cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the Active Site of Mammalian Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Contain Water Molecules? An ONIOM Study

In the present theoretical study, the active site of mammalian glutathione peroxidase (GPx) has been refined by including protein/active site interactions using the two-layer ONIOM(QM:MM) method. In this study, a full model consisting of 3113 atoms (with 86 active site atoms in the quantum mechanical (QM) region and the rest in the molecular mechanics (MM) region) has been constructed on the basis of the 2.9 A resolution X-ray structure of mammalian GPx. The “active site only” models give much larger root-mean-square (rms) deviations from the X-ray structure than the full model, indicating the importance of the protein environment on the structure of the active site. The still substantial rms errors of the optimized structures can be improved only when the full model complemented with two water molecules is considered, clearly indicating the existence of two missing water molecules at the active site of the mammalian GPx, which could be critical for the catalytic activity.
On the Problem of Batch Arrivals and its Application to a Scheduling System

The single-server queuing problem where customers arrive in batches is considered with general types of service time and batch interarrival time distributions. Following an argument similar to that of Lindley, transient and steady-state time distribution functions are obtained for the two processes: i a random batch size, and ii a periodic batch size. It is shown how to apply the general solution of the process with a random batch size in obtaining particular solutions for the cases with p2 = 1, q1 = 1, and 1 M/G/1 or 2 D/E/1. The latter solution has been used in a comparison of two scheduling systems.
Gallbladder Mechanics in Newborn Piglets

ABSTRAn. The mechanical properties of the newborn piglet gallbladder were evaluated in both the stimulated and unstimulated states. The pressure-volume relationships, compliance, and the estimated active tension of the gallbladder were determined in 10 newborn piglets (2-7 days of age). Agonist stimulation was achieved by administration of histamine (25 pg/kg/h) and cholecystokinin (CCK) (60 ngjkglh). Both histamine and CCK increased the intracholecystic pressure at the 50% resting volume from 12.4 cm Hz0 to 18.9 and 15.5 cm H20, respectively. This resulted in a significant (p c 0.05) increase in the active tension. However, no significant changes were observed in the gallbladder compliance after stimulation. These findings characterize the mechanical properties of the normal neonatal gallbladder. The low magnitude of intracholecystic pressure response to agonist stimulation, when compared to adult data, may explain the occurrence of decreased neonatal choledochal bile flow. (Pediatr Res 18:1181-1184,1984) Abbreviation CCK, cholecystokinin
A Revisiting of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Grid

The "Grid" as defined by Foster and Kesselman was a unifying architecture that engendered a new generation of distribution computation, data sharing, and science. Along the way many "grid" technologies were developed, but their mapping to the principal architecture envisaged by the Grid's authors was never concretely specified.We present a decade's long study of 18+ technologies that claim to be "grid"; and ask the question "what makes a grid technology a grid?" This question, along with empirical research using topical software architectural recovery techniques; code and program analysis; clustering and information retrieval, allow the definition of an updated grid architecture that more uniformly captures what was built over this timeframe.
VALIDITY OF TWO BRIEF MEASURES: THE GENERAL ABILITIES MEASURE FOR ADULTS AND THE SHIPLEY INSTITUTE OF LIVING SCALE

Szrmmary.-The present investigation examined the concurrent validity of the General Ability Measure for Adul~s by Naglieri and Bardos (1997) and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale by Zachary (1991) These scales were administered ro 129 college students who ranged in age from 18 to 55 years (M age=24.8 yr.). Pearson correlations were computed to evaluate the association of scores on these measures. Significant small correlations were found for GAMA IQ scores with scores on the Shipley Verbal (r = ,291 and Total scales (r = ,281 but not with scores on the Shipley Abstraction subscale (r=.ll). Alchough the GAMA has been presented as a measure of general intell~gence, only ~artial support for this view was found. The General Abhty Measure for Adults (GAMA; Nagheri & Bardos, 1997) was developed to assess cognitive abhty using nonverbal abstract designs to minimize the effects of verbal expression and comprehension, motor slulls, and knowledge. The test is comprised of four subscales that tap different reasoning abhties. The GAMA was designed to assess intehgence using primarily nonverbal format (Naglieri & Bardos, 1997). The test uses
Vocal fold surface hydration: a review.

