cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid-phase turbulence measurements in air-water two-phase flows over a wide range of void fractions

Abstract This paper focuses on liquid-phase turbulence measurements in air-water two-phase flows over a wide range of void fractions and flow regimes, spanning from bubbly, cap-bubbly, slug, to churn-turbulent flows. The measurements have been conducted in two test facilities, the first one with a circular test section and the second one with a rectangular test section. A particle image velocimetry-planar laser-induced fluorescence (PIV-PLIF) system was used to acquire local liquid-phase turbulence information, including the time-averaged velocity and velocity fluctuations in the streamwise and spanwise directions, and Reynolds stress. An optical phase separation method using fluorescent particles and optical filtration technique was adopted to extract the liquid-phase velocity information. An image pre-processing scheme was imposed on the raw PIV images acquired to remove noise due to the presence of bubble residuals and optically distorted particles in the raw PIV images. Four-sensor conductivity probes and high-speed images were also used to acquire the gas-phase information, which was aimed to understand the flow interfacial structure. The highest area-averaged void fraction covered in the measurements for the circular and rectangular test sections was about 40%.
Assessment from an Educational Development Perspective.

As assessment, already well established in higher education, gains attention in the field of educational development (ED), we ask: What does it mean to practice assessment from an ED perspective? In response, we examine four principles that are central to this endeavor: (a) bridging work across communities and multiple institutional levels; (b) collective, collaborative ownership; (c) action-oriented focus on student-centered learning; and (d) intentionality about inclusiveness to recognize diverse experiences of participants and stakeholders. We apply these principles to four examples of assessment practice at different institutions and offer a rationale for why this lens has utility for the improvement of teaching and learning in higher education.
Extracting Addresses from News Reports Using Conditional Random Fields

Spatial analysis in many fields requires effective address extraction from text reports. This problem is of particular importance in social science where news reports contain information about socially relevant incidents. Previous address extraction work focuses on web pages where addresses are separated from other text, however news reports contain addresses embedded in text. Hence, the need for different methods. This paper describes and compares three supervised learning approaches and one semi-supervised learning approach to automatically extract street addresses from news reports. Experimental results with actual news reports show performance close to that achieved for web pages and some lift in accuracy from the semi-supervised approach. These results also show that different news sources produce different outcomes.
Colonic Microbiota Encroachment Correlates With Dysglycemia in Humans.

Background and Aims Mucoid structures that coat the epithelium play an essential role in keeping the intestinal microbiota at a safe distance from host cells. Encroachment of bacteria into the normally almost-sterile inner mucus layer has been observed in inflammatory bowel disease and in mouse models of colitis. Moreover, such microbiota encroachment has also been observed in mouse models of metabolic syndrome, which are associated low-grade intestinal inflammation. Hence, we investigated if microbiota encroachment might correlate with indices of metabolic syndrome in humans. Methods Confocal microscopy was used to measure bacterial-epithelial distance of the closest bacteria per high-powered field in colonic biopsies of all willing participants undergoing cancer screening colonoscopies. Results We observed that, among all subjects, bacterial-epithelial distance was inversely correlated with body mass index, fasting glucose levels, and hemoglobin A 1C . However, this correlation was driven by dysglycemic subjects, irrespective of body mass index, whereas the difference in bacterial-epithelial distance between obese and nonobese subjects was eliminated by removal of dysglycemic subjects. Conclusions We conclude that microbiota encroachment is a feature of insulin resistance–associated dysglycemia in humans.
Vibrational autoionization in polyatomic molecules.

The vibrationally autoionizing Rydberg states of small polyatomic molecules provide a fascinating laboratory in which to study fundamental nonadiabatic processes. In this review, recent results on the vibrational mode dependence of vibrational autoionization are discussed. In general, autoionization rates depend strongly on the character of the normal mode driving the process and on the electronic character of the Rydberg electron. Although quantitative calculations based on multichannel quantum defect theory are available for some polyatomic molecules, including H 3 , only qualitative information exists for most molecules. This review shows how qualitative information, such as Walsh diagrams along different normal coordinates of the molecule, can provide insight into the vibrational autoionization rates.
Advancements in hardware design for the frontier radio used for the solar probe plus mission

