cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the amino acid composition of insoluble mitochondrial proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. The insoluble proteins from mitochondria of brain, heart, liver, spleen and kidney of rat and chicken, beef heart the large mitochondria of housefly flight muscle have been assayed for their component amino acids. 2. 2. The amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and leucine were relatively high; threonine, serine, proline, valine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine and phenylalanine were intermediate; methionine, tyrosine, histidine and cystine were relatively low. 3. 3. Evidence for hydroxyproline was lacking. 4. 4. The relative amino acid compositions varied with source but no obvious patterns could be detected.
A histochemical study of cervical motor neurons and the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle in normal and dystrophic chickens

A chromatolysis study, 14 to 21 days following denervation, showed the spinal cord representation of the nerve to the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle to be in the ventrolateral cell column between cervical ganglia 14 and 15. To characterize cervical neurons not undergoing chromatolysis, histochemical studies were done on the cords of additional nondenervated animals. Staining reactions for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase did not reveal any quantitative differences between motor neurons in cervical segments 14 and 15 of normal and dystrophic birds. Motor neurons are positive for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, but the surrounding neuropil is positive for the latter only. No pseudochlinesterase activity is found in the ventral horn cells, but true cholinesterase is present in most of the neurons. With the periodic acid-Schiff reaction the dystrophic cords exhibit many neurons with large amounts of glycogen in them. Normal cords examined show either no glycogen positive cells or an occasional ventral horn cell with much glycogen in it. Normal muscles contain less succinic dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase positive fibers than dystrophic muscle. More periodic acid-Schiff positive fibers are present in normal muscles than in dystrophic muscle. The motor endplates in normal muscle contain only true cholinesterase. Both true and pseudocholinesterase activity is present in the motor endplates of dystrophic muscle.
Efficient Synthesis of 40- and 48-Membered Tetraether Macrocyclic Bisphosphocholines

An efficient route toward the synthesis of unsaturated (bis-diacetylenic) and saturated 40- and 48-membered macrocyclic bisphosphocholines has been developed using 2-phenyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane as a common glycerol synthon. Ring closure was accomplished using either high-dilution Glaser oxidation or [(Cy3P)2RuCHPh]Cl2-catalyzed olefin metathesis conditions. Deprotection of benzyl ethers using trimethylsilyl iodide (TMS-I) in the presence of diacetylenic moieties has also been demonstrated for the first time.
Education, progressive muscle relaxation therapy, and exercise for the treatment of night eating syndrome. A pilot study.

Night eating syndrome (NES) is a circadian rhythm disorder in which food intake is shifted toward the end of the day, interfering with sleep. According to the biobehavioral model of NES, the disorder is the result of a genetic predisposition that, coupled with stress, leads to enhanced reuptake of serotonin, thereby dysregulating circadian rhythms and decreasing satiety. Using the biobehavioral model as a guide, we developed a brief behavioral intervention using education, relaxation strategies, and exercise to address the core symptoms of NES. In this pilot randomized controlled clinical trial, 44 participants with NES were randomly assigned to an educational group (E; n = 14), E plus progressive muscle relaxation therapy (PMR; n = 15); or PMR plus exercise (PMR Plus, n = 15). Participants received a baseline intervention with 1- and 3-week follow-up sessions. Effectiveness analyses showed that participants in all three groups evidenced significant reductions on measures of NES symptoms (p < .001), depression (p < .05), anxiety (p < .01), and perceived stress (p < .05). However, the only significant between group change was for the percent of food eaten after the evening meal, with the PMR group showing the greatest reduction (-30.54%), followed by the PMR Plus group (-20.42%) and the E group (-9.5%); only the difference between the PMR and E groups was statistically significant (p = .012). Reductions in NES scores were significantly associated with reductions on measures of depression (r = .47; p < .01) and perceived stress (r = .37; p < .05), but not anxiety (r = .26, p = ns). Results support the role of education and relaxation in the behavioral treatment of NES.
Multisensory information for postural control: sway-referencing gain shapes center of pressure variability and temporal dynamics

The authors investigated the multisensory control of posture by altering sensory information across the visual and somatosensory systems. The support surface and visual surround were sway-referenced to anterior/posterior center of mass sway and the gain between postural sway and degree of sway referencing was manipulated (gain settings were 0.2, 1.0, and 1.8). These alterations in the sensory environment lead to observed changes in the temporal structure of the center of pressure (COP) trajectories. COP path length increased across gain settings while COP coefficient of variation decreased. The COP became increasingly more deterministic across more challenging sensory organization test (SOT) conditions and with increasing gain, and more nonstationary across more challenging SOT conditions and when the support surface was sway-referenced using a 1.8 gain setting. These findings indicate that changes in the responsiveness of the support surface and/or visual surround within each of the sway-referenced SOT conditions had functional consequences for the control of posture as evidenced by the variations in postural sway dynamics.
Functional modifications of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte T200 glycoprotein recognized by monoclonal antibodies

Functional modifications of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte T200 glycoprotein recognized by monoclonal antibodies
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome associated with small cerebellum, endocrinopathy and increased chromosomal breakage.

