cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging of diffuse liver diseases.

Summary: The intrinsic soft tissue contrast and exquisite sensitivity to contrast agents are unique attributes of magnetic resonance imaging that are beneficial when evaluating diffuse liver disease. Much like a pathologist uses different tissue or cell marker stains, the magnetic resonance imager can use a variety of imaging strategies to elucidate pathologic liver processes in vivo, including processes leading to abnormal lipid metabolization, iron deposition, perfusion abnormalities related to inflammation, fibrosis, vascular occlusion, or infarction and hemorrhage. This article reviews the most important diffuse liver diseases and the corresponding magnetic resonance imaging features.
Conceptual Design and Computational Investigation of Stabilator Mounted Coplanar with Wing

Time-accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used in the conceptual design phase of a new aircraft configuration. In particular, simulations investigated the influence of shock-induced flow separation on a horizontal stabilator for transonic flow regimes. Due to the relatively sharp leading edge of the configuration, the location of the separation point was found to be independent of the turbulence model used in the simulations. At low angles of attack the separated wake encompassed the horizontal stabilator resulting in a loss of longitudinal stability as indicated by a nonlinear evolution of the pitching moment with respect to angle of attack. Additional tests with the stabilator relocated showed similar nonlinear behavior.
Data on the interexaminer variation of minutia markup on latent fingerprints.

The data in this article supports the research paper entitled “Interexaminer variation of minutia markup on latent fingerprints” [1]. The data in this article describes the variability in minutia markup during both analysis of the latents and comparison between latents and exemplars. The data was collected in the “White Box Latent Print Examiner Study,” in which each of 170 volunteer latent print examiners provided detailed markup documenting their examinations of latent-exemplar pairs of prints randomly assigned from a pool of 320 pairs. Each examiner examined 22 latent-exemplar pairs; an average of 12 examiners marked each latent.
Effect of ATRA and bFGF on adult mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cell

Objective:To investigate effect of ATRA and bFGF on adult mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron like cell Methods:MSCs were isolated from adult bone marrow through density gradient with Ficoll paque (1 077 g/ml) and expanded in vitro MSCs were treated by ATRA and bFGF, then treated by BME, BHA, DMSOA Observe change of morphology and number of cell during differentiation Immunocytochemistry was used to detect the expression of NSE, NF M, GFAP Result:Under this condition, almost 80% of the cells expressed for NF M, 86% cell for NSE Conclusion: ATRA and bFGF can induce MSCs to differentiate into neuron like cell and can get higher percentage of induced differentiation than that of other reports
The effect of packaging on the permanent stability of medicinal cream preparations

Objective:To investigate the effect of the new and the old packaging on the permanent stability of cream preparations.Methods:The amounts and contents of effective ingredients of the cream preparetions packed with different packaging methods were determined and their permanent stability was analyzed.Results:The amounts and the contents of the effective ingredients of the cream preparations packed in old packaging changed a lot,not as good as those in new packaging in a period of one year(P0.05).Conclusions:Packaging method has a large effect on the permanent stability of medicinal cream preparations,so we must choose suitable packaging method to assure the quality of cream preparations.
Knots, Molecules, and the Universe: An Introduction to Topology

* Universes: An introduction to the shape of the universe* Visualizing four dimensions* Geometry and topology of different universes* Orientability* Flat manifolds* Connected sums of spaces* Products of spaces* Geometries of surfaces* Knots: Introduction to knot theory* Invariants of knots and links* Knot polynomials* Molecules: Mirror image symmetry from different viewpoints* Techniques to prove topological chirality* The topology and geometry of DNA* The topology of proteins* Index
The dietetic professional in the labor force.

Although differences in work force participation between the sexes have been reported by sociologists, today these are being minimized by the Women’s Liberation movement. As an essentially women’s profession, dietetics in this study comes under scrutiny in a larger project concerned with health manpower in the State of Washington. Reported here is a survey of dietitians in that state, revealing the pattern of their work force participation and life-time career commitment.
Quantifying introductory CS students' iterative software process by mining version control system repositories

As an introduction to iterative software development, the authors have CS2 students use the "code-a-little, test-a-little" process. In the past, no attempt was made to determine whether or not students actually follow this process when working on their programming assignments. As their offerings of CS2 include use of version control, the authors mine students' source code repositories to quantify how well the students adhere to this iterative development model.
The Legacy of Hate Crimes in American History

