cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The maladaptive significance of maternal effects for plants in anthropogenically modified environments

Maternal effects directly and indirectly modify an offspring’s phenotype during development, preparing the offspring for an environment similar to an environment experienced by the mother. Evolutionarily, this could be adaptive if organisms did not experience a large amount of environmental variation across generations. We argue increased anthropogenic changes have led maternal effects to be maladaptive in plants. Similar problems in humans have been proposed, where metabolic diseases may be increased by a mismatch between the in utero environment and the adult environment; often referred to as the Barker Hypothesis. Plants may experience similar metabolic and functional disorders, caused by maternal effects generated from unreliable environmental cues. In the last 200 years, human activities have increased habitat fragmentation, changed patterns of nutrient deposition, and increased climatic variation within and among years. In this manuscript, we suggest that ecologists should consider the increased negative influence of maternal effects on plant growth and reproduction in spatially fragmented and temporally stochastic landscapes. Several implications for conservation and research arise from this discussion: (1) researchers should focus on evolutionarily relevant measures of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, (2) the maternal history of seeds used for population restoration should be considered, and (3) contiguous habitats should be constructed to reduce the impact of evolutionary traps.
Formulation and characterisation of magnetic resonance imageable thermally sensitive liposomes for use with magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound.

Purpose: Objectives of this study were to: 1) develop iLTSL, a low temperature sensitive liposome co-loaded with an MRI contrast agent (ProHance® Gd-HP-DO3A) and doxorubicin, 2) characterise doxorubicin and Gd-HP-DO3A release from iLTSL and 3) investigate the ability of magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) to induce and monitor iLTSL content release in phantoms and in vivo.Methods: iLTSL was passively loaded with Gd-HP-DO3A and actively loaded with doxorubicin. Doxorubicin and Gd-HP-DO3A release was quantified by fluorescence and spectroscopic techniques, respectively. Release with MR-HIFU was examined in tissue-mimicking phantoms containing iLTSL and in a VX2 rabbit tumour model.Results: iLTSL demonstrated consistent size and doxorubicin release kinetics after storage at 4°C for 7 days. Release of doxorubicin and Gd-HP-DO3A from iLTSL was minimal at 37°C but fast when heated to 41.3°C. The magnitude of release was not significantly different between doxorubicin and Gd-HP-...
Simulating impact of light rail on urban growth in Phoenix: an application of urbansim modeling environment

This paper analyzes the impact of the proposed Phoenix Light Rail transit system on future land use and household characteristics adjacent to station areas using a software-based simulation model called UrbanSim. UrbanSim is a microsimulation modeling environment, developed at the University of Washington, Seattle, which enables detailed analysis of the effect of different policy scenarios of future patterns of urban growth. Although existing literature suggests that projects such as the Phoenix Light Rail often increases the value of properties adjacent to the station areas, few studies have analyzed the nature and type of households that are drawn to these areas. The result of this analysis for Phoenix shows differential impacts of light rail on various neighborhoods with different existing land use and household characteristics. Particularly, the study draws attention to the potential gentrification of an area currently dominated by students of Arizona State University and suggests that preemptive strategies should be put in place to accommodate student housing.
Revisiting a limit on efficient quantum computation

In this paper, we offer an exposition of a theorem originally due to Adleman, Demarrais and Huang that shows that the quantum complexity class BQP (Bounded-error Quantum Polynomial time) is contained in the classical counting class PP (Probabilistic Polynomial time). Our proof follows the one given by Fortnow and Rogers that relates quantum computing to counting complexity classes by way of GapP functions. The contribution of this paper is an exposition of an important result that assumes a minimal background in computational complexity theory and no knowledge of quantum mechanics.
The Importance of Actualizing Control in the Processing of Instructional Information

This commentary on Fresco's article "Information processing as an account of concrete digital computation" illuminates the two intertwined roles that the definition of the term "information" plays in Fresco's analysis. It provides analysis of the notion of actualizing control in information processing. The key point made is that not all control information in common computational devices cannot be processed.
Stratigraphy and land use of the Post-Diamond Hill Paleosol, western Oregon

Abstract The Post-Diamond Hill Paleosol generally underlies Late Pleistocene sediments of the Willamette Formation. However, in numerous localities in the Willamette Valley, reddish gray clay paleosols either outcrop at the surface or occur within soil profile depth. Then they are part of soils of the modern landscape. Where the paleosols outcrop, the soils are mostly Typic Pelloxererts in the fine, montmorillonitic, mesic family. Because of the nature of the paleosols, these soils are poorly suited for nearly all intensive uses; the dominant use is hay and pasture.
Nuclear magnetic relaxation in liquid metals, alloys and salts

