cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of acid imbibition on matrix and fractured carbonate rich shales

Abstract Matrix and fracture permeability of carbonate rich tight cores from Niobrara, Bakken, and Three Forks formations were measured before and after exposing the core samples to spontaneous imbibition using 10 wt % KCl and 1 wt % HCl acid. A hydraulic fracture was modeled by saw-cutting a given core sample. Sand proppant of 0.02 lbs/ft2 concentration and 30/80 mesh size with monolayer packing was used for the propped fracture cores. Permeability was measured at varying net stress of 1000 psia up to 6000 psia. Before and after dilute HCl acid imbibition matrix and fracture permeability vs. stress and rock hardness measurements were investigated. Brine and dilute acid imbibition effect on proppant embedment, rock softening/weakening, and fracture roughness were assessed. Brine imbibition before and after dilute acid imbibition was also studied to investigate possible wettability alteration. After acid soaking/imbibition, up to twenty fold increase in matrix permeability was observed for carbonate rich Niobrara cores. A matrix permeability decrease was observed in clay rich Three Forks cores. On the other hand, permeability decrease after dilute HCl acid imbibition was observed on both propped and un-propped fractured Niobrara cores. Matrix permeability increase after acid imbibition is attributed to the enhancement of pore throat connectivity and nano- and micro-fracture etching. Permeability decrease for the un-propped fractured Niobrara cores is attributed to fracture surface softening leading to decrease in fracture roughness and fracture aperture at in-situ stress conditions. And, permeability decrease for the propped fracture cores is attributed to decrease in fracture width or aperture caused by proppant embedment as brine and acid weakens the fracture face fabric. It is concluded that dilute acid injection of pre and post hydraulic fracturing stimulation in ultra-tight carbonate rich mudrocks could improve the overall deliverability of stimulated reservoir volume. This is because, despite decrease in fracture permeability after acid imbibition, matrix permeability increase is more significant for the overall deliverability of ultra-tight carbonate rich mudrocks. Moreover, favorable wettability alteration can be achieved by dilute acid imbibition.
Potassium Disturbances Associated with the Use of Diuretics

Publisher Summary Disturbances in the serum potassium concentration are some of the most common metabolic side effects associated with the use of diuretics. Those agents that act proximal to the collecting duct are associated with hypokalemia. The development of hypokalemia is primarily the result of diuretic-induced changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, mineralocorticoid activity, and distal sodium delivery. These alterations lead to enhanced potassium excretion at sites distal to where the drug exerts its diuretic effect. Diuretics that act at the level of the collecting duct are associated with hyperkalemia and are commonly referred to as potassium sparing diuretics. These agents predispose to the development of hyperkalemia by disturbing potassium transport mechanisms localized in the collecting duct. This chapter reviews both the direct and the indirect mechanisms by which diuretics disturb normal potassium homeostasis. The clinical consequences of these disturbances are also discussed. To provide a better understanding of how diuretics lead to disturbances in the serum potassium concentration, a brief overview of renal potassium handling is also presented.
Cancer Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 5 of 5.

A current listing of potentially life-threatening, cancer-related dietary supplements (DSs; includes herbs) based on PubMed case reports was summarized in online tables that can now be updated continually to forewarn United States consumers, clinicians, and DS companies. Documented PubMed case reports were used to create a "Toxic Table" related to cancer (1966 to April 2016, and cross-referencing). Keywords included "herb" or "dietary supplement" combined with "cancer" as well as the specific herb "name" combined with "cancer" and sometimes "toxicity." Excluded were herb combinations (some exceptions), Chinese herb mixtures, teas of mixed herb contents, fungi (mycotoxins from molds and mushrooms), poisonous plants, self-harm, excessive doses (except vitamins/minerals), legal or illegal drugs, drug-herb interactions, and confounders of drugs or diseases related to cancer. Also included were a few foods related to cancer. Over the past 50+ years, PubMed case reports revealed an increased risk of cancer related to approximately one herb (guang fang ji), no dietary supplements (except those containing guang fang ji or aristolochic acid), and two foods (bracken fern, which is sometimes sold as an herbal supplement, and hot mate). This online "Toxic Table" can now be continually updated to assist researchers and clinicians in preventing serious adverse events from DSs related to cancer.
Mutual Fund Tournaments and Fund Active Share

We study the impact of the tournament-like competition in the mutual fund industry by examining the Active Share choices of funds. Funds with relatively poor performance by the end of the third quarter in a calendar year tend to increase their Active Share during the last quarter. The increase in the trailing funds' Active Share is accompanied by an increase in the funds' downside risk exposure. The evidence suggests that the strategic shifts in Active Share we document are not information/skill motivated.
Estimated Prevalence of Adolescents with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korea

