cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Within-Herd Variance and Herd Mean Production on Response to Selection Within Herd

Abstract Lactation records of 1,032,438 Jersey and 1,490,909 Holstein cows on official DHI test from 20,380 and 33,858 herd-years, respectively, were used to compute herd-year means and within-herd-year standard deviations for mature equivalent fat percent, fat, and milk. Within-herd-year means and standard deviations were used to stratify records into five classes for each trait. Regressions of individual daughter's modified contemporary deviation on sire's PD were calculated for each of the 25 subclass combinations of within-herd-year mean and standard deviation. For milk and fat yield, low-low and high-high mean-variance subclasses contained more herd-years than low-high and high-low mean-variance subclasses. This was less evident for fat percent. Regression coefficients ranged from .66 to 1.41, .69 to 1.41, and .78 to 1.34 for fat percent, fat, and milk, respectively, for both breeds. Estimates of regressions indicated that coefficients increased with increases in within-herd-year variance but were nearly constant across herd-year means.
EFFECT OF LEVEL OF STRUCTURED PROTEIN FIBER ON QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT PATTIES

Mechanically deboned chicken meat (without skin) and chicken (with skin) were combined with 15 or 25% structured protein fiber (SPF) to subjectively and objectively evaluate the quality of patties. Proximate composition, water-holding capacity, color, texture, and cooking loss were objectively determined. Products were characterized by the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis sensory technique. Raw patties containing 15% SPF had a higher water-holding capacity than patties with 25% SPF. Cooked patties with 25% SPF required significantly more force to shear, exhibited higher cooking losses, and were characterized as more chewy and elastic, less moist, and more desirable than 15% SPF patties. Textural properties of patties containing mechanically deboned poultry meat were improved by adding 25% SPF; however, cook yield was greater for patties with 15% SPF.
Rap Sheets in Criminological Research: Considerations and Caveats

The types of errors found in official criminal history records are not completely understood by many researchers, and this lack of understanding can lead to serious misinterpretations. Analyses of a recently developed database of New Orleans offenders indicate that the use of rap sheets with a limited catchment area can lead to gross distortions of the effects of variables related to geographic mobility, such as race and age. Evidence from a number of sources indicates that false-negative error is a serious problem, particularly in fingerprint-based record systems. In addition, arrest records lend themselves to a variety of common misinterpretations by researchers in the coding process, including failing to identify multievent arrests, misclassifying arrests, and treating arrest or custody process events as crimes indicating criminal activity of the individual while free. Solutions to some of these problems are suggested.
Olfactory-guided orientation in neonatal rats is enhanced by a conditioned change in behavioral state.

In Experiment 1, 3–6-day-old rats were simultaneously exposed to an unfamiliar odor which they will normally avoid (orange extract) and the odor of maternal saliva, or to either orange alone or saliva alone. One hour later, in a two-odor choice test, those pups which were simultaneously exposed to orange and saliva exhibited an enhanced orientation to the orange odor. In Experiment 2, orange odor was presented while pups were exposed to the odor of saliva, or while they received one of two types of tactile stimulation (stroking or tailpinching). Pups in control groups were first presented with saliva or tactile stimulation and then the orange odor. Pups that had received any of the three simulataneous exposure treatments subsequently exhibited an enhanced orientation toward the orange odor, but not the pups in the control groups. The results suggest that the tendency of neonates to avoid a novel odor can be reversed by pairing that odor with events that elicit significant increases in behavioral activity. The possibility that this phenomenon reflects a classical conditioning process is discussed.
Reciprocal regulation of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and proline dehydrogenase genes controls proline levels during and after osmotic stress in plants

Plants generally accumulate free proline under osmotic stress conditions. Upon removal of the osmotic stress, the proline levels return to normal. In order to understand the mechanisms involved in regulating the levels of proline, we cloned and characterized a proline dehydrogenase (PDH) cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPDH). The 1745 bp cDNA contains a major open reading frame encoding a peptide of 499 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence has high homology with both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster proline oxidases and contains a putative mitochondrial targeting sequence. When expressed in yeast, the AtPDH cDNA complemented a yeast put1 mutation and exhibited proline oxidase activity. We also determined the free proline contents and the delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and PDH mRNA levels under different osmotic stress and recovery conditions. The results demonstrated that the removal of free proline during the recovery from salinity or dehydration stress involves an induction of the PDH gene while the activity of P5CS declines. The reciprocal regulation of P5CS and PDH genes appears to be a key mechanism in the control of the levels of proline during and after osmotic stress. The PDH gene was also significantly induced by exogenously applied proline. The induction of PDH by proline, however, was inhibited by salt stress.
Genetic identification of C fibres that detect massage-like stroking of hairy skin in vivo