Abstract Both the longitudinal relaxation time T 1 and the spin-spin relaxation time T 2 have been measured in liquid alloy systems with pulsed echo techniques. It has been found that T 2 is frequently shorter than T 1 in these metallic liquids and that this must be ascribed to the presence of microscopic solid surfaces from nonmetallic impurities. The influence of the electron coupled exchange interaction AI 1 · I 2 on relaxation mechanisms is negligible as it is averaged out in liquid samples. This has in particular been verified in liquid thallium salts. Electric quadrupole relaxation has been observed for gallium and for sodium alloys in the liquid phase. The temperature dependence for the relaxation time in gallium is given by ( 1 T 1 ) 69 = 4.40T + 9.60 × 10 7 η T sec. The last term is caused by the quadrupole interaction due to the existence of molecular association. This association in Na-Tl alloys breaks down with increasing temperature. When the Knight shift and relaxation time T 1 for Na 23 in Tl, Hg and Pb are measured as a function of concentration, the importance of exchange and correlation corrections on the Korringa relation are evident. These corrections are themselves strongly concentration dependent in the liquid alloy due to short range order and changes in electronic structure. The temperature dependence of the shift and relaxation for Na 23 in NaTl has been measured between room temperature and 310°C. There are important changes at some solid state transitions, but the change at the melting point is small.
Religion, Motherhood, and the Spirit of Capitalism:

Religion can help people cope with problems, but in the modern U.S. economy, it may also create problems for some women. Conservative Protestantism encourages women to avoid paid work when they have young children, but that is a preference many families cannot afford. To better understand how workplace outcomes may reflect religion, we examine whether conservative Protestant, mainline Protestant, Catholic, and non-religious women work the number of hours they prefer. We pay special attention to the interplay of religion and motherhood. We find that among new mothers, conservative Protestants are among the most likely to wish they were working fewer hours. Non-religious women, in contrast, are the least likely to want fewer hours. Among women who are not new mothers, the situation is reversed. Conservative Protestants are least likely to wish they were working fewer hours and non-religious women are the most likely to want fewer hours. These results suggest that researchers interested in the subjective sid...
Effect of Mild Infections with Six Species of Eimeria on Skin Pigmentation of Broiler Chickens

Mild infections of Eimeria maxima, E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, or E. tenella that did not affect weight gain significantly (P greater than .05) caused significant (P less than .05) shank depigmentation in 6-week-old broilers fed a broiler diet. Infections of E. maxima, E. mivati, or E. acervulina caused numerically more depigmentation than did infections by E. tenella, E. brunetti, or E. necatrix. Significant depigmentation was first detected at 4 days postinoculation (pi) with some species, prior to other gross evidence of infection, and infected birds regained little lost pigment by 14 days pi. Pigmentation among the infections by different species from the time of innoculation to 14 days pi was not significantly different (P greater than .05) amongst the treatments.
Preliminary Study of Relationships between Stability and Control Characteristics and Affordability for High-Performance Aircraft

This paper describes a study that is being done as part of the Methods for Affordable Design (MAD) program within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), for which the goal is to develop design methods and information that contribute to reductions in the aircraft development cycle time while increasing design confidence throughout the design cycle. The product of the study will be a database of information that relates key stability and control parameters to affordability considerations such as air combat exchange ratio, safety of flight, and probability of loss of the aircraft or pilot. The overall background and methodology are described, and preliminary results are shown for the first phase of the study to evaluate characteristics in the longitudinal axis. For these preliminary results a simplified analytical model of the aircraft response to uncommanded nose-up pitching moments was developed and used to characterize the requirements for recoveries to controlled flight conditions and to evaluate some parameters that affect the survivability of the aircraft and the pilot.
Caspase-8 and caspase-3 small interfering RNA decreases ischemia/reperfusion injury to the liver in mice.

Abstract Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury) of the liver remains a significant problem during liver surgery and transplantation. I/R injury is associated with liver apoptosis, which is mediated by death receptors such as Fas and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and/or mitochondrial dysfunction induced by cellular stress. Caspase-8 is presumed to be the apex of the death-mediated apoptosis pathway, whereas caspase-3 belongs to the “effector” proteases in the apoptosis cascade. Synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specifically suppress gene expression by RNA interference. Therefore, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of caspase-8 and caspase-3 siRNA in a murine model of liver I/R injury. Methods In C57BL/6 mice, 45% or 70% of the liver mass was clamped for 90 minutes. For survival analysis, total hepatic ischemia was induced for 45 minutes. In vivo delivery of siRNA was performed via the portal vein by high-volume injection (0.5 nmol of siRNA in 1 mL containing 10% lipiodol) 60 minutes before ischemia. As a control, animals received either vehicle or non-sense siRNA (siRNA-scrambled). Results Liver uptake of siRNA was analyzed in transgenic mice who express β-galactosidase (β-gal) (C57BL/6J-TgN(MTn-LacZ)204Bri) after administration of siRNA-LacZ. A 3- to 4-fold decrease in β-gal activity was accomplished at 0.5 nmol. No significant change in β-gal activity was demonstrated in mice receiving non-sense siRNA. Immunohistochemical studies found that 60% of the liver cells efficiently took up siRNA. Significant reduction in serum aspartate transaminase was found in animals treated with siRNA caspase-8 or caspase-3 compared with siRNA-scrambed or vehicle-treated controls. More than a 60% reduction in caspase-8 and caspase-3 gene expression and activities was accomplished after siRNA administration. Animals treated with siRNA presented lower infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and better preservation of the liver architecture compared with controls. All of the control mice subjected to total liver ischemia died within 5 days. In contrast, 30% of the animals given siRNA caspase-8 and 50% of those treated with siRNA caspase-3 survived indefinitely (>30 days). Conclusions Small interfering RNA targeted to caspase-8 and caspase-3 provided significant protection against I/R injury to the liver. This approach could be therapeutic in liver transplantation and other conditions associated with I/R injury to the liver.
The Research of the Four-Bar Bionic Active Knee

