cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airborne Particulates in Pittsburgh: Association with p,p-DDT

The DDT associated with samples of airborne particulates was measured by gas chromatography. Because of possible vaporization of DDT during sampling, concentrations reported represent minimum values but demonstrate that DDT can be present in an urban atmosphere that is distant from any large-scale agricultural activity.
The Role of Ethics in the Commercialization of Indigenous Knowledge

Much has been written about indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in fields like anthropology and law. However, it remains an under-examined topic in business and management literature. In this article, we review the emerging contentious discourse, definitional issues and underlying assumptions of the western IPR and indigenous knowledge management systems. We highlight the similarities and differences between the two approaches. We argue that adopting a view that law is socially constructed with ethical underpinnings helps sort out the thorny issues related to indigenous knowledge ‘expropriation’. To do this, we draw on the role of ethical norms in the historical evolution of IPRs regimes. Finally, grounded in Stakeholder Theory, we conclude with a discussion of managerial implications.
Creating the Modern Man: American Magazines and Consumer Culture, 1900-1950

In the late nineteenth century, general-interest magazines began to reach an unprecedented number of readers and conveyed to those readers diverse messages about the meaning of masculinity in America. Over the next fifty years, these messages narrated a shift from Victorian masculinity, which valued character, integrity, hard work, and duty, to modern masculinity, which valued personality, self-realization, and image. In "Creating the Modern Man", Tom Pendergast studies the multifaceted ways that masculinity is represented in magazines published during this transitional period. Pendergast focuses on the rise of mass consumer culture, demonstrating that consumerism was a key factor in reshaping American notions of masculinity as presented in popular magazines. Whereas much scholarship has decried the effects of consumerism, Pendergast treats consumer culture as an energizing force in the American magazine market. He suggests that such magazines offered men new and meaningful visions of masculine identity and argues that men actively participated in restructuring the masculine ideal. Engaging a wide range of magazines from "American" Magazine to "Esquire to True", Pendergast demonstrates how these publications presented masculinity in ways that reflected the magazines' relationship to advertisers, contributors, and readers. This fascinating study includes such African American magazines as the "Colored American", "Crisis", "Opportunity", and "Ebony". Pendergast reasons that the rise of modern masculinity opened the way for African American men to identify with normative masculine values. As white men reinvented the idea of the "self-made man" for a new era, black men struggled to negotiate a meaningful place for black masculinity in a culture intent on denying them access. The first complete investigation of the representation of men in American magazines, "Creating the Modern Man" makes an important contribution to our understanding of these publications, both as elements of mass culture and as interesting institutions in their own right. Pendergast takes readers inside the complex world of magazine publishing, demonstrating how magazines slowly yet surely help create the cultural images that shape societal gender roles.
Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants

Background: Recommended therapeutic international normalized ratios (INRs) for oral anticoagulation in patients with lupus anticoagulants who sustain a thromboembolic event are controversial. Patie...
Response of uni-modal duffing-type harvesters to random forced excitations

The common linear energy harvesters have an inherent shortcoming in their operation concept because they operate efficiently only when the excitation frequency is very close to the fundamental frequency of the harvester. To extend the harvester’s bandwidth, some recent solutions call for utilizing energy harvesters with stiffness-type nonlinearities. From a steady-state perspective, this hardening nonlinearity can extend the coupling between the excitation and the harvester to a wider range of frequencies. In this effort, we investigate the response of such harvesters to Gaussian White and Colored excitations. For Gaussian White excitations, we solve the Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov equation for the exact joint probability density function of the response. We show that the expected value of the output power is not even a function of the nonlinearity. As such, under White Gaussian excitations, nonlinearities in the stiffness do not provide any enhancement over the typical linear harvesters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nonlinearities in the damping or inertia should be sought to enhance the output power. We also use the Van Kampen expansion to analyze the response to Colored excitations of different bandwidths and center frequencies. Again, we show that, regardless of the bandwidth or the center frequency, the expected value of the power is always less than that associated with a linear harvester.
Virtual floortime using games to engage children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

1 in 88 children is diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Specific software, virtual worlds, and games may be used to improve social and language skills. These tools may be combined with the DIR/Floortime therapeutic model that encourages parents, teachers, and therapists to engage these children through their own (sometimes limited) interests. Applying this framework, this paper suggests the creation of a workshop modeled after the Computer Clubhouse, as developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which would take advantage of the children's sometimes above-average analytic and visual abilities. Participants would produce their own video games with Scratch or other age-appropriate tool. In this way, children on the autism spectrum could pursue their interests in computers and games while strengthening their creativity and problem-solving skills: areas that are sometimes difficult for those with the disorder.
Treatment of rickets with minimal viosterol dosage

