cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of uncooled thermal imager noise

Uncooled staring thermal imagers have noise characteristics that are different from cooled thermal imagers (photon detector sensors). For uncooled sensors, typical measurements of some noise components can vary as much as 3 to 5 times the original noise value. Additionally, the detector response often drifts to the point that non-uniformity correction is only good for a short time period. Because the noise can vary so dramatically with time, it can prove difficult to measure the noise associated with uncooled systems. However, it is critical that laboratory measurements provide repeatable and reliable measurement of constructed uncooled thermal imagers. In light of the above difficulties, a primary objective of this research has been to develop a satisfactory measurement for the noise of uncooled staring thermal imagers. In this research effort, three-dimensional noise (3D Noise) data vs. time was collected for several uncooled sensors after nonuniformity correction. Digital and analog noise data vs. time were collected nearly simultaneously. Also, multiple 3D Noise vs. time runs were made to allow the examination of variability. Measurement techniques are being developed to provide meaningful and repeatable test procedures to characterize the uncooled systems.
Visualizing Parallelism in CS 2

This paper describes the incorporation of the IEEE-TCPP Curriculum Initiative into CS 2 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. With control over only one course that requires a semi-rigid curriculum, we detail a sequence of three lessons that explore the basics of parallelism in a visual manner. We draw a contrast between standard teaching methods for parallelism and assert that our approach is more engaging and more accessible, particularly to spatial learners. We then present examples of our image-centric course material and discuss its deployment. Lastly, we reflect on the effectiveness of this technique over the past two semesters and consider its direction in the future.
Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of heterocycles. VI. Carbazole and 1,8-dideuteriocarbazole†

The mass spectral fragmentation of carbazole was reinvestigated using metastable ion studies, exact mass measurements and 1,8-dideuteriocarbazole. 1,8-Dideuteriocarbazole was prepared by successive metalations and deuterations of carbazole. The 1H- and 13C-nmr spectra of 1,8-dideuteriocarbazole confirmed earlier assignments for carbazole.
Architectural Principles for Secure Streaming & Secure Adaptation in the Developing Scalable Video Coding (SVC) Standard

Scalable video coding has long been known to provide important functionalities such as low-complexity adaptation for diverse clients with different resources and for delivery over heterogeneous networks with time-varying available bandwidths. Recent advancements in scalable video coding have significantly improved the achievable compression performance, and the scalable video coding (SVC) standard is currently under intense development. An additional capability of scalable coding, which we believe has received less attention than it deserves, is the possibility with careful cross-layer design to support secure adaptive streaming at an untrustworthy sender and secure adaptation at an untrustworthy mid-network node. Building on the secure scalable streaming framework for video, and its realization within the JPEG-2000 security (JPSEC) standard, we describe the architectural principles and design details necessary so that SVC can also enable secure adaptive streaming at a sender and secure R-D optimized adaptation at an untrustworthy mid-network node.
Neuroimaging of abusive head trauma

The diagnostic process for evaluating suspected abusive head trauma in infants and children has evolved with technological advances in neuroimaging. Since Caffey first described a series of children with chronic subdural hematomas and multiple long bone fractures, radiologists have played an important role, along with pediatricians and pathologists, in evaluating abused children. Neuroimaging modalities include ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI technology. Each has distinct clinical applications, as well as practical uses in the clinical diagnostic process of AHT. Importantly, neuroimaging assists in the process of differential diagnosis of other conditions which may mimic AHT. Collaboration between neuroradiologists, clinicians, and pathologists remains critical to making the appropriate diagnosis. Careful history, physical examination, and investigation by legal authorities form the components that result in accurate assessment of any case. This paper reviews pertinent neuroimaging modalities currently utilized in the diagnosis of AHT, describing clinical indications and a collaborative approach to this process.
Supraglottic epithelial hyperplasia in association with guttate psoriasis

Abstract Supraglottic epithelial hyperplasia is rare in the pediatric population, and typically presents in adults as a sequelae of radiation therapy or progressive autoimmune disease. Guttate psoriasis typically presents in young adults following an inflammatory trigger such as an upper respiratory infection or streptococcal pharyngitis. A case of stridorous episodes heralded by flares guttate psoriasis is presented. Pathologic analysis demonstrated supraglottic epithelial hyperplasia. This case demonstrates a rare cause of stridor and upper airway obstruction in children.
Crossed molecular beam chemiluminescence study of the metastable mercury reaction: Hg(3P)+Br2 → HgBr(B) + Br

Abstract Chemiluminescence from HgBr(B) formed in the reaction of Hg(6 3 P o with Br 2 has been observed using a N 2 -seeded nozzle beam of metastable Hg 3 P o ) atoms. The cross section has been estimated to be 3 +3 −2 at a collission energy of 0.33 eV. This value is smaller by more than an order of magnitude than the corresponding value for Hg( 3 P 2 ) atoms measured by Krause et al., in accordance with their inference based on less direct evidence.
Redundancy in model specifications for discrete event simulation

