cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow of granular material through a plane hopper

Abstract This paper presents some experimental results of an investigation of flow patterns of sand in a plane, wedge-shaped hopper model and also an approach to a theoretical description of the discharge process. A non-steady discontinuos velocity field was observed in the experiments. Velocity discontinuities were traced during the process of discharge using the stereophotographic technique. Complementary information about the density variations of the material during discharge was obtained from X-ray pictures and from ultrasonic measurements. Theoretical description of the velocity field is restricted to the advanced flow, which, as demonstrated in the experiments, can be treated approximately as a pseudo-steady process. An approach based upon the plane plastic flow theory of incompressible Coulomb material is applied. The theoretical solution for the velocity field is compared with some of the experimental results.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA ON MUSCLE GLYCOGEN IN NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

IN RECENT years it has become more and more apparent that numerous hormones are influential in determining the level of glycogen in skeletal muscle. Epinephrine (Cori and Cori, 1928), adrenal cortical hormones (Long, Katzin, and Fry, 1940), growth hormone (Russell and Wilhelmi, 1950), testosterone (Leonard, 1952), and estradiol (Leonard, 1953) are among those that have been implicated. Antagonistic (Winternitz and Long, 1952) and additive effects (Bowman, 1953) have been demonstrated between several of these hormones, and it is becoming apparent that considerable interplay prevails. It has not always been recognized in experiments dealing with the glycogen controlling hormones that antagonisms do exist. Especially has this been true in work concerned with the effects of adrenalectomy on glycogen stores. In such experiments (Long et al., 1940) the fact that epinephrine is lost, as well as the cortical substances, generally has been overlooked. One probable reason for this is the finding that normal and adr...
Maternal separation in neonatal rats elicits activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: A putative role for corticotropin-releasing factor

Stress elicits activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Hypothalamic neurohormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), control and promote ACTH secretion and subsequent glucocorticoid synthesis and release. The neonatal rat has been shown to be relatively hyporesponsive to certain stressors, generating a blunted or unmeasurable hormonal response. In this study, the endocrine response of 10- and 18-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups to maternal separation, a naturalistic stressor, was examined. Ten-day pups subjected to maternal separation exhibited a significant reduction in median eminence CRF concentration at 24 h, with no change in pituitary CRF receptor number; in 18-day pups there was no significant change in median eminence CRF concentration by 24 h, but there was a decrease in CRF receptor binding. In adult rats subjected to stressors, an acute decrease in CRF concentration in the median eminence occurs, followed by CRF receptor downregulation with sustained stress. The results observed in the 18-day pups vs. the 10-day pups likely reflects a maturation of the HPA axis response to "stressors."
Atmospheric infrasound from nonlinear wave interactions during Hurricanes Felicia and Neki of 2009

[1] Monitoring stations around the globe routinely detect microbarom signals with a dominant frequency of ∼0.2 Hz from regions of marine storminess. International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound array IS59 in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii recorded clear signals in close proximity of Hurricanes Felicia and Neki of 2009 for a first-hand investigation of the detailed source mechanism through a hindcast analysis. A spectral wave model describes the tropical cyclone and ambient sea states through a system of two-way nested grids with forcing from a blended data set of global, regional, and cyclonic winds. The computed wave conditions are validated with altimetry measurements and utilized in an acoustic model to estimate the intensity and spatial distribution of the microbarom source. The model results elucidate origins of infrasound signals from the tropical cyclone waves as well as their interactions with the ambient conditions consisting of swells, wind seas, and storm waves from nearby systems. The positive correlation between the IS59 observations and the theoretical microbarom estimates, and the saturation of recorded signals from high-energy sources support the use of infrasound signals for inference of tropical cyclone waves.
20: QT dispersion for detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant patients

Purpose: After heart transplantation, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) may result in ventricular repolarization abnormalities, which can be detected by an increase in QTc and QT dispersion. Thus, we hypothesize that sequential ECG QT dispersion assessment can serve as a noninvasive marker of CAV. Methods and Materials: We analyzed 24 patients with angiographically confirmed and 22 control transplant patients without CAV. Using the program NIH Image, we analyzed early after heart transplantation (11 20 days), at time of diagnosis (1919 714 days), and at two intermediate time (646 306 days) and (1274 500 days). ECGs from control heart patients were analyzed at similar intervals. Sampling times are similar in both groups. ECG QT intervals were measured for each lead. Between-lead, QT dispersion (QTmax QTmin) and corrected dispersion (QTc QT(ms)/[1000(ms-1) RR(ms)]1/) were measured for spatial irregularity of myocardial electrical conduction. Results: CAV and control groups were similar in age (49 12 v 53 11 years; p NS), sex (all males), ethnicity (Caucasian 75 v 77 %, African American 20 v 22%), pre transplant diagnosis (ischemic 45 v 50 %, idiopathic 37 v 45 %, and viral 4 v 4 %). QTc dispersion (graph) was similar between no CAV (n) and CAV (y) at the first and second time interval, but the CAV (y) is significantly greater than CAV (n) at the third (* p 0.0001) and fourth time intervals (* p .0001). Conclusions: Dispersion of QTc was significantly increased in the heart transplant group with CAV. These data suggest that development of CAV is associated with an increase in QT dispersion, a parameter reflective of repolarization and may serve as a noninvasive predictor for cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
3D Audio Display for Pararescue Jumpers

