cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) sealants on first primary molars failed to reduce caries experience among Welsh preschoolers.

Original Article Chadwick BL, Treasure ET. A randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of glass ionomer sealants in pre-school children. Caries Res 2005;39(1):34-40. Level of Evidence 1b Purpose/Question The purpose of this study was to ascertain if GIC sealants in primary molars in preschool children (18 to 30 months of age) reduce fissure caries incidence rate in either first molars or across the entire dentition, and to establish sealant retention over time. Source of Funding Government Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial
Cable-suspended planar parallel robots with redundant cables: controllers with positive cable tensions

Cable-suspended robots are structurally similar to parallel actuated robots but with the fundamental difference that cables can only pull the end-effector but not push it. From a scientific point of view, this feature makes feedback control of cable-suspended robots lot more challenging than their counterpart parallel-actuated robots. In the case with redundant cables, feedback control laws can be designed to make all tensions positive while attaining desired control performance. This paper describes these approaches and their effectiveness is demonstrated through simulations of a three degree-of-freedom cable suspended robots with four, five, and six cables.
Potholes on the Road to College High School Effects in Shaping Urban Students’ Participation in College Application, Four-year College Enrollment, and College Match

This article examines the extent to which indicators of the college-going climate of urban high schools are associated with students’ application to, enrollment in, and choice among four-year colleges. The investigators examine two mechanisms by which high schools may shape college enrollment among low-income students in an urban school system: (1) by ensuring whether seniors who aspire to a four-year college degree take the steps to apply to and enroll in a four-year college, and (2) by influencing whether students enroll in colleges with selectivity levels at or above the kinds of colleges they are qualified to attend (a “college match”). We investigate different approaches to measuring college-going climate and develop new indicators. Findings suggest that qualifications and college aspirations will not necessarily translate into four-year college enrollment if urban high schools do not develop organizational norms and structures that guide students effectively through the college application process. ...
The Case for Vancomycin as the Preferred Drug for Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea became a well-recognized complication of antibiotic use shortly after the introduction of these agents in the early 1950s. Staphylococcus aureus was the presumed pathogen, pseudomembraneous enterocolitis was the characteristic pathologic lesion, and oral vancomycin became the standard method of treatment [1-4]. In 1974, Tedesco et al. [4] published the seminal report on "clindamycin colitis," showing a 10% rate of pseudomembraneous colitis associated with clindamycin use, but a notable observation in the study was that S. aureus, the presumed etiologic agent of this disease, could not be detected, despite the ease of growing it on selective media. This prompted subsequent studies to search for an alternative etiologic agent. Much of the early work was done with the hamster model, because clindamycin, as well as many other antibiotics, almost invariably caused a lethal cecitis that resembled the lesions found in patients. One of the first clues to a bacterial etiology in this model was the observation that clindamycin-induced disease could be prevented with oral vancomycin [5, 6]. The search for the alternative etiologic agent led to the detection of Clostridium difficile as the putative agent [7], and vancomycin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this indication; it quickly be-
Development of the conducting airway epithelium in fetal Syrian golden hamsters during normal and diabetic pregnancies.

The conducting airway epithelium of fetal Syrian golden hamsters was studied from gestational day 12 to day 15, during normal and uncontrolled diabetic pregnancies. Diabetes was induced in the pregnant hamsters by injecting streptozotocin at 60 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously, early on gestational day 10. Cells in S-phase were labelled immunochemically with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and the day on which endocrine cells and ciliated cells first appeared was determined. In control fetuses, the BrdU-labelling indices (LI's) of different anatomical airway levels were significantly different from one gestational day to the next. For example, the LI of the lobar bronchus was significantly different on each gestational day (P less than .0001), and the same was true of the bronchioles. Moreover, the difference between LI's of the lobar bronchus and bronchioles-terminal buds was highly significant on day 12 (P less than .0001), and on day 13 the differences between lobar bronchus and bronchioles, lobar bronchus and terminal buds, and bronchioles and terminal buds were also highly significant (P less than .0001). However, on gestational days 14 and 15, the LI's were reduced and were comparable at different airway levels. The BrdU-labelling indices were very consistent among fetuses of the same age, and the differences between the average LI's for pups of different litters was numerically very small. Hyperglycemia (mild, moderate, severe) did not alter LI's in the fetal airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, although glycogen was not depleted from the airway epithelium of the hyperglycemic fetuses as it was in the controls, the endocrine cells first appeared on gestational days 12, 13, and 14, respectively, in the trachea, lobar bronchus and bronchioles, followed 1 day later by the ciliated cells, in the fetuses of control and diabetic mothers. In our experimental model, induction of diabetes in the pregnant hamsters on gestational day 10 did not appear to alter development or differentiation of the fetal conducting airway epithelium.
Involvement of mast cells in basal and neurotensin-induced intestinal absorption of taurocholate in rats

Neurotensin (NT), a hormone released from intestine by ingested fat, facilitates lipid digestion by stimulating pancreatic secretion and slowing the movement of chyme. In addition, NT can contract ...
Quantitative PET studies of the serotonin transporter in MDMA users and controls using [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB.

