cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constantijn Huygens, Dutch Virtuoso

Constantijn Huygens is almost unknown to English readers and students — if he is known at all, it is in that peculiarly frustrating and gratifying fashion, as the father of a famous son, Christiaan Huygens the physicist. During his own lifetime, however, few Hollanders were better known outside their country than Constantijn Huygens. He has been a victim of his country’s decline in international importance, and it is our loss not to know Huygens, for he was one of those many-faceted personalities who flash back to us the brilliance of their age. As Sir Walter Raleigh represents the peak of the Elizabethan Renaissance or Joseph Addison the thoughtful and cultured Augustan period in England, so does Huygens epitomize the great period of Holland in which he lived. The Dutch historian Huizinga recognized this when he wrote, ‘Indeed, whoever wishes to understand our seventeenth century must ... keep his Huygens always by his hand.’ For Constantijn Huygens, the true virtuoso, struck almost the full chord of seventeenth-century life. ‘This example of the art of living,’ Huizinga went on, ‘who was at once witty and serious, playful and strong, the great Constantijn, was secretary to two princes of Orange, he was a diplomat, a polyglot man of the world, a highly sensitive connoisseur of both the ancients and the moderns, a fine musician, a deeply religious man, all this and much more besides.’1 All these things Huygens was, but above all he was a poet, and it is primarily as a man of letters that this study presents him.
Realizing Low-Energy Classification Systems by Implementing Matrix Multiplication Directly Within an ADC

In wearable and implantable medical-sensor applications, low-energy classification systems are of importance for deriving high-quality inferences locally within the device. Given that sensor instrumentation is typically followed by A-D conversion, this paper presents a system implementation wherein the majority of the computations required for classification are implemented within the ADC. To achieve this, first an algorithmic formulation is presented that combines linear feature extraction and classification into a single matrix transformation. Second, a matrix-multiplying ADC (MMADC) is presented that enables multiplication between an analog input sample and a digital multiplier, with negligible additional energy beyond that required for A-D conversion. Two systems mapped to the MMADC are demonstrated: (1) an ECG-based cardiac arrhythmia detector; and (2) an image-pixel-based facial gender detector. The RMS error over all multiplication performed, normalized to the RMS of ideal multiplication results is 0.018. Further, compared to idealized versions of conventional systems, the energy savings obtained are estimated to be $13\times$ and $29\times$ , respectively, while achieving similar level of performance.
Perceived realism and role attractiveness in movie portrayals of alcohol drinking.

Objective To explore the role of perceived realism and role attractiveness in dramatized alcohol portrayals. Methods A total of 158 college students watched 1 of 2 movie versions that portray alcohol drinking either positively or negatively. Results Role attractiveness of the drinking character increased favorableness in alcohol-related attitudes and dispositions in Positive Condition, whereas perceived realism acted as a significant mediator in Negative Condition. Conclusion Health educators and policymakers are alerted to the fact that the entertainment media too often portray glamorous characters as enjoying alcoholic beverages without facing negative consequences, which may particularly affect the viewers who feel attracted to the role characters.
Subordinates' Characteristics, Supervisors' Ratings, And Decisions To Discuss Appraisal Results

The article discusses the results of a 1977 study pertaining to subordinate characteristics, supervisory ratings, and decisions to discuss appraisal results. The research indicated that voluntary d...
14 THE MALPRACTICE INSURANCE CRISIS AND OBSTETRICAL PROVIDER SHORTAGES IN RURAL WASHINGTON: AN IMPENDING PUBLIC HEALTH DISASTER

Purpose The cost of malpractice insurance for physicians who provide obstetrical care has been increasing dramatically in recent years. According to the AMA, Washington State is currently one of 20 states in a medical liability crisis, with only 6 states now not in crisis. In response to the current cost of liability insurance, many family practice physicians have simply stopped caring for OB patients. In Washington State, the percentage of doctors providing maternity care declined from 26.1% in 1993 to 22.4% in 2000. This trend is particularly devastating to rural communities, because family practice physicians provide the majority of rural obstetrical care. We hypothesized that the malpractice crisis in Washington is adversely impacting access of rural patients to maternity care. Methods We asked all of the Family Practitioners, mayors, the Hospital Administrator, Obstetrician and Nurse Midwife within one rural county in Washington State, Kittitas County, to participate in a structured interview to ascertain the effect this crisis has had on them personally and on their communities and to solicit ideas about how this problem can be solved. Twelve out of the fourteen Family Practitioners, four out of five mayors, the Hospital Administrator, Obstetrician, and Nurse Midwife agreed to be interviewed. Results Malpractice insurance has increased as much as 55% for family physicians doing obstetrics compared to two years ago. Access to OB care in Kittitas County is not a problem currently as there are enough of Obstetrical care providers in the county right now. However, as the cost of malpractice insurance increases disproportionately to reimbursement for medical care, all of the doctors9 incomes have decreased and most of them say that this issue has affected their enthusiasm for medicine. They also report that, although this crisis has occurred before, the magnitude this time is bigger and is very near the breaking point. The majority of the interviewed providers and leaders believed that some sort of tort reform could help this problem. Mayors were somewhat aware of the problem, but most were unaware of its severity and most have seen no impact on their communities. Conclusion Family Practice Physicians in this rural county in Washington State all recognize that the increase in malpractice premiums is a serious problem that threatens to decrease access to obstetrical care in their communities. If something is not done to curb and correct their enormous premiums, many of them plan to quit providing OB care or completely change careers. The study shows that access to OB care in this community is definitely an impending problem.
Analysis of bacterial contamination monitoring in foods in Fangshan district from 2010 to 2012

