cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary Amides as Hydrogen Atom Transfer Promoters for Reactions of Samarium Diiodide

Two secondary amides (N-methylacetamide and 2-pyrrolidinone) were used as additives with SmI2 in THF to estimate the extent of N–H bond weakening upon coordination. Mechanistic and synthetic studies demonstrate significant bond-weakening, providing a reagent system capable of reducing a range of substrates through formal hydrogen atom transfer.
Chapter 13 Culture and Economic Development

Abstract This chapter begins by noting that culture as an element in economic development in the Third World has been largely neglected in traditional development economics, most writers either seeing culture as an obstacle to development or ignoring it altogether. Recently a shift in thinking has occurred whereby culture is now more widely seen as being more central to the development process, especially where a human-centered rather than a goods-centered view of development is taken. A particular aspect of culture that has been seen as important has been cultural diversity; it is argued that the beneficial aspects of diversity can only be realized when they are seen within a global ethical framework. The chapter goes on to consider the destructive and constructive role of conflict in bringing about social change, and discusses the pervasive effects of globalization on the economies and cultures of the world, arguing that international integration can lead to national disintegration. Next the chapter looks at the role of tourism as a significant economic and cultural force in developing countries. Finally the essay concludes with some recommendations for policy.
Yeast and yeast derivatives in feed additives and ingredients: Sources, characteristics, animal responses, and quantification methods

Abstract Numerous yeast products and yeast-containing feed ingredients are commercially produced, marketed, and used extensively in animal feeds around the world. Considerable research has been conducted to evaluate the potential animal growth performance and health benefits of adding yeast, yeast-derivatives, and yeast-containing ingredients into animal feeds. Active dry yeasts are commonly used solely or in combination with beneficial bacteria in probiotic products. Nutritional yeasts are used as supplements in animal feeds due to their relatively high protein and amino acid, energy, and micronutrient content compared with common feed grains and oilseed meals. Other important yeast-based products contain nutraceutical compounds present in yeast cells and cell walls (i.e. β-glucans, mannanoligosaccharides, nucleotides) that have generally been shown to improve animal growth performance and health. Specialty yeast products, such as selenium yeast (highly concentrated and bioavailable source of selenium) and Phaffia rhodozyma yeast (contains pigment that improves flesh color in salmon and trout) have specific applications in some animal feeds. Ethanol co-products such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and new grains distillers dried yeast ingredients, containing more than 40% crude protein, also contain significant amounts of yeast cell and nutraceutical components. Therefore, because these yeast-based products have several nutritional and health benefits, they are becoming alternative supplements in animal feed due to restrictions on antimicrobial growth promoter use in many countries. However, it is difficult for nutritionists to differentiate the characteristics, composition, and optimal feeding applications among the diverse number of yeast-containing products available. Furthermore, most of these products contain combinations of probiotics and nutraceutical compounds with different modes of action, making it difficult to determine which compounds contribute to specific responses observed. Quantification of these nutraceutical compounds is difficult, and except for methods to determine viable yeast in dried active yeast products, there are no standard methods for determining dead yeast concentration or fast, inexpensive, and accurate methods to estimate the proportion of yeast components in various yeast-containing additives and feed ingredients. Due to the increasing popularity of using yeast-based products in animal feeds, development of analytical approaches to estimate yeast and its components in these products is greatly needed. In this review, various categories of commercially available yeast and yeast-containing additives and feed ingredients will be described along with our current knowledge about their role in improving animal growth performance, health, and proposed mechanisms of action, and challenges of quantifying yeast content and their biologically active components.
Grasshopper's event system defining and reacting to noteworthy features of student code

Grasshopper is an Android application which teaches users JavaScript through a series of coding puzzles. Grasshopper is able to make two types of real-time decisions based on the user's current performance: selecting an appropriate piece of feedback when the student is in the middle of solving a puzzle; and selecting the most appropriate next puzzle when the student is done with the current puzzle. For both of these decisions, Grasshopper relies on “student events”: definitions of things that are noteworthy when present in student code. This poster presentation illustrates the student event system, and how it is used to make these decisions, through an example of a hypothetical student going through the process of selecting and solving a single puzzle (“Dash of Random”). It also briefly demonstrates how the events are used to define the space of possible user knowledge states, and how the Dash of Random puzzle fits into that space.
Making Sense of Mass Murder

The execution-style murder of 14 family members by a rejected and controlling middle-aged man in rural Arkansas, the vengeful slayings of six coworkers by a disgruntled postal worker in a Royal Oak, Michigan, post office, and the indiscriminate slaughter of 23 customers at a Luby’s Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, by a gunman apparently gone berserk are dramatic examples of the large and growing number of mass killings that have captured the attention and anxiety of Americans over the past two decades. Mass murders or massacres—the killing of four or more victims during a single event—are both frightening and tragic. They are frightening because they could happen to anyone, anytime, anyplace. Unlike other crimes, they are as likely to occur in a suburban shopping mall as in an urban slum, as likely in a small southern town as in a big city. They are tragic because so many innocent people die.
Investigating ruminant digestive characteristics of finishing beef steers fed sorghum wet distillers grains treated with calcium hydroxide

