cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated de-identification of free-text medical records

Text-based patient medical records are a vital resource in medical research. In order to preserve patient confidentiality, however, the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires that protected health information (PHI) be removed from medical records before they can be disseminated. Manual de-identification of large medical record databases is prohibitively expensive, time-consuming and prone to error, necessitating automatic methods for large-scale, automated de-identification. We describe an automated Perl-based de-identification software package that is generally usable on most free-text medical records, e.g., nursing notes, discharge summaries, X-ray reports, etc. The software uses lexical look-up tables, regular expressions, and simple heuristics to locate both HIPAA PHI, and an extended PHI set that includes doctors' names and years of dates. To develop the de-identification approach, we assembled a gold standard corpus of re-identified nursing notes with real PHI replaced by realistic surrogate information. This corpus consists of 2,434 nursing notes containing 334,000 words and a total of 1,779 instances of PHI taken from 163 randomly selected patient records. This gold standard corpus was used to refine the algorithm and measure its sensitivity. To test the algorithm on data not used in its development, we constructed a second test corpus of 1,836 nursing notes containing 296,400 words. The algorithm's false negative rate was evaluated using this test corpus. Performance evaluation of the de-identification software on the development corpus yielded an overall recall of 0.967, precision value of 0.749, and fallout value of approximately 0.002. On the test corpus, a total of 90 instances of false negatives were found, or 27 per 100,000 word count, with an estimated recall of 0.943. Only one full date and one age over 89 were missed. No patient names were missed in either corpus. We have developed a pattern-matching de-identification system based on dictionary look-ups, regular expressions, and heuristics. Evaluation based on two different sets of nursing notes collected from a U.S. hospital suggests that, in terms of recall, the software out-performs a single human de-identifier (0.81) and performs at least as well as a consensus of two human de-identifiers (0.94). The system is currently tuned to de-identify PHI in nursing notes and discharge summaries but is sufficiently generalized and can be customized to handle text files of any format. Although the accuracy of the algorithm is high, it is probably insufficient to be used to publicly disseminate medical data. The open-source de-identification software and the gold standard re-identified corpus of medical records have therefore been made available to researchers via the PhysioNet website to encourage improvements in the algorithm.
Macrophages Modulate Engineered Human Tissues for Enhanced Vascularization and Healing

Tissue engineering is increasingly based on recapitulating human physiology, through integration of biological principles into engineering designs. In spite of all progress in engineering functional human tissues, we are just beginning to develop effective methods for establishing blood perfusion and controlling the inflammatory factors following implantation into the host. Functional vasculature largely determines tissue survival and function in vivo. The inflammatory response is a major regulator of vascularization and overall functionality of engineered tissues, through the activity of different types of macrophages and the cytokines they secrete. We discuss here the cell-scaffold-bioreactor systems for harnessing the inflammatory response for enhanced tissue vascularization and healing. To this end, inert scaffolds that have been considered for many decades a "gold standard" in regenerative medicine are beginning to be replaced by a new generation of "smart" tissue engineering systems designed to actively mediate tissue survival and function.
METHYL GREEN-PYRONIN: I. BASIS OF SELECTIVE STAINING OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

1. Methyl green stains selectively highly polymerized desoxyribonucleic acid, and fails to stain, to any significant extent, depolymerized desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. 2. Pyronin stains preferentially low polymers of nucleic acid. 3. Triphenylmethane dyes with two amino groups appear to share the selectivity of methyl green. Those with three amino groups are not selective. 4. A stereochemical hypothesis is offered to account for these observations.
What is to be Done

If the question is: what is to be done for philosophy?, then it calls for a political answer and I have little to say besides the obvious. If the question is: what is to be done in philosophy?, then I’m stuck. Drawing up a list of to-do’s and not-to-do’s would not, I think, be a good way to honor the general conception of philosophy that inspired Topoi throughout these years, and that I deeply share.
Significance of p53 overexpression in bone marrow biopsies from patients with bone marrow failure: aplastic anemia, hypocellular refractory anemia, and hypercellular refractory anemia.

Among patients with bone marrow failure, differentiating acquired aplastic anemia (AA) from hypocellular refractory anemia (hypo RA) can be a difficult and challenging task. Morphological, cytochemical, immunocytochemical, and cytogenetic studies may provide tools for discriminating between both entities. In addition, differences in the pattern of proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow cells in AA and in the myelodysplastic syndrome have been reported. Because of the correlation between p53 and apoptosis, we examined the overexpression of p53 on bone marrow biopsies in RA and AA. Our study included 14 patients with hypo RA, 14 patients with hypercellular (hyper) RA, ten patients with classic acquired AA, and 37 hematologically normal individuals. p53 was overexpressed in eight (57%) hypo RA patients and 11 (79%) hyper RA patients. All normal individuals and patients with AA showed no overexpression of p53 in their marrow. These results were statistically significant:p<0.01 (AA vs hypo RA),p<0.001 (AA vs hyper RA), while the difference between hypo RA and hyper RA was not statistically significant. We conclude that p53 overexpression in bone marrow biopsies is a valuable tool for studying bone marrow failure and may provide additional information to help differentiate hypo RA from acquired AA.
Professionalization and Probity in a Patrimonial State: Labor Inspectors in the Dominican Republic

