cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aromatization of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene and oxydehydrogenation of cis-cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene on clean and oxygen precovered Ag(110)

Abstract The bonding and reactions of cyclic C 8 -alkenes were studied on clean and oxygen-precovered Ag(110). On the clean surface, cis-cyclooctene (COE), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) desorb without reaction. Similar desorption energies were found for COE and COD ( E d = 15 kcal mol ), but COT showed unusually strong bonding ( E d ≥ 22 kcal mol ). Vibrational spectroscopy suggests that the stronger bonding of COT originates in charge transfer from the surface, resulting in formation of the planar, aromatic η 8 -COT dianion. On the oxygen-precovered surface COT bonds in a tub-shaped structure, since the presence of electron-withdrawing oxygen limits the extent of charge transfer to COT and blocks formation of the aromatic species. On the oxygen-precovered Ag(110) surface oxydehydrogenation of COD and COE commences at 200 K and 225 K, respectively, leading to the formation of η 8 -COT, which desorbs at 365 K. Combusition of adsorbed COT begins at 225 K. Depletion of surface oxygen by the combustion reaction, however, allows conversion of unreacted tub-shaped COT to the η 8 -COT aromatic species, which remains adsorbed until 365 K.
Small satellites at The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory

Abstract The Applied Physics Laboratory has developed and produced fifty-four spacecraft. The major areas were navigation, geodesy, magnetospheric physics and orbital technology, ionospheric research and astronomical exploration. The laboratory had total mission responsibility from conception through design, fabrication, integration and test, spacecraft launch operations, data acquisition, analysis and publication of results. Forty-five of these weighed from 50 to 180 kg. New technology was incrementally introduced, and “applied physics” and innovation were the hallmarks of these missions. This paper describes the evolutionary steps from simple spacecraft to present sophistication with particular attention to fundamentals.
Part II—Geophysical investigations in the Hawaiian Islands

During 1938 and 1939, an extensive series of geophysical surveys, employing both resistivity and magnetic methods, have been carried on in the Hawaiian Islands by the Section of Geophysics of the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Division of Ground-Water of the Survey and the Division of Hydrography of the Territorial Government (see Fig. 1). During this time, surveys have been conducted on the islands of Oahu, Molokai, and Maul. Two distinct types of ground-water occurrence are being investigated: (1) The basal fresh-water lens floating on underlying salt water in obedience to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle (Fig. 2); and (2) perched ground-water (Fig. 3) .
Ascorbic Acid Clearance in Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract The incidence of cardiovascular disease is increased in diabetic nephropathy. Increased oxidative stress in diabetes is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Since antioxidant vitamins, such as ascorbic acid, often are reduced in diabetes, we hypothesized that the renal clearance of ascorbic acid is increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Thirty-seven subjects with diabetic nephropathy were studies: 18 had microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day albuminuria); the remainder had clinical nephropathy (> 300 mg/day albuminuria). Indices of glycemic control (glucose, hemoglobin A 1C ) and renal function (albuminuria and creatinine clearance) were measured in addition to serum and urinary ascorbic acid levels. Results showed that subjects with clinical nephropathy had lower mean plasma ascorbic acid ( p = 0.0009) and higher renal clearance of ascorbic acid ( p = 0.005) than those with microalbuminuria. Bivariate analysis revealed an inverse correlation between creatinine clearance and AA clearance ( r = −0.42, p = 0.009). There was a significant linear association between the quantity of albuminuria and ascorbic acid clearance ( r = 0.49, p = 0.002). Thus, patients with diabetic nephropathy have reduced ascorbic acid levels due to increased ascorbic acid clearance. The decrease in antioxidant defense that arises from the low levels of vitamin C may contribute to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in this population.
Regulatory T cells in lung transplantation—an emerging concept

Lung transplantation represents an option for patients with a variety of end-stage lung diseases. While surgical advances have led to improvements in short-term survival, long-term survival is limited by chronic rejection termed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). A growing body of work is devoted to determining why some patients develop BOS. One avenue of interest that has emerged recently is the role that regulatory T cells (Tregs) may have in protection from BOS. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that Tregs are relevant to outcomes following transplant. We will discuss the relevant animal models, in vitro assays, and human observational studies that support a role for Tregs. We will also explore the interplay between injurious T cells such as Th17 cells and Tregs as well as the effect that additional cell types and chemokines have on the balance between inflammation and regulation. Finally, we will review emerging therapies which may harness the ability of Tregs to lessen the effects of BOS.
Reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease with high folate intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Abstract Background Study findings have suggested an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and several vitamins and have speculated about their use as preventive agents. Here, we examine whether total intake (intake from diet plus supplements) of antioxidant vitamins (E, C, carotenoids) and B vitamins (folate, B 6 , and B 12 ) is associated with a reduced risk of AD. Methods Participants were 579 nondemented elderly volunteers from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who completed dietary diaries and recorded supplement intake for a 7-day period. Cox regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of AD associated with total vitamin intake categorized into levels above or below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Results After a mean follow-up of 9.3 years, AD developed in 57 participants. Higher intake of folate (RR, 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.76), vitamin E (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.30 to 1.06), and vitamin B 6 (RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.84) were associated individually with a decreased risk of AD after adjusting for age, gender, education, and caloric intake. When these 3 vitamins were analyzed together, only total intake of folate at or above the RDA (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.97) was associated with a significant decreased risk of AD. No association was found between total intake of vitamins C, carotenoids, or vitamin B 12 and risk of AD. Conclusions These findings suggest that total intake of folate at or above the RDA is associated with a reduced risk of AD. Additional studies are necessary to further investigate whether folate or other(s) unmeasured factor(s) may be responsible for this reduction in risk.
Mechanics of deformation of a fruit subjected to hydrostatic pressure.

