cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Path integral evaluation of the one-loop effective potential in field theory of diffusion-limited reactions

Abstract The well-established effective action and effective potential framework from the quantum field theory domain is adapted and successfully applied to classical field theories of the Doi and Peliti type for diffusion controlled reactions. Through a number of benchmark examples, we show that the direct path integral calculation of the effective potential in fixed space dimension d = 2 to one-loop order reduces to a small set of simple elementary functions, irrespective of the microscopic details of the specific model. Thus the technique, which allows one to obtain with little additional effort, the potentials for a wide variety of different models, represents an alternative to the standard model-dependent diagram-based calculations. The renormalized effective potential, effective equations of motion and the associated renormalization group equations are computed in d = 2 spatial dimensions for a number of single species field theories of increasing complexity.
Atoms with transparency and shadows

Abstract A method of simulating transparency for intersecting-sphere molecular models is described, which combines computer graphics and optical printing. A modification produces efficient shadow approximations, using a view from the light source to find the illuminated fraction of each sphere.
Chloride transport in cultured fetal human retinal pigment epithelium.

Abstract This study identifies bumetanide-sensitive chloride transport in cultured fetal human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Ion flux and electrophysiologic studies were performed on fetal human RPE grown to confluence on microporous culture wells mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Unidirectional transepithelial Cl-fluxes were measured along with the transepithelial potential (TEP), resistance (Rt), and short circuit current (Isc). In separate experiments the apical and basal membrane voltages (VapandVba) and membrane resistance ratio (Rap/Rba) were measured using standard electrophysiological techniques. The average electrical parameters under control conditions were TEP=3.6±2.1mV,Rt=385±98ohmcm2, andIsc=8.8±3.6μAcm-2. Apical bumetanide (10-5 m ) reduced the TEP andIscan average of 0.6±0.4mV and 1.6±0.8μ Acm-2, respectively. Under open-circuit conditions, we measured a net apical to basal36Cl flux of 0.30μEqcm-2hr-1. Bumetanide reduced this net Cl-flux by 83% by reducing the unidirectional apical-to-basal Cl-flux. Apical bumetanide hyperpolarizedVbafrom -58±14 to -66±17mV and reducedRap/Rbafrom 1.17±0.50 to 0.85±0.38, consistent with blockade of Cl-uptake and reduction of the Cl-equilibrium potential at a basal membrane Cl-channel. Basal bumetanide had no effect on electrical parameters. We identified a bumetanide sensitive Cl-uptake mechanism at the apical membrane which may represent the Na–K–2Cl cotransporter reported in explant and other cultured preparations of mammalian RPE.
Products of benz[a]anthracene photodegradation in the presence of known organic constituents of atmospheric aerosols

Little is known about atmospheric reaction mechanisms or products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with aerosol particles. Products of benz[a]anthracene photodegradation were determined after irradiation of benz[a]anthracene in the presence of three common constituents of atmospheric aerosols previously found to accelerate benz[a]anthracene photodegradation; 9,10-anthraquinone, 9-xanthone, and vanillin. Irradiation was carried out in toluene, benzene, and benzene-d6, and products were analyzed by GCMS, FTIR, and NMR. Among the major tentatively identified products were benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxaldehyde. Evidence for production of polycylic dicarboxylic acids and dialdehydes was also obtained. Product distribution was strongly influenced by solvent effects and dissolved aerosol constituents. The results suggest that products of PAH photodegradation in atmospheric aerosols are likely to be quite complex and strongly influenced by t...
Clinical and immunologic aspects of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and/or allergic asthma

The clinical efficacy of specific allergen immunotherapy as an adjunct to the management of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and/or extrinsic asthma, as well as in the primary management of patients with venom hypersensitivity, is well documented (reviewed in ref. 1). However, the extent to which patients respond clinically, as well as exhibit a variety of immunologic changes, remains unpredictable in any given patient. Furthermore, the mechanism by which specific immunotherapy accomplishes clinical efficacy is still an enigma. Despite these uncertainties, however, the indications for using immunotherapy should follow a logical course of events in such patients. This review will focus on the use of immuno-
Recovery processes in amorphous polymers

The release of stored energy and the recovery of dimension and volume of cold compressed polystyrene (PS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) were studied. The release of stored energy has two peaks, one broad peak at 70° C (PS), 55° C (PMMA) and 85° (PC) and one sharp peak at 113° C (PS,T g = 105° C), 123° C (PMMA,T g = 117° C) and 157°C (PC,T g = 152° C). The recovery of dimension has only one peak at 114° C (PS), 124° C (PMMA) and 157° C (PC). This peak agrees very well with the second peak in the release of stored energy. The recovery of volume has a broad peak similar to the first peak in stored energy. Thus there are probably two recovery processes in these polymers: one releases energy and recovers volume belowT g and the other releases energy and recovers dimension aboveT g. These two processes are consistent with the two-stage formation mechanism of shear bands in amorphous polymers.[/p]
Scaling properties of In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As buried-channel MOSFETs with atomic layer deposited gate dielectric

