cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHILDREN'S NEEDS AND PARENTAL LIBERTY: A LIBERAL CONTRADICTION AND HOW TO ESCAPE FROM IT

Unless we are willing to consider human beings as simultaneous nurturers and recipients of nurture, we can never reach a coherent understanding of equal liberty for parents and children. The efforts of the great classical liberals to deal with the problems raised by the needs of children fail because they cannot make this leap. Instead, such thinkers are trapped between alienating the liberty of the parents and making liberty into a hollow form which guarantees no benefits of any substance to the children. Yet in A Theory of Justice, John Rawls has escaped from this dilemma. Understanding how he does so implies abandoning the understanding of human beings as merely those who pursue their own separate ends and find the aid of others a useful means to doing so; it suggests that in recognizing ourselves as dependent on the nurture of others, we must accept our role as the givers of that nurture. We must do so however much this role may conflict with our separate goals if we are to legitimize our own claims to the benefits liberty can offer us.
From Lipid Bilayers to Lipid Rafts

By 1935 basic elements were in place to propose a realistic membrane model. This was accomplished by Danielli-Davson in their ‘Pauci-Molecular Model’, based on a lipid bilayer that had proteins uncomfortably attached in the form of a protein - lipid - protein sandwich. A slight improvement to this model was proposed by Robertson in his 1957 ‘Unit Membrane Model’. His model was based on electron micrographs, the first direct observations of membrane structure, and featured ‘railroad tracks’. In the 1960s Benson (for the photosynthetic thylakoid) and Green (for the mitochondrial inner membrane) proposed lipid bilayer-free models called ‘Lipoprotein Subunit Models’. These early models did not appreciate membrane asymmetry or dynamics. In 1972 Singer-Nicholson proposed their ‘Fluid Mosaic Model’ that retained the lipid bilayer, but accounted for previous model shortcomings, recognizing membrane fluidity and lateral mobility. An addition to this model was provided by Kai Simon’s 1997 ‘Lipid Raft Model’ that proposed sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich, liquid ordered, signaling microdomains.
Preliminaries in Finite Dimensional Space

This chapter is centered around finite dimension vector spaces, mappings on them, and the convexity property.
Engineering and Technology Education

Careers in this century, whether white or blue collar, will require professionals who can use ETE-based concepts and tools to solve problems. ETE (Engineering and Technology Education) programs prepare future workers who can integrate skills sets for solving complex problems that involve the ability to apply STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) concepts and use technological tools. This chapter focuses on a description of engineering concepts and tools that include applied science and mathematics examples in the context of 21st century careers. A case will be made that ETE programs develop technological literacy needed by all future workers and voting citizens if they are to be effective problem-solvers and decision-makers.
MUVR: Supporting Multi-User Mobile Virtual Reality with Resource Constrained Edge Cloud

Virtual Reality (VR) fundamentally improves the user's experience when interacting with the virtual world, and could revolutionarily transform designs of many interactive systems. To provide VR from untethered mobile devices, a viable solution is to remotely render VR frames from the edge cloud, but encounters challenges from the limited computation and communication capacities of the edge cloud when serving multiple mobile VR users at the same time. In this paper, we envision the key reason of such challenges as the ignorance of redundancy across VR frames being rendered, and aim to fundamentally remove this performance constraint on highly dynamic VR applications by adaptively reusing the redundant VR frames being rendered for different VR users. Such redundancy in each frame is decided at run-time by the edge cloud, which is then able to memoize the previous results of VR frame rendering for future reuse by other users. After a VR frame is generated, the edge cloud further reuses its redundant pixels compared with other frames, and only transmits the distinct portion of this frame to mobile devices. We have implemented our design over Android OS and Unity VR application engine, and demonstrated that our design can efficiently reduce the computation burden at the edge cloud by more than 90%, and reduce more than 95% of the VR frame data being transmitted to mobile devices.
Studying in the United States: Language Learning Challenges, Strategies, and Support Services.

A case study was conducted to explore the experiences of Chinese nurses when completing a graduate nursing degree taught in English (as a second language) in the United States over a one-year period. The study explored language, academic, and social challenges perceived by the students, strategies used to overcome challenges, and academic support services designed to help students succeed in their studies. Survey data were collected at three different points in time, and three interviews were conducted with each participant. The study identified participants’ difficulty with academic writing, mixed experiences with speaking, moderate to high levels of strategy use, and appreciation of the support services offered. The study offered implications for improvements in pedagogies and programming for international students.
Risk, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Post-Operative Cutaneous Infection

