cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global output-feedback control of systems with dynamic nonlinear input uncertainties through singular perturbation-based dynamic scaling

A general class of uncertain nonlinear systems with dynamic input nonlinearities is considered. The system structure includes a core nominal subsystem of triangular structure with additive uncertain nonlinear functions, coupled uncertain nonlinear appended dynamics, and uncertain nonlinear input unmodeled dynamics. The control design is based on dual controller/observer dynamic high-gain scaling with an additional dynamic scaling based on a singular perturbation-like redesign to address the non-affine and uncertain nature of the input appearance in the system dynamics. The proposed approach yields a constructive global robust adaptive output-feedback control design that is robust to the dynamic input uncertainties and to uncertain nonlinear functions allowed throughout the system structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legacies of Garrod's brilliance. One hundred years--and counting.

One hundred years ago—in 1908—Archibald Garrod delivered his four Croonian Lectures. In these formerly forgotten, but now famous, dissertations, Garrod first used the expression, ‘inborn errors of metabolism’, to describe four rare disorders: albinism, alkaptonuria, cystinuria, and pentosuria. This prescient work proposed that such disorders resulted from enzymatic defects in the catabolic pathways for amino acids and sugars. Thus, Garrod can rightfully be called the first human geneticist. Much influenced by his colleague Bateson, who brought Mendel’s work to his attention, Garrod then was the first to apply Gregor Mendel’s law of gene segregation to humans, the first to propose recessive inheritance in humans, and the first to point out the importance of consanguinity. He even mentioned the role of ethnicity in inherited disorders. This would have been legacy enough, but Garrod did much more. He wrote about such other ‘modern’ topics as genetic predisposition to common disorders; the critical importance of physicians who were also scientists; and the proper role of the university in society. Although Garrod’s work and ideas were not appreciated during his lifetime, they have echoed and reverberated ever since. He can rightly be deemed one of the most profound intellectuals of the 20th century, whose bequests to science and medicine continue to increase in value. All of us who study inborn errors of metabolism and who apply our knowledge in the hope of improving the diagnosis and treatment of affected patients are, in a genuine sense, Garrodians.
Treatment of acute alcoholism with insulin

Summary A review is given of the literature on the effect of insulin and glucose on the rate of disappearance of alcohol from the blood stream. A case of acute alcoholism in a child, which from all indications would have been fatal, was successfully treated with insulin and glucose.
Physiological ROI Definition by Image Subtraction

Quantitative analysis of functional images requires a strategy for reducing to tractable size the over-whelming amount of numeric data contained therein. Region-of-interest selection is the most widely used means of image-data reduction, but it has many limitations
Generation of transgenic tendon reporters, ScxGFP and ScxAP, using regulatory elements of the scleraxis gene

Defects in tendon patterning and differentiation are seldom assessed in mouse mutants due to the difficulty in visualizing connective tissue structures. To facilitate tendon analysis, we have generated mouse lines harboring two different transgene reporters, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and green fluorescent protein (GFP), each expressed using regulatory elements derived from the endogenous Scleraxis (Scx) locus. Scx encodes a transcription factor expressed in all developing tendons and ligaments as well as in their progenitors. Both the ScxGFP and ScxAP transgenes are expressed in patterns recapitulating almost entirely the endogenous developmental expression of Scx including very robust expression in the tendons and ligaments. These reporter lines will facilitate isolation of tendon cells and phenotypic analysis of these tissues in a variety of genetic backgrounds.
Evaluating sex-pheromone- and kairomone-based lures for attracting codling moth adults in mating disruption versus conventionally managed apple orchards in Pennsylvania.

BACKGROUND: Effectiveness of different types of commercial sex-pheromone- and kairomone-based lures for attracting codling moth adults may vary under different pest management practices. The attractiveness of four types of codling moth (CM) lures (CM L2 Long-Life®, CM 10X Megalure®, Pherocon CM DA® and Pherocon CM-DA Combo®) was evaluated in commercial apple orchards either treated with sex pheromone mating disruption (MD) or only conventional insecticides (non-MD) in Adams County, Pennsylvania, in 2006 and 2007. RESULTS: CM DA Combo lure was most effective in terms of mean seasonal weekly moth capture as well as mean cumulative moth capture in MD orchards. In both years, the CM L2 lure was as attractive to adult moths as the CM DA Combo lure in non-MD orchards. The CM DA and CM 10X lures caught significantly fewer moths in both MD and non-MD orchards compared with the CM DA Combo lure. CONCLUSIONS: ON the basis of mean seasonal weekly moth capture as well as mean cumulative moth capture, the CM DA Combo and CM L2 lures were found to be significantly more effective for monitoring CM adults in both MD and non-MD orchards. In contrast, the CM DA and CM 10X lures were not as effective in either type of orchard. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A HYCOM modeling study of the Persian Gulf: 1. Model configurations and surface circulation

