cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS of WHITE DWARF PHOTOSPHERIC SPECTRAL LINES: Hβ

We spectroscopically measure multiple hydrogen Balmer line profiles from laboratory plasmas to investigate the theoretical line profiles used in white dwarf (WD) atmosphere models. X-ray radiation produced at the Z Pulsed Power Facility at Sandia National Laboratories initiates plasma formation in a hydrogen-filled gas cell, replicating WD photospheric conditions. Here we present time-resolved measurements of H? and fit this line using different theoretical line profiles to diagnose electron density, ne, and n = 2 level population, n2. Aided by synthetic tests, we characterize the validity of our diagnostic method for this experimental platform. During a single experiment, we infer a continuous range of electron densities increasing from ne ? 4 to ?30 ? 1016 cm?3 throughout a 120-ns evolution of our plasma. Also, we observe n2 to be initially elevated with respect to local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE); it then equilibrates within ?55 ns to become consistent with LTE. This supports our electron-temperature determination of Te ? 1.3 eV (?15,000 K) after this time. At ne ? 1017 cm?3, we find that computer-simulation-based line-profile calculations provide better fits (lower reduced ?2) than the line profiles currently used in the WD astronomy community. The inferred conditions, however, are in good quantitative agreement. This work establishes an experimental foundation for the future investigation of relative shapes and strengths between different hydrogen Balmer lines.
Discrete-State Stochastic Models of Calcium-Regulated Calcium Influx and Subspace Dynamics Are Not Well-Approximated by ODEs That Neglect Concentration Fluctuations

Cardiac myocyte calcium signaling is often modeled using deterministic ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and mass-action kinetics. However, spatially restricted “domains” associated with calcium influx are small enough (e.g., 10−17 liters) that local signaling may involve 1–100 calcium ions. Is it appropriate to model the dynamics of subspace calcium using deterministic ODEs or, alternatively, do we require stochastic descriptions that account for the fundamentally discrete nature of these local calcium signals? To address this question, we constructed a minimal Markov model of a calcium-regulated calcium channel and associated subspace. We compared the expected value of fluctuating subspace calcium concentration (a result that accounts for the small subspace volume) with the corresponding deterministic model (an approximation that assumes large system size). When subspace calcium did not regulate calcium influx, the deterministic and stochastic descriptions agreed. However, when calcium binding altered channel activity in the model, the continuous deterministic description often deviated significantly from the discrete stochastic model, unless the subspace volume is unrealistically large and/or the kinetics of the calcium binding are sufficiently fast. This principle was also demonstrated using a physiologically realistic model of calmodulin regulation of L-type calcium channels introduced by Yue and coworkers.
Circadian rhythms in lizards: phase response curve for melatonin.

Single biweekly injections of melatonin were administered to lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) free-running (exhibiting their endogenous circadian activity rhythm) in constant dim illumination. The injections caused phase shifts in the activity rhythm whose magnitude and direction were a function of the time of the melatonin injections, relative to activity onsets. Plotting the direction and amount of phase shift versus the time (phase) at which the injection was given generates a phase-response curve (PRC). The PRC shows that injections administered between midsubjective day and early subjective night (6–15 hr after activity onset) elicit phase advances in the activity rhythm, whereas injections given at other phases of the activity cycle induce phase delays. The existence of a PRC for melatonin suggests that the daily endogenous rhythm of melatonin (i. e., of pineal origin) may be involved in phasing, or entraining, the circadian system of lizards. The shape of the PRC also allows predictions as to the effects of continuous exogenous melatonin administration on the period of free-running activity rhythms as well as on the mechanism of entrainment of activity rhythms to daily melatonin injections.
Management of Child and Adolescent Obesity: Summary and Recommendations Based on Reports From Pediatricians, Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, and Registered Dietitians

Intensive, behavior-based weight loss programs for children have proved successful in clinical studies,1 but these approaches have not yet been translated to effective office care. In 1996, the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (NCEMCH) convened a committee of experts in childhood obesity to recommend the medical, emotional, and behavioral evaluations that should precede efforts to control weight, and appropriate intervention approaches shown to be successful in comprehensive behavior programs.2 Although the effectiveness of the recommendations has not yet been tested, they represent the best available guide for practice. Physicians, registered dietitians (RDs), and pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) care for more overweight patients now than they did several decades ago. Not all address the problem or evaluate and treat overweight children and adolescents in ways that are consistent with the expert recommendations. A review of current practices to identify those that commonly differ from recommendations will guide development of strategies to assist providers in following recommended practices. Potential interventions include education, removal of barriers in the health care system, and practical office aids such as body mass index (BMI) calculators or medical evaluation checklists. The assessment of needs to identify problem areas is the first step to improve provider practices. Research about the attitudes and practices of pediatric health care providers when they address obesity is sparse. Price et al3 found a high level of concern about obesity among members of the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, they focused primarily on treatment recommendations and did not seek information about medical, psychological, or emotional evaluation, or barriers to care. Other studies have assessed attitudes and practices of physicians of adult patients.4–6 …
The relationship between encephalitis lethargica and influenza: A critical analysis