Dermatologic surgery procedures have low but non-negligible infection rates. This review summarizes current understanding of the risk of post-operative wound infections after cutaneous surgery, the diagnosis and management of post-operative infections, and appropriate use of antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery. Aside from specific situations associated with risk for infective endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, and high-risk cutaneous surgeries, routine prophylactic, or post-operative antibiotic use is no longer the standard of care. Preliminary data suggests that post-operative infections may be more related to patient factors such as microbial colonization than technique-related factors. Several recent studies have suggested that outcomes may be equivalent between clean and sterile surgical technique for office-based cutaneous surgery. The past decade has seen a shift away from routine use of prophylactic and post-operative antibiotics in dermatologic surgery. Clinicians should be aware of the indications for prophylaxis and avoid unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics.
Prevalence of Traumatic Events and PTSD Symptomatology Among a Selected Sample of Undergraduate Students

Abstract University faculty and mental health counselors often work with students in distress which may be related to their experiences with traumatic accidents, interpersonal violence, or natural disaster. Traumatic events can have long-lasting effects, which include somatic complaints, substance abuse, “flashbacks,” and a reduction in memory and recall. The purpose of this study is to identify the number, types and severity of traumatic events that occur among a student sample from three academic departments (Sociology and Criminal Justice, Social Work, and Human Development) at a rural southern university. The sample of 234 undergraduate students confirmed previous research regarding the high number of self-reported traumas among college students. The study found that college-aged women are much more likely than men to report trauma and to seek counseling and treatment for its effects. Significant differences were noted in distributional patterns for men and women when reporting exposure to stressful e...
Value sensitive design : shaping technology with moral imagination

Using our moral and technical imaginations to create responsible innovations: theory, method, and applications for value sensitive design. Implantable medical devices and human dignity. Private and secure access to information. Engineering projects that transform the Earth. Multigenerational information systems for international justice. How should designers, engineers, architects, policy makers, and others design such technology? Who should be involved and what values are implicated? In Value Sensitive Design, Batya Friedman and David Hendry describe how both moral and technical imagination can be brought to bear on the design of technology. With value sensitive design, under development for more than two decades, Friedman and Hendry bring together theory, methods, and applications for a design process that engages human values at every stage. After presenting the theoretical foundations of value sensitive design, which lead to a deep rethinking of technical design, Friedman and Hendry explain seventeen methods, including stakeholder analysis, value scenarios, and multilifespan timelines. Following this, experts from ten application domains report on value sensitive design practice. Finally, Friedman and Hendry explore such open questions as the need for deeper investigation of indirect stakeholders and further method development. This definitive account of the state of the art in value sensitive design is an essential resource for designers and researchers working in academia and industry, students in design and computer science, and anyone working at the intersection of technology and society.
Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Acute Leukemia.

Introduction: Although the association between solid tumors and venous thromboembolism (VTE: lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) is well known, less is known about the risk of thrombosis and its clinical impact in acute leukemia. Recent reports suggest that VTE in hematological malignancies is not rare. Materials and Methods : The California Cancer Registry was linked to both the California Patient Discharge Data Set and the master death registry to determine the incidence of VTE (exclusive of upper extremity DVT) in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) over a 6-year period and overall survival. Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed to analyze the effect of potential risk factors on the incidence of VTE and death. Results: There were 5394 cases with AML (45.4% women, mean age 60.4 ± 21 years). The cumulative incidence and person-time rate of VTE are shown in the table. Significant predictors of VTE were female sex (hazard ratio (HR)=1.4, CI: 1.0–1.9), 2 chronic co-morbidities (HR= 1.8, CI: 1.2–2.6), the presence of a catheter (HR=1.6, CI: 1.1–2.3), and advancing age (HR ≥4 for each decade starting at 16 years), but not FAB category. Diagnosis of VTE was not associated with reduced survival. Significant predictors of death within 2 years were an increasing number of chronic co-morbidities (HR ≥1.3 for increasing co-morbidities), and advancing age (referent age Conclusions : VTE in patients with AML/ALL was not rare. The two-year cumulative incidence of VTE in patients with either AML or ALL was about 3.6%, with over half the cases diagnosed in the first 3 months. This incidence and time course are similar to the findings reported among patients with solid tumors. Presence of chronic medical co-morbidities was associated with development of VTE, as was the presence of a catheter. The higher risk of VTE in females with AML is unexplained. In contrast to patients with solid tumors, VTE was not a predictor for shortened survival in acute leukemia patients. Thromboprophylaxis should be considered in patients hospitalized with acute leukemia.
Thermal-conductivity degradation across cracks in coupled thermo-mechanical systems modeled by the phase-field fracture method