The Frontier Radio for the Solar Probe Plus mission offers a host of hardware design and manufacturing improvements. These improvements build on the technology readiness level (TRL)-9 radio platform that was flown on the Van Allen Probes mission in a duplexed S-band configuration and several development tasks funded by NASA Headquarters. Prior RF slice designs consisted of two separate circuit boards: one for lower frequencies and one for high-frequencies; advances in technology enabled the use of a high-frequency multilayer laminate with highly integrated miniature components to create a single circuit board, thereby simplifying manufacturing. This change also enabled an improved circuit topology in the upconverter in both exciters producing lower phase noise and better I/Q modulation accuracy. RF shielding performance was improved using compartmentalized plates and Spira-Shield gaskets. Use of a magnesium alloy for the slice packaging reduced the overall radio mass. A design-variant approach was implemented to facilitate flexibility and re-configurability across multiple missions and applications. For example, one circuit board artwork supports S, X, and Ka-band configurations of the exciter slice, and the digital signal processing (DSP) slice's board artwork facilitates numerous alternate configurations for a variety of mission applications. Advances made to the DSP slice include dual footprint circuits and an interposer for the field programmable gate array (FPGA) to minimize layout changes, a change to a radiation-hardened magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) to replace the programmable read-only memory (PROM), and new test and debugging circuits including a serializer-deserializer (SERDES), a SpaceWire debug link, and small footprint soft-touch connectors to access internal signals. A multi-chip module (MCM) was qualified for use in space that converts X-band to Ka-band and I/Q modulates directly at Ka-band. This enables a first for a deep-space mission: primary science data downlink with simultaneous data and navigation over Ka-band. Manufacturing techniques such as the use of a pick-and-place machine with part value validation, standardized circuit board sizes, and fewer overall circuit boards to integrate all contributed to faster and more reliable hardware assembly. The flight radio hardware is fully fabricated and has completed proto-flight testing for a planned 2018 spacecraft launch.
Critique [of Depictions of Elderly Blacks in American Literature by Alice A. Deck]

“Depictions of Elderly Blacks in American Literature” is more suggestive than satisfying. It offers a useful introduction to its topic, but could have attempted either a more extensive catalog of elderly blacks in a wider range of American literature or a deeper and more thorough reading of a specific period or group of writers.
An ecological momentary intervention for smoking cessation: The associations of just-in-time, tailored messages with lapse risk factors

Abstract Background Smartphone apps can provide real-time, tailored interventions for smoking cessation. The current study examines the effectiveness of a smartphone-based smoking cessation application that assessed risk for imminent smoking lapse multiple times per day and provided messages tailored to current smoking lapse risk and specific lapse triggers. Methods Participants (N = 59) recruited from a safety-net hospital smoking cessation clinic completed phone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) 5 times/day for 3 consecutive weeks (1 week pre-quit, 2 weeks post-quit). Risk for smoking lapse was estimated in real-time using a novel weighted lapse risk estimator. With each EMA, participants received messages tailored to current level of risk for imminent smoking lapse and self-reported presence of smoking urge, stress, cigarette availability, and motivation to quit. Generalized linear mixed model analyses determined whether messages tailored to specific lapse risk factors were associated with greater reductions in these triggers than messages not tailored to specific triggers. Results Overall, messages tailored to smoking urge, cigarette availability, or stress corresponded with greater reductions in those triggers than messages that were not tailored to specific triggers (p's = 0.02 to Conclusions Mobile technology can be used to conduct real-time smoking lapse risk assessment and provide tailored treatment content. Findings provide initial evidence that tailored content may impact users' urge to smoke, stress, and cigarette availability.
Phosphorylation Alters the Properties of Pol η: Implications for Translesion Synthesis

There are significant ambiguities regarding how DNA polymerase η is recruited to DNA lesion sites in stressed cells while avoiding normal replication forks in non-stressed cells. Even less is known about the mechanisms responsible for Pol η-induced mutations in cancer genomes. We show that there are two safeguards to prevent Pol η from adventitious participation in normal DNA replication. These include sequestration by a partner protein and low basal activity. Upon cellular UV irradiation, phosphorylation enables Pol η to be released from sequestration by PDIP38 and activates its polymerase function through increased affinity toward monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Ub-PCNA). Moreover, the high-affinity binding of phosphorylated Pol η to Ub-PCNA limits its subsequent displacement by Pol δ. Consequently, activated Pol η replicates DNA beyond the lesion site and potentially introduces clusters of mutations due to its low fidelity. This mechanism could account for the prevalence of Pol η signatures in cancer genome.
My tummy hurts – a case report of abdominal pain and macrocytic anemia caused by hypothyroidism

