cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of lanierone in the chemical ecology ofIps pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in California.

Five doses of lanierone (2-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one) were tested with one dose of enantiomerically pure [99.4% (4R)-(−)] ipsdienol (2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol) for activity as an aggregation pheromone ofIps pini (Say) in California. The response ofI. pini to 1 mg/day ipsdienol + 20 μg/day lanierone was significantly greater than the response to ipsdienol alone, but the response pattern did not demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship. The response to the highest dose of lanierone (2 mg/day) was significantly lower than the response to ipsdienol alone. Ipsdienol attracted significantly moreI. pini than a male-infested log. Lanierone did not alter the percentage of maleI. pini responding to ipsdienol alone. Neither sex ofI. pini orDendroctonus brevicomis LeConte from California produced detectable amounts of lanierone, but myrcene-aerated maleD. brevicomis produced 97.8%-(4S)-(+)-ipsdienol. The black-bellied clerid,Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to lanierone when released with ipsdienol. Neither compound was attractive when released alone, proving synergism for the kairomone of this predator. Lanierone did not influence the response of the predatorsTemnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) andEnoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), which were attracted to all treatments containing ipsdienol.Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) responded in significantly greater numbers to the male-infested log than it did to ipsdienol or ipsdienol + 20 μg/day lanierone.
Energy budget considerations for hydro-climatic impact assessment in Great Lakes watersheds

Given the large share of the water budget contributed by evapotranspiration (ET), accurately estimating ET is critical for hydro-climate change studies. Routinely, hydrologic models use temperature proxy relationships to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET) when forced using GCM/RCM projections of precipitation and temperature. A limitation of this approach is that the temperature proxy relationships do not account for the conservation of energy needed to estimate ET consistently in climate change scenarios. In particular, PET methods using temperature as a proxy fail to account for the negative feedback of ET on surface temperature. Using several GCM projections and a hydrologic model developed for the Great Lakes basin watersheds, the NOAA Large Basin Runoff Model (LBRM), the importance of maintaining a consistent energy budget in hydrologic and climate models is demonstrated by comparing runoff projections from temperature proxy and energy conservation methods. Differences in hydrologic responses are related to watershed characteristics, hydrologic model parameters and climate variables. It is shown that the temperature proxy approach consistently leads to prediction of relatively large and potentially unrealistic reductions in runoff. Therefore, hydrologic projections adhering to energy conservation principles are recommended for use in climate change impact studies.
A Method for the Synchronous Induction of Large Numbers of Telotrochs in Vorticella convallaria by Monocalcium Phosphate at Low pH

We have devised a two step method for the synchronous induction of telotrochs in the peritrich ciliate, Vorticella convallaria. The method is easy, reliable, and allows us to study the earliest events of telotroch formation at the ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular levels. The steps involved are: (1) exeising the cell body from the stalk in a large population (7.4 X 10 4 cells) of EDTA-treated ached cells by the application of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate solution at pH 3.2. (2) rinsing and suspending the isolated cell bodies in inorganic medium. Within 90 min, 80% of the population forms telotrochs. Analysis of factors that are important for maximum stalk excision and transformation shows that the population must not be older than 2 d and the most effective concentration of monocalciun phosphate is 4.8 mM for a 20 min exposure The most effective monocalcium phosphate is in the monohydrated form. A pH value of 3.2, produced by the addition of hydrochloric acid in the presence or absence of calcium is not sufficient to initiate stalk excision and telotroch formation. This observation leads us to conclude that stalk excision is dependent on monocalcium phosphate or its hydrolysis products.
Optimal treatment of nonaorto ostial coronary lesions in large vessels: acute and long-term results.

Percutaneous interventions of nonaorto ostial coronary lesions are usually complex, often requiring a combined approach of debulking and stenting, insertion of multiple guidewires and long procedure duration. Debulking with atherectomy device preserves side-branch patency by reducing plaque shift while coronary stenting minimizes vessel recoil and restenosis. We retrospectively evaluated the acute and long-term results of rotational atherectomy (group R, n = 94), coronary stenting (group S, n = 39), and combination of rotational atherectomy and stenting (group R-S, n = 59) in a total of 192 patients with nonaorto ostial lesions. The number of patients with diabetes mellitus and rest angina was significantly higher in groups S and R-S. Clinical success rates were high and procedural complication rates were low and comparable in all three groups. Despite the similar reference vessel size and preprocedure minimal lumen diameter (MLD), postprocedure MLD showed a trend toward larger lumen in groups S (3.15 ± 0.18 mm) and R-S (3.21 ± 0.16 mm). Group S had significantly higher incidence of side-branch narrowing (30.7%), requiring intervention (15.4%). At long-term follow-up (mean of 9 ± 4 months), target lesion revascularization rate was significantly lower in groups R-S (11.9%) and S (15.4%) compared to group R (28.9%; P = 0.02). Our nonrandomized data suggest that stenting with or without rotational atherectomy provides the best long-term approach for the interventional treatment of nonaorto ostial coronary lesions. The clinical benefit and cost effectiveness of performing rotational atherectomy before stent implantation to reduce the incidence of side-branch closure requires further study. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:283–288. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Target market selection in B2B technology markets