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become prevalent worldwide in the last decade. However, the recent prevalence of NAFLD in adolescents has not yet been investigated in Korea. METHODS Data were obtained from 1,416 participants aged 10-18 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2010 and 2015. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), height, weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and pediatric NAFLD fibrosis index (PNFI) were analyzed. RESULTS SBP, weight, WC, BMI, WHtR, and total cholesterol level were significantly higher in 2015 than in 2010. Prevalence of NAFLD (BMI ≥ 85th percentile plus ALT > 30 U/L for boys and ALT > 19 U/L for girls) were 4.7% in 2010 and 5.9% in 2015 (P = 0.360). Using various cutoffs for the ALT level (> 40, > 30, > 25.8 U/L for boys and >22.1 U/L for girls) NAFLD prevalence rates were 3.0%, 4.1%, and 5.5% in 2010; 2.9%, 5.0%, and 7.1% in 2015, respectively (P = 0.899, 0.469, and 0.289). Boys had a higher SBP, DBP, height, weight, WC, BMI, WHtR, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, and lower HDL level than girls. The probability of liver fibrosis using the PNFI varies between 21.3% and 24.5% among NAFLD participants (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The Korean society needs to quickly control the increasing prevalence of NAFLD in adolescents and reduce its complications.
Signal jamming models of fraudulent misreporting and economic prospects: An experimental investigation

Abstract This study uses experimental methodology to examine how the frequency and magnitude with which managers commit fraud varies with economic prospects (Boom, Middle and Bust). The experimental design is based on signal-jamming equilibrium (SJE) models of fraud in which managers make potentially inaccurate public reports and investors bid on shares. Under SJE, managers always exaggerate reports by a fixed amount up to the maximum possible report, independent of the truth. Shareholders can perfectly correct managers' reports (except for the maximum possible report). In contrast, the results of the experiment show four robust deviations from SJE predictions: (1) managers exaggerate and shareholders correct reports according to dominated mixed-strategies with probabilities significantly less than one, (2) managers exaggerate more frequently and by more when outcomes are poor, (3) shareholders adjust low reports by less than high reports, and (4) shareholders correct relatively high reports by more in booms than busts even though managers' reporting strategies are invariant to economic prospects.
Summary and Reflections

Natural forces dominated the lives of the Amerindians as these same forces led the First Immigrants from Asia eastward. Sometime in the past—no one knows how long ago—people, Homo sapiens, journeyed from northeastern Asia to the northwest corner of the Western Hemisphere. Some may have come from present-day Siberia, some from the Pacific coastal areas stretching from Japan northward. Some may have reached present-day Alaska; others perhaps reached present-day British Columbia.
Stretching chemical heterogeneities by melt migration in an upwelling mantle: An analysis based on time-dependent batch and fractional melting models

Abstract The source region of basalt in the upper mantle is heterogeneous and may consist of depleted background mantle and blobs of enriched mantle. The size, shape, and distribution of the enriched blobs in the upper mantle are unknown but may play an important role in controlling variations in isotope ratios and trace element abundances in basalts and residual peridotites. During decompression melting, the mass flux of interstitial melt increases while the mass flux of residual solid decreases upward from the solidus, resulting in an acceleration of the effective transport velocity for an incompatible trace element in the residue. Consequently, a blob of chemical heterogeneity is stretched during its transit through the melting column. Here we quantify the melt migration induced size change by allowing trace element abundances and isotope ratios in the mantle source to vary as a function of time and space. We use simple analytical solutions for the time-dependent batch melting and fractional melting models to illustrate how a trace element or an isotope ratio varies spatially and temporally in an upwelling and chemically heterogeneous melting column. We show that an enriched blob as marked by isotope or incompatible trace element anomaly is variably stretched along the direction of melt flow during its transit through the melting column. The amount of stretching depends on the extent of melting, style of melt extraction (batch vs. fractional), porosity of the melting column, and partition coefficient, and can be quantified by a dimensionless parameter called the stretching factor. For radiogenic isotopes U, Th, Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf, a factor of 2 ∼ 8 stretching is expected for the residue and a factor of at least 30 is found for the channel melt. For near fractional melting beneath mid-ocean ridge, an enriched Nd isotope signal takes approximately 10 times more time to transit through the low-porosity matrix than through the high-porosity channel. Hence chemical heterogeneities observed in residual peridotites and extracted melts are decoupled both spatially and temporally, which has important implications for the interpretation of isotope and trace element characteristics of the basalts and residual peridotites.
IDH2 reprograms mitochondrial dynamics in cancer through a HIF-1α–regulated pseudohypoxic state

The role of mitochondria in cancer continues to be debated and paradoxically implicated in opposing functions in tumor growth and tumor suppression. To understand this dichotomy, we explored the fu...
LIPOPROTEIN(A) AND CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE FOR PREDICTING ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK

High lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] level and coronary artery calcium score (CAC) score are individually associated with an increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, but the independent and joint association of these two risk markers with ASCVD is unclear. Asymptomatic MESA and DHS
An Equation-of-State approach to measure the surface free energy (SFE) of bituminous binders

Abstract To overcome the liquid set dependency of existing surface free energy (SFE) component approaches, this paper presents an Equation-of-State (EQS) approach to measure the SFE of bituminous binders. A succession of water-ethanol mixtures with varying surface tensions are first prepared as the test liquids. The Wilhelmy plate method is then adopted to measure the surface tension γL of each liquid as well as the contact angle θ between bituminous binder and each test liquid. A quadratic polynomial function is subsequently employed to fit the plot of γLcosθ versus γL. Combining Young’s equation and Good’s interaction parameter and then imposing a limiting condition in which the contact angle between bituminous binder and test liquid is exactly 0°, the SFE of a bituminous binder can be finally determined. This approach is verified to have capability to accurately measure the SFE of bituminous binders with a solid thermodynamic basis.
A robust soc-MOF platform exhibiting high gravimetric uptake and volumetric deliverable capacity for on-board methane storage

Emerging as an outperformed class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), square-octahedron (soc) topology MOFs (soc-MOFs) feature superior properties of high porosity, large gas storage capacity, and excellent thermal/chemical stability. We report here an iron based soc-MOF, denoted as Fe-pbpta (H4pbpta = 4,4′,4″,4‴-(1,4-phenylenbis(pyridine-4,2-6-triyl))-tetrabenzoic acid) possessing a very high Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of 4,937 m2/g and a large pore volume of 2.15 cm3/g. The MOF demonstrates by far the highest gravimetric uptake of 369 cm3(STP)/g under the DOE operational storage conditions (35 bar and 298 K) and a high volumetric deliverable capacity of 192 cc/cc at 298 K and 65 bar. Furthermore, Fe-pbpta exhibits high thermal and aqueous stability making it a promising candidate for on-board methane storage.
Attitudinal Trajectories in an Online CS1 Class: Demographic and Performance Trends

In this research, we investigate the trajectory of attitudinal change towards computer science among students in an online CS1 class. We perform this investigation to address several trends in modern computer science education. First, as computer science increasingly becomes a required class for all majors, how do students' first experiences with the subject impact their attitudes? Second, as online education continues to expand, how does enrolling in CS1 online specifically affect audiences that may be marginalized in both CS classes and in online learning environments, such as women and underrepresented minorities? Third, can we intervene to improve attitudes towards computer science, especially among those marginalized audiences? In this research, we poll students in an online for-credit CS1 class four times to observe the change in their attitudes towards computer science over time and intervene with some students to try to improve their perception of computer science. We find that attitudes towards computer science improve with initial exposure, that women's attitudes towards CS begin less positive but follow the same trajectory, and that mid-semester regression in attitudes toward computer science may predict eventual struggles to perform well in the class.
Importance of Households in Business Disaster Recovery

AbstractThe authors seek to contribute to the understanding of post-disaster community interdependencies by examining the recovery linkages between businesses and households. Specifically, this res...
National Trends in Outpatient Mental Health Service Use Among Adults Between 2008 and 2015.

Objective:This study sought to characterize recent trends in mental health visits of adult outpatients to primary care physicians (PCPs), specialty mental health providers (SMHPs), and other provid...
MARS MRI assessment of fatty degeneration of the gluteal muscles in patients with THA: reliability and accuracy of commonly used classification systems.

Fatty degeneration of the gluteal muscles on metal artefact reduction sequence (MARS) MRI has been shown to correlate with poor functional outcomes, particularly in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA). Standardized, reliable classification systems that permit assessment of fatty gluteal infiltration are needed for clinical decision making. This study aimed to compare the reproducibility and accuracy of commonly used MRI classification systems for fatty gluteal atrophy in THA patients. MARS magnetic resonance images of 82 patients with unilateral THA were analysed by three independent trained observers. The readers evaluated fatty degeneration of the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus according to 3 widely used classification systems: Goutallier, Quartile, and Bal and Lowe. Interobserver and intraobserver repeatability were determined using the weighted Kappa test. Quantitative evaluation of the proportion of intramuscular fat based on MR signal intensities was obtained and represented the gold standard. Mean interobserver agreement for the Quartile classification system (0.93) was higher compared with Goutallier classification system (0.87) and the Bal and Lowe classification system (0.83; range 0.79–0.88; p = 0.04). Intraobserver repeatability was significantly higher for the Quartile classification system (weighted kappa 0.91, 0.89, 0.85) compared with the Bal and Lowe classification system (weighted kappa 0.83, 0.77, 0.75; p < 0.01) and Goutallier classification system (weighted kappa 0.83, 0.77, 0.75; p = 0.04). Agreement with the gold standard measurements was significantly higher in the Quartile classification system (0.88, 0.84, 0.81) compared with the Goutallier classification system (0.80, 0.77, 0.78; p = 0.02) and Bal and Lowe classification system (0.76, 0.74, 0.73; p < 0.01). This study directly compared three clinically used MRI classification systems for fatty gluteal muscle atrophy in THA patients. Our findings demonstrate that although all three classification systems demonstrate good reproducibility and accuracy, the Quartile classification system is superior to the others in terms of intraobserver reliability and accuracy to quantify fatty gluteal degeneration in THA patients.
Enhancing temperature-swing adsorption processes through desorption stage heat transfer fluid selection

