cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Intranasal Insulin as Neuroprotection From Hyperglycemia in Rat Model of Extremely Preterm Infants

Background: Hyperglycemia is common in extremely preterm infants (EPI) and is a risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity, including abnormal neurodevelopment. Hippocampus-mediated cognitive deficits are common in this population. In a rat model of insulinopenic hyperglycemia, abnormal neurochemistry in the hippocampus was found, with lactate, glutamate (Glu):glutamine (Gln) ratio lower and Phosphorylated Creatinine (PCr):Creatinine (Cr) higher. Intranasal insulin has been shown to improve cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as in adult human studies of Alzheimer’s disease. No study has previous investigated the use of intranasal insulin on preventing the long-term effects of hyperglycemia in the EPI population. Objective: To determine whether administration of intranasal insulin during early postnatal days would negate the effects of hyperglycemia on the developing hippocampus in neonatal rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia. Design/Methods: STZ (80mg/kg IP) was injected on postnatal day (P) 2, and littermates in the control group were injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. STZ pups were randomized to intranasal insulin, 3U twice daily from P3-P6 (STZ + INS) or left untreated (STZ). Neurochemical profile (consisting of 20 metabolites, PCr:Cr and Glu:Gln ratios) of the hippocampus was evaluated using ultra-high-field (9.4 T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) on P7 (acute effects) and P56 (long-term effects) compared with the control group (CON)(N=6/group). Results: Mean glucose values from P3-P6 were higher in STZ groups (STZ = 279.0 +/- 132.2 mg/dL, STZ+INS = 274.4 +/- 89.5 mg/dL, CONT = 128.4 +/- 15.1 mg/dL). The neurochemical profile was different at both P7 and P56. On P7, compared with the control, the taurine (Tau) was higher in the STZ groups (p = 0.007. At P56, PCr:Cr was higher in the STZ group compared to CONT and STZ+INS groups (p = 0.04). No difference noted between the STZ+INS and CONT groups. No other metabolites were altered. Conclusion: Neonatal hyperglycemia alters the acute and long-term neurochemical profile in the hippocampus of developing rats. The increase in PCr:Cr ratio in the STZ group indicates lower demand for ATP and PCr, secondary to decreased neuronal activity, which has been demonstrated in previous studies. PCr:Cr ratio of the STZ+INS group was no different than control, indicating that intranasal insulin reverses the negative effect on neuronal activity caused by neonatal hyperglycemia.
Patients with Preoperative Clinical Depression Symptomology Experience Significant Improvements in Postoperative Pain, Function, and Depressive Symptoms Following Rotator Cuff Repair

Purpose To determine the impact of clinical depression on outcomes after rotator cuff repair (RCR), as measured by Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) health domains. Methods RCR patients were given PROMIS CAT assessments for physical function (PROMIS UE), pain interference (PROMIS PI), and depression (PROMIS D) during preoperative and postoperative clinic visits. PROMIS D scores ≥55 correlate with mild clinical depression; thus patients with PROMIS D scores ≥ 55 were placed in the clinical depression (CD) group, whereas patients with scores Results Of the 340 RCR patients included in this study, 65 (19.1%) were found to have mild clinical depression preoperatively, with that number being reduced to 23 (6.8%) at 6 months and 19 (5.6%) at ≥1 year after surgery. Compared with preoperative PROMIS scores, CD patients had significant postoperative improvements at 6 months and ≥1 year in mean PROMIS UE (26.7 vs 35.5 vs 38.9; P Conclusion Despite starting with worse PROMIS UE and PROMIS PI scores, patients undergoing RCR with symptoms of CD experienced significant improvement in function, pain, and depressive symptoms. Preoperative depression should not be a contraindication to arthroscopic RCR in patients who are otherwise appropriate operative candidates. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative trial.
Machine Learning Aided Electronic Warfare System

In this article, a machine learning aided electronic warfare (EW) system is presented and the simulation results are discussed. The developed EW system uses an automatic decision tree generator to create engagement protocol and a fuzzy logic model to quantify threat levels. A long-short term memory (LSTM) neural network was also trained to predict the next signal set of multifunction radars. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed EW system’s ability to engage multiple multifunction radars.
Economic Community of West African States: Fiscal Revenue Implications of the Prospective Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union

This paper applies a partial equilibrium model to analyze the fiscal revenue implications of the prospective economic partnership agreement between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the European Union. The authors find that, under standard import price and substitution elasticity assumptions, eliminating tariffs on all imports from the European Union would increase ECOWAS' imports from the European Union by 10.5-11.5 percent for selected ECOWAS countries, namely Cape Verde, Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal. This increase in imports would be accompanied by a 2.4-5.6 percent decrease in total government revenues, owing mainly to lower fiscal revenues. Tariff revenue losses should represent 1 percent of GDP in Nigeria, 1.7 percent in Ghana, 2 percent in Senegal, and 3.6 percent in Cape Verde. However, the revenue losses may be manageable because of several mitigating factors, in particular the likelihood of product exclusions, the length of the agreement's implementation period, and the scope for reform of exemption regimes. The large country-by-country differences in fiscal revenue loss suggest that domestic tax reforms and fiscal transfers within ECOWAS could be important complements to the agreement's implementation.
Digital media use and suicidal behavior in U.S. adolescents, 2009-2017.

