cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Model for the Design of Distributed Computer Systems

The availability of micro-, mini-, and supercomputers has complicated the laws governing the economies of scale in computers. A recent study by Ein-Dor [7] concludes that it is most effective to accomplish any task on the least powerful type of computer capable of performing it. This change in cost/performance, and the promise of increased reliability, modularity, and better response time has resulted in an increased tendency to decentralize and distribute computing power. But some economic factors, such as the communication expenses incurred and increased storage with distributed systems are working against the tendency to decentralize. It is clear that in many instances the optimal solution will be an integration of computers of varying power.
The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior indicates specific and crucial psychotherapeutic targets.

Abstract The interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior (Joiner, 2005)—a new, comprehensive model of suicidal behavior with several clinical implications—is summarized. Anecdotal and empirical data relevant to the model's predictions are reviewed. Finally, key implications for psychotherapy of suicidal behavior are presented.
The illuminant in textile color matching.

A subcommittee of the Inter-Society Color Council was established in 1944 to study two things: “What color temperature of natural daylight is used by textile color matchers?” and “What color temperature of artificial daylight is preferred by textile color matchers?” The Philadelphia Army Quartermaster Depot and three large textile companies—Forstmann, Botany, and Pacific—cooperated in the work. As a result of its study, summarized here, the subcommittee recommends that artificial daylight lamps for textile color matching be aimed at 7500°K with an illuminance of more than 75 and less than 300 footcandles. (By artificial daylighting, the subcommittee means an illuminant that has an energy distribution as similar to that of daylight of equivalent color temperature as it is possible to obtain commercially.)
Scalable parallel computing on clouds using Twister4Azure iterative MapReduce

Recent advances in data-intensive computing for science discovery are fueling a dramatic growth in the use of data-intensive iterative computations. The utility computing model introduced by cloud computing, combined with the rich set of cloud infrastructure and storage services, offers a very attractive environment in which scientists can perform data analytics. The challenges to large-scale distributed computations on cloud environments demand innovative computational frameworks that are specifically tailored for cloud characteristics to easily and effectively harness the power of clouds. Twister4Azure is a distributed decentralized iterative MapReduce runtime for Windows Azure Cloud. Twister4Azure extends the familiar, easy-to-use MapReduce programming model with iterative extensions, enabling a fault-tolerance execution of a wide array of data mining and data analysis applications on the Azure cloud. Twister4Azure utilizes the scalable, distributed and highly available Azure cloud services as the underlying building blocks, and employs a decentralized control architecture that avoids single point failures. Twister4Azure optimizes the iterative computations using a multi-level caching of data, a cache-aware decentralized task scheduling, hybrid tree-based data broadcasting and hybrid intermediate data communication. This paper presents the Twister4Azure iterative MapReduce runtime and a study of four real world data-intensive scientific applications implemented using Twister4Azure-two iterative applications, Multi-Dimensional Scaling and KMeans Clustering; and two pleasingly parallel applications, BLAST+ sequence searching and SmithWaterman sequence alignment. Performance measurements show comparable or a factor of 2 to 4 better results than the traditional MapReduce runtimes deployed on up to 256 instances and for jobs with tens of thousands of tasks. We also study and present solutions to several factors that affect the performance of iterative MapReduce applications on Windows Azure Cloud.
The Effect of Stage on Flow and Components of the Local Force Balance

Flow fields and water and bed surface topography were measured at two different stages as flow shoals over a submerged mid-channel bar in a straight reach downstream of a bend in Solfatara Creek, Wyoming. The data allow calculation and comparison of the magnitude of the component terms in the downstream and cross-stream force balance at the different stages. At the lower stage, corresponding to a discharge that is 30 per cent of the bankfull discharge, the convective acceleration terms in the equations describing the force balance are important, particularly the terms associated with the cross-stream transport of momentum. These terms are large because of the large accelerations and cross-stream flow forced by the shallow flow over the bar. At the higher stage, corresponding to a discharge that is 45 per cent of the bankfull discharge, flow is more directly downstream and cross-stream velocity is generally less in most of the channel. Downstream flow velocities at the higher stage are larger, but the acceleration is more gradual. Consequently, the convective accelerations at the higher stage tend to be less important than at the lower stage. Results from the two different stages suggest that some of the difference in conclusions reached by various workers on the significance of the various terms in the governing equations may be associated with the relative depth of flow. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clostridium Difficile Infection in Non–HIV-Immunocompromised Patients and in HIV-Infected Patients

Clostridium difficile infection is a common cause of morbidity in patients with HIV infection and in patients with non-HIV immune deficiency. The frequency of C. difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) seen in these two patient populations has been attributed to immune deficiency, as well as to increased exposure to hospital environments and antibiotic therapy, both of which are major risk factors for CDAD. This article reviews recent data useful in the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of C. difficile infection in these patient groups. Recent publications relating to C. difficile infection in specific immunocompromised conditions are also discussed.
Fitness correlates of spur length and spur asymmetry in male wild turkeys

