cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A HOMOGENEOUS MAGNETIC FIELD.

A general and simple method is presented to calculate the eigenvalues of the eigenequation for the theory of a particle with any spin with anomalous-magnetic-moment coupling moving in a homogeneous magnetic field. The eigenvalues of the spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and spin-1 systems are obtained specifically. This method of approach does not require an explicit solution of the eigenfunction equation. Different spin-1 theories (vector theory, multispinor theory, and 6-component theory) are discussed, and in the case of no anomalous-magnetic-moment coupling terms, all these theories predict the same eigenvalues. Furthermore, by requiring that the energy eigenvalues be positive definite, we show that the vector spin-1 theory is consistent only when no anomalous-magnetic-moment coupling terms exist.
LEEGRAM: a program for normalized Stiff diagrams and quantification of grouping hydrochemical data

Abstract A Fortran-coded software package, LEEGRAM, is developed for pattern recognition of subsurface hydrochemistry and quantification of grouping groundwater masses. For pattern recognition in areas with high variability in total dissolved solids (TDS), it introduces a new means of graphic representation by normalizing Stiff diagram and using concentric rings and arc to denote TDS concentration. For diagnosis of data quality, it displays charge imbalance in the normalized Stiff diagram with a combination of solid and dashed curves and questionable TDS measurement or chemical analysis with an open circular arc. It employs a newly devised concept of correlation and group indices to quantify the grouping initiated by pattern recognition. The usage of the program is demonstrated with field examples in southern California that show incursion of high-TDS water from one groundwater basin into another with low-TDS water.
Support vector machine application on vehicles

In this paper, methods of choosing a vehicle out of an image are explored. Digital images are taken from a monocular camera. Image processing techniques are applied to each single frame picture to create the feature vector. Finally the resulting features are used to classify whether there is a car in the picture or not using support vector machines. The results are compared to those obtained using a neural network. A discussion on techniques to enhance the feature vector and the results from both learning machines will be included.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Listening as a Symbol of Religion: A Chaplain's Response

Chaplains offer a different perspective for this discussion as they are at once religious professionals, but often working in secular settings. As religious professionals they are seen as persons who represent a particular religion and yet must be available to persons of all faiths. In this context, chaplains do understand and define religion because in the course of their work they also understand that some people do not believe in religion. A chaplain's ministry is to both believer and nonbeliever. Chaplains may have greater difficulty incorporating spirituality into their work if they are from a religious tradition that does not generally include this concept in their work. Chaplains are practitioners who work directly with the dual role of religious professional working with the tools of religion and yet often operating in secular settings.
A second companion of the millisecond pulsar 1620 - 26

MILLISECOND pulsars are usually found in binary systems. This is in keeping with the generally accepted model for the formation of such pulsars14 in which an old neutron star is spun up to high angular velocities by the accretion of matter from a companion star. The millisecond pulsar 1620 – 26 in the globular cluster M4 is no exception: timing measurements1,2 reveal the presence of a 0.3-solar-mass companion star (probably a white dwarf) with an orbital period of 191 days. But subsequent measurements of this pulsar have identified a small but significant deviation from the expected behaviour3,4, suggestive of an unusually large second derivative in the pulsar's rotation rate5. Here we examine several possible sources—both intrinsic and extrinsic—for this derivative, and we find that it is best explained by the presence of a second, weakly bound companion object moving in a wide orbit around the main binary system. The third body in this hierarchical system has an orbital period of ∼100 years and a mass approximately ten times that of Jupiter, and may have been captured during a recent collision with another stellar system6.
Real-time Fourier transform spectrometry for fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry

We present a Fourier transform (Fr) spectrometer that is suitable for real-time spectral analysis in fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. The instrument consists of (i) a novel type of interferometer that can be modulated at frequencies of up to 100 kHz and has a high light throughput; and (ii) a dedicated, parallel array processor for the realtime computation of spectral parameters. The data acquisition array processor can be programmed by a host computer to perform any desired linear transform on the interferogram and can thus separate contributions from multiple fluorochromes with overlapping emission spectra. We describe optics configurations for use in both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The integration of a flow cytometer and a spectral imaging fluorescence microscope is discussed, and the concepts of direct and reversed "virtual sorting" are introduced.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Amuletta, a New Genus for Ilyarachna abyssorum Richardson, 1911 (Isopoda: Asellota: Eurycopidae)