(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is a widely used illicit drug that produces toxic effects on brain serotonin axons and axon terminals in animals. The results of clinical studies addressing MDMA's serotonin neurotoxic potential in humans have been inconclusive. In the present study, 23 abstinent MDMA users and 19 non-MDMA controls underwent quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) studies using [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB, first- and second-generation serotonin transporter (SERT) ligands previously validated in baboons for detecting MDMA-induced brain serotonin neurotoxicity. Global and regional distribution volumes (DVs) and two additional SERT-binding parameters (DVspec and DVR) were compared in the two subject populations using parametric statistical analyses. Data from PET studies revealed excellent correlations between the various binding parameters of [11C] McN5652 and [11C]DASB, both in individual brain regions and individual subjects. Global SERT reductions were found in MDMA users with both PET ligands, using all three of the above-mentioned SERT-binding parameters. Preplanned comparisons in 15 regions of interest demonstrated reductions in selected cortical and subcortical structures. Exploratory correlational analyses suggested that SERT measures recover with time, and that loss of the SERT is directly associated with MDMA use intensity. These quantitative PET data, obtained using validated first- and second-generation SERT PET ligands, provide strong evidence of reduced SERT density in some recreational MDMA users.
Honey Bee Pollination Markets and the Internalization of Reciprocal Benefits

The world’s most extensive markets for pollination services are those for honey bee pollination in the United States. These markets play important roles in coordinating the behavior of migratory beekeepers, who both produce honey and provide substitutes for ecosystem pollination services. We analyze the economic forces that drive migratory beekeeping and theoretically and empirically analyze the determinants of pollination fees in a larger and richer data set than has been studied before. Our empirical results expand our understanding of pollination markets and market-supporting institutions that internalize external effects.
Aptatag‐Based Multiplexed Assay for Protein Detection by Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Silver-nanoparticle dimers held together by a Raman reporter, capped with DNA aptamers and stabilized by polyethylene glycol chains, can be used to develop a multiplexed heterogeneous bioassay for protein detection with high sensitivity and selectivity.
An E-J Collocated 3-D FDTD Model of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Cold Plasma

A new three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical model is proposed herein to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation in an anisotropic magnetized cold plasma medium. Plasma effects contributed by electrons, positive, and negative ions are considered in this model. The current density vectors are collocated at the positions of the electric field vectors, and the complete FDTD algorithm consists of three regular updating equations for the magnetic field intensity components, as well as 12 tightly coupled differential equations for updating the electric field components and current densities. This model has the capability to simulate wave behavior in magnetized cold plasma for an applied magnetic field with arbitrary direction and magnitude. We validate the FDTD algorithm by calculating Faraday rotation of a linearly polarized plane wave. Additional numerical examples of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma are also provided, all of which demonstrate very good agreement with plasma theory.
The Rule of Law, Historical Equity, and Mexican Contra Prohibition Immigrants

Immigration reform issues are extraordinarily complex and have been the subject of extensive scholarship. In this article, I undertake the relatively modest goal of addressing two core issues of the immigration reform debate: a balanced view of the rule of law, and the significance of the unique attributes of our relationship with Mexico. I argue that our current laws and enforcement policies are not consistent with the rule of law. Specifically, because the rule of law mandates consonance between our immigration laws and reasonable and equitable enforcement standards, our immigration laws must be revised to conform to what is presently equitable and feasible. I also argue that, given our unique history with Mexico, Mexican nationals should occupy a favored status in our immigration laws. Although I do not advocate an open border, the United States and Mexican governments should undertake an aggressive partnership to formulate policies and adopt laws that will further economic development in both countries, particularly in Mexico. Finally, I conclude with a proposal to label immigrants in a more accurate and less divisive way that furthers constructive efforts to solve immigration related problems; hence the label in the article title "Contra Prohibition Immigrants."
Adenosine and Adenosine Analogues Are More Toxic to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Than to Normal Lymphocytes

