cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Infant’s Effort to Cope with Separation

The social setting within which the human and nonhuman primate develops has been a pivotal element in the evolution of the order. Except in a few species (e.g., orangutan), relatively elaborate social structures have emerged based on kinship, gender, age, and status factors, each attuned to particular environmental demands (Eisenberg, Muckinhirn, & Rudran, 1972; Gartlan, 1968). The crucial role of primate adaptation through disparate forms of social organization is perhaps best reflected in the fact that wild primates of the same or closely related species living under different ecological conditions develop dramatically different forms of social organization (Struhsaker & Leland, 1979). It is perhaps not surprising then that the abrupt loss or chronic absence of the network of social support normally available to primates often results in quite serious behavioral debilitation. In light of the relatively prolonged period of infantile dependency in these higher forms, such loss of social support is particularly disruptive in infants. The loss of social support may vary from episodic, relatively brief disruptions in contact with attachment figures, an everyday event, to the trauma of abrupt, complete, and sustained loss. On the other hand, the social structure and its contact with the developing infant can vary from elaborated kinship and troop systems common to wild primates and many human cultures, to the nuclear family, the single parent, or the isolation provided by unfortunate societal or planned experimental conditions. While relatively few may suffer the most traumatic forms of loss, virtually all confront some form of these experiences during their lives, and hence the study of these phenomena has provided considerable scientific as well as literary interest throughout our history.
Sublinear algorithms for testing monotone and unimodal distributions

The complexity of testing properties of monotone and unimodal distributions, when given access only to samples of the distribution, is investigated. Two kinds of sublinear-time algorithms---those for testing monotonicity and those that take advantage of monotonicity---are provided. The first algorithm tests if a given distribution on [n] is monotone or far away from any monotone distribution in L1-norm; this algorithm uses O(√n) samples and is shown to be nearly optimal. The next algorithm, given a joint distribution on [n] x [n], tests if it is monotone or is far away from any monotone distribution in L1-norm; this algorithm uses O(n3/2) samples. The problems of testing if two monotone distributions are close in L1-norm and if two random variables with a monotone joint distribution are close to being independent in L1-norm are also considered. Algorithms for these problems that use only poly(log n) samples are presented. The closeness and independence testing algorithms for monotone distributions are significantly more efficient than the corresponding algorithms as well as the lower bounds for arbitrary distributions. Some of the above results are also extended to unimodal distributions.
Support, Criticism, Emotion and Depressive Symptoms: Gender Differences in the Stress-Depression Relationship:

It has been suggested that the level of support and criticism provided by significant others is associated with subjects' level of depressive symptoms. The present study was designed with two goals in mind: (1) to examine the relationship between partners' level of support and criticism during a conflict resolution task, and subjects' emotional response; and (2) to assess the relationship between subjects' emotional response, and their level of depressive symptoms. Subjects consisted of 34 community residing couples. Levels of emotional support provided by both males and females were significantly related to the extent to which both partners felt pleased and happy. The emotional-response of males was not significantly related to their level of symptoms. In contrast, the emotional response of females was significantly related to their level of depressive symptoms. Our findings provide preliminary support for a theoretical model in which emotional support affects the emotional response of female partners, w...
Static timing analysis for self resetting circuits

Static timing analysis techniques are widely used to verify the timing behavior of large digital designs implemented predominantly in conventional static CMOS. These techniques, however, are not sufficient to completely verify the dynamic circuit families now finding favor in high-performance designs. In this paper, we describe an approach that extends static timing analysis to a high-performance dynamic CMOS logic family called self-resetting CMOS (SRCMOS). Due to the circuit structure employed in SRCMOS, designs naturally decompose into a hierarchy of gates and macros; timing analysis must address and preferably exploit this hierarchy. At the gate level, three categories of constraints on pulse timing arise from considering the effects of pulse width, overlap, and collisions. Timing analysis is performed at the macro level, by a) performing timing tests at macro boundaries and b) using macro-level delay models. We define various macro-level timing tests which ensure that fundamental gate-level timing constraints are satisfied. We extend the standard delay model to handle leading and trailing edges of signal pulses, across-chip variations, trading of signals, and slow and fast operating conditions. We have developed an SRCMOS timing analyzer based on this approach; the analyzer implemented as extensions to a standard static timing analysis program, thus facilitating its integration into an existing design system and methodology.
Sinners? Scroungers? Saints?: Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth‐Century England. By Pat Thane and Tanya Evans. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. 223. $110.00.)

