cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Communities Associated with the Ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata

Residing in a phylum of their own, ctenophores are gelatinous zooplankton that drift through the ocean's water column. Although ctenophores are known to be parasitized by a variety of eukaryotes, no studies have examined their bacterial associates. This study describes the bacterial communities associated with the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its natural predator Beroe ovata in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Investigations using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that ctenophore bacterial communities were distinct from the surrounding water. In addition, each ctenophore genus contained a unique microbiota. Ctenophore samples contained fewer bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by T-RFLP and lower diversity communities by 16S rRNA gene sequencing than the water column. Both ctenophore genera contained sequences related to bacteria previously described in marine invertebrates, and sequences similar to a sea anemone pathogen were abundant in B. ovata. Temporal sampling revealed that the ctenophore-associated bacterial communities varied over time, with no single OTU detected at all time points. This is the first report of distinct and dynamic bacterial communities associated with ctenophores, suggesting that these microbial consortia may play important roles in ctenophore ecology. Future work needs to elucidate the functional roles and mode of acquisition of these bacteria.
Modeling of the EMRAS urban working group hypothetical scenario using the RESRAD-RDD methodology

The RESRAD-RDD methodology was applied to model the short- and long-term radiation exposures after a hypothetical radiological dispersal device (RDD) event in an urban environment. It was assumed that an RDD event would result in outside surface contamination of the exterior walls and roofs of surrounding buildings, as well as associated paved areas and lawns. The contaminants also might move inside the buildings and deposit on floors and interior walls. Some important input parameters include occupancy factors, building characteristics, and weathering of surface contamination. The modeling results include predicted external dose rates, relative contributions from important surfaces, annual and cumulative doses, and radionuclide concentrations. Potential countermeasures evaluated include grass removal, soil removal, and washing of paved areas.
Intracellular starvation in the insulin resistance syndrome and type II diabetes mellitus

Statistical associations of insulin resistance, type II diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia have been well documented, but the pathophysiology of the 'insulin resistance syndrome' is unknown. This article explores the hypothesis that intracellular starvation plays a central role in the development of type II diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. According to this hypothesis, insulin resistance leads to inadequate intracellular glucose, which in turn leads to insufficient amounts of adenosine triphosphate needed for ion transfer, and to drive energy-requiring reactions. Indirect evidence supporting this hypothesis is presented. Intracellular starvation is also discussed as an alternative to the 'glucose hypothesis' to explain certain complications of diabetes.
CarDialer: multi-modal in-vehicle cellphone control application

This demo presents CarDialer - an in-car cellphone control application. Its multi-modal user interface blends state-of-the-art speech recognition technology (including text-to-speech synthesis) with the existing well proven elements of a vehicle information system GUI (buttons mounted on a steering wheel and an LCD equipped with touch-screen). This conversational system provides access to name dialing, unconstrained dictation of numbers, adding new names, operations with lists of calls and messages, notification of presence, etc. The application is fully functional from the first start, no prerequisite steps such as configuration, speech recognition enrollment) are required. The presentation of the proposed multi-modal architecture goes beyond the specific application and presents a modular platform to integrate application logic with various incarnations of UI modalities.
The Asian Invasion (of Multiculturalism) in Hollywood

Abstract The author investigates how national and transnational discourses of multiculturalism operate on Hollywood’s representation of Asian bodies in two popular films, Rush Hour (1998), a conventionally produced Hollywood film set in post-riot Los Angeles, and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), a transnationally produced film set in nineteenth-century mythical China.
Circadian variation of critical flicker frequency among children.

Circadian changes in CFF thresholds of 28 children, 14 boys and 14 girls, were investigated. Binocular thresholds were obtained by the method of limits from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. in 5 sessions, spaced 3 hr. apart. A diurnal effect was found, namely, a rise and a decline in CFF values with a peak at 12 p.m. (p < .01). Though an additional rise in CFF was noted at 6 p.m., this trend was not significant. It was concluded that CFF fluctuated with time of day and that these fluctuations should be explored in relation to other physiological and psychological functions subject to circadian effects.
Providing social navigation within annotated examples

Social navigation is a promising way to guide users in hypermedia environments. In this paper we present Social WebEx, a system that provides social navigation to line-by-line annotated code examples. Social WebEx is a version of "plain" WebEx that only provides access to annotations of lines of code. In social WebEx users are able to see their own code browsing traffic of examples as well as the traffic of their peers. The social version of the system has been used for over a year as an optional learning tool in both graduate and undergraduate programming coursers in a number of schools.
A Local View of Cancer