Abstract Models of the desorption stage of a temperature-swing adsorption process using microchannels with an adsorbent layer coated on the inner wall of each microchannel are developed for liquid- and gas-phase heat transfer fluids. These models are applied to a methane purification process to determine the effects of the heat transfer fluid phase, thermophysical properties, and selectivity on desorption stage performance. The liquid-phase heat transfer fluid performs better, allowing the impurity to be completely removed from the adsorbent layer while leaving over 30% of the initial methane in the adsorbent layer after three seconds, compared to under 10% of the initial methane and over 25% of the initial impurity for a gas-phase heat transfer fluid. This improved behavior is due to the differences in driving forces for liquid and gas flow and due to the selectivity of the liquid.
Confusion limit due to galaxies: using SIRTF's Infrared Array Camera

Recent ISO-data has allowed for the first time observationally based estimates for source confusion in mid-infrared surveys. We use the extragalactic source counts from ISOCAM in conjunction with K-band counts to predict the confusion due to galaxies in deep mid-IR observations. We specifically concentrate on the near-future Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) mission, and calculate expected confusion for the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) onboard SIRTF. A defining scientific goal of the IRAC instrument will be the study of high redshift galaxies using a deep, confusion limited wide field survey at 3-10 microns. A deep survey can reach 3 $\mu$Jy sources with reasonable confidence in the shorter wavelength IRAC bands. Truly confusion limited images at 8 microns will be difficult to obtain due to practical time constraints, unless infrared galaxies exhibit very strong evolution beyond the deepest current observations. We find L^star galaxies to be detectable to z=3-3.5 at 8 microns, which is slightly more pessimistic than found by Simpson & Eisenhardt (1999).
Out of the woods, but still in the weeds: When cancer therapy becomes part of a chronic condition.

Imatinib was introduced on the cover of TIME magazine in 2001 as ‘the magic bullet’ to cure cancer, ushering in a new era of targeted cancer therapeutics that has transformed the modern landscape of cancer treatment. As the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting the Bcr-Abl protein, imatinib revolutionised the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) by improving 10-year survival from 20% to 90%.1 In patients who achieve complete cytogenetic remission on imatinib, overall survival with CML is now comparable to that of population-based controls.2 Due to this metamorphosis from devastating diagnosis to chronic illness, better understanding of non-cancer-related morbidity and mortality is needed in patients with CML on long-term TKI therapy. In this issue of Heart , Leong et al 3 examined the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and cardiovascular mortality in 4238 patients with CML from Ontario, Canada between 1986 and 2017, as compared with an age-matched and sex-matched control group. Separate analyses were performed for patients diagnosed before and after the introduction of TKIs in 2001. MACE was defined as hospitalisation for myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral arterial disease using administrative codes, while cardiovascular death was determined by the physician certifying the patient’s death. Among 46 618 patients included in the study, the authors found increased risk of all-cause mortality in the patients with CML that was attenuated post-TKIs, consistent with known improvement in overall survival on TKI therapy. While risks of MACE and cardiovascular mortality were lower in the patients with CML pre-TKIs, there were no differences between the CML and control groups post-TKIs. In fact, the risk of peripheral arterial disease was higher in the patients with CML post-TKIs (HR=1.66 (95% CI 1.15 to …
The Relation of Helicopter Parenting to Maladaptive Perfectionism in Emerging Adults

Helicopter parenting may contribute to the development of children’s maladaptive perfectionism. This relationship may be salient in emerging adulthood, a time characterized by decision-making and n...
Impact of Surgery for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency on Eustachian Tube Function in Children: Pharyngeal Flap Versus Sphincter Pharyngoplasty.