Summary Tarsal spurs play an important role in intrasexual competition for females among male wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Thus variation in spur development may have important fitness consequences. Fitness correlates of spur development were studied in a free-living population of wild turkeys and it was found that heavier males and males with longer beards had longer spurs. Males that had longer spurs spent more time on display areas during the breeding season and less time moving among these areas compared to males with shorter spurs, independently of their body mass. Otherwise ideally symmetrical spurs showed fluctuating asymmetry between left and right tarsi, the degree of absolute asymmetry decreased with spur length in adults, but not in subadults, and males that survived at least one winter had more symmetrical spurs compared to males that did not. We conclude that if the ability to produce symmetrical spurs has a genetic basis, then spur length and spur asymmetry could reliably indicate individual quality and that these traits are under directional selection for increased size and symmetry in wild turkeys.
Accounting for Certain Mental Disorders Within a Comprehensive Cognitive Architecture

This paper explores how mental disorders of certain types might be explained based on mechanisms and processes of human motivation (including drives and goals) and action selection (as well as other related mechanisms and processes), within a generic, comprehensive computational cognitive architecture model. It is hypothesized that such mechanisms may capture the relative invariance within an individual in terms of behavioral inclinations (at different times and with regard to different situations, as well as the necessary variability of behaviors). The hypothesis results from the computational cognitive architecture CLARION. Several simulation tests have been conducted that demonstrate that the model is reasonable and captures some characteristics of certain mental disorders (such as certain types of addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder). The work is a first step in showing the feasibility of integrating mental disorders modeling/simulation into a generic cognitive model (i.e., a cognitive architecture).
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large unilateral pheochromocytoma: experience in a large academic medical center

Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice for most adrenal lesions. Concerns have persisted about its application to large pheochromocytomas due to reports of hemodynamic instability, difficult dissection, and tumor spillage. Methods Thirty patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for unilateral pheochromocytoma between 1998 and 2006. Outcome measures including operative time, blood loss, intraoperative hemodynamic instability, conversion rate, complications, and disease recurrence were analyzed based on tumor size. Results Twenty-two patients had small tumors and eight had large lesions. These groups did not differ in terms of operative time, blood loss, conversion rate, length of stay or complication rate. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability occurred in 56.7% of cases, but was not different between groups. There were no recurrences in either group. Conclusions Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe and effective treatment for large pheochromocytomas. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability remains a frequent occurrence regardless of tumor size. There were no cases of disease recurrence or iatrogenic pheochromocytosis.
A comparison of the behavior of the hydrocarbons used as reference standards in the determination of "steroid numbers" and "methylene units"; selective retention of steroid hydrocarbons by polar stationary phases.

Abstract During an investigation designed to compare the gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of two sets of compounds used as reference standards in structure-retention behavior studies it was observed that with polar stationary phases selective retention exists for steroid hydrocarbons when compared to straight chain hydrocarbons of similar carbon content. With nonpolar stationary phases the steroids are eluted relative to the paraffins on the basis of molecular weight. Such behavior differences can be used to classify the polarity or selectivity of stationary phases.
Torque as a Predictor of Reading Achievement

Abstract The present study assessed the utility of the Torque Test (Blau, 1977b) as a predictor of reading performance. Children (N = 149) were administered the Torque Test, the Harris Test of Lateral Dominance (Harris, 1958), the Wide Range Achievement Test, (Jastak & Jastak, 1965), and the Bender Gestalt Test (Koppitz, 1975). Torque scores of disabled and nondisabled readers did not differ significantly, and the correlation between torque and WRAT grade level scores was substantively low. It was concluded that torque is not a useful measure of reading ability.
Creatinine Measurements in 24 h Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A simple, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) method for determining urinary creatinine was developed and used to evaluate 24 h urine samples collected...
Exposure injury: Examining heat- and cold-related illnesses and injuries

Abstract Heat- and cold-related illnesses represent a broad spectrum of preventable common conditions affecting diverse populations every year. Clinicians treating patients near areas of outdoor recreation and nursing homes or who potentially see critical pediatric, indigent, or intoxicated patients can benefit from a better understanding of exposure injuries. Heat-related illnesses include the continuum of heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and the potentially deadly heat stroke. Cold-related illnesses encompass a broad array of conditions ranging from soft tissue injuries like pernio, trench foot, and frostnip to the more severe effects of frostbite and hypothermia. The majority of patients with severe environmental exposure would usually present to an emergency or urgent care center; however, milder acute cases and more subtle chronic presentations would generally first be seen by a primary care physician. With any temperature-related illness, the family physician's role should most importantly include identification of at-risk populations and promotion of proper preventative strategies allowing early symptom recognition and rapid treatment.
Protein Kinase C Regulates Internal Initiation of Translation of the GATA-4 mRNA following Vasopressin-induced Hypertrophy of Cardiac Myocytes

