cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A First Look at Communication Theory

The tenth edition of A First Look at Communication Theory justifies again the program’s enduring popularity. Griffin, joined by colleagues Andrew Ledbetter and Glenn Sparks, encourages students who are encountering the field for the first time to tackle theories without fear. The authors introduce 32 diverse theories that are a mix of foundational and recent scholarship and, with the benefit of numerous examples and connections to pop culture, help students apply them to their own lives. This program ensures that students have a solid foundation with which to begin understanding the relationships between theories. Instructors and students can now access their course content through the Connect digital learning platform by purchasing either standalone Connect access or a bundle of print and Connect access. McGraw-Hill Connect® is a subscription-based learning service accessible online through your personal computer or tablet. Choose this option if your instructor will require Connect to be used in the course.
On Gluttony: Religious and Philosophical Responses to the Obesity Epidemic

Publisher Summary This chapter describes gluttony and the connection between gluttony and obesity. While modern individuals are far more concerned with obesity than gluttony, in the ancient and medieval world this concern was reversed. This chapter also explains the rationale that lay behind our ancestors' intolerance of gluttony: Catholic theologians worried that gluttony would get in the way of worshipping God (and would therefore result in gluttons being consigned to hell), and ancient philosophers worried that unless people could overcome their gluttonous tendencies, they would be unlikely to have a good life. This suggests that one way to deal with the obesity epidemic is to restore the concept of gluttony to its former prominence: convince people to overcome their gluttony, and you will go far toward preventing and reversing obesity. This suggestion, however, is not very practical, inasmuch as people are unlikely to take to heart the recommendations of priests and philosophers to eat less. Although gluttony is arguably the root cause of the obesity epidemic, it seems unlikely that we will be able to curb the epidemic in the obvious way—by trying to convince people to overcome their gluttony and, more generally, to master their desires.
Encapsulation of glucose oxidase and an oxygen-quenched fluorophore in polyelectrolyte-coated calcium alginate microspheres as optical glucose sensor systems

Microspheres coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM's) are being investigated for potential use as implantable biosensors-so-called "smart tattoos." In this work, the feasibility of this approach for glucose sensors was demonstrated by glucose oxidase encapsulated within calcium alginate microspheres, followed by entrapment of an oxygen-quenched ruthenium compound in the same microstructure. A novel feature of these microdevices is the formation of multilayer nanofilms on the surface of the microspheres, used to stabilize enzyme entrapment and control substrate diffusion. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the stable encapsulation of sensor chemistry. The reversible response of sensors to step changes in glucose was observed, and preliminary experimental data were compared to theoretical predictions produced by a computational model. These findings demonstrate the promise of the described nanoengineering approach for production of functional implantable glucose sensor materials.
The myosin step size: measurement of the unit displacement per ATP hydrolyzed in an in vitro assay

Chemomechanical coupling in muscle contraction may be due to "swinging crossbridges," such that a change in the angle at which the myosin head binds to the actin filament is tightly coupled to release of products of ATP hydrolysis. This model would limit the step size, the unit displacement of actin produced by a single ATP hydrolysis, to less than twice the chord length of the myosin head. Recent measurements have found the step size to be significantly larger than this geometric limit, bringing into question any direct correspondence between the crossbridge and ATP-hydrolysis cycles. We have measured the rate of ATP hydrolysis due to actin sliding movement in an in vitro motility assay consisting of purified actin and purified myosin. We have calculated an apparent myosin step size well within the geometric limit set by the size of the myosin head. These data are consistent with tight coupling between myosin crossbridge movement and ATP hydrolysis.
High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations

A general circulation model for the ocean is used to investigate the interaction between the global-scale thermohaline circulation and the salinity distribution. It is shown that an equatorially asymmetric circulation can be maintained even under equatorially symmetric basin geometry and surface forcing. Multiple equilibrium solutions are obtained for the same forcing by perturbing the high–latitude salinity field in an otherwise equatorially symmetric initial condition. The timescale of the transition from the symmetric circulation to an asymmetric circulation depends critically on the sign of the initial salinity perturbation.
Neuronal activity regulates phosphorylation-dependent surface delivery of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels.

G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels regulate neuronal excitability by mediating inhibitory effects of G protein-coupled receptors for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Notwithstanding many studies reporting modulation of GIRK channel function, whether neuronal activity regulates GIRK channel trafficking remains an open question. Here we report that NMDA receptor activation in cultured dissociated hippocampal neurons elevates surface expression of the GIRK channel subunits GIRK1 and GIRK2 in the soma, dendrites, and dendritic spines within 15 min. This activity-induced increase in GIRK surface expression requires protein phosphatase-1-mediated dephosphorylation of a serine residue (Ser-9) preceding the GIRK2 Val-13/Leu-14 (VL) internalization motif, thereby promoting channel recycling. Because activation of GIRK channels hyperpolarizes neuronal membranes, the NMDA receptor-induced regulation of GIRK channel trafficking may represent a dynamic adjustment of neuronal excitability in response to inhibitory neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators.
Reducing Fat in Milk and Dairy Products by Breeding

