cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Job Burnout and Perceived Inmate Exploitation of Juvenile Correctional Workers

The present study supports the conclusion that there is a positive relationship between perceived inmate exploitation and juvenile correctional worker burnout. The research examined 41 juvenile correctional workers using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a Juvenile Worker Interaction instrument. In addition, comparisons were made between respondent and non-respondent groups. Findings showed no significant difference between respondent and non-respondent groups. Measured by the six scales of Maslach 's Burnout Inventory, stress levels of the respondents fell within the moderate range. Staff anger accountedfor a large percentage of burnout.
Lifetimes of atmospheric species: Integrating environmental impacts

[1] The environmental damage caused by atmospheric pollutants is proportional to the duration of their effects. The global impacts of greenhouse gases (as measured by global warming potential) and ozone depleting substances (as measured by ozone depletion potential) have traditionally been calculated using the atmospheric lifetime of the source gas as a quantitative measure of the impact's duration, assuming that the gas quickly reaches a steady-state pattern which decays exponentially according to the lifetime. This assumed behavior obviously does not match the true rise and fall of impacts, particularly secondary ones like ozone depletion, that can be seen in numerical integrations or chemical mode decomposition. Here, the modes decomposition is used to prove that: (a) the steady-state pattern of impacts caused by specified emissions, multiplied by (b) the steady-state lifetime of the source gas for that emission pattern, is exactly equal to (c) the integral of all impacts - independent of the number and atmospheric residence times of secondary impacts.
SPECS: the submillimeter probe of the evolution of cosmic structure

The idea for the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS) was investigated through NASA Vision Missions Program. In the course of this study, a compelling need for high spatial-resolution far-infrared/submillimeter observations with high angular resolution (50 milliarcseconds) was identified. In order to achieve these scientific goals, a kilometer-baseline FIR/SMM Michelson stellar interferometer is required, operating in the 40-640 micron range with fully cryogenically cooled optics and photon-limited detectors. There are significant technological challenges to developing this mission, including controllable tethered flight, detector equipment, and large cryogenic mechanisms. We present here a concept for SPECS and discuss some of the relevant technical aspects of the mission.
Magnetic resonance imaging applications in food research

Abstract The physicochemical processes occurring in the interior of foods are difficult to measure and quantify using traditional techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques improve our ability to quantify fundamental processes, such as crystalization, dehydration, gelation, diffusion and flow, occurring within food products. Magnetic resonance imaging enables the non-invasive measurement of the mobility, saturation and composition of a chemical species; fat crystallization, emulsion stability, fruit maturation, freezing, fat content and volumetric changes can be monitored.
Rural Stop-Controlled Intersection Decision Support Systems

Minnesota drivers are over-represented in accidents at rural stop-controlled intersections. There is also evidence that drivers in other states as well as older drivers are involved in many of these crashes. A task analysis and literature review showed that rural drivers could be getting into accidents because of problems detecting vehicles or gaps, perceiving or estimating the size of gaps, and/or judging gaps as safe. It is suggested that intersection decision support (IDS) systems present drivers with information elements that help them correctly identify and locate other vehicles and in some cases highlight (safe) gaps in approaching traffic. Several design concepts are proposed and research needs are discussed.
FAMILY POLICIES AND EFFECTIVE FAMILIES: A LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE

Titmus defines “policy” as “the principles that govern action directed towards given ends”. Hohn and Luscher define family policy as “public activities, measures, and organizations that attempt to recognize, support, complement, and thus influence or even enforce specifically or generally defined achievements of the family”. Thus family policy can include a wide range of activities of governments and organizations, including private associations, that seek to transform families and increase family well‐being.
The Role of Classification Skill in Moderating Environmental Influences on Children's Gender Stereotyping: A Study of the Functional Use of Gender in the Classroom.

Sandra Bem has suggested that societal use of gender as a functional category increases gender stereotyping. The present study tests Bem's theory and the additional hypothesis that children's classification skill moderates environmental effects on gender stereotyping. Elementary school children (N= 66) were given pretest measures of gender stereotyping and of classification skill and assigned to 1 of 3 types of school classrooms in which teachers made: (1) functional use of male and female groups, (2) functional use of “red” and “green” groups, or (3) no explicit groups. After 4 weeks, children completed posttest measures of gender and intergroup attitudes. As predicted, the functional use of gender categories led to increases in gender stereotyping, particularly among those children with less advanced classification skills. The functional use of color categories did not result in highly stereotypic perceptions of groups. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.
Respiratory syncytial virus infections. An update

