cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates of alkyl radical-iodine scavenging reactions in normal and cycloalkanes

Pulse radiolysis techniques have been used to determine the rate constants for iodine scavenging of the parent alkyl radicals produced in neat liquid cycloalkanes of C 5 to C 10 and normal alkanes of C 6 to C 17 . No significant differences were observed in the rate constants for the normal alkanes or the cycloalkanes at the same viscosity. The dependence of the inverses of the observed rate constants on the viscosity of the media shows that they are not determined solely by diffusion. However, it was possible to describe the observed rate constants with a combination of a diffusion controlled rate constant (k d = 1.56 x 10 10 /η M -1 mPa) which scales inversely with the viscosity of the media and an activation controlled rate constant (k a = 2.44 x 10 10 M -1 s -1 ) which is the same for all of the media.
Direct Action of Estrone on the Mammary Gland

SummaryThe proper dose of estrone in oil rubbed into the skin over the rudimentary mammary glands of young male rabbits caused growth only of those glands, and not of the control glands treated with oil. Such evidence supports the view that estrogenic substances are directly mammary-stimulating.
A differential method of determining the principal optical parameters of an atmospheric aerosol in the ultraviolet band

Based on the well-known three-wave method of measuring small gaseous components of the atmosphere and the Angstrom formula, a differential method of determining the optical density of the aerosol constituent of the atmosphere in the ultraviolet band is suggested.
Paleoredox changes across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Walvis Ridge (ODP Sites 1262, 1263, and 1266): Evidence from Mn and U enrichment factors

An understanding of sediment redox conditions across the Paleocene?Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) (?55 Ma) is essential for evaluating changes in processes that control deep?sea oxygenation, as well as identifying the mechanisms responsible for driving the benthic foraminifera extinction. Sites cored on the flanks of Walvis Ridge (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 208, Sites 1262, 1266, and 1263) allow us to examine changes in bottom and pore water redox conditions across a ?2 km depth transect of deep?sea sediments of PETM age recovered from the South Atlantic. Here we present measurements of the concentrations of redox?sensitive trace metals manganese (Mn) and uranium (U) in bulk sediment as proxies for redox chemistry at the sediment?water interface and below. All three Walvis Ridge sites exhibit bulk Mn enrichment factors (EF) ranging between 4 and 12 prior to the warming, values at crustal averages (Mn EF = 1) during the warming interval, and a return to pre?event values during the recovery period. U enrichment factors across the PETM remains at crustal averages (U EF = 1) at Site 1262 (deep) and Site 1266 (intermediate depth). U enrichment factors at Site 1263 (shallow) peaked at 5 immediately prior to the PETM and dropped to values near crustal averages during and after the event. All sites were lower in dissolved oxygen content during the PETM. Before and after the PETM, the deep and intermediate sites were oxygenated, while the shallow site was suboxic. Our geochemical results indicate that oxygen concentrations did indeed drop during the PETM but not sufficiently to cause massive extinction of benthic foraminifera.
Mesospheric observations and modeling of the Zeeman split 233.9 GHz 18O16O Line

Observations made from Kitt Peak, AZ, of the 233.9 GHz emission line of O-18O-16 in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere are reported. A good model fit to the line is obtained by incorporation of pressure and temperature broadening effects, as well as a Zeeman splitting algorithm that uses a standard geomagnetic field model and a paramagnetic Hamiltonian description of the molecular energy states. These observations are used, along with the well known O-18O-16 mixing ratio, to establish absolute calibration for observations of other chemical species from Kitt Peak. Repeated measurements show no change in this absolute calibration between observation dates. The wide magnetic splitting (+/-1.8 MHz) exhibited by this line with only six Zeeman components provides a unique test of middle atmosphere Zeeman effect model calculations, supporting the use Of 02 lines by microwave atmospheric sounders to measure pressure and temperature.
On horizontal deployment of quality approaches within a firm

Consistency and standardisation are keys to individual as well as group quality improvement. This study investigates group performance, focusing on consistency between plant quality improvement approaches within a firm. In each of five automotive original equipment manufacturing plants, employees were surveyed regarding quality practices. The analysis of results indicate various factors (approaches) were used to improve quality. They included a process-oriented, quality control approach; empowering people for involvement; design and conformance; external quality information; rewards; and a proactive–formal approach. Discriminant function analysis found two independent functions, the first reflecting process and design approaches to quality improvement and the second reflecting external and reward-based approaches. The general results showed that out of five plants, plants 1 and 4 both emphasised process and design over external approaches, but plant 4 also emphasised reward-based incentives. Plants 2 and 3 have emphasised external approaches while discouraging reward-based incentives.
Japanese-American pulmonary reference values: Influence of environment on anthropology and physiology