Summary 1. Thirteen Negro infants, ages 8–28 months, with moderate and severe rickets were hospitalized under controlled conditions for 56 days; during 42 days each child received 800 U.S.P. units of viosterol. 2. There was absence of spontaneous healing of the rickets during a two-week observation period. 3. All infants but four with severe cases showed beginning healing at the end of the first week of therapy. 4. Eight of the 13 were almost completely healed at the end of the sixth week.
Conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated ketones with mixed lithium triorganozincates

Abstract Lithium Triorganozincates of the type RR′ 2 ZnLi, where R′ = Me and R = n -Bu or sec-Bu, efficiently transfer the R group in a 1,4 fashion to α,β-unsaturated ketones.
An Investigation of the Products of the Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons

Products of uranium fission which are chemically antimony, tellurium and iodine have been examined. The following activities have been found: Three activities---the 10-hour tellurium, the 70-minute tellurium, and the 8-day iodine---have been identified with known bodies through comparison of half-lives and beta-ray spectra. Genetical relationships of the activities have been established by a technique of periodic separations and by the observation of growth in activity curves.
Accelerated impulse response calculation for indoor optical communication channels

In order to compare the accelerated implementation with the original software, we observe performance and accuracy. Both sets of simulations are run on the same workstation - an HP Z400 with an Intel Xeon W3505 processor. The GPU used for the accelerated simulations is an Nvidia GeForce 285 with CUDA version 2.3. Table I offers an overview of the performance improvements provided by the accelerated implementation in multiple scenarios and Figures 1–4 show detailed analysis of the performance across a range of complexity metrics for the Cubicle scenario discussed in [2].
Plant calorimetry: how to quantitatively compare apples and oranges

Abstract Methods for the study of living plants or tissues by calorimetry have developed to the point that increasingly complex questions about plant physiology can be examined. Equipment now available or being developed for plant studies includes simple isothermal calorimeters with sample volumes from 1 ml to several liters, isothermal perfusion calorimeters, photocalorimeters, differential temperature scanning calorimeters, and calorimeters with multiple sample and CO 2 and O 2 sensing capabilities. Isothermal calorimetry, both with and without perfusion attachments, can be used to examine total metabolic rates of plant samples and to study effects of a wide variety of naturally occurring or artificially added factors on those rates. Moderately large numbers of plants can be examined for properties such as growth rates and tolerance limits to selected stimuli. Short term predictors of long term plant response can aid in selection of desired growth or tolerance characteristics and should prove of value in both classical plant breeding and future uses of biotechnology. Plant metabolism may be modeled with two inputs (photosynthate and oxygen) and three outputs (CO 2 , biomass, and heat). Understanding the transform function between input and output requires measuring at least four of the five parameters. Calorimetric measurements in conjunction with measurement of the other input-output parameters provides a quantitative understanding of metabolism in apples and oranges.
Ultrafast X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Isochorically Heated Copper Plasmas at Solid Density

Using ultrafast x-ray technique, we observed the changes of electronic structure of isochorically heated copper. It allows us to determine electron temperature at a few eV regimes and investigate thermo-physical properties of solid-density plasmas.
Does input influence uptake? Links between maternal talk, processing speed and vocabulary size in Spanish‐learning children

It is well established that variation in caregivers' speech is associated with language outcomes, yet little is known about the learning principles that mediate these effects. This longitudinal study (n = 27) explores whether Spanish-learning children's early experiences with language predict efficiency in real-time comprehension and vocabulary learning. Measures of mothers' speech at 18 months were examined in relation to children's speech processing efficiency and reported vocabulary at 18 and 24 months. Children of mothers who provided more input at 18 months knew more words and were faster in word recognition at 24 months. Moreover, multiple regression analyses indicated that the influences of caregiver speech on speed of word recognition and vocabulary were largely overlapping. This study provides the first evidence that input shapes children's lexical processing efficiency and that vocabulary growth and increasing facility in spoken word comprehension work together to support the uptake of the information that rich input affords the young language learner.
Cat's Eyes and Popcorn Flowers: Phylogenetic Systematics of the Genus Cryptantha s. l. (Boraginaceae)

Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) is a group of approximately 200 annual and perennial species, representing two-thirds of the diversity within subtribe Cryptanthinae. The genus exhibits an amphitropic distribution, occurring in temperate and desert regions of western North and South America. Fifty samples of 45 species of Cryptantha s. l., exemplars of the related genera Amsinckia, Pectocarya, and Plagiobothrys, and four outgroup taxa were sequenced for two gene regions, the nuclear ribosomal gene, ITS, and the trnLUAA intron region of the chloroplast genome. These data were used to assess phylogenetic relationships using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. Cryptantha s. l. was found to be polyphyletic, with its members placed among several well-supported clades. Based on these analyses, we propose resurrection of the genera Eremocarya, Greeneocharis, Johnstonella, and Oreocarya, and recognition of a newly delimited Cryptantha s. s. The related genera Amsinckia and Pectocarya were resolved as monophyletic and most closely related to various clades within Cryptantha s. l. Plagiobothrys was resolved as polyphyletic in three clades, these clades corresponding to previously named sections or groups of sections. The Cryptanthinae is supported as monophyletic. Character trait analyses support the multiple, derived evolution of perenniality, reduction in nutlet number, nutlet heteromorphism, smooth nutlet sculpturing, heterostyly, and cleistogamy. Although sampling is incomplete, this study generally supports the hypothesis of repeated, unidirectional dispersal events, from North to South America. Genera resurrected include: Eremocarya, Greeneocharis, Johnstonella, and Oreocarya. New combinations include: Greeneocharis circumscissa var. rosulata, Greeneocharis similis, Oreocarya atwoodii, Oreocarya barnebyi, Oreocarya compacta, Oreocarya crassipes, Oreocarya creutzfeldtii, Oreocarya fulvocanescens var. nitida, Oreocarya grahamii, Oreocarya hypsophila, Oreocarya johnstonii, Oreocarya ochroleuca, Oreocarya roosiorum, Oreocarya schoolcraftii, Oreocarya semiglabra, Oreocarya shackletteana, Oreocarya sobolifera, Oreocarya subcapitata, Oreocarya suffruticosa var. arenicola, Oreocarya suffruticosa var. laxa, Oreocarya suffruticosa var. pustulosa, Oreocarya suffruticosa var. setosa, Oreocarya welshii, Johnstonella angelica, Johnstonella angustifolia, Johnstonella costata, Johnstonella diplotricha, Johnstonella echinosepala, Johnstonella fastigiata, Johnstonella grayi var. cryptochaeta, Johnstonella grayi var. grayi, Johnstonella grayi var. nesiotica, Johnstonella holoptera, Johnstonella micromeres, Johnstonella parviflora, and Johnstonella pusilla.
The Anonymous Hymns of Samuel Longfellow

On February 27, 1917, I had occasion to spend some hours in the library of Union Theological Seminary in New York, looking over the admirable collection of hymnody on the Seminary's shelves. As I came to the collection of Unitarian hymn-books I opened by chance a copy of the Unitarian Hymn and Tune Book (1877), when a letter fell from the volume. Picking it up I recognized the handwriting of Samuel Longfellow and saw that the letter had to do with certain of his hymns. It ran as follows:
SU-F-18C-03: Loss of Image Sharpness in CT Bone Imaging Due to Positioning Within the Scan Field of View – Possible Solutions

Purpose: To demonstrate how both the positioning of an object in the scan field of view (SFOV) and the size of the reconstructed field of view (RFOV) can both significantly affect and degrade the image sharpness. Methods: Clinical CT scans of the shoulders and elbows were inspected for image sharpness. GE scanners were used for the imaging with a “Bone Plus” reconstruction algorithm. In all scans the anatomy of interest was significantly displaced from the center of the SFOV (away from the scanner iso-center). Radial and azimuthal image sharpness measurements using the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) were made using the same RFOV at the center of the SFOV and at varying distances from the center. These MTF measurements were also made with varying values of the RFOV. Results: Clinical images with the bone anatomy of interest positioned farther from the center of the SFOV showed increasing image softness occasionally to the point of being non-diagnostic. The MTF measurements showed that the resolution degraded significantly, by more than a factor of 2, moving from the center toward the periphery of the SFOV: from 12 cycles/cm to less than 6 cycles/cm at distances of 15 cm or more from the center of the SFOV. Increasing the RFOV beyond 20 cm also degraded the resolution, though less significantly. Conclusion: When preservation of bone detail is important one must not only use the proper bone reconstruction algorithm, but also must keep the body part as close to the center of the SFOV as possible. Though this may be difficult with some imaging tasks, such as imaging of the shoulder and elbow, every effort should be made to this end. For the best resolution, the RFOV should also be kept small, ideally to 20 cm or less. Partial research funding from GE HealthCare.
Cosmopolitanism and Medievalism

AbstractCosmopolitan ideas flourished during the Enlightenment, which also viewed the Middle Ages as antithetical to such ideas. However, some recent representations of the Middle Ages in film and literature focus on heroic defenses of cosmopolitan ideals in the Middle Ages. This essay surveys some arguments about medieval cosmopolitanism and concludes that cosmopolitan and anti-cosmopolitan positions often existed simultaneously within the same discourse or narrative. Chaucer, Gower, and Mandeville are briefly discussed as examples.
Patient outcomes after arteriovenous malformation radiosurgical management: results based on a 5- to 14-year follow-up study.

