cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mounting large lenses in wide-field instruments for the converted MMT

We describe the techniques that we have used to mount large optics in three wide-field instruments for the converted MMT: the wide-field corrector uses to provide a 1 degree diameter field at the f/5 focus of the converted MMT, the Hectospec bench spectrograph fed by 300 optical fibers and the wide- field dual-beam Binospec spectrograph. These optics are primarily refractive elements with diameters between 0.2 and 0.8 m that must be mounted from their edges, although we also describe mounts for two large mirrors in the Hectospec bench spectrograph. Both the wide-field corrector and Binospec mounts must perform under varying gravity loads: the corrector is fixed to the converted MMT's primary mirror cell and is tilted from zenith to horizon while Binospec is mounted at the converted MMT's Cassegrain focus. Furthermore, the optics mounts for both instruments must fit within tight space constraints. The Hectospec spectrograph is mounted in the MMT's rotating building and experiences a constant gravity vector. In all cases, the mounts must perform over a wide temperature range, -20 to 20 degrees Celsius, so the issue of differential thermal expansion between the mounts and optics must be carefully considered. As a result, the mounts we discuss include either RTV elastomeric or flexural elements.
Hermitian structure for linearized ideal MHD equations with equilibrium flows

Abstract The linearized ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with equilibrium flows do not possess a standard Hermitian structure. This linearized system has a canonical Hamiltonian structure, however, and is shown to possess a non-standard Hermitian structure with respect to an indefinite inner product.
Modulation of dopaminergic terminal excitability by D1 selective agents: Further characterization

Abstract We have previously shown that stimulation of striatal D 1 receptors affects dopaminergic nigrostriatal terminal excitability, which is thought to be an index of biophysical events resulting from the activation of receptors on the presynaptic membrane. The experiments presented here further examine the locus and bases of these D 1 effects in the rat. We now report that striatal administration of the D 1 receptor selective antagonist R -(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazapine-7-ol-HCl (SCH 23390) produces a paradoxical agonist-like decrease in dopaminergic terminal excitability. This effect is blocked by pretreatment with the dopamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-paratyrosine, suggesting that the action of SCH 23390 is dependent upon endogenous dopamine. Further, haloperidol pretreatment also prevents the SCH 23390-induced decrease in terminal excitability, confirming that dopamine, acting through a dopamine receptor, is responsible for this agonist-like action. Striatal application of the active R -(+) enantiomer of the dopaminergic D 1 -selective agonist 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrol-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7, 8-diol-HCl (R-SKF 38393) decreases terminal excitability in the alphamethyl-paratyrosine pretreated animal, indicating that dopamine is not required for the agonist action. In an effort to ascertain the presynaptic or postsynaptic location of these actions, an extensive destruction of postsynaptic neurons in the neostriatum was produced by local administration of the neurotoxin, kainic acid. It was observed that the neurotoxin-induced neostriatal neuronal loss did not disrupt the action of R-SKF 38393 nor its reversal by SCH 23390. Finally, to exclude the possibility that R-SKF 38393 may act through a D 2 receptor, an additional group of animals was pretreated with the D 2 -selective antagonist, (−)-sulpiride. The D 1 -selective agonist still decreased excitability following this pretreatment, indicating that the agonist action is not mediated through D 2 receptors.
Going on tilt: Frequent poker players and control

This paper is based on three years of participant observation in California's legal commercial card parlors and one year observation at an open meeting of Gamblers Anonymous (G.A.). The grounded concept, tilt, is advanced to describe the process of losing control in the gambling situation. Although some problem gamblers and most compulsive gamblers (members of G.A.) did not use this term, they, nonetheless, described the same process. Tilt is defined and broken down into its various components. Paths to, or ways of going on tilt and the means used to avoid tilt are spelt out. Hochschild's concept, emotion work, is used to describe how successful professionals stay off tilt. The major contention of the paper is that all gamblers experience tilt, and their reactions to tilt and to tilt-inducing situations partly determine whether or not gambling becomes a major problem. The implications of tilt are also discussed.
Encoders vs decoders as units of analysis in research in nonverbal communications

