cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A metrical analysis of stress in Cebuano

Abstract This article presents an analysis of word stress in the Cebu dialect of Cebuano, a major language of the Philippines. First, the distribution of primary and secondary stresses is examined. Arguments are presented in favor of the iamb as the basic foot template (McCarthy and Prince 1986; Hayes 1987). The metrical properties of clitics are then investigated, lending additional support to an iambic analysis. Finally, the interaction of stress assignment and suffixation is considered.
High‐pressure Raman scattering study of the A1 mode of CuInS2

Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the wavenumber of the A1 mode of CuInS2 as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to about 5 GPa. This mode was found to have a linear pressure dependence of 5.17 ± 0.12 cm−1 GPa−1. The Gruneisen parameter for this mode was determined as 1.33. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diamond, Cropped, Delta, and Double-Delta Wing Vortex Breakdown During Dynamic Pitching

A series of experiments were conducted on the effect of different delta wing shapes on vortex breakdown under dynamic pitching conditions.
Dynamics of dislocation interactions with stacking-fault tetrahedra at high temperature

The interaction process between dislocations and large stacking-fault tetrahedra was observed in real time at high temperature during deformation experiments in situ in the transmission electron microscope. Dislocation interactions with tetrahedra resulted in them being annihilated and converted to another defect type. Dislocation bypass of the tetrahedra occurred by cross-slip. The latter interaction occurred slowly and halted the progress of the dislocation. Annihilation versus bypass by dislocation cross-slip was dictated by the location at which the slip plane intersected the tetrahedron – on the face or along the edges with the stair-rod dislocations. In general, the interactions, at best, were weakly temperature dependent. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Strength of 2024-T3 Aluminum Panels with Multiple Site Damage

An aging aircraft accumulates fatigue cracks commonly referred to as multiple site damage (MSD). For ductile materialssuchas2024-T3aluminum,MSDcracksmaylowerthestrengthsignie cantlybelowthatwhichispredicted by conventional fracture mechanics or net section yield failure methods. An analytical model generally referred to as the linkup model (or the plastic-zone-touch model )has previously been used to describe the MSD phenomenon. However, the linkup model is only accurate for limited geometric cone gurations. Two modie cations to the linkup model were developed through regression analysis of test data obtained from the literature and from experimental results conducted in this investigation. The modie ed models show signie cantly improved correlation with the test data over a wide range of cone gurations for e at 2024-T3 aluminum panels with MSD at open holes. Nomenclature a = lead crack half-length an = nominal lead crack half-length c = MSD crack length D = hole diameter L = ligament length ` = half-length for MSD crack and hole, c + D/2 t = panel thickness W = panel width b a = correction to stress intensity of the lead crack, b a/`b W b a/` = correction to stress intensity of the lead crack for the effect of the adjacent MSD crack b b = correction to stress intensity of the adjacent MSD crack for the effect of an open hole b ` = correction to stress intensity of the adjacent MSD crack, b `/ab b I (c/`) b `/a = correction to stress intensity of the adjacent MSD crack for the effect of the lead crack b W = e nite-width correction to the stress intensity of the lead crack, I [sec(p a/w)] r c = critical stress for ligament failure based on
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND FINE MATERIAL ON STATIC PRESSURE DROPS IN A BED OF GRAIN SORGHUM AND ROUGH RICE

Static pressure drops across columns of grain sorghum and rough rice were measured to determine the effects of grain moisture content, fine material, and airflow rate on airflow resistance. For grain sorghum, five levels of moisture content (12.0%, 13.5%, 15.0%, 16.5%, and 18.5% w.b.) and four levels of fine material (0%, 2%, 4%, and 8% by weight) were investigated with airflow rates ranging from 0.03 to 0.17 m 3 /m 2 s. For rough rice, four levels of moisture content (11.8%, 15.2%, 17.4%, and 19.5% w.b.) and four levels of fine material (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) were considered with airflow rates ranging from 0.05 to 0.38 m 3 /m 2 s. For both grains, airflow rate was the most significant factor affecting the static pressure drop. The static pressure drop decreased with increasing moisture content for both grains. However, the fine material content had a positive relation to the static pressure drop for grain sorghum but a negative relation for rough rice, possibly because of the large particle size of fine material in the rough rice sample. For both grains, the statistical model SP = a(Q) + b(Q)2 + c(Q)(mc) + d(Q)(fm) — where SP is static pressure drop; Q is airflow; mc is moisture content; fm is fine material content; and a, b, c, and d are constants — adequately described the relationship among static pressure drop, airflow, grain moisture content, and fine material with an R 2 = 0.997.
Characterization of Silk Crystallization Behavior on Highly Oriented Substrates

Silk films cast from an aqueous solution onto oriented poly(tetrafluoroethylene) substrates and characterized by external reflection infrared spectroscopy showed that the oriented poly(tetrafluoroethylene) substrate both promoted crystallization of the silk II in a β-pleated sheet structure and induced orientation in the silk films, even for silk films cast from dilute silk solutions and salt solutions. Possible nucleation mechanisms are discussed.
Assessment of virus removal by a multi-stage activated sludge process

