cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The LysR-type regulator LeuO regulates the acid tolerance response in Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is a neutrophilic enteric pathogen that is extremely sensitive to acid. As V. cholerae passages through the host gastrointestinal tract it is exposed to a variety of environmental stresses including low pH and volatile fatty acids. Exposure to acidic environments induces expression of the V. cholerae acid tolerance response. A key component of the acid tolerance response is the cad system, which is encoded by cadC and the cadBA operon. CadB is a lysine/cadaverine antiporter and CadA is a lysine decarboxylase and these function together to counter low intracellular and extracellular pH. CadC is a membrane-associated transcription factor that activates cadBA expression in response to acidic conditions. Herein we investigated the role of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator LeuO in the V. cholerae acid tolerance response. Transcriptional reporter assays revealed that leuO expression repressed cadC transcription, indicating that LeuO was a cadC repressor. Consistent with this, leuO expression was inversely linked to lysine decarboxylase production and leuO overexpression resulted in increased sensitivity to organic acids. Overexpression of leuO in a cadA mutant potentiated killing by organic acids, suggesting that the function of leuO in the acid tolerance response extended beyond its regulation of the cad system. Collectively, these studies have identified a new physiological role for LeuO in V. cholerae acid tolerance.
Endogenous Regulation of Serotonin Release in the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Serotonin (5-HT) has been strongly implicated in the regulation of the mammalian circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). However, little is known of the pattern of neuronal 5-HT release in the SCN or of the factors involved in regulating its release. Using in vivo microdialysis, we demonstrated the existence of a daily rhythm in the output of 5-HT in the SCN of freely behaving hamsters. This rhythm was characterized by a sharp increase in release from a nadir during late midday to peak levels at the light/dark transition. Output declined to basal levels throughout the remainder of the night. A similar pattern also was evident under constant darkness, with increased 5-HT output occurring at the onset of subjective night. Locomotor activity induced by exposure to a novel running wheel had a pronounced phase-dependent effect on 5-HT release in the SCN, with stimulation during the light phase and suppression during the late dark phase. Systemic application of the somatodendritic 5-HT 1A agonist BMY 7378 had a significantly greater suppressive effect on 5-HT release in the SCN during the late dark phase compared with mid light phase, indicating that a variation in raphe autoreceptor response may underlie the time-dependent effects of wheel running on 5-HT release. Collectively, these results show that the daily rhythm in output of 5-HT in the SCN is generated endogenously, and that behavioral state can strongly influence serotonergic activity in the circadian clock in a phase-dependent manner.
Spectral analysis of observed aquifer water level fluctuations

A mathematical model is presented that describes small, periodic, water level perturbations in a fully screened observation well penetrating a homogeneous, isotropic, confined aquifer system. The analytical solution is formulated in terms of frequency and phase response functions that are controlled by aquifer transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S). Well casing storage effects are considered; however, well screen entrance losses associated with turbulence are neglected because piezometric head differences inside and outside the well are small. As the ratio of well casing radius to well screen radius (r"c/r"w) changes, these theoretical response functions are systematically altered. When r"c/r"w 0 and system responses associated with differences in T and S are accentuated. For (r"c/r"w)>=1, however, distinguishing between system responses is more complicated because well casing storage effects gradually dominate water level perturbations as r"c/r"w grows. Finally, in practical applications for any r"c/r"w value, obtaining unique estimates for T and S can be difficult in the presence of noise without the improved Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) optimization scheme developed here. Initially, a sigmoidal curve fitting algorithm and observed frequency and phase response functions are used to identify a starting estimate for T. This value is then used in the LM procedure and facilitates convergence to optimal system parameters while minimizing uncertainty. Without this approach, however, the LM scheme will not yield unique estimates. This methodology yields smaller aquifer parameters than traditional specific capacity tests, suggesting either a well bore skin effect or a scaling phenomenon similar to that reported in the literature for slug and aquifer test comparisons. Hence, this technique is probably best suited for monitoring wells where conventional aquifer test methods are impractical. This approach is documented in several MATLAB m-files and illustrated by several examples using observed data.
Determinants of Longer Duration of Endotracheal Intubation After Adult Cardiac Operations