Anthropometric measurements and pulmonary function (volumes, flows, and flow-volume curves) were evaluated in a community study of 59 male and 59 female, nonsmoking, healthy Japanese-American volunteers uniformly distributed in decades from 20 to 80 years. A control group of 36 Caucasians was similarly constituted. One technologist performed all tests. Techniques and equipment matched American Thoracic Society recommendations. A cohort effect was demonstrated for anthropometric measurements in the Japanese-Americans. They were smaller and lighter than the Caucasians but taller and heavier than the Japanese of Japan. The differences from whites diminished with youth. Although the group mean volumes and flows differed little from white reference series of Crapo et al. (1981, 1982), there was a difference in the older subjects. Flow-volume curves were increased in all Japanese-Americans. Prediction equations for pulmonary function have been prepared using standing height, age, and sex. More precise formulae would need to include skinfolds, lean body weight, and span. Our Caucasians did not differ anthropometrically or in their pulmonary function from those of the mainland. In conclusion, Japanese-American anthropometry and pulmonary function in Hawaii shows a gradation from that of Japanese to Caucasians, the extent depending on the age. This is secondary to an environmental influence on anthropometry and physiology. As a consequence race-specific reference values for volumes, flows, and flow-volume curves are necessary in evaluating pulmonary function of individual Japanese-Americans.
The chemical potential of water: molecular dynamics computer simulation of the CF and SPC models

Abstract The excess Helmholtz free energy ΔA of two models of water, the revised central force model and the simple point charge model, has been calculated by molecular dynamics computer simulation. The method of “thermodynamic integration” has been used to calculate the free energy difference between the (model) water and an ideal gas of molecules at the same temperature and volume. For this particular thermodynamic property, Ewald sums and truncated potentials yield the same results.
Dynamical growth rate of a diffuse interface in first-order phase transitions

We compute the dynamical prefactor in the nucleation rate of bubbles or droplets in first-order phase transitions for the case where both viscous damping and thermal dissipation are significant. This result, which generalizes previous work on nucleation, may be applied to study the growth of bubbles or droplets in condensed matter systems as well as in heavy ion collisions and in the expansion of the early universe.
Clinical scenarios associated with local recurrence after laparoscopic radiofrequency thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastases

Background Over the last decade, radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) has been incorporated into the treatment algorithm of patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CLM). For this population, the local recurrence (LR) rate is a key parameter used to assess the success of RFA. LR is defined as development of new tumor abutting and/or in 1 cm of an ablation zone. The aim of this study is to correlate LR with other hepatic or extrahepatic recurrence and patient survival. Methods Between 2000 and 2011, 252 patients with CLM underwent laparoscopic RFA of 883 lesions. These patients were followed under a prospective protocol with quarterly liver computed tomography and blood work, including carcinoembryonic antigen levels quarterly for the first 2 years and then biannually. Clinical scenarios associated with LR were identified and categorized as being “isolated LR,” “LR associated with new liver disease,” or “LR associated with systemic disease.” Demographic, clinical, and survival data were assessed using analysis of variance, Chi-square test, and univariate and multivariate Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results One hundred eighteen patients (47%) developed LR after their initial laparoscopic RFA. These were 85 men (72%) and 33 women (28%), with a mean age of 70 ± 8 years. For this cohort, the mean of number of lesions was 3.1 ± 0.2 cm (range, 1–11) and dominant tumor size 2.9 ± 0.1 cm (range, 0.7–6.5) at the time of initial RFA. The LR rate per lesion was 29%. Of the patients who developed treatment failure at the RFA site, this was an isolated LR in 31 (26%) patients, associated with new liver disease in 51 (43%) and systemic metastases in 36 patients (31%). When patients with different clinical scenarios associated with LR were compared, no clinical predictors were identified to differentiate these subgroups. At a median follow up of 30 months (range, 3–113), the Kaplan-Meier median overall survival (OS) for patients with and without LR were 28 vs 31 months, respectively ( P = .103). The OS for patients whose LR was isolated, associated with new liver and systemic recurrences was 39, 26, and 22 months, respectively ( P = .009). Conclusion This study shows that, although the presence of LR does not negatively impact on survival, the pattern of recurrent disease does. LR after RFA for CLM is most often associated with new liver and systemic recurrences, reflecting the aggressive biology of cancer in patients channeled to this treatment modality.
Epithelial proliferations of ductal type

The diagnosis of ductal proliferations requires analysis of both architectural and cytological features. Architectural characteristics of conventional ductal hyperplasia include persistence of the duct lumen as peripheral, crescent shaped spaces; streaming of cells; formation of irregular, slit-like fenestrations; and "maturation." Hyperplastic ductal cells exhibit indistinct cell borders, irregular placement of nuclei, irregular nuclear shapes, granular chromatin, and uniform small nucleoli. The cells do not show polarization or dishesion. Low-grade ductal carcinoma in-situ exhibits both architectural and cytological atypicality. The architectural atypicality takes two forms: the formation of cribriform spaces or their variants and the regular arrangement of cells. The former reflects the polarization of the carcinoma cells and the latter their dishesion. Cytological atypicality includes distinct cell borders; smoothly contoured, oval or round nuclei; homogeneous chromatin; and inconspicuous nucleoli. Atypical ductal hyperplasia shows low-grade cytological atypicality but lacks the architectural atypicality of ductal carcinoma in situ. Proliferations lacking cytological atypicality do not merit the diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia whatever their architectural characteristics. Although not usually necessary, immunohistochemical staining for high molecular weight keratin can help resolve difficult cases. Current evidence does not support the belief that conventional ductal hyperplasia represents an obligate precursor to ductal carcinoma in situ.
Planar Ultrawideband Modular Antenna (PUMA) arrays scalable to mm-waves

