cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re-evaluation of HeLa, HeLa S3, and HEp-2 karyotypes

In contrast to earlier reports, this study on HeLa, HeLa S3, and HEp-2 revealed that karyotypes of each cell line are characterized by a consistent marker chromosome composition and a constant number of copies for both normal and marker chromosomes. Based on these chromosome fingerprints and an analysis of 50 metaphases, the modal karyotype of each cell line was defined. Each modal karyotype had the composite content of the previously reported karyotypes of the same cell line, and, generally, the former had the same or a higher number of copies per chromosome than the latter. This modal karyotype can be used as a standard to identify and further individualize both the cell line itself and a subline within that cell line. We have also found that many cells within each cell line have the same karyotype. Portions of numerical data are compiled in a chart format by which the extent of chromosome differences between cultures can readily be compared. Also discussed in brief are characteristic chromosome changes that may help distinguish clonally derived cell lines from lines derived by cross-contamination.
Rare earth contribution to the origin of Hawaiian lavas

Rare earth abundances were determined by neutron activation in twenty Hawaiian lavas and one diabase of known chemical and mineralogical compositions. These results demonstrate a systematic relationship between the absolute or relative rare earth abundances and the petrochemistry of these rocks. Three distinct lava groups are recognized. These correspond to: (1) tholeiites, (2) alkali series, (3) nepheline-melilite basalts.
The tandem claisen-ene rearrangement: a method for the stereocontrolled synthesis of functionalized cyclopentanoids

Abstract The tandem Claisen-ene rearrangement described. The presence of oxy-ene products is established.
Magnetic resonance imaging and neurobehavioral correlates in schizencephaly.

• We studied three patients with schizencephaly and related the results of comprehensive neuropsychologic and speech/language assessments to the severity and location of the brain malformations as appreciated by magnetic resonance imaging. Level of general intellectual functioning related to the amount of brain tissue involved, and variations in specific neurobehavioral abilities reflected the location of the brain malformation and the prenatal onset of the disorder. The overall findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive neuropsychologic and speech/language studies for appreciating the impact of prenatal neural insult on the functional reorganization of the brain and subsequent neurobehavioral functioning.
Contextual Determinants of Children's Responses to Poverty

Les AA. combinent une approche individuelle qui prend en compte le niveau individuel de revenu et une approche qui examine la situation familiale, en l'occurrence le niveau de pauvrete, ainsi que les caracteristiques residentielles pour etudier l'influence des facteurs socio-economiques sur la sante mentale de certains enfants. Ils examinent un certain nombre de donnees collectees en 1988 dans une enquete americaine. Ces deux derniers facteurs : la pauvrete familiale et les caracteristiques residentielles apparaissent comme des indicateurs importants concernant la sante mentale de certains enfants, que ces variables soient envisages comme independantes ou comme en interaction. Les AA. mettent en avant le caractere ethnique, racial de ce type d'interaction car ils semblent frapper plus durement les communautes hispanique et amerindienne que les communautes noire ou blanche
Proof of summed form of proper-time expansion for propagator in curved space-time.

We consider the Schwinger-DeWitt proper-time expansion of the kernel of the Feynman propagator in curved space-time. We prove that the proper-time expansion can be written in a new form, conjectured by Parker and Toms, in which all the terms containing the scalar curvature R are generated by a simple overall exponential factor. This sums all terms containing R, including those with nonconstant coefficients, in the proper-time series. This result is valid for an arbitrary space-time and for any spin. It also applies to the heat kernel. This form of the expansion is of importance in connection with nonperturbative effects in quantum field theory.
Short-term alcohol and drug treatment outcomes predict long-term outcome

Abstract Introduction: Although addiction is recognized as a chronic, relapsing condition, few treatment studies, and none in a commercially insured managed care population, have measured long-term outcomes. We examined the relationship of 6-month treatment outcomes to abstinence 5 years post-treatment, and whether the predictors of abstinence at 5 years were different for those who were, and were not, abstinent at 6 months. Methods: The sample (N=784) is from an outpatient (day hospital and traditional outpatient) managed care chemical dependency program. Subjects were interviewed at baseline, 6 months, and 5 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess which individual, treatment and extra-treatment characteristics predicted alcohol and drug abstinence at 5 years. Results: Abstinence at 6 months was an important predictor of abstinence at 5 years. Among those abstinent at 6 months, predictors of abstinence at 5 years were older age, being female, 12-step meeting attendance, and recovery-oriented social networks. Among those not abstinent at 6 months, being alcohol dependent rather than drug dependent, 12-step meeting attendance, treatment readmission, and recovery-oriented social networks predicted abstinence at 5 years. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a clear association between short-term and long-term treatment success. In addition, these results strongly support the importance of recovery-oriented social networks for those with good short-term outcomes, and the beneficial impact of readmission for those not initially successful in treatment.
Mass-Spectroscopic Observations of Glycine Subjected to Strong Shock Loading

We have made time-of-flight mass-spectroscopic observations of 85/15 wt % water/glycine solutions and of crystalline α-glycine subjected to strong shock loading. The shockwaves were produced by placing the materials in contact with detonating solid explosives. In the solution observations, we have done experiments with glycine molecules composed of ordinary isotopes and with molecules labeled with 13C, 15N, and D atoms. The primary reason for conducting this research was to examine whether glycine molecules can survive exposure to strong shock loading, e.g., as might occur in the entry of a meteor into the earth’s atmosphere. Our results show that glycine molecules can withstand the rigors of shock environments that generate pressure and temperature up to 180 kbar and 3200 K. Glycine in a 85 H2O/15 glycine wt % solution (i.e., one molecule of glycine to ca. 24 H2O molecules) exists primarily in its zwitterionic form. In both the solution and crystal experiments, we observed zwitterionic dimers, trimers, a...
Local distortion induced metal-to-insulator phase transition in PrRu4P12.

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments have been carried out on ${\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ and ${\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{s}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ to study the metal-to-insulator (MI) phase transition in ${\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$. No Pr displacement was observed across the MI transition temperature from the EXAFS data. Instead, our EXAFS data clearly show that a Ru displacement is associated with this MI transition. The very high Debye temperature for the Ru-P bond (${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}=690\text{ }\mathrm{K}$) suggests that a slight rotation/displacement of relatively rigid ${\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{P}}_{6}$ octahedra leads to this small Ru displacement, which accompanies the MI transition at 62 K in ${\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$.
The linked-cluster expansion for the transition amplitude for deuteron stripping reactions

Abstract The linked-cluster expansion for the transition amplitude for deuteron stripping reactions is derived. It is shown that this amplitude can be expressed (exactly) as a matrix element of an effective neutron-proton interaction between appropriate two-nucleon states. A linked-cluster expansion of this effective interaction is given. The initial state is a deuteron scattering state in an effective potential, for which a linked-cluster expansion has been given previously. The final state is the product of a bound Hartree-Fock state for the stripped nucleon and a continuum state in an effective optical potential for the outgoing nucleon. The leading terms in this expression for the transition amplitude are compared with conventionally used approximate expressions for the stripping reaction (such as the direct interaction approximation) and certain questions, such as the theoretical interpretation of the spectroscopic factor and the single particle energy of the captured nucleon, are examined.
Biophysics: Breaking out of the cage

Activating caged reactive sites in proteins using mechanical force provides a powerful approach in the study of chemical reactions, and provides greater insight into which reactions are possible and their rates.
Characterization of the hypnotic effects of triazolam microinjections into the medial preoptic area

We have previously reported that microinjections of the benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam into the medial preoptic area (MPA) of the hypothalamus enhance sleep in rats. The present study further characterizes this effect, by examining its anatomical specificity, determining whether it is mediated by interaction with central benzodiazepine receptors, and assessing whether sleep induction is associated with changes in core temperature. It was found that microinjections of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms triazolam into two nearby structures, the lateral preoptic area and diagonal band of Broca, failed to alter sleep. Total sleep time was enhanced by microinjection of triazolam into the MPA, and this effect was blocked by co-administration of the benzodiazepine receptor blocker RO 15-1788. Sleep enhancement by triazolam was not associated with significant alterations in core body temperature. These observations continue to suggest that the MPA may be a site which mediates the hypnotic effect of triazolam, and add to the growing body of data emphasizing the importance of hypothalamic function in the regulation of sleep and waking.
Short Term Influx as a Measure of Influx Across the Plasmalemma

It is shown that the influx of tracer to a plant cell must be measured for less than one third of the half-time for exchange of cytoplasmic tracer, and any subsequent wash must be negligibly brief, if the initial influx measured over a finite period is to be a good estimate of the plasmalemma influx. Complications due to lack of knowledge of the cytoplasmic exchange rate constant and to extracellular contents make it difficult to make such an estimate from influx measurements alone. The use of influx measurements is further discussed.
Photoperiod manipulation to increase the productivity of black‐footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and Siberian polecats (M. eversmanii)

The endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) reproduces naturally in the spring. The Black-Footed Ferret Recovery Program would benefit from increased productivity in the captive population by manipulating photoperiod and temperature to create three artificial cycles in 1½ years. In the present study the photoperiod was set at 8 hr light:16 hr dark for 1–2 months, then switched to 16 hr light:8 hr dark for 4–5 months. The males' light was switched 1 month before the females' light. Three cycles were performed in 2 years. During the first cycle, 0% of the males bred, 17% of the females came into estrus and were bred through artificial insemination, and 0% of the females whelped. In the second cycle, 100% of the females came into estrus and were bred naturally, and 77% whelped. In the third cycle, all males showed testicular recrudescence but none bred; all females showed signs of estrus, 40% were bred using artificial insemination, and 0% whelped. Siberian polecats (Mustela eversmanii), the black-footed ferrets' closest living relative, also were put on an artificial photoperiod, coinciding with the black-footed ferrets' third cycle. All female polecats came into estrus and were bred naturally, and 33% whelped. All males showed testicular recrudescence, and 22% produced sperm and bred. The low rate of success in breeding and whelping suggests that multiple cues may be needed to induce estrus in ferrets and polecats. Zoo Biol 22:1–14, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Topographically driven subcritical hydrothermal convection in the oceanic crust

Abstract A simple analytical model for investigating topographically induced subcritical hydrothermal convection in either barren or thickly sedimented oceanic crust is developed. The results show that for unsedimented, low-amplitude, wave-like topography, the maximum topographically induced vertical convective flow may be of the order of 10 −10 m/s for a bulk crustal permeability of 10 −14 m 2 and topographic wavelength of 10 3 m. The fluid ascends under topographic highs and descends at topographic lows. The convective heat flux is about 15% of the conductive background. The magnitude of the convective flow is independent of the topographic wave-length/layer depth ratio, L/H , if L ≤ H /2, but for LaH , the convective flow depends on ( H/L ) 2 . If the crustal topography is completely covered with sediment of lower permeability, the convective flow is substantially reduced, perhaps by several orders of magnitude in some cases. Because the thermal conductivity of the sediment is less than that of the crust, the fluid descends at topographic highs and ascends at topographic lows. Since the actual oceanic crustal topography is quite irregular, with a number of different amplitude and wave-length scales, the actual topographic convection pattern may be much more complicated than the model results given here. This may be especially true in regions where large-amplitude outcrops occasionally protrude through a moderately thick sediment blanket and if supercritical Rayleigh convection is also present.
Fusion of multiple image types for the creation of radiometrically-accurate synthetic scenes

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model is an established, first-principles based scene simulation tool that produces synthetic multi-spectral and hyperspectral images from the visible to long wave infrared (0.4 to 20 microns). Over the last few years, significant enhancements such as spectral polarimetric and active Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) models have also been incorporated into the software, providing an extremely powerful tool for algorithm testing and sensor evaluation. However, the extensive time required to create large-scale scenes has limited DIRSIG's ability to generate scenes "on demand." To date, scene generation has been a laborious, time-intensive process, as the terrain model, CAD objects and background maps have to be created and attributed manually. To shorten the time required for this process, we have developed a comprehensive workflow aimed at reducing the man-in-the-loop requirements for many aspects of synthetic hyperspectral scene construction. Through a fusion of 3D lidar data with passive imagery, we have been able to partially-automate many of the required tasks in the creation of high-resolution urban DIRSIG scenes. This paper presents a description of these techniques.
ZIP4H (TEX11) Deficiency in the Mouse Impairs Meiotic Double Strand Break Repair and the Regulation of Crossing Over

We have recently shown that hypomorphic Mre11 complex mouse mutants exhibit defects in the repair of meiotic double strand breaks (DSBs). This is associated with perturbation of synaptonemal complex morphogenesis, repair and regulation of crossover formation. To further assess the Mre11 complex's role in meiotic progression, we identified testis-specific NBS1-interacting proteins via two-hybrid screening in yeast. In this screen, Zip4h (Tex11), a male germ cell specific X-linked gene was isolated. Based on sequence and predicted structural similarity to the S. cerevisiae and A. thaliana Zip4 orthologs, ZIP4H appears to be the mammalian ortholog. In S. cerevisiae and A. thaliana, Zip4 is a meiosis-specific protein that regulates the level of meiotic crossovers, thus influencing homologous chromosome segregation in these organisms. As is true for hypomorphic Nbs1 (Nbs1ΔB/ΔB) mice, Zip4h−/Y mutant mice were fertile. Analysis of spermatocytes revealed a delay in meiotic double strand break repair and decreased crossover formation as inferred from DMC1 and MLH1 staining patterns, respectively. Achiasmate chromosomes at the first meiotic division were also observed in Zip4h−/Y mutants, consistent with the observed reduction in MLH1 focus formation. These results indicate that meiotic functions of Zip4 family members are conserved and support the view that the Mre11 complex and ZIP4H interact functionally during the execution of the meiotic program in mammals.
Arabinosylcytosine Stability in Aqueous Solutions: pH Profile and Shelflife Predictions

Apparent first-order rate constants, k, for the degradation of arabinosylcytosine in aqueous solutions were determined as a function of pH, temperature, and buffer concentrations. Profiles showing the effect of pH on k were constructed from data obtained in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide and by extrapolation of buffer data to zero buffer concentration. Maximum stability is observed in the neutral pH region where arabinosylcytosine undergoes deamination to arabinosyluracil and 90% potency is maintained for 6.5 months in 0.06 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.9, at 25°. The observed rate constant, k, increases as the pH decreases from 6 to 2.8, where it passes through a maximum value and again decreases as the pH approaches zero. In the pH region 0–6, the loss of substrate is accompanied by the formation of an intermediate which reacts further to yield arabinosyluracil. The profile for the maximum yields of the intermediate as a function of pH resembles the k versus pH profile. Kinetics for deuterium exchange at the H5 on arabinosylcytosine and TLC studies characterizing the intermediate were combined with the other kinetic data in developing a proposed mechanism involving 2 '-hydroxyl participation and the formation of an intermediate in acid pH. In alkaline solutions the loss of arabinosylcytosine is about 10 times more rapid than in acid and most likely is due to hydrolysis of the pyrimidine ring since no arabinosyluracil UV absorption spectra were detected.
Interception of two spherical particles with arbitrary radii in simple shear flow

The interception of two force-free and torque-free spherical particles with arbitrary radii freely suspended in simple shear flow is investigated in the limit of vanishing Reynolds number. At any instant, the flow is computed in a frame of reference with origin at the center of one particle using a cylindrical polar coordinate system whose axis of revolution passes through the center of the second particle. The problem is formulated as a decoupled system of integral equations for the zeroth, first, and second Fourier coefficients of the boundary traction with respect to the meridional angle. The derived integral equations are solved with high accuracy using a boundary element method that features adaptive discretization and automatic time-step adjustment according to the inter-particle gap. The results illustrate particle trajectories and describe the particle rotation and evolution of the stress tensor during the interception. The particle interaction is found to always cause a positive shift in the rotational phase angle due to the rolling motion at close contact. As the gap between two particles tends to zero, the shear stress diverges even though the net force and torque exerted on each particle remain zero, independent of the particle relative radius. A frictional force for rough surfaces and small gaps eliminates the slip velocity and promotes the rolling motion.
Separation of specific antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum by ion-exchange chromatography.

Summary“h” and “m” antigens apparently specific for detection of histoplasmosis have been separated from crude histoplasmin and purified by means of column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. A gradient elution scheme with decreasing pH and increasing molarity of phosphate was used.
Field Infestation and Alfalfa Seed Chalcid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) Development in Different Medicago Clones

Larval development rates of the alfalfa seed chalcid in different Medicago sativa clones were compared, and factors affecting field infestations were tested. Development rates did not differ significantly. Variation in field infestations is probably dependent on factors affecting oviposition. Temperature, daylength, and resource competition affected field infestation levels and were associated with diapause. Larval diapause appears to be induced in the female parent.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Disguised as a Solid Tumor

Abstract Granulocytic sarcomas, or extramedullary collections of immature leukemic cells, are observed in a small precentage of myeloid leukemias. The t(8;21) seems to have a higher association with granulocytic sarcoma. Although patients with t(8;21) generally have a more favorable prognosis, the presence of these sarcomas makes their course less favorable. We report a case of a woman with acute myeloid leukemia M2 who presented with 5 sites of extramedullary involvement including pleural fluid involvement which is exceedingly rare. She presented with weakness and shortness of breath. She was initially evaluated and treated for an upper respiratory tract infection. Later work-up revealed the presence of circulating blasts on peripheral blood smear. Bone marow biopsy showed 100% cellularity with blast forms comprising > 80% of those. A computed tomography scan was done, which showed a paratracheal mass, an anterior mediastinal mass, a perinephric soft tissue density and a pleural effusion which was positive for malignant cells by cytology. A superior extraconal mass was found in the left orbit on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient received induction chemotherapy after which repeat scans have shown a resolution of the pleural effusion and improvement in the size of the other granulocytic sarcoma. A review of granulocytic sarcomas shows that they can occur in numerous anatomic sites. There appears to be an association with the neural cell adhesion molecule CD56. The prognosis is worse in those with granulocytic sarcoma. Stem cell transplantation is considered an early option thought not clearly defined at this point.
A CASE OF REVERSIBLE “EISENMENGER SYNDROME”

Intracardiac shunting is the most common form of congenital heart disease in adults. Left untreated, pulmonary hypertension can develop in up to 10%, with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) occurring in ∼5%. We present a case of patient diagnosed with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) early in life,
THE AGE-RELATED DECLINE IN THE INDUCTION OF IL-2 TRANSCRIPTION IS CORRELATED TO CHANGES IN THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT

Abstract The effect of aging on the induction of IL-2 transcription by concanavalin A was studied in spleen lymphocytes isolated from young (4-6 months) and old (24 months) male Fischer 344 rats, Tim induction of IL-2 mRNA levels and IL-2 transcription were 40 to 50% lower for spleen lymphocytes isolated from old rats compared to spleen lymphocytes isolated from young rats. Because the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor activating IL-2 transcription) plays a major role in the regulation of IL-2 transcription, the DNA binding activity of NFAT in nuclear extracts of concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes was measured using a gel shift assay. The ability of nuclear extracts isolated from either total spleen lymphocytes or T cells to bind the NFAT oligonucleotide decreased 50 to 60% with age. Therefore, the age-related decrease in the expression of IL-2 appears to occur at the level of transcription and involves the transcription factor NFAT.
RNA interference targeting cathepsin L and Z-like cysteine proteases of Onchocerca volvulus confirmed their essential function during L3 molting.

Abstract We describe the successful use of RNA interference (RNAi) to investigate gene function in the human filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus third-stage larvae (L3). We targeted two specific gene products, the O. volvulus cathepsin L ( Ov -CPL) and cathepsin Z-like ( Ov -CPZ) cysteine proteases, which were proposed to function during O . volvulus L3 molting. We show that fluorescent-labeled Cy™3-dsRNA corresponding to cpl or cpz regions encoding the mature enzymes can enter the larvae. The molting rate of larvae treated overnight with 0.5 mg ml −1 cpl was reduced by 92% and 86% in comparison to normal control worms. It appeared that although the larvae started the molting process the last stage of molting, ecdysis was inhibited. The effect was gene specific, as larvae that did not molt in the presence of cpl or cpz dsRNA expressed the other cysteine protease, CPZ and CPL, respectively. This was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy using antibodies directed against each enzyme. Our present study validate conclusively that both enzymes are essential for the molting of O. volvulus L3 to fourth-stage larvae. We also confirmed that the activity of the enzymes is specific to the changes that occur during the molting process on days 1–3, when the separation between the cuticles is in progress. The development of RNAi in O. volvulus L3 could further help study many of the abundant L3 and molting L3 genes identified through the filarial genome project, many of which, although have no attributed function, were identified as vaccine candidates or potential drug targets.
Asthma and severity of 2009 novel H1N1 influenza: a population-based case-control study.

AbstractBackground: Asthma has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza (H1N1) infection among children. However, little is known about the role of asthma in severity of H1N1 infection. Objective: To determine the association between asthma and other atopic conditions and severity of H1N1 infection. Patients and methods: We conducted a population-based case–control study. Cases were all Olmsted County, MN residents admitted to the hospital within a week of a positive test for H1N1. Controls who had a positive H1N1 but were not admitted to hospital were individually matched to cases with regard to birth day, gender, clinic registration date, diagnostic method, and calendar month of influenza testing. Asthma was ascertained using predetermined criteria. Data were fit to conditional logistic regression models. Results: There were 46 eligible individuals admitted to hospitals with H1N1 infection during the study period. Ninety-seven controls were individually matched...
1026-83 Prospective Comparison of the Biphasic Waveform Upper Limit of Vulnerability to the Defibrillation Threshold in Man

Background The upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) is defined as the upper limit of shock strength, above which ventricular fibrillation will not be induced when the shock is delivered during the vulnerable period. ULV is postulated to correlate with the defibrillation threshold (DFT) and, if true, should streamline implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) surgery and followup. Methods and Results We sought to determine whether the biphasic ULV, measured with an easily implemented clinical protocol via the T-shock method available in the 7219D Medtronic ICD using 65% tilt, 120 μF asymmetric pulses, would correlate with the biphasic DFT assessed during follow up electrophysiologic (EP) evaluation of ICD function. Twelve consecutive patients were evaluated. The average age was 67 ± 3.4 years, LV ejection fraction was 0.45 ± 0.04, and 58% had underlying CAD. The index arrhythmia prompting ICD therapy was VF in 83% and VT in 17%. At the time of the follow-up EP study, all patients had VF induced with T-shocks at 310 ms following 3 ventricular paced beats at 400 ms starting at 0.2 Joules and stepping up until the ULV was found as follows: 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 40, 5.0, 7.0,10, 14, and 18 Joules. The DFT was determined using the exact same waveform, polarity and shock steps as was the ULV determination. Results ULV DFT Energy (J) 68 ± 44 102 ± 5.5 Correlation r = 0.49, p = 0.11 Conclusion We found a poor correlation between the biphasic ULV and the DFT using this clinically feasible followup technique. The ULV appears to underestimate the DFT using this technique for evaluating ICD defibrillation efficacy during follow-up EP evaluation.
Approximation algorithms for distance constrained vehicle routing problems

We study the distance constrained vehicle routing problem (DVRP) (Laporte et al., Networks 14 (1984), 47–61, Li et al., Oper Res 40 (1992), 790–799): given a set of vertices in a metric space, a specified depot, and a distance bound D, find a minimum cardinality set of tours originating at the depot that covers all vertices, such that each tour has length at most D. This problem is NP-complete, even when the underlying metric is induced by a weighted star. Our main result is a 2-approximation algorithm for DVRP on tree metrics; we also show that no approximation factor better than 1.5 is possible unless P = NP. For the problem on general metrics, we present a $(O(\log {1 \over \varepsilon }),1 + \varepsilon )$ **image** -bicriteria approximation algorithm: i.e., for any e > 0, it obtains a solution violating the length bound by a 1 + e factor while using at most $O(\log {1 \over \varepsilon })$ **image** times the optimal number of vehicles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced dialysis of nitrofurantoin and hydrocortisone acetate from methylcellulose solutions

Factors affecting reduction in the permeation rate of nitrofurantoin and hydrocortisone acetate from methylcellulose solutions through a cellulose membrane were investigated. The factors evaluated were the effect of polymer agglomeration and whether the drugs formed a complex with the polymer. The influence of polymer agglomeration was evaluated by dynamic dialysis studies of nitrofurantoin dissolved in solutions of methylcellulose 400 cps, which agglomerates, and in methylcellulose 50 cps, which does not exhibit this behavior. Dialysis rates of this drug were measured as a function of polymer concentration, ionic strength, heating time prior to measurement, and temperature. The effect of polymer agglomeration on the permeation rates of hydrocortisone acetate was studied by varying the ionic strength of the drug–polymer solution. Complex formation studies were conducted for both drugs by the equilibrium dialysis method. Polymer agglomeration caused a substantial reduction in the dialysis rate of both drugs in methylcellulose 400 cps solutions. There was less reduction in the dialysis rate of nitrofurantoin with increased polymer concentration of methylcellulose 50 cps solutions, which was attributed to the increase in the bulk viscosity of the solution. There was no evidence of complex formation of the drugs with the polymers.
The Influence of Television on Children's Gender Role Socialization

(2000). Review of Research: The Influence of Television on Children's Gender Role Socialization. Childhood Education: Vol. 76, Preparing School Personnel for the 21st Century, pp. 322-324.
Protective mechanism of the immune response to a ribosomal vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. In vitro bactericidal and opsonophagocytic studies with specific antiserum.

In vitro bactericidal and opsonophagocytic assays were performed with mouse antiserum to a ribosomal vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results obtained demonstrated that both specific antibody and complement are required for bactericidal and opsonic activities. C4-deficient complement also supported these activities. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) are not required, but when present, augment the observed killing activity. Opsonic and bactericidal activities were found to increase with increasing complement concentrations in an apparently logarithmic fashion until maximal activity was obtained. On the contrary, determination of bactericidal activity as a function of specific antiserum concentration revealed a "prozone" effect; i.e., maximal activity was obtained at an intermediate concentration of antiserum with significantly decreased activity at both higher and lower concentrations. This effect was not observed when immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from specific antiserum by a method involving exposure to pH 9.0 and pH 3.0 was used instead of whole antiserum. In this case bactericidal activity increased as IgG concentration was increased, also in an apparently logarithmic manner.
Topology and geometry in the irradiation-induced amorphization of insulators

Abstract The irradiation-induced loss of crystallinity — the metamict transformation, or more loosely amorphization — is a common response of many insulating solids to accumulated atomic displacements on the order of 1 dpa. Readily-amorphizable solids are typically more complex ionic compounds or covalently-bonded solids in which lattice energy is less critically influenced by atomic correlations more remote than near-neighbor, and in which the structural alternatives for atomic rearrangement, which may thus differ little in energy, become an important factor in the ease of amorphization. Topology is the parameter most commonly invoked in considering the possible alternative arrangements, one aspect of which concerns connectivity of structural units such as cation coordination polyhedra. Connectivity considerations are shown to provide a criterion for predicting ease of amorphization at least as reliable, and more mechanistically significant, than the more usual criteria of melting point, homologous crystallization temperature or ionicity. The range of structural possibilities is more properly enumerated by combinatorial geometry; the role played by combinatorial geometric parameters in aperiodic structures is most easily appreciated for network solids, in which covalently-bonded coordination polyhedra are connected to each other in modes which do not overconstrain the structural freedoms available. An illustration is drawn from fully-connected silica networks whose structures, whether periodic or aperiodic, can be uniquely described by a characteristic unit of local structure (the local cluster) based on one-dimensional (ring) connectivity directly related to density. Energy-filtered electron diffraction is shown to be a useful experimental tool for characterizing amorphized structure and to provide information on atomic structural arrangements inaccessible by high-resolution imaging techniques. Use of this technique has demonstrated that aperiodic structures derived from quartz amorphized by electron-, neutron- and ion-irradiation all differ; that the aperiodic silica structures derived from electron-induced amorphization of cristobalite and tridymite are similar, but differ from that derived from quartz; and that the structures of electron-amorphized silicas are similar to that of silica glass.
Stabilization of RNA tertiary structure by monovalent cations.

The effects of monovalent cations (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+), and NH4(+)) on the thermal stability of RNA tertiary structure were investigated by UV melting. We show that with the RNA used here (nucleotides 1051-1108 of Escherichia coli 23 S rRNA with four base substitutions), monovalent cations and Mg(2+) compete in stabilizing the RNA tertiary structure, and that the competition takes place between two boundaries: one where Mg(2+) concentration is zero and the other where it is maximally stabilizing ("saturating"). The pattern of competition is the same for all monovalent cations and depends on the cation's ability to displace Mg(2+) from the RNA, its ability to stabilize tertiary structure in the absence of Mg(2+), and its ability to stabilize tertiary structure at saturating Mg(2+) concentrations. The stabilizing ability of a monovalent cation depends on its unhydrated ionic radius, and at a low monovalent cation concentration and saturating Mg(2+), there is a (calculated) net release of a single monovalent cation/RNA molecule when tertiary structure is denatured. The implications are that under these conditions there is at least one binding site for monovalent cations on the RNA, the site is specifically associated with formation of stable tertiary structure, K(+) is the most effective of the tested cations, and Mg(2+) appears ineffective at this site. At high ionic strength, and in the absence of Mg(2+), stabilization of tertiary structure is still monovalent-cation specific and ionic-radius dependent, but a larger number of cations ( approximately eight) are released upon RNA tertiary structure denaturation, and NH(4)(+) appears to be the most effective cation in stabilizing tertiary structure under these conditions. In the majority of the experiments, methanol was added as a cosolvent to the buffer. Its use allowed the examination of the behavior of monovalent ions under conditions where their effects would otherwise have been too weak to be observed. Methanol stabilizes tertiary but not secondary structure of the RNA. There was no evidence that it either causes qualitative changes in cation-binding properties of the RNA or a change in the pattern of monovalent cation/Mg(2+) competition.
Insurgency and counter‐insurgency: Toward a new analytical approach

(1992). Insurgency and counter‐insurgency: Toward a new analytical approach. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 272-310.
Vortex Induced Flutter in Compliant Plate Seals

This paper investigates the possibility of vortex induced flutter in GE compliant plate seals (CPS). The CPS consists of a ring of slotted compliant plates attached circumferentially around the rotor, with an intermediate plate seated in the slot. Experiments show that the compliant plates vibrate in the flow field with amplitude that is a function of the differential pressure applied across the seal. The vibrations are caused by potentially multiple flow induced vibration mechanisms operating during different flow regimes. This work focuses on the dynamic instabilities that may be caused by the vortices shed by individual compliant plates and the intermediate plate. We model the compliant plate seal as a ring of a large number of locally coupled oscillators, with nonlinear stiffness arising from hydrostatic feedback. A two-way coupling exists between the structural and wake dynamics, leading to the phenomenon of “lock-in” between the wake and successive modes of seal vibration as the flow velocity is increased. Using eigenvalue analysis, we obtain the transition boundaries that divide the parameter space into sets of regions with positive and negative damping, corresponding to boundaries of onset and end of vortex induced flutter. Based on averaged equations, the amplitude of the limit cycles of the structure and wake dynamics and the phase between them is determined. It is found that the nonlinearities in seal stiffness and the nature of coupling between the compliant plates have a significant effect on the stability boundaries.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A hybrid reverberation crossfading technique

Hybrid reverberators combine convolutional and feedback delay network (FDN) reverberators to exactly reproduce the psycoacoustically important reverberation impulse response onset while efficiently generating the needed late-field characteristics. A simple method for crossfading between the convolutional and FDN components of a hybrid reverberation is presented. It involves forming the convolutional impulse response as the windowed difference between the desired and FDN impulse responses. In this way, arbitrary windows may be applied to the convolution and FDN components of the hybrid reverberator impulse response in forming the cross-fade. For applications in which the impulse response onset depends on a parameter, a singular value decomposition is used to develop a low-rank approximation to the tabulated reverberation impulse response onsets. The approximation is the combination of a few fixed impulse responses, with parameter-dependent weights. An emulation of the EMT 140 plate reverberator is presented as a sample application.
Endoscopic clips for closing esophageal perforations: case report and pooled analysis.

Background Acute and chronic esophageal perforations have traditionally been treated with surgery or a conservative approach. Recently, endoscopic repair has been reported in some case reports. Objective To describe a case of a chronic esophagoperitoneal fistula successfully closed by endoscopic clips after several failed reoperations and stent placement. To perform a pooled analysis of the reports describing such closures. Design Case report and pooled analysis. Setting Tertiary-care hospitals. Patients Our patient presented with mature perforation in the distal esophagus caused by laparoscopic band gastroplasty. Patients for pooled analysis identified by a MEDLINE search (1966 to January 2007) performed for all the English language articles that reported esophageal perforation/fistulae and endoscopic clips. Interventions Endoscopic clip application after ablation of epithelialized edges in our patient. Pooled analyses for demographic and perforation variables, along with predictors for closure time after clipping, were performed. Main Outcome Measurements Closure of esophageal perforations. Results The fistula in our patient closed in 3 weeks after endoscopic clipping. The literature review identified a total of 11 articles that describe 17 patients (acute 7, intermediate 4, and chronic 6). The most common cause was iatrogenic (65%), and the size of the perforation ranged from 3 to 25 mm. The median healing time after clipping was 18 days (interquartile range 6-26). Both univariable and multivariable analyses identified only the duration of perforation as a significant predictor of closure time, P values .003 and .02, respectively. Limitations Small sample size, nonrandomized sample. Conclusions Endoclips may be effective for closing both acute and chronic esophageal perforations. The duration of the perforation is a significant factor for predicting closure time.
Viability of Disa uniflora Berg (Orchidaceae) seeds under variable storage conditions: Is orchid gene-banking possible?

Earlier attempts to store orchid seeds for extended periods of time using conventional subfreezing methods have not been successful. In this paper we examine the storage biology of Disa uniflora seeds at a range of temperatures and under a variety of conditions. Viability of seeds increased with decreases in both temperature and moisture content. After 10 weeks, seeds stored at 6°C with desiccant had 90% of their original viability while those stored at 45°C retained only 40% of their viability. Seeds stored for ten weeks without desiccant at 6°C and 45°C retained 73% and 25% of the original viability, respectively. Seedling vigor followed similar patterns of decline with increasing storage times, temperatures and moisture contents. Over a course of twenty freeze-thaw cycles viability dropped to 88% of the control value. First- and second-order regressions were used to fit the storage time and viability data to extrapolate survival times at subfreezing temperatures. A first-order regression indicates limited storage capability under the temperature regimes used for agricultural seeds (−18°C), an observation that could explain earlier failures. Below −70°C, orchid seeds should retain 50% viability for a minimum of two centuries, thus allowing gene-banking.
Spin-dependent Shockley-read recombination of electrons and holes in indirect-band-gap semiconductor p-n junction diodes

Abstract This paper presents a new model for spin-dependent recombination and generation processes based on the electrical detection of magnetic resonance in semiconductor p - n junction diodes. Based on a modified Shockley-Read recombination statistics, this model differs from those models previously proposed in that the spin-dependent enhancement of free-carrier capture processes can occur directly at a paramagnetic deep defect without the need for other defects nearby. This model incorporates singlet-triplet mechanisms of existing models, but is shown to be consistent with new experimental results which indicate the absence of any adjacent trapping centers.
Adaptive coding of hyperspectral imagery

Two systems are presented for compression of hyperspectral imagery. These systems utilize adaptive classification, trellis-coded quantization, and optimal rate allocation. In the first system, DPCM is used for spectral decorrelation, while an adaptive wavelet-based coding scheme is used for spatial decorrelation. The second system uses DPCM in conjunction with an adaptive DCT-based coding scheme. In each system, entropy-constrained trellis-coded quantization (ECTCQ) is used to quantize the transform coefficients. Entropy-constrained codebooks are designed for generalized Gaussian distributions by using a modified version of the generalized Lloyd algorithm. The wavelet-based system compresses an AVIRIS hyperspectral test sequence at 0.118 bits/pixel/band, while retaining an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 41.24 dB. The DCT-based system achieves the same bit rate with an average PSNR of 40.72 dB.
Persistent nonmalignant pain management using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in older patients and use of inappropriate adjuvant medications

Disclosure Part of the findings were presented as a poster at the American Geriatric Society (AGS) Annual Meeting in Seattle, WA held in May 2012. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Intercomparison of Terra ASTER, MISR, and MODIS, and Landsat-7 ETM+

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection and Radiometer (ASTER), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are all onboard the Terra platform. The Landsat-7 platform is in orbit approximately 30 minutes ahead of Terra carrying the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor. An important aspect of the use of these sensors, and other Earth Science Enterprise sensors, has been the characterization and calibration of the sensors and validation of their data products to allow synergistic use of the sensor data. The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has been active in the area of calibration and intercomparison through the use of ground-based test sites. This paper presents the results from the reflectance-base approach using the Railroad Valley Playa test site in Nevada for ASTER, ETM+, MISR, and MODIS and thus effectively a cross-calibration between all four sensors. The results show that there is good agreement between the sensors in the VNIR and all sensors show similar standard deviations of the average with MISR showing the smallest standard deviations and ASTER the largest. ETM+, MISR, and MODIS agree to better than 4% in all bands and better than 2% in equivalent MISR bands land 2. Agreement in the shortwave infrared is not as close with Band 4 of ASTER, Band 5 of ETM+, and Band 6 of MODIS disagreeing by more than 6%. ASTER show large standard deviations and the percent differences for bands 6-9 that are much larger than those seen for MODIS and ETM+.