cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transformation of Neurospora crassa by an integrative transforming plasmid is not enhanced by ribosomal DNA sequences

Two integrative transforming plasmids of Neurospora crassa that differed only by the presence of almost all of a ribosomal DNA repeat unit on one plasmid were constructed. The plasmids were used to test the target concentration hypothesis which states that the transformation frequency is proportional to the number of genomic copies of a homologous sequence located on the transforming plasmid. Since there are approx. 200 copies of the rDNA sequences in the genome, the target concentration hypothesis would have been proved if the transformation frequency was 200-fold higher for the rDNA-containing plasmid compared with the plasmid without rDNA. The results indicated no difference in the transformation for the two plasmids, thereby providing no support for the hypothesis. The target concentration hypothesis has been proved for yeast, and thus mechanisms different from that responsible for integrative transformation in yeast must operate in N. crassa, perhaps including non-homologous recombination events.
Dosimetric predictors of acute hematologic toxicity in cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent cisplatin and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy.

Purpose: To identify dosimetric parameters associated with acute hematologic toxicity (HT) and chemotherapy delivery in cervical cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: We analyzed 37 cervical cancer patients receiving concurrent cisplatin (40 mg/m 2 /wk) and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy. Pelvic bone marrow (BM) was contoured for each patient and divided into three subsites: lumbosacral spine, ilium, and lower pelvis. The volume of each region receiving 10, 20, 30, and >40 Gy (V10 ,V 20 ,V 30, and V40, respectively) was calculated. HT was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system. Multivariate regression models were used to test associations between dosimetric parameters and HT and chemotherapy delivery. Results: Increased pelvic BM V10 (BM-V10) was associated with an increased Grade 2 or worse leukopenia and neutropenia (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24‐3.53; p 0.006; and OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.94; p 0.037, respectively). Patients with BM-V10 >90% had higher rates of Grade 2 or worse leukopenia and neutropenia than did patients with BM-V10 <90% (11.1% vs. 73.7%, p < 0.01; and 5.6% vs. 31.6%, p 0.09) and were more likely to have chemotherapy held on univariate (16.7% vs. 47.4%, p 0.08) and multivariate (OR, 32.2; 95% CI, 1.67‐622; p 0.02) analysis. No associations between HT and V30 and V40 were observed. Dosimetric parameters involving the lumbosacral spine and lower pelvis had stronger associations with HT than did those involving the ilium. Conclusion: The volume of pelvic BM receiving low-dose radiation is associated with HT and chemotherapy delivery in cervical cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, Bone marrow, Cervical cancer, Hematologic toxicity.
Improvements in the paraffin method.

Dilute hydrofluoric acid alone and in conjunction with glycerin and ethyl alcohol was employed successfully to soften various types of refractory plant materials embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were cut at 6-8 μ and no appreciable deleterious effects on cell walls, cell contents, or staining procedures occurred. “Tannins” and “phlobaphene compounds” can be removed from tissues softened by this method by treating the sections for 12-48 hours with an aqueous solution of chromic acid, potassium bichromate and glacial acetic acid prepared according to the formula given by Johansen (1940).
Calculation of operating expenses for conventional transarterial chemoembolization in an academic medical center: a step toward defining the value of transarterial chemoembolization.

Abstract Purpose To determine the "real cost" of conventional transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods Comprehensive cost data for performance of conventional transarterial chemoembolization were calculated from a retrospective review of records of 50 consecutive outpatient transarterial chemoembolization procedures in 36 patients with HCC. Costs included labor, equipment, facility acquisition and maintenance, overhead, and administrative costs in a single academic medical center. Hourly rate operational costs for the angiography suite and recovery area were calculated, to which the consumable supply costs were added. Conventional transarterial chemoembolization was defined as selective intrahepatic administration of chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin and mitomycin C) emulsified in ethiodized oil (Lipiodol). Results The hourly rate to operate an angiography suite at the institution was calculated to be $539/h. Recovery time was calculated at $108/h. Median overall cost of conventional transarterial chemoembolization was $3,269 (range, $2,223–$5,654). This overall cost comprised median room and personnel costs of $763 (range, $404–$1,797), consumable costs of $1,886 (range, $1,134–$4,126), and recovery costs of $378 (range, $162–$864). Conclusions The largest contribution (62%) to the real cost of outpatient transarterial chemoembolization comes from the expendable equipment used in the procedure. The angiography suite and personnel costs constitute 25% of the total, and recovery costs constitute 13%. This finding is a change from previous reports in which angiography suite operation was the greatest contributor to cost. Understanding real cost is an essential step in determining the value of the procedure.
A feasibility study and mission analysis for the Hybrid Plume Plasma Rocket