Summary Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of lower respiratory infection requiring hospitalization in infants and children in North America. Infection due to this virus is diverse in its manifestations, with both the clinical syndrome and severity dependant primarily on host factors. Thus, young age and predisposing pulmonary, cardiac and immunologic conditions increase the risks of complications for patients. These and other features of RSV infection are reviewed in this update. Clinicians are becoming more aware of the safety and efficacy of ribavirin therapy, since its introduction in the United States in January of 1986. Features of this drug include the aerosol route and high cost, as well as a requirement for early initiation of therapy to obtain maximum clinical results. Although isolation techniques can be used to prevent nosocomial infection, community control of this RSV infection awaits development of a specific vaccine.
A decomposition method for the analysis and design of finite state protocols

Finite state automata have been applied with success to the modeling of Computer Network Protocols. The interaction of finite state machines can be very complex especially if the protocol involves a large number of states. To counteract the complexity of analysis and design, we propose an approach of decomposition. Through this approach, the protocol graph can be partitioned into subgraphs each having a unique entry node and zero or more exit nodes. The exit nodes of one subgraph can be connected only to the entry nodes of other subgraphs. From the standpoint of protocol analysis, the correctness of the entire protocol graph can be inferred from the correctness of individual protocol subgraphs. From the standpoint of protocol design, the individual protocol subgraphs can be designed to correspond to different phases of the protocol. If the individual protocol subgraphs are designed correctly and the connections between subgraphs conform to the structure discussed above, then we show that the entire protocol graph will operate correctly.
A comparison of traditional and online formats in a public speaking course

Online sections of a public speaking course at a community college were compared with traditional sections. The primary reason for selecting the online section centered on the convenience of few visits to campus and flexible time to complete work. A higher proportion of females and individuals wanting to know their classmates selected the traditional format. Students electing the two formats did not differ significantly in communication apprehension or self perception of public speaking abilities either before or after the course. Expert evaluations of students’ public speaking ability at the end of the course did not differ significantly for the two formats.
Alpha-balanced graphs and matrices and GF(3)-representability of matroids

Abstract A graph with {±1} labels on the edges is α-balanced if the sum of the labels on each induced cycle is congruent (mod 4) to the related entry of a given vector α. A {0, ±1} matrix is α-balanced if an associated graph with {±1} labels on the edges is α-balanced. The condition of α-balancedness for a matrix turns out to be equivalent to the requirement that certain elementary submatrices have absolute determinant as specified by the entries of α. First the graphs that may be labelled to become α-balanced for a given vector α are characterized. Subsequently a concept of almost representation of matroids is introduced, and necessary and sufficient conditions for a matroid to be almost represented by a matrix are given. Then these results on almost representation are combined with the characterization of α-balancedness to establish a new characterization of GF(3)-representable and (as a special case) regular matroids. A new characterization of totally unimodular matrices is a corollary. These results imply known characterizations of GF(3)-representable and regular matroids by R. Reid and W.T. Tutte, respectively. They also unify W.T. Tutte's work on regular matroids and P. Camion's results for totally unimodular matrices.
Relationships between Immobilized Phosphorus Uptake in Two Grain Legumes and Soil Bioactive Phosphorus Pools in Fertilized and Manure-Amended Soil

Mixing P-immobilizing additives with manure has raised concerns of irreversible reduction in P availability to growing crops. A potted plant growth experiment was conducted to characterize cattle manure P mineralization as modifi ed by iron amendments and uptake by pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Triple superphosphate, untreated, or manure amended with Fe at 1:1 or 1:3 molar ratio of manure P:Fe, was applied to Dale silt loam (fi ne-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Pachic Haplustolls) at the rate of 20 mg kg −1 . Whole plants were harvested at three stages of development (vegetative, fl owering, and physiological maturity) to determine and correlate P uptake to changes in soil bioactive P pools over the grow- ing season. Dry matter production was unaff ected by Fe at both application rates. Phosphorus solubility and plant uptake were reduced at the 1:3 P:Fe molar ratio rate, in spite of the legumes' reported ability to secrete siderophores. Within-season changes in bioactive P fractions indicated that P was taken up from the inorganic (water-extractable P (WEP) + inorganic ligand-exchange- able P (EEP i )) pools. Comparing soil P pools in cropped and noncropped soils, the decrease in the organic phosphohydrolase- labile P (PHP) pool corroborated the fact that the PHP pool replenished the WEP + EEP i fractions. Although Mehlich 3 P and EEP i were related, the Mehlich 3 P pool showed no signifi cant relationship with whole plant or any plant part P. Th e latter did not perform as well as the EEP i pool in assessing plant availability and enzymatically mediated turnover of immobilized P.
Group 4 Zwitterionic Metallocenes Based upon the Bridged Amido-Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and Coordinated Dienes

The reaction of (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Zr(1,3-pentadiene) with B(C6F5)3 results in the formation of the zirconium borate zwitterion complex (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Zr(η3-CH3(CH)3CH2B(C6F5)3) (1). Furthermore, reaction of (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(2,4-hexadiene), (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(1,3-butadiene), and (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) with either B(C6F5)3 or Al(C6F5)3 results in the formation of (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(η3-CH3CH2(CH)3CH2B(C6F5)3) (2), (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(η3-CH2C(CH3)CHCH2Al(C6F5)3) (3), (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(η3-CH2(CH)2CH2B(C6F5)3) (4), and (η5-C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)Ti(η3-CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)CH2B(C6F5)3) (5). The X-ray crystal structures of 1−4 have been determined.
Common human cancer genes discovered by integrated gene-expression analysis.

