cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient anomalous reflection through near-field interactions in metasurfaces

Gradient metasurfaces have been extensively used in the past few years for advanced wave manipulation over a thin surface. These metasurfaces have been mostly designed based on the generalized laws of reflection and refraction. However, it was recently revealed that metasurfaces based on this approach tend to suffer from inefficiencies and complex design requirements. We have recently proposed a different approach to the problem of efficient beam steering using a surface, based on bianisotropic particles in a periodic array. Here, we show highly efficient reflective metasurfaces formed by pairs of isotropic dielectric rods, which can offer asymmetrical scattering of normally incident beams with unitary efficiency. Our theory shows that moderately broadband anomalous reflection can be achieved with suitably designed periodic arrays of isotropic nanoparticles. We also demonstrate practical designs using ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ cylindrical nanorods to deflect normally incident light toward a desired direction. The proposed structures may pave the way to a broader range of light management opportunities, with applications in energy harvesting, signaling, and communications.
Testing predictions of movement behaviour in a hilltopping moth

‘Hilltopping’ is a common mate-locating behaviour exhibited by numerous insect taxa; individuals aggregate on summits, ridges and other topographic features, and thereby increase their likelihood of mating. Recently, hilltopping has gained interest as a model system to study nonrandom dispersal. We tested four predictions from the hilltopping literature regarding individual movement behaviour and the resulting spatial distribution of summit aggregations. Through observations and capture–mark–recapture studies using the day-flying tiger moth, Arctia (formerly Platyprepia ) virginalis , we found evidence for all predictions. The highest densities of moths were associated with a few, high-elevation summits and were recaptured over multiple days. No individuals were found to move between summit aggregations and mated females had shorter residency times than males. We discuss our results in the context of the predictions, the behaviour of other hilltopping species, implications for population structure and spatial population dynamics.
Heterogeneity, pore pressure, and injectate chemistry: Control measures for geologic carbon storage

Abstract Desirable outcomes for geologic carbon storage include maximizing storage efficiency, preserving injectivity, and avoiding unwanted consequences such as caprock or wellbore leakage or induced seismicity during and post injection. To achieve these outcomes, three control measures are evident including pore pressure, injectate chemistry, and knowledge and prudent use of geologic heterogeneity. Field, experimental, and modeling examples are presented that demonstrate controllable GCS via these three measures. Observed changes in reservoir response accompanying CO2 injection at the Cranfield (Mississippi, USA) site, along with lab testing, show potential for use of injectate chemistry as a means to alter fracture permeability (with concomitant improvements for sweep and storage efficiency). Further control of reservoir sweep attends brine extraction from reservoirs, with benefit for pressure control, mitigation of reservoir and wellbore damage, and water use. State-of-the-art validated models predict the extent of damage and deformation associated with pore pressure hazards in reservoirs, timing and location of networks of fractures, and development of localized leakage pathways. Experimentally validated geomechanics models show where wellbore failure is likely to occur during injection, and efficiency of repair methods. Use of heterogeneity as a control measure includes where best to inject, and where to avoid attempts at storage. An example is use of waste zones or leaky seals to both reduce pore pressure hazards and enhance residual CO2 trapping.
A novel search algorithm for quantifying news media coverage as a measure of environmental issue salience

Abstract News media plays an important role in shaping public opinions and attitudes about the environment. Tracking and analyzing media coverage can provide insight into public exposure to narratives that impact resource consumption, environmental behavior, and emergency response, which can help to inform model development or provide additional model inputs. This paper presents Articulate, an open-source, flexible tool for discovering, compiling, and quantifying newspaper coverage on a user-specified topic. Articulate is written in Python and interfaces with Google Custom Search Engine API. We demonstrate the tool's application and validate its performance on two case studies of news media coverage in the New York Times about drought in California and flooding in Houston, Texas in recent years. Our results show that Articulate can generate data similar to or better than proprietary databases. Thus, Articulate can help researchers and environmental managers gain important insights to better understand and quantify changing socio-environmental dynamics.
Sufficient Desire: The Discourse of Sustainable Luxury

Luxury and sustainable fashion goods are like any consumer product; they are material culture, laden with meaning beyond their utility. The value of a fashion good—whether luxurious, sustainable, or both—is largely symbolic rather than economic (Crane & Bovone in Poetics 34:319–333, 2006), though the economic value allows for a greater distinction between levels of goods. Consumers utilize these embedded values to make their personal values visible to themselves and others. Utilizing discourse analysis, we offer here an explication of the separate yet interlacing domains of ‘luxury’ and ‘sustainability.’ This is an attempt to locate, if only briefly, the shifting domains of these oft-employed concepts. Stella McCartney, Eileen Fisher, and Brunello Cucinelli served as case studies for this analysis due to their general ascension as preeminent sustainable luxury fashion brands. Central to this success has been their ability to use discursive practices that effectively communicate their company ethos. Whether that ethos is then connected to their product is questionable and will be explored here.
Anatomical and Physiological Connections between the Central Nervous and the Immune Systems (Neuroimmunomodulation)

