cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Xenic Acid: Reduction at the Dropping-Mercury Electrode.

Xenic acid is reduced at the dropping-mercury electrode in a single step to xenon. The half-wave potential for the reduction of xenic acid changes from approximately -0.10 to -0.360 volt against a saturated Hg2SO4-Hg reference electrode in the pH range 4.60 to 8.00. The diffusion current varies linearly with concentration of xenic acid.
Performance characteristics of the suspected blood indicator feature in capsule endoscopy according to indication for study.

Background & Aims: The suspected blood indicator (SBI) feature of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) was developed for rapid screening of intestinal lesions with bleeding potential. Our aim was to assess the accuracy and performance characteristics of the SBI according to the indications for study in a large cohort of patients. Methods: We reviewed collected data on all WCE studies performed at Johns Hopkins Hospital from January 2006 to June 2007. Study indications were as follows: anemia of unknown origin (n = 53), obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 112), suspected Crohn's disease (n = 122), and other (n = 4). Concordant and discordant findings between gastroenterologists' readings and SBI were recorded for each patient. Results: A total of 221 lesions with bleeding potential was detected. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the SBI were 56.4%, 33.5%, 24.0%, and 67.3%, respectively. For actively bleeding lesions, the SBI sensitivity and positive predictive value were only 58.3% and 70%, respectively. The sensitivity was highest (64%) in patients undergoing WCE for suspected Crohn's disease, with a negative predictive value of 80.4%. The sensitivity was only 58.3% and 41.3%, respectively, in studies performed for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia. Conclusions: Performance characteristics of the currently available SBI feature in WCE are suboptimal and insufficient to screen for lesions with bleeding potential. Even in patients with active intestinal bleeding, the sensitivity of SBI was less than 60%, which is lower than previously reported. However, in patients with suspected Crohn's disease, the high sensitivity and negative predictive value of SBI may make it a useful tool for the detection of large areas of abnormal mucosa.
Aids, translog, and the Gorman polar form

Abstract All budget share models that are linear in the log of income can be derived from Gorman polar form subutility functions. Implications of this result for two-stage budgeting, lifetime utility maximization, and social welfare calculations are discussed.
Beliefs regarding fundamental value and optimal investing

Standard optimal portfolio selection models take no account of the special information that active investors believe they possess. For example, active investors who believe they can place bounds on the price of a security will want to use that information when assessing risk and expected return in order to construct an optimal portfolio. In this paper, we use two continuous-time models to analyze how placing boundaries on the price of a stock affects assessed risk, expected returns, and the optimal holdings of an active investor, and how those vary as a function of the relation between the stock price and the boundaries. In particular, the optimal strategy takes significant long/short positions as the price nears its lower/upper boundary.
High ongoing pregnancy rates after deferred transfer through bipronuclear oocyte cryopreservation and post-thaw extended culture

Objective To describe success rates with bipronuclear (2PN) oocyte cryopreservation, followed by thaw, extended culture, and blastocyst transfer. Design Retrospective study. Setting Private fertility center. Patient(s) There were 48 blastocyst transfers after post-thaw extended culture in patients less than 35 years old and 43 transfers in patients 35–40 years old. Intervention(s) Patients opted for cryopreservation of their entire cohorts at the 2PN stage. Thawed 2PN oocytes were cultured to the blastocyst stage before transfer. Main Outcome Measure(s) Implantation, ongoing pregnancy. Result(s) Among patients less than 35 years old at oocyte retrieval, there were 59 thaws of 2PN oocytes, 48 blastocyst transfers, and 40 ongoing pregnancies (79.2% per transfer), the implantation rate was 64.2%, and the ongoing pregnancy rate (PR) per thaw was 64.4%. Among patients 35–40 years of age at retrieval, there were 58 thaws, 43 blastocyst transfers, and 22 ongoing pregnancies (51.2% per transfer), the implantation rate was 44.0%, and the ongoing PR per thaw was 39.3%. Patients less than 35 years old had significantly greater rates of implantation and ongoing pregnancy than did patients 35–40 years of age. Patients with 12 or more 2PN oocytes had significantly greater rate of ongoing pregnancy than those with fewer than 12 2PN oocytes. Conclusion(s) Post-thaw extended culture and blastocyst transfer yield high rates of implantation and ongoing pregnancy. Ongoing PRs decline with increasing age.
Present and prospective therapeutic regimens for COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a prevalent disease throughout the world. Recently updated treatment guidelines were published and still endorse a general step-wise approach to therapy based on severity of disease. The heterogeneity of the disease makes it difficult to determine appropriate therapy based on the data available. Currently, combination therapy, specifically triple therapy with a long acting beta2 agonist, a long acting anticholinergic agent, and an inhaled corticosteroid appear to achieve the best patient outcomes. In addition, there is a desperate need for new therapy with a different mechanism of action than those already on the market. The recommendations concerning stable COPD treatment will be reviewed, as well as, efficacy data regarding combination therapy. In addition, a few new and prospective therapies will be evaluated.
Modelling Affinity Chromatography