Stroking of the skin produces pleasant sensations that can occur during social interactions with conspecifics, such as grooming. Despite numerous physiological studies (reviewed in ref. 2), molecularly defined sensory neurons that detect pleasant stroking of hairy skin in vivo have not been reported. Previously, we identified a rare population of unmyelinated sensory neurons in mice that express the G-protein-coupled receptor MRGPRB4. These neurons exclusively innervate hairy skin with large terminal arborizations that resemble the receptive fields of C-tactile (CT) afferents in humans. Unlike other molecularly defined mechanosensory C-fibre subtypes, MRGPRB4^+ neurons could not be detectably activated by sensory stimulation of the skin ex vivo. Therefore, we developed a preparation for calcium imaging in the spinal projections of these neurons during stimulation of the periphery in intact mice. Here we show that MRGPRB4^+ neurons are activated by massage-like stroking of hairy skin, but not by noxious punctate mechanical stimulation. By contrast, a different population of C fibres expressing MRGPRD was activated by pinching but not by stroking, consistent with previous physiological and behavioural data. Pharmacogenetic activation of Mrgprb4-expressing neurons in freely behaving mice promoted conditioned place preference, indicating that such activation is positively reinforcing and/or anxiolytic. These data open the way to understanding the function of MRGPRB4 neurons during natural behaviours, and provide a general approach to the functional characterization of genetically identified subsets of somatosensory neurons in vivo.
MEANINGFULNESS OF EIGHTY ENGLISH WORDS

of associations (excluding daog and certain other categories of association) a verbal stimulus can evoke from Ss in a fixed time interval. The m of a word is known to be related to rate of learning (e.g., Noble, 1952b) and to visual duration threshold (KristofEerson, 1957). Since m is a variable of current concern in verbal learning, it seems of some worth to present a number of words for which m values have been obtained; 80 words of a Thorndike-Lorge (1944) L count frequency of 34 to 99.
Observations on the Vicissitudes of Aggression in Two Siblings.

Clinical observations of two brothers from a severely disturbed environment are presented and discussed to illustrate some developmental aspects and polar manifestations of aggression, as well as interaction of intrinsic and environmental factors. Aggression in the older schizophrenic child turned against his own body and the self. Expressed in different forms, it depended on the level of differentiation and organization of personality and behavior. Psychopathology in the younger boy was less severe and more of a reactive nature. His aggression turned against the inconsistent and frustrating mother and later, indiscriminately, against anyone. It is suggested that pathogenetic environmental factors in the first years of life may not create special manifestations of aggression. Such factors, in interaction with intrinsic vulnerabilities, delay or distort development which, in turn, determines the mode in which aggression is expressed.
Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in HIV-infected patients.

Objective: To evaluate the types and mechanisms of stroke in a large population of HIV-infected patients. Methods: We reviewed records of consecutive HIV-infected patients with acute stroke admitted to a large metropolitan hospital between 1996 and 2004. Stroke mechanism was defined by consensus between two cerebrovascular neurologists using TOAST classification. Results: A total of 82 patients were included, 77 with ischemic stroke and 5 with intracerebral hemorrhage. Mean age was 42 years and 89% were African American. Previous diagnosis of HIV infection was documented in 91% and AIDS diagnosis in 80%. Mean CD4 count was 113 cells/mm 3 and 85% had CD4 count 3 . A total of 61% of patients had received combination antiretroviral treatment (CART). The mechanism of ischemic stroke was large artery atherosclerosis in 12%, cardiac embolism in 18%, small vessel occlusion in 18%, other determined etiology in 23%, and undetermined in 29% (including 19% with incomplete evaluation). Vasculitis was deemed responsible for the stroke in 10 patients (13%) and hypercoagulability in 7 (9%). Protein S deficiency was noted in 10/22 (45%) and anticardiolipin antibodies in 9/31 (29%) tested patients. When comparing patients with large or small vessel disease (atherothrombotic strokes) vs the rest of the population, there were no differences in exposure to CART or CD4 count, but patients with non-atherothrombotic strokes were younger ( p = 0.04). Recent cocaine exposure was less common among patients with atherothrombotic strokes ( p = 0.02). Strokes were fatal or severely disabling in 35% of cases. Conclusions: Stroke mechanisms are variable in HIV-infected patients, with a relatively high incidence of vasculitis and hypercoagulability. In our population of severely immunodepressed patients, exposure to combination antiretroviral treatment did not significantly influence the mechanism of stroke.
Evidence for a peptidoglycan envelope in the cyanelles of Glaucocystis nostochinearum Itzigsohn

Glaucocystis nostochinearum is a eukaryotic organism with “chloroplasts” that have usually been assumed to be “cyanelles” — i.e., endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Previous attempts by others to support this assumption by demonstrating the presence of a limiting peptidoglycan envelope have been unsuccessful.
The Atelectatic Maxillary Sinus

The atelectatic maxillary sinus is a distinct anatomic variant. It may be identified in a symptomatic patient complaining of recurrent acute or chronic sinusitis or may be found incidentally, prese...
High-density fiber optic biosensor arrays

