cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering current density in excess of 200 A mm −2 at 20 T in CORC ® magnet cables containing RE-Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ tapes with 38 μ m thick substrates

Conductor on round core (CORC®) cables wound from RE-Ba2Cu3O7−δ coated conductors are currently being developed for the next generation of accelerator magnets because of their high flexibility and potential for high engineering current densities J E. CORC® cables previously reached J E of 114 A mm−2 at 4.2 K and 20 T in a 7.5 mm diameter cable. Accelerator magnets require a current density of at least 300 A mm−2 and a cable-bending diameter as small as 40 mm, which has so far not been possible with superconducting tapes made on 50 μm thick substrates. CORC® cables made from thinner substrates could have significantly increased J E with greater flexibility as we here demonstrate with a CORC® cable made of tapes with 38 μm thick substrates. A custom cable machine produced higher cable quality and better retention of tape performance compared to previous cables that were wound by hand. The thinner substrate showed an almost twofold increase in engineering current density from 114 A mm−2 to 216.8 A mm−2 at 4.2 K and 20 T, at a reduction in cable diameter from 7.5 mm to 6.0 mm. The results clearly demonstrate that winding CORC® cables from tapes with thinner substrates is a straightforward method for raising their current density and one that shows great promise for use in accelerator magnets.
Frame bounds for subspaces of L 2(R)

Let H be a separable Hilbert space with inner product h·,·i. We say a set {fk : k ∈ Z} is a (fundamental) frame for H if there exist A,B > 0 such that for each f ∈ H, Akfk 2 ≤ X n∈Z
Understanding German Idealism: Schelling: idealism and the absolute

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) was famously prodigious, prolific and protean: he was philosophically active from a very early age, and over an extraordinarily long span, and in the course of his lifetime the nature of his philosophical projects changed repeatedly and dramatically. Consequently, Schelling is among the most forbidding and the most influential of the German Idealists: the volume and variety of his work make him exceedingly difficult to encapsulate or summarize, but at the same time have inspired a remarkable array of subsequent thinkers and movements. Schelling entered the theological seminary at Tubingen when he was only fifteen. His close friends at the seminary included Hegel and Holderlin, both of whom would ultimately become more prominent than Schelling, but who were initially overshadowed by the brilliance of their younger companion. Together the three studied Kant, celebrated the French Revolution, and aspired to employ philosophy and poetry to disseminate and deepen the spirit of freedom in Germany. Schelling began to publish while still in his teens, quickly attracted the attention and admiration of the great Goethe, and in 1798, at the age of twenty-three, was appointed to a professorship of philosophy at Jena. Joining Fichte on the faculty, Schelling was widely presumed to be the incipient and rightful heir to the Kantian tradition, and his ascension was further accelerated when Fichte was suddenly dismissed from the university the following year.
Developing a New Residential Market for Carpeting: Some Mistakes and Successes

ings and new residences-the prospects are more readily identifiable, but the market is also considerably more competitive. That is why this program focused on the existing residential market. Failure to identify individual prospects forces carpeting firms to continually (and expensively) promote in the mass media. In doing so, the firm hopes to ensure that it will get at least its share of the random, walk-in sales. However, since almost all firms promote in this manner, no advantage accrues to any one firm except as might be related to the relative volume of advertising.
Defining risk and identifying predictors of mortality for open conversion after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Objective Risk of open conversion after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR-c) is poorly defined. The purpose of this analysis was to determine outcomes of elective EVAR-c compared with elective primary open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (PAR) in the Vascular Quality Initiative. Methods Vascular Quality Initiative patients who underwent elective EVAR-c and PAR (2002-2014) were reviewed. Candidate predictors of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) and/or 30-day mortality were entered into a multivariable model, and stepwise elimination was used to reduce the number of covariates to a best subset of predictors. To estimate the additive risk of EVAR-c for MACE or 30-day mortality over PAR, this variable was added along with the best subset of predictors into generalized estimating equations logistic regression models. Results We identified 159 EVAR-c and 3741 PAR patients. EVAR-c patients were older (73.5 ± 8.1 vs 69.5 ± 8.4 years; P P = .03), and history of lower extremity bypass (9% vs 4%; P = .0006). EVAR-c was associated with a higher incidence of retroperitoneal aortic exposure (41%; n = 64 vs PAR, 26%, n = 976; P P = .001), greater blood loss (median [interquartile range], 2000 mL [1010-3500] vs PAR, 1200 mL [750-2000]; P P P P = .03). Nonadjusted 30-day mortality was greater after EVAR-c: EVAR-c, 8% (n = 10) vs PAR, 3% (n = 105); P = .009. There was no difference in complication rates: EVAR-c, 33% (n = 52) vs PAR, 28% (n = 1056); P =.3. Preoperative 30-day mortality predictors included age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06/y, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.1; P P P =.01), suprarenal cross-clamp (OR 2.2, 1.2-4.1; P =.01), prior carotid revascularization (OR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.8; P = .0004), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9-3.5; P = .08), and female sex (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3; P = .02; area under the curve, 0.75). When controlling for covariates, EVAR-c was not significantly associated with MACE (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7-2.0; P = .4) or 30-day mortality (OR, 2.0; 0.9-4.2; P = .08). Conclusions EVAR-c patients are typically older, have more comorbidities, and experience greater blood loss and longer procedure times compared with PAR patients. However, postoperative morbidity and mortality are primarily driven by patient covariates and intraoperative factors, rather than the need for endograft explantation. Several preoperative variables were identified as predictors of 30-day mortality after elective EVAR-c and should be considered during the decision-making process for remedial treatment of failed endovascular PAR.
Oxidative Reactivity of (N2S2)PdRX Complexes (R = Me, Cl; X = Me, Cl, Br): Involvement of Palladium(III) and Palladium(IV) Intermediates