Deep-submicron In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As buried-channel MOSFETs with various gate lengths down to 40 nm are demonstrated. In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As buried-channel MOSFETs were fabricated on an epitaxial wafer using an InP/In 0.52 Al 0.48 As double barrier. The device characteristics were analysed, including subthreshold swing, transconductance and drive current. Good scaling behaviour was observed for these III-V MOSFETs. For a 40-nm gate length device, the VT roll-off is around 100 mV, the subthreshold swing is 132 mV/dec and DIBL is 214 mV/V.
Estimating internal mass transfer rates in soils using scintillation fluid extraction

Abstract This work examines the mass transfer resistance associated with the separation of sorbed organic contaminants, tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), from the Borden sand and Moffett aquifer solids, respectively. The experimental method entails extracting the sorbed solute directly into scintillation fluid. Desorption rate data are interpreted using a pore diffusion model, in spherical coordinates, to determine effective pore diffusivity values ( D p ). An apparent increase in observed desorption rates for long-term samples is discussed in the framework of a potential experimental artifact induced by a cosolvent effect. The results from the scintillation fluid extraction method are less reproducible than those from an aqueous purge-and-trap protocol (used previously for the same solute-sorbent systems). However, estimated D p values were of the same order of magnitude for the two methods. This result suggests that the solvent extraction technique is subject to mass transfer resistances that are similar to those encountered in aqueous systems. The method is tested over a range of temperatures, and results are interpreted with respect to mechanism validation. For a Moffett fraction, temperature dependent results were indicative of an aqueous diffusion mechanism. Corresponding results for a Borden fraction were less certain, but suggested a more severe mass transfer resistance.
Chromosomal Heterochromatin Differentiation in North American Cyprinid Fishes

Chromosomal heterochromatin was differentiated in two closely related spe-cies of the North American cyprinid genus Notropis. The amounts of heterochro-matin in the genomes of the two species were appreciable: 35% in N. lutrensis and 39% in N. venustus. The chromosomal distribution of heterochromatin was similar in both species: most or all chromosomes contained procentric bands, a few pos-sessed terminal and/or interstitial bands, and there was a preponderance of sub-metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes with entirely heterochromatic short arms. Several chromosomes could be putatively homologized either within or between the two species, although in general the amount and type of heterochromatin made precise homologization difficult. The total amount of heterochromatin resolved in these two species is considerably more than that found among most of the relatively few fish species studied to date. Heterochromatin appears to be one of the few potentially variable fractions of the cyprinid genome which may have contributed to the extensive speciation exhibited by these fish in North America. A few marker chromosomes, specifically the one bearing the nucleolus organizer region or NOR, may prove valuable in cyprinid taxonomy.
Diffusion‐Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Bartonella Encephalopathy

The authors describe 2 patients with new-onset, refractory status epilepticus and serological evidence for Bartonella infection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patient 1 showed transient diffusion abnormalities in the posterior (pulvinar) thalami. In patient 2, brain MRI showed several enhancing cortical lesions, of which one lesion was bright on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). In patients with unexplained, refractory seizures, the presence of DWI abnormalities warrants a search for unusual infectious or inflammatory disorders, like Bartonella encephalitis.
Approximation of in-resist image by aerial image with 1/n-times shorter wavelength

An approximate in-resist image calculation method is proposed. From the configuration of light wave propagation in resist, sine of incident angle becomes 1/n times smaller than that in the air. Wavelength in resist is 1/n times shorter than that in the air; where n is refractive index of a resist. If wavelength in the air is 1/n times shorter at mask, sine of diffraction angle becomes 1/n times smaller, which is the same as the propagation angle of the diffracted light in resist for actual wavelength. Therefore, aerial image with 1/n times shorter wavelength under 1/n times smaller NA optics may become a good approximation of in-resist image for original wavelength, while attention should be required to image variation accompanied with z-shift of not observation point but z-shift of working wafer by which DOF is defined. We find that z-scale should be shrunk to obtain approximate DOF by a usual scaling law that is derived from phase relation of 3 beam interference with the largest interference at the optics. As an application of this calculation method, high NA ArF imaging, which will be realized by immersion optics, is investigated. Some interesting results, which may affect development strategy of ArF immersion lithography, are obtained in imaging characteristics. For example, resist blur in ArF resist, which seems to be much larger than that in KrF resist, may become the most serious problem to resolve a fine pattern with an extreme high NA ArF optics.
UMASST: A New Teaching Tool for Stress State Transformation

