cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian analysis improves pulse secretion characterization in reproductive hormones.

Pulsatile secretion of hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is critical for normal functioning of the reproductive system. Thus, appropriate characterization of pulsatile secretion is important for identifying the (patho)physiology of reproductive conditions. Existing analysis methods often fail to adequately characterize pulsatility, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio is low. Newer Bayesian analysis methods for pulsatile hormones may offer improved secretion quantification in noisier data. The objective of this study was to extensively validate a Bayesian analysis approach for analyzing pulsatile hormones in settings that occur in reproductive studies. An investigative approach was chosen so that clinical research teams will have the knowledge to adopt this newer analysis approach in practice. Three experimental conditions were investigated: luteinizing hormone (LH) profiles in ovariectomized ewes (N=6; high signal-to-noise setting), LH profiles in young ovulating women (N=12; lower signal-to-noise setting), and computer-simulated scenarios (N=200). For each experimental condition, differences in luteinizing hormone pulse outcomes (pulse number, average pulse size, hormone half-life, and non-pulse secretion) were obtained and compared between non-Bayesian and Bayesian analysis pulse analysis methods. For the ewe model, the estimated pulse number and mass were comparable between the Bayesian and non-Bayesian analyses. For the human model, only 4 of 12 subjects could be fitted with the non-Bayesian analysis compared to 10 of the 12 with Bayesian analysis. In general, the Bayesian analysis had lower false negative rates (<4.5%) compared to the non-Bayesian analysis while maintaining a high specificity (false positive rate <2.5%). The Bayesian analysis also had less biased estimates of all pulse features. In conclusion, Bayesian analysis provides a more reliable pulse characterization in low signal-to-noise experiments and should be used for the analysis of reproductive physiology studies of pulsatile hormones. Software is available at www.github.com/BayesPulse . ABBREVIATIONS LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone; FP: false positive; FN: false negative.
Error Correction in Structured Optical Receivers

Quantum green machines using integrated optics may enable better communication in photon-starved environments, but fabrication inconsistencies induce unpredictable internal phase errors, making them difficult to construct. We describe and experimentally demonstrate a new method to compensate for arbitrary phase errors by deriving a convex error space and implementing an algorithm to learn a unique codebook of codewords corresponding to each matrix.
Quantifying Variation in Kerf Wall Striations Created by Hacksaws and Reciprocating Saws

Forensic anthropologists are often tasked with examining tool marks left in bone. These marks regularly take the form of striated kerfs, resulting from a saw-assisted dismemberment. Assessing kerfs is a relatively new area of study, and much remains to be learned about the process of kerf formation, and therefore how kerfs should be interpreted. Here, kerf marks in bone made by saws that use a similar repetitive back-and-forth sawing motion are examined using methods of surface metrology. These methods broadly serve to quantify surface topography, including the amplitude of kerf wall striations. Quantitative analysis of kerf surfaces revealed that hacksaws leave more-variable and higher-magnitude striations in bone than do reciprocating saws. However, the differences between kerf walls made by these types of saws are blurred by significant areas of overlap in their morphological parameters. Understanding the variation in kerf wall striation morphology will lead to better assessments of tool mark features by anthropologists in three ways. First, metric evaluations such as this allow for rigorous statistical comparisons of the variation seen in saw kerfs at multiple levels of observation. In doing so, the high potential for over-interpretation and misclassification based on local morphology in kerfs can be addressed. Second, three-dimensional surface characterizations of kerf walls allow access to characteristics such as striation magnitude that were previously out of reach to the forensic anthropologist. Third, this type of work serves to support currently utilized visual standards for differentiating manual saws from electrically powered saws. By evaluating underlying hypotheses about kerf wall morphology thought to result in overall visual differences, it will be possible to better understand why the characteristics currently used work, as well as times when they can be misleading or misused. KEYWORDS: forensic anthropology, surface metrology, dismemberment
Symptomatic cord compression by paraspinal musculature following cervical laminectomy: rare complication

Cervical laminectomy is an effective treatment for multilevel cervical compressive myelopathy. Symptomatic spinal cord compression (SSCC) by paraspinal musculature (PSM) following cervical laminectomy is rarely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and pathogenesis of this complication after cervical laminectomy. Between 2007 and 2016, the medical records of 1309 cervical laminectomy patients were reviewed. From these 1309 records, seven patients (five men and two women; average age, 64.12 years; range 48–78 years) with SSCC by PSM following cervical laminectomy were identified. The incidence and possible risk factors of this rare condition were evaluated. The frequency of SSCC by PSM following cervical laminectomy was 0.53%. Presenting symptoms included paralyses and paresthesias, depending on the level and severity of cervical spinal cord compression. The initial onset of neurologic deterioration varied from 12 h to 21 days after operation. Most patients recovered well after surgical management with an average Barthel index of 74.3 at 6 months after surgery. In comparison with 63 controls, this rare complication was associated with preoperative cervical kyphosis, prior antiplatelet therapy, and posterior decompression with prone position. SSCC by PSM is a rare but devastating complication following cervical laminectomy, especially in those patients with preoperative kyphosis, prior antiplatelet treatment, and decompression with prone position. MRI is an ideal tool to identify this complication. Rapid cervical cord decompression and avoidance of recurrent compressive events can achieve a good clinical outcome. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Exact First Order Equations