Although redundancy in model specification generally has negative connotations, we offer arguments for revising those convictions. Defining “representational redundancy” as the inclusion of any symbols not required to fulfill the study objectives, we cite several sources of redundancy, classified as accidental or intentional, that contribute positively to the model development tasks. Comparative benefits and detriments are discussed briefly. Focusing on the most interesting source of redundancydthat which is intentionally induced by a modeling methodology—we demonstrate that automated elimination of redundancy can actually improve model execution time. Using four models drawn from the literature that are easily understood, but which represent some differences in size and complexity, the direct graphical representations shows improvements over a base case ranging from 27.3 percent to 68.1 percent in execution time. Further, increasing improvement is realized with increasing model size and complexity. These results are encouraging because they suggest that modeling methodologies with automated model diagnosis can significantly reduce both execution and developments time and cost.
Parenting interventions for children with cerebral palsy: Insufficient quantity and quality of evidence

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Whittingham, K., Wee, D., & Boyd, R. (2011). Systematic review of the efficacy of parenting interventions for children with cerebral palsy. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37, 4, 475–483.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by a grant and postdoctoral fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and a Smart State Fellowship. The authors did not report any conflicts of interest.
How does increased corn-ethanol production affect US natural gas prices?

Abstract In recent years, there has been a push to increase biofuel production in the United States. The biofuel of choice, so far, has been ethanol produced from corn. The effects of increased corn-ethanol production on the consumer prices of food and energy continue to be studied and debated. This study examines, in particular, the effects of increased corn-ethanol production on US natural gas prices. A structural model of the natural gas market is developed and estimated using two stage least squares. A baseline projection for the period 2007–2018 is determined, and two scenarios are simulated. In the first scenario, current biofuel policies including EISA mandates, tariffs, and tax credits are removed. In the second scenario, we hold ethanol production to the level required only for largely obligatory additive use. The results indicate that the increased level of corn-ethanol production occurring as a result of the current US biofuel policies may lead to natural gas prices that are as much as 0.25% higher, on average, than if no biofuel policies were in place. A similar comparison between the baseline and second scenario indicates natural gas prices could be as much as 0.5% higher, on average, for the same period.
Effects of acute and chronic treatment with clonidine.

The effect of clonidine on the relationship between sympathetic nervous system activity and the state of sodium-volume balance was studied in 15 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function (group 1) and in 14 patients with hypertension and mild to moderate renal failure (group 2). Rapid administration of clonidine (200 µg) produced significant falls (p
Oxidation of N-acetylindoxyl by an enzyme from plants.

Abstract Some properties of an enzyme system from plants which is capable of oxidizing N-acetylindoxyl have been described. The final product is tentatively identified as acetylisatic acid, and since the same product is obtained when the enzyme is allowed to act on N-acetylisatin (which can be derived by chemical oxidation of N-acetylindoxyl) this is supposed to be the primary product when N-acetylindoxyl is oxidized by the enzyme.
Obesity in schizophrenic outpatients receiving antipsychotics in Taiwan

Abstract This investigation estimates and compares, for the first time, the distribution of body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) and the prevalence of obesity among Chinese outpatients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics. The BMI of 201 outpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders was studied via a cross-sectional naturalistic study. This investigation also compared the BMI of the subjects with a Taiwanese reference population. This investigation found no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity between male and female subjects. The prevalence of obesity among male and female patients in this investigation was, respectively, 2.74- and 2.51-fold greater than the Taiwanese reference population, and the prevalence of severe obesity among male and female patients was 4.66- and 3.53-fold greater than that in the Taiwanese reference population, respectively. The rate of severe obesity was especially high in patients treated with olanzapine. Atypical antipsychotics other than olanzapine did not seem to be more closely associated with obesity or severe obesity compared to typical antipsychotics.
Activation and variation of the United Nation’s cluster coordination model: a comparative analysis of the Haiti and Japan disasters

The coordinated response to extreme events is critical as illustrated by recent disasters in Haiti and Japan. As a way for coordinated provision of international humanitarian assistance to disaster-hit countries, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) developed cluster coordination model (CCM). With content analysis and network analysis of OCHA situation reports, this study checked four premises regarding activation of CCM, interaction between national and international actors, roles of proximity country, and level of cluster coordination. This study found that there were meaningful variations in implementing the CCM for 2010 Haiti and 2011 Japan disasters. From the analyses, we found that the current CCM may be vulnerable to black swan disasters; thus, extensive and active estimation of national disaster management capacities should be conducted to prevent collapse of national disaster management system. However, the reconciliation of state sovereignty and international humanitari...
Investigation of the segregation phenomenon in Ni-Cr layers with different compositions

