cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building commissioning: a golden opportunity for reducing energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions in the United States

Commissioning is arguably the single most cost-effective strategy for reducing energy, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions in buildings today. Although commissioning has earned increased recognition in recent years, it remains an enigmatic practice whose visibility severely lags its potential. The application of commissioning to new buildings ensures that they deliver or exceed the performance and energy savings promised by their design and intended operation. When applied to existing buildings, commissioning identifies deficiencies and the almost inevitable "drift" from intended performance over time, and carries out interventions to put the building back on course. More formally, commissioning is a systematic, forensic approach to quality assurance and performance risk management, rather than a technology per se. This article presents the world's largest compilation and meta-analysis of commissioning experience and the associated literature, comprising 643 non-residential buildings, 99 million ft 2 of floorspace, $43 million in commissioning expenditures, and the work of 37 commissioning providers. The median normalized cost to deliver commissioning is $0.30/ft 2 ($2009 curren- cies) for existing buildings and $1.16/ft 2 for new construction (or 0.4% of the overall construction cost). The one third of projects for which data are available reveal over 10,000 energy-related deficiencies, the correction of which resulted in 16% median whole- building energy savings in existing buildings and 13% in new construction, with payback times of 1.1 and 4.2 years, respectively. Because energy savings exceed commissioning costs, the associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions come at a "negative" cost of �$110/tonne CO2 for new buildings and �$25/tonne for new construction. Cases with comprehensive commissioning attained nearly twice the overall median level of savings and five times the savings of the least-thorough projects. Significant non-energy benefits such as improved indoor air quality are also achieved. Applying the median whole-building energy- saving values to the US non-residential buildings stock corresponds to an annual energy-saving potential of $30 billion (and 340 Mt of CO2) by the year 2030.
The apparent viscosity of the protoplasm of subepidermal stem basis cells of Pisum sativum. Relation to aging, drought tolerance and water stress

Plants of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska wilt resistant were subjected to two different water stress regimes under controlled environment conditions: watering was stopped either on the 7th day (early stress) or on the 21st day (late stress) after planting. Plants under the early stress regime developed drought tolerance (adapted), while those under late stress did not. The apparent viscosity of the protoplasm of subepidermal stem basis cells was analyzed by the centrifugation and plasmolysis form method during the entire growth period. The apparent viscosity of the subepidermal stem basis cells changed with plant age and was highest in 3-week-old plants. In controls the relation of apparent viscosity to age was the same when measured under full turgor and in relaxed state. Under early stress condition, however, the pattern of the viscosity changes with plant age was significantly different for turgescent and relaxed cells. In four week old plants, a higher apparent viscosity was measured in relaxed adapted cells than in relaxed control cells. It is suggested that the higher apparent viscosity is the result of a delayed cell aging. Apparent viscosity was inversely proportional to soil moisture content and the osmotic potential of the cell sap for the cells of late stress plants, whereas no clear relation was found for the cells of early stress plants. This difference may indicate two mechanisms of viscosity changes: 1) osmotic dehydration of the protoplasm under water stress (passive viscosity change), 2) changes in the amount, hydration or architecture of macromolecules present in the cytoplasm (active viscosity change). Whereas differences in the apparent viscosity between control and stressed cells may not be the cause of drought tolerance, they seem to indicate the development of drought tolerance. Water stress history and plant age were the most critical factors controlling the apparent viscosity changes observed.
Oligonucleotides Produced by Digestion of KB Cell Ribosomal 5 S Ribonucleic Acid with Specific Nucleases

Abstract The oligonucleotides produced by pancreatic ribonuclease and Taka-Diastase ribonuclease T1 digestion of 32P-labeled ribosomal 5 S RNA derived from KB cells (human epidermoid carcinoma line) have been isolated and their nucleotide sequences determined. The oligonucleotides can all be separated from one another by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The position of the oligonucleotides was ascertained by radioautography, and their sequence was determined by further digesting them with alkali or any of a number of nucleases of different specificities. The quantitative yield of oligonucleotides suggests that KB cell 5 S RNA has a nucleotide sequence of 120 base residues with pGpU- as the 5'-terminal sequence and -GpCpUpU as the 3'-terminal sequence, or an alternative sequence of 121 base residues with an additional 3'-terminal pU.
Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase increases superoxide dismutase activity in cerebrospinal fluid.