Hate crimes have existed throughout the history of the United States. Dating back as far as the colonial era, hate crimes were perpetrated against loyalist and continued well into the period of antebellum slavery through the twentieth century. Although America is just over 200 years, several eras within American history characterized by prevalent hate-motivated violence suggests continuity between hate-motivated violence of the past and the present, and more than likely the future. Lynching was quite prevalent in the United States for over a century well into the first half of the twentieth century. The births and rebirths of Ku Klux Klan paralleled the practice of lynching whenever African-American or other minority groups such as Mexicans were perceived to be progressing at the expense of White persons. Anti-Semitism and holocaust denial migrated from Europe after WW II under the guise of scholarship and ultimately into contemporary philosophies of American extremist groups. Discrimination and brutal hate-motivated violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. was normative until the Stonewall Inn rebellion . However, LGBT people continue to be subject to the most severe hate-motivated crimes.
Comparison of two classifiers when the data sets are imbalanced: the power of the area under the precision-recall curve as the figure of merit versus the area under the ROC curve

In many two-class problems in automated classification and information retrieval, the classes are imbalanced, and the separation between the positive and negative classes is large. The precision-recall (PR) curve has been suggested as an alternative to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to characterize the performance of automated systems when the classes are imbalanced, and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUCPR) has been suggested as an alternative performance measure to the area under the ROC curve (AUCROC). AUCPR and AUCROC are distinct measures of performance, even though the relationship between the precision-recall and ROC curves is well-known. In this study, we compared the statistical power of the AUCPR to that of the AUCROC. Our results indicate that the AUCPR can offer a small statistical advantage when the prevalence is low and the separation between the positive and negative classes is large. When the data set is more balanced or the separation between the classes is low or moderate, AUCROC has slightly higher power.
Regioselective Functionalization of Enamides at the α-Carbon via Unsymmetrical 2-Amidoallyl Cations

A new method to functionalize enamides via an intermediacy of unsymmetrical 2-amidoallyl cations is reported. Generated under mild Bronsted acid catalysis, these reactive species were found to undergo addition with various nucleophiles at the less substituted α-carbon to produce highly substituted enamides in high yields with complete control of regioselectivity.
Nanometer Level Characterization of Rapidly Densified Ceramics and Glass-Semiconductor Composites

The nanostructure of rapidly densified ceramic powders was characterized to determine the grain boundary structure and chemistry at the near-atomic level. Clean grain boundaries and excellent grain-to-grain contact were observed in the alumina powders densified to almost full density, and very little grain growth was seen in sintered samples. High resolution TEM studies of a number of composite samples containing CdS or ZnSe nanocrystals dispersed in a glass matrix revealed the size and distribution of the nanocrystallites. Data showing the effect of the size of the semiconductor nanoparticles on the optical absorption or luminescence is discussed.
Shock-induced phase transition in single crystal CdS

Abstract The wurtzite-to-rocksalt structural change in CdS as observed under hydrostatic conditions at 27 kbars is also observed to occur under the very high strain rate conditions that accompany a strong shock wave incident on CdS single crystals. Under the influence of a single incident shock wave, the attendant large decrease in specific volume that accompanies the phase change results in a propagated two-wave structure. There are differences in the shape and amplitude of the propagated wave dependent upon the orientation of the anisotropic crystal. The decrease in specific volume was calculated using measurements of the propagated wave velocities, the stress amplitude of the first wave, the input stress amplitude, and the initial specific volume. In the case where the shock propagation is along the c-axis, a volume decrease of 17% is calculated for the phase change, and perpendicular to the c-axis it is calculated to be 18%, as compared to a 19% decrease reported for the hydrostatic experiment. Based on the experimental data, the wurtzite-to-rocksalt phase change in CdS is virtually completed in less than 1 μsec under dynamic conditions imposed by a strong shock.
Temporary Tax Laws and the Budget Baseline

In this article, we discuss the inconsistent use of the current policy baseline by policymakers, which undermines budget enforcement and represents a deep violation of Senate norms. We further describe how the potentially dangerous disruption to the budget process provides an opportunity to improve the official baseline.
Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Skin Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

Importance Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. Although invasive melanoma accounts for only 2% of all skin cancer cases, it is responsible for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Basal and squamous cell carcinoma, the 2 predominant types of nonmelanoma skin cancer, represent the vast majority of skin cancer cases. Objective To update the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on behavioral counseling for the primary prevention of skin cancer and the 2009 recommendation on screening for skin cancer with skin self-examination. Evidence Review The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on whether counseling patients about sun protection reduces intermediate outcomes (eg, sunburn or precursor skin lesions) or skin cancer; the link between counseling and behavior change, the link between behavior change and skin cancer incidence, and the harms of counseling or changes in sun protection behavior; and the link between counseling patients to perform skin self-examination and skin cancer outcomes, as well as the harms of skin self-examination. Findings The USPSTF determined that behavioral counseling interventions are of moderate benefit in increasing sun protection behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults with fair skin types. The USPSTF found adequate evidence that behavioral counseling interventions result in a small increase in sun protection behaviors in adults older than 24 years with fair skin types. The USPSTF found inadequate evidence on the benefits and harms of counseling adults about skin self-examination to prevent skin cancer. Conclusions and Recommendation The USPSTF recommends counseling young adults, adolescents, children, and parents of young children about minimizing exposure to UV radiation for persons aged 6 months to 24 years with fair skin types to reduce their risk of skin cancer. (B recommendation) The USPSTF recommends that clinicians selectively offer counseling to adults older than 24 years with fair skin types about minimizing their exposure to UV radiation to reduce risk of skin cancer. Existing evidence indicates that the net benefit of counseling all adults older than 24 years is small. In determining whether this service is appropriate in individual cases, patients and clinicians should consider the presence of risk factors for skin cancer. (C recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of counseling adults about skin self-examination to prevent skin cancer. (I statement)
Neuroleptic-induced Nonhuman Primate Models of EPS and TD

