cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FERMI RULES OUT THE INVERSE COMPTON/CMB MODEL FOR THE LARGE-SCALE JET X-RAY EMISSION OF 3C 273

The X-ray emission mechanism in large-scale jets of powerful radio quasars has been a source of debate in recent years, with two competing interpretations: either the X-rays are of synchrotron origin, arising from a different electron energy distribution than that producing the radio to optical synchrotron component, or they are due to inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons (IC/CMB) by relativistic electrons in a powerful relativistic jet with bulk Lorentz factor Γ ~ 10-20. These two models imply radically different conditions in the large-scale jet in terms of jet speed, kinetic power, and maximum energy of the particle acceleration mechanism, with important implications for the impact of the jet on the large-scale environment. A large part of the X-ray origin debate has centered on the well-studied source 3C 273. Here we present new observations from Fermi which put an upper limit on the gamma-ray flux from the large-scale jet of 3C 273 that violates at a confidence greater that 99.9% the flux expected from the IC/CMB X-ray model found by extrapolation of the UV to X-ray spectrum of knot A, thus ruling out the IC/CMB interpretation entirely for this source when combined with previous work. Further, this upper limit from Fermi puts a limit on the Doppler beaming factor of at least δ < 9, assuming equipartition fields, and possibly as low as δ < 5, assuming no major deceleration of the jet from knots A through D1.
ANISOTROPIC MULTIFRACTAL SCALING OF MOUNT LEBANON TOPOGRAPHY: APPROXIMATE CONDITIONING

We used multifractals to analyze the Lebanese topography focusing on Mount Lebanon. The elevation data were obtained from NASA STRM Global Digital Elevation of Earth Land, spaced at 80m in the East...
SHELS: Optical Spectral Properties of WISE 22 \mu m-selected Galaxies

We use a dense, complete redshift survey, the Smithsonian Hectospec Lensing Survey (SHELS), covering a 4 square degree region of a deep imaging survey, the Deep Lens Survey (DLS), to study the optical spectral properties of Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 22 \mu m-selected galaxies. Among 507 WISE 22 \mu m-selected sources with (S/N)_{22\mu m}>3 (\simS_{22\mu m}>2.5 mJy), we identify the optical counterparts of 481 sources (\sim98%) at R<25.2 in the very deep, DLS R-band source catalog. Among them, 337 galaxies at R<21 have SHELS spectroscopic data. Most of these objects are at z<0.8. The infrared (IR) luminosities are in the range 4.5x10^8 (L_sun) < L_{IR} < 5.4x10^{12} (L_sun). Most 22 \mu m-selected galaxies are dusty star-forming galaxies with a small (<1.5) 4000 \AA break. The stacked spectra of the 22 \mu m-selected galaxies binned in IR luminosity show that the strength of the [O III] line relative to H\beta grows with increasing IR luminosity. The optical spectra of the 22 \mu m-selected galaxies also show that there are some (\sim2.8%) unusual galaxies with very strong [Ne III] \lambda 3869, 3968 emission lines that require hard ionizing radiation such as AGN or extremely young massive stars. The specific star formation rates (sSFRs) derived from the 3.6 and 22 \mu m flux densities are enhanced if the 22 \mu m-selected galaxies have close late-type neighbors. The sSFR distribution of the 22 \mu m-selected galaxies containing active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is similar to the distribution for star-forming galaxies without AGNs. We identify 48 dust-obscured galaxy (DOG) candidates with large (\gtrsim1000) mid-IR to optical flux density ratio. The combination of deep photometric and spectroscopic data with WISE data suggests that WISE can probe the universe to z\sim2.
Use of Point of Care Ultrasound in Access for Dialysis: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis

The miniaturization and relatively lower cost of ultrasonography machine have helped advance point of care ultrasound (POCUS) into every field of medicine. Incorporating POCUS into routine nephrology practice is now possible, especially when it comes to performing procedures. The field of dialysis is no exception and herein we outline the role of POCUS with hemodialysis vascular access and peritoneal dialysis access-related procedures.
Frozen Section and Intraoperative Consultation in Hematopathology

Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of hematolymphoid neoplasms not only require careful morphologic review but increasingly rely on ancillary testing such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular testing. Traditional frozen sections can often limit such evaluation if additional fresh tissue is not obtained. A touch preparation should strongly be considered as a first step for intraoperative evaluation of lymph nodes, mediastinal masses, or other tissue where a potential hematolymphoid process may be considered. These are rapid, can be readily interpreted by the surgical pathologist, and may add key morphologic data to subsequent detailed review. Nonetheless, frozen section, squash preparations, and other techniques provide valuable information in many circumstances, particularly lesions with extensive fibrosis. Intraoperative evaluation also creates an opportunity to allocate material to appropriate ancillary testing and request additional fresh material when cytogenetic, flow cytometric, or microbial culture data may significantly inform diagnosis.
Primary Osteoarthritis Early Joint Degeneration Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Mitigated by Resveratrol.

