cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Diagnosis Motivational Interviewing: a modification of Motivational Interviewing for substance-abusing patients with psychotic disorders.

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a brief treatment approach for helping patients develop intrinsic motivation to change addictive behaviors. While initially developed to target primary substance using populations, professionals are increasingly recognizing the promise this approach has for addressing the motivational dilemmas faced by patients who have co-occurring psychiatric and psychoactive substance use disorders. Unfortunately, this recognition has not lead to a clear explication of how MI might be adopted for specific diagnostic populations of dually diagnosed patients. In this article we describe how we have applied the principles and practices of MI to patients who have psychotic disorders and co-occurring drug or alcohol use problems. Specifically, we provide two supplemental guidelines to augment basic MI principles (adopting an integrated dual diagnosis approach, accommodating cognitive impairments and disordered thinking). We present recommended modifications to primary MI skill sets (simplifying open-ended questions, refining reflective listening skills, heightening emphasis on affirmations, integrating psychiatric issues into personalized feedback and decisional balance matrices). Finally, we highlight other clinical considerations (handling psychotic exacerbation and crisis events, recommended professional qualifications) when using MI with psychotic disordered dually diagnosed patients.
Spline-Based Approximation Methods for Control and Identification of Hereditary Systems

We consider control and identification problems for delay systems $$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\dot x\left( t \right) = {A_0}x\left( t \right) + {A_l}x\left( {t - r} \right) + Bu\left( t \right)\quad 0 \leqslant t \leqslant T} \\ {x\left( 0 \right) = \eta ,\quad {x_0} = \phi } \end{array} $$ (1) where A0 , A1 are n×n matrices, B is n×m, and u is an Rm -valued function that is square-integrable on [0,T], i.e. u ∈ Lm 2(0,T). For x: [-r,T] → Rn, we will denote by xt the function θ → x(t+θ), -r ≤ θ ≤ 0.
Novel Applications of Optimization to Molecule Design

We present results from the application of two conformational search methods: genetic algorithms (GA) and parallel direct search methods for finding all of the low energy conformations of a molecule that are within a certain energy of the global minimum. Genetic algorithms are in a class of biologically motivated optimization methods that evolve a population of individuals where individuals who are more “ fit ” have a higher probability of surviving into subsequent generations. The parallel direct search method (PDS) is a type of pattern search method that uses an adaptive grid to search for minima. In addition, we present a technique for performing energy minimization based on using a constrained optimization method.
Variance and Bias for General Loss Functions

When using squared error loss, bias and variance and their decomposition of prediction error are well understood and widely used concepts. However, there is no universally accepted definition for other loss functions. Numerous attempts have been made to extend these concepts beyond squared error loss. Most approaches have focused solely on 0-1 loss functions and have produced significantly different definitions. These differences stem from disagreement as to the essential characteristics that variance and bias should display. This paper suggests an explicit list of rules that we feel any “reasonable” set of definitions should satisfy. Using this framework, bias and variance definitions are produced which generalize to any symmetric loss function. We illustrate these statistics on several loss functions with particular emphasis on 0-1 loss. We conclude with a discussion of the various definitions that have been proposed in the past as well as a method for estimating these quantities on real data sets.
Solubilization—A micellar phenomenon

The ability of dilute surfactant solutions to solubilize water-insoluble substances to form stable systems is termed solubilization. Reviewed are the mechanism, methods for measurement, and temperature effect. Discussed in detail are surfactant structure and solubilizates, and the principles of solubilization involved. The application of solubilization to detergency operations is discussed broadly.
Reduction of Conjugated Alkenes with Chromium(II) Sulfate: Diethyl Succinate

Reduction of conjugated alkenes with chromium(II) sulfate: diethyl succinate product: diethyl succinate Keywords: reduction, CC HC–CH; assay methods, for chromium (II) sulfate; chromium (II) sulfate, preparation of; apparatus, for preparation, of chromous sulfate
Same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage refers to a legal or religious union between two people who share the same sex or gender identity. While these types of unions are sanctioned in some areas of the world, they are still banned in many countries and are very controversial in others. Supporters of same-sex marriage argue that it is necessary to provide rights for LGBT couples that include the ability to share insurance policies with, and to make medical and legal decisions for, a partner, to receive tax incentives and inheritances on more favorable terms, to retain parental rights and abilities to adopt children, and to influence individual immigration situations. Opponents of same-sex marriage often cite religious texts or arguments about the necessity of procreation when arguing for marriage to be restricted to man–woman pairs. The legalization of same-sex marriages has taken place primarily in North America, South America, and Western Europe. Most states in Africa and Asia only recognize opposite-sex marriages. Keywords: equality; gay and lesbian activism; marriage; parenting
AIDS in the HAART era: New York's heterogeneous geography