We compared the effect of adenosine and adenosine analogues on the phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferative response of blood lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. As measured by the inhibition of thymidine or leucine incorporation, adenosine was more toxic to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) than to normal lymphocytes. This difference was not affected by the removal of adherent cells. The patients' B lymphocytes were more susceptible to adenosine toxicity than normal B lymphocytes. Similar responses were noted in T lymphocytes from both sources. Differential susceptibility was also observed with deoxyadenosine and adenosine analogues, including 5'deoxyadenosine. Uridine rescue from adenosine toxicity was observed for normal and CLL lymphocytes. In the presence of uridine, there was no difference in the residual inhibition of CLL as compared to normal lymphocytes. Intact CLL lymphocytes metabolized 14C-adenosine at a much lower rate than normal lymphocytes. While it appears that the greater toxicity of adenosine to CLL lymphocytes reflects the impaired catabolism of this nucleoside by these cells, evidence is presented that this is not the only mechanism underlying the differential susceptibility. These results may serve as the basis for further pharmacologic investigations of adenosine and adenosine deaminase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Mincle suppresses Toll-like receptor 4 activation

Regulation of Toll-like receptor responses is critical for limiting tissue injury and autoimmunity in both sepsis and sterile inflammation. We found that Mincle, a C-type lectin receptor, regulates proinflammatory Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Specifically, Mincle ligation diminishes Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammation, whereas Mincle deletion or knockdown results in marked hyperresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide in vitro, as well as overwhelming lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation in vivo. Mechanistically, Mincle deletion does not up-regulate Toll-like receptor 4 expression or reduce interleukin 10 production after Toll-like receptor 4 ligation; however, Mincle deletion decreases production of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent inhibitory intermediate suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, A20, and ABIN3 and increases expression of the Toll-like receptor 4 coreceptor CD14. Blockade of CD14 mitigates the increased sensitivity of Mincle(-/-) leukocytes to Toll-like receptor 4 ligation. Collectively, we describe a major role for Mincle in suppressing Toll-like receptor 4 responses and implicate its importance in nonmycobacterial models of inflammation.
Negotiating Gender and Tradition: A Woman Dalang Performs Wayang Lemah in Bali

The dalang , the central figure of wayang kulit performances, is revered in Balinese society both as a teacher and spiritual leader. Until recently, the dalang was always male, but now women in Bali are able to train as dalang. A performance of wayang lemah given by woman dalang Ni Wayan Suratni provides insight into the complex relationships between gender and tradition in Bali.
Studies on the synthesis of apoptolidin: synthesis of a C1-C27 fragment of apoptolidin D.

Synthesis of a C1–C27 fragment, a key intermediate in the synthesis of apoptolidin D, is reported. The synthesis involves a combination of Heck coupling and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction for the...
Diffraction from periodic arrays of dislocations: II. A possible method for the direct determination of the core structure of screw dislocations

The possibility of determining the core structure of a screw dislocation using crystal structure analysis techniques is considered. It is demonstrated that the structure factor of a square grid of screw dislocations is quite sensitive to the atomic configuration in the core. In principle, if the intensities of a sufficient number of dislocation reflections can be measured, it should be possible to determine the core structure of a screw dislocation. The existence of diffuse streaks normal to the plane containing the dislocation network is predicted. By comparison of the measured and computed diffuse streak profiles it should be possible to determine whether a variation in plane spacing along the direction normal to the boundary is present, and its magnitude. Because multiple diffraction has such a strong effect on electron diffraction intensities, it appears that X-ray diffraction is the best technique for measuring the dislocation reflection intensities.
Incorporating covariates in skewed functional data models.

SUMMARY We introduce a class of covariate-adjusted skewed functional models (cSFM) designed for functional data exhibiting location-dependent marginal distributions. We propose a semi-parametric copula model for the pointwise marginal distributions, which are allowed to depend on covariates, and the functional dependence, which is assumed covariate invariant. The proposed cSFM framework provides a unifying platform for pointwise quantile estimation and trajectory prediction. We consider a computationally feasible procedure that handles densely as well as sparsely observed functional data. The methods are examined numerically using simulations and is applied to a new tractography study of multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, the methodology is implemented in the R package cSFM, which is publicly available on CRAN.
A CASE OF DIABETIC MELLITUS COMPLICATED BY ILEUS DUE TO A BEZOAR

症例は, 61歳,男性.既往歴は未治療の糖尿病.現病歴は嘔気,嘔吐を主訴に当院を受診した.胃内視鏡にて巨大な胃石を認めたため砕石を試みたが硬くて不可能であった.第4病日に腸閉塞を呈したため当科紹介となった.イレウス管挿入後,イレウス管から小腸造影を行ったところイレウス管先端部肛門側に透亮像を認めた.胃石の存在が既に確認されていたこと並びに腹部CT,エコーにて含気を伴う腫瘤像を認めたことから腸石による腸閉塞と診断し,手術を施行した.術式は,結石が嵌頓して壁の一部が壊死に陥っていた回腸の部分切除と胃切開砕石術を行った.結石成分の結果は胃石がタンニン,腸石がタンニン,タンパク質であった.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phosphate pesticides by flame photometric detector in vegetable with fingerprint

