cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disability, Poverty, and Schooling in Developing Countries: Results from 14 Household Surveys

This paper analyzes the relationship between whether a young person has a disability, the poverty status of their household, and their school participation using 11 household surveys from nine developing countries. Between 1 and 2 percent of the population is identified as having a disability. Youth with disabilities sometimes live in poorer households, but the extent of this concentration is typically neither large nor statistically significant. However, youth with disabilities are almost always substantially less likely to start school, and in some countries have lower transition rates resulting in lower schooling attainment. The order of magnitude of the school participation disability deficit is often larger than those associated with other characteristics such as gender, rural residence, or economic status differentials.
Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of styrenyl epoxides with boronic acids.

The title reaction allows an access to secondary alcohols from readily available and inexpensive terminal epoxides.
An Experimental Component Index for the CPI: From Annual Computer Data to Monthly Data on Other Goods

The CPI component indices are obtained from comparing price quotes at a given store in dierent periods. If we omit comparisons from goods in the store in the initial, but not in the comparison, period we generate a selection bias: goods that exit are disproportionately obsolete goods that have falling prices. Building on Pakes (2003), we explain why standard hedonic predictions for second-period prices of exiting goods do not account for this bias. New hedonic methods are derived, shown to have desirable properties, and applied to three CPI samples where they generate signicant selection corrections.
Volumetric Stability of Lipid Bilayers

The gel phase of DPPC has been the best characterized lipid bilayer. It has therefore been alarming that recent publications have reported a gradual decrease in lipid molecular volume of DPPC multilamellar vesicle dispersions in the gel phase upon repeated thermal cycling between 10°C and 50°C using a commercial densimeter. The considerable size of this decrease would have significant implications for the physical chemistry of biomembranes. We have confirmed this phenomenon with the same densimeter model. By contrast, neutral buoyancy measurements performed with similar thermal cycling show no gradual change in lipid volume in the gel phase at 20°C. Remixing the lipid in the densimeter shows that the apparent volume decrease is an artifact. We conclude that volumes obtained by neutral buoyancy measurements remain accurate and that gel phase DPPC bilayers exist in a volumetrically stable state.This research is accepted for publication in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. It has been supported by the U. S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01GM044976 to JFN and STN. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
The distribution of Federal grants-in-aid: The increasing importance of PACS relative to state and local political parties

This paper examines the role of political influence in the distribution of federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments. Grants are assumed to be traded for the political capital of state and local politicians and interest groups. As the value of the political capital each group has to offer varies, the payoff, in the form of grants, should likewise vary. For the ten-year period 1974—83, a period of declining relative importance for state and local political parties and of rising relative importance of PACs, it is hypothesized that the return to state and local political party capital would be declining while the return to the political capital of PACs would be constant or increasing. The empirical evidence presented offers support for this hypothesis.
Correction factor for determining the London penetration depth from strip resonators

The strip resonator technique is a popular way to measure the temperature (T)-dependent London penetration depth /spl lambda//sub L/(T) in superconducting thin films. The temperature dependence can provide fundamental information about the superconducting energy gap and hence insight into the pairing mechanism. Since /spl lambda//sub L/(T) characterizes the film's response to a magnetic field near the surface, it qualifies the suitability of the superconducting film for microwave device applications. There has been much controversy regarding the actual form of the temperature dependency, with some researchers reporting a weak-coupled Bardeen-Cooper-Schriefer (BCS)-like behavior and others favoring a Gorter-Casimir type fit. This paper shows that the disagreement can be at least partially attributed to a temperature sensitive term traceable to stray susceptance coupled into the resonator. The effect is inherent to the technique, but a simple procedure to compensate for it can be used and is presented here as a correction factor (1+/spl xi/).
Three-Dimensional Color Pattern Recognition Using Fringe-Adjusted Joint Transform Correlation With CIELab Coordinates

A new 3-D color pattern recognition technique, utilizing the concept of a fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (JTC) and CIELab color space, is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique yields better discrimination capability and sharper and stronger correlation peak intensity as compared with a classical JTC with conventional red-green-blue (RGB) components. Simulation results are presented to verify the robustness of the proposed technique.
Highly Selective Coupling of Alkenes and Aldehydes Catalyzed by [Ni(NHC){P(OPh)3}]: Synergy Between a Strong σ Donor and a Strong π Acceptor