Background Microarray technology enables a standardized, objective assessment of oncological diagnosis and prognosis. However, such studies are typically specific to certain cancer types, and the results have limited use due to inadequate validation in large patient cohorts. Discovery of genes commonly regulated in cancer may have an important implication in understanding the common molecular mechanism of cancer. Methods and Findings We described an integrated gene-expression analysis of 2,186 samples from 39 studies to identify and validate a cancer type-independent gene signature that can identify cancer patients for a wide variety of human malignancies. The commonness of gene expression in 20 types of common cancer was assessed in 20 training datasets. The discriminative power of a signature defined by these common cancer genes was evaluated in the other 19 independent datasets including novel cancer types. QRT-PCR and tissue microarray were used to validate commonly regulated genes in multiple cancer types. We identified 187 genes dysregulated in nearly all cancerous tissue samples. The 187-gene signature can robustly predict cancer versus normal status for a wide variety of human malignancies with an overall accuracy of 92.6%. We further refined our signature to 28 genes confirmed by QRT-PCR. The refined signature still achieved 80% accuracy of classifying samples from mixed cancer types. This signature performs well in the prediction of novel cancer types that were not represented in training datasets. We also identified three biological pathways including glycolysis, cell cycle checkpoint II and plk3 pathways in which most genes are systematically up-regulated in many types of cancer. Conclusions The identified signature has captured essential transcriptional features of neoplastic transformation and progression in general. These findings will help to elucidate the common molecular mechanism of cancer, and provide new insights into cancer diagnostics, prognostics and therapy.
Liquid membranes for concentrating anions using a hydroxide flux

Abstract Two liquid membranes are developed for moving chloride ions from low to higher concentration. The membranes use alkylammonium cations as mobile carriers which react with the diffusing anions. The size of the chloride flux is an elaborate but predictable function of chloride concentration. The energy for this flux comes from a simultaneous flux of hydroxide ions.
Microscale heat transfer in an evaporating moving extended meniscus

The evaporative heat flux distribution in the leading edge region of a moving evaporating thin liquid film of pentane on quartz was obtained by analyzing the measured thickness profile for thicknesses, δ < 2 μm. The profiles in a constrained vapor bubble were obtained using image analyzing interferometry. Although the evaporating meniscus appeared to be benign (i.e., without additional observed motion beyond creeping), high heat fluxes were obtained. Significantly higher heat fluxes are possible. The interfacial slope, curvature, interfacial shear stress, and liquid pressure profiles were also obtained. Results obtained using a continuum model were consistent with those obtained using a control volume model. The measured pressure field profile of the isothermal extended meniscus agreed with the constant pressure field predicted by the augmented Young-Laplace model. For the non-isothermal case, measured thickness gradients lead to disjoining pressure and curvature gradients for fluid flow and evaporation. The experimental results demonstrate that disjoining pressure at the contact line controls fluid flow within an evaporating completely wetting thin curved film and is, therefore, a useful boundary condition. However, in small interfacial systems, non-idealities can have a dramatic effect.
Calcium-Dependent Structural Coupling between Opposing Globular Domains of Calmodulin Involves the Central Helix†

We have used fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the average structure and extent of conformational heterogeneity associated with the central helix in calmodulin (CaM), a sequence that contributes to calcium binding sites 2 and 3 and connects the amino- and carboxyl-terminal globular domains. Using site-directed mutagenesis, a double mutant was constructed involving conservative substitution of Tyr99 → Trp99 and Leu69 → Cys69 with no significant effect on the secondary structure of CaM. These mutation sites are at opposite ends of the central helix. Trp99 acts as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor in distance measurements of the conformation of the central helix. Cys69 provides a reactive group for the covalent attachment of the FRET acceptor 5-((((2-iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (IAEDANS). AEDANS-modified CaM fully activates the plasma membrane (PM) Ca-ATPase, indicating that the native structure is retained following site-directed mutagenesis and chemic...
CEO duality and compensation in the market for corporate control