[1] The circulation and water mass transformation processes in the Persian Gulf and the water exchange with the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz are studied using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Model results show that the Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) propagates in two branches into the gulf, one along the Iranian coast toward the northern gulf and the other one onto the southern banks driven by the Ekman drift due to the prevailing northwesterly winds. These two branches of inflow form two cyclonic gyres in the northern and in the southern gulf. A salinity front separates the fresher intruding IOSW from the saltier waters in the gulf. Eddies with size of about 100 km are fully developed along the salinity front in summer. The intrusion of the IOSW in the model extends much farther into the gulf in summer than in winter. By analyzing the salt balance in the basin and conducting sensitivity experiments, we show that it is the balance between the advection of IOSW and vertical salt flux induced by mixing that mainly controls the seasonal variation of the surface salinity. Surface wind stress plays a secondary role in modulating the seasonal intrusion of the IOSW. High-frequency atmospheric forcing produces more realistic surface temperatures than obtained from climatological forcing, as a result of increased heat loss in winter. However, the high-frequency forcing does not change significantly the general features of the circulation.
Vasculitis in childhood

Systemic vasculitic syndromes are rare in childhood. Vasculitis is the predominant feature of a large number of different clinical entities that are linked by the presence of inflammatory changes in the blood vessels. The nature of these diseases and their relationship to each other remain unclear. The clinical presentation associated with the size of the affected vessels and epidemiological data are very helpful for the diagnosis of those diseases. Recent advances are beginning to shed some light on the etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the various vasculitides. There is good evidence to support roles for circulating immune complexes, cell-mediated immunity, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and anti-endothelial cell antibodies in the pathogenesis. Renal involvement in vasculitis in children is commonly seen in Henoch-Schonlein purpura, microscopic polyarteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and polyarteritis nodosa. However, kidney disease can also be part of the clinical picture of Kawasaki disease and Takayasu arteritis. Recently, with the institution of early and aggressive immunosuppressive treatment of severe cases, significant improvement in the long-term survival of patients has been achieved. This review article addresses the pathological and clinical features (particularly renal involvement), therapeutic intervention and prognosis of the above-mentioned diseases.
Transformation optics based local mesh refinement for solving Maxwell's equations

In this paper, a novel local mesh refinement algorithm based on transformation optics (TO) has been developed for solving the Maxwell@?s equations of electrodynamics. The new algorithm applies transformation optics to enlarge a small region so that it can be resolved by larger grid cells. The transformed anisotropic Maxwell@?s equations can be stably solved by an anisotropic FDTD method, while other subgridding or adaptive mesh refinement FDTD methods require time-space field interpolations and often suffer from the late-time instability problem. To avoid small time steps introduced by the transformation optics approach, an additional application of the mapping of the material matrix to a dispersive material model is employed. Numerical examples on scattering problems of dielectric and dispersive objects illustrate the performance and the efficiency of the transformation optics based FDTD method.
Ketamine administration during the second postnatal week induces enduring schizophrenia-like behavioral symptoms and reduces parvalbumin expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult mice

Dysfunctions in the GABAergic system are considered a core feature of schizophrenia. Pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors (NMDAR), or their genetic ablation in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons can induce schizophrenia-like behavior in animals. NMDAR-mediated currents shape the maturation of GABAergic interneurons during a critical period of development, making transient blockade of NMDARs during this period an attractive model for the developmental changes that occur in the course of schizophrenia's pathophysiology. Here, we examined whether developmental administration of the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist ketamine results in persistent deficits in PFC-dependent behaviors in adult animals. Mice received injections of ketamine (30mg/kg) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9 and 11, and then tested on a battery of behavioral experiments aimed to mimic major symptoms of schizophrenia in adulthood (between PND 90 and 120). Ketamine treatment reduced the number of cells that expressed PV in the PFC by ∼60% as previously described. Ketamine affected performance in an attentional set-shifting task, impairing the ability of the animals to perform an extradimensional shift to acquire a new strategy. Ketamine-treated animals showed deficits in latent inhibition, novel-object recognition and social novelty detection compared to their SAL-treated littermates. These deficits were not a result of generalized anxiety, as both groups performed comparably on an elevated plus maze. Ketamine treatment did not cause changes in amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion that are often taken as measures for the positive-like symptoms of the disorder. Thus, ketamine administration during development appears to be a useful model for inducing cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Isoindol-1-one Analogues of 4-(2‘-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2‘-[N-(2‘‘-pyridyl)-p-iodobenzamido]ethyl]piperazine (p-MPPI) as 5-HT1A Receptor Ligands