Objective:Gas chromatography with flame photometric detector(GC-FPD) was reported in this paper to the quantitative determination of phosphate pesticide and qualitative analysis with FPD fingerprint in vegetable.Methods: Samples were extract with acetonitrile and purified through Envi Carb column.Specific FPD fingerprint of one kind of vegetable could be used for qualitative analysis through comparison with standar control.Results: The detection limits were between 0.005 mg/kg ～0.01 mg/kg(S/N=3).Overall recoveries were between 67.1%～135%.The correlation coefficients for the linear equations were 0.9945～0.9998.Conclusion: The quantitation of phosphate pesticide could be determined by external standard and its recovery rates in some vegetables were very good.
Study on the Technical Strategy of On-line Monitoring for High Voltage Switchgear

Since the application of on-line monitoring technology,the technology is made greater progress,but its application has great blindness, and the practical effect is not ideal. In this paper, through the methods of investigation and study, the actual application demand and existing problems of on-line monitoring equipment in the various units are fully collected; the extensive investigation of current research status are carried out, from switchgear manufacturers,on-line monitoring equipment manufacturers, universities, research institutes at home and abroad. On this basis, the significance of on-line monitoring of high voltage switchgear and causes of the existing problems are analyzed, the new framework of on-line monitoring equipment is discussed, the research strategy at present high voltage switchgear on-line monitoring parameter requirements and on-line monitoring technology are proposed.
Epidemiological analysis of Ssyphilis in Wuxuan County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2004-2011

[Objective]To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trends of syphilis in Wuxuan County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,and provide evidence for developing its prevention and control strategy.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the reported data of syphilis epidemic in Wuxuan County from 2004-2011 epidemiology surveys.[Results] The incidence of syphilis increased from 18. 72 /100 000 in 2004 to 87. 74 / l00 000 in 2011,the average annual increase was 46. 09%. The average annual incidence of syphilis in Wuxuan town( 169. 18 /100 000) was much higher than other 12 towns. The maximum of annual increase of incidence appeared in Jingji Town( 312. 5%). Most cases were PhaseⅠ,Ⅱsyphilis and latent syphilis,accounting for 93. 86%. The incidence of latent syphilis and congenital syphilis increased significantly.The ratio of male to female was 1∶1. 04. The sexual active adults aged 20 to 54 years were high risk group,accounting for 71. 62%.The mostly affected population was farmers,accounting for 71. 76%.[Conclusion]The incidence of syphilis is increasing rapidly in Wuxuan County,it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of syphilis by adopting effective intervention measures.
Clinical Features of Thalassemia

The thalassemia syndromes are an important group of diseases in childhood. Heterozygotes are frequently misdiagnosed as having iron deficiency anemia, and the more severely affected homozygotes present major problems in management. Progress in transfusion therapy, accuracy of prediction of value of splenectomy, and chelation therapy offer improved quality and perhaps duration of life, while advances in prenatal diagnosis offer hope for prevention.
Chylothorax after median sternotomy for intrapericardial cardiac surgery.

Chylothorax following cardiovascular surgery occurs with an incidence of 0.25 to 0.5 per cent. We are aware of only 5 reported cases in the literature following intrapericardial procedures. This report includes the fourth documented case following ventricular septal defect closure and the first 4 reported cases following median sternotomy for intrapericardial acquired cardiac disease. The fistula in all cases occurred in the anterior mediastinum in the region of the thymic tissue. This problem can be prevented by surgical ligation of the thymic vascular structures at the time of dissection rather than the use of electrocautery. The treatment recommended is a 2 week trial of conservative therapy with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides and closed-chest suction. If this fails, surgical division of the fistula is recommended.
Periodontal diseases and carotid intima-media thickness in Bangladesh.

AIM To evaluate the relationship between periodontal diseases and subclinical atherosclerosis in a younger and lean South Asian population. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 917 subjects (mean age 46 years and mean body mass index 21.1 kg/m2 ) from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study in Bangladesh. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the associations between multiple clinical measures of periodontal diseases and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). RESULTS Mean attachment loss (AL) and percentage of sites with AL ≥ 4 mm (% AL ≥ 4) were associated with increased IMT. The IMT was 20.0-μm (95% CI: 2.2, 37.8) and 26.5-μm (95% CI: 8.9, 44.1) higher in subjects in the top quartile of mean AL (>3.72 mm) and % AL ≥ 4 (>58.4%), respectively, compared to those in the bottom quartile. In a subset of 366 subjects, mean AL was positively associated with plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (p < 0.05) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Attachment loss was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in this young and lean Bangladeshi population. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm this association.
Embodied Health and Constitutive Communication: Toward an Authentic Conceptualization of Health Communication