A series of (N2S2)PdRX complexes (N2S2 = 2,11-dithia[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane; R = X = Me, 1; R = Me, X = Cl, 2; R = Me, X = Br, 3; R = X = Cl, 4) were synthesized, and their structural and electronic properties were investigated. X-ray crystal structures show that for the corresponding Pd(II) complexes the N2S2 ligand adopts a κ2 conformation, with the pyridine N donors binding in the equatorial plane. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies suggest that the Pd(III) oxidation state is accessible at moderate redox potentials. In situ EPR, ESI-MS, UV–vis, and low-temperature electrochemical studies were employed to detect the formation of Pd(III) species during the oxidation of Pd(II) precursors. In addition, the [(N2S2)PdIVMe2](PF6)2 ([12+](PF6)2) complex was isolated by oxidation of 1 with 2 equiv of FcPF6, and its structural characterization reveals an octahedral Pd(IV) center. The reversible PdIV/III redox couple for the Pd(IV) species supports the observed formation of the Pd(III)–dimethyl species upon chemical...
Unidirectional Perfect Absorber

We show an interplay between Fano resonances and a judicious absorption mechanism leads to a unidirectional perfect absorber, which can be controlled in both direction and frequency. Critical coupling phenomenon created by interference, separates the left- and right-side of the system. At the same time, Fano resonance causes a divergence in the delay time of photons traveling through the loss part of the system, which results in full absorption of the photons from one side. Moreover, we depict that coincidence of the two unidirectional perfect absorber modes from opposite directions results in a perfect absorber mode, which is distinct from the CPA modes. Furthermore, we show that the unidirectional perfect absorber mode is at the same time a spectral singularity and an exceptional point, which makes this point ultrasensitive to any changes in the system. Our results open a direction for designing new type of absorbers, sensors, and switches.
Development of a fresh cadaver model for instruction of ultrasound-guided breast biopsy during the surgery clerkship: pre-test and post-test results among third-year medical students

Abstract Background The aim of our study was to determine if a fresh cadaver model is a viable method for teaching ultrasound (US)-guided breast biopsy of palpable breast lesions. Methods Third-year medical students were assessed both preinstruction and postinstruction on their ability to perform US-guided needle aspiration or biopsy of artificially created masses using a 10-item checklist. Results Forty-one third-year medical students completed the cadaver laboratory as part of the surgery clerkship. Eight items on the checklist were found to be significantly different between pre-testing and post-testing. The mean preinstruction score was 2.4, whereas the mean postinstruction score was 7.10 ( P Conclusions Fresh cadaver models have been widely used in medical education. However, there are few fresh cadaver models that provide instruction on procedures done in the outpatient setting. Our model was found to be an effective method for the instruction of US-guided breast biopsy among medical students.
Development and Application of Lower Voltage Centralized Meter Reading Intelligent Testing Platform

Theories and techniques related to the principle,function and terminal intelligent testing technology of lower voltage centralized meter reading have been systemically investigated.Combining these investigations with advanced computer,communication and power electronic techniques,a lower voltage centralized meter reading terminal intelligent testing platform has been successfully developed and demonstrated.This intelligent testing platform can realize an automatic testing on the lower voltage centralized meter reading terminal by utilizing a hardware software system.Practical application indicates that this intelligent testing platform is full-fledged,easy to handle and stable.Also,the usability,stability and functional completeness of the lower voltage centralized meter reading terminal can be effectively checked by this intelligent testing platform,which provides a powerful technical support for the lower voltage centralized meter reading terminal products quality supervision.
Questioner against Answerer