Abstract Background. Poor pulmonary reserve is a risk factor that is used to exclude some patients from major operations. However, the value of routine spirometry in patients undergoing cardiac operations has not been widely evaluated. Methods. The outcomes of 586 consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac operations were reviewed retrospectively to assess predictors of longer duration of endotracheal intubation. Results. By univariate analysis, congestive failure ( p p = 0.002), recent myocardial infarction ( p = 0.039), priority of operation ( p = 0.005), previous cardiac operation ( p p = 0.002) increased the risk of longer endotracheal intubation. Spirometry (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, the ratio of forced expiratory volume at 1 second to forced vital capacity) did not correlate with longer endotracheal intubation. Perioperative complications, such as myocardial infarction ( p p p = 0.03), congestive failure ( p = 0.02), and previous cardiac operation ( p = 0.005) among preoperative risks and bleeding, reduced cardiac output, stroke, coma, and MB fraction of creatine kinase released postoperatively ( p Conclusions. Postoperative cardiac function and the occurrence of complications are more significant than preoperative pulmonary function in determining the duration of endotracheal intubation after cardiac operation. Routine spirometry is probably unnecessary for most adult cardiac patients. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1026–33)
Forestry And Range Applications Of High Altitude Reconnaissance Technology

This paper describes the uses of high altitude reconnaissance photography for various forestry and rangeland applications in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. In recent years the Forest Service has placed a significant emphasis on the use of high altitude photography for resource applications because such technology has the potential for contributing significantly toward the effective evaluation and management of our forest and rangeland resources.
Combination of molecular alterations and smoking intensity predicts bladder cancer outcome: a report from the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program.

BACKGROUND: Traditional single-marker and multimarker molecular profiling approaches in bladder cancer do not account for major risk factors and their influence on clinical outcome. This study examined the prognostic value of molecular alterations across all disease stages after accounting for clinicopathological factors and smoking, the most common risk factor for bladder cancer in the developed world, in a population-based cohort. METHODS: Primary bladder tumors from 212 cancer registry patients (median follow-up, 13.2 years) were immunohistochemically profiled for Bax, caspase-3, apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), Bcl-2, p53, p21, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and E-cadherin alterations. “Smoking intensity” quantified the impact of duration and daily frequency of smoking. RESULTS: Age, pathological stage, surgical modality, and adjuvant therapy administration were significantly associated with survival. Increasing smoking intensity was independently associated with worse outcome (P < .001). Apaf-1, E-cadherin, and p53 were prognostic for outcome (P = .005, .014, and .032, respectively); E-cadherin remained prognostic following multivariable analysis (P = .040). Combined alterations in all 9 biomarkers were prognostic by univariable (P < .001) and multivariable (P = .006) analysis. A multivariable model that included all 9 biomarkers and smoking intensity had greater accuracy in predicting prognosis than models composed of standard clinicopathological covariates without or with smoking intensity (P < .001 and P = .018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Apaf-1, E-cadherin, and p53 alterations individually predicted survival in bladder cancer patients. Increasing number of biomarker alterations was significantly associated with worsening survival, although markers comprising the panel were not necessarily prognostic individually. Predictive value of the 9-biomarker panel with smoking intensity was significantly higher than that of routine clinicopathological parameters alone. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
On the shearing flow of foams and concentrated emulsions

Shearing flow of an idealized, two-dimensional foam with monodisperse, spatially periodic cell structure is examined. Viscous effects are modelled by the film withdrawal mechanism of Mysels, Shinoda & Frankel. The primary flow occurs where thin films with inextensible interfaces are withdrawn from or recede into quasi-static Plateau borders, film junctions that contain most of the liquid. The viscous flow induces an excess tension that varies between films and alters the foam structure. The instantaneous structure and macroscopic stress for a foam of arbitrary orientation are determined for simple shearing and planar extensional flow. As the foam flows, the Plateau borders coalesce and separate, which leads to switching of bubble neighbours. The quasi-steady asymptotic analysis of the flow is valid for small capillary numbers Ca based on the macroscopic deformation rate. This requires the foam to be wet, i.e. the liquid volume fraction must be large enough that structure varies continuously with strain. The viscous contribution to the instantaneous stress is ; by contrast, the first normal stress difference is O(1). Even though wet foams are elastic for small but finite deformations, the time-averaged shear stress does not evidence a yield stress.
Methods and tools for aerospace operations modeling and simulation: modeling the space shuttle

We summarize our methodology for modeling space shuttle processing using discrete event simulation. Why the project was initiated, what the overall goals were, how it was funded, and who were the members of the project team are identified. We describe the flow of the space shuttle flight hardware through the supporting infrastructure and how the model was created to accurately portray the space shuttle. The input analysis methodology that was used to populate the model elements with probability distributions for process durations is described in the paper. Verification, validation, and experimentation activities are briefly summarized.
Recall of informed consent after endoscopic procedures

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine if recall of informed consent is affected by the timing of obtaining informed consent before endoscopic procedures. METHODS: Sixty patients scheduled for colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy were enrolled in this prospective, randomized study. Each patient received informed consent 24 to 72 hours or immediately before the procedure, and follow-up occurred one to three days postprocedure. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in recall of informed consent or the individual elements of informed consent (indication, risks, benefits, alternatives) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Recall of informed consent is similar whether consent is obtained immediately or several days before endoscopie procedures.
Global stability of Peer-to-Peer file sharing systems

