cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproducing kernels of Sobolev spaces via a green kernel approach with differential operators and boundary operators

We introduce a vector differential operator P and a vector boundary operator B to derive a reproducing kernel along with its associated Hilbert space which is shown to be embedded in a classical Sobolev space. This reproducing kernel is a Green kernel of differential operator L:?=?P ???T P with homogeneous or nonhomogeneous boundary conditions given by B, where we ensure that the distributional adjoint operator P ??? of P is well-defined in the distributional sense. We represent the inner product of the reproducing-kernel Hilbert space in terms of the operators P and B. In addition, we find relationships for the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the reproducing kernel and the operators with homogeneous or nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. These eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are used to compute a series expansion of the reproducing kernel and an orthonormal basis of the reproducing-kernel Hilbert space. Our theoretical results provide perhaps a more intuitive way of understanding what kind of functions are well approximated by the reproducing kernel-based interpolant to a given multivariate data sample.
Optical and infrared surface photometry of NGC 3077

Photoelectric U, B, and V, photovoltaic K, and four-filter CCD surface photometry of the small, M81-linked Irr II galaxy NGC 3077 are reported. The observations are compared with data from previous studies, and the mass, density, and optical depth ratios are determined for a prominent dust cloud near the center of the galaxy. These characteristics are found to be similar to those of galactic dust clouds associated with star-formation sites. The observed intensity distribution at various wavelengths indicates that NGC 3077 was an elliptical galaxy before its interaction with M81. During the interaction NGC 3077 acquired the interstellar material which is currently forming stars in its central regions. 46 references.
Synthesis of enantioenriched propargylic alcohols related to polyketide natural products. A comparison of methodologies.

Applications of methodology for the synthesis of propargylic alcohols related to polyketide natural products were examined. Noyori's asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of α-chiral alkynones was found to be highly selective and catalyst controlled. Additions of TMS acetylene to α-chiral aldehydes, catalyzed by a Ti(O-i-Pr)4−BINOL complex, were diastereoselective but substrate dependent.
Self-Stabilizing Algorithms for Tree Metrics

We present algorithms for finding the diameter, centroid(s), and median(s) for tree structured networks subject to transient faults. In our solutions, the system reaches its final correct configuration in a finite time after the faults cease. The fault-tolerance is achieved using Dijkstra's paradigm of self-stabilization. A self-stabilizing algorithm, regardless of the initial system configuration, converges, in finite time, to a set of legitimate configurations.
A supertwistor description of the massless superparticle in ten-dimensional superspace☆

Abstract Because of the mass-shell constraint P μ P μ = 0, the superparticle coordinates X μ , P μ , and θ a , can be replaced by supertwistor variables consisting of two bosonic SO(1,9) Majoranan-Weyl spinors and one fermionic SO(1,9) vector. In terms of these supertwistor variables, covariant quantization of the ten-dimensional superparticle is straightforward.
Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation of α,α-Difluoroketones with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides. A Route to Difluoromethylarenes

We report the Pd-catalyzed α-arylation of α,α-difluoroketones with aryl and heteroaryl bromides and chlorides catalyzed by an air- and moisture-stable palladacyclic complex containing P(t-Bu)Cy2 as ligand. The combination of this Pd-catalyzed arylation and base-induced cleavage of the acyl–aryl C–C bond within the α-aryl-α,α-difluoroketone constitutes a one-pot, two-step procedure to synthesize difluoromethylarenes from aryl halides. A broad range of electronically varied aryl and heteroaryl bromides and chlorides underwent these two transformations, providing α-aryl-α,α-difluoroketones, difluoromethylarenes, and difluoromethylheteroarenes in high yields.
Perspectives on utility central station photovoltaic applications

Abstract This report develops nominal cost and performance goals for solar photovoltaic conversion devices intended for large-scale electric utility applications. The objective is to provide an improved basis for establishing research and development priorities for photovoltaic devices and conversion concepts. Comparisons are made among a number of generic power plant conceptual designs, with the aid of an array design parameter that is defined to include array-area-related costs, overall power plant efficiency, and average available insolation. The analysis indicates that flat plate approaches without concentration or tracking have good prospects for commercial viability if device conversion efficiencies near 10 per cent can be combined with installed device costs under $20/m2 ($2/ft2) and device lifetimes in excess of 20 years. Thin-film approaches have potential for achieving these cost and performance goals because of low material content and potentially low fabrication costs. Very high efficiency devices coupled with concentrations in excess of about 100:1 represent a viable alternative if sufficiently high conversion efficiencies (25% or more) can be achieved. Such devices are likely to be expensive, but high concentration may make their costs acceptable. Several device types and converter approaches exist or have been proposed that have potential for reaching these efficiencies. In contrast to flat plate approaches, however, high-concentration approaches may have the disadvantage of requiring active cooling. Approaches employing low-to-medium concentration appear to have limited potential for large-scale applications. Required effieciencies are likely to be comparable to those needed for high-concentration approaches, but the concentration ratios are not likely to be high enough to make the photovoltaic device costs tolerable.
The geometry of implementation: a necessary and sufficient condition for straightforward games

