cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lattice Gas Activity Series from Secular Equations

The secular equations for finite tori of lattice sites are obtained by computer expansion of determinants for a hard-particle lattice gas. The secular equations yield all of the thermodynamic functions for finite systems and the beginning terms of activity expansions for all of the eigenvalues of the infinite system. The same secular equation that yields the low-density series for the equation of state of the infinite-circumference system also yields the beginning terms in the highdensity expansion. As examples we treat two hard-particle lattice gases in two dimensions, the lattice gas with nearest-neighbor exclusion (which has a secondorder transition), and the case of dimers (which is analytic all the way to close packing).
On the role of formal methods in security

Separation of concerns and layers of abstraction have long been advocated by proponents of programming methodology and have been used effectively for building large scale systems. In this paper, we use recent developments on power analysis attacks on cryptographic implementations to raise some questions about the applicability of these approaches especially to cryptography and security.
Improvement of the Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotic C-1027 Production by Manipulating Its Biosynthetic Pathway Regulation in Streptomyces globisporus

The production of C-1027 in Streptomycesglobisporus was previously increased 2- to 3-fold by manipulating three pathway-specific activators, SgcR1, SgcR2, and SgcR3. In this study, we have further ...
DFT Study of deNOx Reactions in the Gas Phase: Mimicking the Reaction Mechanism over BaNaY Zeolites

Neutral and ionic pathways for aci-nitromethane decomposition were studied in the gas phase, and the Gibbs free energy surfaces were constructed at 473 K. The pathways studied were based on proposed mechanisms of NOx reduction by acetaldehyde over BaNaY zeolites. Density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory was used, and 29 stable intermediates and 39 transition states were identified and quantified. Plausible pathways involving unimolecular decomposition or NO2 addition were both explored. The rate constants for all elementary steps were estimated using transition state theory, and kinetic modeling was carried out to identify the dominant reaction channel. For the ionic routes, one of the NO2 addition pathways dominated at typical NO2 concentrations. For the neutral routes, one of the unimolecular decomposition routes was dominant. A solvation model was then included to mimic the environment of the BaNaY zeolite catalyst in a simplified manner. While inclusion of solvation effects...
Charged, radiating black holes, inflation, and cosmic censorship.

A Vaidya-Bonner-based model of a charged evaporating black hole is examined during the inflationary phase of the universe. The structure and location of the apparent and event horizons of the black hole are determined. The cosmic censorship conjecture is considered within the framework of this model. It is demonstrated that the formation of supermaximal charged black holes is possible due to the inflationary phase, resulting in primordial naked singularities.
Frontiers in peptide-MHC class II multimer technology.

Although tetramer technology has been wildly successful for examination of MHC class I–recognizing T cells, the same hasn't been true for MHC class II reagents. A recent workshop at the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was convened to address this.
THE JOY OF DESTRUCTION IS ALSO THE JOY OF CREATION

Abstract:Given its capacity to stimulate the imagination and resonate across a wide spectrum of human experiences, sacrifice has always attracted filmmakers. From Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc to Pasolini's Mamma Roma to Tarkovsky's Sacrifice to many of Ozu's films to Kar Wai Wong's In the Mood for Love or to Lars von Trier's Breaking the Waves and Bruno Dumont's La Vie de Jesus, to give just a few examples, sacrifice has nourished, informed and shaped filmmaking. Sacrifice is a fundamental human act, and cinema has always, in some way or another, danced around it. Yet that's not all. In a world like ours from which the gods have mostly withdrawn, but people haven't stopped feeling the need to believe, in an important sense film has taken over the myth-factory. It's on screen that the post-Christian grand narratives are sketched, the new myths rehearsed, and the old ones recycled. Our contemporaries may no longer be church-goers, but they go to the movies religiously. And the sacrificial theme makes...
Annotated bibliography of composite sampling Part A: 1936–92

Composite sampling techniques are getting recognition as means of achieving observational economy when the cost of measurement is high. Accordingly, researchers in different disciplines are investigating composite sample techniques in a variety of applications. One can find applications of composite sampling in as diverse areas as soil sampling, water quality monitoring, bioaccumulation monitoring, infection rates, disease transmission rates, multiaccess communications and many more. Although it is very difficult for a researcher in any discipline to be acquainted with the results on composite sampling applied in other disciplines, it is also important for every researcher to be aware of any such development. An annotated bibliography is expected to serve the purpose of creating a common ground for researchers in different areas where composite sampling is of interest. The annotations are kept as brief as possible, but at the same time as descriptive of the annotated articles as desirable. The bibliography is classified by topics to make it easy to search for the topic of interest, and within a topic, the articles are arranged chronologically to give some idea of the development in this subject area during the last 50 years.
Myocardial Blood Flow Quantification for Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease by Positron Emission Tomography, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Computed Tomography

