cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management options in thoracolumbar burst fractures

Abstract Background Both surgery and recumbency have been adopted in the treatment of spinal fractures. Herein we present the indications for each, and our experience with thoracolumbar junction (T12, L1 and L2) burst fractures. Methods Sixty-eight patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures were treated operatively in 36 cases, and nonoperatively in 32 with recumbency for 1–6 weeks. Treatment was based on clinical and radiological criteria. Eighty-one percent of the recumbency patients, but only 14% of the surgical patients were intact on admission. Patients were followed for a mean ± SD of 9 ± 10 months in the recumbency group, and 21 ± 21 months in the surgical group. Results Neurological improvement and progressive angular deformity occurred in both groups. The cost of recumbency in our patients was nearly half that of those who required surgery, though the length of hospitalization between the two groups was similar at 1 month ± 2 weeks. Conclusion The above study emphasizes that the selection of operative versus nonoperative treatment in burst fractures should not be random but based on clinical as well as radiological criteria. Recumbency is favored in patients who are intact, with angular deformity less than 20°, a residual spinal canal greater than 50% of normal, and an anterior body height exceeding 50% of the posterior height. Surgical intervention is generally indicated in patients with partial neurological deficit, and those with severe instability.
A novel proline-rich protein, EspF, is secreted from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli via the type III export pathway

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) cause a characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion in intestinal epithelial cells that is associated with the expression and export of specific bacterial proteins via a type III secretion pathway. These effector proteins and components of the type III export apparatus are encoded on a pathogenicity island known as the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). In this study, we describe a proline-rich protein, EspF, encoded by the LEE that is secreted by the EPEC type III secretion apparatus. Whereas an espF deletion mutant does not synthesize or secrete EspF, surprisingly it retains the ability to induce host signaling events, perform A/E activities, and invade host epithelial cells. Although these results do not indicate an obvious role for EspF in the formation of A/E lesions nor in the invasion of epithelial cells, they do not preclude a role played by EspF in other aspects of EPEC pathogenesis.
“Abandon Your Role as Exponents of the Magyars”: Contested Jewish Loyalty in Interwar (Czecho)Slovakia

On the occasion of the eighth anniversary of the founding of Czechoslovakia, October 28, 1926, the Neolog Jewish Community of Bratislava (Pozsony, Pressburg) gathered for a commemorative service led by their chief rabbi, Dr. Samuel Funk. They were joined by representatives of the government administration and other religious confessions. Toward the end of his sermon, an increasingly agitated Rabbi Funk turned and pointed with an angry finger at the members of the assimilationist Union of Slovak Jews (Svaz slovenských židov) in attendance from his position behind the podium. He publicly accused them of destroying Jewish unity and making it impossible for the Jewish Party to win a parliamentary mandate. He concluded his sermon by recalling a meeting that he had recently enjoyed with the president of Czechoslovakia, Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. President Masaryk, Funk related, regarded it as very embarrasing that in spite of the 100,000 votes that the Jewish Party had received in 1925, it was not able to obtain even one parliamentary mandate. Funk reported that Masaryk only respected those Jews who declared Jewish as their nationality.
Ionic Mechanisms Underlying Repetitive High-Frequency Burst Firing in Supragranular Cortical Neurons

Neocortical neurons in awake, behaving animals can generate high-frequency (>300 Hz) bursts of action potentials, either in single bursts or in a repetitive manner. Intracellular recordings of layer II/III pyramidal neurons were obtained from adult ferret visual cortical slices maintained in vitro to investigate the ionic mechanisms by which a subgroup of these cells generates repetitive, high-frequency burst discharges, a pattern referred to as "chattering." The generation of each but the first action potential in a burst was dependent on the critical interplay between the afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) and afterdepolarizations (ADPs) that followed each action potential. The spike-afterdepolarization and the generation of action potential bursts were dependent on Na(+), but not Ca(2+), currents. Neither blocking of the transmembrane flow of Ca(2+) nor the intracellular chelation of free Ca(2+) with BAPTA inhibited the generation of intrinsic bursts. In contrast, decreasing the extracellular Na(+) concentration or pharmacologically blocking Na(+) currents with tetrodotoxin, QX-314, or phenytoin inhibited bursting before inhibiting action potential generation. Additionally, a subset of layer II/III pyramidal neurons could be induced to switch from repetitive single spiking to a burst-firing mode by constant depolarizing current injection, by raising extracellular K(+) concentrations, or by potentiation of the persistent Na(+) current with the Na(+) channel toxin ATX II. These results indicate that cortical neurons may dynamically regulate their pattern of action potential generation through control of Na(+) and K(+) currents. The generation of high-frequency burst discharges may strongly influence the response of postsynaptic neurons and the operation of local cortical networks.
Ultrasonic transmission mode imaging of the nonlinear parameter B/A: a simulation study

