cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hispanic Youth With Excess Weight Display Psychological Distress Do the Youth Self-Report Norms Accurately Capture This Phenomenon?

Adolescent overweight/obesity (OW/O) has reached epidemic proportions. The Youth Self-Report (YSR) was administered to 514 primarily Hispanic urban high school students to examine the relationship between weight and psychological distress. YSR and study population-specific norms were used to assess risk on Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, and Social Problems scales. OW/O status increased Social Problems regardless of norms. OW/O students endorsed greater Withdrawn/Depressed symptoms with YSR norms; greater Anxious/Depressed and Somatic Complaints were endorsed with population-specific norms. Females drive results. Findings suggest norms need to incorporate minority and economically disadvantaged groups.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of acetaminophen elixir versus suppositories in vaccinated infants (aged 3 to 36 months): a single-dose, open-label, randomized, parallel-group design

Abstract Background Because of practical problems and ethical concerns, few studies of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of acetaminophen (ACET) in infants have been published. Objective The goal of this study was to compare the PK of an ACET rectal suppository with a commercially available ACET elixir to complete a regulatory obligation to market the suppository. This study was not submitted previously because of numerous obstacles related to both the investigators and the commercial entities associated with the tested product. Methods Thirty infants (age 3–36 months) prescribed ACET for either fever, pain, or postimmunization prophylaxis of fever and discomfort were randomized to receive a single 10- to 15-mg/kg ACET dose either as the rectal suppository or oral elixir. Blood was collected at selected times for up to 8 hours after administration. ACET concentrations were measured by using a validated HPLC method, and PK behavior and bioavailability were compared for the 2 preparations. Results All 30 infants enrolled were prescribed ACET for postimmunization prophylaxis. PK samples were available in 27 of the 30 enrolled infants. Subject enrollment (completed in January 1995) was rapid (8.3 months) and drawn entirely from a vaccinated infant clinic population. There were no statistically significant differences between the subjects (elixir, n=12; suppository, n=15) in either mean (SD) age (10.0 [6.3] vs 12.4 [8.1] months), weight (8.6 [2.3] vs 9.4 [2.4] kg), sex (7 of 12 males vs 7 of 15 males), or racial distribution (5 white, 5 black, and 2 biracial vs 4 white and 11 black) between the 2 dosing groups (oral vs rectal, respectively). The oral and rectal preparations produced similar, rapid peak concentrations (T max , 1.16 vs 1.17 hours; P = 0.98) and elimination t ½ (1.84 vs 2.10 hours; P = 0.14), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between either C max (7.65 vs 5.68 μg/mL) or total drug exposure (AUC 0–∞ , 23.36 vs 20.45 μg-h/mL) for the oral versus rectal preparations. There were no serious treatment-related effects noted. Delays in submitting this work for publication were the result of a number of investigator and sponsor issues despite the study's positive outcome. Conclusions No statistically significant differences were found between the rates or extent of absorption of the suppository and elixir preparations in this small, infant population. Both preparations were well tolerated. Vaccinated infants were a useful population in which to conduct a PK study of this antipyretic, analgesic product. Delays in publishing pediatric trials can occur as a result of a number of issues even when results are positive.
Hydrocarbon oxidation catalyzed by manganese and iron complexes with the hexadentate ligand N,N'-di(ethylacetate)-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine

Abstract Analogs of recently reported manganese and iron catalysts for alkene and alkane oxidation reactions have been prepared with the potentially hexadentate ligand N,N'-di(ethylacetate)-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (debpn). The Mn(II) and Fe(II) complexes, which were previously found to be heptacoordinate in the solid state, are capable of catalyzing alkene epoxidation and aliphatic C–H activation reactions, although these activities are inferior to those of related complexes with less coordinating ligands. The hydrocarbon oxidation catalyzed by iron is more severely disrupted. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the +2 oxidation states for both debpn complexes’ metal ions are stabilized by the two additional chelate arms. Product analysis of the C–H activation and olefin epoxidation chemistries suggest that ligand-substrate steric interactions may exert additional inhibitory effects on the reactivity for the manganese catalysts.
Water potential changes in faecal matter and Escherichia coli survival

Aims: This study investigated the influence of a range of evaporation rates (2·0, 5·3 and 7·4 mm day−1) on degradation of E. coli (ATCC Strain 25922) inoculated in canine faeces. Methods and Results: Experiments were carried out in an environmental chamber and a first order exponential decay function (Chick’s Law) was used to estimate degradation rates. We estimated die-off coefficients using linear regression. Die-off rates were −0·07, −0·22 and −0·23 h−1, respectively, for evaporation rates of 2·0, 5·3 and 7·4 mm day−1 (P = 0·000+, for each model). Nearly complete die-off was found within 15–60 h (7·4–2·0 mm day−1 evaporation rates), which corresponds with a water potential of approximately −22·4 MPa. Conclusions: This study indicates that canine faeces need not be desiccated to achieve complete loss of indicator organisms. Water potential, which is a combination of osmotic and matric potential, is a key stress that increases as evaporation removes water from the faecal matrix and increases concentration of the remaining faecal solution. Evaporation may remove populations of indicator organisms in faeces relatively quickly, even though faeces are not completely dehydrated. Significance and Impact of the Study: This research may be used as the foundation for studies more closely resembling real-world evaporation conditions including diurnal fluctuations, rewetting and freezing.
Forecasting intention to purchase: attitude versus equity