The Hybrid Plume Plasma Rocket (HPPR) is a high power electric propulsion concept which is being developed at the MIT Plasma Fusion Center. This paper presents a theoretical overview of the concept as well as the results and conclusions of an independent study which has been conducted to identify and categorize those technologies which require significant development before the HPPR can be considered a viable electric propulsion device. It has been determined that the technologies which require the most development are high power radio-frequency and microwave generation for space applications and the associated power processing units, low mass superconducting magnets, a reliable, long duration, multi-megawatt space nuclear power source, and long term storage of liquid hydrogen propellant. In addition to this, a mission analysis of a one-way transfer from low earth orbit (LEO) to Mars indicates that a constant acceleration thrust profile, which can be obtained using the HPPR, results in faster trip times and greater payload capacities than those afforded by more conventional constant thrust profiles.
The cytoplasmic sequence of E-cadherin promotes non-amyloidogenic degradation of Aβ precursors

The presenilin (PS)/γ-secretase system promotes production of the Abeta (Aβ) peptides by mediating cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the γ-sites. This system is also involved in the processing of type-I transmembrane proteins, including APP, cadherins and Notch1 receptors, at the ɛ-cleavage site, resulting in the production of peptides containing the intracellular domains (ICDs) of the cleaved proteins. Emerging evidence shows that these peptides have important biological functions, raising the possibility that their inhibition by γ-secretase inhibitors may be detrimental to the cell. Here, we show that peptide E-Cad/CTF2, produced by the PS1/γ-secretase processing of E-cadherin, promotes the lysosomal/endosomal degradation of the transmembrane APP derivatives, C99 and C83, and inhibits production of the APP ICD (AICD). In addition, E-Cad/CTF2 decreases accumulation of total secreted Aβ. These data suggest a novel method to promote the non-amyloidogenic degradation of Aβ precursors and to inhibit Aβ production.
Activation of human post heparin lipoprotein lipase by apolipoprotein H (β2-glycoprotein I)

Abstract Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the major enzyme involved in triglyceride hydrolysis of lymph chylomicrons and plasma very low density lipoproteins. LPL can be isolated from human post heparin plasma by heparin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. In the present study the effects of apolipoproteins (apo) C-II, C-III, and H on the enzymic activity of LPL were investigated. ApoH is a recently described protein (β 2 -glycoprotein I) constituent of triglyceride rich lipoproteins in human lymph and plasma. Human LPL was activated by apoC-II, and the apoC-II activation of LPL was inhibited by apoC-III. ApoH increased the enzymic activity of LPL in the presence of apoC-II by 45±17 percent. ApoC-III decreased the apoH + apoC-II enhanced activity of LPL by 77 percent. These results provide evidence for the concept that the enzymic activity of LPL in triglyceride metabolism is modulated by apoH. The relative proportion of apoH, apoC-II, and apoC-III in triglyceride rich lipoprotein particles may determine the ultimate rate of LPL catalyzed triglyceride hydrolysis.
Vertebroplasty of the C2 vertebral body and dens using an anterior cervical approach: technical case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: This article is the first description of an anterior approach for a biopsy and vertebroplasty of the C2 body and dens. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old woman presented with a 9-month history of neck pain and a destructive lesion of the dens. The patient was treated with pain medication as well as steroid injections without relief of her pain. A biopsy and vertebroplasty of the C2 body and dens was performed using an anterior cervical approach. CONCLUSION: This report describes the first vertebroplasty of C2 using an open anterior cervical approach.
Economics and personal finance education are complements, not substitutes

Personal finance and economics are two distinct subjects, with some common characteristics, that require instruction by highly qualified teachers. Both are critical to well-being of households, businesses, and the macro economy. The author discusses the evolving curricular requirements for economics and personal finance content and the importance of including both subjects in grades K-12 education.
Temporal persistence of copepod species groups in the Gulf Stream

Abstract The distributions of 22 copepod types (18 spcies and the copepodite stage V of four of the species) across a transect of the Gulf Stream near Cape Hatteras, NC, sampled in May 1983 with a MOCNESS, were analyzed and compared with the distributions found on a similar transect sampled in September 1982. Copepod species distributions followed physical characteristics closely and were similar for the two sampling times. Species were found in discrete environments, and species distributions changed across the Stream with changing physical properties. Most of the copepod types (18) were placed into four distributional groups using recurrent group analysis, cluster analysis, and examination of species distributions. The September and May transects were analyzed independently, yet virtually the same groups resulted, implying that these species groups are consistent over time and suggesting that a persistent community structure may be a general feature of the Gulf Stream. The distributions of the species groups were associated with physical properties across the Gulf Stream, with little overlap between group environments. In both September and May cross-stream trends in integrated abundances of two of the species groups followed the patterns expected if continuous cross-stream mixing processes had occurred. Cold-water species had higher abundances at the northern stations, with abundances decreasing across the Stream to the south. Warm-water species abundances followed the opposite pattern (high abundances on the Sargasso Sea side of the Stream and lower abundances on the northern side). Certain species or species groups may be reliable indicators of water type and could be used as tracers of water mass mixing across the Gulf Stream.
Selectivity in Two-Particle Exclusive Heavy-Ion Reactions