The simulation of a system designed to image the nonlinearity parameter B/A is discussed. The algorithm entails the interaction of a pump and probe pulse, taking into account nonlinear distortion and absorption of the acoustic energy. Simulations are performed for both waterlike and highly attenuative media. Different pump and probe waveforms are studied. It is shown that broadband impulsive pump waveforms in general lead to the best estimates of the nonlinearity parameter. Another alternative providing good resolution was a broadband chirp pump of considerably longer duration. The resolution of the simulated images obtained from the coherent probe waveform was directly proportional to the probe frequency. The highly attenuative media altered the shape of the pump substantially, but in the case of the chirp pump the reconstructed images were not significantly degraded. >
Development & maintenance of social support among aged out foster youth who received independent living services: Results from the Multi-Site Evaluation of Foster Youth Programs

article ThisstudyusessecondarydatafromtheMulti-SiteEvaluationofFosterYouthPrograms,arandomizedcontrolled trial of four independent living programs for youth infoster care. The subject of this investigation is the Life Skills TrainingProgram(LST) of Los AngelesCounty,CA.We had threeinterrelated aims: (1) Evaluate the effectiveness of the LST program as compared to services as usual on the change in social support over time; (2) Examine the differences over time in social support by race and ethnicity among LST participants; and (3) Investigate the ex- planatory value of prosocial activities, educational involvement, current living arrangement, employment, vic- timization experiences, placement instability, and behavioral health symptomology on changes in social support over time among LST participants. We employed multilevel longitudinal modeling to estimate growth in social support over three time points (baseline, first follow-up, and second follow-up) among 482 youth (n = 234 LST; n = 248 control). We found a significant reduction in social support across the three time points. But, there was no difference in the social support trajectory between the LST and control groups. In addition, no racial/ethnicdifferenceinthe social support trajectory was detected. Results underscoretheneed to criticallyex- amine how independentlivingprogramming isintendedto increase socialsupportandwhethermodifyingthese practices can improve promotion and maintenance of social support for youth who age out of foster care. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Study on thermal decomposition of polymers by evolved gas analysis using photoionization mass spectrometry (EGA-PIMS)

Photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS) with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source provides an efficient and fragmentation-free method for the soft ionization of gaseous compounds, in order to facilitate an understanding of thermal decomposition behavior and chemical composition of polymeric materials. The PIMS was applied to the evolved gas analysis (EGA) system equipped with a skimmer interface which is constituted based upon a jet separator principle between a vacuum MS chamber and an atmospheric sample chamber in a furnace. A photoionization source with a deuterium (D2) lamp was closely installed to the vacuum ionization chamber of a mass spectrometer to improve the ionization efficiency.
Accelerating CUDA graph algorithms at maximum warp

Graphs are powerful data representations favored in many computational domains. Modern GPUs have recently shown promising results in accelerating computationally challenging graph problems but their performance suffered heavily when the graph structure is highly irregular, as most real-world graphs tend to be. In this study, we first observe that the poor performance is caused by work imbalance and is an artifact of a discrepancy between the GPU programming model and the underlying GPU architecture.We then propose a novel virtual warp-centric programming method that exposes the traits of underlying GPU architectures to users. Our method significantly improves the performance of applications with heavily imbalanced workloads, and enables trade-offs between workload imbalance and ALU underutilization for fine-tuning the performance. Our evaluation reveals that our method exhibits up to 9x speedup over previous GPU algorithms and 12x over single thread CPU execution on irregular graphs. When properly configured, it also yields up to 30% improvement over previous GPU algorithms on regular graphs. In addition to performance gains on graph algorithms, our programming method achieves 1.3x to 15.1x speedup on a set of GPU benchmark applications. Our study also confirms that the performance gap between GPUs and other multi-threaded CPU graph implementations is primarily due to the large difference in memory bandwidth.
Radiation relations for electromagnetic excitation of layered media

In this paper, radiation principles for the interior dipole excitation of a layered medium by a time-harmonic spherical electromagnetic wave is established. The study of such excitation problems is motivated by several scientific and technological applications, including: (i) localization of buried objects in layered media, (ii) medical implantations inside the human body for hyperthermia or biotelemetry purposes, (iii) resonant layered microstrip antennas, (iv) investigation of the human brain's activity, and (v) scattering by waveguides inhomogeneities.
Evolution of brain elaboration