Abstract Affinity chromatography plays a significant role in the separation and purification of biologically active macromolecules in laboratory and large-scale applications. There is a need for models which could be used to predict accurately the dynamic behavior of affinity chromatography separations, in order to permit the design, optimization, control, and process scale-up of affinity chromatography systems. Furthermore, the construction and use of such models will contribute to a better fundamental understanding of the physicochemical and biospecific mechanisms involved in affinity chromatography processes. The parameters of the models should be obtainable by using information from a small number of experiments. This work reviews the modeling of affinity chromatography, and presents general models that could be used to describe the dynamic behavior of the adsorption, wash, and elution stages of affinity chromatography systems. Certain model structures, modeling approaches and operational strategies f...
ImmunoCAP and HY•TEC enzyme immunoassays in the detection of allergen-specific IgE compared with serial skin end-point titration by receiver operating characteristic analysis

OBJECTIVESIn this study, we compared 2 different immunoassays, HY•TEC enzyme immunoassay (Hycor Biomedical Inc, Garden Grove, CA) and Pharmacia Upjohn ImmunoCAP (Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) using skin end-point titration as a gold standard by receiver operating characteristic analysis.MATERIALSOne hundred patients were enrolled in this study and were tested with the above 3 modalities. The results were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic analysis, in which the curves give a decision criterion for any diagnostic test relative to its sensitivity and specificity against an accepted gold standard test. Only inhalant allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farina, cat dander, giant ragweed, English plantain weed, timothy grass, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus, meadow fescue, oak tree, white ash tree, and lamb's-quarter weed) were studied.RESULTSThe results obtained with both ImmunoCAP and HY•TEC showed a good correlation with skin end-point titration for D pteron...
Infrared imagery acquisition process supporting simulation and real image training

The increasing use of infrared sensors requires development of advanced infrared training and simulation tools to meet current Warfighter needs. In order to prepare the force, a challenge exists for training and simulation images to be both realistic and consistent with each other to be effective and avoid negative training. The US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate has corrected this deficiency by developing and implementing infrared image collection methods that meet the needs of both real image trainers and real-time simulations. The author presents innovative methods for collection of high-fidelity digital infrared images and the associated equipment and environmental standards. The collected images are the foundation for US Army, and USMC Recognition of Combat Vehicles (ROC-V) real image combat ID training and also support simulations including the Night Vision Image Generator and Synthetic Environment Core. The characteristics, consistency, and quality of these images have contributed to the success of these and other programs. To date, this method has been employed to generate signature sets for over 350 vehicles. The needs of future physics-based simulations will also be met by this data. NVESD's ROC-V image database will support the development of training and simulation capabilities as Warfighter needs evolve.
A high-efficiency, high power generation system for automobiles

This paper presents a new scheme for the efficient generation of high electric power demanded for future automobiles. The new system consists of a permanent-magnet (PM) alternator having high-energy MAGNEQUENCH (MQ) magnets and split winding and a novel electronic voltage regulation scheme. A proof-of-concept system, capable of providing 100/250 A (idle/cruising) at 14 V, has been built and tested in the laboratory with encouraging results. This high output is provided at 15-20 percentage points higher efficiencies than conventional automotive alternators, which translates into considerable fuel economy savings. The system is 8 dB quieter and has a rotor inertia of only 2/3 that of an equivalent production alternator, thus allowing for a belt drive without excessive slippage.
Unique bending boundary layer behaviors in a composite non-circular cylindrical shell

Abstract A cylindrical composite shell with a non-circular, symmetric cross-section of flat sides and circular arc corners is analyzed using the abaqus finite element program. A trade study on the effects of various corner radii and shell lengths is performed. The response of the shell to constant internal pressurization is studied, with particular attention given to the bending boundary layer (BBL) near the ends. It is found that the extent of the BBL in the non-circular case is 2.5–4 times longer than that predicted by the classical equation, however, the ‘intensity’ of the bending boundary layer is reduced. An unusual ‘compounding’ effect in boundary layer response for short non-circular shells is described.
“Boldness be my friend” (Shakespeare; Cymbeline)

Au et al report in this issue of Blood that oral arsenic trioxide (ATO) may be safely used in maintenance therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This is a major improvement in convenience given that intravenous (IV)ATO requires daily administration for weeks at a time. In addition, the oral formulation may be less toxic. The time seems right to carefully explore the introduction of oral ATO earlier in treatment of the disease.
Rate of hydrogen motion in Ni-substituted LaNi5Hx from NMR

