cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of the inter-decadal Pacific oscillation on US precipitation during 1923–2010

Precipitation over the contiguous United States exhibits large multi-decadal oscillations since the early twentieth century, and they often lead to dry (e.g., 1946–1976 and 1999-present) and wet (e.g., 1977–1998) periods and apparent precipitation trends (e.g., from the 1950s to 1990s) over most of the western and central US. The exact cause of these inter-decadal variations is not fully understood. Using observational and reanalysis data and model simulations, this paper examines the influence of the Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) on US precipitation. The IPO is a leading mode of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) seen mostly in the Pacific Ocean. It is found that decadal precipitation variations over much of the West and Central US, especially the Southwest, closely follow the evolution of the IPO (r = 0.85 during 1923–2010 for the Southwest US), and the dry and wet periods are associated, respectively, with the cold and warm phases of the IPO. In particular, the apparent upward trend from the 1950s–1990s and the dry decade thereafter in precipitation over much of the West and Central US are largely caused by the IPO cycles, which switched to a warm phase around 1977 and back to a cold phase around 1999. An atmospheric model forced with observed SSTs reproduces much of this association of US precipitation with the IPO (r = 0.95 between smoothed observed and simulated Southwest US precipitation during 1950–2009 and r = 0.88 between the simulated Southwest US precipitation and the IPO). Atmospheric reanalysis and model data both show a strong high (low) pressure center and anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly circulation over the North Pacific in the lower troposphere during cold (warm) phases of the IPO, which lead to dry and cold northwesterly and northerly winds and below-normal precipitation over much of the West US during IPO cold periods. The IPO induced changes are most pronounced during the boreal cold season. The results reinforce the notion that tropical Pacific SSTs (and the accompanying SST anomalies in the North Pacific) have large impacts on US precipitation and highlight the need to understand and simulate the IPO for decadal prediction of US precipitation.
Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene-Recent mammal clades

Some African mammal clades are used to analyse evolutionary processes. The clades chosen are especially suitable for this purpose because they include both extant species, for which there is an abundant literature, and fossil records from various Miocene-Recent strata mainly in Eastern and Southern Africa. The monophyletic groups in this sample differ considerably in speciation rates and in the magnitudes of long-term trends. I take a number of rival hypotheses as to why such disparate macroevolutionary patterns should have evolved (the Birth Rate, Gene Flow, Resource-Use, Extrinsic and Random Hypotheses) and test their predictions. The tests involve comparisons of phylogenetic patterns with biological variation (in life histories, population structure, mobility and habitat-specificity) among the extant species. The results accord best with the Resource-Use Hypothesis.
Influence of Lipid Composition on the Water and Fat Exudation and Gel Strength of Meat Batters

Blends of lard with eight separate fats or oils (70:30 w/w) were prepared and used as the fat component of meat batters. After cooking, the batters were analyzed for water and fat exudation and gel strength. None differed significantly from the control of 100% lard. Positive correlation coefficients, however, were significant between percent monounsaturated triglycerides and water exudation, polyunsaturated triglycerides and fat exudation and saturated triglycerides and gel strength. Addition of lecithin, cholesterol or methyl palmitate to the lard increased fat exudation and decreased gel strength. Sodium laurate had the opposite effect whether added to the lard or to the aqueous phase.
UTILIZATION OF DIETARY CEREAL BY YOUNG INFANTS

The direct demonstration of cereal utilization by 16 healthy 1-month-old infants was achieved by tracing the appearance in breath CO 2 of carbon derived from the fed cereal. These oxidation rates were compared with rates obtained from the feeding of glucose and glucose polymers. Fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate by the colonic flora was assessed by measurement of breath H 2 . Stools from four infants were analyzed for the quantity of carbon that originated from the cereal. Oxidation rates were not significantly different (X = 31.2% of the dose fed). Mean peak hydrogen production was 39.8, 29.1, and 18.6 ppm for cereal, glucose polymers, and glucose, respectively. Cereal carbon was detected in the stools of two infants (3.7% and 13.1% of the ingested load). We conclude that young infants can utilize cereal, although absorption is not always complete. Hydrogen production increases with carbohydrate complexity; participation of colonic bacterial fermentation increases the net absorption of cereal.
System Level Impact of Stitching Vias and Capacitors for High-Speed Differential Links

This paper discusses the link-level impact and design guidelines of stitching vias and stitching capacitors for highspeed differential systems. Consistent results were obtained between test board VNA/TDR characterization and 3D full-wave EM modeling. While the number and distance of stitching vias and decaps have little or no impact on differential mode crosstalk and ISI, their impact on common-mode crosstalk and ISI is high. Furthermore, effectiveness of stitching capacitors is relatively low at high frequencies comparing to stitching vias. Link-level time domain analysis was also performed to confirm the impact. Finally, a routing guideline for platform design was recommended for stitching vias and capacitors.
Which Vietnam veterans develop posttraumatic stress disorders

