cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workshop on Internet economics (WIE2014) Report

On December 10-11 2014, we hosted the 4th interdisciplinary Workshop on Internet Economics (WIE) at the UC San Diego's Supercomputer Center. This workshop series provides a forum for researchers, Internet facilities and service providers, technologists, economists, theorists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to inform current and emerging regulatory and policy debates. The objective for this year's workshop was a structured consideration of whether and how policy-makers should try to shape the future of the Internet. To structure the discussion about policy, we began the workshop with a list of potential aspirations for our future telecommunications infrastructure (a list we had previously collated), and asked participants to articulate an aspiration or fear they had about the future of the Internet, which we summarized and discussed on the second day. The focus on aspirations was motivated by the high-level observation that before discussing regulation, we must agree on the objective of the regulation, and why the intended outcome is justified. In parallel, we used a similar format as in previous years: a series of focused sessions, where 3-4 presenters each prepared 10-minute talks on issues in recent regulatory discourse, followed by in-depth discussions. This report highlights the discussions and presents relevant open research questions identified by participants. Slides presented and a copy of this report are available at http://www.caida.org/workshops/wie/1412/.
Constructing of highly porous thermoelectric structures with improved thermoelectric performance

As more than 60% of worldwide consumed energy is unused and becomes waste heat every year, high-efficiency waste heat to power technologies are highly demanded for the conversion of wasted heat to electricity. Thermoelectrics which can convert the wasted heat directly into electricity represent a promising approach for energy recovery. Thermoelectric technology has existed for several decades, but its usage has been limited due to low efficiencies. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the improving of thermoelectric properties which open up the thermoelectrics’ feasibility in industry. In this paper, we present an overview of recent progress in increasing the porosity of thermoelectric materials from atomic scale to microscale, leading to the enhancement of figure of merit.
Racial Capitalism and The Black Student Loan Debt Crisis

Background/ContextStudent loans reflect a larger shift in U.S. society in which people are forced to go into debt for basic needs. Student loan debt in the United States has been recognized as a po...
What Exactly is Lean

This brief, one-page note provides multiple definitions of Lean. The purpose is to show that Lean programs can and should be addressed on multiple levels, including detailed operations, the entire value stream, and the entire organization. Excerpt UVA-OM-1631 Jul. 2, 2019 What Exactly Is Lean? The essence of Lean is to create an organization with people who are trained and empowered to explore increasingly better ways to provide and create customer-defined value. Lean thinking frames every request for value as an opportunity to improve by teaching participants to notice wasteful action (or inaction), then carefully remove that waste, leaving the value intact. This can be achieved by anyone following three basic premises. First, once you set a standard for any means of value creation, that standard must be protected relentlessly, not as an isolated project, but a continuous mission; this involves engaging and empowering everyone in the enterprise. Second, the criteria for improvement and priorities for implementation should pull directly and strategically from the needs of the customer. Third, the best way for value delivery to approach its ideal form is for changes to comprise removing waste wherever found, regardless of scale; what remains will reveal what is essential and invite a new evaluation, in a virtuous cycle of refinement. . . .
State-level Citizen Response to COVID-19 Containment Measures in Brazil and Mexico:

In Brazil and Mexico, presidents failed to take swift, national action to stop the spread of COVID-19. Instead, the burden of imposing and enforcing public health measures has largely fallen to sub...
Navigational preference and driver acceptance of advanced traveler information systems

This paper reports on a study which assessed drivers' awareness of what type of navigational aid was most suitable to them. The study consisted of: 1) obtaining usability data on drivers' initial preferences for maps or text directions from a questionnaire; 2) performance with a simulated Advanced Travel Information System (ATIS) display, maps, and text directions in a part-task driving simulator; and, 3) subjective evaluations of those aids. The data were examined to determine whether initial navigational preference influenced performance and/or subjective evaluations of the specific navigational aids used.
Security Patterns and A Methodology to Apply them

Patterns encapsulate experience and good practices that can be used for new designs. Analysis and design patterns are well established as a convenient and reusable way to build high-quality object-oriented software. Security patterns join the extensive knowledge accumulated about security with the structure provided by patterns to provide guidelines for secure system design and evaluation. A variety of security patterns has been developed for the construction of secure systems. We survey the security patterns developed by our group and a few other researchers. We apply these patterns through a secure system development method based on a hierarchical architecture whose layers define the scope of each security mechanism. We are building a catalog of security patterns that helps in defining the security mechanisms at each architectural level and at each development stage. In addition to their value for new system design, security patterns are useful to evaluate existing systems by analyzing if they include specific patterns or not. They are also useful to compare security standards and to verify that products comply with the standard. Finally, we have found security patterns very valuable for teaching security concepts and mechanisms.
Probabilistic Models of Yield, Price, and Revenue Risks for Fed Cattle Production