Large, complex brains have evolved independently in several lineages of protostomes and deuterostomes. Sensory centres in the brain increase in size and complexity in proportion to the importance of a particular sensory modality, yet often share circuit architecture because of constraints in processing sensory inputs. The selective pressures driving enlargement of higher, integrative brain centres has been more difficult to determine, and may differ across taxa. The capacity for flexible, innovative behaviours, including learning and memory and other cognitive abilities, is commonly observed in animals with large higher brain centres. Other factors, such as social grouping and interaction, appear to be important in a more limited range of taxa, while the importance of spatial learning may be a common feature in insects with large higher brain centres. Despite differences in the exact behaviours under selection, evolutionary increases in brain size tend to derive from common modifications in development and generate common architectural features, even when comparing widely divergent groups such as vertebrates and insects. These similarities may in part be influenced by the deep homology of the brains of all Bilateria, in which shared patterns of developmental gene expression give rise to positionally, and perhaps functionally, homologous domains. Other shared modifications of development appear to be the result of homoplasy, such as the repeated, independent expansion of neuroblast numbers through changes in genes regulating cell division. The common features of large brains in so many groups of animals suggest that given their common ancestry, a limited set of mechanisms exist for increasing structural and functional diversity, resulting in many instances of homoplasy in bilaterian nervous systems.
Reducing energy consumption of multi-channel mobile medical monitoring algorithms

Advances in integrated circuit technologies have enabled engineers to embed computation and communication resources in small form factors. Small wireless sensors have enabled a variety of ambulatory medical detection applications where individuals are instrumented in order to detect events outside a clinical setting. To make such devices suitable for long-term use, small batteries must be used. Thus, reducing overall energy consumption is essential.In these applications, reducing the amount of data sampled or processed can reduce energy consumption. One way to do this is to use a low-cost screening detector that quickly rules out segments of the sampled data that are unlikely to contain an event. Depending on the detection ability and relative power consumption of the screening detector, the combination of the original detector and screening detector can decrease energy consumption dramatically while maintaining low false positives and false negatives.In this paper, we describe a systematic method that uses machine learning to construct a screening detector for multi-feature detection algorithms. We evaluate this technique on real electroencephalography (EEG) data obtained from patients with epileptic seizures. Our results suggest that for most patients our technique can be used to construct a detector that reduces computation time by an average of 80% relative to the original detector. Moreover, we estimate that the average reduction in energy consumption would be 71% overall and 77% during non-seizure periods. This corresponds to a 4x increase in battery lifetime.
Effect of Ceramic Coatings on Fatigue Strength of Metal

A series of tests was conducted to determine the effect of porcelain enamels and ceramic coatings on the endurance limit and the fatigue life of ingot iron components subjected to flexure. The specimens were of the Krouse cantilever beam type. They were designed to provide a uniform bending triangle with a uniform stress throughout the test area. A completely reversed stress was applied by repeated bending in a standard motor-driven fatigue-testing unit. The results were plotted as S-N curves with the stress plotted as the ordinate and the number of cycles to failure as the abscissa. A comparison of the curves for the metal alone and for the coated metal showed that ceramic coatings noticeably improved the fatigue strength and also the fatigue life at stresses above the endurance limit.
Plasma sources for future plasma wakefield accelerator based electron/positron collider

The recent experimental progress in plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) experiments [I. Blumenfeld et al., Nature 445, 741 (15 February 2007)] make it possible to contemplate the application of the PWFA to a future electron positron linear collider. One of the main parameter of such a collider is the luminosity. The luminosity determines the number of occurrence of a given process with a given cross section, per unit time. For example, current designs call for luminosities in the1034 cm−2s−1. To reach such luminosities, particle beams with average powers in the 10 MW range are necessary. In a plasma wakefield accelerator, a plasma works as an energy transformer to convert a relatively high-current, low-energy bunch train to a proportionately lower-current, higher-energy bunch train. This transformation is continued until the desired particle energy is reached to do physics. Microwave powered structures have a demonstrated ability to produce bunch trains with parameters of interest to the PWFA with high efficiency. Such structures operate most efficiently when the bunches are spaced tightly together, e.g. by a few ns. Consequently, the plasma source must be stable and reproducible on the ns time scale. Assuming an energy transfer efficiency from a PWFA drive bunch to the accelerated witness bunch of 35% implies that about 6.5 MW of beam power is left in the plasma. For a beam with an initial energy of 25 GeV, a final energy of 250 GeV and an accelerating gradient of 25 GeV/m, the total plasma length is 9 m, corresponding to an energy deposition of ≈720 kW/m. The energy will be deposited in a very small volume of plasma, typically a radius of about 100 µm for densities of interest. Therefore, while heat evacuation at a large radius may not be a serious issue, thermal shock waves can be expected. These waves will modify the gas and plasma density for the following bunches. The beam and plasma source parameters will be presented, and the main issues with the plasma source discussed.
Profile of Discrete Emotions in Affective Disorders in Older Primary Care Patients