Purpose – This study seeks to examine whether CEO duality further exacerbates CEOs' motivation of self‐interest to engage in mergers and acquisitions to increase their compensation.Design/methodology/approach – Regression tests using CEO compensation as the dependent variable, and CEO duality, firm size and firm performance as independent test and control variables. The regression tests are used for various sub‐samples of the firms, those that merge and those that have CEO duality.Findings – The results indicate that for merging firms CEO compensation is positively associated with firm size. However, this association is unaffected by CEO duality. For non‐merging firms, the results indicate that CEO compensation is positively associated with firm size and firm performance. CEO duality moderates the positive association between CEO compensation and firm performance.Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the extent that it does not observe the deliberations of compensation committees in...
In vitro umbilical cord wrapping and torsion: possible cause of umbilical blood flow occlusion

AbstractObjective: Intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations and bradycardia are often attributed to umbilical cord occlusion without knowing the anatomic basis of that occlusion. We hypothesized that umbilical cord twisting while looped around fetal parts could occlude blood flow.Methods: Using an in vitro preparation, human umbilical cord veins were perfused at one end with water at approximately 40 cm H2O. The cords were looped around pipes that approximated the diameter of fetal body or limb parts, after which the perfused segment of cord was twisted until water flow stopped. The number of rotations needed to stop perfusion was recorded for each length of twisted cord (4, 6 and 8 cm) and for each pipe diameter.Results: There were 21 completed studies. All cords demonstrated that a decreasing number of twists were needed to stop venous flow as the segment twisted became shorter (from 8 to 4 cm). For each segment length, the number of twists required to stop flow decreased as the pipe diameter narrowed...
A mouse model of heterogeneous, c-MYC-initiated prostate cancer with loss of Pten and p53

Human tumors are heterogeneous and evolve through a dynamic process of genetic mutation and selection. During this process, the effects of a specific mutation on the incipient cancer cell may dictate the nature of subsequent mutations that can be tolerated or selected for, affecting the rate at which subsequent mutations occur. Here we have used a new mouse model of prostate cancer that recapitulates several salient features of the human disease to examine the relative rates in which the remaining wild-type alleles of Pten and p53 tumor suppressor genes are lost. In this model, focal overexpression of c-MYC in a few prostate luminal epithelial cells provokes a mild proliferative response. In the context of compound Pten/p53 heterozygosity, c-MYC-initiated cells progress to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) and adenocarcinoma lesions with marked heterogeneity within the same prostate glands. Using laser capture microdissection and gene copy number analyses, we found that the frequency of Pten loss was significantly higher than that of p53 loss in mPIN but not invasive carcinoma lesions. c-MYC overexpression, unlike Pten loss, did not activate the p53 pathway in transgenic mouse prostate cells, explaining the lack of selective pressure to lose p53 in the c-MYC-overexpressing cells. This model of heterogeneous prostate cancer based on alterations in genes relevant to the human disease may be useful for understanding pathogenesis of the disease and testing new therapeutic agents.
Autoradiographic localization of estradiol- and progesterone-concentrating neurons in the isolated rhesus monkey hypothalamus.

Abstract Progesterone- and estradiol-concentrating neurons were autoradiographically localized in the in situ, vascularly isolated, rhesus monkey hypothalamus. Estradiol-concentrating neurons were dispersed throughout the hypothalamus, their density being greatest in the medial preoptic (MPOA) and medial basal hypothalamic nuclei (viz dorsomedial, ventromedial (VMH) and infundibular nuclei). In contrast, progesterone-concentrating neurons were less densely localized in the medial preoptic, ventromedial (medial division) and infundibular nuclei. There was a virtual absence of progestin-concentrating cells in the anterior and posterior hypothalamic zones. This localization of cells was not attributed to the perfusion pattern of the isolated hypothalamus since a complete distribution of injected microspheres was found throughout the hypothalamus. The results of these studies indicate that a possible division between estradiol- and progesterone-concentrating neurons exists within the MPOA-medial basal hypothalamic nuclei of the rhesus monkey.
A critical analysis of incremental iterative data flow analysis algorithms

A model of data flow analysis and fixed point iteration solution procedures is presented. The faulty incremental iterative algorithm is introduced. Examples of the imprecision of restarting iteration from the intraprocedural and interprocedural domains are given. Some incremental techniques which calculate precise data flow information are summarized. >
Interventional magnetic resonance imaging cryotherapy of uterine fibroid tumors: Preliminary observation

