cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computed tomography underestimates rotator cuff pathology in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

Background Computed tomography (CT) is the standard assessment of glenoid morphology before shoulder arthroplasty and is commonly used to evaluate rotator cuff pathology in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not routinely used in this setting but has higher sensitivity in diagnosing full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCT) and is considered the gold standard. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CT in diagnosing full-thickness RCTs and compare the evaluation of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy on CT vs. MRI in the setting of GHOA. Methods In this retrospective case-controlled study, we identified 49 patients from a prospectively maintained 2-surgeon registry who received preoperative CT and MRI scans for the evaluation of GHOA between 2011 and 2016. Three fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons assessed rotator cuff integrity, fatty infiltration, and muscle atrophy in the CT and MRI scans. Results CT sensitivity and specificity were 20% and 95.5%, respectively. Fatty infiltration was significantly lower on CT for the supraspinatus (P = .003), infraspinatus (P Conclusions Our results suggest that CT underestimates the frequency of full-thickness RCTs and the severity of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy in the setting of GHOA before total shoulder arthroplasty.
Summary: Older Criminals and Victims

This chapter provides a summary of the trends and issues pertaining to the criminal offending of older persons, the criminal victimization of older persons, and the criminal justice response to older offenders. Information pertaining to these topics is presented by authors from several countries. As a result, the reader is able to view the trends and issues that relate to the older criminal offender and older victim of crime from several different perspectives and also note the similarities and differences in crime and victimization of the elderly in different parts of the world.
Varicella-zoster virus immunity and prevention: a conference perspective

This report offers a concise overview of the VZV Conference, highlighting recent developments in the field and speculating on areas of greatest opportunity and need for future work. The goal of eradicating VZV disease will be facilitated by a multifaceted research agenda directed at a fuller comprehension of how the virus replicates, spreads and persists, and how it eludes host immune responses.
Management of Resistance in Arthropods

Since the earliest days of their awareness of resistance, entomologists have been concerned with understanding the factors responsible for its development and with divising measures for its control. It is remarkable that in reporting the first case of resistance — in the San Jose scale toward lime sulfur — Melander (1914) recognized the role of incomplete coverage and genetic recessiveness and speculated that should the scale become resistant also to oil sprays “we might have to introduce a weak strain to cross with the immune and thus return to the normal susceptible population.” Melander and other early pioneers in studies of resistance (Quayle 1922, Woglum 1925) may have been ahead of their time, however, for in the subsequent 30 years or so, resistance evolved slowly, affecting only 12 species of arthropods (review by Babers 1949). Interest in resistance intensified with the introduction of DDT and with the rapid development in cases of resistance to organochlorine, organophos-phate, carbamate and most recently to pyrethroid insecticides. The phenomenon now involves at least 428 species of arthropods and every class of commonly available compound (Georghiou and Mellon, this volume).
Relapse Prevention for Adolescent Substance Abuse: Overview and Case Examples

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses relapse prevention (RP) for adolescent substance abuse. RP can be a useful therapeutic resource for clinicians working with adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). RP treatment for adolescent substance abusers can be thought of as a blend of theory and techniques taken from cognitive therapy of substance abuse. RP with teens should focus on identifying high-risk situations that are emotional and behavioral triggers for use and learning alternative cognitive and behavioral responses to these triggers. One of the first considerations for youth in treatment for substance use disorders is that they may present with low motivation for abstinence. The next stage of RP with teens involves providing psychoeducation regarding the Youth Addiction Relapse Model and situations that pose a high risk for relapse. The cognitive and behavioral skills that will work best for a given adolescent depend on the extent to which he or she has been successful at managing situations in the past without using and how well prepared the teen is to face these situations in the future. It is suggested that adolescents may also require unique behavioral coping strategies to sustain abstinence in the face of the diversified high-risk situations.
The Effects of Organizational Risk Appetite, Social Pressure and Honesty-Humility on Financial Reporting Decisions

This study investigates the impact of an organization’s risk appetite, social pressure and the behavioral trait of Honestly-Humility on management accountants’ financial reporting decisions regarding a missing fixed asset. The results of an experiment with 72 management accountants suggest that risk appetite sets the stage for how social pressures impact misreporting intentions. We find that an organization’s risk appetite (aggressive vs. conservative) and social pressure (obedience vs. conformity pressure) interact to effect reporting intentions. More specifically, misreporting intentions significantly increase when either obedience or conformity pressure is introduced in the aggressive risk appetite condition. However, in the conservative risk appetite condition, misreporting intentions only increase significantly upon the introduction of obedience pressure. As well, we find that a conservative risk environment activates higher levels of Honesty-Humility to reduce the likelihood of misreporting.We also find that Honesty-Humility is a behavioral trait that significantly impacts misreporting intentions, such that management accountants with higher HonestyHumility scores are less likely to engage in fraudulent financial reporting despite the presence of social pressures to engage in misreporting. Data Availability: The data used in this study are available upon request from the authors.
O Jornal Quilombo, Abdias Nascimento, e o Ativismo dos Direitos Humanos no Brasil