Abstract Partial substitution of Sn, Ge, or Si for Ni in LaNi 5 H x greatly enhances the stability under repeated hydrogen-cycling. Proton NMR relaxation measurements are reported here to determine the rates of H hopping in the substituted metals LaNi 4.6 M 0.4 H x with M = Sn, Ge, and Si, for comparison to bare LaNi 5 H x . The relaxation times T 2 * (FID), T 2 (Hahn echo), T 2 -CPMG, T 1 , and T 1ρ were determined from 130 to 375 K. The three substituents result in only small increases in the average rate of motion at a given temperature but with a broader distribution of rates over the many inequivalent H sites and hopping paths. Evidently, the average energy barriers along the paths for H motion are only little affected by these substituents. Changes of H content x produce only minor changes in the relaxation times.
Immunolocalization of the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive l-norepinephrine transporter.

Norepinephrine (NE) transporters (NETs) constitute the primary mechanism for inactivation of synaptically released NE, are targets for multiple antidepressants and psychostimulants, and have been reported to be deficient in affective and autonomic disorders. Although the regional distribution of NETs has been defined through synaptosomal transport and autoradiographic approaches, NET protein expression has yet to be characterized fully in the central nervous system (CNS). We identified a cytoplasmic NET epitope (amino acids 585‐602) and corresponding antibody (43411) that permits cellular localization of endogenous NET expression in the CNS and periphery. In the adult rat brain, NET labeling was confined to noradrenergic neuronal somata, axons, and dendrites, including extensive arborizations within the hippocampus and cortex, but was absent from epinephrine- and dopamine-containing neurons. Intracerebroventricular anti-dopamine b-hydroxylase/saporin, a treatment that destroys a majority of noradrenergic neurons and their projections, validated the specificity of the 43411 antibody. At the level of light microscopy, 43411 labeling colocalized with the axonal markers syntaxin, synaptophysin, and SNAP-25. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed a nonuniform pattern of NET expression along axons, particularly evident within sympathetic fibers of the vas deferens, reflecting a high degree of spatial organization of NE clearance. NET labeling in somata was intracellular and absent from plasma membranes. Among nonneuronal cells, glial cells lacked NET immunoreactivity, whereas CNS ependymal cells were an unexpected site of labeling. NET immunoreactivity was also evident in a subset of adrenal chromaffin cells where labeling appeared to be predominantly associated with intracellular vesicles. Initial ultrastructural evaluation via preembedding immunogold techniques also revealed substantial cytoplasmic NET immunoreactivity in axon terminals within the prelimbic prefrontal cortex, consistent with postulates of regulated trafficking controlling neurotransmitter clearance. NET visualization should be of significant benefit in evaluating neuronal injury resulting from chronic drug exposure and in disease states. J. Comp. Neurol. 420:211‐232, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aortic dissection with concurrent abdominal aortic aneurysm: Computed tomography diagnosis

Thoracic aortic dissection in association with preexisting abdominal aortic aneurysm is rare. An illustrative case is presented in which an additional complication of contained aortic rupture and renal infarction occurred. Computed tomography was the primary diagnostic modality.
Capturing the Shape Variance in Gas Turbine Compressor Maps

The production of accurate compressor maps is an essential, but time consuming, step in gas turbine engine modeling. Insight into how the shape of a map depends on the compressor type, and design point characteristics, should accelerate this exercise. It should also serve as the basis of a more accurate scaling procedure than is currently available. In this paper, we extract information empirically from a collection of maps for different types of compressor. A technique, used in computer vision, generates smooth transformations between maps, producing intermediate ones of the right form. Not only can the total shape change between maps be determined, but also the principal dimensions of that change. We present figures that capture both typical maps of various types and the most significant dimensions of variation between types. We discuss how these are tied to physical processes within the compressors. We then show how this information can be used to accurately scale maps.
Pulmonary Cryptococcosis:: Report on the Treatment of Nine Cases

Nine cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis unassociated with meningitis or other underlying disease have been discussed regarding the place for medical and surgical management. Seven patients survived. Resection was the only therapy in five with unilateral disease. No complications resulted. Amphotericin B was the only therapy in two patients with diffuse bilateral disease, one of whom died, and in one patient with unilateral disease. One additional patient with bilateral localized disease died after attempted bilateral resection. Symptoms were not reliable in determining the activity of disease nor in selecting the therapeutic program. Amphotericin B should be given for diffuse bilateral disease or with extension of a localized lesion. It has not been needed following resection of unilateral disease.
Experimental Zoster-Like Herpes Simplex in Hairless Mice

Unilateral zoster-like skin lesions were produced in hairless mice by locally inoculating them with herpes simplex virus. The virus traveled along peripheral nerves to produce the skin lesions. Electron microscopic studies showed the presence of the virus within the nuclei and cytoplasm of Schwann cells. This suggests that in its centrifugal travel along peripheral nerves the virus not only passes via the Schwann cells but also replicates within their nuclei.
Exposure testing of solar absorber surfaces