Background and Purpose —Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) is expressed intracellularly, while extracellular SOD (EC-SOD) is released from cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether gene transfer of CuZnSOD increases SOD activity predominantly in tissues, and gene transfer of EC-SOD increases SOD activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We also determined whether heparin or dextran sulfate releases EC-SOD into CSF. Methods —We injected recombinant adenoviruses expressing EC-SOD (AdEC-SOD), CuZnSOD (AdCuZnSOD), or β-galactosidase (Adβ-gal) into the cisterna magna of rabbits. Results —Total SOD activity in CSF was 39±11 U/mL (mean±SE) before virus injection. Three days later, total SOD activity in CSF increased to 148±22 U/mL after AdEC-SOD and 92±10 U/mL after AdCuZnSOD ( P <0.05 versus AdEC-SOD), with no change after Adβ-gal (49±5 U/mL). EC-SOD protein was detected in CSF after AdEC-SOD but not AdCuZnSOD or Adβ-gal. Injection of heparin or dextran sulfate into the cisterna magna increased total SOD activity 27-fold and 32-fold over basal values, respectively, in CSF of rabbits that received AdEC-SOD. In contrast to effects in CSF, total SOD activity in basilar artery and meninges was significantly higher after AdCuZnSOD and tended to be higher after AdEC-SOD than after Adβ-gal. Conclusions —We have developed a method for intracranial gene transfer of CuZnSOD and EC-SOD. After gene transfer, CuZnSOD was expressed mainly in tissues, and EC-SOD was released into the CSF, especially after injection of heparin or dextran sulfate. Gene transfer of different isoforms of SOD may be useful in studies of cerebral vascular physiology and pathophysiology.
Biologic behavior of canine mammary neoplasms based on a histogenetic classification.

Out of more than 1,200 bitches with mammary neoplasia 154 were selected to evaluate the biologic behavior of their neoplasms, based on an acceptable follow-up record and terminal examination. The 271 neoplasms were placed in 11 categories on the basis of histogenesis. Twenty-eight (18%) of the bitches were placed in more than one category to evaluate the behavior of their multiple neoplasms.There were distinctive differences in biologic behavior of the various categories. Infiltrating ductular carcinomas had a shorter duration after diagnosis than did any of the other neoplasms, particularly the benign ones and the in situ carcinomas. The average duration prior to diagnosis was similar in most neoplasms, except for ductular carcinomas in mixed tumors and intraductal papillomas, which had a longer duration.Papillary ductular carcinomas had a shorter duration both before and after diagnosis than did either the solid (or variable) ductular carcinomas or the scirrhous ductular carcinomas, indicating that clas...
Revisiting ‘Asia’: exploring the utility and limitations of the concept of ‘Asia’ in relation to discourse on eating disorders

The emergence of eating disorders over the past few decades in a number of non-Western cultures, including many countries in Asia, has shed light on the key role that culture plays in the development of eating disorders. Yet discourse and research in the eating disorders field rely heavily on ‘Western’ diagnostic and theoretical models, as well as geopolitical concepts such as ‘Asia’. This paper discusses the origins of the term ‘Asia’ and the implications of its usage in eating disorders research. Consciousness of the use of such culturally loaded terms is needed in order to preclude ethnocentric appraisals of eating disorders within non-Western populations.
Disposal of Biosolids through Land Application: Concerns and Opportunities

CaCO 3 equivalent and contained 7.2, 2.3, and 19.5 g kg -1 N, P, and K, respectively. Biosolids from wastewater treatment plants in Washington D.C. and Maryland using lime stabilization demonstrated pH 11.9-12.5, CaCO 3 equivalency 219-520 g kg -1 , and OC, Kjehldahl N, total P, and K contents 216-292, 19.7-42.4, 5.9-14.3, and 0.5-4 g kg -1 ,
Submental intubation in complex craniomaxillofacial trauma

The submental route for endotracheal intubation is an alternative to nasal intubation or tracheostomy in the surgical management of patients with complex craniomaxillofacial injuries. The critical indication for submental intubation is the requirement for intraoperative maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) in the presence of injuries that preclude nasal intubation and in a situation where a tracheostomy is not otherwise required. MMF to re-establish dental occlusion is essential for a normal functional result in dentate patients with fractures involving alveolar segments of the jaws. However, MMF precludes orotracheal intubation. Nasotracheal intubation is often used but is contraindicated in the presence of skull base fractures and will interfere with the access to certain fracture types. A tracheostomy has a high potential complication rate and in many patients, an alternative to the oral airway is not required beyond the perioperative period. A submental intubation has been used in 11 selected cases amongst 190 consecutively treated patients with craniomaxillofacial trauma over a 3-year period. These cases have been retrospectively reviewed and there have been no significant complications. The indications and technique used are described. Submental intubation is a simple and useful technique with low morbidity in selected cases of craniomaxillofacial trauma and the author's clinical experience with this technique is described.
Statistical debugging: simultaneous identification of multiple bugs

We describe a statistical approach to software debugging in the presence of multiple bugs. Due to sparse sampling issues and complex interaction between program predicates, many generic off-the-shelf algorithms fail to select useful bug predictors. Taking inspiration from bi-clustering algorithms, we propose an iterative collective voting scheme for the program runs and predicates. We demonstrate successful debugging results on several real world programs and a large debugging benchmark suite.
Normal basilar artery structure and biaxial mechanical behaviour.

