cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitation characteristics of CAM5 physics at mesoscale resolution during MC3E and the impact of convective timescale choice

The physics suite of the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) has recently been implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to explore the behavior of the parameterization suite at high resolution and within the controlled setting of a limited area model. The initial paper documenting this capability characterized the behavior for a northern high-latitude region. This paper characterizes the precipitation characteristics for continental, midlatitude, springtime conditions during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) over the central United States. This period exhibited a range of convective conditions from those driven strongly by large-scale synoptic regimes to more locally driven convection. The study focuses on the precipitation behavior at 32 km grid spacing to better anticipate how the physics will behave in a global model when used at similar grid spacing in the coming years. Importantly, one change to the Zhang-McFarlane deep convective parameterization when implemented in WRF was to make the convective timescale parameter an explicit function of grid spacing. This study examines the sensitivity of the precipitation to the default value of the convective timescale in WRF, which is 600 s for 32 km grid spacing, to the value of 3600 s used for 2° grid spacing in CAM5. For comparison, a 1200 s and an infinite convective timescale are also used. The results show that the 600 s timescale gives the most accurate precipitation amount over the central United States. However, this setting has the worst precipitation diurnal cycle, with the convection too tightly linked to the daytime surface heating. Longer timescales greatly improve the diurnal cycle but result in less precipitation and produce a low bias. An analysis of rain rates shows the accurate precipitation amount with the shorter timescale is assembled from an over abundance of drizzle combined with too few heavy rain events. With longer timescales, one can improve the frequency distribution, particularly for the extreme rain rates. Ultimately, without changing other aspects of the physics, one must decide between accurate diurnal timing and rain amount when choosing an appropriate convective timescale.
Organically Templated Mixed-Valent TiIII /TiIV Phosphate with an Octahedral- Tetrahedral Open Framework.

The first large-pore, mixed-valent titanium phosphate was hydrothermally synthesized by using elemental titanium as a starting material, and 1,3-diaminopropane as a template. The structure displays an open framework containing octahedrally coordinated TiIII and TiIV centers and tetrahedrally coordinated P centers; the diamine molecules are located within the zigzag channels (the picture shows a polyhedral representation of the structure).
The Residual Encoder--An Improved ADPCM System for Speech Digitization

An improved system for speech digitization using adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) is described. The system uses an adaptive predictor, an adaptive quantizer, and a variable length source coding scheme to achieve a 4-5 dB increase in signal-to-noise ratio over previous ADPCM. The increase can be used to improve speech quality at moderate data rates on the order of 16 kbits/s or to retain the same quality and reduce the data rate to 9.6 kbits/s. The latter alternative permits the use of narrow-band channels. The implementation complexity is on the same order as other ADPCM systems.
Banter on Bayes: debating the usefulness of Bayesian approaches to solving practical problems

We consider the status of Bayesian statistical methods for the analysis of complex real-world problems. Most AI problems require a method for representing uncertainty. Currently, there is intense interest in the use of Bayesian reasoning, Bayesian belief networks, and other Bayesian methods for the modeling of uncertainty in many avenues of AI research.
Activities of Sodium and Potassium Ions in Epithelial Cells of Small Intestine

Intracellular molar Na+ activity (aNa), measured with cation-selective glass microelectrodes, in epithelial cells of isolated bullfrog small intestine immersed at 26°C in a sodium sulfate Ringer solution containing mannitol was 0.0144 ± 0.0031 (average value plus or minus standard deviation). The corresponding K+ activity (aK) was 0.0854 ± 0.0060. Combination of these values with previous estimates of intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations under identical conditions indicated that a substantial fraction of the cellular Na+ is in an osmotically inactive state. When the cells were exposed to a Ringer solution in which 26 millimoles of mannitol per liter were replaced by 3-O-methyl glucose, highly significant decreases in aK and aNa were observed. The decrease in aK was proportionately larger than the corresponding decrease in aNa.
An interview with Lucio G. Costa and Michael Aschner, section editors for toxicology

Lucio G. Costa is currently Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences at the School of Public Health at the University of Washington. Dr. Costa is a renowned neurotoxicologist whose research interests are focused on understanding the role of neurotoxic substances in neurodevelopmental disorders and other neurological, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Dr Costa’s research laboratory makes use of a variety of in vivo and in vitro cell culture systems, transgenic animal models and imaging techniques to study the cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
Humor or sexual harassment?:The frame analysis of workplace socio-sexual behavior

Current understanding of sexual harassment at work is limited by simplistic assumptions about how sexualized and hostile work environments develop. Drawing from theories of frame analysis, social i...
Exploiting chromatic aberration to spectrally encode depth in reflectance confocal microscopy