This work is an engaging study of the intersection of English attitudes, social trends, and public policy as it relates to unmarried mothers and their children. Pat Thane and Tanya Evans rely heavi...
Evaluation of delayed treatment of focal cerebral ischemia with three selective kappa-opioid agonists in cats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of three kappa-opioid agonists used for delayed treatment of experimental focal cerebral ischemia.Forty halothane-anesthetized cats underwent permanent occlusion of the right intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, and anterior cerebral arteries via a transorbital, microsurgical approach. Six hours after occlusion, animals received a blinded bolus injection, and a subcutaneous osmotic pump was implanted to provide continuous release for 7 days. The injection and pump contained either saline or one of three kappa-agonists: dynorphin (1-13), U-50,488, or DuP E3800. Survival, neurological function, tissue damage, and brain weight were assessed.As a group, kappa-agonist-treated animals had higher survival (P < .02), less tissue damage (P < .02), and lower brain weight (P < .05) than saline controls. U-50,488 more effectively improved survival (P < .03) than dynorphin (P < .07) or E3800 (P < .07). Each of the three kappa compounds impr...
Colorado River long-profile metrics, knickzones and their meaning

Abstract The numerical analysis of river long-profiles has a rich history and is experiencing a rejuvenation with the advent of improved terrain models and computational tools. The highly variable profile and the unusual hydrology of the Green–Colorado river system crossing the Colorado Plateau provide an example that is germane to debates about transient versus equilibrium knickzone features, about the controls of baselevel change due to drainage integration or differential uplift, and the role of adjustments to climate/hydrology and changing bedrock. In order to explore these controls in more detail, we define objective geologic study reaches along the Green–Colorado River, calculate unit stream power, and develop a discharge-adjusted steepness index (kqsn) that avoids the scaling assumptions in substituting contributing area for discharge, which are erroneous in this dryland setting. Determining the nature of knickzones is key, and the Colorado Plateau is a prime setting for study because of the legacy of previous work and a burst of new research and debate. The four canyon knickzones along the Green–Colorado are characterized by energy expenditure an order of magnitude greater than in intervening reaches, and our kqsn proxy tracks stream power well. The strong coincidence of the Grand Canyon, Cataract Canyon, and Eastern Uinta knickzones with stronger bedrock and mass-movement inputs suggests they are pinned, equilibrium adjustments to greater bed resistance, with the possible exception of Desolation Canyon as a transient feature marked by anomalous profile convexity. Along the trunk drainage, the knickzone anomalies become greater downstream. This and patterns of kqsn in headwater tributaries correspond to some proposed sources of broad mantle-driven uplift, but they do not match other proposed uplift patterns. Thus a poorly understood decoupling of topography and proposed uplift exists in some regions.
Spatial repression of PCNA by p53 during kidney development

Transcriptional repression is a key mechanism for the spatial specification of gene expression and cell fate determination. During kidney development, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is expressed in the nephrogenic zone and is downregulated rapidly as renal epithelial cells enter terminal differentiation and acquire functional characteristics. Our laboratory reported that the transcription factor p53 stimulates the terminal differentiation of renal epithelial cells by means of transcriptional activation of renal function genes (Saifudeen Z, Dipp S, and El-Dahr SS. J Clin Invest 109: 1021-1030, 2002). Because p53-induced growth arrest correlates with downregulation of PCNA gene expression, we examined the impact of p53 inactivation on PCNA expression in mice and evaluated the effect of p53 on PCNA transcription. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the transition from nephrogenesis to terminal epithelial cell differentiation correlates with accumulation of the transcription factor p53. Importantly, the spatially restricted pattern of PCNA expression is disrupted in kidneys of p53-deficient pups, in which there was a redistribution of PCNA expression into the differentiation zone (without a change in total kidney PCNA content) and distortion of the tubular architecture. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the binding of kidney nuclear extracts to the p53 response elements in human and rat PCNA promoters is developmentally regulated. Transient transfection assays performed in p53-deficient HeLa cells revealed that exogenous p53 strongly represses transcription from human PCNA promoter-reporter constructs. Interestingly, deletion of the p53-binding site confers enhanced responsiveness to p53-mediated repression, suggesting that transcriptional repression of PCNA by p53 is achieved by a mechanism other than direct DNA binding. On the basis of these results, we propose the hypothesis that p53-mediated transcriptional repression plays a role in the spatial restriction of PCNA gene expression during normal renal development.
The Effects of Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence on Women’s Educational Attainment and Earnings

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious, widespread problem that negatively affects women's lives, including their economic status. The current study explored whether the financial harm associated with IPV begins as early as adolescence. With longitudinal data from a sample of 498 women currently or formerly receiving welfare, we used latent growth curve modeling to examine the relationships between adolescent IPV, educational attainment, and women's earnings. We found that women who had been victimized by a partner during adolescence obtained less education compared with nonvictimized women, with victimization indirectly influencing women's earnings via educational attainment. The findings support the need for intervention strategies aimed at preventing IPV and promoting women's educational and career development over the life course.
Presidential Power Unbound: A Comparative Look at Presidential Pardon Power

