cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of high magnetic fields on fusion systems

The Tokamak device has been demonstrated to be the most effective magnetic confinement machine for obtaining the burning plasma conditions required for a fusion reactor. Analysis of present experimental results together with basic theoretical considerations indicates that high magnetic fields can have a large beneficial impact on reactor performance and cost. At the same time superconducting magnet technology has been steadily advancing. Concepts that maximize the beneficial impacts of high fields and make use of advanced superconducting magnet technology could thus have a profound impact on the development of fusion systems. This approach is discussed, and some promising research directions are described. >
Feedforward neural networks for estimating IC parametric yield and device characterization

A unique and accurate approach for modeling semiconductor device characteristics and estimating IC parametric yield is described. Multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN) are trained using error back propagation to model DC device characteristics measured at the final fabrication stage. Measurements of material and/or device characteristics taken at earlier fabrication stages are used to develop neural network models of the final DC parameters. A very good agreement has been found between the actual measurements and the MLPNN modeled parameters, and the resulting yield estimations are in excellent agreement with the actual yield.
THE CRIME VICTIM'S EXPANDING ROLE IN A SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION: A RESPONSE TO THE CRITICS OF THE CRIME VICTIMS' RIGHTS ACT

The American criminal justice system is often envisioned as one in which public prosecutors pursue public prosecutions on behalf of the public — leaving no room for crime victims‘ involvement. However, state and federal statutes and state constitutional amendments have challenged this vision. Perhaps the best example of such a challenge comes from the Crime Victims‘ Rights Act ("CVRA"), a federal statute passed by Congress in 2004 that guarantees victims a series of rights in federal criminal proceedings.Although the CVRA has received broad bipartisan support, it also has its critics. One recent example of such criticism comes from Danielle Levine‘s thoughtful piece, published in the Northwestern University Law Review, entitled "Public Wrongs and Private Rights: Limiting the Victim‘s Role in a System of Public Prosecution." In her article, Levine advances both a procedural and substantive challenge to the rights granted to crime victims by the CVRA. First, in her procedural challenge — a position that a minority of federal circuit courts have adopted — Levine argues that victims should be able to challenge denials of their rights by district courts only in the rare circumstance of a "clear and indisputable" error. From a substantive perspective, Levine contends that giving victims ordinary appellate review when their rights are denied would interfere with the discretion that American prosecutors regularly exercise in criminal cases, and could even "threaten the fair and just adjudication of a criminal case."These arguments are typical of attacks on the CVRA. In this brief rejoinder, we respond to both of Levine‘s claims — a response that we hope will illustrate more generally how attacks on crime victims‘ rights are misguided. Part I begins by providing a quick review of the CVRA and the charges advanced by its critics. Part II then turns to the question of the appropriate standard of review for crime victims‘ appeals brought under the CVRA. In contrast to the position staked out by its critics, including Levine, crime victims should receive ordinary appellate review, because such review is both consistent with Congressional intent and, more importantly, such review is dictated by common sense. Finally, Part III addresses the substantive argument that rights granted to crime victims may somehow interfere with the administration of justice. Part IV concludes that victims‘ rights do not impair the just adjudication of criminal cases, but rather improve it.
The biosynthesis and properties of anti-carbohydrate antibodies

ABSTRACT Antibodies are an important group of bioactive natural products and are of the globulin class of proteins. Anti-carbohydrate antibodies are produced by immunization of animals with carbohydrate containing antigens. The antigens may be a polysaccharide, glycoprotein, glycolipid or a synthetic conjugate of carbohydrate and protein. The antibody that is produced is polyclonal and has specificity for the carbohydrate residue of the antigen. Many types of anti-carbohydrate antibodies have been isolated in pure form by affinity chromatography. These are specific for mono- or disaccharide units of antigens (e.g. glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, fucose, glucuronic acid, N-acetyl glucosamine, lactose, isomaltose, lactosamine, neuraminic-galactose, glucuronic-galactose, mannose-glucuronic, rhamnose-glucuronic, arabinose-glucuronic, me glucuronic-galactose). The chemical and biological properties of these antibodies have been determined. To illustrate, molecular weight, light and heavy chain type, immunoglobulin class, inhibition, ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, isoelectrofocusing and specificity are recorded. Many of these anti-carbohydrate antibodies have been useful in applications. Some have been used in medicine for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms, some in studies to determine the structure of carbohydrate polymers, some for the analysis of additives to processed food and beverages and some in pharmaceutical uses to prepare vaccines for treatment of diseases.
Will PET amyloid imaging lead to overdiagnosis of Alzheimer dementia