A new class of Planar Ultrawideband Modular Antenna (PUMA) arrays, the PUMAv3, is introduced. PUMAv3 is scalable to mm-wave frequencies (≈50 GHz) and improves bandwidth by 50% without the use of a matching network or external baluns. The enabling technical innovations include a new feeding mechanism that relies on capacitively loaded shorting vias and an alteration on the superstrate loading scheme. Infinite array full-wave simulations of a dual-polarized PUMAv3 suggest 10.6-47.6 GHz (4.5:1) operation with good VSWR levels out to θ = 45°, high port isolation and low cross-polarization.
An artifact-robust, shape library-based algorithm for automatic segmentation of inner ear anatomy in post-cochlear-implantation CT

A cochlear implant (CI) is a device that restores hearing using an electrode array that is surgically placed in the cochlea. After implantation, the CI is programmed to attempt to optimize hearing outcome. Currently, we are testing an imageguided CI programming (IGCIP) technique we recently developed that relies on knowledge of relative position of intracochlear anatomy to implanted electrodes. IGCIP is enabled by a number of algorithms we developed that permit determining the positions of electrodes relative to intra-cochlear anatomy using a pre- and a post-implantation CT. One issue with this technique is that it cannot be used for many subjects for whom a pre-implantation CT was not acquired. Pre-implantation CT has been necessary because it is difficult to localize the intra-cochlear structures in post-implantation CTs alone due to the image artifacts that obscure the cochlea. In this work, we present an algorithm for automatically segmenting intra-cochlear anatomy in post-implantation CTs. Our approach is to first identify the labyrinth and then use its position as a landmark to localize the intra-cochlea anatomy. Specifically, we identify the labyrinth by first approximately estimating its position by mapping a labyrinth surface of another subject that is selected from a library of such surfaces and then refining this estimate by a standard shape model-based segmentation method. We tested our approach on 10 ears and achieved overall mean and maximum errors of 0.209 and 0.98 mm, respectively. This result suggests that our approach is accurate enough for developing IGCIP strategies based solely on post-implantation CTs.
Challenges and possibilities of Holocaust education and critical citizenship: An ethnographic study of a fifth-grade bilingual class revisited

This classroom ethnography examines the engagement of fifth-grade children in a year-long study of rights, respect, and responsibility, which culminated in a focused study of tolerance and intolerance organized around literature regarding the Holocaust. A close examination of one teacher’s approach to teaching about the Holocaust, the study highlights the importance of long-term engagements, a layered curriculum that supports children in building understandings over time, and varied opportunities for making meaning together. This approach included empathy-building, a focus on rescue and resistance and the bystander response, building a knowledge base about the Holocaust, stories of individual experiences, and opportunities to make personal connections. Drawing on samples of student talk, writing, and art, the article illustrates how children built upon academic and social practices established from the first days of school to expand their repertoire of meanings, language, and actions of (in)tolerance, gaining more complex understandings of the social, political, and moral implications of the Holocaust. Students in this bilingual class also developed individual and social actions in speaking out against social injustice in their own communities. The author argues that this classroom experience supported students as critical citizens who conscientiously and compassionately participate in the day-to-day building of more equitable communities.
Spatial and Temporal Capitalization Effects of Light Rail in Phoenix From Conception, Planning, and Construction to Operation

Studies have shown that proximity to light rail transit (LRT) stations positively affects property values and that these effects can appear before a system opens for operation. Here, we expand on t...
Analysis of soot particles derived from biodiesels and diesel fuel air-flames

Abstract Soot particles derived from canola methyl ester (CME), soybean methyl ester (SME), a 50% mixture composed of soybean methyl ester (SME) and animal fats (AF), and diesel fuel have been studied using a wick-generated open-air laminar diffusion flame operating at atmospheric pressure. The particles were collected directly from inside the flame volume at different axial locations using the thermophoretic sampling technique and were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM (HR-TEM). Interestingly, the results show that carbon particulates produced from several tested biodiesels have diameters significantly smaller than those produced in diesel fuel under the same experimental conditions. Within the tested biofuels, the soot from SME had the largest primary particle diameter followed by B50 SME/B50 AF, with CME having the smallest primary particle diameter. Further studies of the soot particle nanostructure were also conducted using a HR-TEM imaging technique. It was found that the soot derived from biodiesel has a highly graphitic shell–core arrangement compared to diesel soot which exhibits far less graphitic structure as it consists of short, disconnected and not concentrically oriented graphene segments.
Perspectives on the Future of IDEA