This essay examines the significance of the Quilombo newspaper in relation to the political dynamics that Abdias Nascimento represents as its editor and in the larger frame of Afro-Brazilian cultural affairs in transnational race relations. While critics of Brazilian culturalism such as Michael Hanchard (1994) and Pamela Alberto (2011) question the symbolism of activism as opposed to direct socio-liberational strategies and action, the contributions of the Quilombo newspaper in this special facsimile edition, are highlighted, especially the place of Abdias Nascimento. As a larger-than-life Pan Africanist, who has spearheaded the struggle for the dignity of Afro-Brazilians, politically and culturally, this study anticipates a more engaged dialogue with racial democracy well beyond the folkloric symbolisms of hip-hop, samba, soccer, and carnival.
Late Breaking Abstract - Associations between a COPD genetic risk score and lung structure on computed tomography (CT): SPIROMICS

Background: The extent to which genetic risk of COPD is mediated by variation in lung structure remains unknown. Aims: To determine whether a recently developed genetic risk score for lung function (GRS; Wain LV et al, Nat Genet 2017; 49(3):416-425) is associated with CT lung structure. Methods: In SPIROMICS, a cohort of COPD subjects and at-risk smokers (≥20 pack-years), a weighted GRS was calculated from 83 of 95 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped or imputed across 3 race/ethnic groups. Post-bronchodilator spirometry and CT scan measures (via Apollo/VIDA) of lung density, spatially-matched airway dimensions, and small airway counts (generations 6-9) were evaluated in models adjusted for age, age-squared, sex, height, BMI, principal components, smoking status, pack-years, CT model and voxel size. Results: Among 2,579 participants (average age 63 years, 53% male, 76% non-Hispanic White, 18% African-American, 6% Asian, 37% current smokers, median 44 pack-years, 63% with COPD), higher GRS was associated with lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, and the highest GRS quintile was associated with doubling of risk for moderate-to-severe COPD (p Conclusions: Variation in lung structure, whether developmental or acquired, is an important mediator of the genetic risk factors underlying COPD.
Metal–Organic Framework Supported Single Site Chromium(III) Catalyst for Ethylene Oligomerization at Low Pressure and Temperature

A chemically and thermally stable, mesoporous, crystalline metal–organic framework, NU-1000, serves as a structurally well-defined support for catalytic reactions. Depositing chromium(III), a metal widely used in homogeneous ethylene oligomerization catalysts, onto the Zr6 node of NU-1000 allows for the atomically precise determination of the structure of the Cr3+ catalyst through single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Chromium modification of NU-1000 was accomplished via solvothermal deposition in MOFs (SIM); termed Cr-SIM-NU-1000, the elaborated material features individual Cr atoms directed in single-site fashion into the mesopore of NU-1000. It was found that NU-1000 serves to stabilize the catalyst against both the typical chemical deactivation of homogeneous systems and leaching from heterogeneous systems. Cr-SIM-NU-1000 exhibits superior catalytic activity, as compared to Cr2O3, for ethylene oligomerization, with 20% conversion at a turnover frequency of about 60 h–1 and products ranging from C8...
Negotiating Faces in Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Cross-Cultural Investigation

Workplace bullying is often a traumatic communication experience. Using face-negotiation theory, this study compared strategic coping behaviors of employees from individualistic and collectivistic ...
Pregnancy phthalate metabolite concentrations and infant birth weight by gradations of maternal glucose tolerance.

Abstract Background Higher birth weight is an important adverse outcome associated with hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Recent studies suggest that phthalate exposure is associated with elevated glucose levels in pregnant women, with implications for higher birth weight in the offspring. No study to date has investigated the association between prenatal phthalate exposure on infant high birth weight accounting for the range of pregnancy glucose levels. Methods A total of 350 women participating in an ongoing pregnancy cohort had data available on urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations at up to four time points across pregnancy. Urinary phthalate metabolites were averaged across pregnancy and log-transformed, specific gravity-adjusted and analyzed in quartiles. Birth weight was examined continuously (in grams), as well as dichotomized as large for gestational age (>90th percentile). Glucose levels were assessed based on Results from 50-g glucose challenge tests as a part of screening for gestational diabetes conducted at 24–28 weeks gestation, and grouped into 3 categories Results Approximately 20% of infants born to women with glucose levels ≥140 mg/dL were large for gestational age. Average mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations were higher among women who had glucose levels ≥140 mg/dL (geometric mean 140.9 μg/L; 95% CI: 91.6–216.8); however, higher MEP concentrations were not associated with higher birth weight. When stratified by maternal glucose levels, there was a suggestive association between higher concentrations of mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and higher birth weight among women with glucose levels ≥140 mg/dL (adj. birth weight: 569.2 g; 95% CI: 14.1, 1178.2). Conclusions Higher urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were not significantly associated with higher birth weight. Counter to our hypothesis, women with higher glucose levels and higher urinary phthalate metabolites did not deliver babies with higher birth weight.
Abstract MP26: Visceral Obesity and Systemic Inflammation Predict Sleep Disordered Breathing in Normal Weight, Never Obese Adolescents: A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study