Cattle feeding enterprises operate amid variability originating in prices and production. This research explicitly models yield risks related to cattle feeding by relating the mean and variance of yield performance factors to observable conditioning variables. The results demonstrate that pen characteristics, such as entry weight, gender, placement season, and location influence the mean and variability of yield factors, defined as dry matter feed conversion, average daily gain, mortality, and animal health costs. Ex ante profit distributions, conditional on cattle placement characteristics, are derived through simulation methods to evaluate the effects of price or yield shocks on the distributional characteristics of expected profits.
Chapter 9 Rhodium-catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions of allenes in diversity-oriented synthesis

Summary In summary, we have successfully applied allenic Rh(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions to DOS. The overall goal of this study was to design robust and efficient methods for the synthesis of complex small molecules to be used as biological probes. As part of our broader DOS strategy, we have developed a synthesis of pivotal allenic amino-ester intermediates by utilizing a Claisen rearrangement of amino-acid propar-gyl esters. The scope of the allenic cycloisomerization reaction was thoroughly studied with respect to the substitution of the amino acid side chain, amine protecting group and the alkyne and allene reactive moieties. Consequently, we have gained efficient access to various polysubstituted cross-conjugated trienes that would be difficult to access via existing methods. Moreover, a cycloisomerization of amide-tethered allenynes was utilized to prepare novel δ-lactams. This achievement is important, since previously, only γ-lactams have been available via transition metal-catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions. The resulting trienes that are accessible via these methods represent a novel class of compounds. Here it was demonstrated that these trienes can be utilized in sequential Diels—Alder reactions to gain rapid access to non-aromatic polyhetero-cyclic skeletons. The first generation of sterically and electronically undifferentiated trienes underwent the reaction without chemo- or stereoselectivity, thus affording products as mixtures of diastereomers. This obstacle was overcome by designing second generation bicyclic triene precursors that underwent a stereoselective Diels—Alder reaction to afford tetracyclic skeleons. The synthetic route was then applied to the synthesis of a library o compounds, thus fulfilling the goal of DOS.
Minor Antigens on Transfused RBCs Crossprime CD8 T Cells but Do Not Induce Full Effector Function

HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a cure for nonmalignant hematological disorders; however, rejection rates are high and correlate with the number of antecedent transfusions. Recently, using murine models, we reported that minor antigens (mHAs) in transfused leukoreduced red blood cell (RBC) or platelet units induce rejection of subsequent BMT. To study RBCs as an immunogen, we utilized transgenic donors that express a model mHA selectively on RBCs (HOD mouse). Transfusion of HOD blood did not induce BMT rejection of marrow that shared mHAs with the HOD RBCs. Similarly, no endogenous anti-HOD CD8+ T-cell response was detected with antigen-specific tetramer reagents. Adoptively transferred OT-I T cells rapidly expanded after HOD blood transfusion; however, only a semi-effector phenotype was observed (tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ secretion, but essentially no Granzyme B). After initial expansion, OT-I T cells contracted rapidly to very low levels. A similar trend was observed by in vivo CTL assay, with only transient lytic activity. Together, these data indicate that RBCs may not be the component of RBC units that induces BMT rejection, and suggest that contaminating platelets or leukocytes may be responsible.
Langerhans Cells Facilitate UVB-Induced Epidermal Carcinogenesis

UVB light is considered the major environmental inducer of human keratinocyte (KC) DNA mutations, including within the tumor-suppressor gene p53, and chronic exposure is associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma formation. Langerhans cells (LCs) comprise a dendritic network within the suprabasilar epidermis, yet the role of LCs in UVB-induced carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Herein we show that LC-intact epidermis develops UVB-induced tumors more readily than LC-deficient epidermis. Although levels of epidermal cyclopyrimidine dimers following acute UVB exposure are equivalent in the presence or absence of LCs, chronic UVB-induced p53 mutant clonal islands expand more readily in association with LCs, which remain largely intact and are preferentially found in proximity to the expanding mutant KC populations. The observed LC facilitation of mutant p53 clonal expansion is completely αβ and γδ T-cell independent and is associated with increased intraepidermal expression of IL-22 and the presence of group 3 innate lymphoid cells. These data demonstrate that LCs have a key role in UVB-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis and suggest that LCs locally stimulate KC proliferation and innate immune cells that provoke tumor outgrowth.
Index compression through document reordering

An important concern in the design of search engines is the construction of an inverted index. An inverted index, also called a concordance, contains a list of documents (or posting list) for every possible search term. These posting lists are usually compressed with difference coding. Difference coding yields the best compression when the lists to be coded have high locality. Coding methods have been designed to specifically take advantage of locality in inverted indices. Here, we describe an algorithm to permute the document numbers so as to create locality in an inverted index. This is done by clustering the documents. Our algorithm, when applied to the TREC ad hoc database (disks 4 and 5), improves the performance of the best difference coding algorithm we found by fourteen percent. The improvement increases as the size of the index increases, so we expect that greater improvements would be possible on larger datasets.
Papillary ovarian tumors