Increasing numbers of people are living with osteoarthritis (OA) due to aging and obesity, creating an urgent need for effective treatment and preventions. Two top risk factors for OA, age and obesity, are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The I-ERS mouse, an ER stress–driven model of primary OA, was developed to study the role of ER stress in primary OA susceptibility. The I-ERS mouse has the unique ability to induce ER stress in healthy adult articular chondrocytes and cartilage, driving joint degeneration that mimics early primary OA. In this study, ER stress–induced damage occurred gradually and stimulated joint degeneration with OA characteristics including increased matrix metalloproteinase activity, inflammation, senescence, chondrocyte death, decreased proteoglycans, autophagy block, and gait dysfunction. Consistent with human OA, intense exercise hastened and increased the level of ER stress–induced joint damage. Notably, loss of a critical ER stress response protein (CHOP) largely ameliorated ER stress–stimulated OA outcomes including preserving proteoglycan content, reducing inflammation, and relieving autophagy block. Resveratrol diminished ER stress–induced joint degeneration by decreasing CHOP, TNFα, IL-1β, MMP-13, pS6, number of TUNEL-positive chondrocytes, and senescence marker p16 INK4a. The finding, that a dietary supplement can prevent ER stressed–induced joint degeneration in mice, provides a preclinical foundation to potentially develop a prevention strategy for those at high risk to develop OA.
PET imaging of PD-L1 using anti-PD-L1-B11 antibody in breast cancer tumor model

1486 Introduction: Immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has been found to be efficacious in numerous solid & hematologic malignancies. However, its response rate to therapy is only 15-35%. In order to optimize ICI therapies, a reliable assessment of PD-L1 expression is needed for selecting patients for ICI treatment & to assess potential alteration of PD-L1 expression during & post-therapy conferring resistance. Immunohistochemistry quantification of PD-L1 following biopsy is severely limited by random tissue sampling & inherent heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression within & among metastatic lesions. A non-invasive imaging based assessment of PD-L1 expression is critically needed. Although radiolabeled PET probes based on PD-L1 targeted therapeutic antibodies, like Atezolizumab have shown encouraging results, slow blood clearance (half-life = 27 days for therapeutic Atezolizumab) complicates the use of [89Zr]Zr-Atezolizumab as imaging probe. Therefore, alternate PD-L1 imaging probes based on antibodies with faster blood clearance could be advantageous. Methods: In this study, we radiolabeled antibody against PD-L1-clone B11 (anti-PD-L1-B11) with zirconium-89 (89Zr) and tested it as a PET probe to detect PD-L1 expressing breast cancer MDA-MB-231 subcutaneous tumor in NOD-SCID mice. Micro-PET imaging was performed at day 3 & at day 5 post-injection using a small animal PET/X-RAY system. The uptake of our novel PET probe [89Zr]Zr-anti-PD-L1-B11 was compared with the known [89Zr]Zr-Atezolizumab. The tumor: background (tumor: blood and tumor: muscle) SUV ratios were also calculated at both time points from PET scans using. Both the PET probes were also evaluated for an ex-vivo biodistribution performed at day 5 post-injection. Results: We successfully radiolabeled anti-PD-L1-B11 with zirconium-89 (89Zr) to produce an immunoPET probe, [89Zr]Zr-anti-PD-L1-B11 with radiolabeling yield of ~89-96% (n=2) with a specific activity of 0.024-0.032MBq/μg. The biodistribution profiles of [89Zr]Zr-anti-PD-L1-B11 and [89Zr]Zr-Atezolizumab were found to be different, [89Zr]Zr-anti-PD-L1-B11 showed higher uptake in tumor, liver and spleen compared to [89Zr]Zr-Atezolizumab. In addition to, [89Zr]Zr-anti-PD-L1-B11 also showed 5 fold higher tumor:blood SUV and 2-fold higher tumor:muscle SUV ratio as compared to [89Zr]Zr-Atezolizumab at both the time points day 3 and day 5, post-injection (Figure 1). Conclusion: In summary, our preliminary data demonstrates that [89Zr]Zr-anti-PD-L1-B11 is a superior PET probe and could potentially be useful as a better imaging probe for a non-invasive assessment of PD-L1 expression in tumors for the therapy management. Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by Mayo Clinic’s Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCaTS), Office of Translation to Practice (OTP), the Erivan K. and Helga Haub Family Fund and the Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Jeff R. Anderson and Dr. Bharath Wootla for their support in project management.
Altered responses of end-expiratory lung volume and upper airway patency to body posture in diet-induced obese mice