Purpose: This research examined whether the frequencies of specific emotions are associated with major and minor depression in older primary care patients. Design and Methods: Older primary care patients ( N = 146), prescreened with a depression questionnaire, completed a diagnostic interview and an emotions questionnaire. Results: Controlling for age, sex, and other psychiatric and medical illnesses, major depressives differed from nondepressed controls in nine emotions; minor depressives differed from controls in four emotions. Major depressives differed from the controls more in sadness, joy, and interest—but not anger, fear, or guilt—than in comparison sets of emotions. Minor depressives differed from the controls more in sadness and innerdirected hostility—but not guilt, anger, fear, joy, or interest— than in comparison sets of emotions. Implications: The frequencies of discrete emotions are differentially associated with major and minor depression; future research is needed to determine their specific diagnostic and treatment implications.
Joining of Metal Matrix Composites

The strength and failure modes of metal matrix joints are investigated. The metal matrix composite (MMC) consists of alumina fibers in an aluminum alloy matrix. Butt joints and joints with attachments are manufactured and subsequently tested in tension to failure. One set of joints is manufactured from aluminum matrix material and another with aluminum alloy reinforced by silicon carbide particles. The initiation of failure in the alloy matrix joints occurs at the transverse interface of the MMC with the joint. Large insertion lengths are needed for the aluminum attachment to reach the composite strength. The addition of particles suppresses failure at the interface and only a small insertion length is needed to match the full strength of the composite.
Theory: The Guide to Clinical Practice and Research

Physical therapists are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of theory in physical therapy research and practice. In this article, we define theory and discuss its uses in both clinical practice and clinical research. We argue that both the quality of current practice and growth of physical therapy as a profession will be enhanced as more physical therapists appreciate and use theory to guide their work.
Biodemographic perspectives for epidemiologists

A new scientific discipline arose in the late 20th century known as biodemography. When applied to aging, biodemography is the scientific study of common age patterns and causes of death observed among humans and other sexually reproducing species and the biological forces that contribute to them. Biodemography is interdisciplinary, involving a combination of the population sciences and such fields as molecular and evolutionary biology. Researchers in this emerging field have discovered attributes of aging and death in humans that may very well change the way epidemiologists view and study the causes and expression of disease. In this paper, the biodemography of aging is introduced in light of traditional epidemiologic models of disease causation and death.
Determination of Surface Coverage and Orientation of Reduced Cytochrome c on a Silica Surface with Polarized ATR Spectroscopy

Linearly polarized attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is used to study the adsorption properties of reduced cytochrome c to a silica surface. The adsorption equilibrium constan...
Optimal Joint Detection/Estimation in Fading Channels With Polynomial Complexity

The problem of sequence detection in frequency-nonselective/time-selective fading channels, when channel state information (CSI) is not available at the transmitter and receiver, is considered in this paper. The traditional belief is that exact maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) of an uncoded sequence over this channel has exponential complexity in the channel coherence time. Thus, for slowly varying channels, i.e., channels having coherence time on the order of the sequence length, the complexity appears to be exponential in the sequence length. In the first part of this work, it is shown that exact MLSD can be computed with only polynomial worst case complexity in the sequence length regardless of the operating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for equal-energy signal constellations. By establishing a relationship between the aforementioned complexity and the rank of the correlation matrix of the fading process, an understanding of how complexity of the optimal MLSD receiver varies as the channel dynamics change is provided. In the second part of this paper, the problem of decoding turbo-like codes in frequency-nonselective/time-selective fading channels without receiver CSI is examined. Using arguments similar to the ones used for the MLSD case, it is shown that the exact symbol-by-symbol soft-decision metrics (SbSSDMs) implied by the min-sum algorithm can be evaluated with polynomial worst case complexity in the sequence length regardless of SNR for equal-energy signal constellations. Finally, by simplifying some key steps in the polynomial-complexity algorithm, a family of fast, approximate algorithms is derived, which yield near-optimal performance
Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation.

Abstract Objective.—To make recommendations regarding the appropriate evaluation for the prothrombin G20210A mutation, as reflected by published evidence and the consensus opinion of recognized experts in the field. Data Sources.—Review of the medical literature, primarily since 1996. Data Extraction and Synthesis.—After an initial assessment of the literature, key points defining the condition, and review of the clinical study design, a draft manuscript was prepared and circulated to every participant in the College of American Pathologists Conference on Diagnostic Issues in Thrombophilia before the meeting. Each of the key points and associated recommendations were then presented for discussion at the conference. Recommendations were accepted if a consensus of 70% of experts attending the conference was reached. The results of the discussion were used to revise the manuscript into its final form. Conclusions.—Consensus was reached on several recommendations concerning the criteria for testing for the pr...
Ovine placental cortisol production.

