cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Welfare Function Using "Relative Intensity" of Preference

Two separate problems appear to be associated with attempts to formulate voting processes or social welfare functions that incorporate "intensity" of preference. The first is that of identifying a measure for intensity of preference. The second problem is that of incorporating the measure into a voting process. In this paper the former problem is ignored. It is assumed that a measure of "relative intensity" has been chosen and that this measure has the properties of the positive real numbers.
From and migration of sand waves in a large estuary, Long Island Sound

Abstract Sand waves occur in eastern Long Island Sound with heights up to 4 m and lengths to 100 m. The waves do not form if either more than 10% mud or 12% coarse sand is present in the sediment. Mud suppresses wave formation by increasing the cohesion of the sediment. Sand-wave shape is independent of the water depth, d , provided the sand-wave height, H , is smaller than 0.86 d 1.19 . Both symmetric and asymmetric wave forms are present. Observation of the migration of sand waves by repeated bathymetric surveys indicates a net sand flux greater than 0.01 cm 3 cm −1 sec −1 in the direction faced by the steep slopes of the waves (i.e. westward, into the Sound). Under this sand flux, waves more than 30 cm high will not be measurably altered by a reversal of the semidiurnal tidal current.
The Complexity of Deciding Strictly Non-Blocking Concentration and Generalized-Concentration Properties

Concentrators and generalized-concentrators are interconnection networks that provide respectively pairwise vertex-disjoint directed paths and trees to satisfy interconnection requests. An interconnection network is non-blocking in the strict sense if every compatible interconnection request can be satisfied by a path regardless of any existing interconnections. We present polynomial time computational complexity results for deciding the strictly non-blocking concentration and generalized-concentration properties with small depth, by using b-matching techniques.
A New Human Selenium-containing Protein PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND cDNA SEQUENCE

Selenium which occurs in proteins as the amino acid, selenocysteine, is essential for numerous biological processes and for human health. A prominent 75Se-labeled protein detected in human T-cells migrated as a 15-kDa band by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein subunit was purified and subjected to tryptic digestion and peptide sequence analyses. Sequences of tryptic peptides derived from the protein corresponded to a human placental gene sequence containing an open reading frame of 162 residues and a readthrough in-frame TGA codon. Three different peptide sequences of the 15-kDa protein corresponded to a nucleotide sequence located downstream of this codon, suggesting that the T-cell 15-kDa selenoprotein contains a selenocysteine residue encoded by TGA. Post-translational processing of the N-terminal portion of the predicted gene product to give the 15-kDa protein was suggested on the basis of molecular mass, amino acid analysis, and immunoblot assays of the purified protein. The 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the gene encoding the 15-kDa protein contained a sequence that is very similar to the canonical selenocysteine-inserting sequence element. Computer analysis of transcript map data bases indicated that this gene was located on human chromosome 1. Its coding sequence showed no homology to known protein-encoding genes. The 15-kDa protein gene was expressed as mRNA in a wide range of tissues, with increased levels in the thyroid, parathyroid, and prostate-derived cells as evidenced by searches of partial cDNA sequences in public data bases. Genes corresponding to the 15-kDa selenocysteine-containing protein were found in mice and rats, while the corresponding genes in Caenorhabditis elegans and Brugia malayi contained a cysteine codon in place of TGA. The discovery of a new human selenoprotein provides an additional example of the role of selenium in mammalian systems.
Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors

Integrated photonics has been slated as a revolutionary technology with the potential to mitigate the many challenges associated with on- and off-chip electrical interconnection networks. To date, all proposed chip-scale photonic interconnects have been based on the crystalline silicon platform for CMOS-compatible fabrication. However, maintaining CMOS compatibility does not preclude the use of other CMOS-compatible silicon materials such as silicon nitride and polycrystalline silicon. In this work, we investigate utilizing devices based on these deposited materials to design photonic networks with multiple layers of photonic devices. We apply rigorous device optimization and insertion loss analysis on various network architectures, demonstrating that multilayer photonic networks can exhibit dramatically lower total insertion loss, enabling unprecedented bandwidth scalability. We show that significant improvements in waveguide propagation and waveguide crossing insertion losses resulting from using these materials enables the realization of topologies that were previously not feasible using only the single-layer crystalline silicon approaches.
Archaeal Diversity and the Prevalence of Crenarchaeota in Salt Marsh Sediments

Crenarchaeal 16S rRNA sequences constituted over 70% of the archaeal clones recovered from three salt marsh sites dominated by different grasses. Group I.1a Crenarchaeota dominated at two sites, while group I.3b Crenarchaeota sequences were most abundant at a third site. Abundances of 16S rRNA genes related to “Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus” differed by site and sampling date.
Friction in Fibrous Materials: Part I: Structural Model