The robot joints are usually rotational axis by two link joints, bionic features is not strong. The shortcomings of intelligent MR damper control multi-axis bionic knee can only provide resistance and certain sizes to regain momentum, cannot provide larger power, therefore this paper gives by the multi-axis four-bar structure, ball screw transmission multiaxial bionic active knee institutions. And analysis the human leg institutions and commonly used two-bar structure, through multi-variable optimization method to solve the design parameters of knee joint structure, the motor angular velocity and torque. And established in a bionic active the knee's virtual prototype.
Welfare, Workfare, and Citizenship in the Developed World

This review discusses the changes in welfare policies and the role of law in those changes in the United States and the developed world. In 1996, the U.S. Congress and President Clinton committed to “ending welfare as we know it” and changed welfare to workfare. Under the “work first” strategy, recipients are pressured to take the first entry-level job they are offered. Caseworkers, overworked and undertrained, are under pressure to produce favorable statistical results. They concentrate on those who are the most employable or take the least amount of time to become employable. Left out are those who have significant barriers to employment. There has been a rapid decline in welfare caseloads. Most who left the rolls have been sanctioned, have been denied entry to welfare, have taken low-paid work, and remain in poverty. This welfare-to-work strategy has spread to other parts of the developed world. Faced with sluggish economies and growing unemployment, welfare states have been changed from passive to act...
The Problem of Delayed Causation in a Video Game: Constant, Varied, and Filled Delays.

A first-person shooter video game was adapted for the study of causal decision making within dynamic environments. The video game included groups of three potential targets. Participants chose which of the three targets in each group was producing distal explosions. The actual source of the explosion effect varied in the delay between the firing of its weapon and the effect (from 0 to 2 s), whether these programed average delays were constant or varied from shot to shot, and whether the delays were unfilled or filled with an auditory event. In Experiment 1, participants’ choice accuracy was highest with shorter delays, but there was no effect of filling the delay and some beneficial effect of varying the delay. These results were re-examined in Experiment 2 but with participants experiencing the same average delay for seven subsequent decisions before the next average delay was introduced. In this experiment, men showed a strong and consistent benefit of filling a delay whereas women did not. Participants’ behavior is considered within the context of a model that assumes that choice behavior is driven by experienced contiguity for the target and foils.
Sensing the rhythms of everyday life: Temporal integration and tactile translation in the Seattle Deaf-Blind community

This article is concerned with how social actors establish relations between language, the body, and the physical and social environment. The empirical focus is a series of interactions between Deaf-Blind people and tactile signed language interpreters in Seattle, Washington. Many members of the Seattle Deaf-Blind community were born deaf and, due to a genetic condition, lose their vision slowly over the course of many years. Drawing on recent work in language and practice theory, I argue that these relations are established by Deaf-Blind people through processes of integration whereby continuity between linguistic, embodied, and social elements of a fading visual order are made continuous with corresponding elements in an emerging tactile order. In doing so, I contribute to current attempts in linguistic anthropology to model the means by which embodied, linguistic, and social phenomena crystallize in relational patterns to yield worlds that take on the appearance of concreteness and naturalness. (Classifiers, Deaf-Blind, integration, interpretation, language and embodiment, practice, rhythm, Tactile American Sign Language, tactility)*
Accurate trigger condition analysis for CMOS latchup

Two-dimensional device simulation is used to accurately predict both static and dynamic triggering conditions for CMOS latchup. Excellent agreement is obtained with experimental results for static trigger currents that cannot be modeled using lumped element approaches. For the first time, full transient two-dimensional simulation is performed to obtain a dynamic triggering threshold.
An intuitive behavioral modeling language for mixed signal ASIC simulation

An intuitive behavioral modelling language is introduced within the circuit simulator URECA. The URECA language is constructed using operators as extensions to the netlist format commonly found in analog simulators such as SPICE. The operators have been developed to model input/output behavior in mixed signal circuits and describe common analog behavioral qualities. Several mixed analog/digital circuit examples are simulated using this language, and the accuracy and processing speed are discussed. >
Analysis of the beat frequency oscillation in voltage regulators

