cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological Changes Within a Metalimnetic Layer of Oscillatoria rubescens

Different depths within a metalimnetic layer of Oscillatoria rubescens were sampled, and changes in biochemical composition and photosynthetic rate were analyzed. Although differences in pigment and protein content were found, the photosynthetic rates of the samples were not significantly different.
Cultivation Techniques for Hyperthermophilic Archaebacteria: Continuous Culture of Pyrococcus furiosus at Temperatures near 100°C

A system which allows continuous cultivation of hyperthermophilic archaebacteria at temperatures approaching 100°C has been developed. Continuous cultivation of the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus was carried out with this system; the resulting dilution rate and gas production profiles are discussed.
A New Sampling Technique for Tensors.

In this paper we propose new techniques to sample arbitrary third-order tensors, with an objective of speeding up tensor algorithms that have recently gained popularity in machine learning. Our main contribution is a new way to select, in a biased random way, only $O(n^{1.5}/\epsilon^2)$ of the possible $n^3$ elements while still achieving each of the three goals: \\ {\em (a) tensor sparsification}: for a tensor that has to be formed from arbitrary samples, compute very few elements to get a good spectral approximation, and for arbitrary orthogonal tensors {\em (b) tensor completion:} recover an exactly low-rank tensor from a small number of samples via alternating least squares, or {\em (c) tensor factorization:} approximating factors of a low-rank tensor corrupted by noise. \\ Our sampling can be used along with existing tensor-based algorithms to speed them up, removing the computational bottleneck in these methods.
A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF MAPS AND THE INTERNET

The promise of the Internet for cartography has faded into stark realities of commercialism, connectivity problems and confusion about what represents quality in Internet mapping. Accessing the Internet is still problematic and a great digital divide separates the developed from the developing world. Interaction with the online map, the single greatest advantage of maps and the new medium, has been either poorly implemented or not incorporated at all. The commercial aspect of the Internet has been turned upside down. We pay to access the Internet, not for its content. As a result, there is little competition to improve the quality of online maps, other than for bragging rights, and little incentive to create quality content. On top of this, in many parts of the World, access to the Internet by computer is expensive or inconvenient or people prefer to use the Internet through their mobile phone. Almost all new users to the Internet are connecting through mobile devices and a small screen that is hardly suitable for the display of maps. While a de-centralized system like the Internet is impossible to fix in traditional ways, solutions must be found for making the medium more accessible and useful for maps. National and international organizations can play a key role in providing examples of what is possible with maps and the Internet. Low-cost, easy-to-use tools also need to be made available so that online cartographers can create quality content.
Connectedness to the criminal community and the community at large predicts 1-year post-release outcomes among felony offenders

Connectedness to one's community relates to positive psychological and behavioral outcomes. But what implications do connectedness to distinct communities-the criminal community and the community at large-have for inmates about to be released from jail? This study (N = 383) prospectively examined connectedness to the criminal community and community at large prior to release from jail, and functioning at one-year post-release. Connectedness to the community at large positively predicted community adjustment whereas connectedness to the criminal community positively predicted recidivism. Targeting both types of community connectedness may enhance interventions intended to undermine recidivism and increase positive outcomes for inmates.
Specific Heats of Copper, Silver, and Gold below 30°K

The specific heats of pure copper, silver, and gold have been measured in the range 3 to 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Gold has also been measured in the range 0.4 to 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ values are estimated as 345.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 166.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3 \ensuremath{\mu}cal \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${(\mathrm{g}\mathrm{atom})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for copper, 226.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 154.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 \ensuremath{\mu}cal \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${(\mathrm{g}\mathrm{atom})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for silver, and 162.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 174.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.3 \ensuremath{\mu}cal \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K ${(\mathrm{g}\mathrm{atom})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for gold. The ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}$ values are in good agreement with the most recent estimates for ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{\mathrm{el}}$, the Debye temperature computed from the zero-temperature elastic constants. However, the lattice specific heat of gold is anomalous in that, on increasing the temperature from zero temperature, a maximum is first observed in the value of ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{c}$. The maximum is followed by the usual minimum on further increase of temperature. The results are discussed in terms of models due to Blackman and to Bhatia and Horton. The paper includes some remarks on thermometry below 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Application of personal telemonitoring to current problems in corrections

Abstract The first electronic monitoring system in corrections was developed in 1964. It was used as an alternative to the incarceration of parolees and mental patients. More recently, with rapid advances in communications technology and data management, personal telemonitoring systems are being developed at several locations in the United States and other countries. Current case law suggests that at least some types of electronic monitoring may be legally permissible when they are used to verify compliance with other acceptable conditions of probation or parole and have demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness. Three major correctional objectives may be achieved through the use of telemonitoring systems: (1) reduced correctional costs, (2) extended protection of the public, and (3) improved rehabilitation of offenders. Considerations should now be given to the important legal and social issues involved in the large scale use of telemonitoring.
Long-Term Follow-Up Study After Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect in Children: An Echocardiographic Study