Abstract U.S. adolescent suicidal behavior and digital media use prevalence have contemporaneously increased this decade in population-level ecological analyses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these two trends are directly associated by using multi-year person-level data to test whether the association of year with suicidal behavior was mediated by digital media use. Data were from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (2009–2017), a nationally-representative biennial cross-sectional self-report survey of U.S. students (N = 72,942). Mediation analysis was used to estimate the proportion of cross-year changes in suicidal behavior that were mediated by concurrent changes in leisure-time digital media use. Past-year suicidal behavior in 2011 (19.6%), 2013 (20.4%), 2015 (21.7%), and 2017 (20.5%) increased relative to 2009 (17.1%). Hours of daily digital media use in 2011 (mean[SD] = 2.65[1.86]), 2013 (mean[SD] = 3.02[2.08]), 2015 (mean[SD] = 2.97[2.12]), and 2017 (mean[SD] = 3.01[2.18) increased vs. 2009 (mean[SD] = 2.31[1.81]). The association of survey year with suicidal behavior was mediated by digital media use—20.5%(95%CI = 16.2, 24.8), 34.3%(95%CI = 24.5, 44.1), 22.8%(95%CI = 17.3, 28.0), and 41.4%(95%CI = 33.9, 49.5) of cross-year suicidal behavior prevalence increases (vs. 2009) for 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively, were mediated by concurrent digital media use increases. Therefore, small proportions of the 2009–2017 increases in U.S. adolescent suicidal behavior are associated with concurrent increasing digital media use trends. Further exploration of these trends is warranted.
Ancient and Modern Religion and Politics: Negotiating Transitive Spaces and Hybrid Identities

PART I: HOME AND HOMELESSNESS Culture, Location, and the Problem of Transitive Identity Going Home in the Work of Charles H. Long and Ashis Nandy The Politics of Statelessness: Edward Said and the Ambiguities of Liberal Nationalism PART II: MEDIATIONS OF RELIGION AND POLITICS Self-Cultivation and the Practices of Peace: Foucault on the Stoics and Peacemaking in the Modern World 'The Better Angels of Our Nature:' Sophocles' Antigone and the Crisis of Union Oedipus at Colonus and The Gospel at Colonus: African American Experience and the Classical Text The Power of Horror: Variations and Reframings of The Bacchae PART III: THE POSSIBILITY OF PEACE AND THE BELOVED COMMUNITY The Transitive 'In-Between': Culture, Meaning and the Political in Voegelin and Bhabha Negotiating Space(s): Reframing Political Conflict in Walzer and Lyotard Alice Walker's The Color Purple and Beyond: Suffering and the Task of the Revolutionary Artist The Limits of Reconstruction: Reconstituting Community in Martin Luther King, Jr. Conclusions from a Transitive Space
Worsening dyspnea in a 38-year-old woman.

A 38-year-old Hispanic woman with longstanding exertional dyspnea sought medical attention because of the recent onset of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Cardiac physical examination revealed murmurs of mitral stenosis and regurgitation, a prominent a wave in the jugular venous pulse, and a loud pulmonic valvular closure sound. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, left atrial enlargement, right axis deviation of the QRS complex, and an R/S ratio in lead V1 > 1.0 with a negative T V1, suggesting right ventricular hypertrophy (Figure 1). Figure 1. Electrocardiogram soon after admission showed left atrial enlargement (negative terminal P-wave deflection in lead V1 ≥ 0.1 mV and 0.04 s in duration) (2) and right ventricular enlargement (right axis deviation of the QRS complex and R/S ratio ... At cardiac catheterization, the pressures (mm Hg) were 64/30 in the pulmonary artery, 65/8 in the right ventricle, a mean of 7 in the right atrium with a waves of 10 and v waves of 7, a mean of 26 with a waves of 17 and v waves of 38 in the pulmonary arterial wedge position, and 96/6 in the left ventricle. The cardiac output by thermodilution was 3.4 L/min, which together with a 16 mm Hg mean diastolic pressure gradient between pulmonary arterial wedge and left ventricle gave a calculated mitral valve area of 0.7 cm2 (Figure 2). Angiocardiography revealed mild mitral regurgitation, trivial tricuspid regurgitation, and no aortic regurgitation. Figure 2. Simultaneous pulmonary arterial wedge and left ventricular pressure tracings showing a 16 mm Hg mean diastolic pressure gradient across the mitral valve (MVG). The pressure scale on each side of the tracing is in mm Hg. DFP indicates diastolic filling ... Rheumatic heart disease is the cause of mitral stenosis in most adults. Because of the steady decrease in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever over the past 75 years in the United States, mitral stenosis is now uncommon here and is most often seen in older patients and, as in this patient, in immigrants from less developed countries (1). Clinical evaluation is usually sufficient for making a diagnosis of mitral stenosis (1). The electrocardiogram can be helpful in this regard, but the history, physical exam, chest radiograph, and especially the echocardiogram are usually more helpful. Nevertheless, electrocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement and right ventricular hypertrophy in a dyspneic young immigrant woman from an underdeveloped country puts mitral stenosis toward the top of the list of diagnostic possibilities.
Pricing Municipal Water and Wastewater Services in Developing Countries: Are Utilities Making Progress Toward Sustainability?