Alzheimer disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia, affects millions of elderly Americans and represents a growing problem with the aging of the population. There has been an increasing effort for improved and earlier diagnosis for AD. Several newly developed radiolabeled compounds targeting β-amyloid plaques, one of the major pathologic biomarkers of AD, have recently become available for clinical use. These radiopharmaceuticals allow for in vivo noninvasive visualization of abnormal β-amyloid deposits in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET). Amyloid PET imaging has demonstrated high sensitivity for pathologic cerebral amyloid deposition in multiple studies. Principal drawbacks to this new diagnostic test are declining specificity in older age groups and uncertain clinical role given lack of disease-modifying therapy for AD. Although there is strong evidence for the utility of amyloid PET in certain situations, detailed in a set of guidelines for appropriate use from the Alzheimer's Association and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, the question of overdiagnosis, the diagnosis of a disease that would result in neither symptoms nor deaths, using this new medical tool needs to be carefully considered in light of efforts to secure reimbursement for the new technology that is already widely available for use as a clinical tool.
The welfare effects of complexity and variability in regulations

Abstract The model posits type-A firms who need to comply with regulations and type-B firms who supply compliance services. Compliance costs are increasing in regulatory complexity (C) and variability (V). Type-A firms can either purchase the service or provide it for themselves. An equilibrium is defined and aggregate welfare is seen to diminish with additional C and V. If regulators have welfare functions that are concave, C and V will be set at socially excessive levels.
ER Stress and Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes

The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a rapidly emerging field of interest in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that chronic activation of ER stress is closely linked to dysregulation of lipid metabolism in several metabolically important cells including hepatocytes, macrophages, β-cells, and adipocytes. Adipocytes are one of the major cell types involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Recent advances in dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism indicate that activation of ER stress plays a central role in regulating adipocyte function. In this paper, we discuss the current understanding of the potential role of ER stress in lipid metabolism in adipocytes. In addition, we touch upon the interaction of ER stress and autophagy as well as inflammation. Inhibition of ER stress has the potential of decreasing the pathology in adipose tissue that is seen with energy overbalance.
Culture-negative suppurative endocarditis causing severe mitral valve obstruction: complementary use of transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography.

Infective endocarditis causes a myriad number of serious complications. Mitral valve obstruction is a rare complication. We report a 48-year-old Asian female who presented with two-week duration of fever and rapidly developed acute pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Sequential transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography revealed a rapidly growing vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet with severe stenosis of the valve. All the blood cultures were negative. The patient underwent a successful mitral valve replacement. A review of 21 previously reported cases of mitral valve obstruction from endocarditis demonstrates the poor prognosis of this entity and supports early surgery. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, July 2003)
Method for electron microscopic studies of circulating human leukocytes and observations on their fine structure.

A procedure for the preparation of human blood for electron microscopic studies is described. This method preserves all white blood cells equally well and is considered to offer a definitely improved preservation of neutrophils and basophils. The method assures reproducible results and therefore permits new observations on the fine structure of circulating human leukocytes. For the first time crystalline inclusions in the granules of the human basephils are demonstrated. Furthermore, it can be shown with certainty that human neutrophils contain granules similar to those demonstrated in rabbit bone marrow neutrophils and identified as specific and azurophilic. In addition there is a third type, characterized by cylindrical shape, large size, and crystalline inclusions in a pale matrix. This last granule has not hitherto been observed in other species.
Dependence of surround effects on receptive field center illumination in cat retinal ganglion cells.

1. 57 on- and off-center units in the cat's optic tract were studied after 30 min of dark adaptation by stimulating the receptive field periphery with flashing annuli. 49 reacted with center-like responses, 4 did not respond and 4 offcenter cells showed weak antagonistic surround responses. 54 showed antagonistic surround responses when a steady adapting spot of suitably chosen luminance was directed on to the center of the fields. 2. With equal stimulation of the surround the total flux of the steady center spot determined the condition of reversal from center to surround responses. 3. Under the condition of reversal the on-going firing rate was also affected. Reversal of responses was also observed with short stimulus durations (≥ 50 msec). 4. The recovery time from reversed responses to center-like responses was less than I min after darkening the center again. 5. With increasing center spot luminance, the latency of the center-type excitatory responses from on- and off-center neurones remained approximately constant, whereas the latency of the surround excitatory response was decreased. 6. Neuronal mechanisms are considered which give rise to excitatory responses in total darkness and inhibitory responses if neighbouring parts of the retina are light adapted. The equivalence of light adaptation and lateral inhibition as well as the effects of stray light are discussed.
The arcuate nucleus: A site for γ-aminobutyric acid regulation of prolactin secretion