Serial echocardiography was performed in 51 children with isolated secundum atrial septal defect before and after surgery to measure the effects of chronic right ventricular overload on ventricular function. Right ventricular dilation increased dramatically with growth and with size of the left to right shunt only in the youngest children (body surface area less than 0.5 m2). A lesser effect of growth and no significant effect of shunt size were noted in older children. Although an initial decrease in right ventricular size occurred in the first 3 months after operation, persistent right ventricular dilation remained up to 5 years after closure of the interatrial defect in more than 80 percent of patients. Preoperatively, the ratio of the right ventricular preejection period to ejection time was significantly less than that of normal children. This ratio increased dramatically after operation, exceeding normal values early in the postoperative period in 18 of 48 children and persisting in 6 of 22 after 3 months. Left ventricular dimensions were normal early and late after operation. Left ventricular function was apparently normal, although an exceptionally high shortening fraction was noted in 22 (44 percent) of 51 children after operation. Aortic systolic time interval ratios decreased after operation from high normal to low normal values. It is hypothesized that the persistent enlargement of the right ventricle after operation may be due to the chronic preoperative dilation secondary to chronic interatrial shunting. The abnormally high shortening fraction after operation may result from an abnormal left ventricular geometric configuration or abnormality of filling. It is suggested that surgical closure of the atrial defect in the first 3 years of life may prevent these abnormalities.
Solutions to a class of transport problems with radially dominant convection

For fluid systems dealing with drops and bubbles, there are many situations in which the flow is dominated by a radial field. An analysis is carried out for a general class of problems, in which the primary flow is a purely radial type in a spherical geometry and the secondary flow is a perturbation on it. In particular, the flow solutions are obtained for a particle in extensional flow, rotating particle, and a particle in a linear shear flow. In addition, the steady state heat/mass flow equations with radial convection are solved in a fairly general form for spherical boundaries. The solutions lead to a new class of polynomials for the radial functions of the separated solutions. Some of the fundamental properties of these polynomials have also been derived.
Accounting for uncertainty about investigator bias: disclosure is informative

Biasing of studies towards results desired by the investigators—investigator bias—arises from many sources, from outright data fabrication to subtle and even unconscious bias in design and analysis choices. Investigator bias has had an important impact in some areas of clinical practice, and can be a major source of uncertainty about study effects. Among the sources of investigator bias, empirical studies have suggested that estimates of effect are often associated with funding source. Disclosure of financial ties thus supplies predictive information about study results. Although this predictability does not by itself say which results are more or less biased, it does stand as a potentially important source of study variation, and hence is needed for full uncertainty assessments. The key problem is then fair use of disclosure data by the evaluator. Fair use will require a clear understanding that predictive power at the group level should never be used for indictment let alone claim of impropriety (as has occurred). Evaluators need to be on the alert for their own biases, and if they wish to use these biases they should be given the form of a subjective prior distribution. Many have argued that full-scale uncertainty analysis is needed before public-health or medical recommendations are made.1–4 These arguments have largely concerned formal analysis of uncertainty arising from the “holy trinity” of validity threats: uncontrolled confounding, selection bias and measurement error; model misspecification is sometimes added to the list. Occasionally, attention is drawn to more subtle (but potentially large) biases due to sparse data, regression to the mean, data dredging and other instances of method failure.5 6 Ongoing news7–13 suggests it is time to debate incorporation of another potentially major source of uncertainty into literature assessments: investigator bias , the biasing of study results towards results …
Identity, Bargaining, and Third-Party Mediation

This paper elucidates a theory of identity formation and applies it to the study of international negotiation. The theory acknowledges that actors/agents can adopt a multiplicity of identities, and it treats changes in the salience of identities as endogenous to the contextually dependent processes of interpersonal and intergroup interactions. Typically, strong identities are viewed as encouraging conflict and exacerbating interstate disputes. Our theory, however, suggests a palliative role for identity: third-party mediation can more effectively resolve conflicts when it enhances shared, if initially less salient, aspects of the disputants’ identities. We discuss several causal pathways through which the process of enhancing identity salience can increase the likelihood of successful conflict resolution, providing a complementary mechanism for the effectiveness of mediation to those extant in the literature. The paper concludes with a practical method for applying the theory's insights to the choice of mediator and the mediator's technique.
Androgen increases the number of cells in fetal mouse spinal cord cultures: implications for motoneuron survival

