cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of intermittent soil drying on growth, cell number, and final cell length in the pith of mature internodes in Helianthus annuus L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L

The sensitivity of cell division in developing internodes to plant water deficits has not been previously documented. In this study two diverse taxa, Helianthus annuus L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L. were chosen because cell divisions in the pith and cortex continue to occur acropetally throughout the period of internode elongation. Potted plants were given 6-d cycles of soil drying between waterings to observe the effects of moderate, intermittent water deficits on final cell pattern in developing internodes. Under this regime, internode and leaf growth were inhibited although leaf and shoot turgidity were restored daily by nocturnal rehydration. The percent inhibition of final internode lengths was similar in both taxa, increasing from 23–58% in contemporaneously developing internodes. Of this inhibition, 9–48% in H. annuus compared with 97–100% in L. styraciflua was attributable to decreases in cell number in mature internodes. While cell divisions were severely inhibited in both taxa, differences in sensitivity appear related to differences in patterns of histogenesis associated with pronounced inherent differences in final cell lengths. Final cell lengths in H. annuus exceed those of L. styraciflua by 7–8-fold and can play a more dominant role in final internode lengths than total cell number. Conversely, in L. styraciflua total cell number, rather than final cell length, accounts for most of the variation in final internode length. These studies demonstrate species differences in sensitivity of cell division in developing internodes to intermittent water deficits.
Enemy of None But a Common Friend of All? An International Perspectiveon the Lender-Of-Last-Resort Function

The paper explores whether and how national lender-of-last-resort practices can be adapted internationally. Nationally, the effectiveness of such practices is based on a blend of resource availability, technical discretion as to the conditions attached, ex ante supervision, and powers of enforcement. Some features of the international environment, however, make it difficult to replicate this structure, which may explain why recent large-scale rescue packages have worked less than satisfactorily. Private contingent credit facilities and IMF lending into arrears in the context of internationally approved, temporary moratoria on foreign debt may nonetheless offer some scope for effective, although limited in aims and resources, international liquidity support, but this would require amending the IMF’s Articles of Agreement.
Investigating Physiological Signals in the Rat Brain with Optical Fiber Probe

The physiological cardiac/respiratory activities in the rat cortex were recorded and evaluated with fiber probe. Despite different generation frequencies, the cardiac/respiratory pulse amplitudes show correlated dynamics in slow fluctuation, suggesting common modulation mechanism.
Building and maintaining an active research laboratory with undergraduates

Immersing undergraduates in research is important for the advancement of students into graduate school and the workforce. Mentoring undergraduates, however, often requires a different approach than mentoring graduate students. In this talk, I will share practical tips on how I have built and maintained an active, funded research laboratory at a primarily undergraduate institution. Specifically, I will explain my strategies for attracting and retaining students, my tiered mentoring approach for first-year through senior students, and the benefits I have received from these mentoring relationships.Immersing undergraduates in research is important for the advancement of students into graduate school and the workforce. Mentoring undergraduates, however, often requires a different approach than mentoring graduate students. In this talk, I will share practical tips on how I have built and maintained an active, funded research laboratory at a primarily undergraduate institution. Specifically, I will explain my strategies for attracting and retaining students, my tiered mentoring approach for first-year through senior students, and the benefits I have received from these mentoring relationships.
Teacher School Mental Health Literacy Survey: A Validation Study

Since teachers play an instrumental role in identifying students with social-emotional or behavioral (SEB) concerns, there is a need to assess and improve teachers’ knowledge in relation to children’s mental health. This study examines the psychometric properties of one such measure Teacher School Mental Health Literacy Survey (TSMHLS) within a sample of pre-service teachers (n = 38.) The survey assesses the mental health literacy of teachers as it relates to students and within the classroom context. Data analyses were run to explore the internal reliability, discriminant validity, and feasibility of the survey. Analyses indicate moderate to high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=.743), providing psychometric support for the use of the TSMHLS with pre-service teachers. Pre-service teachers’ discrimination between clinical symptomology and typical development was significant, providing further support for the survey’s use in understanding pre-service teachers’ knowledge of SEB concerns. Finally, feasibility was assessed through average completion time for the online survey (24 minutes), and results indicate that the survey could be feasibly implemented during pre-service teacher training. These findings lend support to the TSMHLS as an appropriate measure to evaluate pre-service teachers’ knowledge of student mental health.
Osteoclast Gene Regulation

