cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Odorant Synergy Effects as the Cause of Fishy Malodors in Algal Marine Oils

As unsaturated lipids oxidize, they form hydroperoxides, which are susceptible to further oxidation or decomposition to secondary reaction products including aldehydes, ketones, acids, and alcohols. While oxidation reactions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are responsible for fishy off-flavors in marine oils, gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and other types of analytical studies have failed to reveal which specific oxidation products are involved. Previous research (Marsili, R.T.; Laskonis, C. The importance of odourant synergy effects in understanding malodour problems in DHA and EPA products. Lipid Technol. 2014, 26 (2), 31-34) has indicated that fishy malodor may be caused by the presence of two lipid oxidation products, heptanal and (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one. The aims of the present study are to provide experimental method details and offer further evidence that these two oxidation products are indeed the cause of fishy malodors. Initial GC-MS-O studies of marine oils with fishy malodors revealed numerous oxidation products, but none were characterized as fishy. However, when all sample volatiles were captured together and then desorbed simultaneously in GC-O experiments, the fishy malodor was evident, indicating odorant synergy effects were responsible. A simple, novel method was developed using an olfactometry detector as a fraction collector to trap various peaks in marine oil chromatograms. The nose cone of the olfactometry detector was replaced with a PDMS foam absorption tube at various times during GC analysis. Combinations of GC peaks were trapped on PDMS tubes, desorbed in a Gerstel thermal extractor (off-line), and sniffed. The combination of two analytes was found to cause fishy malodors: heptanal and (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one. Purge-and-trap, solid phase microextraction (SPME), and headspace stir bar sorptive extraction (HSSE) sample preparation methods prior to GC-MS were investigated. All methods confirmed the combination of heptanal and (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one as the cause of fishy odor.
Syntheses and characterization of the metal maleonitrilediselenolates [K([2.2.2]-cryptand)]2[M(Se2C2(CN)2)2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) and [Ni(dmf)(5)Cl]2[Ni(Se2C2(CN)2)2].

Reaction of KNH2, K2Se, Se, [2.2.2]-cryptand, and a metal source yields the metal bis(maleonitrilediselenolates) [K([2.2.2]-cryptand)]2[M(Se2C2(CN)2)2] (M = Ni, 1; Pd, 2, Pt, 3). These compounds are isostructural and crystallize with four formula units in the monoclinic space group P21/c in cells at T = 153 K with parameters (a (A), b (A), c (A), β (deg), V (A3)) of 12.220(1), 15.860(2), 15.306(1), 107.64(2), 2827(1) for 1; 12.291(1), 15.669(1), 15.548(1), 108.55(1), 2839(1) for 2; and 12.292(3), 15.671(3), 15.569(3), 108.59(3), 2842(1) for 3. The cation of 1 has been substituted to yield [Ni(dmf)5Cl]2[Ni(Se2C2(CN)2)2] (4). [Ni(dmf)5Cl]2[Ni(Se2C2(CN)2)2] (4) crystallizes with one molecule in the triclinic space group P1 in a cell with parameters (T = 153 K) of a = 8.842(2) A, b = 13.161(3) A, c = 13.831(3) A, α = 110.08(3)°, β = 95.23(3)°, γ = 93.72(3)°, V = 1484(1) A3. The electronic absorption and infrared spectra are characteristic of metal maleonitrilediselenolates. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the ...
Fabrication of two-dimensional visible wavelength nanoscale plasmonic structures using hydrogen silsesquioxane based resist

In recent years, the global market for biosensors has continued to increase in combination with their expanding use in areas such as biodefense/detection, home diagnostics, biometric identification, etc. A constant necessity for inexpensive, portable bio-sensing methods, while still remaining simple to understand and operate, is the motivation behind novel concepts and designs. Labeled visible spectrum bio-sensing systems provide instant feedback that is both simple and easy to work with, but are limited by the light intensity thresholds required by the imaging systems. In comparison, label-free bio-sensing systems and other detection modalities like electrochemical, frequency resonance, thermal change, etc., can require additional technical processing steps to convey the final result, increasing the system’s complexity and possibly the time required for analysis. Further decrease in the detection limit can be achieved through the addition of plasmonic structures into labeled bio-sensing systems. Nano-structures that operate in the visible spectrum have feature sizes typically in the order of the operating wavelength, calling for high aspect ratio nanoscale fabrication capabilities. In order to achieve these dimensions, electron beam lithography (EBL) is used due to its accurate feature production. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) based electron beam resist is chosen for one of its benefits, which is after exposure to oxygen plasma, the patterned resist cures into silicon dioxide (SiO2). These cured features in conjunction with nanoscale gold particles help in producing a high electric field through dipole generation. In this work, a detailed process flow of the fabrication of square lattice of plasmonic structures comprising of gold coated silicon dioxide pillars designed to operate at 560 nm wavelength and produce an intensity increase of roughly 100 percent will be presented.
Diamagnetic susceptibility of micron thick a-Si: H films measured via proton NMR: A probe of structural disorder

