cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOMOSEQUENTIAL SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA.

The acquisition of reproductive isolation is the most significant event in the speciation process. A knowledge of the nature of the reproductive barriers between species and of the ways in which these barriers evolve is therefore critical to any analysis of speciation mechanisms. The Drosophilidae in the Hawaiian Islands have undergone explosive speciation giving rise to some 650 to 700 endemic species (Carson et al., 1970). In view of the substantial isolation of these oceanic islands from continental land masses, it is believed that the present-day fauna may have been derived from a single successful founder, or perhaps from two separate introductions (Throckmorton, 1966). In spite of their morphological and behavioral diversity, the species constitute a closely knit evolutionary group. The geological recency of the Islands (Macdonald and Abbott, 1970) further implies that evolutionary processes in the group have been exceptionally rapid. All of these features render the Hawaiian Drosophila particularly suitable for studies of the speciation process. Many of the species are very young in evolutionary terms and some may show only partial reproductive isolation, since speciation is most often a slow, continuous process rather than an instantaneous event. Study of the reproductive relationships between such forms should therefore offer the possibility of identifying the primary reproductive barriers formed, thereby obtaining some information on the sequence of events which lead to full speciation. This was the aim of this investigation. Accordingly, it was decided to study a set of homosequential species in the planitibia subgroup of the picture-winged flies. Homosequential species have an identical banding sequence in their polytene salivary gland chromosomes (Carson et al., 1967), and are presumptively very closely related. Furthermore, some homosequential species are, in addition, very recently evolved. Two of the species used in this study are endemic to the island of Hawaii, the youngest in the chain (McDougall, 1964), and must be very recent evolutionary products. This study therefore utilizes species which are judged to be amongst the most closely related and the most recently evolved. The reproductive barriers which isolate them have been analysed initially by the method of interspecific laboratory hybridizations, since this approach has previously proved relatively successful with Hawaiian Drosophila (Yang and Wheeler, 1969). This paper presents the data obtained on their reproductive relationships, and discusses the patterns of species formation which these data suggest.
Inhibition by Retinoids of the Growth of Azaserine-Induced Foci in the Rat Pancreas

The usefulness of a short-term azaserine [CAS: 115-02-6; diazoacetate serine (ester)]-rat model for the screening of retinoids (known chemopreventive agents) and the effect of two retinoids on the growth of azaserine-induced, presumptive preneoplastic foci of acinar cells were examined. At 14 days of age, male Lewis rats were each given injections of a single dose of 30 mg azaserine/kg body weight. These rats were weaned to test diets to which retinoids were added. At 4 months post initiation, pancreata were examined by quantitative stereologic methods to determine number and mean size of foci. Two phenotypically different populations of foci were observed and characterized as acidophilic or basophilic. Retinylidene dimedone and N-2-hydroxyethylretinamide decreased the number and size of the acidophilic foci but not the basophilic foci. The inhibition of growth of the acidophilic foci correlates well with the known effects of these retinoids in long-term carcinogenicity studies.
Diuretic Pharmacology in Infants and Children

Knowledge of applied renal physiology greatly facilitates the appropriate use of diuretics in children and minimizes the risk of potential side effects. Conditions in which diuretics are useful and their recommended dosages and potential side effects are reviewed. Thiazide diuretics and furosemide are particularly recommended for use in children, and furosemide for use in newborn infants.
Accompanying the Stranger in a Context of Political Impasse and Constraints: New Sanctuary Movement Philadelphia

This chapter presents a case study of New Sanctuary Movement Philadelphia, an interfaith organization that works to promote the rights and dignity of undocumented immigrants in the city. Designed to give ample decision-making on priorities and strategy to immigrant members, NSM Philadelphia engages allied congregations from a wide variety of faith communities in a number of supportive roles. The chapter begins by providing some brief context on attitudes towards immigrants in Philadelphia, the political impasse on immigration reform at the federal level and background information on the sanctuary movement of the 1980s, as well as the reasons for its reemergence as the New Sanctuary Movement in the 2000s. Using interviews with members of the leadership team who were born in the USA but come from different faiths, the paper explores the religious understanding that underpins their deep involvement with undocumented immigrants and the organization. The chapter then analyses the functioning of the organization, both in terms of its campaigns and its longer-standing programmes.
The Social Democratic Model

Policymakers who advocate the social democratic model of the public health process try to reconcile supposedly conflicting values. Blending individualism with communal cooperation, social democrats support personal freedom in the collective context. For them, public health policies must combine material interests with moral values. Perceiving health as a public good, not a private benefit, they try to ‘decommodify’ health services. Health providers should seek to serve the public in an altruistic way, instead of maximizing their revenues. However great their attachment to moral values, social democrats also pursue material interests. Income redistribution measures become a key policy for expanding equal access to health care services, securing egalitarian health treatments, and realizing similar health outcomes. Social democrats implement health policies that reconcile any tensions between freedom and equality. Assuming that all people share human dignity, they want everyone to gain equal access to health care services, equal treatment by health providers, and equal health status. Progressive methods for raising finances minimize costs to the poor. Physicians retain extensive freedom over diagnoses and treatments. Patients have some choice of their general practitioner.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Rates of Penetrating or Endothelial Keratoplasty for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy Among US Medicare Beneficiaries.