The noninvasive detection of the presence and functional significance of coronary artery stenosis is important in the diagnosis, risk assessment, and management of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion can provide an objective and reproducible estimate of myocardial ischemia and risk prediction. Positron emission tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and cardiac computed tomography perfusion are modalities capable of measuring myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve. In this review, we will discuss the technical aspects of quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging with positron emission tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography, and its emerging clinical applications.
Shocking the legacy mindset™: management development and the internet

Purpose – Although this article's objectives include providing a primer on internet business strategy and a design guide for future management development efforts, the motivating objective is to expose traditional business leaders to the need to shock the legacy mindset of their organizations so that they will remain competitive in the twenty‐first century.Design/methodology/approach – Uses Lewin's three‐step change model – unfreeze, change, and refreeze, involving the IMPACT internet business simulation.Findings – Just as information technology progress has been slowed by the need to integrate with legacy systems, the new business opportunities available on the internet have been slowed by the legacy mindsets of traditionally trained managers. These legacy mindsets have become systemic in the conversations and cultures of most traditional organizations. Thus, an established company's successful venture into the internet space will likely depend on a significant change in organizational culture.Research l...
Acetate and Stearate Utilization by Lactating Cows Fed High Grain-Restricted Roughage Rations

Abstract Two lactating cows were fed normal and high grain-restricted roughage (HG-RR) rations to study ration effect on the utilization of 14 C-acetate and 3 H-stearate. Milk, blood, and adipose and liver tissues were analyzed for lipid labeling. The HGRR ration caused increased 14 C and 3 H labeling of milk and adipose lipids. Triglycerides decreased in milk lipids. Labeling by both isotopes increased in cholesterol, triglyceride, and polar lipids when the HGRR ration was fed. Liver increased in polar lipid and decreased in free fatty acids. The relative incorporation of 14 C-acetate and 3 H-stearate into adipose tissue and milk lipid supports the view that a principle cause of decreased milk fat production is a decreased circulating acetate and stearate pool presumably due to synthetic activities and retention of fatty acids in adipose tissue.
Measuring the Effect of Foreign Aid on Growth and Poverty Reduction or the Pitfalls of Interaction Variables

Regressions in a number of recent papers written by staff members of the World Bank and the IMF rely on an interaction variable (IAV) to establish the effects of foreign aid on economic growth or the reduction of poverty. The common assumption in these papers is that if the coefficient of this IAV is statistically significant, then both of its components have a significant effect on the dependent variable. That assumption is not justified in its generality, and this paper develops two techniques that show a high probability that in at least two of the three studies analyzed one of the components of the IAV may not have a significant effect.
An investigation of the BCP potential energy surface

The singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces (PESs) of boron−carbon−phosphorus (BCP) isomers were investigated, using various theoretical methods. Geometries of the minima and transition states on the PES were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df) and CASSCF(12,12)/6-311+G(2df) levels, and single-point calculations were made at the CASPT2/ANO-L level, to consider dynamic electron correlation effects. The most-stable isomer was linear singlet BCP (1Σ+); its calculated heat of formation (ΔfH°, 0 K) is 150.5 ± 2 kcal/mol. Study of the fragmentation processes in BCP revealed that the bond enthalpies of the B−C and C−P bonds in BCP (1Σ+) at 0 K are 111.7 and 128.9 kcal/mol, respectively, at the CASPT2/ANO-L level. A possible crossing mechanism between two electronic states (3A‘ and 3A‘ ‘) is discussed, and Renner−Teller species with 3Π state symmetry are investigated.
Effect of Fertilization Method and Tillage on Nitrogen‐15 Recovery by Corn

(...) A study was conducted in central Iowa during two consecutive years to evaluate the uptake and recovery of labeled N for continuous corn grown in two tillage systems with two fertilization methods. Tillage systems were fall moldboard-plow and ridge-till. Labeled N (5% 15 N) as 28% urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) was either surface-applied in the fall before any primary tillage or banded (knifed-in) between rows at 224 kg N ha -1 just before planting. (...)
Correlation between active-learning coursework and student retention of core content during advanced pharmacy practice experiences.

Objective. To implement an active-learning approach in a pharmacotherapy course sequence in the second year (P2) and third (P3) year of a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program and determine whether the pedagogical changes correlated with retention of core content in the fourth year (P4). Design. Class sessions were transitioned from slides-based lectures to discussion-based active-learning pedagogy. Assessment. A comprehensive examination was created and administered to assess student retention of therapeutic topics taught. Students demonstrated significantly improved overall scores on questions derived from the active-learning pedagogy used in Pharmacotherapy II and III compared to those derived from Pharmacotherapy I in which content was delivered by lecture. Conclusion. The use of active-learning strategies over lecture-based methods in pharmacotherapy courses resulted in higher retention of core content. Students’ performance in areas taught using the discussion-based methodology was superior to that which was taught using lecture-based slide presentations.
Mutagenicity and repair of oxidative DNA damage: insights from studies using defined lesions.