Though few scholars compare presidencies, a recent collection by John Carey and Matthew Shugart (1998) compares the use of the presidential executive decree power in several countries. In a similar vein, we examine the oft-neglected power of the presidential pardon in the United States and Russia. The power of presidents to grant pardons is typically unlimited, which fact alone makes it worthwhile to understand. Like Carey and Shugart, we look at the institutional factors involved in the potential and actual use of the pardon power in our attempt to explicate the foundations of and the constraints on presidential pardons, as well as any trends which may be evident in its use. The comparison highlights the difficulties in precisely defining “pardon,” as well as illustrating the fact that this seemingly minor power in a newer democracy can be used as a powerful political tool.
A twin study of the effects of the Vietnam conflict on alcohol drinking patterns.

This study examines the association between military service in Southeast Asia and alcohol drinking patterns in 2,169 male-male monozygotic twin pairs who both served on active military duty during the Vietnam era (1965-75). Data on alcohol drinking were collected in 1987 by mail and telephone interview. The alcohol drinking measures include three indicators of abstention (lifetime abstainer, lifetime non-regular drinker, and current abstainer) and two indicators of consumption (average daily ethanol consumption and high consumption). In unadjusted and co-twin adjusted analyses, neither service in Southeast Asia nor combat exposure was significantly associated with any measure of abstention. In the co-twin adjusted analysis, there was no association of Southeast Asia service and combat exposure with average daily ethanol consumption. After adjustment for co-twin effects, 4.0 percent of non-Southeast Asia veterans were high consumers compared to 6.7 percent of Southeast Asia veterans who served in high com...
Pd-PdO pH microprobe for local pH measurement.

Microprobes which can measure local environmental conditions as well as key substrate and product concentrations of fermentation are useful for studying metabolic behaviors of immobilized cells. Oxygen microprobes have been used for such applications. Recently, a fast response glucose microprobe capable of measuring local glucose concentrations in microbial cell layers has been developed. In this communication, we describe a new microprobe suitable for measuring local pH in immobilized cell layers
Parthenogenetic reproduction in lizards: Histological evidence

Hermaphroditism and sex reversal have not previously been ruled out adequately as possible explanations for the existence of unisexual species of reptiles. Therefore, we examined serial histological sections of the complete urogenital systems of nine F2 specimens belonging to two ontogenetic series of Cnemidophorus exsanguis raised in captivity in isolation from males, as well as the urogenital system of the F1 mother of one of these series. No evidence of spermatozoa or testicular tissue was found in any specimen. Comparative material reveals that the histology of the urogenital tract, including the mesonephric kidney in adults, is similar to that of females of bisexual species of Cnemidophorus. We conclude that C. exsanguis is a unisexual, parthenogenetic species whose normal reproduction does not involve sex reversal, self-fertilization, gynogenesis, hybridogenesis, or spermatozoa in any way whatsoever.
Tillage Depth Effects on Soil Physical Properties, Sugarbeet Yield, and Sugarbeet Quality

Tillage depth influences the soil–water–plant ecosystem, thereby affecting crop yield and quality. The effects of tillage depth on soil physical properties and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality were evaluated. A field study composed of two tillage depths [10 cm, referred to as shallow (ST), and 20 cm, referred to as deep (DT)] was conducted on a Lihen sandy loam soil in spring 2007 at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) irrigated research farm near Williston, North Dakota. Soil bulk density (ρb), gravimetric water content (θw), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured three times during the growing season at four depth increments to 40 cm deep. Samples were taken approximately 0.5 m apart within the crop row of irrigated sugarbeet. Soil air-filled pore volume (ea) was calculated from soil bulk density and water content data. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was also measured in 2.5-cm increments to a depth of 35 cm. Roots were hand-harvested from each plot, and each sample ...
Ionosphere reflection coefficients by variational technique

One of the important problems of ionosphere work is to predict the nature of the electromagnetic wave reflected by the ionosphere when a wave of known form is incident upon it. In the present paper, this problem is treated by considering a plane ionosphere model for which the electron density and earth's magnetic field are continuous but otherwise arbitrary functions of the height. It is shown that if a plane wave impinges on such a model at an arbitrary angle of incidence, then four complex reflection coefficients suffice to characterize the reflected wave as to its intensity, phase, and polarization. Thus the problem becomes one of the calculating of these four numbers. The attack on this problem is based on an adaptation of a method due to the physicist, J. Schwinger, wherein, with the aid of an exact integral equation for the electric field in the ionosphere, one derives variational formulas for the four reflection coefficients. These formulas may then be used either to calculate the coefficients numerically or to obtain approximate expressions for them in terms of the various physical parameters of the problem. Finally, as a consequence of a certain symmetry property of the variational formulas, a reciprocity theorem for ionospheric propagation is deduced.
A Survey of Groups in Which Normality or Permutability is a Transitive Relation