In the voltage regulator (VR) applications, the load transient frequency varies in a very wide range from several kHz to several MHz. When the load transient frequency approaches to the switching frequency of VR, there is a low frequency oscillation in the system, which is the beat frequency oscillation between the load transient frequency and the switching frequency of VR. And this may hurt the system. In this paper, utilizing the multi-frequency modeling technique, this beat frequency oscillation is modeled and analyzed. The compensator design to reduce the beat frequency oscillation is suggested and verified with the hardware.
The Role of CA-125 in the Management of Ovarian Cancer

Over more than a decade of clinical use, CA-125 has proven itself to be one of the most useful tumor markers in cancer medicine. The major clinical utility of this serum marker is in following the clinical course of women with known ovarian cancer. Other potential uses of CA-125 include the evaluation of the effectiveness of new antineoplastic agents in this malignancy, and in the modification of treatment strategies in individuals whose CA-125 levels fail to decline at an acceptable rate following the institution of therapy. At the present time, the use of CA-125 as a method to screen for ovarian cancer should be considered investigational. The Oncologist 1997;2:6-9
Circuit-Level Load Monitoring for Household Energy Management

Circuit-level nonintrusive load monitoring can overcome some of the basic problems relative to whole-house NILM, enabling sophisticated energy-monitoring applications. The two proposed approaches demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique. Here, we describe two approaches for circuit-level NILM that enable detailed, practical household energy monitoring: a heuristic-based approach and a Bayesian approach. Both address the limitations of previous NILM algorithms by considering steady-state power use in addition to step changes in steady-state power use and by using circuit-level energy measurements. Using the historical steady-state energy use pattern for each device lets us more precisely classify each edge and eliminate some cases of indistinguishable step changes. By measuring energy use at the circuit level, we can overcome the inability of whole-house NILM to monitor small or variable-power devices. This is because there are fewer devices on each circuit and high-powered devices (such as a stove, hot-water heater, air conditioner, and clothes dryer) each receive dedicated circuits and won't overshadow lower-powered devices (such as LVs, radios, and cell phone chargers).
Do NSAIDs suppress polyps in MUTYH-associated polyposis? A case report

Background MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by germline mutations in the base excision repair gene MUTYH. Phenotypic expression is usually that of an attenuated polyposis syndrome with anywhere from 3-100+ polyps and mixed pathology including tubular adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas, and/or hyperplastic polyps. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been well established as a method of polyp chemoprevention and suppression in familial adenomatous polypsis syndrome (FAP). However, while cyclooxygenase-2 expression has been confirmed in the adenomas, synchronous adenocarcinomas, and healthy mucosa in APC-/MYH+ patients, 1 it is not well-documented if NSAIDS have any
Oxysterols: 27-hydroxycholesterol and its radiolabeled analog.

Abstract We describe a convenient and stereoselective route to the synthesis of 27-hydroxycholesterol. Also its radiolabeled analog, 22, 23 di [3H]-27-hydroxycholesterol with high specific radioactivity (55 Ci/mmol) was synthesized by this method. Julia condensation of steroidal 22-sulfone with aldehyde, led to the addition of the 23–27 carbon side chain building block to the steroid backbone. Formed in this reaction β-hydroxysulfone moiety was reduced by sodium amalgam generate 22–23 unsaturated bond. Further reduction either by hydrogen or tritium furnished substrates for the synthesis of title compounds.
PAPR reduction via a fixed frequency-domain weighting across multiple OFDM bauds

The paper introduces a PAPR reduction technique for OFDM that uses the same PAPR reduction weights over multiple OFDM bauds. The PAPR reduction weights are applied on each subcarrier in the frequency domain and are designed to be either fixed over a group of subcarriers (in addition to multiple bauds) or parameterized by time taps. The advantage of these methods is to simplify channel estimation by not destroying the channel frequency correlation (for weights fixed over groups of subcarriers) or by increasing the effective length of the channel to be estimated (for the weights parameterized by time taps). Simulation results show up to a 6.0 dB decrease in PAPR where PAPR is measured over an OFDM baud.
Costly Misconceptions of Law and Legal Services: The Small Business Owner vs. the Chicago Personal Property Tax

Inaccurate perceptions of the law by ordinary citizens, especially when resolution of conflicts caused by such perceptions is usually handled by lawyers, can lead to cynicism and distrust of government, the legal system, and the lawyers who participate in the system. The authors present some results of research into the functioning of a particular part of the system in a particular place to show how all participants keep the situation from being changed.
An exact hybrid numerical boundary condition for electromagnetic scattering problems

