cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of TNF superfamily ligands in innate immunity

Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) are essential effector cells of the innate immune system that rapidly recognize and eliminate microbial pathogens and abnormal cells, and induce and regulate adaptive immune functions. While NK cells express perforin and granzymes in the lysosomal granules and transmembrane tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands (tmTNFSFL) on the plasma membrane, DCs express only tmTNFSFL on the plasma membrane. Perforin and granzymes are cytolytic molecules, which NK cells use to mediate a secretory/necrotic killing mechanism against rare leukemia cell targets. TNFSFL are pleiotropic transmembrane molecules, which can mediate a variety of important functions such as apoptosis, development of peripheral lymphoid tissues, inflammation and regulation of immune functions. Using tmTNFSFL, NK cells and DCs mediate a cell contact-dependent non-secretory apoptotic cytotoxic mechanism against virtually all types of cancer cells, and cross talk that leads to polarization and reciprocal stimulation and amplification of Th1 type cytokines secreted by NK cells and DCs. In this paper, we review and discuss the supporting evidence of the non-secretory, tmTNFSFL-mediated innate mechanisms of NK cells and DCs, their roles in anticancer immune defense and potential of their modulation and use in prevention and treatment of cancer.
Special Pathos: The Roles of Art in Theological Education

This paper reflects on the roles of art in theological education through a consideration of Jose Vasconcelos's concept of the "special pathos of beauty." Informed by the work of Roberto Goizueta, John Haddox, Stanley Ivie, Augustin Basave, and Friedrich Nietzsche, it explores the implications of Vasconcelos's concept as viewed through the lenses of two works of art, the films Mary Poppins and Pleasantville, and proposes three principal roles: art as theological presentation, art as theological representation, and art as theological education.
Electroactive three-dimensional monolayers: Anthraquinone ω-functionalized alkanethiolate-stabilized gold clusters

This paper describes the synthesis and electrochemical reactivity of octanethiolate monolayer-protected Au cluster compounds (MPCs) in which some of the original octanethiolate monolayer has been substituted by place-exchange reactions with 1-(1,3-dithiapropyl)anthracene-9,10-dione. The mixed monolayer MPC can contain as many as 25 anthraquinone sites/cluster, which are all electroactive in rapid, successive one-electron reactions. The voltammetric behavior includes mass-transport-controlled charging of the electrical double layers of the Au cores, which are, in effect, diffusing nanoelectrodes. Mediated electrocatalytic reduction of a gem-dinitrocyclohexane by clusters bearing reduced anthraquinone sites yields electrocatalytic currents larger than those generated using freely diffusing anthraquinone radical anion monomer as mediator.
Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by Borrelia burgdorferi in human immune cells correlates with pathogenic potential

Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial agent of Lyme disease, induces the production of type I IFNs by human DCs through TLR7 and TLR9 signaling. This type I IFN response occurs in a genotype-dependent manner, with significantly higher levels of IFN-α elicited by B. burgdorferi strains that have a greater capacity for causing disseminated infection. A B. burgdorferi strain that was previously shown to induce IFN-α was found to elicit significantly higher levels of IDO1 protein and its downstream metabolite, kynurenine, compared with a B. burgdorferi mutant that lacks a single linear plasmid (lp36); this mutant is unable to induce IFN-α and is severely attenuated for infectivity in mice. Production of IDO by mDC and pDC populations, present within human PBMCs, was concomitant with increased expression of the DC maturation markers, CD83 and CCR7. The defects in IDO production and expression of CD83 and CCR7 could be restored by complementation of the mutant with lp36. Maximal IDO production in response to the wild-type strain was dependent on contributions by both type I IFN and IFN-γ, the type II IFN. Induction of IDO was mediated by the same TLR7-dependent recognition of B. burgdorferi RNA that contributes to the production of type I IFNs by human DCs. The ability of IFN-α-inducing B. burgdorferi strains to stimulate production of IDO and kynurenines may be a mechanism that is used by the pathogen to promote localized immunosuppression and facilitate hematogenous dissemination.
A novel DFT architecture for 3DIC test, diagnosis and repair

Three-dimension ICs (3D-ICs) are the current trend due to their improvement in heterogeneous integration, performance, power consumption, silicon area, and form factors. However, the consequent new challenges are interconnects between dies, i.e., Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) and micro-bumps (μ-bumps). Therefore, many interconnect test, diagnosis, and repair schemes were proposed, such as double TSVs & double μ-bumps schemes. In this paper a novel DFT technique is presented based on the double resource schemes. Challenges to two-die, multi-tier, and numerous interconnects are handled by proposed testable, diag-nosable, repairable, and scalable element, structure, and flow.
Multihole Ferrite Core Configurations and Applications