Are international labor rights campaigns making a difference in Latin America? This article reveals that Dominican policymakers and bureaucrats are responding to foreign pressure by redoubling their commitment to a distinctively Franco-Iberian model of labor law enforcement, in which skilled labor inspectors use their discretion to balance society's demand for protection with the economy's need for efficiency. In so doing, they provide an alternative to traditional collective bargaining practices—which at least partly decouples both the intensity of the enforcement effort and the degree of worker protection from the level of unionization—and an example for the rest of the region. The article therefore concludes by reconsidering the Central American experience in light of the Dominican findings and discussing their joint implications for our understanding of administrative reform, industrial relations, and globalization, not only in the so-called CAFTA countries but in Latin America more generally.
Liability in child welfare

Child welfare workers and agencies are vulnerable to lawsuits. Recent court rulings have more clearly defined the liability of workers. The distinguishing variable is custody. Children injured while in the custody of the state are entitled to sue for damages. Children injured by their parent, even if under the supervision of a child welfare agency, are not entitled to claim a violation of their 14th Amendment rights. These cases are reviewed and strategies designed to minimize vulnerability are offered.
Generalized k-s confidence regions: Some exact results

One-sided confidence regions for continuous cumulative distribution function are constructed using empirical cumulative distribution functions and the generalized Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance. The band width of such regions becomes narrower in the right or left tail of the distribution. Significance levels necessary for implementation are given. Some other K-S type distances useful in constructing a confidence region with nonconstant width are also included.
Extrinsic doped n- and p-type CdTe layers grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

In this paper we report on the extrinsic n- and p-doping of CdTe layers, grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. Triethylindium and arsine gas were used as n- and p-type dopants respectively, with doping levels of around 1017 cm-3 in both cases. Layers were grown on both semi-insulating CdTe and GaAs substrates. Layers grown on semi-insulating GaAs had an intervening 1–2 μm undoped CdTe layer to relieve the strain caused by the large (14.6%) lattice mismatch of the CdTe-GaAs combination. Van der Pauw measurements were made to evaluate the quality of these layers, and mobility values as high as 3600 cm2/V h- s obtained at 40 K for lightly doped n-type samples. Grown junctions, made using extrinsic doped layers, have resulted in diodes with excellent electrical characteristics.
Evaluating the Role of Wnt Signal Transduction in Promoting the Development of the Heart

Wnts are a family of secreted signaling proteins that are encoded by 19 distinct genes in the vertebrate genome. These molecules initiate several signal transduction pathways: the canonical Wnt, Wnt/Ca2+, and Wnt/planar cell polarity pathways. Wnt proteins have major impact on embryonic development, tumor progression, and stem cell differentiation. Wnt signal transduction also influences the formation of the heart, yet many issues concerning the involvement of Wnt regulation in initiating cardiac development remain unresolved. In this review, we will examine the published record to discern (a) what has been shown by experimental studies on the participation of Wnt signaling in cardiogenesis, and (b) what are the important questions that need to be addressed to understand the importance and function of Wnt signal transduction in facilitating the development of the heart.
Utilization of American-Produced Rice in Muffins for Gluten-Sensitive Individuals