The effects on prolactin (Prl) secretion following microinfusion of muscimol or N-methyl-aspartate (NMA) into the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of male rats was determined. A highly significant increase in Prl occurred following microinfusion of muscimol (500 pmol) into the arcuate nucleus. Microinfusion of muscimol into nearby sites, such as the ventromedial nucleus and dorsal medial nucleus, was not effective in altering Prl secretion. Similarly, microinfusions of artificial cerebrospinal fluid were not effective. NMA (50 pmol), a dose found to affect hormone secretion in other CNS areas, did not alter Prl secretion when infused into the MBH. The present study was able to discriminate between CNS areas by using small volumes (250 nl) and small quantities of the amino acid agonists. This data indicates that GABAergic systems in the arcuate nucleus control Prl release from the pituitary, and that one possible mechanism is via the tuberoinfundibular dopamine system.
FeasPar: a feature structure parser learning to parse spoken language

We describe and experimentally evaluate a system, FeasPar, that learns parsing spontaneous speech. To train and run FeasPar (Feature Structure Parser), only limited handmodeled knowledge is required.The FeasPar architecture consists of neural networks and a search. The networks split the incoming sentence into chunks, which are labeled with feature values and chunk relations. Then, the search finds the most probable and consistent feature structure.FeasPar is trained, tested and evaluated with the Spontaneous Scheduling Task, and compared with a handmodeled LR-parser. The handmodeling effort for FeasPar is 2 weeks. The handmodeling effort for the LR-parser was 4 months. FeasPar performed better than the LR-parser in all six comparisons that are made.
Data acquisition and display system for the Johns Hopkins Stem

Abstract The image data acquisition and display system for the high resolution STEM built at Johns Hopkins is based on a PDP 11/20 computer and handles the image data completely in digital form. Signal currents are sent directly into a charge digitizer without analog processing. Functions of two beam signals are calculated in real time by hardware arithmetic units. Disadvantages of the slow scan are small since the image is stored on the operator's display rather than fading. Operator adaption to the slow scan for focusing and stigmation is simple and rapid. Image manipulations such as spatial filtering, contrast enhancement, or storage and retrieval are easy with this system and do not introduce nonlinearities or noise. With the advances in computer graphics hardware, digital image systems are becoming the least expensive way to implement an image data system.
PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF AN OXYGEN-RESPONSIVE DNA REGION IN THE 5′ FLANK OF THE SHEEP P4501A1 (CYP1A1) GENE. ▴ 2303

PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF AN OXYGEN-RESPONSIVE DNA REGION IN THE 5′ FLANK OF THE SHEEP P4501A1 (CYP1A1) GENE. ▴ 2303
On Privileging the Role of Gaze in Infant Social Cognition

A great deal of recent research has focused on the role of gaze in the development of infants' social understanding (e.g., Flom, Lee, & Muir, 2007). Gaze probably plays a significant role in the social and social-cognitive development of Western, middle-class, typically developing, sighted infants. However, studies of other communities and of infants developing atypically suggest that other behaviors may play a similar role. In this article, we call attention to neglected aspects of infants' sensory experience that most likely also contribute to their social and social-cognitive development. We also explore the possibility that for some infants, these other modalities may be paramount. We organize our review around three gaze-based behaviors—mutual gaze, gaze following, and gaze alternation—each of which has been used to assess or represent an important construct in social or social-cognitive development. Mutual gaze is used as an indicator of social engagement, gaze following is believed to index understanding of others' attention or intentions, and gaze alternation (between an object and a caregiver) is used to assess joint attention between infant and caregiver. For each of these behaviors, we begin by describing the role it is assumed to play in typically developing infants in Western societies. We then examine the use of the behavior in atypical development and in non-Western cultures. We consider whether nongaze behaviors may serve the same function; for example, in communities in which mutual gaze is less frequent than in the Western middle-class context, continuous physical contact between infant and caregiver may serve the function of engagement. We conclude by recommending that researchers pay attention to mechanisms other than gaze, as these other mechanisms probably play an important role in the social-cognitive development of all infants.
Developments in the Law of the Sea

In this and the following article developments in the law of the sea are described and their impact on marine research is considered. Agreement seems close on much of the negotiating text concerned with coastal and economic zones. But beyond, on the sea-bed in deep water, there are still many difficulties to be resolved. Is the outlook for scientific research therefore bleak? It is argued that if scientists come to terms with the new order, prospects for research in the economic zone and beyond could well be bright.
Gender Development and Sexuality in Disorders of Sex Development

Understanding psychological development in individuals with disorders of sex development (DSD) is important for optimizing their clinical care and for identifying paths to competence and health in all individuals. In this paper, we focus on psychological outcomes likely to be influenced by processes of physical sexual differentiation that may be atypical in DSD, particularly characteristics related to being male or female (those that show sex differences in the general population, gender identity, and sexuality). We review evidence suggesting that (a) early androgens facilitate several aspects of male-typed behavior, with large effects on activity interests, and moderate effects on some social and personal behaviors (including sexual orientation) and spatial ability; (b) gender dysphoria and gender change occur more frequently in individuals with DSD than in the general population, with rates varying in relation to syndrome, initial gender assignment, and medical treatment; and (c) sexual behavior may be affected by DSD through several paths related to the condition and treatment, including reduced fertility, physical problems associated with genital ambiguity, social stigmatization, and hormonal variations. We also consider limitations to current work and challenges to studying gender and sexuality in DSD. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda and a proposed research framework.
Intestinal and hemodynamic impairment following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion.

