cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Der Satz von Bell und das Konsistenzproblem gemeinsamer Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen

Der Satz von Bell behauptet, das die Existenz von sogenannten objektiv Einstein-lokalen verborgenen Variablen und die Quantenmechanik unvereinbar sind. Der von Bell gegebene Beweis ist rein mathematischer Natur und schliest eine gewisse Klasse von verborgenen Variablen aus. Bells Beweis beruht auf der nun beruhmten Bellschen Ungleichung, die eng mit dem Konsistenzproblem von Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen fur drei Paare von Zufallsveranderlichen verbunden ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Uberblick uber diesen Gedankenkreis zu geben, sowie eine Reihe von weiteren in der Literatur erschienenen Beweisansatze zu analysieren und gleichzeitig zu zeigen, das man mit diesen Beweismethoden nicht alle Einstein-lokalen verborgenen Variablen ausschliesen kann.
Modulation of Smad2-mediated signaling by extracellular signal-regulated kinase.

Components of the transforming growth factor-β and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways interact in controlling cell growth and differentiation. We show that phosphorylation of Smad2, a mediator of the activin/transforming growth factor-β signal, by activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) increases the amount of Smad2 protein and leads to enhanced transcriptional activity. Epidermal growth factor increased phosphorylation of Smad2 in COS7 cells, and Smad2-dependent transcription in a mink lung epithelial cell line, L17, was enhanced by co-transfection of a constitutively active MEK1. In addition, transfection of Smad2 mutants lacking ERK sites resulted in reduced transcription, whereas mutants that mimicked ERK phosphorylation stimulated transcription. The amount of Smad2 protein was increased by transfection with a constitutively active MEK1 and reduced by co-transfection with the ERK phosphatase, HVH2. The elevation of Smad2 protein levels was because of increased half-life and resulted in increased complex formation with Smad4. A site of ERK-dependent phosphorylation on Smad2 was located to Thr8, a site that overlaps with the calmodulin binding region. We show that calmodulin inhibits Smad2 phosphorylation by ERK1, and overexpressing calmodulin, or stimulating calmodulin activity with ionomycin, reduces Smad2 levels. These findings suggest that the ERK pathway positively regulates Smad2 signaling by phosphorylating Smad2 and that negative regulation of Smad2 signaling by calmodulin is achieved in part by inhibiting this phosphorylation.
Imaging of the Thoracic Aorta Before and After Stent-Graft Repair of Aneurysms and Dissections

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become widely accepted as an important option for treatment of thoracic aortic diseases. Cross-sectional radiologic imaging plays a crucial role for evaluating a patient's candidacy for planning of the intervention and for assessment of postprocedural results and complications of TEVAR. Recent advances in imaging technologies, in part inspired by advances in stent-graft technology, have drastically changed the character and role of pre- and postprocedural imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) datasets acquired quickly by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) allow multiplanar reformations and 3D viewing, as well as quantitative assessment of vessel lumens, walls, and surroundings. Catheter angiography, in contrast, is performed intraoperatively almost exclusively, and is no longer the gold standard for diagnostic or planning purposes. This article reviews state-of-the-art pre- and postprocedural imaging for TEVAR, especially focusing on the role of MDCT angiography.
Children’s prerecall phonetic processing of pictures and printed words

Twenty-six second- and third-grade children orally recalled lists of pictures or printed words which contained labial or nonlabial phonemes in their pronunciation. During stimulus presentation and rehearsal, electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the labial area were obtained. Analysis of EMG tracings showed that (1) tracing amplitudes were significantly greater for labial than for nonlabial words; (2) sub vocalization was elicited equally by pictures and words; (3) peak amplitudes for words were significantly greater during rehearsal than during presentation; and (4) there were no differences in the recall scores of subvocalizers and nonsubvocalizers. Findings are discussed in relation to phonetic mediation theory and overt phonetic behavior as a form of oral communication.
Gibberellic Acid-Promoted Lignification and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity in a Dwarf Pea (Pisum sativum).

The effects of gibberellic acid on lignification in seedlings of a dwarf and a tall cultivar of pea (Pisum sativum) grown under red or white light or in the darkness, were studied. Gibberellic acid (10(-6)-10(-4)m) promoted stem elongation in both light and dark and increased the percentage of lignin in the stems of the light-grown dwarf pea. The gibberellin had no effect on the lignin content of the tall pea although high concentrations (10(-4)m) promoted growth of the tall plants. Time course studies indicated that the enhanced lignification in the gibberellin-treated dwarf plants occurred only after a lag period of several days. It was concluded that gibberellic acid-enhanced ligmification had no direct relation to gibberellic acid-promoted growth. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4.3.1.5) was higher in gibberellin-treated dwarf plants grown under white or red light than in untreated dwarf plants. Gibberellic acid had no detectable effect on the activity of this enzyme when the plants were grown in darkness, just as it had no effect on lignification under dark conditions. The data suggest that in gibberellin-deficient peas the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is one of the limiting factors in lignification.
Community Education, the "Underclass" and the Discourse of Derision.

