cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NOTE ON THE VALIDITY OF MACHOVER'S INDICATORS OF ANXIETY

Several studies have been conducted in an attempt to assess the validity of Machover's indicators of anxiety: shading, erasures, and line reinforcements. These studies have cyplcally employed the MAS scale as the anxiety criterion and have generally yielded negarlve fesults (Handler & Reyher, 1965), suggesting that these indices are of questionable val~d~ty. The present study investigated the validity of these ,three presumed indicators uslng the IPAT Anxiety Scale (Cattell & Scheier, 1963) as crlterlon. The DAP and IPAT scale were administered to 103 male and female college srudents in groups. The order was counrerbalanced ro control for possible effects of set. The drawings were then rated independently by three judges for presence or absence of the three indicators, using comments and illustrations by Machover (1949, personal communication, March 27, 1968) as guidelines. For a protocol to be used in the analyses all three judges had to agree on the presence or absence of the indicators. Shading, when present, was also rated on a five-point scale with regard to type of shading, as suggested by Machover (1968, personal communication, March 27). At one end of th~s d~mension was the rational-conrrolled type of shading such as that seen in clothing des~gn. At the other end was the diffuse-messy shading which Machover states may be the "analogue of diffuse anxiety." Erasures were rated on a 7-point scale: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and more than five, reflecting the number of erasures in both drawings. Line reinforcements were rated from 0 to 5, reflecting amount present in the drawings. Median ratings for indicators were then determined. Contingency chi squares were utilized to determine the relar~onsh~p beween judges' ratings of these indicators and anxiety scores. With three judgcs ~n agreement, 95 of the 103 Ss were judged to have shaded, 94 to have erased, and 73 to have used line reinforcements. The proportion of Ss displaying these indicators in the~r drawings suggest that the mere presence of these indices in figure drawings is likely to be of little clinical utility, as they occur so often in a presumably normal<ample. Using a 3 X 3 chi-square analysis, a significant relationship was found berween shading and IPAT scores (x' = 9.87, P < .05); the contingency coefficient was .31. This relationship was not demonstrated with regard to a present-absent dichotomy but in terms of the way the shading was displayed in the drawings after it had been judged to be present. This finding suggests that type of shading may be important in figure drawings. The exact nature of this relationship needs to be clarified. The nature of these data made analysis of the relation of the presence or absence of shading and anxiety scores impossible, since in no case did all three judges agree that shading was absent. Nonsignificant relationships were found between erasures (x' = 1.34) and line reinforcements (~k 321) and the criterion, thus failing to support their validity as indicators of anxiety.
Efficacy of Written Modeling and Vicarious Reinforcement in Increasing Use of Problem-Solving Methods by Distressed Individuals

The authors evaluated an application of social cognitive theory principles intended to increase adherence to a problem-solving intervention. The study included 132 adult volunteers who wanted to reduce their distress levels. All participants received group training in problem-solving methods. Before attempting to solve at least 1 distressing problem in their lives over the next 3 weeks, participants were randomly assigned to either (a) a modeling with vicarious reinforcement condition in which they received 3 personal anecdotes written by individuals who had successfully applied problem-solving methods to a real problem or (b) a control condition in which they received a fact sheet about problem solving. Word counts of problem-solving writing, self-reports of adherence, and observer ratings of adherence showed that participants in the vicarious reinforcement condition demonstrated significantly higher adherence than did those in the control condition. These results provide support for the effectiveness of symbolic modeling and vicarious reinforcement in increasing adherence to problem-solving methods by individuals who want to decrease their distress.
Projecting growth of metropolitan areas.

This paper is about the determinants of growth of [U.S.] metropolitan areas (MSAs). The authors review and evaluate the relevant literature. (ANNOTATION)
Recognition Functions of Pentameric C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Disease

C-reactive protein (CRP) performs two recognition functions that are relevant to cardiovascular disease. First, in its native pentameric conformation, CRP recognizes molecules and cells with exposed phosphocholine (PCh) groups, such as microbial pathogens and damaged cells. PCh-containing ligand-bound CRP activates the complement system to destroy the ligand. Thus, the PCh-binding function of CRP is defensive if it occurs on foreign pathogens because it results in the killing of the pathogen via complement activation. On the other hand, the PCh-binding function of CRP is detrimental if it occurs on injured host cells because it causes more damage to the tissue via complement activation; this is how CRP worsens acute myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Second, in its nonnative pentameric conformation, CRP also recognizes atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Recent data suggest that the LDL-binding function of CRP is beneficial because it prevents formation of macrophage foam cells, attenuates inflammatory effects of LDL, inhibits LDL oxidation, and reduces proatherogenic effects of macrophages, raising the possibility that nonnative CRP may show atheroprotective effects in experimental animals. In conclusion, temporarily inhibiting the PCh-binding function of CRP along with facilitating localized presence of nonnative pentameric CRP could be a promising approach to treat atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. There is no need to stop the biosynthesis of CRP.
An elasmobranch maternity ward: female round stingrays Urobatis halleri use warm, restored estuarine habitat during gestation

