cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantitative assessment of the insertional footprints of the hip joint capsular ligaments and their spanning fibers for reconstruction

Quantitative descriptions of the hip joint capsular ligament insertional footprints have been reported. Using a three-dimensional digitizing system, and computer modeling, the area, and dimensions of the three main hip capsular ligaments and their insertional footprints were quantified in eight cadaveric hips. The iliofemoral ligament (ILFL) attaches proximally to the anterolateral supra-acetabular region (mean area = 4.2 cm2). The mean areas of the ILFL lateral and medial arm insertional footprints are 4.8 and 3.1 cm2, respectively. The pubofemoral ligament (proximal footprint mean area = 1.4 cm2) blends with the medial ILFL anteriorly and the proximal ischiofemoral ligament (ISFL) distally without a distal bony insertion. The proximal and distal ISFL footprint mean areas are 6.4 and 1.2 cm2, respectively. The hip joint capsular ligaments have consistent anatomic and insertional patterns. Quantification of the ligaments and their attachment sites may aid in improving anatomic repairs and reconstructions of the hip joint capsule using open and/or arthroscopic techniques. Clin. Anat. 27:489–497, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mining research topic-related influence between academia and industry

Recently the problem of mining social influence has attracted lots of attention. Given a social network, researchers are interested in problems such as how influence, ideas, information propagate in the network. Similar problems have been proposed on co-authorship networks where the goal is to differentiate the social influences on research topic level and quantify the strength of the influence. In this work, we are interested in the problem of mining topic-specific influence between academia and industry. More specifically, given a coauthorship network, we want to identify which academia researcher is most influential to a given company on specific research topics. Given pairwise influences between researchers, we propose three models (simple additive model, weighted additive model and clustering-based additive model) to evaluate how influential a researcher is to a company. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of these three models on real large data set as well as on simulated data set.
Tert-butyl peroxyacetate initiated semibatch polymerization of 1,1-difluoroethylene in supercritical carbon dioxide

Due to its inertness and solubility in vinylidene fluoride, (VF2), supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a replacement solvent for producing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). tert-butyl peroxyacetate (TBPA) was evaluated for the first time as a free radical initiator for radical chain polymerization of VF2 producing PVDF without use of a dispersion agent in a semibatch reactor using supercritical carbon dioxide. Diethyl peroxydicarbonate (DEPDC) at 75°C has been evaluated in many publications as an initiator in batch and continuous reactors for polymerization of VF2 in supercritical carbon dioxide. The effects of monomer and initiator concentration, agitation, and reaction time upon average molecular weight and polydispersity were evaluated using TBPA as an initiator at 104°C and compared with DEPDC initiated polymerization. It was found that as agitation rate, monomer concentration, and reaction time increased, the average molecular weight of PVDF using TBPA as an initiator increased. Lower concentrations of TBPA were needed compared to DEPDC to produce comparable molecular weights of PVDF. Using TBPA as an initiator at the conditions investigated resulted in lower polydispersity at similar monomer concentrations compared to DEPDC. Average molecular weights using TBPA ranged from 49,900 g/mol to 1.3 million g/mol and polydispersity ranged from 1.3 to 5.4. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:435–440, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
New York State Racing by the Numbers in 2008

Thearticle reviews the data on horse racing as contained in the annual report of the New York State Racing and Wagering in 2009.
Research and Planning in Fluid Mechanics

Owing to the intractability of the governing equations and the ubiquity of instabilities in fluid fields, the most sophisticated and effective solutions to problems in fluid flow usually involve some judicious combination of theory, data, numerical analysis, special models and testing. The U.S. system of research funding since World War II had been almost completely anarchic. While this has served freedom of research well, it has left some problems in old technologies untouched. Moreover, a crisis in resources for research suggests that clearer priorities need to be established at the national level. Engineering societies need to assist the government in this task. Appropriate criteria for judging research seem to be: (1) time scale; (2) probable scientific significance; (3) probable technological impact; and (4) feasibility within the limits of personnel, facilities, and resources of a given institution.
Measuring Meaningful Learning in the Undergraduate General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Laboratories: A Longitudinal Study

Understanding how students learn in the undergraduate chemistry teaching laboratory is an essential component to developing evidence-based laboratory curricula. The Meaningful Learning in the Laboratory Instrument (MLLI) was developed to measure students’ cognitive and affective expectations and experiences for learning in the chemistry laboratory. Previous cross-sectional studies in both general and organic chemistry laboratory courses have shown trends where cognitive expectations go unfulfilled, and affective expectations and experiences are diverse among all students. On the basis of these previous findings, a longitudinal study was carried out to explore how students’ ideas about laboratory learning change over two years of chemistry laboratory instruction. The data were analyzed using multiple visualizations, inferential statistics, and cluster analysis. Findings from this study supported previous findings from the cross-sectional studies. In addition, it was found that students “reset” their expect...
Superlocalization surface-enhanced raman scattering microscopy: Comparing point spread function models in the ensemble and single-molecule limits