Abstract Ni-Cr layers with different compositions were produced by sputtering and evaporation methods. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of oxygen on the deposition of the layers. The layer compositions were investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) before and after carrying out different heat treatments. The results of AES, electrical measurements and electron diffraction investigations can be accounted for by the segregation of a nickel-rich metallic phase and a chromium-oxide-rich phase.
Threshold effects of flood duration on the vegetation and soils of the Upper Mississippi River floodplain, USA

Abstract Most large rivers have experienced major changes in hydrology and land use over the past century, with concomitant effects on sedimentation, nutrient cycling and biodiversity. To restore and/or enhance these ecosystems, managers need to know where their efforts are most likely to succeed under current hydrologic regimes as well as under potential future hydrologic regimes. We therefore examined changes in forest vegetation and soils across a hydrologic gradient, expressed as flood duration during the growing season, for 320 km of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) floodplain. Soil texture was highly variable but trended toward finer grained sediments and >5% organic matter as flood duration increased from 0% to ∼40% of the growing season. Beyond 40%, soil texture was exclusively silt plus clay with >5% organic matter. The diversity of both the understory and overstory tree communities was also highly variable at sites that flooded for Acer saccharinum in the overstory exceeded 70%. Our results suggest that there is a threshold along the elevation gradient of this floodplain, corresponding with flood durations lasting ∼40% of the growing season. At lower elevation sites, flooding exerts primary control over forest soils and vegetation, restricting the former to silt plus clay with higher organic matter and the latter to a few highly flood tolerant species. The existence of such thresholds have implications for management of floodplain soil nutrient dynamics and plant diversity under existing hydrologic regimes, more natural hydrologic regimes and more extreme hydrologic regimes that may result from climate change.
The SAMPL4 hydration challenge: evaluation of partial charge sets with explicit-water molecular dynamics simulations.

We used blind predictions of the 47 hydration free energies in the SAMPL4 challenge to test multiple partial charge models in the context of explicit solvent free energy simulations with the general AMBER force field. One of the partial charge models, IPolQ-Mod, is a fast continuum solvent-based implementation of the IPolQ approach. The AM1-BCC, restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) and IpolQ-Mod approaches all perform reasonably well (R2 > 0.8), while VCharge, though faster, gives less accurate results (R2 of 0.5). The AM1-BCC results are more accurate than those of RESP for tertiary amines and nitrates, but the overall difference in accuracy between these methods is not statistically significant. Interestingly, the IPolQ-Mod method is found to yield partial charges in very close agreement with RESP. This observation suggests that the success of RESP may be attributed to its fortuitously approximating the arguably more rigorous IPolQ approach.
Superconductivity of divalent Chevrel phases at very high pressures

The electrical resistivity and the superconducting transition temperatures were examined for three representative divalent Chevrel phase systems, ${\mathrm{SnMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$, ${\mathrm{EuMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$, and ${\mathrm{BaMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$, as a function of hydrostatic pressure to 2 GPa and in quasihydrostatic pressures to 10 GPa. In all systems, ${T}_{c}$ is depressed to 0 K for sufficiently large pressures. For the Sn- and Eu-based systems, both highly purified samples and samples with controlled oxygen content were used. In an oxygenated ${\mathrm{SnMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ sample (less than 3% ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ substituted for the S atoms) the pressure threshold and maximum ${T}_{c}$ are 40% lower than in the pure sample, but for Pg3.5 GPa the ${T}_{c}$-P phase diagrams nearly coincide, with ${T}_{c}$ reaching zero at an extrapolated pressure of about 12 GPa. In pure ${\mathrm{EuMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$, superconductivity appears only above a threshold pressure of about 1 GPa and is depressed to 0 K above 4.5 GPa. In an oxygenated sample the maximum ${T}_{c}$ and the threshold pressure are depressed, and above about 3.5 GPa the ${T}_{c}$-P phase diagrams coincide, as in the Sn-based system, although ${T}_{c}$ is then rapidly depressed to 0 K at about 4.5 GPa. In a highly purified ${\mathrm{BaMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ sample superconductivity appears above about 2 GPa and is depressed to 0 K at extrapolated pressures above 12 GPa. A full transition to the zero-resistance superconducting state is observed in ${\mathrm{BaMo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$. The data are discussed in terms of a model linking the rhombohedral-to-triclinic structural transition, the superconducting transition temperature, and the role of pressure in suppressing the structural transition.
Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor prevents basolateral localization and endocytosis

We deleted the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. When expressed in fibroblasts, the truncated receptor, like the wild-type, reaches the cell surface, can bind ligand, and is cleaved to secretory component. Unlike the wild-type, it is not endocytosed. When expressed in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, the mutant receptor is transported from the Golgi apparatus directly to the apical surface and cleaved to secretory component. In contrast, the wild-type receptor travels from the Golgi to the basolateral surface and is then endocytosed and sent to the apical surface. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor is necessary for both basolateral localization and endocytosis.
Changes in Seismic-Moment Rates along the Rupture Zone of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake

We examined seismic-moment rates associated with the Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island asperities of the 1964 great Alaska earthquake rupture zone to determine how seismicity has varied through time and space. Our results indicate that there has been a factor of 5–10 decrease in seismic-moment rates within the Prince William Sound asperity region since 1964, whereas seismic-moment rates have actually increased within the Kodiak asperity region since 1964, primarily because of a sequence of M w > 7.0 earthquakes that have occurred since 1998.
Research Training of Surgical Residents as Studied from the Resident's Forum

Participants in the Resident's Forum were surveyed to gain an appreciation of their impression of their research training. The vast majority believed that adequate resources and supervision had been available for their research. The resident generally was the principal investigator, the primary writer of the grant to fund the study, and developed the experimental design. Supervision was usually by a diplomate who took an active role in the project. Projects were funded by several different sources for widely varying amounts. The most common duration of the studies was more than 4 months, and most residents conducted at least one other study during their residency. Ninety per cent stated that the study and its presentation at the Resident's Forum increased their enthusiasm for research, in contrast to the less than one half who, at the start of their residency, were planning on doing research during their career.
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE OF SCHMID'S METAPHYSEAL CHONDRODYSPLASIA : DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FAMILY, AND INVESTIGATION OF THE COL10A1 GENE . 874

Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD; OMIM 156500) is a rare, inherited disorder of the skeleton that is manifested in early childhood by short stature, coxa vara and a wadling gait It was first described in 1943 in a Mormon kindred; affected individuals from this family were found to have a 13-basepair-deletion in the gene that codes for the α-1 chain of collagen X (COL10A1) 50 years later (Nat. Genet. 5: 79, 1993). 9 more mutations in the COL10A1 gene have been described since, in other kindreds. We describe a family with SMCD that was previously misdiagnosed as“X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets”. The mother, who has no affected relatives, is 36 years old (y.o.) and has a height of 149cm. She had bilateral coxa vara as a child and had three corrective surgeries of her lower extremities in her native Ukraine. She gave birth to two male children without any complications. The older boy is now a 7y.o with the height of a 3 1/2y.o; the younger sibling is now a 5 1/2y.o with the height of a 2 1/2y.o.. Both children have significantly bowed legs and coxa vara. Radiologic features included an enlarged and malformed femoral capital epiphysis with involvement of the distal femoral metaphysis in the older sibling, anterior rib mild changes, and a normal spine. Interestingly, both children had severe coxa vara before the age of 2 years, whereas their mother did not have any symptoms until her 5th year of life. This is consistent with the observation that presentation of SMCD in nonfamilial cases is no earlier than the second year of life; it may also represent gender-related differences in the expression of the disease, or simply significant variability in its phenotype. DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes from the three affected individuals of this family and subjected to PCR-amplification by COL10A1 gene-specific primers, by standard methods. Single strand polymorphism conformation (SSCP) analysis of the COL10A1 gene is now underway in our laboratory, in order to identify the molecular defect causing SMCD in this family. We conclude that SMCD should be included in the differential diagnosis of lower extremities' abnormalities presenting in early childhood. SMCD is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with significant variability in its clinical expression and is caused by mutations of the COL10A1 gene.
Cognitive changes associated with cancer and cancer therapy: patient assessment and education.

Objectives To provide a comprehensive review of assessment strategies used to determine cancer- and/or cancer treatment-related cognitive changes. Data Sources Review and synthesis of review articles, databased resources. Conclusion Although several assessment strategies have been used to determine cancer- and/or cancer treatment-related cognitive changes, definitive standards have yet to be established. Further studies are needed to provide insight into practical and sensitive assessment tools to recognize cognitive changes that can be used in the clinical setting. Implications for Nursing Practice The nurse’s awareness of cognitive concerns is essential for patient education and determination of when patients may need to be referred for more extensive evaluations.
Field limit for ion evaporation from charged thermospray droplets

Abstract Thermospray ionization produces charged droplets from electrolyte solutions. As these droplets evaporate, the self induced field on the droplet surface increases and ion production from these droplets can take place either by ion evaporation or by Rayleigh subdivision, depending on the critical field strength required to initiate either process at that instant. An attempt was made to determine the field strength on the surface of the charged droplets in their final stage of evaporation, by measuring their reduced mobilities in a drift tube equipped with a mechanical chopper for gating the droplets. The relation between the reduced mobility and the surface field strength is discussed. The performance of the drift tube is such that in some cases the width of the mobility distributions is not significantly greater than the dispersion estimated from the apparatus. For the volatile and nonvolatile electrolytes studied, only one major peak was observed in the mobility spectra. The measured reduced mobilities are 0.44–0.53 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and the corresponding surface field strengths are 7.6–9.1 × 10 8 V m −1 . No peaks were observed with field strengths higher than 10 9 V m −1 . The observed mean value, 0.83 × 10 9 V m −1 , is interpreted as the critical field strength for ion evaporation and its implications are discussed.
Comparison of the active-site conformations of bovine alpha-thrombin and meizothrombin(desF1) by electron spin resonance.