This chapter discusses exact first-order equations. Some first-order ordinary differential equations can be integrated directly. If the given ordinary differential equation has the form dy / dx = N ( x , y )/ M ( x , y ), and N ( x, y ) and M ( x, y ) are such that ∂ M /∂ x + ∂ N /∂ y = 0, then dy / dx = N ( x , y )/ M ( x , y ) is said to be an exact ordinary differential equation. Such an equation can be solved exactly, though the answer may be in terms of an integral. The (implicit) solution will be of the form ф ( x, y ) = C , where C is an arbitrary constant. Differentiating ф ( x, y ) = C with respect to x and rearranging terms gives dy / dx = − ф x /ф y Comparing dy / dx = − ф x /ф y to dy / dx = N ( x , y )/ M ( x , y ) gives ф x = −N, ф y = M and hence ∂ M /∂ x + ∂ N /∂ y = 0 is satisfied.
Virtuality and Media Synchronicity: Their Effects on Conflict in Virtual Teams

Past research has provided evidence that teams who are able to gain the benefits of the task conflict but avoid the pitfalls of relationship conflict should perform better than they would if they let relationship conflict occur. The problem is that task conflict has a tendency to trigger relationship conflict, making it difficult for teams to gain the benefits of task conflict without also incurring the costs of relationship conflict. Researchers have offered mechanisms by which teams can keep conflict task oriented, but this research has been focused on face-to-face, non-virtual teams. Little is still known about how task and relationship conflict can be managed in a virtual environment.In this paper, we argue that virtuality influences the relationship between task and relationship conflict by the manner in which it relates to two factors – trust and behavioral integration. Based largely on social influence processes, we hypothesize that when teams communicate more virtually (e.g., use ICTs that are less rich and more asynchronous), it is more difficult for them to develop trustworthiness (and therefore trust) and behavioral integration. Lacking trust and behavioral integration, virtual teams should then be more likely to make misattributions about task conflict, which leads to greater relationship conflict. In other words, we propose that virtuality makes managing task and relationship conflict even more difficult. This effect, however, we argue can be avoided when teams have strong experience with the media and with working together.
Variational and Multiscale Methods in Turbulence

An overview is presented of variational and multiscale methods used in Large-Eddy Simulations of turbulence. Results for the problem of bypass transition of a boundary layer are presented illustrating the performance of a recently developed method.
Neuroterrorism Preparedness for the Neurohospitalist

In this review article, we highlight several potential biologic and chemical agents of “neuroterrorism” of which neurohospitalists should be aware: anthrax, botulism toxin, brucella, plague, smallp...
Medical, Endoscopic, and Surgical Treatment of Pouch Strictures

Abstract Pouch stricture, which may or may not be related to Crohn’s disease, is one of the most common complications after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with a reported frequency ranging from 10% to 17%. Pouch strictures can be classified into (1) the primary vs secondary ones, based on the etiology; and (2) distal afferent limb vs inlet vs pouch body vs and anastomotic strictures, based on the location. Medical therapy has a limited value in the management of strictures, mainly used in those with concurrent inflammation at or around the stricture. Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) and endoscopic stricturotomy have emerged to become the main treatment modalities for pouch stricture. Surgical resection and anastomosis or stricturoplasty are two surgical treatment modalities that usually serve as salvage procedures.
Identification and Characterization of Synthetic Viability with ERCC1 Deficiency in Response to Interstrand Crosslinks in Lung Cancer.

