cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Procoagulant Response to Injury

The vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the regulation of coagulation through the constitutive expression and release of anticoagulants and the inducible expression of procoagulant substances. Cardiopulmonary bypass dysregulates this process by activating endothelial cells, initially promoting bleeding and then thrombosis. Endothelial cell activation in response to circulating inflammatory mediators leads to the initiation of coagulation when tissue factor is expressed throughout the intravascular space. This results in the widespread consumption of coagulation factors. Additionally, there is a cardiopulmonary bypass-related qualitative platelet defect that is exacerbated by thrombocytopenia as platelets are consumed from the circulation by clot and adherence to the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Finally, cardiopulmonary bypass results in the endothelial release of plasminogen activators, which lead to an increase in systemic fibrinolysis. The diffuse generation of thrombin, driven by the inducible intravascular expression of tissue factor, plays a major role in all of these processes. Efforts to understand the critical role of the endothelium in coagulation may lead to novel therapies to prevent bleeding or thrombosis in cardiovascular surgery patients.
Indicators of potentially drug-resistant bacteria in severe nursing home-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND Knowledge of the determinant factors responsible for the presence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in severe nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP) is deemed essential for antibiotic selection. METHODS Data for institutionalized patients with cases of severe pneumonia confirmed by culture of protected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples (> or =10(3) cfu/mL) during a 36-month period were analyzed. A classification tree with a sensitivity of 100% was developed using binary recursive partitioning to predict which patients are unlikely to have drug-resistant pathogen (DRP)-related pneumonia. RESULTS Of the 88 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria, 17 had at least 1 DRP recovered from the lower respiratory tract. The predictor variables were the Activity of Daily Living score and previous use of antibiotics. Prospective application of the model in 47 patients over a 24-month period yielded a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.3%-100%) and a specificity of 69.4% (95% CI, 51.9%-83.6%). CONCLUSIONS The use of the tree may provide a more rational basis for selecting initial therapy for severe NHAP after it is validated in a large prospective study.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with features of left ventricular non-compaction: How many diseases?

[1] Chyka PA, Erdman AR, Manoguerra AS, et al. Dextromethorphan poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Tox 2007;45:662–7. [2] Banerji S, Anderson IB. Abuse of Coricidin HBP cough & cold tablets: episodes recorded by a poison center. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2001;58(19):1811–4. [3] Miller SC. Dextromethorphan psychosis, dependence and physical withdrawal. Addict Biol 2005;10:325–7. [4] Wolfe TR, Caravati EM. Massive dextromethorphan ingestion and abuse. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:174–6. [5] Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:239–45. [6] Deisemann H, Ahrens N, Schlobohm I, et al. Effects of common antitussive drugs on the hERG Potassium Channel Current. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008;52(6):494–9. [7] Krantz MJ, Martin J, Stimmel B, Mehta D, Haigney MCP. QTc interval screening and methadone treatment. Ann Intern Med 2009;150(6):387–95. [8] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.
Threshold Conditions for the Persistence of Plague Transmission in Urban Rats

In this article we derive a mathematical expression characterizing the tendency for Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, to become established in an urban rat population upon introduction, and evaluate this risk for several cities. The expression gives a threshold condition for the persistence of Y. pestis transmission in terms of measurable attributes of a local urban rat population: the average flea density and the rat colony size. If the local rat and flea populations exceed this threshold, plague circulation is predicted to continue; if not, it will burn out of its own accord. This expression may be used to evaluate both the vulnerability of a specific neighborhood and the effect of pest control strategies upon that vulnerability.
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer after adjusting for inflammatory markers

Despite the substantial epidemiologic evidence on the inverse association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and colorectal cancer (CRC), it remains controversial whether this relationship is causal or due to confounding by inflammation. We reevaluated the association between plasma 25(OH)D and CRC risk by additionally accounting for inflammatory markers in a prospective case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (615 cases and 1,209 matched controls). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of CRC in relation to quartiles of plasma 25(OH)D. Results were compared before and after adjusting for inflammatory markers in the multivariable model. Plasma 25(OH)D was associated with reduced risk of CRC (multivariable RR comparing extreme quartiles = 0.71, 95% CI, 0.52-0.97, Ptrend = 0.01). Additional adjustment for C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 or a composite inflammatory score did not change the results (multivariable [including inflammatory score] RR = 0.72, 95% CI, 0.53-0.98, Ptrend = 0.02). Our findings suggest that confounding by inflammation, as reflected by circulating inflammatory markers, does not appear to account for the inverse association between plasma 25(OH)D and CRC.
Characterization of Enhancer-of-white-apricot in Drosophila melanogaster

