cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More than the sum of its parts? Itemizing impairment in civil cases

Purpose. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether making multiple damage awards influenced civil mock jurors' assessments of those damage awards. Specifically, how does making one decision for pain and suffering damage awards versus two decisions (one for mental pain and suffering and physical pain and suffering) versus four decisions (one for loss of enjoyment of life, mental anguish, disfigurement, and physical disability/impairment) influence overall non-economic damage awards. Methods. One hundred twenty undergraduates from a psychology participant pool read a case vignette that included information regarding four types of injuries that the plaintiff endured: loss of enjoyment of life, mental anguish, disfigurement, and physical disability/impairment. Participants were randomly assigned to render either one award for pain and suffering, two awards (one for physical pain and suffering and one for mental pain and suffering), or four awards (one for each pain and suffering element). Results. Results indicated that participants who rendered four awards provided significantly higher overall non-economic damage awards than participants who provided one overall award. The variability of damage awards also increased as the number of damage awards increased. Conclusions. Itemizing non-economic damage awards into distinct injury categories can lead to an increase in overall non-economic awards. Members of the legal arena should be cautioned against itemizing damages to prevent variability in non-economic awards.
Inertial navigation and visual line following for a dynamical hexapod robot

This paper presents preliminary development of autonomous sensor-guided behaviors for a six-legged dynamical robot (RHex). The behaviors represent the exteroceptive closed-loop locomotion strategies for this system. Simple motion models for RHex are described and used to deploy controllers for inertial straight line locomotion and visual line following. Results are experimentally validated on the robot.
Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 by the Kelly-Purdy ultraviolet seawater treatment unit.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on poliovirus-contaminated seawater. In two of the experiments, the effectiveness of the Kelly-Purdy UV Seawater Treatment Unit to inactivate poliovirus type 1 (T1) suspended in continuously flowing seawater was determined. In experiment 1, the observed survival ratio of poliovirus T1 was 2.3 × 10-4 (99.98% reduction) in 15.7 sec. No virus was detected (<0.2 plaque-forming unit/ml) in 20.6 seconds. The calculated half-life value was 1.29 sec. In experiment 2, the observed survival ratio of poliovirus T1 was 5.9 × 10-4 (99.94% reduction) in 11.7 sec. No virus was detected in 15.7 sec. The calculated half-life value was 1.37 sec. In experiment 3, a laboratory-controlled UV experiment designed to closely simulate the geometry of the continuously flowing seawater system, the observed survival ratios of poliovirus T1 were 9.7 × 10-3 (99.03% reduction) and 3.6 × 10-4 (99.96% reduction) in 15 and 30 sec, respectively; the calculated half-life value was 2.38 sec. A statistically significant difference was found between the inactivation rates of poliovirus T1 in the two test systems. This rate difference was attributed primarily to UV dosage and stirring effects. The data indicated that UV radiation effectively inactivated poliovirus T1 in flowing seawater. These results validate the efficacy of the Kelly-Purdy UV Seawater Treatment Unit for use in commercial depuration systems.
Data Envelopment Analysis: Productivity Efficiency, and Data Envelopment Analysis

Introduction Any decision-making problem faced by an economic agent (such as a consumer or a producer) has three basic features. First, there are the variables whose values are chosen by the agent. These are the choice or decision variables in the problem. Second, there are the restrictions that define the set of feasible values from which to choose. Finally, there is some criterion function that assigns different values to the outcomes from alternative decisions. In the context of production, the decision-making agent is the firm. The choice variables are the quantities of outputs to be produced as well as the quantities of inputs used. The input–output combination selected by the firm must be technically feasible in the sense that it must be possible to produce the output bundle selected from the associated input bundle. For a commercial firm facing well-defined market prices of inputs and outputs, the profit measured by the difference between revenue and cost serves as the criterion of choice. It is possible, therefore, to rank the alternative feasible input–output combinations in order of the profit that results from them. When the criterion function has a finite maximum value attainable over the feasible set of the choice variables, this maximum value can be used as a benchmark for evaluating the efficiency of a decision-making agent. The closer the actual profit of a firm is to the maximum attainable, the greater is its efficiency.
Effect of Preconsolidation on Settlements

By a theoretical investigation and by settlement analysis and observations on a large oil tank, it is shown that the ratio between the settlements along the periphery and in the center of a uniformly loaded area can vary within a wide range, depending on the degree of preconsolidation of the subsoil. For normally consolidated clay, this ratio normally ranges between 0.6 and 0.7, and for extremely sensitive, overconsolidated clay, it may be as small as 0.1, or even smaller.
Release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue in vitro in relation to rates of triglyceride synthesis and degradation