Much is known about cerebral vasospasm, a devastating sequela to ruptured intracranial aneurysms, yet underlying mechanisms remain unclear and clinical treatments have proven unsatisfactory. We have hypothesised that biochemical stimuli associated with the formation of extravascular blood clots dominate early maladaptive responses, leading to marked structural and functional changes in affected cerebral arteries. Before a precise picture of vasospasm can be obtained, however, we must understand better the structure and mechanical behaviour of normal cerebral arteries. Basilar arteries from rabbits were tested mechanically under biaxial loading conditions with and without active tone, segments were imaged using intravital nonlinear optical microscopy to quantify transmural orientations of fibrillar collagen, and passive mechanical data were fit with a four-fiber family stress–stretch relation. This constitutive model predicted well the overall mechanical behaviour and mean collagen fiber distributions, and...
Real Crime: Criminal Competition Law

This paper investigates the theoretical basis for criminalizing anticompetitive behavior that violates national antitrust laws. Though many scholars justify criminal antitrust sanctions solely on theories of utilitarian deterrence, I argue that retributivist justifications are relevant to whether or not individuals and corporations should be subject to conviction for these white collar crimes. The unique stigma of criminal sanctions may require the justification of the moral blameworthiness of the acts and actors. The paper also compares relative levels of corporate fines in jurisdictions where criminal prosecution is available and those where the sanctions are limited to civil remedies, reviews the policy positions of non-governmental organizations including the OECD and ICN, and finally, the raises the challenges of counseling and obtaining leniency in multi-jurisdictional investigations that have differing sanctions. The paper was presented at conference “Antitrust Marathon,” a series of roundtable discussions among competition and consumer law experts on the enduring issues of comparative competition law. The series is co-sponsored by the Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies of Loyola University Chicago School of Law and the Competition Law Forum of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law. The Rome Antitrust Marathon is also co-sponsored by the University of Rome I (Sapienza) and the Italian Competition Authority. It will be published in the European Competition Journal.
Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid transport between the ER and plasma membrane during PLC activation requires the Nir2 protein

Phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of the limited pool of plasma membrane (PM) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] requires replenishment from a larger pool of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) via sequential phosphorylation by PtdIns 4-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) 5-kinases. Since PtdIns is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 is generated in the PM, it has been postulated that PtdIns transfer proteins (PITPs) provide the means for this lipid transfer function. Recent studies identified the large PITP protein, Nir2 as important for PtdIns transfer from the ER to the PM. It was also found that Nir2 was required for the transfer of phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) from the PM to the ER. In Nir2-depleted cells, activation of PLC leads to PtdOH accumulation in the PM and PtdIns synthesis becomes severely impaired. In quiescent cells, Nir2 is localized to the ER via interaction of its FFAT domain with ER-bound VAMP-associated proteins VAP-A and-B. After PLC activation, Nir2 also binds to the PM via interaction of its C-terminal domains with diacylglycerol (DAG) and PtdOH. Through these interactions, Nir2 functions in ER-PM contact zones. Mutations in VAP-B that have been identified in familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou-Gehrig's disease) cause aggregation of the VAP-B protein, which then impairs its binding to several proteins, including Nir2. These findings have shed new lights on the importance of non-vesicular lipid transfer of PtdIns and PtdOH in ER-PM contact zones with a possible link to a devastating human disease.
The Orbital Symmetry of the Order Parameter in HTSC: The Controversy Continues

Recently, there have been a large number of experiments purporting to give evidence with regard to the orbital symmetry of the superconducting order parameter in the high temperature superconductors. Generally, the material that has been studied the most is YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO), but a few experiments have been performed on Tl2Ba2CuO4+δ (T12201), Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 (NCCO), HgBa2CuO4+δ (Hg1201), and on Bi2Sr2CaCu2 O8+δ (Bi2212), and on related compounds.
Words for the Sun Dance: Pete Catches, 1969