Fifty Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed PTSD were compared with 50 controls, who were also combat veterans. The two groups were evaluated with a structured interview, and assessments were made of childhood and family histories, immediate preservice experiences, combat experiences, and postdischarge experiences. The two groups differed significantly in the intensity of their combat experiences and their perceptions of their homecoming experiences. Neither early history nor immediate preservice factors differentiated the two groups.
The Effect of Concentration, Temperature, and Washing on the Time of Appearance of Ddt-Induced Trains in Sensory Fibers of the Cockroach

The observations that DDT causes spontaneous twitching of amputated legs (Yeager and Munson, 1945), and impulse trains in sensory fibers from the campaniform organs of the cockroach (Roeder and Weiant, 1945, 1948), and in motor fibers of Crustacea (Welsh and Gordon, 1947), all suggest that DDT has an unstabilizing action on irritable tissue in arthropods. Gordon and Welsh (1948) conclude that DDT may interfere with the normal stabilizing action of calcium at the axon surface. In studies designed to determine the site of action of DDT in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana , it was noted that a definite relation existed between the concentration of DDT suspension applied and the time of appearance of impulse trains in afferent nerve fibers originating in the Campiniform organs of the trochanter (Roeder and Weiant, 1945, 1948). A further study of this concentration-time relation is reported below in the hope that it may reveal something of the process by which DDT penetrates or attaches itself to the neuronal surface.
Regressions for estimating muscle parameters in the thoracic and lumbar trunk for use in musculoskeletal modeling

Musculoskeletal modeling requires information on muscle parameters such as cross-sectional area (CSA) and moment arms. A variety of previous studies have reported muscle parameters in the trunk based on in vivo imaging, but there remain gaps in the available data as well as limitations in the generalizability of such data. Specifically, available trunk muscle CSA data is very limited for older adults, lacking entirely in the thoracic region. In addition, previous studies have made measurements in groups of healthy volunteers or hospital patients who may not be representative of the population in general. Finally, such studies have not reported data for the major muscles connecting the upper limb to the thoracic trunk. In this study, muscle morphology measurements were made for major muscles present in the trunk between vertebral levels T6 and L5 using quantitative computed tomography scans from a community-based sample of 100 men and women aged 36–87. We present regression equations to predict trunk muscle CSA and position relative to the vertebral body in the transverse plane from sex, age, height and weight at vertebral levels T6 to L5. Regressions were also developed for predicting anatomical CSA and muscle moment arms, which were estimated using literature data on muscle line of action. This work thus provides a resource for estimating muscle parameters in the general population for musculoskeletal modeling of the thoraco-lumbar trunk.
Compressed data cubes for OLAP aggregate query approximation on continuous dimensions

Efficiently answering decision support queries is an important problem. Most of the work in this direction has been in the context of the data cube. Queries are efficiently answered by pre-computing large parts of the cube. Besides having large space requirements, such pre-computation requires that the hierarchy along each dimension be fixed (hence dimensions are categorical or prediscretized). Queries that take advantage of pre-computation can thus only drill-down or roll-up along this fixed hierarchy. Another disadvantage of existing pre-computation techniques is that the target measure, along with the aggregation function of interest, is fixed for each cube. Queries over more than one target measure or using different aggregation functions, would require pre-computing larger data cubes. In this paper, we propose a new compressed representation of the data cube that (a) drastically reduces storage requirements, (b) does not require the discretization hierarchy along each query dimension to be fixed beforehand and (c) treats each dimension as a potential target measure and supports multiple aggregation functions without additional storage costs. The tradeoff is approximate, yet relatively accurate, answers to queries. We outline mechanisms to reduce the error in the approximation. Our performance evaluation indicates that our compression technique effectively addresses the limitations of existing approaches.
Distinctive effects of inhibitors of mitochondrial function on Rous sarcoma virus replication and malignant transformation

Abstract The effects of chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide on Rous sarcoma virus replication and transformation were studied. Chloramphenicol suppressed virus production with little effect on focus formation. Ethidium bromide inhibited focus formation up to 95% when cells were treated 24 hours prior to, or within the first 48 hours after infection, but failed to suppress virus replication significantly. These results suggest that virus replication and cell conversion require a function(s) having the antibiotic sensitivity resembling that of mitochondria.
Media and criticism in China: The case of the “cultural revolution”

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of the media in China during the cultural revolution 1966–1976. In particular, the authors examine the two elements that contributed to the ease with which the “Gang of Four” subverted the media to their own political ends. They contend that the media's history and culture were the two principal elements which allowed the “Gang of Four” to usurp both media and state power. Criticism represented a special cultural genre that established the legitimacy of one group to remove another from power. The authors demonstrate the inherent possibility of usurpation of the media when truth is dominated by personality.
On certain diagonal equations over finite fields