The sections in this article are: 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Measurement of the Rate of Triglyceride Breakdown: Methods and their Limitations 2.1 A. Free Fatty Acid Release 2.2 B. Glycerol Release 3 III. Measurement of the Rate of Triglyceride Synthesis: Methods and their Limitations 3.1 A. Incorporation of Labeled Glucose 3.2 B. Incorporation of Labeled Acetate 3.3 C. Incorporation of Labeled FFA 4 IV. Simultaneous Estimation of Rates of Triglyceride Breakdown and Synthesis: A Nonisotopic “Balance Method” 4.1 A. Net Glycerol Formation Reflects Exclusively Triglyceride Breakdown 4.2 B. Net FFA Formation Reflects Exclusively the Balance Between Formation and Breakdown of Ester Forms 5 V. Factors Influencing FFA Release, Triglyceride Breakdown and Triglyceride Synthesis 5.1 A. Normal Values 5.2 B. Metabolic Regulation 5.3 C. Direct Hormonal Regulation 5.4 D. Indirect Hormonal Control 5.5 E. Neural and Neurohumoral Control3
Criticality analysis of heterogeneous light water reactor configurations

The ENDF/B-V nuclear data are validated for use in light water reactor criticality calculations. This is done by using the continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP to simulate critical experiments with two distinct core configurations typical of those of boiling water reactors. By varying parameters such as temperature, burnable absorber content, and the amount of control poison,, a set of 12 experiments is selected. Eigenvalue and local fission density results from the Monte Carlo simulations are found to be in good agreement with the measurements.
Automated Color Selection Using Semantic Knowledge

Colorizer is a program that hypothesizes color values that represent a given word or sentence, taking into account both physical descriptions of objects and their emotional connotations. This new application of common sense reasoning uses background knowledge about the world to build a model of the connections between everyday things, and uses this model to guess an appropriate color for a word. Colorizer can run over either static text or real time input, such as a speech recognition stream. It has applications in games, the arts, and webpage design.
Role of Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in the In Vivo Expression of the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli

Abstract Studies of levels of galactokinase in Escherichia coli with mutations affecting synthesis of, or response to, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate show that this nucleotide does not play a major role in expression of the galactose operon, causing at most a twofold stimulation. The discrepancy between our in vivo results and the marked stimulation by cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in in vitro systems indicates that current cell-free systems lack a factor which allows efficient expression of the galactose operon even in the absence of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate or of the binding protein for this nucleotide.
The ICPD Programme of Action: pious hope or a workable guide?

The consensus achieved at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) signaled a move away from discussing population issues in the context of demographic targets toward global recognition that the problems associated with rapidly growing human populations are part of a broader human development agenda. Devoid of demographic targets the ICPD program of action instead challenges countries to change their approach to population programs family planning and reproductive health. World Fertility Survey and Demographic and Health Survey data indicate a high level of unwanted fertility in almost all countries covered. The lack of availability or inaccessibility of family planning services is but one reason why there is so much unmet need. There would be greater uptake of family planning if services were planned with community involvement and oriented toward clients offering them real choices and paying more attention to them as individuals and their overall circumstances. That expansion in concept and of services is at the core of the Cairo agenda. A number of countries around the world have started taking steps to broaden existing family planning and related programs to include other reproductive health information and services. Mexico and India are examples of two developing countries which are making program and structural changes in order to implement the ICPD recommendations while most African countries have welcomed the approach and are looking for technical and resource help for implementation.
Risk Factors and Outcomes of Urethral Recurrence Following Radical Cystectomy

Abstract Background Conflicting data exist regarding predictors of urethral recurrence (UR) following radical cystectomy (RC) as well as variables associated with survival in patients who experience UR. Objective To evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with UR. Design, setting, and participants We reviewed 1506 patients who underwent RC to identify patients with UR. Median follow-up after RC was 13.5 yr (interquartile range [IQR]: 10.5–18.4). Intervention Urethrectomy. Measurements Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze predictors of UR and evaluate factors associated with death from urothelial carcinoma (UC) in patients who experienced UR. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with UR, stratified according to the mode of diagnosis (abnormal urethral cytology vs symptoms), was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Results and limitations UR was identified in 85 patients (5.6%) at a median of 13.3 mo (IQR: 6.1–23.2) after RC, including 80 of 1243 (6.4%) who underwent cutaneous urinary diversion and 5 of 242 (2.1%) who received an orthotopic neobladder ( p =0.002). On multivariate analysis, prostate involvement with UC (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.89; p p =0.001), and orthotopic diversion (HR: 0.34; p =0.02) were significantly associated with the risk of UR. The 5-yr CSS after UR diagnosed by cytology was 80% versus 41% for patients who presented with symptoms ( p p =0.04) and tended toward an increased risk of death from UC (HR: 1.94; p =0.08). Limitations included retrospective study design. Conclusions Prostate involvement with UC, tumor multifocality, and type of urinary diversion are significantly associated with UR following RC. Although UR is relatively uncommon, the detection of asymptomatic UR was associated with significantly lower stage disease and improved patient survival, suggesting the importance of continued postoperative evaluation of the urethra.
Cyanotic episodes in an infant with known situs inversus: indications for an apparent life-threatening event evaluation.

