cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of positive photoresist

A new model is proposed to describe the development of positive photoresist over the full range of exposure. The model includes the depth dependence of development rate and is capable of fitting measured data of all resists examined to date. A measurement system for determining the exposure and development model parameters is described. Several types of photoresist and developer have been characterized under a number of processing conditions. The effect of the development model parameters on developed resist profiles is illustrated using simulation.
Adding gelling agents to cotton ovule culture media leads to subtle changes in fiber development

Young cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) ovules will produce fiber in vitro when floated on a defined culture medium. Our laboratory is interested in examining the effects of altered gravity environments on fiber development as a model for the effects of gravity on cell expansion and cellulose biosynthesis. Since liquid culture media are unsuitable for altered gravity experiments, addition of gelling agents to cotton ovule culture media is necessary. In this study we have systematically examined the effects of four gelling agents at several concentrations on fiber production in culture. A rapid screening method using toluidine blue O staining indicated that after 3 wk in culture, fiber growth on 0.15% (wt/vol) Phytagel™ medium was similar to fiber growth on liquid medium. More detailed analysis of fiber development revealed that fiber length was not influenced by the addition of Phytagel™. Accumulation of cellulose, however, was reduced 50–60% compared with fibers produced in liquid media after 3 wk in culture. The fiber cellulose content rose with additional time in culture for both solid and liquid media treatments. By 4 wk in culture, the difference in cellulose content of fiber cell walls grown on solid versus liquid media was less than 20%. This variance in growth response on gelled media could be due to differences in media matric potential, to the immobility of ions trapped within the gel, or to toxicity of contaminants copurifying with Phytagel™. By identifying why ovule growth and fiber cellulose biosynthesis are reduced in cultures grown on gelled media, it will be possible to reveal new information about these processes in system that is less complicated than physiological systems at the whole plant level.
Numerical Investigation of an Airfoil with a Gurney Flap

A two-dimensional numerical investigation was performed to determine the effect of a Gurney flap on a NACA 4412 airfoil. A Gurney flap is a flat plate on the order of 1–3% of the airfoil chord in length, oriented perpendicular to the chord line and located on the airfoil windward side at the trailing edge. The flowfield around the airfoil was numerically predicted using INS2D, an incompressible Navier–Stokes solver, and the one-equation turbulence model of Baldwin and Barth. Gurney flap sizes of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% of the airfoil chord were studied. Computational results were compared with available experimental results. The numerical solutions show that some Gurney flaps increase the airfoil lift coefficient with only a slight increase in drag coefficient. Use of a 1.5% chord length Gurney flap increases the airfoil lift coefficient by ΔCl≈0.3 and decreases the angle of attack required to obtain a given lift coefficient by ΔαL=0>−3°. The numerical solutions show the details of the flow structure at the trailing edge and provide a possible explanation for the increased aerodynamic performance.
TWENTY‐FIVE YEARS OF TAX LAW CHANGES AND INVESTOR RESPONSE

Ex-dividend day research detects dividend-clientele effects that the tax-clientele hypothesis attributes to personal taxation. In this study I examine all ten personal tax changes between 1963 and 1988 and find little support for the tax-clientele hypothesis. Few tax changes are accompanied by significant changes in the ex-day ratio, and more than half are opposite the direction predicted. In particular, the largest tax changes, in 1982 and 1987, fail to support the tax-clientele hypothesis. The results are consistent with some unknown, non-tax-induced clientele effect(s).
Teaching mediated public relations

Abstract This article discusses several approaches to teaching a mediated public relations course. Emphasis is given to the World Wide Web since many public relations professionals are less familiar with it than other forms of mediated communication. Activities described include Web research skills, critical evaluation of organizational messages, and activities for increasing students’ familiarity and skills with an assortment of mediated communication tools. Five criteria are suggested for structuring a mediated communication course: (1) learning the strengths and weaknesses of various communication technologies; (2) teaching students the implications of the various technologies on message production and relationship building; (3) teaching students how to construct dialogic/symmetrical communication systems; (4) teaching students to effectively critique mediated communication technology; and (5) teaching students to use new technology to conduct public relations research.
047 Stretching Magnitude‐Dependent Inflammatory Response of Human Tendon Fibroblasts