In dialectical argument the questioner’s role, generally speaking, is that of an attacker of the thesis maintained by the answerer. In the dialectical debates of Aristotle’s time, for which the Topics and the Sophistical Elenchi are analyses and guides, and in the academic disputations in the schools from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, the questioner (opponent) had the responsibility of securing propositions, some of which were accepted as obviously true by the answerer (respondent, who defended the received opinion) and for others of which the answerer demanded syllogistic proof. The questioner accordingly framed a syllogism whose conclusion was the proposition he was trying to secure. If the syllogism seemed free of fallacy, and if the conclusion did not lie too near the contradictory of the thesis the answerer was defending, the answerer would concede the proposition which was the conclusion of the questioner’s syllogism. In order to triumph in the dialectical contest, the questioner had to secure two propositions which he then used as premises in another syllogism whose (necessary) conclusion the answerer and audience agreed followed without fallacy and which was in turn irrefutable by the answerer.1 The triumph lay in the questioner’s conclusion contradicting the thesis defended by the answerer.
Multiple Sources Classification of Gene Position on Chromosomes Using Statistical Significance of Individual Classification Results

In data mining applications it is common to have more than one data source available to describe the same record. For example, in biological sciences, the same genes may be characterized through many types of experiments. Which of the data sources proves to be most reliable in predictions may depend on the record in question. For some records pieces of information may be unavailable because an experiment has not yet been done, or certain type of inferences may not be applicable, such as when a gene does not have a homologue in some species. We demonstrate how multi-classifier systems can allow classification in cases where any individual source is scarce or unreliable to provide an accurate prediction model by itself. We propose a method to predict a class label using statistical significance of individual classification results. We show that the proposed approach increases the accuracy of results compared with conventional techniques in a problem related to gene mapping in wheat.
Colony stimulating factors cannot correct defective phagocytosis in COPD lung tissue macrophages

Bacterial exacerbations account for half of all hospitalisations of COPD patients in the UK. Haemophilus influenza (HI) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) are the most common species. Dysfunctional phagocytosis and altered macrophage (mΦ) phenotype may contribute to this. Monocyte-derived macrophages differentiated in GM-CSF (GM) compared to M-CSF (M) have decreased phagocytosis in vitro . This study assessed the phagocytic ability of mature mΦ isolated from non-smokers (NS=3), smokers (S=3) and COPD patients (COPD=4) and examined whether culture in GM or M drives plasticity and alters phagocytosis. Lung tissue mΦ (TmΦ) isolated from NS, S and COPD were cultured in media alone, GM or M for 6d and phagocytosis measured by flow cytometry. There was no difference in % live cells (>90%) capable of phagocytosing either bacterial spp between subject groups or culture conditions. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) measured the amount of bacteria phagocytosed. MFI for both HI and SP was higher in NS compared to S and COPD for all conditions (Fig 1). TmΦ from COPD patients have the capacity to phagocytose bacteria but do not take up as many as NS TmΦ. The phagocytic ability of COPD TmΦ was not altered by GM or M indicating a lack of plasticity. These data suggest that COPD TmΦ have an inherent phagocytic defect that cannot be corrected by cytokines thought to drive phenotype.
III-V thin-film photovoltaic solar cells based on single-crystal-like GaAs grown on flexible metal tapes

This paper describes the demonstration of the flexible single-junction III-V solar cells based on high-quality epitaxial GaAs thin films on a low-cost flexible metal substrate. The single-crystal-like semiconductor material structure is fabricated to photovoltaic devices with front illumination geometry. We fabricate a proof-of-concept epitaxial GaAs thin film solar cell with an open-circuit voltage of 0.3 V and short-circuit current of 6 mA/cm2, resulting in conversion efficiency of ∼1% in AM1.5G condition. Relatively low efficiency can be further increased by material crystalline quality improvement and device optimization. This development has the potential to open a new avenue for next-generation low-cost and high efficiency flexible PV devices.
Representational Decision Support Systems Success Surrogates

Rapid and frequent organizational change has been a hall-mark of business environments in the past two decades. Frequently, technology and new software development are embraced as aspects of complex strategies and tactical plans. Without sufficient analysis, the unforeseen consequences of change can result in unexpected disruptions and the loss of productivity. In order to better control these contingencies, modern managers often employ a variety of decision support aids. One such aid, classified as a representational decision support system, is discrete event simulation (DES).
A Call for Law Schools to Link the Curricular Trends of Legal Tech and Mindfulness

Mindfulness and legal technology are both trending in legal education. Their increasing presence in law school curricula reflect laudable efforts to better prepare students for the realities of law practice. These two legal education trends, however, have evolved largely separately. This article proposes that law schools link legal technology education with mindfulness training. A holistic approach to two of the newest trends in legal education — mindfulness and legal technology — will help produce a more balanced, more compassionate, and more empathetic group of law school graduates. For years, Silicon Valley tech culture has embraced mindfulness practice, as exemplified by mindfulness programs offered by Google, Intel, and other tech companies. Legal educators should take heed and bring mindfulness into the legal technology fold. The benefits of legal technology education would only be strengthened by mindfulness training. Legal technology courses and programs have emphasized user-centered design and the application of tech tools, design principles, and creativity to increase access to justice for the millions of consumers with unmet legal needs. Mindfulness training, sometimes referred to as “brain-hacking,” can help manage bias, enhance creativity, and improve focus. Part II of this article reports on the mindfulness curriculum trend in legal education and provides an overview of the benefits of mindfulness training in law school curricula. Part III discusses the rise in legal technology offerings at law schools and summarizes the reasons proffered for their inclusion in law school curricula. Part IV explains why law schools should explicitly connect mindfulness training with opportunities for legal technology learning; it also provides suggestions for how law schools might make that connection. In a phase of experimentation and innovation with legal technology curricula, law schools are poised at an unprecedented juncture to develop such curricula with maximum potential for compassion, creativity, empathy, and openness.
Transformation Networks: A study of how technological complexity impacts economic performance