A lot of recent research has been focusing on the steady state performance of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks. However, it is not yet clear to us whether the steady state of a P2P system always exists. In this paper, we study the stability issue of P2P file sharing systems. We use a simple fluid model to analyze BitTorrent-like P2P file sharing networks. The resulting fluid model is a switched linear system and we prove that such a system is always globally stable. We also provide numerical results based on extensive simulations.
HOUSING POLICY ISSUES IN A RICH COUNTRY WITH HIGH POPULATION GROWTH: THE CASE OF RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA

Riyadh is a dynamic city characterized by extremely rapid growth over the past quarter of a century. Nevertheless, its housing stock is generally of high quality. This article explores the city's current and future housing issues. It does so in the context of projecting Riyadh's housing needs, both physical units and corresponding investment, over the 20-year period beginning in 2004. The analysis was carried out using the Housing Needs Assessment Model developed by the Urban Institute and applied in a number of countries. The results show that the great majority of Riyadh's residents will continue to have very favorable housing conditions. Still, several percent of all households (more than 50 000 in the middle of the projection period) will face housing affordability problems. We argue for implementation of a rental housing allowance program to address this issue. Additionally, it is an open question as to whether the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will be able to continue to provide housing consistent with the aspirations of middle class families. The analysis pays particular attention to the presence of a large number of guest workers and of the practice of employer-provided housing.
Groundwater Demand Management in the Great Lakes Basin—Directions for New Policies

Demand-side management should be used to maximize the efficiency of groundwater use. Implementation of conservation measures would decrease the volume of water use and also exert less pressure on the water distribution system as well as the wastewater treatment system. Allocation of ground water in the Great Lakes basin must conform to priorities established at the community level. Groundwater pricing should reflect the full costs arising from ground water use. A differential pricing structure would help conserve water in the residential and industrial sectors. A user-friendly database on ground water use, quality and quantity for the entire Great Lakes basin is also essential. New policies for sustainable groundwater allocation, regulating water prices for water conservation, conservation education, pollution prevention, recycling and reuse of water as well as effective information management provide new directions for managing the groundwater demand in the Great Lakes basin.
An automated system for administering continuous workload and for measuring sustained continuous performance

Sustained continuous performance for up to 42 h was studied with 60 male volunteers in two separate protocols. The recuperative value of six 1-h nap breaks and a single 6-h nap break were contrasted in 20 subjects, 10 in each nap group. Forty other subjects attempted to work continuously with no breaks for 42 h. Twenty of these subjects worked simultaneously on separate parallel computer-based tasks, but worked in the same room in pairs. All subjects in the two nap groups (N=10 and N=10), as well as 20 who had no scheduled breaks, worked alone, almost isolated, with minimal interaction with the experimenters. During each 10 min, subjects performed a tracking task, a pattern-memory task, and an addition task and provided subjective ratings on sleepiness and attention/fantasy. Results showed that computerized tasks demanding sustained continuous performance without naps cause more rapid performance deterioration than previously tested intermittent-work paradigms.
The First Spark Spectrum of Palladium (Pd II)

An analysis of Pd II is given which differs completely from the previous one made by McLennan and Smith. The terms found include $4{d}^{2}D(4{d}^{9})$; $5s^{42}F$, $^{42}P$, $^{2}D$, $^{2}G(4{d}^{8}5s)$; all the related triads from the structure $4{d}^{8}5p$; $6s^{42}F$, $^{4}P_{3}$, $^{2}G_{5}(4{d}^{8}6s)$; and fragments of terms due to $4{d}^{8}5d$. Zeeman effects of the majority of the lines have been measured and approximate $g$-values found for the low and middle sets of terms. The $g$-values depart largely from Land\'e's values, as do also the term intervals. Evidence is given that the term predicted by theory, $5{s}^{2}S(4{d}^{8}5s)$, is present but it has not been fixed with respect to the other terms. The lowest term $4{d}^{2}D$ gives lines in the vacuum region and was found by Mr. H. E. White, of Cornell University, from plates taken there. The ionization potential is calculated from the $s^{4}F$ terms as 19.8 volts from $4{d}^{9}$ to $4{d}^{8}$. As in other spectra of this type there is some indication in the limits of the component series that the Hund theory of limits is incorrect.
Walking, Urban Design, and Health Toward a Cost-Benefit Analysis Framework

The authors examine the magnitude of health benefits from urban design characteristics that are associated with increased walking. Using geocoded travel diary data from Portland, Oregon, regression analyses give information on the magnitude and statistical significance of the link between urban design variables and two-day walking distances. From the coefficient point estimates, the authors link to the health literature to give information on how many persons would realize health benefits, in the form of reductions in mortality risk, from walking increases associated with urban design changes. Using a cost-benefit analysis framework, they give monetized estimates of the health benefits of various urban design changes. The article closes with suggestions about how the techniques developed can be applied to other cost-benefit analyses of the health benefits of planning projects that are intended to increase walking.
Feeding value of sprouted wheat (Triticum aestivum) for beef cattle finishing diets.