Oxidative DNA damage has been implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging. Endogenous cellular processes such as aerobic metabolism generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that interact with DNA to form dozens of DNA lesions. If unrepaired, these lesions can exert a number of deleterious effects including the induction of mutations. In an effort to understand the genetic consequences of cellular oxidative damage, many laboratories have determined the patterns of mutations generated by the interaction of ROS with DNA. Compilation of these mutational spectra has revealed that GC-->AT transitions and GC-->TA transversions are the most commonly observed mutations resulting from oxidative damage to DNA. Since mutational spectra convey only the end result of a complex cascade of events, which includes formation of multiple adducts, repair processing, and polymerase errors, it is difficult if not impossible to assess the mutational specificity of individual DNA lesions directly from these spectra. This problem is especially complicated in the case of oxidative DNA damage owing to the multiplicity of lesions formed by a single damaging agent. The task of assigning specific features of mutational spectra to individual DNA lesions has been made possible with the advent of a technology to analyze the mutational properties of single defined adducts, in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, parallel progress in the discovery and cloning of repair enzymes has advanced understanding of the biochemical mechanisms by which cells excise DNA damage. This combination of tools has brought our understanding of DNA lesions to a new level of sophistication. In this review, we summarize the known properties of individual oxidative lesions in terms of their structure, mutagenicity and repairability.
Establishing the mental health clinical specialist role in the medical setting.

The significance of the role of the mental health clinical specialist in the medical setting is currently being established; therefore, the approach taken by persons who assume this position is of crucial importance. Methods for promoting acceptance of the role are detailed in terms of four basic tasks: defining the role, developing functional working relationships within various levels of the system, and finding one's own sources of support. Elements of each aspect are discussed in detail.
Comparison of results of intracoronary stenting in patients with unstable vs. stable angina.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has higher complication and restenosis rates when performed in the setting of unstable angina. Balloon-expandable intracoronary stenting is a new technique with the potential to improve the results of PTCA. In order to determine whether stenting is associated with a poorer outcome in patients with unstable angina, we retrospectively examined our experience with the Palmaz-Schatz balloon-expandable intracoronary stent in 105 patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of symptoms at the time of stent insertion: group I (n = 57) had stable angina pectoris, and group II (n = 48) had unstable angina defined as pain at rest despite antianginal therapy (Braunwald class II, III). Initial (30-d) and final (6-mo) success rates were defined as stent insertion without myocardial infarction, need for bypass surgery, death, and significant angina. Baseline characteristics were similar, although the patients with unstable symptoms were older, more likely to be female, and had a higher incidence of postinfarction angina. A total of 136 stents were successfully delivered to 97 target sites in 92% of patients. Major complications occurred in 4 patients (4%) and were due to subacute thrombosis in 3 of them. There were no differences in complication rates between patients receiving stents electively with stable vs. unstable symptoms (2% vs. 6%, p = NS). Six-mo. follow-up status was ascertained in 96% of patients and revealed overall clinical success in 83% with angiographic restenosis (≥ 50% stenosis) in 28% of patients. There were no significant differences between groups in rates of restenosis, follow-up angina class, or overall clinical success. Patients with unstable angina receiving intracoronary stents have similar complication, restenosis, and initial and final success rates as compared to stent placement in patients with stable symptoms. This finding differs from previous observations of conventional PTCA and may result from mechanical improvements in the vessel due to the stent (e.g., sealing intimal dissections) or the associated anticoagulation regimen.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, alternans, and arrhythmias.

It seems already like a long time agothat we used to think about heart fail-ure as a problem in which mitochondriaand energy were not involved. Energy hasbeen for so long granted in the mindof mainstream electrophysiologists, butnot anymore. Although energy can betaken for granted under normal condi-tions, this is not the case in heart fail-ure where dysfunctional mitochondria,lack of substrate, and downstream effectsbecome dominant factors. In the lastdecade, this unrealistic assumption hasdramatically changed. Increasing experi-mentalevidencesupports theroleofmito-chondrial malfunction in the origin ofarrhythmias (Aon et al., 2003; Akar etal., 2005; O’Rourke et al., 2005; Jeonget al., 2012; Aggarwal and Makielski,2013).A push forward of this idea came in2010, when
Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century