Since encephalitis lethargica’s (EL) prevalence in the 1920s, epidemiologic and clinical debate has persisted over whether EL was caused by, potentiated by, or merely coincident with the Spanish influenza pandemic. Epidemiologic analyses generally suggest that the disorders were coincidental. Beginning in the 1970s, modern experiments on archival brain samples mainly failed to confirm a direct relationship between influenza and EL. These experimental studies have technical limitations, e.g., the appropriateness of antibodies, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and controls, and the extreme paucity and age of available material. These factors render the case against influenza less decisive than currently perceived. Nevertheless, there is little direct evidence supporting influenza in the etiology of EL. Almost 100 years after the EL epidemic, its etiology remains enigmatic, raising the possibility of a recurrence of EL in a future influenza pandemic.
Building explainable artificial intelligence systems

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems and behavior models in military simulations become increasingly complex, it has been difficult for users to understand the activities of computer-controlled entities. Prototype explanation systems have been added to simulators, but designers have not heeded the lessons learned from work in explaining expert system behavior. These new explanation systems are not modular and not portable; they are tied to a particular AI system. In this paper, we present a modular and generic architecture for explaining the behavior of simulated entities. We describe its application to the Virtual Humans, a simulation designed to teach soft skills such as negotiation and cultural awareness.
Adaptive Automation, Level of Automation, Allocation Authority, Supervisory Control, and Adaptive Control: Distinctions and Modes of Adaptation

This paper revisits several concepts and model frameworks that have been in the literature of human-machine interaction and control engineering for up to 50 years. The purposes of the revisit are as follows: 1) to sharpen distinctions between adaptive automation, level of automation, allocation authority, supervisory control, and adaptive control engineering as the terms are currently used in the literature; 2) to define modes of human supervisory adaptation from the control engineering perspective; and 3) to suggest comparative taxonomies for adaptive automation in direct control and in supervisory control.
Understanding industry-government-university technology development partnership needs in the aviation/aerospace industry

Summary form only given. The contribution of this paper is a description of the partnership needs among industry, government, and the educational system for technology development. A three-part research study involving an industry survey, industry/government interviews, and a faculty survey was conducted. Industry, government, and faculty associated with aviation/aerospace in the state of Florida were the sample population. The results define the partnership needs for technology research and development. The results of this research can be used to understand how industry and the educational system can partner for technology development. Three data collection efforts provide a synergistic look at the partnership issues from both the industry and the educational system perspective. This paper focuses on the issues associated with technology development.
The Apparent Viscosity of Ice Cream

Summary It has been shown that the sagging beam method of viscosity measurement can be used to determine the rheological properties of ice cream, and that ice cream may for all practical purposes be considered a viscous material. A detailed study has been made of those factors of normal manufacture, such as overrun, temperature of drawing, etc., which would affect the viscosity of ice cream, so that a standard procedure could be developed for determining ice cream viscosity. The effect of milkfat concentration and gelatin concentration upon the viscosity and quality of ice cream has been studied. It is shown that they in some way act to produce the same general effect upon the viscosity of ice cream. Increasing temperature of homogenization tends to reduce the quantity of either material necessary to produce the same general effect. While it is evident that the absolute viscosity value of an ice cream is not a direct measure of quality, it is shown that, in a series of ice creams in which one factor is varied, viscosity is an indication of changes in quality and of the physical action of that factor in ice cream.
Robust wireless ad hoc networks

We consider a large-scale of wireless ad hoc networks whose nodes are distributed randomly in a two-dimensional region /spl Omega/. Given n wireless nodes V, each with transmission range r/sub n/, the wireless networks are often modeled by graph G(V, r/sub n/) in which two nodes are connected if their Euclidean distance is no more than r/sub n/. We show that, for a unit-area square region /spl Omega/, the probability G(V, r/sub n/) being k-connected is at least (e/sup -e/)/sup -/spl sigma// when n/spl pi/(r/sup 2/)/sub n/ /spl ges/ ln n + (2k - 3) ln ln n - 2 ln (k - 1)! + 2/spl sigma/ for k > 1 and n sufficiently large. This result also applies to mobile networks when the moving of wireless nodes always generates randomly and uniformly distributed positions. We also conduct extensive simulations to study the practical transmission range to achieve certain probability of k-connectivity when n is not large enough. The relation between the minimum node degree and the connectivity of graph G(V, r) is also studied.
Augmentation of Exposure Therapy With D-Cycloserine for Social Anxiety Disorder