A high-resolution study of two-particle exclusive reactions of $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$+$^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ over a wide range of bombarding energy shows interesting selectivity in both the mass and the energy spectra. The mass spectra display an enhanced population of every fourth mass which gives way to an enhancement of every second mass at the higher energies. The energy spectrum of inelastically scattered particles shows a selective population of mutually excited yrast states in both fragments.
Histologic changes in the larynx in relation to smoking habits.

Histologic changes in the larynx were microscopically studied in 942 men who died and came to autopsy at the Veterans Administration Hospital, East Orange, N. J., between 1964-1967. Atypical changes in cells in the epithelium of the larynx were most often observed in the true vocal cord and, to a lesser degree, in the false vocal cord and the area of the larynx above the vocal cord. The least changes were observed in the area below the vocal cord. The histologic changes (including cells with atypical nuclei, carcinoma in situ, and early invasive carcinoma) were highly related to smoking habits. They were much higher in cigarette smokers than in men who never smoked; they increased in proportion to the number of cigarettes smoked per day before death and were seen to a greater degree in cigarette smokers than in cigar and pipe smokers. Ex-cigarette smokers had fewer such changes than men who continued to smoke cigarettes up to the time of death. Cells with disintegrating nuclei were found mainly in ex-cigarette smokers.
Decontamination of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on green onions using a new formula of sanitizer washing and pulsed UV light (PL)

Abstract Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella flexneri have been linked to green onion contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate decontamination of Salmonella Typhimurium using a new formula of sanitizer washing (0.4 mg/mL thymol and five new formula sanitizers including 300 ppm H 2 O 2 + 4% SDS, 2 mg/mL citric acid + 4% SDS, 0.2 mg/mL thymol + 4% SDS, 0.2 mg/mL thymol + 2 mg/mL citric acid and 0.2 mg/mL thymol + 2 mg/mL acetic acid), pulsed UV light (PL) as well as synergy between the sanitizer wash and PL. New formula sanitizers based on decontamination efficacy of single washing solutions (organic acids, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), essential oil or surfactant) were applied to decontaminate spot inoculated green onions. PL, the novel technique, alone has been applied to inactivate Salmonella on both dip and spot inoculated green onions. Salmonella inactivation of PL–new formula sanitizer combinations on dip inoculated green onions was investigated for their potential synergy. As a result, for spot inoculated green onions, 0.4 mg/mL thymol individually and the five new formula sanitizers all achieved higher log reduction of Salmonella (4.5–5.3 log 10 CFU/g reduction) than the 200 ppm chlorine washing. These new formulas of sanitizer would be potential alternatives to chlorine. The 5 s dry PL (4.6 log 10 CFU/g) or 60 s wet PL treatment (3.6 log 10 CFU/g) was better or comparable as chlorine washing. The sanitizer combinations did not provide significantly higher log reduction than PL, and PL has the potential of being used in the green onion industry for decontamination purpose. For dip inoculated green onions, none of our treatment provided > 0.8 log 10 CFU/g (0.6–0.8 log 10 CFU/g) reduction of Salmonella . As a result, the PL–new formula sanitizer combinations had no or minimal synergy to inactivate Salmonella dip inoculated on green onions.
Ageing and adrenal cortical function

Ageing is associated with changes in the secretion of adrenal cortical steroids. In the elderly, cortisol secretion increases after stimulation, while the secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) decreases. Each of these hormones influences the age-related processes of energy metabolism, fat depot distribution, immune function and neurodegeneration. In animals the effects of adrenal steroids are dramatic and easily measured. In humans the effects are more subtle. This review summarizes these actions and emphasizes the differences of dosages used in various experimental designs. It is concluded that adrenal hormones may play a significant role in human ageing, but research is hindered because the molecular pathways of DHEA action are not known.
A Survey for a Trypanocidal Factor in Primate Sera

The sera of 21 different species of primates were surveyed for the presence of a trypanocidal factor to a monomorphic human serum-sensitive clone of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g.); human, gorilla, baboon (2 species), and the mandrill were found to contain this factor. The factor in all the sera is in the high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction, and has similar modes of biological action. It has been shown that the human and gorilla trypanocidal factor share cross-reactive antigenic epitopes, but do not share similar cross-reactive epitopes with the baboon and mandrill factor. There was no relationship between the presence or absence of this factor and the primate's position on the phylogenetic tree. In addition, there was also no obvious correlation between the animals' preferred diet, and the presence or absence of trypanocidal activity. The evidence to date suggests that only African ground-dwelling primates that live in tsetse endemic areas contain the trypanocidal factor. It is assumed that this factor is involved in resistance of these primates to T.b.b. We believe that the host has developed trypanocidal substances as a result of selective evolutionary pressure by the African trypanosomes.
Assembly of a hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complex.