Combined gating and memory functions may be performed by the use of multihole ferrite cores called transfluxors. By proper topological design, transfluxors may be made noncritical to control pulse amplitude. In addition, by use of novel compensation and ac driving techniques, the transfluxor may be operated noncritically over an ambient temperature range from -50°C to +200°C. By making full use of multiple path geometries single multihole disks referred to as logicors have been designed to perform such complex logical operations as sequential pulse gating, odd parity checking, binary half adding, selective channeling, etc. One such logicor may replace as many as twelve switching devices in a logical circuit.
Computed tomographic evaluation of the pathologic lesion for the idiopathic diaphragmatic paralysis

Abstract A case of idiopathic hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was found by computed tomography to be due to the compression of the left phrenic nerve by a calified lymph node in its anatomic course in the mediastinum. Computed tomography is recommended for the evaluation of such a cause of idiopathic hemidiaphragmatic paralysis.
A free radical scavenger role for daunomycin: inhibition of nonenzymatic oxidation of NADH.

The effect of daunomycin(Dm) on the nonenzymatic oxidation of NADH in the presence of metal ions, H2O2 and various ligands was examined. The results show that daunomycin inhibits the oxidation of NADH by reacting with one or more of the reaction intermediates which include OH•, HO2•, O2• and NAD•. This reaction is a reductive one involving the anthraquinone moiety of daunomycin as confirmed by control experiments by comparative UV-Vis analysis of the spectral character of daunomycin after reduction by NaBH4. Daunomycin, once reduced, apparently does not transfer its electron to another species such as O2 and is thus thought to play the role of free radical scavenger.
Latency to turn ICSS off and on: On time is more sensitive than off time to frequency and current variations

Abstract A preferred duration test of ICSS yielded two measures, ON Times and OFF Times, which were compared for sensitivity to four-fold variations in pulse frequency and current. ON Times, the duration over which the stimulation train was maintained, generally decreased as pulse frequency was increased from 40 to 160 Hz. However, the inverse trend showed marked differences among the 21 sites distributed from the ventral midbrain to the rostral diencephalon. At rostral sites ON Times changed only slightly as frequency increased whereas at caudal sites they declined sharply. OFF Times, the time between trains, in contrast to ON Times generally showed less change with increased frequency and no anatomical dependence. Increased current, tested in 15 sites, generally produced shortened ON Time and the sensitivity showed a moderate anatomical dependence. OFF Times also decreased but the sensitivity to current was unrelated to the sensitivity of ON Times and showed no anatomical dependence. At the same sites and with equivalent charge, ON Times were consistently more sensitive to frequency than to current. The magnitude of decrease in OFF Times to increased frequency and current were unrelated.
Neuropathology and Animal Models of Autism: Genetic and Environmental Factors

Autism is a heterogeneous behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder. It is defined by the presence of marked social deficits, specific language abnormalities, and stereotyped repetitive patterns of behavior. Because of the variability in the behavioral phenotype of the disorder among patients, the term autism spectrum disorder has been established. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of neuropathological findings from studies of autism postmortem brains and identify the cerebellum as one of the key brain regions that can play a role in the autism phenotype. We review research findings that indicate possible links between the environment and autism including the role of mercury and immune-related factors. Because both genes and environment can alter the structure of the developing brain in different ways, it is not surprising that there is heterogeneity in the behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes of autism spectrum disorders. Finally, we describe animal models of autism that occur following insertion of different autism-related genes and exposure to environmental factors, highlighting those models which exhibit both autism-like behavior and neuropathology.
Late hypertriglyceridemia in very low birth weight infants fed human milk exclusively.

efficacy in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1983; 71:473-82. 4. Wilkinson A, ,lenkins PA, Jeffrey JA. Two controlled trials of dry artificial surfactant: early effects and later outcome in babies with surfactant deficiency. Lancet 1985;2:287-90. 5. Enhorning G, Grossman G, Robertson B. Tracheal deposition of surfactant before the first breath. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107:921. 6. Weibel ER, Stereological methods, vol 1. Practical methods for biological morphometry. New York: Academic Press, 1979. 7. Enhorning G, Robertson B. Lung expansion in the premature rabbit fetus after tracheal deposition of surfactant. Pediatrics 1972;50:58-62. 8. Egan EA, Notter RH, Kwong MS, et al. Natural and artificial lung surfactant replacement therapy in premature lambs. ,l Appl Physiol 1983;55:875-83. 9. Robertson B, Enhorning G. The alveolar lining of the premature newborn rabbit after pharyngeal deposition of surfactant. Lab Invest 1974;31:54-9. 10..lobe A, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, et al. Surfactant and pulmonary blood flow distribution following treatment of premature lambs with natural surfactant. J Clin Invest 1984;73:84856. 11. Hulbert WC, Forster BB, Laird W, et al. An improved method for fixation of the respiratory epithelial surface with the mucous and surfactant layers. Lab Invest 1982;47:35463.
THE ACTIVE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LARGE PUBLICLY TRADED CORPORATION

