cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE DAMAGE

ABSTRACT The effect of stress and strain state on multiaxial fatigue damage in metals is investigated in this study. Formation and early growth of cracks has been extensively studied for the special case of uniaxial tension. Limited data exists for other modes of loading. In this study, tests have been conducted on thin walled tubular specimens in tension and torsion in strain control at room temperature. Materials have included nickel based superalloys, carbon steel and stainless steel. Crack formation and early growth was monitored. Optical and electron microscopy have been used to characterize fatigue damage. Results of these studies indicate that fatigue damage in ductile metals can be classified into three categories depending on the primary failure mechanism. Type A: Shear initiation followed by extensive shear crack growth with final failure occurring by a linking of shear cracks similar to the tearing of perforated paper. Shear crack growth is the primary failure mode. Type B: Shear initiation followed by crack growth along the principle stress direction. Tensile crack growth is the primary failure mode. Type C: No shear observable initiation or shear initiation resulting in nonpropagating cracks. Shear stresses and strains control this process in ductile materials. Principal stress should be considered in materials that are defect controlled and where nonpropagating cracks form.
Readmissions after colorectal surgery: not all are equal

This study aims to assess factors associated with preventable readmissions after colorectal resection. All readmissions following colorectal resection from May 2013 to May 2016 at an academic medical center were reviewed. Readmissions that could be prevented were identified. Factors associated with preventable readmission were assessed using logistic regression. Of 686 patients discharged during the study period, there were 75 patients (11%) with unplanned readmission. Twenty-nine readmissions (39%) were preventable—these readmissions were due to dehydration or acute kidney injury, pain, ostomy complications, and gastrointestinal bleeding. On regression analysis, the strongest preoperative risk factors associated with preventable readmission were urgent or emergent operation (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6–9.9), recent myocardial infarction (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0–9.0), total or subtotal colectomy (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.3), and American Society of Anesthesiologist score ≥ 3 (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.7). Intraoperative risk factors associated with preventable readmission included intraoperative stapler complication (OR 24.2, 95% CI 1.5–397). Postoperative risk factors associated with preventable readmission included postoperative arrhythmia (OR 5.6, 95% CI 2.0–16.1), and postoperative anemia (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.7). On multivariable analysis while controlling for procedure type, urgent or emergent operation (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1–8.2), intraoperative stapler complication (OR 37.5, 95% CI 2.3–627.8), and postoperative arrhythmia (OR 4, 95% CI 1.3–12.8) remained statistically significant. Approximately 40% of readmissions following colorectal surgery are potentially preventable. Since specific patients and factors that are associated with preventable readmission can be identified, resources should be targeted to factors associated with preventable readmissions.
Quantum critical diffusion and thermodynamics in Lifshitz holography

We present the full charge and energy diffusion constants for the Einstein-Maxwell dilaton (EMD) action for Lifshitz spacetime characterized by a dynamical critical exponent $z$. Therein we compute the fully renormalized static thermodynamic potential explicitly, which confirms the forms of all thermodynamic quantities including the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and Smarr-like relationship. All thermodynamics are based on a direct computation of the free energy. Our exact computation demonstrates a modification to the Lifshitz-Ward identity for the EMD theory. For transport, we target our analysis at finite chemical potential and include axion fields to generate momentum dissipation. While our exact results corroborate anticipated bounds, we are able to demonstrate that the diffusivities are governed by the engineering dimension of the diffusion coefficient, $[D]=2\ensuremath{-}z$. Consequently, a $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function defined as the derivative of the trace of the diffusion matrix with respect to the effective lattice spacing changes sign precisely at $z=2$. At $z=2$, the diffusion equation exhibits perfect scale invariance and the corresponding diffusion constant is the pure number $1/{d}_{s}$ for both the charge and energy sectors, where ${d}_{s}$ is the number of spatial dimensions. Further, we find that as $z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, the charge diffusion constant vanishes, indicating charge localization. Deviation from universal decoupled transport obtains when either the chemical potential or momentum dissipation are large relative to temperature, an echo of strong thermoelectric interactions.
Careers in Clinical Engineering

Abstract A career in clinical engineering is a very good option for an engineer who is interested in being part of the healthcare team. A person in this field becomes the liaison between the clinicians who need and use technology and the developers and manufacturers who provide technology for clinical application and patient care. Medical professionals rely more on technology to monitor, diagnose, and treat their patients, and the technology options are more plentiful and complicated than ever. In this kind of a setting, the engineer is a welcome addition to the clinical team helping diagnose and treat patients.
vi-HMM: a novel HMM-based method for sequence variant identification in short-read data.