Objective To understand the bacterial contamination condition in foods in Fangshan district,and provide scientific basis for food- borne diseases monitoring and food safety risk assessment in Fangshan district. Methods The food- borne pathogens in food were monitored based on"Handbook for food contaminants monitoring in Beijing". Results A total of 310 food samples were detected from 2010 to 2012 with an overall detection rate of 25. 8%. The unqualified hygiene indexes accounted for 20%,while the pathogenic bacteria accounted for 12. 9%. Salmonella,Listeria monocytogenes,Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were all detected,while Shigella,Vibrio vulnificus and E. coli O157: H7 were not. Raw meat,cold dish and aquatic products were vulnerable for bacterial contamination. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were the major contaminants in raw meat with detection rates of 32. 72% and 7. 27%,respectively; Vibrio Parahaemolyticus had the highest detection rate( 27. 5%) in aquatic products; Cold dish was mainly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus with the positive rate of 17. 5%,as well as serious pollution of hygiene indexes. Conclusion In Fangshan district,the food products were found serious bacterial contamination,indicating hidden risk of food- borne diseases,so it is necessary to strengthen supervision and management on food safety.
The role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in Alzheimer’s disease: Therapeutic potential

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an unknown etiology. Pathologic processes implicated in AD include β-amyloid-induced synaptic failure; tau hyperphosphorylation; inflammation; oxidative stress; abnormal neurotransmission involving acetylcholine, glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine; and abnormalities in second messengers, protein kinases, and apoptosis. Although each of these pathways offers potential therapeutic targets, pharmacologic manipulation of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor pathway, alone or in combination with cholinergic therapies, is emerging as the next promising strategy for the treatment of AD and vascular dementia.
COMPARISON OF SCAPULAR MUSCLE ACTIVATIONS DURING THREE OVERHEAD THROWING EXERCISES.

Background With shoulder pain and injury on the rise in overhead athletes, clinicians are often examining preventative exercises to address functional abnormalities. Because shoulder impingement is prevalent in overhead athletes, much focus is on scapular stability and the function of the stabilizing force couple of the upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior.
Altered Bladder Function in Staghorn Calculus Disease

Disorders of the lower urinary tract that predispose to urinary infection were identified in 69 per cent of 62 patients with branched renal calculi. Within an average followup of 6.3 years control of these disorders was observed to reduce the rate of reinfection and the frequency of complications after operative stone removal.
Legumes in the Papago-Pima Indian Diet and Ecological Niche

The Papago and River Pima diets have historically been based on legumes rather than on grains or meats. Their selection of certain legume foods over other potential staples characterizes their ecological niches. The range of bean pod and seed foods utilized by the Northern Pimans are discussed in terms of folk taxonomy, protein content, preparation, and general importance. Their most important wild food, mesquite pods, and a key cultivated food, tepary beans, are contrasted in terms of yield, reliability, procurement, and protein quality. The nutritional implications of a legume dominated diet are analyzed.
Blue Funnel Contained: New Ships and New Enterprises

‘A hurricane from America has finally hit British shipping’, recorded The Economist in January, 1966.1 The hurricane was containerisation, a development destined to sweep aside Blue Funnel’s conventional liner services in a timespan shorter than anyone could have foreseen. It is to Ocean’s credit, recalling the pioneering traditions of the firm’s founders, that when the hurricane headed for Britain’s shores, Blue Funnel was well to the fore in Britain’s enterprising response.
The Prevalence of HIV-1 DNA in AIDS-Related Lymphoma throughout the Epidemic in the US

