cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999–2002

Background: The contributors to trends in increasing prevalence of obesity in the US population are poorly understood. Objective: We examined secular trends in food consumption behaviors to understand their possible contribution to increasing energy intakes and adiposity in the American population. Design: We used dietary data from 4 consecutive National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to examine trends (1971-2002) in frequency of eating episodes, meal and snack consumption, quantity of food consumed, and the energy density of foods reported by adult Americans (n = 39 094). Logistic and linear regression methods were used to adjust for multiple covariates and survey design. Results: The reported number of all eating episodes increased slightly in women from 4.90 in 1971-1975 to 5.04 in 1999-2002 (P for trend = 0.002). The amount (in g) of foods and beverages consumed, the energy density of foods, and energy intake per eating episode increased, but the mention of breakfast declined in both sexes (P for trend < 0.0001). The observed trends in mention of a snack (in men) and percentage of energy from evening food intake (in women) were downward. The amount (in g) of foods and their energy density were independent positive correlates of obesity in combined data from all surveys (P for trend < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our results do not support large increases in eating frequency, snacking, or evening eating by the American population from 1971 to 2002. The quantity of foods and their energy density increased beginning in NHANES III (1988-1994) with trajectories roughly parallel to the rates of prevalence of obesity in the US population. However, we urge cautious interpretation of these results because of concurrent changes in dietary methods during this period.
Knowledge management in businesses using service-oriented architecture – a practical implementation of Topic Maps using a case study of Amazon

The paper illustrates the complexity of data management in organisations, which are moving from simple database access architecture to a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). The practical application of Topic Maps as a knowledge management tool in an SOA setting to capture/search/use existing data and use it in different contexts based on the user is illustrated using Amazon's software architecture as an example.
Modeling Axisymmetric Flow and Transport

Unmodified versions of common computer programs such as MODFLOW, MT3DMS, and SEAWAT that use Cartesian geometry can accurately simulate axially symmetric ground water flow and solute transport. Axisymmetric flow and transport are simulated by adjusting several input parameters to account for the increase in flow area with radial distance from the injection or extraction well. Logarithmic weighting of interblock transmissivity, a standard option in MODFLOW, can be used for axisymmetric models to represent the linear change in hydraulic conductance within a single finite-difference cell. Results from three test problems (ground water extraction, an aquifer push-pull test, and upconing of saline water into an extraction well) show good agreement with analytical solutions or with results from other numerical models designed specifically to simulate the axisymmetric geometry. Axisymmetric models are not commonly used but can offer an efficient alternative to full three-dimensional models, provided the assumption of axial symmetry can be justified. For the upconing problem, the axisymmetric model was more than 1000 times faster than an equivalent three-dimensional model. Computational gains with the axisymmetric models may be useful for quickly determining appropriate levels of grid resolution for three-dimensional models and for estimating aquifer parameters from field tests.
Tonsillectomy on rivaroxaban

Abstract Objective The objective of this case report is to increase awareness regarding a new category of drugs, new direct oral anticoagulants (specifically, rivaroxaban), which are increasingly being used instead of the more traditional vitamin K antagonists, to highlight the current recommendations for perioperative management of rivaroxaban, and to demonstrate a clinical scenario where a tonsillectomy was successfully performed in a patient requiring anticoagulation with rivaroxaban. Methods A literature review and a case report are presented. PubMed was reviewed for evidence based recommendations regarding the perioperative management of rivaroxaban and the recommendations for reversal in the event of a hemorrhagic complication. There is no evidence in the literature regarding the use of rivaroxaban in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. We present the case of a 38 year old female on rivaroxaban for history of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism who successfully underwent tonsillectomy using the current recommendations for perioperative management of rivaroxaban. Results Our patient had no thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications during the postoperative period. This is the first report in the literature regarding the use of a new direct oral anticoagulant, rivaroxaban, in the setting of tonsillectomy. This case report suggests that tonsillectomy can be performed in patients anticoagulated with rivaroxaban. Conclusion With the increasingly common use of new direct oral anticoagulants for short and long-term anticoagulation, further research is necessary to compare the efficacy and safety profile of the new direct oral anticoagulants to the more traditional vitamin K antagonists when performing tonsillectomy. Otolaryngologists should be familiar with the new oral anticoagulants and understand the proposed perioperative management as practitioners are increasingly likely to encounter patients using this new class of medication in clinical practice.
A zero-placement technique for designing shaped inputs to suppress multiple-mode vibration

The performance of many flexible systems can be improved by employing command shaping techniques to reduce machine vibration. The input shaping technique, in particular, has proven to be highly effective for a wide class of systems. Due to the mathematical complexity of higher-order problems, multiple-mode input shapers can be tricky to derive and difficult to understand. This paper proposes a new approach for deriving input shapers using zero-placement in the discrete domain. The flexibility and simplicity inherent in this formulation provide many options for maximizing shaper performance.
Regge pole hypothesis and polarisations in πp and Kp scattering

Expressions for the polarizations in pi -p, K-p, and K-p scattering are presented together with differential and total cross sections. (C.E.S.)
The effects of acute starvation on parotid acinar cells. Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations on ad libitum-fed and starved rats.

