cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Envelopes of syndetic subsemigroups of the acting topological semigroup in a semiflow

Abstract A theory of semiflows with a discrete acting topological semigroup was developed in the 2000 paper by D. Ellis, R. Ellis and M. Nerurkar (2000) [3] . A theory for the case of an arbitrary acting topological semigroup has still to be developed. This paper can be considered as the beginning of an attempt in that direction. We introduce the notion of the envelope of a g-syndetic subsemigroup of the acting topological semigroup in a semiflow and prove various properties of this notion. We give some examples and deduce some statements from other papers as corollaries of our statements.
Dialysis Pure‐Culture Process for Lactic‐Acid Fermentation of Vegetables

Blanched and brined cucumbers and green beans were fermented with pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria by use of a dialyzer with microporous membrane separating the continuously circulated vegetable brines and cultures. Dialysis fermentations were conducted separately with Lactobacillus brevis, L. plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae; L. brevis performed the most satisfactorily. Maximal populations of all three species were lo-100 times higher in the dialysis cultures than when cultivated directly in blanched cucumber brines. Five lots of the vegetables were fermented consecutively for 8 wk with the same culture of L. brevis. Addition of calcium acetate as a pH buffer increased cell populations, extended cell viability, and increased fermentation rates.
Dispersion of SST trails in the stratosphere.

A simple theory for the dispersion of the exhaust of a supersonic transport cruising in the stratosphere is presented. This model shows that far downstream from the aircraft, buoyancy dominates the growth of the wake. This growth is limited by the stable stratification of the atmosphere. Data on the visible width of the wake from scaled experiments in a towing tank and from studies on the growth of contrails of subsonic aircraft verify the growth of the wake in an unstratified atmosphere is predicted by the model. This growth is faster than would be predicted for the wake of an axisymmetric body with no buoyancy.
Two-phase flow pressure drop in flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Review of experimental approaches

Abstract Water management in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells has stimulated an extensive research on different aspects of water transport phenomena. As a PEM fuel cell operates, power is produced with water and heat as inevitable byproducts. The water produced during the operation of a PEM fuel cell results in a liquid–gas two-phase flow in flow channels. A successful PEM fuel cell design requires a comprehensive knowledge about different properties of liquid–gas two-phase flow. One such property, that has a dominant impact on the performance of a PEM fuel cell, is the two-phase flow pressure drop within the flow channels. This paper reviews the two-phase flow pressure drop correlations that have been developed for the application of PEM fuel cell. It also reviews the effect of different working conditions on the two-phase flow pressure drop in PEM fuel cell flow channels.
On the contributions of resonance, hybridization and nonbonded interactions to the structure of butadiene

Abstract A recent ab initio molecular orbital calculation on butadiene has been interpreted by Skaarup, Boggs and Skancke as indicating that the shortness of the central C-C bond is due primarily to hybridization. Resonance was considered to make a minor contribution and nonbonded interactions were judged to be unimportant. Unfortunately, this analysis failed to take into account the crucial role of geminal nonbonded interactions, and the calculations were, accordingly, not designed to discriminate between the hybridization and nonbonded models. A more direct investigation of intramolecular nonbonded interactions based on ab initio computations has been earned out on other systems, however, providing evidence that the effects of nonbonded contributions are substantial.
God and the Beginning of Time

Creatio ex nihilo is a biblical doctrine affirmed by the Church and confirmed by modern cosmology. But if the universe began to exist, what shall we say of God’s temporal status sans the world? The Christian doctrine of creation requires that the actual world includes a state of affairs which consists of God existing alone without any created realm, a doctrine remarkably consonant with the worldview of contemporary cosmology, which posits an absolute beginning of physical space and time. Is God sans the universe timeless or temporal?
Synthesizing the Compliant Microstructure of Thermally Actuated Materials Using Freedom, Actuation, and Constraint Topologies

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the principles of the Freedom, Actuation, and Constraint Topologies (FACT) synthesis approach may be applied to the design of compliant microstructural architectures that possess extreme or unusual thermal expansion properties (e.g., zero or large negative thermal expansion coefficients). FACT provides designers with a comprehensive library of geometric shapes, which may be used to visualize the regions wherein various microstructural elements can be placed for achieving desired bulk material properties. In this way, designers can rapidly consider and compare every microstructural concept that best satisfies the design requirements before selecting the final design. A screw-theory-based analytical tool is also provided in this paper to help designers calculate and optimize the thermal properties of microstructural concepts, which are generated using FACT. As a case study, this tool is used to calculate the negative thermal expansion coefficient of a microstructural architecture synthesized using FACT.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
“AND WHAT DOES ANYTHING AT ALL MATTER?”: Asceticism and the Hermeneutics of Comfort in Hopkins’s Terrible Sonnets