Visual and audio navigations aids were compared in a virtual environment that depicted an urban combat search and rescue mission (CSAR). The participants' task was to rapidly move through a virtual...
Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon

Anomalously high concentrations of lithium in fluviatile-lacustrine sediments near McDermitt, Nevada, may constitute a potential resource. These sediments are associated with a caldera about 45 km in diameter that is a result of volcanic activity, subsidence and sedimentation chiefly of Miocene age. The sediments originally were vitroclastic and now consist chiefly of authigenic zeolites, clay minerals, feldspar and quartz. Calcite occurs as thin beds, nodules and cement Gypsum is presnt but sparse. Most of the clay beds in the caldera contain 0.01–0.1% Li and have well above the average Li concentration for continental clays (0.006%) (Ronov et al.1). Individual smectitic clay samples from the western and southern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.65% Li and are associated with analcime and K-feldspar. Two beds, each 0.6m thick, contain 0.35% Li. Clay samples from the northern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.36% Li, and are associated with clinoptilolite and erionite. The clay beds are thinner in the north; in one section a bed 0.3 m thick contains 0.36% Li, and in another section a bed 0.1 m thick contains 0.30% Li. Lithium is probably derived from volcanic material and then incorporated into the clay beds during alteration.
Flowtag: a collaborative attack-analysis, reporting, and sharing tool for security researchers

Current tools for forensic analysis require many hours to understand novel attacks, causing reports to be terse and untimely. We apply visual filtering and tagging of flows in a novel way to address the current limitations of post-attack analysis, reporting, and sharing. We discuss the benefits of visual filtering and tagging of network flows and introduce FlowTag as our prototype tool for Honeynet researchers. We argue that online collaborative analysis benefits security researchers by organizing attacks, collaborating on analysis, forming attack databases for trend analysis, and in promoting new security research areas. Lastly, we show three attacks on the Georgia Tech Honeynet and describe the analysis process using FlowTag.
Electron microscopic observations on pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in smoking dogs.

Abstract Electron microscopic observations in areas of fibrosis and emphysema of the lungs of dogs subjected to experimental cigarette smoking show that alterations occur both in the pleura and the lung parenchyma. In the pleura the major alteration is the increased thickness of the stroma due to large amounts of collagen present. In the lung parenchyma two major alterations appear in the interstitium of the alveolar septa where there is a complete loss or a great reduction in the number of capillaries and a marked thickening of the septa due to the increased amounts of collagen. Changes in the alveolar epithelium are slight; changes in capillary endothelium, such as rarefication of cytoplasm and blebbing of the plasmalemma, are found. More frequently noted are the changes involving the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium which in some places appear to be greatly thickened and in others to be exceptionally thin or missing entirely. Another of the most striking alterations noted in both the pleura and parenchyma is the presence of large numbers of macrophages occurring singly, in clumps, and in granulomas. Although macrophages are found in the lungs of nonsmoking dogs they are not found in such numbers nor with the unique content observed in the lungs of smoking dogs. Crystalline-like structures are found in membrane-bound inclusions and ferritin-like particles occur both in large membrane-bound aggre-gates and lying free in the cytoplasm. Conclusive identification of these structures and their relationship to inhalation of cigarette smoke requires further study.
Human plasma cholinesterase isoenzymes.

Abstract A method is described for the separation and quantitation of cholinesterase isoenzymes using disc electrophoresis and a thiocholine histochemical staining technique followed by transmission densitometry. The method is specific and reproducible with a high resolution. By means of this method 12 cholinesterase isoenzymes can be demonstrated in normal human plasma, one fraction (ChE 7 ) constituting approximately 80% of total activity. Identical patterns are obtained by the use of acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine as substrates, all cholinesterase components, however, showing less activity against acetyl- than against butyrylthiocholine. Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate 10 −6 M and physostigmine 10 −5 M inhibit all bands except for one (ChE 5 ) which is inhibited only 75%. Extra bands were observed in 3 of 6 normal subjects and in 5 of 7 patients with chronic simple glaucoma.
Generation of transconductance-grounded-capacitor filters by signal-flow-graph methods for VLSI implementation