Previous studies have shown that cyclic mechanical stretching exerts anti-inflammatory effects on rabbit chondrocytes. But whether mechanical stretching has similar effects on human tendon fibroblasts are not known. This study therefore aimed to test the hypothesis that cyclic mechanical stretching regulates IL-1β induced COX-2 gene expression in a stretching magnitude-dependent manner. In custom-made silicone dishes, human patellar tendon fibroblasts (HPTFs) were grown on microgrooved culture surfaces, with which the shape and organization of HPTFs in vivo were closely mimicked. To induce inflammatory responses in HPTFs, 10 pM of IL-1β was added to the culture medium. A 4% or 8% cyclic uniaxial stretching was then applied to silicone dishes for 4 hrs using a custom-design stretching apparatus. After the end of stretching, total RNA of stretched and nonstretched tendon fibroblasts was collected, and RT-PCR was performed for measuring COX-2 mRNA expression levels. We found that tendon fibroblasts subjected to 4% stretching decreased COX-2 mRNA expression level by 20%(p = 0.0002; n = 6) compared to that of nonstretched, IL-1β-treated cells. However, cells subjected to 8% stretching showed a 39% increase (p = 0.007, n = 6) in COX-2 mRNA expression. Thus, the results of this study suggest that small stretching (4%) has anti-inflammatory effects on HPTFs in a mildly inflammatory environment such as that induced by 10 pM of IL-1β. In contrast, large stretching (8%) may amplify inflammatory responses of tendon fibroblasts. Therefore, physical therapy with low levels of tendon stretching may be beneficial in reducing mild tendon inflammation. Supported by the Arthritis Investigator Award and NIHAR049921 (JHW)
Evaluation of thermal corrections to false vacuum decay rates.

We examine the computation of the nucleation barrier used in the expression for false vacuum decay rates in finite-temperature field theory. By a detailed analysis of the determinantal prefactor, we show that the correct bounce solution used in the computation of the nucleation barrier should not include loop corrections coming from the scalar field undergoing decay. Temperature corrections to the bounce appear from loop contributions from other fields coupled to the scalar field. We compute the nucleation barrier for a model of scalar fields coupled to fermions, and compare our results to the expression commonly used in the literature. We find that, for large enough self-couplings, the inclusion of scalar loops in the expression of the nucleation barrier leads to an underestimate of the decay rate in the neighborhood of the critical temperature.
On building with reusable software: Democratization of information systems automation through software reuse

Software reuse is an important emerging technology. It allows consumption of reusable information, which, in turn, can contribute to democratization of information systems automation. I introduce software reuse concepts and discuss current reuse approaches, issues of economics of reuse, and currently used metaphors as they apply to the reuse consumer. The discussion should give those who have not yet began to exploit consumption of information reuse a starting point for their considerations.
The forgetting of newly acquired and reactivated memories of 3-month-old infants

Three-month-old infants were trained to produce movement in an overhead crib mobile by footkicking in a standard mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm. Thirteen days following the conclusion of training, when forgetting was complete, infants received a direct reactivation treatment consisting of a brief noncontingent exposure to the reinforcer. Not only did the reactivation treatment arrest forgetting and restore conditioned responding of infants tested as long as 3 days after the reminder, but also the forgetting function of the reactivated memory, which was obtained from independent groups tested 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 days after the reactivation treatment, had the same form and slope as the forgetting function of the newly acquired memory. These data confirm the efficacy of a reactivation treatment in alleviating forgetting, and demonstrate the relatively broad time span over which a single, brief reminder can facilitate retrieval in very young infants.
Higher-order folding of heterochromatin: Protein bridges span the nucleosome arrays

In interphase eukaryotic nuclei, chromatin is divided into two morphologically distinct types known as heterochromatin and euchromatin. It has been long suggested that the two types of chromatin di...
Increase in Interphotoreceptor Matrix Gelatinase A (MMP-2) Associated with Age-related Macular Degeneration ☆

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases have increasingly been shown to be associated with diseases involving neovascularization and/or abnormal cellular migration or proliferation. A number of diseases of this type affect the retina. In this study, the activity of gelatinase A (MMP-2), the most abundant matrix metalloproteinase in IPM (interphoto receptor matrix) and vitreous, was measured with respect to age in normal human donor eyes and compared to donors with age-related macular degeneration. IPM and vitreous were obtained from a total of 88 human donors. Samples for electrophoresis were normalized for protein content and subjected to quantitative gelatin zymography. The zymograms were scanned and then digitized and quantitated using the NIH ‘Image’ program. There was not a statistically significant change in the level of gelatinase A in IPM or vitreous as a function of age, although a slight downward trend was found in the total gelatinase A activity within the normal population. Likewise, when comparing normal and age-related macular degeneration donors, there was not a significant difference in the gelatinase A levels in vitreous or in retina-associated IPM. However, the level of gelatinase A was nearly doubled specifically in retinal pigment epithelium-associated IPM from eyes with age-related macular degeneration [0.99±0.09 U mg−1(56) vs 1.71±0.28 U mg−1(14) (mean± s.e.m. (number),P
Heme Oxygenase-1: Molecular Mechanisms of Gene Expression in Oxygen-Related Stress

