cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religion, Models of, and Reality: Are We Through with Geertz?

Clifford Geertz's influential definition of religions as providing their members with both an ethos and a worldview—in his terms, both a "model for" and "model of" reality—has of late become a neuralgic point of contention in religious studies. In particular some critics have seen his ideas of religious models of reality as biased, out-moded, or in other ways confused about the way that language refers (or does not refer) to the world. In this article, I consider two criticisms of Geertz's project and seek to show that, despite the partial value of the criticisms, the idea of religious models of reality continues to be a legitimate and fruitful approach to what religious communities are typically up to.
The Allocation of Women's Time: An International Comparison

This paper reviews measures of time devoted by adult women to market work, household work, and leisure as reported in a number of previous studies. It sumrnar izes data from eight studies in developed market economies, eleven studies in developed central planned economies, and nine studies in less developed countries. Comparisons between women employed in formal labor markets and women with out formal employment are made. They show that women in planned economies tend to have the highest levels of both market and household work and the lowest levels of leisure. Most of this difference, however, is accounted for by the relatively high levels of formal employment by women in planned economies. In all types of economies, employed women work more hours and enjoy roughly two and three- quarters hours less leisure per day than housewives. My economic interpretation of this pattern argues that costs associated with obtaining and keeping market employ ment of women can explain the substantial differences in leisu...
STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION OF DISCRETE EVENT SYSTEMS SIMULATION

Abstract The Score Function (SF) method has been proposed to estimate the gradient of a performance measure with respect to some continuous parameters in a stochastic system. In this paper we experiment with the use of this estimate in a stochastic approximation algorithm to perform a single-run optimization . The experiment is done on a simple M/M/1 queue. The performance measure involves the average system time per customer at steady-state, and the decision variable is the service rate. The optimal solution is easy to compute analytically, which facilitates the evaluation of the algorithm. Combined with appropriate variance reduction techniques, the method has been shown to be effective in the test problem.We study the algorithm's properties and examine the validity of the estimates based on this single run procedure by performing some experimental studies. Implementation “details” necessary for packaging this method with existing simulation software are provided. Finally, there is a set of recommended directions for future research.
An alternative conceptualization of informed consent with people who are elderly.

The current conceptualization of informed consent has been problematic with elderly people. One of the primary difficulties has been the presumption that a single approach is optimal for all people. Research has shown that not all people optimally acquire information following a single approach. Elderly people, particularly those in long‐term care, need adaptations for such acquisition. An alternative conceptualization of consent that follows how people process information is needed. This alternative allows for the individual determination of which adaptations are required for understanding to occur. Only through such an approach will the ability of elderly people to participate in research and treatment decision‐making be optimized. Some of the research discussed in this article was supported by grants from the Retirement Research Foundation and the Anna and Harry Borun Foundation. Dr. Tymchuk extends his appreciation to Joseph G. Ouslander, M.D., Medical Director, Jewish Homes for the Aging of Greater L...
Marketing on the Internet

Examines the impact of the Internet on the marketing aspects of businesses today. Looks at its future and how businesses can use its unlimited potential to their advantage. Concludes that the Internet has many risks associated with its use, but it has many benefits too.
A cost-benefit evaluation server for decision support in e-business

Business organizations are often faced with decision situations in which the costs and benefits of some competing business specifications such as business offers, product specifications, or negotiation proposals need to be evaluated in order to select the best or desirable ones. In e-business, there is a need to automate the cost-benefit evaluation process to support decision making. This paper presents a general-purpose Cost-Benefit Evaluation Server (CBES) and its underlying Cost-Benefit Decision Model (CBDM), which models benefits in terms of costs and logical scoring and aggregation of preferences associated with products and services. The Server provides build-time tools for users to specify preference and cost information and a run-time engine to perform cost-benefit evaluations. A business scenario involving supplier selection and automated negotiation is given to illustrate the application of the Server and its four evaluation modes.
Aqueous humor myocilin protein levels in normal, genetic carriers, and glaucoma Beagles