We characterize games which induce truthful revelation of the players’ preferences, either as dominant strategies (straightforward games) or in Nash equilibria. Strategies are statements of individual preferences on Rn. Outcomes are social preferences. Preferences over outcomes are defined by a distance from a bliss point. We prove that g is straightforward if and only if g is locally constant or dictatorial (LCD), i.e., coordinate-wise either a constant or a projection map locally for almost all strategy profiles. We also establish that: (i) If a game is straightforward and respects unanimity, then the map g must be continuous, (ii) Straightforwardness is a nowhere dense property, (iii) There exist differentiable straightforward games which are non-dictatorial. (iv) If a social choice rule is Nash implementable, then it is straightforward and locally constant or dictatorial.
Highly tunable formation of nitrogen-vacancy centers via ion implantation

We demonstrate highly tunable formation of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers using 20 keV 15N+ ion implantation through arrays of high-resolution apertures fabricated with electron beam lithography. By varying the aperture diameters from 80 to 240 nm, as well as the average ion fluences from 5×1010 to 2 × 1011 ions/cm2, we can control the number of ions per aperture. We analyze the photoluminescence on multiple sites with different implantation parameters and obtain ion-to-NV conversion yields of 6%–7%, consistent across all ion fluences. The implanted NV centers have spin dephasing times T2* ∼ 3 μs, comparable to naturally occurring NV centers in high purity diamond with natural abundance 13C. With this technique, we can deterministically control the population distribution of NV centers in each aperture, allowing for the study of single or coupled NV centers and their integration into photonic structures.
Disentangling Disadvantage: Can We Distinguish Good Teaching From Classroom Composition?

This paper investigates the use of teacher value-added estimates to assess the distribution of effective teaching across students of varying socioeconomic disadvantage in the presence of classroom composition effects. We examine, via simulations, how accurately commonly-used teacher-value added estimators recover the rank correlation between true and estimated teacher effects and a parameter representing the distribution of effective teaching. We consider various scenarios of teacher assignment, within-teacher variability in classroom composition, importance of classroom composition effects, and presence of student unobserved heterogeneity. No single model recovers without bias estimates of the distribution parameter in all the scenarios we consider. Models that rank teacher effectiveness most accurately do not necessarily recover distribution parameter estimates with less bias. Since true teacher sorting in real data is seldom known, we recommend that analysts incorporate contextual information into their decisions about model choice and we offer some guidance on how to do so.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Heteroaryl Halides and Arylboronic Acids in Continuous Flow

General continuous-flow conditions for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of heteroaryl halides and (hetero)arylboronic acids have been developed. A wide range of heterobiaryl products is obtained in excellent yields (20 examples) employing low catalyst loadings (0.05–1.5 mol % Pd).
Supratentorial Malignant Gliomas in Childhood A Single Institution Perspective

✓ Twenty-seven patients aged 1 to 18 years harboring supratentorial (20 in the cerebrum and seven in the thalamus) malignant gliomas were treated between 1975 and 1982. There were four glioblastomas multiforme, 14 anaplastic astrocytomas, and nine malignant gliomas. All patients had a subtotal resection or biopsy as the initial procedure and received postoperative radiation therapy (RT). Fifteen of 27 patients were treated by RT alone; 14 had tumor progression with a median time to tumor progression (MTP) of 65 weeks. Twelve patients were treated with chemotherapy as an adjuvant to RT; only seven had tumor recurrence, with an MTP of 130 weeks. Of the 21 patients with recurrent tumors in both groups, 18 were treated with chemotherapy alone, or chemotherapy with a second surgical procedure or second course of RT. For all histological grades of tumor, the MTP for first recurrence was 75 weeks and the median survival time was 180 weeks. Age at initial diagnosis was found to be a statistically significant prog...
Overriding Felkin Control: A General Method for Highly Diastereoselective Chelation-Controlled Additions to α-Silyloxy Aldehydes

According to the Felkin−Anh and Cram-chelation models, nucleophilic additions to α-silyloxy aldehydes proceed through a nonchelation pathway due to the steric and electronic properties of the silyl group, giving rise to Felkin addition products. Herein we describe a general method to promote chelation-control in additions to α-silyloxy aldehydes. Dialkylzincs, functionalized dialkylzincs, and (E)-disubstituted, (E)-trisubstituted, and (Z)-disubstituted vinylzinc reagents add to silyl-protected α-hydroxy aldehydes with high selectivity for chelation-controlled products (dr of 10:1 to >20:1) in the presence of alkylzinc halides or triflates, RZnX. With the high functional group tolerance of organozinc reagents, the mild Lewis acidity of RZnX, and the excellent diastereoselectivities favoring the chelation-controlled products, this method will be useful in the synthesis of natural products. A mechanism involving chelation is supported by (1) NMR studies of a model substrate, (2) a dramatic increase in reacti...
Security Prices and Market Transparency