Purpose: ERCC1/XPF is a DNA endonuclease with variable expression in primary tumor specimens, and has been investigated as a predictive biomarker for efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy. The failure of clinical trials utilizing ERCC1 expression to predict response to platinum-based chemotherapy suggests additional mechanisms underlying the basic biology of ERCC1 in the response to interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) remain unknown. We aimed to characterize a panel of ERCC1 knockout (Δ) cell lines, where we identified a synthetic viable phenotype in response to ICLs with ERCC1 deficiency. Experimental Design: We utilized the CRISPR-Cas9 system to create a panel of ERCC1Δ lung cancer cell lines which we characterized. Results: We observe that loss of ERCC1 hypersensitizes cells to cisplatin when wild-type (WT) p53 is retained, whereas there is only modest sensitivity in cell lines that are p53mutant/null. In addition, when p53 is disrupted by CRISPR-Cas9 (p53*) in ERCC1Δ/p53WT cells, there is reduced apoptosis and increased viability after platinum treatment. These results were recapitulated in 2 patient data sets utilizing p53 mutation analysis and ERCC1 expression to assess overall survival. We also show that kinetics of ICL-repair (ICL-R) differ between ERCC1Δ/p53WT and ERCC1Δ/p53* cells. Finally, we provide evidence that cisplatin tolerance in the context of ERCC1 deficiency relies on DNA-PKcs and BRCA1 function. Conclusions: Our findings implicate p53 as a potential confounding variable in clinical assessments of ERCC1 as a platinum biomarker via promoting an environment in which error-prone mechanisms of ICL-R may be able to partially compensate for loss of ERCC1. See related commentary by Friboulet et al., p. 2369
Structured and semistructured interviews for children

Abstract Clinicians may choose from a variety of assessment tools for child clinical assessment (e.g., questionnaires, intelligence tests, neuropsychological tests) depending on both their training and preferences as well as client characteristics such as age and presenting question. However, almost all clinicians conduct clinical interviews as part of the assessment. Therefore, the clinical interview is the hallmark of clinical assessment.
HIV Transcription Is Independent of Mediator Kinases.

Abstract While the roles in HIV transcription of many cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been well defined, little is known about the impact of mediator kinases (MDKs), CDK8 and CDK19, in this pr...
Rate of shoot development (phyllochron) is dependent of carbon availability, shoot type, and rank in peach trees

Crop load or carbohydrate availability, affects the phyllochron, leaf length, and leaf area of proleptic and epicormic shoots on mature, field-grown Prunus persica trees. It is well known that shoot growth rates can be strongly influenced by availability of carbohydrates to support growth. Additionally, carbohydrate availability for vegetative growth is influenced by crop load, since fruits are strong sinks for photosynthates. Thus, while crop load is known to have significant effects on shoot growth rates it is not clear whether this effect is limited to extension growth rates of internodes or whether it also affects shoot development such as the rate at which nodes are added to shoots, i.e., the phyllochron. In this study, we investigated the effect of the presence and absence of the crop on the phyllochron of proleptic and epicormic shoots on mature, field-grown peach trees. Leaf growth measurements were recorded three times per week from the beginning to the end of the growing season and used to calculate the phyllochron on trees from two treatments; one with 100% of the crop left on it (unthinned or fully cropped) and a treatment of trees where the crop was completely removed (non-cropped). The phyllochron fluctuated but generally increased over the season due to a rank effect. The phyllochron was longer on trees with heavy crop loads. Although there were large differences in phyllochrons between treatments in both shoot types, only differences observed in epicormic shoots were statistically significant. Additionally, leaf length and leaf area were also significantly reduced by crop load in both shoot types. These findings indicate that the phyllochron of field-grown peach trees is apparently sensitive to carbohydrate availability in the tree and should be considered when trying to accurately predict the timing of the addition of new phytomers along a shoot.
Linear Thompson Sampling Under Unknown Linear Constraints

We study how adding unknown linear safety constraints affects the performance of Thompson Sampling in the linear stochastic bandit problem. The additional constraints must be met at each round in spite of uncertainty about the environment requiring that the learner acts conservatively in choosing her actions. In this setting, we propose Safe-LTS, the first safe Thompson Sampling based algorithm, and we prove that it achieves no-regret learning. We obtain regrets that have the same dependence on the total number of rounds (modulo logarithmic factors) as Safe-UCB, a recently proposed safe algorithm that uses the upper confidence bound principle. Finally, we provide numerical simulations that demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm.
Long-term Functional Outcomes Follow-up after 188 Rib Resections in Patients with TOS

Background Short-term outcomes in patients with all forms of TOS have been widely reported in the literature and have established that rib resection can be beneficial in decompressing the thoracic outlet and relieving pressure on traversing structures. We sought to determine long-term functional outcomes using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) survey in patients with TOS who underwent rib resection. Methods Clinical records for patients who underwent rib resection for TOS at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were contacted via telephone and long-term functional outcome was assessed at latest follow-up via the 11-item version of the QuickDASH questionnaire. Demographics, TOS type, preoperative QuickDASH score, and athletic status were recorded. Patients were asked if they returned to baseline activity since their surgery, would have the procedure again, and if they were subjectively better postoperatively. Results From 2000 to 2018, 261 patients underwent rib resection surgery. One hundred seventy patients (65.1%) were able to be contacted via telephone for long-term follow-up. A total of 188 surgeries (102 neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, 82 venous thoracic outlet syndrome, 4 arterial thoracic outlet syndrome) were performed in these 170 patients. The mean follow-up time for the cohort was 5.3 years (range 1–18). Overall, 167 (88.9%) patients returned to baseline activity postoperatively. Postop QuickDASH decreased to 12 from 44 preoperatively for the cohort. Conclusions First rib resection and thoracic outlet decompression for all forms of TOS is a durable surgical treatment which results in excellent long-term functional outcomes as determined by both the QuickDASH score and subjective patient reporting.
Probing the Deep Genetic Basis of a Novel Trait in Escherichia coli