UNLABELLED Hallermann-Streiff syndrome (HSS) is a rare clinic entity of unknown aetiology. Further clinical and metabolic-genetic evaluations are indicated. A 2-mo-old female baby presented with ocular abnormalities and severe failure to thrive since birth. The clinical features were compatible with the diagnosis of HSS. Further imaging, metabolic and cytogenetic examinations were performed. Features characteristic of HSS were dyscephaly with mandibular and nasal cartilage hypoplasia, microphthalmia, bilateral cataracts with congenital glaucoma, natal teeth and proportionate dwarfism. Rare anomalies such as choanal atresia and small cerebellum, very low insulin-like growth factor I level, hypothyroidism, generalized organic aciduria were also noticed. An increased chromosomal breakage rate is suggestive of the existence of some DNA repair defects in HSS patients. CONCLUSION The associated anomalies in this patient may broaden the clinical spectrum of HSS. Underlying conditions of organic aciduria, growth factor deficiency and impaired DNA repair are likely to contribute to the progeria-like facies, congenital cataracts and growth failure.
Equilibrium-independent passivity: a new definition and implications

We extend the traditional notion of passivity to a forced system whose equilibrium is nontrivially dependent on the control input by defining equilibrium-independent passivity, a system property characterized by a dissipation inequality centered at an arbitrary equilibrium point. We also provide input/output tests to certify this property which can be performed analytically or empirically. An example from network stability analysis is presented which demonstrates the utility of this new definition. Finally, through a numerical example we show that equilibrium-independent passivity is less restrictive than incremental passivity.
Ten Axioms of Language Learning

Author's Summary— An analysis of the ten “axioms” of language teaching and language learning presented by Harold E. Palmer of the Institute for Research in English Teaching in Tokyo, Japan, corroborates the author's conviction that the teaching of modern foreign languages involves both a science and an art, and that oral practice is essential to the attainment of the reading aim.
Selective chemical methylation of yeast alanine transfer RNA.

Abstract Yeast tRNAAla was methylated with [14C]dimethylsulfate in a reaction medium designed to stabilize its native structure. The intrinsic reactivity of the bases was determined to be G (1.00) > A (0.61) > I (0.46) > C (0.40) > > U , ψ, T (0) in these conditions. The initial site of reaction was adenine-59 in the T ψ C G loop, thus demonstrating that the N-1 position of this residue is exposed in native tRNAAla. Methylation of A-59 did not affect the acceptor activity. These results are consistent with the conformational models of Cramer and Levitt.
Hierarchical Structure and Light Scattering in the Cornea

The complex hierarchical structure of the cornea of the eye as it is known from light and electron-microscopy is reviewed. Microscopy depicts the cornea as a layered structure with each layer parallel to the cornea’s surfaces. The middle 90% of the cornea is a connective tissue layer called the stroma, which in turn is comprised of 2 μm thick sheets (lamellae) of collagen fibrils embedded in a ground substance. Fibrils within a given lamella have their axes parallel to one another, while fibril axes in adjacent lamellae make large angles with one another. Predictions of light scattering theory are then used to show how light scattering measurements made on fresh tissue can test these structures for possible artifacts due to preparative procedures. With unpolarized light, the total scattering cross-section depends on the fibrillar ultrastructure, but not on the lamellar structure. Angular scattering depends on both levels of hierarchical organization. The lamellar level of organization is especially significant for the propagation and scattering of polarized light. To date the structural implications of scattering measurements are in accord with structures seen in electron micrographs.
Weak chemisorption of hydrogen by platinum black

Abstract Following the titration of an oxygenated platinum black surface with hydrogen, chemisorption isotherms have been determined in the range of hydrogen pressures from 0.001 to 50 mm Hg from 77.4 to 303 K. These data are shown to be reversible over most of the pressure range and isosteric heats for chemisorption have been derived from the Clausius-Clapyron equation. These heats decline with coverage from 69 to 23 kJ/mole H 2 . BET surface area measurements of the sample (Kr: 77.4 K) are compared with the area derived from the titration of the oxygenated surface. The maximum error which can be introduced into surface area measurements (by the titration technique) due to the presence of weak, reversible chemisorption is estimated to be 12%.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CHANGES ACCOMPANYING WOODY PLANT ENCROACHMENT IN A SUBTROPICAL SAVANNA

