cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets.

International climate change agreements typically specify global warming thresholds as policy targets 1 , but the relative economic benefits of achieving these temperature targets remain poorly understood2,3. Uncertainties include the spatial pattern of temperature change, how global and regional economic output will respond to these changes in temperature, and the willingness of societies to trade present for future consumption. Here we combine historical evidence 4 with national-level climate 5 and socioeconomic 6 projections to quantify the economic damages associated with the United Nations (UN) targets of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming, and those associated with current UN national-level mitigation commitments (which together approach 3 °C warming 7 ). We find that by the end of this century, there is a more than 75% chance that limiting warming to 1.5 °C would reduce economic damages relative to 2 °C, and a more than 60% chance that the accumulated global benefits will exceed US$20 trillion under a 3% discount rate (2010 US dollars). We also estimate that 71% of countries—representing 90% of the global population—have a more than 75% chance of experiencing reduced economic damages at 1.5 °C, with poorer countries benefiting most. Our results could understate the benefits of limiting warming to 1.5 °C if unprecedented extreme outcomes, such as large-scale sea level rise 8 , occur for warming of 2 °C but not for warming of 1.5 °C. Inclusion of other unquantified sources of uncertainty, such as uncertainty in secular growth rates beyond that contained in existing socioeconomic scenarios, could also result in less precise impact estimates. We find considerably greater reductions in global economic output beyond 2 °C. Relative to a world that did not warm beyond 2000–2010 levels, we project 15%–25% reductions in per capita output by 2100 for the 2.5–3 °C of global warming implied by current national commitments 7 , and reductions of more than 30% for 4 °C warming. Our results therefore suggest that achieving the 1.5 °C target is likely to reduce aggregate damages and lessen global inequality, and that failing to meet the 2 °C target is likely to increase economic damages substantially.
Characterization of alkylphosphonic acid vapors using atmospheric flow tube-ion trap mass spectrometry.

Rationale A key aspect of detecting hazardous compounds at ultra-trace levels for processing, compliance, and clean-up purposes involves developing methods that are not only sensitive, but also highly selective with minimal sampling effort. Atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry (AFT-MS) using dielectric barrier discharge ionization has emerged as a technique that combines such features for vapor detection. AFT-MS is thus appealing for application to ambient screening for chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their degradation products. Initial characterization of AFT-MS for CWA detection necessitates examining less harmful simulant species. A predominant hydrolysis product of most organophosphorus CWAs is methylphosphonic acid and most other hydrolysis products consist of some form of an alkylphosphonic acid. Methods An application of AFT-MS is presented wherein a homologous series of four alkylphosphonic acids (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and t-butylphosphonic acid) were first qualitatively evaluated as anionic clusters with nitrate. These anionic adducts were subsequently quantified from non-equilibrium headspace vapor sampled over alkylphosphonic acid solutions in methanol. Results The series of phosphonic acids demonstrated consistent relative ion abundances thought to be related at least in part to the relative vapor pressures depending on their alkyl chains. For quantitation, the resulting linear ranges were found to be 2 to 50 ppmsoln for methylphosphonic acid, 5 to 50 ppmsoln for ethylphosphonic acid, and 2 to 25 ppmsoln for propylphosphonic acid and t-butylphosphonic acid; quality controls of 15 ppmsoln were used to assess the quantitation accuracy. Conclusions Although measured over a limited dynamic range, the real-time analysis afforded by this method suggests the feasibility of using thermodynamically stable anionic adducts to monitor organophosphorus compounds via AFT-MS. In addition, this is proof-of-concept for the use of this ambient sensing technique to detect phosphonic acids. Furthermore, a discussion is included regarding gaps in clustering thermodynamics literature that would assist in uncovering physical or chemical explanations for observed trends.
The Road Ahead: Questions and Pathways for Future Teaching and Research in ESJ

The goals of this book are to begin mapping and charting new territory for scholarship/activism in engineering and social justice (ESJ) and to attempt new connections and strategies in what is perhaps one of the most traditional and resistant-to-change areas of higher education: engineering education. The reasons for this resistance are complex and many and have been studied by scholars from historic (Wisnioski 2012) and organizational (Merton et al. 2004) perspectives. My own book (Lucena 2005) documents how historical events –mainly Sputnik, the Cold War, the end of the Cold War, the emergence of global economic competition- shaped the socio-political environment of the US and brought significant changes to engineering education. In this book, it became very clear that change in engineering education is difficult and elusive. So if significant geopolitical and/or economic events are needed to bring change to engineering education, what hope does the group of scholars committed to ESJ represented in this book have to bring any change to engineering education for the goals of social justice?
Changing attitudes toward science and women in science: assessing the impact of a role model intervention on ninth grade students