Introduction: Although obesity is a known risk factor for sleep disordered breathing (SDB), a significant proportion of children with SDB are not obese or overweight as per body mass index percenti...
Trace-Gas Spectroscopy of Methane Using a Monolithically Integrated Silicon Photonic Chip Sensor

We present a monolithically integrated photonic sensor incorporating an on-chip 111- V laser, detector, sealed reference cell, and sensing waveguide capable of near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of methane near λ = 1651 nm. Sub-100 pprnv-Hz−1/2 sensitivities are demonstrated. © 2019 The Author(s)
Is autologous graft versus host disease (AutoGVHD) really reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?

17526 Background: AutoGVHD is a rare complication following autologous bone marrow transplantation(ABMT). It has been described as an autoimmune syndrome initiated by auto-effector T cells that rec...
Unusual zwitterionic catalytic site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease revealed by neutron crystallography.

The main protease (3CL Mpro) from SARS–CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is an essential enzyme for viral replication. 3CL Mpro possesses an unusual catalytic dyad composed of Cys145 and His41 residues. A critical question in the field has been what the protonation states of the ionizable residues in the substrate-binding active-site cavity are; resolving this point would help understand the catalytic details of the enzyme and inform rational drug development against this pernicious virus. Here, we present the room-temperature neutron structure of 3CL Mpro, which allowed direct determination of hydrogen atom positions and, hence, protonation states in the protease. We observe that the catalytic site natively adopts a zwitterionic reactive form in which Cys145 is in the negatively charged thiolate state and His41 is doubly protonated and positively charged, instead of the neutral unreactive state usually envisaged. The neutron structure also identified the protonation states, and thus electrical charges, of all other amino acid residues and revealed intricate hydrogen-bonding networks in the active-site cavity and at the dimer interface. The fine atomic details present in this structure were made possible by the unique scattering properties of the neutron, which is an ideal probe for locating hydrogen positions and experimentally determining protonation states at near-physiological temperature. Our observations provide critical information for structure-assisted and computational drug design, allowing precise tailoring of inhibitors to the enzyme's electrostatic environment.
Synthetic fluorescent MYC probe: Inhibitor binding site elucidation and development of a high-throughput screening assay.

Abstract We report the discovery of a fluorescent small molecule probe. This probe exhibits an emission increase in the presence of the oncoprotein MYC that can be attenuated by a competing inhibitor. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis, rationalized by induced-fit docking, suggests it binds to the “coiled-coil” region of the leucine zipper domain. Point mutations of this site produced functional MYC constructs resistant to inhibition in an oncogenic transformation assay by compounds that displace the probe. Utilizing this probe, we have developed a high-throughput assay to identify MYC inhibitor scaffolds. Screening of a diversity library (N = 1408, 384-well) and a library of pharmacologically active compounds (N = 1280, 1536-well) yielded molecules with greater drug-like properties than the probe. One lead is a potent inhibitor of oncogenic transformation and is specific for MYC relative to resistant mutants and transformation-inducing oncogenes. This method is simple, inexpensive, and does not require protein modification, DNA binding, or the dimer partner MAX. This assay presents an opportunity for MYC inhibition researchers to discover unique scaffolds.
Design of triple and quadruple phase boundaries and chemistries for environmental SO2 electrochemical sensing

Air pollution is a major environmental risk to the health of humans and vegetation, leading to increasing demand for real-time monitoring of toxins and harmful pollutants. Recently, the first type III electrochemical sensors tracking lethal concentrations of SO2 were developed based on a fast-conducting Li garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte. Despite the successful proof-of-concept demonstration, the ideal sensing electrode issues concerning its preferred microstructure and chemistry remain unresolved as no catalysts are involved to ensure the low cost of such future devices. The challenging task to secure an efficient ionic, electronic, and gas pathways are needed for further sensor performance improvement. Here, the focus was placed on manipulating the electrochemical reaction zones from triple phase boundaries (TPBs) to quadrupole phase boundaries (QPBs) by merely changing the processing temperature of a Li2SO4–CaSO4 composite sensing electrode. The intended manipulation enforced the desired shift from TPB to QPB reaction zones and unlocked a larger effective surface area for the electrochemical reaction. The sensor operated at 480 °C with up to one-order-of-magnitude-lowered response time and up to a 75% decrease in the recovery time down to ∼5 min for the QPB-based configuration compared to the TPB-based one. This study demonstrates novel tools and strategies to favorably engineer sensing reaction zones through electrode processing techniques and enrich the functionality of the Li-garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 fast-conducting electrolyte for sensing applications beyond batteries.
Abstract 85: Metastasizing melanoma cells exhibit increased dependence on the pentose phosphate pathway to manage oxidative stress