Abstract The Los Alamos National Laboratory has been involved in supprting, monitoring and conducting exposure testing of solar materials for approximately ten years. The Laboratory has provided technical monitoring of the IITRI [1], DSET [2], Lockheed [3], and Berry [4] contracts and has operated the Los Alamos Exposure Facility for over five years. This report will outline some of the past exposure testing, the testing still in progress, and describe some of the major findings. While this report will primarily emphasize solar absorber surfaces, some of the significant findings relative to advanced glazing will be discussed.
ACUTE SCROTAL PAIN

The diagnosis of acute scrotal pain can be difficult. The most common causes include torsion of a testicular appendage, epididymitis, and testicular torsion, which account for 85% to 90% of all cases. These entities may be clinically indistinguishable because characteristic symptoms and signs for each overlap, whereas pathognomonic features are uncommon. Diagnostic accuracy without delay is required to avoid the loss of testicular function in testicular torsion cases and to avoid unnecessary surgery in other cases. A thorough understanding of the key clinical features of each entity, coupled with an understanding of the appropriate use of perfusion imaging studies, will equip the emergency physician with the tools to accomplish this task.
Dilithium tetrachlorocuprate. A reagent for regioselective cleavage of epoxides to chlorohydrins.

Abstract The title compound reacts with epoxides to selectively afford the vicinal chlorohydrin resulting from attack by chloride at the less substituted carbon atom.
Comment on “Anomalous wave propagation in a one-dimensional acoustic metamaterial having simultaneously negative mass density and Young's modulus” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 2887–2895 (2012)]

The phase and group velocities of elastic guided waves are important in the physical interpretation of high frequency scattering by fluid-loaded elastic shells. Outside the context of scattering, those properties are also important for understanding the energy flow in acoustic metamaterials. In a recent investigation of acoustic metamaterials exhibiting anomalous wave propagation [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 2887–2895 (2012)] criticism of negative group velocity terminology was generalized to elastic waves guided on ordinary materials. Some context and justification for retaining the identification of negative group velocities associated with a type of backscattering enhancement for shells are explained here. The phase evolution direction is determined by the boundary conditions.
Social network analysis in accounting information systems research

Abstract This paper introduces social network analysis as an alternative research method for conducting accounting information systems related research. With advances in information and communication technologies, transaction data are being recorded in electronic form, resulting in a variety of research opportunities to examine dyadic interactions. A network consists of a set of nodes connected by ties. Social network research focuses on how outcomes are influenced not just by the attributes of the nodes (e.g. individuals), but also by the ties connecting nodes to each other. The nodes are typically conceptualized as actors, such as individuals, teams, or organizations. A unique network structure is created to reflect each different type of tie, such as trust, advice, collocation, or organizational affiliation. Social network analysis can be used for research examining individual, dyadic or network levels of analyses, and is a powerful tool for conducting multi-method research. Given the vast amounts of trace electronic data collected via accounting information systems, this paper reviews how social network analysis not only opens new research avenues for accounting information systems researchers, but identifies opportunities for the field of accounting information systems to inform social network research by identifying new network structures and dynamics leveraging transactional data.
The cell phone effect on truck accidents: A specification error approach

This paper examines the impact of cell phone usage on truck accident rates in the United States using econometric models and specification error tests. The models focus on the potential nonlinear effect of cell phones on these accidents. The results indicate that increases in cell phone usage increase truck accident rates, but at a declining rate.
Approach to the Patient with Type 2 Diabetes and Progressive Kidney Disease

Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in the United States. The management of patients with type 2 diabetes and progressive kidney disease requires a comprehensive approach that includes aggressive blood pressure control with agents that also lower urinary protein excretion and optimization of glucose and lipid control while remaining cognizant of the therapeutic limitations imparted by renal dysfunction. Clinicians must also address the comorbidities associated with renal failure such as anemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Diabetic nephropathy typically follows a slowly progressive course from albuminuria to azotemia. Consequently, optimal care includes planning for the management of impending renal failure long before the patient requires dialysis or transplantation.
Somatostatin Elaboration by Monolayer Cell Cultures Derived from Transplantable Rat Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Synergistic Stimulatory Effects of Glucagon and Calcium