Long ago, “Physiology” included embryology, immunology, neurobiology, cell biology, biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and many other subjects. Today, at a World Congress of Physiology, one can find few papers on immunology: anatomy is even more remote. Specialization and specialists have separated each of these into separate disciplines and even many sub-disciplines.
The Fibrous Proteins of the Epidermis

Epidermal fibrous keratin belongs to a class of proteins with a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern showing 5.14 A meridional and 9.8 A equatorial reflections (Fig. 1), [1]. The structure has not been definitively established but is thought to be a coiled-coil type of α-helix [8]. This molecular structure is found in the epidermis of all vertebrates and in the appendages of mammals, but not in the scales of birds and reptiles or the feather of birds[4].
Regulation of AChE Gene Expression in Neuronally Induced Mouse P19 Cells

Mouse P19 embryonic carcinoma cells are uncommitted, multipotent cells which can be induced to terminally differentiate along the neuroectodermal lineage. Neurons, glia and astrocytes develop after free-floating aggregates, cultured 4–6 days in the presence of retinoic acid (RA), are plated onto tissue culture dishes. Neuronal cultures up to 90% purity can be obtained by treatment with mitotic inhibitors. We have used this cell line to examine the developmentally regulated expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE is not expressed in untreated cells, but can be detected within 24 hr of plating neuronally-induced cultures. The level of AChE activity increases during neuronal differentiation. This correlates with the increase in cells exhibiting neuronal morphology. Histochemical and immunohistochemical results indicate that AChE activity is associated with cells exhibiting neuronal morphology, but not with glia-like cells. AChE mRNA and enzyme activity increase in parallel. Splicing of AChE mRNA is almost entirely to exon 6, consistent with that observed in mouse brain. Run-on transcription assays demonstrate that the AChE gene is transcribed at a similar rate in undifferentiated monolayer cells, RA-treated aggregates, and differentiated P19 neurons. Transcription inhibition experiments suggest that changes in AChE mRNA stability play a role in regulating expression of the enzyme. RA-treated aggregates maintained in culture for more than six days begin to secrete large amounts of tetrameric AChE. However, if the cells are plated in tissue culture dishes to allow for morphological differentiation, approximately half of the G4 enzyme becomes membrane bound. These results demonstrate that AChE is synthesized early in neuronal development but is not localized to the neuronal cell membrane until later in the differentiation process. These results further suggest that the 20 kD hydrophobic subunit, which most likely tethers AChE to the P19 neuronal membrane, is generated concomitant with morphological differentiation. Thus, P19 cells appear to provide a useful model for examining expression of AChE during neuronal development. (Supported by USPHS GM18360, 24437 and American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship No. 93–58).
Investigating the Importance of Optimal Soil Fertility in the Response of a Legume to Inoculation with Rhizobia

The nutrition of a nodulated legume is different from other plants because of the additional nutritional demand placed on the legume by the N2-fixing nodules. The efficiency of the symbiosis is affected by the levels of the various nutrients in the soil and variability in the response to inoculation. This experiment is designed to compare inoculation response in unamended soil (except for liming) and in soil fertilized to optimal levels. Inoculation response is evaluated using the three basic treatments: (1) inoculated, (2) plus-N without inoculation, and (3) no nitrogen without inoculation. Each of these treatments is set up at two different fertility levels. A multi-strain peat-based inoculant is used to study the effect of soil fertility on the competition of rhizobia for nodulation.
The Ureter in Pediatric Renal Allotransplantation

A total of 1,372 transplants in children less than 16 years old has been done in the United States [1]. This experience with the pediatric patient has presented special problems, including growth retardation, serious major psychosocial difficulties and technical obstacles [1,2]. My experience with renal allograft ureteral complications in children is reported herein.
Factor Structure and Concurrent Validity of the British Perceived Inequality in Childhood Scale in a Sample of American College Students

Societal income inequality has been associated with worse health outcomes, including a greater burden of mental illness. However, validated individual measures of relative income are scarce and rarely included in mental health assessments. The psychometric properties of the British Perceived Inequality in Childhood Scale (PICS) were examined in an American college student sample. Eight hundred graduate- and professional- level students at a public university participated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the PICS three-factor structure measuring childhood deprivation relative to a United States reference group and neighborhood reference group as well as family social capital. Additionally, the internal consistency was high and the concurrent validity of the PICS was supported by positive correlations with the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status in childhood and objective measures of parental income and education. These findings replicate prior research supporting the validity and reliability of the PICS, now in an American college student sample.
Geodetic Imaging of Fault Systems from Airborne Platforms: UAVSAR and Structure from Motion