Abstract Dynamic loading of polycrystalline metallic materials can result in brittle or ductile fracture depending on the loading rates, geometry and material type. At high strain rates, mechanical energy due to plastic deformation may lead to significant temperature rise and shear localization due to thermal softening. These shear bands reduce the stress bearing capacity of the material and act as a precursor to ductile fracture (e.g. cracks that develop rapidly on top of a shear band). Understanding the heat transfer physics in thermo-mechanical problems when cracks are developed, is a fundamental science that has not been rigorously addressed. In particular, reliable damage models, that degrade the thermal-conductivity in continuum crack descriptions, are necessary to capture the correct heat transfer physics across fracture surfaces but are currently absent. In this paper, a novel set of isotropic thermal-conductivity degradation functions is derived based on a micro-mechanics void extension model of Laplace’s equation. The key idea is to employ an analytical homogenization process to find the effective thermal-conductivity of an equivalent sphere with expanding spherical void. The closed form solution is obtained by minimization of the flux differences at the outer surfaces of the two problems, which can be achieved using the analytical solution of Laplace’s equations, so called spherical-harmonics. A unified model, which has been developed in McAuliffe and Waisman (2015) to account for the simultaneous formation of shear bands and cracks is used herein as a numerical tool to investigate the behavior of the aforementioned thermal-conductivity model. In this unified model, the phase-field method is used to model crack initiation and propagation and is coupled to a temperature dependent visco-plastic model that captures shear bands. Two benchmark problems are presented to show the necessity of such physics-based degradation function in dynamic fracture problems.
Implementation of a 1–2–1 Curriculum and Its Effect on Organic Chemistry I

Educators are constantly looking to improve their pedagogical strategies. This can range from teaching strategies for a specific topic to holistic curriculum changes. Recently, the approach that ch...
Hegel and the Social Sciences

Hegel thought that the implications of modernity (exemplified by the Reformation and the French Revolution) had thrown into question all the old props that European society had constructed for itself. The task for modern society was to understand how, in the absence of any inherently privileged perspective, a true view of the whole could nonetheless be constructed and, to this end, Hegel constructed a conception of human agency as a normative status mutually conferred in a practice of giving and asking for reasons, not as a metaphysical fact. Consequently, such normative statuses and their binding force could only be understood historically in terms of the way in which they had come to be required by virtue of the very determinate failures of past attempts at collective self-understanding. This historical and social understanding of agency was quickly transformed by Hegel's successors into a materialist and sociological theory of social life that ignored the more normative and philosophical motivations that had led Hegel to his theory.
Chapter 1 – Introduction and History

This chapter presents an overview of polyhedral boron cluster chemistry and recounts the serendipitous discovery and early characterization of carboranes and their relatives, which provided a foundation for the subsequent development of this area into a major field of research and application. The main structural classes of open- and closed-cage carboranes are introduced and diagrammed.
Lightweight polypropylene mesh in tension-free hernia repair

Objective To evaluate the effect of lightweight polypropylene mesh in tension-free repair of inguinal hernia.Methods A total of 60 patients were divided into 2 groups to receive lightweight polypropylene mesh(experimental group)or standard polypropylene mesh(control group)repair procedures.Data collected included:operation time,postoperative highest temperature and the length of hospital stay;leucocyte count and differential count,CRP,AST,ALT,BUN,Cr at the first day preoperatively and postoperatively.Postoperative complications including wound infection,hernia recurrence,testicular swelling or atrophy,scrotal hydrocele,chronic pain and foreign body feeling were compared with each other.Data were analyzed by statistical method.Results No significant differences were found between the two groups in the operation time,postoperative highest temperature,postoperative hospital stay,and cases of elevated postoperative CRP(c-reactive protein)level.No significant differences were found in the leucocyte count,differential count,and AST,ALT,BUN,Cr level perioperatively between the two groups.During the follow up period of 12～16 months,there was no wound infection,hernia recurrence,testicular swelling or atrophy in the two groups;There were 2 cases of scrotal hydrocele and 1 case of postoperative chronic pain in experimental group,there were 3 cases of scrotal hydrocele and 3 cases of postoperative chronic pain in control group;Six patients complained of foreign body feeling in control group,but no one in experiment group,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusions Lightweight polypropylene mesh in tension-free herniorrhaphy is safe and effective.It ameliorates postoperative foreign body feeling thanks to the feature of light weight,high porosity and excellent flexibility. Key words: Hernia,inguinal; Surgical procedures,operative; Herniorrhaphy; Artificialsynthetic material
Marginal Health Care Expenditure Burden Among U.S. Civilian Noninstitutionalized Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: 2010-2015

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder with significant health care burden. However, little is known about health care expenditures since the introduction of or...
Multiple Regression Model for Load Rating of Reinforced Concrete Bridges

This paper describes the development of a multiple regression model to estimate the load rating of reinforced concrete bridges. There are over 250,000 reinforced concrete bridges in the U.S. many o...
Infants exposed to antibiotics after birth have altered recognition memory responses at one month of age

