cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Between-dimension flanker effects: A clarification with encouraging implications

Models of selective and divided attention have evolved to be remarkably similar (e.g., Cohen & Shoup, 1997; Mordkoff & Yantis, 1993). One remaining difference between these models is the inclusion of all-or-none gates within a recent model of selective attention; the existence of these gates is supported by the absence of a between-dimension flanker effect. However, the existence of these gates is also inconsistent with a recent model of divided attention. In the present experiment, the evidence in favor of all-or-none gates was explored, with the following result: When the task involves colors and letters as the stimuli, and when display features are presented at equal rates, no evidence of these gates is observed. Although other issues remain to be resolved, these findings bode well for the general goal of a unified model of divided and selective attention.
Hemophilia: basic and translational science

The following report will provide a brief overview of presentations provided during the Scientific Subcommittee on Hemostasis program at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, held in New Orleans (LA, USA) in December 2009. The topic of this year’s subcommittee meeting was Hemophilia: Basic and Translational Science and was chaired by David Lillicrap from Queen’s University, Canada. The session was held twice and three speakers covered a range of topics, including Factor VIII and the unfolded protein response, novel hemostatic bypassing molecules and wound healing in hemophilia.
A dynamic Cassie–Baxter model

Contact-angle hysteresis of a liquid suspended on surface microstructures, namely in a Cassie-Baxter state, is determined mainly by the receding contact line although not fully understood. Existing modified Cassie-Baxter models predict some but not most experimental data in the literature. Noting that most models were based on the two-dimensional (2-D) principle whereas the experiments were under three-dimensional (3-D) conditions, here we develop a 2-D experiment. While 3-D experiments measure the receding contact lines averaged over space and time, 2-D experiments eliminate the spatial averaging and can further eliminate the temporal averaging by high-speed visualization. The resulting details of the contact line motion lead us to propose a 2-D model, which incorporates the contact-line friction. The new 2-D model matches the 2-D experimental results excellently while all existing models show significant deviation. By introducing a line solid fraction term, the 2-D model is further generalized to a 3-D model, which successfully predicts a wide range of 3-D data in the literature regardless of their distinct microstructures and receding modes.
The measurement of bilingualism and its relationship to cognitive ability

The present experiments explored various measures of English and Spanish language ability and compared monolingual and bilingual subjects on tests of cognitive skill. Language ability was assessed in Experiment 1. These measures were found to be highly correlated with each other, with at least two factors needed to describe the associations among the tests in each language. In Experiment 2, subjects were given tests of cognitive skill. To be included in this study, all subjects were required to show adequate understanding of English and were divided into monolingual and bilingual groups on the basis of their Spanish abilities. Monolinguals scored higher than bilinguals on most of the measures of cognitive skill, but subsequent comparisons of the monolinguals with high and low bilingual subgroups suggested that the differences were attributable to those subjects characterized as low bilinguals.
Breast Cancer in African-American Women

African-American women face a lower risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer as compared to Caucasian-American women, yet they paradoxically face an increased breast cancer mortality hazard. An increased incidence rate for early-onset disease has also been documented. This manuscript review summarizes the socioeconomic, environmental, genetic, and possible primary tumor biologic factors that may explain these disparities.
Mothers' and Fathers' Reports of the Effects of a Young Child with Special Needs on the Family:

This study examined the effects on the family as reported by 48 mothers and 35 fathers of young children with special needs. The Family Support Scale (FSS), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluat...
The effect of oxidative metabolism on spontaneous Polζ-dependent translesion synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract DNA lesions can stall or block high-fidelity polymerases, thus inhibiting replication. To bypass such lesions, low-fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases can be used to insert a nucleotide across from the lesion or extend from a lesion:base mispair. When DNA repair is compromised in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, spontaneous DNA lesions can lead to a novel mutational event in which a frameshift is accompanied by one or more base pair substitutions. These “complex frameshifts” are dependent upon the TLS polymerase Polζ, and provide a mutational signature for mutagenic Polζ-dependent activity. In the current study, we have found that a specific subset of the Polζ-dependent mutational events requires oxidative metabolism. These results suggest that translesion bypass of spontaneously oxidized DNA bases can be a significant source of mutagenesis in repair compromised cells.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: comparison of data sources for surveillance.

