cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FGFR inhibitor mediated dismissal of SWI/SNF complexes from YAP-dependent enhancers induces adaptive therapeutic resistance

Abstract How cancer cells adapt to evade the therapeutic effects of drugs targeting oncogenic drivers is poorly understood. Here we report an epigenetic mechanism leading to the adaptive resistance of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. Prolonged FGFR inhibition suppresses the function of BRG1-dependent chromatin remodeling leading to an epigenetic state that derepresses YAP-associated enhancers. These chromatin changes induce the expression of several amino acid transporters resulting in increased intracellular levels of specific amino acids that reactivate mTORC1. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel feedback loop involving an epigenetic state transition and metabolic reprogramming that leads to adaptive therapeutic resistance.
Long-Run Stockholder Consumption Risk and Asset Returns

We provide new evidence on the success of long-run risks in asset pricing by focusing on the risks borne by stockholders. Exploiting micro-level household consumption data, we show that long-run stockholder consumption risk better captures cross-sectional variation in average asset returns than aggregate or non-stockholder consumption risk, and provides more plausible economic magnitudes. We find that risk aversion estimates around 10 can match observed risk premia for the wealthiest stockholders across sets of test assets that include the 25 Fama and French size and value portfolios, the market portfolio, bond portfolios, and the entire cross-section of stocks.
Indications for Lumbar Fusion in the Skeletally Mature Adolescent: How to Address Oblique Takeoff and Limb Length Discrepancy.

Background Indications for posterior spinal fusion (PSF) with segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI) of a scoliotic deformity in a skeletally mature individual are based on the balance between the anticipated benefit of stopping future curve progression and the potential downside of loss of spinal mobility. The dilemma regarding PSF with SSI in the adolescent population is exacerbated by the patient's participation in athletics requiring flexibility and motion of the spine, the location of the curve, the presence of pelvic obliquity, and the impact of a limb length discrepancy. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of PSF with SSI in a hypothetical skeletally mature adolescent with a 45-degree lumbar curve, pelvic obliquity, and limb length discrepancy. Discussion Natural history studies of untreated adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have shown that slow curve progression throughout adulthood is likely. Adults with untreated AIS may also have more back pain and dissatisfaction with their appearance. Although the clinical and radiographic outcomes of PSF with SSI are excellent, patients should be counseled about the impact of fusing the lumbar spine on back pain, decreased spinal mobility, and potential inability to return to athletics at the same level. Adults who undergo surgery for AIS have greater operative morbidity and number of levels fused compared with adolescents. Conclusion These factors should be presented when discussing observation versus PSF with SSI with patients and families. Delaying surgery until formal athletic participation is complete should be considered.
Alternative Anisotropic Formulations for Eddy-Viscosity Models in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate multiple convective-boundary-layer cases on grids with horizontal resolutions of 100 m and 1.2 km to evaluate the Smagorinsky–Lilly turbulence closure on highly anisotropic grids for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The Smagorinsky–Lilly closure is used with its standard isotropic and anisotropic formulations as distributed with the WRF model, as well as an anisotropic form where the resolved strain-rate tensor is partitioned into horizontal and vertical components, and an isotropic form which scales with height near the surface, following implementations used in other NWP models. Finally, a novel anisotropic length scale is proposed based on using normal-direction grid spacing so that the vertical (horizontal) length scale is a function of the horizontal (vertical) resolution. The formulations are evaluated by comparing their development of resolved turbulence kinetic energy, potential temperature and velocity profiles, and planar velocity fields. The different forms behave very similarly on the 100-m grid, but significant differences are seen on the 1.2-km grid. When compared to the high-resolution results, notable improvements are seen on the 1.2-km grid using the modifications to the Smagorinsky–Lilly closure introduced here in the WRF model, particularly for the normal-direction anisotropic form which agrees very well with the high-resolution results with a much lower sensitivity to the tuning coefficient than the other formulations.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Yarrowia lipolytica Against Vegetative and Starved Shigella

Silver nanoparticles have attracted much interest from scientists to develop nanosilver-based disinfectant products due to their unique properties of high antimicrobial activity. This study focused...
Return-to-Sport Time and Postoperative Performance in MLB Players Undergoing Wrist Arthroscopy.

