cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern soil system constraints on reconstructing deep-time atmospheric CO2

Abstract Paleosol carbonate-based estimates of paleo-atmospheric CO 2 play a prominent role in constraining radiative-forcing and climate sensitivity in the deep-time. Large uncertainty in paleo-CO 2 estimates made using the paleosol-carbonate CO 2 -barometer, however, arises primarily from their sensitivity to soil-respired CO 2 ( S ( z )). This parameter is poorly constrained due to a paucity of soil CO 2 measurements during carbonate formation in modern soils and a lack of widely applicable proxies of paleo-soil CO 2 . Here the δ 13 C values of carbonate and soil organic matter (SOM) pairs from 130 Holocene soils are applied to a two-component CO 2 -mixing equation to define soil order-specific ranges of soil CO 2 applicable for constraining S ( z ) in their corresponding paleosol analogs. Equilibrium carbonate–SOM pairs, characterized by Δ 13 C carb–SOM values of 12.2–15.8‰, define a mean effective fractionation of 14.1‰ and overall inferred total soil CO 2 contents during calcite formation of S ( z ) during calcite formation is 1500–2000 ppmv (range of 500–2500 ppmv). Overall higher values (2000–5000 ppmv) are indicated by the subset of these soils characterized by higher moisture content and productivity. Near atmospheric levels (400 ± 200 ppmv) of estimated S ( z ) are indicated by immature soils, recording their low soil productivity. Vertisols define the largest range in total soil CO 2 ( 25,000 ppmv) reflecting their seasonally driven dynamic hydrochemistry. A S ( z ) range of 1000–10,000 ppmv is suggested for paleo-Vertisols for which calcite precipitation can be constrained to have occurred in an open system with two-component CO 2 mixing, with a best estimate of 2000 ppmv ± 1000 ppmv appropriate for paleo-Vertisols for which evidence of protracted water saturation is lacking. Mollisol pairs define a best estimate of S ( z ) of 2500 ppmv (range of 600–4000 ppmv) for late Cretaceous and Cenozoic analogs. Non-equilibrium pairs with Δ 13 C values >16‰ make up 51% of the dataset, lending support to the hypothesis that pedogenic carbonate precipitation occurs during periods of low productivity in a soil atmosphere with a large component of atmospheric CO 2 . Predictable scaling between estimated soil CO 2 and the difference in δ 13 C between measured pedogenic carbonate and that predicted to have formed from soil-respired CO 2 (inferred from measured SOM) can be used to further constrain appropriate ranges of S ( z ) for reconstruction of paleo-atmospheric p CO 2 . Soil CO 2 estimates are poorly correlated to mean annual precipitation likely reflecting that for carbonate-bearing soils, where moisture limits CO 2 production, total soil CO 2 is most strongly influenced by actual evapotranspiration.
The posterior ilium as a donor site for maxillo-facial bone grafting

The anterior iliac crest has been the traditional source of pelvic bone for autogenous bone grafting in the maxillo-facial skeleton. Although the posterior iliac crest is frequently utilized by our orthopaedic colleagues, little attention has been given this site in the oral and maxillo-facial literature. As the posterior crest affords an almost unlimited amount of bone for autogenous grafting in the maxillo-facial region, we feel its use is indicated when very large amounts of bone are required. The techniques for removal of cancellous and cortico-cancellous posterior crest grafts are described in detail. Morbidity of the posterior crest donor site includes possible difficulties with patient positioning, injury to the sacro-iliac joint, injury to the sciatic or cluneal nerves, and severe haemorrhage. Ambulation following the use of the posterior crest has not been a problem. Significant blood loss can be adequately controlled with proper exposure, electrocautery, and bone wax.
Mobility Challenges in Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury with Increased Body Weight

For the individual with a spinal cord injury (SCI), independent mobility is crucial. For the individual with an SCI who is also obese, independent mobility is especially challenging. This article focuses on the issues surrounding mobility and obesity. Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a framework, mobility issues are discussed in terms of the body and functioning, activities and participation, and environmental factors. Although challenging to prescribe, mobility options do exist for the individual who is obese and uses a wheelchair.
Differential effect of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 on the induction of IgA and IgM anti-dextran responses

Abstract Supernatants from T-cell lines and T-cell hybridomas can substitute for T cells in the induction of the anti-α(1,3) Dextran B1355 plaque-forming cell response in culture. The present study sought to define the lymphokines required for the induction of IgA and IgM anti-α(1,3) dextran responses. Recombinant Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) supported the induction of low levels of IgA anti-α(1,3) dextran plaque-forming cells in splenic B-cell cultures. IgA responses were substantially increased when cultures containing IFN-γ were supplemented with an interleukin 2 (IL-2)-containing supernatant from the murine T-cell hybridoma BW.Mls, purified murine IL-2, or recombinant human IL-2. In striking contrast, IgM anti-α(1,3) dextran plaque-forming cells were not produced in cultures containing IFN-γ alone or in combination with purified or recombinant IL-2. However, substantial IgM responses could be produced in cultures containing IFN-γ and BW.Mls supernatant. This data indicates that there may be different lymphokine requirements for the induction of IgA and IgM anti-α(1,3) dextran B cells, or alternatively, such B cells may be in different stages of differentiation and therefore, not respond to the same lymphokines.
Selective activation of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity by a self peptide.