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify alternatives to hysterectomy. We have developed a transabdominal interventional magnetic resonance imaging-guided cryoablation procedure and report this novel approach. Study Design: This represents the preliminary and first report of a prospective Institutional Review Board-approved protocol to study interventional magnetic resonance imaging-guided cryoablation of uterine fibroid tumors. Women were selected on the basis of symptoms that were related to uterine fibroid tumors (bleeding, uterine pain, pelvic congestion, compression symptoms) and the absence of any desire for child bearing. A physical examination confirmed the presence of fibroid tumors, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed before the procedure to measure the size and number of fibroid tumors. Patients returned to the interventional magnetic resonance imaging and underwent placement of 3 to 5 probes (2-3 mm) under magnetic resonance imaging-directed guidance. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging determined the size reduction of the lesion, and a clinical evaluation determined the change in symptoms. Results: Nine patients were treated and had substantial reduction in the uterine size (average, 66% volume reduction), and their primary symptoms have either improved or resolved. Conclusion: This is the first reported review of interventional magnetic resonance imaging-directed cryotherapy of uterine fibroid tumors. This minimally invasive therapy produced shrinkage of the tumor in 8 of our first 9 patients. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1183-7.)
Abstract C04: HGFL promotes the development and progression mammary tumors and represents an attractive therapeutic target

A standard therapy for breast cancer is the use of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors. RTKs efficiently target multiple receptors, including the Ron transmembrane receptor, whose activation leads to increased survival, migration, and angiogenesis through signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and NF-κB. Ron overexpression is correlated with increased metastasis and poor outcomes in patients. The only ligand for Ron is hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL), which is an endocrine factor secreted into the circulation from the liver. Published reports demonstrated that ectopic overexpression of HGFL in cancer cells leads to increased metastasis. However, no studies have examined the role of endogenous HGFL in Ron activation during tumor development and metastasis. We sought to test the hypothesis that HGFL is required for Ron receptor activation and mammary tumorigenesis. We utilized mice with mammary-specific Ron overexpression (MMTV-Ron), which develop mammary tumors with 100% incidence. MMTV-Ron mice were crossed to HGFL deficient (HGFL-/-) mice to generate MMTV-Ron X HGFL-/- mice. We compared mammary hyperplasia and tumor latency in MMTV-Ron mice with and without HGFL serially at 2.5, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months. Additional mice were followed to established tumor kinetics and growth and to examine metastatic dissemination. MMTV-Ron X HGFL-/- mice displayed decreased mammary hyperplasia and a significant delay in the time to tumor formation compared to control mice. Kinase assays show that Ron activation is reduced in mice with HGFL loss. Tumor cell proliferation was different between the groups while markers of apoptosis (TUNEL IHC and cleaved caspase 3 expression) were significantly increased in MMTV-Ron X HGFL-/- mice compared to controls. Western blot analysis of tumor lysates showed diminished activation of NF-κB signaling associated with HGFL loss. In conclusion, our data show that HGFL promotes the development of mammary hyperplasia and mammary tumor formation by enhancing tumor cell survival, Ron activation and NF-κB signaling. These data suggest that HGFL represents an excellent target for inhibiting Ron mediated tumor growth in human disease. Citation Format: Nancy M. Benight, Purnima Wagh, Susan E. Waltz. HGFL promotes the development and progression mammary tumors and represents an attractive therapeutic target. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C04.
Negative plastic flow and its prevention in elasto-plastic finite element computation

Abstract The phenomenon of negative plastic flow and its prevention in elasto-plastic numerical analyses, such as finite element computations, are investigated in detail. Discussions are confined to materials with smooth but otherwise arbitrary initial and post yield surfaces which obey associated or non-associated flow rules, with specializations for materials obeying the von Mises yield condition and its associated flow rule, and to materials with cornered yield surfaces obeying the associated flow rule. Current ad hoc treatments of this phenomenon and their effects on the accuracy and reliability of computer codes are discussed. Explicit results for some commonly used stress integration algorithms are presented as to when and why negative plastic flow will occur, and how it can be avoided with proper modification to the existing stress calculation procedures. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that in the case negative flow happens to tangent stiffness based algorithms, numerical errors are also involved in other algorithms. Finally, a general and numerically efficient approach for stress calculation at corner yield points is proposed, which is consistent with the Koiter's flow rule. The subject of uniqueness of the Koiter's flow rule representation is addressed in detail.
Glycopeptide components of influenza viral glycoproteins.

Abstract The oligosaccharide moieties of the WSN strain of influenza virus were analyzed by Pronase digestion of viral glycoproteins followed by gel filtration. Oligosaccharides of influenza virions grown in MDBK cells consist of at least two size classes. The larger one contains glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose and is designated type I. In addition, smaller oligosaccharides (type II) contain a high amount of mannose in addition to glucosamine but probably lack galactose and fucose. Type I glycopeptides were found both in HA1 and HA2 (two cleavage products of hemagglutinin), whereas type II was found in HA1 only. The oligosaccharides of virions grown in MDCK and BHK21-F cells also consisted of two size classes. The presence of both types of glycopeptides in HA1 and the absence of type II in HA2 were also observed with virions grown in MDCK cells. The presence of sulfated glycopeptides was demonstrated with virions grown in all of these cell types, and most of the 35 SO 4 2− label appears to be linked to type I glycopeptides. However, the elution profile of sulfated glycopeptides was slightly different from that of type I glycopeptides, suggesting that type I glycopeptides may be heterogeneous with respect to the extent of sulfation. The molecular weights of type I and type II glycopeptides of virions grown in MDBK cells were estimated to be about 2900 and 1650 to 2200, respectively. However, the sizes of the oligosaccharide components varied with the host cell type. These values, together with previous estimates of the carbohydrate content of the HA glycoprotein, suggest that in the case of virions grown in MDBK cells HA2 contains a single type I oligosaccharide group, whereas HA, contains two type I oligosaccharides plus one or two type II oligosaccharides.
Laminar mixed convection in power law fluids in continuous flow electrophoresis systems

