsychological evaluation. Method RAVLT performance between patients with ADHD and average versus high Test of Premorbid Function-estimated IQ were compared. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) evaluated learning acquisition across trials. Results RAVLT total learning, immediate, and delayed free recall performances were significantly better in the high IQ relative to the average IQ group. LGCM showed similar quadradic growth trajectories for both IQ groups. Both groups reported equivalent symptom severity and functional complaints in childhood and adulthood. Conclusions Adults with ADHD and high IQ performed normally on a verbal learning/memory test compared to adults with average IQ, who scored 0.5-1.0 standard deviations below the mean. These results suggest a masking of performance-based memory deficits in the context of higher IQ in adults with ADHD, supporting growing evidence that higher IQ masks neurocognitive deficits during the assessment of adults with ADHD.
111 Indium-Labeled Leukocyte Imaging of Infection and Inflammation

Infectious diseases still represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality around the world. Despite advances in microbiology and molecular detection of infections from tissue aspirates, medical imaging remains relevant in clinical practice as a way to either guide sampling of a source of infection in deep tissues or detect such sources. Radiolabeled leukocyte scans are an improvement over [67Ga]Ga-citrate scintigraphy due to increased specificity for the detection of infection and inflammation. Leukocytes can be labeled ex vivo with [111In]In-oxine or [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO. These agents have differences in physical properties and biodistribution that are important to recognize in clinical practice. Medical societies vary in their support of leukocyte imaging in clinical practice, but the evidence still shows that they remain the gold standard for imaging of most infections. In general, they provide high specificity in the detection of infection and inflammation. Despite advances in advanced tomographic imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or new scintigraphic agents like radiolabeled antibodies, radiolabeled leukocyte scans retain their value as a clinical tool in the fight against microbes.
The Unwanted Child

A serious public health hazards of the population explosion is the growing possibility of psychological injury to infants who.are unwanted and consequently suffer maternal privation. Some of the major factors in maternal rejection will be discussed here, together with the psychiatric disorders that may be the outcome.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand

A vast number of organisms, primarily bacteria, survives and even thrives in an environment containing no oxygen. However, most living creatures with which we commonly interact are aerobic; they need oxygen to survive. Aerobic creatures include all of the higher life forms such as fish, birds, mammals, and reptiles, as well as simpler species such as some bacteria and protozoa. The 4.7 billion year development of the earth and the evolution of species in response to this development have created many types of ecosystems; most support a balance between the demands of aerobic organisms for oxygen and the availability of oxygen. These “balanced ecosystems” are found in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric biomes. Keywords: biochemical oxygen demand; eutrophication; monod; electron donor; terminal electron acceptor (TEA); respiration; aerobic; ultimate BOD; BOD test
A diploid rat liver cell culture. III. Characterization of the heteroploid morphological variants which develop with time in culture.

Abstract A substrain was developed from one of three morphological variants which were isolated from a late passage cloned epithelial rat liver cell strain. The substrain was studied at sequential passages, over time, with respect to clonal morphology, growth, plating efficiency, packed cell volume, saturation density, chromosome number, karyology, ability to grow in soft agar, and degree of malignant transformation. The substrain was determined to be the progenitor of the other two morphological variants and the progression in morphological variance follows the stemline hypothesis. A marker chromosome was found to be a stable component of the genetic constitution of all cells in the substrain. What is observed appears to be population growth dynamics concomitant with a cellular aging phenomenon.
Carruthers and Constitutive Self-Knowledge

In his recent book, The Opacity of Mind, Peter Carruthers advances a skeptical theory of self-knowledge, integrating results from experimental psychology and cognitive science. In this essay, I want to suggest that the situation is not quite as dire as Carruthers makes it out to be. I respond to Carruthers by advancing a constitutive theory of self-knowledge. I argue that self-knowledge, so understood, is not only compatible with the empirical research that Carruthers utilizes, but also helps to make sense of these results.
Root Nodule Symbiosis II

Nodule-roots of Myrica cerifera (Southern Wax Myrtle) and Casuarina cunning hamiana (Australian Pine) have a negative geotropic curvature. Studies of their endogenotts auxin content revealed a pattern of correlation: the absence of detectable auxin when the geotropisni was negative. Non-nodulated roots of Myrica exhibited a normal positive geotropic curvature and possessed an auxin content within an anticipated range (10 mg/kg). Root nodules of Alnus species, whose roots exhibit a positive geotropic curvature, contained measurable endogenous auxin (20 mg IAA/kg). The presence of an indoleaectic acid oxidase system in Myrica and Casuarina root nodules has heen described and correlations are drawn between non-detectable endogenous auxin concentrations and high enzymatic activities. It is suggested that the negative geotropic curvature of the nodule-roots of Myrica and Casuarina is due to the presence of a sub-optimal concentration of auxin which in turn results from the activity of an indoleacetic aeid destroying system.
Time-Series Analysis