This paper presents UMASST, the UMASS Stress State Transformation tutor. UMASST is a multimedia tutor based on active engagement of the learner and the use of visualization. The development of UMASST was informed by cognitive models of human reasoning, research on how people learn and computing technology. As a multimedia Director® and web-based application with knowledge-centered and assessment-centered modules, the UMASST targets improving understanding and mastery of transformation of stress states in mechanics of materials. In the knowledge-centered modules learners receive in-depth information on physical meaning and real-life applications of stress state transformations before their understanding is assessed in interactive workshops. The assessment-centered modules assist novices in assessing themselves on the subject domain. Assessment results show that the current efficacy of the UMASST tutor is above that of in-class lectures. Future work will include a learner-centered module customizing learning process by considering learners’ individual backgrounds.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Trichodesmium sp. clade distributions in the western North Atlantic Ocean

To better understand the factors determining Trichodesmium clade (Clade III vs. Clade I) distribution, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was developed and applied to a sample set from the western North Atlantic. Clade distributions were compared with a suite of physicochemical parameters on a cruise transect from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to Barbados during the spring of 2011. Clade I comprised . 90% of the total Trichodesmium spp. population. Depth distributions of both clades were similar in waters where there was a shallow (, 20 m) mixed-layer depth (MLD), but segregated in the water column where the MLD was deep (. 80 m). Surface abundances of both clades were higher when the MLD was , 20 m. Temperature and salinity were correlated with both clades in the data set as a whole. However, when stations influenced by a freshwater salinity anomaly were removed, dissolved inorganic phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus correlated with Clade I cell density only. These correlations underscore the influence of phosphorus in driving Trichodesmium sp. dynamics in this region and are suggestive of niche partitioning between the two clades.
Microscopic anatomy of the cardiac ganglion of Limulus polyphemus.

The morphology of the cardiac ganglion of Limulus polyphemus (L) was examined by reconstructions from stained serial sections. This ganglion is composed of two distinct parts: a fiber tract extending the entire length of the heart and a cellular portion underlying the fiber tract. The cellular portion extends continuously from the third pair of ostia to the posterior terminus of the heart. The mean number of ganglion cell bodies is 231. Most of the ganglion cells are located among the glial elements of the cellular portion. The greatest density of cells is found in segments 5 and 6. Six cell types are recognized: (1) large pigmented unipolar cells approximately 120 μ in diameter with distinct connective tissue capsules around them; (2) large pigmented bipolar cells approximately 120 μ in length which are also encapsulated; (3) pigmented multipolar cells approximately 80 μ in diameter which are free of capsules; (4) small pigmented bipolar cells approximately 40 μ in length which are encapsulated but which are found exclusively within the fiber tract; (5) non-pigmented multipolar cells approximately 30 μ in diameter which are found scattered among the connective tissue elements of the cellular portion; and (6) small non-pigmented cells approximately 10 μ in diameter which are found within the unipolar cell capsule and scattered among the connective tissue elements of the ganglion. The variability in cell numbers and the random location of cells points toward non-specific anatomical connectivity between elements of this ganglion.
A micromechanical characterization of angular bidirectional fibrous composites

Abstract A micromechanical numerical algorithm to efficiently determine the homogenized elastic properties of bidirectional fibrous composites is presented. A repeating unit cell (RUC) based on a pre-determined bidirectional fiber packing is assumed to represent the microstructure of the composite. For angular bidirectional fiber distribution, the symmetry lines define a parallelepiped unit cell, representing the periodic microstructure of an angular bidirectional fiber composite. The lines of symmetry extrude a volume to capture a three dimensional unit cell. Finite element analysis of this unit cell under six possible independent loading conditions is carried out to study and quantify the homogenized mechanical property of the cell. A volume averaging scheme is implemented to determine the average response as a function of loading in terms of stresses and strains. The individual elastic properties of the constituents’ materials, as well as, the composite can be assumed to be completely isotropic to completely anisotropic. The output of the analysis can determine this degree. The logic behind the selection of the unit cell and the implementation of the periodic boundary conditions as well as the constraints are presented. To verify this micromechanics algorithm, the results for four composites are presented. The results in this paper are mainly focused on the impact of the fiber cross angles on the stiffness properties of the composites chosen. The accuracy of the results from this micromechanics modeling procedure has been compared with the stiffness/compliance solutions from lamination theory. The methodology is to be accurate and efficient to the extent that periodicity of the composite material is maintained. In addition, the results will show the impact of fiber volume fraction on the material properties of the composite. This micromechanics tool could make a powerful viable algorithm for determination of many linear as well as nonlinear properties in continuum mechanics material characterization and analysis.
Unusual But Potential Agents of Terrorists