ABSTRACT Alkali treatment has been used to increase the digestibility of low-quality, fibrous crop residues. However, alkali treatment of the fiber fraction in distillers grains has only briefly been explored. Six ruminally cannulated steers (444 ± 4.0 kg of BW) were used to evaluate the effects of treating sorghum wet distillers grains plus solubles (SWDGS) with calcium hydroxide (CH) in finishing diets. Treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn and included (1) 30% corn wet distillers grains plus solubles (CDG), (2) 30% SWDGS (SDG), or (3) 30% SWDGS treated with 2.27% CH (SDG-CH). Data were analyzed as a replicated Latin square with 3 dietary treatments and 3 periods using the MIXED procedure of SAS with animal within square as the experimental unit. No differences (P = 0.47) in DMI were observed. Steers consuming CDG had the greatest (P
The role of research in the coal-mining industry: Moving forward using lessons from the past

Abstract The past half century has brought a number of transformational changes to the global coal industry. Each decade has had its own issues varying from somewhat external concerns such as oil embargos and pollution control to very internal challenges such as workforce safety and productivity. Through these transformations, the role of research has evolved from a proactive, industry-driven effort to a reactive, government-funded enterprise. The pros and cons of this evolution are explored with an eye to the future and how research can best serve the industry.
Asthma in Indiana – Using a Community Health Matrix to Determine Asthma Health Factors for Indiana Counties

Background and Hypothesis: Asthma and its appropriate treatment is a public health issue in Indiana that Indiana Joint Asthma Coalition (InJAC), a partnership within CTSI, is attempting to address. This is done through state-wide coalition building, which unifies efforts regarding asthma health and education and promotes interprofessional collaboration. Because time and resources are limited, InJAC must choose the areas that would benefit most from their focused work. A matrix was developed to establish the 10 counties with poorest asthma health and high vulnerability to social determinants to aid in this choice. We hypothesize that the 10 counties with the highest vulnerability to social determinants of health will have the worst asthma health. Project Methods: Asthma health outcomes, contributing asthma-related variables, and social determinants of health were identified in all 92 counties in Indiana. Counties were compared by composite z scores to determine the top 10 counties with the poorest health statistics for asthma and social determinants. In addition, qualitative data will be used to identify local health coalitions that have the capacity and desire to work with InJAC to improve asthma treatment. InJAC will begin sessions with these counties to determine if long-term, sustainable, health promotions are feasible. Results: The top 10 counites that were identified as having the poorest asthma health and factors were Lake, Grant, Madison, Marion, Huntington, Vanderburgh, Howard, La Porte, Blackford, and Noble. The top 10 counties with highest vulnerability to social determinants were Owen, Ripley, Daviess, La Grange, Fayette, Wayne, Elkhart, Newton, Switzerland, and Marion. Potential Impact: The data from this matrix will help direct InJAC to the areas of Indiana with the most need for asthma coalition efforts. This will be done through improvement on education, awareness, and quality of care based on the Indiana State Asthma Plan.
Increased Carbon Monoxide Washout Rates in Newborn Infants.

Background: Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) production is primarily due to heme degradation, which also results in the equimolar production of bilirubin. Thus, estimates of total body CO production can serve as indices of total body bilirubin formation. The elimination rate of CO from a person’s body (CO washout rate) after exposure to an elevated ambient CO concentration is determined by a variety of factors, and is very different between babies and adults. Objective: We determined CO washout rates for babies using a simplified technique to measure total body CO excretion rates (VeCO). Methods: Using a simplified technique, we measured the times to reach an approximate steady state after a change in ambient CO concentration (decay time constant) and CO washout rates in normal newborn infants using non-linear least squares curve fitting. Results: We found a mean CO washout time of 18.7 ± 4.2 min and a CO equilibration (decay time) constant of 0.12 ± 0.04/min (0.08–0.21) for newborn infants. Conclusions: We confirm that CO washout rates for babies are much faster than those for adults. Therefore, measurements of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) or end-tidal CO (ETCO), corrected for ambient CO, (COHbc and ETCOc, respectively) can be used as surrogates for VeCO and can provide accurate estimates of endogenous CO (VCO) and bilirubin production rates under normal environmental conditions. Such measurements can be used to identify infants with severe hyperbilirubinemia due to hemolysis and thus at high risk for bilirubin neurotoxicity.
Tug of war in a double-nanopore system.