The habitat use and movements of the round stingray Urobatis halleri were compared between shallow restored and natural habitats of the Anaheim Bay Estuary (CA, U.S.A.) in relation to water temperature. Restored habitat remained significantly warmer than natural habitat from spring through to autumn. Strong sexual segregation occurred in the restored habitat with mature female U. halleri forming large unisex aggregations in summer, during months of peak seasonal water temperatures, and males only present during spring. Most mature females collected from restored habitat during months of high abundance were determined to be pregnant using non-invasive field ultrasonography. Tagged females typically spent <14 days in the restored habitat, using the habitat less as seasonal water temperatures decreased. Females tended to emigrate from the estuary by mid-August, coinciding with the time of year for parturition. The elevated water temperatures of the restored habitat may confer an energetic cost to male U. halleri, but females (particularly pregnant females) may derive a thermal reproductive benefit by using warm, shallow habitats for short periods of time during months of peak water temperatures. These findings have management implications for the design of coastal habitat restoration projects and marine protected areas that incorporate thermal environments preferred by aggregating female elasmobranchs.
Old versus new medications: how much should be taught?

Objective To address the issue of how much psychiatric residents should be taught about older medications.
A Bayesian regularized artificial neural network for stock market forecasting

In this paper a Bayesian regularized artificial neural network is proposed as a novel method to forecast financial market behavior. Daily market prices and financial technical indicators are utilized as inputs to predict the one day future closing price of individual stocks. The prediction of stock price movement is generally considered to be a challenging and important task for financial time series analysis. The accurate prediction of stock price movements could play an important role in helping investors improve stock returns. The complexity in predicting these trends lies in the inherent noise and volatility in daily stock price movement. The Bayesian regularized network assigns a probabilistic nature to the network weights, allowing the network to automatically and optimally penalize excessively complex models. The proposed technique reduces the potential for overfitting and overtraining, improving the prediction quality and generalization of the network. Experiments were performed with Microsoft Corp. and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. stock to determine the effectiveness of the model. The results indicate that the proposed model performs as well as the more advanced models without the need for preprocessing of data, seasonality testing, or cycle analysis.
Multiview Comodeling to Improve Subtyping and Genetic Association of Complex Diseases

Genetic association analysis of complex diseases has been limited by heterogeneity in their clinical manifestations and genetic etiology. Research has made it possible to differentiate homogeneous subtypes of the disease phenotype. Currently, the most sophisticated subtyping methods perform unsupervised cluster analysis using only clinical features of a disorder, resulting in subtypes for which genetic association may be limited. In this study, we seek to derive a novel multiview data analytic method that integrates two views of the data: the clinical features and the genetic markers of the same set of patients. Our method is based on multiobjective programming that is capable of clinically categorizing a disease phenotype so as to discover genetically different subtypes. We optimize two objectives jointly: 1) in cluster analysis, the derived clusters should differ significantly in clinical features; 2) these clusters can be well separated using genetic markers by constructed classifiers. Extensive computational experiments with two substance-use disorders using two populations show that the proposed algorithm is superior to existing subtyping methods.
Progress toward the development of an aircraft icing analysis capability

An overview of the NASA efforts to develop an aircraft icing analysis capability is presented. Discussions are included of the overall and long term objectives of the program as well as current capabilities and limitations of the various computer codes being developed. Descriptions are given of codes being developed to analyze two and three dimensional trajectories of water droplets, airfoil ice accretion, aerodynamic performance degradation of components and complete aircraft configurations, electrothermal deicer, and fluid freezing point depressant deicer. The need for bench mark and verification data to support the code development is also discussed.
The TLR3 ligand polyI:C downregulates connexin 43 expression and function in astrocytes by a mechanism involving the NF‐κB and PI3 kinase pathways