Neuroleptics or typical antipsychotic medications have been associated with high rates of neurological side effects, including extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia (TD). Although atypical antipsychotics have a lower incidence of these side effects, most have been associated with at least some cases of EPS. Nonhuman primate models of neuroleptic-induced EPS and TD have been the most productive for studying different hypotheses about mechanisms underlying these motor dysfunctions and for predicting the potential of new antipsychotics to induce EPS and TD. These models share important features with the clinical condition in which etiological agents, symptoms of EPS and TD, time course of symptom development, and treatments for EPS are the same as in human patients. When the neuroleptic-sensitized Cebus monkey model is combined with primate models of schizophrenia such as PCP-induced deficits in PPI, both efficacy and EPS liability of potential new antipsychotics can be evaluated in the same animals.
Behind Hartker's Antiphoner: neglected fragments of the earliest Sankt Gallen tonary

Prior to the famous Hartker Antiphoner (Sankt Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 390/391), copied in Sankt Gallen c. 1000, there survives no complete, fully-notated witness to the Romano-Frankish chant repertory for the Office. Scholars have long known about the related tonary, possibly a decade older, in which the Sankt Gallen repertory is to be found ordered by melody. But unrecognised until now are the remains of a second tonary (Stadtarchiv Goslar, Handschriftenfragmente MThMu 1/1), datable to the early tenth century. The combined testimony of these two tonaries, together with other surviving fragments, is taken as the basis for a reassessment of the Office repertory in tenth-century Sankt Gallen. Nineteenth-century scholarship gave Hartker’s Antiphoner an arguably undeserved reputation as an authorised monument of Gregorian Chant. This view seems unsustainable in the light of many apparent editorial interventions, yet it may be precisely what the monks had set out to achieve.
Thoracic Epidural Analgesia: Does It Enhance Recovery?

Background Thoracic epidural analgesia has been shown to be an effective method of pain control. The utility of epidural analgesia as part of an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol is debatable. Objective This study aimed to determine if the use of thoracic epidural analgesia in an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol decreases hospital length of stay or inpatient opioid consumption after elective colorectal resection. Design This is a single-institution retrospective cohort study. Settings The study was performed at a high-volume, tertiary care center in the Midwest. An institutional database was used to identify patients. Patients All patients undergoing elective transabdominal colon or rectal resection by board-certified colon and rectal surgeons from 2013 to 2017 were included. Main outcome measures The main outcome was length of stay. The secondary outcome was oral morphine milligram equivalents consumed during the first 48 hours. Results There were 1006 patients (n = 815 epidural, 191 no epidural) included. All patients received multimodal analgesia with opioid-sparing agents. Univariate analysis demonstrated no difference in length of stay between those who received thoracic epidural analgesia and those who did not (median, 4 vs 5 days; p = 0.16), which was substantiated by multivariable linear regression. Subgroup analysis showed that the addition of epidural analgesia resulted in no difference in length of stay regardless of an open (n = 362; p = 0.66) or minimally invasive (n = 644; p = 0.46) approach. Opioid consumption data were available after 2015 (n = 497 patients). Univariate analysis demonstrated no difference in morphine milligram equivalents consumed in the first 48 hours between patients who received epidural analgesia and those who did not (median, 135 vs 110 oral morphine milligram equivalents; p = 0.35). This was also confirmed by multivariable linear regression. Limitations The retrospective observational design was a limitation of this study. Conclusion The use of thoracic epidural analgesia within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol was not found to be associated with a reduction in length of stay or morphine milligram equivalents consumed within the first 48 hours. We cannot recommend routine use of thoracic epidural analgesia within enhanced recovery after surgery protocols. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A765.
Inductor-free Chua’s Circuit Employing Linear Voltage-controlled Resistor