Abstract The maltose transporter of Escherichia coli is a hetero-oligomeric complex located in the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell. The in vivo assembly of this complex has been examined by using an assay based on the proteolytic sensitivity of one of its components, MalF. Immediately after synthesis and insertion into the membrane, MalF is sensitive to exogenously added proteases. In a time- and complex assembly-dependent fashion, MalF becomes protease resistant. Using this assay, we show that MalF is inserted into the membrane independently of other components of the transport complex. The assembly of the maltose transport complex occurs subsequently from a pool of freely diffusing protein in the membrane. This assembly process is efficient and occurs with rapid kinetics.
Forms of Discourse and their Possibilities for Guiding Practice: Towards an Effective Rhetoric

(1983). Forms of Discourse and their Possibilities for Guiding Practice: Towards an Effective Rhetoric. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 27-42.
SU-GG-T-82: Clinical Experiences and Dosimetric Comparison of the Model 6711 and 9011 I-125 for Intra-Operative Prostate Implant

Purpose:This study compares the film dosimetric characteristics of seed model 9011 I‐125 (THIN) and model 6711 I‐125 (Both sources from Oncura). The THIN seed uses a smaller 20 gauge needle diameter compared to the 18 gauge standard used for model 6711. Method and Materials: Twenty patients (pts) underwent transperineal brachytherapy; 10 each with model 9011 and model 6711 seeds, respectively. Both groups were implanted with dynamic intra‐operative technique using the MICK applicator. The source activity range was 0.45 −0.5 mCi. Three weeks after the implant, a chest x‐ray, pelvic x‐ray and pelvic CT were obtained. The intra‐operative and post‐implant evaluations were done with Variseed 8.0.1. Additionally, Model 9011 and 6711 seeds were exposed to Gafchromic EBT2 films and scanned with the Vida Pro Advantage film scanner. The dosimetric properties of the two models were analyzed and compared using RIT software. Results: Film dosimetry demonstrated that the dosimetric parameters for THIN seed model 9011 were similar to those of model 6711. Anisotropy and radial dose function were slightly different, within 1% for r>1cm. Intra‐operatively, the thin needles were better‐visualized and easier to track on ultrasoundimages. Visualization of individual sources on pelvic X‐ray films for model 6711 and 9011 were similar. There was no seed migration to the lung for either group. For post‐implant evaluation model 9011 seeds were more difficult to identify on pelvic CTimages using Seed Finder module of Veriseed software. Conclusion: The dosimetric characteristics of THIN seed model 9011 and model 6711 are similar. Intra‐operative visualization of the THIN seed improved source capture on the intra‐operative planning system. Post implant source localization was more difficult on CTimages.
Pressure-loading functions for oscillating wings with control surfaces.

In the linearized formulation of the oscillating-surf ace problem, singularities in the lift distribution occur at subsonic leading edges, at control surface leading edges, and in general wherever the up wash prescribed by the wing deformations is discontinuous. These singularities are examined by use of the method of matched asymptotic expansions. It is shown that for a known discontinuity in upwash (as in the case of the control surface) the form, as well as the strength, of the singularity are determined uniquely. For subsonic leading edges only the form, but not the strength, of the singularity can be determined. A discussion is also given of the proper shape of the loading functions near side edges. Nomenclature b = reference length (root semi chord) Cp = pressure coefficient k = reduced frequency, ub/Um M = Mach number of freestream MN = M cos A, Mach number normal to edge p — pressure amplitude, Cp = peikt t = time Um = freestream velocity w = amplitude of prescribed upwash on the wing X) y} z = Cartesian coordinates with x in the freestream and in the span wise direction xc = location of control-surfa ce leading edge and hinge Xj y, z = stretched variables
Linking IT Applications with Manufacturing Strategy: An Intelligent Decision Support System Approach

