cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonic assembly of Gondwana

Abstract The Paleozoic assembly of Pangea, with Gondwana as its southern half, completed the last full cycle of growth and dispersal of supercontinents during earth history. This assembly apparently resulted from reorganization of a preceding supercontinent (Rodinia) that existed at ∼1000 Ma. In addition to Laurentia and fragments that formed nuclei for Europe and Asia, the rifting of Rodinia produced: (1) East Gondwana, consisting largely of Western Australia, India, East Antarctica, and possibly part of southern Africa; and (2) various smaller fragments that converged to form West Gondwana, consisting of most of Africa and South America. East Gondwana appears to have been a stable block at a time no younger than ∼1000 Ma and possibly older. West Gondwana accreted largely in the latest Proterozoic and early Paleozoic by closure of the Pharusian Ocean in the north, the Adamaster Ocean in the south, and the ANEKT/Mozambique Ocean between West and East Gondwana. The assembly process was diachronous along numerous mobile belts, accompanied by syn- and post-collisional shearing and magmatism, and led to development of successor basins and rifts. Uncertainties in the timing and mechanism of assembly of Gondwana greatly limit our understanding of the supercontinent cycle. Thus, we propose investigations of Gondwana to determine more precisely the nature and age of apparent cratonic blocks, the locations and ages of orogenic belts, the configuration of former ocean basins, the significance of transcontinental shears, the extent of reactivation of older terranes, and the relationship of Gondwana to North America. Detailed knowledge of the assembly of Gondwana should also provide information on its relationship to other major processes such as mantle evolution and atmospheric, oceanic, and biologic changes.
A Concise Parametric Representation of Electrocardiograms

This work is directed toward reducing the number of parameters necessary to describe the electrical activity of the heart. The approach taken is one of template matching using a linear combination of a set of template waveforms to fit a set of pattern waveforms. Using selected electrocardiogram (EKG) waveforms as a template results in a great reduction in the number of parameters needed to match other EKGs.
The Search for a New OPAC: Selecting an Open Source Discovery Layer

In early 2011, an Indiana University Libraries task force was charged with selecting an open source discovery layer to serve as the public interface for IU's online catalog, IUCAT. This process included creating a rubric of core functionality and rating two discovery layers based on criteria in four main categories: general features and functionality; authentication and account management; export and share; and search functionality and results display. The article includes information about our rubric and the two discovery layers reviewed, Blacklight and VuFind, as well as a discussion of the priorities of the task force. The article concludes with future steps and anticipated highlights for IUCAT.
Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain

Low back pain is an extremely common presenting complaint that occurs in upward of 80% of persons. Treatment of an acute episode of back pain includes relative rest, activity modification, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and physical therapy. Patient education is also imperative, as these patients are at risk for further future episodes of back pain. Chronic back pain (>6 months' duration) develops in a small percentage of patients. Clinicians' ability to diagnose the exact pathologic source of these symptoms is severely limited, making a cure unlikely. Treatment of these patients should be supportive, the goal being to improve pain and function.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes are not major risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects 5–8% of reproductive age women. The primary features of PCOS are hyperandrogenemia, chronic anovulation and infertility. It has been suggested that defects in ovarian steroid metabolism contribute to the follicular growth arrest and abnormal production of ovarian steroid hormones that are characteristic of PCOS. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is formed by the action of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) on 2-hydroxyestradiol. COMT expression is increased in the follicles and ovarian stroma of women with PCOS. Moreover, 2-ME decreases granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis, raising the possibility that ovarian dysfunction associated with PCOS is due, in part, to increased synthesis of 2-ME resulting from increased COMT activity. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6269, rs4633, rs4818, rs4680) in the COMT gene characterize haplotypes, which are associated with large variations in COMT enzymatic activity. The aim of this study was to determine whether individual COMT SNPs and the COMT haplotypes are associated with PCOS using a family-based test of association and linkage. Additionally, we examined the relationships between COMT SNPs and haplotypes with quantitative variables usually assessed in the evaluation of women with PCOS. There were no significant correlations between genotype and total testosterone, non-SHBG bound testosterone and BMI. However, we found that the prolactin level in women with PCOS varied significantly with COMT haplotype, and suggest that this association reflects a genetic factor influencing the stress response. Our findings suggest that common variants and haplotypes of the COMT gene are not major contributors to risk for PCOS, but that COMT genotype may influence prolactin levels.
Photolysis of Caged Sphingosine-1-phosphate Induces Barrier Enhancement and Intracellular Activation of Lung Endothelial Cell Signaling Pathways

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates cellular functions by ligation via G protein-coupled S1P receptors. In addition to its extracellular action, S1P also has int...
A selective and efficient electrocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to more useful products is an industrially important process. Here, the authors report a nanoporous silver catalyst that efficiently and selectively reduces carbon dioxide due to its high surface area and intrinsically high activity.
Preparing for smart grid technologies: A behavioral decision research approach to understanding consumer expectations about smart meters