Abstract Many recommendations for reforming securities markets are predicated on the belief that providing information on order flow and other market variables to traders (i.e., increasingmarket transparency) will increase liquidity and improve price efficiency. This paper demonstrates that market transparency can actually increase price volatility and lower market liquidity. This occurs even though transparency increases the precision of traders' predictions about the asset's value. In a sufficiently large market, transparency always reduces volatility and improves market quality. We use these results to assess various policy proposals concerning the disclosure of trading information.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers:D82, D83, G12, G14.
Supernumerary Robotic Fingers: An Alternative Upper-Limb Prosthesis

Conventional prosthetic devices substitute lost human limbs with mechanical proxies to enable amputees perform daily chores. We present an alternative approach that may replace or supplement traditional upper-limb prostheses by utilizing and enhancing the functionality of the remaining healthy limb with a new type of wrist-mounted robot: the Supernumerary Robotic (SR) Fingers. These SR Fingers are naturally and implicitly coordinated with the motion of the human fingers to provide assistance in a variety of prehensile tasks that are usually too difficult to carry out with a single hand, such as grasping a large/oddly shaped object or taking the lid off a jar. A novel control algorithm, termed “Bio-Artificial Synergies”, is developed so the SR Fingers can share a work load and adapt to diverse task conditions just like the real fingers do. Through grasp experiments and data analysis, postural synergies were found for a seven-fingered hand comprised of two SR Fingers and five human fingers. The synergy-based control law was then extracted from the experimental data using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and tested on the SR Finger prototype on a number of common tasks to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of this new class of prosthetic device.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Highly reactive, general and long-lived catalysts for palladium-catalyzed amination of heteroaryl and aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides: scope and structure-activity relationships

We describe a systematic study of the scope and relationship between ligand structure and activity for a highly efficient and selective class of catalysts containing sterically hindered chelating alkylphosphines for the amination of heteroaryl and aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides. In the presence of this catalyst, aryl and heteroaryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides react with many primary amines in high yields with part-per-million quantities of palladium precursor and ligand. Many reactions of primary amines with both heteroaryl and aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides occur to completion with 0.0005-0.05 mol % catalyst. A comparison of the reactivity of this catalyst for the coupling of primary amines at these loadings is made with catalysts generated from hindered monophosphines and carbenes, and these data illustrate the benefits of chelation. Studies on structural variants of the most active catalyst indicate that a rigid backbone in the bidentate structure, strong electron donation, and severe hindrance all contribute to its high reactivity. Thus, these complexes constitute a fourth-generation catalyst for the amination of aryl halides, whose activity complements catalysts based on monophosphines and carbenes.
Synthesis of polyacenequinones via a benzo[2,3-c]furan

Abstract 1,3-Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4.7-diacetoxybenzo- (2,3-c)furan (3c) serves as a masked-dienophile/diene equivalent, which can elongate a 1,4-quinone by two rings. Elongation Involves a three step sequence of Diels-Alder reaction, dehydrative-aromatization. and oxidative unmasking of the dienophile. This elongation strategy has been used to sequentially convert napthoquinone to a tetracenetetrone and a hexacenetetrone.
Model of an active eddy current vibration control system

There exist many methods of adding damping to a vibrating structure; however, very few can function without ever coming into contact with that structure. One such method is eddy current damping. This magnetic damping scheme functions through the eddy currents that are generated in a conductive material when it is subjected to a time changing magnetic field. Due to the circulation of these currents, a magnetic field is generated that interacts with the applied field resulting in a force. In this manuscript, an active damper will be theoretically developed that functions by actively modifying the current flowing through a coil, thus generating a time varying magnetic field. By actively controlling the strength of the field around the conductor, the eddy currents induced and the resulting damping force can be controlled. This actuation method is easy to incorporate into the system and allows significant forces to be applied without every coming into contact with the structure. Therefore vibration control can be applied without inducing mass loading or added stiffness, which are downfalls of other methods. This manuscript will provide a theoretical derivation of the equations defining the electric fields generated and the dynamic forces induced in the structure. This derivation will show that when eddy current are generated due to a variation in the strength of the magnetic source the resulting force occurs at twice the frequency of the applied current. This frequency doubling effect will be experimentally verified. Furthermore, a feedback controller will be designed to account for the frequency doubling effect and simulated to show that significant vibration suppression the can be achieved with this technique.
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND CONSTRAINTS ON COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