We simulate a tug-of-war (TOW) scenario for a model double-stranded DNA threading through a double nanopore (DNP) system. The DNA, simultaneously captured at both pores, is subject to two equal and opposite forces $\ensuremath{-}{\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{L}={\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{R}$ (TOW), where ${\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{L}$ and ${\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{R}$ are the forces applied to the left and the right pore, respectively. Even though the net force on the DNA polymer $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{LR}={\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{L}+{\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{R}=0$, the mean first passage time (MFPT) $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ depends on the magnitude of the TOW forces $\left|{f}_{L}\right|=\left|{f}_{R}\right|={f}_{LR}$. We qualitatively explain this dependence of $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ on ${f}_{LR}$ from the known results for the single-pore translocation of a triblock copolymer A-B-A with ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{pB}g{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{pA}$, where ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{pA}$ and ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{pB}$ are the persistence length of the A and B segments, respectively. We demonstrate that the time of flight of a monomer with index $m [\ensuremath{\langle}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{LR}(m)\ensuremath{\rangle}]$ from one pore to the other exhibits quasiperiodic structure commensurate with the distance between the pores ${d}_{LR}$. Finally, we study the situation where we offset the TOW biases so that $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{LR}={\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{L}+{\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{R}\ensuremath{\ne}0$, and qualitatively reproduce the experimental result of the dependence of the MFPT on $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\stackrel{P\vec}{f}}_{LR}$. We demonstrate that, for a moderate bias, the MFPT for the DNP system for a chain length $N$ follows the same scaling ansatz as that for the single nanopore, $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rangle}=\left(A{N}^{1+\ensuremath{\nu}}+{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{pore}}N\right){\left(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{f}_{LR}\right)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{pore}}$ is the pore friction, which enables us to estimate $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ for a long chain. Our Brownian dynamics simulation studies provide fundamental insights and valuable information about the details of the translocation speed obtained from $\ensuremath{\langle}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{LR}(m)\ensuremath{\rangle}$, and accuracy of the translation of the data obtained in the time domain to units of genomic distances.
Strategies for the Production of Biochemicals in Bioenergy Crops

Industrial crops are grown to produce goods for manufacturing. Rather than food and feed, they supply raw materials for making biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals, as well as feedstocks for fabricating fiber, biopolymer, and construction materials. Therefore, such crops offer the potential to reduce our dependency on petrochemicals that currently serve as building blocks for manufacturing the majority of our industrial and consumer products. In this review, we are providing examples of metabolites synthesized in plants that can be used as bio-based platform chemicals for partial replacement of their petroleum-derived counterparts. Plant metabolic engineering approaches aiming at increasing the content of these metabolites in biomass are presented. In particular, we emphasize on recent advances in the manipulation of the shikimate and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, both of which being the source of multiple valuable compounds. Implementing and optimizing engineered metabolic pathways for accumulation of coproducts in bioenergy crops may represent a valuable option for enhancing the commercial value of biomass and attaining sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries.
P163 Baseline Skin Carotenoid Levels and Associations with Season, Age, Gender, and Race among Head Start Children (3-5 years) Living in Eastern North Carolina

Background Low intake of fruits/vegetables (FV) among preschoolers is well documented, establishing a need for interventions that can improve intake. However, in order to determine effectiveness of interventions, valid and objective methods are needed. A promising non-invasive tool for objectively measuring FV consumption is the Veggie Meter (VM), which uses reflection spectroscopy to assess skin carotenoids. While the tool has been used and validated in adults, limited research exists to describe its use in children. Objective Establish baseline skin carotenoids and examine differences in skin carotenoids and changes over time by age, gender, and race of preschoolers enrolled in Head Start (HS) in North Carolina. Study Design, Setting, Participants A prospective cohort design was used to collect baseline and post-surveys from participating families. Children's skin carotenoids were measured 3 times over a 6-month period. Measureable Outcome and Analysis Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to identify baseline skin carotenoids and changes over time by race, age, and gender. Results One hundred and twelve children from 3 HS centers participated. On average, children were 4.1 years old, African American (AA) (81.3%), and male (57%). Mean (SE) skin carotenoids across time were 266.0 (7.8); at Time 1, 266 (7.8); Time 2, 277 (8.1); and Time 3, 248 (7.6). Skin carotenoids varied among ethnic groups (P = .67) with Hispanics having the highest skin carotenoid average 297 (19.7), followed by white 281 (37.4), AA 265 (8.8), and other races 234 (35.8). Significant differences were observed between ages (P = .01) with mean skin carotenoids 3-year-olds, 241(13.6); 4-year-olds, 267(8.3), and 5-year olds 340 (48.5); and gender (P = .01) with males having higher mean skin carotenoids 282 (9.3) vs females 243 (12.8). Conclusions Findings suggest skin carotenoids in preschoolers vary over time and by age, gender, and race. More research is needed to explore skin carotenoid changes over a full year's time to establish baseline levels among a diverse sample of preschoolers.
Assessment of RANS and LES turbulence models for natural convection in a differentially heated square cavity