Rule, D.C., Preston, R.L., Koes, R.M. and McReynolds, W.E., 1986. Feeding value of sprouted wheat (Triticum aestivum) for beef cattle finishing diets. Anita. Feed Sci. Technol., 15: 113--121. The feeding value of sprouted, soft white wheat was compared with that of sound (unsprouted) wheat and barley in the diets of 95 Simmental-Hereford beef cattle. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in daily gains, feed intakes or feed/gain ratios of cattle fed on either sound wheat, wheat with 9% sprouted kernels (low-sprout) or wheat with 58% sprouted kernels (high-sprout), when the wheat was included at 25 or 50% of the diet. When sound and sprouted wheats were given to 44-kg sheep, at 75% of the diet, dry matter intake of the sound-wheat diet was 21% less than that of the high-sprout-wheat diet; dry matter digestibility and the digestible energy content of the former diet were slightly greater (74.3 vs 70.7% and 3.2 and 3.0 kcal g- '), but neither difference was significant (P > 0.05). It was concluded that sprouting does not affect the feeding value of wheat for finishing beef cattle when offered at 50% of the diet, and reduces it only slightly for sheep when given at 75% of the diet.
Hydrogen Production by Geobacter Species and a Mixed Consortium in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell

A hydrogen utilizing exoelectrogenic bacterium (Geobacter sulfurreducens) was compared to both a nonhydrogen oxidizer (Geobacter metallireducens) and a mixed consortium in order to compare the hydrogen production rates and hydrogen recoveries of pure and mixed cultures in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). At an applied voltage of 0.7 V, both G. sulfurreducens and the mixed culture generated similar current densities (ca. 160 A/m3), resulting in hydrogen production rates of ca. 1.9 m3 H2/m3/day, whereas G. metallireducens exhibited lower current densities and production rates of 110 ± 7 A/m3 and 1.3 ± 0.1 m3 H2/m3/day, respectively. Before methane was detected in the mixed-culture MEC, the mixed consortium achieved the highest overall energy recovery (relative to both electricity and substrate energy inputs) of 82% ± 8% compared to G. sulfurreducens (77% ± 2%) and G. metallireducens (78% ± 5%), due to the higher coulombic efficiency of the mixed consortium. At an applied voltage of 0.4 V, methane production increased in the mixed-culture MEC and, as a result, the hydrogen recovery decreased and the overall energy recovery dropped to 38% ± 16% compared to 80% ± 5% for G. sulfurreducens and 76% ± 0% for G. metallireducens. Internal hydrogen recycling was confirmed since the mixed culture generated a stable current density of 31 ± 0 A/m3 when fed hydrogen gas, whereas G. sulfurreducens exhibited a steady decrease in current production. Community analysis suggested that G. sulfurreducens was predominant in the mixed-culture MEC (72% of clones) despite its relative absence in the mixed-culture inoculum obtained from a microbial fuel cell reactor (2% of clones). These results demonstrate that Geobacter species are capable of obtaining similar hydrogen production rates and energy recoveries as mixed cultures in an MEC and that high coulombic efficiencies in mixed culture MECs can be attributed in part to the recycling of hydrogen into current.
The association of obesity with joint pain and osteoarthritis in the HANES data

Data from 4225 persons from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES) was used to determine whether obesity was associated with osteoarthritis (OA) or joint pain. Subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of sex and race. We found that obesity was associated with OA of the knee for each sex/race group (p less than 0.01). The association was strongest for women, and it was present even for subjects without evidence of knee pain on physical examination. Frame size was not significantly associated with OA of the knee. Relative weight was weakly associated with OA of the hips in white women and nonwhite men but not significantly associated with OA of the sacroiliac joint. Diabetes did not seem to be an important risk factor for OA. These results suggest that the additional mechanical stress resulting from obesity is the principal reason for the association between obesity and OA.
Reconciling stock assessment paradigms to better inform fisheries management

