cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Uptake and Distribution in Young Pinot noir Grapevines over Two Seasons

The seasonal timing of biomass and nutrient distribution among different vine organs was determined over two growing seasons in four-year-old Pinot noir grapevines grown in field microplots. Vines were fertilized in spring, and biomass and nutrient contents of nine separate vine parts were measured at six phenological stages (budbreak, bloom, veraison, harvest, leaf fall, and dormancy) each year. The uptake and distribution of four micronutrients—boron (B), zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu)—was determined for the first time in field-grown grapevines. Whole-vine nitrogen (N) uptake was maximal early in the season, with most N uptake occurring before bloom. Uptake of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) was also early compared to other nutrients, with similar quantities of these elements taken up between budbreak and bloom and between bloom and veraison. All other macronutrients—potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)—and micronutrients (B, Zn, Mn, Cu) had peak uptake between bloom and veraison. Remobilization of nutrients from permanent vine structures helped supply early season canopy needs for N, K, and S. More N was remobilized from reserves and this lasted until veraison, supplying ~35% of the canopy N between budbreak and veraison. Remobilization of K and S occurred only until bloom and contributed ~30% of the canopy increase in these elements up to that time. The small root fraction was the main source of remobilized nutrients for N, K, and S. A net annual gain of nutrients in the permanent vine parts occurred for P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu. The quantities of each nutrient required by young Pinot noir grapevines carrying a typical crop yield for the region are presented and discussed.
Are artificial mineral fibers harmful to health and unsuitable for asbestos substitute

The increasing knowledge about the carcinogenic properties of asbestos have given rise to an extensive research on possible adverse health effects of alternative materials. Especially man-made mineral fibers (MMMF), i.e. glass fibers, but also glass-, stone- and slag wools turned out to be of unique interest, because they have already been used for several decades for isolation purposes. It is generally accepted that the carcinogenic potential of any fiber is related to its dimension and its biopersistence. Based on series of experiments, it could be demonstrated that only fibers longer than 5 microns, thinner than 3 microns and with a length/diameter ratio of more than 3 are able to reach the periphery of the lung. Excepting the refractory (ceramic) fibers, studies showed that inhalation did not provoke tumors in rodents, whereas the intratracheal, intrapleural and intraperitoneal instillation induced a carcinogenic effect for most kinds of MMMF. Compared to asbestos, MMMF clears out much faster from the lung tissue. Finally, there is no consistent epidemiological evidence for an increased standardized mortality ratio due to malignant tumors of the airways and malignant mesotheliomas in individuals formerly exposed to MMMF. Out of the rather theoretical tumor risk, there is a far more common and itchy skin problem to mention, namely glass-fiber dermatitis, which appears when one is handling without protection thicker and therefore more stinging fibers. In the light of these facts and based on the actual exposure situation, there is no clearcut cancer risk, when one is handling glass fibers and wool; however, the potential risk of exposure to refractory ceramic fibers has to be evaluated with more caution.
Effect of epidermal growth factor on sodium transport in the cortical collecting tubule

Receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been demonstrated in the distal tubule. To determine whether there are acute functional correlates, we studied the effect of EGF on cortical collecting tubule (CCT) transepithelial voltage and transport of sodium and bicarbonate. Rabbit CCT were perfused in vitro and EGF was added to either the bathing medium or the luminal perfusate after base-line measurements of transport. Peritubular EGF in concentrations of 0.1 to 100 ng/ml (1.7 X 10(-11) to 1.7 X 10(-8) M) decreased sodium reabsorption, measured as 22Na absorption from the lumen, by 44-59%. There was a corresponding fall in the lumen-negative transepithelial voltage. Lower doses of EGF were without effect on transepithelial voltage or sodium transport. Pretreatment of the tubules with ouabain eliminated the effect of EGF on sodium transport. In contrast to peritubular EGF, luminal EGF (100 ng/ml) did not affect sodium transport. Peritubular EGF had no effect on either bicarbonate secretion or net bica...
Inheritance of esterases A and B in syngen 2 of Paramecium aurelia.

