cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key Factors for Green Product Line Extensions

We consider the price and quality optimization (i.e., product line design) problem of a monopolist selling (at most) two product variants, a base product and a green variant that comprises recycled/reused content, to a market of two distinct consumer types with heterogeneous valuations for the base product. Our setting features three distinguishing elements, which had hitherto not been considered together in the literature: (i) Consumer segments demonstrate opposing perceptions of the green variant, i.e., “conventionals” associate dis-utility with a green variant that has more recycled/reused content, whereas “naturalites” have a higher willingness-to-pay for the same. (ii) Including a green variant yields diseconomies-in-scope for the firm’s production costs, which increases non-linearly as product variants become more vertically (and environmentally) differentiated. (iii) Using more recycled/reused content for the green variant permits input material cost savings. Using an endogenous demand model and non-linear programming theory, we characterize the economic conditions under which a monopolist can profitably cover the entire market by maintaining a uniformly green product line, i.e., by selling only the green product variant. When such equilibrium outcomes result, the firm’s traditional profit maximization objective coincides with an environmentally-conscious outcome. We also assess the demand segmentation and firm profit consequences of underestimating the naturalites’ (conventionals’) marginal utility (dis-utility) for a green variant with more recycled/reused content, and show that such missteps may yield adverse implications for both firm profits and the environment.
Heart Transplantation and Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Cancer Survivors

Approximately 5% of patients with advanced heart failure are cancer survivors. About half of these patients have cardiomyopathy as a result of their cancer therapy in the form of chemotherapy-induced or radiation-induced cardiomyopathy. The other half were previously treated for malignancy and have an unrelated cardiomyopathy. For patients at high risk of cancer relapse, left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy is the preferred strategy. However, patients at low risk of cancer relapse are candidates for heart transplantation. Patients undergoing heart transplant with a history of cancer are at a higher risk of cancer posttransplant, but survival in these patients is not significantly different than those without a history of cancer. In these patients, certain immunosuppressive strategies, including avoidance of induction immunosuppression and utilization of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors may be beneficial.
Regulatory Issues and Challenges Associated with the Development of Performance Specifications for Modified Release Parenteral Products

Once a parenteral product has been shown to be safe and effective, specifications need to be developed to ensure consistent product performance across batches and throughout the shelf life of that product. This in turn necessitates an appreciation of the physiological variables and critical quality attributes that influence product performance. The assessment of the critical quality attributes and manufacturing processes of new drugs provides the basis for establishing these important quality standards. This chapter provides an overview of the questions and background information that regulators of human or veterinary parenteral dosage forms may consider when establishing the criteria that will ensure repeatable product quality and performance.
Posterior Glottic Insufficiency in Children.

Background:Dysphonia secondary to posterior glottic insufficiency (PGI) can be difficult to identify and correct. Inadequate arytenoid approximation from medial arytenoid erosion results in a breat...
Membrane-associated guanylate kinase dynamics reveal regional and developmental specificity of synapse stability.

Fast excitatory transmission in the brain requires localization of glutamate receptors to synapses. The MAGUK family of synaptic scaffolding proteins is critical for localization of glutamate receptors to synapses. Although the MAGUKs are well-studied in reduced preparations and young animals, little data exists on their role in adult animals. Here, we present a detailed developmental study of the role of the MAGUKs during rat development. We first confirm by knockdown experiments that MAGUKs are essential for glutamatergic transmission in young animals and cultured slices, and increases in PSD-95 by overexpression causes correlated increases in glutamatergic transmission. We find that CA1 synapses in adults, in contrast, are largely unaffected by overexpression of MAGUKs, and although adult CA1 synapses require MAGUKs to the same degree as synapses in young animals, this is only apparent over long time scales of knockdown. We additionally show that overexpression of MAGUKs likely functions to accelerate the developmental strengthening of excitatory transmission. Finally, we show that adult dentate gyrus appears similar to immature CA1, demonstrating regional and developmental control of MAGUK dynamics. Together, these results demonstrate a period of juvenile instability at CA1 synapses, followed by a period of adult stability in which synapses are acutely unaffected by changes in MAGUK abundance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
The emerging complexity of the tRNA world: mammalian tRNAs beyond protein synthesis

The discovery of the genetic code and tRNAs as decoders of the code transformed life science. However, after establishing the role of tRNAs in protein synthesis, the field moved to other parts of the RNA world. Now, tRNA research is blooming again, with demonstration of the involvement of tRNAs in various other pathways beyond translation and in adapting translation to environmental cues. These roles are linked to the presence of tRNA sequence variants known as isoacceptors and isodecoders, various tRNA base modifications, the versatility of protein binding partners and tRNA fragmentation events, all of which collectively create an incalculable complexity. This complexity provides a vast repertoire of tRNA species that can serve various functions in cellular homeostasis and in adaptation of cellular functions to changing environments, and it likely arose from the fundamental role of RNAs in early evolution.
Nitric Oxide in Rectal Cancer: From Mice to Patients