Abstract With the enactment of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, U.S. President Obama made a public commitment to a new approach to energy production and transmission in the United States. It features installing smart meters and related technologies in residential homes, as part of transforming the current electrical grid into a “smart grid.” Realizing this transformation requires consumers to accept these new technologies and take advantage of the opportunities that they create. We use methods from behavioral decision research to understand consumer beliefs about smart meters, including in-depth mental models interviews and a follow-up survey with a sample of potential smart meter customers of a major U.S. mid-Atlantic electricity utility. In both the surveys and the interviews, most respondents reported wanting smart meters. However, these preferences were often based on erroneous beliefs regarding their purpose and function. Respondents confused smart meters with in-home displays and other enabling technologies, while expecting to realize immediate savings. They also perceived risks, including less control over their electricity usage, violations of their privacy, and increased costs. We discuss the policy implications of our results.
A reassessment of theHypoglossum group (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta), with a critique of its genera

A reassessment of theHypoglossum group (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta), with a critique of its genera. Eight genera are assigned to theHypoglossum Kutzing,Phitymophora J. Agardh,Pseudobranchioglossum Bodard, andZellera Martens. The circumscription of the group is emended to include forms with network-forming (Zellera) an dspirally twisted (Duckerella) thalli. The definition of the group is lalso modified to include members (e.g. some species ofHypoglossum) in which tetrasporangia are produced by primary cells as in theCaloglossa group. Exogenous branching, a distinguishing feature of the closely relatedCaloglossa group, never occurs in theHypoglossum group.
Matrix isolation study of ClF5

Abstract The infrared spectra of ClF 5 have been recorded in argon and nitrogen matrices. The previously suggested and very unusual triple coincidence of two deformational and one stretching mode at about 480 cm −1 has been experimentally confirmed. The observed Cl 35 -Cl 37 isotope splittings permit assignment of the bands to the individual modes. Spectroscopic evidence is presented for association of ClF 5 in the pure solid and in Ar matrix at low dilution ratios.
Environmental Control of Horn Length Dimorphism in the Beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Impressive examples of male ornamentation occur in horned beetles. Many beetle species are characterized by substantial amounts of phenotypic variation in horn length, and in some species this variation is biomodally distributed so that males may be separated into two groups on the basis of horn length. Two discrete male morphs are present in natural populations of Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a dung beetle common to lowland tropical forests of Panama. Large males possess a pair of frontal horns, which in small males are greatly reduced in length or are lacking. This paper presents results from experiments designed to assess the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors as determinants of male horn morphology. Experimental manipulation of food quantity, a factor known to influence body size, showed that male horn length variation in O. acuminatus was influenced primarily by environmental factors. Horn lengths of male progeny were a function of individual differences in body size (the manipulated variable) and not of the horn lengths of their fathers, in both experimental and control populations. These results support recent theories on sexual selection which predict that male ornaments will evolve to be reliable indicators of male quality. The utility of incorporating studies of developmental mechanism into analyses of morphological evolution is discussed.
α1(XX) Collagen, a New Member of the Collagen Subfamily, Fibril-associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices

Chick cDNA clones for a new member of the FACIT (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices) subfamily have been isolated and sequenced. The collagen chain encoded by these cDNAs was assigned the next consecutive number, making it the alpha1(XX) collagen chain. Assignment of type XX collagen to the FACIT family was based on sequence similarities to types XII and XIV collagen. Type XX collagen mRNA is not abundant in the chick embryo. It is most prevalent in corneal epithelium. It is also detectable by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in embryonic skin, sternal cartilage, and tendon, but is barely detectable in calvaria, notochord, or neural retina at select stages of development, suggesting that it is not expressed in these tissues. The cDNA predicts that the alpha1(XX) collagen polypeptide is smaller than the short forms of collagen XII and XIV. A polyclonal antibody against a synthetic alpha1(XX) peptide reacts with polypeptide bands of 185, 170, and 135 kDa by Western blot analysis. From its similarity to types XII and XIV collagen, type XX is expected to bind to collagen fibrils, projecting the amino-terminal domains away from the fibrillar surface. The projecting NC 3 domains are predicted to be about half the length of those of collagen XIV.
Branching Ratio and CP Asymmetry in b-->sγ and the Study of Exclusive Radiative B Meson Decays at CLEO

We have investigated radiative B meson decays with the CLEO detector. An updated result on the branching fraction ℬ(b→sγ)=(3.15±0.35±0.32 ±0.26)×10-4 is reported. We report on a search for CP asymmetry in b→sγ decays, determining that -0.27<ACP<+0.010 at 90% CL. The measurement of the branching fraction for the exclusive mode B→K*(892)γ has been updated with a value of and and a first measurement of is reported with a value of . A search for CP asymmetry in B→K*(892)γ decays yields a measurement of ACP=+0.08±0.13±0.03. We find no significant evidence for the decays B→(ρ/ω)γ and we limit ℬ(B →(ρ/ω)γ)/ℬ(B→K*(892)γ)<0.32 at 90% CL. In addition we find no evidence for the non-penguin decays B0→ϕγ and B0→D*0γ.
A model of steelhead movement in relation to water temperature in two Lake Michigan tributaries