Background:Wrist injuries are common in sports and can result in prolonged time missed from playing. This study aimed to determine in Major League Baseball-players after arthroscopic wrist surgery ...
Fabricating a Low-Cost, Microscopy-Compatible Mechanical Testing Device

Most commercially-available mechanical testing devices are bulky, expensive, and unable to evaluate changes in sample microstructure under load. This leaves a crucial gap in understanding between material structure and bulk mechanical properties. Our objective was to fabricate a mechanical testing device small enough to fit in most upright or inverted microscopy stages and able to position samples to allow for simultaneous mechanical and microstructural characterization. Parts were 3D printed using the hobbyist-friendly Fused Filament Fabrication technique, then assembled with commercial fasteners and translation components to create a mechanical testing device that utilized the deflection of plastic posts to determine sample reaction forces under applied strain. Video of sample deformation was analyzed using a custom processing script to calculate stress and strain behavior in an automated and high-throughput manner. This device was able to perform mechanical characterization with an accuracy comparable to commercial mechanical testing devices for a wide range of nonlinear and viscoelastic samples under dry and hydrated conditions. Additionally, the device showed compatibility with different upright and inverted microscopes and was able to demonstrate accurate mechanical testing results when used with these instruments. We successfully developed a device capable of accurately testing a majority of soft materials in the field of Biomedical Engineering with the ability to perform additional microstructural characterization using microscopy at a price point of $600.
Multibeam Bridges with Elements of Channel Section

A general method is presented by which multibeam bridges of channel section can be analyzed. The method is based on the assumption that the shear key, which connects individual beam elements, acts as a hinge. The beam elements are assumed to be free to rotate at the hinge, but no relative displacements in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions are permitted at the hinges. The loads are assumed to be concentrated. The joint forces are represented by Fourier series which, in general, do not converge. A method is presented for interpreting these series and obtaining accurate numerical results. Numerical examples are included to show the variation of joint forces along the span.
Surgery Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea — Present and Future

The phenomenon of airway obstruction in sleep apnea syndrome is caused primarily by central nervous system failure to maintain integrity of pharyngeal airway during sleep. Specifically, normal activation of pharyngeal dilator muscles undergoes profound change from wakefulness to sleep. There is a loss of muscle tone within pharyngeal wall. The airway becomes narrower, necessitating greater inspiratory effort to maintain satisfactory airflow. This in turn exerts a further inward pressure within pharynx and consequently flaccid muscular walls of the pharynx collapse, causing the occlusion. A pharyngeal airway that anatomically has lumen narrower than normal is more likely to yield to the occlusive forces. Conversely airway defense by neuromuscular mechanism (compensating for unfavorable anatomy of the region) may in time lose its efficiency. Thus evolved hypertrophy and possible degenerative changes in the muscles of tongue, palate and pharyngeal walls may precipitate a point where neuromuscular function fails to maintain the airway under certain adverse conditions, e.g., sleep, anesthesia, etc. Historically, theory of a mechanism for pharyngeal airway occlusion in obstructive sleep apnea was embroiled in the controversy between the proponents of so-called active mechanism suggested by Weitzman et al. (1978) and passive mechanism proposed by Remmers et al. (1978) and others.
Specificity of action of 6-hydroxydopamine in peripheral cat tissues: depletion of noradrenaline without depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine.

Abstract Recent work has established that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDM) depletes tissues of noradrenaline (NA) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and also lessens responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation 6 by a mechanism that involves either uptake and storage 2, 7 or uptake and metabolism of 6-OHDM 3 . As it has been shown that the effect of 6-OHDM in the brain is specific to noradrenergic neurons without affecting nerves containing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 8 , we thought it would be of interest to use 6-OHDM as a tool to investigate whether 5-HT is stored in peripheral sympathetic nerves of the cat. If a significant amount of 5-HT were stored in sympathetic nerves, the 5-HT tissue content should decrease when the sympathetic nerves are destroyed.
Molecular Imaging in Cancer

Publisher Summary Cancer imaging can be conducted by planar X-ray, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Molecular imaging can be defined as “the non-invasive visualization of molecular processes.” Molecular imaging uses X-ray, CT, MRI, and US in addition to Xuorescence microscopy and endoscopy as well as nuclear scanning techniques like positron-emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT). Cancer is initiated by and progresses through genetic changes. Initial genetic changes allow cancer cells to evade biologic programs that regulate and limit cellular growth under normal conditions. As tumor growth continues, the unique physiologic microenvironment that cancer cells are exposed to in solid tumors influences tumor progression, aggressiveness, and response to treatment. Molecular imaging can be applied to visualize gene expressionrelated processes such as promoter activity or transcriptional activity, among other processes, in living organisms in vivo. Cancer is a multifaceted disease that requires individual characterization for each tumor but also shares common characteristics. It is important to be able to identify and visualize molecular markers that occur either collectively or individually in various cancers. Such ability is valuable in the quest for the development and application of more potent molecular-targeted cancer therapies that kill malignant tissue while sparing normal tissue. As multimodality imaging instruments become increasingly available, a combined molecular-functional-anatomic imaging approach will become more commonplace for preclinical and clinical investigations and will play an integral role in characterizing tumors to select and validate treatment, screen for sensitivity, and monitor treatment.
THE REGULATION OF PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN NEUROSPORA CASSA. II. HETEROKARYONS AND THE ROLE OF THE "REGULATORY MECHANISMS".