This chapter uses data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) to assess the progress utilities are making toward financial sustainability while ensuring that the services remain affordable. The analysis finds that many utilities are only recovering operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and fall far short of achieving full financial cost recovery. The level of (O&M) cost recovery has, on average, barely changed between 2006 and 2011. Over the same period, with incomes rising in many parts of the world, water supply and wastewater services have become more affordable. This suggests that many utilities may be able to increase water prices. The analysis also shows that the differences in utilities’ performance between and within countries are large. Better understanding of how the differences in costs affect revenue sufficiency and affordability is needed to improve pricing policies.
On the Relation Between Visibility and the Constitution of Clouds and Fog

Following Koschmeider's method of attack an expression for the daytime visibility within a cloud or fog is derived in terms of the size of the suspended drops and the number of drops in a unit volume of air. A comparison of typical data for clouds and fogs shows that clouds contain from 50 to 500 drops per cc. with an average drop diameter of about 20 microns while fogs contain only 1 to 10 drops per cc. with an average drop size of about 50 microns. Simultaneous observations of the visibility and the fog characteristics reveal a good qualitative agreement with the theory. In clouds the visibility tends to be inversely proportional to the liquid water content, indicating a constant average drop diameter. In fogs the visibility is more nearly inversely proportional to the two-thirds power of the liquid water content which suggests that the number of drops in a unit volume tends to remain constant. The value of Fechner's constant, which represents the threshold contrast between the object and the background, was found to be greater in a fog than when measured in the laboratory and still larger in clouds. I t is suggested that this is due to the diffuse boundary between the object and the background in the case of a fog or cloud.
Injection, atomization and combustion of Carbon slurry fuels

Three different carbon blacks were used to formulate nine different slurries in DF-2. The rheological properties of each formulation were examined to determine deviations from Newtonian behavior. The spray characteristics of selected formulations were then examined in a highpressure, high-temperature injection bomb. The cone angle decreased and the penetration rates increased for all of the slurries tested as compared to straight DF-2. These changes were more pronounced as the concentration of carbon black increased. Six formulations of three types of carbon black were tested in a single-cylinder, direct injection CLR engine. Apparent heat release rates were computed as a function of crankangle from the cylinder pressure data. Based on the engine performance tests and some limited durability testing it appears that wellformulated carbon black slurries have only minor effects on engine performance and durability.
Mammalian Galactose Dehydrogenase II. PROPERTIES, SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY, AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

Abstract The properties of a 100-fold purified preparation of rat liver galactose dehydrogenase are presented. Optimum activity occurs at pH 8.3. The enzyme is relatively stable to dialysis, heat treatment, and storage at -30°, but is quite unstable below pH 5. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, but not galactose, protects from heat inactivation. Heat inactivation kinetics suggests that one enzyme is responsible for galactose oxidation. Activity is strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl group inhibitors, Cu++, Zn++, and Fe++, yet sulfhydryl reagents do not enhance activity or protect from inactivation. Activity was not inhibited by cyanide, arsenate, or ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The Km for galactose is 2.6 x 10-2 m and for NAD is 1.7 x 10-4 m. The Vmax is 0.57 µmole per min per mg of protein. The reaction product, NADH, is a strong competitive inhibitor of galactose dehydrogenase (Ki, 3.4 x 10-5 m). The cofactor NADP is less than 1% as effective as NAD, and it competitively inhibits (Ki, 6.6 x 10-3 m). NADPH is also a competitive inhibitor (Ki, 1.2 x 10-3 m). The enzyme preparation has a very broad specificity for sugar substrates, reduction of NAD (but not of NADP) occurring in the presence of various aldohexoses, aldopentoses, aldoheptoses, and disaccharides. The specificity patterns suggest the presence of at least three aldose dehydrogenases with very specific steric requirements for substrates. Studies with combinations of sugars, heat inactivation, and starch gel electrophoresis were more consistent with the presence of a single enzyme of unusual substrate specificity. Heat inactivation kinetics suggests two maltoseoxidizing enzymes. The NAD-reduction reactions occurring with l-aldohexoses, aldoheptoses, maltose, and cellobiose suggest novel reactions hitherto unrecognized in mammalian tissues. Some keto sugars behave as substrates, probably by isomerization to corresponding aldo sugars, but an unusual direct oxidation was not excluded. Developmental changes in rat liver galactose dehydrogenase show that activity is barely detectable until birth, when a sudden increase occurs, reaching a maximum in animals 5 days old and falling slowly to the adult level in animals 30 days of age.
Expanded CNS myelin sheaths formed in situ in the presence of an IgM antigalactocerebroside-producing hybridoma