Somatostatin (SRIF)-producing transplantable rat medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) were used to establish primary monolayer cell cultures for studying SRIF secretion and production. Immunoreactive SRIF (iSRIF) and calcitonin (iCT) levels in the MTC cell cultures were 252 and 4900 ng/mg cell protein, respectively. The acute effects of calcium and glucagon on the elaboration of iSRIF and iCT were investigated in 3-h experiments. Basal secretion rates (mean ± SE, five experiments) for iSRIF and for iCT were 10.7 ± 2.5 and 297 ± 33 ng/mg cell protein, respectively. Calcium stimulated the secretion of iSRIF and iCT in a dose-dependent fashion. Maximal secretory effect of calcium was observed at 4-5 mM: iCT secretion increased 148% over basal, and iSRIF secretion increased 228% over basal. At 1 mM calcium, maximally effective doses of glucagon (1 μM) significantly increased iCT secretion (44% over basal) but not iSRIF secretion. At 5 mM calcium, as little as 10 nM glucagon had a significant stimulatory effect...
An improved benchmark suite for the ISPD-2013 discrete cell sizing contest

Gate sizing and threshold voltage selection is an important step in the VLSI design process to optimize power and performance of a given netlist. In this paper, we provide an overview of the ISPD-2013 Discrete Cell Sizing Contest. Compared to the ISPD-2012 Contest, we propose improvements in terms of the benchmark suite and the timing models utilized. In this paper, we briefly describe the contest, and provide some details about the standard cell library, benchmark suite, timing infrastructure and the evaluation metrics.
An Introduction to the Controversy Over Tobacco

The tobacco industry has a long history of denying any harmful effects produced by its products. This strategy was first developed to deny any health risks associated with smoking, and has recently been extended to the denial of the risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), the addictive nature of nicotine, and the targeting of adolescents by tobacco advertisements. This has served to divert discussion of how society should address the risks of tobacco use to whether society should address tobacco use at all. If we move past these diversions and consider how society should address tobacco risks, the social sciences in general and psychology in particular have a number of insights regarding how to answer the question. The purpose of this issue of JSI is to examine some of these perspectives in an attempt to suggest how we should approach the important question of how to deal with tobacco use in our society.
A Comparison of Visual- and Response-Generated Cues in a Spatial DMTS Task for Rats

In an attempt to clarify the nature of the memory cues used in a spatial, working memory task, rats were tested in a two-choice water maze. Each trial consisted of an information run, which forced the rat to the correct choice compartment, a retention period, and a test run. A response-associated cue condition, in which the relevant cue was the direction of the turn in the information run, was compared to a visual cue condition in which the animal had to remember whether the escape platform had been in the light or dark compartment. Of the subjects supplied with either visual or response-associated cues, the subjects allowed to employ response-associated cues did better, but the best performance occurred when both cues were available. When rats trained with both cues present were forced to choose between cues, they stopped using either and reverted to making a preferred right or left turn. The results support the idea that rats can form integrated, relational-cue memories which, in some circumstances, prove a hindrance to performance.
Recovery in low-cycle-fatigued copper single crystals

Abstract The substructure development of copper single crystals during high temperature, low cycle fatigue and during annealing subsequent to cyclic deformation at room temperature was investigated. Neither static nor dynamic recrystallization could be initiated. Static recovery was found to lead to almost perfect dislocation networks. The results establish that dynamic recrystallization during high temperature, low cycle fatigue requires the presence of prior grain boundaries (and hence is a polycrystal effect) and confirm that softening during high temperature, low cycle fatigue is not necessarily due to dynamic recrystallization.
Experimental electron-ion dissociative recombination rate constant and temperature dependence data for protonated methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and diethyl ether

Abstract A flowing afterglow with an electrostatic Langmuir probe has been used to determine the electron-ion dissociative recombination (e-IDR) rate constants ( α e ) and temperature dependencies (300–500 K) for a series of small alcohols and ethers. The species covered are protonated methanol (CH 3 OH 2 + ), protonated ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH 2 + ), protonated dimethyl ether ((CH 3 ) 2 OH + ) and protonated diethyl ether ((C 2 H 5 ) 2 OH + ). The e-IDR rate constants are α e = 5.95 × 10 −7 ( T /300) −0.57 for protonated methanol, α e = 6.20 × 10 −7 ( T /300) −0.87 protonated ethanol, α e = 5.52 × 10 −7 ( T /300) −0.75 protonated dimethyl ether, and α e = 6.48 × 10 −7 ( T /300) −1.05 protonated diethyl ether. The experimental data are discussed in terms of the relevance to the chemical modeling of the interstellar medium.
Comparative assessment of regional left atrial perfusion by laser Doppler and radionuclide microsphere techniques