To solve the scalar Helmholtz equation in an unbounded region using finite element methods (FEM), an outer boundary with a suitable boundary condition must be introduced to truncate the finite element mesh. In the paper, an exact hybrid numerical boundary condition (HNBC), applicable to an absorbing boundary with an arbitrary shape, is proposed. The HNBC is as accurate as surface integral equation methods. In addition, it does not suffer from internal resonance problems when the outer boundary of the mesh is in the vicinity of an interior resonance boundary.
Angiotensin II (AT1) Receptors and NADPH Oxidase Regulate Cl− Current Elicited by β1 Integrin Stretch in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

Direct stretch of β1 integrin activates an outwardly rectifying, tamoxifen-sensitive Cl− current (Cl− SAC) via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and/or Src. The characteristics of Cl− SAC resemble those of the volume-sensitive Cl− current, ICl,swell. Because myocyte stretch releases angiotensin II (AngII), which binds AT1 receptors (AT1R) and stimulates FAK and Src in an autocrine-paracrine loop, we tested whether AT1R and their downstream signaling cascade participate in mechanotransduction. Paramagnetic beads coated with mAb for β1-integrin were applied to myocytes and pulled upward with an electromagnet while recording whole-cell anion current. Losartan (5 μM), an AT1R competitive antagonist, blocked Cl− SAC but did not significantly alter the background Cl− current in the absence of integrin stretch. AT1R signaling is mediated largely by H2O2 produced from superoxide generated by sarcolemmal NADPH oxidase. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, 60 μM), a potent NADPH oxidase inhibitor, rapidly and completely blocked both Cl− SAC elicited by stretch and the background Cl− current. A structurally unrelated NADPH oxidase inhibitor, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF, 0.5 and 2 mM), also rapidly and completely blocked Cl− SAC as well as a large fraction of the background Cl− current. With continuing integrin stretch, Cl− SAC recovered upon washout of AEBSF (2 mM). In the absence of stretch, exogenous AngII (5 nM) activated an outwardly rectifying Cl− current that was rapidly and completely blocked by DPI (60 μM). Moreover, exogenous H2O2 (10, 100, and 500 μM), the eventual product of NADPH oxidase activity, also activated Cl− SAC in the absence of stretch, whereas catalase (1,000 U/ml), an H2O2 scavenger, attenuated the response to stretch. Application of H2O2 during NADPH oxidase inhibition by either DPI (60 μM) or AEBSF (0.5 mM) did not fully reactivate Cl− SAC, however. These results suggest that stretch of β1-integrin in cardiac myocytes elicits Cl− SAC by activating AT1R and NADPH oxidase and, thereby, producing reactive oxygen species. In addition, NADPH oxidase may be intimately coupled to the channel responsible for Cl− SAC, providing a second regulatory pathway.
Assistive Technology Programming for a Young Child with Profound Disabilities: A Single-Subject Study

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use single-subject research methods, combined with social validation procedures, as part of an evaluation/intervention process exploring the effects of adapted switch-operated devices on self-initiated behaviors of a 6-year-old child with profound multiple disabilities.Method: A single-subject withdrawal design with multiple phases, including one alternating treatments phase, was used to investigate the participant's ability to perform selective, voluntary motions as indicators of contingency awareness and preferences. Social validity also was assessed.Results: The child demonstrated the ability to use two switch sites to activate adapted switch-operated devices when a preferred stimulus was contingent on a specific motor action, and she demonstrated the ability to communicate preferences as indicated by more frequent switch activations for one consequence than for a second consequence. Social validity results indicated that both the parents and sch...
Distinct Regulation by Steroids of Messenger RNAs for FSHR and CYP19A1 in Bovine Granulosa Cells

Abstract Steroidal regulation of gene expression in follicular cells is not completely defined. Granulosa cells from 5 mm bovine follicles were cultured and treated and steady-state mRNA levels determined for FSHR (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor) and CYP19A1 (aromatase). Cells were treated for 5 days with (0.1–300 ng/ml) 17beta-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). FSHR mRNA was increased by T and DHT but not E2. In contrast, CYP19A1 mRNA was induced by all doses of E2 but only high doses of T and DHT. Similarly, varying treatment duration (1–5 days) showed that FSHR was increased by T and DHT and CYP19A1 mRNA increased by E2 and T at all times. Synergism between steroid hormones and FSH or forskolin was also evaluated. FSH or E2 did not alter FSHR mRNA and did not enhance DHT stimulation of FSHR mRNA. In contrast, DHT alone had no effect on CYP19A1 mRNA but synergized with FSH plus E2 to increase CYP19A1 mRNA, probably due to induction of FSHR by DHT. Effects of E2...
A negotiation methodology and its application to cogeneration planning