Abstract The potential is examined of selective breeding for altering the composition of milk to reduce fat and increase protein, if changes in consumer demand so dictate. The fat content of milk can be reduced markedly without great sacrifice in potential gains in yields of protein and solids-not-fat. This could be achieved through joint selection for either protein yield and ratio of protein to fat or solids-not-fat yield and ratio of solids-not-fat to fat, depending upon whether maximum yields of protein or solids-not-fat are desired. Estimates are given of the extent to which milk composition could be changed over specified times based on several selection strategies. Careful study of future demands for fat, protein, and solids-not-fat is required before changing current breeding practices which emphasize selection on milk yield and fat percent weighted in proportion to their approximate value in the pricing system.
Microbore high-performance liquid chromatographic columns: speed, efficiency, sensitivity and temperature programming

Abstract Microbore columns (1 mm I.D.) were compared with conventional 4.6 mm I.D. columns with respect to speed, efficiency and sensitivity. If the column lengths, particle diameter, packing efficiency, mobile phase and linear velocity are the same, most chromatographic properties such as speed (analysis time), efficiency, pressure drop and sensitivity are also the same. The major differences are the column volumes, the void volumes and the difference in volumetric flow-rates for equal linear flow velocities. The low flow-rates of microbore columns (30-200 μl/min), however, do save on solvent consumption and do make for easier and more efficient direct interfacing to other instruments. Temperature programming of microbore columns produces faster analyses for large k′values, increased sensitivity (due primarily to sharper peak shape) and increases the range of compounds that can be handled in an isocratic mode.
Oncogenic c-Ki-ras but Not Oncogenic c-Ha-ras Up-regulates CEA Expression and Disrupts Basolateral Polarity in Colon Epithelial Cells

Colon carcinomas commonly contain mutations in Ki-ras4B, but very rarely in Ha-ras, suggesting that different Ras isoforms may have distinct functions in colon epithelial cell biology. In an earlier study we had demonstrated that oncogenic Ki-ras4BVal-12, but not oncogenic Ha-rasVal-12, blocks the apicobasal polarization of colon epithelial cells by preventing normal glycosylation of the integrin beta1 chain of the collagen receptor. As a result, only the Ki-ras mutated cells exhibited altered cell to substratum attachment, whereas mutation of either Ras isoform activated mitogen-activated protein kinases. We have now asked whether intercellular adhesion proteins implicated in establishing basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells are modulated by oncogenic Ki-Ras4BVal-12 proteins but not oncogenic Ha-RasVal-12 proteins. The embryonic adhesion protein carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was up-regulated on the mRNA and protein levels in each of three stable Ki-rasVal-12 transfectant lines but in none of three stable Ha-rasVal-12 transfectant lines. The elevated protein levels of CEA in Ki-ras4BVal-12 transfectant cells were decreased by blocking expression of Ki-ras4BVal-12 with antisense oligonucleotides. N-cadherin levels were decreased in only the Ki-ras transfectants, whereas E-cadherin levels were unchanged. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Ki-ras4BVal-12 transfectant cells did not polarize into cells with discrete apical and basal regions and so could not restrict expression of CEA to the apical region. These unpolarized cells displayed elevated levels of CEA all along their surface membrane where CEA mediated random, multilayered associations of tumor cells. This aggregation was both calcium-independent and blocked by Fab' fragments of anti-CEA monoclonal antibody col-1. Trafficking of the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B may also be altered when cell polarity cannot be established. Ki-ras4BVal-12 transfectant cells expressed 2-fold elevated protein levels of the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B but did not up-regulate cathepsin B mRNA expression. One function of oncogenic c-Ki-Ras proteins in colon cancer progression may be to up-regulate CEA and thus to prevent the lateral adhesion of adjacent colon epithelial cells that normally form a monolayer in vivo.
Pilot study on the effects of fenfluramine on negative symptoms in twelve schizophrenic inpatients

Abstract We treated 12 chronic schizophrenic inpatients with fenfluramine, an anorexigenic drug that depletes serotonin, to test the hypothesis that the “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia might be related to brain serotonin activity. We measured change in both positive and negative symptoms in a double-blind, parallel-design trial of fenfluramine or placebo. Negative symptoms improved over time in some individuals within the active treatment group, but not in individuals within the placebo group. However, group comparisons of active treatment versus placebo were not significant.
Ultrasonic attenuation and absorption in liver tissue