In recent years, boards of directors have become more active and independent of management in pursuing shareholder interests. But, up to this point, there has been little empirical evidence that active boards help companies produce higher rates of return for their shareholders. In this article, after describing the new board activism, the authors argue that past failures to document an association between independent boards and superior corporate performance can be explained by two features of the research: its concentration on periods prior to the 1990s (when most boards were largely irrelevant) and its use of unreliable proxies (such as a minimum percentage of outside directors) for a well-functioning board. The authors hypothesize that an independent and resourceful board takes steps that require management to increase earnings available to investors. To test this hypothesis, the performance of a sample of large U.S. corporations was examined over the period 1991-1995 using two proxies for the “professionalism” of each company's board: (1) the letter grades (A+ to F) assigned by CalPERS for corporate governance; and (2) a “presence” or “absence” grade based on three key indicators of professional board behavior. Both of these governance metrics were associated in statistically significant ways with superior corporate performance, as measured by earnings in excess of cost of capital and net of the industry average. While acknowledging that such results do not prove causation, the authors conclude that, in the first half of the 1990s, corporations with active and independent boards added significantly more value for shareholders than those with passive, “rubber-stamp” boards.
Centrifugal Spinning: An Alternative Approach to Fabricate Nanofibers at High Speed and Low Cost

Nanofibers are an important class of material that is useful in a variety of applications, including filtration, tissue engineering, protective clothing, battery separators, energy storage, etc. So far, electrospinning is the most used method for producing nanofibers. However, the wide-spread commercial use of electrospinning is limited mainly due to its low production rate. Most other nanofiber production methods, such as melt-blowing, bicomponent fiber spinning, phase separation, template synthesis, and self-assembly, are complex and can only be used to make nanofibers from limited types of polymers. Centrifugal spinning is an alternative method for producing nanofibers from various materials at high speed and low cost. In centrifugal spinning, the spinning fluid is placed in a rotating spinning head. When the rotating speed reaches a critical value, the centrifugal force overcomes the surface tension of the spinning fluid to eject a liquid jet from the nozzle tip of the spinning head. The jet then unde...
A systematic review of sexual concerns reported by gynecological cancer survivors

Abstract Objective To identify physical, psychological and social sexual concerns reported by gynecological (GYN) cancer survivors. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed and PsycInfo databases. Reference lists from articles provided additional relevant literature. Only research articles from peer-reviewed journals were included. A total of 37 articles were located; 34 explored women's sexual concerns following gynecological cancer diagnosis and treatment and 3 tested interventions for sexual concerns in women with gynecological cancer. Results Sexual concerns were identified across all dimensions of sexuality. Common concerns in the physical dimension were dyspareunia, changes in the vagina, and decreased sexual activity. In the psychological dimension, common concerns were decreased libido, alterations in body image, and anxiety related to sexual performance. And in the social dimension, common concerns were difficulty maintaining previous sexual roles, emotional distancing from the partner, and perceived change in the partner's level of sexual interest. Of the three psychoeducational intervention studies, two reported improvements in physical aspects of sexual function, and one reported improved knowledge, but without resolution of sexual concerns. Conclusion Gynecological cancer survivors experience a broad range of sexual concerns after diagnosis and treatment, but the majority of studies emphasized physical aspects of sexuality, and may not adequately represent women's psychological and social sexual concerns. Health care providers should remain mindful of psychological and social sexual concerns when caring for gynecologic cancer survivors. Future research should systematically evaluate the full range of sexual concerns in large, representative samples of GYN cancer survivors and develop and test interventions to address those concerns.
α-linolenic acid biosynthesis in Cyanidium caldarium

Abstract Although α-linolenic acid is nearly absent from Cyanidium caldarium cultured at 53 °C, it is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid in 20 °C-grown cells. A sudden growth temperature shift of 55 to 25 °C does not stimulate the immediate biosynthesis of α-linolenic acid. However, after an induction period of 48 h, synthesis of α-linolenic acid from acetate can be detected, and the fatty acid accumulates in phosphatidyl choline and sulfolipid. The newly synthesized α-linolenic acid appears to be formed primarily by de novo synthesis and to a much lesser extent from the elongation of a previously formed hexadecatrienoic acid precursor. On the other hand, when a cell-free algal preparation was presented with a hexadecatrienoic acid precursor in the presence of [14C] malonyl-CoA, the α-linolenic acid formed demonstrated a synthesis by elongation of the precursor. While the cell appears enzymatically capable of α-linolenic acid biosynthesis by both the de novo and elongation processes, de novo synthesis of α-linolenic acid appears to be the more significant mode of synthesis.
Current concepts of thyroid physiology.

