cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature measurements in metalized propellant combustion using hybrid fs/ps coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

We apply ultrafast pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) for temperature and relative oxygen concentration measurements in the plume emanating from a burning, aluminized ammonium-perchlorate propellant strand. Combustion of these metal-based propellants is a particularly hostile environment for laser-based diagnostics, with intense background luminosity and scattering from hot metal particles as large as several hundred micrometers in diameter. CARS spectra that were previously obtained using nanosecond pulsed lasers in an aluminum-particle-seeded flame are examined and are determined to be severely impacted by nonresonant background, presumably as a result of the plasma formed by particulate-enhanced laser-induced breakdown. Introduction of femtosecond/picosecond (fs/ps) laser pulses improves CARS detection by providing time-gated elimination of strong nonresonant background interference. Single-laser-shot fs/ps CARS spectra were acquired from the burning propellant plume, with picosecond probe-pulse delays of 0 and 16 ps from the femtosecond pump and Stokes pulses. At zero delay, nonresonant background overwhelms the Raman-resonant spectroscopic features. Time-delayed probing results in the acquisition of background-free spectra that were successfully fit for temperature and relative oxygen content. Temperature probability densities and temperature/oxygen correlations were constructed from ensembles of several thousand single-laser-shot measurements with the CARS measurement volume positioned within 3 mm or less of the burning propellant surface. The results show that ultrafast CARS is a potentially enabling technology for probing harsh, particle-laden flame environments.
Mechanics of Materials: Plasticity

Abstract The survey of the phenomenological constitutive theories of plasticity is presented, which includes rate-dependent and rate-independent plasticity models, pressure-dependent plasticity, thermoplasticity, viscoplasticity, and strain gradient plasticity. The application to monocrystalline and polycrystalline metals and geomaterials is discussed. The flow theories and the deformation theories of plasticity are both presented, as well as the plasticity theory based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into its elastic and plastic parts.
Theological Uses of Psychology: Retrospective and Prospective

This essay begins with a retrospective survey of theological responses to psychology over the last seventy-five years. These are organized by the way in which they have been shaped by two underlying religious concerns: the necessity to defend against the diminishment of the human as oriented to the transcendent (the “Catholic” position) and the concern to protect the divine against its reduction to the merely human (the “Protestant” position). In the final two sections of the essay I consider how, prospectively, the theological appropriation of psychology may enter a new phase first with a reformulation of the task of theological reflection, exemplified by Tracy's model of mutual critical correlation, and secondly by the emergence of neopsychoanalytic theory as a new dialogue partner with theology. The potential significance of the latter is explored by examining its influence on the soteriological projects of Jurgen Moltmann and Sebastian Moore.
Determinants of pre‐transplantation pectoralis muscle area (PMA) and post‐transplantation change in PMA in lung transplant recipients

BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine predictors of pectoralis muscle area (PMA) and assess change in PMA following lung transplantation and its relationship to outcomes. METHODS A retrospective review of 88 lung transplant recipients at a single center was performed. PMA was determined on a single axial slice from chest computerized tomography. Pectoralis muscle index (PMI) was calculated from the PMA divided by the height squared. RESULTS PMI decreased post-transplantation (8.1±2.8 cm2 /m2 pre-transplantation, 7.5±2.9 cm2 /m2 at 6 months, and 7.6±2.7 cm2 /m2 at 12 months, P<.05). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) were predictors of pre-transplant PMI (β=-2.3, P=.001 for COPD; β=2.1, P<.001 for ILD) and percent change in PMI at 12 months post-transplantation relative to baseline (β=19.2, P=.04 for COPD; β=-20.1, P=.01 for ILD). Patients in the highest quartile for PMI change at 12 months had fewer ventilator days compared with patients in the other quartiles (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS Underlying diagnosis was a significant predictor of both pre-transplantation PMI and change in PMI post-transplantation. Further studies of PMI are needed to determine its clinical utility in predicting outcomes following lung transplantation.
Inventing Mosquitoes: Tracing the Topology of Vectors for Human Disease

This chapter draws on Aristotelian topoi to explore the topology of a genomic database. To accomplish this task, two complementary topical analyses are performed. The first analysis focuses on the Infectious Disease Ontology for Dengue and Malaria (IDODEN/IDOMAL), which yields a topology for VectorBase. Tracing the special topoi of the ontology reveals what types of arguments the database privileges by its very structure. The second analysis looks for patterns in the IDODEN/IDOMAL onto/topology using Aristotle’s common or universal topoi. This meta-analysis reveals that IDODEN/IDOMAL promotes consensus building over dichotomous, diachronic thinking. In this community, it seems that discovery is conceptualized as only a social activity—a habit that has consequences for problem-solving in this field and in others.
Pathology of Hodgkin Lymphoma