Ecosystem properties of surficial (0-10 cm) soils in remnant herbaceous patches were compared to those of contrasting woody plant patch types (upland discrete cluster, upland grove, and lowland woodland) where shifting land cover is known to have occurred over the past 50-77 yr. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and quantify the biogeochemical consequences and subsequent developmental rates of woody plant for- mation on sites formerly dominated by grasses. Clay and water content of woodland soil patches was higher than that of soils associated with upland discrete cluster and grove patches. Even so, lowland woody patches were generally comparable to upland grove and discrete shrub cluster patches with respect to soil organic carbon (SOC), soil N, the ratio of annual N mineralization:total N, annual litterfall, and root biomass. The fact that finer soil texture, enhanced soil moisture, and the more advanced age of lowland woody patches did not translate into greater accumulations of SOC and N relative to upland grove and discrete cluster patches suggests that C and N losses might be higher in recently developed lowland woodland communities. Fluctuations in monthly root biomass standing crop (0-10 cm) far exceeded annual foliar litterfall in upland and lowland woody patch types, suggesting that belowground inputs of organic matter may drive changes in soil physical and chemical properties that occur subsequent to woody plant establishment. The estimated annual mean rates of soil C accretion in the ''islands of fertility'' that developed subsequent to tree/shrub encroachment were variable and ranged from 8 to 23 g/m 2 (in groves and discrete clusters, respectively); N accretion ranged from 0.9 to 2.0 g/ m 2 (in groves and discrete clusters, respectively), even though mean annual N mineralization rates were three- to fivefold greater than those measured in remnant herbaceous patches. Woody plant proliferation in grasslands and savannas in recent history has been widely reported around the world. The causes for this shift in vegetation are controversial and center around changes in livestock grazing, fire, climate, and atmospheric CO2. Our data, which are conservative in that they examine only the upper 10 cm of the soil profile, indicate that the rate and extent of soil C and N accumulation associated with this phe- nomenon can be rapid, substantial, and accompanied by increased N turnover. This geo- graphically extensive vegetation change thus has important implications for understanding how the global carbon and nitrogen cycles may have been altered since Anglo-European settlement of arid and semiarid regions.
Definition through Demonstration: The Two Types of Syllogisms in Posterior Analytics II.8

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la definition-demonstration etudiee par Aristote dans les «Seconds Analytiques» (II, 8) doit etre comprise comme l'enchainement de deux types de syllogismes: le premier, a fonction explicative, releve du domaine scientifique de la demonstration, le second, servant a l'identification de ce qui est defini, n'appartient pas a la methode proprement scientifique
Modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype by STAT-1 and STAT-3

Abstract Objective Smooth muscle cell (SMC) de-differentiation is a key step that leads to pathological narrowing of blood vessels. De-differentiation involves a reduction in the expression of the SMC contractile genes that are the hallmark of quiescent SMCs. While there is considerable evidence linking inflammation to vascular diseases, very little is known about the mechanisms by which inflammatory signals lead to SMC de-differentiation. Given that the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) transcriptional factors are the key signaling molecules activated by many inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, the aim of the present study was to determine if STAT transcriptional factors play a role SMC de-differentiation. Methods and results Using shRNA targeted to STAT-1 and STAT-3, we show by real time RT-PCR and Western immunoblots that STAT-1 significantly reduces SMC contractile gene expression. In contrast, STAT-3 promotes expression of SMC contractile genes. Over-expression studies of STAT-1 and STAT-3 confirmed our observation that STAT-1 down-regulates whereas STAT-3 promotes SMC contractile gene expression. Bioinformatics analysis shows that promoters of all SMC contractile genes contain STAT binding sites. Finally, using ChIP analysis, we show that both STAT-1 and STAT-3 associate with the calponin gene. Conclusion These data indicate that the balance of STAT-1 and STAT-3 influences the differentiation status of SMCs. Increased levels of STAT-1 promote SMC de-differentiation, whereas high levels of STAT-3 drive SMC into a more mature phenotype. Thus, inhibition of STAT-1 may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the control of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Polarization and frequency effects on whole animal absorption of RF energy

A parallel-plate waveguide is used to determine wide-band RF (285 to 4000 MHz) absorption characteristics of 96- to 390-g rats and biological-phantom prolate spheroidal bodies. The results compare well to those of free space irradiation. At resonance, for E along the long dimension (a) power deposition of 9 times higher then that for H||a orientation is observed.
Uncertainties in the in-flight calibration of sensors with reference to measured ground sites in the 0.4-1.1 μm range

Abstract This article describes the error sources for three in-flight sensor calibration methods used by the Remote Sensing Group of the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. The three methods are the reflectance-, improved reflectance-, and radiance-based methods, which all reference the earth-atmosphere system. The sources of error or uncertainty for each method are discussed, and an estimate of the percent uncertainty associated with each source is made for conditions similar to those actually used for calibrations at White Sands, New Mexico. The results of in-flight calibrations are compared to those of the on-board lamp calibration system for a SPOT HRV camera.
Podocyte Disorders: Core Curriculum 2011

