cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consideration to culture health care workers related to increased methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity in a neonatal intensive care unit

Background For 2 consecutive years, a care level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a 700-bed health care facility experienced an increase in health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). To decrease transmission, standard infection prevention techniques, active surveillance cultures, and deoxyribonucleic acid typing were done. After control was achieved, members of the organization outside of infection prevention and control requested health care worker (HCW) screening for MRSA, believing that it would decrease chances of future transmission. Methods To develop effective tools to communicate with organization members: (1) questions that must be resolved before HCW screening can be done accurately, (2) operational requirements for HCW screening, and (3) a “trigger point” for HCW screening should MRSA activity increase in the future. Results Developed tools to determine when MRSA screening of HCWs is warranted and for the preparation process when MRSA screening is necessary. Without performing HCW screening in the NICU, there were no health care-associated infections with MRSA for 20 months or colonization for 5 months. Conclusion Proactive consideration of HCW screening can be achieved by designing and implementing tools to illustrate the complexity of the HCW screening process and by defining a “trigger point” for HCW culturing if needed for MRSA control. Decreasing MRSA transmission in this NICU was accomplished without culturing health care workers.
Analysis of the Tropical Marine Boundary Layer during GATE Using Acoustic Sounder Data

Abstract An acoustic sounding system placed on the NOAA Ship Oceanographer during GATE provided a unique meteorological data set. Examples of three distinct boundary-layer situations are discussed as they appear on the facsimile records of backscattered acoustic intensity: 1) ubiquitous plume echoes associated with undisturbed conditions, 2) cool-air outflows (or wakes) from either squall-line or isolated cumulonimbus activity associated with disturbed conditions and 3) “hat”- or “hummock” -shaped echoes associated with low-level cumulus clouds usually occurring during weakly disturbed conditions. Profiles of potential temperature and mixing ratio from radiosonde flights launched from the Occonograph are compared with the acoustic data. Convective plumes observed during GATE were less vigorous than those seen over land. Bulk aerodynamic fluxes of surface sensible and latent heat varied in time with the passage of thermal plumes. This indicates a minimum averaging time for valid flux estimates of about 30 ...
Correlation of the superconducting transition temperature with an empirical pseudopotential determined from atomic spectra

We have observed a correlation between the superconducting transition temperature and the energy of the first excited electronic configuration of the atom as determined from the optical spectra. This has led to the formulation of an empirical pseudopotential using atomic spectral data. Using this pseudopotential we have shown it to be the dominant factor in accounting for the cohesive energy, melting temperature, Debye temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, and superconducting transition temperature.
Phytoene, Phytofluene, and Lycopene from Tomato Powder Differentially Accumulate in Tissues of Male Fisher 344 Rats

Tomato product consumption is inversely related to prostate cancer incidence, and lycopene (LYC) has been implicated in reduced prostate cancer risk. The contribution of other tomato carotenoids, phytoene (PE) and phytofluene (PF), towards prostate cancer risk has not been adequately studied. The relative uptake and tissue distribution of tomato carotenoids are not known. We hypothesize that PE and PF are bioavailable from a tomato powder diet or from a purified source and accumulate in androgen-sensitive tissues. In this study, 4 wk old male Fisher 344 rats were pre-fed an AIN-93G powder diet composed of 10% tomato powder containing PE, PF, and LYC (0.015, 0.012, and 0.011 g/kg diet, respectively). After 30 d tomato powder feeding, hepatic PF concentrations (168 ± 20 nmol/g) were higher than PE or LYC (104 ± 13 and 104 ± 13 nmol/g, respectively). In contrast, LYC, followed by PF, had the highest accumulation of the measured carotenoids in the prostate lobes and seminal vesicles. When tomato powder-fed rats received a single oral dose of either ∼2.7 mg PE or PF, an increase in the dosed carotenoid concentration was observed in all measured tissues, except the adrenal. Percent increases of PF were greater than that of PE in liver, serum, and adipose (37, 287 and 49% versus 16, 179 and 23%, respectively). Results indicate that the relative tomato carotenoid biodistribution differs in liver and androgen-sensitive tissues, suggesting that minor changes in the number of sequential double bonds in carotenoid structures alter absorption and/or metabolism of tomato carotenoids.
Synthesis of ruthenium phenylindenylidene, carbyne, allenylidene and vinylmethylidene complexes from (PPh3)3- 4RuCl2 : A mechanistic and structural investigation