The wide response to treatment in rectal cancer to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) provides a unique opportunity to study the role of agents to overcome resistance. Up to one-fourth of patients treated with CRT experience no observable response to the same treatment where similarly treated patients might achieve a complete regression of the tumor. We have developed in vitro and in vivo models for the study of radioresistance. We have employed several agents to overcome tumor resistance and found that nitric oxide was one of the most potent radiosensitizers. We extended our experience in vivo and undertook a phase I dose-escalation trial with the goal of determining the safety of utilizing nitric oxide from nitroglycerine transdermal patches in addition to conventional treatment in patients with rectal cancer. The present discussion addresses our models of rectal cancer and the results of our radiosensitizing strategies with nitric oxide from mice to patients.
MARCKS-related protein regulates cytoskeletal organization at cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts in epithelial cells

Treatment of epithelial cells with interferon-γ and TNF-α (IFN/TNF) results in increased paracellular permeability. To identify relevant proteins mediating barrier disruption, we performed proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) of occludin and found that tagging of MARCKS-related protein (MRP; also known as MARCKSL1) increased ∼20-fold following IFN/TNF administration. GFP-MRP was focused at the lateral cell membrane and its overexpression potentiated the physiological response of the tight junction barrier to cytokines. However, deletion of MRP did not abrogate the cytokine responses, suggesting that MRP is not required in the occludin-dependent IFN/TNF response. Instead, our results reveal a key role for MRP in epithelial cells in control of multiple actin-based structures, likely by regulation of integrin signaling. Changes in focal adhesion organization and basal actin stress fibers in MRP-knockout (KO) cells were reminiscent of those seen in FAK-KO cells. In addition, we found alterations in cell-cell interactions in MRP-KO cells associated with increased junctional tension, suggesting that MRP may play a role in focal adhesion-adherens junction cross talk. Together, our results are consistent with a key role for MRP in cytoskeletal organization of cell contacts in epithelial cells.
Haptic Feedback Intensity Affects Touch Typing Performance on a Flat Keyboard

We study the effect of haptic feedback intensity on touch typing performance on a flat keyboard. In this study, we investigate how local and global haptic feedback intensities affect typing performance and examine if haptic feedback at a higher intensity brings more performance benefit. We also investigate if auditory feedback intensity affects typing performance. Participants are asked to type on a flat keyboard with given texts on a computer screen. We measure typing performance in terms of typing speed, efficiency and error rate at different intensity levels for both haptic and auditory feedback. The results show that the intensity of haptic feedback affects typing performance while the intensity of auditory feedback does not. Our findings suggest that haptic feedback is beneficial to typing performance and its intensity should be carefully chosen in designing a flat keyboard.
Electrochemical behaviour of copper in alkaline glycine solutions

Abstract The fundamental electrochemical properties of the copper-glycine system were investigated in this study to understand the factors that affect the dissolution of metallic copper. Potentiodynamic polarisation measurements were carried out over the pH range 9.0 to 11.5, at temperatures of 22 °C and 60 °C and glycine concentrations 0.1 M and 0.3 M. A window for maximum corrosion current was determined to be between pH 10.0 and 10.5 with a maximum at 60 °C and 0.3 M glycine. Passivation was only observed at pH values >10.5, and then only at potentials above 0.4 V (vs SHE) for quiescent solutions. This passivation potential increased with the rotation speed of the copper electrode. The passive layer broke down after a short rest at the open circuit potential, which allowed reactivation of the surface and high initial currents to briefly flow until the layer re-formed. Potential-step and capacitance measurements are consistent with the formation of a duplex oxide layer of Cu2O and CuO that thickens with increasing potential. The copper glycinate complex itself also acts as an oxidising agent, the effectiveness is increased with its concentration and the concentration of free glycine. Free glycine is oxidised irreversibly above 1.2 V (vs SHE).
Multistatic Doppler Estimation Using Global Positioning System Passive Coherent Location

In previous works, methods were explored for position estimation utilizing satellite-borne signals of opportunity, mainly the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS signal was exploited for use in a multistatic passive coherent location (PCL) system. The GPS signal is especially attractive for PCL applications because of the native capability to produce position and velocity estimation. This paper examines the signal specifications for PCL implementation and explores the potential limitations of the proposed solutions. GPS specific methods are developed for multistatic PCL velocity estimation in a three-dimensional plane. The method developed is combined with previously completed work of GPS PCL position estimation for a complete system design in range and Doppler. The PCL system is evaluated against conventional GPS position estimation and velocity estimation and proves to have comparable metrics of performance. Analysis and simulation are performed for verification and validation of the developed methods.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure of an Acinetobacter baumannii Multidrug Efflux Pump