We present chromatic confocal microscopy as a technique to axially scan the sample by spectrally encoding depth information to avoid mechanical scanning of the lens or sample. We have achieved an 800 ?m focal shift over a range of 680?1080 nm using a hyperchromat lens as the imaging lens. A more complex system that incorporates a water immersion objective to improve axial resolution was built and tested. We determined that increasing objective magnification decreases chromatic shift while improving axial resolution. Furthermore, collimating after the hyperchromat at longer wavelengths yields an increase in focal shift.
Springboards to Mortarboards: Women's College Foundings in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania

L'A. etudie l'influence de l'environnement social en ce qui concerne le developpement des etablissements d'enseignement superieur pour les femmes aux Etats-Unis dans les etats de New York, du Massachusetts et de Pennsylvanie entre 1855 et 1968. Il montre que la presence d'universites d'elite pour les femmes, le developpement d'etablissements d'enseignement superieur catholiques pour les femmes et la promulgation de l'amendement autorisant le vote des femmes ont contribue au developpement de ce type d'enseignement. Il montre que les forces institutionnelles constituent des mesures de la legitimite tandis que les forces socio-ecologiques permettent de mesurer la competition sociale en ce qui concerne le developpement de ce phenomene
Influence of amount fed on hormone concentrations and their relationship to mammary growth in heifers.

Abstract Concentrations in blood serum of growth hormones, prolactin, insulin, and glucocorticoids were investigated in 22 pre- or postpubertal heifers fed restricted or ad libitum amounts of a ration. Gains for the respective feeding regimens were 613 and 1218g daily. Growth hormone was elevated for prepubertal heifers on restricted feed, whereas there was no difference from feeding for postpubertal heifers. Concentrations of prolactin, insulin, and glucocorticoids were higher for heifers fed ad libitum than for those restricted. Mammary secretory tissue was positively correlated with blood serum concentrations of growth hormone, and extraparenchymal adipose tissue was negatively correlated with them. Prolactin was negatively related to mammary secretory tissue; however, this relationship disappeared after adjustment for concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, and glucocorticoids. Mammary tissue was not related to concentrations of insulin or glucocorticoids. The negative influence of excess feeding on mammary development of prepubertal heifers may be associated with a decrease in concentrations of growth hormone in blood.
Fuzzy homogeneity and scale-space approach to color image segmentation

Image segmentation is the procedure in which the original image is partitioned into homogeneous regions, and has many applications. In this paper, a fuzzy homogeneity and scale-space approach to color image segmentation is proposed. A color image is transformed into fuzzy domain with maximum fuzzy entropy principle. The fuzzy homogeneity histogram is employed, and both global and local informations are considered when we process fuzzy homogeneity histogram. The scale-space filter is utilized for analyzing the fuzzy homogeneity histogram to find the appropriate segments of the homogeneity histogram bounded by the local extrema of the derivatives. A fuzzy region merging process is then implemented based on color difference and cluster sizes to avoid over-segmentation. The proposed method is compared with the space domain approach, and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Oxygen-mediated pulmonary vasodilation and plasma levels of endothelin-1, atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic GMP in patients with left-to-right shunt and pulmonary hypertension.

This study was performed to evaluate the role of endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in patients with left-to-right shunt and pulmonary hypertension. Further objectives were to study a possible feedback mechanism between ANP and ET-1 and to examine the influence of ANP on cGMP plasma levels. Finally, the role of these hormones in oxygen-mediated pulmonary vasodilation was examined. Plasma concentrations of ET-1, ANP and cGMP were studied in 39 patients with congenital heart disease and left-to-right shunt. Blood samples were taken from the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein at cardiac catheterization at baseline and after breathing oxygen for 20 min. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of pulmonary hypertension (defined as mean Pp/Ps ≥ 0.5). Patients with pulmonary hypertension (n = 18) were found to have significantly higher plasma ANP (665 [59–1358] versus 267 [47-832] pg/ml) and cGMP (21.5 [3.6–82.2] versus 7.8 [0–14.6] nM/L) levels than patients without pulmonary hypertension (n = 21). Pulmonary venous ET-1 plasma concentrations were above normal limits in one patient only. ANP plasma levels were not related to ET-1 and cGMP concentrations. There was no transpulmonary gradient for any of the factors. Pulmonary vasodilation in response to oxygen was found in 7 of 18 patients with PH, but was not associated with significant changes in ET-1, ANP or cGMP plasma concentrations. Patients with congenital heart disease and PH show an increase both in vasoconstrictive and vasodilating factors. The mechanism of oxygen-mediated vasodilation in these patients remains to be elucidated.
Microstructure and Precipitates of High-Pure Ferritic Stainless Steels Stabilized by Niobium and Titanium