Objective:Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a common speech disorder in patients with a history of cleft palate (CP) or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Pharyngeal flap (PF) and sphincter pharyngopla...
Dynamics of the Chemically Driven Densification of Barium Titanate Using Molten Hydroxides

Molten hydroxides, often used for crystal growth and nanoparticle synthesis, have recently been applied for the single step densification of several inorganic materials under moderate uniaxial pressures and 1000 °C below their usual sintering temperatures. The latter approach, termed cold sintering process (CSP), is a mechanochemically driven process that enables the densification of inorganic materials through a dissolution-precipitation creep mechanism. In this study, we report the main densification mechanisms of BaTiO3 in a NaOH-KOH eutectic mixture. A chemical insight at the atomistic level, investigated by ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations, offers plausible ionic complex formation scenarios and reactions at the BaTiO3/molten hydroxide interface, enabling the dissolution-precipitation reactions and the subsequent cold sintering of BaTiO3.
Sutural deformation during bone-anchored maxillary protraction

Abstract Introduction Bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) is an emerging treatment option for orthopedic correction of maxillary deficiency in young patients. Compared to reverse pull headgear (RPHG), it is believed that forces generated during BAMP result in greater circum-maxillary sutural separation, mandibular retrusion, and improved maxillary protraction. Mechanical loading of the circum-maxillary sutures during BAMP is still poorly understood. Methods 20 ex-vivo pig heads were used. Miniplates and molar tubes were installed like clinical procedures. A series of five 200 ​g-force (gf) elastics were applied on the right and left side until 1000gf were reached. Strain gauges were installed across the zygomatico-maxillary (ZMS), zygomatico-temporal (ZTS), and nasofrontal suture (NFS). Differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRTs) were installed across the ZTS. Deformation of the sutures during BAMP and RPHG was measured and compared. Results Higher average sutural deformation of the ZTS and ZMS was seen in BAMP than RPHG: 36.6 ​± ​20.6μe vs 18.0 ​± ​12.4μe and 54.7 ​± ​28.5μe vs 12.5 ​± ​14.8μe, respectively. Similarly, higher NFS deformation was seen in BAMP (18.4 ​± ​12.9μe vs. −0.8 ​± ​12.0μe). DVRT data showed higher ZTS separation in BAMP than RPHG (6.3 ​± ​5.2 ​μm vs. 1.7 ​± ​2.1 ​μm). These differences were all statistically significant using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test. Conclusion Both RPHG and BAMP forces separate the ZTS and ZMS. BAMP resulted in higher levels of sutural separation at the ZTS and ZMS by 2- and 5-fold, respectively.
Private Merger Challenges Under § 16 of the Clayton Act: Caution Post-JELD-WEN

Private merger enforcement is a minefield: there is considerable potential downside for industry because in many cases, the motives of private plaintiffs in a merger challenge will not align with the purpose of the antitrust laws; and it is risky for plaintiffs because they will rarely win. So rarely that, in a Fourth Circuit case decided in February of 2021, the court stated “private suits seeking divestiture are rare and, to our knowledge, no court had ever ordered divestiture in a private suit before this case.” Section 16 claims have been historically underdiscussed, in large part because plaintiffs are (almost) always unsuccessful. But the Fourth Circuit grant of divestiture to a private plaintiff just this year affords us an opportunity to evaluate this oft overlooked corner of antitrust law. Should private plaintiffs be able to mold the shape of industries to such a degree? This comment explores the concerns unique to private merger enforcement under § 16 of the Clayton Act, and maintains that despite the JELD-WEN ruling, courts should continue to review these suits with a critical eye. I acknowledge that private merger enforcement is part of the overall antitrust enforcement schema designed by Congress, and that the importance of private plaintiffs in the overall system has been echoed by the Supreme Court. I then detail counterbalancing concerns unique to private merger enforcement under section 16 of the Clayton Act. Ultimately, I argue that despite the JELD-WEN ruling, courts should continue to review these suits with a critical eye. When evaluating private merger challenges, courts ought to consistently apply the antitrust injury doctrine, give preference consumer plaintiffs over competitor plaintiffs, and be wary of unrecoverable waste resulting from divestiture in post-merger consummation challenges.
Chapter 23 – Hunter-Gatherers

Human hunter-gatherer (H-G) populations date back to earliest Paleolithic times more than 200,000 years ago, although nonhuman primate ancestral hunting probably dates back to earlier times. H-G populations/societies constituted all human social groups until the Neolithic Revolution (10,000–12,000 years ago), when agriculture and husbandry developed and then became the dominant pattern of subsistence. H-G numbers declined after the Neolithic and then further during the age of exploration and colonization in the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, when indigenous groups became marginalized and the H-G population showed further declines. Living H-G populations make up only a tiny fraction of the seven billion people on the planet. Existing hunter-gatherers are largely acculturated and remain in enclaves in tropical Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. These remaining populations show considerable variation in subsistence, diet and nutrition, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, reproduction, child growth, and overall health. Because of the small-scale population units that characterize most H-G societies, they have been essentially free from most epidemic diseases, but have been subject to heavy parasite loads and infections. Death rates are high and life expectancies at birth are low, and natural selection has probably operated in a major way via differential mortality. Other evolutionary forces may have operated through genetic drift because of the small bands in which hunter-gatherers lived. The use of contemporary or historical H-G populations as models of prehistoric hunter-gatherers is still a debated issue.
Rights, Remedies, & Habeas Corpus – The Uighurs, Legally Free While Actually Imprisoned