Abstract Multinuclear bone-resorbing osteoclast cells form from monocyte/macrophage precursors under the aegis of the cytokine RANKL. This cellular differentiation requires the de novo expression of many proteins as well as up- and down-regulation of macrophage proteins. At the root level, these changes in protein expression are mainly mediated by gene transcription events. Transcription factors directing osteoclast gene transcription have been identified and many are expressed in normal monocyte/macrophage osteoclast precursors. Others are inducible factors in osteoclast precursors. Expression of the NFATc1 transcription factor is uniquely induced by osteoclast-inducing signals and is required for osteoclast gene expression. The osteoclast gene specificity of NFATc1, which was originally identified as a T-cell transcription factor, is likely imparted by its close collaboration with the normal macrophage transcription factors. This review is an overview of the prominent transcription mechanisms and factors involved in osteoclast differentiation and function.
Enhanced liquid metal wetting on oxide surfaces via patterned particles

Abstract Liquid metals typically do not intrinsically wet oxide surfaces due to chemical dissimilarity, preventing the formation of well-bonded interfaces in many applications. This paper investigates how the wetting and spreading of liquid silver (Ag) droplets on oxide surfaces can be enhanced via patterned nickel (Ni) particles using multiscale modeling. First, a force field (FF) for an Ag/yttria-stabilized-zirconia system was developed by fitting the interfacial binding energy to density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Then, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using these FF parameters revealed that the good wetting of Ag on Ni caused Ag droplets to be attracted to the Ni particles, promoting spreading. Thus, the optimal hexagonal Ni pattern was shown to enhance the wetting area by 224% compared to a bare oxide surface. Second, an analytical model predicting the maximum possible enhancement in wetting area as a function of the intrinsic wetting angle, size of the Ag droplet, and size of the Ni particles was derived and validated with MD simulations, to generalize this method to other substrates. Both the analytical model and MD results suggested that the ability of Ni patterns to enhance the Ag wetting area becomes more significant as the wettability of substrate becomes worse.
The Scientific Method Versus Faith

"If you toss a coin seven times, and all tosses come up heads, what is the probability of the eighth toss also turning up head?" I show that the answer depends on how sure one is about the prior valuation of the probability that the coin is fair. I extend the analysis to valuation of the probability of gender-neutrality of birth on the basis of the observed number of female and male births, using Bayes Theorem. I prove that updating one's valuations on the basis of new information is scientific, and since the criterion of falsifiability is essential to a scientific theory, that faith or dogma consists of a degenerate prior whereas the scientific method requires a non-degenerate prior.
Contribution of the hippocampus to performance on the traveling salesperson problem in rats.

Abstract The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an optimization problem in which the subject attempts to find the shortest possible route that passes through a set of fixed locations exactly once. The TSP is used in cognitive and behavioral research to study problem solving and spatial navigation. While the TSP has been studied in some depth from this perspective, the biological mechanisms underlying the behavior have not yet been explored. The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that is known to be involved in tasks that require spatial memory. Because the TSP requires spatial problem solving, we designed the current study to determine whether the hippocampus is required to find efficient solutions to the TSP, and if so, what role the hippocampus serves. Rats were pretrained on the TSP, which involved learning to retrieve bait from targets in a variety of spatial configurations. Matched for performance, rats were then divided into two groups, receiving either a hippocampal lesion or a control sham surgery. After recovering from surgery, the rats were tested on eight new configurations. A variety of behavioral measures were recorded, including distance travelled, number of revisits, memory span, and latency. The results showed that the sham group outperformed the lesion group on most of these measures. Based on the behavioral data and histological tissue analysis of each group, we determined that the hippocampus is involved in successful performance in the TSP, particularly regarding memory for which targets have already been visited.
A meta-analysis of virtual reality training programs

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) is the three-dimensional digital representation of a real or imagined space with interactive capabilities. The application of VR for organizational training purposes has been surrounded by much fanfare; however, mixed results have been provided for the effectiveness of VR training programs, and the attributes of effective VR training programs are still unknown. To address these issues, we perform a meta-analysis of controlled experimental studies that tests the effectiveness of VR training programs. We obtain an estimate of the overall effectiveness of VR training programs, and we identify features of VR training programs that systematically produce improved results. Our meta-analytic findings support that VR training programs produce better outcomes than tested alternatives. The results also show that few moderating effects were significant. The applied display hardware, input hardware, and inclusion of game attributes had non-significant moderating effects; however, task-technology fit and aspects of the research design did influence results. We suggest that task-technology fit theory is an essential paradigm for understanding VR training programs, and no set of VR technologies is “best” across all contexts. Future research should continue studying all types of VR training programs, and authors should more strongly integrate research and theory on employee training and development.
Diversity–Function Relationships and the Underlying Ecological Mechanisms in Host-Associated Microbial Communities

Microbes have colonized, exploited, and inhabited animal and plant tissues since these macroorganisms first appeared on Earth. The resulting host–microbe interactions have far reaching consequences for animal and plant ecology and evolution. However, how ecological mechanisms maintain microbial functions beneficial for the host is still an open question. While some hosts keep diverse communities, others limit membership to very few, functionally efficient, taxa. Here, I outline the broad range of diversity–function relationships in host-associated microbial communities and propose two approaches based on ecological theory to better understand how and when to expect diversity to result in function. Specifically, I combine models from the Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function (BEF) literature and assembly processes with evidence from host-associated microbial communities. If we expand our perspective of diversity–function relationships, we will improve our ability to predict the effect of environmental change on microbiomes and to manage microbes for the benefit of human health and agriculture. Importantly, we may get closer to answering whether microbes or their hosts are in control of the biosphere.
Strategic models of entry deterrence