Research on solid tumors has had limited emphasis on interactions between transformed cells and their neighbors within the epithelium. Leung and Brugge (2012) use cultured breast cancer acini to demonstrate the importance of local interactions between normal and transformed epithelial cells, with important implications for our understanding of epithelial cancers.
A New Retirement Planning Approach

Noting that numerous studies document the gulf between the perception of Baby Boomers of what they desire in the future and the ability to attain such goals, the author highlights the major forces that are shaping how Baby Boomers are responding to retirement planning and articulates a new paradigm that is faced by many professionals in the financial planning industry. He indicates that the biggest challenge before us is how we can motivate a generation to plan for a retirement transition that is off in the distant future. He argues that this generation perceives itself as evolving into a new world without thinking through a linear process of incremental planning steps. The author suggest that, in order to understand many of the psychological and attitudinal “disconnects,” we must recognize that this generation has adopted a cyclical perspective in moving through life. Baby Boomers feel quite comfortable in moving back and forth between roles, thus being unpredictable in terms of when they will attain economic, social, and familial goals. Thus, he concludes that, if there is anything we can depend on in the future, it is the banishment or any uniform qualities of what constitutes being “old” in America.
Effects of nomifensine and its metabolites on dihydropteridine reductase.

Nomifensine and three of its metabolites were studied as potential inhibitors of dihydropteridine reductase. Purified enzyme preparations from human liver and the P2 fraction of rat striatal synaptosomes were used as enzyme sources. Nomifensine and its 3−hydroxyl derivative inhibit this enzyme from both sources at 1·3 to 3·5 times 10−4 m (150 values). 4−Hydroxylated nomifensines, however, non-competitively inhibited this enzyme with Ki values of 2·8 to 4·4 times 10−5 m. Dihydropteridine reductase regenerates tetrahydrobiopterin, the required cofactor for the hydroxylation of tyrosine and tryptophan, from quinonoid dihydrobiopterin. Inhibition of this enzyme could reduce the availability of the biopterin cofactor for the synthesis of dopamine and 5−hydroxytryptamine.
HF surface wave radar operation in adverse conditions

For the past 12 years the Canadian Department of National Defence and Raytheon Canada Limited have collaborated on a cost-shared programme to develop an Integrated Maritime Surveillance (IMS) system based on HF Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR). The primary objective behind the programme was to demonstrate the capability of HFSWR to continuously detect and track surface targets (ships and icebergs) as well as airborne targets, at all altitudes, to ranges in excess of 200 nautical miles, reliably and consistently in real time and in all weathers. A secondary objective was to demonstrate the concept of IMS, involving the fusing of data from HFSWR radars and other sensors. This paper reviews techniques and methods used in the processing of HFSWR data to ensure that performance is maintained, even under adverse operating conditions.
Pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in monkeys

Comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for dideoxyinosine (ddI) in monkeys with those obtained for humans indicates that the monkey is an appropriate animal model for ddI pharmacokinetics in humans. Following intravenous administration of 20 mg of ddI per kg of body weight and measurement of ddI in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography, pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Total systemic clearance was 0.74 liters/h/kg, volume of distribution was 0.92 liters/kg, and the elimination half-life of ddI was 1.22 h. The pharmacokinetics of ddI in five monkeys were determined following intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg and were found to be comparable to those obtained in patients with AIDS.
Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space

Looking at the contemporary role of infrastructure, that which establishes and simultaneously enforces ‘the rules governing the space of everyday life’, architect and urbanist Keller Easterling's n...
A cytochemical study of the transcriptional and translational regulation of nuclear transition protein 1 (TP1), a major chromosomal protein of mammalian spermatids.

Immunocytochemical localization and in situ hybridization techniques were used to investigate the presence of spermatid nuclear transition protein 1 (TP1) and its mRNA during the various stages of spermatogenesis in the rat. A specific antiserum to TP1 was raised in a rabbit and used to show that TP1 is immunologically crossreactive among many mammals including humans. During spermatogenesis the protein appears in spermatids as they progress from step 12 to step 13, a period in which nuclear condensation is underway. The protein is lost during step 15. An asymmetric RNA probe generated from a TP1 cDNA clone identified TP1 mRNA in late round spermatids beginning in step 7. The message could no longer be detected in spermatids of step 15 or beyond. Thus, TP1 mRNA first appears well after meiosis in haploid cells but is not translated effectively for the several days required for these cells to progress to the stage of chromatin condensation. Message and then protein disappear as the spermatids enter step 15. In agreement with a companion biochemical study (Heidaran, M.A., and W.S. Kistler. J. Biol. Chem. 1987. 262:13309-13315), these results establish that translational control is involved in synthesis of this major spermatid nuclear protein. In addition, they suggest that TP1 plays a role in the completion but not the initiation of chromatin condensation in elongated spermatids.
Demasculinization of male japanese quail by prenatal estrogen treatment.