PCD should be considered when evaluating a patient with an ALTE to prevent a delayed diagnosis and the associated morbidity of this progressive the emergency department (ED) after multiple cyanotic episodes associated with chronic cough, rhinorrhea, and vomiting, the ALTE evaluation revealed numerous physical abnormalities. The root cause of the ALTE eventually was determined to be primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). PCD should be considered when evaluating a patient with an ALTE to prevent a delayed diagnosis and the associatedmorbidity of this progressive disease. disease.
Surface acoustic wave nebulization of peptides as a microfluidic interface for mass spectrometry.

We describe the fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device on a LiNbO3 piezoelectric transducer for the transfer of nonvolatile analytes to the gas phase at atmospheric pressure (a process referred to as nebulization or atomization). We subsequently show how such a device can be used in the field of mass spectrometry (MS) detection, demonstrating that SAW nebulization (SAWN) can be performed either in a discontinuous or pulsed mode, similar to that for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) or in a continuous mode like electrospray ionization (ESI). We present data showing the transfer of peptides to the gas phase, where ions are detected by MS. These peptide ions were subsequently fragmented by collision-induced dissociation, from which the sequence was assigned. Unlike MALDI mass spectra, which are typically contaminated with matrix ions at low m/z, the SAWN generated spectra had no such interference. In continuous mode, the SAWN plume was sampled on a microsecond time scale by a l...
Privacy-preserving channel access using blindfolded packet transmissions

This paper proposes a novel wireless MAC-layer approach towards achieving channel access anonymity. Nodes autonomously select periodic TDMA-like time-slots for channel access by employing a novel channel sensing strategy, and they do so without explicitly sharing any identity information with other nodes in the network. An add-on hardware module for the proposed channel sensing has been developed and the proposed protocol has been implemented in Tinyos-2.x. Extensive evaluation has been done on a test-bed consisting of Mica2 hardware, where we have studied the protocol's functionality and convergence characteristics. The functionality results collected at a sniffer node using RSSI traces validate the syntax and semantics of the protocol. Experimentally evaluated convergence characteristics from the Tinyos test-bed were also found to be satisfactory.
Baseball's emotion work: Getting psyched to play

The problematic nature of sport contests creates a variety of emotions—anxiety, fear, sadness, joy, anger, disgust, frustration, compassion, and embarrassment. The present study uses an interactionist/interpretive investigation of baseball hitters and pitchers (N=21). Data were gathered by analysis of in-depth semistructured interviews with members of a college baseball team. A photo-elicitation interviewing technique was used with videotapes of the players in game situations. Players were asked to respond to the experience of hitting and pitching while observing the videotapes of themselves. The emotional experiences that emerged from the interviews focused on managing and maintaining their emotions within an optimal level of arousal. The players perceive the optimal level of arousal is necessary for a desirable performance.
Tracking Transmission of Apicomplexan Symbionts in Diverse Caribbean Corals

Symbionts in each generation are transmitted to new host individuals either vertically (parent to offspring), horizontally (from exogenous sources), or a combination of both. Scleractinian corals make an excellent study system for understanding patterns of symbiont transmission since they harbor diverse symbionts and possess distinct reproductive modes of either internal brooding or external broadcast spawning that generally correlate with vertical or horizontal transmission, respectively. Here, we focused on the under-recognized, but apparently widespread, coral-associated apicomplexans (Protista: Alveolata) to determine if symbiont transmission depends on host reproductive mode. Specifically, a PCR-based assay was utilized towards identifying whether planula larvae and reproductive adults from brooding and broadcast spawning scleractinian coral species in Florida and Belize harbored apicomplexan DNA. Nearly all (85.5%; n = 85/89) examined planulae of five brooding species (Porites astreoides, Agaricia tenuifolia, Agaricia agaricites, Favia fragum, Mycetophyllia ferox) and adults of P. astreoides were positive for apicomplexan DNA. In contrast, no (n = 0/10) apicomplexan DNA was detected from planulae of four broadcast spawning species (Acropora cervicornis, Acropora palmata, Pseudodiploria strigosa, and Orbicella faveolata) and rarely in gametes (8.9%; n = 5/56) of these species sampled from the same geographical range as the brooding species. In contrast, tissue samples from nearly all (92.0%; n = 81/88) adults of the broadcast spawning species A. cervicornis, A. palmata and O. faveolata harbored apicomplexan DNA, including colonies whose gametes and planulae tested negative for these symbionts. Taken together, these data suggest apicomplexans are transmitted vertically in these brooding scleractinian coral species while the broadcast spawning scleractinian species examined here acquire these symbionts horizontally. Notably, these transmission patterns are consistent with those of other scleractinian coral symbionts. While this study furthers knowledge regarding these symbionts, numerous questions remain to be addressed, particularly in regard to the specific interaction(s) between these apicomplexans and their hosts.
X-ray sources and the diffuse background