OBJECTIVE Although both obesity and body posture are important factors affecting end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and upper airway patency, the influence of those factors on EELV and the association between EELV and upper airway calibers are still unknown in mice. This study examined such interaction effects in obese mice to test the hypothesis that obese mice have decreased EELV accompanied by structural alterations of the upper airway. METHODS A high-resolution in vivo micro-computed tomography was utilized to scan anesthetized lean and diet-induced obese mice in the prone and supine positions, followed by quantifying lung volume and analyzing upper airway morphology. RESULTS There was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of body weight and posture on both EELV (p = 0.0049, η 2 = 0.1041) and upper airway calibers (p = 0.0215, η 2 = 0.6304). In lean mice, EELV in the prone position was significantly larger than in the supine position (prone EELV = 193.22 ± 9.10 µl vs. supine EELV = 176.01 ± 10.91 µl; p = 0.0072), whereas obese mice did not have such an improvement in EELV in the prone position (prone EELV = 174.37 ± 20.23 µl vs. supine EELV = 183.39 ± 17.49 µl; p = 0.0981) and tended to have a smaller upper airway when EELV was low based on Spearman's correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that obesity is an important factor compromising both EELV and upper airway calibers in a posture-dependent manner even in mice, which should be taken into consideration in future studies regarding upper airway collapse and lung mechanical properties using mice.
Towards Stealing Deep Neural Networks on Mobile Devices.

Recently, deep neural networks (DNN) are increasingly deployed on mobile computing devices. Compared to the traditional cloud-based DNN services, the on-device DNN provides immediate responses without relying on network availability or bandwidth and can boost security and privacy by preventing users’ data from transferring over the untrusted communication channels or cloud servers. However, deploying DNN models on the mobile devices introduces new attack vectors on the models. Previous studies have shown that the DNN models are prone to model stealing attacks in the cloud setting, by which the attackers can steal the DNN models accurately. In this work, for the first time, we study the model stealing attacks on the deep neural networks running in the mobile devices, by interacting with mobile applications. Our experimental results on various datasets confirm the feasibility of stealing DNN models in mobile devices with high accuracy and small overhead.
Formulation of Structural Reliability

The reliability of a parallel and redundant structural system was formulated with the use of a modified transition probability, and the formulation was then extended to include statically indeterminate structures. This approach is believed to aid in the counting of failure paths and thus facilitate computer solutions. To substantiate this claim, a computer program for the solution of a special type of structure is also given.
Analysis of Written Exam Items with or without Reference Pictures

A retrospective analysis was done on an undergraduate human anatomy multiple choice exam to determine whether including a reference picture helped students answer a text-based question. Exams of tw...
Why does Methodology Matter for Economics

In the context of reviewing some of the important recent literature on the methodology of economics, this article argues for the continuity of economics, economic methodology, and philosophy against the proposition maintained by some so-called pragmatists and the rhetoric program that economics is sui generis and should be immune to criticism rooted in related disciplines. It is argued that, since methodological considerations are unavoidable, effort should be directed to good methodology. The credentials of economics as a somewhat successful, empirical science are defended. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.
The Gradual Response of Market Power to Mergers in the U.S. Steel Industry

Studies of the impact of horizontal mergers on market power typically impose an immediate adjustment of market power following a merger. This paper adopts an alternative procedure to estimate the effect of four mergers on market power in the U.S. steel industry. Namely, by estimating a switching regression model that incorporates profit-maximizing behavior, the results show that mergers generally increased market power in the steel industry. However, it did take some time for market power to fully adjust after each merger.
Gambling on a Simulated Slot Machine under Conditions of Repeated Play

A single-subject design was used in 2 experiments about the effects of percentage payback (winnings in proportion to total amount bet) on gambling on a slot-machine simulation in 8 adult humans. in Experiment 1, percentage payback was varied across a wide range of values, and participants were exposed extensively to percentage-payback conditions. Gambling did not vary systematically across levels. in Experiment 2, win probability and win size were manipulated across conditions while percentage payback was held constant. One participant gambled more in the high-win-probability, low-win-size condition than in other conditions; however, gambling by the remaining 2 participants was similar across conditions. Most participants placed fewer bets as each experiment progressed, suggesting that behavior was sensitive to the monetary loss typically produced by gambling. Overall, the results highlight the utility of procedures that provide repeated and extensive experience with gambling contingencies.
Desempenhando atitude: uma imposição de espaço e gênero pelos hip hoppers brasileiros

Em Sao Paulo, os hip hoppers utilizam a frase"conquistar espaco" para avaliar um evento ou o "movimento" em geral. Assim, o espaco ou territorio e uma categoria orgânica de analise e, ao mesmo tempo, oferece uma perspectiva sobre o status relativo de classe, raca, genero e sexualidade entre os hip hoppers. Enquanto clamam representar a periferia, suas narrativas e, especificamente, sua expressao de"atitude", potencialmente demonstram relacoes significantes entre as identidades e as praticas de cultura popular. Em minha opiniao, a performance de hip hop produz criticas positivas, mas reproduz ideologias conservadoras. Meu argumento baseia-se em pesquisa de campo realizada desde 1995.
A Knapsack-Like Code Using Recurrence Sequence Representations