A 6-year-old female presented with chronic intermittent abdominal pain for 1 year. She underwent extensive investigation, imaging and invasive procedures with multiple emergency room visits. It caused a significant distress to the patient and the family with multiple missing days at school in addition to financial burden and emotional stress the child endured. When clinical picture was combined with laboratory finding of macrocytic anemia, a diagnosis of hypothyroidism was made. Although chronic abdominal pain in pediatric population is usually due to functional causes such as irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain. Hypothyroidism can have unusual presentation including abdominal pain. The literature on abdominal pain as the main presentation of thyroid disorder is limited. Pediatricians should exclude hypothyroidism in a patient who presents with chronic abdominal pain. Contrast to its treatment, clinical presentation of hypothyroidism can be diverse and challenging, leading to a delay in diagnosis and causing significant morbidity. Learning points: Hypothyroidism can have a wide range of clinical presentations that are often nonspecific, which can cause difficulty in diagnosis. In pediatric patients presenting with chronic abdominal pain as only symptom, hypothyroidism should be considered by the pediatricians and ruled out. In pediatric population, treatment of hypothyroidism varies depending on patients’ weight and age. Delay in diagnosis of hypothyroidism can cause significant morbidity and distress in pediatrics population. Background Regardless of the site, pain is one of the main reasons patients seek medical attention (1, 2). Chronic abdominal pain is common and can be caused by a myriad of pathological processes involving gastrointestinal and other organs such as severe constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease or pancreatitis. However, abdominal pain in pediatric population is usually due to functional causes such as irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain (3). Absence of organic causes often means lack of objective clinical finding, as a result extensive and invasive investigations are often conducted (4). Hypothyroidism can have unusual presentation including abdominal pain. Also, macrocytic anemia can be present in up to 55% of cases of hypothyroidism, it could be due thyroid hormone deficiency rather than secondary to nutritional causes such as B12 and folate deficiency (5). The literature on abdominal pain as the main presentation of thyroid disorder is limited. Pediatricians should exclude hypothyroidism in a patient who presents with chronic abdominal pain, especially if other evidence of hypothyroidism such as macrocytic anemia is present.
“What Hath Night to Do with Sleep?”: Religion and Biopolitics in Milton’s Mask

In “‘What Hath Night to Do with Sleep?’: Religion and Biopolitics in Milton’s Mask,” Melissa E. Sanchez questions some of the heterotemporal assumptions behind feminist and queer interpretations of Comus. Drawing on the recent conversations about the relationship of queerness to chronological time and narratives of human development, Sanchez contends that the boundary between human and animal in A Mask is one of temporality. Although the Lady’s chaste deferral of Comus might appear to distinguish her humanity from his bestial cravings, the non-resolution of their debate reveals that the heteronormative ideology celebrated in A Mask ultimately has no basis in reason. From this vantage, Comus mobilizes a forceful queer critique of A Mask’s chronopolitics.
The anti-dam movement in Brazil: expertise and design conflicts in an industrial transition movement

Research on the anti-dam movement in Brazil provides an opportunity to explore social theory at the intersections of social movement studies (SMS) and science and technology studies (STS) and to de...
Chapter 18 Intestinal absorption of nutrients during early development of vertebrates: patterns of appearance and change

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the pathways of nutrient absorption and the relations with diet. It discusses the influence of age and the possible signals triggering the changes in absorptive functions. The different diets eaten during the development of most vertebrates place different functional demands on the gastrointestinal tract. These different diets are matched by age-related changes in the types, densities, and relative proportions of the various types of nutrient transporters. The transporters for most nutrients are first expressed prior to the onset of feeding. The ontogenetic changes occurring during the evolution of the species coincide with age-related modifications of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) structure and functions. The specific ontogenetic patterns of transporter development vary and correspond with the changes in dietary composition that have occurred during the evolution of species. As a consequence, the patterns vary among herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores. The specific patterns of development are the result of genetic determinants (internal factors) interacting with dietary inputs and other external factors. A better understanding of the age-related changes in nutrient absorption will enhance efforts to improve diets and feeding regimens for raising young, rapidly growing animals.
A comprehensive approach uncovers hidden diversity in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) with the description of a novel species.

Major geological processes have shaped biogeographical patterns of riverine biota. The Edwards Plateau of central Texas, USA, exhibits unique aquatic communities and endemism, including several species of freshwater mussels. Lampsilis bracteata (Gould, 1855) is endemic to the Edwards Plateau region; however, its phylogenetic relationship with other species in the Gulf coastal rivers and Mississippi River basin is unknown. We evaluated phylogenetic relationships, shell morphologies and soft anatomy characters of L. bracteata and a closely related congener, Lampsilis hydiana (Lea, 1838) throughout their ranges. Our results showed the presence of an undescribed species: Lampsilis bergmanni sp.n. Lampsilis bracteata and L. bergmanni sp.n. share similar shell morphologies and soft anatomy characters; however, they are genetically distinct. Geological processes, such as faulting and sea-level changes during the Miocene to Pliocene, are likely to have facilitated diversification of Lampsilis species, resulting in isolation of L. bracteata on the Edwards Plateau and diversification between L. bergmanni sp.n. and L. hydiana. We conclude that L. bracteata range is restricted to the Colorado River basin, whereas L. bergmanni sp.n. occurs only in upstream reaches of the Guadalupe River basin. Conservation actions are warranted for both species due to their restricted distributions and potential anthropogenic threats.
Dynamic Relationship of the SNARE Complex with a Membrane