Emergency personnel are tasked with the daunting job of being the first to evaluate and manage victims of a terrorist attack. Numerous potential chemical agents could be used by terrorists. The challenge for first responders and local hospital emergency personnel is to prepare for a terrorist event that might use one or more of these agents. As part of that preparation, emergency physicians should have a basic understanding of potential chemical terrorist agents. It is beyond the scope of this article to review all potential terrorist agents. Rather, four potential agents have been chosen for review: sodium monofluoroacetate, trichothecene mycotoxins, vomiting agents, and saxitoxin.
Airline and Airport Choice by Passengers in Multi-Airport Regions: The Effect of Southwest Airlines∗

The business strategy of Southwest Airlines (SWA) features low fares and direct flights between major cities. To minimize aircraft turnaround times, SWA favors smaller, urban-fringe airports over larger, more congested airports. We surveyed passengers flying to the multi-airport regions of Boston–Providence and Baltimore–Washington to assess how many and what types of passengers choose their less convenient airport and why. Maps of final destinations illustrate a reverse traffic shadow favoring smaller airports served by SWA. Motives for choosing less convenient airports include cheaper fares, fewer delays, and easier ground transport. Logit analysis confirms that leisure travel, traveling with family, and frequent flyer membership significantly affect the choice of a less convenient airport.
High‐pressure refolding of bikunin: Efficacy and thermodynamics

Bikunin is a glycosylated protein that aggregates extensively during mammalian cell culture, resulting in loss of activity, loss of native secondary structure, and the formation of nonnative disulfide bonds. We investigated the use of high hydrostatic pressure (1000-3000 bar) for the refolding of bikunin aggregates. The refolding yield obtained with pressure-modulated refolding at 2000 bar was 70 (+/-5%) by reverse-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC), significantly higher than the value of 55 (+/-6%) (RP-HPLC) obtained with traditional guanidine HCl "dilution-refolding." In addition, we determined the thermodynamics of pressure-modulated refolding. The change in volume for the transition of aggregate to monomer DeltaV(refolding) was calculated to be -28 (+/-5) mL/mole. Refolding was accompanied by a loss of hydrophobic exposure, resulting in a positive contribution to the DeltaV(refolding). These findings suggest that the disruption of electro-static interactions or the differences in size of solvent-free cavities between the aggregate and the monomer are the prevailing contributions to the negative DeltaV(refolding).
A heuristic for peak power constrained design of network-on-chip (NoC) based multimode systems

Designing NoC-based systems has become increasingly complex with support for multiple functionalities. Decisions regarding interconnections between the heterogeneous system components and routing of system communication affect system performance and power consumption. This research provides a heuristic to determine the neighborhood configuration for each component. By controlling the communication bandwidth allocation, simulation results with synthetic and real workloads indicate that our heuristic is able to control the peak power consumption, but at cost of throughput degradation.
High dimensional data analysis using multivariate generalized spatial quantiles

High dimensional data routinely arises in image analysis, genetic experiments, network analysis, and various other research areas. Many such datasets do not correspond to well-studied probability distributions, and in several applications the data-cloud prominently displays non-symmetric and non-convex shape features. We propose using spatial quantiles and their generalizations, in particular, the projection quantile, for describing, analyzing and conducting inference with multivariate data. Minimal assumptions are made about the nature and shape characteristics of the underlying probability distribution, and we do not require the sample size to be as high as the data-dimension. We present theoretical properties of the generalized spatial quantiles, and an algorithm to compute them quickly. Our quantiles may be used to obtain multidimensional confidence or credible regions that are not required to conform to a pre-determined shape. We also propose a new notion of multidimensional order statistics, which may be used to obtain multidimensional outliers. Many of the features revealed using a generalized spatial quantile-based analysis would be missed if the data was shoehorned into a well-known probabilistic configuration.
A CONVEX DEFICIENCY TREE ALGORITHM FOR CURVED POLYGONS

Boolean set representations of curved two-dimensional polygons are expressions constructed from planar halfspaces and (possibly regularized) set operations. Such representations arise often in geometric modeling, computer vision, robotics, and computational mechanics. The convex deficiency tree (CDT) algorithm described in this paper constructs such expressions automatically for polygons bounded by linear and curved edges that are subsets of convex curves. The running time of the algorithm is not worse than O(n2log n) and the size of the constructed expressions is linear in the number of polygon edges. The algorithm has been fully implemented for polygons bounded by linear and circular edges.
Home-Based Family Therapy: Theory and Process from “Friendly Visitors” to Multisystemic Therapy

Home-based family therapy is an alternative treatment approach that has historically focused on preventing out-of-home placement of children and adolescents who would otherwise be placed in foster care, group homes, residential treatment centers, psychiatric hospitals, and correctional institutions. The purpose of this article is to discuss briefly the historical and theoretical underpinnings of home-based family therapy from the early 1900s to the present. Multisystemic therapy is discussed as a recent development employing home-based family therapy as a viable treatment component.
Microsatellite loci for the invasive colonial hydrozoan Cordylophora caspia

Cordylophora caspia, a colonial hydrozoan native to the Ponto-Caspian region, has become a common invader of both fresh and brackish water ecosystems of North America and Europe. We describe 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci for this species. Preliminary analyses indicate that population substructure may contribute to departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In addition, new loci failed to consistently amplify Cordylophora samples known to be genetically distant from those utilized in this study, indicating the presence of cryptic diversity within the taxon.
Effect of fish meal supplementation on plasma and endometrial fatty acid composition in nonlactating beef cows.

