cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical techniques for detection of major genes in animal breeding data

Statistical techniques for detection of major loci and for making inferences about major locus parameters such as genotypic frequencies, effects and gene action from field-collected data are presented. In field data, major genotypic effects are likely to be masked by a large number of environmental differences in addition to additive and nonadditive polygenic effects. A graphical technique and a procedure for discriminating among genetic hypotheses based on a mixed model accounting for all these factors are proposed. The methods are illustrated by using simulated data.
Folk medicine in Laos: a comparison between two ethnic groups.

Abstract Folk healing was studied in two ethnic groups of Laos during the period 1965–75. Hmong, mostly illiterate and animistic, lived in highly autonomous villages within an atomistic society, occupying remote and sparsely populated mountains. Lao, mostly literate and Buddhist, lived in lowland towns and villages within a hierarchical and integrated society, occupying the densely populated Mekong flood plain. Folk healing systems of both groups demonstrated similarities regarding folk syndromes and folk modalities. Differences included more complex theories about illness, greater number of folk practitioner types and greater differentiation of the shaman role (i.e. into separate priest and healer roles) in the more complex Lao society.
Memory access optimization for computations on unstructured meshes

Many real-life applications of processor-arrays suffer from memory bandwidth limitations. In many cases an unstructured mesh is given (computation on sensor data, simulations of physical systems — PDEs), where the vertices represent computations with dependencies represented by the edges. Utilization of processing elements (PEs) during these computations is mainly depends on the node indexing of the mesh. If the adjacent nodes are stored close to each other in main memory, the reloading of node data can be significantly decreased. In case of FPGA the memory accesses can be fully determined by the designer. The mesh and an ordering of its nodes, define the graph bandwidth, which determines the minimum size of on-chip memory to avoid reloading of the nodes from the off-chip memory. If the required on-chip memory size is higher than the available resources, the mesh must be divided into parts. In this paper a novel geometry-based method is presented, which constructs reordered parts from a given unstructured mesh, where each part meets some predefined constraints on graph bandwidth.
Young Children's Coping with Interpersonal Anger

Although interest in children's stress and coping has increased, little attention has been paid to children's interpersonal coping. During free-play periods, we observed and recorded the causes of preschoolers' (M age = 55.43 months) anger and how they reacted to these provocations (n = 69). Measures of social competence and popularity also were obtained. Preschoolers' coping with interpersonal anger varied in meaningful ways in different contexts and varied for boys and girls. For example, boys tended to vent more than girls, whereas girls tended to actively assert themselves more than boys. Moreover, the findings supported the conclusion that socially competent and popular children coped with anger in ways that were relatively direct and active and in ways that minimized further conflict and damage to social relationships. Results were discussed in light of current research on children's abilities to regulate emotions and social interactions and how these may be related to children's anger-related coping responses.
Agriculture and Ecosystem Restoration in South Florida: Assessing Trade-Offs from Water-Retention Development in the Everglades Agricultural Area

Agricultural production decisions can affect ecosystem function and environmental quality. Environmental restoration policies can, in turn, affect the profitability of the agricultural sector. A dynamic model of agricultural production, soil loss, and water retention in the Everglades Agricultural Area is developed to assess agricultural impacts under alternative water policy and land acquisition scenarios. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.
Distributed Grayscale Stereo Image Coding with Unsupervised Learning of Disparity

Distributed compression is particularly attractive for stereo images since it avoids communication between cameras. Since compression performance depends on exploiting the redundancy between images, knowing the disparity is important at the decoder. Unfortunately, distributed encoders cannot calculate this disparity and communicate it. We consider the compression of grayscale stereo images, and develop an expectation maximization algorithm to perform unsupervised learning of disparity during the decoding procedure. Towards this, we devise a novel method for joint bitplane distributed source coding of grayscale images. Our experiments with both natural and synthetic 8-bit images show that the unsupervised disparity learning algorithm outperforms a system which does no disparity compensation by between 1 and more than 3 bits/pixel and performs nearly as well as a system which knows the disparity through an oracle
Binding of yeast TFIIIC to tRNA gene bipartite internal promoters: Analysis of physical effects on the intervening DNA

Complexes between transcription factor TFIIIC and eukaryotic tRNA gene internal promoter A and B boxes are unusual in that the binding to the two distinct sites tolerates considerable variation in both distance and helical orientation between the sites. Electrophoretic mobility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIIIC complexes with circularly permuted tRNA gene fragments and sensitivity of the complexes to a single stranded-specific reagent, potassium permanganate, indicated that no significant bend or distortion was introduced into the DNA by simultaneous binding to both internal promoters. These data support a model in which variability in the relative positions of the two binding sites is compensated by flexibility in the structure of TFIIIC.
Carnival Cruise Lines: Charting a New Brand Course