In the 1980s the literature of economics and law concerning industry structure bloomed with articles on strategic aspects of entry deterrence and competition for market shares. These articles criticized and amended theories that incompletely or inconsistently accounted for strategic behavior. The aftermath is that game-theoretic models and methods are standard tools of the subject — although not always to the satisfaction of those concerned with empirical and policy issues; cf. Fisher (1989) for a critique and Shapiro (1989) for a rebuttal. This chapter reviews briefly the popular formulations of the era and some interesting results, but without substantive discussion of economic and legal issues. The standard examination of the issues is Scherer (1980) and game-theoretic texts are Fudenberg and Tirole (1991) and Tirole (1988); see also Salop (1981). Issue-oriented expositions are the chapters by Gilbert (1989a) and Ordover and Saloner (1989) in The Handbook of Industrial Organization. Others emphasizing game-theoretic aspects are Fudenberg (1990), Fudenberg and Tirole (1986c), Gilbert (1989b), Milgrom (1987), Milgrom and Roberts (1987, 1990), Roberts (1987), and Wilson (1985, 1989ab). The combined length of these surveys matches the original articles, so this chapter collects many models into a few categories and focuses on the insights offered by game-theoretic approaches. The motives for these studies are the presumptions, first, that for an incumbent (unregulated) firm one path to profits is to acquire or maintain monopoly power, which requires exclusion of entrants and expulsion, absorption, intimidation, or cartelization of competitors; and second, that monopoly power has adverse effects on efficiency and distribution, possibly justifying government intervention via antitrust and other legal measures. We examine here only the possibilities to exclude or expel entrants. A single issue motivates most game-theoretic studies: when could an incumbent
Practice Patterns and Patient Outcomes After Widespread Adoption of Remote Heart Failure Care.

Background: An unprecedented shift to remote heart failure outpatient care occurred during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Given challenges inherent to remote care, we studied whe...
Pretreatment Invasive Nodal Staging in Lung Cancer: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs among Academic and Community Physicians.

Abstract Background Pretreatment invasive nodal staging is paramount for appropriate treatment decisions in non-small cell lung cancer. Despite guidelines recommending when to perform staging, many studies suggest that invasive nodal staging is underutilized. Attitudes and barriers to guideline-recommended staging are unclear. The National Lung Cancer Roundtable initiated this study to better understand factors associated with guideline-adherent nodal staging. Research Question What are the knowledge gaps, attitudes, and beliefs of thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists about invasive nodal staging? What are the barriers to guideline-recommended staging? Study Design and Methods A web-based survey to a random sample of pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons identified as members of CHEST in 2019. Survey domains included knowledge of invasive nodal staging guidelines, attitudes and beliefs towards implementation, and perceived barriers to guideline adherence. Results Among 453 responding physicians, 29% were unaware that invasive nodal staging guidelines exist. Among the 320 physicians who knew guidelines exist, attitudes towards the guidelines were favorable, with 91% agreeing guidelines are generalizable and 90% agreeing that recommendations improved their staging and treatment decisions. Approximately 80% responded that guideline recommendations are based on satisfactory levels of scientific evidence, and 50% stated a lack of evidence linking adherence to guidelines to changes in management or better patient outcomes. Nearly 9 in 10 physicians reported at least one barrier to guideline adherence. The most common barriers included patient anxiety associated with treatment delays (62%), difficulty implementing guidelines into routine practice (52%), and time delays of additional testing (51%). Interpretation Among physicians who responded to our survey, more than a quarter were unaware of invasive nodal staging guidelines. Attitudes towards guideline recommendations were positive although 20% reported insufficient evidence to support staging algorithms. Most physicians reported barriers to implementing guidelines. Multi-level interventions are likely needed to increase rates of guideline-recommended invasive nodal staging.
The W(μ-N2)W system

The complex [(η5-C5Me5)W(CH3)3]2(μ-N2) crystallizes in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with a 17.023(6), b 17.651(4), c 18.791(4) A, V 5646(3) A3 and D(calcd) 1.78 g cm−3 for mol. wt. 756.46 and Z = 8. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo-Kα 2θ = 4.5–45.0°) were collected with a Syntex P21 automated four-circle diffractometer and the structure was refined to R 7.1% for 2811 reflections with |F0| > 3.0σ(|F0|). Each tungsten(VI) atom has a coordination environment resembling a “four-legged piano stool”. The WNNW core is essentially linear with < W(1)N(1)N(2) 167.0(16), N(1)N(2)W(2) 170.2(16)°, W(1)N(1) 1.742(17), W(2)N(2) 1.763(18) and N(1)N(2) 1.334(26) A. The WC(methyl)linkages trans to the μ-N2 ligand are slightly longer than those cis to the μ-N2 ligand (2.296(33)–2.318(39) vs. 2.223(26)–2.249(25) A).
Studies on vascular smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts in collagen matrices. Effects of heparin.