We use a high-accuracy computational code to investigate the precision with which cosmological parameters could be reconstructed by future cosmic microwave background experiments. We focus on the two planned satellite missions: MAP and Planck. We identify several parameter combinations that could be determined with a few percent accuracy with the two missions, as well as some degeneracies among the parameters that cannot be accurately resolved with the temperature data alone. These degeneracies can be broken by other astronomical measurements. Polarization measurements can significantly enhance the science return of both missions by allowing a more accurate determination of some cosmological parameters, by enabling the detection of gravity waves and by probing the ionization history of the universe. We also address the question of how Gaussian the likelihood function is around the maximum and whether gravitational lensing changes the constraints.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2-Methyl-1,2-syn- and 2-Methyl-1,2-anti-3-butenediols via Allene Hydroboration−Aldehyde Allylboration Reaction Sequences

The hydroboration of allene 7 with (dIpc)2BH at 0 °C provides the kinetic allylborane 12Z with >20:1 selectivity. However, when the hydroboration is performed at 85 °C, the kinetically formed allylborane isomerizes to give the thermodynamic allylborane 12E with ≥12:1 selectivity. Subsequent treatment of 12Z or 12E with aldehydes at −78 °C, followed by oxidative workup, provides the 2-methyl-1,2-diols 8 and 9 in good yield and with 80−92% e.e.
Catalytic enantioselective diels-alder addition to furan provides a direct synthetic route to many chiral natural products

Abstract An oxazaborolidine derived from N-tosyl (αS,βR)-β-methyltryptophan (1)catalyzes the Diels-Alder reaction of 2-bromoacrolein and furan with 96:4 enantioselectivity, leading to an efficient synthesis of numerous chiral 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives.
IMAGING THE SOLAR TACHOCLINE BY TIME-DISTANCE HELIOSEISMOLOGY

The solar tachocline at the bottom of the convection zone is an important region for the dynamics of the Sun and the solar dynamo. In this region, the sound speed inferred by global helioseismology exhibits a bump of approximately 0.4% relative to the standard solar model. Global helioseismology does not provide any information on possible latitudinal variations or asymmetries between the northern and southern hemisphere. Here, we develop a time-distance helioseismology technique, including surface- and deep-focusing measurement schemes and a combination of both, for two-dimensional tomographic imaging of the solar tachocline that infers radial and latitudinal variations in the sound speed. We test the technique using artificial solar oscillation data obtained from numerical simulations. The technique successfully recovers major features of the simplified tachocline models. The technique is then applied to SOHO/MDI medium-l data and provides for the first time a full two-dimensional sound-speed perturbation image of the solar tachocline. The one-dimensional radial profile obtained by latitudinal averaging of the image is in good agreement with the previous global helioseismology result. It is found that the amplitude of the sound-speed perturbation at the tachocline varies with latitude, but it is not clear whether this is in part or fully an effect of instrumental distortion. Our initial results demonstrate that time-distance helioseismology can be used to probe the deep interior structure of the Sun, including the solar tachocline.
18 bit digital to analog conversion

In many control applications it is necessary to convert the digital output from a computer to a proportional voltage to effect control. Incremental changes in this analog voltage become relatively smaller as the number of significant digits is increased, until a point is reached where it is not possible to distinguish between voltages caused by the smallest incremental number change.
Computing a Selmer group of a Jacobian using functions on the curve

In general, algorithms for computing the Selmer group of the Jacobian of a curve have relied on either homogeneous spaces or functions on the curve. We present a theoretical analysis of algorithms which use functions on the curve, and show how to exploit special properties of curves to generate new Selmer group computation algorithms. The success of such an algorithm will be based on two criteria that we discuss. To illustrate the types of properties which can be exploited, we develop a $(1-\zeta_{p})$-Selmer group computation algorithm for the Jacobian of a curve of the form $y^{p}=f(x)$ where $p$ is a prime not dividing the degree of $f$. We compute Mordell-Weil ranks of the Jacobians of three curves of this form. We also compute a 2-Selmer group for the Jacobian of a smooth plane quartic curve using bitangents of that curve, and use it to compute a Mordell-Weil rank.
Small forcing creates neither strong nor Woodin cardinals

After small forcing, almost every strongness embedding is the lift of a strongness embedding in the ground model. Consequently, small forcing creates neither strong nor Woodin cardinals.
Excluding light gluinos from Z decays

Abstract We reanalyze the constraints on light gluinos ( m g ≤ 5 GeV /c 2 ) from the hadronic Z decays into four jets. We find that the published OPAL data from the 1991 and 1992 runs exclude a light quasi-stable gluino with mass ≲ 1.5 GeV/ c 2 at more than 90% confidence level. This limit depends little on assumptions about the gluino fragmentation and the definition of the gluino mass. The exclusion confidence level is shown as a function of the mass. A future projection is briefly discussed. We also discuss quantitatively how the distributions in the Bengtsson-Zerwas and the modified Nachtmann-Reiter angles change due to the finite bottom quark or gluino mass. The analysis is limited to the leading-order calculations. We, however, give an empirical reason to why the next-to-leading-order corrections are unlikely to change our conclusions.
Photovoltaic systems for current and future applications