Abstract Genetic male Japanese quail were administered sex hormones or the oil vehicle on Day 10 of incubation and were caponized 3 weeks after hatching. As adults, the capons were injected with testosterone propionate daily for 2 weeks and then were tested for masculine sexual behavior in response to sexually receptive females. Males that had received as little as 2 μg of estradiol-17β in ovo failed to exhibit the head grabbing and mounting typical of the normal masculine sexual response to females. In a second experiment, this demasculinization was produced by prenatal treatment with 2 μg of estradiol-17α, estrone, estriol, or diethylstilbestrol, but not by this quantity of testosterone. These data suggest that an estrogen is the agent of behavioral demasculinization in the normal female, and that endogenous testosterone poses no difficulty for proper sexual development in the normal male.
Work coordination, workflow, and workarounds in a medical context

In this paper we report an ethnographic study of workarounds-informal temporary practices for handling exceptions to normal workflow-in a hospital environment. Workarounds are a common technique for dealing with the inherent uncertainty of dynamic work environments. Workarounds can help coordinate work, especially under conditions of high time pressure, but they may result in information or work protocols that are unstable, unavailable, or unreliable. We investigated workarounds and their effects through observation and interviews in a major teaching medical center. Our results suggest 4 key features of workarounds that technologies might help address: (a) workarounds differ as a function of people's role; (b) workarounds draw on tacit knowledge of others' abilities and willingness to help; (c) workarounds can have a cascading effect, causing other workarounds down the line; (d) workarounds often rely on principles of fairness and who owes whom a favor. We provide recommendations for designing systems to better support workarounds in dynamic environments.
Reevaluating the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders: The case of borderline personality disorder

The division between Axis I clinical syndromes and Axis II personality disorders is a long-standing distinction based primarily on three guiding principles: phenomenology, cause, and course. Clinical syndromes were generally thought to be characterized by transient symptoms with biological causes and an unstable course; personality disorders were supposed by many to be characterized by long-standing personality traits, whose roots were primarily psychological, and a stable and unremitting course. Borderline personality disorder (BPD), however, is a condition characterized by distinct clinical symptoms, varied causes, and a relatively unstable course. Past theorizing about the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders is presented in light of recent empirical evidence refuting the rationalization for the separation of personality disorders and clinical syndromes using BPD as a means for comparison.
Canadian-American Relations: Law of the Sea

The governments of Canada and the United States are playing very active roles in negotiations to define the law of the sea, which has been the subject of international conferences in 1958, 1960, and that beginning in December 1973. These provide the framework for a study of US-Canadian relations in the uses of the sea. Three perspectives may be adopted to understand the political processes involved in law of the sea relations: (1) the state-to-state model, (2) the bureaucratic politics approach, and (3) the transnational systems perspective.
Event-driven monitoring and scheduling in express and logistics industry

Express delivery industry is growing rapidly as the result of an explosive growth in the e-commerce, telemarketing and TV home-shopping, especially in developing countries. On the other hand parcel delay, loss and damage become the major challenges of the excessive number of express companies. In this paper we introduce an event-driven shipment monitoring and scheduling system, which utilizes the information flow and material flow together to monitor the events during the shipment lifecycle and detect any exception event. A centralized scheduling engine will generate dynamic routing for the shipment in case of exception. The system can efficiently avoid parcel loss and guarantee parcel service quality.
Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century

Business History Review 70 (Autumn 1996): 363-401. © 1996 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College.
The Application of DICTION to Content Analysis Research in Strategic Management

DICTION is a computer-aided content analysis program grounded in a number of theoretical bases in linguistic research. DICTION has a number of attractive features that could be used to analyze unique elements of language in narrative texts germane to strategic management research. The authors apply the DICTION software to a sample of mission statements from 408 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business colleges of business with a focus on gaining insights concerning how DICTION can be used in strategic management research utilizing content analysis. They find significant differences in word usage in mission statements based on organizational characteristics, including business school performance. They conclude with suggestions for future research.
Resilient hybrid overlay model for smart grid: RHM for smart grid

In this paper, hybrid wireless sensor network model is envisaged over the power distribution grid for monitoring the health of the grid. The hybrid model is hierarchical. At the lower level, it uses a cluster topology at each tower to collect local information about the tower while at the higher level it uses linear chain topology to send the grid data to the base station (usually at the substation). Data is collected at each tower, aggregated over the linear chair network, and sent across to a base station for analysis. For analysis, a machine learning based model is employed. The model is designed to detect and classify anomalies in the sensory data and it ensures the security and stability of the smart grid. Initial topology model was investigated using a pilot simulation study followed by experimentation while the analysis is carried using the real time data collected using wireless sensor networks as an overlay network on the power distribution grid. Preliminary results show that detection mechanism is promising and is able to detect the occurrence of any anomalous event that may cause threat to the smart grid.
Developmental Changes in Hemoglobin F Levels During the First Two Years of Life in Normal and Heterozygous β-Thalassemia Infants