BACKGROUND Neonatal exposure to antibiotics, in the absence of infection, results in abnormal learning and memory in animals and is linked to changes in gut microbes. The relevance of early-life antibiotic exposure to brain function in humans is not known. METHODS Recognition memory was assessed at 1 month of age in 15 term-born infants exposed to antibiotics (with negative cultures) and 57 unexposed infants using event-related potentials (ERPs). Linear regression analysis, adjusting for covariates, was employed to compare groups with respect to ERP features representing early stimulus processing (P2 amplitude) and discrimination between mother and stranger voices. RESULTS Infants exposed to antibiotics exhibited smaller P2 amplitudes for both voice conditions (p = 0.001), with greatest reductions observed for mother's voice in frontal and central scalp regions (p < 0.04). Infants exposed to antibiotics showed larger P2 amplitudes to stranger's as compared to mother's voice, a reversal of the typical response exhibited by unexposed infants. Abnormal ERP responses did not consistently correlate with increased inflammatory cytokines within the antibiotic-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS Otherwise healthy infants exposed to antibiotics soon after birth demonstrated altered auditory processing and recognition memory responses, supporting the possibility of a microbiota-gut-brain axis in humans during early life. IMPACT Infants exposed to antibiotics after birth demonstrate altered auditory processing and recognition memory responses at 1 month of age. Preclinical models support a role for gut microbiomes in modulating brain function and behavior, particularly in developing brains. This study is one of the first to explore the relevance of these findings for human infants. The findings of this study have implications for the management and follow-up of at-risk infants with exposure to gut-microbiome disrupting factors and lay foundation for future studies to further characterize the short- and long-term effects of gut microbiome perturbation on brain development.
Quasiparticle self-consistent GW electronic band structures of Be-IV-N2 compounds.

The electronic band structures of BeSiN2 and BeGeN2 compounds are calculated using the quasiparticle self-consistent GW method. The lattice parameters are calculated for the wurtzite based crystal structure commonly found in other II-IV-N2 compounds with the Pbn21 space group. They are determined both in the local density approximation and generalized gradient approximation, which provide lower and upper limits. At the GGA lattice constants, which gives lattice constants closer to the experimental ones, BeSiN2 is found to have an indirect band gap of 6.88 eV and its direct gap at [Formula: see text] is 7.77 eV, while in BeGeN2 the gap is direct at [Formula: see text] and equals 5.03 eV. To explain the indirect gap in BeSiN2 comparisons are made with the parent III-N compound w-BN band structure. The effective mass parameters are also evaluated and found to decrease from BeSiN2 to BeGeN2.
ANA Webinars: implementation of a conference-based virtual networking event.

Objective To describe the design and implementation of a virtual network event at the American Neurological Association (ANA) annual meeting led by the Junior and Early Career Member (JECM) Committee. Methods We designed a one-hour virtual networking session featuring three 15-minute small group meetings preceded and followed by general remarks. Each small group session consisted of one senior mentor, a junior/early career faculty moderator, and three to four junior/early career mentees. All participants completed an exit survey to evaluate perceived benefit of this event. Results We recruited 103 mentees, 26 moderators, and 26 mentors for the event. Mentees were primarily at the resident training level or above (17% students). 56% of registered mentees, 100% of moderators and 96% of mentors attended the event for a total of 110 participants. Due to mentee attrition, each room contained 2-3 mentees. 90% of respondents felt the session met their goals very well or extremely well. Further, 99% felt this session was at least comparable to in-person networking at conferences and 60% felt this session was better than in-person networking. Interpretation Virtual networking sessions between junior and senior academic neurologists are feasible and are at least comparable to, if not better than, in-person conference networking. Future events should consider nuanced mechanisms of matching mentors and mentees, inclusion of ad hoc small groups to foster organic networking, and measures to safeguard against mentee attrition. Future studies should evaluate the long-term benefits of this event to determine if virtual networking should be utilized moving forward.
Are we there yet? Visualizing indigenous culture in today’s library:

While there has been notable progress in indigenous-led initiatives related to visual representation, issues of access and misrepresentation still exist and require ongoing advocacy work. In the vi...
Machine learned versus analytical models for estimation of fractional flow reserve from CT-derived information

Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) is a widely used metric to quantify the functional significance of stenoses in coronary arteries. FFR is the ratio of pressure before and after a stenosis and is measured using a transducer during coronary catheterization. To avoid unnecessary catheterization, many analytical and data-driven models based on non-invasive imaging have been proposed for FFR estimation. In this study, we construct physics-informed analytical models and datadriven machine learning models for FFR estimation based on CT-derived information. All four models require simple information about suspect stenoses, offering rapid, practical approaches for functional assessment. The four models we study are: (1) a patient-specific blood flow informed pressure drop model based on Navier-Stokes equations, (2) a purely geometric model based on stenosis area reduction, (3) a Gaussian process regression model trained on patient specific stenosis geometry and blood flow data, and (4) a Gaussian process regression model trained only on patient specific stenosis geometry. The models were developed and tested using a simulation study with ground truth FFR values from computational fluid dynamics analysis of blood flow through a population of stenosed arteries. In total, 60 different stenosis conditions based on known prevalence were simulated with a range of measurement errors leading to 10000 data sets. The RMSE of the model estimates for approach 1 through 4 are, 0.19, 0.45, 0.06, 0.14. The flow informed machine learning model leads to ~1% lower bias and ~12% lower variance than the flow informed analytical model. Considering the improved variance performance, the machine learning models likely outperform analytic expressions because they learn optimal regression associations robust to noise. This work suggests that machine learned approaches may be superior to conventional analytic expressions for FFR estimation, particularly when inputs contain realistic measurement error.
Repurposing recidivism models for forecasting police officer use of force

We review several concepts and modeling techniques from statistical and machine learning that have been developed to forecast recidivism. We show how these methods might be repurposed for forecasting police officer use of force. Using open Chicago police department use-of-force complaint data for illustration, we discuss feature engineering, construction of black-box models, interpretable forecasts, and fairness.
E-Cigarette Beliefs and Intentions Among U.S. Adults Before and After EVALI Outbreak.

Purpose:This study examined attitudes, perceived control, perceived norms, intention, and policy support before and after the peak of E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI...
Progress in Bioactive Polysaccharide-Derivatives: A Review

Polysaccharide derivatives have attracted attention as sustainable and renewable sources of bioactive compounds. This review presents recent studies on the derivatization techniques and the biologi...
In Defense of Student Privacy

In the wake of a student arrest at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in the Boston Marathon bombing investigation, media sought access to student educational and financial aid records. Eliciting outrage in the media, the university refused access, citing the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA). Privacy is an American value sometimes rushed to sacrifice on the altar of accountability. But the history of FERPA reveals a carefully drawn balance of politics and policy between the worthy values of access and privacy.
Exploring Low-light Object Detection Techniques.

Images acquired by computer vision systems under low light conditions have multiple characteristics like high noise, lousy illumination, reflectance, and bad contrast, which make object detection tasks difficult. Much work has been done to enhance images using various pixel manipulation techniques, as well as deep neural networks - some focused on improving the illumination, while some on reducing the noise. Similarly, considerable research has been done in object detection neural network models. In our work, we break down the problem into two phases: 1)First, we explore which image enhancement algorithm is more suited for object detection tasks, where accurate feature retrieval is more important than good image quality. Specifically, we look at basic histogram equalization techniques and unpaired image translation techniques. 2)In the second phase, we explore different object detection models that can be applied to the enhanced image. We conclude by comparing all results, calculating mean average precisions (mAP), and giving some directions for future work.
The Complexity of Multiple Handed Self-assembly.

In this paper we study complexities for the multiple-handed tile self-assembly model, a generalization of the two-handed tile assembly model in which assembly proceeds by repeatedly combining up to h assemblies together into larger assemblies. We first show that there exist shapes that are self-assembled with provably lower tile type complexities given more hands: we construct a class of shapes \(S_k\) that requires \(\varOmega (\frac{k}{h})\) tile types to self-assemble with h or fewer hands, and yet is self-assembled in \(\mathcal {O}(1)\) tile types with k hands. We further examine the complexity of self-assembling the classic benchmark \(n\times n\) square shape, and show how this is self-assembled in \(\mathcal {O}(1)\) tile types with \(\mathcal {O}(n)\) hands. We next explore the complexity of established verification problems. We show the problem of determining if a given assembly is produced by an h-handed system is polynomial time solvable, whereas the problem of unique assembly verification is coNP-complete if the hand parameter h is encoded in unary, and coNEXP-complete if h is encoded in binary.
Multiple Antigen-Specific Processing Pathways for Activating Naive CD8+ T Cells In Vivo

Current knowledge of the processing of viral Ags into MHC class I-associated ligands is based almost completely on in vitro studies using nonprofessional APCs (pAPCs). This is two steps removed from real immune responses to pathogens and vaccines, in which pAPCs activate naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo. Rational vaccine design requires answers to numerous questions surrounding the function of pAPCs in vivo, including their abilities to process and present peptides derived from endogenous and exogenous viral Ags. In the present study, we characterize the in vivo dependence of Ag presentation on the expression of TAP by testing the immunogenicity of model Ags synthesized by recombinant vaccinia viruses in TAP1(-/-) mice. We show that the efficiency of TAP-independent presentation in vitro correlates with TAP-independent activation of naive T cells in vivo and provide the first in vivo evidence for proteolytic processing of antigenic peptides in the secretory pathway. There was, however, a clear exception to this correlation; although the presentation of the minimal SIINFEKL determinant from chicken egg OVA in vitro was strictly TAP dependent, it was presented in a TAP-independent manner in vivo. In vivo presentation of the same peptide from a fusion protein retained its TAP dependence. These results show that determinant-specific processing pathways exist in vivo for the generation of antiviral T cell responses. We present additional findings that point to cross-priming as the likely mechanism for these protein-specific differences.
Caloric Restriction and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

