cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bending light to our will

This article is based on the Fred Kavli Distinguished Lectureship in Nanoscience presentation given by Harry Atwater (California Institute of Technology) on April 5, 2010 at the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting in San Francisco, CA. The Kavli Foundation supports scientific research, honors scientific achievement, and promotes public understanding of scientists and their work. Its particular focuses are astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience. Solar energy is currently enjoying substantial growth and investment, owing to worldwide sensitivity to energy security and climate change. Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource and is in abundant supply on all continents of the world. The power density of sunlight (~1000 W/m 2 ) and the effi ciency of photovoltaic devices (~10–25%) are high enough so that land use does not limit photovoltaic deployment at the terawatt scale. However solar photovoltaics are currently too expensive to achieve parity with other forms of electricity generation based on fossil fuels. This is largely due to the cost (and for some cases, the abundance) of materials used in photovoltaic modules and systems, and the cost of deploying in current form. This economic and social context has created the present situation where there is widespread interest in photovoltaic technology for power generation, but the cumulative installed world capacity for photovoltaics is <50 GW, and it appears to be very challenging for photovoltaics to play a very substantial role in large-scale (terawatt) electricity generation in the short term.
The Role of Emission Trading in Domestic Climate Policy

This paper focuses on two specific issues in the design of a domestic cap and trade program for GHGs – whether the cap should be located upstream or downstream, and whether trading alone will suffice to achieve the desired reduction in GHGs or will need to be supplemented with additional regulatory measures. The paper argues for a downstream cap accompanied by measures such as a renewable portfolio standard, efficiency standards for vehicles, appliances and buildings, and a low carbon fuel standard. For this argument, it is necessary to address both the theory and the empirical evidence of emission trading. After reviewing the theory, the paper examines the actual experience in the U.S. with emission trading for SO 2 , to see whether the assumptions used in the theory actually applied in practice. What actually happened deviated in several important respects from what was supposed to happen according to the conventional theorizing. The design of a cap and trade program for GHG is then discussed, first considering the similarities between the past regulation of air pollutants and the challenge posed by GHGs, and then making the case for a downstream cap and complementary policies.
Development and application of an advanced capacity spectrum method

In this study an advanced capacity spectrum method (CSM), incorporating inelastic response history analysis is proposed. By employing inelastic response history analysis, the errors introduced due to the use of equivalent linear approaches are eliminated. The available variants of the CSM and the proposed method are used for the evaluation of the seismic response of a woodframe structure. The results are compared to experimental test data. It is observed that more accurate results are obtained with the method proposed in this paper, while the existing CSM approaches exhibited several shortcomings. These shortcomings include failure to predict the displacement demand, incompatibility between the demand and capacity diagrams and non-convergence. It is also observed that updating the bilinear idealization of the structural system according to the selected trial performance point on the capacity diagram significantly improves the accuracy of the CSM.
The induction and suppression of c-fos expression in the rat brain by cholecystokinin and its antagonist L364,718.

Abstract Immunohistochemical techniques were used to map c- fos expression in the rat brain after the i.p. administration of CCK-8 (8 μg/kg). C- fos expression was observed in the rostral and the caudal parts of the nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS), and the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in the hypothalamus. The c- fos expression in these areas was suppressed by the administration of L364,718 (120 μg/kg). Since L364,718 is known to be a powerful selective antagonist to the peripheral CCK-A receptors, these data suggest that the effects produced by exogenous CCK are due to peripheral receptors that project to the NTS.
Relative invariants for homogeneous linear differential equations

On presente de nouvelles identites essentielles pour une theorie satisfaisante des invariants relatifs. On les decouvre par l'etude d'une classe particuliere d'equations differentielles non lineaires
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract The Department of Energy's (DOE) hydrogen and fuel cell activities are presented, focussing on key targets and progress. Recent results on the cost, durability, and performance of fuel cells are discussed, along with the status of hydrogen-related technologies and cross-cutting activities. DOE has deployed fuel cells in key early markets, including backup power and forklifts. Recent analyses show that fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are among the most promising options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and petroleum use. Preliminary analysis also indicates that the total cost of ownership of FCEVs will be comparable to other advanced vehicle and fuel options.
Early postnatal methoxychlor exposure inhibits folliculogenesis and stimulates anti-Mullerian hormone production in the rat ovary