Disturbances of intracellular redox equilibrium may alter eukaryotic gene expression patterns in the manifestation of an adaptive stress response. The inducible heme oxygenase-1 gene, ho-1, responds dramatically to changes in cellular redox potential provoked by multiple agents (oxidants, xenobiotics, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and ultraviolet-A radiation) as well as deviations in oxygen tension in excess or deficit of normal physiological levels. This dual response to hyperoxic and hypoxic states renders ho-1 an intriguing model system for studying oxygen-regulated gene expression. The complexation or depletion of reduced glutathione apparently represents an underlying mechanism by which oxidants trigger the response. Chelatable iron levels also influence the induction of ho-1 as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of iron-chelating compounds. Redox-sensitive protein kinase cascades (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinases) participate in ho-1 regulation. Recent progress in understanding ho-1...
Synthesis of Non-nucleoside Analogs of Toyocamycin, Sangivamycin, and Thiosangivamycin: The Effect of Certain 4- and 4,6-Substituents on the Antiviral Activity of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines

A number of 4-substituted 7-(ethoxymethyl)- and 7-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile and -5-thiocarboxamide derivatives and several 7-substituted 4,6-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, -5-carboxamide, and -5-thiocarboxamide analogs related to the nucleoside antibiotics toyocamycin and sangivamycin were prepared and tested for activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Biologically, modifications at the 4-position were not well tolerated in cell culture, and in almost all cases no activity against HCMV or HSV-1 was observed. Furthermore, none of the compounds inhibited the growth of L1210 murine leukemic cells in vitro. In sharp contrast to the 4-substituted compounds, all of the 4,6-diamino 5-nitrile and the 5-thioamide analogs were active against HCMV, whereas the 5-carboxamides were inactive. The corresponding 4-amino 6-methylamino and 6-dimethylamino 5-nitrile analogs were inactive against HCMV, establishing that an amino group at both C-4 and C-6 is a likely requirement for antiviral activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that an amino group at C-4 and a thioamide moiety at C-5 of a 7-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine are essential for activity against HCMV, whereas a 4,6-diamino analog does not necessarily require a thioamide group at C-5 for activity against HCMV.
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hybrid Fe2O3–Pd nanoparticulate catalysts

“Hybrid” nanoparticles (NPs) comprising physically fused Fe2O3 and Pd domains can act as efficient photocatalysts, driving photoreduction of metal salts to metal nanoparticles. The overall photocatalytic redox cycle of the composite entails reduction on the Pd domain and oxidation on the Fe2O3 part. The photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3–Pd hybrids is three times higher than that of statistical mixtures of Fe2O3 NPs and Pd NPs.
Cerebral metabolic effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition in normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine acutely treated monkeys.

: The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and clinical parkinsonism in humans and experimental animals. Pretreatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevents this cell death and associated parkinsonism by blocking the oxidation of MPTP to a toxic intermediate. The 2-deoxyglucose method was used to study the acute effects of MPTP in the monkey brain and the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition on local cerebral glucose utilization in both normal and MPTP-treated monkeys. MPTP administration alone caused a major increase in glucose utilization in the SNpc and smaller increases in some subnuclei within the ventral tegmental area in which eventual dopaminergic cell loss also occurs. Pretreatment with pargyline abolished these metabolic increases, a finding suggesting both that the oxidized product of MPTP generates the metabolic increases and that the increased glucose consumption may contribute to cell toxicity. On the other hand, in most cortical, thalamic, striatal, brainstem, and cerebellar areas MPTP alone caused reductions in glucose utilization, and pargyline failed to prevent these effects. Pargyline alone depressed metabolism in the locus coeruleus and a few other monoaminergic structures.
Noncatalytic hydrothermolysis of ammonia borane

Abstract Hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) is attractive as a chemical method for hydrogen storage. The use of catalysts is, however, usually required. In the present paper, two new methods for releasing hydrogen from AB and water are investigated which do not involve any catalyst. One method is based on combustion of AB mixtures with nanoscale aluminum powder and gelled water. It is shown experimentally that these mixtures, upon ignition, exhibit self-sustained combustion with hydrogen release from both AB and water. The other method involves external heating of aqueous AB solutions to temperatures 120 °C or higher, under argon pressure to avoid water boiling. To clarify the reaction mechanism, isotopic experiments using D 2 O instead of H 2 O were conducted. It is shown that heating AB/D 2 O solution to temperatures 117–170 °C releases 3 equiv. of hydrogen per mole AB, where 2–2.1 equiv. originate from AB and 0.9–1 equiv. from water. The prospects of both methods for hydrogen storage are discussed.
An Ultrasonic Transmitter for Use in Studies of Movements of Fishes

Abstract A small ultrasonic fish tag is described, which is useful in studies of the game and pan fishes of freshwater lakes. The device emits a continuous signal of from 14 to 20 hr duration, at a frequency of 65 kilohertz. With the receiving equipment described, 37 white bass, Roccus chrysops (Raf.), have been successfully tracked in Lake Mendota for periods up to 13 hr. A study of the frequency of recapture of spawning white bass, marked with “dummy” transmitters in various ways, suggested that implantation in the stomach provided the more satisfactory tagging procedure. Of 672 fish tagged in various ways, 8.1% of those tagged externally, 6.2% of those with the tag implanted in the body cavity, and 18.8% of those with the tag placed in the stomach were recovered. In comparison, 17.5% of those marked with a hole punched in the soft dorsal fin were recaptured.
Survey on direct methanol fuel cells with imidazolium-based ionic liquids as the fuel solvent