To study how MHC-associated self antigens may regulate the function of T cells in the periphery, we generated CD8+ T cell lines specific for a single residue variant of a self peptide. The self peptide (GAYEFTTL) was isolated from H-2-Kb class I MHC molecules immunopurified from tumor cells. CD8+ CTL lines from H-2b mice were generated against a variant peptide, pE4R, (arginine for glutamic acid at the TCR contact position 4). In short-term 51Cr-release assays, these CTL lysed H-2Kb targets that were pulsed with picomolar levels of pE4R but did not lyse target cells coated with the self peptide at micromolar levels. However, in overnight assays the CTL lysed Fas-positive target cells in the presence of nanomolar levels of the self peptide. This killing was shown to be entirely Fas/Fas ligand mediated by blocking with anti-Fas antibody and Fas-Fc chimeric molecules. While the self peptide was unable to induce serine esterase release from the CTL, it did induce secretion of IFN-gamma. By these criteria then, the unmodified self ligand served as a partial agonist for the CTL raised against a single-residue variant. CD8+ T cell lines raised by in vitro stimulation with the self peptide were likewise unable to kill self peptide-coated targets via the perforin pathway but did lyse targets via Fas. These and similar data from other groups show that self antigens (i.e., MHC/peptide complexes) may be recognized by mature peripheral T cells. The T cell population is tolerant of the self antigen in the sense that they do not respond to physiological levels of the MHC/peptide complex. However, when the level of self antigen is increased (by using synthetic peptide loading) CD8+ T cells may respond by proliferation, IFN-gamma secretion, Fas ligand upregulation, and Fas-mediated cytolysis but are still unable to respond by perforin-mediated cytolysis or granzyme release. The physiological significance of such partial activation in regulation of the immune system remains to be demonstrated.
On the Geometry of Almost -Manifolds

An 𝑓 -structure on a manifold 𝑀 is an endomorphism field 𝜑 satisfying 𝜑 3 + 𝜑 = 0 . We call an f-structure regular if the distribution 𝑇 = k e r 𝜑 is involutive and regular, in the sense of Palais. We show that when a regular f-structure on a compact manifold M is an almost 𝒮 -structure, it determines a torus fibration of M over a symplectic manifold. When rank 𝑇 = 1 , this result reduces to the Boothby-Wang theorem. Unlike similar results for manifolds with 𝒮 -structure or 𝒦 -structure, we do not assume that the f-structure is normal. We also show that given an almost 𝒮 -structure, we obtain an associated Jacobi structure, as well as a notion of symplectization.
Chronically administered lithium alters neither myo-inositol monophosphatase activity nor phosphoinositide levels in rat brain.

: Rats were exposed to either 29 consecutive days of LiCl injections or 27 and 39 days of dietary Li2C03, followed by injected LiCl at the end of the diet to insure a constant level of exposure to the drug. At the end of the period of chronic exposure to lithium, the rats were sacrificed and brain myo-inositol-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase (myo-inositol monophosphatase) activity was measured. In none of the experiments was there any difference in the lithium-sensitive activity toward myo-inositol monophosphatase when comparing the control and chronic groups. These brains and those from another group of rats that had been given Li2C03 in their diet for 41 days, followed by 7 additional days of LiCl injections, were also examined for changes in the levels of the phosphoinositides. No reproducible differences in the absolute tissue levels of those lipids were found when control and chronic lithium groups were compared. These results are contrary to published reports which suggest that myo-inositol monophosphatase activity increases and that the phospha-tidylinositol level decreases in rat brain as a result of chronic administration of lithium.
A Multi-Stage Optimization Formulation for MPC-Based Obstacle Avoidance in Autonomous Vehicles Using a LIDAR Sensor

The dynamics of an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that is at least the size of a passenger vehicle are critical to consider during obstacle avoidance maneuvers to ensure vehicle safety. Methods developed so far do not take vehicle dynamics and sensor limitations into account simultaneously and systematically to guarantee the vehicle’s dynamical safety during avoidance maneuvers. To address this gap, this paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) based obstacle avoidance algorithm for high-speed, large-size UGVs that perceives the environment only through the information provided by a sensor, takes into account the sensing and control delays and the dynamic limitations of the vehicle, and provides smooth and continuous optimal solutions in terms of minimizing travel time. Specifically, information about the environment is obtained using an on-board Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. Ensuring the vehicle’s dynamical safety is translated into avoiding single tire lift-off. The obstacle avoidance problem is formulated as a multi-stage optimal control problem with a unique optimal solution. To solve the optimal control problem, it is transcribed into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem using a pseudo-spectral method, and solved using the interior-point method. Sensing and control delays are explicitly taken into consideration in the formulation. Simulation results show that the algorithm is capable of generating smooth control commands to avoid obstacles while guaranteeing dynamical safety.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Spontaneous neck flexion and airway obstruction during apneic spells in preterm infants