As stabilization elements added into ferritic stainless steels, various kinds of precipitates of niobium and titanium will form and have great effect on their microstructure, which has great effect on the mechanical and corrosion properties of the final products. Combined with thermodynamic calculation by FactSage software, microstructure and precipitates of ferritic stainless steels containing different niobium and titanium were investigated by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that titanium mainly exists in form of TiN but niobium exists mainly in form of NbC. Moreover, a certain amount of NbN particles precipitate when there is not enough titanium to react with nitrogen. TiN particles with size of 2μm~8μm promote the recrystallization but Nb-rich precipitates with size of less than 500nm suppress the recrystallization in the process of annealing.
Potential Treatment of Sepsis Syndrome with Cytokine-Specific Agents

Blocking the effects of cytokines is a potential new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of Gram-negative sepsis. Three classes of agents are currently being evaluated: antibodies, circulating inhibitors, and receptor antagonists. Data in the current literature support the consideration of these agents as potential therapeutic agents in Gram-negative sepsis. The clinical utility of these agents is contingent on the results of well-designed, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in well-defined clinical populations. These trials will require the cooperation of clinical and basic scientists. At this time, preliminary and early clinical trials are in progress utilizing IL-1 and TNF-alpha circulating inhibitors, IL-1 receptor antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies to TNF-alpha and the TNF-alpha receptor.
Hierarchical Tendencies of Capital Markets Among International Financial Centers

The dramatic evolution of global finance in the last three decades has seen intensified competition among the world's major cities to become prominent control centers of global financial flows. This paper examines the spatial organization and evolution of capital markets in forty-three world cities from 1980 to 1998. It finds evidence of the strengthening of hierarchical tendencies among world financial and capital cities as they search for ways to differentiate between themselves through financial concentration and productivity. The results also indicate a trend towards the dominance of London and New York in this financial hierarchy, and that top tier cities tend to be characterized by significantly lower levels of market and share concentrations, share trading value, and risks. Finally, important differences in ownership patterns between the capital markets are detected for the top cities of the hierarchy.
Anomalous origin of right coronary artery from pulmonary artery presenting as chest pain in a young man

Isolated anomalous origin of right coronary artery is a rare developmental anomaly which is mostly asymptomatic and is discovered incidentally. We present a case of a 21-year-old male who presented with chest pain and was found to have anomalous origin of right coronary artery from pulmonary artery for which he underwent prompt surgical correction.
Continuous Hydride Generation with Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Detection for Total Arsenic Determinations (HY-DCP)

Abstract Total arsenic determinations in complex food matrices can be performed with a high degree of accuracy and precision using an initial hydride formation step followed by direct current plasma (DCP) emission spectroscopic detection1. The hyphenated technique, HY-DCP, uses a continuous flow hydride formation step with dual mixing of the hydride forming reagents, followed by on-line, continuous introduction of the aqueous arsenic sample. The final aqueous solution of arsine, excess sodium borohydride, and sample components, is directly introduced into the conventional spray chamber of the DCP instrument. Calibration plots for both arsenate and arsenite have been determined, together with linearities and minimum detection limits (MDLs) The overall methods for total arsenic determination have been applied to spiked water and tunafish samples. Accuracy and precision determinations have been performed for these total arsenic analyses, and compared with continuous hydride formation-flame atomic absorption ...
Pharmacogenomics of multigenic diseases: sex-specific differences in disease and treatment outcome.

Numerous genetic variations have been shown to affect disease susceptibility and drug response. Pharmacogenomics aims at improving therapy on the basis of genetic information for each individual patient. Furthermore, sex chromosomes broadly determine biological differences between males and females. Consequently, substantial sex differences exist in phenotypic manifestation of disease and treatment response. This review discusses the role of sex in coronary artery disease, schizophrenia, and depression—complex multigenic disorders with considerable sex differences in frequency and presentation. Moreover, genetic factors underlying disease and drug response appear to differ between male and female patients. This appears to result at least in part from different physiological effects exerted by sex hormones such that polymorphisms in susceptibility genes may have physiological relevance only in males or females. However, few examples have been discovered to play a role in complex multigenic diseases, and the mechanistic basis of genetic variants as sex-dependent susceptibility factors has yet to be explored. Therefore, pharmacogenomic studies must consider sex differences in an effort to optimize individual drug therapy.
A maximum principle for an optimal control problem with integral constraints

In this paper, necessary corditions are obtained for an optimal control problem whose state variables are given in terms of integral equations. The conditions are obtained separately for Volterra equations and Fredholm equations. The main result for each case is the maximum principle and multiplier rule. For the Volterra equations, transversality conditions are obtained.
Synthetic peptides representing sequence 39 to 59 of rat Vβ8 TCR fail to elicit regulatory T cells reactive with Vβ8 TCR on rat encephalitogenic T cells