The classical laws of friction adequately describe the behavior of materials that deform plastically but fail to do so in fibers that deform viscoelastically. This paper presents a structural model that characterizes friction in fibrous materials. The theory is general and can account for the behavior of a wide range of materials. The model provides a theoretical base for the empirical equation F = aNn, which has been fitted successfully to experimental data from previous investigations. It gives theoretical meaning to the indices a and n, which heretofore were empirical constants, and brings out the factors, structural as well as procedural, that affect their values. The factors affecting friction in fibers are shown to fall in two main groups, one governing the morphology of contact and the other the mechanical properties of the junctions. A detailed discussion of these factors is given in this paper. The results of an experimental investigation, where acrylic and polypropylene yarns varying systematica...
Comparing Measurement Error Between Two Different Methods of Measurement of Various Magnitudes

Measurement error is a common problem in several fields of research such as medicine, physiology, and exercise science. The standard deviation of repeated measurements on the same person is the measurement error. One way of presenting measurement error is called the repeatability, which is 2.77 multiplied by the within subject standard deviation. In this article, the two different repeatabilities obtained from two different protocols or “tests” are statistically compared. Briefly, the squared differences between protocols are natural log transformed to achieve normality and compared with a paired t-test. The natural log transformation guarantees that the squared differences follow a normal distribution. When more than two repeatabilities are compared from more than two protocols or “tests,” repeated-measures ANOVA comparing the log transformation of the squared differences is used. When comparing repeatabilities between protocols and between different magnitudes of measurement, repeated-measures ANOVA com...
‘I am a colored woman’: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya in the United States, 1939–1941

In the midst of the Second World War, feminist, socialist, and anti-colonial activist Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya spent 18 months travelling and speaking in the United States. She aimed to increase American support for Indian independence, while establishing connections with American feminists and African Americans, and defending the rights of women and people of colour throughout the world. Kamaladevi championed a coloured cosmopolitanism that defied narrow, chauvinist definitions of race, religion, or nation, while simultaneously encouraging the unity of ‘coloured’ peoples. She envisioned Indian independence as a crucial step toward the liberation of the entire ‘coloured world’. By sharing her expansive understanding of coloured solidarity with her Indian readers, Kamaladevi contributed to the knowledge and persistence with which Indians criticized American racism. India's independence, coupled with the rise of the Cold War, endowed Indian criticism of American racial oppression with new power. Beginning ...
The use of neuroimaging to study behavior in patients with epilepsy

Structural and functional neuroimaging continues to play an increasing role in the presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy. In addition to its value in localizing the epileptogenic zone and eloquent cortex, neuroimaging is contributing to our understanding of mood comorbidity in epilepsy. Although the vast majority of research has focused on patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), neuroimaging studies of patients with extratemporal epilepsy and primary generalized epilepsy are increasing in number. In this review, structural and functional imaging modalities that have received considerable research attention in recent years are reviewed, and their strengths and limitations for understanding behavior in epilepsy are assessed. In addition, advances in multimodal imaging are discussed along with their potential application to the presurgical evaluation of patients with seizure disorders.
Opportunities and limitations in low earth subsonic testing for qualification of extraterrestrial supersonic parachute designs

Parachutes for Mars and other planetary missions often need to operate at supersonic speeds in very low density atmospheres. Flight testing of such parachutes at appropriate conditions in the Earth's atmosphere is possible at high altitudes.
Contraception in primary care - Embracing the Institute of Medicine challenge

The IOM recommends including contraception among the preventive services for women to be covered without patient cost sharing. Reforms in medical education and primary care delivery are needed to ensure safe, effective, and appropriate contraceptive care.
Pb-isotopic compositions of volcanic rocks in the West and East Philippine island arcs: presence of the Dupal isotopic anomaly

Abstract The Philippine islands are situated between two oppositely dipping zones of seismicity. With the exception of a few areas, such as in the west central Philippines where the North Palawan continental terrane (NPCT) has collided with the archipelago, these seismic zones are well defined to depths of 200 km. Active volcanic chains overlay segments in each of these zones, suggesting that subduction is presently taking place both east and west of the islands. Lavas we have studied are thus divided between what has been termed the West Philippine arc and the East Philippine arc. West Philippine arc volcanic rocks which were extruded before the Philippine archipelago collided with the NPCT, or which are younger than the collision but crop out hundreds of kilometers from the collision zone, and all but one of the rocks from the East Philippine arc fall in the MORB field on207Pb/204Pb versus206Pb/204Pb covariation diagrams. This is surprising considering the frequency with which arc materials have207Pb/204Pb ratios higher than those of MORB, the highBa/REE and Sr/REE ratios in the lavas and the possibility of sediment subduction given the small accretionary prisms. All of these rocks have high208Pb/204Pb ratios with respect to Pacific and Atlantic Ocean MORB, but are similar to Indian Ocean MORB and IOB. Thus the Philippines consist of island arcs with the peculiar Dupal isotopic anomaly documented between 0° and 60°S in the southern hemisphere and particularly in the Indian Ocean region. This demonstrates that the Dupal isotopic anomaly is not restricted to the southern hemisphere, or to MORB and OIB. Post-collision rocks cropping out near the NPCT, in the West Philippine arc, have elevated208Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb ratios that could be attributed to assimilation of the newly introduced continental crust (NPCT) by mantle-derived magmas or to the addition of a sedimentary component to mantle-derived magmas.
Hot flash experience in men with prostate cancer: a concept analysis.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To provide a clear definition of the hot flash experience in men with prostate cancer receiving hormonal treatment. DATA SOURCES Articles, book chapters, and electronic sources. DATA SYNTHESIS The hot flash experience has not been explored previously in men with prostate cancer. The physiologic and psychological scopes of the phenomenon are described as a multidimensional experience. CONCLUSIONS The essential attributes of hot flashes in men consist of physiologic (e.g., warmth, sweating, chills) and psychological (e.g., anxiety, impaired memory, agitation) factors. Antecedents to the experience include demographics, disease, and treatment modality. Consequences include effects on sleep, cognition, and health-related quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Evaluation of the hot flash experience in men receiving hormonal ablation should include assessment of the symptoms associated with the treatment modality and nursing interventions to help ameliorate symptoms. Future research is needed to focus on providing symptom management to decrease the severity or prevent the occurrence of multiple symptoms related to androgen ablation therapy.
Topical Review Article: Etiology of Stroke in Children