Abstract The degree of deformation of a food material under a compression force, applied by fingers or more objectively by an instrument, is an estimate of its firmness. “Firmness” in food materials, as “hardness” in engineering materials, is a loosely defined term and yet it is one of the most important physical properties of foods used as a measure of quality for acquisition of raw material, process control during manufacturing, and assessment of quality of the finished product. The firmness evaluation techniques available to agriculture and the food industry are mainly subjective. There is a need for understanding what is being measured when pressure is applied, for example, on a whole fruit and what are the relationships between the applied forces and deformations and the internal structure and constituents of the fruit. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of such relationships. The apple is chosen as the material for investigation. The overall deformation of an apple to any imposed forces is dependent on the mechanical properties of the heterogeneous medium of the apple. The heterogeneous medium of the apple generally is a three phase system consisting of a viscous liquid, a soft solid substance of cellular structure and air. In this paper, an analysis has been developed for the prediction of the overall deformation and the stress distribution in an apple under hydrostatic pressure. The analysis is based upon the linear viscoelastic theory and the assumption that the apple flesh displays linear viscoelastic behaviour and the skin behaves elastically. The predicted deformations have been compared with those observed experimentally. Considering the nature of the material and the difficulty of eliminating the systematic error involved in the experiments, the comparison seems to be reasonably good.
Examining the Moral Reasoning of the Ethics Adviser and Counselor: The Case of the Federal Designated Agency Ethics Official

This research reports on an exploratory study of the moral reasoning of federal designated agency ethics officials, the public administrators responsible for providing annual ethics training and year-round consultation to the federal workforce. As a group, these instructors used conventional reasoning more than post-conventional reasoning, in keeping with the findings of other public administration research on ethics. It is argued that conventional reasoning mirrors and supports the legalistic practice of public administration expected at the national level. The discussion suggests that consideration be given to instructor selection, for these officials have the potential to promote values and principles that can guide the decision-making of administrators in serving the public interest. Implications of this and other results are examined.
Regional levels of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain following head focussed microwave sacrifice: effect of (+)-amphetamine and (+/-)-parachloroamphetamine.

Abstract The effect of (+)-amphetamine and (±)p-chloroamphetamine on the levels of choline and acetylcholine (ACh) in discrete regions of rat brain were studied. Animals were sacrificed by head focussed microwave irradiation which terminated all measurable enzymatic activity in brain within two seconds. Both p-chloroamphetamine and amphetamine induced short term ( 48 hr) increase in ACh levels in the striatum and cerebellum. It is suggested that the short-term change in ACh levels induced by p-chloroamphetamine and amphetamine are mediated via release of dopamine. while the long term changes in ACh levels caused by p-chloroamphetamine are related to serotonin and may indicate that serotonin is involved in the regulation of ACh turnover in the striatum.
PROTOPLASMIC ASYMMETRY IN NITELLA AS SHOWN BY BIOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS.

Using multinucleate cells of Nitella 2 or 3 inches in length it is possible to kill one end with chloroform without producing at the other any immediate alteration which can be detected by our present methods. When a spot in external contact with sap is killed its potential difference falls approximately to zero and it is therefore possible to measure the potential difference across the protoplasm at any desired point merely by leading off from that point to the one where the protoplasm has been killed. The results indicate that the inner and outer protoplasmic surfaces differ, for when both surfaces are in contact with the same solution (cell sap) there is an electromotive force of about 15.9 millivolts, the inner surface being positive to the outer (i.e. the positive current tends to flow from the inner surface through the electrometer to the outer surface). The situation resembles that in Valonia where the corresponding value (with Valonia sap applied to the outside) has been reported as about 14.5 millivolt (the inner surface being positive to the outer). It would seem appropriate to designate this as radial polarity.
Is semen cryopreservation helpful in testicular cancer