Development of computationally efficient modeling techniques for thermally driven buoyant flows remains an ongoing challenge for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community due to the complex ...
Addressing Unhealthy Alcohol Use and the HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum in Primary Care: A Scoping Review

Individuals with unhealthy alcohol use are at increased risk for HIV acquisition and may benefit from receiving HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in primary care settings. To date, literature synthesizing what is known about the impact of unhealthy alcohol use on the PrEP care continuum with a focus on considerations for primary care is lacking. We searched OVID Medline and Web of Science from inception through March 19, 2020, to examine the extent, range, and nature of research on PrEP delivery among individuals with unhealthy alcohol use in primary care settings. We identified barriers and opportunities at each step along the PrEP care continuum, including for specific populations: adolescents, people who inject drugs, sex workers, and transgender persons. Future research should focus on identification of candidate patients, opportunities for patient engagement in novel settings, PrEP implementation strategies, and stigma reduction.
Random Chromosomal Integration and Screening Yields E. coli K-12 Derivatives Capable of Efficient Sucrose Utilization.

Chromosomal expression of heterologous genes offers stability and maintenance advantages over episomal expression, yet remains difficult to optimize through site-specific integration. The challenge has in large part been due to the variability of chromosomal gene expression, which has only recently been shown to be affected by multiple factors, including the local genomic context. In this work we utilize Tn5 transposase to randomly integrate a three-gene csc operon encoding nonphosphotransferase sucrose catabolism into the E. coli K-12 chromosome. Isolates from the transposon library yielded a range of growth rates on sucrose as the sole carbon source, including some that were comparable to that of E. coli K-12 on glucose (μmax = 0.70 ± 0.03 h-1). Narrowness of the growth rate distributions and faster growth compared to plasmids indicate that efficient csc expression is attainable. Furthermore, enhanced growth rate upon transduction into strains that underwent adaptive laboratory evolution indicate that sucrose catabolism is not limiting to cellular growth. We also show that transduction of a csc fast-growth locus into an isobutanol production strain yields high titer (7.56 ± 0.25 g/L) on sucrose as the sole carbon source. Our results demonstrate that random integration is an effective strategy for optimizing heterologous expression within the context of cellular metabolism for both fast growth and biochemical production phenotypes.
COVID-19s Impact on the Hispanic Community: How Understanding Culture Can Improve Outcomes

Background A disproportionate burden of SARS-Cov-2 infection, or coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), and death are highest among racial and ethnic minority groups. Based on data available on June 12, 2020, Hispanic people are more likely to acquire COVID-19 and have higher incidence of hospitalization and death compared to their white, non-Hispanic counterparts. While this issue is complex, many have hypothesized that the difference is due to societal factors and communication methods. The aim of this project was to evaluate information related to how the Hispanic population is affected by COVID-19 and how communications about the disease should be designed based on past research, physician input, and cultural sensitivities. Methods We conducted a thorough literature search on COVID-19 articles, both peer reviewed and grey literature, evaluating race and ethnic differences in disease prevalence and severity. Additionally, we conducted interviews with a small number of Indiana doctors who treat Hispanic patients to obtain a doctor’s perspective on the Hispanic community’s needs during the pandemic and ways to help reduce prevalence. Results Physicians in Indiana believe the main approach to help the Hispanic community is by utilizing trusted community resources to communicate information and build relationships with patients over time. It is recommended to develop new methods to deliver essential information about COVID-19 through multiple mediums, in a clear way, and in Spanish with focus on the collective good of the family. In addition, it is important not to just translate resources from English to Spanish but to design materials addressing barriers specific to the Hispanic community. Conclusion More culturally tailored information should be released to educate the Hispanic community about COVID-19. This information will assist in the design of materials and initiatives for the Hispanic community that we hope will improve methods of communication and care delivery related to COVID-19.
Another Side of Global Mobility: Higher Education Access Among Students from Refugee Backgrounds

This project explores how students from refugee backgrounds describe the role of community cultural wealth in their movement into and through their university experience. It analyzes the educational journey of five students from refugee backgrounds. The participants’ countries of origin include Egypt, Eritrea, Japan, Togo, and Vietnam. The study followed a narrative inquiry approach and relied on semi-structured interviews and their personal statements for university application. This study contributes to the field of comparative and international higher education by bridging the U.S. and international literature and contributes to a synthesis of existing knowledge that may inform the work of educators working with this student population.
Molecular Insights into Myocilin and Its Glaucoma-Causing Misfolded Olfactomedin Domain Variants.