On one account, the life and work of Gerard Manley Hopkins reveal Catholic asceticism as a grim, life-denying regimen, a form of ethical extremism inimical to the poet’s psychological comfort and his creativity. In Hopkins’s latter years, runs the logic, stringent self-denial conduced to depression and to poetic chastening, with the so-called Terrible Sonnets exemplifying both. This essay, however, contends that Hopkins’s asceticism implemented a hermeneutic productive of both psychological recuperation and literary ingenuity. What Hopkins sought was “comfort” in an archaic sense of that word, as goal-oriented and ethical. Such comfort, as the set of objects and affects associated with asceticism, is thematized throughout the Terrible Sonnets. Tracing the theme will serve to draw out the recuperative hermeneutic of Hopkins’s asceticism, which redeems Hopkins’s life in Dublin and establishes the consistency of these late sonnets with his seemingly more characteristic earlier work.
Diagnostic methods in infectious respiratory disease.

Abstract For laboratory diagnosis of respiratory disease it is of overwhelming importance that the specimens taken are adequate, taken from the correct site and at the correct time. The lower regions of the respiratory tract are particularly difficult to sample but are more likely to yield the causative agent of a pneumonia. Infections involving the upper respiratory tract are much easier to sample and appropriate aspiration apparatus can be used. Consideration must be given to the timing of sample collection in relation to the life cycle of the causative micro-organism. Sampling of several animals is recommended. Diagnosis may be achieved by isolation in culture of the causative agent or the demonstration of the agent by indirect methods such as electron microscopy and ELISA. Clinical biochemical tests may reflect systemic metabolic changes induced by microbial infections and give an indication of the severity of the disease and its prognosis. Pulmonary function tests have limited application in animals ...
Surface recombination in ion-implanted MOSFETs

Abstract An analytical modeling of surface recombination in ion-impalnted MOSFET device has been carried out considering a Guassian distribution impurity profile in the channel. The modeling is based on one-dimensional solution of the current density equation. The study indicates that surface recombination depends strongly on the diffusion coefficient of the carriers, as well as on the surface recombination velocity. A proper tailoring of the channel implant profile is necessary for minimizing the surface recombination.
Role of superoxide in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase upregulation after transient cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in ischemic-reperfusion cell injury. Oxygen-derived free radicals trigger DNA strand damage, which is responsible for the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Recent studies have shown that peroxynitrite is the primary mediator of DNA damage and, hence, PARP activation after ischemia. PARP activation depletes NAD and ATP pools, ultimately resulting in necrotic cell death by loss of energy stores. Our study shows that PARP is upregulated as early as 15 min after 1 h of transient focal cerebral ischemia and remains for 8 h. We also examined the role of superoxide in PARP induction using copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Immunohistochemical and Western blotting data showed that there was no increased induction in PARP expression in these mice, suggesting that one of the mechanisms by which ischemic injury is attenuated in these mice might be by the inhibition of PARP induction. Furthermore, double staining of ischemic tissue with a PARP antibody and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) indicated that most cells that are positive for TUNEL do not stain for the PARP antibody, confirming recent reports that PARP activation is involved in necrotic cell death rather than apoptosis during ischemic-reperfusion injury.
Statistics, Designed Experiments and Printed Wiring Board Assembly

During the past few years, statistical process control and experiment design concepts have taken a prominent place within the industry. The use of such tools within the Motorola, GEG manufacturing environment, has grown to the point where reflow and wave solder process development and optimisation has significantly benefited. The ability to evaluate statistically and model various known and unknown phenomena has provided GEG's manufacturing technology with a series of very powerful tools to aid in process control and development. The primary purpose of this paper is to present the various approaches used by GEG to implement the previously mentioned statistical tools, with respect to the development of infra‐red (I‐R) reflow solder processes and enhancement of certain quality characteristics associated with wave soldered printed wiring boards (PWBs). Beyond specific GEG applications, the paper discusses the role of statistically designed experiments and process control methods as a vehicle for providing answers to complex manufacturing problems. In addition, a discussion of the mathematical and graphical methods underlying the interpretation of quantitative data is presented. Perhaps the most important benefit derived from the use of statistics to solve manufacturing and quality problems is related to decision making. When experiments are conducted to isolate unwanted sources of process and product variation, decisions must be made to determine whether or not certain experimental effects are important. Through the application of statistics, the researcher can ascertain the mathematical probability associated with the random chance occurrence of various experimental effects. With this knowledge, the researcher can make decisions with known degrees of risk and confidence. Without such knowledge, an organisation might possibly expend valuable resources and derive no direct benefit. Ultimately, the principal reason for applying statistical methods and procedures is to increase quality and yield, while simultaneously reducing costs.
Mohl's “Primordial Utricle”