Objective The gene (myocilin: MYOC) has been attributed to be involved in over 6% of inherited types of human glaucoma, the highest correlation for any gene to date. This study determines myocilin protein levels in the aqueous humor (AH) of normal laboratory quality, genetic carrier (offspring of normal laboratory quality and POAG Beagles), and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) Beagles. Materials and methods Eighteen dogs were used and classified as either normal, carrier or having mild, moderate or advanced POAG. A 0.1-mL sample of AH was drawn from the anterior chamber of each dog in the study and frozen on dry ice. A modified Coomassie stain and Western blot, using a polyclonal rabbit antihuman myocilin antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Santa Cruz, CA), was run on each sample to compare the myocilin levels. A purified human trabecular meshwork excreted myocilin protein sample was used as a control (Alcon Research Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX) and its band/densitometry measurement was defined as one unit of myocilin for comparisons. Results Comparisons of AH myocilin levels differed among normal laboratory quality, genetic carrier, and POAG Beagles at different stages of the disease. In the normal laboratory, Beagles the AH myocilin measured 0.817 ± 0.075 units (mean ± SEM); in the carrier Beagles the AH myocilin was 3.117 ± 0.290 units. As POAG progressed, myocilin protein levels also increased to 6.097 ± 0.810, 8.844 ± 1.079, and 17.228 ± 1.198 units in the early, moderate, and advanced forms, respectively. Overall comparisons between normal, carrier and all POAG Beagles combined showed significant differences (P < 0.0010). Individual comparisons between normal and carrier eyes showed significant differences (P < 0.0193). Comparisons between normal and all POAG eyes also showed significant differences (P < 0.0426). Conclusion This study shows myocilin protein is present in normal Beagles, markedly increased in POAG Beagles, and mildly increased in genetic carrier Beagles. There is a strong correlation between amounts of AH myocilin protein and the presence and severity of POAG. The exact role of AH myocilin levels in the genesis of ocular hypertension remains unresolved, but myocilin may adversely affect AH outflow.
Clinical significance of apical thinning after attenuation correction.

Apical thinning and other image changes at the apex have been described after attenuation correction of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies, but their clinical significance is unknown. We studied 102 subjects from a multicenter trial of attenuation correction, 46 with angiographic coronary artery disease and 56 normal subjects. We graded the presence and magnitude (on a 4-point scale) of apical thinning (decrease in wall thickness, best assessed in the vertical long-axis view) in both noncorrected and attenuation-corrected images. In attenuation-corrected images, apical thinning of any degree was present in 78% of the abnormal patients and 63% of the normal subjects (P = not significant [NS]). However, moderate or severe apical thinning was present in 30% of the abnormal patients compared with 5% of the normal subjects (relative risk = 2.2, P < .001). In noncorrected images, apical thinning of any degree was present in 87% of the abnormal patients and 71% of the normal subjects (P = NS). However, moderate or severe apical thinning was present in 28% of the abnormal patients compared with 4% of the normal subjects (relative risk = 2.3, P < .001). The presence of mild apical thinning is common in both noncorrected and attenuation-corrected SPECT images and does not imply coronary artery disease. Moderate or severe apical thinning is 7 times more common in patients than in normal subjects, but it is relatively uncommon and thus is not a generally useful clinical tool.
Principles and applications of the Laplacian electrocardiogram

The Laplacian ECG provides enhanced lateral spatial resolution in relating the body surface ECG recordings to the underlying myocardial electrical sources. This article reviews recent research activities associated with theoretical and experimental investigations of Laplacian ECGs. The emphasis is put on theoretical interpretation and recording techniques of this new ECG measurement, with representative examples illustrating the potential applications of the Laplacian ECG.
POINT PREVALENCE AND NATURAL HISTORY OF VRE COLONIZATION IN A REGIONAL NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT. 1205

POINT PREVALENCE AND NATURAL HISTORY OF VRE COLONIZATION IN A REGIONAL NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT. 1205
In Vitro release of hypothalamic β-endorphin βE by arginine vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone and 5-hydroxytryptamine: Evidence for release of opioid active and inactive βE forms

Abstract The aims of the present experiments were: 1) to test whether substances which modulate beta-endorphin-immunoreactive βE-ir release from the pituitary gland might act similarly in hypothalamic tissue; and 2) to further characterize the βE-ir forms which are released from hypothalamus. To address these questions, hypothalamic tissue was incubated in vitro for 10 min periods in either normal media (basal conditions) or in media containing 55 mM KCl or one of several other test substances (stimulation conditions) and release was estimated by measuring the βE-ir concentrations in the media. Depolarizing concentrations of K+ increased βE-ir release 2–3 fold over basal levels and this effect appeared to be Ca2+-dependent. Dose-dependent increases in βE-ir release were elicited by nanonolar to micromolar concentrations of either corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Conversely, dopamine (1 μM) inhibited both the basal and K+-stimulated release of βE-ir from hypothalamus. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that βE1−31 and βE 1−27 βE 1−26 were the primary βE-ir peptides released under either basal or CRH-stimulated conditions; the relative amounts of the βE-ir peptides found in the media were nearly identical to those found in the hypothalamus itself. This result indicates that the release of different βE-ir peptides into the media appears to be proportional to the relative amounts stored in tissue. In light of the critical roles of CRH and AVP in mediating stress responses in the anterior pituitary, the data showing that the same neurohormones/transmitters (i.e., CRH, AVP, 5-HT, and DA) modulate βE-ir release in both the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus suggests that endocrine and central POMC systems involved in stress responses might be regulated in a coordinate manner.
ATHENA and ARTEMIS Interactive Graphical Data Analysisusing IFEFFIT

We introduce a new software package for analysis of XAS data. This package is based on the IFEFFIT library of analytical and numerical algorithms and uses the perl/Tk graphics toolkit. The two main components are ATHENA, a program for XAS data processing, and ARTEMIS, a program for EXAFS data analysis using theoretical standards from FEFF. These programs provide high quality analytical capabilities in a manner that is accessible to novices yet powerful enough to meet the demands of an expert. The programs run on all major platforms and are freely available under the terms of a free software license.
Absorption of penicillin through the human vagina.