This article examines how marketing executives employ target marketing strategy in business technology markets. This exploratory study evaluated market selection strategies (differentiated, single segment, segment-of-1 and undifferentiated) and target marketing success. Particular attention is paid toward choosing target markets by examining segment attractiveness criteria. The three most important criteria for target market selection were opportunities in the industry, sustainable differential advantage and profitability. The research also found that competitive analysis was a strong predictor of target marketing success. In addition, market-oriented firms (use customer needs or customer groups to define markets) are more successful in using technology than non-market-oriented firms when redefining markets. The work concludes with sections on strategic implications for business target marketing and a research agenda for segmentation scholars.
Environmental Cognition, Perceptions, and Attitudes

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by B. Fischhoff, volume 7, pp. 4596–4602, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Age- and Strain-Related Differences in Metabolic Response to Tyramine in Rats

AbstractDifferences in metabolic response to intraperitoneally injected tyramine were examined in young (3-4 month) and old (20-24 month) Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats. Fischer 344 rats were found to be significantly more sensitive to tyramine than Sprague—Dawley. Optimal doses were 2 mg/kg body weight for young F344, 20 mg/kg for young Sprague—Dawley, 5 mg/kg for old F344, and <40 mg/kg for old Sprague—Dawley. Significantly higher doses were required by old rats than young. Mechanisms of these age-and strain-related differences in response are discussed. This information could well be important in selecting appropriate ages and strains of animals for experimental use, especially in aging research.
PREDICTORS OF EMPATHIC ABILITY IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING: A RESEARCH NOTE

This study examined the relationships between selected context variables and empathic ability. The specific purpose was to determine the relative strengths of association between intimacy, status difference, trust, and empathic ability. A correlational analysis was applied to the data collected from 29 pairs of supervisors and subordinates in a Denver financial organization. Results indicated that trust was the context variable most strongly associated with empathic ability. Intimacy and status difference were only slightly related to empathic ability. Discussion centered on the implications of the inverse relationship between trust and empathic ability.
Incidence and associated premorbid diagnoses of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent condition with underexplored risk factors. Objectives We sought to determine CRS incidence and evaluate associations with a range of premorbid medical conditions for chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) using real-world clinical practice data. Methods Electronic health records data from 446,480 Geisinger Clinic primary care patients were used for a retrospective longitudinal cohort study for data from 2001-2010. By using logistic regression, newly diagnosed CRS cases between 2007 and 2009 were compared with frequency-matched control subjects on premorbid factors in the immediate (0-6 months), intermediate (7-24 months), and entire observed timeframes before diagnosis. Results The average incidence of CRS was 83 ± 13 CRSwNP cases per 100,000 person-years and 1048 ± 78 CRSsNP cases per 100,000 person-years. Between 2007 and 2009, 595 patients with incident CRSwNP and 7523 patients with incident CRSsNP were identified and compared with 8118 control subjects. Compared with control subjects and patients with CRSsNP, patients with CRSwNP were older and more likely to be male. Before diagnosis, patients with CRS had a higher prevalence of acute rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, adenotonsillitis, sleep apnea, anxiety, and headaches (all P P P Conclusions Patients who are given a diagnosis of CRS have a higher premorbid prevalence of anxiety, headaches, gastroesophageal reflux disease, sleep apnea, and infections of the respiratory system and some nonrespiratory sites, which results in higher antibiotic, corticosteroid, and health care use. The use of guideline-recommended diagnostic testing for confirmation of CRS remains poor.
Thermal Analysis and Buckling Behavior of Continuous Silicon Wafer Manufacturing by EFG Method

A comprehensive two-dimensional numerical model, which accounts for heat/mass transfer, solidification, and electromagnetic field, has been developed to simulate the silicon tube growth by the edge-defined film-fed (EFG) method. A multi-block grid system has been employed to yield a high accuracy in the vicinity of die tip with relatively low CPU time. Selected results of magnetic and temperature fields have been presented for the silicon tube growth system of 30cm in diameter and 0.3mm in thickness. Based on elastic assumption, the mechanism of buckling behavior of the as-grown tube has been analyzed.© 2003 ASME
Prognosis of Histological Cirrhosis in Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cirrhosis connotes irreversible damage to the liver and shortened life expectancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cirrhosis on treatment response and survival in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS: One hundred twenty-eight patients were evaluated for histological cirrhosis. Response to treatment, predictors for cirrhosis, and outcomes were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (29%) had histological cirrhosis at entry, whereas 36 of the 91 patients without cirrhosis (40%) developed it during 39 +/- 32 months. Development of cirrhosis was predicted by lower serum albumin levels (P=0.04) and higher prothrombin times (P
INTERPRETATION AND EXPLANATION IN CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY

Continuing debates over the role of interpretation in history and social science have recently been linked to a program to develop a cultural sociology, as distinct from a sociology of culture. Apart from a defense of the importance of culture and meaning, this effort aims to develop a form of “interpretive explanation,” though not simply by following Max Weber's similar project from nearly one hundred years ago. The book under review looks at different “epistemic modes” that aim to produce social knowledge, in order to show how interpretive explanation can combine the best of all the modes. Unfortunately, the book is beset by numerous theoretical problems, including a problematical understanding of the relations of fact and theory, hasty criticisms of examples of the different modes, and a reliance on metaphors that makes it impossible to do justice to the issues. The project of what I would call a “thick explanation” is worthwhile, but will have to be pursued in a more nuanced and careful way.
The postoperative stomach: A comparative study of double-contrast barium examinations and endoscopy

The results of double-contrast examinations of Billroth I and Billroth II anastomoses were compared to endoscopic results in 37 patients. Radiographic and endoscopic correlation was present in 32 of the 37 patients (86%). All 22 cases with enlarged perianastomotic folds on the double-contrast examination had endoscopic confirmation. The double-contrast examination provides excellent visualization of the Billroth I and Billroth II anastomosis and adjacent mucosal detail. We advocate its use as the routine examination of the postoperative stomach.
Kindergarten teachers’ views of children’s readiness for school

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of children’s readiness for school held by kindergarten teachers who had different training experiences and who are within different school contexts (e.g., geographic region, school types, etc.). Participants were 3,305 kindergarten teachers from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten cohort in the 1998–1999 school year. A theoretical model was constructed, tested and used to organize and analyze the data. Descriptive analyses, factor analysis and statistical analysis with latent variables were used to compare a broad range of cases and variables. Overall findings from kindergarten teacher-reported readiness items revealed a strong emphasis on the social aspects of learning. Readiness expectations were influenced by their gender, age, and the geographic region where they were teaching. This study indicated that younger teachers valued academic skills more than older teachers. In addition, kindergarten teachers from the South region held higher expectations regarding academic preparedness than the rest of the nation.
A New Radiation Pyrometer

A pyrometer is described which measures with a thermopile and galvanometer the emission of energy in an isolated narrow band of wave-lengths centered at 8.8μ. These radiations are isolated by successive reflections from quartz crystals. The residual-ray apparatus used to isolate the 8.8μ band is arranged in a manner to make it compact, to avoid aberrations and, owing to the polarization of the near infra-red radiations, it is more effective than earlier models of residual-ray apparatus in eliminating the undesired short wave-length infra-red energy. Because the band lies in the infra-red the pyrometer can be used to determine low as well as high temperatures. The instrument is particularly suited for work in the temperatures range 0°C±100°C. Ordinary temperatures are easily determined to 0.1°C. The band of radiations used by the instrument falls in a region of the infra-red spectrum where the atmosphere is very transparent. Accordingly, in most applications (meteorological and astronomical applications excepted) there is practically no absorption in the optical path. The procedure of making temperature measurements is described. A new temperature scale is employed. Tables are supplied for reducing the observations to the ordinary centigrade scale. The instrument measures surface temperatures (when the emissivity of the surface is known) without disturbing radiation transfer or convective heating and cooling at the surface. Many applications of the instrument are concerned with surfaces which radiate as blackbodies.
Cardiac gated ventilation

There are several theoretic advantages to synchronizing positive pressure breaths with the cardiac cycle, including the potential for improving distribution of pulmonary and myocardial blood flow and enhancing cardiac output. The authors evaluated the effects of synchronizing respiration to the cardiac cycle using a programmable ventilator and electron beam CT (EBCT) scanning. The hearts of anesthetized dogs were imaged during cardiac gated respiration with a 50 msec scan aperture. Multi slice, short axis, dynamic image data sets spanning the apex to base of the left ventricle were evaluated to determine the volume of the left ventricular chamber at end-diastole and end-systole during apnea, systolic and diastolic cardiac gating. The authors observed an increase in cardiac output of up to 30% with inspiration gated to the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle in a non-failing model of the heart.
Computer-aided technology for fabricating complete dentures: systematic review of historical background, current status, and future perspectives.