Abstract Viruses seeded into a 50,000 gal day−1 three-stage activated sludge pilot plant were effectively reduced in the treatment process. Reduction was highest in the system's denitrification and high-rate activated sludge modules, both averaging more than 95% virus removal. Combining the removal capacity of each unit process resulted in a calculated virus reduction of 99.97% for the total treatment system. A study of the indigenous viruses present after primary settling illustrated the wide diversions that can occur in wastewaters during a 24 h period. It illustrated as well the necessity of collecting temporally related samples within the treatment system. No direct relationship was evident between the numbers of coliphages and enteroviruses present in the primary effluent.
Purification and characterization of the sesquiterpene cyclase patchoulol synthase from Pogostemon cablin.

Abstract The sesquiterpene cyclase, patchoulol synthase, from Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) leaves was purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatofocusing, anion exchange, gel permeation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The enzyme showed a maximum specific activity of about 20 nmol/min/mg protein, and a native molecular weight of 80,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The protein was very hydrophobic, as judged by chromatographic behavior on several matrices, and possessed a pI value of about 5.0, as determined by isoelectric and chromatofocusing. SDSPAGE showed the enzyme to be composed of two apparently identical subunits of Mr ~ 40,000. Maximum activity was observed at pH 6.7 in the presence of Mg2+ (Km ~ 1.7 mM); other divalent metal ions were ineffective in promoting catalysis. The Km value for the substrate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, was 6.8 μ m . Patchoulol synthase copurified with the ability to transform farnesyl pyrophosphate to cyclic olefins (α- and β-patchoulene, α-bulnesene, and α-guiaene) and this observation, plus evidence based on differential inhibition and inactivation studies, suggested that these structurally related products are synthesized by the same cyclase enzyme. In general properties, the patchoulol synthase from patchouli leaves resembles fungal sesquiterpene olefin cyclases except for the ability to synthesize multiple products, a property more typical of monoterpene cyclases of higher plant origin.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes trial

The ABCD (Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes) trial is a large, prospective, randomized clinical trial designed to compare the effects of intensive with moderate blood pressure control on the prevention and progression of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and neuropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). The secondary objective is to determine equivalency of the effects of a calcium channel blocker (nisoldipine) and of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) as a first-line antihypertensive agent in the prevention and/or progression of these diabetic vascular complications. The study consists of two study populations: a hypertensive one (diastolic blood pressure of > or = 90.0 mm Hg at the time of randomization) and a normotensive one (diastolic blood pressure of 80.0-89.0 mm Hg at the time of randomization). A total of 950 men and women aged 40-74 years were randomized and are being followed for 5 years at a single center. There were 470 randomized participants in the hypertensive population and 480 randomized participants in the normotensive population. This report summarizes the demographic, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of the randomized patients at the time of entry into the trial and evaluates the balance between the treatment groups within each population.
Synergistic effects of environmental variables on larvae of Uca pugilator

The effects of sublethal concentrations of mercury in combination with stressful temperature-salinity regimes were considered for larval development of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator (Bosc.). Control organisms were compared to those treated with 1.8 ppb Hg for the following suboptimal regimes: 30°C, 30 ‰ S; 30°C, 20 ‰ S; 20°C, 30 ‰ S, and 20°C, 20 ‰ S. As physiological indicators of larval response, the survival rate, the O2 consumption rate, and phototactic response were measured, following either acute 24 h doses of Hg, or chronic rearing in Hg. All response parameters were modified in larvae maintained under the suboptimal conditions; mercury compounded the effects.
An energy- and charge-conserving, nonlinearly implicit, electromagnetic 1D-3V Vlasov–Darwin particle-in-cell algorithm

Abstract A recent proof-of-principle study proposes a nonlinear electrostatic implicit particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm in one dimension (Chen et al., 2011). The algorithm employs a kinetically enslaved Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov (JFNK) method, and conserves energy and charge to numerical round-off. In this study, we generalize the method to electromagnetic simulations in 1D using the Darwin approximation to Maxwell’s equations, which avoids radiative noise issues by ordering out the light wave. An implicit, orbit-averaged, time–space-centered finite difference scheme is employed in both the 1D Darwin field equations (in potential form) and the 1D-3V particle orbit equations to produce a discrete system that remains exactly charge- and energy-conserving. Furthermore, enabled by the implicit Darwin equations, exact conservation of the canonical momentum per particle in any ignorable direction is enforced via a suitable scattering rule for the magnetic field. We have developed a simple preconditioner that targets electrostatic waves and skin currents, and allows us to employ time steps O ( m i / m e c / v e T ) larger than the explicit CFL. Several 1D numerical experiments demonstrate the accuracy, performance, and conservation properties of the algorithm. In particular, the scheme is shown to be second-order accurate, and CPU speedups of more than three orders of magnitude vs. an explicit Vlasov–Maxwell solver are demonstrated in the “cold” plasma regime (where k λ D ≪ 1 ).
Combining genetic test information and correlated phenotypic records for breeding value estimation.