Currently, semen to be "banked" by cryopreservation must have a minimum sperm concentration of 40 million/ml. and a minimum motility of 60 per cent. In analyzing semen of our patients with testicular cancer after unilateral orchiectomy but before further therapy, we have found that the semen of only 4 per cent (1/25) meets those minimum requirements. The results of this study suggest that cryopreservation may be an unrealistic solution to the infertility that may result from the treatment of testicular cancer.
The Werner’s syndrome 4330T>C (Cys1367Arg) gene variant does not affect the in vitro cytotoxicity of topoisomerase inhibitors and platinum compounds

Purpose Werner’s syndrome (WS) is a recessive disorder of premature onset of processes associated with aging. Defective DNA repair has been reported after exposure of cells isolated from WS patients to DNA-damaging agents. The germline 4330T>C (Cys1367Arg) variant in the WS gene (WRN) has been associated with protection from age-related diseases, suggesting it has a functional role. We studied whether the 4330T>C variant confers altered drug sensitivity in vitro.
Coping Styles for Trait Shame and Anxiety Intensity and Direction in Competitive Athletes

The purpose of the study was to assess if athletes who perceived their anxiety as debilitative to performance also scored higher on ratings of coping styles used to handle trait shame. The sample was comprised of 94 participants (males = 44, females = 50) ranging in age from 15 to 24 years (M = 18.8, SD = 2.3). Athletes in high school (n = 21) and college (n = 73) representing several sports were surveyed for this study. Competitive sport experience averaged 11 yr. (SD = 3.9) overall. The Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2D was given to collect general anxiety perceptions related to the athlete's specific sport. The Compass of Shame Scale-Sport was administered to measure coping styles for trait shame responses connected with competitive sport experiences. The athletes were divided into Facilitative (n = 39) and Debilitative anxiety groups (n = 55) based on the overall direction of anxiety scores. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated no interaction, but did reveal significant main effects for sex and anxiety group. Univariate tests indicated significant differences for several of the shame and anxiety subscales based on sex and anxiety group.
Dispersal and recruitment of blue crab larvae in Delaware Bay, U.S.A.

Abstract Results of a three-year survey of the occurrence of Callinectes sapidus larvae in the mouth of Delaware Bay indicated that stage I zoea larvae were most abundant insurface water as compared to mid-depths and near bottom. The major peak in abundance of stage I zoea larvae occurred in early August with a secondary peak in early September. Peaks in abundance of megalopae occurred five weeks after the respective peaks in zoeal abundance. Zoea stages II–VIII were not collected in the bay mouth. Results of sampling every 3 h over consecutive tidal cycles showed that stage I zoea larvae were most common in the water column on ebbing tidal currents. Megalopae were most common in the water column on flooding tidal currents, suggesting a tidally related, vertical migration. It was concluded that stage I zoea larvae are flushed from the estuary and undergo development on the continental shelf. Megalopae are then transported back to inshore waters by a combination of winds and currents and invade the estuary by means of migration into the water column on flooding tidal currents and migration to the bottom on ebbing tidal currents.
Can Man-Made Nanomachines Compete with Nature Biomotors?

Biological nanomotors have evolved over million years to perform specific tasks with high efficiency. The remarkable performance of biomotors is inspiring scientists to create synthetic nanomachines that mimic the function of these amazing natural systems. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities facing artificial nanomotors and summarizes recent progress toward the development of such man-made nanomachines. Particular attention is given to catalytic nanowire motors propelled by the electrocatalytic decomposition of a chemical fuel. While artificial nanomotors pale compared to nature biomotors, recent advances indicate their great potential to perform diverse applications and demanding tasks. Such advances include significant improvements in the velocity, motion control, cargo-towing force, and lifetime of such catalytic nanomotors. As a result, artificial nanomotors can have velocities as large as 100 body lengths per second and relatively high powers to transport a "heavy" cargo within complex microchannel networks. Despite this impressive progress, man-made nanomachines still lack the efficiency, functionality, and force of their biological counterparts and are limited to a very narrow range of environments and fuels. Improved understanding of the behavior of catalytic nanomotors will facilitate the design of highly efficient and powerful artificial nanomachines for complex operations in diverse realistic environments, leading to practical nanoscale applications in the not-so-distant future.
Progressive age-related increase in pituitary thyrotropin level and T/S iodide ratio in the rat.