The primary objective of this chapter is to describe the histopathologic features of Hodgkin lymphoma and its many variants. Hodgkin lymphoma is a lymph node-based neoplasm derived in nearly all cases from clonal genetically unstable germinal center B lymphocytes. There are two highly distinct types of Hodgkin lymphoma that differ in clinical features, pathobiology, and histopathology. The clonal cells in the more common classical form of Hodgkin lymphoma termed classical Reed-Sternberg cells are large cells with multinucleated or multilobulated nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and a unique immunophenotype that belies their B cell origin. The histopathologic diagnosis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma relies on morphologic and immunohistochemical detection of classical Reed-Sternberg cells within a reactive inflammatory infiltrate composed of variable numbers of small lymphocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages, with variable degrees of fibrosis. In contrast, while the clonal cells of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, termed LP cells, are also B cell derived, their morphologic and immunophenotypic features differ markedly from that of classical Reed-Sternberg cells. LP cells are typically medium-sized mononuclear cells with irregular lobulated nuclei that, in contrast to classical Reed-Sternberg cells, express a B cell immunophenotype. Also, in contrast to classical Hodgkin lymphoma, the reactive infiltrate in most cases of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma consists of mantle zone B cells and CD4 T cells without granulocytes and fibrosis. The histopathology of entities that are related to or may mimic Hodgkin lymphoma, including Castleman disease, progressive transformation of germinal centers, and mediastinal gray zone lymphoma, is briefly discussed.
The Suasory Force of Sticky Messages: An Application to the Application of Sunscreen

Stickiness refers to the set of persuasive message properties: simple, unexpected, concrete, credible, emotional, and stories (SUCCES). Heath and Heath (2007) argue that a sticky message is expected to be more memorable and hence more persuasive than a non-sticky message. A 2 (sticky v. non-sticky message) x 3 (pretest v. posttest v. delayed test) longitudinal experiment is employed to examine the persuasiveness of sticky messages on applying sunscreen. Results of a mixed model analysis of variance show that the sticky message produces attitudes and behaviors more favorable to the message recommendation than the non-sticky message. Specifically, a time × message induction non-additive effect was found, which sustained only in the sticky message condition across time. Despite this interesting effect, its explanation remains elusive.
SoftBank’s Acquisition of Sprint Nextel Corporation

This case illustrates the cultural challenges that SoftBank, a Japanese corporation, experienced in the M&A integration of Sprint Next Corporation, the third largest US wireless telecommunications ...
Homogeneous Stationary Planetary Layers

We have previously defined the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), as the entire layer of the atmosphere that has its properties directly influenced by contact with the earth’s underlying surface. Though some turbulence occurs from time to time in the free atmosphere, the fluxes that we have been concerned with are primarily due to interactions with the earth’s surface, and their values decrease in magnitude Co near zero at the top of the PBL. While we have found it possible to ignore the vertical variation of flux with height in the surface layer, however, we cannot do so in the more extended upper or outer portion of the PBL.
Swimming sheet near a plane surfactant-laden interface.

In this work we analyze the velocity of a swimming sheet near a plane surfactant-laden interface by assuming the Reynolds number and the sheet's deformation to be small. We observe a nonmonotonic dependence of the sheet's velocity on the Marangoni number (Ma) and the surface Peclet number (Pe_{s}). For a sheet passing only transverse waves, the swimming velocity increases with an increase in Ma for any fixed Pe_{s}. When Pe_{s} is increasing, on the other hand, the swimming velocity of the same sheet either increases (at large Ma) or it initially increases and then decreases (at small Ma). This dependence of the swimming velocity on Ma and Pe_{s} is altered if the sheet is passing longitudinal waves in addition to the transverse waves along its surface.
Leveraging Telehealth to Improve Health Care Access in Rural America: It Takes More Than Bandwidth.

The editorialists discuss the findings of Drake and colleagues' brief research report and recommend strategies to increase telehealth access beyond improving Internet service.
Is infantile esotropia subcortical in origin

Single binocular vision and stereopsis are known to reside within the visual cortex. By extension, essential infantile esotropia (EIE) has long been considered to be cortical in origin. This a priori assumption is seemingly corroborated by the finding of optokinetic asymmetry within cortical motion pathways. This analysis examines the alternative possibility that extended subcortical neuroplasticity can lead to EIE. It invokes the argument that persistent binocular optokinetic input at the subcortical level (i.e. monocular nasotemporal asymmetry) can drive the eyes inexorably into an esotropic position despite the presence of alternating cortical suppression. Accordingly, EIE can be genetic or epigenetic (i.e. arising experientially from early binocular misalignment) in origin.
‘Oh, it is a special gift you give to me … ’: a phenomenological analysis of counsellors in Cambodia

ABSTRACTResearch on mental health in Cambodia is increasing, yet there is limited focus on experiences of counsellors within this developing profession. This paper reports an Interpretative Phenome...
Jamaican Dancehall: Demasking the grotesque realism of race and class in ghetto ‘gangsta’ performance

This article considers the self-conscious, exaggerated performance of gangster ghetto subjectivities by the younger and more media savvy generation of Jamaican ‘gangster dancehall’ artists as an ex...
Young adult US-born Latina women's thoughts, feelings and beliefs about unintended pregnancy.