Magnetic susceptibility is predicted to be sensitive to structural disorder in the group IV elemental semiconductors. A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is shown to precisely measure bulk magnetic susceptibilities (χ) of hot-wire (HW) CVD a-Si:H films as- deposited on quartz substrates. Differences in χ correlate with growth rate, but not with hydrogen content or deposition temperature. Qualitative agreement is found between smaller diamagnetic susceptibility (less average disorder) and desirable electronic properties measured by photo- and dark conductivity on the same samples. Comparing films with similar hydrogen distribution and content (as evidenced by the NMR spectra) allows the unambiguous identification of the importance of overall Si network structural disorder in the metastability of a-Si:H.
Thirty-five years of transition topics: A review of CDTEI issues from 1978 to 2012.

A systematic review was conducted of 581 articles published in 76 issues of Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals from the journal’s initial issue in 1978 to the final issue of its 35th year in 2012. Articles were coded based on inclusion of original or secondary data and if not, what type of information the article contained. In the case of articles that presented data, statistics were collected related to sample demographics and the location of the study. In addition, the topic of each article was coded. The most common topical areas were program descriptions and professional development. Trends throughout the analysis are discussed to forecast topical areas needing study as the journal goes forward.
Atomic Diffusion Processes in Silicon

The mechanisms of self-diffusion and dopant impurity diffusion in silicon have been the subject of intense debate since the 1960’s. Until the mid-1980’s, there was only limited experimental information and virtually no theory. In the last five years, however, first-principles calculations of many key quantities and new experimental data have led to significant progress. This paper traces the major theoretical advances and the key experimental data that have resolved many controversies and have provided a fairly comprehensive picture of diffusion processes. Theory has also recently provided detailed microscopic information about the diffusion of interstitial hydrogen.
Water Resources Assessment and Management in Drylands

Drylands regions of the world face difficult issues in maintaining water resources to meet current demands which will intensify in the future with population increases, infrastructure development, increased agricultural water demands, and climate change impacts on the hydrologic system. New water resources evaluation and management methods will be needed to assure that water resources in drylands are optimally managed in a sustainable manner. Development of water management and conservation methods is a multi-disciplinary endeavor. Scientists and engineers must collaborate and cooperate with water managers, planners, and politicians to successfully adopt new strategies to manage water not only for humans, but to maintain all aspects of the environment. This particularly applies to drylands regions where resources are already limited and conflicts over water are occurring. Every aspect of the hydrologic cycle needs to be assessed to be able to quantify the available water resources, to monitor natural and anthropogenic changes, and to develop flexible policies and management strategies that can change as conditions dictate. Optimal, sustainable water management is achieved by cooperation and not conflict, thereby necessitating the need for high quality scientific research and input into the process.
Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from chronically hypoxic neonatal calves retain fetal-like and acquire new growth properties

Growth properties retained and acquired by immature pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells (SMC) in vivo after chronic exposure to hypoxia and the mechanisms that regulate hypoxia-induced change in proliferative phenotype are not known. We tested the hypothesis that PA SMC from neonatal calves exposed to hypoxia after birth would both retain fetal-like and acquire new growth characteristics and that these changes would be at least partially dependent on protein kinase C (PKC), a key proproliferative signal transduction pathway. Like fetal cells, PA SMC from hypoxic calves grew faster in the presence and absence of serum and were more responsive to insulin-like growth factor I and platelet-derived growth factor-BB than control neonatal and adult cells. PA SMC from hypoxic calves also acquired other growth properties (i.e., including increased hypoxic growth after PKC activation) that were new compared with those observed for fetal cells. The proliferative response to hypoxia was first detectable in the neonatal period and was further increased in cells from hypoxic calves. SMC from fetuses and hypoxic calves were more susceptible to the growth-inhibiting effects of PKC antagonists (dihydrosphingosine and calphostin C) than control neonatal and adult cells. To test if the Ca(2+)-dependent isozymes of PKC were uniquely important in the developmental and acquired growth changes observed, the antagonistic effect of the specific, but isozyme nonselective, PKC inhibitor Ro-81-8220 was then compared with GF-109203X, a structural analog with relative specificity for the Ca(2+)-dependent isozymes of PKC (alpha and beta in PA SMC). The faster growing PA SMC from bovine fetuses and hypoxia-exposed calves again demonstrated greater growth inhibition in response to both inhibitors. GF-109203X was equipotent to Ro-31-8220, and its antiproliferative effects were shown to not be due to an increase in apoptosis. Phorbol ester-induced PKC downregulation, another inhibitor strategy that selectively depletes bovine PA SMC of PKC-alpha, but not -beta, mimicked the antiproliferative effects of GF-109203X. Whole cellular PKC catalytic activity paralleled the pattern of peptide-induced growth and susceptibility to PKC inhibition. These results suggest that PA SMC from hypoxia-exposed neonatal calves retain enhanced fetal-like proliferative capacity and acquire new growth properties that are at least partially dependent on the Ca(2+)-regulated isozymes of PKC and in particular PKC-alpha.
Nonnodulating Bradyrhizobium spp. Modulate the Benefits of Legume-Rhizobium Mutualism.