Context:Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is common and debilitating.Althoughexposuretherapyisoneofthemost effective forms of psychotherapy for this disorder, many patients remain symptomatic. Fear reduction in exposure therapy is similar to extinction learning, and early clinical data with specific phobias suggest that the treatment effects of exposure therapy for SAD may be enhanced with D-cycloserine, an agonist at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
The role of regimes in short‐term wind speed forecasting at multiple wind farms

Large-scale integration of wind energy into electric utility systems requires accurate short-term wind speed forecasts. At these horizons, statistical models that account for spatial and temporal information have demonstrated improved accuracy over both physical models and statistical models that ignore spatial information. Off-site information can be incorporated by modelling wind speeds conditional on a set of regimes that capture the predominant wind patterns within a geographic region. Identifying these regimes is a crucial model-building step. Herein, we propose a new forecasting method that relies on regimes identified by fitting a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to the wind vector, and we build regimes based on a single site, a local average of sites, and a region-wide average. We compare the performance of the models with GMM-identified regimes with three state-of-the-art reference models that each account for wind regimes differently. The models are evaluated at 30-minute, 1-hour, and 2-hour ahead horizons at ten sites across the Pacific Northwest. GMM regimes based on local information produce the best forecasts and have a significantly improved accuracy at a region-wide level over the state-of-the-art models. Even greater improvements are achieved when an average of the forecasts produced by each method is constructed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
View-invariance in action recognition

Automatically understanding human actions using motion trajectories derived from video sequences is a very challenging problem. Since an action takes place in 3-D, and is projected on 2-D image, depending on the viewpoint of the camera, the projected 2-D trajectory may vary. Therefore, the same action may have very different trajectories, and trajectories of different actions may look the same. This may create a problem in interpretation of trajectories at the higher level. However, if the representation of actions only captures characteristics, which are view-invariant, then the higher level interpretation can proceed without any ambiguity. In most of the current work on action recognition, the issue of view invariance has been ignored. Therefore, proposed methods do not succeed in more general situations. In this paper, we first present a view-invariant representation of action consisting of dynamic instants and intervals, which is computed using spatiotemporal curvature of a trajectory. Then this representation is used by our system to learn human actions without any training. The system is able to incrementally learn different actions starting with no model. It can discover instances of the same action performed by different people, and in different viewpoints.
Water Management Is Key in Reducing Nutrient Runoff from Container Nurseries

Environmentally compatible production practices are conscious efforts to design and retrofit nursery container growing areas to improve irrigation and nutrient efficiency, and reduce exposure of ground and surface water supplies to contaminated effluent. Irrigation of ornamental crops in containers can be very inefficient, using large quantities of water and fertilizer. Irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiencies are directly related to each other. Improving irrigation efficiency improves nutrient efficiency and reduces water volume and nutrients leaving production beds. Increasing efficiency can be accomplished in many ways. Grouping plant species and container sizes into blocks with similar water requirements improves efficiency. Redesigning overhead sprinkler systems to accomplish uniform distribution across growing beds or replacing worn nozzle orifices can significantly reduce application variability. Low volume/low pressure systems that distribute water directly into containers and apply less water in a specific amount of time compared to overhead sprinkler application, will conserve water. Applying irrigation in short cycles rather than long cycles improves wetting in substrates and conserves electrical energy, water and directly reduces nutrient leaching from containers. Creating microclimates in nurseries to optimize light or reduce container temperatures, disease pressure and crop stress can improve water and nutrient efficacy. Flow of water running off growing areas must be engineered to slow velocity, filter and contain effluent. Strategies should be site-specific. Capture, containment and recycling of irrigation water has been a common practice in many nurseries in the U.S., as a means to provide adequate water supplies. Vegetative filter strips adjacent to beds and containment basins have been installed at nurseries to reduce contaminants in runoff before water enters recycle irrigation supplies. In areas with sandy soils, some nurseries have developed closed systems where drainage channels and collection basins are lined to prevent nitrogen movement from runoff into shallow groundwater.
Domain-Centric Design Education