88 INTRODUCTION 89 LITERATURE REVIEW 90 Influence of Parents, Teacher and Peers 90 Influence of Role Models 92 METHODS 94 Design of the Preand Post-tests 94 Selection of Schools 96 Selection of Classes and Administration of Preand Post-tests 97 The Project Team and Intervention 97 Analysis of Data 99 Determining Attitude Change 103 RESULTS 104 Students' Intentions to Take Science/Math Courses 107 DISCUSSION 110
Annealing of Dislocations in Two Dimensions—Partial Universality

Simulations of pattern formation during annealing of edge dislocations in two dimensions with two antiparallel orientations of the Burgers vectors are shown to exhibit nontrivial power—law scaling, with exponents which are independent of the ratio of climb mobility to glide mobility (“universality”). These exponents differ from those previously observed in simulations with six possible orientations of the Burgers vectors. Nevertheless, a certain combination of the exponents, which represents the degree of slowing down of the dynamics caused by the presence of fine dislocation patterns, has the same value for the two— orientations and the six-orientations cases (“partial universality”).
Seismic Safety of Reinforced Concrete Frames

It frequently happens that one must calculate the reliability of systems, the deterministic behavior of which is described by complicated computer codes. Safety against partial or total collapse of reinforced concrete structures under earthquake loads is one example. Sources of uncertainty are numerous. They include input motion, system behavior and strength so that complexity of uncertainty propagation couples with complexity of mechanical modeling to make standard methods of time-invariant reliability and random vibration inadequate as either too simplistic or computationally not feasible. The field is new and largely unexplored. The objective of this paper is to go over general issues, review some preliminary results, and suggest new reliability procedures. Researchers in engineering safety may find these problems intellectually stimulating and technically challenging, but because such problems arise from practical needs, professionals should also find an interest in them.
Estimation and modeling of pressure-dependent gas diffusion coefficient for coal: A fractal theory-based approach

Abstract Diffusion coefficient is one of the key parameters determining the coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir economic viability for exploitation. Diffusion coefficient of coal matrix controls the long-term late production performance for CBM wells as it determines the gas transport effectiveness from matrix to fracture/cleat system. Pore structure directly relates to the gas adsorption and diffusion behaviors, where micropore provides the most abundant adsorption sites and meso- and macro-pore serve as gas diffusive pathway for gas transport. Gas diffusion in coal matrix is usually affected by both Knudsen diffusion and bulk diffusion. A theoretical pore-structure-based model was proposed to estimate the pressure-dependent diffusion coefficient for fractal porous coals. The proposed model dynamically integrates Knudsen and bulk diffusion influxes to define the overall gas transport process. Uniquely, the tortuosity factor derived from the fractal pore model allowed to quantitatively take the pore morphological complexity to define the diffusion for different coals. Both experimental and modeled results suggested that Knudsen diffusion dominated the gas influx at low pressure range ( 6 MPa). For intermediate pressure ranges (2.5–6 MPa), combined diffusion should be considered as a weighted sum of Knudsen and bulk diffusion, and the weighing factors directly depended on the Knudsen number. The proposed model was validated against experimental data, where the developed automated computer program based on the Unipore model can automatically and time-effectively estimate the diffusion coefficients with regressing to the pressure-time experimental data. The theoretical determined diffusion coefficients well predicted the pressure-dependent variations of the experimental measured diffusion coefficient for different coals. This theoretical model is the first-of-its-kind to link the realistic complex pore structure into diffusion coefficient based on the fractal theory. The experimental results and proposed model can be coupled into the commercially available simulator to predict the long-term CBM well production profiles.
Providing Liquidity in an Illiquid Market: Dealer Behavior in U.S. Corporate Bonds

We examine market making behavior of dealers for 55,988 corporate bonds, many of which trade infrequently. Dealers have a substantially higher propensity to offset trades within the same day rather than committing capital for longer periods for riskier and less actively traded bonds. Dealers’ holding periods do not decline with a bond’s prior trading activity, and in fact are lowest for some of the least active bonds. As a result, cross sectional estimates of roundtrip trading costs do not increase as prior trading activity declines. Our results suggest that dealers endogenously adjust their behavior to mitigate inventory risk from trading in illiquid and higher risk securities, balancing search and inventory costs in equilibrium such that observed spreads can appear invariant to expected liquidity.
Mitochondrial rRNA-containing petite strains of yeast (Saccharomycescerevisiae) show a normal nuclear-mitochondrial stringent response

Abstract The nuclear-mitochondrial stringent response was examined in isonuclear ρ+, 21S rRNA-containing ρ−, and ρo strains of S. cerevisiae . By 30 min after nutritional downshift, nuclear rDNA transcription falls to 15% of control levels congruently in all strains, as assayed via whole-cell RNA or by hybrid selection of specific double-labeled transcripts. Both in vivo and in vitro , the mitochondrial stringent response is identical between the ρ− strain and its parental ρ+ strain, and in both, the kinetics and magnitude of the organellar response mirror those of the nuclear response. The data show that mitochondrial transcription and protein synthesis are not required for stringent regulation of either nuclear or mitochondrial rDNA transcription.
Pectoralis major tendon reconstruction using semitendinosus allograft following rupture at the musculotendinous junction