Evidence is mounting that top carnivores and other large mammals play a pivotal role in regulating ecosystem health and function, yet those are the species that are most likely to have been eliminated by past human activities. In recent decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken to return some of the species that were previously extirpated on local or regional scales. "Large Mammal Restoration" brings together detailed case studies of those efforts, from restoring elk in Appalachia to returning bison herds to the Great Plains to the much-publicized effort to bring back the grey wolf to Yellowstone National Park. Together these case studies offer important lessons and new ways of thinking for wildlife managers and conservation biologists involved with restoration programmes. Sections examine: approaches to determining the feasibility of a restoration programme; critical hands-on aspects of restoring large mammals; obtaining public input into the process and gaining community support for programmes; and the potential of some species to return without direct human intervention, and what can be done to facilitate that natural colonization. An introductory chapter by Reed F. Noss explores some of the reasons for restoring large mammals, as well as some of the ecological and social complications, and a concluding overview by David S. Maehr disusses the evolutionary importance of large mammal restoration. Contributors include Paul C. Paquet, Barbara Dugelby, Steven H. Fritts, Paul R. Krausman, Larry D. Harris, Johnna Roy and many others. "Large Mammal Restoration" brings together in a single volume essential information on the lessons learned from previous efforts, providing a valuable resource for researchers and students of conservation biology and wildlife management as well as for policymakers, restoration advocates, and others involved with the planning or execution of a restoration programme.
Age effects in problem solving in relation to irrelevant information, dimensional preferences, and feedback

Abstract Forty middle-aged (M age = 41.62 years) and forty elderly (M age = 72.22 years) women solved matrix problems that varied according to levels of irrelevant information and dimensional preferences. One-half of the women within each age group received corrective verbal feedback while solving the problems. Increasing levels of irrelevant information affected processing times and accuracy scores for both age groups, but middle-aged were significantly faster and more accurate than elderly. There was also evidence for the effects of dimensional preferences. On multidimensional matrix problems subjects made more errors by processing only a most preferred rather than only a least-preferred stimulus dimension. Feedback improved matrix performance, although its effects on the accuracy scores of the elderly were attenuated by the presence of less preferred dimensions. The findings were discussed in terms of an age-related, selective-attention deficit.
Targeting Mutant p53 in Human Tumors

Evidence generated over the past 20 years has unequivocally shown that the p53 tumor suppressor is the most frequently altered gene in human tumors, with more than 25,000 mutations currently reported in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) TP53 database. p53 plays a central role in modulating response to cellular stress through transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. Inactivation of the p53 pathway is essential for the formation of the majority of human tumors, making p53 an attractive target for both basic and applied research. Efforts to target p53 therapeutically have been challenging and have yet to make an impact on patient care; however, the landscape may be changing. In the report that accompanies this article, Lehmann et al describe the results of a first-in-human clinical trial evaluating a small molecule that can bind mutant p53 and restore wild-type transcriptional properties to the protein. Results of the trial show that the APR-246 (PRIMA-1) molecule is safe at therapeutic plasma levels and can induce p53-dependent biologic effects. These findings advance mutant p53 as a viable target and represent a major step forward in targeting the most frequently altered pathway in cancer.
Shape deposition manufacturing of heterogeneous structures

Abstract To date, the most widely recognized advantage of the layered manufacturing methodology is the relative ease of automatically planning and executing the fabrication of complex geometric shapes. But building shapes using selective material-additive processes has a second, far-reaching advantage—the creation of heterogeneous structures composed of multimaterial regions and with prefabricated devices embedded into the structure. The capability to fabricate heterogeneous structures is important because it enables the realization of new, complex designs. Shape deposition manufacturing, a layered manufacturing process described in this paper, addresses how to build multimaterial, embedded structures such as advanced tooling and embedded electronic devices.
Getting it into the orientation mix

At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, we believe that when incoming students know more about computing services that are available on campus their initial college experience is enhanced. In order to educate incoming students about IT, CITES (Campus Information Technologies and Educational Services) set out to partner with non-IT groups (e.g., Office of the Dean of Students and the Office of Student Affairs). To build these partnerships, CITES adopted a more campus-wide perspective with regard to IT and developed an internal culture that enabled us to take advantage of orientation opportunities. While our orientation efforts have concentrated on incoming students, we have also participated in events for faculty and staff at the University.
Porous Silicon Nanoparticle Photosensitizers for Singlet Oxygen and Their Phototoxicity Against Cancer Cells

Porous Si nanoparticles, prepared from electrochemically etched single crystal Si wafers, function as photosensitizers to generate (1)O(2) in ethanol and in aqueous media. The preparation conditions for the porous Si nanoparticles were optimized to maximize (1) the yield of material; (2) its quantum yield of (1)O(2) production; and (3) its in vitro degradation properties. The optimal formulation was determined to consist of nanoparticles 146 ± 7 nm in diameter, with nominal pore sizes of 12 ± 4 nm. The quantum yield for (1)O(2) production is 0.10 ± 0.02 in ethanol and 0.17 ± 0.01 in H(2)O. HeLa or NIH-3T3 cells treated with 100 μg/mL porous Si nanoparticles and exposed to 60 J/cm(2) white light (infrared filtered, 100 mW/cm(2) for 10 min) exhibit ∼45% cell death, while controls containing no nanoparticles show 10% or 25% cell death, respectively. The dark control experiment yields <10% cytotoxicity for either cell type.
Glioma of the Retina in Successive Generations

