cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of Myopathy

The myopathic disorders represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with a variety of causes. Although electrodiagnostic testing rarely allows an entirely specific diagnosis to be made, such testing can be extremely helpful in first confirming the presence of myopathy and therefore helping to appropriately categorize it. Standard motor nerve conduction studies generally do not demonstrate substantial abnormalities, except occasional reductions in compound motor potential amplitude in severe cases or where predominantly distal disease is present. Needle EMG remains the most important part of neurophysiological examination. In most myopathic conditions, spontaneous activity is increased, although it is most prominently increased in inflammatory or necrotizing myopathic processes. The presence of myotonic discharges can be very helpful in limiting the differential diagnosis. Complex repetitive discharges, which are present in myopathic conditions, are nonspecific. Motor unit potentials in myopathy are generally of low-amplitude and short duration, except in very chronic conditions, in which the motor unit potentials can actually become of long duration and high amplitude. Finally, it is critical to remember that an entirely normal EMG does not exclude the presence of myopathy.
Relationships among Major Histocompatibility Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines a workshop's discussions related to relationships among major histocompatibility systems. Histocompatibility antigen systems have now been identified in many different species of higher vertebrates including man, mouse, rat, chicken, guinea pig, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and dog. It has been observed that both the mouse and human systems are characterized by a very high degree of genetic polymorphism—with at least 5000 phenotypes identified in the HL-A system. The results show that extensive cross-reactivity exists among the antigens of the HL-A system in man and among the antigens of the H-2 system in the mouse. It was observed that a genetic region closely linked to HL-A that plays some role in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) activation but which is not detected serologically would also explain the finding in the 1–2% of haplotype identical siblings. Cells activated in MLC appeared to show specific cytotoxicity against lymphocytic target cells.
Bifurcated Conversations in Sociological Studies of Religion and Gender

Feminist sociologists claim that while feminist insights have been incorporated in sociological paradigms and women sociologists have been well-integrated into academia, sociological frameworks hav...
A Standardized Preoperative Group Intervention Is Feasible and Acceptable to Orthognathic Surgery Patients.

Purpose Nearly 10% of patients remain dissatisfied after orthognathic surgery, largely because of psychoeducational or psychosocial factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a psychoeducationally based group intervention to improve preoperative preparation of orthognathic surgical patients and their caregivers. Materials and Methods The intervention consisted of 2 group sessions, with each session lasting 2 hours. The sessions provided realistic expectations of the surgery, offered teaching strategies for coping with pre- and postoperative symptoms of psychopathology, and highlighted the importance of social support. Feasibility was based on attendance, homework completion, and data collection rates, and acceptability was based on post-treatment participant satisfaction scores on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire–8 (CSQ-8) and credibility and expectancy scores on 2 subscales of the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire–Modified (CEQ-M). Results Twenty-six orthognathic surgical patients were recruited from an outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic to attend the group-based intervention. Seventy percent of patients who attended at least 1 session completed the 2 sessions, and 64% of those who attended the 2 sessions completed at least 1 homework assignment. The authors successfully collected 84% of the total measures given to patients and their caregivers. The mean satisfaction rating of the patients was 30.12 of 32 (CSQ-8; n = 13; standard deviation [SD], 2.33), the mean credibility rating of the patients and their caregivers was 25.2 of 27 (CEQ-M; n = 20; SD, 1.85), and the mean expectancy rating of the patients and their caregivers was 20.54 of 27 (CEQ-M; n = 20; SD, 4.39). Conclusion The psychoeducationally based group intervention was feasible and acceptable for participants and their caregivers. This article offers suggestions to further improve the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, including optimizing standardization of data collection procedures, decreasing barriers to access, and increasing participant engagement.
Abstract 17448: Echocardiographic Radial and Circumferential Strain Follow-up Analysis of Neurocardiac Injury in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction: Neurocardiac injury in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has been well described. Most researchers regard aSAH is accompanied by transient cardiac dysfunction, a kind of stress cardiomyopathy. Hypothesis: The aim was to discuss the change of patients between early stage after aSAH and shortly later stage using Echocardiography. Methods: We prospectively studied patients with aSAHbetween early stage (Day 0 to 5 after SAH) and shortly later stage (Day 5 to 12) in a patient subset (early n=130, later n=68; late study not always obtained due to patient discharge or death). Besides traditional echo parameters, we assessed speckle tracking circumferential and radialstrain (18 segments from 3 left ventricular short axis views). The time-to-peakdifference from earliest to latest activated segment was determined from each view as the radial strain time variation (RST), then calculated the mean of three views (RSTD-Mean). The time-to-peak radial strain difference (APT) between LV anterior septum and posterior wall in left ventricular short axis view at papillary muscle level were calculated. Results: Of 66 aSAH patients had baseline and follow-up data, 18 (27%) had highly positive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (>=0.3 ng/ml) and 48 (73%) had mildly positive or negative cTnI ( Conclusions: The improvement (later stage vs. early stage) of RSTD-Mean and APT in mildly positive or negative cTnI group were more significant than these in highly positive cTnI group. Both RSTD-Mean and APT are novel strain parameters to indicate LV regional discoordination of patients with aSAH and has promise for clinical utility.
Feferman’s Skepticism About Set Theory