Seven nonlactating mature Angus cows (4 to 10 yr old) were used to examine the effects of fish meal supplementation on plasma and endometrial fatty acid composition. Cows were fed a corn silage-based diet supplemented with either fish meal, a rich source of the n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate (n = 3; 5.1% of dietary DM), or corn gluten meal (n = 4; 8.5% of dietary DM) for approximately 64 d. Cows were given 25 mg of PGF2alpha (i.m.) on d 11 and 25 of supplementation to synchronize estrous cycles. On d 18 postestrus of the second estrous cycle, cows were slaughtered, and caruncular endometrium was dissected from uteri immediately after slaughter. Jugular blood samples were collected immediately before supplementation was initiated (d 0) and at 7-d intervals for 35 d of the study. Plasma eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids did not differ between treatment groups on d 0 (P > 0.10); however, these fatty acids were greater in cows supplemented with fish meal over the first 35 d of supplementation compared with cows supplemented with corn gluten meal (P < 0.05). Endometrial docosahexaenoic acid did not differ (P = 0.12), whereas eicosapentaenoic acid was greater (P < 0.05) in cows supplemented with fish meal than in cows supplemented with corn gluten meal. These results indicate that dietary fish meal alters plasma and endometrial n-3 fatty acid composition in beef cows.
Molecular genetic variation following a population crash in the endangered Mauna Kea silversword, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense (Asteraceae)

The endangered Mauna Kea silversword, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense (Asteraceae), has experienced a severe decline in distribution and abundance because of predation by alien ungulates. The small remnant natural population on the Mauna Kea volcano contains only 46 individuals. By contrast, the Haleakala silversword, A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, consists of a large, vigorous population exceeding 60 000 individuals. Molecular genetic variation in the two populations was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci. Despite its severe crash in size, the Mauna Kea population did not differ significantly from the Haleakala population in the number of detectably polymorphic loci or in heterozygosity. The lack of substantial reduction in genetic variation, at least as measured with RAPD loci, suggests that the Mauna Kea population may not yet have gone through multiple generations at very small size.
Multilingual play: Children's code-switching, role play, and agency in Dominica, West Indies

In Dominica, rural adults forbid children from speaking Patwa (a French-lexicon creole) in favor of acquiring English (the official language), contributing to a rapid language shift in most villages. However, adults value Patwa for a range of expressive functions and frequently code-switch around and to children. Children increasingly use English but employ Patwa for some functions during peer play when away from adults. This study examines how, despite possible sanctions, children use Patwa to enact particular adult roles during peer play, and what this signifies about their knowledge of role- and place-appropriate language use. Critically, they draw on their verbal resources and physically embodied social action to create imaginary play spaces both organized by and appropriate for Patwa. The examination of children's social worlds provides a more nuanced picture of language shift – and potential maintenance – than observing only adult-adult or adult-child interaction.An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2002 AAA Annual Meeting in New Orleans in a session organized by Marjorie Goodwin and Lourdes de Leon, “Children socializing children through language: New perspectives on agency, play, and identities.” I thank them for organizing this exciting and timely panel, and for their comments on my paper. I also thank Bambi Schieffelin, Ana Celia Zentella, Tamar Kremer-Sadlik, Carolina Izquierdo, Jane Hill, and two anonymous reviewers for Language in Society for their insightful comments. I am grateful to several organizations which funded the research: the U.S. Department of Education (Fulbright-Hays), the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the National Science Foundation, and the Spencer Foundation. My deepest thanks go to the Dominican children and their families who generously opened their lives to me. I alone take responsibility for any shortcomings here.
Morphology and distribution of astrocytes in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in NZB/BlNJ, Dreher, and C57BL/6J mice.