Summary.-This study compared an attitude model with three different equity equations where two different input/output assumptions were examined. Using correlational analysis, the attitude model was superior to the six equity models fop predicting intention to purchase over three different products. Fishbein (1967) developed a multi-attribute attitude model that has been used extensively to predict intention to purchase. In a survey of studies dealing with the multi-attribute model, Wilkie and Pessemier (1973) found that a good correlation often existed between attitude and purchase or predisposition to purchase. However, limitations of models such as Fishbein's (1967) are that they fail to include inputs (they only include outcomes or consequences) and they do not take into consideration socially based outcomes and inputs that capture the social influences of relevant others. Homans (l96l), as an example, discussed the concept of inputs or "investments" and how they may be considered in the exchange relationship. Researchers, such as Festinger ( 1954), Merton (1957), and Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975), have illustrated how individuals compare themselves with others when assessing a decision. A predictive model that includes inputs and outcomes plus relevant others is the equity model. In the equity model ". . . an individual evaluates his 'inputs into' versus 'outputs derived from' a given situation relative to those of another . . ." (Jacoby, 1976). Equity will exist when the magnitude of the difference between the two ratios equals zero or, stated another way, inequity exists for a person when he perceives that the ratio of his outcomes to inputs and the ratio of a significant others' outcomes and inputs are unequal. The equity model has been used to explain and predict a wide range of behavior (Walster, Berscheid, & Walster, 1973). Adms and Freedman (1976) indicate that the equity model has a great deal of relevance to economic relationships, however, it has been used to a very limited extent to predict intention to purchase. Huppertz, Arenson, and Evans (1978) found in a retail setting that when customers perceived inequity they left the store without buying the item as one mode of restoration of inequity. Most of the applications of the equity model have involved employer-employee relations and workers' performance, but the same considerations apply to the choice process or the purchasing decision. A buyer's input includes price, time, effort, etc. His out'Requests for reprints should be sent to Richard H. Evans, School of Management,
Incorporating problem-solving patterns in CS1

In [Wall96], Wallingford describes an approach to introductory courses that is based on programming patterns, i.e., algorithms or problem-solving approaches that can be applied to various applications. By focusing on patterns such as "Input-Process-Test" or "Process all items in a collection", students reason at a higher-level of abstraction when solving problems. In addition, code schema can be provided which apply to certain patterns, and these schema then serve as frameworks for program development. (See also [Rist89], [Coad92], and [GHJV95].)Closely related to the patterns approach is the use of themes in a programming course. Selecting a particular idea (such as self-reference [Astr94]), methodology (such as formal specifications [MH96]), or application domain (such as databases [AR95]) provides a framework for learning new techniques and concepts. Once a concept has been studied in one context, new applications which similarly utilize that concept can be understood more easily.This paper describes the use of a particular problem-solving pattern, binary reduction, as a recurring theme in the CS1 course. Other problem-solving approaches, such as divide-and-conquer or generate-and-test, could similarly be used. By introducing problem-solving patterns early in the course and then revisiting them in different contexts, students learn to look for common characteristics in problems, and to use an existing solution as a framework for solving related problems. Perhaps more importantly, understanding the behavior of one problem solution can simplify the analysis of other problem solutions based on the same pattern.
Attentiveness as a style of communication: A structural analysis

Attentiveness, as a stylistic component, is introduced as a construct in its own right. A 30‐item, pencil and paper measure is presented which focuses upon behavioral signals, sensitivities, and self‐evaluations. A factor analysis and elementary linkage analysis show that the attentiveness construct can be accurately represented in terms of these three factors. Two regression analyses indicate that attentiveness is a function of posture, verbal behavior, and eye contact. Finally, it is demonstrated that attentiveness (via amount of listening behavior) varies as a function of role status across differing contexts.
Pteridines. 52. A Convenient Synthesis of 6-Formylpterin1

Abstract 6-Formylpterin has been prepared by a new and highly efficient procedure involving palladium-catalyzed coupling of 2-pivaloyl-6-chloropterin with styrene, followed by ozonolysis of the resulting 6-styryl derivative and acid hydrolysis of the 2-pivaloyl gorup.
Mismatch and Defuse Harvesting the Riches of Multicenter Neuroimaging-Based Stroke Studies