For more than seven years, the Uighurs – Turkic Muslims who fled persecution in China only to be sold by Pakistani officials to the U.S. military for a bounty – have languished in the detainment facility in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Early on, the U.S. government admitted that the Uighurs are not enemy combatants. This summer, four Uighurs finally received extrajudicial relief and now reside in Bermuda; five secured release to Albania in 2006. Further diplomatic efforts may secure release of detained Uighurs, but important questions of judicial remedial power remain unresolved. Boumediene v. Bush extends the privilege of habeas corpus to detainees held in the U.S. Navy facility at Guantanamo. The Supreme Court did not articulate a clear remedy for detainees who have established a habeas violation. Any precedential value of Boumediene has been hollow for the Uighurs. The federal judiciary, in Kiyemba v. Obama, abdicated its power and denied the release remedy to the Uighurs despite their proven habeas violation. The court applied a harsh body of immigration cases, which do not fit the Uighurs’ factual posture, to bar the federal judiciary from remedying the wrong. This article offers a theory of federal court jurisdictional and remedial power that properly balances the competing interests of Congress, the Executive, and detainees. In times marked by asymmetric lines of conflict, the federal judiciary must be watchful of political branch power grabs and should lean in favor of exercising jurisdiction and tailoring an appropriate remedy. Only then will the rule of law and appropriate checks and balances be restored for the American government and justice ensured for groups like the Uighurs.
Making Room for Religious Diversity on Campus: The Spiritual Pathways Series at the University of Minnesota–Morris:

When the University of Minnesota–Morris (UMM) confronted the challenge of promoting religious expression for students of diverse spiritual orientations, the result was a series of forums entitled S...
Systematic Review: Internet-Based Program for Youth Smoking Prevention and Cessation

Purpose: To review the characteristics and effects Internet-based youth smoking prevention and cessation programs. Design: Systematic review of published articles in peer-reviewed journals in the past 10 years, focused on Internet-based youth smoking prevention and cessation programs.Methods: Twelve articles were selected based on the following criteria: studies reporting the outcomes of Internet-based smoking cessation or prevention intervention programs for adolescents who are younger than 24 years.Findings: The components of youth Internet-based smoking intervention programs are analyzed based on study features (i.e., sample, design, theoretical basis, analysis, outcome measures) and program characteristics (i.e., focus, setting, frequency, duration, intensity, and different components) that make the programs effective. The most common components of effective Internet-based programs are identified as the following: the use of multimedia, tailored approaches, personalized feedback, and interactive features. Conclusions: The characteristics and effects of the programs vary, but most programs show positive results in youth smoking prevention and cessation in spite of the studies’ limitations. Clinical Relevance The evidence from this review provides useful information of recent efforts related to Internet-based youth smoking prevention and cessation programs, which can have significant clinical implications in developing future innovative youth smoking prevention and intervention programs.
Consumer Involvement in Restaurant Selection

This study measures consumer involvement in restaraunt selection as a determinant of satisfaction/dissatisfaction in two parts. Part (I) offers a theoretical and conceptual background of consumer involvement and satisfaction/dissatisfaction literature in the foodservice industry. Part (II) proposes and tests a model that evaluates consumer involvement in restaurant selection and discusses the variables that impact consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction.
Needs Assessment and Evaluation in Sales-Training Programs

A study was conducted which investigated the extent to which needs assessment and evaluation practices have been used in planning and evaluating sales training programs. Findings suggest that some needs assessment practices have been used in planning sales training programs. However, systematic formal needs assessment practices were not widely adopted. Findings indicate that most evaluation measures are relatively simple, such as course evaluations or trainee/supervisor reactions. More complex approaches such as learning, behavior and/or results measures are used much less frequently. Implications of these results are discussed.
SOS-dependent replication past a single trans-syn T-T cyclobutane dimer gives a different mutation spectrum and increased error rate compared with replication past this lesion in uninduced cells.

We have transfected SOS-induced and uninduced cells of a uvrA6 strain of Escherichia coli with single-stranded M13mp7-based vectors that carried a single trans-syn T-T cyclobutane dimer at a unique site. Unlike constructs carrying the cis-syn isomer of this lesion, these vectors could be replicated with modest efficiency (14%) in the absence of SOS induction and therefore provided an opportunity to measure directly the influence of such induction on error rate and mutation spectrum. We found that translesion synthesis in the absence of SOS induction was remarkably accurate; only 4% of the replicated bacteriophage contained mutations, which were exclusively targeted single T deletions. In SOS-induced cells, error frequency increased to 11% and the resulting mutations included targeted substitutions and near-targeted single base additions, as well as the T deletions. Replication efficiency was 29% in these conditions. SOS induction therefore leads not only to an enhanced capacity to replicate damaged DNA but also to a marked change in mutation frequency and spectrum. Images
Representing the Lesbian in Law and Literature