Importance Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is the most common indication for corneal transplant in the United States. The association between race/ethnicity and incidence of advanced FECD, defined by a need for endothelial or penetrating keratoplasty, has not been investigated. Observations The 2014 US Medicare Limited Data Set (5% sample of 27 163 740 fee-for-service Medicare patients) was analyzed for rate of keratoplasty performed for FECD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Editioncode 371.57), stratified by race/ethnicity. Among all Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older, a diagnosis code for FECD was used in 1.55% (95% CI, 1.51%-1.59%) of white and 1.38% (95% CI, 1.26%-1.50%) of African American beneficiaries who had an ophthalmologist eye examination in 2014 (P = .01). Among beneficiaries who obtained medical care for FECD, keratoplasty was 1.9 times more likely in white than African American patients (4.7%; 95% CI, 4.2%-5.2% vs 2.5%; 95% CI, 1.1%-3.9%;P Conclusions and Relevance In 2014, keratoplasty was 1.9 times more likely in US Medicare fee-for-service white patients than African American patients with FECD. This might be caused by racial/ethnic differences in the biology of FECD, access to care, or other unidentified factors.
Physicochemical surface properties of microalgae and their combined effects on particle selection by suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs

The capabilities of bivalve molluscs to feed selectively have been well documented, and physicochemical properties of particles have been implicated as possible factors in the selection process. In this study, the surface-property profiles of nine different microalgal species were determined by characterizing the surface charge, wettability (= contact angle), and surface carbohydrate moieties. Three fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins were used to characterize carbohydrate moieties, including concanavalin A (ConA), Pisum sativum agglutinin (PEA), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Distinct surface-property profiles were identified using linear discriminant analysis (DA) and used to design mixed-algal feeding experiments to assess particle selection by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Results demonstrated preferential ingestion of some algal species over others, with strong rejection of some species (e.g. Pavlova lutheri and Prasinocladus marinus). These data were then used to develop DA and multiple linear regression models that considered the quantified surface properties and microalgal fates (rejected, ingested, or no selection) to examine determinants of selection. The DA model correctly classified 58% of the selection outcomes in mussels and 57% in oysters. Wettability was the most important factor in predicting selection in mussels, and surface charge was most important for oysters. In the multiple linear regression analyses, lectin affinity and wettability were the strongest predictors of particle selection, explaining ca. 90% of the variability in electivity index for mussels and 94% of the variability for oysters. By characterizing both physical and chemical surface properties of several microalgaeused as food for suspension-feeding bivalves, we demonstrate that multiple surface-property characteristics need to be considered in order to develop meaningful models of particle selection in bivalves. Future research also should take into account species-specific differences in selection.
Clinical characteristics of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) harboring somatic BAP1 mutations.

1541 Background: Efforts to elucidate tumorigenic mutations in MPM are essential to advance therapy. We reported a 23% incidence of somatic mutations in BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) in 53 patients with MPM (Bott et al. Nat Genet 2011). Germline BAP1 mutations were also reported in two families with a predisposition to mesothelioma and uveal melanoma (Testa et al. Nat Genet 2011). While BAP1 somatic mutations are more common in poor prognosis uveal melanoma (84% class 2, 4% class 1; Harbour et al. Science 2010), the significance of these mutations in MPM is unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with somatic BAP1 mutations in order to describe this newly identified subpopulation. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 121 patients with tumors tested for somatic BAP1 mutations. Results: Patient characteristics are in the Table. Twenty percent harbored somatic BAP1 mutations. Other than the percent of current or former smokers (75% BAP1 mutations, 42% BAP1 wild-type, p=0.00...
Avoiding the Fire Next Time: Foster v. Chatman and the Inevitability of Peremptory Prejudice

Thirty years after the United States Supreme Court decision in Batson v. Kentucky, countless misapplications of Batson have allowed the racially motivated use of peremptory challenges to plague our jury system. This notion is one that Justice Marshall’s forewarned us of in his concurring opinion in Batson, where he reasoned, “The decision today will not end the racial discrimination that peremptories inject into the jury selection process. That goal can be accomplished only by eliminating peremptory challenges entirely.” Although the United States Supreme Court’s finding in Foster v. Chatman that the State’s peremptory strikes of two black prospective jurors were racially motivated, this casenote discusses how the fact-specific majority opinion fails to expand the protections of Batson and furthers the insidious racism that peremptory strikes infect into the jury-selection process. The author concludes that we are left with no choice, as a government of law and not men, but to acknowledge Justice Marshall’s prophetic warnings in Batson, and remove peremptory strikes from our jury-selection process entirely.
Ventricular action potential adaptation to regular exercise: role of β-adrenergic and KATP channel function.