Abstract 1. 1. The use of heterokaryons as tools to establish the role of “regulatory mechanisms” in vivo is discussed. 2. 2. Through the use of heterokaryons, one may vary the concentration of a single gene, and thereby obtain a quantitative relationship between gene and enzyme. This relationship is shown. 3. 3. The dependence of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (carbamoylphosphate: l -aspartatecarbamoyl transferase, EC 2.1.3.2) concentration on the concentration of its corresponding gene was not linear. This deviation from linearity is shown to be the result of derepression. It is inferred that aspartate carbamoyltransferase catalyses a rate-determining reaction in pyramidine biosynthesis. 4. 4. The relationship between growth rate and aspartate carbamoyltransferase concentration implies the existence of a second regulatory mechanism: this is possibly the end-product inhibition described in the previous paper. 5. 5. The implication of these observations is that both repression and end-product inhibition function as regulators of pyrimidine biosynthesis.
A Relational Approach to the Compilation of Sparse Matrix Programs

We present a relational algebra based framework for compiling efficient sparse matrix code from dense DO-ANY loops and a specification of the representation of the sparse matrix. We present experimental data that demonstrates that the code generated by our compiler achieves performance competitive with that of hand-written codes for important computational kernels.
Urinary retention due to fecal impaction.

Your query to Dr. Lawson9s letter1 prompts this reply. In this part of the country I had the opportunity of seeing a large number of American Indian neonates with hyperbilirubinemia–who are not wholly breast fed, but show the typical pattern of stooling described by Dr. Lawson– whether you give phototherapy or not. In our analysis the hyperbilirubinemic infants were equally divided for breast feeding and bottle feeding. So I don9t think breast feeding is a prime factor, but I do strongly feel that the decline in bilirubin level is often associated with frequent loose yellow stools.
Modeling Hedge Fund Returns: Selection, Nonlinearity and Managerial Efficiency

The main focus of this paper is to explore the potential for improving econometric specification in modeling hedge fund returns. Specifically, we examine the effects of (1) correcting for selectivity bias due to sample attrition; (2) allowing for nonlinearity; and (3) controlling for fund-specific unobserved heterogeneity. Diagnostic tests confirm the importance of these complications. Using data covering 1996–2008, we show that when selectivity, nonlinearity, and fund heterogeneity are taken into account, we obtain more robust estimates of the effect of key variables on hedge fund returns and managerial efficiency, and the explanatory power of the model is significantly improved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mexican Managers' Perceptions of Cultural Competence

: The Standards for Foreign Language Learning set interconnected goal areas of communication, cultures, connections, comparisons, and communities. Information from this research project will help foreign language instructors and cross-cultural trainers gain a better understanding of the types of cultural knowledge needed by business people, specifically in Mexico but with applicability throughout Latin America and in other parts of the world. In this study, 47 global managers in Mexico identify what their US. counterparts should know about Mexican culture to do business effectively. In some respects, U.S. and Mexican cultures are almost direct opposites. The most striking differences cited relate to the following five areas: building business relationships; attitudes toward time; family and religious values; communication patterns; and government-business relations. An understanding of these basic cultural differences will help U.S. managers and business and language students work more effectively with Mexican associates.
Development interventions, changing livelihoods, and the making of female Maasai pastoralists

The broad objective of this paper is to examine the evolution of gendered aspects of livelihood strategies and their interaction with various development interventions. Central to this is an empirical analysis of gendered divisions of labor in the context of rapidly changing pastoralist livelihoods. The paper begins with a literature review on gender roles in pastoralist societies. Two important gaps in the existing literature are identified. First, studies on gender roles are too often studies on women’s roles as men’s roles are rarely included. Secondly, despite a recognition that pastoral livelihoods are rapidly changing, much of the research has ignored the gendered impacts of this change. The study area is Loitokitok Division, Kajiado District, Kenya. Field data were collected in an extensive household survey, key informant interviews, and group discussions held in two field seasons between 2001 and 2004. Results indicate that development interventions led to land use encapsulation, sedentarization, new ways of accessing dry season grazing areas, new land uses, new livestock breeds, and increased school enrollment. In the context of these livelihood changes and increasing drought, a fundamental shift in gendered roles in livestock production has occurred. Maasai women in the study area contribute more labor to livestock production than men do. Various efforts to modernize the livestock sector are leading to a loss of women’s control of milk resources. This finding has important implications for current and future development interventions in pastoralist communities and their ability to improve livelihoods of the most vulnerable sections of the population.
Time-optimal control of parabolic systems with boundary conditions involving time delays