Methoxychlor [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl) ethane; MXC] is a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide commonly used in the United States as a replacement for DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane]. While MXC is a weak estrogenic compound, its more active, major metabolite [2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; HPTE] shows estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, or anti-androgenic properties depending on the receptor subtype with which it interacts. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a paracrine factor that suppresses initial follicle recruitment in the ovary. Studies have shown the effects of exposure to MXC on adult ovarian morphology and function. However, the effect of exposure to MXC at an early postnatal stage on pre-pubertal follicular development and ovarian AMH production has not been studied. Around postnatal day (P) 4, most of the primordial follicular assembly in rats is complete, and a large number of primordial follicles transition into the primary follicle stage, a process that is inhibited by estrogen. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of early postnatal (P3–P10) MXC exposure on ovarian morphology and size, follicle number, and AMH production in the pre-pubertal (P20) rat ovary and to investigate the effect of HPTE on AMH production in immature rat granulosa cells in vitro. Female rats were injected (s.c.) daily with vehicle (control) or 1, 10, 50, 100, or 500 mg MXC/kg per day (referred to here as 1MXC, 10MXC, and so forth.) between P3 and P10. On P20, uterine and ovarian weights were determined, ovarian histology was examined, and follicles were counted and classified into primordial, primary, secondary, pre-antral, or antral stages using the two largest serial sections at the center of the ovary. Ovarian AMH production
Interpretation of thin-film polycrystalline solar cell capacitance

Variation of thin-film polycrystalline solar cell capacitance with frequency and voltage is used to determine (1) carrier density, and hence Fermi-level position, in the more lightly doped semiconductor, (2) width of the intrinsic layer often found adjacent to a polycrystalline heterojunction, and (3) density of extraneous states at the Fermi level in the depletion region. For CuInSe/sub 2/ cells from three laboratories, the values extracted show a relatively modest dependence on temperature and light intensity. Reliable interpretation of the capacitance measurements requires continual monitoring of actual junction voltage, the real to imaginary impedance ratio, and the degree of voltage sweep hysteresis. >
Elastic constants of Pb5Ge3O11 from 25 to 240 °C

The second order elastic constants of unpoled ferroelectric lead germanate, Pb5Ge3O11, have been measured from 25 to 240 °C by using the ultrasonic pulse superposition method. The elastic moduli c11, c33, c12, and c13 show downward directed cusp-like anomalies near the ferroelectric Curie temperature at 177 °C, but the shear moduli c44 and c66 show only a small and monotonical decrease with temperature. For c33 and c13 the correction for piezoelectric stiffening is large and increases the magnitude of the elastic anomaly. By separating the elastic constants into a linearly temperature dependent part c and the elastic anomaly Δcμv it is found that for the ferroelectric phase the anomalous contributions of the unstiffened constants obey the relations Δc11 = Δc12 and Δc11Δc33 = (Δc13)2. A group theoretical analysis shows that these relations follow if the soft Raman mode of A symmetry dominates the internal strain contributions to the elastic constants. This suggests that the elastic anomaly is predominantly caused by the linear acoustic–optic mode interaction proposed by Miller and Axe for the elastic anomaly in β-quartz. Die elastischen Konstanten zweiter Ordnung wurden an ungepoltem Bleigermanat, Pb5Ge3O11, im Bereich von 25 bis 240 °C mittels Ultraschall-Pulsuberlagerungsverfahren gemessen. Die elastischen Moduln c11, c33, c12 and c13 weisen in der Umgebung der ferroelektrischen Curie-Temperatur von 177 °C abwarts gerichtete spitzenformige Anomalien auf, aber die Schubmoduln c44 and c66 zeigen nur eine kleine monotone Abnahme mit steigender Temperatur. Fur c33 and c13 ist die piezoelektrische Korrektur gros und erhoht den Betrag der elastischen Anomalie. Wenn die elastischen Konstanten in einen linear von der Temperatur abhangigen Anteil c und in die elastische Anomalie Δcμv aufgeteilt werde, genugen die anomalen Beitrage nach Anbrigen der piezoelektrischen Korrektur den Beziehungen Δc11 = Δc12 and Δc11Δc33 = (Δc13)2. Mittels gruppentheoretischer Uberlegungen wird gezeigt, das diese Beziehungen gelten, wenn die soft-Raman-Mode mit A-Symmetrie die von den inneren Verzerrungen herruhrenden Beitrage zu den elastischen Konstanten dominiert. Es liegt daher nahe, die elastische Anomalie vorwiegend der von Miller und Axe fur die elastische Anomalie in β-Quarz vorgeschlagenen linearen Wechselwirkung zwischen akustischen und optischen Schwingungen zuzuschrieben.
Harmonic retrieval in the presence of colored noise

A novel procedure for estimating the number and frequencies of complex exponential signals in the presence of an unknown colored background noise is developed. Under the assumption that the background noise has a rational power spectrum (or a power spectrum that can be closely approximated by a rational one), it is shown that the number and frequencies of the complex exponentials can be estimated by rooting a polynomial that is formed from elements at the vectors spanning the null-space of a Hankel matrix. The entries of this matrix are formed from the correlation sequence of the noisy observations corresponding to the complex exponentials. A method for separating the roots of the polynomial that are due to the complex expotentials from those that are due to the noise is also presented. It is based on properties of the Szego polynomials associated with the correlation sequence of the noisy observations corresponding to the complex exponentials. >
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in large scale nervous activity