Background Pectoralis major (PM) rupture is an uncommon sports injury that has become more prevalent in the past 20 years as a result of an increase in recreational weight lifting and sports participation. Ruptures occur most commonly at the tendon insertion (65%) and musculotendinous junction (27%). This study describes an open technique and clinical outcomes after reconstruction of a PM rupture at the musculotendinous junction. Methods In this case series, 6 patients with PM ruptures at the musculotendinous junction were enrolled, with a 12-month follow-up period. The diagnosis was made with magnetic resonance imaging and correlated with clinical examination findings. All patients underwent PM reconstruction with a semitendinosus allograft, followed by a graduated rehabilitation protocol. Postoperative outcomes were assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Constant score, visual analog scale score, cosmesis, return of strength, and overall satisfaction. Results The average age at the time of surgery was 39.5 years. At the 12-month follow-up visit, the average outcome scores were as follows: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, 98.3; Constant score, 98; and visual analog scale score, 0.67. All patients were pleased with their cosmetic outcomes, as well as return of strength, and showed overall satisfaction with their postoperative results. Conclusions On review of the literature, this study is the first to describe the use of an isolated semitendinosus allograft to reconstruct a PM tendon following rupture at the musculotendinous junction. The excellent clinical outcomes suggest that the described technique can be a reliable tool in the orthopedic surgeon's armamentarium when approaching this uncommon PM tear.
Caught in the Act: Anthrax Toxin Translocation Complex Reveals insight into the Lethal Factor Unfolding and Refolding mechanism

ABSTRACT Translocation is essential to the anthrax toxin mechanism. Protective antigen, the translocon component of this AB toxin, forms an oligomeric pore with three key clamp sites that aid in the efficient entry of lethal factor or edema factor, the enzymatic components of the toxin, into the cell. LF and EF translocate through the protective antigen pore with the pH gradient between the endosome and the cytosol acting as the driving force. Structural details of the translocation process have remained elusive despite their biological importance. To overcome the technical challenges of studying translocation intermediates, we developed a novel method to immobilize, transition, and stabilize anthrax toxin. Here, we report a cryoEM snapshot of PApore translocating the N-terminal domain of LF. The resulting 3.1 and 3.2 A structures of the complex trace LFN as it unfolds near the α clamp, translocates through the Φ clamp, and begins to refold in the charge clamp. In addition, helical density inside the β barrel channel suggests LF secondary structural elements begin to refold at the charge clamp site. We conclude the anthrax toxin uses an extended β barrel to efficiently fold the enzymatic payload prior to channel exit. This refolding mechanism has broader implications for pore length of other protein translocating toxins.
Soils of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone

The previous chapter outlined the taxonomic structure of soils and soil-forming factors in the Great Lakes Coastal Zone, recognizing that Alfisols are the dominant soil order (28% of all soil series), followed by Spodosols (27%), Inceptisols (19%), Entisols (12%), Mollisols (11%), and Histosols(4%) (Table 4.1). This chapter examines the dominant soil great groups, soil climate, vegetation, parent materials, landforms, time required to establish the soil within each order.
Case Report: Penile Strangulation Secondary to Hair Tourniquet

Penile strangulation is a rare condition in children caused by circumferential constriction of the coronal sulcus by constricting material, commonly thin maternal hair. Vague presenting symptoms often makes diagnosis difficult, but delay in diagnosis can lead to a variety of severe complications including urethral injury and penile necrosis. Providers must have a high index of suspicion and carry out a careful examination to identify maternal hair strands that may bury deep within penile edema. We describe two cases of penile strangulation secondary to maternal hair strands that were successfully treated with thorough examination and division of the constricting hair in the emergency department. In both cases, presentation involved penile swelling and erythema which was noticed by caregivers. Once the diagnosis has been made, urgent treatment using depilatory cream or mechanical removal must occur, with urgent referral to specialists if unable to remove to constricting material. Caregivers must also be counseled on appropriate steps to prevent penile hair tourniquet syndrome. Devastating complications can be avoided by early recognition and proper management of the syndrome, but providers must have knowledge of the condition and a high index of suspicion.
A call for authentic Black engagement in the academy and beyond.