ConclusionsAccording to the condition of this experiment cocoa base suppositories containing penicillin were not a satisfactory-procedure for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.The blood levels attained under the condition of the experiment, would have been inadequate therapeutically in most instances. The rate of penicillin absorption through the vaginal mucosa is unpredictable. Therefore penicillin should be used in the vagina only for local conditions but these conditions have not yet been established.
Refinement and validation of Brickman's measure of internal-external correspondence

Abstract Philip Brickman 1978 , in New directions in attribution research (pp. 5–34, Vol. 2, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum) proposed that an actor's subjective sense that an experience is “real” (vs “unreal”) depends on two factors: (1) the degree of internal correspondence , i.e., the degree to which the actor's behavior corresponds to his or her feelings and (2) the degree of external correspondence , i.e., the degree to which the actor's behavior correpsponds to external consequences. Prior to his death, Brickman developed a brief measure, the Internal-External Correspondence Scale (ICS), designed to assess individual differences in the preference that one's behavior be internally versus externally correspondent. The present authors have refined Brickman's original, unpublished version of the ICS and report evidence for the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity (e.g., convergent/discriminant validity and predictive validity) of the revised version. This evidence supports specific predictions found in Brickman's (1978) theoretical formulation. It further reveals that internal correspondence functions as a personal moderating variable , such that the behavior of high internally correspondent subjects is strongly correlated with their feelings and dispositions, whereas the behavior of low internally correspondent subjects is only weakly correlated with their feelings and dispositions.
Metabolism of naphthalene in roosters.

1. The metabolism of naphthalene in roosters was similar to that in rats. At least 45% of the dose was isolated from the urine as metabolites that could be formed from arene oxide precursors.2. Urine was the major route for excretion (79%) of 14C-naphthalene from colostomized roosters. Roosters with cannulated bile ducts excreted about 24% of the dose in bile.3. Roosters excreted tetrahydrotrihydroxy mercapturic acids of naphthalene as major urinary metabolites which indicates either the formation of diepoxide intermediates or sequential epoxidation-conjugation processes.4. The major biliary metabolites in rooster bile were characterized as cysteine and cysteinylglycine conjugates of tetrahydrotrihydroxynaphthalenes.
Impact of minimally invasive valvular heart surgery: a case-control study.

Abstract Background . The port access (PA) approach for valvular heart surgery is widely used, but few studies evaluating outcomes compared with the sternotomy approach have been performed. Methods . One hundred nine consecutive patients undergoing PA-isolated valve surgery were compared with 88 matched patients who underwent sternotomy-isolated valve surgery before the institution of the PA program. Case matching was performed by age, surgeon, congestive heart failure, position of operated valve, and history of previous surgery. Results . Analysis revealed that PA was associated with similar hospital mortality ( p = 0.62), longer bypass times ( p p = 0.02), fewer transfusions ( p = 0.02), and fewer septic complications ( p = 0.05). Conclusions . The PA approach for isolated valvular heart surgery provided patients with significantly improved clinical outcomes in their immediate perioperative course. Further studies are required to measure the impact of the PA approach on the patients' recovery after hospitalization.
Intracellular studies showing modulation of facial motoneurone excitability by serotonin

The application of serotonin to certain myenteric plexus neurones in the guinea pig small intestine causes a slow depolarization of membrane potential, accompanied by increased neuronal excitability and input resistance1. On the other hand, microiontophoretic application of large amounts of serotonin onto mammalian spinal motoneurones is reported to cause membrane hyperpolarization and decreased excitability2. However, on the basis of recording spinal reflex activity, serotonin has been reported to enhance net motoneurone activity3. Moreover, studies using extracellular single-cell recording techniques indicate that serotonin in small amounts facilitates synaptically or glutamate-induced excitation of mammalian motoneurones in the facial nucleus4 and spinal cord5. It was suggested that these facilitatory actions were modulatory in nature, as serotonin did not induce motoneurone spiking in the absence of extrinsic excitatory input. The study reported here investigated the membrane mechanisms underlying these modulatory effects by obtaining intracellular recordings from rat facial motoneurones during extracellular microiontophoretic application of serotonin, methysergide (a serotonin antagonist) and noradrenaline. Serotonin caused a slow depolarization of membrane potential of about 5 mV which remained subthreshold, accompanied by an increase in electrical excitability of the neurone, and an increase in input resistance. Noradrenaline caused the same changes. Methysergide antagonized the effects of serotonin, but not noradrenaline, indicating that these actions of serotonin are selective and receptor mediated.
Measuring strain using digital image correlation of second harmonic generation images