To study distant metastasis we developed a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) assay in which melanoma cells from patients spontaneously metastasize in NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice in a manner that correlates with metastatic behavior in patients (Sci Transl Med 4:159). Using this assay, we discovered that distant melanoma metastasis is limited by oxidative stress (Nature 527:186). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) increase dramatically in melanoma cells as they metastasize through the blood. The rare cells that survive undergo reversible metabolic changes that confer oxidative stress resistance. We found that metastatic melanomas had significant increases in metabolites from the pentose phosphate pathway as compared to primary cutaneous melanomas. Metabolites in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, downstream of the NADPH-regenerating enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD), were the most dramatically increased in metastatic nodules. We hypothesized that metastasizing melanoma cells increase their dependence on the pentose phosphate pathway in order to manage oxidative stress. We used CRISPR gene editing to create loss-of-function mutations in G6PD in patient-derived melanomas. When transplanted into NSG mice, the tumors formed by G6PD mutant melanomas showed significantly reduced oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity, increased ROS levels, decreased NADPH/NADP ratios, and reduced metastatic potential as compared to parental control melanomas. Our results demonstrate that metastasizing melanoma cells exhibit increased dependence upon the pentose phosphate pathway as compared to primary cutaneous tumors. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that G6PD mutant melanomas exhibit increased glutamine utilization, perhaps to compensate for increased oxidative stress. Citation Format: Arin B. Aurora, VIshal Khivansara, Ashley Leach, Misty Martin-Sandoval, Thomas Mathews, Sean J. Morrison. Metastasizing melanoma cells exhibit increased dependence on the pentose phosphate pathway to manage oxidative stress [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 85.
Cardioembolic stroke in a 23-year-old man with elbow contracture, an unusual presentation of Emery Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) (P5.451)

Objective: To report a case of Emery Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) with a novel mutation, presenting with cardioembolic stroke. Background: Early onset elbow, heel cord contractures, humeroperoneal distribution of muscle atrophy, weakness, and cardiac conduction defects are cardinal features of EDMD. Cardiac complications of EDMD include atrial fibrillation, atrial stand still, ventricular dysfunction, sudden cardiac death, and on rare occasions cardioembolic events may occur. Design/Methods: Case report. Results: A 23-year-old right handed man, diagnosed with SMA type 3 in childhood, presented with right facial droop, hemiparesis and expressive aphasia from distal left MCA thromboembolic occlusion. He recovered completely with the administration of thrombolytics. His cardiac monitoring revealed episodes of atrial fibrillation and episodic bradycardia. Echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction (>55%) and cardiac MRI showed moderate dilatation of right atrium, left atrium, and severe dilatation of left ventricle. Neurological examination revealed muscle atrophy in a predominantly humeroperoneal distribution, with mild weakness in deltoid and triceps (4+/5 MRC scale) and moderate weakness in ankle dorsiflexion (3+/5 MRC scale) bilaterally. There were prominent elbow and heel contractures. Sensory exam was normal and reflexes were globally absent. Elbow and heel cord contractures and cardiac involvement were not consistent with the previous diagnosis of SMA type 3. An alternative diagnosis was considered. Based on his clinical features EDMD was suspected. Genetic testing revealed a novel heterozygous pathogenic mutations in the LMNA gene on c.122G>A (p.Arg41His), confirming the diagnosis. He was started on anticoagulation. Pacemaker and a single chamber ICD were placed to prevent fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusions: Cardioembolic stroke in a young patient with signs of skeletal muscle involvement should raise the suspicion of an underlying muscular dystrophy, particularly EDMD. EDMD can lead to life-threatening cardiac complications. Frequent cardiac monitoring and early placement of pacemaker or ICD are important to prevent fatal tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Disclosure: Dr. Roy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Raynor has nothing to disclose.
4D-CBCT Registration with a FBCT-derived Plug-and-Play Feasibility Regularizer

Deformable registration of phase-resolved lung images is an important procedure to appreciate respiratory motion and enhance image quality. Compared to high-resolution fan-beam CTs (FBCTs), cone-beam CTs (CBCTs) are more readily available for on-table acquisition in companion with treatment. However, CBCT registration is challenging because classic regularization energies in convention methods usually cannot overcome the strong artifacts and the lack of structural details. In this study, we propose to learn an implicit feasibility prior of respiratory motion and incorporate it in a plug-and-play (PnP) fashion into the training of an unsupervised image registration network to improve registration accuracy and robustness to noise and artifacts. In particular, we propose a novel approach to develop a feasibility descriptor from a set of deformation vector fields (DVFs) generated from FBCTs. Subsequently, this FBCT-derived feasibility descriptor was used as a spatially variant regularizer on DVF Jacobian during the unsupervised training for 4D-CBCT registration. In doing so, the higher-quality, higher-confidence information from FBCT is transferred into the much challenging problem of CBCT registration, without explicit FB-CB synthesis. The method was evaluated using manually identified landmarks on real CBCTs and automatically detected landmarks on simulated CBCTs. The method presented good robustness to noise and artifacts and generated physically more feasible DVFs. The target registration errors on the real and simulated data were (1.63 ± 0.98) and (2.16 ± 1.91) mm, respectively, significantly better than the classic bending energy regularization in both the conventional method in SimpleElastix and the unsupervised network. The average registration time was 0.04 s.
The effects of extended action research-based professional development on the teaching of climate science