GATA-4 is a key member of the GATA family of transcription factors involved in cardiac development and growth as well as in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Our previous studies suggest that GATA-4 protein synthesis may be translationally regulated. We report here that the 518-nt long 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the GATA-4 mRNA, which is predicted to form stable secondary structures (–65 kcal/mol) such as to be inhibitory to cap-dependent initiation, confers efficient translation to monocistronic reporter mRNAs in cell-free extracts. Moreover, uncapped GATA-4 5′-UTR containing monocistronic reporter mRNAs continue to be well translated while capped reporters are insensitive to the inhibition of initiation by cap-analog, suggesting a cap-independent mechanism of initiation. Utilizing a dicistronic luciferase mRNA reporter containing the GATA-4 5′-UTR within the intercistronic region, we demonstrate that this leader sequence confers functional internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity. The activity of the GATA-4 IRES is unaffected in trans-differentiating P19CL6 cells, however, is strongly stimulated immediately following arginine-vasopressin exposure of H9c2 ventricular myocytes. IRES activity is then maintained at submaximal levels during hypertrophic growth of these cells. Supraphysiological Ca2+ levels diminished stimulation of IRES activity immediately following exposure to vasopressin and inhibition of protein kinase C activity utilizing a pseudosubstrate peptide sequence blocked IRES activity during hypertrophy. Thus, our data suggest a mechanism for GATA-4 protein synthesis under conditions of reduced global cap-dependent translation, which is maintained at a submaximal level during hypertrophic growth and point to the regulation of GATA-4 IRES activity by sarco(ER)-reticular Ca2+ stores and PKC.
Seasonal changes in sodium transport and amiloride sensitivity in the isolated intestine of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris (L.)

Abstract 1. 1. Temporal changes in sodium flux rates and the electrical properties of two regions of the intestine appear to occur in a yearly cycle. 2. 2. In RIIIA, the anterior portion of the mid-intestine, the short-circuit current in January and April preparations is 60.2 and 10.2 μ A cm−2, respectively and the net sodium fluxes are 1.50 and 1.24 μ Eq cm−2 hr−1, respectively. 3. 3. In RIIIB, the posterior portion of the mid-intestine, the short-circuit current in January and April preparations is 50.7 and 27.9 μ A cm−2, respectively, while the net sodium fluxes are 1.78 and 0.59 μ Eq cm−2 hr−1, respectively. 4. 4. Sodium transport in RIIIB is inhibited by amiloride (10−4 M) in January preparations but is refractory to amiloride (⩽ 10−3 M) in April preparations.
Reasoning About Single-Sex Schooling for Girls Among Students, Parents, and Teachers

The number of United States public schools offering single-sex education for girls has increased dramatically in the past decade. Rationales for all-girls schools are diverse and grounded in differing gender ideologies. We examined reasoning about all-girls schools among school stakeholders (i.e., individuals affected by single-sex schools, including students, parents, and teachers) in the Southwestern United States. Specifically, middle school students attending all-girls (n = 398) and coeducational (n = 191) schools, mothers of middle school students attending all-girls (n = 217) and coeducational (n = 64) schools, and teachers employed at all-girls (n = 18) and coeducational (n = 97) middle schools rated the veracity of multiple rationales for girls-only schools. Specifically, we examined rationales for single-sex schooling related to gender differences in learning, gender differences in interests, girls’ ingroup preference, and gender discrimination. Endorsement of rationales differed across participant role (student, parent, teacher) and school type (single-sex, coeducational). Overall, stakeholders affiliated with an all-girls school were more supportive of each rationale than stakeholders affiliated with coeducational schools. Teachers affiliated with the single-sex school strongly endorsed gender differences in learning as a rationale for single-sex schooling. Endorsement of rationales did not vary across participant gender. The implications of these findings for educational policy and the interpretation of research on single-sex schooling are discussed.
Key factors influencing the relative humidity dependence of aerosol light scattering

[1] We have measured the relative humidity dependence of aerosol light extinction (fσ(ep)(80%RH, Dry)) at 532 nm for non-absorbing surrogate atmospheric aerosols to determine the influence of particle size, composition (inorganic vs. organic), and mixing state (internal vs. external) on aerosol light scattering. We present results for mixtures of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 with a few dicarboxylic acids. For atmospheric conditions the variability in the RH dependence of aerosol light scattering (fσ(sp)(RH, Dry)) is most sensitive to aerosol composition and size. The influence of the mixing state on fσ(sp)(RH, Dry) is small. These laboratory results imply that fσ(sp)(RH, Dry) can be reasonably estimated from the aerosol size distribution and composition (inorganic/organic) using the mass-weighted average of fσ(sp)(RH, Dry) for the individual components.
The fitness functions associated with diapause induction in arthropods ii. the effects of fecundity and survivorship on the optimum