Abstract Abstract 5205 Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are the two most common AIDS-defining cancers and significantly contribute to HIV-related deaths. While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has produce a sharp decline in the incidence of KS and AIDS-related NHL (ARL), HIV-infected patients are still at a high risk for developing these malignancies. Recent studies evaluating HIV-1 DNA in 91 AIDS-related KS cases demonstrated a significant decrease in the prevalence of HIV-1 DNA positive KS cases post-HAART (after 1996; 16.7%) as compared to pre-HAART (before 1996; 45%) corresponding to the decrease in incidence of this cancer since the introduction of HAART. Additionally HIV was more prevalent in sites of visceral KS (51.9%) as compared to skin KS (30.7%). We have recently evaluated the HIV sequence evolution in the context of metastatic ARL and identified lymphoma-specific HIV compartmentalized within tumor sites that was genetically distinct from HIV in non-tumor sites suggesting a specific form of HIV arises within individuals who develop ARL. The goal of this research was to determine the prevalence and quantity of HIV DNA in 119 ARL biopsies representing the entire span of the HIV epidemic (1982–2005). Whole genomic amplification was performed on DNA extracted from three 10um paraffin embedded tissue sections and the presence of HIV-1 DNA was determined by quantitative amplification of the HIV gag gene. Of the 119 cases, 45% contained detectable levels of HIV DNA. The HIV antigen was predominantly localized to macrophages. A subset of the ARL cases in this study contained approximately 1 HIV copy per cell which is extremely high considering previously reported data describing HIV-infected lymph nodes contained approximately 1 HIV copy per 1000 cells. Similar to what was observed for KS, the prevalence of HIV-positive ARLs has decreased in the post-HAART era (39%) when compared to pre-HAART (54%). While the prevalence of HIV-1 DNA positive ARLs declined in the post-HAART era, it was not to the same extent as what was observed for KS. Thus, our data is consistent with a decrease in the incidence of both tumor types in the post-HAART era. The higher prevalence of HIV-1 DNA in visceral sites of KS and lymphoma specific-HIV sequences in sites of metastatic lymphoma suggests that HIV, especially HIV infected macrophages, may play a role in the pathogenesis of KS and ARL disease progression. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Non-equilibrium wall-modeling for internal combustion engine simulations with wall heat transfer:

Heat transfer affects the performance and phasing of internal combustion engines. Correlations and equilibrium wall-function models are typically employed in engine simulations to predict heat tran...
Impact of posttranslational modifications of engineered cysteines on the substituted cysteine accessibility method: evidence for glutathionylation

The substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM) is widely used to study the structure and function of channels, receptors and transporters. In its usual application, a cysteine residue is introduced into a protein which lacks native cysteines following which the accessibility of the residue to the aqueous compartment is assessed. Implicit, and generally assumed, is that if the cysteine-substituted residue is not available to react with sulfhydryl reagents it is not exposed to the extracellular compartment or within the aqueous translocation pathway. We demonstrate here, in a Hela-derived cell line, that some cysteine-substituted residues of the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT, SLC46A1) that are inaccessible to 2-((biotinoyl)amino)ethyl methanethiosulfonate are glutathionylated by biotinylated glutathione ethyl ester in the absence of an oxidizing agent. Intramolecular disulfide formation involving cysteine-substituted residues was also identified in some instances. These posttranslational modifications limit the accessibility of the cysteine residues to sulfhydryl-reactive reagents and can have a profound impact on the interpretation of SCAM but may not alter function. When a posttranslationally modified residue is used as a reference extracellular control, the high level of exposure required for detection on Western blot results in erroneous detection of otherwise inaccessible intracellular cysteine-substituted residues. The data indicate that in the application of SCAM, when a cysteine-substituted residue does not appear to be accessible to sulfhydryl-reactive reagents, the possibility of a posttranslational modification should be excluded. The data explain the discrepancies in the assessment, and confirm the localization, of the first intracellular loop of PCFT.
Classification of mechanisms of strut malapposition after angiographically optimized stent implantation: An optical coherence tomography study

Aims To elucidate causes and extent of strut malapposition in angiographically optimized stenting. Methods and Results Using a new classification system for strut malapposition, the mechanisms of stent strut malapposition were classified as localized lumen enlargement, vessel asymmetry, stent undersizing, strut underexpansion and stent deployment issue. Stent implantations (n = 110) in 100 consecutive patients undergoing optical coherence tomography (OCT) after the operator considered the stent as optimally deployed angiographically were reviewed to determine if strut apposition was complete. 127,894 stent struts in 110 stents were analyzed. There were 6,644 struts malapposed (5.2% ±7.3%), with strut malapposition found in 82 of 110 stents (74.5%). Localized lumen enlargement was the most common cause of malapposition (74.4% of malapposition clusters). Stent undersizing was the second most common cause (46.3%) followed by strut under-expansion in 29.3%, stent deployment issue in 18.2%, and vessel asymmetry in 9.7%. Conclusion Malapposition of any degree is common after angiographic stent optimization, occurring in up to three-quarters of stents. The most frequent mechanism was localized lumen enlargement. The second most common cause of strut malapposition was stent undersizing, which was angiographically invisible. Whether performing OCT after angiographic optimization improves short- and long-term outcomes requires further study. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The psychological costs of social support imbalance: Variation across relationship context and age:

Psychological well-being benefits of receiving social support are well-established. Growing evidence also suggests parallel benefits of giving support. However, much less attention has been given to understanding the psychological correlates of imbalance in giving and receiving social support. We examined associations between social support (given, received, and imbalance) and psychological well-being in multiple relationship types (friends, family, and spouse). Greater levels of both receiving and giving social support were independently associated with more favorable psychological well-being, while imbalance in the ratio of support given and received was associated with poorer psychological well-being. Findings varied between relationship types and across age.
Roles of CaMKII in Learning and Memory

There is abundant evidence showing that Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays critical roles in synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. This chapter reviews the fundamental biochemical properties of CaMKII that make it ideally suited to function as a memory molecule. However, despite the identification of numerous synaptic CaMKII substrates over the last 30 years, the molecular mechanisms that allow CaMKII to precisely modulate excitatory synaptic transmission and play key roles in synaptic plasticity remain unclear. The molecular basis for targeting CaMKII to excitatory synapses and the putative functional impact of this targeting are discussed.
Ala-1: A murine alloantigen of activated lymphocytes

Ala-1 (activated lymphocyte antigen-1) is a murine alloantigen expressed on mitogen-stimulated peripheral T and B cells. C3H/An mice were immunized with PHA-stimulated C58 lymphocytes; reciprocal immunizations were also performed. After multiple absorptions to remove unwanted antibody specificities, the antiserum did not lyse thymocytes, lymph node, or spleen cells, but killed more than 90% of Con A-stimulated T cells and more than 90% of LPS-stimulated B cells in cytotoxicity tests. Quantitative absorption studies confirmed that thymocytes are Ala-1−, but revealed the presence of some Ala-1 antigen in normal lymph node and spleen populations. The strain distribution of Ala-1 was determined for 23 inbred strains. The reactions of the two reciprocal antisera (C3H anti-C58, and C58 anti-C3H) were mutually exclusive on all strains tested, indicating that the antisera probably recognize antithetical forms of Ala-1. Since thymocytes cultured with Con A do not express Ala-1, whereas peripheral mitogen-stimulated cells do, we propose that Ala-1 is a differentiation antigen, the expression of which is restricted to the late stages of development of T and B cells.
Chordal Relaxation Based ACOPF for Unbalanced Distribution Systems With DERs and Voltage Regulation Devices

In emerging distribution systems with a proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and flexible demand assets, operation characters of the unbalance network and voltage regulation devices need to be accurately addressed for ensuring the secure and economic operation. This paper focuses on the modeling and solution approach of AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) for unbalanced distribution systems with DERs and voltage regulation transformers (VRT). The ACOPF problem is formulated as a chordal relaxation based semidefinite programming (SDP) model, and a tighter convexification model of VRTs is proposed for mitigating solution inexactness. Analytical conditions are presented and proved to determine whether global optimal solution to the original ACOPF problem can be retrieved from solutions of the chordal relaxation based SDP model. Numerical studies on modified IEEE 34-bus and 8500-node systems show that the proposed approach presents a better computational performance as compared to rank relaxation based SDP approaches and general nonlinear solvers.
Determination of iodine value by bromine/instrumental neutron activation analysis.

Mise au point de la methode pour 7 types d'huiles vegetales. Le brome est utilise pour saturer les doubles liaisons, la fraction ayant reagi est analysee par activation neutronique et comparee aux resultats obtenus par la methode officielle (Hubl). La methode peut etre appliquee aux acides gras libres ou esterifies, elle est rapide et ne necessite pas l'emploi de reactif toxique
Use of Sequence-Independent, Single-Primer-Amplification (SISPA) for rapid detection, identification, and characterization of avian RNA viruses

Current technologies with next generation sequencing have revolutionized metagenomics analysis of clinical samples. To achieve the non-selective amplification and recovery of low abundance genetic sequences, a simplified Sequence-Independent, Single-Primer Amplification (SISPA) technique in combination with MiSeq platform was applied to target negative- and positive-sense single-stranded RNA viral sequences. This method allowed successful sequence assembly of full or near full length avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) viral genome. Moreover, SISPA analysis applied to unknown clinical cases of mixed viral infections produced genome assemblies comprising 98% NDV and 99% of IBV genomes. Complete or near complete virus genome sequence was obtained with titers at or above 104.5 EID50/ml (50% embryo infectious dose), and virus identification could be detected with titers at or above 103 EID50/ml. Taken together, these studies demonstrate a simple template enrichment protocol for rapid detection and accurate characterization of avian RNA viruses.
Bony Ankylosis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty A Case Report

While bony ankylosis secondary to heterotopic ossification (HO) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is well known to produce disability in the hip, much less has been written about the development of heterotopic ossification about the knee after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Additionally, to our knowledge, there has been no published case of complete bony ankylosis of the knee following total knee arthroplasty. We present such a case in a 53 year old male who underwent a primary total knee arthroplasty after resolution of septic arthritis.
Quantum Dot Based Enhancement or Elimination of Color Filters for Liquid Crystal Display