Objective Radiosurgery is commonly performed for patients with small to medium-sized arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). However, few articles present overall outcomes after one or more radiosurgical procedures, and few data are available for periods longer than 5 years after AVM radiosurgery. Methods Between 1990 and 1997, 144 patients underwent AVM radiosurgery and had angiographic follow-up. Of these patients, 112 (78%) had Spetzler-Martin Grade III or greater AVMs; 37 (26%) were located in the basal ganglia, thalamus, or brainstem. Twenty-six patients (18%) underwent repeat radiosurgery. The mean follow-up of 15 patients who died as a result of AVM bleeding or underwent AVM resection after the initial radiosurgery was 22 months (range, 3-47 mo); the mean follow-up of the remaining 129 patients was 86 months (range, 23-169 mo). Results Excellent (obliteration without deficit, n = 96) or good (obliteration with minor deficit, n = 9) outcomes were achieved in 73% of patients after one or more radiosurgical procedures. Twenty patients (14%) sustained major deficits (n = 15; five had obliteration) or died (n = 5) after radiosurgery. Sixteen patients (11%) had unchanged neurological examinations but persistent arteriovenous shunting. Five patients (4%) required surgery (cystoperitoneal shunting, n = 1; AVM resection, n = 4) at a median of 65 months after radiosurgery because of symptomatic cyst formation or persistent edema. The radiosurgery AVM score correlated with both excellent (R(2) = -0.93, P = 0.003) and excellent or good (R(2) = -0.92, P = 0.004) outcomes. Conclusion The majority of AVM patients are protected from the risk of future hemorrhage and continue their normal daily activities after radiosurgery. Late complications requiring treatment are rare but can occur many years after patients are considered cured of their AVMs. Overall outcomes after AVM radiosurgery seem to be predicted accurately by the described method.
Pubarche as well as thelarche may be a marker for the onset of puberty.

Study objective To define anthropometric and hormonal differences in a group of black and white girls who began puberty with breast development alone ("thelarche" pathway) compared to those who began with pubic hair development alone ("pubarche" pathway), and test the hypothesis that pubarche may represent true pubertal development. Design Longitudinal cohort seen annually for ten years. Setting Recruited through elementary schools in Cincinnati, OH, and Richmond, CA; through HMO in Washington, DC. Participants 9 years old, either Black or White, in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Interventions None; observational study. Main outcome measures Initial secondary sexual characteristic at onset of puberty; anthropometric measures; hormone measures. Results 478 of 1155 girls matured through a defined pathway. Age at onset of secondary sexual characteristics was similar between pathways, although girls in the thelarche pathway had puberty at a somewhat younger age, and black participants entered at a significantly younger age. Height velocity was the same in both pathways, and in the pubertal range. DHEA-S levels at onset of puberty were significantly greater in girls in the pubarche pathway, but levels of estradiol and testosterone were not different. Age of menarche was different by race (younger in blacks) and pathway (younger in thelarche pathway). Conclusions Given similar age and height velocities at onset of secondary sexual characteristics, these results suggest that pubarche, the development of pubic hair without breast development, may represent true pubertal maturation.
The cockayne syndrome group B gene product is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine in DNA.

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a human disease characterized by sensitivity to sunlight, severe neurological abnormalities, and accelerated aging. CS has two complementation groups, CS-A and CS-B. The CSB gene encodes the CSB protein with 1493 amino acids. We previously reported that the CSB protein is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyguanine, an abundant lesion in oxidatively damaged DNA and that the putative helicase motif V/VI of the CSB may play a role in this process. The present study investigated the role of the CSB protein in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade), another abundant lesion in oxidatively damaged DNA. Extracts of CS-B-null cells and mutant cells with site-directed mutation in the motif VI of the putative helicase domain incised 8-hydroxyadenine in vitro less efficiently than wild type cells. Furthermore, CS-B-null and motif VI mutant cells accumulated more 8-hydroxyadenine in their genomic DNA than wild type cells after exposure to γ-radiation at doses of 2 or 5 Gy. These results suggest that the CSB protein contributes to cellular repair of 8-OH-Ade and that the motif VI of the putative helicase domain of CSB is required for this activity.
Dialysis access, immune function and renal transplantation in the elderly

The dialysis population has grown rapidly in the past decade, as a consequence of government support for catastrophic illness and broadening of the indications for patient selection. Progress in the management of patients on hemodialysis has resulted in a steady increase in the number of surviving long-term patients with end stage renal disease. As a result, this population includes large numbers of older subjects, as well as individuals with systemic diseases, in whom establishment and maintenance of adequate vascular access is particularly difficult. The success of vascular access in the elderly patients depends upon proper selection of the type and location of the A-V fistula, and upon prompt and aggressive management of any developing complications. While experience with transplantation in elderly patients has significantly improved in recent years, careful evaluation of the elderly potential allograft recipient may improve patient and graft survival, by identifying those patients in whom the risk involved may be prohibitive. In addition, growing knowledge and judicious use of immunosuppressive medications have further improved the outcome following transplantation. In the absence of any obvious contraindications, transplantation is a safe, effective treatment modality for end-stage renal disease in elderly patients.
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia in an Atypical Host.