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of fecundity and survival on the optimum of the fitness function associated with diapause induction in arthropods and presents the following results: (1) The optimal switching time on a physiological time scale is least sensitive to variation in fecundity and survivorship in poulations with high fecundity and slow development. (2) In the majority of populations for which data are available, the optimum becomes sensitive to variations in juvenile survival only in the range below 5 or 6%. This value is 3% and below for most Lepidoptera. (3) Many insect populations in nature show temporal variation in juvenile survivorship above these critical levels. Thus, in many cases variation in fecundity and survivorship will not translate into variation in the optimum and, therefore, should not keep the mean of the distribution of switching times from approaching the optimum.
Is the oxidation of high-density lipoprotein lipids different than the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein lipids?

This article gives detailed insight into the kinetics of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidation catalyzed by azobis(2-amidinopropane)·dihydrochloride (ABAP) or by copper. ABAP initialized oxidation of human HDL 3−4 times faster than non-human primate HDL with a similar composition. The oxidizability of non-human primate HDL was 1000 times lower than the oxidizability calculated from rate constants derived from liposome oxidation, suggesting that there is a slow step in HDL oxidation not present in liposomes. Saturable binding of copper to HDL was a significant feature of copper-catalyzed oxidation. Binding constants (Km) for non-human primate HDL were 2−3-fold lower than those for human HDL. Copper-catalyzed oxidation of non-human primate HDL was slower than that of human HDL, but human HDL2 and HDL3 oxidized at about the same rate. Overall, the kinetics describing the oxidation of HDL were mechanistically similar to those reported for LDL, suggesting that HDL lipids were as easily oxidized as LDL lipid...
A chromosome jump crosses a translocation breakpoint in the von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis region.

The von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) gene has been previously localized to the region 17q11.2 by genetic analysis. Consistent with this, two NF1 patients have been described with autosomal translocations with breakpoints in 17q11.2, and these represent presumed markers for the location of the NF1 gene. Recent work has defined the two breakpoints on a physical map, and they lie less than 100 kb apart. To characterize further the distance between these breakpoints and clone additional DNA, a chromosome jump was made from a DNA fragment that maps between the breakpoints. The end of the jump crosses one of the NF1 translocation breakpoints and detects that breakpoint on Southern analysis, placing the probe less than 15 kb telomeric to this breakpoint. Pulsed field analysis with the jump clone allows revision of the previous NF1 region map and indicates that the two breakpoints lie no more than 60 kb apart. This jump clone will be useful for further mapping, breakpoint cloning, analysis of patient DNA, and the search for transcripts in the NF1 region.
Meal parameters and vagal gastrointestinal afferents in mice that experienced early postnatal overnutrition

Early postnatal overnutrition results in a predisposition to develop obesity due in part to hypothalamic and sympathetic dysfunction. Potential involvement of another major regulatory system component--the vagus nerve--has not been examined. Moreover, feeding disturbances have rarely been investigated prior to development of obesity when confounds due to obesity are minimized. To examine these issues, litters were culled on the day of birth to create small litters (SL; overnutrition), or normal size litters (NL; normal nutrition). Body weight, fat pad weight, meal patterns, and vagal sensory duodenal innervation were compared between SL and NL adult mice prior to development of obesity. Meal patterns were studied 18 h/day for 3 weeks using a balanced diet. Then vagal mechanoreceptors were labeled using anterograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injected into the nodose ganglion and their density and morphology were examined. Between postnatal day 1 and weaning, body weight of SL mice was greater than for NL mice. By young adulthood it was similar in both groups, whereas SL fat pad weight was greater in males, suggesting postnatal overnutrition produced a predisposition to obesity. SL mice exhibited increased food intake, decreased satiety ratio, and increased first meal rate (following mild food deprivation) compared to NL mice, suggesting postnatal overnutrition disrupted satiety. The density and structure of intestinal IGLEs appeared similar in SL and NL mice. Thus, although a vagal role cannot be excluded, our meal parameter and anatomical findings provided no evidence for significant postnatal overnutrition effects on vagal gastrointestinal afferents.
Reverberation reconsidered: On the path to cognitive theory

Amit's work addresses a critical issue in cognitive science: the structure of neural representations. The use of Hebbian cell assemblies is a positive step, and we now need to consider its role in a larger cognitive theory. When considering the dynamics of a system built out of attractors, a more limited version of reverberation becomes necessary.
The relationship between occupational classification and low birth weight in a national sample of white married mothers