Earthquakes occur when stress in the Earth exceeds the strength of the surrounding host rock. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activity [1]. In this paper, we address earthquakes occurring on fault systems that are driven by plate tectonics. Motion of the Earth's tectonic plates causes deformation of the Earth's crust. As this deformation occurs, strain accumulation can be released seismically in earthquakes, or aseismically as creep along faults and in bulk deformation of the crust. Understanding how strain is distributed along fault systems, how stress transfers through the crust along fault zones between earthquakes, and the fraction of aseismic versus seismic deformation, is key to assessing earthquake hazard for mitigating losses from future events [2].
Work in Progress: Combining Real Time and Multithreading

The existing sporadic task model is inadequate for real-time systems to take advantage of Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT), which has been shown to improve performance in many areas of computing, but has seen little application to real-time systems. A new family of task models, collectively referred to as SMART, is introduced. SMART models allow for combining SMT and real time by accounting for the variable task execution costs caused by SMT.
A Proposal to Enhance Antitrust Protection Against Labor Market Monopsony

Recent empirical studies have revealed that labor market monopsony is far more common than previously thought, and that there is a strong correlation between wage suppression and labor market concentration. Yet few antitrust cases have been brought by workers against employers who exercise significant market power against them, and hardly any such cases have been successful. In contrast, antitrust cases against monopolists on the product market side are common. We argue that section 2 of the Sherman Act, which prohibits certain forms of monopolization (and has been interpreted to apply to labor market monopsonization as well) is insufficient for addressing monopsonization of labor markets because of structural differences between labor markets and product markets. We propose a new statute that would strengthen the law by giving employees a more robust claim against labor monopsonists who abuse their market power.
Element–Hydrogen Bond Activations at Cationic Platinum Centers To Produce Silylene, Germylene, Stannylene, and Stibido Complexes

Reactions of [(dippe)PtMe(Et2O)][BArf4] (4[BArf4], dippe = 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane; Arf = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) with Mes2EH2 (Mes = mesityl) liberate methane and produce silylene, germylene, or stannylene products [(dippe)Pt(H)═EMes2][BArf4] (E = Si, 1[BArf4]; Ge, 8; Sn, 9). In contrast, treatment of 4[BArf4] with tertiary silanes HSiR3 (R = Ph, Et, OEt) failed to give the expected cationic silyl complexes but instead produced the bridging hydride [(dippe)Pt(μ-H)]2[BArf4]2 (10) along with the corresponding disilane Si2R6. Complex 10 reacts with primary stibines RSbH2 (R = Mes, dmp) to afford dimeric stibido complexes [(dippe)Pt(μ-SbHR)]2[BArf4]2 (R = Mes, 11; dmp, 12) via Sb–H bond activation.
A broad filter between call frequency and peripheral auditory sensitivity in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster)

Acoustic communication is a fundamental component of mate and competitor recognition in a variety of taxa and requires animals to detect and differentiate among acoustic stimuli (Bradbury and Vehrencamp in Principles of animal communication, 2nd edn., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2011). The matched filter hypothesis predicts a correspondence between peripheral auditory tuning of receivers and properties of species-specific acoustic signals, but few studies have assessed this relationship in rodents. We recorded vocalizations and measured auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster), a species that produces long-distance calls to advertise their presence to rivals and potential mates. ABR data indicate the highest sensitivity (28.33 ± 9.07 dB SPL re: 20 μPa) at 10 kHz, roughly corresponding to the fundamental frequency (11.6 ± 0.63 kHz) of long-distance calls produced by conspecifics. However, the frequency range of peripheral auditory sensitivity was broad (8–24 kHz), indicating the potential to detect both the harmonics of conspecific calls and vocalizations of sympatric heterospecifics. Our findings provide support for the matched filter hypothesis extended to include other ecologically relevant stimuli. Our study contributes important baseline information about the sensory ecology of a unique rodent to the study of sound perception.
Effects of retrieval practice and presentation modality on verbal learning: testing the limits of the testing effect.

The testing effect refers to improved memory after retrieval practice and has been researched primarily with visual stimuli. In two experiments, we investigated whether the testing effect can be re...
Fewer Bonuses, More Penalties At Skilled Nursing Facilities Serving Vulnerable Populations

The first round of incentives and penalties under the Medicare Skilled Nursing Facility Value-Based Purchasing Program were distributed October 1, 2018. Our results show that facilities serving vul...
Resilient Autonomous Control of Distributed Multiagent Systems in Contested Environments