Efforts to eliminate anti-Black racism in academia must go far beyond superficial ticking of boxes. The academic community must create conditions for authentic, not tokenistic, Black engagement, argues Tony Reames.
Detecting Counterfeit ICs with Blockchain-based Verification Framework

Counterfeit electronic parts have posed a serious threat to consumers, industry, and government and military agencies for a long time. They not only lead to massive damage in terms of financial and reputation losses, but can also create high risk in the compromise of system safety and integrity. Our previous work shows the possibility of achieving the decentralized runtime verification by incorporating some mechanisms of the blockchain technology into a distributed system for locating the accountability when error occurs. In this paper, we propose to develop a verification framework based on blockchain technology to detect the abnormalities of counterfeit ICs at every stage of their lifecycles, including after being deployed into the system. We design an efficient and effective method that can store the inspection and testing results into a blockchain, and apply the smart marker scheme which can merge separate blockchains associated with individual ICs into one blockchain after the ICs are installed onto the same system.
A Discrete Multiple Shooting Formulation for Efficient Dynamic Optimization

Abstract The growing need for fast and efficient solution techniques for solving dynamic optimization problems is driven by a broad spectrum of applications in scheduling and control. We propose a novel framework for dynamic optimization that utilizes a multiple shooting “backbone” with discrete rather than continuous subproblems, thereby eliminating need for repeated time-integration. A Lagrangian relaxation (LR)-based decomposition scheme then dualizes the state continuity requirements between subproblems and enables parallel solution of the problem.
Derivation of an effective evolution equation for a strongly coupled polaron

Frohlich’s polaron Hamiltonian describes an electron coupled to the quantized phonon field of an ionic crystal. We show that in the strong coupling limit the dynamics of the polaron are approximated by an effective nonlinear partial differential equation due to Landau and Pekar, in which the phonon field is treated as a classical field.
Hume's General Point of View, Smith's Impartial Spectator, and the Moral Value of Interacting with Outsiders

Here is an appealing position: one reason to pursue interaction with people from backgrounds that differ from our own is that doing so can improve our moral judgment. As some scholars have noticed,...
A Randomized Phase II Study of Androgen Deprivation Therapy with or without Palbociclib in RB-positive Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Palbociclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor, blocks proliferation in a RB and cyclin D–dependent manner in preclinical prostate cancer models. We hypothesized that cotargeting androgen receptor and cell cycle with palbociclib would improve outcomes in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Patients and Methods: A total of 60 patients with RB-intact mHSPC were randomized (1:2) to Arm 1: androgen deprivation (AD) or Arm 2: AD + palbociclib. Primary endpoint was PSA response rate (RR) after 28 weeks of therapy. Secondary endpoints included safety, PSA, and clinical progression-free survival (PFS), as well as PSA and radiographic RR. Tumors underwent exome sequencing when available. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) were enumerated at various timepoints. Results: A total of 72 patients with mHSPC underwent metastatic disease biopsy and 64 had adequate tissue for RB assessment. A total of 62 of 64 (97%) retained RB expression. A total of 60 patients initiated therapy (Arm 1: 20; Arm 2: 40). Neutropenia was the most common grade 3/4 adverse event in Arm 2. Eighty percent of patients (Arm 1: 16/20, Arm 2: 32/40; P = 0.87) met primary PSA endpoint ≤4 ng/mL at 28 weeks. PSA undetectable rate at 28 weeks was 50% and 43% in Arms 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.5). Radiographic RR was 89% in both arms. Twelve-month biochemical PFS was 69% and 74% in Arms 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.72). TP53 and PIK3 pathway mutations, 8q gains, and pretreatment CTCs were associated with reduced PSA PFS. Conclusions: Palbociclib did not impact outcome in RB-intact mHSPC. Pretreatment CTC, TP53 and PIK3 pathway mutations, and 8q gain were associated with poor outcome.
Deployment of Compressed MobileNet V3 on iMX RT 1060

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are prominent in most applications today. From self-driving cars, sentiment analysis, surveillance systems, and robotics, they have been used extensively. Among DNNs, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have achieved massive success in computer vision applications as the human visual system inspires their architecture. However, striving to achieve higher accuracies, CNN complexity, parameters, and layers were increased, which led to a drastic surge in their size, making their deployment challenging. Over the years, many researchers have proposed various techniques to alleviate this issue—one of them being Design Space Exploration (DSE) to minimize size and computation with little compromise to accuracy. MobileNet V3 is one such architecture designed to achieve good accuracy while being mindful of resources. It produces an accuracy of 88.93% on CIFAR-10 with a size of 15.3MB. This paper further reduces its size to 2.3MB while boosting its accuracy to 89.13% using DSE techniques. It is then deployed into NXP's i.MX RT1060 Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) platform.
Forrest, C., & Halbert, M. (Eds.) (2020). Beyond the Information Commons: A Field Guide to Evolving Library Services, Technologies, and Spaces

Charles Forrest and Martin Halbert, the editors of A field guide to information commons, have published a second edition, Beyond the information commons: A field guide to evolving library services,...
Delayed angiopoietin-2 blockade reduces influenza-induced lung injury and improves survival in mice.