Objective: The aim was to study the relation between left atrial microcirculatory flux, using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and blood flow, using radiolabelled microspheres (MS). Methods: Studies were done in five anaesthetised dogs. LDF probes were sewn to the appendage and body of the left atrium. Radionuclide spheres (15 μm) were used to quantitate blood flow at baseline, and during atrial pacing at 3.5 Hz, atrial fibrillation, and intravenous adenosine infusion (1 mg·kg−1·min−1). Results: In the left atrial body, both MS and LDF perfusion increased significantly during pacing and adenosine infusion; only LDF registered significant increases during atrial fibrillation. In the left atrial appendage, MS flow failed to increase significantly with any intervention and LDF perfusion increased significantly only during atrial fibrillation. There was a significant but weak correlation (r=0.36, p<0.05) between LDF and MS when data from all sample sites (n=40) were compared, but good correlation when only baseline and pacing data were compared (r=0.72, p=0.0004, n=20). In four additional dogs with heart failure [mean left atrial pressure 25.3(SD 7.4) mm Hg] produced by three weeks of rapid right ventricular pacing, flux values at baseline were increased significantly compared to control dogs and the responses registered by LDF to pacing, atrial fibrillation, and adenosine infusion were attenuated markedly. Conclusions: (1) Microcirculatory flux detected by LDF can identify the direction, and to a lesser extent, the magnitude of changes in regional atrial perfusion; and (2) LDF may be useful in identifying abnormalities of vasodilator reserve that accompany chronic left atrial myocardial dysfunction. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :508-514
Movement patterns of invertebrates in temporary and permanent streams

Although it has been shown that invertebrates recolonize reflooded temporary streams from permanent refuges, e.g., the hyporheic zone, it has not been shown that they actively move into these refuges as streams dry. Substrate filled cages and drift nets were used to monitor invertebrate movement in two temporary streams and a permanent stream prior to and during drying to determine whether invertebrates leave drying riffles and enter flooded riffles. Invertebrate movement was essentially unidirectional in the permanent stream with downstream drift and with-in-substrate downstream movement dominating. In the temporary stream, movement vertically downward toward the hyporheic zone and upstream movement substantially contributed to a departure from a unidirectional pattern. In addition, prior to stream drying the relative colonization rate was higher and drift rate was lower in the temporary streams than in the permanent stream. During drying of the temporary stream, upstream movement continued to dominate but hyporheic movement was unimportant. Further, the upstream movement did not occur at the end of the riffle where it would lead to migration into non-drying riffles. Thus, even though movement patterns were different in permanent and temporary streams the pattern observed during stream drying would result in the concentration and subsequent death of invertebrates in drying riffles. This observation demonstrates that movement patterns of stream invertebrates do not necessarily result in behavioral avoidance of a dry period of temporary fiffles.
The oxidation behavior of aluminide-coatedγ′/δ directional eutectics

The relationship between the process variables and the property of oxidation resistance was investigated for aluminide-coated γ′/δ directional eutectics by the control of the surface composition and the coating microstructure. The oxidation behavior of coated and uncoated substrates was found to belong to three main groups, depending on the surface composition of the coated or uncoated substrate prior to oxidation and irrespective of the manner in which the coating was processed. The coatings with surface composition in Group I formed protective external scales of A12O3; those with surface compositions in Group II formed nonprotective external scales of niobium-rich oxides; those substrates with surface compositions in Group III formed nonprotective external scales of NiO. The oxidation behavior within each group is herein explained in terms of the coating microstructure. Coatings that possessed a single-phase surface layer demonstrated better oxidation resistance than those with a two-phase lamellar morphology.
The HOL Light Theory of Euclidean Space

We describe the library of theorems about N-dimensional Euclidean space that has been formalized in the HOL Light prover. This formalization was started in 2005 and has been extensively developed since then, partly in direct support of the Flyspeck project, partly out of a general desire to develop a well-rounded and comprehensive theory of basic analytical, geometrical and topological machinery. The library includes various `big name' theorems (Brouwer's fixed point theorem, the Stone-Weierstrass theorem, the Tietze extension theorem), numerous non-trivial results that are useful in applications (second mean value theorem for integrals, power series for real and complex transcendental functions) and a host of supporting definitions and lemmas. It also includes some specialized automated proof tools. The library has as planned been applied to the Flyspeck project and has become the basis of a significant development of results in complex analysis, among others.
SYNERESIS AND SWELLING OF GELATIN