The relationship between occupational classification and Low Birth Weight singletons (LBW; < 2500 g) was studied in a sample of white married mothers employed in the National Natality Survey 1980 (N = 3300). Univariate analyses included relationship between birth weight and occupation, smoking, alcohol, parity, age, education, prenatal care, weight gain during pregnancy, gestation and sex of the singleton. Occupation was significantly associated with LBW (P < 0.05). The LBW rate was higher among blue collar workers (162 per 1000) compared to white collar workers (132 per 1000). The mean birth weight of singletons among blue collar workers was also significantly lower compared to those among white collar workers (P < 0.057). However, after adjusting simultaneously for the effect of the confounding variables in multiple regression analysis, occupation was no longer a significant predictor of LBW. The extent to which the validity problems may limit the interpretation of the study are discussed.
Associative strength over time of first and second list responses in color context

Two aspects of the strength of first and second list associations in an A-B, A-C paradigm were studied in a modified free recall test. First, this was tested over three time periods: 1 min, 4–5 h, and 24 h after learning. Second, the use of the same color in the recall test as in either List 1 or List 2 was studied. It was found that in general, (1) List 2 responses are dominant when recall is immediate, but this advantage is lost after 24 h; (2) when the recall test context is the same as that of List 1, the superiority of List 2 tends to be lost as early as 5 h after recall, but this effect is not statistically significant.
Power Amplification at THz via Plasma Wave Excitation in RTD-Gated HEMTs

We report studies of amplification arising from the dynamics of electron plasma waves in a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) channel with injection from the gate exhibiting negative differential conductance (NDC). The gate NDC can be realized in a resonant tunnel diode (RTD) gate structure integrated in the HEMT. Though the electron plasma wave by itself cannot enable amplification, when coupled with gate NDC, they together form a gain medium at terahertz (THz) frequencies due to the higher plasma wave group velocity than the electron drift velocity. The analysis is developed using a distributed circuit model based on the Dyakonov-Shur hydrodynamic theory. Numerical and analytical results suggest that these devices can realize power amplification with a gain exceeding 5 dB while simultaneously providing conditional stability at THz frequencies.
Stereo- and regioselective routes to allylic silanes☆

Abstract The Ni- or Pd-catalyzed reaction of alkenyl iodides with Me 3 SiCH 2 Mgcl provides various types of allytrimethylsilanes in excellent yields in a highly stereo- and regioselective manner, while the Zr-catalyzed carboalumination of Me 3 SiCH 2 CCH followed by replacement of Al with carbon groups by known reactions produces allylsilanes represented by 2 .
Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors were initially developed as Ras inhibitors as they inhibit the prenylation necessary for Ras activation. It is clear now that their mechanism of action is more complex and probably involves other proteins unrelated to Ras. At least 3 drugs within this family have been investigated in acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and other leukemias. These are tipifarnib (R115777, Zarnestra), lonafarnib (SCH66336, Sarasar), and BMS-214662. The first 2 are administered orally, whereas BMS-214662 is given intravenously. These drugs are at different stages of development, and design of treatment schedules and methodology of the available studies are very different. Although most of the information is still preliminary, these agents have demonstrated clear evidence of clinical activity in these diseases and very favorable toxicity profiles. Several studies are still ongoing to better define the efficacy of these agents in the treatment of leukemias, as well as to determine the best schedules, the role of combination with other agents, and the role of these agents in different settings, such as the management of minimal residual disease. It is very possible that these agents will soon find their way to the ranks of established agents for the management of myeloid malignancies
Determination of the Cation Exchange Capacity of Clays and Soils Using an Ammonia Electrode

The ammonia electrode serves as the basis of a simple, accurate method for determination of cation exchange capacity of small (ca. 50 mg) samples of clays. The technique is also capable of accurate measurement of CEC values on the order of 0·01 m-equiv/100 g if larger (ca. 500 mg) samples are used. The procedure, which requires saturation of the exchange sites with ammonium as in the usual methods, utilizes the electrode in the determination of ammonia released by treatment of the ammonium clay by strong base. For a Wyoming bentonite, the technique gave a CEC of 86 m-equiv/100 g with an S.D. (four determinations) of 0·83 m-equiv/100 g. Duplicate runs on the same sample by the conventional Kjeldahl method gave results of 86·0 and 85·5 m-equiv/100 g.
Role of interedge tunneling in localizing Majorana zero modes at the ends of quasi-one-dimensionalp+ipsystems

Potter and Lee have demonstrated the presence of Majorana zero modes at the ends of quasi-one-dimensional (1D) $p+ip$ superconductors [Potter and Lee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 227003 (2010)]. Here, we use conformal field theory methods to show that interedge tunneling of the vortex excitations along the length of the channel is crucial for such localization. We then show that localization of Majorana modes occurs also in quasi-1D channels of the $5/2$ fractional quantum Hall systems when modeled, following Moore and Read, as the $p+ip$ paired state of composite fermions. Finally, we propose a tunnel-interferometry experiment to detect these modes, which should show a $\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase shift of oscillations depending on whether or not a localized Majorana zero mode is present, which, in turn, can be controlled by varying the tunneling strength.
Eurogamy among Asian-Americans: A note on Western assimilation