During the 1990s, the number of new AIDS cases in New York City, USA, declined precipitously. The declines, beginning before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced, were geographically heterogeneous across two New York City boroughs analyzed. From 1993 to 1998, zip codes in Lower Manhattan, with large white and affluent populations, had declines as much as 55% more than the rest of Manhattan. Bronx zip codes underwent still lesser declines. Declines also differed within zip codes among subpopulations. White zip code populations tended to have greater declines than Latino populations, which in turn tended to have greater declines than black populations. According to bivariate and stepwise regressions, an array of socioeconomic and community stress variables acted in combination on the decline in New York AIDS. Manhattan's declines in total AIDS incidence were primarily defined by changes in AIDS incidence for whites and for men who have sex with men, racial segregation, and the proportions of households in upper income classes and under rent stress. Bronx declines in total AIDS are principally explained by a broader range of income classes, and social instability as marked by housing overcrowding and cirrhosis and drug mortalities. Whatever the combination of proximate causes for the decline in AIDS incidence in 1990s New York (educational campaigns, HAART, demographic stochasticity), the decline was shaped by the city's socioeconomic structure and political and ecological history. That structure and history generates the geographically defined aggregates of behaviors that promote or impede AIDS decline. Such spatial heterogeneity may provide for HIV refugia, areas where the virus can weather the epidemic's contraction, a troubling possibility with the accelerating microbicidal failures of combination therapies.
The story of hungry macrophages

Comment on Saito et al, page [1366][1] Hemophagocytic syndrome is a disorder characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and the presence in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, and spleen of macrophages that have phagocytized red cells, erythroblasts, platelets, or other
Bisphosphonate mechanism of action

The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs), alendronate and risedronate, are the only pharmacologic agents shown to prevent spine and nonvertebral fractures associated with postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. At the tissue level, this is achieved through osteoclast inhibition, which leads to reduced bone turnover, increased bone mass, and improved mineralization. The molecular targets of bisphosphonates (BPs) have recently been identified. This review will discuss the mechanism of action of BPs, focusing on alendronate and risedronate, which are the two agents most widely studied. They act on the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway enzyme, farnesyl diphosphate synthase. By inhibiting this enzyme in the osteoclast, they interfere with geranylgeranylation (attachment of the lipid to regulatory proteins), which causes osteoclast inactivation. This mechanism is responsible for N-BP suppression of osteoclastic bone resorption and reduction of bone turnover, which leads to fracture prevention.
Bee Population Returns and Cherry Yields in an Orchard Pollinated with Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

During 1998-2003, we used populations of the solitary bee Osmia lignaria Say to pollinate a commercial sweet cherry orchard in northern Utah. Bee densities released each year ranged from 1290 to 1857 females/ha, with approximately twice as many males. Female progeny produced each year were greater than parental populations released, except in 2003, when nesting was poor due to bird predation. Despite poor weather during bloom, and in contrast to most other local producers, the study orchard produced harvestable crops in 1999 (2,964 kg/ha) and 2001 (3,154 kg/ha). In 1998 and 2000, record yields were obtained (10,625 and 12,096 kg/ha, respectively). Including only those years with harvestable crops, average production was 2.2 times higher in 1998-2003 (when O. lignaria populations were used) compared with 1992-1997 (when 10 Apis mellifera hives were used). This is the first study reporting multiyear cherry yields in an orchard pollinated with O. lignaria in North America.
Alpha-methyltyrosine blocks the expression of rotation classically conditioned with apomorphine.

Abstract Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of substantia nigra rotate (circle) when placed, undrugged, in the environment in which they have previously been treated with apomorphine. This conditioned rotation, like the unconditioned rotation which acutely follows the administration of apomorphine, is directed away from the side with the lesion, i.e., the rotation is contralateral. Here, rats had been administered apomorphine weeks earlier were tested, in a crossover design, for the expression of conditioned rotation following treatment with saline and with alpha-methylty-rosine. When administered four hours prior to testing, 100 mg/kg alpha-methyltyrosine significantly antagonized the expression of classically conditioned rotation. In a second group of animals, alpha-methyltyrosine had no effect on the unconditioned rotation induced by 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine.
Lateral-flow enzyme immunoconcentration for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes.