A signal-flow-graph method for designing arbitrary transconductance-grounded-capacitor filters is described. The procedure is shown to result in a very methodical design and layout suitable for MOS VLSI technology. For LC ladder simulations, the method requires only capacitor arrays and all identical transconductances
P01-140 Comparison of sleep outcomes in generalized anxiety disorder following treatment with pregabalin or venlafaxine-XR

Objective To evaluate the differential effect of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR versus placebo on sleep outcomes in non-depressed outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods This secondary analysis was based on data from a double-blind trial in which adults who met DSM-IV criteria for GAD were randomized to 8-weeks of flexible-dose treatment with pregabalin (300-600 mg/d; N=121; baseline HAM-A=27.6), venlafaxine-XR (75-225 mg/d: N=125; HAM-A=27.4), or placebo (PBO; N=128; HAM-A=26.8). Sleep was evaluated at baseline, weeks 4, 8, and endpoint using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale, including an overall sleep problems index (SPI), as well as subscale scores such as sleep disturbance. Results At baseline, 64% of patients with GAD met MOS-Sleep scale criteria for insomnia. Treatment with pregabalin was associated with significant endpoint improvement in the MOS-SPI compared to both placebo (-18.1 vs. -10.5; P Conclusions Treatment of moderate-to-severe GAD with pregabalin was associated with significantly better sleep outcomes compared to both placebo and venlafaxine-XR. Improvement in anxiety on pregabalin was associated with reduction in daytime sleepiness.
Economic development, technological change, and the new international economic order

Abstract This paper examines dimensions of technological change and selected relationships between new technology and the process of economic development within the general framework of the New International Economic Order. Concepts discussed include economic growth and development, structural change, technological change, innovations, the transfer of technology, and appropriate technology. The relationships between these concepts are described and their significance with regard to the economic development of lesser-developed countries is assessed.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF U.V. IRRADIATION IN CHAOS CHAOS

SYNOPSIS Continuous ultraviolet irradiation of the amœgba, Chaos chaos, was accomplished by ultraviolet flying-spot television microscopy, and the results were recorded by time-lapse motion-picture photography. A study of such motion-picture films reveals that Chaos chaos progressively reacts to ultraviolet irradiation administered in this way by: (a) increased serration of the plasmalemma (b) increased gelation of the cytoplasm (c) decreased and spasmodic motion of the entire amœba (d) formation of plasmalemma blebs (e) portions of plasmalemma and endoplasm being pinched off into the surrounding medium, (f) sudden spasmodic contractile dissolution of the amœba into the medium. Electron micrographs of intact irradiated amœba show the major change to be one of increased accumulation of water in the cytoplasm, without apparent alteration of plasmalemma, mitochondria, or nuclear membrane.
Palomar 12 as a Part of the Sagittarius Stream: The Evidence from Abundance Ratios*

We present a detailed abundance analysis for 21 elements based on high-dispersion, high spectral resolution Keck spectra for four members of the outer halo "young" Galactic globular cluster Palomar 12. All four stars show identical abundance distributions with no credible indication of any star-to-star scatter. However, the abundance ratios of the Pal 12 stars are very peculiar. There is no detected enhancement of the α-elements; the mean of [Si/Fe], [Ca/Fe], and [Ti/Fe] is -0.07 ± 0.05 dex, O/Fe is also solar, while Na is very deficient. The distribution among the heavy elements shows anomalies as well. These are inconsistent with those of almost all Galactic globular clusters or of field stars in the Galaxy. The peculiarities shown by the Pal 12 stars are, however, in good general agreement with the trends established by Smecker-Hane & McWilliam and by Bonifacio et al. for stars in the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy evaluated at the [Fe/H] of Pal 12. This reinforces earlier suggestions that Pal 12 originally was a cluster in the Sgr dSph galaxy that during the process of accretion of this galaxy by our own was tidally stripped from the Sgr galaxy to become part of the extended Sgr stream.
Influence of hydroxyvalerate composition of polyhydroxy butyrate valerate (PHBV) copolymer on bone cell viability and in vitro degradation