This study explored the use of collaborative action research (CAR) in a year-long professional development (PD) for global climate change (GCC) education. The purpose was to understand how high sch...
Of Mice and Metaphysics: Natural Selection and Realized Population‐Level Properties*

In this paper, I answer a fundamental question facing any view according to which natural selection is a population‐level causal process—namely, how is the causal process of natural selection related to, yet not preempted by, causal processes that occur at the level of individual organisms? Without an answer to this grounding question, the population‐level causal view appears unstable—collapsing into either an individual‐level causal interpretation or the claim that selection is a purely formal, statistical phenomenon. I argue that a causal account of realization provides an answer to the grounding question. By applying this account of realization to the natural selection of melanism in rock pocket mice, I show how an alternative, formal account of realization, favored by proponents of the statistical interpretation, misses biologically important features. More generally, this paper shows how metaphysical issues about realization normally discussed in the philosophy of mind apply to debates in philosophy ...
Transforming growth factor-beta: death takes a holiday.

Neural development seems normal in mice lacking single TGF-βs, but blocking function of all TGF-βs is now shown to rescue neurons from programmed apoptosis, suggesting that TGF-βs might determine the timing of vulnerability to trophic factor deprivation in development.
Localization of deoxyribonucleic acid complementary to ribosomal ribonucleic acid and preribosomal ribonucleic acid in the nucleolus of rat liver.

Abstract The fraction and distribution of DNA complementary to ribosomal RNA and preribosomal RNA was investigated by the technique of molecular hybridization with the DNA of isolated nucleoli and nuclei of rat liver. Nuclear DNA complementary to ribosomal 18 S RNA and 28 S RNA was 0.014% and 0.032%, respectively. Nucleolar DNA complementary to ribosomal 18 S RNA and 28 S RNA was 0.10% and 0.22%, respectively. About 75% of the ribosomal RNA cistrons were contained in the DNA of isolated nucleoli. Nucleolar DNA complementary to nucleolar 28 S RNA, 35 S RNA, 45 S RNA, and 55 S RNA was 0.44%, 0.44%, 0.52%, and 0.53%, respectively. The absence of competition between ribosomal 18 S RNA and 28 S RNA for the DNA of isolated nucleoli and nuclei indicated that there were distinct sequences of DNA complementary to the two ribosomal RNAs. The existence of competition between ribosomal RNAs and preribosomal RNAs for the DNA of isolated nucleoli indicated that the two ribosomal RNAs shared base sequences in common with nucleolar 28 S RNA, 35 S RNA, and 45 S RNA, and suggested that the latter may contain base sequences similar to ribosomal 18 S RNA that are not converted to either of the two ribosomal RNAs. The analyses for the base composition of preribosomal RNAs indicated that the conversion of nucleolar 45 S RNA to nucleolar 28 S RNA was accompanied by a progressive increase in the content of adenine and a decrease in the content of uracil. The nucleolar DNA fraction contained a major band of buoyant density in CsCl of 1.700 g per cm3, a light satellite component of 1.692 g per cm3, and a heavy satellite component of 1.708 g per cm3. The heavy satellite, which comprised 8% of the total nucleolar DNA, contained a major part of the DNA complementary to ribosomal 18 S RNA and nucleolar 28 S RNA, 35 S RNA, and 45 S RNA, and a smaller percentage of the DNA complementary to ribosomal 28 S RNA. The base composition of nucleolar DNA differed from nuclear DNA in a disparity between the content of adenine (30%) and the content of thymine (27%).
Abstract 13512: Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Hemodialysis Setting

Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the most common mode of death in dialysis patients, but there is little information regarding outcomes of resuscitation in this group of patients. Hypothesis: There is a difference in resuscitation outcome from SCA in hemodialysis patients compared to those without renal disease. Methods: Cases of out-of-hospital SCA, age ≥18 years were identified from an ongoing prospective community-based study in the Northwest US. Resuscitation variables were recorded from first responder reports. Renal disease and dialysis information was collected from patient’s medical history. Pearson’s chi-square tests and independent samples t-tests were used for univariate comparisons. Results: Among 2311 cases identified (2002-2012) (mean age 64.5±16.9 years, 66.6% male), 90 cases were on chronic dialysis and 276 had chronic renal disease without dialysis. Resuscitation variables and outcomes were compared between patients on dialysis (dialysis group, n=90) and patients without chron...
VSCADA: A reconfigurable virtual SCADA test-bed for simulating power utility control center operations