The micromechanical environment of bone is crucial to understanding both bone fracture and mechanobiological responses of osteocytes, yet few techniques exist that are capable of measuring strains on the micrometer scale. A method for measuring micrometer level strains has been developed based on digital image correlation (DIC) of second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM) images. Bovine tibias milled into thin sections were imaged using SHGM under loads of 0 and 15 MPa. Strains were measured using DIC and compared to applied strain values. First and second principal strains decreased in magnitude as the analysis region area increased from 1750 µm(2) to 60,920 µm(2), converging to 1.23 ± 0.74 and -0.745 ± 0.9816 times the applied strain respectively. A representative sample histogram revealed regions of pure tensile and compressive strain, and that strains were highly heterogeneous ranging from 8410 to -8840 microstrain for an applied 2870 microstrain. Comparison with applied strain measures suggested that analysis sizes of 1750 µm(2) and greater were measuring strains on the tissue scale, and higher resolution is required for collagen fibrillar strains. Regions of low SHGM intensity ("dark" regions) were seen which are believed to be lacunar and perilacunar regions of low collagen density. However, no significant differences in strain magnitude were present in dark regions versus regions of high signal intensity. The proposed technique is effective for strains on the size order of bone microarchitecture, and would be useful for studies into the mechanical microenvironment during loading. The technique also has potential for in vivo studies in small animal models.
Eruption volume, periodicity, and caldera area: Relationships and inferences on development of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers

Abstract In order to put constraints on the mechanisms of compositional zonation in magma chambers, data were collected on caldera areas, ash-flow volumes and repose times between zoned ash flows for a number of magmatic systems of different age, composition, size and tectonic environment. First-order correlations between volume, repose time and stratification rate are apparent. Chemical zonation is developed to partially compensate for the internal production of entropy due to heat conduction through magma chamber thermal boundary layers. Repose times are proportional to eruption volumes and are consistent with convection-aided diffusion processes such as Soret diffusion or double-diffusive convection. Volume and area relations suggest that small-volume systems tend to be more conical than cylindrical in shape. An important factor controlling magma chamber evolution appears to be the ratio of magma chamber surface area to magma chamber volume, other factors remaining the same. Small magma chambers appear to stratify in shorter periods of time and at faster rates than large-volume systems.
PS-096 Feasibility And Safety Of Ductal Closure Using Amplatzer Pda Occluder Ado Iias In Newborn Less Than 2500 Grams

Objective To evaluate feasibility and safety of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion in very low birth weight newborns Methods After ultrasound evaluation and Ibuprofen treatment when required, significant haemodynamic PDA were defined by high flow in pulmonary artery branch >45 cm/sec, absence or reverse flow in middle cerebral artery, renal and mesenteric arteries, left to right shunt, and DA diameter. Interventional catheterism was proposed as first option. Babies were anaesthetised with ketamine and sufenta. Femoral vein access by 4F Desilets. A catheter was positionned in descending thoracic aorta and the PDA II AS occluder positionned under horizontal X ray and ultrasound. Temperature was kept between 35.5 and 36°C along the procedure. Results Twelve newborns had a PDA closure. Mean weight was 1740 g (850–2480). The series started at the highest weight. Mean diameter of the duct was 3,3 mm (2,2–4) and length 6 (2–11). PDA ADO IISA used were 3 × 4(2) 4 × 2(1), 4 × 4(4), 4 × 6(2), 5 × 2(2) and 5 × 6(1). Two were repositioned. Mean duration of the entire procedure was 32 min (10–90). X ray exposure was 12 min (3–24) and dose 1,5 grey/cm2 (0.2–4). Two transitional paraprothetic shunts closed spontaneously after few days. One premature infant already in renal failure, died ten days later despite ductal closure. In the others the follow up showed improvement in cerebral and pulmonary blood flows without any haemodynamic problems such as observed after surgical procedures. Conclusion This preliminary series showed feasibility and safety when combining X-ray and US to close a PDA with PDA ADO IIAS.
Preempting Quality Challengers in House Elections

Why do strong challengers oppose incumbents in some House districts and not in others? This paper compares the influence of several different strategic considerations which attract or dissuade good challengers: national political tides (Jacobson and Kernell, 1983), district level political forces (Bond et al., 1985), and preemptive spending by incumbents (Goldenberg et al., 1986). Examination of House races from 1972 to 1980 suggests that the local political climate plays the greatest role in determining the quality of a district's challenger, while the impact of national tides fluctuates, and preemptive spending has little effect. These findings shed light on the actions of House incumbents and the dynamics of congressional elections.
Regulation of human IgE synthesis.