Accurate and reliable identification of sequence variants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletion polymorphisms (INDELs), plays a fundamental role in next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications. Existing methods for calling these variants often make simplified assumptions of positional independence and fail to leverage the dependence between genotypes at nearby loci that is caused by linkage disequilibrium (LD). We propose vi-HMM, a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based method for calling SNPs and INDELs in mapped short-read data. This method allows transitions between hidden states (defined as “SNP,” “Ins,” “Del,” and “Match”) of adjacent genomic bases and determines an optimal hidden state path by using the Viterbi algorithm. The inferred hidden state path provides a direct solution to the identification of SNPs and INDELs. Simulation studies show that, under various sequencing depths, vi-HMM outperforms commonly used variant calling methods in terms of sensitivity and F1 score. When applied to the real data, vi-HMM demonstrates higher accuracy in calling SNPs and INDELs.
Multiple traits of agronomic importance in transgenic indica rice plants: analysis of transgene integration patterns, expression levels and stability

We cotransformed indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cvs. Basmati 370 and M7) with three plasmids, carrying a total of four genes, by particle bombardment. The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) δ-endotoxin genes cry1Ac and cry2A were carried on separate vectors, while the gna (snowdrop lectin) and hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase) genes were linked on the same, cointegrate vector. We evaluated the molecular and expression profiles of 29 independently derived transgenic lines over two generations. The gna and hpt genes cointegrated with a frequency of 100% as expected. Furthermore, 60% of the transgenic plants carried all four genes. Southern blot analysis showed that transgene copy number ranged from 1 to 15. We used western blots to determine protein expression levels in R0 and R1 plants. We observed wide variation in the expression levels of the nonselected transgenes among independently-derived lines, but expression levels within lines derived from the same clone were similar. Consistent with previous reports, we observed no correlation between transgene copy number and the level or stability of protein expression. We show that the introduction of multiple agronomically valuable genes into the rice genome by cotransformation is a practical strategy for engineering elite rice varieties.
Arrested granule cells and their synapses with mossy fibers in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex

Foci of undescended and arrested granule cells occur beneath the pial surface in the normal cerebellar cortex. The dendrites of the cells participate in synaptic glomeruli with mossy fibers and axons of stellate or basket cells that have been isolated in the foci. Thus, ectopic masses of granular layer are present at these sites in the molecular layer. These granule cells are probably among the last cells to proliferate in the external granular layer. It is proposed that because they may have been late in this phase of their development they were arrested prior to or during migration. Maturation and synapse formation, however, occur because of the arrival of mossy fibers from the internal granular layer. These observations exemplify the specificity of neuronal interaction during development. In addition, the data suggest that neurons may mature and form synapses with their proper partners despite having missed the migratory phase imposed on similar neurons in the normal state.
Simulation of Drop-Size Distribution During Dropwise and Jumping Drop Condensation on a Vertical Surface: Implications for Heat Transfer Modeling

Accurate models for condensation heat transfer are necessary to improve condenser design. Drop-size distribution is an important aspect of heat transfer modeling that is difficult to measure for sm...
Image matching algorithm for weed control applications in organic farming

In general a weed control robot system comprises a weed classification and a weed destruction unit. Both unit are physically separated from each other inside the robot. For that reason the weed classification unit cannot inspect the weed destruction result. Hence an important step for the destruction of weed in organic farming with a robot system is the tracking of classified weed positions. In this paper the tracking is realized with a low-resolution VGA camera and a developed matching algorithm. The tracking is necessary as the robot position can move due to stones or other obstacles on its path. Also speed changes of the robot lead to weed destruction problems. The performance of the proposed image matching algorithm is illustrated by simulation and experimental results.
Safety and Varicella Outcomes in In Utero-Exposed Newborns and Preterm Infants Treated With Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (VARIZIG): A Subgroup Analysis of an Expanded-Access Program.

Background Infants exposed to varicella zoster virus (VZV) in utero ≤5 days before or ≤48 hours after delivery and preterm infants are at high risk for varicella complications. An expanded-access program assessed varicella outcomes after administration of varicella zoster immune globulin (human) (VARIZIG) in a real-world setting. Methods In this open-label, expanded-access program, high-risk infants received ≤125 IU/10 kg of VARIZIG (NCT00338442). VZV outcomes and safety were assessed. Results There were 43 newborns exposed to VZV in utero and 80 preterm infants exposed to VZV; >80% received VARIZIG within 96 hours of reported exposure. When varicella outcomes were available, varicella occurred in 7 of 38 (18%) in utero-exposed newborns and zero of 65 preterm infants. Varicella-related complications were reported in 3 in utero-exposed newborns (3 with >100 lesions, 1 each with encephalitis and pneumonia). Adverse events were reported for 16% of in utero-exposed newborns and 25% of preterm infants, but few were considered related to VARIZIG. There were no deaths attributable to varicella or VARIZIG. Conclusions Varicella incidence and morbidity were low in in utero-exposed infants and zero in preterm infants who received prophylactic VARIZIG. There were few VARIZIG-related safety concerns.
Cancer Rehabilitation Publications (2008-2018) With a Focus on Physical Function: A Scoping Review.