The use of marker assisted selection in the beef cattle industry to date has involved using traditional EPD in tandem with molecular test information. In the current study, a multiple-trait simulation was carried out to create a beef cattle data set using genetic parameter estimates from the literature to identify the best procedure for combining both sources of information and to assess the added benefit of the procedure. To reach these objectives, the following simulation/ analysis steps were implemented : (1) varying percentages (100, 5, or 0) of available records for the trait of interest, (2) varying percentages (100, 50, 25, or 0) of animals with molecular information, (3) scenarios where the favorable (F) or the unfavorable (U) allele was more frequent, and (4) analysis of the response due to selection over 5 generations. The data sets included 3 correlated traits in which 2 of them, birth weight and postweaning gain, had complete recording and the availability of records for the third trait (marbling score) varied. It was further assumed that molecular information was available for the third trait for a causative gene that explained 10% of the genetic variation. Estimates of Pearson correlations between true and predicted breeding values for marbling score declined as the amount of information declined, and instances in which the molecular information was recorded were always closer to the true values than in the case in which the molecular information was absent. When the U allele was more frequent, rank correlation estimates were increased among top sires, low accuracy sires, and high accuracy sires by approximately 24.9, 12.1, and 4.7% with limited marbling score records and complete genotyping compared with limited marbling score records and no genotyping. Similar results were seen when the F allele was more frequent. When there was a complete absence of recording for the trait of interest, the same trends in correlations were observed and were lower than when the trait of interest was recorded. Jointly considering molecular and phenotypic information showed a greater long-term response compared with tandem selection, showing that discrimination of candidates for selection based solely on molecular information is not optimal.
Carbon and Water Economies of Well‐Watered and Water‐Deficient Cotton Plants Treated with Mepiquat Chloride

The growth regulor mepiquat chloride (MC) (1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride) inhibits leaf expansion, reduces leaf diffuse resistance, and reduces leaf photosynthetic rates when applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Whole-plant studies in a controlled environment were conducted to evaluate the effect of MC on the C and water economies of Stoneville 825 cotton plants growing under well-watered and water-deficient conditions(.)
A Comparison of Georges Bank, Gulf of Maine and New England Shelf Tidal Dynamics

Abstract The semidiurnal tidal currents associated with the near-resonant response of the Gulf of Maine-Bay of Fundy system are amplified over the relatively shallow depths of Georges Bank, thus leading to enhanced energy dissipation, vertical mixing and secondary flows on the Bank. Within the western Gulf of Maine the tidal sea level amplitudes are larger but currents are less energetic than those observed on Georges Bank, while on the New England shelf the tidal response is the least energetic of the three regions. In this paper we explore some of the details of the tidal dynamics in these three very different tidal regimes by estimating terms in the volume-integrated momentum equations using observations of current and bottom pressure. The computations are performed for the M2 semidiurnal tidal constituent, which is the dominant tide in all of the regions, and are presented in terms of an instantaneous “stress” balance. Results show that in the across-isobath direction on George Bank the M2 inertial te...
Scalable seeded growth of tungsten oxide nanowires for energy applications

Based on the vapor-solid mechanism, a seeded growth method was developed for the growth of tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) nanowires. In this approach, beside the tungsten source heat at high temperature, additional tungsten seed particles were dispersed on the substrate to promote the growth of nanowires. The surface oxidation of the tungsten seed particles induced the local growth of nanowire seeds, which were further developed into dense and long nanowire arrays by the vapor transport from the tungsten source. Systematic study on the oxidization of tungsten particles was performed and optimal conditions for the seed formation were analyzed by the comprehensive consideration of growth parameters (e.g., growth temperature, particle size, and oxygen flow rate). The WO 3 nanowires specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The seeded growth can enhance the growth of WO 3 nanowires with controllable dimensions, providing a facile and scalable method for the growth of nanowires with large yield.
Effect of Antioxidants on Lipoxidase Activity in Model Systems and Pea (Pisum sativum) Slurries

SUMMARY The antioxidants BHA, propyl gallate, quercetin, gallic acid, turnip green extract, and sodium tripolyphosphate were tested for their inhibitory effect on linoleate oxidation catalyzed by purified soybean lipoxidase or crude pea lipoxidase, and on lipid oxidation occurring in blending of peas. In artificial lipoxidase-linoleate systems, most phenolic inhibitors, especially BHA and propyl gallate, were very effective, but sodium tripolyphosphate was ineffective. The effectiveness of antioxidants decreased with increase in lipoxidase concentration. The relative effectiveness of the various antioxidants was quite different in pea slurries from that in artificial systems. Higher concentrations of propyl gallate, turnip green extract, and sodium tripolyphosphate retarded the pea lipid oxidation, but no significant inhibitory effect was found with other antioxidants tested. Factors which might contribute to variations in the behavior of antioxidants in pure model systems versus raw pea slurries are discussed. Hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 0.005% or higher rapidly destroyed lipoxidase activity.
Chemokine Signaling: Rules of Attraction

The chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 control cell migration in the immune and nervous systems. Recent studies in zebrafish have shown that SDF-1 and CXCR4 also guide the migration of germ cells and sensory organs of the lateral line.
How an increased intake of alpha-tocopherol can suppress the bioavailability of gamma-tocopherol.