This paper argues that community education in Scotland is an instrument of social policy and illustrates how the type and degree of intervention in people's lives depends on the prevailing ideology of practice. It explores the concept of ‘the underclass’ and identifies how the term has come to be used by both the Right and Left to describe unemployed people living in poverty. It examines how the ideology of blaming individuals for the poverty they experience has come to prevail through the imposition of a discourse of derision which silences marginalised communities. Finally, it suggests that community education can work in ways which, at the extremes, either emphasize social control or liberation. It argues that only if responses to social initiatives targeted at those living in poverty are subjected :o a critical analysis can community educators help to develop an alternative discourse in which communities can break their silence and assert their culture of difference.
The eigenvalue problem for Hermitian matrices with time reversal symmetry

This paper describes a computational method for dealing with a class of matrices which arise in quantum mechanics involving time reversal and inversion symmetry. The algorithms presented here have greatly reduced the computational effort required to solve this problem and also produce a stable, more accurate solution.
Exciton equilibration and Photosystem II exciton dynamics — a fluorescence study on Photosystem II membrane particles of spinach

The Photosystem II (PS II) exciton dynamics at room temperature was investigated by steady-state and picosecond fluorescence measurements on PS II membrane particles of spinach. In the closed as well as in the open-reaction center state, emission and excitation spectra were found to be almost independent of the excitation (λex) and emission wavelength (λem), respectively. This holds even for anti-Stokes spectra (λem 690 nm indicating excitation energy transfer with a time constant of 15 ps. A model for the PS II exciton dynamics in the open reaction center state is proposed which describes the fluorescence relaxation in terms of three phases: (I) ultra-fast exciton equilibration (time constants < 15 ps) within a peripheral pigment pool consisting of LHC pigments and within an inner pigment pool presumably consisting of PS II core pigments, (II) rapid exciton equilibration (time constant of 15 ps) between these two pigment pools and (III) excited state decay by primary charge separation according to the reversible radical pair model (time constants of 131 ps and 322 ps), but maintenance of the exciton equilibrium distribution. Because the equilibration time of 15 ps is fast in comparison to the mean exciton lifetime of 220 ps, the steady-state fluorescence properties are determined mainly by the thermal equilibrium distribution of excited states on the PS II chlorophylls (Chl a and Chl b).
Exploring user-provided connectivity

Network services often exhibit positive and negative externalities that affect users' adoption decisions. One such service is "user-provided connectivity" or UPC. The service offers an alternative to traditional infrastructure-based communication services by allowing users to share their "home base" connectivity with other users, thereby increasing their access to connectivity. More users means more connectivity alternatives, i.e., a positive externality, but also greater odds of having to share one's own connectivity, i.e., a negative externality. The tug of war between positive and negative externalities together with the fact that they often depend not just on how many but also which users adopt make it difficult to predict the service's eventual success. Exploring this issue is the focus of this paper, which investigates not only when and why such services may be viable, but also explores how pricing can be used to effectively and practically realize them.
Explicit knowledge of gravity and the water-level task

Abstract Individual differences in conceptions of physical phenomena are frequently seen among normal adults. This article presents two investigations of the relation between explicit knowledge of gravity and performance on Piaget's Water Level Task. In both studies two groups were compared, one with extensive training in the physical sciences and one without. In the first study, a strong relation between success on the WLT and gravity-based explanations was found, but only in the High-Science Group. The aim of the second study was to investigate whether failure on the WLT could be due to problems in retrieving the relevant information. Minimum cuing to think about gravity yielded a statistically significant improvement for the High-Science Group only. The results are consistent with the notion that explicit knowledge of gravity can be a source of individual differences on the WLT and perhaps on other physical/spatial tasks as well.
Meniscus Transplantation Using the Femoral Distractor

Abstract Accurate tunnel placement, graft passage, and secure suture fixation are key elements in meniscus allograft transplantation. We describe the use of a femoral distractor in meniscus transplantation. Joint distraction on the side of the transplantation by the femoral distractor can dramatically improve visibility and joint access. The distractor is applied after all necessary preparatory work. The distal femoral pin is placed in the supracondylar region on the side corresponding to the side to be transplanted. To avoid injury to the peroneal nerve, the proximal tibial pin is placed medial to lateral for both medial and lateral transplantations. The tibial pin is placed at a level approximately 1 to 2 cm below the tibial tubercle. The knee is then held in the flexion angle that affords the best visualization arthroscopically (typically between 60° and 90° of flexion). Gradual distraction is then applied with the distraction rod until adequate visualization is obtained. The case then proceeds with tunnel or trough creation, graft delivery, and peripheral repair. The improved visualization and access provided by the femoral distractor markedly simplifies the more challenging aspects of meniscus transplantation, helping to ensure precise tunnel placement, facilitate graft passage, and aid in accurate suturing.
Linear preservers and diagonal hypergraphs