In presenting a review of current concepts of thyroid physiology, we have examined iodide metabolism, hormonogenesis, hormone secretion and peripheral metabolism, and finally homeostatic regulation. Iodide (I) is actively taken up by thyroid cells. As an essential constituent of thyroid homeostatically maintained at about 80 μg/day by the regulatory action of TSH on the trapping process. In large doses, I temporarily inhibits binding of I to tyrosine and the release of thyroid hormone by the gland. Trapped I is oxidized by peroxidase to a free radical, which then combines covalently with a tyrosyl free radical in preformed thyroglobulin to form MIT. Iodotyrosine residues within thyroglobulin combine to from T 4 or T 3 , which is stored in the follicular lumen. Secretion of thyroid hormone into the bloodstream involves the endocytosis of colloid material by the thyroid cell, fusion with lysosomes containing proteolytic enzymes, and subsequent proteolysis of thyroglobulin. TSH stimulates secretion by a process involving the activation of adenyl cyclase, so raising the intracellular content of cyclic AMP. The cyclic AMP may in turn activate a mechanism involving cyclic-nucleotide-dependent-protein kinase, contractile proteins, and Ca ++ . Thyroid hormone circulates in blood mostly bound to specific circulating proteins; only 0.05% is free. The free hormone level is homeostatically maintained at a constant level, and is in equilibrium with an intracellular pool of thyroid hormone. The peripheral action of thyroxine may involve its conversion in the tissues to T 3 , or its binding to specific receptor proteins within the cell. Pituitary secretion of TSH is subject to a negative feedback by circulating free thyroid hormone, and the sensitivity of the feedback system is modulated by TRF released by the hypothalamus.
Soil chemistry versus environmental controls on production of CH4 and CO2 in northern peatlands

Rates of organic carbon mineralization (to CO 2 and CH 4 ) vary widely in peat soil. We transplanted four peat soils with different chemical composition into six sites with different environmental conditions to help resolve the debate about control of organic carbon mineralization by resource availability (e.g. carbon and nutrient chemistry) versus environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, moisture, pH). The four peat soils were derived from Sphagnum (bog moss). Two transplant sites were in mid-boreal Alberta, Canada, two were in low-boreal Ontario, Canada, and two were in the temperate United States. After 3 years in the field, CH 4 production varied significantly as a function of peat type, transplant site, and the type-site interaction. All four peat soils had very small rates of CH 4 production (< 20 nmol g -1 day -1 ) after transplant into two sites, presumably caused by acid site conditions (pH < 4.0). One peat soil had small CH 4 production rates regardless of transplant site. A canonical discriminant analysis revealed that large rates of CH 4 production (4000 nmol g -1 day -1 ) correlated with large holocellulose content, a large concentration of p-hydroxyl phenolic compounds in the Klason lignin, and small concentrations of N, Ca and Mn in peat. Significant variation in rates of CO 2 production correlated positively with holocellulose content and negatively with N concentrations, regardless of transplant site. The temperature response for CO 2 production varied as a function of climate, being greater for peat formed in a cold climate, but did not apply to transplanted peat. Although we succeeded in elucidating some aspects of peat chemistry controlling production of CH 4 and CO 2 in Sphagnum-derived peat soils, we also revealed idiosyncratic combinations of peat chemistry and site conditions that will complicate forecasting rates of peat carbon mineralization into the future.
Formation of H* Phase in Chiral Block Copolymers: Morphology Evolution As Revealed by Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering

The ordering of a chiral block copolymer (BCP*) polystyrene-b-poly(d-lactide) during the solvent-casting process was studied in real time using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) simultaneously. Three different solvents, namely benzene, dimethylformamide, and 1,3-dioxolane, were used. It was found that, according to the solution phase behavior of these BCPs*, there were three different stages of morphology development during solvent removal. Initially, the development of the morphology during solvent removal was the same for all solvents studied. However, for strongly selective solvents, crystallization dominated and no H* phase formed. For moderately selective solvents, crystallization was initially suppressed, a microphase separated H* phase formed, and then crystallization occurred, leading ultimately to a crystalline H* phase. The results clearly showed that crystalline ordering is not required for the H* phase to form in mutually good solvents. Consequ...
Membership growth high

AGU's membership increased by 114.5% during the last 20 years—from 6200 members in 1960 to 13,300 in 1980—while the number of all natural and physical scientists grew 94.2%. The figures are from a survey of the membership growth pattern of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), seven affiliated organizations, and six AAAS sections. Members of AAAS more than doubled (growth of 111.9%) between 1960 and 1980, the survey showed. The biological sciences section had the biggest growth spurt (up 776.5%), and the mathematics section had the smallest (up 4.3%).
Audio-frequency magnetotelluric and gravity traverse across the crest of the Purcell anticlinorium, northwestern Montana

A series of audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) and gravity measurements were made across the Purcell anticlinoriurn of the Belt basin in Montana. The purpose of the study was to gain information about the electrical properties of the Belt Supergroup strata before using techniques that probe deeper but are more expensive. The Bouguer gravity data indicate an anomaly of about 20 mgal that can be modelled as a block uplifted 11 km above a flat basement surface that lies at a depth of 17 km. The AMT measurements did not penetrate to the crystalline basement, but they did delineate several intermediate structural features, including a deep layer of unusually high conductivity. Both the uplifted block and the conductive unit are positioned beneath the crest of the anticlinoriurn, approximately beneath the outcrop of the Prichard Formation.
Developing perception and memory for stimulus redundancy.