Groups of normal Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at weekly intervals starting with the 1st postnatal day, and adenohypophysial TSH levels were determined by bio-assay. The TSH concentration increased progressively from 13 mU/mg in the newborn rats to over 100 mU/mg at 56 days. The T/S iodide ratio was significantly lower in 21-day-old rats than in 56-day-old rats, even though the sensitivity of the thyroid gland to exogenous TSH was slightly greater in the younger animals. It was concluded that the pituitary-thyroid system is not completely developed at birth, and that the eventual elevation in thyroid activity in older rats results from increased production of TSH rather than from enhanced sensitivity of the thyroid gland to TSH.
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production by astroglial cells: Regulation and importance for epidermal growth factor-induced cell replication

The insulin-like growth factor are postulated to play a role during brain development. Because they are believed to act in a paracrine/autocrine manner, the production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) by cultured astroglial cells was examined. Quantities of IGF-I in conditioned media were determined by RIA after separation of IGFs from IGF-binding proteins by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Astrocytes from 1-day-old rats and the rat glioma cell line (C6) both secreted 7.5-kDa IGF-I. A peak of immunoreactivity with an apparent mol wt of 12,000 was additionally present in media conditioned by C6 cells. Exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased media content of immunocreactive IGF-I slightly (60%) in C6 cells but more than 2-fold in normal astrocytes. Fibroblast growth factor also increased the amount of IGF-I contained in media conditioned by normal astrocytes. To determine whether the secreted IGF-I was biologically active, media IGFs were immunoneutralized with a monoclonal antibody (Sm 1.25). In the presence of the antibody, EGF-stimulated astrocyte replication was blocked. These data indicate that IGF-I secretion by rodent astrocytes is stimulated by factors thought to be important for brain growth and development and that the IGFs are likely intimate participants in EGF-induced astrocyte growth. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender Differences in Capitate Kinematics are Eliminated After Accounting for Variation in Carpal Size

Previous studies have found gender differences in carpal kinematics, and there are discrepancies in the literature on the location of the flexion/extension and radio-ulnar deviation rotation axes of the wrist. It has been postulated that these differences are due to carpal bone size differences rather than gender and that they may be resolved by normalizing the kinematics by carpal size. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in radio-capitate kinematics are a function of size or gender. We also sought to determine if a best-fit pivot point (PvP) describes the radio-capitate joint as a ball-and-socket articulation. By using an in vivo markerless bone registration technique applied to computed tomography scans of 26 male and 28 female wrists, we applied scaling derived from capitate length to radio-capitate kinematics, characterized by a best-fit PvP. We determined if radio-capitate kinematics behave as a ball-and-socket articulation by examining the error in the best-fit PvP. Scaling PvP location completely removed gender differences (P = 0.3). This verifies that differences in radio-capitate kinematics are due to size and not gender. The radio-capitate joint did not behave as a perfect ball and socket because helical axes representing anatomical motions such as flexion-extension, radio-ulnar deviation, dart throwers, and antidart throwers, were located at distances up to 4.5 mm from the PvP. Although the best-fit PvP did not yield a single center of rotation, it was still consistently found within the proximal pole of the capitate, and rms errors of the best-fit PvP calculation were on the order of 2 mm. Therefore, the ball-and-socket model of the wrist joint center using the best-fit PvP is appropriate when considering gross motion of the hand with respect to the forearm such as in optical motion capture models. However, the ball-and-socket model of the wrist is an insufficient description of the complex motion of the capitate with respect to the radius. These findings may aid in the design of wrist external fixation and orthotics.
Relocalizing Genetic Loci into Specific Subnuclear Neighborhoods

A poorly understood problem in genetics is how the three-dimensional organization of the nucleus contributes to establishment and maintenance of transcriptional networks. Genetic loci can reside in chromosome "territories" and undergo dynamic changes in subnuclear positioning. Such changes appear to be important for regulating transcription, although many questions remain regarding how loci reversibly transit in and out of their territories and the functional significance of subnuclear transitions. We addressed this issue using GATA-1, a master regulator of hematopoiesis implicated in human leukemogenesis, which often functions with the coregulator Friend of GATA-1 (FOG-1). In a genetic complementation assay in GATA-1-null cells, GATA-1 expels FOG-1-dependent target genes from the nuclear periphery during erythroid maturation, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We demonstrate that GATA-1 induces extrusion of the β-globin locus away from its chromosome territory at the nuclear periphery, and extrusion precedes the maturation-associated transcriptional surge and morphological transition. FOG-1 and its interactor Mi-2β, a chromatin remodeling factor commonly linked to repression, were required for locus extrusion. Erythroid Kruppel-like factor, a pivotal regulator of erythropoiesis that often co-occupies chromatin with GATA-1, also promoted locus extrusion. Disruption of transcriptional maintenance did not restore the locus subnuclear position that preceded activation. These results lead to a model for how a master developmental regulator relocalizes a locus into a new subnuclear neighborhood that is permissive for high level transcription as an early step in establishing a cell type-specific genetic network. Alterations in the regulatory milieu can abrogate maintenance without reversion of locus residency back to its original neighborhood.
Discharge Mechanisms in Neutral Gas Lasers