Abstract A large range of values for ultrasonic attenuation and absorption coefficients of tissues are reported in the literature. An important distinction both practically and theoretically is the magnitude of the true absorption, which characterizes the rate of conversion of ultrasonic to thermal energy, as compared with the total attenuation of the ultrasonic signal as it propagates through tissue. The magnitudes of these quantities were studied in bovine liver. Total attenuation was measured, in the range of 1–6 MHz, by both phase sensitive and phase insensitive insertion loss techniques. Ultrasonic absorption was determined by two thermal techniques. The standard “transient thermoelectric” or rate-of-heating method, and a new measurement technique based on the temperature decay following a short ultrasonic pulse were employed for the determination of the ultrasonic absorption coefficient. The results demonstrate that the ultrasonic amplitude attenuation and absorption coefficients at low megahertz frequencies are not significantly different in liver. The mean values cluster around 0.05 nepers/cm/MHz (0.4 dB/cm/MHz). The sample-to-sample variation is indicated by the standard deviation in the measurements of 0.01 nepers/cm/MHz (0.09 dB/cm/MHz) or less. The results show that in liver tissue, absorption is the dominant feature of attenuation over this frequency range.
Scheduling Batch and Heterogeneous Jobs with Runtime Elasticity in a Parallel Processing Environment

Today's schedulers for a parallel processing environment are generally optimized for submit-time elasticity of batch jobs only, where resource needs are specified only at submission time. They are not designed for runtime elasticity of heterogeneous workloads comprising both batch and interactive jobs. By runtime elasticity it is meant that resource requirements for a job can change during its execution. This paper examines today's workload models and schedulers from this novel perspective. We show the need for an extended workload model with runtime elasticity. We then propose Delayed-LOS and Hybrid-LOS, two novel scheduling algorithms that improve and build on an existing Dynamic Programming based scheduler (LOS) designed only for batch jobs. While Delayed-LOS improves significantly over LOS, Hybrid-LOS is specifically designed for heterogeneous parallel workloads. We further propose elastic versions of these algorithms that incorporate runtime elasticity as well. Extensive simulations with GridSim framework demonstrate that Delayed-LOS a Hybrid-LOS improve average utilization by up to 4.1% a 4.55%, thereby reducing mean job-waiting time and slowdown by up to 31.88% a 25.31% and 30.3% a 24.29%, respectively.
Applications of microcontinuum fluid mechanics

Abstract A comprehensive review of the existing theories of microcontinuum fluid mechanics has been presented by the authors in a previous paper. In this paper the published applications of these microfluid theories to real and ideal flow problems have been reviewed briefly and these short reviews are presented in tabular form for easy reference.
“We Turks are No Germans”: Assimilation Discourses and the Dialectical Construction of Identities in Germany

In this paper I examine the ways in which politicians, media, and native residents formulate assimilation discourses—that is, expectations for immigrants to adapt to prevailing norms and cultures—and the effects that such discourses have on social relations in immigrant-receiving societies. Archival and ethnographic research in Germany illustrates that assimilation discourses are central in the dialectical process of identity construction in which native-born Germans and immigrants from Turkey construct their respective ‘other’, and thereby themselves. I pay particular attention to the effects of assimilation discourses in negotiations over belonging and culture at multiple scales in Germany—from the national to the neighborhood level. Space figures prominently in these negotiations, as the spaces that immigrants occupy and create often become the focus of debates about difference, otherness, and the unassimilability of migrants in Germany.
Pelvic Support Osteotomy and Limb Reconstruction for Septic Destruction of the Hip

Joint instability and limb shortening due to septic destruction of the hip may not be correctable by reduction, fusion, or total joint arthroplasty. In these circumstances, a unique Ilizarov pelvic support osteotomy combined with reconstructive angular correction and lengthening of the limb can ameliorate Trendelenburg gait, restore knee alignment, and correct leg length discrepancy. Surgical reconstruction includes double-level femoral osteotomy resulting in 3 fragments (proximal, middle, and distal). Typically, the proximal osteotomy is a complex valgus-extension-derotation proximal femoral intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric osteotomy with adduction of the proximal fragment and proximal-medial translation of the distal segment to form a new weight-bearing surface between the pelvis and proximal femur (pelvic support). Distal osteotomy at the level of femoral diaphysis or distal metaphysis is used for gradual lengthening and angular correction of the position of the distal fragment to restore limb length and mechanical axis as well as correct associated angular deformity of the knee joint. This article describes the rationale and basic principles of Ilizarov pelvic support osteotomy and limb reconstruction using circular external fixation for septic destruction of the hip with an illustrative case example.
Avoiding rape: the effects of protective actions and situational factors on rape outcome.