The white-apricot (wa) allele differs from the wild-type white gene by the presence of the retrovirus-like transposable element copia within the transcription unit. Most RNAs derived from wa have 3' termini within this insertion, and only small amounts of structurally normal RNA are produced. The activity of wa is reduced in trans by a semidominant mutation in the gene Enhancer-of-white-apricot (E(wa). Flies that are wa and heterozygous for the enhancer have eyes which are much lighter than the orange-yellow of wa alone while E(wa) homozygotes have white eyes. This semidominant effect on pigmentation is correlated with a corresponding decrease in white RNA having wild type structure, and flies homozygous for E(wa) have increased levels of aberrant RNAs. Three reverant alleles of E(wa) generated by reversion of the dominant enhancer phenotype with gamma radiation are noncomplementing recessive lethals, with death occurring during the larval stage. The effects on wa eye pigmentation of varying doses of the original E(wa) allele, the wild type allele, and the revertant alleles suggest that the original E(wa) allele produces a product that interferes with the activity of the wild type gene and that the revertants are null alleles. We propose that the E(wa) gene product influences the activity of the downstream copia long terminal repeat in 3' end formation.
Failure to Thrive and Cognitive Development in Toddlers With Infantile Anorexia

Objective. The goal of this study was to examine the relative contributions of growth deficiency and psychosocial factors to cognitive development in toddlers with infantile anorexia. Methods. Eighty-eight toddlers, ranging in age from 12 to 33 months, were enrolled in this study. Toddlers were evaluated by 2 child psychiatrists and placed into 1 of 3 groups: infantile anorexia, picky eater, and healthy eater. All 3 groups were matched for age, race, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Toddlers underwent nutritional evaluations and cognitive assessments with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Toddlers and their mothers were also videotaped during feeding and play interactions, which later were rated independently by 2 observers. Results. On average, toddlers with infantile anorexia performed within the normal range of cognitive development. However, the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) scores of the healthy eater group (MDI = 110) were significantly higher than those of the infantile anorexia (MDI = 99) and picky eater (MDI = 96) groups. Within the infantile anorexia group, correlations between MDI scores and the toddlers9 percentage of ideal body weight approached statistical significance ( r = .32). Across all groups, the toddlers9 MDI scores were associated with the quality of mother–child interactions, SES level, and maternal education level. Collectively, these variables explained 22% of the variance in MDI scores. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that psychosocial factors, such as mother–toddler interactions, maternal education level, and SES level, are related to the cognitive development of toddlers with feeding problems and explain more unique variance in MDI scores than nutritional status.
Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in whey powder, whey permeate, and low-ash whey permeate fed to weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine DE and ME, the apparent total tract digest- ibility (ATTD) of P, and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in whey powder (3,646 kcal/ kg), whey permeate (3,426 kcal/kg), and low-ash whey permeate (3,657 kcal/kg) fed to weanling pigs. The DE and ME in the 3 whey products were determined using 32 barrows (9.2 ± 0.4 kg of BW). A basal diet based on corn, soybean meal, and fish meal and 3 diets contain- ing 70% of the basal diet and 30% of each whey product were prepared. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs that were housed individually in metabolism cages. The total col- lection method was used for fecal and urine collections with 5-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods, and the difference procedure was used to calculate DE and ME in the 3 whey products. The concentrations of DE in whey powder and low-ash whey permeate were greater (P < 0.001) than in whey permeate (3,646 and 3,683 vs. 3,253 kcal/kg of DM). The concentrations of ME in whey powder and low-ash whey permeate were also greater (P < 0.001) than in whey permeate (3,462 and 3,593 vs. 3,081 kcal/kg of DM). The ATTD and STTD of P in the 3 whey products were determined using 32 barrows (11.0 ± 0.81 kg of BW). Three cornstarch-su- crose-based diets containing 30% of each whey product as the sole source of P were prepared. A P-free diet that was used to estimate the basal endogenous losses of P was also formulated. The ATTD of P in whey powder and in whey permeate was greater (P < 0.001) than in low-ash whey permeate (84.3 and 86.1 vs. 55.9%), but the STTD values for P were not different among the 3 ingredients (91.2, 93.1, and 91.8% in whey pow- der, whey permeate, and low-ash whey permeate, re- spectively). In conclusion, whey permeate contains less GE, DE, and ME than whey powder and low-ash whey permeate, but all 3 ingredients have an excellent digest- ibility of P.
The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Isoseismal Map and Intensity Distribution

Abstract The Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake of October 28, 1983, caused two deaths in Challis and injured one person in Mackay. The most severe damage occurred in Mackay and Challis, where 11 businesses and 239 homes were damaged. Maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VII was rated for both Challis and Mackay based on damage due to vibrational effects. Intensity IX was assigned to the area along the 34‐kilometer‐length of surface faulting. This event is comparable to the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake, which was assigned an intensity X based on geologic effects and VII ‐ VIII on vibrational effects (Steinbrugge and Cloud, 1962). The Borah Peak event was felt over 855,000 km2 of the United States and Canada.
Learning Lessons: The Libby Zion Case Revisited