Stocks 50, 93 and 305 in syngen 2 of Paramecium aurelia differ in their A esterases. Stock 305 also has a variant B esterase. The results of crosses carried out between stocks show that the A and B esterases are under the control of separate genes, thus confirming the prediction based on differences in the chemical properties and the distribution of these esterases in different syngens.
Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)

The ethnic classification of Upper Volta is done at a middle level of inclusion and abstraction. It follows the schema used by the government of Upper Volta, who state their main criterion as follows (our translation): “The classification given here is primarily based on cultural characteristics which are likely to have an influence on demographic traits.” The Mossi, Fulani, Gurma, and Busansi are identity groups. Large migrations to Ivory Coast to work, while generally temporary, leave the de facto population at some variance from the figure in Table 38.1.
Epilogue: Cautiously Optimistic for the Future of a Transdisciplinary Sexual Medicine

Sexuality, with its fundamental connection to reproduction, has been the subject of sustained and inordinate interest among all cultures since prehistoric ages. Sexual dysfunctions have been experienced as devastating problems to mankind since the beginning of recorded time, evidenced by Stone Age wall paintings and biblical references. The material contained in this volume’s previous pages support sexual medicine as a postmodern, twenty-first-century solution to that prebiblical problem.
Group invariant subspace learning for outlier detection

In this paper, we present a novel method for detecting outliers when the images are misaligned by action of a finite group. Our approach rests on robust learning of group-invariant sub-spaces in presence of outliers. By group-invariant subspaces, we mean subspaces of a vector space that are invariant to action of a finite (Abelian) group. Such scenarios naturally arise in computer vision problems when one is interested in shift (translation) or rotation invariant image processing. While the proposed methods are general, we will focus on misalignment by the group of circular shifts on 2-D images and show that our methods are effective in detecting outliers in real data sets (YaleB and MNIST database) and outperform methods that do not take the group-invariance into account.[1]
Introduction to Markov Chains

The theory of Markov chains is rooted in the work of Russian mathematician Andrey Markov and has an extensive body of literature to establish its mathematical foundations. The availability of computing resources has recently made it possible to use Markov chains to analyze a variety of scientific data. Monte Carlo Markov chains are now one of the most popular methods of data analysis. This chapter presents the key mathematical properties of Markov chains, necessary to understand its implementation as Monte Carlo Markov chains.
Nutrient resource requirements for large-scale microalgae biofuel production: Multi-pathway evaluation

Abstract Growing demand for energy worldwide has increased interest in the production of renewable fuels, with microalgae representing a promising third generation feedstock. This study presents the use of a modular engineering process model, informed through literature, to evaluate the nitrogen and phosphorus resource demand of five microalgae to biofuels production systems. The baseline scenario, representative of an economically viable large-scale production system, includes sub-process models for growth, dewater, lipid extraction, anaerobic digestion, and biofuel conversion. Baseline modeling results combined with current US resource availability from fertilizer and wastewater show nitrogen and phosphorus requirements represent a potential barrier to the large-scale development of microalgae based biofuels. Baseline results show municipal wastewater sources can provide sufficient nutrients to produce 3.8 billion gallons of fuel per year, corresponding to 6% of the DOE goal of 60 billion gallons per year. Results from modeling of alternative production scenarios shows hydrothermal liquefaction to be a promising technology in terms of resource consumption. The use of lipid extracted algae as a value-added co-product is shown to be limitting due to nutrient recovery requirements for scalability. Optimistic and conservative process scenarios are simulated to bound the total resource demand and represent practical best and worst case scenarios.
Cultivation of helminths in chick embryos.

Publisher Summary A total of 23 species from 14 families of the Digenea have been studied in chick embryos, mainly on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Most species for which cultivation has produced ovigerous adults in chick embryos have been avian digeneans with progenetic metacercariae. Less success has been obtained with the hermaphroditic, nonprogenetic, economically important trematodes, such as fasciolids and echinostomatids, although postmetacercarial development has been achieved for Fasciola hepatica and Echinostoma trivolvis. There has been relatively limited success in the in vitro culture of helminths from the larval stage to the ovigerous adult; helminth cultivation methods lag behind those of viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan culture. This chapter examines the literature on the biology, physiology, and development of helminths cultivated on the CAM and in other chick extraembryonic sites. The significant literature from the field of developmental biology on the structure, physiology, and biochemistry of the chick embryo and its extraembryonic membranes is examined and related to the cultivation of helminths in chick embryos wherever possible.
Diarrhea Related to Non-neoplastic Endocrine Diseases

Diarrhea may result from either neoplastic (e.g., gastrinoma, VIPoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid) or non-neoplastic dysfunction of the endocrine glands. This chapter deals with diarrhea due to hyper- or hypofunction of the endocrine pancreas, thyroid, adrenal gland, or congenital immune-related disease affecting several endocrine glands. The epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the diarrhea of these non-neoplastic endocrine diseases are covered here. Although some of these diarrheal syndromes are rare, some (e.g., diabetic diarrhea and the diarrhea of hyperthyroidism) are common because of the prevalence of the underlying disease.
Sucralose Suppresses Food Intake