To study the developmental pattern of hemoglobin F (HbF) during the first two years of life, levels of HbF were estimated in two groups of infants: 117 normal infants and 98 heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia, all aged between 1 and 24 months. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) Levels of HbF in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were significantly higher than those of normal infants of the same age (P less than .01). (2) A reference curve for the decline of HbF in infants with beta-thalassemia trait was established to facilitate the diagnosis of heterozygotes during this period of life. (3) Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) was also higher in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes than in normal infants of the same age. HbA2 increases with increasing age, reaching normal adult values at age 5 to 6 months. It is postulated that the higher level of HbF in heterozygous infants during the first two years of life is associated with the presence of the beta-thalassemia gene, which influences the increased synthesis of HbF in red cell.
A Systematic Study of the Relationship between Molecular and Crystal Structure among 3,5-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-diones

A simple, convergent synthesis of 3,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-diones (bicyclic N,N‘-diacylaminals) has been developed, providing access to a large series of compounds differing only in their substituents at the bridgehead positions. These compounds crystallize in several different forms, but always in such a way that each molecule forms four hydrogen bonds. The sheer number of bicyclic amidals that can be synthesized and crystallized provides an opportunity to elucidate crystal-engineering structure−structure relationship (SSR) principles.
Relationships among photoperiod, carbon fixation, growth, chlorophyll a, and cellular iron and zinc in a coastal diatom

We conducted culture experiments with the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonanato determine the interactive effects of day length and biologically available concentrations of iron and zinc on cellular iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and fixed carbon (C) throughout the light period. Specific rates of C-fixation and growth were also measured. Specific C-fixation rates showed a single linear relation with the cellular Fe : C ratio regardless of the photoperiod. Decreasing the photoperiod from 14 to 7 h increased the mean daytime cellular Fe : C ratio by 40%, the specific C-fixation rate by 34%, and the Chla : C ratio by 91% in mildly iron-limited cultures. These changes reflect a cellular acclimation to the shortened light period. The higher cellular iron level apparently allowed for synthesis of additional iron-rich proteins (e.g., those utilized in photosynthetic electron transport) needed to support the increased rate of C-fixation. Mean cellular Chla concentration decreased linearly with decreasing specific growth rate under iron and zinc limitation, thereby allowing the cells to maintain a balance between light harvesting and biosynthesis. Cellular concentrations of carbon, Chl a, zinc, and iron typically varied during the light period because of the day‐night differences in rates of C-fixation, Chl a synthesis, growth, and metal uptake. Cell carbon concentrations increased by 36‐96% during the light period, reflecting daytime storage of fixed carbon to support nighttime respiration and growth. Cellular zinc concentrations decreased by 25% during the light period owing to higher daytime specific growth rates and resulting higher rates of biodilution. By contrast, the direction of change in cellular iron concentrations was dependent on the extent of photochemical redox cycling of iron chelates, which increased iron uptake rates during the day. The direction and magnitude of daytime changes in cellular zinc and iron were also dependent on the parameter (cell volume, cell numbers, or carbon) to which the cellular metal was normalized, as each of these parameters exhibited its own unique diurnal pattern.
Actin filaments target the oligomeric maturation of the dynamin GTPase Drp1 to mitochondrial fission sites

While the dynamin GTPase Drp1 plays a critical role during mitochondrial fission, mechanisms controlling its recruitment to fission sites are unclear. A current assumption is that cytosolic Drp1 is recruited directly to fission sites immediately prior to fission. Using live-cell microscopy, we find evidence for a different model, progressive maturation of Drp1 oligomers on mitochondria through incorporation of smaller mitochondrially-bound Drp1 units. Maturation of a stable Drp1 oligomer does not forcibly lead to fission. Drp1 oligomers also translocate directionally along mitochondria. Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, causes rapid mitochondrial accumulation of actin filaments followed by Drp1 accumulation at the fission site, and increases fission rate. Inhibiting actin polymerization, myosin IIA, or the formin INF2 reduces both un-stimulated and ionomycin-induced Drp1 accumulation and mitochondrial fission. Actin filaments bind purified Drp1 and increase GTPase activity in a manner that is synergistic with the mitochondrial protein Mff, suggesting a role for direct Drp1/actin interaction. We propose that Drp1 is in dynamic equilibrium on mitochondria in a fission-independent manner, and that fission factors such as actin filaments target productive oligomerization to fission sites. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11553.001
Diesel Engine Simulations and Experiments: Fuel Variability Effects on Ignition