The purpose of this project was to develop a muffin with desirable quality char acteristics for the gluten-sensitive population using 100 percent medium-grain milled rice flour as the cereal source. An additional purpose was to determine whether gluten-tolerant and intolerant persons perceive differently the quality characteristics of the bread. Product treatments (variations) included the addi tions of xanthan or sodium alginate gums or waxy rice flour to the formulation. A muffin with no additive was prepared as well. Two panels, one composed of gluten-tolerant individuals, the other of intolerant individuals, served as sensory analysts. Several physical qualities were measured by objective means. Analysis of variance (p < .05) and Student-Newman-Keul's test were performed to analyze the data. Findings indicated that the products containing waxy rice flour and xanthan gum possessed the most desirable qualities. The two panels judged quality characteristics similarly in most respects. When differences occurred, the gluten-tolerant group was more critical. These findings suggest the acceptability of rice flour in this baked product. Also implied are the unique advantages af forded to the muffins by the addition of waxy rice flour. Information obtained from these sensory panels supports the practice of using gluten-tolerant persons to evaluate products developed for the intolerant population.
Current status and prospects for oral acyclovir treatment of first episode and recurrent genital herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex genitalis is an increasingly common primary or recurrent HSV infection. Acyclovir (ACV) has been found to diminish virus shedding and clinical symptoms in patients with first episode genital HSV when given topically or intravenously. As most patients with first episode disease do not require hospitalization and recurrent disease is usually less severe than the primary infection, out-patient treatment forms the basis of practical management. Acyclovir is absorbed orally with plasma concentrations which exceed in vitro inhibitory concentrations for HSV1 and HSV2. In double blind studies in over 100 recipients with first episode HSV, oral ACV treatment (200 mg, 5 times daily) significantly reduced virus shedding, new lesion formation, duration of genital lesions and clinical symptoms in both men and women when compared with placebo recipients. No toxicity was observed. Recurrence rates following the first episode were similar in placebo and ACV groups. A multi-centre double blind trial of oral ACV treatment of recurrent HSV infection in 250 patients showed that the duration of virus shedding and lesions was significantly shorter in ACV versus placebo recipients. These effects were more pronounced when therapy was self-initiated by patients early on during a recurrence or during the prodromal period. Oral acyclovir has significant clinical and virological effects in both primary and recurrent genital HSV infections.
Analysis and Modeling of the Arctic Oscillation Using a Simple Barotropic Model with Baroclinic Eddy Forcing

Abstract In this study, a numerical simulation of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is conducted using a simple barotropic model that considers the barotropic–baroclinic interactions as the external forcing. The model is referred to as a barotropic S model since the external forcing is obtained statistically from the long-term historical data, solving an inverse problem. The barotropic S model has been integrated for 51 years under a perpetual January condition and the dominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes in the model have been analyzed. The results are compared with the EOF analysis of the barotropic component of the real atmosphere based on the daily NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 50 yr from 1950 to 1999. According to the result, the first EOF of the model atmosphere appears to be the AO similar to the observation. The annular structure of the AO and the two centers of action at Pacific and Atlantic are simulated nicely by the barotropic S model. Therefore, the atmospheric low-frequency variabilities ...
Design of an automated immunosensor device for fast detection of Hantavirus in mice blood

Abstract A small portable automated device for detection of Hantavirus infection specifically antibodies against Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) in human and mice blood samples, that is reliable, sensitive and reproducible under field conditions has been developed. The system is developed using a small peristaltic pump, solenoid valves and a liquid crystal display all controlled by a programmable microcontroller. The size of the device has been reduced to 21.5 cm ×10.5 cm ×4.5 cm. The device can be easily adapted to detect different kinds of virus infections, like smallpox, HIV, and others. The device analysis time has been optimized to be less than 35 min. The output is qualitative to indicate whether the blood sample is positive (infected) or negative without specifying the concentration of SNV antibodies. A flow-through sandwich scheme amperometric immunoassay using highly dispersed carbon particles as the immunosorbent and also as the working electrode is used.
Children Making a Difference: Developing Awareness of Poverty through Service Learning.

Service learning is an accepted practice in many middle and high schools as a means to develop empathy for others and promote character. In elementary classrooms service learning may be considered a one time a year occurrence and carried out as a school-wide project. This article addresses a more integrated approach to service learning, wherein children can participate in a year long approach to contributing to their community. Teachers direct them in making connections to the local community while at the same time developing life long habits of participation and service.
Pulmonary Endodermal Tumor Resembling Fetal Lung: Report of a Case in a 14-Year-Old Girl

This report describes the clinical and histologic features of a pulmonary tumor in a 14-year-old girl that is most consistent with a rare entity described in the literature as "pulmonary endodermal tumor resembling fetal lung" (PET). This tumor is composed of glycogen-rich columnar cells forming complex glands with focal festooning and mitotic activity, admixed with solid "morules" of cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and focal nuclear clearing. Patchy tumor necrosis and a bland stroma were also present. Immunoreactivity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and 12E7 was present in glandular cells and for human chorionic gondatropin (HCG), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and 12E7 in morular cells. Ultrastructural features are those of an epithelial tumor. Related entities have been called "pulmonary blastoma lacking sarcomatous elements" and "adenocarcinoma of fetal lung type." Most cases of PET have occurred in adults, and the histologic features thought to have prognostic significance in small published series are applied to our case, in which the patient remains well and without evidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis for 28 months following local resection as the sole treatment.
The Effectiveness of Seeking Safety on Reducing PTSD Symptoms in Clients Receiving Substance Dependence Treatment

An evaluation of the Seeking Safety (SS) program was conducted in a 28-day substance abuse treatment facility. The evaluation included 12 male and 28 female participants with a mean age of 33 years. The Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 was utilized as an outcome measure to statistically compare posttest to pretest group means. Results showed significant decreases, from pretest to posttest, on the total score and on several subscales of the measure. Effect sizes were large (d < 0.80) across all scales with the exception of Male Sexual Problems (d = .46). Overall, results suggest that incorporating SS as an adjunct to treatment as usual can help lower trauma symptoms in those receiving substance dependence treatment.
The Role of Women in Mark's Gospel: A Narrative Analysis