Despite their widespread use, non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) have remained controversial due to their potential impact on body weight, metabolism, and energy homeostasis (Burke and Small, 2015). In a recent paper in Cell Metabolism, Wang et al. (2016) tested the effect of the NNS sucralose on feeding behavior in Drosophila. Their experimental paradigm consisted of an Exposure Phase (of up to 6 days) on sucralose-laced food, followed by a trial period on regular, sucralose-free diet (Figure S1A).
Testing the effects of ocean heat transport on climate

Abstract An atmospheric general circulation model is run with boundary conditions representing different amounts of equator-to-pole oceanic heat transport. Oceanic heat transport underneath sea ice is held fixed, minimizing positive feedbacks due to sea ice and thereby providing a lower bound on the effects of oceanic heat transport on climate. When oceanic heat transport is reduced, some compensating increases in atmospheric heat transport occur, but tropical surface temperatures increase and atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns undergo significant changes. We conclude that the ability of the oceans to generate past and future climatic changes through transport of heat is substantial, even though it is limited by a tendency of the atmosphere to partly compensate for changes in oceanic heat transport.
Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging strategy targeting Neurotensin Receptors in detection of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of all male cancer deaths. One of the factors present in malignant prostate cells and shown to support its metastatic growth is the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT). The primary goal of the present study was to establish the feasibility of using a newly developed paramagnetic receptor ligand for NT and non-invasive ultrahigh-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to visualize prostate cancer in rodents. Orthotropic xenografts were initiated in six-week old male BALB/c nu/nu athymic mice (n = 28) by intra-prostatic (ventral lobe) inoculation of human prostate cancer cells (10 μL of PC3 cells (10^6/100 μL)). Palpable tumors developed within 30-60 days. A micro-imager utilized in these studies was an actively shielded 9.4T, 89 mm bore, Oxford superconducting magnet with a 100 gauss/cm gradient system. Prior to contrast injection, T2 weighted anatomy scans were done to localize the tumor with a spin-echo multi-slice sequence with TR: 2000 TE: 40 and NEX: 1 in both coronal and axial planes. The paramagnetic ligand data sets were collected with a spin-echo, T1 weighted pulse sequence (MSME): TR 300 msec; TE 5 msec; NEX 4 in both axial and coronal planes. The data sets were taken initially at 5-min intervals post contrast injection for the first half hour and then at 15 min intervals for the next 1.5-2 hours for a time series analyses. The temporal distribution of MR signal intensity in various regions were determined in the absence and presence of NT. Our results confirm that the novel NT molecule was protected from enzymatic degradation and capable of forming a high-affinity paramagnetic NT ligand with an extended half-life. During the imaging studies, the signal intensity increased by 200% in the region of the tumor. This increase in signal intensity approached maximum binding within 30 minutes and remained visible for 1-hour post-injection of the contrast agent. Taken together, these findings suggest that it is feasible to detect and image prostate cancer using a paramagnetic NT ligand and the emergence of the NT receptor ligand that may be used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer in humans.
Effects of Local Watershed Land Use on Water Quality in Mid-Atlantic Coastal Bays and Subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay

Nutrient inputs have degraded estuaries worldwide. We investigated the sources and effects of nutrient inputs by comparing water quality at shallow (< 2m deep) nearshore (within 200 m) locations in a total of 49 Chesapeake subestuaries and Mid-Atlantic coastal bays with differing local watershed land use. During July–October, concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), dissolved ammonium, dissolved inorganic N (DIN), and chlorophyll a were positively correlated with the percentages of cropland and developed land in the local watersheds. TN, DIN, and nitrate were positively correlated with the ratio of watershed area to subestuary area. Total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphate increased with cropland but were not affected by developed land. The relationships among N, P, chlorophyll a, and land use suggest N limitation of chlorophyll a production from July–October. We compared our measurements inside the subestuaries to measurements by the Chesapeake Bay Program in adjacent estuarine waters outside the subestuaries. TP and dissolved inorganic P concentrations inside the subestuaries correlated with concentrations outside the subestuaries. However, water quality inside the subestuaries generally differed from that in adjacent estuarine waters. The concentration of nitrate was lower inside the subestuaries, while the concentrations of other forms of N, TP, and chlorophyll a were higher. This suggests that shallow nearshore waters inside the subestuaries import nitrate while exporting other forms of N as well as TP and chlorophyll a. The importance of local land use and the distinct biogeochemistry of shallow waters should be considered in managing coastal systems.
Overwater ultraviolet non-line-of-sight communication channel modeling and analysis