This paper presents a low-cost, inductor-free Chua’s circuit which incorporates high linearity voltage-controlled resistor (VCR). Compared with the conventional circuit topology with fixed physical inductor, the inductor-free version offers extra degree of flexibility in setting the desired inductance value, and facilitates the measurement and monitoring of the virtual inductor current. Apart from these benefits, one major advantage of the proposed circuit lies in convenient generation of experimental bifurcation diagram using VCR, which provides one with panoramic view of circuit behavior under certain parametric variation. The analytical model and circuit configuration are briefly discussed, and experimental study is conducted to confirm the practicality of the proposed circuit topology.
Myron Lieberman: Education Without Romance, Public Choice Economics, and Markets in Education

Myron Lieberman (1919–2013) was a public school teacher and teachers’ union negotiator turned professor of education. His time within the public school system led him to lament the inflexibility and bureaucracy of the public school system, which, he believed, stemmed from the public school bureaucracy’s immulnity from competitive markets. Drawing on a “public choice” approach to economics, Lieberman went on to critique public school systems, arguing not only that models of school choice via markets, but also that school-choice plans should allow and encourage for-profit schools to compete in the educational marketplace.
Hitler's Willing Law Professors

While legal scholars did not, by and large, participate directly in the crimes perpetrated by the Nazis, they facilitated those by conferring a veneer of legality and legitimacy to the actions of the regime making it possible for the Nazi leadership to proclaim, and for ordinary Germans to accept the claim, that theirs was, when all was said and done, a Rechtsstaat. The paper examines the significant role played by German law professors in creating and establishing the National Socialist legal system. Far from the claims made after the War, that the number of “genuine Nazis” on faculties was very small, the majority of German legal scholars supported National Socialism. The paper focuses on the support given to the Nazis by several leading scholars while arguing that the story of the moral decline of German universities and professors in general, and of German law professors in particular, was one in which professional myopia, personal opportunism, moral weakness, antisemitism, and legal jurisprudential claims had been inexorably intermingled.
Incidental breast carcinoma: incidence, management, and outcomes in 4804 bilateral reduction mammoplasties.

Bilateral reduction mammoplasty is one of the most common plastic surgery procedures performed in the U.S. This study examines the incidence, management, and prognosis of incidental breast cancer identified in reduction specimens from a large cohort of reduction mammoplasty patients. Breast pathology reports were retrospectively reviewed for evidence of incidental cancers in bilateral reduction mammoplasty specimens from five institutions between 1990 and 2017. A total of 4804 women met the inclusion criteria of this study; incidental cancer was identified in 45 breasts of 39 (0.8%) patients. Six patients (15%) had bilateral cancer. Overall, the maximum diagnosis by breast was 16 invasive cancers and 29 ductal carcinomas in situs. Thirty-three patients had unilateral cancer, 15 (45.5%) of which had high-risk lesions in the contralateral breast. Twenty-one patients underwent mastectomy (12 bilateral and nine unilateral), residual cancer was found in 10 in 25 (40%) therapeutic mastectomies. Seven patients did not undergo mastectomy received breast radiation. The median follow-up was 92 months. No local recurrences were observed in the patients undergoing mastectomy or radiation. Three of 11 (27%) patients who did not undergo mastectomy or radiation developed a local recurrence. The overall survival rate was 87.2% and disease-free survival was 82.1%. Patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty for macromastia have a small but definite risk of incidental breast cancer. The high rate of bilateral cancer, contralateral high-risk lesions, and residual disease at mastectomy mandates thorough pathologic evaluation and careful follow-up of these patients. Mastectomy or breast radiation is recommended for local control given the high likelihood of local recurrence without either.
Vitamin D Receptor Activation in Liver Macrophages Ameliorates Hepatic Inflammation, Steatosis, and Insulin Resistance in Mice

Background and aims Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is a key component in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance. Increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages in metabolic tissues promotes disease progression. In the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, activation of liver resident macrophages, or Kupffer cells (KCs), drives inflammatory responses, which recruits circulating macrophages and promotes fatty liver development, and ultimately contributes to impaired hepatic insulin sensitivity. Hepatic macrophages express the highest level of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) among nonparenchymal cells, whereas VDR expression is very low in hepatocytes. VDR activation exerts anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells. Approach and results Here we found that VDR activation exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects in mouse hepatic macrophages, including those isolated from DIO livers, and mice with genetic loss of Vdr developed spontaneous hepatic inflammation at 6 months of age. Under the chronic inflammation conditions of the DIO model, VDR activation by the vitamin D analog calcipotriol reduced liver inflammation and hepatic steatosis, significantly improving insulin sensitivity. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp revealed that VDR activation greatly increased the glucose infusion rate, while hepatic glucose production was remarkably decreased. Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose did not show similar effects, suggesting that improved hepatic insulin sensitivity is the primary contributor to the beneficial effects of VDR activation. Finally, specifically ablating liver macrophages by treatment with clodronate liposomes largely abolished the beneficial metabolic effects of calcipotriol, confirming that VDR activation in liver macrophages is required for the antidiabetic effect. Conclusions Activation of liver macrophage VDRs by vitamin D ligands ameliorates liver inflammation, steatosis and insulin resistance. Our results suggest therapeutic paradigms for treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Elaborating the Theory: Transactional Associations and Added Relations