In developing radioiodinated antagonists for in vivo imaging of 5-HT1A receptors with SPECT, a series of new arylpiperazine benzamido derivatives, including 4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2'-[N-(2"-pyridyl)-p-iodobenzamido]ethyl]p iperazine (p-MPPI, 31) (Kd = 0.36 nM), as potential ligands for 5-HT1A receptors were reported previously. However, rapid in vivo metabolism may have caused the breakdown of the amide bond of [123I]-31 and rendered this agent obsolete as an in vivo imaging agent in humans. To improve the in vivo stability of 31, a series of cyclized amide analogues were designed and synthesized. In vitro binding, metabolic stability, and in vivo biodistribution of these new derivatives were investigated. Several five-membered-ring isoindol-1-ones displayed very high in vitro binding affinity, especially 2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-6-nitro-3-phenyl-2, 3-dihydroisoindol-1-one, 15, 3-hydroxy-6-iodo-2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}- 3- phenyl-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one, 18, and 6-iodo-2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-3-phenyl-2, 3-dihydroisoindol-1-one, 21, which showed Ki values of 0.05, 0.65, and 0.07 nM, respectively. The affinities for 5-HT1A receptors of other cyclized amide derivatives, 5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)- piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}pyrrolidin-2-one, 25, 5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]ethyl}pyrrolidin-2-one, 27, and 2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-2,3-dihydro- isoindol-1-one, 29, were 1.09, 2.54, and 14.9 nM, respectively. Compared to [125I]-31, iodinated cyclized amide derivatives [125I]-21 and [125I]-27 displayed a slower metabolism in human liver microsomal and cytosolic preparations. Biodistribution of [125I]-21 and [125I]-27 in rats (after an i.v. injection) displayed moderate to low brain uptakes with little or no specific localization in hippocampal region, where 5-HT1A receptors are concentrated. These data indicate that the new iodinated ligands showed high binding affinities and better metabolic stability but displayed unexpectedly low selective binding to 5-HT1A receptors in vivo. Additional structural modifications may be needed to correct the unfavorable properties displayed for these iodinated cyclized amide derivatives for in vivo biodistribution in rats.
Stimulating faculty to use computers

Abstract A program of workshops funded by a matching grant from the California Society of Certified Public Accountants proved to be an effective stimulus to faculty to better utilize computers in the classroom, in research, and for administrative chores.
Temperature dependence of O + OH at 136-377 K using ozone photolysis.

Ozone was photolyzed at 248 nm in 40 Torr nitrogen with small amounts of water or hydrogen added in a cooled or heated flow cell, to measure the O + OH rate constant at 136−377 K. Rate constant values were determined by kinetic modeling of the OH decays in excess O as monitored by laser-induced fluorescence and are in reasonable agreement with current recommendations. Results may be summarized by the expression k = 11.2 × 10-11 T-.32 e177/T cm3/molecule/s.
Magnetic resonance arthrography of superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions: a practical approach to interpretation.

Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions are well-evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) arthography. This article discusses a practical approach to interpretation of MR arthrography exams for the evaluation of suspected SLAP lesions.
A vision of the patient room as an architectural-robotic ecosystem

Healthcare is becoming more digital and technological, but healthcare environments have not yet become embedded with digital technologies to support the most productive (physical) interaction between medical patients, clinical staff and the physical artifacts that surround and envelop them. This shortcoming is an opportunity for the architecture and robotics communities to interface with each other and the everyday users of healthcare environments. Our extended lab focused ten weeks on sketching in hardware a robotic, patient-room ecosystem we call home+ with the help of clinicians at the Roger C. Peace Rehabilitation Hospital of the Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center [GHS]. This early prototyping effort represents our vision for the larger robotic patient room, and identifies opportunities for more focused work on an Assistive Robotic Table (ART).
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in Richter syndrome