A theory is outlined of the nature and origin of drug-induced visual hallucination patterns. It is shown that such patterns correspond to blobs or stripes of visual neo-cortical activity. A neuronal circuit is described that generates such patterns whenever its homogeneous resting state becomes unstable. Such a process is shown to be an example of spontaneous symmetry-breaking, similar to that occurring in electro-weak interactions, and in fluid convection. It is suggested that the neuronal instability is produced by the action of hallucinogens on monoamine secreting brain-stem neurons.
Effects of product unit image on consumption of snack foods

Across a series of three studies, we demonstrate that the number of product units displayed on a package biases consumers' perceptions of product quantity (i.e., the number of snack items the package contains) and actual consumption. Specifically, we demonstrate that consumers use an anchoring heuristic to infer that packages that display a greater number of product units (e.g., 15 pretzels vs. 3 pretzels) have a higher product quantity inside. Importantly, we demonstrate that actual consumption of the food product follows this anchor judgment. The studies demonstrate that these effects are moderated by level of visual processing and that they are robust even in the presence of verbal information.
Quinupristin-Dalfopristin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Humans, Farm Animals, and Grocery Store Meat in the United States

Three hundred sixty-one quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q-D)-resistant Enterococcus faecium (QDREF) isolates were isolated from humans, turkeys, chickens, swine, dairy and beef cattle from farms, chicken carcasses, and ground pork from grocery stores in the United States from 1995 to 2003. These isolates were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine possible commonality between QDREF isolates from human and animal sources. PCR was performed to detect the streptogramin resistance genes vatD, vatE, and vgbA and the macrolide resistance gene ermB to determine the genetic mechanism of resistance in these isolates. QDREF from humans did not have PFGE patterns similar to those from animal sources. vatE was found in 35%, 26%, and 2% of QDREF isolates from turkeys, chickens, and humans, respectively, and was not found in QDREF isolates from other sources. ermB was commonly found in QDREF isolates from all sources. Known streptogramin resistance genes were absent in the majority of isolates, suggesting the presence of other, as-yet-undetermined, mechanisms of Q-D resistance.
Fibrinogen: Associations with cardiovascular events in an outpatient clinic ☆

Abstract Background Fibrinogen, known to influence the coagulation process, is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, its association with myocardial infarction (MI) and its predictive potential for short-term mortality, in an ongoing clinical practice, has not been characterized. Objectives In a high-risk outpatient practice we sought to demonstrate whether baseline fibrinogen levels related to MI rather than CAD alone, and whether baseline serum fibrinogen levels predicted mortality over a short-term follow-up. Methods and Results From a total of 2126 patients with baseline fibrinogen measurements (mean age, 56 ± 12 years, 35% female), 1187 patients with CAD (n = 606 with MI) and 939 patients without CAD were evaluated in an active preventive cardiology unit of a large city hospital. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of fibrinogen with differing CAD presentations. Fibrinogen quartile showed a significant correlation with CAD both univariately and after adjustment for Framingham risk score (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, P P =.001). Fibrinogen did not show a significant association to CAD when MI was not considered in the analysis (OR = 1.01, P =.82). In this same clinical cohort, after a mean follow-up of 24 ± 13 months, 41 patients had died. Consistent with the observed association with MI, fibrinogen quartile showed a graded independent relation to mortality in a cohort of both men and women (hazard ratio=1.81, P Conclusions In the clinical setting of an outpatient clinic, fibrinogen was directly associated with the presence of MI and was revealed to be an independent short-term predictor of mortality. (Am Heart J 2002;143:277-82.)
Vascular adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis

Numerous reports document the role of vascular adhesion molecules in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent novel findings in the field of adhesion molecules require an updated summary of current research. In this review, we highlight the role of vascular adhesion molecules including selectins, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule1 (ICAM-1), PECAM-1, JAMs, and connexins in atherosclerosis. The immune system is important in atherosclerosis, and significant efforts are under way to understand the vascular adhesion molecule–dependent mechanisms of immune cell trafficking into healthy and atherosclerosis-prone arterial walls. This review focuses on the role of vascular adhesion molecules in the regulation of immune cell homing during atherosclerosis and discusses future directions that will lead to better understanding of this disease.
Mothers and Non‐Mothers: Gendering the Discourse of Education in South Asia

This essay brings together and complicates three stories within South Asian education history by gendering them. Thus modern education was actively pursued by mothers for their sons; indigenous education should be understood as continuing at home; and women were crucial actors in men's reform and nationalism efforts through both collaboration and resistance. Gendered history should go beyond the separate story of girls and women, or the understanding of women as mothers and mothers as the nation, to see these three processes as gendered. The paper argues for the coming together of historical and anthropological arguments and for using literature imaginatively.
Mediation by NF-kappa B of cytokine induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in an intestinal epithelial cell line, a process blocked by proteasome inhibitors.