Abstract Background. Clinical intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury results in local and systemic dysfunction. A rat model of transient mesenteric occlusion has been used to study this phenomenon. However, a systematic analysis of the rat model with respect to intestinal permeability and hemodynamics has not been carried out. Materials and methods. In anesthetized rats, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 4 h. Intestinal impairment was evaluated via histological examination and by measuring ex vivo apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of mannitol (0.18 kDa), inulin (5 kDa), and dextran (70 kDa). Hemodynamic effects of intestinal I/R were determined by monitoring mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) via a catheter placed in the femoral artery. Results. The animal model was associated with increased ex vivo Papp for mannitol and inulin. Although I/R injury was accompanied by significant histological disruption, there was no observable alteration in dextran permeability, suggesting that the loss in normal barrier function was limited to low-molecular-weight compounds. Hemodynamic measurements indicated that reperfusion induced a precipitous and sustained fall in MAP. HR values fell sharply following reperfusion but gradually increased and eventually “overshot” to values greater than baseline. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate the selective loss of barrier function of the small bowel following intestinal I/R. Furthermore, these results also illustrate the importance of selecting appropriate permeability markers for the evaluation of intestinal damage. In light of the significant hemodynamic disruption accompanying the animal model, our investigation also points toward the need for developing therapeutic strategies that mitigate the local and systemic effects of intestinal I/R injury.
Comparison of field theoretic and potential inverse problems in pion-nucleus scattering

The elastic scattering of ..pi../sup +/ on /sup 12/C in the P33 channel is examined for two different two-body interaction theories. A modified Chew-Low interaction and an energy dependent separable potential, both of which are solved as inverse problems to fit the on-shell two-body data exactly, are used to construct a first order optical potential. Differential cross sections are calculated in the impulse approximation at three energies; below, at, and above the energy of the ..pi..-nucleon resonance in the (3,3) channel. The differences between cross sections of the two models are compared to the differences made by varying the high energy phase shifts in the region where that are not well known experimentally (E/sub c.m./>1900 MeV) and found to be of the same order of magnitude. (AIP)
Shock Tube Study of Thermal Rearrangement of 1,5-Hexadiyne over Wide Temperature and Pressure Regime

The pyrolysis of 1,5-hexadiyne has been studied in a high-pressure single pulse shock tube to investigate the mechanisms involved in the production of benzene from propargyl radicals. Analysis of the reaction products by gas chromatography and matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has positively identified six linear C6H6 species and two cyclic C6H6 species. Of these species cis-1,3-hexadien-5-yne and trans-1,3-hexadiene-5-yne have been unambiguously identified for the first time and provide vital information concerning a low-temperature route to benzene that does not involve the formation of fulvene; however, the data also provide support for two high-temperature paths from propargyl radicals to benzene via fulvene. Thus experimental evidence has been gained that supports two different routes to benzene formation. The mechanisms and rate coefficients that have been obtained in this work are discussed.
A hybrid approach for obtaining orientation-controlled single-crystal Si regions on glass substrates

We have previously shown that location-controlled single-crystal regions can be obtained by implementing a version of the sequential lateral solidification process referred to as dot-SLS. Performed on an amorphous Si precursor, however, the process results in regions having an apparently random surface crystal-orientation distribution that may negatively impact the uniformity of resulting devices. In this paper, we demonstrate one approach to control the surface orientation of dot-SLS processed regions. We accomplish this in a simple manner by performing the process on textured polycrystalline Si precursor films that were, in turn, obtained using laser processing of as-deposited amorphous Si films. This hybrid approach is possible and effective because the dot-SLS process allows for preserving the original texture of the "seed" crystals, while successfully removing all random high-angle grain boundaries within the laterally solidified regions. We identify and utilize two specific and well-known laser-processing techniques for obtaining highly (100) or (111) surface textured polycrystalline Si films. The results from dot-SLS experiments performed on (100) textured films- obtained through "mixed-phase" zone-melting recrystallization using a continuous-wave laser - were found to be particularly significant as the growth from {100} surface-oriented seeds resulted in single-crystal regions that were predominantly free of any planar defects.
Design of potent substrate-analogue inhibitors of canine renin