Let @a,@b@?F"q"^"t^* and let N"t(@a,@b) denote the number of solutions (x,y)@?F"q"^"t^*xF"q"^"t^* of the equation x^q^-^1+@ay^q^-^1=@b. Recently, Moisio determined N"2(@a,@b) and evaluated N"3(@a,@b) in terms of the number of rational points on a projective cubic curve over F"q. We show that N"t(@a,@b) can be expressed in terms of the number of monic irreducible polynomials f@?F"q[x] of degree r such that f(0)=a and f(1)=b, where r|t and a,b@?F"q^* are related to @a,@b. Let I"r(a,b) denote the number of such polynomials. We prove that I"r(a,b)>0 when r>=3. We also show that N"3(@a,@b) can be expressed in terms of the number of monic irreducible cubic polynomials over F"q with certain prescribed trace and norm.
CH2(1A1) from CH2N2 photolyses at 4358 and 3660 Å vibrational energy distributions upon reaction with cyclobutane

Abstract Approximate vibrational energy distribution for CH * 2 ( 1 A 1 ) from diazomethane photolyses at 4358 and 3660 A have been determined to be reasonably broad. These distributions apply to CH * 2 ( 1 A 1 ) at the time of reaction with cyclobutane and were deduced from the internal energy distribution of the formed chemically activated methylcyclobutane. An apparent anomaly in the pressure dependence of the decompositions of CH 2 ( 1 A 1 ) generated chemically molecules is explained. The anomaly pertains to the relative behavior of systems utilizing ketene and diazomethane photolyses as CH 2 ( 1 A 1 ) sources. The explanation offered is that the vibrational energy distributions for CH * 2 ( 1 A 1 ) are narrow for ketene photolyses at 3340 or 3130 A and broad for diazomethane photolyses at 4358 or 3660 A.
Role of a Candida albicans P1-Type ATPase in Resistance to Copper and Silver Ion Toxicity

Copper ion homeostasis is complicated in that copper is an essential element needed for a variety of cellular processes but is toxic at excess levels. To identify Candida albicans genes that are involved in resistance to copper ion toxicity, a library containing inserts of C. albicans genomic DNA was used to complement the copper sensitivity phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cup1Δ strain that is unable to produce Cup1p, a metallothionein (MT) responsible for high-level copper ion resistance. A P1-type ATPase (CPx type) that is closely related to the human Menkes and Wilson disease proteins was cloned. The gene encoding this pump was termed CRD1 (for copper resistance determinant). A gene encoding a 76-amino-acid MT similar to higher eukaryotic MTs in structure was also cloned, and the gene was termed CRD2. Transcription of the CRD1 gene was found to increase upon growth with increasing copper levels, while the CRD2 mRNA was expressed at a constant level. Strains with the CRD1 gene disrupted were extremely sensitive to exogenous copper and failed to grow in medium containing 100 μM CuSO4. These crd1 strains also exhibited increased sensitivity to silver and cadmium, indicating that Crd1p is somewhat promiscuous with respect to metal ion transport. Although strains with the CRD2 gene disrupted showed reduced growth rate with increasing copper concentration, the crd2 mutants eventually attained wild-type levels of growth, demonstrating that CRD2 is less important for resistance to copper ion toxicity. Crd1p is the first example of a eukaryotic copper pump that provides the primary source of cellular copper resistance, and its ability to confer silver resistance may enhance the prevalence of C. albicans as a nosocomial pathogen.
Amplification and sequencing of DNA from fungal herbarium specimens.

We have utilized the polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA from 35 collections of dried fungi obtained from four different herbaria. Sixteen of these samples were subsequently sequenced. The col...
Interaction of a Synthetic Jet with a Crossflow Boundary Layer

Anexperimentalinvestigationoftheinteractionbetweena syntheticjetactuatorarrayand aturbulentboundary layer (Reµ =1:79 £ 10 3) is reported. The array consisted of three adjacent, parallel synthetic jet actuators, each with a rectangular orie ce having an aspect ratio of 45. The effect of the orientation of the jet orie ce, relative to the mean freestream direction, on thejet/boundary-layerinteraction wasinvestigated. The steady, spatially stationary featuresofthee owe eld wereexaminedusing hot-wireanemometry.Twoapparently differente owe eldswerefound in the boundary layer downstream of the actuator array. When the orie ce was normal to the mean e ow direction, the boundary layer was characterized by a wakelike region in the lee of the jet due to a blockage effect. When the orie ce was aligned with themean e ow direction, the e ow structurewasconsistent with the presenceof longitudinal vortices embedded in the boundary layer.
Portrait of Political Party Polarization