Industry and students clamor for increased training related to engineering design and analysis methods. Often, students are hired based on the suite of software packages and Design for Manufacturing methods with which they are familiar as opposed to their knowledge of the fundamentals and their ability to formalize and solve open ended design problems. In support of a domain-centric design education, some of the trends that are driving the increased domain emphasis in design education are documented including decreasing computing cost, decreasing communication costs, and decreasing engineering tenures. The paper then discusses the ramifications of these trends on design education and design practice as measurable by the availability of the mechanical engineering design curricula, design publications, and design patents. Finally, a domain-centric design education paradigm is proposed that suggests the differentiation of Mechanical Engineering programs through the replacement of traditional machine and product design courses with domain-specific courses with increased technical specialty.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
New ways of seeing the old: Cubism and Husserlian phenomenology

(1997). New ways of seeing the old: Cubism and Husserlian phenomenology. The European Legacy: Vol. 2, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas, pp. 104-109.
Armed intervention and civilian victimization in intrastate conflicts

Research has begun to examine the relationship between changes in the conflict environment and levels of civilian victimization. We extend this work by examining the effect of external armed interv...
Integrin-linked kinase regulates osteopontin-dependent MMP-2 and uPA expression to convey metastatic function in murine mammary epithelial cancer cells

Metastasis-supporting physiological alterations are regulated by cell signaling molecules, which target signal transduction pathways and gene expression. Osteopontin (OPN) overexpression may represent a key molecular event in cancer metastasis. In this study, using metastatic 4T1 and non-metastatic 4T07 murine mammary cancer cell lines, we demonstrate that 4T1 cells exhibit significantly increased OPN, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in contrast to 4T07 cells. Blockade of OPN binding to 4T1 cell-surface integrins by the competitive ligand inhibitor, RGD, or a blocking antibody to alphavbeta3 integrin decreases OPN, ILK, MMP-2 and uPA expression. Conversely, exposure of 4T07 cells to exogenous OPN increases ILK, MMP-2 and uPA levels. Further experiments demonstrate that OPN-alphavbeta3 integrin binding in 4T1 with subsequent activation of ILK results in binding of AP-1 to MMP-2 and uPA promoter and increased in vitro promoter activation, as measured by transient transfection assays using MMP-2 and uPA promoter-reporter constructs. AP-1 activity is ablated by co-transfection of DN-ILK or exposure to RGD. Finally, functional correlative assays demonstrate that inhibition of ILK activity or RGD-mediated blockade of alphavbeta3 integrin binding significantly inhibits in vitro invasion, migration and invasion properties of 4T1 cells. In addition, uPA and MMP-2 have overlapping contributions to 4T1 migration and invasion characteristics. However, OPN and ILK activities contribute to 4T1 adhesion activities via mechanisms that are independent of uPA and MMP-2. Our results indicate that binding of an RGD-bearing ligand, such as OPN, to integrin receptors in metastatic 4T1 cells transcriptionally mediates MMP-2, uPA and OPN expression through ILK-dependent AP-1 activity and significantly increases in vitro functional correlates of metastasis. In 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells, we conclude that OPN mediates metastatic behavior, in part, through upregulation of MMP-2 and uPA protein expression.
Smart grid education models for modern electric power system engineering curriculum

The emerging clean-energy smart grid environment in the electric power sector has necessitated that related educational programs evolve to meet the needs of students, faculty, and employers alike. In order to prepare the next generation of power engineering professionals to meet the challenges ahead in the electric power sector, a new curriculum must be developed that includes core power engineering principals coupled with emerging aspects of smart grid technologies and clean energy integration. Such curriculum also needs to consider not only the end-use side of the power system within the smart grid definition, such as smart metering, communications and demand response aspects, but also other key enabling technologies throughout the whole transmission and distribution system and the entire energy supply chain. These include areas such as energy storage technologies, advanced power electronics at the transmission and distribution levels, networked control systems, automation, renewable and alternative energy systems integration, system optimization, real-time control, and other related topics. In addition, the evolution of power programs and curriculum in this emerging area must take into account significant input from industry constituents engaged in the manufacturing, implementation, operation, and maintenance of the new smart grid technologies and systems. By working collaboratively with industry to meet future employer needs, programs with newly developed course offerings will be able to better prepare students and existing professionals alike for the rapidly growing clean-energy, smart grid environment. This paper will provide an overview of a potential model for program structures and course developments in this critical area, including examples of initiatives already being developed and deployed.
Simultaneous buffer insertion and wire sizing considering systematic CMP variation and random leff variation