Cerebrovascular disorders are more common than once suspected, and our ability to diagnose stroke in children has improved with the development of newer imaging techniques in recent years. Children have a wide array of risk factors that promote cerebral infarction or hemorrhage, and a likely cause can eventually be pinpointed in about two thirds of patients if a thorough diagnostic evaluation is performed. Ideally, a systematic evaluation should confirm the presence of a cerebrovascular lesion and also identify the cause, concentrating initially on the more common or treatable risk factors. Recognition of the cause of a child's stroke is important, because the likelihood of recurrence depends largely on the etiology and whether treatment is available.
Fixing FERC's Order No. 745

While the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's landmark ruling provides strong stimulus for demand response resources in wholesale electricity markets, extensive testing of the Order's net benefits test reveals several significant shortcomings. A couple of improvements can remedy these shortcomings without altering the nature of the Order.
Absorption spectra of acetylene and acetylene-d2 in the vacuum ultraviolet☆

Abstract The absorption spectra of acetylene and acetylene- d 2 have been photographed at high dispersion in the 1280 to 1520A region. The vibrational structure of two Rydberg transitions at 65814 cm −1 (3 R - A ) and 74498 cm −1 (3 R ′- A ) previously reported by Price has been analyzed. Both of these transitions possess simple vibrational structure composed of only totally symmetric vibrations and must, therefore, be linear or very nearly so. However, a third transition ( C - A ) involving a trans-bent upper state has been found at 74747 cm −1 and, in addition, a fourth transition ( B - A ) at 74622 cm −1 involving a trans-bent and twisted upper state has been identified. The vibration identified in state 3 R is (C 2 H 2 ): ν 2 ( σ g ) = 1849 cm −1 ; (C 2 D 2 ): ν 2 ( σ g ) = 1720 cm −1 . Those in state 3 R ′ are 3 R ′ are (C 2 H 2 ) ν 1 ( σ g ) = 2748 cm −1 , ν 2 ( σ g ) = 1781 cm −1 and ν 4 ( π g ) = 393 cm −1 ; (C 2 D 2 ); ν 1 ( σ g ) = 2053 cm −1 , ν 2 ( σ g ) = 1559 cm −1 and ν 4 ( π g ) = 302 cm −1 . The four vibrations identified in state B are (C 2 H 2 ): ν 1 ( a g ) = 2808 cm −1 ν 2 ( a g ) = 1500 cm −1 , ν 3 ( a g ) = 759 cm −1 and ν 5 ( a u ) = 630 cm −1 ; (C 2 D 2 ): ν 1 ( a g ) = 2303 cm −1 , ν 2 ( a g ) = 1342 cm −1 , ν 3 ( a g ) = 635 cm −1 and ν 5 ( a u ) = 438 cm −1 . The ν 4 ( b u ) vibration has also been tentatively identified with magnitudes ∼1880 cm −1 (C 2 H 2 ) and ∼1100 cm −1 (C 2 D 2 ). In state C two vibrations are identified with magnitudes (C 2 H 2 ): ν 2 ( a g ) = 1751 cm −1 , ν 3 ( a g ) = 434 cm −1 ; (C 2 D 2 ): ν 2 ( a g ) = 1542 cm −1 , ν 3 ( a g ) = 365 cm −1 . The moment of inertia I x is small in both B and C states causing sub-band separations of 10 to 100 cm −1 . The rotational constants are: B ∼ C ∼ 1 cm −1 . A ∼ 7 cm −1 (C 2 D 2 ) and ∼ 8 cm −1 (C 2 H 2 ) in both bent upper states. Vibrational data are given for all of the observed transitions. The identification of the observed states with some of those predicted by Mulliken is open to criticism. However, it is suggested that state C is Mulliken's 1 A a , predicted to lie at 8.63 ev and state B is Mulliken's 1 B u ( Vπ ) which interacts with 3 R ′ causing some nonlinearity in the latter.
Discussion Notes: More (and last remarks) on the debate on capillarity

