cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solutions of the equilibrium and semi-equilibrium models of chromatography

Abstract In contrast to the kinetic models, the ideal and semi-ideal models of chromatography assume the distribution of the compounds studied to be constantly at equilibrium (ideal model) or very close to equilibrium (semi-ideal model). An exact solution of the ideal model can be obtained under close form for a pure compound with any isotherm and for a binary mixture with competitive Langmuir isotherms. No exact solution of the semi-ideal model can be derived but numerical solutions are available for all isotherms. Approximate analytical solutions for this model can be obtained by assuming that the concentration of the compound studied in the mobile phase is small and, accordingly, that the equilibrium isotherm is parabolic and by neglecting some terms in the derivation. Depending on the assumptions made, the Houghton and the Haarhoff—Van der Linde equations are obtained. These different solutions are compared. It is shown that the Haarhoff—Van der Linde equation is a much better approximation than the Houghton equation and that its range of validity depends essentially on the deviation between the true isotherm and its two-term expansion in the concentration range sampeld by the band during its elution. It is usually valid for loading factors below 0.2% for an ideal column and bCMax ≤ 0.05 for real columns (the loading factor is the ratio of the sample size and the column saturation capacity, b is the second coefficient of a Langmuir isotherm and CMax is the maximum concentration of the band). In practice, however, it can be used for loading factors up to 1% (bCMax ≥ 0.1 for real columns). The ideal model, in contrast, gives a valid presentation of experimental band profiles only at high sample size and column efficiencies. The reduced sample size, m = NLf [k′0/(1 + k′0_]2 (N = column plate number, Lf = loading factor, k′0 = column capacity factor), must be higher than 35. In the intermedia range, only numerical solutions can predict the band profiles accurately. In the case of two components, the exact solution of the ideal model can be obtained under close form with competitive Langmuir isotherms. Numerical solutions can be obtained to simulate real columns. No other analytical solution, even approximate, is available. A correction made to the ideal model to account for the band-broadening effect of a finite efficiency gives good results and permits the investigation of the optimization of the experimental conditions of a separation for maximum production rate.
Onset of nonlinear saturation for Rayleigh-Taylor growth in the presence of a full spectrum of modes

It is generally recognized that a single Rayleigh-Taylor unstable mode grows exponentially, proportional to the initial amplitude, until the amplitude is about (1/10 to (1/5 of the wavelength. The growth then becomes nonlinear, and the mode evolves into spikes and bubbles. This paper considers how this picture of the transition to nonlinearity changes when, instead of there being a single mode, there is a full spectrum of modes. We argue that nonlinear behavior begins whenever the sum of modes over a specified small region of k space becomes comparable to the wavelength. In the case of a single mode, this reduces to the usual comparison of the mode's amplitude with its wavelength \ensuremath{\lambda}. But if the modal amplitudes are smooth functions of k, the modes begin to saturate when their amplitude is comparable to ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$/R times a dimensionless scale factor; here, R is the radius in spherical geometry, or the length of the surface in planar geometry. Given this new notion of the amplitude at which nonlinear saturation begins, we construct a simple model to estimate the net perturbation resulting from a broadband initial spectrum. We assume that modes grow exponentially until saturation occurs, and then the growth of the individual modes becomes linear in time. The model predictions in two and three dimensions are compared with Read and Young's experiments [Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Report No. 011/83, Aldermasten, 1983 (unpublished)], and to Youngs's calculations [Physica 12D, 32 (1984)]. The experimental results are used to set the single parameter characterizing the onset of nonlinearity. The model provides a complete description of a weak dependence on initial amplitude. The model can be easily extended to any situation for which one can estimate single-mode growths; results are presented regarding effects on multimode growth of spherical geometry, ablation stabilization, and interface coupling.
Implement Improved Loop Level OpenMP Program Based on Parallel Region Reconstruction

Based on three OpenMP program models, the technology of parallel region reconstruction is mainly discussed to implement the improved loop level OpenMP program. Parallel region reconstruction is to expand and merge parallel regions. When reconstructing parallel regions, there are two things should be noted, that is to keep data attribute and data dependence before and after optimization. Experimental results of PPOPP show that after parallel region reconstruction, the improvement of lu1k is maximally up to 28.1%, and the improvement of erle64 is the lowest about 1.87%. The reason of lu1k's highest improvement is that a parallel region is expanded outside a loop of 1024 iterations, which reduce 1023 times of the parallel region creation. The experimental results indicate the technology of parallel region reconstruction reduces the creation of parallel region, and improves the performance of the OpenMP program.
Comparative Physiology of Green and Albino Corn Seedlings.