Abstract The reaction of (Ph3P)3RuCl2 with 1,1-diphenyl-2-propyn-1-ol was investigated in various solvents. The reaction in thf under reflux is reported to produce the (PPh3)2Cl2Ru(3-phenylindenylidene) complex (3) which has undergone rearrangement of the allenylidene C3-spine. We have improved the reliability of the reported synthesis by adding acetyl chloride which converts the formed water of the reaction and thus increases the acidity of the reaction solution. Without the additive, we observed the exclusive formation of an intermediate of the transformation and identified it as dinuclear (PPh3)2ClRu(μ-Cl)3(PPh3)2Ru C C CPh2 complex (5). The reaction of (Ph3P)3−4RuCl2 with 1,1-diphenyl-2-propyn-1-ol in CH2Cl2 or C2H4Cl2 under reflux in the presence of excess conc. aqueous HCl afforded the new, neutral (PPh3)2Cl3Ru C–CH CPh2 carbyne complex (7), an HCl adduct of previously elusive (PPh3)2Cl2Ru C C CPh2 complex 6 in high yields. In contrast to the formation of complex 3, the reaction in a non-coordinating solvent did not afford the rearrangement of the allenylidene C3-spine. Complex 7 was converted into complex 3 in thf under reflux under loss of a molecule HCl. Complex 7 was converted with triethylamine under loss of HCl to complex 6. Pentacoordinate complex 6 was crystallized in the presence of O-donor ligands (EtOH, MeOH and H2O) to give hexacoordinate (PPh3)2Cl2(ROH)Ru C C CPh2 (R = H, CH3, C2H5) complexes (9)–(11) with the O-donor coordinating in trans-position to the allenylidene moiety. The reaction of complex 7 with 2 equiv. of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) gave hexacoordinate (PPh3)2Cl2(DMAP)Ru C C CPh2complex (12) with one molecule DMAP also coordinating in trans-position to the allenylidene group. Methanol and acetic acid in the absence of strong bases afforded the Fischer-carbene complexes (PPh3)2Cl2Ru C(OCH3)–CH CPh2 (14) and (PPh3)2Cl2Ru C(OAc)–CH CPh2 (15) where the nucleophile added to the α-carbon atom. The structures of complexes 5, 7, 9–11, 14, and 15 were solved via X-ray crystallography.
Incarceration of the Small Intestine in the Epiploic Foramen Report of 19 Cases (1983–1992)

The medical records of 19 horses referred for colic and subsequently found (18 confirmed, 1 suspected) to have small intestinal incarceration through the epiploic foramen were reviewed. These horses were of various ages and breeds; they had clinical signs of colic for an average duration of 13.5 hours before examination. Seventeen horses had nasogastric reflux, and 15 had palpable small intestinal distention. Three horses were killed during surgery because of severe intestinal damage. Of the remaining 16 horses, 13 required intestinal resection and anastomosis. The length of incarcerated small intestine varied from 8 cm to 17.6 m. The ileum was involved in 12 cases. In one horse, the mesoduodenum was disrupted before surgery, causing intra-abdominal bleeding; incarceration of bowel was not found during surgery. The short-term (1 month) survival rate was 74% (14 of 19 cases), and the long-term survival rate was 63% (12 of 19 cases). The follow-up period was 3 months to 45 months (mean 17.2 ± 7.2 months).
Needle catheter jejunostomy: A controlled, prospective, randomized trial in patients with gynecologic malignancy

Sixty patients with gynecologic cancer entered a prospective, randomized study of immediate postoperative feeding. Thirty-three women in the study group received an elemental diet (Vivonex HN) delivered through a needle catheter jejunostomy. Twenty-seven patients in the control group were given standard 5% dextrose and electrolyte solutions. Patients in both groups were stratified according to nutritional status as determined by anthropometric evaluation and levels of serum albumin, total protein, and transferrin. These parameters also were measured at intervals throughout the study. Only one catheter-related complication occurred. Patients in the study group received significantly more calories (p = 0.01) and were better able to maintain serum levels of transferrin (p = 0.05) than those in the control group. An elemental diet administered through the needle catheter jejunostomy effectively maintains postoperative nutrition and is associated with few complications.
Amphetamine induction of c-fos in the nucleus accumbens is not inhibited by glutamate antagonists

Systemic administration of relatively high doses of amphetamine or cocaine induces expression of c-fos in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. The doses of drugs used in such experiments are substantially higher than those needed to produce reward or sensitization. Therefore, it was determined if low doses of amphetamine capable of eliciting reward and sensitization increase levels of c-Fos protein in the nucleus accumbens. Amphetamine, 1 mg/kg, stimulated locomotor activity and increased the number of nucleus accumbens cells immunohistochemically positive for c-Fos protein to approximately 800 cells per section from a control of approximately 100 cells per section. Since glutamate antagonists modify various responses to amphetamine, it was then determined whether activation of glutamate receptors is involved in the induction of c-Fos protein by low doses of amphetamine. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 by itself stimulated locomotor activity but did not alter baseline levels of c-Fos protein. When given before amphetamine, both locomotor activity and extent of c-fos induction were greater than from amphetamine alone. The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX by itself had no effect on locomotor activity but increased slightly the number of cells positive for c-Fos protein in the nucleus accumbens. When given before amphetamine, locomotor activity was completely attenuated, and the extent of c-fos induction was greater than from amphetamine alone. We conclude that low doses of amphetamine do increase abundance of c-Fos protein in the nucleus accumbens. This action does not correlate with locomotor activity and is independent of activation of glutamate receptors.
Prediction and Characterization of Normal and Vat‐Failed Cottage Cheese