We had recently shown that every positive integer can be represented uniquely using a recurrence sequence, when certain restrictions on the digit strings are satisfied. We present the details of how such representations can be used to build a knapsack-like public key cryptosystem. We also present new disguising methods, and provide arguments for the security of the code against known methods of attack.
Efficient design methodology for Application Specific Integrated Algorithm Systems (ASIAS)

There is a confluence of customer demand and technical semiconductor manufacturing capabilities that are speeding up the development and deployment of system solutions on chips. We refer to these ‘system solutions’ as Application Specific Integrated Algorithm Systems (ASIAS). Quite often these systems need to use a mix of floating-point and fixed-point data, necessitating the need for quantization analysis that can often slow down the development cycle. This paper focuses on a design approach that aims to dramatically cut down the time spent on quantization analysis issues with tools that are readily available. By helping to simplify the overall design process we hope to move us closer to the day when producing working ASIAS silicon will be almost as simple as current manufacturing processes using 3D printing.
A spinning beam subjected to a moving deflection dependent load,. Part ii: parametric resonance

Abstract The parametric resonance of a spinning Timoshenko beam is studied for pinned and clamped supports. Axially moving loading, which is deflection dependent and contains superposed harmonic time dependence, is applied to the beam. The deflection dependent nature of the loading produces time dependent coefficients in the governing equations and hence the possibility of parametric resonance when the time dependence is periodic. Dynamic instability diagrams are determined by the monodromy matrix method for various load cases. Instability regions are found which emanate from the beam’s forward and backward precession natural frequencies and from various combinations of these frequencies. It is concluded that the Euler-Bernoulli theory may underestimate the level of possible instability in a rotating beam.
RESPONSABILIDAD Y JUSTICIA GLOBAL: UN MODELO DE CONEXIÓN SOCIAL

El objetivo del presente ensayo es aclarar el sentido de las reivindicaciones en torno a la justicia y a la injusticia mundial que cada vez se oyen y se aceptan m??s en nuestro mundo. Tales reivindicaciones representan un problema para la filosof??a pol??tica, ya que hasta hace muy poco tiempo los enfoques filos??ficos sobre la justicia admit??an que las obligaciones respecto de la misma se establec??an ??nicamente entre aquellos que viv??an bajo una constituci??n com??n o en una misma comunidad pol??tica. Tratar?? de argumentar que el contexto que genera obligaciones jur??dicas es m??s un proceso socio-estructural que el marco de las instituciones pol??ticas. Las afirmaciones de que las obligaciones jur??dicas se extienden de forma mundial en algunos temas se fundamentan, por tanto, en el hecho de que algunos procesos socio-estructurales tienen un alcance mundial.
Promoting positive nutritional practices during pregnancy and lactation.

This paper describes three key elements for promoting positive nutrition practices among women during pregnancy and lactation: 1) increasing access to prenatal care; 2) redirecting the content of prenatal care to include a greater em- phasis on screening and intervention for behavioral risk factors, including poor nutritional practices; and 3) delivering nutritional care based on recent Institute of Medicine guidelines. These guidelines advise the practitioner to determine prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and to recommend different weight gains during pregnancy according to BMI category, to assess dietary and lifestyle factors to determine the need for nutrient supple- ments and to base the supplement composition on the nature of the nutritional need identified, to provide routine supplementa- tion of only 30 mg iron beginning in the second trimester of pregnancy, and to base the diagnosis of anemia on different cut- off values by stage of pregnancy and smoking status. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(suppl):525S-31S.
Employing ProteoWizard to Convert Raw Mass Spectrometry Data

After raw data have been captured by mass spectrometers in biological LC-MS/MS experiments, they must be converted from vendor-specific binary files to open-format files for manipulation by most software. This protocol details the use of ProteoWizard software for this conversion, taking format features, coding options, and vendor particularities into account. This protocol will aid researchers in preparing their data for analysis by database search engines and other bioinformatics tools.
Role of Emotional Stress in the Etiology of Clinical Coronary Heart Disease

The concept of any disease arising from a single cause is obsolete and misleading. Much evidence now suggests that most of the lethalness of a high fat diet in Western society may actually be dependent on the "catalytic" influence of stressful living. Indeed, while habitual diet and psychic stress both appear implicated in the pathogenesis of clinical coronary disease, there is mounting evidence to suggest that each of these factors is dependent upon the other for pathologic significance . Observations in the animal kingdom, in the experimental laboratory, and in epidemiologic surveys all attest to the validity of this pathogenetic interrelationship. Like "stressed" animals in the laboratory, "stressed" humans have manifested no increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis unless the composition of the diet had been high in animal fat. Contrariwise, numerous examples are now at hand to indicate the low atherogenicity of a high fat diet when there is relative freedom from serious psychologic stress. Despite the profound effect of "stress" on homeostatic mechanisms this factor has been largely ignored by most authorities in the field of coronary artery disease. Major emphasis has been placed on hypercholesterolemia, overweight, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, cigarette smoking and diabetes. Nevertheless, nervous strain is known to elevate blood pressure, to increase the tendency to obesity, to contribute to excessive smoking and lack of exercise, to participate in hypercholesterolemia, and to aggravate diabetes, through psychic influence and alteration of the functional characteristics of the mode of life. Consequently, even such indirect effects of emotional stress, barring all others, must elevate this factor to a position of considerable significance in the etiologic picture of coronary heart disease.
Surface Communications Network Architectures for Exploration Missions

contents include the following: 1. Requirements: Missions. Infrastructure. End-to-End. 2. Operational View: System View. Nodes. Interfaces. Links. Network Design. Technologies.
Class II-Independent Generation of CD4 Memory T Cells from Effectors