Statement of problem Computer-aided technology is an emerging method for fabricating complete dentures. Consolidated information about historical background, current status, and scope for the future is lacking. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the existing literature on computer-aided technology for fabricating complete dentures and provide the reader with a historical background, current status, and future perspectives on this emerging technology. Material and methods An electronic search of the English language literature between the periods of January 1957 and June 2012 was performed by using PubMed/MEDLINE with the following specific search terms: CAD-CAM complete dentures, digital complete dentures, computer dentures, designed dentures, machined dentures, manufactured dentures, milled dentures, and rapid prototyping dentures. Additionally, the search terms were used on the Google search engine to identify current commercial manufacturers and their protocols. Results A total of 1584 English language titles were obtained from the electronic database, and the systematic application of exclusion criteria resulted in the identification of 8 articles pertaining to computer-aided technology for complete dentures. Since the first published report in 1994, multiple authors have described different theoretical models and protocols for fabricating complete dentures with computer-aided technology. Although no clinical trials or clinical reports were identified in the scientific literature, the Google search engine identified 2 commercial manufacturers in the United States currently fabricating complete dentures with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology for clinicians world-wide. These manufacturers have definitive protocols in place and offer exclusive dental materials, techniques, and laboratory support. Their protocols contrast with conventional paradigms for fabricating complete dentures and allow the fabrication of complete dentures in 2 clinical appointments. Conclusions A body of scientific literature related to computer-aided technology for complete dentures is emerging. Significant advancements in this technology have now resulted in their commercial availability with shorter clinical protocols. However, prospective clinical trials with true clinical endpoints are necessary to validate this technology. This could affect dental education, patient care, research, and public health worldwide.
Marketing 'mind mechanics': decoding antidepressant drug advertisements.

Abstract Advertisers have adopted the use of highly abstract visual metaphors and symbols in addressing physicians about antidepressant drugs. Campaigns built around an abstract visual aesthetics are designed to generate cognitive connections between named drug entities and the meaning of abstract visual images: these connections are called ‘carry-over symbols’. In this study we critically dismantle and analyze the encoding practices used in two recent ad campaigns for antidepressants. In addition to asking what the ads mean, we ask how they mean it. This analysis is joined to a comparison of the information provided by these ads with the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of the drugs themsellves. Our analysis suggests this style of drug advertising produces, as a social side-effect, a reified and medicalized account of psychiatric illness (depression). It also poses an obstacle to scientific discourse and understanding; privileges certain types of social knowledge concerning mental illness, psychiatric patients, and drug taking; and discourages professional debate regarding therapeutic approaches to treating illness. These ads reflect a positivistic conceptualization of mental illness and doctoring as mind mechanics .
Gender and Marital Intimacy

This study is based on the hypothesis that spouses presenting for couples counseling will present similar intimacy complaints. The sample of 100 couples accessing two community mental health centers completed the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) questionnaire to describe their expectations and perceptions of current marital intimacy. Correlational analyses reveal no relationships between spouses' expectations of marital intimacy but significant positive relationships between spouses perceptions of marital intimacy on thefive intimacy subscales of the PAIR. Tests of difference did not support the original hypothesis; instead, they specified that husbands and wives came to counseling with different intimacy complaints. The implications of these results for case conceptualization and clinical intervention are discussed.
A further note on migration patterns and local government policy toward public education

The author comments on the article by Cebula (see 45: Title 2519) concerning the relations between migration patterns and local government policy toward public education in the United States (ANNOTATION)
Seasonality and Interannual Variations of Northern Hemisphere Temperature: Equator-to-Pole Gradient and Ocean–Land Contrast

Abstract Historical variations in the equator-to-pole surface temperature gradient (EPG) and the ocean–land surface temperature contrast (OLC) based on spatial finite differencing of gridded historical sea surface and land air temperatures are analyzed. The two temperature gradients represent zonally symmetric and asymmetric thermal forcings of the atmosphere. The strength and position of the Hadley cell and of the westerlies is related to the EPG, while the strength of the eddies coupled to the mid/high-latitude quasigeostrophic flow is related to the OLC. Taking these two parameters as simple yet highly meaningful diagnostics of the low-frequency variability of the atmosphere and climate system, the authors revisit a number of timely issues in the area of diagnostic climate studies. Of particular interest are seasonality and its variations and evidence of warming expected from greenhouse gas increases. Investigations of possible effects of CO2-induced greenhouse warming are pursued by comparing the tren...
Enhancers located in the vitamin D receptor gene mediate transcriptional autoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract The regulatory actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on target genes are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Interestingly, one of the genomic targets of 1,25(OH)2D3 action is the VDR gene itself; however, the mechanism underlying this regulation is unknown. We investigated VDR autoregulation by screening the mouse VDR locus from 20 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS) to 10 kb downstream of the last exon using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-DNA microarray analysis (ChIP/chip). Three potential VDR binding sites were located within introns lying downstream of the TSS and their activities confirmed through direct ChIP analysis. Further exploration revealed that one of these intronic regions was capable of conferring 1,25(OH)2D3 response to both a downstream heterologous promoter and the minimal VDR promoter. Importantly, this regulatory region contained a classic vitamin D response element and was highly conserved within the human gene. We also demonstrated using ChIP analysis that the binding of VDR is associated with co-localization of RXR and the enhanced entry of RNA polymerase II. Thus, each of these sites appears likely to contribute to VDR autoregulation. Our studies using ChIP/chip analysis coupled to more traditional approaches define a direct mechanism whereby the VDR gene is upregulated by 1,25(OH)2D3.
A max-flow/min-cut algorithm for a class of wireless networks