ABSTRACT Amuletta, new genus, is proposed for Ilyarachna abyssorum Richardson, 1911. A detailed description, new illustrations, and new records are presented with a discussion of the systematic position of this species. It must be placed in the Eurycopidae, in spite of its resemblance to the presumed ancestor of the Ilyarachnidae. This difficulty arises because the present classification of these janiroidean families has become obsolete. This species is apparently limited to the northeast Atlantic, where it has a broad depth distribution. However, sampling device avoidance may account for the infrequent records of this species, implying it may have a broader geographic range. The gut contents of one specimen contained a high proportion of calcareous Foraminifera, suggesting that it was actively feeding on forams.
Outcome Analysis of Cirrhotic Patients Undergoing Chest Tube Placement

Objectives: Patients with cirrhosis can acquire pulmonary conditions that may or may not be related to their illness. Although posing a greater risk for complications, chest tubes are sometimes placed as treatment for hepatic hydrothorax and other pulmonary conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of chest tube placement in cirrhotic patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of 59 adults with cirrhosis undergoing chest tube placement. Variables that were investigated included reason for chest tube placement, complications developing while having the tube in place, and outcome. Results: The 59 subjects were classified as having Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class A cirrhosis (n = 3), CTP class B cirrhosis (n = 31), and CTP class C cirrhosis (n = 25). Indications for having a chest tube placed were hepatic hydrothorax (n = 24), pneumothorax (n = 9), empyema (n = 8), video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) [n = 7], non-VAT (n = 5), and hemothorax (n = 3). The CTP class A subjects had their chest tubes removed without further complications early in the course, and were excluded from further statistical analysis. Twenty-five subjects (42%) had significant pleural effusions requiring chest tube placement. Among the CTP class B and class C subjects, the median duration with chest tube in place was 5.0 days (range, 1 to 53 days). Serum total bilirubin levels, presence of portosystemic encephalopathy, and CTP C classification were predictors of mortality. Mortalities were seen in 5 of 31 CTP class B subjects (16%), and 10 of 25 CTP class C subjects (40%). The tubes were successfully removed in a total of 39 subjects (66%) with no further procedure. Forty-seven subjects (80%) acquired one or more of the following complications: renal dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, and infection. Conclusions: When placed for all indications, chest tubes may be successfully removed in the majority of cirrhotic patients. However, a third of all patients still die with the chest tube still in place. Failure to remove the chest tube increases mortality in patients with increasing severity of liver disease.
Physiological basis for sulfate-dependent hydrogen competition between sulfidogens and methanogens

Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Madison outcompetedMethanobacterium strain ivanov for hydrogen when sulfate was in excess because of higher cell yield and growth rate and a greater affinity for hydrogen as a consequence of a lower Km and higher Vmax for in vivo hydrogenase activity.Desulfovibrio vulgaris displayed a growth yield of 1.1 g/mol H2, a Km for tritium exchange of 4 μM, and a specific in vivo hydrogenase activity of 2.17 DPM3H2O×103/μg cell protein/h; whereasMethanobacterium strain ivanov had a yield of 0.6 g/mol H2, a Km for tritium exchange of 14 μM, and a specific in vivo hydrogenase activity of 0.38 DPM3H2O×103/μg cell protein/h. Under these physiological conditions, the Gibbs free-energy change associated with methanogenesis and sulfidogenesis from H2 was calculated to be-47.4 kJ/mol and-62.9 kJ/mol, respectively. When sulfidogenesis was limited by sulfate concentration, the methanogen was able to successfully compete with the sulfidogen for hydrogen. Competition between methanogens and sulfidogens for hydrogen is explained in terms of thermodynamic, kinetic, and other important considerations not discussed in the previous literature.
A Comparison of TIMSS Items Using Cognitive Domains

The results of international assessments such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) are often reported as rankings of nations. Focusing solely on national rank can result in invalid inferences about the relative quality of educational systems that can, in turn, lead to negative consequences for teachers and students. This study seeks an alternative data analysis method that allows for improved inferences about international performance on the TIMSS. In this study, four classroom teachers categorized a sample of TIMSS items by the cognitive domains of knowing and applying using the definitions provided by the TIMSS 2011 Assessment Frameworks. Items of different cognitive domains were analyzed separately. This disaggregation allowed for more valid inferences to be made about student performance. Results showed almost no significant difference between the performance of U.S. students and the students of five other nations. Additionally, no differences were observed in U.S. students' performance on knowing items and applying items, although students from some sample nations performed significantly better on knowing items. These results suggest that policy makers, educators, and citizens should be cautious when interpreting the results of TIMSS rank tables.
GLRT detection of broadband signals using an array of electromagnetic vector sensors