Abstract We used movement data from two Lake Michigan tributaries to develop a new approach for analyzing upstream adult steelhead migration. Our data included 28 radio-tagged steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Pere Marquette River and a larger (5,876-10,083-steelhead), multiyear (1993-1999) data set of camera-recorded steelhead passages through a fishway on the St. Joseph River. To quantitatively predict the probability of upstream movement, our model used a rule for temperature-based movements developed from the data. Exponential, logistic, and power functions were evaluated as possible ways to express the probability of movement. Of these, the power function resulted in the closest fit between observed and predicted movements. The probability of movement increased with increasing water temperatures above a movement-threshold water temperature. Stream flow was incorporated into the temperature-based movement (TBM) model but did not add substantially to the model's ability to describe the migratory beh...
Dietary protein levels and growth of the oyster Crassostrea virginica

The diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana in exponential phase or stationary phase and grown under 3 light regimes was fed to 6 groups of juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, for a 10-week period. Oysters fed diets from the stationary phase grew more rapidly and had a higher glycogen content than those fed diets from the exponential phase. The stationary phase, cool white-light diet produced the greatest increase in dry weight, shell height and glycogen content of the 6 diets examined. Oysters grew more rapidly when fed diets richer in carbohydrates than proteins.
Shifting visions of classical paradigms: The “same” and the “other”

befreien gesucht, weil Angesichts derselben alles Selbstgeleistete, scheinbar vollig Originelle, und recht aufrichtig Bewunderte plbtzlich Farbe und Leben zu verlieren schien und zur misslungenen Copie, ja zur Cartikatur zusammenschrumpfte. ULInd so bricht immer von Neuem einmal der herzliche Ingrimm gegen jenes anmaassliche Vo1kchen hervor, das sich erkiihnte, alles Nichteinheimischefiir alle Zeiten als 'barbarisch' zu bezeichnen:. " Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragodie'
Flow cytometric studies of the nuclear matrix

We have devised a method to measure the protein and nucleic acid content of the nuclear matrix using flow cytometry. Nuclear matrices were prepared from nuclei by DNase I digestion followed by 3 M NaCl extraction. The resulting particles were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for protein and propidium iodide (PI) for double-stranded nucleic acids, and fluorescence as well as forward angle light scatter was detected. The matrices were also subjected to additional chemical or enzymatic perturbations, and changes in the above parameters were measured. Results showed that matrices from heat-shocked cells not only retained the majority of heat-induced excess nuclear protein, but also exhibited higher PI signals than controls after RNase A digestion. This observation did not hold if RNase A digestion preceded high-salt extraction, suggesting that a salt-extractable moiety had been replaced or altered by heat so that double-stranded RNA was protected from the nucleolytic attack. The residual PI fluorescence in matrices from heated cells bore a linear relationship to the increased protein content in those matrices, indicating that the excess protein sequesters matrix-associated RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of matrix polypeptides revealed increased amounts of many proteins as a result of heat as well as the appearance of several new proteins, one of which comigrates with the HSP72/73 heat-shock proteins. The results of these studies show that flow cytometry can be used to study the nuclear matrix and is capable of detecting changes that result from alterations in its protein composition.
Layer charge of the expandable component of illite/smectite in K-bentonite as determined by alkylammonium ion exchange

The charge of the expandable interlayers in a series of fourteen diagenetic illite/smectites (I/ S) from lower Paleozoic K-bentonites was determined by the alkylammonium ion exchange method. The magnitude (<0.50 equivalents per half formula unit) and characteristic heterogeneous distribution of interlayer charges in eight samples with expandabilities from 70% to about 15% confirm the smectitic character of the expandable interlayers in this range. This result coupled with the lack of a correlation between expandability and interlayer charge is consistent with the hypothesis of a layer-by-layer trans- formation from a precursor smectite to highly illitic I/S clays during K-bentonite diagenesis. The charge of the expandable interlayers in I/S samples with about 10% or less expandabilities have been inferred to be vermiculitic rather than smectitic. The K-fixed interlayers and expandable interlayers in these samples appear to be similar in charge. The significantly higher charges inferred for the highly illitic samples can be consistent both with a layer-by-layer transformation and the neoformation mechanisms proposed in the literature for the formation of illite.
Literacy Teachers' Interactions with Instructional Leaders: Students Reap the Benefits