Through a systematic study of structure-activity relationships, we designed potent renin inhibitors for use in dog models. In assays against dog plasma renin at neutral pH, we found that, as in previous studies of rat renin inhibitors, the structure at the P2 position appears to be important for potency. The substitution of Val for His at this position increases potency by one order of magnitude. At the P3 position, potency appears to depend on a hydrophobic side chain that does not necessarily have to be aromatic. Our results also support the approach of optimizing potency in a renin inhibitor by introducing a moiety that promotes aqueous solubility (an amino group) at the C-terminus of the substrate analogue. In the design of potent dog plasma renin inhibitors, the influence of the transition-state residue 4(S)-amino-3(S)-hydroxy-5-cyclohexylpentanoic acid (ACHPA)-commonly used as a substitute for the scissile-bond dipeptide to boost potency-is not obvious, and appears to be sequence dependent. The canine renin inhibitor Ac-paF-Pro-Phe-Val-statine-Leu-Phe-paF-NH2 (compound 15; IC50 of 1.7 nM against dog plasma renin at pH 7.4; statine, 4(S)-amino-3(S)-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid; paF, para-aminophenylalanine) had a potent hypotensive effect when infused intravenously into conscious, sodium-depleted, normotensive dogs. Also, compound 15 concurrently inhibited plasma renin activity and had a profound diuretic effect.
Idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion: treatment implications for refractory acid/peptic disorders.

Although in most patients with duodenal ulcer disease the ulcer heals after 8 weeks of treatment with standard doses of H2 blockers or other agents, in about 10% the ulcer does not heal. These patients are considered 'refractory' to treatment. Reasons often cited for non-healing include poor patient compliance, cigarette smoking, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Gastric acid hypersecretion also appears to be an important factor in non-healing with standard doses of antisecretory agents. We have defined idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion as a basal acid output of greater than 10 mmol/h in the absence of an elevated fasting serum gastrin level (or a negative secretin test if gastrin level greater than 100 pg/ml) to exclude persons with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Among the acid/peptic-related disorders in which idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion should be considered are refractory duodenal ulcer, refractory gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (especially patients with oesophagitis), postbleeding duodenal ulcer, and certain rare disorders such as hereditary angioedema. Some children with atypical abdominal pain may also be hypersecretors of gastric acid. Once identified, patients with refractory duodenal ulcer or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are treated with incremental doses of ranitidine titrated against the level of gastric acid secretion that remains during therapy. Ranitidine was selected to avoid the dose-related antiandrogenic effects and potential hepatic cytochrome P450 system-related drug interactions that may occur with cimetidine. In most cases of refractory duodenal ulcer, doubling the standard dose of ranitidine (to 300 mg b.d.) is sufficient to achieve symptomatic relief and mucosal healing. Higher doses appear to be necessary for refractory oesophagitis. To date, no side effects have been associated with high doses of ranitidine (up to 1800 mg/day) for periods of longer than 6 months. Idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion is an important factor in explaining why not all patients respond to a 'standard' ulcer-healing dose of H2 blocker, and it provides a rationale for use of higher-dose therapy as a safe and effective alternative to omeprazole or to combination drug therapy in refractory acid/peptic disease.
Google cloud messaging (GCM): An evaluation

This paper presents a survey on the timing performance of Google Cloud Messaging (GCM). We evaluate GCM in real world experiments, and at a reasonable scale involving thousands of real users. Our findings reveal that the GCM message delivery is unpredictable, namely having a reliable connection to Google's GCM servers on the client device does not guarantee a timely message arrival. Therefore, GCM is not suitable for time sensitive and/or "must-deliver-to-all" app scenarios. On the other hand, GCM delivers the push messages to a big portion of the subscribers (more than 40% in any experiment scenario) in a reasonable timeframe (in 10 seconds). Therefore, GCM may be a good fit for the application scenarios where random multicasting is sufficient, such as crowdsourcing systems. Our results provide a through evaluation of the GCM performance, and will guide developers and researchers to decide whether GCM is suitable for their intended use cases.
Alendronate increases skeletal mass of growing rats during unloading by inhibiting resorption of calcified cartilage

Loss of bone mass during periods of skeletal unloading remains an important clinical problem. To determine the extent to which resorption contributes to the relative loss of bone during skeletal unloading of the growing rat and to explore potential means of preventing such bone loss, 0.1 mg P/kg alendronate was administered to rats before unloading of the hindquarters. Skeletal unloading markedly reduced the normal increase in tibial mass and calcium content during the 9 day period of observation, primarily by decreasing bone formation, although bone resorption was also modestly stimulated. Alendronate not only prevented the relative loss of skeletal mass during unloading but led to a dramatic increase in calcified tissue in the proximal tibia compared with the vehicle-treated unloaded or normally loaded controls. Bone formation, however, assessed both by tetracycline labeling and by [3H]proline and 45Ca incorporation, was suppressed by alendronate treatment and further decreased by skeletal unloading. Total osteoclast number increased in alendronate-treated animals, but values were similar to those in controls when corrected for the increased bone area. However, the osteoclasts had poorly developed brush borders and appeared not to engage the bone surface when examined at the ultrastructural level. We conclude that alendronate prevents the relative loss of mineralized tissue in growing rats subjected to skeletal unloading, but it does so primarily by inhibiting the resorption of the primary and secondary spongiosa, leading to altered bone modeling in the metaphysis.
Shape-controlled synthesis of semiconducting CuFeS2 nanocrystals