Carnival Cruise Lines is the market leader in the low-price cruise market. Carnival achieved this position by emphasizing onboard activities, targeting a relatively young cruiser, using extensive television advertising, and focusing on the travel agent as its channel of distribution. As a result of industry growth, new companies have entered the business and existing lines have added ships. Currently, Carnival controls 24 percent of the berth space in the North American market. This commentary on Professor Robert Kwortnik’s case offers nearly a dozen opportunities for Carnival management to strengthen its position—notably, paying attention to the market’s changing demographics and considering expanded marketing opportunities, including operating land-based resorts.
Eliminating Ableism in Education

In this article, Thomas Hehir defines ableism as "the devaluation of disability" that "results in societal attitudes that uncritically assert that it is better for a child to walk than roll, speak than sign, read print than read Braille, spell independently than use a spell-check, and hang out with nondisabled kids as opposed to other disabled kids." Hehir highlights ableist practices through a discussion of the history of and research pertaining to the education of deaf students, students who are blind or visually impaired, and students with learning disabilities, particularly dyslexia. He asserts that "the pervasiveness of . . . ableist assumptions in the education of children with disabilities not only reinforces prevailing prejudices against disability but may very well contribute to low levels of educational attainment and employment." In conclusion, Hehir offers six detailed proposals for beginning to address and overturn ableist practices. Throughout this article, Hehir draws on his personal experi...
Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus) as a Sexual Risk Reduction Strategy: Perspectives from African-American Adolescents

This study examined adolescents’ beliefs about the benefits and risks of withdrawal (coitus interruptus) with respect to both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In the course of qualitative interviews with African-American youth aged 14–19 (n = 124) about sexuality and risk, 24 adolescents spontaneously introduced the subject of withdrawal as a sexual risk reduction strategy. Eighteen percent of the sexually experienced adolescents mentioned their own use of withdrawal as a contraceptive method. From adolescents’ accounts of their own and their peers’ use of withdrawal, we learned that the cultural meanings of withdrawal within the context of adolescent relationships were multifaceted. Using withdrawal could signal sexual prowess in male youth, was seen as promoting trust and caring within a stable relationship, and was seen as mitigating the risk of pregnancy. However, adolescents also recognized that withdrawal did not protect against most STIs. Beliefs about withdrawal as a gendered skill and as a sign of trust may undermine some adolescents’ attempts to negotiate condom use for protection against STIs.
Physical concerns for cross-layer prototyping and wireless network experimentation

The performance of a wireless network protocol is inseparably linked to the physical layer algorithms on which it is built, the hardware used to implement the radio, and the wireless environment in which it operates. This paper identifies three features of wireless networking protocols impacted by these lower-level characteristics that are often overlooked or misunderstood by many researchers developing wireless protocols or using testbed-based evaluation methods. These features are temporal scaling, measurement reciprocity, and cross-layer adaptation. Temporal scaling refers to the time resolution with which events, such as broadcast or feedback, occur in the wireless network. This feature is tightly coupled with processing time at the physical layer and time selectivity in the wireless channel. Measurement reciprocity is an assumption used to estimate parameters of the forward link of a bidirectional communication channel, based on observations from the reverse link. This assumption directly depends on the interference properties and hardware symmetry of nodes in a wireless network. System adaptation, based on reciprocity or feedback, inevitably requires careful scrutiny of power and rate control applied to physical wireless devices. This paper also provides recommendations to guide researchers in setting up interesting and useful wireless experiments. Three concerns for wireless experimentation are addressed, namely: ambient interference, RF hardware profiling, and fading properties of the wireless channel. The motivation for this paper stems from experience prototyping and experimenting with Hydra, a wireless cross-layer testbed developed at the University of Texas at Austin.
Equal Pay and Gender: Implications of Court Cases for Personnel Practices

Over 150 court cases alleging violations of the Equal Pay Act and/or the Bennett Amendment of Title VII were reviewed. Pay differences between sexes averaged approximately 15 percent. Evidence submitted by the majority of litigants concerning job worth involved individual testimony, with few litigants submitting the results from a job evaluation. Pay differences may be defended only by personnel practices applied in a sex-blind manner. Job evaluation should become more common in industry as a defense against pay discrimination.
Effect of altered feeding patterns on serum lipids and lipoproteins in adult males

Effects of a three meal per day versus a six meal per day feeding pattern on selected serum lipids and lipoproteins in 17 males were examined. After a two week acclimatization period, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each group followed a three meal per day pattern for six weeks and a six meal per day pattern for another six weeks. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were not significantly affected by the altered feeding patterns. There was a significant decrease in the triglyceride levels of one group, but not the other, during the six meal per day pattern. For both groups the HDL-cholesterol levels differed significantly (P≤0.05) between the two feeding patterns. However, the findings were dissimilar in that for one group the HDL-cholesterol was higher after the six meal per day pattern and, for the other group, the opposite was true. Only during Phase I, the acclimatization period when both groups were consuming three meals per day, were any significant differences in dietary intakes noticed. Specifically, subjects in Group I consumed significantly more total fat and saturated fat (P=0.01 and P=0.04, respectively). Throughout the study there were no significant differences between the two groups relative to polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P/S) ratios of the diets.
Prophylactic cholecystectomy is not indicated following renal transplantation