For several decades, the fisheries stock assessment paradigms of virtual population analysis (VPA) and statistical catch-at-age (SCA) models have been routinely applied to major fish stocks, and their prevalence often dictated by historical continuity, local experience, and geographical differences in standard practices. Similarly, there is a growing split amongmodels using short and long time-series. In one approach, only the recent timeseries,where thedata are relatively complete, and the assumptions about stationarity inpopulation and samplingprocesses are relatively simple, are included. In the other, long time-series include far more historical data, but necessitate the relaxation of many common assumptions regarding stationarity. Unlike scientific paradigms in fields outside of fisheries science where empirical validation can provide a growing body of irrefutable evidence (such as physics), there is no expectation that some “truth” will emerge or that a single best stock assessment modelling approach will ultimately displace the others. The 2013 Pacific halibut SCA stock assessment, with the addition of a VPA-based analysis, is used to illustrate howan ensemble approach can represent amore complete description of the uncertainty inmanagement quantities, relative to selecting just one of these competing model paradigms. We suggest that risk assessment for fisheries management, based on stock assessment models, should seek to avoid binary decisions about whichmodels to include, and instead seek better approaches to incorporate alternativemodels. The ensemble approach to stock assessment also provides a conceptual link between traditional “bestmodel” analyses and fully developedmanagement strategy evaluation of harvest policy and management procedures.
Theoretical studies of defects in binary and ternary oxides

This paper presents some preliminary results of electronic structure of substitutional defects and vacancy in binary and ternary cubic zirconium oxides obtained by the embedded molecular-cluster model calculation. The importance of electronic charge redistribution in the solids where the defect is introduced into the perfect lattice is highlighted and the effect of electron polarization of the surrounding ions of the defect discussed.
Plasma catecholamine measurements in resting and stressed conscious rats, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Plasma epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured in conscious, unrestrained rats at rest, and following exercise, cold stress and hemorrhage. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were monitored at all points. Minor modifications of a standard, commercially available methodology achieved good chromatographic separation of both EPI and NE. Sensitivity was sufficient for all NE measurements and for EPI measurements in the stress conditions. Estimates of EPI by this procedure were somewhat higher than those in other reports. Absolute values of NE, as well as the selective, qualitative changes found in both EPI and NE under each stress condition, were consistent with those found in other studies which used the radioenzymatic method. Blood withdrawal of two 1.5 ml samples, 3 hours apart, had no detectable effect on EPI, NE, mean arterial pressure or heart rate in otherwise non-stressed rats.
Designing intelligent agents to support universal accessibility of E-commerce services

Abstract We propose the design of an intelligent agent to improve accessibility of E-commerce applications and Web sites for visually impaired individuals. An important feature of this design is the application of knowledge representation technology—specifically conceptual structures—to explicitly capture and represent the navigational semantics of each document. This allows one to view the process of navigating a complex HTML document—e.g., a document containing tables and complex forms—as solving goals with respect to an action theory , i.e., as a planning problem . This information will be used by agents to provide a level of intelligence in the navigation process, allow users to express high level navigation goals, solve such goals using planning techniques . Effectively, the navigation of the complex components of HTML documents will be done by agents, on behalf of the visually impaired user.
Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth in beta-annealed Ti-6Al-4V

In the present study, the effect of internal hydrogen on beta-annealed Ti-6Al-4V subjected to a very small amplitude fatigue loading (a cyclic amplitude equal to 5% of the maximum load or a stress ratio, R, of 0.90) was determined. The fatigue crack growth rates and fatigue crack growth threshold stress intensities were determined and compared for beta-annealed Ti-6Al-4V with hydrogen contents of 40 ppm, 370 ppm, and 1000 ppm. The observed secondary cracking and unique fatigue crack growth kinetics in 1000 ppm hydrogen-charged Ti-6Al-4V are discussed in relation to stress-assisted hydride information in the crack tip region.
Does the Nature of Chondrolabral Injury Affect the Results of Open Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement

Background The degree to which patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and the nature, severity, and corresponding treatment of chondrolabral injury in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is associated with failure after surgery is incompletely understood.
Plasma modelling results and shape control improvements for NSTX

New shape control implementations and dynamics studies on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) (Ono et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557–61) are summarized. In particular, strike point position, X-point height and squareness control, and two new system-identification methods/control-tuning algorithms were put into operation. The PID controller for the strike point was tuned by analysing the step response of the strike point position to the poloidal coil currents, employing the Ziegler–Nichols method. An offline system identification of the plasma response to the control inputs based on ARMAX (Ljung 1999 System Identification: Theory for the User (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall)) input–output models was implemented. With this tool, rough estimates of the improvements were realized and several control improvements were identified. An online automatic relay-feedback PID tuning algorithm, which has the advantage of tuning the controller in one shot, was implemented, thus optimizing the use of experimental time. Using these new capabilities, all four upper/lower/inner/outer strike points were simultaneous controlled and a combined X-point height, strike point radius control was implemented. The new and improved control with better accuracy and robustness enabled successful plasma operations with the liquid lithium divertor. Additionally this year, the first independent squareness control was developed. This will enable better optimization of the NSTX shape for stability and high performance in the future.
Temperature dependent attraction by goldfish to a chemical feeding cue presented alone and in combination with heated water.