Abstract The incorporation of such tissue-cultured mesenchymal cells as bovine vascular smooth muscle cells (SMS) and human dermal fibroblasts (DF) in a collagen matrix results in the reorganization and distortion of that matrix. A 2 ml collagen matrix populated by 55000 bovine SMC and having a surface area of 800 mm2 will be reduced to 226 mm2 by 48 h. Under identical conditions, a lattice populated by 55 000 DF will achieve an area of 78 mm2 at 48 h. DF are thus more efficient at reducing the size of a collagen lattice by the process of lattice contraction. Bovine SMC proliferate in a collagen matrix; human DF do not. DF in a collagen matrix have a more elongate morphology than SMC. Actin cytoplasmic filaments were studied using the specific F-actin staining reagent, Rhodamine-phalloidin. DF in collagen matrix exhibit diffuse cytoplasmic staining while, in monolayer, they display prominent staining stress fibers. SMC in monolayer and in matrices show stained clumps at the periphery of the cell. The addition of 200 U/ml heparin to SMC eliminates those actin aggregates and causes the formation of stress fibers. It also causes stress fibers to form in dermal fibroblasts in a collagen lattice. However, the elongation and spreading —and the formation of stress fibers brought about by heparin—lead to an inhibition of lattice contraction. Heparin effectively inhibits cell-mediated lattice contraction in SMC and DF, and it also causes the formation of cytoplasmic stress fibers.
Toward an Organizationally Diverse American Capitalism? Cooperative, Mutual, and Local, State-Owned Enterprise

Discussions of economic reform focus on two strategies for tempering corporate excess and mobilizing corporations for growth and prosperity: restructuring markets via competition policies and various forms of countervailing power. Populists, Progressives, and New Dealers looked to anti-trust, regulatory states, and unions as counterweights to corporations. Contemporary efforts look to not-for-profit watchdogs, NGO certification and standard setting, privatization, and corporate governance reform to upgrade markets and deflect corporations from low road paths. This essay recovers a third strategy for regulating and reforming corporate capitalism: promoting organizational diversity via the formation of parallel systems of cooperative, mutual and local, state-owned enterprises. During the “era of corporate consolidation,” producer and consumer groups in the US formed tens of thousands of such enterprises in just in agriculture, but also in banking, insurance, and technologically advanced industries like electricity and telephones. These efforts produced enduring systems of cooperatives and kindred enterprise in the American economy, creating alternatives to corporations and organizational legacies for present day problem solving. They provided regulators and policy makers with new options and capacities for state intervention. And they demonstrated possibilities for using mixed or-
Arginine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. IV. Structure of the pyridoxal phosphate binding site.

Abstract A total of three pyridoxyl-peptides were isolated from the inducible arginine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli B following reduction with NaBH4 and proteolysis with trypsin or chymotrypsin. Sodium borohydride reduces the Schiff base formed between pyridoxal-5'-P and the e-amino group of a lysyl residue of the protein. The sequence analysis of the three peptides is consistent with a unique pyridoxal-P binding site which has the structure Ala-Thr-His-Ser-Thr-His-(P-Pxy)Lys-Leu-Leu-Asn-Ala-Leu-Ser-Gln-Ala-Ser-Tyr. This sequence has several residues (including a histidyl residue adjacent to P-pyridoxyl lysine) which are identical with or very similar to the corresponding residues of glutamate decarboxylase from E. coli W; their possible participation in catalysis is discussed. Data are presented which demonstrate the power of a "differential" technique for the isolation of pyridoxyl-peptides; this approach, similar to the "diagonal" procedure of Brown and Hartley (Biochem. J., 89, 59P (1963)) is based on the altered elution of these peptides from ion exchange resins after treatment with alkaline phosphatase.
Impacts of canonical and Modoki El Niño on tropical Atlantic SST

The impacts of canonical and Modoki El Nino on tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) are quantified using composite analysis. Results show that El Nino Modoki fails to produce significant warming in the tropical Atlantic, in contrast to the well known warming following canonical El Nino events. El Nino Modoki instead induces significant cooling in the northeastern tropical Atlantic and near-neutral conditions elsewhere in the tropical Atlantic. It is shown that the difference in SST response stems primarily from a much stronger Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern and stronger atmospheric Kelvin wave response during canonical events compared to Modoki. The stronger PNA pattern and Kelvin waves during canonical events generate anomalously weak surface winds in the tropical North Atlantic, driving anomalously weak evaporative cooling and warmer SSTs. Past research has shown significant decadal variability in the frequency of noncanonical El Ninos relative to canonical events. If such variability continues, it is likely that the impact of El Nino on tropical Atlantic SST will also fluctuate from one decade to the next.
A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10