ABSTRACT Rhizobia are best known for nodulating legume roots and fixing atmospheric nitrogen for the host in exchange for photosynthates. However, the majority of the diverse strains of rhizobia do not form nodules on legumes, often because they lack key loci that are needed to induce nodulation. Nonnodulating rhizobia are robust heterotrophs that can persist in bulk soil, thrive in the rhizosphere, or colonize roots as endophytes, but their role in the legume-rhizobium mutualism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of nonnodulating strains on the native Acmispon-Bradyrhizobium mutualism. To examine the effects on both host performance and symbiont fitness, we performed clonal inoculations of diverse nonnodulating Bradyrhizobium strains on Acmispon strigosus hosts and also coinoculated hosts with mixtures of sympatric nodulating and nonnodulating strains. In isolation, nonnodulating Bradyrhizobium strains did not affect plant performance. In most cases, coinoculation of nodulating and nonnodulating strains reduced host performance compared to that of hosts inoculated with only a symbiotic strain. However, coinoculation increased host performance only under one extreme experimental treatment. Nearly all estimates of nodulating strain fitness were reduced in the presence of nonnodulating strains. We discovered that nonnodulating strains were consistently capable of coinfecting legume nodules in the presence of nodulating strains but that the fitness effects of coinfection for hosts and symbionts were negligible. Our data suggest that nonnodulating strains most often attenuate the Acmispon-Bradyrhizobium mutualism and that this occurs via competitive interactions at the root-soil interface as opposed to in planta. IMPORTANCE Rhizobia are soil bacteria best known for their capacity to form root nodules on legume plants and enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Yet, most rhizobia in soil do not have this capacity, and their effects on this symbiosis are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of diverse nonnodulating rhizobia on a native legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Nonnodulating strains did not affect plant growth in isolation. However, compared to inoculations with symbiotic rhizobia, coinoculations of symbiotic and nonnodulating strains often reduced plant and symbiont fitness. Coinoculation increased host performance only under one extreme treatment. Nonnodulating strains also invaded nodule interiors in the presence of nodulating strains, but this did not affect the fitness of either partner. Our data suggest that nonnodulating strains may be important competitors at the root-soil interface and that their capacity to attenuate this symbiosis should be considered in efforts to use rhizobia as biofertilizers.
Primer on Risk Analysis: Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Primer on Risk Analysis: Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Second Edition lays out the tasks of risk analysis in a straightforward, conceptual manner, tackling the question, "What is risk analysis?" Distilling the common principles of many risk dialects into serviceable definitions, it provides a foundation for the practice of risk management and decision making under uncertainty for professionals from all disciplines. New in this edition is an expanded risk management emphasis that includes an overview chapter on enterprise risk management and a chapter on decision making under uncertainty designed to help decision makers use the results of risk analysis in practical ways to improve decisions and their outcomes. This book will empower you to enter the world of risk management in your own domain of expertise by providing you with practical, insightful, useful and adaptable knowledge of risk analysis science including risk management, risk assessment, and risk communication. Features: Answers the fundamental question, "What is Risk Analysis?" Presents the tasks of risk management, risk assessment, and risk communication in a straightforward, conceptual manner Responds to the continuing evolution of risk science and addresses the language of risk as it continues to evolve Expands the risk management emphasis with a new chapter to serve private industry and a growing public sector interest in the growing practice of enterprise risk management Includes a new chapter on decision making under uncertainty provides practical guidance and ideas for using risk science to improve decisions and their outcomes Features an expanded set of examples of the risk process that demonstrate the growing applications of risk analysis This book is suitable for executives, professionals and students who seek a fundamental understanding of risk management, risk assessment, and risk communication. A more detailed examination of this topic, suitable for practitioners from any discipline as well as students and professionals who aspire to become experts in the practice of risk analysis science, is found in Principles of Risk Analysis: Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Second Edition, ISBN: 978-1-138-47820-6.
The emergence of an environmental governance network: the case of the Arizona borderlands