Novel approaches are required to coordinate the immense amounts of information derived from diverse genomes. This concept has influenced the expanded role of high-throughput DNA detection and analysis in the biological sciences. A high-density fiber optic DNA biosensor was developed consisting of oligonucleotide-functionalized, 3.1 mm diameter microspheres deposited into the etched wells on the distal face of a 500 micrometers imaging fiber bundle. Imaging fiber bundles containing thousands of optical fibers, each associated with a unique oligonucleotide probe sequence, were the foundation for an optically connected, individually addressable DNA detection platform. Different oligonucleotide-functionalized microspheres were combined in a stock solution, and randomly dispersed into the etched wells. Microsphere positions were registered from optical dyes incorporated onto the microspheres. The distribution process provided an inherent redundancy that increases the signal-to-noise ratio as the square root of the number of sensors examined. The representative amount of each probe-type in the array was dependent on their initial stock solution concentration, and as other sequences of interest arise, new microsphere elements can be added to arrays without altering the existing detection capabilities. The oligonucleotide probe sequences hybridize to fluorescently-labeled, complementary DNA target solutions. Fiber optic DNA microarray research has included DNA-protein interaction profiles, microbial strain differentiation, non-labeled target interrogation with molecular beacons, and single cell-based assays. This biosensor array is proficient in DNA detection linked to specific disease states, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP's) discrimination, and gene expression analysis. This array platform permits multiple detection formats, provides smaller feature sizes, and enables sensor design flexibility. High-density fiber optic microarray biosensors provide a fast, reversible format with the detection limit of a few hundred molecules.
The Evolving Role of C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis

Background: Inflammation is pivotal in all phases of atherosclerosis. Among the numerous inflammatory biomarkers, the largest amount of published data supports a role for C-reactive protein (CRP) as a robust and independent risk marker in the prediction of primary and secondary adverse cardiovascular events. In addition to being a risk marker, there is much evidence indicating that CRP may indeed participate in atherogenesis. Content: In this review, we focus on the role of CRP in promoting atherothrombosis by discussing its effects on endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, monocyte-macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. Conclusions: CRP is clearly a risk marker for cardiovascular disease and is recommended for use in primary prevention. In addition, CRP appears also to contribute to atherogenesis. However, much further research is needed, especially in appropriate animal models, to confirm the possible role of CRP in promoting atherothrombosis.
Numerical and experimental studies of turbulent heat transfer in a tube

Abstract The thermal development of a hydrodynamically developed turbulent flow in an isothermal-wailed circular tube has been investigated in complementary numerical and experimental studies. The numerical work was based on an algebraic turbulence model used in conjunction with the appropriate conservation laws. In the experiments the naphthalene sublimation technique was used to enable precise modeling of the boundary conditions. Comparisons of numerically and experimentally determined quasi-local Sherwood numbers were made throughout the entire thermal entrance region and into the fully developed region for Reynolds numbers between 5400 and S3,500. The typical agreement between the numerical and experimental results was about three percent, with a maximum deviation of six percent. The predictions of the STAN5 computer code were found to be less accurate than those of the present numerical approach, as were the results predicted by a Graetz-type series solution.
Control of Multiple Heterogeneous Magnetic Microrobots in Two Dimensions on Nonspecialized Surfaces

In this paper, we propose methods to control multiple untethered magnetic microrobots (called Mag-μBots), with all dimensions under 1 mm, without the need for a specialized surface. We investigate sets of Mag-μBots that are geometrically designed to respond uniquely to the same applied magnetic fields. By controlling the magnetic field waveforms, individual and subgroups of Mag-μBots are able to locomote in a parallel but dissimilar fashion. The control of geometrically dissimilar Mag-μBots and a group of identically fabricated Mag-μBots are investigated, and control strategies are developed for 1-D and 2-D motion. This is accomplished by learning the velocity response of each microrobot to various control signals and using the uniqueness of each microrobot response to achieve independent control. The effect of high-level control parameters are investigated in simulation and in experiments, and the simultaneous independent global positioning of two and three microrobots is demonstrated in 2-D space. As this control method is accomplished without the use of a specialized surface, it has potential applications in areas such as microfluidic systems and biomanipulation.
Synthesis of T-type zeolite nanoparticles for the separation of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 by adsorption process