In group theory it is a familiar observation that normality of subgroups is not in general a transitive relation, i.e., H ⊲ K ⊲ G need not imply that H ⊲ G. The smallest group exhibiting this phenomenon is Dih(8), the dihedral group of order 8.
Abstract 5436: Targeting oncoproteins via disruption of proteostasis: Identification of oncoprotein destabilizing agents using luciferase tagged oncoproteins

Since many oncoproteins are considered undruggable targets, we have developed and validated a new screening strategy to identify small molecules that inhibit oncoprotein activity by causing their degradation. Recently, the mechanism of action for the class of drugs known as immunomodulators (IMiDs; e.g. thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide) has uncovered a novel oncogene targeting strategy. IMiDs commandeer an E3 ligase complex that contains the E3 recognition subunit cereblon and divert its activity toward two transcription factors IKZF1 and IKZF3, which play critical roles in hematopoietic cells. This mechanism explains the efficacy of IMiDs in multiple myeloma and may translate into a general approach to target traditionally undruggable oncoproteins. We generated cell lines stably expressing IKZF1as a firefly luciferase fusion protein with coexpression of Renilla luciferase. A pilot HTS campaign was run to uncover novel drugs that can mimic the effects of IMiDs. A cell line expressing the MYC-firefly fusion protein was used for counter-screening. We used pomalidomide as our positive control and it reduced firefly luciferase signal ≈75% with no change in the renilla luciferase signals. This control resulted in a Z prime value typically >0.5. The pilot screen of 3,850 compounds resulted in 39 “hits” that reduced firefly luciferase >35%. More importantly, both thalidomide and lenalidomide were found to be active in the screen. Confirmation testing revealed that 75% of “hits” repeated, but also had activity in the MYC-firefly cell line. Actives were tested in western blots for their ability to decrease fusion protein abundance. Many active compounds did not reduce protein levels in western blots and represent nonspecific hits (e.g. luciferase inhibitor). In conclusion, we present a screening paradigm with the potential to uncover novel proteostasis disruptors by expressing luciferase tagged oncoproteins. Citation Format: Richard E. Middleton, Greg Olsen, Russell McSweeney, Gang Lu, Wenhua Gao, Justin Roberts, Michael R. McKeown, Mark A. Bittinger, Kwok-Kin Wong, James E. Bradner, William G. Kaelin. Targeting oncoproteins via disruption of proteostasis: Identification of oncoprotein destabilizing agents using luciferase tagged oncoproteins. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5436. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5436
Examining the impact of formal planning on performance in older adults using a naturalistic task paradigm

Thirty-two younger adults (YAs) and 64 older adults (OAs) completed the Amap Task, a naturalistic measure designed to evaluate the formulation and execution stages of planning. Participants read a map layout of a university apartment and planned an efficient strategy to complete several tasks. To determine whether execution abilities are augmented by formulating a plan, we compared formal (i.e., written strategy) and informal (i.e., initiate task when ready without writing out a strategy) planning conditions. Participants did not have access to their plan during task execution. Amap scores were also compared with informant-report of everyday functioning. For the formal planning condition, OAs were less accurate and less efficient than YAs during the formulation stage, while there were no group differences in total formulation time for the informal planning condition. Across conditions, OAs obtained poorer execution accuracy and efficiency scores, took longer during execution, and omitted more task parts. Formal planning improved execution efficiency but not accuracy, suggesting one's approach to the task (i.e., efficiency, finesse) may improve with preplanning even if overall accuracy does not. Significant relationships between Amap scores and informant-report of everyday functioning highlight the ecological validity of the Amap as a measure sensitive to everyday planning abilities.
Degenerate Sharing

False sharing reduces system performance in shared memory systems. A major impediment to solving the problem of false sharing has been that no satisfactory definition for this problem exists. In this paper we provide precise and intuitive definitions for several types of degenerate sharing, including false sharing.
Analysis of mRNA recognition by human thymidylate synthase.

Expression of hTS (human thymidylate synthase), a key enzyme in thymidine biosynthesis, is regulated on the translational level through a feedback mechanism that is rarely found in eukaryotes. At low substrate concentrations, the ligand-free enzyme binds to its own mRNA and stabilizes a hairpin structure that sequesters the start codon. When in complex with dUMP (2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate) and a THF (tetrahydrofolate) cofactor, the enzyme adopts a conformation that is unable to bind and repress expression of mRNA. Here, we have used a combination of X-ray crystallography, RNA mutagenesis and site-specific cross-linking studies to investigate the molecular recognition of TS mRNA by the hTS enzyme. The interacting mRNA region was narrowed to the start codon and immediately flanking sequences. In the hTS enzyme, a helix–loop–helix domain on the protein surface was identified as the putative RNA-binding site.
Door Checkers: An Unacceptable Security Alternative