The active site of the prothrombin activation intermediate meizothrombin(desF1) was probed using several fluorosulfonylphenyl spin labels specific for the active serine hydroxyl of serine proteases. The mobilities of the thrombin species inhibited with the nitroxide spin labelsm-IV [4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl)-m-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide] andm-V [3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl)-m-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide], which are sensitive to differences betweenα- andγ-thrombin, were quite similar to that ofα-thrombin. That is, no major conformational differences between meizothrombin(desF1) andα-thrombin were observed in this region of the extended active site. On the other hand,p-IV [4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl)-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide],p-V [3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl)-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide], andm-VII [N-[m-(fluorosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl)urea], which probe an apolar binding region of bovine thrombin, exhibited large differences in mobility betweenα-thrombin and meizothrombin(desF1). The conformational consequences of indole binding to spin-labeled thrombin species demonstrated that both species also possess an indole-binding site. However, the nitroxide mobility changes upon indole binding to the spin-labeled protein derivative were somewhat different between the two thrombin species under study. In addition, the effects of the benzamidine binding were quite similar for each labeled protein. Thus is appears that, while both species posses a fully functional active site, the region in meizothrombin(desF1) probed by spin labelsp-IV,p-V, andm-VII, which corresponds to the apolar binding region, differs in conformation fromα-thrombin.
Left ventricular systolic circular index: An echocardiographic measure of transseptal pressure ratio

Abstract An echocardiographic index of left ventricular (LV) short axis circularity can be defined by the equation: left ventricular systolic circularity index (LVSCI) = 4 π(LV area) × 100/(LV perimeter2). This index was measured from two-dimensional echocardiograms in 98 children (ages 1 day to 19 years) with congenital heart disease, and results were compared to right ventricular/left ventricular peak systolic pressure ratios (RVP/LVP) determined at cardiac catheterization. LVSCI was also computed in 50 children without cardiovascular or pulmonary disease to define the normal range. A short axis image of the left ventricle at the level of the papillary muscles was obtained from the left parasternal position. Area and perimeter were determined by computer pianimetry of the LV endocardium at end systole. LVSCI was measured from three consecutive beats and averaged. In the normal group all values of LVSCI exceeded 93% (mean 96%). In the group with congenital heart disease RVP/LVP correlated exponentially with LVSCI: RVP LVP = e 2.6 − 0.04 LVSCI ; with r = 0.88, SEE = 0.39, and p 1.2) are excluded, there is a linear correlation between RVP/LVP and LVSCI: RVP LVP = 2.3 − 0.021 LVSCI ; with r = 0.80, SEE = 0.14, and p
Rhodium Dinitrogen Complexes Rh(NN)x (x = 1−3) and Anions: Matrix Infrared Spectra and DFT Calculations

Reactions of laser-ablated rhodium atoms with molecular nitrogen in excess neon produce the rhodium nitrogen complexes Rh(NN)x (x = 1−3) and their counterpart anions through the capture of ablated electrons. The observed absorption bands are identified by isotopic substitution and DFT calculations of vibrational fundamentals. The N−N stretching fundamental at 2162.0 cm-1 for RhNN and the antisymmetric N−N mode for Rh(NN)2 at 2199.3 cm-1 in solid neon are in accord with earlier argon matrix assignments. Three N−N stretching frequencies at 2185.2, 2203.3, and 2235.6 cm-1 are assigned to Rh(NN)3, which is calculated to have a T-shaped structure with a 2A1 ground state. The photosensitive Rh(NN)x- (x = 1−3) anions are eliminated with CCl4 doping to capture ablated electrons.
Fluorinated copolymer-oxide hybrids

A fluorinated copolymer/metal oxide hybrid is fabricated by refluxing a high hydroxyl content fluorinated copolymer with tetraethoxysilane. The resulting organic-inorganic hybrids are transparent throughout the entire compositional range if processed with HCl as a catalyst. They exhibit a continuous variation in hardness, hydrophobicity, and abrasion resistance, intermediary between the properties of the pure polymer and that of a silica gel. The catalyst has a strong influence over the microstructure of the hybrid. 29Si MAS-NMR indicates the presence of highly condensed silica clusters within the structure of the hybrid. If a Nd(III) alkoxide is used instead of TEOS, a Nd 3+-doped fluoropolymer is obtained. These results indicate that when a fluorinated copolymer contains groups amenable to hydrolysis and condensation, cross-linking with a metal alkoxide is possible, leading to an interesting families of hybrids.
REFLECTION AS AN EXPLANATION OF BELL'S INEQUALITY PARADOX

Abstract This paper develops a quantitative model version of Mugur-Schachter's “reflection” model of Bell's experiment. We show that his nonlocal, but Einstein-separable, model leads to violations of Bell's inequality similar to those predicted by quantum mechanics.
Ultrastructural studies of a herpesvirus of turkeys antigenically related to Marek's disease virus