Recently, there has been an enormous amount of research in time-series econometrics, and many economics departments have required a time-series econometrics course in their graduate sequence. Obviously, one chapter on this topic will not do it justice. Therefore, this chapter will focus on some of the basic concepts needed for such a course. Section 14.2 defines what is meant by a stationary time-series, while sections 14.3 and 14.4 briefly review the Box-Jenkins and Vector Autoregression (VAR) methods for time-series analysis. Section 14.5 considers a random walk model and various tests for the existence of a unit root. Section 14.6 studies spurious regressions and trend stationary versus difference stationary models. Section 14.7 gives a simple explanation of the concept of cointegration and illustrates it with an economic example. Finally, section 14.8 looks at Autoregressive Conditionally Heteroskedastic (ARCH) time-series.
Understanding Transference and Countertransference

Professional misconduct-especially misconduct involving client-worker boundary violationsgenerates serious costs for clinical social workers. It harms the very clients we aim to help; it frequently...
Colorectal cancer screening beliefs. Focus groups with first-degree relatives.

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceived benefits and barriers to colorectal cancer screening reported by first-degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients. Materials and methods: In this study, the authors used focus groups to identify perceived benefits and barriers to colorectal cancer screening among parents and children of colorectal cancer patients. Four focus groups were conducted with relatives of colorectal cancer patients seen at two university medical centers in the Midwest. The groups ranged in size from five to eight members each and were stratified by gender. Results: Four benefits of colorectal cancer screening were identified by participants: finding colorectal cancer early, decreasing the chances of dying from colorectal cancer, freedom from worry about colorectal cancer, and reassurance that one was cancer-free. Four main barriers were identified that applied to all four types of colorectal cancer screening or to colorectal cancer screening in general. These included inadequate public awareness of colorectal cancer, inconsistent recommendations from healthcare providers, concerns about the efficacy of screening tests, and embarrassment. Barriers unique to each screening test also were identified. Conclusions: Understanding individual beliefs about the benefits and barriers to colorectal cancer screening will allow clinicians and researchers to develop effective interventions to increase screening. Results from the focus groups have been used to develop an instrument to measure benefits and barriers to colorectal cancer screening, which now needs to be tested with more culturally and socioeconomically diverse groups.
THE MORNING AFTER : TRAVAIL OF SEXUALITY AND LOVE IN MODERN IRAN

For the past seven years, Iran has been in the grip of a literary event. A novel, Bamdad-i khumar (The Morning After), written by a hitherto unknown woman, Fattanah Hajj Sayyidjavadi, (b. 1945), became an overnight best-seller and has so remained. From the start, the book has generated heated debates over its literary and socio-cultural merits. Most critics and readers have very strong opinions about the novel. One reader, another first-time writer, was so deeply angered by what she considered to be the novel's exaggerated female-centeredness and its unfairness to men that she decided to rewrite the novel through the voice of its male anti-hero.
Cortical activation to object shape and speed of motion during the first year.

Abstract A great deal is known about the functional organization of cortical networks that mediate visual object processing in the adult. The current research is part of a growing effort to identify the functional maturation of these pathways in the developing brain. The current research used near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate functional activation of the infant cortex during the processing of featural information (shape) and spatiotemporal information (speed of motion) during the first year of life. Our investigation focused on two areas that were implicated in previous studies: anterior temporal cortex and posterior parietal cortex. Neuroimaging data were collected with 207 infants across three age groups: 3–6 months (Experiment 1), 7–8 months (Experiment 2), and 10–12 months (Experiments 3 and 4). The neuroimaging data revealed age-related changes in patterns of activation to shape and speed information, mostly involving posterior parietal areas, some of which were predicted and others that were not. We suggest that these changes reflect age-related differences in the perceptual and/or cognitive processes engaged during the task.
Analytical methods development for supramolecular design in solar hydrogen production

In the investigation of alternative energy sources, specifically, solar hydrogen production from water, the ability to perform experiments with a consistent and reproducible light source is key to meaningful photochemistry. The design, construction, and evaluation of a series of LED array photolysis systems for high throughput photochemistry have been performed. Three array systems of increasing sophistication are evaluated using calorimetric measurements and potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(II) chemical actinometry and compared with a traditional 1000 W Xe arc lamp source. The results are analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The third generation array is modular, and controllable in design. Furthermore, the third generation array system is shown to be comparable in both precision and photonic output to a 1000 W Xe arc lamp.
Mutator mutations in Escherichia coli induced by the insertion of phage mu and the transposable resistance elements Tn5 and Tn10.