Health communication as a field of study has been traditionally ill-defined, focusing on health contexts and health-related content. By failing to adequately problematize the conception of health, these definitions confine communication to an ancillary position with respect to health professionals and institutions, emphasizing its instrumental managerial functions. Recent conceptions of health as a state of biological, psychological, and social well-being, however, place communication in the center of health as a central means whereby one can develop, maintain, and/or restore systemic integration. Such a conception, however, fails to ensure the promise of holistic health by retaining the biological function as the central concern of health care. As such, it promotes the idea of social engineering the self to match the dictates of specifically valued biological states. Therefore a phenomenological corrective is provided that defines health as “a state of ontological (i.e., meaningful) unity.” This move gro...
Studying the relationship between physical and language environments of children: Who's speaking to whom and where?

Understanding the language environments of early learners is critical in facilitating school success. Increasingly large scale projects (e.g., Providence Talks, Bridging the Word Gap) are investigating the language environments of young children in an attempt to better understand and facilitate language acquisition and development. The primary tool used to collect and analyze data related to the language environments of young learners is the LENA digital language processor (DLP). LENA allows for the continuous capture of language, primarily focused on a single child to adult interactions for up to 16 hrs. Subsequent analysis of the audio using spoken language technology (SLT) provides meaningful metrics such as total adult word count and conversational turns. One shortcoming of collecting continuous audio alone is that the physical context of adult-to-child or child-to-child communication is lost. In this study, we describe our recent data collection effort which combines the LENA and Ubisense sensors to allow for simultaneous capture of both spacial information along with speech and time. We are particularly interested in researching the relationship between the physical and language environments of children. In this study, we describe our collection methodology, results from initial probe experiments and our latest efforts in developing relevant SLT metrics. The new data and techniques described in this study can help in developing a richer understanding of how physical environments promote or encourage communication in early childhood classrooms. In theory, such speech and location technology can contribute to the design of future learning spaces specifically designed for typically developing children, or those with or at-risk for disabilities.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF HYPOTHALAMIC UNIT ACTIVITY STUDIES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THERMOSENSORS RELATE TO THERMOREGULATORY EFFECTORS IN MAMMALS

Publisher Summary There are three ways by which some idea as to how thermosensors relate to thermoregulatory effectors can be obtained. One way is to make a study of the relations between thermal disturbances and thermoregulatory responses and to try to deduce what happens at the interface, either in terms of engineered analogies or in terms of the simplest necessary neuronal connections. Another way is to observe the effects on thermoregulation of various synaptically active substances (putative synaptic transmitters, transmitter mimetic substances, synaptic receptor blockers, etc.) and to deduce pathways and connections from the observed effects. The third way is to record the electrical events in single neurons in the areas of the central nervous system known to be necessary for normal thermoregulation, to observe the effects on them of general or localized temperature changes, and to deduce the possible relations among central units with differing activity/temperature profiles. The only major attempt to discern the central nervous relations between thermosensors and thermoregulatory effectors from hypothalamic unit activity studies yielded a hypothetical neuronal arrangement that is in no way in disagreement with those deduced from thermal disturbance/thermo-regulatory response analyses and central synaptic interference studies.
Stiffening of PαMS Mandrels During Curing

AbstractPoly(α-methylstyrene) (PαMS) mandrel precursors (a fluorobenzene solution of PαMS surrounding a water core) must be agitated to center the core. The initially fluid PαMS solution stiffens as the organic solvent is extracted, and it eventually becomes brittle; a collision with a stirring propeller will either dent or crack the surface. Dried mandrels often exhibit dents on the surface or cracks in the wall that may result from such collisions. We have studied the deformation relaxation rate of mandrel precursors as a function of curing time. We have found a point in the cure at which the core centering process has stopped but permanent denting has not started, and have found a simple test for this condition. We can use this information to produce highly spherical plastic mandrels by controlling propeller speed as a function of time.
Restoration of services in disrupted infrastructure systems: A network science approach