This paper examines the interactions between literacy teachers and instructional leaders and their effects on students’ reading achievement gains. The results of this study have implications for how instructional leaders work with colleagues and how these relationships may impact student achievement. Forty-two suburban elementary and middle school literacy teachers reported the frequency and helpfulness of interactions with their instructional leaders. Findings indicate that curricular and assessment interactions occurred more frequently and were more helpful than instructional interactions. Students of these teachers who reported the most frequent and helpful interactions had significantly higher reading achievement gains than students of teachers who reported the least frequent and least helpful contacts.
Mild partial deoxygenation of esters catalyzed by an oxazolinylborate-coordinated rhodium silylene

An electrophilic, coordinatively unsaturated rhodium complex supported by borate-linked oxazoline, oxazoline-coordinated silylene, and N-heterocyclic carbene donors [{κ3-N,Si,C-PhB(OxMe2)(OxMe2SiHPh)ImMes}Rh(H)CO][HB(C6F5)3] (2, OxMe2 = 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline; ImMes = 1-mesitylimidazole) is synthesized from the neutral rhodium silyl {PhB(OxMe2)2ImMes}RhH(SiH2Ph)CO (1) and B(C6F5)3. The unusual oxazoline-coordinated silylene structure in 2 is proposed to form by rearrangement of an unobserved isomeric cationic rhodium silylene species [{PhB(OxMe2)2ImMes}RhH(SiHPh)CO][HB(C6F5)3] generated by H abstraction. Complex 2 catalyzes reductions of organic carbonyl compounds with silanes to give hydrosilylation products or deoxygenation products. The pathway to these reactions is primarily influenced by the degree of substitution of the organosilane. Reactions with primary silanes give deoxygenation of esters to ethers, amides to amines, and ketones and aldehydes to hydrocarbons, whereas tertiary silanes react to give 1,2-hydrosilylation of the carbonyl functionality. In contrast, the strong Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 catalyzes the complete deoxygenation of carbonyl compounds to hydrocarbons with PhSiH3 as the reducing agent.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: fresh perspective on clinical features and penetrance.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) is an interesting genetic syndrome of polyendocrinopathies. Clinical knowledge about MEN-1 is essential as it appears to be significantly under-diagnosed. New data from several prospective series shows not only that as a many as 40% of patients manifest a first feature of MEN-1 after age 40, but also that as many as a third of gene carriers do not present with hyperparathyroidism as the first feature, as previously believed. Mutational analysis for frequently involved exons of the gene menin on chromosome 11 is now available, but negative results should be interpreted with caution in patients with clinical MEN-1. Disease-specific mortality is significant, arises largely from pancreatic islet carcinoma and malignant thymic carcinoid, and renders this disorder worthy of careful and early prospective diagnosis and treatment.
Tree Canopy Effects on Simulated Water Stress in Southern African Savannas

A coupled energy and water balance model is used to simulate the effects of large tree canopies on soil moisture and water stress across a series of sites spanning a regional moisture gradient in southern Africa. The model tracks evapotranspiration from five components of the land surface at each site—the tree canopy, the grass under and between tree canopies, and the bare soil under and between tree canopies. The soil moisture dynamics are simulated at daily time steps and driven by a stochastic model of storm arrivals and storm depth. Evapotranspiration is modeled using the Priestley-Taylor approach, with potential evapotranspiration scaled by soil moisture availability. The soil moisture under tree canopies is compared to the soil moisture between tree canopies, and differences in average annual soil moisture stress conditions are analyzed at each site. The spatial distribution of large trees has important consequences for small-scale soil moisture dynamics across the rainfall gradient. The results indicate that tree canopies serve to reduce soil moisture stress of under-canopy vegetation in the middle of the rainfall gradient. At the dry end of the rainfall gradient, the effect of tree canopies on soil moisture is dependent on the amount of rainfall received in a given growing season.
The Wisconsin multicube: a new large-scale cache-coherent multiprocessor

The Wisconsin Multicube, is a large-scale, shared-memory multiprocessor architecture that employs a snooping cache protocol over a grid of buses. Each processor has a conventional (SRAM) cache optimized to minimize memory latency and a large (DRAM) snooping cache optimized to reduce bus traffic and to maintain consistency. The large snooping cache should guarantee that nearly all the traffic on the buses will be generated by I/O and accesses to shared data.The programmer's view of the system is like a multi -- a set of processors having access to a common shared memory with no notion of geographical locality. Thus writing software, including the operating system, should be a straightforward extension of those techniques being developed for multis.The interconnection topology allows for a cache-coherent protocol for which most bus requests can be satisfied with no more than twice the number of bus operations required of a single-bus multi. The total symmetry guarantees that there are no topology-induced bottlenecks. The total bus bandwidth grows in proportion to the product of the number of processors and the average path length.The proposed architecture is an example of a new class of interconnection topologies -- the Multicube -- which consists of N =nk processors, where each processor is connected to k buses and each bus is connected to n processors. The hypercube is a special case where n=2. The Wisconsin Multicube is a two-dimensional Multicube (k=2), where n scales to about 32, resulting in a proposed system of over 1,000 processors.
Trastuzumab-Related Cardiotoxicity Among Older Patients With Breast Cancer