Our data demonstrated that regular exercise prolonged the action potential and Ca2+ transient durations in myocytes isolated from apex and base regions at 1-Hz and shortened both at 10-Hz stimulati...
3D Printed Masks and Transfer Stamping Process to Enable the Fabrication of the Hemispherical Organic Photodiodes

This paper demonstrates the methods that allow the fabrication of the hemispherical organic photodiode arrays on curved concave glass substrate. They include a novel 3D shadow mask, fabricated by additive manufacturing process (stereolithography), used for the electrode deposition and 3D shaped polydimethylsiloxane stamp used for organic active layer formation. These techniques allow the direct patterning of the organic photodiode devices on hemispherical substrates without an excessive strain or deformation. It is believed that the developed 3D mask and 3D organic layer transfer printing process can be further utilized for fabrication of various optoelectronic devices which necessitate a free form factor on arbitrary substrates.
Perceived Organizational Support, Anticipated Change in Organizational Support, and Commitment

Organizational support theory (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, & Sowa, 1986; Eisenberger & Stinglhamber, 2011; Kurtessis et al., 2015) suggests that employees form perceptions of the extent to ...
Enhanced muscle protein degradation and amino acid release from the hemicorpus of acutely uremic rats.

Patients with acute renal failure are often severely catabolic (1–3) and may manifest marked muscle protein wasting. Although muscle is the major endogenous source of protein and amino acids for the organism, there are little data concerning muscle protein and amino acid metabolism in acute uremia. Since hepatic uptake of amino acids, gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis are increased in rats with experimental acute uremia (4–7), it is likely that muscle provides increased amounts of amino acids for the enhanced metabolic activity of the liver.
A novel educational intervention targeting melanoma risk and prevention knowledge among children with a familial risk for melanoma.

Abstract Objective To examine the acceptability of and preliminary effects associated with a novel educational intervention for children at elevated risk for melanoma. The intervention incorporated information on mechanisms through which melanoma preventive behaviors mitigate risk for melanoma and was delivered to parents and children concurrently. Methods Twenty-two parents (with a personal history of melanoma or spouse with a history of melanoma) and 33 children (mean age 11.8 years) were asked to complete questionnaires immediately prior to and after an educational session and at a one-month follow-up. Results Both parents and children endorsed that the educational materials were acceptable. Knowledge about melanoma risk and preventive and screening behaviors increased significantly. Children’s perceived risk for melanoma increased significantly, while parents’ perceptions of children’s risk started at a higher level and remained constant. There were significant increases in reported engagement in sun protective behaviors. Conclusion The educational intervention shows promise in terms of its acceptability and effects on participant knowledge, perceived risk, and engagement in melanoma preventive behaviors. Practice implication Children at elevated risk for melanoma and their parents may benefit from receiving educational information on their disease risk and strategies for prevention and screening.
Clinical Variables Associated With Overall Survival in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapy.

Abstract Background Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cell-based cancer immunotherapy for men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Its approval by the Food and Drug Administration was based on demonstration of an overall survival (OS) benefit in randomized placebo-controlled phase III trials. However, treatment was associated with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline in only a small minority of patients. Understanding the clinical factors that are associated with OS could help guide treatment decisions, including patient selection and the timing of sipuleucel-T relative to other therapies. Patients and Methods We retrospectively identified 94 mCRPC patients treated with sipuleucel-T from April 2010 to April 2016. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the distribution of OS. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to identify the prognostic factors for OS. Results With a median follow-up of 24.9 months, the median OS was 34.9 months. On multivariate analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, pretreatment PSA doubling time, and previous abiraterone and/or enzalutamide were significant prognostic factors for OS. Conclusion A poorer baseline performance status, faster disease pace measured by the PSA doubling time, and previous novel androgen signaling inhibitor exposure could be important prognostic considerations for the treatment of mCRPC patients with sipuleucel-T. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.
How failure is productive in the creative process: Refining student explanations through theory-building discussion