Current measures of unintended pregnancy underestimate the co-occurring, complex set of social, cultural, economic and structural factors that influence how women interpret unintended pregnancy. Th...
Cytologic and clinical features of NIFTP: Can we diagnose based on preoperative fine-needle aspiration.

Background Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is considered an indolent neoplasm of the thyroid. Currently, this entity presents a diagnostic challenge on preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Methods Cases of NIFTP and noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma from January 1994 to August 2018 were retrieved from our institution's pathology databases, and their clinical and cytopathologic features were reviewed. Results A total of 45 patients with NIFTP were identified. Thirty-nine of 45 patients had presurgical thyroid FNAs, 27 of which showed abnormal cytology (27/39). NIFTPs were most often classified in the indeterminate diagnostic categories on presurgical FNAs (78%), including suspicious for follicular neoplasm (8/27), atypia of undetermined significance (8/27) and suspicious for malignancy (5/27). Six patients had a cytologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (6/27) on thyroid FNAs. Fourteen out of 27 cases with abnormal FNAs had in-house cytology available for review. The most frequent cytologic features observed in NIFTPs included architectural abnormalities, such as crowded clusters (13/14), nuclear overlapping (13/14), predominance or presence of individual microfollicles (11/14), and abundant to scattered isolated cells (10/14). The papillary-like nuclear features observed included nuclear enlargement (14/14), eccentric nucleoli (13/14), nuclear membrane irregularity (12/14), pale chromatin (12/14), nuclear grooves (10/14), and elongated nuclear contour (8/14). Conclusions The NIFTPs were most frequently categorized as atypia of undetermined significance and suspicious for follicular neoplasm on cytology. Recognition of the architectural and nuclear features of NIFTP can be helpful in distinguishing NIFTPs from other entities, such as papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular neoplasms.
Design-Build for Transportation Projects: Cost and Schedule Change Performance Analysis

AbstractDesign-build (DB) is an alternative project delivery method that has been used to great effect in transportation project delivery. Measuring the performance of DB projects has been the subj...
The Park as Stage: Radical Re-Casting in Disneyland’s Social Clubs

Disney has always relied on their own forms of adaptation—adopting a literature of previously known stories and retelling them with the marketable and appealing Disney brand. In this essay Elizabeth Schiffler argues that a closer look reveals that such practices have created a sort of breeding ground for re-casting, adaptation, and performance of the Disney canon’s stories and characters. Disneyland Theme Parks are no exception. In fact they have created a stage, rehearsal room, and underground conference of guests who can retell stories and re-cast characters to make them their own heroes. Schiffler provides a deep analysis of Disneyland’s various Social Clubs, small groups of regularly visiting Disneyland fans who radically adapt characters and spaces to work with their bodies, some of whom have been accused of being gangs. These subcultures or fandoms adapt characters and stories that are typically cast in supporting or antagonist roles within Disney’s films, marketing, consumer products, and the staging of Disneyland itself to the point that the character individuates, becoming a more vibrant and resonant story within the park.
A Genetic Screen Links the Disease-Associated Nab2 RNA-Binding Protein to the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster

Mutations in the gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein ZC3H14 result in a non-syndromic form of autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Studies in Drosophila have defined roles for the ZC3H14 ortholog, Nab2 (aka Drosophila Nab2 or dNab2), in axon guidance and memory due in part to interaction with a second RNA-binding protein, the fly Fragile X homolog Fmr1, and coregulation of shared Nab2-Fmr1 target mRNAs. Despite these advances, neurodevelopmental pathways regulated by Nab2 remain poorly defined. Structural defects in Nab2 null brains resemble defects observed upon disruption of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which regulates planar orientation of static and motile cells. A kinked bristle phenotype in surviving Nab2 mutant adults additionally suggests a defect in F-actin polymerization and bundling, which is also a PCP-regulated processes. To test for Nab2-PCP genetic interactions, a collection of PCP loss-of-function alleles was screened for modification of a rough-eye phenotype produced by Nab2 overexpression in the eye (GMR-Nab2) and subsequently for modification of Nab2 null phenotypes. Multiple PCP alleles dominantly modify GMR-Nab2 eye roughening and a subset of these alleles also rescue low survival and thoracic bristle kinking in Nab2 zygotic nulls. Moreover, alleles of two X-linked PCP factors, dishevelled (dsh) and β amyloid protein precursor-like (Appl), rescue GMR-Nab2 eye roughening in male progeny derived from hemizygous dsh or Appl mutant fathers, suggesting an additional effect inherited through the male germline. These findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of Nab2-PCP genetic interactions that suggest molecular links between Nab2 and the PCP pathway in the developing eye, wing and germline.
CRT-100.80 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis — Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Studies comparing outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) stenosis have shown conflicting results. Electronic databases including MEDLINE, [ClinicalTrials.gov][1] and the Cochrane Library were
Multiscale Assessment of Deformation Induced by Hydrogen Environment-Assisted Cracking in a Peak-Aged Ni-Cu Superalloy