Conventional DMFCs are facing some challenges such as the volatility of water and the fragility of the thin polymer film. To address these challenges, nonvolatile room temperature ionic liquids can be used as the fuel solvent and electrolyte in a fuel cell. In this paper, a series of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid analogues were characterized as the fuel solvent in a DMFC model. Compared to the fuel cell with water as a solvent, the results indicated that some imidazolium-based ionic liquids could be successfully used as the fuel solvent although the performance was still not comparable to aqueous fuel solutions. Among the tested ionic liquids, [C10MIm][BF4] with a larger cation was apparently inferior to other analogues in terms of open circuit voltage, internal resistant and maximum power. [C4MIm][BF4] and [C8MIm][BF4] were the best. When [C4MIm][BF4] was used as the fuel solvent, the fuel concentration could be very high, making it possible to design high energy density fuel cells with such ionic liquids.
Representing words as regions in vector space

Vector space models of word meaning typically represent the meaning of a word as a vector computed by summing over all its corpus occurrences. Words close to this point in space can be assumed to be similar to it in meaning. But how far around this point does the region of similar meaning extend? In this paper we discuss two models that represent word meaning as regions in vector space. Both representations can be computed from traditional point representations in vector space. We find that both models perform at over 95% F-score on a token classification task.
The X-Ray Light Curve of η Carinae: Refinement of the Orbit and Evidence for Phase-dependent Mass Loss

We solve the RXTE X-ray lightcurve of the extremely luminous and massive star eta Carinae with a colliding wind emission model to refine the ground-based orbital elements. The sharp decline to X-ray minimum at the end of 1997 fixes the date of the last periastron passage at 1997.95 +/- 0.05, not 1998.13 as derived from ground-based radial velocities. This helps resolve a discrepancy between the ground-based radial velocities and spatially-resolved velocity measures obtained by STIS. The X-ray data are consistent with a mass function f(M) approx. = 1.5, lower than the value f(M) approx. = 7.5 previously reported, so that the masses of eta Carinae and the companion are M(sub eta) greater than or = 80 solar mass and M(sub c) approx. 30 solar mass respectively. In addition the X-ray data suggest that the mass loss rate from eta Carinae is generally less than 3 x 10(exp -4) solar mass/yr, about a factor of 5 lower than that derived from some observations in other wavebands. We could not match the duration of the X-ray minimum with any standard colliding wind model in which the wind is spherically symmetric and the mass loss rate is constant. However we show that we can match the variations around X-ray minimum if we include an increase of a factor of approx. 20 in the mass loss rate from eta Carinae for approximately 80 days following periastron. If real, this excess in M would be the first evidence of enhanced mass flow off the primary when the two stars are close (presumably driven by tidal interactions). Our interpretation of the X-ray data suggest that the ASCA and RXTE X-ray spectra near the X-ray minimum are significantly contaminated by unresolved hard emission (E greater than or = 2 keV) from sonic other nearby source, probably associated with scattering of tile colliding wind emission by circumstellar dust. Based on the X-ray fluxes the distance to n Carinae is 2300 pc with formal uncertainties of only approx. 10%.
A one-dimensional unsteady model of dual mode scramjet operation

A one-dimensional unsteady model and code have been developed which can handle internal flows involving area change, heat release, transients and coupled inviscid core-boundary layer flows. The model has been shown to work well in diverging channels with a supersonic entrance Mach number and unseparated boundary layers. Transient flows have also been studied. The model needs no prior knowledge of shock (or shocks) location and can be extended to two or three dimensions. The results show that the one-dimensional unsteady model developed here can be used for analysis of internal flows as occur in scramjet combustors.
Effect of subsurface clay on nematode communities in a sandy soil

Abstract A variety of soil properties can directly or indirectly affect nematode community structure. The effects of subsurface clay content (at 20–40 cm depth) on nematodes in the surface layer (0–20 cm depth) of a sandy soil were examined in field experiments in Florida, USA. Plots were established in a site with a relatively uniform sandy upper soil layer (88–91% sand and 5–7% clay at 0–20 cm depth) but with varying levels of clay in the subsurface layer (3–35% clay at 20–40 cm depth). Nematode numbers in the surface soil layer were affected by the amount of clay in the subsurface layer. Population densities of a number of different nematode genera were greater in the surface layer of plots with 35% subsurface clay than in plots with 3% subsurface clay. Indices of nematode community structure were largely unaffected, since effects of subsurface clay were observed across all nematode groups. Most nematodes (70–80% of total numbers) occurred at 0–20 cm depth, although Teratocephalus was more common at 20–40 than at 0–20 cm. Subsurface clay content indirectly affected soil moisture and other environmental factors in the upper soil layer in which most nematodes reside.
3-Benzoyl-2-naphthaldehyde, a new fluorogenic reagent for microcolumn liquid chromatography–laser-induced fluorescence detection of amino acids