Abstract Quality of life in the United States is contingent upon assimilation into the mainstream of American society. Domination is the preferred model. Asians stigmatized by their dark skin are prohibited from immediate membership. Their strategy is Eurogamy: a form of exogamy in which Asian-Americans select Euro- American spouses as a method of sharing in the Euro gene pool. In this way they alter the stigma of dark skin. Via offspring they expect full assimilation into the mainstream and its commensurate quality of life.
Unlabeled hemoglobin adducts of 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) in rats and guinea pigs

The capacity of N-oxidized metabolites of 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) to form hemoglobin (Hb) adducts was determined in vitro, and the formation of Hb adducts following in vivo administration of MBOCA was assessed with or without prior induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes with phenobarbital or β-naphthoflavone. Hb adduct formation was determined by electron-capture GLC of MBOCA as the heptafluorobutyryl derivative following mild acid hydrolysis of protein-bound MBOCA. The method was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. N-hydroxy- and mononitroso-MBOCA, but not MBOCA itself, formed adducts to rat and human Hb in vitro in a dose-related manner. Binding was inhibited by cysteine and glutathione but not oxidized glutathione or methionine. Intravenous administration of as little as 0.04 μmol/kg N-hydroxy-MBOCA to rats resulted in measurable formation of MBOCA-Hb adducts (0.9 ng/50 mg Hb). Intraperitoneal administration of 0.5–50 mg/kg MBOCA to rats, and subcutaneous administration of 5–500 mg/kg MBOCA to rats and 4–100 mg/kg to guinea pigs resulted in dose-related formation of Hb adducts. MBOCA-Hb remained elevated in blood for greater than 10 weeks following a single subcutaneous dose in guinea pigs. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital induced microsomal benzphetamine N-demethylase (BND) activity and resulted in a small increase in in vitro N- andortho- hydroxylation of MBOCA, but did not increase in vivo Hb adducts. Pretreatment of rats with β-naphthoflavone induced microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and increased in vitro N- but notortho-hydroxylation of MBOCA. β-Naphthoflavone pretreatment increased the formation of MBOCA-Hb adducts when rats were dosed with MBOCA at 100 and 500 mg/kg, but not 20 mg/kg subcutaneously.
Walkwise and admissible mappings between digraphs

We define two classes of mappings, between digraphs, which are closely related to homomorphisms and pathwise homomorphisms of finite automata. We show that the cycle rank cannot increase under mappings of these types, derive various decomposition properties, and then relate these mappings to homomorphisms of digraphs.
Glucose and metformin modulate human first trimester trophoblast function: a model and potential therapy for diabetes-associated uteroplacental insufficiency.

Problem Diabetes confers an increased risk of preeclampsia, but its pathogenic role in preeclampsia is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of excess glucose on trophoblast function and whether any changes could be reversed by metformin. Method of study The human first trimester trophoblast cell line (Sw.71) was treated with glucose at 5, 10, 25, and 50 mm, in the presence and absence of metformin. Trophoblast migration was quantified and supernatant cytokine, chemokine, and angiogenic factors measured. Results Increasing concentrations of glucose significantly increased trophoblast secretion of the inflammatory cytokines/chemokines: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, GRO-α, RANTES, and G-CSF; significantly increased trophoblast secretion of the anti-angiogenic factors sFlt-1 and sEndoglin; and significantly decreased trophoblast migration. Excess glucose-induced trophoblast IL-1β production was inhibited by disabling the Nalp3/ASC inflammasome. Metformin partially reduced the glucose-induced inflammatory response, but had no effect on the anti-angiogenic or antimigratory response. Conclusion Excess glucose induced a pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antimigratory state in first trimester trophoblast cells. Glucose-induced trophoblast IL-1β secretion was mediated by the inflammasome. Glucose-induced inflammation was partially reversed by metformin. These findings demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of hyperglycaemia on the trophoblast, providing potential explanations for the strong link between diabetes and preeclampsia.
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of velopharyngeal structures.

Purpose To report the feasibility of using a 3-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol for examining velopharyngeal structures. Using collected 3D MRI data, the authors investiga...
The Frankenstein Myth in contemporary cinema

Through an examination of Rocky IV, Blade Runner, and The Terminator, this essay constructs an evolving dystopian shadow myth that expresses repressed fears the culture has about its relationship to technology. In its patriarchal form, the myth depicts an increasing division of technological agency from human agent, leading toward an entelechial end of human obsolescence. If this tragic “perfection” is to be averted, the myth implies, the culture must reintegrate feminine values into its consciousness, thereby activating an oppositional entelechial motive to reidentify agent with agency.
The relative effectiveness of human plasma glutathione peroxidase as a catalyst for the reduction of hydroperoxides by glutathione