ABSTRACT Resistance-nodulation-cell division multidrug efflux pumps are membrane proteins that catalyze the export of drugs and toxic compounds out of bacterial cells. Within the hydrophobe-amphiphile subfamily, these multidrug-resistant proteins form trimeric efflux pumps. The drug efflux process is energized by the influx of protons. Here, we use single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structure of the Acinetobacter baumannii AdeB multidrug efflux pump embedded in lipidic nanodiscs to a resolution of 2.98 A. We found that each AdeB molecule within the trimer preferentially takes the resting conformational state in the absence of substrates. We propose that proton influx and drug efflux are synchronized and coordinated within the transport cycle. IMPORTANCEAcinetobacter baumannii is a successful human pathogen which has emerged as one of the most problematic and highly antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria worldwide. Multidrug efflux is a major mechanism that A. baumannii uses to counteract the action of multiple classes of antibiotics, such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the prevalent A. baumannii AdeB multidrug efflux pump, which indicates a plausible pathway for multidrug extrusion. Overall, our data suggest a mechanism for energy coupling that powers up this membrane protein to export antibiotics from bacterial cells. Our studies will ultimately inform an era in structure-guided drug design to combat multidrug resistance in these Gram-negative pathogens.
Ab initio search for global minimum structures of the novel B3H(y) (y = 4-7) neutral and anionic clusters.

We sampled potential energy surfaces of neutral and anionic B3Hy clusters using the Gradient Embedded Genetic Algorithm (GEGA) program at the B3LYP/3-21G level of theory. The lowest energy isomers were recalculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G**, MP2/6-311++G**, and CCSD(T)/6-311++G** levels of theory. We found a diverse set of global minimum structures and low-lying isomers for the studied clusters. The Adaptive Natural Density Partitioning (AdNDP) method was then used for chemical bonding analysis for all global minimum structures and low-lying isomers. The chemical bonding patterns revealed by the AdNDP analysis can easily explain the geometric structure of even very exotic isomers and global minima.
Posttraumatic growth: a pathway to resilience

The experience of suffering is ubiquitous. While the parameters of what constitutes a traumatic experience are broad, reviews of large-scale, population-based studies consistently indicate that most, if not all, individuals will experience at least one tragedy, significant loss, or catastrophe in their lifetime (Bonanno, Westphal, & Mancini, 2012; Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1999). These events may be severe enough to meet criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (American Psychological Association, 2013) for a psychological trauma (e.g. an event that threatens or causes serious personal harm, injury, or death), or they may be sufficiently upsetting without meeting clinical thresholds of official diagnoses. Regardless, highly stressful events or major life tragedies have the potential to result in a variety of negative outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, isolation, and an increased risk of chronic disease and illness (Ramos & Leal, 2013; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004).
Effects of tacticity and chiral center-to-dipole distance on mesogen-free liquid crystalline self-assembly of sulfonyl-containing comb-like polymers

In this report, new approaches were implemented to achieve novel ferroelectric liquid crystalline self-assembly in mesogen-free comb-like isotactic polyoxypropylenes (iPOPs) bearing mono- or di-sulfonyl groups, which have potential to exhibit high spontaneous polarization for applications in advanced electronic devices. iPOPs with n-alkylsulfonylpentylthioether side chains (iPOP-SC5SO2Cn, where Cn is the alkyl tail with n being either 12 or 8) were prepared via a post-polymerization substitution reaction from isotactic poly[(R)-(−)-epichlorohydrin]. The effects of main-chain tacticity, chiral center-to-dipole distance, number of sulfonyl dipoles per side chain, and n-alkyl tail length on the liquid crystalline self-assembly behavior were investigated by comparing iPOPs with their atactic counterparts. First, when the sulfonyl dipole was placed far away from the chiral center in iPOP-SC5SO2Cn compared with our previously reported isotactic polyethers with n-alkylsulfonyl side chains (iPOP-SO2Cn), the dipole–dipole interactions among the side chains decreased, which led to more liquid crystalline phases. Smectic E (SmE) and A (SmA) phases were observed after crystal melting; however, the main-chain chiral center was found to have an insignificant effect on the liquid crystalline assembly when compared to the atactic samples. Second, the longer Cn tails increased the transition temperatures as a result of stronger van der Waals interactions. Third, after the thioether linkage in the side chain was oxidized into the sulfonyl group, the chiral center–dipole and dipole–dipole interactions in the resultant polymers (i.e., iPOP-SO2C5SO2Cn) enhanced. As a result, the liquid crystalline phase transitions (i.e., crystal → SmE → SmA → I) were pushed to higher temperatures. The knowledge gained in this study will help us further design and achieve the ferroelectric smectic C* phase in mesogen-free comb-like sulfonylated liquid crystalline polymers.
Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part II: The Aging Heart in Health: Links to Heart Disease