Subpathogenic doses of syngeneic autoreactive T cells protect experimental animals against associated autoimmune disease. Preferential use of the TCR of encephalitogenic T cells suggests that this molecule serves as the target for immunoregulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Whether peptides derived from the V beta 8 of the rat TCR elicit regulatory T cells and produce the same vaccinating effect against EAE as do whole T cells remains unknown. Here we show that immunization of Lewis rats with V beta 8(39-59), a peptide representing residues 39 to 59 of the rat V beta 8 TCR, does not induce the production of regulatory T cells reactive to the intact TCR V beta 8 containing this sequence. Moreover, animals that had recovered from both actively induced EAE and transferred EAE did not generate regulatory T cells that recognized the V beta 8(39-59) peptide. Further, transfusion of large doses of peptide-specific T cells did not protect the animals from EAE. Our results suggest that the V beta 8(39-59) peptide may comprise so-called cryptic epitopes, which function as immunogens only when dissociated from large protein complexes.
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation and pulse electron nuclear double resonance studies of Cu2+β-carotene interactions in Cu-MCM-41 molecular sieves

Perdeuterated all-trans /3-carotene imbedded in activated Cu-MCM-41 was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopies. The EPR study showed that complexation and electron transfer between Cu 2 + and deuterated β-carotene occurs. The interaction was confirmed by detecting the spin-echo modulation of deuterium in the ESEEM spectra of Cu 2 + . Ratio analysis of ESEEM was used to determine the number of deuterons which interact with Cu 2 + and the distance between deuteron(s) and Cu 2 + . The bonding site of β- carotene determined by ESEEM and pulse electron nuclear double resonance is the C15=C15' double bond.
Membrane myopathy: Morphological similarities to duchenne muscular dystrophy

Focal lesions in the plasma membrane overlying wedge-shaped defects in muscle fibers ("delta lesions") are an early pathological change in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Abnormalities in the plasma membrane have been suggested as a cause of these lesions and of the degeneration of muscle fibers in DMD. We investigated the role of plasma membrane defects in the production of delta lesions by examining the effects of a series of membrane-active agents--lysolecithin, deoxycholate, Triton X-100, and melittin--on the muscles of rats in vivo. Within minutes after treatment with these agents, the muscle fibers developed typical delta lesions. Identical morphological changes were produced by the calcium ionophore A23187, suggesting that calcium entry may play an important role in this process. We conclude that damage to the plasma membrane or calcium entry can reproduce characteristic features of the muscle pathology seen in DMD. This model should prove useful in elucidating the mechanisms of muscle fiber damage and degeneration in DMD.
Upregulated ex vivo expression of stress-responsive inflammatory pathway genes by LPS-challenged CD14(+) monocytes in frail older adults.

Frailty has been increasingly recognized as an important clinical syndrome in old age. The frailty syndrome is characterized by chronic inflammation, decreased functional and physiologic reserve, and increased vulnerability to stressors, leading to disability and mortality. However, molecular mechanisms that contribute to inflammation activation and regulation in frail older adults have not been investigated. To begin to address this, we conducted a pathway-specific gene array analysis of 367 inflammatory pathway genes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged CD14+ monocytes from 32 community-dwelling frail and age-, race-, and sex-paired nonfrail older adults (mean age 83 years, range 72–94). The results showed that ex vivo LPS-challenge induced average 2.0-fold or higher upregulated expression of 116 genes in frail participants and 85 genes in paired nonfrail controls. In addition, frail participants had 2-fold or higher upregulation in LPS-induced expression of 7 stress-responsive genes than nonfrail controls with validation by quantitative real time RT-PCR. These findings suggest upregulated expression of specific stress-responsive genes in monocyte-mediated inflammatory pathway in the syndrome of frailty with potential mechanistic and interventional implications.
Electronic structure and thermodynamic properties of YIrC and YIrC2

Abstract Ab initio calculations including Moller-Plesset second order perturbation (MP2), density functional theory (DFT), complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) computations are carried out for the YIrC adn YC2Ir molecules. Several alternative structures are optimized and the vibrational frequencies are computed. Thermodynamic properties such as the Gibbs energy functions and heat content functions are computed and compared with the available experimental data. The nature of chemical bonding in these molecules is analyzed.
Asian Economic Integration and Stock Market Comovement

Using daily returns from 1988 to 1998, we investigate to what degree twelve equity markets in Asia are integrated with Japan's equity market and examine the factors that affect the level of economic integration. We find that the equity markets of Australia, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Singapore are highly integrated with the stock market in Japan. There is also evidence that these Asian markets become more integrated over time, especially since 1994. A higher import share as well as a greater differential in inflation rates, real interest rates, and gross domestic product growth rates have negative effects on stock market comovements between country pairs. Conversely, increased export share by Asian economies to Japan and greater foreign direct investment from Japan to other Asian economies contribute to greater comovement.
Toxicity of MRI and CT contrast agents