Since its original passage in 1975 as Public Law 94-142, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has been the cornerstone of practice in special education. This federal law has enabled all eligible students with disabilities to access a free and appropriate public education. During the past 2 years, the 104th Congress has debated vigorously some of the law's basic tenets (e.g., definition of disability, content of the individualized education plan [IEP], parental rights to attorneys, fees, discipline, and placement). The basic requirements of the law remain intact and continue to shape the scope and content of special education. This article addresses whether or not the assumptions upon which IDEA is based remain valid as we approach the 21st century. We critique these assumptions within the context of four requirements of IDEA: (a) eligibility and labeling, (b) free and appropriate public education, (c) the individualized education program (IEP), and (d) the least restrictive environment. ...
History of pancreatic head resection—the evaluation of surgical technique

Abstract The evolution of pancreatoduodenectomy had its origin in the last 2 decades of the 1800s. Retarded by the coagulopathy resulting from obstructive jaundice, the development of palliative biliary bypass was the first step. This era coincided with the confidence gained from resection of the tail of the gland. Next came the 1909 2-stage resection of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (bypass first, then resection). One-stage pancreatoduodenectomy gained preference after the 1940 Whipple operation and the 1939 introduction of vitamin K therapy. Whipple’s career included 37 pancreatoduodenectomies—his mortality rate being 33%. The postoperative mortality rate remained 25% to 35% until the evolution of “Centers of Excellence” resulted in a current mortality rate below 5%. Today, using a direct mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis, the troublesome pancreatojejunal fistula is preventable. After approximately 100 modifications, the Whipple resection can today be performed safely but, to date, the short postoperative survival of patients suggests that the current problems are not technical in nature, but rather are in delayed diagnosis and/or inadequate adjuvant therapy.
The United States and the Final Years of White Rule in Zimbabwe

Books reviewed in this article: Gerald Horne, From the Barrel of a Gem: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe 1965–1980 Andrew DeRoche, Black, White, and Chrome: The United States and Zimbabwe, 1953–1998
Human serum beta lipoprotein and beta apoprotein.

WE have recently prepared the protein moiety or apoprotein of beta lipoprotein (βLP) in a soluble form that is similar but not identical to the parent βLP with respect to immunochemical and optical properties1–3. The occurrence of lipid-free β-apoprotein in the plasma of normals and patients with abetalipoproteinaemia (ABL) has been inferred from experiments in which antisera to ABL plasma and to the plasma fraction of density greater than 1.21 (d 1.21 infranatant) were found to react with the acetyl and azo-derivatives of βLP4. These derivatives differed in immunochemical properties from βLP and seemed to be identical to an antigen present in the plasma of normals or patients with ABL. It was concluded that this antigen was most likely β-apoprotein and that β-apoprotein may exist in an altered antigenic and conformational state in the d 1.21 infranatant fraction. Our study attempts to make a direct comparison of the immunochemical reactivities of β-apoprotein and the chemical derivatives.
Modeling and simulations of multicellular aggregate self-assembly in biofabrication using kinetic Monte Carlo methods

We employ a three-dimensional (3D) lattice model based on the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method to study cell self-assembly and cellular aggregate fusion of multicellular aggregate systems. This model is developed to describe and predict time evolution of postprinting morphological structure formation during morphogenesis of tissues or organs in a novel biofabrication process known as bioprinting. In this new technology, live multicellular aggregates are used as the fundamental building blocks, known as the bio-ink, to make tissue or organ constructs via the layer-by-layer deposition technique in biocompatible hydrogels; the printed bio-constructs embedded in the hydrogels are then placed in bioreactors to undergo the fusion process to form the desired functional tissue or organ products. In this paper, we implement the lattice model in an efficient list-based KMC algorithm to simulate the making of a set of tissue/organ constructs in several designer's geometries (a ring, a sheet and a tube), which involves a large number of cells of a single type and various other extracellular matrix materials like agarose etc. We then study the process of cell sorting in fusion of cellular aggregates involving multiple cell types with diverse adhesivities and compatible extracellular hydrogels. The KMC simulations reported in this paper agree qualitatively with the available experimental results. In the meantime, they are also comparable to the results obtained from cellular particle dynamics (CPD) simulations.
Development of polymer cholesteric liquid crystal flake technology for electro-optic devices and particle displays