The equations which govern the discharge phenomena in neutral gas lasers are cast into simplified form which brings out the dependence of laser properties on the external parameters of importance?gas pressure, tube diameter, and tube current. The well known empirical scaling laws which govern neutral gas laser operation follow quite naturally from this procedure. Specific examples are given to illustrate agreement with experiment.
Refractive Indices of a Methylstilbene Polymer Liquid Crystal

Abstract The refractive indices of a side-chain polymer liquid crystal, 4-ω-hydroxyhexyl-l-oxy-)-4′-methoxy-α- methylstilbene, polymethacrylate with weight-averaged molecular weight M w = 54,000 have been measured as a function of temperature using a Jelley-Leitz refractometer. In these measurements the polymer was aligned by shear flow in the nematic phase. We developed a model for this alignment in order to interpret the data in terms of the polarization direction of the refracted light. The results suggest that the polymer is aligned so that one of its minor optical axes (i.e., one of the directions along which one measures the ordinary refractive index) lies along the flow direction and its principal optical axis (i.e., the direction along which one measures the extraordinary refractive index) is distributed in a plane perpendicular to the flow axis.
Palladium based film-type cermet membranes for hydrogen separation

Thin-film type cermet (i.e., ceramic–metal composite) membranes were made by a paste painting method, and their hydrogen transport properties were evaluated. The hydrogen permeability of a 30 μm thick Pd/YSZ (palladium/yttrium-stabilized zirconia) film was compared with that of Pd foil (thickness of 0.1 mm). To test the reproducibility of the results and stability of the Pd/YSZ film, the film's permeability was measured over a period of ∼300 h as a function of temperature, gas flow rate, and hydrogen partial pressure. In addition, the influence of a porous alumina substrate was investigated by measuring the hydrogen flux of the Pd foil with and without an Al2O3 substrate in front of the foil. The differences between the hydrogen permeability of the cermet film and that of the Pd foil are discussed. As additional practical information about the cermet film, its thermal expansion behavior was studied in air and in nitrogen, and changes in its microstructure were examined during stability tests. Taken together, the results indicate that thin-film Pd/YSZ cermet membranes can meet the requirements of hydrogen transport membranes.
A comparison of the rheologic properties of an adipose-derived extracellular matrix biomaterial, lipoaspirate, calcium hydroxylapatite, and cross-linked hyaluronic acid.

ImportanceAcquired soft-tissue injury with resultant volume loss may cause significant deformity in size, shape, and body or facial contour. Current autologous fat transfer techniques have several ...
Growth of the American Revolution: 1766-1775

Growth of the American Revolution covers the period from the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 to the outbreak of hostilities at Lexington and Concord in 1775. Taken together, these volumes present a cogent and authoritative history from an objective and scholarly point of view.
Optimum production lot size model for a system with deteriorating inventory

SUMMARY A production lot size model has been developed for an inventory system with deteriorating items. Both the varying and constant rate of deterioration have been included in the analysis. For the case of a varying rate, it seems impossible to obtain a simple expression for the production lot size, so a numerical method has been suggested. For the constant rate of deterioration case, an approximate expression has been derived for the production lot size. Finally, a numerical example is solved to show the impact of deterioration.
Water and Nitrogen Effects on Winter Wheat in the Southeastern Coastal Plain: I. Grain Yield and Kernel Traits

Understanding how environmental factors affect winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) responses to spring N application is an important component of economically and environmentally sound winter wheat production on the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA. Increasing the amount of N applied to winter wheat grown in this region has been shown to result in a greater severity of drought stress during grain fill and lower individual kernel weights. This 2-yr field study was conducted to determine whether drought-induced reductions in kernel weight with high spring N rates are the result of decreases in the rate or the duration of kernel growth. Winter wheat was grown with different rates of spring-applied N (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha -1 ) under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Increases in the rate of spring-applied N resulted in a greater severity of soil water deficits under nonirrigated conditions. Quadratic increases in grain yield and kernel number per square meter occurred in response to increased spring N under both levels of soil water treatment. Grain yield and individual kernel weight responses to irrigation were greater at the higher N rates than at the lower N rates. Over both years, the average increase in individual kernel weight due to irrigation was 3.9 and 13.3% at the 0 and 135 kg N ha -1 rates, respectively. Similar responses were found for the effective filling period (EFP), where irrigation increased the EFP an average of 3.2 and 14.5% at the lowest and highest spring N rates, respectively. Soil water treatment had no effect on kernel growth rate. Results indicate that high rates of spring-applied N increase the severity of drought stress in nonirrigated winter wheat grown on the Coastal Plain, resulting in reductions in the EFP and, consequently, kernel weight.
Neonatal thyroid function: erythrocyte T3 uptake in early infancy.