Anatomical and physiological imaging using CT and MRI are playing a critical role in patients’ diagnosis, disease characterization and treatment planning. CT- and MRI-based protocols increasingly r...
Evaluating information processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The case for Fuzzy Trace Theory

Abstract Literature on the developmental trajectory of cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) presents several inconsistent findings. In this review, we focus on information processing, and specifically, the use of gist and verbatim representations to guide memory, reasoning, and concept formation. The added perspective of Fuzzy Trace Theory may help to resolve mixed results regarding the frequency, nature, and effectiveness of gist processing in ASD by providing established process models and tasks suitable for use in individuals at all levels of functioning. In order to demonstrate the utility of FTT to the field of ASD research, we present evidence from three complementary theories–Weak Central Coherence (WCC), Executive Function (EF), and Theory of Mind (ToM)–which have dominated the landscape to date. We discuss the potential utility of FTT tasks and process models, proposing testable hypotheses that address ambiguous or conflicting results in the current literature. Applying a theory of typical development to the study of ASD may add value to past and future research.
The Shroom family proteins play broad roles in the morphogenesis of thickened epithelial sheets

Thickened epithelial sheets are found in a wide variety of organ systems and the mechanisms governing their morphogenesis remain poorly defined. We show here, through expression patterns and functional studies, that Shroom family proteins are broadly involved in generating thickened epithelial sheets. Through in situ hybridization, we report the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the four Shroom family members during early Xenopus development, from oocytes to tadpole stage embryos. Further, we show that Shroom1 and 2 mRNAs are maternally expressed, while Shroom3 and Shroom4 are zygotic transcripts. In addition, maternal Shroom1 and 2 mRNAs localize in the animal hemisphere of the Xenopus egg and early blastula. During later development, all four Shroom family proteins are broadly expressed in developing epithelial organs, and the epithelial cells that express Shrooms are elongated. Moreover, we show that ectopic expression of Shroom2, like Shroom3, is able to increase cell height and that loss of Shroom2 function results in a failure of cell elongation in the neural epithelium. Together, these data suggest that Shroom family proteins play an important role in the morphogenesis of several different epithelial tissues during development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1480–1491, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sulphoxides as solvating reagents for the separation of metal ions.

Abstract The solvent extraction properties of the following sulphoxides have been evaluated: di-n-octyl sulphoxide (DOSO), bis(n-octylsulphinyl) methane (BOSM), bis(n-octylsulphinyl)ethane (BOSE) and p -tolyl sulphoxide (PTSO). By use of reversed-phase paper chromatography as a qualitative surveying technique, the interactions of these sulphoxides with some fifty metal ions were investigated in several acid-ligand systems. All sulphoxides were studied in 1–10 M hydrochloric and nitric adds; DOSO and BOSM were also studied in perchloric acid and ammonium thiocyanate-perchloric acid mixtures. Observations are made concerning sulphoxide-metal interactions and the existence of several useful analytical separation systems is pointed out. The synthesis and characterization of BOSM and BOSE are described.
Maintaining Relationships Openly: Case Study of "Total Openness" in a Communal Organization

The subject of this paper is the open handling of face-to-face human relationships. The term used here is "maintenance-by-expression," meaning that relationships are discussed explicitly among the parties concerned. Despite the popularity of openness (or, stated otherwise, the analysis of group process) for therapeutic and training purposes and despite the interest in applying this approach to organizations, it has not been successfully introduced into entire organizations. The commune studied here is a notable exception. The case study provides an opportunity to consider the organizational conditions evidently necessary for the adoption and perpetuation of expressive maintenance. The paper qlso examines the particular form of expressive maintenance employed at the commune in an attempt to expand understanding of this unconventional social practice.
Inheriting Inherit the Wind: Debating the Play as a Teaching Tool