The capacity to mount an IgE antibody response to antigen differentiates normal from allergic individuals. The frequent association of high serum IgE with T cell immunodeficiencies suggest a role for T cells in the regulation of human IgE. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from allergic individuals spontaneously secrete IgE in vitro whereas normal PBL do not. Unlike the situation with other isotypes the polyclonal B-cell activators, pokeweed mitogen, and Epstein-Barr virus, do not induce IgE synthesis in normal B cells. However, normal B cells synthesize IgE when cultured with T cell clones that recognize determinants expressed by the B cells. B cells from allergic subjects but not from normal subjects are induced to secrete IgE via a bystander effect when cultured with T cell clones which are stimulated by antigenic determinants not expressed by the B cells. T cells with Fe receptors for IgE can be isolated from patients with hyper IgE syndrome and maintained as long term continuous T cell lines or T-T hybridomas. These cells secrete IgE binding factors which enhance IgE synthesis by preactivated IgE bearing B cells from allergic subjects but not resting B cells from normal donors. The phenotype of these Fe R+ IgE-potentiating T cell lines are predominantly T3+ T4+ Ia+. IgE binding factors have been isolated from normal serum and selectively suppress IgE synthesis. In contrast IgE binding factors isolated from patients with hyper IgE syndrome contain IgE-potentiating activity as well as IgE suppressor activity. These results suggest that in allergic individuals IgE B cells are activated by T cells and their antibody secretion is modulated by IgE binding factors.
Overweight children and adolescents: a risk group for iron deficiency.

Background. The prevalence of obesity has increased at an epidemic rate, and obesity has become one of the most common health concerns in the United States. A few small studies have noted a possible association between iron deficiency and obesity. Objective. To investigate the association between weight status, as measured by body mass index (BMI), and iron deficiency in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. Design. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988–1994) provides cross-sectional data on children 2 to 16 years of age. Recorded measures of iron status included transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels, and serum ferritin levels. Children were considered iron-deficient if any 2 of these values were abnormal for age and gender. With the use of age- and gender-specific BMI percentiles, at risk for overweight was defined as a BMI of ≥85th percentile and Results. In this sample of 9698 children, 13.7% were at risk for overweight and 10.2% were overweight. Iron deficiency was most prevalent among 12- to 16-year-old subjects (4.7%), followed by 2- to 5-year-old subjects (2.3%) and then 6- to 11-year-old subjects (1.8%). Overweight 2- to 5-year-old subjects (6.2%) and overweight 12- to 16-year-old subjects (9.1%) demonstrated the highest prevalences of iron deficiency. Overall, the prevalence of iron deficiency increased as BMI increased from normal weight to at risk for overweight to overweight (2.1%, 5.3%, and 5.5%, respectively), and iron deficiency was particularly common among adolescents (3.5%, 7.2%, and 9.1%, respectively). In a multivariate regression analysis, children who were at risk for overweight and children who were overweight were approximately twice as likely to be iron-deficient (odds ratio: 2.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–3.5; and odds ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–3.9; respectively) as were those who were not overweight. Conclusions. In this national sample, overweight children demonstrated an increased prevalence of iron deficiency. Given the increasing numbers of overweight children and the known morbidities of iron deficiency, these findings suggest that guidelines for screening for iron deficiency may need to be modified to include children with elevated BMI.
The Distance Angle to Target in Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia

Background Patients with intermittent exotropia may have an increase in their angle of strabismus in the distance when the angle is measured either after 1 hour of monocular occlusion or while the patients fixate on a distant target outdoors. The hypothesis that surgery should be performed for this larger deviation has been suggested but not tested. Objectives To test the hypothesis that surgery should be performed for the increased angle of strabismus in the distance in patients with intermittent exotropia and to investigate the factors that influence the angle of misalignment. Methods A prospective, clinical trial was conducted of patients with intermittent exotropia in whom the angle of misalignment in the distance increased after 1 hour of monocular occlusion or while the patients fixated on an outdoor target. The study group underwent surgery for the largest deviation measured; the control group underwent surgery for the initial angle measured at 6 m. All patients in whom the angle of misalignment increased while the patients were looking at an outdoor target were additionally measured in indoor illumination at 24 m and also at 6 m under floodlights that simulated outdoor illumination. Ninety patients undergoing surgery were randomized. Results Forty-three (86.0%) of the 50 patients undergoing surgery for the largest angle measured had a satisfactory outcome vs 25 (62.5%) of the 40 patients in the control group (P Conclusions The angle of strabismus in patients with intermittent exotropia undergoing surgery should be measured while the patients fixate on an outdoor target and after 1 hour of monocular occlusion. Surgery should be performed for the largest angle measured.
Delayed Hypothermia Improves Longterm Behavioural Outcome After Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia in Neonatal Rats