Due to the ubiquitous nature of disruptive extreme events, functionality of the critical infrastructure systems (CIS) is constantly at risk. In case of a disruption, in order to minimize the negative impact to the society, service networks operating on the CIS should be restored as quickly as possible. In this paper, we introduce a novel network science inspired measure to quantify the criticality of components within a disrupted service network and develop a restoration heuristic (Cent-Restore) that prioritizes restoration efforts based on this measure. As an illustrative case study, we consider a road network blocked by debris in the aftermath of a natural disaster. The debris obstructs the flow of relief aid and search-and-rescue teams between critical facilities and disaster sites, debilitating the emergency service network. In this context, the problem is defined as finding a schedule to clear the roads with the limited resources. First, we develop a mixed-integer programming model for the problem. Then we validate the efficiency and accuracy of the Cent-Restore heuristic on randomly generated instances by comparing it to the model. Furthermore, we use Cent-Restore to recommend real-time restoration plans for disrupted road networks of Boston and Manhattan and analyze the performance of the plans over time through resilience curves. We compare Cent-Restore to the current restoration guidelines proposed by FEMA and other strategies that prioritize the restoration efforts based on different measures. As a result we confirm the importance of including specific post-disruption attributes of the networks to create effective restoration strategies. Moreover, we explore the relationship between a service network's resilience and its topological and operational characteristics under different disruption scenarios. The methods and insights provided in this work can be extended to other disrupted large-scale critical infrastructure systems in which the ultimate goal is to enable the functions of the overlaying service networks.
The Criminal is to Go Free Because the Constable has Blundered: Challenges of Law Enforcement in the Face of the Exclusionary Rule

The criminal justice system is in a quagmire; known criminals are easily let off the hook by suppression of the truth in pursuit of the truth. A survey of all state and local law enforcement officers in a large midwestern county revealed the enormity of the challenges that law enforcement officers grapple with against the technicalities and intricacies of the exclusionary rule. This reality, coupled with the outcome of an indepth literature review inform the twin arguments of this article, that individual rights, which form the basis of the exclusionary rule, should be construed in a manner that does not impede the process of seeking the truth; and when the wider common good is jeopardized by the methods employed by law enforcement officials in safeguarding the same common good, the difference between the ends and the means may become blurred.
FDG avid small bowel lesions: Significance in an oncologic population

1320 Objectives Many incidental colorectal lesions with focal FDG uptake discovered on F-18 FDG PET/CT performed for an unrelated reason are neoplastic, often malignant. There is paucity of data on the PET/CT findings of small bowel (SB) lesions. A large retrospective study of incidental focal FDG uptake in bowel reported a very low incidence of pathologic FDG uptake within the SB (1). In daily clinical practice, FDG uptake within SB is not infrequently encountered and often considered physiologic in the absence of a perceived anatomic abnormality on CT. The actual incidence of SB tumors detected with FDG PET/CT is unknown. Methods We will present a retrospective analysis of the significance of focal FDG avid SB lesions identified in a series of 11 patients during oncologic PET/CT imaging. Our series includes malignant SB lesions confirmed with histopathology (endoscopic or surgical) and/or long-term clinical follow-up. Pathologies include primary SB adenocarcinomas, enteropathic lymphomas, GIST and small bowel metastases. Results Of the 11 patients, three had primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum/jejunum, two had jejunal metastases from lung cancer, three had enteropathic SB involvement with lymphoma, one had duodenal GIST, one had direct extension of a hepatic flexure colon cancer into the duodenum, one had ileal metastasis from previously resected jejunal adenocarcinoma and one had duodenal GIST. Interestingly, many of these lesions were not initially detected on preceding contrast enhanced CT (CECT). In the future we hope to conduct a prospective determination of the incidence and significance of focal small bowel FDG uptake in oncology patients referred for PET-CT imaging. Conclusions Malignant primary or metastatic lesions of the SB are rare and frequently missed on CECT, Focal areas of FDG avidity on PET/CT should trigger a careful anatomic evaluation of the corresponding SB segment. If abnormal, the likelihood of a malignant SB lesion is high in an oncologic population. Their early detection may influence patient outcome
Performance of laser guide star adaptive optics at Lick Observatory

A sodium-layer laser guide star adaptive optics system has been developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for use on the 3-meter Shane telescope at Lick Observatory. The system is based on a 127-actuator continuous-surface deformable mirror, a Hartmann wavefront sensor equipped with a fast-framing low-noise CCD camera, and a pulsed solid-state-pumped dye laser tuned to the atomic sodium resonance line at 589 nm. The adaptive optics system has been tested on the Shane telescope using natural reference stars yielding up to a factor of 12 increase in image peak intensity and a factor of 6.5 reduction in image full width at half maximum (FWHM). The results are consistent with theoretical expectations. The laser guide star system has been installed and operated on the Shane telescope yielding a beam with 22 W average power at 589 nm. Based on experimental data, this laser should generate an 8th magnitude guide star at this site, and the integrated laser guide star adaptive optics system should produce images with Strehl ratios of 0.4 at 2.2 {mu}m in median seeing and 0.7 at 2.2 {mu}m in good seeing.
3086 Virtual World-based Cardiac Rehabilitation to Promote Healthy Lifestyle Among Cardiac Patients