Power system planning has become a complex process in utilities today. This paper presents a methodology for integrated planning with multiple objectives. The methodology uses a graphical representation (goal-decision network) to capture the planning knowledge. The planning process is viewed as a negotiation process that applies three negotiation operators to search for beneficial decisions in a GDN. Also, the negotiation framework is applied to the problem of planning for cogeneration interconnection. The simulation results are presented to illustrate the cogeneration planning process. >
Measured responses to cyber attacks using Schmitt analysis: a case study of attack scenarios for a software-intensive system

In this paper we address the development of measured responses to coercive actions. We demonstrate, via a case study of kinetic and cyber attacks on a safety-critical software-intensive system, the application of the Schmitt Analysis to the question of whether the attacks have risen to the level of a "use of force" under international law, taking into account both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the attacks.
On the propriety of forecasting accuracy as a measure of team management ability: a preliminary investigation

It has been suggested that a management team's forecasting ability serves as the major evaluation standard in business games. This suggestion is explored through an examination of the field's empirical research and a laboratory exploration. Little support was found for the use of the criterion as suggested. Forecasting accuracy increased over time but, for the poorer performing companies, good management was not unequivocally associated with accurate forecasts, and low forecast errors were not systematically associated with high profits.
Modeling Joint Choice of Airline Itinerary and Fare Product : Implications for Airline Pricing Strategies

The rapid expansion of low-cost airlines and the development of online distribution of airline tickets have put pressure on the pricing and revenue management strategy of network airlines and have substantially modified the airline passenger choice environment, especially in short-haul markets. To analyze the choice behavior of airline passengers, a unique data set is being developed. Passenger booking data are combined with fare class availability data collected daily for a 90-day booking period, and fare rules are applied to reconstruct the passenger choice set and determine which fare products were available at the time of the booking on nonstop itineraries in select business-oriented European short-haul markets. Estimation results from a multinomial logit model of the joint choice of airline itinerary and fare product show that outbound passengers tend to prefer early morning and late afternoon flight departures that allow them to conduct their business activities either before or after their trips. I...
TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED FATALITIES: REVIEW OF BUREAU OF BIOLOGICS REPORTS 1976-1978

Review of the 70 transfusion-associated fatalities reported to the Bureau of Biologics (BOB) between 1976 and 1978 revealed 44 acute hemolytic reactions, two delayed hemolytic reactions, five fatalities associated with acute respiratory failure, two cases of bacterial contamination, one graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR), ten cases of hepatitis, and six fatalities not associated with transfusion. Thirty-eight of 44 acute hemolytic reactions were due to ABO incompatibility. Clerical confusion was the cause of 33 of 37 cases in which error could be defined.
Lubricated pipelining: Stability of core-annular flow. part 4. ginzburg-landau equations

Nonlinear stability of core-annular flow near points of the neutral curves at which perfect core-annular flow loses stability is studied using Ginzburg-Landau equations. Most of the core-annular flows are always unstable. Therefore the set of core-annular flows having critical Reynolds numbers is small, so that the set of flows for which our analysis applies is small. An efficient and accurate algorithm for computing all the coefficients of the Ginzburg-Landau equation is implemented. The nonlinear flows seen in the experiments do not appear to be modulations of monochromatic waves, and we see no evidence for soliton-like structures. We explore the bifurcation structure of finite-amplitude monochromatic waves at criticality. The bifurcation theory is consistent with observations in some of the flow cases to which it applies and is not inconsistent in the other cases.
Atomic structure of 66° [1̄10] asymmetric tilt grain boundary in aluminum

A 66° [110] asymmetric tilt grain boundary in Al prepared by cold rolling and annealing has been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. Due to a 4.5° deviation from the perfect Σ3 misorientation, the boundary is heavily faceted with straight segments running parallel to (1 11) and (112) planes. All atomic sites across the (1 11) facets appear to be coincident with the (111) planes at an angle of 66°. The line defects which accommodate the deviation from the perfect twin orientation result in grain boundary stepping. The observed structural features can be described in terms of secondary grain boundary dislocations with Burgers vectors of the type ⅓ , and ⅙ as well as their interactions.
The Norm of Tradition: Gender Subordination and Women's Exclusion in International Relations

The survey data in “Women in International Relations” explains that women are underrepresented in international relations as a whole, and that this underrepresentation only grows at the higher ranks of our profession. In observing the “gender gap” in IR, the essay offers an interesting and important overview of the possible reasons for women's underrepresentation and points out some meaningful differences between women and men in terms of perspective in the discipline, publication productivity, and teaching style, among other things. Near the beginning of the essay, the authors set up alternative explanations for women's marginal position in the discipline. They note that while feminist scholars relate women's marginalization to gender subordination, “other scholars suggest that the content of women's scholarship contributes to their marginalization” (see p. 122). I would argue that women's differences and gender subordination might not be competing explanations for women's marginalization. Instead, it might be that gender subordination can explain both women's differences and women's underrepresentation in the field.
Effects of resource allocation policies for reducing project durations: a systems modelling approach