Influenza remains a major cause of death and disability with limited treatment options. Studies of acute lung injury have identified angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) as a key prognostic marker and a potential mediator of Acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the role of Ang-2 in viral pneumonia remains poorly defined. This study characterized the time course of lung Ang-2 expression in severe influenza pneumonia and tested the therapeutic potential of Ang-2 inhibition. We inoculated adult mice with influenza A (PR8 strain) and measured angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Ang-2, and Tie2 expressions during the evolution of inflammatory lung injury over the first 7 days post-infection (dpi). We tested a peptide-antibody inhibitor of Ang-2, L1-7, administered at 2, 4, and 6 dpi and measured arterial oxygen saturation, survival, pulmonary edema, inflammatory cytokines, and viral load. Finally, we infected primary human alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells grown in air-liquid interface culture with influenza and measured Ang-2 RNA expression. Influenza caused severe lung injury between 5 and 7 dpi in association with increased Ang-2 lung RNA and a dramatic increase in Ang-2 protein in bronchoalveolar lavage. Inhibition of Ang-2 improved oxygenation and survival and reduced pulmonary edema and alveolar-capillary barrier permeability to protein without major effects on inflammation or viral load. Finally, influenza increased the expression of Ang-2 RNA in human AT2 cells. The increased Ang-2 levels in the airspaces during severe influenza pneumonia and the improvement in clinically relevant outcomes after Ang-2 antagonism suggest that the Ang-1/Ang-2 Tie-2 signaling axis is a promising therapeutic target in influenza and potentially other causes of viral pneumonia.
The Economic Theory of Eminent Domain: Private Property, Public Use

Surveys the contributions that economic theory has made to the often contentious debate over the government's use of its power of eminent domain, as prescribed by the Fifth Amendment. It addresses such questions as: when should the government be allowed to take private property without the owner's consent? Does it depend on how the land will be used? Also, what amount of compensation is the landowner entitled to receive (if any)? The recent case of Kelo v. New London (2005) revitalized the debate, but it was only the latest skirmish in the ongoing struggle between advocates of strong governmental powers to acquire private property in the public interest and private property rights advocates. Written for a general audience, the book advances a coherent theory that views eminent domain within the context of the government's proper role in an economic system whose primary objective is to achieve efficient land use.
RASH BEHARI BOSE AND HIS JAPANESE SUPPORTERS

The life of the ‘Other Bose’ involves an intriguing story, which complicates many of the general dichotomies of colonial history. Rash Behari Bose (1886–1945) was born in north-eastern Bengal in 1886. From his youth, he engaged in anti-British activities, on account of which he was forced to flee India in 1915. The Bengali independence fighter then escaped to pre-war Japan, befriended a group of influential Japanese Pan-Asianists, married into one of Tokyo's most progressive families, and continued his life as an activist into wartime. The case of Rash Behari Bose and his Japanese supporters constitutes a remarkable chapter in the developmental history of international cooperation among Asian peoples that preceded Japan's wartime Pan-Asianist rhetoric of the ‘Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere’. The present article argues that such evidence of cross-border cooperation in the modern history of Asia, as embraced by Rash Behari Bose and his supporters in Japan, sheds light on the analysis of an anti-West...
Abstract 52: Associations of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Subclinical Myocardial Dysfunction: The CARDIA Study

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an obesity-related condition with high cardiovascular morbidity. NAFLD patients often have echocardiographic features of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. In a large population-based cross-sectional sample of black and white adults free from prevalent liver or heart disease, we tested the hypothesis that NAFLD is associated with subclinical myocardial dysfunction independent of BMI or visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Methods: Participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (Y25 exam; age 43-55 years) with concurrent CT quantification of liver fat and tissue Doppler echocardiography with myocardial strain measured by speckle tracking were included (n=2,572). NAFLD was defined as liver attenuation ≤ 40 Hounsfield units after exclusion of other causes of liver fat (medication/alcohol use). Linear regression models were used to test associations. Results: NAFLD prevalence was 9.9%. NAFLD participants were more likely to be male (57.1% vs. 41.5%), white (57.5% vs. 50.6%), and had higher BMI (36.3 vs. 29.8 kg/m2) and VAT (222.4 vs. 120.5 cm3) than non-NAFLD. Those with NAFLD also had lower e’ tissue velocity (10.8 vs. 11.9 cm/s), lower E/A ratio (1.2 vs. 1.3), and higher E/e’ ratio (8.4 vs. 7.7). Increased LV mass, left atrial area, LV relative wall thickness, and cardiac output (CO) were present in NAFLD. Global longitudinal strain was also worse in NAFLD (-14.2% vs. -15.2%, all p Conclusion: NAFLD is associated with subclinical myocardial dysfunction independent of BMI. Attenuation of the relationship by VAT supports the hypothesis that VAT may be a marker of NAFLD.
Maximum Frequencies Acceptable to Males for One-Handed Horizontal Lifting in the Sagittal Plane

Male volunteers participated in an experiment to determine the maximum frequencies they could maintain for 2 h while lifting in the horizontal-sagittal plane using the preferred hand. The psychophy...
Export, Import, and Domestic Prices in the United States, 1926–1930

Introduction, 195. — I. The distinction between international and domestic commodities, 196; the criterion of physical movement, 198; of price behavior, 200; of market independence, 205. — II. The statistical procedure, 207; the selection of commodities, 207; of prices, 208; and of weights, 211. — III. The results, 215; the movements of the primary international and domestic indexes, 216; the difference in level of the New York and Chicago indexes, 218; comparison of the indexes with medians of the same commodities, 221; the analysis of sub-groups within the primary indexes, 223. — Conclusion, 225.
The role of body image flexibility in the relationship between disordered eating cognitions and disordered eating symptoms among non-clinical college students.