Resident duty hours have been a point of debate for many years, because fatigue was thought to be the culprit for medical errors. The Libby Zion case precipitated the movement to restrict and limit work hours for residents. It's important to ask whether this is truly the only conclusion that should
Several genomic regions potentially containing QTLs for bone size variation were identified in a whole‐genome linkage scan

Bone size is an important determinant of osteoporotic fractures. For a sample of 53 pedigrees that contains more than 10,000 relative pairs informative for linkage analyses, we performed a whole-genome linkage scan using 380 microsatellite markers to identify genomic regions that may contain QTLs of bone size (two dimensional measurement by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). We conducted two- and multi-point linkage analyses. Several potentially important genomic regions were identified. For example, the genomic region 17q23 may contain a QTL for wrist (ultra distal) bone size variation; a LOD score of 3.98 is achieved at D17S787 in two-point analyses and a maximum LOD score (MLS) of 3.01 is achieved in multi-point analyses in 17q23. 19p13 may contain a QTL for hip bone size variation; a LOD score of 1.99 is achieved at D19S226 in two-point analyses and a MLS of 2.83 is achieved in 19p13 in multi-point analyses. The genomic region identified on chromosome 17 for wrist bone size seems to be consistent with that identified for femur head width variation in an earlier whole-genome scan study. The genomic regions identified in this study and an earlier investigation on one-dimensional bone size measurement by radiography are compared. The two studies may form a basis for further exploration with larger samples and/or denser markers for confirmation and fine mapping studies to eventually identify major functional genes and the associated etiology for osteoporosis. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness. By W. Paul Reeve.

Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness . By W. Paul Reeve. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. xiii + 335 pp. Illustrations, notes, index. $34.95.) The transition of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from a persecuted and vilified new religion to a respectable and globally powerful institution is one of the most remarkable stories in U.S. religious history. In this long-awaited and fascinating book, W. Paul Reeve argues that race was a crucial component of the church’s transformation. Much like Jews, Irish and Italian Catholics, and other once-“off white” groups, Mormons went from being viewed as racially suspect to straightforwardly white. By showing how outsiders challenged nineteenth-century Mormons’ whiteness, thereby encouraging Mormons to embrace white supremacy in a bid to … paddisonj{at}wittenberg.edu
The Timber Game: Teaching Sustainability Concepts Using the Prisoners Dilemma

This paper discusses the development, goals, and administra-tion of the Timber Game. The Timber Game is an online simu-lation for teaching sustainability concepts in the context of the Tragedy of the Commons. The game presents players with what appears to be a competitive situation but which in reality is a â€œprisonerâ€™s dilemmaâ€. Sufficient information is provided for players to identify the prisonerâ€™s dilemma and determine the proper course of action in advance. Players who analyze the situation in advance and recognize the meta-level problem, the tragedy of the commons, will adjust their game activities to sus-tainable levels and maximize their long-run performance. Play-ers who fail to recognize the problem will aggressively compete, undermining the industry and all other players, resulting in depressed long-run industry and organizational performance.
Equations and Graphs

All numbers can be represented geometrically by points on a straight line. This line is usually placed horizontally and is called an axis. A point on the line is arbitrarily chosen to represent the number 0. This point is called the origin. Then, a convenient distance is chosen to be used as the unit of length. Points to the right of 0 that are whole multiples of this unit length represent the positive integers, while points that are whole multiples of this unit length to the left of 0 represent the negative integers. Nonintegral numbers are represented by the points whose distance from 0 is the proper proportional distance. Thus, all positive numbers are represented by points to the right of 0 and all negative numbers are represented by points to the left of 0. Every point on the axis represents some unique number, and every number can be represented by some unique point.
Observation of reversible, rapid changes in drug susceptibility of hypoxic tumor cells in a microfluidic device.

Hypoxia is a major stimulus for increased drug resistance and for survival of tumor cells. Work from our group and others has shown that hypoxia increases resistance to anti-cancer compounds, radiation, and other damage-pathway cytotoxic agents. In this work we utilize a microfluidic culture system capable of rapid switching of local oxygen concentrations to determine changes in drug resistance in prostate cancer cells. We observed rapid adaptation to hypoxia, with drug resistance to 2 μM staurosporine established within 30 min of hypoxia. Annexin-V/Sytox Green apoptosis assays over 9 h showed 78.0% viability, compared to 84.5% viability in control cells (normoxic cells with no staurosporine). Normoxic cells exposed to the same staurosporine concentration had a viability of 48.6% after 9 h. Hypoxia adaptation was rapid and reversible, with Hypoxic cells treated with 20% oxygen for 30 min responding to staurosporine with 51.6% viability after drug treatment for 9 h. Induction of apoptosis through the receptor-mediated pathway, which bypasses anti-apoptosis mechanisms induced by hypoxia, resulted in 39.4 ± 7% cell viability. The rapid reversibility indicates co-treatment of oxygen with anti-cancer compounds may be a potential therapeutic target.
Minimally Invasive Direct Lateral Transpsoas Approach for the Resection of a Lumbar Plexus Schwannoma: Technique Report