See related article, pages 1826–1830. The goal of acute stroke evaluation is to determine not only stroke type (ischemic versus hemorrhagic) and localization (anatomical and vascular), but perhaps more importantly, to determine reversibility (presence of an ischemic penumbra that may be salvaged with acute therapy). Traditionally, neurologists have relied on history and neurological examination to provide much of this information. However, long experience has demonstrated that the neurological examination is imperfect at best in determining lesion localization and grossly limited in its ability to provide insights into the presence of penumbral tissue. This is evidenced by the only modest correlations between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and perfusion-weighted imaging lesion volume.1,2 The last decade has seen a striking growth in neuroimaging techniques that provide important real-time information about acute stroke pathophysiology. In the mid-1990s the advent of diffusion-weighted imaging revolutionized the role of MRI in acute stroke evaluation. Not …
A shock tube study of the CO+OH→CO2+H reaction

The rate coefficient for the reactionCO+OH→CO 2 +H has been determined using mixtures of nitric acid (HNO 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and argon in incident shock wave experiments. Upon shock heating, the nitric acid rapidly decomposes into OH and NO 2 . The OH subsequently reacts predominantly via reaction (1). Quantitative OH time histories were obtained by continuous-wave (cw) narrow-linewidth UV laser absorption of the R 1 (5) line of the A 2 Σ + «X 2 Π i (0,0) transition at 32,606.56 cm −1 (vacuum). In some experiments, helium was added to the reactant mixture to examine CO vibrational excitation effects on the rate coefficient determination. It was found that the rate of excited CO ( v =1) with OH is less than the rate of ground-state CO ( v =0) with OH, which is in agreement with previous state-dependent work. The experiments were conducted over the temperature range 1090–2370 K and the pressure range 0.19–0.82 atm. The second-order rate coefficient was determined to be k 1 ( T )=2.12×10 12 exp[−2630/ T (K)] (cm 3 mol −1 s −1 ) with overall uncertainties of +16, −12% at high temperatures and +19, −22% at low temperatures. These results are in good agreement with recent studies of reaction (1) and are well fit by a chemically activated intermediate model. The current work also provides a link to previous low-temperature data.
Use of landscape metrics to predict avian nest survival in a fragmented midwestern forest landscape.

Abstract Habitat fragmentation fundamentally affects trophic interactions and ecosystem function. Understanding how the landscape matrix modulates such interactions can improve our understanding of fragmentation ecology. Studies of breeding birds provide clear examples of the consequences of habitat fragmentation, but the landscape context of these effects are unclear. We sampled avian nesting success in 12 moderately-large forest patches (>250 ha) embedded in different types of landscapes in southern Illinois, USA. We then evaluated eight models that predicted the probability of nest success and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds. These models incorporated landscape composition (% grassland, % agriculture, fragmentation), year and seasonal effects, conspecific density, predator density, and combinations of these variables. Temporal factors (stage of nesting cycle, seasonal effects, annual variation) had the most effect on nesting success; landscape factors had little influence on nesting success. The rate and intensity of brood parasitism were significantly influenced by the amount of grassland for the Wood Thrush, but not for the Acadian Flycatcher. Fine-scale management of the matrix surrounding the patches may dictate the local abundance and movements of nest predators and parasites. Other major nest predators may prefer the forest interior and at least partially compensate for the lower abundance of nest predators that depend upon the matrix. Overall, landscape metrics were weak predictors of avian nesting success in complex landscapes that have diverse predator communities.
The Molecular Control of and Clinical Variations in Root Formation

Roots of teeth perform critical functions to anchor the teeth in the jaws and transmit the masticatory forces in such a way as to minimize fracture and wear of the dentition. Tooth root development involves a variety of cell types, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, the enumeration of specialized extracellular matrices, processing of these matrices and strict control over the microenvironment to allow the cementum and dentin to mineralize. While many of the specific molecular mechanisms involved in root formation remain poorly understood, our knowledge of these events and pathways has advanced markedly over the past decade. The molecular bases of many hereditary conditions having associated dental root anomalies are now known. Therapeutic approaches based on the molecular biology of root formation have and will continue to emerge and be translated into improved clinical care. The purpose of this study was to review our knowledge regarding developmental defects of root formation, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the impact of root variants on clinical dentistry.
Corticosteroid-induced cleft palate in mice and H-2 haplotype: maternal and embryonic effects

This report confirms and expands on the original preliminary observations made by Bonner and Slavkin that corticosteroid-induced cleft palate in mice is associated with H-2 haplotype. Using three congenic strains, B10, B10.A, and B10.D2, our studies demonstrate that B10.A (H-2a) is most susceptible and B10.D2(H-2d) is least susceptible, B10(H-2b) being intermediate. Variation in fetal loss among strains accounts for less than 1 percent of the variation in cleft-palate frequency among strains; variation in H-2 haplotype, however, accounts for more than 60 percent of the variation in cleft-palate frequency. With regard to all possible reciprocal F1 hybrids, our results indicate that while there is a significant maternal effect, maternal haplotype can account for only 11 percent of the variation in cleft-palate frequency among crosses. Embryonic haplotype accounts for 17 percent of the variation, which is indicative of an important embryonic effect. Finally, our studies suggest that susceptibility to corticosteroid-induced cleft palate is associated with the K end of the H-2 complex.
A methodological review of sex-related access discrimination problems