This paper studies the impacts of Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP)-induced systematic variation and random channel length (Leff) variation of transistors on interconnect design. We first construct a table look-up based interconnect RC parasitic model considering CMP effects with optimized fill insertion. Based on the model, we solve the simultaneous buffer insertion, wire sizing and fill insertion (SBWF) problem under CMP variation. We also extend the SBWF problem to consider the random Leff variation (SBWF). We approach the resulting vSBWF problem by (1) incorporating probability density function (PDF) into the SBWF algorithm; and (2) developing an efficient heuristic for PDF pruning, whose practical optimality is verified by an accurate but much slower pruning. Experimental results show that the SBWF design improves timing by 1.0% and reduces power by 5.7% on average with 7.4% less buffer area over the conventional buffer insertion and wire sizing design followed by fill insertion (SBWF), and that the vSBWF design reduces yield loss due to CMP and Leff variations by 44.3% on average over the SBWF design. The runtime of vSBWF is 8.3x that of SBWF, and vSBWF for the largest example containing 3103 sinks finishes in 124 minutes.
Rapid Thermal-Pulsed Diffusion of Zn into GaAs

A rapid thermal process for the diffusion of Zn into GaAs has been developed to fulfill the need for highly doped p type layers in GaAs technology. The process uses a solid Zn:Si:O source layer and a quartz-halogen lamp system for the thermal drive-in. Surface concentrations of the order of 1020/cm3 have been achieved with good depth reproducibility and low lateral diffusion. Specific contact resistance of Au:Zn/Au alloyed contacts fabricated using this process was in the 10−7 ohm-cm2 range.
Effect of Powder Processing on Slip Casting Parameters and Sintering of Si3N4-SiO2-Y2O3

Abstract : A procedure was developed for slip casting Si3N4(-)Y2O3(-)SiO2 compositions. Thesilicon nitride was oxidized to supply the silica. The procedure resulted in 65 w/o slips with viscosities of 35 mPa(dot)s which, when cast, yielded compacts which were 56% of theoretical density. Slips with 70 w/o solids loading were also prepared having viscosities of 120 mPa(dot)s. The properties of the slips were influenced by the starting silicon nitride powder, dispersant, and milling media. The resulting compacts could be gas pressure sintered to full density, at temperatures as low as 1850 deg C, using nitrogen pressures as low as 4 MPa. Strengths as high as 750 MPa were achieved and the initial results show good creep resistance at 1350 deg C. Silicon nitrides, Slip casting, Oxidation, Sintering, Dispersants, Silica.
Abstract 115: Resuscitation Preferences of Older Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure: Temporal Trends and Associations with Patient and Hospital Factors

Background: Preferences regarding end-of-life (EOL) care in patients (pts) with HF may be influenced by personal, cultural, and health system factors. We examined characteristics associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation preferences among pts hospitalized for HF and explored whether rates of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) status have changed over time. Methods: Using the California State Inpatient Databases from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Databases, we identified 297,156 pts aged ≥ 60 years hospitalized for HF between 2004 and 2011. The first eligible hospitalization for each patient was selected. DNR status documented within the first 24 hours of admission was assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations of DNR status with demographic factors, year of admission, median household income quartile, and hospital teaching status. Results: 39,658 (13.4%) pts had a DNR order. Higher proportions with DNR were found among women than men (15.4% vs. 11.0%, p<.0001) and white pts than non-white pts (16.7% vs. 7.3%). Proportions of pts with DNR increased over the study period for both men and women (from 10.0% to 12.3% and 13.7% to 17.2%, respectively, p<.0001 for trend with time) and in both white pts (15.0% to 19.2%) and non-white pts (6.5% to 7.9%), but more rapidly for white pts (p=.02). In multivariable analysis adjusting for age, gender, race, and year of admission, odds ratios (ORs) for DNR were 1.5 per 5-year increase in age, 1.2 for women vs. men, and 2.0 for white vs. non-white pts. After adding income and hospital teaching status to the model, the respective ORs associated with each incremental increase in income quartile and receiving treatment in a teaching hospital were 1.1 and 1.2 (p<.0001 for both). ORs for age, gender, race, income, and hospital teaching status were essentially unchanged after adjustment for comorbidities. Conclusion: DNR status among pts hospitalized with HF is influenced by age, gender, race, and income in addition to hospital teaching status. The proportions of pts with DNR status have increased, but unequally among demographic subgroups. Continued efforts to understand the factors that influence preferences around resuscitation and EOL care are needed to provide truly patient-centered care. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Phase I trial of bortezomib and celecoxib in patients with advanced solid tumors

13051 Background: The ubiquitin-proteosome pathway plays an important role in cell cycle regulation, neoplastic growth, and metastasis. Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) is a key transcription factor in ca...
Use of Building Information Modeling in Aging-in-Place Projects: A Proof of Concept