Work-related upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders "associated with repeated trauma" account for more than 60% of all newly reported occupational illness, 332,000 in 1994 according to the U.S. Department of Labor. These numbers do not include, for example, those disorders categorized as "injuries due to overexertion in lifting," approximately 370,000. Early identification of potential disorders and associated risk factors is needed to reduce these disorders. There are a number of possible methods for conducting surveillance for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMDs) based on health outcome: workers' compensation, sickness and accident insurance, OSHA 200 logs, plant medical records, self-administered questionnaires, professional interviews, and physical examinations. In addition, hazard surveillance based on evaluation of job exposures to physical stressors by nonoccupational health personnel is possible. As part of a large labor-management-initiated intervention study to reduce the incidence of WMDs in four automotive plants, we were able to compare the strengths and limitations of each of these surveillance tools. University administered health interviews yielded the highest rate of symptoms; combined physical examinations plus interview (point prevalence) rates were similar to self-administered questionnaires (period prevalence) rates. Plant medical records yielded the lowest rate of WMDs. WMD status on self-administered questionnaire and on physical examination were associated with risk factor exposure scores. This study suggests that symptoms questionnaires and checklist-based hazard surveillance are feasible within the context of joint labor-management ergonomics programs and are more sensitive indicators of ergonomic problems than pre-existing data sources.
Are There Detrimental Effects From Proficiency-Based Training in Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Among Novices? An Exploration of Goal Theory.

Introduction Goal theory states that novices may experience unintended, detrimental learning effects, with decreased performance, when given performance goals on complex tasks. In these situations, it may be more appropriate to give novices learning goals to help avoid these negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to see whether this tenant of goal theory applied to novices learning 2 tasks of fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS). Materials and Methods Medical and physician assistant students were randomized to a performance goals group and a learning goals group. The performance goals consisted of the published proficiency standards of FLS. Both groups were pretested on perception of surgery, self-efficacy, and general affect. Each group underwent a practice session for the peg transfer task. They were tested and scored per the published standards of FLS. The participants completed NASA Task Load Index, task complexity, and postaffect questionnaires related to the peg transfer task. This was repeated with the suture with intracorporeal knot task. Posttest perception of surgery and self-efficacy questionnaires were completed. Results In total, 48 students participated in the study: 23 in the performance goals group and 25 in the learning goals group. Most of the participants ( n = 40) were first-year medical and physician assistant students. There were no significant differences between the groups in perception of surgery, affect, goal commitment, subjective task complexity, subjective workload, and self-efficacy. There were no differences between the groups concerning overall FLS score for both the peg transfer and suturing tasks. Both groups exhibited significant increases in self-efficacy and perception of surgery (p Conclusion FLS skills can be given to novice learners without concern for detrimental effects as might be expected by other work on goal theory. Given that performance was the same for both groups, surgical educators may have multiple pathways to educational success when incorporating goals into training programs for basic surgical skills.
AN ELECTROPHORETICALLY SILENT POLYMORPHISM FOR THE BETA CHAINS OF RABBIT HEMOGLOBIN AND ASSOCIATED POLYRIBOSOME PATTERNS

The beta chain of rabbit (Oryctolagus caniculus) hemoglobin has previously been reported to contain a single residue of isoleucine at beta(112). We have detected other rabbits with either zero isoleucyl residues or half a residue per beta chain. This character is polymorphic and inherited as a simple mendelian autosomal codominant.-Normally the modal number of ribosomes per polyribosome is 4 to 6 in reticulocyte lysates; but incubation of rabbit reticulocytes prior to lysis with L-o-methylthreonine (OMT), an isostere of isoleucine, leads to a bimodal distribution in lysates with 2-3 and 8-12 ribosomes as modes. This alteration has been attributed to ribosomal traffic jams caused by starvation for ile-tRNA at mRNA codons corresponding to the locations of isoleucyl residues at positions alpha(10), alpha(17), alpha(55) and beta(112). We have confirmed this interpretation by incubating OMT with reticulocytes from rabbits with integral, half integral and nil values for isoleucyl residues per beta chain to show that formation of the larger clusters of polyribosomes requires that beta(112) = ile.
Water dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles with selective Biofunctionality for enhanced plasmonic biosensing

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely used in biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery. However, high quality superparamagnetic nanoparticles with uniform size were usually synthesized by thermal decomposition using organic solvents. To be suitable for biomedical applications, a facile and efficient water dispersion of iron oxide MNPs from solvent using an innovative agent, sodium oleate (NaOL) was described. The monodispersed MNPs (4 and 15nm respectively) after transfer was biocompatible and stable at a broad temperature range (4-50°C) over months. More importantly, the NaOL coating allows for surface modification with selective functionality, rendering the aqueous MNPs highly customizable for biofunctionalization. Little effect on the superparamagnetism was observed after the water dispersion. To further evaluate its practical application in biosensing, custom MNPs were prepared for specific cardiac troponin I (cTnI) detection for myocardial infarction diagnosis. Specifically, gold nanorod (GNR) biochip was probed by the MNP-captured cTnI target analyte at varying concentrations. The signal transduction of the GNR sensor is based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The application of the MNPs resulted in a significant enhancement of the plasmonic response of the GNRs. As such, the MNP-mediated LSPR biosenisng showed a three times lower sensitivity as compared to the direct cTnI binding without functional MNPs. Computer simulation further elucidated that the enhancement was distance dependent between the MNP and the surface of the nanorod, which corroborated with experimental results.
LARM Two-Dimensional Model: An Evaluation