A study performed at Westminster College recommended that an electronic security system plus various supplementary deterrents be installed as security measures in both the main and science libraries. The study also concluded that door checkers would not be an acceptable alternative to the electronic systems. This paper discusses the reasoning underlying the latter decision. Door checkers can be either students or adults. Students are largely ineffective, and cost more than the electronic systems in no more than a few years. Adults are more effective than students but not as effective as electronic systems, and they cost considerably more than these systems in only one year's time.
Critical Behavior in Hierarchical Neuropercolation Models of Cognition

Here we introduce a hierarchical approach to brain dynamics using Freeman K sets, including the hierarchy of \(K0\), \(KI\), \(KII\), and \(KIII\) sets Freeman, Erwin, Scholarpedia, 3(2):3238, 2008, [1]. They correspond to brain scales starting from the sub-mm range to the complete hemisphere, for details see supplementary sections.
Accuracy of Schneiderian membrane thickness: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis with histological validation.

Objectives Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been used in the literature to evaluate Schneiderian membrane thickness (SMT), but its accuracy has never been validated. The primary aim of this study was to compare the SMT measured by CBCT to the gold standard histological assessment. The correlations between SMT and anatomical structures of the maxillary sinus and alveolar bone were also tested. Materials and Methods Fourteen fresh cadaver heads were used for the study, and 28 sinus lift augmentation procedures were performed to obtain the membrane samples. Samples were fixed in formalin and stained with hematoxylin–eosine and Masson trichrome. Specimens were measured by optic microscope at three points, and a mean was obtained. Anatomical landmarks were used to accurately position the CBCT slice, so the SMT could be measured in predetermined locations. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare values of histological and CBCT measurements, and Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the relationship between thickness and anatomical parameters. Results A total of 597 histological measurements were performed, and the mean SMT thickness was 0.30 ± 0.17 mm. The mean CBCT membrane thickness was 0.79 ± 0.52 mm. A statistically significant difference from histological and radiological readings was observed (P = 0.000). Interestingly, 87.77% histological measurements had membrane less than 0.5 mm in thickness compared to 26.66% in CBCT assessment. Conclusions Within the limitation of this study, the median histological Schneiderian membrane thickness was 0.30 mm. Cone-beam computed tomography assessment was 2.6 times higher than the histological examination.
Brown Coal Direct Liquefaction Process of Japan

Brown coal liquefaction (BCL) process was developed by Japan, specially and uniquely for brown coal liquefaction in the world BCL has been successfully operated in a 50 t/d pilot plant BCL is one of the most advanced mature direct coal liquefaction processes and characterized with the multi-stage liquefaction method, the dual peaks solvent system, the highly reactive iron catalyst, the inline hydrotreater and highly oil yield.
Power Supply Interruption Cost of Important Power Consumers in Distribution Network and Its Emergency Management

In distribution network,the outage loss of important power consumers occupies the vast majority of the total outage losses.For this reason,the important power user-based load model,the system model and the outage loss cost model,by which the reliability of distribution network and its economy are analyzed,are built.Beginning with the designing of user questionnaires,the outage loss functions for big industrial consumers,whose production process is complex and their losses caused by interruption are huge,and consumers in other categories are determined,then the load models are built.Utilizing consequences analysis on failure modes,correct reliability indices of distribution network are chosen to compute the reliabilities of load points,thus the system model is built.According to outage loss evaluation rates of load points,the outage loss cost model is built.The reliabilities of load points and system reliability as well outage loss are estimated under three different connection modes,and the effectiveness and accuracy of above-mentioned models are verified by estimation results.It is pointed out that the adoption of distribution generation(DG) is an effective approach to reduce the outage loss in distribution network and improve social emergency capability.
Reperfusion ventricular fibrillation during coronary artery bypass operations and its association with postoperative enzyme release.

Elevated creatine kinase MB level is the most common marker of myocardial infarction in patients who have had a recent coronary bypass operation. This study was performed to determine whether there is any relationship between reperfusion rhythms, their treatment, and postoperative creatine kinase MB concentrations. Twenty patients were monitored during coronary bypass operations. Four patients had no reperfusion ventricular fibrillation and no elevation of creatine kinase MB postoperatively. Of the 16 remaining patients, all had ventricular fibrillation and 12 had an elevation of postoperative creatine kinase MB (p
Gap and Excess Functionals and Weak Topologies