Purpose The use of trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting improves outcomes but is associated with cardiotoxicity manifested as congestive heart failure (CHF). The rates and risk factors associated with trastuzumab-related CHF among older patients are unknown. Patients and Methods Breast cancer patients at least 66 years old with full Medicare coverage, diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between 2005 and 2009, and treated with chemotherapy were identified in the SEER-Medicare and in the Texas Cancer Registry–Medicare databases. The rates and risk factors associated with CHF were evaluated. Chemotherapy, trastuzumab use, comorbidities, and CHF were identified using International Classification of Diseases, version 9, and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes. Analyses included descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards models. Results In total, 9,535 patients were included, of whom 2,203 (23.1%) received trastuzumab. Median age of the entire cohort was 71 years old. Among trastuzumab ...
Chromatographic methods for determination of S-substituted cysteine derivatives—A comparative study

A novel HPLC method for determination of a wide variety of S-substituted cysteine derivatives in Allium species has been developed and validated. This method allows simultaneous separation and quantification of S-alk(en)ylcysteine S-oxides, γ-glutamyl-S-alk(en)ylcysteines and γ-glutamyl-S-alk(en)ylcysteine S-oxides in a single run. The procedure is based on extraction of these amino acids and dipeptides by methanol, their derivatization by dansyl chloride and subsequent separation by reversed phase HPLC. The main advantages of the new method are simplicity, excellent stability of derivatives, high sensitivity, specificity and the ability to simultaneously analyze the whole range of S-substituted cysteine derivatives. This method was critically compared with other chromatographic procedures used for quantification of S-substituted cysteine derivatives, namely with two other HPLC methods (derivatization by o-phthaldialdehyde/tert-butylthiol and fluorenylmethyl chloroformate), and with determination by gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. Major advantages and drawbacks of these analytical procedures are discussed. Employing these various chromatographic methods, the content and relative proportions of individual S-substituted cysteine derivatives were determined in four most frequently consumed alliaceous vegetables (garlic, onion, shallot, and leek).
WSN17-6: An Efficient Energy-balanced COordinated Node Scheduling (ECONS) Protocol for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose a distributed and efficient sleeping protocol, the energy-balanced coordinated node scheduling (ECONS), that guarantees OoS sensing coverage for wireless dense sensor networks. We first define the parameters that can be adjusted by the applications to achieve the desired sensing coverage percentage. We next discusses the ECONS protocol which maximizes the network lifetime while supporting the QoS coverage requirements. The key components include accurate sleeping eligibility calculation, proper back-off schemes, overhead cost control, and dynamic off-duty interval assignment that adapts to the energy consumption patterns of sensors in each neighbors. Simulations using realistic network application scenario and energy models based on MICA2 measurements confirm the efficiency of ECONS, which achieves an increase of 49% to 71.5% in network lifetime compared to non-scheduled networks and 18.9% compared to coverage preserving (CP) protocol.
Actomyosin stiffens the vertebrate embryo during crucial stages of elongation and neural tube closure

Physical forces drive the movement of tissues within the early embryo. Classical and modern approaches have been used to infer and, in rare cases, measure mechanical properties and the location and magnitude of forces within embryos. Elongation of the dorsal axis is a crucial event in early vertebrate development, yet the mechanics of dorsal tissues in driving embryonic elongation that later support neural tube closure and formation of the central nervous system is not known. Among vertebrates, amphibian embryos allow complex physical manipulation of embryonic tissues that are required to measure the mechanical properties of tissues. In this paper, we measure the stiffness of dorsal isolate explants of frog (Xenopus laevis) from gastrulation to neurulation and find dorsal tissues stiffen from less than 20 Pascal (Pa) to over 80 Pa. By iteratively removing tissues from these explants, we find paraxial somitic mesoderm is nearly twice as stiff as either the notochord or neural plate, and at least 10-fold stiffer than the endoderm. Stiffness measurements from explants with reduced fibronectin fibril assembly or disrupted actomyosin contractility suggest that it is the state of the actomyosin cell cortex rather than accumulating fibronectin that controls tissue stiffness in early amphibian embryos.
Differences in Gene Expression between the Classical and El Tor Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1

Differences in whole-genome expression patterns between the classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1 were determined under conditions that induce virulence gene expression in the classical biotype. A total of 524 genes (13.5% of the genome) were found to be differentially expressed in the two biotypes. The expression of genes encoding proteins required for biofilm formation, chemotaxis, and transport of amino acids, peptides, and iron was higher in the El Tor biotype. These gene expression differences may contribute to the enhanced survival capacity of the El Tor biotype in environmental reservoirs. The expression of genes encoding virulence factors was higher in the classical than in the El Tor biotype. In addition, the vieSAB genes, which were originally identified as regulators of ctxA transcription, were expressed at a fivefold higher level in the classical biotype. We determined the VieA regulon in both biotypes by transcriptome comparison of wild-type and vieA deletion mutant strains. VieA predominantly regulates gene expression in the classical biotype; 401 genes (10.3% of the genome), including those encoding proteins required for virulence, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and flagellum production as well as those regulated by σE, are differentially expressed in the classical vieA deletion mutant. In contrast, only five genes were regulated by VieA in the El Tor biotype. A large fraction (20.8%) of the genes that are differentially expressed in the classical versus the El Tor biotype are controlled by VieA in the classical biotype. Thus, VieA is a major regulator of genes in the classical biotype under virulence gene-inducing conditions.
Japan's new electoral system: la plus ça change