Previous comparative studies of green, albino, and variegated plants have shown higher levels of soluble nitrogenous compounds and lower levels of protein nitrogen in albino or in variegated than in green tissues (6, 14). The soluble nitrogen level was reduced and the protein level was increased when carbohydrates were supplied to albino tissues and plants. Groner (6), on the basis of such findings, postulated that when the supply of carbohydrate from the endosperm of an albino corn seedling became limiting, the seedling would hydroiyze its proteins, utilizing some of the products of hydrolysis in metabolism. The soluble nitrogenous substances, notably some amino acids, that could not be metabolized were thought to accumulate.
Ceramic–glass composite high temperature seals for dense ionic-conducting ceramic membranes

Abstract A basic principle for selecting inorganic sealing materials for dense ionic-conducting ceramic membranes is described for high temperature permeation/reaction experiments. Based on this principle ceramic–glass composite seals consisting of the Pyrex glass and the ceramic powder of the membrane were developed and successfully used to seal a number of different dense ceramic membranes at high temperatures. The ceramic–glass composite seal is typically composed of 40–50 wt.% membrane material powder, 20–50 wt.% Pyrex glass and 5–20 wt.% additive such as sodium aluminate and boron oxide. The properties of ceramic–glass composite seal can be tailored to obtain suitable wettability, viscosity, chemical inertness, thermal expansibility, and bonding strength for good sealing results. A success rate for sealing these ceramic membranes of nearly 100% is possible using the ceramic–glass composite recipe if the correct sealing procedure, including seal paste preparation, is carefully followed.
DVFS Pruning for Wireless NoC Architectures

The millimeter wave small world network on a chip is an emerging paradigm to design low power and high-bandwidth massive multicore chips. By reducing the hop count between largely separated communicating cores, wireless shortcuts in mSWNoC have been shown to carry a significant amount of the overall traffic within the network. The amount of traffic detoured in this way is substantial and the low power wireless links enable energy savings [1]. The overall energy dissipation and thermal profile of the mSWNoC can be improved even further if the characteristics of the wireline links and associated switches are optimized according to the traffic patterns. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a popularmethodology to optimize the power usage/heat dissipation of electronic systems without significantly compromising overall system performance.We have already demonstrated that DVFS enables improvement of power and thermal profiles of mSWNoC-enabled multicore chips.
A Systems Approach to Holistic Total Maximum Daily Load Policy: Case of Lake Allegan, Michigan

AbstractSystems thinking and system dynamics simulation can provide insights for developing effective plans to protect the environmental integrity of natural systems impacted by human activities. In this study, a system archetype known as growth and underinvestment is hypothesized to explain the eutrophication problem of Lake Allegan in Michigan and identify policy leverage points for mitigation. An integrated system dynamics model is developed to simulate the interaction between key socioeconomic subsystems and natural processes driving eutrophication. The model is applied to holistically characterize the lake’s recovery from its hypereutrophic state and assess a number of proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) reduction policies, including phosphorus load reductions from point sources and nonpoint sources. It is shown that for a TMDL plan to be effective, it should be considered a component of a continuous sustainability process, addressing the functionality of dynamic feedback relationships between s...
Individual differences in the effect of social defeat on anhedonia and histone acetylation in the rat hippocampus

Major depression is a growing problem worldwide with variation in symptoms and response to treatment. Individual differences in response to stress may contribute to such observed individual variation in behavior and pathology. Therefore, we investigated depressive-like behavior following exposure to repeated social defeat in a rat model of individual differences in response to novelty. Rats are known to exhibit either high locomotor activity and sustained exploration (high responders, HR) or low activity with minimal exploration (low responders, LR) in a novel environment. We measured anhedonia using the sucrose preference test in HR and LR rats following exposure to social defeat stress or in basal, non-defeated conditions. We then compared histone acetylation in the hippocampus in HR and LR defeat and non-defeated rats and measured mRNA levels of histone deacetylases (HDAC) 3, 4, 5, and Creb binding protein (CBP). We found that basally, HR rats consumed more sucrose solution than LR rats, but reduced consumption after exposure to defeat. LR rats' preference was unaffected by social defeat. We found that HR rats had higher levels of histone acetylation on H3K14 and H2B than LR rats in non-stress conditions. Following defeat, this acetylation pattern changed differentially, with HR rats decreasing acetylation of H3K14 and H2B and LR's increasing acetylation of H3K14. Acetylation on histone H4 decreased following defeat with no individual variation. Basal differences in CBP expression levels may underlie the observed acetylation pattern; however we found no significant effects of defeat in levels of HDACs 3, 4, 5 in the hippocampus.
Hierarchical Storage and Visualization of Real-Time 3D Data