ABSTRACT This research looked at potential use of building information modeling (BIM) in aging-in-place (AIP) projects. It hypothesized that BIM could lend a leverage to professionals from the design-for-aging (DFA) community to address the unique challenges of the explosive senior population in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau statistics, more than 80 million citizens will be over age 65 by 2050, a majority of whom prefer to age in place as suggested by a recent national survey. The centerpiece issue in promoting aging in place is to create the physical and service environment catering to the needs in their senior life. To investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of using BIM in AIP projects, a proof of concept was developed through a 360-degree assessment. The major measures used by the assessment included: 1) a series of stakeholder perception surveys; and 2) a prototype model created with common BIM applications. The proof of concept identified typical challenges and concerns of present AIP practices, such as client buy-in, design conceptualization and communication, performance configuration and code compliance. A prototype model was created with the intention to demonstrate practical solutions that BIM could provide to mitigate these challenges and concerns in different use cases and scenarios. Results of the research attested that appropriate BIM integration could streamline the delivery of AIP projects and increase client satisfaction, which would eventually invigorate the AIP effort at large.
A Simple Turntable Apparatus for Hourly Collection of Engorged Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

Construction of a turntable apparatus for hourly collection of engorged ixodld ticks dropping from their small animal hosts is described. The apparatus uses a mobile host cage that passes over stationary collector pans. The unit is relatively simple and economical to build and has been used for over 1200 h without mechanical failure.
Skin coefficient decomposition calculation of horizontal well after perforation.

Skin coefficient of immediate vicinity of well bore is an important parameter for evaluating oil/gas well productivity and the completion efficiency. However, produced by non-stabilized well test, the overall skin coefficient is not only affected by damage to near-well bore reservoir by drilling/completion fluid, but also affected by completion degree of wells and other stimulation measures, so it should not be used to e-valuate a procedure of a well's construction work. A new method to calculate the skin coefficient of horizontal well is proposed pinpointing at how to calculate individual skin factors to direct on-situ drilling. That is, decompose the overall skin coefficient into three parts which are the open degree skin coefficient Spt、the overall perforation skin coefficient Spf and the drill contamination skin coefficient Sd, then calculate individual coefficient reversely. This method needn't pressure buildup curve or pressure fall curve, which only use the data of DST to calculate formula of every subentry skin coefficient.
Parabolic Equations: Implicit Method

This chapter discusses implicit method applicable to parabolic partial differential equations. An implicit numerical scheme is obtained. An implicit scheme will numerically approximate the solution of a parabolic equation and allow large time steps to be taken. An implicit scheme often has the advantage that time steps can be taken, that are much larger than the time steps that can be taken for an explicit method. The difference scheme will utilize a uniform grid, with a spacing of Δx in the x direction and a spacing of Δt in the t direction.
ERP in the Classroom: Three SAP Exercises Focused on Internal Controls

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the Teaching Notes for the three short exercises that introduce certain functional aspects of the SAP ERP software. The Teaching Notes provide specific examples of the...
Spatial variations in cooling rate in the mantle section of the Samail ophiolite in Oman: Implications for formation of lithosphere at mid-ocean ridges

Abstract To understand how the mantle cools beneath mid-ocean ridge spreading centers, we applied a REE-in-two-pyroxene thermometer and major element thermometers to peridotites from the Wadi Tayin massif in the southern part of the Samail ophiolite in the Sultanate of Oman, which represent more than 10 km of structural depth beneath the paleo-Moho. Closure temperatures for REEs in pyroxenes deduced from the REE-in-two-pyroxene thermometer ( T REE ) decrease smoothly and systematically with depth in the section, from >1300 °C near the crust to ∼ 10 − 3 °C/y at a depth of six km below the MTZ. Cooling rates derived from Ca-in-olivine thermometry also decrease moving deeper into the section. These variations in cooling rate are most consistent with conductive cooling of the mantle beneath a cold overlying crust. In turn, this suggests that hydrothermal circulation extended to the MTZ near the axis of the fast-spreading ridge where the igneous crust of the Samail ophiolite formed. These observations are consistent with the Sheeted Sills model for accretion of lower oceanic crust, and with previous work demonstrating very rapid cooling rates in the crust of the Wadi Tayin massif. Our observations, combined with previous results, suggest that efficient hydrothermal circulation beneath fast spreading centers cools the uppermost mantle from magmatic temperatures to
Race and Reaction: Divergent Views of Police Violence and Protest against

Since 2012, the United States has seen a renewed focus on police killings of racial and ethnic minorities, as well as protest against such violence. Moreover, recent polling data show an intensification of long-standing differences in Black and White Americans’ attitudes toward police violence and protest. Here, we review recent polling, as well as our own series of experiments, to elucidate racial divides in attention, attitudes, and reactions to police violence and protest against it (e.g., Black Lives Matter). In addition, we report linguistic analyses of descriptions (N = 195) of protest images, showing that Black participants better understand the causes of these protests (d = .30) and view them more positively (d = .38) than Whites. If we wish for consensus on how to address police violence and protest against it, we must understand how and why the sociopolitical reality of race leads to divergent views of these issues.
Individualized tractography-based parcellation of the globus pallidus pars interna using 7T MRI in movement disorder patients prior to DBS surgery.