Both a strong electron donor (IPr) and a strong electron acceptor (P(OPh)3) are necessary for a highly selective, nickel-catalyzed coupling reaction between alkenes, aldehydes, and silyltriflates. Without the phosphite, catalysis is not observed and several side reactions are observed. The phosphite appears to suppress the formation of these byproducts and rescue the catalytic cycle by accelerating reductive elimination from an (IPr–Ni–H)(OTf) complex.
Table-Aided Design of the Energy-Storage Reactor in DC-to-DC Converters

A new procedure for the selection of magnetic cores for use in energy-storage dc-to-dc power converters that eliminates the need for an automated computer search algorithm and stored data file is presented. The converter configurations included in the procedure are the three commonly encountered single-winding converters for voltage stepup, for current stepup and voltage stepup/current stepup, and for the two-winding converter for voltage stepup/current stepup. For each converter configuration, three types of controllers are considered: constant-frequency, constant on-time, and constant off-time. Using concepts developed from analyses of these converters by considering the transfer of energy by means of an energystorage inductor or transformer, a special table of parameters calculated from magnetic core data is constructed, which leads to a considerably simplified design procedure.
Total synthesis of (+)-spongistatin 1. An effective second-generation construction of an advanced EF Wittig salt, fragment union, and final elaboration.

A stereocontrolled, total synthesis of (+)-spongistatin 1 (1) has been achieved. Union of a second-generation EF Wittig salt (+)-3 with the advanced ABCD aldehyde (−)-4, followed by regioselective macrolactonization and global deprotection afforded (+)-spongistatin 1 (1). The longest linear sequence, 29 steps, proceeded in 0.5% overall yield.
Testing for Regime Switching: A Comment

For such a model, we show that consistency of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator for the population parameter values, on which consistency of the test is based, does not hold. We describe a condition that ensures consistency of the estimator and discuss the consistency of the test in the absence of consistency of the estimator. In Cho and White (2007), "Testing for Regime Switching," the authors stud ied the asymptotic behavior of a statistic that tests the null hypothesis of one regime against the alternative of Markov switching between two regimes. A key insight is that a consistent test can be based on a quasi-likelihood that ignores the Markov structure of regime switching and treats the state variables that indicate regimes as a sequence of independent and identically distributed ran dom variables. Consistency of the test follows from consistency of the quasi maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) under the alternative, which appears as Theorem 1(b) in Cho and White. Consistency of the QMLE requires that the expected quasi-log-likelihood attain a global maximum at the population parameter values. We show that this requirement does not hold for the au toregressive process analyzed in Cho and White. Thus, for models of regime switching in which the conditional mean contains autoregressive components, consistency of the test proposed by Cho and White has not been established. For the observable random variables {X, e Md}"=1, d e N, the Markov regime-switching autoregressive process analyzed by Cho and White (Sec tion 3, p. 1697) is
Estimating Joint Probabilities from Marginal Ones

Estimating joint probabilities plays an important role in many data mining and machine learning tasks. In this paper we introduce two methods, minAB and prodAB, to estimate joint probabilities. Both methods are based on a light-weight structure, partition support. The core idea is to maintain the partition support of itemsets over logically disjoint partitions and then use it to estimate joint probabilities of item-sets of higher cardinalitiess. We present extensive mathematical analyses on both methods and compare their performances on synthetic datasets. We also demonstrate a case study of using the estimation methods in Apriori algorithm for fast association mining. Moreover, we explore the usefulness of the estimation methods in other mining/learning tasks. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the estimation methods.
Removing Barriers to Promote More Positive Thinking for People with Diabetes: Implications for Social Work

The purpose of this study is to understand changes in thinking in patients with diabetes and factors related to the health care providers and significant others that would mediate changes in thinking. Cross-sectional data were collected from three sites. Adults age 21 and older with type 2 diabetes were asked about their thinking regarding diabetes at diagnosis and the present time. In addition, respondents were asked questions about their perceptions of health care providers (that is, physicians, nurses, diabetes educators), significant others, and manage- ment of diabetes. Significant other blame and self-efficacy were found to be partial mediators in thinking about diabetes; the model explained 29 percent of the variance. Social workers are uniquely trained in the person-in-environment framework, which allows flexibility in creating interventions to provide patients with diabetes the support necessary to have a more positive orientation toward diabetes self-management, increase self-efficacy, and reduce feelings of blame from significant others. Improving the support of significant others and the patients' level of self-efficacy can provide mediation of negative thinking, which may result in an environment that supports improved diabetes self-management behaviors.
Neonatal Encephalopathy: Treatment With Hypothermia