Abstract An eight cell multiple-choice experiment was used to investigate the influence of temperature on the locomotor response of goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) to a chemical feeding cue. When a food extract was infused into a single cell at ambient temperatures of 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34°C (ambient temperature=acclimation temperature) the goldfish spent more time in the extract cell than three similarly outfitted dummy cells at all temperatures, but the intensity of their attraction varied over the thermal interval. Attraction was highest at 28°C and gradually declined to its lowest level by 34°C. Goldfish acclimated and tested at 26°C spent more time visiting a combination of food extract and heated water (H+E) than either food extract (E) or heated water (H) alone. The preference for H+E over H and E increased with the temperature differential between heated and ambient waters. Successive increases in acclimation/ambient temperature (30, 32, and 34°C) extinguished the differences between H+E and H and E butdid not eliminate the attraction for the thermal and chemical stimuli, per se. The importance of temperature in the variability of chemoreceptive behavior and the interaction between chemical and thermal stimuli are discussed.
Race of Interviewer and the Language Elaboration of Black Interviewees1

The interviews given job-seekers by the state employment service of a large midwestern city were examined. Each of 75 black job-seekers was interviewed once by a black interviewer and once by a white interviewer, with race-order of interviewers counterbalanced. On six measures of language elaboration, black interviewers elicited more elaboration from the black job-seekers than did white interviewers. Four of the interviewer-race differences were statistically significant (p < .05); however, an experimental bias casts doubt on one of those four. Explanations and implications are offered, and directions are suggested for further research.
Pigs, Green Whiskers, and Drunken Widows: Irish Nationalists and the “Practical Censorship” of McFadden's Row of Flats in 1902 and 1903

Radical Irish nationalists attacked a musical farce, McFadden's Row of Flats, in 1902 and 1903, because of the green whiskers on the Irishman, the pigs in the Irish household, and the drunken, lascivious Irishwoman on stage. This play had been produced in Philadelphia, an Irish nationalist stronghold, for five years before Irish nationalists decided to stop the performances with direct confrontations in the theater. The timing of this decision and the style of the protest were based on competition among Irish nationalists, particularly the resurgence of Irish ethnocentrism and physical-force nationalism.
Clonal variation in response to adrenocorticotropin in cultured bovine adrenocortical cells: Relationship to senescence

During cellular senescence, non-clonal cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells show a continuous decline in the rate of production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) stimulated by adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), without changes in the rate of forskolin- or prostaglandin E1-stimulated cAMP production. We investigated the possible mechanisms for loss of response to ACTH by examining the properties of clones of bovine adrenocortical cells. ACTH-stimulated cAMP production rates were measured in clones immediately after isolation, during long-term growth following isolation, and after subcloning. ACTH-stimulated rates were compared with cAMP production in response to forskolin, which acts directly on the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase. The results show that cloning is not necessarily associated with a loss of response to ACTH, but that clones with high ACTH response can give rise to subclones with low response. Clones of adrenocortical cells, at the same approximate population doubling level (PDL), showed ACTH response levels that ranged from 12 to 135 pmol cAMP/10(6) cells/min, whereas mass cultures at this PDL showed approximately 50 pmol/10(6) cells/min. Forskolin-stimulated cAMP production rates in clones varied only over the range of 59-119 pmol/10(6) cells/min and showed no correlation with the ACTH-stimulated rates. All clones were adrenocortical cells, as shown by mitogenic response to angiotensin II and cAMP-inducible 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity. The replicative potential of clones varied widely, and there was no apparent correlation between ACTH response levels and growth potential. The level of ACTH response in each clone was stable during proliferation through at least 25 PD beyond the stage at which the clone was isolated. When clones were subcloned, a clone with a high ACTH response level produced sister subclones that had ACTH response levels ranging from 3% of that of the parent clone to a level slightly greater than that of the parent clone. The growth potential of sister subclones varied widely, as for the parent clones, and there was no obvious correlation between growth potential and ACTH response. Two subclones were cloned; in sub-subclones, levels of ACTH response were again different from each other and also from the parent subclone; in one case, the level of ACTH response was approximately eight-fold higher than that of the parent subclone. These experiments show that clonal variation in the extent of expression of a differentiated property may occur in a normal differentiated cell in culture. The loss of ACTH response and the loss of proliferative potential appear to be independent stochastic events.
State Retention Validation of C66X DSP Core