Complex large-scale cyber-physical systems, such as electric power grids, oil & gas pipeline systems, transportation systems, etc. are critical infrastructures that provide essential services for the entire nation. In order to improve systems' security and resilience, researchers have developed many Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) test beds for testing the compatibility of devices, analyzed the potential cyber threats/vulnerabilities, and trained practitioners to operate and protect these critical systems. In this paper, we describe a new test bed architecture for modeling and simulating power system related research. Since the proposed test bed is purely software defined and the communication is emulated, its functionality is versatile. It is able to reconfigure virtual systems for different real control/monitoring scenarios. The unified architecture can seamlessly integrate various kinds of system-level power system simulators (real-time/non real-time) with the infrastructure being controlled or monitored with multiple communication protocols. We depict the design methodology in detail. To validate the usability of the test bed, we implement an IEEE 39-bus power system case study with a power flow analysis and dynamics simulation mimicking a real power utility infrastructure. We also include a cascading failure example to show how system simulators such as Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E), etc. can seamlessly interact with the proposed virtual test bed.
Modeling and Simulation in Medicine: The State of the Art

Abstract Computer modeling and simulation techniques are playing an increasingly central role in changing both the way medicine is taught and the way it is practiced. Fundamental to the art and science of modeling and simulation is an underlying assumption that insight into system behavior can be developed or enhanced from a model that adequately represents a selected subset of the system's attributes. Simulation design considerations include: the provision of an appropriate user interface; determining optimal simulation complexity; defining a tutorial strategy; selecting authoring tools; assessing hardware requirements; identifying user needs; defining pedagogical goals; verification and validation; and system evaluation. Significant trends in simulation include the development of improved authoring tools, migration to desktop hardware platforms, and integration of simulation techniques with other types of applications.
Surgical Resection of Pulmonary Metastatic Lesions Secondary to Tumors of the Head, Trunk, or Extremities

Thirty-eight operations were performed on thirty-six patients for the resection of localized pulmonary metastatic disease secondary to lesions arising in the head, trunk, or extremities. The primary lesions were largely sarcomatous. The pulmonary resections were limited in extent, consistent with the size and location of the metastatic lesion, and there was no operative mortality. The one, three, and five-year survival rates were 69, 21, and 23 per cent, respectively. The prognosis did not appear to be related to the specific type of lesion, the size of the lesion, the presence of clinical signs of pulmonary involvement, or the length of time since the primary operation. Multicentricity of the metastatic lesions was associated with lower survival rates. The prognosis in these patients does not appear to be quite so good as in those with localized pulmonary metastasis from visceral organs, but the results indicate that resection is justified and worth while in properly selected cases.
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL INTERTIES IN POSTWAR ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1

ONE of the most important features of the period since the Second World War has been the tremendous growth in the demand for energy in various parts of the world.2 Not only has the rate of growth been rapid, but it seems to be accelerating. Accompanying this expansion in energy demands has been a trend towards, and an increasing proportion of, energy consumed in the form of electric power.3 Electrical energy is regarded as a higher form of energy, and the volume of energy consumed in a country or a region is often viewed as a measure of its standard of living. As the demand for energy in its various forms has increased, the geographic horizon
Simulation of Confined Primitive Electrolytes: Application of a New Method of Summing the Coulomb Field

Abstract Recently, Lekner has presented a new method to sum the Coulomb forces between charged particles of a central system and its images extended periodically in 2- and 3- dimensions. In this paper we apply the new method in canonical ensemble Monte Carlo (CMC) simulations of the primitive electrolyte confined between two planar surfaces: one is charged and the other is neutral. The anions and cations have identical size with diameter d = 4.25 A and interact with a hard sphere repulsion and Coulomb interaction. In Lekner's method the long range Coulomb potential is computed from a series of Bessel functions. We have demonstrated that the series converges after about 10 terms and so is computationally quite simpler than the Ewald sum methods. The method is also faster for confined electrolytes than are those Ewald-like sum methods with which we compared it. In our simulations, we obtained the density distributions and mean electrostatic potentials of the confined system for the 1:1 electrolyte having co...
Catheter therapy of Swiss cheese ventricular septal defects using the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder.

The medical and surgical management of patients with multiple muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) is associated with morbidity and mortality. Three children with Swiss cheese VSDs were treated with transcatheter occlusion of their multiple defects using the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder. Seventeen defects were closed in five catheterization procedures. One patient had three devices placed in two procedures, the second had five defects closed in one procedure, and the third had nine defects closed in two procedures. Two patients had previously been treated with pulmonary artery banding and required subsequent surgical band removal. There was immediate reduction in the left-to-right shunting and clinical improvement in all patients. Complications included the need for blood transfusion during the two longest procedures and tricuspid valve regurgitation in one. Transcatheter occlusion of multiple VSDs is an acceptable alternative or adjunct to surgical therapy for these complex patients.
Interaction of xylamine with peripheral sympathetic neurons.