Abstract Background: The appropriate management of gallstones in patients undergoing renal transplantation is controversial. Screening for gallstones and subsequent prophylactic cholecystectomy has been recommended by some authors for kidney transplant candidates. Our program does not practice routine pretransplant screening for gallstones, and we reviewed our data to determine the outcome of our management approach. Methods: We reviewed the records of the 1,364 currently followed patients who have undergone kidney transplant at our institution since 1985 in order to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of biliary disease in the post-transplant period. We attempted to contact all patients by telephone or mail survey for the presence of biliary tract disease or operations. Results: Six hundred and sixty-two patients were fully evaluated. Fifty-two (7.85%) required cholecystectomy for stone disease. Seven patients underwent incidental cholecystectomy during other operations, 2 patients developed acalculus cholecystitis, and 14 patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis are being followed up. Surgical indications included 38 biliary colic, 9 acute cholcystitis, 3 gallstone pancreatitis, and 2 patients who were asymptomatic. Fifty-two patients underwent 30 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, 20 open cholecystectomies, and 2 conversions. Surgery occurred from 7 days to 9.6 years following transplantation. Overall, the median hospital stay (no postoperative stay) was 4 days (range 1 to 57). Patients undergoing laparoscopy had a median stay of 2 days compared with 7 days for those undergoing an open procedure. Complications were seen in 6 patients (11.5%) with no morbidity and no graft loss. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year graft survival was 98%, 96%, and 85%, respectively, in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Conclusions: Transplant patients are not at an increased risk for developing biliary tract disease compared with nontransplant patients. Gallstone disease does not have a negative impact on graft survival. Treatment of gallstones has a low risk and does not represent an increased risk of complications in patients following renal transplantation.
On stopping times and stochastic monotonicity

If t is any stopping time, then the distributions of Xt are stochastically monotone in the parameter, when sampling from a one parameter exponential family. The proof is a simple exercisein differentiating the fundamental identity of sequential analysis. Some other applications of the technique are included.
The thiol groups of jack bean urease

Abstract In aqueous buffer solutions both NEM and DTNB rapidly react with 26–28 SH groups per native urease molecule with no loss of enzymatic activity. Titration of a further 7–9 SH groups by either reagent is less rapid and is accompanied by inactivation. A further 45–50 SH groups were titrated by both reagents after exposure to 6 m or 5.2 m GCl. Behavior of NEM-inactivated urease differed from that of DTNB-inactivated urease during isoelectric focusing. DTNB titration in 8 m urea solution did not indicate that significantly more SH groups were exposed under these conditions, but NEM reacted with about 50 SH groups. No evidence was found for the presence of disulfide bonds in the molecule. The number of SH groups titratable in GCl solution or in peptic digests was equal to the number of 1 2 -cystine residues from previously published amino acid analysis.
CHANGES IN SERUM CALCIUM FRACTIONS AND CITRATE CONCENTRATIONS DURING MASSIVE BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS AND CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS

Total serum calcium, its fractions and serum citrate concentrations were measured in children receiving massive blood transfusion for scoliosis surgery, and in other children undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. During scoliosis surgery, although up to 100% of blood volume was replaced, and no additional calcium salts were infused, serum ionized calcium concentration remained within normal limits, provided that infusion rates of blood did not exceed 30 ml kg −1 h −1 . During cardiopulmonary bypass, in which citrate-containing blood priming solutions were used, serum ionized calcium concentrations decreased markedly during perfusion associated with extremely high serum citrate concentrations. Serum ionized calcium concentrations returned to normal by the end of bypass, but serum citrate concentrations remained five times the normal concentration S h after bypass.
Modeling urban traffic: A cellular automata approach

In this article we introduce a new cellular automata approach to construct an urban traffic mobility model. Based on the developed model, characteristics of global traffic patterns in urban areas are studied. Our results show that different control mechanisms used at intersections such as cycle duration, green split, and coordination of traffic lights have a significant effect on intervehicle spacing distribution and traffic dynamics. These findings provide important insights into the network connectivity behavior of urban traffic, which are essential for designing appropriate routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks in urban scenarios.
Transport of DNA into the Nuclei of Xenopus Oocytes by a Modified VirE2 Protein of Agrobacterium