While protective actions are consistently found to be important in rape avoidance, research is less clear on what forms of protective action are most effective. There is also little research on whether the effectiveness of particular protective actions varies depending upon the context of the assault. This study employs multivariate logistic regression to examine the situational effectiveness of physical, forceful verbal, and non-forceful verbal protective strategies using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. It is predicted that failure to use physical and forceful verbal strategies will result in increased risk of rape as situational danger increases, while non-forceful verbal resistance will become less effective in more dangerous situations. Contrary to predictions, results indicate that the effectiveness of protective actions does not vary across most situations. Instead, among women who perform self-protective actions physical resistance is generally predictive of rape avoidance, forceful verbal resistance is ineffective, and non-forceful verbal resistance is predictive of rape completion. Language: en
Polynucleotides. VI. Molecular properties and conformation of polyribouridylic acid

Optical, hydrodynamic, and titration properties of polyribouridylic acid (poly U) were investigated in 0.2M Na+, pH 6. Above 15°C., poly U was shown to be a randomly coiled single chain, devoid of secondary structure. There is no shear rate dependence of viscosity; molecular weight is independent of ionic strength; there is virtually no conformationally dependent hypochromicity; no anomalous optical rotatory dispersion; and no anomalous titration behavior. The dependence of the sedimentation constant and intrinsic viscosity on molecular weight was determined. Poly U was shown to be the most highly expanded of all synthetic and naturally occurring randomly coiled polynucleotides.
Microstructural characteristics of two-phase titanium aluminides

The microstructural characteristics of two-phase α2 + γ1 conventional and XD-processed, titanium aluminides were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The observed microstructures show that the two-phase material composition promotes the formation of alternating lamellae of α2 and γ corresponding to twin-related γ laths. The microstructures of XD materials suggest that the influence of excess boron dissolved from TiB2 particles was to reduce the α2−γ interfacial mismatch. The microstructural results demonstrate that deformation which occurs via the formation of α2 layers and twin-related γ laths, rather than via large populations of mobile dislocations, plays the primary role in the deformation behavior of the two-phase titanium aluminides and show that twin-related γ lath formation was very important to the capability of two-phase materials for continuous deformation.
Electromagnetic scattering by densely packed particulate ice at radar wavelengths: exact theoretical results and remote-sensing implications

We use the numerically exact superposition T-matrix method to compute electromagnetic scattering characteristics of a macroscopic volume of a discrete random medium filled with wavelength-sized spherical particles with a refractive index typical of water ice at centimeter wavelengths. Our analysis demonstrates relative strengths of various optical observables in terms of their potential remote-sensing content. In particular, it illustrates the importance of accounting for the forward-scattering interference effect in the interpretation of occultation measurements of planetary rings. We show that among the most robust indicators of the amount of multiple scattering inside a particulate medium are the cross-polarized scattered intensity, the same-helicity scattered intensity, and the circular polarization ratio. We also demonstrate that many predictions of the low-packing-density theories of radiative transfer and coherent backscattering are applicable, both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively, to densely packed media.
Immunochemical Studies of Factor V of Bovine Platelets

Immunochemical techniques were employed to investigate the molecular properties of bovine platelet factor V. An antiserum prepared against purified factor V rapidly inactivated platelet factor V, indicating that platelet factor V is antigenically related to plasma factor V. A reaction of identity between factor V in plasma and purified factor V was documented by immunodiffusion against an antibody to platelet factor V. When platelet factor V was extracted with Triton X-100 in the presence of protease inhibitors and subjected to immunoelectrophoresis against the antiserum to plasma factor V, single antigenic component migrating toward the anode was observed. In the absence of protease inhibitors, following release by collagen or solubilization, platelet factor V appeared close to the origin suggesting proteolytic alteration. Platelet factor V released by collagen or extracted with Triton X-100 was activated by thrombin 7.4 fold and 4.5-fold respectively, compared to a 17-fold activation of factor V in plasma under identical conditions. The ability of thrombin to activate platelet factor V as well as the close correspondence of factor V activity and antigen released by collagen indicates that the molecule is largely in the unactivated form after release. A single component of molecular weight 270000 was seen when platelet factor V released by collagen was immunoprecipitated and subjected to dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis. Factor V coagulant assays and immunoelectrophoresis of subcellular fractions showed that platelet factor V is localized primarily in the α-granules. Platelet factor V appears to be similar to, if not identical with plasma factor V by the criteria of immunologic identity, similar electrophoretic mobility and virtually identical molecular weights.
The contingency model of leadership effectiveness: An evaluation