Possible numbers of X-ray sources at various flux levels are considered and their contribution to the background evaluated. Our conclusions are: The mean spectrum of Quasi-Stellar Objects and the nuclei of Seyfert galaxies between optical and X-ray wavelengths is characterized by a spectral index well in excess of 1.0. These objects may make an important contribution to the soft X-ray background. Observations of Q.S.O. may allow a decisive test for the cosmological interpretation of the redshifts of the Q.S.O. With regard to galactic sources we find that few undetected sources of the Sgr-Sco type exist, that these sources are located in the immediate neighborhood of the galactic center and that they account for at least 80% of the total galactic source luminosity. However, many intrinsically much fainter galactic sources may exist.
We Are The State We Seek: Everyday Life in Czechoslovakia and East Germany, 1945–89

The study of everyday life has had a particular resonance for historians of state socialism for a variety of reasons. First, the study of everyday life promises to get beyond the notorious doublespeak and rosy scenarios of official discourse. Second, the history of everyday life makes use of the great boon of recent history: the availability of interview subjects. Historians of earlier periods can only look longingly at the surfeit of interview subjects available to those who work on more recent decades. While oral history can have its own problems, the works under consideration in this review largely use them to good effect to get at the lacunae and misrepresentations in official discourse. Third, the study of everyday life offers an important vantage point for understanding the vast majority of citizens who were not resistors and yet challenged the state in important ways. As Sandrine Kott has noted, ‘individual preference . . . constituted a third brake on the “perfect” working of the system’. Finally, the ‘interesting’ events in East European socialism are ones that are people powered, most famously the 1989 revolutions that spanned the region. The history of everyday life offers the promise of explaining the paradox of how supposedly stable regimes which experienced comparatively little open resistance in forty years of existence collapsed in a matter of weeks or even days.
Preference and performance of a generalist insect herbivore on Quercus agrifolia and Quercus engelmannii seedlings from a southern California oak woodland

Knowledge of the impact that insects have on oak seedlings planted in restoration programs is important for land managers and those interested in maintaining visible populations of a variety of oak species. Once established as seedlings, oaks face potential herbivory by mammals and phytophagous insects. To determine potential damage of a common generalist insect herbivore on oak seedlings, we conducted performance and preference tests using a grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) and two species of oaks (Quercus agrifolia and Quercus engelmannii) occurring in a southern California oak grassland. Q. agrifolia is abundant and often used in restoration plantings, while Q. engelmannii has the smallest range of all native oaks in California. To quantify herbivore performance, we measured leaf area of 30 Q. agrifolia and 30 Q. engelmannii seedlings, and caged them individually with a single grasshopper within acetate feeding arenas. Performance then was estimated by determining amount of leaf area eaten and frass produced. Grasshopper preference for either oak species was estimated in replicated choice experiments. M. sanguinipes consumed significantly more leaf area and produced significantly more frass when feeding only on Q. agrifolia than when feeding solely on Q. engelmannii. Additionally, grasshoppers feeding on Q. agrifolia gained significantly more biomass, whereas those feeding on Q. engelmannii actually lost biomass. Q. agrifolia provided a better diet than Q. engelmannii for this grasshopper species, a result that has the potential to affect the success of seedling planting programs in areas where both oaks and M. sanguinipes occur.
Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of platinum(II) and palladium(II) chlorides with an acidic α-diimine ligand

Abstract Reaction of the symmetrical α-diimine ligand L with either PtCl2 or PdCl2(C6H5CN)2 affords the square planar d8 complexes 1 and 2, respectively. Both complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The solid-state structure of 1, which crystallized in the triclinic space group P 1 with unit cell parameters a=8.688(2) A , b=13.840(2) A , c=14.136(2) A , α=111.346(14)°, β=103.82(2)°, and γ=102.69(2)°, was established by X-ray crystallography.
Effect of inelastic scattering on impurity resistivity

The standard impurity resistivity formula \ensuremath{\rho}=m${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{Ne}}^{2}$〈\ensuremath{\tau}〉 in the absence of phonons and electron-electron interactions is clearly understood to be derived under adiabatic conditions. Considering coupling to a heat bath of phonons, a charged carrier can interact with other carriers via the electron-phonon interaction and thus acquires a momentum-conserving inelastic scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{in}}$. The attendant phonon-mediated electron-electron interaction promotes a tendency toward thermalization of the drifted system. On the basis of the force-balance-equation approach, we demonstrate that under isothermal conditions the impurity resistivity is devoid of the divergencies of van Hove's ``${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$t'' series expansion. Electron-electron interactions will yield similar results. In the limit of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{in}\ensuremath{\ll}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$ (the impurity scattering time), the impurity resistivity reduces to the expression given by the lowest-order term in the force balance equation, \ensuremath{\rho}=(m${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{Ne}}^{2}$)〈1/\ensuremath{\tau}〉. We also show that this conclusion is consistent with results based upon the Boltzmann equation in a relaxation-time approximation.
State-Owned Enterprise Reform in Post-Mao China