We used Agrobacterium T-DNA nuclear transport to examine the specificity of nuclear targeting between plants and animals and the nuclear import of DNA by a specialized transport protein. Two karyophilic Agrobacterium virulence (Vir) proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, which presumably associate with the transported T-DNA and function in many plant species, were microinjected into Drosophila embryos and Xenopus oocytes. In both animal systems, VirD2 localized to the cell nuclei and VirE2 remained exclusively cytoplasmic, suggesting that VirE2 nuclear localization signals may be plant specific. Repositioning one amino acid residue within VirE2 nuclear localization signals enabled them to function in animal cells. The modified VirE2 protein bound DNA and actively transported it into the nuclei of Xenopus oocytes. These observations suggest a functional difference in nuclear import between animals and plants and show that DNA can be transported into the cell nucleus via a protein-specific pathway.
Norwalk-like Virus Infection in Military Forces: Epidemic Potential, Sporadic Disease, and the Future Direction of Prevention and Control Efforts

The impact of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) infection on military forces is evaluated in this report. NLVs were a major cause of both outbreaks and sporadic disease among crowded US ground troops in the 1991 war with Iraq. NLVs also have been found to be a cause of acute gastroenteritis in other ground and shipboard deployments. Four large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were investigated aboard US Navy aircraft carriers between 1992 and 1997. In these outbreaks, NLVs were identified as the probable cause, and crowding was a major risk factor for transmission. An evaluation of a routine shipboard deployment also suggests that NLVs cause sporadic gastroenteritis. These data indicate that NLV infection is a major cause of acute morbidity in military forces. Because of the limitations of available prevention and control methods, development of a vaccine against these viruses may be the best solution in the military environment.
Help-Seeking Behaviors of Men for Mental Health and the Impact of Diverse Cultural Backgrounds

A growing research body suggests that men are less likely than women to seek help from professional counselors for mental health problems and stressful life events (Komiya, Good, & Sherrod, 2000). Untreated mental health problems can have a significant impact on the health and development of the client as well as the client’s family members. Various factors such as help-seeking attitudes influence men’s help-seeking behaviors in regard to mental health services. Males demonstrate less positive attitudes toward seeking help in order to avoid talking about stressful events and painful feelings because of masculine norms and stigma. Help-seeking attitudes, masculine norms, and stigma are reviewed for their associations with men’s opposition to seeking help when psychological problems occur. The author of this paper presents further literature about males from diverse cultural backgrounds to emphasize the particular factors that impact men’s reduced willingness to seek counseling.
Assessing the role of prevention partnerships in STD prevention: a review of comprehensive STD prevention systems progress reports

Systematic analysis of STD programme data contributes to a national portrait of sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention activities, including research and evaluation specifically designed to optimise programme efficiency and impact. We analysed the narrative of the 2009 annual progress reports of the US Comprehensive STD Prevention Systems cooperative agreement for 58 STD programmes, concentrating on programme characteristics and partnerships. Programmes described 516 unique partnerships with a median of seven organisations cited per STD programme. Non-profit organisations (including service providers) were most frequently cited. Higher gonorrhoea morbidity was associated with reporting more partnerships; budget problems were associated with reporting fewer. Challenges to engaging in partnerships included budget constraints, staff turnover and low interest. Data provide a source of information for judging progress in programme collaboration and for informing a sustained programme-focused research and evaluation agenda.
The Validity of Each of the Four Scales of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA) for Each of Two Samples of College Students and Under Each of Two Treatment Conditions Involving Use of Released Class Time.

A validity study of each of the four subscales of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA) indicated (a) moderate to high degree of correlations between each SSHA subscale and course examination scores for 43 female black undergraduates but an absence of such correlations for 37 male black undergraduates and (b) significant correlations between each of three SSHA subscales (Work Methods, Teacher Approval, and Education Acceptance) and the course examination scores for a sample of 50 students who preferred released time (free Fridays) by taking each of four biweekly course examinations just once, but no significant correlations between each of four SSHA subscales and the course examination scores for a sample of 30 students who preferred taking the same biweekly course examination twice on two consecutive Fridays without released time.
1 Home Turf: Archaeology, Territoriality, and Politics

Archaeological studies of political life have often assumed that the control of territory is an inherent aspect of social power, particularly within complex polities. Frustration with the rigid territorialism of archaeological approaches to politics has fostered enthusiasm for alternative models of political space, including networks. While we concur with this frustration, we argue that territorial models should still be integral to archaeological studies of political landscapes. However, archaeologists should reframe the control of territory as one of many modalities through which authority can be claimed and reproduced and focus attention on variability in territorial patterns and processes. In this introduction, we review previous approaches to territoriality in anthropology and corollary fields, outline dimensions of variability in territorial behaviors and institutions, and provide a foundation for the series of essays in this volume, which collectively seek to invigorate the study of territoriality in anthropological archaeology. [territoriality, archaeological theory, landscape archaeology]
Treatment Planning and Treatment Planning System (TPS)