The preceding article in this series1 reviewed evidence as to why age-associated changes in the central arterial system are risky with respect to vascular disease. In a similar vane, the focus of this article is on the potential link between age-associated changes in the heart and clinical cardiac disease outcomes. Left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation increase dramatically with age (Figure 1). The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) also increases with rising blood pressure and body mass index, a measure of obesity.2–4 Whether identified by electrocardiography or echocardiography, left ventricular hypertrophy has been shown to be associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke, and overall cardiovascular disease.4,5 Figure 1. A, Prevalence of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in women according to baseline age and systolic blood pressure. B, Prevalence of echocardiographic LVH in men according to baseline age and systolic blood pressure. Both A and B are reprinted from Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, et al. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med . 1988;108:7–13. C, Prevalence of heart failure by age in Framingham Heart Study men (light bars) and women (dark bars). Reprinted from Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, et al. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:6A–13A. D, Prevalence of AF by age in subjects from the Framingham Heart Study. Reprinted from Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke . 1991;22:983–988. It has been increasingly appreciated that the development of heart failure with apparently preserved systolic function, as evidenced by a “normal” ejection fraction, occurs in about one-third to one-half of older patients with heart failure.6–9 In a …
MYB5a/NEGAN activates petal anthocyanin pigmentation and shapes the MBW regulatory network in Mimulus luteusvar. variegatus

Much of the visual diversity of angiosperms is due to the frequent evolution of novel pigmentation patterns in flowers. The gene network responsible for anthocyanin pigmentation, in particular, has become a model for investigating how genetic changes give rise to phenotypic innovation. In the monkeyflower genus Mimulus, an evolutionarily recent gain of petal lobe anthocyanin pigmentation in M. luteus var. variegatus was previously mapped to genomic region pla2. Here, we use DNA sequence analysis and spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression to identify MYB5a - homologous to the NEGAN transcriptional activator from M. lewisii - as a likely candidate gene within the pla2 region. Transgenic manipulation of gene expression confirms that MYB5a is both necessary and sufficient for petal lobe anthocyanin pigmentation. The deployment of MYB5a/NEGAN to the petal lobe stands in contrast to its more restricted role as a nectar guide anthocyanin activator in other Mimulus species. Transcriptome sequencing of a MYB5a RNAi line reveals the degree to which other regulators of the anthocyanin pathway - including R3 MYB repressors and bHLH and WD40 co-activators - are responsive to the level of expression of MYB5a. Overall, this work reveals that a genetically simple change, which we hypothesize to be a regulatory mutation in cis to MYB5a, has cascading effects on gene expression, not only on the genes downstream of MYB5a but also on all of its known partners in the anthocyanin regulatory network.
Static compression of rare earth metal holmium to 282 GPa

The phase transitions and equation of state measurements were carried out on rare earth metal Holmium (Ho) to 282 GPa using toroidal diamond anvils thereby doubling the pressure range to which it h...
THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MAN

The effects of alcohol on the electrical activity of the brain have been studied in animals and in man. In a comprehensive review of the animal literature, Himwich and Callison (1972) reported that alcohol in adequate doses depresses the functions of the central nervous system. Begleiter and Platz (1972) reviewed the human literature and concluded that the effects of alcohol on human EEG appear primarily to be an increase in the total amount of alpha activity and as a slowing of its frequency.
Data-Driven Probabilistic Fault Location of Electric Power Distribution Systems Incorporating Data Uncertainties

Current distribution system outage management is to separately use digital relays at the substation for estimation of fault location and use meter information to infer the activated protection device. The lack of holistic utilization of available data in the distribution operating center results in lost opportunities for accurate fault diagnosis. To solve this issue, this study proposes a data-driven probabilistic fault location methodology based on comprehensive sensing measurement from digital relays at substations, Intelligent Electric Devices (IEDs) along primary feeders, SCADA sensors in the feeder circuit, and smart meters at customers’ premises. Statistics of historical fault location accuracies by digital relays and IEDs are used to estimate fault location errors with probability in real time. Multiple-hypothesis analysis is implemented to handle the uncertainties from SCADA sensors and smart meters. The spatial correlation between the potential fault location and collected sensor data is modeled as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. By solving the proposed optimization for generated hypotheses, a list of potential fault locations with possibilities is provided to system operators in decision-making for facilitated fault isolation and service restoration. Simulation results with a utility feeder validate the efficacy of the proposed approach for fault diagnosis.
Current Problems of the Profession