α-Tocopherol is the only form of vitamin E in vitamin supplements, whereas γ-tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E in the US diet. γ-Tocopherol has beneficial properties as an anti-inflammatory and possibly anti-atherogenic and anticancer agent. Excess α-tocopherol taken in supplements causes a reduction of γ-tocopherol concentration in plasma. The biochemical mechanism of this effect, which is important to human nutrition, has recently been elucidated.
Microbial contamination associated with mascara use.

Abstract Background Microbial organisms are normally present on human eyelashes. Application of mascara to lashes has the potential to inoculate the mascara tube with microbes. This pilot study of a real-world situation investigated the microbial contamination of 2 brands of mascara used daily for 3 months. Methods Forty women between the ages of 18 and 39 were randomly assigned to use 1 of 2 brands of nonwaterproof mascara. All mascara tubes were unexpired and purchased on the same day. Subjects were instructed to use the mascara on both the upper and lower lids every day for 3 months. After 3 months, the mascara tubes were collected, cultured, and examined for microbial growth. Results Mascara tubes were collected from 33 of 40 (82.5%) subjects who began the study. Microbial growth was found in 36.4% of the subject tubes. Based on growth on selective media, most of the organisms were determined to be Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus species, or fungi. We did not attempt to quantify the numbers of bacteria or fungi present within the tubes. Conclusions Because microbial presence was found in 36.4% of the mascara tubes cultured after 3 months of use, we recommend a maximum 3-month use of a mascara tube used on a daily basis. More frequent replacement may be warranted with further study.
Magic-angle hopping as an alternative to magic-angle spinning for solid state NMR

Abstract A new variation is presented on the recently reported two-dimensional magic-angle hopping technique. In this new experiment, the frequency domain that provides chemical-shift anisotropy information has been “sacrificed” in favor of improved sensitivity in the isotropic chemical-shift spectrum. This is accomplished by repeatedly refocusing the initial magnetization in the t2 (data acquisition) domain and measuring the resulting string of echoes. Although the sensitivity is still inferior to that of a standard magic-angle spinning (MAS) experiment, it far surpasses that achieved in the original 2-D approach, and may render the hopping approach an attractive alternative to MAS in some kinds of applications.
Dynamically self-optimized beam distributions at the UCLA Pegasus laboratory: Linearity of transverse and longitudinal phase spaces

Abstract In this paper we present preliminary experimental results of the recently proposed idea to generate ideal uniformly filled ellipsoidal beam distributions in an rf photoinjector by cathode illumination with a very short laser pulse (∼35 fs rms) and subsequent expansion under the beam's own space-charge forces. The great interest for uniformly filled ellipsoidal beam shapes derives from the electromagnetic fields associated with such charge distributions, which depend linearly on the bunch coordinates, thus allowing a perfectly linear, emittance-growth free transport. At the UCLA Pegasus laboratory, where the experiment was performed, we used an X-band deflecting cavity as an electron streak camera to visualize directly on a fluorescent screen the longitudinal beam profiles and verify the space-charge-dominated beam expansion. The transverse quality of the bunch was then characterized by a pepper-pot technique, yielding emittance values close to the thermal limits. The measured phase spaces, both transverse (reconstructed from the emittance measurement) and longitudinal (directly measured using the deflecting cavity on a dispersion screen), are also presented.
Developmental and hormonal regulation of NR2A mRNA in forebrain regions controlling avian vocal learning.

Developmental changes in the composition of NMDA receptors can alter receptor physiology as well as intracellular signal transduction cascades, potentially shifting thresholds for neural and behavioral plasticity. During song learning in zebra finches, NMDAR currents become faster, and transcripts for the modulatory NR2B subunit of this receptor decrease in lMAN, a region in which NMDAR activation is critical for vocal learning. Using in situ hybridization, we found that NR2A transcripts change reciprocally, increasing significantly in both lMAN (59%) and in another song region, Area X (38%), between posthatch day (PHD) 20 and 40, but not changing further at PHD60 or 80. In adjacent areas not associated with song learning, NR2A mRNA did not change between PHD20–80. Although early song deprivation (which extends the sensitive period for song learning) delays changes in NR2B gene expression and NMDAR physiology within the lMAN, it did not alter NR2A mRNA levels measured at PHD40, 45, or 60. Early testosterone (T) treatment, which disrupts vocal development and accelerates the maturation of both NR2B levels and NMDAR physiology in lMAN, also significantly increased NR2A transcripts measured at PHD35 in lMAN. In Area X, a similar effect of T approached significance. Together with our previous studies, these results show that in a pathway critical for vocal plasticity, the ratio of NR2A:NR2B mRNA rises abruptly early during the sensitive period for song learning. Furthermore, androgen regulation of NMDAR gene expression may alter thresholds for experience-dependent synaptic change. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 149–159, 2002
Contribution of dynamic charging effects into dopant contrast mechanisms in silicon