Abstract The effects of aging, crystallization temperature and time, and structure directing agent (SDA) on the synthesis of T-type zeolite nanoparticles were investigated systematically. The synthesized zeolites were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET measurements. Under optimal synthesis conditions, pure T-type zeolites with a particle size of 150–200 nm were successfully prepared in a time period as short as 120 h. The equilibrium adsorption of pure gases CO 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 on the synthesized T-type zeolite nanoparticles were measured at 288, 298 and 313 K. The T-type zeolite nanoparticles showed the capability of selective adsorption of CO 2 over N 2 and CH 4 . At 288 K and 100 kPa, the selectivity of CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 of the T-type zeolite nanoparticles was 53.71 and 19.15 respectively. Compared to the micro-level T-type zeolite particles, the T-type zeolite nanoparticles exhibited a higher CO 2 adsorption capacity. At 288 K and 100 kPa, the T-type zeolite nanoparticles showed 4.01 mmol/g CO 2 adsorption capacities, 30% higher than micro-level T-type zeolite. The dynamic adsorption experiments of CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 binary gas mixtures demonstrated that the synthesized T-type zeolite nanoparticles have promising adsorption capability and recyclability for the separation of CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 in the potential application to post-combustion CO 2 separation or natural gas purification process.
Automated knowledge acquisition for a computer hardware systhesis system

The MICON Synthesizer Version 1 (M1) is a rule-based system which produces a complete small computer design from a set of abstract specifications. M1's design ability depends on the encoding of large amounts of domain knowledge. An automated knowledge acquisition tool, CGEN, works synergistically with M1 by gathering knowledge of how to build and when to use various computer structures. This paper overviews the operation of CGEN by providing an example of the types of knowledge acquired and the mechanisms employed. A novel knowledge-intensive generalization scheme is presented, as well as an extensive series of experiments demonstrating CGEN's capabilities. The results of the experiments show CGEN is able to build working knowledge-bases without the intercession of a knowledge engineer.
Data Analysis: Models or Techniques?

In this commentary to Napoletani et al. (Found Sci 16:1–20, 2011), we argue that the approach the authors adopt suggests that neural nets are mathematical techniques rather than models of cognitive processing, that the general approach dates as far back as Ptolemy, and that applied mathematics is more than simply applying results from pure mathematics.
REDOX BEHAVIOR OF CUZSM-5 CATALYSTS : FTIR INVESTIGATIONS OF REACTIONS OF ADSORBED NO AND CO

The redox behavior of CuZSM-5 was investigated by flow microbalance and FTIR measurements using CO and NO as probe molecules. The weight change resulting from switching the flow of 10% O2 in He to pure He corresponded to the removal of extralattice oxygen and approximately 20% autoreduction of total copper ion by one electron. FTIR absorption spectra of CO over CuZSM-5 showed that the concentration of the Cu+ sites changed reversibly upon switching the pretreatment gas from He to O2. The combined experiments (flow microbalance and CO adsorption) proved that CuZSM-5 has a redox function at 500 °C. Continuous measurement of NO adsorption spectra using the same wafer, following a pretreatment in flowing He at 500 °C, also demonstrated the redox properties of CuZSM-5. During the early stage of NO adsorption, a sharp band at 2295 cm-1 appeared that could be assigned in several different ways. Changes occurring as NO underwent reaction on the surface were recorded.
Three Dimensional Single Molecule Tracking of Full Length Myosin Conformation Change

Myosin Va is a motor protein responsible for vesicular transport inside eukaryotic cells. Its structure has been well-studied and is known to contain a flexible hinge region approximately half-way between the N-terminal motor domain and C-terminal globular tail. Previous studies have shown two distinct conformations for Myosin Va, one where the hinge remains extended and the protein is active, and one where the hinge allows the protein to fold, allowing auto-inhibition between the globular tail and motor regions. It is assumed, but never shown at the single-molecule level, that Myosin Va actively switches between these conformations at the timescales typical of their runs. Traditional two-dimensional fluorescence tracking techniques cannot adequately capture the conformation change. However, it is possible to track an out-of-focus particle in all three dimensions with a modified form of FIONA microscopy. The point spread function of the out-of-focus particle takes the shape of an Airy disc, with the width of the disc proportional to the distance by which the particle is out of focus. With this technique, the spatial resolution degrades quickly with drift, so we have further modified the microscope with an auto-focus system based on feedback of backscattered signal from a secondary IR laser. We present tracking data of quantum dots bound to full-length Myosin Va with < 5 nm spatial resolution in XY, < 30 nm in Z at a time resolution of 100 ms, which is sufficient to resolve conformation changes.
Ultrasonic Acoustic Sensing

The ultrasonic response of single mode fibers has been studied in the frequency regimes where the fiber is isotropic and anisotropic. Good agreement has been obtained between analytical and experimental results. Fiber optimization has been achieved by appropriate selections of fiber coatings which can maximize or minimize the fiber sensitivity. Finally, the air acoustic response of several sensing elements has been studied.
Miliaria in Bengali children in Calcutta city.