BACKGROUND 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan is a radioimmunotherapeutic construct that is reported to be an effective treatment for patients with lymphoma. The aim of the current analysis was to evaluate retrospectively the efficacy and safety of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with Richter syndrome (RS). METHODS Patients with histologically proven CD20-positive RS and < 25% lymphoma and/or chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the bone marrow were treated. Patients received an imaging dose of 111In-labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan of 1.6 mg (5.0 mCi of 111In) intravenously. One week later, they received 0.3 or 0.4 mCi/kg of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan. Rituximab, at a dose of 250 mg/m2 intravenously, was given immediately before ibritumomab tiuxetan on Days 1 and 8. RESULTS Seven patients were treated. Their median age was 56 years (range, 44–70 years). The median time to transformation was 7.9 years (range, 0.7–28.4 years). The median number of previous therapies received was five (range, one to seven previous therapies). The median number of previous therapies received for RS was one (range, none to three previous therapies). Six patients were treated previously with hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside. No patient responded to 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan therapy. All patients developed disease progression. The median time to disease progression was 41 days (range, 39–89 days). Side effects included hematologic toxicity. Grade 3–4 (according to the second version of the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) thrombocytopenia and neutropenia occurred in 5 patients (71%) and 2 patients (29%), respectively. There was one episode of septic shock in a patient with Grade 4 neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan had no significant antitumor activity and hematologic toxicity was severe in these heavily pretreated patients with RS. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Specific effects of nalidixic acid on mitochondrial gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Nalidixic acid at low concentrations (≦25 μg or ≦100 μM) exerts a differential effect on the expression of mitochondrial genes in vivo. The inhibition in wild type (mit +) strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is in the order cytochrome oxidase subunit I≧var 1>oxidase subunits II and III>apocytochrome b. This selectivity is not shared by other inhibitors of procaryotic gyrase (oxolinic acid, coumermycin, novobiocin), by inhibitors of mitochondrial transcription and translation (ethidium bromide, erythromycin) or by an effective inhibitor of RNA synthesis in yeast (lomofugin). The effect, which may indicate close coupling of mitochondrial translation and transcription, can be used to probe the origin of novel polypeptide products arising as a consequence of mit - mutants in segments of the cob-box region, a mosaic of loci involved in the specification of apocytochrome b: As controls we have used various fragment polypeptides, previously inferred to represent segments of apocytochrome b. These exhibit the same level of sensitivity to nalidixic acid as does the parent. The same resistance is also shown by a number of other novel polypeptides in various mutants that have been ascribed to processing defects in the same primary transcript of the cob-box region. Two classes of such polypeptides exhibit mobilities in the range of subunit I of cytochrome oxidase and make their appearance in mutants lacking this entity. Their lack of sensitivity to nalidixic acid, however, suggests that they are not related to this subunit.
Effects of In Vitro Electrical Stimulation on Enhancement and Suppression of Malignant Lymphoma Cell Proliferation

The suppression and enhancement of proliferation of mouse EL4 lymphoma cells varied significantly when the cells were electrically stimulated within a narrow range of low-level direct current. With the use of platinum electrodes, the suppression characteristics were observed over a narrow range, or window, of direct currents centered at approximately 17 microA. Enhancement characteristics were observed over a broad range of low-level direct currents (approximately 0.1 to 10 microA). These results indicate that the proliferation of certain eukaryotic cells may be directly controlled by stimulation with low-level direct current.
Social cognition and neural substrates of face perception: Implications for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders

Abstract Background Social cognition is an important aspect of social behavior in humans. Social cognitive deficits are associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study we examine the neural substrates of social cognition and face processing in a group of healthy young adults to examine the neural substrates of social cognition. Methods Fifty-seven undergraduates completed a battery of social cognition tasks and were assessed with electroencephalography (EEG) during a face-perception task. A subset (N = 22) were administered a face-perception task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results Variance in the N170 EEG was predicted by social attribution performance and by a quantitative measure of empathy. Neurally, face processing was more bilateral in females than in males. Variance in fMRI voxel count in the face-sensitive fusiform gyrus was predicted by quantitative measures of social behavior, including the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Empathizing Quotient. Conclusions When measured as a quantitative trait, social behaviors in typical and pathological populations share common neural pathways. The results highlight the importance of viewing neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders as spectrum phenomena that may be informed by studies of the normal distribution of relevant traits in the general population.
Hydraulic modelling of Athabasca Vallis, Mars

Palaeohydraulic modelling is presented for Athabasca Vallis, the youngest known catastrophic flood channel on Mars. This modelling incorporates three significant advantages over previous modelling of Martian channels: a step-backwater hydraulic model; more accurate topography; and improved flood height indicators. The maximum modelled palaeodischarge is between 1 × 106 and 2 × 106m3s−1 depending on the friction coefficient selected. An anomalously high palaeostage indicator suggests a region of ponded backwater in the channel in which streamlined forms were created through deposition, with the additional possibility of post-flood subsidence/lowering of the channel slope due to magma extrusion.
Problem in the estimation of drugs in biologic tissue recovery of phenol red from the GI tract.

Recovery of phenol red from homogenates of rat intestinal tissue, using aqueous extraction procedures, was near quantitative. However, significantly poorer recovery was observed after incubation of phenol red with intact intestinal sacs. It appears likely that phenol red binds to tissue or mucosa when in intimate contact, and the bound material is relatively resistant to aqueous extraction. The relevance of this phenomenon to tissue assays is considered.
The medial prefrontal cortex is crucial for the maintenance of persistent licking and the expression of incentive contrast

We examined the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in reward processing and the control of consummatory behavior. Rats were trained in an operant licking procedure in which they received alternating access to solutions with relatively high and low levels of sucrose (20% and 4%, w/v). Each level of sucrose was available for fixed intervals of 30 seconds over 30 minute test sessions. Over several days of training, rats came to lick persistently when the high level of sucrose was available and suppressed licking when the low level of sucrose was available. Pharmacological inactivations of the mPFC, specifically the rostral part of the prelimbic area, greatly reduced intake of the higher value fluid and only slightly increased intake of the lower value fluid. In addition, the inactivations altered within-session patterns and microstructural measures of licking. Rats licked equally for the high and low levels of sucrose at the beginning of the test sessions and “relearned” to reduce intake of the low value fluid over the test sessions. Durations of licking bouts (clusters of licks with inter-lick intervals <0.5 sec) were reduced for the high value fluid and there were many more brief licking bouts (<1 sec) when the low value fluid was available. These effects were verified using an alternative approach (optogenetic silencing using archaerhodopsin) and were distinct from inactivation of the ventral striatum, which simply increased overall intake. Our findings suggest that the mPFC is crucial for the maintenance of persistent licking and the expression of learned feeding strategies.
DEVELOPMENTAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATION OF NEUROANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY TO INTELLIGENCE.