Cortisol levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in samples simultaneously obtained from the four vessels serving the ovine placenta (uterine artery and vein, umbilical artery and vein). These samples were collected daily over a 20- to 30-day interval in three animals in the latter third of pregnancy. Cortisol levels in the uterine and umbilical veins were higher than those in the arteries in 67 of 73 sample sets. Net synthesis of 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol from 17α -hydroxyprogesterone by dispersed placental cells was also demonstrated in vitro. These data provide strong evidence that the ovine placenta has the ability to synthesize 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol in vitro and normally does so in vivo.
Yield, development, and weight of Cadra cautella (Walker) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) on twenty-one diets derived from natural products

Abstract Both Cadra (Ephestia) cautella (Walker) and Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) produced more adult progeny, developed faster, and weighed more when reared in a standard moth medium than in any other of 21 natural product diets. Whole cereals and whole soybeans were poor diets, it being assumed that the hard seed coats prevented the larvae from penetrating to the food. Cracked and ground foods were generally more favorable for growth and development and for production of adult progeny. However, ground peanuts caused the death of the seeding adults and offspring of P. interpunctella and also were very unfavorable for C. cautella .
High Strength, Porous, Brittle Materials

Contrary to existing models, strengths need not be a strong function of porosity for intermediate density, brittle materials. Flaw sizes can remain small (<50µm) if the void space is distributed uniformly in minimum dimension pores. For RBSN, fracture toughness decreases linearly with porosity for 0< porosity <40%. Strains to failure and specific strengths of these materials are higher than fully dense counterparts.
On the acceleration of energetic particles in the interplanetary medium

Fermi scattering and transit time damping are two possible mechanisms for accelerating low energy protons (approximately 1 Mev) in co-rotating particle streams. Solutions to the equations which govern particle behavior in such streams are presented. It was found that acceleration by Fermi scattering requires a scattering mean-free path more than an order of magnitude smaller than the nominal value for low energy particles of 0.1 AU. Transit time damping of only the observed low level of magnitude fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field appears to yield the required acceleration rate. Measurements of the direction of the anisotropy in the particle streams could help in deciding which mechanism is operative. In the case of Fermi scattering the anisotropy must be in the heliocentric radial direction, whereas for transit time damping a significant azimuthal anisotropy could be present.
Pseudo-ureter: a complication of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.

Summary— In 3 previously healthy patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotripsy complicated by perforation of the medial wall of the renal pelvis, a false channel or “pseudo-ureter” formed around the ureteric stent catheter, starting from the renal pelvis and re-entering the upper ureter. Recognition occurred 2 to 3 days after lithotripsy during nephrostography and the complication was treated by re-positioning the stent into the true ureteric lumen. All patients are well 7 to 10 months after lithotripsy and there have been no long-term complications.
SHOREBIRD ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION ON THE COASTAL PLAIN OF THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Abstract ABSTRACT The coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge hosts seven species of migratory shorebirds listed as highly imperiled or high priority by the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan and five species listed as Birds of Conservation Concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. During the first comprehensive shorebird survey of the 674 000 ha “1002 Area” on the coastal plain, we recorded 14 species of breeding shorebirds at 197 rapidly surveyed plots during June 2002 and 2004. We also estimated detection ratios with a double counting technique, using data collected at 37 intensively studied plots located on the North Slope of Alaska and northern Canada. We stratified the study area by major habitat types, including wetlands, moist areas, uplands, and riparian areas, using previously classified Landsat imagery. We developed population estimates with confidence limits by species, and estimated the total number of shorebirds in the study area to be 230 000 (95% CI: 104 000–363 000), which...
ENTRAINMENT OF AIR INTO A CUMULUS CLOUD

Abstract A theory of convective clouds is presented, the fundamental hypothesis being that the ascending current in a cloud entrains air from its surroundings. A method is developed for computing the amount of entrainment from a knowledge of the temperature and specific humidity inside and outside the cloud. The concentration of water in the form of drops is also determined. Finally the theory is applied to some observations of trade cumulus made near San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Fiske, Donald W. (1917–2003)

Donald W. Fiske (1916–2003) was a personality psychologist who influenced the fields of both personality and clinical psychology with his careful analysis of how psychological constructs were related to purported measures of those constructs. He insisted on using multiple methods to assess psychological variables, and discovered over the course of his career that different measurement strategies led to different inferences about global traits such as personality. His classic paper with Campbell described how a matrix of correlations among multiple measures of multiple traits could clarify personality measurement, but in fact these method revealed deep difficulty with general constructs that ignored social context, temporal sequences of behavior, and life course. In his later years he worked with collaborator Starkey Duncan to provide a rigorous foundation of behavioral measurements in the context of face-to-face interactions. Keywords: personality; methodology; non-verbal communication
Heightened Delta Power during Slow-Wave-Sleep in Patients with Rett Syndrome Associated with Poor Sleep Efficiency.