This Essay addresses the question "what is involved in representing a lesbian?" In two contexts, law and literature. Its premise is that the work of novelists is enough like the work of lawyers that lawyers can learn how to represent lesbian clients better by studying books with lesbian characters. This is a preliminary, anecdotal, and impressionistic effort. The Author relies upon several systematic surveys of the field and her seven years' experience as a litigator and eight years' further reading and reflection about the problems and strategies of representing lesbians. The Essay begins by exploring the general problem of representing lesbian clients. Then, after a broadbrush survey of lesbian literature, with particular attention to the problems of character construction and presentation, it explores ways images of lesbians from literature have been used, and ways they could be used, to represent the lesbian clients in two paradigmatic cases.
Representing motion using chronogeneous transformation

The author introduces a matrix representation of rigid and nonrigid 3D motion, which generalizes homogeneous transformation. He calls this transformation a chronogeneous transformation. Just as homogeneous transformations allow rigid transformations and projection to be represented in a linear manner, chronogeneous transformations allow an analogous representation for certain classes of continuous motion/structural deformation. The author categorizes these classes of motion. For example, uniform translation of a rigid object that rotates with uniform angular velocity about a fixed axis is one kind of motion that can be represented. It is straightforward to calculate the matrix representation given the underlying motion parameters and vice versa. It is also shown how the position of a point on an object changes as a result of simultaneous uniform chronogeneous camera and objection motion. >
In Pursuit of the Working Class

A review of Owen Jones, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class (Verso, 2012), Zygmunt Bauman, Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age (Polity, 2011) and David Nichols, The Bogan Delusion: Myths, Mischief and Misconceptions (Affirm, 2011).
The how-to's of governance

Governing for Results: A Director's Guide to Good Governance, by Mel D. Gill. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, 2005.180 pp., $37.50 (Can.) paper.
Evaluation of matrix effects using a spike recovery approach in a dilute-and-inject liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry opioid monitoring assay.

Abstract Background Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry has become the gold standard for quantitative analysis of compounds in human matrices. Introduction of these assays into clinical practice, where false positive and false negative results have substantial implications, requires careful attention to matrix effects. We describe an evaluation of matrix effects in human urine from a dilute-and-inject liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantitative analysis of opioids and metabolites. Methods A spike-recovery approach was employed for each analyte in each sample. We examined the impact of spike-recovery for the 6 glucuronides measured in this assay and compared the analytes for which conventional stable isotope-labeled internal standards were used with the analytes for which analog internal standards were used. Results For analytes that had analog internal standards, up to 1.5% of negative samples failed our requirement of recovering at least 80% of the expected spiked concentration while passing all other quality control parameters. Conclusions Using spike-recovery as a quality control parameter decreases the rate of false negatives for compounds using analog internal standards, but does not have benefit for compounds with conventional stable isotope-labeled internal standards.
Every Curriculum Tells a Story.

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom that was overrun with dragons. The people were terrorized by the dragons, so they decided to build a new curriculum in their finest university to train young warriors in the art of dragon slaying. The university they selected had a faculty that knew many different things that would be of potential use to a dragon slayer, so the faculty met and formed a curriculum committee to establish a masters degree in Dragon Slaying. The committee drew on all the wisest faculty in the university, so it had faculty from the arts and faculty from the sciences. There were business faculty and law faculty and medical faculty. The engineering faculty was represented and so was the humanities faculty. Surely from such an erudite group, the best and the brightest could instruct those who wished to learn how to slay the dragon.
Descriptive accounts of the behavior of breeding and nonbreeding pairs of golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster)

Four adult heterosexual pairs of golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster) were observed at the Sacramento Zoo. The behaviors of the pairs differed with the histories of the individuals involved, degrees of swelling of the females, presence of offspring in their cages, and the nature of distractions near their enclosures. Young wild-born adults without a nursing-aged infant displayed sexual behavior and observer-directed threats. Experienced wild-born breeders with nursing-aged infants and older juveniles showed intense interest in the sexual behavior of the young pair. These breeders displayed mild aggression, both protective and punitive, toward the juveniles and the infant living with them. Captive and abnormally behaving adults displayed self-biting, bizarre postures, and other stress-related behaviors as well as large amounts of visitor-directed aggression. An experienced breeder male paired with the captive female was unable to achieve copulation. To reduce stress in these and other relatively aggressive primate species, careful attention should be paid to housing location, social history, stage of estrus, and presence of offspring.
Measurement of gas permeability of polymers. II. Apparatus for determination of permeabilities of mixed gases and vapors

A gas permeability apparatus has been constructed to facilitate the study of permeation of mixtures of gases and vapors. The apparatus utilizes the carrier gas method with gas-chromatographic analysis to determine individual permeation values and in-line thermal conductivity detectors to provide simultaneous overall diffusion and permeability data. The effects of film type, structure, and morphology on permeability may be studied from atmospheric to 100 psi feed pressure and from ambient to 300°C. Feed stocks may be custom mixed, and a vaporizing bath permits introduction of vapors either as contaminants or as primary permeants in an inert carrier. The experiments which illustrate the use of the equipment suggest that the noninteracting gases H2 and CH4 permeate a number of polymer films independently over a wide concentration range and that water vapor retards their permeation in polyimide films.
The purine and pyrimidine requirements of Glaucoma scintillans.