By examining the narrative roles of four women in Mark's Gospel (5:24b-34; 7:24-30; 12:41-44; 14:3-9) in relation to the narrator's development of key themes, this study demonstrates that Mark's Gospel presents women in unusually positive roles among the various character groups depicted in the Gospel. Without the roles of these women the reader does not have an embodied model for reader identification. These four stories prepare for the positive depiction of women that emerges in the passion and resurrection narrative. But in Mark's narrative world, women are also fallible, as 16:8 and other portraits of women indicate. Nonetheless, the roles that the hemorrhaging woman, the Syro-Phoenician woman, the widow at the temple, and the woman of Bethany play are astonishing in relation to the main narrative themes. In reflecting upon these findings, I consider also the wider testimony of the four canonical Gospels regarding the role of women, and thus call for fresh assessment of the prevailing notion that duri...
Five-year outcomes in TMD: relationship of changes in pain to changes in physical and psychological variables

Factors influencing natural history and clinical course of pain in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are largely unknown. Physical, psychological and behavioral data from a population-based epidemiologic study of TMD were examined in 234 cases of persons reporting TMD pain. The cases were assigned to one of five pain pattern groups based on changes in average TMD pain from baseline to 5-year follow-up: (i) remitted (49% of the sample), (ii) high-improvement (14%), (iii) low-improvement (9%), (iv) same (13%), and (v) worse (16%). For each pain change group, an ANOVA-derived pattern analysis was performed to assess whether the pattern of change in each of seven physical and three psychological variables was congruent or dissimilar to the pattern of change in average pain intensity. For none of the physical or psychological variables was the change over time completely congruent with the changes in pain. Changes in ambient average TMD pain were most closely related to those clinical variables whose assessment is influenced by pain or other self-reported symptoms (e.g., number of muscle sites painful to examiner palpation), while the amount of pain change was less closely related to changes in clinical variables, such as joint sounds, where assessment is not dependent on subjective report. The three psychological variables, anxiety, depression, and somatization, displayed similar change patterns, but these patterns were distinctly different from those of the physical variables in that the remitted pain group was at the population mean at baseline for these psychological variables and remained there; significant improvement in psychological status was observed only in the pain group showing high improvement. The other three pain change groups exhibited elevated psychological distress scores at both baseline and 5 years. These results indicate that although the relationships among the course of pain, of physical variables, and of psychological variables are complicated, the 5-year outcome in pain is largely independent of readily discernible changes in clinical signs.
Electrically Supported Column of Liquid

Applicctiont of an electric field normal to the interface of certain liquids causes a liquid column of uniform diameter to be formed parallel to the electric field. A column of amyl alcohol supported in aim by a high voltage was investigated experimentally; the diameter of the column varied aS the voltage raised to the 3.5 power.
Short stature as the only clinical sign of Cushing's syndrome.

THE CLINICAL FEATURES of C u s h i n g ' s s y n d r o m e in c h i l d h o o d usual ly cons i s t of a b n o r m a l fat d i s t r ibu t ion wi th m o o n facies a n d p le thora , g rowth failure, 1,2 h i r su t i sm, 3 a n d sexual hair. Labora to ry s tudies inc lude evid e n c e of cort isol hyper sec re t ion . Diu rna l va r ia t ion 3 a n d s u p p r e s s i o n of cortisol secre t ion af ter the admin i s t r a t ion o f d e x a m e t h a s o n e usual ly do no t occur. 1-3 C o n v e n t ional t he rapy in c h i l d h o o d cons i s t s of bi la teral ad rena l ec tomy, af ter w h i c h r e s u m p t i o n of n o r m a l or c a t c h u p g r o w t h occurs a n d the obes i ty and h i r su t i sm resolve. Th i s r epor t c o n c e r n s a boy w h o p r e s e n t e d only wi th g r o w t h fai lure as physical e v i d e n c e o f C u s h i n g ' s synd rome .
African literature criticism and the post‐colonial curriculum

Summary Who are the most important black authors in anglophone Africa and which are their most significant writings? One way of answering such questions is to examine which authors literary critics choose to write about and which texts teachers of literature choose to teach. Since those who are professionally engaged in interpreting African literatures discriminate when selecting what to comment on, a canon (or canons) can be said to exist. This paper seeks to identify canonical authors and canonical texts by employing statistical methods based on empirical research in Africa and the West. The results are presented comparatively and diachronically.
RESPONSE OF ANTHRACENE SCINTILLATION CRYSTALS TO MONOENERGETIC SOFT X-RAYS