In this study, the characteristics of overwater non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet (UV) communication channel which include scattering and turbulence effect are modeled using single scattering and Monte Carlo multiple scattering simulation. In addition, simulation results of turbulence effect and path loss at a short separation distance are reported and analyzed where, transmitting angles, along with airborne humidity and temperature were taken into considerations as key parameters which affect the distribution of the receiving signals. Overwater NLOS UV communication channel measurement test bed is proposed with field testing plan. These channel modeling results will be valuable for studying overwater NLOS UV communication performance and the development of unique overwater NLOS UV communication system.
Synchronous Uterine Metastases from Breast Cancer: Case Study and Literature Review

Breast cancer rarely metastasizes to the uterus. Here, we report two breast cancer patients with synchronous metastases to the uterus. Case 1 highlights a 46-year-old female with invasive ductal carcinoma who presented with a breast mass and was found to have uterine enlargement on positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Biopsy revealed a metastatic 4 mm focus of breast cancer in the background of endometrial hyperplasia. Case 2 reports a 62-year-old postmenopausal female diagnosed with lobular carcinoma of the breast following an abnormal screening mammogram. A routine pap smear necessitated further workup, revealing simultaneous endometrial and cervical metastasis. Both patients did not have any gynecologic symptoms and presented a diagnostic challenge.
Using ricelands to provide temporary shorebird habitat during migration

To help mitigate large wetland losses in California, The Nature Conservancy launched a dynamic conservation incentive program to create temporary wetland habitats in harvested and fallow rice fields for shorebirds migrating along the Pacific Flyway. Farmers were invited to participate in a reverse auction bidding process and winning bids were selected based on their cost and potential to provide high quality shorebird habitat. This was done in 2014 and 2015, for separate enrollment periods that overlapped with spring and fall migration, both before and after the traditional post-harvest flooding period. To assess the success of the program we monitored shorebird use of fields that were enrolled (treatments), and others that were subject to typical rice farm management (controls). To put these observations in context, we used satellites to simultaneously monitor the extent of shallow-water habitat across the ~215,000 hectares of ricelands in the area. Results showed that providing habitat during migration, when it is typically unavailable in rice fields, yielded the largest average shorebird densities ever reported for agriculture in the region. Treatment fields had significantly greater shorebird density, richness and diversity than control fields in both spring and fall (especially September – early October, and late March – early April), but in fall the difference was greater. Shorebird responses to habitat provisioning, and regional habitat conditions, were variable from year to year, and highly dynamic within a given season. Overall, shorebirds densities were found to be negatively related to the total amount of flooded habitat in the rice landscape. Factors that affected habitat availability included allocation schedules of water deliveries from reservoirs, and rainfall patterns, both of which were influenced by drought. Collectively, these results suggest that appropriately managed agricultural lands have great potential to provide high value habitat for shorebirds during times of habitat deficit, including migration, and that fall may be a particularly impactful time to create additional habitat. Migratory species face great challenges due to the climate change, conversion of historical stopover sites, and other factors, but dynamic conservation programs offer promise that, at least in certain instances, their needs can still be met. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Is a Taylor Series also a generalized Fourier Series

Geometrical insights are very helpful when learning about the Fourier series. Instead of focusing on trigonometric or exponential functions, we consider a more general collection of orthonormal fun...
0423 Geospatial trends in occupational injury and workers’ compensation utilisation

Introduction Workers’ compensation data provide a source of information on occupational injuries and their burden on workers and the workplace. Injured workers utilise healthcare systems for treatment of their injuries and various factors may influence access to care and the ultimate outcome of the claim. Some factors may be dependent wholly, or in part, on geographical access to care and the communities in which employees live. We explored a new injury surveillance and analysis technique by coupling of geographical information systems (GIS) and workers’ compensation data. Methods Employee addresses were geocoded using Esri Street Map to determine spatial trends. Time/distance (accessibility) to health care providers were calculated. Geographic masking maintained individual-level confidentiality. We calculated rates and comparative risk of severity and disability duration of workers’ compensation claims based on accessibility. Using a negative binomial model, we estimated rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as a function of claim rate. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed differences in duration of disability benefit levels based on accessibility to healthcare and estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Multiple atlases of occupational injuries was constructed to visualise trends in location, industry, injury characteristics, and severity. Accessibility to healthcare, specifically specialty health care, affected risk of increased severity, claim duration, and disability. Conclusions This innovative way of combining and visualising data may identify risk factors for occupational injury, including those that may be spatially or community-based. It may provide new strategies for proactive injury prevention or severity reduction efforts
Shared Genes but Not Shared Genetic Variation: Legume Colonization by Two Belowground Symbionts*