Abstract The contingency model of leadership effectiveness and its supporting research are evaluated from empirical, methodological, and theoretical perspectives. The cumulative empirical evidence indicates that the major hypothesis of the model is not conclusively supported. Numerous methodological shortcomings are pointed out. The theoretical scheme underlying the model is analyzed, and a new scheme is proposed. The analysis suggests that identification of critical behaviors in the leadership situation should be a starting point for future research on leadership effectiveness.
Effect of bovine follicular fluid and follicle-stimulating hormone on follicular growth in unilaterally ovariectomized prepuberal heifers.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine if charcoal-extracted follicular fluid inhibits FSH-induced follicular development in prepuberal heifers. Thirty-six prepuberal heifers were allotted by breed and weight to a 2×2 factorial experiment involving charcoal-extracted follicular fluid and FSH treatments. Heifers were unilaterally ovariectomized and injected (intravenously; 10ml) every 8h for 88h with either charcoal-extracted follicular fluid or saline. Follicle-stimulating hormone (2mg) or saline was injected (intramuscularly) every 8-h starting 24h after initiation of charcoal-extracted follicular fluid to 88h following unilateral ovariectomy. Plasma samples were collected at 8-h intervals from 48h prior to unilateral ovariectomy to 96h following unilateral ovariectomy when the remaining ovary was removed. Follicular fluid and total ovarian weight increased following FSH treatment. The increases were not inhibited by charcoal-extracted follicular fluid. Total number of surface follicles was similar among treatments. However, FSH induced a shift in follicular diameter from small (≤3mm) to medium (7 to 9mm) or large (10 to 13mm) follicles, which was unaffected by charcoal-extracted follicular fluid. Plasma concentration of FSH, but not LH, declined following charcoal-extracted follicular fluid administration. In summary, charcoal-extracted follicular fluid did not inhibit FSH-induced follicular development in prepuberal heifers when charcoal-extracted follicular fluid was administered at a dosage that reduced circulanng concentration of FSH by approximately 40%.
Parent Involvement and School Choice Exit and Voice in Public Schools

This study applies Hirschman's concepts of satisfaction, voice, and valuing product quality to study parents' attitudes toward three forms of school choice: intradistrict options, interdistrict transfers, and public/private school vouchers. Findings reveal three different patterns: Parents who are more likely to participate in intradistrict options have more opportunities to express voice and invest more in educational quality. Parents who are more likely to use vouchers also have more opportunities to exercise voice and invest in educational quality, but they are also less satisfied And parents who are more likely to seek interdistict transfers are simply less satisfied with their children's schools.
Results of Anatomic Lateral Ankle Ligament Reconstruction with Tendon Allograft

Chronic ankle instability can be addressed surgically through direct lateral ligament repair, non-anatomic reconstruction, or anatomic reconstruction. The goal of this study was to assess the radiographic, functional, and clinical results of patients undergoing an anatomic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction using an anterior tibial tendon allograft. Eleven patients (12 feet; mean age, 48.9 ± 11.4 years) undergoing lateral ankle ligament reconstruction were followed at a mean of 3.5 ± 1.7 years after surgery (range, 1.2 to 5.0 years). Indications for surgery were previous failed repair (i.e., Brostrom; one case), hyperlaxity (seven cases), and high-demand patients (four cases). Subjective outcomes including the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), SF-36, and activity level were assessed. Mortise and lateral ankle stress radiographs were performed. The FAOS daily activity and sports activity subscores were 93.4 (range, 77.9 to 100) and 78.6 (range, 30 to 100), respectively. The SF-36v2 physical health and mental health components were 50.4 (range, 30.6 to 65.7) and 45.0 (range, 24.8 to 68.0), respectively. Four patients (five feet) reported no restriction; six patients reported mild restrictions, and one patient reported moderate activity restrictions. Tibiotalar tilt improved significantly from 20.2° to 4.6° after surgery (p < 0.01). The radiographic anterior displacement of the talus from the tibia was 6.5 mm postoperatively. The technique described restores mechanical stability in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability and may be considered in a select group of patients.
Pollen and coenocytic microspore germination in male-fertile and malesterilemsl soybean

Light and fluorescence microscopy were used to study coenocytic microspore germination from male-sterile (ms1 ms1) soybean plants. Anther squashes from male-sterile plants revealed that a low frequency of natural coenocytic microspore germination occurred in male-sterile anthers of four independent lines; [ms1-North carolina (T260H),ms1-Urbana (T266H),ms1-Tonica (T267H), andms1-Ames (T268H)]. Abnormalities such as giant tubes, branched tubes, tubes with swollen areas, and multiple tubes were observed from coenocytic microspores from all four lines. The Urbana line, however, demonstrated a higher percentage of coenocytic microspore germination than did the other three lines. Flowers of the Urbana line from both malefertile and male-sterile plants, as well as gynoecia pollinated with coenocytic microspores from sterile plants, were used for in vivo studies. Pollen-tube growth appeared normal in male-fertile plants. In contrast, coenocytic microspore tubes rarely were observed in gynoecia from male-sterile plants or in gynoecia from malefertile plants that had been artificially cross-pollinated withms1 ms1 plants. Few tubes from coenocytic microspores were observed in the vicinity of the micropylar region. A low frequency of seed set was achieved in the greenhouse on Urbana male-sterile plants grown in the absence of male-fertile plants. Thus, we believe either that some gametes from coenocytic microspores are able to participate in fertilization at low frequency or that apomixis occurs inms1 ms1 plants.
TV Transmitter Luminance Transient Response

Comparison between bandwidth-limited input pictures and output pictures from current generation TV transmitters show little difference except for faint edge ringing at an approximate 1-MHz rate. This is shown to be due to lack of specification and control of transmitter and receiver lower sideband attenuation and phase characteristics in the region around 1 MHz below visual carrier. Some observed and some calculated results are presented for comparison.
Salmon Politicians: Mapping Boundaries, Resources, and People at the Bristol Bay–Aleutian Border