In this paper 'real-time 3D data' refers to volumetric data that are acquired and used as they are produced. Large scale, real-time data are difficult to store and analyze, either visually or by some other means, within the time frames required. Yet this is often quite important to do when decision-makers must receive and quickly act on new information. An example is weather forecasting, where forecasters must act on information received on severe storm development and movement. To meet the real-time requirements crude heuristics are often used to gather information from the original data. This is in spite of the fact that better and better real-time data are becoming available, the full use of which could significantly improve decisions. The work reported here addresses these issues by providing comprehensive data acquisition, analysis, and storage components with time budgets for the data management of each component. These components are put into a global geospatial hierarchical structure. The volumetric data are placed into this global structure, and it is shown how levels of detail can be derived and used within this structure. A volumetric visualization procedure is developed that conforms to the hierarchical structure and uses the levels of detail. These general methods are focused on the specific case of the VGIS global hierarchical structure and rendering system,. The real-time data considered are from collections of time- dependent 3D Doppler radars although the methods described here apply more generally to time-dependent volumetric data. This paper reports on the design and construction of the above hierarchical structures and volumetric visualizations. It also reports result for the specific application of 3D Doppler radar displayed over photo textured terrain height fields. Results are presented results for the specific application of 3D Doppler radar displayed over photo textured terrain height fields. Results are presented for display of time-dependent fields as the user visually navigates and explores the geospatial database.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Epoxidation of an Aliphatic Polycarbonate from 2,2-(2-Pentene-1,5-diyl)trimethylene Carbonate (cHTC) Ring-Opening Polymerization

Pentene-1,5-diyl)trimethylene carbonate (cHTC) was synthesized from cyclohexene- 4,4-dimethanol in high yield (>80%). This new carbonate monomer was successfully ring-open polymerized to form P(cHTC) in bulk at 90 °C using various organometallic catalysts including aluminoxanes (methyl and isobutyl), BunSnCl4-n (n ) 1, 2, 3), BunSn(OMe)4-n (n ) 2, 3), ZnEt2, and ZnEt2-H2O. Comparison of these systems showed that the Zn- and Al-based catalysts were preferred for the preparation of high molecular weight polymers in yields g89% and reaction times of e8 h. For the BunSnX4-n catalysts investigated, values of n ) 1w hen Xi s Cl and n )2 when X is OMe resulted in relatively greater polymerization rates and higher polymer molecular weights. The effects of reaction time and monomer/ catalyst molar ratio were investigated for the Al and Zn catalysts. An outcome of this study was determining that the ZnEt2-H2O (1/0.5) catalyst for a monomer/catalyst (M/C) molar ratio of 400 and a 2 h reaction time gave a product withMn )276 000 in 98% yield. The P( c HTC) products were characterized by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, DSC, TGA, and GPC. NMR results showed that c HTC decarboxylation did not occur during chain propagation. P( c HTC) has a moderate glass transition temperature (Tg ) 30 °C) with high thermal stability. 13 C NMR at 62.5 MHz did not resolve chain diad sequences although the polymers are likely atactic. Epoxidation of P( c HTC) vinyl side groups was carried out to various extents by using 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid at room temperature.
Classification of High-Resolution Manometry Data According to Videofluoroscopic Parameters Using Pattern Recognition

ObjectiveTo determine if pattern recognition techniques applied to high-resolution manometry (HRM) spatiotemporal plots of the pharyngeal swallow can identify features of disordered swallowing reported on the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP).Study DesignCase series evaluating new method of data analysis.SettingUniversity hospital.Subjects and MethodsSimultaneous HRM and videofluoroscopy was performed on 30 subjects (335 swallows) with dysphagia. Videofluoroscopic studies were scored according to the MBSImP guidelines while HRM plots were analyzed using a novel program. Pattern recognition using a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) was performed to determine if 7 pharyngeal components of the MBSImP as well as penetration/aspiration status could be identified from the HRM plot alone. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also performed.ResultsMBSImP parameters were identified correctly as normal or disordered at an average rate of approximately 91% (area ...
Current status of ischemia and reperfusion injury in the liver

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major obstacle affecting graft function after liver transplantation. The cause of this injury is multifactorial. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in I/R injury is important for the design of effective therapeutic agents to ameliorate this process and improve outcome after transplantation. Increasing experimental evidence has suggested that Kupffer cells, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and reactive oxygen species can contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of I/R injury. This review serves as an overview of the role of these important mediators in I/R injury. A general introduction of the histopathological and microcirculatory changes occurring in response to I/R is presented. Therapeutic interventions that have been developed to reduce hepatic I/R injury, which target various steps in this cascade of events, is also provided.
A Note on the Richmond, Virginia Earthquake of September 5, 1972

A magnitude 3.3 earthquake occured in the Central Virginia seismic zone at two seconds after noon (EDST) on September 5, 1972. Residents of Richmond, Powhatan and Goochland Counties were alarmed but no damage was reported. A felt area of 6000 sq. km. (2300 sq. mi.) was mapped by means of post card questionnaires. The maximum intensity was IV and the epicentral coordinates were determined as 37.6° N–77.7° W.
Parallel concurrent ML