A multiscale approach leveraging electron backscatter diffraction (S-EBSD), high resolution EBSD (HR-EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to assess the deformation induced proximate to the crack path by hydrogen environment-assisted cracking (HEAC) in peak-aged Monel K-500. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) results calculated from S-EBSD indicate that the deformation pertinent to HEAC is localized to within 25 μm of the crack path. Geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density maps calculated from HR-EBSD confirm this localization. The evaluation of the deformation distribution in three separate grains along the crack path using complementary HR-EBSD and TEM suggest a qualitative similarity in dislocation density between the two techniques, though HR-EBSD is unable to spatially resolve the fine dislocation structures observed via TEM. However, non-negligible differences in dislocation patterning were observed in the three evaluated grains, highlighting the importance of a multiscale approach for characterizing deformation to understand the governing microstructural and mechanical factors.
Histogram Visualization of Smart Grid data using Mapreduce algorithm

This research emphasis the utility of Big Data analytics, as an upcoming trend, in smart grid data. Large datasets are handled using a relatively newer technology called big data analytics. Volume, variety, velocity, veracity, value, and complexity are the six main characteristics of big data. Smart grids have begun to generate tremendous volume of data which is exponentially increasing with the day and possess majority of the big data characteristics. Earlier researches on big data for smart grids has emphasis only on necessities, design, concepts, problems, challenges and further research directions but this work focus on developing solutions for processing the massive data sets. As a study a residential electricity demand profile with 10 million records is considered and the ‘mapreduce’ function in MATLAB is used for dimensionality reduction. Histograms of power consumption pattern with ‘mapreduce’ helps to visualize huge sets of data without the need to load all the observations instantaneously into memory. This will help in further analysis power consumption pattern and predicting the future power demand and short term /long term load forecasting
Clinical observation of low temperature plasma tonsil ablation combined with endoscopic low temperature plasma adenoid ablation in children with snoring

Objective To investigate the clinical value of low temperature plasma ablation in the treatment of children with snoring. Methods A total of 178 children with snoring who were treated in Henan Children’s Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018 were selected. And they were divided into two groups according to the operation plans, with 89 children in each group. Children in the control group were treated by tonsillectomy and endoscopic adenoid scraping, while children in the observation group were treated by low temperature plasma tonsillectomy and endoscopic adenoid ablation. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate was 95.51%(85/89) in the observation group, and 80.90% (72/89)in the control group, moreover, the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). The intraoperative blood loss and pain score of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The OSA-18 quality of life score and apnea-hypopnea index after treatment in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Low temperature plasma ablation for children with snoring can improve the clinical symptoms, ventilation and respiratory status of children, and improve the quality of life of children. Key words: Low temperature plasma; Snoring; Tonsil; Adenoid
Left ventricular strain and fibrosis in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: A case-control study.

Abstract Background Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis have prognostic implications in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF), but their relationship with myocardial strain is not well understood. We evaluated systolic strain and fibrosis (extracellular volume fraction, ECV) of the left ventricle (LV) using feature tracking with magnetic resonance and determine their association with each other and clinical outcome. Method Adults with rTOF and age-matched controls underwent CMR to measure LV-ECV. Feature-tracking was used to quantify radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strain in both 2 and 3 dimensions. Clinical events (death, arrhythmia and heart-failure hospitalization) were obtained through chart review. Associations between strain, ECV and clinical events were explored. Results 48 rTOF subjects (age 40.5 ± 14.3, 42% female) and 20 healthy controls were included. Both LV 2D and 3D global circumferential strain (GCS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were lower in rTOF subjects (p ≤0.01 for all). There was no association between strain and LV-ECV. Strain parameters correlated with ventricular volumes and function. After a median follow-up of 8.5 years (range 1–10.9 years) there were 5 deaths, 6 hospitalizations and 9 new arrhythmias. By multivariate Cox-regression, GLS was an independent predictor of both hospitalization and death, whereas LV-ECV was an independent predictor of arrhythmia. Conclusion While both LV strain abnormalities and fibrosis are present in rTOF, they are associated with different types of clinical outcome, and not to each other. The findings suggest that these measures reflect different long-term adverse adaptations to abnormal hemodynamics.
Copyright Law's Delicate Balancing Act