Comments are provided about modeling and methodological features of our science in view of [1].
Smart alarms: multivariate medical alarm integration for post CABG surgery patients

In order to monitor patients in the Intensive Care Unit, healthcare practitioners set threshold alarms on each of many individual vital sign monitors. The current alarm algorithms elicit numerous false positive alarms producing an inefficient healthcare system, where nurses habitually ignore low level alarms due to their overabundance.In this paper, we describe an algorithm that considers multiple vital signs when monitoring a post coronary artery bypass graft (post-CABG) surgery patient. The algorithm employs a Fuzzy Expert System to mimic the decision processes of nurses. In addition, it includes a Clinical Decision Support tool that uses Bayesian theory to display the possible CABG-related complications the patient might be undergoing at any point in time, as well as the most relevant risk factors. As a result, this multivariate approach decreases clinical alarms by an average of 59% with a standard deviation of 17% (Sample of 32 patients, 1,451 hours of vital sign data). Interviews comparing our proposed system with the approach currently used in hospitals have also confirmed the potential efficiency gains from this approach.
Electric Breakdown of Glasses and Crystals as a Function of Temperature

The effect of order and disorder upon the breakdown characteristics of ionic materials has been investigated. While the dielectric strength of the alkali-halide crystals increases steeply with temperature in the lower temperature range, the trend in glasses is found to be the opposite. A comparison of the characteristics of silica glass with quartz confirms the fact that the positive temperature coefficient of the dielectric strength is produced by the periodic structure of the crystals. Also the absolute value of the breakdown strength is appreciably increased in the disordered amorphous state. The situation is explained partly by the influence of temperature and structure upon the scattering of electrons. The increase in resistivity of metals with temperature is an analogous phenomenon.
Metaphors and Mental Models: Sensemaking and Sensegiving in Innovative and Entrepreneurial Activities

To be successful, entrepreneurs must be able to cope with significant ambiguity. Entrepreneurial businesses typically operate in unsettled industries or unsettled segments of stable industries. Moreover, starting a new business is an uncertain undertaking creating many ambiguities in itself To cope with these uncertainties, the entrepreneur must develop a “vision” or mental model of how the environment works (sensemaking) and then be able to communicate to others and gain their support (sensegiving). This paper discusses the process of mental model development for entrepreneurs. Metaphor development is proposed to be a significant and important stage in this process. Metaphors provide a common language and a basis for communication within the organization. Through metaphor(s) an organization develops a common language, an understanding of the task environment and a means of interpreting events. Metaphors are particularly useful in communicating broad and sometimes abstract concepts such as organizational ...
Response to Comment on: Chakkera et al. Pretransplant Risk Score for New-Onset Diabetes After Kidney Transplantation. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2141–2145

Responding to our recent article in Diabetes Care (1), Valderhaug et al. (2) wrote that we underestimated the prevalence of pretransplant diabetes and the incidence of new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation (NODAT) because of our diagnostic methods. We diagnosed diabetes pre- and posttransplant using the data available in our practice—prescribed therapy, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HbA1c—rather than the 2003 consensus criteria that include an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) but not HbA1c (3). This criticism reflects a controversy about diagnostic criteria that exists even in the absence of kidney …
Human-Automation Interaction: Modeling the Information Environment

Formal models are required to analyze the behavior of human-automation systems. This requirement follows from the number and variety of factors, and of interactions among factors, in such systems. The level of complexity of current and planned human-automation systems defies intuitive analysis. Fortunately, recent advances in the theory and practice of modeling have demonstrated the low cost and substantial benefits of formal analyses of real problems in human-automation interaction. This paper briefly notes some of the recent advances in this domain.
Interaction and interdependent packaging of tegument protein UL11 and glycoprotein e of herpes simplex virus

The UL11 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus plays a critical role in the secondary envelopment; however, the mechanistic details remain elusive. Here, we report a new function of UL11 in the budding process in which it directs efficient acquisition of glycoprotein E (gE) via a direct interaction. In vitro binding assays showed that the interaction required only the first 28, membrane-proximal residues of the cytoplasmic tail of gE, and the C-terminal 26 residues of UL11. A second, weaker binding site was also found in the N-terminal half of UL11. The significance of the gE-UL11 interaction was subsequently investigated with viral deletion mutants. In the absence of the gE tail, virion packaging of UL11, but not other tegument proteins such as VP22 and VP16, was reduced by at least 80%. Reciprocally, wild-type gE packaging was also drastically reduced by about 87% in the absence of UL11, and this defect could be rescued in trans by expressing U(L)11 at the U(L)35 locus. Surprisingly, a mutant that lacks the C-terminal gE-binding site of UL11 packaged nearly normal amounts of gE despite its strong interaction with the gE tail in vitro, indicating that the interaction with the UL11 N terminus may be important. Mutagenesis studies of the UL11 N terminus revealed that the association of UL11 with membrane was not required for this function. In contrast, the UL11 acidic cluster motif was found to be critical for gE packaging and was not replaceable with foreign acidic clusters. Together, these results highlight an important role of UL11 in the acquisition of glycoprotein-enriched lipid bilayers, and the findings may also have important implications for the role of UL11 in gE-mediated cell-to-cell spread.
Bork's Law and The Closing of the Judicial Mind