Concurrent ML (CML) is a high-level message-passing language that supports the construction of first-class synchronous abstractions called events. This mechanism has proven quite effective over the years and has been incorporated in a number of other languages. While CML provides a concurrent programming model, its implementation has always been limited to uniprocessors. This limitation is exploited in the implementation of the synchronization protocol that underlies the event mechanism, but with the advent of cheap parallel processing on the desktop (and laptop), it is time for Parallel CML.Parallel implementations of CML-like primitives for Java and Haskell exist, but build on high-level synchronization constructs that are unlikely to perform well. This paper presents a novel, parallel implementation of CML that exploits a purpose-built optimistic concurrency protocol designed for both correctness and performance on shared-memory multiprocessors. This work extends and completes an earlier protocol that supported just a strict subset of CML with synchronization on input, but not output events. Our main contributions are a model-checked reference implementation of the protocol and two concrete implementations. This paper focuses on Manticore's functional, continuation-based implementation but briefly discusses an independent, thread-based implementation written in C# and running on Microsoft's stock, parallel runtime. Although very different in detail, both derive from the same design. Experimental evaluation of the Manticore implementation reveals good performance, dispite the extra overhead of multiprocessor synchronization.
Dosage regimen design for pharmaceutical studies conducted in animals

The selection of dosage regimens for different animal species requires the establishment of pharmacokinetic equivalency between species. Pharmacokinetic equivalency can be defined in terms of the magnitude of exposure (i.e., an identical peak serum concentration in each species) and the duration of exposure (i.e., an identical area under the serum concentration-time curve in a finite dosing interval). Using ceftizoxime [(6R,7R)-7-[2-(2-imino-4-thiazolin-4-yl)glyoxylamido]- 8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate 7(2)-(Z)-(O-methyl-oxime)] as a model compound, pharmacokinetic equivalency in mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans was established by selecting a dose for each species that produced similar peak serum concentrations, and by selecting a dosage schedule for each species that produced an equivalent area under the serum concentration-time curve in a 24-h dosing interval. The relationships of animal weight to dose and animal weight to dosing schedule were well described by the power equation Y = aWb, where Y is the dosage variable, W is animal weight, log a is the y-intercept, and b is the slope obtained from the plot of log Y versus log W. Toxicology data for 14 antineoplastic agents were obtained from the literature. The power equation adequately described the relationship between toxic dose and animal weight for most of the compounds, demonstrating the utility of the power equation in the assessment of dosing regimens for toxicity studies as well.
DFT Study of the Isomerization of Hexyl Species Involved in the Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of 2-Methyl-Pentene-2

Quantum-chemical calculations were conducted on the basis of density-functional theory to study reactions of hexyl species involved in the acid-catalyzed isomerization of 2-methyl-pentene-2. The production of 4-methyl-pentene-2 and 3-methyl-pentene-2 involves 1,2-migrations of hydrogen atoms and methyl groups whose activation energies are lower than 30 kJ/mol for gaseous carbenium ions. The activation energy for branching rearrangements of gaseous hexyl cations to form 2,3-dimethyl-butene-2 is 94 kJ/mol. Transformations of hexyl species were studied in the presence of gaseous water and an aluminosilicate site to simulate reactions on acidic oxides. In the presence of these oxygenated (conjugate) bases, the cationic center in the carbenium ions bonds with oxygen to form alkoxonium ions and alkoxy species, respectively. The relative energies of these species are fairly insensitive to their secondary or tertiary nature. Reactive intermediates of the same order are stabilized more than the corresponding transition states upon interaction with an oxygenated base, thus leading to an increase in the activation energies of isomerization reactions. Transition states have greater separation of electronic charge than the corresponding alkoxonium ions and alkoxy species. The transition state for branching rearrangement requires the greatest separation of electronic charge in the aluminosilicate cluster; the transition state for methyl migration requires the second greatest separation of electronic charge; transition states for hydride shifts require a smaller separation of electronic charge; and transition states for the protonation of alkenes to form alkoxy species require the least separation of electronic charge in the aluminosilicate cluster. These observations imply the existence of a correlation between the positive charge localized in the hydrocarbon fragment of a transition state and the sensitivity of the corresponding reaction pathway to changes in the acidity of the catalyst. Lastly, activation energies for alkene isomerization reactions over aluminosilicates are determined by the energies of transition states with respect to the gaseous reactants plus the acid site and not by the relative stabilities of the alkoxy intermediates in the reaction scheme.
How Will I Be Remembered? Conserving the Environment for the Sake of One’s Legacy