The factors required for the generation of memory CD4 T cells remain unclear, and whether there is a continuing requirement for antigen stimulation is critical to design of vaccine strategies. CD4 effectors generated in vitro from naive CD4 T cells of mice efficiently gave rise to small resting memory cells after transfer to class II-deficient hosts, indicating no requirement for further antigen or class II recognition.
Effects of a physical activity and healthy eating intervention to reduce stroke risk factors in older adults

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of a theory-based physical activity and healthy eating intervention aimed at reducing stroke risk factors among overweight/obese and sedentary older adults. Methods Between 12/2009–1/2011, participants (n = 69) were randomly assigned to an 8-week group motivational intervention or biweekly newsletters by mail. Physical activity (blinded pedometer, 7-day recall) body composition, theoretical mediator, and dietary (24-hour recall) variables were measured at pre-test and post-test. The physical activity and dietary outcomes are reported. Results For outcome measures, the follow-up was 90% for the intervention group (n = 29) and 91% for the control group (n = 34) for this sample. Statistically significant differences in the 7-day physical activity self-report were noted at post-test in the intervention group. The dietary measures were not statistically significant at post-test; however, the intervention group increased the quantity of vegetable servings. Conclusion Limited efficacy testing was supported for a combined physical activity-dietary intervention, framed by a wellness-motivation theory, and designed to reduce stroke risk factors in older adults who are sedentary and overweight/obese. Limitations were identified and recommendations for additional research provided.
Effect of Cr substitution on the magnetic properties of SmMn2Ge2

Abstract The magnetic properties of polycrystalline SmMn 2 Ge 2 and Sm(Mn 1− x Cr x ) 2 Ge 2 have been investigated using magnetization, electrical resistance and thermal expansion measurements. A magnetic phase diagram for Sm(MN 1− x Cr x ) 2 Ge 2 has been established. It is found that the antiferromagnetic phase in SmMn 2 Ge 2 disappears for Cr concentrations of less than 5 at.% when Mn is partially substituted by cr. It is found that there are two ferromagnetic (FM) phases in Sm(Mn a− x Cr x ) 2 Ge 2 . The high temperature FMI phase is due to Mn moment ordering while the lower temperature FMII phase is due to Mn as well as Sm moment ordering.
Finite Element Analysis of Vibration of Delaminated Composite Beam with an Account of Contact of the Delamination Crack Faces, Based on the First-order Shear Deformation Theory

In this study, a new approach is developed for the dynamic analysis of a composite beam with an interply crack, in which a physically impossible interpenetration of the crack faces is prevented by imposing a special constraint, leading to taking account of a force of contact interaction of the crack faces and to nonlinearity of the formulated boundary value problem. Longitudinal force resultants in the delaminated parts of the beam are taken into account also, which is another source of the nonlinearity. The shear deformation and rotary inertia terms are included into the formulation, to achieve better accuracy. The model is based on the first-order shear deformation theory, i.e., the longitudinal displacement is assumed to vary linearly through the beam's thickness. A variational formulation of the problem, nonlinear partial differential equations of motion with boundary conditions, a weak form for the partial differential equations, and a finite element formulation on the basis of the weak form are developed. An example problem of a clamped-free beam with a piezoelectric actuator is considered, and its finite element solution is obtained. A noticeable difference of forced vibrations of the delaminated and undelaminated beams due to the contact interaction of the crack faces is predicted by the developed model. Besides, linear eigenvalue analysis shows decrease of natural frequencies upon increase of the crack length, and crack opening and closing during the vibration in higher mode shapes, beginning from the fifth one.
Upregulation of two actin genes and redistribution of actin during diapause and cold stress in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens

Abstract Two actin genes cloned from Culex pipiens L. are upregulated during adult diapause. Though actins 1 and 2 were expressed throughout diapause, both genes were most highly expressed early in diapause. These changes in gene expression were accompanied by a conspicuous redistribution of polymerized actin that was most pronounced in the midguts of diapausing mosquitoes that were exposed to low temperature. In nondiapausing mosquitoes reared at 25 °C and in diapausing mosquitoes reared at 18 °C, polymerized actin was clustered at high concentrations at the intersections of the muscle fibers that form the midgut musculature. When adults 7–10 days post-eclosion were exposed to low temperature (−5 °C for 12 h), the polymerized actin was evenly distributed along the muscle fibers in both nondiapausing and diapausing mosquitoes. Exposure of older adults (1 month post-eclosion) to low temperature (−5 °C for 12 h) elicited an even greater distribution of polymerized actin, an effect that was especially pronounced in diapausing mosquitoes. These changes in gene expression and actin distribution suggest a role for actins in enhancing survival of diapausing adults during the low temperatures of winter by fortification of the cytoskeleton.
Computing the correlation dimension on a network of workstations