ConspectusNumerous human disorders arise due to the inability of a particular protein to adopt its correct three-dimensional structure in the context of the cell, leading to aggregation. A new addition to the list of such protein conformational disorders is the inherited subtype of glaucoma. Different and rare coding mutations in myocilin, found in families throughout the world, are causal for early onset ocular hypertension, a key glaucoma risk factor. Myocilin is expressed at high levels in the trabecular meshwork (TM) extracellular matrix. The TM is the anatomical region of the eye that regulates intraocular pressure, and its dysfunction is associated with most forms of glaucoma. Disease variants, distributed across the 30 kDa olfactomedin domain (mOLF), cause myocilin to be sequestered intracellularly instead of being secreted to the TM extracellular matrix. The working hypothesis is that the intracellular aggregates cause a toxic gain of function: TM cell death is thought to lead to TM matrix dysfunction, hastening elevated intraocular pressure and subsequent vision loss.Our lab has provided molecular underpinnings for myocilin structure and misfolding, placing myocilin-associated glaucoma within the context of amyloid diseases like Alzheimer and diabetes. We have dissected complexities of the modular wild-type (WT) myocilin structure and associated misfolded states. Our data support the model that full-length WT myocilin adopts a Y-shaped dimer-of-dimers conferred by two different coiled-coil regions, generating new hypotheses regarding its mysterious function. The mOLF β-propellers are paired at each tip of the Y. Disease-associated variants aggregate because mOLFs are less stable, leading to facile aggregation under physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.2). Mutant myocilin aggregates exhibit numerous characteristics of amyloid in vitro and in cells, and aggregation proceeds from a partially folded state accessed preferentially by disease variants at physiological conditions. Interestingly, destabilization is not a universal consequence of mutation. We identified counterintuitive, stabilizing point variants that adopt a non-native structure and do not aggregate; however, these variants have not been identified in glaucoma patients. An ongoing effort is predicting the consequence of any given mutation. This effort is relevant to interpreting data from large-scale sequencing projects where clinical and family history data are not available. Finally, our work suggests avenues to develop disease-modifying precision medicines for myocilin-associated glaucoma.
Why Isn't Outer Space a Global Commons?

The United States does not view outer space as a global commons, according to Executive Order (EO) 13914 issued by President Donald Trump on April 6, 2020. This policy declaration will be welcomed by some, lamented by others, and surely many more will simply find it confusing – an intriguing range of reactions for a seemingly simple term to generate. This article examines the role that notions of the global commons play in U.S. policy on the recovery and use of space resources. It argues the term “global commons” has more than one legitimate meaning, and, in failing to account for this complexity, the EO complicates, rather than simplifies, productive discourse not only about the space domain but also about other domains.
Ground Effect with Special Reference to Pitching Moments

A FACTOR which plays an important role in the -*• *design of the horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane is the effect of the ground upon the pitching moment in the landing condition. An airplane capable of being trimmed at all attitudes in the air often cannot be landed in the three-point position because of insufficient elevator control near the ground. In an attempt to obtain quantitative measurements of this phenomenon, and to investigate the adequacy of control of certain proposed airplane designs, the experiments described herein were performed in the ten-foot wind tunnel of the GALCIT. In these tests the ground was represented by a smooth flat plate fixed in the tunnel. It is believed that this method of representing the ground, although not exact because of the presence of the boundary layer on the plate, is sufficiently precise to give value to the results. A considerable amount of experimental data regarding the effects of the ground plate upon lift and drag was obtained incidentally to these investigations. Some of these data are presented in Sections IV and V.
TU‐A‐304‐03: Quality Assurance, Safety, and Other Practical Aspects of SBRT

Increased use of SBRT and hypo fractionation in radiation oncology practice has posted a number of challenges to medical physicist, ranging from planning, image-guided patient setup and on-treatment monitoring, to quality assurance (QA) and dose delivery. This symposium is designed to provide updated knowledge necessary for the safe and efficient implementation of SBRT in various linac platforms, including the emerging digital linacs equipped with high dose rate FFF beams. Issues related to 4D CT, PET and MRI simulations, 3D/4D CBCT guided patient setup, real-time image guidance during SBRT dose delivery using gated/un-gated VMAT or IMRT, and technical advancements in QA of SBRT (in particular, strategies dealing with high dose rate FFF beams) will be addressed. The symposium will help the attendees to gain a comprehensive understanding of the SBRT workflow and facilitate their clinical implementation of the state-of-art imaging and planning techniques. Learning Objectives: 1. Present background knowledge of SBRT, describe essential requirements for safe implementation of SBRT, and discuss issues specific to SBRT treatment planning and QA. 2. Update on the use of multi-dimensional (3D and 4D) and multi-modality (CT, beam-level X-ray imaging, pre- and on-treatment 3D/4D MRI, PET, robotic ultrasound, etc.) for reliable guidance of SBRT. 3. Provide a comprehensive overview of emerging digital linacs and summarize the key geometric and dosimetric features of the new generation of linacs for substantially improved SBRT. 4. Discuss treatment planning and quality assurance issues specific to SBRT. Research grant from Varian Medical Systems
Genomics, evolution and development of amphioxus and tunicates: The Goldilocks principle.