Abstract A survey undertaken amongst children of the lower socio-economic group in Calcutta during the hot season showed that “prickly heat” and other dermal lesions produced by sweat retention (miliaria), including mamillaria (miliaria profunda), were present in 97 per cent. The distribution and types of lesions, including those due to secondary infection, are discussed. The possibilities that general ill-health due to interference with sweating may be common amongst this type of children is suggested. Methods and inadequacies of treatment are mentioned.
Government involvement in the economy and the distribution of income: A cross-national study

This study explores the effect of government involvement in the economy, as measured by central government expenditures as a percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), on the distribution of income. It is hypothesized that state spending — in the form of transfer payments to firms and households, government purchases, and military spending — will have a negative influence on income inequality only at high levels of economic development. Multivariate analysis confirms this hypothesis. The results show that government expenditures as a percent of GDP and level of industrialization interact to produce a negative impact on income inequality. This finding, moreover, holds up after additional investigation for possible OLS assumption violations, sample dependence of results, and model misspecification.
Energy spectra and coherent structures in forced two-dimensional and beta-plane turbulence

Results from a wide range of direct numerical simulations of forced-dissipative, differentially rotating two-dimensional turbulence are presented, in order to delineate the broad dependence of flow type on forcing parameters. For most parameter values the energy spectra of simulations forced at low wavenumbers are markedly steeper than the classical k−3 enstrophy inertial-range prediction, and although k−3 spectra can be produced under certain circumstances, the regime is not robust, and the Kolmogorov constant is not universal unless a slight generalization is made in the phenomenology. Long-lived, coherent vortices form in many cases, accompanied by steep energy spectra and a higher than Gaussian vorticity kurtosis. With the addition of differential rotation (the β-effect), a small number of fairly distinct flow regimes are observed. Coherent vortices weaken and finally disappear as the strength of the β-effect increases, concurrent with increased anisotropy and decreased kurtosis. Even in the absence of coherent vortices and with a Gaussian value of the kurtosis, the spectra remain relatively steep, although not usually as steep as for the non-rotating cases. If anisotropy is introduced at low wavenumbers, the anisotropy is transferred to all wavenumbers in the inertial range, where the dynamics are isotropic.For those simulations that are forced at relatively high wavenumbers, a well resolved and very robust k−5/3 energy inertial range is observed, and the Kolmogorov constant appears universal. The low-wavenumber extent of the reverse energy cascade is essentially limited by the β-effect, which produces an effective barrier in wavenumber space at which energy accumulates, and by frictional effects which must be introduced to achieve equilibrium. Anisotropy introduced at large scales remains largely confined to the low wavenumbers, rather than being cascaded to small scales. When there is forcing at both large and small scales (which is of relevance to the Earth's atmosphere), energy and enstrophy inertial ranges coexist, with an upscale energy transfer and downscale enstrophy transfer in the same wavenumber interval, without the need for any dissipation mechanism between forcing scales.
Periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease--how strong is the association?

In the past decade there has been renewed interest in the old hypothesis that infections increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and stroke. There is now a convincing body of evidence that atherosclerosis has a major inflammatory component and is much more than the simple vascular accumulation of lipids. Infectious agents that have been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) include Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpesviruses. The concept has emerged that each of these agents is an independent risk factor for CHD and that common chronic infections are important. In addition, periodontal infections have also been implicated as one of several factors contributing to the development of CHD. Evidence supporting a causative role of chronic infections in CHD is largely circumstantial. However, the evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant further examination of the possible link between chronic infections and CHD. In this review the lines of evidence for a causative role of C. pneumoniae in the development of CHD are summarized and contrasted with the lines of evidence suggesting a periodontal infection--CHD association. If common or widespread chronic infections are truly important risk factors for CHD, it is unlikely that a single infection will be shown to be causative. It is likely that the entire microbial burden of the patient from several simultaneous chronic infections is more important (e.g., H. pylori-caused gastric ulcers + C. pneumoniae-caused bronchitis + periodontitis). Increased cooperation between cardiologists and periodontists will be required to determine if, and what, combinations of common chronic infections are important in the pathogenesis of CHD and stroke.
Mentioning Menstruation: A Stereotype Threat that Diminishes Cognition?

To investigate menstruation as a stereotype threat that could have the effect of diminishing cognitive performance, 92 undergraduate women from a small, urban university in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States (US) completed two cognitive tasks, a Stroop test, and an SAT-based mathematics test, as well as a Menstrual History Questionnaire (MH) and the Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire (Brooks-Gunn and Ruble 1980). The MH served as the menstruation stereotype threat. Some women were also presented with positive information about menstruation, which served as the positive prime. The order of materials varied to yield four conditions: Menstruation Threat/No Positive Prime—MH first, then cognitive tasks; Menstruation Threat/Positive Prime—MH first, then positive information, then cognitive tests; Positive Prime/No Menstruation Threat—positive information first, then cognitive tasks, then MH; and No Positive Prime/No Menstruation Threat—cognitive tests first, then MH. In all four conditions, participants completed the Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire last. Results indicated that participants receiving the Menstruation Threat completed significantly fewer items on the Stroop test. In addition, subjects in the No Positive Prime/Menstruation Threat condition performed more poorly on the Stroop the closer they were to their next period. This effect was absent for the Positive Prime/Menstruation Threat condition and reversed for participants in the Positive Prime/No Menstruation Threat. This suggests that positive priming moderates the relationship between closeness to menstruation and cognitive performance. Implications of the results for addressing stigma associated with menstruation are discussed.
Upper Echelon Revisited: The Influence of Dark-Side CEO Traits on Alliance Formation and Governance