SUMMARY We present a parallel algorithm for computing the correlation dimension (D2) from a time series generated by a dynamic system, using the method of correlation integrals, which essentially requires the computation of distances among a set of points in the state space. The parallelization is suitable for coarse-grained multiprocessor systems with distributed memory and is carried out using a virtually shared memory model. The algorithm simultaneously gives all the correlation integrals at various state space dimensions needed to estimate the D2. Two versions are discussed: the first computes all distances between points; the second computes only distances less than a fixed, and employs a boxassisted approach and linked lists for an efficient search of neighbouring points. The algorithms, coded in Fortran 77, are tested on a heterogeneous network of workstations consisting of various DEC Alphas of different powers, interconnected by Ethernet; the Network Linda parallel environment is used. A detailed analysis of performance is carried out using the generalization of speed-up and efficiency for heterogeneous systems. The algorithms are fully asynchronous and so intrinsically balanced. In almost all the situations they provide a unitary efficiency. The second version greatly reduces the computational work, thus making it possible to tackle D2 estimation even for medium and high-dimensional systems, where an extremely large number of points is involved. The algorithms can also be employed in other applicative contexts requiring the efficient computation of distances among a large set of points. The method proposed for the analysis of performance can be applied to similar problems. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axioms for generalized Farrell–Tate cohomology

Abstract In Klein (Math. Ann, 319 (2001) 421– 456) we defined a variant of Farrell–Tate cohomology for a topological group G and any naive G -spectrum E by taking the homotopy cofiber of a certain norm map D G ∧ hG E → E hG . In this paper, we show how to axiomatize this theory. We then interpret the norm map as the assembly map for the homotopy fixed point functor E ↦ E hG .
Remez‐Type Inequalities on the Size of Generalized Polynomials

Generalized polynomials are defined as products of polynomials raised to positive real powers. The generalized degree can be defined in a natural way. A number of classical inequalities holding for polynomials can be extended for generalized polynomials utilizing the generalized degree in place of the ordinary one. Remez established a sharp upper bound for the maximum modulus on [— 1,1] of algebraic polynomials of degree at most n if the measure of the subset of [—1,1], where the modulus of the polynomial is at most 1, is known. In this paper a numerical version of the Remez inequality is extended for generalized complex algebraic polynomials and its trigonometric and pointwise algebraic analogues are discussed. The results are new even for ordinary polynomials.
Miracle or mirage? The promise and peril of desert energy part 1

Consisting of two parts, this article explores the history and challenges facing the Gobitec project in China, Japan, Mongolia and South Korea, an ambitious proposal to build a multibillion dollar solar power system in the Gobi desert that then exports electricity throughout Northeast Asia. After detailing its primary methods of data collection—research interviews, site visits, and a literature review—this first part of the study details the history of the Gobitec concept and its close relation to the Desertec concept in North Africa and Europe. It then discusses the “promise” of very large solar systems in deserts, namely improved security of supply and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, the second part of our study finds that such projects also face a list of serious – and perhaps insurmountable – technical, economic, political, and social barriers. That second part concludes by drawing implications for large-scale energy projects and energy policymaking more broadly.
A tale of two cities: replication of a study on the acculturation and adaptation of immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union in a different community context.

While a great deal of research has been conducted to understand acculturation and its relationship to adaptation in the new country, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the ways in which the characteristics of the local community impact these processes. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the potential role of community differences in the acculturation and adaptation processes of 269 refugee and immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union who resettled in two different community contexts. Specifically, a prior study on acculturation and adjustment among high school students (D. Birman, E. J. Trickett, & A. Vinokurov, 2002) was replicated with the same emigre population in a contrasting community within the same state. The contrast between these communities allowed us to test hypotheses emerging from an ecological perspective concerning (1) patterns of acculturation, (2) levels of discrimination and its effect on acculturative outcomes, and (3) community differences in the relationship between acculturation and outcomes. In addition to the focus on community differences, the study also employs a multidimensional measure of acculturation and assesses acculturation to both American and Russian culture. Furthermore, adaptation is assessed across different life domains; including peer relationships, family relationships, school adaptation, and psychological adaptation. Findings support the general ecological perspective, suggesting the importance of studying acculturation and adaptation as a reflexive process in which culture and context are very much intertwined.
Value on Health and Adolescent Conventionality: A Construct Validation of a New Measure In Problem‐Behavior Theory1