Abstract Mutator mutations in the mutS gene induced by the insertion of phage Mu or the transposable resistance elements Tn5 or Tn10 and those in the mutL gene induced by Tn5 and T10 gave mutagenic activities similar to that of the previously described mutS3 and mutL25 mutations. Various combinations of mutS::Tn5,mutL::Tn5, uvrE156, and the deletion mutation δmutH2 did not produce an additive effect. This supports the idea that the products of these genes function in the same pathway of error correction during DNA synthesis.
Load-balanced agent activation for value-added network services

In relation to its growth in size and user population, the Internet faces new challenges that have triggered the proposals of value-added network services, e.g., IP multicast, IP traceback, DiffServ, IntServ, etc. In addition, recent advances in processor and hardware techniques have enabled the production of high speed and powerful routers. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to expect the Internet to provide a variety of value-added network services other than packet forwarding in the near future. Depending on their purposes, value-added services may improve the scalability and efficiency of end user applications or may enhance the reliability and security of the network infrastructure. On the other hand, they may incur non-trivial overhead on the routers providing these services. It is a thorny problem to reach a balance between the performance of value-added services and the incurred overhead. In this paper, we study this problem in the context of both reliable multicast and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) defense. In either scenario, a software agent is activated at some routers in a tree topology to provide the required functionality. We formulate the problem as load-balanced agent activation problem (LBAAP). Our goal is to develop a mechanism to activate value-added service agents in the network for the purpose of reaching a balance between the performance and overhead. We develop a polynomial time algorithm to solve the LBAAP problem in single tree case, and propose a heuristic for the LBAAP problem in the case where multiple trees exist in the network, a problem we conjecture is NP-hard. Finally we evaluate the performances of various approaches for activating value-added service agents through simulation.
Electroporation of pp60c-src antibodies inhibits the angiotensin II activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 in rat aortic smooth muscle cells

Our previous study has shown that angiotensin II induces the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells (Marrero, M.B., Paxton, W.G., Duff, J. L., Berk, B. C., and Bernstein, K. E. (1994) J. Biol. Chem, 269, 10935-10939). This signaling pathway is initiated by ligand binding to the AT1 receptor, a cell surface G protein-coupled receptor. Antibodies to pp60c-src were introduced into RASM cells by electroporation. Angiotensin II-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 was eliminated by the anti-pp60c-src antibodies but not by anti-mouse IgG or bovine serum albumin. Angiotensin II also induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of pp120, a known pp60c-src kinase substrate, and this phosphorylation was also specifically inhibited by anti-pp60c-src antibodies. Electroporation of RASM cells with anti-pp60c-src antibodies had no effect on platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1. Anti-pp60c-src also reduced the angiotensin II-stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production by 78%, while it had no effect on the platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. These data provide the first evidence for a direct involvement of pp60c-src kinase in angiotensin II-mediated PLC-gamma 1 phosphorylation and activation. Furthermore, it also describes a pathway in which a seven-transmembrane receptor can stimulate an intracellular tyrosine kinase.
Development of feminine sexual behavior in the rat: Androgenic and temporal influences

Abstract The contributions of prenatal and postnatal androgen exposure upon the development of sexual behavior in rats were examined by prenatal treatment of pups with an androgen antagonist (flutamide) and postnatal androgenization or castration. Male and female rats were exposed to the androgen receptor-blocker flutamide (FLU) in utero via prenatal injections to the mother on Days 10 through 22 of gestation. At birth (Day 1) males were castrated. Both males and females were injected with either 100 μg testosterone propionate (TP) or oil on Day 1. In adulthood all gonadectomized animals were tested for the display of feminine sexual behavior (lordosis) in response to a range of estrogen dosages. Prenatal exposure to FLU enhanced lordosis in both sexes when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Postnatal TP treatment decreased lordotic potential as expected. However, in animals given TP postnatally, those receiving prenatal flutamide had higher lordosis quotients than animals receiving vehicle treatment. These data confirm (1) that the development of feminine sexual behavior is inhibited by androgen exposure, (2) that such exposure occurs prenatally, (3) that the potential for feminine behavioral differentiation occurs prenatally as well as postnatally, and (4) that androgen acts perinatally to affect estrogen sensitivity in adulthood.
Histochemical evaluation of glutathione in brain

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous cellular sulfhydryl compound with a variety of essential functions. A histochemical method that was developed by others for the localization of GSH in tissue sections was used to study the localization of GSH in rodent and primate brain. Sections of freshly frozen tissue were stained for 4 min with Mercury orange dissolved in toluene, and viewed by fluorescence microscopy for the product of the reaction with soluble sulfyhydryl compounds. Soluble sulfhydryl compounds. Soluble sulfhydryl compounds are comprised almost exclusively of GSH. Although the brain exhibits strong staining characteristics, reflecting the millimolar levels of GSH that are detected by chemical assay, very little stain is seen in neuronal somata. Pretreatment of animals with diethyl maleate resulted in depletion of GSH from brain (measured by high performance liquid chromatography), as well as decreased mercury orange staining. The staining pattern observed in the brain may indicate that GSH is primarily localized to non-neuronal elements, such as glia, and/or in axons and nerve terminals.
Use of a Pharmaceutically Adulterated Dietary Supplement, Pai You Guo, Among Brazilian-Born Women in the United States