The 1960 film Inherit the Wind (ITW) speaks to so many of the tensions intrinsic to mid-twentieth century American life that, with superb acting, scripting, and stage direction, it quickly became a film classic. Based on a 1955 play that had set records as the longest running drama on Broadway, the movie featured renowned actors Spencer Tracy, Fredric March, and Gene Kelly. Its opening scene sets the tone. A delegation of small-town officials led by a stern-faced minister interrupts a likeable young high school science teacher in the midst of telling his students about the Darwinian theory of human evolution. His teaching violates the law, the teacher is told, and he is placed under arrest in full view of his wide-mouthed students. In the background, the voice of the great African-America soloist, a thenyouthful Leslie Uggams, softly sings “Give Me That Old Time Religion.” Cut to a stack of big-city newspapers reporting the story in shocked headlines, then back to the small, vaguely southern town, where the jailed teacher becomes a social outcast. Teaching Darwinism undermines the faith of students in the biblical account of human creation, townspeople are told by the scowling minister. His very name, Jeremiah Brown, evokes images of the fanaticism of the biblical Jeremiah and the abolitionist John Brown. His actions reinforce these images. “Do we curse the man who denies the Word?” Brown rhetorically asks the assembled townspeople at one point in the play. “Yes,” they reply in unison. “Do we cast out this sinner in our midst?” he adds, prompting a mightier affirmation from the crowd. “Do we call down hellfire on the man who has sinned against the word?” Brown shouts. The mob roars its assent. Although the teacher is named Bert Cates and the town called Hillsboro, viewers surely equate him with John Scopes and transpose the scene onto the historic events that transpired in Dayton, TN, during the summer of 1925. In ITW, the main characters (except Brown and Scopes’s fiance, who had no parallels in Dayton) are given soundalike pseudonyms for their real names. The script sets the time simply as “summer, not too long ago” and the place as “a small town.” Stage directions for the play begin, “It is important to the concept of the play that the town is always visible, looming there, as much on trial as the individual defendant.” Although the movie version begins with the dramatic schoolroom arrest, the play is limited to fewer sets. It opens with a jailed Scopes explaining why he had been arrested. “You know why I did it,” he says. “I had the book in my hand, Hunter’s Civic Biology. I opened it up, and read to my sophomore science class Chapter 17, Evo Edu Outreach (2008) 1:150–157 DOI 10.1007/s12052-008-0039-6
Direct Intramuscular Gene Transfer of Naked DNA Encoding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Augments Collateral Development and Tissue Perfusion

Background Striated muscle has been shown to be capable of taking up and expressing foreign genes transferred in the form of naked plasmid DNA, although typically with a low level of gene expression. In the case of genes that encode secreted proteins, however, low transfection efficiency may not preclude bioactivity of the secreted gene product. Accordingly, we investigated the hypothesis that intramuscular (IM) gene therapy with naked plasmid DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could augment collateral development and tissue perfusion in an animal model of hindlimb ischemia. Methods and Results Ten days after ischemia was induced in one rabbit hindlimb, 500 μg of phVEGF165, or the reporter gene LacZ, was injected IM into the ischemic hindlimb muscles. Thirty days later, angiographically recognizable collateral vessels and histologically identifiable capillaries were increased in VEGF transfectants compared with controls. This augmented vascularity improved perfusion to the ischemic lim...
Role of γ+γ→e++e-+e++e- in photoproduction, colliding beams, and cosmic photon absorption

We consider the photon-photon channel, $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, with respect to the possible relevant experimental roles it plays in (i) the photoproduction process $\ensuremath{\gamma}+Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, (ii) the colliding beam process ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and (iii) the absorption of high-energy cosmic photons. Discussion of the first role includes calculation of rates at different energies, error estimates, and effects of screening and threshold cuts. In the second role, emphasis is placed on scale changes due to energy and angle kinematic cuts. Competition with the single-pair absorption process (i.e., $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) at the higher cosmic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energies \ensuremath{\approx} ${10}^{20}$ eV is discussed in the consideration of the third role.
Src-family tyrosine kinase fyn phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhancer-activating Akt, preventing its apoptotic cleavage and promoting cell survival

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhancer-activating Akt (PIKE-A) binds Akt and upregulates its kinase activity, preventing apoptosis. PIKE-A can be potently phosphorylated on tyrosine residues 682 and 774, leading to its resistance to caspase cleavage. However, the upstream tyrosine kinases responsible for PIKE-A phosphorylation and subsequent physiological significance remain unknown. Here, we show that PIKE-A can be cleaved by the active apoptosome at both D474 and D592 residues. Employing fyn-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and tissues, we demonstrate that fyn is essential for phosphorylating PIKE-A and protects it from apoptotic cleavage. Active but not kinase-dead fyn interacts with PIKE-A and phosphorylates it on both Y682 and Y774 residues. Tyrosine phosphorylation in PIKE-A is required for its association with active fyn but not for Akt. Mutation of D into A in PIKE-A protects it from caspase cleavage and promotes cell survival. Thus, this finding provides a molecular mechanism accounting for the antiapoptotic action of src-family tyrosine kinase.
Effects of glyburide on carbohydrate metabolism and insulin action in the liver

Increased hepatic glucose production is responsible for fasting hyperglycemia in type II diabetes. Insulin resistance is the key in this process because of the inability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production, thereby allowing an unopposed glucagon effect. Glyburide, one of the second-generation sulfonylureas, decreases glucose production and enhances insulin action in the liver. Available data suggest that glyburide: (1) enhances glycogen synthesis in the liver by increasing glycogen synthase; (2) inhibits glycogenolysis by decreasing phosphorylase alpha activity; and (3) decreases gluconeogenesis and stimulates glycolysis by decreasing A-kinase activity, which results in increased fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, one of the key regulators of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. The effect of glyburide on the insulin-signaling mechanism(s) is distal to the insulin binding site of the alpha-subunit of the insulin receptor and the tyrosine kinase activation site of the beta-subunit.
GLUTAMIC ACID METABOLISM IN VIVO: THE EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENT WITH MORPHINE SULPHATE.