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a component of the innate immune response that responds to dsRNA viruses and virus replication intermediates. In this study we show that activation of astrocytes with the dsRNA mimetic polyinosinic-cytidylic acid (pI:C) results in loss of expression of connexin43 (Cx43) mRNA and protein while upregulating the expression of the ionotropic P2 receptor P2X(4)R. Analysis of the signaling pathways involved failed to demonstrate a role for the p38 MAP kinase, ERK, or JNK signaling pathways whereas an inhibitor of the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway effectively blocked the action of pI:C. Using adenoviral vectors containing a super-repressor of NF-kappaB (NF-kappaB SR) construct or a dominant negative interferon regulatory factor 3 (dnIRF3) construct showed that inhibition of both transcription factors also blocked the effects of pI:C. To explore the functional consequences of pI:C activation we used a pore-forming assay for P2X(4)R activity and a scrape loading assay for gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). No pore-forming activity consistent with functional P2X(4)R expression was detected in either control or activated astrocytes. In contrast, robust Lucifer yellow transfer indicative of GJIC was detected in resting cells that was lost following pI:C activation. The dnIRF3 construct failed to restore GJIC whereas the NF-kappaB SR or the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY11-7082 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 all significantly reversed the effect of pI:C on GJ connectivity. We conclude that activation of the innate immune response in astrocytes is associated with functional loss of GJIC through a pathway involving NF-kappaB and PI3 kinase.
Dental applications of polymers: a review

The properties of plastic that make it of particular value in the construction of dentures, plastic teeth, and impression materials are reviewed. The author discusses methacrylates, the most extensively used dental resins, at length, and he reports on characteristics of plastics that hinder their success in other dental applications.
Eikonal Approximation for the Bilocal Vertex Function and ν W 2 in a Fermion—Neutral-Vector-Gluon Model

The eikonal approximation is used to investigate the forward one-fermion matrix element of the bilocal operator that appears in the most singular term of the canonical light-cone current commutators for the fermion---neutral-vector-gluon model. A relationship is exhibited between this matrix element of the bilocal operator and the leading behavior of $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$. This relation allows calculations of contributions to the matrix element of the bilocal operator to be applied to the corresponding contribution to $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$. A simple set of graphs contributing to the matrix element of the bilocal operator is calculated in the eikonal approximation. This gives a contribution to $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ in agreement with explicit calculations in perturbation theory for the corresponding set of graphs of $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$.
Counting the Cost: A Report on APC-Supported Open Access Publishing in a Research Library

BACKGROUND At one-hundred twenty-two articles published, the open access journal Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (Tremor) is growing its readership and expanding its influence among patients, clinicians, researchers, and the general public interested in issues of non-Parkinsonian tremor disorders. Among the characteristics that set the journal apart from similar publications, Tremor is published in partnership with the library-based publications program at Columbia University’s Center for Digital Research and Scholarship (CDRS). DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM The production of Tremor in conjunction with its editor, a researching faculty member, clinician, and epidemiologist at the Columbia University Medical Center, has pioneered several new workflows at CDRS: article-charge processing, coordination of vendor services, integration into PubMed Central, administration of publication scholarships granted through a patient-advocacy organization, and open source platform development among them. Open access publishing ventures in libraries often strive for lean operations by attempting to capitalize on the scholarly impact available through the use of templated and turnkey publication systems. For CDRS, production on Tremor has provided opportunity to build operational capacity for more involved publication needs. The following report introduces a framework and account of the costs of producing such a publication as a guide to library and other non-traditional publishing operations interested in gauging the necessary investments. Following a review of the literature published to date on the costs of open access publishing and of the practice of journal publishing in academic libraries, the authors present a brief history of Tremor and a tabulation of the costs and expenditure of effort by library staff in production. NEXT STEPS Although producing Tremor has been more expensive than other partner publications in the center’s portfolio, the experiences have improved the library’s capacity for addressing more challenging projects, and developments for Tremor have already begun to be applied to other journals.
Retrieval of the Günther Tulip and OptEase filters using the recovery cone removal system.

The Recovery Cone Removal System was evaluated in vitro to determine its feasibility as an alterative retrieval device for the Gunther tulip and OptEase inferior vena cava filters. The cone removal system was then used electively in eight patients to determine feasibility and safety in vivo and subsequently in a single patient when wire-snare removal failed. The Recovery Cone Removal System allowed in vitro and in vivo retrieval in all cases without difficulty or complication. The Recovery Cone Removal System offers an alternative to the wire-snare–based retrieval systems for removal of the Gunther tulip and OptEase filters
Timing is everything: the when and how of environmentally induced changes in the epigenome of animals.

Environmental influence on developmental plasticity impacts a wide diversity of animal life from insects to humans. We now understand the epigenetic basis for many of these altered phenotypes. The five environmental factors of nutrition, behavior, stress, toxins, and stochasticity work individually and in concert to affect the developing epigenome. During early embryogenesis, epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, are reset at specific times. Two waves of global demethylation and reestablishment of methylation frame the sensitive times for early environmental influences and will be the focus of this review. Gene transcription, translation, and post-translational modification of chromatin remodeling complexes are three mechanisms affected by developmental exposure to environmental factors. To illustrate how changes in the early environment profoundly affect these mechanisms, we provide examples throughout the animal kingdom. Herein we review the history, time points, and mechanisms of epigenetic gene-e...
STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for interleukin 1 beta and interleukin-6 production in response to lipopolysaccharide and live bacteria.