Abstract We examine the impact on parties and candidates of Japan's new electoral rules, first used in the 1996 House of Representatives election. We argue that the Japanese rules, which not only permit dual candidacy but also allow votes cast in the single member district (SMD) portion of the race to allocate proportional representation (PR) seats to dual candidates, effectively defeat the purposes of electoral reform. The new arrangement transforms PR representatives into locally-based politicians who will rely on personalistic rather than party-based or programmatic campaigning, effectively converts single-member districts back into the multi-member districts of the past, enhances incumbency advantage, and will push the ratio of candidates to seats down as low or even lower than before.
El Manuscrito del aperreamiento

El Manuscrito del aperreamiento documenta la violenta ejecucion de un prominente sacerdote y seis nobles de Cholula, atacados por un perro. Hernan Cortes ordeno tan brutal castigo; el que fuese perpetrado en la persona de un importante sacerdote muestra el papel clave de Cholula, en las esferas religiosa y politica, durante los anos previos a la conquista. El Manuscrito del aperreamiento nos proporciona una lugubre imagen del Mexico de los anos inmediatamente posteriores a la conquista. El Manuscrito, resguardado actualmente en la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia, fue pintado sobre una sola hoja de papel europeo en 1560, si bien los acontecimientos que muestra sucedieron en 1523. En el centro de la imagen se observa a un sacerdote atado mientras lo ataca y mata un perro, que es controlado por un espanol mediante una cadena. A la derecha de la imagen, otros seis senores, encadenados uno al otro, esperan su turno para ser “aperreados”. En la parte superior vemos a Hernan Cortes parado junto a dona Marina, su traductora. Cortes eleva la mano mientras dice algo; Marina lleva un rosario en la mano y, juntos, intentan convertir a los indigenas. A juzgar por su condicion y castigo inminente, los hombres parecen haber rechazado sus arengas. El primer prisionero, ademas, porta una espada europea, lo cual hace suponer que se rebelo abiertamente contra el mensaje evangelizador de Cortes
Epidemics of 'Control Fraud' Lead to Recurrent, Intensifying Bubbles and Crises

“Control frauds” are seemingly legitimate entities controlled by persons that use them as a fraud “weapon.” A single control fraud can cause greater losses than all other forms of property crime combined. This article addresses the role of control fraud in financial crises. Financial control frauds’ primary weapon is accounting. Fraudulent lenders produce exceptional short-term “profits” through a four-part strategy: extreme growth (Ponzi), lending to uncreditworthy borrowers, extreme leverage, and minimal loss reserves. These exceptional “profits” defeat regulatory restrictions and turn private market discipline perverse. The profits also allow the CEO to convert firm assets for personal benefit through seemingly normal compensation mechanisms. The short-term profits cause stock options to appreciate. Fraudulent CEOs following this strategy are guaranteed extraordinary income while minimizing risks of detection and prosecution. The optimization strategy causes catastrophic losses. The “profits” allow the fraud to grow rapidly by making bad loans for years. The “profits” allow the managers to loot the firm through exceptional compensation, which increases losses.The accounting control fraud optimization strategy hyper-inflates and extends the life of financial bubbles. The finance sector is most criminogenic because of the absence of effective regulation and the ability to invest in assets that lack readily verifiable values. Unless regulators deal effectively with the initial frauds their record profits will produce imitators. Control frauds can be a combination of “opportunistic” and “reactive”. If entry is easy, opportunistic control fraud is optimized. If the finance sector is suffering from distress, reactive control fraud is optimized. Both conditions can exist at the same time, as in the savings and loan (S&L) debacle. When many firms follow the same optimization strategy a financial bubble hyper-inflates. This further optimizes accounting control fraud because the frauds can hide losses by refinancing. Mega bubbles produce financial crises.
Berimbau de barriga: Musical Ethnobotany of the Afro-Brazilian Diaspora

Enslaved Africans and their descendants were active agents of biocultural innovation and change in the Americas. In this chapter, we examine the cultural and ethnobotanical significance of Brazil’s berimbau de barriga, a one-stringed musical bow of West African origin. Methods include archival research and semistructured interviews with berimbau master craftsmen. Appearing first in early nineteenth-century illustrations by European travelers, the contemporary berimbau was originally employed by African-descended street touts to attract customers. Over time, it gained popularity as the iconic musical instrument of the Afro-Brazilian martial art-dance of capoeira. Today, as capoeira increasingly symbolizes Brazil’s African cultural heritage, artisans are producing greater numbers of berimbaus to meet the demands of tourists and distant capoeira practitioners. Craftsmen in the past took great care in fashioning berimbaus, but they now increasingly mass produce the instrument to satisfy the burgeoning commercial market.
Vitamin A Deficiency Impairs Fetal Islet Development and Causes Subsequent Glucose Intolerance in Adult Rats