Treatment planning is the central task for dosimetrists and is also a very important task for medical physicists. Planning skill and experience are the major standards in the job market for dosimetrists.
New pteraspidid (Agnatha: Heterostraci) from the Lower Devonian Water Canyon Formation of Utah

The extensive fauna of vertebrates from the Lower Devonian Water Canyon Formation of Utah was initially reported and described by Branson and Mehl (1930, 1931), and subsequently described in detail by Denison (1952, 1953, 1958, 1967). A major part of the fauna consists of heterostracans, particularly pteraspidids (Denison, 1953, 1967), and to date six species are known from the Water Canyon Formation. This fauna comes from the upper Emsian and is similar in age to that of the Beartooth Butte Formation of Wyoming and Montana, and also to faunas recently reported from Nevada and California (Elliott, 1989; Ilyes and Elliott, 1991, 1992).
Selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension and mutational profiling (SHAPE-MaP) for direct, versatile and accurate RNA structure analysis

Selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) chemistries exploit small electrophilic reagents that react with 2'-hydroxyl groups to interrogate RNA structure at single-nucleotide resolution. Mutational profiling (MaP) identifies modified residues by using reverse transcriptase to misread a SHAPE-modified nucleotide and then counting the resulting mutations by massively parallel sequencing. The SHAPE-MaP approach measures the structure of large and transcriptome-wide systems as accurately as can be done for simple model RNAs. This protocol describes the experimental steps, implemented over 3 d, that are required to perform SHAPE probing and to construct multiplexed SHAPE-MaP libraries suitable for deep sequencing. Automated processing of MaP sequencing data is accomplished using two software packages. ShapeMapper converts raw sequencing files into mutational profiles, creates SHAPE reactivity plots and provides useful troubleshooting information. SuperFold uses these data to model RNA secondary structures, identify regions with well-defined structures and visualize probable and alternative helices, often in under 1 d. SHAPE-MaP can be used to make nucleotide-resolution biophysical measurements of individual RNA motifs, rare components of complex RNA ensembles and entire transcriptomes.
Efficient Methods for Incorporating Knowledge into Topic Models

Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is a popular topic modeling technique for exploring hidden topics in text corpora. Increasingly, topic modeling needs to scale to larger topic spaces and use richer forms of prior knowledge, such as word correlations or document labels. However, inference is cumbersome for LDA models with prior knowledge. As a result, LDA models that use prior knowledge only work in small-scale scenarios. In this work, we propose a factor graph framework, Sparse Constrained LDA (SC-LDA), for efficiently incorporating prior knowledge into LDA. We evaluate SC-LDA’s ability to incorporate word correlation knowledge and document label knowledge on three benchmark datasets. Compared to several baseline methods, SC-LDA achieves comparable performance but is significantly faster.
Abstract TMP57: Disabling Stroke is Uncommon After An Emergency Department Evaluation and Discharge for Dizziness Symptoms

Background: Given the general concern about stroke among emergency department (ED) patients with dizziness, we sought to evaluate the short-term outcomes in these patients. Methods: We conducted a nested-case control study within a cohort of all adults who presented during 1 year to 19 EDs of a large Northern California integrated health program with a primary complaint of dizziness. Cases were defined as patients with an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke within 90 days of the index ED visit based on a review of comprehensive medical records. Controls were randomly-selected from among the remaining cohort. A vascular neurologist adjudicated the stroke or stroke-free status of cases and controls. Disabling stroke was defined as stroke requiring inpatient rehabilitation or skilled nursing care. Descriptive statistics were based on the sampling fraction of the entire cohort. Results: Among 9,731 patients with a primary complaint of dizziness, 145 (1.5%, 95% CI 1.3%-1.8%) patients were diagnosed with a new stroke. Most were diagnosed with stroke within two days and all new strokes were diagnosed within 10 days of the initial ED visit. Mean age for cases was 69.1 y compared to 63.5 y for controls (t-test, p Conclusion: Although ED patients with dizziness can develop disabling or fatal strokes, the vast majority of these strokes are recognized in the emergency department or during the subsequent hospitalization. Delayed recognition of stroke appears to be uncommon among dizzy patients evaluated in the emergency department and discharged home and seldom results in a disabling stroke.
Outcome of laparoscopic versus traditional surgery for ectopic pregnancies.