When O1 hybridoma cells, which produce an IgM antigalacto-cerebroside, are implanted into the dorsal columns of 4–8 d rat spinal cord, some of the myelin that subsequently develops in the immediate vicinity displays an abnormal periodicity. The spacings that are seen cluster at approximately 19 nm and 31 nm, roughly two and three times the normal 11 nm spacing. In the expanded sheaths, major dense lines are separated by broad extracellular spaces containing a dense material in which single or double rows of approximately 10 nm circular profiles can be identified, consistent with the “central rings” of IgM molecules. Because IgM is multivalent, it may serve to link adjacent lamellae together in place of intrinsic myelin molecules that normally interact at close range. Extensive direct contact between myelin components of successive myelin lamellae is thus not essential to signal the growth of the oligodendrocyte membrane or the spiral wrapping of that membrane around axons during myelinogenesis, or to stabilize the myelin spiral that forms.
Menstrual cycle change in thalamic glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in response to TMJ pain in rats (726.4)

Women report TMJ pain more often than men and epidemiological evidence suggests the pain response varies between men and women and over the menstrual cycle. Recent studies show TMJ responsive neuro...
Using the Minimum Data Set to Select Nursing Home Residents for Interview About Pain

Objectives: To determine how many nursing home residents can provide stable responses to a simple pain interview and whether a Minimum Data Set (MDS) cognitive performance measure can be used to identify these residents. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Thirty-three community-based nursing homes. Participants: Eight hundred ninety-five nursing home residents. Measurements: Resident completion rate, stability, and interrater reliability of a four-item interview derived from the Geriatric Pain Measure were calculated. Demographic data and MDS items concerning pain and memory were obtained from medical records. Results: Overall, 835 residents were able to answer all four interview questions. At the lowest MDS recall score of 0, 52.7% of residents were able to complete all questions. All residents able to respond to the interview achieved high stability (kappa=0.633, P<.001). Overall, 62.8% of residents with daily pain or activity-limiting pain on interview did not have daily or moderate to severe pain recorded on the MDS. Residents who had lower MDS recall scores were significantly less likely (P=.004) to be appropriately identified on the MDS. Conclusion: Residents with a low MDS recall score were significantly less likely to be noted on the MDS as having serious pain despite being able to complete a simple yes/no interview about pain in a stable fashion. Nursing staff should attempt to ask all residents direct questions about pain. Surveyors may restrict direct questioning to those residents with an MDS recall score of 1 or higher if time is an important consideration. Adjustment for MDS-derived prevalence of pain based on residents' cognitive status is questionable.
Design of an auto-deployable technology demonstration solar concentrator

A 2 m-diameter prototype solar concentrator has been designed to demonstrate the level of technology required for future space applications. The issues addressed in the design are the attainment of high concentration ratio, high solar reflectivity and low weight. The design was based on the proven concept of the Sunflower solar concentrator of the 1960s because of the latter's advanced development. The design goals are discussed, the concept is described in detail, and the critical technology issues that must be addressed are identified. >
Where do they go? "A day without a Mexican," a perspective from south of the border

The author uses the film “A day without a Mexican” to explore Mexican-US migration and to examine current US policy on immigration and in particular, US attitudes toward undocumented Mexican migrant workers.
Sampling techniques and disturbance of algal vegetation in permanent quadrats

In studying permanent quadrats established in an algal vegetation by means of sampling in the quadrat itself, the vegetation is exposed to the risk of disturbance by the sampling. By taking small samples (microsampling or reduced size sampling) this risk is reduced considerably.
Tomato Prf Is a Member of the Leucine-Rich Repeat Class of Plant Disease Resistance Genes and Lies Embedded within the Pto Kinase Gene Cluster

In tomato, resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto requires the presence of at least two host genes, designated Pto and Prf. Here we report that Prf encodes a protein with leucine-zipper, nucleotide-binding, and leucine-rich repeat motifs, as are found in a number of resistance gene products from other plants. prf mutant alleles (4) were found to carry alterations within the Prf coding sequence. A genomic fragment containing Prf complemented a prf mutant tomato line both for resistance to Pst strains expressing avrPto and for sensitivity to the insecticide Fenthion. Prf resides in the middle of the Pto gene cluster, 24 kb from the Pto gene and 500 bp from the Fen gene.
Cranial growth in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): A quantitative analysis using three dimensional coordinate data