There are approximately one million glomeruli in each human kidney. Each glomerulus is composed of a tuft of capillary loops supported by the mesangium and enclosed in a pouch-like extension of the renal tubule of the nephron known as Bowman’s capsule. The glomerulus consists of four resident cell types, the mesangial cell, the glomerular endothelial cell, the visceral epithelial cell (podocyte), and the parietal epithelial cell lining Bowman’s basement membrane. Recent experimental and clinical advances have identified the podocyte as the predominant cell of injury in glomerular diseases typified by heavy proteinuria, which is the focus of this article.
Boll weevils: tagging for hibernation and field studies

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, has been marked for movement studies by several methods. Cross and Mitchell (1964) used Testors® butyrate dope, whereas a color dye was used by Taft and Agee (1962) for marking boll weevils. Babers et al. (1954) tagged boll weevils by dipping in 5 mCi radioactive cobalt (60CO as a chloride) contained in 0.2 ml of 0.34 N hydrochloric acid further diluted to 10 ml of distilled water for a stock solution; however, he did not report distance of detection. Mayer and Brazzel (1961) tagged boll weevils with radioactive phosphorous by feeding it to adults in solution or rearing them in larval diet to which various amounts of H3322 PO4 had been added; they were able to study certain biological effects caused by the isotope, but the weevils were not marked suffieiently for field recoveries after 20 days. A marking technique with radioactive material was therefore needed for studies of boll weevils in litter during the winter months and their activity after reaching seedling cotton in the spring.
Nicotinic modulation of auditory attentional shift in the rat

Numerous studies have demonstrated cognitive improvements resulting from the application of nicotine, especially in those tasks aimed at measuring attention. While the neuro-pharmacological relationship between nicotine and acetylcholine-driven attentional processes has been examined, studies tend to focus on the duration of time in which a subject can attend to a specific stimulus or series of stimuli rather than on the subjects' adaptive attentional capabilities. The present study addresses the possibility that the cholinergic agonist nicotine could improve performance on a task testing the ability to shift attention between sensory modalities under both normal and pharmacologically impaired conditions. In a pilot set of experiments, we tested the effects of nicotine in a cross-modal experimental task designed to tax both the auditory and visual systems of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) significantly improved performance on both auditory and visual trials, under repetitive trial conditions, and significantly decreased overall response latency. For the primary study, we tested the effects of decreasing cholinergic neurotransmission by systemic administration of the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Atropine (12.5 mg/kg) significantly impaired performance in auditory shift trials and perseverative trials, while significantly increasing the overall response latency. We then tested the effect of nicotine within the impaired model. Systemic administration of nicotine significantly improved performance in auditory and visual shift trials, while showing moderate improvements in response latency and perseverative trial conditions. These results indicate the potential therapeutic use of nicotine as a cognitive enhancer, as well as provide evidence for cholinergic system compensations.
Sloth-NFS and the possibility of using fuzzy control to optimize cache management

Modern software systems are complex and increasingly vulnerable to malicious attack. In order to apply bug fixes and protect against security weaknesses, workstation administrators must continuously patch operating system and application program installations. To simplify this process, administrators generally configure systems into clusters with common installations of operating systems and application programs in a manner that patches and other routine maintenance can be applied en masse. Two widely used approaches offer complementary advantages: Installations and updates are particularly convenient when all data including operating system and programs is served by traditional centralized network-connected file servers (networked file systems) because administrators need only maintain a single image that is distributed online to all workstations. In contrast, operating systems and application programs can be installed onto disk drives within each workstation. This mass replication of common data provides high aggregate bandwidth through parallelism since each disk operates independently. However, in contrast to the network file system approach, it is substantially more difficult to keep a large network of systems up to date when each system has an autonomous installation. Through the aggressive use of cooperative file caching, we expect that sloth-NFS is will provide the advantages of both approaches. In this paper, we discuss the administrative problems with current distribution methods for program and operating system installations, analyze design decisions necessary in Sloth-NFS and present results from an initial simulator experiment.
What Computers Mean for Man and Society

From an economic standpoint, the modern computer is simply the most recent of a long line of new technologies that increase productivity and cause a gradual shift from manufacturing to service employment. The empirical evidence provides no support for the claim sometimes made that the computer "mechanizes" and "dehumanizes" work. Perhaps the greatest significance of the computer lies in its impact on Man's view of himself. No longer accepting the geocentric view of the universe, he now begins to learn that mind, too, is a phenomenon of nature, explainable in terms of simple mechanisms. Thus the computer aids him to obey, for the first time, the ancient injunction, "Know thyself."
FULLPAT: a full-pattern quantitative analysis program for X-ray powder diffraction using measured and calculated patterns

FULLPAT is a quantitative X-ray diffraction methodology that merges the advantages of existing full-pattern fitting methods with the traditional reference intensity ratio (RIR) method. Like the Rietveld quantitative analysis method, it uses complete diffraction patterns, including the background. However, FULLPAT can explicitly analyze all phases in a sample, including partially ordered or amorphous phases such as glasses, clay minerals, or polymers. Addition of an internal standard to both library standards and unknown samples eliminates instrumental and matrix effects and allows unconstrained analyses to be conducted by direct fitting of library standard patterns to each phase in the sample. Standard patterns may include data for any solid material including glasses, and calculated patterns may also be used. A combination of standard patterns is fitted to observed patterns using least-squares minimization, thereby reducing user intervention and bias. FULLPAT has been coded into Microsoft EXCEL using standard spreadsheet functions.
A step-up/down three-phase resonant high-frequency AC-link inverter