The present paper is concerned with the control of certain parabolic systems whose boundary conditions involve time delays. The optimal controls are characterized in terms of an adjoint system and shown to be unique and bang-bang. These results extend to certain cases of nonlinear control and to fixed-time, minimum-norm control problems.
Suicidal Behavior in Latinas: Explanatory Cultural Factors and Implications for Intervention

We posit that the high rates of suicidal behavior by teenage Hispanic females reported in large-scale surveys can be understood as a cultural phenomenon, a product of specific elements of the history, tradition, ideology, or social norms of a particular society, and that treatment interventions must take family and cultural factors into consideration. For over a decade, surveys have reported that among ethnic and racial minority youth in the United States, Latinas have the highest rates of suicidal behavior compared to African American and non-Hispanic White adolescent females. However, other research shows that the psychological profiles of suicidal Latina adolescent girls and the risk factors for Latina suicidal behavior may not be that different from non-Hispanic suicidal adolescent females. The unique situation of adolescent Latinas involves the convergence of cultural and familial factors (i.e., familism, acculturation, relatedness, autonomy, etc.) with the developmental, social, and individual factors frequently associated with suicidal behaviors. Based on this background, family-oriented interventions appear to be the most appropriate approach to the prevention and treatment of Hispanic suicidal girls. Factors implicated in Latina suicidal behavior and community-based interventions that include the adolescent and her family are suggested.
Third Wave Feminism and Emerging Adult Sexuality: Friends with Benefits Relationships

Using U.S. third wave feminism as the cultural backdrop, this study examines emerging adults’ participation in heterosexual “friends with benefits” (FWB) relationships. We investigate both the role of gender and feminism in FWB relationships at a United States college, and ask whether identification with feminist ideology impacts students’ motivations and assessments of their relationships. Through the use of an anonymous survey, our research explores whether and how young women and men engage in FWB relationships, the degree to which they find such relationships fulfilling, and the presence of social stigma or acceptance related to this sexual behavior. While we find some gender differences in motives for and satisfaction with FWB relationships, we also suggest that the association between sexual agency and participation in a friends with benefits relationship is complicated and requires further research and exploration.
What Is Catholic about Catholic Biblical Scholarship?—Revisited

In reply to the question, the writer claims that historical criticism can arrive at a responsible theological and "spiritual" sense of the biblical text, in harmony with the living tradition within which the exegete works. Allowing for tensions between the Testaments, the exegete must respect the integrity of both. On the personal and pastoral level, the open-ended character of the text, recognized by historical criticism, lends itself to an actualization that is vital for the ongoing life of the Bible among the people of God. This article has preserved the informality of the address given originally at the sixty-first annual meeting of the Catholic Biblical Association at the University of Scranton, August 9, 1998. The author is grateful to Michael P. O'Connor for a critical reading and suggestions on the first draft of the paper.
A Summary of Research and Progress on Carbon Monoxide Exposure Control Solutions on Houseboats

Investigations of carbon monoxide (CO-related poisonings and deaths on houseboats were conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. These investigations measured hazardous CO concentrations on and around houseboats that utilize gasoline-powered generators. Engineering control devices were developed and tested to mitigate this deadly hazard. CO emissions were measured using various sampling techniques which included exhaust emission analyzers, detector tubes, evacuated containers (grab air samples analyzed by a gas chromatograph), and direct-reading CO monitors. CO results on houseboats equipped with gasoline-powered generators without emission controls indicated hazardous CO concentrations exceeding immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) levels in potentially occupied areas of the houseboat. Air sample results on houseboats that were equipped with engineering controls to remove the hazard were highly effective and reduced CO l...
The spectrum of mania

Abstract The twentieth anniversary issue of Comprehensive Psychiatry spans a period in the history of psychiatry that is undisputedly the era of psychopharmacology. Although it is commonly believed that this era was initiated with the advent of chlorpromazine in the early 1950s, a revisionist's version of history would probably credit Cade1 who reasoned his way from lethargy in guinea pigs to the control of manic excitement via lithium. Acknowledgment of the impact and applications of this discovery grew very slowly, and it was not until the mid 1960s that the importance of lithium in psychiatry gained wide recognition. Two volumes2,3 dealing comprehensively with the role of lithium in research and treatment were published in the 1970s. It has only been relatively recently that mania has emerged as a distinct entity worthy of independent study; an entire volume devoted exclusively to mania edited by Shopsin,4 was published in 1979. During the past two decades, several major scientific advances have contributed to our understanding of mania, including: (1) the advent of psychotherapeutic agents; (2) a renaissance of interest in psychopathology and diagnosis; (3) emphasis on biological and genetic etiologic factors; and (4) the growth of psychiatric epidemiology.
Fatigue crack propagation in Ni-base superalloy single crystals under multiaxial cyclic loads