One of the reasons I'm pleased to be here and to be invited to other constituent and allied groups is to establish better communications between you the practitioners and the AVMA which is your national organization. It's been said that the AVMA sits in its ivory tower in Schaumburg and doesn't care about the practicing veterinarians and their problems. I'd like to squelch that idea-the AVMA does care, and we can help the profession only if we get around and talk to you about our mutual difficulties.
Modeling thermal inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in mash broiler feed

SUMMARY Feed hygienics is of increasing concern for poultry producers. This project included 2 studies to investigate kinetic parameters for inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in mash broiler feed heated at various temperatures. In study one, 2- and 5-g feed samples, contained in a sample bag, were inoculated with S. Typhimurium and submerged in a water bath heated to 90°C until internal temperatures of 75°, 80°, and 85°C were reached. In study two, 2-g of sample were inoculated with S. Typhimurium and submerged into a water bath set at 75°, 80°, 85°, 90°, and 95°C heated for 0 to 180 s. Feed sample and water bath temperature were monitored by thermocouples. Thermocouple data demonstrated 2- and 5-g samples achieved a 5-log reduction of S. Typhimurium when internal temperature of feed reached 80°C and 85°C, respectively. D-values for linear and Weibull models were calculated for the 5 temperatures. D-values of the linear model were 6.70, 8.83, 12.05, 13.91, and 24.40 s, and D-values for the Weibull model were 2.27, 3.67, 3.95, 4.68, and 7.63 s when heated to 95°, 90°, 85°, 80°, and 75°C. Individual temperature datasets were further analyzed using GinaFit software. As heating temperature decreased, Double-Weibull and Biphasic models fit all the thermal data, indicating that Salmonella could have generated 2 subpopulations with different thermoresistance. Similar to other thermal inactivation models, this study demonstrates that linear, Weibull, Double-Weibull, and Biphasic models could be used to predict thermal inactivation of Salmonella in mash broiler feed. These data may contribute to establishing feed mill microbiological safety standards and reducing Salmonella contamination in broiler feed.
DO Model for Discharges from Deep Impoundments

A simple model is presented for the annual dissolved oxygen (DO) cycle of releases from the hypolimnion of deep impoundments. The model includes mathematical formulations and rate constants for the processes of BOD decay, atmospheric reaeration, and thermal stratification. It was used to characterize the DO cycle of releases from 17 Tennessee Valley Authority reservoirs, using three years of weekly DO and temperature data. Rate constants were estimated using the quasilinearizatin technique for estimating unknown parameters in a system of ordinary differential equations. The results indicate that the model can reasonably simulate annual DO variations of turbine discharges from hypolimnetic waters. Since the model is a simple formulation of complex reservoir processes, it is best suited for preliminary analyses.
Coupled nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes and organic matter remineralization in the Southern and Pacific Oceans

[1] The difference between nitrate δ15N and δ18O, or Δ(15–18), is sensitive to organic matter remineralization and tracks the modification of nitrate as it passes from the deep Pacific Ocean, through the Southern Ocean surface, and into the intermediate-depth Pacific. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is upwelled with a nitrate Δ(15–18) of +3.0‰ and appears unaltered by nitrate assimilation in the Antarctic surface. However, within Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW)—the primary conduit of deep-sea nutrients to the lower latitudes—nitrate δ15N and δ18O are both higher than CDW, while nitrate Δ(15–18) is as low as +1.5‰. The lower SAMW nitrate Δ(15–18) results from the production of low δ15N organic matter during partial assimilation of the surface nitrate pool followed by its sinking and remineralization back to nitrate, lowering the δ15N of thermocline nitrate more than its δ18O. As SAMW flows toward the lower latitudes, nitrate Δ(15–18) is expected and observed to increase because complete surface ocean nitrate consumption produces sinking nitrogen with a δ15N similar to that of the nitrate supplied from below such that remineralization lowers the δ18O of nitrate, but not its δ15N. Nitrate Δ(15–18) is also used to estimate a surprisingly high low latitude sinking nitrogen δ15N of ≈9.0‰, suggesting a major effect of 14NO3− loss by tropical denitrification on middepth nitrate basin-wide. The remineralization of this high sinking nitrogen δ15N increases nitrate Δ(15–18) as deep as the southward-moving Pacific Deep Water, which supplies CDW. This relatively high Δ(15–18) is then lowered to the observed CDW value by the remineralization of Southern Ocean sinking nitrogen with a low δ15N.
The use of image-guided surgery in endoscopic sinus surgery: An evidence-based review with recommendations