Objective Traditional techniques for resection of lumbar plexus tumors have been associated with approach-related morbidity. We describe a case utilizing a minimally invasive transpsoas lateral access approach to resect a retroperitoneal tumor of the lumbar plexus. Methods We report a case with an extradural retroperitoneal schwannoma of the L4 nerve root that was treated with a minimally invasive direct lateral transpsoas approach using atraumatic tissue dilators and an expandable tubular retractor. The use of directional and continuous electromyographic monitoring was critical in locating the plexus and positioning the retractor immediately anterior to the tumor. Results The patient tolerated the procedure well without postoperative complications. The operative approach was direct and intraoperative blood loss was negligible. The patient demonstrated improved left leg strength and ambulation and resolution of paresthesias. Conclusions A minimally invasive direct lateral transpsoas access approach is an effective technique to safely and adequately resect extradural retroperitoneal lumbar plexus tumors.
Content and Accessibility of Shoulder and Elbow Fellowship Web Sites in the United States.

BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of training physicians are using the Internet to gather information about graduate medical education programs. The content and accessibility of web sites that provide this information have been demonstrated to influence applicants' decisions. Assessments of orthopedic fellowship web sites including sports medicine, pediatrics, hand and spine have found varying degrees of accessibility and material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility and content of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) fellowship web sites (SEFWs). METHODS A complete list of ASES programs was obtained from a database on the ASES web site. The accessibility of each SEFWs was assessed by the existence of a functioning link found in the database and through Google®. Then, the following content areas of each SEFWs were evaluated: fellow education, faculty/previous fellow information, and recruitment. RESULTS At the time of the study, 17 of the 28 (60.7%) ASES programs had web sites accessible through Google®, and only five (17.9%) had functioning links in the ASES database. Nine programs lacked a web site. Concerning web site content, the majority of SEFWs contained information regarding research opportunities, research requirements, case descriptions, meetings and conferences, teaching responsibilities, attending faculty, the application process, and a program description. Fewer than half of the SEFWs provided information regarding rotation schedules, current fellows, previous fellows, on-call expectations, journal clubs, medical school of current fellows, residency of current fellows, employment of previous fellows, current research, and previous research. CONCLUSIONS A large portion of ASES fellowship programs lacked functioning web sites, and even fewer provided functioning links through the ASES database. Valuable information for potential applicants was largely inadequate across present SEFWs.
Sub-lethal effects of dietary neonicotinoid insecticide exposure on honey bee queen fecundity and colony development

Many factors can negatively affect honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health including the pervasive use of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides. Through direct consumption of contaminated nectar and pollen from treated plants, neonicotinoids can affect foraging, learning, and memory in worker bees. Less well studied are the potential effects of neonicotinoids on queen bees, which may be exposed indirectly through trophallaxis, or food-sharing. To assess effects on queen productivity, small colonies of different sizes (1500, 3000, and 7000 bees) were fed imidacloprid (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ppb) in syrup for three weeks. We found adverse effects of imidacloprid on queens (egg-laying and locomotor activity), worker bees (foraging and hygienic activities), and colony development (brood production and pollen stores) in all treated colonies. Some effects were less evident as colony size increased, suggesting that larger colony populations may act as a buffer to pesticide exposure. This study is the first to show adverse effects of imidacloprid on queen bee fecundity and behavior and improves our understanding of how neonicotinoids may impair short-term colony functioning. These data indicate that risk-mitigation efforts should focus on reducing neonicotinoid exposure in the early spring when colonies are smallest and queens are most vulnerable to exposure.
The Effects of Guided Video Analysis on Teacher Candidates’ Reflective Ability and Instructional Skills:

Internships are central to teacher preparation, but many novice teachers do not feel such student teaching experiences prepared them for teaching realities. The purpose of this quasi-experimental s...
Simulating survival data with predefined censoring rates for proportional hazards models