In this paper we elucidate a connection between linear preservers on coordinate subspaces that permute the elements of a matrix and diagonal hypergraph isomorphisms. Under certain circumstances, the only permutation linear preservers are the special ones which permute rows and columns, and possibly interchange rows with columns as well.
Spinal cord protection in descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair

Abstract Background . During simple cross-clamp repair of the descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta, the likelihood of neurologic complications increases greatly after only 30 minutes of spinal cord ischemia. At greatest risk are patients with type II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Methods . We reviewed our experience of simple cross-clamp repair and procedures accompanied by adjuncts, paying particular attention to the outcome of patients who had type II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Between February 1991 and March 1998, 508 patients had descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair, 255 (50.2%) of whom received the adjuncts of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion. Results . Fifteen patients died on the day of operation and could not be evaluated for neurologic deficit. The overall incidence of neurologic deficit was 33 of 493 patients (6.7%). In patients who received adjuncts, neurologic deficit occurred in 9 of 247 (3.6%) overall; in types I and II it was 8 of 164 (4.9%), and in type II alone, 7 of 87 (8.1%). Neurologic deficit in simple cross-clamp patients was 24 of 246 (9.8%) overall; in types I and II it was 15 of 99 (15.2%), and in type II alone, 13 of 44 (29.6%). Conclusions . With the surgical adjuncts of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion, the probability of neurologic deficit is lowered appreciably.
Are stimulants effective in the treatment of executive function deficits? Results from a randomized double blind study of OROS-methylphenidate in adults with ADHD

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between executive function deficits (EFDs) and response to methylphenidate treatment in ADHD in adults. We conducted a 6-week, parallel design, randomized, placebo controlled study in adults with DSM-IV ADHD. Our psychometric index of executive function used standardized neuropsychological testing. We assessed behaviors reflective of EFDs using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function--Adult Version (BRIEF-A). Subjects with available measures of executive functioning (OROS-MPH N=40; Placebo N=47) were included for analysis. There was no difference in the percent of subjects completing the 6-week acute efficacy Phase I of the trial (100% (N=40) vs. 98% (N=46), p=0.4). The mean daily dose at Phase I endpoint was 84.6±31.6 mg (1.04±0.29 mg/kg) OROS-MPH and 100.5±21.9 mg (1.20±0.11 mg/kg) placebo (p=0.0007). Based on the neuropsychological testing at the baseline assessment, 40% of the ADHD subjects (N=35/87) were considered to have EFDs but 93% (N=81) of subjects had ≥ 2 BRIEF-A clinical scale T-scores > 65. Regardless of the definition used, however, EFDs did not impact the clinical response to OROS-MPH. This randomized clinical trial showed that executive function deficits do not moderate the response to methylphenidate and measures of executive function deficits are not associated with response to OROS-MPH.
Correlation of histology and detection of human papillomavirus DNA in vulvar cancers.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to correlate the histological findings and clinical information for vulvar precancers and cancers with the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV). Forty-five squamous cell lesions (twenty-two high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and twenty-three invasive cancers) were analyzed for HPV DNA after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. HPV DNA was noted in 1322 (59%) high-grade SILs and 723 (30%) invasive cancers. For the invasive cancers, HPV DNA was detected in 013 that had substantial keratinization compared to 710 with minimal keratinization. Adjacent SIL was noted in 67 (86%) HPV-positive cancers compared to 116 (6%) in the HPV negative group. The mean age of the two groups was equivalent. The rate of metastases (37, 43%) for the HPV-positive group was higher than that for the HPV-negative (416, 25%) group. We conclude that vulvar cancers, unlike squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, which is associated with HPV DNA in most cases, can be differentiated into two groups on the basis of histological findings and presence of HPV DNA.
The (be)coming of peace: Time, women, and war in Andrée Chedid's La Maison sans racines

Synopsis Egypto-Lebanese author Andree Chedid's novel of the civil war in Beirut, La Maison sans racines [Return to Beirut] recounts in three narrative times a fictional background to the beginning of this war. Chedid incorporates references to the fable of the tortoise and the hare to emphasize the slow yet inevitable progression towards war. The relationship among women, time, memory, the arts of photography and film, and the start of war is examined in light of the insistence on time and space as malleable concepts. With its use of textual markers that underscore the theme of time and its relationship to space, Chedid's novel is best appreciated in the original 1985 edition since subsequent French editions and the English translation have modified those markers.
Gynecologic cancers associated with Lynch syndrome/HNPCC.