An autonomous and resilient controller is proposed for leader-follower multiagent systems under uncertainties and cyber-physical attacks. The leader is assumed nonautonomous with a nonzero control input, which allows changing the team behavior or mission in response to the environmental changes. A resilient learning-based control protocol is presented to find optimal solutions to the synchronization problem in the presence of attacks and system dynamic uncertainties. An observer-based distributed $H_{\infty}$ controller is first designed to prevent propagating the effects of attacks on sensors and actuators throughout the network, as well as to attenuate the effect of these attacks on the compromised agent itself. Nonhomogeneous game algebraic Riccati equations are derived to solve the $H_{\infty}$ optimal synchronization problem and off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) is utilized to learn their solution without requiring any knowledge of the agent’s dynamics. A trust-confidence-based distributed control protocol is then proposed to mitigate attacks that hijack the entire node and attacks on communication links. A confidence value is defined for each agent based solely on its local evidence. The proposed resilient RL algorithm employs the confidence value of each agent to indicate the trustworthiness of its own information and broadcast it to its neighbors to put weights on the data they receive from it during and after learning. If the confidence value of an agent is low, it employs a trust mechanism to identify compromised agents and remove the data it receives from them from the learning process. The simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Water Quality Protection

Impaired water quality can result from natural causes, but the most common cause is anthropogenic pollution. Soil erosion leads to turbidity and sedimentation in water bodies. Organic wastes impart a high oxygen demand often culminating in low dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents cause eutrophication. Pesticides, synthetic organic chemicals and heavy metals from industry, and pharmaceutical compounds and their degradation products can be toxic to aquatic animals or have other adverse effects on them. Toxins in drinking water can lead to several serious illnesses to include cancer in humans. Water bodies also may be contaminated with biological agents that cause aquatic animal and human diseases. Elevated sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere as a result of air pollution can influence water quality. Wetland destruction must be considered in a discussion of water pollution, because functional wetlands are important for natural water purification. Water quality regulations are important for avoiding conflicts among water users, minimizing public health risks of certain chemical and biological pollutants, protecting the environment, and preventing conditions that lessen the recreational and aesthetic value of water bodies. Most countries have developed water quality regulations with which effluents must comply. These permits typically have limits on concentrations of pollutants in effluents, and many times, there are limits on quantities of pollutants that may be discharged. There is a growing tendency to develop total maximum daily pollutant loads (TMDL) that specify the total quantities of selected pollutants that can be discharged into a stream or other water body by all permit holders. Standards with which municipal water supply operations must comply also have been developed to protect drinking water quality and protect public health.
Evaluating Teacher Impact on Student Performance: A Case Study at the United States Military Academy

As instructors at the United States Military Academy, we are constantly looking at ways to evaluate our educational experience and improve upon it. Often, our cadets’ relative performance inside the classroom serves as a default metric with which we evaluate our impact. However, we know that cadets often prioritize their studies based upon their goals and competing requirements; therefore, does a cadet’s academic performance indicate anything about an instructor’s impact? By comparing 377 cadets and 13 instructors across 5 courses, this paper attempts to determine the influence of instructors on cadets’ performance on their course end final. After controlling for cadet past performance and course, we found no evidence to suggest that a cadet’s instructor impacts their performance on the course end final. This finding supports the idea that cadets perform to their desired level of academic performance and that their performance should not be used as a primary feedback mechanism for instructor efficacy. In fact, we observed that the best predictor of cadet performance was their previous, cumulative academic performance (APSC). Instructors, therefore, should focus on student engagement, the holistic development of cadets, and use more subjective and nuanced feedback within the classroom to guide their lessons.
Myo-inositol Oxygenase (MIOX) Overexpression Drives the Progression of Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury in Diabetes

Conceivably, upregulation of myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is associated with altered cellular redox. Its promoter includes oxidant-response elements, and we also discovered binding sites for XBP-1, a transcription factor of ER stress response. Previous studies indicate that MIOX’s upregulation in acute tubular injury is mediated by oxidant and ER stress. Here, we investigated if hyperglycemia leads to accentuation of oxidant and ER stress, while boosting each other’s activities and thereby augmenting tubulo-interstitial injury/fibrosis. We generated MIOX-overexpressing transgenic (MIOX-TG) and -knockout (MIOX-KO) mice. A diabetic state was induced by streptozotocin administration. Also, MIOX-KO were crossbred with Ins2Akita to generate Ins2Akita/KO mice. MIOX-TG mice had worsening renal functions with kidneys having increased oxidant/ER stress, as reflected by DCF/DHE staining, perturbed NAD/NADH and GSH/GSSG ratios, increased NOX-4 expression, apoptosis and its executionary molecules, accentuation of TGF-β signaling, Smads and XBP-1 nuclear translocation, expression of GRP78 and XBP1 (ER stress markers) and accelerated tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. These changes were not seen in MIOX-KO mice. Interestingly, such changes were remarkably reduced in Ins2Akita/KO mice, and likewise in vitro experiments with XBP1-siRNA. These findings suggest that MIOX expression accentuates while its deficiency shields kidneys from tubulo-interstitial injury by dampening oxidant and ER stress, which mutually enhance each other’s activity.
The importance of H2O in arc magmas for the formation of porphyry Cu deposits