Although the tumors known as glioma retinae, or retinoblastoma, usually mani­ fest themselves in apparently isolated or sporadic cases, instances of the familial occurrence of these tumors have been noted for many years. A case often cited is that reported by Newton (1902), who observed a family of 16 children, 10 of whom had retinal glioma. Wilson (1827) reported eight childen in one family, all of whom were afflicted with glioma reti­ nae. Von Lerche (1821) reported a fam­ ily of seven children in which three boys and one girl had retinal glioma. Sichel mentioned three cases of glioma in one family. Von Graefe (1868) referred to the discovery of glioma in two of a family of six or seven children. Calderini (1867) mentioned 3 daughters afflicted with retinal glioma in a family of 14 chil­ dren. Schonemann (1880) saw two cases of glioma in a family of three children. Macgregor (1885) reported three cases of glioma of the retina in a family of five children. Flexner (1891) observed that retinal glioma of the type which he called neuro-epithelioma affected three children of one family. Brown (1891) reported three cases of glioma retinae in one family. Marshall (1897) reported a family of six children, three of whom had tumors of the eye. Two of the children were dead; one was living 14 years after enucleation of the affected eye. Boyd ( 1898), in discussing a paper by Thomp­ son, mentioned a patient who died of glioma retinae. This patient was one of a family of five children, and a brother
High-accuracy aerial image measurement for electron beam projection lithography

A direct means of measuring the image blur of electron beam projection lithography (EPL) tools is described. We developed an aerial image sensor using a Si membrane knife-edge and a transmitted electron detection technique. The aerial image sensor is designed to increase signal amplitude and signal contrast in order to yield a large signal to noise ratio even under a low beam current density condition. The image blur can be quantified accurate to a few nanometers because the measurement error due to the sensor is extremely small. The aerial image sensor was installed in Nikon's electron beam projection experimental column and was evaluated. The measured image blur, defined as the distance between the 12% and 88% points of the beam edge profile, under the optimum condition was 13 nm, and the measurement repeatability was 3 nm (3 sigma). The application of this technique to a system calibration is demonstrated. Focus and astigmatism were measured and the optimum settings of focus coils and stigmators were determined with excellent repeatability. The potential for this technique to provide an automated self-calibration system on EPL tools is clearly shown.
Endogenous retroviruses function as species-specific enhancer elements in the placenta

The mammalian placenta is remarkably distinct between species, suggesting a history of rapid evolutionary diversification. To gain insight into the molecular drivers of placental evolution, we compared biochemically predicted enhancers in mouse and rat trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and found that species-specific enhancers are highly enriched for endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) on a genome-wide level. One of these ERV families, RLTR13D5, contributes hundreds of mouse-specific histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation (H3K4me1)- and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac)-defined enhancers that functionally bind Cdx2, Eomes and Elf5-core factors that define the TSC regulatory network. Furthermore, we show that RLTR13D5 is capable of driving gene expression in rat placental cells. Analysis in other tissues shows that species-specific ERV enhancer activity is generally restricted to hypomethylated tissues, suggesting that tissues permissive for ERV activity gain access to an otherwise silenced source of regulatory variation. Overall, our results implicate ERV enhancer co-option as a mechanism underlying the extensive evolutionary diversification of placental development.
Stereographic technique for quantitative analysis for cleavage plane orientation

Abstract A stereoscopic method for use with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy of rough surfaces was adapted and applied to the fracture surface of a nickel alloy single crystal to permit rapid orientation determinations of small cleavage planes. The method uses a mathematical treatment of stereo pair photomicrographs to measure the angle between the electron beam and the surface normal. One reference crystal orientation corresponding to the electron beam direction (crystal growth direction) is required to perform this trace analysis. An area as small as 10 μm can be analyzed. The sensitivity of this technique was evaluated using a specimen with known orientation.
Molecular interaction of quinoline with coal-liquid fractions

A direct calorimetric method has been used to determine simultaneously the molar enthalpy, ΔHo, and equilibrium constant, K, for the interaction of quinoline (Qu) with coal-derived asphaltenes (A), acid/neutral (AA) and base (BA) components of A, silylated asphaltenes (A(TMS)) and heavy oil (HO) fractions in solvent C6H6. Solvent fractionated A and HO fractions were from three centrifuged-liquid product (CLP) samples prepared in the 450 kg (≈12 U.S. ton) per day Process Development Unit at Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, at different process conditions from the same feed coal, Kentucky hvAb. For a given system, Qu-A (AA or BA), Qu-HO, the almost constant value of K and rectilinear variation of ΔHo with the phenolic oxygen content of coal-liquid fractions have been attributed to the dominance of hydrogen-bonding effects, involving phenolic OH, over other types of molecular interactions in solution. In the Qu-A(TMS) system, −ΔHo values increase with decrease in molecular weight of A(TMS), while −ΔSo values increase with increase in aromaticity of the A fraction. The degree of complexation, in absence of OH groups, is much smaller than with the Qu-A system.
Galactosyl-binding lectins: Potentiation of mitogenicity by erythrocyte membrane fragments