The proportional hazard model is one of the most important statistical models used in medical research involving time-to-event data. Simulation studies are routinely used to evaluate the performance and properties of the model and other alternative statistical models for time-to-event outcomes under a variety of situations. Complex simulations that examine multiple situations with different censoring rates demand approaches that can accommodate this variety. In this paper, we propose a general framework for simulating right-censored survival data for proportional hazards models by simultaneously incorporating a baseline hazard function from a known survival distribution, a known censoring time distribution, and a set of baseline covariates. Specifically, we present scenarios in which time to event is generated from exponential or Weibull distributions and censoring time has a uniform or Weibull distribution. The proposed framework incorporates any combination of covariate distributions. We describe the steps involved in nested numerical integration and using a root-finding algorithm to choose the censoring parameter that achieves predefined censoring rates in simulated survival data. We conducted simulation studies to assess the performance of the proposed framework. We demonstrated the application of the new framework in a comprehensively designed simulation study. We investigated the effect of censoring rate on potential bias in estimating the conditional treatment effect using the proportional hazard model in the presence of unmeasured confounding variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Receptor on Acid.

Wacker et al. report the crystal structure of LSD in complex with one of its major targets in the brain, the 5-HT2B receptor, the first such structure for any psychedelic drug. The results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying its ability to induce hallucinations with greater duration and potency than closely related compounds.
Fluorescence properties of fluor molecules confined within nanoscale pores in a polymer matrix

We demonstrate that fluorescence properties of organic fluors embedded in a porous polystyrene matrix are highly sensitive to the average pore size and pore-size distribution of the matrix. The effect can be understood as two different types of confinement imposed to the fluor molecules by the matrix. First, there is geometrical confinement that restricts the fluor oscillations due to its physical contact with a pore wall. Second, there is an electronic confinement due to a local polarization of the wall material by molecular dipoles. The effects lead to a spectral shift and enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of the material.
Death rituals: the grief fetish and military service

I haven’t worn a military uniform in nine years….The question foreshadowed the disconnectedness I would feel over the next 24 hours. A family member asked me the day before the funeral if I would b...
Aspects of Nonlinear Acoustics which are Important in Biomedical Ultrasound

In most applications of ultrasound in medicine, it is satisfactory to assume that tissue behaves as a linear medium. It has become apparent within the last few years, however, that there are enough exceptions to this position that it is desirable for research scientists and development engineers to be aware of the basic concepts and implications of finite amplitude acoustics.
Composition, placement, and economics of rural microgrids for ensuring sustainable development

Abstract Nearly 20% of the world’s population does not have adequate access to reliable – or any – electricity, and population growth is exceeding electrification rates. The desire for power in rural and developing communities is growing continuously, and access to electricity can now be considered a necessity, not an extravagance. Lack of electrification contributes to cyclic poverty, child mortality, and hampers education, leading to an even greater divide between the developed and developing worlds. Centralized generation and distribution systems are not suited to rural areas where transmission distances are great, nor developing areas where the capital cost of large centralized generation plants is untenable. This work examines the practicality of energy production and storage, covering a large portion of the globe utilizing HOMER as an optimization tool. Multiple load profiles based on actual developing rural usage were used to create a variety of community scenarios, and the demand was optimized with a variety of generation and storage options. Every model utilizes location-based radiance, wind, and fuel prices. The goal of developing electrification is twofold: First, to provide affordable and reliable electricity, and the second is to explore every avenue of generating that electricity in an environmentally sustainable way. The sites represented in the paper – one from each country – signify communities in various states of development based on an earnings metric. Ultimately, the relative power of irradiance, wind speeds, and diesel prices can be compiled into a single index to determine whether a community should tie into the grid, or have a standalone microgrid. This break-even point from an economic standpoint is short, and favors independent microgrids in many rural areas. Additionally, whether a community should consider completely renewable energy, or mixed renewable and diesel generation sources is highly predictable based on only a few metrics, and in many circumstances, makes little impact to the levelized cost of energy.
SUPER HIGH RESOLUTION µOCT FOR ENDOTHELIAL CELL VISUALIZATION IN THE CORONARY ARTERIES EX VIVO

Coronary arteries are covered by a thin-layer of endothelial cells (ECs). EC impairment is at the origin of coronary atherosclerosis, and endothelial erosion has emerged as the second most prevalent pathological finding in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, no in vivo imaging has sufficient
Fluidics: A New Tool for Controls

This paper discusses the principles which form the bases for the phenomena usually referred to under the common heading of “Fluidics.” It explains how these phenomena can be used to obtain desired results, gives a few examples and points out some of the advantages and disadvantages of Fluidic devices.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
The stream of change

Fluctuations in the composition of reactant gas mixtures often lead to activity and selectivity variations in automotive catalysts. Now, time-resolved operando spectroscopy sheds light on the transient changes of surface species for a commercially applied catalyst and leads to process optimization.
PSEUDOARCHAEOLOGY AND FRAUDS