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our aim was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a VW-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program (Destination Rehab) as an extension of a face-to-face conventional CR program. We hypothesized that a VW-based CR program could be successfully implemented as an extension of conventional CR and would have high acceptability among cardiac patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recruited 30 adult cardiac patients (10/site) hospitalized at Mayo Clinic Hospitals in Rochester, MN, Jacksonville, FL or Scottsdale, AZ with a diagnosis for CR (eg, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure, elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)). Other inclusion criteria included at least 1 modifiable, lifestyle risk factor target: sedentary lifestyle ( 1 year). Patients participated in an 8-week, health education program using a VW platform from a prior proof-of-concept study and provided intervention usability, usefulness and satisfaction feedback. We assessed cardiovascular (CV) health behaviors (diet, PA) and risk factors (eg, blood pressure (BP), lipids) at baseline and immediate post-intervention. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 30 patients enrolled (mean age; 59 years; 50% women; 65% <college graduate; 32% annual household income <$50,000), 28 (98%) completed the study. The majority (64%) were enrolled in conventional CR with a high session completion rate (median 36 sessions, interquartile range 8-36). The most common CR indication was PCI (68%). There were statistically significant improvements in PA from baseline to post-intervention: vigorous PA, +10.7 (SD 11.7) minutes/day (p = 0.05) and flexibility exercises +0.9 (SD 0.9) days/week for men (p=0.05). There were favorable trends in risk factors: systolic BP (−6.8 mmHg, SD 29.8), total cholesterol (−31.6 mg/dL, SD 46.2) and LDL (−26 mg/dL, SD 44.8) from baseline to post-intervention, although not statistically significant. The majority reported that they would continue to use VW as a resource (76%) and agreed/strongly agreed that the program improved their heart health knowledge (86%) and assisted with adapting healthier lifestyle (100%). Overall, the VW CR program received a rating of 8 (scale 0-10). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: VW-based CR program is a feasible, highly acceptable and innovative platform to influence health behaviors and CV risk and can increase accessibility to disadvantaged populations with higher CVD burdens.
Beyond Log-concavity: Provable Guarantees for Sampling Multi-modal Distributions using Simulated Tempering Langevin Monte Carlo

A key task in Bayesian machine learning is sampling from distributions that are only specified up to a partition function (i.e., constant of proportionality). One prevalent example of this is sampling posteriors in parametric distributions, such as latent-variable generative models. However sampling (even very approximately) can be #P-hard. Classical results (going back to Bakry and Emery) on sampling focus on log-concave distributions, and show a natural Markov chain called Langevin diffusion mix in polynomial time. However, all log-concave distributions are uni-modal, while in practice it is very common for the distribution of interest to have multiple modes. In this case, Langevin diffusion suffers from torpid mixing. We address this problem by combining Langevin diffusion with simulated tempering. The result is a Markov chain that mixes more rapidly by transitioning between different temperatures of the distribution. We analyze this Markov chain for a mixture of (strongly) log-concave distributions of the same shape. In particular, our technique applies to the canonical multi-modal distribution: a mixture of gaussians (of equal variance). Our algorithm efficiently samples from these distributions given only access to the gradient of the log-pdf. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result that proves fast mixing for multimodal distributions.
Force-Map Normalization for ARFI Imaging

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) images are used to visualize spatial variations in soft tissue elasticity by showing the displacement of each pixel in response to an applied radiation force. However, accommodations for spatial variations in the applied radiation force itself have been limited. When imaging a phantom, reference lines that contain no targets can be used to calibrate the depth-dependence of the applied force, but this is not feasible in vivo. We present here a method of estimating the spatially-varying applied force map via automatic segmentation of the matched B-Mode image, and use these maps to normalize ARFI image to have decreased spatial variability.
Cases from a busy nuclear cardiology laboratory: Potential pitfalls in the interpretation of cardiac scintigraphy for ATTR cardiac amyloidosis

Cardiac scintigraphy has emerged as a key diagnostic test for transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA). However, there are potential limitations and pitfalls in the interpretation of cardiac scintigraphy for ATTR-CA that are worth noting. We present here a series of three cases which illustrate some of these important principles.
The Minimal Polynomials of sin () and cos ()

(2004). The Minimal Polynomials of sin () and cos () Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 146-149.
ICER's Version of HTA Is Positioned to Guide U.S. Health Care Reform.

DISCLOSURES: No funding supported the writing of this letter. The author is an unpaid member of the ICER Methods Advisory Committee and has participated in discussions at ICER meetings and meetings...
Patterns, contexts, and motivations for polysubstance use among people who inject drugs in non-urban settings in the U.S. Northeast.