How typical is the partisanship of current American politics and how do politicalactors navigate divided networks?To ﬁnd out, we measure co-voting similarity networks in the US Senate andtrace individual careers over time. Standard network visualization tools fail ondense highly clustered networks, so we used two aggregation strategies to clarifypositional mobility over time. First, clusters of Senators who often vote the sameway capture coalitions, and allow us to measure polarization quantitatively throughmodularity (Newman, 2006; Waugh et al., 2009; Poole, 2012). Second, we use role-based blockmodels (White et al., 1976) to identify role positions, identifying setsof Senators with highly similar tie patterns. Our partitioning threshold for rolesis stringent, generating many roles occupied by single Senators. This combinationallows us to identify movement between positions over time (speciﬁcally, we used theKernighan–Lin improvement of a Louvain method greedy partitioning algorithmfor modularity [Blondel et al., 2008], and CONCOR with an internal similaritythreshold for roles; see Supplementary materials for details).The ﬁgure maps this dynamic coalition network, one two-year Congress at a time.Nodes indicate structurally equivalent positions, scaled by number of Senators andshaded by their voter agreement level. In each period there are two “party loyalist”positions, anchored on the y-axis proportional to the modularity score. The y-position of other nodes—usually individuals—is based on the balance of their votesrelative to these anchors. Positions are linked over time by identity arcs connectingeach person to themselves over time, labeled to trace individual careers (the widthsof arcs between aggregate positions indicate the number of people moving betweenthem over time).Substantively, we have not seen the current level of partisanship (by this measure)sincetheearly1900s,begging thequestionwhetherthisrepresentsaqualitativephaseshiftinthestructureofSenatepolitics.Foralongperiod(atleastfrom1932to1992),it appears that Senators could occupy mixed-party roles in multiple terms, perhapsbecause of an interplay between local and party politics leading to more cross party
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Alters the Hemodynamic Response to Epinephrine in a Rat Model

Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) is an adjunctive antidote used in selected critically ill poisoned patients. These patients may also require administration of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) drugs. Limited data is available to describe interactions of ILE with standard ACLS drugs, specifically epinephrine. Twenty rats with intra-arterial and intravenous access were sedated with isoflurane and split into ILE or normal saline (NS) pretreatment groups. All received epinephrine 15 μm/kg intravenously (IV). Continuous mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored until both indices returned to baseline. Standardized t tests were used to compare peak MAP, time to peak MAP, maximum change in HR, time to maximum change in HR, and time to return to baseline MAP/HR. There was a significant difference (p = 0.023) in time to peak MAP in the ILE group (54 s, 95 % CI 44–64) versus the NS group (40 s, 95 % CI 32–48) and a significant difference (p = 0.004) in time to return to baseline MAP in ILE group (171 s, 95 % CI 148–194) versus NS group (130 s, 95 % CI 113–147). There were no significant differences in the peak change in MAP, peak change in HR, time to minimum HR, or time to return to baseline HR between groups. ILE-pretreated rats had a significant difference in MAP response to epinephrine; ILE delayed the peak effect and prolonged the duration of effect of epinephrine on MAP, but did not alter the peak increase in MAP or the HR response.
Resonating Neutral Modes of the Eady Model

Abstract The resonance between a neutral Eady mode and a continuous mode with the same phase speed is used to interpret the growth of neutral modes discussed by Farrell. It is shown that the existence of such a resonance may lead to spurious linear growth of error in a discretized quasigeostrophic (QG) model if one of the levels lies very close to the steering level of the neutral Eady normal mode. For a primitive equation model, this spurious resonance manifests itself as an exponentially growing-decaying pair of short waves. Such waves are similar to those found by Arakawa and Moorthi for the Lorenz grid for the QG equations. However, here it is found that for the primitive equation model, these spurious short waves exist both for the Lorenz grid and the Charney–Phillips (CP) grid, although the growth rate is somewhat smaller for the CP grid. It is also shown that the growth rate of the nongeostrophic short waves discussed by Stone is erroneously overestimated in vertically discretized models.
Thermal properties of a tough, new semicrystalline polyimide

Thermal properties of a new semicrystalline polyimide synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-(4-aminophenoxy)propane (DMDA) have been studied. Heat capacities in the solid and liquid states of BTDA-DMDA have been measured. The heat capacity increase at the glass transition temperature (Tg = 230°C) is 145 J/°Cmol for amorphous BTDA-DMDA. The equilibrium heat of fusion of the BTDA-DMDA crystals has been obtained using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements, and is 75.8 kj/mol. Based on the information on crystallinity and the heat capacity increase at Tg, a rigid amorphous fraction is identified in semicrystalline BTDA-DMDA samples, which represents an interfacial region between the crystalline and amorphous states. In particular, this fraction increases with the crystallinity of the sample, which should be associated with crystal sizes, and therefore with crystal morphology. It has also been found that this polymer has a high-temperature crystal phase upon annealing above its original melting temperature. The thermal degradation activation energies of BTDA-DMDA in nitrogen and air are determined to be 154 and 150kJ/mol, respectively.
Phytosiderophore release as a criterion for genotypic evaluation of iron efficiency in oat