Forty-three apneic episodes were observed in eight preterm infants, four of whom had a history of spells. Measurements of expiratory airflow and respiratory effort indicated that 36 of 43 spells were mixed, consisting of central apnea preceded or followed by airway obstruction. The episodes occurred more frequently during periods of spontaneous neck flexion. This association can be related to previous studies indicating that neck flexion interferes with neuromuscular regulation of pharyngeal patency and can produce intermittent airway obstruction. Our observations suggest that airway obstruction may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of apnea in certain preterm infants.
The Trait of Curiosity as a Predictor of Emotional Intelligence

This study examined the relationship between curiosity and emotional intelligence (EI) in a sample of graduate and undergraduate students in business administration courses (N = 312). To determine the nature of this relationship, curiosity was assessed using the Melbourne Curiosity Index (MCI; Naylor, 1981) and the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI; Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004). Emotional intelligence was measured using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995). The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between trait curiosity and emotional intelligence.
Release of Somatostatin and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone from Rat Hypothalamic Fragments in Vitro*

The release of somatostatin (SRIF) and TRH from hypothalami of adult male rats was studied in vitro. Quartered hypothalamic fragment were incubated in a physiological buffer for three successive 20-min periods, which served as preincubation, control, and test periods, respectively. SRIF and TRH were measured by RIA. Serial dilutions of medium immunoreactivity were parallel to those of synthetic SRIF and TRH standards, and the elution volumes of SRIF and TRH immunoreactivity on Sephadex G-25 were identical to those of the respective synthetic peptides. Recovery of synthetic SRIF and TRH from the incubation medium was virtually complete. SRIF and TRH release were increased by membrane depolarization induced by 60 mm K+ or veratridine (10-5 m), and the effect was Ca++ dependent. Dibutyryl cAMP increased the release of TRH but not that of SRIF. Dopaminergic agents (dopamine, l-dopa, and bromocriptine) increased the release of both SRIF and TRH, and the effects of dopamine were blocked by haloperidol, a dopami...
HUMOR AND CREATIVE ABILITIES

Geaels and Jackson ( 2 ) found that highly creative children used an abundance of humor in their fantasy. Weisberg and Springer ( 5 ) also reported a positive relationship between humor and creativity in fourth-grade children. Torrance (4, p. 78) concluded that creative elementary school children were characterized by their humor and playfulness. Thus, there is some evidence for a positive relationship between humor and creativity in children and younger adolescents. However, the literature lacks substantial evidence on this relationship in older adolescents and young adults. The two most humorous men and women from each of eight college freshman English classes were chosen by their teachers using the following definition: "One who is funny, amusing, comical, droll, one who appreciates the ludicrous." An additional 1 6 men and 16 women were randomly selecred from the remaining students attending the same classes. Mednick's Remote Associates Test (RAT; 3 ) , Form 1, and a version of the Unusual Uses Test (1 ) were chosen to measure two quite different creative abilities. In the Unusual Uses Test Ss were told to write down as many unusual and different uses as they could for a brick, a paper clip, a sheet of paper, and a un can. 3 min, were allowed per problem. Each problem was scored for the number of different answer categories mentioned. Then the four problems were individually standard-scored and added together to form S s score. The means 2 standard deviations for the tesrs are shown in the table below.
Interaction of Spin Waves and Ultrasonic Waves in Ferromagnetic Crystals

A field-theoretical treatment is given of the magnetoelastic coupling of magnons and phonons in a ferromagnetic crystal. The effects of the coupling are large when the wavelengths and frequencies of the two fields are equal. If the two transverse phonon states of a given wave vector are degenerate, then the rotatory dispersion of the phonons will be large. The possibility exists of creating nonreciprocal acoustic elements, such as acoustic gyrators. At simultaneous resonance the phonon attenuation is expected to be large. The possibility of magnetostrictive transducers at microwave frequencies is discussed. A calculation is given of the damping by eddy currents of spin waves in a metal.
Evaluating educational interventions at scale

Education and learning are currently undergoing transformative changes due to the emergence of tablet devices, cloud computing, and abundant online content. These trends present opportunities to transform traditional paper-based textbooks into tablet-based electronic textbooks, and to further enrich the educational experience by augmenting them with relevant supplementary materials. A natural question is whether this educational intervention, namely, enriching textbooks with relevant web articles, images and videos, is effective. It turns out that designing an experiment at scale for this purpose is nontrivial. We report on progress in designing and carrying out such an experiment.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of conduct-disordered children