Background/aims —The gene promoter for the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 possesses binding sites for several transcriptional factors, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The role of NF-κB in ICAM-1 gene regulation was therefore examined by using different proteasome inhibitors in tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) stimulated IEC-6 rat intestinal epithelial cells. Methods —ICAM-1 expression was analysed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Steady state levels of cytoplasmic IκB protein were evaluated by western blot, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and immunofluorescence staining. Cell adhesion was assayed by measuring the binding of fluorescence labelled MOLT-4 cells. Results —TNF-α induced ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression in IEC-6 cells, which was followed by increased adhesion of MOLT-4 lymphocytes. Blocking TNF-α induced IκBα degradation with proteasome inhibitors reduced TNF-α induced NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 gene induction and notably decreased MOLT-4 cell adhesion without affecting Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) activity or de novo protein synthesis. Conclusion —TNF-α induction of ICAM-1 expression is mediated by the transcription factor NF-κB and can be inhibited by blocking IκBα degradation. Thus the IκB/NF-κB system is a promising target for pharmacological modulation of the expression of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory genes in the intestine.
Use of Virtual Environments for Acquiring Configurational Knowledge about Specific Real-World Spaces: I. Preliminary Experiment

A relatively simple architectural space was modeled and used to compare the effects of spatial training in simulations versus training in the real world. Thirty-five subjects were trained in one of the following conditions: real world (RW), virtual environment (VE), nonimmersive virtual environment (NVE), and model (Mod). The VE condition made use of a head-mounted display to view the simulated environment, while the NVE condition used a desktop monitor. In the Mod condition, the subject viewed and could manipulate a 3-D model of the space, viewed from a desktop display. The training-transfer tasks, performed after brief unstructured exposure to the actual space or to one of the simulations, consisted of estimating the bearing and range to various targets in the real space from various spatially distributed stations, each such pair of estimates constituting a subtask of the overall transfer task. Results obtained from each of the four training conditions proved to be roughly the same. Training in any one of the simulations was comparable to training in the real world. Independent of training condition, there was a strong tendency among subjects to underestimate range. Variability in range errors was dominated by differences among subjects, whereas variability in bearing errors was dominated by differences among subtasks. These results are discussed in the context of plans for future work.
P02.65. Chiropractic, acupuncture and oriental medicine, and massagec services in two geriatric facilities: outcomes of 1033 patient visits

Purpose There is insufficient information published on the topic of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) clinical services within geriatric settings. The purpose of this presentation is to describe results of a CAM demonstration project carried out within two geriatric facilities. Acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM), chiropractic, and massage clinical services were integrated into the facilities and data systematically collected. We prospectively gathered information on all patient visits provided by the CAM clinicians.
Aerobic Exercise Training Adaptations Are Increased by Postexercise Carbohydrate-Protein Supplementation

Carbohydrate-protein supplementation has been found to increase the rate of training adaptation when provided postresistance exercise. The present study compared the effects of a carbohydrate and protein supplement in the form of chocolate milk (CM), isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO), and placebo on training adaptations occurring over 4.5 weeks of aerobic exercise training. Thirty-two untrained subjects cycled 60 min/d, 5 d/wk for 4.5 wks at 75–80% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Supplements were ingested immediately and 1 h after each exercise session. VO2 max and body composition were assessed before the start and end of training. VO2 max improvements were significantly greater in CM than CHO and placebo. Greater improvements in body composition, represented by a calculated lean and fat mass differential for whole body and trunk, were found in the CM group compared to CHO. We conclude supplementing with CM postexercise improves aerobic power and body composition more effectively than CHO alone.
Bioluminescence-Based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay for Monitoring Influenza Virus Drug Susceptibility in Clinical Specimens

The QFlu prototype bioluminescence-based neuraminidase (NA) inhibition (NI) assay kit was designed to detect NA inhibitor (NAI)-resistant influenza viruses at point of care. Here, we evaluated its suitability for drug susceptibility assessment at a surveillance laboratory. A comprehensive panel of reference viruses (n = 14) and a set of 90 seasonal influenza virus A and B isolates were included for testing with oseltamivir and/or zanamivir in the QFlu assay using the manufacturer-recommended protocol and a modified version attuned to surveillance requirements. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) generated were compared with those of NI assays currently used for monitoring influenza drug susceptibility, the fluorescent (FL) and chemiluminescent (CL) assays. To provide proof of principle, clinical specimens (n = 235) confirmed by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to contain influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 and prescreened for the oseltamivir resistance marker H275Y using pyrosequencing were subsequently tested in the QFlu assay. All three NI assays were able to discriminate the reference NA variants and their matching wild-type viruses based on the difference in their IC50s. Unless the antigenic types were first identified, certain NA variants (e.g., H3N2 with E119V) could be detected among seasonal viruses using the FL assays only. Notably, the QFlu assay identified oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses carrying the H275Y marker directly in clinical specimens, which is not feasible with the other two phenotypic assays, which required prior virus culturing in cells. Furthermore, The QFlu assay allows detection of the influenza virus A and B isolates carrying established and potential NA inhibitor resistance markers and may become a useful tool for monitoring drug resistance in clinical specimens.
Suggestions for Utilizing the 2008 EPAS in CSWE-Accredited Baccalaureate and Masters Curriculums—Reflections from the Field, Part 2: The Implicit Curriculum