This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to sex-related access discrimination problems. The results indicate that positive and negative access discrimination occurs for both males and females. The major variables that appear to account for sex-related access discrimination are the sex role of the position, the amount of job-related information regarding the applicant, and the characteristics of the evaluator population. In general, it appears that the effects of access discrimination can be obfuscated if sufficient information is available regarding job-related variables other than sex. In selected instances, it also appears that populations which have been sensitized to female access discrimination problems may demonstrate reverse discrimination towards women applying for “out-of-role” positions. The article ends with a set of specific hypotheses designed to further investigate and clarify the process of sex-related discrimination in employment situations.
Liquid-vapour equilibrium in the system neon-nitrogen

THE increasing importance of neon as a cryogenic liquid has led to a greater interest in its properties at low temperatures. Certain advantages of neon over hydrogen and helium as a liquid refrigerant have been pointed out,1 and it has been used in infra-red detectors, minicoolers, and cryogenic magnets. The possibility of using mixtures of neon and hydrogen to obtain shorter radiation lengths in hydrogen bubble chambers has also been considered.* Air contains about 18 p.p.m. of neon and is almost the sole source of supply. Since neon can be produced by air separation plants, phase equilibrium data on several neon systems should be useful in promoting the efficiency of the recovery process. A survey of the literature on low temperature phase equilibria reveals few studies of systems in which neon is a component. The comprehensive bibliography of Flynn,3 published in 1960, includes no references to systems containing neon. Karasz and Halsey4 studied the solubility of neon in liquid argon; however, their data are limited to neon partial pressures of 15 cm of mercury or less. Recently, Brownings obtained a limited amount of data on the neonargon system, using a dewand bubble-point apparatus. Browning’s data include only a few points in the liquid region, all for mixtures of 0.23 per cent neon in argon. Simon6 has published a single isotherm, 24.56” K, for the system neon-parahydrogen. For the neon-nitrogen system, Burch’ has published data for two isotherms, 82.70 and 113.13” K, at pressures from 6.4 to 50 atm; a comparison of his data with the present work is given below. In this work, compositions of liquid-vapour phase equilibrium for the system neon-nitrogen have been determined at nine temperatures, covering the range 66.13-120.64” K, and at pressures up to 1,000 lb/in* absolute.
Effects of protein calorie malnutrition on mice infected with BCG

(1997). Effects of Protein Calorie Malnutrition on Mice Infected with BCG. Journal of Nutritional Immunology: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 11-19.
Relative Yoneda Cohomology for Operator Spaces

Abstract We provide two alternate presentations of the completely bounded Hochschild cohomology. One as a relative Yoneda cohomology, i.e., as equivalence classes of n -resolutions which are relatively split, and the second as a derived functor. The first presentation makes clear the importance of certain relative notions of injectivity, projectivity and amenability which we introduce and study. We prove that every von Neumann algebra is relatively injective as a bimodule over itself and consequently, H n cb ( M , M )=0 for any von Neumann algebra M . A result obtained earlier by Christensen and Sinclair. We prove that the relatively amenable C *-algebras are precisely the nuclear C *-algebras, and hence exactly those which are amenable as Banach algebras. In a similar vein we prove that the only relatively projective C *-algebras are finite dimensional. This result implies that the only C *-algebras that are projective as Banach algebras are finite dimensional, a result first obtained by Selivanov and Helemskii. In a slightly different direction we prove that B ( H ) viewed as a bimodule over the disk algebra with the left action given by multiplication by a coisometry and the right action given by multiplication by an isometry is an injective module. This result is in some sense a generalization of the Sz.-Nagy-Foias commutant lifting theorem or of the hypoprojectivity introduced by Douglas and the author.
From Racial Inequality to Social Justice: The Legacy of Brown v. Board and Lessons from South Africa

This article addresses the question of why racial inequality persists in the United States after over four centuries, while South Africa has extricated itself from racial Apartheid and launched a vigorous campaign for racial justice that appears to exceed the will and capacity of the United States. It discusses the legacy of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision and its role in reducing racial inequality and fueling both defense of and attacks on racial segregation. Social justice, it is argued, is a point of view that depends on the interpretative schemas and personal positions of its advocates for its definition. Several psychological and social-structural mechanisms are presented and their roles in continuing racial inequality are proposed. Key provisions of the new South African Constitution and the Truth and Reconciliation process for adjudicating atrocities of Apartheid argue for the critical role of forgiveness and the cultural concept of Ubuntu. A brief discussion of current research in the United States suggests some ways in which this principle promises to reduce intergroup conflict and racial inequality.
AIDS and HIV-1 Infection: Clinical Entities in Geriatric Dentistry1