Abstract Objective A growing body of evidence suggests that rigid and inflexible regulation and coping are at the core of psychopathology, including disordered eating (DE) problems. Employing two cross-sectional studies, the present paper investigated whether body image flexibility (BIF), a specific type of psychological flexibility, mediates the relations between DE cognitions and overall DE pathology. Method Ethnically diverse non-clinical college undergraduates (Study 1 N = 208; Study 2 N = 178) completed an anonymous online survey. Results BIF was found to partially mediate the relationship between DE cognitions and overall DE pathology after controlling for gender and body mass index (BMI). Discussion Our findings suggest that the link between DE cognitions and overall DE pathology is established in part through an inflexible and avoidant coping style specific to negative body image. Clinical implications include targeting BIF as a mechanism of change and treating DE pathology with acceptance- and mindfulness-based behavioral interventions.
Growth Rate Studies of CVD Diamond in an RF Plasma Torch

This paper addresses the complex chemistry in the boundary later over a substrate in a chemical vapor deposition rector at atmospheric pressure. In this study, a highspeed plasma (140m/s) was created using a radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma torch for the deposition of diamond thin films. Growth rates on the order of 50 μm/ h were obtained for well-faceted continuous films grown on molybdenum substrates positioned normal to the plasma flow. The highest growth rates were obtained at substrate temperatures of 1370 K and a feed gas ratio of 2.5% CH4 in H2. Growth rates are compared to predicted results obtained from numerical simulations, based on a one-dimensional stagnation-point flow, and are/mend to be in good agreement. Several other surface analysis techniques were used to characterize the deposited films, inchaling SEA/, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy. Rutherfard backscattering spectroscopy, and hydrogen-forward recoil spectroscopy. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to characterize the RF plasma during the deposition process. Results from these studies form an important database for the validation and improvement of current models of the atmospheric-pressure diamond CVD environment.
Cost Considerations in Optimal Capacity Acquisition: An Option Pricing Approach

The optimal capacity choice is a tradeoff between the costs of shortage and excess capacity. This paper models the costs as the prices of an infinite number of European call and put options maturing continuously over the planning horizon. This approach allows a firm to consider the benefits of flexibility arising from delaying the acquisition of some capacity to a later time when more information about stochastic demand becomes available. The firm can then adjust the capacity to meet exact demand by purchasing in the spot market or reselling in the salvage market. The model determines optimal capacity by minimizing acquisition and capacity adjustment costs. I compare the model to extant models and discuss some special situations. Qualitative sensitivity analysis describes the impact of changes in model parameters on the optimal capacity. A Monte Carlo simulation compares this model with other models and results show that the Option Pricing model results in the lowest operating cost for all scenarios consi...
Interlobular excretory ducts of mammalian salivary glands: Structural and histochemical review

In the major salivary glands of mammals, excretory ducts (EDs) succeed striated ducts. They are for the most part interlobular in position, although their proximal portions sometimes are on the periphery of a lobule, where they occasionally retain some of the structural features of striated ducts. Based on a survey of a broad range of mammalian species and glands, the predominant tissue type that composes EDs is pseudostratified epithelium. In some species, there is a progression of epithelial types: the proximal EDs are composed of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium that, in the excurrent direction, usually gives way to the pseudostratified variety. Secretory granules are visible in the apical cytoplasm of the principal cells of the EDs of only a few species, but histochemistry has shown the presence of a variety of glycoproteins in these cells in a spectrum of species. Moreover, the latter methodology has revealed the presence of a variety of oxidative, acid hydrolytic, and transport enzymes in the EDs, showing that, rather than simply acting as a conduit for saliva, these ducts play a metabolically active role in gland function. It is difficult to describe a "typical" mammalian ED because it can vary along its length and interspecific variation does not follow a phylogenetic pattern. Moreover, in contrast to intercalated and striated ducts, ED cellular features do not exhibit a relationship to diet.
Group processes in the resolution of international conflicts: Experiences from the Israeli-Palestinian case

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has long been cited as a typical case of a protracted, intractable conflict.
GENERALIZED NEYMAN-PEARSON LEMMA VIA CONVEX DUALITY ⁄