3-Benzoyl-2-naphthaldehyde (BNA) was synthesized and characterized as a precolumn derivatization reagent for fluorescence detection. The detection limits for standard amino acids derivatized with BNA are in the femtogram range. The optimum reaction conditions for derivatization and spectral features of BNA-derivatized amino acids was investigated. The standard amino acid derivatives were adequately resolved by microcolumn liquid chromatography. A minute quantity (646 fmol) of trypsin was hydrolyzed to demonstrate analysis by microcolumn liquid chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
Riding the Waves of Money: Contribution Dynamics in the 2008 Presidential Nomination Campaign

The 2008 primary was the most nuanced and expensive nomination contest in history. We investigate how this massive battle for contributions played out over 2007 and the first half of 2008 by analyzing the daily dynamics of candidate contributions using the Federal Elections Commission's collection of individual contributions. Not surprisingly, Giuliani and Clinton were the leaders in contribution momentum during the latter parts of the so-called money primary. This pattern abruptly changed in 2008 as both parties experienced a structural change in contribution flows. While Iowa and New Hampshire placements helped their causes, the South Carolina primary was by far the most rewarding early contest for Obama and McCain. Furthermore, primary victories do not benefit all candidates equally, as Clinton and Huckabee gained far less than their counterparts in response to their early victories.
Effects of State-Trait Anxiety and Task Difficulty on Paired-Associate Learning:

Two paired-associates learning tasks, varying in difficulty level, were used to test the prediction from state-trait theory and drive theory that high anxious (HA) Ss will perform superior to low anxious (LA) Ss on an easy task and inferior to LA Ss on a more difficult task.
The Measurement of Fault Motion by Satellite Laser Ranging

Abstract The distance between two points on opposite sides of the San Andreas Fault is being derived from laser tracking of near-earth satellites as part of an experiment to estimate the motion along the plate boundary. The two sites, at Otay Mountain near San Diego and at Quincy in northern California, are nearly 900 km apart and approximately 150 and 270 km, respectively, away from the main strike of the San Andreas Fault. The angle between the fault and the intersite vector is approximately 25°. In the fall of 1972 satellite laser tracking systems occupied these two sites, and from the data collected the relative location of the two sites was determined. The two sites were reoccupied in the fall of 1974 and again in the fall of 1976, and provided two further estimates of the relative positions of the two sites. The results of these first three measurements indicate a shortening of the intersite baseline between San Diego and Quincy at an average rate of 9 ± 3 cm/year, suggesting a much larger possible present-day motion across the fault system than expected. The main source of error in this analysis is the motion of the spacecraft which is significantly affected by unmodeled anomalies in the earth's gravity field. However, major advances in our knowledge of the gravity field are expected over the next few years and as these occur the accuracy of the present results will improve.
Phenylketonuria mutations in Germany.

We report the spectrum of mutations and associated modified haplotypes in patients with phenylketonuria living in Germany. A total of 546 independent alleles was investigated, including 411 of German and 65 of Turkish descent. Mutations were identified for 535 PKU alleles (98%) and there were 91 different mutations. The most common mutation was R408W on 22% of alleles. Two mutations, IVS12+1G→A and IVS10–11G→A accounted for just under 10% of alleles, whereas the remaining mutations were found at relative frequencies of 6% or less; 43 mutations were observed once only. IVS10–11G→A was the most common mutation (38% of alleles) in the subgroup of patients of Turkish descent. Modified haplotypes were determined from the analysis of four silent mutations, three diallelic restriction fragment length polymorphisms, a variable number of tandem repeats minisatellite and a short tandem repeat microsatellite in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, showing that a considerable proportion of mutations must have recurred in independent founders; other mutations may have changed chromosomal haplotype backgrounds by gene conversion. The spectrum of PKU mutations in Germany reflects the history of a heterogenous Central European population living at the crossroads of migration throughout the centuries.
Scattering and Annihilation of Antihyperons by Nucleons

A number of assumptions about the nature of antihyperon-nucleon forces are made which, if valid, allow the antihyperon-nucleon scattering and annihilation cross sections to be given as simple linear combinations of the antiproton-proton and antineutron-proton cross sections.
Subjective social status, objective socioeconomic status, and cardiovascular risk in women.