Abstract Iron (Fe) deficiency in small grains grown on calcareous soils results in reduced yields, is difficult and expensive to treat with fertilizer, and is complicated to overcome by genetic field screening due to heterogeneous soil and environmental conditions. Recently, phytosiderophore release has been linked to ability of species and genotypes to resist Fe‐deficiency chlorosis. We propose a laboratory technique to measure phytosiderophore release by Fe‐deficient oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes as a selection method for Fe‐deficiency chlorosis resistance in oat. Plants were grown in Fe‐limiting nutrient solution and phytosiderophore release was measured on 11 days. Summations of daily phytosiderophore release by 17 oat genotypes correlate well with Fe‐deficiency chlorosis scores in the field (r = ‐0.70, p = 0.01). The proposed method consistently identified the genotypes most susceptible to Fe deficiency but did not clearly separate the moderately susceptible genotypes. In these latter genotypes, ot...
Effect of Reactive-Ion Etching on Thermal Oxide Properties on 4H-SiC

4H-SiC MOS capacitors were used to characterize the effect of reactive-ion etching of the SiC surface on the electrical properties of N2O-grown thermal oxides. The oxide breakdown field reduces from 9.5 MV/cm with wet etching to saturate at 9.0 MV/cm with 30% reactive-ion over-etching. Additionally, the conduction-band offset barrier height, φB, progressively decreases from 2.51 eV with wet etching to 2.46 eV with 45% reactive-ion over-etching.
Geograpehic variation and episodic evolution in an ordovician trilobite.

A single lineage of the trilobite Flexicalymene shows two evolutionary "punctuated equilibria" within a 2-million-year, 1000-square-kilometer stratigraphic interval. The 2 x 10 5 -year-long "punctuation" may represent parapatric speciation. Commonness of depth-related clines before, during and after this event suggests that short-term adjustment to local conditions was important in long-term evolution.
Decreasing Listeriosis Mortality in the United States, 1990–2005

Background. Listeria monocytogenes is among the most virulent foodborne pathogens, with 20% of clinical infections resulting in death. To explore listeriosis-associated mortality in the United States and to evaluate prevention efforts, we reviewed vital records over a 16-year period to assess demographic, temporal, and seasonal trends. Methods. Nonperinatal listeriosis-associated deaths from 1990 through 2005 were identified from multiple-cause-coded death records and were combined with US census data to calculate mortality rates. Poisson regression was used to model time trends, and logistic regression was used to identify comorbid conditions associated with listeriosis on the death record. Results. Of the 37,267,946 deaths occurring in the United States during the 16-year study period, 1178 included listeriosis on the death record. Listeriosis-related mortality rates decreased annually by 10.74% from 1990 through 1996 and by 4.26% from 1996 through 2005. Seasonal trends show a distinct peak in mortality from July through October. After adjustment for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, listeriosis was positively associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (odds ratio, 4.19; 95% confidence interval, 3.06-5.73), lymphoid and hematopoietic cancers (odds ratio, 5.27; 95% confidence interval, 4.47-6.22), and liver disease (odds ratio, 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-2.73) on the death record. Conclusions. Nonperinatal listeriosis-associated deaths in the United States have decreased, paralleling a decreasing trend in incidence. Strict monitoring of food manufacturing processes, as well as improved treatment for HIV infection, may have played influential roles in preventing human infections. Health care providers should be aware of seasonal listeriosis patterns, as well as conditions predisposing individuals to severe infection and death due to L. monocytogenes infection, to guide strategies for disease management and prevention.
Malignant melanoma detection by Bag-of-Features classification

In this paper, we apply a Bag-of-Features approach to malignant melanoma detection based on epiluminescence microscopy imaging. Each skin lesion is represented by a histogram of codewords or clusters identified from a training data set. Classification results using Naive Bayes classification and Support Vector Machines are reported. The best performance obtained is 82.21% on a dataset of 100 skin lesion images. Furthermore, since in melanoma screening false negative errors have a much higher impact and associated cost than false positive ones, we use the Neyman-Pearson score in our model selection scheme.
Degree of Lp-approximation by certain positive convolution operators

Abstract The degree of L p -approximation for a class of positive convolution operators is investigated. Recent results of De Vore, Bojanic, and Shisha for the uniform approximation by these operators and the K -functional of Peetre are employed to obtain the degree of approximation in terms of the integral modulus of smoothness.
Cartographically constructing Kurdistan within geopolitical and orientalist discourses