Background Cancer rehabilitation research has accelerated over the last decade. However, closer examination of the published literature reveals that the majority of this work has focused on psychological interventions and cognitive and behavioral therapies. Recent initiatives have aggregated expert consensus around research priorities, highlighting a dearth in research regarding measurement of and interventions for physical function. Increasingly loud calls for the need to address the myriad of physical functional impairments that develop in people living with and beyond cancer have been published in the literature. A detailed survey of the landscape of published research has not been reported to our knowledge. Purpose This scoping review systematically identified literature published between 2008 and 2018 related to the screening, assessment, and interventions associated with physical function in people living with and beyond cancer. Data sources PubMed and CINAHL were searched up to September 2018. Study selection Study selection included articles of all levels of evidence on any disease stage and population. A total of 11,483 articles were screened for eligibility, 2507 full-text articles were reviewed, and 1055 articles were selected for final inclusion and extraction. Data extraction Seven reviewers recorded type of cancer, disease stage, age of participants, phase of treatment, time since diagnosis, application to physical function, study design, impairments related to physical function, and measurement instruments used. Data synthesis Approximately one-third of the articles included patients with various cancer diagnoses (30.3%), whereas the rest focused on a single cancer, most commonly breast (24.8%). Most articles (77%) measured physical function following the completion of active cancer treatment with 64% representing the assessment domain. The most commonly used measures of physical function were the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Health Survey Questionnaire (29%) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Cancer 30 (21.5%). Limitations Studies not written in English, study protocols, conference abstracts, and unpublished data were excluded. Conclusions This review elucidated significant inconsistencies in the literature regarding language used to define physical function, measurement tools used to characterize function, and the use of those tools across the cancer treatment and survivorship trajectory. The findings suggested that physical function in cancer research is predominantly measured using general health-related quality-of-life tools rather than more precise functional assessment tools. Interdisciplinary and clinician-researcher collaborative efforts should be directed toward a unified definition and assessment of physical function.
Redox Potential Tuning of Dimolybdenum Systems through Systematic Substitution by Guanidinate Ligands.

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of dimolybdenum paddlewheel complexes of the type Mo2(DAniF)4–n(hpp)n (n = 1–3), where DAniF is the anion of N,N′-di-p-anisyl-formamidine an...
Programming and simulating chemical reaction networks on a surface.

Models of well-mixed chemical reaction networks (CRNs) have provided a solid foundation for the study of programmable molecular systems, but the importance of spatial organization in such systems h...
Teaching with Radical Optimism: Mastery Learning in Music Theory

In this essay, I discuss how mastery learning may be used to transform assessment in music-theory curricula. Mastery learning is a learning theory that posits that most students are capable of achieving mastery of a subject if given enough time and instruction. Students are therefore assessed based on their abilities to demonstrate mastery and, if they have not yet achieved it, continue to work towards that goal until they do. I discuss the methods I have used to structure my music-theory classes around mastery learning, in particular by employing a mastery-learning rubric that clearly defines a passing level for each assessed task. I propose that setting mastery as the expected standard is a radically optimistic approach to student learning.
Discovery of five HIV nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) as potent inhibitors against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV

Abstract The outbreak of SARS in 2002-2003 caused by SARS-CoV, and the pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 caused by 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2), have threatened human health globally and raised the urgency to develop effective antivirals against the viruses. In this study, we expressed and purified the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nsp12 of SARS-CoV and developed a primer extension assay for the evaluation of nsp12 activity. We found that nsp12 could efficiently extend single-stranded RNA, while having low activity towards double-stranded RNA. Nsp12 required a catalytic metal (Mg2+ or Mn2+) for polymerase activity and the activity was also K+-dependent, while Na+ promoted pyrophosphorylation, the reverse process of polymerization. To identify antivirals against nsp12, a competitive assay was developed containing 4 natural rNTPs and a nucleotide analog, and the inhibitory effects of 24 FDA-approved nucleotide analogs were evaluated in their corresponding active triphosphate forms. Ten of the analogs, including 2 HIV NRTIs, could inhibit the RNA extension of nsp12 by more than 40%. The 10 hits were verified which showed dose-dependent inhibition. In addition, the 24 nucleotide analogs were screened on SARS-CoV primase nsp8 which revealed stavudine and remdesivir were specific inhibitors to nsp12. Furthermore, the 2 HIV NRTIs were evaluated on 2019-nCoV nsp12 which showed inhibition as well. Then we expanded the evaluation to all 8 FDA-approved HIV NRTIs and discovered 5 of them, tenofovir, stavudine, abacavir, zidovudine and zalcitabine, could inhibit the RNA extension by nsp12 of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. In conclusion, 5 FDA-approved HIV NRTIs inhibited the RNA extension by nsp12 and were promising candidates for the treatment of SARS and COVID-19.
Hamiltonian models of lattice fermions solvable by the meron-cluster algorithm