The response of anthracene to monoenergetic x-rays in the range from 9 kev to 24 kev in a scintillation detector has been investigated. The results show that the response to short-range electrons produced within the crystal by x-rays is about the same as the response to electrons with equal energy incident on the surface of the crystal. In agreement with previous results, the specific fluorescence ($\frac{\mathrm{dL}}{\mathrm{dx}}$) is smaller for slow electrons than for heavy particles of the same specific energy loss ($\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dx}}$).
Inhibitory interactions of aromatic organics during microbial degradation

Phenol, benzene and naphthalene were exposed, both singly and in combination, to oil refinery settling pond inocula. Although all three aromatic organics degraded rapidly when dosed singly, benzene and naphthalene were not metabolized in the presence of phenol. These results illustrate the difficulty of predicting environmental fates of complex chemical mixtures.
Cloning and characterization of a complex satellite DNA from drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The sequence organization of the 1.688 satellite DNA (density 1.688 g/cm 3 in CsCl) has been investigated, and this satellite has been found to differ from the other D. melanogaster satellite DNAs in having a much greater sequence complexity. Purification of 1.688 satellite DNA by successive equilibrium density centrifugations yielded a fraction 77% pure. Segments of satellite DNA were isolated by molecular cloning in the plasmid vector pSC101. One recombinant plasmid contained a segment of 1.688 satellite DNA 5.8 kilobase pairs in size and was stable during propagation in E. coli. Recognition sites for restriction enzymes from Haemophilus aegyptius (Hae III), Haemophilus influenzae f (Hinf) and Arthrobacter luteus (Alu I) were mapped in the satellite DNA of this hybrid plasmid. The spacing of Hae III, Hinf and two Alu I sites at regular intervals of about 365 base pairs is strong evidence that the sequence complexity of this satellite DNA is 365 base pairs. Further evidence comes from the finding that both gradient-purified and cloned 1.688 satellite DNA renature with their Hae III sites in register. The Hae III and Hinf sites in gradient-purified satellite DNA have been shown by Manteuil, Hamer and Thomas (1975) and Shen, Wiesehahn and Hearst (1976) to be distributed at intervals of 365 base pairs and integral multiples thereof. These investigators proposed that some of the sites in an otherwise regular array have been randomly inactivated. Cloned satellite DNA provided a hybridization probe for sensitive studies of the arrangement of these recognition sites in gradient-purified satellite DNA. Some regions of satellite DNA were found to contain many fewer recognition sites than expected from the proposed models. These findings suggest that different regions of 1.688 satellite DNA may exhibit different arrangements of Hae III and Hinf recognition sites.
Anatomy of the Cranial Endocast of the Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, Based on HRXCT

Endocranial surfaces, volumes, and interconnectivities of extant and fossil odontocetes potentially offer information on the general architecture of the brain and on the structure of the specialized cetacean circulatory system. Although conventional methods for acquiring such data have generally involved invasive preparation of the specimen, particularly in the case of fossils, new tomographic technologies afford nondestructive access to these internal morphologies. In this study we used high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) to scan a skull of the extant Tursiops truncatus (Cetacea: Odontoceti). We processed the data to reveal the cranial endocast and details of internal skeletal architecture (data at www.digimorph.org). Major features that can be discerned include aspects of the specimen's hypertrophied retia mirabilia, the major canals and openings of the cranial cavity, and the relationship of the brain and endocranial circulatory structures to the surrounding skeleton. CT data also provide information on the shape of the brain that may be lost in conventional anatomical preparations, and readily provide volumetric and linear measurements of the endocast and its individual segments. These results demonstrate the utility of HRXCT for interpreting the internal cranial anatomy of both extant and fossil cetaceans.
On the performance of OnLive thin client games

Computer games stand to benefit from "cloud" technology by doing heavy-weight, graphics-intensive computations at the server, sending only the visual game frames down to a thin client, with the client sending only the player actions upstream to the server. However, computer games tend to be graphically intense with fast-paced user actions necessitating bitrates and update frequencies that may stress end-host networks. Understanding the traffic characteristics of thin client games is important for building traffic models and traffic classifiers, as well as adequately planning network infrastructures to meet future demand. While there have been numerous studies detailing online game traffic and streaming video traffic, this paper provides the first detailed study of the network characteristic of OnLive, a commercially available thin client game system. Carefully designed experiments measure OnLive game traffic for several game genres, analyzing the bitrates, packet sizes and inter-packet times for both upstream and downstream game traffic, and analyzing frame rates for the games. Results indicate OnLive rapidly sends large packets downstream, similar but still significantly different than live video. Upstream, OnLive less frequently sends much smaller packets, significantly different than upstream traditional game client traffic. OnLive supports only the top frame rates with high-capacity end-host connections, but provides good frame rates with moderate end-host connections. The results should be a useful beginning to building effective traffic models and traffic classifiers and for preparing end-host networks to support this upcoming generation of computer games.
Association between 36- and 13.6-kDa alpha-like subunits of Arabidopsis thaliana RNA polymerase II.