In 1896 an unidentified Oglala Lakota holy man told James R. Walker that "the Sun Dance is the greatest ceremony that the Oglalas do. It is a sacred ceremony in which all the people have a part" (Walker, Lakota Belief and Ritual 181). It is significant that the holy man spoke in the present tense, since the Lakota (Teton Sioux) Sun Dance had been declared illegal by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1883. Neither the declaration by the Department of the Interior in 1904 banning the ceremony (Mails, Sundancing 3), nor the repeal of the ban by the Indian Religious Freedom Act, passed by Congress in 1978 (Mails, Fools Crow 266), had much impact on the ceremony's actual practice (see Amiotte, "Lakota Sun Dance" 75 and Mails, Fools Crow 43). It flourished in secret performances through the decades until the unopposed but still illegal ceremony directed by Frank Fools Crow in 1952 (see Mails, Fools Crow 119). The number of participants has grown over the last 40 years, culminating in the presence of approximately 200 dancers in the mystery circle of Fools Crow at Kyle, South Dakota during the 1980s. Fools Crow is the most well known of twentieth century Sun Dance intercessors, although the Sicangu (Brule) spiritual leader, Bill Schweigman, was perhaps just as instrumental in the open restoration of the ceremony (Mails, Sundancing 45-47). Both men are now deceased. The somewhat younger Pete Catches, who danced in Sun Dances conducted by both Fools Crow and Schweigman, has since emerged as the foremost living spiritual leader among the Oglala and perhaps among the Lakota generally. Like Fools Crow, Catches is renowned for his eloquence in Lakota. Although he is sophisticated and adept when speaking of spiritual matters in English, the Sun Dance is so sacred that Catches restricts its verbalizing to the language of its visionary origin. His 1969 Lakota language response to an interviewer's request to explain ritual details does not attempt to be inclusive or definitive in the manner of ethnographic testimony. The Sun Dance has an abundance of complex
Dynamical Structure Factor and Vibrational Normal Modes of SiO2 Glass

We study the atomic vibrational dynamics in silica glass (a-SiO2) using molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations and classical lattice dynamics method. The SiO2 glasses were generated by molecular-dynamics and steepest-descent quench (SDQ) using an effective interatomic potential consisting of two-body and three-body interactions. The frequency and eigenvectors of vibrational normal modes are obtained by diagonalization of the dynamical matrix. The partial and total vibrational density of states (DOS), bond-projected DOS, participation ratio (PR), and neutron-weighted dynamic structure factor are calculated. The results are compared with inelastic neutron scattering experiments on SiO2 glass.
Compression of high grafting density opposing polymer brushes using molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent.

Opposing polymer brush layers at high grafting density were examined under confinement and characterized with respect to structure and interaction forces using molecular dynamics simulations in an ...
The Effects of Solar UV-B Radiation (280–315 nm) on Higher Plants: Implications of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction

For each 1% reduction in the atmospheric ozone column there would be a predictable increase of approximately 2% in solar UV-B radiation weighted for biological effectiveness, UV-BBE. Yet, physiological manifestations reflecting the net unrepaired damage to higher plants would not necessarily increase as a linear function of the UV-BBE enhancement. Recent evidence shows that for impairment of photosynthetic capacity, the response to UV-BBE was quite nonlinear. There was, however, no apparent threshold of UV-BBE to which the plants must be exposed before photosynthetic damage ensued and reciprocity in the response to UV-B applied over a considerable period of time. If the accumulative mode of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus is generally applicable to higher plants, even moderately UV-B resistant species may be affected by small increases in UV-B radiation, if such species possess long-lived leaves which are exposed to full sunlight. Because higher plant species appear to be differentially sensitive to UV-B radiation, the ecological significance of ozone reduction may lie more in changes in the competitive balance of species rather than in reduced primary productivity per se. The differential UV-B sensitivity of higher plant species may be related to the optical properties of tissues covering physiological targets and the efficacy of repair mechanisms.
Relationship between Occupational Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss in Enterprises Directly under Huizhou City

[Objective]To study the effect of noise exposure on hearing loss in workers of the work places.[Methods]Using cross-sectional study,the noise exposure of the work places was investigated in 8 factories(including hardware industry,printing industry,food industry and electronic industry) directly under Huizhou city,and occupational health investigation and pure tone audiometry were conducted in workers exposed to noise.164 office employees who did not have contact with noise were chosen as the control group.[Results]The hearing loss rate increased with the working age exposed to noise and noise intensity,which showed an obvious time-dose-response relationship.The hearing loss rate of the noise and toxicant exposure group was significantly higher than that of the noise exposure group(P0.05).[Conclusion]The noise intensity and working age exposed to noise are the main factors that influence workers' hearing,and toxicant combined with noise could aggravate the hearing loss.
Gastroduodenal effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

PreviewMore than 60 million prescriptions for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are written in the United States each year. How can the primary care physician avoid gastric and duodenal complications in patients receiving these drugs? What should be done once an ulcer has formed? Dr Kimmey discusses the clinical relevance, diagnosis, and treatment of the adverse gastrointestinal effects of NSAIDs.
The Clonogenic Growth of Cells Derived From Bladder Barbotage in Patients With Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Preliminary Report

Tumor cells obtained from bladder washings in 41 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 15 control subjects were analyzed for their ability to produce cluster and/or colony formation in a tumor stem cell assay. In vitro cell growth was correlated with the presence of tumor at the time of bladder washing, tumor grade and treatment status. Of 34 bladder washings from patients with biopsy-proved transitional cell carcinoma 88 per cent produced cluster and/or colony formation. Specimens from patients not currently receiving intravesical chemotherapy at the time of bladder barbotage produced colonies in 54 per cent of the cases, compared to 25 per cent from patients receiving therapeutic or maintenance therapy. Higher grade tumors produced more viable cells at bladder barbotage but clonal growth rates were independent of histologic grade. We conclude that bladder barbotage may serve as a source of cells for chemotherapeutic drug testing in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Bladder washings also may be useful as a source of tumor cells for monitoring the in vivo growth potential of bladder cancer in the tumor stem cell assay.
NONVERBAL EXPRESSIONS OF DOMINANCE AND POWER IN HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