The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of hydroxyvalerate (HV) composition in polyhydroxy butyrate valerate (PHBV) copolymer film on the degradation of copolymer and osteoblastic cell activity. Degradation was studied by monitoring time-dependent changes in mass and chemical composition of the macroporous films. The mass loss of PHBV film upon 19 weeks of exposure to pH 7.4 phosphate buffer medium was found to range from 2.8% to 9.2% with a strong dependence on the original composition of the copolyester film and morphology. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) was used to examine the roughness change of polyester films due to exposure to buffer medium. Chemical analysis of the degraded film was carried out using NMR to aid in the interpretation of the mass loss and TMAFM data. The NMR results showed a significant decrease in the mol % of HV content in the degraded PHBV film. Additionally, we established that UMR-106 cell proliferation on macroporous PHBV matrix is minimally enhanced by the HV content of PHBV copolymer. Information provided by this study can be used in the selection of appropriate PHBV copolymer for clinical use where the biopolymer needs to remain physically intact and chemically unchanged during the intended period of biomedical application. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The influence of hamstring autograft size on patient-reported outcomes and risk of revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Cohort Study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of graft size on patient-reported outcomes and revision risk after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods A retrospective chart review of prospectively collected cohort data was performed, and 263 of 320 consecutive patients (82.2%) undergoing primary ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft were evaluated. We recorded graft size; femoral tunnel drilling technique; patient age, sex, and body mass index at the time of ACL reconstruction; Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and International Knee Documentation Committee score preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively; and whether each patient underwent revision ACL reconstruction during the 2-year follow-up period. Revision was used as a marker for graft failure. The relation between graft size and patient-reported outcomes was determined by multiple linear regression. The relation between graft size and risk of revision was determined by dichotomizing graft size at 8 mm and stratifying by age. Results After we controlled for age, sex, operative side, surgeon, body mass index, graft choice, and femoral tunnel drilling technique, a 1-mm increase in graft size was noted to correlate with a 3.3-point increase in the KOOS pain subscale ( P = .003), a 2.0-point increase in the KOOS activities of daily living subscale ( P = .034), a 5.2-point increase in the KOOS sport/recreation function subscale ( P = .004), and a 3.4-point increase in the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee score ( P = .026). Revision was required in 0 of 64 patients (0.0%) with grafts greater than 8 mm in diameter and 14 of 199 patients (7.0%) with grafts 8 mm in diameter or smaller ( P = .037). Among patients aged 18 years or younger, revision was required in 0 of 14 patients (0.0%) with grafts greater than 8 mm in diameter and 13 of 71 patients (18.3%) with grafts 8 mm in diameter or smaller. Conclusions Smaller hamstring autograft size is a predictor of poorer KOOS sport/recreation function 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction. A larger sample size is required to confirm the relation between graft size and risk of revision ACL reconstruction. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Ontogenetic and sexual differences in diet in an actively foraging snake, Thamnophis proximus

Actively foraging species of snakes often consume large numbers of small prey, which creates a high meal to snake mass ratio. Because they may also rely on speed to avoid predation, this might nega...
Optimal vibration control of flexible spacecraft during a minimum-time maneuver

This paper is concerned with the simultaneous maneuver and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft. The problem is solved by means of a perturbation approach whereby the slewing of the spacecraft regarded as rigid represents the zero-order problem and the control of vibration, as well as of perturbations from the rigid-body maneuver, represents the first-order problem. The zero-order control is to be carried out in minimum time, which implies bang-bang control. On the other hand, the first-order control is a time-dependent linear quadratic regulator including integral feedback and prescribed convergence rate.
Multifaceted effects of ATP on cardiolipin-bound cytochrome c.

Using a collection of dye-labeled cytochrome c (cyt c) variants, we identify transformations of the heterogeneous cardiolipin (CL)-bound cyt c ensemble with added ATP. Distributions of dye-to-heme distances P(r) from time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer show that ATP decreases the population of largely unfolded cyt c conformers, but its effects are distinct from those of a simple salt. The high peroxidase activity of CL-bound cyt c with added ATP suggests binding interactions that favor protein structures with the open heme pocket. Although ATP weakens cyt c–CL binding interactions, it also boosts the apoptosis-relevant peroxidase activity of CL-bound cyt c.
Prevention of encephalomyocarditis virus myocarditis in mice by inactivated virus vaccine

The effect of inactivated virus vaccine was studied in an animal model of viral myocarditis. Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, 5×106 plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml, was inactivated by 1 : 4000 formalin. Four-week-old CD-1 mice were injected subcutaneously and after 7 days intravenously with 0.1 ml vaccine. Seven days after the second vaccine, a significant rise in neutralizing antibody titers was found in the sera (1 : 40-1 : 2560,n=10), but not in mice without vaccine treatment (n=10). Seven days after the second vaccine, 100 pfu of live EMC virus was inoculated intraperitoneally. None of ten mice with vaccine treatment died or showed myocardial lesions after challenge with EMC virus, whereas all ten mice without vaccine died 5–7 days after EMC virus inoculation and showed severe myocardial lesions. Thus, virus-specific vaccine prevented development of myocarditis due to EMC virus.
A Computational Model for Fe Ductile Plastic Damage Analysis of Plate Bending