An expanded analysis that permits generalization to populations of both encoders and decoders is described and illustrated. It is shown that treating encoders as a between-subjects factor and decoders as a within-subjects factor can yield tests of significance that differ markedly from those obtained from analyses regarding decoders as a between-subjects factor and encoders as a within-subjects factor. Although these issues were discussed as they apply to studies involving encoders and decoders of nonverbal cues, they are more generally relevant to any study in which groups of judges make observations of groups of stimulus persons.
Estimating natural fracture producibility in tight gas sandstones: Coupling diagenesis with geomechanical modeling

Natural fracture attributes important for tight gas reservoir characterization include hydraulic aperture, length, spacing, and connectivity. All of these parameters contribute to the permeability of the fractured reservoir, but many are difficult to observe and/or quantify with core, logs, or seismic. Our approach to estimating permeability for fractured layers is to augment direct fracture observation with geomechanical modeling and diagenetic characterization.
Quantum Kac-Moody symmetry in integrable field theories

We show that just as rational conformal theories are characterised by quantum algebras, integrable deformations of such theories are characterised by quantum affine (i.e. Kac-Moody) algebras. More precisely, we study the perturbation series around the conformal theory and observe that each term can be decomposed by an algebraic trick into a sum of products of holomorphic and antiholomorphic “blocks”. For the perturbation giving integrability, the SUq(2) describing the conformal theory extends to an SUq(2) for the “blocks” of the deformed theory. The primary fields φ1,n (to which we restrict for simplicity) correspond to level-k integrable representations of SUq(2), with q = eiπα+2, α+2 = 2p/p′, k = p′ −2. Of the two independent null vectors in such a representation one is the BRST closure condition of the conformal theory, while the other reflects the finiteness of the primary operator content of the theory.
Production of a low energy positron beam using the 12C(d,n)13N reaction

Abstract A prototype magnetic positron beam was built in order to study the feasibility of using low energy(≈ 1–2 MeV) deuteron accelerators to produce moderate-intensity (≈ 10 7 –10 8 e + /s) monoenergetic low energy positron beams. Graphite and diamond targets were bombarded with a few μA of deuterons at energies of 0.9, 1.3 and 1.8 MeV to produce the short lived 13 N β + emitter. The results show that the peak β + activity per 1 μA of deuteron irradiation is about 1 mCi. When combined with a standard positron moderator, this method of producing low energy positrons is expected to be capable of yielding a beam of up to 10 8 e + /s.
Observation of muons using the polar ice cap as a Cerenkov detector

DETECTION of the small flux of extraterrestrial neutrinos expected at energies above 1 TeV, and identification of their astrophysical point sources, will require neutrino telescopes with effective areas measured in square kilometres—much larger than detectors now existing1–3. Such a device can be built only by using some naturally occurring detecting medium of enormous extent: deep Antarctic ice is a strong candidate. A neutrino telescope could be constructed by drilling holes in the ice with hot water into which photomultiplier tubes could be placed to a depth of 1 km. Neutrinos would be recorded, as in underground neutrino detectors using water as the medium, by the observation of Cerenkov radiation from secondary muons. We have begun the AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array) project to test this idea, and here we describe a pilot experiment using photomultiplier tubes placed into Arctic ice in Greenland. Cerenkov radiation from muons was detected, and a comparison of count rate with the expected muon flux indicates that the ice is very transparent, with an absorption length greater than 18 m. Our results suggest that a full-scale Antarctic ice detector is technically quite feasible.
Recovery of Populations of Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Following Harvest

Abstract Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius L.) have been harvested commercially for the past few centuries. Harvested populations can recover if vegetative propagules remain in the soil. Experiment I tested the efficacy of vegetative reproduction in goldenseal and ginseng. Partial and intact rhizomes and roots were planted in garden experiments in West Virginia and monitored for 1 y (goldenseal), and for 4 y (ginseng). During the experiment more than 40% of the propagule types of goldenseal (n = 5) and ginseng (n = 7) sprouted. Sprouting varied from year to year in ginseng, and dormancy and/or death occurred in both species. Of the ginseng propagules that sprouted, 77% were dormant for at least 1 y and half of those were not present in the final year of the experiment. Sprouting and reproductive status were dependent on propagule type for both species. In Experiment II we monitored recovery of wild populations of goldenseal and ginseng following natural and simu...
Another look at water and ice.