Abstract Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) hosted in subvolcanic intrusions at convergent margins are the primary world’s copper resources. However, the set of magmatic processes that lead to the generation of ore-bearing magmatic provinces remains unclear. In this paper we review the systematic of Cu evolution during arc magma differentiation using new and existing global compilations of whole rock geochemistry data. We trace the Cu evolution from primitive arc magmas through lower crustal plutonic to volcanic rocks. We focus on the well-known tholeiitic and calc-alkaline fractionation sequences, where arc tholeiitic series represents damp primitive melts ( 2 wt% H2O) that differentiate with iron depletion. Our study shows that the Cu concentration in primitive arc basalts (~80 ppm) is indistinguishable from that of primitive melts formed at mid-ocean ridges (MORBs) implying that Cu is mainly sourced from the mantle wedge in arcs with a limited contribution from the subducted oceanic lithosphere. A global compilation of plutonic rocks whole rock geochemistry (lower crustal cumulates and derivative melts) indicate no systematic difference in Cu concentrations between cumulates associated with tholeiitic or calc-alkaline series. Yet a complementary global compilation of arc volcanic whole rock geochemistry highlights the contrasting behavior of Cu in tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series during magmatic differentiation. In tholeiitic arc series, Cu shows an incompatible or compatible behavior during magma differentiation influenced by the crustal thickness. In calk-alkaline arc series, Cu is compatible during magma differentiation independently to the crustal thickness. This relates to the timing of sulfide saturation, which is controlled by the liquid lines of descent (LLD) and/or crustal thickness at redox conditions relevant for arc magmas. We demonstrate that the initial melt H2O content in primitive arc melts controls the LLD and the volume of remaining melt mass at fluid saturation. We show that the remaining H2O-saturated melt mass positively correlates with the total mass of Cu transferred into degassing fluids. The mass of extractable Cu ranges from ~3 to ~10 Mt (i.e., large PCD) for calc-alkaline series, and ranges from ~0.3 to ~2.5 Mt for tholeiitic series. The ore-forming potential of calc-alkaline arc magmas is at least ~4 to ~10 times higher relative to tholeiitic arc magmas. Despite the compatible behavior of Cu during magmatic differentiation, we propose that a single stage model for the formation of large economic PCDs (as opposed to multi-stage model for Cu-sulfides storage and remobilization) is most applicable for the calc-alkaline melts. The importance of the initial melt H2O content ultimately reflects the key role of flux melting associated with wet calc-alkaline series and high ore-forming potential, in opposition to decompression melting associated with damp tholeiitic series in arc.
Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy of Biomass Pyrolysis

We use a broadband mid-IR dual-comb spectrometer operating between 2.8 and 5 microns to measure time-resolved mole fractions of 12 gaseous species and isotopologues in the pyrolysis products above a heated Eucalyptus wood sample.
Validating Library Usage Interactively

Programmers who develop large, mature applications often want to optimize the performance of their program without changing its semantics. They often do so by changing how their program invokes a library function or a function implemented in another module of the program. Unfortunately, once a programmer makes such an optimization, it is difficult for him to validate that the optimization does not change the semantics of the original program, because the original and optimized programs are equivalent only due to subtle, implicit assumptions about library functions called by the programs. In this work, we present an interactive program analysis that a programmer can apply to validate that his optimization does not change his program's semantics. Our analysis casts the problem of validating an optimization as an abductive inference problem in the context of checking program equivalence. Our analysis solves the abductive equivalence problem by interacting with the programmer so that the programmer implements a solver for a logical theory that models library functions invoked by the program. We have used our analysis to validate optimizations of real-world, mature applications: the Apache software suite, the Mozilla Suite, and the MySQL database.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of T lineage: colony-forming cells retain growth factor (interleukin 2) dependence.

The regulatory role of interleukin 2 (IL 2) in the proliferation of T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T- NHL) cells from six individual patients was analyzed in a colony culture system to which pure recombinant IL 2, and the lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), had been added. The proliferative response was correlated with the inducibility of receptors for IL 2 on the surface membrane of T-ALL and T-NHL cells by incubation with TPA or PHA for 18 hours. Leukemic T cell colonies, identified by immunophenotyping or cytogenetic analysis, appeared in vitro following TPA and IL 2 stimulation in all six cases. Accordingly, receptors for IL 2, initially absent from the cell surface, were found on high proportions of the T-ALL and T-NHL cells after in vitro exposure to TPA. In contrast, colony formation stimulated by PHA and the induction of IL 2 receptors by PHA were limited to the one case of T-NHL with the mature thymocyte immunophenotype. The cells from the other patients, expressing common or prothymocyte phenotypes, did not respond to PHA. No colonies were formed in any of these cases when PHA or TPA was withheld from the IL 2-containing cultures. Although colony growth depended absolutely on exogenous IL 2 in three cases (ALL), in the three other cases (one ALL, two NHL) some colonies grew also when no IL 2 had been added to the cultures. Upon further analysis of the cells of one of the latter patients, it was found that the cells produced IL 2 and proliferated in response to this endogenous IL 2. The results from this study indicate that the requirements of endogenous v exogenous IL 2 for cell proliferation in T-ALL and T-NHL and IL 2 receptor activation by PHA and TPA vary from patient to patient. In addition, they support the notion that T-ALL and T-NHL cells have not lost dependence on IL 2 and IL 2 receptor activation for in vitro growth.
Does ICT result in dematerialization? The case of Europe, 2005-2017

Current levels of resource use are unsustainable, but there is a debate about the most feasible way to reduce them. One proposed mechanism is technological innovation: specifically, the implementat...
Efficacy of Salt Water, Lemon Juice and Vinegar, and Orange Oil as Isoptera Rhinotermitidae Insecticide

Isoptera (termites) have always been a nuisance to humans, costing them tremendous amounts of damage. Because of this, exterminating termites is a common goal, but finding natural pesticides is quite a difficult task. For this reason, we have conducted an experiment using three organic materials: 50% lemon juice/50% vinegar, orange oil, and salt water to test their efficiency at killing termites, along with recording any behavior changes observed. The orange oil worked the best, exterminating every termite it came into contact with. The other two organic materials did not kill the termites at all, only causing hindrance to their movements. Due to the success of the orange oil as a pesticide for termites, we now have an interest to investigate deeper and test how well other concentrated oils would do as pesticides.
Active vs. Expectant Management in the Third Stage of Labor.

Very low-quality evidence suggests that active management of the third stage of labor reduces the risk of severe primary postpartum hemorrhage greater than 1,000 mL.
Humanizing Virtual Library Instruction: Anchoring Teaching Presence in Online Information Literacy Sessions

The onset of the 2020 pandemic caused traditional in-person library instruction to expeditiously move to virtual environments. In an effort to maintain the personalized human touch and interactions...
Facet Suppression in (100) GaAs spalling via use of a Nanoimprint Lithography Release Layer

Controlled spalling is an emerging technique developed for fast, scalable wafer reuse, but for the commonly used (100) GaAs substrate system, the process leaves large facets ranging from 5-10 µm on the wafer surface. Removing them for wafer reuse requires a costly re-polishing step that limits the cost savings that can be achieved with spalling as a wafer reuse technique. In this study, we investigate facet suppression in spalling of (100) GaAs by redirecting the fracture front along features created by buried nanoimprint lithography (NIL)-patterned SiO 2 . We show successful facet suppression using patterns that result in favorable fracture along the SiO 2 /GaAs interface. The results from this work show NIL patterned interlayers are a promising method for faceting suppression in (100) GaAs spalling.
Aberrant cross-talk and expression of β1 integrins and type 1 Insulin-like growth factor receptor during prostate cancer progression.

310 Cell proliferation responses to growth factor stimulation are significantly altered during cancer progression. To investigate the mechanisms underlying these alterations in prostate cancer, the role and expression of β1A integrin and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), known to contribute to cell proliferation, were analyzed. Using siRNA oligonucleotides to downregulate β1A, we show that β1A expression is required for IGF-I-stimulated prostate cancer cell proliferation. In vivo, using age-matched TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) mice at different stages of prostate cancer [high Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia, PIN; Well-Differentiated, WD, and Poorly-Differentiated, PD, adenocarcinoma], the expression of β1A and of IGF-IR was studied. β1A and IGF-IR expression levels were concurrently upregulated in high PIN and WD prostate cancer, whereas their expression did not correlate in late-stage PD cancer, where low levels of β1A were found. The expression levels of β1C, a β1 cytoplasmic variant, and of Gab1, a β1C integrin downstream effector known to mediate IGF-IR dephosphorylation, were downregulated in all stages of prostate cancer. To analyze in vitro the mechanistic implications of β1A, β1C and Gab1 deregulation, we investigated whether expression of either β1 variants affected IGF-IR localization. We found that IGF-IR and β1A were colocalized in highly specialized integrin signaling compartments, designated focal contacts. However, in the presence of β1C, IGF-IR remained diffuse on the cell surface and did not localize to focal contacts. The findings that β1 integrins and IGF-IR are concurrently deregulated and that β1 integrins modulate IGF-IR intracellular distribution point to the important role that cross-talk between these receptors may have during prostate cancer progression and will be helpful in formulating new therapeutic strategies.
Abstract PO-116: Deletion of Arginase 1 in myeloid cells alters the pancreatic cancer microenvironment