Research has indicated the importance of matching Information Technology (IT) applications or manufacturing systems with the competitive strategy of a company. Selection of the right type of IT application is, however, a challenging task. When a company with a given dominant process structure emphasizes two or more competitive priorities, such as quality, product flexibility, etc., an unaided manager faces a complex decision problem in choosing from alternative IT applications available in the areas of product design through distribution. In this paper, we develop an Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS) to assist managers with assessment of the relative importance of competitive priorities in their organization, evaluation of the fit between the competitive priorities and their dominant process structure, and identification of the IT applications that are consistent with both the competitive priorities and the process structure. The IDSS is comprised of an interactive user interface, a knowledge database, a decision model, and a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) that was developed using the 1st Class KBS shell. Validation of the system illustrates that its performance is as good as the human expert, and it has the potential to facilitate effective and swift decision making in the selection of appropriate IT applications that best match an organization's manufacturing strategy. The choice and use of the right type of IT application should provide a company with a competitive edge.
A portable dual-beam photostimulator

The construction of a compact, portable, dual-beam photostimulator of Maxwellian-view design is described. The instrument has ample parametric stimulus control, with provisions for added components or expansion, and is suitable for either psychophysical or electrophysiological applications.
Complications after ERCP in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Background There are conflicting data regarding the role of ERCP in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and the risk of procedure-related complications. Objective We compared the complication rate after ERCP in a consecutive series of patients with PSC compared with control patients with biliary strictures who did not have PSC. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting A tertiary referral academic hospital. Main Outcome Measurements Incidence of complications after ERCP. Patients and Results A total of 85 ERCPs among 30 patients with PSC and 70 ERCPs among 45 control patients were reviewed. There was no significant difference in the overall complication rates between patients with and without PSC (11/85 [12.9%] vs 6/70 [8.6%], P = .45). Complications in PSC were more likely to occur after ERCP done to evaluate an acute sign or symptom than in elective cases (7/24 [29.2%] vs 4/61 [6.6%], P = .01). Patients with PSC who had complications had more total and acute ERCPs than did those without complications. There was no significant difference in the rate of complications in diagnostic versus therapeutic ERCPs nor between stent placement and dilation-only therapeutic ERCPs in the PSC population. Limitations Retrospective study design and limited power related to the small sample sizes. Conclusions Elective ERCP is safe and carries a modest risk in patients with PSC; however, ERCP for acute indications greatly increases the probability of postprocedure complications. The overall complication rate after therapeutic ERCP in patients with PSC is similar to that in patients without PSC.
Social and solidarity economy for sustainable development: its premises – and the Social Economy Basel example of practice

The social and solidarity economy (SSE) is a viable strategy in dealing with some contemporary problems known both in industrial and developing countries. SSE is contextualized against the background of recent developments: the liberalization of goods and capital flows worldwide, continued industrialization, and the increased global division of labour. Addressed is how local populations could reach certain objectives and satisfy certain needs using techniques characteristic of SSE and, thus, carve out a social and economic space of their own vis-a-vis anonymous markets, global actors, and local and national elites. Within this self-governed space, it is suggested, a path can be laid for the necessary transition towards local, social, and ecological sustainability. The Social Economy Basel (SEB, founded 1996) will serve as an example to suggest how SSE principles could be operationalized into organizational practice.
Use of microcarriers to isolate and culture pulmonary microvascular endothelium

Microcarriers of known diameter can be used to collect endothelial cells from microvessels of the same or slightly smaller internal diameter. The procedure is illustrated by collection of endothelial cells from rabbit pulmonary pre-capillary vessels. The lungs are perfused free of blood with physiological saline and then cold vessels. The lungs are perfused free of blood with physiological saline and then cold (4 degrees C) saline (containing EDTA, 0.02%, and microcarriers 600/ml; 40-60 micrometers diameter) is perfused via the pulmonary artery. The direction of flow is reversed periodically to collect the bead-cell harvest from the arterial side. Cold shock and EDTA cause the endothelial cells to detach from the vessels under conditions such that the cells remain attached to the microcarriers. The selective attachment to microcarriers is apparently aided by the tight fit of the beads within vessels of the same diameter. Beads do not emerge on the venous side, all being trapped at the pre-capillary level. Electron microscopic examination of lungs fixed during the perfusion shows that the beads lodge in terminal arterioles and pre-capillary vessels (approximately 40-60 micrometers in diameter, with one, sometimes incomplete, muscle layer). Endothelial cells recovered on microcarriers can be allowed to migrate on to flasks and back on to beads. The resultant cultures have an endothelial morphology and possess high levels of angiotensin coverting enzyme and carboxypeptidase N activity.
Effects of sodium chloride salting and substitution with potassium chloride on whey expulsion of Cheddar cheese