This paper integrates the upper echelon perspective with so-called ‘dark-side’ leadership trait research in order to provide an additional explanation as to why CEOs pursue strategic alliances and what type of structures they use to govern those alliances. I propose that three dark-side leadership traits, namely narcissism, Machiavellianism, and hubris comprise some of the psychological factors that influence the strategic choices that the firm pursues, and that these choices are motivated by self-interested desires that are focused on psychological or sociological rather than economic factors. Due to these factors, narcissism or hubris-possessing CEOs will pursue more alliances, and these alliances will consist of a lower level of relatedness between the target and focal firm. A Machiavellian CEO will pursue fewer strategic alliances, and these alliances will be characterized as having a greater level of social asymmetry. For alliances formed by firms led by a CEO possessing a high level of any of these ...
Epidural test dose: lidocaine 100 mg, not chloroprocaine, is a symptomatic marker of iv injection in labouring parturients

The authors studied the sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of an epidural test dose containing either lidocaine 100 mg or 2-chloroprocaine 100 mg as symptomatic markers of intravascular injection in labouring parturients. In a prospective, double-blind and randomized fashion 48 unmedicated and labouring parturients were equally divided into three groups. After placement of a lumbar epidural catheter the normal saline group (NS) received 5 ml normal saline iv, the lidocaine group (LD) received lidocaine 100 mg iv, and the 2-chloroprocaine group (CH) received 2-chloroprocaine 100 mg iv. All injections were given during uterine diastole. Within the next one to two minutes a blinded observer recorded the patient’s perception of the presence of metallic or funny taste, dizziness, and tinnitus. We then calculated SN and SP of each symptom (alone and in combination) along with their positive (+) and negative (−) predictive value (PV). In both groups no symptom alone reached clinically acceptable levels of SN (<87%). Only in the LD group, tinnitus+taste and dizziness+taste reached a SN of 100% with a SP of 81% and 69% respectively. While the −PV was 100% for both groups of symptoms, the +PV reached 42% for tinnitus+taste and 30% for dizziness+taste. We conclude that lidocaine 100 mg is a sensitive marker of intravascular injection in labouring parturients, and that tinnitus+taste is the most reliable indicator of intravenous injection.
Selection for divergent emigration rates in laboratory populations of Musca domestica

High and low emigration rates through a laboratory system were selected for in populations of house flies (Musca domestica L.). Emigration consisted of movement of flies from on plastic box to another by way of a connecting tube. Selection was carried out by first dividing a wild population of flies into two lines and then selecting for movement from the box in one line and against movement from the box in the other line. The selection experiment was performed twice. In both experiments a statistically significant difference between the two strains was obtained in three to four generations of selection. In the second experiment, after 5 genrations the mean number of high emigration rate flies emigrating in 1 hour was 4.37 times the mean number of low emigration rate flies and in 24 hours was 2.81 times the number of low emigration rate flies. The second experiment was terminated after 6 generations, but the first experiment was continued for 35 generations. In this case, divergence ceased in roughly 15 generations. The possible relevance of the findings to laboratory population experiments in which spatial discontinuities are included is discussed.
Renal physiology of cold exposed and uninephrectomized golden hamsters

Abstract 1. 1. Exposure to 5°C for 7 and 14 days produced renal hypertrophy comparable to that seen 3 days after unilateral nephrectomy. 2. 2. In the cold exposed animals, the inulin and PAH clearances per body weight were greater than in controls, although these clearance values per kidney weight were not significantly different from the controls. After 7 days in the cold, the extraction ratio was markedly reduced. 3. 3. In the unilaterally nephrectomized hamsters, GFR and ERPF per kidney weight as well as per body weight were statistically increased, and the extraction ratio was unchanged. 4. 4. The suggestion is made that the renal hypertrophy that occurs during cold exposure is in response to the hyperactivity of the endocrine system during this period.
Turning healthcare challenges into big data opportunities: A use-case review across the pharmaceutical development lifecycle

Editor's Summary In order to draw meaning from the exponentially increasing quantity of healthcare data, it must be dealt with from a big data perspective, using technologies capable of processing massive amounts of data efficiently and securely. The pharmaceutical industry faces the big data challenge through all phases of the drug development lifecycle. Genomics, clinical monitoring and pharmacovigilance illustrate the value of a big data approach. Whether focusing on genetic and environmental disease risks, pattern detection through real time biosensors for patients or post-market monitoring of drug effectiveness, each area involves the collection and analysis of numerous variables and requires extreme computing power to reveal the details of interplay between the variables. To make big data work for pharmaceutical information, attention must be paid to data collection on a vast scale, from multiple sites and over long time periods. Big data support must be incorporated into interoperable electronic medical records and presented intuitively through visual analytics.
Cancer Patients and Awareness of Venous Thromboembolism