Sleep problems are commonly reported in Rett syndrome (RTT); however the electroencephalographic (EEG) biomarkers underlying sleep dysfunction are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal evolution of quantitative EEG (qEEG) biomarkers in overnight EEGs recorded from girls (2–9 yrs. old) diagnosed with RTT using a non-traditional automated protocol. In this study, EEG spectral analysis identified high delta power cycles representing slow wave sleep (SWS) in 8–9h overnight sleep EEGs from the frontal, central and occipital leads (AP axis), comparing age-matched girls with and without RTT. Automated algorithms quantitated the area under the curve (AUC) within identified SWS cycles for each spectral frequency wave form. Both age-matched RTT and control EEGs showed similar increasing trends for recorded delta wave power in the EEG leads along the antero-posterior (AP). RTT EEGs had significantly fewer numbers of SWS sleep cycles; therefore, the overall time spent in SWS was also significantly lower in RTT. In contrast, the AUC for delta power within each SWS cycle was significantly heightened in RTT and remained heightened over consecutive cycles unlike control EEGs that showed an overnight decrement of delta power in consecutive cycles. Gamma wave power associated with these SWS cycles was similar to controls. However, the negative correlation of gamma power with age (r = -.59; p<0.01) detected in controls (2–5 yrs. vs. 6–9 yrs.) was lost in RTT. Poor % SWS (i.e., time spent in SWS overnight) in RTT was also driven by the younger age-group. Incidence of seizures in RTT was associated with significantly lower number of SWS cycles. Therefore, qEEG biomarkers of SWS in RTT evolved temporally and correlated significantly with clinical severity.
A Theoretical, Risk Assessment Procedure for In-Position Drivers Involved in Full-Engagement Frontal Impacts

A theoretical, mathematical, risk assessment procedure was developed to estimate the fraction of drivers that incurred head and thoracic AIS3+ injuries in full-engagement frontal crashes. The estimates were based on numerical simulations of various real-world events, including variations of crash severity, crash speed, level of restraint, and occupant size. The procedure consisted of four steps: (1) conduct the simulations of the numerous events, (2) use biomechanical equations to transform the occupant responses into AlS3+ risks for each event, (3) weight the maximum risk for each event by its real-world event frequency, and (4) sum the weighted risks. To validate the risk assessment procedure, numerous steps were taken. First, a passenger car was identified to represent average field performance. Next, field data were collected for 1985-1997 model year passenger cars involving properly belted drivers in 12 o'clock, full-engagement, non-rollover, frontal crashes that did not involve an airbag deployment. Next, the theoretical procedure was applied for the average passenger car. Finally, the results from the theoretical procedure were compared with field data. With favorable comparisons for the head and thoracic risks, the procedure was deemed to have acceptable fidelity.
The Fourth Amendment in the October 2012 Term

This article reviews the U.S. Supreme Court's Fourth Amendment decisions during the 2012-2013 Term. Cases reviewed include: Bailey v. United States (detentions during warrant searches); Missouri v. McNeely (warrantless blood draws in DWI cases); Florida v. Harris (drug dog sniffs and probable cause); Florida v. Jardines (drug dog sniffs and Fourth Amendment interests); and Maryland v. King (routine DNA testing of arrestees). A handy resource to update a criminal procedure course or to prepare for the Supreme Court's October 2013 Term Fourth Amendment cases.
Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS): A Present Service Preparing for the Future

The Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS) has been deployed by NASA's Mars Program Office and the Multimission Ground Systems and Services (MGSS) Project into mission operations to aid in the coordination of relay activities at Mars. This live system presents standardized interfaces and a centralized infrastructure to current and future participants in the Mars Relay Network for the purpose of reliably and securely exchanging and storing all relay-related planning and operations data. The initial development of this system leveraged over eight years of experience performing relay operations between the various spacecraft at Mars. Now, four years after its initial deployment, MaROS continues to undergo further refinement to better meet the needs of the Mars Relay Network. The most substantial, recent update was focused on providing capabilities needed by the Mars Science Laboratory project, which landed on Mars in August of 2012. This paper will describe the nature of that update and describe additional features being added to the system to better serve the needs of current and future Mars missions.
Programming Arduino Boards With the C/C++ Interpreter Ch

This paper presents the ChArduino package which is designed to control the Atmel AVR microcontroller based Arduino boards through the C/C++ interpreter Ch. Traditionally, Arduino boards are programmed using the official Arduino IDE or lower-level AVR C libraries. These methods require specific cross-compilation tools to compile the code and upload it onto the board. Whenever a change is made to the source code, it needs to be recompiled and uploaded, making application development cumbersome, especially for beginners and as the size of the application grows. The approach presented in this paper is aimed at reducing the effort associated with code compilation, especially in classroom environments where microcontroller programming is first introduced. In fact, when using this method, code is executed in an interpreted manner and every function call is processed separately by the interpreter, thus compilation and uploading are not required to make changes effective. The ChArduino package consists of a library of functions running on a computer and a specialized firmware loaded onto the Arduino board. The firmware on the Arduino board is pre-compiled and the latest version is automatically uploaded at run time, if not already. At power-up, the firmware initializes the board and then waits for a command from the computer. The use of the C/C++ interpreter Ch also makes available line-by-line debugging, numerical analysis, and plotting capabilities. The supported communication protocols between the Arduino board and the computer are serial and Bluetooth. The application code written using this package is completely compatible with the entire spectrum of Arduino boards and can be ported to the Arduino IDE with minimal changes. The applications of the method described in this paper are general but apply especially to the K-12 education field in that the package creates a simple, user-friendly, environment for the absolute beginner to learn the basic principles of mechatronic systems including programming, microcontrollers, and electrical circuits. Lesson plans are being developed to use the ChArduino package in microcontroller introductory courses and the package is currently being introduced for preliminary testing in schools through the UC Davis C-STEM Center.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Classification of Surfaces