The number of AIDS cases in individuals 50 years of age or older in the United States is reported to exceed 9000. Contaminated blood and blood transfusions are major contributors to HIV-1 infection in this age group. Sexual transmission and infection through intravenous drug abuse are also potential avenues of HIV-1 transmission in the older population. AIDS presents with a variety of clinical manifestations, including dementia, frequently seen in non-HIV-1-infected older people. Neurological deficiencies associated with AIDS are very common and may lead to misdiagnosis in the elderly. The observed incubation period of HIV-1 infection is longer than previously estimated, increasing the risk of older individuals exposed to HIV-1 in the past to develop AIDS. Oral manifestations may present as one of the early clinical signs of AIDS. Little is known concerning AIDS in the geriatric population. It demands consideration by dental professionals treating older individuals belonging to one of the exposure categories of the disease.
Chondrules: An Origin by Impacts between Dust Grains

Modern theories regarding the origin of chondrules may be divided into two broad categories. According to primary theories, chondrules are thought to condense directly from the cooling nebular gas as stable or metastable liquid droplets. According to secondary theories, chondrules are thought to be produced by the flash heating and remelting of the original dust-like condensate. A collisional mechanism of chondrule formation is discussed.
Assessing the costs of fire protection in health care facilities

The identification of cost-effective levels of fire safety in health care facilities is a major concern to hospital administrators, fire safety engineers, and public policy-makers. Rising construction and operating costs coupled with more stringent building codes and continuing advances in medical and building technology have complicated the issue, forcing health care facility administrators to assess carefully the alternative means through which they can design, construct, or update their facilities. This paper illustrates how the use of a performance-based approach to fire safety can dramatically reduce the costs of code compliance without reducing the safety and well-being of those housed in health care facilities.
Zur Theorie der kompressiblen Potentialströmungen I Neue Linearisierung der Grundgleichung der ebenen adiabatisch kompressiblen Potentialströmung

Das Variationsproblem der ebenen adiabatisch kompressiblen Potentialstromung ist nicht selbstadjungiert. Seine Behandlung sowie die des zugehorigen adjungierten Variationsproblems fuhrt auf die beiden Eulerschen Differentialgleichungen E(p, q, r, s, t)=O und Ē (P, q, r, s, t) = O fur die Extremalflachen z und z, wobei z = z (x, y) als Geschwindigkeitspotential der Stromung zu deuten ist. Ist ω (α, β, γ) eine geeignet verallgemeinerte Minkowskische Stutzfunktion fur z und ebenso w(α, β, γ) eine solche fur , so ergeben sich fur E = O und Ē = O die Linearisierungen mit bekannten Koeffizienten C(α, β, γ) und C(α, β, γ). Die Linearisierung von Ē = O gelingt, obwohl die Gestalt dieser Gleichung im Verlauf der Untersuchung gar nicht ermittelt wird.
Analysis of four-dimensional Mie imaging using fiber-based endoscopes

This work reports the demonstration and analysis of four-dimensional (4D) imaging measurements in two-phase flows using fiber-based endoscopes (FBEs). Such 4D measurements resolve the droplet distribution in two-phase flows in all three spatial directions and with a temporal resolution of up to 5 kHz. Demonstration measurements were performed in a measurement volume of 85 mm×85 mm×85 mm discretized into 64×64×64 voxels to illustrate FBEs’ potential for facilitating practical implementation of 4D tomographic measurements. Mathematical analyses were performed to quantify the fundamental advantage of FBEs to enhance the reconstruction fidelity.
Weekly Variability in Outcome Expectations: Examining Associations with Related Physical Activity Experiences During Physical Activity Initiation

Little is known about how outcome expectations change after physical activity initiation and whether changes are associated with physical activity experiences. In a diary study, physically inactive adults (N = 102) initiated an exercise regimen and reported their experiences daily (e.g. progress toward goals) and corresponding outcome expectations weekly (e.g. how much progress they expect this week). Average levels (between-person effects) for eight experiences (ps < .01) and deviations from the average levels (within-person effects) for three experiences (ps < .05) were associated with changes in outcome expectations. The findings demonstrate that outcome expectations for exercise vary over time and are associated with people’s subjective experiences.
An activated sludge model which considers toxicant concentration: simulation and sensitivity analysis