Cancer-associated thrombosis leads to morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. We sought to ascertain awareness of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and receptiveness to thromboprophylaxis amongst ambulatory cancer patients. In all 190 patients completed the survey over a three-week period. Of these, 100 patients (53%) reported unawareness of the increased risk of thrombosis with malignancy. Of the examined patients, 161 (86%) were willing to use oral anticoagulant for prophylaxis, and 86 (46%) were willing to perform daily anticoagulant injections. This study reveals an alarming lack of knowledge amongst patients regarding the increased risk of thrombosis. Informed patients are willing to use prophylaxis, if its effectiveness is established.
Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase Is a Common Mechanism Underlying Paraquat- and Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Apoptosis

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Although the underlying causes are not well characterized, epidemiological studies suggest an elevated risk of PD with occupational pesticide exposure. Here, we utilized pheochromocytoma (PC) 12 and SH-SY5Y cells as well as rat primary cultured dopaminergic neurons to investigate mechanisms for dopaminergic cell death induced by paraquat and rotenone, pesticides that are used to model PD in rodents. Both paraquat and rotenone induce selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures. We discovered that paraquat induces apoptosis in PC12 cells but not in SH-SY5Y cells, while rotenone exposure causes apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells but not in PC12 cells. The selective ability of paraquat and rotenone to induce apoptosis in different cell lines correlates with their ability to activate c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, JNK and p38 are required for rotenone-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells (K. Newhouse et al., 2004, Toxicol. Sci. 79, 137-146) as well as primary neurons, and for paraquat-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. However, JNK but not p38 plays a role in paraquat-induced loss of primary cultured dopaminergic neurons. Our data identify JNK activation as a common mechanism underlying dopaminergic cell death induced by both paraquat and rotenone in model cell lines and primary cultures.
Primary Hepatic B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Abstract Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas are low-grade B-cell lymphomas that occur in a variety of extranodal sites but rarely as a primary hepatic lymphoma. We describe the histological findings, immunophenotype, and immunohistochemistry of one such lymphoma found incidentally in a 69-year-old woman. The lymphoid infiltrate invaded the liver in a serpiginous configuration with entrapment of nodules of normal liver. Reactive follicles were surrounded by intermediate-sized lymphoid cells with slightly irregular nuclei and pale cytoplasm. Only a few scattered lymphoepithelial lesions were identified since most of the bile ducts were destroyed. The immunophenotype determined by flow cytometry identified the lymphoid cells as being CD19, CD20 positive and exhibiting λ light chain restriction. CD5, CD10, and CD23 were negative. Immunohistochemistry showed the neoplastic cells to be positive for CD20 (L-26) and bcl-2. The reactive follicles were negative for bcl-2. CD3 showed only a few scatt...
Hybrid finite element/moment method solution of two-dimensional scattering problems

Describes the solution of a two-dimensional scattering problem that consists of a strip embedded in the coating of infinite ground plane containing an aperture that is backed by a cavity. The cavity may be arbitrarily shaped and inhomogeneously filled. The problem under consideration consists of two distinct regions. The external region is very well suited to solution via spectral-domain moment method (MoM). Due to its geometric and material complexity, the internal region is best treated using a partial differential equation (PDE) technique such as vector (edge element) FEM. Clearly, solution of the entire problem with either technique alone is likely to be very difficult and to generate a numerical model that is very computationally intensive, inaccurate or both. An exception to the above statement occurs when the cavity is homogeneously-filled and its cross-section is rectangular. Results from this special case are used to validate the hybrid approach involving both methods. The system of equations generated by the hybrid method can be viewed as the concatenation of a small dense system (from MoM) with a large sparse system (from FEM). This partially sparse, partially dense system is solved using a costume biconjugate gradient routine which is specifically designed for the system generated by the hybrid method.
Alteration of the PKC-mediated signaling pathway for smooth muscle contraction in obstruction-induced hypertrophy of the urinary bladder.

