cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Role of N-glycosylation in Cell-surface expression, Function and Binding Properties of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2

Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as the major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The viral spike (S) protein is required for attachment to ACE2 and subsequent virus-host cell membrane fusion. Previous work has demonstrated the presence of N-linked glycans in ACE2. N-glycosylation is implicated in many biological activities, including protein folding, protein activity, and cell surface expression of biomolecules. However, the contribution of N-glycosylation to ACE2 function is poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of N-glycosylation in the activity and localization of two species with different susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, porcine ACE2 (pACE2) and hACE2. The elimination of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin (TM) treatment or mutagenesis, showed that N-glycosylation is critical for the proper cell surface expression of ACE2 but not for its carboxiprotease activity. Furthermore, nonglycosylable ACE2 localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and not at the cell surface. Our data also revealed that binding of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S protein to porcine or human ACE2 was not affected by deglycosylation of ACE2 or S proteins, suggesting that N-glycosylation plays no role in the interaction between SARS coronaviruses and the ACE2 receptor. Impairment of hACE2 N-glycosylation decreased cell to cell fusion mediated by SARS-CoV S protein but not SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Finally, we found that hACE2 N-glycosylation is required for an efficient viral entry of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses, which could be the result of low cell surface expression of the deglycosylated ACE2 receptor. ImportanceElucidating the role of glycosylation in the virus-receptor interaction is important for the development of approaches that disrupt infection. In this study, we show that deglycosylation of both ACE2 and S had a minimal effect on the Spike-ACE2 interaction. In addition, we found that removal of N-glycans of ACE2 impaired its ability to support an efficient transduction of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses. Our data suggest that the role of deglycosylation of ACE2 on reducing infection is likely due to a reduced expression of the viral receptor on the cell surface. These findings offer insight into the glycan structure and function of ACE2, and potentially suggest that future antiviral therapies against coronaviruses and other coronavirus-related illnesses involving inhibition of ACE2 recruitment to the cell membrane could be developed.
Arts-based therapy: a pilot program for immigrant and refugee children

Arts-based therapy (ABT) is beneficial for children who have experienced trauma, however, little is known about its feasibility or efficacy in immigrant and refugee children. We analyzed the effect...
Reducing Your Risk of Alzheimer's Dementia: Building a Better Brain as We Age

Alzheimer' dementia is a large and growing public health problem. Of utmost importance for limiting the impact of the disease on society is the prevention of dementia, that is, delay onset either by years whereby death ensues prior to dementia onset. The Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project are two harmonized cohort studies of aging and dementia that include organ donation at death. Ongoing since 1994 and 1997, respectively, we published on the association of numerous experiential, psychological, and medical risk factors for dementia, many of which are potentially modifiable. Here, selected findings are reviewed based on a presentation at the 2020 National Academy of Neuropsychology given virtually in Chicago in October of 2020.
Advective pathways and transit times of the Red Sea Overflow Water in the Arabian Sea from Lagrangian simulations

Abstract The present study investigates the advective pathways and transit times of virtual particles released in the Red Sea outflow area as a proxy for the poorly understood spreading of the Red Sea Overflow Water (RSOW) in the Arabian Sea. This work uses the Parcels toolbox, a Lagrangian framework, to simulate tens of thousands of trajectories under different initial conditions. Six different Lagrangian simulations are performed at isobaric and isopycnal surfaces within the RSOW layer. All simulations are based on the eddy-rich GLORYS12 reanalysis that merges almost all in-situ (temperature–salinity) and satellite observations collected over the last two decades into a dynamical framework. This study shows that GLORYS12 reproduces relatively well the climatological seasonal cycle of the RSOW to the Gulf of Aden and essential characteristics of the exchange at the Strait of Bab al-Mandab. Statistical comparisons between synthetic trajectories and RAFOS floats in the Gulf of Aden corroborate the quality of GLORYS12 velocity fields used for the Lagrangian simulations. Six main advective pathways are uncovered (by order of preference): Southwest, Northwest, Socotra Passage, Central, Eastern, and Southern. Trajectories from Argo floats give observational support for some of these paths. Although most particles are exported out of the Arabian Sea off Somalia, the simulations reveal robust connectivity of the RSOW to the Arabian Sea interior and its eastern boundary. The fact that particles have long trajectories in the interior increases the potential of RSOW mixing with the fresher and oxygen-poor ambient waters. Thus, these pathways may have profound implications for the salt and oxygen budgets in the Arabian Sea and beyond since the RSOW is also part of the global overturning circulation and exported out of the Indian Ocean via the Agulhas Current. Transit time distributions indicate that it takes about six months for outflow-originated particles to spread over the entire Gulf of Aden and one to three years to be exported along the western boundary, toward Somalia (Socotra Passage and Southwest pathways) and off the Yemeni–Omani coast (Northwest Pathway). In contrast, reaching the eastern boundary takes much longer. North of 14 ° N, the most frequent time is around 10–15 years, and about 20–25 years at the southeastern Arabian Sea. Hence, the RSOW can often carry oxygen to the western boundary but not to the eastern basin. This may contribute to the eastern shift of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone, a subject that deserves investigation.
Authoritarianism from Above and Below: Exclusive Nationalism and the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict

The persistence of the Kurdish conflict in the Middle East has created deadly outcomes for Turkey’s democratization process and facilitated the emergence of an authoritarian coalition promoting exclusive nationalism from above. While consolidation of the authoritarian rule in Turkey occurred in parallel to the rise of exclusive nationalism and regional militarism, the electoral authoritarian regime is currently facing multiple challenges. As the economic recession deepens, a new wave of ethnonationalism targeting the Kurds and immigrants is in the making, but this time from below. The possibility of democratic change in the future seems to depend on to what extent main opposition parties will be able to distance themselves from exclusive nationalism and build a pro-democracy alliance including the People’s Democratic Party (HDP).
Brian Friel and the Politics of the Anglo-Irish Language

La question linguistique irlandaise et le Field Day Theatre Group suscite par B. F. des 1980
Hierarchical Protein Structure Superposition Using Both Secondary Structure and Atomic Representations

The structural comparison of proteins has become increasingly important as a means to identify protein motifs and fold families. In this paper we present a new algorithm for the comparison of proteins based on a hierarchy of structural representations, from the secondary structure level to the atomic level. Our technique represents alpha-helices and beta-strands as vectors and uses a set of seven scoring functions to compare pairs of vectors from different proteins. The scores obtained are used in a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the best local alignment of the two sets of vectors. The second step in our algorithm is based on the atomic coordinates of the protein structures and improves the initial vector alignment by iteratively minimizing the RMSD between pairs of nearest atoms from the two proteins. We refine the final alignment by determining a core of well aligned atoms and minimizing the RMSD of this core. In a comparison of our method to Holm and Sander's DALI algorithm, our program was able to detect structural similarity at the same level as DALI. We also performed searches of a representative set of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) using our program and detected structurally similarity between several distantly related proteins.
Expression of enzymatically active sucrase-isomaltase is a ubiquitous property of colon adenocarcinomas

Abstract Adenocarcinoma of the colon is one of the most prevalent and lethal of all human malignancies. The early diagnosis and management of this disease could be improved if biological markers, whose expression was restricted to malignant colon cells, were identified. Sucrase-isomaltase is a glycoprotein hydrolase expressed throughout the small intestine and fetal colon but not in the normal adult colon. This study shows that the expression of enzymatically active sucrase-isomaltase is a ubiquitous property of primary and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. Significant sucrase enzyme activity (i.e., > 5 mU/mg protein) was observed in 16 colon carcinomas but not in adjacent normal colon mucosa. Sucrase-isomaltase messenger RNA was identified in all tumors using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, this study shows that the amount of sucrase-isomaltase messenger RNA in tumors examined (3.4 × 10 −8 to 3.19 × 10 −7 μg/μg total RNA) was greater than in adjacent mucosa (0 to 3.4 × 10 −8 μg/μg total RNA). This induction of sucrase-isomaltase messenger RNA and enzyme activity was corroborated by immunostaining. Of 30 colon adenocarcinomas examined, 80% were positive for sucrase-isomaltase. In addition, all colon carcinoma metastases examined were positive for sucrase-isomaltase. The staining pattern was distinct and demarcated tumor cells from the surrounding histologically normal tissue. No sucrase-isomaltase staining was seen in normal mucosa from the same patients. With the exception of lung, no sucrase-isomaltase immunostaining was observed in a variety of examined noncolonic adenocarcinomas. Thus, the specificity and ubiquity of sucrase-isomaltase expression in adenocarcinomas of the colon can be exploited to improve the clinical management of this disease. In addition, studies on the structure of the sucrase-isomaltase gene and its regulatory elements should contribute toward understanding the alteration of gene expression by oncogenic transformation of the colonic mucosa.
2‐Mercapto‐4‐Amino‐5‐Carbethoxypyrimidine and 2‐Mercapto‐4‐Hydroxy‐5‐Cyanopyrimidine

2-Mercapto-4-amino-5-carbethoxypyrimidine and 2-mercapto-4-hydroxy-5-cyanopyrimidine product: 2-Mercapto-4-amino-5-carbethoxypyrimidine. reactant: 169 g. (1 mole) of liquefied ethyl ethoxymethylenecyanoacetate product: 2-Mercapto-4-hydroxy-5-cyanopyrimidine. Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous; cyclization, miscellaneous
Do Judges Follow the Law? An Empirical Test of Congressional Control Over Judicial Behavior

Do judges follow the law? In a naive model of judging, Congress writes statutes, which courts know about and then slavishly apply. Although interpretation differences could explain deviation between congressional will and the law as applied, in this model there should be no divergence where the law is unambiguous. Section 21D(c)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act is such a clear law: it requires courts to certify attorneys complied with Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which forbids frivolous or unsupported claims, in every case arising under the Act. In this paper, we provide data that rejects the naive model: courts make the required findings in less than 14 percent of cases in which such findings were required by law. This suggests judges either do not know of the law or, if they do, fail to follow it. We also show that required Rule 11(b) findings about sanctions are made overwhelmingly in cases where sanctions would be least likely – that is, in orders approving settlements – and such findings are extremely rare in cases where sanctions would other be more likely – that is, where motions to dismiss are granted. To explain this seeming paradox, we offer an account that highlights crucial ways in which the incentives of the judge and of the attorneys may interact in complex cases.
Vitamin B12 in human blood and serum. I. Comparison of microbiologic assays using normal subjects.