Summary 1. The erythrocyte T 3 uptake method of Hamolsky has been modified so that it is adaptable to individuals in the pediatric age range. 2. Using this technique, we have shown elevated erythrocyte T 3 values in the fullterm neonate. These fall to within the adult range when the infant is 6 to 9 weeks of age. The elevation of erythrocyte T 3 uptake appears more marked and more prolonged in the premature infant. 3. The elevated erythrocyte T 3 uptakeshows that the increased protein-bound iodine or butanol extractable iodine of the neonate is not the result of an increased thyroid-binding protein. The different relationships of the T 3 uptake to the BEI in the maternal and in the cord blood specimens indicate that the observations in the newborn are not merely a reflection of maternal thyroid status. Our data suggest that there is a true increase in thyroid secretion in the newborn infant.
Relational data-base management and APL

Historically, the development of programming languages was driven by a desire to remove needless machine-oriented representation clutter from the programmer's purview. When compared with other implemented programming languages, APL goes quite far in this direction. However, like its competitors, APL provides almost no support for programs that have to access and possibly update data from shared data bases. Such data is usually subject to syntactic and semantic constraints that are declared on a community basis. Moreover, both the data and the constraints are subject to dynamic sharing with other independently-developed programs. We outline the principles underlying the relational model for formatted data bases, including the structures, algebraic operators, normalization, and formal data sublanguages. We conclude with a discussion of the need for a knowledge base (1) to act as a defining base for a proposed data base; (2) to mediate queries and transactions; and (3) to aid in query formulation in formal or natural language. A short list of references is given for those wishing more introductory information about relational database management.
Simultaneous quantification of nicotine, opioids, cocaine, and metabolites in human fetal postmortem brain by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A validated method for simultaneous LCMSMS quantification of nicotine, cocaine, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), codeine, and metabolites in 100 mg fetal human brain was developed and validated. After homogenization and solid-phase extraction, analytes were resolved on a Hydro-RP analytical column with gradient elution. Empirically determined linearity was from 5–5,000 pg/mg for cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE), 25–5,000 pg/mg for cotinine, ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and 6AM, 50-5000 pg/mg for trans-3-hydroxycotinine (OH-cotinine) and codeine, and 250–5,000 pg/mg for nicotine. Potential endogenous and exogenous interferences were resolved. Intra- and inter-assay analytical recoveries were ≥92%, intra- and inter-day and total assay imprecision were ≤14% RSD and extraction efficiencies were ≥67.2% with ≤83% matrix effect. Method applicability was demonstrated with a postmortem fetal brain containing 40 pg/mg cotinine, 65 pg/mg OH-cotinine, 13 pg/mg cocaine, 34 pg/mg EME, and 525 pg/mg BE. This validated method is useful for determination of nicotine, opioid, and cocaine biomarkers in brain.
The Supreme Court and Constitutional Theory, 1953-1993

Ronald Kahn greatly revises our understanding of Supreme Court decision making and its relation to constitutional theory in the eras of chief justices Earl Warren, Warren Burger, and William Rehnquist. In the process, he refutes the longstanding stereotypes of an activist Warren Court trying to legislate individual rights and of a visionless Burger Court hiding in its predecessor's shadows. Kahn contends that the dominant view of the Supreme Court as just another political institution is incorrect. That view depicts an unprincipled court wavering before external politics and public opinion or bending to the political agendas of individual justices. Kahn counters that justices throughout the postwar epoch, while well aware of the political environment, have consistently relied upon legal precedent and constitutional principles-especially in cases relating to individual rights and popular sovereignty. The Burger Court in particular, Kahn argues, had both a coherent vision and a highly complex understanding of malfunctions in the American polity and of fundamental rights in the Constitution. He cites as salient examples the Burger Court's controversial decision in Roe v. Wade and its decisions regarding gender equality, religious freedom, and the right to education of all children, even illegal aliens. He suggests that this same sensitivity, despite enormous popular and political pressures, has been demonstrated by the Rehnquist Court's decision in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992). Kahn effectively reveals how the Supreme Court is influenced by its ongoing dialogue with scholars, judges, journalists, and others who debate the connections between constitutional law and democratic government. His critique of works by such prominent theorists as Robert Dahl, Martin Shapiro, Vincent Blasi, Anthony Lewis, Archibald Cox, Alexander Bickel, Herbert Wechsler, John Hart Ely, and Laurence Tribe, among others, provides valuable insights into this exchange between the court and its "interpretive community." His chapter on the new civic republicans like Michael Perry, Mark Tushnet, and Sanford Levinson, is especially provocative in its analysis of a potentially more productive guide for jurisprudence in the 1990s. Combining theoretical sophistication with a fundamental comprehension of our nation's political institutions, Kahn's study should help demystify for scholars and students alike the workings of the Court and its place in our democracy.
Urinary C-peptide of insulin as a non-invasive marker of energy balance in wild orangutans