The effects of crystallographic orientation and stress state on the multiaxial fatigue behavior of MAR-M200* single crystals were examined. Using notched tubular specimens subjected to combined tension/torsion cyclic loads, crack growth rates were determined at ambient temperature as functions of stress intensity range, the shear stress range-to-normal stress range ratio, and crystallographic orientation. Comparison of crack growth data at the same effective ΔK reveals a weak dependence of the crack growth rate on both the tube axis and the notch orientation. For a given set of tube axis and notch orientation, the crack growth rate might or might not vary with the applied stress state, depending on whether roughness-induced crack closure is present. In most cases, subcritical cracking occurs either along a single 111 slip plane or on ridges formed with two 111 slip planes. Neither fracture mode is altered by a change in the applied stress state. This complex crack growth behavior will be discussed in terms of the crack-tip stress field, slip morphology, and crack closure.
Substrate characteristics associated with the distribution of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa (Modiolus demissus), on a tidal creek bank in Southern New Jersey

The substrate composition is directly associated with the distribution of the Ribbed Mussel Geukensia demissa (=Modiolus demissus) along tidal-creek banks. Mussels were counted within a 2 dm × 5 dm microplot frame, and soil samples were collected at 5 m intervals for 320 m along Big Sheepshead Creek, near Tuckerton, New Jersey. Organic decomposition, percentage organic matter, and percentages of sand, silt, and clay were determined for each soil sample. Mussels were most frequently found in substrates characterized by low organic decomposition (Von Post >5), high organic matter content, (10–20%), and low sand content (0–20%).
In-school work experience and the returns to two-year and four-year colleges

Abstract Building on the existing education literature, we address two interrelated questions. First, how sensitive are estimated returns to two-year and four-year colleges to the inclusion of in-school work experience? Second, do the estimated returns to in-school work experience vary by type of educational institution attended? Regarding the first question, we find that in-school work experience is an important determinant of earnings, and that if in-school work experience is not taken into account, estimated returns to schooling estimates will be upwardly biased. Returns to education categories that do not involve the awarding of a degree, such as attending a two-year college, appear to be especially sensitive to the inclusion of in-school work experience. Our evidence on the second question indicates that estimated returns to in-school work experience also vary with type of schooling. We find that work experience acquired while attending a community college has a relatively large effect, suggesting that schooling and work are more complementary for two-year than four-year colleges.
Thermodynamics of Calcium Silicate Hydrates and Their Solutions

The solution that surrounds hydrating cement particles contains dissolved species which are important in the overall process. A method, based on the Gibbs-Duhem equation for a three-component system, has been developed for computing the composition of one phase from values for its equilibrium solubility in a second phase. The method has been used to compute the CaO:SiO2 ratio for two types of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, one of which is thought to form from hydrating tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5), and the other by precipitation from appropriate solutions. The results agree well with measured values reported in the literature. They have also been used to help define the probable composition of the C-S-H layer which forms on tricalcium silicate surfaces during the early stages of hydration when the reaction is slow. A chemical potential phase diagram is constructed from which thermodynamic quantities can be computed directly. The free energies of formation have been estimated for two types of C-S-H formed from CaO, SiO2, and H2O, These results provide insight into the structure and composition of C-S-H, which is the most abundant product in portland cement systems.
Cloudsweeper and data-centric security

Most security online is binary, where being authorized to access a system allows complete access to the requested resource. This binary system amplifies the harm of giving access to an unauthorized individual and motivates system designers to strengthen access control mechanisms to the point where they become so strong as to be nearly insurmountable for illegitimate and legitimate users alike.As a result, Internet users are required to jump through several hoops to access their data: ever longer passwords, multiple authentication factors, or time consuming CAPTCHAs. Users must always provide strong proof of their identity, regardless of whether they want to check their email for something as innocuous as a movie time or as serious as a medical test result. Not surprisingly, users often disable or refuse to use these tedious security options [2, 5, 7].Users may be better served by a data-centric approach to security, where systems are sensitive to the differing security needs of data, even within a single account or collection. A data-centric approach can apply strong security only when the data being protected warrants it, while allowing users a less encumbered experience the majority of the time. Machine learning techniques can automate the detection of sensitive information, freeing users from the tedious task of sorting their data into low and high security categories. With less friction involved in securing their data, users may be more likely to use strong security where available, resulting in a more secure Internet for everyone.We present Cloudsweeper, a tool that applies a data-centric approach to security to the specific case of plain text password sharing in Gmail accounts. Cloudsweeper detects and applies an additional layer of encryption to plain text passwords in a user's email account, while allowing the user to access the rest of their email archive as normal. Public use of Cloudsweeper shows that such a data-centric approach to securing data can be an effective way of providing users more security while still being acceptably convenient.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Mineral and Bone Disorder in Children