An acidification-heat-coagulation test has been developed for predicting cottage cheese vat-failure potential of milk. Milk is fist acidified to pH 5.06 at 10°C and then heated at a slow rate (1°C increment per min). Poor quality acidified milk (> 104 CFU/ml) forms small curds at 37°C and below. Good quality acidified milk (< 104 CFU/ml) will form small curds at higher temperatures. By this procedure cottage cheese vat-failure potential of milk containing different levels of psychrotrophs can be predicted. Normal and vat-failed cottage cheese curds are characterized by % of grit in cottage cheese and amount of curd fines in whey.
Studies of optical transitions related to π-conjugated polymers and laser dyes infiltrated in opal photonic crystals

We have investigated the emission properties of the laser dye: DCM, and photoinduced absorption (PA) properties of the π-conjugated polymer: DOO-PPP, in solutions which were infiltrated into porous synthetic opals. The infiltrated materials were chosen such that an overlap exists between the photoluminescence (PL) or PA spectra and the Bragg stop-band of the opal. We found that the PL spectrum of the dye-infiltrated opal shows angle-resolved energy redistribution. We observed PL enhancement at the high frequency edge of the Bragg stop-band and PL inhibition for frequencies inside the stop-band, with the same angular dispersion as that of the Bragg stop-band. A model is discussed to explain these PL changes, where the dielectric constant modulation affects the angular distribution of the dye dipole emission. Similar changes were observed in the PA spectrum of the infiltrated polymer solution, where the dielectric constant modulation affects the absorption dipole moment of long-lived photo-excitations on the polymer chains, such as triplet excitons.
Flunk’em or Get Them Classified The Contamination of Primary Grade Accountability Data

The authors argue not only that high-stakes primary grade testing increases the pressure on low-achieving schools to improve their test performance but that these assessment mandates also increase the chances that low-scoring children will be retained in grade or classified as handicapped. Placement practices such as handicapped classification, flunking, and "developmental" classes remove low- achieving children from the assessment stream and, in the authors’ view, constitute not just pollution of assessment data, but outright contamination of the reported results. The authors regard decisions to classify or fail low-achieving children as egregiously unethical if such decisions are motivated by pressure to increase the school’s publicly reported test performance, and they suggest that current high-stakes testing programs be modified to eliminate any incentives to engage in such placement practices.
Term relevance feedback and mediated database searching: implications for information retrieval practice and systems design

Abstract Research into both the algorithmic and human approaches to information retrieval is required to improve information retrieval system design and database searching effectiveness. This study uses the human approach to examine the sources and effectiveness of search terms selected during mediated interactive information retrieval. The study focuses on determining the retrieval effectiveness of search terms identified by users and intermediaries from retrieved items during term relevance feedback. Results show that terms selected from particular database fields of retrieved items during term relevance feedback (TRF) were more effective than search terms from the intermediary, database thesauri or users' domain knowledge during the interaction, but not as effective as terms from the users' written question statements. Implications for the design and testing of automatic relevance feedback techniques that place greater emphasis on these sources and the practice of database searching are also discussed.
Steps Following Attainment of Remission: Discontinuation of Antidepressant Therapy

Depressive disorders require long-term treatment with antidepressants, psychotherapy, or both. The goal of antidepressant therapy is complete remission of symptoms and return to normal daily functioning. Studies have shown that achieving remission and continuing antidepressant therapy long after the acute symptoms remit can protect against the relapse or recurrence of the psychiatric episode. Many patients, however, inadvertently or intentionally skip doses of their antidepressant, and even discontinue it, if their symptoms improve or if they experience side effects. Antidepressant discontinuation may increase the risk of relapse or precipitate certain distressing symptoms such as gastrointestinal complaints, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, equilibrium disturbances, and sleep disorders. Documented with all classes of antidepressants, these reactions may emerge within a couple of days, or even hours, after the abrupt discontinuation of an antidepressant with a short half-life. These distressing responses may be mistaken for a relapse or recurrence. It is important to recognize the potential for these sequelae and educate patients about the need to take all antidepressants at the doses prescribed, warning them of the symptoms that may occur if they skip doses or stop their medication too quickly. Antidepressants should be tapered slowly over a period of days, weeks, or even months, depending on the dose, duration of treatment, and pharmacologic properties of the agent, as well as the patient's individual response. This article reviews the risks and reactions associated with discontinuation of antidepressants. It offers guidelines for distinguishing relapse and recurrence from discontinuation responses as well as for prevention and management of the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.
A survey of housing conditions and characteristics in Accra, an African city