Abstract Maps are powerful geopolitical tools, which are widely used to represent conflicts over territory, boundaries, citizens, and resources. But maps do more than represent. They are also discursive tools, which reflect, express, and help create geographic knowledge, political agendas, and social stereotypes. Through a longitudinal study of American journalistic cartography of Kurdistan – an ambiguously defined region that has often been in the midst of geopolitical conflict – this paper argues that maps reflect and recreate dominant geopolitical discourses, which are often intricately linked to orientalist discourses. A critical analysis of the design elements of place names, map text, border demarcation, and symbology revealed that these representations not only reflected the political and social narratives of the time and space in which they were created, but also constructed and communicated subtle and blatant positions towards the Kurds and Kurdistan. More specifically, these maps frequently marginalized the Kurds by questioning their geopolitical territorial claims, and also portrayed them in typical orientalist discourse as violent rebels or backward victims depending on the U.S. agenda in the region at the time. This paper will show how these interrelated discourses worked together in the cartographic image to portray the Kurds in a manner that generally supported and legitimated the dominant U.S. geopolitical position of a particular event.
Repurposing digital objects: Case studies across the publishing industry

Large, data-rich organizations have tremendously large collections of digital objects to be “repurposed,” to respond quickly and economically to publishing, marketing, and information needs. Some management typically assume that a content management system, or some other technique such as OWL and RDF, will automatically address the workflow and technical issues associated with this reuse. Four case studies show that the sources of some roadblocks to agile repurposing are as much managerial and organizational as they are technical in nature. The review concludes with suggestions on how digital object repurposing can be integrated given these organizations' structures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of a CMOS floating-gate resistor for highly linear amplifier and multiplier applications

We present implementations of highly linear amplifier and multiplier circuits that employ a linear CMOS resistor. This tunable resistor is built by utilizing the common-mode linearization technique, and by exploiting the gate-coupling and charge-storage characteristics of the floating-gate transistors. It exhibits 0.01% THD for 1Vpp input. Also, the amplifier has an input linear range of 2.5Vpp for differential and single-ended inputs, and achieves 0.018% THD for 1Vpp differential input
SMRS: A scalable multi-path routing scheme

Source routing has been extensively investigated as a method of improving diversity in path selection. Due to its limited scalability, the application of source routing is hindered today. Yang and Wetherall proposed a tag-based routing architecture to provide a set of non-shortest-path routes as an alternative to explicit source routes. The idea is that each router constructs a deflection set with the 1-hop route information and utilises tags as hints to independently deflect packets to the neighbours in the deflection set. To find more diverse paths, one approach is to increase the route knowledge of every node. However, there is a tradeoff in that more route knowledge leads to more diverse loop-free and dead end-free paths, but it also causes more overhead. In this paper, our objective lies in designing a method to find more diverse paths, with minimum knowledge. In addition, the tag-based deflection approach does not consider the length of the utilised paths as a main issue, which may lead to long paths. With this in mind, we propose a scalable multi-path routing scheme (SMRS), which consists of two components. One is the extension of the Yang and Wetherall approach to 2-hop history information. The other is the next hop selection algorithms to control the average length of the utilised paths. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to compare the performance of the tag-based deflection routing and SMRS.
Transitions Between Blocked and Zonal Flows in a Rotating Annulus with Topography

The mid-latitude atmosphere is dominated by westerly, nearly zonal flow. Occasionally, this flow is deflected poleward by blocking anticyclones that persist for 10 days or longer. Experiments in a rotating annulus used radial pumping to generate a zonal jet under the action of the Coriolis force. In the presence of two symmetric ridges at the bottom of the annulus, the resulting flows were nearly zonal at high forcing or blocked at low forcing. Intermittent switching between blocked and zonal patterns occurs because of the jet's interaction with the topography. These results shed further light on previous atmospheric observations and numerical simulations.
Norm Eigenvalue bounds for some weighted Sturm-Liouville problems

The problem of obtaining upper and lower bounds for eigenvalues for regular Sturm-Liouville problems is considered in this paper. The goal is to find bounds in terms of integrals of the coefficients and avoid the use of pointwise bounds. The general weighted problem is studied.
Making Time for Agricultural and Life Science Research: Technical Change and Productivity Gains

This work analyzes the research productivity of agricultural and life science faculty in U.S. Land Grant research universities from 1975 to 2005. Production function estimations that control for inputs and demographic characteristics reveal significant improvements after 1980 in faculty research productivity per unit time, especially in the non‐top ten universities. Because, however, time available to faculty for research has decreased substantially in the past three decades, overall journal article output per faculty did not increase after the 1980s. Our findings demonstrate large productivity increases but raise concerns about the optimal allocation of faculty time.
The ‘Eusebian Constantine’