Summary Vocal fold surface liquid homeostasis contributes to optimal vocal physiology. In this paper we review emerging evidence that vocal fold surface liquid is maintained in part by salt and water fluxes across the epithelium. Based on recent immunolocalization and electrophysiological findings, we describe a transcellular pathway as one mechanism for regulating superficial vocal fold hydration. We propose that the pathway includes the sodium–potassium pump, sodium–potassium–chloride cotransporter, epithelial sodium channels, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator chloride channels, and aquaporin water channels. By integrating knowledge of the regulating mechanisms underlying ion and fluid transport with observations from hydration challenges and treatments using in vitro and in vivo studies, we provide a theoretical basis for understanding how environmental and behavioral challenges and clinical interventions may modify vocal fold surface liquid composition. We present converging evidence that clinical protocols directed at facilitating vocal fold epithelial ion and fluid transport may benefit healthy speakers, those with voice disorders, and those at risk for voice disorders.
Determination of the order of atoms in a linear molecule

Abstract The force constants determined from the infra-red or Raman spectra of a sufficient number of isotopic species can decide between alternative arrangement of atoms in a linear molecule. A convenient method of calculation of force constants is given which uses as coordinates all the interatomic distances whether bonded or not. A diagonal force-constant matrix in these co-ordinates has the correct number of independent elements. Large values indicate bonded distances; small ones non-bonded distances. Advantage is taken of the fact that the G matrix is of the same form whether the co-ordinates used are dependent or not.
C/EBPα in normal and malignant myelopoiesis.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) dimerizes via its leucine zipper (LZ) domain to bind DNA via its basic region and activate transcription via N-terminal trans-activation domains. The activity of C/EBPα is modulated by several serine/threonine kinases and via sumoylation, its gene is activated by RUNX1 and additional transcription factors, its mRNA stability is modified by miRNAs, and its mRNA is subject to translation control that affects AUG selection. In addition to inducing differentiation, C/EBPα inhibits cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Within hematopoiesis, C/EBPα levels increase as long-term stem cells progress to granulocyte–monocyte progenitors (GMP). Absence of C/EBPα prevents GMP formation, and higher levels are required for granulopoiesis compared to monopoiesis. C/EBPα interacts with AP-1 proteins to bind hybrid DNA elements during monopoiesis, and induction of Gfi-1, C/EBPe, KLF5, and miR-223 by C/EBPα enables granulopoiesis. The CEBPA ORF is mutated in approximately 10 % of acute myeloid leukemias (AML), leading to expression of N-terminally truncated C/EBPαp30 and C-terminal, in-frame C/EBPαLZ variants, which inhibit C/EBPα activities but also play additional roles during myeloid transformation. RUNX1 mutation, CEBPA promoter methylation, Trib1 or Trib2-mediated C/EBPαp42 degradation, and signaling pathways leading to C/EBPα serine 21 phosphorylation reduce C/EBPα expression or activity in additional AML cases.
Use of soils to identify glacial deposits of various ages east of Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.

Degree of soil development increases with age of parent materials in the zone of confluence of continental and alpine piedmont glaciers east of Glacier National Park, Montana. Surficial deposits ar...
Potential for evolution of resistance to pheromones: Interindividual and interpopulational variation in chemical communication system of pink bollworm moth.

After an extensive examination of the release rates and blend ratios of pheromonal components emitted by field-collected femalePectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), we find no evidence of resistance to pheromones applied to cotton fields to disrupt mating. Females from fields with 3-5 years of exposure to disruptant pheromones as well as those from fields with only minimal exposure to disruptant pheromones emitted (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at a rate of ca. 0.1 ng/min and (Z,E)7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at ca. 0.06 ng/min. The ratio of pheromonal components was much less variable than the measured emission rate and was centered about a 61:39Z, Z to Z,E ratio. In contrast to the blend ratio emitted by females, the composition of the pheromonal blend used in monitoring populations and disrupting mating is centered about 50:50 Z,Z to Z.E. In general there was a remarkable consistency in the release rate and blend ratio among populations of females throughout southern California and those from a laboratory colony. It would appear that, although resistance to theP. gossypiella pheromone is still a very real possibility when it is used heavily in pest management as a mating disruptant, there are current agricultural practices and conditions which would hinder its development.
Literary criticism and programming pedagogy

If one grants certain similarities between the programming and writing processes, then the critical perspectives adopted by the readers of literature may be generalizable to the readers of program texts. M.H. Abrams' classification of literary critical theories as expressive, mimetic, pragmatic, or objective serves as an impetus for a discussion of the reading and writing of program texts. Recognition that program texts can be viewed from numerous perspectives may serve as a liberating force in programming pedagogy.
TOPICAL HYPERBARIC OXYGEN TREATMENT OF PRESSURE SORES AND SKIN ULCERS

Abstract Hyperbaric oxygen was used topically to treat pressure sores and skin ulcers. Specially constructed devices equipped with controlled pressure sealings and automatic relief valves were used. A constant pressure of 22 mm. Hg (1.03 atmospheres absolute) was maintained inside the chamber using pure oxygen at a flow-rate of 2-8 litres per minute with direct discharge to atmosphere. Bacterial growth was suppressed, granulation was enhanced, and epithelium formed. Vascularisation seemed to be important to success. Topical hyperbaric oxygen treatment was tolerated well. It shortened the healing-time and was also useful in the preparation for plastic-surgery repair. No adverse reactions were noted. 52 patients were treated successfully; 6 others, with bilateral lesions, took part in a controlled trial of hyperbaric oxygen; and there were 6 failures (4 with an underlying osteomyelitic lesion).
Preliminary evaluation of dual wavelength phased array imaging on neonatal brain function