Across the country, government agencies increasingly collaborate with non-governmental actors on environmental dilemmas to gain access to resources, expertise, and local knowledge; to mitigate conflict; and to share risks in a changing environmental context. Collectively, these often overlapping collaborations form a complex and dynamic governance network (GNet). This paper examines the establishment and growth of an environmental GNet over a period of 15 years in conflict-ridden southeastern Arizona, USA. Using social network analysis, we detect the emergence of several influential organizations acting as political entrepreneurs and observe an overall change in network composition. We describe three phases: (1) a newly emerged network, (2) a network dominated by national non-governmental organizations, and finally (3) a shift toward local non-governmental organization involvement. Using institutional analysis, we explore how conflict over natural resource use, decreasing public and private monies for management, and increasing tensions over border security, leads to the establishment of new collaborations and new network participants. While this research focuses on environmental governance in southeastern Arizona, this methodological approach—and insights into the key role of organizations acting as political entrepreneurs—provides a useful starting place for analyzing networks of collaborative governance in other geographic and political contexts. Organizations’ perceptions of risk and trust are keys to understanding the dynamics of collaboration within a GNet.
Virus morphological diversity and relationship to bacteria and chlorophyll across a freshwater trophic gradient in the Lake Michigan watershed

The critical roles of viruses in nutrient cycling are well established for marine ecosystems, but less is known for freshwater viruses about diversity, seasonality, and relationships with productivity and ecosystem trophic status. This study aimed to examine virus morphotypes and abundance in relation to prokaryotic cell abundance and chlorophyll a concentrations in three seasonal temperate freshwater sites representing eutrophic, mesotrophic, and oligotrophic status in Lake Michigan watershed. We found strong correlations between virus-like particle abundance (VLPA) and prokaryote abundance (PA) and chlorophyll concentration across the trophic gradient (r = 0.744, P < 0.001, n = 123), but without consistent seasonal patterns. TEM showed Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and non-tailed virus morphotypes. The eutrophic site was distinct with one- to two-fold higher PA and VLPA than mesotrophic and oligotrophic sites. But the eutrophic and mesotrophic sites had more similar VLPA:PA ratios (eutrophic 26, mesotrophic 25.5, oligotrophic 4.1). The oligotrophic site also had a lower proportion of Podoviridae and more Siphoviridae than the other sites. The similarity between eutrophic and mesotrophic sites, but a distinctive oligotrophic site, suggests that the effects of terrestrial runoff as sources of viruses and hosts may be important, along with P limitation and trophic status, in determining virus–host relationships in freshwaters.
Dynamic-template-directed multiscale assembly for large-area coating of highly-aligned conjugated polymer thin films

Controlling macromolecular assembly across length scales during solution coating of semiconducting polymers is still a challenge. Here the authors show a biomineralization inspired dynamic templating method that expedites polymer nucleation and assembly which allows for s…
Dynamic Control of Flow Completion Time for Power Efficiency of Data Center Networks

Data center network (DCN) can consume a significant amount of power (e.g., 10% to 20%) in large-scale data centers. To reduce the power consumption of DCN, traffic consolidation has been recently proposed as an effective approach to reduce the number of DCN devices in use. However, existing consolidation approaches do not sufficiently consider the flow completion time (FCT) requirement. On one hand, missing the FCT deadlines can cause serious violation of service-level agreement, especially for delay-sensitive networking services, such as web search and E-commerce. On the other hand, keeping all the devices on to make FCTs much shorter than the desired requirements is unnecessary because 1) users may not be able to perceive the difference, and 2) such a greedy strategy can lead to unnecessarily high DCN power consumption and thus more electricity costs. In this paper, we propose FCTcon, a dynamic FCT control strategy for DCN power optimization. FCTcon is designed rigorously based on control theory to dynamically control the FCT of delay-sensitive traffic flows exactly to requirements, such that the desired FCT performance is guaranteed while the maximum amount of DCN power savings can be achieved. Results from both hardware experiments and simulation evaluations demonstrate that, compared to the state-of-the-art DCN power optimization schemes, FCTcon can improve the DCN FCT performance, while achieving nearly the same or even more power savings. Consequently, FCTcon can result in more than 22.0% to 62.2% extra net profits for a data center with 50K servers.
Mitochondrial bioenergetics of immune cells in Type 1 diabetes

Mitochondrial (mito) bioenergetics of circulating cells change as a function of disease in Alzheimer’s, fibromyalgia, cancer, and Type 2 diabetes. We are exploring the use of mito-bioenergetics as a biomarker of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression and immune cell activation. T1D is a polygenic autoimmune disease in which an inflammatory leukocytic infiltrate into pancreatic islets results in destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Autoantibody synthesis is currently used as a biomarker, but is a poor predictor of T1D since the majority of β-cells are destroyed prior to autoantibody seroconversion. We hypothesize that T1D is a chronic inflammatory disease in which conditions of oxidative stress will diminish the mitochondrial reserve capacity of immune cells and provide a surrogate marker for T1D. We compared mito-bioenergetics of murine immune cells derived from the spleen, pancreatic lymph node and bone marrow between diabetic and pre-diabetic Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice. We show that mitochondrial reserve capacity is reduced in circulating CD4+ T cells from diabetic mice, but not in pre-diabetic mice during T1D progression. To explore the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on diabetogenic CD4+ T cell effector responses, we used mito-TEMPO to scavenge mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). Mito-TEMPO reduced IFNγ synthesis in a primary recall assay by 0.24-fold and the combination of mito and cytosolic TEMPO increased Treg-associated IL-2 by 2.5-fold, suggesting that mROS have a causal role in modulating T cell effector responses critical for T1D pathology. We plan to perform human translational studies on mito-bioenergetics of PBMCs from recent onset T1D patients and further dissect the role of mROS on T1D.
War metaphors in public discourse