Copyright is all about balance. We want to reward authors for creating new works but we don’t want this reward to be so large that it drives up the cost of public access to works or unduly inhibits subsequent authors. The challenge is to find the sweet spot between author rights and public access.
One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Methylfurans from 3-(Trimethylsilyl)propargyl Acetates Promoted by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate

Abstract In the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and triethylamine, 3-(trimethylsilyl)propargyl carboxylates undergo a one-pot alkylation-cyclization-desilylation reaction with ketones to produce 2-methylfurans. Alkylation at 0 °C in methylene chloride, followed by acid-catalyzed cyclization at room temperature, provides the furans in 52-86% yield. Cyclization and desilylation appear to be promoted by triflic acid generated in situ from the exposure of the reaction mixture to water upon completion of the initial substitution reaction.
Management of Decompensated Cirrhosis and Associated Syndromes

Patients with cirrhosis account for 3% of intensive care unit admissions with hospital mortality exceeding 50%; however, improvements in survival among patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis and organ failure have been described when treated in specialized liver transplant centers. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct clinical syndrome characterized by decompensated cirrhosis associated with one or more organ failures resulting in a significantly higher short-term mortality. In this review, we will discuss the management of common life-threatening complications in the patient with cirrhosis that require intensive care management including neurologic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and renal complications.
Curcumin consumption reduces gut microbial diversity among patients with colorectal adenomas

Preclinical studies suggest a role for curcumin in prevention of CRC, but there are few human studies to confirm its effects. Much of our diet is metabolized by gut bacteria, and bacterial dysbiosi...
A simple method for splicing the common bile duct into the duodenum of the rat.

Summary 1.The common bile duct can be spliced into the duodenum by this simple procedure. 2.Dilation of the common bile duct occurs if it is spliced into the pyloric-duodenal junction. 3.Rats can be prepared in which the pancreatic juice is not allowed to enter the gut.
Activity of some enzymes in Physarum polycephalum. I. In the growing plasmodium.

The activities of seven enzymes were studied during the first 24 h of spherule formation (differentiation) in cultures of Physarum polycephalum. These enzymes were: isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, β-glucosidase, and histidase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed a decrease, glutamate dehydrogenase and phosphodiesterase increased about eight-fold, acid phosphatase about two-fold, β-glucosidase showed an activity peak at about 15 h after starvation which decreased, after 24 h to its original value, and histidase showed no significant activity change during the period. The inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in a decrease of enzymic activity at all times during the process, whereas the inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D had no effect during the early stages of spherulation but resulted in a rather rapid decrease of enzymic activity when added 21 h after the initiation of spherule formation. Attempts to induce higher enzymic activities during spherulation above the levels already observed were unsuccessful.
Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Care in Open Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele

Fetal myelomeningocele closure (fMMC) was demonstrated in a randomized, prospective clinical trial to improve outcomes for children diagnosed prenatally. Complex care of the maternal/fetal dyad undergoing fetal surgery requires a well-coordinated multidisciplinary team. Nurses in many roles are essential members of the team that cares for these women across the continuum. In this article we discuss the care of the woman, fetus, and family from initial contact through the discharge of the neonate.
An Approximate Method of Calculating Three-Dimensional Compressible Flow in Axial Turbomachines

The two principal existing methods of calculating axially-symmetric compressible flow in turbomachines are: (1) a simplified one-dimensional analysis, and (2) numerical methods using the complete or linearized flow equations. The first is not satisfactory for multi-stage turbines with appreciable wall divergence; the second is very tedious and time consuming. The purpose of this investigation is to extend the approximate methods, successfully used in calculating incompressible flow in compressors with constant blade height, to the analysis of compressible flow in turbomachines with variable blade height. Assuming that the blades can be completely defined by the exit flow angle, and neglecting the influence of downstream blades, the analysis is made considering the flow between successive blade rows only. With these restrictions, subsonic and isentropic supersonic flow patterns can be determined for arbitrary boundary shapes as long as separation does not occur. Average losses can be accounted for by the use of a polytropic law, and the effect of radial variations in stagnation temperature can be included without difficulty. Examples illustrating the flexibility and practical value of the iteration method, and the rapid convergence of successive solutions are given.
Developing E-Business Enterprise Frameworks

An Enterprise Framework is a software architecture that exposes a rich set of semantics and modeling paradigms for developing and extending enterprise applications. Enterprise frameworks are, by design, the cornerstone of an organization’s systems engineering activities. Enterprise frameworks offer a streamlined and flexible alternative to traditional tools and applications that feature numerous point solutions integrated into complex and often inflexible environments. Enterprise Frameworks play an important role since they allow reuse of design knowledge and offer techniques for creating reference models and scalable architectures for enterprise integration. These models and architectures are sufficiently flexible and powerful to be used at multiple levels.
The influence of different convergence angles and resin cements on the retention of zirconia copings.