In this report, we compare the effectiveness of various dipole and Gaussian point spread function (PSF) models for fitting diffraction-limited surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) emission images from rhodamine 6G-labeled nanoparticle dimers at both the high-concentration and single-molecule limit. Of all models tested, a 3-axis dipole PSF gives the best approximation to the experimental PSF, although none of the models utilized in the study were without systematic error when fitting the experimental data. In the high-concentration regime, all models localize the SERS emission to a stationary centroid position, with the dipole models providing additional orientation parameters that closely match the geometry of the dimer, indicating that the molecules are coupled to all resonant plasmon modes of the nanostructure. In the single-molecule case, the different models show a mobile SERS centroid, consistent with single-molecule motion on the surface, but the behavior of the centroid is model-dependent. Des...
Effect of Calcium Propionate on Performance of Laying Hens

Abstract Laying hens kept in individual cages were fed a practical diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8% calcium propionate for a six-week period. Rate of egg production, average egg weight, feed consumption, and body weight change during the experiment were not significantly affected by any dietary treatments. Liver weight, moisture content and fat content were also not significantly affected by dietary treatments. The results show that the performance of normal hens is not changed by calcium propionate supplementation.
Strain-rate-dependent behavior of polymeric foams

In many applications composite sandwich structures with polymeric foam cores are exposed to high energy and high velocity dynamic loadings producing multi-axial dynamic states of stress. The material studied was a closed cell PVC foam, an orthotropic/transversely isotropic material, exhibiting strain-rate-dependent elastic/viscoplastic behavior. The material was characterized at three strain rates, quasi-static (10 s), intermediate (1 s ) and high (10 s ). Quasi-static and intermediate strain rate tests were conducted in a servo-hydraulic testing machine. High strain rate tests were conducted under strain control using a split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system made of polymeric (polycarbonate) bars. The polycarbonate material has an impedance that is closer to that of foam than metals and results in lower noise to signal ratios and longer loading pulses. It was determined by analysis and verified experimentally that the loading pulses applied, propagated along the polycarbonate rods at nearly constant phase velocity with very low attenuation and dispersion. It was found that the initial elastic properties did not vary with strain rate as opposed the first peak stress which increased noticeably with strain rate.
Self-Aligned Silicon Interposer Tiles and Silicon Bridges Using Positive Self-Alignment Structures and Rematable Mechanically Flexible Interconnects

A novel large-scale silicon system platform is proposed and demonstrated. In this paper, three silicon interposer tiles are aligned and mounted on a printed wiring board (PWB), and two silicon bridges are aligned and mounted on top of the three interposer tiles; each silicon bridge spans two interposer tiles. Four positive self-alignment structures and four inverted pyramid pits self-align a tile to the PWB and a bridge to two tiles. Mechanically flexible interconnects (MFI) form nonbonding electrical connections between the three interposer tiles and two silicon bridges; MFIs are fabricated on the interposer tiles. Pointy tips on the MFIs form low contact resistance with the pads on the silicon bridges. Less than 4 μm alignment error is demonstrated on a stack of silicon substrates, and <;8μm alignment error between a silicon bridge and tiles is also demonstrated on a FR4 substrate. Daisy chain and four-point measurements are performed to verify electrical connections between the three interposer tiles via MFIs and silicon bridges.
How Advertising Affects Sales: Meta-Analysis of Econometric Results:

The authors attempt to assess what has been learned from econometric models about the effect of advertising on sales. Short-term and long-term advertising response as well as model fit are analyzed...
Effect of enzyme preparations on in situ and in vitro degradation and in vivo digestive characteristics of mature cool-season grass forage in beef steers.

In situ and in vitro studies with a 3 x 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments with an added untreated control evaluated three enzyme preparations, two levels of enzyme, and five moisture conditions of grass forage. Enzyme preparations predominantly contained cellulase and xylanase and will be designated as enzyme 1 (E1), enzyme 2 (E2), and a 50:50 combination of E1 and E2 (E1E2). The five moisture conditions included fresh, wilted, dried and rehydrated to fresh, dried and rehydrated to wilt, and dried grass. Addition of the high level of E1E2 to dried grass improved (P .10) by dietary treatment. Ruminal particulate passage rate was greater (P < .05) and ruminal retention time was shorter (P < .05) for the E-dry than for the control treatment. Data from this study suggest that addition of fibrolytic enzymes to grass hay before feeding has the potential to enhance intake and digestion.
Relative Rate and Product Studies of the Reactions of Atomic Chlorine with Tetrafluoroethylene, 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene, and Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene in the Presence of Oxygen