Normal urinary bladder function requires contraction and relaxation of the detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). The DSM undergoes compensatory hypertrophy in response to partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in both men and animal models. Following bladder hypertrophy, the bladder either retains its normal function (compensated) or becomes dysfunctional (decompensated) with increased voiding frequency and decreased void volume. We analyzed the contractile characteristics of DSM in a rabbit model of PBOO. The protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) elicited similar levels of contraction of DSM strips from normal and compensated bladders. However, PDBu-induced contraction decreased significantly in DSM strips from decompensated bladders. The expression and activity of PKC-α were also lowest in decompensated bladders. The PKC-specific inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide-1 (Bis) blocked PDBu-induced contraction and PKC activity in all three groups. Moreover, the phosphorylation of the phosphoprotein inhibitor CPI-17 (a 17-kDa PKC-potentiated inhibitory protein of protein phosphatase-1) was diminished in DSM from the decompensated bladder, which would result in less inhibitory potency of CPI-17 on myosin light chain phosphatase activity and contribute to less contractility. Immunostaining revealed the colocalization of PKC and phosphorylated CPI-17 in the DSM and confirmed the decreases of these signaling proteins in the decompensated bladder. Our results show a differential PKC-mediated DSM contraction with corresponding alterations of PKC expression, activity and the phosphorylation of CPI-17. Our finding suggests a significant correlation between bladder function and PKC pathway. An impaired PKC pathway appears to be correlated with severe bladder dysfunction observed in decompensated bladders.
The Rhythm of Lexical Stress in Prose

"Prose rhythm" is a widely observed but scarcely quantified phenomenon. We describe an information-theoretic model for measuring the regularity of lexical stress in English texts, and use it in combination with trigram language models to demonstrate a relationship between the probability of word sequences in English and the amount of rhythm present in them. We find that the stream of lexical stress in text from the Wall Street Journal has an entropy rate of less than 0.75 bits per syllable for common sentences. We observe that the average number of syllables per word is greater for rarer word sequences, and to normalize for this effect we run control experiments to show that the choice of word order contributes significantly to stress regularity, and increasingly with lexical probability.
Analytical modeling of quantization and volume inversion in thin Si-film DG MOSFETs

A compact physics-based quantum-effects model for symmetrical double-gate (DG) MOSFETs of arbitrary Si-film thickness is developed and demonstrated. The model, based on the quantum-mechanical variational approach, not only accounts for the thin Si-film thickness dependence but also takes into account the gate-gate charge coupling and the electric field dependence; it can be used for FDSOI MOSFETs as well. The analytical solutions, verified via results obtained from self-consistent numerical solutions of the Poisson and Schrodinger equations, provide good physical insight with regard to the quantization and volume inversion due to carrier confinement, which is governed by the Si-film thickness and/or the transverse electric field. A design criterion for achieving beneficial volume-inversion operation in DG devices is quantitatively defined for the first time. Furthermore, the utility of the model for aiding optimal DG device design, including exploitation of the volume-inversion benefit to carrier mobility, is exemplified.
The first instability in spherical Taylor-Couette flow

In this paper continuation methods are applied to the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations in order to investigate how the stability of spherical Couette flow depends on the gap size σ. We find that the flow loses its stability due to symmetry-breaking bifurcations and exhibits a transition with hysteresis into a flow with one pair of Taylor vortices if the gap size is sufficiently small, i.e. if σ ≤σ_B. In wider gaps, i.e. for σ_B σ_F. The numbers σ_B and σ_F are computed by calculating the instability region of the spherical Couette flow and the region of existence of the flow with one pair of Taylor vortices.
Rejecting incomplete charge-collection events in CdZnTe and other semiconductor detectors

Abstract In an ideal single-carrier-type gamma ray detector, the amplitudes of the signals and the carrier drift times are correlated variables. However, if the charges produced by an incident photon are not fully collected, as is the case in CdZnTe detectors containing crystal defects, the above correlation does not hold. This permits the application of an event recognition algorithm to identify these incomplete charge collection (ICC) events, caused by the “bad” regions inside a detector, so that they can be removed from pulse height spectra. The ICC events primarily contribute to the Compton continuum and the low-energy tail of the photopeak. Thus, rejecting such events should not affect significantly the photopeak efficiency, but should improve the spectral response, e.g., the peak-to-Compton ratio, for a detector fabricated from material with relaxed crystal quality requirements. Such crystals are those currently available from vendors. The use of stronger ICC correlation-function rejection criteria can improve the energy resolution of these lower-quality crystals, but at the price of a loss in photoefficiency.
NULL ALLELE FREQUENCIES AT ALLOZYME LOCI IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

We have sampled a London population of Drosophila melanogaster for null alleles at twenty-five allozyme loci. The same loci and biochemical techniques were used as in our previous survey of a North Carolina population (Voelker et al. 1980). This second survey is completely concordant with the first. No nulls were detected among the five X-linked loci. The mean frequency of nulls at the twenty autosomal loci was 0.0023. Although there is significant interlocus heterogeneity, the two populations appear to have the same frequencies at each locus. This suggests that null alleles at these allozyme loci are in mutation-selection balance, and we estimate the average heterozygous effect of an allozyme null to be 0.0015. Consideration of allozyme null-allele frequencies, the effects of allozyme null alleles on viability and fertility and the generally greater amount of genetic variability at allozyme loci determined by electrophoresis lead us to doubt the validity of generalizing from allozyme data to the whole genome.