Abstract This study presents a survey of housing conditions in Accra (Ghana), a city that has experienced tremendous population growth and housing problems since the 1950s. The paper discusses population growth and housing conditions in the city, comparing the situation in the 1950s and the 1990s. It is based primarily on the analysis of surveys conducted in 1954 and 1989 by Acquah and the author, respectively. The survey data is supplemented with data from a small-scale interview of 52 households conducted in 1997, and the three Ghana Living Standard Surveys conducted in 1987/88, 1988/89 and 1991/92 by the Ghana Statistical Services. The surveys reveal that housing conditions in Accra seem to be worse than what they were in the 1950s. Factors such as the poor economy, unrealistic rent control, outmoded building regulations and lack of housing finance that have contributed to the dismal housing situation are identified and discussed.
Chiral symmetry breaking and the quark model: Unification of baryon and meson constraints

Abstract We review the subject of chiral symmetry breaking and its connection with the quark model. When the light plane SU(3) charges and quark field density matrix elements are transformed back to the usual static basis it becomes clear that expectation values of chiral breaking operators, such as q λ i q , do not necessarily have simple SU(3) transformation properties. Starting with the standard current quark chiral Hamiltonian H′ = m u u u + m d d d + m s s s , we then use current quark light-cone distribution function concepts in combination with constraints from (i) Compton amplitude fixed poles, (ii) baryon octet and decuplet mass differences, (iii) πN and KN σ terms, (iv) GA/GV, (v) low-energy π photoproduction multipoles, (vi) Goldberger-Treiman discrepancies, (vii) meson mass ratios in PCAC and, (viii) meson mass differences to determine m = 1 2 (m u + m d ) and ms in more than four independent ways. Our results are all mutually consistent and yield the values m ≈ m π and m s / m ≈ 5 . In particular the independent baryon and meson sectors of the theory are completely compatible.
Comparative antagonism by naltrexone and naloxone of μ, κ, and δ agonists☆

In the guinea pig ileum preparation, naltrexone was 3.5 to 5 times more potent than naloxone in antagonizing morphine but the antagonists were equipotent in antagonizing ethylketazocine. In the mouse vas deferens preparation, naltrexone and naloxone were equipotent in antagonizing both morphine and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin. The data provide evidence that the naltrexone-reversible mu population of receptors in the guinea pig ileum are different from those in the mouse vas deferens. These findings also point out the uniqueness of the mu receptor system in the guinea pig ileum which is reflected by the potency differences between naltrexone and naloxone.
Linear instabilities in multicomponent plasmas and their consequences for the auroral zone

Ion conics are commonly observed along auroral zone field lines and involve all major terrestrial ion species, including hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is believed that low-frequency plasma waves, driven unstable by field-aligned currents, transversely heat the ion distributions via wave-particle interactions, creating the ion conics. Considered here are low-frequency, oblique, electrostatic instabilities found in a mixed plasma that includes an electron beam streaming through a background of electrons, hydrogen, and oxygen. The addition of oxygen not only modifies the lower hybrid frequency, but allows the existence of an ion-ion (Buchsbaum) hybrid mode with a frequency between the hydrogen and oxygen gyrofrequencies. Because of its low frequency, the ion-ion hybrid instability can be effective in transversely heating heavy ions. When the electron beam drift speed is greater than 3 times the background electron thermal velocity (V/sub 0/>3v/sub te/) and the electron gyrofrequency to plasma frequency ratio is less than 10 (..cap omega../sub e/..omega../sub pe/ 20, which is a condition commonly found in the auroral zone nightside region, the ion-ion instability has the largest growth rates; in these regions, heavy ion transverse heating can occur. When 10<..cap omega../sub e/..omega../sub pe/<20 themore » hydrogen to oxygen density ratio determines which instability dominates. copyright American Geophysical Union 198« less
Columnar liquid crystalline assembly of doubly discotic supermolecules based on tetra-triphenylene-substituted phthalocyanine

A series of doubly discotic supermolecules with four triphenylene (Tp) mesogens attached to a phthalocyanine (Pc) core via flexible alkyl spacers were designed and synthesized. The samples were denoted as Pc(Tp)4. Two alkyl chain lengths (C5 and C12) in the Tp arms and two spacer lengths (C6 and C10) were used to study columnar liquid crystalline (LC) self-assemblies in Pc(Tp)4 samples. The mesophase morphology was studied by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. When the spacer length was relatively long (C10), a normal hexagonal columnar structure with the unit cell dimension close to those for the parent Tp or Pc liquid crystals was observed. The Pc columns packed either randomly or in a hexagonal superlattice in the Tp matrix. When the spacer length was short (C6), the Tp arms and the Pc core were tightly coupled together, and thus the whole supermolecules stacked together to form a super-LC column. A column-in-column rectangular mesophase with unit cell dimensions close to the size of the entire supermolecule was observed.
Kafka's Test

This essay offers a reading of Kafka’s long-ignored short narrative piece “Die Prufung” (1920), uncovering the paradoxes of testing that the curious ending of the text exposes. Confronting the parable first with Brod’s Heidentum, Christentum, Judentum and second with one of the most widely discussed of Kafka’s parables, namely “Vor dem Gesetz,” the essay explores Kafka’s reconfigurations of the intricate relationship between grace and sin, calling and serving, the law and the examination. The essay concludes by showing how the pedagogical and psychological discourse of “testing” circa 1920 was concerned with an epistemic problematic that is very much in evidence in Kafka’s parable.
Thermal inactivation characteristics of two strains of nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus subgroup A) pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata

Abstract Two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata , one with a single nucleocapsid per envelope (SV) and one with multiple nucleocapsids per envelope (BV), are inactivated by a first-order reaction at 55° and 60°C. BV is the more thermostable of the two viruses: At both test temperatures, it has a lower inactivation rate than SV. BV is also the more virulent of the two viruses, with respect to acute course of the disease and severity of the histological lesions. The greater thermostability of BV and the acute course of the disease caused by this pathogen support the choice of BV as the virus most suitable for industrial production and field use.
Continuous movement decoding using a target-dependent model with EMG inputs

Trajectory-based models that incorporate target position information have been shown to accurately decode reaching movements from bio-control signals, such as muscle (EMG) and cortical activity (neural spikes). One major hurdle in implementing such models for neuroprosthetic control is that they are inherently designed to decode single reaches from a position of origin to a specific target. Gaze direction can be used to identify appropriate targets, however information regarding movement intent is needed to determine when a reach is meant to begin and when it has been completed. We used linear discriminant analysis to classify limb states into movement classes based on recorded EMG from a sparse set of shoulder muscles. We then used the detected state transitions to update target information in a mixture of Kalman filters that incorporated target position explicitly in the state, and used EMG activity to decode arm movements. Updating the target position initiated movement along new trajectories, allowing a sequence of appropriately timed single reaches to be decoded in series and enabling highly accurate continuous control.
An Analysis of Secular Change in Tides at Open-Ocean Sites in the Pacific

AbstractHourly sea level is examined at 25 open-ocean stations in the Pacific Ocean with records longer than 30 yr. A search for trends finds that the amplitude of the dominant semidiurnal tide M2 is increasing at 12 of the 13 sites where a statistically significant trend can be identified. It is also found that nontidal variance in the neighborhood of M2 is decreasing at all 12 of the sites where a significant increase in M2 tide is occurring. The trend in amplitude of the dominant diurnal tide K1 is significant at six stations, and it is both increasing (four stations) and decreasing (two stations). The trend in semidiurnal-band variance suggests the hypothesis that increases in M2 could be caused by improvements in time keeping or data processing that would reduce the apparent phase variability of the tide. This possibility is examined and found to be the likely explanation for tidal trends at four stations. Local changes are found to explain the trend at two stations, Johnston Island and Mokuoloe, as ...
On the Spectra of Momentum Operators

The selfadjoint momentum operators acting in two intervals are parametrized by the unitary two-by-two matrices. Fixing a parametrization of the unitary two-by-two matrices we study how the spectra of the selfadjoint momentum operators depends on these parameters as well as on the lengths of the two intervals.
Speed and age: multiple rates of age decline.

Abstract There is frequent reference in the literature on aging and performance to the “slowing with age phenomenon.” If there truly is one “slowing with age” phenomenon, then all activities requiring speeded performance should decline with age at approximately the same rate. This report compares relative rates of age decline in several speeded physical activities ranging from simple reaction time to long-distance running events. The activities differ in the rate of slowing, with those requiring a greater muscular involvement or more stamina exhibiting the steepest declines. It is concluded that when one refers to slowing with age it is necessary to be quite specific about the activity to which one is referring because different activities decline at different rates.
Vapor Deposition of Thin-Film Y-Doped ZrO2 For Electrochemical Device Applications

Solid oxide electrolytes based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are widely used in applications such as oxygen sensors, solid oxide fuel cells, oxygen pumps, electrocatalytic reactors, and electrochemically driven oxygen separation membranes. However, bulk YSZ is used in these applications. This requires high operating temperatures in order to minimize ohmic loss. One alternative of overcoming this problem is to use a thin film of the electrolyte. In the work, the authors have grown polycrystalline thin films of fully stabilized Y-ZrO{sub 2} on thick porous Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} substrates in multilayer La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}MEO{sub 3}YSZ/La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}MEO{sub 3} (ME = Mn, Co) configurations using a combination of single-target RF magnetron sputtering and electron beam physical vapor deposition techniques. The structure and morphology of these films have been studied using X-ray diffraction, and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. The ionic conductivity of the thin films has been measured using AC impedance analysis.
The causes of phylogenetic conflict in a classic Drosophila species group

Bifurcating phylogenies are frequently used to describe the evolutionary history of groups of related species. However, simple bifurcating models may poorly represent the evolutionary history of species that have been exchanging genes. Here, we show that the history of three well-known closely related species, Drosophila pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. p. bogotana, is not well represented by a bifurcating phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic relationships among these species vary widely between different genomic regions. Much of this phylogenetic variation can be explained by the potential of different genomic regions to introgress between species, as measured in laboratory studies. We argue that the utility of multiple markers in species-level phylogenetic studies can be greatly enhanced by knowledge of genomic location and, in the case of hybridizing species, by knowledge of the functional or linkage relationships among the markers and regions of the genome that reduce hybrid fitness.
Popper's critique of Marx