Abstract Two subunits in RNA polymerase II (e.g. RPB3 and RPB11 in yeast) and two subunits common to RNA polymerases I and III (e.g. AC40 and AC19 in yeast) contain one or two motifs related to the α subunit in prokaryotic RNA polymerases. We have sequenced two different cDNAs (AtRPB36a and AtRPB36b), the two corresponding genes from Arabidopsis thaliana that are homologs of yeast RPB3, and an Arabidopsis cDNA (AtRPB13.6) that is a homolog of yeast RPB11. The B36a subunit is the predominant B36 subunit associated with RNA polymerase II purified from Arabidopsis suspension culture cells, and this subunit has a stoichiometry of about 1. Results from protein association assays showed that the B36a and B36b subunits did not associate, but each of these subunits did associate with the B13.6 subunit in vivo and in vitro. Two motifs in the B36b subunit related to the prokaryotic α subunit were shown to be required for the in vitro interactions with the B13.6 subunit. Our results suggest that the B36 and B13.6 subunits associate to form heterodimers in Arabidopsis RNA polymerase II like the AC40 and AC19 heterodimers reported for yeast RNA polymerases I and III but unlike the B44 homodimers reported for yeast RNA polymerase II.
Commissural size in neonatal rats: Effects of sex and prenatal alcohol exposure

Sex differences have been reported in the size of the adult corpus callosum in both humans and rodents. This experiment investigated whether sex and/or different prenatal treatment conditions would influence commissural size at birth. Male and female 3-day-old Long Evans rats were selected from one of three prenatal treatment histories: prenatal alcohol-exposed (35% ethanol-derived calories, 35% EDC), nutritional control (0% ethanol-derived calories, 0% EDC) or standard control (lab chow). Midline sagittal areas of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure were determined for these subjects. Male control subjects had significantly larger callosal areas than females. Prenatal alcohol exposure significantly abolished this sexual dimorphism, with 35% EDC males having a significantly smaller callosal area than males from both control groups. This effect was independent of prenatal treatment differences in body or brain size. There were no significant sex differences in the midline sagittal area of the anterior commissure, nor were there any apparent effects of prenatal treatment on this measure. These results indicate that sex differences in the size of the corpus callosum are present at birth. Since a difference in myelination cannot account for this difference in area, there may be a sex difference in the number of fibers or in the average fiber size. Additionally, the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on male, but not female, offspring suggest that this alcohol-related birth defect is hormonally mediated.
Helping Nonresidential Fathers: The Case for Teen and Adult Unmarried Fathers

Nonresidential fathers, particularly those who are unmarried teens and unmarried adults, are often neglected in social work practice in the United States. This article examines their changing demographics and describes several policies and programs that have been successful in assisting them in becoming more involved in their children's lives. The literature is still very limited about who they are, what they need, and how we can help them. Yet, what is known suggests that relatively large numbers want to be or are attempting to be involved with their children. Timing is important in helping them establish their paternity and become active at their child's birth or before. The article calls for social workers to make a greater commitment to these unmarried nonresidential fathers in very specific ways.
Random Telegraph Signal in the Photoluminescence Intensity of a Single Quantum Dot

We propose a model in which the time dependence of the photoluminescence intensity of a single nanosize quantum dot under cw excitation conditions shows a sequence of ``on'' and ``off'' periods similar to a random telegraph signal. In our model the off periods are the times when the dot is ionized and the luminescence is quenched by nonradiative Auger recombination. The duration of the on periods depends on the ionization rate of the dot via thermal or Auger autoionization, and depends strongly on excitation intensity. Numerical simulations reproduce the random intermittency recently observed in the photoluminescence intensity of a single CdSe quantum dot.
Plane-wave-factor, molecular-state treatment of electron transfer in collisions of He 2+ ions with H atoms

Total cross sections are reported for electron transfer into the individual states $2s$, $2{p}_{0}$, and $2{p}_{1}$, and into all bound states of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ in collisions of 1- to 70-keV $^{4}\mathrm{He}^{2+}$ ions with H atoms. Following Bates and McCarroll, plane-wave factors have been fully incorporated in a coupled-molecular-state approximation. All velocity-dependent matrix elements have been evaluated as power series in the nuclear velocity. The bases used include up to 10 states $1s\ensuremath{\sigma}, 2s\ensuremath{\sigma}, \dots{}, 3d\ensuremath{\delta}$, of the frozen He${\mathrm{H}}^{2+}$ molecule. Convergence of cross sections with respect to the size of the bound-state basis was studied: fewer basis functions are needed than when plane-wave factors are omitted. To test the convergence of the latter results with respect to the size of the bound-state basis, the two potentially important states $5g\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $5g\ensuremath{\pi}$ have been added to the previously used 20-state ($1s\ensuremath{\sigma}, 2s\ensuremath{\sigma}, \dots{}, 4f\ensuremath{\phi}$) basis, and were found to affect the cross section for transfer into all states by at most 6%. For transfer into all states, results with and without plane-wave factors converge at low energies, agreeing to within 5% at 1 keV. The agreement of the plane-wave-factor results with the experimental data for transfer into all states is excellent at $^{4}\mathrm{He}^{2+}$ energies down to 8 keV, but poor at the lower energies, where the coupled-state results are believed to be more fully converged. For capture into the $2s$ state, the plane-wave-factor results lie above the upper bound of the experimental values by 25% at 20 keV.
The NP-S analysis of relative clauses and compositional semantics