Parotid acinar cells from ad libitum-fed and starved rats were studied using electron microscopic and cytochemical techniques. Lysosomes containing acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase activity were present in cells of both ad libitum-fed and starved rats. They included lipofuscin-like bodies, smaller round or irregularly-shaped bodies, multivesicular bodies, and coated vesicles. After 16–24 hours of starvation, lipid droplets had accumulated in the basal cytoplasm, and secretory granules showed evidence of degeneration. These altered granules consisted of irregular clumps of dense material in a less dense matrix. After 48–72 hours of starvation, the altered granules increased in number and fused to form large aggregates. Some of the aggregates also contained vesicles, membranous material, and lysosomal residues. The altered granules and aggregates were reactive for acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase. The formation of the altered granules appeared to occur by spontaneous degeneration of the secretory granules, with secondary fusion with pre-existing lysosomes and other altered granules. The results suggest that the lysosomal system of the parotid acinar cell functions to segregate and digest secretory granules during periods of reduced secretory stimulation.
Unfolded protein response in cancer: the Physician's perspective

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cascade of intracellular stress signaling events in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cancer cells are often exposed to hypoxia, nutrient starvation, oxidative stress and other metabolic dysregulation that cause ER stress and activation of the UPR. Depending on the duration and degree of ER stress, the UPR can provide either survival signals by activating adaptive and antiapoptotic pathways, or death signals by inducing cell death programs. Sustained induction or repression of UPR pharmacologically may thus have beneficial and therapeutic effects against cancer. In this review, we discuss the basic mechanisms of UPR and highlight the importance of UPR in cancer biology. We also update the UPR-targeted cancer therapeutics currently in clinical trials.
Overlooking Innocence: Refashioning the Material Witness Law to Indefinitely Detain Muslims Without Charges

One of the most basic rights in international law is the safeguard against arbitrary detention. This protection of the right to liberty has been defined by international tribunals to mean, at a minimum, that the detention of any individual must be in accordance with previously established law and based on objectively reasonable criteria, defined without regard to race, religion, gender, or national origin. This piece explores how the U.S., a principle drafter and proponent of the international rules prohibiting arbitrary detention, has since September 11 has joined many countries in abrogating these rules in its counterterrorism investigations by implementing new policies and refashioning existing authority to indiscriminately hold Muslims, Arabs and South Asians without probable cause. This piece focuses on the international human rights implications of one key tool the government has used to detain Muslim men without charges: the federal material witness law, which authorizes the government to briefly hold a person who has witnessed a crime when it appears he may flee. It details preliminary findings and international human rights implications on how since September 11, the government has used this law to circumvent probable cause requirements to hold Muslim “witnesses” it believes to be suspects, indefinitely without charges. Based on interviews with witnesses, their family members, lawyers and government officials, it documents the detention of more than 70 material witnesses held in connection with counterterrorism investigations, it documents how the U.S. government has systematically abused its material witness authority to hold Muslim men in violation of basic international protections against arbitrary detention. Specifically, it concludes that the U.S. government systematically used the law in a manner unauthorized by Congress to detain and investigate suspects and impermissibly used witnesses’ race, national origin and religion as a basis for detaining witnesses.
Floral character evolution in response to an aquatic environment in Podostemaceae: A phylogenetic approach

Habitat transition is a common driving force for change in morphological characters. One of the most dramatic habitat transitions is that between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which has occurred numerous times in both directions throughout the evolutionary history of flowering plants. Podostemaceae, more commonly known as the riverweeds, evolved from terrestrial to freshwater ecosystems and subsequently experienced an overall reduction in number of floral characters. Taking a phylogenetic approach, this study served as a preliminary investigation into evolutionary trends of four floral characters: 1) stamen number, 2) tepal number, 3) stigma number and 4) locule number. Mapped on a phylogeny based upon Maximum Likelihood, all four characters show overall reduction but characters became reduced at different rates. Stamen and tepal numbers showed a rapid initial decrease followed by a gradual increase, stigma number showed a rapid initial decrease then stabilization, and locule number showed a gradual persistent decrease. The difference in trends among the four floral characters is likely due to differences in habitat, but further research is needed.
A classification system for tableting behaviors of binary powder mixtures