Delayed Hypothermia Improves Longterm Behavioural Outcome After Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia in Neonatal Rats
Guest Editors' Introduction: Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems

The guest editors talk a little about haptic interfaces and give an overview of the articles for this special issue.
A battle of informed traders and the market game foundations for rational expectations equilibrium

Abstract Potential manipulation of prices and convergence to rational expectations equilibrium is studied in a game without noise traders. Informed players with initially long and short positions (bulls and bears) seek to manipulate consumer expectations in opposite directions. In equilibrium, period 1 prices reveal the state, so manipulation is unsuccessful. Bears and uninformed consumers sell up to their short-sale limits in period 1. Bulls buy in period 1 but receive arbitrage losses. When the number of bulls and bears approaches infinity, the equilibrium converges to the REE. Without short-sale constraints there is a non-revealing equilibrium but no revealing equilibrium.
Persuasion and the Structure of Affect: Dual Systems and Discrete Emotions as Complementary Models.

Participants viewed eight PSAs, providing data on their cognitive and emotional responses to each, as well as judgments of the perceived effectiveness of the messages. They also responded to Carver and White’s (1994) BIS/BAS scales designed to measure individual differences in the behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems. Consistent with dualsystems theories of affect, the BIS scales predicted arousal of negative emotions, while BAS was associated with the elicitation of positive emotions. However, when predicting perceived message effectiveness, the positive affects showed variation in the sign and magnitude of the coefficients, as did the negative affects. This latter finding supports a discrete-emotions perspective. Knowledge that the two affect structures are appropriate to different conceptual domains (i.e., elicitation vs. effect) should enable researchers to formulate more precise questions regarding the role of affect in persuasion.
Identification and functional analysis of a developmentally regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase gene in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract We have cloned a developmentally regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) from Dictyostelium discoideum designated ERK1. Using anti-pTyr antibodies, we show that ERK1 is phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo and that it will phosphorylate myelin basic protein. The gene expresses two transcripts, one that is preferentially expressed during vegetative growth and early development and one that is induced during the multicellular stages. Developmental Western blots (immunoblots) using anti-ERK1 antibodies indicate that ERK1 is present throughout development. ERK1/lacZ reporter constructs suggest that, in the multicellular stages, the gene is preferentially expressed in a subpopulation of cells scattered throughout the organism, similar to the pattern seen with anterior-like cell markers. Antisense mutagenesis from a derepressible promoter indicates that ERK1 is essential for vegetative growth. Overexpression of ERK1 from either the Actin 15 promoter or the ERK1 promoter results in abnormal morphogenesis starting at the slug stage. Overexpression of ERK1 in null mutants of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase PTP2 results in the production of large aggregation streams and subsequent abnormal morphogenesis that indicate a genetic interaction between ERK1 and PTP2. These cells produce very large aggregation streams that break up into very small mounds that undergo abnormal morphogenesis. The genetic interaction between ERK1 and PTP2 appears to be specific since overexpression of ERK1 in a ptp1- null mutant does not produce the same phenotype. Our results indicate that ERK1 plays an essential role during the growth and differentiation of D. discoideum.
Patterns of adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use over a 6-month period.

In the current study, alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use among adolescents (N=794, 48.6% female) was assessed at two time points, and four patterns of use were identified: (1) abstainers: no lifetime use; (2) new users: no use at baseline but had used by the follow-up period; (3) experimenters: use prior to the baseline but no use in the period up to the follow-up; and (4) consistent users: self-report of use prior to the baseline and the follow-up. Mean levels of psychosocial variables (mastery, self-esteem, and parental social support) were compared across the four patterns of use for each substance. Only analyses including parental social support as the dependent variable were significant. Adolescents with higher levels of social support were more likely to be classified as abstainers or experimenters of alcohol than consistent users. More frequent users of cigarettes at baseline were likely to be classified as frequent users at the follow-up. The discussion focuses on the identification of the situational context of substance use for alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana.
Observations of the geopause at the equatorial magnetopause: Density and temperature

Magnetic flux tubes containing plasmaspheric ion density and composition have been observed in the region between the classical plasmapause and the magnetopause. New observations show that these ion distributions exist at the equatorial, post-noon magnetopause. Comparison to observations of similar distributions at geosynchronous orbit and to simulations leads to the conclusion that these ions are convected from these regions to the magnetopause. This represents an extension of the geopause to the outer edge of the magnetosphere on the dayside. The presence of ion densities > 10 cu cm in this region must have profound impact on the nature of plasma processes that occur there.
Alternative intermolecular contacts underlie the rotavirus VP5(*) two- to three-fold rearrangement