Abstract We argue that failure can play a productive role in students’ creative knowledge-construction process. As evidence, we present a fine-grained analysis of a whole-class theory-building discussion with 8th grade students. The goal of the discussion was to construct a theoretical account for why a glass of cold milk warmed quickly at first and then more slowly as it approached room temperature. Though they initially produced scientifically non-normative explanations, by the end of the discussion the class had refined their ideas into an explanation of difference drives rate – a relationship at the heart of Newton’s law of heating and other equilibration phenomena. The students’ flawed initial explanations were productive in the knowledge-construction process, as the raw material they ultimately refined into a more scientific explanation. We argue that the theory-building discussion supported both creative and critical thinking and that this pedagogical approach has the power, more generally, to leverage failure productively for science learning.
5 Outcomes of ductal stenting with pre-existing branch pulmonary artery stenosis – revisiting the american heart association guidelines

Purpose Patent Ductal Arteriosus (PDA) stenting in the setting of pre-existing branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis is controversial. Current American Heart Association guidance is to avoid ductal stenting in this setting. During fellowship training I spent time at an institution which has undergone a learning curve in complex ductal stenting. CT imaging enabled better understanding of complex ducts, aided patient selection, planning and consideration of access routes. Methods Prospective review of patients ( 2.5 kg) undergoing PDA stenting with ductus related branch PA stenosis between Jan 2014 – Dec 2015. The growth of the jailed stenotic PA branch with the contralateral PA was compared angiographically 6–12 months later. Results 46 patients underwent ductal stenting. 37% had ToF-PA (17/46). There was no in-hospital mortality and 2 early deaths occurred. 4 patients required early modified Blalock Taussig Shunt (mBTS) and were further excluded. The unaffected PA showed good growth (mean Z score from −0.6 to +2.2). The jailed PA also showed proportionate growth (mean Z score from −1.4 to +1.1) in 93% (37/40). 3 patients showed poor PA growth (2 underwent restenting, 1 mBTS to affected side). Conclusion In an era where neonatal mBTS continues to have significant morbidity and mortality, we feel that ductal stenting in complex PDA’s with pre-existing PA stenosis is a feasible alternative. The stenosed, jailed PA still has potential for proportionate growth. Patient selection and close follow up is vital. Stent removal with surgical repair within 1 year of age is our current recommendation.
Exploring Associations Among African American Youths' Perceptions of Racial Fairness and School Engagement: Does Gender Matter?

In addition to experiencing race as a unique social milieu within school, gender may also provide an important context for African American students. The authors explored gender differences in asso...
Infertility in the Aging Male.

In many countries, the average age of paternity is rising. The negative effect of older age on fertility in women is well documented; however, less is known about the impact of paternal age on fecundity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how paternal age affects semen parameters, reproductive success, and offspring health. Contemporary evidence confirms that aged men have worse semen parameters, including overall negative changes in sperm genetics. Reproductive outcomes with unassisted pregnancy tend to be worse with older fathers. While most current studies of assisted pregnancy do show a negative effect of paternal age, there are some conflicting results. Studies continue to show an overall increased risk of health problems, particularly neuropsychiatric conditions, in the offspring of older men. While men can often maintain fertility potential throughout a lifetime, increasing evidence indicates worsening of semen parameters, including sperm genetics, and potentially worse reproductive success. Older men should also be counseled on their offspring’s possible increased risk of certain medical conditions.
Scalable Data-Intensive Analytics

To effectively handle the scale of processing required in information extraction and analytical tasks in an era of information explosion, partitioning the data streams and applying computation to each partition in parallel is the key. Even though the concept of MapReduce has been around for some time and is well known in the functional programming literatures, it is Google which demonstrated that this very high-level abstraction is especially suitable for data-intensive computation and potentially has very high performance implementation as well. If we observe the behavior of a query plan on a modern shared-nothing parallel database system such as Teradata and HP NeoView, one notices that it also offers large-scale parallel processing while maintaining the high level abstraction of a declarative query language. The correspondence between the MapReduce parallel processing paradigm and the paradigm for parallel query processing has been observed. In addition to integrated schema management and declarative query language, the strengths of parallel SQL engines also include workload management and richer expressive power and parallel processing patterns. Compared to the MapReduce parallel processing paradigm, however, the parallel query processing paradigm has focused on native, built-in, algebraic query operators that are supported in the SQL language. Parallel query processing engines lack the ability to efficiently handle dynamically-defined procedures. While the “user-defined function” in SQL can be used to inject dynamically defined procedures, the ability of standard SQL to support flexibility of their invocation, and efficient implementation of these user-defined functions, especially in a highly scaled-out architecture, are not adequate. This paper discusses some issues and approaches in integrating large scale information extraction and analytical tasks with parallel data management.
Thermochemistry of tetrahedrite-tennantite fahlores