The feasibility of quantum dot (QD)-based silicone composites as suitable candidates, in terms of down conversion efficiency, for the replacement or the enhancement of color filters in high-brightness liquid crystal displays is investigated for the first time. It is demonstrated that the replacement of color filters (CFs) with a full color conversion QD composites can lead to an 86.16% enhancement in energy efficiency over the conventional LCD with phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes and RGB CFs as backlighting. A potential second-type technology utilizing QD-on-CF for color generation is also investigated, and it is found that the energy efficiency enhancement can reach 86.86%. In addition to QDs, the state-of-art red and green phosphors are also investigated for the purpose of enhancement of color filters in LCD displays in terms of down conversion efficiency, and the result shows a 105.78% enhancement in overall down conversion efficiency. The energy efficiency of QD-based color conversion composites can be further improved by optimization of QD dispersion in the resin, which makes them more suitable replacement for color filters in LCDs due to some intrinsic limitations in phosphor materials.
Organizational practices in cryptographic development and testing

Organizations developing cryptographic products face significant challenges, including usability and human factors, that may result in decreased security, increased development time, and missed opportunities to use the technology to its fullest potential. To better identify these challenges, we explored cryptographic development and testing practices by conducting a web-based survey of 121 individuals representing organizations involved in the development of products that include cryptography. We found that participants used cryptography for a wide range of purposes, with most relying on generally accepted, standards-based implementations as guides. However, many also developed their own implementations and drew on nonstandards based resources to inform their development and testing processes. Our results also highlight challenges that incorporating cryptography within products creates within organizations, including the recruitment and management of talent, the product lifecycle, and the ability to explain the security value of products to customers. We conclude by discussing implications of these findings and opportunities for future research.
The Identification of Students Who Are Gifted and Have a Learning Disability: A Comparison of Different Diagnostic Criteria:

Students who are gifted and have a learning disability (GLD) may not be identified, in part because of disagreement regarding appropriate identification criteria. In this study, suggested GLD ident...
Approximate Solution of Nonlinear Differential Equations

One cannot hope to obtain exact solutions to most nonlinear differential equations. As we saw in Chap. 1, there are only a limited number of systematic procedures for solving them, and these apply to a very restricted class of equations. Moreover, even when a closed-form solution is known, it may be so complicated that its qualitative properties are obscured. Thus, for most nonlinear equations it is necessary to have reliable techniques to determine the approximate behavior of the solutions.
Making Strides: State of the Practice of Pedestrian Forecasting in Regional Travel Models

Much has changed in the 30 years since non-motorized modes were first included in regional travel demand models. As interest in understanding behavioral influences on walking and policies requiring...
Synthetic Models for Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions

Electron transfer processes occur widely in Nature. The defining characteristic of these reactions is the oxidation of one species coupled to the reduction of another. The highly efficient vectorial electron transfer chains present in photosynthetic and mitochondrial membranes 1,2 offer a natural source of inspiration to the chemist in quest of molecular electronic devices. A better understanding of these reactions would be a boon to the design and construction of electronic devices on the molecular scale. In particular, the ability to predict rate constants for electron transfer is essential for controlling stable charge separation within a given molecular structure. Information about relative and ideally absolute electron transfer kinetics would equip the synthetic chemist with important input parameters useful in the engineering of molecular electronic circuits.3,4
Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program: a comprehensive model for prevention training and program delivery.

Background The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) demonstrated that lifestyle intervention reduces risk for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. A universal framework for translation of multiple aspects of the DPP intervention, including training, support, and evaluation is needed to enhance treatment fidelity in a variety of settings. Purpose This study aims to develop a comprehensive model for diabetes prevention translation using a modified DPP lifestyle intervention. Methods The DPP lifestyle intervention was adapted to a 12-session group-based program called Group Lifestyle Balance for implementation in the community setting. A model for training and support mirroring that of the DPP was developed for prevention professionals administering the program. The process of training/support and program implementation was evaluated for feasibility and effectiveness using a nonrandomized prospective design in two phases (N=51, Phase 1: 2005–2006; N=42, Phase 2: 2007–2009; data analysis completed 2008–2009). A total of 93 nondiabetic individuals with BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 and the metabolic syndrome or prediabetes participated. Measures were collected at baseline and post-intervention for all and 6 and 12 months post-intervention for Phase 2. Results Significant decreases in weight, waist circumference, and BMI were noted in both phases from baseline. Participants in Phase 2 also demonstrated decreases in total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure that were maintained at 12 months. Average combined weight loss for both groups over the course of the 3-month intervention was 7.4 pounds (3.5% relative loss, p Conclusions A comprehensive diabetes prevention model for training, intervention delivery, and support was shown to be successful and was effective in reducing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in this group of high-risk individuals.
ETIOLOGY OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common neoplastic condition that afflicts men, and it constitutes a major factor impacting the health of the American male. This article reviews voiding dysfunction and the role of aging, the testis, and androgen in the development of BPH. Emphasis is placed on new concepts in the basic aspects of BPH etiology as a result of recent investigations.
Supply, distribution, and capacity of optometrists in Indiana.