A comparison of microbiologic assays for vitamin B12 in whole blood or serum was carried out with four B12-requiring microorganisms, Escherichia coli 113-3, Lactobacillus leichmannii ATCC No. 7839, Euglena gracilis, strain Z, and Ochromonas malhamensis. B12 values in whole blood and serum for normal subjects are given. The value of microbiologic assays is discussed.
Impaired propulsive motility in the distal but not proximal colon of BK channel β1-subunit knockout mice.

Background Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels regulate smooth muscle tone. The BK channel β1-subunit increases Ca2+ sensitivity of the α-subunit in smooth muscle. We studied β1-subunit knockout (KO) mice to determine if gastrointestinal (GI) motility was altered. Methods Colonic and intestinal longitudinal muscle reactivity to bethanechol and colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) were measured in vitro. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were measured in vivo. Colonic motility was assessed in vivo by measuring fecal output and glass bead expulsion time. Myoelectric activity of distal colon smooth muscle was measured in vitro using intracellular microelectrodes. Key Results Bethanechol-induced contractions were larger in the distal colon of β1-subunit KO compared to wild type (WT) mice; there were no differences in bethanechol reactivity in the duodenum, ileum, or proximal colon of WT vsβ1-subunit KO mice. There were more retrogradely propagated CMMCs in the distal colon of β1-subunit KO compared to WT mice. Gastrointestinal transit was unaffected by β1-subunit KO. Fecal output was decreased and glass bead expulsion times were increased in β1-subunit KO mice. Membrane potential of distal colon smooth muscle cells from β1-subunit KO mice was depolarized with higher action potential frequency compared to WT mice. Paxilline (BK channel blocker) depolarized smooth muscle cells and increased action potential frequency in WT distal colon. Conclusions & Inferences BK channels play a prominent role in smooth muscle function only in the distal colon of mice. Defects in smooth muscle BK channel function disrupt colonic motility causing constipation.
Dicarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)(isobutene)iron Tetrafluoroborate

[41707-16-8] C11H13BF4FeO2 (MW 319.87) InChI = 1S/C5H5.C4H8.2CO.BF4.Fe/c1-2-4-5-3-1;1-4(2)3;2*1-2;2-1(3,4)5;/h1-5H;1H2,2-3H3;;;;/q;;;;-1;+1 InChIKey = LATDOPLNYRABDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (exchange reagent for synthesis of Fp–alkene+ and Fp–alkyne+ complexes; Fp+ protecting group for alkenes; cycloadditions of alkenes and alkynes) Physical Data: yellow–orange crystalline solid. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, THF; insol Et2O, benzene, hexane; decomposes at varying rates in DMSO, MeNO2, MeCN, acetone, and other coordinating solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CD3CN): δ 5.52 (Cp), 3.81 (=CH2), 1.84 (CH3). 13C NMR (CD3CN): δ 209 (CO), 118 (=CMe2), 87 (Cp), 51 (=CH2), 26 (Me).2 NMR shifts are highly solvent dependent. Preparative Method: by reaction of NaFp (Fp = CpFe(CO)2) with methallyl chloride followed by protonation of the resulting alkyl complex with HBF4 (eq 1).1 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable indefinitely under Ar or N2 at 0 °C.
In Vivo Glucose Contribution to Glutamate Synthesis Is Maintained While Its Contribution to Acetyl CoA Is Lowered in Adult Mice Fed a Diet with a High Fat:Carbohydrate Ratio

To investigate the contribution of dietary carbohydrate to glutamate and acetyl CoA synthesis, two groups of adult mice were fed a high- (HCD) or a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) in which 5% of the carbohydrate was [U- 13 C]-glucose. Four animals from each dietary group were killed after 1, 2 and 5 d. The tracer:tracee ratios of [ 13 C 3 ] and [ 13 C 6 ]blood glucose and of the [ 13 C2] and [ 13 C 3 ] isotopomers of blood, mucosal, hepatic and muscle alanine and glutamate were used to calculate the fractional contribution of glucose to the 3-carbon, acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate pools of each tissue. In the HCD mice, glucose contributed 66, 33 and 31% of the acetyl CoA pool of muscle, liver and mucosa, respectively. The contribution of glucose to acetyl CoA was lowered by 33% (P < 0.05) and 55% (P < 0.01) in the liver and muscle of the LCD group, respectively, but was unaltered in the mucosa. Glucose made a minor contribution to glutamate synthesis via oxaloacetate in the liver (23%) and muscle (10%) of the HCD group. The fraction of hepatic and muscle glutamate synthesis derived from glucose was not affected by the diet. We conclude that glucose oxidation in liver and muscle parallels the contribution of carbohydrate to dietary energy and that glucose is not a major carbon precursor for muscle glutamate synthesis. Net glutamate synthesis in extraintestinal tissues is preserved when dietary carbohydrate is restricted.
The effects of lithium carbonate and energy restriction on feed utilization in weanling rats.