The problem of detecting a point-source, broadband signal originating from a known direction is addressed using an array of vector sensors. The signal is accompanied by zero-mean noise with an unknown covariance. The broadband detector is constructed by transforming each narrowband snapshot in the frequency domain into a rank one subspace. This reduces the broadband problem into a generalization of the narrowband detection problem and yields results formerly associated only with the narrowband detection problem. Consideration is also given to a subspace extension, called a 'sparse subspace', that exploits the symmetry inherent in the received electromagnetic field. >
ACCURACY OF DISCRIMINATION, RATE OF RESPONDING, AND RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules in which responding on a center key produced matching-to-sample trials according to the same variable-interval 30-s schedules in both components. Matching trials consisted of a vertical or tilted line sample on the center key followed by vertical and tilted comparisons on the side keys. Correct responses to comparison stimuli were reinforced with probability .80 in the rich component and .20 in the lean component. Baseline response rates and matching accuracies generally were higher in the rich component, consistent with previous research. When performance was disrupted by prefeeding, response-independent food during intercomponent intervals, intrusion of a delay between sample and comparison stimuli, or extinction, both response rates and matching accuracies generally decreased. Proportions of baseline response rate were greater in the rich component for all disrupters except delay, which had relatively small and inconsistent effects on response rate. By contrast, delay had large and consistent effects on matching accuracy, and proportions of baseline matching accuracy were greater in the rich component for all four disrupters. The dissociation of response rate and accuracy with delay reflects the localized impact of delay on matching performance. The similarity of the data for response rate and accuracy with prefeeding, response-independent food, and extinction shows that matching performance, like response rate, is more resistant to change in a rich than in a lean component. This result extends resistance to change analyses from the frequency of response emission to the degree of stimulus control, and suggests that the strength of discriminating, like the strength of responding, is positively related to rate of reinforcement.
Patterns of parasite infection in bumble bees (Bombus spp.) of Northern Virginia

In recent decades, several North American bumble bee (Bombus spp.) species have undergone precipitous declines. It is suspected that a parasite or pathogen may be responsible, yet few studies have examined the extent of parasitism and the ecology of host–parasite relationships in U.S. bumble bee populations. A season-long survey of bumble bees in seven grassland meadows of the northern Shenandoah Valley and Piedmont regions in Virginia was conducted in 2011 to ascertain the local prevalence and predictors of parasitism by the internal parasites Nosema and Crithidia, and by parasitoid conopid flies. In total, 835 bumble bees representing six species were examined. Using visual detection methods, we determined that 25% of bees were infected with parasitoid larvae, 17.4% with Crithidia, and 7.3% with Nosema. Nosema infections were more prevalent and intense in locally rare than locally common species, with the two rarest bumble bees [B. fervidus (Fabricius) and B. auricomus (Robertson)], newly suspected to be in decline, having the highest frequencies of infection (11–17.8%). Crithidia was generally more prevalent in common bumble bee species (11–35%). With fewer than 5% of individuals infected, the two rarest species had the lowest frequencies of Crithidia. Conopid fly larvae were more prevalent in common species. Body size significantly influenced the probability of parasitism by conopids and Crithidia. Smaller bees were more likely to be parasitised by Crithidia. Larger bees were more likely to be parasitised by conopid flies, although the largest bee species (B. auricomus) was not infected by conopids in this study.
In silico simulation of epithelial cell tubulogenesis

By improving our understanding of epithelial cell tubulogenesis in vitro we should improve our understanding of how these cells organize to form normal tissues such as the ducts and lobules that make up breast tissue. We do not fully understand how these ducts and lobules form. Because it is difficult to directly control and observe epithelial cell morphogenesis in vivo, we study it using in vitro culture systems. They are more easily controlled and observed. One of the most well studied models of tubulogenesis uses Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in culture systems: single cell layered cysts form tubules when exposed to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We have developed an in silico analogue that mimics the fundamental cell-level operating principles and system-level phenotypes of in vitro MDCK tubulogenesis. The creation and validation of the analogue required the specification and questioning of currently held assumptions. The analogue can be used to test hypotheses about mechanisms and in silico operating principles that may have in vitro counterparts. By increasing our understanding of the operating principles that govern in vitro epithelial cell growth and organization we are better positioned to understand how best to manipulate these operating principles to achieve specific tissue engineering objectives.
U.S. initiatives for improving the quality of life using optics (Abstract only)

The United States has had incredible growth, which has had a direct impact on the quality of life for Americans, during the last decade. Much of this growth has been fueled by the investments that we have made in science and technology, and particularly in initiatives such as the one on nanotechnology and information technology. There is a belief in the U.S. that optics and photonics can have a direct baring on the quality of life, whether it be homeland security, life science instrumentation, or systems that can help the aging population. Further, the lack of science and math teachers in the K-12 education system has been identified as a barrier to continued economic growth. A second barrier may be the lack of sufficient numbers of technically trained workers. A comparsion between the U.S. and other countries will be made. ( Abstract only available )
Evolution of DNA ligases of Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA viruses of eukaryotes: a case of hidden complexity