Both interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a major role in inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. In this work we investigated the signaling pathway involving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated IL-1β and IL-6 production in murine macrophage cell lines and primary macrophages. We show that in response to LPS, the JAK/STAT pathway is activated, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation at residue 705 on STAT3 and at residue 701 on STAT1, respectively. A newly developed STAT3 specific inhibitor (stattic) blocked LPS-mediated STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and led to inhibition of LPS-mediated IL-1β and IL-6 production but not TNF-α production. Knockdown of STAT3 expression via small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased the level of STAT3 expression in Raw 264.7 cells and decreased STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in response to LPS treatment. Quantitative real time PCR and Western analysis of cells treated with inhibitor or STAT3 siRNA after LPS treatment showed a significant reduction of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA and protein compared to cells treated with LPS alone. Moreover stattic abrogated IL-1β formation in response to extracellular bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in murine peritoneal macrophages. This inhibition did not affect caspase-1 activation. These results highlight the complex role of STAT3 in cytokine production and the key role of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in IL-1β and IL-6 production in response to inflammation.
Editorial Note on: Agreement of repeated motor and sensory scores at individual myotomes and dermatomes in young persons with spinal cord injury

Editorial Note on: Agreement of repeated motor and sensory scores at individual myotomes and dermatomes in young persons with spinal cord injury
Digital control of dual output interleaved PFC using single input current sense

In this paper the control aspects of dual output interleaved PFC converter with single current sense is discussed. As well known, the interleaved PFC topologies have been widely used since they allow for smaller components, improved thermal performance, increased critical conduction mode power range, better transients and reduced current ripple. In this study, a two-phase interleaved PFC topology running with universal input range is modified to obtain dual independent outputs for servers and telecom applications. A low cost microcontroller (TMS320F28027-PiccoloA) is used to implement complete digital control of the interleaved PFC system. In this dual-output PFC concept, the control electronics, the input voltage sense circuits and the current sense circuits are shared between two PFC power stages. This minimizes the size and the cost of the design significantly.
Marine fish food in the United States and methylmercury risk.

This paper takes a market-oriented approach to study potential exposure of methylmercury (MeHg) risk to human health from US domestic commercial ocean fish landings (consumption). Information is assembled on MeHg concentration levels of marine species. Landings were examined for 1995–2005. Confined to this seafood source, trends of landings indicating high concentration species (above 0.7 ppm, tilefish, shark, king mackerel and swordfish) were significantly decreased. People bought stable amount of medium MeHg level species (0.3–0.7 ppm, grouper, Spanish mackerel) but less amount of low concentration level species (below 0.3 ppm, catfish, tuna and southern flounder). Based on estimated prices of species and quantities taken it is found that consumers, one crucial link of the entire MeHg risk assessment process, had exhibited awareness of potential MeHg risk in fish and demonstrated in household fish consumption. Information assembled in this paper is insufficient to draw further inference on specific popu...
Excitation and emission spectra reflected from the surface of phosphorescent human cementum.

Abstract The use of an Aminco-Bowman Spectrophotofluorometer with a modified phosphoroscope attachment permitted the recording of the excitation and emission spectra from unaltered human cemental surfaces. A major excitation peak was consistently seen at 310–312 nm; this band stimulated an afterglow which peaked around 486 nm. Occasionally a smaller absorption peak was seen at 280 nm which elicited a phosphorescence centering at about 472 nm. Also occasionally seen was a shoulder in the descending portion of the excitation curve with a value approximately 350 nm.
Avoiding the integral storage bottleneck in LCAO calculations of electron correlation

Abstract We propose a method for obtaining electron-repulsion integrals over a molecular-orbital basis without any explicit four-index transformation involving input/output. The approach is in the spirit of our direct SCF scheme in that it uses reevaluation of atomic integrals to allow for calculations that would otherwise be prohibited by storage limitations with conventional techniques. We present correlation energy calculations with up to 318 basis functions using the proposed approach.
Field independence, task ambiguity, and performance on a proportional reasoning task