Imaging of human tissue using noninvasive techniques has been of great interest in biomedical fields. Optical imaging has attracted a lot of attention because of its portability and economy. The possibility that a highly portable, fast, safe, and affordable imaging system which could obtain interpretable images of brain function for pre- and full-term neonates in a few seconds, has been explored in this article. We have used a sensitive optical topography system, termed phased array, in which a pair of equal-amplitude and antiphase light sources are applied to generate a sharp amplitude null and phase transition plane. This two-wavelength (750 and 830 nm), frequency encoded (50 and 52 MHz) phased array imaging system can indicate the blood concentration and oxygenation changes in blood model studies and during parietal brain activation in neonates. Significant functional responses, particularly to parietal stimulation in normal and pathological states of neonatal brain, have been revealed in our study. The preliminary clinical results are presented in this article.
Fibrous hyaluronic acid hydrogels that direct MSC chondrogenesis through mechanical and adhesive cues

Electrospinning has recently gained much interest due to its ability to form scaffolds that mimic the nanofibrous nature of the extracellular matrix, such as the size and depth-dependent alignment of collagen fibers within hyaline cartilage. While much progress has been made in developing bulk, isotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering and understanding how the microenvironment of such scaffolds affects cell response, these effects have not been extensively studied in a nanofibrous system. Here, we show that the mechanics (through intrafiber crosslink density) and adhesivity (through RGD density) of electrospun hyaluronic acid (HA) fibers significantly affect human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) interactions and gene expression. Specifically, hMSC spreading, proliferation, and focal adhesion formation were dependent on RGD density, but not on the range of fiber mechanics investigated. Moreover, traction-mediated fiber displacements generally increased with more adhesive fibers. The expression of chondrogenic markers, unlike trends in cell spreading and cytoskeletal organization, was influenced by both fiber mechanics and adhesivity, in which softer fibers and lower RGD densities generally enhanced chondrogenesis. This work not only reveals concurrent effects of mechanics and adhesivity in a fibrous context, but also highlights fibrous HA hydrogels as a promising scaffold for future cartilage repair strategies.
Low-energy electron capture by 6-Aza-2-thiothymine: investigations by electron attachment and electron transmission spectroscopies.

The interaction of low-energy (0−10 eV) electrons with 6-aza-2-thiothymine is investigated in the gas phase by studies of sharp structure in the total electron scattering cross section and by mass analysis of the stable or long-lived negative ions produced by electron attachment. The most efficient fragmentation process, occurring at 0.15 eV, involves the ejection of a closed-shell neutral molecule (CH3CN). Ab initio calculations support our proposal that this process leads to ring closure to form a stable four-member heterocyclic anion. A long-lived parent anion with an approximate lifetime of 75 microseconds is observed near zero electron energy, and evidence is also seen for the slow decay of this anion by ejection of CH3CN. Near 3.3 eV, an anion of m/e 41 is produced that is likely to be a metastable valence anion of bent CH3CN, but the dipole-bound anion cannot be ruled out.
Dynamic, full-spectral interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors for impact testing of composite laminates

This paper presents the full-spectral measurement of fiber Bragg grating sensor responses during impact testing of composite laminates. The sensors are embedded in carbon fiber/epoxy laminates which are subjected to multiple low velocity impacts until perforation of the laminate occurs. Applying a recently developed high-speed interrogator, the Bragg grating sensor interrogation is demonstrated at 534 Hz over a 14.9 nm bandwidth. The measurement of the transient response of the grating sensors during impact reveals unique spectral signatures that could not be detected through peak-wavelength monitoring or post-impact full-spectral scanning of the sensors, including local relaxation of the laminate.
Effects of zone drawing on the structure of metallocene polyethylene

The influence of zone drawing on bulk properties and structure of metallocene polyethylene (m-PE) is reported. Two different m-PE materials were subjected to tensile stresses above the yield point by zone drawing in the temperature range from 50 to 100°C. Drawn materials were characterized by using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS), molecular retraction, and small-angle light scattering (SALS). Structural changes were studied as a function of drawing temperature, engineering stress, and draw ratio. WAXS showed strong crystalline orientation in drawn samples, and only the orthorhombic crystal modification was observed. SAXS showed lamellar orientation in drawn samples. At low drawing temperatures of 50 or 60°C, draw ratio increased as a step function of stress. There is a stress barrier, which must be exceeded before high-draw ratios can be achieved at these temperatures. At drawing temperatures of 70°C or above, the barrier stress is low enough that draw ratio increases nearly linearly as a function of stress. Below the stress barrier, spherulitic structure is observed by small-angle light scattering (SALS). Elongation occurs via deformation of the interspherulitic amorphous phase. Molecular retraction was low for these samples, indicating mostly plastic deformation of the amorphous material. Above the stress barrier, SALS showed that spherulites are destroyed. Elongation occurs via deformation of the intraspherulitic amorphous phase. Molecular retraction for these samples was high, indicating elastic deformation of the amorphous material. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 3492–3504, 2001
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF MOLECULES ADSORBED ON SINGLE CRYSTAL METAL SURFACES WITHOUT ENHANCEMENT