Background The frequency of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) appears to be increasing, and the use of image-guided surgery (IGS) in these procedures is becoming more widespread. The use of IGS in ESS and anterior skull base surgery is predicated on the notion that its ability to aid in anatomic identification during surgery will lead to fewer complications and improved surgical outcomes. The purpose of this article is to provide an evidence-based examination of the benefits of IGS in ESS. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed and recommendations were created based on the Clinical Practice Guideline Manual, Conference of Guideline Standardization (COGS), and the Appraisal of Guidelines and Research Evaluation (AGREE) instruments. Results This review identified and evaluated literature regarding the effect of IGS on surgical complications and on postoperative outcomes in ESS. Currently, there is grade C evidence to support the use of IGS in ESS. Conclusion Based on the best available evidence in the literature, the use of IGS has not clearly been shown to decrease surgical complications or improve surgical outcomes. These evidence-based recommendations are based on limited literature with suboptimal research methodology. However, the importance, utility, and acceptance of IGS through expert opinion and consensus are supported by the available literature. Therefore, the use of IGS in ESS is an option and should be based on clinical judgment and applied on a case-by-case basis.
THE LIFE SPAN: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FOR HELPING PROFESSIONALS (2nd Ed.)

The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals approaches developmental science chronologically and provides thorough coverage of life span development. The influence of gender and cult...
A variational approach for viewpoint-based visibility maximization

We present a variational method for unfolding of the cortex based on a user-chosen point of view as an alternative to more traditional global flattening methods, which incur more distortion around the region of interest. Our approach involves three novel contributions. The first is an energy function and its corresponding gradient flow to measure the average visibility of a region of interest of a surface from a given viewpoint. The second is an additional energy function and flow designed to preserve the 3D topology of the evolving surface. This latter contribution receives significant focus in this thesis as it is crucial to obtain the desired unfolding effect derived from the first energy functional and flow. Without it, the resulting topology changes render the unconstrained evolution uninteresting for the purpose of cortical visualization, exploration, and inspection. The third is a method that dramatically improves the computational speed of the 3D topology-preservation approach by creating a tree structure of the triangulated surface and using a recursion technique.
Structure, Replication, and Transcription of the SV40 Genome

Publisher Summary The chapter explains the structure, replication, and transcription of the SV40 genome. The purpose of the present essay is to examine the current status of ones knowledge on both the structure and the function of the SV40 genome, and to correlate these two aspects. Attempts have been made to understand replication and transcription mainly at the level of the DNA, but it now appears that the chromosome, rather than free DNA, is the actual template. The chapter discusses replication of the SV40 genome such as (a) replication of SV40 DNA, (b) gene product(s) and enzymes involved in DNA replication, and (c) assembly of histones on the SV40 genome. The chapter also discussed transcription of the SV40 genome such as (a) transcription of SV40 genome in vivo, (B) transcriptional control of gene expression, and (c) post-transcriptional control. It also discusses various models to study the structure, replication, and transcription of the SV40 genome.
Embedding, distance estimation and object location in networks

Concurrent with numerous theoretical results on metric embeddings, a growing body of research in the networking community has studied the distance matrix defined by node-to-node latencies in the Internet, resulting in a number of recent approaches that approximately embed this distance matrix into low-dimensional Euclidean space. A fundamental distinction between the theoretical approaches to embeddings and this recent Internet-related work is that the latter operates under the additional constraint that it is only feasible to measure a linear number of node pairs, and typically in a highly structured way. Indeed, the most common framework here is a beacon-based approach: one randomly chooses a small number of nodes ('beacons') in the network, and each node measures its distance to these beacons only. Moreover, beacon-based algorithms are also designed for the more basic problem of triangulation, in which one uses the triangle inequality to infer the distances that have not been measured. We give algorithms with provable performance guarantees for triangulation and embedding. We show that in addition to multiplicative error in the distances, performance guarantees for beacon-based algorithms typically must include a notion of "slack"---a certain fraction of all distances may be arbitrarily distorted. For arbitrary metrics, we give a beacon-based embedding algorithm that achieves constant distortion on a (1 - e)-fraction of distances; this provides some theoretical justification for the success of the recent networking algorithms, and forms an interesting contrast with lower bounds showing that it is not possible to embed all distances with constant distortion. For doubling metrics (which have been proposed as a reasonable abstraction of Internet latencies), we show that triangulation with a constant number of beacons can achieve multiplicative error 1 + δ on a (1 - e)-fraction of distances, for arbitrarily small constants e, δ. We extend these results in a number of directions: embeddings with slack that work for all e at once; distributed algorithms for triangulation and embedding with low overhead on all participating nodes; distributed triangulation with guarantees for all node pairs; node-labeling problems for graphs and metrics; systems project on location-aware node selection in a large-scale distributed network.
Susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of murine lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the paradigm of a multisystem autoimmune disease in which genetic factors strongly influence susceptibility. Through genome scans and congenic dissection, numerous loci associated with lupus susceptibility have been defined and the complexity of the inheritance of this disease has been revealed. In this review, we provide a brief description of animal models of SLE, both spontaneous models and synthetic models, with an emphasis on the B6 congenic model derived from analyses of the NZM2410 strain. A hypothetical model of disease progression that organizes many of the identified SLE susceptibility loci in three distinct biological pathways that interact to mediate disease pathogenesis is also described. We finally discuss our recent fine mapping analysis, which revealed a cluster of loci that actually comprise the Sle1 locus.
Regional Entrepreneurial Transformation: A Complex Systems Perspective