This article is Part 2 in a 2-part series discussing the new guidelines for Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) issued in April 2008 by the Council on Social Work Education. The 2008 EPAS shifted the focus of assessment for accreditation or reaffirmation from the evaluation of program objectives to assessment of educational outcomes and student achievement of practice competencies. Because major accreditation challenges for social work programs derive from the 2008 EPAS, this article continues the discussion of a model for sequencing accreditation tasks that began in Volume 30, Issue 2 of this journal. In this article, Part 2, the authors discuss the program's implicit curriculum and its assessment under the 2008 EPAS. The articles in this 2-part series are intended to be companion pieces.
Extending the postpartum anovulatory period in dairy cattle with estradiol cypionate

Estradiol cypionate (ECP), a long-acting estrogen, has been used therapeutically in early postpartum (PP) dairy cows. In experiment 1, effects of ECP on circulating reproductive hormones, cyclicity, and ovarian function in early PP dairy cows were investigated. Lactating Holsteins received 10 mg of ECP (ECP; n = 17) or placebo (CON; n = 16) on d 7 PP. Serum and ultrasound data were acquired from 5 to 90 d of lactation. Compared to CON, ECP cows had greater serum estradiol for 10 d and lower serum FSH for 15 d posttreatment. After ECP, the appearance of follicles > or = 10 mm and time to first ovulation were delayed. Nevertheless, by 90 d PP, normal estrous cycles were found in only 50% of CON versus 88% of ECP cows. Primiparous, but not multiparous, cows receiving ECP had higher milk yields. Experiment 2 investigated effects of ECP on reproduction and milk production on a commercial dairy. Cows were blocked by parity and randomized to three treatments: 0 (n = 85), 4 (n = 85), or 10 (n = 86) mg of ECP on d 5 to 8 PP. Data included cycling status (two ultrasound examinations at 30 to 33 d PP and 7 d later), individual reproduction records, and daily milk yields from 10 to 90 d PP. In primiparous cows, ECP had no significant effects on ovulatory status or milk yields. By 40 d PP, a greater percentage of multiparous cows receiving 10 mg of ECP remained anovulatory compared with those receiving 0 or 4 mg. Milk yields were highest for multiparous cows receiving 4 mg of ECP, intermediate for the 10-mg dose, and lowest for controls. Lower conception was observed in multiparous cows receiving 4 mg of ECP. In summary, ECP delayed time to first ovulation particularly in multiparous cows, an effect associated with observed inhibition of circulating FSH. Milk yield responses to ECP were inconsistent within parity groups across the two experiments.
Yes We Can? The New Push for American Health Security

What are the prospects for meaningful reform of U.S. health care? To answer this question requires understanding why previous reform efforts (and in particular the 1993 Clinton health plan) failed—the combination of deep structural biases against large-scale public provision and the inherited constraints posed by the rise of employment-based insurance. Generally, the context is more favorable today than it was fifteen years ago. But the prospects for change hinge on learning the right lesson of history: Politics comes first. Putting politics first means avoiding the overarching mistake of the Clinton reformers: envisioning a grand policy compromise rather than hammering out a real political compromise. It also means addressing the inevitable fears of those who believe they are well protected by our eroding employment-based framework. And it means premising political strategies on the contemporary realities of hyperpolarized politics, rather than wistfully recalled images of the bipartisan politics of old.
Providing Optimal Special Education Services to Hispanic Children and Their Families

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that 44.3 million people living in the United States in 2006 were of Hispanic descent. This population is far from homogeneous and includes seven major subgroups based on their origin, each with its own characteristics, which are briefly discussed. Of the 5.1 million children identified as English language learners, 79% speak Spanish as their first language based on 2004-2005 school records. This article presents several areas to be considered by education personnel when working with the Hispanic population, including rearing and communication patterns, families' experiences attaining literacy and school resources, facilitating communication with Hispanic families, and how families understand and react to various educational and medical disabilities. Three case studies illustrate scenarios of children of various ages and challenges and ways in which their families might ensure that they receive optimal educational opportunities. The article ends with a list of suggestions f...
The Effect of Poisonous Range Plants on Abortions in Livestock

The Effect of Poisonous Range Plants on Abortions in Livestock DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i1_welch
Transforming Cancer Care: Are Transdisciplinary Approaches Using Design-Thinking, Engineering, and Business Methodologies Needed to Improve Value in Cancer Care Delivery?