This study investigated the proportional reasoning abilities of 35 college science students. Using a projection of shadows problem, proportional reasoning was assessed under one of two experimental conditions corresponding to the type of information presented: (a) relevant only, or (b) relevant and irrelevant. Subjects were also measured on the cognitive style of field independence. Results showed that subjects in the relevant only condition performed significantly better than those in the relevant-irrelevant condition. Degree of field independence was related to performance only in the relevant-irrelevant condition. These results indicated an interaction between type of information presented in a task and cognitive style.
A high-throughput mass spectrometric assay for discovery of human lipoxygenase inhibitors and allosteric effectors

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) regulate inflammation through the production of a variety of molecules whose specific downstream effects are not entirely understood due to the complexity of the inflammation pathway. The generation of these biomolecules can potentially be inhibited and/or allosterically regulated by small synthetic molecules. The current work describes the first mass spectrometric high-throughput method for identifying small molecule LOX inhibitors and LOX allosteric effectors that change the substrate preference of human lipoxygenase enzymes. Using a volatile buffer and an acid-labile detergent, enzymatic products can be directly detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) without the need for organic extraction. The method also reduces the required enzyme concentration compared with traditional ultraviolet (UV) absorbance methods by approximately 30-fold, allowing accurate binding affinity measurements for inhibitors with nanomolar affinity. The procedure was validated using known LOX inhibitors and the allosteric effector 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE).
Ceforanide kinetics in renal insufficiency

Ceforanide (500 mg) was infused intravenously over 30 min into six normal subjects, 10 nondialysis patients with renal insufficiency, and six hemodialysis patients. Dialysis patients received two ceforanide infusions, one immediately before dialysis and another during an interdialysis period. Sequential plasma samples over 24 to 72 hr were assayed for ceforanide. Peak ceforanide levels (mean = 69 +/- 12 micrograms/ml) and volumes of distribution did not vary with creatinine clearance (Clcr, ml/min/1.73 m2) and both plasma clearance and renal clearance decreased linearly as Clcr decreased. Mean nonrenal clearance (4.6 +/- 1.8 ml/min/1.73 m2) did not vary with Clcr. Mean half-life was 3 hr in the normal subjects, increasing to approximately 25 hr in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Hemodialysis resulted in a removal of approximately 21% of the dose of ceforanide. Dosing recommendations for patients with renal insufficiency are provided.
Relationship of retinotopic ordering of axons in the optic pathway to the formation of visual maps in central targets

We examined in rats the relationship between the ordering of retinal axons in the optic pathway and the formation of a retinotopically organized projection to their primary target, the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). We have previously found that axons labeled by focal injections of 1, 1′-dioctadecyl 3, 3, 3, ′3′ -tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) made in temporal or nasal retina of perinatal rats commonly mistarget along the medial-lateral and rostral-caudal axes of the SC. By postnatal day (P) 11–12, the retinocollicular projection attains an adult-like topography. Incorrectly targeted axons or axon segments are removed; axons that persist terminate in the topographically appropriate part of the SC (Simon and O'Leary: Dev Biol 137:125, 1990). In the present study, we made similar DiI injections, covering less than 2% of the retinal area, in peripheral temporal, nasal, superior, or inferior retina, in rats of two age groups, embryonic day (E) 21 to P (postnatal day) 2 and P11-P17. Whole mounts of retina, optic nerve and tract, and SC, and cross sections of the optic nerve, were examined. In E21-P2 rats, retinal axons labeled from each retinal site are diffusely distributed in the SC, and poorly ordered in the optic pathway. In retina, labeled axons travel in fascicles directly from the injection site to the optic disc, but neighbor relationships begin to degrade as fascicles split and mix. Retinotopic order is virtually lost in the optic nerve; axons labeled from each injection site disperse throughout its cross-sectional area, but the labeled axons tend to be concentrated toward a specific half of the nerve depending upon their retinal origin. This slight tendency toward retinotopic order increases in the optic tract, but axons are still poorly ordered as they leave the tract and enter the SC. Targeting errors along the medial-lateral axis of the SC, but apparently not along its rostral-caudal axis, are related to the positioning of axons across the width of the optic tract. In P11–P17 rats, axons labeled from each injection site arborize only in a small, topographically correct part of the SC. However, the distributions of labeled retinal axons observed in whole mounts of the retina and optic pathway have a degree of disorder similar to those in E21-P2 rats. Further, the scatter of labeled axons in optic nerve cross sections is comparable in both age groups. Therefore, the emergence of topographic order in the retinocollicular projection is not accompanied by an emergence of a retinotopic ordering of axons in the optic nerve. This indicates that axons positioned anywhere within the optic nerve are equally likely to establish a correctly positioned arbor, and survive the phase of map remodeling. Thus, a retinotopic organization of the rat optic nerve at perinatal ages is neither essential nor important for the subsequent development of topographic order in retinal projections.
Attachment of Ferrocene Nanotubes on β-Cyclodextrin Self-Assembled Monolayers with Molecular Recognitions