Background Eukaryotic Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) encode most if not all of the enzymes involved in their DNA replication. It has been inferred that genes for these enzymes were already present in the last common ancestor of the NCLDV. However, the details of the evolution of these genes that bear on the complexity of the putative ancestral NCLDV and on the evolutionary relationships between viruses and their hosts are not well understood.
Genetic Mediators of Neurocognitive Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Purpose Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at increased risk for neurocognitive problems, with significant interindividual variability in outcome. This study examined genetic polymorphisms associated with variability in neurocognitive outcome. Patients and Methods Neurocognitive outcomes were evaluated at the end of therapy in 243 survivors treated on an institutional protocol featuring risk-adapted chemotherapy without prophylactic cranial irradiation. Polymorphisms in genes related to pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of antileukemic agents, drug metabolism, oxidative stress, and attention problems in noncancer populations were examined as predictors of outcome, using multiple general linear models and controlling for age at diagnosis, sex, race, and treatment intensity. Results Compared with national norms, the cohort demonstrated significantly higher rates of problems on direct assessment of sustained attention (P = .01) and on parent ratings of attention problems (P = .0...
Locomotion in captive Leontopithecus and Callimico: A multimedia study

Video studies, gait analysis, footprint tracks, and observa- tional scan sampling show that, in comparably furnished enclosures, Leonto- pithecus rosalia and Callimico goeldii are superficially similar in their use of predefined locomotor patterns but differ profoundly in many underlying de- tails which reflect differences in postcranial morphology. Each uses pro- nograde arboreal quadrupedal walking, quadrupedal bounding, and vertical climbing with comparable frequency, and both shift to bounding while moving quadrupedally at high speeds. In walking, both species use a diagonal se- quence gait. However, in Callimico the distance per bout traveled while walk- ing or running is shorter than in L. rosalia and there is an emphasis on leaping (from a stationary position) and bounding-leaps (saltational exten- sions of pronograde quadrupedalism), in contrast with the basically quadru- pedal style ofL. rosalia. This dichotomy is consistent with anatomical special- izations, such as forelimb elongation in Leontopithecus and hindlimb elongation in Callimico. In vivo hand- and footprint studies demonstrate grasping halluces in both species while walking. Limb stances in L. rosalia during "transaxial bounding" involve an overstriding hindlimb, a predomi- nance of oblique rather than in-line travel, and unique hand and foot posi- tions. Anatomically, this locomotor style may be associated with reduced dexterity of the elongate hands and a relatively short hallux. The captive locomotor profiles for both species probably reflect biased samples of the locomotor repertoire of their wild counterparts. Nevertheless, these data re- flect species-specific integrations of locomotor behavior and morphology, and corroborate expectations of locomotor diversity among callitrichine primates, even those of similar body size. It is suggested, however, that conventional quantitative studies of locomotor profiles may prove inadequate for resolving subtle aspects of locomotor morphology and behavior. o 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
After-affects: How automatic evaluations influence the interpretation of subsequent, unrelated stimuli

Abstract Findings from three experiments suggest that participants’ automatic evaluations of subliminally presented objects influenced how they interpreted subsequent, unrelated objects. Participants defined homographs (Experiment 1), categorized objects and people (Experiment 2), and made person judgments (Experiment 3) that all could be disambiguated in either a positive or negative way. Participants’ responses to the ambiguous targets were evaluatively consistent with their automatic evaluations of preceding, semantically unrelated objects. The findings suggest that one’s automatic evaluations can influence deliberate judgments of subsequent stimuli, even when the only shared dimension between the initially evaluated objects and the judged objects is an evaluative one. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms of evaluative priming as well as previous research concerning evaluative priming effects on social judgment.
Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats:

The objective of this study was to characterize clinical, radiologic, and histologic patterns of alveolar bone expansion and osteomyelitis in cats. Based on case materials submitted as surgical biopsy specimens, alveolar bone pathology was diagnosed in 28 cats. These cats had a total of 37 oral lesions with clinical and radiologic changes that involved bone and/or teeth, including periodontitis, bone expansion, tooth resorption, and/or chronic osteomyelitis; 32 lesions were evaluated by histopathology. Canine teeth were affected in 19 cats (27 affected teeth), with bilateral lesions in 5 (26.3%) cats. The caudal premolar and/or molar regions were affected in 10 cats (10 affected sites). All biopsy sites evaluated by a review of clinical images and/or radiographs had evidence of periodontitis. Clinical photographs showed expansion of alveolar bone in 13 of 16 (81%) biopsy sites evaluated. Radiologically, rarifying osseous proliferation of alveolar bone was seen at 26 of 27 (96%) biopsy sites, and tooth resorption occurred at 15 of 18 (83%) sites. Histologically, the tissue samples from canine sites had compressed trabeculae of mature remodeled bone, loose fibrous stroma with paucicellular inflammation, and mild proliferation of woven bone. Tissue samples from the premolar/molar biopsy sites were often highly cellular with mixed lymphoplasmacytic and chronic suppurative inflammation, ulceration with granulation tissue, and robust proliferation of woven bone. Alveolar bone expansion and osteomyelitis in cats occurs in conjunction with periodontal inflammation and frequently with tooth resorption.
Rapid Identification of Genetic Modifications in Bacillus anthracis Using Whole Genome Draft Sequences Generated by 454 Pyrosequencing