AbstractMutualisms between hosts and multiple symbionts can generate diffuse coevolution if genetic covariance exists between host traits governing multiple interactions. Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) both interact with legume hosts, providing complementary nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous). Molecular approaches have revealed extensive pleiotropy in the plant genetic pathways required for colonization of both symbionts; however, a quantitative genetic approach is required to understand whether this pleiotropy shapes evolution in natural populations. In a greenhouse experiment with 75 families of Chamaecrista fasciculata grown in two phosphorous (P) environments (fertilized and unfertilized), positive covariance between nodule number and plant aboveground biomass within and across environments indicates selection for increased colonization by rhizobia. Genetic variation for host restriction of AMF colonization in response to P suggests that this aspect of context dependency can evolve ...
The Poxvirus Antigens

Only a short time has elapsed since the poxvirus literature was reviewed in a most thorough and comprehensive fashion (Joklik, 1966). It is the purpose of this communication to focus in somewhat more detail on a single facet of the overall picture, the poxvirus-coded proteins or antigens. The reader will note that not every investigation bearing on this subject has been cited. The preponderance of our effort has been to review the more recent literature most extensively, with a view towards emphasizing what seems to us are emerging patterns of function. We do not apologize for this approach for although it is intrinsically somewhat arbitrary it has the merit of making the subject more manageable. It also should be apparent to the reader that at least one entire area of investigation, the poxvirus hemagglutinins, has not been mentioned. Relatively little has been done in this field in very recent times and, inasmuch as this subject has been adequately reviewed in 1966 (Joklik, 1966), there seems to be little profit in repetition at this time.
Textual Features and Language Demands of Primary Grade Science Textbooks: The Call for More Informational Texts in Primary Grades

There is no surprise that intermediate and upper grade students in American schools predominantly read informational texts (Moss, 2005), but it may astound some that half of all reading materials for primary grade students should now be nonfiction. According to the recently adopted Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (CCSSO & NGA, 2011; corestandards.org), primary grade students are expected to use and learn from informational texts starting in first grade. In an earlier publication, Frey and Fisher similarly suggested that “…teaching students to read for information must begin with the primary grades” (2007, p. 3; see also, Duke, 2004; Duke & Bennett-Armistead, 2003). But in many schools, young children rarely use informational texts. In this current educational climate of increased technology and global competitiveness, the goal is to increase rigor in reading and writing instruction by increasing access to and production of expository texts, ensuring students are “college and career ready in literacy” when they graduate from high school. By the 12th grade, it is recommended that 70–80 % of the texts students read and write are informational. Thus, the learning standards call for curricular and pedagogical reform to include more informational texts at all grade levels, starting in the primary grades.
Role of Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing in the Economy of Blair County

The Penn State Workforce Education and Development Initiative conducted an analysis of the economic impact of mining machinery and equipment manufacturing in Blair County in Pennsylvania. From 2004 to 2009, the mining machinery and equipment manufacturing industry underwent a period of stellar growth, underpinned by booming global demand for mineral and energy commodities. Rising resource prices led mining and oil to expand existing production and increase exploration, resulting in strong demand for machinery and equipment. After a challenging year in 2009, firms in the industry are expected to enjoy better conditions in 2010, with the global economic recovery and rising commodity prices, signaling stronger demand for new equipment.Products provided by mining machinery and equipment manufacturing are classified in the North American Industrial Classification System, code 333131. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, establishments in this industry "are primarily engaged in (1) manufacturing underground mining machinery and equipment, such as coal breakers, mining cars, core drills, coal cutters, rock drills and (2) manufacturing mineral beneficiating machinery and equipment used in surface or underground mines." During 2007, 11,309 U.S. workers were employed in 265 establishments in this industry, with a payroll of $557 million.
Pediatric Mental Health Assessment in the Primary Care Setting

Pediatric primary care providers play an important role in promoting mental wellness, as well as identifying, assessing, and, at times, initiating treatment for youth with mental illness. Being able to effectively evaluate children and adolescents who present with psychiatric issues is essential for the pediatric provider. A thorough assessment includes an interview with the youth, guardian(s), and potentially other people with whom the youth interacts. Rating scales, which can be completed prior to the appointment, can be helpful in the assessment process. After assessment, the clinician should complete a biopsychosocial case formulation. The case formulation will guide the treatment plan. There are several ways to integrate mental health services into the primary care setting, including increased training for the pediatric practice, coordinated care, collaborative care, full integration, and direct referral to specialty care. The method will vary depending on the patient’s presentation, the pediatric practice’s level of comfort with providing mental health services, and the availability of mental health resources.
Multistakeholder Etiological Explanation Agreement and Adolescent/Parent Treatment Engagement

Client–therapist consensus has been hypothesized to be an important element of culturally competent care. However, little is known about the relationship between explanatory model agreement and tre...
The Sunset Review of a Social Work Board of Examiners: A Case Example