The phenomenological damage model proposed by Lemaitre is adopted here. The damage effect parameters of a cross section are defined and employed to account for the damage effect across the thickness of a bending plate. Similar to the effecive stresses used in many damage models, the effective stress couples are introduced in this work and used in the yield function
A phonetic-context controlled strategy for segmentation and phonetic labeling of speech

This paper considers a sequential strategy for acoustic-phonetic speech analysis. Each analysis process is applied to an appropriately labeled speech segment and results in a possible sub-segmentation of the original segment. The segments resulting from the analysis are labeled according to the analysis results. The advantages of the strategy are that no more segments are considered than those actually differentiated by the analysis steps. The extraction of acoustic cues pertinent to a phonetic feature can be tuned to classes of sounds separated on the basis of other cues, and this serves to increase the reliability of segment labeling. The analysis sequence yields a structure for the syllabic units of the speech signal that may be used to retrieve similar syllabic units for detailed comparison.
The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947.

We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931–41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3–3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level.
Experimenter and Subject Variables in Verbal Conditioning

4 experimenter variables, sex, previous experience, neuroticism and extraversion, and 2 subject variables, sex and anxiety, were studied in a verbal conditioning task (12 Es and 96 Ss). Reinforced Ss performed at a higher level than nonreinforced Ss, especially when Ss were low-anxious. Ss of low-neurotic Es were superior to those of high-neurotic Es, particularly female Ss. E's extraversion was positively correlated with S's performance, especially when interacting with reinforcement. Nonsignificant main effects included sex of E, sex of S, and previous experience of E.
Trends in medical care of hospitalized stroke patients between 1980 and 1990: The minnesota stroke survey

Recent decades have seen several advances in medical care for acute stroke patients, but there has been little systematic documentation of these changes. This study examined changes in technology use and medical therapies for hospitalized acute stroke during the 1980s. For 1980, 1985, and 1990, we obtained discharge diagnosis lists from Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan hospitals, identified hospitalizations for acute stroke of patients aged 30 to 74 years, and selected a 50% random sample. Trained nurses abstracted the medical records. Strokes were classified as hemorrhagic or ischemic based on discharge diagnosis code (using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision) and findings from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Strokes classified as ischemic totaled 459 in 1980, 549 in 1985, and 657 in 1990. There were approximately 100 hemorrhagic stroke patients in each survey year. Throughout the 1980s, there was a trend toward both greater and earlier use of CT and MRI to diagnose stroke. By 1990, only 3% of patients did not receive CT or MRI during the acute hospital stay, and the percentage of patients scanned on the first day of hospitalization almost doubled from 43% in 1980 to 76% in 1990 (P=.0001). For ischemic stroke patients, the use of carotid ultrasound doubled from 24% to 48% between 1985 and 1990 (P<.0005), and the probability of identifying a possibly embolic source increased from 27% in 1980 to 40% in 1990 (P<.0005). The use of anticoagulants to treat ischemic stroke decreased from 1985 to 1990 (heparin, 53% to 47%, P=.030; coumadin, 37% to 31%, P=.032), whereas the use of aspirin increased by over 50% (from 27% to 41%, P<.0005). Finally, the mean length of stay was halved from 20 days in 1980 to 10 days in 1990 (P=.0001). This study documented several significant time trends in acute stroke care. Whether these trends account for some of the improvement in stroke survival during the 1980s is uncertain.
Combined use of ultraviolet irradiation and beta propiolactone sterilization of sera infected with a virus.

ConclusionsSerum heavily infected with a virus (bacteriophage T4r) was sterilized by a combined method of treatment which consisted of ultraviolet irradiation followed by the addition of beta propiolactone. The beta propiolactone in concentrations as low as 1.5 g per liter could be used effectively. Under these conditions there is no change in the serum proteins as determined by electrophoretic analyses. Under the conditions in this study, either ultraviolet irradiation or beta propiolactone individually did not sterilize the serum.
Condylysis in a patient with a mixed collagen vascular disease.

Condylysis has not previously been described as a complication of a mixed collagen vascular disease. A case is presented in which apertognathia and mandibular retrognathism occurred secondary to condylysis in a 26-year-old woman with features of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and Sjogren's syndrome. The disease was manifested by polyarthritis, morning stiffnes, subcutaneous nodules, and acrosclerosis. Important laboratory findings included RA slide latex negative, increased DNA binding, ANA positive, ENA negative, and an abnormal parotid scan. The malocclusion secondary to condylysis was corrected by surgical procedures usually employed for the treatment of mandibular retrognathism and apertognathia on a developmental basis.
Cyclosporin A and rabbit mammary prolactin receptors

Abstract The binding of cyclosporin A and ovine prolactin to rabbit mammary gland membranes was determined CsA bound with a K d of 2.2 × 10 −6 M whereas prolactin bound with a K d of 2 × 10 −10 M. The binding of each ligand was an independent event and neither ligand influenced the binding of the other ligand showing that CsA does not inhibit the binding of prolactin to its specific receptor in this system.
Performance characteristics of the diffusion driven desalination process