Abstract In each of two studies, nutritionally adequate diets with and without added lithium carbonate were fed for 21 days to weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats at three feed intake levels (8, 10 and 12 g/day). There was a single dietary lithium carbonate concentration (750 ppm) in study 1 and three (750, 900 and 1125 ppm) in study 2. In study 1, as indicated by the weight gain coefficients, the rate of body weight gain as a function of feed intake in the lithium group was 32% lower than that in the control group. In that study, serum lithium concentrations (meq/L) were 0.47±0.09 for rats fed 12 g/day, 0.28±0.05 for those fed 10 g/day and 0.27±0.01 for those fed 8 g/day. The serum lithium concentration of rats fed at the highest feed intake level approached the therapeutic range for lithium in humans (0.5 to 1.5 meq/L). Even though rats fed at the two lower feed intake levels had the same serum lithium concentrations, they sonsumed significantly different amounts of lithium. These results indicate that energy restriction increased lithium retention. In study 2, all rats fed 8 g/day of a diet containing 1125 ppm lithium carbonate died by day 14 while all fed the control diet at the same feeding level survived. This indicates that the mortality in the lithium group was not due to feed restriction per se . In addition, since rats at all three feeding levels consumed the same amount of lithium carbonate, these results demonstrate that the potential toxicity of a given amount of lithium depends upon energy intake, and, conversely, that a level of feed restriction that is normally compatible with life can be lethal in the presence of lithium.
A complex reinforcement contingency: The control of awareness in verbal conditioning

Two experiments demonstrated verbal conditioning with a complex reinforcement contingency that S was unable to identify. The unique nature of the contingency and a simple multiple-choice postexperimental questionnaire provided an improved method for determining that S did not know the contingency. Responses identified as critical by S were higher in frequency whether they were or were not reinforced, and critical responses not identified were used with similar frequency. The S's identification of a response, whether correct or not, was a sufficient condition (pseudo-conditioning), but was not a necessary condition for greater frequency. It was suggested that S may be problem-solving in verbal conditioning, and correct identification of the reinforcement contingency is equivalent to “awareness.” A complex reinforcement contingency eliminated problem solution, i.e., afforded a control of awareness. Such complex contingencies were recommended for use when problem solution is not desired, and were recommended as part of an approach to the study of reinforcement effects upon problem-solving.
Outcomes of Delays in Time to Treatment in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Compared with other breast cancer subtypes, triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are associated with higher recurrence rates and worse survival. Because of the aggressive nature of TNBC, outcomes may be more sensitive to delays in time to treatment. This study evaluates whether delays from diagnosis to initial treatment in TNBC impacts survival or locoregional recurrence (LRR). Retrospective review of TNBC patients treated between January 2004 and January 2011 at an academic center was performed. Data collected included demographics, pathology, treatment, recurrence, and survival. Interval to treatment was defined as days from pathologic diagnosis to first local or systemic treatment. The t test, Cox regression, and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to evaluate impact of time to treatment on overall survival and LRR. Median follow-up was 40 months for 301 TNBC patients. Mean interval to treatment was 46 ± 2 days. Higher initial stage yielded worse survival (p 90 days (p = .06). LRR was seen in 20 patients (7 %). Median time to recurrence was 15 months. Time to treatment was 38 ± 6 days for patients with LRR versus 44 ± 2 days without a recurrence (p = .37). Short delay in time to treatment did not impact LRR (p = .54). In TNBC, a short delay from pathologic diagnosis to initial treatment does not appear to adversely affect survival or LRR. Appropriate time to perform evaluations such as genetic testing, imaging, or additional consultation can be taken to guide optimal treatment options.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF ICE CREAM PRODUCED IN THE U.S.A. AND ITALY

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to define and compare sensory characteristics of high-quality Italian gelati to ice creams produced in the U.S.A. Trained descriptive sensory panelists evaluated gelato samples in Italy, purchased direct from local gelaterias, and ice cream samples in the U.S., purchased from grocery stores and local shops. In general, gelati obtained higher overall fruity and fruit identification scores, chocolate gelati obtained higher chocolate and cocoa notes and vanilla gelati obtained higher vanilla and lower vanillin intensities than most U.S. ice creams. Gelati were consistently associated with higher density, lower firmness and slower meltdown. When compared with U.S. ice creams, Italian gelati are characterized by specific sensory properties: “true to type” flavors – high-intensity flavors considered to be typical to that flavor category or specific fruit and are combined with a dense, smooth texture that allows for the development of flavor, body and bloom, enhancing the perception of flavors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The research conducted in this study may be useful for ice cream manufacturers and sensory scientists. These results are the first to define sensory characteristics of high-quality Italian gelati and may be used to produce ice cream with increased consumer liking. The descriptive attributes developed can be used for the development of new flavors or for the improvement of ice cream products already on the market.
Proximal Hamstring Avulsion Injuries: Injury Mechanism, Diagnosis and Disease Course