In this chapter we will present material that is well known; however we need not only the results, but also parts of the proofs as we shall see in later chapters. For more details of this theory see H. Seifert and Threlfall [81] or M. Frechet and Ky Fan [22].
Analysis of tuberculosis drug resistance in Xinjiang

Objective To understand the status of tuberculosis drug resistance in Xinjiang.Methods With a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method,resident population aged 15 and above were carried out symptom survey and chest radiograph.People with abnormal chest X-ray and suspicious tuberculosis symptoms were taken 3 times of sputum smear and 2 times of sputum culture test.All isolated strains were identified and made drug susceptibility testing of seven kinds of anti-TB drugs.Results Resistant rate was 36% of patients with positive bacteria,and 33.3% of initial patients,50% of patients in the retreatment.It was 43.4% for the male and 24.2% for the female,26.7% for the age group less than 30 years old,46.9% for the age group at 30 to 60-year-old,30.8% for the age group above 60-year-old.It was 35.7% in southern Xinjiang,27.3% in northern Xinjiang,and 60% in eastern Xinjiang.Out of the seven kinds of anti-TB drugs,the order of total resistance rates of the isolated mycobacterium tuberculosis was SM,INH,RFP,EMB,and KM.Conclusions The level of resistance is worrisome.Dynamic monitoring of TB drug resistance level should be reinforced to provide a theoretical basis for formulation of prevention and control measures.
AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MENTOR SATISFACTION WITH THEIR YOUTH MENTORING RELATIONSHIPS

Research shows the benefits of mentoring in promoting positive youth development. Yet less is known about mentors and what predicts mentor satisfaction. Such knowledge is vital to understanding how to recruit and retain adult mentors for youth. Thus, in the current study, we examine mentors as embedded in a social ecology of relationships, such as relationships with their mentee, mentee's family, and mentoring organization they volunteer with. We use data from 247 mentors to test how each of these relationships (mentor with the mentee, mentee's family, and mentoring organization) independently and interactively predict mentor satisfaction. Findings indicate that all relationships are unique predictors of mentor satisfaction, and that relationships with the mentee's family and mentors’ mentoring organization interact in predicting mentor satisfaction. Overall, considering multiple relationships shows how various dimensions of the social ecology uniquely and interactively predict mentor satisfaction. Limitations and implications for mentoring practice are discussed.
Universal Preenrichment Broth for the Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella and Listeria in Foods

A medium and method for preenriching food products which allow the simultaneous recovery and detection of Salmonella and Listeria are described. To prevent the pH of the medium from rapidly dropping in the presence of extraneous microorganisms found in foods, this medium, universal preenrichment (UP) broth, is highly buffered and low in carbohydrates. The medium allows sublethally injured bacteria to resuscitate and multiply to sufficiently high numbers so that highly selective, secondary enrichment media can be employed to help select the specific bacteria in question from a mixed bacterial background culture. As few as 10 heat-injured Salmonella multiplied to at least 106/ml following a 24 h enrichment in UP, even in mixtures of high levels of known competitive microflora or from naturally occurring microflora found in chicken, hot dogs, or Brie cheese. As few as 10 heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes multiplied to at least 105/ml in these same experiments. From the UP broth, secondary selective preenrichment broths which favor the growth of Salmonella or Listeria can be inoculated, and subsequent protocols for the recovery of either Salmonella or Listeria can then be followed.
Computer simulation of lumbar flexion shows shear of the facet capsular ligament