Recent neuroimaging research has shown sex-related differences in the relationship between brain structure and cognitive function. Anatomical studies have shown a greater reliance for cognitive function on white matter structure in adult females, and a greater reliance on gray matter structure in adult males. Functional neuroimaging studies have also shown a greater correlation between brain connectivity and cognitive function in females. However, this relationship is not present in young childhood (5 years old) but appears during the developmental period. Here sex differences in structure-function relationships and their developmental trajectory are investigated using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on a large cohort of over 100 normal children ages 5-18. Significant sex-X-IQ interactions on fractional anisotropy (FA), a marker for white matter organization, were seen in the left frontal lobe, in fronto-parietal areas bilaterally, and in the arcuate fasciculus bilaterally, with girls showing positive correlations of FA with IQ, and boys showing a negative correlation. Significant sex-X-IQ-X-age interactions on FA were also seen in the left frontal lobe and in fronto-parietal areas bilaterally, showing a developmental effect. These results strongly corroborate previous findings regarding sex differences in structure-function relationships regarding intelligence. Results also indicate that a naive interpretation of "more is better" with respect to FA may not be accurate, especially in adult males.
Response effects due to bystander presence in CASI and paper-and-pencil surveys of drug use and alcohol use.

In this study we investigated the influence of bystanders on self-administered interviews asking about the use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Interview participants were adolescents and young adults living in urban and suburban areas of the United States. Participants were assigned randomly to either a computerized or a paper-and-pencil self-administered interview. Results show that the impact of bystanders during the interview varies according to the identity of the bystander, age of the person interviewed, and the mode of interview. When a parent was present during the interview, survey participants were less likely to report the use of alcohol and marijuana. The influence of parents was stronger for adolescents than for young adults. The use of computer-assisted self-administered interviewing, compared to interviews with paper-and-pencil forms, reduced the effects due to the presence of parents during the interview. The presence of siblings during the interview had a small, negative effect on reports of...
Imaging the Molecular Signatures of Apoptosis and Injury with Radiolabeled Annexin V

Annexin V is a ubiquitous intracellular protein in humans that has a variety of intriguing characteristics, including a nanomolar affinity for the membrane-bound constitutive anionic phospholipid known as phosphatidylserine (PS). PS is selectively expressed on the surface of apoptotic or physiologically stressed cells. As such, radiolabeled forms of annexin V have been used in both animal models and human Phase I and Phase II trials to determine if this tracer can be employed as an early surrogate marker of therapeutic efficacy in NSCLC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Many other pulmonary imaging applications of radiolabeled annexin V are also possible, including the detection and monitoring of active pulmonary inflammation and other pathophysiologic stressors in a variety of diseases. In this article, the salient molecular features of apoptosis (and other forms of cell death) that permits imaging with radiolabeled annexin V will be discussed. The latest results from Phase II imaging trials with NSCLC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma will be also be detailed. Finally, the potential future application of this tracer for the imaging of other pulmonary pathologies will be outlined.
The Benefits of Rehabilitation for Palliative Care Patients

Palliative care requires an interdisciplinary team approach to provide the best care for patients with life-threatening illnesses. Like palliative medicine, rehabilitation also uses an interdisciplinary approach to treating patients with chronic illnesses. This review article focuses on rehabilitation interventions that can be beneficial in patients with late stage illnesses. Rehabilitation may be useful in improving the quality of life by palliating function, mobility, activities of daily living, pain relief, endurance, and the psyche of a patient while helping to maintain as much independence as possible, leading to a decrease in burden on caregivers and family. Rehabilitative services are underutilized in the palliative care setting, and more research is needed to address how patients may benefit as they approach the end of their lives.
An extension of the concept of inertial frame and of Lorentz transformation

Abstract It is shown how particular kinds of fractional-linear (or projective) transformations generalize the notion of inertial frame in that they ensure that free-particle motion goes over into free-particle motion. A ten-parameter group of such transformations is produced which generalize Lorentz transformations, and which involve besides c (velocity of light) a new fundamental length b; they encompass the ordinary Lorentz group in the limit that b becomes infinite. These extended Lorentz transformations are most simply understood as a type of rotation in the space of homogeneous coordinates, a rotation that unifies 3-space rotations, frame-shifts to moving frames, and space- as well as time-translations. The structure of the invariant differential line element and of the wave operator that generalize those of special relativity are discussed, and implications for the possible revision of usual physical statements are pointed out.
Thermochemistry of jadeite—diopside pyroxenes