Morphological comparisons among extant animals have long been used to infer their long-extinct ancestors for which the fossil record is poor or non-existent. For evolution of the vertebrates, the comparison has typically involved amphioxus and vertebrates. Both groups are evolving relatively slowly, and their genomes share a high level of synteny. Both vertebrates and amphioxus have regulative development in which cell fates become fixed only gradually during embryogenesis. Thus, their development fits a modified hourglass model in which constraints are greatest at the phylotypic stage (i.e., the late neurula/early larva), but are somewhat greater on earlier development than on later development. In contrast, the third group of chordates, the tunicates, which are sister group to vertebrates, are evolving rapidly. Constraints on evolution of tunicate genomes are relaxed, and they have discarded key developmental genes and organized much of their coding sequences into operons, which are transcribed as a single mRNA that undergoes trans-splicing. This contrasts with vertebrates and amphioxus, whose genomes are not organized into operons. Concomitantly, tunicates have switched to determinant development with very early fixation of cell fates. Thus, tunicate development more closely fits a progressive divergence model (shaped more like a wine glass than an hourglass) in which the constraints on the zygote and very early development are greatest. This model can help explain why tunicate body plans are so very diverse. The relaxed constraints on development after early cleavage stages are correlated with relaxed constraints on genome evolution. The question remains: which came first? J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 342–352, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of portable low-bandwidth telemedical applications for postoperative followup: initial results.

Abstract Background: The idea of using telemedical applications to evaluate patients remotely is several decades old. It has already been established that x-ray images (and magnetic resonance images) can be transferred using a personal computer and a modem, and many other such applications have been implemented. Over the past 50 years the expense and technical demands of the equipment involved in telemedicine have hindered its widespread deployment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of a mobile, low-bandwidth telemedicine platform to achieve real-time postoperative visits in the home. Study Design: This evaluation was designed to evaluate the feasibility of performing a real-time clinical visit with computer and telecommunications hardware and software. A nurse and medical student (for information gathering only) made postoperative visits at patients' homes while the physician stayed at the office. Clinical evaluations were performed by using low-resolution and frame-rate video, high-resolution still images, and simultaneous telephony over a standard telephone line. These remote visits were followed by a standard visit in the office. Eleven patients were included, all of whom had undergone various laparoscopic procedures. They lived 5 to 240 miles from their surgeon. Efficiency was measured by recording the time required to capture and send data required by the physician to make a clinical decision. The time expense was measured at both the patients' and physician's locations. Technical issues were evaluated and patient satisfaction was assessed by standardized objective questionnaires. The accuracy of the evaluation at the remote visit was determined with a standard office visit. Results: No technical problems were observed. The mean total time of the housecall at the remote site was 86 minutes (range 60 to 160 minutes) and at the base station site was 41 minutes (range 21 to 71 minutes). After personnel became familiar with the system, the last three visits averaged 61 and 25 minutes at the two sites, respectively. This corresponds favorably with current time requirements for visiting nurses and office visits. The patients were highly satisfied with the home visit and, on average, rated the experience as 4.8 out of a maximum of 5. Conclusions: Followup visits in patients' homes after laparoscopic procedures can be accomplished by transmitting simultaneous voice, low-resolution video, and high-resolution still images to accurately perform postoperative evaluations over standard telephone lines, with time requirements and clinical accuracy similar to those of standard visits.
A personal view on AI, rough set theory and professor Pawlak

It is an honor to contribute my short article to this special issue commemorating the life and work of Professor Zdzislaw Pawlak. In this article I would like to discuss my encounters with the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in general, and how I see rough set theory and Professor Zdzislaw Pawlak in this context. I have been fortunate to know some of the greatest scholars in the AI field. There are many of them, but if I had to choose the three I admire most, they are: Professors Zdzislaw Pawlak, Lotfi Zadeh and Herbert A. Simon. There are common characteristics among all of them. Although they are the most prominent of scholars, all are frank and easy and pleasant to talk with. All are professionally active at ages where ordinary people would have long since retired.
Temperate reservoirs are large carbon sinks and small CO2 sources: Results from high‐resolution carbon budgets