In this paper I have not argued in support of a Marxist science of history. In fact, I do not believe Marx claimed to have developed a science of history, though this has not been argued here. My aim has been solely to provide an examination of Popper's critique of Marx. I believe I have shown that: 1. Even if one accepts Popper's critique of Marx, most of Marx's economics remain immune from this criticism. 2. Marx did not hold many of the tenets of historicism. 3. Popper has failed to show that there cannot be laws of social development. 4. Popper has failed to show that we cannot know laws of social development. 5. Marx does not confuse trends and laws in the way that Popper suggests and makes basic to this critique of historicism.
Failure to find holes in the T-cell repertoire.

The ability of an animal to respond to a given antigenic peptide depends on its major histocompatibility complex (MHC) type1. Some peptides are not immunogenic when combined with a particular form of the MHC-encoded molecule. This non-responsiveness is regulated by immune response (Ir) genes and is thought to arise by one of two distinct mechanisms. Either the MHC-encoded molecules physically fail to interact with the antigen, preventing the activation of T cells with appropriate receptors, or they limit the expressed repertoire of T cell clones so that no T cells are available to be activated by existing complexes of MHC-encoded molecules and antigen2. Experimental evidence has been generated to support both mechanisms (reviewed in ref. 1). However, the relative importance of each has not been clearly established. In this study we started with a peptide that was immunogenic in BIO mice; it was thus known to be able to interact with the MHC molecule, and T cells existed which could recognise the peptide–MHC complex. Based on previous experiments3, we then changed only those parts of the peptide that we thought interacted with the T-cell receptor. All the new analogues created were still immunogenic, confirming that the amino-acid substitutions that we had made did not prevent productive interactions with the MHC-encoded molecule. No limitations ('holes') in the T-cell repertoire were found. The experiments demonstrate the vast potential of the T-cell population to recognize many different analogues, each in a unique way, and suggest that constraints on the diversity of the T-cell repertoire may not be a major explanation for Ir gene defects.
The role of aldosterone in potassium tolerance: Studies in anephric humans

Since the role of aldosterone in mediating extrarenal potassium transport remains uncertain, the effect of mineralocorticoid on potassium metabolism was assessed in anephric patients. Seven anephric patients underwent three identical 72-hour periods between hemodialyses during which treatment with either 10 mg/day deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) intramuscularly or 300 mg/day spironolactone orally was compared to a baseline control period. The serum potassium rise, plasma aldosterone, salivary and stool electrolytes were measured in response to potassium loading over 48 hours with a metabolic diet containing 38 mEq/day followed by an "acute" oral potassium load of 0.5 mEq/kg. Acute potassium loading with DOCA resulted in a lower increment in serum potassium than with spironolactone (P less than 0.01). The volume of distribution of the acute potassium load at three hours was 55% of body weight with DOCA, which was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than with either spironolactone (35%) or control (34%). However, with the dietary load of potassium, the increments in serum potassium measured at 24 and 48 hours (13 hours post-prandial) were similar in all three periods. The volume of distribution of the dietary potassium was not altered by DOCA or spironolactone but had risen to an average of 172% at 24 hours and 243% at 48 hours in the three periods. Plasma aldosterone levels were low, positively correlated to the serum potassium and similar in all three periods without evidence of feedback inhibition by DOCA or stimulated by spironolactone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Compensatory growth of porcine right lungs after chronic rejection of transplanted left lungs

Neonatal lung hypoplasia is frequently a fatal condition often associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Unilateral lung transplantation rarely has been performed for this indication, although it is a potential solution. It is not known whether the transplant needs to function permanently or to act as a bridge until the native lung develops. It is also not known whether the native lung will grow in the face of an immunosuppressed state and chronic rejection of the transplanted lung. We therefore developed a porcine model of left lung rejection to study this. Infant swine underwent left lung transplantation. Chronic rejection occurred in all, resulting in nonfunction of the transplanted lung. The right lungs of these animals were compared with the right lungs of size-matched and age-matched control animals not given immunosuppressive treatment and not undergoing transplantation. There were no differences in terms of the functional residual capacity, airway compliance, and airway resistance among the groups. There was a significant increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance in the animals with transplanted lungs. There was also a significant increase in the lung weight in these animals. Unilateral pneumonectomies were done in 4 infant pigs to serve as controls. Three of the 4 did not survive the operation because of acute pulmonary failure. In conclusion, the study group exhibited evidence of compensatory growth that was not seen in the control animals, as shown by the increase in lung weight. This suggests that contralateral lung growth occurs in a growing animal, despite the effects of immunosuppression therapy and chronic rejection of the transplanted lung.
Behavioral Consensus Information Affects People's Inferences about Population Traits

Because people often do not moderate trait inferences when consensus is manipulated, it has been concluded that people neglect consensus information. Use of a Bayesian model, how ever, shows that there is no logical imperative that behavioral base-rate information must moderate trait inferences for a target's behavior. Instead, changes in consensus information can be accommodated by changes in the assumed prevalence of relevant traits in the population. Across two scenarios (N= 84), consensus manipulations had no effect on participants' trait inferences from the target's behavior but had robust effects on participants' assumptions about traits for the average person in a relevant population. Although attributors are unlikely to be using a Bayesian reasoning process, their responses do not violate Bayesian reasoning, and they clearly are not neglecting consensus information. A distinction is drawn between neglecting consensus information and using consensus information in a manner consistent with a disposi...
1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of the prosthetic group in sulfhemoglobin.