Androgen effects were studied in organotypic cultures of the E12 fetal mouse lumbosacral spinal cord labeled in utero with [3H]thymidine on E10. Following continuous exposure to androgens for one month in vitro, the number of labeled cells was significantly increased in whole explants, and in hemisected segments in the presence or absence of co-cultured fetal thigh muscle. Because lumbosacral motoneurons undergo their final mitosis predominantly on E10 and thus remain permanently labeled, the results suggest that androgens increase neuronal numbers by directly modulating motoneuron survival rather than stimulating mitosis. These findings demonstrate for the first time that in addition to the well documented role of the muscle target in motoneuron survival, the direct neuronotrophic effects of androgen at the level of the spinal cord must also be considered.
Long-term antidepressant treatment: Alterations in cerebral capillary permeability

Chronic treatment of rats with amitriptyline (AMI) induced a persistent increase in the diffusibility of water into the brain (EW). This effect was observable 12 h after the last dose. AMI induces this alteration at plasma drug concentrations of 71±13 ng/ml (the therapeutic range for man is 100–250 ng/ml). Furthermore, chronic treatment potentiated the increase observed after acute drug administration and resulted in a 350% enhancement in the permeability of water across the cerebral capillary. Thus, long-term antidepressant administration can chronically influence cerebral function by affecting capillary permeability.
Prototypal dithiazolodithiazolyl radicals: synthesis, structures, and transport properties.

New synthetic routes to 1,2,3-dithiazolo-1,2,3-dithiazolylium salts, based on double Herz condensations of N-alkylated 2,6-diaminopyridinium salts with sulfur monochloride, have been developed. The two prototypal 1,2,3-dithiazolo-1,2,3-dithiazolyl radicals HBPMe and HBPEt have been prepared and characterized in solution by cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy. Measured electrochemical cell potentials and computed (B3LYP/6-31G) gas-phase disproportionation enthalpies favor a low on-site Coulombic repulsion energy U in the solid state. The crystal structures of HBPR (R = Me, Et) have been determined by X-ray crystallography (at 293 K). Both consist of slipped pi-stacks of undimerized radicals, with many close intermolecular S- - -S contacts. Magnetic, conductivity, and optical measurements have been performed and the results interpreted in light of extended Huckel band calculations. The crystalline materials are paramagnetic above 100 K, with room-temperature conductivities sigma(RT) of 10(-5)-10(-6) S cm(-1); the slightly greater conductivity of the R = Et compound can be associated with a more well developed band structure. We suggest a Mott-Hubbard insulator ground state for these materials, with an on-site Coulomb repulsion energy U of about 1.0 eV.
Seals and Sealants in PEM Fuel Cell Environments: Material, Design, and Durability Challenges

Fuel cells have significant potential to improve energy utilization efficiency, but remain quite expensive due to the cost of key components, including the membrane of PEM fuel cells, the catalyst, and the bipolar plates. Due to the cost and significance of these items, extensive research has been devoted to reducing cost and improving the quality and performance of these components. By contrast, seals, sealants, and adhesives play a more mundane role in the overall performance of fuel cells, and yet the failure of these materials can lead to reduced system efficiency, system failure, or even safety concerns. Less attention has been given to the performance and durability of these products, yet as improvements in other fuel cell components are made, these seals are becoming a more critical link in the long term performance of fuel cells. This review paper highlights the importance and background of fuel cell seals; discusses the chemical, thermal, and mechanical environments to which fuel cell seals are subjected; and suggests design and testing protocol improvements that may lead to improved fuel cell system performance.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and cytochrome P450 19 A1 (Cyp19) gene expression in ovarian granulosa cells: An in vivo human study

Background Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical widely used in consumer products, has been associated with in vitro Cyp19 gene expression.
Nitrate amperometric sensor in neutral pH based on Pd nanoparticles on epoxy-copper electrodes

Abstract Amperometric nitrate sensing at neutral pH using an epoxy-copper electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles is presented. After epoxy-copper is hardened and polished, electroless deposition is employed for the deposition of Pd nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveal the morphology and composition of the Cu/Pd surface. The effect of Pd deposition time toward nitrate electroreduction is investigated, highlighting the importance of the bimetallic catalyst. The optimized electrode shows a linear response at pH = 7 in the range from 2 to 35 ppm of nitrate. The simplicity and cost effectiveness of the fabrication process makes this Cu/Pd electrode a good candidate for distributed nitrate monitoring and determination in the field.
When is a monoid a group? the Church-Rosser case is tractable