In this paper, I develop a descriptive process model of regional entrepreneurial transformation based on a conceptualization of regional economies as self‐organizing complex systems that consist of...
Improving UXO discrimination using magnetic quadrupole moments

Currently there are no UXO discrimination techniques based on total-field magnetic sensor data that rely on multipole expansion parameters of higher order than the dipole. In some cases, however, it can be advantages to describe a UXO target with both dipole and quadrupole parameters. In this paper, we examine the properties of the quadrupole moment and illustrate them using a synthetic example with an arbitrary shape. We then define a set of diagnostic parameters of the quadrupole moment for practical interpretation of an observed UXO target. Application to a field data set shows the potential of using the quadrupole moment diagnostics as discrimination criteria.
Emotional Responses of Down Syndrome and Normal Infants in the Strange Situation; The Organization of Affective Behavior in Infants

Comparaison entre la qualite de l'angoisse de separation de 26 enfants mongoliens âges de 19 mois observes dans la situation de l'etranger (Ainsworth et al., 1978) et celle de 43 enfants normaux observes a 12 mois et demi et a 19 mois et demi
A Predictive Model for the Intention to Implement Home Modifications: A Pilot Study

This study was conducted to explore determinants related to older adults' intention to implement home modifications that can prevent falls. Eighty-seven community-dwelling older adults aged 60 or o...
Leonardo Da Vinci's right-to-left "mirrored" writing revisited

Leonardo Da Vinci's anatomical drawings continue to attract the attention of the medical community. One of the intriguing aspects of these drawings is Da Vinci's use of right-to-left mirrored writing. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain his mirrored writing. This article presents a new explanation that takes into consideration the drawing material used and Da Vinci's known innovative ability. A collection of his anatomical drawings is currently on display in Boston at the Museum of Fine Arts.
From solutions to membranes: Structure studies of sulfonated polyphenylene ionomers

The structure of rigid sulfonated polyphenylene ionomers was investigated in bulk and in dilute organic solutions. The uniqueness of polyphenylene ionomers lies in their rigid backbone which prevents folding and therefore affects the partition into hydrophilic ionic domains and hydrophobic regions. This segregation dominates the structure of flexible ionic polymers. Small-angle neutron scattering studies of these ionomers have demonstrated that bundles of polymer molecules are formed in dilute organic solutions. This clustered building block persists in bulk dry and hydrated states of the ionomers. Hydration of these ionomers membranes results in segregation to hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, where diffusion into interstitial spaces between the bundles of sulfonated and unsulfonated domains takes place followed by rearrangements of domains to yield locally bicontinuous regions. Only at very high sulfonation levels are fully bicontinues phases formed. With controlling the degree of continuity, the sti...
The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Personality Inventory for Children in studies of children at risk for anxiety disorders or depression.

Because the results of studies of agreement between parent and child reports of child psychopathology have been mixed, the best estimate of a valid case has been unclear. Investigators have used different strategies to define a case. To explore this problem, the authors have done a controlled study of the relationships between the parent and child versions of the Diagnostic Interview for Children (DICA/DICA-P), and between the child interview (DICA) and the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC), which is a parental psychometric assessment of children's behavioral and personality characteristics. The data presented in this paper suggest that there is reasonable accuracy in differentiating pathological from normal children, and also that as diagnostic specificity increases, parental and parent-child concordances markedly decrease so that the definition of a case becomes more ambiguous.
Journal club: outcome measures, interim analyses, and bayesian approaches to randomized trials.

Editor's Capsule Summary for Ferre et al 1 What is already known on this topic Patients with ureteral calculi are often prescribed adjunctive treatment with an α-blocking agent to enhance spontaneous stone passage. This practice has not been validated in emergency department (ED) patients. What question this study addressed Does the addition of a 10-day course of tamsulosin to standard therapy after discharge from the ED increase the rate of passage of distal ureteral stones? What this study adds to our knowledge In this randomized trial of 80 patients, most of whom had stones of 4 mm or less, time to stone passage was similar in tamsulosin and control patients. How this might change clinical practice This study does not support the routine use of tamsulosin in ED patients, though it is possible that it would be beneficial in patients with larger stones.
Aggression in rats: does the colony-intruder model require a colony?