We introduce a half-filled Hamiltonian of spin-half lattice fermions that can be studied with the efficient meron-cluster algorithm in any dimension. As with the usual bipartite half-filled Hubbard models, the na\"{\i}ve $U(2)$ symmetry is enhanced to $SO(4)$. On the other hand, our model has a novel spin-charge flip ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{C}$ symmetry which is an important ingredient of free massless fermions. In this work we focus on one spatial dimension and show that our model can be viewed as a lattice-regularized two-flavor chiral-mass Gross-Neveu model. Our model remains solvable in the presence of the Hubbard coupling $U$, which maps to a combination of Gross-Neveu and Thirring couplings in one dimension. Using the meron-cluster algorithm we find that the ground state of our model is a valence bond solid when $U=0$. From our field theory analysis, we argue that the valence bond solid forms inevitably because of an interesting frustration between spin and charge sectors in the renormalization group flow enforced by the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{C}$ symmetry. This state spontaneously breaks translation symmetry by one lattice unit, which can be identified with a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ chiral symmetry in the continuum. We show that increasing $U$ induces a quantum phase transition to a critical phase described by the $SU(2{)}_{1}$ Wess-Zumino-Witten theory. The quantum critical point between these two phases is known to exhibit a novel symmetry enhancement between spin and dimer. Here we verify the scaling relations of these correlation functions near the critical point numerically. Our study opens up the exciting possibility of numerical access to similar novel phase transitions in higher dimensions in fermionic lattice models using the meron-cluster algorithm.
Machine learning of metal-ceramic wettability

Abstract The adhesion and wetting between metal and ceramic is a basic problem in materials science and engineering. For example, past materials selection for metal-ceramic composites has relied on random trials and heuristics due to a limited understanding of their adhesion; the large chemical/structural variability that such interfaces can have hinders the identification of the governing factors. Here based on literature data, we have developed a database with ∼1,000 experimentally measured wetting angles at different temperatures and atmospheric conditions, and come up with a model for the wettability of ionocovalent ceramics (ICs) by metals using a machine learning (ML) algorithm. The random forest model uses the testing temperature and ∼40 features generated based on the chemical compositions of the metal and the ceramic as predictors and exhibits strong predictive power with an R2 of ∼0.86. Moreover, this model and the featurization code are integrated into a single computational pipeline to enable (1) predicting metal-IC wettability of interest and (2) high-throughput searching of ICs with the desired wettability by certain metals in the entire Inorganic Crystallographic Structure Database. As a demonstration of this pipeline, the wettability of a Li-ion and electron insulator (LEI), CaO, by molten Li is estimated and compared with ab initio molecular dynamics simulation result. This ML pipeline can serve as a practical tool for methodical design of materials in systems where certain metal-ceramic wettability is desired.
Autism risk gene POGZ promotes chromatin accessibility and expression of clustered synaptic genes

Abstract De novo mutations in POGZ, which encodes the chromatin regulator Pogo Transposable Element with ZNF Domain protein, are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we find that in the developing mouse and human brain POGZ binds predominantly euchromatic loci and these are enriched for human neurodevelopmental disorder genes and transposable elements. We profile chromatin accessibility and gene expression in Pogz−/− mice and find that POGZ promotes chromatin accessibility of candidate regulatory elements (REs) and the expression of clustered synaptic genes. We further demonstrate that POGZ forms a nuclear complex and co-occupies loci with HP1γ and ADNP, another high-confidence ASD risk gene. In Pogz+/− mice, Adnp expression is reduced. We postulate that reduced POGZ dosage disrupts cortical function through alterations in the POGZ-ADNP balance which modifies neuronal gene expression.
An Empirical Study of Training End-to-End Vision-and-Language Transformers.

Vision-and-language (VL) pre-training has proven to be highly effective on various VL downstream tasks. While recent work has shown that fully transformer-based VL models can be more efficient than previous region-feature-based methods, their performance on downstream tasks are often degraded significantly. In this paper, we present METER~(\textbf{M}ultimodal \textbf{E}nd-to-end \textbf{T}ransform\textbf{ER}), through which we systematically investigate how to design and pre-train a fully transformer-based VL model in an end-to-end manner. Specifically, we dissect the model designs along multiple dimensions: vision encoders (e.g., CLIP-ViT, Swin transformer), text encoders (e.g., RoBERTa, DeBERTa), multimodal fusion (e.g., merged attention vs. co-attention), architecture design (e.g., encoder-only vs. encoder-decoder), and pre-training objectives (e.g., masked image modeling). We conduct comprehensive experiments on a wide range of VL tasks, and provide insights on how to train a performant VL transformer while maintaining fast inference speed. Notably, METER~achieves an accuracy of 77.64\% on the VQAv2 test-std set using only 4M images for pre-training, surpassing the state-of-the-art region-feature-based VinVL model by +1.04\%, and outperforming the previous best fully transformer-based ALBEF model by +1.6\%.
Tread rubber compound effect in winter tires: An experimental study