Pneumocystis jiriveci pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of the lungs. First diagnosed as a cause of pneumonia among premature and malnourished infants in the post-World War II era, it is now typically seen in immunocompromised hosts, like patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with T-helper cell counts (CD4) less than 200 (cells/millimeter3) or patients with hematologic malignancies.1,2 However, PCP is rare in the solid tumor population.
Complexation of uranium(VI) with acetohydroxamic acid

The advanced separation extraction process based on tri-n-butyl phosphate organic phase called UREX is being developed to separate uranium from fission products and other actinides, and the acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) is employed to reduce and complex plutonium and neptunium in order to decrease their distribution to the TBP-organic phase. In this study, the extraction of uranium was performed from various aqueous matrices with different concentrations of HNO3, LiNO3, and AHA. Extraction of uranium increases with increasing both initial HNO3 and total nitrate concentration. UV-VIS spectrophotometry confirmed that AHA is involved in the complex of uranium with TBP.
The Common Ingroup Identity Model: Recategorization and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias

This chapter introduces the common ingroup identity model as a means of reducing intergroup bias. This model proposes that bias can be reduced by factors that transform members' perceptions of group boundaries from “us” and “them” to a more inclusive “we”. From this perspective, several features specified by the contact hypothesis (e.g. co-operative interaction) facilitate more harmonious intergroup interactions, at least in part, because they contribute to the development of a common ingroup identity. In this chapter, we describe laboratory and field studies that are supportive of the model; we also relate the model to earlier work on aversive racism.
An inquiry into ethics committees' understanding: how does one educate the educators?

This paper inaugurates a new section on education, the focus of which is on education in a broader sense. The purpose is to stimulate discussion not only about techniques of education (even though such papers are certainly welcome) but also to initiate a dialogue concerninig more fundamental questions and issues. What are the goals of education generally and of and for ethics committees specifically? What, for an ethics committee, is “education”? What do we mean by education in this field? To function efficiently on an ethics committee, does a member need specific training? Should the educational efforts of an ethics committee extend beyond the medical and nursing staff? If so (and I think these efforts not only should but must), should they extend beyond the hospital and into the community? Is educating patients a legitimate function of an ethics committee? These are but a few of the questions that I hope will be debated over the years in the pages of this journal.
Why Asian Americans have lower very low and low birth weight rates (VLBWR, LBWR) compared to Whites? † 1221

Objective: This study attempts to explain lower VLBWR and LBWR in Asian-Americans compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) by examining factors associated with VLBWR and LBWR.
Human chorionic gonadotropin exhibits potent inhibition of preterm delivery in a small animal model

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the capability of human chorionic gonadotropin to inhibit prostaglandin-induced preterm delivery in a murine model. Study Design: A preterm delivery model was developed by using intraperitoneal injection of 20 μg of prostaglandin F 2 α to induce preterm labor in C3H/HeN inbred mice. Mice were then pretreated with human chorionic gonadotropin 4 hours before administration of prostaglandin F 2 α , and time to delivery of the first pup was recorded. After initial promising results, mice were then given increasing intraperitoneal doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (100 IU, 250 IU, or 1000 IU or sodium chloride solution vehicle) 4 hours after administration of prostaglandin F 2 α . The specificity of the human chorionic gonadotropin effect was assessed by treating mice with whole human chorionic gonadotropin, an equal mass dose of the β-subunit or the α-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, or an equal mass dose of luteinizing hormone 4 hours after administration of prostaglandin F 2 α . Delivery times between groups were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test and the log-rank test. Survival estimates were computed by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Pilot studies in 52 mice confirmed that a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 μg of prostaglandin F 2 α on day 16 (80% gestation) consistently induced preterm delivery compared with the effect of sodium chloride solution on control mice (prostaglandin F 2 α , 19.3 ± 2.9 hours; sodium chloride solution, 53.5 ± 13.6 hours; P 2 α only, 21.9 ± 2.0 hours; human chorionic gonadotropin pretreatment plus prostaglandin F 2 α , 48.5 ± 20 hours; P 2 α demonstrated significant dose-dependent inhibition of preterm delivery compared with the prostaglandin-only group ( P P = .46; n=27). Administration of luteinizing hormone delayed delivery compared with the effect of prostaglandin F 2 α on control animals ( P Conclusions: Human chorionic gonadotropin exhibits potent inhibition of prostaglandin-induced preterm delivery in mice. The effect is dose-dependent, and whole human chorionic gonadotropin is required to elicit inhibition. Further studies are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin as a potential therapy for preterm labor inhibition in human pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:853-7.)
Processes which control the interfacial wave spectrum in separated gas-liquid flows