A diffusion driven desalination (DDD) process has recently been reported where warm water is evaporated into a low humidity air stream, and the vapor is condensed out to produce distilled water. Although the process has a low fresh water to feed water conversion efficiency, it has been demonstrated that this process can potentially produce low cost distilled water when driven by low grade waste heat. A detailed heat and mass transfer analysis has been developed to model the dynamic performance of the DDD process. This analysis is used to parametrically explore the performance of the DDD process over a wide range of operating conditions. The optimum operating condition for the DDD process with a high temperature of 50°C and sink temperature of 25°C has an air mass flux of 1.5 kg/m2-s, air to feed water mass flow ratio of 1 in the diffusion tower, and a fresh water to air mass flow ratio of 2 in the condenser. Operating at these conditions yields a fresh water production efficiency (mfw/mL) of 0.035 and electric energy consumption rate of 0.0022 kW-h/kgfw. A brief economic analysis is presented to demonstrate the added value provided by using a DDD facility to produce fresh water using waste heat from a thermoelectric power plant.
The neural basis of colour vision in the butterfly, Heliconius erato

Abstract Single unit recordings from visual interneurons in the protocerbrum of the neotropical butterfly Heliconius erato , revealed a variety of fibre types with wavelength specific patterns of activity. These ‘colour fibres’ were divided into four broad categories based upon the nature of their response to a flash of monochromatic light: (1) ‘simple’ colour fibres, which respond with excitation, when the eye is stimulated with some specific, narrow portion of the visible spectrum; (2) ‘on-off’ fibres, which produce ‘on’ bursts in response to certain portions of the spectrum, and ‘off’ effects when stimulated with other wavelengths; (3) ‘variable latency’ units which demonstrate dramatic shifts in latency, with comparatively small changes in the stimulating wavelength; and (4) ‘red-blue movement’ units which demonstrate bursts of activity when stimulated with flashes of red or blue light, and also serve as a non-directional movement detector. The wide variety of colour fibres appears to be correlated with the great behavioural significance of colour to this species.
Characteristics of H2-receptor blockade in the canine mesenteric circulation

Abstract Studies were conducted in anesthetized dogs to determine the effect of metiamide, an H 2 -receptor antagonist to histamine, on the mesenteric vasodilatory response to histamine. Histamine alone (0.5 μg/kg-min) elicited a vasodilator response from the superior mesenteric artery consisting of two components: an early transient spike phase followed by a later stable and more sustained dilation of lesser amplitude. Metiamide, a dose-related manner, inhibited this late stable dilatory response and completely abolished it at a dose of 10 −4 mole/min. Histamine, on the other hand, in a dose of 1.25 μg/kg-min, overcame the inhibitory response to metiamide. These findings suggest that the mesenteric vasodilatory response to histamine is mediated through at least two distinct receptors. The ability of metiamide to inhibit the late stable vasodilation in a dose-related and surmountable fashion supports the hypothesis that this late phase is mediated predominantly through H 2 receptors and that the mechanism of blockade involves competitive inhibition.
Integrative, multifunctional plasmids for hypha-specific or constitutive expression of green fluorescent protein in Candida albicans

The authors have engineered plasmid constructs for developmental and constitutive expression of yeast-enhanced green fluorescent protein (yEGFP3) in Candida albicans. The promoter for the hyphae-specific gene Hyphal Wall Protein 1 (HWP1) conferred developmental expression of yEGFP3 in germ tubes and hyphae but not in yeasts or pseudohyphae when targeted to the ENO1 (enolase) locus in single copy. The pHWP1GFP3 construct allows for the easy visualization of HWP1 promoter activity in individual cells expressing true hyphae without having to prepare RNA for analysis. Constitutive expression of yEGFP was seen in all cell morphologies when the HWP1 promoter was replaced with the ENO1 promoter region. The use of the plasmids for expression of genes other than yEGFP3 was examined by substituting the putative C. albicans BCY1 (SRA1) gene, a component of the cAMP signalling pathway involved in yeast to hyphae transitions, for yEGFP3. Strains overexpressing BCY1 from the ENO1 promoter were inhibited in germ tube formation and filamentation in both liquid and solid media, a phenotype consistent with keeping protein kinase A in its inactive form by association with Bcy1p. The plasmids are suitable for studies of germ tube induction or assessing germ tube formation by measuring yEGFP3 expression, for inducible expression of genes concomitant with germ tube formation by the HWP1 promoter, for constitutive expression of genes by the ENO1 promoter, and for expressing yEGFP3 using a promoter of choice.
Electric field effects on decomposition of dilute concentrations of CHCl3 and CCl4 in electron beam generated air plasma