Improvements in data gathering technology have made it possible to quickly and accurately digitize large numbers of objects. The three dimensional coordinates of 44 homologous landmarks were obtained from a sample of 104 squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) crania. After sorting by sex, the crania were assigned to one of four dental age groups. Two quantitative methods, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to study craniofacial form change during growth within each sex. Form differences between the sexes at each developmental age were also examined. Both sexes show a small amount of cranial growth overall; however, there are areas of substantial local growth. These areas include the anterior neurocranium and basicranium, the basioccipital, and the anterior palate. Sexual dimorphism in the craniofacial complex is minimal. The most dimorphic regions are the orbitonasal portion of the lower face, the cranial base, and the palate.
WOMEN AND RETIREMENT: EVOLVING ISSUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION INTERVENTION

Until recent years, occupational retirement was perceived primarily as a male life transition process. Women now comprise a major population experiencing active, long‐term involvement in occupational roles and facing significant concerns in their transition from work to retirement. This article provides an examination of the current status of research regarding women and retirement and discusses multiple issues that surround the aging woman and her relationship to the retirement process. Key orientations are discussed in relation to conceptualizing and shaping future preretirement educational programming alternatives.
Is combination therapy with methotrexate and intramuscular gold an efficacious method of treatment for RA

Is combination therapy with methotrexate and intramuscular gold an efficacious method of treatment for RA?
The specificity of sugar transport by hamster intestine.

Abstract The specificity of intestinal transport against a concentration gradient in vitro has been tested with 28 sugars and related compounds. Those compounds were transported which possess a D -pyranose structure, a methyl or substituted methyl group at carbon five of this structure, and a hydroxyl group in the glucose configuration at carbon two.
Reversal learning and RNA labeling in neurological mutant mice and normal littermates.

Abstract Incorporation of radioactive uridine into five brain areas, following reversal learning, was explored for neurological mutant mice with a deficit of myelin in the brain and spinal cord (quaking, qk qk ) and normal littermates (?/+) from strain C57BL/6-qk (Jackson Laboratory). Both groups mastered the reversal task, although the mutants performed at a lower level. There was a Genotype × Test Conditions × Brain Area interaction with littermates exhibiting increased labeling of RNA in the amygdala and the hippocampus, and the quaking mice exhibiting no significant changes in these two areas following learning. Findings suggest that a genetic defect in the integrity of the CNS, a deficiency of myelin, affects reversal learning, and that this effect may be reflected in changes in RNA synthesis, or specific activity, for structures which are critical to reversal learning ability.
Communicating with parents in the NICU

Family-centered care, the sine qua non of neonatal intensive careunits, necessitates communication between parents and all the staffwho participate in an infant’s care. In the face of this pivotalnecessity and the limited research to date, a study of parent-NICUstaff communication compels attention. The ﬁndings of Kowalskiand co-workers
Crystallographic location of two Zn(2+)-binding sites in the avian cytochrome bc(1) complex.

The chicken mitochondrial ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase (bc1 complex) is inhibited by Zn 2a ions, but with higher Ki (V3 WM) than the corresponding bovine enzyme. When equilibrated with mother liquor containing 200 WM ZnCl2 for 7 days, the crystalline chicken bc1 complex specifically binds Zn 2a at 4 sites representing two sites on each monomer in the dimer. These two sites are close to the stigmatellin-binding site, taken to be center Qo of the Q-cycle mechanism, and are candidates for the inhibitory site. One binding site is actually in the hydrophobic channel between the Qo site and the bulk lipid phase, and may interfere with quinone binding. The other is in a hydrophilic area between cytochromes b and c1, and might interfere with the egress of protons from the Qo site to the intermembrane aqueous medium. No zinc was bound near the putative proteolytic active site of subunits 1 and 2 (homologous to mitochondrial processing peptidase) under these conditions. fl 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Identification and characterization of an equine herpesvirus 1 late gene encoding a potential zinc finger.

Abstract In this report, we present the DNA sequence and transcriptional characterization of a gene (IR5) that maps within each of the inverted repeat (IR) segments of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) genome. The IR5 open reading frame (ORF) is located within both IR sequences (nucleotides 9932–10,642 of the IR). DNA sequence analyses of the IR5 gene region revealed an ORF of 236 amino acids (24,793 Da) that showed significant homology to ORF64 of varicella-zoster virus and ORF3 of EHV-4 both of which map within the inverted repeats and to the US10 ORF of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) which maps within the unique short segment. Additional analyses of the nucleotide sequence failed to reveal any overlapping ORFs that would correspond to US11 or US12 of HSV-1. Interestingly, the IR5 ORF of EHV-1 possesses a sequence of 13 amino acids ( C AYW C CLG H AFA C ) that is a perfect match to the consensus zinc finger motif (C-X2−4-C-X2−15-CβH-X2−4-CβH). Putative cis-acting elements flanking the IR5 ORF include a TATA box (nucleotides 9864–9870), a CART box (nucleotides 9709–9714), and a polyadenylation signal (nucleotides 10,645–10,650). Northern blot and S1 nuclease analyses identified a single 0.9-kb mRNA species that first appears at 2 hr postinfection, and whose synthesis is reduced in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of EHV-1 DNA synthesis. Thus, the IR5 gene of EHV-1 exhibits characteristics representative of a late gene of the γ-1 class. The characterization of the IR5 gene at the DNA and RNA levels will facilitate ongoing studies to identify and characterize the IR5 polypeptide.
Investigating gesture-based password: usability and vulnerability to shoulder-surfing attacks