Commercial fishing in Alaska must be preceded by skilled political action by fishermen and local communities, drawing on diverse sociopolitical resources to improve access to fisheries for themselves and their constituents. The interplay of politics before the Alaska Board of Fisheries between resident and transient fishermen shapes southern Bering Sea Alaska Peninsula salmon fisheries. By analyzing how various models of management, boundaries, fleets, and villages are deployed, the realities and positions of place, tradition, flexibility, and expertise from which these groups engage with the political arena expose power relations that create and transform high-value, volatile, heavily regulated, commercial salmon fisheries. Resident, indigenous fishermen and transient fleets are on unequal footing in these processes because of differential access to funds, science, identity resources, and organization. Local communities are often unaccounted for in the final decisions to implement changes in fisheries po...
The 7Li(p, α)4 He cross section at low energies☆

Abstract The reaction cross section for 7Li(p, α)4He was obtained from Ec.m. = 25 to 873 keV corresponding to the temperature range T = (0.033 to 6.8) × 109 K. The data are in fair agreement with R-matrix calculations. Constraints drawn on the universal baryon density from the abundance of 7Li remain essentially unchanged by the present data.
Herpes simplex type 2 infection in the developing world: is it time to address this disease?

This paper presents the views of Lawrence Corey MD on the article by Chen et al. on HIV infection and genital ulcer disease in South Africa which outlines the increasing recognition of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection. Corey states that the study confirms the burgeoning evidence that HSV-2 is the most prevalent cause of genital ulcers in almost all areas of the world. The role of GUD in facilitating the transmission of HIV may be well documented; however it is still unclear whether the size of the genital lesion or the difference in the inflammatory response between viral and bacterial infections differ enough to significantly alter HIV replication kinetics and subsequent rates of transmission. In addition while Chen et al. illustrated that future studies evaluating the duration of HIV shedding in bacterial versus viral genital ulcers and whether treatment of such ulcers markedly reduce HIV shedding in lesions are needed it is noted that approaches to STD control that are directed at bacterial STDs only are leaving a significant potential of HIV transmission uncovered. Moreover important information about the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in the region is provided in the article. Nevertheless it is unclear whether this is due to an increased risk of HIV acquisition by persons who are HSV-2 seropositive or to more frequent recurrence of HSV-2 among those with HIV infection.
Ligand Control of Growth, Morphology, and Capping Structure of Colloidal CdSe Nanorods

The organic capping ligands used in the colloidal synthesis of CdSe nanorods have a profound impact on nanorod shape, dimensions, and capping structure as is shown here by varying the length of the alkylphosphonic acid ligands used in synthesis. The shorter the ligand, the more elongated and branched are the resulting nanorods; when mixtures of alkylphosphonic acids are used, the higher the molar fraction of the shorter ligand, the more elongated and branched are the nanorods. 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies indicate that shorter ligands preferentially remain on the nanorod surfaces when mixtures of phosphonic acids are used during synthesis. Optical transmission spectroscopy shows decreased solubility of CdSe nanorods capped by relatively long ligands because of nanorod aggregation. The results suggest that substantial control of nanorod dimensions and properties can be achieved by selecting the appropriate ligands in the synthesis process.
An intelligent stand-alone ultrasonic device for monitoring local structural damage: implementation and preliminary experiments

Continuous structural health monitoring has the potential to significantly improve the safety management of aged, in-service civil structures. In particular, monitoring of local damage growth at hot-spot areas can help to prevent disastrous structural failures. Although ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) has proved to be effective in monitoring local damage growth, conventional equipment and devices are usually bulky and only suitable for scheduled human inspections. The objective of this research is to harness the latest developments in embedded hardware and wireless communication for developing a stand-alone, compact ultrasonic device. The device is directed at the continuous structural health monitoring of civil structures. Relying on battery power, the device possesses the functionalities of high-speed actuation, sensing, signal processing, and wireless communication. Integrated with contact ultrasonic transducers, the device can generate 1 MHz Rayleigh surface waves in a steel specimen and measure response waves. An envelope detection algorithm based on the Hilbert transform is presented for efficiently determining the peak values of the response signals, from which small surface cracks are successfully identified.
Electrophoretic characterization of human, equine and bovine transferrins.