Although design-thinking and engineering methodologies have not been used in cancer care delivery transformation, there are opportunities for these methodologies to improve interventions aimed at delivering high-quality cancer care.
Friendship support patterns of older American women

Abstract Research during the past decade has firmly established the informal support of family, friends, and neighbors as critical in older people's health and well-being. The decade has also seen increasing attention to informal supports in social policy and services addressing the needs of older people. The support of friends in particular is agreed to be important but the details of its nature and consequence require more research. This article draws on field research of friendship among a population of older American women to ask: (1) How do older women themselves perceive their friendship involvement and its significance as a source of support?; (2) How do the friendship support patterns of later life compare and connect with those of earlier stages?; (3) How do friends relate to other sources of informal support in terms of support exchanged?; and (4) What are the implications for human service professionals concerned with effective use of informal support in later life?
Forage Quality and Performance of Yearlings Grazing Switchgrass Strains Selected for Differing Digestibility

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a native, perennial warm-season grass commonly used as summer pasture. Three strains of switchgrass with different in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) values were evaluated with yearling cattle (Bos taurus) in three replicated grazing trials All strains were similar in genetic background, maturity and yield potential. 'Trailblazer' (high-IVDMD) resulted in higher (P < .05) ADG than 'Pathfinder' and 'low-IVDMD'. Available forage of Trailblazer had higher IVDMD than Pathfinder and low-IVDMD. The IVDMD differences among strains were similar throughout the season; IVDMD declined between .3 and .5 percentage units per day. Forage availability, CP, NDF and ADF, permanganate lignin and ash were similar among strains. This study documents that plant breeders can select switchgrass plants for higher IVDMD and that strains consisting of progeny of these plants can result in higher animal gains than strains cons.isting of progeny of unselected or lowqVDMD plants with similar genetic background, forage yield, maturity, morphology and chemical composition. (
DNA translocation through an array of kinked nanopores

Synthetic solid-state nanopores are being intensively investigated as single-molecule sensors for detection and characterization of DNA, RNA and proteins. This field has been inspired by the exquisite selectivity and flux demonstrated by natural biological channels and the dream of emulating these behaviours in more robust synthetic materials that are more readily integrated into practical devices. So far, the guided etching of polymer films, focused ion-beam sculpting, and electron-beam lithography and tuning of silicon nitride membranes have emerged as three promising approaches to define synthetic solid-state pores with sub-nanometre resolution. These procedures have in common the formation of nominally cylindrical or conical pores aligned normal to the membrane surface. Here we report the formation of ‘kinked’ silica nanopores, using evaporation-induced self-assembly, and their further tuning and chemical derivatization using atomic-layer deposition. Compared with ‘straight through’ proteinaceous nanopores of comparable dimensions, kinked nanopores exhibit up to fivefold reduction in translocation velocity, which has been identified as one of the critical issues in DNA sequencing. Additionally, we demonstrate an efficient two-step approach to create a nanopore array exhibiting nearly perfect selectivity for ssDNA over dsDNA. We show that a coarse-grained drift–diffusion theory with a sawtooth-like potential can reasonably describe the velocity and translocation time of DNA through the pore. By control of pore size, length and shape, we capture the main functional behaviours of protein pores in our solid-state nanopore system. Synthetic solid-state nanopores are of interest at present for their use as single-molecule sensors for characterization and detection of biomolecules. By using self-assembly evaporation and atomic-layer deposition, kinked silica nanopores are shown to exhibit reduction in DNA-translocation velocity and selectivity.
Hydro‐isostatic deflection and tectonic tilting in the central Andes: Initial results of a GPS survey of Lake Minchin shorelines

Sufficiently large lake loads provide a means of probing rheological stratification of the crust and upper mantle. Lake Minchin was the largest of the late Pleistocene pluvial lakes in the central Andes. Prominent shorelines, which formed during temporary still-stands in the climatically driven lake level history, preserve records of lateral variations in subsequent net vertical motions. At its maximum extent the lake was 140 m deep and spanned 400 km N-S and 200 km E-R. The load of surficial water contained in Lake Minchin was sufficient to depress the crust and underlying mantle by 20-40 m, depending on the subjacent rheology. Any other differential vertical motions will also be recorded as departures from horizontality of the shorelines. We recently conducted a survey of shoreline elevations of Lake Minchin with the express intent of monitoring the hydro-isostatic deflection and tectonic tilting. Using real-time differential Global Positioning System (GPS), we measured topographic profiles across suites of shorelines at 15 widely separated locations throughout the basin. Horizontal and vertical accuracies attained are roughly 30 and 70 cm, respectively. Geomorphic evidence suggests that the highest shoreline was occupied only briefly (probably less than 200 years) and radiocarbon dates on gastropod shells found in association with the shore deposits constrain the age to roughly 17 kyr. The basin-side pattern of elevations of the highest shoreline is composed of two distinct signals: (27 +/- 1) m of hydro-isostatic deflection due to the lake load, and a planar tilt with east and north components of (6.8 +/- 0.4) 10(exp -5) and 9-5.3 +/- 0.3) 10(exp -5). This rate of tilting is too high to be plausibly attributed to steady tectonism, and presumably reflects some unresolved combination of tectonism plus the effects of oceanic and lacustrine loads on a laterally heterogeneous substrate. The history of lake level fluctuations is still inadequately known to allow detailed inferences of crust and mantle rheology. However, it is already clear that the effective elastic plate thickness is closer to 40 km than the 60-70 km crustal thickness in the central Andes and the effective viscosity is less than 5 10(exp 20) Pa s.
Examining the association of abortion history and current mental health: A reanalysis of the National Comorbidity Survey using a common-risk-factors model.