People are fascinated by antiquity: How did humanity come to be? What does the cave art of the Upper Paleolithic mean? How did ancient Egyptians build the pyramids? What was the purpose of Stonehenge? Public interest generates an appetite for solutions to these perceived mysteries and the demand for solutions creates a ready supply of researchers and writers ready to provide them, commonly by proposing highly speculative interpretations of actual data and, in the extreme, through the agency of outright fraud. Examples of archaeological frauds perpetrated in the name of religion (the Cardiff Giant) and science (Piltdown Man and the Fujimura web of hoaxes related to Paleolithic archaeology in Japan) are discussed here. Beyond mere fraud, pseudoarchaeology also involves the misinterpretation and misrepresentation of archaeological data to concoct a past that some feel is more satisfying, a past populated by greatly advanced, super-civilizations in deep time, lost continents, and even technology-proselytizing extraterrestrial visitors to our planet in antiquity. Such extreme scenarios have in common the fact that archaeological evidence lends no support to them. If, as author L. P. Hartley is correct in his characterization of the past as a foreign country, then archaeology provides our only viable passport and the extraordinary fables concocted by the pseudoarchaeologists must be rejected for the stories that only a scientific investigation of the past can provide.
Conclusion and Next Steps for Science Teacher Educators

The chapter authors of this coedited book provide valuable insight into the “struggle” every day to challenge the status quo and hegemonic policies in place that are barriers to school success for many students of color in the school systems across the United States. Many of the barriers that science teacher educators and advocates for equity and social justice in science teaching encounter are institutional and promote a “hidden curriculum” that marginalizes a large number of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds with the potential to experience success in science on both the secondary level and beyond. This book provides a lens and perspective for moving forward in science education to promote a more equity-based curriculum for students in this increasingly diverse world.
A Spatial Analysis of Methamphetamine Lab Seizures in the Midwest High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Before and After Federal Precursor Legislation

This chapter uses spatial zero-inflated negative binomial regression to assess the relationship between methamphetamine lab seizures and county characteristics in the states of the Midwest High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area for the years 2000–2010. I regressed meth lab seizure statistics from the El Paso Intelligence Center with county characteristics obtained from the 2000 and 2010 censuses. Two models were run to determine if the significant covariates for meth lab seizures changed as a result of the National Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, which restricted precursor sales nationwide. The study does not find a significant difference in the covariates of the two models. In both cases, the most significant predictor of the presence of any meth lab in a county was their presence in neighboring counties, suggesting the agglomeration of methamphetamine production. In the count portion of the models, lab seizures were closely correlated with counties that were highly white but possessed the other characteristics associated with social disorganization.
The Chiaroscuro Woodcut in Renaissance Italy

The Chiaroscuro Woodcut in Renaissance Italy is both a valuable contribution to the development of a widely-contextualized understanding of these dynamic prints and a solid reference on Renaissance...
Beavers alter stream macroinvertebrate communities in north‐eastern Utah

Understanding changes in macroinvertebrate communities is important because they play a large role in stream ecosystem functioning, and they are an important food resource for fish. Beaver‐induced changes to stream morphology could alter macroinvertebrate communities, which in turn could affect food webs and ecosystem function. However, studies investigating the effects of North American beaver activities on macroinvertebrates are rare in the inter‐mountain west, an area with high potential for beaver‐assisted restoration. The aim of this study was to quantify differences in the macroinvertebrate community between unaltered segments of streams and within beaver ponds in north‐eastern Utah, U.S.A. We assessed macroinvertebrate species richness, biomass, density, functional feeding group composition, mobility group composition, and macroinvertebrate habitat characteristics to test the hypothesis that macroinvertebrate communities will differ among habitat types (undammed stream segments and beaver ponds) in beaver‐occupied streams. Beaver pond communities significantly differed from lotic reach communities in many ways. Beaver ponds were less diverse with 25% fewer species. Although there was variability among streams, in general, beaver ponds had 75% fewer individuals and 90% lower total macroinvertebrate biomass compared to lotic reaches. Regarding functional feeding groups, beaver ponds contained more engulfers, while lotic reaches contained more scrapers, filterers, and gatherers. For mobility groups, beaver ponds had more sprawlers, while lotic reaches had more clingers. Swimmers were also more prevalent in lotic reaches, although this is probably due to the abundance of Baetis within lotic reaches. More beaver pond taxa were classified as lentic‐dwelling insects, while more lotic reach taxa were categorised as preferring lotic habitats. The creation of ponds by beavers fundamentally altered the macroinvertebrate community in north‐eastern Utah streams. Such changes to stream macroinvertebrate communities suggest that recolonisation of beavers across North America may be altering stream functioning and food webs. Our study highlights the need to further investigate the effects of beaver recolonisation on stream communities.
Chapter 5 – Client Counseling

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the reason that put philosophical practice “on the map” of American and global awareness. Philosophical counseling has been done intermittently or sporadically for centuries. It is lately being portrayed as something new, but that portrayal is inaccurate: it is really something quite ancient that has been rediscovered and is being reformulated in contemporary contexts. The cultural entities that compete and cooperate for survival and which undergo “descent with modification” are of two interacting kinds: symbolic structures and technological products i.e., symbols and tools. No one's DNA contains information about the myths to which he subscribes, the language he speaks, the customs he observes, or the instruments he uses. All these things are artefacts of cultural evolution and unlike DNA are not transmitted by any means internal to the organism.
The impact of beta-lactam allergy labels on hospitalized children.