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of seven synthetic clinopyroxenes on the join CaMg2Si2O6 (diopside)-NaAlSi2O6 (jadeite), of two natural low-Fe ordered omphacites near the 1:1 composition, and of a nearly pure natural jadeite, were measured in molten Pb2B2O5 at 970 K. Enthalpies of solution of the natural omphacites experimentally disordered at 1350°C and 30 kbar were also measured. The synthetic clinopyroxenes have positive excess enthalpies of mixing, which can be expressed by a symmetrical function ΔHmix = WHXJdXDi, with WH = 7250 ±950 calories. The enthalpy of disordering of the two natural omphacites averages 1.8 kcal, which is nearly the same as the excess enthalpy of mixing of a 1:1 disordered pyroxene. The interaction parameter, WH, can be shown to be essentially equivalent to ΔG° of the reciprocal reaction: CaMgSi2O6 + NaAlSi2O6 = CaAlSi2O+6 + NaMgSi2O−6 M-site cation distribution data of natural omphacites heat-treated at 1000°C ( Aldridge et al., 1978) lead to ΔG° = 7200 cal for the above reaction, in good agreement with the calorimetric WH. The reciprocal solution theory with ΔG° = 7200 cal predicts closely the activities of NaAlSi2OP6 in jadeite-diopsides found from phase equilibrium measurements at 600°C ( Holland , 1979a) and is nearly equivalent to an entropically ideal two site mixing model with a (fictive) WH of 5800 cal. Jadeite-diopside solid solutions near the 1:1 composition at temperatures of 1000–1500 K are ‘pseudoideal’; that is, they have nearly the free energies of ideal one-site mixtures ( Ganguly , 1973). If the order-disorder transition is nearly first-order at about 1000 K, as suggested by Fleet et al. (1978), the pseudo-ideality holds also for ordered omphacites at least somewhat below 1000 K.
Phenytoin-Induced Chronic Hepatitis

Phenytoin has been associated with acute hepatotoxicity. Chronic liver enzyme abnormalities associated with phenytoin have been attributed to enzyme induction. There have been no reports of phenytoin-induced chronic hepatitis. We describe an asymptomatic 52-year-old woman who received phenytoin sodium for 11 years and was found to have elevated serum aminotransferases. Assays for hepatitis A, B, and C were negative. Liver biopsy was performed and showed chronic persistent hepatitis. This documentation of phenytoin-induced chronic persistent hepatitis was proven by histology and its etiology confirmed by drug withdrawal and by rechallenge. Although uncommon, this entity is important to recognize in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic chronic hepatic enzyme dysfunction.
A feline decerebration technique with low mortality and long-term homeostasis☆

Abstract A technique is described which details simple and rapid surgical procedures for an acute midcollicular decerebration in the adult cat. This decerebration procedure includes a bilateral ligation of the external carotid arteries and is performed under halothane anesthesia. Mortality resulting from this procedure is less than 5%. Thus, a long-term, homeostatically stable decerebrate preparation is obtained in most experiments. Within one hour postdecerebration, the experimental animal exhibits values of respiratory tidal volume, frequency, end-expired CO 2 partial pressure and mean arterial blood pressure which approximate those of the unanesthetized, intact cat.
The influence of raphe lesions, p-chlorophenylalanine, and ketanserin on the estrogen-induced afternoon prolactin surge.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and 2 weeks later injected sc with 100 μg polyestradiol phosphate, a long-acting estrogen, to induce the afternoon PRL surge. In one series of experiments, the dorsal raphe (DRN), median raphe (MRN), and median raphe-pontine (MRN-RPn) regions were lesioned using a radiofrequency lesion maker set at 56 C for 1 min. Lesions were induced, and atrial catheters were implanted on the day of estrogen injection. Six days later, blood samples were obtained every 2 h from 1100–2100 h to monitor the afternoon PRL surge. The animals were killed, and the hypothalami were quickly frozen on dry ice and stored at –60 C for determination of amine content using HPLC with electrochemical detection. The rest of the brain was fixed and sectioned to verify the location of brain lesions. Complete lesions of the DRN markedly attenuated the PRL surge (P < 0.001) compared to the effect of sham or incomplete lesions. MRN lesions did not significantly alter the PRL surge; however, MRN l...
Progress in the pipeline: replication of the minority training program in cancer control research.