Childhood and adolescence are crucial times for the development of a healthy skeletal and cardiovascular system. Disordered mineral and bone metabolism accompany chronic kidney disease (CKD) and present significant obstacles to optimal bone strength, final adult height, and cardiovascular health. Decreased activity of renal 1 alpha hydroxylase results in decreased intestinal calcium absorption, increased serum parathyroid hormone levels, and high-turnover renal osteodystrophy, with subsequent growth failure. Simultaneously, phosphorus retention exacerbates secondary hyperparathyroidism, and elevated levels contribute to cardiovascular disease. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism improves growth and high-turnover bone disease. However, target ranges for serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels vary according to stage of CKD. Since over-treatment may result in adynamic bone disease, growth failure, hypercalcemia, and progression of cardiovascular calcifications, therapy must be carefully adjusted to maintain optimal serum biochemical parameters according to stage of CKD. Newer therapeutic agents, including calcium-free phosphate binding agents and new vitamin D analogues, effectively suppress serum PTH levels while limiting intestinal calcium absorption and may provide future therapeutic alternatives for children with CKD.
Coping with parental death as seen from the perspective of children who attended a grief camp

In this qualitative case study researchers interviewed 16 parentally bereaved children and their 11 surviving parents in order to conceptualize the emotional impact of losing a parent to death and ...
Immunological identification of lactoferrin as a shared antigen on radioiodinated human sperm surface and in radioiodinated human seminal plasma.

Abstract After lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of either human sperm surface or human seminal plasma, a 72–76 kdalton component was resolved on SDS-7.5% polyacrylamide gels. The approximate molecular weight of this component was consistent with that of human lactoferrin, a major sperm-coating antigen. Immunoprecipitation of labeled sperm surface and of labeled seminal plasma with specific anti-human lactoferrin antibody identified lactoferrin as a constituent of this 72–76 kdalton component both on human sperm surface and in human seminal plasma. These data show that components which have been inferred to be shared because of similarities in biochemical characteristics also contain immunologically identical components.
Measurement of vapor—liquid equilibrium for binary systems containing polynuclear aromatic compounds

Abstract Vapor—liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are measured using a Stage-Mueller vapor—liquid recirculating still for ten binary systems containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons at two temperatures (170 and 190°C). These data are correlated using five different thermodynamic activity coefficient models to determine the necessary binary interaction parameters. The measured vapor—liquid equilibrium data are compared with those predicted using Scatchard—Hildebrand regular solution theory. It is found that the regular solution theory predicts the bubble point pressures within an average absolute deviation of 2% and the vapor phase mole fractions within 10%. Therefore, regular solution theory can be used as a first approximation to determine the vapor—liquid equilibrium for these moderately nonideal systems.
VIBRATION SUPPRESSION USING A LASER VIBROMETER AND PIEZOCERAMIC PATCHES

A new vibration suppression technique is investigated that uses a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer to measure structural velocities for feedback in a control system. Piezoceramic patches are used for control actuators and to measure strains for feedback in the control system. Simulations using a finite-element model of a cantilever beam and laser sensing showed that if the laser can be scanned faster than the highest natural frequency of the beam, and all the velocity states are measured, the performance of classical linear optimal control can be approached. To further verify the technique, an experiment using a cantilever beam structure was built and the laser sensor was tested along with other types of sensors. In the experiments, only the first vibration mode of the cantilever beam was controlled because of a limitation in the speed of the scanning mirror used. The testing showed that a hybrid-sensing technique in which the laser and a piezoceramic patch are used simultaneously for sensing, and separate piezoceramic patches are used for actuation, was a very effective approach for vibration suppression. Although laser sensing requires expensive components, the technique proposed can be used for the control of structures that are large, inaccessible, require non-contact sensors, or where a large number of coordinates must be measured.
Nickel(II) complexes with tetradentate N4 ligands: Synthesis, structure, electrochemistry and thermochromism in solution

Abstract Complexes of nickel(II) chloride with homologous tetradentate aminopyridine ligands 1,8-bis(2-pyridyl)-3,6-dimethyl-3,6-diazaoctane (pdao) and 1,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diazahexane (bpmen) were prepared in the crystalline state and characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction as [Ni(pdao)(H2O)2]Cl2·H2O (1) and [Ni(bpmen)Cl2]·H2O (2). In the solid state, both complexes are blue-green and contain octahedral Ni(II) with a cis-α-coordinated tetramine. In aqueous solution, both complexes are strong electrolytes as follows from the measurements of electrical conductivity: complex 2 is hydrated and forms purple [Ni(bpmen)(H2O)2]2+(aq). Complex 1 displays thermochromic behavior in solution (it is blue-green at low temperatures and yellow at high temperatures) due to a temperature sensitive equilibrium [Ni(pdao)(H2O)2]2+(aq) ⇄ [Ni(pdao)]2+(aq) + 2H2O(l), ΔH° = +30(1) kJ/mol and ΔS° = +80(3) J/mol K in 0.1 M NaClO4(aq). Complex 1, but not 2, can be reversibly reduced to the Ni(I) species (E1/2 = −0.9 V versus SHE in aqueous solution and −1.37 V versus Fc+/Fc in acetonitrile). The relative stabilization of nickel(I) by ligand pdao can be attributed to an optimal size of the ligand bite and to the presence of the pyridine and tertiary amine N-donors.
Fault-tolerant permutation routing in hypercubes