The linear deterministic model of relay channels is a generalization of the traditional directed network model which has become popular in the study of the flow of information over wireless communication networks. The max-flow/min-cut theorem of Ford and Fulkerson has recently been extended to this wireless relay model. This result was first proved by a random coding scheme over large blocks of transmitted signals. We demonstrate the same result with a deterministic, polynomial-time algorithm which takes as input a single transmitted signal instead of a long block of signals. The max-flow/min-cut theorem of Ford and Fulkerson is related to a number of famous results in combinatorics including Hall's marriage theorem. Hall's marriage theorem is a special case of a well-known result in matroid theory and in transversal theory named the Rado-Hall theorem. We show that the max-flow/min-cut theorem for linear deterministic relay networks is connected to (1) a two-dimensional transversal theorem for block matrices which is a new application of the Rado-Hall theorem and (2) a combinatorial result on sequences of block matrices which is obtained through results in submodular optimization.
Increased intra-abdominal pressure as a means of inhibiting perforations due to pepsin solutions under hydrostatic pressure in the small intestines of dogs.

1. The time for perforation to occur in dogs’ intestines was studied by exposing the intestinal mucosa to a solution of 0.1 per cent pepsin in N/10 HCl under 90 cm. hydrostatic pressure and using intra-abdominal counter pressures of either 20 cm. or 45 cm. of saline. 2. The time for perforation to appear was lengthened by raising the intra-abdominal pressure, varying directly with the pressure. When the intra-abdominal pressure was atmospheric the time for perforation was 82 minutes; when the pressure in the abdomen was 20 cm. saline the time was increased to 116 minutes and at 45 cm. pressure, to 185 minutes.
LP/HC and LULUs: The Political Uses of Risk Analysis in Land-Use Planning1

This paper examines how LP/HC (low-probability/high-consequence) risk analysis is used in planning for locally unwanted land uses, or LULUs. LULUs are development projects that are predictably objectionable to many of their neighbors. Examples are nuclear power plants, hazardous waste facilities, refineries, and airports. The paper begins by elaborating the idea of LULUs, focussing on those whose planning typically requires or invokes some form of LP/HC risk analysis. It then discusses how land planning and planners actually use the LP/HC approach to deal with LULUs. It argues that in practice land-use planners and their associates employ a concept of risk different from that of economists, scientists, and engineers and more like that of political decision-makers and the public at large. It concludes with a political interpretation that offers some suggestions for productively reducing this divergence in the treatment of LULUs that pose LP/HC risks.
The comparative metabolism and toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B1 in the monkey, rat, and mouse.

Abstract The in vivo metabolism and toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) were compared among the monkey, rat, and mouse, each representing a different model of sensitivity to the acute and carcinogenic effects of AFB 1 . Species relatively sensitive to the acute effect of AFB 1 showed a higher volume of distribution, a higher equilibrium transfer rate constant, higher levels of total aflatoxins in liver and plasma, and a longer plasma biological half-life of AFB 1 . Species relatively resistant to the carcinogenic effect of AFB 1 were more active in the in vivo conversion of AFB 1 to aflatoxin P 1 and water-soluble metabolites. In addition, the recovery of aflatoxicol from rat plasma but not from the plasma of similarly treated resistant species, the monkey and mouse, supported and proposed correlation between species sensitivity to the carcinogenic effect of AFB 1 and aflatoxicol-forming activity. The results obtained support previously proposed metabolic models for the prediction of human sensitivity to AFB 1 toxicity.
Relationship of Sulfamethazine Disposition Kinetics to Acetylator Phenotype in Man; A Preliminary Study

The relationship between sulfamethazine disposition kinetics and acetylation phenotype was studied in man. Sulfamethazine pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after the administration of the drug as an oral suspension. When the half-life, acetylation rate constant, or per cent available dose excreted in the urine as acetylsulfamethazine of each subject was plotted on frequency distribution histograms, bimodal distribution patterns were observed. However, when acetylation clearance values were plotted in the same manner, an apparent trimodal pattern was seen. The failure to identify the presumed homozygous rapid acetylator using the commonly employed indices of drug metabolism, i.e., half-life, metabolic rate constant, or per cent of the dose metabolized, was attributed to a significant increase in the apparent volume of distribution of this genotype, as well as the low renal clearance of sulfamethazine found in all genotypes. This preliminary study points out the value of using metabolic clearance as an index of drug metabolizing capacity and suggests its application to further pharmacogenetic studies.
Enantiomeric resolution of 2-aryl propionic esters with hyperthermophilic and mesophilic esterases: contrasting thermodynamic mechanisms.