Background: This paper evaluates the replicability of an NCI-funded didactic/experiential program to increase the diversity of doctorally-prepared cancer disparities investigators. Methods: The program was developed and operated successfully for three years in Northern California when a replication was established at UCLA. Feasibility, process, impact, and outcome measures on UCSF and UCLA summer-institute participants were compared. Results: Average participant rankings of the influence of the program on intention to apply for a doctorate were 9.1/10 (UCSF) and 8.6/10 (UCLA). A total of 22.5% of UCSF and 10% of UCLA participants have enrolled in, been accepted by, or completed doctoral programs. Among these alumni, 68% (21/31) of UCSF and 60% (3/5) of UCLA participants plan to conduct their doctoral research in cancer control. Conclusions: This program has been successfully replicated and has met its objective to increase the pipeline of ethnically diverse doctoral-level public health researchers. Expans...
Electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional wire arrays: photons, plasmons, and equivalent circuits

It has been known for some time (Rothman, 1962) that meta-materials consisting of a network of metal wires share a number of electromagnetic properties with plasma. For example, both have a cutoff frequency at the effective plasma frequency of the mesh below which there is no wave propagation. These ideas have recently been re-discovered (Pendry, 1996) and applied to designing electromagnetic structures that have negative dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. The extent to which the electromagnetic properties of wire arrays actually mimics the properties of the plasma is still open to debate. We demonstrate that two-dimensional wire arrays are essentially different from plasmas in all aspects except having a cut-off for a particular wave polarization. On the other hand, three-dimensional wire arrays support the same classes of waves as the plasma: longitudinally polarized plasmons and transversely polarized photons. Electromagnetic properties of two and three-dimensional wire arrays are also expained using equivalent lumped circuits.
A REVIEW OF THE SPIDER GENUS THIODINA (ARANEAE, SALTICIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES

The jumping spider genus Thiodina in the United States is reviewed here and the common western species, T. hespera new species, is formally described for the first time. We present a species key for specimens north of Mexico.
Oligomerization of Membrane-Bound Diphtheria Toxin (CRM197) Facilitates a Transition to the Open Form and Deep Insertion

Diphtheria toxin (DT) contains separate domains for receptor-specific binding, translocation, and enzymatic activity. After binding to cells, DT is taken up into endosome-like acidic compartments where the translocation domain inserts into the endosomal membrane and releases the catalytic domain into the cytosol. The process by which the catalytic domain is translocated across the endosomal membrane is known to involve pH-induced conformational changes; however, the molecular mechanisms are not yet understood, in large part due to the challenge of probing the conformation of the membrane-bound protein. In this work neutron reflection provided detailed conformational information for membrane-bound DT (CRM197) in situ. The data revealed that the bound toxin oligomerizes with increasing DT concentration and that the oligomeric form (and only the oligomeric form) undergoes a large extension into solution with decreasing pH that coincides with deep insertion of residues into the membrane. We interpret the large extension as a transition to the open form. These results thus indicate that as a function of bulk DT concentration, adsorbed DT passes from an inactive state with a monomeric dimension normal to the plane of the membrane to an active state with a dimeric dimension normal to the plane of the membrane.
ATP-dependent Na+ transport in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles.

Abstract Although the enzyme (Na + + K + )-ATPase has been extensively characterized, few studies of its major role, ATP-dependent Na + pumping, have been reported in vesicular preparations. This is because it is extremely difficult to determine fluxes of isotopic Na + accurately in most isolated membrane systems. Using highly purified cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles, we have developed a new technique to detect relative rates of ATP-dependent Na + transport sensitively. This technique relies on the presence of Na + -Ca 2+ exchange and ATP-driven Na + pump activities on the same inside-out sarcolemmal vesicles. ATP-dependent Na + uptake is monitored by a subsequent Na i + -dependent Ca 2+ uptake reaction (Na + -Ca 2+ exchange) using 45 Ca 2+ . We present evidence that the Na + -Ca 2+ exchange will be linearly related to the prior active Na + uptake. Although this method is indirect, it is much more sensitive than a direct approach using Na + isotopes. Applying this method, we measure cardiac ATP-dependent Na + transport and (Na + + K + )-ATPase activities in identical ionic media. We find that the (Na + + K + )-ATPase and the Na + pump have identical dependencies on both Na + and ATP. The dependence on [Na + ] is sigmoidal, with a Hill coefficient of 2.8. Na + pumping is half-maximal at [Na + ] = 9 mM. The K m for ATP is 0.21 mM. ADP competitively inhibits ATP-dependent Na + pumping. This approach should allow other new investigations on on ATP-dependent Na + transport across cardiac sarcolemma.
Energy gaps, magnetism, and electric-field effects in bilayer graphene nanoribbons

Using a first-principles density-functional electronic structure method, we study the energy gaps and magnetism in bilayer graphene nanoribbons as a function of the ribbon width and the strength of an external electric field between the layers. We assume AB (Bernal) stacking and consider both armchair and zigzag edges and two edge alignments distinguished by different ways of shifting the top layer with respect to the other. Armchair ribbons exhibit three classes of bilayer gaps which decrease with increasing ribbon width. An external electric field between the layers increases the gap in narrow ribbons and decreases the gap for wide ribbons, a property which can be understood semianalytically using a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-band tight-binding model and perturbation theory. The magnetic properties of zigzag edge ribbons are different for the two different edge alignments, and not robust for all exchange-correlation approximations considered. Bilayer ribbon gaps are sensitive to the presence or absence of magnetism.
Response in the trophic state of stratified lakes to changes in hydrology and water level: potential effects of climate change