The present study compared the effects of a cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of a supportive/psychodynamic therapy in a psychiatric dayhospital for the treatment of conduct-disordered youth (mean age 10 years 8 months). Subjects were diagnosed conduct-disordered and randomly assigned to one of two orders of the two individual treatment conditions in a crossover design. Dependent measures included indices of psychopathology as well as measures of prosocial behavior and were gathered from multiple sources. The cognitive-behavioral treatment led to significant improvements on teacher's blind ratings of classroom behavior (e.g., Self-Control Rating Scale) indicating a reduction in impulsivity, as well as on measures inidcating increases in appropriate behavior and adaptive functioning (e.g., Child Behavior Checklist). Both treatments produced some significant gains (teacher ratings of externalizing problems using the Child Behavior Checklist, and hyperactivity using the Conners Teacher Questionnaire), and some dependent measures did not evidence therapeutic change. Some of the cognitive-behavioral program's positive effects were more pronounced after its second administration. Normative comparisons, used to attempt to address clinical significance, were conducted and reported. The implications of the findings and the need for future research are discussed.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Engrafted with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific Epitopes: Replication, Neutralization, and Survey of HIV-1-Positive Plasma

To date, only a small number of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with relatively broad neutralizing activity have been isolated from infected individuals. Adequate techniques for defining how frequently antibodies of these specificities arise in HIV-infected people have been lacking, although it is generally assumed that such antibodies are rare. In order to create an epitope-specific neutralization assay, we introduced well-characterized HIV-1 epitopes into the heterologous context of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Specifically, epitope recognition sequences for the 2F5, 4E10, and 447-52D anti-HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were introduced into the corresponding regions of SIVmac239 by site-directed mutagenesis. Variants with 2F5 or 4E10 recognition sequences in gp41 retained replication competence and were used for neutralization assays. The parental SIVmac239 and the neutralization-sensitive SIVmac316 were not neutralized by the 2F5 and 4E10 MAbs, nor were they neutralized significantly by any of the 96 HIV-1-positive human plasma samples that were tested. The SIV239-2F5 and SIV239-4E10 variants were specifically neutralized by the 2F5 and 4E10 MAbs, respectively, at concentrations within the range of what has been reported previously for HIV-1 primary isolates (J. M. Binley et al., J. Virol. 78:13232-13252, 2004). The SIV239-2F5 and SIV239-4E10 epitope-engrafted variants were used as biological screens for the presence of neutralizing activity of these specificities. None of the 92 HIV-1-positive human plasma samples that were tested exhibited significant neutralization of SIV239-2F5. One plasma sample exhibited >90% neutralization of SIV239-4E10, but this activity was not competed by a 4E10 target peptide and was not present in concentrated immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgA fractions. We thus confirm by direct analysis that neutralizing activities of the 2F5 and 4E10 specificities are either rare among HIV-1-positive individuals or, if present, represent only a very small fraction of the total neutralizing activity in any given plasma sample. We further conclude that the structures of gp41 from SIVmac239 and HIV-1 are sufficiently similar such that epitopes engrafted into SIVmac239 can be readily recognized by the cognate anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies.
Can intensively managed forest ecosystems be self-sufficient in nitrogen?

Bormann, B.T. and Gordon, J.C., 1989. Can intensively managed forest ecosystems be self-sufficient in nitrogen? For. Ecol. Manage., 29: 95-103. A simple input-output model was constructed to evaluate the long-term net nitrogen (N) gain or loss or N self-sufficiency of several silvicultural systems. In general, short-rotation, whole-treeharvest systems are not self-sufficient in N. If they include an active biological nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) component, however, they are highly N self-sufficient even when they sustain large losses of N in harvested biomass. Forestry systems, with or without substantial N2 fixation, appear to be greatly superior in this respect to most annual agricultural crops with or without N2 fixation. All N inputs and outputs must be measured in field experiments, however, before N self-sufficiency can be accurately evaluated. Better estimates of loss through harvest removal, and gain through N2 fixation and atmospheric inputs, over more than one rotation are particularly needed.
A quantitative difference between immunologically and biologically active prolactin in hypothyroid patients.

Under certain conditions, the pituitary may secrete PRL species displaying diverse immunological and biological activities. To study this phenomenon further, we compared PRL determined by RIA and radioreceptor assay (RRA) in 25 hypothyroid patients (TSH, >10 μU/ml) and in 49 endocrinologically normal patients. In the normal women, the ratio of the PRL mean determined by RRA (67.3 ng/ml) to that determined by RIA (13.5 ng/ml) was 4.99 ± 0.435. By contrast, in hypothyroid patients, PRL determined by RRA was significantly lower than the value determined by RIA for each patient, and the ratio of means (RRA to RIA) was 0.782 ± 0.067. The mean PRL determined by RRA (52.2 ng/ml) was not significantly different from the mean of control patients (P > 0.5). PRL determined by RIA was elevated in all hypothyroid patients (range, 24–237 ng/ml), and the mean (by RIA) (64.1 ng/ml) was significantly elevated above the mean PRL (by RIA) of controls (P < 0.000001). Thus, in the chronically hypothyroid patient, PRL is chara...
Depression: a comparison study between blind and sighted adolescents.