Abstract This article assesses some critical issues concerning China's State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) reform and foresees its future in a broader picture of administrative reform. The first section of the article provides a review of the reform process. The second section discusses the current situations of the SOEs and the reform's implication to such issues as: ownership (privatization), governance, marketization and management. The final section examines some directions for the future reform.
COARSE-GRAINED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND THE ATOMIC LIMIT OF FINITE ELEMENTS

We develop a technique for simulation of the mechanics of micron-scale solid systems: coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD). It captures the important atomistic effects without the computational cost of conventional molecular dynamics (MD). The CGMD equations of motion are derived directly from finite temperature MD through a statistical coarse graining procedure, so they agree with MD as the mesh size is reduced to the atomic scale. This allows a seamless coupling of length scales. The use of efficient CGMD in peripheral regions extends atomistic simulation to much larger systems than amenable to MD alone.
OSO 8 observations of wave propagation in the solar chromosphere and transition region

The University of Colorado instrument on OSO 8 has been used to observe relative phases of the 300-s intensity variation between the temperature-minimum region and several emission lines formed in the solar chromosphere and chromosphere-corona transition region. The lines used are due to Fe II, Si II, C II, Si IV, and C IV. The scattered light in the spectrograph, which originates almost entirely in the spectral region between 1700 and 1900 A, was used as a probe of the temperature-minimum region. The lines of Fe II, Si II, and C II show almost identical delays of approximately 30 s relative to the temperature minimum, while the intensity oscillations of the lines of Si IV and C IV appear to lead the temperature-minimum intensity oscillations by about 10 s.
The outlook in the protective service fields

The community college is becoming increasingly important in the protective service fields as a screening device and for the skills and knowledge taught.
Yield Stress of Wax Gel using Vane Method

Abstract Wax gel formation occurs in pipelines under quiescent conditions during a scheduled or emergency shutdown of flow. Paraffinic wax precipitates from the bulk oil when oil temperature decreases below the characteristic wax precipitation temperature, while the gelling begins as the temperature decreases below the pour point. Further temperature reductions below the pour point result in the development of a stronger gel. In this study, the gel strength was measured by determining the yield stress using the vane method. The method consisted of identifying the maximum torque exerted on the sample at various temperatures. Model oils were prepared by mixing low vacuum gas oil wax, mineral oil, and kerosene. Linear increase in gel strength with decreasing temperature was observed in the measured temperature range. As the wax content increased, so did the yield strength of the gel below the solution pour point. The slope of the yield-stress versus temperature line was also steeper for the model oil contain...
Viewing and evaluation of a televised drug education program by students previously or concurrently exposed to school-based substance abuse prevention programming

We present data collected on the viewing of the Don't Be A Dope television show, which was shown on KNBC during April of 1983. The airing of this program afforded us the opportunity to investigate the effects of involvement in previous or concurrent school-based drug abuse prevention programming on viewing and evaluations made of the current anti-drug-abuse TV program. This program consisted of several days of promotional spots followed by five program segments presented during the early evening news and hosted by Daniel J.Travanti, star of Hilt Street Blues. Data were collected from 1253 teenagers who had previously participated in a school-based, media-enhanced smoking prevention program, 1629 teenagers who had been in the control condition of that study and 1232 teenagers who were concurrently participating in a school-based drug abuse prevention program. The data consisted of self-reports of viewing frequency, interest, learning, believing and helpfulness of the program, and reports of parental involvement while viewing the program. Results indicated that: (i) a concurrent, but not past, school-based program affected viewing of the anti-drug-abuse TV show; (ii) the more nights the show was seen, the greater was the reported interest, learning, believing and helpfulness to not use drugs; and (iii) adolescents who watched this show with their parents reported 'institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Division of Health Behavior, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Department of Health Education, Portland State University and Long Beach, CA Medical Center. relatively greater interest, learning, believing and helpfulness of the show.
Observations of reactive element gettering of sulfur in thermally grown oxide pegs

Reactive elements such as yttrium are known to have a beneficial effect on oxide spallation resistance. Yttrium-rich precipitates containing sulfur were detected by scanning transmission electron microscopy in the peg regions of a thermally grown oxide on a commercial NiCoCrAlY bond coat that has seen service in a gas turbine environment. The coexistence of yttrium and sulfur in these pegs provides clear experimental evidence for the widely held hypothesis that sulfur is gettered by reactive elements in bond coats for thermal barrier coatings.
AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE DORSAL CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF THE DIGITAL ARTERIES

This study describes the anatomy of the dorsal digital arteries in the 144 fingers of 18 pairs of fresh human cadaver hands. Previous studies have shown two constant branches in the proximal and middle pulp spaces from each proper digital artery. We have shown that these branches have consistent sites of origin at predictable distances from the proximal interphalangeal joint. Thus cutaneous flaps can be safely planned on these dorsal vessels.
Oxidative Reactive Species in Cell Injury: Mechanisms in Diabetes Mellitus and Therapeutic Approaches