Abstract A challenge in manufacturing reduced-sodium cheese is that whey expulsion after salting decreases when less salt is applied. Our objectives were (1) to determine whether changing the salting method would increase whey syneresis when making a lower sodium cheese and (2) to better understand factors contributing to salt-induced curd syneresis. Unsalted milled Cheddar curds were salted using different salting intervals (5 or 10 min), different salting levels (20, 25, or 30g/kg), different numbers of applications when using only 20g/kg salt (1, 2, or 3 applications), and salting with the equivalent of 30g/kg NaCl using a 2:1 molar ratio of NaCl and KCl. Whey from these curds was collected every 5 or 10 min until 30 or 40 min after the start of salting, and curds were subsequently pressed for 3h. Additional trials were conducted in which salted milled Cheddar cheese curd was immersed at 22°C for 6h in various solutions to determine how milled curd pieces respond to different levels of salt and Ca. The use of 10-min intervals delayed whey syneresis without influencing total whey expulsion or cheese composition after pressing. Lowering the salt level reduced whey expulsion, resulting in cheeses with higher moisture and slightly lower pH. Adding salt faster did not increase whey expulsion in reduced-salt cheese. Partial substitution with KCl restored the extent of whey expulsion. When salted milled curd was immersed in a 30g/L salt solution, there was a net influx of salt solution into the curd and curd weight increased. When curd was immersed in 60g/L salt solution, a contraction of curd occurred. Curd shrinkage was more pronounced as the salt solution concentration was increased to 90 and 120g/L. Increasing the Ca concentration in test solutions (such that both serum and total Ca in the curd increased) also promoted curd contraction, resulting in lower curd moisture and pH and less weight gain by the curd. The proportion of Ca in the curd that was bound to the para -casein protein matrix changed with the Ca content of the test solution. Compared with test solutions containing 10g/L Ca, at low Ca levels (i.e., 1 and 5g/L) the proportion of bound Ca was lower, whereas at 20g/L Ca, the proportion of bound Ca was higher. Both Ca and salt concentration influence the physicochemical properties of the protein matrix such that at low concentrations the curd expands, whereas at high concentrations the curd contracts and expels whey.
What's in a Name? US Academic Radiology Departments: Investigation of the Frequency of and Associated Factors in Nontraditional Department Titles

Purpose The aim of this project was to survey the department titles of US academic radiology programs and to assess the frequency of nontraditional titles. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether there were any similarities among departments that were not traditionally titled Department of Radiology with respect to factors such as department size, affiliation, research emphasis, and geography. Methods Departments were identified on the basis of the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System, the Association of American Medical Colleges list of US medical schools, and the Society of Chairs of Academic Radiology Departments member roster. A total of 212 departments were evaluated, and the title of each department was obtained. Additionally, the size of the faculty, the number of diagnostic radiology residents (if applicable), whether the department offered fellowship positions, the number of nuclear medicine residents (if applicable), geographic region, and National Institutes of Health funding ranking for fiscal year 2009 (if applicable) were obtained for each program. Results Two hundred twelve programs were evaluated, from which 196 departments were ultimately included in the analysis. Of these, 159 (81%) had the title Department of Radiology. Twenty-two other titles were identified among the remaining 37 departments. Common words included in these titles were imaging , science or sciences , and services . There were no significant differences between the departments titled Department of Radiology and the departments with other names with respect to size, research affiliation, residency and fellowship size, or geography. Conclusions Although only 19% of the departments analyzed had titles other than Department of Radiology, several trends were noted. With the expanding scope of radiology to include modalities not associated with ionizing radiation, such as ultrasound, MR, and molecular imaging, along with the growing importance of defining radiologists' role in the health care system and increasing patient concerns over the potential dangers of radiation, it remains to be seen whether additional departments elect to modify their names or whether Department of Radiology continues as the most common title.
Performance trade-offs in saw group-type SPUDTs

The centre-frequency conversion and reflection coefficients of a SPUDT can be deduced from the directivity if the electrical load is designed either for minimum conversion loss or for zero acoustic reflection. A 3 dB conversion loss is obtainable, with zero acoustic reflection, if the directivity is 3 dB.
Open string theory as dissipative quantum mechanics

Abstract We argue that vacuum configuration of open strings correspond to Caldeira-Leggett models of dissipative quantum mechanics (DQM) evaluated at a delocalization critical point. This connection reveals that critical DQM can be expected to manifest reparametrization invariance (inherited from the conformal invariance of string theory) rather than just scale invariance. This connection should open up new ways of constructing analytic and approximate solutions of open string theory (in particular, topological solitons such as monopoles and instantons).
A Method for Clustering the Output of Automated Concept Generators