Parallel resonant high-frequency ac-link inverters with soft switching characteristics, step-up and step-down abilities, and bidirectional power flow are introduced in this paper. The converters' links are composed of parallel ac inductors and small ac capacitors, which are working at high frequencies. The link inductor is the main component for transferring the power from the input to the output or vice versa, and the link capacitor provides partial resonance to achieve zero voltage switching. The total number of switches of the basic unidirectional topology is as low as seven, suitable for low power applications. By adding three more switches, the converter can transfer power in both directions. A small single-phase high-frequency transformer can be employed in the converters' link to provide galvanic isolation. The basic operation of the new converters includes six modes and is described in detail. The analysis and optimal design of the proposed topologies are carried out as well. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power converters.
The Value and Purpose of the Traditional Qualitative Literature Review

Both meta-analysis and traditional literature or narrative reviews strive to compile a great deal of information in an accessible and succinct manner. In recent years, social work researchers have been turning toward meta-analysis to identify issues in large areas of research. In order for meta-analysis to be a rigorous and objective source of information there are a certain set of assumptions that must be met about how to carry out the process of including and excluding various studies. However, when these assumptions are not met, the information provided can be misleading. Traditional literature reviews continue to offer a valid and important way to identify existing patterns and gaps in social work research. In fact, because they draw not only on quantitative (as does meta-analysis) but also qualitative studies their reach may often be broader. This paper examines the strengths, weaknesses and utility of both practices in social work research today.
Cheerleading: not just for the sidelines anymore

For decades, female athletes were relegated to the sidelines – physically and metaphorically speaking. The cheerleader, the girl who looked pretty and cheered for the boys, became a symbol for many women's sports activists and second-wave feminists of the place athletically inclined females occupied in the sport world. As access to sports, teams and funding increased for women's sports beginning in the 1970s and exploding in the 1990s, the cheerleader seemed to be an athletic anachronism. But the third-wave generation of cheerleaders had different ideas. Marginalized again, this time by fellow female athletes, cheerleaders have challenged the negative stereotypes by making cheerleading a sport on their own terms. Through personal agency, these girls embrace a powerful image of the cheerleader – one that fuses identities of femininity and athleticism. For these girls, it is not a choice between being a cheerleader or jock, girlie or athletic. Instead, they create a blended identity by keeping the feminine ...
An evaluation of immersive viewing on spatial knowledge acquisition in spherical panoramic environments

We report the results of an experiment conducted to examine the effects of immersive viewing on a common spatial knowledge acquisition task of spatial updating task in a spherical panoramic environment (SPE). A spherical panoramic environment, such as Google Street View, is an environment that is comprised of spherical images captured at regular intervals in a real world setting augmented with virtual navigational aids such as paths, dynamic maps, and textual annotations. Participants navigated the National Mall area of Washington, DC, in Google Street View in one of two viewing conditions; desktop monitor or a head-mounted display with a head orientation tracker. In an exploration phase, participants were first asked to navigate and observe landmarks on a pre-specified path. Then, in a testing phase, participants were asked to travel the same path and to rotate their view in order to look in the direction of the perceived landmarks at certain waypoints. The angular difference between participants' gaze directions and the landmark directions was recorded. We found no significant difference between the immersive and desktop viewing conditions on participants' accuracy of direction to landmarks as well as no difference in their sense of presence scores. However, based on responses to a post-experiment questionnaire, participants in both conditions tended to use a cognitive or procedural technique to inform direction to landmarks. Taken together, these findings suggest that in both conditions where participants experience travel based on teleportation between waypoints, the visual cues available in the SPE, such as street signs, buildings and trees, seem to have a stronger influence in determining the directions to landmarks than the egocentric cues such as first-person perspective and natural head-coupled motion experienced in the immersive viewing condition.
The quark propagator in quantum chromodynamics: A study in Landau gauge

We examine the feasibility of dynamically broken chiral symmetry in QCD with zero-bare-mass quarks interacting via singular gluon exchange when the gluon propagator has the infrared behavior,Dμν∼q−4. An infrared analysis is carried out by employing a regulator prescription to study the dynamical content of the gap equation. Ward-Takahashi identities and the Dyson equations obeyed by the flavor vertex functions. The transverse parts of the latter are included. Besides the chiral symmetric solution, we obtain the solutions:a)S(p)=−M−1=constant and is thus an entire function of momentumb)S(p)∼p(p2)−1/2+constant, which is devoid of poles. Both solutions are indicative of quark confinement.
Reversion of the Arabidopsis rpn12a-1 exon-trap mutation by an intragenic suppressor that weakens the chimeric 5' splice site.