F undamental to all social species is the negotiation and expression of dominance and power relationships. Whether it is establishing a pecking order or a marching order, proclaiming privileges or prohibitions, exercising leadership or intimidation, humans, like other mammals, have evolved intricate means of signaling in any social encounter who are “one up” or “one down,” who can “have” or “have not,” who “goes before” or “goes after.” Such signaling is a necessity for creating
Pumping and Trapping

On ion-pumped UHV systems, it is of course necessary to bring the system pressure down from atmospheric to about 10−2 Torr before starting the ion pumps . This may be done in several ways, including the use of zeolite sorption pumps that are cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures in order to physically adsorb all of the atmospheric gases. Because of the large quantity of air that must be removed by the zeolite, the process of reaching the limiting pressure sometimes exceeds 1 h. A method to remove the majority of the atmospheric gas has been reported that is free from the possibility of causing oil contamination [1]. The use of a rotary pump does not exclude this possibility.
Lenalidomide in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a complex disease. Insights into its pathogenesis and the interplay between B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and tumor microenvironment (TME) have provided newer therapeutic targets for the treatment of CLL. Lenalidomide is a 2nd generation, immunomodulatory analogue with demonstrated clinical activity in CLL, both as an initial therapy and in patients with progressive disease.Areas covered: Lenalidomide pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, clinical activity, adverse effect profile and its potential for further use are discussed here. This review offers an insight into the unique mechanisms of action of lenalidomide and provides an overview of the clinical experience with lenalidomide in patients with CLL.Expert opinion: Lenalidomide demonstrates efficacy among patients with CLL, both as monotherapy and as combination regimens. Its activity has been explored in patients with relapsed and previously untreated disease. Lenalidomide is b...
Simulation modeling of alternative staffing and task prioritization in manual post-distribution cross docking facilities

Many supply chains have grown increasingly complex, which has led to the development of different facility types. One such facility is known as a post-distribution cross docking system (Post-C). In these facilities, bulk sorted product is received from various suppliers. Each product has its own destination, so the bulk package is broken, sorted by destination, and staged by destination. Typical processing includes: sort received goods by product type; break bulk and sort out goods by destination; move palletized goods to the staging areas of their respective destinations. This paper compares a global staffing policy (in which all workers may perform any task) to a dedicated staffing policy (in which groups of workers are assigned specific tasks). Through comparisons of the two models, the results indicated that the dedicated worker model's benefits from reduced change-over outweigh the lower worker utilization it experiences.
Simulation study for the lead time in cancer screening when human lifetime is a competing risk.

SIMULA TION STUDY FOR THE LEAD TIME IN CANCER SCREENING WHEN HUMAN LIFETIME IS A COMPETING RISK Sarah K. Kendrick April 16,2013 PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to examine the lead time distribution in cancer screening trials when lifetime is a random variable in order to determine optimal initial age at screening and screening frequency. METHODS: Simulation was used in order to estimate the distribution of the lead time for a hypothetical individual with a future screening schedule. The lifetime distribution used comes from the Social Security Administration's actuarial life tables. The lead time distribution was then calculated based on two different sojourn time distributions (log-logistic and exponential) with four mean sojourn times (2, 5, 10, and 20 years), using three different initial screening ages, to=40, 50, 60, and four different screening frequencies, every six months, every year, every 1.5 years, and every two years for both males and females. RESULTS: Smaller time intervals between screenings yield a smaller probability of no benefit and a greater expected lead time.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three phi29-Like Bacillus cereus Group Podoviridae .

ABSTRACT Three double-stranded DNA phi29-like Bacillus cereus group bacteriophages, BeachBum, Harambe, and SerPounce, were identified and characterized. BeachBum and Harambe are closely related but are remarkably different from previously identified phi29-like phages. SerPounce is substantially closer to other phi29-like phages, enabling the identification of its prohead RNA (pRNA) gene.
Research in Special Populations: Acute Illnesses; Critical Care; and Surgical Patients