Abstract Nanocrystals of the semiconducting chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 have been synthesized utilizing a facile solution-based method. Depending on the choice of precursors and synthesis conditions, the nanocrystals exhibit either a spherical (∼12 nm) or pyramidal morphology (∼30 nm), with a narrow size distribution. The band gap of the pyramidal nanocrystals is very close to the bulk value, but a larger band gap is obtained for the spherical nanocrystals likely because of size confinement effect.
A Half Century Assessment of Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria , Growth in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

During the last several decades, the waters of mid Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island have increased in temperature and decreased in chlorophyll concentration, and it is possible that these changes affected the growth and success of a common benthic filter feeder, the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. We determined recent hard clam growth rates through a sclerochronological analysis and compared them to the rich historical record of Narragansett Bay growth rates in order to understand how these opposing changes influenced hard clam growth. We found no significant differences in short-term growth between 1985 and 2000. Long-term juvenile growth showed a significant decrease between the 1960s and 1990s, while long-term adult (mature) growth showed a significant increase over this same time period. While it is not clear why the changes in juvenile and adult growth rates differ, it appears as though the decrease in chlorophyll concentration, together with a change in phytoplankton community composition, increasing water temperature, and an increase in predator abundance, may all have influenced hard clam growth between the 1960s and the 1990s.
Synthesis and Reactions of Lithiated p-Dioxene

Abstract We have previously reported on the carbon-13 spectra of a variety of lithiated vinyl ethers.1 In this paper we wish to describe the results of a carbon-13 NMR study of lithiated p-dioxene and the reactions of this organolithium reagent.
TU-B-110-02: ACR Dose Index Registry for Comparing CT Dose Indices

Exposure to ionizing radiation due to the growing use of imaging procedures in the United States has been a recent concern of radiologists,medical physicists, other healthcare providers, and the public in general. Despite significant improvements in CT acquisition and dose reduction technologies, the ability to compare and monitor doses delivered from CT scans across facilities remains problematic. The dose index registry pilot project collected and compared dose indices across ten facilities nationwide from three different CTscanner manufacturers. Each of the facilities in the pilot had at least one scanner with the ability to put CTDose information into a DICOM SR (Structured Report) format. Custom software was used to anonymize the DICOM SR file and transmit the dose information to the American College of Radiology (ACR) Dose Index Registry (DIR). Over a period one and a half months, 6979 exams were collected. Study descriptions of exam type varied both within and across the 10 facilities; therefore, a mapping was made to a standard Radlex Playbook term. Five exam types were mapped: CT Head With IV Contrast; CT Head Without IV Contrast; CT Chest With IV Contrast; CT Chest Without IV Contrast; and CT Head Perfusion. A total of 1944 exams were mapped to one of these five categories. Significant differences (p<.05) in CTDIvol by facility were noted for all exam types except CT Head Perfusion for which data for only 20 exams from 2 sites was contributed. This DIR pilot project demonstrated that a fully automated process of collecting, transmitting, storing and reporting dose information is possible, in spite of challenges related to scanner configuration, software installation, and study description standardization. Once this model is employed on a national level, it will provide unmatched data regarding radiation dose indices that will allow facilities to compare their results to national benchmarks and reference levels. A national Dose Index Registry using standard methods of data collection and transmission has been successfully piloted and is now available. The registry has the ability to monitor changes in dose indices due to technological advances and practice modifications and to establish benchmarks and national practice patterns.
A Strategic Issue Management (SIM) Approach to Social Media Use in Public Diplomacy

This research proposed that social media use in public diplomacy should first be a strategic issue management (SIM) process. Using two case studies, the research identified four phases of the SIM process, namely the issue fermenting and going viral phase, the proactive phase, the reactive phase, and the issue receding and new issue fermenting phase. Social media are largely tactical tools in the first and the last phases. But they may become strategic tools in the proactive and reactive phases, in which diplomats may use them to reinforce a favorable viral trend, to build an agenda, and to respond to a conflict. In addition, the SIM approach argues that engagement, the Obama administration’s diplomatic doctrine, should be reassessed in a mixed-motive framework instead of being narrowly equated to dialogue.
Rate theory and non-RRKM quantum dynamics described by local random matrix models