This article evaluates the pathophysiology of brain injury from hypoxia-ischemia in preclinical models and the role of hypothermia as neuroprotection following this injury. The diagnosis of encephalopathy due to hypoxia and ischemia in term and near-term infants following acute perinatal asphyxia is clarified. The neuroprotective effect of hypothermia when initiated before 6 hours of age for 72 hours to a depth of 33.0°C to 34.0°C in reducing death and disability is reviewed. Therapeutic hypothermia is safe and effective when applied according to published clinical trial protocols, although gaps in knowledge still remain.
Photoelektronen-Spektren von Nichtmetall-Verbindungen und ihre Interpretation durch MO-Modelle†

Die Ergebnisse der (Niederenergie-)Photoelektronen-Spektroskopie ermoglichen ein besseres Verstandnis der „Natur der chemischen Bindung”. Die Anwendbarkeit der neuen Mesmethode wird in diesem Beitrag an reprasentativen Verbindungen der Nichtmetalle vorgefuhrt, und es wird die enge Symbiose mit Orbital-Modellen aufgezeigt. Diskutiert werden insbesondere allgemeine Folgerungen betreffend Elektronenmangel, π- und σ-Wechselwirkungen, Elektronenpaardelokalisation und Substituenteneffekte oder geometrische Storungen. Photoelektronen-spektroskopische Ionisierungsenergien erlauben, Energie-Parameter fur bestimmte Molekulgruppierungen abzuschatzen, lassen sich mit zahlreichen weiteren Mesdaten korrelieren und sind auch fur den Unterricht in „Allgemeiner Chemie” didaktisch wertvoll.
HAMILTONIAN S 1 -MANIFOLDS ARE UNIRULED

The main result of this note is that every closed Hamiltonian S 1 manifold is uniruled, i.e. it has a nonzero Gromov-Witten invariant one of whose constraints is a point. The proof uses the Seidel representation of 1 of the Hamiltonian group in the small quantum homology of M as well as the blow up technique recently introduced by Hu, Li and Ruan. It applies more generally to manifolds that have a loop of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms with a nondegenerate fixed maximum. Some consequences for Hofer geometry are explored. An appendix discusses the structure of the quantum homology ring of uniruled manifolds.
The system for business automation (SBA): programming language

The system for business automation (SBA) is a system within which application experts—nonprogrammers—can describe and execute their applications on a computer. The user of SBA views his application as manipulation of information in two-dimensional pictures of tables, business forms, and reports on a display terminal. He can gradually automate this application by giving “examples” to the system of how he manually manipulates the information. The Query-by-Example database language is a subset of the SBA programming language.
Syntheses of 4-(1-alkynyl)-2(5H)-furanones and coumarins via the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates

Abstract An efficient synthesis of 4-(1-alkynyl)-2(5H)-furanones has been developed utilizing a palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of β-tetronic acid bromide with potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates in the absence of base. 4-Alkynylcoumarins were also synthesized using this method. The reactions are straightforward and the yields are excellent.
Pressure ulcer prevention and management.

PRESSURE ULCERS REMAIN A COMmon problem in all health care settings. It is estimated that 1.3 million to 3 million adults have a pressure ulcer, with an estimated cost of $500 to $40000 to heal each ulcer. The incidence of pressure ulcers varies greatly by clinical setting. Incidence rates of 0.4% to 38.0% for hospitals, 2.2% to 23.9% for long-term care, and 0% to 17% for home care have been reported. Incidence rates of less than 2% are ideal. However, the optimal incidence rate may vary depending on patient case mix, severity of illness, and other contextual factors. Pressure ulcers in elderly persons have also been associated with increased mortality rates. Because pressure ulcers are now considered a good indicator of quality of care, the failure to prevent or heal them can lead to litigation.
High efficiency relativistic magnetron with diffraction output

Recently at Nagaoka University of Technology (Japan) the energy conversion efficiency for an A6 magnetron with modified diffraction output was demonstrated to increase from 3% to 37% in MAGIC particle-in-cell (PIC) computer simulations. The increased efficiency was attributed to improved matching of the A6 magnetron with the antenna. Optimization of the same magnetron design with application of a transparent cathode allows us to increase the energy conversion efficiency to almost 70% and to provide faster start-of-oscillations with gigawatt level of radiation power for an applied voltage of 400 kV. We have also found that the radiated power increases as the square of the applied voltage.
Parameter space methods for robust control design: a guided tour