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a deadly disease with a 5-year survival of only 10%. PDA is characterized by an abundant fibroinflammatory stroma that includes abundant fibroblasts and immune cells, mainly myeloid cells. Infiltrating myeloid cells express high levels of Arginase 1 (Arg1), an enzyme that metabolizes L-arginine. Conversely, CD8+ T cells are scarce in PDA, and when present have an overwhelmingly exhausted phenotype. Whether myeloid cell Arginase is a key driver of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment mediate immune suppression in PDA through expression of Arg1. To test this hypothesis, we used a combination of genetically engineered pancreatic cancer mouse models and pharmacological approaches. Using a FlpO- and Cre-based dual recombinase system, we have generated a mouse model that develops pancreatic cancer spontaneously because of oncogenic Kras expression in the epithelium, while at the same time lacking Arg1 expression in the myeloid cell compartment (Ptf1a-FlpO/+;KrasFrt-STOP-Frt-G12D/+;LysMCre;Arg1f/f). To complement the genetic model and inhibit the function of Arginase systemically, we used an Arginase inhibitor (CB-1158, Incyte, Inc.) alone and in combination with an immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD1). Using these multiple approaches, we observed decrease progression to invasive disease in the genetic model, and sensitization to immune checkpoint treatment in the transplantation model. In both settings, changes in tumor growth were accompanied by an increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. These changes support the notion that myeloid Arg1 is mediator of immune suppression in PDA, and a potential therapeutic target. Citation Format: Rosa E. Menjivar, Zeribe Nwosu, Wenting Du, Katelyn Donahue, Carlos Espinoza, Ashley Velez-Delgado, Kristee Brown, Wei Yan, Christopher Halbrook, Yaqing Zhang, Costas Lyssiotis, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Deletion of Arginase 1 in myeloid cells alters the pancreatic cancer microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-116.
How Many, and Who, Should Be Set at Liberty?

It is now widely held, one might almost say officially held, that not only robberies, murders, and rapes but civil disorder in general arise from society’s neglect of and injustice toward the poor and the black. The Kerner Commission Report emphasized both “white racism” and the failure of society to create adequate material and social conditions as causes of riots as well as poverty and social disorganization generally. Essentially the same view was taken by the President’s Commission on Crime and Violence and more recently by the President s Commission on Campus Unrest. Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark summed up the prevailing view in his best-selling book, Crime in America:
Formulating Dynamic Multi-Rigid-Body Contact Problems with Friction as Solvable Linear Complementarity Problems

A linear complementarity formulation for dynamic multi-rigid-body contact problems with Coulomb friction is presented. The formulation, based on explicit Euler integration and polygonal approximation of the friction cone, is guaranteed to have a solution for any number of contacts and contact configuration. A model with the same property, based on the Poisson hypothesis, is formulated for impact problems with friction and nonzero restitution coefficients. An explicit Euler scheme based on these formulations is presented and is proved to have uniformly bounded velocities as the stepsize tends to zero for the Newton–Euler formulation in body co-ordinates.
APRIL and TALL-I and receptors BCMA and TACI: system for regulating humoral immunity.

We report that the tumor neurosis factor homolog APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) stimulates in vitro proliferation of primary B and T cells and increases spleen weight due to accumulation of B cells in vivo. APRIL functions via binding to BCMA (B cell maturation antigen) and TACI (transmembrane activator and CAML-interactor) and competes with TALL-1 (also called BLyS or BAFF) for receptor binding. Soluble BCMA and TACI specifically prevent binding of APRIL and block APRIL-stimulated proliferation of primary B cells. BCMA-Fc also inhibits production of antibodies against keyhole limpet hemocyanin and Pneumovax in mice, indicating that APRIL and/or TALL-1 signaling via BCMA and/or TACI are required for generation of humoral immunity. Thus, APRIL–TALL-1 and BCMA-TACI form a two ligands–two receptors pathway involved in stimulation of B and T cell function.
The Theory of Composites: Assemblages of spheres, ellipsoids, and other neutral inclusions

Since the effective properties of a composite depend in a complicated way on the microstructure, it is useful to have realistic model composites for which the effective properties can be computed exactly. One such model, called the coated sphere assemblage, was introduced by Hashin (1962) as a model of a composite comprised of spherical grains of one phase embedded in a matrix of a second phase. This model and its generalizations are the subject of this chapter. The coated sphere assemblage Hashin (1962) found that the effective bulk modulus of the assemblage could be computed exactly for all volume fractions of the phases. Using a similar analysis, Hashin and Shtrikman (1962) found an exact expression for the effective conductivity of the assemblage. To see how their argument works, consider a coated sphere consisting of a spherical core of phase 1 of isotropic conductivity σ 1 I fitting snugly inside a concentric spherical shell of phase 2 of isotropic conductivity σ 2 I , with a core radius c and exterior radius e . This coated sphere is inserted as an inclusion in an infinite matrix of conductivity σ 0 I within which a uniform current field flows from infinity. Suppose for the moment that σ 1 > σ 2 . From a physical standpoint it is clear that when σ 0 = σ 1 the inclusion has lower conductivity than its surroundings and current will tend to flow around this obstacle.
Equivalent gibbs duhem law in network queue