Abstract 1. 1. Human, bovine and equine transferrins have been characterized with respect to mol. wt, and behavior on urea-polyacrylamide gels, and isoelectric focussing gels. 2. 2. As shown by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis human transferrin has one major polypeptide whereas both bovine and equine transferrins have two polypeptides. 3. 3. The transferrins show multiple banded patterns on urea-polyacrylamide and isoelectric foccusing gels, particularly when iron saturated. The various forms are not resolved by neuraminidase treatment.
Hyperfine structure and Zeeman tuning of the A {sup 2}PI-X {sup 2}SIGMA{sup +}(0,0) band system of the odd isotopologue of strontium monofluoride {sup 87}SrF

The low-rotational lines of the $A\text{ }^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}\text{\ensuremath{-}}X\text{ }{^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}(0,0)$ band system of the odd isotopologue of strontium monofluoride, $^{87}\text{S}\text{rF}$, were recorded and analyzed. The $^{87}\text{S}\text{r}(I=9/2)$ magnetic hyperfine interaction is significant only in the $|\ensuremath{\Omega}|=1/2$ spin-orbit component of the $A\text{ }^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state. Optical transitions appropriate for monitoring ultracold samples of $^{87}\text{S}\text{rF}$ are identified. The determined fine-structure parameters were used to predict the anisotropic magnetic $g$ factor, ${g}_{l}$, for the $X\text{ }{^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}(v=0)$ state. The $g$ factors were used to predict the magnetic tuning of the $N=0$ $(+\text{parity})$ and $N=1$ $(\ensuremath{-}\text{parity})$ levels of the $X\text{ }{^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}(v=0)$ state. A comparison to spectroscopic parameters for the $^{88}\text{S}\text{rF}$ isotopologue is given.
WHEN THE SCREEN GOES BLANK: A Television Plant Closing and Its Impacts on Workers

Using survey and interview information, the impacts of job loss on former employees of a Zenith Corporation plant in Springfield, Missouri, are identified and placed in the context of existing research findings. Even in the “New Economy” period of national economic expansion and in a robust local job market, many displaced workers endured significant drops in earnings and benefits and experienced decreased work satisfaction. Although women took longer than men to become reemployed, displacement did not lead more women than men to withdraw permanently from the labor force. Additionally, the plant closing led some workers to adopt more critical attitudes toward big business and government and to strengthen their support of organized labor. A model that predicts perceived negative impacts of displacement and links them to disaffection with business and government is presented. The study also explores reasons why programs for displaced Zenith workers were not broadly effective and suggests ways that such programs could be reformed to be of greater use for future dislocated workers.
Discordance in degree of right and left ventricular dilation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: recognition and clinical implications.

Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to assess the influence of variations in the relative degree of dilation of left and right ventricular chambers on the clinical outcome of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Background. Dilated cardiomyopathy, a primary myocardial disease characterized by ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction, is generally associated with a poor prognosis. However, considerable variability has been observed in the clinical course and the morphologic and hemodynamic features in individual patients. Methods. We evaluated 67 consecutive patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and without evidence of ischemic or primary valvular heart disease. On the basis of diastolic ventricular chamber area measurements obtained by echocardiography, patients were classified into two groups: 38 patients with a relatively equal degree of left and right ventricular dilation (LV ⋍ RV) and 29 patients with predominant and disproportionate dilation of the left ventricle (LV > RV). Results. The 67 patients ranged in age from 19 to 81 years (mean 56); 49 (73%) were male. The two subsets of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy did not differ with regard to age, left ventricular diastolic dimension, wall thickness and mass or ejection fraction. However, patients in the LV⋍RV group showed more severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography than did those in the LV > RV group (p = 0.01 for mitral and 0.004 for tricuspid regurgitation). Over the follow-up period of 2 to 60 months (mean 28), there were 19 deaths. Survival in the LV > RV group was significantly better than in the LV⋍RV group (p = 0.03). Conclusions. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy represent a heterogeneous group with regard to both clinical outcome and the relative degree of left and right ventricular chamber dilation. Patients in the LV > RV subset appear to have better overall survival and less severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation than do patients in the LV ⋍ RV subset. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these morphologic subsets in fact represent a continuum within the disease spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Family systems in premarital counseling

Rooted in Bowenian family systems theory, a format for pastoral premarital counseling is described. Examples are cited which show how couples can be helped to look at the formation of their own marital unit by studying each partner's “family of origin” system.
Brief version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: psychometric properties and relationship to depression, self esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and perceived devaluation and discrimination

Objective The internalized stigma of mental illness impedes recovery and is associated with increased depression, reduced self-esteem, reduced recovery orientation, reduced empowerment, and increased perceived devaluation and discrimination. The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale is a 29-item self-report questionnaire developed with consumer input that includes the following subscales: Alienation, Discrimination Experience, Social Withdrawal, Stereotype Endorsement, and Stigma Resistance. Here we present a 10-item version of the ISMI containing the two strongest items from each subscale. Method Participants were all outpatient veterans with serious mental illness. Following the rigorous scale-reduction methods set forth by Stanton and colleagues (2002), we selected the 10 items, tested the psychometrics of the shortened scale in the original validation sample (N = 127), and cross-checked the results in a second dataset (N = 760). Results As expected, the ISMI-10 retained the essential properties of the ISMI-29, including adequate internal consistency reliability and external validity in relation to depression, self-esteem, recovery orientation, perceived devaluation and discrimination, and empowerment. The ISMI-10 scores are normally distributed and have similar descriptive statistics to the ISMI-29. The reliability and depression findings were replicated in a cross-validation sample. Conclusions and implications for practice We conclude that the ISMI-10 has strong psychometric properties and is a practical, reliable, and valid alternative to the original ISMI-29. Future work should test the ISMI-10 in more diverse samples. This shorter version should reduce respondent burden in program evaluation projects that seek to determine whether participation in psychosocial rehabilitation programming reduces internalized stigma.
Dynamic differential methylation facilitates pathogen stress response in Arabidopsis