The discovery and characterization of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) 10 years ago provided the basis for a mechanistic understanding of secondary antibody diversification and the subsequent generation and maintenance of cellular memory in B lymphocytes, which signified a major advance in the field of B cell immunology. Here we celebrate and review the triumphs in the mission to understand the mechanisms through which AID influences antibody diversification, as well as the implications of AID function on human physiology. We also take time to point out important ongoing controversies and outstanding questions in the field and highlight key experiments and techniques that hold the potential to elucidate the remaining mysteries surrounding this vital protein.
Linking of direct and compound chains in multistep nuclear reactions

We remove the sharp separation between multistep compound and multistep direct emission in the Feshbach-Kerman-Koonin (FKK) derivation of preequilibrium processes. In addition to the original multistep compound mechanism, we find a new class of multistep processes arising from linking of the direct and compound chains. There can be additional scatterings in unbound [ital P] space before the quasibound compound [ital Q] space is entered, or after it is left. We provide a theoretical justification for the presence of [ital P][r arrow][ital Q] transitions, which are needed to account for experimentally observed preequilibrium spectra. Our formalism is applied to the analysis of the 14 MeV [sup 93]Nb([ital n],[ital n][prime]) reaction, using modified distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) matrix elements which include an inverse [ital S]-matrix factor. Since the dominant contribution to multistep compound emission comes from the 2[ital p]1[ital h] [ital Q] stage, the linking of the multistep chains results in flux bypassing this stage, resulting in a reduced multistep compound emission and an increased emission from the compound nucleus.
MODELING OF NON-UNIFORM SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF FIBERS IN A CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE

Abstract In the unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, the spatial arrangement of fibers is often non-uniform. These non-uniformities are linked to the processing conditions, and they affect the properties of the composite. In this contribution, a recently developed digital image analysis technique is used to quantify the non-uniform spatial arrangement of Nicalon fibers in a ceramic matrix composite (CMC). These quantitative data are utilized to develop a six parameter computer simulated microstructure model that is statistically equivalent to the non-uniform microstructure of the CMC. The simulated microstructure can be utilized as a RVE for the micro-mechanical modeling studies. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
Purification of highly bindable rat brain hexokinase by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Abstract Rat brain hexokinase has been purified by a modification of a previously described procedure in which High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on an anion exchange column is substituted for DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The resulting enzyme is obtained in good yield and is nearly homogeneous based on SDS-gel electrophoresis; the specific activity (about 60 units/mg protein) is comparable to the DEAE-purified enzyme. In contrast to the latter enzyme, however, the HPLC-purified enzyme retains its ability to bind to mitochondria. Excellent resolution of bindable and nonbindable forms of rat brain hexokinase is achieved with HPLC.
Neuronal populations in the human brain.

THE deterioration of mental function in old age may be due to loss of neurones or decay of their function. Several studies support the former view1,2 but sample sizes and the number of cases reviewed were small. Accordingly we studied the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) because it is well defined and small enough to make accurate counts feasible.
Dynamic spinal stability and kinematic variability across automotive manufacturing work shifts and days

Abstract Workplace activities performed repetitively over prolonged periods of time may affect spinal stability and the neuromuscular response to a perturbation. The primary goal of this study was to assess changes in local dynamic spinal stability and kinematic variability resulting from 1.5 h of repetitive automotive manufacturing work. Ten male operators performed a repetitive dynamic trunk flexion/extension task, used to assess spinal stability and kinematic variability, directly before and after completing one of two similar assembly line shifts involving static trunk flexion and reaching. The main effect of time (pre/post-shift) did not significantly affect any of the outcome variables ( p > 0.05), except visual analogue scale low back pain scores ( p Relevance to industry One mechanism by which long-term repetitive work may contribute to occupational low back pain and injury is spinal instability. This study addressed this issue by testing automotive manufacturing operators directly before and after 1.5 h of repetitive assembly work.
Heat shock response of Dictyostelium