1. When solid blocks of isoelectric gelatin are placed in cold distilled water or dilute buffer of pH 4.7, only those of a gelatin content of more than 10 per cent swell, while those of a lower gelatin content not only do not swell but actually lose water. 2. The final quantity of water lost by blocks of dilute gelatin is the same whether the block is immersed in a large volume of water or whether syneresis has been initiated in the gel through mechanical forces such as shaking, pressure, etc., even in the absence of any outside liquid, thus showing that syneresis is identical with the process of negative swelling of dilute gels when placed in cold water, and may be used as a convenient term for it. 3. Acid- or alkali-containing gels give rise to greater syneresis than isoelectric gels, after the acid or alkali has been removed by dialysis. 4. Salt-containing gels show greater syneresis than salt-free gels of the same pH, after the salt has been washed away. 5. The acid and alkali and also the salt effect on syneresis of gels disappears at a gelatin concentration above 8 per cent. 6. The striking similarity in the behavior of gels with respect to syneresis and of gelatin solutions with respect to viscosity suggests the probability that both are due to the same mechanism, namely the mechanism of hydration of the micellae in gelatin by means of osmosis as brought about either by diffusible ions, as in the presence of acid or alkali, or by the soluble gelatin present in the micellae. The greater the pressures that caused swelling of the micellae while the gelatin was in the sol state, the greater is the loss of water from the gels when the pressures are removed. 7. A quantitative study of the loss of water by dilute gels of various gelatin content shows that the same laws which have been found by Northrop to hold for the swelling of gels of high concentrations apply also to the process of losing water by dilute gels, i.e. to the process of syneresis. The general behavior is well represented by the equations: See PDF for Equation and See PDF for Equation where P(1) = osmotic pressure of the soluble gelatin in the gel, P(2) = stress on the micellae in the gelatin solution before setting, K(e) = bulk modulus of elasticity, V(o) = volume of water per gram of dry gelatin at setting and V(e) = volume of water per gram of gelatin at equilibrium.
36Cl and53Mn in Antarctic meteorites and10Be-36Cl dating of Antarctic ice

Cosmic-ray-produced53Mn (t1/2 = 3.7 × 106years) has been measured in twenty Antarctic meteorites by neutron activation analysis.36Cl (t1/2 = 3.0 × 105years) has been measured in fourteen of these objects by tandem accelerator mass spectrometry. Cosmic ray exposure ages and terrestrial ages of the meteorites are calculated from these results and from rare gases.14C (t1/2 = 5740years) and26Al (t1/2 = 7.2 × 105years) data. The terrestrial ages range from 3 × 104 to 5 × 105 years. Many of the L3 Allan Hills chrondrites seem to be a single fall based on these results. In addition,10Be (t1/2 = 1.6 × 106years) and36Cl have been measured in six Antarctic ice samples. The first measurements of10Be/36Cl ratios in the ice core samples demonstrate a new dating method for ice.
A modular approach for current-source multi-phase inverter

The design and simulation results of three-phase differential current-source inverter is presented in this paper. It is shown that three modules of current-source converter could be configured and controlled to obtain a symmetrical three-phase at the output. The current source inverter could be used with lower voltage sources. It could also be possible to integrate all three transformers and reduce the 60 Hz component saturation effect. The structure is modular and can be used as three dc-dc converter in parallel, one symmetrical three phase inverter, single-phase inverter or split-phase inverter based on the application.
First-principles study of thermal transport in FeSb2

We study the thermal transport properties of FeSb${}_{2}$, a promising thermoelectric material for cooling applications at cryogenic temperatures. A first-principles formalism based on density functional theory and ab initio lattice dynamics is applied. We calculate the electronic structure, the phonon dispersion relation, the bulk thermal expansion coefficient, and the thermal conductivity of FeSb${}_{2}$ and compare them with other calculations and experiments. Our calculation is found insufficient to fully explain the temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity of FeSb${}_{2}$, suggesting new scattering mechanisms in this strongly correlated system. The mean free path distribution of different phonon modes is also calculated, which may provide valuable guidance in designing nanostructures for reducing the thermal conductivity of FeSb${}_{2}$ and improving the thermoelectric figure of merit zT.
Memory and epistemic conservatism

Much of the plausibility of epistemic conservatism derives from its prospects of explaining our rationality in holding memory beliefs. In the first two parts of this paper, I argue for the inadequacy of the two standard approaches to the epistemology of memory beliefs, preservationism and evidentialism. In the third, I point out the advantages of the conservative approach and consider how well conservatism survives three of the strongest objections against it. Conservatism does survive, I claim, but only if qualified in certain ways. Appropriately qualified, conservatism is no longer the powerful anti-skeptical tool some have hoped for, but a doctrine closely connected with memory.
A radio detector system for ultra high energy cosmic showers

A passive radio detection system is proposed for the detection and study of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) showers and meteors. TV and FM radio signals reflected by ionization clouds produced by meteors are clearly detectable. This technique known as radio meteor scatter is well established. UHECRs produces in principle similar ionization trails. A radio detection station operating at BNL is continuously recording signals from a group of three antennas tuned to the low end of the commercial VHF broadcast frequencies. An offline analysis, here described, allows for event selection and feature extraction of the reflected signals. An event rate consistent with the earth rotation period of 24h is found and attributed primarily to meteorite and micro-meteorite activity. Auxiliary shower detectors are being built to validate UHECR shower candidates.
Chief Marketing Officers: A Study of Their Presence in Firms' Top Management Teams.