Abstract Glaucoma scintillans A has an absolute requirement for guanine. Guanosine and guanylic acid are equal to the free base, on a molar basis. Adenine and hypoxanthine spare, but do not replace, guanine. Xanthine is inert. Uracil will satisfy the pyrimidine requirement, as will uridine, uridylic acid, cytidine, and cytidylic acid. Cytosine and orotic acid are inert. Thymine does not spare either uracil or folic acid.
Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors mediate morphine-induced reductions of natural killer cell activity

Morphine suppresses a number of immune parameters, such as natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation, by acting through mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Prior studies have implicated the sympathetic nervous system in mediating the immunomodulatory effects of acute morphine treatment. However, the peripheral mechanism whereby morphine inhibits NK cell activity is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the sympathetic transmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) in mediating morphine-induced immune alterations. The results showed that administration of the selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 blocked morphine's effect on splenic NK activity but did not attenuate the suppression splenocyte proliferative responses to Con-A or LPS. Furthermore, intravenous NPY administration produced a dose-dependent inhibition of splenic NK activity but did not suppress lymphocyte proliferation. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that morphine modulates NK activity through a central mechanism that requires the activation of dopamine D1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Results from the present study showed that microinjection of the D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 into the nucleus accumbens shell induced a suppression of NK activity that was reversed by BIBP3226. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NPY Y1 receptors mediate morphine's suppressive effect on NK activity and further suggest that opioid-induced increases in nucleus accumbens D1 receptor activation inhibit splenic NK activity via NPY released from the sympathetic nervous system.
Effect of low extracellular Ca2+ on growth spreading area, cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, and intracellular pH in normal and transformed human fibroblasts

The transformation of certain cells reduces the requirement of extracellular Ca2+ for growth. The SV-40 transformed human lung fibroblasts, WI-38 VA13, require less Ca2+ than normal WI-38 cells. Spreading area of normal cells decreases when cultured in 10 μM Ca2+ medium. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), of the normal and transformed cells cultured in 10μM and 2 mM Ca2+ media was measured by the fluorescence microscope technique using fura-2 as a probe. The [Ca2+], is measured in the resting state and during mobilization by serum or bradykinin stimulation. The lowering of extracellular calcium concentration results in a decrease in the resting state [Ca2+],i of both normal and transformed cells. Although the total decrease in [Ca2+]i is the same for both cell, the rate of decrease is much faster in normal cells than in transformed cells. Low extracellular Ca2+ reduces the number of cells responsive to the serum or bradykinin stimulation and decreases the peak [Ca2+]i value in both cells. In addition, we investigated, using BCECF as a fluorecent probe, the intracellular pH (pHi) of normal and transformed cells maintained at low and normal Ca2+. The low Ca2+ condition makes pHi acidic in normal cells but not in transformed cells. The acidification of the normal cell is accompanied by a decrease in the spreading area of the cells. The decrease of the cell attacment, followed by the reduced spreading area, induced the acidic pHi. These results suggest that the reduced Ca2+ requirement of transformed cells for growth is related to the mechanism of pHi regulation rather than Ca2+ homeostasis and, possibly, to the anchorage-independent growth, which is a unique feature of transformed cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fine‐structure physical chemistry modeling of Uranus H2 X quadrupole emission

[1] A new hydrogen physical chemistry model has been developed at the fine-structure level for application to the giant outer planet thermospheres. The model is applied to Uranus because observations of dayglow H2 X 1Σg+ (v) quadrupole and H3+ vibration-rotation emission made at NASA IRTF and UKIRT provide critical constraints for thermospheric modeling. The observed H3+ vibration-rotation emission infers an H3+ dominant ionosphere, predicted only for non-LTE H2 X (v : J). Excitation mechanisms explored are solar and non-solar electron energy deposition. Non-solar electron forcing is constrained by the EUV H2 Lyman and Werner band emission measured by Voyager UVS. Analysis indicates that non-solar electrons are dominant in the energy budget required to predict the observed thermospheric temperature profile. The modeled H2 X quadrupole emission infers that an additional mechanism is required to excite the H2 X (v = 1) population. Non-thermal H produced in dissociative excitation of H2 X is a primary candidate.