Long time horizons and social distance are viewed as key psychological barriers to proenvironmental action, particularly regarding climate change. We suggest that these challenges can be turned into opportunities by making salient long-term goals and motives, thus shifting preferences between the present self and future others. We tested whether individuals' motivation to leave a positive legacy can be leveraged to increase engagement with climate change and other environmental problems. In a pilot study, we found that individual differences in legacy motivation were positively associated with proenvironmental behaviors and intentions. In a subsequent experiment, we demonstrated that priming legacy motives increased donations to an environmental charity, proenvironmental intentions, and climate-change beliefs. Domain-general legacy motives represent a previously understudied and powerful mechanism for promoting proenvironmental behavior.
Descriptions of eight new species of feather lice in the genus Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with a comprehensive world checklist.

Abstract Eight new species of lice in the genus Columbicola Ewing are described: C. harbisoni (type host: Phaps histrionica (Gould)), C. koopae (type host: Geophaps scripta (Temminck)), C. eowilsoni (type host: Geophaps smithii (Jardine and Selby), C. wombeyi (type host: Geophaps plumifera Gould), C. masoni (type host: Petrophassa rufipennis Collett), C. waiteae (type host: Columba leucomela Temminck), C. rodmani (type host: Geopelia humeralis (Temminck)), and C. smithae (type host: Turtur brehmeri (Hartlaub)). Also, we provide a comprehensive checklist for the 88 known species of Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) and their pigeon and dove hosts (Aves: Columbiformes).
Steady-state analysis of genetic regulatory networks modeled by nonlinear ordinary differential equations

Although Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) have been used to model Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs) in many previous works, their steady-state behaviors are not well studied. However, a phenotype corresponds to a steady-state gene expression pattern and steady-state analysis of GRNs can provide valuable information on the stability of the GRNs, insights into cellular regulatory mechanisms underlying disease development as well as possible interventions for disease control. In this study, the steady-state behaviors of the nonlinear GRN models are analyzed based on time series data. The steady-state solutions and stability of nonlinear GRNs including polynomial model, sigmoidal model and S-system model are discussed in details.
Towards robust trust establishment in web-based social networks with socialtrust

We propose the SocialTrust framework for tamper-resilient trust establishment in online social networks. Two of the salient features of SocialTrust are its dynamic revision of trust by (i) distinguishing relationship quality from trust; and (ii) incorporating a personalized feedback mechanism for adapting as the social network evolves.
Mexican-origin mothers' experiences using children's health care services.

A focused ethnographic study in an urban Latino community in the western United States describes Mexican-origin mothers’ experiences obtaining and using health services for their children. Repeated...
Multi-pattern real-valued spectral associative memories

A multi-pattern encoding and decoding scheme is presented that extends the family of spectral associative memories (SAMs) to include gray-level, or analog patterns. SAMs are frequency-domain formulations of associative memory that combine the extrinsic redundancy of neural networks with the in-phase, quadrature, and complex modulation schemes of communications. Considerable coding gain occurs at the level of modulation and these networks may be regarded as multi-channel, multi-carrier generalizations of amplitude modulation. Unlike multi-pattern bipolar SAMs, which are exclusively content-addressable, real-valued SAMs also have an addressable mode in which the recall of a particular memory may be forced. Band structures and anti-aliasing constraints are presented along with a probabilistic formulation in which virtual entanglement is a natural feature. Simulations are presented that demonstrate dual-memory recall for 6/spl times/6 gray-level patterns.
Microbial transformation of elements: the case of arsenic and selenium.

Microbial activity is responsible for the transformation of at least one third of the elements in the periodic table. These transformations are the result of assimilatory, dissimilatory, or detoxification processes and form the cornerstones of many biogeochemical cycles. Arsenic and selenium are two elements whose roles in microbial ecology have only recently been recognized. Known as "essential toxins", they are required in trace amounts for growth and metabolism but are toxic at elevated concentrations. Arsenic is used as an osmolite in some marine organisms while selenium is required as selenocysteine (i.e. the twenty-first amino acid) or as a ligand to metal in some enzymes (e.g. FeNiSe hydrogenase). Arsenic resistance involves a small-molecular-weight arsenate reductase (ArsC). The use of arsenic and selenium oxyanions for energy is widespread in prokaryotes with representative organisms from the Crenarchaeota, thermophilic bacteria, low and high G+C gram-positive bacteria, and Proteobacteria. Recent studies have shown that both elements are actively cycled and play a significant role in carbon mineralization in certain environments. The occurrence of multiple mechanisms involving different enzymes for arsenic and selenium transformation indicates several different evolutionary pathways (e.g. convergence and lateral gene transfer) and underscores the environmental significance and selective impact in microbial evolution of these two elements.
Herbicide effects of essential oils.

Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the herbicidal effect of plant-derived oils and to identify the active ingredient in an oil with herbicide activity. Twenty-five different oils were applied to detached leaves of dandelion in the laboratory. Essential oils (1%, v/v) from red thyme, summer savory, cinnamon, and clove were the most phytotoxic and caused electrolyte leakage resulting in cell death. Each of these essential oils in aqueous concentrations from 5 to 10% (v/v) plus two adjuvants (nonionic surfactant and paraffinic oil blend at 0.2% [v/v]) were applied to shoots of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and johnsongrass in the greenhouse; shoot death occurred within 1 h to 1 d after application. Essential oil of cinnamon had high herbicidal activity, and eugenol (2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol) was determined to be this oil's major component (84%, v/v). Dandelion leaf disk and whole-plant assays verified that eugenol was the active ingredient in the essentia...
On the Mechanism of Adenovirus DNA Replication

Adenovirus DNA is a linear double stranded DNA of approximately 35,000 base pairs (1–3). A protein, termed terminal protein, is covalently linked to the 5′ terminus of each strand (4–6). Overall view of adenovirus DNA replication is shown in Fig. 1. Initiation takes place at either end of the DNA molecule and proceeds by strand displacement mechanism (7–13). During the initiation, a precursor to the terminal protein (terminal protein precursor) comes to the end of the DNA molecule and becomes covalently attached to the nascent DNA (14–18). Replication continues to the opposite end of the DNA molecule thus producing displaced single-stranded DNA. This process of replication which takes place on a double-stranded DNA is called type I replication (19). Another type of replication, type II replication, takes place on the displaced single-stranded DNA. Late in infection, after progeny DNA is packaged into virion particles, the 87K (or 80K) terminal protein precursor is processed to a mature 55K terminal protein by a protease coded by adenovirus DNA (20–21).
Creditor Mandated Purchases of Corporate Insurance

We present novel empirical evidence on the contractually mandated purchase of insurance by corporate creditors. In a large sample of private credit agreements of publicly-traded firms, we find that nearly all agreements contain at least a boilerplate provision requiring the borrower to purchase insurance. In about 80 percent of the agreements, the insurance covenant is more explicit. We focus on four additional features of the insurance covenant: explicit permission for the borrower to self-insure, requirements of coverage for specific risks, naming the lender as a loss payee, and mandating that any insurance proceeds be used to repay the loan. We find that credit agreements contain more stringent insurance requirements for borrowers that are smaller and pose higher credit risk, measured in a variety of ways. We also find that insurance requirements are highly correlated with many other terms of the loan and are very strongly positively correlated with the loan being secured by collateral and the loan size being limited by a borrowing base. This latter evidence suggests that insurance creates value by protecting lenders from unexpected changes in seniority that might happen following the destruction of collateral or the occurrence of a large liability suit. Mandatory insurance requirements appear to be an important ingredient of credit agreements designed to encourage monitoring by senior, secured lenders.
"A Spousal Relation Begins with a Deletion of engage and Ends with an Addition of divorce": Learning State Changing Verbs from Wikipedia Revision History

Learning to determine when the timevarying facts of a Knowledge Base (KB) have to be updated is a challenging task. We propose to learn state changing verbs from Wikipedia edit history. When a state-changing event, such as a marriage or death, happens to an entity, the infobox on the entity’s Wikipedia page usually gets updated. At the same time, the article text may be updated with verbs either being added or deleted to reflect the changes made to the infobox. We use Wikipedia edit history to distantly supervise a method for automatically learning verbs and state changes. Additionally, our method uses constraints to effectively map verbs to infobox changes. We observe in our experiments that when state-changing verbs are added or deleted from an entity’s Wikipedia page text, we can predict the entity’s infobox updates with 88% precision and 76% recall. One compelling application of our verbs is to incorporate them as triggers in methods for updating existing KBs, which are currently mostly static.
Where Do Externships Fit? A New Paradigm is Needed: Marshaling Law School Resources to Provide an Externship for Every Student

I argue that every law student can have the opportunity to participate in an externship. This goal can be met by law schools and the law schools can satisfy accreditation standards, evaluation guidelines and best practices for externships by adopting an apprenticeship model for externship programs instead of the clinic-based model used by many law schools. The article explores characteristics of these two models for providing externships and suggests choices for implementation in order to increase externship availability to larger proportions of law school students. Topics considered include placement approval, faculty involvement, program goals, learning objectives, student reflection, alternatives for working with fieldwork supervisors and evaluation. Law schools should consider accommodations to overcome barriers to increased student participation by adjusting the classroom and site visit components of their programs because of the impact these features have on faculty to student ratio requirements. The article also surveys accreditation standards for similar experiential programs in other academic disciplines showing a range of internship delivery approaches in apprenticeship model programs compared to a clinic-based model for internships.
Abstract T P176: Readmission for Infective Endocarditis after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