To determine how climate-induced changes in hydrology and water level may affect the trophic state (productivity) of stratified lakes, two relatively pristine dimictic temperate lakes in Wisconsin, USA, were examined. Both are closed-basin lakes that experience changes in water level and degradation in water quality during periods of high water. One, a seepage lake with no inlets or outlets, has a small drainage basin and hydrology dominated by precipitation and groundwater exchange causing small changes in water and phosphorus (P) loading, which resulted in small changes in water level, P concentrations, and productivity. The other, a terminal lake with inlets but no outlets, has a large drainage basin and hydrology dominated by runoff causing large changes in water and P loading, which resulted in large changes in water level, P concentrations, and productivity. Eutrophication models accurately predicted the effects of changes in hydrology, P loading, and water level on their trophic state. If climate changes, larger changes in hydrology and water levels than previously observed could occur. If this causes increased water and P loading, stratified (dimictic and monomictic) lakes are expected to experience higher water levels and become more eutrophic, especially those with large developed drainage basins.
Ibuprofen in children with cystic fibrosis: pharmacokinetics and adverse effects.

Antiinflammatory therapy with ibuprofen has been proposed to retard the progression of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF). The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ibuprofen were investigated in a randomized, double-blin, placebo-controlled, 3-month dose-escalation study in 19 children with CF, 6 to 12 years of age. The subjects received orally and twice daily 300 mg of drug during the first month, 400 mg in the second month, and 600 mg in the third month. Ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and evaluation for adverse effects were performed at the beginning and end of each month. The dose of ibuprofen was increased if peak plasma concentration (C max ) was max and the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity significantly increased ( p p =0.06), the area under the concentration-time curve (6.1±1.7 mg·min/ml) was decreased by 46% ( p −1 ) was increased by 77% ( p p =0.01) in the children with CF. Time to C max (66±20 minutes) and elimination half-life (92±27 minutes) were not significantly different. No subjects were withdrawn from the study because of side effects. No adverse effects could be attributed to ibuprofen. Thus ibuprofen administration has no significant toxic effects, but C max will need to be monitored for effective dosing in patients with CF.
A method for avoidance of electrostatic flashing in preparing autoradiographs with stripping film

Die Vorbereitung des Films unter einer Alkohol-Wasser-Losung wird empfohlen, um die storende Belichtung des autoradiographischen «stripping film» durch elektrostatische Entladungen in einer trockenen Atmospare zu vermeiden.
Timing optimization of multiphase sequential logic

The timing optimization of multiphase logic entails the reduction of the overall cycle time of the machine and/or input-to-output delays by distributing computation throughout the entire clock cycle. A tool has been developed to automatically perform this optimization task, and it has been implemented as a set of extensions to the combinational logic optimization tool, misII. The algorithms yield improvements that are on average 10-20% better than what is achievable using purely combinational logic optimization tools that do not move logic across latches. These improvements represent 75% of what would be possible in the most idealized case. Results on simple two-phase circuits show average input-to-output delay improvements of 13% with area penalties of 11%. For a four-phase controller used in the SPUR processor it yields an improvement in cycle time of 18% with an area penalty of 11%. Experiments indicate that the optimization algorithm is highly insensitive to parameter variations in the underlying combinational logic optimization routines and initial state assignment. >
Naloxone enhancement of memory.

Naloxone enhanced retention when systemically administered to male F344 rats after training in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task. Further, the memory-enhancing ability of naloxone appears to be opiate receptor dependent, because it was antagonized by morphine. Naloxone also improved retention of rats in an active avoidance task, indicating that the effect of naloxone is not task specific. The influence of naloxone on retention was time dependent in both tasks. The results showed that the drug must be present for a considerable period beginning soon after the onset of memory consolidation in order to be effective. For inhibitory avoidance, it was necessary to administer naloxone immediately after training, and because of its short duration of action, again 30 min later. In the active avoidance task, naloxone was effective only when given both immediately before and, as in the inhibitory avoidance task, within 30 min after the eight acquisition trails. These results provide strong evidence that naloxone influences memory and suggest that endogenous opioid systems are involved in memory storage processes.
Bacterial attack of corals in polluted seawater

Coral heads of the genusPlatigyra exposed to low concentrations of crude oil, copper sulfate, potassium phosphate, or dextrose were killed in periods of 5 to 10 days in aquarium studies. The chemicals stimulated the production of large quantities of mucus by the corals. In aquaria treated with antibiotics to prevent microbial growth,Platigyra survived the presence of these chemicals in the water, indicating a role of the microflora in the death of the corals. Evidence was obtained implicating predatory bacteria,Desulfovibrio andBeggiatoa, in the destruction of the stressed coral colonies.