Abstract The ability to predict tableting properties of a powder mixture from individual components is of both fundamental and practical importance to the efficient formulation development of tablet products. A common tableting classification system (TCS) of binary powder mixtures facilitates the systematic development of new knowledge in this direction. Based on the dependence of tablet tensile strength on weight fraction in a binary mixture, three main types of tableting behavior are identified. Each type is further divided to arrive at a total of 15 sub-classes. The proposed classification system lays a framework for a better understanding of powder interactions during compaction. Potential applications and limitations of this classification system are discussed.
Establishment, Characterization, and Toxicological Application of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Primary Skin Fibroblast Cell Cultures

Pollution is a well-known threat to sea turtles but its impact is poorly understood. In vitro toxicity testing presents a promising avenue to assess and monitor the effects of environmental pollutants in these animals within the legal constraints of their endangered status. Reptilian cell cultures are rare and, in sea turtles, largely derived from animals affected by tumors. Here we describe the full characterization of primary skin fibroblast cell cultures derived from biopsies of multiple healthy loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and the subsequent optimization of traditional in vitro toxicity assays to reptilian cells. Characterization included validating fibroblast cells by morphology and immunocytochemistry, and optimizing culture conditions by use of growth curve assays with a fractional factorial experimental design. Two cell viability assays, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and an assay measuring cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression by quantitative PCR were optimized in the characteri...
Merging Active-Space and Renormalized Coupled-Cluster Methods via the CC(P;Q) Formalism, with Benchmark Calculations for Singlet-Triplet Gaps in Biradical Systems.

We have recently developed a flexible form of the method of moments of coupled-cluster (CC) equations and the CC(P;Q) hierarchy, which enable one to correct the CC and equation-of-motion CC energies obtained with unconventional truncations in the cluster and excitation operators [Shen, J.; Piecuch, P. Chem. Phys.2012, 401, 180; J. Chem. Phys.2012, 136, 144104]. One of the CC(P;Q) methods is a novel hybrid scheme, abbreviated as CC(t;3), in which the results of CC calculations with singles, doubles, and active-space triples, termed CCSDt, are corrected for the triple excitations missing in CCSDt using the expressions that are reminiscent of the completely renormalized (CR) CC approach known as CR-CC(2,3). We demonstrate that the total electronic energies of the lowest singlet and triplet states, and the singlet–triplet gaps in biradical systems, including methylene, (HFH)−, and trimethylenemethane, resulting from the CC(t;3) calculations agree with those obtained with the full CC approach with singles, dou...
Effect of Heat on Mold Spores.

Because of their wide distribution and ease of dissemination, molds always present a problem in the preparation of foodstuffs that are not to be consumed immediately. The changes produced in foods by molds are in general very undesirable. As heat is the most common way of preserving foods, it was thought desirable to know something about the thermal death times of molds. Thorn and Avery1 found that Rhizopus nigricans and Oidium lactis were killed in pasteurized milk at 54.5°C. (130.1°F.) in 30 minutes, but that most strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium resisted this temperature and were killed at 60°C. (140°F.) for 30 minutes.Since 30 minutes is the customary pasteurization time, and since this experiment was carried out mainly to study the effect of pasteurization, no tests were made at intervals more frequent than 30 minutes. Streider and McClellan2 studied the thermal relations of molds in bread. They submerged flasks containing mold suspensions in a water bath at 20° C. (68°F.). The temperature was ...
Manipulating the Collective Surface Plasmon Resonances of Aligned Gold Nanorods in Electrospun Composite Nanofibers

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an interesting optical property that has been intensively studied in recent years. Herein, we report that the SPRs of gold nanorods (Au NRs) embedded in electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous films can be manipulated via several approaches such as the change of Au NR percentage in the composite nanofibers, swelling-induced refractive index decrease of local environment, and swelling-induced increase of inter-rod distances among the embedded Au NRs. The electrospun composite nanofibrous films exhibit excellent sensing ability to the swelling solvents with short responsible time and remarkable reversibility. This study advances the fundamental understandings of plasmonic properties for electrospun composite nanofibrous films; thus, it can benefit the novel design of smart nanomaterials for broad sensing and nanophotonic applications.
Dynastic Periodization and its Limits: Historiography in Contemporary Arab Monarchies