Abstract This paper presents an indoor experimental study focused on analyzing the effect of various tread rubber compounds on the tire performance on ice. A set of sixteen tires (two per rubber compound) with identical dimensions, construction, and tread pattern, but of different tread rubber compounds, was investigated using the Terramechanics Rig which measures all forces and moments acting on a tire that is rolling (free or with slip) on ice. All operational parameters (normal load, inflation pressure, ice static coefficient of friction, ice temperature) were kept constant. Testing the tires under free rolling provided insights into the effect of the tread rubber compound on the resistive forces. The investigation led to conclusive evidence that the tread rubber compound affects drawbar pull coefficient significantly (double for best than for the worst tire). It was found that the effect of the tread rubber compound in the lower slip region is most prominent, which is also where vehicles operate most of the time. The decrease in the stiffness is generally considered a positive sign for improvement in available friction but this cannot be a generalized conclusion when analyzing the tire as a whole, which is one of the major findings of this study.
Wealth of the Oceans

Owing to the increasing population, the disparity of natural resources distribution and the variation of climate around the world, there are energy-water-food nexus problems in some countries in the world. It is the objective of the current work to point to the wealth of the oceans as a resource to find all three components. Aquaculture for deep water should also be investigated, and coastal aquaculture expanded. Wind and water technologies for generating electricity or other forms of transportable/storable forms of energy should be researched and developed to a much greater extent. The cost of desalination for potable water should be driven down so that many more countries could afford it. Other pressing reasons for looking to use the oceans more are discussed in this review.
Sacred and Secular: Religious Organizations and Social Capital

earlier chapters have demonstrated that where religious values are undermined by the first stage of the modernization process, this influences participation in services of worship. What are the broader consequences of secularization for engagement in faith-based organizations, civic networks, and social capital in postindustrial societies? Mainline Protestant churches in the United States – Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Lutherans – have long been regarded as playing a central role in the lives of their local communities. They are believed to do so by providing places for people to meet, fostering informal social networks of friends and neighbors, developing leadership skills in religious organizations and church committees, informing people about public affairs, delivering welfare services, providing a community meeting place, drawing together people from diverse social and ethnic backgrounds, and encouraging active involvement in associational groups concerned with education, youth development, and human services, exemplified by the Rotary clubs, YMCA, and school boards. The role of churches in the United States raises important questions: in particular, do religious institutions function in similar ways in other countries, fostering social networks, associational activism, and civic engagement? And, if so, has secularization contributed to an erosion of social capital in postindustrial societies? To focus on these issues, the first section of this chapter outlines Robert Putnam's influential theory about the role of religion in social capital.
Student Innovation Challenge at the World Haptics Conference 2015: Teams Create Haptic Apps for the TPad Phone

Reports on the events and activities that took place at the 2015 Student Innovation Challenge at World Haptics contest.
Kinesiological Research in the Soviet Union

(1972). Kinesiological Research in the Soviet Union. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 93-98.
Laser fluorescence spectroscopy of zinc neutrals originating from laser-irradiated and ion-bombarded zinc sulfide and zinc surfaces

Time-of-flight (TOF) measurements, employing high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS) as a probe, have been used to measure the yield and velocity distribution of Zn atoms ejected from a ZnS single crystal under irradiation by 308n nm photons. By comparison with the known ion sputtering yield for pure zinc, the absolute yield was determined to be 10/sup 10/ atoms/pulse at a laser fluence of 30 mJ/cm/sup 2/. The velocity distribution of the Zn atoms could be fitted by a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, having characteristic temperature of approx.2300/sup 0/K. In addition, Doppler-shift techniques have been combined with TOF measurements in order to separate prompt from delayed emission of ablated atoms, as well as to probe possible molecular or cluster fragmentation. The results obtained suggest the possibility of molecular or cluster fragmentation. The results obtained suggest the possibility of molecular or cluster emission from ZnS. 17 refs., 7 figs.
Who's the Best? A Relativistic View of Expertise

Summary The dictionary and the expert performance approach view an expert as one who, after sufficient training and experience in a domain, can perform the requisite tasks above a threshold level. In contrast, we argue for a performance-based approach that implies expertise is a continuum; the experts are the best performers. Most tasks in which expertise can be demonstrated have an underlying core of judgment, including domains in which the tasks call for judgment to be overlain with performance, prediction, or instruction. To evaluate judgment, we employ the metaphor of the judge as a measuring instrument. Like an instrument, expert judgment according to the performance-based approach has three key properties: discrimination, consistency, and validity. Validity requires ground truth and is usually difficult to establish; but the other two properties are readily observable, and they are combined in the Cochran–Weiss–Shanteau index. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stanley Peters and Dag Westerståhl: Quantifiers in language and logic