An exploratory study was conducted to identify whether the incidence of depression was greater among blind adolescents than among a sighted comparison group. A convenience sample of 22 adolescents, legally blind since birth, and 29 sighted adolescents participated in the study. The adolescents in both samples were between the ages of 12 and 18. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure depression. The findings indicated that the incidence of depression among the blind adolescents was significantly higher than the incidence of depression among the sighted adolescents (t = 2.937, df = 50, p < .005). Mean BDI score was 7.103 for the sighted group and 13.652 for the blind group. There were no significant relationships between demographic variables and depression. This study serves as a pilot for more extensive research that can expand the empirical base for understanding depression and its relationship to visual impairment among adolescents.
Electric and magnetic fields

The content of the first of the two courses in electro-magnetic fields offered by the electrical engineering department at MIT to its juniors is summarized. The course deals with electroquasi-statics and magnetoquasistatics throughout, treating electrostatic and magnetostatic phenomena as special cases. This method of presentation allows the introduction of many more engineering examples into lecture demonstrations and homework than is possible in a treatment of statics followed by a treatment of the full dynamic equations, or by an overemphasis on static phenomena with only a belated discussion of quasistatic ideas. Details on several lecture demonstrations and examples are given, and it is shown how they are integrated into the "flow" of ideas. Further, our treatment of magnetization differs from the conventional one and the advantages of this treatment are discussed.
A Reconsideration of Malayo‐Polynesian Social Organization1

TWO problems of interest to students of Pacific cultures are: (1) the nature of proto-Malayo-Polynesian social structure and (2) the relationships between Polynesian and Melanesian social structure. I present herein new field data from the Banks and New Hebrides islands which bear on these problems. Malayo-Polynesian societies are characterized by a wide variety of kinship systems of both lineage and generation types. In Oceania lineage systems predominate in Micronesia and Melanesia, while generation systems are characteristic of most of Polynesia. Generation systems are also found sporadically in the former areas, often in what are considered as "archaic" pockets. Murdock (1949) has suggested that the original Malayo-Polynesian speech community had a social organization of Hawaiian type, including bilocal residence, bilateral kindreds, the absence of unilineal descent groups, and a Hawaiiangeneration system of kinship terminology. The presence of various kinds of lineage systems in parts of the area today are interpreted as subsequent local developments from that common base. Murdock's hypothesis rests upon the present distribution of the generation type among Malayo-Polynesian speakers and on analytically derived Hawaiian-type antecedents for some of the lineage systems found at present in Oceania. Assuming that Murdock and others are correct in positing developmental and diachronic relationships between lineage and generation systems, an alternative hypothesis is possible. This is that the generation systems characteristic of Polynesia represent breakdowns of lineage systems of the type widely distributed throughout Micronesia and Melanesia. This view is not original. It was held by Rivers (1924:60-61), but he supplied no evidence for his position, nor did he offer an explanation for the assumed transition. Burrows (1938:145) similarly suggested, on distributional theory, that the simple Hawaiian type terminology was not old, but reflected a reduction in com.plexity, an "abandonment" of terms. Material which I have recently collected in Melanesia2 indicates that a breakdown of Crow3 into generation systems has occurred in the Banks Islands and in the Barabet area of central Pentecost in the New Hebrides. The reasons for the transition in both of these unconnected areas seem fairly clear and their nature suggests that similar factors may account for the widespread occurrence of generation systems in Polynesia. Before considering the theoretical implications of this reverse sequence, I will present a brief sketch of the Banks and New Hebrides cases.
Method for in vivo microscopy of the cutaneous microcirculation of the hairless mouse ear

Abstract The transilluminated, intact ear of the homozygous (hr/hr) hairless mouse was used as an in vivo preparation of the cutaneous microcirculation. The average thickness of the ear is 300 μm. The ear is composed of two full-thickness layers of skin separated by a thin supporting skeleton of elastic cartilage. With the exception of sweat glands, the skin of the hairless mouse ear closely resembles human skin. A subpapillary vascular network contained precapillary arterioles, capillary loops, and postcapillary venules. The remaining vessels were located in a subdermal vascular network. Arteriovenous anastomoses from 10- to 12-μm feeding arterioles were observed with intermittent blood flow. These anastomoses supplied a branching network of capillaries. The hairless mouse ear was easily prepared for study, requiring only light anesthesia and restraints. The observation chamber used was designed for use within the slide holder on a standard laboratory microscope stage. The observed ear was gently outstretched and placed within a well filled with sterile water at room temperature. The skin microcirculation was observed with a water-immersion objective in this manner or the well was sealed by a waterproof putty and a micro-coverglass and observations were made with long-working-distance objectives. The temperature of the water bathing the ear was continuously monitored. A video camera and videotape recorder were used and enable optical methods of blood flow measurement to be performed. Inside-vessel-diameter measurements were made with a video analyzer. The transilluminated hairless mouse ear provided a simple, inexpensive, and reproducible in vivo model to study the microcirculation of intact mammalian skin.
Relativistic Treatment of the Quark Confinement Potential

We discuss the spectrum resulting from a relativistic treatment of a linear confinement potential. We employ Klein--Gordon and Dirac wave equations, and regard the linear potential as a Lorentz scalar. (AIP)
Competitive Effects and Responses Between Plant Species in a First‐Year Old‐Field Community