Abstract Morphological changes induced by a herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in duck embryo fibroblast, chicken embryo fibroblast, and chicken kidney cell cultures were studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with those of high cell culture passaged Marek's disease virus (MDV) in cell culture. Both viruses produced somewhat similar microplaques with different degrees of polykaryocytosis depending on the type of cell culture used. A high concentration of 35 nm nuclear particles, occasionally in crystalline form, were seen in cells infected with HVT. These cells also demonstrated crystalline arrays composed of particles about the same size and electron density of ribosomes. Morphologically, virions of HVT were similar to those of MDV and went through the same stages of maturation. However, a high percentage of naked virions of HVT were morphologically distinct; i.e., they lacked a single dense core and had an inner structure resembling an electron lucent cross.
The Importance of Resolving Mesoscale Latent Heating in the North Atlantic Storm Track

Theoretical, observational, and modeling studies have established an important role for latent heating in midlatitude cyclone development. Models simulate some contribution from condensational heating to cyclogenesis, even with relatively coarse grid spacing (on the order of 100 km). Our goal is to more accurately assess the diabatic contribution to storm-track dynamics and cyclogenesis while bridging the gap between climate modeling and synoptic dynamics. This study uses Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) simulations with 120- and 20-km grid spacing to demonstrate the importance of resolving additional mesoscale features that are associated with intense precipitation and latent heat release within extratropical cyclones. Sensitivity to resolution is demonstrated first with a case study, followed by analyses of 10 simulated winters over the North Atlantic storm track. Potential vorticity diagnostics are employed to isolate the influences of latent heating on storm dynamics, and terms in the Lorenz energy cycle are analyzed to determine the resulting influences on the storm track. The authors find that the intensities of individual storms and their aggregate behavior in the storm track are strongly sensitive to horizontal resolution. An enhanced positive feedback between cyclone intensification and latent heat release is seen at higher resolution, resulting in a systematic increase in eddy intensity and a stronger storm track relative to the coarser simulations. These results have implications for general circulation models and their projections of climate change.
Study group report on the impact of television on adolescent views of sexuality.

There is not much research done on US televisions portrayal of sex and its relation to teenage attitudes and sex behavior. What has been done is on marital fidelity gender roles and rape myths. Sexuality taboos have created research problems. Future research should include longitudinal studies. These should use sex behavior as a dependent variable and focus on correlational and causal questions. Blacks Hispanics and Native Americans should be included in future research. Research should address the decision-making process within the television industry. A "consortium" of researchers from different disciplines should be used. Health professionals and the television industry should talk. Key people in professional organizations should have this dialog with the television industry. Press releases should be sent to key industry publications. The study group recommends a 6-12 month "sabbatical" wherein television and health professionals could work in each others settings. There is a restriction on the advertising of contraceptive in the networks. Condoms can be promoted for disease protection but not for birth control. Prescription products cant be advertised. Generic contraceptive advertisement should be created. Products could be advertised in magazines too. Guidelines should be set up for television advertising. It is not possible to predict which hours adolescents will be watching television anymore. Critical viewing skills should be taught in "media literacy" curricula for "early and middle" adolescents.
SU‐E‐T‐604: 16‐MV Photon Beams Do Not Improve Plan Quality Compared to 6‐MV Photon Beams in Prostate Cancer IMRT

Purpose: Photon energies 10 MV or higher are generally considered optimal for treatment of deep‐seated pelvic targets. We performed dosimetric quality assessment of Prostate IMRT plans in patients treated with 6‐MV and 16‐MV Photons, to discern if 16‐MV plan quality was superior to 6‐MV treatment plans. Methods: From our institutional database, treatment plans of 84 patients previously treated for early stage prostate cancers were included in this retrospective study. Forty‐two patients were treated with 6‐MV and forty‐two with 16‐MV. Beam energy choice was based on linac capability, physician preference and not on patient separation. All patients were planned with a coplanar 7‐F IMRT technique. The prescription dose (75.6‐Gy), optimization technique and planning objectives were similar in all patients. Dose distributions were evaluated using various indices‐Conformity‐Index (CI), Healthy‐Tissue Conformity Index (HTCI), Homogeneity‐Index (HI), Gradient‐Index (GI), Conformity‐Number (CN), Normal‐Tissue Integral Dose (NTID), Body‐mass‐index (BMI) and quality of coverage (QC). Rectal and Bladder dose‐volume indices were evaluated per RTOG guidelines. Non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney test was applied in the statistical analysis and for a p‐value <0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. Results: Mean PTV was 197.9cc (±13.1) for the 6‐MV group and 191.8cc (±10.3) for the 16‐MV group. MUs per fraction were 905 (±32) for 6‐MV and 862 (±41) for 16‐MV plans. The CI, HTCI and GI were statistically similar between 6‐MV and 16‐MV plans (p=0.22). Indices HI, QC and CN all showed statistically significant improvement for 6‐MV plans compared to 16‐MV plans (p<0.03). NTID was slightly lower for 16‐MV plans, but not statistically significant, compared to 6‐MV plans. NTID correlated with BMI for 16‐MV group (r=0.70) and weakly for 6‐MV group (r=0.28). Rectal V65, V40 and Bladder V65 were similar between 6‐MV and 16‐MV plans. Conclusion: We conclude that 16‐MV photon beams do not provide additional dosimetric advantage compared to 6‐MV photon beams in Prostate IMRT.
Multichannel sampling schemes for optical imaging systems