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed which describes organics removal, oxygen utilization, ammonia-nitrogen removal, ortho-phosphate removal and biomass production in an aggregated microbial suspension. The suspension considered is of uniform floc size containing organics as a soluble biodegradable material and toxicants. The model is applicable to both steady-state and transient conditions as well as to systems experiencing only carbon oxidation or both carbon oxidation and nitrification. It comprises five partial differential equations and four ordinary differential equations, and takes into account the flow pattern in the reactor; intraparticle mass transport of oxygen, organics, ammonia-nitrogen and orthophosphate; biochemical reactions by the individual cells embedded in the floc; and toxicity effects on cellular reactions. In developing the model it was assumed that a lack of either organics, oxygen, ammonia-nitrogen, ortho-phosphate or any combination of these nutrients could limit the overall rate of the process and that the presence of toxicants could also limit the rate of the process. A sensitivity analysis performed on this model indicated that the single most important factor in determining model output (based on the effluent organics concentration) is the retention time in the reactor. The second most important factor is the floc radius.
THREE‐PHASE FLOW OF FLASHING NON‐NEWTONIAN COAL SLURRY‐GAS MIXTURES THROUGH A CONDUIT*

To develop design procedures for predictin pressure drops in conduits carrying three-phase flashing flows, a model has been developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that is based on the current state of the art. This model has been tailored to consider coal liquids with gases and solids present. The investigation has examimed the fluid dynamics in the let-down valve area of a coal liquefaction plant by assuming a one-dimensional steady-state model. The coal liquids are modeled as a mixture of pseudocomponents in an approach similar to that used by the petroleum industry. Boiling points are chosen to characterize pseudocomponent fractions. Previous studies at ORNL have shown that, for a mixture of hydrogen gas, methane, and a coal-derived liquid, empirical correlations by Wilson and coworkers best predict critical pressures, temperatures, and acentric factors for the pseudocomponents. These properties are needed to perform flash calculations that use the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state and a modified Grayson-Streed method. Reasonable agreement was found between experimental results and the theoretical flash calculations. Energy and mass balances used in the flash calculations interact with a momentum balance to obtain the pressure drop and gas-to-slurry ratio for each interval of length along the flow path. Sincemore » there is a possibility of choked flow at each interval of flow length, a calculation of critical flow velocity is also made.« less
X-ray transitions in hydrogen-like, helium-like and lithium-like boron

Abstract The boron K X-ray spectra produced in heavy ion collisions using gas targets are reported. The observed X-ray transitions are used, to identify the one, two and three electron series of boron. The observed X-ray transition energies are found to agree well with theoretical calculations. A relatively large number of transitions involving double K-shell vacancies are observed. These transitions represent the first observation of double K-shell vacancies produced in collisions where the inner shell vacancies occur from electron promotion via molecular orbitals of the quasi-molecule formed during the collision.
Response of the isolated kidney to acute volume expansion with equilibrated blood.

SummaryThe effect of acute volume expansion of a dog with equilibrated blood on sodium excretion in an isolated kidney perfused with blood from the volume expanded animal was examined. A significant increase in absolute and fractional sodium excretion was observed in the isolated kidney that could not be explained on the basis of changes in renal hemodynamics or physical factors and thus suggests that a humoral mechanism may have mediated the natriuretic response. The magnitude of the natriuresis was less than that previously reported when the isolated kidney was perfused with blood from a chronically DOCA and NaCl loaded animal. It is suggested that a humoral natriuretic mechanism may participate in the renal regulation of sodium balance and that the activity of this mechanism may undergo an adaptive increase in response to chronic extracellular volume expansion
Fibroblast cell behavior on chemically functionalized carbon nanomaterials

This paper describes the interaction of 3T3 fibroblast cells with chemically functionalized carbon nanomaterial substrates. Multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers were functionalized using acid treatment. A more hydrophilic surface was obtained by adding functional groups which are defects at the ends of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. 3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured on both as-grown and functionalized carbon nanomaterials on a glass slide. Visual differential interference contrast (DIC) images and fluorescent images of stained α, β tubulin showed the effectiveness of the functionalized nanomaterials as substrate materials. Good adhesion of the 3T3 fibroblast cells to the functionalized nanomaterials was verified and indicates that nanomaterials have potential for tissue scaffold development. No significant toxic effects of the nanomaterials on the 3T3 cells were observed. Possible explanations of why cells grow on nanomaterials are given.
Systolic and Diastolic Mechanics in Stress Cardiomyopathy

Background—Stress cardiomyopathy (SCM) is a peculiar form of reversible left ventricular dysfunction seen predominantly in women and occurs in response to emotional or physical stress. Because dysfunction in SCM is reversible and that of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is not, we hypothesized that these fundamental mechanistic differences between SCM and MI would be associated with different systolic and diastolic properties. Methods and Results—We examined 3 groups, all women: patients with SCM (n=24; mean age, 63±12 years), those with left anterior (LAD) ST-segment–elevation MI (n=36; mean age, 63±10 years), and referent control subjects (n=30; mean age, 62±8 years). All underwent angiography, ventriculography, and pressure measurements within 48 hours of presentation. Left ventricular volumes, diastolic pressures, and diastolic stiffness were higher in SCM and LAD MI patients than in control subjects but no different from each other. Similarly, left ventricular diastolic pressures and diastolic stiffn...
Computer-Assisted high-pressure liquid chromatography of radio-labelled phenylthiohydantoin amino acids