Abstract The molecular and electronic structure of the modified prosthetic group of sulfhemoglobin (SHb) was investigated by 1H NMR for the low-spin ferric cyano-met and high-spin ferrous deoxy sulfhemoglobin complex. The 1H NMR resonances of the two subunits in the cyano-met SHb complex were differentiated on the basis of the differential stability toward regeneration of native subunits. The subunit origin for the two sets of resonances was established by formation of the sulfglobin protein for the isolated α-chain prior to assembling with the native β-subunit to yield a tetramer with sulfhemin in the α-subunits. The subunit peak assignments establish that it is the β-subunit of SHb which regenerates more rapidly to native protein. The hyperfine shifted sulfhemin peaks were assigned based on steady-state nuclear Overhauser effects which demonstrated that similarly hyperfine shifted peaks exhibit the same dipolar connectivities observed in the analogous sulfmyoglobin complex. Hence it is concluded that pyrrole B is the site of reaction in both hemoglobin and myoglobin. The initially formed SHb complex failed to equilibrate to yield a complex with a sulfhemin sufficiently stable to extraction as found previously for sulfmyoglobin. However, apoHb readily bound the green sulfhemin extracted from the terminal alkaline equilibration product of sulfmyoglobin. The inhibition on the equilibration to the alkaline form with the exocyclic thiolene ring is attributed to the interaction with Val FG5. The observations of the same dipolar connectivities among similarly hyperfine shifted peaks in the directly prepared and reconstituted SHb complexes further support the same structure for the sulfhemin in sulfmyoglobin and SHb. The strongly hyperfine shifted peaks in the deoxy form of both SHb complexes were found very similar to those of the analogous sulfmyoglobin complexes. The proximal His labile ring proton signal appears to experience a 5- to 10-ppm decrease upon conversion of a native globin to sulfglobin. This attenuation may provide a probe for differentiating chlorins and hemins in globin pockets.
Iterative-Control-Based High-Speed Direct Mask Fabrication via Ultrasonic-Vibration-Assisted Mechanical Plowing

Mechanical indentation and plowing is one of the most widely used methods in probe-based nanolithography. Compared to other probe-based nanolithography techniques such as the Dip-pen and the milliped, mechanical plowing is not restrictive to conductive materials and/or soft materials. However, like other probe-based nanolithgraphy techniques, the low-throughput has hindered the implementation of this technique in practices. The fabrication throughput, although can be increased via parallel-probe, is ultimately limited by the tracking precision of the probe relative to the sample during the plowing process. In this paper, a new iterative learning control technique is proposed and utilized to account for the adverse effects encountered in high-speed, large-range mechanical plowing nanolithography, including the hysteresis, the vibrational dynamics, and the cross-axis dynamics-coupling effects. Moreover, vertical (normal) ultrasonic vibration of the cantilever is introduced during the fabrication process to improve the fabrication quality. This approach is implemented to directly fabricate patterns on a mask with a tungsten layer deposited on a silicon dioxide substrate. The experimental results demonstrated that a relatively large-size pattern of four grooves (20 μm in length) can be fabricated at a high-speed of ∼5 mm/sec, with the line width and line depth at ∼95 nm and 2 nm, respectively. A fine pattern of the word ‘NANO’ is also achieved at the speed of ∼5 mm/sec. Such a high-speed direct lithography of mask with nanoscale line width and depth points the use of mechanical-plowing technique in strategic-important applications such as mask lithography for semiconductor industry.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Condensation of mixed vapors and thermodynamics

A literal interface between thermodynamics and transport phenomena occurs in the steady-state condensation/vaporization of mixed vapors/liquids in wetted-wall towers. Unfortunately, several prominent transport texts assume that the ratio of molar fluxes is the same as the corresponding ratio of mole fractions at the interface for the phase being formed. This is shown to be true only at particular vertical positions corresponding to the first drop of condensate. The thermodynamics of the condensation/vaporization of mixtures is reviewed to understand why the ratio of pure-component fluxes at the interface differs from that of corresponding equilibrium mole fractions. The dynamics of steady-state condensation in wetted-wall towers is also developed based on the film theory of Colburn and Drew. The temperature/composition diagram is used to trace both transport phenomena and thermodynamic variables at various tower heights. The Ackermann factor is corrected allowing more general use of the design equations when the vapor is nonideal. The usual neglect of liquid-film resistance to heat transfer is examined. Numerical calculations show an unusual rise in the interfacial temperature in a parallel flow tower immediately below the onset of condensation. Possible and impossible sets of temperature and composition profiles are described.
The Social Structuring of Mental Health over the Adult Life Course: Advancing Theory in the Sociology of Aging