Under a resource-based view of the firm, economic agents transform resources from one form into another. These transformations can be viewed as the application of technology. The relationships between the technologies present in an economy can be modeled by a transformation network. The size and structure of these networks can describe the “economic complexity” of a society. In this paper, we use an agent-based computational economics model to investigate how the density of a transformation network affects the economic performance of its underlying artificial economy, as measured by the GDP. Our results show that the mean and median GDP of this economy increases as the density of its transformation network increases; furthermore, the cause of this increase is related to the number and type of cycles and sinks in the network. Our results suggest that economies with a high degree of economic complexity perform better than simpler economies with lower economic complexity.
Development status and performance of the NASA payload for the Sentinel-6 mission (Conference Presentation)

The Sentinel-6 (S6) Mission will provide continuity of ocean topography measurements beyond TOPEX-Poseidon (launched in 1992), Jason-1 (2001), OSTM/Jason-2 (2008), and Jason-3 (2016) for determining ocean circulation, climate change and sea level rise. Unlike past Jason missions, S6 will also contribute atmospheric temperature and humidity profile measurement in near real time to support operational weather forecasting. The S6 mission consists of two satellites to be launched approximately 5 years apart to extend measurement continuity for at least another decade. This mission will serve both the operational user community and also enable the continuation of multi-decadal ocean topography measurements for ocean circulation and climate studies. The first S6 satellite is planned to launch by the end of 2020 with a suite of instruments similar to the prior Jason series missions. Sentinel-6 is a cooperative mission with contributions from NASA, NOAA, ESA, and EUMETSAT. The ocean altimetry science payload is similar to the prior Jason missions, including a nadir altimeter, water vapor radiometer and precision orbit determination system instruments. The nadir altimeter is contributed by ESA and EUMETSAT and comprises a new dual-frequency (C and Ku band) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) altimeter (Poseidon-4). The NASA-provided payload is managed and developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It consists of the Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Climate (AMR-C) instrument that includes a new on-board absolute Supplemental Calibration Subsystem (SCS). The SCS is a key evolution of the radiometer instrument that will enable a significant improvement in the sea surface height measurement stability. The AMR-C provides the water vapor path delay correction to the ocean height measurement from the Poseidon-4 Radar Altimeter. The AMR-C is further enhanced by an experimental High-Resolution Microwave Radiometer (HRMR) that will demonstrate the capability of high frequency (90, 130, 166 GHz) radiometer channels for extending the wet path delay measurements into the coastal zone with ~5x finer spatial resolution compared with the traditional low-frequency AMR channels. The NASA payload also contains a Laser Retroflector Array (LRA) that supports ground-based laser tracking for precise orbit determination validation. As a secondary mission objective, S6 will also characterize atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles by measuring bending angles of GNSS signals occulted by the Earth’s atmosphere. These measurement products will be ground-processed within three hours of acquisition on board the satellite and made available for ingestion into national weather service models to support weather forecasting capabilities. This measurement is provided by the NASA-provided Global Navigation Satellite System for Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) instrument. We present a description of the overall mission and focus on the NASA payload architecture, development status and (pre and post) launch expected performances.
Vasomotion as a Driving Force for Paravascular Clearance in the Awake Mouse Brain.

Summary Paravascular drainage of solutes, including β-amyloid (Aβ), appears to be an important process in brain health and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). However, the major driving force for clearance remains largely unknown. Here we used in vivo two-photon microscopy in awake head-fixed mice to assess the role of spontaneous vasomotion in paravascular clearance. Vasomotion correlated with paravascular clearance of fluorescent dextran from the interstitial fluid. Increasing the amplitude of vasomotion by means of visually evoked vascular responses resulted in increased clearance rates in the visual cortex of awake mice. Evoked vascular reactivity was impaired in mice with CAA, which corresponded to slower clearance rates. Our findings suggest that low-frequency arteriolar oscillations drive drainage of solutes. Targeting naturally occurring vasomotion in patients with CAA or AD may be a promising early therapeutic option for prevention of Aβ accumulation in the brain.
2D-defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation with random data on irrational tori