Abstract This paper introduces a deterministic mechanism for fault-tolerant permutation routing on an n-cube with less than n processor and/or link faults, using O(n) steps and constant queue size. The basic approach is to modify an existing route of a given permutation to avoid the faulty processors and/or faulty links, yet only incurring a constant factor slowdown in communication by ensuring that, at each step of the routing, every message either stays where it is or is sent to a nonfaulty neighbor, each link has at most one message traversing it in each direction, and the routing uses constant queue size. The existing route used in this paper is Benes routes. However, our method can be applied to any routing method where, in each step, all messages use links across the same dimension. The same approach can also be applied to online routing based on Batcher′s bitonic sorting to avoid faults.
Degradation of the encephalomyocarditis virus and hepatitis A virus 3C proteases by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system in vivo

We have isolated stably transfected mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines that inducibly express either the mature encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) or hepatitis A virus (HAV) 3C protease and have used these cells to demonstrate that both proteins are subject to degradation in vivo by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system. The detection of 3C protease expression in these cells requires inducing conditions and the presence of one of several proteasome inhibitors. Both 3C proteases are incorporated into conjugates with ubiquitin in vivo. HAV 3C protease expression has deleterious effects on cell viability, as determined by observation and counting of cells cultured in the absence or presence of inducing conditions. The EMCV 3C protease was found to be preferentially localized to the nucleus of induced cells, while the HAV 3C protease remains in the cytoplasm. The absence of polyubiquitinated EMCV 3C protease conjugates in nuclear fraction preparations suggests that localization to the nucleus can protect this protein from ubiquitination.
Mechanism for β-glucosidase release into cellulose-grown Trichoderma reesei culture supernatants

Abstract Monospecific, polyclonal antibody has been raised in rabbits against a purified, extracellular β-glucosidase (βG) derived from Trichoderma reesei QM9414 culture supernatants. Antiserum was shown to be positive for purified β-glucosidase using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and specific using a two-dimensional gel diffusion assay and βG activity inhibition assay. An indirect immunofluorescent labeling technique for light microscopy has been developed using a protein-A-purified anti-βG immunoglobulin G which yields specific labeling of fixed T. reesei hyphae. Labeling experiments conducted on germinating T. reesei spores indicated the presence of considerable βG in the spore cell wall/cell membrane complex (WMC) after germination had commenced. Diffuse activity was detected in the germ tube WMC and activity in the spore WMC diminished with germ tube elongation and time. Labeling of T. reesei hyphae induced to produce βG by cellulose show high βG activity in association with the WMC of conidiogenous cells while the forming conidia show very little activity. We hypothesize that the presence of β-glucosidase in T. reesei supernatants results from its release by schizolytic enzymes during conidiogenesis and that the principal function of β-glucosidases in T. reesei culture growth may be cell wall softening or utilization of endogenous carbohydrate reserves during conidiogenesis and conidia germination.
An unusual insertion/deletion in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of propionyl-CoA carboxylase is a frequent mutation in Caucasian propionic acidemia.

Abstract Propionic acidemia is an inherited disorder of organic acid metabolism that is caused by deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC; EC 6.4.1.3). Affected patients fall into two complementation groups, pccA and pccBC (subgroups B, C, and BC), resulting from deficiency of the nonidentical alpha and beta subunits of PCC, respectively. We have detected an unusual insertion/deletion in the DNA of patients from the pccBC and pccC subgroups that replaces 14 nucleotides in the coding sequence of the beta subunit with 12 nucleotides unrelated to this region of the gene. This results in elimination of an Msp I restriction site, a 2-base-pair (bp) deletion, a frameshift, and a stop codon in the new frame approximately 100 amino acid residues proximal to the normal carboxyl terminus. Among 14 unrelated Caucasian patients in the pccBC complementation group, this unique mutation was found in 8 of 28 mutant alleles examined. Mutant allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization to amplified genomic DNAs revealed that the inserted 12 nucleotides do not originate in an approximately 1000-bp region around the mutation. In the course of our investigation, we identified another mutation in the same exon: a 3-bp in-frame deletion that eliminates one of two isoleucine codons immediately preceding the Msp I site. Two unrelated patients were compound heterozygotes for this single-codon deletion and for the insertion/deletion described above. We conclude that either there is a propensity for the PCC beta-subunit gene to undergo mutations of this sort at this position or, more likely, the mutations in all of the involved Caucasian patients have a common origin in preceding generations.
Efficient Synthesis of Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides: Evaluation of Dichloroacetic Acid at Higher Concentration to Reduce Cycle Time