The temporal sequence moving from left to right in Figure 6–4 captures the historical approach to motivation from an attributional perspective. There is a pleasing simplicity to this conception; it is without complication when compared with, say, interactional or transactional theoretical perspectives. Unfortunately, although the theory is uncluttered, motivated behavior is not as neat. For example, it is often the case that postulated relations in the field of motivation have bidirectional cause- effect linkages: Attitudes influence behavior, and behavior affects attitudes; needs influence perception, but perceptions also generate needs; and desires can alter subjective expectancies, just as expectancy can modify desire.
Unmanned aerial systems for trace gases

Abstract The combination of unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) with advances in laser spectroscopic sensors has resulted in unprecedented capabilities for atmospheric sensing. Small sUAS (also known as drones) allow for measurements around local emission sources at small spatial scales (10s-100s of meters), vertical profiling in the lowermost atmosphere (particularly
Renal cell carcinoma, part 1.

ABSTRACT Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) encompasses a group of malignancies that originate in the epithelium of the renal cortex, most often in the upper pole of the kidney. This article, the first of a three-part series on RCC, addresses the incidence and epidemiology of RCC along with its genetic alterations, risk factors, histologic characteristics, and imaging characteristics.
“You Kind of Find Yourself Helpless”: Teens’ Identity Constructions and Responses to Childhood Trauma:

Innovations in the trauma-informed care (TIC) field have promised to transform youth-serving institutions by asking practitioners to pay attention to the developmental needs of young people facing ...
Interaction of Cavitation with Sprays in High-Pressure Diesel Injection Systems

Abstract Cavitation and internal nozzle flow have substantial influences on fuel flow rate, external spray, air-fuel mixing, combustion, and emission characteristics in diesel engines. Understanding the link between internal nozzle flow and spray processes is essential to improve diesel injection systems that employ direct fuel injection with complicated injection strategies such as high-pressure injection and multiple injections. However, despite the importance of, cavitation and injector flow investigations into them have been inconclusive, owing to the complex nature of two-phase flow. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of recent studies on cavitating flow analysis using optical diagnostics for a better understanding of the interaction between cavitation and sprays in high-pressure diesel injection systems.
Quantum science with optical tweezer arrays of ultracold atoms and molecules

Single atoms and molecules can be trapped in tightly focused beams of light that form ‘optical tweezers’, affording exquisite capabilities for the control and detection of individual particles. This approach has progressed to creating tweezer arrays holding hundreds of atoms, resulting in a platform for controlling large many-particle quantum systems. Here we review this new approach to microscopic control of scalable atomic and molecular neutral quantum systems, its future prospects, and applications in quantum information processing, quantum simulation and metrology. Large arrays of atoms and molecules can be arranged and controlled with high precision using optical tweezers. This Review surveys the latest methodological advances and their applications to quantum technologies.
The rheology and microstructure of branched micelles under shear

The rheology and shear-induced structures of a series of self-assembled surfactant wormlike micelles (WLMs) with varying levels of branching are measured using rheo- and flow-small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The degree of branching in the mixed cationic/anionic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) WLMs is controlled via the addition of the hydrotropic salt sodium tosylate and verified by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. The linear viscoelasticity of the low salt (linear) micellar solutions is well described as an extended Maxwell (Oldroyd-B) fluid, and samples exhibit shear banding under steady-shear flow. The linear viscoelasticity of more highly branched solutions deviates from Maxwellian behavior, where the plateau in G′ gradually increases in slope with increasing salt content. The higher salt solutions exhibit a shear thinning regime, followed by a shear thickening regime at high shear rates. Micelle segmental alignment in the flow-gradient plane i...
Clinical implications and correlates of Q waves in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis: observations from the CLARITY-TIMI 28 trial.