Background: In the Arabidopsis 26S proteasome mutant rpn12a-1 , an exon-trap T-DNA is inserted 531 base pairs downstream of the RPN12a STOP codon. We have previously shown that this insertion activates a STOP codon-associated latent 5' splice site that competes with the polyadenylation signal during processing of the pre-mRNA. As a result of this dual input from splicing and polyadenylation in the rpn12a-1 mutant, two RPN12a transcripts are produced and they encode the wild-type RPN12a and a chimeric RPN12a-NPTII protein. Both proteins form complexes with other proteasome subunits leading to the formation of wild-type and mutant proteasome versions. The net result of this heterogeneity of proteasome particles is a reduction of total cellular proteasome activity. One of the consequences of reduced proteasomal activity is decreased sensitivity to the major plant hormone cytokinin. Methods: We performed ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of rpn12a-1 and isolated revertants with wild-type cytokinin sensitivity. Results: We describe the isolation and analyses of suppressor of rpn12a-1 ( sor1 ). The sor1 mutation is intragenic and located at the fifth position of the chimeric intron. This mutation weakens the activated 5' splice site associated with the STOP codon and tilts the processing of the RPN12a mRNA back towards polyadenylation. Conclusions: These results validate our earlier interpretation of the unusual nature of the rpn12a-1 mutation. Furthermore, the data show that optimal 26S proteasome activity requires RPN12a accumulation beyond a critical threshold. Finally, this finding reinforces our previous conclusion that proteasome function is critical for the cytokinin-dependent regulation of plant growth.
Waterborne gastroenteritis and viral hepatitis

The occurrence of waterborne transmission of infectious hepatitis has long been recognized, but only in recent years have methods become available for its assay and propagation in the laboratory. The advent of these techniques have led to the development of methods for the detection of the agent of infectious hepatitis in water. Rotaviruses, Norwalk agent, and related viruses are now recognized as major causes of waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Rotaviruses have been shown to occur in significant concentrations in domestic wastewater and have been detected in conventionally treated drinking water. Methods are still lacking for the detection of Norwalk agent(s) in water, but they continue to be the major cause of waterborne viral gastroenteritis.
Novel thermal barrier coatings that are resistant to high-temperature attack by glassy deposits

Abstract Airborne sand particles that deposit on thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in gas-turbine engines melt and form calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass, which attacks the TBCs. A new approach for mitigating CMAS attack on TBCs is presented, where up to 20 mol.% Al2O3 and 5 mol.% TiO2 in the form of a solid solution is incorporated into Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) TBCs. The fabrication of such TBCs with engineered chemistries is made possible by the solution-precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process, which is uniquely suited for depositing coatings of metastable ceramics with extended solid-solubilities. Here, the TBC serves as a reservoir of Al and Ti solutes, which are incorporated into the molten CMAS glass that is in contact with the TBC. This results in the crystallization of the CMAS glass and the attendant arrest of the penetrating CMAS front. This approach could also be used to mitigate attack by other types of foreign deposits (salt, ash, and contaminants) on TBCs.
Application of a Subfilter-Scale Flux Model over the Ocean Using OHATS Field Data

Abstract Simple rate equation models for subfilter-scale scalar and momentum fluxes have previously been developed for application in the so-called “terra incognita” of atmospheric simulations, where the model resolution is comparable to the scale of turbulence. The models performed well over land, but only the scalar flux model appeared to perform adequately over the ocean. Analysis of data from the Ocean Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (OHATS) reveals a need to account for the moving ocean–air interface in the subfilter stress model. The authors develop simple parameterizations for the effect of surface-induced pressure fluctuations on the subfilter stress, leading to good predictions of subfilter momentum flux both over land and in OHATS.
Multiharmonic Adaptive Vibration Control of Misaligned Driveline via Active Magnetic Bearings

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) have been proposed by many researchers and engineers as an alternative to replace traditional contact bearings in rotor and driveshaft systems. Such active, noncontact bearings do not have frictional wear and can be used to suppress vibration in sub- and supercritical rotor-dynamic applications. One important issue that has not yet been addressed by previous AMB-driveline control studies is the effect of driveline misalignment. Previous research has shown that misalignment causes periodic parametric and forcing actions, which greatly impact both driveline stability and vibration levels. Therefore, in order to ensure closed-loop stability and acceptable performance of any AMB controlled driveline subjected to misalignment, these effects must be accounted for in the control system design. In this paper, a hybrid proportional derivative (PD) feedback/multiharmonic adaptive vibration control (MHAVC) feedforward law is developed for an AMB/U-joint-driveline system, which is subjected to parallel-offset misalignments, imbalance, and load-torque operating conditions. Conceptually, the PD feedback ensures closed-loop stability while the MHAVC feedforward suppresses steady-state vibration. It is found that there is a range of P and D feedback gains that ensures both MHAVC convergence and closed-loop stability robustness with respect to shaft internal damping induced whirl and misalignment effects. Finally, it is analytically and experimentally demonstrated that the hybrid PD-MHAVC law effectively adapts to and suppresses multiharmonic vibration induced by imbalance, misalignment, and load-torque effects at multiple operating speeds without explicit knowledge of the disturbance conditions.
THE STATUS OF CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURES

THE BASIC OUTLINES OF MOST OF THE HYDROUS LAYER SILICATE STRUCTURES WERE DETERMINED DURING THE 1930S. PRESENT ESCALATING INTEREST IN OBTAINING ADDITIONAL DETAIL IS INDICATED BY /1/ PUBLICATION OF OVER TWENTY STRUCTURAL REFINEMENTS /2-D OR 3-D/ DURING 1954-64, /2/ PUBLICATION OF AT LEAST NINE STRUCTURES IN 1965 OR EARLY 1966, AND /3/ PERSONAL COMMUNICATION THAT AT LEAST FIFTEEN ADDITIONAL REFINEMENTS ARE IN PROGRESS. POINTS OF ESPECIAL INTEREST IN THESE RECENT STUDIES FOLLOW' /1/ OCTAHEDRAL CATION ORDER IS COMMON, BUT TETRAHEDRAL CATION IS CONFIRMED IN ONLY THREE CASES. BECAUSE ORDERING OF SI, AL DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE STATISTICAL TESTS FOR CENTROSYMMETRIC SPACE GROUPS THAT DO NOT PERMIT ORDER SHOULD BE AVOIDED DURING REFINEMENT. /2/ OVERSIZE TETRAHEDRAL SHEETS ARTICULATE WITH SMALLER OCTAHEDRAL SHEETS BY TETRAHEDRAL ROTATION AND, FOR DIOCTAHEDRAL SPECIES, BY TETRAHEDRAL TILTING AROUND VACANT OCTAHEDRA. THE LATTER MECHANISM INFLUENCES THE TYPE AND REGULARITY OF LAYER SEQUENCES. UNDERSIZE TETRAHEDRAL SHEETS ARTICULATE WITH LARGER OCTAHEDRAL SHEETS BY TILTING PLUS OCTAHEDRAL CONTRACTION OR BY INVERSION OF SOME TETRAHEDRA /3/ THE AMOUNT AND DIRECTION OF TETRAHEDRAL ROTATION AND TILT, LENGTH OF T--O, M--O, AND O--O BONDS, SHEET THICKNESSES, AND RELATION OF CELL DIMENSIONS TO COMPOSITION CAN NOW BE PREDICTED WITH SOME CONFIDENCE. /4/ VARIATION IN LAYER STACKING /POLYTYPISM/ IS COMMON. IN SOME CASES THE STABILITIES OF DIFFERENT POLYTYPES CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF REPULSION AND ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE IONS IN THE STRUCTURES. THE STABILITIES CAN BE CORRELATED WITH THE ENERGY AVAILABLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF CRYSTALLIZATION. /AUTHOR/
Further Investigations of Ductility-Dip Cracking in High Chromium, Ni-Base Filler Metals

The ductility-dip cracking (DDC) susceptibility of high-chromium, nickel-base filler metals was evaluated using the strain-to-fracture (STF) test technique. These filler metals were of the Ni-30Cr type and included INCONEL® Filler Metals 52 and 52M supplied by Special Metals Welding Products Company, and Sanicro 68HP® and Sanicro 69HP® supplied by Sandvik AB. In addition, two experimental Ni-30Cr filler metals were evaluated which contained variations in other alloy additions including Nb above 1 wt % and Mo up to 4 wt %. A wide range in DDC susceptibility was observed with these filler metals, including large heat-to-heat variations in filler metals with similar compositions. The experimental filler metals were found to be remarkably resistant to DDC. Cracking susceptibility is primarily associated with the type and form of precipitate that forms along the weld metal migrated grain boundaries. The formation of Nb-rich, M(C, N) at the end of solidification has the most profound effect on DDC, since these precipitates are most effective in pinning the boundaries. The formation of M23C6 carbides during weld cooling or subsequent reheating can also affect DDC susceptibility in these filler metals.
On Voxel Based Iso‐Tumor‐Control Probability and Iso‐Complication Maps for Selective Boosting and Selective Avoidance Intensity‐Modulated Radiotherapy