War metaphors are ubiquitous in discussions of everything from political campaigns to battles with cancer to wars against crime, drugs, poverty, and even salad. Why are warfare metaphors so common,...
Representing Representations: The Priority of the De Re

We glide easily from thought and talk about worldly objects to thought and talk about the contents of our beliefs about such worldly objects all the time. Smith ask Jones about the whereabouts of their pet cat and on the basis of Jones’s assertion that the cat is on the mat, Smith comes to believe that the cat is on the mat. Black in turn may ascribe to Smith the belief that the cat is on the mat. Such transitions from thought and talk about worldly objects to thought and talk about states of mind are so familiar to us as to seem second nature. But there is a long-standing philosophical tradition, originating with Frege, but endorsed by philosophers with otherwise varying philosophical outlooks, which makes the very possibility of such transitions puzzling. That tradition assumes that in making at least certain attitude ascriptions – so-called de dicto or “notionally sensitive” ascriptions -- speakers refer to, describe, quantify over, or somehow pragmatically implicate the notions, representations, or modes of presentations that plausibly figure as constituents of our mental contents -- either to the exclusion of the worldly objects themselves or in addition to those objects. Such attitude ascriptions are widely taken to be the primary or unmarked case of an attitude ascription. But it is seldom acknowledged that twin facts that (a) on this approach worldly objects will relate to the representational items that supposedly serve as ingredients of thought content in a one-many fashion and (b) there is no automatic way “back-up” from worldly objects to modes of presentation thereof together generate a mystery about how possibly we are able execute transitions from thought and talk about worldly objects to thought and talk about representational states of mind. It is argued in this essay that the way around this mystery is to see that de re, rather than de dicto ascriptions are the unmarked form of attitude ascription and that our representations of mental contents are parasitic on our representations of worldly objects. That is, we talk about the contents of our states of mind not by adverting, in the first instance, to talk about peculiarly mental or representational entities like notions or modes of presentations, but primarily by talking about worldly entities themselves. That is, to attribute to another the belief that the cat is on the mat, one need not refer to modes of presentations, or their ilk, of said cat or said mat, but only to the relevant cat and the relevant mat.
Genetic analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that NF1 limits myeloid cell growth through p21ras

Children with neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF-1) are at increased risk of developing malignant myeloid disorders and their bone marrows frequently show loss of the normal allele of the NF1 tumor-suppressor gene. NF1 encodes a protein called neurofibromin, which accelerates guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis on the p21ras (Ras) family of signaling proteins. We used a genetic approach to test the hypothesis that NF1 negatively regulates myeloid cell growth through its effect on Ras. This model predicts that, if RAS mutations and loss of NF1 function deregulate myeloid growth by the same biomechanical mechanism, then activating RAS mutations will be restricted to children with malignant myeloid disorders who do not have NF-1. We studied 71 children, including 28 with bone marrow monosomy 7 syndrome (Mo7), 35with juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML), three with other forms of preleukemia, and five with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), for activating mutations of KRAS and NRAS. The incidence of RAS mutations was 21% (12 of 55) in patients without NF-1 and 0% (zero of 16) in children with NF-1 (P = .04). Among the 55 patients who did not have NF-1, we found RAS mutations in four of 27 with Mo 7, in five of 24 with JCML, in two of 3 with AML, and in a patient with myeloproliferative syndrome (MPS). These data from primary human cancer cells provide strong genetic evidence that NF1 limits the growth of myeloid cells by regulating Ras.
The Flight of the Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE)

For 11 days during September 1994, the lidar community achieved its first spaceborne lidar flight orbiting Earth to study our atmosphere. LITE aboard Shuttle worked flawlessly measuring backscatter at three wavelengths from clouds, aerosols and the Earth’s surface. A summary of the LITE mission is presented.
Long-Range Correlations

This chapter extends the results obtained in Chap. 2 by considering the existence of correlations in the sum of random variables. This situation is obviously the general situation and we will encounter it in different guises when dealing with the collective behavior of systems made up of many interacting elements. Studying the correlations and their consequences is an essential part of the analysis of a system since the correlations are the signatures that inform us about the underlying mechanisms.
FDTD Simulation of Electromagnetic Pulse Interaction with a Switched Plasma Slab