Objective Subjective perceptions of personal social status may relate to health beyond the effects of objective socioeconomic status (SES). The authors examined the relationship between subjective social status (SSS) and psychosocial, behavioral, and physical cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women. Design Ninety-two women (90.2% White) completed ladder-based, pictorial self-report measures of SSS relative to others in their community and in the United States. Psychosocial measures of depression, anxiety, pessimism, stress, and social support and behavioral risk factors of fruit and vegetable consumption, leisure physical activity, and body-mass index were obtained. In addition, women underwent measurement of clinic blood pressure and assessment of daytime ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP; DBP) over 2 consecutive days. Results Community SSS was significantly inversely related to anxiety, pessimism, stress, and daytime ambulatory DBP after controlling for objective SES and U.S. SSS. Women with lower U.S. SSS showed less healthy dietary and exercise behaviors and, contrary to predictions, lower clinic and ambulatory DBP. Conclusion This study provides additional evidence that perceptions of one's position in the social hierarchy could have important health implications beyond the impact of objective SES. Further, the cardiovascular risk implications of perceived community versus U.S. social status appear to be distinct.
Soil and environmental factors related to nodulation in Cowania and Purshia

Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs may be useful in revegetation efforts. The possibility that soil and environmental factors may influence a soil's capability to produce nodulated seedlings was explored.Purshia tridentata andCowania mexicana var. Stansburiana seedlings were grown in greenhouse trials using ten soils from native sites for each of the two genera. Treatments included a control and a six mmole nitrogen amendment as NH4NO3 for both surface and subsurface samples. Nodulation was often sparse for seedlings grown in surface collected samples. Although nodulation was usually better in subsoil samples, even some subsoils produced few or no nodules. Nitrogen additions inhibit nodulation and although soil nitrogen may be inhibitory in some unamended surface soils it is probably not a general cause of sparse nodulation. Nodule masses showed the same trends as nodule number but varied less with treatment and depth of soil source. Seedlings compensated for sparse nodulation with an increase in mass per nodule. Incidence of nodulation was related to some soil and environmental factors. Multiple regression analysis explained a substantial portion of nodulation variability. Soils from lower elevations with less precipitation did not produce well nodulated seedlings even in well watered greenhouse trials. Micronutrient cations, potassium, and phosphorus are positively correlated with nodulation incidence. The two genera were generally similar in nodulation responses to soil and environmental factors.
Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in nutrient culture.

Cucumber seeds and seedlings at various ages (7–19 days old) were treated with a single treatment or multiple treatments (at 2-day intervals) of ferulic acid in nutrient culture. Ferulic acid treatments of cucumber seeds during stages of germination and radicle growth did not significantly reduce subsequent seedling growth. Ferulic acid treatments to seedlings reduced leaf area, leaf expansion, and dry weight of cucumber seedlings. Pretreatment of seeds and seedlings with 0.1 or 0.2 mM ferulic acid did not modify the effects of a single 1 mM ferulic acid treatment on leaf expansion when a single treatment was given at various times to seedlings ranging from 7 to 19 days of age. Treatments of 1mM or greater induced rapid wilting of leaves, but visible recovery occurred within 24–48 hr and subsequent treatments did not cause wilting. Once seedlings were removed from ferulic acid treatments, leaf expansion resumed. The magnitude of recovery depended on the concentration of ferulic acid, frequency of ferulic acid application and age of the seedling. Mean relative rates of leaf expansion recovered rapidly even in the presence of ferulic acid. Recovery of leaf expansion after ferulic acid treatments was faster for seedlings grown in an adequate nutrient environment than for seedlings grown in a limited nutrient environment. Ferulic acid disappeared from nutrient solutions with time, and two microbial metabolic products of ferulic acid (i.e., vanillic and protocatechuic acid) were identified in nutrient solutions.
An unusual cause of anal pain following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a safe and effective operation in properly selected patients, but a variety of potential complications can occur. We present a case of a 56-year-old female who underwent a double-stapled IPAA for refractory ulcerative colitis and postoperatively developed unrelenting, severe anal pain requiring daily narcotics. Examination under anesthesia revealed that her pain was a result of staples from the anastomosis that had migrated into the highly sensitive anoderm below the dentate line. Removal of these staples led to resolution of her symptoms.
Ascorbic acid: effects on ricin intoxicated HeLa cells.

Ascorbic acid in concentrations of 100μg/ml of culture medium protects HeLa cells against the protein synthesis inhibition activi-ty of ricin, a phytotoxin isolated from castor beans.
Resonance energies and ΔH(atomization) for boron hydrides

Abstract Graph-theoretical techniques can be used to count two-center two-electron valence bond structures for boron hydrides. The heats of atomization can be correlated with a 4 term linear equation based on the numbers of terminal and bridging BH bonds, nearest-neighbor boron atom pairs, and an estimate of resonance energy.
Two dual classes of bialgebras related to the concepts of “quantum group” and “quantum lie algebra”

(1991). Two dual classes of bialgebras related to the concepts of “quantum group” and “quantum lie algebra”. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 3295-3345.
A Review of Nrc Instrumentation Needs