In this work, SEM capability for imaging of both p- and n-doped regions in Si was demonstrated. The best dopant contrast was found when the primary electron range (R) is comparable or larger than the maximum escape depth of secondary electrons (∼5λ) (λ stands for mean free path). Beyond this scale (R > 5λ) the contrast between p-, n-doped and intrinsic regions gradually disappears. The dopant profiles obtained by SEM were judged using scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM), dopant selective etch (DSE) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements, and excellent matching was demonstrated. A novel dopant contrast mechanism incorporating dynamic charging effects that take place during e-beam/specimen interaction is suggested. Under threshold steady-state imaging conditions, an E bi field in Si near the surface region is formed. This field, governed by secondary electron (SE) emission and trapping of some incident and generated SE, accelerates electrons towards the surface in p-type regions and decelerates them in n-type regions, compared with the intrinsic material. This results in the observed dopant contrast: C(n) < C(i) < C(p). Use of the SEM for 2D-dopant imaging provides many advantages; giving fast results, covering a wide range of dopant concentrations, applicable to real devices, and does not require sample preparation needed by SCM and DSE. In addition, SEM-dopant contrast data quantification is possible using SIMS standards which needs to be defined with more details.
PARACOSTELLAGERINA NOV. GEN., A MERIDIONALLY COSTELLATE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL GENUS OF THE MIDDLE CRETACEOUS (LATEST ALBIAN-EARLIEST CENOMANIAN)

A new genus is proposed to accommodate strongly ornamented hedbergellids of the latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian. Paracostellagerina nov. gen. is characterized by asymmetrical test ornamentation, rugosities, and costellae that are meridionally arranged on the umbilical side and parallel to the periphery on the spiral side. This genus has a global distribution within tropical-subtropical latitudes and, because of its short stratigraphic range, it is a valuable biomarker for correlation of uppermost Albian-lowermost Cenomanian sequences.
A borreliacidal factor in Amblyomma americanum saliva is associated with phospholipase A2 activity

Previous work in our laboratory described the in vitro killing of Borrelia burgdorferi when co-cultured with saliva from adult Amblyomma americanum. Borreliacidal activity was not evident using Ixodes scapularis saliva. Mixing trypsin with saliva eliminated the borreliacidal activity of A. americanum saliva, while incorporating a trypsin inhibitor restored all borreliacidal activity, indicating this factor was of protein or peptide origin. One-dimensional PAGE indicated at least 7 major protein differences between I. scapularis and A. americanum saliva. To determine the borreliacidal factor, A. americanum saliva was fractionated by gel filtration and subsequent killing of B. burgdorferi was associated with a single fraction. Two-dimensional gel analysis indicated protein and/or peptide(s) in borreliacidal fractions running between 38 and 64 kDa. Finally, admixing saliva with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor oleyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine completely eliminated the ability of A. americanum saliva to kill B. burgdorferi. These studies indicate the borreliacidal activity found in A. americanum saliva is likely due to phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity.
Soft-x-ray response of transition-metal layer compounds

High-resolution soft-x-ray absorption spectra (photon energy 30-200 eV) are presented for the layer compounds Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, and Ti${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. The data were obtained by observing the transmission of synchrotron radiation through small cleaved crystals using a grazing-incidence grating spectrometer. Emphasis is placed on the sulfur ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ and the selenium ${M}_{\mathrm{V},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{V}}$ threshold spectra. Details very near threshold are compared with the results of recent band calculations. In Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ the various unoccupied "$d$ bands" can be identified and energy scales established. The $1T$ and $2H$ forms of Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ show slightly different sulfur $L$ spectra. Distinct features also appear at the corresponding threshold for Ti${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, and these can be identified with excited molecular-orbital states. The sulfur $L$ edge (162 eV) rises most steeply in Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ probably because of exciton effects.
Multiclass VisualRank: image ranking method in clustered subsets based on visual features

This paper proposes Multiclass VisualRank, a method that expands the idea of VisualRank into more than one category of images. Multiclass VisualRank divides images retrieved from search engines into several categories based on distinctive patterns of visual features, and gives ranking within the category. Experimental results show that our method can extract several different image categories relevant to given keyword and gives good ranking scores to retrieved images.
Smooth-particle boundary conditions