Abstract Laminar mixed convection in a power law fluid flowing between vertical parallel plates is considered. Heat is generated in the fluid by a non-uniform volumetric heat source and the plates are assumed to be adiabatic. The boundary-layer equations are solved using a finite-difference numerical technique. A knowledge of the resulting flow field is of interest in the study of continuous flow electrophoresis systems. Results are presented which show that flow redevelopments due to buoyancy effects occur as well as mixing due to a non-uniform velocity profile. It is shown that the use of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluids and the proper geometry and flow rates, can effectively prevent flow redevelopments and velocity profile dispersion under conditions for which they would otherwise occur.
Magnesium Dependence of the RNA Free Energy Landscape

The RNA free energy landscape is highly sensitive to ionic concentrations, and especially to Mg2+, as most RNA tertiary structure will not form in the absence of Mg2+. At physiological concentrations, the energy landscape must be smooth and funneled to fold on biological time scales, but changes in ionic concentration may affect the relative stability of alternative states. We perturb a structure-based model, which captures the funneled nature of the energy landscape, to include electrostatic effects. Our model includes explicit Mg2+ and screening by implicit KCl. A dynamic model for the local competition between Manning condensed Mg2+ and KCl is introduced, which makes the model more broadly applicable and transferable than a previous static model. We use the excess Mg2+ ions associated with the RNA (Γ2+) to test the model. Γ2+ is an ideal metric because it is closely related to the Mg2+-RNA interaction free energy, and it is easily measurable in both experiment and simulation.
Studies of 13C13C coupling constants. III. Ethyl compounds

Abstract 13 C 13 C coupling constants were obtained on twelve mono- or dilabeled ethyl compounds. The J cc values ranged from 33.0 to 39.0 Hz, a much smaller range than observed previously for acetyl compounds. Finite peturbation/INDO calculations on thirteen ethyl compounds revealed a strong correlation between the J cc values and electron density elements related to the − I + character of the substituent.
Adaptive minimum prediction-error deconvolution and wavelet estimation using Hopfield neural networks

Three Hopfield (1984, 1985) neural networks are developed to realize a new adaptive minimum prediction-error deconvolution procedure. The first neural network is developed to detect the reflectivity sequence. The second neural network is developed to determine the magnitudes of the detected reflections. The third neural network is developed to estimate the seismic wavelet. A block-component method is proposed for simultaneous reflectivity estimation and wavelet extraction based on these three neural networks. These three neural networks and the block-component method are simulated for a narrowband wavelet. Real seismic data are processed using the block-component method, and the results are compared with those using the minimum variance deconvolution (MVD) filter and the maximum-likelihood based SMLR detector. >
Deadlock prevention in flexible manufacturing systems using symbolic model checking

This paper illustrates the use of symbolic model checking in the design of deadlock-free flexible manufacturing systems. Our verification methodology consists of the following stages. First, we extract a state machine model of the system. Second, we write the system specifications using a propositional temporal logic. Finally we use the model checker to check the state machine of the system against its requirements. When a deadlock is identified, a counterexample is automatically generated with a scenario that leads to the deadlock. The counterexample is used to design the proper operational policy that will prevent the corresponding deadlock. This verification approach allows an exhaustive search of all possible behaviors and scenarios. We designed a flexible manufacturing system capable of producing 3 types of parts with 4 machines and 3 robots. It took 8 seconds to find possible deadlocks assuming machine processing capacity of one part at a time and about 36 seconds when we increased the machine processing capacity to two parts at a time. The size of the state space was in the order of 10/sup 18/ states.
An Adaptive Focal Connectivity Algorithm for Multifocus Fusion

Multifocus fusion is the process of fusing focal information from a set of input images into one all-in-focus image. Here, a versatile multifocus fusion algorithm is presented for application-independent fusion. A focally connected region is a region or a set of regions in an input image that falls under the depth of field of the imaging system. Such regions are segmented adaptively under the predicate of focal connectivity and fused by partition synthesis. The fused image has information from all focal planes, while maintaining the visual verisimilitude of the scene. In order to validate the fusion performance of our method, we have compared our results with those of tiling and multiscale fusion techniques. In addition to performing a seamless fusion of the focally connected regions, our method out performs the competing methods regarding overall sharpness in all our experiments. Several illustrative examples of multifocus fusion are shown and objective comparisons are provided.
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice

Software architecture has become a centerpiece subject for software engineers, both researchers and practitioners alike. At the heart of every software system is its software architecture, i.e., "the set of principal design decisions about the system". Architecture permeates all major facets of a software system, for principal design decisions may potentially be made at any time during a system's lifetime, and potentially by any stakeholder. Such decisions encompass structural concerns, such as the system's high-level building blocks---components, connectors, and configurations; the system's deployment; the system's non-functional properties; and the system's evolution patterns, including runtime adaptation. Software architectures found particularly useful for families of systems---product lines---are often codified into architectural patterns, architectural styles, and reusable, parameterized reference architectures. This tutorial affords the participant an extensive treatment of the field of software architecture, its foundation, principles, and elements, including those mentioned above. Additionally, the tutorial introduces the participants to the state-of-the-art as well as the state-of-the-practice in software architecture, and looks at emerging and likely future trends in this field. The discussion is illustrated with numerous real-world examples. One example given prominent treatment is the architecture of the World Wide Web and its underlying architectural style, REpresentational State Transfer (REST).
The Wilderness Years at JMI

We reflect on JMI’s creation and first five years of publication. This “wilderness” period was marked with a good deal of ambiguity, challenge, and delight. We discuss JMI’s genesis in the innovative and collegial culture of the Western Academy of Management. We identify key founding events that fortuitously pushed the idea of a “nontraditional” journal towards reality. We describe critical decisions that shaped the journal’s initial structure and operations, and reveal our own thoughts and feelings in dealing with those thorny, start-up issues. We highlight how JMI’s practices challenged conventional thinking about management journals at the time. We discuss letting go of JMI and transitioning to a new leadership team.
Integrability conditions for parameterized linear difference equations

We study integrability conditions for systems of parameterized linear difference equations and related properties of linear differential algebraic groups. We show that isomonodromicity of such a system is equivalent to isomonodromicity with respect to each parameter separately under a linearly differentially closed assumption on the field of differential parameters. Due to our result, it is no longer necessary to solve non-linear differential equations to verify isomonodromicity, which will improve efficiency of computation with these systems. Moreover, it is not possible to further strengthen this result by removing the requirement on the parameters, as we show by giving a counterexample. We also discuss the relation between isomonodromicity and the properties of the associated parameterized difference Galois group.
Fulminant hepatic failure in acute hepatitis C: increased risk in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS—The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in fulminant hepatitis remains controversial. This study was conducted to investigate the risk of fulminant hepatitis C in relation to HCV genotypes and concurrent infection of other viruses. PATIENTS—109 HCV RNA positive patients from 334 consecutive cases hospitalised to a medical centre in northern Taiwan for overt acute viral hepatitis were prospectively evaluated. METHODS—HCV RNA was detected by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. HCV genotypes were analysed using a genotype specific probe based assay in the 5' untranslated region. RESULTS—39 patients tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen but negative for IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, indicating concurrent chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Twelve patients were hepatitis G virus (HGV) RNA positive. Genotyping of HCV disclosed 1b in 93, 1b mixed with 2a/2c or 1b mixed with 2b in 11, and not classified in five. Serum titres of HCV RNA were 107 copies/ml in seven. Eleven patients (10.1%) had fulminant hepatitis as a complication. Development of fulminant hepatitis did not correlate with age and gender of the patients, concurrent HGV infection, HCV genotypes, or serum titre of HCV RNA. However, the incidence (95% confidence interval) of fulminant hepatitis in patients with underlying chronic HBV infection was 23.1% (9.9 to 36.3%), which is significantly higher than in those without (2.9% (−1.0 to 6.8%)). In 39 patients with concurrent chronic HBV infection, the clinical and virological characteristics showed no significant difference between those with fulminant hepatitis and those without. CONCLUSIONS—Acute hepatitis C in patients with concurrent chronic HBV infection is associated with a substantial risk of fulminant hepatitis. Keywords: acute hepatitis C; fulminant hepatitis; hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; hepatitis G virus
Glacial geomorphology and geographic information systems

Recent developments in the field of glacial geomorphology have dramatically increased the need to acquire, maintain, manipulate, and analyze large amounts of landform, landscape and sediment data. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has provided new platforms and tools for analysis and visualization of geomorphic data. Glacial geomorphologists have used GIS to integrate multi-source data, manage multi-scale studies, identify previously unrecognized spatial and temporal relationships and patterns in geomorphic data, and to link landform data with numerical models as part of model calibration and verification. GIS-based analyses associated with numerical modeling are improving our understanding of glacial landscape evolution and are allowing new quantitative and systematic examinations of spatial and temporal patterns of glacial landforms and processes. This has allowed for the development of insights and concepts that would be unlikely to arise using traditional methods alone. Key recommendations for future research and applications in glacial geomorphology include enhanced GIS education and dissemination, the development of standards and conventions for glacial geomorphic data, community projects to collect data into readily accessible databases, and enhanced use of linked GIS — model frameworks to address major issues in glacial geomorphology.
Multilingual acoustic models for the recognition of non-native speech