Abstract Two studies (using children and adults) explore the effects of type of redundancy upon recall and estimation of matrices. We postulated that redundancy of stimuli would facilitate performance in relative judgment situations (recall), while in absolute judgment tasks (estimation) redundancy should interfere with performance. In the first study we found that redundancy of stimuli helped recall. Also, adults were better able to use the reduction in information to aid recall, and they were differentially aided (with respect to children) by color-coding of the redundancy. A second study showed that redundancy of stimuli interferes with estimation of numerousness. The results also support the notion that two distinct processes contribute to the recall of redundancy. At low levels of numerousness we find a simple perceptual-memory process which is not age-related. However, at higher levels of numcrousness, age differences occur, suggesting a complex coding and storage process which develops through experience.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Silica−Alumina Interfaces

Computer simulations of silica−alumina interface formation by a sol-gel process were performed using the molecular dynamics method. The polymerization reaction of silicic acid molecules was simulated for 1 ns (10 000 000 time steps). A complete transformation from liquid silicic acid to dense silica was observed due to removal of water from the sample. The reaction kinetics was characterized using the degree of polymerization of polysiloxane chains and relative concentrations of silicon Q species. Hydroxyl groups originally present on the alumina surface played a crucial role in formation of an ordered atomic structure in the interface region.
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Frontotemporal Dementia, Parkinson Disease and Alzheimer Disease: Lessons from Genetic Studies

Genetic studies have led to major discoveries in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Ubiquitin-positive familial frontotemporal dementia was recently found to be caused by mutations in the progranulin gene (PGRN), and the major constituent of the inclusions, TDP-43, was subsequently identified. The tau gene (MAPT) causes frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. In Parkinson disease, LRRK2 mutations have emerged as a major cause of both familial and sporadic forms, adding to the previously known genes SNCA,PRKN,DJ1 and PINK1. Several genes have been implicated in Alzheimer disease, including the APP gene and the PSEN genes. Recently, variants in the sortilin-related receptor 1 gene, SORL1, were associated with Alzheimer disease.
High-Dose Therapy for Ovarian Carcinoma.

Epithelial ovarian carcinomas are successfully treated but seldom cured with standard platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. Investigation continues on the role of high-dose chemotherapy as part of salvage, consolidation and primary induction treatment strategies. Currently, the majority of available clinical studies suggest that modest increases in the dose of platinum in primary induction therapy does not translate into increased survival and comes at the cost of increased toxicity. Interest continues in the use of very high-dose chemotherapy regimens typically with peripheral blood stem cell or bone marrow transplantation. Several series have demonstrated that this approach can provide prolonged disease-free survival in a subset of carefully selected patients with low-volume chemotherapy-sensitive disease. The appropriate application of this expensive and potentially toxic treatment to women with ovarian cancer requires further clinical investigation. The Oncologist 1997;2:330-339
Multi-physics Modeling Using Cellular Automata

Thispaper proposesa newmodelingandsolutionmethodthatis relatively simple yet powerful enough to handle complex multi-physics problems. The new methodology is based on a combination of cellular automata, finite difference, and analytical analysis concepts. The basic idea is toconstruct a cascading sequence of simple, explicit rules of evolution, rather than attempt to solve complicated partial differential equations. The resulting scheme is computationally explicit yet numerically stable. In addition to significant modeling flexibility, the cellular automata environment lends itself to extremely efficient computational algorithms and hardware implementation due to its inherent use of local rules and potential for parallel computation. The power and flexibility of the method is demonstrated by developing solutions for a general transport process consisting of elementary processes due to diffusion, advection, reaction kinetics, and external interaction. Explicit and numerically stable rules for each of these elementary processes are developed. Case studies produce physically realistic and numerically accurate solutions for complex processes. Numerical experiments show that the method is highly accurate if the time step is sufficiently small. The value of the method is that a library of rules for simple, elementary processes can be derived individually. These processes can be assembled in a modular manner in any combination to create models for complex processes. The method is currently being used in a number of applications, includinga study of complex thermal/mechanical phenomena at the sliding contacts between rubbing surfaces.
Typology of female sex offenders: a test of Vandiver and Kercher