Abstract The oxidative metabolism of glutamic acid was measured in living mice by injection with glutamate- 1- 14 C and also with glutamate-5- 14 C, followed by continuous measurement of the 14 CO 2 excreted in the expired air. Five minutes after the injection of morphine sulfate, a statistically significant degree of inhibition of glutamic acid breakdown was present. Three and a half hours later metabolic activity had returned to control levels.
Activity of bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, fipronil, and thiamethoxam against red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, fipronil, and thiamethoxam were evaluated for activity against the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mobility impairment and lethal times were determined after topical treatments. Both immobilization and mortality occurred most quickly with bifenthrin, followed by thiamethoxam, chlorfenapyr, and fipronil. Mortality due to horizontal exposure was evaluated at 10, 20, or 30°C, with three ratios of topically treated donor ant corpses to live recipients (5, 10, or 20% donors). Bifenthrin had the greatest horizontal activity of the chemicals tested. For chlorfenapyr, the only treatments having higher mortality than controls were the highest percentage donors at either 10 or 30°C. Horizontal activity of fipronil was temperature dependent only with the highest proportion of donors and was lower than that of bifenthrin but higher than that of chlorfenapyr or thiamethoxam. Mean mortality due to thiamethoxam was similar to that with chlorfenapyr. Significant mortality occurred in all of the 20 and 30°C thiamethoxam treatments, but none of the 10°C treatments. Effectiveness as a barrier was evaluated by providing a choice between bridges treated with insecticide or water. Although bifenthrin did not provide an impenetrable barrier, it was the only treatment having fewer ants than its paired control bridge. Mortality data suggest that a reduction in recruitment rather than repellency account for this result.
Considerations for developing technologies for an integrated person-borne IED countermeasure architecture

Developing an integrated person-borne improvised explosive device (IED) countermeasure to protect unstructured crowds at large public venues is the goal of the Standoff Technology Integration and Demonstration Program (STIDP), sponsored in part by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The architecture being developed includes countermeasure technologies deployed as a layered defense and enabling technologies for operating the countermeasures as an integrated system. In the architecture, early recognition of potentially higher-risk individuals is crucial. Sensors must be able to detect, with high accuracy, explosives' threat signatures in varying environmental conditions, from a variety of approaches and with dense crowds and limited dwell time. Command-and-control technologies are needed to automate sensor operation, reduce staffing requirements, improve situational awareness, and automate/facilitate operator decisions. STIDP is developing technical and operational requirements for standoff and remotely operated sensors and is working with federal agencies and foreign governments to implement these requirements into their research and development programs. STIDP also is developing requirements for a software platform to rapidly integrate and control various sensors; acquire, analyze, and record their data; and present the data in an operationally relevant manner. Requirements also are being developed for spatial analysis, tracking and assessing threats with available screening resources, and data fusion for operator decision-making.
Experimental (p, Vm, T) for pure CO2 between 220 and 450 K

Abstract Densities of pure carbon dioxide were measured using Burnett, Burnett-isochoric, and isochoric techniques. The measurements were made at temperatures from 217.01 to 448.15 K and pressures up to 47.7 MPa. Eleven vapor-pressure measurements were also made. Second and third virial coefficients were derived. Three saturated-liquid and five saturated-vapor densities were also derived from the measurements.
An Invitation to Play: A Response to Patrick Schmidt's "What We Hear is Meaning Too:Deconstruction, Dialogue, and Music"

the aims of dialogue-as-deconstruction, as described by Patrick Schmidt, are concepts i have pondered as a result of a five-week sabbatical visit to Melbourne, australia. My research focus there was improvisation, and early in my visit i attended two concerts at the premier jazz club, Bennett’s Lane. there i heard twelve improvisers in a variety of ensembles, all in celebration of the seventieth birthday of their mentor, tony Gould, who also performed. Gould is cited by John Whiteoak and aline Scott-Maxwell as an “outstanding player who has never ceased to develop as an improviser” and who “as a pianist, records prolifically across a wide musical spectrum.”1 While the music was jazz, it was freer and fresher than usual. there was striking interaction among the musicians, including facial expressions that reflected genuine ecstasy, and body movement that was naturally “in sync” with the music. i began to ask many questions, including: is australia’s jazz different from that
Validation of the telephone-administered PHQ-9 against the in-person administered SCID-I major depression module.