Minimizing duration is critical to success in many development projects. Resource allocation policies during such projects determine the fractions of resources that are to be assigned to constituent tasks. The choice of allocation policy can strongly influence project durations. But policies for reduced project duration are difficult to design and implement because of closed loop flows of work that generate dynamic demand patterns and delays in shifting resources among activities. Resource demand estimates and resource adjustment times are two policy features that managers can readily alter to influence project durations. These features are used to describe allocation policies in a relatively simple project model. Myopic and foresighted policies are distinguished by their use (or lack thereof) of rework and multiple backlogs in allocation. Optimal policies under perfect and limited managerial control are described by testing myopic and foresighted policies across a range of project complexities and adjustment times under deterministic and uncertain conditions. Counter-intuitive results from this analysis indicate that minimum resource allocation delay does not produce minimum durations, and increasing uncertainty decreases durations under certain conditions. The model is used to explain these results. Managerial implications and future research topics are discussed. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of Nesting Sea Turtles to Barrier Island Dynamics

ABSTRACT Although barrier island beaches provide important nesting habitat for sea turtles, they are constantly changing. To determine how nesting sea turtles have responded to this dynamic environment, we assessed: 1) wind, current, and tidal patterns and changes in beach profiles, 2) sea turtle nesting patterns, and 3) success of turtle nests deposited along 5 km of beach on Cape San Blas, Florida, an extremely dynamic barrier beach in northwest Florida. From 1998 to 2000, nesting turtles were tagged, nests were monitored, and hatching success was determined. Throughout this study, West beach lost ∼ 5 m of sand while East beach gained ∼ 4 m; however 61% of nests were deposited on West beach and 39% on East beach. Hatchling emergence success did not differ between beaches. Wind direction influenced current direction and sand movement and affected the number of nests deposited along East beach but not on West beach. Nearly all nests (98%) oviposited on both beaches were deposited during a rising tide. Alt...
Mutations Affecting Protein Folding and Misfolding in Vivo

In vivo folding and in vitro refolding studies of many proteins have established that the polypeptide chain does not attain the native conformation directly, but must pass through partially folded intermediates, (Creighton 1978, Kim and Baldwin 1982, Goldenberg and King 1982). It has often been assumed that such species are conformational subsets of the fully folded native state. In fact the existing data suggest that folding intermediates have properties of their own, not necessarily reflected in the native state (Creighton and Goldenberg, 1984). Numerous cases have now been described in which partially folded intermediates form transient complexes with helper proteins, (chaperonins) within the cells, (Pelham 1986, Hemmingsen et al. 1988, Goloubinoff et al. 1989a, b). The necessity of proteins to fold in physiological environments can explain why intermediates might have distinct properties from those of the native state. These chains may have specific sites and properties that can mediate recognition with molecular chaperones, membrane transport sites and other factors. For proteins destined to be exported through a membrane channel, the chain must be prevented from prematurely reaching the native conformation, (Randall and Hardy, 1988). Thus, folding intermediates must have been evolved with respect to their in vivo folding environments.
Characterization of MFMIS and MFIS Structures for Non-volatile Memory Applications

To eliminate the interface reaction problems between ferroelectric and semiconductor in MFS (metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor) as well as ferroelectric and insulator in MFIS (metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor) structures, a gate layer sandwich of the MFMIS (metal-ferroelectric-metal-insulator-semiconductor) is proposed. This structure consists of Pt-SBT-Pt-ZrO2-SiO2-Si stacks. In the MFMIS structure the MIS capacitor is separated from the ferroelectric MFM capacitor through a metal as a floating gate. Therefore, the MIS capacitor with SiO2 and ZrO2 as an insulator with excellent interface properties can be used and MFM acts as an ideal ferroelectric capacitor. As MFMIS is a series combination of MFM and MIS capacitors, it behaves as a voltage divider. The gate voltage is divided according to the capacitance ratio of the MIS and MFM structures. Since the fabricated devices have access to the floating gate, characteristics of the MFM and MIS capacitors can be determined independently to compare the characteristics of the MFMIS structure as a single capacitor. The ferroelectric can be programmed in one direction and the field effect due to that can be analyzed. The MFMIS structures showed significant memory window due to the polarization of ferroelectric thin films but the retention time was short. The short retention time was due to the depolarization field being larger than coercive field of the ferroelectric thin film.
A reimbursable education service for patients with hepatitis C.