Early in the design process, it is desirable to produce a large number of potential solutions. However, completely exploring a problem’s solution space is an unreasonable expectation for an unaided designer or design team. Computational tools have emerged to help designers more fully explore possible solutions during conceptual design. These automated concept generators use knowledge from existing designs and the desired functionality of the new product to suggest solutions. Existing automated concept generation methods produce many candidate solutions, but often provide the designer with unmanageably large sets of solutions. Techniques are needed to organize the set of concepts into smaller groups, more easily parsed by the human designer. This work proceeds from the hypothesis that the utility of automated concept generators can be enhanced if their output is first sorted into clusters of similar concepts. A general method is developed to estimate a variety of attributes, related to customer needs, and design for “X” parameters, for each concept based on data stored in a design repository. A technique for aggregating parameter estimates into a vector of concept attributes is discussed and a method for clustering concepts based on attribute vectors is presented. Finally, a case study showing the clustering method applied to a simple design problem with design for manufacture and assembly constraints is detailed. The proposed methodology allows designers to make a first pass rejection of concepts with undesirable attributes and suggests a group of concepts that merit further study. The number of concepts that must be independently evaluated is reduced increasing the usability of automated concept generators.© 2009 ASME
Experimental study of plagioclase rim growth around anorthite seed crystals in rhyodacitic melt

The purpose of this study was to replicate experimentally the growth of new rims around highly anorthitic plagioclase "core" phenocrysts, analogous to the incorporation of xenocrysts into a silicic magma body through magma mixing. Aniakchak rhyodacite forms the bulk starting composition, and phase-equilibria experiments constrained the pre-eruption magma conditions to be ∼110 MPa and 870-880 °C. The experimental runs were seeded with Great Sitkin anorthite (An 9 1 - 9 5 ) crystals. New rim growth of An 2 8 - 3 8 plagioclase occurred at rates between 3.5 (′0.3) x 10 - 1 0 to 60.6 (′20.0) x 10 - 1 0 cm/s at pressures and temperatures from 50 to 150 MPa and 825 to 880 °C. The values in parentheses are ′1σ standard deviation. Microlite crystallization (An 2 7 - 4 1 ) occurred in all experiments within the plagioclase stability field, and their growth rates varied from 4.4 (′1.3) x 10 - 1 0 to 65.7 (′10.1) x 10 - 1 0 cm/s. The rim and microlite growth rates are similar to one another within each experiment, and microlite number density (N v ) is correlated approximately inversely with rim growth rates. Microlite crystallinities increased from 4.2 to 49.7 vol% as a function of increasing ΔT e f f up to 95 °C. The results indicate growth-dominated crystallization at low ΔT e f f , and nucleation dominated crystallization at high ΔT e f f , in agreement with previous studies. Assuming the experiments apply to nature, the rim growth rates can provide a minimum estimate on how fast magma mixing can occur. Rims that are 10 to 100 μm wide can grow in ∼10 days to 4 months, recording fast mixing timescales as long as eruption occurs shortly after mixing. The growth rate estimates presented here generally agree with those derived from sodic rims growing around anorthite cores after mixing between basalt and andesite prior to the 1996 eruption of Karymsky volcano, Kamchatka.
Solar energy conversion processes in nanostructured materials studied via time-resolved THz Spectroscopy

We discuss time-resolved THz spectroscopy measurements for three important solar energy conversion approaches; (1) electronically coupled semiconductor nanocrystals, (2) a bulk heterojunction formed between P3HT and PCBM, and (3) films of single walled carbon nanotubes.
Design of the real-time executive for the Univac(r) 418 system

The UNIVAC 418 system hardware The 418 is a small- to medium-scale real-time computer announced to the general public in September of 1964. It is available in two models, identical except for storage speed (two or four microseconds). Storage and registers
NEWTON AND PROCLUS: GEOMETRY, IMAGINATION, AND KNOWING SPACE

I aim to clarify the argument for space that Newton presents in De Gravitatione (composed prior to 1687) by putting Newton's remarks into conversation with the account of geometrical knowledge found in Proclus's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements (ca. 450). What I highlight is that both Newton and Proclus adopt an epistemic progression (or “order of knowing”) according to which geometrical knowledge necessarily precedes our knowledge of metaphysical truths concerning the ontological state of affairs. As I argue, Newton's commitment to this order of knowing clarifies the interplay of the imagination and understanding in geometrical inquiry and illuminates how geometrical knowledge of space can lead to knowledge that space depends on and is related to God. In general, appreciating the Proclean elements of Newton's argument brings added light to the significance of geometrical inquiry for his general natural philosophical program and grants us insight into the philosophical grounding for the notion of absolute space that is presented in the Principia mathematica (1687).
Spatial relations between 3D objects