To reveal clues to the function of human plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx), we investigated its catalytic effectiveness with a variety of hydroperoxides. Comparisons of hydroperoxides as substrates for plasma GPx based on the ratio ofV max /K m were blocked by the limited solubility of the organic hydroperoxides, which prevented kinetic saturation of the enzyme at the chosen glutathione concentration. Therefore, we compared the hydroperoxides by the fold increase in the apparent first-order rate constants of their reactions with glutathione owing to catalysis by plasma GPx. The reductions of aromatic and small hydrophobic hydroperoxides (cumene hydroperoxide,t-amyl hydroperoxide,t-butyl hydroperoxide, paramenthane hydroperoxide) were better catalyzed by plasma GPx than were reductions of the more “physiological” substrates (linoleic acid hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxidized plasma lipids, and oxidized cholesterol).
Hormone replacement therapy in the aged female--estrogen bioassay.

SummaryEstradiol benzoate (as a standard), alpha estradiol, estrone, and beta estradiol preparations were bioassayed using withdrawal bleeding from previously stimulated uteri of postmenopausal women as an assay end point. Alpha estradiol and estrone were equally effective in causing withdrawal bleeding, and each was about two-thirds as potent as estradiol benzoate. Beta estradiol was found to be altogether ineffective in a total dosage of 45 mg given over a 3 week period.
Cathodic chemistry of high performance Zr coated alkaline materials

A low level zirconia modification significantly stabilizes alternative higher energy cathodes under consideration to improve the energy storage capacity of alkaline batteries, and is demonstrated on materials including periodate, Fe(VI) “super-iron”, manganese, nickel, bismuthate and silver oxide cathodes.
Personality and attention: Levels of neuroticism and extraversion can predict attentional performance during a change detection task.

The present study demonstrates that levels of extraversion and neuroticism can predict attentional performance during a change detection task. After completing a change detection task built on the flicker paradigm, participants were assessed for personality traits using the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ–R). Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of extraversion predict increased change detection accuracies, while higher levels of neuroticism predict decreased change detection accuracies. In addition, neurotic individuals exhibited decreased sensitivity A′ and increased fixation dwell times. Hierarchical regression analyses further revealed that eye movement measures mediate the relationship between neuroticism and change detection accuracies. Based on the current results, we propose that neuroticism is associated with decreased attentional control over the visual field, presumably due to decreased attentional disengagement. Extraversion can predict increased attentional ...
The effects of prostacyclin on glycemia and insulin release in man

Abstract Prostacyclin /PGI2/ administered intra-arterially or intravenously to patients with peripheral vascular disease exerted a hyperglycemic effect. In normoglycemic patients receiving PGI2 at a dose of 5 ng/kg/min these effects were barely detectable, but they became unmasked by a rapid glucose injection. In diabetic patients the same PGI2 dose led to distinct elevation in blood glucose. Prostacyclin at a dose of 10 ng/kg/min raised blood glucose levels both at rest and after stimulation with glucose, and opposed effectively hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide in non-diabetic patients. PGI2 repressed glucose-induced insulin release in some normoglycemic patients but in others it either increased it or did not affect it. While hyperglycemic effects are reversible when PGI2 infusion is stopped, and do not interfere with the usual therapeutic administration of prostacyclin for a few days they, nevertheless, might constitute a risk in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes.
A note on measures of similarity based on centrality

This note presents a measure of similarity between connected nodes in terms of centrality based on Euclidean distances, and compares it to ‘assortative mixing’ [Newman, M.E.J., 2002. Assortative mixing in networks. Physical Review Letters 89, 208701], which is based on Pearson correlation coefficient. This study suggests that the measure based on Euclidean distances may be more appropriate for relatively smaller (N < 500) and denser networks.
Formation of complexes between avidin and β-adrenergic receptors using biotinyl-alprenolol derivatives

Abstract The goal of this study was to synthesize biotinylated derivatives of alprenolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, and to determine whether these ligands could bind simultaneously to both avidin (a biotin-binding protein) and to the β-adrenergic receptor. Such ligands would be useful for β-adrenergic receptor localization and purification, since avidin can be covalently labelled with fluorescent or electron-dense markers or can be linked to solid supports for affinity chromatography. Three biotinyl derivatives of alprenolol were synthesized and characterized. Each derivative bound to avidin and also possesed high affinity for the duck erythrocyte β-adrenergic receptor. Two of the compounds, biotinyl-caproyl-cysteaminyl-alprenolol (BCCA) and biotinyl-dodecanoyl-cysteaminyl-alprenolol (BDCA) had the same affinities for the duck erythrocyte β-adrenergic receptor (membrane-bound or digitonin-solubilized) in the absence and presence of avidin. This indicated that high affinity complexes could be formed between the β-adrenergic receptor and avidin using these bifunctional biotinyl-alprenolol ligands. In contrast, biotinyl-cysteaminyl-alprenolol (BCA), in which the distance between the biotin and alprenolol moieties was shorter, had greatly reduced affinity for the duck erythrocyte β-adrenergic receptor in the presence of avidin. Additional studies showed that BDCA, avidin-BDCA, and ferritin-avidin-BDCA were equally potent in inhibiting the isoproterenol stimulation of cAMP accumulation in intact HeLa cells. The data reported in this paper demonstrate the importance of an appropriate spacer sequence to allow correct apposition of the receptor and avidin molecules, and suggest that BDCA may be a useful probe for β-adrenergic receptor localization and purification.
Latin America in caricature