We have sketched how it is possible to give an analysis for adjoined relative clauses which is consistent with the compositionality principle and have shown that the technique which seems necessary for this analysis can be used to provide a compositional semantics for the NP-S analysis of English relative clauses. It is unlikely that anyone working within the framework of a compositional theory would choose the NP-S analysis for English, since it is clearly much less elegant and simple, in some intuitive sense, than the alternative Nom-S analysis. Our results seem to indicate, however, that such an analysis cannot be ruled out in principle, since any constraint on the theory that would exclude the NP-S analysis would seem to exclude the Hittite analysis as well. So the arguments for the Nom-S analysis in the English case must be based on other grounds, or the Hittite analysis is also incorrect and should be ruled out, or the happy discovery of some as yet unknown principles will allow one but not the other.
952-24 Role of Leukocyte Depletion During Cardioplegic Arrest

Leukocyte depletion (LD) filters may be beneficial during reperfusion of acutely ischemic myocardium; however, its role during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and blood cardioplegic (BCP) arrest is un...
Plasma and lipids from stored platelets cause acute lung injury in an animal model.

BACKGROUND : Transfusion of PLT concentrates may cause TRALI, a life-threatening reaction that has been linked to the infusion of anti-WBC immunoglobulins or older, stored PLTs that contain bioactive lipids. We hypothesize that lipids generated during storage of PLTs cause TRALI in a two-event animal model. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Plasma from both whole-blood PLTs (WB-PLTs) and apheresis PLTs (A-PLTs) was isolated on Day 0 (D.0) and Day 5 (D.5) of storage and heat-treated before use. Rats were pretreated with saline or 2 mg per kg endotoxin (LPS), anesthetized, and the lungs were ventilated, isolated, and perfused with saline or 5-percent PLT plasma. Pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary edema, and leukotriene B 4 levels (perfusate) were measured. RESULTS : Plasma from D.5, but not D.0, of the identical WB-PLT and A-PLT units caused injury in lungs from LPS-pretreated rats (LPS/D.5) evidenced by increases in pulmonary edema and leukotriene B 4 (p < 0.05). Lipid extracts and purified lipids from D.5 PLT plasma also elicited injury in lungs from LPS-pretreated rats (p < 0.05). Saline/D.5 plasma or lipids or LPS/D.0 did not cause pulmonary edema. Prestorage WBC reduction was ineffective in inhibiting TRALI. CONCLUSION : PLT-induced TRALI may be the result of two events: 1) the clinical condition of the patient and 2) the infusion of lipids in stored PLTs.
The mid-nineteenth-century crisis in France and England

The European crises that culminated in 1848 were perhaps the clearest coincidence of "global" economic and political instability of which we know. That year witnessed a revolutionary conflagration of continental proportions. In sheer scope it was unprecedented, and even a century and a half later we have not seen its equal. The three years preceding this outburst had been marked by an economic crisis that though not without precedent, caused acute distress through most of Europe. The nature and significance of the connection between this crisis and these social movements has been the
Far infrared, near infrared, and radio molecular line studies of HFE 2, HFE 3, and FJM 6.

Far-infrared, near-infrared, and radio molecular-line observations of the regions of HFE 2, HFE 3, and FJM 6 are described. At positions of high molecular column density nearest to the reported positions of these sources, their infrared emission cannot be confirmed at upper bounds below those of the original detection. Near-infrared observations of the FJM 6 region (which includes the Bok globule Barnard 361) reveal a number of stellar sources, most of which are behind the molecular cloud and are reddened by it. Visual extinction through B 361 estimated by star counts yields A sub V/N(/C-13/O) = 3.7 + or - 1.6) x 10 to the -16th mag sq cm. The gas temperature and the upper bound on the dust temperature in the FJM 6 region are consistent with cosmic-ray heating of the cloud, while the values of these parameters for the clouds in the HFE 2 and HFE 3 regions do not appear consistent with either cosmic-ray or radiative heating.
Systematic assessment of copy number variant detection via genome-wide SNP genotyping