We extend the classical Neyman-Pearson theory for testing composite hypotheses versus composite alternatives, using a convex duality approach, first employed by Witting. Results of Aubin and Ekeland from non-smooth convex analysis are used, along with a theorem of Koml6s, in order to establish the existence of a max-min optimal test in considerable generality, and to investigate its properties. The theory is illustrated on representative examples involving Gaussian measures on Euclidean and Wiener space.
Multiple Model-Based Control of the Tennessee−Eastman Process

This work addresses the model-based control of the Tennessee−Eastman (TE) challenge problem using a state-shared model. A detailed mechanistic nonlinear model is developed and validated with data taken from the original Downs and Vogel work [Downs, J. J.; Vogel, E. F. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1993, 17 (3), 245−255] and their accompanying Fortran programs. Two plantwide model predictive control (MPC) strategies that differ in the types of models used are applied to address regulation and transition control. The first employs multiple fixed-parameter models, identified at known grades, and the second uses an adaptive state-shared model [Tian, Z.; Hoo, K. A. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2003, 27 (11), 1641−1656] constructed from three fixed-parameter models and one specialized adaptive model. The first MPC strategy demonstrates closed-loop regulation and grade-transition performance especially when the worst disturbance, the loss of the A feed, is present. The second MPC strategy provides a better closed-loop performance fo...
A relational-calculus query language for historical databases

Abstract In this paper, an approach to handle time in relational query languages is outlined. The approach is based on extending Boolean and comparison operators by allowing their operands to be sets of intervals. The proposed temporal logic is shown to satisfy the properties of the normal Boolean logic. A relational-calculus query language using the extended logic is developed. The extended logic presented in this paper provides a good degree of flexibility in expressing different temporal requirements and therefore promises to be a successful approach for designing powerful temporal query languages.
Influence of thyroid hormone levels on the electrical and mechanical properties of rabbit papillary muscle

We have examined the influence of chronic in vivo alterations of thyroxine levels on the electrophysiological and mechanical properties of rabbit ventricular papillary muscles measured in vitro. Marked changes in the repolarization phase of the action potential and the time to peak tension of isometric twitches were observed, when thyroid hormone levels were increased above or decreased below normal. The time to peak tension was consistently shorter than normal in hyperthyroid and longer than normal in hypothyroid preparations. In hypothyroid preparations the action potential duration was greater than that of controls at all stimulation frequencies tested (0.1 to 1.0 Hz). In hyperthyroid preparations, the repolarization phase consisted of an initial phase of fast repolarization to membrane potential values between −20 and−40 mV followed by a plateau The early phase of repolarization persisted at all stimulation frequencies tested (0.1 to 1.0 Hz) but the plateau component increased markedly as the stimulation frequency was decresed. The early phase of repolarization was markedly reduced in the presence of 4-aminopyridine. These reults suggest that thyroxine levels may modulate the kinetics of a transient outward current which in rabbit papillary muscle normally is responsible for the frequency dependence of action potential duration. Action potential amplitude, maximum rate of rise resting membrane potential and peak isometric twitch tension were not markedly different between the three classes of preparations. A second depolarizing response occurred in all hyperthyroid preparations at low stimulation frequencies (0.1 to 0.4 Hz) but not in control or hypothyroid preparations. This second depolarizing response, which was eliminated by D-600 treatment, was similar to the calcium-dependent slow action potentials recorded in other cardiac preparations. These two component action potentials could represent either tials recorded in other cardiac preparations. These two component action potentials could represent either intrinsic single cell activity, or a re-entry wave of depolarization which results from nonhomogeneous excitation.
The role of IL-10 in mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis

Abstract Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine. To examine its role in virus-induced encephalomyelitis, IL-10-deficient (IL-10 −/−) mice were infected with a neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV). JHMV-infected IL-10 −/− mice, compared to IL-4 −/− and syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, exhibited increased morbidity and mortality. Virus was cleared from the CNS of all groups of mice with equal kinetics by day 9 postinfection and the lack of either IL-4 or IL-10 did not alter the distribution of viral antigen, suggesting a lack of correlation between viral replication and the increased clinical disease in IL-10 −/− mice. In moribund IL-10 −/− mice, a moderate increase in mononuclear cell infiltration was correlated with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNAs. In the small percentage of IL-10 −/− mice that survived, no differences in either demyelination or inflammation were observed. Together, these results suggest that IL-10 is not required for viral clearance, and although it appears to be one of the mechanisms responsible for inhibiting the extent of inflammation in the CNS during acute JHMV infection, it has little role in the eventual resolution of CNS inflammatory responses.
Restructuring and the Growth of Concentrated Poverty in Detroit.

Three theses that attempt to explain the rise of concentrated poverty and the growth of racial inequality in urban areas are examined in this study: (1) education/job mismatch and social class tran...
Preparing Community-Oriented Teachers: Reflections from a Multicultural Service-Learning Project.