Abstract The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgeries for the treatment of movement disorders relies on the accurate placement of an electrode within the motor portion of subcortical brain targets. However, the high number of electrodes requiring relocation indicates that today's methods do not ensure sufficient accuracy for all patients. Here, with the goal of aiding DBS targeting, we use 7 Tesla (T) MRI data to identify the functional territories and parcellate the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) into motor, associative and limbic regions in individual subjects. 7 T MRI scans were performed in seventeen patients (prior to DBS surgery) and one healthy control. Tractography-based parcellation of each patient's GPi was performed. The cortex was divided into four masks representing motor, limbic, associative and “other” regions. Given that no direct connections between the GPi and the cortex have been shown to exist, the parcellation was carried out in two steps: 1) The thalamus was parcellated based on the cortical targets, 2) The GPi was parcellated using the thalamus parcels derived from step 1. Reproducibility, via repeated scans of a healthy subject, and validity of the findings, using different anatomical pathways for parcellation, were assessed. Lastly, post-operative imaging data was used to validate and determine the clinical relevance of the parcellation. The organization of the functional territories of the GPi observed in our individual patient population agrees with that previously reported in the literature: the motor territory was located posterolaterally, followed anteriorly by the associative region, and further antero-ventrally by the limbic territory. While this organizational pattern was observed across patients, there was considerable variability among patients. The organization of the functional territories of the GPi was remarkably reproducible in intra-subject scans. Furthermore, the organizational pattern was observed consistently by performing the parcellation of the GPi via the thalamus and via a different pathway, going through the striatum. Finally, the active therapeutic contact of the DBS electrode, identified with a combination of post-operative imaging and post-surgery DBS programming, overlapped with the high-probability “motor” region of the GPi as defined by imaging-based methods. The consistency, validity, and clinical relevance of our findings have the potential for improving DBS targeting, by increasing patient-specific knowledge of subregions of the GPi to be targeted or avoided, at the stage of surgical planning, and later, at the stage when stimulation is adjusted.
Economic and Monetary Integration in Europe: Evidence on Fiscal and Current Account Effects

Both the economic and monetary aspects of European integration have always been understood to have benefits, as well as costs, for the countries involved. The advantages of freer trade, particularly within Europe, are generally acknowledged to generate benefits that vastly exceed any costs, so the project of European economic integration has almost always been viewed as greatly beneficial, as evidenced by the large number of countries which have wished to be considered as applicants over the years.
Shine a Light: Televised Oral Arguments and Judicial Legitimacy

While the United States Supreme Court has historically been opposed to opening its proceedings to televising, the same cannot be said for all federal courts in the United States. These courts provide an opportunity to study the determinants of how courts exercise the discretion to televise. The practice of selectively televising can have implications for a court's legitimacy, and in turn its ability to exercise judicial review. I incorporate distinguishing features of televising as a form of judicial public relations into a model explaining how allowing televising can a ffect the court's legitimacy. Using data from a prominent federal appeals court, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, I begin to analyze implications of this model on patterns in this court's decisions whether to grant a media request to allow televising. While my findings are preliminary, they raise further questions about the sources of circuit court legitimacy and interactions between the circuit and Supreme courts.
Topological phases in the TaSe 3 compound

Based on first-principles calculations, we show that stoichiometric ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{3}$, synthesized in space group $P{2}_{1}/m$, belongs to a three-dimensional strong topological insulator (TI) phase with ${Z}_{2}$ invariants ($1;100$). The calculated surface spectrum shows clearly a single Dirac cone on surfaces, with helical spin texture at a constant-energy contour. To check the stability of the topological phase, strain effects have been systematically investigated, showing that many topological phases survive in a wide range of the strains along both the $a$ and $c$ axes, such as strong TI, weak TI, and Dirac semimetal phases. ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{3}$ provides us an ideal platform for experimental study of topological phase transitions. More interestingly, since superconductivity in ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{3}$ has been reported for a long time, the coexistence of topological phases and a superconducting phase suggests that ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{3}$ is a realistic system to study the interplay between topological and superconducting phases in the future.
Policing for “Profit” : The Political Economy of Private Prisons and Asset Forfeiture