The accident at Three Mile Island highlighted the need to make improvements in nuclear power plant instrumentation. Since the accident, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has required the installation of new equipment aimed at improving both post accident monitoring capability and the operator/equipment interface. Replacement of some existing equipment with qualified, highly reliable sensors and processing equipment will satisfy many of the new requirements. But implementation of other requirements will be more difficult. New measurement techniques must be developed or use of new technologies must be judged acceptable for safety purposes before some instrumentation needs can be satisfied. The lack of commercially available equipment has caused reassessment of the importance of other instrumentation needs. Looking beyond those modifications needed to correct deficiencies discovered as a result of the TMI experience, improvements in the reliability of normal plant operating equipment should be considered to reduce the frequency of safety system challenges. Advanced instrumentation presently available or under development may be useful in identifying equipment degradation, thereby preventing major equipment failures and consequent plant upsets. There is also a need for better diagnostic tools for improving the operator's response capability following plant upsets. Some of these tools are now available but others which show considerable promise require more development effort. Although significant improvements in safety may be possible through implementation of improved instrumentation, those improvements can be made only if the industry supports the development effort with both money and manpower.
Ageism and Abuse in the Workplace: A New Frontier

The economic crisis in the United States has led to increased media coverage of older workers being laid off, forced to retire, or working longer than planned. Embedded in these reports are the intimations of workplace abuse. Social workers need to start taking into account ageism and abuse in the workplace as possible cooccurring issues to effectively implement policy, and organizational change that will address both issues. This brief article discusses ageism and abuse in the workplace using a human rights framework, the current state of the literature, and directions for future research.
US health economists: who we are and what we do

This paper reports the results of a Fall 2005 survey of US health economists, the first in over 18 years. Where appropriate, the results are compared with the earlier findings of Feldman and Morrisey (J. Health Politics Policy Law 1990; 15(3):627-646). The paper describes the demographics and training of health economists. It also describes how employers view the substitutability between a Ph.D. in economics and a Ph.D. in health services research, which is a key question because self-identified health economists increasingly include health services researchers trained in schools of public health or medicine. This study also reports the expectations of various, employers of health economists regarding external grant and contract support. It also reports health economists' perceptions of the processes that allocate resources and recognition: promotion review, journal refereeing, and grant review.
Isolation and partial characterization of an antiviral, RC-183, from the edible mushroom Rozites caperata

A protein of 10,425 Da was purified from the edible mushroom Rozites caperata and shown to inhibit herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 replication with an IC50 value of < or = 5 microM. The protein designated RC-183 also significantly reduced the severity of HSV-1 induced ocular disease in a murine model of keratitis, indicating in vivo efficacy. HSV mutants lacking ribonucleotide reductase and thymidine kinase were also inhibited, suggesting the mechanism does not involve these viral enzymes. Antiviral activity was also seen against varicella zoster virus, influenza A virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, but not against adenovirus type VI, coxsackie viruses A9 and B5, or human immunodeficiency virus. Characterization of RC-183 by mass spectroscopy, sequencing, and other methods suggests it is composed of a peptide (12 or 13 mer) coupled to ubiquitin via an isopeptide bond between the c-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue in the peptide. The peptide sequence did not match any known sequence. Thus, RC-183 is a novel antiviral that may have clinical utility or serve as a lead compound for further development. Determining the mechanism of action may lead to identification of novel steps in viral replication.
The solvolysis of 1,1-dibromo(3.1.0)bicyclohexane☆☆☆

Abstract The solvolysis of 1,1-dibromo(3.1.0)bicyclohexane has been kinetically detailed and found to proceed by simultaneous first order and series first order processes. The intermediate in the series first order process has been identified and its rate measured independently. Thermodynamic activation parameters were measured and were found to be consistent with the proposed reaction scheme.
Simultaneous identification of viral proteins and nucleic acids in cells infected with Aleutian mink disease parvovirus

A method combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was used to characterize cells infected with Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV). Single-stranded RNA hybridization probes specific for obligate replicative intermediates and antisera specific for virion or non-structural proteins were employed. Crandell feline kidney cells in which the ADV-G strain of ADV was permissively replicating contained virion and non-structural proteins, large amounts of single stranded virion DNA, duplex replicative form (RF) DNA, and mRNA. Late in the infectious cycle, however, cells containing non-structural proteins but little nucleic acid were observed, probably representing cells in the end stage of viral cytopathology. Sections of lung prepared from mink kits infected with the ADV-Utah 1 strain were then examined. Alveolar type II cells permissively replicating ADV contained viral nucleic acids and proteins in patterns nearly identical to CRFK cells, suggesting that permissive ADV replication was similar in vitro and in vivo. Another population of ADV containing cells that had cytoplasmic virion antigen, but undetectable levels of non-structural protein was found in vivo. Furthermore, although virion DNA was present in the cytoplasm of these cells, RF DNA or mRNA could not be detected. These cells may have been alveolar macrophages sequestering viral particles.
Locality-based profile analysis for secondary intrusion detection