BACKGROUND Pai You Guo is a weight loss supplement manufactured in China and adulterated with the banned pharmaceutical products sibutramine and phenolphthalein. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a voluntary recall of Pai You Guo in 2009, yet clinicians have noted its continued use among Brazilian-born women in Massachusetts.
Spindle cell lesions of the head and neck mimicking rhabdomyosarcoma in children.

Malignancies of head and neck are uncommon among children. The most commond solid tumors to occur in this region are rhabdomyosarcoma, Hodgkin disease, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Two children are described who presented with signs and symptoms consistent with rhabdomyosarcoma, but who were found to hav e benign spindle cell lesions. These rare lesions should bepart of the differential of children with a head and neck mass.
SURFACE NITROGENOUS NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE NORTHEASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN 1

Mean surface concentrations of nitrogenous nutrients and phosphate are reported for various areas in the northcastcrn tropical Pacific Ocean. Except at the Costa Rica Dome, an area of upwelling, nitrate concentrations were very low. NOs: Poe’ratios were also generally low and phytoplankton might remove all of the nitrate while appreciable concentrations of phosphate were still present. Measurements of nitrate during growth of batch cultures of Gymnodinium simplex showed that concentrations below approximately 5 pg-at./ liter probably limited the rate of growth of this dinoflagellate. Since surface nitrate concentrations were generally lower than this value, the rate of growth of G. simplex would be limited over much of the arca, unless sources of nitrogen other than nitrate were available. Ammonia and labile amino nitrogen were measured as one nitrogen fraction in one offshore water mass northwest of the Dome. The ammonia concentration was greater than that of nitrate and the N : P ratio was increased threefold to fourfold if ammonia was included with nitrate, The growth of three phytoplankton cultures was supported by ammonia and by various amino compounds. Ammonia may be a relatively important nitrogen source in the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean, and should be included with nitrate as a measure of the total nitrogen available to phytoplankton. Ammonia may moderate the extreme nitrogen deficiency which would be expected if nitrate were considered the only source of nitrogen.
Effect of oblique electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves on relativistic electron scattering: Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES)‐based calculation

[1] We consider the effect of oblique electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves on relativistic electron scattering in the outer radiation belt (RB) using simultaneous observations of plasma and wave parameters from Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES). The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, in comparison with field-aligned waves, intermediate and highly oblique distributions decrease the range of pitch angles subject to diffusion and reduce the local scattering rate by about an order of magnitude at pitch angles where the principle n = 1 resonances operate. Oblique waves allow the n > 1 resonances to operate, extending the range of local pitch angle diffusion down to the loss cone, and increasing the diffusion at lower pitch angles by orders of magnitude. Second, the local diffusion coefficients derived from CRRES data are qualitatively similar to the local results obtained for prescribed plasma/wave parameters. Consequently, it is likely that the bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients, if estimated from concurrent data, will exhibit the dependencies similar to those we found for model calculations. Third, in comparison with field-aligned waves, intermediate and highly oblique waves decrease the bounce-averaged scattering rate near the edge of the equatorial loss cone by orders of magnitude if the electron energy does not exceed a threshold (∼2–5 MeV) depending on specified plasma and/or wave parameters. Lastly, for greater electron energies, oblique waves operating the n > 1 resonances are more effective and provide the same bounce-averaged diffusion rate near the loss cone as field-aligned waves do.
A strain space nonlinear kinematic hardening/softening plasticity model

Abstract A strain space plasticity theory based on the nonlinear kinematic hardening and softening rule is developed in order to accommodate work-hardening, work-softening, and elastic-perfectly plastic materials with one set of constitutive equations, and to facilitate strain controlled calculations. A generalized hardening/softening parameter is proposed, and the potential of linking the parameter to micro-mechanical material changes is discussed. The theory is used to investigate work-softening materials numerically and highlights a need for additional experimental results in this area.
VALUE DILEMMAS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: A Study of Administrative Decision Making in a Police Department

As agents of the state, the police work in dynamic, normatively ambiguous, and conflict-laden political environments. In these settings, various local partisan interests try to influence the police organization. As a result, technological, socio-cultural, and political forces may produce anomalous administrative decisions in police agencies. These forces are “stabilized” by the personal views of the decision makers. This article focuses on a specific case of administrative decision making that illuminates the uneven competition among different partisan actors who seek to influence police policies and practices.