Abstract The following question is shown to be tractable: given a finite monadic Church-Rosser Thue system T and a finite set A , is the submonoid generated by A (of the monoid presented by T ) a group?
Efficacy of Hilbert and Wavelet Transforms for Time-Frequency Analysis

Two independently emerging time-frequency transformations in Civil Engineering, namely, the wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition with Hilbert transform (EMD+HT) , are discussed in this study. Their application to a variety of nonstationary and nonlinear signals has achieved mixed results, with some comparative studies casting significant doubt on the wavelet’s suitability for such analyses. Therefore, this study shall revisit a number of applications of EMD+HT in the published literature, offering a different perspective to these commentaries and highlighting situations where the two approaches perform comparably and others where one offers an advantage. As this study demonstrates, much of the differing performance previously observed is attributable to EMD+HT representing nonlinear characteristics solely through the instantaneous frequency, with the wavelet relying on both this measure and the instantaneous bandwidth. Further, the resolutions utilized by the two approaches present a seconda...
Blood chemistry of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) maintained in an indoor-outdoor environment: Primate comparisons

Blood chemistry values were collected over a three-year period from at least 10 colony-born and 24 wild-born apparently normal common marmosets. BUN, SGOT, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric and glucose values were determined. A statistical comparison of baseline values was made between wild-born, colony-born, male and female marmosets. Also the same comparison was made between common marmosets and cotton-top tamarins, white lipped tamarins and human subjects.
Kripke, Putnam and the introduction of natural kind terms

In this paper, I will outline some of the important points made by Kripke and Putnam on the meaning of natural kind terms. Their notion of the baptism of natural kinds- the process by which kind terms are initially introduced into the language — is of special concern here. I argue that their accounts leave some ambiguities that suggest a baptism of objects and kinds that is free of additional theoretical commitments. Both authors suggest that we name the stuff and then let the scientists tell us what properties it really has, and hence what the real meaning is. I contend that such a barren baptism, taken at face value, cannot succeed in the semantic roles it has been assigned and that softening the stance on baptism suggests a more subtle and complex relation between reference and theoretical commitment than has emerged thus far.
The Flat Trachea: A Cause of Tracheal Obstruction and Its Surgical Management

Tracheal obstruction requires aggressive evaluation to determine the cause and possible correction. An unusual presentation in an adult man with a primary tracheal malformation is described. Surgical reconstruction was performed, utilizing Erich dental arch bars for external stenting. The results were excellent. To our knowledge, the procedure discussed has not been described and may be applicable elsewhere in tracheal reconstructive procedures.
Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary

Perhaps the most significant event in the Cretaceous record of the carbon isotope composition of carbonate1,2, other than the 1–2.5 ‰ negative shift in the carbon isotope composition of calcareous plankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary3, is the rapid global positive excursion of ∼2 ‰ (13C enrichment) which took place between ∼91.5 Myr and 90.3 Myr (late Cenomanian to earliest Turonian (C/T boundary event))1,4,5. This excursion has been attributed to a change in the isotope composition of the marine total dissolved carbon (TDC) reservoir resulting from an increase in rate of burial of 13C-depleted organic carbon, which coincided with a major global rise in sea level5 during the so-called C/T oceanic anoxic event (OAE)6. Here we present new data, from nine localities, which demonstrate that a positive excursion in the carbon isotope composition of organic carbon at or near the C/T boundary7,8 is nearly synchronous with that for carbonate and is widespread throughout the Tethys and Atlantic basins (Fig. 1), as well as in more high-latitude epicontinental seas. The postulated increase in the rate of burial of organic carbon may have had a significant effect on CO2 and O2 concentrations in the oceans and atmosphere, and consequent effects on global climate and sedimentary facies.
Toward a unified approach for thermal nonequilibrium in gas-liquid systems

Abstract A unified viewpoint is described which can be utilized to determine nonequilibrium liquid-vapor phase change in both post-dryout and decompressive flashing systems. It is shown that nonequilibrium phase exchange is in general a first order relaxation process and, as such, is a path dependent initial value problem rather than a local phenomenon. In all cases three quantities must be adequately specified: the initial value or inception criteria, the interfacial area density and the interfacial heat transfer rates.
Determinates of Executive Compensation: A Hierarchical Linear Modeling Approach

Executive compensation continues to grow at a time when the rest of America is hurting. Why is this so? Many business pundits believe that there is a total disconnect between executive compensation and company performance. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how hierarchical modeling can be used to better understand the relationship between executive compensation and organizational efficacy. An analysis of S&P1500 firms for 2004 was performed using a two level hierarchical design. The results show that a number of manager and firm characteristics affect total compensation including executive age, revenues and Tobin's Q. These results can be used by compensation committees to better align executive pay with firm performance and prevailing social norms.
More amphibians than expected in highway stormwater ponds