Abstract The behavior of the spectrum of short-wavelength waves that occur at the interface of separated, horizontal, gas-liquid flows is controlled by the rate at which energy is transferred from the gas flow into the liquid, the rate at which waves decay due to viscous dissipation and also by the nonlinear interactions between the various modes which cause an energy cascade through the spectrum. Measurements of evolving wave spectra, both with and without additional waves induced by an oscillating paddle, are used to examine energy input and interaction rates between waves. For cases where waves are induced, strong interactions between the induced wave and its first overtone, which increase as the layer gets thinner, are observed. An equation to describe steady wave spectra, which incorporates the effects of growth, dissipation and energy transfer in the form of interactions between a wave and its first overtone, is derived using a dynamic energy balance. The critical effects of layer depth, gas shear and surface geometry on the energy transfer rate are included in the analysis. The resulting spectral equation elucidates the important effects which control the wave composition of the gas-liquid interface and also provides reasonably good predictions of experimental wave spectra.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Incidence, new mutation rate, and results of extended family screening

Utilizing the plasma very long chain fatty acid assay, supplemented by mutation analysis and immunofluorescence assay, we determined the number of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) hemizygotes from the United States identified each year in the two laboratories that perform most of the assays in this country: the Kennedy Krieger Institute between 1981 and 1998 and the Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1996 to 1998. The minimum frequency of hemizygotes identified in the United States is estimated to be 1:42,000 and that of hemizygotes plus heterozygotes 1:16,800. Our studies involved 616 pedigrees with a total of 12,787 identified at-risk members. Diagnostic assays were performed in 4,169 at-risk persons (33%) and included members of the extended family. Only 5% of male probands and 1.7% of X-ALD hemizygotes were found to have new mutations. The extended family testing led to the identification of 594 hemizygotes and 1,270 heterozygotes. Two hundred fifty of the newly identified hemizygotes were asymptomatic and represent the group in which therapy has the greatest chance of success. Identification of heterozygotes provides the opportunity for disease prevention through genetic counseling. Diagnostic tests should be offered to all at-risk relatives of X-ALD patients and should include members of the extended family.
Complexities of expressive word learning over time.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine semantic and lexical aspects of word learning over time. Method Thirty-four 8-year-olds participated in vocabulary lessons for 2 weeks. Frequency of...
Antiferromagnetic fluctuations and dx2−y2-pairing in the cuprates☆

Abstract Here we argue that the dominant quasi-particle scattering mechanism in the cuprate superconductors arises from antiferromagnetic spin-fluctuations and that therefore the one-band Hubbard model provides the appropriate starting point for understanding their properties. Then using Monte Carlo and diagrammatic calculations we show that antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations lead to an attractive pairing interaction in the dx2−y2 singlet channel. We conclude with a discussion of experiments which provide information on the symmetry of the gap.
Pb enamel biomarker: deposition of pre- and postnatal Pb isotope injection in reconstructed time points along rat enamel transect.

Abstract Exposure to lead (Pb) as well as other heavy metals in the environment is still a matter of public health concern. The development of the enamel biomarker for heavy metal exposure assessment is designed to improve studies of dose–effect relationships to developmental anomalies, particularly embryonic dysfunctions, and to provide a time-specific recount of past exposures. The work presented in this paper demonstrates maternal transfer across the placental barrier of the enriched isotope 206Pb tracer to the enamel of the rat pup. Likewise, injections of 204Pb-eriched tracer in the neonate rat resulted in deposition of the tracer in the enamel histology as measured by secondary ion microprobe spectrometry. Through enamel, we were able to observe biological removal and assimilation of prenatal and postnatal tracers, respectively. This research demonstrates that enamel can be used as a biomarker of exposure to Pb and may illustrate the toxicokinetics of incorporating Pb into fetal and neonatal steady-state system processes. The biomarker technique, when completely developed, may be applied to cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological research.
Cyclic strain hardening of polygonal and acicular ferrite/bainite microstructures in microalloyed steels in the temperature range − 150°C to 27°C

Abstract Cyclic strain hardening has been observed to be markedly sensitive to microstructural changes in microalloyed steels. Two significantly different microstructures - polygonal ferrite grains of average grain size 10–120 μm and acicular ferrite/upper bainite colonies of dimensions 200–625 μm - were examined in order to determine the influence of each on cyclic strain hardening and related properties. Tests were conducted at temperatures between −150 and 27°C. The cyclic strain hardening exponent, βc, was significantly more sensitive to changes in the size of the polygonal ferrite grains than to changes in the acicular ferrite/upper bainite colony size.
Moral Desert, Fairness and Legitimate Expectations in the Market

Do people morally deserve what they earn in the market? More specifically, can people legitimately claim to deserve what they earn in the market in a way that counts against redistributing those earnings? As most liberal political philosophers do, I argue that the answer is no. Unlike many of these philosophers, however, I do not focus on whether or not people can be deserving. Instead, I focus on the relationship between social institutions and moral desert, and advance two claims. First, in the market, desert claims are undermined by the very nature of the market even if people can be deserving in general. Second, part of the intuition that motivates accounts of moral desert may be explained instead with reference to a principle of fairness that demands the fulfillment of people's legitimate expectations as to what they will receive, and this principle places much weaker restrictions on redistributive policies than do claims of moral desert.
Cross-sectional echocardiographic evaluation of changes in ventricular shape in the ischaemic and non ischaemic left ventricle.