High speed networks are highly dynamical systems. Large deviation techniques have been employed to characterize their loss probability. Large deviation is also used to calculate shadow prices of quality of service of a scalable network queue with respect to buffer size B, capacity C and arrival rate N.In this paper we prove that these shadow prices are independent of (B,C,N) parameters. Gibbs Duhem law of thermodynamics is described. Equivalent Gibbs Duhem type law in scalable network queue is derived. Application of equivalent network Gibbs Duhem law is discussed.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptom guidelines.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are very common in men,with incidence increasing with age. Several clinical practice guidelines are available as decision-making aids for men with LUTS and the recommendations are based on the presumed etiology of the symptoms (due to obstruction, overactive bladder or a combination of the two). This review presents the various pharmacologic treatment options and summarizes key clinical trial data supporting their use.
Endorectal Advancement Flap

Treatment of anal fistula can be a difficult surgical problem. Endorectal advancement flap is a useful tool for the surgeon faced with an anal fistula, as it avoids dividing the sphincter muscles and is associated with a good fistula healing rate. The technique of endorectal advancement flap is presented in detail. The results of this technique are discussed, including its effects on continence, and the relevant literature reviewed. In addition, complex fistulas such as Crohn’s disease or recurrent fistula present particular challenges with which endorectal advancement flap can be helpful; the results in these special situations are examined.
Magnetic structure and phase stability of the van der Waals bonded ferromagnet Fe3-xGeTe2

The magnetic structure and phase diagram of the layered ferromagnetic compound ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ has been investigated by a combination of synthesis, x-ray and neutron diffraction, high-resolution microscopy, and magnetization measurements. Single crystals were synthesized by self-flux reactions, and single-crystal neutron diffraction finds ferromagnetic order with moments of $1.11(5){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{Fe}$ aligned along the $c$ axis at 4 K. These flux-grown crystals have a lower Curie temperature ${T}_{\text{c}}\ensuremath{\approx}150$ K compared to crystals previously grown by vapor transport (${T}_{\text{c}}=220$ K). The difference is a reduced Fe content in the flux-grown crystals, as illustrated by the behavior observed in a series of polycrystalline samples. As Fe content decreases, so does the Curie temperature, magnetic anisotropy, and net magnetization. In addition, Hall effect and thermoelectric measurements on flux-grown crystals suggest multiple carrier types contribute to electrical transport in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ and structurally similar ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$.
Negative pressure wound therapy: Experience in 45 dogs

Objective To report experience with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in 45 consecutive dogs admitted with extensive cutaneous wounds and to determine if NPWT is feasible in veterinary hospital practice. Study Design Prospective descriptive study. Animals Dogs (n = 45). Methods Collected data were organized into 6 categories: patient data, wound data, NPWT data, adjunctive treatments, complications, and final outcome. Results Wounds (53 in 45 dogs) were largely traumatic in origin, and distributed fairly evenly to the trunk, proximal and distal aspects of the limbs. Most wounds (34 dogs, 76%) had no granulation tissue and were treated a mean of 4.2 days after wounding, whereas 11 dogs had granulating wounds that were initially treated a mean of 87 days after wounding. Median NPWT use was 3 days with a mean hospitalization of 7.8 days. Most wounds (33; 62%) were closed surgically after NPWT and were healed by 14 days. The other 18 wounds healed (mean, 21 days) by second intention after hospital discharge. Overall, 96% of the wounds healed; 2 dogs died before definitive closure could be attempted. Conclusion NPWT is applicable to a wide variety of canine wounds, is well tolerated, allows for several days between dressing changes, and can used to optimize the wound bed for surgical closure or second intention healing.
Integrated Use of Tebuconazole and Fusarium Head Blight–Resistant Barley Genotypes

All malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars adapted for production in the upper midwestem USA are susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein)]. Quality of FHB-infected barley is reduced due to a mycotoxin called deoxynivalenol (DON) that is produced by the pathogen. Malting barley buyers severely discount or refuse to purchase barley with DON concentrations >0.5 mg kg -1 . Individually, use of genetic resistance or fungicides has not successfully reduced DON concentrations to acceptable limits. The objective of this research was to determine if the integrated use of the fungicide tebuconazole (α-[2-(4-chlorophenyl) ethyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) and barley genotypes with partial FHB resistance could reduce DON to acceptable concentrations. Field research, using two rates of tebuconazole (0 and 118 mL a.i. ha -1 ) and 13 barley genotypes with varying levels of FHB resistance, was conducted in North Dakota from 2000 to 2002. No supplemental inoculum or irrigation was used in any of the environments. Data for FHB severity, DON concentration, foliar disease severity, and kernel color were collected and analyzed. Deoxynivalenol was detected in all environments at concentrations >0.5 mg kg -1 . Overall, the response of the FHB-resistant and moderately resistant genotypes to tebuconazole was inconsistent for FHB severity and DON accumulation. Furthermore, tebuconazole applied to FHB-resistant or moderately resistant genotype did not consistently result in DON concentration of ≤0.5 mg kg -1 in any of the environments. Thus, the integrated use of FHB-resistant or moderately resistant genotypes and tebuconazole will not reduce DON.