Efficiency of phosphorothioate oligonucleotide syntheses could be improved by increasing the concentration of dichloroacetic acid in toluene to 10% from 3% (v/v) during the detritylation step. It was also found that dichloroacetic acid is better than dichloropropionic acid when compared at similar concentrations.
Strain and defect generation during interdiffusion of GaAs into Al0.5In0.5P

We present results on the analysis of the interdiffusion process of a discrete GaAs layer into an Al0.5In0.5P half space using Si doping as an agent for enhanced layer interdiffusion. We have observed enhanced interdiffusion on both column III and column V sites, with the column III interdiffusion coefficient exceeding the column V interdiffusion coefficient by two orders of magnitude. Due to the disparity between these diffusion coefficients, substantial defect producing strain is introduced by the interdiffusion process. We have shown that by modeling the resulting strain profiles and applying a generalization of a critical thickness analysis, the instability of such interdiffused structures can be understood.
The influence of heat accumulation on the surface roughness in powder-bed additive manufacturing

The influence of heat accumulation on surface roughness during powder-bed additive manufacturing was investigated. A series of Ti-6Al-4V thin plates were produced by using an identical heat input by electron beam melting® (EBM). Spacing distances of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm were used. The surface roughness of as-built thin plates was measured using a two-axis profilometer. A numerical model was developed to study the influence of spacing distance on heat accumulation. An inverse relationship between the spacing distance and surface roughness was revealed. The experimental and numerical results showed that the surface quality of buildups could be controlled not only by process parameters, but also by the arrangement of components in the buildup chamber. At a constant spacing distance, an increase in the number of powder layers resulted in the accumulation of more heat between the thin plates. An increase in the spacing distance resulted in an upward translation of the Bearing Area Curve (BAC) toward shallower depths, with a reduced core roughness depth (Rk) and peak height (Rpk). A logarithmic regression equation was established from the experimental data. This equation could be used to predict the surface roughness of parts fabricated by EBM® in the studied range of spacing distances.
Information Integration in Juror Decision Making

Research applying information integration theory to jury decision making has long assumed that people average informational scale values when making legal judgments. Although often consistent with research results, this hypothesis has never been tested in a legal context against a more general additive rule. The present paper describes two studies conducted as a critical test between these two models. Incriminating evidence and eyewitness confidence were varied in a full-factorial, within-subjects design involving a total of 131 subjects acting as mock jurors. Subject responses included eyewitness accuracy and defendant-guilt probability estimates, as well as final verdict decisions. Results strongly support an averaging model of legal decision making. Additional results concerning the influence of initial attitudes and the interrelationships between the variables considered are reported and their implications are discussed.
Lead suppression of mouse resistance to Salmonella typhimurium

Mice were treated with subclinical doses of lead nitrate for 30 days. Lead-treated mice showed greater susceptibility to challenge with Salmonella typhimurium than controls which received no lead. This result confirms the hypothesis that treatment with lead reduces the resistance of mice to bacterial infection.
Model to estimate fractal dimension for ion-bombarded materials

Abstract Comprehensive fractal Monte Carlo model ITMC-F (Hu and Hassanein, 2012 [1] ) is developed based on the Monte Carlo ion bombardment simulation code, i.e., Ion Transport in Materials and Compounds (ITMC) code (Hassanein, 1985 [2] ). The ITMC-F studies the impact of surface roughness on the angular dependence of sputtering yield. Instead of assuming material surfaces to be flat or composed of exact self-similar fractals in simulation, we developed a new method to describe the surface shapes. Random fractal surfaces which are generated by midpoint displacement algorithm and support vector machine algorithm are combined with ITMC. With this new fractal version of ITMC-F, we successfully simulated the angular dependence of sputtering yield for various ion-target combinations, with the input surface roughness exponent directly depicted from experimental data (Hu and Hassanein, 2012 [1] ). The ITMC-F code showed good agreement with the experimental data. In advanced, we compare other experimental sputtering yield with the results from ITMC-F to estimate the surface roughness exponent for ion-bombarded material in this research.
Learning and retention as a function of organizational factors and method of presentation

The effects of list organization and method of presentation on both learning and retention were investigated in this study. Ss were asked to anticipate trigram responses in a paired-associate task using lists varying in degree of S-R relationship. Two methods of presentation were employed. Ss in the experimental group were given two phases of exposure (S-R, R-S) to the assigned items, while the control group received an equivalent number of trials using the first phase (S-R). Significant results indicated that structural similarity facilitated list learning while meaningful context improved list retention. Method of presentation had no reliable effect upon either the learning or recall performance.