To determine the role of vitamin A in fetal islet development, beta- and alpha-cell mass, apoptosis, and alpha- and beta-cell replication were measured in rats using a model of marginal vitamin A deficiency. Female rats before and during pregnancy and their offspring postweaning were fed a diet containing retinol as retinyl palmitate at a low marginal (LM, 0.25 mg/kg diet) or a sufficient (SUFF, 4.0 mg/kg diet) level. Fetal islet size, replication, apoptosis, and offspring glucose tolerance were examined. Both beta-cell area and number per islet were reduced approximately 50% in fetuses from dams fed an LM vitamin A diet compared with those from dams fed the SUFF vitamin A diet. The alpha-cell area and number per fetal islet were not affected by vitamin A deficiency. Apoptosis was not increased. The percentage of newly replicated beta-cells in the LM fetal pancreas was 42% less than that of SUFF offspring, but alpha-cell replication was not affected. To determine whether this decrease in beta-cell area affected adult glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, 65-d-old offspring were subject to glucose tolerance tests. LM rats had a 55% lower plasma insulin level and a 76% higher serum glucose than SUFF rats. The same pattern could be seen in 35-d-old rats. These findings show that vitamin A deficiency decreases beta-cell mass and this reduction can be attributed to a reduced rate of fetal beta-cell replication in LM offspring. This may contribute to impaired glucose tolerance later in adult life.
Decaying capillary wave turbulence under broad-scale dissipation

We study the freely decaying weak turbulence of capillary waves by direct numerical solution of the primitive Euler equations. By introducing a small amount of wave dissipation, measured by the viscosity magnitude , we are able to recover phenomena observed in experiments that are not described by weak-turbulence theory (WTT), including the exponential modal decay and time variation of the width and power-law spectral slope of the inertial range. In contrast to WTT, this problem also involves non-constant inter-modal energy transfer across the inertial range, which imposes a difficulty in quantifying and measuring the energy flux associated with a certain power-law spectrum. We propose an effective and novel way to evaluate in such cases by physically considering the unsteady effects of the spectrum and variation of the inter-modal energy transfer. Our results show the fundamental difference between the energy flux and the total energy dissipation rate , which is due to significant energy dissipation within the inertial range. This settles the previous debate on the measurement of which assumes the equivalence of the two. Based on our numerical data, we obtain a general form of the time-evolving inertial-range spectrum, where the parameters involved are functions of only. The value of the spectral slope at each time moment in the decay, however, is found to be uniquely related to the spectral magnitude at that time and irrespective of , in the range we consider. This physically reveals the dominant effect of nonlinear wave interaction in forming the power-law spectrum within the inertial range. The evolutions of the inertial-range energy are shown to be predicted by analytical integration of the evolving spectra for different values of .
Ontario Law and Policy

This chapter to The Law of Climate Change in Canada examines the growth and current state of climate change law and policy in Ontario. In particular, it explores Ontario's historical and projected greenhouse gas emissions and the impact climate change is having on the province; how well Ontario's constitutional, statutory and regulatory framework equips the province to address climate change; the development of Ontario's climate change law and policy from the early 1990s to the present; and the province's key legal and policy efforts to address mitigation and adaptation.
Super-Resolution Chemical Imaging with Plasmonic Substrates

We demonstrate super-resolution chemical imaging with plasmonic nanoholes via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Due to large field enhancements, blinking behavior of SERS hot spots was observed and processed using a stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) algorithm. This enabled localization to within 10 nm and high-resolution imaging. However, illumination of the sample with a static laser beam produced only SERS hot spots in fixed locations, leaving noticeable gaps in the final images. By randomly altering the phase profile of the incident beam with a simple optical diffuser, the hot spots were shifted across the plasmonic surface to illuminate different areas of the sample, thereby rendering a final image without the gaps. A tunable band-pass filter was used to preserve spectral information, allowing chemical contrast imaging. Images were then compared to those obtained with a scanning electron microscope. Finally, we show that super-resolution SERS images can also be obtained wi...
Tyrosine Phosphorylation Based Homo-dimerization of Arabidopsis RACK1A Proteins Regulates Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways in Yeast