Background The Indiana Optometric Association and the Indiana Health Care Professional Development Commission identified a need to collect and analyze data on the health professions workforce for formulating goals and strategies to accommodate demands for health care services in Indiana. This study looks at the supply, distribution, and services of optometrists practicing in Indiana. Methods Data compiled by the Indiana State Department of Health, Indiana Health Care Development Commission, and the Project HOPE Center for Health Affairs were analyzed with the results of a survey of practitioner members of the Indiana Optometric Association. Supply, distribution, services, provider-to-population ratios, per capita demand, and optometric productivity were used to evaluate the current and future capacity of Indiana optometrists to the year 2010. Results An estimated 893 optometrists practiced in 86 of 92 counties and comprised 77% of the state's licensed eye and vision care workforce in 1995. Optometric workforce capacity appeared to be related to county population, but unrelated to the urban/rural classification or the per-capita income of Indiana counties. Contact lenses, disease, geriatrics, and pediatrics were the most prevalent areas of practice specialty. Conclusions Optometrist capacity in Indiana is sufficient at both the state and county levels, and optometric services are appropriately distributed such that patient access to optometric care is geographically unburdened. Estimates regarding supply are elastic, depending on the assumptions applied.
A planner for reasoning about knowledge and action

This paper reports recent results of research on planning systems that have the ability to deal with multiple agents and to reason about their knowledge and the actions they perform. The planner uses a knowledge representation based on the possible worlds semantics axiomatization of knowledge, belief and action advocated by Moore [5]. This work has been motivated by the need for such capabilities in natural language processing systems that will plan speech acts and natural language utterances [1, 2]. The sophisticated use of natural language requires reasoning about other agents, what they might do and what they believe, and therefore provides a suitable domain for planning to achieve goals involving belief. This paper does not directly address issues of language per se, but focuses on the problem-solving requirements of a language-using system, and describes a working system, kamp (Knowledge And Modalities Planner), that embodies the ideas reported herein.
Verrechnungspreismethoden und Ökonomische Analyse

Wie bereits in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln dieses Buches beschrieben, soll sich der Steuerpflichtige bei der Bestimmung und Dokumentation von Verrechnungspreisen fur konzerninterne Geschaftsbeziehungen am Fremdvergleichsgrundsatz orientieren. Dieser besagt, dass Preise, die zwischen verbundenen Unternehmen fur Lieferungen und Leistungen verrechnet werden, den Preisen entsprechen mussen, die unabhangige Unternehmen unter sonst gleichen Marktbedingungen vereinbart haben oder hatten. Die Abgrenzung von Gewinnen aus Geschaften zwischen verbundenen Unternehmen zum Zwecke der Besteuerung richtet sich sowohl nach den deutschen Verrechnungspreisvorschriften als auch entsprechend den OECD-RL (Verrechnungspreisgrundsatze fur multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen (1979), uberarbeitet am 22. Juli 2010) nach diesem Grundsatz (siehe hierzu auch weitere Ausfuhrungen in Kap. 2 dieses Buches).
Interventions for Student Engagement: Overview and State of the Field

Abstract The purpose of this introductory chapter is to introduce engagement as a multidimensional construct and provide an overview of student-engagement interventions. First, we describe reasons for the growing interest in the construct of engagement in research, policy, and practice. Next, we present demographic and developmental differences in engagement and provide a summary of the theoretical models and conceptual issues related to the engagement construct. We then describe why engagement is a key locus for interventions that aim to reduce dropout rates, increase achievement, and help students to develop the skills that are necessary to compete for the jobs of future. Specifically, we describe variations in the goals, targets, and populations served by current engagement interventions. We then describe some of the challenges around the evaluation of and implementation of these interventions. Finally, we conclude with an overview of the goals and structure of the handbook.
10-Year Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) in Adolescent and Young Adults (AYA)

AYAs with cancer have been designated as a vulnerable population by the National Cancer Institute. This group, defined by the ages of 16-39 years, has not enjoyed the same survival improvements over the past several decades as older and younger cohorts. The reasons for outcome disparities among AYA leukemia patients are not well understood. Recent studies have compared outcomes of AYA HCT recipients with younger and older cohorts and reported no lag in survival improvements over time. However, long-term survival after allogeneic HCT in this age group has not been well described. We analyzed outcomes for 226 AYA patients with acute and chronic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia and lymphoma who were transplanted at our institution from 1/2000-3/2013. The median age at HCT was 29 years (range 15-39) and their median follow up was 5 years (range, Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Deep Infections After Pediatric Spinal Arthrodesis: Differences Exist with Idiopathic, Neuromuscular, or Genetic and Syndromic Cause of Deformity.