The results obtained in studies of robust stability and stabilizability of control systems with parametric (structured) uncertainties are reviewed. Both the algebraic methods based upon characteristic equations and the methods using Lyapunov functions and Riccati equations are discussed and compared. In the context of algebraic methods, most promising are the Kharitonov-type approach and the optimization procedure of embedding a geometric figure of some kind inside the stability regions of the parameter space, maximizing its size using minimax or some other mathematical programming technique. In the framework of Lyapunov's direct method, the dominant approach has been a quadratic function estimation of stability regions in the parameter space. In large-sale systems, the concept of vector Lyapunov functions has been used with the possibility of choosing quadratic forms, norm-like functions, and their combinations. >
Resolution limit of traveltime tomography

SUMMARY We derive an explicit formula relating a recovered 3-D seismic slowness image to the actual seismic slowness under the assumption that a tomographically complete collection of finite-frequency traveltime shifts is inverted using linearized ray theory. The tomographically recovered image is blunted, or diminished in amplitude, and blurred, or spread laterally, as a result of wave front healing and other finite-frequency diffraction effects. The 1-D spreading varies as the cube root of the amplitude reduction, so that total volume-integrated slowness is conserved.
Learning and solving many-player games through a cluster-based representation

In addressing the challenge of exponential scaling with the number of agents we adopt a cluster-based representation to approximately solve asymmetric games of very many players. A cluster groups together agents with a similar "strategic view" of the game. We learn the clustered approximation from data consisting of strategy profiles and payoffs, which may be obtained from observations of play or access to a simulator. Using our clustering we construct a reduced "twins" game in which each cluster is associated with two players of the reduced game. This allows our representation to be individually-responsive because we align the interests of every individual agent with the strategy of its cluster. Our approach provides agents with higher payoffs and lower regret on average than model-free methods as well as previous cluster-based methods, and requires only few observations for learning to be successful. The "twins" approach is shown to be an important component of providing these low regret approximations.
Which price level to target? Strategic delegation in a sticky price and wage economy

Abstract This paper assesses the value of delegating price level targets to a discretionary central bank in an economy with nominal frictions in both labor and product markets. In contrast to recent studies that demonstrate the benefits of targeting the price of output, model simulations provide evidence that favors targeting the price of labor, or the nominal wage, instead. While both policies impart inertia (a salient feature of commitment), wage targeting dominates output price targeting because the former delivers more favorable tradeoffs between the stabilization goals appearing in the social welfare function. Delegating joint price and wage targets, however, nearly replicates the commitment policy from a timeless perspective.
Protein 8‐class secondary structure prediction using conditional neural fields

Compared with the protein 3-class secondary structure (SS) prediction, the 8-class prediction gains less attention and is also much more challenging, especially for proteins with few sequence homologs. This paper presents a new probabilistic method for 8-class SS prediction using conditional neural fields (CNFs), a recently invented probabilistic graphical model. This CNF method not only models the complex relationship between sequence features and SS, but also exploits the interdependency among SS types of adjacent residues. In addition to sequence profiles, our method also makes use of non-evolutionary information for SS prediction. Tested on the CB513 and RS126 data sets, our method achieves Q8 accuracy of 64.9 and 64.7%, respectively, which are much better than the SSpro8 web server (51.0 and 48.0%, respectively). Our method can also be used to predict other structure properties (e.g. solvent accessibility) of a protein or the SS of RNA.
Predicted flight performance of base-bleed projectiles

Current Army programs are applying a base-bleed concept to achieve increased range for projectiles. Base bleed is a technique in which low-speed mass is injected into the base region to reduce base drag and extend range. The U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory is developing an engineering computational model capable of predicting the flight performance. The model analyzes three problem elements: a solid propellant gas generator, the effect of injection on the aerodynamic drag, and trajectory computations. Because each element is time dependent, all three must be solved simultaneously. The analysis is based on experimental and numerical data generated for the M864 base-bleed projectile. Navier-Stokes computations for the near wake region have been performed on the Army's Cray X-MP/48 supercomputer. The results were used to correlate base pressure change with injection rate, gas temperature, and Mach number. These results provide critical data for the analysis. The mass generation analysis is combined with the effect of mass injection on base pressure to obtain the projectile base drag at each step of a two-dimensional, point-mass trajectory computation. Computed results are in reasonable agreement with the flight data. Ranges are predicted within 4.2%.
Provable Tensor Factorization with Missing Data