Background: Guidelines recommend blood cultures for the evaluation of cerebral ischemia when infective endocarditis (IE) is the suspected cause, but given the absence of more specific guidance, providers likely have significantly varying thresholds for obtaining blood cultures in patients with cerebral ischemia. To explore the utility of blood cultures in these patients, we assessed rates of missed diagnoses of IE in patients discharged after stroke or TIA before blood culture results could have been available. Methods: Using administrative claims data, we retrospectively identified consecutive patients discharged from all nonfederal emergency departments (ED) or hospitals in California from 2005 through 2011 with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke (defined as ICD-9-CM codes 433.x1, 434.x1, or 436 in any diagnosis code position) or TIA (ICD-9-CM code 435 in the primary diagnosis position). Our primary outcome was a subsequent hospitalization within 14 days with any diagnosis of IE (ICD-9-CM code 391.1 or 421....
Multiobjective Optimization of an Unseeded Batch Cooling Crystallizer for Shape and Size Manipulation

The optimization of unseeded batch cooling crystallization systems is studied in a multiobjective framework. The length mean size and target aspect ratio (AR) of final crystals were considered as objectives, which give rise to a set of optimal solutions known as Pareto-optimal solutions. Two model compounds were considered: paracetamol and potassium dyhidrogen phosphate (KDP), nucleation and growth dominated systems, respectively. The optimization of KDP showed a dependence between the optimal profile and the target objectives weights. The optimal profile for paracetamol did not vary from a cubic cooling profile due to the low sensitivity of the AR to temperature changes. Furthermore, the longer batch time has a greater impact on the optimal AR that could be achieved due to the variation in supersaturation dependence. Moreover, it was shown that there is a relation between the classification of crystallization kinetics based on growth and nucleation mechanisms and the set of optimal cooling profiles for s...
Jews and Money

Capitalism has been the most important force in shaping the fate of the Jews in the modern world. Among Jews, economic success has been a source of both pride and embarrassment. Among their neighbors, it has prompted both affection and abhorrence. Either way, the fate of Western Jewry has long been tied to the moral case for capitalism and the bourgeois society. A review of Jerry Z. Muller, Capitalism and the Jews (Princeton, 2010).
Privacy and Security in Mobile Health: A Research Agenda

Mobile health technology has great potential to increase healthcare quality, expand access to services, reduce costs, and improve personal wellness and public health. However, mHealth also raises significant privacy and security challenges.
Abstract 2768: Global DNA hypomethylation is an important feature of melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Aberrant DNA methylation occurs nearly universally in cancer. Paradoxically, changes in DNA methylation are bi-directional: there is a focal increase in DNA methylation (hypermethylation), and a global overall decrease in DNA methylation (hypomethylation). Focal hypermethylation plays well described roles in silencing tumor suppressor genes in many malignancies, including melanoma. However, the functional role of global hypomethylation in tumorigenesis is relatively poorly understood. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 74,000 new cases and 10,000 deaths in the United States in 2015. Changes in DNA methylation are also arguably one of the most common features of melanoma. Similar to other malignancies, most studies have focused on focal hypermethylation, identifying genomic loci differentially methylated between melanocytes and melanoma cells. However, global changes in DNA methylation have not been well described thus far. In this study, we describe global changes in DNA methylation in two melanoma clinical cohorts (JHH cohort, n = 13 nevi and n = 39 melanomas; NCI cohort n = 31 nevi and n = 97 melanomas) relative to benign nevi using a semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry based assay. We report a global decrease in DNA methylation levels in melanoma relative to benign melanocytic nevi consistent between both cohorts (p < 0.001, Student's t-test). Furthermore, we studied the functional effect of increasing the level of global DNA methylation in a panel of five early passage melanoma cell lines. Increases in global DNA methylation suppressed proliferation of melanoma cells (p <0.05, Student's t-test), and increased the proportion of apoptotic cells (p <0.01, Student's t-test). Global DNA hypomethylation is thus an important epigenetic feature of melanoma that may regulate proliferative capacity, and merits further investigation. Citation Format: Goran Micevic, Nicholas Theodosakis, Janis M. Taube, Marcus W. Bosenberg, Nemanja Rodic. Global DNA hypomethylation is an important feature of melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2768.
Organizational Learning, Knowledge Management and Creativity