Quantifiers in Language and Logic (QLL) is a major contribution to natural language semantics, specifically to quantification. It integrates the extensive recent work on quantifiers in logic and linguistics. It also presents new observations and results. QLL should help linguists understand the mathematical generalizations we can make about natural language quantification, and it should interest logicians by presenting an extensive array of quantifiers that lie beyond the pale of classical logic. Here we focus on those aspects of QLL we judge to be of specific interest to linguists, and we contribute a few musings of our own, as one mark of a worthy publication is whether it stimulates the reader to seek out new observations, and QLL does. QLL is long and fairly dense, so we make no attempt to cover all the points it makes. But QLL has a topic index, a special symbols index and two tables of contents, a detailed one and an overview one, all of which help make it user friendly. QLL is presented in four parts: I, “The Logical Conception of Quantifiers and Quantification” with an introductory section “Quantification”. II, “Quantifiers of Natural Language”, the most extensive section in the book and of the most direct interest to linguists. III, “Beginnings of a Theory of Expressiveness, Translation, and Formalization” introduces notions of expressive power and definability, and IV, presents recent work and techniques concerning quantifier definability over finite domains, making accessible to linguists recent work in finite model theory.
The Goldman Sachs Warrants

This paper values the Capital Purchase Program (CPP) and Berkshire Hathaway warrants issued by Goldman Sachs in 2008. The paper’s methodology could be of interest to policy makers, non-profits, journalists, and advisors for the government and the over 500 banks with CPP warrants outstanding.
WSKE: web server key enabled cookies

In this paper, we present the design and prototype of a new approach to cookie management: if a server deposits a cookie only after authenticating itself via the SSL handshake, the browser will return the cookie only to a server that can authenticate itself, via SSL, to the same keypair. This approach can enable usable but secure client authentication. This approach can improve the usability of server authentication by clients. This approach is superior to the prior work on Active Cookies in that it defends against both DNS spoofing and IP spoofing--and does not require binding a user's interaction with a server to individual IP addresses.
An x‐ray study of diffusion in the Cu‐Ag system

The interdiffusion coefficients for both solid phases of the Ag‐Cu system have been determined from x‐ray diffraction and electron microprobe data. Specimens containing 3.2 μm of Ag on a (111) ‐oriented Cu crystal were used for the x‐ray studies, while a 15‐μm deposit of Ag was used for the probe specimens. Composition profiles for each phase were obtained from the x‐ray intensity bands and a new iterative one‐dimensional model was applied to determine the composition‐dependent diffusion coefficients. The average diffusion coefficients for both phases are nearly equal at about 10−10 cm2/sec at 750 °C, the diffusion temperature. Also, the solubility for the Ag‐rich phase is about three times the solubility for the Cu‐rich phase. These conditions result in interface reversal, i.e., the interface first moves into the substrate and later moves toward the free surface. Structural damage resulting from atomic diffusion was found to be much smaller for the Ag‐Cu system than for other single‐phase Cu‐base specime...
A Model for Extraterrestrial Solar Degradation of Zinc Oxide

Discoloration of ZnO from ultraviolet absorption can be produced in the laboratory, but is most severe in extraterrestrial environments, when microcrystalline ZnO is used as a pigment for spacecraft thermal control surfaces. Understanding of this degradation process should lead to development of pigments with improved thermal stability under prolonged ultraviolet exposure. It is noted that movement of photoexcited holes to the surfaces of crystallites, followed by oxygen evolution from the lattice and the creation of interstitial zinc (which causes the optical degradation), can continue indefinitely if the interstitial zinc is able to migrate inwards. The evidence supports a finite mobility for interstitial zinc at temperatures as low as 300°K. Doping techniques aimed at minimizing the tendency towards continued degradation are discussed.
Hyper-Reactive Human Ventral Tegmental Area and Aberrant Mesocorticolimbic Connectivity in Overgeneralization of Fear in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been primarily implicated in reward-motivated behavior. Recently, aberrant dopaminergic VTA signaling has also been implicated in anxiety-like behaviors in animal models. These findings, however, have yet to be extended to anxiety in humans. Here we hypothesized that clinical anxiety is linked to dysfunction of the mesocorticolimbic circuit during threat processing in humans; specifically, excessive or dysregulated activity of the mesocorticolimbic aversion circuit may be etiologically related to errors in distinguishing cues of threat versus safety, also known as "overgeneralization of fear." To test this, we recruited 32 females with generalized anxiety disorder and 25 age-matched healthy control females. We measured brain activity using fMRI while participants underwent a fear generalization task consisting of pseudo-randomly presented rectangles with systematically varying widths. A mid-sized rectangle served as a conditioned stimulus (CS; 50% electric shock probability) and rectangles with widths of CS ±20%, ±40%, and ±60% served as generalization stimuli (GS; never paired with electric shock). Healthy controls showed VTA reactivity proportional to the cue's perceptual similarity to CS (threat). In contrast, patients with generalized anxiety disorder showed heightened and less discriminating VTA reactivity to GS, a feature that was positively correlated with trait anxiety, as well as increased mesocortical and decreased mesohippocampal coupling. Our results suggest that the human VTA and the mesocorticolimbic system play a crucial role in threat processing, and that abnormalities in this system are implicated in maladaptive threat processing in clinical anxiety.
A New Dual Wave-length Spectrophotometer