Liquid crystals have had a large presence in the display industry for several decades, and they continue to remain at the forefront of development as the industry delves into flexible displays and electronic paper. Among the emerging technologies trying to answer this call are polymer cholesteric liquid crystal (PCLC) flakes. The motion of PCLC flakes suspended in a host fluid is controlled with an electric field, whereby the flakes reorient to align parallel with the applied field. A PCLC device easily switches from a bright state, where light of a given wavelength and polarizationis selectively reflected, to a dark, non-reflective state. The device returns to a bright state when the flakes relax to their original orientation after removal of the applied field. Progress has been made in addressing several key device issues: the need to switch flakes back to a reflective state quickly, the development of bistability, the ability to produce flexible devices, and the necessity to produce both high brightness and a large contrast ratio. Improvements in the technology have been made by addressing the optical, mechanical, chemical, and electrical features and characteristics of the PCLC flake/fluid host system. The manufacture of "custom" flakes by the process of formation of specific flake shapes, the addition of dopants, or the formation of layered flake composites results in particles with improved reflectivity and response times along with the ability to respond to both AC and DC fields. Specially designed driving waveforms provide a new means for controlling flake motion. PCLC flake micro-encapsulation allows for the possibility of flexible and potentially bistable devices. Here we report on the wide variety of approaches toward improving PCLC flake devices and their results.
Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic tetrasomy 5p.

We report the prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with tetrasomy 5p mosaicism resulting from a supernumerary isochromosome for the short arm of chromosome 5. The pregnancy was terminated and fetal autopsy revealed minor facial abnormalities (long philtrum, up-slanting palpebral fissures and a broad nasal bridge). Cultures were established from fetal skin, kidney, and pancreas for cytogenetic analysis; the i(5p) was observed only in the skin fibroblasts. To our knowledge, this is the fourth report of mosaic tetrasomy 5p and the first report of prenatal diagnosis of this abnormality.
Effects of desiccation and rewetting on the release and decomposition of dissolved organic carbon from benthic macroalgae

Summary Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released by benthic algae is an important energy source in shallow aquatic ecosystems. Here, we evaluated the amount, composition and decomposition of DOC released by the benthic macroalga, Cladophora glomerata, during constant hydration and upon rewetting after drying for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 or 6 h on the shoreline of Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Brief desiccation (0.5 h) significantly reduced gross primary productivity (mg C g dry mass−1 h−1) to 0.43 ± 0.13 from 5.66 ± 0.35 for continuously wet algae. When continuously wet, Cladophora filaments released 1.71 ± 0.26 mg DOC g DM−1 h−1 into the surrounding water, representing 30% of carbon fixation; release increased to 7.64 ± 1.08 after 1 h and peaked at 12.18 ± 0.57 after 6 h of drying. Percent extracellular release exceeded carbon fixation upon rewetting after 0.5-h desiccation and remained above 100% for each time interval thereafter. The composition of exudates changed with time of desiccation. Carbohydrate release increased from 0.84 ± 0.13 to 3.0 ± 0.14 mg g DM−1 h−1 from 0 to 6 h desiccation, but declined as a percentage of total DOC from 49 to 25% over the same time. This reflected the much greater increase in protein yield from 0.40 ± 0.06 mg g DM−1 h−1 for wet algae to 7.70 ± 0.36 at 6-h desiccation (24 and 63% of total DOC release, respectively). The proportion of carbohydrates to proteins decreased with desiccation time, from 2 : 1 at 0 h to 1 : 2.5 at 6 h. Exudates from constantly hydrated algae (DOC0) and upon rewetting after 6-h desiccation (DOC6) were degraded by more than 20% over 48 h of incubation inside dark bottles inoculated with the natural microbial community (10% lake water). Both treatments supported an exponential increase in bacterial density, but a greater proportion of DOC0 was used by bacteria after 12 days. Bacterial density increased from 0.09 ± 0.001 to 3.30 ± 0.11 106 cells mL−1 between 0- and 12-day incubation in the DOC0 treatment and from 0.09 ± 0.008 to 2.64 ± 0.10 during the same time period in the DOC6 treatment. Short-term desiccation results in a substantial release of DOC from Cladophora that is used rapidly by bacteria in the overlying water column. The drying–rewetting cycle could be important for organic matter cycling in freshwater ecosystems where benthic macroalgae occur.
Nature of the decline in antigen-induced humoral immunity with age

Abstract An attempt has been made to summarize our present knowledge of the influence of age on humoral immunity, as judged by the ability of an individual to generate antibody in response to antigenic stimulation. In general, humoral immunity declines with age, and the onset can occur as early as when an individual reaches sexual maturity. The decline is due to changes in the immune cells and their milieu. Cell loss, shift in the proportion of subpopulations, and qualitative cellular changes have all been detected. The most prominent cellular target of aging appears to be the T cells involved in the regulation of humoral response. Since the changes are closely associated with the involution and atrophy of the thymus, an understanding of its changes could be the key to understanding immunosenescence.
Molecular Orbital Studies of Titanium Nitride Chemical Vapor Deposition: Imido Dimer Formation and Elimination Reactions