If x is a fixed point of a metric space ,the distance functional d(x,·) : CL(X) → [0,+∞) is both a gap functional and an excess functional with respect to the fixed set argument {x}. In this chapter, we consider in a systematic way topologies generated by prescribed families of gap functionals and/or excess functionals, varying metrics as well as the fixed set argument for the functionals. This program not only subsumes all the topologies we encountered in Chapter 2, but also provides new presentations for these topologies as well. Both the Attouch-Wets topology and the Hausdorff metric topology arise in this way, and in the convex case, the topology of pointwise convergence of support functionals for convex sets may be so characterized. Of particular interest from the point of view of operations on convex sets is the supremum of the Wijsman topology and the topology of pointwise convergence of support functionals. In the final section we consider the general problem of uniformization of hit-and-miss and proximal hit-and-miss topologies. We show that such a topology is uniformizable if and only if it arises as a weak topology determined by a family of infimal value functionals, of which the gap functional is a particular example.
Efficient numerical methods for multiscale crowd dynamics with emotional contagion

In this paper, we develop two efficient numerical methods for a multiscale kinetic equation in the context of crowd dynamics with emotional contagion [A. Bertozzi, J. Rosado, M. Short and L. Wang, Contagion shocks in one dimension, J. Stat. Phys. 158 (2014) 647–664]. In the continuum limit, the mesoscopic kinetic equation produces a natural Eulerian limit with nonlocal interactions. However, such limit ceases to be valid when the underlying microscopic particle characteristics cross, corresponding to the blow up of the solution in the Eulerian system. One method is to couple these two situations — using Eulerian dynamics for regions without characteristic crossing and kinetic evolution for regions with characteristic crossing. For such a hybrid setting, we provide a regime indicator based on the macroscopic density and fear level, and propose an interface condition via continuity to connect these two regimes. The other method is based on a level set formulation for the continuum system. The level set equation shares similar forms as the kinetic equation, and it successfully captures the multi-valued solution in velocity, which implies that the multi-valued solution other than the viscosity solution should be the physically relevant ones for the continuum system. Numerical examples are presented to show the efficiency of these new methods.
Abstract 4689: Anti-proliferative effect and tumor targeting properties of SurVaxM-derived monoclonal antibodies

Background: Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) which is upregulated in many cancers. SurVaxM (active anti-survivin immunotherapy) is currently being evaluated in a multi-center phase II clinical trial. Circulating anti-survivin antibodies were recently detected in recurrent glioblastoma patients who received SurVaxM immunizations in a previous phase I study. Though primarily functioning as an intracellular molecule, survivin has also been identified in patient serum, and, recently, in tumor-derived exosomes. Methods: Patients in the completed SurVaxM phase I clinical trial produced both antibody and CD8+ T cell responses against survivin. In order to gauge whether antibodies to the vaccine provided any therapeutic benefit, or might serve as potential biomarkers for SurVaxM responsiveness, we tested these antibodies in pre-clinical tumor models. Murine hybridomas derived from the SurVaxM peptide were established and purified yielding several high-affinity IgG antibodies. These antibodies were characterized for target recognition and therapeutic potential. Results: Two of the clones with the highest affinities, 2C2 (IgG2a) and H30 (IgG1), recognized both SurVaxM peptide and the wild type survivin counterpart (ELISA assay), as well as endogenous, full-length survivin (western blotting). Survivin was detected on cells with these antibodies using both immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Following s.c. implantation of glioblastoma (GL261) and melanoma (B16) tumors in immuno-competent C57BL/6 mice, administration of 2C2 and H30 antibodies (i.p. injection) reduced tumor growth in both models compared to an irrelevant IgG. An orthotopic intracranial glioma study showed similar anti-tumor effects when treated with SurVaxM-derived antibodies. Tumor growth was also inhibited in immuno-compromised (nude) animals treated with 2C2 or H30 antibodies, although to a lesser extent. Conclusions: Antibodies generated in response to the SurVaxM vaccination are highly cross-reactive to survivin and provide therapeutic benefit in immuno-competent mouse tumor models. These antibodies retain some efficacy in immuno-compromised models, indicative of a direct T-cell independent effect. An anti-tumor response through anti-survivin targeted antibodies is unexpected as surface-accessible survivin expression has not yet been well described in the literature. Data presented here highlight possible avenues for investigation of mechanism(s) of action. Citation Format: Michael J. Ciesielski, Sheila Figel, Laura Wiltsie, Phillip Galbo, Cheryl Frank, Robert A. Fenstermaker. Anti-proliferative effect and tumor targeting properties of SurVaxM-derived monoclonal antibodies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4689. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4689
Navigating the Future: Land Redevelopment Scenarios and Broader Impact Assessment in Southern California

While land use and cover change (LUCC) modeling and simulation technologies have been widely disseminated in urban planning and other public decision-making domains, their application to site redevelopment is still limited. This chapter presents a case study in which land use change simulation and impact assessment models are employed to facilitate public dialogue for reuse of a decommissioned air force base site (known as the Orange County Great Park) in Southern California. Emphasis is on the uniqueness of site renewal in an urban context that requires special attention in modeling, impact assessment and decision support. It is also suggested that both relevance and coherence are crucial to the success of LUCC applications.
Nutrient Leaching and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Grassed Detention and Bioretention Stormwater Basins