Ferrocene nanotubes were fabricated by binding carboxylic acid-derivatized ferrocenes onto template peptide nanotubes via hydrogen bonding. When these ferrocene-functionalized nanotubes were incubated with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) coated on patterned Au substrates in solution, the ferrocene nanotubes recognized and attached onto the beta-CD SAMs via host-guest molecular recognition. The ferrocene nanotubes were also observed to recognize the certain cavity size of CD. The attachment/detachment of nanotubes on the beta-CD SAMs was controlled electrochemically by tuning the redox states of ferrocene nanotubes. This electric field-responsive building block may be applied to build nanometer-sized switching components in electronics and sensors.
The architecture of DSP: a DSP multiprocessor

Simple analog functions such as mixing and editing often have complex implementations in the digital domain. Previous machines designed expressly for such tasks, such as the Lucasfilm ASP and Neve BBC machine, are heavily pipelined and complex machines with extremely fast cycle times. The author describes the hardware architecture of a MIMD (multi-instruction/multiple-data-stream) multiprocessor designed to handle the problems of high-quality digital audio mixing, synthesis, and editing. >
Gramicidin, Valinomycin, and Cation Permeability of Streptococcus faecalis

Gramicidin and valinomycin in concentrations of 10−7 and 10−6m, respectively, inhibited the growth of Streptococcus faecalis. Inhibition of growth was associated with loss of Rb+ and K+ from the cells, and could be reversed by addition of excess K+. Cells treated with these antibiotics exhibited greatly increased permeability to certain cations; no effect was observed on the penetration of other small molecules. Unlike normal cells, cells treated with gramicidin rapidly lost internal Rb+ by passive exchange with external cations, including H+, all monovalent alkali metals, NH4+, Mg++, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Exchange was rapid even at 0 C and was independent of energy metabolism. The effect of valinomycin was more selective. Cellular Rb+ was rapidly displaced by external H+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+; other cations were less effective. The exchange was independent of metabolism but strongly affected by temperature. Under certain conditions, polyvalent cations inhibited exchange between 86Rb and Rb+ induced by valinomycin. The antibiotic apparently neither stimulates nor inhibits the energy-dependent K+ pump of S. faecalis, but exerts its effect on the passive permeability of the membrane to cations. The increased permeability to specific cations induced by gramicidin and valinomycin is a sufficient explanation for the inhibition of growth, glycolysis, and other processes.
Coherent single photon transport in one-dimensional waveguide coupledwith superconducting quantum bits

The single photon transport properties in circuit quantum electrodynamics systems, such as general Fano lineshape, symmetric vacuum Rabi splitting for leaky cavity at resonance, and one-photon switching capability are given using a real-space model Hamiltonian.
UNEMPLOYMENT, CRIME, AND IMPRISONMENT: A PANEL APPROACH*

Despite the widespreach acceptance of the notion that during periods of economic downturn, higher levels of unemployment lead to higher levels of crime and imprisonment, the research literature reveals very little consistent support for the existence of such a relationship. Studies that do suggest unemployment causes crime and imprisonment have used methodological techniques which, especially in over-time studies, could lead to the acceptance of spurious effects caused by trend and lag as evidence of a true relationship. Using data over a six-year period for the United States, a panel model is specified in which appropriate controls for intra-series trend and cross-series lagged effects are included. Although bivariate correlations are strongly suggestive of a relationship between unemployment and crime, results of the panel approach suggest that most of the apparent relationship is due to common trend effects. Little evidence is found for the existence of a relationship between crime/imprisonment and unemployment, regardless of the type of effect considered. In addition, results from stability tests indicate that the crime-unemployment relationship has been unstable. while the unemployment-imprisonment relationship has been relatively invariant.
Pyrolysis Products from Cellulose Treated with Flame Retardants Part III: Ancillary Studies1

Study of the effect of treatment of cellulose with a flame retardant required knowledge of the behavior of cellulose alone under the conditions of the experiment. Compounds obtained included carbon...
Review of Four Introductory Textbooks on Educational Technology

This book review aims to assist instructors in their selection of textbooks for entry-level or intermediate educational technology courses or workshops for teachers. It discusses four major textbooks: Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning, by Heinich, Molenda, Russell, and Smaldino; Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating Technology in the Classroom, by Shelly, Cashman, Gunter, and Gunter; Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, by Roblyer; and Integrating Computer Technology into the Classroom, by Morrison and Lowther. These books are reviewed considering five dimensions: (a) computer literacy and skills, (b) teaching and learning theories, (c) technology integration strategies, (d) resources for students, and (e) resources for teachers. Considering that the choice of textbook depends on the instructor’s educational goals, the review concludes with recommendations for textbook adoption in entry-level and intermediate educational technology courses. The overall evaluation of these books with respect to these five dimensions is presented in a table. Numerous introductory textbooks in educational technology are being published each year. Given the number of available textbooks with various qualities and emphases, searching and selecting the appropriate text can be time-consuming. To assist instructors in selecting the appropriate textbook for their introductory educational technology courses, this book review discusses four of the most important textbooks that introduce educational
The ethics and politics of compulsory HPV vaccination.