Numerous ectopic granule cells are found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in NZB/BINJ and dreher mutant mice. These ectopic neurons occur either singly or in small clusters. In contrast, few ectopic granule cells are seen in the dentate molecular layer of C57BL/6J mice and dreher control littermates. In this investigation we have examined the morphology, number, and distribution of molecular layer astrocytes in NZB/BINJ, dreher homozygotes, dreher littermate controls, and C57BL/6J mice to determine the effect of the presence of ectopic granule cells. In the molecular layer of C57BL/6J mice and dreher control littermates, astrocytes have a typical stellate appearance with processes emanating in all directions. The arborization of astrocytes in areas devoid of ectopic granule cells in NZB/BINJ mice and dreher homozygotes was similar to that in C57BL/6J mice and dreher control littermates. In contrast, the morphology of astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of ectopic granule cells or ectopic clusters was distinctly non-stellate. Furthermore, the somata and processes of these astrocytes occasionally appeared to make intimate contact with the ectopic granule cells. A quantitative analysis of the number and distribution of astrocytes in NZB/BINJ vs C57BL/6J mice and dreher vs. control littermates indicated that these parameters were not altered by the presence of the ectopic neurons. We conclude that the trophic effects of ectopic neurons on glial cells can affect the growth and orientation of astrocytic processes without a concomitant effect on glial cell number. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell lineages and tissue boundaries in cardiac arterial and venous poles: Developmental patterns, animal models, and implications for congenital vascular diseases

Abstract —Multiple cell populations with different embryological histories are involved in the morphogenesis of the cardiac arterial and venous poles as well as in the correct alignment and connection of the developing vessels with the cardiac chambers. Formation of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk is a complicated process orchestrated via a specific sequence of highly integrated spatiotemporal events of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. The peculiar susceptibility of this intricate cell network to be altered explains the frequency of congenital cardiovascular diseases of the arterial and venous poles. We review this topic from the “vascular point of view,” putting major emphasis on (1) the existence of different cell lineages from which smooth muscle cells of the aorticopulmonary trunk can be derived, (2) the establishment of cell/tissue boundaries in the cardiovascular connecting regions, and (3) the animal models that can mimic human congenital defects of the arterial and venous poles of the heart.
Individual Differences in Behavioral Prediction: The Acquisition of Personal-Action Schemata

It is proposed that memory schemata connect information about a single individual's mannerisms, traits, and other characteristics to the likelihood of that individual's acting in a particular fashion. Such schemata could account for certain categorization errors in which inappropriate generalizations are made in the course of predicting the likelihood of a person's action. The study examines learning of such personal-action schemata, and evidence supportive of such schemata are obtained. Theoretical implications for clinical transferee are considered.
A tale of two pediatricians.

Pediatrics as a medical discipline has shared an ambivalent relationship with child psychiatry and behavior. However, a number of pediatricians over the years have had great interest in psychosocial matters. Abraham Jacobi was critical of infant nurseries or “infant asylums.”1 In 1911 Henry Chapin, president of the American Pediatric Society, and his wife created the Alice Chapin Adoption Nursery, which prepared abandoned children for adoption.2 Benjamin Rachford, first professor of pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati, wrote a text in 1905, “Neurotic Disorders of Children.”3 Arnold Gesell, a psychologist at Yale and founder of the Child Development Clinic there in 1911, later took medical training and after graduation was given the title of professor of pediatrics.4 Isaac Abt, first president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, edited a textbook of pediatrics in 1925 that devoted at least 200 pages to psychiatric problems of children.5 Bronson Crothers, the father of pediatric neurology, involved a social worker in his clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital in 1926 and made failed attempts to involve a psychiatrist, “rather half-heartedly on both sides.” He also wrote A Pediatrician in Search of Mental Hygiene. 6 A pioneer in pediatrics, Harry Bakwin7, wrote a classic paper titled “Loneliness in Infants” in 1925, and later with his wife, Ruth, wrote a textbook on childhood behavior disorders. Two pediatricians deserve special recognition because of their contribution to general pediatric practice, to academic pediatrics, and to sensitizing and educating pediatricians to issues of growth and development and behavior. Both were of the same age, had similar interests, and at one time even worked in the same setting. But their careers and accomplishments became quite different. Milton J. E. Senn (1902–1990) was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was a graduate of the University of Wisconsin … Reprint requests to (J.B.R.) 34 Hunters Lane, Hendersonville, NC 28791-1665
Abstract P5-11-06: Combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and PI3K/mTOR inhibition in triple-negative breast cancers