Over the last decades, a number of scholars have studied how historio- graphy served to legitimize different Arab regimes. These scholars have, however, given little attention to the role of periodization. By contrast, this study suggests that periodization has been a central element of historiography in the monar- chies. Many textbooks and other major works in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Jordan, and Morocco follow two broad ten- dencies in terms of periodization. The first tendency is to merge dynastic and national periods and to start the history of the country essentially with the rise of the contemporary ruling family. The second tendency is to integrate the con- temporary dynasty into the history of a longer, sometimes perennial, monarchy. Nevertheless, official dynastic periodization has not determined all historical writing in the monarchies. Local and tribal historians often developed periodiza- tions centered on specific cities or tribes and also imagined a much longer history than that of the contemporary dynasty.
Effect of family history on lung cancer outcomes

7711 Background: Risk factors for development of lung cancer includes a family history of the disease, especially if younger and multiple family members are affected. The effect of family history o...
Surveillance Report On Nutritional And Health Conditions Of The Rural Residents In Juchao District,Chaohu City

Objective To learn the levels of the body mass index(BMI),blood pressure(BP),blood glucose and serum lipids of the rural adults in Juchao district,and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.Methods709 persons in Chaohu district were selected as the subjects of sampling survey of china nutritional and health surveillance in 2009,and their BMI,BP,blood glucose and serum lipids were tested and analyzed.ResultsThe abnormal rates of their BMI,BP,blood glucose and serum lipids were 42.7%,17.3%,8.2% and 31.7% respectively.The abnormal rates of their BP and blood glucose had significant differences between males and females(P0.05),but the rates of their BMI and serum lipids in two groups were not different obviously(P0.05).The abnormal of BMI,BP and blood glucose increased with the rise of age,decreased until old age.The abnormal of serum lipids was the most highest in people aged between 18 and 29,and it was the lowest in people aged over 70.The BP,blood glucose and serum lipids increased with the rise of BMI(χ2=44.48,P=0.000;χ2=12.31,P=0.006;χ2=64.31,P=0.000).ConclusionThe prevention and treatment of chronic diseases among rural adults in Juchao district must be done without delay.
Urine Contamination of Seminal Fluid After Transurethral Resection of the Ejaculatory Ducts

AbstractTransurethral resection of ejaculatory duct obstruction has assumed a significant role in the treatment of infertile men. The potential impact of disruption of the ejaculatory duct apparatus after transurethral resection has not been studied. The seminal plasma of patients was evaluated after transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts by determining creatinine levels as a measure of urine contamination of semen. Analysis of semen parameters was retrospectively performed on preoperative and postoperative samples in 8 subfertile men diagnosed with ejaculatory duct obstruction treated by transurethral resection. These were not 8 consecutive patients but rather individuals from a larger series who had seminal plasma frozen preoperatively and postoperatively. A significant increase in seminal plasma creatinine levels post-operatively was detected in 7 of 8 patients evaluated. In patients who were requested to produce 2 specimens within 1 hour high levels of creatinine were found in both ejaculate...
Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibition for the Treatment of Sustained Atrial Fibrillation

Current therapies are less effective for treating sustained/permanent versus paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). We and others have previously shown that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition reverses structural and electrical atrial remodeling in mice with inducible, paroxysmal-like AF. Here, we hypothesize an important, specific role for class I HDACs in determining structural atrial alterations during sustained AF. The class I HDAC inhibitor N-acetyldinaline [4-(acetylamino)-N-(2-amino-phenyl) benzamide] (CI-994) was administered for 2 weeks (1 mg/kg/day) to Hopx transgenic mice with atrial remodeling and inducible AF and to dogs with atrial tachypacing-induced sustained AF. Class I HDAC inhibition prevented atrial fibrosis and arrhythmia inducibility in mice. Dogs were divided into three groups: 1) sinus rhythm, 2) sustained AF plus vehicle, and 3) sustained AF plus CI-994. In group 3, the time in AF over 2 weeks was reduced by 30% compared with group 2, along with attenuated atrial fibrosis and intra-atrial adipocyte infiltration. Moreover, group 2 dogs had higher atrial and serum inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and atrial immune cells and adipocytes compared with groups 1 and 3. On the other hand, groups 2 and 3 displayed similar left atrial size, ventricular function, and mitral regurgitation. Importantly, the same histologic alterations found in dogs with sustained AF and reversed by CI-994 were also present in atrial tissue from transplanted patients with chronic AF. This is the first evidence that, in sustained AF, class I HDAC inhibition can reduce the total time of fibrillation, atrial fibrosis, intra-atrial adipocytes, and immune cell infiltration without significant effects on cardiac function.
Pelvis and Acetabular Fractures

Even when resources are abundant, the surgical management of complex pelvic ring and acetabular fractures/dislocations is usually done in specialized centers by specially trained and skilled surgeons, using sophisticated imaging technology and a wide array of equipment, instruments, and implants. Blood and blood products are easily available, as is advanced intra- and postoperative monitoring, in the recovery room or even the intensive care unit if necessary. In austere environments few if any of these resources are usually available. Conservative management has been and still remains the most common treatment of these injuries.
Ultraviolet optoelectronic devices based on AlGaN alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy

This paper reviews progress in ultraviolet (UV) optoelectronic devices based on AIGaN films and their quantum wells (QWs), grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. A growth mode, leading to band-structure potential fluctuations and resulting in AIGaN multiple QWs with internal quantum efficiency as high as 68%, is discussed. Atomic ordering in these alloys, which is different from that observed in traditional III-V alloys, and its effect on device performance is also addressed. Finally, progress in UV-light-emitting diodes, UV lasers, UV detectors, electroabsorption modulators, and distributed Bragg reflectors is presented.
Neuropsychological Studies of High-Level Autism

The study of nonretarded autistic persons is important, as it allows comparisons with normal age-matched controls and patients with focal brain lesions using tests with adequate norms, sensitivity to cerebral dysfunction, and localizing value. This allows us to address the question of the universality and specificity of cognitive deficits in autism.
Reduced-Complexity MIMO Detection via a Slicing Breadth-First Tree Search

A bottleneck in multiple-input multiple-output communications systems is the complexity of detection at the receiver. The complexity of optimum maximum-likelihood detection is often prohibitive, especially for large numbers of antennas and large alphabets. A suboptimal tree-search-based detector known as the $K$ -best detector is an effective scheme that provides a flexible performance-complexity tradeoff. In this paper, we identify scalar list detection as a key building block of the $K$ -best detector, and we propose an efficient low-complexity implementation of the scalar list detector for $M$ -ary QAM using a slicing operation. Embedding the slicing list detector into the $K$ -best framework leads to our proposed slicing $K$ -best detector. Simulation results show that the proposed detector offers comparable performance to the conventional $K$ -best detector, but with significantly reduced complexity when $K$ is less than the QAM alphabet size $M$ . Since the slicing list detection is performed at each visited node in the detection tree, the complexity reduction is especially significant when the number of antennas and the alphabet size are large, making the proposed detector a competitive option for high spectral-efficiency wireless systems.
Depression and lipoprotein lipids in healthy, postmenopausal women: The moderating effects of hormone replacement therapy

Abstract Objective Naturally occurring low cholesterol levels have been related to increased depressive symptoms in studies conducted predominantly in men. However, depression is more common among women, may increase during the menopause, and may be impacted by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). We therefore examined the potential interactive relation of depressive symptoms and HRT status to lipoprotein lipids among postmenopausal women. Methods Seventy healthy, postmenopausal women (ages 50–70; 36% receiving HRT) completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and provided two fasting blood samples for assessment of lipoprotein lipids. Results Following statistical adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), HRT status, and depressive symptoms, the interaction of depression and HRT explained 16% variance in total cholesterol and 17% variance in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P s Conclusion These findings suggest that HRT may buffer associations between naturally occurring low cholesterol levels and increased symptoms of depression in postmenopausal women.
4.25 – Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have emerged over the past decade as key regulators of synaptic plasticity and memory. Neuronal MAPKs are activated by diverse stimuli, including calcium influx, mGluR activation and neurotrophins, and their downstream effector mechanisms include regulation of transcription, translation, neuronal excitability and intracellular trafficking of alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPARs). Recent evidence suggests that MAPKs may play a particularly important role in the consolidation of synaptic modifications and memory.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Antibiotic Use for Viral Illness in Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the primary care setting, there are racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Viral ARTIs are commonly diagnosed in the pediatric emergency department (PED), in which racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic prescribing have not been previously reported. We sought to investigate whether patient race and ethnicity was associated with differences in antibiotic prescribing for viral ARTIs in the PED. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of encounters at 7 PEDs in 2013, in which we used electronic health data from the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Registry. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between patient race and ethnicity and antibiotics administered or prescribed among children discharged from the hospital with viral ARTI. Children with bacterial codiagnoses, chronic disease, or who were immunocompromised were excluded. Covariates included age, sex, insurance, triage level, provider type, emergency department type, and emergency department site. RESULTS: Of 39 445 PED encounters for viral ARTIs that met inclusion criteria, 2.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4%–2.8%) received antibiotics, including 4.3% of non-Hispanic (NH) white, 1.9% of NH black, 2.6% of Hispanic, and 2.9% of other NH children. In multivariable analyses, NH black (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.44; CI 0.36–0.53), Hispanic (aOR 0.65; CI 0.53–0.81), and other NH (aOR 0.68; CI 0.52–0.87) children remained less likely to receive antibiotics for viral ARTIs. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with NH white children, NH black and Hispanic children were less likely to receive antibiotics for viral ARTIs in the PED. Future research should seek to understand why racial and ethnic differences in overprescribing exist, including parental expectations, provider perceptions of parental expectations, and implicit provider bias.
Chemotactic Transduction in the Cellular Slime Molds