Lateral-flow enzyme immunochromatography coupled with an immunomagnetic step was developed for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food matrices. The target bacteria was first separated and concentrated by magnetic nanoparticles containing the enzyme and directly applied to the assay system to induce an antigen–antibody reaction without any additional steps. The color signals produced by an enzyme–substrate reaction at a specific site on the immunostrip were found to be directly proportional to the concentration of L. monocytogenes in the sample. The detection concept was demonstrated by performing an enzyme immunoassay on a microtiter well prior to applying it to the lateral-flow assay. Results of the chromatographic analysis yield a limit of detection of 95 and 97 ± 19.5 CFU/mL in buffer solution and 2 % milk sample, respectively. In addition to the high sensitivity, it was also possible to shorten the separation and detection time to within 2 h. The system also showed no cross-reactivity with other bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella enteritidis). The analytical procedure developed will enable us to not only utilize the assay in the field where fast screening for pathogenic agents is required but also as a preventive measure to contain disease outbreak.
Calcification of Different Designs of Silicone Intraocular Lenses in Eyes with Asteroid Hyalosis

Purpose To describe the association between calcification of older and newer designs of silicone intraocular lenses (IOLs) and asteroid hyalosis. Design Case series with clinicopathologic correlation. Participants Sixteen silicone IOLs explanted because of decreased visual acuity associated with opacifying deposits on the posterior optic surface. Methods All 16 lenses underwent gross and light microscopic analyses. Selected lenses underwent alizarin red staining or scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy for elemental composition. Clinical data in each case were obtained by a questionnaire sent to the explanting surgeons. Clinical data in relation to 111 hydrophilic acrylic lenses explanted because of calcification also were assessed for comparison. Main Outcome Measures Deposit morphologic features and location were evaluated under gross and light microscopy. The calcified nature of the deposits was assessed by histochemical staining and surface analyses. Clinical data obtained included age at IOL implantation, gender, implantation and explantation dates, as well as history of neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser treatment. The presence of asteroid hyalosis in the affected eye was investigated for the explanted silicone and hydrophilic acrylic lenses. Results The 16 lenses were of 8 designs manufactured from different silicone materials, which were explanted 9.21±3.66 years after implantation. Neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser applications performed in 12 cases partially removed deposits from the lens, followed by a gradual increase in their density after the procedures. The presence of asteroid hyalosis was confirmed in 13 cases; no notes regarding this condition were found in patient charts in the other 3 cases. The deposits were only on the posterior optic surface of the silicone lenses and were composed of calcium and phosphate. A history of asteroid hyalosis was not found in relation to any of the 111 cases of postoperative calcification of hydrophilic acrylic lenses. Conclusions Including this current series, there are 22 cases of calcification of silicone lenses involving 8 designs manufactured from different silicone materials described in the literature. The presence of asteroid hyalosis was confirmed in 86.4% of cases. These findings may be added to the list of pros and cons surgeons consider when selecting or recommending an IOL. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Actuator placement for a bio-inspired bone-joint system based on SMA

This paper presents an actuator placement study for a bio-inspired joint that is part of a smart-materials-based bat wing. The wing has been designed as part of the BATMAV project with the final goal of developing a biologically-inspired micro-air vehicle with foldable wings for flapping flight. The wing uses superelastic Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) joints and SMA muscle wire actuation. A kinematic model for the bat's flapping flight motion has been developed in a previous paper, while the current paper presents a study to determine attachment points for SMA actuator wires. At the center of the current analysis is the requirement to maintain compatibility with a typical SMA's strain capabilities while simultaneously ensuring the required joint angle motion to be achieved. The study yields a range of attachment parameters, which result in contraction strains of up to 2.5%, appropriate for high-cycle actuation.
Statistics of the Optical Variations of a Large Sample of Quasars

SYSTEMATIC monitoring of the optical variations of large samples of quasars has been somewhat limited, because of the extensive telescope time that is required. Penston and Cannon1 have reported the results of a 2 year study of a group of twenty-four quasars whose photographic magnitudes mpg were brighter than 17. About 20% of this sample showed “violent” variations (which they designated as “OVV”) of a magnitude or more on a time scale of days or weeks and there seemed to be good correlation between such activity and a flat radio spectrum. A group of thirty quasars monitored by Peach2 included no cases of violent optical activity, the common form of variation being a fluctuation of a few tenths of a magnitude on a time scale of several months. Peach was unable to establish a correlation between such moderate optical activity and other observable parameters including the radio spectral index. In 1969 Hunter and Lu3 reported that about 20% of a sample of fourteen quasars had shown short-term outbursts of 0.7 mag. or more.
Autonomous Navigation of an Unmanned Air Vehicle Towards a Moving Ship

This paper deals with the problem of autonomous navigation of an unmanned air vehicle towards a moving ship. The ship is moving in the horizontal plane; however, its motion is not a priori known to the air vehicle. The control laws for the flight path angle and the heading angle of the air vehicle are based on the relative kinematics equations between the vehicle and the moving ship. The goal of the control law is to drive the vertical line of sight angle to zero, while the horizontal line of sight angle tracks the heading angle of the ship. This results in a decreasing range in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The kinematics equations under the control law are derived and our results are rigorously proven. Simulation of various scenarios is carried out.
Activation of H-ras oncogene in 3-methylcholanthrene-transformed human cell line