Abstract The galactosyl-binding lectins, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), exhibit a low mitogenic activity for human peripheral lymphocytes isolated from heparinized blood. We report here that responses of lymphocytes isolated from blood defibrinated by swirling with glass beads, are enhanced up to 100-fold when stimulated with these lectins. Brief incubation of lymphocytes with defibrinated serum also results in a marked potentiation of their responses to SBA and PNA. This augmentation can be mimicked by subjecting purified lymphocytes mixed with washed human erythrocytes to the mechanical process used in defibrination. Mechanical agitation of whole blood or washed erythrocytes results in partial lysis of red blood cells, and brief incubation of lymphocytes with erythrocyte lystates also enhances responses to galactosyl-directed lectins. Sialic acid release and mitogen binding are not markedly altered in cells separated by defibrination or in those treated with erythrocyte lysates. Direct addition of erythrocyte lysates to cell cultures enhances responses to SBA but not to PNA. When neuraminidase is also added to these cultures, responses to both SBA and PNA are markedly enhanced. Our findings suggest that SBA and PNA are rendered supermitogenic by interacting with a particulate fraction that is formed by mechanical shearing of erythrocytes. These findings indicate the importance of the mode of presentation of mitogens to cells in eliciting a blastogenic response.
Automated conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) discovery reveals differences in gene content and promoter evolution among grasses.

Conserved noncoding sequences (CNS) are islands of noncoding sequence that, like protein coding exons, show less divergence in sequence between related species than functionless DNA. Several of CNSs have been demonstrated experimentally to function as cis-regulatory regions. However, the specific functions of most CNSs remain unknown. Previous searchers for CNS in plants have either anchored on exons and only identified nearby sequences or required years of painstaking manual annotation. Here we present an open source tool that can accurately identify CNSs between any two related species with sequenced genomes, including both those immediately adjacent to exons and distal sequences separated by >12 KB of noncoding sequence. We have used this tool to characterize new motifs, associate CNSs with additional functions and identify previously undetected genes encoding RNA and protein in the genomes of five grass species. We provide a list of 15,363 orthologous CNSs conserved across all grasses tested. We were also able to identify regulatory sequences present in the common ancestor of grasses that have been lost in one or more extant grass lineages. Lists of orthologous gene pairs and associated CNSs are provided for reference inbred lines of arabidopsis, Japonica rice, foxtail millet, sorghum, brachypodium and maize.
Enhancement of hyperthermic killing cultured mammalian cells by treatment with anisotonic NaCl or medium solutions

Abstract The exposure of cultured Chinese hamster cells (CHO) to anisotonic medium increased the cellular sensitivity to heat treatment at 42.3°C. A greater potentiation of heat killing is observed when the anisotonic solution consists of pure NaCl in water compared to growth medium made anisoltonic by dilution or by addition of NaCl. Hypertonic treatment caused greater heat sensitization than hypotonic treatment. Thermal tolerance observed in the control cells after 4–6 hours of heating in medium was also observed for cells exposed to anisotonic media during heating if the heating period was greater than 4 h. The exposure of cells to anisotonic media during heating if the heating period was greater than 4 h. The exposure of cells to anisotonic NaCl solutions during heating removed the shoulder from the heat survival curve, while the curves for cells heated in medium made anisotonic retained their shoulders. These studies suggest: (1) that either the plasma membrane is a primary target for heat inactivation of mammalian cells, or (2) that changes in intracellular ion concentrations enhance thermal damage occurring in critical intracellular structures.
Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection from birth to 10 years: A longitudinal serologic study

We performed serial serologic tests for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody in 177 children born to low- and middle-income families in Houston from 1975 to 1983. Mean duration of participation in the study was 4.8 years (range 1 to 9.6 years). Most rapid acquisition of antibody occurred during the first and second years of life, 13.6% and 12%, respectively; thereafter, annual acquisition varied from 1.5% to 4.6%, up to 10 years. Overall, 59 (33%) of the group were known to seroconvert by age 10 years. This was a minimal figure because of loss to follow-up. Analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method indicated that the probability of remaining seronegative was 65% at age 6 years, and 58% at age 8 years. Variables positively related to seroconversion by multivariate analysis were order of birth, seroconversion in a family member, and breast-feeding. During the first year of life, acquisition of CMV antibody was related to the seroimmune status of the mother. The variables of socioeconomic status, race, age of the mother, and attendance in a day care center did not appear to be related to seroconversion in these children.
A Practical Model-Based Approach to Monetary Policy Analysis - Overview