Both of these books grew out of a singularly fascinating and important legal and political event, the Senate's rejection of Judge Robert Bork's nomination to the Supreme Court in 1987. Taken together they shed considerable light on two important issues of constitutional governance: how the Supreme Court should interpret the Constitution; and the proper role of the Senate in fulfilling its constitutional responsibility to advise and consent to Supreme Court nominations. Far more than the speeches and other superficial events which trivialized our constitutional bicentennial, the Bork nomination controversy forced the nation to consider how, in one very important matter, the Constitution actually worked and whether there was cause for alarm or need for reform. Judge Bork, of course, views these events as evidence of two major flaws in the system: the continued heresy of the left-liberal tradition of "political judging" which has "seduced" the law, indeed torn it from its very roots and thus threatened its legitimacy; and a confirmation process that itself has become excessively political and which, at least in his case, pandered shamelessly to public opinion. He sees himself as a martyr to defense of the Supreme Court from neo-Marxist marauders, the victim of a conspiracy of the "intellectual and knowledge class" to maintain its domination of the Court (to say nothing of the law schools, our legal culture, and the law itself). The "political passions of three decades [had converged] on a single empty chair" (at 341). "I was," he writes, "a symbol they needed to destroy" (at 345). For him the war between the classes continues and he, now having resigned his federal judgeship and thus no longer encumbered by the judicial robe, proposes to wage it intensely. This book, an advocate's brief, is presumably just the first salvo. Bork is
Coexisting tertiary hyperparathyroidism and severe hypothyroidism in an end-stage renal disease patient on hemodialysis.

Introduction: The clinical syndrome of uremia is a bedside diagnosis which mimics a wide spectrum of other clinical disorders, most commonly thyroid disease. End-stage renal disease (ESRD), as a disorder, frequently alters thyroid hormone metabolism, and this is not significantly normalized by dialysis. Although the thyroid and parathyroid glands are considered independent organs, their anatomical juxtaposition in the neck, as well as sharing a common embryological origin, might play a role in some of the possible association between thyroid and parathyroid disease. It has been demonstrated in experimental animals that changes in the thyroid gland might lead to pathological changes in the parathyroids and vice versa. Case Presentation: An incidence of as high as 25% of hypothyroidism has been reported in patients with ESRD on dialysis. We report a patient with ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis (MHDx) who has had a combination of profound tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) and severe hypothyroidism. Conclusions: Literature search revealed an increased prevalence of hypothyroidism with secondary HPTH from renal failure. Although there is increased prevalence of hypothyroid state in secondary HPTH from renal failure, the association appears much weaker in primary HPTH and again no conclusive pathological relation has been identified between the two endocrine glands. A closer look and perhaps long-term prospective studies are required in the future to determine this association.
Spontaneous coherent pulsations in laser oscillators

A coherent pulsation effect is reported in which the output of a CW laser oscillator is localized in periodic short bursts of energy. The experimentally observed pulse trains resulting from this instability are in agreement with solutions of the governing quantum mechanical equations and cannot be predicted from the usual rate equation models.
Silicon Nitride Films Deposited by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition

Films of silicon nitride are widely used in semiconductor technologies for very large scale integration (VLSI), thin film transistor (TFT), and solar cell applications. Current production technologies for silicon nitride use low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at temperatures > 700 °C or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at temperatures below 450 °C. In this report, successful deposition of silicon nitride films by the low temperature thermal atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method is described. Using a novel precursor tetraiodosilane (SiI4), deposition of silicon nitride has been achieved at temperature as low as 400 °C. Data pertaining to the dependence of film properties on deposition temperature are presented, along with a evaluation of the deposition rate, composition, chemical structure, and conformality of the resulting films.
Enhancing sorafenib-mediated sensitization to gemcitabine in experimental pancreatic cancer through EMAP II