Abstract Some structures developed for particular technical anthropogenic uses are colonized by biodiversity, but their potential roles have not been seriously considered. Here, we examined whether and how highway stormwater retention ponds are colonized by amphibians and are used as reproduction sites in human-dominated landscapes. We addressed their role as habitats for amphibians by sampling amphibians in highway ponds ( n = 58) and in surrounding non-highway ponds ( n = 45) and comparing the species richness and the amphibian abundance using occupancy models that take detectability into account. As expected, highway ponds differed in abiotic conditions from surrounding ponds. Surprisingly, we found seven different amphibian species with breeding populations, including one emblematic rare species ( Triturus cristatus ), in these artificial ponds. Further, the proportion of the highway ponds where amphibians were detected was about similar to that of surrounding ponds. Note, however, that the amphibian abundances were lower in highway ponds. Surprisingly, our results suggest that highway ponds may contribute in altered landscapes to the biodiversity of the pond network at a regional scale. Because the adoption of biodiversity-friendly management measures for these artificial ponds could promote biodiversity in such landscapes, we highlight the most important factors driving amphibian distribution in these ponds. Due to the importance of these issues, we stress the need for complementary studies to continue to precisely examine the potential roles of these ponds as habitats for amphibians and then to propose, if useful, technical pond design and management recommendations relevant for common biodiversity.
Cache design with path balancing table, skewing and indirect tags

A cache design aimed to reduce cycle time, area, and miss rate simultaneously is proposed in this paper. A cache with path balancing table, skewing, and indirect tags can reduce cycle time, use less area, and reduce miss rate at the same time as compared with a baseline cache. From our simulation results, we propose cache design alternatives in achieving lower cycle time, lower miss rate, and using less area.
Structural and Biochemical Evidence That a TEM-1 β-Lactamase N170G Active Site Mutant Acts via Substrate-assisted Catalysis

TEM-1 β-lactamase is the most common plasmid-encoded β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacteria and is a model class A enzyme. The active site of class A β-lactamases share several conserved residues including Ser70, Glu166, and Asn170 that coordinate a hydrolytic water involved in deacylation. Unlike Ser70 and Glu166, the functional significance of residue Asn170 is not well understood even though it forms hydrogen bonds with both Glu166 and the hydrolytic water. The goal of this study was to examine the importance of Asn170 for catalysis and substrate specificity of β-lactam antibiotic hydrolysis. The codon for position 170 was randomized to create a library containing all 20 possible amino acids. The random library was introduced into Escherichia coli, and functional clones were selected on agar plates containing ampicillin. DNA sequencing of the functional clones revealed that only asparagine (wild type) and glycine at this position are consistent with wild-type function. The determination of kinetic parameters for several substrates revealed that the N170G mutant is very efficient at hydrolyzing substrates that contain a primary amine in the antibiotic R-group that would be close to the Asn170 side chain in the acyl-intermediate. In addition, the x-ray structure of the N170G enzyme indicated that the position of an active site water important for deacylation is altered compared with the wild-type enzyme. Taken together, the results suggest the N170G TEM-1 enzyme hydrolyzes ampicillin efficiently because of substrate-assisted catalysis where the primary amine of the ampicillin R-group positions the hydrolytic water and allows for efficient deacylation.
Damping of a Heated Oscillating Cylinder in He II

The change in the logarithmic decrement upon applying heat to a freely oscillating cylinder in He II has been measured. After corrections, caused by heat, in the normal viscous contribution to the decrement the results are used to verify the prediction by Penney and Overhauser that a torque should exist on a uniformly heated cylinder about which there is a superfluid circulation. A critical comparison is made between the results of the present experiment and the prior work of Hunt who employed a quite different method.
Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation . Translated by Patrick Olivelle. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. xv, 320 pp. $45.00 (cloth); $17.95 (paper).

Note on the Translation INTRODUCTION 1. The Samnyasa Upanisads 2. Renunciation and Society: The Inner Conflict of Tradition 3. The Nature and Purpose of Renunciation 4. The Rite of Renunciation 5. The Classifications of Renouncers 6. The Behavior and Customs of Renouncers TRANSLATIONS 1. Aruni Upanisad 2-3 Laghu-Samnyasa Upanisad and Kundika Upanisad 4. Kathasruti Upanisad 5. Paramahamsa Upanisad 6. Jabala Upanisad 7. Brahma Upanisad 8. Asrama Upanisad 9. Maitreya Upanisad 10. Naradaparivrajaka Upanisad 11. Nirvana Upanisad 12. Bhiksuka Upanisad 13. Turiyatitavadhuta Upanisad 14. Brhat-Samnyasa Upanisad 15. Paramahamsaparivrajaka Upanisad 16. Parabrahma Upanisad 17. Brhad-Avadhuta Upanisad 18. Yajnavalkya Upanisad 19. Satyayaniya Upanisad 20. Laghu-Avadhuta Upanisad Notes Bibliography Index
Misexpression of the catenin p120(ctn)1A perturbs Xenopus gastrulation but does not elicit Wnt-directed axis specification.