Abstract A clinicopathologic study was made of 923 cases of primary papillary ovarian tumor treated definitively at the Mayo Clinic during a 20 year period ending with 1954. The tumors consisted of: (1) benign papillary ovarian tumor, 270 cases; (2) papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma, 401 cases; (3) papillary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, 157 cases; (4) endometrial-like (endometrioid) cancer of the ovary, 56 cases; and (5) mesonephroma ovarii, 39 cases. This study covers the findings in the first three categories. A review of the 270 benign papillary ovarian tumors suggests that the cystadenofibromatous type is not a rare tumor. The present study indicates that a spectrum of papillary ovarian tumors exists. Although the complex papillary cystadenofibroma seems to be potentially malignant, it lies slightly on the benign side of a spectrum which has the simple papillary fibroma on one extreme and the highly malignant solid carcinoma on the other. Hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy seems to be the treatment of choice in older patients; but where ovarian conservation is demanded by the youth of the woman, the remaining ovarian tissue should be searched thoroughly for a similar bilateral tumor. Serous and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas are two of the more common kinds of primary papillary ovarian tumors. They appear to originate from germinal epithelium by metaplasia. The development of these tumors is insidious and produces no characteristic symptoms. The finding of bilateral serous or mucinous lesions at laparotomy is accompanied by a poorer ultimate prognosis, but rupture of the tumor before or during laparotomy has no bad effect on prognosis. The finding of ascites at laparotomy worsened the prognosis only in the serous group. Myxoma peritonei, a rare complication of preoperative rupture of a mucinous malignant cyst, is often a fatal complication, although it is sometimes a long delayed one. Prognosis may be gauged rather accurately from the stage and grade of the ovarian malignancy. All papillary mucinous tumors are malignant, but strict application of histologic criteria is necessary to categorize the papillary serous tumors into benign or malignant groups. The application of these criteria to numerous sections should obviate the “borderline” diagnosis. The treatment for ovarian malignancies is total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, together with removal of as much tumor tissue as is technically possible and safe for the patient. Postoperative external irradiation is recommended, especially for incompletely removed lesions, since peritoneal metastatic growths do not disappear because of ovarian extirpation alone. The radical treatment can be tempered occasionally in low-grade, early stage serous ovarian tumor, but this is not recommended for any mucinous ovarian lesions.
Recent progress in clinical radiology systems

The session will focus on activities underway to develop a comprehensive radiology information system through a joint effort of a group of hospitals and a private firm. The system is based upon earlier developments supported by the Bureau of Radiological Health at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. The components of the system will be described and the problems encountered in translating requirements and specifications into acceptable operational programs will be discussed.
Natural products in soil microbe interactions and evolution

Covering: up to 2015 In recent years, bacterial interspecies interactions mediated by small molecule natural products have been found to give rise to a surprising array of phenotypes in soil-dwelling bacteria, especially among Streptomyces and Bacillus species. This review examines these interspecies interactions, and the natural products involved, as they have been presented in literature stemming from four disciplines: soil science, interspecies microbiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology. We also consider how these interactions fit into accepted paradigms of signaling, cueing, and coercion.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Smaller Brain Volumes in Regions Identified as Early Predictors of Cognitive Decline.

In a multiethnic population-based sample, specific toxic and endogenous metabolic factors are correlated with smaller volume in brain segments linked with risk for neurodegenerative disease.
On the structure and function of cytochrome b-559

A sumary of biochemical, biophysical, and molecular biological data is presented which led to the identification of two different polypeptides (α and β, MW=9.16 and 4.27 kDa) in the cytochrome b-559 protein. The presence of a single His residue on each polypeptide, and the conclusion from spectroscopy that the heme coordination must be bis-histidine led to an obligatory requirement for coordination of a single heme through a heme cross-linked dimer. This structure does not have a precedent among soluble or membrane bound cytochromes. The possible participation of the cytochrome in the pathway of photoactivation is discussed.
Decision matrix for liquid loading in gas wells for cost/benefit analyses of lifting options