We study the problem of low-rank tensor factorization in the presence of missing data. We ask the following question: how many sampled entries do we need, to efficiently and exactly reconstruct a tensor with a low-rank orthogonal decomposition? We propose a novel alternating minimization based method which iteratively refines estimates of the singular vectors. We show that under certain standard assumptions, our method can recover a three-mode n × n × n dimensional rank-r tensor exactly from O(n3/2r5 log4 n) randomly sampled entries. In the process of proving this result, we solve two challenging sub-problems for tensors with missing data. First, in analyzing the initialization step, we prove a generalization of a celebrated result by Szemeredie et al. on the spectrum of random graphs. We show that this initialization step alone is sufficient to achieve the root mean squared error on the parameters bounded by C(r2n3/2(log n)4/|Ω|) from |Ω| observed entries for some constant C independent of n and r. Next, we prove global convergence of alternating minimization with this good initialization. Simulations suggest that the dependence of the sample size on the dimensionality n is indeed tight.
Materialized Sample Views for Database Approximation

We consider the problem of creating a sample view of a database table. A sample view is an indexed materialized view that permits efficient sampling from an arbitrary range query over the view. Such "sample views" are very useful in applications that require random samples from a database: approximate query processing, online aggregation, data mining, and randomized algorithms are a few examples. Our core technical contribution is a new file organization called the appendability, combinability, and exponentiality (ACE) tree that is suitable for organizing and indexing a sample view. One of the most important aspects of the ACE tree is that it supports online random sampling from the view. That is, at all times, the set of records returned by the ACE tree constitutes a statistically random sample of the database records satisfying the relational selection predicate over the view. Our paper presents experimental results that demonstrate the utility of the ACE tree.
The impact of private sector internship and training on urban youth in Kenya

This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank’s Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). The results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. The evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program’s benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. The program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants’ opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).
Multimedia streaming via TCP: An analytic performance study

TCP is widely used in commercial multimedia streaming systems, with recent measurement studies indicating that a significant fraction of Internet streaming media is currently delivered over HTTP/TCP. These observations motivate us to develop analytic performance models to systematically investigate the performance of TCP for both live and stored-media streaming. We validate our models via ns simulations and experiments conducted over the Internet. Our models provide guidelines indicating the circumstances under which TCP streaming leads to satisfactory performance, showing, for example, that TCP generally provides good streaming performance when the achievable TCP throughput is roughly twice the media bitrate, with only a few seconds of startup delay.
Why Roll Calls? A Model of Position-Taking in Legislative Voting and Elections

We develop a rationale for roll call voting and position-taking in legislatures using a formal model of legislative vote buying and elections. In our model, citizens and an interest group are motivated by policy, while legislators are motivated by holding office. The group may attempt to buy legislators' votes by offering contracts based on their votes. If citizens cannot condition their reelection votes on legislators' roll calls, then in equilibrium the group will buy its ideal policy and most legislators are voted out of office. This is because the group's contract can promise a nonnegligible payment to each legislator only in the event that her vote is pivotal, but also force no legislator to be pivotal. If citizens can condition their votes on legislators' roll calls, then policies are more moderate and more legislators are reelected. Thus an endogenous preference for position-taking arises in a legislature with public roll calls, and both legislators and citizens will prefer such "open" proceedings ex ante. We explore extensions of the basic model and find some circumstances where the incentives to have open proceedings are weaker. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR INFINITESIMAL GROUP SCHEMES

Let G be an infinitesimal group scheme over a field k of char- acteristic p > 0. We introduce the universal p-nilpotent operatorG 2 Homk(k(G),k(V (G))), where V (G) is the scheme which represents1-parameter subgroups of G. This operatorG applied to M encodes the local Jordan type of M, and leads to computational insights into the representation theory of G. For certain kG-modules M (including those of constant Jordan type), we employG to associate various algebraic vector bundles on P(G), the pro- jectivization of V (G). These vector bundles not only distinguish certain rep- resentations with the same local Jordan type, but also provide a method of constructing algebraic vector bundles on P(G).
Applications of W Algebras to BF Theories, QCD, and 4D Gravity

We are able to show that BF theories naturally emerge from the coadjoint orbits of W2 and w∞ algebras which includes a Kac-Moody sector. Since QCD strings can be identified with a BF theory, we are able to show a relationship between the orbits and monopole-string solutions of QCD. Furthermore, we observe that when 4D gravitation is cast into a BF form through the use of Ashtekar variables, we are able to get order ¯ contributions to gravity which can be associated with the W2 anomaly. We comment on the relationship to gravitational monopoles.
Robust invariance in uncertain discrete event systems with applications to transportation networks