On a mis au point une methode permettant d'obtenir les spectres Raman de molecules adsorbees a la surface d'un monocristal, sans avoir recours a l'amplification due a des effets de resonance ou de surface. On decrit les regles de selection pour le processus de diffusion, les applications a la catalyse heterogene, ainsi que les rapports avec le mecanismes de diffusion Raman augmentee en surface
Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors mediate trichostatin A-induced and basal expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is the major extracellular antioxidant enzyme and may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of a variety of pulmonary, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. We report here that exposure to the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) induces EC-SOD mRNA levels in mIMCD3 and Hepa 1-6 cells, but reduces EC-SOD mRNA levels in MLg cells. To determine the molecular mechanism of TSA-mediated EC-SOD gene regulation, we analyzed EC-SOD's proximal promoter region, which revealed two previously unknown but putative Sp1 cis elements. Transfection of systematically truncated 5'-flanking sequences revealed that the second Sp1 binding site contributes up to 70% of the constitutive EC-SOD promoter activity. Binding of Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors to this region was confirmed by DNase I footprinting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, super-shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. A dominant-negative Sp1 construct considerably reduced EC-SOD promoter activity in mammalian cells, whereas coexpression of Sp1 and Sp3 greatly enhanced reporter activity in SL2 cells. An EC-SOD promoter-reporter construct showed from 5- to 14-fold induction after exposure to TSA, whereas deletion of the Sp1 binding site significantly reduced reporter activation. These results are consistent with Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors providing essential TSA-dependent and basal transcription of the EC-SOD gene and may represent a novel pharmacological pathway for regulating EC-SOD levels in tissue.
Dominance of Orientation over Frequency in the Perception of 3-D Slant and Shape

In images of textured three-dimensional surfaces, pattern changes can be characterized as changes in orientation and spatial frequency, features for which neurons in primary visual cortex are classically selective. Previously, we have demonstrated that correct 3-D shape perception is contingent on the visibility of orientation flows that run parallel to the surface curvature. We sought to determine the relative contributions of orientation modulations (OMs) and frequency modulations (FMs) for the detection of slant and shape from 3-D surfaces. Results show that 1) when OM and FM indicate inconsistent degrees of surface slant or curvature, observer responses were consistent with the slant or curvature specified by OM even if the FM indicated a slant or curvature in the opposite direction to the same degree. 2) For slanted surfaces, OM information dictates slant perception at both shallow and steep slants while FM information is effective only for steep slants. Together these results point to a dominant role of OM information in the perception of 3-D slant and shape.
Microwave Phase Conjugation In Artificial Kerr Media

One dimensional phase conjugation of microwaves via degenerate four-wave mixing in an artificial Kerr medium has been demonstrated. The medium consisting of a liquid suspension of elongated graphite particles is confined within a single mode waveguide. The decay of the nonlinear refractive index grating is shown to agree with previous relaxation time measurements.
Fractures of the elbow's lateral column radial head and capitellum

Injuries to the lateral column of the elbow can vary widely in severity and management may often be difficult and controversial. Management of radial head fractures has evolved over the years, as the radial head’s role in elbow and forearm stability has been elucidated. Currently, preservation or replacement of the radial head is generally advised whenever possible. Other management issues, such as duration of immobilization, preoperative planning, and surgical technique have changed as our knowledge of complex elbow pathology has increased. Radial head fractures compose the vast majority of lateral column fractures because they are the most common elbow fracture. Capitellum fractures are much less common, but result from similar mechanisms and present a unique management challenge. Concomitant fractures have a variable incidence, and it is suspected that they are frequently missed. Radial head fractures Anatomy and biomechanics The radial head is cylindrical in shape and concave at its proximal articular extent. It aligns axially with the capitellum to form the lateral column of the elbow. The radial head also articulates with the proximal ulna at the lesser sigmoid fossa, secured in this location by the annular ligament around the radial neck. Approximately two thirds of the radial head is covered by articular cartilage, which participates in the proximal radio-ulnar joint. The anterolateral quadrant lacks subchondral bone and is more susceptible to injury. Fortunately, this is the nonarticulating aspect of the radial head. It is for these reasons that it is considered the safe zone for hardware placement for open reduction and internal fixation. The radiocapitellar joint has been demonstrated to withstand up to 90% of body weight, and accepts 60% of load transfers across the elbow [33,69]. In addition, approximately 20% to 30% of valgus stresses placed upon the elbow are distributed across the radial head [79]. With resisted isometric flexion, the radiocapitellar joint may generate forces up to four times body weight [3–5]. The radial head is considered a secondary static stabilizer of the elbow with primary stabilizers defined as the medial collateral ligament (especially the anterior bundle), the lateral collateral ligament (especially the lateral ulnar collateral ligament), and the ulnohumeral articulation [74]. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that the radial head becomes a primary stabilizer of the elbow in cases of medial collateral ligament disruption and coronoid fracture [40, 49,71]. Injuries that involve the primary stabilizers of the elbow therefore enhance the importance of radial head preservation, whenever possible.
META-ANALYSIS: HOW USEFUL IN APPRAISING DESEGREGATORY EFFECTS?