Low power design has become an important design requirement in any deep-submicron CMOS design development. State retention using retention flip flops is one of the low power techniques that offer the ability to save and restore the state of the design during a period of inactivity (IDLE or STANDBY mode). Since processor cores typically have a well-defined period of operation and inactivity, the state retention scheme is well suited for processor designs. This paper provides an overview of the various state retention implementation choices for processor cores and explains the state retention validation methodology for the different implementations. The state retention and validation methodology deployed for the TI C66x Core is explained in detail.
Helium effects on microstructural evolution in tempered martensitic steels: In situ helium implanter studies in HFIR

Abstract Microstructural evolutions in tempered martensitic steels (TMS) under neutron-irradiation, at fusion relevant He/dpa ratios and dpa rates, were characterized using a novel in situ He-implanter technique. F82H-mod3 was irradiated at 500 °C in HFIR to a nominal 9 dpa and 190 or 380 appm He in both in the as-tempered (AT) and 20% cold-worked (CW) conditions. In all cases, a high number density of 1–2 nm He-bubbles were observed, along with fewer but larger ≈10 nm void-like faceted cavities. The He-bubbles form preferentially on dislocations and various interfaces. A slightly larger number of smaller He bubbles were observed in the CW condition. The lower He/dpa ratio produced slightly smaller and fewer He-bubbles. Comparisons of these observations to the results in nano-structured ferritic alloy (NFA) MA957 provide additional evidence that TMS may be susceptible to He-embrittlement as well as void swelling at fusion relevant He concentrations, while NFA are much more resistant to these degradation phenomena.
Motion Adaptation from Surrounding Stimuli

When a narrow uniform gap was surrounded by a moving grating, the gap appeared as a grating in the opposite phase to that of the surround, moving in the same direction with the same speed. Contrast thresholds for moving test-gratings placed in the region of the uniform gap were found to be elevated after prolonged viewing of this pattern, thus demonstrating the existence of motion adaptation in a retinal region surrounded by, but not covered by, a moving pattern. The amplitude of the moving induced-grating was measured by nulling with a real grating moving in the same direction and with the same speed as the surround. When the speed of the inducing grating was varied, the amplitude of the induced effect did not correlate with the magnitude of the threshold elevation. Therefore, it is unlikely that motion adaptation in the uniform gap was due to induced gratings. In some conditions, the adaptation effect of surrounding gratings was no less than the adaptation effect of gratings covering the test region. This result rules out an explantation involving scattered light, and indicates that motion adaptation occurs at a later stage than that consisting of simple motion mechanisms which confound the contrast and velocity of a moving stimulus.
Evaluation of charge derivatization of a proteolytic protein digest for improved mass spectrometric analysis: de novo sequencing by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization post-source decay mass spectrometry.

A simple mass spectrometric method to sequence a recombinant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of known structure and a novel variant of unknown structure isolated from Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens and Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, respectively, was evaluated. The proteolytic digests of the proteins were each chemically derivatized at the N-terminus by addition of a tris(trimethoxyphenyl)phosphoniumacetyl (TMPP(+)-Ac) group to produce peptides with a fixed positive charge. The derivatized digests were then partially separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The fractions collected were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization post-source decay (MALDI/PSD) mass spectrometric analysis. The resulting spectra are sufficiently simple to allow the sequence to be read directly without extensive interpretation. This is in contrast to spectra of underivatized peptides obtained by MALDI/PSD or conventional tandem mass spectrometry, where full sequence interpretation can be challenging. Aided with a set of very simple established rules, it was shown that the sequence of TMPP(+)-Ac derivatives can be derived strictly from predictable fragment ion series. In most cases, this is sufficient to determine extensive, unambiguous, peptide sequences de novo. The partial sequence (35%) of the unknown phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z was obtained entirely by the mass spectrometric method evaluated here, which provided the basis for evaluating homology and for the design of oligonucleotide probes for cloning the corresponding gene.
Optical And Acousto-Optical Techniques In Radar And Sonar

Several promising applications of optical signal processing are reviewed: radar warning receivers/ESM, synthetic aperture radar, large time-bandwidth radar, and sensor-array processing. For these applications an attempt is made to identify the need for optical signal processing and to indicate how optical processors can be configured to meet these needs. The ESM application is also used to indicate the types of developments needed for practical implementations.
Nutritional and physical properties of organic Beauregard sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] as influenced by broiler litter application rate