Rate coefficients k1–k3 have been measured for Cl atom reactions with CF2═CF2, CFCl═CFCl, and CCl2═CF2 relative to k4 for CF2═CF–CF═CF2 at 293 ± 2 K. k4 was remeasured relative to Cl + ethane. Cl was generated by UV photolysis of Cl2, and other species were monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. The measurements yield k1 = (6.6 ± 1.0) × 10–11, k2 = (6.5 ± 1.0) × 10–11, and k3 = (7.1 ± 1.1) × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, respectively, and k4 = (8.0 ± 1.2) × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 is proposed. These results are discussed in the context of atmospheric chemistry. Subsequent chemistry in the presence of oxygen leads to oxygenated products that are identified via their IR spectra, and possible mechanisms are discussed. The yield of CF2O from C2F4 is 93 ± 7%. Dichlorofluoroacetyl fluoride (CCl2FCFO) was observed as a product from CFClCFCl, and chlorodifluoroacetyl chloride (CClF2CClO) was observed from CCl2CF2 oxidation. C4F6 led to 66 ± 5% CF2O and 38 ± 3% OCF2CFC(F)═O. Reaction enthalpies and enthalpy barriers comput...
New Product Launch For Eagle Brand: Marketing Management Case Study – A And B

This two-part case study provides a realistic, thought-provoking, and mildly entertaining venture into the world of new product launches. Structured questions are posed at the end of each case, with suspense and information building from Case A to B. Case A asks whether and how to champion a new product launch internally, while Case B additionally explores how to sell the idea externally with a marketing plan. Both case studies are intended for undergraduate marketing or management classes. Ambitious, young Abbie MacFeldon joined a consumer packaged goods company as Brand Manager of its biggest brand, Eagle shoe care. She identifies the need for a new product, a line extension within her brand – a mature brand in need of new life. Her manager applauds her initiative but says this idea was tried before and failed. The reader learns information about the market, brand, consumer, and company through historical and current data, employee bios, and meetings between Abbie and her colleagues. The reader is asked whether Abbie may have a big idea after all, and if so, how it should be marketed. To make these decisions, readers evaluate external factors (market, competition, consumer, trends) and internal factors (strategic fit, brand image, cost, feasibility, resources). Furthermore, the case provokes the reader to think about how a brand manager can overcome initial rejection, build and motivate a team, and convince top management. The case explores the role of company culture, including age, gender, and tradition, and how the young female protagonist can address these.
Socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence and mortality across racial/ethnic groups in California

A29 BACKGROUND: The racial/ethnic difference in prostate cancer rates is well documented, with the highest incidence and mortality rates observed among African-Americans followed by non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Whether socioeconomic status (SES) can account for these differences in risk has been investigated in previous studies, but with conflicting results. Moreover, previous studies have focused primarily on the differences between African-Americans and non-Hispanic Whites and little is known for Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders. To further investigate the relationship between SES and prostate cancer among these four groups, we examined 97,172 incident prostate cancer cases (diagnosed in 1998-2002) and 6,432 prostate cancer deaths (1999-2001) from the diverse population of California. METHODS: Data were abstracted from the California Cancer Registry, a population-based SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) registry. Each prostate cancer case and death was assigned a previously validated, multidimensional neighborhood-SES index using the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census data. SES quintile-specific prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates and rate ratios were estimated using SEER*Stat for each race/ethnicity categorized into 10-year age groups. RESULTS: For prostate cancer incidence, across all SES levels and age groups except for older men aged 75-84 years, African-Americans had the highest rates followed by non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Among older men, the racial/ethnic-specific pattern was similar except for a higher incidence of prostate cancer among Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites for SES quintiles 2 through 5. Similar racial/ethnic-specific patterns in incidence were seen for aggressive prostate cancer (regional/distant tumors or localized tumors that were either poorly differentiated or undifferentiated). For prostate cancer mortality, across all SES levels and age groups, the highest rates were seen among African-Americans, followed by non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. The largest significant differences in mortality rates were seen among men 45-54 years of age, whereby African Americans had 4-5-fold higher rates than non-Hispanic Whites for SES quintiles 2 (P = 0.004) and 3 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that socioeconomic status cannot account for the racial/ethnic differences in prostate cancer incidence and mortality, pointing towards biological and environmental factors playing an important role in the disparity across racial/ethnic groups.
Towards computing the Grothendieck constant

The Grothendieck constant KG is the smallest constant such that for every d ∈ N and every matrix A = (aij),[EQUATION]where B(d) is the unit ball in Rd. Despite several efforts [15, 23], the value of the constant KG remains unknown. The Grothendieck constant KG is precisely the integrality gap of a natural SDP relaxation for the KM, N-Quadratic Programming problem. The input to this problem is a matrix A = (aij) and the objective is to maximize the quadratic form Σijaijxiyj over xiyj ∈ [−1, 1].In this work, we apply techniques from [22] to the KM, N-Quadratic Programming problem. Using some standard but non-trivial modifications, the reduction in [22] yields the following hardness result: Assuming the Unique Games Conjecture [9], it is NP-hard to approximate the KM, N-Quadratic Programming problem to any factor better than the Grothendieck constant KG.By adapting a "bootstrapping" argument used in a proof of Grothendieck inequality [5], we are able to perform a tighter analysis than [22]. Through this careful analysis, we obtain the following new results:• An approximation algorithm for KM, N-Quadratic Programming that is guaranteed to achieve an approximation ratio arbitrarily close to the Grothendieck constant KG (optimal approximation ratio assuming the Unique Games Conjecture).• We show that the Grothendieck constant KG can be computed within an error η, in time depending only on η. Specifically, for each η, we formulate an explicit finite linear program, whose optimum is η-close to the Grothendieck constant.We also exhibit a simple family of operators on the Gaussian Hilbert space that is guaranteed to contain tight examples for the Grothendieck inequality.
Hybrid reflections from multiple x-ray scattering in epitaxial oxide films