Competitive interactions involve two separate processes: the effect of a species on others in the community and the response of a species to all others. Five species from a 1 st-yr field were investigated to determine if there is any correlation between competitive effect and response and if the patterns of effect and response can explain the relative success of each species in the full community. Effect and response were measured by observing the growth of individuals in all possible monocultures and two-species mixtures, using ambient densities (Year 1) and a range of densities (Year 2) for each species. Both mono- cultures and two-species mixtures were obtained by removing unwanted individuals at emergence, leaving naturally emerging individuals of the desired species. Competitive effect and response were found to be inversely correlated. The inverse correlation lead to a hierarchy of competitive ability, with Ambrosia artemisiifolia being the competitive dominant, followed by Agropyron repens, Plantago lanceolata, and finally the competitive subordinates Chenopodium album, Lepidium campestre (used in Year 1), and Trifolium repens (used in Year 2). The interactions were generally asymmetric, e.g., Ambrosia artemisiifolia had a large suppressive effect on the other species and demonstrated no response to their presence. The hierarchy and a lack of specificity of the interactions suggest that all the species are limited by, and competing for, the same resource or resources. The hierarchy of competitive ability appears to be a major factor in determining the abundance of each species in the full community.
Gap junctional vesicles in the neural tube of the splotch (Sp) mutant mouse.

The lumbosacral region of the neural tube was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy in retrospectively confirmed normal ( + /+ Sp/ + ) and abnormal (Sp/Sp) embryos of the splotch mutant mouse early on the ninth day of gestation when the caudal neural groove is normally in the process of closing to form the neural tube. In abnormal embryos, a consistent feature is the presence of gap junctional vesicles, particularly in the region of the neural groove which subsequently fails to close, whereas these structures are rarely observed in similar areas of normal embryos. The possible significance of gap junctional vesicles is discussed in terms of cellular adhesion during early neurogenesis.
Conserved electromagnetic currents in a relativistic optical model

A simple model of a relativistic optical model is constructed by reducing the three-body Bethe-Salpeter equation to an effective two-body optical model. A corresponding effective current is derived for use with the optical-model wave functions. It is shown that this current satisfies a Ward-Takahashi identity involving the optical potential resulting in conserved current matrix elements.
Development of baboon preimplantation embryos to post-implantation stages in vitro.

Preimplantation baboon embryos were recovered nonsurgically and cultured in vitro to postimplantation stages. Most embryos (61/69) were cultured in CMRL-1066 medium supplemented with glutamine (1 mM), pyruvate (0.37 mM) and antibiotics; plus 20% heat-inactivated human cord serum (1-ICS) or fetal calf serum (FCS). Embryos were cultured in microtiter plate wells containing approximately 250 �zl of medium in a gas atmosphere of 5% 02, 5% CO2 and 90% N2, at 37#{176}C and 100% relative humidity. Initially, embryos were cultured in CMRL medium plus 20% FCS until after hatching occurred (4/14), at which time FCS was replaced with HCS. When medium contained 1-ICS which had been heat inactivated and filtered prior to freeze storage, 12 of 35 embryos developed to the expanded blastocyst stage and hatched from the zona pellucida. Seven of 12 (56%) embryos hatched when medium contained unfiltered UCS which was heat inactivated after thawing. Hatching occurred after 4 to 7 days in culture following recovery at the 8-cell to morula stage and blastocysts hatched on the second day after recovery. Hatching occurred rapidly, i.e., the zona pellucida was completely evacuated within 2 to 4 h after hatching had started. Most blastocysts underwent further expansion and attached to the culture dish within 5 days after hatching. Coincident with attachment, a second cell layer was formed around the inner periphery of the blastocyst cavity, and trophoblast outgrowth was initiated 1 to 3 days after attachment. In 12/20 embryos, the primary yolk sac greatly increased in diameter, and a structure identified as the embryonic disc was observed in 7 of 12 embryos. The interval from recovery to maximal post-attachment development ranged from 10 to 16 days, depending upon the stage of development at recovery: and up to a 7- to 8-fold increase in size was achieved. These post-attachment embryos correspond in size and morphological appearance to 11- to 12-day (Stage Vc-VI) human and rhesus monkey embryos after fixation.
Large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice streams