Abstract Xylamine (XYL) administered to intact rats caused a 70–80% reduction in norepinephrine (NE) uptake by the vas deferens but had little or no effect on NE content in that tissue. The vas deferens accumulates 3H-XYL in vitro by a desmethylimipramine (DMI)-sensitive mechanism. Vasa deferentia from 6-hydroxydopamine (60HDA) pretreated animals exhibited a 80% reduction in both NE content and XYL uptake activity. These results indicate that XYL is taken up by sympathetic nerve terminals and can reduce NE uptake activity without depleting terminals of neurotransmitter.
Conformational Dynamics of a ``Titratable'' Cardiac Inotrope

Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. To help gain insight into mechanisms and forge new experimental therapeutics we are using time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to detect structural changes within the cardiac troponin complex that occur during acute ischemic insult. During an ischemic event, penultimate to cell death, the sarcomere undergoes acidification. In cardiac myocytes, this decrease in pH uncouples calcium homeostasis from contractility. We have shown that the neonatal cardiac isoform of TnI, ssTnI, exhibits reduced pH-sensitivity compared to the adult cTnI isoform, however ssTnI confers deleterious effects at baseline in the context of an adult myocyte. Functional studies demonstrated that this pH-insensitivity stems from ssTnI residue H132. Introduction of a histidine at the homologous position in cTnI (A164H) mitigates the pH-sensitivity of the calcium-force relationship in cardiac myocytes. We are now establishing a TR-FRET approach to detect structural changes within the troponin complex in functional thin filaments with the goal of elucidating the structural dynamics that control pH-sensitive calcium-activated force production in the heart. We have engineered labeling sites designed to detect Ca2+ and pH sensitive structural changes in cTnI and cTnC. We will discuss our progress on utilizing a novel high-throughput fluorescence lifetime plate-reader that allows high-precision detection of time-resolved fluorescence.
Anti-reflective microcrystalline silicon oxide p-layer for thin-film silicon solar cells on ZnO

Abstract As a result from the development of silicon thin-film solar cells that had been conducted at Applied Materials over the last few years, we present a new kind of microcrystalline silicon oxide (μc-SiOx:H) based p-layer for the application in amorphous/microcrystalline (a-Si:H/μc-Si:H) tandem solar cells on ZnO substrates. The refractive index of this p-layer can be adjusted in the range 2–3.5 and therefore serves as a refractive index matching layer between ZnO (n∼2) and silicon (n∼4). By applying such a layer the reflection of solar cells can be reduced to 3%. This results in a significant short circuit current increase in thin-film solar cells. As a follow up to the recently published results of large area thin film silicon modules by us [1] , [2] , we describe in this paper in detail the material properties of this new silicon oxide p-layer, the optimization of electrical and optical properties in solar cells and also the impact on the light induced degradation of a-Si/μc-Si tandem junction cells.
Influence of the structure of nanoscopic building blocks on the assembly of micropatterned surfaces

The effect of solution-state nanoscale structures on the assembly of micropatterns by solvent evaporation was explored with a novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. A copolymer of the structure poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) 75 -b-isoprene 84 was assembled into inverse micelles in toluene, and covalently stabilized in the core by reactive amidation of maleic anhydride residues with 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) to create core-crosslinked nanoparticles (CCNPs) or in the shell by the photoinitiated radical crosslinking reactions of isoprene units to create large crosslinked aggregates (LCAs) of heterogeneous sizes and shapes. Micropatterned films were prepared by the deposition of the diblock copolymer as a solution in acetone and the nanoscale structures (inverse micelle, crosslinked aggregate, and CCNP) as solutions in toluene onto trimethylysilyl chloride treated glass microscope slides under ambient conditions. An analysis by optical microscopy and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the nanoscale surface topology could be controlled by the pre-establishment of the block copolymer phase segregation into well-defined core-shell nanoassemblies in solution. The most interesting films resulted from the evaporative deposition of inverse micelle and CCNP solutions, which afforded uniform, straplike micropatterns of similar dimensions on the microscale and low surface roughness on the nanoscale (roughness = 4 ± 1 and 6 ± 1 nm by AFM).
How we think about cognition, emotion, and biology in psychopathology

The variety of potential relationships assumed between psychological and biological concepts fosters considerable misunderstanding of what our data can tell us. A naively reductionistic view of psychological concepts is prevalent, particularly in the psychopathology literature. A series of examples of the application of psychophysiological methods in studies of cognition, emotion, and psychopathology provides a background for a discussion of these problems. Unwarranted distinctions between cognition and emotion, between classes of measures, and between psychological and biological approaches to understanding normal functioning and psychopathology undermine the ability of cognitive neuroscience to achieve its considerable potential. A nondualistic, nonreductionistic, non-interactive relationship is recommended, with psychological and biological concepts both having central, necessary, and distinct roles.
Is the experience with CHART compatible with experimental data? A new model of repair kinetics and computer simulations