[1] Sediment organic carbon (C) burial and CO2 fluxes in inland waters are quantitatively important in regional and global carbon budgets. Estimates of C fluxes from inland waters are typically based on limited temporal resolution despite potential large variations with season and weather events. Further, most freshwater C budget studies have focused on natural soft-water lakes, while reservoirs and hard-water systems are globally numerous. Our study quantifies C fluxes in two hard-water, human constructed reservoirs (Ohio, USA) of contrasting watershed land use (agriculture vs. forest) using high-resolution mass balance budgets. We show that during a dry summer, C retention and export via the dam were reduced compared to a wet summer. Both reservoirs were net CO2 sources during a wet summer, but CO2 sinks during a dry summer. Despite weather-related summer differences, annual C fluxes within each reservoir were similar between years. Both reservoirs appear to be net autotrophic despite often being CO2 sources based on budgets. This is likely because CO2 fluxes in our hard-water reservoirs were more strongly associated with DIC than DOC. Using our C fluxes and statewide watershed land use, we determined the regional importance of Ohio reservoirs in OC burial and CO2 emissions. We estimate that Ohio reservoirs bury up to 4 times more OC, but emit <25% of CO2, than predicted based on their area and recent global mean estimates in lentic ecosystems. Our results provide evidence that moderately old (~50 years), temperate hard-water reservoirs are important OC sinks but contribute little to CO2 emissions.
LIFETIME, COHERENCE NARROWING, AND HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF THE (6s$sup 2$6p7s)$sup 3$P$sub 1$$sup 0$ STATE IN LEAD

The lifetime and hyperfine structure of the $(6{s}^{2}6p7s) ^{3}{P}_{1}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ excited state in lead have been investigated by the technique of level-crossing spectroscopy. The lifetime of the state was determined to be $\ensuremath{\tau}=5.75(20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The linewidth of the level-crossing signal was observed to saturate at a "coherence-narrowed" value in agreement with theoretical predictions. The magnitude of this narrowing corresponds to a 27(3)% branching ratio to the ground state. When the branching ratio and the lifetime are combined with the $f(3639 \mathrm{\AA{}}):f(4058 \mathrm{\AA{}})$ oscillator-strength ratio measured by Khokhlov, one may infer the absolute $f$ values: $f(2833 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.169(17)$, $f(3639 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.040(8)$, $f(4058 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.155(31)$. The high-field level crossing in the hyperfine structure of the first $^{3}{P}_{1}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ state of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$ was found to occur at a magnetic field ${H}_{c}=4661.1(4)$ G, which corresponds to a magnetic-dipole-interaction constant $A=8.811(17)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ cps.
Aerobic responses of young boys to submaximal running.

Abstract Two groups of 8-year-old males were studied. One group (good runners) consisted of subjects who placed above the median on 5-, 7-, and 9-minute runs; a second group (poor runners) represented children who placed below the median on the same three runs. The aerobic responses of these subjects were determined for submaximal treadmill running at speeds of 134, 154, and 174m· min–1. Maximal aerobic power and maximal running speed were also measured. At common submaximal speeds the good runners used smaller proportions of both their maximal running speed and their maximal aerobic power. Estimations of the aerobic demands of a 9-minute run suggest that in 8-year-old males better distance runners (a) possess a faster maximal sprint speed, yet perform distance runs at higher percentage of their maximal speed; (b) require more O2 to sustain this pace; and (c) perform at a higher percentage of their maximal aerobic power than do distance runners of poorer ability.
Guideline-Based Statin Eligibility, Coronary Artery Calcification, and Cardiovascular Events

Importance The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for cholesterol management defined new eligibility criteria for statin therapy. However, it is unclear whether this approach improves identification of adults at higher risk of cardiovascular events. Objective To determine whether the ACC/AHA guidelines improve identification of individuals who develop incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or have coronary artery calcification (CAC) compared with the National Cholesterol Education Program’s 2004 Updated Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) guidelines. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal community-based cohort study, with participants for this investigation drawn from the offspring and third-generation cohorts of the Framingham Heart Study. Participants underwent multidetector computed tomography for CAC between 2002 and 2005 and were followed up for a median of 9.4 years for incident CVD. Exposures Statin eligibility was determined based on Framingham risk factors and low-density lipoprotein thresholds for ATP III, whereas the pooled cohort calculator was used for ACC/AHA. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was incident CVD (myocardial infarction, death due to coronary heart disease [CHD], or ischemic stroke). Secondary outcomes were CHD and CAC (as measured by the Agatston score). Results Among 2435 statin-naive participants (mean age, 51.3 [SD, 8.6] years; 56% female), 39% (941/2435) were statin eligible by ACC/AHA compared with 14% (348/2435) by ATP III ( P P 0 (n = 1015): 63% vs 23%; CAC score >100 (n = 376): 80% vs 32%; and CAC score >300 (n = 186): 85% vs 34% (all P Conclusions and Relevance In this community-based primary prevention cohort, the ACC/AHA guidelines for determining statin eligibility, compared with the ATP III, were associated with greater accuracy and efficiency in identifying increased risk of incident CVD and subclinical coronary artery disease, particularly in intermediate-risk participants.
Glomerular and Tubular Factors in Urine Flow Rates of Acute Renal Failure Patients