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies and tends to be relatively resistant to conventional therapies. Activated Ras oncogene mutations are found in up to 90% of PDAC, leading to activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and of tumor angiogenesis. Endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP) enhances gemcitabine effects in PDAC. Antitumor activity of sorafenib was evaluated in combination with gemcitabine (Gem) and the antiangiogenic agent EMAP in experimental PDAC. Cell proliferation and protein expression were analyzed by WST-1 assay and Western blotting. Animal survival studies were performed in murine PDAC xenografts. Sorafenib decreased phospho-MEK, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-p70S6K and phospho-4EBP-1 expression in PDAC cells. Sorafenib inhibited in vitro proliferation of all four PDAC cell lines tested. Additive effects on cell proliferation inhibition were observed in the gemcitabine-sorafenib combination in PDAC cells, and in combinations of sorafenib or EMAP with gemcitabine in endothelial (HUVEC) and fibroblast (WI-38) cells. Sorafenib, alone or in combination with gemcitabine and EMAP, induced apoptosis in HUVECs and WI-38 cells as observed via increased expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and caspase-3 proteins. Compared to controls (median survival: 22 days), animal survival increased after Gem therapy (29 days) but not in sorafenib (23 days) or EMAP therapy alone (25 days). Further increases in survival occurred in combination therapy groups Gem+sorafenib (30 days, p=0.004), Gem+EMAP (33 days, p=0.002), and Gem+sorafenib+EMAP (36 days, p=0.004), but not after the sorafenib+EMAP combination (24 days). These findings demonstrate that the addition of a polymechanistic antiangiogenic agent such as EMAP can enhance the combination treatment effects of sorafenib and cytotoxic PDAC therapy.
Clinical photography vs digital video clips for the assessment of smile esthetics

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no clinically significant difference between the post–orthodontic treatment images of smiles of subjects captured by clinical photography and the smiles of the same subjects obtained from digital video clips. Materials and Methods: Clinical photographs and digital video captures were obtained from 48 orthodontically treated patients. An updated version of the Smile Mesh TM program was used to quantify and compare smile characteristics obtained with the two methods. A paired-samples t-test was performed to test for mean differences in Smile Mesh measurements generated from both smile images. The relationship between the various Smile Mesh measurements obtained from both smile images was examined by way of Pearson product-moment correlation. Results: A significant difference was found between 7 of the 14 mean Smile Mesh measurements. The absolute values of all these differences, however, were smaller than 1 mm and therefore were not clinically significant. With the exception of lower lip to maxillary incisor, all measurements showed a moderate to strong relation with each other (P values ranging from .47 to .82; P , .001). Conclusions: The hypothesis cannot be rejected. A significant positive correlation was noted between Smile Mesh measurements obtained from smiles captured by clinical photography and those captured with digital video clips. This supports the conclusion that a standard digital photograph appears to be a valid tool for analysis of the posttreatment smile. (Angle Orthod. 2010;80:678–684.)
Sensitivity to phobic imagery: a sensory decision theory analysis.

Abstract The effects of deep muscle relaxation on anxiety were studied in a systematic desensitization context. A Sensory Decision Theory analysis of anxiety ratings to controlled imagery showed that relaxed Ss were significantly more sensitive to phobic properties of the controlled imagery than nonrelaxed Ss. The results are discussed in terms of Wolpe's theoretical basis for systematic desensitization. Sensory Decision Theory is presented as a useful technique for measuring the effects of therapy on emotional states.
Structure of the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodeling domain of eukaryotic Rad54.

SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodeling proteins mediate the mobilization of nucleosomes and other DNA-associated proteins. SWI2/SNF2 proteins contain sequence motifs characteristic of SF2 helicases but do not have helicase activity. Instead, they couple ATP hydrolysis with the generation of superhelical torsion in DNA. The structure of the nucleosome-remodeling domain of zebrafish Rad54, a protein involved in Rad51-mediated homologous recombination, reveals that the core of the SWI2/SNF2 enzymes consist of two α/β-lobes similar to SF2 helicases. The Rad54 helicase lobes contain insertions that form two helical domains, one within each lobe. These insertions contain SWI2/SNF2-specific sequence motifs likely to be central to SWI2/SNF2 function. A broad cleft formed by the two lobes and flanked by the helical insertions contains residues conserved in SWI2/SNF2 proteins and motifs implicated in DNA-binding by SF2 helicases. The Rad54 structure suggests that SWI2/SNF2 proteins use a mechanism analogous to helicases to translocate on dsDNA.
AN INEXPENSIVE ELECTRO‐FISTULAR SWIVEL FOR NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL OF SELF‐STIMULATION1

A swivel was developed for concurrent intraorganismic fluid injection and intracranial electrical stimulation of the unrestrained rat. Effects of various intragastric injections on bar-pressing maintained by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus were studied. In some subjects, intragastric injections of either water or milk decreased the rate of responding. This decrease resulted from pauses in responding rather than from decreases in the local rates of responding. The decrement in responding occurred at a lower gastric volume during milk injection than during water injection. In other subjects, however, neither water, milk, nor 32% sucrose injections affected the rate of self-stimulation.
Structure and macromolecular composition of the egg and embryo jelly coats of the anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis

Eggs and cleavage-stage embryos of the frog Lepidobatrachus laevis are encased by 3 μm thick vitelline/fertilization envelope and two jelly layers, termed J1 (innermost) and J2 (outermost). Based on light and transmission electron microscopy, J1 had a dense reticular appearance whereas J2 had a laminar structure. Direct dissolution of the jelly coats was accomplished by reduction of disulfide bonds with 0.08 M 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 10. Soluble jelly preparations were uncontaminated with nucleic acid (A280/A260=1.44) and yielded an average of 150 μg protein/egg or embryo (n=5). The biochemical composition of the jelly coats in unfertilized eggs was different from that in embryos. When examined via gel permeation chromatography, soluble jelly from unfertilized eggs contained macromolecules which were markedly larger and more heterogeneous (earlier eluting and broader peaks) than jelly from embryos. Differences in the components of jelly from unfertilized eggs and embryos were also observed by electrophoresis, however, a 29,700 molecular weight glycoprotein chain was common to both jelly preparations. The electrophoretic pattern of jelly obtained from parthenogenetically activated eggs was identical to that of unfertilized eggs, therefore the fertilization-associated changes are not due to the exclusive action of cortical granule products.
How a heavy‐bodied snake strikes quickly: high‐power axial musculature in the puff adder (Bitis arietans)

Despite being large, heavy-bodied snakes, puff adders (Bitis arietans) are capable of achieving strike velocities and accelerations similar to, or greater than, those of much smaller snakes (means of 2.6 and 72 m/sec(2), respectively). The mechanistic basis of the strike was examined using high-speed digital videography, coupled with electromyographic (EMG) analysis, of the two main extensors of the vertebral column, the semispinalis and longissimus. Although the strike involves the rapid extension of preformed body curves, the extensor muscles were not electrically active during body extension. The vertebral extensor muscles exhibited bursts of electrical activity before the onset of movement-and quantified features of these EMG signals were significantly related to kinematic aspects of the strike (e.g., acceleration)-however, this electrical activity terminated shortly (approximately 50 msec) before the onset of movement. It is hypothesized that the prestrike activity of the extensor muscles functions to place the (extensive) musculo-tendon complex of the snake's epaxial muscles under tension, and that the displacement of the body during the strike is due to the elastic recoil of this musculo-tendon complex. Incorporation of this type of elastic recoil would increase the power output of the vertebral extensors. Power amplification of the vertebral extensors may be an evolutionary necessity if a large, heavy-bodied snake, like B. arietans, is going to achieve rapid acceleration during the strike.
A novel technique for the analysis of periodic structures including EBGs

It has been demonstrated in recent years that the directivity of planar antennas can be enhanced by using Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures, e.g., Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) as superstrates [1–2]. However, the modeling of these structures can be computationally intensive, and may demand large memory resources especially when simulating FSSs whose elements have fine features. It is therefore important to develop EM simulation techniques that reduce the run-times sufficiently, so as to make them more suitable as design tools than are the existing codes. In this paper, we describe a new technique for modeling periodic structures that is both memory- and time-efficient. Although the method is quite general, we choose, for the sake of illustration, FSS elements comprising of wire tripoles, as shown in Fig.1. Some of the existing FSS codes, including commercial ones often have difficulties in dealing with this type of geometry, especially when the wire diameter is small. In fact, some codes are even unable to handle the geometries and are forced to model them only as strips. The present method can not only model either the strip or the wire structure, but also the case when the tripole element has an arbitrary orientation, and the FSS is no longer planar. One of the strong points of the proposed method is that it reduces the matrix size to only 2 or 3, by utilizing a combination of newly developed Dipole Moment (DM) and the Characteristic Basis Function Method (CBFM) [3]. The matrix equation is first constructed for the isolated element in order to extract the Characteristic Basis Functions (CBFs). The matrix is then generalized for the truncated periodic case, without using additional unknowns. Finally, the solution for the truncated structure is processed by using Prony's method to extrapolate the solution for the current distribution for the infinite doubly-periodic case. The last step is to utilize the extrapolated solution to compute the reflection coefficient for the infinite array problem by using the Reciprocity Principle. As mentioned earlier, the techniques presented herein for the solution of the induced current, as well as for the computation of the reflection coefficient are very general, and are applicable to arbitrary geometries that can in general be three-dimensional in nature. Before closing this section, we mention that unlike the conventional Method of Moments (MoM), the present formulation utilizes closed-form expressions to compute the fields radiated by the CBFs, and no Green's functions are used — either periodic- or free-space-types — to generate the MoM-matrix elements [4].
Evaluation of a 2-active ingredient gas cartridge for controlling northern pocket gophers

Abstract The efficacy of a four-ingredient (two active and two inert) gas cartridge to control northern pocket gophers in an oat-alfalfa hay field was evaluated. The reformulated rodent gas cartridge was jointly developed by the Denver Wildlife Research Center and Pocatello Supply Depot to replace the currently registered eitht-ingredient gas cartridge. The reformulated cartridge contains sodium nitrate and charcoal as active ingredients, with Fuller's earth and borax as inert ingredients. When ignited, the active ingredients produce primarily carbon monoxide. Four test areas (one control and three fumigated) were randomly established with 15 sample plots (each 0·008 ha) on each test area. Active burrow systems were treated: (1) in the sample plots; (2) outside the sample plots but within each test area; and (3) in the buffer zone around each test area. Pocket gopher activity on each plot was determined pre- and post-testing by an open-hole index. Although there was an increase in pocket gopher activity on the control test area and declines of 7·1, 13·3 and 30·8% on the three test areas receiving the gas cartridges, the difference in activity was not statistically different (p = 0·174). The 17·1% mean reduction in pocket gopher activity in the fumigated test areas was substantially below the minimum standard efficacy of 70% established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for fumigants. This result was similar to two previous studies conducted with the original eitht-ingredient gas cartridge for the control of northern pocket gophers.
Traumatic dental injuries in 3- to 13-year-old boys in Monterrey, Mexico