Abstract A model of the quantum return dynamics based on a scaling perspective on energy flow and localization of eigenstates is used to describe corrections to the RRKM theory of unimolecular dissociation. The scaling perspective addresses systems described by a local random matrix model for the Hamiltonian. The effect of the dynamics upon the degree of electronic adiabaticity of the reaction is also discussed. It is found that at the localization transition the reaction proceeds as if through a number of channels of order unity, giving a rate which is more likely to be electronically adiabatic and is far slower than the RRKM prediction for the adiabatic rate.
TELEFACSIMILE USE IN US LIBRARIES

The impact of telefacsimile in the United States has been negligible, only three states having state‐wide telefacsimile networks. The speed of service achieved by the use of telefacsimile to transmit journal articles is offset by high costs and the need for libraries to change their interlibrary loan operations to use the system efficiently. A better use of telefacsimile is for transmitting interlibrary loan requests and messages. An interlibrary loan form designed for transmission by telefacsimile can save time and work for the libraries involved and it is cheaper than using TWX or telephone. It is also especially good for foreign language requests. Transmission of journal articles is not yet economically feasible but if faster equipment, giving clearer copy, were produced at a reasonable price it would be. Libraries should co‐operate to decide what equipment is needed and then press manufacturers to develop it.
Thieno(3,2-b)- and Thieno(2,3-b)pyrrole Bioisosteric Analogues of the Hallucinogen and Serotonin Agonist N,N-Dimethyltryptamine

The synthesis and biological activity of 6-[2-(N, N-dimethylamino)ethyl]-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole (3a) and 4-[2-(N, N-dimethylamino)ethyl]-6H-thieno[2,3-b]pyrrole (3b), thienopyrroles as potential bioisosteres of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (1a), are reported. Hallucinogen-like activity was evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm using LSD- and DOI-trained rats. Neither 3a nor 3b substituted for LSD or DOI up to doses of 50 micromol/kg. By comparison, 1a fully substituted in LSD-trained rats. However, 3a and 3b fully substituted for the 5-HT1A agonist LY293284 ((-)-(4R)-6-acetyl-4-(di-n-propylamino)-1,3,4, 5-tetrahydrobenz[c,d]indole). Both 3a and 3b induced a brief "serotonin syndrome" and salivation, an indication of 5-HT1A receptor activation. At the cloned human 5-HT2A receptor 3b had about twice the affinity of 3a. At the cloned human 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors, however, 3a had about twice the affinity of 3b. Therefore, thiophene lacks equivalence as a replacement for the phenyl ring in the indole nucleus of tryptamines that bind to 5-HT2 receptor subtypes and possess LSD-like behavioral effects. Whereas both of the thienopyrroles had lower affinity than the corresponding 1a at 5-HT2 receptors, 3a and 3b had significantly greater affinity than 1a at the 5-HT1A receptor. Thus, thienopyrrole does appear to serve as a potent bioisostere for the indole nucleus in compounds that bind to the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor. These differences in biological activity suggest that serotonin receptor isoforms are very sensitive to subtle changes in the electronic character of the aromatic systems of indole compounds.
A descent algorithm for constrained stochastic extrema

In situations where it is not feasible to find an optimal feedback control law for a stochastic system, an open-loop law can often be derived by optimization. This article presents a method of finding the extremum of certain stochastic functionals analogous to the steepest descent method. Necessary conditions for the convergence of the algorithm are given. Two examples illustrate the use of the algorithm.
VIZ: The visualization assessment and training Web site

The VIZ Website(http:/viz.bd.psu.ech]/viz/) was developed as a free and open portal for assessment and training of spatial skills. Using Macromedia Authorware, it allows the collection of response times and accuracies from four spatial tasks: mental rotation, paper folding, water level judgments, and spatial working memory. Additional tasks are under development. The site has been used for a variety of teaching and research purposes. For example, incoming engineering students have completed the tasks to assess their spatial skills before beginning their graphics courses. Those with poorer skills can then receive the appropriate remedial instruction. The VIZ site has also been used to teach about spatial cognition and to do research outside the laboratory setting. Finally, we are using the site to conduct basic research on spatial cognition, including an examination of the factors that may reduce gender differences in performance.
Do nonspecific deep corticomedullary sutures performed during partial nephrectomy adequately control major vascular and collecting system injury