I SHOULD like to inquire, through the medium of NATURE, whether the way in which botanists now use Mohl's term “primordial utricle” is strictly accurate? In Sachs' “Lehrbuch,” and in the English translation, it is applied to the parietal layer of protoplasm found in plant cells which are old enough to have a large central vacuole, and this practice is now generally followed by English botanists.
Vibrations of laminated composite completely free triangular and trapezoidal plates

Abstract The first known natural frequencies for laminated composite angle-ply triangular and trapezoidal plates with completely free boundaries are presented. The Ritz method with algebraic polynomials is used. Detailed convergence studies are made and show that relatively accurate results can be obtained. Results are then obtained and listed for the lowest eight frequencies, and for various sets of shapes including right and symmetrical triangular and trapezoidal thin plates. The method can be used for these plates with arbitrary shape.
Detection of Response Bias and Noncredible Performance in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently prescribed stimulant medication and eligible for accommodations at work or school that serve as potent incentives to feign ADHD symptoms. The current investigation examined the predictive validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) validity scales in detecting and accurately classifying individuals attempting to feign ADHD. An archival ADHD clinical group (n = 34), normal control group (n = 37), and group instructed to feign ADHD symptoms (n = 32) completed the MMPI-2 and ADHD Current and Childhood Symptoms Scales. Behavior rating scales were unable to differentiate the clinical group from the simulated malingering group. Logistic regressions revealed that Infrequency-Psychopathology scale best detected response bias, followed by Infrequency scale, Back-Infrequency scale, Response Bias Scale (RBS), Henry-Heilbronner Index scale (HHI), and Fake Bad Scale (FBS). Results also indicate that recommended cutoffs for HHI, RBS, and FBS display inadequate sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, the MMPI-2 offers a number of validity indices that may assist in detecting individuals attempting to feign ADHD.
Self-aligned AlGaN/GaN MODFET with liquid phase deposited oxide gate for microwave power applications

As promising candidates for future microwave power devices, GaN-based high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have attracted much research interest. An investigation of the operation of AlGaN/GaN n type self-aligned MOSFET with modulation doped GaN channels is presented. Liquid phase deposited (LPD) SiO2 is used as the insulating material. An analytical model based on modified charge control equations is developed. The investigated critical parameters of the proposed device are the maximum drain current (IDmax), the threshold voltage (Vth), the peak DC trans-conductance (gm), break down voltage (Vbr) and unity current gain cut-off frequency (fT). The typical DC characteristics for a gate length of 1 mum with 100 mum gate width are following: Imax = 800 mA/mm, Vbreak-down = 50 V, gm_extrinsic = 200 mS/mm, Vpinchoff = -10 V. The analysis and simulation results on the transport characteristics of the MOS gate MODFET structure is compared with the previously measured experimental data. The calculated values of fT (20-130 GHZ) suggest that the operation of the proposed device effectively, has sufficiently high current gain cutoff frequencies over a wide range of drain voltage, which is essential for high-power performance at microwave frequencies. The proposed device offers lower on-state resistance. The results so obtained are in close agreement with the experimental data
When the bureaucrats move out of business : a cost-benefit assessment of labor retrenchment in China

The author estimate the costs and benefits of labor retrenchment in state-owned industrial enterprises in China. Their results indicate the prevalence of low and stagnant labor productivity, low capital productivity, and excessively high wages in the state sector for the period reviewed (1994-97). The private sector exhibited consistently greater productivity. The authors' most striking finding: A greater gain could be realized from capital transfer than is being gained from labor retrenchment. Their simulation results for 1996 estimate that 43 percent of the workers in state enterprises and 70 percent of the capital are redundant. By itself, a transfer of labor from the public to the private sector at the current magnitude (20 percent of the labor force) would secure only two percent gains in output. A transfer of ten percent of both capital and labor would achieve a greater efficiency gain than transferring the full 43 percent of redundant workers. This is partly because the private sector uses capital more efficiently than the public sector and partly because it needs capital to hire workers transferred from the public sector. Their results suggest that reform in state enterprises should concentrate more on the efficiency of capital allocation, not just on labor retrenchment. More efficient capital allocation would reduce the pressure on labor and would bring larger gains at a lower social cost.
Finite-frequency kernels for wave propagation in porous media based upon adjoint methods

S U M M A R Y We determine finite-frequency kernels for wave propagation in porous media based upon adjoint methods. These sensitivity kernels may be obtained based upon two numerical simulations for each source: one calculation for the current model and a second, ‘adjoint’, calculation that uses time-reversed signals at the receivers as simultaneous, fictitious sources. The adjoint equations for a porous medium are identical to the usual Biot equations, with the exception of the adjoint source term, which involves time-reversed measurements of the differences between simulations and data. Isotropic poroelastic wave propagation is governed by eight primary model parameters which appear in the original Biot equations. These parameters include four moduli: the shear modulus of the frame plus three bulk moduli. We consider two alternative parameterizations: one involving density-normalized moduli corresponding to squared wave speeds, and a second involving the poroelastic shear and compressional wave speeds. The alternative parameterizations lead to density-sensitivity kernels that are small, reflecting the fact that the traveltime of a poroelastic wave is governed by wave speed, not density. We systematically investigate and illustrate the sensitivity of the fast and slow compressional waves and the shear wave to the poroelastic model parameters using a 2-D spectral-element method. The poroelastic sensitivity kernels presented herein form the basis of tomographic imaging and inversion in porous media.
Data conversion for process/thread migration and checkpointing

Process/thread migration and checkpointing schemes support load balancing, load sharing and fault tolerance to improve application performance and system resource usage on workstation clusters. To enable these schemes to work in heterogeneous environments, we have developed an application-level migration and checkpointing package, MigThread, to abstract computation states at the language level for portability. To save and restore such states across different platforms, we propose a novel "receiver makes right" (RMR) data conversion method, called coarse-grain tagged RMR (CGT-RMR), for efficient data marshalling and unmarshalling. Unlike common data representation standards, CGT-RMR does not require programmers to analyze data types, flatten aggregate types, and encode/decode scalar types explicitly within programs. With help from MigThread's type system, CGT-RMR assigns a tag to each data type and converts nonscalar types as a whole. This speeds up the data conversion process and eases the programming task dramatically, especially for the large data trunks common to migration and checkpointing. Armed with this "plug-and-play" style data conversion scheme, MigThread has been ported to work in heterogeneous environments. Some microbenchmarks and performance measurements within the SPLASH-2 suite are given to illustrate the efficiency of the data conversion process
Scanning organized material: Individual differences in search strategies

A recognition memory experiment investigated memory scanning of material with varying degrees of organization. Subjects were shown a series of three, four, or five digits (positive set) followed by a probe stimulus in a paradigm developed by Sternberg (1966). The results indicated that, for unorganized positive sets, all subjects performed a serial search, with reaction time increasing across set size. For highly organized sets, some subjects continued to perform a serial search, while others engaged in a unit search, evidenced by the fact that reaction time was not related to set size. These two groups also differed in their overall response latencies, and a signal detection theory analysis indicated that subjects choosing a serial strategy were more cautious (i.e., more concerned with accuracy) than subjects choosing a unit strategy.
Half-octave bandwidth traveling-wave X-band optical phase modulator

Multiple interactions of optical and microwave fields in an electrooptical crystal have yielded low-power optical phase modulation over a 4.6-GHz bandwidth.
Closing the Generation Gap

Power system engineers have been using computers ever since the first generation computers (so named much later) came into existence. Automatic power system computations have been reported as early as 1947 [1]. According to recent statistics, the power industry is the third largest user of computers in the U.S.A. The explosive developments during the last decade have required the power engineer to be much more computer-literate and the power engineering curriculum has undergone drastic revisions to accommodate this requirement. Recent software concepts recommend a move towards using fourth generation languages for large application program development. Utilizing a fourth generation language can result in applications built in a fraction of the time with a fraction of the expenditure as compared to using third generation languages. The present day power student is going to face challenges of much greater magnitudes when he joins the power industry and the time is ripe for the introduction of fourth generation languages (4GL) and 'closing' the generation gap. Many salient features of 4GLs that make them useful as effective tools for presenting power system problems to the students are first described. The beneficial aspects of getting exposed to these new trends in software development are illustrated through a distribution analysis program being developed at the Tennessee Technological University. Specific examples of database application, line impedance calculation and very flexible load modeling are included.
Quantum critical behavior and possible triplet superconductivity in electron-doped CoO 2 sheets

Density-functional calculations are used to investigate the doping dependence of the electronic structure and magnetic properties in hexagonal ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}.$ The electronic structure is highly two dimensional, even without accounting for the structural changes associated with hydration. At the local spin-density approximation level, a weak itinerant ferromagnetic state is predicted for all doping levels in range $x=0.3$ to $x=0.7,$ with competing but weaker itinerant antiferromagnetic solutions. Comparison with experiment implies substantial magnetic quantum fluctuations. Based on the simple Fermi surface and the ferromagnetic tendency of this material, it is speculated that a triplet superconducting state analogous to that in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ may exist here.
Interlocking schedules of reinforcement.

Four male pigmented rats were exposed to a procedure designed to investigate the relation between several performance measures and a schedule continuum ranging from FR 36 to FI 2 through four intermediate interlocking schedules. On all schedules, each subject developed a stable performance that was generally break-and-run. Analysis of the cumulative records, post-SR breaks, and running rates showed a continuum of performance related to the schedule continuum.
Structural polypeptides of adenovirus-associated virus top component

Abstract Low density adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) from upper AAV-adenovirus bands on isopycnic CsCl gradients were purified by sedimentation through sucrose gradients and by immunoprecipitation of filtered particles. These particles appeared to be “empty” capsids because of their uptake of negative stain and their lack of isotopically labeled DNA. Analysis of these particles by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels demonstrated three polypeptides. These polypeptides showed identical molecular weights and the same relative concentrations as the structural polypeptides of marker complete AAV virions when compared by this technique. These findings indicate that the apparently “empty” AAV capsid does not lack any of the three polypeptides found in the complete virus particle, suggesting that none of them are core proteins.
Double Vision: Territorial Strategies in the Construction of National Identities in Germany, 1949–1979

Abstract The establishment of two separate German states in 1949 had far-reaching effects on German national identity. Initially, both governments claimed to represent the German nation as a whole, and each professed an identity that went beyond its state borders. When the two German states started to recognize each other in the early 1970s, the GDR (East Germany) embarked on a separate path and posited that a separate Socialist nation had developed in the territorial confines of the GDR. Now the GDR needed to explain how its construction of identity could be unique when it had the same German cultural roots as the FRG (West Germany). In the FRG on the other hand, the narration of national identity had to square the recognition of the eastern border of the GDR in international treaties and with demands to former German territories beyond it. The paper addresses these challenges over territory and identity in the two German states, using a conceptual framework inspired by works from critical geopolitics an...
The tYNA platform for comparative interactomics: a web tool for managing, comparing and mining multiple networks

Summary: Biological processes involve complex networks of interactions between molecules. Various large-scale experiments and curation efforts have led to preliminary versions of complete cellular networks for a number of organisms. To grapple with these networks, we developed TopNet-like Yale Network Analyzer (tYNA), a Web system for managing, comparing and mining multiple networks, both directed and undirected. tYNA efficiently implements methods that have proven useful in network analysis, including identifying defective cliques, finding small network motifs (such as feed-forward loops), calculating global statistics (such as the clustering coefficient and eccentricity), and identifying hubs and bottlenecks. It also allows one to manage a large number of private and public networks using a flexible tagging system, to filter them based on a variety of criteria, and to visualize them through an interactive graphical interface. A number of commonly used biological datasets have been pre-loaded into tYNA, standardized and grouped into different categories. Availability: The tYNA system can be accessed at http://networks.gersteinlab.org/tyna. The source code, JavaDoc API and WSDL can also be downloaded from the website. tYNA can also be accessed from the Cytoscape software using a plugin. Contact: mark.gerstein@yale.edu Supplementary information: Additional figures and tables can be found at http://networks.gersteinlab.org/tyna/supp
Homochiral 3D open frameworks assembled from 1- and 2-D coordination polymers

Homochiral 3D open frameworks have been assembled from 1- and 2-D coordination structures via hydrogen bonding and are stable towards the removal of included guest molecules.
Yttrium-90 Glass-Based Microsphere Radioembolization in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Secondary to the Hepatitis B Virus: Safety, Efficacy, and Survival.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate outcomes of yttrium-90 radioembolization performed with glass-based microspheres in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) secondary to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Materials and Methods A total of 675 patients treated between January 2006 and July 2014 were reviewed, of which 45 (age 62 y ± 10; 91% male) received glass-based radioembolization for HCC secondary to HBV. All patients were stratified according to previous therapy (naive, n=14; 31.1%), Child–Pugh class (class A, n=41; 91%), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS; 400 ng/mL (n = 17; 38%), and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage (A, n=8; B, n=9; C, n=28). Results A total of 50 radioembolization treatments were performed, with a 100% technical success rate (median target dose, 120 Gy). Clinical toxicities included pain (16%), fatigue (12%), and nausea (4%). Grade 3/4 laboratory toxicities included bilirubin (8%) and aspartate aminotransferase (4%) toxicities. Observed toxicities were independent of treatment dose. The objective response rates were 55% per modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors and 21% per World Health Organization criteria, and the disease control rate was 63%. Disease progression was secondary to new, nontarget HCC in 45% of cases. Median time to progression and overall survival were 6.0 mo (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4–8.0 mo) and 19.3 mo (95% CI, 11.2–22.7 mo), respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated ECOG PS ≥ 1 and AFP level > 400 ng/mL to be independent predictors of inferior overall survival. Conclusions Glass-based radioembolization for HCC secondary to HBV can be safely performed, with favorable target lesion response and overall survival.
High Spectral Resolution and Accuracy Studies for a Sr Optical Lattice Clock

The authors report recent progress on an optical lattice clock based on the 1So-3Po transition of 87Sr. Improvement of the spectral resolution allows measurement of the magnetically-induced frequency shift with an uncertainty below 10-15. The high line quality factor is expected to yield complete evaluation of systematic effects at that same level in the near future
Exotropia Treatment: Does Age Matter?

Many factors affect the reported outcomes of strabismus surgery for exotropia. The effect of age on outcome was evaluated by a review of large studies addressing the influence of multiple variables...
ROV and remote data gathering control, communications, and power supply over a single inexpensive coaxial cable using a low power multiplex system

A need exists for a compact, low power, maintainable method for operating remote data gathering and control devices using inexpensive cable, When acquiring data or controlling events from a remote site, a system is required to communicate pertinent signals between the controlling station and the remote site. Common signals are digital or analog sensor data, video and sonar. In addition to sending data back from the remote site, it must also be supplied power and signals to control the on-board package. The use of multiconductor cable is common at this time. Often significant cross channel interference exists. On longer cables, the cost of this cable and the signal losses are often significant and prohibitive. Optic fiber is an alternative, but again the cost of cable and the specialized equipment used with optic fiber systems is often prohibitive. The system described in the paper was designed to be relatively inexpensive to build and maintain. The paper shows how a frequency multiplexed system can be designed using low power CMOS integrated circuits which not only eliminate the need for multiconductor cable, but also increase the workable length of the cable. The design of frequency multiplexed systems and power supply are covered with particular attention to cable characteristics requirements, and correlation of these requirements to commonly available coaxial cables. The use of superheterodyne type receivers to cabled underwater communications is covered in particular. The paper discusses the design and implementation of such a system to operate NSWCDD's TONGS (Televised Observed Nautical Grappling System). >
Using Citations to Evaluate the Quality of Agricultural Economics Journals

Evaluating the quality of agricultural economics journals usually involves a subjective process based on the reputations of one's colleagues. Total citations and citations per article are commonly used in economics and other subject areas to classify journals. Citation data are commonly available in such publications as the Social Science Citation Index. Many agricultural economics journals are not included in the index, and so cannot be ranked on the basis of citations. To overcome this limitation, I employed an underused resource (my teenage son) to summarize all citations published in the 1992–93 issues of nineteen agricultural economics journals. I then used the citation data to rank the nineteen journals. The results were largely as expected, but with some surprises. As expected, the American Journal of Agricultural Economics and Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics were highly ranked. Two specialty journals, the Agricultural Finance Review and the Journal of Agricultural Cooperatives, also yielded high citation rates per article. These results suggest that, in an era of shrinking professional membership, some agricultural economics journals might enhance their chances for long-term survival by specializing in a topic area, particularly one that reaches nonagricultural economist audiences.
Determination of aerosol height distributions by lidar

Abstract A new analytic solution to the lidar equation is presented, which realistically considers the scattering properties of the aerosols and the molecular atmosphere individually. With this solution, it is shown, in turbid atmospheres where the aerosols dominate the scattering properties, that accurate vertical profiles of the volume extinction cross section can be obtained with an uncalibrated lidar, provided that the total transmittance of the atmospheric layer being investigated is known. This solution is applied to data samples collected under very clear and under very dusty conditions.
Sustainability, Uncertainty, and Intergenerational Fairness

The role of ethics in the long-term management of natural resources and environmental quality is a source of long-standing controversy. Conservationists argue that today’s society holds a moral duty to ensure that our successors in future generations are able to enjoy a quality of life no less satisfying than our own. Our ignorance concerning future technologies, preferences, and the dynamics of natural systems sharply constrains our ability to strike an optimal balance between our own interests and those of future persons. On a pragmatic basis, however, we can sustain the life opportunities of future generations by ensuring that per capita magnitudes of critical assets — human and reproduced capital, natural resources, environmental quality, and technological capability — are maintained intact or augmented over time. From the relatively weak premise that the sustenance of life opportunities would permit the maintenance of subjective welfare, we may conclude that this approach of strong sustainability (Daly and Cobb, 1989, p. 72) is sufficient to ensure high standards of equity between present and future generations.
Vanadate induces apoptosis in epidermal JB6 Pplus cells via hydrogen peroxide-mediated reactions

Apoptosis is a physiological mechanism for the control of DNA integrity in mammalian cells. Vanadium induces both DNA damage and apoptosis. It is suggested that vanadium-induced apoptosis serves to eliminate DNA-damaged cells. This study is designed to clarify a role of reactive oxygen species in the mechanism of apoptosis induced by vanadium. We established apoptosis model with murine epidermal JB6 P+ cells in the response to vanadium stimulation. Apoptosis was detected by a cell death ELISA assay and morphological analysis. The result shows that apoptosis induced by vanadate is dose-dependent, reaching its saturation level at a concentration of 100 μM vanadate. Vanadyl (IV) can also induce apoptosis albeit with lesser potency. A role of reactive oxygen species was analyzed by multiple reagents including specific scavengers of different reactive oxygen species. The result shows that vanadate-induced apoptosis is enhanced by NADPH, superoxide dismutase and sodium formate, but was inhibited by catalase and deferoxamine. Cells exposed to vanadium consume more molecular oxygen and at the same time, produce more H2O2 as measured by the change in fluorescence of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. This change in oxygen consumption and H2O2 production is enhanced by NADPH. Taken together, these results show that vanadate induces apoptosis in epidermal cells and H2O2 induced by vanadate plays a major role in this process.
Infrared electro-optical modulators employing intervalley transfer in asymmetric double quantum wells

The development of electro-optical (EO) modulators, filters, and switches for the mid-wave and long-wave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) spectral regions currently remains at a rather primitive stage in comparison to the near-IR modulators now being intensively developed for fiber-optic communications, optoelectronic interconnects, and other large-volume applications. Here we propose a highly flexible asymmetric double-quantum-well (ADQW) design employing intersubband interactions either at normal incidence or in a waveguide-mode geometry. The device operation is based on an electrically controlled real-space and momentum-space transfer of electrons between a quantum well whose conduction-band minimum is at the Γ-point and a second well whose minimum is at the L-point. We predict MWIR and LWIR EO coefficients and device figures of merit comparable to those associated with the excitonic quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) used in interband modulators operating at shorter wavelengths.
Solicitation token authenticated mail protocol

Email has grown into one of the dominant forms of communication in the 21st century. However, email systems were designed without security in mind, thus allowing attackers to abuse the system and send unsolicited email (or spam). Most current solutions to spam center on content-based filtering or domain blacklisting approaches, both of which are inaccurate and slow to adapt to the changing face of spam. Moreover, these schemes do not allow for the accountability of email address leakage, which would allow a user to know which untrustworthy parties divulged his address. We propose STAMP, the Solicitation Token Authenticated Mail Protocol, as a server-side solution to filter unsolicited mail from ever reaching the end-user's inbox, as well as allowing the user to revoke inbox access from solicited parties who prove to be untrustworthy with their email access. STAMP employs distributed access control, making use of transitive trust to reduce email solicitation overhead and allow the user's address book to grow organically through trusted entities. We implement a prototype of our scheme as an extensible mail filter plug-in for an industry standard mail server. We compare performance and server overhead of STAMP against a popular content-based filter and show that our scheme attains a 43% reduction in message delivery latency and achieves perfect message classification with a processing cost that is lower by more than 3 orders of magnitude.
Probing Peptide Amphiphile Self-Assembly in Blood Serum

There has been recent interest in designing smart diagnostic or therapeutic self-assembling peptide or polymeric materials that can selectively undergo morphological transitions to accumulate at a disease site in response to specific stimuli. Developing approaches to probe these self-assembly transitions in environments that accurately amalgamate the diverse plethora of proteins, biomolecules, and salts of blood is essential for creating systems that function in vivo. Here, we have developed a fluorescence anisotropy approach to probe the pH-dependent self-assembly transition of peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules that transform from spherical micelles at pH 7.4 to nanofibers under more acidic pH's in blood serum. By mixing small concentrations of a Ru(bipy)3(2+)-tagged PA with a Gd(DO3A)-tagged PA having the same lipid-peptide sequence, we showed that the pH dependence of self-assembly is minimally affected and can be monitored in mouse blood serum. These PA vehicles can be designed to transition from spherical micelles to nanofibers in the pH range 7.0-7.4 in pure serum. In contrast to the typical notion of serum albumin absorbing isolated surfactant molecules and disrupting self-assembly, our experiments showed that albumin does not bind these anionic PAs and instead promotes nanofibers due to a molecular crowding effect. Finally, we created a medium that replicates the transition pH in serum to within 0.08 pH units and allows probing self-assembly behavior using conventional spectroscopic techniques without conflicting protein signals, thus simplifying the development pathway from test tube to in vivo experimentation for stimuli-responsive materials.
Polybenzoxazine Aerogels. 1. High-yield Room-temperature Acid-catalyzed Synthesis of Robust Monoliths, Oxidative Aromatization, and Conversion to Microporous Carbons

We describe a new room-temperature HCl-catalyzed method for the synthesis of polybenzoxazine (PBO) aerogels from bisphenol A, formaldehyde, and aniline that cuts the typical multiday high-temperature (≥130 °C) route to a few hours. The new materials are studied comparatively to those from heat-induced polymerization, and both types are evaluated as precursors of carbon (C-) aerogels. In addition to the ortho-phenolic position of bisphenol A, the HCl-catalyzed process engages the para position of the aniline moieties leading to a higher degree of cross-linking. Thereby, the resulting aerogels consist of smaller particles with higher mesoporosity, higher surface areas (up to 72 m2 g–1), and lower thermal conductivities (down to 0.071 W m–1 K–1) than their thermally polymerized counterparts (corresponding best values: 64 m2 g–1 and 0.091 W m–1 K–1, respectively). It is also reported that the carbonization efficiency (up to 61% w/w), the nanomorphology, and the pore structure of the resulting C-aerogels depen...
Phosphorylation of ribose and adenosine in yeast extracts.

SummaryYeast autolysates have been found to contain enzymes which catalyze the phosphorylation of ribose and of adenosine, when ATP is added as a phosphate donor. The enzymes, designated ribokinase and adenosine phosphokinase, have been partially purified, but the best preparations still contain large amounts of interfering enzymes, making it impossible to isolate and to identify the products of the reactions. The possible physiological significance of the reactions is discussed.
‘Kneecapping’ Academic Freedom

As universities increasingly seek to educate students through service learning courses, law school clinics may be the bellwether for determining if faculty’s traditional academic freedom of teaching will transcend the traditional classroom or be left at the classroom door. Recent legislative and corporate efforts to interfere in the operations of law clinics indicate that academic freedom is at risk when hands-on student learning bumps up against “real world” disputes. This article examines why attacks on law school clinics are a harbinger of how academic freedom is treated when it moves out of the classroom. The authors discuss the role of clinical legal education in American law schools and as part of the movement toward service learning in higher education. The authors review more than thirty instances of publicized interference in law school clinics since the late 1960s, and link these attacks to attempts to interfere with teaching outside of the traditional classroom in other fields, including public records requests and complaints against labor education centers at public universities, efforts to stop social work students from working for coal miner compensation, and efforts to stop public health students from helping communities document pollution sources. In each instance, the faculty involved had sought to prepare students for work in their respective academic fields by moving their learning outside the traditional classroom. The authors analyze Association of American University Professors (AAUP) polices, applicable law, and other policies underlying academic freedom. The authors make recommendations for faculty, university administrators, and the AAUP to defend better against attacks on academic freedom in courses that occur outside of traditional classrooms. The authors note that, for many years, the AAUP has vigorously defended the academic freedom of law school clinics that have come under attack. However, the authors contend that the AAUP needs to update the meaning of academic freedom in teaching by issuing a formal statement focused on service learning.
Investigation and Analysis of Anthrax Epidemic Situation in Inner Mongolian Durben Khukhut Flag Together

Objective The fact-finding origin of infection,proposes the anticipatory control measure.Method Scene interview(case investigation,animal morbidity situation investigation,epidemic focus situation investigation).Results Altogether has the anthrax 5 examples from August 7,2009 to August 24,for clinical diagnosis case of illness.Conclusions Through the epidemiology investigation,the union case of illness clinical manifestation,may determine this epidemic situation dies of illness for the direct contact the world anthrax which the cow causes to infect together.
A Research on Teaching Reformation for the Accounting Specialty of China's Colleges and Universities

The target of teaching reformation in China’s colleges is to establish teaching system and teaching model that should match the request of quality-oriented education.This paper has a detailed discussion on several aspects of the reformation,i.e.the system of teaching material,the teaching model in class,the teaching activity of practice,the service system of learning,teaching evaluation and the means of examination.Still some new ideas for teaching reformation have been expounded,too.
Monitoring results analysis of disinfection quality of medical institutions in Rudong County

Objective This work aimed to understand the status of disinfection quality of medical institutions in Rudong County, and to effectively prevent and control nosocomial infections. Methods Field sampling and laboratory test were conducted to monitor the disinfection effect of different objects at all levels in medical institutions. Results A total of 3984 samples were collected in 2011-2013, and the total pass rate was 95.3%. The pass rate was 91.7%, 95.4%, 98.5% for 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, with statistically significant difference(χ2=66.3, P0.05). The pass rate was 86.1% for indoor air, 97.2% for surfaces, 91.8% for medical staff's hand, 99% for disinfectant in use,, 95.4% in pressure steam sterilization effect, 100% for disposable medical supplies, 94.3%in the radiation intensity of the ultraviolet lamp, 92.3% for water, with statistical significant differences(χ2=90.25, P0.05). The pass rate for medical institutions of different levels was 98% for hospital centers, 98.8% for private hospitals, and 93.4% for community health service stations, with significant differences(χ2=55.7, P0.05). Conclusion Disinfection condition in medical institutions at all levels in Rudong County is good overall. The pass rate of samples was high, but problems still exist. The monitor and management of disinfection should be further strengthened.