Liquid loading in gas wells is a multiphase flow phenomenon where the liquid content of the well creates back pressure that restricts, and in some cases even stops, the flow of gas from the reservoir. It is estimated that 90% of the producing gas wells in the U.S. are operating in liquid loading regime. Field-proven solutions already exist to reduce the loss of gas production when liquid loading begins to occur. However, whether or not the chosen remedy is technically feasible and cost effective will depend on the field's location, export route capacity and the operator's experience. Although there are literature reviews available that describe the possible solutions to liquid loading problems in gas wells, no tool currently exists which is capable of helping an operator select the best remedial option for a specific field case. The selection of the best remedial technique and the timeframe within which the remedial action is undertaken are critical to a project's profitability. This paper describes a newly developed decision matrix to screen the possible remedial options available to the operator. The matrix not only provides a critical evaluation of technical solutions to the problem of liquid loading in gas wells vis-a-vis the existing technical and economic constraints, but also serves as a quick screening tool for the selection of production optimization strategies. In its current state of development, the tool consists of an assessment algorithm used in conjunction with a decision tree. Being a data mining technique, the decision tree allows rapid subdivision of large initial data sets into successively smaller sets by a series of decision rules, which are based on information available in the public domain. The effectiveness of the matrix is now ready to be tested against real field data sets.
A preliminary investigation of the effect of post-deposition polishing of diamond films on the machining behavior of diamond-coated cutting tools

Abstract The development of deposition technology and applications of diamond-coated cutting tools for machining abrasive materials has now reached a stage where viable cutting tools and machining techniques will soon be a commercial reality. Some early reports in the literature have indicated that polishing of diamond coatings may provide certain benefits in terms of reduction in cutting forces and/or improvement in surface finish of the machined component. The benefits of a polished tool are well known in the industry, as evidenced by the use of polished polycrystalline diamond and cemented carbide tools in the machining of non-ferrous materials. The present work was undertaken to investigate polishing of diamond-coated cutting tools and to study the effect of polishing on the machining behavior of such tools. In this paper we report some preliminary results obtained with polished, diamond-coated cemented carbide cutting tools in the machining of Al-Si alloys. The results suggest that polishing of diamond coating allows more efficient cutting owing to improved cutting edge geometry, leading to a reduction in cutting forces and improved chip flow during machining.
The Clinical Utility of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Disease and the Potential Implication of JUPITER on Current Practice Guidelines

Background: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) testing is relatively inexpensive and has been shown to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in multiple patient groups, including those treated with statin therapy. JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) is a recently completed large multicenter randomized clinical trial that tested whether statin therapy should be given to apparently healthy individuals with lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations but increased hsCRP concentrations. Content: This review discusses the literature on hsCRP in asymptomatic populations, analyzes it according to CVD and diabetes, and provides summary recommendations for the use of hsCRP in clinical practice. In this context, we highlight recent data from the landmark JUPITER trial, which demonstrated that hsCRP can be used to target high-risk patients who have typical LDL-C concentrations and no known vascular disease or diabetes and who would benefit from statin use. We also summarize evidence that among patients treated with statin therapy, achieving low hsCRP concentrations may be a clinically relevant therapeutic goal along with achieving very low LDL-C concentrations. Summary: JUPITER has demonstrated that combining hsCRP testing with traditional testing of lipids can reduce incident CVD in high-risk asymptomatic individuals by 44% and all-cause mortality by approximately 20%, extending the therapeutic use of statins for the primary prevention of CVD. Guidelines for practitioners could include testing asymptomatic individuals for increased concentrations of hsCRP in men ≥50 years and women ≥60 years when LDL-C concentrations are not increased and for whom the decision to treat with statin therapy is not otherwise clear.
Foster Parents as a Critical Link and Resource in International Adoptions From Guatemala

Before the recent implementation of the Hague Convention requirements on intercountry adoption in Guatemala, most children in the process of being adopted by foreign nationals were cared for by foster parents. In the present study, 16 Guatemalan foster parents were interviewed regarding their experiences with and attitudes toward international and domestic adoption and fostering. Although adoption was generally described in positive terms as a means to improve the child's future, respondents also emphasized the economic dimension of international adoption. Foster parents’ views implied actions that are important for implementation of the Hague Convention requirements, including addressing poverty as the root cause of child relinquishment, reducing structural and attitudinal barriers to domestic adoption, and enlisting the aid of extended families in caring for children. With training and licensing, foster parents themselves might play a role in post-Hague procedures for providing families for children.
Effects of once- versus twice-weekly transvaginal follicular aspiration on bovine oocyte recovery and embryo development.