In numerous symmetric θ-2θ scans of phase-pure epitaxial complex oxide thin films grown on single-crystal substrates, we observe x-ray diffraction peaks that correspond to neither the film nor the substrate crystal structure. These peaks are the result of multiple, sequential diffraction events that occur from both the film and the substrate. The occurrence of so-called “hybrid” reflections, while described in the literature, is not widely reported within the complex oxide thin-film community. We describe a simple method to predict and identify peaks resulting from hybrid reflections and show examples from epitaxial complex oxide films belonging to three distinct structural types.
Nine Secrets for Living with Judges

Marlowe Dimness descends from a prominent family long renowned in the political life of New South Wales. Unfortu? nately, before ascending the bench, Judge Dimness never entertained a passion for the practice of law. He neither knows the law nor has a quick grasp of it. However, he possesses other attributes of high quality?scrupulous hon? esty and unfailing courtesy. Jurors love him, and lawyers wish him well.
Social and economic determinants of Medicare managed care participation.

This edition of the Health Care Financing Review is dedicated to examining the social and economic determinants of Medicare managed care participation, to learn from past experiences and to anticipate future concerns. The seven theme articles examine and help to explain: How economic factors impact the decision by managed care plans to select their market areas. The role of social and economic factors in explaining the decision beneficiaries make in choosing among health plan choices. The variation in health services received by Medicare beneficiaries, due to local market forces, additional programs, and resources.
Supporting Participative Joint Decisions in Integrated Design and Manufacturing Teams

Effectively implementing integrated design and manufacturing(IDM) has become a great challenge today as industries try to meet the ever-increasing market demands for low cost, high quality, and short lead-time. Traditionally, the integration between design and manufacturing decisions has been approached mainly as a technical problem of taskwork. However, because most IDM tasks are carried out by teams of engineers, the success of IDM also depends on the effectiveness of teamwork. In order to realize the full potential of IDM, both “taskwork” of individual engineers and “teamwork” of IDM teams must be addressed. This calls for a new socio-technical approach to understand how engineers can, and should, participate in joint decisions collaboratively in a highly dynamic team setting.
Optical Tweezers Microrheology: From the Basics to Advanced Techniques and Applications

Over the past few decades, microrheology has emerged as a widely used technique to measure the mechanical properties of soft viscoelastic materials. Optical tweezers offer a powerful platform for performing microrheology measurements and can measure rheological properties at the level of single molecules out to near macroscopic scales. Unlike passive microrheology methods, which use diffusing microspheres to extract rheological properties, optical tweezers can probe the nonlinear viscoelastic response, and measure the space- and time-dependent rheological properties of heterogeneous, nonequilibrium materials. In this Viewpoint, I describe the basic principles underlying optical tweezers microrheology, the instrumentation and material requirements, and key applications to widely studied soft biological materials. I also describe several sophisticated approaches that include coupling optical tweezers to fluorescence microscopy and microfluidics. The described techniques can robustly characterize noncontinuu...
Rates of Ammonia Absorption and Release in Calcium Chloride

After synthesis, ammonia can be selectively absorbed by calcium chloride; nitrogen and hydrogen are not absorbed. The kinetics of release seem to be diffusion controlled. The kinetics of absorption are consistent with a first-order reaction after an initial period of a higher-order reaction, which may indicate a nucleation event. At 225 °C, both absorption and release show half-lives of around 10 min if the ammonia partial pressure is swung from 2 to 1 bar, which allows design of an absorber for the periodic separation of ammonia. When this absorber replaces the ammonia condenser in a conventional ammonia synthesis, the ammonia production at low pressure can have the same rate as the conventional process operating at higher pressure.
Development of nanostructured Ge1-xSnx alloy using ion beam techniques for band gap engineering