Background: The anthrax letter attacks of 2001 highlighted the need for rapid identification of biothreat agents not only for epidemiological surveillance of the intentional outbreak but also for implementing appropriate countermeasures, such as antibiotic treatment, in a timely manner to prevent further casualties. It is clear from the 2001 cases that survival may be markedly improved by administration of antimicrobial therapy during the early symptomatic phase of the illness; i.e., within 3 days of appearance of symptoms. Microbiological detection methods are feasible only for organisms that can be cultured in vitro and cannot detect all genetic modifications with the exception of antibiotic resistance. Currently available immuno or nucleic acid-based rapid detection assays utilize known, organism-specific proteins or genomic DNA signatures respectively. Hence, these assays lack the ability to detect novel natural variations or intentional genetic modifications that circumvent the targets of the detection assays or in the case of a biological attack using an antibiotic resistant or virulence enhanced Bacillus anthracis, to advise on therapeutic treatments. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show here that the Roche 454-based pyrosequencing can generate whole genome draft sequences of deep and broad enough coverage of a bacterial genome in less than 24 hours. Furthermore, using the unfinished draft sequences, we demonstrate that unbiased identification of known as well as heretofore-unreported genetic modifications that include indels and single nucleotide polymorphisms conferring antibiotic and phage resistances is feasible within the next 12 hours. Conclusions/Significance: Second generation sequencing technologies have paved the way for sequence-based rapid identification of both known and previously undocumented genetic modifications in cultured, conventional and newly emerging biothreat agents. Our findings have significant implications in the context of whole genome sequencing-based routine clinical diagnostics as well as epidemiological surveillance of natural disease outbreaks caused by bacterial and viral agents.
Ion Beam-Assisted Deposition of Biaxially Aligned CeO2 and ZrO2 Thin Films on Amorphous Substrates

Deposition of HTSC and other films is often restricted to lattice-matched single crystal substrates to produce desired epitaxial films. Ion assisted, electron beam deposition (IBAD) has been used to evaporate biaxially aligned ceria and zirconia films on amorphous substrates, thus producing a surface for the deposition of oriented Ba 2 YCu 3 O 7-δ films. The conditions at which preferential (200) film alignment is obtained has been optimized. The ion-to-atom ratio and ion beam energy are critical in determining beam effects on in-plane alignment Pole figures revealed that both (220) and (111) in-plane alignments parallel to the direction of the ion beam could be obtained depending on the ion-to-atom ratio. Certain orientations dominate at various temperature regimes on different substrates. The orientation regimes were similar on all substrates, but the temperature at which the trends were observed differed with substrate. Microstructures were correlated to orientations, with the desired (200) orientation being columnar. A mechanism to account for this biaxial alignment is proposed.
Surface immunoglobulins and protease inhibitors of human acute leukemia blasts.

Cell-surface proteins of human leukemic blasts were studied by direct immunofluorescence (DIF), low pH elution and immunodiffusion (ID). Among AML blasts from 21 patients, the average proportions of blasts positive for IgG, IgM, and IgA were 60%, 9%, and 9% respectively. In contrast, blasts from four CML patients in blast crisis and 14 ALL patients had surface IgG, IgM, and IgA values of 14%, 9%, and 7% respectively for the former group and 1.4%, 1.1%, and 0.8% respectively for the latter group. Blasts from 20 leukemic cell preparations were eluted at pH 2.4 for 30 min at 4° C in glycine. HC1 buffer. Immunodiffusion with appropriate specific antisera demonstrated intact IgG in 3 of 13 AML eluates. Ten of 13 AML eluates, 1 of 3 CML eluates, and 2 of 4 ALL eluates contained intact IgG and Fab fragment, but no Fc fragment. One CML eluate contained intact IgG; the remaining CML eluate contained Fab fragment only. Two ALL eluates contained no IgG or fragments by double diffusion. An eluate from a pool of normal human leukocytes from 20 normal donors contained intact IgG and Fc fragment, but no Fab fragment. Nineteen of 20 leukemic cell eluates also contained the anti-proteases alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin which were shown to have been proteolytically modified. Five of 20 leukemic cell eluates contained the anti-protease alpha-2-macroglobulin. The normal leukocyte eluate contained alpha-1-anti-trypsin but no alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin or alpha-2-macroglobulin. The presence of Fab fragment in AML, CML blast crisis and ALL eluates suggests IgG binding by Fab as antibody, while Fc fragment in normal leukocyte eluate suggests binding via Fc to the Fc receptor. The expression of cell-associated proteolytic enzymes, as revealed by the presence of protease-modified anti-proteases, may explain cell-surface IgG degradation. A consequence of surface proteolytic activity would be the degradation of IgG antibody to yield Fab fragment bound to membrane antigenic determinants. The Fab reaction product is incapable of interacting with either complement or Fc receptors. Therefore, such proteolytic activity may protect the leukemic blasts from lysis by complement-dependent or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms.
Evaluation of chromatic dispersion in W-type fibers.