We introduce a framework of focal-plane coding schemes for multichannel sampling in optical systems. A particular objective is to develop an ultrathin imager without compromising image resolution. We present a complete f/2.1 optical system with a thickness of 2.2 mm. The resolution is maintained in the thin optical system by an integrated design of the encoding scheme, the process of making the coding elements, and the decoding algorithms.
The murine aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness locus: A comparison of receptor levels and several inducible enzyme activities among recombinant inbred lines

The aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness (Ah) locus has been correlated with genetic differences in the risk of drug toxicity, teratogenesis, chemical carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis. Hepatic cytosolic Ah receptor levels, 2-amino-5-chlorobenzoxazole (zoxazolamine) paralysis time following beta-naphthoflavone treatment and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH3, acetanilide 4-hydroxylase (Ac4H), and NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase (NMOR)4, induction by 3-methylcholanthrene were studied in (a) the progenitors C57BL/6J (Ahb/Ahb) and DBA/2J (Ahd/Ahd) and 25 BXD recombinant inbred lines, (b) the progenitors C57BL/6N and C3H/HeN and 14 B6NXC3N recombinant inbred lines, and (c) the progenitors C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ and 12 BXH recombinant inbred lines. The Ahb phenotype exhibits greater than 5 femtomole receptor/mg of cytosolic protein, less than or equal to 15 minutes zoxazolamine paralysis time, and twofold to 15-fold induction of these three hepatic enzyme activities; the Ahd phenotype exhibits less than or equal to 2 fmol receptor/mg protein, greater than 15 minutes zoxazolamine paralysis time, and less than 30% induction of these three activities. Among the BXD lines but especially among the B6NXC3N and BXH lines, high frequencies of recombination were found; the phenotype of each of the five parameters did not segregate with the phenotype of each of the other parameters in four or more recombinant lines. This report shows for the first time that AHH induction by 3-methylcholanthrene can occur in the Ahd phenotype mouse. These data underline the complexity of this genetic system when genes from C57BL/6 and DBA/2 are combined and particularly when genes from C57BL/6 and C3H/He inbred mouse strains are combined.
THE EFFECTS OF VENOUS OBSTRUCTION UPON INTERSTITIAL PRESSURE IN ANIMAL AND HUMAN SKIN.

The changes of intracutaneous pressure in the limbs of mice and human beings have been followed during and after periods of venous obstruction with almost unhindered arterial flow. During the first 30 minutes of obstruction the interstitial pressure in the tense skin of the lower legs of mice, a pressure which is slightly higher than that in the loose skin of the ears, backs, and thighs (21), rose from 2.6 to 4.6 cm. of water to about 32 cm., thereafter remaining constant. It would appear that the escape of fluid from the capillaries is checked at this pressure. In the skin of the arm and leg of man the interstitial pressure rose from 2.5–3.7 cm. of water to 15.0–23.0, within 15 to 27 minutes after venous obstruction had been produced, mounting no higher during the period of observation. When venous obstruction had existed for about 20 minutes or more the subjects sometimes experienced sensations of relief from congestion as if some tissue adjustment or the opening of some venous by-pass in the marrow had occurred, preventing a further rise of pressure. However this may be, the pressures still appeared to be great enough to prevent further escape of fluid from the capillaries, at least for the time being.
Ecolane Applications: Preliminary Testing and Evaluation

This study investigated the feasibility of ecolane applications along a section of Interstate 66 in Northern Virginia. In ecolanes, drivers are required to operate the vehicle at recommended or variable speed limits to reduce transportation energy consumption and improve vehicle mobility. The study focused its efforts on evaluation of various ecolane algorithms and speed harmonization (SPD-HARM) applications through the use of INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software. The study demonstrated that the proposed ecolanes system could significantly improve fuel efficiency and air quality while reducing average vehicle travel time and total delay. For this case study, the ecolane system reduced delay, fuel consumption, and emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 23%, 4.5%, 3.1%, 3.4%, and 4.6%, respectively, compared with those in the base case scenario. The study also examined the feasibility of a predictive ecolane system and demonstrated that such a system could improve the performance of the original ecolane system. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that optimum throttle levels and optimum ecospeed limits (speed limits that were optimized for mobility, fuel consumption, and emissions levels) could significantly improve the performance of the ecolane system. Finally, the study demonstrated that SPD-HARM across all vehicles and lanes reduced the system delay, fuel consumption, and emissions of HC, CO, oxides of nitrogen, and CO₂ by 7.6%, 6.3%, 23.9%, 26.1%, 17.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, compared with those in the base case scenario.
Turbidity and critical behavior of a colloid-polymer system.