Using all 390 female sex offenders registered in New York State, this study attempted to test the analyses and findings of Vandiver and Kercher (2004). Although the current sample varied geographically from Vandiver and Kercher's sample, they were remarkably similar on key demographic variables (e.g., offender age and race, victim age), allowing for close comparison of the findings. Results of the hierarchical loglinear modeling analysis reinforced the importance of variables such as victim and offender ages to categorizing offenders. The present cluster analysis indicated the existence of six distinct types of female sex offender (with the clusters themselves differing substantially from those found by Vandiver and Kercher), supporting the view that female sex offenders are a heterogeneous group.
Limits on negative information in language input

Hirsh-Pasek, Treiman & Schneiderman (1984) and Demetras, Post & Snow (1986) have recently suggested that certain types of parental repetitions and clarification questions may provide children with subtle cues to their grammatical errors. We further investigated this possibility by examining parental responses to inflectional over-regularizations and wh-question auxiliary-verb omission errors in the sets of transcripts from Adam, Eve and Sarah (Brown 1973). These errors were chosen because they are exemplars of overgeneralization, the type of mistake for which negative information is, in theory, most critically needed. Expansions and Clarification Questions occurred more often following ill-formed utterances in Adam's and Eve's input, but not in Sarah's. However, these corrective responses formed only a small proportion of all adult responses following Adam's and Eve's grammatical errors. Moreover, corrective responses appear to drop out of children's input while they continue to make overgeneralization errors. Whereas negative feedback may occasionally be available, in the light of these findings the contention that language input generally incorporates negative information appears to be unfounded.
Is it Cohesion or Diversion? Domestic Instability and the Use of Force in International Crises

This study asserts that cohesionary — rather than diversionary — motives primarily influence the propensity of political leaders to use external force in international crises in times of domestic t...
An integrated approach to disassembly planning and demanufacturing operation

This paper presents a disassembly planning and demanufacturing scheduling method for an integrated flexible demanufacturing system (IFDS). Workstation Petri net (WPN) and product Petri net (PPN) are proposed for hierarchical and modular modeling in order to derive the optimal disassembly path with the maximal end-of-life (EOL) value. Resource Petri net (RPN) is introduced to deal with the demanufacturing facilities. The proposed methodology and algorithms are demonstrated through the disassembly of personal computers in IFDS.
Numerical simulation of avalanche breakdown in PIN diodes and bipolar transistors

Numerical simulation of avalanche breakdown in bipolar power semiconductors by modeling impact ionization directly in the basic semiconductor equations is described. Use of the sequential Gummel solution algorithm permits more frequent updating of the impact ionization term, leading to better convergence than with the simultaneous Newton algorithm. Results are presented for a reverse-biased PIN diode and for the reverse-biased collector-base junction of an open-base npn transistor. >
High power efficiency X-band GaAlAs/GaAs HBT

Excellent power performance from a common-emitter GaAlAs/GaAs HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) at 10 GHz is reported. Record high added efficiency of 67.8% and 11.6-dB associated gain were obtained, with 0.226-W output power. HBTs of various sizes were tested, and 55% added efficiency and 10-dB associated gain were obtained regularly. From the largest available device 0.63 W with 8-dB gain was obtained. The base current crowding effect does not appear in the HBTs tested. The operation of the HBT is analyzed and shown to be close to that of the class-B amplifier. The collector-current behavior with respect to the power level is explained. Harmonic content is found to be very low. Compared with other solid-state power devices at 10 GHz the HBT demonstrates the highest added efficiency and associated gain at high-output-power condition. In addition, the low HBT input Q factor eases broadband matching, making it the best candidate for microwave power application. >
The clinical and immunologic features of pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous disease that most often affects the lungs. The clinical course is highly variable; many patients undergo spontaneous remission, but up to a third of patients progresses to a chronic disease course. The development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in a subset of patients with chronic disease has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. While sarcoidosis-associated PF can be progressive, it is often referred to as "burnt out" disease, a designation reflecting inactive granulomatous inflammation. The immune mechanisms of sarcoidosis-associated PF are not well understood. It is not clear if fibrotic processes are active from the onset of sarcoidosis in predisposed individuals, or whether a profibrotic state develops as a response to ongoing inflammation. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important profibrotic cytokine, and in sarcoidosis, distinct genotypes of TGF-β have been identified in those with PF. The overall cytokine profile in sarcoidosis-associated PF has not been well characterized, although a transition from a T helper 1 to a T helper 2 signature has been proposed. Macrophages have important regulatory interactions with fibroblasts, and the role of alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis-associated PF is a compelling target for further study. Elucidating the natural history of sarcoidosis-associated PF will inform our understanding of the fundamental derangements, and will enhance prognostication and the development of therapeutic strategies.
An Instructional Case: Cost Concepts and Managerial Analysis

ABSTRACT: This case is designed to help you develop a working understanding of fundamental cost concepts (cost behavior, cost traceability, cost flexibility, and unit costs) and the proper use of cost data for managerial analysis purposes. The case narrative describes a business scenario and a problematic managerial analysis based on certain cost data. The case requirements ask you to apply basic cost concepts to analyze the cost data, evaluate the use of cost data in the analysis described in the case narrative, and then effectively communicate the results of your analysis and evaluation in the form of a professional written memo.
Genes encoding bile salt hydrolases and conjugated bile salt transporters in Lactobacillus johnsonii 100-100 and other Lactobacillus species.