Center Hill Lake in Tennessee has been the object of several water quality and fisheries management studies over the past decade. The flow regimes of Center Hill Lake were investigated with a numerical, two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic model. This laterally averaged reservoir model (LARM) couples the mass continuity, momentum, and energy equations (with the equation of state) to compute resultant temperatures and flow velocity vectors The LARM model is reviewed, summarizing the model validation process, presenting a summary of the hydrodynamic predicitions, and showing the results of management techniques simulations. Since this was one of the very first uses of the LARM model, the conclusions should be of interest to reservoir water quality managers and modelers.
Field Populations of Twospotted Spider Mites on Sixteen Cotton Genotypes at Stoneville, MS 1977

Sixteen cotton genotypes (different morphological characters) were evaluated in the field for resistance to Tetranychus urticae Koch in plots treated or untreated with insecticides. In the treated plot, the genotypes with the okra-leaf trait had the lowest populations. Three genotypes (LAFR 3159, HG-BR-8 and LA 3382-6-OSN) had the lowest mite populations in both insecticide treated and untreated plots. T. urticae selection of cotton genotypes based on morphological traits may be exploited for future pest management programs and host resistance studies.
The International Relations of Women of the Americas 1890-1928

There is perhaps no area of historical literature where women—other than monarchs and Mata Haris—have been less visible than in the literature of international relations. Yet women of the western world were active at the international level by the last half of the nineteenth century, and in numbers commensurate to those of their male counterparts. The record of their organization, deliberations, tactics, correspondence, public statements and delegations to designated representatives of their governments adds a new dimension to the history of international relations.
METABOLISM OF 3-HYDROXYANTHRANILIC ACID-CARBOXYL-C14 IN THE HUMAN.

Summary1. Orally administered 3-hy-droxyanthranilic acid labeled with C14 in the carboxyl group was metabolized by a human subject with achondroplasia in such a manner that approximately 40% of the isotope appeared as C14O2 within 6 hours. 2. Within the first 24 hours 35% of the label appeared in the urine. Of this urinary activity, 80% was in quinolinic acid with smaller amounts present in nicotinic acid, N1-methylnicotina-mide, and N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxa-mide. 3. The per cent of C14 appearing in the urinary metabolites corresponded more to the renal clearance pattern of the compounds rather than to their known precedence in the metabolic pathway from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide. 4. Appreciable radioactivity was found in blood serum during the first day, with an increasing percentage of the serum activity in a form precipitable with serum proteins.
Maternal-Fetal Transmission of HIV-1 Infection

Studies to examine the mechanisms responsible for perinatal HIV transmission and clinical trials to reduce this transmission are ongoing. A more complete understanding of the timing and modalities of vertical transmission will permit more precise targeting of future clinical trials. Perinatal transmission of HIV infection is most likely due to multiple factors. The degree of viral replication, neutralizing antibody and other maternal immune factors, genetic factors, and an intact placental barrier are most likely important and may be interrelated. Multiple different combination therapies may be necessary to interrupt maternal-fetal HIV transmission. Pregnancy is a well-defined and limited time period, and offers a model for HIV transmission where clinical, virological, and immunological factors can be evaluated in relation to the occurrence of HIV infection in the infant. The analysis of perinatal trials may provide insight into factors involved in protection and have implications. As HIV infection rates in the heterosexual populations of US inner cities and in impoverished areas of the third world continue to rise rapidly, strategies are needed urgently to curb the AIDS epidemic in children. Targeting the HIV-infected pregnant woman for therapies is one of the few hopes we have of preventing infection in children at risk of HIV infection. Without such therapeutic strategies, many of these at-risk infants are destined to acquire a chronic viral infection with significant morbidity and mortality.
Multifunctional Multi-Scale Carbon-Fiber/Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced With Carbon Nanotubes

In the present work, apart from developing a processing method for multi-scale laminates, characterization efforts are focused on finding longitudinal, transverse and in-plane shear modulus using flexure and in-plane shear testing of unidirectional, [0°]10 , and multidirectional, [±45°]2s , laminates. A comparison of the above mentioned macroscale properties is presented for three types of composites, i.e., composites embedded with functionalized nanotubes, un-functionalized or pristine nanotubes and base composite without nanotubes. Classical laminate theory is used to model a representative laminate system. Transverse and longitudinal properties are presented and compared with experimental observations. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy is performed to study the nanotube dispersion and the morphology of fracture surfaces at different length scales.© 2009 ASME
So You Want to be a Fighter? Institutional Work and Sport Development Processes at an Elite Mixed Martial Arts Gym