Evaluation of chromatic dispersion in W-type fibers, based on the assumption that waveguide and material dispersion are additive effects, is examined. Actual and approximate dispersion of the LP01 mode are calculated and compared for three W fibers. For two fibers the errors introduced by the approximate method are substantial, even larger than the total dispersion at most wavelengths in the range 1.1 μm < λ < 1.6 μm. For a third fiber, however, the agreement between the actual and approximate results is close. It is shown that the accuracy of the approximate method improves if the wavelength derivatives of the index differences become smaller.
Tibial stress phenomena and fractures: imaging evaluation

This study aims to evaluate the various imaging modalities used to diagnose tibial stress–fractures/phenomena and determine which of these are most useful and definitive. The plain film, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and nuclear medicine findings in a 20-patient cohort, ranging from ages 10 to 21 years with an average of 16 years, were reviewed. The male to female ratio was recorded as was the incidence of right or left, or bilateral extremity involvement. Thereafter, each imaging modality was evaluated for positive findings. Twelve of the patients had pretibial swelling on plain films, 10 a thickened cortex, to a visible fracture on plain films and 13 had increased short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) signal in the post tibial (marrow) and pretibial (subperiosteum) areas on MR imaging. No CT studies were performed. One positive nuclear medicine study was available. Although there are a number of imaging modalities which can be used to evaluate the tibial stress/fracture phenomena problem, it would appear that plain films and MR studies are most useful. If plain films do not show a fracture and further information is required, an MR study is most appropriate.
CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION OF C-MYC IN NIH 3T3 CELLS WHICH COEXPRESS THE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR-I RECEPTOR AND THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEIN RESTORES COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR-I DEPENDENT MITOGENIC GROWTH

To begin to understand how ras p21 might be coupled to the human colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-IR), we compared the signaling properties of a CSF-IR containing a point mutation that converts the tyrosine at position 809 to a phenylalanine residue to signal transduction in cells that co-express the wild-type receptor and the catalytic domain of the GTPase activating protein (GAP(C)). We find that modulation of the immediate early gene c-myc and a delayed early response represented by the retrotransposon NVL3 were selectively impaired in both situations. Further, constitutive expression of c-myc in cells that contain GAP(C) restored CSF-1-dependent signal transduction. The data suggest a model in which information important for mitogenic cell.growth flows from the region of the receptor containing tyrosine 809, through ras p21, to c-myc in the nucleus.
Refining the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer

Since its initial description, the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has evolved considerably, from a purely diagnostic tool performed to stage germ cell testicular cancer to a therapeutic operation that fully duplicates the open technique. Herein, we describe the current technique employed at our institution, along with illustrations of all surgical steps, and delineate the refinements of the technique over time.
Scheduling of Energy Storage Systems with Geographically Distributed Renewables

Renewable energy sources (RES) are very likely to continue the upward capacity trend witnessed in the past years. The reasons for adoption are varied and respond to both market pressures, influence of government intervention and a raised awareness of the consequences on the environment of the current generation fleet. The change from dispatch able generation to an environment in which Independent System Operators (ISO's), Regional Transmission Operators (RTO's) and consumers, among others, accommodate the demand to the available generation, requires fundamental changes in the way the system is managed. Also, to better harness the energy from renewable sources, both new methods and technologies need to be adopted, counteracting for the sometimes unpredictable behavior of these sources. This study proposes a method with multi-period optimization to help prescribe the optimal placement and usage of RES and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) with full information of the system. Four cases are analyzed in their dispatches, as well as the benefits to the participants in the wholesale market, for a reduced 30-bus network. While the data requirements are high, and the use of a reduced system limits the applications herein proposed, the policy implications from the results obtained provide useful insights into an ongoing debate regarding on how to direct investment in the electrical system.
Microskills Training: Evolution, Reexamination, and Call for Reform