The hamstrings group is made up of three two-joint muscles whose unique anatomy and functional properties during movement make this group particularly susceptible to muscle stain injury along the extensive muscle-tendon junctions, particularly during high-speed activities like sprinting. Proximal strains injury to the hamstring can also occur from unopposed stretch that can lead to a possible avulsion injury. An office examination will identify numerous clinical signs and symptoms of strain injury, but an MR image is helpful for defining the extent of a proximal injury. The common strain injury is treated with RICE while the choice of treatment for a proximal injury is dependent upon the number of tendons involved and the amount of tissue retraction. Early surgical intervention is advocated to avoid complications from a chronic injury.
A Racial Archaeology of Space: A Journey through the Political Imaginings of Brixton and Brick Lane, London

This paper conducts a form of racial archaeology in relation to the areas of Brixton and Brick Lane in London. Both inner-city areas are strongly associated with meanings related to race and difference. This paper examines some of the dominant ways though which Brixton and Brick Lane became represented in key policy texts. It investigates how these representations changed through time and identifies three different moments that have dominated the evolution of multiculturalism in local political discourse: a moment of racial pathology, where race is viewed as a problem of space or in space; a moment of reflection, where race is perceived through the lens of cultural difference; and a moment of celebration, where cultural difference is represented as an asset to be capitalised upon by acts of local regeneration.
Functional organization of human auditory cortex: Investigation of response latencies through direct recordings

The model for functional organization of human auditory cortex is in part based on findings in non-human primates, where the auditory cortex is hierarchically delineated into core, belt and parabelt fields. This model envisions that core cortex directly projects to belt, but not to parabelt, whereas belt regions are a major source of direct input for auditory parabelt. In humans, the posteromedial portion of Heschl's gyrus (HG) represents core auditory cortex, whereas the anterolateral portion of HG and the posterolateral superior temporal gyrus (PLST) are generally interpreted as belt and parabelt, respectively. In this scheme, response latencies can be hypothesized to progress in serial fashion from posteromedial to anterolateral HG to PLST. We examined this hypothesis by comparing response latencies to multiple stimuli, measured across these regions using simultaneous intracranial recordings in neurosurgical patients. Stimuli were 100 Hz click trains and the speech syllable /da/. Response latencies were determined by examining event-related band power in the high gamma frequency range. The earliest responses in auditory cortex occurred in posteromedial HG. Responses elicited from sites in anterolateral HG were neither earlier in latency from sites on PLST, nor more robust. Anterolateral HG and PLST exhibited some preference for speech syllable stimuli compared to click trains. These findings are not supportive of a strict serial model envisioning principal flow of information along HG to PLST. In contrast, data suggest that a portion of PLST may represent a relatively early stage in the auditory cortical hierarchy.
Modification and Operation of the Gulf I-A High-speed Plankton Sampler'

This sampler, a modification of a previous model, has been proven to operate at speeds up to 21 mph. The need for an independent depressor to submerge the sampler has been eliminated by incorporating trim tabs on the horizontal stabilizers; scope of tow cable (wire angle) can be varied by the position of tow cable attachment and/or trim tab angle of depression. An undisturbed water mass is sampled abeam of the towing vessel during surface collections when boat is rigged as pictured in this report. This sampler and its associated equipment are relatively simple and inexpensive in design and construction, and in field operation.
Analogy between body force and inelastic strain gradient in all crystal systems

Abstract The analogy between equivalent body forces and inelastic strain gradients is well known for isotropic bodies and cubic crystals. In this paper the analogy is generalized to all crystal systems. The equivalent body and surface forces due to inelastic strain distribution are derived exactly for triclinic crystals. For other crystal systems the equivalent forces are simplified due to the existence of crystallographic symmetries. Thus the solution of the total strain field in an inelastic body with given inelastic strain distribution subject to given body and surface forces is reduced to the solution of an identical elastic body under an additional set of equivalent body and surface forces for any type of crystal.
Transferred B cells from autoimmune NZB/N mice fail to activate T suppressor cells.