The sociology of aging draws on a broad array of theoretical perspectives from several disciplines, but rarely has it developed its own. We build on past work to advance and empirically test a model of mental health framed in terms of structural theorizing and situated within the life course perspective. Whereas most prior research has been based on cross-sectional data, we utilize four waves of data from a nationally representative sample of American adults (Americans' Changing Lives Study) collected prospectively over a 15-year period and find that education, employment and marital status, as well as their consequences for income and health, effectively explain the increase in depressive symptoms after age 65. We also found significant cohort differences in age trajectories of mental health that were partly explained by historical increases in education. We demonstrate that a purely structural theory can take us far in explaining later life mental health.
Roy Table: A Program for Generating Tables of Critical Values for Roy’s Largest Root Criterion

Roy’s largest root criterion is one of several multivariate test statistics available to the data analyst. Although it has a number of desirable properties to recommend it, no transformation to a more commonly tabulated statistic (such as the F ratio) exists, and the published tables for Roy’s criterion are quite limited in terms of levels of statistical significance and values of the distribution parameters. This article describes a PC-based program that permits the user to generate tables of critical values for Roy’s criterion for any level of statistical significance and for any set of distribution parameters. Roy Table is useful for the researcher who needs a more detailed tabulation of critical values than currently available and for the textbook author who wants to customize the tables being made available to the reader.
Wire codes, magnetic fields, and childhood cancer

Childhood cancer has been modestly associated with wire codes, an exposure surrogate for power frequency magnetic fields, but less consistently with measured fields. We analyzed data on the population distribution of wire codes and their relationship with several measured magnetic field metrics. In a given geographic area, there is a marked trend for decreased prevalence from low to high wire code categories, but there are differences between areas. For average measured fields, there is a positive relationship between the mean of the distributions and wire codes but a large overlap among the categories. Better discrimination is obtained for the extremes of the measurement values when comparing the highest and the lowest wire code categories. Instability of measurements, intermittent fields, or other exposure conditions do not appear to provide a viable explanation for the difference between wire codes and magnetic fields with respect to the strength and consistency of their respective association with childhood cancer. Bioelectromagnetics 18:99 ‐ 110, 1997. q 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The origin of photoluminescence lines in irradiated amorphous SiO/sub 2/

Irradiation of amorphous SiO/sub 2/ produces defects with a characteristic photoluminescence line at 1.9 eV (/spl sim/ 630 nm) that is universally attributed to a nonbridging oxygen atom. We present results of first-principles calculations that describe a complete cycle of electronic transitions (absorption + luminescence) and show that two different defects are equally likely to be responsible: nonbridging oxygen atoms and hydroxyl (OH) groups weakly bonded to fourfold coordinated network Si atoms.
The Victim-Offender Overlap and Fear of In-School Victimization A Longitudinal Examination of Risk Assessment Models

Reports of serious violence in schools have raised general awareness and concern about safety in America’s schools. In this article, the authors examine the extent to which in-school victimization is associated with students’ perceived risk and fear of victimization. By expanding on Ferraro’s risk assessment framework, the current study explores the etiology of fear of in-school victimization using longitudinal data from 1,450 youth between the ages of 10 and 16. Along with prior literature, current findings suggest that victimization and fear are empirically distinct. By focusing educational material on the social determinates of victimization, school administrators may be able to simultaneously reduce fear among youth least likely to be victimized and instill a realistic level of fear among students most at-risk of future victimization.
Minimizing delay in lossless sequential data streaming

There is an ongoing explosion of interactive Internet applications. By nature, these applications require responsive clientserver data exchange and lossless, in-order delivery. In previous work, we have shown that a hybrid FEC-ARQ protocol which combines sending original data packets with forward error correction (FEC) packets is effective in reducing the latency caused by retransmissions of lost packets. However, the prior scheme only sends FEC packets when there are no original packets pending transmission. In this paper, we further expand the investigation of the hybrid FEC-ARQ protocol and show that sometimes, the transmission latency can be further reduced by preempting original data packets with FEC packets. We have formulated the decision of whether to send new original data packets, FEC packets, or resend original data packets as a transmission policy. An optimal transmission policy is selected to minimize the delay experienced by the application subject to a constraint on the amount of waste. By using this optimal policy, we significantly improve the delay performance over straightforward FEC schemes while controlling the amount of waste due to FEC.
IGFBP-3 activates TGF-β receptors and directly inhibits growth in human intestinal smooth muscle cells

We have shown that human intestinal smooth muscle cells produce IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Endogenous IGF-I acts in autocrine fashion to stimulate growth of these cells. IGFBP-3 inh...