Clinical research in acutely ill populations, such as those with surgical or critical illnesses, has dramatically increased over the last two decades. As this research has expanded, unique challenges have arisen, many of which have resulted in novel, ground-breaking advancements in conducting patient-oriented research. This chapter is devoted to detailing many of these challenges and advances, including consenting acutely ill patients using either surrogate consent or emergency waiver of consent; choosing appropriate controls, with focus on the use of placebos and sham surgery, in study design; and the nature of acceptable endpoints for these studies, which has rapidly evolved from physiologic and biochemical endpoints through short-term morbidity and mortality to long-term outcomes such as 180-day mortality or cognitive functioning years after discharge. Recently, the use of cluster randomized trial designs and pragmatic study designs has become popular. Although not unique to research in acutely ill populations, the differences between associated and attributable outcomes are also discussed, with emphasis on how these concepts impact sample size and powering of studies. Finally, the complexity of identifying adverse events in these populations is discussed. Many acutely ill patients have untoward outcomes in their natural clinical course regardless of participation in research studies. This complicates the issue of identifying study-related adverse events in these populations, which often requires input from an experienced clinician, researcher, and/or regulatory agencies.
Bond Issues: Political Relations and Financing Capacities of China's Large Corporations

The effects of firms’ political relations vary in different contexts, especially in the complicated financial affairs. Prior studies, however, mostly focus on such impacts in uni-dimensional matter...
Vision Loss Associated With the Opioid Epidemic.

This medical record review study compares the clinical characteristics of endogenous endophthalmitis in patients with and without injection drug use.
Nanocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells

Abstract Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) are one of the potential candidates as highly conducting networks with surface area with a possibility to be used as catalyst support. In the present study, highly active state-of-the-art Pt-NCNTFs catalyst was synthesized by pyrolyzing ZIF-67 along with Pt precursor under flowing Ar-H 2 (90-10 %) gas at 700 °C. XRD analysis indicated the formation of Pt-Co alloy on the surface of the nanostructured catalyst support. The high resolution TEM examination showed the particle size range of 7 to 10 nm. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance was evaluated by fabricating membrane electrode assemblies using Nafion-212 electrolyte using H 2 /O 2 gases (100 % RH) at various temperatures. The peak power density of 630 mW.cm 2 was obtained with Pt-NCNTFs cathode catalyst and commercial Pt/C anode catalyst at 70 °C at ambient pressure.
Laser Heating of Solids

We are concerned with heating metals and semiconductors to produce a change in their properties in the heated region only. The change may be a solid to solid conversion as in heat treating steels, a solid to liquid to solid conversion as in semiconductor annealing or a solid-to-liquid-to vapor conversion as in cutting or drilling. The questions which we might wish to answer before designing a processing procedure include 1. What sort of laser do we need? 2. How must it be delivered to the sample? 3. How long should it dwell on the irradiated site? and 4. Will there be any unwanted side effects?
Freestanding NiFe Oxyfluoride Holey Film with Ultrahigh Volumetric Capacitance for Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors

In this work, a freestanding NiFe oxyfluoride (NiFeOF) holey film is prepared by electrochemical deposition and anodic treatments. With the combination of good electrical conductivity and holey structure, the NiFeOF holey film offers superior electrochemical performance with maximum specific capacitance of 670 F cm-3 (134 mF cm-2 ), due to the following reasons: (i) The residual metal alloy framework can be used as the current collector to improve electrode conductivity. Moreover, the as-prepared freestanding NiFeOF holey film can be used as a supercapacitor electrode without reliance on binders and other additives. The residual metal alloy framework and binder-free electrode effectively reduce electrode resistance, thus improving electron transport. (ii) The highly interconnected holey structure and hierarchical pore distribution provide a high specific surface area to improve electron transport, enhancing rapid ion transport, and mitigating diffusion limitations throughout the holey film. (iii) The excellent mechanical characteristics facilitate flexibility and cyclability related performance. Additionally, the NiFeOF holey film presents exceptional electrochemical performance, showing that it is a promising alternative for small/microsize electronic devices.
Whole-Genome Sequence of the Novel Enterobacter Bacteriophage Arya with an Integrase Pseudogene, Isolated from the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite.

ABSTRACT We isolated and sequenced the novel Enterobacter bacteriophage Arya from termite gut. The genome showed synteny to lytic bacteriophage genomes; however, the genome encodes a truncated, putatively nonfunctional integrase pseudogene. Lysogeny-related genes were previously observed in certain lytic phages, but their role and evolution remain unclear.
Diagnosing Behavior Problems: A Guide for Practitioners

Clinicians play an important role in diagnosing problem behaviors as a precursor to treating them. This requires a protocol for gathering historical behavioral and health information, direct observation and examination of the animal, and a broad knowledge base of medical and behavioral differential diagnoses for those findings. Aggression and anxiety are the most commonly reported behavior problems in dogs. In cats, elimination problems and aggression are the most prevalent. Other important diagnoses for these species are cognitive dysfunction and abnormal repetitive behaviors.
Fathering Involvement to Engagement: A Phenomenological Qualitative Roadmap