DNA prepared from the 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-transformed human 312H cell line induced foci on NIH/3T3 cells, whereas DNAs prepared from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene-transformed and the dimethylsulfoxide control 312H cell lines failed to induce foci. The transformed gene from the 3MC-transformed 312H cells was identified as an activated form of the human cellular transforming H-ras oncogene. Analysis of the ras oncogene p21 product in this transformant by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis suggested that this gene was activated by mutation in the 61st codon. These findings demonstrate that activation of a member of the ras gene family can occur in a chemically transformed human cell line.
Sea-surface microlayer metals enrichments in an urban and rural bay☆

The sea-surface microlayer is an important interface between the atmosphere and ocean and a collection point for many anthropogenic materials including potentially toxic metals. We developed a glass plate sampler to collect the upper 30 to 55 micrometers of the sea surface. Samples of the microlayer and subsurface bulk water from an urban and rural bay were analysed for concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Fe. Metal concentrations in both the microlayer and bulk water were generally 2 to 15 times greater in the urban than in the rural bay. Concentrations of metals in the microlayer of both bays averaged 6 to 65 times greater than those in the bulk water. In the urban bay, microlayer concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cu from 10 to > 100 μg 1−1 were common. Measured microlayer metals concentrations agree well with those predicted from atmospheric deposition rates using a previously derived empirical model developed from laboratory microcosm studies. Further work will be required to determine whether or not these high microlayer metal concentrations contain significant biologically available fractions which could impact fisheries recruitment of larval icthyoneuston.
Effects of Perpendicular Blade-Vortex Interaction, Part 2: Parameter Study

Experiments have been performed to document the turbulent flow produced downstream of an airfoil encountering an intense streamwise vortex. In the second part of two-part paper, measurements revealing the effects of blade-vortex separation, blade angle of attack, and vortex strength are presented. The purpose is to provide the data needed to improve blade-vortex and blade-wake interaction noise prediction schemes to account for these effects. A total of 48 flows were studied by measuring three-component velocity and turbulence stress profiles and spectra through the vortex core downstream of the interaction. Most measurements were made 15 chordlengths downstream of the blade trailing edge. These measurements show, consistent with an inviscid model, that the effects of the interaction are only weakly dependent on blade angle of attack and vortex strength and on whether the vortex passes to the suction or pressure side of the blade. The interaction has little influence on the properties of the vortex core for separations greater than about 0.3 chords
Recent studies of light scattering from polymer films

- Experimental procedures for studying the scattering of light from polymer films are reviewed. The theory for scattering from spherulites is described and procedures for correction for multiple scattering, truncation, and disorder are described and illustrated for studies on polyethylene terephthalate films. Means for following crystallization kinetics from quantitative measurements of scattered intensities are outlined.
Network Exchange as a Cooperative Game

This paper presents parallels between network exchange experiments and N-person cooperative games with transferable utility, to show how game theory can assist network exchange researchers, not only in predicting outcomes, but in properly specifying the scope of their models. It illustrates how utility, strategy and c-games, concepts found in game theory, could be used by exchange theorists to help them reflect on their models and improve their research design. One game theoretic solution concept, the kernel, is compared to recent network exchange algorithms as an illustration of how easy it is to apply game theory to the exchange network situation. It also illustrates some advantages of using a game theory solution concept to model network exchange.
Semistructured interview for seizure classification: agreement with physicians' diagnoses.