Organic farming has been on an upward trend in recent years. However, the manures used like broiler litter have variable nutrient content, making it important to establish optimal application rate, for maximum crop yield and quality. Additionally, some states like Alabama restricts the amount of broiler litter to control excessive nutrients accumulation which can lead to surface and ground water contamination. The current study evaluated the effect of broiler litter at rates 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 t ha(-1) (treatments T0, T0.5, T1, T2, and T3), on the nutritional and physical properties of Beauregard sweet potato. Analyses were performed to determine moisture, ash, fiber, vitamin C, and β-carotene contents using oven, muffler furnace, dye, and spectrophotometric methods; texture; and color using compressive strength and L, a, b system, respectively. Ash content of the samples ranged from 0.9% to 1.4% with a very strong positive linear correlation (r = 0.9) to the broiler litter rate. However, vitamin C had a quadratic relationship with the broiler litter rate with a peaking at T0.5 (15.5 mg/100 g). The yellow color (b-value) also had a strong linear relationship with the broiler litter rate (r = 0.86). However, the other measures showed moderate, weak, or negligible correlations to the broiler litter level. T0.5 had the highest β-carotene (262.0 μg/g), dry matter contents and had the most firm (0.040 kN) sweet potatoes with the deepest orange color (L = 60.7). Based on the study's findings, 0.5 t ha(-1) appeared to be appropriate level of broiler litter, which is consistent with Alabama's law and is also advantageous in terms of low cost of farming practices and water pollution reduction.
Of Tensions and Tricksters: Grassroots Democracy between Theory and Practice

Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy. By Mark R. Warren; Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life. By Harry C. Boyte; Going Public. By Michael Gecan; and Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice. By Edward T. Chambers with Michael A. Cowan.These are not easy times for democracy. In the face of multinational corporations, an increasingly corrupt and deceitful political system, mega-media conglomerates, and militaristic televangelists, it is easy to understand how some radical democrats succumb to a politics of the bullhorn. The objective of such politics is to hone the correct line and strategize ways to project it clearly, loudly, and righteously into the public arena. Yet the success of politics thus framed has been marginal in recent decades, and its democratic credentials questionable—if by democratic we mean a politics that engages a manifold people in the difficult reciprocities of active critical judgment, organizing, action toward common goods, more egalitarian distributions, and deepening acknowledgments of plural modes of being. Most Americans are Teflon to it.Romand Coles is Associate Professor of Political Science at Duke University (coles@duke.edu). The author wishes to acknowledge helpful comments and criticisms from Susan Bickford, Kimberley Curtis, Jeffrey Isaac, Sanford Schram, and anonymous reviewers for Perspectives on Politics. Romand Coles is the author of Self/Power/Other: Political Theory and Dialogical Ethics, Rethinking Generosity: Critical Theory and the Politics of Caritas, and most recently Beyond Gated Politics: Reflections for the Possibility of Democracy.
Thermal blooming compensation instabilities

A general model is developed for the time-dependent growth of small perturbations in thermally bloomed beams with and without correction. Intensity and phase every where along the path of an intense forward beam and a weak backward beam are determined from the initial beam and path conditions by five time-dependent Green functions. The Green functions are exact solutions of the combined linearized blooming and turbulence problems and are given in closed form for an arbitrary path. Any correction method is a boundary condition connecting the forward and backward fields. Time-dependent instabilities correspond to singularities in the appropriate combination of Green functions. Perfect field conjugation gives perfect correction and is stable at all spatial frequencies. Perfect phase-reversal correction is unstable at all spatial frequencies. The instability growth rate is proportional to absorbed irradiance, and the total gain in a convection clearing time is proportional to the dimensionless blooming number. High gain is predicted in moderate blooming. Convection shear reduces the gain for irradiances with an instability growth rate much smaller than the shear rate and suppresses the gain for irradiances with a Rayleigh-range optical-path-difference growth rate much smaller than the shear rate.
Rapid rebound of soil respiration following partial stand disturbance by tree girdling in a temperate deciduous forest.

Forests serve an essential role in climate change mitigation by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Within a forest, disturbance events can greatly impact C cycling and subsequently influence the exchange of CO2 between forests and the atmosphere. This connection makes understanding the forest C cycle response to disturbance imperative for climate change research. The goal of this study was to examine the temporal response of soil respiration after differing levels of stand disturbance for 3 years at the Black Rock Forest (southeastern NY, USA; oaks comprise 67 % of the stand). Tree girdling was used to mimic pathogen attack and create the following treatments: control, girdling all non-oaks (NOG), girdling half of the oak trees (O50), and girdling all the oaks (OG). Soil respiratory rates on OG plots declined for 2 years following girdling before attaining a full rebound of belowground activity in the third year. Soil respiration on NOG and O50 were statistically similar to the control for the duration of the study although a trend for a stronger decline in respiration on O50 relative to NOG occurred in the first 2 years. Respiratory responses among the various treatments were not proportional to the degree of disturbance and varied over time. The short-lived respiratory response on O50 and OG suggests that belowground activity is resilient to disturbance; however, sources of the recovered respiratory flux on these plots are likely different than they were pre-treatment. The differential taxon response between oaks and non-oaks suggests that after a defoliation or girdling event, the temporal response of the soil respiratory flux may be related to the C allocation pattern of the affected plant group.