The chemical composition and properties of fuels used in compression-ignition engines can influence engine performance significantly. Consequently, the modeling of fuel chemistry within computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of diesel and other compression ignition engines is important. Modern detailed chemical mechanisms may provide predictive modeling of fuel chemistry; however, they are generally far too computationally expensive for use in CFD. We present simulations of diesel engine combustion, focusing on the prediction of ignition, using the CONVERGE CFD software package. A CFD simulation framework with models for turbulence and spray breakup and atomization is presented with a reduced global reaction model to describe fuel oxidation and ignition. The global reaction model incorporates a single parameter, the derived cetane number (DCN), to describe fuel reactivity variability. CFD simulations are compared to experiments carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine for compositionally diverse conventional and alternative diesel and jet fuels. Model-experiment comparisons show general agreement for ignition timing and the influence of fuel variability on ignition timing. In addition, the sensitivity of CFD predictions on the chemistry, turbulence, and spray models is illustrated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Anticoagulation in Patients With Cirrhosis Caught Between a Rock-Liver and a Hard Place

Objective: To review current literature for anticoagulation in patients with cirrhosis and provide a summary of the effects of cirrhosis on the coagulation cascade, therapeutic monitoring through interpretation of antifactor Xa (anti-Xa), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and international normalized ratio (INR) as well as current prophylaxis and treatment recommendations in cirrhotic patients. Methods: A systematic electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed using the key terms anticoagulation, warfarin, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), unfractionated heparin (UFH), target-specific oral anticoagulants, deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), portal vein thrombosis (PVT), venous thromboembolism, anti-Xa, activated partial thromboplastin time, anticoagulation therapeutic monitoring, coagulopathy, coagulation cascade, chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and decompensated liver disease. Study Selection: Studies written in the English language from January 2000 to December ...
Intra-arterial administration improves temozolomide delivery and efficacy in a model of intracerebral metastasis, but has unexpected brain toxicity

We tested the hypothesis that intra-arterial (IA) infusion of temozolomide into the internal carotid artery would safely improve drug delivery to brain and enhance chemotherapy efficacy in a chemosensitive rat brain tumor model. Quantitative autoradiography after 25 µCi (14)C-temozolomide was given by oral, intravenous, or IA route of administration, or IA with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) (n = 5-7 per group) showed that both IA and IA/BBBD administration increased drug delivery in tumor by over threefold compared to normal brain (P < 0.02), and also significantly elevated delivery throughout the infused right hemisphere. Temozolomide (20 mg/kg; ~150 mg/m(2)) increased median survival when given by oral (25.5 days), intravenous (25.5 days), or IA (33 days) route of administration, compared to 17.5 days in untreated controls (n = 8 per group; overall P < 0.0001). Survival time after IA temozolomide was significantly longer than all other groups (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). BBBD temozolomide was toxic in the efficacy study, but there was no evidence of symptomatic neurotoxicity in rats given IA temozolomide. After these promising animal results, a 49 year old male with glioblastoma multiforme who failed all standard therapy received temozolomide 100 mg/m(2) IA. Upon initiation of the second course of IA infusion the patient had increased heart rate, blood pressure, and rash, and the procedure was terminated without sequelae. Follow up IA infusion of temozolomide diluent in normal rats showed damaged cerebrovasculature as determined by dye leakage. These results demonstrate that IA infusion of temozolomide was toxic, with or without BBBD. We conclude that under the current formulation temozolomide is not safe for IA infusion in patients.
Effects of ether and pentobarbital on serum prolactin and LH levels in proestrous rats.

SummarySerum prolactin and LH values were relatively low on the morning of proestrus, but increased remarkably on the late afternoon of proestrus. Peak values for both hormones were reached between...
Summer Ventilation Design for Insulated Windowless Broiler Houses in Southern Regions of the United States

Abstract Ventilation rates for market-size broilers, calculated from design criteria found directly in literature, were found to be low for the South Central and South Atlantic regions of the United States. From data taken at the South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, a wet-bulb environmental temperature that separates the conditions of severe heat stress and no severe heat stress in market-sized broilers was approximated to be 27.5° C. An example ventilation computation was calculated using this wet-bulb maximum and maximum summer weather condition. The maximum required ventilation rate in Meridian, Mississippi, for a well-insulated windowless broiler house was calculated to be 74.1 liters/minute/kilogram (1./min./kg.).
Using Atomic Steps to Control Pentacene Crystal Orientation Texture

We have studied the effect of substrate atomic steps on the azimuthal alignment of vapor-deposited pentacene crystals. Si(111) substrates with a low miscut angle were annealed at high temperature in ultra-high vacuum before the pentacene deposition; this produced surfaces with atomically flat terraces and arrays of parallel atomic steps. AFM analysis shows that pentacene deposited on these heated samples, at a low deposition rate, results in significant alignment of the pentacene crystals along the atomic steps.
The unconscious experience.