This paper studies a class of uncertain discrete event systems over the max-plus algebra, where system matrices are unknown but are convex combinations of known matrices. These systems model a wide range of applications, for example, transportation systems with varying vehicle travel time and queueing networks with uncertain arrival and queuing time. This paper presents computational methods for different robust invariant sets of such systems. A recursive algorithm is given to compute the supremal robust invariant sub-semimodule in a given sub-semimodule. The algorithm converges to a fixed point in a finite number of iterations under proper assumptions on the state semimodule. This paper also presents computational methods for positively robust invariant polyhedral sets. A search algorithm is presented for the positively robust invariant polyhedral sets. The main results are applied to the time table design of a public transportation network.
Trading Frictions and House Price Dynamics

We model liquidity in housing markets. The model provides a simple characterization for the joint process of prices, sales, and inventory. We compare the implications of the model to certain properties of housing markets. The model can generate the large price changes and the positive correlation between prices and sales that we see in the data. Unlike the data, prices are negatively autocorrelated and high inventory predicts price appreciation. We investigate several amendments to the model. Informational frictions show promise.
Bidding for WIC Infant Formula Contracts: Do Non-WIC Customers Subsidize WIC Customers?

Although the WIC food assistance program purchases over one-half of all US infant formula, I find the program has little impact on the prices paid by non-WIC customers. I estimate infant-formula marginal cost and find that it is low compared to price, implying large price-cost markups. But, the WIC program is not to blame. Instead large price-cost markups are likely due to customer’s price insensitivity. WIC’s impact on non-WIC customers comes through an increase in sales owing to a WIC ―spill-over‖ effect. The WIC approved brand attains a prominence in the market that makes it a natural choice for non-WIC customers, which makes attaining WIC approval valuable to firms. Firms bid with rebates to attain exclusive WIC approved status which results in significant reductions in the cost of infant formula to the US government.
A test for emergent dynamics

A generalization of a-maximization is proposed that maximizes a subject to inequalities rather than equalities. An implication of this conjecture is that in the absence of emergent symmetries, there is a maximum R-charge for fields appearing in the path integral. This maximum R-charge leads to a novel way of detecting emergent Abelian symmetries and non-Abelian gauge symmetries.
Geographic gossip: efficient aggregation for sensor networks

Gossip algorithms for aggregation have recently received significant attention for sensor network applications because of their simplicity and robustness in noisy and uncertain environments. However, gossip algorithms can waste significant energy by essentially passing around redundant information multiple times. For realistic sensor network model topologies like grids and random geometric graphs, the inefficiency of gossip schemes is caused by slow mixing times of random walks on those graphs. We propose and analyze an alternative gossiping scheme that exploits geographic information. By utilizing a simple resampling method, we can demonstrate substantial gains over previously proposed gossip protocols. In particular, for random geometric graphs, our algorithm computes the true average to accuracy 1/n/sup a/ using O(n/sup 1.5//spl radic/(logn)) radio transmissions, which reduces the energy consumption by a /spl radic/(n/logn) factor over standard gossip algorithms.
Ly316340: A potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor containing a high affinity octahydrothienopyridine hydroxyethylamine isostere

Abstract Replacement of the decahydroisoquinoline group contained in Ro 31-8959 by a cis -octahydrothienopyridine moiety has provided a high affinity hydroxyethylamine isostere for use in HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Further gains in potency have been realized by incorporation of a sulfur atom into the P 1 benzyl group. Modification by a key P 2 ligand provided LY316440, a potent, orally absorbed inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.
A unifying model for mTORC1-mediated regulation of mRNA translation

mTORC1 is shown to regulate a translational program that requires the rapamycin-resistant 4E-BP family of translational repressors and consists almost entirely of mRNAs containing 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine or related motifs.
The strictly proper discrete-time controller for the normalized left-coprime factorization robust stabilization problem

For the discrete-time, normalized left-coprime factorization robust stabilization problem, it is known that a simple formula for the maximum robustness margin exists. Moreover, the controller can be written in exact observer form. Analogous results are derived when the controller is restricted to be strictly proper.
Use of a mixed-layer model to investigate problems in operational prediction of return flow

Abstract Inaccuracy in the numerical prediction of the moisture content of return-flow air over the Gulf of Mexico continues to plague operational forecasters. At the Environmental Modeling Center/National Centers for Environmental Prediction in the United States, the prediction errors have exhibited bias—typically too dry in the early 1990s and too moist from the mid-1990s to present. This research explores the possible sources of bias by using a Lagrangian formulation of the classic mixed-layer model. Justification for use of this low-order model rests on careful examination of the upper-air thermodynamic structure in a well-observed event during the Gulf of Mexico Experiment. The mixed-layer constraints are shown to be appropriate for the first phase of return flow, namely, the northerly-flow or outflow phase. The theme of the research is estimation of sensitivity—change in the model output (at termination of outflow) in response to inaccuracies or uncertainties in the elements of the control vector (t...
Local unitary symmetries of hypergraph states