Historians generally have concerned themselves with the reliability of the Vita Constantini of Eusebius, while ignoring an important contribution of the panegyricist, namely, the image of Constantine he projects to his readers. This image, or the “Eusebian Constantine,” involves four major elements: (1) all success and benefit derive from the favor of the divinity; (2) only the pious receive divine favor; (3) the most important indication of divine favor for a pious ruler is military victory; and (4) with the victory secured, divine favor will produce peace and unity for the realm. Constantine, being close to Eusebius, helped to mold his own image which is more than a representation of the first Christian emperor—it is a key to understanding the nature of Eusebius' panegyric as well as his notion of Constantine's relationship with the Christian God.
A red clover (Trifolium pratense) phase II clinical extract possesses opiate activity

Trifolium pratense (TP) is one of the most common herbs for the relief of menopausal symptoms. Little is known about its mechanisms of action. In this study, we investigated the affinity of TP at the mu- and delta-opiate receptors. We found that a clinically used TP extract bound to the mu-opiate receptor with a high affinity (K(i)=9.7+/-1.6microg/ml). The same extract was also found to have affinity at the delta-opiate receptor with K(i) of 15.9+/-2.4microg/ml. These results for the first time suggest a potential new mechanism of action of TP at the opiate receptors. Given the essential role of the opioid system in regulating temperature, mood, and hormonal levels and actions, this may explain in part the beneficial effect of TP in alleviating menopausal symptoms.
Atherosclerosis in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by calcification, vasculopathy, and endothelial wall damage, all of which can increase the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine if atherosclerosis is increased in patients with SSc compared to healthy individuals.
Improving the dynamic response of neural network controllers using velocity reference feedback

A neural network controller designed solely based on the desired response of the dynamics to realize a maximum acceptable steady-state error may not be the best one in terms of the transient responses. It may have an excessive overshoot and larger risetime. Similarly, a controller having a very good transient response may not have the desired steady-state characteristics. The effectiveness of using a velocity reference feedback for improving the dynamic response of the neural network controllers is investigated. Using the direct control scheme, on an underwater vehicle with nonlinear dynamics, it is shown that specific improvements in overshoot, risetime, and settling time can be achieved using this method. >
New definition for periprosthetic joint infection.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most challenging and frequent complications after lowerextremity joint (hip and knee) arthroplasty. However, there is no single accepted set of diagnostic criteria for PJI. Various definitions have been proposed; however, none have been widely adopted. Furthermore, some of these definitions disagree with each other [14]. Therefore, a workgroup convened by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) analyzed the available evidence to propose a new definition for PJI. A summary of recommendations of those in attendance at a premeeting workshop of the 21st Annual Meeting of the MSIS on August 4, 2011, pertaining to the definition of PJI is outlined below. Existing published data on the definition of PJI was discussed by e-mail in the preceding 6 months by the executive members of the MSIS and a group of experts with known interest in this field. The intention of this proposal is to have a ‘‘gold standard’’ definition for PJI that can be universally adopted by all physicians, surveillance authorities (including the Centers for Disease Control, medical and surgical journals, the medicolegal community), and all involved in management of PJI. The panel acknowledged, in certain low-grade Each author certifies that he or she, or a member of their immediate family, has no commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.
Distributed Intrusion Detection Framework based on Autonomous and Mobile Agents

Implementation of intrusion detection systems with agent technology is one of the new paradigms for intrusion detection for computer systems. In this paper, we propose a distributed intrusion detection framework based on autonomous and mobile agents. In this framework, the mobile agent platform "aglets" is utilized. The system has five types of agents: administrator agents, analyzer agents, connection agents, crisis agents, and update behavior agents. These agents interact with each other to perform the detection task. We also discuss the implementation issues about our system.
Variable temperature19F solid-state NMR study of the effect of electrostatic interactions on thermally-stimulated molecular motions in perfluorosulfonate ionomers

This study uses variable temperature 19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy to determine the influence of electrostatic interactions on the T1, T1ρ, and T2 values of Nafion®. Because of a “homogenizing” of the T1's as a result of spin diffusion, it was not possible to resolve from the T1 experiments the relative motions of the side- and main-chain. The initial increase in T1ρ as a function of increasing temperature has been attributed to backbone rotations that increase with increasing temperature. The maxima observed in the T1ρ plots suggest a change in the dominant relaxation mechanism at that temperature. The similarity in relaxation behavior of the side- and main-chains suggests that the motions are dynamically coupled, because of the fact that the side-chain is directly attached to the main-chain. Two T1ρ values were observed for the main-chain at high temperatures, which has been attributed to a thermally activated ion-hopping process. The results of T2 studies show that correlated motions of the side- and main-chain exist at low temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures the T2 values for the side-chain increase rapidly while remaining relatively constant for the main-chain, indicating an onset of mobility of the side-chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2177–2186, 2007
Pseudomonas aeruginosa treatment and transmission reduction

Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be difficult to treat and require a coordinated approach for their management. This involves quickly controlling the source of infection, establishing a correct etiologic diagnosis and administering appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. Once antimicrobial therapy has been initiated and susceptibilities are available, therapy should be tailored with optimized antibiotic doses for an appropriate duration in order to sufficiently treat the infection and minimize resistance emergence.
Diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in appearance that are not observable or appear only as minor to others. It is also characterized by repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to these perceived appearance flaws. Diagnostic criteria are met when these appearance concerns are not better explained by weight concerns and an associated eating disorder. BDD is associated with significant personal, social, and occupational impairment and often involves many unnecessary medical and surgical procedures. This chapter focuses on diagnosing body dysmorphic disorder, the differential diagnosis, comorbidities, and offers a brief introduction to various rating scales used to diagnose and manage BDD.
Cranial neuropathy due to intradural disc herniation.

Background and importance: Herniated intervertebral disc fragments rarely penetrate the thecal sac, and intracranial hypotension attributable to such penetrating fragments is even more unusual. We describe the first reported case of a cranial neuropathy due to intradural herniation of a disc fragment, in which intracranial hypotension from a resulting cerebrospinal fluid leak caused bilateral abducens palsies. Clinical presentation: A 45-year-old man presented with a positional headache after having experienced a "popping" sensation in his back while lifting a heavy object. He also reported blurred vision and was noted to have lateral gaze palsies bilaterally. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed bilateral subdural collections, abnormal pachymeningeal enhancement, and cerebellar tonsillar herniation, suggesting intracranial hypotension. T2-weighted MRI of the spine revealed extrusion of the T12-L1 disc and suggested the presence of a disc fragment in the intradural space, displacing the caudal nerve roots. A myelogram demonstrated a filling defect extending into the subarachnoid space adjacent to the disc herniation, consistent with a free disc fragment in the intradural space. A diagnosis of intracranial hypotension due to a cerebrospinal fluid leak resulting from an intradural herniated disc was made. The diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively. Conclusion: Surgical removal of the herniated disc fragment and repair of the dural defect resulted in complete resolution of the cranial neuropathy. This rare etiology of a cranial neuropathy, arising from pathology in the thoracolumbar spine, illustrates the clinical teaching that the sixth cranial nerve is highly sensitive to deformation induced by intracranial hypotension.
An Integrated Approach for Efficient and High-fidelity Analysis of Composite Structures

An integrated approach for efficient and accurate analysis of composite structures is introduced in this work by connecting high-fidelity models of composite beams, plates, and shells with a versatile multibody dynamic environment. The high-fidelity models are those implemented in the computer programs VABS and VAPAS which are constructed using the variational asymptotic method without invoking any ad hoc kinematic assumptions. The mutlibody dynamic environment we choose is DYMORE, a general-purpose, finite element based flexible multibody dynamic code. This integrated approach can carry out various analyses of multibody systems involving components made with composite materials. Several examples including buckling, free vibration, and forced vibration of composite structures are studied and compared with other theories to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of high-fidelity models and the versatility of this approach for analysis of general composite structures.
An Integrated Decision Support System for Academic Effort Planning and Review

Although academic effort planning and faculty merit review are done annually, they are by no means routine and structured tasks. Many studies have dealt with aiding the decision process related to the above tasks. Unfortunately, these studies or models are either oversimplified or too narrow in scope. This study develops a decision support system (DSS) which integrates and supports the decision processes of academic effort planning, merit review, and related activities. The support system is developed based on the concept that a DSS is a network of subsystem interfaces.
Comment 2: Transnational Care: Family Life and Complexities of Circulation and Citizenship

This symposium offers a critical discussion of the logics and dynamics behind the new ‘care circulation’ perspective offered by Loretta Baldassar and Laura Merla in their edited volume entitled “Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care”. This contribution praises the accuracy of this new perspective in family studies, but also reminds us of the continued relevance of the ‘care chains approach’, in particular as it locates the mobilities of care within debates around global justice. The contribution reflects on some of the blind spots that stem from the ‘circulation’ metaphor, and highlights in particular the need for the care circulation perspective to place transnational families not only in an institutional, but also a global political context.
Reviewer Persona & Shadow: Insights from Jungian Psychology

Using the principles of persona and shadow from Jungian psychology, the presentation describes how strong emotions expressed by reviewers in evaluating manuscripts may be examples of the projection of the reviewer's shadow onto the paper under review. According to principles of analytic psychology, awareness of one's shadow may lessen the likelihood and extent of its projection onto others (including onto authors and manuscripts under review). Technology and resources used to create presentation: Camtasia 5.0, Powerpoint 2007, microphone, downloaded photos from internet.