Solomon Feferman has expressed skepticism or reserve about set theory, especially higher set theory, in many writings, and in his mathematical work he has largely stayed away from set theory. The paper undertakes to describe and diagnose Feferman’s attitude toward set theory, especially higher set theory. Section 1 discusses his opposition to Platonism in relation to some understandings of what Platonism is. Section 2 discusses his interest in predicativity, his analysis of predicative provability, and his sympathy for “predicativism,” although he denies being an adherent and has used impredicative methods in his own metamathematical work. It also notes his reconstruction of Hermann Weyl’s attempt to construct the elements of analysis on a predicative basis. Section 3 concerns his attitude toward proof theory. Section 4 turns more to philosophy. His anti-platonism is compared with the well known platonism of Godel. Unlike Godel, Feferman views concepts as human creations. He notes that basic mathematical concepts can differ in clarity and argues that less clear concepts, in particular those of set theory, can give rise to questions that do not have definite answers. It is questioned whether Feferman’s conceptual structuralism gives mathematics the degree of objectivity that its application in science requires. In Sect. 5 remarks are made about Hilary Putnam’s criticism of Feferman’s claim that a predicative system conservative over PA is adequate for the mathematics applied in science. The difference is seen to turn on Putnam’s scientific realism.
MECHANISM OF ATHERMAL YIELDING AT MEDIUM TEMPERATURES.

ABSTRACT At intermediate homologous temperatures, the yield stress of many materials is not sensitive to temperature or strain rate: there is a plateau in the graph of yield stress versus temperature. A widely-accepted explanation of the plateau is that an internal stress resists dislocation movement. This explanation is plausible and has an attractive generality. However, any explanation of the plateau must be compatible not only with the plateau itself, but also with its context: behavior of the yield stress at high and low temperatures, and microstructures before and after testing. In this broad context the internal stress hypothesis encounters some difficulties. The internal stress model has problems in explaining the constancy of the Cottrell-Stokes ratio in stage II work-hardening. The decline of the yield stress below the plateau level at high temperatures also conflicts with the internal stress model. And the magnitude of the plateau stress of annealed materials is too high to agree with the microstructures. There are other proposed explanations for the plateau, but none is consistent with all the constraining observations. The dipole-elongation hypothesis, neglected recently, does seem to merit further consideration. Microstructures of deformed materials support the basic assumption that jogged screw dislocations must draw out dipoles as they glide. At low temperatures dipole elongation would mandate a threshold stress rather than an additive component of the yield stress. If dipole initiation occurs when gliding screw dislocations encounter certain forest dislocations, this model is quantitatively consistent with plateau stresses of cubic metals, but not with those of hexagonal metals. Also, the hypothesis then explains the variation of the Cottrell-Stokes ratio in stage I hardening and its constancy in stage II. Microscopy supports the assumption of superjog formation at forest intersections. Such jogs could form by attractive-junction reactions. There is a serious disagreement between the dipole-elongation model and the occurrence of a stress asymptote smaller than the plateau stress in relaxation and strain-transient experiments. These observations indicate that forward dislocation motion is possible at stresses below the plateau level, in contradiction to the dipole-elongation hypothesis.
Androgen Receptor in Leydig Cell Function and Development

Testosterone (T) is a critical regulator of sexual differentiation and spermatogenesis in mammals. The effects of T are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear hormone receptor transcription factor. AR is expressed in many cell types throughout the organism including the T-secreting Leydig cells (LCs). Although, its expression pattern in the fetal generation of LC is unclear, AR is expressed throughout the maturation of adult LCs. Expression of AR is required for normal adult LC development as assessed by morphology, steroid output, and expression of markers of maturation. LCs in human bearing mutations in Ar, lack crystals of Reinke and secrete large amount of estrogen and normal to high levels of T. In contrast, mice that have congenital mutation in Ar produce less T than their wild-type littermates and have small, lipidladen LCs with reduced volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Marker gene analysis show that mice lacking AR fail to express a number of genes associated with normal LC maturation. Rats mutant for Ar show similar defects in LC morphology and steroidogenic activity. Within the context of the wild-type testis, AR functions in an ultrashort feedback loop to repress steroidogenic gene expression. Mutations in Ar predispose all mammals to testicular neoplasia, including LC tumors. The mechanism of tumor induction in Ar mutants remains unclear. Together, the studies discussed in this chapter show that AR plays a critical role in LC function and development.
Panel: reengineering method engineering?