The enantiomeric resolution of 2-aryl propionic esters by hyperthermophilic and mesophilic esterases was found to be governed by contrasting thermodynamic mechanisms. Entropic contributions predominated for mesophilic esterases from Candida rugosa and Rhizomucor miehei, while enthalpic forces controlled this resolution by the esterase from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus P1. This disparity in thermodynamic mechanism can be attributed to the differences in conformational flexibility of mesophilic and thermophilic enzymes as they relate to the temperature range (4−70 °C) examined.
A general two‐dimensional, graphical finite element preprocessor utilizing discrete transfinite mappings

Finite element preprocessor programs have been developed in recent years in order to expedite the task of data preparation. A key decision in the design of these programs is the choice of a method for automated mesh generation. Three popular methods (Laplacian, isoparametric and transfinite mappings) are compared. Transfinite mappings with boundary information represented in discrete form are found to possess distinct advantages for the task of mesh generation. A two-dimensional preprocessor program utilizing the discrete transfinite mappings is described. Interactive computer graphics techniques are used extensively to facilitate data preparation and display. The geometry-generating routines are general, and may be used in any finite element application. A specialized graphical ‘attribute editor’ for structural mechanics problems is also described. This editor provides an efficient method of specifying boundary conditions, material properties, loads, etc.
The Programmer's Apprentice: A Session with KBEmacs

The Knowledge-Based Editor in Emacs (KBEmacs) is the current demonstration system implemented as part of the Programmer's Apprentice project. KBEmacs is capable of acting as a semiexpert assistant to a person who is writing a program-taking over some parts of the programming task. Using KBEmacs, it is possible to construct a program by issuing a series of high level comnmands. This series of commands can be as much as an order of magnitude shorter than the program it describes.
Short Communication: Successful Outcome of Intrathoracic Injection of Autologous Amniotic Fluid in Fetal Reduction: Report of Two Cases

Potassium chloride is reported to kill both monochorionic twins after injection into only one. In this study, two women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer were pregnant with triplets containing monochorionic twinning, which were detected by ultrasound with the presence of a “twin-peak” sign. Instead of potassium chloride, intrathoracic injection of amniotic fluid was employed to sacrifice one of the monochorionic fetuses in dichorionic triplets. Our aim was to sacrifice one of the monochorionic twins in order to prevent adverse perinatal outcomes and to avoid the harmful effect of potassium chloride on monochorionic cotwins. One twin pregnancy was terminated with preterm premature rupture of membranes at 25 weeks of gestation. In the second one, two healthy babies were delivered by cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. The female baby weighed 2100 gm and the male baby 2600 gm, respectively. Intrathoracic injection of amniotic fluid to create a tamponade is an alternative management for fetal reduction.
Sutures and shear zones in the Arabian-Nubian Shield

Abstract Deformational belts in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) are divided into: (1) those associated with sutures, both arc-arc and arc-continental; and (2) post-accretionary structures which include north trending shortening zones and northwest trending strike-slip faults. The arc-arc sutures manifest collision between arc terranes at -800-700 Ma. They are orientated east to northeast in the northern part of the ANS and north to north-northeast in the south. North or south verging ophiolitic nappes are associated with the east to northeast trending sutures. These nappes were steepened by upright folds associated with the final stages of collision between terranes. East or west verging ophiolitic nappes are associated with the north to north-northeast trending sutures. These were deformed by upright folds and strike-slip faults related to oblique collision between terranes and/or post-accretionary deformations. The arc-continental sutures define the eastern and western boundaries of the ANS and are marked by north trending deformational belts which accompanied collision of the ANS with east and west Gondwana at -750-650 Ma. The post-accretionary structures were developed between -650-550 Ma due to continued shortening of the ANS. This produced north trending shortening zones which offset the east to northeast trending sutures in the northern part of the ANS but were superimposed as co-axial deformation on the north to north-northeast trending sutures in the south. The shortening deformation culminated with the development of northwest trending strike-slip faults and shear zones.
Metabolic Stability : Main Enzymes Involved and Best Tools To Assess It