Objective To describe a pharmacy's subcutaneous injection education service for patients with hepatitis C. Practice Problem Obstacles identified in the delivery of the service included the need to increase the pharmacists' level of knowledge regarding hepatitis C, establish methods for consistent education and documentation of patient education sessions, and improve coordination of scheduling appointments, pharmacy workflow, and obtaining documentation from physicians for reimbursement. Practice Innovation In this pharmacist-coordinated hepatitis C education service, policies and procedures were developed and implemented to ensure uniform standards of patient care and to improve pharmacists' knowledge base, patient education, and documentation of services. A one-page, faxable treatment order form was designed to help streamline physician office documentation and workflow. A task flow sheet for each patient case was used to address additional scheduling and workflow issues. Third party payers were billed for every teaching session. Results After evaluating the service and implementing several improvements, coordination of patient care became more streamlined. From March 1997 through February 2000, 94 patients received care, with appointments lasting between 45 and 90 minutes. Reimbursement was obtained from third party payers for 19% (18/94) of the teaching sessions. When claims were rejected, patients were billed for the education service. Conclusion Pharmacists have an opportunity to provide a reimbursable education service to patients with hepatitis C.
Clastic pipe characteristics and distributions throughout the Colorado Plateau: Implications for paleoenvironment and paleoseismic controls

Abstract Clastic pipes occur throughout much of the Phanerozoic strata of the Colorado Plateau and provide a unique opportunity to test the validly of various deformation and triggering mechanism hypotheses in the context of their tectono-stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental settings. Pipes dominantly occur in Jurassic strata and preferentially in eolian (especially interdune), sabkha, and fluvial deposits because these sediments contained interbedded fine-grained and water-saturated, high-porosity, coarse-grained facies. The greatest geographic concentrations of pipes occur in three trends: (1) a northeast trend from the Lake Powell to Moab areas of southern and southeastern Utah, (2) an east–west trend in northern Arizona within and north of the Grand Canyon, and (3) a west-northwest–east-southeast trend along Interstate 40 west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Many pipes formed due to liquefaction and fluidization and were potentially triggered by seismic activity originating from basement-cored uplifts within the Colorado Plateau, although other trigger mechanisms cannot be completely eliminated. Some breccia pipes within northern Arizona that are rooted in karst are the exception to this interpretation. Pipes possess unique depositional and triggering requirements and thus provide an excellent opportunity to understand the interplay of sedimentology and tectonics within continental systems.
Phosphatidylinositol and inositol phosphate metabolism.

The six carbons that comprise the inositol ring can be phosphorylated in a combinatorial manner, generating a truly astonishing range of inositol phosphates and inositol lipids. Yet, somehow, the cell can distinguish and utilize several of these metabolites to specifically regulate a variety of
Impaired Fear Recognition and Social Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescence

This study represents the first examination of adolescent anxiety in relation to peer emotion recognition, rather than adult emotion recognition. Additionally, we examine potential mechanisms for the development of Social Anxiety in females. Facial emotion recognition (FER) is important for accurate social cognition, which is impaired in individuals with various disorders, including anxiety disorders. Social anxiety often onsets during adolescence, is observed more commonly in females, and is often associated with FER difficulties. Given the importance of peer interaction during adolescence, and some evidence that FER may differ as a function of the stimuli (adolescent or adult faces), we sought to study FER in relation to social anxiety symptoms using stimuli portraying adolescent faces. Male and female adolescents (N=64) completed an online survey in which they rated 257 child and adolescent emotional faces and completed a self-report measure of social anxiety symptoms. We examined differences in emotion recognition (e.g., fear, anger, sadness) between individuals with high and low levels of social anxiety symptoms. Adolescents with high social anxiety symptoms were more likely to have problems correctly identifying fearful expressions (90.55% accuracy) compared to adolescents with low social anxiety symptoms (96.00% accuracy; t = 2.375, p = .021, d = 0.594), and this effect was observed exclusively in female adolescents. The observed sex difference in accurate identification of fearful faces in relation to social anxiety could suggest a potential mechanism for social anxiety development in adolescent females.
Metabolic Response to Burn

Severe burns significantly disrupt all normal metabolic processes, resulting in massive changes in systems generating and expending energy and those supporting critical bodily functions. The result is hypermetabolism with causes of inflammation associated with the wound, the subsequent hormonal response, and central effects associated with pain. All substrate utilization for energy is radically altered with effective utilization for wound healing and control of the environment as well as a significant increase in futile substrate cycling. Means to control hypermetabolism include source control through rapid wound closure, diet, pharmacologic manipulation of metabolism, and aggressive mobilization.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of Mycotoxins Using Nylon Bead and Terasaki Plate Solid Phases.

Nylon beads and Terasaki plates were tested as solid phases for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and T-2 toxin. Both methods had detection limits comparable to that of mycotoxin microtiter plate ELISAs. Using the nylon bead ELISA, ELISA competition curves for AFB1, AFM1 and T-2 toxin exhibited linear response between 1.0 to 100, 0.1 to 100, and 0.1 to 10.0 ng/ml, respectively. Response ranges for Terasaki plate ELISAs of AFB1, AFM1 and T-2 toxin were 1.0 to 50, 0.05 to 0.50, and 0.5 to 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The new procedures did not require specialized instrumentation and may be used as an economical screening method for mycotoxins in the field and to diagnose certain mycotoxicoses.