The comments by A. K. Soper (“Water and ice,” Perspectives, 23 Aug., p. [1288][1]) on the Report by C. A. Tulk et al. (“Structural studies of several distinct metastable forms of amorphous ice,” 23 Aug., p. 1320) on distinct forms of “amorphous ice” add to the recent confirmation of the
Veblen as Teacher and Hunker in 1896–97:

Abstract. From the notes of a graduate student, James E. Hagerty, there has survived a record of sorts of what Thorstein Veblen taught at the University of Chicago in 1896–97. It shows that Veblen was working out in the classroom the ideas he presented formally after 1889, particularly the idea that “Differences in political economy now and in the past are due to a difference in psychology”—in “the point of view from which the facts are handled.” Veblenian thought was the product of the prevailing scientific philosophy. The Hagerty notes are presented in full in an appendix.
DESIGNED SELF-ORGANIZATION FOR MOLECULAR OPTOELECTRONIC SENSORS

The convergence of terahertz spectroscopy and single molecule experimentation offers significant promise of enhancement in sensitivity and selectivity in molecular recognition, identification and quantitation germane to military and security applications. This paper provides a brief overview of the constraints set by single molecule recognition systems and reports the results of experiments which address fundamental barriers to the integration of large, patterned bio-compatible molecular opto-electronic systems with silicon based microelectronic systems. Central to this thrust is an approach involving sequential epitaxy on surface bound single stranded DNA one-dimensional substrates. The challenge of producing highly structured macromolecular substrates, which are necessary in order to implement molecular nanolithography, has been addressed experimentally by combining “designer” synthetic DNA with biosynthetically derived plasmid components. By design, these one dimensional templates are composed of domains which contain sites which are recognized, and therefore addressable by either complementary DNA sequences and/or selected enzymes. Such design is necessary in order to access the nominal 2 nm linewidth potential resolution of nanolithography on these one-dimensional substrates. The recognition and binding properties of DNA ensure that the lithographic process is intrinsically self-organizing, and therefore self-aligning, a necessity for assembly processes at the requisite resolution. Another requirement of this molecular epitaxy approach is that the substrate must be immobilized. The challenge of robust surface immobilization is being addressed via the production of the equivalent of molecular tube sockets. In this application, multi-valent core-shell fluorescent quantum dots provide a mechanism to prepare surface attachment sites with a pre-determined 1:1 attachment site : substrate (DNA) molecule ratio.
Lipidomic profiling reveals protective function of fatty acid oxidation in cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity

During cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity, lipid accumulation occurs prior to necrotic cell death in the liver. However, the exact influences of cocaine on the homeostasis of lipid metabolism remain largely unknown. In this study, the progression of subacute hepatotoxicity, including centrilobular necrosis in the liver and elevation of transaminase activity in serum, was observed in a three-day cocaine treatment, accompanying the disruption of triacylglycerol (TAG) turnover. Serum TAG level increased on day 1 of cocaine treatment but remained unchanged afterwards. In contrast, hepatic TAG level was elevated continuously during three days of cocaine treatment and was better correlated with the development of hepatotoxicity. Lipidomic analyses of serum and liver samples revealed time-dependent separation of the control and cocaine-treated mice in multivariate models, which was due to the accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines together with the disturbances of many bioactive phospholipid species in the cocaine-treated mice. An in vitro function assay confirmed the progressive inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation after the cocaine treatment. Cotreatment of fenofibrate significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-targeted genes and the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation activity in the cocaine-treated mice, resulting in the inhibition of cocaine-induced acylcarnitine accumulation and other hepatotoxic effects. Overall, the results from this lipidomics-guided study revealed that the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation plays an important role in cocaine-induced liver injury.
Charts and Tables

Very often the same data can be presented as either a chart or a table. A chart contains pictures, words, or numbers, and is outlined or mapped to show sequences, deviations, and pathways. A table is a compilation of numerical or alphabetical data arranged in tabulated and labeled columns showing summaries of findings.
Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, With Implications for Counseling and Research

This article is a review of the current literature on loneliness. The relationship of loneliness to other variables, the major characteristics of the experience of loneliness, and a definition of loneliness for counseling are described. The unidimensional and multidimensional perspectives of the loneliness experience are illustrated, with special focus on how they relate to loneliness measurement. The incidence of loneliness among various populations is also discussed. Finally, treatment strategies for loneliness, which highlight cognitivebehavioral therapy, social skills training, and social support are provided, followed by suggestions and implications for counseling practice and research.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF GROUND BEEF PATTIES IRRADIATED BY GAMMA RAYS VERSUS ELECTRON BEAM UNDER VARIOUS PACKAGING CONDITIONS