Evolution innovates by repurposing existing genetic elements to produce new functions. However, the range of new functions and traits this evolutionary tinkering can produce is limited to those that are supported and enabled by the rest of the genome. The full complement of genes in a genome required for a novel trait to manifest constitutes the trait’s “deep” genetic basis. The deep genetic basis of novel traits can be very difficult to determine under most circumstances, leaving it understudied despite its critical importance. Novel traits that arise during highly tractable microbial evolution experiments present opportunities to correct this deficit. One such novel trait is aerobic growth on citrate (Cit+ ), which evolved in one of twelve populations in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli (LTEE). We sought to uncover the deep genetic basis of this trait by transforming 3,985 single gene knockout mutants from the Keio collection with a plasmid that can confer aerobic growth on citrate. In our preliminary screen, we identified 111 genes putatively necessary for expression of the Cit+ trait. Of these, ∼ 32% are involved in core metabolic pathways, including the TCA and glycolysis pathways. Another ∼ 22% encode a variety of transporter proteins. The remaining genes are either of unknown function or uncertain involvement with citrate metabolism. Our work demonstrates how novel traits that are built upon pre-existing functions can depend on the activity of a large number of genes, hinting at an unappreciated level of complexity in the evolution of relatively simple new functions.
Development of emotion regulation across the first two years of college.

Abstract Introduction Emotion regulation is thought to develop substantially from late adolescence into early adulthood; further, the rate of development purportedly varies based on personal and contextual characteristics. However, little research has explicitly documented this maturation in young adulthood or identified its determinants. We aimed to (1) characterize how adaptive (positive reappraisal, emotional social support-seeking) and maladaptive (suppression, substance use coping) emotion regulation strategies changed over time and (2) predict change in each strategy based on baseline personal, social, and motivational characteristics. Methods We followed a sample of 1578 students entering university in the northeastern United States across their first two years, assessing them four times. Results As expected, social support-seeking increased and suppression decreased. However, contrary to expectations, cognitive reappraisal declined over time while substance use coping increased. Women generally used more adaptive emotion regulation strategies than did men; social engagement and connection and eudaimonic well-being were generally predictive of using more adaptive coping over time. Conclusions Overall, students did not consistently demonstrate maturation to more adaptive emotion regulation and in fact exhibited decrements over the first two years of college. Students’ baseline characteristics accounted for substantial degrees of change in emotion regulation. These findings suggest potentially fruitful directions for interventions to assist college students in developing more adaptive emotion regulation skills.
Initial Referring Physician and Radiologist Experience with Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System.

Objectives/hypothesis Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System (NI-RADS) is a radiology reporting system developed for head and neck cancer surveillance imaging, using standardized terminology, numeric levels of suspicion, and linked management recommendations. Through a multidisciplinary, interdepartmental quality improvement initiative, we implemented NI-RADS for the reporting of head and neck cancer surveillance CT. Our objective is to summarize our initial experience from the standpoints of head and neck cancer providers and radiologists. Study design Quality improvement study. Methods Before and 3 months post-implementation, surveys were offered to referring physicians (n = 21 pre-adoption; 22 post-adoption) and radiologists (n = 17 pre- and post-adoption). NI-RADS utilization was assessed over time. Results Survey response rates were 62% (13/21) and 73% (16/22) for referring physicians pre- and post-adoption, respectively, and 94% (16/17) for radiologists pre- and post-adoption. Among post-adoption provider respondents, 100% (16/16) strongly agreed or agreed with "I want our radiologists to continue using NI-RADS," "The NI-RADS numerical rating of radiologic suspicion is helpful," and "The language and style of NI-RADS neck CT reports are clear and understandable." Among radiologist respondents, 88% (14/16) strongly agreed or agreed with "NI-RADS improves consistency among our radiologists in the reporting of surveillance neck CTs." Radiologist NI-RADS utilization increased over time (46% month 1; 72% month 3). Conclusions Most referring physicians and radiologists preferred NI-RADS. Head and neck cancer providers indicated that NI-RADS reports are clear, understandable, direct, and helpful in guiding clinical management. Radiologists indicated that NI-RADS improves radiologist consistency in the reporting of surveillance neck CT, and radiologists increasingly used NI-RADS over time. Level of evidence Level 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Fasting for Cardiovascular Health