The osmotic compressibility and correlation length of a colloid-polymer system, consisting of grafted silica particles in cyclohexane in the presence of the soluble polymer polydimethylsiloxane, are determined by turbidity measurements in the entire one-phase liquid region, with emphasis on the critical region. The renormalized critical exponents of the osmotic compressibility and the correlation length are found to be respectively ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}=1.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}=0.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01,$ while the amplitude of the correlation length is $16.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3\mathrm{nm}.$ Comparison is made with theoretical predictions.
Fast Mapping and Slow Mapping in Children's Word Learning

When young children encounter a word they do not know, their guesses about what the word might mean are often surprisingly accurate. This is true not only with respect to the particular instance th...
Rapid microsatellite identification from illumina paired-end genomic sequencing in two birds and a snake

Identification of microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), can be a time-consuming and costly investment requiring enrichment, cloning, and sequencing of candidate loci. Recently, however, high throughput sequencing (with or without prior enrichment for specific SSR loci) has been utilized to identify SSR loci. The direct “Seq-to-SSR” approach has an advantage over enrichment-based strategies in that it does not require a priori selection of particular motifs, or prior knowledge of genomic SSR content. It has been more expensive per SSR locus recovered, however, particularly for genomes with few SSR loci, such as bird genomes. The longer but relatively more expensive 454 reads have been preferred over less expensive Illumina reads. Here, we use Illumina paired-end sequence data to identify potentially amplifiable SSR loci (PALs) from a snake (the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus), and directly compare these results to those from 454 data. We also compare the python results to results from Illumina sequencing of two bird genomes (Gunnison Sage-grouse, Centrocercus minimus, and Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana), which have considerably fewer SSRs than the python. We show that direct Illumina Seq-to-SSR can identify and characterize thousands of potentially amplifiable SSR loci for as little as $10 per sample – a fraction of the cost of 454 sequencing. Given that Illumina Seq-to-SSR is effective, inexpensive, and reliable even for species such as birds that have few SSR loci, it seems that there are now few situations for which prior hybridization is justifiable.
International Disaster Psychology Ethics: A Social Justice Model Imbedded in a Systems Paradigm

The ethical provision of psychological aid following international disasters is influenced by cultural factors and questions about how to effectively promote social justice. A need for holistic, sy...
Kinetics calculations for near Ne-like ions

Abstract The purpose of the present work is to systematically test the sensitivity of steady-state kinetics to variations in the atomic modeling for plasmas in a near Ne-like state. The effect of 2 s vacancies autoionizing states, high lying excited states and electron density is studied. In addition, kinetics calculations using configuration average modeling are compared to similar calculations using detailed fine structure levels. Results are presented mainly for the charge state distribution of selenium. However, relative gain coefficients are calculated for both selenium and silver. These calculations predict somewhat larger gains for the J = 2 → 1 lasing transitions than for the 0 → 1 transitions, which agrees with experimental trends.
Effect of DNA sequence changes on UV mutability of a purine anticodon triplet of glyU cloned on M13 phage.

Mutant forms of the glyU (glycyl tRNA) gene cloned in M13mp8 were subjected to uninduced targeted UV mutagenesis; i.e. phage particles were irradiated and used to infect unirradiated umuC+ or irradiated umuC mutant cells. The irradiated phage carried GAG at the anticodon triplet and transitions to GAA were scored. The uninduced targeted mutation rate was reduced by altering the sequence of the gene in the vicinity of the target purine (Pu) residue. In particular a triplet of pyrimidines (PyPyPy) 5′ to the target G was changed to PyPuPy in order to prevent formation of cyclcobutane and 6-4 pyrimidine dimers close to the target. On this basis we suggest a mechanism for one type of uninduced regionally targeted UV mutagenesis.
ELASTIC FRACTURE OF POLYMERIC FLUIDS

The elastic fracture of polystyrene solutions and melts was investigated using a plunger driven viscometer. The polymeric extrudate emerging from a circular capillary was photographed to determine the onset of fracture, and an effort was made to relate this information to the shear stress at the capillary wall, the recoverable shear strain, the entanglement density and the geometrical parameters characterizing the system. It was found that narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrenes dissolved in benzene clearly fractured as reported in the literature, but the onset of fracture could not be predicted by available criteria. As opposed to this, highly concentrated (polymer volume fraction up to 0.57) and elastic solutions of a wide molecular weight distribution polystyrene in benzene showed no fracture when judged using similar criteria. Nonetheless, this latter polymer fractured as a melt at a value of the wall shear stress less than that achieved in the solution runs. From an examination of the polym...
Post‐structuralism and language: Non‐sense

(1991). Post‐structuralism and language: Non‐sense. Communication Monographs: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 213-224.