Background:Little is known about the rates, timing, and causative microorganisms of deep surgical site infections after spinal arthrodesis in patients with genetic and syndromic scoliosis compared with patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and kyphosis or patients with neuromuscular scoliosi
When Poet Meets Penguin: British Verse Confronts Exotic Avifauna

John Aikin’s Essay on the Application of Natural History to Poetry (1777), complaining of the staleness of natural descriptions in modern poetry, promotes closer attention by poets ‘to the real state of nature’ and suggests that most productive of novelty would be attention to ‘the polar and tropical parts of the globe’. The incorporation of such exotic birds into British poetry proves difficult precisely because these birds do not come pre-loaded with meanings that can be efficiently evoked within verse. This chapter discusses how poems from the last quarter of the century incorporate ornithological discoveries from South Sea voyages, investing new birds with older significance. To create these meanings, poems such as Anna Seward’s Elegy on Captain Cook, transforming materials from Cook’s journals (1777), and Coleridge’s ‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’, adapting ornithological observations from Shelvocke’s Voyage round the World (1726), imaginatively reshape the birds, erasing what is most exotic.
Probing Multiconfigurational States by Spectroscopy: The Cerium XAS L3-edge Puzzle

The Ce L3 edge XAS spectra of CeO2 and cerocene [Ce(C8 H8 )2 ] were calculated with relativistic ab-initio multireference wavefunction approaches capable of reproducing the observed spectra accurately. The study aims to resolve the decades-long puzzle regarding the relationship between the number and relative intensities of the XAS peaks and the 4f electron occupation in the ground state (GS) versus the core-excited states (ESs). CeO2 and cerocene exemplify the different roles of covalent bonding and wavefunction configurational composition in the observed intensity patterns. Good agreement is found between the calculated GS 4f-shell occupations and the value derived from XAS measurements using peak areas (nf ). The identity of the two-peaked Ce L3 edge is fully rationalized from the perspective of the relaxed wavefunctions for the GS and core ESs. The states underlying the different peaks differ from each other in a surprisingly simple way that can be associated with 4f1 vs. 4f0 sub-configurations. Furthermore, part of one of the cerocene spectral peaks is associated with 4f2 sub-configurations. The pattern therefore reveals excited states that can be interpreted in terms of Ce IV and III oxidation numbers, as long assumed, with Ce II states additionally appearing in the cerocene spectrum. While this work demonstrates the rough accuracy of the conventional approach to determining nf from Ce L3 -edge XAS, limitations are highlighted in terms of the ultimate accuracy of this approach and the potential of observing new types of excited states. The need to determine the sources of nf by calculations, is stressed.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor therapy in the treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in pediatric patients: Case reports and literature review.

Abstract Background : Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are a rare subtype of inflammatory pseudotumor frequently associated with rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Their treatment has historically relied on at-times challenging and morbid surgical excision. Recent studies have shown that neo/adjuvant therapy with ALK inhibitors can significantly enhance outcomes in select patients. Methods : A systematic literature review was performed to characterize comprehensive treatment of ALK-positive IMTs in the pediatric population. This report also includes two patients from our home institutions not previously reported in the literature. Results : We identified a total of 27 patients in 12 studies in addition to 2 patients from the senior authors’ institution for a total of 29 patients (median age, 7 years; 52% male). The IMTs comprised a wide range of anatomic locations. Almost half (12, 41.3%) were treated with ALK-inhibitors alone and felt to be in remission. The remainder were treated with ALK-inhibitors either before or after surgery and had a curative response. Conclusions : ALK-positive IMTs can be successfully treated with ALK-inhibition alone or in combination with surgical resection. Further genetic characterization may be helpful in determining more precise treatment and defining needed durations thereof.
Pregnancy Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion or Its Metabolites.

Background Bupropion (BUP) is a chiral antidepressant and smoking cessation aide with benefits and side effects correlated with parent and active metabolite concentrations. BUP is metabolized by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 to hydroxy-BUP (OH-BUP), and by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and aldo-keto reductases to threohydrobupropion (Threo) and erythrohydrobupropion (Erythro), respectively. As pregnancy alters the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the authors hypothesized that BUP metabolism and BUP metabolite concentrations, would be altered during pregnancy, potentially affecting the efficacy and safety of BUP in pregnant women. Methods Pregnant women (n=8) taking BUP chronically were enrolled, and steady-state plasma samples and dosing interval urine samples were collected during pregnancy and postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord venous blood samples were collected at delivery from three subjects, and cord blood/maternal plasma concentration ratios were calculated. The concentrations of BUP stereoisomers and their metabolites were measured. Paired t-tests were used to compare pharmacokinetic parameters during pregnancy and postpartum. Results No significant changes were observed in the steady-state plasma concentrations, metabolite to parent ratios, formation clearances, or renal clearance of any of the compounds during pregnancy when compared to postpartum. The umbilical cord venous plasma concentrations of BUP and its metabolites were 30-60% lower than maternal plasma concentrations. Conclusions This study showed that there are no clinically meaningful differences in the stereoselective disposition of BUP or its metabolites during pregnancy, indicating that dose adjustment during pregnancy may not be necessary. The results also showed that the placenta provides a partial barrier for bupropion and its metabolite distribution to the fetus, with possible placental efflux transport of bupropion and its metabolites.
Impact of Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence on Scintillometer