A semi-structured interview was developed for classification of seizures in accordance with the 1981 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria. The interview was administered over the telephone by trained lay interviewers. Interview-based diagnoses for 50 patients were compared with independent diagnoses by neurologists who also use the ILAE system for seizure classification. Interview diagnoses agreed with those of physicians for broad seizure-type classifications (i.e., partial vs. generalized onset) in 88% of patients and for detailed combinations of seizure type in 64% of patients. Nonchance agreement between the two sources, assessed by the kappa statistic, was excellent for any partial onset (kappa = 0.83), secondarily generalized (kappa = 0.81), and primary generalized tonic-clonic (kappa = 0.76) seizures. Agreement was fair to good for any generalized onset (kappa = 0.70), simple partial (kappa = 0.56), complex partial (kappa = 0.54), and generalized nonconvulsive (kappa = 0.56) seizures. Sensitivity ranged from 0.60 to 1.0 for partial onset seizures, and from 0.43 to 0.67 for generalized onset seizures. Specificity ranged from 0.60 to 0.87 for partial onset seizures, and was 1.0 for generalized onset seizures. Positive predictive value was 0.95 for any partial onset and 1.0 for any generalized onset seizure. These results suggest that this interview can produce accurate diagnoses of major seizure categories. Use of this instrument for clinical epilepsy research should facilitate conduct of large studies at a significant saving of both time and money.
B-cell-directed therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective Owing to their ability to promote the onset and flares of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), B-cells are now established as key players in the pathogenesis of the disease, and, therefore, have become a major therapeutic focus in SLE. In this article, we review the literature on B-cell-directed therapies for SLE focusing on B-cell depletion, B-cell tolerance, costimulatory signals, and cytokines that affect B-cell survival and activation. Methods The clinical trials reviewed in this article were accessed from the PubMed database ( www.pubmed.gov ) and Clinical Trials database ( www.clinicaltrials.gov ) through an English language search of the literature published between January 2002 and March 2007. Keywords included the following terms: B-cells, SLE, and therapy. Results Seventeen completed clinical trials enrolling 973 patients and 5 ongoing studies with anticipated enrollment of 785 patients were reviewed. Novel SLE therapies that target B-cells directly or indirectly were included. B-cell-depleting therapies with the monoclonal antibodies rituximab and epratuzumab have shown good therapeutic results. On the contrary, the well-studied B-cell tolerogen LJP 394 has not demonstrated much clinical benefit. Studies targeting costimulatory pathways have shown variable results; clinical trials with anti-CD40L antibody were terminated because of thromboembolic events, whereas studies targeting the B7-CD28 pathway seem promising. Anticytokine agents against B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and interferon alpha (IFN-α) are the newcomers that need further evaluation in the treatment of SLE. Conclusions Progress in technology has led to the variety of B-cell-directed therapies. In contrast to general immunosuppressants, novel treatments that interfere with specific aspects of B-cell functions create the possibility of developing targeted therapeutic approaches for specific subpopulations of lupus patients.
Cocaine-related movement disorders

We describe four patients, two with Tourette's syndrome, one with the combination of idiopathic dystonia and essential-like tremor, and one with tardive dystonia, who noted marked exacerbation of their movement disorders after exposure to cocaine. These patients provide support for the hypothesis that dopaminergic preponderance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of certain hyperkinetic movement disorders. Cocaine should be regarded as an important cause or precipitant of hyperkinetic movement disorders.
The Influence of Informal Control Sources upon Adolescent Alcohol Use and Problems

Although the past literature has hypothesized that alcohol consumption on the part of adolescents is influenced by the use patterns and standards of peers, parents, and community, a multivariate analysis of data from high school seniors reveals that only respondent's personal standards and number of close friends who drink exert a major influence on respondents' beer use, while the standards of other students explains an additional small part of the variance. Similarly, only friends' beer use and standards, in addition to the frequency of respondents' beer use, had significant correlations to drinking problems. Use patterns and standards of parents, as well as standards of close friends and of the adult community, had no appreciable relationship to adolescent alcohol use or problems. The greater importance of self-standards among late adolescents is consonant with theories of development of identity and autonomy.
'Cookbook' medicine. A legal perspective.

Traditionally, individual physicians have enjoyed a great deal of professional autonomy in practicing the art of medicine, largely free of external restraint on decisions concerning what course of medical action is most appropriate for a particular patient. Lately, however, there has developed a strong push toward the formal creation, dissemination, and enforcement of explicit clinical standards relating to the quality and efficacy of various medical interventions, standards that would guide the decisions and actions of medical practitioners. This push for formal, explicit clinical standards emanates from a variety of sources for many purposes. Third parties, both public 1 ( Wall Street Journal . September 8,1989:B2) and private, 2 that pay for health care want to assure that the care they purchase on behalf of their beneficiaries is appropriate and efficacious. Physicians, institutional administrators, and other health care providers have a professional and ethical stake in assuring the quality of care. Clinical standards
Myofibroblasts from scleroderma skin synthesize elevated levels of collagen and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) with two forms of TIMP-1

Cultured fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies from scleroderma patients and normal individuals were examined for the presence of smooth muscle alpha-actin, a marker for myofibroblasts. Six of eight scleroderma cell lines were found to be 50% or more positive for alpha-actin while three of four normal lines and one cell line derived from unaffected skin of a scleroderma patient were less than 10% positive. The cultured fibroblasts from affected scleroderma skin were largely myofibroblasts, a phenotype found in biopsies of scleroderma tissue, as well as other fibrotic lesions, wound healing, and tumor desmoplasia. The data support the hypothesis that a certain activated fibroblast phenotype predominates in scleroderma. The activated fibroblast is the myofibroblast. Both collagen and TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases) were elevated in the alpha-actin positive (myofibroblast enriched) cultures. In addition, the myofibroblast-enriched cultures displayed a more prominent TIMP doublet band pattern on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Design of a 2 DOF Prosthetic Ankle Using Coupled Compliance to Increase Ankle Torque