Two eukaryotic cell types have been extensively studied as paradigms for the chemotaxis of freely motile cells: the leukocytes such as PMNs and macrophages (Neidel and Cuatrecasas, 1980; Schiffman, 1982; Zigmond, 1978) and the cellular slime molds, particularly the species Dictyostelium discoideum (Devreotes, 1982; Frazier et al., 1982; Gerisch, 1982). Both these systems have inherent complications for studying the mechanism(s) of chemotaxis per se, that is, the process or processes by which the occupancy of chemotactic receptors is sensed by the inner workings of the cell, specifically those components involved in cellular motility, and translated into directional information. The white cells respond to chemoattractants such as complement peptides and N-formylated peptides (e.g., F-Met-Leu-Phe, or FMLP) with a barrage of killer mechanisms such as superoxide and peroxide production, lysosomal enzyme secretion, increased cell-cell adhesiveness, and enhanced phagocytosis (Neidel and Curatrecasas, 1980; Schiffmann, 1982; Zigmond, 1978). Many or all of these responses may have nothing to do with the chemotactic response or effect on cell motility. In general, most chemoattractants also cause the response of chemo-kinesis, or an increase in rate of motility with no imposed directional component.
Filburn’s Forgotten Footnote – Of Farm Team Federalism and its Fate

Federalism is the oldest question of American constitutional law and the prime mover in a legal system where nearly every constitutional controversy is in some sense a case about federalism. In a mercilessly competitive global economy that transforms virtually every legal endeavor from a strictly local undertaking into a global commitment, few if any legal subjects fall under the effective control of a single national sovereign. Because economic analysis universalizes theories of federalism, this constitutional doctrine, conventionally considered quintessentially American, applies to problems of intergovernmental coordination in many national and international legal settings. A forgotten footnote in that cause celebre of commerce clause jurisprudence, Wickard v. Filburn. 317 U.S. 111 (1942), offers a novel perspective on global federalism and the fundamental nature of the state.
Linking in Systems with One-Dimensional Periodic Boundaries

With a focus on one-dimensional periodic boundary systems, we describe the application of extensions of the Gauss linking number of closed rings to open chains and, then, to systems of such chains via the periodic linking and periodic self-linking of chains. These lead to the periodic linking matrix and its associated eigenvalues providing measures of entanglement that can be applied to complex systems. We describe the general one-dimensional case and applications to one-dimensional Olympic gels and to tubular filamental structures.
Advanced FDSOI Device Design: The U-Channel Device for 7 nm Node and Beyond

In this paper, we propose the extendibility of ultra-thin body and box (UTBB) devices to 7 and 5 nm technology nodes focusing on electrostatics. A difficulty in scaling traditional UTBB is the need for SOI scaling to about one fourth of the gate length. We propose a U-channel fully depleted silicon on insulator architecture that starts off with a thicker SOI (8–11 nm) and has a U-shaped channel enabled by a recessed metal gate. This device improves the electrostatics by increasing the overall gate length at fixed metal gate opening, mitigating drain field coupling to the source due to the recessed metal gate region and having thin SOI below the center of the device (4–5 nm). Modeling shows that good electrostatics can be maintained at small metal gate opening to enable pitch scaling. This device provides lower cost options for mobile and IOT technologies.
Tracing the Roots of American Legal Education — A Nineteenth Century German Connection

Both Germany and the United States in the twentieth century became leading proponents and exporters of legal rules and institutions from their own distinct, competing legal traditions. In this respect, the two countries are somewhat more insular in their legal systems than nations that are net importers or borrowers of ideas about law. It was not always so. In earlier eras, Germany and the United States “received” the major ideas that made them respectively a civil law and a common law country.By the end of the nineteenth century, American university law schools had adopted important elements related to the goals, method, structure, and ceremony of European — and especially German — legal education. There was even some minor Roman and civil law influence on the content of American legal instruction. Consequently, one can better understand American legal training as part of a long and rich tradition now more than nine centuries old.The core argument here centers on the reform at Harvard University after Charles Eliot became president in 1869, during the tenure of Christopher Langdell from 1870 to 1895, the law school’s first dean. Harvard Law School’s influence on the structure, content, and style of legal education in the United States during the twentieth century is unequivocal.
Peasant Farming in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century France and the Transition to Capitalism Under Charles de Gaulle