Objective To compare pregnancy rates after three surgical procedures for ectopic pregnancy (EP) over a 9-year period for normal and infertility patients. Design In a retrospective analysis, we examined crude pregnancy rates and life-table analysis of cumulative pregnancy rates. A proportional hazard regression model was used to examine relative risk of type of surgery and fertility rates. Patients, Participants One hundred twenty-six cases of EPs were reviewed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, a tertiary institution. Main Outcome Measures Comparisons of rates of viable term deliveries were calculated between three types of surgery and were stratified according to the status of infertility. Confidence intervals for relative risk of surgery and fertility status on future pregnancy were calculated. Results No difference in pregnancy rates was observed after the three procedures ( P = 0.08). Normals had a significantly higher (4 times higher) pregnancy rate than infertility patients, independent of surgical procedure. Conclusion Successful pregnancy after EP is related to history of infertility rather than type of surgery to treat ectopic event. More randomized study is needed to examine laparoscopic salpingostomy, especially in patients with other infertility problems.
Software reuse

Software reuse is the process of creating software systems from existing software rather than building software systems from scratch. This simple yet powerful vision was introduced in 1968. Software reuse has, however, failed to become a standard software engineering practice. In an attempt to understand why, researchers have renewed their interest in software reuse and in the obstacles to implementing it.This paper surveys the different approaches to software reuse found in the research literature. It uses a taxonomy to describe and compare the different approaches and make generalizations about the field of software reuse. The taxonomy characterizes each reuse approach in terms of its reusable artifacts and the way these artifacts are abstracted, selected, specialized, and integrated.Abstraction plays a central role in software reuse. Concise and expressive abstractions are essential if software artifacts are to be effectively reused. The effectiveness of a reuse technique can be evaluated in terms of cognitive distance—an intuitive gauge of the intellectual effort required to use the technique. Cognitive distance is reduced in two ways: (1) Higher level abstractions in a reuse technique reduce the effort required to go from the initial concept of a software system to representations in the reuse technique, and (2) automation reduces the effort required to go from abstractions in a reuse technique to an executable implementation.This survey will help answer the following questions: What is software reuse? Why reuse software? What are the different approaches to reusing software? How effective are the different approaches? What is required to implement a software reuse technology? Why is software reuse difficult? What are the open areas for research in software reuse?
Near-death experiences: Perceptionis reality

The authors propose three etiologies responsible for the neardeath experience, which they refer to as an altered state of consciousness: physiologic, pharmacologic, and psychologic. They recommend research to determine what developmental factors influence the emotionality of the experience and how in-depth understanding can be used to provide better patient care.
Compliance of pediatric patients with therapeutic regimens.

Compliance with therapeutic regimens has been found to be very low in pediatric ambulatory patients. Physicians must recognize the extent of noncompliance among their patients and become aware of the factors contributing to it. Several practical measures can be taken to enhance compliance and thus ensure better health care.
Introducing cancers of the head and neck, a new open access journal

The study of head and neck cancers in the clinic and in the laboratory has been radically transformed in recent years. The emergence of a subset of patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-initiated oropharynx cancer, now representing the majority of new head and neck cancers at some sites in the United States, was followed by the recognition that these HPV-associated cancers represented a different disease [1]. HPV-initiated cancer not only has a different etiology, but also differs in treatment responsiveness, and biomolecular profile. Research on these more curable cancers increasingly will incorporate patient-reported outcomes and survivorship questions. At the same time, it has become clear that treatment advances have been only modest for HPVnegative cancers, and novel approaches to characterizing tumors and identifying therapeutic targets are urgently needed for these patients [2]. The advent of next-generation sequencing and publication of The Cancer Genome Atlas genomic profile in head and neck cancer have led to an initial classification of head and neck cancers into 4 intrinsic subtypes, with mutations in tumor suppressor genes the most common molecular abnormalities [3]. Ongoing efforts are likely to expand on these initial data with greater numbers of HPV-initiated cancers and cancers from non-smokers, as well as more detailed integrative analysis incorporating methylation and proteomic signatures. Successful targeted therapy of cancers driven by loss of tumor suppressor gene function is likely to require informatics approaches to identify potential synthetic lethal targets. The revolution in immunooncology is also relevant in head and neck cancer, with preliminary data indicating responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibition for both HPV-associated and HPV-negative cancers [4]. The rapidity with which the field is moving, and the richness of these data sets, creates the need for a new journal
Patient-oriented dietetic information system. 3. A computer-assisted instruction program for calculating nutrient intakes.

This computer-assisted system, now available, includes a nutrient data bank, programmed instruction, a food item reference book, and capability of calculating nutrient values on request via teletypewriter.
Forensics or Fauxrensics? Ascertaining Accuracy in the Forensic Sciences

Forensic science – which includes such techniques as DNA analysis, fingerprint examination, and firearms comparison – plays a crucial role in our criminal justice system by helping to convict the guilty and acquit the innocent. However, our confidence in forensic science conclusions must be tempered by the odds that those conclusions are wrong. What are those odds? Nobody knows the answer because no disinterested researchers have conducted the appropriate studies in any of the forensic science disciplines. This is a serious problem because, without this information, legal decision makers cannot properly assess the validity or probative value of forensic evidence. In this paper, I examine the institutional forces and misunderstandings that are responsible for our ignorance about the accuracy of forensic science conclusions. I then recommend a new type of proficiency testing regimen (Type II proficiency testing) that is designed to measure error rates under appropriate test conditions in the various forensic subfields. Unless and until such studies are undertaken, legal decision makers will continue to fly blind when it comes to assessing the reliability of a reported forensic match.
Public opinion mining on Sochi-2014 Olympics