Silicon Photonics is a disruptive technology that promises to revolutionize high performance computing by taking advantage of light in data transmission. Due to inefficient emission from Si, an outstanding quest has been the development of non-equilibrium group IV nanoscale alloy in achieving new functionalities, such as the formation of a direct bandgap elemental semiconductor. To address this challenge, we propose to use ion beam processing to fabricate Ge 1−x Sn x alloy nanowires in Ge wafers as a potential material structure for building Si-compatible light sources. Preliminary investigations of ion implantation of Sn into Ge crystals using Rutherford backscattering technique (RBS), their structural properties examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Sn distribution using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), crystallinity and Sn substitutionality using Raman spectroscopy is presented. This non-equilibrium induction of Sn in Ge, a bottom-up approach to formation of direct bandgap Ge 1−x Sn x nanowires opens up unlimited possibilities in group IV photonics.
Electrostatic Characteristics of Two Conducting Spheres in a Grounded Cylinder

An understanding of the electrostatic interaction between charged electrical conductors embedded in a grounded cylinder is quite useful in the design of compact pulse generators. We get the complete solution for capacitance between the two spheres and the capacitance between the sphere and the grounded cylinder in series form. The dependence of these capacitances on various geometrical parameters is very useful in the design phase of Marx generators where the stray capacitances play crucial roles.
Argus: Multi-Level Service Visibility Scoping for Internet-of-Things in Enterprise Environments

In IoT, what services from which nearby devices are available, must be discovered by a user’s device (e.g., smartphone) before she can issue commands to access them. Service visibility scoping in large scale, heterogeneous enterprise environments has multiple unique features, e.g., proximity based interactions, differentiated visibility according to device natures and user attributes, frequent user churns thus revocation. They render existing solutions completely insufficient. We propose Argus, a distributed algorithm offering three-level, fine-grained visibility scoping in parallel: i) Level 1 public visibility where services are identically visible to everyone; ii) Level 2 differentiated visibility where service visibility depends on users’ non-sensitive attributes; iii) Level 3 covert visibility where service visibility depends on users’ sensitive attributes that are never explicitly disclosed. Extensive analysis and experiments show that: i) Argus is secure; ii) its Level 2 is 10x as scalable and computationally efficient as work using Attribute-based Encryption, Level 3 is 10x as efficient as work using Paring-based Cryptography; iii) it is fast and agile for satisfactory user experience, costing 0.25 s to discover 20 Level 1 devices, and 0.63 s for Level 2 or Level 3 devices.
Time is on your side: coding on the basis of time.

E/M coding can be so complex that you forget those visits where it's just a matter of time.
Early-pregnancy transcriptome signatures of preeclampsia: from peripheral blood to placenta.

Several studies have linked maternal asthma, excess BMI, and low vitamin D status with increased risk of Preeclampsia (PE) development. Given prior evidence in the literature and our observations from the subjects in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART), we hypothesized that PE, maternal asthma, vitamin D insufficiency, and excess body mass index (BMI) might share both peripheral blood and placental gene signatures that link these conditions together. We used samples collected in the VDAART to investigate relationships between these four conditions and gene expression patterns in peripheral blood obtained at early pregnancy. We identified a core set of differentially expressed genes in all comparisons between women with and without these four conditions and confirmed them in two separate sets of samples. We confirmed the differential expression of the shared gene signatures in the placenta from an independent study of preeclampsia cases and controls and constructed the preeclampsia module using protein–protein interaction networks. CXC chemokine genes showed the highest degrees of connectivity and betweenness centrality in the peripheral blood and placental modules. The shared gene signatures demonstrate the biological pathways involved in preeclampsia at the pre-clinical stage and may be used for the prediction of preeclampsia.
Recent results of UCO’s silver-based mirror coating development

University of California Observatories has undertaken an effort to develop improved optical coatings for astronomy, with a particular emphasis on long-lived, highly efficient silver-based mirror coatings. We previously reported on a thin-film design including nickel oxide that showed significant improvement in accelerated aging tests, but had not yet undergone field testing. In this paper we briefly summarize our past work, and then discuss (a) two years’ field testing of our design with NiO; (b) efforts to find other materials that play the same role as NiO in improving durability; and (c) tests with ScF3 that show good results as a replacement for YF3/YbF3 but with improved optical properties. We also report on a long-term study of the effects of multiple cycles of stripping/re-coatings on various substrates, finding no significant substrate damage with aluminum, but some damage over time with our current protected-Ag coatings, particularly on borosilicate glass.
Long-term GH Therapy Does Not Advance Skeletal Maturation in Children and Adolescents.