Current passive prosthetic ankles are lighter, simpler, and less expensive than powered prosthetic ankles. These current passive designs, however, do not provide adequate torque at the instant when it is needed to propel the body forward. This paper presents a novel 2 degree of freedom (DOF) passive compliant prosthetic ankle that uses a network of conventional springs. One DOF allows the lower leg component to compress when the weight of the amputee is applied during walking. The second DOF allows rotation about the prosthetic ankle joint. The force generated along the leg during walking is converted into ankle torque used to propel the body forward during push-off. An optimization routine is used to select the stiffness values and connection locations of the springs used in the compliant mechanism. The optimization yields a design that generates a torque-deflection profile that is very similar to that of a natural ankle. The mechanism demonstrates apparent active behavior (negative spring constant) at the ankle during push-off without using active components.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Must the Sacred be Transcendent

Abstract In his book A Secular Age, Charles Taylor appeals to the metaphysical–normative distinction between “immanence” and “transcendence” as definitive for post-Axial religion. On Taylor's view, therefore, those of us who embrace a fully secular modernity can be described as having abandoned “transcendence” to take up our lives wholly within the confines of the immanent frame, though he grants we may seek alternative satisfactions or “substitutes” for eternity. But the notion that any metaphysical–normative model of sacred experience can serve as an irresistible foundation is open to doubt if one recalls the Heideggerian insight that any metaphysical picture both reveals and conceals aspects of our experience. Taylor's own description of sacred and non-sacred experience within the immanent frame seems to rely upon this foundational distinction, without entertaining the possibility that the language itself may very well actually distort what our experience is like. This paper pursues the above objection...
Amiodarone-induced pneumonitis. Assessment of risk factors and possible risk reduction.

Problems with pulmonary toxicity have emerged as a potentially limiting factor for amiodarone use. We prospectively studied 33 subjects treated with amiodarone for refractory arrhythmias. Serial clinical, radiographic and pulmonary function tests were correlated with the dose and duration of amiodarone treatment to define: a) prevalence of lung toxicity, b) subgroups of patients at particular risk for toxicity, c) potential interaction between amiodarone dose and toxicity. Considering all subjects, no significant change in lung volumes or airflow indices were noted; carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DCO) underwent a mean reduction of 20.3 percent during treatment. Symptoms of possible pulmonary toxicity occurred in 27.3 percent of subjects. No type or degree of pretreatment cardiopulmonary dysfunction predicted lung toxicity. However, maintenance dose was correlated with toxicity; patients treated with doses of ≤400 mg per day from the start of treatment had insignificant reductions in DCO and did not develop symptoms.
Recovering Planar Lame Moduli from a Single-Traction Experiment

Under a simple nondegeneracy condition, the displacement and edge traction of a planar, isotropic, linearly elastic solid determine its Lame moduli. When these moduli are constant, they can be recovered exactly; this is demonstrated by a specific traction satisfying the nondegeneracy condition. Spatially varying moduli can be computed numerically by considering the equations of linear elasticity as a hyperbolic system for the unknown moduli. A stable finite difference scheme for solving this system is given; synthetic experiments demonstrate its efficacy.
A Large Cohort Study of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism in Relation to Gynecologic Cancers

Background. Thyroid status may influence tumorigenesis of gynecologic cancers, yet epidemiologic studies of this relationship are limited and inconsistent. Methods. We evaluated the association of self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism with medical-record confirmed endometrial (EC; all invasive adenocarcinomas) and ovarian cancer (OC; epithelial ovarian or peritoneal cancers) in Nurses' Health Study (NHS) from 1976 to 2010 and NHSII from 1989 to 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate multivariable rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals based on pooled cohort data. Results. We confirmed 1314 incident cases of EC and 1150 cases of OC. Neither a history of hypothyroidism nor hyperthyroidism was significantly associated with risk of EC or OC. However, having a history of hypothyroidism for 8+ years (median) was nonsignificantly inversely associated with EC (RR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.63–1.04; P-trend with history duration = 0.11) and OC (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.66–1.15; P-trend = 0.13). Having a history of hyperthyroidism for 6+ years (median) was non-significantly positively associated with EC (RR = 1.69; 95% CI = 0.86–3.30; P-trend = 0.12) but not OC (RR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.46–2.72; P-trend = 0.95). Conclusions. A history of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism was not significantly associated with risk of EC or OC.
Effects of oxytetracycline on nitrification in a model aquatic system