Historians assume that capitalism had been latent in France until the towns aroused farmers to specialize in lucrative commodities and make improvements to capitalize on the market opportunities. I argue, in contrast, that conflicts of the feudal period left a configuration of peasant parcels of land and seigneurial classes backed by the monarchy. Peasants labored intensively and deprived themselves to obtain more land. Noble and bourgeois landowners exploited peasant labor through seigneurial and sharecropping rents but did not invest in agriculture. The peasant revolution in 1789 and continued labor-intensive husbandry further entrenched farming for use-value despite the growth of industry and cities in the 1800s and 1900s. Technocrats under de Gaulle in the late 1950s finally transformed this system into capitalism by regulating access to land, pressuring farmers to take out loans, and forcing them to produce for the European market to service debts. Farmers thus had to improve husbandry on account of market competition. French agriculture had long lagged behind its European and American rivals but emerged as a leading exporter in the 1960s and 1970s.
Pharmacogenomics and Psychiatric Nursing

The treatment of mental illness is often done on a trial-and-error basis and achieving therapeutic benefits from a medication is not always guaranteed. Pharmacogenomics explores the role of gene–ge...
Curriculum Redesign to Build the Moral Courage Values of Accelerated Bachelor's Degree Nursing Students.

The increasing complexities of health care coupled with the decreasing importance of ethical values held by college students, including nursing students, compel nurse educators to step up efforts t...
Measurement of Soil Salinity: Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids

In this summary, we provide a brief overview of the chapter entitled “Soil Salinity: Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids”, recently published in the Methods of Soil Analysis (vol. 2) series.
Structural glenoid allograft reconstruction during reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Background Large glenoid defects present a challenge during primary and revision reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) especially when humeral head autograft is not available as a bone graft source. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of RTSA with concomitant structural allografting to reconstruct large glenoid defects. Methods From May 2008 to July 2016, 22 patients underwent primary or revision RTSA with structural glenoid allografting. Of 22 patients, 19 (86%) were available for a minimum 2-year clinical follow-up (average, 2.8 ± 1.3 years), and 17 of 22 (77%) were available for a minimum 1-year radiographic follow-up. Functional outcomes, range of motion, radiographic deformity correction, allograft incorporation, and complication rates were determined. Results From preoperatively to postoperatively, significant improvements in the average Simple Shoulder Test score (2 ± 2 preoperatively vs. 10 ± 8 postoperatively, P = .002), the average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (31 ± 19 preoperatively vs. 70 ± 25 postoperatively, P Conclusions RTSA with allograft reconstruction of severe glenoid defects allows restoration of glenoid anatomy and leads to high rates of bony incorporation with low rates of glenoid loosening or requirement for revision. Structural allograft is an excellent alternative to autograft in revision RTSA to avoid graft-site morbidity.
Citrus Pest Quick Guide: Diaprepes Root Weevil

A one-page quick guide written by Lauren M. Diepenbrock and Jamie D. Burrow and published by the Entomology and Nematology Department presents the life cycle of the Diaprepes root weevil and provides several photos of the pest and the damage it causes to assist in identification.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1249
Patient and Hospital Characteristics Associated with Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy: Evidence from 143 Illinois Hospitals, 2016 to 2018.

ABSTRACT Study Objective To identify patient and hospital characteristics associated with minimally invasive hysterectomy. Design Retrospective population-based analysis of administrative data. Setting Data from the Illinois Hospital Association Comparative Health Care and Hospital Data Reporting Services Database. Patients Women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecologic indications in Illinois, 2016 to 2018. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results We determined the significance of the proportion of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus abdominal hysterectomies by patient and hospital characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between patient and hospital characteristics and the likelihood of MIS versus abdominal hysterectomy controlling for the simultaneous effects of all patient and hospital characteristics and year of surgery. There were 42 945 hysterectomies for benign indications at 143 nonfederal Illinois hospitals from 2016 to 2018. More than three-fourths (32 387, 75.4%) of hysterectomies were MIS. Non-Hispanic black patients had the lowest percentage of MIS (54.7%) compared with 82.1% among whites (p 80% MIS had almost 6 times the likelihood of MIS (OR 5.89, 95% CI, 4.51–7.68). Conclusion Black race and a myoma diagnosis were independently associated with decreased odds of undergoing an MIS hysterectomy, whereas the strongest predictor of undergoing an MIS hysterectomy was hospital proportion of minimally invasive procedures.
Lung Transplant Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Stable or Acute Exacerbations of Interstitial Lung Disease