This phenomenological research examines the narratives of fathers and mothers about the lived experience of “fathering” to find themes to form dimensions of measuring father engagement. Qualitative responses from a mixed method cross-sectional sample of 191 father and mother participants were analyzed for phenomenological themes related to the lived experience of the fathering experience. Mothers (n = 24) and fathers (n = 34) provided narratives related to fathering roles and expectations, including enjoyment, fulfillment and gratitude, a relational and environmental context, the value of fathering, fathering involvement and activities, and emotional bonds and attachment. Themes from these narratives included both cognitive and affective dimensions of father involvement experience. The essence of this experience presents the intersection between the value of involvement within a contextual environment, attachment and the fulfillment and joy of the experience of parenting. Measures of attachment as well as fulfillment in parenting are necessary for future direction of research evaluation.
Willingness to Participate in Longitudinal Research among People with Chronic Pain Who Take Medical Cannabis: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Abstract Background: Regulatory barriers limit clinical trials of medical cannabis in the United States. Longitudinal cohort studies may be one feasible alternative that could yield clinically rele...
Características del esfínter pilórico utilizando EndoFLIP® en gastroparesia

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Existen anormalidades en el esfinter pilorico que pueden ser detectadas en la gastroparesia. La inyeccion de toxina botulinica tipo A (BoNT/A) en el piloro ha sido utilizada en el tratamiento de gastroparesia con diversos resultados. El objetivo del presente articulo fue evaluar si existia correlacion entre las caracteristicas del esfinter pilorico observadas con el cateter luminal de imagen funcional (EndoFLIP®) con planimetria por impedancia en pacientes con gastroparesia, y sintomas, vaciamiento gastrico y respuesta terapeutica tras inyeccion de BoNT/A en esfinter pilorico. Metodos El estudio con EndoFLIP® se llevo a cabo en pacientes en tratamiento para gastroparesia con BoNT/A. Se utilizo el indice de sintoma cardinal de gastroparesia (GSCI por sus siglas en ingles) antes del tratamiento y a las 2, 4, 8 y 12 semanas despues del tratamiento. Resultados Se recluto a 44 pacientes (30 con gastroparesia idiopatica, 14 con gastroparesia diabetica). Se encontro correlacion entre menor diametro pilorico, area de seccion transversal (AST) y distensibilidad, y vomito y arcadas mas intensos en la evaluacion basal. Tambien se observo una tendencia a correlacionar de mayor retencion gastrica con el AST y una distensibilidad pilorica disminuidas. El tratamiento con BoNT/A dio como resultado una disminucion significativa en el GSCI a las 2 y 4 semanas despues del tratamiento, pero no a las 8 o 12 semanas despues. La nausea, la saciedad temprana, la plenitud posprandial y el dolor abdominal superior mejoraron hasta 12 semanas, mientras que la perdida de apetito, la plenitud gastrica y el estomago visiblemente mas grande mejoraron solo hasta 4 semanas. Las arcadas y el vomito no mejoraron. La elasticidad pilorica basal correlaciono con un mayor grado de mejora de saciedad temprana y nauseas a las 8 semanas, y la mayor distensibilidad pilorica correlaciono con una mejora en el dolor abdominal. Conclusiones Las caracteristicas del piloro observadas con EndoFLIP® proporcionaron informacion fisiopatologica importante relacionada a sintomas, vaciamiento gastrico y prediccion de respuesta a tratamiento dirigido al piloro en pacientes con gastroparesia.
Post-impact drop vibration on a hydrophilic surface

Abstract Post-impact drop vibration on a hydrophilic surface has been studied experimentally in terms of the oscillation of spread and thickness factors. Water droplets were dropped from a piezoelectric droplet generator onto a smooth aluminum surface. Three different regimes featuring different oscillatory behaviors were classified based on Weber number. Quantitative characterization of the drop vibration was conducted for Regime I with We 30 . Mobile contact line (MCL) and pinned contact line (PCL) vibrations were differentiated for the first time in analyzing the post-impact drop vibration. A time-frequency analysis shows that the transition from MCL vibration to PCL vibration features a tiny shift to a higher oscillation frequency. The normalized oscillation frequency can be well scaled by Ω ∼ We - 1 / 2 as shown from the classical models. A new, empirical, unifying model was developed to account for the contact line movement in order to incorporate both MCL and PCL vibrations. The hysteresis-induced force at the three-phase contact line was found to alternate the equilibrium position of the vibrating drop with time, and thus making the oscillatory behavior nonlinear. It can be derived from the unifying model that the oscillation frequency should also scale as Ω ∼ We - 1 / 2 and the damping factor should scale as ζ ∼ Re - 1 , which are validated by the presented experimental results. Finally, the good scaling of the damping factor indicates that the major damping mechanism, for both MCL and PCL vibrations, should originate from the viscous dissipation.
Policy Knowledge: Nonprofit Institutions