The design, construction, specifications, and operation of a new dual wave-length spectrophotometer are presented. The instrument utilizes only one fixed grating and mobile exit slits with photomultiplier light sensors. Two wave lengths can be monitored and both channels may be scanned, simultaneously and independently. The spectrophotometer has been integrated into an atomic absorption system which includes a Woodriff furnace and Ithaco dual channel lock-in amplifier. The two channels may be used separately (A and B) or may be ratioed (A/B). Calibration curves were obtained for Ag and Pb. Results are given for the determination of Ag in a complex water sample requiring background correction using the ratio (A/B) mode and for the simultaneous determination of Ag and Pb in synthetic samples using the two separate channel (A and B) mode.
Scramjet fuel-air mixing establishment in a pulse facility

A numerical simulation of the temporally developing flow through a generic scramjet combustor duct is presented for stagnation conditions typical of flight at Mach 13. The particular focus is to examine the startup transients and to determine the time required for certain flow parameters to become established. The calculations were made with a Navier-Stokes solver SPARK with temporally relaxing inflow conditions derived from the operation of the T4 shock tunnel at the University of Queensland in Australia. The generic combustor geometry includes the injection of hydrogen fuel from the base of a centrally located strut. The flow was assumed laminar and fuel combustion was not included. The establishment process is presented for viscous parameters in the boundary layer and for parameters related to the fuel-air mixing.
Modeling of asymmetric membrane formation. II. The effects of surface boundary conditions

An analysis is carried out to evaluate the effects of alternate surface boundary conditions on the predictions of our previously developed (Part I) pseudobinary diffusion model for membrane formation by the phase inversion process. Attention is addressed to a comparison of concentration profiles in the quenched film for a constant flux interface (CF) condition and a mass transfer rate (MT) interface condition. A numerical algorithm is developed to handle the MT condition based on an explicit, finite difference marching method. Comparison of concentration profiles with those obtained earlier for the CF boundary condition show that since results for both cases are very similar, either condition can be used in concentration profile calculations. Changes in bath conditions will mainly affect membrane formation through the changed solvent/nonsolvent flux ratio during quenching.
Expression of the phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) gene family during the acute phase response

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a member of PLSCR gene family that has been implicated in multiple cellular processes including movement of phospholipids, gene regulation, immuno-activation, and cell proliferation/apoptosis. In the present study, we identified PLSCR1 as a positive intracellular acute phase protein that is upregulated by LPS in liver, heart, and adipose tissue, but not skeletal muscle. LPS administration resulted in a marked increase in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein levels in the liver. This stimulation occurred rapidly (within 2 h), and was very sensitive to LPS (half-maximal response at 0.1 microg/mouse). Moreover, two other APR-inducers, zymosan and turpentine, also produced significant increases in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein levels, indicating that PLSCR1 was stimulated in a number of models of the APR. To determine signaling pathways by which LPS stimulated PLSCR1, we examined the effect of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 all stimulated PLSCR1 in cultured Hep B3 hepatocytes, whereas only TNFalpha stimulated PLSCR1 in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting cell type-specific effects of cytokines. Furthermore, the LPS-stimulated increase in liver PLSCR1 mRNA was greatly attenuated by 80% in TNFalpha and IL-1beta receptor null mice as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, PLSCR1 levels in adipose tissue were induced to a similar extent in TNFalpha and IL-1beta receptor null mice and controls. These results indicate that maximal stimulation of PLSCR1 by LPS in liver required TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta, whereas the stimulation of PLSCR1 in adipose tissue is not dependent on TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta. These data provide evidence that PLSCR1 is a positive intracellular acute phase protein with a tissue-specific mechanism for up-regulation.
Exploring Faculty Beliefs about Student Learning and Their Role in Instructional Decision-Making

This study utilizes theory from situated cognition to investigate faculty beliefs about student learning and their influence on teaching decisions. Results of interviews with and observations of 56 science and math faculty found that the two most common beliefs are: (a) students learn best through repeated practice, and (b) students have different learning styles. The remaining 13 beliefs exhibited an underlying dimensionality regarding whether teachers or students are responsible for constructing knowledge and understanding. These findings provide insights into factors that can be used to design locally attuned interventions in contrast to a “top‑down” model of change.
Chemistry of the phenoxathiins and isosterically related heterocycles. XVI. The synthesis and molecular structure of 3-azaphenoxathiin: Evidence in support of factors responsible for control of the dihedral angle†

The synthesis of the 3-azaphenoxathiin ring system and its molecular structure are reported. Based on 13C-nmr chemical shift additivities associated with the insertion of an annular nitrogen atom and the observed 13C-nmr shift of Cα, the title compound was predicted to have a dihedral angle θ = 160.2°. The observed dihedral angle from the crystal structure was found to be θ = 167.07° which is in reasonably good agreement with the predicted value. It is proposed that the position of the annular nitrogen atom is solely in-control of the observed dihedral angle.
The structure of 4',4''-diethylstilbestrol (DES) quinone.