This chapter explores how the institutional structure of the criminal justice system (CJS) and the relationships between individual private actors and government bureaucracy has led to a variety of perverse outcomes over time. It provides a brief overview of the economics of bureaucracy and highlights important differences between profit in the setting of a free market and "profit" under bureaucracy. The chapter discovers how the War on Drugs has had lasting effects on the CJS, it is likewise essential to understand the institutional structure in which agents working in policing and the prison system operate. This structure has a variety of important implications, including understanding how the aforementioned "profit" works within the current CJS. The War on Drugs that develops under Nixon is critical for understanding the rise in the prison population in the United States, as well as the rise of private prisons.
Abstract Banach Convolution Function Modules over Coset Spaces of Compact Subgroups in Locally compact Groups

This paper presents an operator theory approach for the abstract structure of Banach function modules over coset spaces of compact subgroups. Let G be a locally compact group and H be a compact subgroup of G. Let $$\mu $$ be the normalized G-invariant measure over the homogeneous space G / H associated to the Weil’s formula and $$1\le p<\infty $$ . We then introduce the notion of convolution left-module action of $$L^1(G/H,\mu )$$ on the Banach function spaces $$L^p(G/H,\mu )$$ .
Development of a clinical prototype of a miniature hand-held optical coherence tomography probe for prematurity and pediatric ophthalmic imaging.

We report a novel design and operation of a highly integrated miniature handheld OCT probe, with high-speed angiography function that can be used in clinical settings for young children and infants, providing rapid, non-invasive structural and angiographic imaging of the retina and choroid. The imaging system is operated at 200 kHz, with 3D OCT and OCTA scan time of 0.8 and 3.2 seconds, respectively, and the scanning angle on the pupil is ± 36°, covering the full perifoveal region. Operator assisting features of the direct-view iris camera and on-probe display are integrated into the hand-held probe, and the fixation target can display animations to attract the attention of young subjects. Compared to conventional OCT systems, the high-speed hand-held OCT system significantly improves the operator’s experience and scanning efficiency, which is important for imaging infants. Imaging results indicate a significant reduction in total time consumption in pediatric ophthalmic imaging sessions, as well as the image quality of OCT angiography.
"Plant Yourselves on its Primal Granite": Slavery, History and the Antebellum Roots of Originalism

This essay considers how the cultural authority of the constitutional Founding became legal authority in antebellum America. Examining a series of cases implicating the constitutional politics of slavery, it illustrates how legal professionals grasped the public power of constitutional origin stories. To produce meanings and legitimate rulings, lawyers and judges wrote and reproduced narratives about slavery at the Founding, converting ascriptions of original constitutional visions in formal constitutional law. This power derived from the ongoing popular construction of the Founding as a venerated and authoritative moment containing unwritten intentions, understandings, and promises binding upon subsequent generations. The essay argues that these developments belong to the deep history of originalism. By approaching originalism as a form of constitutional politics integrating public memory culture and legal reasoning, the essay locates the central public and juridical dynamics of originalism emerging in struggles over the constitutional identity of slavery.
Phylogeny and Evolution of RNA 3′-Nucleotidyltransferases in Bacteria

The tRNA nucleotidyltransferases and poly(A) polymerases belong to a superfamily of nucleotidyltransferases. The amino acid sequences of a number of bacterial tRNA nucleotidyltransferases and poly(A) polymerases have been used to construct a rooted, neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. Using information gleaned from that analysis, along with data from the rRNA-based phylogenetic tree, structural data available on a number of members of the superfamily and other biochemical information on the superfamily, it is possible to suggest a scheme for the evolution of the bacterial tRNA nucleotidyltransferases and poly(A) polymerases from ancestral species. Elements of that scheme are discussed along with questions arising from the scheme which can be explored experimentally.
Sensors and representation

Sensors permit robots to interact with their environment in an adaptive and intelligent manner. There are numerous transducers available which measure the most important physical variable of interest to manufacturing.
Structure and Function of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Human Cancer

Dr. Cigall Kadoch will discuss how recent exome-and genome-wide sequencing studies in human cancers have unmasked a striking frequency of mutations in the genes encoding subunits of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. Her laboratory uses biochemistry, structural biology, systems biology, and genomics-based approaches to define the mechanisms of chromatin and gene regulation carried out by the mSWI/SNF family of chromatin regulators. Specifically, they have studied rare, genetically well-defined pediatric cancers including synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant rhabdoid tumor and others, all of which involve mSWI/SNF complex perturbations as critical drivers of their oncogenic programs. These studies have informed the diverse mechanisms underlying mSWI/SNF complex targeting and function in a wide array of cancers (including hematologic cancers) and developmental disorders and have provided new foundations for therapeutic development. Disclosures Kadoch: Foghorn Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.