Is there a need for method engineering when only 20% of the developers perform modeling work? Is there a future for method engineering when the majority of practitioners subscribe to their “home-made” methods or methodologies during information systems development? These are the issues that will be discussed and argued during the panel.
Word and Image in Multimedia

Rhetoric is an ancient term that is not often thought relevant to the contemporary world of electronic communication. For thousands of years, rhetoric has been defined as the art of writing or speaking persuasively, and so has been limited to verbal communication. But even in the age of printed books, effective communication has often included pictures and graphs as well as words. Computer-controlled multimedia, which is a new form of communication, goes further and includes animated graphics, sound, and video. At the technical level, standards for storing, compressing, and representing text, graphics, and video are being defined: standards such as RTF, SGML, Quicktime, JPEG, MPEG, ODA, HyTime, and MHEG. (See for example 2992, HyT92, and ODA89). But at the level of presentation and interaction in multimedia environments, a different kind of standard must be developed. For these new media require that we expand our definition of rhetoric. We must define a rhetoric of multimedia: a set of design rules and practices that suggest how to create persuasive combinations of all the media mentioned above.
Group II activators of G-protein signaling: monitoring the interaction of Gα with the G-protein regulatory motif in the intact cell.

Abstract The G-protein regulatory (GPR) motif serves as a docking site for Gαi–GDP free of Gβγ. The GPR–Gα complex may function at the cell cortex and/or at intracellular sites. GPR proteins include the Group II Activators of G-protein signaling identified in a functional screen for receptor-independent activators of G-protein signaling (GPSM1-3, RGS12) each of which contain 1–4 GPR motifs. GPR motifs are also found in PCP2/L7(GPSM4), Rap1-Gap1 Transcript Variant 1, and RGS14. While the biochemistry of the interaction of GPR proteins with purified Gα is generally understood, the dynamics of this signaling complex and its regulation within the cell remains undefined. Major questions in the field revolve around the factors that regulate the subcellular location of GPR proteins and their interaction with Gαi and other binding partners in the cell. As an initial approach to this question, we established a platform to monitor the GPR–Gαi complex in intact cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer.
288. Klartext-Basisdokumentation — integriert in den medizinischen Routineschreibdienst

Medizinische Basisdokumentation bedeutet Mehrarbeit meist fur den arztlichen Bereich. Durch das Diktat von selbst zu wahlenden Stichworten aus der ublichen medizinischen Nomenklatur am Ende jedes Arztbriefes und den Einsatz von Arbeitsplatzcomputern zur Arztbriefschreibung sowie gleichzeitiger Erfassung der Dokumentationsdaten wird die Dokumentation in den Routineschreibdienst integriert. Diagnose-/Therapieschlussel sind nicht erforderlich. Schreibfehlerkorrektur und Benennung von Synonymen werden EDV-technisch unterstutzt. Die ICD-Verschlusselung nach Bundespflegesatzverordnung wird reduziert und automatisiert. Diese Methode wird auch bei der Dokumentation von Operations- und Befundberichten eingesetzt.
The Nature of the Flagellar Hook and the Likely Involvement of Surface Structures in the Formation of Bacterial Flagellum

The bacterial flagellum is differentiated into three morphologically distinct regions: an extracellular spiral microtubular filament, which constitutes over 90 per cent of the organelle, a hook, and a basal region that appears to be closely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. If bacteria have any “sensory” receptors at all, it would be functionally plausible if such devices were located within or near surface structures. Probably this is true also for the machinery necessary to accomplish the transformation of chemical to kinetic energy and to coordinate the motion of individual flagella. Apparently the integrity of the cell surface is required for motility, since protoplasts of bacteria retain their original number of flagella, but are no longer motile (Weibull, 1953). More recently there have been indications that the prior formation of an intact cell wall is necessary for the synthesis of flagellin (Vaituzis and Doetsch, 1965) and that inhibitors capable of preventing the incorporation of diaminopimelic acid into the wall of Bacillus cereus also prevent the formation of flagella (Mendel et al., 1965). Since a relationship between the membrane-wall complex and the bacterial flagellum is implicated, it is regrettable that the nature of the basal structures and the flagellar hook, the components of the flagellum nearest to the surface structures, is only little understood.
Mods as Lightning Rods: A Typology of Video Game Mods, Intellectual Property, and Social Benefit/Harm:

Video game modification, or ‘modding’ – nonprofessionals altering or adding to games – is, in some interpretations of US law, copyright infringement or a violation of end-user license agreements. However, though mods are roughly all equally (il)legal, the industry only sometimes uses its legal power to stop them. In this article, we explore the economic and social factors that impact how video game corporations employ the law in relation to modding, revealing a symbiotic relationship. We argue that the specific content of a mod matters for how it’s assessed and whether rightsholders attempt to stop it. We propose a new model where structural analysis of the modder–industry relationship is supplemented with textual analysis that asks of specific mods who they benefit and harm. We argue that this will enable a better understanding of when and how the industry takes legal action.
Endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and maladaptive behavior during adolescence