Background Although considerable research has been done on pathophysiology, metabolic and physical causes, and prognostic indicators, little is known about unconsciousness or coma from the perspective of the patient. Objective To describe the experiences of patients who were once documented as being unconscious. Methods Phenomenologic interviews were conducted with 100 patients whose records indicated that they had been unconscious during hospitalization. Interviews were also attempted with primary family members, significant others, or other external observers. Chart audits documenting the unconscious episode, medications, and diagnoses were also carried out. Data were compared, using van Kaam's method, and contrasted. Results Patients experienced one or more of five states: unconsciousness, inner consciousness, perceived unconsciousness, distorted consciousness, and paranormal experiences. They described hearing, understanding, and responding emotionally to what was being said when it was assumed they were not aware. In addition, 23 subjects reported near-death experiences or visits, out-of-body experiences, or some other paranormal experience. Conclusion Patients' unconscious experiences can cause long-term effects. Patients often need reassurance that other patients subjected to similar conditions also have these experiences.
When will Google's self-driving car really be ready? It depends on where you live and what you mean by "ready" [News]

If you're one of the millions of people pining to own a Google self-driving car, you'd better make yourself comfortable, because you may be in for a much longer wait than you ever expected. Not only that: There's a distinct chance that once you get behind the wheel of the first commercial version of the Google car, it may not be able to take you where you need to go.
Epidemiological Investigation of A Highly Pathogentic Aviary Influenza Virus Infection (H5N1) Case

Objective A epidemiological survey of a highly pathogenic aviary influenza virus infection(H5N1) case was conducted in order to provide scientific basis for making countermeasures of human avianry influenza infection.Methods: The case was diagnosed and analyzed according to epidemiological survey,clinical manifestation,serological tests,virus separation RT-PCR and real-time PCR.Results: One laboratory diagnostic case of highly pathogenic aviary influenza virus infection in humans(H5N1) was found and died of respiratory failure.The patient had a history of contact with diseased and dead fowls,typical clinical symptom and sign,and laboratory pathogenic evidence.The epidemic was put under control through isolated treatment,personal protection,medical observation,poultry catching and killing,sterilization and so on.No second generation case occurred.Conclusions: Comprehensive measures for the prevention and control of the epidemic should be taken to reinforce the surveillance of the aviary influenza epidemic to prevent it from recurring by prohibiting killing and eating ill poultry.
Comparison of Soil Applications of Venom and Verimark for Whitefly Control in Fall Cantaloupes, 2014

The objective of this trial was to determine whether an alternative at-planting delivery of Verimark could improve its activity against SWF and cucurbit yellows stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) on melons relative the industry standard. Cantaloupe plots planted with “Navigator” were established at the Yuma Agricultural Center on 15 August 2014 and managed similarly to local growing practices. Plots consisted of a single 84-inch bed, 45 ft in length with a 7 ft buffer between each plot. The study was designed as an RCB design with four replicates per treatment. Product formulations and rates are shown in Table 1–4. Two, at-planting soil placements of the insecticides were compared; the first was the standard soil injection below the seedline at two different total volumes, and the other was as an in-furrow spray. Soil injection treatments were applied 3.5 inches below the seed line prior to seed placement in either 10 or 20 gpa total volume. The in-furrow spray was applied at 20 gpa using …
Forensic Study on a Collapsed Structural Plate-Arch Culvert in Ohio

In April 2014, a large structural plate arch culvert collapsed in Licking County, Ohio. The structure’s demise appeared to be related to a slope failure experienced by the roadway embankment fill above the inlet section. Shortly after the incident, a team of researchers from Ohio University conducted a forensic investigation of the structure. The team collected forensic data by visiting the site, testing soil samples taken near the culvert, and reviewing any past relevant documents. The team then employed the traditional slope stability analysis method, the AASHTO LRFD method, an empirical method found during a literature search, and computer simulation methods to gain further understanding of the culvert failure. The results of these analyses pointed the cause of the culvert failure toward what was speculated based on the field observations.
Abstract 2195: Small molecule drug conjugates targeted to cholecystokinin 2 receptors