The spike protein VP4 is a key component of the membrane penetration apparatus of rotavirus, a nonenveloped virus that causes childhood gastroenteritis. Trypsin cleavage of VP4 produces a fragment, VP5*, with a potential membrane interaction region, and primes rotavirus for cell entry. During entry, the part of VP5* that protrudes from the virus folds back on itself and reorganizes from a local dimer to a trimer. Here, we report that a globular domain of VP5*, the VP5* antigen domain, is an autonomously folding unit that alternatively forms well-ordered dimers and trimers. Because the domain contains heterotypic neutralizing epitopes and is soluble when expressed directly, it is a promising potential subunit vaccine component. X-ray crystal structures show that the dimer resembles the spike body on trypsin-primed virions, and the trimer resembles the folded-back form of the spike. The same structural elements pack differently to form key intermolecular contacts in both oligomers. The intrinsic molecular property of alternatively forming dimers and trimers facilitates the VP5* reorganization, which is thought to mediate membrane penetration during cell entry.
Purification and characterization of two collagenase inhibitors from mouse sarcoma 180 conditioned medium

We have previously shown that mouse sarcoma 180 cells produce vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF; Rosenthal et al., 1990, Growth Factors, 4: 53-59], an endothelial mitogen that stimulates angiogenesis. Recent reports have implicated metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the regulation of vascular morphogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis. We report here that mouse sarcoma 180 cells produce two collagenase inhibitors. These inhibitors were purified by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and C4 reverse phase h.p.l.c. Analytical gel electrophoresis of the purified inhibitors (MS-22 and MS-31) revealed molecular masses of 22,000 and 31,000 Da under reducing conditions, and 20,000 and 30,000 Da under nonreducing conditions, respectively. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of MS-22 was identical to that of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 2 (TIMP-2) produced by human melanoma cells [Stetler-Stevenson et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264: 17374-17378) over the first 30 amino acids. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of MS-31 was identical to that of murine TIMP-1 [Gewert et al., 1989, EMBO J 6:651-657]. Statistical analysis of the amino acid composition data of these two mouse sarcoma 180-derived collagenase inhibitors confirms the identification of MS-22 as TIMP-2 and MS-31 as TIMP-1.
An unusual presentation of dermatomyositis: The type Wong variant revisited☆☆☆★

We describe a 53-year-old white woman with dermatomyositis (DM) who had additional clinical findings of pityriasis rubra pilaris (type Wong dermatomyositis) with histopathologic features of both pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) and porokeratosis. Type Wong dermatomyositis was originally described in 11 patients by Wong in 1969 and has been reported in 5 additional patients. This is a rarely described phenomenon in which patients with DM develop cutaneous hyperkeratotic lesions that resemble PRP and histologically show follicular hyperkeratosis and hair follicle destruction. Arrector pilorum muscles also show degenerative findings and myositis. We believe that this is the first reported case of a patient with type Wong DM who also has clinical and histologic features suggestive of porokeratosis. This is important because of the association of adult-onset dermatomyositis with internal malignancy and the well-documented association of porokeratosis with immunosuppression. These clinical and histologic findings serve as markers for malignancy in patients with DM. These patients warrant a complete review of systems and investigation for age-appropriate neoplasms as well as close long-term follow-up by dermatologists to ensure that these cutaneous eruptions are not overlooked.
Adaptive Design of OFDM Radar Signal With Improved Wideband Ambiguity Function

We propose an adaptive technique to design the spectrum of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform to improve the radar's wideband ambiguity function (WAF). The adaptive OFDM signal yields a better auto-correlation function (ACF) that results into an improved delay (range) resolution for the radar system. First, we develop a mutlicarrier OFDM signal model and the corresponding WAF at the output of the matched filter, emphasizing that the received signal depends on the scattering parameters of the target. Then, we devise an optimization procedure to select the OFDM waveform such that the volume of the corresponding WAF best approximates the volume of a desired ambiguity function. We demonstrate the improvement in the resulting ambiguity function, along with the associated ACF, through numerical examples. We find that the optimization algorithm puts more signal energy at subcarriers in which the target response is weaker.
Not That There’s Anything Wrong with That: The Effect of Personalized Appeals on Marriage Equality Campaigns