Abstract Background Studies suggest that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including phthalates, phenols, and parabens may influence childhood behavior, but the relationship during adolescence has not been assessed. Objective We investigated the association between urinary biomarker concentrations of potential EDCs, including some phthalate and bisphenol A replacement chemicals, and behavior in adolescents. Methods Participants were from the New Bedford Cohort (NBC), a prospective birth cohort of residents near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site in Massachusetts. We measured urinary concentrations of 16 phthalate metabolites or replacements, 8 phenols, and 4 parabens in 205 NBC adolescents and estimated associations between select EDCs and adolescent behavior assessed with the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition -Teacher Rating Scale (BASC-2). Of note, up to 32 of the 205 in our assessment had missing outcome information imputed. Results Increased urinary concentrations of the sum of 11 antiandrogenic phthalate metabolites were associated with an increase in maladaptive behaviors (Externalizing Behavior, Behavioral Symptoms Index, and Developmental Social Disorders or DSD), and a decrease in Adaptive Skills. For example, a doubling of urinary concentrations of antiandrogenic phthalate metabolites was associated with an increased risk of Externalizing Behavior (RR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.01–1.08). While associations were generally stronger in males, sex differences were not statistically significant. Urine concentrations of phenols and parabens were not associated with adverse behavior. Conclusion Our findings support the importance of exposure to antiandrogenic phthalates during adolescence as a potential correlate of maladaptive behaviors including Externalizing Behavior, DSD behaviors, and decrements in Adaptive Skills.
Losers and prospectors in the short‐term options market

Intraday data for weekly options are investigated for behavioral biases implied in prospect theory (PT) and cumulative prospect theory (CPT). The results generally support both theories, with losers (winners) observed to be relatively risk‐seeking (averse). On aggregate, losers (winners) overprice (underprice) their contracts and overweight (underweight) the probability of winning. Additionally, the volatility smirk observed in equity options is dampened by PT/CPT biases. The price distortions are time sensitive, especially for losing traders. Losers hold out by transacting later in the day and closer to expiration than their baseline counterparts. This betting‐time effect is absent among winners.
'Politics Are Rather a Form of War': How Partisan-Ideological Polarization Endangers American Constitutional Democracy

Recent legal and political science scholarship finally has turned to critical questions of democracy, democratic vitality, and risks of democratic backsliding or failure, and many have begun applying lessons from those literatures to an all-too-often ignored case: the modern United States. This paper extends several such works, tracing the historical development of structural design choices in the U.S. Constitution, the underlying philosophical debates of the framers, and peak eras of partisan polarization, explaining historical trajectories and present-day worries through a comparative politics lens. In so doing, the paper advances several arguments. One, models of risks to American democracy are alarming, but require extension and careful comparison. Two, the constitutional framers created long-lasting institutions, but they could not foresee the kinds of national polarizing issues which might undermine -- and have already compromised -- democracy systemically. Three, combining the legal and political science research traditions on American constitutionalism provides a guide for much-needed research on grave questions of democratic resilience, especially given the modern extremity of partisan-ideological polarization. Four, the insights of comparative politics research on democratic consolidation, in particular the empirical research on "fragile" democracies, should be applied to the United States -- a country, it merits repeating, which only recently attained true "democratic" status in the wake of the 1960s. Finally, this paper integrates the various literatures to argue for a systematic series of proposals to curb deteriorating democratic norms and procedures in U.S. government. Risks to America's democratic constitutional system have been gravely understated, and even the sharpest evaluations have ignored how initial institutional design choices and modern comparative examples of democratic backsliding combine dangerously in 2019. The conclusions provided offer a few guides to ongoing, utterly timely research in these domains.
Inverse-Designed Spectrum Splitters for Color Imaging

Absorptive filters provide color discrimination in image sensors by eliminating 70% of incident light. Instead, we present a dielectric scatterer that efficiently sorts light based on color. This may improve the sensitivity and functionality of detectors. © 2019 The Author(s)
Sentinel-1 SAR SLC Image Ship Detection and Motion Estimation

In the paper "Sentinel – 1" SAR single look complex signal model of a moving point target is presented. An algorithm for complex SAR SLC images ship detection and its heading and speed estimation is proposed. Verification of the estimated SAR ship target parameters is done with data from Bulgarian AIS coastal system.
Percutaneous vacuum assisted thrombectomy using AngioVac aspiration system