While fasting is an ancient practice, research over the last decade has highlighted its potential as a method of obtaining weight loss and other cardiometabolic health benefits. Several different patterns of fasting have emerged, including alternate-day fasting (ADF), 5:2 intermittent fasting (IF), time-restricted eating (TRE), and periodic fasting. Preclinical data in animals are impressive, demonstrating that periods of zero or few calories can result in not just weight loss, but other health benefits. Subsequent data in humans have been steadily accumulating and show beneficial effects in populations at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including patients with overweight or obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and also patients at a normal weight. One mechanism behind these benefits may be related to a metabolic switch from use of glucose as fuel in the fed state to use of ketones, which influence genes involved in health and longevity and improve cellular response to stress. It is important to evaluate the data as well as the feasibility and safety of each fasting method. Certain fasting patterns may be appropriate to recommend to select patients as lifestyle modification for prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Multimineral petrophysics of thermally immature Eagle Ford Group and Cretaceous mudstones, USGS Gulf Coast #1 research wellbore in central Texas

Traditional petrophysical methods to evaluate organic richness and mineralogy using gamma ray and resistivity log responses are not diagnostic in source rocks. This study presents a deterministic, ...
Computational And Algorithmic Linear Algebra And N-Dimensional Geometry

Methods for Formulating Real World Problems Using Systems of Simultaneous Linear Equations Algorithms for Analyzing and Solving These Models Fundamental Concepts in N-Dimensional Geometry, Matrices and Determinants Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors and Their Importance Software Systems for Linear Algebra Problems.
Elastic Stability Plates Subject to Elastic Constraints

With the continuing effort to reduce weight in engineering structures, load-carrying members are being made more slender and of smaller total cross-sectional area by the application of tubular I-section channels and thin plates. With this trend toward more slender and thinner walled structural members has come the problem of compressive elastic buckling of these members. The work given herein is a method to predict buckling loads in structures with ordinary boundary conditions and also subject to additional stiffness is the form of rectilinear and rotational springs attached at discrete pints in the structure.
Complex Networks in Cell Biology

Networks of filamentous polymers are a common feature of cells and biological tissues. From the cross-linked gels providing strength to blood clots and extracellular matrices to the dynamic cytoskeleton that undergoes gel-sol transitions as cells move and the more obscure matrix within the cell nucleus, nearly all cellular surfaces are interconnected by a series of fluctuating but continuous meshworks. In part the function of these networks is mechanical, and their viscoelasticity, together with new methods to observe the dynamics of single polymer strands within the network, has made biological polymers, especially those derived from the cytoskeleton, attractive materials by which to test theories of polymer physics. The unusual viscoelasticity of these networks is crucial to their biological function to provide mechanical continuity throughout cells and tissues. In addition, formation and disassembly of networks composed of the polyanionic filaments comprising the cytoskeleton has many consequences for sequestration of proteins and metabolites and in providing directionality and spatial segregation to biochemical reactions and signal transduction pathways. Concepts related to network formation may transform the way intracellular biochemistry and signaling are understood.
Opuntia cladodes (nopal): Emerging functional food and dietary supplement

Opuntia cacti are found in prolific abundance in arid regions of the world. The fleshy stems (paddles or nopals) have been a staple vegetable in many parts of Latin America (Central America and Mexico) since long. Even the Southwest US population have developed an interest in them. Now, they have been validated to be good sources of vital phytonutrients viz. dietary fibres, vitamins, minerals, mucilage, pectin. The succulent pads packed with nutrition are envisioned to be imbibed in foods for nutritional augmentation. Apart from additives, the mucilage-opulent cladodes have shown promise as encapsulating agents. Several biological roles of nopal viz. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-ulcerogenic, anticancer, and hypoglycaemic have been authenticated. This review embodies the recent findings, risks associated, current trends of investigations and untapped potentials of this xerophytic resource. Wide consumption and mass cultivation of nopal is expected to play the dual role of supplying nutrition and averting food insecurity.
Randomness and Completeness in Computational Complexity

1. Introduction.- 2. Preliminaries.- 3. Derandomizing Arthur-Merlin Games.- 4. Sparseness of Complete Languages.- 5. Autoreducibility of Complete Languages.- 6. The Size of Randomized Polynomial Time.- 7. The Frequency of Complete Languages.- 8. The Frequency of Autoreducible Languages.
Multi‐Proxy Reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index: A Critical Review and a New Well‐Verified Winter NAO Index Reconstruction Back to AD 1400

The reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index from high-resolution paleoclimate records is critically reviewed. In so doing, previously reported problems in most of the published NAO reconstructions are verified. A new multi-proxy reconstruction of the winter NAO index is developed, which largely corrects these reported problems, particularly the lack of reconstruction validity prior to 1850. It covers the period AD 1400-1979 and successfully verifies against independent estimates of the winter NAO index based on European instrumental and non-instrumental data as far back as 1500. This new success is due to a greatly expanded network of proxy records available for reconstruction. It also appears to be related to the use of an extended reconstruction model calibration period that reduced an apparent bias in selected proxies associated with the effect of anomalous 20th century NAO variability on climate teleconnections over circum-North Atlantic land areas.
Science Education: A Societal Imperative

… Since its inception science has been the delight of of the mind, one of the great creations of the human spirit, and its effect on every other branch of human thinking in every age is manifest to...
DIGENETIC TREMATODES OF FISHES AS INDICATORS OF THE ECOLOGY, PHYLOGENY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THEIR HOSTS

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overviews on digenetic trematodes of fishes as indicators of the ecology, phylogeny, and zoogeography of their hosts. The prevalence and diversity of trematodes of fishes, together with the fact that many of them have considerable host specificity, make them a favorable group for studies of host relationships and zoogeography. Sometimes a trematode, or other parasite, may have a very local, restricted distribution as compared with that of the host species. Trematodes flourish in great abundance in fishes of the Great Barrier Reef, corresponding with the richness of the fish and molluskan populations there. Preliminary examination of these Australian trematodes shows some interesting affinities, particularly to the Caribbean region. The reef-dwelling fish, Kyphosus Lacepede, is host to seven or eight distinctive genera of trematodes. Of four species collected from Kyphosus in Australia, three are either identical or very closely related to species in Kyphosus in the Caribbean.
Fluorescence of Light‐Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b–Protein Complexes: Implications for the Photosynthetic Unit

To the extent that extracted light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) retain the chlorophyll configuration which they had in vivo, information on the optical properties of LHCPs is useful for an assessment of the transfer process of the primary excitation energy in photosynthesis. Within this context we report and discuss the implication of three kinds of data on spinach chloroplast LHCP. First, an analysis of the spectroscopic dependence of absorption, polarization and circular dichroism (reported recently by R.L.V.) suggests a model affording the possibility of easy chlorophyll a intercomplex transfer with chlorophyll b groups acting as local antitraps. Second, the ratio of LHCP emission and absorption probabilities obeys the Stepanov relation over a relatively wide range, an observation which suggests rapid Chl b-Chl a excitation equilibration. Finally, an LHCP absolute fluorescence yield as great as 10% has been measured, which provides a possible upper limit for the yield of the antenna fluorescence.
Patient suicide: model for medical student teaching and mourning.

Abstract The molding of the physician's role and identity takes place during crucial clinical years in medical training. This professional identity is influenced by experiences and models. The suicide of a medical student's patient provides a natural experiment for observing and working with important aspects of the developmental process of physicans in integrating the affective component of clinical work and learning. The facilitation of grief and mourning in a medical student and his five colleagues assigned to the same outpatient psychiatric rotation are important aspects of the clinical, educational, and professional developmental issues raised by the patient's death.
The Islets of Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Ever since Dubreuil and Anderodias1 observed, in 1920, the occurrence of pancreatic islet hypertrophy in a newborn infant and attributed this change to the hyperglycemic state of its diabetic mother, the relationship between a disturbed maternal carbohydrate metabolism and various pathologic alterations in the pancreas and in other tissues of the fetus or neonate has been the subject of a large number of reports in the medical literature. These include review articles concerned with the clinical2–17 or with the morphologic aspects4–7,11,18–30 of this relationship as well as pertinent reports of single1,16–18,31–47 or multiple cases. 6,17,19,20,30,48–73.In the present chapter, the literature on quantitative, qualitative, and functional islet cell changes in neonates of diabetic mothers will be reviewed. To be discussed also are findings pertaining to the pancreas as a whole, some experimental data, questions related to the pathogenesis of the described alterations, and the problem of the development of permanent diabetes in infants born to diabetic mothers.
Al-Qaeda in East Africa and the Horn

Al-Qaeda has had greater success in East Africa and the Horn than any other part of sub-Sahara Africa. Relative proximity to the Middle East and a series of local factors account for this situation. Al-Qaeda carried out the bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 and bombed an Israeli-owned hotel in Kenya north of Mombasa in 2002. Local and international authorities foiled a number of other al-Qaeda plots in the region. Osama bin Laden had his headquarters in Sudan from late 1991 until Sudan forced him to leave in mid-1996. Subsequent al-Qaeda efforts, which were already well advanced in Kenya and Somalia, tended to emanate from those two countries. But while acknowledging there is a real al-Qaeda problem in the region, there is a tendency by the US, a few countries in the region, and al-Qaeda itself to exaggerate its impact and influence. This only plays into the hands of al-Qaeda and focuses scarce US resources primarily on the short-term goal of tracking down al-Qaeda while reducing attention and resources for dealing with the long-term reasons why al-Qaeda has been able to function in the region. Eliminating al-Qaeda is important but it will not be accomplished solely by military action against suspected al-Qaeda operatives. It is time to confront this as a long-term challenge that addresses more effectively its root causes.
Mode of Inhibition of Diphtheria Toxin by Ammonium Chloride