We study the relative usefulness of static and dynamic boundary conditions as a function of system dimensionality. In one space dimension, dynamic boundaries, with the temperatures and velocities of external mirror-image boundary particles linked directly to temperatures and velocities of interior particles, perform qualitatively better than the simpler static-mirror-image boundary condition with fixed boundary temperatures and velocities. In one space dimension, the Euler-Maclaurin sum formula shows that heat-flux errors with dynamic temperature boundaries vary as h(-4), where h is the range of the smooth-particle weight function w(r<h). Geometric effects (lack of a simple sum formula) frustrate a corresponding exact analysis in higher-dimensional problems. We illustrate all of these ideas here for the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard flow.
Modern Approaches to Age-Old Questions About Thyroid Tumors

There is a compelling need for improvement in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules, in predicting thyroid cancer prognosis and, in the treatment of recurrent well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. In this review we discuss the impact of genomic technologies such as microarrays, SAGE, and proteomics on the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. Gene expression profiling using these technologies has shown promising results in the molecular classification of different types of cancer, including thyroid. Furthermore, microarrays have been successfully used to identify prognostic markers in other cancer-types, offering the possibility to better tailor thyroid cancer treatment schemes. Lastly, novel therapeutic targeting against tyrosine kinases have shown promising results in the treatment of several cancers and might prove to be beneficial for patients with recurrent or undifferentiated thyroid cancer.
Versatile behavior monitoring technique for rodents.

Abstract Recording the head movements of an unrestrained rat, by means of a light spring connected to a strain gauge, provides a permanent record of the rat's behavior (eating, drinking, grooming, copulating, sleeping, etc.). This new recording technique permits a more integrative and naturalistic approach to the study of motivational processes in small animals.
Reconstruction of a Traumatic Transmetatarsal Amputation with Use of a Latissimus Dorsi Free Tissue Transfer and the Ilizarov Technique: A Case Report

Many protocols have been established to treat the sequelae of severe lower extremity trauma. These include early aggressive and repeated debridement of necrotic tissue, soft-tissue coverage with local muscle flaps or free muscle transfers1-3, and staged skeletal reconstruction4-8 of bone defects. The reconstructive strategies for failed midfoot amputations are less clearly defined. We performed a staged reconstruction, combining the Ilizarov bone-lengthening technique with a latissimus dorsi free muscle transfer. The fundamental goals of the treatment were to improve the patient’s quality of life as well as to provide a functional and durable reconstruction of the musculoskeletal defect. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she consented. The right forefoot of a sixteen-year-old girl was run over by a train. Wound debridement and amputation of the foot at the base of the metatarsals was performed, and a split-thickness skin graft was applied. Subsequently, the patient could walk on crutches but chronic breakdown of the skin graft developed and she had persistent pain. At the age of eighteen years, when first seen by us, she had an amputation at the midfoot level with unstable skin coverage (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). The surgical treatment plan we recommended was accepted by the patient. Fig. 1-A Fig. 1-B Fig. 1-A This photograph of the residual right foot shows recurrent breakdown of the split-thickness skin graft. Fig. 1-B The amputation level was at the bases of the metatarsals. The first of a two-stage reconstruction included debridement of the previous skin graft and coverage of the resultant defect with a free latissimus dorsi muscle transfer covered by a split-thickness skin graft. The free muscle flap was purposefully left bulky to permit later metatarsal lengthening (Figs. 2-A and 2-B). Fig. 2-A Fig. 2-B Fig. 2-A …
Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of dezocine and morphine for post-operative pain relief.

Dezocine, a new mixed agonist-antagonist-type opioid analgesic, was compared in a double-blind trial with placebo and 10 mg of morphine in 190 patients with acute postoperative pain. The medications were given intramuscularly. Dezocine was administered at three dose levels (5, 10, and 15 mg). Pain relief scores, sedation, and side effects were recorded at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after injection. Significantly higher pain relief scores (p < 0.05) were reported for the groups receiving dezocine 10 and 15 mg than the placebo group at all observation times, except for dezocine 15 mg at four hours. Morphine produced significantly better pain relief than placebo only between the second and fourth hour after administration. Significantly better pain relief was obtained with dezocine (10 and 15 mg) than with morphine during the first hour. The mean four-hour cumulative pain relief scores (TOTPAR) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than placebo for all active treatment groups. Side effects were few with no significant differences between the treatment groups. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients in the dezocine 15 mg group, and 73, 68, 58 and 50 per cent respectively, of the patients in the dezocine 10 mg, dezocine 5 mg, morphine 10 mg and placebo group had a satisfactory clinical response. Significantly (p < 0.05) more patients in the groups receiving dezocine 10 and 15 mg than in the placebo group had a satisfactory clinical response; the difference was not significant for the dezocine 5 mg and morphine 10 mg groups. We conclude that dezocine is a promising and safe analgesic, slightly more potent than morphine on a milligram per milligram basis for the relief of postoperative pain. Dezocine’s rapid onset of action after intramuscular injection presents an advantage over morphine.
Regional cytology and cytochemistry of the crayfish kidney tubule.