Voxel based iso-Tumor Control Probability (TCP) maps and iso-Complication maps are proposed as a plan-review tool especially for functional image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) strategies such as selective boosting (dose painting) and conformal avoidance IMRT. The maps employ voxel-based phenomenological biological dose-response models for target volumes and normal organs. Two IMRT strategies for prostate cancer, namely conventional uniform IMRT delivering an EUD = 84 Gy (equivalent uniform dose) to the entire PTV and selective boosting delivering an EUD = 82 Gy to the entire PTV, are investigated, to illustrate the advantages of this approach over iso-dose maps. Conventional uniform IMRT did yield a more uniform isodose map to the entire PTV while selective boosting did result in a nonuniform isodose map. However, when employing voxel based iso-TCP maps selective boosting exhibited a more uniform tumor control probability map compared to what could be achieved using conventional uniform IMRT, which showed TCP cold spots in high-risk tumor subvolumes despite delivering a higher EUD to the entire PTV. Voxel based iso-Complication maps are presented for rectum and bladder, and their utilization for selective avoidance IMRT strategies are discussed. We believe as the need for functional image guided treatment planning grows, voxel based iso-TCP and iso-Complication maps will become an important tool to assess the integrity of such treatment plans.
Assessment of Error in Synoptic-Scale Diagnostics Derived from Wind Profiler and Radiosonde Network Data

A topic of current practical interest is the accurate characterization of the synoptic-scale atmospheric state from wind profiler and radiosonde network observations. We have examined several related and commonly applied objective analysis techniques for performing this characterization and considered their associated level of uncertainty both from a theoretical and a practical standpoint. A case study is presented where two wind profiler triangles with nearly identical centroids and no common vertices produced strikingly different results during a 43-h period. We conclude that the uncertainty in objectively analyzed quantities can easily be as large as the expected synoptic-scale signal. In order to quantify the statistical precision of the algorithms, we conducted a realistic observing system simulation experiment using output from a mesoscale model. A simple parameterization for estimating the uncertainty in horizontal gradient quantities in terms of known errors in the objectively analyzed wind components and temperature is developed from these results.
Principles of Treating the Sequelae of Perthes Disease

Despite early treatment efforts, many patients with Perthes disease are left with residual femoral head deformity, which can be symptomatic with a residual limp and poor hip motion. Many such patients can be treated using an extra-articular femoral osteotomy. Selecting treatment methods for patients with symptomatic Perthes disease with healed but deformed femoral heads has always been difficult but is now even more complex because of the new possibilities of femoral head?neck recontouring and femoral head reduction surgery. Occasionally, patients develop osteochondritis dissecans when there is little femoral head deformity. The primary objective of management is to establish the exact cause of pain and address that cause specifically. This article outlines an approach to these patients.
A Review of the Empirical Literature About Child Development and Adjustment Postseparation

This article provides a substantial review of the empirical data that have steered the work of child custody experts for the last 30 years. Child custody evaluators who are designated the responsibility of designing parenting plans postseparation for children exposed to family breakdown must be capable of sifting through the literature to select valid and reliable data to support their recommendations and plans. This article provides a review of this literature and discusses the methodological impairments in this body of knowledge.
Child Psychiatry Recruitment and Medical Student Education

Recruitment into child and adolescent psychiatry has always been difficult. Medical students must experience an effective introduction to child and adolescent psychiatry and to its emotional and intellectual satisfactions if they are to consider career opportunities in this specialty. However, the contributions of child psychiatry to the medical student curriculum vary considerably across institutions. The establishment of an undergraduate core curriculum in child and adolescent psychiatry, supplemented by proven effective extracurricular activities, will promote greater exposure of the field to medical students and ultimately enhance recruitment.
Fatal Hydrothorax and Empyema Complicating a Malpositioned Nasogastric Tube

Blind nasogastric intubation was attempted in a chronically debilitated patient. The nasogastric tube entered the trachea and was advanced through the left lower lobe bronchus into the left pleural cavity. During the subsequent two days of dietary supplement (Isocal) infusion, the patient developed fever, chills, decreased responsiveness, and left shoulder pain. This complication ultimately led to the patient's death. We have reviewed the known complications of nasogastric intubation and recommend that difficult intubations in weak or debilitated patients be followed by chest roentgenogram in order to confirm the correct placement of the tube.
Post-emergence treatment of iron-related rice-seedling chlorosis

A number of nutritional problems have been reported for production of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on organic soils (Histosols). One of these, termed rice-seedling chlorosis, occurs when rice is drill-seeded into certain drained Histosols, and results in chlorotic, weakened seedlings that often die before or during imposition of the permanent flood. The condition can be predicted on the basis of soil testing and can be prevented by applying water-soluble Fe with the seed at planting. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the degree to which this problem can be corrected by the use of post-emergence foliarly applied Fe when the condition is not attended to at planting. It was determined that foliar application of Fe improved seedling growth, reduced seedling mortality, and increased rice grain production relative to no treatment. Nevertheless, prediction by the use of soil testing and prevention by application of Fe at seeding appears to be a more effective method for correcting seedling chlorosis than post-emergence foliar application of Fe.
Extracavity laser band-shape and bandwidth modification

A technique for modifying the laser power spectrum by use of an acousto-optic modulator is described. The theory of the power spectrum resulting from frequency modulation by Gaussian noise is reviewed, and several examples of broadened laser power spectra are presented.