The introduction of in vitro tools to predict clearance in the early discovery process has led to new ways of working. Combined with metabolite identification, such tools have allowed design of compounds with low clearance. Encouraged by the success of such an approach and by the better knowledge of the enzyme involved in the metabolism, in vitro teams have begun to develop a plethora of assays to assess the metabolic clearance, understand the route of metabolism, and predict the human clearance. Although the diversity of assays may have allowed a more thorough approach to addressing specific issues, in the time of budget constrictions, limited access to resources and materials in vitro teams have now to decide what are the 'must have' and 'nice to have' assays to enable them to help as efficiently as possible projects at the discovery stage. Reducing the number of assays and focusing on the most relevant ones is an option to consider. Knowledge of the main enzymes involved in the drug metabolism should help to select the most relevant in vitro tools. Although the systems presented here have their merits, the author proposes that hepatocytes should be considered as the in vitro tool of choice.
Lack of the steroid 15α-hydroxylase gene (Cyp2a-4) in wild mouse strain Mus spretus : rapid evolution of the P450 gene superfamily

Abstract Steroid 15α-hydroxylase P45015α and coumarin 7-hydroxylase P450coh genes Cyp2a-4 and Cyp2a-5 are members of the mouse P450 2A subfamily. Whereas Mus musclus domesticus strains contain both genes, wild mouse strain Mus spretus contains only Cyp2a-5. Evolutionarily, therefore, Cyp2a-5 is ancestral to Cyp2a-4. Moreover, the line to Cyp2a-4 descended as recently as 3 million years ago in an ancestral mouse. This evidence implies a rapid evolution of the P450 gene superfamily.
Mechanistic Implications of the Intrahumic Dechlorination of Mirex

The hydrophobic chlorocarbon mirex readily binds to aqueous humic acids (HAs). In HA solutions irradiated at sunlight wavelengths (λ ≥ 290 nm), mirex molecules bound to HAs are transformed to photomirex by dechlorination. The mechanism of this intrahumic dechlorination was investigated both in HA solutions and in model systems simulating select photochemical capabilities of HAs. In HA solution, the reaction was unaffected by methanol and pentanol; was accelerated by hydroxide; and was inhibited by oxygen, 2-chloroethanol, nitrate, and hydrogen ion, all four of which can scavenge hydrated electron. Additional experiments probing for involvement of hydrated electron were consistent with it as the reactant. In irradiated N,N-dimethylaniline solution, a model system for generating hydrated electron, mirex was dechlorinated to form photomirex, the same product that is found in HA solution. Relative rate experiments in HA solution, while inconsistent with the reaction with hydrated electron in homogeneous solut...
Chemical Compatibility of Barium-Calcium-Aluminosilicate-Based Sealing Glasses with the Ferritic Stainless Steel Interconnect in SOFCs

In most planar SOFC stack designs, the interconnect, which is typically made from a ferritic stainless steel, is hermitically sealed to the ceramic PEN (Positive electrode-Electrolyte-Negative electrode) by a sealing glass. To maintain the structural stability and minimize degradation of the stack performance, the sealing glass must be chemically compatible with the stainless steel interconnect. In this study, a barium-calcium-aluminosilicate (BCAS) based glass-ceramic, specifically developed as a sealant in SOFC stacks, and a ferritic stainless steel (446) were selected as examples to increase the understanding the chemical compatibility issues in SOFC. Evaluation of the interfaces of coupon joints indicated that interactions between the BCAS glass-ceramic and the ferritic stainless steel was dependent on the exposure conditions. At the edges of joints, where oxygen or air was accessible, the interaction often led to the formation of BaCrO4, while in the interior of the joints, chromium or chromia dissolved into the glass to form a thin layer of chromium rich solid solution. It was also found that, in the interior of the joints, the interaction often resulted in the formation of pores aligned along the interface. It appears the pore formation along the interface can be avoided through a pre-heat treatment.
Gladstonian Finance in Modern Light: Fiscal Constitutionalism or Supply-Side Economics?

Two new schools of thought have recently emerged in public finance: fiscal constitutionalism, founded on the theory of Leviathan government, and supplyside economics, popularly perceived in terms of the Laffer curve. Comments by several writers have raised the possibility of conflicts betweens the tax principles of the two schools. In particular, both Brunner (1982) and Reynolds (1982) criticized supply-siders for emphasizing tax cuts to increase public revenues and ignoring the importance of placing limits on governmental growth. In addition, McKenzie's description of “constitutional economics” as an intellectual movement that “promises far more radical reforms of government than those ever attempted by Keynesian and supply-side economics” (1984, p. 1) indicates that “constitutional” and supply-side economics are different. Yet, his discussion of the Laffer curve and supply-side tax cuts from a constitutional economist's perspective leaves the distinct impression that the two schools are in agreement on tax policy positions.
Modern data visualization for tactical intelligence