A reduction in calorie intake (Caloric restriction), appears to consistently decrease the biological rate of aging in a variety of organisms as well as protect against age-associated diseases including chronic inflammatory disorders such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Although the mechanisms behind this observation are not fully understood, identification of the main metabolic pathways affected by caloric restriction has generated interest in finding molecular targets that could be modulated by caloric restriction mimetics. This review describes the general concepts of caloric restriction and caloric restriction mimetics as well as discusses evidence related to their effects on inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders. Additionally, emerging evidence related to the effects of caloric restriction on periodontal disease in non-human primates is presented. While the implementation of this type of dietary intervention appears to be challenging in our modern society where obesity is a major public health problem, caloric restriction mimetics could offer a promising alternative to control and perhaps prevent several chronic inflammatory disorders including periodontal disease.
Body Fluid Balance During Heat Stress in Humans

The sections in this article are: 1 Water Balance During Heat Stress 2 Methodological Limitations 2.1 Estimation of the Absolute Size of the Body Fluid Compartments 2.2 Estimates of Relative Changes in Body Fluid Compartments 3 Body Fluid Compartments 3.1 Effects of Acute Heat Stress 3.2 Effects of Dehydration 4 Control of Body Fluid Balance During Dehydration 4.1 Sweat Gland Function 4.2 Kidney Function 4.3 Hormonal Control of Renal Function 5 Heat Acclimatization 5.1 Expansion of Body Fluid Compartments 5.2 Mechanism of Plasma Volume Expansion 5.3 Salt Conservation in Sweat Gland 6 Summary
Does ‘Equal Moral Status’ Add Anything to Right Reason?

This paper explores the possibility that the principle of basic equality might be explicated by reference to the idea that humans constitute a "single-status" community. It explores some difficulties with the idea of status in its original legal habitat. These difficulties include skepticism about status fostered by John Austin and others. The paper attempts to answer this skepticism, and it concludes (along with Jeremy Bentham, who in this respect disagreed with his disciple) that once one takes a dynamic view of a legal system, the idea of legal status is not an eliminable idea. The paper then examines the distinction between what I call "sortal-status" and "condition-status." Sortal status works from the idea that law recognizes different kinds of human being: racist and sexist legal systems are characterized by sortal-status concepts. Condition-status recognizes that persons may get into various scrapes, situations, conditions, and vicissitudes, or pass through certain stages, that are marked by status distinctions. (These include infancy, alienage, felony, bankruptcy, matriage, military service etc.) Once one makes this distinction, then the idea of a single (sortal) status society becomes a promising vehicle for expressing ideas about moral equality.
Infrared imaging bolometers

Infrared imaging bolometers have found great utility in space imaging applications. Bolometers measure incident energy by observing a temperature change caused when a material absorbs photons. Because there is great flexibility in choosing the absorbing material characteristics, bolometers can readily be designed to have narrow or broad-band characteristics over a wide range of wavelengths. Imaging bolometers are simply formed from arrays of individual bolometers in the focal plane of a telescope. Uncooled bolometers with high pixel counts are applied for studying the Sun and planets, while imaging bolometers cooled to very low temperatures but having fewer pixels, have been designed for deep-space imaging applications, typically in the very-long wavelength to sub-millimetre region. Ultra-low temperature imaging bolometers have achieved detectivities better than the best photo-current detectors in the far-infrared region.
Decomposing Borel sets and functions and the structure of Baire class 1 functions