Fusion of secretory granules and synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane is driven by SNARE protein interactions. Intensive investigations in vitro, which include x-ray crystallography, cryoelectron microscopy, and NMR analyses by numerous groups, have elucidated structures relevant to the function of these proteins. Although function depends on the proteins being membrane bound, for experimental reasons, most of the studies have used cytosolic domains, as exemplified by the groundbreaking studies that elucidated the structure of a tetrapeptide helical bundle formed by interaction of the cytosolic domains of syntaxin1A, SNAP25 (two peptides) and synaptobrevin 2. Because the cytosolic fragments were unfettered by membrane attachments, it is likely that the tetrapeptide helical bundle reflects the lowest energy state, such as that found in the "cis" interactions of the SNARE motifs after fusion when they co-localize in the plasma membrane. Much more difficult to study and still poorly understood are critical "trans" interactions between the synaptic vesicle SNARE protein synaptobrevin 2 and the plasma membrane syntaxin1A/SNAP25 complex that initiate the fusion event. In a series of articles from the laboratory of Lukas Tamm, the spontaneous orientation of the SNARE motif of membrane-bound, full-length syntaxin1A with respect to the membrane hosting syntaxin's transmembrane domain was investigated with nanometer precision under a variety of conditions, including those that model aspects of the "trans" configuration. The studies rely on fluorescence interference-contrast microscopy, a technique that utilizes the pattern of constructive and destructive interference arising from incoming and reflected excitation and emission light at the surface of a silicon chip that has been layered with oxidized silicon of varying depths. This Perspective discusses their findings, including the unexpected influence of the degree of lipid unsaturation on the orientation of the SNARE complex.
Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Investigation of the UV–Vis Spectra of Organonitrogen Chromophores in Brown Carbon

The ability of brown carbon (BrC) in aerosols to absorb solar radiation is an important but highly uncertain factor in climate forcing. The uncertainties are partially due to incomplete characterization of BrC chromophores and lack of authentic standards to confirm light absorption. Organonitrogen species are crucial components in atmospheric aerosols, but their light-absorbing properties remain to be fully characterized. To facilitate the molecular characterization of BrC chromophores, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) based computational chemistry approaches were used in this study to predict the light absorption spectra of 16 organonitrogen species, including nitroaromatics, nitro-heterocyclic compounds, organonitrates, and Maillard-type reaction products in BrC. Effects of basis sets, functionals, solvation, and pH on light absorption properties of these compounds were evaluated. Predicted absorption spectra were compared with experimental measurements. Overall, the PBE0 and B3LYP func...
On Training Sequence Optimization for Leaked MIMO OFDM Channels

In this paper, the CramA©r Rao bound (CRB) on the time-varying narrowband leaked Multiple-Input Multiple- Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) channel estimators is derived, under the assumption of deterministic sequences. The CRB is proven to be effectively decoupled in delay and Doppler domains. Fixed point equations for determining the optimal training sequences for the decoupled CRB are provided. Doppler- optimized training sequences are shown to be whiter. Optimized sequences exhibit a performance gain on the order of 5 dB and 2.5 dB over purely random sequences used for training for Doppler and delay, respectively.
Direct in-situ Measurement of Magnetic Loss in Power Electronic Circuits

Timing skew between measurement channels can introduce an unacceptable error in power loss measurement and is difficult to quantify, rendering precise in-situ measurement of magnetic loss essentially unattainable. This article rams the issue head-on by presenting the mathematical model for the timing skew and developing two methods based on the model to realize in-situ direct magnetic loss measurement. The mathematical model is first established to analyze the effects of timing skew on the measured magnetic loss in a dc–dc converter. The first method, called intersection method, illustrates how to unravel the entangled relationship between the actual timing skew and real magnetic loss in the circuit with the aid of the mathematical model. The second method, called derivative method, builds on the intersection method and greatly enhances the accuracy and the repeatability of the loss measurement. Our novel approach for in-situ magnetic loss measurement is verified in simulation and experiment with a conventional dc–dc step-down buck converter under various operating conditions and design parameters.
Movement Behaviors and Perceived Loneliness and Sadness within Alaskan Adolescents