In this chapter some of the methods used in constructing models for the thermodynamic mixing properties of multicomponent solid solutions will be illustrated using the mineral tetrahedrite-tennantite as an example. In the case of this complex sulphosalt, or the more common oxide and silicate solid solutions (e.g. spinels, rhombohedral oxides, and pyroxenes), accurate models for activity-composition relations are required to construct internally consistent thermodynamic databases for the common rock-forming minerals (cf Berman, 1988; Sack and Ghiorso, 1989; Sack and Ghiorso, 1991a; Sack and Ghiorso, 1991b; Ghiorso, 1990a. It is usually not possible to construct such a database from considerations of end-member properties alone, because there are insufficient, and often conflicting constraints on the standard state properties of all of the end-member components that govern exchange reactions involving solid solutions. Moreover, practical considerations require that constraints on mixing and standardstate properties be evaluated in concert, if consistent interpretations of natural phenomena are to be achieved.
Removal of Inorganic Gases and VOCS on Activated Carbons

Industrial revolution, along with development of new technologies to improve everyday life, resulted in emission to the atmosphere vast quantities of athropogenic gases and toxic and cancerogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some of those species, as hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide, have also their natural sources such as geothermal vents, volcanoes or other natural technologies where anaerobic digestion is the main bacterial activity. But it was a human addition to mother nature, which has resulted in detrimental environmental changes such as acid rains, photochemical smog, or global warming [1, 2]. It is estimated that every year around 100 millions tons of S02 and N02 are emitted to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources [1], mainly from power plants where fossil fuel is burned. The major sources of air pollution were, and still are, highly industrialized countries such as the United States or European nations.
The Historical Roots of the Field of Engineering Systems: Results from an In-class Assignment

Although the field of Engineering Systems (ES) is young, its intellectual roots originate far back in time. Tracing these roots is the objective of an integrative capstone assignment in the first doctoral subject for incoming ES PhD students at MIT. Teams of two or three students research the intellectual connections between a specific historical root and modern ES method. The assignment has now been offered for 5 years (2008–2012). This chapter describes the faculty and student perspectives on the assignment, including the perceived learning outcomes, and insights gained into the roots of Engineering Systems. Some overall observations include: (1) Interconnections among almost all selected topics are apparent. The historical development of each topic gives rise to overlap and complex interactions between historical roots and modern methods; (2) Students cite Herbert Simon’s work as most pivotal to the roots of Engineering Systems. Jay Forrester, John von Neumann, Norbert Weiner, Joseph Schumpeter and others are also identified as having a significant impact; (3) The faculty always learn something about the field from what the students find even when topics are repeated; and, (4) The assignment is a valuable, though imperfect, vehicle for learning about Engineering Systems and for launching budding researchers’ efforts in the field.
Effect of a new cancer diagnosis on labor force participation (LFP): Has there been a change over time?

e18004Background: Health shocks, such as a new cancer diagnosis, have been shown to reduce LFP in working adults. Over the past decade, there have economic swings, retirement age has increased, whi...
Autonomous Grasping Robotic Aerial System for Perching (AGRASP)

This paper presents an autonomous perching concept for multirotor aerial vehicles. The Autonomous Grasping Robotic Aerial System for Perching (AGRASP)represents a novel integration of robotics perception, vision-based path planning, and biomimetically-inspired manipulation on a small, lightweight aerial robot with highly-constrained sensor and processing capacity. Computationally lightweight perception algorithms pull candidate perch structures out of a complex environment with no a priori knowledge of the operational space. The innovative manipulator design combines both active grasp and passive grip enabling it to maintain hold on the perch even with all power off. We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, a quadrotor autonomously detecting and landing on a perch relying solely on onboard sensing and processing.
A Phase I Study of the Safety and Feasibility of Bortezomib in Combination With G-CSF for Stem Cell Mobilization in Patients With Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Background We previously reported that administration of bortezomib (BTZ) after 4 days of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) significantly augments mobilization in mice. We hypothesized that administration of BTZ at peak G-CSF mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) would be safe, augment mobilization, and have an in vivo purging effect on circulating myeloma cells. Patients and Methods This was a phase I study using 3 dose levels of BTZ. G-CSF was administered for 5 days. On the evening of the fourth day, a single dose of BTZ was administered. Peripheral blood was drawn 1 to 2 hours before and 15 to 18 hours after BTZ administration (before day 5 G-CSF administration) to analyze the mobilization effect of BTZ. Standard apheresis was then performed starting on day 5. After mobilization, patients underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) per institutional guidelines. Results Ten patients were enrolled. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. Median peripheral blood CD34+ cells at day 4 before BTZ administration was 16 per microliter and 15 hours later was 32 per microliter suggesting that administration of BTZ at peak G-CSF mobilization augments the mobilization effect of G-CSF. The effect of BTZ on circulating MM cells was unclear. All patients had successful engraftment after ASCT. Conclusion Administration of 1 dose of BTZ at peak G-CSF mobilization was safe and well tolerated, enhanced stem cell mobilization, and did not affect graft viability. The mobilization effect of BTZ at peak G-CSF mobilization shown in this phase I study needs to be confirmed in a larger randomized trial.
Mucosal Biomarker of Innate Immune Activation Predicts Response to Vedolizumab in Crohn's Disease.