Cytological and cytochemical methods were used to identify and characterzie six distinct regions of the crayfish kidney: coelomosac, labyrinth I and II, and nephridial canal I, II, and III. Cells of the coelomosac possess cytoplasm which is strongly PAS-positive, but poor in RNA and protein. Their nuclei possess unusual projections which extend to the basal plasmalemma. Labyrinth I contains columnar cells rich in glycogen. Labyrinth II is characterized by a distended lumen and by shorter cells with high cytoplasmic RNA, many possessing a large intracellular vacuole. A PAS-positive brush border is unique to the two portions of the labyrinth. Cells in the nephridial canal show strong reactions for RNA and Mg++-dependent ATPase. In nephridial canal I and II, cells are flattened to cuboidal with the lumen being more distended in nephridial canal I than anywhere else in the tubule. In nephridial canal III, the cells are large and columnar, and the cytoplasmic RNA concentration is greatest apically. Nuclei in all regions of the tubule epithelium, except coelomosac, are large and react strongly for protein. Coelomosac nuclei and those in blood cells are condensed and contain little protein. The cytoplasm of blood cells displays a significant amount of RNA, and traces of polysaccharide material. These observations demonstrate the presence of highly specialized morphological and histochemical alterations along the length of the kidney tubule and indicate sequential modification of urine in the lumen. Evident morphological and cytochemical likenesses between analogous regions of the mammlian nephron and the crayfish kidney tubule suggest that basic physiological similarities may also exist.
Epilepsy: Quality of Life and Cost of Care

The primary goal of epilepsy management is to enable the patient to lead a lifestyle as free from the medical and psychosocial complications of seizures as possible. This approach benefits a patient's quality of life as well as his or her family and society (particularly from a cost-of-care perspective). Though treatment with antiepileptic drugs is the primary therapy for epilepsy, physical and psychosocial issues must also be addressed. The indirect costs of epilepsy are related to the patient's ability to function. Since quality of life in epilepsy patients is improved with successful management, the indirect (and possibly the total) costs of epilepsy may decrease as the medical and psychosocial aspects of the disease are successfully managed.
Turbulence structural measurements using a comprehensive laser–Doppler velocimeter in two- and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers

Abstract The advanced ‘comprehensive’ laser–Doppler velocimeter is used to acquire spatially and temporally resolved turbulence structural measurements in high Reynolds number two- and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. The new instrument directly measures three-dimensional particle trajectories at high repetitions. These trajectories are analyzed in post-processing to obtain fluctuating velocity gradient tensor fields, which lead to direct measurements of turbulent viscous dissipation rates. Such data acquired in two- and three-dimensional boundary layers with an approach flow momentum thickness Reynolds number, Re θ = 7500 are presented. Results indicate that anisotropy of the dissipation rate of Reynolds stresses persists to similar heights in viscous wall units as obtained with direct numerical simulations at lower Reynolds numbers. Measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of a wing/body junction also indicate that a reduction in the value of the velocity/pressure-gradient correlations for the Reynolds normal stresses reduces the turbulent energy redistribution and contributes to reduced shear stress magnitudes, as observed previously through DNS (Moin, P., Shih, T.-H., Driver, D., Mansour, N.N., 1990. Direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer, Phys. Fluids A 2 (10), 1846–1853).
High-level psychophysical tuning curves : simultaneous masking with different noise bandwidths

Simultaneous-masked psychophysical tuning curves were measured with narrow-band noise maskers varying in bandwidth from 40 Hz to 800 Hz to determine the masker bandwidths at which combination-band detection cues no longer influence tuning-curve shapes. Tuning curves were obtained at 1000 and 4000 Hz from normal-hearing listeners using high-level (60 dB SPL) probe tones in quiet and in the presence of a broadband background noise to eliminate combination bands and other off-frequency listening cues that exist at high levels. High-level tuning curves revealed notches on the low-frequency sides. Those notches were eliminated with broad-band background noise, which indicates that combination bands can strongly influence the shapes of high-level tuning curves obtained with narrow-band maskers, primarily by steepening the low-frequency and tail slopes. Combination-band detection cues had a stronger influence at 4000 Hz than at 1000 Hz. As masker bandwidth increased, combination bands had less influence on tuning-curve shapes. These results suggest a possible relation between masker bandwidth and auditory critical bandwidth: combination bands affected the low-frequency sides of the tuning curves only when the masker bandwidth was less than the auditory critical bandwidth.
Ixabepilone as monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.