The recognition-based password such as graphical passwords provides great potential to reduce the memory load for the user. In addition, graphical passwords provide a security benefit over dictionary attacks compared to traditional alphanumeric passwords. However, the graphical passwords inhibit several well-known limitations such as vulnerability to shoulder-surfing attacks. We developed a gesture-based password and conducted a user study to evaluate the usability of this password as well as the impact of shoulder-surfing attacks. The result suggests that users can easily learn the new password method. Although difference was detected between authenticated entries and unauthenticated entries in features such as confidence scores, the classification accuracy of the preliminary machine learning analysis is not high. We will include more features and explore other machine learning techniques in our future studies.
Deception (mimicry): an integral component of sexual signals

. Hockham and Ritchiestate that this is ‘an extraordinary example ofa mating signal evolving through a dishonestintraspecific signalling function’and that‘deception involving a courtship signal isparticularly rare.’Although we agree thatthis behaviour is indeed remarkable, wesuggest an alternative outlook on deception:that mimicry is widespread in sexualsignalling and that well-developedtheoretical discussions on this do exist.The importance of deception (mimicry) in the evolution of sexual signals was firstarticulated by Wickler
Early Pleistocene hominid foraging strategies along the ancestral Omo River at Koobi Fora, Kenya

Abstract Reconstructions of hominid foraging activities at Koobi Fora must account for an uneven distribution of Plio-Pleistocene archaeological sites and hominid fossils. Near the 1·64 million year old stratigraphic level of the Okote Tuff complex, stone raw materials and tools are abundant in fluvial contexts at the Karari Ridge. In contrast, hominid fossils are abundant but stone raw materials are absent and tools are rare in fluvial and shallow, ephemeral lake margin contexts at Ileret and at the Koobi Fora Ridge. As the distance to the nearest source of stone raw materials increases, from local abundance at the Karari Ridge to 5 km at Ileret and to at least 15 km at the Koobi Fora Ridge, the archaeological visibility of hominid activities, as defined by sites with stone tools, decreases to essentially zero. Cut marks made with large stone tools during Butchery occur on more than 66 fossil bones from Ileret and especially from the Koobi Fora Ridge. In the absence of associated stone tools, those define a new kind of stone age site. The fossils with cut marks represent diverse skeletal parts and taxa, especially hippopotamus, and occur over several square km as isolated specimens, as associated elements of one carcass, and as concentrations of conjoining pieces and multiple carcasses. Some of the defleshing cut marks occur on intact limb elements that were not utilized for marrow. Early Homo erectus probably carried large stone tools during their foraging visits to these sub-regions, using the tools in butchery but rarely discarding them. Alternative hominid foraging strategies along the ancestral Omo River and taphonomic processes of site formation are discussed.
Crystallization and Preliminary Crystallographic Analysis of NADPH:FMN Oxidoreductase from Vibrio harveyi

Abstract Crystals of NADPH:FMN oxidoreductase from Vibrio harveyi have been obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction. This enzyme plays a role in the generation of light in luminescent bacteria by providing reduced FMN to luciferase. Large, high quality crystals were grown using polyethylene glycol 6000 at pH 7·0. They crystallize in the monoclinic space group P 21 with cell dimensions a = 51·2 A, b = 85·9 A, c = 58·1 A, β = 109·3°, and diffract to 1·8 A. We expect two molecules per asymmetric unit. High resolution data sets have been recorded and a search is under way for heavy-atom derivatives.
Abundant raw material for cis-regulatory evolution in humans

Changes in gene expression and regulation--due in particular to the evolution of cis-regulatory DNA sequences--may underlie many evolutionary changes in phenotypes, yet little is known about the distribution of such variation in populations. We present in this study the first survey of experimentally validated functional cis-regulatory polymorphism. These data are derived from more than 140 polymorphisms involved in the regulation of 107 genes in Homo sapiens, the eukaryote species with the most available data. We find that functional cis-regulatory variation is widespread in the human genome and that the consequent variation in gene expression is twofold or greater for 63% of the genes surveyed. Transcription factor-DNA interactions are highly polymorphic, and regulatory interactions have been gained and lost within human populations. On average, humans are heterozygous at more functional cis-regulatory sites (>16,000) than at amino acid positions (<13,000), in part because of an overrepresentation among the former in multiallelic tandem repeat variation, especially (AC)(n) dinucleotide microsatellites. The role of microsatellites in gene expression variation may provide a larger store of heritable phenotypic variation, and a more rapid mutational input of such variation, than has been realized. Finally, we outline the distinctive consequences of cis-regulatory variation for the genotype-phenotype relationship, including ubiquitous epistasis and genotype-by-environment interactions, as well as underappreciated modes of pleiotropy and overdominance. Ordinary small-scale mutations contribute to pervasive variation in transcription rates and consequently to patterns of human phenotypic variation.
Goniometric assessment of shoulder range of motion: comparison of testing in supine and sitting positions.