Water has been found to gather in lakes underneath the Antarctic ice sheet, and it can move between lakes and drain catastrophically. Despite this, relatively little is known about how subglacial lakes influence ice sheet dynamics. Now satellite imagery has identified four subglacial lakes, similar in total area to Lake Vostok, right at the onset of the Recovery Glacier ice stream in East Antarctica. This suggests that subglacial lakes may initiate and maintain rapid ice flow, a mechanism that will need to be considered in future ice sheet mass balance assessments. Satellite imagery is used to identify four subglacial lakes, similar in total area to Lake Vostok, right at the onset of the Recovery Glacier ice stream in East Antarctica. This suggests that the subglacial lakes can initiate and maintain rapid ice flow, a mechanism that will need to be considered in future ice-sheet mass balance assessments. Water plays a crucial role in ice-sheet stability and the onset of ice streams. Subglacial lake water moves between lakes1 and rapidly drains, causing catastrophic floods2. The exact mechanisms by which subglacial lakes influence ice-sheet dynamics are unknown, however, and large subglacial lakes3,4 have not been closely associated with rapidly flowing ice streams. Here we use satellite imagery and ice-surface elevations to identify a region of subglacial lakes, similar in total area to Lake Vostok, at the onset region of the Recovery Glacier ice stream in East Antarctica and predicted by ice-sheet models5. We define four lakes through extensive, flat, featureless regions of ice surface bounded by upstream troughs and downstream ridges. Using ice velocities determined using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), we find the onset of rapid flow (moving at 20 to 30 m yr-1) of the tributaries to the Recovery Glacier ice stream in a 280-km-wide segment at the downslope margins of these four subglacial lakes. We conclude that the subglacial lakes initiate and maintain rapid ice flow through either active modification of the basal thermal regime of the ice sheet by lake accretion or through scouring bedrock channels in periodic drainage events. We suggest that the role of subglacial lakes needs to be considered in ice-sheet mass balance assessments.
Incorporating the NATO Human View in the DoDAF 2.0 Meta Model

The NATO Human View is an additional viewpoint for an architecture framework that provides information on the human in the system. This paper represents the last of three papers describing the NATO Human View. The first paper described the development of the Human View by a multinational NATO panel [Handley and Smillie, Syst Eng 11(2) (2008), 156–164]. The second paper described a methodology to use the Human View data in a simulation model in order to demonstrate the impact of the human on system performance [Handley and Smillie, Syst Eng 13(1) (2010), 72–79]. This final paper describes a methodology to align the NATO Human View with the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) 2.0 Meta Model (DM2) in order to produce “Fit for Purpose” views. These views can be used to augment the standard sets of architectural products with human-centered information important to the system description. The alignment of the Human View with the DM2 also facilitates reconciliation of different interpretations of the Human View construct. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of Transcription and Translation in Cells Exposed to EM Fields: A Review

In the last decade, evidence has rapidly accumulated that supports the hypothesis that exposure to low energy nonionizing radiation can induce and/or modulate events within biological tissues. The data gives rise to questions of biological import concerning the mechanisms of interaction between low energy fields and components of the cell in interaction between cells. To date, an abundance of effects attributable to exposure of cells to electromagnetic (EM) fields have been described, but it is still unclear whether it is the electrical or magnetic or both components within a given signal that elicit a cellular response.
Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) Receptor Number Determines the Size of the TRH-responsive Phosphoinositide Pool DEMONSTRATION USING CONTROLLED EXPRESSION OF TRH RECEPTORS BY ADENOVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER*

We use an adenovirus vector, AdCMVmTRHR, to express thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors (TRH-Rs) to determine whether the size of the hormone-responsive phosphoinositide pool in mammalian cells is directly related to receptor number. Infection of HeLa cells with increasing numbers of AdCMVmTRHR caused time-dependent graded expression of TRH-Rs. Measurement of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ in individual cells permitted quantitation of the fraction of cells responsive to TRH. Infection with 100 AdCMVmTRHR particles/cell or more led to TRH responsiveness in > or = 90% of HeLa cells. Measurement of prelabeled phosphoinositides hydrolyzed during prolonged TRH stimulation assesses the size of the TRH-responsive pool. In cells infected with AdCMVmTRHR for 24 h, the size of the TRH-responsive phosphoinositide pool increased with increasing TRH-R expression. The TRH-responsive pool also increased with time after infection as the number of TRH-Rs increased. Similar observations were made in GHY and KB cells. These data confirm our previous suggestion (Cubitt, A. B., Geras-Raaka, E., and Gershengorn, M. C. (1990) Biochem. J. 271, 331-336) that there are hormone-responsive and -unresponsive pools of cellular phosphoinositides and that the maximal size of the TRH-responsive pool is directly related to the number of TRH-Rs.
Advancing perspectives on parity-mode evolution

When we submitted our manuscript (Pyron and Burbrink, 2014) on 2 May 2013, I did not anticipate how controversially it would be received, or the magnitude of the response. Articles in this issue (Blackburn, 2015a,b; Duchene and Lanfear, 2015; Griffith et al., 2015; King and Lee, 2015b; Shine, 2015; Stewart, 2015; Wright et al., 2015) and in other journals (King and Lee, 2015a) have re-examined our data, analyses, and conclusions, drawing a wide range of inferences. Our summary (Pyron and Burbrink, 2015) was written before any of the responses appeared, and merely gives an overview of our original conclusions, with some suggestions for future research. Here, I take a final opportunity to digest the recent responses to Pyron and Burbrink (2014), and offer a complementary perspective. Future studies of parity-mode evolution should consider the following four points:
Comparison of Cluster Representations from Partial Second- to Full Fourth-Order Cross Moments for Data Stream Clustering