OBJECTIVE Mucosal barrier dysfunction plays a crucial role in intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death resulting from innate immune activation, termed pyroptosis, was recently found to be a cause of this barrier defect. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of pretreatment ileal biopsy pyroptosis as a biomarker for clinical response to vedolizumab in CD. DESIGN Crohn's disease patients ranging 18 to 80 years old from 5 IBD centers with pre-vedolizumab ileal biopsies during colonoscopy were enrolled. Biopsies were stained for activated caspases, and levels of ileal IEC pyroptosis levels were quantified. The primary outcome was clinical response 6 months after therapy, defined as a reduction of Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) of ≥5 points from baseline. Secondary outcomes included clinical remission, defined as HBI <5, and endoscopic improvement, as measured by the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD). RESULTS One hundred CD patients (45 male, 55 female), median age 47 (19, 78) years, were included; clinical response rate was 60%, and clinical remission was 36%. The response rate in patients with ileal pyroptosis <14 positive cells per 1000 IECs was significantly higher than those above the threshold: 89% (25 of 28) vs 49% (35 of 72), odds ratio (OR) 8.8 (95% CI, 2.3-48.6; P < 0.001). Corresponding remission rates were 54% (15 of 28) vs 29% (21 of 72; OR 2.8 [1.03-7.59; P = 0.036]). For endoscopic improvement, ileal pyroptosis of 22 positive cells per 1000 IECs was the optimal threshold that determines the magnitude SES-CD change. CONCLUSIONS Ileal biopsy IEC pyroptosis was predictive of clinical response and endoscopic improvement to vedolizmab in CD patients.
Dry Eye Disease: A Modern History

One of the most common disorders of the ocular surface is dry eye disease (DED). A historical perspective of our understanding of DED can be captured in seven thematic areas. Structure and function of the components of the tear film and ocular surface and the lacrimal functional unit provide the basic information. The hallmarks of DED are tear instability and hyperosmolarity. The role of inflammation in DED and the neurobiological aspects of the ocular surface are important to understanding the vicious cycle of the disease. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of DED provide novel appreciation of DED.
Imprisoned Men: Masculinity Variability and Implications for Correctional Programming

Prison is a place with an accumulation of men who espouse toughness and aggression, where those who deviate are punished and forced to renegotiate their thoughts on what it means to be a man. Behav...
Simultaneous prediction and community detection for networks with application to neuroimaging

Community structure in networks is observed in many different domains, and unsupervised community detection has received a lot of attention in the literature. Increasingly the focus of network analysis is shifting towards using network information in some other prediction or inference task rather than just analyzing the network itself. In particular, in neuroimaging applications brain networks are available for multiple subjects and the goal is often to predict a phenotype of interest. Community structure is well known to be a feature of brain networks, typically corresponding to different regions of the brain responsible for different functions. There are standard parcellations of the brain into such regions, usually obtained by applying clustering methods to brain connectomes of healthy subjects. However, when the goal is predicting a phenotype or distinguishing between different conditions, these static communities from an unrelated set of healthy subjects may not be the most useful for prediction. Here we present a method for supervised community detection, aiming to find a partition of the network into communities that is most useful for predicting a particular response. We use a block-structured regularization penalty combined with a prediction loss function, and compute the solution with a combination of a spectral method and an ADMM optimization algorithm. We show that the spectral clustering method recovers the correct communities under a weighted stochastic block model. The method performs well on both simulated and real brain networks, providing support for the idea of task-dependent brain regions.
Wafer‐Scale Integration

The sections in this article are 1 The Foundations of Wafer-Scale Integration 2 Defect and Fault Models 3 Architectural Approaches: Locally Correctable Cells 4 Global Reconfigurational Approaches 5 Technologies for Establishing Interconnections 6 Conclusion
Similarities in Recalcitrant Structures of Industrial Non-Kraft and Kraft Lignin