This article examines photovoltaic power system applications, including remote standalone, dispersed grid-connected, and large generation centers. Photovoltaic system options for both current and future applications are described and costs for each of these options are developed. The results of this examination show that future applications will utilize the system technology available today and sub-system technology advances can be accommodated through minor system changes.
Rate control for robust video transmission over wireless channels

Video transmission over wireless links is an emerging application which involves a time-varying channel. Compared to other transmission media, wireless links suffer from limited bandwidth, and are more likely to see their performance degrade due to multipath fading. Therefore error control mechanisms, which can achieve better video quality with the available bandwidth and recover from the errors due to the channel degradation, are very important in wireless video transmission systems. Many of the proposed wireless communications systems are likely to be two-way so that a return channel can convey information to the transmitter about the channel state. Recent research has considered ways of improving the transmission reliability by making use of the feedback channel for 'closed loop' error control, including various forms of retransmission. In this paper we propose a rate control algorithm based on dynamic programming combined with automatic repeat request (ARQ) as the error control mechanism. We formalize the constraints imposed by the real-time characteristics of video. We show how when an appropriate model for the channel is available, the overall robustness of the systems can be improved through rate control at the source using the channel state information conveyed by the ARQ acknowledgement.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chiral cyclopropanes: Asymmetric synthesis of constanolactones A and B

Abstract The title marine eicosanoids were prepared using a novel, stereoselective bis-annulation to create the characteristic cyclopropane-δ-lactone motif.
Probabilistic Sustainability of Public Debt: A Vector Autoregression Approach for Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey

This paper examines the sustainability of fiscal policy under uncertainty in three emerging market countries—Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey. For each country, we estimate a vector autoregression that includes fiscal and macroeconomic variables. Retrospectively, a historical decomposition shows by how much debt accumulation reflects unsustainable policy, adverse shocks, or both. Prospectively, Monte Carlo techniques reveal the primary surplus required to keep the debt-GDP ratio from rising in all but the worst 50, 25, and 10 percent of circumstances. Such a value-at-risk approach presents a clearer menu of policy options than do frameworks currently in use.
Results on Tau Physics from Babar

Recent results on tau physics from BABAR are reviewed. Limits on lepton-flavor violation in the tau decay process {tau}{sup -} {yields} {ell}{sup -}{ell}{sup +}{ell}{sup -} are presented based on 91.6 fb{sup -1} of data. In all six decay modes considered, the numbers of events found in data are compatible with the background expectations, and upper limits on the branching fractions are set in the range (1-3) x 10{sup -7} at 90% CL. A preliminary measurement of the .ve prong branching fraction based on 110.7 fb{sup -1} of data is presented with the result {Beta}({tau}{sup -} {yields} 3h{sup -}2h{sup +}{nu}{sub {tau}}) = (8.52 {+-} 0.09 {+-} 0.40) x 10{sup -4} . A preliminary measurement of the tau lifetime based on 30 fb{sup -1} of data is presented where a lifetime of 290.8 {+-} 1.5 {+-} 1.6 fs is measured.
Constraints on the Origin of Manganese from the Composition of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy and the Galactic Bulge

The trend of [Mn/Fe] in the Galactic bulge follows the solar neighborhood relation, but most stars in the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy show [Mn/Fe] deficient by ~0.2 dex. This leads us to conclude that the Mn yields from both Type Ia and Type II supernovae (SNe) are metallicity dependent. Our observations militate against the idea, suggested by Gratton, that Mn is overproduced by Type Ia SNe, relative to Type II SNe. We predict Mn/Fe ratios, lower than the solar neighborhood relation, for the younger populations of nearly all dwarf galaxies, and that Mn/Fe ratios may be useful for tracing the accretion of low-mass satellites into the Milky Way.
Halo model at its best: constraints on conditional luminosity functions from measured galaxy statistics