Abstract Modulators of cadherin function are of great interest given that the cadherin complex actively contributes to the morphogenesis of virtually all tissues. The catenin p120ctn(formerly p120cas) was first identified as a src- and receptor-protein tyrosine kinase substrate and later shown to interact directly with cadherins. In common with β-catenin and plakoglobin (γ-catenin), p120ctncontains a central Armadillo repeat region by which it binds cadherin cytoplasmic domains. However, little is known about the function of p120ctnwithin the cadherin complex. We examined the role of p120ctn1A in early vertebrate development via its exogenous expression inXenopus.Ventral overexpression of p120ctn1A, in contrast to β-catenin, did not induce the formation of duplicate axial structures resulting from the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, nor did p120ctnaffect mesoderm induction. Rather, dorsal misexpression of p120ctnspecifically perturbed gastrulation. Lineage tracing of cells expressing exogenous p120ctnindicated that cell movements were disrupted, whilein vitrostudies suggested that this may have been a consequence of reduced adhesion between blastomeres. Thus, while cadherin-binding proteins β-catenin, plakoglobin, and p120ctnare members of the Armadillo protein family, it is clear that these proteins have distinct biological functions in early vertebrate development. This work indicates that p120ctnhas a role in cadherin function and that heightened expression of p120ctninterferes with appropriate cell–cell interactions necessary for morphogenesis.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastasis of nonsmall cell lung cancer: is there a difference in outcome between morning and afternoon treatment?

BACKGROUND: Circadian cell-cycle progression causes fluctuating radiosensitivity in many tissues, which could affect clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether outcomes of single-session gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) differ based on treatment time. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients received GKRS between 10:00 am and 12:30 pm and 39 patients received GKRS between 12:30 pm and 3:00 pm. The mean peripheral dose was 18.6 Gy. The mean tumor size was 7.3 cm3. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to score local control at 3 months. Cause of death (COD) was categorized as central nervous system (CNS)-related or systemic. RESULTS: Demographic and disease characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. Local control at 3 months was achieved in 97% (35/36) of patients who underwent GKRS early in the day versus 67% (8/12) of patients who underwent GKRS later in the day (chi-square, P = .014). Early GKRS was associated with better survival (median 9.5 months) than late GKRS (median 5 months) (Kaplan-Meier log-rank test, P = .025). Factors contributing to better survival in a Cox regression model included early treatment time (P = .004) and recursive partition analysis class (P < .001). Cause of death in the early treatment group was CNS-related in 6% (3/47) of patients versus 24% (8/34) of patients in the late treatment group (chi-square test, P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: GKRS for metastatic NSCLC had better local control, better survival, and a lower rate of CNS-related cause of death when given earlier in the day versus later in the day. These retrospective data should encourage future study in brain radiosurgery and non-CNS stereotactic body radiotherapy series. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Prototype spectral analysis of water samples for monitoring and treatment of public water resources

Experimental measurements conducted in the laboratory, involving hyperspectral analysis of water samples taken from public water resources in the New York City metro area, have motivated a reevaluation of issues concerning the potential application of this type of analysis for water monitoring, treatment and evaluation prior to filtration. One issue concerns hyperspectral monitoring of contaminants with respect to types and relative concentrations. This implies a need for better understanding the statistical profiles of water contaminants in terms of spatial-temporal distributions of electromagnetic absorption spectra ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared, which are associated with specific water resources. This issue also implies the need for establishing correlations between hyperspectral signatures and types of contaminants to be found within specific water resources. Another issue concerns the use of absorption spectra for determining changes in chemical and physical characteristics of contaminants after application of water treatments in order to determine levels of toxicity with respect to the environment.
Auditory evoked potentials from the primary auditory cortex of the cat: topographic and pharmacological studies.