Mammalian cells are continuously subject to insult from reactive species. Most of the pathogenic mechanisms that have been considered to date reflect overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a peculiar failure in intracellular defenses against ROS. We have attempted to consider briefly the most important mechanisms of ROS production, defense, and reactive species-induced cell damage and approaches to therapy, focusing on the example of diabetes mellitus. An improved understanding of these mechanisms should facilitate development of antioxidant intervention strategies leading to reduction in diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Battlefield Outcomes and Rebel Cohesion: Lessons From the Eritrean Independence War

This article uses data from the Eritrean war for independence to refine existing theories of rebel fragmentation. The author argues organizational performance affects the emergence of factional infighting within rebel organizations in unique and novel ways. While battlefield losses increase the likelihood of internal fragmentation, so do battlefield gains. The implication is battlefield stalemates possess unique properties that promote organizational cohesion in war, a relationship this study refers to as “cohesive stalemates.” The article extends an emerging literature on the internal politics of insurgent groups that has linked the coherence of rebel organizations to rebel losses.
Effect of exercise intensity on percent body fat determined by leg-to-leg and segmental bioelectrical impedance analyses in adults.

Purpose: We examined the impact that cycle ergometry exercise had on percent body fat (%BF) estimates when assessed using either leg-to-leg or segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (LBIA; SBIA) and whether the intensity of the exercise bout impacts the %BF magnitude of change. Method: Seventy-four college-aged adults participated in this study. Participants visited the laboratory on three separate occasions. Testing included two 30-min exercise sessions (70% HRmax and 85% HRmax) and a 30-min no-exercise session, which served as the control. Results: Following exercise, significant (p < .05) reductions in mean %BF were observed when using LBIA (70% HRmax = 0.3%; 85% HRmax = 0.5%) and SBIA (70% HRmax = 0.8%; 85% HRmax = 1.4%). The mean %BF reductions were significantly (p < .04) greater following exercise at the higher intensity for both analyzers. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that cycle exercise performed before LBIA and SBIA body composition assessment reduces mean %BF estimates. In addition, t...
Groups for poorly socialized children in the elementary school

Many inner-city children, living in resource-poor violent communities, have low self esteem, deficient social skills and do not know how to prevent and cope with provocation and conflict. A group therapy model is described for assisting elementary school children deal with these problems. Groups were led by volunteer mental health professionals in two inner-city elementary schools.
Catalase activities of Phanerochaete chrysosporium are not coordinately produced with ligninolytic metabolism: catalases from a white-rot fungus.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium uses hydrogen peroxide as a substrate in its ligninolytic phase. To determine how the fungus protects itself against detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species, catalase activity was examined. The fungus produced up to four different catalase isozymes, Cat A to D. Isozyme CatC was the dominant activity in all growth conditions. A minor catalase, CatD, was apparent in low-carbon culture and upon exposure of mycelium grown on high-nitrogen medium with 5–50 mm of hydrogen peroxide. In low-nitrogen culture, an increase in catalase-specific activity preceded the onset of ligninolysis by 3 days. In low-carbon culture, catalase was produced at an even higher level without development of ligninolysis. Thus, catalase activity was not coordinately produced with ligninolytic metabolism.
Huntingtin toxicity in yeast model depends on polyglutamine aggregation mediated by a prion-like protein Rnq1

The cause of Huntington's disease is expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) domain in huntingtin, which makes this protein both neurotoxic and aggregation prone. Here we developed the first yeast model, which establishes a direct link between aggregation of expanded polyQ domain and its cytotoxicity. Our data indicated that deficiencies in molecular chaperones Sis1 and Hsp104 inhibited seeding of polyQ aggregates, whereas ssa1, ssa2, and ydj1-151 mutations inhibited expansion of aggregates. The latter three mutants strongly suppressed the polyQ toxicity. Spontaneous mutants with suppressed aggregation appeared with high frequency, and in all of them the toxicity was relieved. Aggregation defects in these mutants and in sis1-85 were not complemented in the cross to the hsp104 mutant, demonstrating an unusual type of inheritance. Since Hsp104 is required for prion maintenance in yeast, this suggested a role for prions in polyQ aggregation and toxicity. We screened a set of deletions of nonessential genes coding for known prions and related proteins and found that deletion of the RNQ1 gene specifically suppressed aggregation and toxicity of polyQ. Curing of the prion form of Rnq1 from wild-type cells dramatically suppressed both aggregation and toxicity of polyQ. We concluded that aggregation of polyQ is critical for its toxicity and that Rnq1 in its prion conformation plays an essential role in polyQ aggregation leading to the toxicity.
Governing a Global Cooperative