Using the conditional luminosity function (CLF; the luminosity distribution of galaxies in a dark matter halo) as the fundamental building block, we present an empirical model for the galaxy distribution. The model predictions are compared with the published luminosity function (LF) and clustering statistics from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) at low redshifts, galaxy correlation functions from the Classifying Objects by Medium-Band Observations 17 (COMBO-17) survey at a redshift of 0.6, the Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe 2 (DEEP2) survey at a redshift of unity, the Great Observatories Deep Origins Survey (GOODS) at a redshift around 3 and the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field data at a redshift of 4. The comparison with statistical measurements allows us to constrain certain parameters related to analytical descriptions on the relation between a dark matter halo and its central galaxy luminosity, its satellite galaxy luminosity, and the fraction of early- and late-type galaxies of that halo. With the SDSS r-band LF at M r M sat , using SDSS data, we find that M sat = (1.2 +2.9 -1.1 ) x 10 13 h -1 M ○. and power-law slope β s = 0.56 +0.19 -0.17 for galaxies with M r < -17 at z < 0.1. At z ∼ 0.6, the COMBO-17 data allows these parameters for M B < -18 galaxies to be constrained as (3.3 +4.0 -3.0 ) x 10 13 h -1 M ○. and (0.62 +0.33 -0.27 ), respectively. At z ∼ 4, Subaru measurements constrain these parameters for M B < -18.5 galaxies as (4.12 +5.90 -4.08 ) x 10 12 h -1 M ○. and (0.55 +0.32 -0.35 ), respectively. The redshift evolution associated with these parameters can be described as a combination of the evolution associated with the halo mass function and the luminosity-halo mass relation. The single parameter well constrained by clustering measurements is the average of the total satellite galaxy luminosity corresponding to the dark matter halo distribution probed by the galaxy sample. For SDSS, (L sat ) = (2.1 +0.8 -0.4 ) x 10 10 h -2 L ○. , while for GOODS at z ∼ 3, (L sat ) < 2 x 10 11 h -2 L ○. . For SDSS, the fraction of galaxies that appear as satellites is 0.13 +0.03 -0.03 , 011 +0.05 -0.02 , 0.11 +0.12 -0.03 and 0.12 +0.33 -0.05 for galaxies with luminosities in the r' band from -22 to -21, -21 to -20, -20 to -19 and -19 to -18, respectively. In addition to constraints on central and satellite CLFs, we also determine model parameters of the analytical relations that describe the fraction of early- and late-type galaxies in dark matter haloes. We use our CLFs to establish the probability distribution of halo mass in which galaxies of a given luminosity could be found either at halo centres or as satellites. Finally, to help establish further properties of the galaxy distribution, we propose the measurement of cross-clustering between galaxies divided into two distinctly different luminosity bins. Our analysis shows how CLFs provide a stronger foundation to built-up analytical models of the galaxy distribution when compared with models based on the halo occupation number alone.
Some computational aspects of circumscription

The effects of circumscribing first-order formulas are explored from a computational standpoint. First, extending work of V. Lifschitz, it is Shown that the circumscription of any existential first-order formula is equivalent to a first-order formula. After this, it is established that a set of universal Horn clauses has a first-order circumscription if and only if it is bounded (when considered as a logic program); thus it is undecidable to tell whether such formulas have first-order circumscription. Finally, it is shown that there arefirst-order formulas whode circumscription has a coNP-complete model-checking problem.
A New Spiral Arm of the Galaxy: The Far 3 kpc Arm

We report the detection in CO of the far-side counterpart of the well-known expanding 3 kpc arm in the central region of the Galaxy. In a CO longitude-velocity map at b = 0° the far 3 kpc arm can be followed over at least 20° of Galactic longitude as a faint lane at positive velocities running parallel to the near arm. The far arm crosses l = 0° at +56 km s−1, quite symmetric with the –53 km s−1 expansion velocity of the near arm. In addition to their symmetry in longitude and velocity, we find that the two arms have line widths (~21 km s−1), linear scale heights (~103 pc FWHM), and H2 masses per unit length (~4.3 × 106 M☉ kpc−1) that agree to 26% or better. Guided by the CO, we have also identified the far arm in high-resolution 21 cm data and find, subject to the poorly known CO-to-H2 ratio in these objects, that both arms are predominately molecular by a factor of 3-4. The detection of these symmetric expanding arms provides strong support for the existence of a bar at the center of our Galaxy and should allow better determination of the bar's physical properties.
Sigmoid CME source regions at the Sun: some recent results

Identifying Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) precursors in the solar corona would be an important step in space weather forecasting, as well as a vital key to understanding the physics of CMEs. Twisted magnetic field structures are suspected of being the source of at least some CMEs. These features can appear sigmoid (S or inverse-S) shaped in soft X-ray (SXR) images. We review recent observations of these structures and their relation to CMEs, using soft X-ray (SXR) data from the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on the Yohkoh satellite, and EUV data from the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the SOHO satellite. These observations indicate that the pre-eruption sigmoid patterns are more prominent in SXRs than in EUV, and that sigmoid precursors are present in over 50% of CMEs. These findings are important for CME research, and may potentially be a major component to space weather forecasting. So far, however, the studies have been subject to restrictions that will have to be relaxed before sigmoid morphology can be used as a reliable predictive tool. Moreover, some CMEs do not display a SXR sigmoid structure prior to eruption, and some others show no prominent SXR signature of any kind before or during eruption.
Isolation, spectroscopic properties, and electrochemical properties of two oligomeric silicon phthalocyanines