* Acknowledgments *1. Introduction *2. The Hemisphere as Monolith *3. Latin America as Female *4. The Republics as Children *5. The Republics as Blacks *6. The Latin American Nations as Non-Black Males *7. Social Reform and Militarism *8. Conclusion * Notes * Index
Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame

One of the first books to shine a light on the broad scope of translation studies, this Routledge Translation Classic is widely regarded as a pillar of the discipline. Authored by one of the most infl uential translation theorists of the twentieth century, Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame shows how rewriting – translation, anthologization, historiography, criticism, editing – infl uences the reception and canonization of works of literature. Firmly placing the production and reception of literature within the wider framework of a culture and its history, Andre Lefevere explores how rewriting manipulates works of literature to ideological and artistic ends, and demonstrates how rewriting a text can give it a new, sometimes subversive, historical or literary status. Ranging across various literatures, including Classical Latin, French, and German, and here reissued with a new foreword by Scott G. Williams, this is a seminal text for all students and specialists in translation studies, literary theory, and comparative and world literature.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in size-controlled, self-assembled, InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots

Summary form only given. We describe measurements of carrier energy relaxation in a set of InGaAs/GaAs with various sizes resulting in energy level spacing (/spl Delta/E) ranging from /spl sim/65 meV to /spl sim/95 meV. We demonstrate that in all cases the relaxation is extremely rapid but slows with increasing /spl Delta/E. This behavior is highly suggestive of relaxation through phonon emission. Optical phonon energies of 29.6, 32.6, and 37.6 meV have been reported previously in InAs/GaAs self-assembled QDs. Thus, depending on the relative distribution of energy among the electron and hole levels, relaxation through single phonon emission (for both electrons and holes) is possible for /spl Delta/E /spl sim/65 meV, but multiphonon emission is required for /spl Delta/E /spl sim/95 meV. Phonon participation in the relaxation is also suggested by the temperature dependence of the measured relaxation rates and by measurements of the excited-state dynamics.
Capillary Jumps on Deep Water

Abstract A locally steep surface gradient or “jump” may be expected on any steady surface current whose strength U decreases horizontally from supercritical (U > cmin) to subcritical (U < cmin), where cmin is the minimum phase velocity of linear capillary-gravity waves. On the downstream side of the jump, the flow is similar to that in a capillary-gravity wave of solitary type. Suitable conditions for a capillary jump can occur on the front face of a steep gravity wave, near the wave crest. The jump may either trap energy in its neighborhood or leak energy down the front face of the wave. In the latter case, it becomes a source of parasitic capillary waves. The conclusions are supported by recent boundary-integral calculations of the deformation of steep surface waves.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Athletic Hip Pain

Athletes with hip pain can have a variety of potential causes of the pain, including intra-articular pathology such as labral or cartilaginous injuries, as often seen in the setting of femoroacetabular impingement, surrounding soft-tissue pathology such as muscle or tendon injuries, and referred pain from stress injuries of the pubic bones, often from traction enthesitis from the adductors. With the use of dedicated surface coils, high-resolution noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging of the hip can provide detailed information regarding articular cartilage and labral injuries in the athlete with hip pain. The addition of a fat suppression sequence helps to identify areas of bone marrow edema that may be indicative of stress reaction or fracture. The three-dimensional capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging further afford the evaluation of osseous morphology of the hip, including the degree of osseous proliferative change and potential offset of the femoral head neck junction in the setting of femoroacetabular impingement.
Birth delivery mode modifies the associations between prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and neonatal thyroid hormone levels.

BackgroundDeveloping infants may be especially sensitive to hormone disruption from chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).ObjectiveWe inves...
The energy issue: A critical test for CZM

As national concern has increased over the gap between domestic energy supply and demand, private interests and federal and state governments have been actively involved in discussions aimed at determining how energy supplies can be increased without causing severe negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. A focus of attentions is on the coastal zone where much energy related activity is expected to take place. This paper discusses some of the major issues, how these issues relate to coastal zone management, and possible solution to resolving some of the existing concerns and conflicts. While the development of the petroleum resources of the outer continental shelf has been holding headlines for almost a year now, we will try to look more broadly at the energy issue, including other principal sources such as coal and nuclear power. Of particular interest will be the role of the coastal states in decisions concerning onshore energy activities. The following outlines some of the main points that will be made.