This paper motivates and describes an approach to forecasting and monetary policy analysis based on the use of a simple structural macroeconomic model, along the lines of those in use in a number of central banks. It contrasts this approach with financial programming and its emphasis on monetary aggregates, as well as with more econometrically driven analyses. It presents illustrative results from an application to Canada. A companion paper provides a more detailed how-to guide and introduces a set of tools designed to facilitate this approach.
An interview with Ken Zaret

Ken Zaret is Joseph Leidy Professor in the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, the Associate Director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and the Co-Director of the Epigenetics Program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He agreed to be interviewed by Development and talks about his life as a scientist.
The Effect of Variations in Degree of Structural Order on Some Physical Properties of Cellulose and Cellulose Acetate Yarns

It is shown by means of x-ray diffraction diagrams that cotton, a highly crystalline and oriented material, gives a triacetate of low crystallinity which may be rendered more crys talline by annealing. This triacetate is partially hydrolyzed to form the secondary cellulose acetate used in textile yarns, which gives an x-ray pattern showing a highly amorphous structure. Although steric effects prevent increases in crystallinity by annealing, this type of yarn can be oriented, the degree of orientation depending upon the conditions under which stretching of the yarn takes place. By swelling and allowing limited mobility, this orienta tion may be increased over that produced by dry stretching. Cellulose acetate fibers may be converted into highly crystalline celluloses, the orientation of the original material carrying over into a hydrolyzed product. The load-elongation characteristics of families of these 2 types of yarns are described and the effects of orientation are discussed. The decrease in lateral st...
CT demonstration of lipomatosis of extraocular muscles in dysthyroid orbitopathy

Focal well-defined regions of fat density were noted in the extraocular muscles of a patient with longstanding dysthyroid orbitopathy. Review of a large personal series and of the literature of patients with Graves’ disease revealed no similar findings. The authors believe that these abnormalities represent areas of very advanced lipomatous degeneration of the muscle.
Benzo[a]pyrene diol‐epoxide (B[a]PDE) upregulates COX‐2 expression through MAPKs/AP‐1 and IKKβ/NF‐κB in mouse epidermal Cl41 cells

Benzo[alpha]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (B[a]PDE), the major metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), shows an ultimate complete carcinogen in various animals and is a causative agent for human cancers. However, its effects on the activation of signal pathways and the expression of genes involved in its carcinogenic effect remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects of B[a]PDE on induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the signal pathways leading to the induction were investigated. Treatment of mouse epidermal Cl41 cells with B[a]PDE caused an increase in the expression of COX-2 at both transcription and protein levels, while its parental compound B[a]P did not show significant inductive effect. The COX-2 induction by B[a]PDE was dependent on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)s/activation protein (AP)-1 pathway, because inhibition of AP-1 by either overexpression of TAM67 (dominant negative mutant of c-jun), or pretreatment of cells with PD98059 (MEK1/2-ERKs pathway inhibitor) or SB202190 (p38K inhibitor), markedly inhibited B[a]PDE-induced COX-2 expression. In addition, impairment of NF-kappaB pathway by either NEMO-BDBP (an NF-kappaB specific inhibitor) or IkappaB kinase (IKK)beta-KM (dominant negative mutant of IKKbeta) also caused marked reduction of COX-2 induction by B[a]PDE. In contrast, inhibition of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) with FK506, did not show any effect on B[a]PDE-induced COX-2 expression. Collectively, these data indicate that exposure of Cl41 cells to B[a]PDE can induce COX-2 expression by increasing its transcription, which requires the activation of MAPKs/AP-1 and IKKbeta/NF-kappaB pathways, but not NFAT pathway. In view of the importance of COX-2 in carcinogenesis, we anticipate that the induction of COX-2 by B[a]PDE may coordinate its mutagenic effects to facilitate the development of skin cancer.
A novel radio-over-fiber system using the xy-MIMO wireless technique for enhanced radio spectral efficiency

By combining two different system technologies of optical polarization division multiplexing and wireless multiple-input, multiple-output spatial multiplexing, we have successfully demonstrated 2-Gb/s or 5-Gb/s wireless signal transmission over a 60-GHz wireless channel with a doubled spectral efficiency.
Contributions to a theoretical framework for CSCL