On September 12, Michigan lawmakers became the first to propose that vaccination against human papillomavirus be compulsory for girls entering sixth grade. Dr. James Colgrove writes that laws making vaccination compulsory raise unique ethical and policy issues.
Cold War Context Statement Sandia National Laboratories California Site

This document was prepared to support the Department of Energy's compliance with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. It provides an overview of the historic context in which Sandia National Laboratories/California was created and developed. Establishing such a context allows for a reasonable and reasoned historical assessment of Sandia National Laboratories/California properties. The Cold War arms race provides the primary historical context for the SNL/CA built environment.
Evaluation and synthesis of wavelet image coders

The design of a wavelet image coder can be divided into three parts: wavelet representation, quantization, and error-free encoding. We evaluate each of these parts individually and synthesize them into complete coders. The evaluation is in the rate-distortion sense; two image quality metrics are used: a perception-based, quantitative picture quality scale (PQS) and the conventional distortion measure, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Two representative wavelets, three quantizers, three encoders, and some combinations of these parts are comparatively evaluated. Our results provide an insight into the design issues of optimizing wavelet coders, as well as a good reference for application developers to choose from an increasingly large family of wavelet coders for their applications.
Job stress, upper extremity pain and functional limitations in symptomatic computer users.

Background Research suggests that exposure to occupational stressors are related to thepresence and/or exacerbation of work-related upper extremity symptoms in office workers. Also worker's response to work demands and/or job stressors (i.e., workstyle) may exacerbate symptom severity and impact function. The present study examines the association among work demands, job stress and workstyle on pain and function. Methods 124 symptomatic female office workers completed a questionnaire measuring demographics, medical history, work demands, perception of the work environment, workstyle, pain intensity, functional impact, and time lost from work. Results Heightened job stress and the tendency to continue to work in a way that contributes to pain to ensure high quality (dimension of workstyle) were related to pain intensity at work and decreased function. These variables, in addition to hours worked per year, were related to increased pain experienced across the work week. The model tested did not predict the occurrence of lost time. Conclusions The present findings provide support for the association between job stress, workstyle, upper extremity pain and function. While it is not possible to determine the exact direction of the observed relationships, these results are consistent with prior research indicating the potential significance of job stress and workstyle on symptom exacerbation and functional limitations. Implications for evaluation and intervention are discussed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:507–515, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new reliability evaluation methodology and its application to network-on-chip routers

We propose a new circuit level reliability evaluation methodology. The proposed methodology is based on a divide and conquer approach, which enjoys the benefits of device level accuracy and of block level efficiency. At the core of the reliability estimation engine lies a Monte Carlo algorithm which works with failure times modeled as Weibull and lognormal distributions for major wearout mechanisms: time dependent dielectric break down, negative bias temperature instability, electromigration, thermal cycling, and stress migration. As a case study, we demonstrate how the proposed reliability evaluation technique can be applied to a Network-on-Chip router to identify the most vulnerable subblocks, which represent the reliability bottlenecks of the router.
A new criterion for linear 2-port stability using a single geometrically derived parameter

A stability parameter, mu (S), is defined for linear two-port circuits using a geometrical approach. It is shown that mu >1 alone is necessary and sufficient for a circuit to be unconditionally stable. This single parameter can replace the dual Rollet (K>1) and auxiliary conditions for determining unconditional stability. The parameters K and mu are compared by discussing their implications in terms of mapping circles. >
Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids and vascular dysfunction in coronary artery disease patients.

Objective Accumulating preclinical and epidemiologic evidence has emerged to suggest that modulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated eicosanoid metabolism may be a viable vascular protective therapeutic strategy for the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). The functional relationship between CYP-derived eicosanoid metabolite levels and vascular dysfunction in humans with established CAD, however, has not been evaluated. Therefore, we characterized the relationship between inter-individual variation in soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and CYP ω-hydroxylase metabolism and established vascular function phenotypes predictive of prognosis in a cohort of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Surgical Approaches for Stage IVA Thymic Epithelial Tumors.

Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are rare mediastinal neoplasms that can metastasize to the pleural space (stage IVA). Complete surgical resection remains the backbone of therapy for patients with early stage TET, however, the role of surgery in the management of patients with stage IVA disease is not fully defined. Published reports in this regard are mainly small, retrospective, and uncontrolled, with unclear inclusion criteria. Surgical options to manage pleural disease include metastasectomy, extrapleural pneumonectomy, and metastasectomy/pleurectomy combined with heated intrapleural chemotherapy. The choice of the most appropriate surgical strategy needs to be individualized according to the quantity and location of disease, the patient’s overall condition, as well as operator and institutional expertise. In the majority of cases, metastasectomy of pleural implants will be sufficient to achieve a complete resection. The available literature suggests that in selected patients with stage IVA TET, delivery of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by complete resection is a viable treatment option that can be associated with long-term survival.
The relevance of dietary sodium in hemodialysis

Since the earliest days of hemodialysis, dietary sodium restriction has been recommended as a therapeutic means to mitigate problems of extracellular volume overload, hypertension and inter-dialytic weight gain. Recently, there has been a proliferation of human subjects' research examining the potential effects of dietary sodium curtailment. Herein we examine the available evidence with respect to the effects of dietary sodium restriction on clinically relevant endpoints among hemodialysis patients.
The costs of sprawl for private-vehicle commuters

Empirical evidence exists to suggest that sprawl contributes to higher household expenditures on transportation. However, little is known about how sprawl affects the cost of the most recurrent daily trip--the trip to work. To explore the sprawl-work trip relationship, the study adopts a multilevel approach to private-vehicle commuting costs. The multilevel model attempts to determine which measure(s) of sprawl contribute(s) most to higher private-vehicle commuting costs at the household-level after controlling for congestion and average household expenditures on housing and transportation at the Metropolitan Statistical Area- (MSA-) level of analysis. Results show that one measure of sprawl--street accessibility--has a statistically significant though minimal effect on private-vehicle commuting costs and that such costs are higher in MSAs with more congestion and higher average household expenditures on public transportation. Overall, a multilevel approach suggests that congestion contributes more to higher private-vehicle commuting costs than sprawl.
Cross-Hauling and Nonsurvey Input—Output Models: Some Lessons from Small-Area Timber Economies

Nonsurvey input—output models, especially those constructed by means of pool and quotient techniques, are suspect when applied to the case of cross-hauling. This is well known. But the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, through its IMPLAN model, and the US Department of Commerce (USDC), through its RIMSII model, encourage the application of pool and quotient nonsurvey models in cases where cross-hauling is likely to occur. In a study of the timber economy of the West-central Idaho Highlands we show the error caused by ignoring cross-hauling in estimates of logger—sawmill trade. We argue that pool and quotient techniques, used in nonsurvey models such as IMPLAN and RIMSII, should not be applied to a single county situation, or to any aggregation of counties that is not, in some sense, a functional economic area. This applies in many cases to full state models. We close by noting that in many applications of pool and quotient nonsurvey input—output methods, technique may be substituting for...
Intraspecific scaling of feeding mechanics in an ontogenetic series of zebrafish, Danio rerio

While a vast literature and long tradition of examining the scaling of locomotory function exists, scaling studies on feeding mechanics are relatively rare. A recent increase in research activity examining the scaling of feeding kinematics has led to conflicting results. These divergent findings may be due to the inherent differences in the biophysical systems being examined. The present study examines the role of growth in the scaling of feeding kinematics in an ontogenetic series of zebrafish, Danio rerio. Although many other studies have investigated aquatic feeding, this study represents the first to quantify detailed feeding kinematics in first-feeding larvae. This study examines both the effects of violating assumptions of geometric similarity when examining scaling relationships and the role water viscosity plays in molding scaling coefficients derived from feeding kinematics. The effects of Reynolds number, generally not relevant in vertebrate feeding studies, play a crucial role in determining scaling relationships in this species. Many scaling coefficients reflect the functional challenges of feeding at low Reynolds numbers. Moreover, scaling patterns in feeding mechanics often reflect allometric growth during early ontogeny. The advent of high-speed video recording (1000 frames s(-1)) now allows the kinematics of feeding at these small sizes to be rigorously examined.
Elements of tort liability as applied to athletic injuries.

It has been the purpose of this paper to stress the legal issues that could face physical education and athletic personnel in schools. A number of generalizations have been focused upon with the help of specific cases from legal records. The law is not always as clear-cut as many of the cases indicate. Gray areas are often present in defendent/plaintiff battles. Should a legal case grow out of your program, get a good lawyer. In the meantime, use foreseeability and take every reasonable precaution to prevent torts from occurring. Language: en