Abstract Ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicular aspiration combined with in vitro maturation/in vitro fertilization (IVM/IVF) and culture was used to obtain bovine preimplantation stage embryos. Evaluated were the effects of aspiration frequency on oocyte recovery and embryo development following IVM/IVF. In Experiment 1, transvaginal follicular aspiration was performed once (n=5) or twice (n=5) weekly in multiparous Angus cows with the aid of a transvaginal sector transducer (5-MHz). In Experiment 2, aspiration was performed on Angus cows once weekly (n=6), twice weekly (n=4), or twice weekly after treatment with FSH (15 mg; n=4). Follicles (>2 mm) were punctured using a 55-cm needle (17g), and oocytes were aspirated through the needle and silastic tubing (2 m) by vacuum suction (75 mmHg). The oocytes were examined for morphology and were in vitro matured and fertilized. Following IVF, all ova were co-cultured in vitro for 7 d on Buffalo Rat liver cells. Oocyte recovery rates per aspiration session in Experiment 1 were not different between groups aspirated once or twice weekly (6.8±2.0 vs 6.3±1.1 oocytes/session; x ±SEM) or in Experiment 2 between groups aspirated once, twice, or twice plus FSH treatment (7.7±1.8 vs 9.5±1.1 vs 6.2±1.1; P>0.10). In vitro development to the blastocyst stage was not different between the once, twice or twice-weekly aspiration plus FSH treatments or control oocytes obtained from cows at slaughter (23.1 vs 26.1 vs 18.0 vs 27.9%; P>0.10). Oocytes from the twice-weekly and twice-weekly plus FSH aspiration groups generated a higher percentage of Grade-1 quality embryos than the once-weekly group (P
Frailty and cognitive impairment as predictors of mortality in older Mexican Americans.

Objective Examine the association between frailty and cognitive impairment as predictors of mortality over a 10-year period in a selected sample of older Mexican Americans.
An implicit upwind algorithm for computing turbulent flows on unstructured grids

An implicit, Navier-Stokes solution algorithm is presented for the computation of turbulent flow on unstructured grids. The inviscid fluxes are computed using an upwind algorithm and the solution is advanced in time using a backward-Euler time-stepping scheme. At each time step, the linear system of equations is approximately solved with a point-implicit relaxation scheme. This methodology provides a viable and robust algorithm for computing turbulent flows on unstructured meshes.
Effects of dorsolateral tegmental lesions on amphetamine- and lithium-induced taste aversions.

Abstract Female rats with lesions of the dorsolateral tegmentum (DLT) displayed both hyperphagia and attenuation of the conditioned taste aversion induced by amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg). DLT lesions, however, did not influence conditioned taste aversion induced by lithium chloride (0.15 M). These outcomes complement recent observations of attenuated lithium, but not amphetamine, taste aversion following destruction of the area postrema. It is suggested that the ventral nonadrenergic bundle, at the level of the dorsolateral tegmentum, may mediate the aversive properties of amphetamine.
Improved orientation of plant tissues for thin sectioning

A technique is described for the fixation, embedding, and mounting of plant tissues which permits precise alignment of the cut surface. This is accomplished by first cutting a 300- μ section of previous lyfixed tissue embedded in a gelatin and/or agar. This thick section is dehydrated and embedded in plastic by standard techniques. Polymerization is carried out directly on the machined end of the plastic rod which supports the tissue during sectioning. Tissues handled in this way can be observed clearly under the microscope during trimming.
Imaging magnetically labeled cells with magnetomotive optical coherence tomography.

We introduce a novel contrast mechanism for optical coherence tomography (OCT) whereby the optical scattering of magnetically labeled cells is modified by means of an externally applied magnetic field. This modification is made through the addition of a small electromagnet to the imaging arm of a conventional OCT interferometer. We measure the magnetomotive OCT signal by differencing pairs of axial scans (A-scans) acquired with the magnetic field on and off. Magnetomotive contrast is demonstrated in bulk three-dimensional cell scaffolds containing macrophages labeled with microparticles of iron oxide, demonstrating magnetic-specific contrast over a dynamic range of 30?dB.
Sexual abuse and smoking among college student women

Despite the potential influence of sexual abuse in childhood and adulthood on smoking among women, few studies have examined these variables. In this exploratory study, 296 women completed an anonymous survey. Results revealed that women who were sexually abused as children were 3.8 times more likely than their nonabused counterparts to be current smokers and were 2.1 times more likely to have initiated smoking before the age of 14. In all analyses, sexual abuse was a better predictor of smoking than were status variables. These preliminary findings highlight sexual abuse in childhood as a gender-specific stressor that increases girls and women's risk for smoking. Hence, sexual abuse is worthy of further investigation as well as of inclusion in new gender-tailored smoking prevention and cessation programs.
Low Temperature Processing of Porous Silicon Films for Wafer Bonding-Based Thin-Film Layer Transfer Applications