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) is over expressed on many cancers of lungs, pancreas, liver and GI tract (esophagus, colon and GIST), whereas its expression in normal tissues is limited to epithelial cells of the GI tract and brain. This restricted expression pattern renders CCK2R an excellent candidate for use in tumor-targeted drug delivery. Here we used a high affinity, low molecular weight CCK2R antagonist (CRL) to deliver imaging agents and cytotoxic drugs specifically to CCK2R positive tumors. We demonstrated that in vitro CRL conjugated to either NIR dye or radioactive imaging agent binds selectively to CCK2R positive cancer cells and exhibits low nano molar affinity for the receptor. We further showed that In vivo NIR dye and radiolabeled conjugate localizes primarily to the CCK2R positive murine tumor xenografts. Both of these conjugates also exhibited low serum protein binding and cleared rapidly from blood. Thus CRL-NIR dye conjugate have a potential application in fluorescence guided surgery where as CRL-radioactive conjugate seems promising for radioimaging in the clinic. Encouraged by the results of the imaging agents, CRL was conjugated to two potent microtubule inhibitors (tubulysin B hydrazide and desacetyl vinblastine). In vitro these two conjugates demonstrated high affinity and specificity for CCK2R. In vivo CRL conjugated to tubulysin B hydrazide was found to be more effective in eliminating tumor compared to desacetyl vinblastine conjugate. Neither of the CRL-cytotoxic drug conjugates showed any toxicity associated with the base drug nor any weight loss was observed in the mice treated with these conjugates. Results suggest that CRL has the proficiency to delivery drug specifically to tumors over expressing CCK2R receptor and lower the toxicities associated with conventional ways of treating cancer. Citation Format: Jyoti Roy, Charity Wayua, Philip S. Low. Small molecule drug conjugates targeted to cholecystokinin 2 receptors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2195.
An economic analysis of the trial penalty: a comparative analysis of three alternative trial settings

The research suggests that there is a penalty for invoking one’s sixth amendment right in a trial. This study uses Tobit models to empirically document the existence of a trial penalty, and we provide estimates of the magnitude of its effect. In a comparative analysis of three alternative trial settings, we find that courts treat defendants differently under alternative sets of rules. Thus, we provide some evidence that defendants might face discrimination in court. We find that the lengths of the sentences of those found guilty in jury trials are 11 years longer than those found guilty in bench trials or those taking plea bargains. Further, we find that women are more likely to be found guilty in bench trials than in jury trials and that prior convictions are directly related to jury convictions and unrelated to bench trials. In addition, gang affiliation is less likely to matter for bench trials.
Hyperglycemia is associated with more severe cytotoxic injury after stroke

Hyperglycemia is a common complication after ischemic stroke, but its link to worse outcome is not well understood. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia may reflect an impaired metabolic response tha...
New paradigms for visualization

The control of color is a key element in the emerging area of scientific visualization. The fundamental problem of device-dependent color is described. Device-dependent color means that the displayed color depends primarily upon the characteristics of the display device. Different displays, even of the same manufacturer and model, will display the same input signal differently. The solution to the color consistency problem lies in the development and acceptance of a device-independent color space which defines the color objectively. Any device using the color space then translates the device-independent color into its own color space. The fidelity of the color is maintained through a calibration of the device such that the gamma and colorimetric characteristics of all devices are known. The TekColor device-independent color space is described in detail. >
Perspective of teenagers on traits and research associated with electrical and Computer Engineers and their research

Gender and diversity balance issues are prominent in the field of engineering. The way engineers and their research are perceived are two areas that contribute to youth deciding on careers in science and engineering. The perceptions of the youth on traits of Electrical and Computer Engineers (ECEs) and their research were explored through a survey of summer youth program students at Michigan Tech. Five different week long engineering programs were offered with surveys presented at the start and end of the contact times to observe how the activities and outreach impact the student perceptions. The perspectives of the youth show a lack of gender related trait association. After all different levels of contact, research area association with ECE was expanded. The largest areas displaying increased association were socially impacted areas, such as medicine. Increasing the association with these areas may help increase the interest of women in becoming engineers using the demographics of females in sciences as a statistical guide. This has shown that the benefit of engineering programs on perceptions and association is indifferent to curriculum and contact duration; that every bit of outreach makes a difference for the youth and prospects for improving gender balance in engineering.
Characterization of out-phased array linearized signaling (OPALS)

Physical Layer Encryption (PLE) is a new and growing field in communications. In this paper we characterize the performance of the Out-Phased Array Linearized Signaling (OPALS) transmitter, which performs PLE through a novel beamforming transmitter architecture. This characterization is done in hardware and is compared to previous simulation results to determine its efficacy in securing a communication link.
Addendum to A Note on the 25 Most Frequent Surnames from the 2000 United States Census Bureau List