Lactobacillus johnsonii strain 100-100 expresses two antigenically distinct conjugated bile salt hydrolases (BSH), α and β, that combine to form native homo- and heterotrimers. This paper reports characterization of loci within the genome that encode this capacity. A locus that encodes BSHβ (cbsHβ), a partial (cbsT1) and a complete conjugated bile salt transporter (cbsT2) was identified previously. DNA sequence analysis at this locus was extended and revealed a complete ORF for cbsT1 and no other ORFs in tandem. The three genes, cbsT1, cbsT2 and cbsHβ, probably constitute an operon; a putative promoter was identified upstream of cbsT1. A second locus that expresses BSH activity in strain 100-100 was identified. Sequence analysis of the clone predicted a 978 nt ORF that did not share tandem organization with other ORFs, was similar in sequence to other BSH genes, and matched, in predicted protein sequence, the first 25 amino acids of BSHα. A phenotypic screen for BSH activity and a genetic screen for the cbsHβ locus were performed on 50 Lactobacillus isolates from humans or dairy products. Nearly all of the isolates that were positive for cbsHβ were from human sources. Variability in the BSH phenotype and cbsHβ genotype was identified in isolates of the same species. DNA sequence was obtained and analysed from the cbsHβ locus of one human isolate, L. acidophilus strain KS-13. This organism has cbsT1, cbsT2 and cbsβ genes that are 84, 87 and 85% identical in DNA sequence to those of strain 100-100. DNA sequence identity to strain 100-100 ends in regions flanking this locus. The findings of this study suggest that BSH genes have been acquired horizontally and that BSH activity is important at some level for lactobacilli to colonize the lower gastrointestinal tract.
An image analysis algorithm for dendritic spines

The structure of neuronal dendrites and their spines underlie the connectivity of neural networks. Dendrites, spines, and their dynamics are shaped by genetic programs as well as sensory experience. Dendritic structures and dynamics may therefore be important predictors of the function of neural networks.Based on new imaging approaches and increases in the speed of computation, it has become possible to acquire large sets of high-resolution optical micrographs of neuron structure at length scales small enough to resolve spines. This advance in data acquisition has not been accompanied by comparable advances in data analysis techniques; the analysis of dendritic and spine morphology is still accomplished largely manually. In addition to being extremely time intensive, manual analysis also introduces systematic and hard-to-characterize biases. We present a geometric approach for automatically detecting and quantifying the three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines from stacks of image data acquired using laser scanning microscopy.We present results on the measurement of dendritic spine length, volume, density, and shape classification for both static and time-lapse images of dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. For spine length and density, the automated measurements in static images are compared with manual measurements. Comparisons are also made between automated and manual spine length measurements for a time-series data set. The algorithm performs well compared to a human analyzer, especially on time-series data.Automated analysis of dendritic spine morphology will enable objective analysis of large morphological data sets. The approaches presented here are generalizable to other aspects of neuronal morphology.
LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF DAM REMOVAL FOR MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN RIVERS, UNITED STATES

The removal of the numerous ageing dams in the United States has become an important stream restoration technique. The extent to which the ecological damage done to streams by dams is reversed upon removal is unknown, especially on decadal time scales. The objectives of this study were to determine if macroinvertebrate assemblages within rivers recover following the removal of a dam and to estimate the time needed for recovery. A space-for-time substitution approach was used on eight rivers in various stages of recovery following a dam removal, ranging from <1 to 40 years post-removal. Within each river, macroinvertebrates were sampled in a zone unaffected by the dam removal (reference zone) and two zones impacted by the dam removal (former impoundment and downstream zone). Insects were identified to the family level and placed into functional feeding groups. Various macroinvertebrate community metrics were compared between impacted and unimpacted zones to evaluate the extent of recovery, and plotted over time since removal to develop a temporal trajectory of recovery. Generally, the macroinvertebrate community recovered 3–7 years following removal both in terms of taxonomic similarity and richness, although densities could take decades to recover. Dam removals are a beneficial restoration technique, yet the recovery of important stream components can be variable and may take longer than previous research has suggested. Having realistic expectations of the ecological ramifications of dam removal efforts is paramount in ensuring the success and thus potential of future projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of the Berings Sea and the Aleutian Ridge