Purpose: This in vitro study aimed to determine the ability of three resin cements to retain zirconia copings under two clinically simulated conditions. Materials and Methods: Extracted human molars (72) were collected, cleaned, and divided into two groups. All teeth were prepared with a 15° total convergence angle for group 1 and a 30° total convergence angle for group 2, a flat occlusal surface, and approximately 4-mm axial length. Each group was divided by surface area into three subgroups (n = 12). All zirconia copings were abraded with 50-μm Al2O3, then cemented using Panavia F 2.0 (PAN-1) (PAN-2) Rely X Unicem (RXU-1) (RXU-2), and Clearfil SA (CSA-1) (CSA-2). After cementation, the copings were thermocycled for 5000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C with a 15-second dwell time. Then the copings were subjected to dislodgment force in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. The force of removal was recorded, and the dislodgement stress was calculated. A Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric ANOVA) was used to analyze the data (α= 0.05), and the nature of failure was also recorded. Results: The mean (SD) coping removal stresses (MPa) were as follows: PAN-1: 6.0 (1.3), CSA-1: 4.8 (1.4), RXU-1: 5.5 (2.3), PAN-2: 2.8 (1.1), CSA-2: 3.0 (1.25), and RXU-2: 2.6 (1.2). The Kruskal-Wallis test was significant. Mann-Whitney pairwise comparisons of the subgroups were significant (p < 0.05) for the comparisons between subgroups of group 1 and group 2. Mode of failure was mixed, with cement remaining principally on the tooth for PAN. For CSA and RXU, mode of failure was mixed with cement remaining principally on the zirconia copings. Conclusions: Retention values of zirconia copings with three different resin cements were not significantly different. Retention of zirconia copings cemented on the teeth with adequate resistance and retention form was higher than that cemented on teeth lacking these forms. The cement remained mostly on the tooth with the adhesive resin cement with a dentin bonding system. The cement remained mostly on the coping with the self-adhesive resin cement.
Augmented virtual reality for laparoscopic surgical tool training

Feedback in surgical simulation has been limited to offline analysis of movement, time taken to complete simulation and in some cases a virtual playback of completed simulation tasks. In comparison to aircraft simulation, these feedback schemes are very rudimentary. Research in military simulations has shown that real time feedback significantly improves performance on the task at hand and leads to skill generalization and transfer. However, such systems have not been developed for surgical simulation. Lack of effective feedback systems also has the added effect of increasing workload of senior surgeons leading to increased costs and decreased overall efficiency. In a pilot study performed with 8 surgical residents, we tested the effect of real time feedback on movement proficiency.
Birds in North American Great Lakes coastal wet meadows: is landscape context important?

Landscape context can influence species richness, abundance, or probability of patch-use by birds. Little is known, however, about the effects of landscape context on birds in wetland-dominated landscapes. This lack of knowledge is alarming because many wetlands are threatened by development and other human impacts, while serving critical functions as migratory, breeding and foraging habitat. To address this lack of knowledge, we censused birds in North American Great Lakes coastal wet meadows located along the northern Lake Huron shoreline in Michigan (USA) during 1997 and 1998. Using a suite of multivariate techniques, we first accounted for effects of area and within-patch habitat characteristics before testing for effects of landscape context. Most bird variables were significantly related to landscape context, and two major patterns were apparent. First, avian species richness, abundance, and probability of patch-use by some species were higher for wet meadows located in complex contexts (adjacent to many patch types) compared to simpler contexts (adjacent to only one patch type). Second, these variables were higher for wet meadows located in wetland contexts compared to contexts that were terrestrial and road-impacted, dominated by open water habitats, or dominated by forested wetland habitats. Conservation plans for wetlands have focused on saving large wetlands and creating the vegetative habitat structure required by birds, but they should go further and explicitly consider the landscape context of wetlands as well. Specifically, wetlands located in complex and/or wetland contexts should have a higher conservation value than similar wetlands located in simpler, more terrestrial contexts.
Lowered Respiratory Response to Adenosine Diphosphate of Mitochondria Isolated from a Mutant B Strain of Schizophyllum commune

Mitochondria were isolated from the mycelium of a B-factor mutant in Schizophyllum commune that was previously shown to have its energy metabolism partially uncoupled. These mitochondria were compared to mitochondria isolated from wild-type mycelia and were found to increase their respiration rate upon addition of adenosine diphosphate to only one-half the extent of the mitochondria of wild-type mycelia.
Introduction to the Pricing of Futures/Forwards and Options