Context There is no consensus on the effect of recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy on skeletal maturation in children despite the current practice of annual monitoring of skeletal maturation with bone age in children on rhGH therapy. Aims To investigate the effects of long-term rhGH therapy on skeletal age in children and explore the accuracy of bone age-predicted adult height (BAPAH) at different ages based on 13 years of longitudinal data. Methods A retrospective longitudinal study of 71 subjects aged 2 to 16 years, mean 9.9 ± 3.8 years, treated with rhGH for nonsyndromic short stature for a duration of 2 to 14 years, mean, 5.5 ± 2.6 years. Subjects with syndromic short stature and systemic illnesses such as renal failure were excluded. Results Bone age minus chronological age (BA-CA) did not differ significantly between baseline and the end of rhGH therapy (-1.05 ± 1.42 vs -0.69 ± 1.63, P = 0.09). Piecewise regression, however, showed a quantifiable catch-up phenomenon in BA of 1.5 months per year of rhGH therapy in the first 6.5 years (P = 0.017) that plateaued thereafter (P = 0.88). BAPAH overestimated near-adult height in younger subjects but became more accurate in older subjects (P < 0.0001). IGF-I levels correlated significantly with increases in child's height and BA-CA. Conclusion Long-term rhGH therapy demonstrated an initial catch-up phenomenon in skeletal maturation in the first 6.5 years that plateaued thereafter with no overall significant advancement in bone age. These findings are reassuring and support strategic, but not the insurance company mandated reflexive annual monitoring of skeletal maturation with bone age in children receiving rhGH therapy.
Middle-Class African American English

African American English (AAE) is a major area of research in linguistics, but until now, work has primarily been focused on AAE as it is spoken amongst the working classes. From its historical development to its contemporary context, this is the first full-length overview of the use and evaluation of AAE by middle class speakers, giving voice to this relatively neglected segment of the African American speech community. Weldon offers a unique first-person account of middle class AAE, and highlights distinguishing elements such as codeswitching, camouflaged feature usage, Standard AAE, and talking/sounding 'Black' vs. 'Proper'. Readers can hear authentic excerpts and audio prompts of the language described through a wide range of audio files, which can be accessed directly from the book's page using QR technology or through the book's online Resource Tab. Engaging and accessible, it will help students and researchers gain a broader understanding of both the African American speech community and the AAE continuum.
Increased Likelihood of Forced Sexual Intercourse, Sexual Violence, and Sexual Dating Violence Victimization Among Sexual Minority Youth.

Sexual violence victimization among adolescents, specifically sexual minority youth, is a significant public health concern. The purpose of this study was to compare sexual violence victimization rates among sexual minority and heterosexual youth using nationally representative data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System. Results indicated that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning youth were significantly more likely than heterosexual youth (p < .05) to experience sexual violence (22.3% vs. 9.1%), sexual dating violence (16.3% vs. 6.4%), and forced sexual intercourse (17.6% vs. 5.9%). Among sexual minority youth, female participants were more likely than male participants (p < .05) to experience sexual violence (23.5% vs. 18.0%), sexual dating violence (17.2% vs. 11.6%), and forced sexual intercourse (19.0% vs. 13.1%). This study identified varying rates of sexual violence victimization among a national sample of youth while examining the differences between heterosexual and sexual minority communities. The additional behavioral risks experienced by sexual minority youth should be further researched to determine impact on overall quality of life and to help guide health education intervention development.
Formalism and General Results

We shall use gaussian units in this book, so that the Maxwell equations for the electric fields e and D, and the magnetic fields ℋ and ℬ read $$\begin{gathered}\nabla \times H = \frac{{4\pi }}{c}j + \frac{1}{c}\frac{{\partial D}}{{\partial t}} \hfill \\\nabla \times \varepsilon = - \frac{1}{c}\frac{{\partial B}}{{\partial t}} \hfill \\\nabla \cdot D = 4\pi \rho \hfill \\\nabla \cdot B = 0 \hfill \\\end{gathered} $$ (1.1)
A Gaussian compound decision bakeoff

A non-parametric mixture model approach to empirical Bayes compound decisions for the Gaussian location model is compared with a parametric empirical Bayes approach recently suggested by Martin and Walker and several recent more formal Bayes procedures.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
CHAPTER 8 – Phylogenetic Relationships among and within Select Avian Orders Based on Mitochondrial DNA

Among the many challenges facing avian systematists is the need for additional discrete character data sets and knowledge of the constraints influencing the character change over time. The objective of this chapter is to present phylogenetic analyses of new molecular sequence data for select avian lineages, to place these analyses in the context of existing phylogenetic hypotheses, and to discuss pertinent issues regarding methods of phylogenetic inference. Phylogenetic analyses presented in this chapter, based on mitochondrial DNA characters, address a number of controversial issues. Anseriformes and Galliformes are supported as sister taxa that are more closely related to a paleognath ( Rhea ) than to a set of neognaths. Placement of the root is critical in this latter determination, and addition of sequences from more taxa within the avian ingroup and within the crocodilian outgroup clade (including alligatorids, crocodilids, and gavialids) may help reduce the potential attraction among long branches. It is doubtful, however, that greater sampling of extant forms will ever eliminate the problem entirely. In analyses of two different data sets, Passeriformes are indicated as basal among five lineages representing the oldest divergences among extant birds and among a set of neognaths.
Can molecules explain long-term potentiation?

Although over 100 molecules have been implicated in long-term potentiation and depression, no consensus on their underlying molecular mechanisms has emerged. Here we discuss the difficulties of providing molecular explanations for cellular neurobiological phenomena.
The mixed or multilevel model for behavior genetic analysis.