This work compares the structure of industrially isolated lignin samples from kraft pulping and three alternative processes: butanol organosolv, supercritical water hydrolysis, and sulfur dioxide/ethanol/water fractionation. Kraft processes are known to produce highly condensed lignin, with reduced potential for catalytic depolymerization, whereas the alternative processes have been hypothesized to impact the lignin less. The structural properties most relevant to catalytic depolymerization are characterized by elemental analysis, quantitative 13 C and 2 D HQSC NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Quantification of the β-O-4 ether bond content shows partial depolymerization, with all samples having less than 12 bonds per 100 aromatic units. This results in theoretical monomer yields of less than 5 %, strongly suggesting the alternative fractionation processes generate highly condensed lignin structures that are no more suitable for catalytic depolymerization than kraft lignin. However, the different thermal degradation profiles suggest there are physicochemical differences that could be leveraged in other valorization strategies.
Patient-derived xenograft culture-transplant system for investigation of human breast cancer metastasis

Abstract Metastasis is a fatal disease where research progress has been hindered by a lack of authentic experimental models. Here, we develop a 3D tumor sphere culture-transplant system that facilitates the expansion and engineering of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor cells for functional metastasis assays in vivo. Orthotopic transplantation and RNA sequencing analyses show that PDX tumor spheres maintain tumorigenic potential, and the molecular marker and global transcriptome signatures of native tumor cells. Tumor spheres display robust capacity for lentiviral engineering and dissemination in spontaneous and experimental metastasis assays in vivo. Inhibition of pathways previously reported to attenuate metastasis also inhibit metastasis after sphere culture, validating our approach for authentic investigations of metastasis. Finally, we demonstrate a new role for the metabolic enzyme NME1 in promoting breast cancer metastasis, providing proof-of-principle that our culture-transplant system can be used for authentic propagation and engineering of patient tumor cells for functional studies of metastasis.
Discovered Preferences for Risky and Non-Risky Goods

We develop an axiomatic theory that integrates the discovered preference hypothesis into neoclassical microeconomic choice theory. A theory in which preferences must be discovered through experience can explain patterns observed in choice data, including preference reversals, evolution of or instability in risky choice, and errors that decline with repetition as seen in contingent valuation data. With reasonable assumptions, we show that preferences for common, high-ranked, and non-stochastic choice items are learned quickly and thus should appear stable. However, initially low-ranked choice items may remain persistently mis-ranked. Preferences for choice items with stochastic outcomes are dicult to learn, so choice under uncertainty is subject to error. At nite time, a choice item is more likely to be mis-ranked if it has stochastic outcomes, if it is initially low-ranked, or if it appears rarely in choice sets. The existence of a default option may or may not render correct ranking more dicult. Undiscovered preferences can lead to real welfare loss
Sonography of a Carotid Body Tumor: A Case Report:

A carotid body tumor is typically a benign mass and can have a low malignant potential. It can grow in between, attach to, or surround the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery in the...
Differential Assessment, Differential Benefit: Four-year Problem Roulette Analysis of STEM Practice Study

Using five million responses to thousands of practice examination questions on an optional study service known as Problem Roulette, we explore subject-specific differences in assessment style, grade benefit from usage of the service, and differential features in study behavior and grade outcome by birth sex. Our study includes more than 20,000 students enrolled in eight terms of introductory courses in general chemistry, physics and statistics. Student responses in the space of accuracy and response time reveal domain differences; by these measures, physics problems are typically both more difficult and more complex. Grouping students by term-length practice volume, we find significant positive grade benefits to higher volumes of study in chemistry and statistics. Across all subjects, we find that females gain more grade benefit from high study volume than males. Female students also outwork males during prime study hours yet, on average, earn 0.13 ± 0.03 lower grade points in chemistry than males with the same response accuracy in practice, with null results in statistics and physics.
Clinical Experience of Interstitial Thermoradiotherapy Using Ferromagnetic Implant Techniques

Interstitial hyperthermia commands much current interest as a method for delivering localized heat treatment to deep-seated as well as superficial tumors. Several interstitial techniques have been developed and used clinically over the past two decades. Interstitial techniques are popular since they can circumvent some problems encountered with non-invasive hyperthermia techniques, such as limited penetration, inefficient and nonuniform power distribution, and excessive heating of adjacent normal tissues. On the other hand, interstitial hyperthermia is an invasive technique and it usually requires general anesthesia. Some patients with bleeding disorders may not be candidates for such an approach. Furthermore, due to the localized nature of the treatment, the resulting temperature distribution may be highly dependent on the blood flow and geometry of the implant. Three major classes of interstitial hyperthermic techniques have been described and developed: interstitial radiofre quency electrodes (IRF), interstitial microwave antennas (IMW), and hot source techniques.
Matrix completion for compressive sensing using consensus equilibrium