Abstract Background Surgical embolectomy and thrombolytic therapy are two common approaches for the treatment of large intra-cardiac or intravascular thrombi to prevent new or worsening pulmonary embolism (PE). Considering high operative mortality with surgical embolectomy and high bleeding risk with thrombolytic therapy, patients who are poor candidates for these treatments may benefit from percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy/Vacuum-assisted thrombectomy (VAT). AngioVac aspiration system was granted 510(k) clearance by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2009. We present a case series to describe its use and outcomes in evacuating large caval thrombi or intracardiac masses. Methods We did a retrospective analysis of AngioVac catheter based thrombectomy in 16 consecutive patients treated between January 2016 and January 2019 to report case characteristics and in-hospital clinical outcomes. Results Sixteen patients (mean age 48) underwent 16 AngioVac procedures over 48 months. Indications included intracardiac mass (68.8%), caval thrombus (56.3%), and catheter associated thrombus (43.8%). 7 (43.8%) patients had concurrent PE. Peri-procedure mortality was 0% and in-hospital mortality was 12.5% at a mean follow-up of 14 days. There were no pulmonary hemorrhages, strokes or myocardial infarctions. 62.5% had a significant drop in hemoglobin, which required a blood transfusion but there was no episode of overt bleeding. Conclusion The AngioVac aspiration system has been shown to be effective at aspirating large volumes of intravascular and intracardiac thrombus. It is a reasonable alternative to surgical thrombectomy in patients with large central thrombi or masses in-transit who are at risk of complicated PE.
Three Peasants Fight for Freedom: Radio and the United States’ Cultural Cold War in Latin America

This article examines the 1961–1962 adaptation of the highly successful 1940s Cuban radio series Los tres Villalobos and the sociopolitical and industrial circumstances that shaped this radio product. Produced by the Miami-based company America’s Production Inc. for the United States Information Agency and authored by the scriptwriter of the original series, the 1960s version explored the evils of communism and introduced the economic, political, and social benefits of John F. Kennedy’s “Alliance for Progress” plan for Latin America. The article argues that through radio programs such as Los tres Villalobos , America’s Production Inc. and its Cuban media professionals initiated a series of “ventriloquist” acts that voiced the political and socioeconomic objectives of the Kennedy administration and represented some of the political rhetoric emerging from Cuban exile groups in Miami.
Structure and dynamics of global capital and international trade: Analysis of the relationship between exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) from 2001 to 2006

This article attempts to explore the empirical evidence for the linkage between exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) by examining its relationship with over 140 countries from 2001 to 2006. Through using the comprehensive bilateral cross‐country panel exports and FDI data set for the first time, this article provides more insights about the relationships between exports and FDI with developed–developed country pairs as well as with developed–developing country pairs, respectively. By applying augmented gravity models, this article justifies that exports and FDI are complementary as previous studies posit. Furthermore, such complementary relationship is more positive and significant with developed–developing country pairs when compared to other combinations (developed–developed and developing–developing pairs). To be more specific, FDI from developed to developing countries promotes more exports, while FDI from developed countries to developed countries is less important in promoting exports.
Probabilistic PCA for Heteroscedastic Data

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a standard dimensionality reduction technique, but it treats all samples uniformly’ making it suboptimal for heterogeneous data that are increasingly common in modern settings. This paper proposes a PCA variant for samples with heterogeneous noise levels, i.e., heteroscedastic noise, that naturally arise when some of the data come from higher quality sources than others. The technique handles heteroscedasticity by incorporating it in the statistical model of a probabilistic PCA. The resulting optimization problem is an interesting nonconvex problem related to but not seemingly solved by singular value decomposition, and this paper derives an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Numerical experiments illustrate the benefits of using the proposed method to combine samples with heteroscedastic noise in a single analysis, as well as benefits of careful initialization for the EM algorithm.
Further Evidence for a Humoral Natriuretic Factor1

Publisher Summary This chapter provides biochemical evidences for a humoral natriuretic factor. The regulation of salt excretion is among the most important determinants that modifies the concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid and, hence, its osmolality and that of the intracellular fluid; modifies the distribution of fluid between the major compartments; modifies the volume of the extracellular phase; and perhaps most significant of all, in turn, plays a vital role in the circulation of the blood and all the conditions attendant on this remarkable phenomenon. It is possible that the increased sodium excretion in the donor dogs might have been due to factors other than a humoral natriuretic substance. Thus, it seems quite clear that a highly significant natriuresis obtains in a nonexpanded dog when this particular cross circulation technique is employed. It is also possible that a natriuretic factor is elaborated but its effect on the kidney might not be seen in the absence of dilution of the extravascular fluid.
Comparison of algorithms for linear-combination modelling of short-echo-time magnetic resonance spectra