This study explores the effect of experimentally measured non-Kolmogorov turbulence on scintillometer readings. Atmospheric turbulence measurements taken using thermoson-des beneath a weather balloon show layered turbulence with statistics that depart from Kolmogorov theory. The data shows elevated layers of increased turbulence strength. Within the inertial subrange of each layer, the power spectral density of the turbulence differs from the -11/3 power law of Kolmogorov theory. To understand how these departures from theory impact the measurements of a scintillometer, we ingest the turbulence data into a wave-optics model. The model uses the traditional split-step propagation method with phase screens that represent the turbulence for each layer of the path. Unlike the thermosondes, which measure turbulence directly, the scintillometer produces a path-averaged estimate of the turbulence strength. Further, it assumes Kolmogorov statistics. We investigate the ability of the scintillometer to characterize the non-Kolmogorov turbulence. This effort is an extension of previous work that indicated that scintillometers provide useful measurements of non-Kolmogorov turbulence for at least some conditions. The conditions studied here are broader than in the previous work. The metrics for the comparisons include scintillation index, Strehl ratio, power-in-the-bucket, and relative error in irradiance. The results show that the scintillometer prescribes turbulence that is a passable surrogate for the true non-Kolmogorov turbulence when small aperture sizes are involved, but not large ones. These results will lead to a better understanding of optical turbulence, how it can be measured, and how it affects optical beams during propagation.
Contraceptive decision making among pregnancy-capable individuals with opioid use disorder at a tertiary care center in Massachusetts.

Abstract Objective To explore contraceptive decision making among recently pregnant patients with a history of opioid use disorder. Study Design We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews, based on principles of the Ottawa Decision Support Framework, with 20 recently pregnant individuals diagnosed with opioid use disorder at a tertiary care medical center in Massachusetts. We audio-recorded the interviews and they were transcribed verbatim. We analyzed our interview data using inductive and deductive coding. Results Participants value the availability of barrier methods as a means of preventing both sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. For some participants, housing instability makes storing contraceptive methods and managing personal hygiene related to bleeding patterns difficult. For others, housing instability impacts their overall fertility goals. Side effects including weight gain, interactions with mood stabilizing medications, concern regarding post-operative opioids, or intrinsic aspects of a method that serve as reminders of opioid use may be unacceptable given the risk of relapse. The relapsing and remitting arc of recovery make remembering important aspects of both short- and long-acting contraceptive method use difficult, yet participants offer strategies to aid in doing so. Conclusion When choosing a contraceptive method participants in our study exhibit similarities to individuals with other chronic medical conditions as well as motivations specific to opioid use disorder. Their contraceptive decisions are grounded in integrating a method into a chaotic life, preventing relapse, and protecting future fertility. Implications Our data highlight how lived experiences at the intersection of active opioid use disorder and recovery fundamentally shape the lens through which pregnancy-capable individuals with opioid use disorder view their contraceptive decisions.
Regional and sex differences in spontaneous striatal dopamine transmission

Striatal dopamine release is key for learning and motivation and is composed of subregions including the dorsal striatum (DS), nucleus accumbens core, and the nucleus accumbens shell. Spontaneously occurring dopamine release was compared across these subregions. Dopamine release/uptake dynamics differ across striatal subregions, with dopamine transient release amplitude and release frequency greatest in male mice, and the largest signals observed in the DS. Surprisingly, female mice exhibited little regional differences in dopamine release for DS and nucleus accumbens core regions, but lower release in the nucleus accumbens shell. Blocking voltage-gated K+ channel (Kv channels) with 4-aminopyridine enhanced dopamine detection without affecting reuptake. The 4-aminopyridine effects were greatest in ventral regions of female mice, suggesting regional differences in Kv channel expression. The dopamine transporter blocker cocaine also enhanced detection across subregions in both sexes, with greater overall increased release in females than males. Thus, sex differences in dopamine transmission are apparent and likely include differences in the Kv channel and dopamine transporter function. The lack of regional differences in dopamine release observed in females indicates differential regulation of spontaneous and evoked dopamine release.