We propose a technique for reconstruction from incomplete compressive measurements. Our approach combines compressive sensing and matrix completion using the consensus equilibrium framework. Consensus equilibrium breaks the reconstruction problem into subproblems to solve for the high-dimensional tensor. This framework allows us to apply two constraints on the statistical inversion problem. First, matrix completion enforces a low rank constraint on the compressed data. Second, the compressed tensor should be consistent with the uncompressed tensor when it is projected onto the low-dimensional subspace. We validate our method on the Indian Pines hyperspectral dataset with varying amounts of missing data. This work opens up new possibilities for data reduction, compression, and reconstruction.
Cross-Sectional Survey of Two Community-Based Health Fairs: Demographics, Healthcare Attitudes, and Hepatitis B

Asian Americans Pacific Islanders (AAPI) share a disproportionate burden of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in both the United States and New York State. Current hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening and research efforts have focused on urban communities. We administered a cross-sectional survey to 64 attendants at two free health fairs hosted by AAPI organizations on suburban Long Island, New York. We report the demographic make-up, healthcare attitudes, and HBV-related health histories of event attendees in Nassau and Suffolk Counties. Participants in Nassau County generally had more access to healthcare (97.1% vs 74.1% insured, 91.4% vs. 63.0% annual physician visit) and more familiarity with HBV screening (57.1% vs 17.2% history of HBV screening, 42.9% vs 3.9% physician recommendation for HBV screening). AAPI are a heterogenous population. Communities in close proximity may be demographically distinct and efforts to screen for HBV should be tailored to individual communities.
Four major patterns of placental injury: a stepwise guide for understanding and implementing the 2016 Amsterdam consensus

The Amsterdam classification system defines four major patterns of placental injury, maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, acute chorioamnionitis, and villitis of unknown etiology, and lists the histologic findings that characterize each. However, there continues to be uncertainty regarding specific definitions, histologic mimics, grading and staging, and what combination of findings is required to diagnose each pattern of injury in a reproducible fashion. The purpose of this review is to clarify some of these issues by suggesting a stepwise approach to more fully realize the potential of this new classification system. In our view, the critical steps for correctly identifying and communicating each pattern of injury are (1) familiarity with the underlying pathophysiology and known clinical associations, (2) incorporation of important gross findings, (3) learning to recognize underlying architectural alterations and defining features at low power, (4) using higher magnification to narrow the differential diagnosis and assess severity (grading) and duration (staging), and (5) adopting a template for generating standardized placental reports that succinctly provide useful information for patient care and research applications.
Broadening Engineering Identity: Moving beyond Problem Solving

The engineering profession is often defined by the phrase ‘engineers are problem solvers.’ This is so common that it has become a normative ontology for engineers. We dispute the view that engineers are normatively problem solvers. We do agree that much of what engineers do can be considered problem solving but it is an insufficient characterization of the profession. Stated quite simply, if engineers solved problems, they would go away but clearly the areas engineering addresses continue to be issues long after they are ‘solved.’ Instead, engineers should focus on the management of challenges because as complex social systems evolve, the technological response must evolve, as well.
Is perfectionism always unhealthy? Examining the moderating effects of psychological flexibility and self-compassion.

Objective Perfectionism is generally associated with worse mental health outcomes, though evidence suggests elements of it may be helpful. In light of these findings, we examined whether psychological skills like psychological flexibility and self-compassion moderated the relationship between perfectionism and wellbeing (i.e., quality of life, symptom impairment, and psychological distress). Methods Undergraduate students (N = 677) completed self-report measures. Results A latent profile analysis identified three perfectionism groups (low, average, and high) based on four perfectionism subscales: concern over mistakes, need for approval, rumination, and striving for excellence. Generally, we found that psychological flexibility and/or self-compassion buffered the impact of average and high perfectionism on quality of life and symptom impairment. Conclusion Our results support the utility of practicing psychological flexibility and/or self-compassion for people with average and high levels of perfectionism. Limitations include using a cross-sectional design and nonclinical sample.
Exploring the Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Multidimensional Poverty

We examine the degree to which implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) reduced the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty in America. Expansion of Medicaid eligibility under the ACA was intended to be national and in January 2014 a majority of states did expand eligibility; however, by the end of 2018, 19 states had not done so. This allows the influence of the ACA on multidimensional poverty to be analyzed as a form of natural experiment. Using American Community Survey data for the 2008–2018 period and the difference-in-difference approach, we compare ACA-modified deprivation scores to observed deprivation scores across adopting and non-adopting state cohorts and across pre- and post-ACA implementation periods. Our results indicate that the expansion of Medicaid eligibility produced small but statistically significant decreases in the estimated probabilities that the typical individual will lack health insurance and suffer multidimensional poverty.