The dimerization of Ti(NH 2 ) 2 NH has been used as a model for the generalized oligomerization of Ti(NR 2 ) 2 NH in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of titanium nitride films. This study uses molecular orbital methods (specifically the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory) to examine the dimerization process and the subsequent elimination of N 2 H 4 from this model compound by two different reaction paths. There is no transition structure for the formation of the dimer from two Ti(NH 2 ) 2 NH molecules, and this reaction is barrierless. The binding energies of the singlet and triplet dimer complexes are 99.1 and 49.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Both N 2 H 4 elimination pathways are endothermic, and enthalpies of reaction are 26.2 and 17.7 kcal/mol for the singlet and triplet pathways, respectively. In both pathways, there is a crossing from the singlet to triplet surface prior to the N 2 H 4 elimination transition state. Structures on a reaction path for the exchange of amido and imido ligands in the ring of the dimer complex were also found. This pathway could lead to the formation of higher oligomers.
The deuterium effect on the triplet radiative decay rate of aromatic molecules

Abstract Measurements of relative quantum yields of phosphorescene have been made for naphthalene versus perdeuteronaphthalene and for toluene versus perdeuterotoluene, all contained in argon crystals at 20°K. In combination with triplet lifetime measurements these quantum yield ratios give the ratios of radiative triplet decay rates. No radiative deuterium effect is found for toluene and only a small effect is seen in naphthalene in contrast to the rather large radiative deuterium effect seen for naphthalene in EPA by Li and Lim.
Firms' acquisition decisions and Tobin's q ratio

Abstract We develop the hypothesis that Tobin's q ratio signals favorable opportunities for a firm to make acquisitions and then undertake an empirical test of this hypothesis within the context of a more general “multicausal” model. The results of this test support our hypothesis. The empirical study is also notable in that our data consists of a representative sample of large manufacturing firms (selection to the sample is not conditional upon merger activity) and the time period covered (1971–1978) postdates the conglomerate merger boom era of the 1960s.
Use of concurrent response categories in evaluating talking behavior in aphasic patients.

Two raters scored the verbal interactions of two aphasic patients and their spouses into 15 concurrent response categories. These simultaneously recorded response categories include such characteristic deficit areas in aphasic patients as word production, sentence production, relevance and unclear and perseverative utterances. An over-all product-moment r of .98 was obtained between the ratings of the judges. The usefulness to the aphasia researcher and to the speech therapist of recording data in this manner was discussed.
Saving transverse magnetization.

Abstract A magnetization storage sequence, ALT-1 (alternating longitudinal and transverse components), is reported. The ALT-1 sequence is a hybrid of two types of storage sequences, the Carr–Purcell type and store-and-restore sequences. During incremental storage periods within the ALT-1 sequence, essentially half of the initially transverse magnetization is stored along the z-axis and the other half is prolonged by an echo-generating pulse. The portions of initial magnetization that are stored as longitudinal components or transverse components are alternated by a π/2 pulse during the cycle. Both transverse components of the initial magnetization are treated the same in the ALT-1 sequence and orientational (phase) information of the initial magnetization is kept during the storage period. The ALT-1 sequence can preserve magnetization more effectively than a published class of modified Carr–Purcell type sequences, because essentially half of the magnetization during incremental storage periods is not subjected to relaxation from T2 effects.
A Comparative Study of Linear and Nonlinear Data-Driven Surrogate Models of Human Joints

Various linear feed-forward and recurrent data- driven models, as well as their nonlinear counterparts, are studied for dynamic musculoskeletal system identification. It is shown that dynamic neural networks are well suited for black- box modeling of biomechanical multi-body systems, as these nonlinear paradigms could capture human joint force- displacement dynamics with much lower computational complexity compared to traditional methods such as the finite element methods. This paper analyzes the performance of different surrogate model architectures using simulated knee data, and provides comparisons between their drawbacks and benefits such as computational efficiency. While linear models presented acceptable results, the non-linear implementations yielded substantial performance improvements with equal or shorter tapped delay lines over their linear counterparts.
Wiping the Stain Off the Field of Plassey: Mohun Bagan in 1911

Every soccer‐loving Indian, even in 2006, takes a legitimate pride in the first worthy indigenous club Mohun Bagan’s IFA Shield victory in 1911, defeating civil and military European teams. The present essay reconsiders the first momentous event in Indian soccer history, examining the varied responses to, and larger meaning of, the historic event in trying to destabilize rigidly imperialist or nationalist historical interpretations of this occasion. By focussing analysis on the varied responses to the phenomenon of Indians having defeated the British, the essay argues that in each case the writer of the report brought his (in all cases) ideological commitments to bear on his interpretation of the victory. The analysis of an entire range of newspaper reports documents how the larger meaning of Mohun Bagan’s victory came into being only through the very particular connotations football had acquired in the cultural and political schema of early twentieth‐century Bengali society. The essay also tries to revea...
Determining constant power speed ratio of the induction motor from equivalent circuit parameters