Assessment of energetic condition is a critical tool for behavioral and reproductive ecologists. However, accurate quantification of energy intake and expenditure is labor-intensive, and it can be problematic for field scientists to obtain regular data on individual animals. C-peptide, a polypeptide segment of the proinsulin molecule that is secreted along with insulin in an equimolar relationship, can be measured in urine, and thus offers a potential means for the non-invasive assessment of energy balance in wild animals. Here, we validate C-peptide for the quantification of energetic condition, with specific application to wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). We determined that application of urine to filter paper results in significantly lower C-peptide recoveries versus fresh samples. However, concentrations in filter paper samples were significantly correlated with fresh urine and were stable over various storage conditions and durations. We compared the C-peptide concentrations from wild orangutan urine samples with three independent measures of energetic condition: ketone bodies (urinalysis), caloric intake (nutritional biochemistry), and food availability (phenology). As expected, C-peptide concentrations were significantly lower in samples that tested positive for ketones in the field. Monthly average C-peptide concentrations of both male and female orangutans were significantly correlated with monthly determinations of energy intake and food availability. Therefore, we conclude that the collection and preservation of urine samples for C-peptide analysis are feasible under most field conditions and, in this species, presents a useful tool for assessing changes in energy balance.
Dissimilatory Iron-Reducing Bacteria Can Influence the Reduction of Carbon Tetrachloride by Iron Metal

Little is known about the long-term performance of zerovalent iron (Fe0) subsurface barriers. Groundwater exposure induces corrosion processes that can passivate the Fe0 surface and decrease barrier reaction rates. We present evidence that dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) can stimulate the rate of carbon tetrachloride (CT) transformation in the presence of corroded iron. The DIRB, Shewanella alga BrY, adhered to the corroded Fe surfaces that showed little or no capacity to transform CT. The addition of BrY to these systems with decreased CT transformation rates resulted in increased ferrous iron concentrations and increased CT transformation to chloroform (CF). The results suggest that DIRB can have an influence on the long-term performance of Fe0 barriers.
To Know You is (Not) to Want You: Mediators Between Sociosexual Orientation and Romantic Commitment

Past studies have indicated that individuals with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation (SO; 'unrestricted' reflects comfort with sex outside the confines of a committed relationship) emphasize attractiveness and desirability when pursuing ro- mantic partners. Additionally, SO is related to decreased commitment, and ultimately increased infidelity, in a current romantic relationship. Thus, the current study investi- gates potential mediators between sociosexual orientation (SO) and romantic commit- ment. Perceptions of a romantic partner's characteristics such as physical attractiveness, various personality traits, and perceived similarities were examined as mediators. The findings indicate perceived social skills, intellect, and perceived similarities with the partner were all significant mediators between SO and commitment. Additionally, physical attractiveness was a marginally significant mediator. The final mediation model suggests that individuals with unrestricted SOs may have lower commit in their current relationships because participants with an unrestricted SO, compared to partic- ipants with a restricted SO, rated their partners as having fewer social skills, less intellect, and also fewer similarities between themselves and their partners.
Using Density Functional Theory To Design DNA Base Analogues with Low Oxidation Potentials

The oxidizability of substituted nucleobases was evaluated through theoretical calculations and the ability of individual bases to induce current enhancement in the cyclic voltammograms of metal complexes. Formation of the guanine derivatives 7-deazaguanine and 8-oxoguanine is known to lower the energy for oxidation of guanine. The similar derivatives of adenine were examined and gave lower predicted redox energies as well as current enhancement with Ru(bpy)32+ (7-deazaadenine) and Fe(bpy)32+ (8-oxoadenine). Oxidizable, substituted pyrimidines were identified using a computational library that gave 5-aminocytosine and 5-aminouracil as promising electron donors. Again, these predictions were verified using catalytic electrochemistry. In addition, the computations predicted that 6-aminocytosine would be redox-active but not as easily oxidized as 5-aminocytosine, which was also confirmed experimentally. In addition to calculating the relative one-electron redox potentials, we used calculations to evaluate th...
Algorithms for computing shape preserving spline approximations to data

We treat the problem of approximating data that are sampled with error from a function known to be convex and increasing. The approximating function is a polynomial spline with knots at the data points. This paper presents results (analogous to those in [7] and [9]) that describe some approximation properties of polynomial splines and algorithms for determining the existence of a "shape-preserving" approximant for given data.
Precipitate stability in neutron-irradiated Zircaloy-4

Zircaloy-4, a zirconium-base alloy used extensively as cladding and core structural materials in water-cooled nuclear reactors, was examined by transmission electron microscopy, after neutron irradiation and postirradiation annealing. Phase instabilities found during irradiation at 561 K include the amorphous transformation and the dissolution of the intermetallic Zr(Fe,Cr)2. The α-matrix is driven toward a single phase solid solution as the neutron fluence increases. This is evidenced by the continuous dissolution of the precipitate without precipitation of any new phase during irradiation. During postirradiation annealing at 833 K, solute Fe precipitates out particularly at the grain boundaries as Zr-Fe zeta-phase. Recrystallization of the amorphous precipitates occurs at a postirradiation annealing temperature of 1023 K. In general, the observed phenomena of amorphous transformation, precipitate dissolution, reprecipitation and recrystallization reflect the complex solute-point defect interactions in the α-matrix. The continuous solute dissolution during irradiation is expected to have a potential effect on irradiation growth, creep and corrosion properties of the alloy.
The displacement, and strain–stress fields of a general circular Volterra dislocation loop