The complexity of modern governments requires specialized knowledge and administrative expertise. In the USA, government bureaucracies rely heavily on private research organizations and nonprofit foundations, operating outside of government, to provide this expertise. The expanded role of the federal government in the post-World War II era strengthened the network of relations among public agencies and private groups including nonpartisan research institutes. The peculiar relationship reflects a strong antistatist tradition in America, evident in the role of private reform organizations in the early and late nineteenth century. In the late twentieth century, nonpartisan research organizations such as the Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute, the Heritage Foundation, and the Institute for Policy Studies gained prominence for providing specialized knowledge to government policy-makers, even while these organizations reflected ideological positions in their research orientations.
A phase I/II study of docetaxel in combination with doxorubicin HCI liposome injection in advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer

14588 Background: There is no cure for men with AIPC. Recently two landmark studies demonstrated an improvement in survival for men with AIPC treated with docetaxel based chemotherapy. Doxorubicin ...
The Importance of Being Perverse: Troubling Law, Identities, Health and Rights in Search of Global Justice

The premise of this chapter is that policy makers and practitioners concerned with sexual health or with the health of persons of diverse sexualities can and should be part of a global struggle for justice and rights. At the same time, because rights claims for gay-identified or sexually and gender-nonconforming persons do not automatically encompass broader justice claims in health, we seek to explore the tools and principles in health, rights, law, and sexuality that open or close down a connection to broader justice. We suggest that the process of theorizing and practicing an integrated approach to sexuality—critiquing and linking the worlds of health, law, and human rights—can result in practices and positions that are more than mere sums of our current understanding and thus contribute to politically strategic and self-conscious strategies of coalition with others seeking greater justice in health.
FDA acceptance of surrogate endpoints in later lines of therapy.

6517Background: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) utilizes surrogate endpoints in order to speed drugs to market. Surrogates reduce development time, though they do so to a larger extent in t...
Innovations in Agricultural and Food Systems Sustainability in California

Despite the dominant trends toward farm consolidation and cheap food policies in California, there are many examples of producers who are adopting regenerative on-farm practices and supporting organizations that assist small, beginning, and sustainability-focused farmers to thrive in a challenging environment. Sustainability innovations profiled in this case study are variously related to the three broader concepts of socioecological systems, integrated landscape management, and rural-urban interface. After reviewing these concepts, this case study presents the main barriers to sustainable farming and sustainable food systems, which are identified in interviews with producers. This case study then profiles illustrative examples of economic, social, and environmental innovations at the farm and institutional levels, which have achieved success at overcoming these barriers and are sufficiently documented for sharing and scaling-up impact. Producer innovations to reduce climate and market risks are then classified on a scale continuum. Finally, this case study presents the diverse types and qualities of support available to sustainability-focused farmers and ranchers in California, with clear policy implications for broadening and deepening this support.
Challenges of Retirement Policy, Social Security Reform, and Retirement Income: A Discussion with Alicia H. Munnell, PhD

Director of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Alicia H. Munnell talked with with members of the Retirement Management Journal Editorial Advisory Board in February 2019 about the challenges of addressing retirement policy at the national level and the practical steps advisors can take to help support their clients in retirement.
THE USE OF SHOCKWAVE IN VESSELS PREVIOUSLY TREATED WITH DIRECTIONAL ATHERECTOMY DRUG-COATED BALLOON

Percutaneous treatment of peripheral arterial disease consists of a variety of technologies, ShockWave has been a promising new invention. Operators have a tendency to stent or surgically revascularize any lesion that was previously percutaneously treated. The patient is a 72 year old female with
Patterns of Student Treatment Attendance and Dropout in an Urban School-Based Mental Health Program

Baltimore City Public Schools’ school-based mental health program sought to reduce barriers to treatment for students by providing on-site mental health care. This study examines differences in treatment attendance, dropout, and pharmacologic referral among students enrolled in the Johns Hopkins affiliated program. Enrolled student records for SY2015–2016 and SY2016–2017 (N = 655) were analyzed. Latent class analyses (LCAs) identified classes of youth who varied in demographic and clinical characteristics, and differences in treatment outcomes by class were examined. LCAs identified three classes: one with higher probability of being male, Black, in elementary/middle school, and with externalizing symptoms (33%), one with higher probability of being female, Black, in high school, and with internalizing symptoms or adjustment problems (34%), and one with higher probability of being male, ethnically diverse, in elementary/middle school, and with equal probability of having or not having externalizing symptoms (33%). Classes differed significantly in their likelihood of receiving a psychiatrist visit during treatment (χ2 = 10.7, p = .01), with younger classes more likely to receive psychiatric visits than the older class. No class had fewer than 50% of students attending more than 20 sessions. However, classes differed in achieving high treatment attendance (χ2 = 9.6, p = .01), with both younger classes more likely to exceed 20 visits than the older class of students. The older class of students was more likely to refuse treatment once it was initiated (χ2 = 7.1, p = .03). Overall, the ESMH delivery-of-care model studied showed great promise in retaining vulnerable students in treatment, though older students are more likely to stop treatment and questions remain about the clinical benefit of so many students remaining in treatment for such a prolonged period of time.