This addendum to Nuessel discusses very recently released results on surname frequency in the US provided by the US Census Bureau. That bureau said that it would no longer prepare an updated list of the 1,000 most frequent surnames in the US because of limited resources. In late 2016, the US Census Bureau released these data from the 2010 census. This note provides information based on that unanticipated release.
Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Outcomes With Drug-Eluting and Bare Metal Stents Results in 423 965 Patients in the Linked National Cardiovascular Data Registry and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Payer Databases

Background—Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients have been underrepresented in percutaneous coronary intervention clinical trials; therefore, there are limited data available on outcomes for these race/ethnicity groups. Methods and Results—We examined outcomes in 423 965 patients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry database linked to Medicare claims for follow-up. Within each race/ethnicity group, we examined trends in drug-eluting stent (DES) use, 30-month outcomes, and relative outcomes of DES versus bare metal stents. Overall, 390 351 white, 20 191 black, 9342 Hispanic, and 4171 Asian patients > 65 years of age underwent stent implantation from 2004 through 2008 at 940 National Cardiovascular Data Registry participating sites. Trends in adoption of DES were similar across all groups. Relative to whites, black and Hispanic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention had higher long-term risks of death and myocardial infarction (blacks: hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% confidenc...
Anionic porous organic frameworks as advanced functional adsorbents for CO2 and organic micropollutants in water

New anionic porous organic frameworks with phosphate groups (PA-POFs) are synthesized through Yamamoto coupling reactions. These materials have excellent adsorption properties towards CO2 compared to other porous organic frameworks. In addition, the materials have high adsorption capacity and exceptional adsorption kinetics towards bisphenol A (BPA) in water, a wide-spread organic pollutant and a known endocrine disruptor. The maximum adsorption capacity of BPA at equilibrium is found to be as high as 3366 mg g−1 according to the Langmuir adsorption model, which is more than 10 times greater than those of peer materials. The polymer also rapidly removes various other organic micropollutants with more than 90% removal efficiencies. In addition, the PA-POF material can be regenerated at least five times by mild washing using methanol without significant loss in removal efficiency.
Irreducible Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocations:

Background: Fractures of the radial shaft with disruption of the distal radial ulnar joint (DRUJ) or Galeazzi fractures are treated with reduction of the radius followed by stability assessment of ...
Breastfeeding Peer Support Program Increases Breastfeeding Duration Rates Among Middle- to High-Income Women

Abstract Background: Research has shown that women with low socioeconomic status and lack of breastfeeding support often breastfeed for shorter durations. Little research has been done on the effects of a breastfeeding peer support program for women from middle- to high-socioeconomic status. Objective: The objective of this project was to determine whether a breastfeeding peer support program would increase breastfeeding duration rates among middle- to high-socioeconomic status women. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirteen women were recruited from local OB/GYN offices to participate in a breastfeeding peer support program that included prenatal visits, phone calls, and anticipatory breastfeeding guidance throughout the infants' first year of life. Results: Factors associated with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in breastfeeding duration included marital status, mother's ethnicity, mother's medical history, and delivery type. Mothers who remained enrolled in the study had the following breastfeedin...
A Model of Pulsed Eddy Current Crack Detection

As its name implies, the pulsed eddy current (PEC) method makes use of a short burst of excitation current, rather than continuous sinusoidal (CW) current as is the case with conventional eddy current probes. Reflected fields, including flaw signal fields, are therefore time-dependent in the pulsed case, and are characterized by peak signal amplitude, pulse arrival time and signal decay parameters, rather than amplitude and phase as in the CW case.
Tongue driven wireless electronic communication device

Wireless assistive technology plays an important role in helping out people with severe disabilities. It helps to provide support in their everyday life and also control their surrounding environment. In this paper, we propose two types of designs for a tongue driven wireless electronic communication device, which are wearable wireless assistive technologies designed for individuals with disabilities. These devices allow them to control most of the functions of a typical computer, navigate and drive wheelchair, control robotic arms and their surroundings using the tongue. The device is tongue operated and non-invasive. Furthermore, it incorporates wireless technology, which overcomes the limitations involved in hard wired assistive devices. The reason for choosing tongue is that it is considered as an excellent appurtenance for operating assistive devices in people with severe disabilities. The first design incorporates the mounting offour force sensors in a diamond shape array on one side of the cheek and a single force sensor mounted close to the chin within a facial mask. The second design features a joystick on one side of the cheek mounted on a 3-D printed headgear and an individual force sensor on other side of the cheek. These wearable devices can be controlled by unconstrained tongue motion in up, down, right and left directions over the cheek for navigation purpose.