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a rapidly growing combat sport with unique development procedures unlike most traditional sports. In this study the development processes at an exemplar MMA gym were examined. Institutional work theory was used to understand how and why the sport is being developed in this setting. The results provide a microlevel account of the processes and operation of the sport as it develops, and indicate that traditional sport development models may not adequately represent all sports. Subcultural values reflecting what it takes to be a fighter along with a fighter’s duty to the gym influence recruitment, retention, and transition strategies of athletes. Two forms of institutional work, refinement and barrier work, were identified as simultaneously aiding and hindering the development of the sport. Along with furthering institutional theory research, this study contributes to the discourse on alternative ways of sport development for MMA and emergent sports.
Analysis of Measles Surveillance Data from 2001 to 2004 in Hefei

Objective In order to provide the basis for eliminating and controlling measles in Heifei city, evaluating the operation status of measles surveillance system. Methods Data of 539 measles cases during 2001~2004 were analyzed. IgM antibody of measles and rubella was detected with ELISA. Results The average measles incidence rate in 2001~2004 was 3.01 per hundred thousands. Compared with 2001, the incidence rate in 2004 had decreased 43.6%. Most measles cases were the students in primary and middle schools. 63.1% cases were the students aged 0~15 years old. Conclusions MV immunity in the weak district and crowd should be strengthened in order to prevent measles outbreaks. MMR vaccine should be used to children in good ecconomic condition area. At the same time, we should pay attention to increasing trend of the incidence in population whose age were less than 1 years old and more than 20 years old.
School Desegregation and Ethnicity

This chapter deals with two similar but somewhat unrelated subjects, the impact of desegregation on current relations between Blacks and “ethnics”—a term which usually means White, urban Catholics—and the much broader question of whether desegregation promotes ethnic pluralism or cultural assimilation.
NaClO-Generated Iron(IV)oxo and Iron(V)oxo TAMLs in Pure Water

The unique properties of entirely aliphatic TAML activator [FeIII{(Me2CNCOCMe2NCO)2CMe2}OH2]− (3), namely the increased steric bulk of the ligand and the unmatched resistance to the acid-induced demetalation, enables the generation of high-valent iron derivatives in pure water at any pH. An iron(V)oxo species is readily produced with NaClO at pH values from 2 to 10.6 without any observable intermediate. This is the first reported example of iron(V)oxo formed in pure water. At pH 13, iron(V)oxo is not formed and NaClO oxidizes 3 to an iron(IV)oxo derivative.
Nonequilibrium phase coexistence and criticality near the second explosion limit of hydrogen combustion

While hydrogen is a promising source of clean energy, the safety and optimization of hydrogen technologies rely on controlling ignition through explosion limits: pressure-temperature boundaries separating explosive behavior from comparatively slow burning. Here, we show that the emergent nonequilibrium chemistry of combustible mixtures can exhibit the quantitative features of a phase transition. With stochastic simulations of the chemical kinetics for a model mechanism of hydrogen combustion, we show that the boundaries marking explosive domains of kinetic behavior are nonequilibrium critical points. Near the pressure of the second explosion limit, these critical points terminate the transient coexistence of dynamical phases-one that autoignites and another that progresses slowly. Below the critical point temperature, the chemistry of these phases is indistinguishable. In the large system limit, the pseudo-critical temperature converges to the temperature of the second explosion limit derived from mass-action kinetics.
A Sall1-NuRD interaction regulates multipotent nephron progenitors and is required for loop of Henle formation

The formation of the proper number of nephrons requires a tightly regulated balance between renal progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation. The molecular pathways that regulate the transition from renal progenitor to renal vesicle are not well understood. Here, we show that Sall1interacts with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (NuRD) to inhibit premature differentiation of nephron progenitor cells. Disruption of Sall1-NuRD in vivo in knock-in mice (ΔSRM) resulted in accelerated differentiation of nephron progenitors and bilateral renal hypoplasia. Transcriptional profiling of mutant kidneys revealed a striking pattern in which genes of the glomerular and proximal tubule lineages were either unchanged or upregulated, and those in the loop of Henle and distal tubule lineages were downregulated. These global changes in gene expression were accompanied by a significant decrease in THP-, NKCC2- and AQP1-positive loop of Henle nephron segments in mutant ΔSRM kidneys. These findings highlight an important function of Sall1-NuRD interaction in the regulation of Six2-positive multipotent renal progenitor cells and formation of the loop of Henle.
Structure of the cold- and menthol-sensing ion channel TRPM8

Transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) cation channels are polymodal sensors that are involved in a variety of physiological processes. Within the TRPM family, member 8 (TRPM8) is the primary cold- and menthol-sensor in humans. We determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the full-length TRPM8 from the collared flycatcher at an overall resolution of ~4.1 A. Our TRPM8 structure reveals a three-layered architecture. The amino-terminal domain with a fold distinct among known TRP structures, together with the carboxyl-terminal region, forms a large two-layered cytosolic ring that extensively interacts with the transmembrane channel layer. The structure suggests that the menthol binding site is located within the voltage-sensor-like domain and thus provides a structural glimpse of the design principle of the molecular transducer for cold and menthol sensation.
Ertapenem - a potent treatment for clinical and quality of life improvement in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND A paucity of knowledge exists regarding the use of ertapenem in hidradenitis suppurativa. Our retrospective chart review and telephone interview aims to investigate the utility of intravenous ertapenem in severe, refractory hidradenitis suppurativa. METHODS This retrospective chart review and telephone interview included patients with severe, refractory hidradenitis suppurativa treated with intravenous ertapenem between March 2013 and December 2016. Data were obtained from medical charts. During the telephone interview, patients were asked questions relating to satisfaction, quality of life changes, and disease state changes with ertapenem therapy. RESULTS A total of 36 patients including 22 females and 14 males with Hurley stage II or III hidradenitis suppurativa were included. Thirty-five patients (97.2%), demonstrated improvements in hidradenitis suppurativa with ertapenem treatment. In total, 28 patients participated in our telephone interview. Twenty patients (71.4%) were very satisfied (n = 12) or satisfied (n = 8). Quality of life improved in 85.7% of patients (n = 24). CONCLUSION Following ertapenem therapy, patients reported improvements in quality of life. This treatment appears promising as an adjunct to biologics or as a bridge to surgery in the treatment of severe, refractory hidradenitis suppurativa.
Evaluation of Myoglobin Function in the Presence of Axial Diffusion

Facilitation of oxygen transport by myoglobin has been assessed by many researchers. Yet, the models used in these studies often assume that radial diffusion is the primary transport mechanism in tissue. Axial diffusion is typically neglected. In this study, oxygen transport by myoglobin facilitation is added to a proven cardiac tissue model which contains axial diffusion in the tissue and capillary regions, the Radially-Averaged, Axially-Distributed (RAAD) model. Previous research has shown that the axial diffusion in the capillary and tissue regions becomes coupled, causing a reduction in the pO2 at the capillary inlet. The objective is to determine if this coupling effect increases the facilitation of oxygen transport by myoglobin. The RAAD model consists of non-interacting cylinders of tissue (Krogh cylinders), with each perfused by a central capillary. Derivation of the equations describing the RAAD model yields a stiff, fourth-order, nonlinear, ODE, BVR The equation set is solved numerically. Parameters for myoglobin concentration and diffusion coefficient are chosen to maximize myoglobin facilitation. The effect of myoglobin is assessed by observing changes in the pO2 profiles for the model with and without myoglobin. Also, the RAAD model is compared to experimental pO2 data to determine if the inclusion of myoglobin improves the model prediction. The computer simulations show that myoglobin does facilitate diffusion, but only to a small extent. The changes in the capillary pO2 profiles for the model with and without myoglobin are not significant, pO2 reductions are 0.8% at the inlet and 2% at the outlet. The model prediction is not substantially improved with the addition of myoglobin. The sum of squared error is reduced by 0.1%, from 5.6834 without myoglobin, to 5.6779 with myoglobin. The steady state solution of the RAAD model with myoglobin suggests that, in the presence of axial diffusion, facilitation of oxygen diffusion to tissue is not myoglobin’s primary function. No conclusion can be made about the transient function of myoglobin.
Discrete-Time Optical Stochastic Observers

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the status of observer theory and presents the results obtained in stochastic observer theory as applied to discrete-time linear systems. The Kalman filter solves the problem of state estimation in the mean-square sense for linear discrete-time stochastic systems, numerical and computational problems associated with the real-time implementation of Kalman filters have led researchers to seek out computationally simpler solutions to the minimum mean-square state-estimation problem. The chapter reviews some of the alternate approaches to the discrete-time state-estimation problem based on the extension of Luenberger's observer theory to stochastic systems. The chapter discusses the notion of an observer for discrete stochastic systems. It presents a method of constructing a reduced-order observer estimator. The case of some perfect measurements is considered. The interpretations of Brammer's optimal observer, namely, a Kalman-type algorithm and a Luenberger-type algorithm have been presented. Computational advantages of the reduced-order observer algorithm have been presented.
Abstract 004: Caloric Restriction Prevents the Increase in Body Weight but not Hypertension in ALMS1 (Alström syndrome 1) Knockout Rat

In humans, mutations in the ALMS1 gene cause obesity, diabetes and kidney disease. The mechanisms causing these alterations are unclear. We generated ALMS1 knockout (KO) rats in the Dahl salt-sensi...
Brief of Conflict of Laws and Foreign Relations Law Scholars as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellants, Oakland v. B.P. p.l.c.