There are various models that been proposed to value financial assets in the cash market. Models for valuing derivatives such as futures, forwards, options, swaps, caps, and floors are valued using arbitrage principles. Basically, the price of a derivative is one that does not allow market participants to generate riskless profits without committing any funds. In developing a pricing model for derivatives, the model builder begins with a strategy (or trade) to exploit the difference between the cash price of the underlying asset for a derivative. The market price for the derivative is the cost of the package to replicate the payoff of the derivative. Keywords: futures contract; forward contract; delivery date; settlement date; initial margin; variation margin; clearinghouse; cash-and-carry trade; reverse cash-and-carry trade; net financing cost; cost of carry (carry); positive carry; negative carry; call option; put option; American option; European option; strike price; expiration date; at-the-money option; in-the-money option; out-of-the-money option; intrinsic value; time premium; put–call parity relationship
Unrelatedness of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis

Eight strains of highly amylolytic, sporeforming bacilli (hereafter referred to as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were compared with respect to their taxonomic relationship to B. subtilis. The physiological-biochemical properties of these two groups of organisms showed that B. amyloliquefaciens differed from B. subtilis by their ability to grow in 10% NaCl, characteristic growth on potato plugs, increased production of alpha-amylase, and their ability to ferment lactose with the production of acid. The base compositions of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the B. subtilis strains consistently fell in the range of 41.5 to 43.5% guanine + cytosine (G + C), whereas that of the B. amyloliquefaciens strains was in the 43.5 to 44.9% G + C range. Hybrid formation between B. subtilis W23 and B. amyloliquefaciens F DNA revealed only a 14.7 to 15.4% DNA homology between the two species. Transducing phage, SP-10, was able to propagate on B. subtilis W23 and B. amyloliquefaciens N, and would transduce B. subtilis 168 (indole(-)) and B. amyloliquefaciens N-10 (arginine(-)) to prototrophy with a frequency of 3.9 x 10(-4) and 2.4 x 10(-5) transductants per plaque-forming unit, respectively. Attempts to transduce between the two species were unsuccessful. These data show that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a valid species and should not be classified as a strain or variety of B. subtilis.
Organotherapy, Present Achievements and Future Prospects

Since the membership of this Academy is representative of all branches and specialties of clinical medicine, it has seemed judicious to select for this address a phase of endocrinology interesting to all practitioners. Although this youthful field of internal medicine may be regarded by some as rather narrow, arrogant and obstreperous, it does in truth reach out and touch closely each and all of the subdivisions of medical practice and preclinical investigation. A brief elaboration of this conception may not be inappropriate at this point. Thus, the opthalmologist has occasion to notice exopthalmos and the other “eye signs” of thyroid disease; or be the first to suspect diabetes mellitus because of retinal abnormalities; he will be called upon to determine precisely the degree of bitemporal hemianopsia or diminution of vision in instances of pituitary tumor that impinge upon the optic chiasm.
An Oceanographic Radiance Distribution Camera System

An oceanographic optical instrument has been designed and constructed to record the radiance distribution of natural radiant energy underwater. The instrument contains two cameras placed back-to-back, each equipped with a fisheye (180 degrees field of view) lens and is fabricated so that film can be exposed by remote control. The instrument is designed to operate at depths up to 100 m. Values of underwater radiance can be obtained from the exposed films by means of photographic photometry. Radiance distributions obtained in natural waters will provide basic information needed for the study and solution of several problems in optical oceanography. First, the radiance distribution is an important input for the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the sea. From the distribution of radiance in the natural light fields in the ocean, many of the important optical properties which relate to radiative transfer processes in the ocean can be calculated. Second, from these optical properties one can compute the magnitude of the deterioration of image contrast of submerged objects and thus furnish information for the study and solution of underwater visibility problems, which include problems in underwater television and photography. Finally, since radiant energy is critical to the beginning of the marine food chain through photosynthetic plankton, radiance distribution measurements will provide information of fundamental importance to the problem of primary productivity in natural waters.
Potential usefulness of a video printer for producing secondary images from digitized chest radiographs

Communication between radiologists and clinicians could be improved if a secondary image (copy of the original image) accompanied the radiologic report. In addition, the number of lost original radiographs could be decreased, since clinicians would have less need to borrow films. The secondary image should be simple and inexpensive to produce, while providing sufficient image quality for verification of the diagnosis. We are investigating the potential usefulness of a video printer for producing copies of radiographs, i.e. images printed on thermal paper. The video printer we examined (Seikosha model VP-3500) can provide 64 shades of gray. It is capable of recording images up to 1,280 pixels by 1,240 lines and can accept any raster-type video signal. The video printer was characterized in terms of its linearity, contrast, latitude, resolution, and noise properties. The quality of video-printer images was also evaluated in an observer study using portable chest radiographs. We found that observers could confirm up to 90 of the reported findings in the thorax using video- printer images, when the original radiographs were of high quality. The number of verified findings was diminished when high spatial resolution was required (e.g. detection of a subtle pneumothorax) or when a low-contrast finding was located in the mediastinal area or below the diaphragm (e.g. nasogastric tubes).© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Undergraduate research using γ-ray spectroscopy following inelastic neutron scattering