Hypergraph states are multiqubit states whose combinatorial description and entanglement properties generalize the well-studied class of graph states. Graph states are important in applications such as measurement-based quantum computation and quantum error correction. The study of hypergraph states, with their richer multipartite entanglement and other nonlocal properties, has a promising outlook for new insight into multipartite entanglement. We present results analyzing local unitary symmetries of hypergraph states, including both continuous and discrete families of symmetries. In particular, we show how entanglement types can be detected and distinguished by certain configurations in the hypergraphs from which hypergraph states are constructed.
Timing-driven maze routing

This paper studies a natural formulation of the timing-driven maze routing problem. A multigraph model appropriate for global routing applications is adopted; the model naturally captures blockages, limited routing and wire-sizing resources, layer assignment, etc. Each edge in the multigraph is annotated with resistance and capacitance values associated with the particular wiring segment. The timing-driven maze routing problem is then to find paths which exhibit low resistance-capacitance (RC) delay or achieve a tradeoff between RC delay and total capacitance. An easy-to-implement labeling algorithm is presented to solve the problem along with effective speedup enhancements to the basic algorithm which yield up to 300 times speedup. It is suggested that such an algorithm will become a fundamental tool in an arsenal of interconnect optimization techniques. The tractability of the approach is supported via computational experiments.
Generating ring currents, solitons, and svortices by stirring a Bose-Einstein condensate in a toroidal trap

We propose a simple stirring experiment to generate quantized ring currents and solitary excitations in Bose–Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap geometry. Simulations of the three-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation show that pure ring current states can be generated efficiently by adiabatic manipulation of the condensate, which can be realized on experimental timescales. This is illustrated by simulated generation of a ring current with winding number two. While solitons can be generated in quasi-one-dimensional tori, we show the even more robust generation of hybrid, solitonic vortices (svortices) in a regime of wider confinement. Svortices are vortices confined to essentially onedimensional dynamics, which obey a similar phase-offset–velocity relationship as solitons. Marking the transition between solitons and vortices, svortices are a distinct class of symmetry-breaking stationary and uniformly rotating excited solutions of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation in a toroidal trapping potential. Svortices should be observable in dilute-gas experiments.
Tuning the scale factor and sensitivity of a passive cavity with optical pumping

The pushing of the Fabry-Perot cavity modes by an intracavity medium of Rb vapor may be tuned with optical pumping. A second laser, propagating through the Rb vapor orthogonal to the intracavity beam, is used to modify the optical transmission of the Rb vapor. We demonstrate that the cavity scale factor may be switched from $Sg1$, on one side of its pole along the gain axis, to the other side of the pole, where mode splitting occurs, simply by changing the pumping transition. Continuous tuning of the cavity scale factor and sensitivity may be realized by varying the intensity and/or frequency of the pump beam.
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors of Vigorously Active Sexagenarians and Septuagenarians

OBJECTIVE To examine the dose-response relationship between coronary heart disease risk factors and vigorous exercise in older men. DESIGN Physician-supplied medical data were compared with running distance and performance in a national cross-sectional survey of 175 septuagenarian, 935 sexagenarians, and 8672 younger male runners. RESULTS Older runners ran significantly more slowly than younger runners. Nevertheless, men 60 years of age and older who ran further had significantly higher plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations (regression slope +/- SE: 0.16 +/- 0.02 mg/dL per km/week, P < .001), and significantly lower ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (-0.009 +/- 0.002 per km/week, P < .001), plasma triglyceride concentrations (-0.309 +/- 0.107 mg/dL per km/week, P < or = .004), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (-0.066 +/- 0.028, and -0.042 +/- 0.016 mm Hg per km/week, respectively, P < or = .02), body mass indices (-0.039 +/- 0.004 kg/m2 per km/week, P < .001), and waist circumferences (-0.107 +/- 0.010 cm per km/week, P < .001). Better 10-kilometer race performance times were also associated (P < or = .001) with higher HDL-cholesterol levels and lower adiposity, blood pressure, triglycerides, and ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol levels. Septuagenarians who ran faster and further also had significantly (P < or = .03) higher HDL-cholesterol, lower ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol, and slimmer waists. Compared with those less than age sixty, older runners had significantly greater calculated reductions in waist (P = .039) and chest circumferences (P = .009) but significantly less reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = .020) per kilometer run per week. CONCLUSIONS Age does not limit the potential for vigorous activity to increase HDL-cholesterol or to reduce blood pressure, adiposity, or triglycerides, but it may attenuate improvements in LDL-cholesterol. Sexagenarians and septuagenarians are expected to have reduced heart disease risk in proportion to their vigorous activity.
Not so fast! (and not so frugal!): rethinking the recognition heuristic