This Amicus Brief of Conflict of Laws and Foreign Relations Law Scholars was filed with the Ninth Circuit in Oakland v. B.P. p.l.c. Oakland and San Francisco brought a public nuisance suit against major oil companies under California law alleging that the companies had promoted the sale of fossil fuels while concealing their dangers to the climate. The district court dismissed based in part on the presumption against extraterritoriality and on a principle of “judicial caution” drawn from the Supreme Court’s Alien Tort Statute (ATS) cases. The brief argues that the district court erred in applying the federal presumption against extraterritoriality for several reasons. First, the federal presumption against extraterritoriality does not apply to state-law claims. The geographic scope of state law is a question of state law, and under California’s conflict-of-laws rules, the law of the place of the injury applies. Second, the federal presumption against extraterritoriality also does not apply to claims under federal common law. The presumption is a canon of statutory interpretation aimed at ascertaining legislative intent. As such, it does not apply to judge-made common law. Third, even if the federal presumption against extraterritoriality applied, the Cities seek only a domestic application of law. The brief also argues that the concept of “judicial caution” provides no basis for limiting the geographic scope of California law. The Supreme Court’s ATS jurisprudence is inapplicable here because the Cities’ suit concerns domestic torts that do not raise the same foreign policy stakes as ATS suits and do not seek the creation or expansion of a federal cause of action. Federal courts have no authority to modify or limit state-law causes of action in the name of “judicial caution.” Finally, foreign affairs preemption does not apply in this case. These causes of action fall within an area of “traditional state responsibility” and may be preempted only by federal law that has been adopted by the political branches of the federal government.
Delta Voronoi smoothed particle hydrodynamics, δ-VSPH

Abstract A Lagrangian scheme that combines Voronoi diagrams with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for incompressible flows has been developed. Within the Voronoi tessellation, the Voronoi particle hydrodynamics (VPH) method is used, which is structurally similar to SPH. Two sub-domains are defined based on the proximity to the boundaries. The VPH formulation is used for particles close to solid boundaries, where SPH consistency and implementation of boundary conditions become problematic. Some overlapping of both sub-domains is allowed in order to provide a buffer zone to progressively transition from one method to the other. An explicit weakly compressible formulation for both sub-domains is used, with the diffusive term from the δ-SPH correction extended to the VPH formulation. In addition, the density field is periodically re-initialized and a shifting algorithm is included to avoid excessive deformation of the Voronoi cells. Solid, free-surface, and inlet/outlet boundary conditions are considered. A linear damping term is used during the initialization process to mitigate possible inconsistencies from the user-defined initial conditions. The accuracy of the coupled scheme is discussed by means of a set of well-known verification benchmarks.
Allergic contact dermatitis of adjacent normal skin from 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of flat facial warts

Topical 5-fluorouracil has proven to be an effective treatment for flat warts. Although cases of local irritation at the site of application have been reported, allergic contact dermatitis on the adjacent normal skin is generally uncommon. Reactions to propylene glycol and stearyl alcohol, two vehicle components of 5-fluorouracil, have also been described. In this report, we present a 21-year-old woman who developed allergic contact dermatitis of the adjacent normal skin after topical application of 5-fluorouracil to the face for the treatment of flat warts.
Heightened Immune Response to Presumed Loxosceles reclusa Envenomation

Loxoscelism is a systemic inflammatory reaction in response to a brown recluse spider bite (BRSB). In this case we describe a patient with a heightened inflammatory response to a presumed BRSB, with Coomb's positive hemolysis, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (cANCA) vasculitis, and features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). A 24-y-old female presented with sudden pain and swelling to her lower back, nausea, fever, and tachycardia after a presumed BRSB. Hemolysis began on hospital day 3 (15.9 g·dL-1) with a nadir on hospital day 5 (6.3 g·dL-1). She had an lactate dehydrogenase of 1415 U·L-1, ferritin of 15534 ng·mL-1, persistent fever, and signs of bone marrow suppression despite hemolysis, with thrombocytopenia (100,000 μL-1) and an inadequate reticulocyte response (1.7%) suggestive of HLH. The patient's blood was Coomb's and cANCA/antiproteinase 3 positive. She had signs of toxin-induced vasculitis, with respiratory failure requiring bilevel positive airway pressure, radiographs with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and a desquamating rash. She received 6 U of packed red blood cells, furosemide for pleural and pericardial effusions, antibiotics, and symptomatic treatment during the acute phase of her illness. Hemolysis improved without glucocorticoids by hospital day 6. The patient demonstrated a dysregulated immunologic and complement-mediated response to the presumed BRSB. The triad of Coomb's positive hemolysis, cANCA vasculitis, and HLH-like reaction associated with a presumed BRSB is described for the first time in the literature and brings up questions for future research regarding the role of immune modulators and complement inhibitors in the treatment of severe loxoscelism as well as the genetic factors that predispose certain individuals to such reactions.
Predator identity dominates non-consumptive effects in a disease-impacted rocky shore food web.