Summary.-This paper examined the extent to which the use of appropriate selection factors to determine which studies should be reviewed is crucial to the validity of meta-analysis. Resulcs obtained in a recent National Institute of Education investigation of descgrcgatory effects on blacks' achievement were appraised. Findings indicated that a few "outlier" studies skewed the over-all effect size. The present study employed microanalysis of the most extreme single "outlier" study, which alone accounted for a substantial amount of variance in the meta-analysis of 19 studies. Detailed analysis indicated that the targeted "outlier" study was inappropriate for use in the meta-analysis because it contains a number of methodological and statistical problems. Recent years have witnessed the increasing use of meta-analysis in appraisal of data in social science. This methodology was designed to provide social scientists with a more accurate understanding of the true state of knowledge by integrating a large number of studies, instead of relying on a single study or cluster of studies which presumably are more dependent on the subjective judgment of the reviewer, as concerning the true condition of a given phenomenon. The most typical application of meta-analysis empIoys Glass, et al.'s (9) methods, which involve obtaining the difference between the treatment and control means, divided by the SD of the control group. Some social scientists, while favoring meta-analysis, acknowledge that the method presents potentially serious problems. Cook and Leviton (6) observe that meta-analysis may yield inaccurate results because of poor research practices. Simply put, meta-analysis can consist of seemingly sophisticated procedures which produce misleading conclusions and affirm the skeptic's appraisal of computer-based research: "garbage in, garbage out." Largely for this reason Cooper and Arkin (7), while strong advocates of meta-analysis, acknowledge that the methodology alone is insufficient and should be supplemented by qualitative analysis. The present paper examines the validity of meta-analytic findings obtained by a National Institute of Education (NIE) panel (lo), charged with appraising a socially sensitive topic: does school desegregation promote blacks' learning? Concerned about conflicting reports of desegregatory effects, the NIE in 1982 requested the investigator to assist in the selection of a blue ribbon panel to determine what relationship, if any, existed between desegregation 'Request reprints from R. S. Scott, Ph.D., Director, Educational Clinic, 159A Education
The safety and efficacy of Seasonale a novel 91-day extended oral contraceptive regimen.

Seasonale is a novel extended oral contraceptive (OC) regimen consisting of 84 continuous days of the combination pill (ethinyl estradiol [EE] + levonorgestrel [L]) followed by a 7-day placebo or pill-free interval resulting in a 91-day menstrual cycle. This regimen results in only four menstrual cycles per year or one per season. A large randomized parallel multicenter study was conducted to examine the safety and efficacy of Seasonale compared to conventional OCs (21 days active/7 days placebo) in the prevention of pregnancy. (excerpt)
Strong vibronic coupling in molecular Rydberg states

We consider the vibronic properties of molecular Rydberg states in the strong coupling (degenerate) limit of the ion core, and show how the observed optical Rydberg spectrum for such a molecule is closely related to the Franck–Condon spectrum of its Jahn–Teller ion core, regardless of the symmetry labels attached to the Rydberg electronic species. These relationships permit the resolution of a quarter‐century old paradox in the Rydberg spectrum of benzene and give rise to easily verifiable predictions concerning benzene’s vibronic spectrum, which are applied to a recently discovered new Rydberg series. We further suggest that observed deviations from the idealized Rydberg case discussed here will reveal additional details about the coupling of Rydberg electronic and core‐vibronic motion.
Possible relation between scaled hadronic multiplicity distributions in pp collisions and +e−→γ→ hadrons

Abstract An impact-parameter representation of the empirical scaled charged-prong multiplicity distributions in high-energy pp collisions leads to the speculation that a corresponding multiplicity distribution in +e−→γ→ hadrons should approximately scale and be more sharply peaked about a larger average multiplicity than the pp case.
Near-surface wind speed retrieval from space-based, multi-angle imaging of ocean sun glint patterns

Abstract The relationship between the MISR multi-angle observations of sun glint pattern width over ocean and the near-surface wind speed is explored. With this relationship, we develop an algorithm that can constrain the standard, wind-driven glint/white cap model that defines the ocean–surface boundary condition in MISR aerosol retrievals. The key geometric factor determining wind retrieval quality is the angular distance between the reflection vector and the closest MISR multi-angle observation — the minimum Sun Glint Angle (SGA). MISR-retrieved winds are within 2.4 m/s of buoy-measured values for minimum SGA below about 15° for the 38 cases studied, and usually better than 1.1 m/s, except one for which the wind speed was extremely low. For minimum SGA above about 15°, MISR angular glint pattern reflectance sampling is not adequate to perform wind retrievals. An ambiguity in the retrieval that can occur for minimum SGA greater than 6° or 7° is resolved by the minimum observed absolute reflectance. We also confirm the high accuracy of the Cox–Munk ocean surface reflectance model, used to analyze the glint pattern dependence on wind speed. The wind-retrieval method could be used in an operational multi-angle aerosol retrieval algorithm to dynamically constrain the ocean surface boundary condition when glint pattern angular sampling is adequate.
Stress reduction of molybdenum/silicon multilayers deposited by ion-beam sputtering