Physical activity, screen use, and sleep are behaviors that integrate across the whole day. However, the accumulative influence of meeting recommendations for these 24-h movement behaviors on the mental health of Alaskan adolescents has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between movement behaviors, loneliness, and sadness within Alaskan adolescents. Data were obtained from the 2019 Alaska Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). The number of adolescents participating in the 2019 Alaska YRBS was 1897. Associations between meeting recommendations for movement behaviors with loneliness and sadness were examined using weighted logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Approximately 5.0% of the sample met recommendations for all three movement behaviors. Meeting 2 or 3 movement behavior recommendations was associated with lower odds of loneliness (odds ratio (OR) range = 0.23 to 0.44, p < 0.01). Additionally, meeting 1 to 3 movement behavior recommendations was associated with lower odds of sadness (OR range = 0.29 to 0.52, p < 0.05). Joint association analyses determined that these relationships were primarily driven by meeting the sleep recommendation for loneliness and meeting the screen use recommendation for sadness. The results support use of multiple movement-based behavior programming to attenuate feelings of loneliness and sadness within Alaskan adolescents.
Pediatric dyslipidemia screening by pediatricians and family medicine physicians: Current practices and future directions.

BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children receive dyslipidemia screening between 9-11 and again between 17-21 years old. The American Academy of Family Physicians follows the United States Preventive Services Task Force, which states that there is insufficient evidence for or against routine pediatric lipid screening. A 2017 survey of pediatricians reported that many pediatricians’ screening practices do …
Tissue Engineering Strategies for Cancer-Related Lymphedema

Tissue engineering has witnessed remarkable advancement in various fields of medicine and has the potential of revolutionizing the management of lymphedema. Combining approaches of biotechnology wi...
Considering environmental exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, lead to significant maternal morbidity and in some cases, maternal mortality. Environmental toxicants, especially those that disrupt normal placental and endothelial function, are emerging as potential risk factors for HDP. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of ubiquitous chemicals found in consumer products, the environment, and increasingly in drinking water. PFAS have been associated with a multitude of adverse health effects, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and more recently, HDP. In this review, we present epidemiological and mechanistic evidence for the link between PFAS and HDP and recommend next steps for research and prevention efforts. To date, epidemiological studies have assessed associations between only ten of the thousands of PFAS and HDP. Positive associations between six PFAS (PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFHpA, perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFBS, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; and PFNA, perfluoronanoic acid) and risk for HDP have been reported in some, but not all, studies. PFAS disrupt placental and immune function, cause oxidative stress, and disrupt lipid metabolism. These physiological disruptions may be mechanisms through which PFAS can lead to HDP. Overall, limited epidemiological evidence and plausible mechanisms support PFAS as risk factors for HDP. More research is needed in diverse, well-powered cohorts that assess exposures to as many PFAS as possible. Such research should consider not only individual PFAS but also the totality of exposures to PFAS and other environmental chemicals. Pregnant women may be a group that is vulnerable to PFAS exposure, and as such HDP risk should be considered by policymakers setting PFAS exposure limits. In the interim, medical and public health professionals in regions with PFAS contamination could provide short-term solutions in the form of patient-level prevention, increased monitoring, and early intervention for HDP.
Judges’ emotion: an application of the emotion regulation process model

Courtrooms are often emotionally charged atmospheres where parties have a vested interest in the proceedings and their outcomes. Judges are exposed to a wide range of emotions and stressors in the ...
Motivating sustainable behaviors by framing biodiversity loss as a public health risk

Earth’s biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate. Researchers have consistently underscored the need to conserve biodiversity not only for the sake of the environment, but also to safeguard h...
Faster or longer steps: maintaining fast walking in older adults at risk for mobility disability

Abstract Background The ability to walk at various speeds is essential to independence for older adults. Maintaining fast walking requires changes in spatial-temporal measures, increasing step length and/or decreasing step time. It is unknown how mobility affects the parameters that change between preferred and fast walking. Research Question How does preferred walking performance and measures of strength and mobility relate to the approach (decreasing step time or increasing step length) older adults at risk for mobility disability use to maintain fast walking speeds?. Methods Peak isokinetic dynamometry of knee and ankle and several mobility evaluations, including the Timed Up-and-Go, Short Physical Performance Battery, and Dynamic Gait Index, assessed mobility and strength in 57 participants, aged 65–80. Biomechanical gait analysis was used to analyze step length, step time, gait speed at preferred and fast gait speeds and ground reaction force during preferred walking. A score combining the differences between step length and time at fast and preferred speeds (Length-Time Difference) separated participants into two groups: (1) Length, representing a predominant increase in step length to walk fast and (2) Time, a predominant decrease in step time. Results Those who decreased step time to produce increased speed performed worse during repeated chair stands (p = .006) with no difference in isokinetic strength (p ≥ .15). During preferred walking, the Time group displayed increased propulsive impulse compared to the Length group (p = .007), despite no differences in preferred speed, step length, or time (p ≥ .50). Significance While kinetics of preferred walking differed between groups separated by Length-Time Difference, basic spatial-temporals of preferred walking did not in this homogenous population. Length-Time Difference relates to a common mobility assessment and could be easily calculated by clinicians to provide a quantitative and more sensitive measure of ambulatory performance.
Automated fiber placement: A review of history, current technologies, and future paths forward