Predicting the effects of predator diversity loss on food webs is challenging, because predators can both consume and induce behavioral responses in their prey (i.e., non-consumptive effects or NCEs). Studies manipulating predator diversity and investigating NCEs are rare, especially in marine systems. Recently, a severe outbreak of sea star wasting syndrome (SSWS) on the west coast of North America resulted in unprecedented declines of the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. We investigated the consequences of Pisaster loss on an abundant grazer, the black turban snail Tegula funebralis, through NCEs. We combined a laboratory experiment and field surveys to examine the importance of identity vs. diversity in a predator assemblage (Pisaster, crabs, and octopuses) on Tegula behavior, feeding, and growth. Laboratory and field results indicated that predator identity, not diversity, drives Tegula behavior and causes NCEs. Mesocosm treatments with Pisaster caused greater NCEs on Tegula than assemblages without Pisaster. Tegula’s distribution in the field, which is driven primarily by anti-predator behavior, was strongly associated only with Pisaster abundance, and not with the abundance of crabs, octopuses, and other predatory sea stars (Leptasterias spp.). We conclude that Pisaster primarily drives Tegula vertical distribution and may be having strong NCEs on Tegula on northern California rocky shores. Furthermore, predator diversity in northern California does not provide functional redundancy, in terms of NCEs on Tegula, to buffer the system from Pisaster loss. Thus, predator-induced vertical distributions and grazing suppression may not be maintained in areas where Pisaster populations are reduced or slow to recover from SSWS.
Compensation According to Culture

In this chapter, the seventh characteristic of the “Fair CEO Compensation” octagonal framework, “Compensation according to Culture”, is presented. This chapter illustrates how culture somehow affects and moderates corporate compensation policies and executive compensation.
Professionalism and Ethics: A Standardized Patient Observed Standardized Clinical Examination to Assess ACGME Pediatric Professionalism Milestones.

Introduction The ethical skills fundamental to medical practice encompass a large portion of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) professionalism milestones. Yet many ethical practices are difficult to reduce to milestone frameworks given the variety of traditions of moral reasoning that clinician-trainees and their colleagues might properly employ. Methods We developed an observed standardized clinical examination (OSCE) simulation with standardized patients to assess the ethical skills captured in professionalism milestones in pediatrics. The OSCE included four vignettes based on actual cases that presented problems without a correct answer. Residents discussed ethically challenging issues with standardized patients and were evaluated on specific ethical tenets contained in the professionalism milestones. Our assessment guide for preceptors offered content for debriefing and assessment. We piloted this OSCE with seven preceptors and 17 pediatric residents in two different medical settings. Results Residents all agreed that the four cases were realistic. All but two residents agreed that OSCEs like this one are an appropriate or objective way of assessing the ACGME professionalism milestones. All preceptors reported that they strongly agreed the assessment improved their ability to assess the professionalism milestones. Discussion This OSCE offers a structured method to assess professionalism milestones and a forum to discuss ethical problem solving. It can also be used solely as a training exercise in ethical decision making and having difficult conversations.
Chapter 3 – Subspaces

This chapter introduces necessary vector and matrix properties. It is somewhat abstract, but should be studied thoroughly. The chapter defines the concept of a subspace of a vector space and uses the null space of matrix and the span of a set of vectors as examples. In addition, the row and column spaces of a matrix are presented. A discussion of linear independence and a basis gives rise to the notion of the dimension of a subspace. It is stated that the rank of a matrix is the dimension of its row space, and the nullity of a matrix is the dimension of its null space. The chapter notes that the dimension of the column space equals the dimension of the row space, and that rank(A) + nullity(A) = n for an n ×n matrix.
Chemistry of the spin- 1 2 kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet

We believe that a necessary first step in understanding the ground-state properties of the spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet is a better understanding of this model's very large number of low-energy singlet states. A description of the low-energy states that is both accurate and amenable for numerical work may ultimately prove to have greater value than knowing only what these properties are, in particular, when they turn on the delicate balance of many small energies. We demonstrate how this program would be implemented using the basis of spin-singlet dimerized states, though other bases that have been proposed may serve the same purpose. The quality of a basis is evaluated by its participation in all low-energy singlets, not just the ground state. From an experimental perspective, and again in light of the small energy scales involved, methods that can deliver all low-energy states promise more robust predictions than methods that only refine a fraction of these states.
Further from the truth: The impact of moving from in-person to online settings on dishonest behavior