Triple-negative (TN) breast cancers account for 15%-20% of all breast cancers with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The poor outcomes seen with TN breast cancers (TNBCs) are in part due to a lack of viable therapeutic targets. Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors results in mammary tumorigenesis and is common in breast carcinomas. However, the use of IGF1R inhibitor alone has produced limited effects on TNBC cells inhibition. NVP-BEZ235 is a potent PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor and has been shown to be effective in TNBC cell lines, especially for the mesenchymal-like and luminal-androgen receptor subtypes. Unlike rapamycin, which produces a feedback activation of Akt, NVP-BEZ235 alone successfully blocks the Akt activation and effectively inhibits the cells proliferation. Methods: In this study, we examined the effects of a selective IGF1R small molecule inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP) in combination with NVP-BEZ235 on human MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, HCC1806 and BT549 TNBC cell lines. SRB cell survival assays were performed following PPP or NVP-BEZ235 treatments alone and PPP in combination with NVP-BEZ235. Western blotting was used to detect expression and phosphorylation of down-stream signaling proteins and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to assess effects on apoptosis following treatments. Results: The combined IGF1R inhibition with PPP and PI3K/mTOR inhibition with NVP-BEZ235 resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity than either PPP or NVP-BEZ235 alone in all four cell lines compared to single agent treatments. Notably, this difference was more pronounced at lower concentrations of both drugs (between 7.8 nM-62.5 nM). The combination of PPP and NVP-BEZ235 inhibitors also significantly increased apoptosis via induction of cleaved caspase-3 and suppressed the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling cascades in these TNBC cell lines. Conclusion: These results suggest that the combined inhibition of IGF1R and PI3K/mTOR may be a more effective strategy than single inhibition for TNBC treatments and warrant further investigation in in vivo animal studies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-11-06.
Detection of DNA Double-strand Breaks in Synchronous Cultures of CHO Cells by Means of Asymmetric Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis

SummaryA pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique, asymmetric field inversion gel electrophoresis (AFIGE), was used to evaluate induction by X-rays of DNA damage in CHO cells. The fraction of DNA activity released from the plug (FAR) was used as a measure for the amount of radiation-induced DNA damage, predominantly DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) (Stamato and Denko 1990), and was determined at various stages of growth and phases of the cell cycle in a range of doses between zero and 70 Gy. The FAR per unit dose fluctuated throughout the cell cycle and was high for cells irradiated in G1; it decreased as cells entered S and reached a minimum in the middle of this phase. The FAR per unit dose increased again as cells progressed towards the end of S, and reached values in G2 similar to those measured in G1. When damage was introduced into DNA by means of 125I decay similar fluctuations in the FAR per decay were observed throughout the cell cycle, suggesting that the variations in the FAR per unit of radiat...
The factor structure of the presence questionnaire

Constructing a valid measure of presence and discovering the factors that contribute to presence have been much sought after goals of presence researchers and at times have generated controversy among them. This paper describes the results of principal-components analyses of Presence Questionnaire (PQ) data from 325 participants following exposure to immersive virtual environments. The analyses suggest that a 4-factor model provides the best fit to our data. The factors are Involvement, Adaptation/Immersion, Sensory Fidelity, and Interface Quality. Except for the Adaptation/Immersion factor, these factors corresponded to those identified in a cluster analysis of data from an earlier version of the questionnaire. The existence of an Adaptation/Immersion factor leads us to postulate that immersion is greater for those individuals who rapidly and easily adapt to the virtual environment. The magnitudes of the correlations among the factors indicate moderately strong relationships among the 4 factors. Within these relationships, Sensory Fidelity items seem to be more closely related to Involvement, whereas Interface Quality items appear to be more closely related to Adaptation/Immersion, even though there is a moderately strong relationship between the Involvement and Adaptation/Immersion factors.
The Hamilton-Waterloo problem: The case of triangle-factors and one Hamilton cycle

The Hamilton-Waterloo problem is to determine the existence of a 2-factorization of K2n+1 in which r of the 2-factors are isomorphic to a given 2-factor R and s of the 2-factors are isomorphic to a given 2-factor S, with r+s = n. In this paper we consider the case when R is a triangle-factor, S is a Hamilton cycle and s = 1. We solve the problem completely except for 14 possible exceptions. This solves a major open case from the 2004 paper of Horak, Nedela, and Rosa.
Yin) (Yang) bipolar fuzzy sets

A bipolar fuzzy set theory is introduced in the space {/spl forall/(x,y)|(x,y)/spl isin/[-1,0]/spl times/[0,1]}. Two types of bipolar /spl alpha/-cuts are proposed. Resolutions of bipolar level sets and their relationships are established. The bipolar fuzzy set theory combines both polarity and fuzziness into a unified model and therefore, provides a theoretical basis for bipolar clustering, conflict resolution, and multiagent coordination.
Geographical Populations and “Subspecies” of New World Monarch Butterflies (Nymphalidae) Share a Recent Origin and Are Not Phylogenetically Distinct

To test prior results with a more sensitive technique and larger sample sizes, we assessed genetic diversity among far-flung monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), populations from North and South America by using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Our new data corroborate the previously documented close genetic similarity among individuals and reveal no phylogenetic structure among populations throughout the species’ New World range in North and South America. Despite this intraspecific homogeneity, the monarch is clearly distinct from its sister taxon Danaus erippus (Cramer). The evidence suggests that the monarch has colonized its current distribution in relatively recent evolutionary time. Implications for conservation and regulatory policy over interregional transfer are discussed.
Determination of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity in man