Background and objectives: Antibiotic allergy labels are common and are frequently inaccurate. Previous studies among adults demonstrate that β-lactam allergy labels may lead to adverse outcomes, including prescription of broader-spectrum antibiotics, increased costs, and increased lengths of stay, among others. However, data among pediatric patients are lacking, especially in the United States. In this study, we sought to determine the impact of β-lactam allergy labels in hospitalized children with regards to clinical and economic outcomes. Method: This retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients 30 days to 17 years old, hospitalized at Intermountain Healthcare facilities from 2007 to 2017, who received ≥1 dose of an antibiotic during their admission. Patients with β-lactam allergies were matched to nonallergic patients based on age, sex, clinical service line, admission date, academic children’s hospital or other hospital admission, and the presence of chronic, comorbid conditions. Outcomes included receipt of broader-spectrum antibiotics, clinical outcomes including length of stay and readmission, and antibiotic and hospitalization costs. Results: In total, 38,906 patients were identified. The prevalence of antibiotic allergy increased from 0.9% among those < 1 year peaked at 10.6% by age 17. Patients with β-lactam allergy received broader-spectrum antibiotics and experienced higher antibiotic costs than nonallergic controls. However, there were no differences in the length of stay, readmission rates, or total number of days of antibiotics between allergic and nonallergic patients. Conclusions: Hospitalized pediatric patients with β-lactam allergy labels receive broader-spectrum antibiotics and experience increased antibiotic costs. This represents an important opportunity for allergy delabeling and antibiotic stewardship.
The occurrence of flunixin residues in bovine milk samples from the United States

Flunixin (FLU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) approved in the United States for use in beef and dairy cattle for modulation of inflammation in endotoxemia and for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease and acute bovine mastitis. FLU is labeled for intravenous administration at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg every 24 hours or 0.5 mg/lb (1.1 mg/kg) every 12 hours for up to 3 days. The slaughter withdrawal time is 4 days following the last injection and the milk withdrawal time is 36 hours. Since 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has reported an increasing number of residue violations in meat from dairy cattle (USDA-FSIS, 2005-2010). This increase in the number of FLU residue violations has led to FLU becoming the second most common residue violation behind penicillin in cull dairy cattle (USDA-FSIS). In milk the marker residue is a metabolite of FLU, called 5-hydroxy flunixin (50H) and the tolerance for 50H in milk is 2 ppb. Milk samples in the United States are not routinely tested for 50H (National Milk Drug Residue Data Base Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report). However, due to the significant number of FLU tissue residues violations found in cull dairy cows, there is concern that the same practices which have led to tissue residues may also lead to drug residues in milk.
An Image Registration Framework to Estimate 3D Myocardial Strains from Cine Cardiac MRI in Mice

Accurate and efficient quantification of cardiac motion offers promising biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis of structural heart diseases. Cine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging remains one of the most advanced imaging tools to provide image acquisitions needed to assess and quantify in-vivo heart kinematics. The majority of cardiac motion studies are focused on human data, and there remains a need to develop and implement an image-registration pipeline to quantify full three-dimensional (3D) cardiac motion in mice where ideal image acquisition is challenged by the subject size and heart rate and the possibility of traditional tagged imaging is hampered. In this study, we used diffeomorphic image registration to estimate strains in the left ventricular wall in two wild-type mice and one diabetic mouse. Our pipeline resulted in a continuous and fully 3D strain map over one cardiac cycle. The estimation of 3D regional and transmural variations of strains is a critical step towards identifying mechanistic biomarkers for improved diagnosis and phenotyping of structural left heart diseases including heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction.
An Uneasy Rebirth for the Clean Water Act: How Changes in Federal Case Law Impact ‘Isolated’ Wetlands in South Carolina