Abstract Effects of an electric field on plasma-chemical decomposition of dilute concentrations (of order 300 ppm) of CHCl 3 and CCl 4 in dry and wet (≈10% relative humidity) air streams were studied. The atmospheric pressure, non-equilibrium plasma was produced by an electron beam. The function of the electric field is to control the average electron energy. For CHCl 3 , application of an electric field tended to increase decomposition markedly, with larger increases in wet air relative to dry air. For CCl 4 , it tended to slightly increase decomposition in dry air while decreasing decomposition in wet air. The results are qualitatively consistent with the primary decomposition mechanism of dissociative electron attachment to CHCl 3 and CCl 4 in competition with non-dissociative electron attachment to O 2 .
Phase Behavior of Thin Film Blends of Block Copolymers and Homopolymers: Changes in Domain Dimensions

We used atomic force microscopy to examine the phase behavior of thin film mixtures of a symmetric A−B diblock copolymer of degree of polymerization NA-B = 650 with (i) two homopolymers (NA = 20 and 250) and (ii) a symmetric A−B diblock copolymer (NA-B = 200). Thin film symmetric diblock copolymers are known to undergo a transition from a disordered phase to an ordered lamellar phase in which the lamellae orient parallel to the plane of the substrate. We examined films sufficiently thin in order to determine the effect of the substrate on the phase behavior. Homopolymer volume fractions of up to 50% were studied. The interlamellar spacing increased with the addition of both low- and high-molecular-weight homopolymers, although it was less extensive for the lower molecular weight homopolymer. Both situations could be well-described by theory relying on assumptions about the homopolymer distribution in the domains and the areal densities occupied by the copolymer junctions. In contrast to the homopolymers, ...
The emergence of deferrable energy requests and a greener future: What stands in the way?

There is a global consensus that our path towards a greener future depends on finding ways to reliably integrate renewable energy sources into the generation pool of our power grids. This vision is accompanied by the challenge of making demand significantly more flexible in order to compensate for the intermittent nature of renewable generation outputs and keeping the demand and supply continuously balanced. It is apparent that deferrable energy requests will play an especially valuable role in this transition. While the idea of scheduling energy requests to follow a variable generation profile seems intuitively straightforward, there are several major challenges that need to be solved before deferrable loads become a reality in our power systems. In this paper, we discuss these difficulties and present a demand side management program we proposed, called Digital Direct Load Scheduling (DDLS). Further, we will present different scenarios under which demand aggregators can help power system operators integrate more renewables in the grid, shave peak demands and control wholesale prices of electricity.
Posture and motion variability in non-repetitive manual materials handling tasks

In developing a motion prediction model it is important to initially consider the sources of variability that a model should reproduce. This initial step is followed by model evaluation, where the variability predicted by the model can be a useful test parameter. An existing lifting-motion dataset collected under controlled laboratory conditions was employed here to evaluate quantitatively some important sources of variability for lift motion modeling. The main source of variability was the segment being analyzed, which accounted for more than 20% of the overall variability. There was substantial left-right symmetry in individual segment variability estimates, which were largest for the upper arm segment and tended to be larger for the upper limbs than the lower limbs. Task-related factors accounted for variability mainly as a function of the segment being considered. Within-participant variability contributions to the dataset were relatively small, whereas the contribution of between-participants variability was dependent on the segment (as large as 50%) and could indicate different lifting strategies across participants. Variability was found to remain relatively constant across the different stages of the lifting movements. Implications of these results for the development and evaluation of motion prediction models are presented. Specifically, while task characteristics may be important modifiers of the mean segment trajectory during a lifting movement, their influence on variability differs based on the segment that is being considered. The relevance of the findings is discussed in terms of their utility in the ergonomic design of tasks and work spaces.
A compact time digitizer in camac format

Abstract A compact time digitizer containing 128 words of 16 bits each on a single width CAMAC module is described. Eight data channels are provided with a capacity of 16 words each. The unit has been used with a 50 MHz clock to encode data from magnetostrictive spark chambers and - with modifications - for the accumulation of data from multiwire proportional chambers.
Mesoscopic description of an electrochemical interface

A theory describing mesoscopic equilibrium and near-equilibrium behavior of polar solutions near electrochemical interfaces is presented. It is based on an expression for the stress tensor found within the framework of a non-local Landau order parameter approach which takes into account the possibility of continuous surface phase transitions in the double layer. Some applications of the theory are discussed, including the generalization of the contact value theorem used in the theory of colloids and thin films and the interpretation of the singular behavior of the surface viscosity and capacitance.
Refractive Surgery in Children: Treatment Options, Outcomes, and Controversies