OBJECTIVE To critically evaluate the effectiveness of placing nonspecific deep corticomedullary sutures in the setting of major vascular and collecting system injury during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). We also aimed to evaluate the incidence of ischaemic injury to the remaining renal remnant because of these sutures, as many laparoscopic centres have adopted this practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed open PN on eight porcine kidneys. Both the artery and vein were clamped. The ureter was transected and tied around an angiocatheter for evaluating collecting system integrity both before and after corticomedullary suturing. The renal artery was cannulated for angiography before and after the corticomedullary suturing. The rate of bleeding was also assessed before and after corticomedullary suturing. RESULTS There was marked arterial bleeding and large collecting system injury induced in all kidneys. Two of the eight renal units continued to have significant arterial bleeding after the deep corticomedullary sutures were placed. All of the eight units had at least a small urinary leak after suturing, with three having medium-to-large leaks. In four of the renal units, there were major segmental vessels occluded by the sutures, as detected by angiography. CONCLUSIONS The practice of placing nonspecific deep corticomedullary sutures, during PN, may not adequately control major vascular and collecting system injury. In addition, segmental vessels supplying remnant renal tissue are often affected; thereby further compromising function because of devascularization. The search for the best technique for LPN continues.
Ammonia Toxicity to Chinook Salmon Parr: Reduction in Saline Water

Abstract The acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) to parr of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in fresh water and in water of four different salinities was determined in 24-hour static tests. The 24-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) in fresh water was 0.36 mg NH3/liter. The LC50 at a salinity of 9.6‰ was considerably higher (2.2 mg NH3/liter). Lower LC50 values, indicating greater toxicity, were obtained in water of both lesser and greater salinity. Reduction of ammonia toxicity is a major benefit of brackish-water culture of chinook salmon. Received February 8, 1982 Accepted August 5, 1983
Muscle response to simultaneous stimulated and physiological action potential trains - A simulation study

The objective of this study was to assess the mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed nonlinear addition of forces produced by voluntary contractions during superimposed electrical stimulation of the same muscle. A model of action potential interaction predicts increased motor unit firing rates during superimposed stimulation. The resulting effects on force production reproduce experimental results, confirming that motor unit force saturation contributes to nonlinear force addition. The model further predicts that the voluntary EMG will be reduced by stimulation, due to collision block and phase resetting of motor unit action potentials. Both effects have implications for the design of FES neuroprosthesis systems.
Adolescent vulnerability: A framework for behavioral interventions

Abstract A general framework is offered for characterizing behavioral risks in a way that might help coordinate behavioral interventions. It is demonstrated in terms of adolescents' vulnerability, arising from the life situations confronting teens, from teens' understanding of those situations, and from the beliefs of those entrusted with helping them (parents, educators, psychologists, etc.). The framework provides a rationale for identifying opportunities to reduce adolescent vulnerability, based on research regarding the genesis and control of risks. It provides a common language for characterizing alternative theoretical approachs to these issues and a systematic way to integrate their results. It is illustrated with results from research on the role of information in determining adolescent vulnerability.
PROGRESS REPORT: SPATIAL CHOICE BEHAVIOR IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

(1987). PROGRESS REPORT: SPATIAL CHOICE BEHAVIOR IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. Urban Geography: Vol. 8, Socialist City I, pp. 374-379.
The Réunion Subchronozone at ODP Site 981 (Feni Drift, North Atlantic)

Abstract At Ocean Drilling Program Site 981, the Reunion Subchron is recorded from the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 81/82 boundary to MIS 79 as a single normal polarity zone spanning the 2.115–2.153-Ma interval. According to the age model, produced by matching the Site 981 δ 18 O record to an orbitally-tuned reference record, the duration of the Reunion Subchron (38 kyr) is almost four times that assumed in current geomagnetic polarity timescales. High interval sedimentation rates (18 cm/kyr) during MIS 81 at Site 981 have resulted in an unusually detailed record of the Subchron. Virtual geomagnetic poles during the onset and demise of the Reunion Subchron trace a series of mainly anticlockwise loops over eastern Asia.
Are mastectomy rates a reasonable quality measure of breast cancer surgery

Abstract Background Quality measures of breast cancer clinical management adopted by the National Quality Forum do not address the quality of surgical performance. We evaluated mastectomy rate as one potential quality indicator. Methods We reviewed the surgical management of small (stage T1; ≤2 cm) invasive breast tumors in patients treated from April 2003 through April 2007 at our institution. For patients undergoing mastectomy, factors leading to the selection of mastectomy were analyzed. Results We identified 496 patients with invasive breast cancer: 433 did not undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 319 of these had pathologic tumors ≤2 cm in size. Of these, 55 (17.2%) underwent initial mastectomy. Medical contraindications to breast conservation were identified in 42 of 319 (13.2%) patients, whereas the selection of mastectomy was attributed to patient choice in 13 of 319 (4.1%) patients. Conclusions Medical contraindications to breast-conserving therapy were much more common than patient choice as the indication for mastectomy. Institution- or surgeon-specific mastectomy rates are unlikely to reflect the complexity of decision making in the surgical management of patients with breast cancer.
Implementing the core of a two-person pure allocation game without free disposal or integer games

Abstract We show that implementation of the core of a two-person pure allocation game can be achieved without the use of ‘free disposal’, ‘integer games’, or any refinement of Nash equilibria.