The author reviews the events following the passage of Colorado's pioneer Sunset Review Legislation in 1976. The experiences of the 36 states which passed Sunset Legislation have been varied. Lobbying efforts in addition to costs have played a significant role in the review process and outcome. A case analysis of the Sunset Review of the Colorado Social Work Board of Examiners illustrates the tenacity of a group of professionals determined to maintain legal regulation of the social work field. The group's success was a result of political organization and the technical expertise required to influence policy makers. The scenario goes something like this: In 1976, just one year after the enactment of a Colorado Social Work Practice Act and the establishment of a Social Work Board of Examiners, the Colorado Legislature initiated the first Sunset Review Law in the country. The original concept of Sunset Review was conceived by the Colorado Chapter of Common Cause. They envisioned it as a tool which would enable state government to be more accountable through a process of joint executive and legislative evaluations of programs created by statute. In Colorado, the passage of House Bill No. 1088 of 1976 provided for the termination of the 39 boards and commissions in Colorado's Department of Regulatory Agencies. Starting July 1, 1977, one-third of the boards and commissions were scheduled for termination every other year. In addition, any newly created agency, as well as those which survived the review cycle, would be given a terminable life of six years. After six years, the agency would be scrutinized through the Sunset Review process. In all cases, the boards and commissions would be abolished unless they received a mandate from the Colorado Legislature to continue existence. Legislative consideration would be based on both a performance audit conducted by the executive branch and by legislative hearings where the public could respond and give testimony. According to statute, the agency under review must demonstrate a 'public need' for its continuance. 1 Under the new Sunset Law, the first round of agency reviews concluded with an array of changes. The Legislature continued nine boards. Three of the nine were re-established with modifications--the Collection Agency Board, the Racing Commission, and the Passenger Tramway Safety Board (which regulates ski lifts). In addition, two other boards--the Cosmetologists Board and the Board of Barber
Numerical Solution and Sensitivity Analysis of Pore Liquid Pressure and Cake Porosity to Model Parameters

Filter cake formation is important in groundwater and oil wells where drilling contains suspended mud particles. The accumulation of these mud particles on the borehole wall creates a pressure drop in the well. Furthermore, the migration of colloidal particles into adjacent porous rock could damage the formation and cause productivity decline. In this study, numerical solutions for pore liquid pressure variation across the cake with variable total stress and associated porosity variation are obtained. Mass equations for captured and suspended particles are averaged along the mud cake thickness, taking into account conditions on the cake surface and at the filter septum. The variability of total stress in soil consolidation’s problem is considered to determine the pore liquid pressure along the mud cake thickness. Then, the relation between porosity and pressure is studied to determine the mud cake porosity. Experimental data obtained by various researchers is used to compare and test the validity of numerical solutions to develop guidelines for model applications. Results show that the pore liquid pressure increases with the decrease of membrane impedance value (i.e. less pervious membrane). Also, the pressure profile has a cubic function of dimensionless cake thickness. The conclusions from the sensitivity analysis conducted in this study agree with earlier conclusions.
Register allocation via coloring of chordal graphs

A revolution in register allocation is going on right now: compared to the state of the art, the new register allocators are much simpler and generate code of equivalent quality. In 2005, Bouchez, Brisk et al., and Hack independently discovered that if a program is in static-single assignment (SSA) form, then a core register allocation problem can be solved in polynomial time. Many compilers and virtual machines represent programs in SSA form internally, including gcc version 4.0, Sun Microsystem's Java HotSpot Virtual Machine, and IBM's Java virtual machine Jikes RVM. A compiler can translate any program to SSA form in polynomial time, and amazingly thereby change the register allocation problem from NP-complete to polynomial time; the reason is that the transformation may change the need for registers. Luckily, the program in SSA form needs a number of registers which is the same or smaller than that of the original program. We have a win-win situation here: translating to SSA form changes an NP-complete problem to a simple polynomial-time problem and it decreases the need for registers. The key insight is that a program in SSA form has a chordal interference graph. A greedy algorithm can optimally color a chordal graph in linear time in the number of edges. Completing the picture, Hack et al. have presented a new SSA-elimination algorithm that does not demand extra registers. The combined result is a simple, optimal, polynomial-time algorithm for a core register allocation problem. The new SSA-elimination algorithm of Hack et al. is essential because classical SSA elimination leads to an NP-complete core register allocation problem, as shown by Palsberg and Pereira. Register allocation with spilling for SSA form remains NP-complete. We can get most of the advantages of SSA form without actually transforming to SSA form: a vast majority of realistic benchmark programs have chordal interference graphs. For example, 95% of the methods in the Java 1.5 library have chordal interference graphs when compiled with the JoeQ compiler. Pereira and Palsberg have shown how to add simple heuristics for spilling and coalescing to the greedy coloring algorithm. The result is a simple and efficient register allocation algorithm which compares well with the iterated register coalescing algorithm of George and Appel.
Automatic delamination segmentation for bridge deck based on encoder-decoder deep learning through UAV-based thermography