This paper deals with the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a switched plasma slab. In formulating the simulation the well-known concepts of (a) total-field/scattered-field formulation (b) and PML lattice truncation are adapted to suit the simulation under consideration. FDTD is particularly well suited to handle the switched (time-varying) medium (including sudden switching) since the time varying parameters of the medium can be easily interpreted in the algorithm. The technique is applied to the difficult problem of interaction of an electromagnetic pulse source wave of frequency ω0 and a gaussian envelope with a newly created plasma slab of time-varying and space varying electron density profile. The creation of a pulse of Wiggler magnetic field in the slab is illustrated.
Techniques for Using HAT Selection in Somatic Cell Genetics

Somatic cell hydridization provides a unique system to analyze gene interactions between somatic cells through the formation of hybrids in intraspecific or interspecific crosses. With the development of conditional genetic markers, many phenotypic changes in cell hybrids, either permanent or transient, can be monitored in a quantitative fashion. Spontaneous fusions of cells are always infrequent and hybrids generated from such fusions are usually hard to identify. Improved fusion techniques and selection systems for cell hybrids in the past decade have circumvented many of the above difficulties.
Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages.

Background: Plant-derived phytochemicals have been of emerging interest as anti-obesity compounds due to their apparent effects on promoting reduced lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Despite such promising evidence, little is known about the potential mechanisms behind their anti-obesity effects. The aim of this study is to establish potential anti-obesity effects of the phytochemical guggulsterone (GS). Methods: Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with GS, derived from the guggul plant native in northern India, to investigate its effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte “beiging.” Further, to explore the relationship between macrophages and adipocytes, 3T3-L1s were treated with conditioned media from GS-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and beiging were measured by western blot. Results: GS treatment in adipocytes resulted in increased mitochondrial density, biogenesis (PGC1α and PPARγ), and increased markers of a beige adipocyte phenotype (UCP1, TBX1, and β-3AR). This upregulation in mitochondrial expression was accompanied by increases oxygen consumption. In GS-treated macrophages, markers of M2 polarization were elevated (e.g., arginase and IL-10), along with increased catecholamine release into the media. Lastly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with conditioned media from macrophages induced a 167.8% increase in UCP1 expression, suggestive of a role of macrophages in eliciting an anti-adipogenic response to GS. Conclusions: Results from this study provide the first mechanistic understanding of the anti-obesity effects of GS and suggests a role for both direct GS-signaling and indirect stimulation of M2 macrophage polarization in this model.
Women and eating disorders, part I: Significance and sociocultural risk factors

Eating disorders are a significant health problem for women today and therefore are a concern for the health professionals who work with women. The significance of this problem is addressed through epidemiological data from a Western cultural perspective. Many risk factors contribute to the development of these disorders. Broad categories including sociocultural, developmental, familial, and biological factors have been identified by clinicians and researchers. The sociocultural risk factors are the norms, standards, or values of a society. The sociocultural risk factors explored in this article are (a) the value of a thin physique, (b) the value of perfection, (c) the norm of dieting, (d) the influence of the media on these values, and (e) the choice of certain professions. The role of the health professional in prevention with respect to sociocultural factors is discussed.
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections among Trauma Patients: Poor Quality of Care or Marker of Effective Rescue?

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is associated generally with worse outcomes among hospitalized patients, but the impact of CAUTI on clinical outcomes is poorly descr...
Perceptions of Dating Behaviors Among Individuals in the General Population with High and Low Autistic Traits

While many individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) desire a romantic relationship, they often report anxiety and uncertainty about what behaviors are expected in a dating context. The goal of the current study was to determine how individuals in the general population respond to dating behaviors that may be perceived as unexpected, confusing, inappropriate, or unattractive. Participants responded to fifty behaviors on the Dating Behaviors Questionnaire (e.g., “asks too many questions about you”), indicating their willingness to continue dating someone showing each behavior. Participants also completed the Short Autism Spectrum Quotient to index the degree to which they personally experienced autistic traits. A principal components analysis supported a four-factor structure for this questionnaire: Rude and Unattractive, Intrusive, Distant, and Idiosyncratic Behaviors. Gender significantly predicted variability across the four factors, such that women perceived the dating behaviors more negatively than men, especially Intrusive Behaviors. This result suggests that men may maximize romantic interest from a female partner by proceeding moderately in demonstrations of their own attraction. Compared to those with low autistic traits, participants with elevated autistic traits were significantly more willing to date others with Rude and Unattractive Behaviors and Idiosyncratic Behaviors and marginally more willing to date others showing Distant Behaviors. As such, individuals who are autistic or have elevated autistic traits may be more receptive to romantic relationships with other autistic individuals. However, individuals with autistic traits may have difficulty recognizing rude or inappropriate behaviors in a dating context, potentially leading to a heightened risk of sexual victimization.
Optimización de plantas hidroeléctricas para abastecer poblaciones rurales en Honduras

Access to electricity is a challenge for a large part of the population of Honduras. In a country where the rural population is living in small, widely dispersed communities, the mountainous nature of the Central American Cordillera means there are limits to the extent of the electrical system. Since 2003 the Honduras Foundation for Agricultural Research (FHIA) has been confronting these difﬁculties, installing water system in small communities. However, these limits mean there is still plenty of room for improvement in these rudimentary systems. This paper presents an improvement and mathematical optimisation strategy for the traditional design methodology, which allows for the most effective use of available natural resources. The new methodology has been applied successfully in one pilot community. The advantages of it have been such that it has been implemented by the FHIA in order to be reproduced in future interventions.
Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance.