Methods were developed to determine the activity of the microsomal enzyme cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase in human liver. The enzyme assay could be performed with as little as 20 mg of fresh liver tissue, thus making the procedure applicable to specimens obtained by percutaneous liver biopsy. Optimal assay conditions were determined and the identity and radioactive pu- rity of the reaction product, cholest-5-ene-3@,7a-diol (7a-hy- droxycholesterol) were established. Specific enzyme activity was measured in a number of patients with disorders of lipid metab- olism. The first committed step in the biosynthesis of bile acids is the conversion of cholesterol to 7a-hydroxycholesterol (1). This transformation is catalyzed by the hepatic mi- crosomal enzyme cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase, which is be- lieved to be rate limiting for bile acid biosynthesis in ex- perimental animals and in man (2-7). In order to study the activity of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase in patients with disorders of lipid metabolism, methods were needed to perform the enzyme assay with the relatively small amounts of liver tissue obtained by percutaneous liver bi- opsy. The present paper deals with the preparation of mi- crosomes from 20-60 mg of liver tissue, describes optimal conditions for the in vitro assay of cholesterol 7a-hydrox- ylase activity, and provides proof of the identity and ra- dioactive purity of the product of the enzymatic reaction, 7a-hydroxycholesterol (cholest-5-ene-3/3,7a-diol).
Multi-Valued Performance Metrics for Real-Time Embedded Systems

To rapidly explore the design space of a real-time embedded system, it is essential to be able to efficiently analyze the timing behaviors of different system architectures. This includes not only determining if a design can satisfy all the timing constraints but also comparing the timing performance of different designs for tradeoff purposes. Understanding the exact timing behavior of a large system can be computationally prohibitive. Previous work in this area has mostly focused on producing a yes/no answer to the schedulability of a system architecture under the worst-case scenario. This not only often leads to overly pessimistic designs, but also provides no insight as how to rank different architectural designs with respect to their timing performance. In this paper, we present several metrics that may be used to measure the timing performance of a design. The metrics were analyzed using workloads from both real-world task systems and randomly generated task systems. A superior metric has been identified through analysis of large sets of experiments. We also show, through an example, how this metric can be used effectively during a design exploration process.
FORMREVU: an online formulary adjunct to the HELP System in a community hospital.

The hospital formulary is an important information source on drug availability for staff physicians, nurses and therapists. To facilitate rapid access to formulary data and reduce printing costs, an online formulary review program, FORMREVU, was developed as an adjunct to the HELP System at Rex Hospital. FORMREVU, written in the PTXT Application Language (PAL), is menu-driven, and qualified users can select drug entries from lists matching a specific drug category or subcategory (e.g. cardiovascular drugs, cephalosporins) or keyword (e.g. lasix). Individual drug entries consist of trade and generic names, category and subcategory, comments, and available doses and corresponding manufacturers. A detailed description of the formulary review program, along with a review of implementation objectives and qualitative and quantitative benefits, will be presented.
Comparison of Conductivity, Impedance and Density Methods for Body Composition Assessment of Obese Women

Body composition assessment should be used routinely to monitor progress of obese individuals participating in weight control programs. The advent of newer techniques based on bioelectrical properties has simplified body composition assessment, but accuracy of these techniques is still uncertain when applied to the obese. We report here our experience with 3 methods: 1) total body conductivity (TBC), 2) bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and 3) body density (DEN) used for body composition assessment of obese women.
Painted Relationships: An Archaeological Analysis of a Distinctive Anthropomorphic Rock Art Motif In Northwest Central Queensland

This thesis presents a detailed description of a painted rock art assemblage focussed on a distinctive anthropomorphic motif from sixty sites in the Leichhardt, Argylla and Selwyn Ranges of the Northwest Queensland Highlands. The anthropomorphic motif was found to occur in two different but standardised forms, each located in different geographic contexts. The contexts and discrete distribution of this motif suggests that it may have been used to signal group identify. The standardisation of its form and its differentiation from the art of neighbouring areas further suggests that its use may have been related to a process of boundary maintenance. The creation of a distinctive art style as a mechanism for maintaining group boundaries may have arisen from an increased need to negotiate predictable social interactions with other groups as the result of an increase in widespread trade throughout the Lake Eyre Basin during the last one thousand years. In particular, the large scale manufacture of axes from quarries in the study region provided the trading network with a valued economic, social and ritual resource. The art would have reaffirmed the affiliation of the inhabitants of the region to each other, while at the same time marking out their territory, thereby governing the movements or behaviour of outsiders. I suggest that the artist utilised the art system as a mechanism to achieve the desired social outcome, while the viewer responded to the art by modifying their behaviour in some manner. Used in this way, art can be a powerful social tool which provides a means to reinforce social values, manipulate human behaviour and bring about predictable social interaction.