Lynch syndrome/hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by a germline mutation in one of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair genes. It is associated with early onset of cancer (age younger than 50 years) and the development of multiple cancer types, particularly colon and endometrial cancer. Women with Lynch syndrome have a 40–60% risk of endometrial cancer, which equals or exceeds their risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, they have a 12% risk of ovarian cancer. Despite limited information on the efficacy of surveillance in reducing endometrial and ovarian cancer risk in women with Lynch syndrome, the current gynecologic cancer screening guidelines include annual endometrial sampling and transvaginal ultrasonography beginning at age 30–35 years. In addition, risk-reducing surgery consisting of prophylactic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy should be offered to women aged 35 years or older who do not wish to preserve their fertility.
Microstructure characterization and bulk properties of disordered two-phase media

A general formalism is developed to statistically characterize the microstructure of porous and other composite media composed of inclusions (particles) distributed throughout a matrix phase (which, in the case of porous media, is the void phase). This is accomplished by introducing a new and generaln-point distribution functionH n and by deriving two series representations of it in terms of the probability density functions that characterize the configuration of particles; quantities that, in principle, are known for the ensemble under consideration. In the special case of an equilibrium ensemble, these two equivalent but topologically different series for theH n are generalizations of the Kirkwood-Salsburg and Mayer hierarchies of liquid-state theory for a special mixture of particles described in the text. This methodology provides a means of calculating any class of correlation functions that have arisen in rigorous bounds on transport properties (e.g., conductivity and fluid permeability) and mechanical properties (e.g., elastic moduli) for nontrivial models of two-phase disordered media. Asymptotic and bounding properties of the general functionH n are described. To illustrate the use of the formalism, some new results are presented for theH n and it is shown how such information is employed to compute bounds on bulk properties for models of fully penetrable (i.e., randomly centered) spheres, totally impenetrable spheres, and spheres distributed with arbitrary degree of impenetrability. Among other results, bounds are computed on the fluid permeability, for assemblages of impenetrable as well as penetrable spheres, with heretofore unattained accuracy.
Intrepid Pursuit of the Essential Ingredients of Psychotherapy

This article elaborates on Doss's (this issue) call for a programmatic psychotherapy change research that unveils the specific mechanisms inherent in the in-session and extratherapy client changes occurring over the course of a therapy. To accomplish this new agenda, both “process” and “outcome” investigators must formulate some clear conceptualization of the dependent variables of psychotherapy—both in and outside therapy, both proximate and remote—and their theoretical interrelationships. Dismantling the essential ingredients of any of the field's available psychotherapy “packages” requires explanation of each client change that results from a particular “miniature” intervention, and how that change is related to subsequent changes from other miniature interventions, across the entire course of therapy. For each miniature intervention researchers need to demonstrate also the level of expertise and the specific patient-therapist relationship context required for its successful execution. The field can profit from a new kind of “process diagnosis” for psychotherapy research, one that specifies and measures “process signs” (observable cues, markers, indicators) of a patient's distinctive set of in-session maladaptive behaviors, behaviors that can be ameliorated with an optimum sequence of tailored miniature interventions.
The formation of daptomycin by supplying decanoic acid to Streptomyces roseosporus cultures producing the antibiotic complex A21978C

Antibiotic substance A21978C is a complex of compounds having a common cyclic polypeptide nucleus and different fatty acid sidechains. Daptomycin is a semi-synthetic antimicrobial substance derived from the A21978C complex by a very elaborate chemical process. To obtain the daptomycin, the A21978C complex was first isolated from culture filtrates of Streptomyces roseosporus by several resin procedures. The resulting material was then ‘blocked’ and added to an Actinoplanes culture for deacylation. The protected A21978C nucleus was subsequently isolated by the same procedure as the parent complex and reacylated with the desired fatty acid (decanoic acid). The acylated compound was deblocked to yield daptomycin. This report describes the experimentation undertaken to establish a strategy to supply a very toxic precursor to cultures of S. roseosporus and, thereby, produce daptomycin biosynthetically.
Oversampling MAVS for reduction of vortex-shedding velocity-sensing noise

Reduction of vortex-induced velocity-sampling noise was demonstrated in an acoustic travel-time current meter, MAVS, by oversampling and averaging bursts of 20Hz measurements every 0.5s sampling interval during tows in the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution flume. A characteristic vortex size of 7.37cm (from frequency and tow speed) translated into narrow band spectral peaks of velocity fluctuation with frequency proportional to tow speed. A selection of burst-sampling intervals during which 20Hz measurements were averaged was tuned to the profiling speed of the moored profiler upon which the MAVS was to be mounted. Burst-sampling improved the signal to noise ratio by almost a factor of 3 with a 4-point burst every 0.5s at 30cm/s tow (profiling) speed. This closely matched the dominant 4.3Hz vortex at 30cm/s tow speed.
Surgery for pancreatic tumors during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature

Seven cases of surgery of pancreatic tumors during pregnancy have been reported in the literature. Six of the cases resulted in live term births. The patient discussed herein, a 37-year-old para 2-0-0-2 white female, had surgery for the removal of a pancreatic mass at 20 2/7 weeks' gestation. No intraoperative complications occurred, and both mother and fetus appeared to have done well. The postoperative course was complicated by pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by C. difficile, which was treated with antibiotics. Despite treatment, diarrhea continued, and the patient was readmitted to the hospital for hydration and further antibiotics at 27 weeks. Three days after admission, the fetus was noted to have poor biophysical testing and a caesarean delivery was performed. The infant was found to have a large intracerebral hemorrhage, which most likely occurred antenatally, and life support was discontinued shortly after birth. We conclude from this that surgery for a pancreatic mass in pregnancy should be approached cautiously, and the risk to both the mother and fetus should be considered.
Top-down estimate of anthropogenic emission inventories and their interannual variability in Houston using a mesoscale inverse modeling technique

The 2000 and 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2000 and 2006) field campaigns took place in eastern Texas in August-October of 2000 and 2006. Several flights of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) research aircraft were dedicated to characterizing anthropogenic emissions over Houston. Houston is known for having serious problems with non-attainment of air quality standards. We present a method that uses three models and aircraft observations to assess and improve existing emission inventories using an inverse modeling technique. We used 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional variational (3D-VAR and 4D-VAR) inverse modeling techniques based on a least-squares method to improve the spatial and temporal distribution of CO, NOy (sum of all reactive nitrogen compounds), and SO2 emissions predicted by the 4-km-resolution U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emission Inventory (NEI) for 2005. Differences between the prior and posterior inventories are discussed in detail. We found that in 2006 the prior daytime emissions in the urban area of Houston have to be reduced by 40% {+-} 12% for CO and 7% {+-} 13% for NOy. Over the Houston Ship Channel, where industrial emissions are predominant, the prior emissions have to be reduced by 41%more » {+-} 15% for CO and 51% {+-} 9% for NOy. Major ports around Houston have their NOy emissions reduced as well, probably due to uncertainties in near-shore ship emissions in the EPA NEI inventory. Using the measurements from the two field campaigns, we assessed the interannual emission variability between 2000 and 2006. Daytime CO emissions from the Houston urban area have been reduced by 8% {+-} 20%, while the NOy emissions have increased by 20% {+-} 12% from 2000 to 2006. In the Houston Ship Channel, the daytime NOy emissions have increased by 13% {+-} 17%. Our results show qualitative consistencies with known changes in Houston emissions sources.« less
Dynamics and Control of Spacecraft With a Generalized Model of Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes

The attitude dynamics model for a spacecraft with a variable speed control moment gyroscope (VSCMG) is derived using the principles of variational mechanics. The resulting dynamics model is obtained in the framework of geometric mechanics, relaxing some of the assumptions made in prior literature on control moment gyroscopes (CMGs). These assumptions include symmetry of the rotor and gimbal structure, and no offset between the centers of mass of the gimbal and the rotor. The dynamics equations show the complex nonlinear coupling between the internal degrees-of-freedom associated with the VSCMG and the spacecraft base body's rotational degrees-of-freedom. This dynamics model is then further generalized to include the effects of multiple VSCMGs placed in the spacecraft base body, and sufficient conditions for nonsingular VSCMG configurations are obtained. General ideas on control of the angular momentum of the spacecraft using changes in the momentum variables of a finite number of VSCMGs are provided. A control scheme using a finite number of VSCMGs for attitude stabilization maneuvers in the absence of external torques and when the total angular momentum of the spacecraft is zero is presented. The dynamics model of the spacecraft with a finite number of VSCMGs is then simplified under the assumptions that there is no offset between the centers of mass of the rotor and gimbal, and the rotor is axisymmetric. As an example, the case of three VSCMGs with axisymmetric rotors, placed in a tetrahedron configuration inside the spacecraft, is considered. The control scheme is then numerically implemented using a geometric variational integrator (GVI). Numerical simulation results with zero and nonzero rotor offset between centers of mass of gimbal and rotor are presented.
Stagnation and herd mentality in the biomedical sciences.