Modified molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si) multilayers were deposited by ion beam sputtering (IBS). We obtained low-stress multilayers by sub-multilayering each Mo-layer into a trilayer of Mo/Ru (ruthenium)/Mo, and argon (Ar) ion beam polishing (IBP) after each Mo-layer deposition. Conventional Mo/Si multilayers have compressive stress of about -450 MPa, while the low-stress multilayers which we have developed have tensile stress of +14 MPa, on average. The method used is not a heating process such as annealing, thus it does not cause irreversible deformation of the precisely-figured mirror substrates of optics. It is expected that the application of low-stress multilayers to mirrors for reflection of light with a wavelength of 13 nm will make it possible to compose optics without worsening optical properties due to deformation of substrates by the stress of multilayer coatings.
Photon escape probabilities for stark-broadened lyman series lines

Abstract A simple formula is derived for the escape probability of photons in optically thick resonance lines of hydrogenic ions. The result is valid whenever quasi-static Stark broadening predominates in the line wings, a condition that is satisfied in most laser-produced plasmas. In contrast to impact (Lorentzian) broadening, Stark broadening tends to decrease the probability of photon escape as the plasma density increases.
Acquired renal cystic disease and renal cell carcinoma in an allograft kidney.

ABSTRACTAcquired renal cystic disease has been reported in the kidneys of patients with end stage renal disease who have been untreated, treated with dialysis or undergone renal transplantation. The incidence of renal tumor development in patients with acquired renal cystic disease is greater than 5% in those undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Recently, cases of renal cell carcinoma occurring with acquired renal cystic disease of the native kidneys of transplant recipients have been reported. Transplant patients have an increased incidence of malignancy when compared to the general population. Including our case, 19 cases of de novo renal neoplasms developing in renal allografts have been reported. To the best of our knowledge we report the longest interval to presentation of a de novo renal tumor in an allograft kidney (228 months) and the first case of renal cell carcinoma associated with acquired renal cystic disease in an allograft kidney.
Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants

Multiple human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequences from the V3 and V4-V5 regions of the envelope gene were analyzed from three mother-infant pairs. The infants' viral sequences were less diverse than those of their mothers. In two pairs, a proviral form infrequently found in the mother predominated in her infant. A conserved N-linked glycosylation site within the V3 region, present in each mother's sequence set, was absent in all of the infants' sequence sets. These findings demonstrate that a minor subset of maternal virus is transmitted to the infant.
Probabilistic modeling of multiperiod service levels

Abstract This study investigates multiperiod service level (MSL) policies in supply chains facing a stochastic customer demand. The objective of the supply chains is to construct integrated replenishment plans that satisfy strict stockout-oriented performance measures which apply across a multiperiod planning horizon. We formulate the stochastic service level constraints for the fill rate, ready rate, and conditional expected stockout MSL policies. The modeling approach is based on the concept of service level trajectory and provides reformulations of the stochastic planning problems associated with each MSL policy that can be efficiently solved with off-the-shelf optimization solvers. The approach enables the handling of correlated and non-stationary random variables, and is flexible enough to accommodate the implementation of fair service level policies, the assignment of differentiated priority levels per products, or the introduction of response time requirements. We use an earthquake disaster management case study to show the applicability of the approach and derive practical implications about service level policies.
Zeros for accretive operators satisfying certain boundary conditions

Abstract Let X be a Banach space with the dual space X ∗ to be uniformly convex, let D ⊂ X be open, and let T: D → X be strongly accretive (i.e., for some k λ − k )∥ u − v ∥ ⩽ ∥( λ − 1)( u − v )+ T ( u ) − T ( v )∥ for all u, v ϵ D and λ > k ). Suppose T is demicontinuous and strongly accretive and suppose there exists z ϵ D satisfying: T ( x ) t ( x − z ) for all x ϵ ∂D and t T has a unique zero in D . This result is then applied to the study of existence of zeros of accretive mappings under apparently different types of boundary conditions on T .
Imaging and Spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope scheduled for launch in 2013. JWST will find the first stars and galaxies that formed in the early universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way galaxy. JWST will peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems, connecting the Milky Way to our own Solar System. JWST's instruments are designed to work primarily in the infrared range of 1 - 28 microns, with some capability in the visible range. JWST will have a large mirror, 6.5 meters in diameter, and will be diffraction-limited at 2 microns (0.1 arcsec resolution). JWST will be placed in an L2 orbit about 1.5 million km from the Earth. The instruments will provide imaging, coronography, and multi-object and integral-field spectroscopy across the full 1 - 28 micron wavelength range. The breakthrough capabilities of JWST will enable new studies of star formation and evolution in the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the early universe.
Atomistic Modeling of Ion Conduction through Voltage-Sensing Domains

Voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) are modular membrane protein units that sense changes in the membrane electrostatic potential, and through conformational changes, regulate a specific function. The VSDs of voltage-dependent K+, Na+ and Ca2+ channels do not conduct ions under physiological conditions, but they can become ion-permeable under pathological conditions through mutations in the voltage sensor, particularly of S4 basic side chains[1,2]. Relatively little is known about the underlying mechanisms of conduction through VSDs. The most detailed studies have been performed on Shaker K+ channel variants that include the mutation of the outermost Arg residue in S4 to a smaller, uncharged side chain[1,2]. Ion conduction through the Shaker VSD is manifested in electrophysiology experiments as a separate voltage-dependent inward current that appears when the VSDs are in their resting state conformation[1]. Only monovalent cations permeate the Shaker VSD through a narrow and twisted pathway after reaching a vestibular region on the extracellular side of the VSD[1,2]. This permeation pathway is, at least in part, the same as that one followed by the S4 basic side chains during voltage-dependent activation. We sampled VSD ion conduction events on the microsecond timescale under a membrane potential using experimentally validated models of the Shaker VSD[3] in a resting state in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ion conduction, gating, and selectivity. This work was supported by NIH Grants F30CA171717 to M.L.W. R01GM098973 to FT, P01GM86685 to DJT SHW, and P41GM103712-S1 to the National Resource for Biomedical Supercomputing.1. Tombola F, et al. Neuron. (2005);45:379-88.2. Tombola F, et al. Nature. (2007);445:546-9.3. Henrion U, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2012);109:8552-7.
Detergent dissociation of bovine liver phosphomannosyl binding protein

We have reported previously the isolation and partial characterization of a 215kilodalton (Kd) phosphomannosyl binding protein from bovine liver membranes [3,9]. In the present studies evidence is presented that the binding protein is an aggregate. Four N-terminal amino acids were detected, and the complex could be dissociated into subunits. Bovine liver membranes were extracted with the detergent, Zwittergent, in the presence of protease inhibitors. The extract was subjected to affinity chromatography on phosphomannan-Sepharose 4B, and proteins with apparent M, values of 215 and 57 Kd were eluted with mannose 6-phosphate. As reported previously, extraction with Triton X-100 yielded only the higher molecular weight material. When the binding protein was incubated at 4°C in the presence of Zwittergent TM 3-14 the 215-Kd form slowly dissociated into smaller subunits; after two months, the major species had an apparent M, of 57 Kd. The subunits derived from the binding protein were recognized by antiserum raised against purified binding protein. Dissociation of the binding protein by Zwittergent was enhanced by incubation at 37"C, the presence of dithiothreitol, and low pH values. The subunit mixture enriched in the 57-Kd subunit had a lowered ability to bind ligands containing the phosphomannosyl recognition marker. Binding was partially restored (>48% of the initial value) when dissociated receptor was back exchanged with Triton X-100.
Kombinationstherapien zur Behandlung der AMD

Die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration (AMD) ist die haufigste Erblindungsursache von Menschen uber 50 Jahren in der westlichen Welt [1–3]. Die haufigste Ursache fur einen gravierenden Verlust der Sehkraft bei AMD ist wiederum die Entstehung einer choroidalen Neovaskularisation (CNV), also die Ausbildung einer sog. exsudativen AMD (Synonyme: feuchte AMD, neovaskulare AMD). Aufgrund der zunehmenden Lebenserwartung wird mit einem Anstieg der weltweiten Pravalenz der exsudativen AMD gerechnet [4]. Glucklicherweise gab es in jungerer Zeit viele Fortschritte in der Behandlung der exsudativen AMD, wie z. B. die Einfuhrung medikamentoser Therapien gegen CNV, die die Moglichkeiten zur Bekampfung dieser verheerenden Erkrankung verbessert haben.
Correlation functions for atmospheric data analysis

Atmospheric data assimilation techniques rely on parametric models for spatial correlation functions. This article proposes and discusses various families of homogeneous and isotropic correlation models on Euclidean spaces and on the sphere. In particular, three simply parametrized classes of compactly supported, smooth, and analytically simple correlation functions are proposed. the first two classes approximate standard second- and third-order autoregressive functions, and a member of the third family approximates the Gaussian function within a maximal error of 0.0056. Furthermore, correlation models suggested previously for meteorological applications are checked for permissibility, with both positive and negative results.
The primary prevention of high blood pressure: a population approach.