Abstract T-cell-mediated suppression of the antibody response of autoimmune NZB/N mice to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) can readily be induced in situ by priming with a subimmunogenic dose of SSS-III; however, the transfer of either “young” (8 weeks old) or “old” (42 weeks old) SSS-III-primed B cells, which activates suppressor T cells in normal BALB/cByJ mice, fails to induce suppression of the antibody response in recipient NZB/N mice, regardless of the number of cells transferred or the time interval between transfer and immunization. Transfer of 51 Cr-labeled B cells demonstrated that syngeneic primed B cells home to the spleens of NZB/N mice in somewhat lower numbers than in BALB/cByJ mice, although the differences observed may not be sufficient to explain the complete absence of activation of suppressor T cells. These findings suggest that B cells from autoimmune NZB/N mice are unable to activate T suppressor cells upon transfer; this disorder in a normal regulatory mechanism may be important in the pathogenesis of disease.
Anticonvulsant and other effects of diazepam grow with time after a single treatment.

The hypothesis was tested that some of the effects in rats of the prototypical benzodiazepine, diazepam, would grow (i.e., sensitize) with the passage of time after acute administration as we had previously observed following stimulants, antidepressants, neuroleptics and other compounds. Our principal findings indicate that: 1) A single pretreatment with 0.5 mg/kg of diazepam significantly enhances the anticonvulsant effect of this same dose administered again two weeks later. 2) One injection of 2.5 mg/kg of diazepam significantly sensitizes the catalepsy and ptosis observed following the administration of haloperidol two weeks but not two hours later. These data provide the first evidence for time-dependent sensitization after benzodiazepines and perhaps by implication, of GABA neurons. They may also suggest that acute stimulation of GABA neurons triggers the progressive development of a long-term, antidopaminergic influence. Finally, they raise the question of whether the progressive anxiolytic influence seen during the first week or so of benzodiazepine therapy depends on the passage of time rather than repeated drug treatment.
On a problem by Beidar concerning the central closure

We give an example of a prime ring with zero center such that its central closure is a simple ring with an identity element. It solves a problem posed by Beidar.
Determination of drugs in untreated body fluids by micellar chromatography with fluorescence detection

Abstract Direct serum and urine injection, without sample extraction or protein precipitation steps, into a liquid chromatographic system using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with 10% added propanol as the mobile phase, is described for measurement of drug levels. The ability of SDS micelles to form soluble protein—SDS complexes, with no on-column precipitation, provides a simple, rapid method for routine determination of quinine, quinidine, propranolol, morphine and codeine at concentration levels found in serum and urine following administration of therapeutic doses. Absolute limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 6 ng. Variation of the surfactants mobile phase concentration allows control of selectivity and analysis time, although a minimum concentration is required to prevent protein precipitation. Chromatographic efficiencies are improved by the addition of propanol to the micellar mobile phase, and sensitivities improved by use of fluorescence detection. The sensitivities are more than adequate for therapeutic drug monitoring of concentration ranges normally encountered in serum and urine.
A global Eta model on quasi‐uniform grids

The application of quasi-uniform grids in global models of the atmosphere is an attempt to increase the computational efficiency by a more cost-effective exploitation of the computing infrastructure. This paper describes the development of a global version of NCEP's regional, step-coordinate, Eta model on two quasi-uniform grids: cubic and octagonal. The governing equations are expressed in a general curvilinear form, so that the cubic and the octagonal versions of the model share the same code in spite of different mapping of the computational domain. The dynamical core of the derived global Eta model is successfully tested in the benchmark test of Held and Suarez. The model with the step-wise formulation of the terrain and full physics is integrated in a series of tests with real data, and the results are compared both with the analysis and the results of the regional Eta model. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Automated data provenance capture in spreadsheets, with case studies

One of the most important tasks in eScience is capturing the provenance of data. While scientists frequently use off-the-shelf analysis tools to process and manipulate data, current provenance techniques such as those based on scientific workflows are typically not able to trace internal data manipulations that occur within these tools. In this paper, we focus on one such off-the-shelf tool, MS Excel, which is used by many scientists; specifically, we propose InSituTrac, an automated in situ provenance approach for spreadsheet data in Excel. Our framework captures data provenance unobtrusively in the background, allows for user annotations, provides undo/redo functionality at various levels of granularity, presents the captured provenance in an accessible format, and visualizes captured provenance to support analysis of the provenance log. We highlight several motivating use case scenarios which show how provenance queries can be answered by our approach. Finally, case studies with an atmospheric science research group and a fisheries research group suggest that the automated provenance approach is both efficient and useful to scientists.
Model dependence in the deuteron matter radius

Abstract Models of quark and relativistic contributions to the deuteron matter radius r m are analyzed through their effects on a model-dependent term in the effective-range expansion for r m . Both effects are found to be too small to account for the 1% discrepancy between experiment and theory based on available realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials.
Discrepancies between calculated and observed energies for 4 s -4 p transitions in highly charged Cu-like ions