Academic biomedical science is like music, painting, or other fashionable arts and politics. Concepts that are perceived to be ‘in’ can become widely accepted and then stagnate, remaining unchallenged for many years, independent of their scientific validity. Fads in biomedical science have been observed to last for years or decades. The reasons for herd mentality and stagnation are manifold, but their recognition allows opportunities for constructive awareness and perhaps effective countermeasures.
Electrocardiographic Patterns in Pneumothorax

1) Forty-five cases have been presented; forty-four with pneumothorax of one or the other side, and one with artificial pneumopericardium, with serial electrocardiographic studies before and after the initiation of pneumothorax or pneumopericardium. 2) Characteristic ECG patterns both in right and left sided pneumothorax have been shown and described. 3) A marked and definite difference in these ECG patterns between the right and left sided groups has been shown and illustrated. 4) The ECG pattern in the right sided group has been mainly a tendency to right axis shift, depression of QRS-1, and depression of P waves in the limb leads. T inversion has been notably absent. 5) The ECG pattern in the left sided group has been more conspicuous and more striking, and has consisted of a lower voltage of QRS-1, flattening of T waves in Lead 1, a change in the contour of QRS complexes in the chest leads, and a definite inversion of T waves in the chest leads; these T wave inversions being the most constant and conspicuous of all changes. 6) The T wave inversions have persisted in various other positions than supine, namely, standing, right lateral and prone. 7) As for the basic cause effecting these changes, the evidence is not conclusive. However, available evidence points to rotation of the heart and the presence of air between the heart and the chest wall as very probable causative factors.
Porifera: Sudden Sperm Release by Tropical Demospongiae

Three tropical marine demosponges inhabiting the deep coral reefs of Jamaica expel immense clouds of milky fluid from exhalant apertures. Analysis of samples shows this fluid to contain mature male gametes. The behavior is an individual or a population event in different species.
NOTPME: A 31P NMR probe for measurementof divalent cations in biological systems

1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-tris(methylenephosphonate monoethylester) (NOTPME) has been synthesized, characterized and analyzed for use as a 31P NMR indicator of intracellular Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions. The 31P NMR spectrum of this chelate in the presence of metal ions shows characteristic resonances for the free chelate, Mg(NOTPME)-, Zn(NOTPME)-, and Ca(NOTPME)-. The Kd values indicate that this chelate has a 10-fold higher affinity for Mg2+ than for Ca2+ at physiological pH values. In the presence of Mg2+, NOTPME is readily loaded into red blood cells. A 31P NMR spectrum of red cells taken after several washings shows resonances characteristic of entrapped NOTPME and the Mg(NOTPME)- complex, the relative areas of which report an intracellular free Mg2+ concentration of 0.32 mM. The 31P chemical shifts of the free chelate and its metal complexes are far downfield from the typical phosphorus-containing metabolites observed in biological systems, thus making it possible to monitor intracellular cation concentrations and cell energetics simultaneously.
Calculation of the generalized leaky aquifer integral

Abstract We provide a convenient method for the evaluation of the generalized leaky aquifer integral W β ( x , y ) , for all real x , y > 0 and integers and half odd integers β ⩾ 1 2 . The key ingredient to obtaining values for higher β is a new asymptotic expansion of the integral that is applicable for a wide range of these parameters, particularly large β . An asymptotic value and a value, calculated via previously published methods, for the same x and y but small β , form a well defined two-point boundary value problem that is easily solved.
Transient Growth of Second Phases during Solution Treatment.

This study shows experimentally that, in the initial stages of a solution treatment process, an unstable phase may grow prior to dissolving if the diffusion flux in the unstable phase is larger than that in the stable matrix. The effect was demonstrated using diffusion couples fabricated from thin, multiple layers of α and β brass such that the mean compositions of the couples relative to the α-β phase equilibrium would result in solution of the β phase. Since at the diffusion temperature of 870°C the interdiffusion coefficient of the β phase is about twenty times that of the α phase, the initial β phase flux was much greater than that of the α phase. Metallographic observations of two sets of diffusion couples, each having a different mean composition, as a function of time of interdiffusion revealed that approximately 22 pct growth of the β phase preceded its ultimate dissolution. The analysis of this phenomenon was verified by reasonably good agreement between measured phase thickness values as a function of time and calculated values based upon a numerical solution of the appropriate multiphase diffusion problem.
Catholic Working-Class Movements in Western Europe

Although historians have recently brought to life the neighborhoods, shop floors, strikes, and political parties of workers, one topic-that of religion, and particularly Catholicism-is still relatively unexplored 1 It is not surprising, perhaps, that religion has attracted little interest among labor historians Religious practice appears to have declined greatly with industrialization, except perhaps in the United States, while the institutional power of churches has crumbled Many leading church officials, further more, opposed unions and working-class political parties Religiously defined labor movements have never been important in North America (outside of Quebec), Britain, and Scandinavia 2 In continental Europe, Catholic or Protestant movements of workers have usually been smaller than their socialist or communist rivals Indeed, E J Hobsbawm has recently articulated what probably has been a working assump tion for most labor historians socialism and almost all other working-class ideologies are virtually synonymous with an anticlerical, if not antireligious, stance 3 Nonetheless, religious, and especially Catholic, working-class movements de serve a second look from labor historians 4 Catholic workers' organizations, first of all, were larger than the amount of scholarship on them might suggest Between the 1890s and 1933, for example, Christian, mostly Catholic, unions organized about one seventh as many of Germany's workers as did the socialist "free" unions, while the Catholic unions in Belgium and the Netherlands organized approximately one-third as many as the socialists before World War I and two-thirds as many by the 1930s In France, Catholic unions were almost nonexistent before World War I and had about one-fifth the strength of the Conf d ration g n rale du travail (CGT) right before
Research misconduct, retraction, and cleansing the medical literature: lessons from the Poehlman case.