Abstract Seismic refraction profiles made in the Bering Sea in three geologic provinces — the Aleutian ridge, the Aleutian basin, and the eastern shelf — show that the Aleutian basin has a structure that can be interpreted as an area with oceanic structure on top of which has been deposited 4 km of sediment and volcanic rocks; the mantle is at a depth of 14 km, 3 km deeper than normal, and the ocean floor 1.3 km shallower than normal. Beneath the Aleutian ridge and the eastern shelf, the mantle depth is 22 km or more. The Aleutian ridge has acted as a sediment barrier, and sediments from the coasts of Alaska and Siberia have been trapped behind it; eventually the Aleutian basin should fill to the brim and form an addition to the continental mass.
‘The Natives are always stealing’: white vigilantes and the ‘reign of terror’ in the Orange Free State, 1918–24*

During the formative years of capitalist agriculture, white farmers in the Orange Free State relied on both legal and extra-legal means to create a docile labour force of African workers. Coercive laws were a necessary component in the overall process of fashioning a rural working class out of quasi-independent squatter communities. Yet, no matter how repressive, the legal system alone was not sufficient to ensure work-discipline and docility on the white-owned farms. Frustrated with their inability to force African farm labourers to work diligently and to prevent them from deserting the farms, white farmers frequently turned to indiscriminate violence to sow terror amongst the dispossessed African rural population. White vigilantes formed a kind of paramilitary wing of the white farming class. While the state authorities never officially sanctioned vigilantism, those white farmers who used violence to intimidate their African labourers had little to fear with respect to prosecution, let alone conviction. Yet despite all their efforts to break the will of rural Africans, white farmers lived in continued fear of ‘native risings’. Rural Africans, too, remembered: the shooting incidents that occurred in the Orange Free State were indelibly etched in the collective memory of the emergent rural working class.
Performance of Pin Fin Cast Aluminum Coldwalls, Part 1: Friction Factor Correlations

At low to moderate Reynolds numbers, cast pin e n coldwalls provide the best performance and lowest unit cost when castings are economically viable. An extensive literature search revealed that, although signie cant research has been done for relatively short pin e ns (L/d 10 3 , the friction factor is independent of pin length and Reynolds number.
XML access control for semantically related XML documents

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a standard for describing information on the Internet and is quickly becoming the most preferred way to store and exchange information. The need to provide controlled access to such information is imminent. In this paper, we present an access control mechanism for a collection of semantically related XML documents such as a collection of user records in XML for a distributed information system where the existing XML access control mechanisms are not easily applicable.
Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP) Promotes Invasion and Migration of Human Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome refers to a collection of diseases in men, including testicular cancer, that arise as a result of abnormal testicular development. Phthalates are a class of chemicals used widely in the production of plastic products and other consumer goods. Unfortunately, phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive dysfunction and has been shown to adversely affect normal germ cell development. In this study, we show that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression in testicular embryonal carcinoma NT2/D1 cells but has no significant effect on MMP9 expression. NT2/D1 cells also have higher levels of MYC expression following MEHP treatment. It is widely recognized that activation of MMP2 and MYC is tightly associated with tumor metastasis and tumor progression. Gelatin zymographic analysis indicates that MEHP strongly activates MMP2 in NT2/D1 cells. Addition of the MMP2-specific inhibitor SB-3CT inhibited MEHP-enhanced cell invasion and migration, demonstrating that MMP2 plays a functional role in promoting testicular embryonal carcinoma progression in response to MEHP exposure. Furthermore, we investigated genome-wide gene expression profiles of NT2/D1 cells following MEHP exposure at 0, 3, and 24 h. Microarray analysis and semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that MEHP exposure primarily influenced genes in cell adhesion and transcription in NT2/D1 cells. Gap junction protein-alpha 1, vinculin, and inhibitor of DNA-binding protein-1 were significantly down-regulated by MEHP treatment, while claudin-6 and beta 1-catenin expression levels were up-regulated. This study provides insight into mechanisms that may account for modulating testicular cancer progression following phthalate exposure.
Regulation of myosin light chain kinase and telokin expression in smooth muscle tissues

The mylk1 gene is a large gene spanning ∼250 kb and comprising at least 31 exons. The mylk1 gene encodes at least four protein products: two isoforms of the 220-kDa myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)...
Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents: Correlates with Masculinity Ideology

This study investigated the Gender Role Conflict Scale-Adolescent Version (GRCS-A) and its relationship with the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS), the measure from which it was adapted. Significant correlations between the adult and adolescent versions provided support for the concurrent validity of the GRCS-A. Further analyses revealed that two other measures of male masculinity, the Adolescent Masculinity Ideology in Relationships Scale (AMIRS) and Male Role Attitudes Scale (MRAS), are also significantly related to the GRCS-A. Implications for future research and clinical use are discussed.