The equivalent circuit of the induction machine is used to derive analytic expressions for the constant power speed ratio (CPSR) of an induction motor traction drive. The formulas indicate that while many model parameters influence the CPSR to some extent, it is the maximum permissible magnetizing current magnitude, dc supply voltage, base speed and torque requirement, and leakage inductances that have the greatest effect. In situations where the motor design is fixed the only parameters that can be varied by the drive designer are the DC supply voltage and power rating. For such cases explicit formulas are developed to find the supply voltage and power rating that meets a given CPSR requirement.
A neural-network model for learning domain rules based on its activation function characteristics

A challenging problem in machine learning is to discover the domain rules from a limited number of instances. In a large complex domain, it is often the case that the rules learned by the computer are at most approximate. To address this problem, this paper describes the CFNet which bases its activation function on the certainty factor (CF) model of expert systems. A new analysis on the computational complexity of rule learning in general is provided. A further analysis shows how this complexity can be reduced to a point where the domain rules can be accurately learned by capitalizing on the activation function characteristics of the CFNet. The claimed capability is adequately supported by empirical evaluations and comparisons with related systems.
Domain structure for an amorphous iridium-oxide water-oxidation catalyst characterized by X-ray pair distribution function analysis

The domain structure of an amorphous, “blue layer” iridium-oxide water-oxidation catalyst film (BL) electrodeposited from the soluble precursor complex, [Cp*Ir(H2O)3]SO4, was characterized by X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The results show that the experimental PDF can be fit remarkably well using a single Ir5O22 cluster extracted from the rutile lattice. The model includes distortions that indicate the presence of Ir(μ-O)3Ir or distorted Ir(μ-O)2Ir substructures, and hence deviations from a rutile structure. The five Ir atom cluster is suggested to represent the population-averaged distribution of metal–oxo clusters in the film. BL is found to be distinguished from other amorphous film water-oxidation catalysts because of the remarkably small domain size and homogeneity. As such, the blue layer catalyst provides a model for investigating ligand-determined metal-oxide cluster assembly and catalyst mechanism.
Cardiac Emergencies in the First Year of Life

Cardiac emergencies in the first year of life can be anxiety provoking for the health care provider. An understanding of the pathophysiology involved in the most common emergency department presentations is crucial to the development of appropriate treatment plans. This article discusses the most common causes of cyanotic and acyanotic heart disease in infants.
Dynamic tensile properties of human placenta

Automobile crashes are the largest cause of injury death for pregnant females and the leading cause of traumatic fetal injury mortality in the United States. Computational models, useful tools to evaluate the risk of fetal loss in motor vehicle crashes, are based on a limited number of quasi-static material tests of the placenta. This study presents a total of 20 dynamic uniaxial tensile tests on the maternal side of the placenta and 10 dynamic uniaxial tensile tests on the chorion layer of the placenta. These tests were completed from 6 human placentas to determine material properties at a strain rate of 7.0 strains/s. The results show that the average peak strain at failure for both the maternal portion and the chorion layer of the placenta are similar with a value of 0.56 and 0.61, respectively. However, the average failure stress for the chorion layer, 167.8 kPa, is much higher than the average failure stress for the placenta with the chorionic plate removed, 18.6 kPa. This is due to differences in the structure and function of these layers in the placenta. In summary, dynamic loading data for the placenta have been determined for use in computational modeling of pregnant occupant kinematics in motor vehicle crashes. Moreover the computational model should utilize the material properties for the placenta without the chorion layer.
Generating fuzzy semantic metadata describing spatial relations from images using the R-histogram

Automatic generation of semantic metadata describing spatial relations is highly desirable for image digital libraries Relative spatial relations between objects in an image convey important information about the image. Because the perception of spatial relations is subjective, we propose a novel framework for automatic metadata generation based on fuzzy k-NN classification that generates fuzzy semantic metadata describing spatial relations between objects in an image. For each pair of objects of interest, the corresponding R-Histogram is computed and used as input for a set of fuzzy k--NN classifiers. The R-Histogram is a quantitative representation of spatial relations between two objects The outputs of the classifiers are soft class labels for each of the following eight spatial relations: 1) LEFT OF, 2) RIGHT OF, 3) ABOVE, 4) BELOW, 5) NEAR, 6) FAR, 7) INSIDE, 8) OUTSIDE Because the classifier-training stage involves annotating the training images manually, it is desirable to use as few training images as possible. To address this issue, we applied existing prototype selection techniques and also devised two new extensions. We evaluated the performance of different fuzzy k-NN algorithms and prototype selection algorithms empirically on both synthetic and real images. Preliminary experimental results show that our system is able to obtain good annotation accuracy (92%--98% on synthetic images and 82%--93% on real images) using only a small training set (4--5 images).
Community-acquired pneumonia in children: guidelines for treatment

This brief review focuses on management of pediatric patients older than 3 months who have community-acquired pneumonia without empyema and who are otherwise normal and without anatomic or immunologic abnormalities. The subject of pleural empyema was discussed recently in these pages by Campbell and
Cool URIs for the DDC: towards web-scale accessibility of a large classification system