The requirements of evidence-based policymaking promote interest to realtime monitoring of public’s opinions on policy-relevant topics, and social media data mining allows diversification of information portfolio used by public administrators. This study discusses issues in public opinion mining with respect to extraction and analysis of information posted on Twitter about Sochi-2014 Olympic. It focuses on topics discussed on Twitter and sentiment analysis of tweets about the Games. Final database contained 613,333 tweets covering time span from November 1, 2013 until March 31, 2014. Using hash tags the data were classified into the following categories: Events (21%); News (14%); Sports (12%); Anticipation of the Games (12%); Cheering of the teams (6%) and Problems & Politics (2%). Research reveals considerable differences in the outcomes of machine sentiment classifiers: Deeply Moving, Pattern, and SentiStrength. SentiStrength produced the most suitable results in terms of minimization of incorrectly classified tweets. Methodological implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Side Effects of Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

The severity and nature of side effects and doses and plasma levels of phenobarbital (PB), primidone (PRM), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and valproate (VPA) were examined in 392 pediatric outpatients at the Division of Paediatric Neurology, National Hospital “Marques de Valdecilla”, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
"They Gave Hungary Away": Depression and Traumatic Cultural Identity Among Hungarians

iv Acknowledgements v List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Social Construction of Ethnic Identity 8 Chapter Three: Hungarian History and Cultural Background 12 Early Hungarian History 12 Austro-Hungarian Empire and WWI 14 Interwar Hungary 20 Hungary as a Soviet Satellite 23 Hungarian Political Scene Today 24 Trianon Trauma 26 Trauma of the Revolution of 1956 26 Trauma of Communism 27 Erasure of the Trauma of the Hungarian Holocaust 28 Chapter Four: Illness Beliefs and Making Sense of Illness 29 The Illness Narrative 32 Family Stories as Illness Narrative and Cultural Resource 33 Chapter Five: Theoretical Framework 35 Chapter Six: Methods 38 Sample Design 39 Analysis 40 Chapter Seven: Results 42 A Note on My Position as a Researcher 42 Description of Research Participants 44 Tables of Triggers 46 Codebook 48 Chapter Eight: Discussion 48 Disruption of a Sense of Belonging 50 Negative Worldview 60 Memories of Collective Traumas 67 Limitations of the Study 73
Chemical Composition, Pasting, and Thermal Properties of 22 Different Varieties of Peas and Lentils

Eleven green pea, five yellow pea, and six lentil varieties were analyzed for their composition and pasting and thermal properties. Lentils had higher protein content (25.8–28.6%) than peas (22.2–27.6%). However, peas had higher fiber content (19.8–31.4%) than lentils (17.8–21.8%). Both peas and lentils showed similar starch content (41.5–52.3 and 43.5–50.0%, respectively), and they were both low in fat (<1.6%). Micro-Visco-Amylograph tests showed C-type amylograph patterns, except for Richlea variety. Thermal properties of flours were measured at 20, 40, 60, and 80% moisture content with a differential scanning calorimeter. Linear trends with a decrease in peak temperatures (Tp) were observed with an increase in moisture from 20 to 60%, and beyond 60% Tp was constant. Currently, peas and lentils are sold by mixing different varieties into classes based on the similarities in color and size of the seeds. However, significant differences were observed in chemical compositions and pasting and thermal proper...
Generalizability analysis for clinical trials: a simulation study

Subjects are rarely selected on a random basis from a well-defined patient population of interest into a clinical trial, with women, children, the elderly, and those with common comorbidities who are frequently underrepresented. Decades of clinical experience have demonstrated that the application of trial findings to individual patients is permissible by using efficacy as a measure of effectiveness and assuming that the characteristics of patients are sufficiently similar. In order to investigate this issue in greater depth, we simulated a patient population with treatment effect size of 0.5 (Cohen's d) and five covariates that included gender, health insurance, comorbidity, age, and motivation. To demonstrate how selection of patients for a clinical trial can bias the results when treatment effect varies across individuals, we created 50 nonrandom clinical trials based on this patient population and showed relative bias to range from 1.68% to 99.70%. We calculated and evaluated three indexes: C-statistics, standardized mean difference (SMD), and Tipton's index (β) of generalization for the 50 nonrandom trials. Findings indicated that (i) the ranges were 0.56–0.98, 0.23–11.17, and 0.99–0.73 for C-statistics, SMD, and β, respectively, when treatment effect bias increased from 1.68% to 99.70% and (ii) C-statistics 0.91 when treatment effect bias <50%. Recommendations are made using existing generalization indexes on the basis of our simulation results. An example from a real clinical trial is provided for illustration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin D Insufficiency and Cognitive Function Trajectories in Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study.