The Banneker History Project (BHP) reconstructed the history of a local, segregated school. The Benjamin Banneker School served African American youth from 1915 to 1951. Oral histories from surviving alumni as well as primary documents from the times were sought. This article focuses on ways that one group of participants, 24 preservice teachers of color, experienced and interpreted the BHP. Data are reported in response to three questions: (a) Whose community does service learning serve? (b) What meanings do preservice teachers make of culturally responsive teaching? and (c) Does a community orientation count in teacher education? The author reflects on and draws insights from these data. She considers implications of this effort for community-oriented teacher education.
Effects of CP-900691, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, agonist on diabetic nephropathy in the BTBR ob/ob mouse

Effects of CP-900691, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α , agonist on diabetic nephropathy in the BTBR ob/ob mouse
Ecomorphology: Experimental Functional Anatomy for Ecological Problems

It is generally believed that the functional design of an organism relates to its ecology, yet this ecomorphological paradigm has historically suffered from the lack of a rigorous framework for its implementation. I present a methodology for experimentally exploring the ecological consequences of variation in morphology. The central idea is that morphology influences ecology by limiting the ability of the individual to perform key tasks in its daily life. Inthis scheme the effect of morphological variation on behavioral performance is first tested in laboratory experiments. As the behavioral capability of an individual defines the range of ecological resources that it can potentially make use of (the potential niche), the second step in the scheme involves comparing the potential niche of an individual to actual patterns of resource use (the realized niche). This permits a quantitative assessment of the significance of an organism's maximal capabilities in determining actual patterns of resource use. An example is presented from work on the feeding biology of fishes in the family Labridae (wrasses and parrotfishes). Most labrids feed by crushing shelled prey in their powerful pharyngeal jaws. This example explores the dietary consequences of variation in crushing strength amongand within species. Crushing strength was estimated from biomechanical analyses of the crushingapparatus in several species, and these predictions of relative strength were tested in laboratory feeding experiments with hard-shelled prey. Morphology accurately predicted relative crushing ability, and the final section of the study explored the effect of variation in crushing ability on diet. Within each of three species crushing strength appears to underlie a major ontogentic dietary switch from soft-bodied prey to a diet dominated by hard-shelled prey. In each species this switch occurred at about the same crushing strength, around 5 Newtons (N), in spite of the fact that this crushing strength is achieved by the three species at different body sizes. Diet breadth increases during ontogeny in each species, until a crushing strength of 5 N is achieved, when diet breadth begins to decline. The strongest fishes specialized almost entirely on molluscs and sea urchins. Thus, these labrids take advantage of ontogenetic and interspecific differences in crushing strength by including harder and harder prey in their diet, and ultimately specializing on hard prey types. The specialized organization of the labrid pharyngeal jaws can be viewed as a key innovation that has permitted this lineage of fishes to invade the mollusc eating niche, a relatively empty trophic niche within the highly speciose and diverse communities of coral reef fishes.
Protection against ricin intoxication in vivo by anti-idiotype vaccination

Abstract A BALB c murine anti-ricin monoclonal antibody (mAb BG11-G2, IgG1κ), was recently isolated and shown to passively protect syngeneic mice against ricin intoxication in vivo. New Zealand White rabbit polyclonal anti-idiotype (anti-Id) antibodies were raised to BG11-G2 anti-ricin mAb, and rendered specific by repeated absorption over agarosenormal mouse immunoglobulin (Ig). The absorbed rabbit anti-Id antibodies lost reactivity to normal mouse Ig and to a BALB c anti-T-2 mycotoxin IgG1κ mAb (HD11), but remained reactive with BG11-G2 anti-ricin mAb. The rabbit anti-Id inhibited the binding of BG11-G2 mAb to ricin-coated wells, and elicited a specific and protective anti-ricin antibody response in naive BALB c mice. Whereas all mice vaccinated with a control rabbit anti-Id antibody preparation died from in vivo ricin challenges, mice immunized with the rabbit anti-Id specific for BG11-G2 mAb were protected to various degrees. All mice vaccinated with rabbit anti-Id to BG11-G2 and challenged with ricin doses of 35 and 50 μg kg−1 body weight died from the challenge; however, a delay in the elapsed time between ricin administration and death was observed in these mice as compared to that of the control anti-Id-immune mice. Five of seven mice vaccinated with the rabbit anti-Id to BG11-G2 and subsequently challenged in vivo with a ricin dose of 20 μg kg−1 body weight survived the lethal in vivo ricin challenge, whereas all the control mice died. The five surviving mice were successively rechallenged with increasing ricin doses of 50, 150, and 500 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, on days 76, 82 and 92 following the first ricin challenge. All five mice survived the subsequent in vivo ricin rechallenges, and remained healthy two months following the last ricin re-challenge, suggesting an anti-Id-induced priming of an enhanced protective immune response to the nominal antigen, ricin.