For more than four decades, the microskills approach has been the dominant paradigm for training entry-level counseling students. At its inception, the model met a critical need: instruction in discrete counseling behaviors, which at the time was conspicuously missing from training curricula. Although these behaviors have become essential components of training in counseling psychology and other mental health specialties, the authors’ reexamination of the literature leads them to question the overall adequacy of the model. After reviewing prominent textbooks in the field and evaluating the research on microskills training, the authors identify five serious limitations of the model. While respecting and retaining the positive features of the microskills approach, its limitations bespeak the need to develop training paradigms that embrace a broader model of counselor competence.
p̅ p Annihilation into π+ρ at Small Angles Between 1 and 2 GeV / c

We have studied the process p p into π+X- using wire spark chambers. The data cover the angular range of cosθp π+* between 0.96 and 1.0 at several incident momenta between 1 and 2 GeV / c. The reaction p p→π+ρ- was observed with (dσ / dΩ)* of the order of 100 μb/sr at several momenta.
Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Introduction and Prologue

Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court and Buck v. Bell (Johns Hopkins University Press) tells the story of the 1927 U. S. Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, which approved laws allowing states to perform surgery in order to prevent "feebleminded and socially inadequate" people from having children. In the Buck case the Supreme Court endorsed involuntary sterilization as a tool of government eugenic policy, setting the stage for similar laws in the majority of states. The case is most often remembered by the Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., opinion, which ended in the rhetorical climax: "Three generations of imbeciles are enough." Paul Lombardo sets out in this book to challenge the accuracy of the Holmes opinion, and recount in detail the events that brought Buck to the Supreme Court. The Introduction to the book retraces the author's path in discovering the major documents and records that revealed the story of the Buck case, and sets forth a summary of the book's thesis and direction. The Prologue provides a brief description of the trial of Carrie Buck, and the role of Arthur Estabrook as expert eugenic witness.
Wall Street: A History

Charles Geisst's most recent edition of Wall Street: A History provides one of the most comprehensive studies of the evolution of Wall Street, from the eighteenth-century markets formed on side str...
Numerical Analysis of the Causes of Population Collapse in a Severe Outbreak of the Douglas-fir Tussock Moth

Natural populations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Mc-Dunnough), were studied on 22 sample plots in 1973–74 during the decline of an outbreak in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Causes of the decline were evaluated by comparing rates of mortalities during the generation that decline began. Factors having the greatest effect on density variation in the subsequent generation were also identified by determining the major sources of variation in a model of population change. The largest source of loss was the disappearance of young larvae from the foliage because of dispersal, predation, and starvation. Virus disease and insect parasitization accounted for a relatively small proportion of the total loss. Survival of instars III and IV and the production and survival of overwintering eggs had the most influence on density differences in the next generation. Most of the mortality in these stages and the reduction in fecundity were directly or indirectly a result of intraspecific competition, which caused food stress and starvation in the outbreak. Although insect parasites and virus disease caused significant mortality in the later stages of tussock moth development, they did not account for dissimilarities in the downward trend of numbers on different plots. The failure of natural controls, especially a viral disease, to develop earlier in response to rapidly increasing numbers of tussock moth caused the outbreak to be especially severe and, ultimately, to be limited primarily by the depletion of suitable food.
Archaic Origins of the Lowland Maya

The earliest Lowland Maya are commonly recognized by permanent architecture and the appearance of pottery. However, when other lines of evidence are considered, strong continuities with late Archaic populations can be seen. Reconciling these views relies on more than simply gathering more data. It is also necessary to consider the effect of decades of scholarship that defines the precolumbian Maya as “civilization” rather than considering the historical contexts of important transitions, such as the one that culminated with sedentism, the adoption of new technologies, and participation in long-distance exchange. The Archaic-to-Preclassic transition was relatively brief and largely obscured by the practices of establishing permanent dwellings. Nevertheless, this period must have been extremely dynamic and marked by significant cultural change, making it important to researchers interested in early Mesoamerica. Using three lines of evidence—subsistence, economy and technology, and stratigraphically controlled radiocarbon data—this article argues that the Lowland Maya had their cultural origins at least in the late Archaic and that the case for pottery before ca. 1000 B.C. remains uncertain. Future research is needed to determine precisely how far back in time certain cultural practices that characterize Preclassic and Classic Maya society can be documented.
Chemical and Thermophysical Characterization of 1,3,5-Triisopropylcyclohexane

The complex nature of finished fuels makes definitive studies on composition and combustion properties very difficult and uncertain. This has led to the adoption of fuel surrogate mixtures in such studies. The development of a surrogate mixture is itself a nontrivial process, and a surrogate mixture is often developed specifically for a given purpose. Often, thermophysical property surrogate mixtures cannot be used for examination of combustion properties, and vice versa. Surrogates range in complexity from a single component to complex mixtures containing 20 or more components. A recent study on surrogate mixture development for diesel fuel used state-of-the-art techniques of 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the advanced distillation curve to characterize fuel composition and volatility, respectively. This work indicated the need for a multiply substituted, low cetane number, high molecular mass monocycloalkane surrogate mixture component. The addition of 1,3,5-triisopropylcyc...
Fate of antibody following in vivo combination with specific antigen.