Abstract Using the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), Coleman, Coyle, Shuping, and Rue (2009) published an analysis indicating that compared to women who had never had an abortion, women who had reported an abortion were at an increased risk of several anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. Here, we show that those results are not replicable. That is, using the same data, sample, and codes as indicated by those authors, it is not possible to replicate the simple bivariate statistics testing the relationship of ever having had an abortion to each mental health disorder when no factors were controlled for in analyses ( Table 2 in Coleman et al., 2009 ). Furthermore, among women with prior pregnancies in the NCS, we investigated whether having zero, one, or multiple abortions (abortion history) was associated with having a mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder at the time of the interview. In doing this, we tested two competing frameworks: the abortion-as-trauma versus the common-risk-factors approach. Our results support the latter framework. In the bivariate context when no other factors were included in models, abortion history was not related to having a mood disorder, but it was related to having an anxiety or substance use disorder. When prior mental health and violence experience were controlled in our models, no significant relation was found between abortion history and anxiety disorders. When these same risk factors and other background factors were controlled, women who had multiple abortions remained at an increased risk of having a substance use disorder compared to women who had no abortions, likely because we were unable to control for other risk factors associated with having an abortion and substance use. Policy, practice, and research should focus on assisting women at greatest risk of having unintended pregnancies and having poor mental health—those with violence in their lives and prior mental health problems.
Genetic dissection of segregation distortion II. Mechanism of suppression of distortion by certain inversions.

In(2L+2R)Cy and In(2LR)Pm2 are inversion-bearing chromosomes, the former carrying a paracentric inversion in each arm and the latter carrying a long pericentric. Both chromosomes produce normal segregation ratios when present in heterozygous males with certain segregation distorter chromosomes. The apparent suppression of distortion by these chromosomes was long attributed to a failure of synapsis, but this hypothesis has fallen out of favor recently because a large number of chromosome aberrations, particularly translocations and inversions, suppress distortion even though their breakpoints fall into no recognizable pattern. Although failure of synapsis does not appear to be the mechanism of suppression of distortion, what is responsible for the suppression remains unknown. In this paper it is shown that In(2L+2R)Cy and In(2LR)Pm2 suppress segregation distortion because they carry Rsp, a component of the segregation distorter system that renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion. Both chromosomes induce "suicide" of chromosomes carrying Sd Rsp+.
Models of Semantic Memory

Each chapter is self contained and aims to engage readers possessing various levels of modeling experience. For graduate students, researchers, and scholars studying brain science and related fields.
Sustained regression of a primary choroidal melanoma under the influence of a therapeutic melanoma vaccine.

PURPOSETo determine whether active specific immunotherapy with lysates of cutaneous melanoma cells, administered with immunologic adjuvant DETOX (Ribi ImmunoChem Research, Inc, Hamilton, MT), is effective in shrinking a primary choroidal melanoma, in an elderly patient already blind in the nontumorous eye. An 81-year-old man was referred with a primary choroidal melanoma of the left eye, with virtual blindness of the right eye due to macular degeneration. He was begun on active specific immunotherapy with an experimental melanoma vaccine (melanoma theraccine) and DETOX on weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, respected after a hiatus of 2 weeks. After a response was noted, monthly injections were given.RESULTSThe patient had a significant shrinkage of his choroidal melanoma from a height of 4.2 mm to 2.4 mm within 2 months. This was sustained by continual treatment for 21 months until September 1991. After the patient failed to return for 9 months while recuperating from a stroke, the lesion regrew to a height of 3.7 ...
Propagation of Uncertainty An Uncertainty Budget Example

Finding the uncertainty of a single measurement is just part of the story. In this chapter we show how to combine the uncertainties from several measurements to determine the total uncertainty for a calculated quantity. For example, while generating a cost estimate for repaving a rectangular parking lot, you may need to combine the uncertainties in measured distances (length and width of the lot) to find the uncertainty in area. The chapter develops two extensive examples: determination of the elastic modulus from an experiment measuring several different quantities, and a radiation heat transfer problem. In both examples uncertainty budgets are developed and demonstrate how they can be used, for example, to minimize the cost of equipment.
Simulated Insect Damage to Rice: Effects of Leaf Removal

Insect damage to rice was simulated by artificially removing various portions of the photosynthetic surfaces during the seedling and tillering stage of growth. Twenty-five and 50% leaf removal in the seedling stage reduced yields 3 and 8%. respectively. Twenty-five and 50% removal in the tillering stage reduced yields 5 and 12%. respectively. Yield loss from leaf removal was greater on rice planted in April than on rice planted in May.
Cross-resistance of erythrosin B-resistant house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), to insecticides.