All spaces considered are metric separable and are denoted usually by the letters X, Y, or Z. w stands for the set of all natural numbers. If a metric separable space is additionally complete, we call it Polish; if it is a continuous image of WW or, equivalently, of a Polish space, it is called Souslin. The main subject of the present paper is the structure of Baire class 1 functions. Recent developments in Banach space theory, in particular discoveries of Rosenthal, and Bourgain, Fremlin, and Talagrand (see [R] for a survey of these developments), stimulated investigations into the structure of Baire class 1 functions. The interested reader may consult papers by Haydon, Odel, Rosenthal [HOR], Kechris, Louveau [KL], Rosenthal [R2], and references quoted there. (These investigations have already provided new applications in Banach space theory; see, for example, [RI].) In our study of Baire class 1 functions, we will be interested in two decomposition properties, one of them defined by Lusin, the other one by Jayne and Rogers. First, however, we want to consider a more general problem of determining how difficult it is to represent a Borel set as a union of simpler Borel sets or the graph of a Borel function as a union of the graphs of simpler Borel functions. Using Effective Descriptive Set Theory, in particular Louveau's theorem, we show that if A C X is Borel, X Polish, then A E E? or there is a continuous injection q$: WW A such that q-1(B) is meager for any B C A which is E2. This gives a new proof of J. Stern's result that if a Borel set A is the union of < cov(M) sets in E?, then A is itself E?. (cov(M) is the smallest cardinality of a family of meager sets covering Ill.) We prove similar results for functions. Put, for f: X -* Y and a family of functions g,
REDUNDANT USE OF LUMINANCE AND FLASHING WITH SHAPE AND COLOR AS HIGHLIGHTING CODES IN SYMBOLIC DISPLAYS

Three visual search experiments evaluated the benefits and distracting effects of using luminance and flashing to highlight subclasses of symbols coded by shape and color. Each of three general shape/color classes (circular/blue, diamond/red, square/yellow) was divided into three subclasses by presenting the upper half, lower half, or entire symbol. Increasing the luminance of a subclass by a factor of two did not result in a significant improvement in search performance. Flashing a subclass at a rate of 3 Hz resulted in a significantly shorter mean search time (48% improvement). Increasing the luminance of one subclass (by a factor of five) while simultaneously flashing another significantly improved search times by 31% and 43% respectively, compared with nonhighlighted search conditions. In each experiment, the search times for nonhighlighted target subclasses were not affected by the presence of brighter and flashing targets. The failure of the initial experiment to find a significant performance impro...
Connections between the Popov Stability Criterion and Bounds for Real Parameter Uncertainty

The purpose of this paper is to investigate an extension of ? theory for robust control design by considering systems with linear and nonlinear real parameter uncertainties. In the process, explicit connections are made between mixed ? and absolute stability theory. In particular, it is shown that the upper bounds for mixed ? are a generalization of results from absolute stability theory. Both state space and frequency domain criteria are developed using the wealth of literature on absolute stability theory and the concepts of supply rates and storage functions. The state space conditions are expressed in terms of Riccati equations and parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions. A geometric interpretation of the equivalent frequency domain criteria in terms of off-axis circles clarifies the important role of the multiplier and shows that both the magnitude and phase of the uncertainty are considered.
SU-E-T-13: A Feasibility Study of the Use of Hybrid Computational Phantoms for Improved Historical Dose Reconstruction in the Study of Late Radiation Effects for Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Purpose: Radiation-induced cancer effects are well-documented following radiotherapy. Further investigation is needed to more accurately determine a dose-response relationship for late radiation effects. Recent dosimetry studies tend to use representative patients (Taylor 2009) or anthropomorphic phantoms (Wirth 2008) for estimating organ mean doses. In this study, we compare hybrid computational phantoms to patient-specific voxel phantoms to test the accuracy of University of Florida Hybrid Phantom Library (UFHP Library) for historical dose reconstructions. Methods: A cohort of 10 patients with CT images was used to reproduce the data that was collected historically for Hodgkin's lymphoma patients (i.e. caliper measurements and photographs). Four types of phantoms were generated to show a range of refinement from reference hybrid-computational phantom to patient-specific phantoms. Each patient is matched to a reference phantom from the UFHP Library based on height and weight. The reference phantom is refined in the anterior/posterior direction to create a ‘caliper-scaled phantom’. A photograph is simulated using a surface rendering from segmented CT images. Further refinement in the lateral direction is performed using ratios from a simulated-photograph to create a ‘photograph and caliper-scaled phantom’; breast size and position is visually adjusted. Patient-specific hybrid phantoms, with matched organ volumes, are generated and show the capabilities of the UF Hybrid Phantom Library. Reference, caliper-scaled, photograph and caliper-scaled, and patient-specific hybrid phantoms are compared with patient-specific voxel phantoms to determine the accuracy of the study. Results: Progression from reference phantom to patient specific hybrid shows good agreement with the patient specific voxel phantoms. Each stage of refinement shows an overall trend of improvement in dose accuracy within the study, which suggests that computational phantoms can show improved accuracy in historical dose estimates. Conclusion: Computational hybrid phantoms show promise for improved accuracy within retrospective studies when CTs and other x-ray images are not available.
Selenium and selenoproteins in the rat kidney