ABSTRACT The governance of the Online Computer Library System (OCLC) is understood best by placing it in the context of the arrangements that are typical for non-profit corporations organized within the United States to meet a public purpose. There are some provisions for OCLC's governance structures that are specific to the laws of Ohio, where OCLC was founded and where its principal offices remain.
Disentangling Saturn's F Ring. I. Clump orbits and lifetimes

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of the Voyager images reveals the kinematics and lifetimes of clumps in the F Ring. At any given time, the ring has 2–3 major clumps, each several times brighter than the typical ring, plus numerous smaller features. A total of 34 individual clumps have been tracked over periods of 1–7 weeks. The clumps orbited at measurably different rates, implying a 100-km range of semimajor axes centered on 140,220 km. Most are centered around the nominal mean motion of the ring's core, but a few outliers may be associated with a different strand, or with no strand at all. Most clumps change very little over the ∼30 days that they can be detected; however, no clump persisted for the nine-month interval between the two Voyager encounters. The brightest Voyager 2 clump is unusual in that it travels at a rapid mean motion and seems to be associated with the formation of several other clumps.
Abnormal Dermatoglyphics in Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

Dermatoglyphic abnormalities have been found in patients with arthrogryposis multiple congenita. These unusual features, which appear to be pathognomonic, indicate an early prenatal pathogenesis and may aid in differential diagnosis.
Calculus limits involving infinity: the role of students' informal dynamic reasoning

Few studies on calculus limits have centred their focus on student understanding of limits at infinity or infinite limits that involve continuous functions (as opposed to discrete sequences). This study examines student understanding of these types of limits using both pure mathematics and applied-science functions and formulas. Seven calculus students’ approaches to understanding, calculating, and interpreting answers to these types of limits are examined. The dynamic reasoning used by these students led to good justifications and meaningful interpretations of their answers. On the other hand, when students engaged less with dynamic reasoning, they struggled more and made less reasonable interpretations of their answers. Furthermore, dynamic reasoning helped the students in this study overcome previously documented pitfalls and encouraged covariational reasoning. The applied-science contexts at times helped the students engage in dynamic reasoning.
CH3NO2 addition to CO hydrogenation over a Ru/KY catalyst

CH{sub 3}NO{sub 2} addition to CO hydrogenation over Ru/KY led to the formation of partially dehydrogenated CH{sub x} groups, which became indistinguishable from CH{sub x} groups derived from CO hydrogenation. Random reaction of these groups provided hydrocarbon formation along the same reaction pathway that normally occurs during CO hydrogenation over Ru/KY. The additional CH{sub x} groups from CH{sub 3}NO{sub 2} enhanced the rates of chain initiation and propagation to similar extents, leading to increases in the rates of formation of C{sub 2}{sup +} hydrocarbons. Some of these CH{sub x} groups were further dehydrogenated and formed surface carbon, resulting in the incorporation of some carbon from CH{sub 3}NO{sub 2} into CO{sub 2}, an increase in the rate of catalyst deactivation, and suppression of secondary reactions on the support.
Cutting a million dollars' worth of journals

Describes methodologies used both to make decisions about and implement massive journal cuts. These methodologies encompassed both challenging basic assumptions about subscriptions and rethinking the relationship between input into and responsibility for campus decision making. Describes and evaluates use of commercial document delivery services, interlibrary loan, and formats other than paper. Also calls for a questioning of institutional mission and funding to support that mission and a transformational solution to spiralling journal costs.
Diffusive and rotational dynamics of condensed n-H2 confined in MCM-41

In this paper, we report an inelastic neutron scattering study of liquid and solid n-H2 confined within MCM-41. This is a high surface area, mesoporous silica glass with a narrow pore size distribution centered at 3.5 nm. The scattering data provides information about the diffusive and rotational dynamics of the adsorbed n-H2 at low temperatures. In the liquid state, the neutron scattering data demonstrates that only a fraction of the adsorbed o-H2 is mobile on the picosecond time scale. This mobile fraction undergoes liquid-like jump diffusion, and values for the residence time τ and effective mean-squared displacement 〈u2〉 are reported as a function of pore filling. In the solid state, the rotational energy levels of adsorbed H2 are strongly perturbed from their free quantum rotor behavior in the bulk solid. The underlying orientational potential of the hindered rotors is due to the surface roughness and heterogeneity of the MCM-41 pore walls. This potential is compared to the hindering potential of other porous silicas, such as Vycor. Strong selective adsorption makes the interfacial layer rich in o-H2, leaving the inner core volume consisting of a depleted mixture of o-H2 and p-H2.
Phosphorylated S6 kinase and S6 ribosomal protein are diagnostic markers of antibody-mediated rejection in heart allografts