Nouvelle methode de synthese de (n-C 6 H 13 )SiO(SiPcO) 2 Si(n-C 6 H 13 ) et methode d'isolement de (n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 SiO(SiPcO) 3 Si(n-C 6 H 13 ) et (n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 SiO(SiPcO) 4 Si(n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 d'un melange contenant ces deux oligomeres. Spectres RMN bien resolus pour ces trois oligomeres et (n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 SiOSiPcOSi(n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 . Etude electrochimique de la serie (n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 SiO(SiPcO) n Si(n-C 6 H 13 ) 3 ou n=1-4
Synthesis of a rigid and optically active poly(BINAP) and its application in asymmetric catalysis

Abstract The first rigid and sterically regular chiral poly[2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl] [poly(BINAP)] is synthesized. The application of this polymer ligand in asymmetric hydrogenations is examined. High enantioselectivity for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones is achieved. The catalytic properties of the poly(BINAP)-based catalysts are very similar to those of the BINAP catalysts. This study further demonstrates that rigid and sterically regular polymer structures are able to preserve the catalytic properties of monomer catalysts.
The molecular structure of the interface between water and a hydrophobic substrate is liquid-vapor like

With molecular simulation for water and a tunable hydrophobic substrate, we apply the instantaneous interface construction [A. P. Willard and D. Chandler, "Instantaneous liquid interfaces," J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 1954-1958 (2010)] to examine the similarity between a water-vapor interface and a water-hydrophobic surface interface. We show that attractive interactions between a hydrophobic surface and water affect capillary wave fluctuations of the instantaneous liquid interface, but these attractive interactions have essentially no effect on the intrinsic interface. The intrinsic interface refers to molecular structure in terms of distances from the instantaneous interface. Further, the intrinsic interface of liquid water and a hydrophobic substrate differs little from that of water and its vapor. The same is not true, we show, for an interface between water and a hydrophilic substrate. In that case, strong directional substrate-water interactions disrupt the liquid-vapor-like interfacial hydrogen bonding network.
THREE-PRONGED STRINGS AND 1/4 BPS STATES IN N = 4 SUPER-YANG-MILLS THEORY

Abstract We provide an explicit construction of 1 4 BPS states in four-dimensional N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory with a gauge group SU(3). These states correspond to three-pronged strings connecting three D3-branes. We also find curves of marginal stability in the moduli space of the theory, at which the above states can decay into two 1/2 BPS states.
Enthalpies of hydrogenation of the hexenes

Abstract The enthalpies of hydrogenation are given for all isomers of hexene. The enthalpy of isomerization of 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene to 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene is discussed in relation to the enthalpies of endocyclic isomerization of methylenecyclopentane and methylenecyclohexane to the corresponding methylcycloalk-1-enes, which have also been determined by hydrogen thermochemistry.
Twisted graded Hecke algebras

Abstract We generalize graded Hecke algebras to include a twisting two-cocycle for the associated finite group. We give examples where the parameter spaces of the resulting twisted graded Hecke algebras are larger than that of the graded Hecke algebras. We prove that twisted graded Hecke algebras are particular types of deformations of a crossed product.
Intrusion detection with mobile agents

Implementing an effective intrusion detection capability is an elusive goal, not solved easily or with a single mechanism. However, we argue that mobile agent technology goes a long way toward realizing the ideal behavior desired in an intrusion detection system (IDS). This paper discusses various ways in which mobile agents could be applied to the problem of detecting and responding to intrusions. The paper looks not only at the benefits derived from mobility, but also at those associated with software agents in general. After exploring these benefits, we outline a number of ways to apply mobile agent technology in addressing the shortcomings of current IDS designs and implementations, and delineate the associated security issues involved. We also look at several new approaches for automated responses to an intrusion, once detected.
Nucleosynthesis and remnants in massive stars of solar metallicity

Abstract Hans Bethe contributed in many ways to our understanding of the supernovae that happen in massive stars, but, to this day, a first principles model of how the explosion is energized is lacking. Nevertheless, a quantitative theory of nucleosynthesis is possible. We present a survey of the nucleosynthesis that occurs in 32 stars of solar metallicity in the mass range 12– 120 M ⊙ . The most recent set of solar abundances, opacities, mass loss rates, and current estimates of nuclear reaction rates are employed. Restrictions on the mass cut and explosion energy of the supernovae based upon nucleosynthesis, measured neutron star masses, and light curves are discussed and applied. The nucleosynthetic results, when integrated over a Salpeter initial mass function (IMF), agree quite well with what is seen in the sun. We discuss in some detail the production of the long lived radioactivities, 26Al and 60Fe, and why recent model-based estimates of the ratio 60 Fe / 26 Al are overly large compared with what satellites have observed. A major source of the discrepancy is the uncertain nuclear cross sections for the creation and destruction of these unstable isotopes.
High voltage modulator for pulsed ion implantation