AbstractNutrient cycling was compared in a grassed detention basin and a bioretention basin was amended with compost, mulch, and diverse plantings. The authors monitored dissolved nutrients in basi...
Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Disease in Africa: Major Advances, Remaining Challenges

Africa historically has had the highest incidence of meningococcal disease with high endemic rates and periodic epidemics. The meningitis belt, a region of sub-Saharan Africa extending from Senegal to Ethiopia, has experienced large, devastating epidemics. However, dramatic shifts in the epidemiology of meningococcal disease have occurred recently. For instance, meningococcal capsular group A (NmA) epidemics in the meningitis belt have essentially been eliminated by use of conjugate vaccine. However, NmW epidemics have emerged and spread across the continent since 2000; NmX epidemics have occurred sporadically, and NmC recently emerged in Nigeria and Niger. Outside the meningitis belt, NmB predominates in North Africa, while NmW followed by NmB predominate in South Africa. Improved surveillance is necessary to address the challenges of this changing epidemiologic picture. A low-cost, multivalent conjugate vaccine covering NmA and the emergent and prevalent meningococcal capsular groups C, W, and X in the meningitis belt is a pressing need.
Approximation Techniques in Time-Dependent Problems

In this chapter, I discuss some general techniques that can be used to obtain approximate solutions to time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.
The impacts of using different methods to sense emotion in computer-mediated communication

As the ubiquity of computers, computer-mediated communications (CMC) has evolved to satisfy one of humanity's basic needs — communication today. Text-based message exchanging has established itself as the most popular CMC medium in our lives than other modes of communication. Compared to face-to-face communication, CMC is not restricted in terms of time and place However, text-based communications lack much of the richness of contextual information. It has been argued that nonverbal cues such as emotions are effective in helping users understand the meaning and nature of the message. The aim of this paper is to use empirical evidence to gain insight in how different CMC interaction methods influence the sensing of emotions and how this embed breaks down emotion barriers between CMC users. We also report how emotion can affect different user groups in CMC.
Expres: An expert system for assessing the fate of pesticides in the subsurface

The expert system described here is designed to aid regulatory personnel in their assessment of the potential for pesticides to contaminate the soil and groundwater environment. The expert system, known as EXPRES (EXpert system for Pesticide Regulatory Evaluation Simulations), consists of existing numerical models which are used to simulate the transport and transformation of pesticides in the unsaturated zone, coupled with a knowledge-based system that guides the user through the choice of all the necessary information for characterizing the physical, meteorological, hydrogeological, pedological and agricultural settings of typical agricultural regions across Canada, as required by the pesticide model. The expert system is designed to be used as a management tool to aid in policy decisions. Thus, its purpose is to provide an assessment of the potential hazards and to identify if further study is warranted.
Intensity measurements in the nu4-fundamental of (C-13)H4 at planetary atmospheric temperatures

Measurements of spectral transmittance have been performed in the nu4-fundamental band of (C-13)H4 at low temperatures of planetary atmospheric interest with spectral resolution of 0.06 per cm. Comparison of observed and computed spectral transmittance on a line-by-line basis has yielded line strengths. Best agreement between measured and computed spectra was obtained when the absolute intensity of the band was taken as 123 per (sq cm atm) at 296 K.
Mechanisms of immunity in bacterial infections.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanisms of immunity in bacterial infections. The adaptation of pathogens to survival in phagocytes is crucial to determining the kind of immune response that confers protection. Opsonization of bacteria is mediated principally through specific immunoglobulin G antibodies or complement factors C3b and C4b. Resistance to intracellular parasites, capable of surviving in phagocytes, hinges upon a cell-mediated immune response in which immune T cells bring about proliferation, aggregation, and activation of macrophages. Mucous membranes are the site of many bacterial infections and the principal portals of entry through which pathogens invade the body and produce generalized disease. Immobilization can be brought about by antibodies in each of the major classes. Variation in the surface structure of a microorganism represents a highly effective means of thwarting the immune response, in that antibodies or immune T cells produced against the infecting strain become ineffective. Antibodies on mucous membranes play an important selective role in regulating indigenous bacterial flora. Antibody coating inhibits adherence and thereby limits or prevents colonization.
The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015