Abstract A computer-controlled high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system is described to identify vitro phenyl [35S]isothiocyanate-labelled phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acids from a solid-phase sequencer. Each radio-labelled amino acid from the sequencer is added to a PTH amino acid standard and the mixture separated by HPLC using a computer, programmed to detect a slope change in the absorbance. Individual fractions corresponding to the PTH amino acids are collected and counted. The sensitivity of the system is demonstrated on 700 pmoles of lysozyme.
Synthesis of 4-Alkoxy-N-Carboalkoxy-1,2-Dihydropyridines

Abstract The synthesis of N-carboalkoxy-1,2-dihydropyridines by the method of Fowler1 is an excellent procedure for the preparation of this useful class of compounds2.
The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis.

Purpose of reviewA growing number of procedures are performed outside the operating room. In spite of their relatively noninvasive nature, serious adverse outcomes can occur. We analyzed claims from 1990 and later in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims database to assess patterns
The X-ray structures of H5Re(PMe2Ph)3 and H7Re(PMe2Ph)2

Abstract The structures of H5Re(PMe2Ph)3 and H7Re(PMe2Ph)2 have been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Although the hydride ligands could not be directly located in this study, the overall structure of the complexes could be deduced from a knowledge of the central rhenium/phosphorus core of the molecules. The ReP3 skeleton of H5Re(PMe2Ph)3 has distorted pyramidal geometry (PReP angles 149.5°, 101.9°, 99.8°) consistent with dodecahedral structure for the H5ReP3 core. The ReP2 backbone of H7Re(PMe2Ph)2 is bent (PReP angle 146.8°), suggesting a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry for the H7ReP2 core in which the P atoms are placed in opposing axial and equatorial positions. Crystallographic details: H5Re(PMe2Ph)3: space group P21/c (monoclinic); a = 6.876(3) A, b = 19.493(7) A, c = 19.646(8) A, β = 103.26(2)°, V = 2563.0 A3, Z = 4; R = 6.7% for 2067 reflections. H7Re(PMe2Ph)2: space group P21/n (monoclinic); a = 19.083(17) A, b = 6.337(4) A, c = 15.234(13) A, β = 93.72(4)°, V = 1834.0 A3, Z = 4; R = 5.0% for 1672 reflections.
Laboratory Abnormalities at the Onset of Treatment of End-Stage Renal Disease Are There Racial or Socioeconomic Disparities in Care?

Background Laboratory abnormalities at the start of treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have been reported as worse in racial/ethnic minorities than in white patients, suggesting racial disparities in care. It is not known whether these differences are attributable to racial/ethnic differences in socioeconomic status (SES). Methods We tested associations between race/ethnicity, SES, and type of medical insurance and serum creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum albumin level, and hematocrit at the start of treatment of ESRD and use of epoietin before ESRD treatment in a large national population-based sample. Data on 515 561 patients beginning ESRD treatment between January 1, 1996, and June 30, 2004, were obtained for this cross-sectional survey from the United States Renal Data System. Results Race/ethnicity had a much stronger association than SES with each laboratory measure. Adjusted mean serum creatinine levels were lowest in white patients (7.5 mg/dL [663.0 μmol/L]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.45-7.49) and highest in black patients (8.9 mg/dL [786.7 μmol/L]; 95% CI, 8.92-8.97) ( P P Conclusions Minorities, particularly black patients, had more severe laboratory abnormalities at the start of ESRD treatment than white patients. These differences were not readily attributable to SES differences. Absence of medical insurance, SES, and race/ethnicity were associated with the likelihood of predialysis use of epoietin.
Deterrence in 1939

Rather than a case where deterrence was not tried, 1939 is a case where deterrence failed. As such, it has important implications for deterrence theory. Mutual deterrence must operate on roughly the same time perceptions. Britain felt impelled to deter Germany after Prague, but could offer only a long-term deterrent. Germany's short term appeared so favorable that the long-term uncertainties posed by Britain and France failed to restrain her. The experience of 1939 also underlines the importance of political factors, particularly realignment in mutual deterrence. The Russo-German Pact tipped the balance toward war. In the contemporary setting, calculations of time perspectives between the Soviet Union and the United States are important for mutual deterrence, especially in Europe. Changes in the Sino-Soviet split hold further implications for contemporary deterrence.
Factors affecting the transition from a water tree to an electrical tree

Electric stress, voltage waveshape, temperature, contaminants and insulation resistance to oxidation have been analyzed as to their influence on triggering breakdown of a water-treed polymer. The transition from a water tree to an electrical tree is dependent on several factors, including voltage waveshape, and magnitude, temperature, the insulation/semiconducting shield interface, and possibly the oxidative state of the insulation. For field-aged cables and molded specimens, the electrical tree always initiated when the water tree had reached or was within approximately 200 mu m of the adjacent surface. Shorter duration overvoltages required higher voltages to cause breakdown. There was some overlap in the breakdown voltages caused by 250/2500 mu s impulses and 60 Hz. High temperature decreased the time required to initiate an electrical tree, possibly due to the increased oxidation that occurs at the higher temperature. No particular contaminant or contaminant concentration was found to correlate directly with the event of the transition from a water tree to an electrical tree. >
HER2 in resected gastric cancer: Is there prognostic value?