Cross-resistance of erythrosin B-resistant house flies, Musca domestica L., to four insecticides was studied. The erythrosin B-resistant strain did not exhibit cross-resistance to propoxur, DDT, permethrin, and dichlorvos but was resistant to rose bengal and phloxin B. However, erythrosin B was toxic to dieldrin-, knockdown-, and diazinon-resistant house fly strains. Results indicate that erythrosin B produces no cross-resistance to different insecticides.
Entrenchment as a Theoretical Tool in Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Inferences from dependencies in development, or from conserved traits, structures, or genes, have become a central and ubiquitous tool in evolutionary developmental biology. An element with many downstream consequences of its operation in an adaptive system should be conserved because its deletion or change would likely have massively deleterious effects. Thus, substantial observed dependencies should predict conservation, and vice versa. Dependencies and conservation are both matters of degree, generating an ordering of rates of evolutionary change. I trace four independent sources for this idea with subtle differences in their application. The origins of the use of genetic pleiotropy to predict conservation is complex and progressed in multiple stages, with partial awareness emerging in the 1960s, and grew erratically in use without becoming a major theme until the 1990s. Since 2000 it has grown to become an essential tool and applied in an expanding number of ways. I distinguish and illustrate “top-down” and “bottom up” approaches, though people now working from one direction often recruit collaborators from the other. Other approaches have had diverse inspirations and points of initial application. Rupert Riedl’s notion of “burden” was applied primarily to morphological traits, with an elaborated account of organizational factors modulating entrenchment. Wallace Arthur explored dependency in “morphogenetic trees,” utilizing as his inspiration cellular descent trees in metazoans. Bill Wimsatt looked for “generative entrenchment” in factors both internal and external to the developing system to analyze innate behavior. Entrenchment was later extended to analyze development in Drosophila and to construct multi-locus population genetic models of gene control networks, yielding new results that illuminate relations between micro and meso-evolution. Applications of generative entrenchment to cultural and technological evolution are also sketched, where development of individuals and other social entities must play a central role.
Abstract POSTER-BIOL-1306: DNA methylation changes during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important step in the process of metastasis and has been linked to cancer cell stemness. We hypothesize that aside from defined genetic changes associated with EMT, epigenetic mechanisms are involved and have not been fully elucidated. We determined DNA methylation in SKOV3 ovarian cancer (OC) cells during EMT induced by TGF-s using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 array. Methylation levels of CpG sites were expressed as s-values ranging from 0 (totally unmethylated) to 1 (totally methylated). Methylation of 468 and 390 sites changed (P Citation Format: Horacio Cardenas, Edyta Vieth, Jiyoon Lee, Yunlong Liu, Kenneth P. Nephew, Daniela Matei. DNA methylation changes during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 8-9, 2014; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(16 Suppl):Abstract nr POSTER-BIOL-1306.
Inactivation of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in chicken meat and purge using thermal processing, high pressure processing, gamma radiation, and ultraviolet light (254 nm)

Abstract Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common contaminant in meat and poultry, and causes urinary tract infections after colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, followed by accidental transfer of contaminated feces to the urethra. There is limited information regarding the inactivation kinetics of S. saprophyticus in meat and poultry. When S. saprophyticus was suspended in ground chicken meat (GCM) the thermal processing D10 was 6.26, 0.60 and 0.09 min at 55, 60 and 65 °C, respectively. When S. saprophyticus was inoculated into GCM and subjected to high pressure processing (5 °C, 0–25 min) at 200, 300 or 400 MPa the HPP D10 was 15.5, 9.43, and 3.54 min, respectively. When the S. saprophyticus cocktail was inoculated into GCM and irradiated (5 and −20 °C) the gamma radiation D10 were 0.64 and 0.77 kGy, respectively. When S. saprophyticus was inoculated into chicken purge which was then placed on food contact surfaces including stainless steel, and high density polyethylene and polypropylene and treated with UV-C (0–60 mJ/cm2) the UV-C D10 ranged from 14.9 to 18.5 mJ/cm2. These results indicate the inactivation kinetics for S. saprophyticus are consistent with those for other foodborne pathogens and could be controlled in poultry meat and purge without difficulty.