Child maltreatment incurs a high lifetime cost per victim and creates a substantial US population economic burden. This study aimed to use the most recent data and recommended methods to update previous (2008) estimates of 1) the per-victim lifetime cost, and 2) the annual US population economic burden of child maltreatment. Three ways to update the previous estimates were identified: 1) apply value per statistical life methodology to value child maltreatment mortality, 2) apply monetized quality-adjusted life years methodology to value child maltreatment morbidity, and 3) apply updated estimates of the exposed population. As with the previous estimates, the updated estimates used the societal cost perspective and lifetime horizon, but also accounted for victim and community intangible costs. Updated methods increased the estimated nonfatal child maltreatment per-victim lifetime cost from $210,012 (2010 USD) to $830,928 (2015 USD) and increased the fatal per-victim cost from $1.3 to $16.6 million. The estimated US population economic burden of child maltreatment based on 2015 substantiated incident cases (482,000 nonfatal and 1670 fatal victims) was $428 billion, representing lifetime costs incurred annually. Using estimated incidence of investigated annual incident cases (2,368,000 nonfatal and 1670 fatal victims), the estimated economic burden was $2 trillion. Accounting for victim and community intangible costs increased the estimated cost of child maltreatment considerably compared to previous estimates. The economic burden of child maltreatment is substantial and might off-set the cost of evidence-based interventions that reduce child maltreatment incidence.
MP09-11 CONTEMPORARY INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS OF DOWNGRADING FOR GLEASON 8 PROSTATE CANCER: IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Clinical Gleason score 8/Grade Group 4 (cGG4) prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized as high-risk and thereby, for men treated with radiation (RT), entails long-term and...
Expression and function of nesfatin-1 are altered by stage of the estrous cycle.

Nesfatin-1 is a peptide derived from the nucleobindin 2 (Nucb2) precursor protein that has been shown to exert potent effects on appetite and cardiovascular function in male animals. Sex hormones m...
Pedogenic evolution on the arid Bishop Creek moraines, eastern Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract Soil chronosequences on alpine moraine complexes have been used to help unravel the glacial histories of the eastern Sierra Nevada. The moraine sequence along Bishop Creek includes well-preserved moraines that have been previously dated using cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure ages. The goal of this study was to interpret pedogenesis within a soil geomorphic context on these quantitatively dated moraines. Soil development, surface clast cover, and moraine morphology were studied on seven of the moraines, ranging in age from 15 to 170 ka. Older moraines had gentler slopes, broader crests, and decreased surface rock cover. Soils showed weak development across the chronosequence of moraines. Pedogenesis involved slight increases in clay, the formation of clay lamellae, development of a vesicular horizon in a surface layer of aeolian dust, and weathering of surface and subsurface granitic clasts. Soil reddening and structure development were minimal. Soil formation was likely inhibited by the arid to semi-arid climate and intermittent wind and water erosion during the time span of the chronosequence.
Polymer-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) Micro-Droplets for Cell Encapsulation

Biosample encapsulation is a critical step in a wide range of biomedical and bioengineering applications. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) droplets have been recently introduced and showed a great promise to the biological separation and encapsulation due to their excellent biocompatibility. This study shows for the first time the passive generation of salt-based ATPS microdroplets and their biocompatibility test. We used two ATPS including polymer/polymer (polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dextran (DEX)) and polymer/salt (PEG/Magnesium sulfate) for droplet generation in a flow-focusing geometry. Droplet morphologies and monodispersity in both systems are studied. The PEG/salt system showed an excellent capability of uniform droplet formation with a wide range of sizes (20–60 μm) which makes it a suitable candidate for encapsulation of biological samples. Therefore, we examined the potential application of the PEG/salt system for encapsulating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A cell viability test was conducted on MgSO4 solutions at various concentrations and our results showed an adequate cell survival. The findings of this research suggest that the polymer/salt ATPS could be a biocompatible all-aqueous platform for cell encapsulation.
Mixed Reality Robotics for STEM Education

This work presents an overview of a new system to provide motion tracking and mixed reality integration of robots for use in K12 STEM education. The robots, commanded by students through a block-based programming environment, are placed in a virtual environment visible as an overlay on the physical space. The system’s control loop allows the robots to interact with virtual objects as if they are physically present within easily reconfigurable environments. This virtual space allows for lower cost robots to be used by incorporating virtual sensors and actuators, and creates the potential for a wider range of scenarios for students to work with.
PET and PET/MRI Methods

The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging and simultaneous PET and magnetic resonance (or PET/MR) imaging. These topics are presented with particular emphasis on PET as a molecular imaging tool and MRI as a structural and functional imaging tool. The chapter begins with an introduction to the underlying PET physics and a brief review of how data are acquired and reconstructed into 3D images. This includes common corrections that are applied to minimize image artifacts and improve accuracy, as well as a brief discussion of key advantages and limitations of PET and MRI and the benefits of combined PET/MR imaging. The strengths of PET as a molecular imaging technology are then presented in the context of in vivo imaging of protein targets that are relevant to schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This includes a basic review of PET pharmacokinetic methods used to evaluate radioligand-protein binding interactions and simpler and more feasible methods used for routine PET assessments. The final section presents a discussion of future directions and recent advances in PET/MR imaging applications.