Kim, K. (University of Washington, Seattle), and N. B. Groman. Mode of inhibition of diphtheria toxin by ammonium chloride. J. Bacteriol. 90:1557–1562. 1965.—The inhibition of diphtheria toxin by ammonium salts was independent of toxin concentration over a 100-fold range of toxin. Inhibition by minimal concentrations of ammonium chloride was abolished by lowering the pH, indicating that free ammonia is the active form of inhibitor. A single addition of ammonium chloride inhibited toxin for a limited period of time, but periodic readdition of the ammonium salt was required to sustain inhibition indefinitely in the absence of antitoxin. Toxin was not destroyed and its adsorption occurred equally well in the presence or absence of ammonium chloride. Preadsorbed toxin was also effectively inhibited by the addition of ammonium chloride. Inhibited toxin remained accessible to antitoxin neutralization. Attempts to reverse ammonia inhibition by the addition of succinate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were unsuccessful. Attempts to inhibit toxin by interfering with active transport were also unsuccessful.
Etomidate: Applications in Pediatric Anesthesia and Critical Care

Etomidate is a rapidly acting, intravenous anesthetic agent. Because of its limited effects on cardiovascular function, it has generally been used for the induction of anesthesia in adult patients with compromised cardiorespiratory function. There is limited information concerning its use in children. The author presents three cases and reviews the possible applications of etomidate in the pediatric population.
Prospective evaluation of internal adenopathy in a cohort of 43 patients with hairy cell leukemia.

PURPOSETo determine the role of computed tomography (CT) in patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL), we report a series of 43 patients prospectively evaluated for internal adenopathy by CT before and after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA).PATIENTS AND METHODSCT was performed on 43 consecutive patients with HCL before and 3 months after a single cycle of 2-CdA. Twenty-four patients were previously diagnosed and 19 were newly diagnosed. Adenopathy was considered bulky if the greatest dimension of any confluent mass was between 5 and 10 cm and massive if greater than 10 cm.RESULTSInternal adenopathy was present in six of 43 patients (14%). Three of the six patients had massive abdominal adenopathy and one had bulky abdominal adenopathy. All six patients with adenopathy were previously diagnosed, while none of the 19 newly diagnosed patients had internal adenopathy. In those patients previously diagnosed, the six with adenopathy had a median disease duration of 68 months, while the 18 patients wi...
Goodwill—Further Attempts to Capture the Will-o'-the-Wisp: A Review of an ICAEW Research Report

As this review is of an accounting research report by several well-known UK researchers, and published by the Research Board of a major professional accountancy body, I feel it would be useful to state what I expect of the term research. This is not an easy task-ven researchers writing about research and research methodology do not (or cannot) define the term (see, e.g., Wallace, 1991). My Webster’s Dictionary describes research as a ‘studious enquiry; usually, critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the revision of accepted conclusions, in the light of newly discovered facts’. As this seems a reasonably broad definition capable of being related to accounting, I used it as a background for my review of Arnold et al.’s (1992) Goodwill and Other Intangibles. More particularly, the purposes of my commentary are to assess (a) the contribution of this study to our understanding of goodwill and other intangibles (hereafter, goodwill) and the problem of accounting for them; and (b) the possible impact the study may have on the work of accounting standard-setters such as the Accounting Standards Board (ASB). In this respect, one measure of my belief in the study’s utility will be whether, consistent with the above definition of research, I feel it revises existing ideas about accounting for goodwill because of new insights it provides. I believe this to be a reasonable test of such a study. There are three reasons why I believe this study requires more than the usual brief review. The first is the importance of the subject matter. As the authors of the study acknowledge (p. 3), goodwill forms a substantial part of the total asset structure of a typical company, and is therefore of considerable concern to accounting regulators. The second reason relates to the long history of the debate on accounting for goodwill without any clear prospect of a resolution to the problem. The final reason is that this study is an example of academic involve-
Spike synchronization is population specific in the respiratory pattern generator

Breathing accounts for only a small fraction of basalmetabolism and its motor pattern is highly efficientmechanically [1]. While this view is widely accepted, noone understands whether this property is malleable andwhether it can be utilized to attenuate respiratory failureas well as to facilitate weaning from artificial ventilation.Several factors influence muscle force including firing rateand recruitment of pre-motor and motoneurons (MNs),which increase energy consumption. Another factor is thesynchronization of spikes of MNs, which increases muscleforce in an energy efficient manner, preserving rather thanincreasing the firing frequency of active motor units. Inline with Otis's findings, we hypothesized that the respira-tory control network uses synchrony to generate an effi-cient inspiratory pattern, minimizing the work ofdiaphragm contraction, chest wall expansion and lunginflation.
Organizational legitimacy, conflict, and hypocrisy: An alternative view of the role of internal auditing