Abstract Automated fiber placement (AFP) is a composite manufacturing technique used to fabricate complex advanced air vehicle structures that are lightweight with superior qualities. The AFP process is intricate and complex with various phases of design, process planning, manufacturing, and inspection. An understanding of each of these phases is necessary to achieve the highest possible manufacturing quality. This literature review aims to summarize the entire AFP process from the design of the structure through inspection of the manufactured part to generate an overall understanding of the lifecycle of AFP manufacturing. The review culminates with highlighting the challenges and future directions for AFP with the goal of achieving a closed loop AFP process.
Perceived Parental Actions and Evaluations of the Family and Its Members

Interpersonal familial problems (e.g., negative attitudes toward family members) have often been associated with traumatic events, such as parental divorce or death of a parent (Ambert & Saucier, 1983; Parish & Dostal, 1980; Parish & Kappes, 1980). However, it might be that how parents generally interact with one another is the key factor in understanding youth and the social-emotional problems they manifest. This is supported by the research of Parish (1988a), in which young adults' self-concepts were significantly correlated with how their fathers were perceived to act toward their mothers (r = .61) and how their mothers were perceived to act toward their fathers (r = .58). To take this one step further, the present study sought to determine the relationships between perceptions of parents' actions toward one another and young adults' evaluations of their mothers, fathers, stepparents (if any), and families. METHOD A total of 64 college students who were enrolled in a human development class at a large midwestern university voluntarily participated in the present study. They completed two forms of the Love/Hate Checklist (Parish, 1988a, 1988b) in order to describe how their fathers acted toward their mothers and how their mothers acted toward their fathers. These checklists consist of 45 "loving" and 45 "hateful" alphabetically arranged adverbs from which respondents choose 25 that best describe how their parents acted toward one another. The score in each instance is the number of hateful adverbs checked regarding each parent's actions. The Personal Attribute Inventory (Parish, Bryant, & Shirazi, 1976) was administered to obtain evaluations of mothers, fathers, stepparents, and families. This inventory is composed of 50 "positive" and 50 "negative" alphabetically arranged adjectives from which 30 are chosen that best describe the target person in question. The score is the number of negative adjectives checked. The measures were administered in a counterbalanced fashion. Respondents also were asked to indicate their gender. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As shown in Table 1, the perceived actions of mothers toward fathers and fathers toward mothers were significantly related to each other and to evaluations of the family and its members. Notably, these findings varied as a function of the gender of the respondent. Evaluations of fathers, for example, were found to be more positive for both male and female respondents if their fathers were perceived to act lovingly toward their mothers. …
Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives on Racial Differences in Schooling in the United States

Abstract In this chapter we present an overview of the history of racial differences in schooling in the United States. We present basic data on literacy, school attendance, educational attainment, various measures of school quality, and the returns to schooling. Then, in the context of a simple model of schooling attainment, we interpret the fundamental trends in an “analytic narrative” that illuminates change over time. Although some of the data presented in the tables carry the story to the late twentieth century, the evidence and narrative we develop focus on the period before 1954, the year of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . A theme of convergence is central to the narrative. Slaves were typically forbidden to learn how to read and write, and others were typically forbidden to teach them. Just after the Civil War, more than 80 percent of African Americans over the age of nine were illiterate (compared to 12 percent of whites). After Emancipation, black children continued to face many obstacles in acquiring education. In addition to their relative poverty and their parents' relatively low levels of literacy (on average), society and its educational institutions were overtly racist. The negative implications for black children's schooling were significant and lasted well into the twentieth century. Nonetheless, successive generations of black children did manage to narrow the racial gap in schooling and educational attainment. By 1930, only 12 percent of African Americans were illiterate – finally attaining the level that whites had registered 60 years earlier. The pace of change was not constant, however, and there were some periods of short-run divergence between blacks and whites in educational attainment. The long-term process of convergence, moreover, has yet to fully run its course, and the remaining racial gaps in schooling have proven quite stubborn to eliminate.
Colonial development in Pandorina morum. II. Colony morphogenesis and formation of the extracellular matrix.