We propose the mixed model or multilevel model as a general alternative approach to existing behavior genetic analysis—an alternative to correlation analysis, the DeFries-Fulker analysis, and structural equation modeling. The mixed or multilevel model handles readily families of behavioral genetic data, which include paired sibling data (e.g., pairs of MZ and DZ twins) and clustered sibling data (e.g., a family of more than two biological siblings) as special cases. Not only can a family of behavioral genetic data have more than two siblings, it can also contain multiple types of siblings (e.g., a pair of MZ twins, a pair of DZ twins, a full sibling, and a half sibling). In contrast to the traditional approaches, the mixed or multilevel model is insensitive to the order of the siblings in a sibling cluster. We apply our approach to a large, nationally representative behavior genetic sample collected recently by the Add Health Study. We demonstrate the approach through several applications using both clustered and family complex behavioral genetic data: conventional variance decomposition analysis, analysis of interactions between genetic and environmental influences, and analysis of the possible genetic basis for friendship selection. We compare results from the mixed or multilevel model, Pearson's correlation analysis, and the structural equation model.
Automatic tracking of SPAMM grid in MR images

A novel approach to the automatic tracking of the SPAMM (spatial modulation of magnetization) grid in cardiac MR (magnetic resonance) images is presented. The tracking is used to extract grid points from MR images and to establish correspondences between grid points belonging to images taken at consecutive frames. Such correspondences are useful for motion and deformation estimation. Spatio-temporal tracking of the SPAMM grid is achieved by using snakes-active contour models with an associated energy functional. A minimizing strategy suitable for tracking the SPAMM grid is presented. By continuously minimizing their energy functionals, their snakes lock on to and follow the 2-D motion and deformation of the grid. Point correspondences are automatically made available. No explicit matching is necessary. >
Tumor-growth suppression in vivo: cooperation between immune lymphoid cells sensitized in vitro and nonimmune bone marrow cells.

Spleen cells from rats immunized with syngeneic (C58NT)D Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells restimulated in vitro with mitomycin C-treated (C58NT)D cells become cytotoxic to tumor targets and demonstrate an increased ability to adoptively confer antitumor immunity to nonimmune recipients. The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether nonimmune host cells participated in the local inhibition of tumor growth mediated by in vitro -activated cytotoxic cell populations. Adoptive transfer of antitumor immunity to irradiated syngeneic rats was more efficient when the recipients were reconstituted with normal bone marrow. A quantitative relationship was observed between the number of bone marrow cells administered and tumor-growth inhibition. Bone marrow cells from thymectomized, thoracic duct drained rats similarly were able to reconstitute lethally irradiated thymectomized recipients. Lymph node, thymus, or spleen cells were inactive when tested under the same conditions. Peritoneal-exudate (PE) cells contributed to decreased tumor growth in the presence or absence of sensitized lymphocytes. The results show that nonimmune bone marrow cells, although not required for tumor-growth suppression, interact synergistically with immune lymphocytes. These results suggest that in vitro -sensitized cells appear to inhibit tumor growth in vivo by at least two independent mechanisms: a direct, presumably cytotoxic effect on tumortarget cells and by indirect recruitment of a nonimmune radiosensitive bone marrow-derived host cell.
Effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on adenine nucleotide translocation in canine heart mitochondria.

Abstract The in vitro effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the translocation of adenine nucleotides in dog heart mitochondria was studied. Mitochondrial adenine nucleotides were labeled with 14C by incubating mitochondrial preparations in the presence of [14C]ADP. The exchange reaction was initiated by addition of unlabeled ADP, proceeded for 5 to 60 s at 4 °C, and was terminated by addition of atractyloside. The results showed that preincubation of mitochondria with endotoxin (50 μg/mg protein) for 10 min at 23 °C decreased the exchange reaction by 21.2% (P
Energy management schemes for memory-resident database systems

With the tremendous growth of system memories, memory-resident databases are increasingly becoming important in various domains. Newer memories provide a structured way of storing data in multiple chips, with each chip having a bank of memory modules. Current memory-resident databases are yet to take full advantage of the banked storage system, which offers a lot of room for performance and energy optimizations. In this paper, we identify the implications of a banked memory environment in supporting memory-resident databases, and propose hardware (memory-directed) and software (query-directed) schemes to reduce the energy consumption of queries executed on these databases. Our results show that high-level query-directed schemes (hosted in the query optimizer) better utilize the low-power modes in reducing the energy consumption than the respective hardware schemes (hosted in the memory controller), due to their complete knowledge of query access patterns. We extend this further and propose a query restructuring scheme and a multi-query optimization. Queries are restructured and regrouped based on their table access patterns to maximize the likelihood that data accesses are clustered. This helps increase the inter-access idle times of memory modules, which in turn enables a more effective control of their energy behavior. This heuristic is eventually integrated with our hardware optimizations to achieve maximum savings. Our experimental results show that the memory energy reduces by 90% if query restructuring method is applied along with basic energy optimizations over the unoptimized version. The system-wide performance impact of each scheme is also studied simultaneously.
System identification with artificial neural networks