The report discusses metadata strategies employed and problems encountered during the first step of transforming the DDC into a Web information resource. It focuses on the process of URI design, with regard to W3C recommendations and Semantic Web paradigms. Special emphasis is placed on usefulness of the URIs for RESTful web services.
Determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in low-income children and adolescents

Although low-income youth are likely to have low or less frequent fruit and vegetable intake, current understanding of the influences on intake in youth is limited. A systematic review of quantitative research on determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among low-income youth (i.e., persons aged <20 years) was conducted. The aims were to identify which determinants have been studied and which are consistently associated with intake. Fifty-eight papers published between 2003 and August 2013 were included. Across studies, 85 unique determinants were identified. Those best supported by evidence were race/ethnicity (with intake consistently higher among Hispanic as compared with African American and white youth), fruit and vegetable preferences, and maternal fruit and vegetable intake. For many potential determinants, the consistency of evidence could not be examined because of a lack of studies. Findings highlight racial/ethnic differences in fruit and vegetable intake and influences on intake that should be considered when designing dietary interventions for low-income youth. Further research on intake determinants in this at-risk population is needed to establish an evidence base to guide interventions.
ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF THE METHYL ETHERS OF 2-AMINE-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE,

Abstract : This Note records the successful separation of all of the possible methyl ethers of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose by an ion-exchange chromatographic method. (Author)
Structural basis for inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B by isothiazolidinone heterocyclic phosphonate mimetics.

Crystal structures of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in complex with compounds bearing a novel isothiazolidinone (IZD) heterocyclic phosphonate mimetic reveal that the heterocycle is highly complementary to the catalytic pocket of the protein. The heterocycle participates in an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with the backbone of the phosphate-binding loop, Phe182 of the flap, and the side chain of Arg221. When substituted with a phenol, the small inhibitor induces the closed conformation of the protein and displaces all waters in the catalytic pocket. Saturated IZD-containing peptides are more potent inhibitors than unsaturated analogs because the IZD heterocycle and phenyl ring directly attached to it bind in a nearly orthogonal orientation with respect to each other, a conformation that is close to the energy minimum of the saturated IZD-phenyl moiety. These results explain why the heterocycle is a potent phosphonate mimetic and an ideal starting point for designing small nonpeptidic inhibitors.
Progressive left ventricular remodeling and apoptosis late after myocardial infarction in mouse heart.

We tested the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) remodeling late after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with myocyte apoptosis in myocardium remote from the infarcted area and is related...
Independent tuning of multiple biomaterial properties using protein engineering

A key attribute missing from many current biomaterials is the ability to independently tune multiple biomaterial properties without simultaneously affecting other material parameters. Because cells are well known to respond to changes in the initial elastic modulus, degradation rate, and cell adhesivity of a biomaterial, it is critical to develop synthetic design strategies that allow decoupled tailoring of each individual parameter in order to systematically optimize cell-scaffold interactions. We present the development of a biomimetic scaffold composed of chemically crosslinked, elastin-like proteins designed to support neural regeneration through a combination of cell adhesion and cell-induced degradation and remodeling. The design of these engineered proteins includes cell adhesion sequences to enable neuronal attachment as well as sequences sensitive to cleavage by urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a protease locally secreted from the tips of growing neurites, to enable highly localized and tunable degradation properties. These engineered proteins are produced using recombinant techniques and chemically crosslinked into highly swollen hydrogels with controllable mechanical properties. Through a modest 3% change in the chemical identity of three otherwise identical engineered proteins, we can modify the uPA substrate specificity resulting in tunable changes in protease degradation half-life over two orders of magnitude. Under high uPA exposure, the designed scaffolds exhibit systematic variation of scaffold lifetime, from being fully degraded within a single day to showing no noticeable degradation within a full week. In vitro studies using the model PC-12 neuronal-like cell line show that the crosslinked proteins support tunable cell adhesion and neuronal differentiation. Increasing the density of RGD peptides present in the protein substrates leads to increased cell adhesion and more extensive neurite outgrowth. These engineered proteins offer the ability to independently tailor the mechanics, degradation properties, and cell adhesivity of scaffolds for the study of central nervous system regeneration.
Prevention of Eating Disorders

The clinical eating disorders are only the most extreme form of pathological eating attitudes and behaviors. Many people engage in pathological weight-control behaviors without meeting the current diagnostic criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa and may be regarded as having subclinical eating disorders. As described by Fairburn and Beglin (1), a broad spectrum of eating disorders appears to exist in the general population as a continuum of dieting behavior and weight concerns, especially among women. The current prevalence of the clinical eating disorders in the general population has been estimated to be 0.5–1% for anorexia nervosa, 2% for bulimia nervosa, and 2% for binge-eating disorder (BED [2]). However, at least 30% of women of reproductive age have been shown to be practicing some pathological weight-control activities, with 15% regularly engaging in bulimic behaviors, including both binge eating and purging (3,4)