Short-TE proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is commonly used to study metabolism in the human brain. Spectral modelling is a crucial analysis step, yielding quantitative estimates of metabolite levels. Commonly used quantification methods model the data as a linear combination of metabolite basis spectra, maximizing the use of prior knowledge to constrain the model solution. Var-ious linear-combination modelling (LCM) algorithms have been integrated into widely used commercial and open-source analysis programs. This large-scale, in-vivo, multi-vendor study compares the levels of four major metabolite complexes estimated by three LCM algorithms (Osprey, LCModel, and Tarquin). 277 short-TE spectra from a recent multi-site study were pre-processed with the Osprey software. The resulting spectra were modelled with Osprey, Tarquin and LCModel, using the same vendor-specific basis sets. Levels of total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), total choline (tCho), myo-inositol (mI), and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) were quantified with respect to total creatine (tCr). Mean spectra and models showed high agreement between all vendors and LCM algorithms. In contrast, the algorithms differed notably in their baseline estimates and mI models. Group means and CVs of the metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho across vendors and algorithms. For mI and Glx, group means metabolite estimates and CVs agreed less well between algorithms, with mI systematically estimated lower by Tarquin. Across all datasets, the metabolite-mean CV was 10.4% for Osprey, 12.6% for LCModel, and 14.0% for Tarquin. The grand mean correlation coefficient for all pairs of LCM algorithms across all datasets and metabolites was R2= 0.39, indicating generally moderate agreement of individual metabolite estimates between algorithms. Stronger correlations were found for tNAA and tCho than for Glx and mI. Correlations between pairs of algorithms were comparably moderate (Tarquin-vs-LCModel: R2= 0.43; Os-prey-vs-LCModel: R2 = 0.38; Osprey-vs-Tarquin: R2= 0.37). There was a significant association between local baseline power and metabolite estimates (grand mean R2= 0.10; up to 0.62 for LCModel analysis of Glx in Siemens datasets). Metabolite estimates with stronger associations to the local baseline power (mI and Glx) showed higher variance, suggesting that baseline estimation has a stronger influence on those metabolites than on tNAA and tCho. While estimates of major metabolite complexes broadly agree between linear-combination model-ling algorithms at group level, correlations between algorithms are only weak to moderate, despite standardized pre-processing, a large sample of young, healthy and cooperative subjects, and high spectral quality. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one algorithm and much smaller sample sizes. The study is the first benchmark comparison of different LCM algorithms using large datasets. Finally, it provides a standardized framework to interrogate factors with critical impact on LCM out-comes.
A Glu-Glu-Tyr sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the M2 protein renders IAV susceptible to restriction of HA-M2 association in primary human macrophages

Influenza A virus (IAV) assembly at the plasma membrane is orchestrated by at least five viral components including hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M1), the ion channel M2, and viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes although particle formation itself requires only HA and/or NA. While these five viral components are expressed efficiently in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) upon IAV infection, this cell type does not support efficient HA-M2 association and IAV particle assembly at the plasma membrane. The defects in HA-M2 association and particle assembly are specific to MDM and not observed in a monocytic cell line differentiated into macrophage-like cells. Notably, both these defects can be reversed upon disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. In the current study, we sought to examine whether M2 contributes to particle assembly in MDM and to identify a viral determinant involved in the MDM-specific and actin-dependent suppression of IAV assembly. An analysis using correlative fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy showed that an M2-deficient virus fails to form budding structures at the cell surface even after F-actin is disrupted, indicating that M2 is essential for virus particle formation at the MDM surface. Notably, proximity ligation analysis revealed that single amino acid substitution in a Glu-Glu-Tyr sequence (residues 74-76) in the M2 cytoplasmic tail allows HA-M2 association to occur efficiently even in MDM with intact actin cytoskeleton. This phenotype did not correlate with known phenotypes of the M2 substitution mutants regarding M1 interaction or vRNP packaging in epithelial cells. Overall, our study identifies a viral determinant for susceptibility to cytoskeleton-dependent regulation in MDM and hence, sheds light on the molecular mechanism behind the MDM-specific restriction of IAV assembly.
Why Some join in and Others don’t: Embodied Experiences of Male Students in Physical Education at a Saudi High School

بالاعتماد على مفاهيم بوردو حول الجسدية ورأس المال الاجتماعي ورأس المال المادي، فإن الهدف من دراسة الحالة النوعية هذه هو تطوير فهم أفضل للتوجهات الجسدية للشباب السعودي التي تؤثر على تجاربهم في التربية البدنية. تشير الورقة إلى البيانات النوعية الناتجة عن الملاحظة وكذلك المقابلات شبه المنظمة مع 27 فتى تتراوح أعمارهم بين 15 و 20 عاما. تم العثور على أصدقاء العائلة والأصدقاء وأقرانهم من العوامل الأساسية في تشكيل مواقف الأولاد تجاه وخبراتهم في التربية البدنية. يعتبر إنتاج وتحويل رأس المال المادي إلى أشكال أخرى من رأس المال (مثل رأس المال الاجتماعي) ملحوظا بين الطلاب الذين يتمتعون بمهارة بدنية، مما يساعدهم على كسب مكانة أكثر امتيازا اجتماعيا وأكاديميا. الطلاب الذين ليسوا ماهرين ويأتون من ظروف عائلية مقيدة (اجتماعية / مالية) هم أقل قدرة على تمييز أنفسهم وقد يتعرضون للتهميش. تجد هذه الورقة أن الجسم الرياضي للطالب يعتبر مثالا على القيمة الرمزية (رأس المال) ويعطي وصفا لكيفية اعادة إنتاج هذه الهيئات البدنية وهذه القيم
Social Determinant–Based Profiles of U.S. Adults with the Highest and Lowest Health Expenditures Using Clusters

Using only social determinants, we employ an unsupervised clustering methodology that can differentiate high and low expenditure individuals. There are three major implications of this work: (1) cl...
What Is Laying the Groundwork Today for the Next Big Education Revolution

The rapid development of mRNA vaccines provides a striking example of the long-term value of basic research. When the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 arose, the progress of decades of research provide...
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Latinx Population: A Scoping Literature Review.