System identification is the term scientists and engineers use to refer to the process of building mathematical models of dynamical systems based on observed data. This paper approaches system identification as a pattern recognition problem. We use computers to simulate the system response for a variety of different mathematical models. For each distinct system model, simulated system responses tend to remain segregated in one or more amorphous regions of system response space despite (1) large variations in system parameters, (2) experimental errors, and (3) noise. The actual system response is classified with the model corresponding to the region of system response space where it is found. The classifier is an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which implements a Generalized Vector Quantizer (GVQ). A small number of simple but powerful discriminant functions facilitate the correct classification of most of the responses in any given region. The required distribution of discriminants among the regions evolves automatically as they learn their respective functions.
Functional Validation of Genes Implicated in Lymphomagenesis: An in Vivo Selection Assay Using a Myc-Induced B-Cell Tumor

The involvement of the c-Myc transcription factor in neoplastic transformation is well documented. However, which of its numerous target genes are crucial for tumorigenesis remains a frequently contested issue. We have recently established a non-transgenic murine model for B-cell lymphoma based on neoplastic conversion of p53-null bone marrow cells by conditionally active Myc. Using this model, we have identified a number of genes whose expression levels are affected by Myc during B-lymphomagenesis. Here we discuss their possible roles in neoplastic processes and describe an experimental approach allowing in vivo validation of these roles. We demonstrate that lymphoma cells overexpressing one of the Myc targets, the interleukin-10 receptor gene, have a very strong selective advantage over low IL10R expressors. Furthermore, Mcl1, a presumptive IL10R effector, also confers selective advantages when overexpressed in Myc-transformed hematopoietic cells. Thus, both IL10R and Mcl1 might be amenable to therapeutic interventions, and new targets can be identified and validated using the selection approach.
INADVERTENT CONCENTRATED EPINEPHRINE INJECTION AT NEWBORN CIRCUMCISION: EFFECT AND TREATMENT

Medications are commonly delivered by injection in the practice of urology. In pediatric genital surgery local anesthetics with or without vasoconstrictors are used for penile blocks. Vasoconstrictors may be injected subcutaneously to provide a bloodless field, and normal saline may be injected intracorporeally to assess penile curvature. When used correctly, these agents are safe. However, significant consequences can occur when they are used incorrectly. We describe inadvertent injection of concentrated epinephrine into the penis of a newborn and suggest a plan for treatment.
Transfer of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis to Malassezia pachydermatis by the serum of atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis

In atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis (MD), type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and circulating serum IgE reactive to M. pachydermatis extracts have been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functionality of anti-Malassezia IgE by the transfer of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA testing). Three nonatopic dogs were used as recipients. Two test sera were utilized: pooled sera from 10 atopic dogs with MD that were skin test positive to M. pachydermatis extract; and serum from an atopic dog with MD that exhibited high levels of anti-Malassezia IgE on an ELISA assay. One aliquot of each untreated serum, one aliquot of each serum heated at 56 oC for 4 h and two aliquots of the ELISA-positive serum adsorbed with either mouse anticanine IgE or bovine serum albumin (as a control) were utilized. Six serial dilutions of all six aliquots were injected intradermally in triplicate, along with a 20 µg mL−1 extract of M. pachydermatis to rule out prior sensitization to the yeast. At 24-, 48- and 72-h intervals, the yeast extract was injected intradermally at the sites of prior serum injections and wheal/flare responses were graded 0–4+ compared with saline and histamine controls. Through 72 h, all dogs showed > 2+ reactions at the injection sites of both the untreated sera and the BSA-treated sera (titers = 1:64), but no reactions at the sites of heat-inactivated and IgE-adsorbed sera. These results support the transfer of PCA by anti-Malassezia IgE and implicate it to be functional in type 1 hypersensitivity. Funded by the Canine Health Foundation of the American Kennel Club.
On the concept of relative and plastic spins and its implications to large deformation theories. Part II: Anisotropic hardening plasticity

By resorting to both microscopic and macroscopic considerations, including the concept of single slip, dislocation stress, and a scale invariance argument we show that the notion and formalism of the “relative spin” introduced in Part I reduces to that of “plastic spin” previously recognized in the literature. The central feature of this reduction is the possibility of obtaining physically based constitutive equations for the plastic spin along with appropriate evolution equations for the dislocation or back stress. When these constitutive models are incorporated in the analysis of existing data on tension-torsion tests, we find satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment. In particular, a theoretical interpretation of the torsionally induced axial strain, as observed for example by Swift, Bailey et al., Hart and Chang, and others, is provided. Moreover, the recent experiments of Montheillet et al. on torsionally induced axial stresses are discussed in the light of the presently proposed models of large inelastic deformation inelasticity accounting for anisotropy and texture effects.