Abstract Concrete deck delamination often demonstrates strong variations in size, shape, and temperature distribution under the influences of outdoor weather conditions. The strong variations create challenges for pure analytical solutions in infrared image segmentation of delaminated areas. The recently developed supervised deep learning approach demonstrated the potentials in achieving automatic segmentation of RGB images. However, its effectiveness in segmenting thermal images remains under-explored. The main challenge lies in the development of specific models and the generation of a large range of labeled infrared images for training. To address this challenge, a customized deep learning model based on encoder-decoder architecture is proposed to segment the delaminated areas in thermal images at the pixel level. Data augmentation strategies were implemented in creating the training data set to improve the performance of the proposed model. The deep learning generated model was deployed in a real-world project to further evaluate the model's applicability and robustness. The results of these experimental studies supported the effectiveness of the deep learning model in segmenting concrete delamination areas from infrared images. It also suggested that data augmentation is a helpful technique to address the small size issue of training samples. The field test with validation further demonstrated the generalizability of the proposed framework. Limitations of the proposed approach were also briefed at the end of the paper.
Regulation of the Expression of SV40 T Antigen in Stem Versus Differentiated Cells

We have inserted the entire SV40 genome into a plasmid carrying the herpes simplex viral thymidine kinase gene and we have transformed thymidine kinase deficient F9 teratocarcinona stem cells with this recombinant DNA. The SV40 containing transformed F9 cells did not express SV40 T antigen. Following exposure to the inducer retinoic acid the transformed stem cells differentiated and expressed SV40 T antigen.
Formative Feedback with In-Class Question Bank Utilization Improves Resident Satisfaction with General Surgery Didactics.

Background Formative feedback provides low-stakes opportunities for educational improvement. To enrich our basic science didactics, formative feedback measures were incorporated into our didactics using mobile devices. Materials and Methods Lecture changes included institutional paid access to a commercial question bank, a 5-item in-class pre-didactic quiz curated from the question bank and taken on the resident's mobile device, and group discussion of quiz topics. An anonymous survey was sent to participating residents. Results Overall response rate was 71% among residents. All reported that the new lecture format was a valuable addition to the basic science curriculum (100% Agree/Strongly Agree), and formative assessments provided valuable feedback about the progress of their learning (Strongly Agree = 42%, Agree =58%). All residents reported that in-class use of their mobile device for quizzes was convenient, with majority (84%) preferring it over paper printouts. Residents were more motivated to study before lecture (Strongly Agree = 42%, Agree =42%), with majority also reporting the new format helped identify weaknesses in their knowledgebase (Strongly Agree = 58%, Agree =33%). While majority of residents agreed that quizzes motivated them to study more after lecture, a large portion disagreed (42%). Majority of senior residents reported that the process of composing quizzes prior to lecture enriched their own learning (57%) and helped them find gaps in their knowledge (71%). Conclusion Incorporating a commercial question bank within didactics gives general surgery residents formative feedback and encourages learning outside the classroom, leading to improved satisfaction with basic science didactics.
SU-E-T-815: In Vivo Dosimetry and Daily Arc Junction Verification Using EBT3 Gafchromic Film for Pediatric Cranio-Spinal Irradiation

Purpose: Perform dosimetric comparison between planned and delivered dose in the junction area, measure daily dose variation in the arc junction area for pediatric patients treated for medulloblastoma using Craniospinal axis irradiation(CSI) Material and methods Dose comparison in the junction area, daily dose variation in the arc junction area for a Rando Phantom and 5 pediatric patients treated using CSI technique were analyzed. Plans were created using the Eclipse treatment planning system. Two arcs for cranium and 1 arc for spine region were used. Planar dose matrix was created by projecting phantom and patient plan into the ArcCheck phantom. EBT3 film was placed in the middle of ArcCheck plug to measure dose distribution in the junction areaDuring patient treatment, strip of EBT3 film was placed daily at each junction area for verification. EBT3 films were scanned using a flatbed scanner, Epson Expression 10000 XL. Film QA pro software was used to analyze film. Scanning and analysis was performed according to vendor recommendations and AAPM TG-55 report. Films were scanned and analyzed daily after each treatment and at the end of treatment course. Planar dose distributions from films were compared with planar dose distribution from treatment planning system. Results: Comparison of planned vs. measured dose distributions for patients have passing rates of 90%–100% with 3% and 3 mm gamma analysis. In some of the treatment fractions, daily setup film showed variation in dose distribution in the junction area. Conclusion: It is critical to measure dose distribution in the arc junction area and use additional quality assurance measures to verify daily setup for CSI patient where one or more junctions are present. EBT3 film prove to be a good tool to achieve this task considering flexibility associated with the film such as symmetry, self-developing and ease of use
A Review of The Library Student Advisory Board: Why Your Academic Library Needs It and How to Make It Work