Scaffold proteins are known as important cellular regulators that can interact with multiple proteins to modulate diverse signal transduction pathways. RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) is a WD-40 type scaffold protein, conserved in eukaryotes, from Chlamydymonas to plants and humans, plays regulatory roles in diverse signal transduction and stress response pathways. RACK1 in humans has been implicated in myriads of neuropathological diseases including Alzheimer and alcohol addictions. Model plant Arabidopsis thaliana genome maintains three different RACK1 genes termed RACK1A, RACK1B, and RACK1C with a very high (85-93%) sequence identity among them. Loss of function mutation in Arabidopsis indicates that RACK1 proteins regulate diverse environmental stress signaling pathways including drought and salt stress resistance pathway. Recently deduced crystal structure of Arabidopsis RACK1A- very first among all of the RACK1 proteins, indicates that it can potentially be regulated by post-translational modifications, like tyrosine phosphorylations and sumoylation at key residues. Here we show evidence that RACK1A proteins, depending on diverse environmental stresses, are tyrosine phosphorylated. Utilizing site-directed mutagenesis of key tyrosine residues, it is found that tyrosine phosphorylation can potentially dictate the homo-dimerization of RACK1A proteins. The homo-dimerized RACK1A proteins play a role in providing UV-B induced oxidative stress resistance. It is proposed that RACK1A proteins ability to function as scaffold protein may potentially be regulated by the homo-dimerized RACK1A proteins to mediate diverse stress signaling pathways.
An emerging Korean youth culture, Rail-ro: the application of cultural consensus analysis to domestic rail travel experiences

This study deals with an emerging domestic rail travel phenomenon among Korean youth, known as Rail-ro (Railo), which has influenced aspects of youth culture and domestic tourism in Korea since 2007. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Railo experiences exist as a coherent culture among Railers based on cultural consensus analysis. The result indicates Railers’ strong agreement about Railo experiences, which reinforces the view that a particular rail pass could be instrumental in forming a distinct youth travel subculture. This study demonstrates how travel culture driven by the seasonal rail pass supports domestic tourism and inbound tourism.
Temporally regulated expression patterns following in utero adenovirus-mediated gene transfer.

Temporally regulated expression patterns following in utero adenovirus-mediated gene transfer
The Sensational Story of West Lynne: The Problem with Professionalism

ABSTRACTEllen Wood's bestselling East Lynne (1861) achieved its phenomenal popularity as the sensational tale of a fallen woman, but it is also an expose of a fallen man. Archibald Carlyle allows Wood to critique the emerging figure of the male professional, who challenges affective norms by dividing his attention, loyalty and love between his home and his work. The geographic patterns of East Lynne, consistently drawing the reader's attention to the distance between home and work, insist on the crucial space of Carlyle's commute and show the trauma felt by the women in his life according to their places at West Lynne, East Lynne or on the public byways in between. Isabel, Barbara and Cornelia are all differently victimized by the new professionalism. In Carlyle's primary orientation towards his office, we see Wood tracing the scandalous story of a man who has found a place he prefers to his home, and who inadvertently destroys that home as a result.
Modeling the Effects of Fly Ash Characteristics and Mixture Proportions on Strength and Durability of Concretes

Factor analyses and cluster analyses were the modeling tools used to relate the chemical and physical characteristics of fly ash and cement to the strength, sulfate resistance, and freeze-thaw durability of fly ash-modified concrete. A Type I Portland cement was mixed with base load and upset load condition fly ashes from three different power plants in each of five regions in the United States. Based on the interactions between the reactive constittuents of the cement and fly ash, common factor loadings were identified. Cement loaded onto the early strength factor; fly ash loaded onto the later strength factor. In some subgroups the quantity of mixing liquid loaded separately as representative of the high water/cement ratio, which masked the reactive interactions between the fly ash and cement. In other subgroups the inter-relationships between sulfate resistance and strength with fly ash/cemment fineness, CaO content, and alkali content were represented in the factor analysis as well as in the numerical analysis models.
THE APPLICATION OF GIS TO THE URBAN GARDENING AND GREENING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

This paper has dealt with the evaluation indices and factors of urban gardening and greening,analyzed the requirements of the system,designed the function and structure of Kunming gardening and greening management information system based on GIS,explained the reasons for the appearance of polygon fragments in the urban gardening and greening data,proposed the solution of the polygon merger and achieved the automatic merger of polygon fragment.According to the classification criteria of urban greening and China's urban gardening and greening indices,the authors have realized the calculation of three indices of Kunming greening programming,urban gardening and greening classification and the data updating.
Ultrasound-guided airway blocks using a curvilinear probe

We describe a novel technique of real-time ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve and translaryngeal blocks in 4 patients with anticipated difficult airways. All patients had altered neck anatomy, and 1 had a prior unsuccessful awake fiberoptic bronchoscopic intubation. For block performance, an 11-mm broadband curved array transducer with a scanning frequency between 8 and 5 MHz (Sonosite, Bothell, WA) was used for anatomical structure identification, needle guidance toward each superior laryngeal nerve and through the cricothyroid membrane, and deposition of local anesthetic in the appropriate location. This was followed by successful awake fiberoptic bronchoscopic endotracheal intubation in all cases.
A Selected List of Worldwide Azurite Localities

(1991). A Selected List of Worldwide Azurite Localities. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 24-28.