Porous silicon films were fabricated from p + -Si (0.001-0.005 Ω cm) wafers and characterized for their applicability to wafer bonding and layer transfer schemes. Conditions for producing porous silicon films compatible with both (i) wafer bonding surface smoothness requirements and (ii) layer transfer mechanical requirements were investigated. Nanoindentation of various films showed the quadratic dependence of Young's modulus on relative density. High porosity films (>90%) exhibited prohibitively high surface roughness values for wafer bonding applications, while wafers with lower porosity produced surfaces that were sufficiently smooth; films with midrange Young's modulus were selected for layer transfer applications. Demonstration of wafer bonding of porous silicon surfaces using silicon nitride interlayers was shown without the use of a high temperature anneal step to densify the porous surface or chemical mechanical polishing. Coarsening of the porous structure was observed at temperatures as low as 300°C, and the porous films remained pseudomorphic after annealing at all temperatures, as high as 900°C. Strong bonds were formed at the silicon nitride interfaces after low temperature annealing. After higher temperature annealing, mechanical fracture of the bonded stack occurred in the porous film parallel to the wafer bond interface. A fracture mechanism for these structures is proposed.
Mediation in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Pilot Project

Objective To describe the development and implementation of a mediation model appropriate for long-term care facilities. Methods The recruitment and training of mediators; the role of the ombudsman; and approaches to educating facility staff, families, and residents are described. Disputes identified as suitable for mediation include care disputes, resident-to-resident issues, and family matters. Results Pilot project results indicate cases that reach mediation generally come to a mutual agreement that is upheld over time. Only a small number of cases referred for mediation are actually mediated. A main barrier to using mediation as an option is lack of knowledge of its availability and potential benefits. Intensive outreach within facilities is essential if residents, families, and staff are to recognize and refer cases. Conclusion Mediation must be considered broadly as an approach, not as a single process. Mediation can help to involve residents and families in constructive decision making that improves care, and could be a part of the overall dispute resolution system in long-term care.
The nitric oxide hypothesis of late preconditioning.

Ischemic preconditioning (PC) occurs in two phases: an early phase, which lasts 2–3 h, and a late phase, which begins 12–24 h later and lasts 3–4 days. The mechanism for the late phase of PC has been the subject of intensive investigation. We have recently proposed the “NO hypothesis of late PC”, which postulates that NO plays a prominent role both in initiating and in mediating this cardioprotective response. The purpose of this essay is to review the evidence supporting the NO hypothesis of late PC and to discuss its implications. We propose that, on day 1, a brief ischemic stress causes increased production of NO (probably via eNOS) and ·O2 –, which then react to form ONOO–, ONOO–, in turn, activates the ɛ isoform of protein kinase C (PKC); either directly or via its reactive byproducts such as ·OH. Both NO and secondary species derived from ·O2 – could also stimulate PKC ɛ independently. PKC ɛ activation triggers a complex signaling cascade that involves tyrosine kinases (among which Src and Lck appear to be involved) and probably other kinases, the transcription factor NF-κB, and most likely other as yet unknown components, resulting in increases transcription of the iNOS gene and increased iNOS activity on day 2, which is responsible for the protection during the second ischemic challenge. Tyrosine kinases also appear to be involved on day 2, possibly by modulating iNOS activity. According to this paradigm, NO plays two completely different roles in late PC: on day 1, it initiates the development of this response, whereas on day 2, it protects against myocardial ischemia. We propose that two different NOS isoforms are sequentially involved in late PC, with eNOS generating the NO that initiates the development of the PC response on day 1 and iNOS then generating the NO that protects against recurrent ischemia on day 2. The NO hypothesis of late PC puts forth a comprehensive paradigm that can explain both the initiation and the mediation of this complex phenomenon. Besides its pathophysiological implications, this hypothesis has potential clinical reverberations, since NO donors (i.e., nitrates) are widely used clinically and could be used to protect the ischemic myocardium in patients.
Abstract CT228: A phase II study of afatinib (A) in patients (pts) with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-positive trastuzumab (T) refractory esophagogastric (EG) cancer