Abstract Technology and social media use are increasingly associated with delays in nightly sleep. Here, we consider the timing of President Trump’s official Twitter account posts as a proxy for sleep duration and how it relates to his public performance. The President wakes around 6am, a routine which has not changed since early 2017. In contrast, the frequency of Twitter activity 11pm–2am increased 317% from under one day per week in 2017 to three days a week in 2020. The President’s increased late-night activity is not accounted for by increases in the frequency of his use of social media over time, his travel schedule, or seasonality. On the day following one where he posts late at night, his Twitter followers interact less with his posts, described as “official statements by the President of the United States”. 1 He receives 7400 fewer likes per tweet, 1300 fewer retweets per tweet, and 1400 fewer replies per tweet after a late night (drops of 6.5%–8%). Tweets aside, the President’s speeches and interview transcripts have previously been coded for their dominant emotion through text analysis. On the day following a late night, the President’s inferred emotion is less likely to be “happy” and nearly three times more likely to be “angry” in his interviews and speeches. Finally, the 2020 election odds of the President’s chief opponent also increase after a late night, while the President’s are unchanged. The pattern we document is consistent with a progressive shortening of the President’s sleep over his first term and compromised performance from sleep deprivation.
Evidence from EXAFS for Different Ta/Ti Site Occupancy in High Critical Current Density Nb 3 Sn Superconductor Wires

To meet critical current density, J c , targets for the Future Circular Collider (FCC), the planned replacement for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high field performance of Nb3Sn must be improved, but champion J c values have remained static for the last 10 years. Making the A15 phase stoichiometric and enhancing the upper critical field H c2 by Ti or Ta dopants are the standard strategies for enhancing high field performance but detailed recent studies show that even the best modern wires have broad composition ranges. To assess whether further improvement might be possible, we employed Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) to determine the lattice site location of dopants in modern high-performance Nb3Sn strands with J c values amongst the best so far achieved. Although Ti and Ta primarily occupy the Nb sites in the A15 structure, we also find significant Ta occupancy on the Sn site. These findings indicate that the best performing Ti-doped stand is strongly sub-stoichiometric in Sn and that antisite disorder likely explains its high average H c2 behavior. These new results suggest an important role for dopant and antisite disorder in minimizing superconducting property distributions and maximizing high field J c properties.
Tres documentales desde la comunidad coreana en Argentina

Este ensayo resena las siguientes peliculas: 50 Chuseok. Dir. Tamae Garateguy. Prod. Florencia Franco, Tamae Garateguy y Chang Sung Kim. Argentina, 2018, 84 minutos. https://play.cine.ar/INCAA/produccion/5833 . Halmoni/Abuela/Grandmother. Dir. Daniel Kim. Prod. Mariana Luconi. Argentina, 2018, 63 minutos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZ6FQfIP0EI . Mi ultimo fracaso/My Last Failure. Dir. Cecilia Kang. Prod. Cecilia Kang y Virginia Roffo. Argentina, 2016, 63 minutos. Contactarse con la directora Cecilia Kang para obtener visionado de su pelicula: misbelovedones@gmail.com .
Middle East Christianity: Local Practices, World Societal Entanglements: edited by Stephan Stetter and Mitra Moussa Nabo (Cham: Springer Nature/Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), 159 pages

This slim volume consists of seven chapters by seven scholars, most of whom are European or North American academics who do not appear to have familial ties to Middle Eastern Christian communities....
Towards an understanding of online visual aesthetics: An instantiation of the composition perspective

Abstract This article articulates the importance of developing a Theory of Online Visual Aesthetics in the IS tradition, and demonstrates that to date the field is still lacking a theoretical model for explaining online visual aesthetics. To address this gap in the literature the authors propose the Online Visual Aesthetics Theoretical Model, drawn from over 100 years of literature in complementary disciplines. The Online Visual Aesthetics Theory Model proposes that the perception of the composition of an online medium is directly influenced by the eight web design categories: Graphics, Text, Simplicity, Animation, Layout, Unity, Emphasis, and Balance. The variance of each of these web design categories may then be explained by the more traditional seven primary design dimensions: Lines, Shapes, Colors, Textures, Forms, Values, and Spaces. The final instantiated Online Visual Aesthetics Theoretical Model is then presented and a program of study is articulated for the evaluation and validation of the proposed theoretical model.
Striatal dopamine mediates hallucination-like perception in mice