Abstract In response to a shift from 22 to 30°C the relative rate of synthesis of a small number of proteins is dramatically increased in Dictyostelium discoideum . The cells neither grow nor develop at this temperature but die slowly with a half-life of 18 hr. The major protein synthesized in response to a heat shock to 30°C in either growing cells or developing cells has an apparent molecular weight of 70,000 (70K). An increase in the relative rate of synthesis of 70K can be seen as early as 20 min following heat shock. Synthesis of 70K remains high for 4 hr at 30°C and then decreases. Similar kinetics of 70K synthesis occur during recovery at 22°C following a 1-hr heat shock. RNA synthesis during the first half-hour of heat shock is essential for the high rate of 70K measured 2 hr later. By isoelectric focusing the 70K protein can be separated into two spots, one of which overlaps one of the major heat shock proteins of Drosophila melanogaster . The relative rate of synthesis of several other proteins (82K, 60K, 43K) increases less dramatically in Dictyostelium during heat shock at 30°C. A heat shock to 34°C results in rapid synthesis of these proteins but not of 70K. The relative rates of synthesis of most other proteins made at 22°C decreases, most notably that of actin. Synthesis of heat shock proteins at 30°C does not significantly affect viability at 30°C but dramatically prolongs the period of time the cells can survive at 34°C. Thus, 30°C appears to be a stasis condition for Dictyostelium which elicits a response essential for protection from lethal temperatures. The similarity of the heat shock response in Dictyostelium to that in Drosophila and vertebrate cells suggests that certain aspects of the response may be universal in eukaryotes.
Improving the follow-up of positive hemoccult screening tests: an electronic intervention.

BACKGROUND Four population-based studies of screening for CRC with fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) have shown that mortality can be significantly reduced. However, nearly half of all positive screening tests are not appropriately evaluated.
College Art Association 92nd Annual Conference

Reports some of the topics covered at the 92nd Annual Conference of the College Art Association held in Seattle, February 2004, where several sessions addressed the issues involved with the iintroduction of digital technologies in the teaching of art history.
MAGNETIC AND MICROWAVE PROPERTIES OF Fe/Ag(001) SUPERLATTICES CONTAINING ULTRATHIN Fe LAYERS

Les resultats d'aimantation montrent que pour des couches de Fe inferieures a deux couches monomoleculaires, leurs moments a basse temperature sont perpendiculaires a la couche
PATIENTS WITH VALVULAR HEART DISEASE AMENABLE TO SURGERY.

Abstract 1. 1. Methods of closed cardiac surgery have limited application confined chiefly to relief of “pure” mitral stenosis, or possibly combined mitral and aortic stenosis. 2. 2. Direct vision permits surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency and other complex mitral lesions; some clinicians and surgeons favor this approach for all types of mitral surgery including correction of “pure” stenosis. 3. 3. Prosthetic ball-valves can be used to replace mitral valves in certain patients inoperable by other methods. 4. 4. Direct surgical correction of diseased aortic valves is of limited value, and replacement by prosthetic valves is usually required. 5. 5. Factors influencing the development and risk of various operations are discussed.
Geographic Access to US Neurocritical Care Units Registered with the Neurocritical Care Society

Background Neurocritical care provides multidisciplinary, specialized care to critically ill neurological patients, yet an understanding of the proportion of the population able to rapidly access specialized Neurocritical Care Units (NCUs) in the United States is currently unknown. We sought to quantify geographic access to NCUs by state, division, region, and for the US as a whole. In addition, we examined how mode of transportation (ground or air ambulance), and prehospital transport times affected population access to NCUs.
Functional impacts of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms: Selective constraint and structural environments

In this work, we studied the correlations between selective constraint, structural environments and functional impacts of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). We found that the relation between solvent accessibility and functional impacts of nsSNPs is not as simple as generally thought. Finer structural classifications need to be taken into account to reveal the complex relations between the characteristics of a structure environment and its influence on the functional impacts of nsSNPs. We introduced two parameters for each structural environment, consensus residue percentage and residue distribution distance, to characterize the selective constraint imposed by the environment. Both parameters significantly correlate with the functional bias of nsSNPs across the structural environments. This result shows that selective constraint underlies the bias of a structural environment towards a certain type of nsSNPs (disease-associated or benign).
Genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis.

Genome sequences offer a broad view of host–pathogen interactions at the systems biology level. With the completion of the sequence of the honey bee, interest in the relevant pathogens is heightened. Here we report the genome sequences of two of the major pathogens of honey bees, the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae (causative agent for American foulbrood disease) and the fungus Ascosphaera apis. (causative agent for chalkbrood disease). Ongoing efforts to characterize the genomes of these species can be used to understand and mitigate the effects of two important pathogens, and will provide a contrast with pathogenic, benign and freeliving relatives.
Auditory cortico‐cortical connections in the owl monkey