Background: Trastuzumab (T) combined with chemotherapy has been the standard of care for pts with HER2+ EG cancer. Resistance to T is now emerging in this population. Afatinib (A), a potent ErbB Family Blocker, induced nearly complete tumor regression in MSKCC HER2+ patient derived xenografts (PDX). We report the initial results of a phase II study of afatinib in patients with T refractory EG cancer. Methods: Pts with HER2+ (IHC 3+ or FISH>2.0) EG cancer -progressive on trastuzumab -received A 40 mg. Archival pre-T tissue, tumor biopsy after progression on T and after 1 week on A mandated on protocol. The primary endpoint-overall disease control: stable disease (SD) or partial response (PR). Results: 14 pts treated with A; median duration 5.1 mos (1.7 to 12.1 mos), median 2 (1 to 4) prior T regimens, 64% of tumors IHC3+; 36% IHC2+/FISH>2.2. Adverse events included: diarrhea (Grade 1/2:69%), fatigue (Grade1/2: 54%), rash (Grade 1/2:54%), mucositis (Grade1: 23%), paronychia (Grade 1/2:15%). 4 of 14 pts (28%) with disease control (PR or SD); including 1 pt with confirmed PR - a durable 75% regression of biopsy proven metastases. Median OS 6.6 mos (1.9 to NR). PDXs established from biopsies of T refractory tumors of 5 pts. EGFR amplification was detected in the tumor of the patient with PR on afatinib, suggesting EGFR amplification as a predictor of response to afatinib. High level of HER2 amplification was retained in post-trastuzumab resistance sample suggesting ongoing dependence on HER2. PIK3CA mutations were observed in tumors of 33% (2 of 6) patients, ERBB3 mutations in 33% cases (2 of 6), and MTOR or FBXW7 mutations in 50% (3 of 6) patients. Conclusions: Afatinib shows clinical efficacy in patients with T refractory EG cancer. The study met the criteria for expansion of the accrual based on original Simon9s minimax two-stage design. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms of T resistance including validation of potential drivers of T resistance using HER2+ PDXs are ongoing. Updated molecular and clinical data will be presented. Citation Format: Yelena Y. Janjigian, Tooba Imtiaz, David H. Ilson, David B, Solit, Michael F. Berger, Efsevia Vakiani. A phase II study of afatinib (A) in patients (pts) with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-positive trastuzumab (T) refractory esophagogastric (EG) cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT228. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT228
The course of induced crying activity in the first year of life.

Extract: In the first year of life the crying response to painful stimulation varies with age, or more precisely as a function of those psychophysical processes which underlie changes in age. At 5 hr of age crying reactivity is depressed from earlier age levels. It then increases at 2 days of age, remains relatively stable to 12 weeks of age, and thereafter diminishes markedly. Although the reliability coefficients from age to age show little or no stability of relative position for individual subjects, the course of crying reactivity generally shows significant differences from age group to age group. That the course of the cry reaction curves is primarily a function of age is supported by additional findings reported here which rule out as major determinants systematic adaptation effects, sex differences, and gross differences in IQ levels within the group studied. Speculation: Since crying activity, in one form or another, has been used as a response measure in many research investigations, the present study will offer guidelines regarding expected cry reactions from normal infants at a given age level. This study should make clear to the clinician that the same criteria cannot be used to evaluate the cry across the entire span of the first year of life. The same cry response, or lack of it, may be expected at one age and not at another. Since neurologic examinations frequently include response to painful stimulation, the age of the subject, with regard to the type of response studied here, becomes a critical factor in the diagnostic situation.
Ethical Research in the Information Age: Beginning the Dialog

Abstract Qualitative researchers have always been concerned with using ethical practices, but this goal has become more difficult now that we are able to communicate with individuals around the world for social, professional, and educational purposes. As a result, researchers who study electronic communities or describe online communications must change their research tools and adapt their activities to new environments. This article explores the possibilities of online research within the context of ethical qualitative practice, and offers suggestions for appropriate ways in which to use these tools.
Two further reminiscences of Callimachus Aetia frr. 67–75 in Eclogue 2?

This paper argues that the known allusions to Callimachus’ “Acontius and Cydippe” in Eclogue 2 can be augmented by line 56's evocation of how Acontius’ friends regarded him as a , and by lines 58–9's glossing of an unusual, and perhaps disputed, Callimachean term, viz. .
Crosstalk Detection in Signalized-Intersection Loop Detectors

Electromagnetic sensors, such as inductive loops and microloops, are widely used for vehicle detection. However, electrical coupling can occur between detection devices and result in electrical noise called crosstalk, which significantly degrades detection operation. Techniques such as channel scanning and frequency separation have been used to mitigate crosstalk; however, crosstalk is often transient because of environmental conditions and not always observed easily. This paper presents a crosstalk detection algorithm based on 156 h of training data taken from 12 sensors (inductive and microloop) and applies it to approximately 14 h of data collected from seven sensors (four inductive loops and three microloops) to demonstrate an automated method to identify periods when crosstalk occurs. The paper concludes by recommending the use of this approach for system acceptance and ongoing monitoring of sensor health.
Idiopathic Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS): Experience Predicts Knowledge 1745

Idiopathic Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS): Experience Predicts Knowledge 1745
Thermoluminescence, photoluminescence and optical absorption of auramine O under high pressure

Abstract The effect of pressure has been measured on the thermoluminescence, photoluminescence and optical absorption of auramine O both in the crystalline state and dispersed in poly(acrylic acid). The methods used were sensitive to distinct changes in environment and structure of auramine O. In general, in crystalline samples two discontinuous changes were observed. The first discontinuity is seen in the pressure region 0–3 kbar in the photoluminescence and absorption spectra. The second one is mainly seen in the thermoluminescence as a decrease of trap energy for charge carriers. The origin of the discontinuities is discussed in the framework of the relative perturbation of different excited states by pressure as well as of pressure induced structural transformations. Auramine O dispersed in polymer, in contrast to crystalline samples, exhibited only monotonic changes under pressure using any of the three spectroscopies.
Hypervelocity impact testing of micrometeorite capture cells in conjunction with a PVDF thin-film velocity/trajectory sensor and a simple plasma velocity detector