OBJECTIVES: To explore factors associated with the impact of COVID-19 on the Latinx population, a Scoping Review of literature was undertaken. DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Scoping Review (PRISMA ScR) guidelines. A search of databases PubMed, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO was conducted and included studies through November 23, 2020. SAMPLE: Selected articles were limited to English language, included population data from the US, were specific to the topic of COVID-19, Latinx community findings significantly addressed, and added significant information to the developing narrative not covered elsewhere. RESULTS: Sixteen studies in the final selection included meta-analyses, community-based assessments, and electronic health records reviews of hospital systems and local/state/national public databases. This review describes the prevalence of COVID-19 in the Latinx population, social factors related to disease burden, and the economic implications and disproportionality of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of COVID-19 on the Latinx population is multi-factorial. More research is needed to examine each of these factors in greater detail.
Modeling the hidden mediating relationships between SNS privacy and SNS impression construction

Abstract This research develops and tests a social networking site (SNS) responsible impression management (SNS-RIM) model to investigate the impact of social networking site impression management (IM) on users' continued SNS engagement, thereby contributing to information systems research. To collect data, the authors administered a customized survey instrument over three weeks and gathered 456 responses. A total of fifty-seven incomplete responses were removed, resulting in 399 useable responses, with which to calibrate and test the model. The model increases understanding of SNS-RIM patterns which are strategies for protecting privacy. Findings indicate that users desire both privacy and an active social media presence, and there is a tradeoff between having an overall active social media presence and protecting personal information privacy. This study determines that SNS impression management, SNS stalking awareness, and technological SNS privacy controls are good predictors of online SNS behaviors. The methodology employs factor analysis and PLS/SEM to test and confirm that the SNS-RIM model creates responsible impressions in SNS environments. This research increases model complexity over previous work, mediating behavioral relationships posited in this study. It demonstrates the complexity of social networking behavior and IM theory's appropriateness to explain dynamic changing social structures, complementing existing SNS research, and how social capital influences IM.
A technique to verify adequacy of eminectomy for recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation.

Abstract Recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be highly debilitating, especially if the dislocation cannot be reduced by the patient. Despite being regarded as a ‘gold standard’ or ‘salvage’ procedure for refractory TMJ dislocations, complete mediolateral removal of the articular eminence can still lead to recurrences. A technique aimed at intraoperatively verifying the adequacy of osseous reduction in order to minimize the risk of re-dislocation of the TMJ is described.
Characteristics of warfarin under-prescription in older adults with atrial fibrillation.

Background The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFl) increases with age. Under-prescription of anticoagulants in older adults can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. We analyzed warfarin prescription patterns in older adults. Methods In this observational single-center study, we analyzed 2179 consecutive patients with admission diagnosis of AF or AFl. Patients were divided into "older" (≥ 75 years old) and "younger" (<75 years old) groups. Prescription patterns of warfarin were analyzed. Patients discharged from the hospital on a non-warfarin anticoagulation were excluded. Results Of the 1988 patients analyzed, 46.9% were ≥75 years old, of which 50.8% were prescribed warfarin. There was no association between mean CHA2DS2-VASc score and warfarin prescription on discharge (OR = 1.06 (95% CI 0.93-1.21), p = 0.388) in the older group. After adjusting for hypertension, renal function, and Black race, warfarin prescription in older adults was independently associated with lower aspirin prescription rates (OR = 0.57 (95% CI 0.43-0.75), p < 0.001), lower body mass index (OR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.06), p = 0.018), and lower hemoglobin levels (OR = 1.11 (95% CI 1.04-1.19), p = 0.002). Conclusions In our study, older adults (≥75 years old) with AF and AFl tended to have lower rates of warfarin prescription despite higher CHA2DS2-VASc score and higher risk of thromboembolic events. Anemia, lower body weight, and aspirin use were characteristics associated with warfarin under-prescription.
Embodied Utopias: Gender, Social Change and the Modern Metropolis

Section 1. Introduction. Section 2. Civilization/Degeneration: Desire and Repulsion in the Modern City. Section 3. At Home in Public. Section 4. Esprit de Corps and Esprit Decor: Domesticity, Community and Creative Autonomy in the Building of Female Public Identity. Section 5. Embodying Urban Design. Section 6. Haunting the City. Section 7. The Time of Architecture. Index.
Environmental Decision-Making and Facilities Siting

Facility siting is today a highly complex process involving developers, interest groups and numerous authorities at all levels of government. Measured in terms of costs and time, the process is inefficient. Measured in terms of environmental quality indicators, the process is largely ineffective in ensuring the appropriate siting and design decisions. Each of the numerous Federal, state and local authorities involved in the process in turn applies its narrowly drawn criteria to its permit and other review procedures — to accomplish its limited objectives.
Physical Modeling with the 2-D Digital Waveguide Mesh

An extremely efficient method for modeling wave propagation in a membrane is provided by the multidimensional extension of the digital waveguide. The 2-D digital waveguide mesh is constructed out of bidirectional delay units and scattering junctions. We show that it coincides with the standard finite difference approximation scheme for the 2-D wave equation, and we derive the dispersion error. Applications may be found in physical models of drums, soundboards, cymbals, gongs, small-box reverberators, and other acoustic constructs where a one-dimensional model is less desirable.
Daily leukocyte rhythms in normal and hypophysectomized rats exposed to different environmental light-dark schedules.