Abstract Recent policies require some interactions previously conducted in close social proximity (e.g., school, workplace) to take place remotely, which motivates our investigation of how in-person versus online environments impact honesty. We modify a well-known coin-flip task and examine the influence of going from the physical laboratory environment, to online with identifiable participants (using the same lab-based subject pool). We also compare behavior in these treatments to that from an online subject pool that is fully anonymous. For this we use Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Surprisingly, while a simple move from in-lab to online (using the same subject pool) appears to increase “fake effort” – those who likely never flip the coin - it does not predict more dishonest behavior when there is a monetary incentive to cheat. We find the more socially distant and anonymous participants (mTurk workers) are most likely to be deemed cheaters in our analysis (i.e., more likely to report coin flip outcomes consistent with cheating for monetary gain). Implications of our findings indicate the greatest risk of potentially costly dishonest behavior results when anonymity, not just social distance, is high.
Mitigating Unconscious Bias in Recruitment and Hiring

Unconscious biases in recruitment and hiring can limit the potential for building a diverse academic and private radiology practice. In the private practice environment of radiology, especially in smaller firms, in which a dysfunctional team can lead to a dysfunctional practice overall, it is especially essential to find the best candidates for the team. Many strategies for mitigating these biases can be employed strategically at multiple levels of the hiring process.
Integration scheme for 3D NAND with nonreplacement word line and its cell characteristics investigation

We demonstrate an integration scheme for a 3D NAND memory cell with non-replacement word line (WL) by investigating the cell characteristics, including program, erase, retention, and interference based on our in-house process and device flow of 3D NAND memory arrays. The non-replacement WL is called WL-First in which P+ polysilicon is implemented as the gate material. We investigate the figures of merits of the WL-First scheme compared with the WL-Last scheme, which uses metal as the gate material.
Brexit, A Hard Way to Cover: Unsatisfaction is Waiting

BREXIT is a neologism created to refer to the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. It is the union of two abbreviated English words: Britain, which means 'British', and exit, which translates 'exit'. The term BREXIT was popularized in the media in connection with the referendum campaign asking British citizens for their opinion about the permanence (brimain = Britain remain) or exit (BREXIT) of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland in the European Union. The referendum took place on June 23, 2016. It was activated by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, member of the Conservative Party, who was favorable to the permanence. However, once the results were known, which gave approximately 52% of votes in favor of the exit, against 48% against, Cameron resigned his position. The United Kingdom is made up of England, Wales and Scotland, as well as Northern Ireland. Of these four nations, only England and Wales voted mostly for the exit, while Scotland and Northern Ireland, like the English city of London, were favorable to the permanence. The BREXIT campaign was promoted by different political and social actors of Eurosceptic and pro-independence line, who considered it disadvantageous and harmful to the interests of the United Kingdom to be part of the European Union. The research here developed analyses the whole process from a novel perspective including several different aspects.
No Rush to Motherhood: The Lived Experience of African American Never Pregnant Sexually Active Female Teens.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of underserved minority sexually active teenaged girls' successful avoidance of unwanted pregnancy. Design and Method Merleau-Ponty's methodology and van Manen's method of doing phenomenological research guided and facilitated the process of the study. 7 participants were eligible and all of them were interviewed for this study. Results Six main themes were identified: sense of emotional safety; sense of being free from a potential pregnancy; feeling supported by family and friends; connections built on trust and communication; regard for self through self-esteem and self-confidence; and sense of having life goals. Conclusion The interpretive statement of ‘these teen-agers experienced a sense of emotional safety, support by family and friends, trust and connection with family, friends and healthcare providers, and self-confidence resulting in the opportunity to develop life goals and feel strongly motivated to be free from pregnancy’ was developed after further reflection upon the study themes. Practice Implications Healthcare providers, primarily nurses, can use the findings of this study to improve their interactions with sexually active never pregnant female teens.
Magnetic effects in particle adhesion

Abstract The effect of the magnetic field on the deposition of uniform spherical hematite particles of submicron size on stainless steel beads was studied by the packed column technique. The kinetics was interpreted on the basis of the theoretical models for convection diffusion in terms of the excluded area and collision efficiency. The application of high intensity magnetic field reduced the effective excluded area to 0 and increased significantly the collision efficiency. The interaction energy was calculated by considering magnetic, electrostatic, and dispersion contributions. The enhanced deposition was explained in terms of particle accumulation in the secondary minimum created by the magnetic field. This finding was supported by detachment measurements.
Development of an undergraduate electrical machines laboratory

An electric machinery course and its associated laboratory has been introduced to the Electronics and Computer Technology program at North Carolina A&T State University, USA. The program prepares highly trained technologists for the computer, communications and manufacturing fields. The electric machines course is required of all undergraduate students in the program and consists of two contact hours of lecture and two contact hours of laboratory work per week. The electric machinery laboratory consists of seven industrial motor trainers that have been proven to be functional and instructive. The trainers use small machines that offer ease and flexibility in wiring the associated diagrams. After outlining the features of the industrial motor trainer, different types of experiments are described. Finally, student response to the experiments are reported.