Distinguishing between oliguric and nonoliguric acute renal failure (ARF) has clinical relevance. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the pathophysiologic basis for variations in urine flow rates in ARF. This study was designed to determine whether differences in residual levels of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or differences in tubular reabsorption of filtered solutes and H 2 O accounted for the variations in urine flow rates among ARF patients. Twenty-five patients with ARF of 3 to 6 days duration having ischemic and nephrotoxic etiologies, increasing serum creatinines of more than 0.7 mg/dL/d, urine sodium concentrations and fractional excretions of sodium (FE Na ) of more than 20 mEq/L and more than 1%, respectively, 12 hours after stopping diuretics and urine sediments consistent with acute tubular necrosis were studied. Urine and serum collections were made over an 8-hour period to determine creatinine clearance (C cr ), filtered osmolar load, urine to serum creatinine ratio (U/S cr ), urine to serum creatinine osmolality (U/S osm ), and FE Na . These were compared with urine flow rates. Creatinine clearance was validated as an estimate of GFR in ARF with simultaneous inulin clearances x 12 measurements ( r = 0.935, P cr was strongly correlated with urine flow rate ( r = 0.857, P r = 0.810, P cr There was no correlation between U/S cr , U/S osm , or FE Na and urine flow rates. It is concluded that the residual level of GFR is the primary determinant of variations in urine flow rate in patients with ARF.
Profits and perspectives: advertising, social marketing, and public health

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the potential value that direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertisements can provide to social marketers as examples of effective persuasive health communication.Design/methodology/approach – Modern medicine increasingly incorporates media sources such as DTC prescription drug advertising. While DTC advertising presents concerns, it also offers opportunities for studying effective message design to promote health behavior change. The DTC advertising debate is vigorous, with some critics maintaining advertisements cannot be educational – but the field of social marketing utilizes similar tactics and a consumer‐driven marketing perspective to promote preventive health behavior and health behavior change.Findings – One of the most prominent criticisms of DTC advertising is use of emotional appeals, but a variety of national public health campaigns engage in parallel tactics – employing emotional appeals over “pure” health education. While DTC adve...
Agonistic Behavior: Function and Dysfunction in Social Conflict

This paper outlines the basic principles arising from a polysystemic theory of agonistic behavior in nonhuman animals and the practical implications of these principles to the problem of the control of undesirable and injurious forms of human violence. A major conclusion is that one of the most effective methods of establishing and maintaining habits of constructive and peaceful behavior is employment in useful and rewarding occupations.
Negative and positive intracranial reinforcement tresholds: Effects of morphine

Negative (aversive) and positive (self-stimulation) intracranial reinforcement thresholds were determined in rats using a “double staircase” psychophysical procedure. Morphine raised aversive thresholds at all doses tested, while the drug lowered positive reinforcement thresholds at low or moderate doses. The results suggest the possible involvement of central motivational systems in the mediation of morphine-induced analgesia, the narcotic “high”, and narcotic addiction.
Statistical comparisons of methods for interpolating the output of a numerical air quality model

This paper compares Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) outputs at multiple resolutions by interpolating from coarse resolution to fine resolution and analyzing the interpolation difference. Spatial variograms provide a convenient way to investigate the spatial character of interpolation differences and, importantly, to distinguish between naive (nearest neighbor) interpolation and bilinear interpolation, which takes a weighted average of four neighboring cells. For example, when the higher resolution is three times the lower, the variogram of the difference between naive interpolation of the lower resolution output and the higher resolution output shows a depression at every third lag. This phenomenon is related to the blocky nature of naive interpolation and demonstrates the inferiority of naive interpolation to bilinear interpolation in a way that pixelwise comparisons cannot. Theoretical investigations show when one can expect to observe this periodic depression in the variogram of interpolation differences. Naive interpolation is in fact used widely in a number of settings; our results suggest that it should be routinely replaced by bilinear interpolation.
Structure of Co films grown on Cu(111) studied by photoelectron diffraction.

The structure of epitaxial cobalt on Cu(111) single-crystal surfaces was studied by angle-resolved x-ray-photoelectron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction. We find that initial growth of Co is in the metastable fcc phase. The first cobalt monolayer occupies the substrate fcc continuation sites and grows as a flat layer coherent to the substrate lattice. The fcc stacking sequence continues for two-layer-thick cobalt films. As the film thickness increases beyond two layers, hcp stacking faults occur as domains in mixed fcc-hcp layers. The transition from the metastable fcc stacking sequence to the bulk hcp(0001) structure is not abrupt, but occurs gradually as the film thickness increases.