BACKGROUND Evidence of a role for vitamin D (VitD) in cognitive aging is mixed and based primarily on extreme VitD deficiency. We evaluated the association of VitD insufficiency with cognitive function in older, community-dwelling adults living in a temperate climate with year-round sunshine. METHODS A population-based longitudinal study of 1,058 adults (median age 75; 62% women) who had cognitive function assessed and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25OHD) measured in 1997-99 and were followed for up to three additional cognitive function assessments over a 12-year period. RESULTS Overall, 14% (n = 145) of participants had VitD insufficiency defined as 25OHD <30 ng/ml. Adjusting for age, sex, education, and season, VitD insufficiency was associated with poorer baseline performance on the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) (p = 0.013), Trails Making Test B (Trails B) (p = 0.015), Category Fluency (p = 0.006), and Long Term Retrieval (p = 0.019); differences were equivalent to 5 years of age. For those with VitD insufficiency, the odds of mildly impaired performance at baseline were 38% higher for MMSE (p = 0.08), 78% higher for Trails B (p = 0.017), and 2-fold higher for Category Fluency and Long Term Retrieval (both p = 0.001). VitD insufficiency was not related to the rate of cognitive decline on any test or the risk of developing impaired performance during follow-up. CONCLUSION In this population with little VitD deficiency, even moderately low VitD was associated with poorer performance on multiple domains of cognitive function. Low VitD did not predict 12-year cognitive decline. Clinical trials are essential to establish a causal link between VitD and cognitive well-being.
Is the “click” a token reward?

Rats were trained under two sets of conditions to press two bars for food. Under one condition Ss were differentially reinforced for perseverating on the same bar after a reinforcement, and under the other condition they were differentially reinforced for switching bars after a reinforcement. Then all Ss were extinguished with a click on one bar and no click on the other. It was found that bar “preference” depended upon the bar’s cue function rather than whether or not it presented the click.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis during high dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation.

TO THE EDITOR: In patients with complex medical conditions, determining the etiology of thrombocytopenia can be challenging. This is particularly true in patients undergoing treatment with high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDM/SCT). Virtually all patients receiving this
Gene-specific probes for avian retroviruses.

Several discoveries are noteworthy for allowing us to probe the recesses of the virus-infected cell and to search for cryptic viral genomes which might provide clues in our studies of cancer etiology or developmental biology. One of the most notable was the discovery of reverse transcriptase. This marked a momentous occasion in the history of molecular biology. Not only did it provide insight into the mechanism of persistence of retroviruses but it also provided us with an enzyme that could synthesize a DNA copy of any RNA. This DNA copy could then be used as a hybridization reagent to search for both complementary DNA and viral-specific RNA. Thus one could follow the course of any viral infection or probe in tumor cells for hidden viral genomes. Second, a great deal of credit must be given to the geneticists who isolated the various deletion mutants in the avian retrovirus system and thus provided us with the first means of isolating gene-specific probes. Finally, the laboratories which have mapped the genome have provided us with the framework in which to ask very specific questions with our gene-specific probes.
High acceleration experiments using a multi-stage ram accelerator

Methods of maximizing projectile acceleration to obtain high velocities with the thermally choked ram accelerator have been investigated. A low mass (50 gm) projectile geometry was developed that can be reliably accelerated up to the Chapman-Jouguet detonation speed of the propellant in a 38 mm bore ram accelerator. Experiments were performed in CH4/O2/He propellants wherein Mach number and heat release of combustion were varied to obtain very high projectile acceleration. Using 5.0 MPa fill pressure in a 2-m long first stage, average accelerations of over 38,000 g were routinely achieved, allowing the projectile to be accelerated from 1320 to 1800 m/s. Two and three-stage ram accelerator investigations culminated in a staging configuration that produced an average acceleration of ≈ 35,000 g over three 2-m long stages, resulting in a peak velocity of 2404 m/s in a distance of 6 m.
Streamers in Atmospheric Pressure N2: Empirical Results

We have obtained streak and high speed shutter photographs of streamers in a trigatron spark gap filled with N2 at roughly atmospheric pressure. The streamers are initiated in the high field region surrounding the trigger pin, and propagate across the main gap. We have observed streamers for main gap charging voltages ranging from roughly 50% to 99% of VSB (the static self-breakdown voltage of the gap), and for both charging polarities, producing cathode- and anode-directed streamers. Streak photography allows us to measure the propagation velocity of the streamers. High speed shutter photography shows the shape of the streamers. We observe a jump in the main gap current when the streamer approaches the distant main gap electrode. From the magnitude of this jump and the streamer body diameter determined from the shutter photographs, we can measure the free electron density in the streamer.