Abstract A closed-form analytical solution for the displacement, and strain–stress fields of a circular Volterra dislocation loop having a glide and prismatic components is obtained. Assuming linear elasticity and infinite isotropic material, the displacement field is found by integrating the Burgers displacement equation for a circular dislocation loop. The strain field is subsequently obtained and stresses follow from Hooke's law. The field equations are expressed in terms of complete elliptic integrals of the first, second, and/or third elliptic integrals. The general loop solution is, from the principle of superposition, the additive sum of the prismatic and glide solutions.
A quantitative method for characterizing the extent of Cu oxidation by variable exit angle ultrasoft x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract A quantitative method has been developed for characterizing the extent of Cu oxidation by variable exit angle ultrasoft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (USXFS). The results indicate that the Lβ Lα intensity ratio can be used to evaluate the degree of Cu chemical modification. The theoretical treatment suggests the Cu depth resolution obtained with this technique is on the order of 10 A.
Optical Amplification in Avionic Analog Photonic Links

We have described cases where the penalties incurred in IMDD links by utilizing EDFAs can be quite small or negligible. These conclusions are particularly important for short-length high-optical-power links, such as can be used in an avionic platform. These results relax the output-power requirements on low-noise lasers. In addition, this work demonstrates the significance of a new class of EDFAs, namely, EDFAs in compact flight-qualified packages having low noise figure in deep saturation
Identification and characterization of the molecular lesion causing mucopolysaccharidosis type I in cats.

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I) is the lysosomal storage disease caused by the deficient activity of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA). In man, MPS I can occur in severe, mild, or intermediate forms known as the Hurler, Scheie, or Hurler/Scheie syndromes, respectively. MPS I also has been described in cats, dogs, and mice. This manuscript reports the identification and characterization of the mutation causing MPS I in cats. To obtain wild-type feline IDUA cDNAs, two PCR-based strategies were used. PCR primers were constructed from a conserved region of the published human and dog sequences and used to amplify a 224-bp IDUA fragment from normal cat genomic DNA. This fragment was then used to screen a feline uterus cDNA library. PCR also was used to directly amplify IDUA fragments from the same cDNA library. Two overlapping feline IDUA cDNAs encoding 466 amino acid residues of the feline IDUA polypeptide ( approximately 85% of the mature protein based on comparison to the human, dog, and mouse sequences) were obtained by these strategies. To identify the mutation causing MPS I in cats, DNA sequencing was carried out on the corresponding IDUA region from several affected animals. A 3-bp deletion was found on both IDUA alleles in each of the MPS I animals, predicting the deletion of a single aspartate residue from the feline IDUA polypeptide. To confirm the authenticity of this mutation, heteroduplex, SSCP, and transient expression studies were carried out. Over 100 animals from the MPS I colony were screened for the presence of the mutation by heteroduplex and SSCP analyses-in all cases the presence of the 3-bp deletion was 100% concordant with the disease phenotype. For transient expression studies, the two partial, overlapping feline cDNAs were combined and joined in-frame to the 5' end of the canine IDUA cDNA. This wild-type, hybrid cDNA expressed IDUA activity up to sixfold over endogenous levels after transfection into COS-1 cells. A modified full-length IDUA cDNA containing the 3-bp deletion did not express IDUA activity in a transient expression system, providing proof that this lesion was the cause of feline MPS I.
Knowledge in the 2000 Primary Elections

The research reported in this article set out to explore the variation in political knowledge over time during the 2000 presidential primaries. Knowledge is broken down into three distinct types: candidate awareness, biography, and policy. Results show that citizens did learn substantive amounts of information during the campaign and that learning and overall levels of knowledge were most pronounced in respondents who lived in a state where a primary was held and was competitive.
The Karhunen-Loeve transform of discrete MVL functions

The Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform of a discrete multiple-valued logic function is studied with respect to algebraic graph theory. The spectrum of a Cayley graph defined over the symmetry group is observed to be equivalent to the KL spectrum of a discrete function when the Cayley graph is generated using that function. It is also observed that the autocorrelation of the discrete function using the symmetry group operator is equivalent to the adjacency matrix of the Cayley graph. In addition to the theoretical interests, the KL spectrum of a discrete multiple-valued logic function can have applications in compact function representation and the determination of function estimates with a reduced support set. Example computations are shown in addition to the presentation of the mathematical properties.