We revisit the work of Bourgain on the invariance of the Gibbs measure for the cubic, defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation in 2D on a square torus, and we prove the equivalent result on any tori.
Searching for laws of economics: causality, conservation, and ideology

This review is intended for scientists who may be curious about “laws” of economics. Here, I search for laws governing value, including the value of money (inflation). I begin by searching out earl...
Decreasing Hurdles and Increasing Registration Rates for College Students: An Online Voter Registration Systems Field Experiment

States have adopted online voter registration in the past few years to save on data entry costs and increase voter turnout. In 2010 when online voter registration was newly introduced in eight states, we conducted a field experiment with 25 colleges involving more than 130,000 unregistered students designed to increase awareness of the new registration tool. Students were randomly assigned to receive an email linking to the new registration portal, receive an email linking to the older downloadable registration form, or a control group that received no email about voter registration. Student registry data was then checked against voter files to look at relative rates of registration and voter turnout across treatment conditions. We estimate that linking to the downloadable form increased registration rates by 0.6 percentage points and did not affect turnout rates at all. In contrast, emails linking to the online registration portal increased registration rates by 1.2 percentage points and turnout rates by 0.5 percentage points, which are large effects relative to other mobilization techniques.
Countertransference Issues in Integrative Psychotherapy

Integrative psychotherapists encounter some interesting and confusing phenomena in their work due in great part to shifts in the techniques and models which they employ. At times, the confusion is in the mind of the client who may be perplexed by considerably different styles of therapeutic intervention over the course of the therapy, or even within a single session. At other times, the perplexity is in the mind of the therapist moving from one technique to another with a given client, or from one model to another across clients. In this chapter, we will discuss the impact of technical and theoretical shifts on clients and the therapists who are conducting integrative therapies. The issues discussed in this chapter are pertinent both to clinicians conducting multitheoretical therapies and to advanced clinicians supervising such work.
Probing 'Generalized Parton Distributions' with JLab at 12 GeV

We discuss plans for Jefferson Lab to explore GPDs in hard exclusive reactions. A broad experimental program is proposed with up to 11 GeV polarized electron beams. Such an upgraded CEBAF, with high precision, and high performance detectors, will be a suitable place to study deep virtual production of mesons and photons in the range of Q2<8 GeV/c2. These studies are proposed as a key program for the Hall B CLAS detector.
Action of Ribonuclease T1 on 30S Ribosomes of Escherichia coli and Its Role in Sequence Studies on 16S Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract Two large ribonucleic acid (RNA) fragments have been obtained from T1-RNase-treated 30S ribosomes of Escherichia coli. One fragment, about 475 nucleotides long, contains all the unique oligonucleotides found by Fellner and associates in sections of 16S RNA designated P, E, E′, and K, and one-half the large oligonucleotides of section A. The other large fragment is about 300 nucleotides long and contains the oligonucleotides found in sections C, C′, C″. The isolation of these large fragments seems to confirm the arrangement of sections within 16S RNA. There are also recovered from nuclease-treated ribosomes three small fragments, one (120 nucleotides long) from the 5′ end, one (26 nucleotides long) from the 3′ OH end of the chain, and another section (66 nucleotides long) from the middle of the 16S RNA chain. Small molecular weight material is also generated by nuclease treatment, and about half this material is derived from a region close to the 3′ OH end of the 16S RNA chain. This indicates that the most accessible part of the rRNA of E. coli 30S ribosomes is a region 100 to 150 nucleotides long near the 3′ end of the chain. A general scheme is proposed to explain the generation of the various-sized RNA products from the rRNA of the 30S ribosome.
An Experimental Limit on the Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant

The possible time variation of the time structure constant has been investigated using both astronomical1 and geophysical2data.The time variation of the fine structure constant is characterized by Rα which is defined as $$ {R_\alpha } = \frac{1}{\alpha }\frac{{d\alpha }}{{dt}}. $$
Slip-corrected liquid permeability and its effect on hydraulic fracturing and fluid loss in shale

Abstract Pore diameter in shale strata ranges from a few to hundreds of nanometers, whereas in conventional reservoirs the range is 3 orders of magnitude greater. In spite of the small size of the pores—which would be expected to cause very low intrinsic permeability—field reports document unusually high loss of hydraulic fracturing fluid (as much as 90%) in shale reservoirs. The lost fluid remains in induced fractures and also leaks off into the shale matrix. Liquid flow in tiny pores is different from the flow in large pores. To compensate for this difference, the traditional liquid flow model needs a correction parameter called liquid slip length . We measured slip length of brine and pores in shale by using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Our measurements suggest a slip length of 250 nm in organic pores. We used measured slip length in a stochastic permeability model to calculate apparent liquid permeability (ALP) in the shale matrix. When corrected for slip length, the ALP in shale can be much greater than intrinsic Darcy permeability. We then used ALP in a coupled flow–geomechanical simulator to study the effects of slip-corrected matrix permeability on the induced fracture network and fluid loss during hydraulic fracturing. The results show the dramatic effects of the slip parameter on the fracture network and explain the high fluid loss during hydraulic fracturing.
Bone and hormonal changes induced by skeletal unloading in the mature male rat