In 2001, the United States Supreme Court ruled against the Army Corps of Engineers in Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 531 U.S. 159 (2001), a well-publicized case involving the breadth of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Following the Court's decision, South Carolina’s journalists, legislators and lawyers all commented on the apparent end of the Corps' authority over so-called "isolated" wetlands - those which are not directly adjacent to traditional, navigable waters. Yet, like reports of Mark Twain's first death, the news of the Corps' demise has been greatly exaggerated. Two decisions by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit - United States v. Deaton 332 F.3d 698 (4th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 124 S.Ct. 1874 (2004), and Treacy v. Newdunn Associates 344 F.3d 407 (4th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 124 S.Ct. 1874 (2004), - have upheld the federal government's authority to regulate wetlands that possess at least a remote, "hydrological connection" to navigable waters. On a case-by-case basis, however, determining whether a "hydrological connection" exists can be difficult. As a result, while the federal permitting program is far from dead, its application in South Carolina is now more confusing and unpredictable.
The Semantic Web and the Next Generation of Human Computation

Semantic Web Technologies and Human Computation systems have great promise in working together. Human Computation has been used as a solution to help with curating Semantic Web data in the Linked Open Data cloud. In turn, the Semantic Web helps could be used to provide better user continuity and platform consistency across Human Computation systems, allowing for more complex, connected and global Human Computation system to be explored. In this chapter we explore previous work in this combination of the Semantic Web and Human Computation, and raise some challenges and research goals for future work.
Transient Expression of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Fuels the Emergence of Adaptive Protein-based Heritable Traits

Punctuated burst of protein expression are common in biological systems. Yet whether this has a lasting influence on future generations is largely unknown. To investigate this question we transiently overexpressed virtually all yeast open reading frames. Expression of many intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) created heritable new traits that persisted after protein overproduction was stopped. The inheritance patterns of these traits resembled protein-based genetic elements, known as prions, but did not depend upon the Hsp104 disaggregase. Instead, transmission from one generation to the next required molecular chaperones (Hsp70 or Hsp90). Moreover, these IDPs lacked Q/N-rich sequences and did not form amyloid fibers. Several conferred gain-of-function phenotypes, and most improved growth in a wide variety of environmental stresses. Such protein-based inheritance was also common in wild yeast strains. Thus, IDPs can drive multiple mechanisms of protein-based inheritance, each of which broadly governs ...
Distributed electrothermal modeling in VHDL-AMS

We demonstrate how to apply VHDL-AMS to modelling a coupled distributed electrothermal problem. We present an example of a simple system where two resistors on top of a silicon substrate are thermally coupled. Thermal exchange is described with a heat balance equation discretized and solved using finite difference method. The entire system is modelled in VHDL-AMS. Our work is a tutorial demonstration of VHDL-AMS capability to model coupled electrothermal systems beyond the traditional equivalent thermal network representation.
A Statistical Analysis to Improve Basketball Strategy

Decision-making and competitive strategies in major American sports have often relied on heuristics and conventional wisdom. Recently, statistics and quantitative methods have been used in the sport of baseball to help teams improve their chances of winning. However, the use of mathematical methods to improve strategy has not been as prevalent in sports such as basketball. In this paper, we discuss a strategy based on statistical information that improves a team's probability of winning. In particular, we claim that the expected benefit of the strategy proposed could have affected the outcome of 17.5% of the 2004 NCAA tournament games.
Disability and Chronic Illness

The onset of chronic illness or disability can have a significant impact on the quality of life of the individual. Chronic illness and disability (CID) may be assessed by their type of onset, life threat implications, course, level of controllability, and degree of imposed functional limitations. Among the most frequently experienced functional limitations are those of: mobility, manipulation, sensory, communication, consciousness, fatigue, cognitive, and social. Numerous internal and external variables typically interact to influence the individual's psychosocial adaptation to CID. Most frequently researched psychosocial reactions to the onset of CID include those of: anxiety, denial, depression, anger, and acceptance. Keywords: adaptation; disability; illness
Cued In: Advances and Opportunities in Freshwater Chemical Ecology

We focus this mini-review on how naturally occurring chemical cues mediate ecological interactions, especially interspecific competition and predation in freshwater communities. Although freshwater chemical ecology lags behind terrestrial and marine chemical ecology, we identify recent progress toward: (1) identifying the chemical composition of cues important in food web interactions, e.g., specific glucosinolates, benzyl succinoates, and lignoids as deterrents to herbivory on freshwater macrophytes; (2) employing a nonreductionist approach that tests for emergent responses to suites of multiple chemical cues, e.g., trade-offs in snail refuge-seeking behavior in the presence of chemical cues from both fish and crayfish; (3) investigating how abiotic forces, such as hydrodynamics, impact chemical communication across a broad spatial and temporal scale, e.g., drift responses of mayfly nymphs to whole-stream additions of trout cue; and (4) quantifying the importance of genetic variability, e.g., how chemical cues change selective pressures of local environments. The questions of interest in freshwater chemical ecology cross taxonomic boundaries; traverse broad spatial and temporal scales; demonstrate nonlinear, unpredictable results; and necessitate a multidisciplinary approach for adequate understanding.