Background and Objectives The role of HER2 in patients with early stage/resected gastric cancer is controversial. This study investigates the prevalence and prognostic value of HER2 in patients undergoing curative intent resection for gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods HER2 status was evaluated in 111 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma treated surgically between 1/00 and 6/11 with tissue available for analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 was graded by two blinded pathologists. IHC was scored as 0+/1+: negative, 2+: equivocal, and 3+: positive. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for HER2 was performed on equivocal (2+) samples, and in cases of pathologist disagreement. Results HER2 expression as measured by IHC was negative in 61 (55%), equivocal in 37 (33.3%), and positive in 13 (11.7%) cases. FISH was positive in 8 of 37 samples tested, for a total of 21 HER2-positive cases (18.9%, 95% CI 11.6–26.2%). Patients with HER2-positive tumors were less likely to have signet ring cell features (23.8% vs. 53.9%, P = 0.008). HER2 status was not associated with tumor size, location, perineural or lymphovascular invasion, margin status, nodal metastasis, or stage (P > 0.05). HER2 status was not associated with OS (P = 0.385). Conclusions HER2 amplification/over-expression is present in patients with resected gastric adenocarcinoma, but is not associated with the presence of adverse prognostic factors. Our results suggest HER2 is not prognostic for patients with resected gastric adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:61–66. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Representational Static: Visual Slave Narratives of Contemporary Art

In 1993, visual artist Glenn Ligon debuted Narratives, a series of prints that uses the antebellum slave narrative title page as a template for ironic commentaries on contemporary American race relations. Substituting his own autobiographical details in place of those of the ex-slave narrator, Ligon creates large mock-ups of slave narrative frontispieces that link the racialized conditions of production of antebellum narratives to the racialized conditions of contemporary African American art. Narratives challenges viewers’ expectations of black art and life by utilizing the autobiographical conventions of an earlier time, mimicking the baroque form and syntax of slave narrative titles and ancillary advertisements while keeping the contemporary subject always in view. One of the prints in the series, for example, The Life and Adventures of Glenn Ligon A Negro (1993) (see Figure 1), confronts the viewer with an unexpected collision of nineteenth-century literary conventions and late twentieth-century autobiographical disclosure. The historical displacement creates a frisson of competing expectations that operates as both punch line and trenchant critique, reducing the black post-civil rights era subject and the ex-slave narrator to type. In the competing discourses of authenticity on display, it becomes impossible to locate the “real” Ligon. Rather than “the unvarnished truth” (as it might have been called in the antebellum period) or a “confession” (as it might have been called in the postcivil rights era), Narratives presents a sly critique of the very notion of authenticity as it has been unequally applied to black artists and writers. Like the stencil paintings for which Ligon is perhaps best known—such as Untitled (I Feel Most Colored When I Am Thrown against a Sharp White Background) (1990), inspired by Zora Neale Hurston’s essay “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” (1928)—Narratives works by way of reference to canonical African American literature and is composed entirely of text. Although the prints are richly intertextual and often reference visual media—quoting prominent film and theater critics, or boasting “with a portrait” (Ligon, Black Rage)—there are no actual images in the series. Ligon avoids figuration and instead uses competing registers of text to frustrate the viewer’s assumption of an essential black
Protein quality of some representative Latin American diets by rat bioassay.

A study of the protein quality of twelve different food- mixtures common to Latin America, was performed by rat bioassay. The individual foods were cooked and dried and then mixed in the appropriate proportions resembling the original meals. Rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were used for the bioassays. Special emphasis was given to the methodology of the slope-ratio tehniques preconized by Hegsted and his associates who have claimed that classical bioassays overestimate the nutri tive value of poor quality proteins. RNV and RPV values were calculated using the slope-ratio technique, with and without use of a non protein control group. PER, NPR, relative NPR and utilizable protein were also calculated using the same data. The amino acid composition was deter mined and the score against the FAO/VVHO 1973 pattern was compared with the bioassays. Protein value of the diets was also calculated from food table data. Agreement was good between all the procedures especially for the calculation of utilizable protein although the poorest diet containing little else but maize was somewhat overestimated in its quality by calcula tion from food table data. Thus, in general, estimates for protein quality of diets by standard bioassay techniques and even by amino acid scoring pro cedures gave values comparable to those obtained by the slope-ratio assays. The large scale re-evaluation suggested for all protein quality data prior to the slope-ratio techniques may not in fact be necessary. J. Nutr. 106: 792-801,1976.