The 4${s}_{1/2}$-4${p}_{1/2}$ and 4${s}_{1/2}$-4${p}_{3/2}$ transitions in the Cu-like ions of the elements Sn, Xe, La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy, and Yb (atomic numbers Z=50, 54, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66, and 70) have been observed in the spectra from the Princeton Large Torus tokamak. The experimentally determined transition energies were compared to the transition energies calculated using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock technique. By including previously published observations, the experimental and calculated transition energies were compared for the entire Cu i isoelectronic sequence from Ru (Z=44) to U (Z=92). Contrary to the conclusion of Cheng and Wagner [Phys. Rev. A 36, 5435 (1987)], we find significant discrepancies between the experimental and calculated transition energies. The discrepancies are attributable to electron correlation corrections that are not accounted for in the calculation.
Three nonparametric techniques for the optimum discretization of quantitative geological variables

Three nonparametric techniques for the optimum discretization of quantitative geological features are proposed and demonstrated. The three methods are: isolated weight, entropy information, and rank correlation. Optimum discretization plays important roles in solutions to the following geoscience problems: (1) signal/noise separation and delineation of meaningful anomalies and other geofields related to mineral targets; (2) selection of those geological variables that explain variations in mineral resources; (3) determination of the best subintervals of values for a variable with respect to mineralization; (4) enhancement of certain complex and concealed information of a geofeature about its correlation with magnitude of mineralization; and (5) unification of diverse geodata so that these data can be integrated and analyzed.
Pyrene-Functionalized Ruthenium Nanoparticles: Novel Fluorescence Characteristics from Intraparticle Extended Conjugation

Ruthenium nanoparticles functionalized with pyrene moieties were prepared by olefin metathesis reactions of carbene-stabilized nanoparticles with 1-vinylpyrene and 1-allylpyrene (referred to as Ru═VPy and Ru═APy, respectively). 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements showed that the surface concentration of the pyrene moieties was 26.4 and 22.9%, respectively. In fluorescence measurements, Ru═VPy nanoparticles exhibited two prominent emission bands at 392 and 490 nm, very similar to those of (E)-1,2-di(pyren-1-yl)ethene, suggesting that the particle-bound pyrene moieties might behave equivalently to pyrene dimers with a conjugated linker by virtue of the Ru═carbene π bonds. In sharp contrast, Ru═APy nanoparticles displayed only a single emission peak at 392 nm, consistent with monomeric pyrene derivatives of 1-vinylpyrene and 1-allylpyrene. This implies that the intraparticle extended conjugation might be effectively turned off by the insertion of an sp3 carbon into the chemical linker that bound the pyrene moi...
Front versus rear seat injury risk for child passengers: evaluation of newer model year vehicles.

Objective: Design improvements to frontal air bags for vehicles of model year 1998 and newer have reduced the risk of injury to child occupants exposed to their deployment. These changes in conjunction with other improvements in the protection of front seat occupants give impetus for the reconsideration of rear seating recommendations for child occupants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between seating row (front vs. rear) and risk of injury to children in newer model year vehicles. Methods: Data was collected on child occupants from December 1, 1998, to November 30, 2007, via insurance claim records and a validated telephone survey. The study sample included child occupants aged 0 to 15 years seated in the front and rear rows of vehicles model year 1998 or newer, involved in a crash in sixteen states. Children were classified as injured if a parent or driver reported an injury corresponding with Abbreviated Injury Scale scores of ≥2. The age-specific relative risk of inj...
Collection and laboratory methods for dried blood spots for hemoglobin A1c and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in population-based surveys

Abstract Background The Health Measures at Home Study was a study designed to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating dried blood spots (DBS) collection into the National Health Interview Survey and to compare the proficiencies between field interviewers and health technicians in obtaining DBS. Methods DBS collection and venipuncture were attempted on 125 participants. The DBS were collected in the participant's home and venous blood was collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) mobile examination center. The DBS results were compared to venous results in the NHANES for the measurements of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Results Field interviewers and health technicians were able to collect the DBS for greater than 95% of participants. For DBS, health technicians and field interviewers were highly correlated for HbA1c (r = 0.92) and total cholesterol (r = 0.89), but not for HDL cholesterol (r = 0.72). The DBS results of interviewers and health technicians compared to the venous method for HbA1c (r = 0.90), but did not compare well for HDL cholesterol (r = 0.64–0.66) and total cholesterol (r = 0.65–0.67). Conclusion DBS was comparable to venous HbA1c, but not for total and HDL cholesterol. Health technicians and field interviewers had similar performance for DBS methods, except HDL cholesterol.
Characterization of bovine coronavirus isolates/from eight different states in the USA

Bovine coronavirus isolates from eight different states of the USA were compared for their antigenic properties and susceptibility to hygromycin B. Antigenic differences were observed among the isolates in a one-way hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using a polyclonal antiserum against the Mebus bovine coronavirus isolate. Differences were observed on isoelectric focusing among viral proteins with isoelectric points between 4.45-4.65. Most of the BCV isolates were susceptible to hygromycin B (0.5 mM) whereas a few hygromycin B resistant isolates were also found.
In vivo and in vitro decline of specific infectivity of tobacco ringspot virus correlated with nucleic acid degradation