Abstract The colonial green alga, Pandorina morum, resembles its unicellular relative Chlamydomonas in both intracellular architecture and the composition of the extracellular matrix. Despite these similarities, cell division in Pandorina leads to the formation of a colony instead of the 8 or 16 single cells produced by cell division in Chlamydomonas. To study colony formation, partially synchronized cultures of P. morum were sampled periodically and stained with ruthenium red for electron microscopy. The cells of the colony were found to be held together during development by medial and basal connections between cells; the basal connections include strands of chloroplast. Studies of cells removed from the parental matrix before division confirmed that the cytoplasmic connections are strong enough to maintain the colonial configuration. After the medial connections break, the cells of the plate of the developing colony swing outward and attain the nearly spherical colonial configuration; the basal connections are still present. After this inversion, the formation of the extracellular matrix begins, with the colonial boundary appearing first. Capsule and sheath then form on the outer and inner faces of the colonial boundary until the extracellular matrix is complete. The process is compared to previous observations of Volvox, and possible evolutionary implications are discussed.
Body-Self Dualism in Contemporary Ethics and Politics

Introduction 1. Human beings are animals 2. Human beings are persons 3. Hedonism and hedonistic drug-taking 4. Abortion 5. Euthanasia 6. Sex and the body.
Hygroscopic growth of common organic aerosol solutes, including humic substances, as derived from water activity measurements

[1] Studies have shown that organic matter often constitutes up to 50% by mass of tropospheric aerosols. These organics may considerably affect the water uptake properties of these aerosols, impacting Earth's climate and atmosphere. However, considerable uncertainties still exist about hygroscopic properties of organic carbon (OC) in particles. In this study, we have assembled an apparatus to measure equilibrium water vapor pressure over bulk solutions. We used these results to calculate the hygroscopic growth curve and deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of representative compounds in three OC categories: saccharides, mono/dicarboxylic acids, and HULIS (Humic-Like Substances). To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the hygroscopic growth of HULIS by means of a bulk method on representative compounds such as fulvic and humic acids. We also explored the temperature effect on hygroscopic growth within the 0°C–30°C temperature range and found no effect. The DRH and hygroscopic growth obtained were in excellent agreement with published tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA), electrodynamic balance, and bulk data for sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, d-glucose, levoglucosan, succinic acid, and glutaric acid. However, we found a hygroscopic growth factor of 1.0 at a relative humidity of 90% for phthalic, oxalic, humic, and two fulvic acids; these results disagree with various TDMA studies. The TDMA is used widely to study water uptake of organic particles but can be affected by particle microstructural arrangements before the DRH and by the inability to fully dry particles. Thus, in the future it will be important to confirm TDMA data for nondeliquescent organic particles with alternate methods.
Developmental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters DNA methyltransferase (dnmt) expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

DNA methylation is one of the most important epigenetic modifications involved in the regulation of gene expression. The DNA methylation reaction is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Recent studies have demonstrated that toxicants can affect normal development by altering DNA methylation patterns, but the mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that developmental exposure to TCDD affects dnmt gene expression patterns. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 5nM TCDD for 1h from 4 to 5h post-fertilization (hpf) and sampled at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf to determine dnmt gene expression and DNA methylation patterns. We performed a detailed analysis of zebrafish dnmt gene expression during development and in adult tissues. Our results demonstrate that dnmt3b genes are highly expressed in early stages of development, and dnmt3a genes are more abundant in later stages. TCDD exposure upregulated dnmt1 and dnmt3b2 expression, whereas dnmt3a1, 3b1, and 3b4 are downregulated following exposure. We did not observe any TCDD-induced differences in global methylation or hydroxymethylation levels, but the promoter methylation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) target genes was altered. In TCDD-exposed embryos, AHR repressor a (ahrra) and c-fos promoters were differentially methylated. To characterize the TCDD effects on DNMTs, we cloned the dnmt promoters with xenobiotic response elements and conducted AHR transactivation assays using a luciferase reporter system. Our results suggest that ahr2 can regulate dnmt3a1, dnmt3a2, and dnmt3b2 expression. Overall, we demonstrate that developmental exposure to TCDD alters dnmt expression and DNA methylation patterns.
Identification and Characterization of an Invasion Antigen B Gene from the Oral Pathogen Campylobacter rectus

The oral bacterium, Campylobacter rectus, is an etiological agent of periodontitis. The virulence genes of C. rectus are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to query C. rectus for the presence of an invasion antigen B (ciaB) gene, which is needed for cell invasion by the related species Campylobacter jejuni. PCR and PCR-walking identified a ciaB from C. rectus. In silico analyses of C. rectus 314 ciaB (Cr-ciaB) revealed an ORF of 1,830 base pairs. The Cr-CiaB protein shared significant sequence identity (BLASTx and phylogeny) with CiaB from related campylobacters. Cr-CiaB is predicted to lack membrane helices, signal peptides, and localizes to the cytoplasm; which are consistent with CiaB proteins. Expression of Cr-ciaB was confirmed with RT-PCR; and potential ciaB genes were detected in eight additional strains of C. rectus. Cr-ciaB is the first CiaB identified from the oral campylobacters.
THERMOELASTIC SOLUTION FOR CROSS-PLY CYLINDRICAL PANELS