Background The relationships between Q waves that appear during the acute phase of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), clinical characteristics, ST-segment resolution (STRes), and clopidogrel therapy in patients treated with fibrinolysis are not well described. Hypothesis We hypothesized that Q waves would be associated with less successful reperfusion and increased cardiovascular events. Methods In the CLARITY-TIMI 28 trial, 3491 STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis were randomized to clopidogrel or placebo. Electrocardiograms were evaluated for STRes post-fibrinolysis and the presence of pathologic Q waves during the index hospitalization in 3322 patients. Results Q waves were identified in 2045 patients (61.6%) prior to discharge and were associated with increased odds of congestive heart failure (CHF) (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]: 2.10, P = 0.002) or the composite of cardiovascular death/CHF at 30 days (ORadj: 2.08, P ≤ 0.001). Q waves were associated with lower odds of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] flow grade 2 to 3 (ORadj: 0.78, P = 0.028), TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 3 (ORadj: 0.83, P = 0.029), and complete STRes at 90 minutes (ORadj: 0.80, P = 0.030). Patients with both a Q wave and incomplete STRes 90 minutes after fibrinolysis were at higher risk for cardiovascular death or CHF (11.1%) than patients with no Q wave and at least partial STRes (1.9%). Overall, clopidogrel tended to be equally or more effective in patients without Q waves compared to those with Q waves. Conclusions Among STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis, evaluating for Q waves prior to discharge is a simple method of assessing for less successful reperfusion and an increased risk of adverse 30-day cardiovascular outcomes. The combination of Q waves and 90-minute STRes allows additional risk refinement.
17. Thinking Outside Discipline Boundaries to Integrate Indian Education for All Across the Curriculum

The Montana Indian Education for All (IEFA) Act is an unprecedented reform effort 40 years in the making. In this paper we summarize the IEFA professional development opportunities provided to faculty at a land grant university in the western United States while highlighting a faculty member’s personal efforts to integrate IEFA in a culturally responsive manner. We explain how, instead of limiting the transmission of ideas, expanding discipline boundaries has opened a flood-gate to new information and other ‘ways of knowing’ for the faculty member and her students.
Marching in Unison: Florida ESL Teachers and No Child Left Behind

■ The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB; U.S. Department of Education, 2002a) is dedicated to comprehensive school reform in the United States. NCLB targets the reading and academic achievement of all students and specifically includes English language learners (ELLs), who typically trail their nonminority English proficient peers academically. Although we support the goal of reducing this achievement gap, we problematize the equity assumptions underlying NCLB as well as the standardized implementation and inequitable outcomes of the policy for ELLs. Extending our previous research on educational policy and programs in Florida, we interviewed 52 experienced ESL teachers for their perspectives on NCLB. We framed the study around two research questions:
Surface Radiation Balance

The surface radiation balance is the algebraic sum of the net solar radiation and the net long-wave radiation received by a surface. It may be measured directly with a net radiometer, deduced from measurements of its upwelling and downwelling components, or modeled from climatological, geographical, and atmospheric data. Methods of modeling and measuring each of the components are discussed. Downwelling solar radiation from cloudless skies may be modeled from knowledge of atmospheric properties, but effects of clouds require more empirical approaches most suitable for monthly means. Downwelling long-wave radiation below cloudless skies is well related to temperature and humidity near the ground. An empirical method to account for clouds is given. Reflection coefficients and emissivities of natural surfaces are tabulated for use in calculating upwelling short and long-wave radiation. Net radiometer designs are reviewed, and examples are given of the surface radiation balance and its components over forest and grass. Issues of spatial variability of the surface radiation balance are discussed. Keywords: solar radiation; long-wave radiation; reflection coefficient; albedo; emissivity; net radiation
Diagrammatic perturbation theory - N2 X1 Sigma/plus/g

The diagrammatic many-body perturbation theory is used to calculate the correlation energy of the nitrogen molecule in its electronic ground state. Using the algebraic approximation, the energy is evaluated through third order, including all many-body effects. (2/1) Pade approximants and variational upper bounds are constructed. For one of the perturbation expansions considered, the (2/1) Pade approximant leads to the recovery of 79.5 percent of the empirical correlation energy, while the variational upper bound recovers 72.0 percent. Three-body effects are examined in some detail. The relationships with previous work on N2 are discussed.
Homogenization and Geometric Linearization for Multi‐Well Energies

The concept of linear elasticity is to assume that the stored energy has one-well structure and to consider small displacements. The energy function is then expanded around the equilibrium state and higher-order terms are neglected. It was proved in [3] that this concept really gives results that provide a good approximation for the actual problem. On the other hand, for materials with fine periodic structure we accomplish a simplification of the problem in an analogous manner by homogenizing the energy. It was recently shown by Muller and Neukamm in [8] that both processes, homogenization and linearization, are interchangeable for such elastic energies. If we consider an energy with multiple wells then, under some reasonable conditions, it is also possible to (geometrically) linearize the problem. The second author proved that quasiconvexification of the limit function yields the desired result. We present that in this case both processes still commute. This is not a priori clear since the proof by Muller and Neukamm significantly rests upon the one-well structure and properties of quadratic forms. They also provide an example when the statement does not hold. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pharmacogenomics and cardiology: improving treatment with existing drugs