Undergraduate students at the University of Dallas (UD) have played a significant role in the investigations of the low-lying collective nuclear excitations observed in the Z = 52 isotopes. These studies were undertaken using γ-ray spectroscopy following inelastic neutron scattering at the University of Kentucky Low-Energy Nuclear Accelerator Facility. Of particular importance in these investigations is the ability to measure γ-ray Doppler shifts in order to extract lifetimes of excited levels ranging from a few fs to 1 ps. UD students have been actively involved in all aspects of the research from operation of the modified CN Van de Graaff accelerator to comparisons of experimental results with model calculations. An overview of undergraduate involvement in this research will be presented, as well as the most recent results of their investigations.
Axillary-Coronary Sequential Vein Graft for Total Endoscopic Triple Coronary Artery Bypass

We describe using an axillary-coronary vein graft for robotically assisted, total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting. After constructing the proximal vein anastomosis to the left axillary artery under direct vision, the graft was brought into the thorax through a thoracostomy in the second left intercostal space. Under cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest, the distal anastomoses were completed using da Vinci (Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA) robotic instrumentation through small portholes. This procedure marks a significant advancement in robotic total endoscopic revascularization by increasing the range of targets available for the total endoscopic approach, thereby enlarging the patient population suitable for robotic revascularization.
Applicability of Oxidative Systems to Initiate Grafting on and Bonding of Wood

Abstract Graft polymerization techniques were applied to induce bonding in wood composites. Wood surfaces were activated with an oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, peracetic acid, potassium ferricyanide or sodium dichromate. The activated wood surfaces were then chemically crosslinked with polymerizing materials such as furfuryl alcohol, ammonium lignosulfonate, mixtures of lignosulfonate with furfuryl alcohol, with formaldehyde or with maleic acid. The wood composites were pressed using conventional manufacturing conditions. The strength and water resistance properties of the wood composites were suitable for exterior structural applications. The various methods proposed to induce chemical bonding of wood are briefly reviewed.
Topical Interferon-gamma Neutralization Prevents Conjunctival Goblet Cell Loss in Experimental Murine Dry Eye

Evidence suggests that the cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ released by natural killer and CD4(+) T cells contributes to the conjunctival goblet cell (GC) loss in dry eye. The purpose of this study was to investigate if topical neutralization of IFN-γ prevents or alleviates GC loss in an experimental desiccating stress (DS) model of dry eye. In this study, we found that topical IFN-γ neutralization significantly decreased DS-induced conjunctival GC loss. This was accompanied by decreased epithelial apoptosis, and increased IL-13 and decreased FoxA2 expression in the forniceal conjunctiva. To establish that IFN-γ produced by pathogenic CD4(+) T cells contributes to DS-induced GC loss, adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells isolated from DS exposed donors to naive RAG-1(-/-) recipient mice was performed. Similar to the donor mice, topical IFN-γ neutralization decreased conjunctival GC loss, suppressed apoptosis and increased IL-13 expression in adoptive transfer recipients. In summary, this study demonstrated that topical neutralization of IFN-γ prevents GC loss via modulating apoptosis and maintaining IL-13 signaling.
Assessing the Need for Process Re-identification

Model-based control has had a tremendous impact in the process industries. If the process changes significantly, the dynamic model may no longer be adequate and thus the model-based control scheme may result in poor performance. However, poor agreement between model predictions and output data does not necessarily imply that model re-identification is required. This paper addresses the important issue of deciding when re-identification of the process model is required. Using metrics based on principal component analysis and the Akaike information criterion, it is shown how a relatively short, closed-loop test can be used to screen for changes in the process parameters. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by two simulation examples.
Mathematical optimization and the synchronizing properties of encodings

Abstract Methods for constructing binary exhaustive prefix codes with certain synchronizing properties are given. In particular it is shown how to formulate the requirement that a code be anagrammatic and the requirement for minimal synchronizing delay as linear integer programming problems. The tree structure of the code is given and the program optimizes over all possible labelings of the tree. Several examples, solved by a commercially available linear/integer programming package, are included.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF LANTHANUM AND SOME LANTHANUM ALLOYS

Superconductivity has been observed for two structures of lanthanum. A close-packed hexagonal structure was found to have a transition temperature near 5.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the face-centered cubic structure had a transition temperature of 5.95\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The initial slope of the ${H}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T$ curve for the face-centered cubic structure was 550 oe/deg. The transition temperature decreased with decreasing lanthanum content for the La-Y and La-Lu alloys studied.