An increasingly predominant strategy used by organizations seeking to increase support for gay marriage is to personalize the issue by focusing on individuals in the LGBT community. However, competing theoretical traditions (e.g., Allport’s contact theory, group threat, implicit bias) raise questions about whether this strategy has the desired effect. This paper presents results from an original field experiment conducted in coordination with a marriage equality organization. Callers who self-identified as a member of the LGBT community were less effective in soliciting donations compared to callers who did not self-identify, suggesting that personalization has a negative effect on persuasion efforts. The findings cut against the grain of the Allport (The nature of prejudice, 1954) hypothesis and have important implications for social advocacy organizations in terms of rhetorical and message strategy.
Rhythmically bedded glaciomarine sediments on Whidbey Island, Washington

ABSTRACT Several facies of late Pleistocene glaciomarine sediments on Whidbey Island, Washington, are rhythmically bedded. The first consists of stratified silty sand which fines upward, transitionally, into pebbly mud. Several successions, each approximately 0.6 m thick, comprise a proximal meltwater facies thought to have been deposited in a shallow (< 10 m) submarine-fan environment. Both the positive (lobe shape) morphology of the exposure and the inferred depositional processes support this view. Underflow currents, either high-concentration turbidity currents or grain flows, are thought to have deposited the silty sand while flocculation, settling from turbid overflow and/or interflow plumes, and ice rafting were responsible for pebbly mud deposition. Such inferences are based on text ral analysis and observations of sedimentary structures. The rhythmic interbedding is explained by invoking seasonal fluctuations of meltwater discharge. This caused a variation of depositional process in areas proximal to meltwater input into the basin. Rhythmic interbedding is also observed within a channelized sequence of gravel, sand, and mud, which comprise a fining-upwards succession that includes turbidites. Laminations of sand and silt found in the upper portion of this section closely resemble the type of varved bedding commonly reported from glaciolacustrine sequences.
MAGNETIZATION-PREPARED RAPID GRADIENT ECHO (MP-RAGE) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF MORGAGNI'S HERNIA

Magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is a recently developed technique allowing images with high contrast to be obtained at extremely short imaging times [ 11. Because of the high speed of the sequences, images are free of motion artifacts, making this technique useful for evaluation of the abdomen and the chest. We present the MR findings of a patient with a hernia of Morgagni in whom the MP-RAGE sequence was the only technique that adequately demonstrated the abnormality.
A single-chip dual-mode CW/pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer in 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS

Microwave circuitry for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is implemented in a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS process. The chip can operate in both continuous wave (CW) and pulse modes. The frequency is tunable from 770MHz to 970MHz, corresponding to Zeeman magnetic fields from 28mT to 35mT for a free electron. The CW-EPR absorption line of a DPPH powder sample is acquired. The chip consists of a VCO, a PA, an LNA, a down-conversion mixer, baseband amplifiers, and a pulse generation block.
DROUGHT AND PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION LINKED TO FIRE OCCURRENCE IN THE INLAND PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Historical variability of fire regimes must be understood within the context of climatic and human drivers of disturbance occurring at multiple temporal scales. We describe the relationship between fire occurrence and interannual to decadal climatic var- iability (Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)) and explain how land use changes in the 20th century affected these relationships. We used 1701 fire-scarred trees collected in five study sites in central and eastern Washington State (USA) to investigate current year, lagged, and low frequency relationships between composite fire histories and PDSI, PDO, and ENSO (using the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) as a measure of ENSO variability) using superposed epoch analysis and cross-spectral analysis. Fires tended to occur during dry summers and during the positive phase of the PDO. Cross-spectral analysis indicates that percentage of trees scarred by fire and the PDO are spectrally coherent at 47 years, the approximate cycle of the PDO. Similarly, percentage scarred and ENSO are spectrally coherent at six years, the approximate cycle of ENSO. However, other results suggest that ENSO was only a weak driver of fire occurrence in the past three centuries. While drought and fire appear to be tightly linked between 1700 and 1900, the relationship between drought and fire occurrence was disrupted during the 20th century as a result of land use changes. We suggest that long-term fire planning using the PDO may be possible in the Pacific Northwest, potentially allowing decadal-scale management of fire regimes, prescribed fire, and vege- tation dynamics.
Modifications of coronary risk factors.

In addition to the revascularization and glycemic management interventions assigned at random, the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) design includes the uniform control of major coronary artery disease risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, central obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Target levels for risk factors were adjusted throughout the trial to comply with changes in recommended clinical practice guidelines. At present, the goals are low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 25 were prescribed moderate caloric restriction; after the trial was under way, a lifestyle weight-management program was instituted. All patients were formally prescribed both endurance and resistance/flexibility exercises, individually adapted to their level of disability and fitness. Pedometers were distributed as a biofeedback strategy. Strategies to achieve the goals for risk factors were designed by BARI 2D working groups (lipid, cardiovascular and hypertension, and nonpharmacologic intervention) and the ongoing implementation of the strategies is monitored by lipid, hypertension, and lifestyle intervention management centers.