A five-item measure of value on health, a new variable in the Personality System of Problem-Behavior Theory (Jessor & Jessor, 1977), was construct-validated using cross-sectional data from 1588 male and female 7–12th grade students. Three aspects of construct validity were explored: first, the convergent and discriminant validity of the Value on Health Scale with other health-related psychosocial measures; second, the predictive validity of the Value on Health Scale in relation to health behaviors; and third, the theoretical validity of the Value on Health Scale in relation to other constructs reflecting conventionality-unconventionality in Problem-Behavior Theory. Value on Health related significantly to other health-related psychosocial measures such as self-description of health, and parental and peer models for health-enhancing behavior. Value on Health also related significantly to greater involvement in health-enhancing behaviors (e.g., regular physical exercise, seatbelt use, and attention to healthy diet). Finally, Value on Health was linked to a larger network of psychosocial and behavioral characteristics that reflect the underlying dimension of conventionality-unconventionality in the Problem-Behavior Theory framework. Value on health seems to be a useful addition to personality attributes that help explain variation in health behavior among adolescents. It would also seem to be an important target for prevention/intervention efforts with that age group.
Computerized measurement of intercapillary distance using image analysis in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: correlation with severity

Objective: Widening of the intercapillary distance has been postulated to be associated with increasing severity of the lesion. The purpose of this study was to objectively measure the intercapillary distance in different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Methods: We studied 40 patients with a fully visualized squamocolumnar junction and a histopathologic diagnosis of CIN II (n = 24) and CIN III (n = 16). All patients had computer-assisted measurements of the farthest two intercapillary points within each single mosaic as well as the mosaic perimeter (P), and mosaic surface area (SA). The mean intercapillary distance, P, and SA for each patient were calculated by adding all intercapillary distances, Ps, and SAs of the whole mosaic pattern divided by the number of mosaics. A colposcopically directed biopsy was obtained from the same studied area. Results: The mean intercapillary distance in CIN II was 0.064 mm (SD ± 0.023) and in CIN III was 0.117 mm (SD ± 0.062). The difference was statistically significant (P <0.001). In addition, the mean mosaic P in CIN II and CIN III was 0.251 mm (SD ± 0.112) and 0.439 mm (SD ± 0.242), respectively, and the mean mosaic SA was 0.004 mm2 (SD = 0.001) and 0.011 mm2 (SD ± 0.002), respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusions: The results demonstrate increased intercapillary distance, mosaic perimeter, and mosaic surface area with increasing severity of CIN. The increase in intercapillary distance may reflect insufficient vascular adaptation to an accelerated cellular growth rate.
Science and Whole Person Medicine: Enormous Potential in a New Relationship

A silent revolution has occurred in the most highly industrialized countries. This is the utilization and acceptance of various healing practices (which for convenience has often been labeled as “a...
Ants of the Genus Macromischa Roger in the United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

This rather large and extremely interesting genus of ants is known from approximately 80 forms. Only three of these occur in the United States, one of which, Macromischa polita , is new and is described herein. Roger undoubtedly appreciated the complexity of the genus when he so appropriately named it. Although the ants represent some of the most beautiful and striking species known, the wide range in the diversity of their structure and habits has made them extremely difficult to classify clearly. Three subgenera have been erected for the purpose of clarifying the situation, and on the basis of the worker and queen they have been distinguished as follows: Head quadrate, petiolar peduncle short and stout, Antillaemyrmex-Mann ; head not quadrate or the petiolar peduncle more slender, thorax elongate, epinotum unarmed, Croesomyrmex Mann; head not quadrate or the petiolar peduncle more slender, thorax shorter or the epinotum spinose, Macromischa s. str.
Model-independent description and large hadron collider implications of suppressed two-photon decay of a light Higgs boson

For a standard model Higgs boson with mass between 115 GeV and 150 GeV, the two-photon decay mode is important for discovery at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We describe the interactions of a light Higgs boson in a more model-independent fashion and consider the parameter space where there is no two-photon decay mode. We argue from generalities that analysis of the tth discovery mode outside its normal thought of range of applicability is especially needed under these circumstances. We demonstrate the general conclusion with a specific example of parameters of a type I two-Higgs doublet theory, motivated by ideas in strongly coupled model building. We then specify a complete set of branching fractions and discuss the implications for the LHC.
Model studies of hydrogen atom addition and abstraction processes involving ortho-, meta-, and para-benzynes.