Two tonotopically organized cortical fields, the primary (A1) and rostral (R) fields, comprise a core of auditory cortex in the owl monkey. Injections of tritiated proline were made into each of these fields to determine their projections to the auditory fields in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres using autoradiographic methods. Neurons in R project to the rostromedial (RM) and primary fields in both hemispheres, and to the posterolateral (PL) and anterolateral (AL) fields in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In addition, the rostral fields in the two hemispheres are connected. Neurons in the primary field project to RM and R in both hemispheres and to AL, Pl, and the caudomedial (CM) field in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The primary fields in the two hemispheres are connected. Single injections into A1 and R often result in labeling of two or more columns of tissue in the ipsilateral and contralateral target fields. Cortico-cortical axon terminations are concentrated in layer IV of fields AL and RM and in upper layer III and layer IV of R and CM. In A1, axon terminals of neurons whose cell bodies lie in A1 in the opposite hemisphere are concentrated in upper layer III and layer IV; axon terminals of neurons located in field R of the same hemispheres are concentrated in layers I and II. Layer IV of Pl contains the greatest concentration of cortico-cortical axon terminals; the supragranular layers contain a somewhat lower concentration. Neurons in R project contralaterally in the anterior commissure while A1 neurons send their axons contralaterally in the corpus callosum.
Different conformational families of pyrimidine·purine·pyrimidine triple helices depending on backbone composition

Different helical conformations of DNA (D), RNA (R), and DNA•RNA (DR) hybrid double and triple helices have been detected using affinity cleavage analysis. Synthetic methods were developed to attach EDTA•Fe to a single nucleotide on RNA as well as DNA oligonucleotides. Cleavage patterns generated by a localized diffusible oxidant in the major groove on the pyrimidine strand of four purine.pyrimidine double helices consisting of all DNA, all RNA, and the corresponding hybrids reveal that the relative cleavage intensity shifts to the 5' end of the purine strand increasingly in the order: DD < DR < RD < RR. These results are consistent with models derived from structural studies. In six pyrimidine.purine.pyrimidine triple helices, the altered cleavage patterns of the Watson-Crick pyrimidine strands reveal at least two conformational families: (i) D + DD, R + DD, D + DR, and R + DR and (ii) R + RD and R + RR.
Severity Message from Hazard Alert Symbol on Caution Signs

Standards for the design of signal word panels specify different combinations of colors, signal words, and a hazard alert symbol. The warning sign standards of the American National Standards Institute specify a yellow signal word panel, with the word Caution and a hazard alert symbol, for signs marking people hazards. The same panel, without the symbol, is intended for property hazards. The purpose of this study was to determine if the presence or absence of the symbol effectively conveys the intended severity messages. A sample of 59 college students rated their impressions of a Caution sign with and without the symbol. Subjects rated the plain Caution sign as communicating significantly higher severity levels than property damage, indicating that a yellow Caution sign inaccurately communicates a hazard to property. Subjects rated the sign with the symbol as connoting significantly greater severity than the sign without the symbol.
Toxic lead exposure in the urban rock dove

Thirteen adult urban rock doves (Columba livia), 12 captured alive and one found dead, were studied from the Baltimore zoo. The mean concentration of lead in the blood for the 12 live birds was 184.5 ± 531.2 (range 10.5−1,870 μg/dl). Three of the 13 birds with high measured blood and tissue lead concentrations were found at necropsy with lead shot pellets in their gizzards. Correlations were not found between concentrations of lead in the blood and body weight or hematocrit. Conversely, high correlations were noted between concentrations of lead in the blood and measured liver and kidney concentrations (r = 0.946, P < 0.01; r = 0.993, P < 0.01, respectively). Numbers of intranuclear acid-fast inclusions per 10 consecutive fields (100× oil immersion lens) correlated well with measured kidney lead concentrations (r = 0.990, P < 0.001).
Dystocia in a referral hospital setting: approach and results.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Dystocia in the mare is an emergency in which duration has a profound effect on survival of the foal. Specific examination of the effects of dystocia duration on foal survival provides information to enable horse care personnel and veterinarians to manage these cases more effectively and maximise the chances of obtaining a live foal. Hypothesis: Dystocia duration would have a negative impact on foal survival while method of dystocia resolution would not have an effect on foal survival. Additionally, we were interested in determining the effects of dystocia on subsequent fertility. Methods and results: In the years 1986–1999, 247 dystocias were admitted. Of these, 91% resulted in survival and discharge of the mare, 42% in delivery of a live foal, and 29% of foals survived to discharge. Period from hospital arrival to delivery for foals alive at discharge (23.0 ± 14.1 mins) was not significantly different than for foals not surviving (24.8 ± 10.6 mins) (P>0.05); and from chorioallantoic rupture to delivery for foals alive at discharge (71.7 ± 34.3 mins) was significantly less than for foals not surviving (85.3 ± 37.4 mins) (P<0.05). Average predystocia live foaling rates for all mares with available records was 84%. Overall post dystocia live foaling rates over the entire period of this study were 67%. Of mares bred in the year of the dystocia, 59% had a live foal in the year following. Conclusions: Based on these results, dystocia duration has a significant effect on foal survival and resolution methods should be chosen to minimise this time, as the difference between mean dystocia duration for foals that lived and those that did not in this study was 13.6 mins. Post dystocia foaling rates reported here are higher than previously reported for both same-season and overall breedings, indicating same-season breeding may be rewarding for select dystocia cases. Potential relevance: Dystocia resolution methods that minimise delivery time may maximise foal survival. Post dystoicia breeding may be rewarding in select cases.
Nutritional Labeling as a Policy Instrument