Abstract The ‘fast and frugal’ approach to reasoning (Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York: Oxford University Press) claims that individuals use non-compensatory strategies in judgment – the idea that only one cue is taken into account in reasoning. The simplest and most important of these heuristics postulates that judgment sometimes relies solely on recognition. However, the studies that have investigated usage of the recognition heuristic have confounded recognition with other cues that could also lead to similar judgments. This paper tests whether mere recognition is actually driving the findings in support of the recognition heuristic. Two studies provide evidence that judgments do not conform to the recognition heuristic when these confounds are accounted for. Implications for the study of simple heuristics are discussed.
Inferring global perceptual contours from local features

We address the problem of contour inference from partial data, as obtained from state-of-the-art edge detectors. We argue that in order to obtain more pereeptually salient contours, it is necessary to impose generic constraints such as continuity and co-curvilinearity. The implementation is in the form of a convolution with a mask which encodes both the orientation and the strength of the possible continuations. We first show how the mask, called the “Extension field” is derived, then how the contributions from different sites are collected to produce a saliency map. We show that the scheme can handle a variety of input data, from dot patterns to oriented edgels in a unified manner, and demonstrate results on a variety of input stimuli. We also present a similar approach to the problem of inferring contours formed by end points. In both cases, the scheme is non-linear, non iterative, and unified in the sense that all types of input tokens are handled in the same manner.
Epigenetic Regulation of Myofibroblast Differentiation by DNA Methylation

DNA methylation, a key mechanism of repressing gene expression, is of particular relevance in controlling development and cell differentiation. We analyzed the extent and regulation of DNA methylation of the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) gene to elucidate its potential role in myofibroblast differentiation. These experiments revealed the presence of three CpG islands that were methylated at different levels in fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and alveolar epithelial type II cells. Coordinately, these cells expressed low, high, or no α-SMA, respectively. In addition, inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity or knock down of DNA methyltransferase using specific small interfering RNA caused significant induction of α-SMA in fibroblasts. In contrast, induced overexpression of DNA methyltransferase suppressed α-SMA gene expression. Transforming growth factor β induced myofibroblast differentiation was enhanced or suppressed by knockdown or overexpression of DNA methyltransferase, respectively. Finally, in vitro DNA methylation of the α-SMA promoter suppressed its activity. These findings suggest that DNA methylation mediated by DNA methyltransferase is an important mechanism regulating the α-SMA gene expression during myofibroblast differentiation.
Bounds on Average and Quantile Treatment Effects of Job Corps Training on Wages

We review and extend nonparametric partial identification results for average and quantile treatment effects in the presence of sample selection. These methods are applied to assessing the wage effects of Job Corps, United States' largest job-training program targeting disadvantaged youth. Excluding Hispanics, our estimates suggest positive program effects on wages both at the mean and throughout the wage distribution. Across the demographic groups analyzed, the statistically significant estimated average and quantile treatment effects are bounded between 4.6 and 12 percent, and 2.7 and 14 percent, respectively. We also document that the program's wage effects vary across quantiles and demographic groups.
A Dynamical System for PageRank with Time-Dependent Teleportation

AbstractWe propose a dynamical system that captures changes to the network centrality of nodes as external interest in those nodes varies. We derive this system by adding time-dependent teleportation to the PageRank score. The result is not a single set of importance scores, but rather a time-dependent set. These can be converted into ranked lists in a variety of ways, for instance, by taking the largest change in the importance score. For an interesting class of dynamic teleportation functions, we derive closed-form solutions for the dynamic PageRank vector. The magnitude of the deviation from a static PageRank vector is given by a PageRank problem with complex-valued teleportation parameters. Moreover, these dynamical systems are easy to evaluate. We demonstrate the utility of dynamic teleportation on both the article graph of Wikipedia, where the external interest information is given by the number of hourly visitors to each page, and the Twitter social network, where external interest is the number of...
Fluorine‐Enabled Cationic Gold Catalysis: Functionalized Hydration of Alkynes

A one-pot tandem addition/oxidative coupling/fluorination sequence performed with the alkyne, an arylboronic acid, water, and Selectfluor in the presence of a gold(I) catalyst affords α-aryl-α-fluoroketones.