We report on the use of multilingual hidden Markov models for the recognition of non-native speech. Based on the design of a common phoneme set that provides a phone compression rate of almost 80 percent compared to a conglomerate of language dependent phone sets, we create acoustic models that share training data from up to 5 languages. Results obtained on two different data bases of non-native English demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, showing improved recognition accuracy in case of sparse training material, and also for speakers whose native language is not in the training data.
Mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation studies with mixtures of thyroxine and micromolar concentrations of certain metal ions.

Abstract Studies with isolated rat liver mitochondria were conducted in order to determine the influence of thyroxine on swelling and peroxidation of mitochondrial lipids caused by certain divalent metal ions. The effects of micromolar concentrations of certain divalent metal ions on the swelling action of thyroxine were also investigated. Thyroxine blocks mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation caused by Fe++. The hormone also blocks Cu++-induced swelling. Swelling is strikingly potentiated when thyroxine and micromolar concentrations of Ca++ or Zn++ are tested in the presence of each other. Cu++ and Sr++ at concentrations of 10 µm or less block the swelling action of thyroxine. Fe++ also blocks thyroxine swelling at relatively low concentrations of metal ion and hormone, but higher concentrations of the two agents produce swelling. A strong lipid antioxidant action is exhibited by thyroxine at a concentration of 1 µm. This concentration of the hormone is about one-tenth that necessary to produce appreciable mitochondrial swelling. The finding that the response to an organic swelling agent can be altered markedly by levels of metal ions that might be present adventitiously further illustrates the importance of considering metal contaminants in studies with isolated mitochondria.
ISOLATION OF LIPOPHOSPHOGLYCANS FROM LEISHMANIA DONOVANI AMASTIGOTES

Leishmania donovani donovani amastigotes, isolated from spleens of infected hamsters or axenically cultured, and promastigotes were comparatively examined for the expression of lipophosphoglycans (LPG). Parasites were metabolically labeled with [32p]-phosphate, [3H]galactose, or [3H]mannose. Radiolabeled material was extracted with water/ethanol/diethylether/pyridine/NH40H and purified further by gel filtration and hydrophobic column chromatographies. These radiolabeled compounds were identified as phosphorylated lipid-containing glycoconjugates. Mild acid treatment resulted in degradation of the glycolipids into low-molecular-weight fragments. All glycolipids isolated were susceptible to nitrous acid and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatments, as has been reported for the L. donovani promastigote LPG. Moreover, glycoconjugates purified from the three Leishmania stocks were not susceptible to trypsin treatment. Acid hydrolysis of promastigote LPG resulted in a predominant [P04-6galactose(beta1,4)mannose(alpha)1] fragment. In contrast, the main radiolabeled anionic fragments isolated from splenic and axenic amastigotes differed from that of promastigotes, as evidenced by the elution profiles obtained by HPLC anion-exchange chromatography. These cumulative results indicate that lipophosphoglycan molecules, structurally distinct from the previously characterized LPG of the promastigote stage, are being expressed by L. donovani splenic and axenic amastigotes.
3 dimensional characterizations of the impact damaged fiber reinforced composites

Impact damages on the composites need to be understood thoroughly for the designing, manufacturing and repairing of the aircraft composite parts. Larger diameter of the impactor can create a shallow dent on the outside, but a significant damage on the inside of the composites. Larger impact dents can be easily detected during the regular visual inspection, while the smaller dents with significant internal damages cannot be detected which may compromise the structure resulting in safety concerns for the composite aircraft. 3D characterization of impact damages on glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers reinforced composite structures may be necessary to better understand the material behavior and provide better designs. In the present study, Kevlar fiber composite panels were prepared using a wet layup in a vacuum curing oven while the glass and carbon weave material composite panels were fabricated using pre-preg and cured in the autoclave. These composite panels were impacted with 3 different tup diameters and 2 different energy levels. Impact load was measured using a load cell and the velocity was detected using a velocity detector. The impacted composite panels were then subjected to the non-destructive inspection (NDI) tests, and their 3D structural damages were evaluated in detail. The test results showed that the shallow dent impacts created significantly deeper and bigger internal damages on the structure of the composites. In addition to that, the impact damages on the composites were dependent on the composite types and structures, which may be critical for the design, manufacture and repair of different aircraft composites.© 2013 ASME