ConclusionsIn the presence of specific antigen 62% of the homologous anti-protein antibodies are rapidly removed from the circulation within one hour after injection and 86 per cent within 6 hours. Once removed from the blood, the antibodies are promptly catabolized, between one third and one half within 6 hours and virtually all between 24 and 48 hours. In the rabbit the rates of catabolism of anti protein antibodies and heterologous serum protein antigens after their elimination from the circulation as specific complexes are comparable.
Statistical Process Control

A process can be defined as a combination of components, tools, people and machines that together produce an item, like a part that subsequently is inserted into a finished good item. Although, the output of the process may vary, the final customer requires the product to satisfy the standards specified by the engineers. Management’s goal is to control the output units of a process so that it conforms to the standards set by the engineers. The output measures are of two types: attribute or variable. Attribute is when the output measure is defective or not defective. Variable is when some measure is taken from each sampled unit.
Common Answers for Class Certification

This Essay for the Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc roundtable on Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. focuses on new developments in the law of class action certification. Prior to Dukes, the federal appellate courts had been gravitating toward a consensus on the parameters for judicial rulings on class certification. Under this emerging consensus view, the court is obligated to determine – under a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard and with no preclusive effect on the merits – whether the pertinent requirements for class certification have been satisfied. But the court has no authority to conduct a free-floating inquiry into the plaintiffs’ likelihood of success on the merits, unrelated to a class certification requirement. Dukes unsettles this emerging consensus, positing that courts may not withhold class certification as long as plaintiffs put forward a triable case as to the existence of a common, class-wide course of misconduct by the defendant. Under this view, the court may not determine whether the alleged class-wide course of misconduct more likely than not exists – even for the limited purpose of ruling on class certification – for fear of intrusion into the role of the fact finder at trial.This Essay first explains why Supreme Court review is warranted in Dukes, above and beyond the usual concern over splits among the federal appellate courts. The Essay then observes that Dukes is part of a larger category of cases in recent years that involve class certification disputes centered on aggregate proof – in Dukes, primarily an analysis of Wal-Mart’s hourly work force, said to reveal statistically significant differences in pay and promotions across male-female lines. The bulk of the Essay spotlights the crucial conceptual error in Dukes: the majority’s confusion between motions for class certification and the motion that really does regulate the relationship between the court and the fact finder (summary judgment). Drawing on illustrations from class certification decisions in securities fraud, antitrust, and RICO litigation, the Essay explains how confusion between class certification and summary judgment can lead to both judicial underreach (as in Dukes) and judicial overreach (as in some decisions from other circuits). Supreme Court reversal in Dukes would lend clarity and consistency to the law of class certification, but in a way that would not cut uniformly for or against either plaintiffs or defendants across the gamut of civil law.
Applying Parallel Computing Techniques to Analyze Terabyte Atmospheric Boundary Layer Model Outputs

Abstract In the atmospheric sciences, the size of simulation output continues to grow as computational resources able to handle simulations with fine-scale spatial and temporal resolutions become more accessible. As output size increases, serial data analysis methods become overwhelmed, resulting in either long delays during processing or total failures due to memory constraints. Parallel data analysis methods can alleviate these issues, however atmospheric scientists are often unfamiliar with how to achieve this. Therefore, example methods are needed to help guide the use of parallel processing in the analysis of Big Data from atmospheric simulations. In this work, practical methods are presented by which an analysis may be executed in parallel using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Python. These methods first consider the inherent spatial dependencies of a particular data analysis process. By identifying these dependencies, horizontal or vertical distribution of the dataset across processes can be carried out with minimal process intercommunication. In addition, an analysis method is classified as either data-transfer-limited or computationally-limited. In data-transfer-limited problems, data transfer time outweighs processing time. In computationally-limited problems, processing time outweighs data transfer time. The results show that by increasing processor count, the execution time of computationally-limited problems shows improvement. For data-transfer-limited problems, increasing node count offers the greatest improvement. To further improve the performance of computationally-limited problems, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) framework are used. It is shown that this GPU implementation offers further improvement over the MPI version of the analysis methods tested.