Abstract Five different small particle capture cell designs were evaluated for their ability to capture fragments and residue from 10–200 μm diameter glass projectiles and oblong olivine crystals impacting at 1–15 km/s in sufficient quantity for chemical and isotopic analyses. Aluminum multi-foils (0.1–100 μm thick with ≈10, 000 and 1800 μ m spacing), foil covered germanium crystals, and 0.50 and 0.120 g/cm3 Aerogels, were positioned behind either multi-film (1.4–6.0 μm thick) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) velocity/trajectory sensor devices of a simple wire-grid plasma velocity detector. All capture cells collected significant amounts of impactor debris behind the PVDF sensors from nominal 100 μm diameter glass projectiles and olivine crystals which struck the sensor at velocities up to 6.4 km/s. At velocities >8 km/s little or no debris penetrated the second PVDF film. Results were incolsive for velocities between 6.5 and 8 km/s. Plasma detector results showed identifiable impactor residue on Al foils for velocities up to 8.7 km/s and impact tracks with apparent debris imbedded in the Aerogels for velocities up to 12.7 km/s. Maximum foil penetration of glass spheres and olivine crystals were the same, but more particulate debris was associated with olivine crystal ipacts versus glass impacts. Foil spacing beyond one particle diameter had no effect on total penetration. Aerogels are identified as a capture cell media that warrants further investigation. The Al multi-foil capture cell with 100 μm net spacers is identified as the most effective of the other designs and offers the advantages of compact structure, low secondary ejecta from impacts, and easy recovery of impactor debris for analysis.
What is “normal” in grief?

Research conducted over the past two decades has revealed that grief, a common phenomenon experienced by many people following the loss of a loved one, is rarely experienced as a steady progression from high acuity (intensity) to eventual resolution. Instead of this single "traditional" path, four distinct trajectories are supported by empirical data: resilience, chronic grief, depressed-improved, and chronic depression. Furthermore, a small subset of individuals never fully integrate the loss into their life, and continue to experience severe disruption in daily life many years after the loss event, a phenomenon known as Complicated Grief (CG). Continued empirical research will help further our understanding of the normative grief process and CG as a disorder. This information is crucial for informing clinicians of best practices when attending to those suffering from loss.
A phase I and pharmacokinetics study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral dexamethasone and gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors.

Purpose The primary objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of intravenously (i.v.) calcitriol administered in combination with a fixed oral dose of dexamethasone and gefitinib in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Mild hydrothermal alteration of immature organic matter in sediments from the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica

Surface sediments in the eastern Bransfield Strait, Antarctica were piston ccored to reconfirm previously observed hydrothermal alteration at depth (3–6 m subbottom). The Bransfield Basin is still actively rifting, with concomittant slow advection of fluids through the sediments covering the the back-arc spreading axis, and mild thermal alteration near the sea bed of the immature marine organic matter. Bitumen products from hydrothermally enhanced alteration are superimposed over the endogenous lipids which had undergone normal diagenesis. For example, the total hydrocarbbon yields are enhanced in the gray facies and had to a lesser degree in the red beds. The CPI for the n-alkanenes (C25–C33) is about 2 for all samples, with no major n-alkane generation observed due to hydrothermal activity. In altered zones the biomarker signature changes, thus confirming some thermal stress; however, the steroid distributions are controlled more by iputs from source organisms. Nevertheless, chemical reactions have occurred and include dehydration of sterols to sterenes, isomerization of triterpenes and sterenes, rearrangement of sterenes to diasterenes, and reductive processes generating phytane from phytol via phytenes. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons comprise the parent PAH with significant amounts of alkylated homologs and aromatic terpenoid hydrocarbons. These compounds are probably derived from disseminated coal in the sediments and not from hydrothermal activity. Such a source would also explain the n-alkane distribution. Thus, hydrothermal activity induced by the intrusion of a volcanic plug/dike in the study are caused accelerated diagenesis of immature organic matter with simulataneous migration of volatile products in the sediments.
New precision measurement of the orthopositronium decay rate: A discrepancy with theory.

The vacuum decay rate, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{T}}$, of orthopositronium (o-Ps), formed in a gas, has been measured to be ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{T}}$=7.0516\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0013 \ensuremath{\mu}${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This result, which is 4 times more accurate than any previous measurement, is ten standard deviations above the theoretical value. Extensive systematic tests included measurement of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{T}}$ in 3 different gases, each to an accuracy of at least \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0025 \ensuremath{\mu}${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (350 ppm), and the use of two entirely different digital timing systems.