Purpose Acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease (AE-ILD) have a poor prognosis, and lung transplantation can be lifesaving. Previous studies have reported significantly higher mortality in patients transplanted with acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) compared to stable IPF. These results have yet to be corroborated, and whether they apply to the wide spectrum of AE-ILD beyond IPF is unknown. This study aimed to compare outcomes between transplanted AE-ILD patients, non-transplanted AE-ILD patients, and stable ILD patients hospitalized to undergo lung transplantation. Methods This was a retrospective review of adults hospitalized with AE-ILD and stable patients hospitalized for elective lung transplantation due to end-stage ILD between January 2014 and February 2019. An acute exacerbation was defined using the revised definition and diagnostic criteria for AE-IPF. The primary outcome was post-hospitalization survival. For hospitalized transplanted patients, secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay post-transplant, grade of primary graft dysfunction, graft rejection, re-hospitalization, and cause of death. Results Twenty-nine patients were stable and electively admitted for lung transplantation, and 53 were hospitalized with AE-ILD, of whom 23 received a lung transplant and 28 did not. The average lung allocation score at the time of transplant for stable ILD patients was 41.79 compared to 81.61 for patients with AE-ILD (p Conclusion Mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with AE-ILD who were not transplanted, but survival and post-hospitalization outcomes were comparable in patients transplanted with AE-ILD versus stable ILD. These results highlight the important role played by lung transplantation in eligible patients admitted with AE-ILD.
Ethylation in vivo of purines in rat-liver tRNA by L-ethionine☆

Abstract The long-term feeding of ethionine, the ethyl analog of methionine, leads to hepatic carcinoma ( Farber, 1963 ). The intraperitoneal injection of [ethyl-1- 14 C-] L-ethionine into rats also leads to the rapid ethylation of both hepatic protein and nucleic acid fractions ( Natori, 1963 ; Stekol et al. , 1960 ; Stekol, 1965 ; Farber et al. , 1967 ). Stekol (1965) reported that DNA is ethylated and 7-ethylguanine was the only labeled nucleic acid component that could be isolated following acid hydrolysis. However, others ( Farber et al. , 1967 ; Ortwerth and Novelli, 1968 ) demonstrated that RNA, particularly tRNA, is the most significantly labeled nucleic acid fraction and that a more complex pattern of RNA ethylation was observed ( Farber et al , 1967 ) than indicated by Stekol (1965) . In the present paper, the major portion of the labeled ethylpurines obtained from rat liver tRNA following the injection of ethyl-labeled ethionine is identified as N 2 -ethyl-, 7-ethyl- and N 2 , N 2 -diethylguanine, which together account for 23%, 10%, and 2% respectively of the total radioactivity found in tRNA. This accounts for two-thirds of the purine ethylation observed.
Adapting a relatively low-cost reflectance spectrometer for on-combine sensing of grain protein concentration

Abstract An on-combine, near infrared (NIR) spectrometer is now commercially available for mapping grain protein concentration (GPC) within farm fields. Costing > US$20,000, this specialized instrument may not be affordable for all producers. The objective of this study was to adapt and evaluate a moderately priced reflectance spectrometer (
Phenomenology of Turbulence Production in Merging Process of Supersonic Streamwise Vortices

Merging of corotating vortices is of primary interest in the field of supersonic mixing due to the ability of two or more structures to coalesce and form a larger one which enhances the stirring mo...
New and Emerging Technologies in Type 1 Diabetes

There has been a rapid advancement in the pace of development of new diabetes technologies and therapies for the management of type 1 diabetes over the past decade. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial conclusively established that tight glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy decreases the rates of diabetes complications in proportion to glycemic control, and diabetes technologies have accordingly been developed to help patients reach these goals. In this review, the authors discuss new diabetes therapeutics and technologies, including new insulin analogues, insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and automated insulin delivery systems."
The Effects of Clam Exercise on the Trunk Control and Balance of Stroke Patients

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of applying clam exercise on improving trunk control and balance ability in stroke patients. Based on this, we tried to provide clinical information. Methods: In this study, 18 patients with chronic stroke were recruited from a rehabilitation hospital. The patients were divided into two groups: a clam exercise group (9 patients) and a control group (9 patients). After 30 minutes of neuro-development therapy, they performed clam exercise or bridge exercise for 3 weeks, 5 times a week for 30 minutes. A trunk impairment scale (TIS) and a postural assessment scale for stroke patients-trunk control (PASS-TC) were performed to evaluate the subjects’ ability to control trunk before and after intervention. Balance ability was measured by Balancia before and after intervention. Results: After the training periods, area 95% COP and weight distribution of the affected side were significantly different from the clam exercise group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, in can be seen that the clam exercise is effective in improving the balance ability compared to the bridge exercise. Maintaining the standing posture requires muscle strength of the hip abduction and extension, which is the result of the clam exercise selectively strengthening these muscles. Therefore, if you want to provide intervention to improve the balance of stroke patients, it is recommended to perform a clam exercise