It has been estimated that genetic differences may account for 20–95% of the variation in an individual’s response to medications [1]. Pharmacogenomics, the study of genetic variations that influence a patient’s response to drugs, has the potential to individualize drug therapy. Knowledge of a patient’s genetic variation may decrease the chance for an adverse drug reaction as well as increase the effectiveness of drug therapy which may have a significant impact on patient outcomes. Pharmacogenomics can identify individuals that are poor metabolizers of drugs and individuals that are ultra rapid metabolizers. These differences in metabolism can impact both the likelihood for drug toxicity and efficacy of a therapeutic regimen. The Institute of Medicine estimated that adverse drug reactions may affect up to 1.5 million patients per year leading to increased hospitalizations, death and higher health care costs [2]. Therefore, knowledge of a patient’s pharmacogenomic profile has the potential to improve efficacy of pharmacological therapeutics as well as decrease adverse drug reactions.
Tumorigenicity of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells expressing protein PA19 in either secreted or non-secreted form, as evaluated in athymic mice.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5571 A profilin-like protein, PA19, common to many protozoa, was recently found to be a ligand for toll-like receptor TLR12 [Science,308,1626–1629 (2005)]. It is able to activate dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and, when injected intraperitoneally (I.P.) in mice, to drastically reduce tumor formation by murine sarcoma S-180 [Int. J. Cancer, 114, 756–765 (2005)]. We have found that when PA19 is expressed as a transgene in human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, tumor formation in athymic mice is reduced [Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer. Res., 46, 3365 (2005)]. A report by Janke et al., (2000) showed that expression of the profilin 1 (PFN1) gene as a transgene in the human breast cancer cell line, CAL51, reduced the tumor-forming ability of these cells. This effect is believed to be the result of PFN1's interference in microfilament organization via its actin binding site [Mol. Biol. Cell, 15, 1600–1608 (2004)]. To determine whether the tumor suppressor activity of PA19 involves a mechanism similar to PFN1, we compared tumor formation by HT1080 cell lines, expressing PA19 either in an intracellular form (nPA19), or in a secreted form (sPA19). Eight cell lines stably-expressing nPA19, six expressing sPA19, five expressing an empty vector, and the parent cell line were compared. All were found to have similar growth characteristics in vitro . The expression of PA19 in the cell lines was quantified by determining the ability of the cell lysates, or conditioned media to activate DCs in in vitro assay. Mice were injected subcutaneously with 1 × 106 cells in the right or left rear flank. Blood analysis of mice injected with cell lines expressing sPA19 showed its presence as well as elevated levels of IL-12. All sites injected with parent line, or empty vector cell lines began developing tumor within 10 days after injection. On average, sites injected with cell lines expressing either form of PA19 were tumor-free for a longer period and the tumors grew more slowly than at the sites injected with the vector controls. All mice injected with cells carrying the empty vector were dead at 150 days and 40% expressing sPA19 remained tumor free for >150 days. Complete remission was observed in three mice (one injected with a cell line expressing nPA19, and two expressing sPA19). The sPA19 cell lines were less tumorigenic than the nPA19 cell lines as judged by tumor size (p=0.012) and the rate of tumor growth (p=0.027). These results support the hypothesis that the mechanisms of tumor suppression by PA19 and PFN1 are different. None of the surviving mice injected with the cell lines expressing sPA19 showed sign of immunity towards the secondary I.P. injection of the parent HT1080 cells indicating that there is no long-lasting protection involved in the observed tumor suppression mechanism. (Supported by NIH CA98305 to JJM).
The geography of urban food retail: locational principles of public market provisioning in New York City, 1790–1860

This article contributes to discussions about the spatial organization of urban food retail on empirical and theoretical grounds. As a case-study, it presents new analysis of New York City's public market system between 1790 and 1860, documenting its expansion and geography relative to urban growth, and how the deregulation of the meat trade by the 1840s reshaped this vital infrastructure. More broadly, it theorizes the municipal market system's geographic principles, emphasizing its countervailing dynamics of agglomeration and dispersal. Exploiting the city's transition from a public to a free market model, it further demonstrates how distinct political economies produced profoundly different geographies of retail food distribution.
Septo—hippocampal disconnection and Go—NoGo discrimination in rats

Rats were trained preoperatively to perform a Go—NoGo discrimination task in sensorially distinct parallel runways. Rats with posterodorsal septal lesions, which substantially disconnected the septum from the hippocampus, when tested 2 weeks postoperatively, ran significantly more slowly on the S+ (Go) trials and faster on the S− (NoGo) trials on the first postoperative session compared with the last preoperative session. Performance of rats without brain lesions was unaffected by the control surgery and recovery period. During six subsequent postoperative relearning sessions, group differences tended to attenuate on S+ trials, but rats with posterodorsal septal lesions persisted in running faster than controls on S− trials. The results could be considered consistent with inhibition hypotheses of septo—hippocampal function. The data are not consistent with the view that the septo—hippocampal system is involved exclusively in working memory.
Accuracy of predicted ear canal speech levels using the VIOLA input/output-based fitting strategy.