The scientific literature is a record of the search for truth. Publication of faked data diverts this search. The scientific community has a duty to warn people to ignore an article containing fake...
EXISTENTIAL SENTENCES, BE, AND THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION IN RUSSIAN

The Genitive of Negation (Gen Neg) in Russian involves alternation of Genitive with Nominative or Accusative under conditions which have been debated for many decades. What gives the construction its name is that Gen Neg occurs only under sentential negation; other allegedly crucial factors include topic–focus structure, unaccusativity, perspectival structure, the lexical semantics of the verb, and the referential status of the NP. Here we focus on Subject Gen Neg sentences, which on our account (following Babby and many Russian scholars) are normally Existential sentences. We address the problem raised by certain Gen Neg sentences with the copula byt’ and referential subjects which appear to be negations of Locative rather than Existential sentences. We review why Babby exempted some sentences with byt’ from his analysis, and present challenges raised by the two present tense forms of the verb. These problems lead to a re-examination of the distinction between Existential and Locative sentences, and of the distinction between sentential and constituent negation. We identify three distinct approaches to these issues, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. We do not argue conclusively for one approach but identify open questions which we believe need answers before the issues can be resolved.
CONSEQUENCES FOR MANAGERS OF USING SINGLE INFLUENCE TACTICS AND COMBINATIONS OF TACTICS

The study involved analyses of incidents described from the perspective of the targets of influence attempts. We coded influence behavior in the incidents into nine tactics and classified outcomes ...
Optimal co-design of computational imaging system

We propose a novel method for the optimal co-design of the optical and reconstruction filters in a computational imaging system. Closed form solutions are presented for the design of an optimal observation matrix for a fixed reconstruction matrix. An iterative method for computing global optimal filters is then proposed based on the derived analytical solution and the well known Wiener filter. The performance of the proposed optimal filters represents a universal bound on the performance of any physically realizable computational imaging system.
Computed tomography: the use and interpretation of imaged data in animal research

Animal scientists often conduct research that requires knowledge of body constituents, e.g., chemical composition or growth rates of tissues. X-ray computed tomography is a nondestructive procedure that presents imaged anatomical information. The potential contributions of computed tomography to animal science research and to animal production are currently being evaluated at several agricultural research institutions. Preliminary results reported in this paper are from an experiment conducted at the Agricultural University of Norway. Pigs weighing 30.6 (±5.2) kg live weight were scanned and the chemical composition of the carcass soft-tissue was determined. Chemical composition was also estimated using the tomographical data. Different statistical methods to summarize the imaged data were presented and used to estimate chemical composition. The methods varied with regard to precision of estimation and also biological interpretability.
The Morphogenetic Role of Cadherin Cell Adhesion Molecules in Human Cancer: A Thematic Review

(1998). The Morphogenetic Role of Cadherin Cell Adhesion Molecules in Human Cancer: A Thematic Review. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 252-261.
Epsilon-regular sets and intervals

Regularity of sets (both open and closed) is fundamental in the classical theory of solid modeling and is implicit in many shape modeling representations. However, strictly speaking, the notion of regularity cannot be applied to real world shapes and/or computed geometric models that usually exhibit irregularity in the forms or errors, uncertainty, and/or approximation. We propose a notion of /spl epsiv/-regularity that quantifies regularity of shapes in terms of set intervals and subsumes the classical notions of open and closed regular sets as special exact cases. Our formulation relies on /spl epsiv/-topological operations that are related to, but are distinct from, the common morphological operations. We also show that /spl epsiv/-regular interval is bounded by two sets, such that the Hausdorff distance between the sets, as well the Hausdorff distance between their boundaries, is at most /spl epsiv/. Many applications of /spl epsiv/-regularity include geometric data translation and solid model validation.
The Pre-Columbian Caribbean: Colonization, Population Dispersal, and Island Adaptations

AbstractOnce considered a backwater of New World prehistory, the Caribbean has now emerged from the archaeological shadows as a critical region for answering a host of questions related to human population dispersal, Neotropical island adaptations, maritime subsistence, seafaring, island interaction networks, and the rise of social complexity, among many others. In this paper, I provide a review of: (1) what is currently known about the antiquity of Pre-Columbian colonization of the Caribbean using archaeological, biological, and oceanographic data; (2) how these data inform on the dispersal of what appear to be many different population movements through time; and (3) the subsequent adaptations (e.g., technological, subsistence, and economic) that took place across the islands after initial contact. Results of more than a century of research demonstrate that the Antilles were settled much earlier than once thought (ca. 7000 cal yr BP), in multiple waves that show strong linkages to South America, but pos...
Contact Prediction for Beta and Alpha-Beta Proteins Using Integer Linear Optimization and its Impact on the First Principles 3D Structure Prediction Method ASTRO-FOLD