Breast Cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world with 4.4 million survivors up to 5 years following the diagnosis.1 In the US alone approximately forty thousand women die annually of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Despite many effective systemic treatment options approximately 50% of women with MBC succumb to the disease within 24 months of the diagnosis.2 Ixabepilone is a novel, first in class member of the epothilone class of antineoplastic agents. Ixabepilone is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in patients whose tumors are resistant or refractory to anthracyclines, taxanes, and Capecitabine. Ixabepilone is also indicated in combination with Capecitabine for the treatment of patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer resistant to treatment with an anthracycline and a taxane, or whose cancer is taxane resistant and for whom further anthracycline therapy is contraindicated. Ixabepilone was extensively studied as a single agent in patients with MBC and was found to be effective and well tolerated with a predictable and manageable safety profile. Not surprisingly prior exposure to anthracyclines and taxanes affects significantly the potential for response to therapy with single agent Ixabepilone in metastatic setting. MBC patients with taxane resistant MBC have objective response rate (RR) of 12%, patients with prior low exposure to taxanes and/or resistance RR = 22%, Ixabepilone treatment after adjuvant anthracycline therapy exposure renders RR = 42% and in Taxane naive patients RR = 57%. In two large phase III studies of Ixabepilone + Capecitabine versus Capecitabine alone, progression free survival (PFS) and overall response rates (RR) were higher in the combination treatment arms, but no survival advantage was seen overall. Treatment with Ixabepilone + Capecitabine in a phase II study resulted in an overall response rate (ORR) of 23% in ER/PR/HER2 negative, triple-negative breast cancer patients (TNBC) while ORR of 31% was seen in a preplanned pooled analysis of TNBC in the phase III trials of Ixabepilone + Capecitabine. Significantly prolonged median PFS was seen for TNBC treated with the combination of Ixabepilone + Capecitabine compared to Capecitabine alone 4.2 vs. 1.7 months respectively. Ixabepilone as single agent appears to show excellent antitumor activity in patients with TNBC MBC. Addition of Ixabepilone to Capecitabine results in approximately doubling in median PFS for TNBC versus Capecitabine alone. Single agent Ixabepilone is generally well tolerated, and its toxicity profile does not overlap with that of Capecitabine and therefore depending on prior exposure to chemotherapy both single agent Ixabepilone or in combination with Capecitabine can be used safely and effectively for treatment of advanced breast cancer.
Möbius syndrome and limb abnormalities with dominant inheritance

A 16-year-old male with bilateral sixth and seventh nerve palsy and arthrogryposis multiplex was evaluated for Mobius syndrome. Nineteen additional members of an extended family of 35 were examined. Six individuals in two generations had sixth and/or seventh nerve palsy with associated digital and/or limb abnormalities. Nine individuals had digital anomalies without sixth or seventh nerve palsy. Four out of nine had a diminished or absent gag reflex. One individual not examined (III-10) was reported to have strabismus and digital anomalies. The pedigree is consistent with dominant inheritance with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance.
Using a natural language interface for elementary instruction

If man is ever to realize the fullest potential of computers, it is essential to shift the communication burden from the user to the machine. Although the recognition and interpretation of full English is not within our grasp, recent advances in natural language processing (e.g. ATNs), in computer software (e.g. the symbol manipulation language Spitbol) and in computer hardware (e.g. faster CPUs and less expensive memories) have made it possible to construct simple but useful natural language interfaces.
Regulatory Monitoring and the Impact of Bank Holding Company Dividend Changes on Equity Returns

This paper examines the impact of announcements of dividend changes by bank holding companies (BHCs) on equity returns. Many empirical studies of dividend behavior reveal positive market responses to dividend increases, which have been interpreted as confirmation of the signalling theory of dividend behavior. These studies typically focus on “large” changes, however. We argue that BHCs allow for a stronger test of signalling theory because regulatory monitors, in effect, “certify” dividend signals. Consequently, even “small” dividend increases should result in positive abnormal equity returns. Using the event study methodology, our results generally confirm this hypothesis for a sample covering the period 1973–1987.
Can Data Science Inform Environmental Justice and Community Risk Screening for Type 2 Diabetes

Background Having the ability to scan the entire country for potential “hotspots” with increased risk of developing chronic diseases due to various environmental, demographic, and genetic susceptibility factors may inform risk management decisions and enable better environmental public health policies. Objectives Develop an approach for community-level risk screening focused on identifying potential genetic susceptibility hotpots. Methods Our approach combines analyses of phenotype-genotype data, genetic prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms, and census/geographic information to estimate census tract-level population attributable risks among various ethnicities and total population for the state of California. Results We estimate that the rs13266634 single nucleotide polymorphism, a type 2 diabetes susceptibility genotype, has a genetic prevalence of 56.3%, 47.4% and 37.0% in Mexican Mestizo, Caucasian, and Asian populations. Looking at the top quintile for total population attributable risk, 16 California counties have greater than 25% of their population living in hotspots of genetic susceptibility for developing type 2 diabetes due to this single genotypic susceptibility factor. Conclusions This study identified counties in California where large portions of the population may bear additional type 2 diabetes risk due to increased genetic prevalence of a susceptibility genotype. This type of screening can easily be extended to include information on environmental contaminants of interest and other related diseases, and potentially enables the rapid identification of potential environmental justice communities. Other potential uses of this approach include problem formulation in support of risk assessments, land use planning, and prioritization of site cleanup and remediation actions.