Purpose To summarize the evolution of the treatment of pediatric refractive errors, with an emphasis on recent advancements in the use of refractive surgery to treat children. Design Literature review. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1950 through October 2007), the Cochrane library (December through October 2007), and the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (December 1982 through October 2007) for English language articles using the following search strategy with MeSH terms and key words: pediatric refractive errors and amblyopia, anisometropia, hyperopia, myopia, laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASIK ), photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ), laser epithelial keratomileusis ( LASEK ), excimer laser, refractive intraocular lens (IOL) . We also searched the bibliographies of all identified articles. Results No multicenter, long-term, controlled trial has been published on the use of refractive surgery in children. The current literature shows that LASIK, PRK, and LASEK show promising results in children with refractive amblyopia over the intermediate follow-up period. Corneal haze and myopic regression are the main complications, especially in very high myopia (> 12 diopters). In such patients with extremely high myopia, small studies have reported phakic IOLs or clear lens extraction with or without IOL implantation to be a useful alternative. Conclusions Refractive surgery is appropriate in children with severe anisometropia or bilateral high ametropia that is resistant to conventional therapy. More information is needed before pediatric refractive surgery can be widely adopted by the ophthalmic community. This could be achieved with a large, prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
A Bayes estimator for ordered parameters and isotonic Bayesian graduation

Abstract The problem is to estimate the parameters θ 1 ..., θk under the order restriction θ 1 < ... < θk . A prior distribution is specified such that the probability of the set {(θ 1, ..., θk ): θ 1< ... <θk } is one. This guarantees that the mean of the posterior distribution (Bayes estimator) satisfies the order restriction. This technique, which produces a smoothing effect, is applied to the problem of estimating mortality rates over consecutive age intervals. In this application the result may be viewed as an isotonic Bayesian graduation. A real data example is provided.
Spectral and total radiation properties of turbulent carbon monoxide/air diffusion flames

A study of the structure and radiation properties of round turbulent carbon monoxide/air diffusion flames is described. Measurements of mean and fluctuating streamwise velocity and mean temperatures, concentrations of major gas species, spectral radiation intensities, and radiant heat fluxes were made. The measurements were used to evaluate predictions based on the laminar flamelet concept and narrow-band radiation models, both ignoring (using mean properties) and considering (using a stochastic method) the effects of turbulence/ra diation interactions. State relationships were found by correlating auxiliary measurements in laminar flames. Structure and radiation predictions were reasonably good for present test conditions. The effects of turbulence/ra diation interactions were small for these reactants (increasing spectal intensities ca. 10%) since radiation properties vary slowly with mixture fraction near stoichiometric conditions.
Direct effects of 6-aminonicotinamide on the developing rat embryo in vitro and in vivo.

Graded dosages of the niacin antimetabolite 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) were incorporated in the culture media of explanted day 10 rat embryos or injected directly into amniotic cavities of day 15 embryos. Regardless of the route of administration the resultant decreased growth and abnormal development were related to the concentration of the antimetabolite. Culturing embryos for 22–26 hours with 5 to 20 μg 6-AN progressively interfered with subsequent somite growth and cardiovascular function. Addition of nicotinamide (NAM) to the cultures prevented the deleterious effects of the antimetabolite. Following infra-amniotic injections, 54 to 94% of the implantation sites given 10 to 100 μg 6-AN exhibited resorbed fetuses or young with abnormal palates, brains, or eyes by day 21 of gestation. The types of defects found in the present study were similar to those observed following maternal treatment with 6-AN. Direct applications of this teratogen to isolated or in utero rat embryos resulted in decreased growth, increased fetal death, and congenital abnormalities without significant changes in maternal tissues.
Costs of gastrointestinal examinations: A comparative study

The costs of performing four major gastrointestinal examinations were studied and compared: single-contrast and double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series, and single-contrast and double-contrast barium enema. A total of 1,725 examination records were reviewed for the number of films expended, room occupancy time, and physician involvement time, and the costs of the studies determined. The data indicated a large and significantly increased time and expense required for the double-contrast barium enema over the single-contrast barium enema. A relatively small increment was found in the cost performing the double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series over the single-contrast study.
LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION OF HEXYLDISULFIDE BY t-BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE IN BENZENE

ABSTRACT There are inconsistencies in the literature regarding the role of organosulfur compounds in general, and sulfonic acids in particular, on the oxidative instability of middle distillate fuels. Comparison of published results between investigations is complicated by differences in a large number of variables. Variations in fuel composition, heteroatam distribution, reaction surface, hydroperoxide concentration, dissolved oxygen and reaction temperature all contribute to the variation in observed results. In an effort to clarify this situation, we have examined the t-butyl hydroperoxide liquid phase oxidation of hexyldisulfide in deaerated benzene.