To determine whether the rat hindlimb elevation model can be used to study the effects of spaceflight and loss of gravitational loading on bone in the adult animal, and to examine the effects of age on bone responsiveness to mechanical loading, we studied 6-mo-old rats subjected to hindlimb elevation for up to 5 wk. Loss of weight bearing in the adult induced a mild hypercalcemia, diminished serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, decreased vertebral bone mass, and blunted the otherwise normal increase in femoral mass associated with bone maturation. Unloading decreased osteoblast numbers and reduced periosteal and cancellous bone formation but had no effect on bone resorption. Mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate decreased during unloading. Our results demonstrate the utility of the adult rat hindlimb elevation model as a means of simulating the loss of gravitational loading on the skeleton, and they show that the effects of nonweight bearing are prolonged and have a greater relative effect on bone formation in the adult than in the young growing animal.
Children's Autonomous Food Acquisition in Mexican Shantytowns

Children's independent food-acquisition behaviors have been rarely studied outside of hunter–gatherer contexts, yet millions of children worldwide search, work, trade, or beg for food. This study uses observational, anthropometric, dietary, and ethnographic data to understand preliminarily the nutritive and possible social contexts of autonomous middle childhood food-gaining behaviors in Mexican shantytowns. While we find children forage, work for, and share considerable amounts of food outside the household, this is not associated with significant variation in their anthropometric status or dietary quality; some possible social benefits of food-getting are, however, evident.
Network studies of social influence

Network analysts interested in social influence examine the social foundations for influence—the social relations that provide a basis for the alteration of an attitude or behavior by one network actor in response to another. This article contrasts two empirical accounts of social influence (structural cohesion and equivalence) and describes the social processes (e.g., identification, competition, and authority) presumed to undergird them. It then reviews mathematical models of influence processes involving networks and related statistical models used in data analysis. Particular attention is given to the “network effects” model. A number of empirical studies of social influence are reviewed. The article concludes by identifying several problems of specification, research design, and measurement and suggesting some research that would help to resolve these problems.
ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF CONSERVED RESIDUES IN THE PROTEIN SUBUNIT OF RIBONUCLEASE P FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

The processing of precursor tRNAs and some other small cellular RNAs by M1 RNA, the catalytic subunit of Escherichia coli ribonuclease P, is accelerated by C5 protein (the protein cofactor) both in vitro and in vivo. In an effort to understand the mechanism by which the protein cofactor promotes and stabilizes certain conformations of M1 RNA that are most efficient for RNase P catalysis, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to generate mutant derivatives of C5 protein and assessed their ability to promote RNase P catalysis in vivo and in vitro. Our results indicate that certain conserved hydrophobic and basic residues in C5 protein are important for its function and that single amino acid residue changes in C5 protein can alter the substrate specificity of the RNase P holoenzyme.
Gustav Shpet and the Semiotics of ‘Living Discourse’

Semioticians traditionally honor Russian linguistics of the early 20th century, and study Jakobson, Vinogradov, Vinokur or the early Trubetzkoy. They do, however, seldom consider Russian philosophers of the same period. Gustav Shpet is an important representative of Russian philosophers in discussion with Hegel, Neo-Kantian thinkers and contemporaries in Russia and abroad, among them Edmund Husserl, originator of transcendental phenomenology. Shpet introduced Husserl’s phenomenology in Russia and expanded those ideas in his 1914 Appearance and Sense. A triangle “Hegel—Husserl—semiotics” emerged where Shpet emphasized the concept of discourse in phenomenology: a philosophical challenge to modern semiotics.
Planar bond all: A new packaging technology for advanced automotive power modules

A novel packaging structure for liquid cooled automotive power modules is developed. It features sandwiching power semiconductor switches between two symmetric substrates, which serve electrical interconnection and insulation. Two mini coolers are directly bonded to the outside of these substrates, allowing double sided, integrated cooling. The power switches in a popular phase leg electrical topology are orientated in a face up/face down three-dimensional (3-D) interconnection configuration. The bonding areas between dies and substrates, substrates and coolers are designed to use identical materials and formed in one heating process, in which a special fixture has been made so that a high efficiency production can be implemented. Combining these features with the thermal and electrical advancements, this packaging technology offers dramatically comprehensive improvements in power module's cost effectiveness, electrical conversion efficiency and thermal management, as demonstrated by a planar bond packaged prototype of a 200A/1200V phase leg power module.
Cross-linked surface-grafted glycopolymer for multivalent recognition of lectin.