Abstract Pulsed ion implantation is a relatively new technique which under appropriate application would be economically superior to the conventional line of sight ion implantation process. Such a system requires a high voltage pulse modulator with certain specifications for its waveform. This paper describes a low cost and reliable high voltage pulse modulator whose design is based on R - C circuits and uses triggered spark-gaps for switching. Oscilloscope traces of the output pulse indicate the success of this design in fulfilling the waveform requirements. Furthermore, this pulse modulator was used in the pulse implantation of aluminium with nitrogen ions.
Mechanical loss processes in polysaccharides

Dynamic mechanical properties of cellophane, amylose, and dextran have been obtained over the temperature range 100–520°K and frequency range 10−2 to 10+2 Hz on specimens containing various amounts of water. Four mechanical transitions have been characterized. At about 180°K, there is a γ transition that has been assigned to rotation of methylol groups; no comparable transition was found to exist in dextran. At about 240°K, there is a β transition that has been assigned to rotation of methylol–water complexes, but the β transition in dextran appears to be due to some other kind of motion. In cellophane at about 450°K there is an α2 transition which appears to have contributions from motion of chain segments in disordered regions. The α1 transition for cellophane occurs at temperatures too high to measure and may be due to segmental motions in chains within crystalline regions. Dextran and amylose were found to have at these same temperatures α loss processes that probably correspond to glass–rubber transitions in amorphous material. The changes in these mechanical loss mechanisms due to moisture uptake suggest that sorbed water associates with glucose repeat units in ways ranging from those which stiffen molecular structure to those which allow greater freedom for other types of motion to occur.
Obesity Is Not Predictive of Overall Survival Following Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose:To evaluate the impact of obesity on cause-specific (CSS), biochemical progression-free (bPFS), and overall survival (OS) following prostate brachytherapy.Materials and Methods:From April 1995 through March 2003, 1093 consecutive patients underwent brachytherapy for clinical T1b-T3a (2002 AJ
Closing The Lid On Dna End-to-end Stacking Interactions

Recent experiments suggest that short DNA strands associate by end-to-end stacking. The stacking of hydrophobic ends of double-strand DNA molecules may provide the favorable free energy required for association. Here, we report interactions between DNAs with modified ends. DNA duplexes, 20 bp long, were capped with short T4 loops at 2, 1 or 0 ends, and were placed in solutions dialyzed against buffer containing 20mM Mg2+. Association was not observed in constructs with both ends capped. DNA-DNA interactions were characterized by measuring variations in small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curves at the lowest scattering angles. Second virial coefficients were computed from the SAXS data to further confirm that end-to-end stacking plays an important role in short strand DNA-DNA interactions.
Profile of a relativistic electron beam propagated through a linear wiggler and an axial guide field

The density and parallel temperature of an electron beam passing through a magnetic guide field and a linear wiggler are determined as functions of distance from the anode. Starting with a given beam emittance and phase-space distribution at the anode, single-particle orbits are employed to propagate the beam along the drift tube. Finite-gyro-orbit effects induce substantial modulation in density. Additionally, the evolution of an initial spread in the parallel speed of the electrons is sensitively dependent on the wiggler strength and contributes to further density fluctuation. The beam's parallel temperature, a critical factor in determining laser efficiency and gain, is found to increase significantly when the wiggler strength is raised.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases as potential therapeutic targets

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTP1B is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTP1B, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2(SHP2), lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases (STEP), mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 (PRL), low molecular weight PTPs (LMWPTP), and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
A prototype system for interactive data analysis

The analysis of small and simple data collections is commonly accomplished through the application of "canned" statistical analysis programs. For larger more complex data collections, however, such programs often do not satisfy a researcher's needs. In these cases, the additional use of specially developed computer programs may be necessary. These programs frequently require modification and reformatting of data to meet their input requirements. These additional complexities are compounded when a researcher attempts to investigate alternative hypotheses or pursue hunches requiring further transformations or restructuring of the original data collection. Often, this process involves the services of a professional programmer making repeated program modifications and computer runs.
Thermochemistry of a New Class of Materials Containing Dinitrogen Pairs in an Oxide Matrix

A series of N 2 -containing perovskite phases was prepared in the La-(Ba)-Ti-O system in order to study the dinitrogen retention phenomenon from a thermochemical viewpoint. High-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry was undertaken to determine the energetics of the corresponding starting oxynitrides, intermediate phases, and oxides. Calorimetric results show that nitrogen is weakly bound within the oxide matrix and most of the enthalpy of oxidation of the intermediate phase is devoted to its structure change between the starting perovskite structure and the formation of a layered-perovskite La2Ti2O7 oxide.
Charge injection across a metal-organic interface suppressed by thermal diffusion

We find that the ohmic conductance of Co-phthalocyanine (CoPc) vertical capacitive devices is irreversibly suppressed by orders of magnitude when they are heated above 340 K. Detailed structural and transport studies imply that the changes in the conductance are due to diffusion of the top Pd electrode into the CoPc layer. This leads to a decrease in Pd electrode effective work function, which increases the potential barrier for hole injection.