Abstract A new incomplete repair model is introduced that differs from previous models of this type by not assuming that repair is complete during long intervals, e.g. "overnight" intervals of 12–24 h. The model was used to assess the risk of myelopathy resulting from continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy treatment (CHART) in light of recent experimental data on the rat spinal cord [2]. Model calculations employing biexponential repair kinetics showed that CHART treatments might result in a higher myelopathy risk than an equal dose given in conventional 2-Gy fractions if the parameters obtained from the animal data hold. The probability of observing what has been reported for CHART [5] was determined in computer simulations for different variance scenarios. The chance to observe four myelopathies in the 74 cervical cord patients was estimated to range between 25 and 62%, while the probability to see 0 in 68 thoracic cord patients ranged from 48 to 27%. These numbers were derived from reasonable assumptions about the repair kinetics (e.g. 60% of damage repaired with a half-time of 8 h) so that the over-all probability to observe 474 and 068 was maximized, and depending on the scenario fell in the range 12–17%. Finally, from these simulations a myelopathy risk of approximately 0.3–1.2% is predicted for the currently employed maximal CHART dose to the spinal cord, i.e. 42 Gy. We conclude that the CHART experience is not compatible with the new experimental data ( p p ⩽17%). However, the compounding effect of incomplete repair could be minimized by rearranging the modified CHART schedule (with unchanged dose, dose per fraction and overall treatment time) which would result in an increase of the tolerance dose by approximately 10%.
Recent extensional tectonics on the Moon revealed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera

On the Moon, extensional tectonic features have only been observed close to the influence of the mare basalt-filled basins and floor-fractured craters. Analysis of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera images reveals several potentially very young extensional tectonic features in the farside highlands, implying that extensional stresses may locally exceed compressional ones.
Energy performance of net-zero and near net-zero energy homes in New England

Abstract Objective To investigate the energy performance of net-zero energy homes (NZEHs) and near net-zero energy homes (NNZEHs) in New England. NZEHs produce at least as much energy as they consume on site in a year, while NNZEHs are designed to come close to net-zero. Methods We gathered construction and occupational statistics on 20 homes; measured 12 months of energy consumption, cost and production data; developed custom models to predict consumption and production; and compared measured performance to modeled predictions. Results Six out of ten NZEHs achieved net-zero energy or better, while all the NNZEHs achieved an energy density (kW h/m2/person) at least half as low as a control house; measured energy consumption averaged 14% below predictions for the NZEHs and 38% above predictions for the NNZEHs; and generated energy was within ±10% of predicted for 17 out of 18 on-site PV systems. Conclusion Even in cold New England, these types of homes, using very diverse systems and designs, can meet or exceed their designed-for energy performance, though actual performance varies widely. Practical implications Architects, engineers, and policymakers now have quantifiable evidence in support of increasing energy conservation requirements and renewable energy incentives in residential building codes in New England.
Perceptual Position and Competitive Brand Strategy in a Two-Dimensional, Two-Brand Market

Brand positioning and competitive reaction are important determinants of optimal brand strategy. Analyses of brand strategy have focused on optimal pricing and positioning issues using either empirical models of perceptions and preferences, game theory to examine competition, or both. However, the important issues of advertising and distribution strategy have not been fully addressed. This paper analyzes competition and strategy between two brands that compete in a two-dimensional market with advertising and distribution spending, in addition to prices and product positions. In particular, for a unimodal taste distribution of ideal points we show how â¢ optimal competitive Nash equilibrium marketing mix levels and profits depend on the positions of both brands, â¢ brands can reposition to increase profit and under what conditions these strategies imply minimum versus maximum differentiation positioning equilibria, and â¢ how the intensity of advertising and distribution competition affect equilibrium brand positions.
Psychopathology and psychiatric diagnosis in subjects with dental phobia

Abstract To determine the diagnostic and psychopathologic characteristics of subjects with dental phobia, 73 subjects with dental phobia were systematically assessed using structured clinical interviews and multiple rating scales already validated as measures of dental phobia. Forty percent of the sample had a current Axis I diagnosis other than simple phobia, mostly anxiety (20%) or mood (16%) disorder. This subgroup had more Axis II diagnoses, functional impairment, generalized phobic avoidance, and somatization tendencies, higher harm avoidance scores on the TPQ, and more dental fear. Subgroupings based on the presence of an Axis II diagnosis, a lifetime Axis I diagnosis, multiple phobias, and type of dental fear yielded far fewer differences on the above diagnostic and psychometric measures. It remains to be seen whether using both DSM-III-R diagnoses and already validated dental fear classification schemes will improve treatment planning and outcome for these patients.