Abstract Objective: To examine intrarater reliability in measurements of active range of motion and passive range of motion of shoulder flexion and abduction when motions are assessed in sitting, as compared with supine. Design: Thirty adult subjects were measured eight times, in random order, for each of the two shoulder motions: two passive and two active measurements while sitting, and two passive and two active measurements while supine. Data were analyzed to determine intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and paired t values between trials 1 and 2 for measurements in the same position, and between sitting and supine trials for each type of measurement. Settings: Rehabilitation facility and university. Study Population: Volunteer sample: 11 rehabilitation inpatients; 19 university students. Results: ICCs between trials 1 and 2 on comparable measurements in the same position indicated high intrarater reliability for active and passive measurements, regardless of testing position. ICCs between comparable measurements in the two testing positions indicated only a moderate level of agreement. Paired t tests between comparable readings taken in sitting versus supine revealed no significant differences for flexion, but significantly higher measurements of abduction when testing in the supine position. Conclusions: Measurements in sitting or supine yield similarly high intrarater reliability. Lowered reliability between measurements taken in different positions indicates that test position should be routinely recorded, and repeated clinical measures of individual subjects should be administered in a consistent position.
Background-Free Collinear Autocorrelation and Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating Using Mode Multiplexing and Demultiplexing in Reverse-Proton-Exchange Aperiodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides

We use mode multiplexing in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides to characterize picosecond optical pulses in a collinear but background-free way using autocorrelation and second harmonic frequency resolved optical gating.
The potential impact of high-test molasses from energy cane on the rum industry of Puerto Rico

Abstract Based upon a literature review and interviews the author finds potential for decreasing rum production costs by adopting energy-cane-derived high-test molasses (HTM). A supply of domestically produced HTM could lessen the risk of disrupted rum production due to shortfalls in molasses imports. The Puerto Rican government accordingly stands to gain from assured future revenue streams from rebated federal excise taxes on rum, particularly in light of increased new competition under the CBI. Environmental benefits, though small, appear positive. The government should consider encouraging energy cane production and the use of HTM by facilitating HTM price negotiations.
Thermal shock waves induced by a moving crack - A heat flux formulation

Abstract The thermal shock phenomena induced by a rapidly propagating crack tip in a solid medium was studied recently via the temperature formulation ( ASME J. Heat Transfer 112 , 21–27 (1990)). In order to further confirm the unique features obtained in the previous research for the thermal waves emanating from the crack tip, the present work employs the flux formulation and further examines the same physical phenomena from a different viewpoint. The thermal shock discontinuities result from the energy accumulation in a preferential direction as the speed of the propagating crack tip exceeds the heat propagation speed in the solid. By employing the flux formulation in the thermal wave model, the present work investigates the thermal shock formation, the evolutions of the heat affected zone and the thermally undisturbed zone, and the transition of the r -dependency of the heat flux vector in transition of the thermal Mach number from the subsonic to the supersonic ranges. The analogy between the temperature and the heat flux in the near-tip region is established and the thermal shock phenomena are confirmed from a theoretical point of view.
The CDF silicon detector for run II

A review of the status of the CDF Run II Silicon Detector is presented, with a summary of the current performance and the use of the data in both the trigger and the offline reconstruction.
Photon migration through fetal head in utero using continuous wave, near-infrared spectroscopy: development and evaluation of experimental and numerical models.

In this work experimental tissue phantoms and numerical models were developed to estimate photon migration through the fe- tal head in utero. The tissue phantoms incorporate a fetal head within an amniotic fluid sac surrounded by a maternal tissue layer. A con- tinuous wave, dual-wavelength (l5760 and 850 nm) spectrometer was employed to make near-infrared measurements on the tissue phantoms for various source-detector separations, fetal-head posi- tions, and fetal-head optical properties. In addition, numerical simu- lations of photon propagation were performed with finite-difference algorithms that provide solutions to the equation of radiative transfer as well as the diffusion equation. The simulations were compared with measurements on tissue phantoms to determine the best numeri- cal model to describe photon migration through the fetal head in utero. Evaluation of the results indicates that tissue phantoms in which the contact between fetal head and uterine wall is uniform best simu- lates the fetal head in utero for near-term pregnancies. Furthermore, we found that maximum sensitivity to the head can be achieved if the source of the probe is positioned directly above the fetal head. By optimizing the source-detector separation, the signal originating from photons that have traveled through the fetal head can drastically be increased. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S1083-3668(00)01402-7)
Physical limitations and musculoskeletal complaints associated with work in unusual or restricted postures: A literature review