Kidney tissue contains a high concentration of selenium that is not accounted for by the known selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (glutathione: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9). In order to investigate the nonglutathione peroxidase selenium, rats were isotopically labeled with [75Se]selenite over a 10-day period. After this time half of the 75Se in kidney homogenate was found in the particulate subcellular fractions. The kidney lysosomes contained unusually high levels of 75Se, yet they did not contain correspondingly high levels of glutathione peroxidase activity. Two selenoproteins having molecular weights less than 40 000 were resolved by gel filtration from a kidney supernatant fraction. A third selenoprotein exhibited a molecular weight of 75 000. This protein contained one 75 000 molecular-weight subunit, and its selenium was in the amino acid selenocysteine. The 75 000 molecular-weight protein was chromatographically distinct from glutathione peroxidase. In order to determine if these selenoproteins protect against cadmium toxicity, 109CdCl2 was administered to rats that were isotopically prelabeled with 75Se. At 3, 25 and 72 h after 109Cd administration, no 109Cd was associated with selenium-containing proteins. Two of the nonglutathione peroxidase selenoproteins were apparently unique to the kidney.
A unified derivation for fast estimation algorithms by the conjugate direction method

Abstract Fast estimation algorithms inspired by the classical method of Levinson have been developed in the areas of time series analysis, system identification, and signal processing. This paper provides a unified derivation for the Levinson-Durbin-Whittle-Wiggins-Robinson, fast recursive least squares (RLS), ladder (or lattice), and fast Cholesky algorithms as special cases of the conjugate direction method (CDM). This gives a novel derivation and interpretation for all these methods.
Evolution and reaction of coal fuel nitrogen during rapid oxidative pyrolysis and combustion

An arc-jet fired entrained-flow reactor has been used to study the evolution and reaction of fuel nitrogen during the rapid oxidative pyrolysis and combustion of two narrowly sizegraded pulverized coals: Montana Rosebud subbituminous and Pittsburgh #8 HVA bituminous. Tar released by the Pittsburgh coal undergoes rapid secondary decomposition in the presence of ≈900 ppm background O2, partitioning into gaseous products and soot. The characteristic time for tar decomposition ranges from 16 msec at 1325 K to only 5 msec at 1625 K. The soot yeild reaches an asymptote at 1400 K, representing 30% of the total volatile yieldsoot nitrogen represents 30% of the total volatile nitrogen yield at 1200 K, and 20% at 1630 K. The remainder of volatile nitrogen is initially released to the gas phase as HCN. Pyrolysis of the Rosebud coal yeelds gaseous products, with fuel nitrogen released primarily as HCN. During combustion of the Rosebud coal under single particle conditions at oxygen concentrations as low as 0.5%, virtually all of the evolved fuel nitrogen is converted to NO. In contrast, 45% of evolved fuel nitrogen is converted to N2 during combustion of the Pittsburgh coal under similar conditions. Combustion studies at 5% O2 reveal significantly higher NO levels for 35 μm vs 68 μm Pittsburgh coal. Rapid and early removal of NO added to the reactor is observed to qualitatively follow the overall tar/soot yield. Heterogeneous reduction of NO on soot is a possible explanation for the effect of both coal type and particle size on N2 formation.
Comprehensive z-dependent measurements of electron-beam microbunching using COTR in a saturated SASE FEL

We report the initial, comprehensive set of z-dependent measurements of electron-beam microbunching using coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) in a saturated self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL) experiment. In this case the FEL was operated near 530 nm using an enhanced facility including a bunch-compressed photocathode gun electron beam, linac, and 21.6 m of undulator length. The longitudinal microbunching was tracked by inserting a metal foil and mirror after each of the nine 2.4-m-long undulators and measuring the visible COTR spectra, intensity, angular, distribution, and spot size. We observed for the first time the z-dependent transition of the COTR spectra from simple lines to complex structure/sidebands near saturation. We also observed the change in the microbunching fraction after saturation, multiple fringes in the COTR interferogram that are consistent with involvement of a smaller core of the e-beam transverse distribution, and the second harmonic content of the microbunching. The results will be compared to relevant calculations using GENESIS and/or GINGER.
Family dysfunction in normal weight bulimic and bulimic anorexic families

A group of 24 normal weight bulimics and 13 bulimic anorexics were compared with each other and a normal control group (n = 41) on two self-report measures of family functioning (Family Environment Scale and Family Dynamics Survey). The two bulimic groups perceived their families as more dysfunctional than did the normal control group on the dimensions of cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, recreational orientation, emotional support, communication, and need for counseling. There were few significant differences in the family perceptions of the two bulimic groups.
Combined Endodontic-Periodontic Treatment of a Palatal Groove: A Case Report

The palatal groove is a developmental anomaly that predisposes the tooth involved to a severe periodontal defect. When further complicated by pulp necrosis, these grooves often present a diagnostic and treatment planning challenge that requires an interdisciplinary treatment approach. This case report describes the successful collaborative management of a maxillary lateral incisor with an extensive palatal groove using a combination of nonsurgical endodontic therapy, odontoplasty, and periodontal regenerative techniques.