Hallucinations, a central symptom of psychotic disorders, are attributed to excessive dopamine in the brain. However, the neural circuit mechanisms by which dopamine produces hallucinations remain elusive, largely because hallucinations have been challenging to study in model organisms. We developed a task to quantify hallucination-like perception in mice. Hallucination-like percepts, defined as high-confidence false detections, increased after hallucination-related manipulations in mice and correlated with self-reported hallucinations in humans. Hallucination-like percepts were preceded by elevated striatal dopamine levels, could be induced by optogenetic stimulation of mesostriatal dopamine neurons, and could be reversed by the antipsychotic drug haloperidol. These findings reveal a causal role for dopamine-dependent striatal circuits in hallucination-like perception and open new avenues to develop circuit-based treatments for psychotic disorders.
Evaluating spatial patterns of seasonal ozone exposure and incidence of respiratory emergency room visits in Dallas-Fort Worth.

This article examines the relationships between spatial patterns of long-term ozone exposure and respiratory illness within Dallas-Fort Worth to better understand impacts on health outcomes.
Alkylsulfenyl thiocarbonates: precursors to hydropersulfides potently attenuate oxidative stress

The recent discovery of the prevalence of hydropersulfides (RSSH) species in biological systems suggests their potential roles in cell regulatory processes. However, the reactive and transient nature of RSSH makes their study difficult, and dependent on the use of donor molecules. Herein, we report alkylsulfenyl thiocarbonates as a new class of RSSH precursors that efficiently release RSSH under physiologically relevant conditions. RSSH release kinetics from these precursors are tunable through electronic modification of the thiocarbonate carbonyl group's electrophilicity. In addition, these precursors also react with thiols to release RSSH with a minor amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS). Importantly, RSSH generation by these precursors protects against oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of these precursors to increase intracellular RSSH levels.
Design for validation, based on formal methods

Validation of ultra-reliable systems decomposes into two subproblems: (1) quantification of probability of system failure due to physical failure; (2) establishing that Design Errors are not present. Methods of design, testing, and analysis of ultra-reliable software are discussed. It is concluded that a design-for-validation based on formal methods is needed for the digital flight control systems problem, and also that formal methods will play a major role in the development of future high reliability digital systems.
Interactions of calcemic hormones and divalent cation ionophores on fetal rat bone in vitro

The ionophore A23187, which has been widely used to assess the role of divalent cations in physiologic processes [1,2], has been a difficult agent to work with due to the variability in response [2–5] and the narrow range of stimulatory concentrations [6,7]. We previously found that A23187 mimics some of the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone, increasing the release of previously incorporated 45Ca and promoting the appearance of multinucleated osteoclasts [7–9]. Higher concentrations of the ionophore inhibited PTH- induced resorption. We now have observed a second and somewhat different pattern of response, a marked potentiation by the ionophore of the effects of low concentrations of calcemic hormones. Both response patterns are shown here and a possible explanation for the variable effects of the agent is proposed.
Randomness in Quantum Computation

Introducing randomness by computationally flipping a coin can increase the efficiency of classical computer algorithms. Quantum computing may also benefit from the introduction of randomness, but doing so is less straightforward because at any step, a quantum computer can follow a continuous set of possible paths. In his Perspective, [Paz][1] explains that a good approximation of randomness can be introduced more easily than was anticipated. He highlights the report by [ Emerson et al .][2], who have devised a two-step procedure that allows the efficient implementation of quantum coin-tosses in an approximate but useful way. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/302/5653/2076 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/302/5653/2098
The Heating of Soft X-Ray Coronal Loops

The physical process which heats the multi-million degree coronae of late-type stars such as the Sun is one of the fundamental mysteries of astrophysics. A number of plausible theories have been proposed, but none of them has yet been demonstrated to be correct. We must therefore rely on new coronal observations, such as those from Yohkoh, to constrain and distinguish among the competing ideas.
Serum immunoglobulin level is a useful marker for the risk of opportunistic infection in steroid dependent patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases

Aim: Patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as severe asthma, pulmonary fibrosis often need to have long-term oral corticosteroids (O-CS). Patients who are administered O-CS, even a small amount, are susceptive for opportunistic infection (OI) such as pneumocystis pneumonia, fungal infection, herpes-zoster infection. The aim of this study is to clarify the usefulness of serum IgG as a marker for risk of OI in patients with long-term O-CS therapy. Methods: Seventeen patients with respiratory diseases (severe asthma 11, pulmonary fibrosis 5, Churg-Strauss syndrome 1) taking regular-use of O-CS were enrolled to this study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and collect the data about incidence of OI and serum IgG levels of the patients. Results: Seven out of 17 patients suffered from OI. The average IgG level in patients with OI (623±154 mg/dl, n=7) was significantly lower than patients without OI (879±188 mg/dl, p-value Conclusion: Serum IgG need to be monitored when patients were given O-CS. It is crucial to keep serum IgG levels more than 725 mg/dl to prevent OI.