An α-link mannose-conjugated acrylamide monomer was synthesized. This monomer was polymerized by free radical polymerization with acrylamide, a cross-linker, and a surface linker directly on the go...
Four-arm variable-resolution x-ray detector for CT target imaging

The basic VRX technique boosts spatial resolution of a CT scanner in the scan plane by two or more orders of magnitude by reducing the angle of incidence of the x-ray beam with respect to the detector surface. A four-arm Variable-Resolution X-ray (VRX) detector has been developed for CT scanning. The detector allows for "target imaging" in which an area of interest is scanned at higher resolution than the remainder of the subject, yielding even higher resolution for the focal area than that obtained from the basic VRX technique. The new VRX-CT detector comprises four quasi-identical arms each containing six 24-cell modules (576 cells total). The modules are made of individual custom CdWO4 scintillators optically-coupled to custom photodiode arrays. The maximum scan field is 40 cm for a magnification of 1.4. A significant advantage of the four-arm geometry is that it can transform quickly to the two-arm, or even the single-arm geometry, for comparison studies. These simpler geometries have already been shown experimentally to yield in-plane CT detector resolution exceeding 60 cy/mm (<8μ) for small fields of view. Geometrical size and resolution limits of the target VRX field are calculated. Two-arm VRX-CT data are used to simulate and establish the feasibility of VRX CT target imaging. A prototype target VRX-CT scanner has been built and is undergoing initial testing.
Supporting a diverse workforce: What type of support is most meaningful for lesbian and gay employees?

We examine differences in type of support (i.e., supervisor, coworker, organizational) received by lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) employees and the relationship between type of support and relevant outcomes (job and life satisfaction, outness of sexual orientation). Surveys were administered to 99 LGB individuals, and results indicate that support is best viewed as a multi-dimensional construct composed of supervisor, coworker, and organizational support for LGB employees. Overall, supervisor support was related to job satisfaction, coworker support was related to life satisfaction, and organizational support for LGB employees was related to outness.Thus, support for LGB employees isrelated to important outcomes. Practical suggestions for increasing organizational support for LGB employees are offered. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adolescent dosing and labeling since the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007.

Importance During pediatric drug development, dedicated pharmacokinetic studies are generally performed in all relevant age groups to support dose selection for subsequent efficacy trials. To our knowledge, no previous assessments regarding the need for an intensive pharmacokinetic study in adolescents have been performed. Objectives To compare US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved adult and adolescent drug dosing and to assess the utility of allometric scaling for the prediction of drug clearance in the adolescent population. Design Adult and adolescent dosing and drug clearance data were obtained from FDA-approved drug labels and publicly available databases containing reviews of pediatric trials submitted to the FDA. Dosing information was compared for products with concordant indications for adolescent and adult patients. Adolescent drug clearance was predicted from adult pharmacokinetic data by using allometric scaling and compared with observed values. Main Outcomes and Measures Adolescent and adult dosing information and drug clearance. Results There were 126 unique products with pediatric studies submitted to the FDA since the FDA Amendments Act of 2007, of which 92 had at least 1 adolescent indication concordant with an adult indication. Of these 92 products, 87 (94.5%) have equivalent dosing for adults and adolescent patients. For 18 of these 92 products, a minimum weight or body surface area threshold is recommended for adolescents to receive adult dosing. Allometric scaling predicted adolescent drug clearance with an overall mean absolute percentage error of 17.0%. Conclusions and Relevance Approved adult and adolescent drug dosing is equivalent for 94.5% of products with an adolescent indication studied since the FDA Amendments Act of 2007. Allometric scaling may be a useful tool to avoid unnecessary dedicated pharmacokinetic studies in the adolescent population during pediatric drug development, although each development program in adolescents requires a full discussion of drug dosing with the FDA.
Alternative splicing of exon 10 in the tau gene as a target for treatment of tauopathies

Tau aggregation is one of the major features in Alzheimer's disease and in several other tauopathies, including frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). More than 35 mutations in the tau gene have been identified from FTDP-17 patients. A group of these mutations alters splicing of exon 10, resulting in an increase in exon 10 inclusion into tau mRNA. Abnormal splicing with inclusion of exon 10 into tau mRNA has also been observed in PSP and AD patients. These results indicate that abnormal splicing of exon 10, leading to the production of tau with exon 10, is probably one of the mechanisms by which tau accumulates and aggregates in tauopathic brains. Therefore, modulation of exon 10 splicing in the tau gene could potentially be targeted to prevent tauopathies. To identify small molecules or compounds that could potentially be developed into drugs to treat tauopathies, we established a cell-based high-throughput screening assay. In this review, we will discuss how realistic, specific biological molecules can be found to regulate exon 10 splicing in the tau gene for potential treatment of tauopathies.
Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis

Since its clinical introduction in the early 1980s, MRI has transformed the practice of differential diagnosis and disease monitoring for disorders affecting the central nervous system, in particular multiple sclerosis and the allied inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Widespread and dynamic inflammatory processes of the white matter that were largely invisible by CT scanning now are rendered in exquisite detail by conventional MRI, and newer techniques are providing a wealth of information regarding axonal degeneration and functional adaptation. Overuse and over-reliance on MRI by clinicians sometimes can occur, and careful interpretation and clinical judgment remain essential in the care of multiple sclerosis.
Identification, discrimination, and match-to-sample as instances of comparative judgment

Identification, discrimination, and match-to-sample paradigms are discussed in the context of a comparative judgment between an external stimulus and a memorial representation. An experiment comparing the paradigms at different levels of stimulus dimensionality is described. The absence of clear-cut interactions of the paradigms with dimensionality differences is offered as support for the contention that the three seemingly diverse procedures may be considered as part of a comparative judgment continuum,with performance differences reflecting increased memorial demands.
Subexcitation electrons: An appraisal of our understanding☆

Abstract The transport of subexcitation electrons, i.e. electrons having kinetic energies T below the first electronic excitation threshold E1 of a medium, is a subject of considerable importance to the understanding of the earliest processes in radiation chemistry and biology. In recent years, relevant cross section values have been determined so that serious transport analysis is warranted, at least for gases composed of the commonly occurring molecules such as H2, O2, CO2 and H2O. Results for each gas elucidate a particular point, e.g. the role of resonances. For H2O, transport analysis has been carried out for both gas and ice. The scope of the discussion is limited to kinetic energies much higher than the thermal energy, i.e. T ⪆ 0.1 eV at room temperature. The behavior of electrons at lower energies is treated by Shizgal in the present Symposium.
Far-Ultraviolet Excited Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry of As, Se, Cu, and Sb in Air/Acetylene and Ar/O2/Acetylene Flames

Laser-enhanced ionization (LEI) measurements of As, Se, Sb, and Cu in air/acetylene and Ar/O2 /acetylene flames are reported. The use of far-UV excitation wavelengths to perform one- and two-step LEI excitation from the ground states of As, Se, and Sb is reported for the first time. Significant ionization background signals are observed for far-UV excitations in the air/acetylene flame, but are reduced by substituting an (80:20) Ar/O2 mixture for air as the flame oxidant. The sensitivities of the individual LEI techniques are also increased by the Ar/O2 gas substitution. The limits of detection for As, Se, Sb, and Cu are 30, 0.5, 9 and 2 ng/mL, respectively, and compare favorably with previous LEI reports. Due to the poor atomization characteristics of As and Se, the utility of hydride generation (HG) sample introduction with LEI detection has been explored. Although high sensitivity has been observed for the HG-LEI approach, limits of detection were not evaluated due to nonlinear responses of the signals with respect to analyte concentration.
A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA

A thick lens of fresh groundwater exists in a large region of low permeability in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. The conventional conceptual model for groundwater occurrence in Hawaii and other shield-volcano islands does not account for such a thick freshwater lens. In the conventional conceptual model, the lava-flow accumulations of which most shield volcanoes are built form large regions of relatively high permeability and thin freshwater lenses. In the southern Lihue Basin, basin-filling lavas and sediments form a large region of low regional hydraulic conductivity, which, in the moist climate of the basin, is saturated nearly to the land surface and water tables are hundreds of meters above sea level within a few kilometers from the coast. Such high water levels in shield-volcano islands were previously thought to exist only under perched or dike-impounded conditions, but in the southern Lihue Basin, high water levels exist in an apparently dike-free, fully saturated aquifer. A new conceptual model of groundwater occurrence in shield-volcano islands is needed to explain conditions in the southern Lihue Basin.
A spinoffs study applied to the airline industry

Airlines have been recently debated the management of some of their non-core divisions, such as the Frequent Flyer Program (FFP). A spinoff is a form of corporate contraction that many companies have recently chosen. Through a spinoff, both the parent company and the divested subsidiary can each focus on their own activity, which translates into a better performance of both entities. This paper studies the circumstances in which a spinoff is a good strategy to pursue, along with some important issues that must be considered when reaching agreements. Spinoffs are basically a "downsizing" of the parent firm; therefore, the smaller firm must be economically more viable by itself than as a part of its parent company. The motivation for analyzing this particular topic comes from a question of current interest: Under what circumstances is it advantageous for an airline to spin off its Frequent Flyer Program, or other divisions that are not related with the airline's operation? In this paper, an extensive literature review introduces the reader to the different forms of corporate contraction and their performance under different circumstances. Three cases related to the airline industry follow: the spinoffs of TripAdvisor from the web agency Expedia, of Air Canada's FFP Aeroplan, and of American Airline's distribution system Sabre. These three cases illustrate some of the key issues that must be carefully considered when spinning off a subsidiary. The paper concludes that spinoffs are a smart strategy when the focus of the spun off division is different from that of the parent company. However, to safeguard future business relationships, the two entities must negotiate detailed agreements that are robust enough to perform successfully in all foreseeable circumstances.