Objective The Visual Input/Output Locator Algorithm (VIOLA) is a software-assisted method for prescribing amplification targets and selecting a hearing aid to match the targets. Although the procedure calls for selection and fitting of hearing aids in terms of their pure-tone input/output functions in a coupler, it is assumed that a hearing aid that matches the coupler prescription targets will produce specific amplified speech levels in the patient's ear canal. This investigation evaluated the validity of that assumption. Design Six hearing aids were evaluated. They were representative of linear and compression processing as well as single- and 2-channel designs. The "subject" was a KEMAR manikin with realistic assumed hearing loss and loudness perception characteristics. Each hearing aid was configured to match the subject's VIOLA prescription as closely as possible. Predicted ear canal speech levels were determined using the prescription rules and modified by the differences between coupler prescription targets and coupler performance of the actual hearing aids. With the subject wearing each hearing aid coupled to an unvented earmold, continuous speech was presented in the sound field and measured, after amplification, in the ear canal. The match between observed and predicted levels of amplified speech indicated the validity of the VIOLA assumptions under examination. Results The match between predicted and observed levels was good for soft speech input levels. As speech input levels increased, the differences between observed and predicted levels also increased, with the largest differences seen for loud speech inputs. When differences were seen between observed and predicted levels, they were always in the direction of lower than predicted ear canal levels. The differences between observed and predicted levels were attributed to the effects of limiting, effects of compression ratio in wide range compression, the individual subject's field-to-microphone transfer function, and the subject's individual real-ear-to-coupler level difference. Conclusions Ear canal speech levels were reasonably close to predicted values, and the deviations from predicted levels were plausibly accounted for by consideration of hearing aid performance. Thus, the approach used by the VIOLA procedure holds considerable promise for extending clinical control over the complex and interactive parameters of nonlinear hearing aids. The results of this study indicate that selection and fitting of hearing aids using the current VIOLA procedure usually will result in the generation of lower than predicted ear canal speech levels, especially for loud speech inputs. However, the accuracy of the procedure could be improved substantially by modification of the software to account for the effects of limiting and those of the compression ratio in systems with compression thresholds lower than the level of unamplified loud speech.
Model Tuning with Canonical Correlation Analysis

AbstractKnowledge of the relationship between model parameters and forecast quantities is useful because it can aid in setting the values of the former for the purpose of having a desired effect on the latter. Here it is proposed that a well-established multivariate statistical method known as canonical correlation analysis can be formulated to gauge the strength of that relationship. The method is applied to several model parameters in the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) for the purpose of “controlling” three forecast quantities: 1) convective precipitation, 2) stable precipitation, and 3) snow. It is shown that the model parameters employed here can be set to affect the sum, and the difference between convective and stable precipitation, while keeping snow mostly constant; a different combination of model parameters is shown to mostly affect the difference between stable precipitation and snow, with minimal effect on convective precipitation. In short, the proposed method c...
The role of psychiatric consultation liaison nurses in ethical decisions to remove life-sustaining treatments

This article proposes a deliberative nursing process for ethical decisions about the withdrawal of life-saving treatments from terminally ill patients. It highlights the role of the psychiatric consultation liaison nurse in facilitating this process and the growing need for an expanded nursing role, presents relevant ethical theory and principles, and introduces a paradigm for such ethical decisions. As medical technology and life-saving equipment continue to proliferate, the psychiatric consultation liaison nurse can become increasingly involved in assisting all health care providers in the essential professional role of helping patients and families to make these ethical decisions.
Genital Herpes and Public Health: Addressing a Global Problem

Genital herpes can be caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) or, less commonly, by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). With a seroprevalence of antibodies to HSV-2 of 22% in the general population, genital herpes is 1 of the 3 most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. A central issue in the public health problem of genital herpes is the high proportion of genital HSV infections that are unrecognized by both patients and clinicians. Persons who are HSV-2 seropositive may be symptomatic but nevertheless fail to recognize genital herpes; they serve as reservoirs for transmission. Physicians and patients must be aware of the subclinical presentation of genital herpes and the potential these patients have for transmitting HSV. Serious consequences of HSV infection include neonatal herpes and increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Recommendations to physicians for prevention include using type-specific tests for HSV when screening for other STDs and testing for HSV when evaluating patients with genital ulcers. Researchers must evaluate the performance of type-specific tests and strategies to prevent transmission.