Abstract Background We assessed item-to-item correspondence between the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) major depression episode portion of the major depressive module. Method Four hundred and ninety-eight soldiers in the Ohio National Guard were administered the PHQ-9 and SCID-I. Data were analyzed using chi-square analyses, logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and diagnostic efficiency statistics. Results To screen for depression effectively, results indicate use of the cardinal first two items, items representing fatigue, appetite and sleep changes with an item level cut-off point of two, and the item representing suicidal ideation with item level cut-off point of one. Further, total PHQ-9 scores significantly predicted SCID-I major depressive episode (MDE) and diagnosis (MDD) with moderate accuracy. Lastly, the cut-off total score of 10 had the optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity compared to other PHQ-9 scoring options. Limitations Differences in timeline of administration of the measures, differences in “worst episode” reference between the measures, and use of a specific military population are some of the limitations. Conclusions This validation study provides guidelines for the use of the telephone-administered PHQ-9 in assessing the lifetime prevalence of a major depressive episode and diagnosis in non-clinical populations, with implications for clinical use.
Dynamic and autonomous channel adaptation in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are often deployed in places where they have to share the radio frequency spectrum with other wireless devices. Functioning and performance of WSNs can be harmfully influenced by such near-by devices. Consequently, there is a strong need for WSNs to provide capabilities for autonomous adaptation to possible interference in the wireless medium. In this paper we propose two general-purpose distributed protocols that can dynamically adapt the transmission channel of a WSN according to the state of the R F spectrum. They exploit scanning abilities of radios embedded on individual nodes to detect local interference and use beacons to notify other nodes in order to build a global view of the spectrum state enabling a local decision for the best channel to use. The algorithms do not require any form of time synchronization. We evaluate the proposed protocols through simulations and show that they significantly outperform existing solutions by providing better reliability and convergence time. We also implement them on real sensor nodes and justify our simulation results with real-life experiments.
New Electron‐Optical Data on the Kaolinite‐Mullite Transformation

A technique is described for preparing fired kaolinites for examination by electron diffraction and electron microscopy. Specimens fired on platinum foil at 850° and 950°C. were etched while on the foil in 10% sodium hydroxide for 1 week and were then removed by a two-stage collodion-carbon replica. The etching is believed to have removed free silica which is formed during the transition from metakaolin to the cubic spinel-type phase. Electron diffraction patterns show the (111) orientation of the spinel-type structure on the a-b plane of the metakaolin. Patterns of specimens at 950° C. show that the mullite phase is oriented with the c axis parallel to the [110] axes of the spinel-type phase as proposed by Brindley and Nakahira. Particle size of the spinel-type phase estimated from electron micrographs appears to fall within 75 to 125 a.u. Kaolinites varying in degree of crystallinity are being studied by this method.
Material Transport of Sets and Fields

We provide definitions for the “material transport”, or “comateriality”, of various mathematical objects of physical interest in continuum mechanics. Use is made of the concept of Lie dragging, i.e. of “pushing forward” and “pulling back” objects along path lines. Vectors in a Euclidean space can be comaterial in only two different senses, related to the behavior of their contravariant and covariant convected components; second-order tensors, regarded as linear transformations on a Euclidean vector space, can be comaterial in four different senses, related to their contravariant, covariant, and mixed representations; and, so on for tensors of higher order. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for comateriality. These lead immediately to other conditions that can be stated in terms of “comaterial rates”, which are Lie derivatives. Extensions and generalizations of the Helmholtz-Zorawski criterion are presented. The results are kinematical in nature and hold for all materials.
Application of paired-comparison methods to hearing AIDS.

The method of paired comparisons was introduced into the hearing aid literature nearly 50 years ago. Over time, studies have found paired comparisons to be sensitive, valid, and reliable in determining either the perceptual difference or relative ranking among hearing aids and electroacoustic characteristics. With the increasing number of adjustable electroacoustic parameters in today's digital hearing aids—and the lack of procedural guidelines necessary to fit many of them—the method of paired comparisons provides the clinician with the ability to compare different devices, electroacoustic characteristics, memory settings, or combinations of these variables under the listener's everyday listening conditions. Furthermore, this procedure provides the clinician with the ability to individualize the prescriptive approach—which is predicated mainly on hearing threshold data and listening in quiet—so that a combination of parameters can be set to optimize the user's listening needs in a given environment. In this article, the authors present an overview of the theoretical principle supporting this procedure, the various paired-comparison strategies and associated approaches, the advantages of this method, and recommended procedures for implementing the method of paired comparisons in the fitting of today's sophisticated hearing aids.