An integer linear optimization model is presented to predict residue contacts in beta, alpha + beta, and alpha/beta proteins. The total energy of a protein is expressed as sum of a C(alpha)-C(alpha) distance dependent contact energy contribution and a hydrophobic contribution. The model selects contact that assign lowest energy to the protein structure as satisfying a set of constraints that are included to enforce certain physically observed topological information. A new method based on hydrophobicity is proposed to find the beta-sheet alignments. These beta-sheet alignments are used as constraints for contacts between residues of beta-sheets. This model was tested on three independent protein test sets and CASP8 test proteins consisting of beta, alpha + beta, alpha/beta proteins and it was found to perform very well. The average accuracy of the predictions (separated by at least six residues) was approximately 61%. The average true positive and false positive distances were also calculated for each of the test sets and they are 7.58 A and 15.88 A, respectively. Residue contact prediction can be directly used to facilitate the protein tertiary structure prediction. This proposed residue contact prediction model is incorporated into the first principles protein tertiary structure prediction approach, ASTRO-FOLD. The effectiveness of the contact prediction model was further demonstrated by the improvement in the quality of the protein structure ensemble generated using the predicted residue contacts for a test set of 10 proteins.
Effects of extensor pollicis longus transposition and extensor indicis proprius transfer to extensor pollicis longus on thumb mechanics

Abstract Purpose: The spatial relationship of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) to the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint may be altered by its transposition from the third dorsal wrist compartment and by subcutaneous extensor indicis proprius (EIP) to EPL tendon transfer. Changes in tendon position could alter thumb function. This study examined changes in the EPL adduction moment arm after EPL tendon transposition from its extensor compartment or EIP transfer. Methods: The EPL adduction moment arm at the thumb carpometacarpal joint was determined under 4 tendon conditions: (1) intact extensor pollicis longus, (2) transposed extensor pollicis longus, (3) extensor indicis proprius to extensor pollicis longus tendon transfer through an extensor retinacular pulley, and (4) extensor indicis proprius tendon transfer through a subcutaneous route. Each tendon condition was tested in 2 wrist positions: neutral and 40° of flexion. Results: The wrist neutral/flexion moment arms for the 4 tendon conditions, in millimeters, were 9.2/7.3, 3.6/1.2, 8.3/5.1, and 4.8/1.0. Conclusions: EPL transposition produces a significant decrease of its adduction moment arm at the thumb CMC joint, an effect exacerbated by wrist flexion. The moment arm mechanics of the pulley and subcutaneous EIP tendon transfer resemble those of the intact and transposed EPL, respectively. Diminution of the adduction moment arm could impair thumb function, especially adduction.
Topology-based simplification for feature extraction from 3D scalar fields

In this paper, we present a topological approach for simplifying continuous functions defined on volumetric domains. We introduce two atomic operations that remove pairs of critical points of the function and design a combinatorial algorithm that simplifies the Morse-Smale complex by repeated application of these operations. The Morse-Smale complex is a topological data structure that provides a compact representation of gradient flow between critical points of a function. Critical points paired by the Morse-Smale complex identify topological features and their importance. The simplification procedure leaves important critical points untouched, and is therefore useful for extracting desirable features. We also present a visualization of the simplified topology.
Spatialisation and International Communication Industries: The Case of Miami

AbstractThis paper investigates the role this U.S.-based city plays in Latin American business and particularly its role in the extension and penetration of cultural industries’ activities in that continent. Our thesis is that locational advantage interacts with political, economic and cultural factors to foster the growth of transnational cultural industries. As other types of companies enter the emerging markets of Latin America and Asia where near-term growth opportunities are high, the same expansion pattern or sequence of actions may be duplicated. Miami’s location captures the capital, the cultural proximity, and the business structure required to exploit emerging markets. The interaction of the late 20th century business structures with Miami’s cultural characteristics offers insight into how global economies of scale and scope can be understood in terms that must go beyond simple technology arrangements.
Alcohol Use among Adolescents

Alcohol consumption is a major social problem throughout the US. This study seeks to identify the risk and protective factors associated with adolescent alcohol drinking by examining social psychological variables. Selected items from a baseline questionnaire for a two year drug prevention study were used to conduct bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Respondents (N=2787) were seventh graders in ten middle schools throughout Orange County. The results suggested that individuals with poor academic performance and a sensation seeking personality were the most likely to consume alcohol. Knowing the characteristics of those who are most likely to engage in alcohol use is a necessary step towards developing programs that aim to combat adolescent drinking.