Abstract Introduction: The vast majority of ergonomics research has addressed the demands of work in standing or sitting postures, and understandably so. However, many workers (e.g., underground miners, aircraft baggage handlers, plumbers, agricultural workers, mechanics, and others) are often required to adopt postures such as kneeling, stooping, squatting, or lying down for significant periods of the workday. Method: A literature search was performed using the ISI Web of Science database (for years 1980–2004). Articles retrieved from this search were evaluated in terms of relevance to assessing physical capabilities of workers in these postures and/or the musculoskeletal epidemiology associated with these postures. Results: Work in unusual and restricted postures was associated with significantly higher rates of musculoskeletal complaints compared to workers not adopting these postures in epidemiology studies (Odds Ratios ranging from 1.13 to 13). Some studies suggested a dose-response relationship, with longer exposures leading to increased musculoskeletal complaints. Physical strength and psychophysical lifting capacity vary significantly as unusual or restricted postures are adopted, with lower lifting capacities evident in the kneeling, squatting, and lying positions. Conclusions: Workers who adopt unusual or restricted postures appear to be at higher risk of musculoskeletal complaints and often exhibit reduced strength and lifting capacity. Research needs in this area include improved exposure assessment tools, studies of intervention effectiveness, adaptations of the body in response of work in unusual postures, and elucidation of relevant injury pathways. Impact on Industry: Workers who adopt unusual or restricted postures in their work often experience higher musculoskeletal injury rates. If awkward postures cannot be eliminated in the workplace, jobs should be designed in accordance with the reduced strength and lifting capabilities observed in these postures.
CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL POLYGALACTURONASE-ENCODING GENE FROM ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS

Pectinases produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are believed to play a significant role in the ability of these fungi to spread in cotton bolls and other crops. Utilizing a DNA probe, generated by PCR, of the Aspergillus niger pgaII gene, we have isolated a novel, constitutively expressed polygalacturonase (PG)-encoding gene (pecA) from an A. parasiticus cDNA library. DNA sequence analysis and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of pecA demonstrated significant identity at the nucleotide and aa levels with other PG of fungal origin. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from A. parasiticus grown on either glucose or pectin as the sole carbon source showed that pecA was expressed during growth in both media.
An Exact Fourier Series Method for the Vibration Analysis of Multispan Beam Systems

An exact Fourier series method is developed for the vibration analysis of multispan beam systems. In this method, the displacement on each beam is expressed as a Fourier series expansion plus an auxiliary closed-form function such as polynomials. The auxiliary function is used to deal with all the possible discontinuities, at the end points, with the original displacement function and its derivatives when they are periodically extended over the entire x-axis as implied by a Fourier series representation. As a result, not only is it always possible to expand the beam displacements into Fourier series under any boundary conditions, but also the series solution will be substantially improved in terms of its accuracy and convergence. Mathematically, the current Fourier series expansion represents an exact solution to a class of beam problems in the sense that both the governing equations and the boundary/coupling conditions are simultaneously satisfied to any specified degree of accuracy. In the multispan beam system model, any two adjacent beams are generally connected together via a pair of linear and rotational springs, allowing a better modeling of many real-world joints. Each beam in the system can also be independently and elastically restrained at its ends so that all boundary conditions including the classical homogeneous boundary conditions at the end and intermediate supports can be universally dealt with by simply varying the stiffnesses of the restraining springs accordingly, which does not involve any modification of basis functions, formulations, or solution procedures. The excellent accuracy and convergence of this series solution is demonstrated through numerical examples.
Migraine ‐ Cluster Headache Syndrome

SYNOPSIS The migraine-cluster headache syndrome is defined as headaches that are predominately of one type but with at least one major timing factor plus three lesser features of the other or five lesser features of the other (no more than one of the opposing features is a weak differential feature). The most important factors distinguishing migraine (M) from cluster headache (CH) are the timing of attacks (random occurrence versus clustering, frequency, duration, hour of onset) and the prodromal phenomena which occur with classical M, but are rarely seen with CH. Somewhat less significant differentiating characteristics are the associated symptoms of ipsilateral eye redness and tearing, nasal congestion and secretion, and partial Horner's syndrome which often accompany CH, in contrast to the symptoms of nausea and vomiting commonly associated with M. Also helpful in establishing the diagnosis are the quality, site and recurrent laterality of the pain, as well as its aggravating and ameliorating factors. Weak features in the differential diagnosis of M and CH are age of onset, sex, family history, and response to therapy. Patients with M or CH seen at the Headache Unit of Montefiore Medical Center during the past two years were evaluated for the occurrence of the migraine-cluster headache syndrome. Nine (1.0%) of 923 patients with M had 4 or more features of CH and 5 (3.2%) of 154 patients with CH had 4 or 5 characteristics of M. In 4 patients symptoms of M and CH were blended in such a way neither headache predominated.