Under seven external clustering evaluation measures, a comparison is made for cluster representations from the partial second order to the fourth order in data stream clustering. Two external clustering evaluation measures, purity and cross entropy, adopted for data stream clustering performance evaluation in the past, penalize the performance of an algorithm when each hypothesized cluster contains points in different target classes or true clusters, while ignoring the issue of points in a target class falling into different hypothesized clusters. The seven measures will address both sides of the clustering performance. The represented geometry by the partial second-order statistics of a cluster is non-oblique ellipsoidal and cannot describe the orientation, asymmetry, or peakedness of a cluster. The higher-order cluster representation presented in this paper introduces the third and fourth cross moments, enabling the cluster geometry to be beyond an ellipsoid. The higher-order statistics allow two clusters with different representations to merge into a multivariate normal cluster, using normality tests based on multivariate skewness and kurtosis. The clustering performance under the seven external clustering evaluation measures with a synthetic and two real data streams demonstrates the effectiveness of the higher-order cluster representations.
Glacial Cooling in the Tropics: Exploring the Roles of Tropospheric Water Vapor, Surface Wind Speed, and Boundary Layer Processes

Abstract This paper is a modeling study of possible roles for tropospheric water vapor, surface wind speed, and boundary layer processes in glacial cooling in the Tropics. The authors divide the Tropics into a region of persistent deep convection and a subtropical region with no deep convection. The regions are coupled via a radiatively driven Hadley cell and a wind-driven meridional overturning cell in the ocean. Radiation and the convective boundary layer (CBL) are treated in some detail. The amount of tropical cooling depends on the height of the tropospheric drying and on the extent to which cloud water in the CBL is converted into rainwater. In the most realistic case where the CBL clouds precipitate, variations in CBL depth are small, and the tropical SST becomes most sensitive to drying immediately above the CBL. Reducing the relative humidity of the entire troposphere above the subcloud layer by about 10%–20% cools the tropical SST by just over 2 K. It is shown that this climate sensitivity arises...
Biliary imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA: is a 20-minute delay sufficient?

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to quantitate the change in intrabiliary signal intensity 20 minutes after gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) injection and to correlate the degree of biliary visualization with changes in biliary signal intensity. Materials and Methods Sixteen patients with known hepatic masses (without known biliary disease) who were candidates for resection were enrolled in an open-label protocol of Gd-EOB-DTPA. Three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in the coronal plane with breath holding before and 20 minutes after Gd-EOB-DTPA made up the biliary MR cholangiogram study. Manually defined regions of interest were used to measure signal intensity in the bile ducts before and after contrast material administration. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated. Biliary visualization was qualitatively assessed by using a five-point scale. Results The SNR and CNR significantly increased (P Conclusion A 20-minute delay after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration appears to be sufficient for adequate biliary enhancement. Residual hepatic enhancement does not appear to interfere with biliary visualization.
Controlled-Atmosphere Cold Storage as a Quarantine Treatment for Nondiapausing Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae in Apples

Nondiapausing larvae of Cydia pomonella (L.) in immature apples were held in commercial controlled-atmosphere cold storage at 0 ± 0.28°C, 95-100% RH, and atmospheric components of 1.5-2.0% O2, <1% CO2, with the remainder being mainly N2. Based on adult emergence, survival decreased from 73% at 0 wk to 0% after a 13-wk exposure. A large-scale test of infested apples held in controlled-atmosphere cold storage for 13wk resulted in no adult emergence from an estimated 142,021 immature larvae, including an estimated 40,389 fifth instars, the most tolerant stage. No live larvae or pupae were found when infested apples were sampled after treatment. Because codling moth eggs are also susceptible to low temperatures, controlled-atmosphere cold storage for a minimum of 13 wk is a potential quarantine treatment for codling moth eggs and larvae in apples.
The Group 〈G, t|e〉 When G Is Torsion Free☆

Abstract In this paper we discuss classes of nontrivial elements in the group with a relative presentation 〈 G , t | e 〉, where G is torsion free and e is solvable over G .
Modeling the Areawide Impact of Sugarcane Varieties and Predation on Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Populations in Southern Louisiana

A simulation model was developed to increase understanding of how varietal resistance and predation may affect sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), populations on an areawide basis. The model includes the processes of immature development, oviposition, host-dependent mortality, and mortality due to arthropod predation. Varietal parameters in the model were obtained from replicated small-plot evaluation trials. Percentages of bored internodes were used to compare survival of sugarcane borers from the egg stage until establishment in the stalk among sugarcane cultivars with and without predator suppression. A relative survival index was used to estimate survival among cultivars, from establishment in the stalk until pupation. Simulations showed that differences in moth emergence and total emergence would be greatest in the absence of adult exchange among varieties. These studies indicated that the impact of susceptible varieties on sugarcane borer populations might be mitigated if these varieties are dispersed among varieties with greater resistance. Varietal differences observed in small-plot varietal evaluations were substantially magnified during simulations when the amount of adult redistribution among varieties was reduced. Based on this research, data obtained from small-plot varietal resistance studies alone may not adequately address the potential impact that such varieties, when grown on larger acreages, might have on pest populations.