Abstract Background Context The lumbar facet capsular ligament (FCL) is a posterior spinal ligament with a complex structure and kinematic profile. The FCL has a curved geometry, multiple attachment sites, and preferentially aligned collagen fiber bundles on the posterior surface that are innervated with mechanoreceptive nerve endings. Spinal flexion induces three-dimensional (3D) deformations, requiring the FCL to maintain significant tensile and shear loads. Previous works aimed to study 3D facet joint kinematics during flexion, but to our knowledge none have reported localized FCL surface deformations likely created by this complex structure. Purpose The purpose of this study was to elucidate local deformations of both the posterior and anterior surfaces of the lumbar FCL to understand the distribution and magnitude of in-plane and through-plane deformations, including the prevalence of shear. Study Design/Setting The FCL anterior and posterior surface deformations were quantified through creation of a finite element model simulating facet joint flexion using a realistic geometry, physiological kinematics, and fitted constitutive material. Methods Geometry was obtained from the micro-CT data of a healthy L3–L4 facet joint capsule (n=1); kinematics were extracted from sagittal plane fluoroscopic data of healthy volunteers (n=10) performing flexion; and average material properties were determined from planar biaxial extension tests of L4–L5 FCLs (n=6). All analyses were performed with the non-linear finite element solver, FEBio. A grid of equally spaced 3×3 nodes on the posterior surface identified regional differences within the strain fields and was used to create comparisons against previously published experimental data. This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the authors have no disclosures. Results Inhomogeneous in-plane and through-plane shear deformations were prominent through the middle body of the FCL on both surfaces. Anterior surface deformations were more pronounced because of the small width of the joint space, whereas posterior surface deformations were more diffuse because the larger area increased deformability. We speculate these areas of large deformation may provide this proprioceptive system with an excellent measure of spinal motion. Conclusions We found that in-plane and through-plane shear deformations are widely present in finite element simulations of a lumbar FCL during flexion. Importantly, we conclude that future studies of the FCL must consider the effects of both shear and tensile deformations.
EDFS: a semi-centralized efficient distributed file system

In this paper we present (1) EDFS, a simple and semi-centralized efficient distributed file system (for cloud computing environments) and (2) a load balancing and resource sharing scheme for EDFS. EDFS uses a central front-end server only to distribute keys (hashed filenames or indices) to Namenodes. Each Namenode is then responsible for holding the corresponding file (directory) information such as the i-node (metadata) and pointers to where each block of the file is stored in the cloud. Each node is also responsible for every operation (open, close, delete, modify) of the files (directories) whose keys it has. This will enable EDFS to distribute the cloud computing to all nodes in the cloud unlike the current Hadoop File System (HDFS) and Google File System (GFS) which load the Namenode with almost every operation of every data block, potentially making the Namenode a resource bottleneck.
Tissue Engineering Applications in Neurology

Tissue engineering has tremendous potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine. Research activities related to tissue engineering have expanded from the repair, replacement and regeneration of bone [1], blood vessels [2, 3] and organs such as the kidneys and heart [2–4] to the delicate nervous system. Initial research efforts mainly focused on providing threedimensional (3D) scaffolds to facilitate the growth of nerve cells in vitro. The ultimate goal is to generate desirable cell types and create niches to support the growth and regeneration of endogenous cells and/or transplanted cells by recapitulating an in-vivo-like environment. Advances in basic neuroscience and biomaterials engineering have resulted in significant progress in this direction over the past few years. This chapter will discuss the potential and applications of tissue engineering approaches in regenerative neurological medicine.
P-029 Turbulent Flow in the Venous Outflow Tract of Pulsatile Tinnitus Patients with Sigmoid Sinus Diverticulum

Introduction/purpose Pulsatile tinnitus (PT) has been linked to multiple anatomical variants of the venous outflow tract including sigmoid sinus diverticulum (SSD). We hypothesize that turbulence generated by the SSD, which is normally preceded by a transverse sinus stenosis (TSS), can explain the source of sound. Turbulent flow has a known association to vasculogenic bruit. Advanced magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) was performed in cerebral venous sinuses and internal jugular veins (IJV) to obtain both volumetric velocity and turbulence maps. Materials and methods A series of MRI protocols was performed at 3 T for patients with suspected venous PT including contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) to delineate the anatomy and identify SSD, 4 D-flow MR to acquire time-resolved phase (velocity) and flow-encoded magnitudes in all three directions, as well as 2 D flow to obtain flow waveforms. Flow turbulence was quantified based on turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). Five SSD patients were evaluated, four of which had an associated TSS upstream from the SSD. Results The TSS resulted in a jet of flow, the direction of which seemed to determine the position of the SSD downstream. The streamline visualization of the flow patterns revealed recirculation in the diverticulum. A helical flow pattern was also found adjacent to the jet flow opposite and downstream of the SSD (Figure 1). TKE mapping revealed a highly localized region of elevated TKE downstream from the stenosis extending to the opening of the diverticulum with a maximum value of 80 J/m 3 (Figure 2). Discussion and Conclusion The unique flow patterns and the presence of turbulence introduced by the TSS and SSD may help explain PT in these patients. Treatment of TSS with PTA and stent implantation, or treatment of the SSD with coil embolization can potentially alter the TKE level and pattern. Disclosures S. Kefayati: None. E. Kao: None. J. Liu: None. H. Haraldsson: None. F. Faraji: None. M. Ballweber: None. K. Meisel: None. V. Halbach: None. D. Saloner: None. M. Amans: None.