Abstract The structure of 4′,4″-diethylstilbestrol quinone (DES quinone), a short-lived metabolic intermediate of the synthetic estrogen E-diethylstilbestrol (DES), was investigated by 13C- and 1H-nmr. Selected homonuclear decoupling experiments were carried out to identify the carbons and protons with which resonances were associated. The 1H-nmr spectrum of DES quinone remained unchanged in the temperature range from 25°C to 65°C. The spectral results suggested the structure of DES quinone to be planar or time-averaged planar with the exception of the freely rotating ethyl groups. The conformation of this intermediate was found to be transoid without any indication of conversion through a cisoid conformation. The similarity of the 1H-nmr spectrum of 3′,3″,-5′,5″-tetrafluoro-4′,4″-diethylstilbestrol quinone (TF-DES quinone) and that of the non-fluorinated parent suggested a high degree of structural similarity. The planar structures of the quinone intermediates differed from those of DES or Z,Z-dienestrol which were not coplanar with respect to the aromatic ring systems.
Hereditary female cancers: Breast, ovarian, and endometrial

Abstract Hereditary cancers breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers comprise a significant portion of cancers affecting women. This paper strives to review the genetics and current screening, prophylaxis, and treatment of these malignancies.
Motivational effects of drugs: Methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology

I t is well known t h a t people differ wide ly in the i r a p p a r e n t sensit iv i t y to pa in and fear, in the i r genera l level of energy and ac t iv i ty , in f a t igab i l i ty , the need for sleep, and in o ther aspects of dr ive and emot ion such as mood, appe t i t e , s exua l i ty and aggression. Fu r the rmore , the same person m a y v a r y in these respects a t d i f ferent s tages be tween in fancy and seni l i ty , w i th changes in phys ica l condi t ion and disease, or in st i l l more mys te r ious f luc tua t ions . Cer ta in ly w h a t the person has lea rned f rom his life exper iences p lays an i m p o r t a n t p a r t in such differences (DOLLARD and MILLEIr But it also seems that organic factors, both innate and physiologically acquired, contribute to these differences. In other words, ju.st as hereditary and dietary factors contribute to the physical size which makes an individual a better candidate for learning varsity football, there probably are organic differences in the strength of various motivational and emotional mechanisms which make an individual a better prospect for a mental hospital. In short, the organic substrate and the conditions of social learning interact (MILLER1957a). At a time when it seemed relatively hopeless to do much about the organic factors, research was rightly concentrated on the environmental ones. As the recent great advances in biological techniques offer new hope that some of the organic factors contributing to the foregoing differences can be changed, the balance in research is being res tored. B u t these new biological techniques need to be i n t e g ra t e d with new behav io ra l ones to develop a bas ic science of the no rma l phys io logy and the pha rmaco logy of behavior . This pape r s t a r t s w i th a discussion of cer ta in techniques for the expe r imen t a l s t u d y in an imals of mo t iva t i ons and emot ions ~. I n th is
Catalysis by human leukocyte elastase. III: Steady-state kinetics for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters

Abstract Steady-state kinetic parameters were determined at pH 7.4 and 25 °C for the human leukocyte elastase-catalyzed hydrolysis of several N -carbobenzoxy- l -amino acid p -nitrophenyl esters. The substrate specificity for these esters was quite broad, and included the Gly, Phe, and Tyr derivatives. Together with reports of a much narrower P-1 specificity for peptide-based substrates, these results suggest that interactions remote from the scissle bond between enzyme and substrate regulate primary specificity. Also, it was found that k c and k c K m did not exhibit the same dependence on substrate structure. This is interpreted to suggest that there are significant differences in P-1 specificity between acylation and deacylation for leukocyte elastase-catalyzed reactions.
Quark trapping for lattice U(1) gauge fields

Abstract We show for lattice U(1) gauge fields in d = 3 dimensions, that 〈exp(i∮ C A d x )〉 ⩽ exp (− const. T ln L ), where C is a rectangle of dimension T × L , T ⩾ L . This indicates quark trapping, by a potential at least as strong as Coulomb.
Sampling from partially rank-ordered sets

In this paper we introduce a new sampling design. The proposed design is similar to a ranked set sampling (RSS) design with a clear difference that rankers are allowed to declare any two or more units are tied in ranks whenever the units can not be ranked with high confidence. These units are replaced in judgment subsets. The fully measured units are then selected from these partially ordered judgment subsets. Based on this sampling scheme, we develop unbiased estimators for the population mean and variance. We show that the proposed sampling procedure has some advantages over standard ranked set sampling.