Academic libraries have had a decline in use over the past decades as students turn to Internet resources for class assignments. More library resources are digital, and remote access is increasingl...
Multi-Service Dynamic QoS Routing Schemes with Call Admission Control: A Comparative Study

In this paper we consider wide-area backbone networks where multiple connection-oriented guaranteed services with differing bandwidth/flow requirements are offered. Specifically, we consider the case where each service requires a quality-of-service (QoS) peak rate bandwidth/flow allocation (different rate for different services) for the duration of the connection in a loss network environment. We present several dynamic routing schemes in such multi-service settings along with an admission control policy. The routing schemes cover issues such as crankback, periodicity of computation of routing, what type of information is to be used in routing decision, and whether to use centralized or decentralized computation. We present results for various measures, i.e., in addition to well-known call blocking performance, we also address and quantify measures such as signaling loads impact due to alternate routing, crankback impact, and revenue impact, and provide a comparative evaluation of various dynamic routing schemes in multi-service settings.
The Personal is Political

This article investigates similarities and differences in the relationship between "public" and "private" in the lives of women and men who hold elective and appointive office. An analysis of data collected through surveys of federal appointees and state legislators indicates that men's political choices may be more influenced by private sphere considerations than commonly believed, but that private sphere concerns are nevertheless of greater significance to women than to men. Findings provide support for a conceptualization of public and private as an interrelated system of social relations rather than as two largely separate spheres of existence.
Shadows of the Slave Past: Memory, Heritage, and Slavery

This book is a transnational and comparative study examining the processes that led to the memorialization of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade in the second half of the twentieth century. Araujo explores numerous kinds of initiatives such as monuments, memorials, and museums as well as heritage sites. By connecting different projects developed in various countries and urban centers in Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the last two decades, the author retraces the various stages of the Atlantic slave trade and slavery including the enslavement in Africa, the process of confinement in slave depots, the Middle Passage, the arrival in the Americas, the daily life of forced labor, until the fight for emancipation and the abolition of slavery. Relying on a multitude of examples from the United States, Brazil, and the Caribbean, the book discusses how different groups and social actors have competed to occupy the public arena by associating the slave past with other human atrocities, especially the Holocaust. Araujo explores how the populations of African descent, white elites, and national governments, very often carrying particular political agendas, appropriated the slave past by fighting to make it visible or conceal it in the public space of former slave societies.
Learning and Memory, Models of

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, and memory is the retention of knowledge. Both have their roots in the biochemistry and anatomy of the brain, and are commonly studied by investigating the connection between brain cells, the synapse. Keywords: learning; memory; synaptic plasticity; computation; temporal order
The relative effectiveness of private and public schools : evidence from two developing countries

This report reviews quality estimates between private and public secondary schools in Colombia and Tanzania. Quality is measured by student performance on standardized achievement tests. Estimated sample selection effects suggest that Colombian students sort themselves by type of institution (private or public), but Tanzanian students appear to be selected by a hierarchical mechanism, with the worst students entering private institutions. These effects are consistent with the different institutional frameworks for educational choice in these countries. For each country, private schools offer an achievement advantage. By standardizing for differences in student and school attributes, private school students have higher achievement test scores.
The Social Perspective Taking Process: Strategies and Sources of Evidence in Taking Another’s Perspective

Background/ContextResearch indicates that social perspective taking—the capacity to discern the thoughts and feelings of others—plays a role in many important outcomes in schools. Despite the poten...
Immigration, Education, and the Search for Our National Identity

Abstract In recent months the United States scrutinized the reauthorization of two critical pieces of legislation—those of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Law and the No Child Left Behind Act—and disagreed on many of the issues involved in these two pieces of legislation. We believe this is an opportunity to engage in a deeper examination of the democratic freedom that allows us to become engaged in such disagreements and to probe further into this issue to address some underlying questions. As a multicultural, multilingual nation of immigrants, what is our national identity? Who are we as a people? What is our role in the world? And most importantly, how does this view affect us as educators?