Looking at computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) in terms of (a) collaborative knowledge building, (b) group and individual perspectives, (c) mediation by artifacts and (d) micro-analysis of conversation provides a rich, multi-dimensional starting point for conceptualizing and studying a specific variant of CSCL. These four contributions to CSCL are inter-related. The notion of collaborative knowledge building defines a useful paradigm for conceptualizing learning as social practice. The social interactions and knowledge management activities in which shared knowledge is constructed can be analyzed as the result of interweaving group and personal conversational perspectives. In general, collaborative interaction is mediated by artifacts: sometimes only by transitory artifacts like spoken words or gestures, but increasingly by physical or digital artifacts and media. Empirical studies of collaborative knowledge building employing micro-ethnographic analysis of speech, gesture, artifacts and media can make the details of these collaboration interactions visible, highlighting the interplay of perspectives and artifacts in the trans-personal construction of knowledge. A theoretical framework incorporating models of knowledge building, perspectives and artifacts -- and grounded in empirical analysis of collaborative interaction -- can guide the design of computer-based artifacts and media as support for collaborative learning with appropriate, elaborated and unified conceptualizations.
One dimensional polar mechanical and dielectric responses of the ferroelectric ceramic PZT 65/35 due to domain switching

Abstract The constitutive relations and rate laws proposed by Chen and Peercy[l] have been successfully implemented in describing the one dimensional polar mechanical and dielectric responses of the ferroelectric ceramic PZT 65/35 to a slowly varying cyclic electric field ( period > 1 s ). In particular, we are interested in the consequences of domain switching due to the applied field and the results associated with the butterfly and hysteresis loops. An extensive experimental program has been carried out to obtain simultaneous time resolved measurements of the mechanical strain, the electric displacement and the applied field. The excellent agreement between numerical and experimental results indicates that we are beginning to gain considerable insight into the fundamentals of domain switching.
Characterization of a regulator of host cell permissiveness to a specific enterovirus

Abstract The efficiency of echovirus 6 infection in cultured simian cells is enhanced significantly by a protein isolated from uninfected cultured cells. The enhancer protein was purified and characterized utilizing chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. The enhancer was eluted from DEAE-cellulose columns with 0.3 M NaCl. Fractionation of these eluates by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels indicated that enhancer activity was confined to one or two distinct protein bands. The mobility of the major enhancer band (protein a ) in gels of different acrylamide concentrations and under nondenaturing conditions indicated a molecular weight of approximately 68,000. As shown by two-dimensional electrophoresis utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate in the second dimension, this protein was further dissociated into two subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 32,000. The isoelectric point of the enhancer protein was estimated at pH 5.3. This enhancer protein a was detected in extracts from both permissive WISH and semipermissive Vero cells. The presence of the enhancer protein a in Vero cell extracts was demonstrated only in highly concentrated (70x or greater) preparations. There was a direct correlation between concentration of this protein and extent of enhancer activity in cell extracts. These results along with the previous observation that semipermissive cells can be rendered fully permissive by addition of exogenous enhancer suggest that the quantity of enhancer protein regulates host cell permissiveness.
The Electric Conductance of Simple Molten Electrolytes

Measurements of electric conductance as a function of temperature have been made for the pure liquids: MgCl 2 , MgBr 2 , Mgl 2 , CaCl 2 , CaBr 2 , Cal 2 , SrCl 2 , SrBr 2 , Srl 2 , BaCl 2 , BaBr 2 , Bal 2 , ZnCl 2 , ZnBr 2 , Znl 2 , CdCl 2 , CdBr 2 , Cdl 2 , HgCl 2 , HgBr 2 , and Hgl 2 , from the melting-point to a maximum temperature of 1100°C, and with an accuracy of 0.2 to 0.3%. Novel preparations have resulted in liquids free from oxy-halides. The energy of activation (∆ H 0↕ expt. ) for conductance is constant with temperature for the halides of group II A, except for that of beryllium chloride, and for certain cadmium and mercuric halides. For beryllium chloride and zinc halides, it varies markedly with temperature. For group II A halides, ∆ H 0↕ expt. increases with r cation , but depends little on r anion . A small increase in equivalent conductance (A) for this group at corresponding temperatures occurs with increase of r cation . It decreases with increase of r anion . For group II B halides, significant trends with r ion are absent. A cell model is not consistent with the magnitudes of ∆ H 0↕ expt . An expression for A is developed on the basis of a hole model. It yields concordance with data for group I A halides on the assumption of a model: M + + X - ⇌ holes. An analogous model for group II liquids is highly discrepant with the data reported. Reasonable agreement of this with a model: M X + + X - ⇌ holes is achieved for group II A halides, except beryllium chloride. Comparison of activation energies for viscous flow and conductance, and transport number data, supports the latter model. The behaviour of beryllium chloride is consistent with a model: (BeCl 2 ) n ⇌ ions ⇌ holes, the equilibrium being to the left at low temperatures. For the molten cadmium halides the results are substantially consistent with the model suggested for group II A halides, with an indication of a small degree of polymerization. Molten zinc halides resemble beryllium chloride in structural type. The conductance of mercuric chloride and bromide is consistent with a model: (Hg X 2 ) ⇌ ions ⇌ holes, the equilibrium being to the left at all measured temperatures.