With environmental factors rigidly standardized, Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained under the following lighting schedules: (1) artificial light 0600 to 1800 alternating with 12 hours of darkness-LD, (2) reversal of the above-DL, (3) constant darkness-DD, and (4) constant illumination-LL. During each regimen, both total and differential white blood counts of tail blood were done in a hemocytometer and then were compared to differential counts done by the smear technique on groups of 16 animals at bi-hourly intervals over a 24-hour period. Rhythms in lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils were found under all lighting conditions by plotting the bi-hourly mean values of the absolute counts along the 24-hour time scale; rhythms were not found when the means of the differential counts were plotted. The DL rhythms always were the reverse of the ones seen in LD. In LD, DL, and DD, but not in LL, the rhythms of the three cell types were synchronized, that is, their peaks and troughs occur at about the same time each day. Some evidence, based on desynchronization from LD rhythms, suggests that all three cells types in DD and the lymphoctyes in LL were or had been at one time free-running. Expressed as an overall increase in magnitude, the greatest response in the three cell types to abnormal lighting conditions (DL, DD, and LL) was seen in the neutrophils. Similar determinations made on a second colony of hypophysectomized animals maintained under LD conditions demonstrated that hypophysectomy did not abolish the rhythm characteristic of lymphocytes, since the timing was identical to the rhythm seen in normal LD animals. There was, however, a lymphocytosis in the hypophysectomized group. Hypophysectomy greatly modified, but did not abolish the eosinophil and neutrophil rhythms. The significance of periodicity analysis in relation to bioassay is discussed.
Effects of bilirubin on mitochondrial reactions.

Abstract We have studied the effects of bilirubin on respiration, respiratory control, oxidative phosphorylation, and swelling of mitochondria from rat liver, bovine heart, and brain of chick, rabbit, and monkey. Low (l∼20 µm) concentrations of bilirubin increase and high concentrations (g50 µm) decrease the respiration of liver or heart mitochondria. This biphasic effect is not observed in brain mitochondria, in which respiration is always inhibited by bilirubin. Bilirubin in micromolar concentrations abolishes respiratory control, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and induces swelling of mitochondria. The bilirubin-induced swelling is irreversible and its amplitude is large. The swelling process requires a monovalent cation, any permeable anion, Mg++, and energy. The energy may be supplied from the oxidation of a substrate by the respiratory chain or from external ATP. Swelling measured by the decrease of absorbance at 590 mµ is parallel to the increase of water content and packed volume of mitochondria. In the absence of Mg++, a damped oscillation occurs which lowers the amplitude. The swelling is also accompanied by proton ejection to the medium. When ATP is used as an energy source, liberation of inorganic phosphate follows the pattern of swelling with a short initial lag. The Km value (50% of the maximum) of bilirubin for the over-all swelling is about 2.5 µm in liver mitochondria and is approximately 2 µm (about 0.1 mg of bilirubin per 100 ml) in brain mitochondria. Bovine serum albumin prevents uncoupling and swelling; estimation from the titration curves for either process gives a molar ratio of 1 for bilirubin to albumin. A probable role of bilirubin in affecting mitochondrial reactions is discussed.
Evidence for an adaptive DNA repair pathway in CHO and human skin fibroblast cell lines.

When Escherichia coli is chronically exposed to very low, nontoxic doses of a monofunctional alkylating agent (notably N-methyl-N′-nitro-nitrosoguanidine, MNNG), the adaptive DNA repair pathway is induced which enables the bacteria to resist the killing and mutagenic effects of further alkylation damage1–3. Mutation resistance in adapted bacteria is achieved, at least partly, by a greatly increased capacity of the cells to eliminate the minor DNA alkylation product O6-methyl-guanine4–6, which has been strongly implicated as premu-tagenic7,8 and precarcinogenic9. We now show that the chronic treatment of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and a SV40-transformed human skin fibroblast (GM637) cell line with non-toxic levels of MNNG renders the cells resistant to the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) by further alkylation damage. CHO cells also become resistant to killing (GM637 cells have not yet been tested). Having ruled out explanations such as changes in cell cycle distribution, mutagen permeability and mutagen detoxification, we conclude that resistance is probably achieved by the cells becoming more efficient at repairing alleviation damage, analogous to the adaptive response of E. coli1.