ABSTRACT The modem capabilities for the presentation of earth surface data for the battlefield are discussed and illustrated.Particular attention is given to the software for accomplishing this, the critical need for preprocessing and technicalsupport, and the data format issues that affect the usability ofthe fmished products in the field. 1. INTRODUCTION A key concept in the development of military thinking during the last quarter century has been a hugely increasedrecognition of the importance of information dominance for the battle space. This is not a new idea. The value of aerialphotography for obtaining and visualizing battlefield data was recognized as early as 1862 when the Union Army usedtethered balloons for obtaining such photographs.' The resulting photos were a convenience; they permitted moreefficient, more rapid concentration of force where it was needed. However, during that period of history, the outcome ofthe battle was not generally determined from this information.One ofthe classic examples from military history ofthe cost ofignorance ofthe battlefield geography comes from thedemise of Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967. According to Che Guevara Diary editor, Daniel James, two factors broughtabout the defeat and death ofthis legendary fighter: "a nearly total ignorance ofthe geography ofthe region", and "avirtually complete lack of intelligence concerning the enemy's
SU‐FF‐T‐06: A Biomedical Patient Data Driven Approach for the Prediction of Tumor

Purpose:IGRT is a recent advancement in the treatment of cancer that presents a great potential to increase the efficiency of treatment of tumor in the lower abdomen and lungs. However, the efficacy of treatingtumors with radiation in these locations is often degraded by tumor respiratory motion. Therefore, the characterization and prediction of tumor motion aids in the precision of radiotherapytreatment. We hereby propose a knowledge discovery solution based on the correlation of the patient biomedical data and the tumor motion data for accurate tumor motion characterization and prediction. Method and Materials: For the analysis of biomedical data, we worked through the main steps involved in a typical knowledge discoveryanalysis. An important phase includes the analysis of a large spectrum of biomedical data falling into several categories such as tumor description data, and patient treatment data in order to select the set of features to be considered for the mining process. We used clustering techniques such as K‐means clustering to group patients based on a selected set of biomedical data attributes. Results: Comprehensive preprocessing of the raw clinical data and several experiments were performed to identify stable patient clustering. The clustering results were graphically represented using the tumor location of patients for further analysis, which clearly demonstrate certain consistency among the grouping of patients based on their biomedical information. We have compared our clustering results with the current tumor location representation based on bronchopulmonary segments. Conclusion: Patient biomedical data is a rich set of information that has the great potential in tumor characterization and predication especially for the treatment of patients with little or no tumor motion data. Combining the biomedical information and tumor motion data to explore the correlation among them will yield more accurate tumor motion predication. Conflict of Interest:
Determination of the Cooper-pair mass in niobium.

We have measured the ratio of Planck's constant h to the observable mass m' of a Cooper pair in a superconductor, using a rotating superconducting ring. The flux through such a ring of area S is zero for a set of rotation frequencies evenly spaced by \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu} and h/2\ensuremath{\pi}m'=2S\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}. Our measurements of S and \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu} enable us to quote a value of m'/2${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{e}}$ for niobium of 1.000 084 (21). This result disagrees with predictions from currently available theories.
Interaction of various ions with a lead chromate ionic membrane

Abstract Lead chromate Liesegang rings in an agar gel exhibit membrane-like characteristics by selectively accumulating potassium and calcium ions at the ring but allowing sodium, magnesium, and a wide number of other inorganic ions to diffuse through freely. A hypothesis is presented relating this phenomenon to the oxygen coordination of excess chromate ions present in the ring; implications to biological membranes are discussed. Measurements were made on the structure of the lead chromate rings and on the diffusional characteristics of a wide number of inorganic ions in agar gel.
Preparation of highly dispersed PEM fuel cell catalysts using electroless deposition methods

A methodology for the electroless deposition (ED) of PtCl6 2� using dimethylamine borane (DMAB) on a Rh-seeded carbon support has been developed for electrochemical and fuel cell applications. This procedure required seeding the carbon with a Rh-precursor catalyst via wet impregnation prior to the exposure of an aqueous ED bath containing PtCl6 2� , DMAB, and sodium citrate (complexing/stabilizing agent). Kinetic parameters that affect the extent and rate of PtCl6 2� deposition include concentrations of PtCl6 2� , DMAB, and sodium citrate as well as pH and concentrations of Rh seed sites. A linear relationship between rate and extent of PtCl6 2� deposition and DMAB and Rh concentrations was found while the citrate concentration had little effect on rate and a modest effect on extent. Lastly, extent of PtCl6 2� deposition showed a maximum with respect to pH. Characterization of the Rh-seeded, carbon support by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the Rh particle diameters remain constant at 33–43 A u as the Rh weight loading increases from 0.4% to 2.2% to 4.4%. Further, after deposition of similar loadings of Pt, TEM