Background Anti-MHC Class I alloantibodies have been implicated in the processes of acute and chronic rejection. These antibodies (Ab) bind to endothelial cells (EC) and transduce signals leading to the activation of cell survival and proliferation pathways, including Src, FAK and mTOR, as well as downstream targets ERK, S6 kinase (S6K) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP). We tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of S6K, S6RP and ERK in capillary endothelium may serve as an adjunct diagnostic tool for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in heart allografts. Methods Diagnosis of AMR was based on histology or immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded tissue, consistent with 2013 ISHLT criteria. Diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ACR) was based on ISHLT criteria. Endomyocardial biopsies from 67 heart transplant recipients diagnosed with acute rejection [33 with pAMR, 18 with ACR (15 with Grade 1R, 3 with Grade ≥2R), 16 with pAMR and ACR (13 with 1R and 3 with ≥2R)] and 40 age- and gender-matched recipients without rejection were tested for the presence of phosphorylated forms of ERK, S6RP and S6K by immunohistochemistry. Results Immunostaining of endomyocardial biopsies with evidence of pAMR showed a significant increase in expression of p-S6K and p-S6RP in capillary EC compared with controls. A weaker association was observed between pAMR and p-ERK. Conclusions Biopsies diagnosed with pAMR often showed phosphorylation of S6K and S6RP, indicating that staining for p-S6K and p-S6RP is useful for the diagnosis of AMR. Our findings support a role for antibody-mediated HLA signaling in the process of graft injury.
Investigating the in vivo calcium transport path to developing potato tuber using 45Ca: a new concept in potato tuber calcium nutrition

Calcium is believed to be transported with water in the xylem. Consistent with this proposal, low-transpiring organs such as potato Solanum tuberosum tubers are known to suffer from calcium deficiency. Although roots on tubers and stolons have been shown to supply water to tubers, there is no direct evidence for the calcium transport pathway to tubers. Both a xylem and a phloem transport pathway have been suggested. We investigated in vivo calcium transport to developing potato, cv. Dark Red Norland and cv. Russet Burbank, tubers using 45Ca in a controlled environment facility. Whole plant split pot experiments allowed the placement of 45Ca either in the main (basal) root or the tuber and stolon areas of the pot. The results showed that 45Ca was transported to the shoot with the transpiration stream from both areas but was not re-translocated to tubers or the main (basal) root system even 57 days after 45Ca application. Radioactivity could only be detected in the tuber when 45Ca was fed to the stolon and tuber area. When 45Ca was fed to specific tubers, radioactivity was detected in the aerial shoot; however, no activity was detected in other tubers or the main (basal) roots. In another set of experiments, roots on a stolon near a tuber were precisely fed 45Ca and Safranin O. The radioactive signal exactly overlapped the water transport pathway in the tuber marked with Safranin O dye, suggesting that water and calcium can be simultaneously transported from stolon roots to the tuber. No transport of 45Ca across the tuber periderm was detected 8 days after 45Ca was applied to the tuber periderm. This indicated that no significant transport of calcium occurs from the soil across the periderm. Our results provide evidence that: (1) calcium is not re-translocated via the phloem from the aerial shoot tubers and main (basal) roots; (2) the main root system does not supply calcium to the tuber; (3) calcium is not transported across the periderm to the interior tuber tissue; (4) calcium is transported to the tuber via the xylem along with water, and the roots on the stolon associated with the tuber supply water and calcium to the developing tuber; and (5) transpirational demand is a significant determinant of calcium distribution within the plant.
Nonoperative Management of Blunt Traumatic Cardiac Rupture: Considerations of a Novel Approach

Blunt traumatic cardiac rupture carries a dismal prognosis. Patients who survive to presentation are treated with prompt surgical repair. Operative intervention carries significant morbidity and mortality, as these patients present in extremis. Intervention can be complicated by prior cardiac surgery. Obliteration of the pericardial space from adhesions may offer the patient an alternative conservative option under rare circumstances. We present a case of an older man with blunt cardiac rupture caused by a motor vehicle crash. The patient remained hemodynamically stable as his rupture only communicated with a small space within his obliterated pericardial sac. He was managed nonoperatively.
Relescope: an experiment in accelerating relationships

Busy academics and professionals are being called upon to manage more and more relationships. Many details of collaboration are accessible in digital libraries and other repositories. With Relationship-Oriented Computing, we posit that network information embedded in these repositories can be leveraged to improve the human need to manage and form the most productive relationships. To explore this idea, we developed a relationship-network application, called Relescope, and deployed it at the ACM CSCW 2004 conference. It provided a personalized report to attendees based on publication and citation information. The report was intended to provide concrete insights into the relationship-network that could be acted upon. Results of a survey showed that 52% of responders used their report to recognize and talk to others or plan which talks to attend. People with fewer collaborators were more inclined to use Relescope than the people with the most collaborators. Lessons learned and future work are discussed.
Carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A dialogue

Abstract A discussion between a biochemist and a theoretical chemist reviews the insights that quantum chemistry brings to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity. Limitations as well as successes of the theory are described. The importance of communication between theorists and experimentalists in this complicated field is emphasized.