SUMMARY M-mode echocardiography is a useful method for estimating left ventricular volumes and determining multiple parameters of left ventricular function in the symmetrically contracting, normally shaped ventricle. In many clinical situations, however, the shape of the ventricle may be altered or distorted in such a way that the basic M-mode diameter or dimension of the ventricle is no longer reflective of overall left ventricular volume or function. Cross-sectional echocardiography is a valuable method for detecting abnormalities in left ventricular shape and thereby defining those cases in which the M-mode method may not accurately reflect ventricular size or performance. In this report two examples of abnormalities in ventricular shape are described. These include the marked alteration in left ventricular conformation which occurs when aneurysm formation complicates ischemic heart disease and the more subtle changes in ventricular shape seen in patients with both absolute and relative right ventricular volume overload, due to alteration in septal position. These examples illustrate the value of cross-sectional echocardiography in defining abnormalities of left ventricular shape, indicating situations in which the M-mode ehocardiographic determinations of ventricular volume and function may be misleading and explaining changes in the patterns of wall motion observed by M-mode echocardiography which are due to alterations in the shape of the left ventricle.
Experimental and numerical investigation of confined laminar diffusion flames

Abstract A laminar methane-air diffusion flame has been extensively probed for its temperature, velocity, and stable species' concentration profiles. The data obtained were used to validate a theoretical model capable of characterizing flame macrostructure and useful in predicting the effects of flow rate, equivalence ratio, fuel and air preheat, and nozzle size on the thermal and aerodynamic fields established in confined, axisymmetric, laminar diffusion flames. The model utilizes the Burke and Schumann flame sheet concept to locate the stoichiometric fuel-oxygen interface and, hence, the points of heat release. The model eliminates the restrictions of the classical Burke-Schumann model in that allowances are made for natural convection effects and variable thermodynamic and transport properties. The stoichiometric fuel-oxygen interface was found to coincide with the outer edge of the primary reaction zone and represented a surface through which an amount of oxygen in stoichiometric proportion to the amount of fuel fired diffuses. The inner edge of the reaction zone was defined by the profile of the luminous flame core and was found to be well fitted by the theoretical predictions when the ratio of oxygen and fuel diffusing to the flame front was assigned a value 0.88 times the stoichiometric coefficient. The concentration and temperature profiles could be generalized by plotting the results as a function of the local-equivalence ratio.
Spleen Cell Survival and Proliferation Are Differentially Altered by Docosahexaenoic Acid

Omega-3 fatty acids have diverse health benefits that are not clearly understood. In this study we have examined the effects of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on mitogen-activated and resting splenic lymphocytes. DHA inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, producing an apparent block or prolongation of S phase, without evidence for direct cytotoxicity. In contrast, DHA enhanced the survival of resting lymphocytes in culture without inducing cell cycling. When DHA was added at the start of culture, the survival advantage was apparent for 2 to 3 days, after which time typical lymphocyte attrition occurred. Using flow cytometry we observed that both T and B cell recoveries were increased by DHA, but there were DHA dose-dependent alterations of forward- and side-scatter characteristics, with some preference for B cells, perhaps indicating altered membrane properties. Our data imply that DHA may check ongoing immune response while concurrently preserving resting lymphocytes needed for subsequent immune responses.
Nonthermalization and Large Variation in Multiphonon Relaxation Rate among Rare-Earth-Ion Stark Levels

In $^{5}D_{1}$ of YV${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$:${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ at 2.0 $^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{K}$, multiphonon relaxation occurs from the Stark level because it is not in thermal equilibrium with the lower of the two levels in the manifold. The energy levels of $^{5}D_{1}$ were simple enough to allow the construction of a detailed mathematical model which provided an excellent fit to the temperature-dependent multiphonon relaxation rate. The two Stark levels of $^{5}D_{1}$ also differ in multiphonon relaxation rate by factor of about 15. The Eu $^{5}D_{1}$ fluorescence was too weak in YAs${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and YP${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ for these systems to be investigated for these effects. Similar effects appear also with ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+} E(^{5}S_{2},^{5}F_{4})$ in YV${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and YAs${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.
The effects of monthly temperature fluctuations on mortality in the United States from 1921 to 1985

The impact of short-term temperature fluctuations on mortality has been studied mainly on historical populations, thus providing a limited ability to generalize to contemporary conditions, which would be more useful in determining public health policies aimed at reducing mortality. Therefore, this study examined the effects of monthly temperature fluctuations on mortality in the United States from 1921 to 1985. Monthly data about mortality from the Vital Statistics and temperature from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the US Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau were used. Six states were selected to be studied (Massachusetts, Michigan, Washington, Utah, North Carolina, and Mississippi). The analysis was carried out using distributed lag models. The analysis showed that warmer than usual temperatures in July and August, and unusually cold temperatures from January to June are linked to higher mortality. From September to December unusually low temperatures are associated with higher mortality in most states, while temperature has no significant effect on mortality in June and September. In January and February mortality is especially affected by unusually cold weather in the southern states of Mississippi and North Carolina. For example, a one degree drop in the mean temperature in 1921 is associated with a more than 3.5% increase in the February crude death rate in Mississippi and North Carolina and a less than 1% increase in the four other states examined. Finally, in the months from January to March the relationship between monthly fluctuations in the crude death rate and temperature declined over time and became relatively weak by 1985.
Indentation Schmid factor and orientation dependence of nanoindentation pop-in behavior of NiAl single crystals