Abstract This article provides a commentary on Everett and Tremblay's (2014) analysis of ethics and internal audit by further exploring the role of the internal audit function within Nils Brunsson's model of organized hypocrisy ( Brunsson, 1986 , Brunsson, 1993 , Brunsson, 2002 ). Specifically, we extend Everett and Tremblay's discussion of internal auditors as ‘moral’ actors and propose that the counter-coupling of an organization's primary outputs–talk, decision and action–provides internal auditors with the necessary tools to carry out conflicting ethical roles within the organization.
Real-time operating systems tutorial

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: real-time operating system; real-time scheduling model; schedulability test; process model; and lock and wait-free synchronization.
Arm lengths and arm reaches: some interrelationships of structural and functional body dimensions.

Structural measurements of the human body have for the most part been of little practical use as indicators of such functional body dimensions as arm reaches. These dimensions, which define the area around the body to which a person can reach given certain specified conditions and constraints are often critical for the design and layout of workspaces. However, they are relatively difficult and time-consuming to obtain, usually requiring specially constructed measuring systems for each differing design situation, as well as resurveys for each physically distinct population. An alternate approach, described here, investigates the interrelationships between these two classes of measurements with the aim of predicting functional reaches from structural body dimensions. In the present study traditional structural measurements and 117 functional arm reaches were obtained on 100 subjects. Correlations between the two types of measures are reported. Regression equations are presented which can predict functional arm reaches from two structural body dimensions on anthropometrically differing populations under a fixed set of workspace conditions.
Quo vadis ionic polymerizations

This presentation concerns subjective comments in respect to the status and foreseeable future of ionic polymerizations, i.e., cationic-, anionic-, and ionic ring opening polymerizations.
The discursive enactment of hegemony: Sexual harassment and academic organizing

In this paper, we illustrate the discursive enactment of hegemony through organizational responses to sexual harassment. We draw upon feminist poststructuralist theory to help inform and prohlematize the dialectic of control and resistance evidenced in narratives of sexual harassment. Stories from both victims of sexual harassment and administrators who manage sexual harassment complaints at a major United States university are analyzed and reveal the organizing practices by which the dialectic of resistance and oppression operates. We maintain that the micro‐level practices of this dialectic inform larger macro‐level practices including the gendering of organizations. By and large, we hope to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the intersection of sexual harassment and hegemony, one that accounts for the varied material and social organizing practices, and power relationships that shape women's and men's academic organizational experiences.
Synthesis and morphological control of large titanosilicate ETS-10 crystals

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis of large titanosilicate ETS-10 crystals was investigated at 473 K by adjusting the Na 2 O/K 2 O ratio ( x / y ) and H 2 O content ( z ) of synthesis mixtures with molar composition 5.5SiO 2 : x Na 2 O: y K 2 O:1TiO 2 : z H 2 O, where x = 1.66–4.18, y = 0.28–2.80, x + y = 4.46, and z = 300–900. Square truncated bipyramidal crystals with the increasing basal width and decreasing aspect ratio (i.e., decreasing combined height of two pyramids divided by the width of the shared base) were grown upon decreasing x / y in mixtures with z = 300, and by increasing z in mixtures with x / y = 2.0. The largest ETS-10 crystals (average dimensions ∼80 × 80 × 22 μm) were obtained using mixture with x / y = 0.6 and z = 300. These are the largest ETS-10 crystals reported to date. The linear dimensions of the stepped island-like structures that are present on the square crystal faces increased concomitantly with the increasing basal width and decreasing ETS-10 aspect ratio. These results suggest that both the replacement of Na ions by K ions in the synthesis mixture and its dilution with water suppressed three- and two-dimensional nucleation of ETS-10. Also, these results suggest a lower concentration of defects along the ⋯Ti–O–Ti–O–Ti⋯ chains in large crystals.
Deil Wright’s Overlapping Model of Intergovernmental Relations: The Basis for Contemporary Intergovernmental Relationships

Deil Wright provided three models of intergovernmental relations in Understanding Intergovernmental Relations. The third model—the overlapping authority model—was essentially a new way of depicting those relationships. It provided the conceptual basis for moving beyond static views of the field. This article reviews the influence of the overlapping model on policy development, program relationships, and administrative practice. It reaches beyond the three institutional levels to include the proliferation of public and private players. It discusses the ways that decision-making processes and theories have absorbed that model. It concludes with a discussion of the current and future state of intergovernmental management.