With the proliferation of 3D image data comes the need for advances in automated spatial reasoning. One specific challenge is the need for a practical mapping between spatial reasoning and human cognition, where human cognition is expressed through natural-language terminology. With respect to human understanding, researchers have found that errors about spatial relations typically tend to be metric rather than topological; that is, errors tend to be made with respect to quantitative differences in spatial features. However, topology alone has been found to be insufficient for conveying spatial knowledge in natural-language communication. Based on previous work that has been done to define metrics for two lines and a line and a 2D region in order to facilitate a mapping to natural-language terminology, herein we define metrics appropriate for 3D regions. These metrics extend the notions of previously defined terms such as splitting, closeness, and approximate alongness. The association between this collection of metrics, 3D connectivity relations, and several English-language spatial terms was tested in a human subject study. As spatial queries tend to be in natural language, this study provides preliminary insight into how 3D topological relations and metrics correlate in distinguishing natural-language terms. Defined 3D dependencies and intra-relationships between topological relations and metrics.Association between metrics, 3D connectivity relations, and natural-language terms tested.Found three metric equivalence classes that could define natural-language terms for 3D objects.Found that using topological relation with metrics made no difference in terms of accuracy.
Circulatory response to intra-abdominal manipulation during ether anesthesia in man.

Of 38 patients studied during a steady state of ether anesthesia before performance of the definitive phase of operation, hypotensive episodes were produced in 8 by deliberate intra-abdominal stimulation of various types. The production of hypotension was therefore not only unpredictable in the group as a whole, but it was also possible that a positive response in each case could have been mediated by a different circulatory mechanism. The protocol of these experiments was not designed either by method employed or time interval chosen to detect rapid or early changes responsible for the final steady-state measurements that were made. Arterial systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressures decreased with a decline in pulse rate in several cases. As a result of a decreased stroke volume or slowing of the pulse, the cardiac output declined and was responsible for the pressure alterations observed. There was no directional change in the calculated overall peripheral resistance. The remainder of the circulatory measurements, including central venous pressure and central blood volumes, suggest that the circulatory changes are by no means simply explained and that vasodilation in peripheral vascular beds cannot be ruled out.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE FOR COOLED GAS TURBINE BLADES

A multidisciplin ary design optimization procedure for gas turbine blade design has been developed and demonstrated on a generic 3-D blade. Aerodynamic, heat transfer, structural and modal design objectives are integrated along with various constraints on the blade geometry for multidisciplinary shape optimization of the 3-D blade. Effective blade cooling mechanisms are used to cool the blade both internally and externally (film cooling). The blade surface geometry is defined by Bezier-Bernst ein polynomials. A comprehensive 3D Navier-Stokes equation solver is used for flow field evaluation and finite element method is used to obtain the blade interior temperatures. The average blade temperature, maximum blade temperature and the blade weight are minimized with aerodynamic, structural, modal and geometric constraints. The constrained multiobjective optimization problem is solved using the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser (K-S) function approach. The results for the numerical example show significant improvements after optimization.
Geology and environmental remediation: Savannah River Site, South Carolina

Delineation and understanding the geology and hydrogeology of a contaminated site is a fundamental requirement for environmental remediation. Successful environmental remedial programs are composed of interdisciplinary teams of scientists, including geologists, engineers, chemists, mathematicians, biologists, and others. The approach employed is analogous to petroleum exploration that relies on an interdisciplinary team that bases their interpretations and recommendations on understanding the geological, depositional, and structural setting. Good interactive communication between disciplines is a necessary component to the success of both environmental and petroleum programs. In the environmental and petroleum industry, the selection and deployment of appropriate technologies for the problem rely on initial characterization activities. In the environmental arena, geology and hydrogeology control the migration of contaminant plumes and affect the performance of remediation technologies. At the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, which is underlain by interbedded and heterogeneous coastal-plain sediments, understanding depositional and postdepositional processes supports building a hydrogeological model and guides proper selection and optimization of remediation technologies. Accurately mapping the continuity of critical sediment layers can aid in locating areas where contamination has migrated and can provide a cost-effective basis for directing characterization to target intervals. This type of information can then be used to refine existing remediation systems or assist in designing new systems. A thorough understanding of the subsurface coupled with biological and/or chemical effects is essential for successful engineering implementation of the chosen technology. This paper will address an integrative and philosophical approach for environmental remediation and summarize local hydrogeology and background of a waste site at SRS. Examples will be discussed that relate geology to specific remediation technology and implementation decisions in the program.
Surface energy transfer enhanced by optical cavity excitation: a pole analysis

We discuss an enhancement-of-energy transfer phenomenon that involves the absorption of a photon and takes place in thin surface layers. The enhancement is effected by the resonant excitation of a waveguide mode in the substrate onto which the layer is adsorbed. The system is studied with a pole analysis, allowing the crucial parameters to be identified and physically interpreted. Complete absorption is possible, and a significant enhancement in the photo yield of a photocathode surface layer is calculated. The energy exchange with finite-size incident beams is considered, leading to the conclusion that the device should be highly sensitive to surface layers approaching a monolayer or less in thickness.