Abstract Background Polysubstance use (i.e., using ≥2 psychoactive substances concomitantly) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and complicates drug treatment needs among people who inject drugs (PWID). We explored patterns, contexts, motivations, and perceived consequences of polysubstance use among PWID in small cities and towns in the U.S. Northeast. Methods Between October 2018 and March 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 45 PWID living outside of the capital cities of Rhode Island and Massachusetts recruited online and through community-based organizations. Written transcripts were coded inductively and deductively using a team-based approach and analyzed thematically. Results All participants reported recent polysubstance use, with most using five or more classes of substances in the past three months. Polysubstance use often followed long personal drug use histories (i.e., years or decades of occasional drug use). Reasons for polysubstance use included obtaining synergistic psychoactive effects as a result of mixing drugs (i.e., using drugs to potentiate effects of other drugs) and managing undesirable effects of particular drugs (e.g., offsetting the depressant effects of opioids with stimulants or vice-versa). Polysubstance use to self-medicate poorly managed physical and mental health conditions (e.g., chronic pain, anxiety, and depression) was also reported. Inadequately managed cravings and withdrawal symptoms prompted concomitant use of heroin and medications for opioid use disorder, including among individuals reporting cocaine or crack as their primary “issue” drugs. Polysubstance use was perceived to increase overdose risks and to be a barrier to accessing healthcare and drug treatment services. Conclusion Healthcare services and clinicians should acknowledge, assess, and account for polysubstance use among patients and promote harm reduction approaches for individuals who may be using multiple drugs. Comprehensive healthcare that meets the social, physical, mental health, and drug treatment needs of PWID may decrease the perceived need for polysubstance use to self-medicate poorly managed health conditions and symptoms.
Aerosol generation in children undergoing high flow nasal cannula therapy

Abstract Objective High flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC) may increase aerosol generation, putting health care workers at increased risk of infection, including from SARS-CoV-2. This study examined whether use of HFNC increases near-field aerosols and if there is a relationship between flow rate and near-field aerosol concentrations. Patients and Methods Subjects between 30 days and 2 years of age were enrolled. Each child received HFNC therapy at different flow rates over time. Three sampling stations with particle counters were deployed to measure aerosol generation and dispersion in the room: station one within 0.5 m of the subject, station two at 2 m, and station three on the other side of the room. We also measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and relative humidity. Station three (far-field) measurements were used to adjust the station one (near-field) measurements for room conditions. Results We enrolled ten children ranging from 6-24 months (median 9 months), two with respiratory illness. Elevated CO2 indicated the near-field measurements were in the breathing plane of the subjects. Near-field breathing plane concentrations of aerosols with diameter 0.3 – 10 µm are elevated by the presence of the patient with no HFNC flow, relative to the room far-field, by 0.45 #/cm3. While we observed variability between subjects in their emission and dispersion of particles, we did not find an association between HFNC and near-field elevations of particle counts. Conclusion Near-patient levels of particles with diameter in the 0.3-10 µm range was not affected by the use of HFNC in healthy patients. Further study on older children and children with increased mucus production may be warranted.
Monitoring with Career Concerns

We provide a novel theory of monitoring. A monitor with career concerns oversees an agent and generates verifiable evidence if the agent shirks. The monitor's ability is uncertain and requires costly investment to maintain. The equilibrium features a "slippery slope'': unpunished shirking reveals that the monitor is likely ineffective, encouraging more shirking in the future. The monitor can prevent shirking forever, but instead lets her ability decay, and the agent becomes entrenched. Term limits reduce shirking by curbing the agent's experimentation motive and long-serving monitors accept bribes to hide evidence. The optimal organizational design exploits externalities between multiple agents.
Performance Analysis of Distance Protection in Presence of Type III Wind Turbine Generators

TypeIII wind turbine generators exhibit unconventional fault current behavior due to several reasons including the intermittent nature of windenergy, low-voltage ride through constraints, and their large slipvariation. This behavior adversely affects the distance protection schemes on transmission lines adjacent to wind farms.This paper aims to investigate the performance of distance protection relays equipped with directional comparison blocking technology in the presence of TypeIII wind turbines. Studies are performed on the modified IEEE 9-bus systemin PSCAD/EMTDC software to evaluate various scenarios.
Compression of surface-wetted carbon-microsphere-based disks

Abstract Using hydrothermal process, we prepare carbon microspheres from fructose corn syrup and study the compression behavior of wetted carbon-based disks, which are made from carbon microspheres and polytetrafluoroethylene at a weight ratio of 4:1 and resembled to the carbon-based electrodes used in carbon-based supercapacitors. The migration/penetration of water into the disks is controlled by the placing time of water droplets on the top surface of the disks. The compressive behavior of the wetted carbon-based disks exhibits statistical variability, which is well described by the three-parameter Weibull probability distribution. Th calculated average elastic modulus decreases with the increase of the placing time of water droplets and with the decrease of the compressive stress. The correlation between the compressive stress and the average maximum strain follows a power-law relation with a power index in a range of 1.45 to 1.56.