An exact solution for the elastic response of a cylindrical cross-ply laminated panel subject to mechanical loading and temperature variation is derived. The three-dimensional equilibrium equations, written in terms of displacements, are reduced to a system of coupled ordinary differential equations, which are then solved using the power series method. Numerical results are presented for graphite/epoxy composites.
Implementation and evaluation of a genetics curriculum to improve obstetrician-gynecologist residents' knowledge and skills in genetic diagnosis and counseling

Objective This study was undertaken to develop, implement, and evaluate a genetics curriculum for obstetrician-gynecologist residents. Study design We prospectively evaluated the effect of a genetics curriculum on obstetrician-gynecologist residents' knowledge and skills. Residents completed a needs assessment and pretest. Educational intervention included 2 3-hour didactic sessions with 1 hour of lecture followed by case discussion and 1 3-hour session of experiential learning using standardized patients who evaluated residents' knowledge and skills in taking family history, drawing genetic pedigrees, and counseling patients. Posttest scores were compared with pretest scores. Results Needs assessment was completed by all 40 obstetrics and gynecology residents and identified limited and variable genetics education in medical school. Twenty-eight of 40 residents attended the entire educational intervention and completed the pretest and posttest, and 25 of 28 showed improved test scores. Residents stated that they were more confident in their ability to take a family history, record a 3-generation pedigree, and counsel patients about genetic conditions after completion of the genetics curriculum. Conclusion This multifaceted genetics curriculum improved residents' knowledge of genetics as well as their confidence in applying genetic concepts as assessed by the pretest and posttest and by their comments in the debrief session.
An overview of MODIS radiometric calibration and characterization

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the key instruments for NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS), currently operating on both the Terra and Aqua satellites. The MODIS is a major advance over the previous generation of sensors in terms of its spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. It has 36 spectral bands: 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) with center wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.1 µm and 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB) with center wavelengths from 3.7 to 14.4 µm, making observations at three spatial resolutions: 250 m (bands 1–2), 500 m (bands 3–7), and 1km (bands 8–36). MODIS is a cross-track scanning radiometer with a wide field-of-view, providing a complete global coverage of the Earth in less than 2 days. Both Terra and Aqua MODIS went through extensive pre-launch calibration and characterization at various levels. In orbit, the calibration and characterization tasks are performed using its on-board calibrators (OBCs) that include a solar diffuser (SD) and a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), a v-grooved flat panel blackbody (BB), and a spectro-radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA). In this paper, we present au overview of MODIS calibration and characterization activities, methodologies, and lessons learned from pre-launch characterization and in-orbit operation. Key issues discussed in this paper include in-orbit efforts of monitoring the noise characteristics of the detectors, tracking the solar diffuser and optics degradations, and updating the sensor’s response versus scan angle. The experiences and lessons learned through MODIS have played and will continue to play major roles in the design and characterization of future sensors.
Evolution of Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves in Idealized MJO Environments

Abstract A linear shallow water model is used to simulate the evolution of mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves in background states representative of the convective phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Initial MRG wave structures are obtained analytically. The MJO basic state is defined by the steady response of the tropical atmosphere to localized heating. Results from the simulations reveal that variations in the background flow play a significant role in the evolution of the MRG waves. When the basic state is symmetric about the equator, the MRG wave amplifies within the convergent region of the background flow and the ensuing development remains symmetric. When the heating is asymmetric, both the basic state and the MRG wave evolution exhibit significant asymmetries. Prominent features of this simulation are the development and growth of a series of small-scale, off-equatorial eddies that resemble tropical-depression-type disturbances. The results suggest that a persistent large-scale heating th...
Second-order time-accurate and geometrically conservative implicit schemes for flow computations on unstructured dynamic meshes

Abstract We consider the solution of two- and three-dimensional flow problems with moving boundaries using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation or dynamic meshes. We focus on the case where spatial discretization is performed by unstructured finite volumes and/or finite elements. We formulate the consequence of the Geometric Conservation Law on the second-order implicit temporal discretization of the semi-discrete equations governing such problems, and use it as a guideline to construct a new family of second-order time-accurate and geometrically conservative implicit numerical schemes for flow computations on moving grids. We apply these new algorithms to the solution of three-dimensional flow problems with moving and deforming boundaries, demonstrate their superior accuracy and computational efficiency, and highlight their impact on the simulation of fluid/structure interaction problems.