Abstract The specific infectivity of bottom component of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) declined steadily in vivo between 3 and 21 days after infection. A similar decline resulted in vitro when purified virus was incubated 1 week at 27°. This decline in specific infectivity was correlated with degradation of nucleic acids within the protein shells. Degradation of nucleic acid occurred at random, resulting in nucleic acid pieces of varying length. Both slow and fast sedimenting components (noninfectious and infectious nucleic acids, respectively) decreased relatively with the age of infection or with incubation of purified virus in vitro , and polydisperse nucleic acids increased proportionately. In vivo the decline in the specific infectivity of TRSV was accounted for additionally by the relative increase in the number of bottom component particles with two noninfectious nucleic acid strands as the age of infection increased. Decline in specific infectivity and degradation of nucleic acids occurred in vivo whether TRSV multiplied in bean or in tobacco plants. In vitro degradation of nucleic acid was not decreased in the presence of 0.04% bentonite and was not increased in the presence of 10 −3 μg/ml pancreatic ribonuclease. We postulate that the in vitro degradation of TRSV nucleic acids within the protein shell is a nonenzymatic reaction and that a similar reaction may be responsible for the observed in vivo degradation of nucleic acids. The changes in nucleic acids are discussed as they relate to our hypothesis concerning the formation of top, middle, and bottom component of TRSV.
Stretch activated ion channels in ventricular myocytes.

Patch-clamp recordings from ventricular myocytes of neonatal rats identified ionic channels that open in response to membrane stretch caused by negative pressures (1 to 6 cm Hg) in the electrode. The stretch response, consisting of markedly increased channel opening frequency, was maintained, with some variability, during long (>40 seconds) stretch applications. The channels have a conductance averaging 120 pS in isotonic KCl, have a mean reversal potential 31 mV depolarized from resting membrane potential, and do not require external Ca++ for activation. The channels appear to be relatively non-selective for cations. Since they are gated by physiological levels of tension, stretch-activated channels may represent, a cellular control system wherein beat-to-beat tension and/or osmotic balance modulate a portion of membrane conductance.
Disuse atrophy of the periodontium in mice following partial loss of function

Abstract In two related experiments either right first maxillary molars or right second and third maxillary molars of albino mice were extracted at 25 days of age to observe the long-term effect of partial loss of function on the interdental periodon tium of the right first and second mandibular teeth. Four animals from each experimental group and three intact controls were sacrificed every 50 days thereafter. Microscopic observations over a 900-day period revealed that partial loss of function caused a moderate but progressive periodontal atrophy in the interdental region; this atrophy was more pronounced when the second and third maxillary molars were extracted. There was considerable loss of interdental bone, some resorption of cementum at the cemento-enamel junction, a concomitant detachment of fibres of the periodontal ligament, an apical proliferation of the epithelial attachment and a narrowing of the interdental space. The study showed that a particular mandibular molar in the mouse can be made to supraerupt if function is selectively removed from it. There appeared to be a constant attempt by the mandibular molars, in spite of the loss of opposing teeth, to retain functional relationships with each other, as evidenced by the continuous deposition of cementum and the formation of new groups of transseptal fibres. These findings suggest that partial function can play an extremely important role, not only in reducing the effects of disuse atrophy on the periodontium, but also in maintaining functional attachments of the teeth to each other.
Estimation and hypothesis testing in regression in the presence of nonhomogeneous error variances

The problems of estimation and hypothesis testing are discussed for the parameters of the simple linear model with replications in the presence of heterogeneous variances. It is argued that guidelines for choosing between ordinary least squares or weighted squares procedures with estimated weights should be partially based on a measure of the severity of the variance heterogeneity. Furthermore, Monte Carlo results are used to provide such guidelines. Several procedures fortesting the general linear hypothesis are compared, with the ordinary least squares procedures demonstrating a surprising degree of robustness with respect to their power and distributional properties. A modified test which accounts for the presence of variance heterogeneity is proposed, and is found to be less powerful than the ordinary least squares test in many cases.
Racial differences in prenatal care of mothers delivering very low birth weight infants.

To determine whether there are any racial differences in the prenatal care of mothers delivering very low birth weight infants (VLBW). Retrospective cohort study of infants cared for at a single regional level III neonatal intensive care unit over a 9-year period, July 1993–June 2002, N=1234. The main outcome variables investigated included antenatal administration of steroids, delivery by cesarean section, and use of tocolytic medications. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. After controlling for potential confounding variables, white mothers delivering VLBWs had an increased odds of cesarean delivery (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.1–2.0), receiving antenatal steroids (1.3, CI 1.01–1.8), and tocolysis (1.4, CI 1.1–2.0) compared to black mothers. The models controlled for gestational age, multiple gestation, premature labor, clinical chorioamnionitis, maternal age, income, year of birth, and presentation. In our population of VLBWs, white mothers are more likely to receive antenatal steroids, tocolytic medications, and deliver by cesarean section when compared to black mothers. From our data we cannot determine the reasons behind these racial differences in care of mothers delivering VLBWs.