Abstract Wave VI (8.4 msec) of the brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) was maximal in a discrete region of primary auditory cortex (AI) of the anesthetized cat. Wave VI underwent rapid amplitude decreas over millimeter distances in the AI region and followed high stimulation rates. Wave VI did not show intracortical polarity inversion nor was it abolished by epicortical or intracortical GABA administration. The data are compatible with a wave VI source in the terminal axons of the thalamo-cortical radiations. Middle latency auditory responses (MAEPs) generated 10–40 msec after auditory stimulation were also recorded in a circumscribed area of AI. In contrast to wave VI, these primary auditory cortex potentials (Pa 18.3 msec; Nb 31.9 msec) underwent transcortical polarity inversion, correlated with intracortical multi-unit activity in the AI region and were reversibly altered or abolished by epicortical or intracortical GABA adminstration to the AI region. The data suggest that the Pa and Nb components of the cat MAEP are intracortically generated by neuronal elements in the AI region.
A longitudinal medical Spanish program at one US medical school.

INTRODUCTION Policymakers have recommended recruiting or training (or both) more US physicians who can provide care in Spanish. Few longitudinal medical Spanish programs have been described and evaluated.
Risk preference, multiple attributes, and multiple criteria in bayesian acceptance sampling plans

Although there has been considerable research directed toward developing Bayesian acceptance sampling plans, little consideration has been given to incorporating a decision-maker's risk attitude or treating such problems in terms of multiple-type defects and multiple criteria. We review our own work which is focused on the above issues. A model incorporating risk preference is shown to yield substantial differences in the characteristics of an optimal sampling plan relative to a typical Bayesian linear cost (risk neutral) model. Bayesian models and optimization schemes for a variety of multiple-type defect plans are reviewed. A bicriterion acceptance model, employing average outgoing quality and average inspection cost is also formulated. Traditional versus interactive optimization procedures are compared empirically in terms of ease of use, satisfaction with solutions, and insight gained into the problem.
Pakistan in 2004: Running Very Fast to Stay in the Same Place

During 2004, Pakistan9s civilianizing military regime continued its attempts to balance two seemingly irreconcilable goals: to democratize and stabilize Pakistan9s deeply divided political system and to maintain official support, despite nearly unanimous domestic opposition, for U.S. foreign policy in Afghanistan and Iraq. This delicate balancing act was further complicated by the A. Q. Khan nuclear weapons affair.
Transient soot dynamics in turbulent nonpremixed ethylene–air counterflow flames

Abstract The dynamics of soot formation in turbulent ethylene–air nonpremixed counterflow flames is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) with a semi-empirical soot model and the discrete ordinate method (DOM) as a radiation solver. Transient characteristics of soot behavior are studies by a model problem of flame interaction with turbulence inflow at various intensities. The interaction between soot and turbulence reveals that the soot volume fraction depends on the combined effects of the local conditions of flow, temperature, and fuel concentration, while the soot number density depends predominantly on the high temperature regions. Depending on the relative strength between mixing and reaction, the effects of turbulence on the soot formation lead to three distinct paths in deviating the data points away from the laminar flame conditions. It is found that turbulence has twofold effects of increasing the overall soot yield by generating additional flame volume and of reducing soot by dissipating soot pockets out of high-temperature regions. The relative importance between the two effects depends on the relative length scales of turbulence and flame, suggesting that a nonmonotonic response of soot yield to turbulence level may be expected in turbulent combustion.
Re‐examining definitions of spirituality in nursing research

Aim To discuss the definition of spirituality and its limitations for nursing research. It proposes a definition that will capture more accurately the role of spirituality in health outcomes. Background Studies have increasingly examined spirituality in nursing research as a coping mechanism attenuating the negative impact of traumatic stress on mental health. Existing definitions of spirituality in nursing research include elements of positive emotional states (meaning, purpose, general well-being) which confound mental health outcomes. Data sources Medline and CINAHL databases were searched from 2007–2011 for research articles examining spirituality definitions and measures used by nurse researchers. Discussion An analysis of the definitions of spirituality in nursing research reveals inconsistencies and confounding mental health concepts. The authors propose defining spirituality in the context of religious involvement when conducting research, while using a broader definition of spirituality when providing spiritual care. They argue such definition provides a more appropriate method of measuring this concept in research aimed at evaluating mental health outcomes while preserving the currently used patient-defined definition of spirituality when providing spiritual care. Nursing implications A consistent definition of spirituality in nursing research evaluating mental health outcomes, distinct from ‘spiritual care’ in a clinical setting, is essential to avoid tautological results that are meaningless. Appropriate definitions will enable nursing researchers to more clearly identify resilience mechanisms and improved health outcomes in those exposed to traumatic stress. Conclusion A definition of spirituality that focuses on religious involvement provides a more uniform and consistent measure for evaluating mental health outcomes in nursing research.
Distinct Transcriptional Profiles and Phenotypes Exhibited by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates Related to the 2006 Spinach-Associated Outbreak