While a firewall at the perimeter of a local network provides the first line of defense against attackers, many intrusion incidents result from successful penetration of the firewall. The compromise of one computer puts the entire network at risk. We propose a distributed personal intrusion detection system (IDS) that provides local anomaly detection as well as centralized traffic analysis. The system first builds profiles for normal network activity and then labels as suspicious any events that deviate from the normal profiles. The normal profiles are based on variations in connection-based behavior at each individual host. Deviations at each host are recorded using a local weight assignment scheme and then further processed by the central analyzer to build a weighted link graph representing the overall network abnormality. As local networks become more vulnerable to inside attack, our system reinforces security to prevent corruption from the inside.
Effect of joint injections in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: evaluation by 3D-gait analysis.

Conclusion: The study shows positive effects of treatment with ICIs in the lower extremities— especially regarding pain, walking velocity and joint moments. The data indicate that ICI treatment influences the gait pattern also in joints that have not been injected.
The Reaction of P2I4 and N,N-dimethylformamide

Abstract P2I4 readily reacts with DME to give dimethyl-dodomethy leneammonium iodide, a compound of limited utility as a formylating agent. Although diphosphorus tetraiodide (P2I4) has been known for many years, it has only recently sparked interest among organic chemists for use as a synthetic reagent. We initially became interested in P2I4 from a report that it cleanly reduced sulfoxides to sulfides.1
Overaccumulation of γ-Glutamylcysteine in a Jasmonate-Hypersensitive Arabidopsis Mutant Causes Jasmonate-Dependent Growth Inhibition

Glutathione (GSH) is essential for many aspects of plant biology and is associated with jasmonate signaling in stress responses. We characterized an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) jasmonate-hypersensitive mutant (jah2) with seedling root growth 100-fold more sensitive to inhibition by the hormone jasmonyl-isoleucine than the wild type. Genetic mapping and genome sequencing determined that the mutation is in intron 6 of GLUTATHIONE SYNTHETASE2, encoding the enzyme that converts γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) to GSH. The level of GSH in jah2 was 71% of the wild type, while the phytoalexin-deficient2-1 (pad2-1) mutant, defective in GSH1 and having only 27% of wild-type GSH level, was not jasmonate hypersensitive. Growth defects for jah2, but not pad2, were also seen in plants grown to maturity. Surprisingly, all phenotypes in the jah2 pad2-1 double mutant were weaker than in jah2. Quantification of γ-EC indicated these defects result from hyperaccumulation of this GSH precursor by 294- and 65-fold in jah2 and the double mutant, respectively. γ-EC reportedly partially substitutes for loss of GSH, but growth inhibition seen here was likely not due to an excess of total glutathione plus γ-EC because their sum in jah2 pad2-1 was only 16% greater than in the wild type. Further, the jah2 phenotypes were lost in a jasmonic acid biosynthesis mutant background, indicating the effect of γ-EC is mediated through jasmonate signaling and not as a direct result of perturbed redox status.
Spectral phase conjugation via extended phase matching

It is shown that the copropagating three-wave-mixing parametric process, with appropriate type-II extended phase matching and pumped with a short second-harmonic pulse, can perform spectral phase conjugation and parametric amplification, which shows a threshold behavior analogous to backward-wave oscillation. The process is also analyzed in the Heisenberg picture, which predicts a spontaneous parametric downconversion rate in agreement with the experimental result reported by Kuzucu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 083601 (2005)]. Applications in optical communications, signal processing, and quantum information processing can be envisaged.
Mouse duplicate genes are as essential as singletons.

Duplicate genes in mouse are widely thought to have functional redundancy, and to be less essential than singleton genes. We analyzed nearly 3900 individually knocked out mouse genes and discovered that the proportion of essential genes is ∼55% in both singletons and duplicates. This suggests that mammalian duplicates rarely compensate for each other, and that the absence of phenotypes in mice deficient for a duplicate gene should not be automatically attributed to paralogous compensation.
Dynamic Analysis of Structures Using the Finite Element Method

In the preceding chapters, we considered the dynamic analysis of structures modeled as beams, frames, or trusses. The elements of all these types of structures are described by a single coordinate along their longitudinal axis; that is, these are structures with unidirectional elements, called, “skeletal structures.” They, in general, consist of individual members or elements connected at points designated as “nodal points” or “joints.” For these types of structures, the behavior of each element is first considered independently through the calculation of the element stiffness matrix and the element mass matrix. These matrices are then assembled into the system stiffness matrix and the system mass matrix in such a way that the equilibrium of forces and the compatibility of displacements are satisfied at each nodal point. The analysis of such structures is commonly known as the Matrix Structural Method and could be applied equally to static and dynamic problems.