Abstract Instrumented nanoindentation techniques have been widely used to characterize the small-scale mechanical behavior of materials. The elastic–plastic transition during nanoindentation is often indicated by a sudden displacement burst (pop-in) in the measured load–displacement curve. In defect-free single crystals, the pop-in is believed to be the result of homogeneous dislocation nucleation because the maximum shear stress corresponding to the pop-in load approaches the theoretical strength of the materials and because the statistical distribution of pop-in stresses is consistent with what is expected for a thermally activated process of homogeneous dislocation nucleation. This paper investigates whether this process is affected by crystallography and stress components other than the resolved shear stress. A Stroh formalism coupled with the two-dimensional Fourier transformation is used to derive the analytical stress fields in elastically anisotropic solids under Hertzian contact, which allows the determination of an indentation Schmid factor, namely, the ratio of maximum resolved shear stress to the maximum contact pressure. Nanoindentation tests were conducted on B2-structured NiAl single crystals with different surface normal directions. This material was chosen because it deforms at room temperature by {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 slip and thus avoids the complexity of partial dislocation nucleation. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental data and the theoretically predicted orientation dependence of pop-in loads based on the indentation Schmid factor. Pop-in load is lowest for indentation directions close to 〈1 1 1〉 and highest for those close to 〈0 0 1〉. In nanoindentation, since the stress component normal to the slip plane is typically comparable in magnitude to the resolved shear stress, we find that the pressure sensitivity of homogeneous dislocation nucleation cannot be determined from pop-in tests. Our statistical measurements generally confirm the thermal activation model of homogeneous dislocation nucleation. That is, the extracted dependence of activation energy on resolved shear stress is almost the same for all the indentation directions considered in this study, except for those close to 〈0 0 1〉. Because very high pop-in loads are measured for orientations close to 〈0 0 1〉, which implies a large contact area at pop-in, there is a higher probability of activating pre-existing dislocations in these orientations, which may explain the discrepancy near 〈0 0 1〉.
On order reduction in hydrogen isotope distillation models

Abstract Hydrogen isotope distillation is one of the most essential processes to be used in the fuel processing plant of magnetic fusion reactors. The requirements for purity of the products of the distillation cascade are also very high. Accurate prediction of the transient and steady state behavior of this system is very important for the assessment of the tritium inventory dynamics in the fusion plant. This paper presents a methodology for the development of reduced order models of hydrogen isotope distillation that show very good agreement with experimental data, while reducing the required computation time by approximately one or two orders of magnitude when compared with full-scale, rigorous models. This can be a very important computational tool, especially for the incorporation of hydrogen isotope distillation models in dynamic simulation codes of the overall fuel system.
Serum adiponectin, resistin, and circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in colectomy patients.

Aim. Surgical trauma and associated complications are frequently related to physiological stress during colectomy. This study evaluated the response of adiponectin, resistin, and circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in colectomy patients with or without an enhanced recovery protocol. Method. Serum samples were collected from 44 colectomy patients at 3 timframes. The surgical procedures were laparoscopic (LAP), hand-assisted laparoscopic (HALS), or open colectomy (OPEN). Adiponectin, resistin, and sRAGE levels were determined by ELISA. Repeated measures ANOVA was applied and values &#x3c; 0.05 were considered significant. Results. A total of 132 (44 &#xd7; 3) sera were used for analysis. Levels of adiponectin was significantly decreased between PREOP and POD3 (). Conversely, concentrations of resistin significantly increased from PREOP to POD1 and returned to baseline value by POD3 (). Serum sRAGE levels were significantly higher in LAP in comparison with HALS () and OPEN (). sRAGE levels were significantly higher in sera of patients that underwent ERP (). Conclusions. Serum adiponectin, resistin, and sRAGE have the potential to develop into a panel of stress markers. Higher sRAGE levels in sera of LAP and ERP patients may be indicative of a protective and syngeristic role for colectomy recovery.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of mitomycin C and celecoxib as potential modulators of tumor resistance to irinotecan in patients with solid malignancies

Purpose Based on the preclinical evidence of topoisomerase I (Topo-1) upregulation by mitomycin C(MMC) and decreased NF-κB activation by celecoxib, we evaluated combinations of irinotecan/MMC and irinotecan/MMC/celecoxib in patients with advanced solid malignancies.