This article presents our view of the evidence and strategies for the primary prevention of high blood pressure. We (a) attempt to indicate where the potential for prevention, along with relative safety, is sufficient for action, and (b) provide an outline of our ideas and experience in communicating these strategies. We believe that a unified preventive message and plan to control and prevent high blood pressure in whole communities is possible. Such a plan must emphasize the benefits that may accrue from a more healthful lifestyle. We believe that an eating and activity pattern that is attractive, palatable, and feasible can be proposed and modeled to fit different cultures and traditions. Finally, we present the idea that medical, preventive strategies and safe, feasible, and credible community-based programs are complementary modes of dissemination. In such programs, health professionals and medical services share roles with community leaders and organizations. This population strategy is indicated along with vigorous systematic hypertension detection and treatment as well as further research. A population strategy is, we believe, essential to the primary prevention of hypertension, i.e., to the prevention of elevated blood pressure in the first place.
Allylic Proton-Proton Coupling in Stereodefined Alkylidenecyclobutanes and Alkylidenecycopentanes

Analysis of the 1 H NMR spectra of eight stereodefined alkylidenecycloalkanes allows determination of the magnitude of allylic coupling in these compounds. In contrast to the trend normally observed, the magnitude of transoid-allylic coupling was found to be invariably greater by ~0.5 Hz than the cisoid-allylic coupling. The larger transoid-allylic coupling may be attributed to the slightly smaller dihedral angle relating allylic =C-C-H plane with the C=C-C plane in the E-isomers.
Accuracy factors in microwave noise parameter measurements

The authors have investigated various factors responsible for inaccuracies in microwave noise parameter measurements, including the number of source admittances, the position of the admittances on the Smith chart in relation to DUT (device under test) parameters, the accuracy of the source admittances and device S-parameters, and the effect of changing noise source impedances. It is shown that the test source impedances do not need to be grouped around the impedance for minimum noise. Calibration and DUT S-parameter accuracy is shown to be important to the noise parameter accuracy. A novel algorithm has been implemented which corrects for different noise source 'on' and 'off' impedances. The feasibility of noise parameter measurements with less than 0.1-dB variations of F/sub min/ with frequency with high throughput has been shown. >
HIV type 1 superinfection with a dual-tropic virus and rapid progression to AIDS: A case report

Background The occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) superinfection has implications for vaccine development and our understanding of HIV pathogenesis and transmission. Methods and results We describe a subject from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who was superinfected with a dual-tropic (CXCR4/CCR5-utilizing) HIV-1 subtype B strain between 0.8 and 1.3 years after seroconversion who had rapid progression to AIDS; the subject developed Pneumocystis pneumonia 3.4 years after seroconversion, as well as multiple other opportunistic infections. The superinfecting strain rapidly became the predominant population virus, suggesting that the initial and superinfecting viruses in this individual differed in virulence. However, we found no molecular epidemiological evidence in the HIV database to suggest that this strain had been found in other individuals. In addition, this subject's HIV-1 viral load and pattern of human leukocyte antigen and coreceptor polymorphisms only partially explained his rapid disease progression. Conclusions Additional studies are needed to determine whether superinfection itself and/or infection with a dual-tropic virus causes rapid disease progression, or whether certain individuals who are innately more susceptible to rapid disease progression also lack the ability to resist the challenge of a second infection. This case appears to support the latter hypothesis.
Intra-individual variation and estimates of usual physical activity

Abstract PURPOSE: The magnitude of intra-individual variation, as determined by three methods of physical activity (PA) assessment, was estimated to determine the optimal number of repeated measures needed to reliably measure an individual's usual PA habits. METHODS: Data were obtained from 77 healthy adults enrolled in the Survey of Activity, Fitness, and Exercise (SAFE). PA was measured by: 1) Caltrac accelerometers worn 48-hours every 26 days for one year; 2) concurrent 48-hour PA records (PARs); and 3) a corresponding series of four-week PA histories (FWH). Repeated measures regression analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: PA tended to be slightly higher in the summer months as compared with the winter months, but this seasonality explained little of the intra-individual variation. The intra-individual standard deviation (SD) estimated for the FWH (180 MET-min d−1 ) was 39% of the mean annual MET-min d−1 , as compared with the Caltrac (163 MET-min d−1 or 9%) and PAR (259 MET-min d−1 or 11% ). Given the intra-individual variation, three repeated observations of the FWH, six Caltrac, or nine PAR over the course of the year were needed to achieve 80% reliability in estimation of mean annual PA. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-individual variation in PA is substantial and must be accounted for in estimates of usual PA.
Learning online discussion structures by conditional random fields

Online forum discussions are emerging as valuable information repository, where knowledge is accumulated by the interaction among users, leading to multiple threads with structures. Such replying structure in each thread conveys important information about the discussion content. Unfortunately, not all the online forum sites would explicitly record such replying relationship, making it hard to for both users and computers to digest the information buried in a thread discussion. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model in the Conditional Random Fields framework to predict the replying structure for a threaded online discussion. Different from previous thread reconstruction methods, most of which fail to consider dependency between the posts, we cast the problem as a supervised structure learning problem to incorporate the features describing the structural dependency among the discussion content and learn their relationship. Experiment results on three different online forums show that the proposed method can well capture the replying structures in online discussion threads, and multiple tasks such as forum search and question answering can benefit from the reconstructed replying structures.