Publisher Summary Individual characteristics such as personality, cognitive abilities, and intelligence have all been linked to creativity. Creativity at the individual level has been related to constructs as varied as: team cohesiveness, diversity, tenure and degree of cooperation among group members, job design, supervisory style, and the provision of performance feedback. Theories of creativity typically emphasize the role of individuals or small groups, with little or no recognition that creative tasks might well be embedded in larger organizational efforts entailing task interdependencies between units or across complex organizational systems. There are several opportunities for additional theoretical development related to knowledge management, creativity, and organizational learning. A deeper understanding of the organizational and psychological barriers to organizational learning would certainly comprise a worthy extension to existing research related to creativity.
Allometry data and equations for coastal marsh plants

Coastal marshes are highly valued for ecosystem services such as protecting inland habitats from storms, sequestering carbon, removing nutrients and other pollutants from surface water, and providing habitat for fish, shellfish, and birds. Because plants largely determine the structure and function of coastal marshes, quantifying plant biomass is essential for evaluating these ecosystem services, understanding the biogeochemical processes that regulate ecosystem function, and forecasting tidal wetland responses to accelerated sea level rise. Allometry is a convenient and efficient technique for non-destructive estimation of plant biomass, and it is commonly used in studies of carbon and nitrogen cycles, energy flows, and marsh surface elevation change. We present plant allometry data and models developed for three long-term experiments at the Smithsonian Global Change Research Wetland, a brackish marsh in the Rhode River subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay. The dataset contains 9771 measurements of stem height, dry mass, and (in 9638 cases) stem width across 11 plant species. The vast majority of observations are for Schoenoplectus americanus (8430) and Phragmites australis (311), with fewer observations for other common species: Amaranthus cannabinus, Atriplex patula, Iva frutescens, Kosteletzkya virginica, Polygonum hydropiper, Solidago sempervirens, Spartina alterniflora, Spartina cynosuroides, and Typha angustifolia. Allometric relationships take the form of linear regressions of biomass (transformed using the Box-Cox procedure) on either stem height and width, or on stem height alone. Allometric relationships for Schoenoplectus americanus were not meaningfully altered by elevated CO2, N enrichment, the community context, interannual variation in climate, and year, showing that a single equation can be used across a broad range of conditions for this species. Archived files include: (1) raw data used to derive the allometric equations for each species, (2) reports and evaluations of the allometric equations we derived using the data, and (3) R code with which our derivations can be replicated. Methodological details of the experiments, data collection efforts, and our statistical modeling are described in the metadata. The allometric equations can be used for biomass estimation in empirical and modeling studies of North American coastal wetlands, and the data can be used in ecological studies of terrestrial plant allometry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for heavy metal detection in a sand matrix

Abstract Sediments in many locations, including harbors and coastal areas, can become contaminated and polluted, for example, from anthropogenic inputs, shipping, human activities, and poor waste management. Sampling followed by laboratory analysis has been the traditional methodology for such analysis. In order to develop rapid methodologies for field analysis of sediment samples, especially for metals analyses, we look to Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as an option. Here through laboratory experiments, we demonstrate that dry sand samples can be rapidly analyzed for the detection of the heavy metals chromium, zinc, lead, and copper. We also demonstrate that cadmium and nickel are detectable in sand matrices at high concentrations.
Hierarchical Gaussianization for image classification

In this paper, we propose a new image representation to capture both the appearance and spatial information for image classification applications. First, we model the feature vectors, from the whole corpus, from each image and at each individual patch, in a Bayesian hierarchical framework using mixtures of Gaussians. After such a hierarchical Gaussianization, each image is represented by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for its appearance, and several Gaussian maps for its spatial layout. Then we extract the appearance information from the GMM parameters, and the spatial information from global and local statistics over Gaussian maps. Finally, we employ a supervised dimension reduction technique called DAP (discriminant attribute projection) to remove noise directions and to further enhance the discriminating power of our representation. We justify that the traditional histogram representation and the spatial pyramid matching are special cases of our hierarchical Gaussianization. We compare our new representation with other approaches in scene classification, object recognition and face recognition, and our performance ranks among the top in all three tasks.
Design and Cost of PET Center

PET/CT has become one of the most common and useful modalities for detection and monitoring of treatment of human diseases because of its high diagnostic efficacy and accuracy. PET centers are growing in large number throughout the world as hospitals and outpatient imaging centers are utilizing PET/CT increasingly for patient care. A PET center is a designated area to accommodate one or more PET and/or PET/CT scanners. Smaller facilities normally possess only a single unit of PET/CT and procure their PET radiopharmaceuticals from commercial vendors having a cyclotron facility. These facilities are not likely to be considered as PET centers. Larger and academic institutes have PET centers that are large enough in area to accommodate several PET/CT scanners, one or more cyclotrons and a radiochemistry laboratory. These centers produce PET radiopharmaceuticals in their own cyclotron and use them for both patient care and research. The following is a brief description of the design of a PET center based on the clinical operation of one PET/CT scanner, a radiochemistry laboratory and a cyclotron.