H-atom addition and abstraction processes involving ortho-, meta-, and para-benzyne have been investigated by multiconfigurational self-consistent field methods. The H(A) + H(B)...H(C) reaction (where r(BC) is adjusted to mimic the appropriate singlet-triplet energy gap) is shown to effectively model H-atom addition to benzyne. The doublet multiconfiguration wave functions are shown to mix the "singlet" and "triplet" valence bond structures of H(B)...H(C) along the reaction coordinate; however, the extent of mixing is dependent on the singlet-triplet energy gap (DeltaE(ST)) of the H(B)...H(C) diradical. Early in the reaction, the ground-state wave function is essentially the "singlet" VB function, yet it gains significant "triplet" VB character along the reaction coordinate that allows H(A)-H(B) bond formation. Conversely, the wave function of the first excited state is predominantly the "triplet" VB configuration early in the reaction coordinate, but gains "singlet" VB character when the H-atom is close to a radical center. As a result, the potential energy surface (PES) for H-atom addition to triplet H(B)...H(C) diradical is repulsive! The H3 model predicts, in agreement with the actual calculations on benzyne, that the singlet diradical electrons are not coupled strongly enough to give rise to an activation barrier associated with C-H bond formation. Moreover, this model predicts that the PES for H-atom addition to triplet benzyne will be characterized by a repulsive curve early in the reaction coordinate, followed by a potential avoided crossing with the (pi)1(sigma*)1 state of the phenyl radical. In contrast to H-atom addition, large activation barriers characterize the abstraction process in both the singlet ground state and first triplet state. In the ground state, this barrier results from the weakly avoided crossing of the dominant VB configurations in the ground-state singlet (S0) and first excited singlet (S1) because of the large energy gap between S0 and S1 early in the reaction coordinate. Because the S1 state is best described as the combination of the triplet X-H bond and the triplet H(B)...H(C) spin couplings, the activation barrier along the S0 abstraction PES will have much less dependence on the DeltaE(ST) of H(B)...H(C) than previously speculated. For similar reasons, the T1 potential surface is quite comparable to the S0 PES.
Decentralized adaptive control of interconnected systems

The adaptive control of a class of large-scale systems formed of an arbitrary interconnection of subsystems with unknown parameters, nonlinearities, and bounded disturbances is investigated. It is first shown that no matter how weak the interconnections are, a decentralized adaptive control scheme can become unstable. Approaches are then developed for stabilization and tracking using new decentralized adaptive controllers. In the case where the relative degree n^{*} of the transfer function of each decoupled subsystem is less than or equal to two, sufficient conditions are established which guarantee boundedness and exponential convergence of the state and parameter errors to bounded residual sets. In the absence of disturbances and interconnections, the decentralized adaptive control schemes guarantee exact convergence of the tracking errors to zero. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive schemes is demonstrated using a simple example.
Activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway enhances monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells

Monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium has been reported to be one of the early processes in the development of atherosclerosis. In an attempt to develop strategies to prevent or delay atherosclerosis progression, we analyzed effects of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway on monocyte adhesion to various human endothelial cells. Adhesion of fluorescein-labeled monocytes to various human endothelial cells was analyzed under a fluorescent microscope. Unlike sodium chloride, lithium chloride enhanced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that inhibitors for glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta or proteosome enhanced monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Results of semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway did not change expression levels of mRNA for adhesion molecules. In conclusion, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway enhanced monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion without changing expression levels of adhesion molecules.
The ‘Fascist Cycle’ in Zimbabwe, 2000–2005

Following a comparative model of fascism developed by Robert O. Paxton, this article explores the similarities between a fascist cycle in Italy (1920–1924) and Zimbabwe (2000–2005). The comparison focuses on the following areas: the state's use of paramilitary organisations, or militias, to maintain or regain control; the abuse of legislative and judicial powers to protect ruling party interests; party membership as a prerequisite for involvement in basic areas of social and economic life; and the primacy of political survival over strategic economic planning. This article also explores the historical authoritarian and fascist models from pre-Independence white-minority governments, and investigates the wider significance of an older fascist political tradition for understanding the current crisis. While drawing a comparison of this ‘fascist cycle’ in Italy and Zimbabwe, this article suggests that those outside Zimbabwe who support the current regime as pan-Africanist are misreading the relationship betwe...
Designing a Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Mitigation of Heat Wave Hazards in Urban Areas

Extreme heat is a natural hazard that could rapidly increase in magnitude in the 21st century. The combination of increasing urbanization, growing numbers of vulnerable people, and the evidence of global warming indicate an urgent need for improved heat-wave mitigation and response systems. A review of the literature on heat-wave impacts in urban environments and on human health reveals opportunities for improved synthesis, integration, and sharing of information resources that relate to the spatial and temporal nature of threats posed by extreme heat. This paper illustrates how geospatial technologies can aid in the mitigation of urban heat waves.
DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF GRASSHOPPER ASSEMBLAGES IN SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE

Grasshopper assemblages inhabiting eight pastures of shortgrass prairie rangeland in northeast Colorado were studied for 4–6 years during a general increase and decrease in grasshopper abundance. Average densities increased 10-fold during a 3- to 4-year increase phase, with individual species and populations in separate pastures exhibiting greater or lesser changes. Asynchrony in grasshopper population characteristics was noted. The co-dominant species, Opeia obscura (Thomas) and Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder, exhibited similar trends in density, but M. gladstoni dominance, expressed as its proportion of the population, declined steadily relative to O. obscura. Subdominant species similarly were asynchronous. Species richness did not change during this cycle. Grasshopper densities and assemblage structure were not affected by rangeland management practices of fertilizer (nitrogen) and herbicide (atrazine) application.