Abstract Our objective was to look at the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC), which is used in the fish farming industry to treat bacterial diseases, on the nitrification process in a simple aquatic system. The experiments were conducted in 9-l aquaria containing sand substrate, synthetic freshwater, and active cultures of the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter . The synthetic freshwater was amended with ammonia, at an initial concentration of approximately 5 mg/l NH 3 N, to provide an energy source for the nitrifying bacteria. The effects of OTC were evaluated by measuring changes in the conversion of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate in reference to a negative control (0 mg/l OTC). We determined that nitrification was inhibited at all levels of OTC tested (12.5–75 mg/l). Concentrations of 50–75 mg/l OTC resulted in nearly complete inhibition of nitrification within 7 days. We estimated the 95% confidence interval for the 7-day EC50 to be 8.60–26.96 mg/l OTC. The potential for disrupting nitrification, which could lead to a build-up of toxic ammonia and nitrite, should be considered by aquaculturists treating diseased fishes.
Concise Total Synthesis of (±)-Lycopladine A

A concise total synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid lycopladine A (1) is described that features sequential conjugate addition and enolate arylation reactions to construct the tricyclic core in two steps.
The structure of nearly coherent fcc: bcc boundaries in a CuCr alloy

Abstract In contrast to past investigations of dislocation structures at interphase boundaries, which have been confined largely to systems in which the atomic matching at these boundary orientations was obviously good, the present study was concerned with fcc:bcc boundaries, where the two lattices do not appear to match closely at any boundary orientation. Using the precipitation of Cr-rich bcc crystals from the fcc matrix of a Cu-0.33 wt% Cr alloy as a model system, however, well defined planar boundaries were often observed to develop in overaged samples. Transmission electron microscopic studies showed that such facets were invariably arrayed with one or two networks of parallel interfacial dislocations; within a given network, the dislocations were spaced from 100 to 1000 A apart. Orientation relationship studies indicated a range of relationships varying from the Nishiyama-Wasserman to the Kurdjumow-Sachs; habit planes were usually irrational in both matrix and precipitate lattices. Most of these rather complex observations can be understood, however, if the (nominally) planar interfaces are modeled as sequences of steps whose broad faces are formed by {110} bcc //{111} fcc . By restricting the extent of the steps to regions of good fit between the two lattices, most of the misfit between them can be successfully accommodated. On this model, the interfacial dislocations play only a secondary role, serving to eliminate the residual mismatch accumulated within the systems of steps.
Privatization and the New Formalism: Making the Courts Safe for Bureaucracy

The Federal Courts provides a powerful statement for an important vision of the courts and their political and social role. It defines a specific role of the federal courts, documents the belief that the courts face a crisis, and proposes a variety of reforms at differing levels of ambition. Many of these proposals appear to be rather reasonable, and they are presented in a straightforward manner. Indeed, while Posner admits that his politics are relevant to his analyses, even the politics in this book are presented in a reasonable manner. Many readers will recognize the political nature of the discussion but still be persuaded of the soundness of much of the argument, which seems quite commonsensical, and will follow along until they perceive that Posner has shifted from what seem to be commonsensical notions to what they see as clearly political notions. Such readers, however, may be falling into an error characteristic of much commentary on civil procedure and the role of the courts. Is it safe to follow conventional wisdom uncritically as to what is politics and what is common sense?l Not that we should neglect common sense by simply asserting that "everything is politics." Rather we should examine what is conventionally assigned to the political realm as opposed to that which
Protein Folding Activity of Hsp70 Is Modified Differentially by the Hsp40 Co-chaperones Sis1 and Ydj1

Specification of Hsp70 action in cellular protein metabolism may occur through the formation of specialized Hsp70:Hsp40 pairs. To test this model, we compared the ability of purified Sis1 and Ydj1 to regulate the ATPase and protein-folding activity of Hsp70 Ssa1 and Ssb1/2 proteins. Ydj1 and Sis1 could both functionally interact with Ssa1, but not the Ssb1/2 proteins, to refold luciferase. Interestingly, Ydj1:Ssa1 could promote up to four times more luciferase folding than Sis1:Ssa1. This functional difference was explored and could not be accounted for by differences in the ability of Sis1 and Ydj1 to regulate Ssa1 ATPase activity. Instead, differences in the chaperone function of Ydj1 and Sis1 were observed. Ydj1 was dramatically more effective than Sis1 at suppressing the thermally induced aggregation of luciferase. Paradoxically, Sis1 and Ydj1 could bind similar quantities of chemically denatured luciferase. The polypeptide binding domain of Sis1 was found to lie between residues 171-352 and correspond to its conserved carboxyl terminus. The conserved carboxyl terminus of Ydj1 is also known to participate in the binding of nonnative polypeptides. Thus, Ydj1 appears more efficient at assisting Ssa1 in folding luciferase because its contains a zinc finger-like region that is absent from Sis1. Ydj1 and Sis1 are structurally and functionally distinct Hsp40 proteins that can specify Ssa1 action by generating Hsp70:Hsp40 pairs that exhibit different chaperone activities.
Optimizing Aggregates to Reduce Cement in Concrete Without Reducing Quality