SNP genotyping has emerged as a technology to incorporate copy number variants (CNVs) into genetic analyses of human traits. However, the extent to which SNP platforms accurately capture CNVs remains unclear. Using independent, sequence-based CNV maps, we find that commonly used SNP platforms have limited or no probe coverage for a large fraction of CNVs. Despite this, in 9 samples we inferred 368 CNVs using Illumina SNP genotyping data and experimentally validated over two-thirds of these. We also developed a method (SNP-Conditional Mixture Modeling, SCIMM) to robustly genotype deletions using as few as two SNP probes. We find that HapMap SNPs are strongly correlated with 82% of common deletions, but the newest SNP platforms effectively tag about 50%. We conclude that currently available genome-wide SNP assays can capture CNVs accurately, but improvements in array designs, particularly in duplicated sequences, are necessary to facilitate more comprehensive analyses of genomic variation.
Effects of marital conflict and family structure on the self-concepts of pre- and early adolescents.

This study explored the effects of marital conflict and family structure on the self-concepts of youth aged 8–12. Subjects were 16 mother-youth pairs from intact parent families (IP) and 17 mother-youth pairs from separated parent families (SP). Results revealed youth in families with low marital hostility and high marital affection had significantly more positive self-concepts. Analyses suggested differences between IP and SP groups may best be explained by differences in marital hostility. The authors discuss the effects of marital discord on parenting within an ecosystems perspective.
Electrode–immune system interface monitor through neural stimulation in American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

Abstract Experiments of electrical stimulation were conducted to assess the electrode-immuno system property in American cockroach's neural system. The implanted electrode interface was monitored through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Systematic increase in impedance against time was observed in all tests. Two mechanisms affecting the impedance of the interface were proposed: the formation of silver oxide and the encapsulation of hemocyte. Results of XAS showed existence of silver oxide at the interface. The magnitude of impedance at 1 kHz has significantly increased in 24 h post-implant for stimulated samples, which suggests the formation of hemocyte encapsulation. The increment of encapsulation layers shapes the semi-circle arc at high frequencies in the Nyquist plot. Circuit model of electrode-immuno system impedance was generated to interpret in vivo behavior. The data and the model suggest that the changes transport path is directly affected by cellular development on the electrode surface. Through predictable relationships between impedance measurement and insect's immuno-reaction, the impedance measurement can provide the assessment for designing hybrid robotic device.
Determination of traces of silver in waters by anion exchange and atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract A method has been developed for the accurate determination of 0.1–1 μg of silver per liter of water. The method permits stabilization of silver in water without loss to container walls. Optimum conditions have been established for the complete recovery of silver from water with an anion-exchange column, for quantitative elution of silver from the resin, and for measurement of silver by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after chelation with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and extraction of the chelate with MIBK. Silver in the 1–10 μg 1 range can be determined by extraction without pre-concentration on an ion-exchange resin.
Stimulated emission from monolayer thick quantum-well heterostructures

Summary form only given. Stimulated emission from clearly defined quantum-well transitions has been observed from single quantum wells as thin as one monolayer. These results are unexpected, since previous experimental and theoretical work has indicated that if the well width is comparable to or smaller than the scattering path length of the electrons or holes, carrier collection becomes inefficient and the quantum well cannot support stimulated emission. Well-defined confined particle transitions were observed from the GaAs quantum wells for thicknesses as thin as two monolayers (5.65 AA) and from pseudomorphic InAs quantum wells for thicknesses as thin as one monolayer (3 AA). Continuous-wave laser thresholds as low as 820 W/cm/sup 2/, J/sub eq/=340 A/cm/sup 2/ from the pseudomorphic samples and 1740 W/cm/sup 2/, 720 A/cm/sup 2/ from the lattice-matched samples have been measured at 77 K. Data are presented which demonstrate that monolayer thick quantum wells can operate efficiently as lasers at low thresholds despite previous experimental and theoretical predictions to the contrary. >
Multiple discrete aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages during multimodality management of a hypothalamic glioma--case report.

Primary intracerebral tumors occasionally present with spontaeous intratumoral hemorrhage, or rarely, spontaneous subarachoid hemorrhage (SAH) [1]. SAH associated with primary brain umors usually results from extension of an intratumoral hemrrhage into the subarachnoid space. Tumors that spread within he distal vasculature (e.g. choriocarcinomas and atrial myxomas) re associated with aneurymsal subarachnoid hemorrhage [1]. owever, the association of a primary intracranial tumor and an djacent intracranial aneurysm is rare, except in the setting of ituitary adenomas. The authors describe a patient who suffered ultiple aneurysmal SAHs during the multimodality treatment f a hypothalamic glioma and concomitant arteriovenous malforation. We suspect that new aneurysm development may have een related to the combination of the peri-tumoral vascular nvironment with the application of anti-angiogenesis therapy, hemotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery.