cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles Basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition.

To investigate the relationship among sources, chemical composition, and redox activity of coarse particulate matter (CPM), three sampling sites were set up up in the Los Angeles Basin to collect ambient coarse particles at four time periods (morning, midday, afternoon, and overnight) in summer 2009 and winter 2010. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was used to assess the redox activity of these particles. Our results present distinct diurnal profiles of CPM-induced ROS formation in the two seasons, with much higher levels in summer than winter. Higher ROS activity was observed in the midday/afternoon during summertime, while the peak activity occurred in the overnight period in winter. Crustal materials, the major component of CPM, demonstrated very low water-solubility, in contrast with the modestly water-soluble anthropogenic metals, including Ba and Cu. The water-soluble fraction of four elements (V, Pd, Cu, and Rh) with primary anthropogenic origins displayed the highest associations wi...
Incorporation of manganese into duck erythrocytes.

SummaryDuck erythrocytes in vitro take up labeled manganese added to blood. The uptake is mainly ascribable to reticulocytes. Following intravenous administration, the manganese appears promptly in the cells apparently as a function of the readily reversible uptake observed in vitro and as a function of incorporation in bone marrow. Manganese taken up by cells in vivo, but not in vitro, is recoverable to some extent in association with heme. This recovery is considered to support the hypothesis that erythrocyte manganese is present in part at least as a porphyrin complex.
The Prebriefing Concept: A Delphi Study of CHSE Experts

Abstract Background Over the past 10 years, simulation-based learning (SBL) has developed as a viable strategy to prepare students for clinical reasoning; however, very little is known about the specific components of the SBL experience and how they affect student learning. Currently, there is a gap in the simulation literature regarding prebriefing and the best strategies for preparing students for SBL. Method A three round modified electronic Delphi design was used to seek consensus from simulation experts about the prebriefing component of SBL. Initial qualitative responses of round one led to the creation of quantitative prebriefing item statements for consideration in rounds two and three. Expert panel members used a Likert scale to indicate agreement with each prebriefing statement. A 70% level of consensus was set as the benchmark. Results An expert panel of Certified Healthcare Simulation Educators reached consensus (>70%) on 83 statements about prebriefing. Findings suggest that prebriefing is an important three-phase process of SBL composed of planning, briefing, and facilitating. Conclusions The panel participants agreed that the simulation educator plays a vital role in preparing simulation participants for a successful SBL experience; however, further clarification of the prebriefing terminology is necessary. Findings of this study may be used to develop guidelines for simulation educators, administrators, and SBL learners to prepare for a successful SBL experience.
The Social Utility of Wicked Self-Love: Calvinism, Capitalism, and Public Policy in Revolutionary New England

Roger Sherman, at the center of every debate of national importance from the Stamp Act crisis through the adoption of Alexander Hamilton's financial programs, became embroiled in a less-known controversy in 1790. His clergyman, Jonathan Edwards Jr., son and namesake of America's great theological and philosophical virtuoso, had alienated much of his flock at the separatist White Haven parish in New Haven, Connecticut. Complaints about Edwards were legion. He preached "metaphysical" sermons, demanded strict standards for admission to communion in his church, and refused to share communion with members of New Haven Town's two other Congregational churches. He declared at a town meeting that a parishioner of his who believed in universal salvation was unfit for public office, and he spent most of his time preparing his father's manuscripts for publication, allegedly with an eye toward pecuniary gain. As young people abandoned White Haven, leading members of the congregation plotted his dismissal. Sherman, a partisan of Edwards since the latter's ordination in 1769, defended his minister as "Sound in the Faith, & pious, and diligent in his Studies." Sherman wrote, published, and circulated a sermon supporting Edwards's position on communion. "I have heard many good preachers," Sherman wrote to White Haven deacon David Austin, "but I have found none that in all respects suit me better than Dr Edwards. " Edwards, in turn, regarded Sherman as a model Christian, "exemplary ... in the practice of virtue," and applauded his courage "to appear openly on the Lord's side . . . to avow and defend the peculiar doctrines" of Calvinism. When Sherman died in 1793, Edwards knew his days at White Haven were numbered. Two years later, he was dismissed.'
The Equivalence Research for Secondary Arc Simulation Test of UHV With Double Circuit Transmission Lines

Auto-reclosing time and the success rate of the single-phase auto-reclosing operation are decided in the extinguishing time of the secondary arc.Extinction characteristic research of the secondary arc is the key technology to guarantee successful auto-reclosing operation.Simulation test in laboratory is the only effective method to research extinction characteristic of secondary arc in UHV with double circuit transmission lines.This paper provided the single-phase test loop in the laboratory and proved the equivalence of single-phase test loop with six-phase loop in the UHV transmission line.Otherwise,"long arc" and "short arc" were defined,and the relatively short arc were used instead of the longer arc in simulation test.The equivalence proof of the UHV transmission line secondary arc and the laboratory simulation test arc was given from theoretic analysis and laboratory test.
Extending FRBR to authorities

SUMMARY Discusses the work of the IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records. Provides an updated description of the entity-relationship model being developed by the Working Group to extend the FRBR model to cover authority data.
Therapeutics of Companion Exotic Marsupials

Exotic marsupials are becoming popular companion pets, yet little pharmacologic information is available to the practitioner. Species include sugar gliders (Petarus breviceps), South American (Brazilian) short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica), brushtail possum or "phalanger" (Trichosurus vulpecula), and wallabies: Bennett's (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) and Tammar or Dama (Macropus eugenii). Guidelines for logical choices of medications based on allometric scaling, gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology, and liver metabolism are given. An example of scaling and a formulary based on anecdotal, published medications are provided.
Results of Ureteral Reimplantation in Patients with Intrarenal Reflux

AbstractIntrarenal reflux was diagnosed in 6 male and 3 female children between 3 weeks and 11 years old, with 13 kidneys affected. One kidney was removed and 12 were managed successfully by antireflux ureteral reimplantation. Followup examination showed satisfactory growth of 10 of the 12 kidneys with intrarenal reflux.
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy in patients with T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders

Mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders comprise a heterogenous group of diseases for which there is no standard therapy. These disorders are uncommon, and are usually treated similarly to their B- cell counterparts, but with less success. Nucleoside analogues have proven effective in indolent B-cell disorders but have been less well explored in T-cell malignancies. We treated 22 patients with mature T- cell lymphoproliferative diseases with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) administered as a continuous infusion at a daily dose of 4 mg/m2 over 7 days. Nineteen of the patients had received prior therapy with a median number of prior regimens of three. Eleven patients had leukemia or large granular lymphocytosis, eight patients had mycosis fungoides, and three had T-cell lymphoma. Nine patients (41%) responded to 2-CDA. Four of the patients had responses that were complete remissions, and three of these four patients remain in remission at 23, 24, and 23 months. The only important toxic effects were fever or infection, seen during 38% of courses. In conclusion, 2-CDA appears to be an effective therapy in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and deserves wider evaluation in this subset of patients.
Impacts of climate change on water resources in Malawi

AbstractThis study examines climate change impacts on water resources in the African country of Malawi. Downscaled outputs from six general circulation models, for the most extreme Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5), were used as inputs to the soil and water assessment tool to assess the impacts of climate change on evapotranspiration, surface runoff, water yield, and soil moisture content at the country, watershed, and subbasin levels by the 2050s. At the country level, the results showed a –5.4% to +24.6% change in annual rainfall, a −5.0% to +3.1% change in annual evapotranspiration, from –7.5% to over +50% change in annual surface runoff and water yield, and up to an 11.5% increase in annual soil moisture. At the watershed level, results showed an increase in annual rainfall and evapotranspiration in the north and a gradual decline towards the south. Subbasin-level analysis showed a large probability of increase in the annual precipitation, surface runoff, water yield, and soil moisture, e...
Climatic Implications of Glacier Research

Nature and Causes of Changes in Glaciers. Recognition of the relationship between changes in glaciers and changes in climate is older than the glacial theory as set forth by Agassiz. In 1821 Ignance Venetz [22], a Swiss civil engineer, announced an apparent correlation of fluctuations in Alpine glaciers with fluctuations of the regional snowline and of temperature. In land registers and other public records he found proof that these glaciers had been less extensive formerly than at the time of his investigation. Using glacier changes as a basis of inferences as to climatic changes, Venetz concluded that the average temperature fluctuates in an irregular manner, and that the abandoned end moraines of Alpine glaciers are very ancient and record earlier changes in climate. He even stated the opinion that the latest refrigeration had reached its climax, a statement that has proved to be remarkably true in the light of events since 1821.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION

SUMMARY The anesthesiologist caring for children undergoing organ transplantation must be aware of normal pediatric physiology and be able to modify the “standard” anesthetic approach to account for both the child's disease and relative emotional immaturity. The causes of organ system failure leading to transplantation are different in children than adults, but the end-stage manifestations of organ failure are similar. The small size of the child increases the technical difficulty for both the anesthesiologist and surgeon. Anticipation of potential anesthetic problems is important in the small child because physiologic deterioration can occur so rapidly. Despite this, the application of new surgical techniques and improvements in immunosuppression have increased the number of successful pediatric transplantations. Only our continued interest and involvement in transplantation medicine will ensure that these advances are matched by improvements in anesthetic techniques for these most challenging and rewarding cases.
Medication-Induced Seizures in ADHD

The case of a 13-year-old boy with a history of ADHD and depressive disorder who had a tonic-clonic seizure 1 week after treatment with methylphenidate (80 mg/day) and sertraline (50 mg/day) is reported from Wright State University, School of Medicine, Dayton, OH.
Population Screening for Thalassemia In West Bengal with a Goal to Make Zero Thalassmia Growth

Abstract Abstract 5175 Background: India is in the Thalassemia belt of the world. Presently prevalence of Thalassemia carrier in India is 3.7% of its total population. Annual increment of Thalassemia carrier is 50,000. Both Alpha and Beta Thalassemia are found in West Bengal, a state in Eastern part of India. Beta Thalassemia is most common in West Bengal. Annual Increment of beta carrier is 2000–2500. With a motivation to make zero Thalassemia growth in West Bengal we started this program in 2005 taking Cyprus as an example. We regularly arranged camps in different districts and rural areas of West Bengal. To aware the general people seminars on Thalassemia were organized. Usually we took help from Principals of colleges & schools, Presidents of club, Gram Pradhans, Priests, Fathers & Celebrities etc. Materials & Methods: Duration of this screening study is from January 2005 to July 2010. Interested people came for thalassemia screening irrespective of cast & creed. Screening procedure consisted of the following steps. NESTROF test for all individuals was done on the spot which was followed by CBC and HPLC, done in the Laboratory. Finally to reveal different mutations in b globin gene and deletions in alpha globin gene, ARMS-PCR and gap PCR were performed respectively with the DNA of the suspected individuals. Result: For thalassemia carrier screening we had organized 122 camps in different rural as well as urban areas of West Bengal from January 2005 to July 2010. Total number of individuals screened is 29,350 (Male: 18197, Female: 11153). 24% individuals were found positive from NESTROF test and 28% has doubtful CBC. NESTROF positive and doubtful CBC samples were undergone HPLC test. Finally, 13% individuals were found beta carrier. In two camps at north Bengal we have collected about 278 samples having positive NESTROFT value and having abnormal CBC values (MCV 30 g/dl, RDW > 13%) were tested for HPLC. HbA2 values were found in the normal range. DNA analysis by gap PCR revealed that approximately 47% of them are alpha Thalassemia carrier, 32% having 3.7 kb deletion, 11% having 4.2 kb deletion and 4% other deletions. Conclusion: As the percentage of thalassemia carrier in West Bengal is very high we have to take concrete steps to control the disease from the Government level. From our part we are screening the boys and girls at marriageable age and advising them not to marry between two carriers. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Racial and ethnic differences in smoking changes after chronic disease diagnosis among middle-aged and older adults in the United States.

Middle-aged and older Americans from underrepresented racial and ethnic backgrounds are at risk for greater chronic disease morbidity than their white counterparts. Cigarette smoking increases the severity of chronic illness, worsens physical functioning, and impairs the successful management of symptoms. As a result, it is important to understand whether smoking behaviors change after the onset of a chronic condition. We assessed the racial/ethnic differences in smoking behavior change after onset of chronic diseases among middle-aged and older adults in the US. We use longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS 1992–2010) to examine changes in smoking status and quantity of cigarettes smoked after a new heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, or lung disease diagnosis among smokers. The percentage of middle-aged and older smokers who quit after a new diagnosis varied by racial/ethnic group and disease: for white smokers, the percentage ranged from 14% after diabetes diagnosis to 32% after cancer diagnosis; for black smokers, the percentage ranged from 15% after lung disease diagnosis to 40% after heart disease diagnosis; the percentage of Latino smokers who quit was only statistically significant after stoke, where 38% quit. In logistic models, black (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19–0.99) and Latino (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11–0.65) older adults were less likely to continue smoking relative to white older adults after a stroke, and Latinos were more likely to continue smoking relative to black older adults after heart disease onset (OR = 2.69, 95% CI [1.05–6.95]). In models evaluating changes in the number of cigarettes smoked after a new diagnosis, black older adults smoked significantly fewer cigarettes than whites after a new diagnosis of diabetes, heart disease, stroke or cancer, and Latino older adults smoked significantly fewer cigarettes compared to white older adults after newly diagnosed diabetes and heart disease. Relative to black older adults, Latinos smoked significantly fewer cigarettes after newly diagnosed diabetes. A large majority of middle-aged and older smokers continued to smoke after diagnosis with a major chronic disease. Black participants demonstrated the largest reductions in smoking behavior. These findings have important implications for tailoring secondary prevention efforts for older adults.
Succinate Is a Mitochondrial Retrograde Signal That Links MnSOD Depletion to Loss of Epigenetic Control and Aberrant Genomic DNA Methylation

Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity MnSOD is necessary for optimal function of the electron transport chain (ETC) and certain functions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Alterations in the expression of MnSOD have been reported in association with a variety of pathophysiological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and aging. These diseases are often accompanied by aberrant epigenetic control of normal gene expression patterns, however to date there has not been a clear mechanistic link between alterations in MnSOD expression/activity and disruption of epigenetic control. Our results and those of others indicate that loss of MnSOD inhibits not only complex I activity, but also complex II activity, likely by O 2 ●– disruption of the Fe-S cluster(s) in the SDHB subunit. Complex II is the intersection point of the ETC and TCA since it also serves as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), converting succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. Several enzymes that alter the epigenome, particularly histone and DNA demethylases including the TET family of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) hydroxylases, are α-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases and non-heme iron proteins. Notably, these enzymes are product-inhibited by excess succinate as well as by hypoxia. Thus, we hypothesized that alterations in nuclear epigenetic regulatory mechanisms subsequent to mitochondrial MnSOD depletion in human cells were mediated by cellular succinate accumulation and inhibition of nuclear demethylases. In both HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) and HEL (human erythroid leukemia) cells depleted of MnSOD activity using CRISPR/Cas9 compared to their parent control cells we observed ~90% inhibition of SDH activity, ~5-fold increases in succinate levels, ~50% inhibition of TET activity, significantly decreased levels of genomic 5hmC (5-hydroxymethyl cytosine), and ~30% increases in total genomic 5mC. Taken together, these findings provide a clear mechanistic link between alterations of MnSOD activity that occur in cancer and other human diseases with aberrant regulation of nuclear epigenetic programming and a DNA hypermethylator phenotype.
Does vitamin D deficiency affect placental inflammation or Infections among very low birth weight infants

Objective: Examine the association between placental inflammation and neonatal infections, and 25OH vitamin D (25OH D) levels at birth among very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).Study design: Seru...
Promoting Patient- and Family-Centered Care in the Intensive Care Unit: A Dissemination Project

Awareness of patient-centered and family-centered care research can assist clinicians to promote patient and family engagement in the intensive care unit. Project Dispatch (Disseminating Patient-Centered Outcomes Research to Healthcare Professionals) was developed to disseminate patient- and family-centered care research and encourage its application in clinical practice. The 3-year project involved the development of an interactive website platform, online educational programming, social media channels, a podcast and webcast series, and electronic and print media. The project's webpages received more than 5200 page views with over 4000 unique visitors from 36 countries. The podcast series has download numbers ranging from 35 596 for "Family Presence in the ICU" to 25 843 for "Improving Patient and Family satisfaction in the ICU" and 22 148 for "Family Satisfaction in the ICU." The project therefore successfully developed resources for critical care health care professionals to promote the patient- and family-centric perspective.
Latest Novelties on the World Health Organization Morphological Classifications of Genitourinary Cancers

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) releases a periodic press classification describing updates of standard worldwide nomenclature of tumors in different organs and a brief synopsis on their primarily pathological diagnostic criteria and clinical significance. The prior edition of the WHO book on the classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs was published in 2004. In the current review, we provide the updates that were included in the 2016 edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs and are most pertinent to clinical practice. Due to a large time gap between the 2004 and 2016 editions, there are many changes that are substantially influential for both clinical and pathological practices of urological oncology. This review covers the updates in the urothelial tract, kidney, testicular, and prostate tumors as well as authors' practices in the areas that remained unresolved.
Answer to February 2012 Photo Quiz

Answer: Paracoccus yeei. Paracocci are obligate aerobic, nonfermenting, Gram-negative cocci, diplococci, or coccobacilli that appear vacuolated or O shaped. The genus Paracoccus is classified within the family Rhodobacteraceae and currently contains 31 recognized species. The species Paracoccus yeei
Optimal TR-band weaning strategy while minimizing vascular access site complications.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of the study is to develop an optimal TR-Band weaning strategy while minimizing vascular access site complications of hematoma or radial artery occlusion (RAO). Methods The trial was a randomized, prospective, single center study of 129 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization via the radial artery. Group A was an accelerated protocol in which weaning was initiated 20 min after sheath removal . Group B was an adjusted protocol, in which weaning was dependent on the amount of anti-platelet or anti-coagulation used. All patients underwent radial artery ultrasound to demonstrate arterial patency. Results Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, and PCI was performed in 36.7% of patients in Group A and 37.7% of patients in Group B. RAO occurred in 7.7% of patients overall, with no statistical difference between groups (Group A 5% versus Group B 10.1%, p-value = 0.337). Hematoma formation >5 cm in diameter occurred in 4.6% of patients in the overall cohort, without statistical difference between groups (Group A 5% versus Group B 4.3%, p-value = 1). The TR-Band duration was significantly shorter in Group A compared to Group B (112.9 ± 50.7 versus 130.7 ± 51.1 in minutes, respectively, p-value = 0.013). Conclusion We have demonstrated an accelerated weaning protocol is simple to utilize for nursing staff without increased vascular site complications of RAO or hematoma formation.
Muon (g − 2): Past, Present and Future

The muon (g − 2) experiment E821 at the Brookhaven National Laboratory has achieved a relative precision of ±0.5 parts per million. A new experiment, E969, with scientific approval but not yet funded, aims to improve this to ±0.2 ppm. The technique and results from E821 will be described, and the proposed improvements for E969 will be discussed.
Transnational networks and cross-religious exchange in the seventeenth-century Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds: Sabbatai Sevi and the lost tribes of Israel, by Brandon Marriott, Universal Reform: Studies in Intellectual History, 1550–1700, Surrey, England, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2015, 167 pp., £65.00 5 (hardback), ISBN 978 1 4724 3584 2

Transnational Networks and Cross-Religious Exchange in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean and Atlantic Worlds is a religious and intellectual history of the transmission of millenarian and messi...
Coiling phagocytosis is the predominant mechanism for uptake of the colonic spirochetosis bacterium Serpulina pilosicoli by human monocytes.

Serpulina pilosicoli is a newly identified pathogenic spirochete that establishes persistent colonie infections in human beings and animals. Macrophages are one of the key defenses against invasion of mucosal surfaces by bacterial pathogens. Macrophages engulf many bacteria by conventional phagocytosis; however recent studies indicate coiling phagocytosis as a new and important mechanism for internalization of Legionella pneumophila and spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, Leptospira, and Treponema. In this study, THP-1 human monocytic cells were incubated with the human S. pilosicoli strain SP16 and the contribution of coiling and conventional phagocytosis to the total number of phagocytic events were determined by sequential ultrastructural examination between 5 and 45 minutes. The frequency of phagocytosis increased over time from 5.1% after 5 minutes up to 21.9% after 45 minutes with greater than 70% of the events involving coiling phagocytosis. The data indicate that coiling phagocytosis may be a universal mechanism for uptake of pathogenic spirochetes.
A Coverage Model for Improving Public Transit System Accessibility and Expanding Access

Accessible and efficient service are vital features of well-utilized public transit systems. Model- ing approaches to support the evaluation of transit operations for management and planning are essential for continued improvement. A hybrid coverage model is developed in this paper for simultaneously expanding service access and increasing accessibility. This paper discusses the use and integration of this model in a geographic information system environment for strategic planning. Analysis is presented for public tran- sit service in Brisbane, Australia. The structured model provides flexibility in developing viable policies for addressing system improvements and service expansion, all of which are likely to promote increased utilization of public transit.
Sociological Work in Communities

The gap between academic and applied/clinical sociology is well exemplified by an analysis of the sociological treatment of the concept of “community.” This concept usually rates at least a mention in introductory sociology and social problems textbooks (Broom et al., 1984; Henslin, 1999; Sullivan & Thompson, 1988). But many sociological theory textbooks make no mention of “community,” as indicated by the index and table of contents (Coser & Rosenberg, 1982; Perdue, 1986; Waters, 1994). Community discussions are largely limited to applied and clinical sociology books and journal articles (Alinsky, 1984a,o; Anderson, 1986; Bridger, 1997; Glassner & Freedman, 1979; Schultz, 1996; Straus, 1984).
Integrins in the immune system.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the principles governing the integrins, their capacity to recognize ligands, cellular regulation of integrin function, and aspects of integrin function in the immune system. The chapter brings these general principles into focus to understand the immune system and to describe how perturbation of these receptors can be used to modulate immunological responses. Integrins are heterodimers formed by combination of 17 α and 8 β subunits in humans and are important because they play key roles in the cell migration, cell adhesion, control of differentiation, and critical decisions specifying cell proliferation and programmed cell death. The remarkable information storage and retrieval capacities of the immune system employ the general machinery involved in vertebrate development. Thus, integrins play crucial roles in modulating signals generated by clonotypic receptors and as effectors in processes such as cytolytic killing and phagocytosis.
Electronic excitation of uranium atoms sputtered from uranium metal and oxides

Abstract Atoms sputtered from solids by energetic ion irradiation often partition across electronically excited states. We developed a resonance ionization method to measure the population of the uranium 5K5 state (620 cm−1) relative to the 6L6 ground state for atoms sputtered from metallic and oxide surfaces. A considerable fraction of sputtered atoms reside in the 5K5 state, and the fraction increases as the surface oxidizes. The effect is consistent across uranium metal, UO2, and U3O8, and is invariant with the departing velocity of the sputtered atom. The data are not sufficient to determine the excitation mechanism, however they are qualitatively consistent with resonant electron transfer from the surface to the departing atom.
Effective fetch and relative exposure index maps for the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Wind exposure is a key physical driver of coastal systems in aquatic environments influencing circulation and wave dynamics. A measure of wind exposure is fetch, the distance over which wind can travel across open water. In large lake systems, such as the Laurentian Great Lakes, estimating fetch has proven to be difficult due to their vast size and complex topobathymetry. Here we describe the development of two spatially discrete indicators of exposure to provide a more accurate indicator of the influence of wind exposure in the nearshore of the Laurentian Great Lakes. We summarized wind data from offshore buoys and used existing tools to calculate effective fetch and a relative exposure index (effective fetch scaled by mean wind speed) at a 30-m grid cell resolution. We validated these models by comparing our exposure maps to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wave Information Studies models and found general agreement. These exposure maps are available for public download for the years 2004–2014. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Is American Democracy Endangered

Concerns have grown in recent years about the current health and future prospects of constitutional democracy in the United States. Many of the recent scholarly books and articles on this subject focus on the procedural aspects of that system. This Article explores the tension between those who think of democracy primarily in that way and those who tend to be more outcome-oriented when deciding whether constitutional democracy is performing well. That second group tends to see the decline of the American middle class—economically, politically, socially, and culturally—as proof that the American system of constitutional democracy is failing. In order to evaluate the respective merits of those two schools of thought, this Article considers first what the American system was like during the two earlier eras in which the middle class was dominant. (The first stretched from the American Revolution through the mid-nineteenth century, and the second from the mid-1930s through the late 1960s.) Next it looks at how the American system of constitutional democracy has changed since the middle class began to decline in the early 1970s. The Article concludes by discussing recent debates over such things as presidential power, the nature of political representation, gerrymandering, limiting the right to vote, civics education, civility in public discourse, the role of the mass media, and the system of electing the President in order to understand why the democratic proceduralists think so differently about these aspects of American democracy than those who emphasize middle-classfriendly outcomes.
Reproducibility of wax interocclusal records on different articulators

Context: The construction of a dental prosthesis needs the duplication of intermaxillary relationships of the patient on the articulator. This procedure is normally fulfilled using interocclusal records to program the articulator according to the patient's condylar inclinations. Wax is a popular recording material used for this purpose but has proven to suffer from inaccuracies due to its dimensional variation over time. Aims: This study intends to test the reproducibility of eccentric interocclusal wax records over time. Setting and Design: Thirteen dental students aged between 18 and 30 years participated in this study. Maxillary and mandibular casts of the participants were mounted on two types of articulators; wax lateral and protrusive interocclusal records were used to program these articulators. Subjects and Methods: Horizontal and lateral condylar inclinations were obtained for each participant. The interocclusal records were stored for 10 days and the casts of each participant were remounted on the articulators. The interocclusal records were reused to obtain new condylar inclinations of each participant. The initial and the delayed condylar inclinations were compared to evaluate the impact of storage time on wax records. Statistical Analysis Used: Paired Student's t-test was used for this comparison. Results: No significant difference (0.38 0.600). Conclusions: The use of wax interocclusal records for articulator programing was shown to be acceptable even with delayed intervals, without concerns of possible variations of condylar settings due to storage time.
Ultrathin, lightweight and flexible organic light-emitting devices with a high light outcoupling efficiency

Abstract High-efficiency, flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are of interest for display and lighting applications. However, they often suffer from inefficient light extraction, and many outcoupling schemes are incompatible with flexible OLEDs. Here, we demonstrate a corrugated, ultrathin (10 μm), light-weight (20 g/m2), and flexible OLED on a polychloro-p-xylylene (parylene) substrate. A visible-wavelength-scale random corrugation pattern is imprinted on both surfaces of the parylene substrate that efficiently outcouples trapped substrate, waveguide and surface plasmon modes. A green phosphorescent OLED fabricated on a corrugated parylene substrate (CP-OLED) has an external quantum efficiency of 28 ± 2% compared with 21 ± 1% for devices on a conventional flat glass substrate. The CP-OLED shows a Lambertian intensity profile whose spectra are unchanged at different viewing angles. The very thin and flexible substrates offer a solution for foldable displays over very small radii for use in mobile devices and medical applications.
Inter-Organizational Implementation: Carrying Out a Federal Court Order in Alabama

Administering elections requires coordination among independent parties. The implementation of a 1988 court ruling in Alabama was an extreme case of this proposition. State and local officials, volunteer trainers, Auburn University, and the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service worked together in a compressed time frame to carry out new procedures for recruiting and training poll workers. The case illustrates the need for and the results of interorganizational cooperation in unusual circumstances.
Microcalcifications and plaque rupture

Abstract Cardiovascular calcification has traditionally been considered a passive process that correlates with plaque burden, but without a major role on plaque vulnerability. However, more recent data suggest that cardiovascular calcification may encompass both passive (e.g., biochemical factors, circulating nucleating complexes) and active processes (e.g., cell-mediated processes involving cell death of macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and/or the release of matrix vesicles by SMCs). The longstanding cap rupture paradigm is that the culprit plaque of an acute coronary event is not calcified, or has a low amount of calcification. However, this paradigm has been changing since the existence of numerous microcalcifications (μCalcs) was first demonstrated in human atheroma caps. High-resolution 3D finite element analysis has demonstrated that μCalcs in atheroma caps can increase the local tissue stresses by a factor of two to five, and transform a stable lesion into a vulnerable plaque.
Resolving Membrane Protein-Protein Interactions in Live Cells with Pulsed Interleaved Excitation Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy.

ConspectusThe cell plasma membrane (PM) contains thousands of proteins that sense and respond to the outside environment. These proteins have evolved sensitivity to a wide variety of physical and c...
Narrative Crisis and Renewal in the Age of Information: David Foster Wallace’s “Mister Squishy”

David Foster Wallace’s late fiction powerfully dramatizes twenty-first-century information saturation and its dehumanizing effects. In “Mister Squishy,” the lead story in Oblivion (2004), the threa...
The Effects of Housing Cost Burden and Housing Tenure on Moves to a Nursing Home Among Low- and Moderate-Income Older Adults.

Background and objectives In the United States, a growing number of older adults struggle to find affordable housing that can adapt to their changing needs. Research suggests that access to affordable housing is a significant barrier to reducing unnecessary nursing home admissions. This is the first empirical study we know of to examine whether housing cost burden (HCB) is associated with moves to nursing homes among older adults. Research design and methods Data include low- and moderate-income community-dwelling older adults (N = 3,403) from the nationally representative 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study. HCB (≥30% of income spent on mortgage/rent) and housing tenure (owner/renter) are combined to create a 4-category housing typology. Multinomial logistic regression models test (a) if renters with HCB are most likely (compared with other housing types) to move to a nursing home over 3 years (2015-2018) and (b) if housing type interacts with health and functioning to predict moves to a nursing home. Results Across all models, renters with HCB had the greatest likelihood of moving to a nursing home. Moreover, self-rated health, physical capacity, and mental health were weaker predictors of nursing home moves for renters with HCB. Discussion and implications Results suggest that older renters with HCB are most likely to experience unnecessary nursing home placement. The growing population of older renters experiencing HCB may not only signal a housing crisis, but may also challenge national efforts to shift long-term care away from nursing homes and toward community-based alternatives.
Parameter Reduction of Composite Load Model Using Active Subspace Method

Over the past decades, the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has dramatically changed the power load composition in the distribution networks. The traditional static and dynamic load models can hardly capture the dynamic behavior of modern loads especially for fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) events. Thus, a more comprehensive composite load model with combination of static load, different types of induction motors, single-phase A/C motor, electronic load and DERs has been proposed by Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). However, due to the large number of parameters and model complexity, the WECC composite load model (WECC CMLD) raises new challenges to power system studies. To overcome these challenges, in this paper, a cutting-edge parameter reduction (PR) approach for WECC CMLD based on active subspace method (ASM) is proposed. Firstly, the WECC CMLD is parameterized in a discrete-time manner for the application of the proposed method. Then, parameter sensitivities are calculated by discovering the active subspace, which is a lower-dimensional linear subspace of the parameter space of WECC CMLD in which the dynamic response is most sensitive. The interdependency among parameters can be taken into consideration by our approach. Finally, the numerical experiments validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach for WECC CMLD model.
Van der Waals epitaxy and remote epitaxy of LiNbO3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Nonlinear oxides such as LiNbO3 have found many applications in both conventional electro-optics and quantum optics. In this work, we demonstrate the van der Waals and remote epitaxy of LiNbO3 films on muscovite mica and graphene-buffered sapphire, respectively, by pulsed laser deposition. Structural analysis shows that the epitaxial relation in van der Waals epitaxy is LiNbO3 (0001) || mica (001) and LiNbO3 [ 01 1 ¯ 0] || mica [010] with LiNbO3 [ 10 1 ¯ 0] || mica [010], a 60°-rotated twin structure. The relation in remote epitaxy is LiNbO3 (0001) || sapphire (0001) and LiNbO3 [ 01 1 ¯ 0] || sapphire [ 01 1 ¯ 0] with twin structure LiNbO3 [ 1 ¯ 010] || sapphire [ 01 1 ¯ 0]. Furthermore, in remote epitaxy, Raman scattering analysis confirms the existence of graphene after deposition. Finally, we find that the oxygen partial pressure influences the presence of impurity phases significantly. The successful demonstration of van der Waals and remote epitaxy promises the feasibility of developing thin film LiNbO3 on demanded substrates toward scalable electro-optics.
Innate control of adaptive immunity and adaptive instruction of innate immunity: bi-directional flow of information.

The ability of the innate and adaptive immune systems to communicate with each other is central to protective immune responses and maintenance of host health. Myeloid cells of the innate immune system are able to sense microbial ligands, perturbations in cellular homeostasis, and virulence factors, thereby allowing them to relay distinct pathogen-specific information to naive T cells in the form of pathogen-derived peptides and a unique cytokine milieu. Once primed, effector T helper cells produce lineage-defining cytokines to help combat the original pathogen, and a subset of these cells persist as memory or effector-memory populations. These memory T cells then play a dual role in host protection by not only responding rapidly to reinfection, but by also directly instructing myeloid cells to express licensing cytokines. This means there is a bi-directional flow of information first from the innate to the adaptive immune system, and then from the adaptive back to innate immune system. Here, we focus on how signals, first from pathogens and then from primed effector and memory T cells, are integrated by myeloid cells and its consequences for protective immunity or systemic inflammation.
Tunneling magnetoresistance in phase-separated manganite nanobridges

The manganite $(\text{La},\text{Pr},\text{Ca}){\text{MnO}}_{3}$ is well known for its micrometer-scale phase separation into coexisting ferromagnetic metallic (FMM) and insulating regions. Fabrication of bridges with widths smaller than the phase-separation length scale has allowed us to probe the magnetic properties of individual phase-separated regions. At the onset of phase separation, a magnetic field induced insulator-to-metal transition among a discrete number of domains within the narrow bridges gives rise to abrupt, low-field colossal magnetoresistance steps at well-defined switching fields. At lower temperatures when the FMM phase becomes energetically favorable, the insulating regions shrink to form thin insulating strips separating adjacent FMM regions with different coercive fields. Tunneling magnetoresistance is observed across the naturally occurring intrinsic insulating strips (tunnel barriers) spanning the width of the bridges. The presence of such intrinsic tunnel barriers introduces an alternative approach to fabricating novel nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions.
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual State Legislators in the United States Developing A New Database

The goal of this project is to develop a database of GLB state legislators that can be used by different researchers, thereby creating a common database that will allow the work of one scholar to be replicated by another. The purpose of this paper is to make an effort to provide an accurate and comprehensive list of all LGB legislators in American states and to raise some of the questions and issues that have to be answered in deciding who should and should not be included in the database. In developing this database, one also learns of some of the specific features of American state legislatures that make the project more challenging.
Shaping a positive user experience by cross-skill teaming

Collaboration between different members of the teams involved in developing a product leads to successful product Members consisting of writers, usability specialists, user interface designers, visual designers, and members from programming development and service and marketing can create a very effective cross-skill team. That team can create a product that offers the users a positive user experience. By following a defined process and proven methodologies, the team in this paper focuses on the user experience for setting up a hardware management console. The team made the planning, unpacking, setting up and installing of this real product go smoothly for the user. The cross-skill team used its diverse knowledge and specific skills to optimize the user experience.
A feasibility study using interactive graphic art feedback to augment acute neurorehabilitation therapy.

Background Interactive arts technologies, designed to augment the acute neurorehabilitation provided by expert therapists, may overcome existing barriers of access for patients with low motor and cognitive function. Objectives Develop an application prototype to present movement feedback interactively and creatively. Evaluate feasibility of use within acute neurorehabilitation. Methods Record demographics and Functional Independent Measure™ scores among inpatients who used the technology during physical, occupational or recreational therapy. Record exercises performed with the technology, longest exercise duration performed (calculated from sensor data), user feedback, and therapist responses to a validated technology assessment questionnaire. Results Inpatients (n = 21) between the ages of 19 and 86 (mean 57 ± 18; 12 male/9 female) receiving treatment for motor deficits associated with neuropathology used the application in conjunction with occupational, recreational, or physical therapy during 1 to 7 sessions. Patients classified on the Functional Independence Measure™ as requiring 75%+ assistance for cognitive and motor function were able to use the interactive application. Conclusions Customized interactive arts applications are appropriate for further study as a therapeutic modality. In addition to providing interactivity to individuals with low motor function, interactive arts applications might serve to augment activity-based medicine among inpatients with low problem-solving and memory function.