Of the constituents of concrete, cement is the most expensive and has the largest carbon footprint. High cement content in concrete affects the durability of concrete. Shrinkage in concrete generally increases with increase in cement content; however, increasing the aggregate content provides more volume stability. Cement content can be reduced with the proper selection of aggregates and use of admixtures. Two approaches are considered: (a) optimizing aggregate gradation by varying aggregate and paste content and (b) replacing cement with mineral fillers (microfines). For each mixture, the high-range water-reducing admixture dosage was adjusted to maintain a constant slump (workability). The effects on slump, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, permeability, and abrasion were measured. Results show that both methods can be used to reduce cement content, maintain or improve performance, and reduce cost, with a more sustainable concrete as the end result.
Simulating the Effects of Acculturation and Return Migration on the Maternal and Infant Health of Mexican Immigrants in the United States: A Research Note

A significant body of research on minority health shows that although Latino immigrants experience unexpectedly favorable outcomes in maternal and infant health, this advantage deteriorates with increased time of residence in the United States. This study evaluates the underlying assumptions of two competing hypotheses that explain this paradox. The first hypothesis attributes this deterioration to possible negative effects of acculturation and behavioral adjustments made by immigrants while living in the United States, and the second hypothesis attributes this deterioration to the mechanism of selective return migration. Hypothetical probabilistic models are simulated for assessing the relationship between duration and birth outcomes based on the assumptions of these two hypotheses. The results are compared with the empirical research on the maternal and infant health of first-generation, Mexican-origin immigrant women in the United States. The analysis provides evidence that a curvilinear pattern of duration and birth outcomes can be explained by the joint effects of both acculturation and selective return migration in which the former affects health status over the longer durations, and the latter affects health status at shorter durations.
The FINeSSE Detector

Experimental results from the last five years showing that neutrinos oscillate and have mass have revolutionized how we think about neutrinos. This includes not only what their place is in the Standard Model, but also how we can use them to understand the universe. Can neutrinos also help us probe the smallest scales of matter, such as mapping out the spin structure of the nucleon? New high intensity beams and novel detection techniques have rekindled interest in neutrino scattering physics, allowing us to answer these questions. Described here is a detection technique for the FINeSSE experiment, designed to well measure low Q 2 , ν – p elastic scattering events, necessary to determine the spin carried by the strange quarks in the nucleon.
Abstract 2421: Small molecule inhibitors of DNA glycosylases as potential drugs in cancer therapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA DNA glycosylases are required to initiate the DNA base excision repair pathway of lesions that are formed by DNA damage. Recently, several DNA glycosylases including NEIL1, OGG1 and NTH1 were identified as potential targets in combination chemotherapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. The potential therapeutic benefit for the inhibition of DNA glycosylases was validated by demonstrating synthetic lethality with drugs that are commonly used to limit DNA replication through dNTP pool depletion. Additionally, NEIL1-associated synthetic lethality has been achieved in combination with Fanconi anemia, group G. In this work, we designed experimental strategies to discover small molecule inhibitors of NEIL1, with subsequent analyses of the specificity of those molecules for other DNA glycosylases. Using NEIL1 as the proof-of-principle DNA glycosylase, we developed a fluorescence-based assay that utilizes incision of site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides to detect enzymatic activity. Among the top hits of these screens were several purine analogs, whose postulated presence in the active site of NEIL1 was consistent with the paradigm of NEIL1 recognition and excision of purine-derived lesions. We also applied gas chromatography/isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of the effect of preferred small molecule inhibitors on activities of the DNA glycosylases NEIL1, OGG1 and NTH1. The release of modified bases, which are known substrates of these enzymes, was measured in the presence and absence of the inhibitors. These data revealed that several of the purine analogs were general glycosylase inhibitors with one compound being the most effective inhibitor for all three enzymes. However, there were significance differences in inhibition of enzymatic activities among these three DNA glycosylases. Overall, this work forms the foundation for the future discovery of DNA repair inhibitors as drugs in cancer therapy for the entire family of DNA glycosylases. Citation Format: Miral Dizdaroglu, Pawel Jaruga. Small molecule inhibitors of DNA glycosylases as potential drugs in cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2421. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2421
Stéroïdes et Terpénoïdes de Différentes Espèces D'Irésine

Investigation of Iresine pringlei led to the identification of the pentacyclic triterpene friedelin (III) (in the stem), ceryl alcohol (IV), as well as the steroids stigmastanol (VIII), stigmasterol (XI), β-sitosterol (V) and α-spinasterol (XII). From Iresine calea were isolated ceryl alcohol and β-sitosterol.