Abstract Not all firms choose to have a chief marketing officer (CMO) in their top management teams (TMTs). This research investigates factors associated with this choice and whether CMO presence/absence in the face of these factors affects firm performance. Findings based on a multi-industry sample of 167 firms over a five-year period (2000–2004) show that innovation, differentiation, branding strategy, diversification, TMT functional experience in marketing, and the chief executive officer being an outsider are associated with the likelihood of CMO presence in the TMT. Furthermore, the authors find that CMO presence in the TMT has neither a positive nor a negative impact on firm performance. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice.
The Luminous World of John and Elisabeth Buck

Highlights of the research careers of John and Elisabeth Buck are presented, illustrating their importance as investigators of firefly biology including taxonomy, morphology, physiology and behavior, and as catalysts of collegial exchanges advancing progress among investigators of bioluminescence in its widest aspects over the past 50 years.
Designing Decision Aids to Promote the Development of Expertise

ABSTRACT: We investigate whether the use of decision aids that integrate experts' knowledge structures into their designs can effectively promote the acquisition of expert-like knowledge and improve future judgments. Results of two laboratory experiments (one involving 115 senior accounting students and one involving 78 master of accounting students) indicate that: (1) novice users of a decision aid that has an expert knowledge structure embedded into its interface make complex fraud risk assessments that are more similar to experts' risk assessments than do users of aids without expert knowledge structures; (2) users of a decision aid that has an expert knowledge structure embedded into its interface develop knowledge structures that are more similar to the knowledge structures of experts than do users of aids without expert knowledge structures; (3) knowledge structures mediate the relationship between decision aid design and judgment performance; and (4) novices develop expertise through decision aid u...
Can Carbon Addition Increase Competitiveness of Native Grasses? A Case Study from California

There is growing interest in the addition of carbon (C) as sucrose or sawdust to the soil as a tool to reduce plantavailable nitrogen (N) and alter competitive interactions among species. The hypothesis that C addition changes N availability and thereby changes competitive dynamics between natives and exotics was tested in a California grassland that had experienced N enrichment. Sawdust (1.2 kg/m) was added to plots containing various combinations of three native perennial bunchgrasses, exotic perennial grasses, and exotic annual grasses. Sawdust addition resulted in higher microbial biomass N, lower rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification, and higher concentrations of extractable soil ammonium in the soil. In the first year sawdust addition decreased the degree to which exotic annuals competitively suppressed the seedlings of Nassella pulchra and, to a lesser extent, Festuca rubra, both native grasses. However there was no evidence of reduced growth of exotic grasses in sawdustamended plots. Sawdust addition did not influence interactions between the natives and exotic perennial grasses. In the second year, however, sawdust addition did not affect the interactions between the natives and either group of exotic grasses. In fact, the native perennial grasses that survived the first year of competition with annual grasses significantly reduced the aboveground productivity of annual grasses even without sawdust addition. These results suggest that the addition of sawdust as a tool in the restoration of native species in our system provided no significant benefit to natives over a 2-year period.
Effect of emulsifiers on influenza type A virus infection, in vivo and in vitro studies.

Results of in vitro studies carried out by other investigators suggest that insecticide emulsifiers enhance the replication of animal viruses possessing a single‐stranded RNA genome. Based on this observation and on epidemiological findings, it has been postulated that insecticide emuhifiers and related compounds may be etiologically involved in Reye's syndrome. Reye's syndrome is an enigmatic pernicious disease of childhood causally associated with an antecedent viral infection, usually influenza, and putatively associated with exposure to environmental chemicals. The present study was carried out to assess the effects of emulsifiers on infection in vivo with influenza type A virus, a virus possessing a single‐stranded RNA genome, using the suckling mouse as host, and in vitro using a susceptible line of mammalian cells. Three coded emulsifiers retrospectively identified as Atlox 3409F, Toximul MP8, and Triton X‐100 were assayed at concentrations of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 ppm. None of the emuhifiers enh...
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and the Enhanced Migration of Monocytes Are Essential in Primary but Not Secondary Host Defenses to Listeria Organisms

Nonimmune mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes exhibited elevated expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) mRNA and the enhanced migration of Mac-1 antigen-positive bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes (BMMP) to their livers. Treatment with monoclonal anti-M-CSF antibody diminished the traffic of BMMP and promoted the replication of listeriae. Immune animals infected with listeriae expressed significantly lower levels of M-CSF mRNA than did nonimmune animals. Moreover, listerial infections did not elicit the migration of BMMP to the livers of immune mice, nor did anti-M-CSF affect the capacity of immune animals to respond to infection. Adoptive immunization experiments suggest that T lymphocytes can mediate protective immunity to listeriae in the absence of M-CSF and migrating BMMP. These findings indicate that M-CSF and the enhanced migration of BMMP are critical factors in primary but not secondary host defenses to listerial infections.