In 2006, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was linked to the consumption of ready-to-eat bagged baby spinach in the United States. The likely sources of preharvest spinach contamination were soil and water that became contaminated via cattle or feral pigs in the proximity of the spinach fields. In this study, we compared the transcriptional profiles of 12 E. coli O157:H7 isolates that possess the same two-enzyme pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile and are related temporally or geographically to the above outbreak. These E. coli O157:H7 isolates included three clinical isolates, five isolates from separate bags of spinach, and single isolates from pasture soil, river water, cow feces, and a feral pig. The three clinical isolates and two spinach bag isolates grown in cultures to stationary phase showed decreased expression of many σ(S)-regulated genes, including gadA, osmE, osmY, and katE, compared with the soil, water, cow, feral pig, and the other three spinach bag isolates. The decreased expression of these σ(S)-regulated genes was correlated with the decreased resistance of the isolates to acid stress, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress but increases in scavenging ability. We also observed that intraisolate variability was much more pronounced among the clinical and spinach isolates than among the environmental isolates. Together, the transcriptional and phenotypic differences of the spinach outbreak isolates of E. coli O157:H7 support the hypothesis that some variants within the spinach bag retained characteristics of the preharvest isolates, whereas other variants with altered gene expression and phenotypes infected the human host.
A Referendum on Trade Theory: Voting on Free Trade in Costa Rica

Research on mass opinion in international political economy overwhelmingly relies on survey data. This poses problems of external validity, especially for a frequently low-salience issue such as trade policy. To examine whether survey findings about attitudes toward economic openness apply outside of surveys, this note considers patterns of voting in the 2007 Costa Rican plebiscite about joining the Central American Free Trade Area. Several extant theories appear to explain voting patterns, but the results are less in line with traditional economic models based on locally important economic sectors.
Nectar robbing in Ipomopsis aggregata : effects on pollinator behavior and plant fitness.

Hummingbirds foraging in alpine meadows of central Colorado, United States, face a heterogeneous distribution of nectar rewards. This study investigated how variability in nectar resources caused by nectar-robbing bumblebees affected the foraging behavior of hummingbird pollinators and, subsequently, the reproductive success of a host plant (Ipomopsis aggregata). We presented hummingbirds with experimental arrays of I. aggregata and measured hummingbird foraging behavior as a function of known levels of nectar robbing. Hummingbirds visited significantly fewer plants with heavy nectar robbing (over 80% of available flowers robbed) and visited fewer flowers on those plants. These changes in hummingbird foraging behavior resulted in decreased percent fruit set as well as decreased total seed set in heavily robbed plants. These results indicate that hummingbird avoidance of nectar-robbed plants and flowers reduces plant fitness components. In addition, our results suggest that the mutualisms between pollinators and host plants may be affected by other species, such as nectar robbers.
Nasal hyperthermia and simple irrigation for perennial rhinitis. Changes in inflammatory mediators.

Study objective Local nasal hyperthermia or inhalation of heated water vapor is often recommended as a home remedy for various rhinitis disorders such as the common cold and allergic rhinitis. Inhaled heated vapor treatments and simple saline solution nasal irrigation were investigated for their effect on inflammatory mediator production in nasal secretions. Design Three treatments were given for nasal irrigation: heated water particles (large particle water vapor) at 43°C, heated molecular water vapor (molecular water vapor) at 41°C, and simple saline solution nasal irrigation. Nasal washes were done before each treatment (baseline), immediately after treatments, and at 30 min, 2, 4, and 6 h. Histamine, prostaglandin D 2 , and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) concentrations were measured in nasal secretions and compared with baseline values. Patients and participants Thirty symptomatic patients with active perennial allergic rhinitis underwent three treatments at weekly intervals. Measurements and results Nasal histamine concentrations fell substantially with the nasal irrigation (p 2 concentrations over the 6 h. Leukotriene C4 concentrations fell briefly after the large particle treatment but did not with the molecular water vapor. With saline solution irrigation, LTC4 concentrations in nasal secretions were lower than baseline at 30 min to 4 h after a treatment (p Conclusions This study demonstrated the usefulness of large particle vapor treatment and saline solution irrigation in reducing inflammatory mediators in nasal secretions and indirectly supports the clinical efficacy of these treatments for chronic rhinitis.
Ionic conductivity and tracer diffusion in a lattice containing random traps

Abstract A model where the lattice contained a number of randomly distributed traps equal to the number of diffusing particles was investigated rigorously. Monte Carlo methods were used to determine the relevant correlation factors in the tracer diffusion and ionic conductivity. It was found that the temperature dependence of the correlation factors contributed a relatively small component to the activation energy of the overall transport process. The relevance of the findings to atomic transport in fluorite-related oxides containing divalent dopant ions is commented on.