Historically, agricultural and food policy has found the most important topics close to the farm. Policy has been well developed concerning commodities-their quantity and price as well as their quality. Less attention has been directed to the issues and problems associated with products. As a result, we typically know little or worry little about problems or policy at the product level. In the future, it seems almost inevitable that issues at the product level will rise in importance. In the advertising-prone American economy, food conglomerates dominate the top of the largest advertisers' list (nine of the largest 12 advertisers are major food companies). Except for General Motors, Kodak, and Sears, food companies make up the largest economy-wide advertisers. It is hard to imagine that our preferences, patterns of consumption, food prices, food quality, and nutritional values are independent of the competitive rivalry among these massive multi-national firms. Nutritional labeling guides, conditions, or preempts this competitive rivalry. It may be in a different frame of reference than we have been accustomed to using for food policy, but it certainly must be among the most important food policy issues of the decade. For this reason, it must be important for us.
Effects of shelter and predators on reef fishes

Abstract The abundance of reef fishes is often influenced by the availability of potential shelter sites. The most prevalent hypothesis explaining this relationship between fish density and shelter is that post-settlement predation causes greater mortality in areas with little shelter vs. areas with abundant shelter. This hypothesis was tested with a set of field experiments, in which the availability of shelter and exposure to predators were manipulated orthogonally. The effects of shelter and predators were measured for recruitment and survival of two temperate reef fishes: the bluebanded goby ( Lythrypnus dalli Gilbert) and the blackeye goby ( Coryphopterus nicholsii Bean). Shelter was manipulated by creating isolated 1-m 2 reefs that were composed of three densities of rocks (16, 32 and 64 rocks/m 2 ), which both species of goby used for shelter. A preliminary set of experiments done on reefs exposed to predators revealed that recruitment and survival of both fishes were positively affected by the density of rocks. The main set of experiments revealed the proximate causes of these effects of shelter. Replicate reefs of all three shelter treatments were either kept free of predators (enclosed in predator-exclosure cages) or exposed to predators (enclosed in partial cages). In Coryphopterus , survival and recruitment varied among shelter treatments on reefs exposed to predators, but not on reefs free of predators. This result indicates that shelter influenced the density of Coryphopterus by altering the impact of predators, thus supporting the prevailing hypothesis. In contrast, the effects of shelter on Lythrypnus were not caused solely by altering the impact of predation: survival and recruitment both varied among shelter treatments even when predators were absent. For survival of Lythrypnus , differences among shelter treatments were larger on reefs exposed to predators than on reefs free of predators, indicating that shelter did also modify the impact of predation. However, recruitment of Lythrypnus was affected similarly by shelter treatments regardless of whether predators were present or absent. Therefore, the effects of shelter were not caused by altering the impact of predators, and instead, it appeared that recruits responded directly to the abundance of shelter. These results indicate that for some reef fishes, positive relationships between abundance and shelter may not be caused by lower rates of predation in areas with abundant shelter. Instead, such relationships between abundance and shelter may be driven by prey preferences (exerted at or after the time of settlement) for areas with abundant shelter, or by use of shelter sites for purposes other than refuge from predators. Therefore, in the absence of any other evidence supporting a role of predation, positive relationships between the density of reef fishes and the abundance of shelter should not be construed as proof of the importance of predation in determining the abundance of reef fishes.
Assessing spatial, temporal, and analytical variation of groundwater chemistry in a large nuclear complex, USA.

Statistical analyses were applied at the Hanford Site, USA, to assess groundwater contamination problems that included (1) determining local backgrounds to ascertain whether a facility is affecting the groundwater quality and (2) determining a ‘pre-Hanford' groundwater background to allow formulation of background-based cleanup standards. The primary purpose of this paper is to extend the random effects models for (1) assessing the spatial, temporal, and analytical variability of groundwater background measurements; (2) demonstrating that the usual variance estimate s2, which ignores the variance components, is a biased estimator; (3) providing formulas for calculating the amount of bias; and (4) recommending monitoring strategies to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background concentrations. A case study is provided. Results indicate that (1) without considering spatial and temporal variability, there is a high probability of false positives, resulting in unnecessary remediation and/or monitoring expenses; (2) the most effective way to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background, and enhance the power of the statistical tests in general, is to increase the number of background wells; and (3) background for a specific constituent should be considered as a statistical distribution, not as a single value or threshold. The methods and the related analysis of variance tables discussed in this paper can be used as diagnostic tools in documenting the extent of inherent spatial and/or temporal variation and to help select an appropriate statistical method for testing purposes.