Both individually housed rats and groups of rats will sometimes respond aggressively towards an unfamiliar conspecific placed into their cages. In either case, the use of animals that are indiscriminately aggressive towards all intruders is likely to obscure differences in the aggression-eliciting properties of intruders.
Compact SiGe HBT EO modulator for analog applications

This paper proposed a compact linearized SiGe HBT EO modulator for applications in analog signal processing. The length of the modulator is only 15 μm. Simulation shows that it possesses a SFDR of 42 dB.
Continuing Prospects for an Engineering Discipline of Software

In her 1990 IEEE Software article "Prospects for an Engineering Discipline of Software" (Nov./Dec, pp. 15-24), Mary Shaw identified the key areas that the software development profession must address to become a true engineering discipline. That classic article made the magazine's 25th anniversary top picks list (Jan./Feb. 2009, pp. 9-11). Here, Mary reflects on the evolution of her thinking since the publication of "Prospects". The paper dealt with the topics of: programming progress; beyond programming; management of the software production; and progress toward an engineering discipline.
Attitude toward the advertising music: an overlooked potential pitfall in commercials

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes and implications of potential negative consumer response to music in broadcast commercials. It aims to accomplish this by introducing a new consumer response variable, attitude toward the advertising music (Aam) and relating Aam's components to advertising goals. It also aims to propose that Aam is a significant component of attitude toward the ad (Aad).Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of an integrative review of the relevant literatures in the psychology of music, consumer marketing, and advertising to formulate Aam.Findings – Favorable Aam is a necessary but insufficient condition for favorable Aad in ads employing music. Furthermore, a negative Aam might cause a negative Aad. Given the numerous possible negative responses to music in a TV or radio commercial, achieving a favorable Aam among most target audience members is very challenging, especially when music‐message fit is lacking.Practical implications – The paper o...
Reduced transition probabilities and energies of high-spin states in /sup 162/Dy

Multiple Coulomb excitation and Doppler-broadened lineshape analyses have been applied to the nucleus $^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$, allowing ground-band energies through the ${18}^{+}$, lifetimes through the ${14}^{+}$, and reduced transition probabilities through the ${18}^{+}$ state to be determined. Energy levels show smooth departure from the rotational model with no backbending, while the $B(E2)$ values are consistent with the rotational model through spin 18. Comparison is made to similar results for high spins in other good rotors. The results strengthen our conclusions reached in previous papers: The compression of energy levels observed at high spins in good rotors is largely due to pairing changes, which have only a small effect on transition probabilities.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$($^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$, $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$\ensuremath{'}), ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=547, 612$ MeV, measured $\ensuremath{\tau}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$; deduced $B(E2)$.
Preprocessing and postprocessing for materials based on the homogenization method with adaptive finite element methods

Abstract This paper discusses the homogenization method to determine the effective average elastic constants of linear elasticity of general composite materials by considering their microstructure. After giving a brief theory of the homogenization method, a finite element approximation is introduced with convergence study and corresponding error estimate. Applying these, computer programs PREMAT and POSTMAT are developed for preprocessing and postprocessing of material characterization of composite materials. Using these programs, the homogenized elastic constants for macroscopic stress analysis are obtained for typical composite materials to show their capability. Finally, the adaptive finite element method is introduced to improve the accuracy of the finite element approximation.
Structure of MARFEs and ELMs in NSTX

The fast-evolving structure of MARFEs and ELMs is observed in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) using a fast-framing camera. It is shown that Type V ELMs, the small ELM regime in NSTX, is characterized by a poloidally propagating ionization front close to the separatrix position. The ELMs also interact with the main chamber MARFE observed in NSTX coupling its movement and partial burn-through with that of the ELM cycle. During this cycle a toroidally localized MARFE precursor is seen propagating upward along field lines at speed of the order of 15 km/s. This interaction between ELM activity and MARFEs may be responsible for slow heat pulse propagation speeds seen in the divertor region.
Committees and the core of the Constitution

An ongoing debate in the formal theory of legislatures involves the question of why these institutions (apparently) manifest so much stability. That is, why do the institutions not continually upset policies adopted only a short time before? A large number of answers have been advanced. This paper proposes that the stability derives from the interaction of two factors, (i) the fundamen- tal constitutional rules (bicameralism, executive veto, and veto override) that structure the legisla- tive process, and (ii) the committee systems endowed with veto powers that many American legisla- tures have developed. This interaction, we argue, can create a core - a set of undominated points - so large that even a substantial change in the legislature's members (reflecting electoral out- comes, for example) will be unlikely to shift its location enough for the status quo to be upset.