In plants, DNA methylation plays important roles in silencing transposable elements (TEs) and endogenous genes. Several elegant examples of dynamic changes in DNA methylation during gamete or seed development have been recently described in Arabidopsis (1, 2). A considerable number of cell-to-cell variations in methylation have also been detected in vegetative tissues (3, 4); however, whether differential methylation during vegetative development is a regulated process with any biological function remained unknown. In PNAS, Dowen et al. (5) describe the finding that pathogen attacks result in dynamic changes in DNA methylation, which in turn lead to the transcriptional activation of defense-related genes and elevated resistance against pathogens.
A New Rotary Position-Control System With Color Sensing

This paper presents a new rotary position-control system using a color sensor. The angle sensing mechanism is based on the working principle of a red-green-blue (RGB) sensor that measures the radiant-intensity variation of the light reflected on the color surface. The optical-power propagation mechanism from a light-emitting diode (LED) source to the RGB sensor’s voltage is investigated using the light reflected on the designated-RGB codes of the cylindrical color-track surface. The nonlinearity due to a color printer and a paper roughness is compensated for through iterative comparisons with the reference angle achieved from a precision potentiometer. The performance of this new absolute angle sensor is validated using a rotary mechanical system with a cylindrical inertia controlled by a lead compensator. The stability of the positioning system is also investigated with the frequency response. Eventually, the feasibility of this new rotary angle sensor with the cost-effective and non-contact sensing mechanism is demonstrated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The role of the surface density field in subtropical gyre circulation

The effects of the surface density field on wind-driven subtropical gyre circulation are examined within the content of a continuously stratified, potential vorticity conserving model. It is found that the ventilated fluid downwelled from the mixed layer is confined to a relatively thin layer in subtropical regions; the maximum depths of the ventilated region occur in the eastern and southern regions of the gyre. As a consequence of the relative thinness of the ventilated region in the wind-driven gyre, the transport associated with the surface density field is a small part of the total transport in subtropical regions. Thus the surface density field and the potential vorticity associated with ventilated fluid play a minor role in subtropical gyre dynamics and the potential vorticity of unventilated recirculating fluid is found to play the major role in subtropical gyre dynamics. A method of calculating the flow in the relatively large recirculating region is developed and the results of a specific example are discussed.
Acute hepatitis after clozapine administration: A case report and review

The authors present a case report of a cocaine abuser who developed acute hepatitis and an extrapyramidal reaction after administration of clozapine, a novel dopamine antagonist. Previous clinical experience with clozapine is reviewed. Both clozapine and cocaine undergo hepatic metabolism, increasing the potential for hepatotoxicity in selected patients. The authors also review hepatic metabolism of biogenic amines, their central nervous system effects, and the pharmacologic effects of clozapine and other abused substances on bioamine metabolism. Substance abusers' high susceptibility to hepatotoxicity highlights the need for careful monitoring for this form of liver dysfunction when administering clozapine.
Surface characterization of variously treated Nafion-H, Nafion-H supported on silica and Nafion-H silica nanocomposite catalysts by infrared microscopy

Abstract Nafion-H, silica-supported Nafion-H and two types of Nafion-H silica nanocomposites have been studied by Fourier transform–infrared (FT-IR) microscopy working in the reflectance mode. The as received as well as the variously pretreated samples (evacuation at 298, 378 and 423 K) were investigated in the mid-IR range. The IR spectra of rehydrated samples were also studied. For Nafion-H, evacuation at 298 or 378 K resulted in significant but reversible dehydration. Pretreatment at 423 K leads to more extensive changes, i.e. the loss of certain amount of –SO2OH groups through irreversible desulfonation/dehydroxylation. The dehydration–rehydration behavior of the other materials proved to be reversible, irrespective of the temperature of outgassing. Here, (reversible) changes in the OH region were also observed, depending on the temperature of pretreatment. Changes are reflected in splitting and shifting of IR bands. These observations may be explained by the dehydroxylation of silica, during which gradual disruption of the extended hydrogen bonded OH networks occurs.
Bone and Joint Infections Caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature

AbstractStaphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus with increasingly frequent recognition as an invasive pathogen with virulence properties more similar to those of Staphylococcus aureus than to those of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus lugdunensis is most frequently