The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze, by age, the prevalence of traumatic injuries to primary and permanent incisors, and their distribution according to type in a group of boys from private schools in Monterrey, Mexico. The sample consisted of 1010 boys aged 3-13 years enrolled in 4 private schools in the city. Garcia-Godoy's classification for traumatic injuries was used. The prevalence of injuries was 28.4%; 72.2% of the 4-year-olds examined presented signs of traumatic dental injuries. Thirty-seven percent of the 11-year-olds examined had evidence of traumatic dental injuries. The most common type of injury in the primary and permanent dentitions was enamel fracture (58.5% and 69.6%, respectively).
Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cells in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Virtually all mammals, including humans, exhibit neurogenesis throughout life in the hippocampus, a learning and memory center in the brain. Numerous studies in animal models imply that hippocampal neurogenesis is important for functions such as learning, memory, and mood. Interestingly, hippocampal neurogenesis is very sensitive to physiological and pathological stimuli. Certain pathological stimuli such as seizures alter both the amount and the pattern of neurogenesis, though the overall effect depends on the type of seizures. Acute seizures are classically associated with augmentation of neurogenesis and migration of newly born neurons into ectopic regions such as the hilus and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Additional studies suggest that abnormally migrated newly born neurons play a role in the occurrence of epileptogenic hippocampal circuitry characteristically seen after acute seizures, status epilepticus, or head injury. Recurrent spontaneous seizures such as those typically observed in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy are associated with substantially reduced neurogenesis, which, interestingly, coexists with learning and memory impairments and depression. In this review, we discuss both the extent and the potential implications of abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis induced by acute seizures as well as recurrent spontaneous seizures. We also discuss the consequences of chronic spontaneous seizures on differentiation of neural stem cell progeny in the hippocampus and strategies that are potentially useful for normalizing neurogenesis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.
Eigenanalysis of autocorrelation matrices in the presence of noncentral and signal-dependent noise

We present approximations for eigenvalues of autocorrelation matrices in the presence of noncentral and signal-dependent noise as a function of eigenvalues of noiseless input. We derive error bounds for the approximations and discuss their properties. The results of the eigenanalysis are applied to the study of first-order polarization mode dispersion for optical systems. The simulation results demonstrate a good match between the approximated and true eigenvalues.
Electroacoustic evaluations of 1-3 piezocomposite SonoPanel/sup TM/ materials

An advanced configuration 1-3 piezocomposite, designated by its manufacturer as SonoPanel/sup TM/, has been investigated for potential underwater acoustical applications. In-air electromechanical characteristics and in-water acoustical properties of the SonoPanel/sup TM/ were experimentally examined. The in-air impedance measurement results showed the existence of parasitic modes in the composite panel in addition to the expected thickness mode. This modal behavior is identified to be related to the piezocomposite structure. In-water acoustical properties of the new 1-3 piezocomposite panels were investigated as a function of temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and frequency. The effect of underwater explosive shock on the acoustic responses showed no detrimental effects in mechanical structure or acoustical performance of the piezocomposite panel. Linearity with electrical drive level and hydrostatic pressure stability of the 1-3 piezocomposites also were established. These results suggest that the SonoPanel/sup TM/ piezocomposite material is potentially useful for underwater acoustical applications, particularly in applications in which large area coverage is desired.
Acute occlusion of the left renal artery manifested by hypertensive crisis.

Abstract Because the signs and symptoms of acute renal artery occlusion mimic those of many more common diseases, prompt diagnosis is aided by an awareness that an occlusive renovascular event may have occurred. No routine, noninvasive laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis. Renal arteriography is the procedure of choice after excretory urograms have ruled out an obstructive uropathy. Early assessment of kidney viability is important. The endpoints of emergency treatment are to decrease symptoms, decrease diastolic blood pressure to ≤ 5105 mm Hg, and to maintain urine output at > 50 mL/h. Restoration of a lower blood pressure must not be so prompt that renal perfusion decreases too rapidly. Definitive surgical treatment versus medical management of the renal artery occlusion remains a controversial topic. Where surgery is not feasible, medical management consists of streptokinase acutely followed by heparin and then chronic coumarin therapy.
Is sex necessary

Fungal sexual reproductive modes have markedly high diversity and plasticity, and asexual species have been hypothesized to arise frequently from sexual fungal species. A recent study on the red yeasts provides further support for the notion that sexual ancestors may give rise to shorter-lived asexual species. However, presumed asexual species may also be cryptically sexual, as revealed by other recent studies.