Ground beef patties were packaged in air with: nylon/polyethylene, Saran/polyester/polyethylene, or Saran film overwrap plus a styrofoam tray. Samples were irradiated at 2 kGy by either gamma rays or electron beam, and evaluated for 7 flavor, 3 mouthfeel, and 7 taste attributes by a trained sensory panel. The only difference observed between irradiated and unirradiated samples was that the latter had a more pronounced beef/brothy flavor than irradiated patties. No differences were detected according to packaging material used. Comparing the two sources of irradiation, patties irradiated by gamma rays had more intense cardboardy and soured flavors, and salty and sour tastes than patties irradiated by electron beam.
Redundant or complementary? Impact of a colonizing species on community structure and function

Recent studies suggest that species with similar functional traits will have similar effects on ecosystems, but evidence for redundancy of species impacts is limited. Here we use a long-term experiment to gain insight into functional relationships within a desert rodent community. Experimental removal of kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spp., coupled with the recent, serendipitous colonization of a single species of large pocket mouse Chaetodipus baileyi yielded treatments that differed in the diversity of large granivorous rodents present. We evaluated functional overlap of C. baileyi and the other resident large granivores (i.e. the kangaroo rats) by comparing total energy use of granivorous rodents and total abundance and species richness of small granivores across treatments before and after the arrival of C. baileyi. We found that C. baileyi almost completely compensated for the changes in these key ecosystem-level properties caused by kangaroo rat removal, but it differentially impacted the population dynamics of individual small granivorous rodent species. Thus, its effects were largely complementary, rather than redundant, to those of the missing kangaroo rats. Although short-term or single-measure analyses may suggest redundancy, our results support the longstanding dictum that niches of coexisting species are often similar but rarely, if ever, identical.
The ventricular septum: the lion of right ventricular function, and its impact on right ventricular restoration

Objective: To evaluate the structure—function relationships of the right ventricle (RV) and septum and determine if the helical ventricular band model would define fiber orientation for maximal force response. Implications were made for right ventricular function. Methods: The right ventricular free wall and biventricular septum were studied by inserting sonomicrometer crystals at different angulations to determine the maximum response of fiber shortening. These reactions were compared to the lateral left ventricular (LV) wall and further tested by use of positive and negative inotropic drug infusions. Results: The maximum contraction of the free wall was achieved by placing crystals in the transverse orientation angulations, whereas oblique orientation allowed the maximal septal response. Fiber orientation angulation was the same for the LV free wall and septum. These angulations correlate with the MRI-related twisting actions of septal motion needed for ejection and suction for rapid filling. These findings have important impact, because they imply that the septum is ‘lion of right ventricular function,’ since septal twisting is essential when pulmonary vascular resistance is increased. The incidence of postoperative right heart failure due to septal dyssyncrony, with loss of septal twisting action from inadequate myocardial protection, is explored relative to RV free wall and septum function. Furthermore, early studies of right ventricular restoration in patients with RV dysplasia and RV failure after chronic pulmonary insufficiency following repair of Tetralogy of Fallot are described, with predominant attention directed toward rebuilding normal septal architecture and function. Conclusions: This experimental and clinical overview indicates that the septum is ‘the lion of right ventricular function,’ and implies that the use of this knowledge can become an important guideline for planning novel surgical geometric interventions after RV failure.
Active control of turbulent boundary layers

An experimental investigation is made into the active control of the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer () using a linear active control scheme. System identification in the boundary layer provides optimal transfer functions that predict the downstream characteristics of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. Enhanced detection techniques isolate the large-scale turbulent motion and improve the downstream correlations, resulting in greater controllability. The control is applied using a spanwise array of resonant synthetic jet actuators that introduce pairs of streamwise vortices into the flow. Control results show that a maximum reduction of 30% in the streamwise velocity fluctuations is achieved. This reduction is greatest at the point of optimization but spans a few hundred viscous lengths downstream of the actuator, about 50 viscous lengths in the wall-normal direction and 150 viscous lengths in the spanwise direction. The wall pressure fluctuation and the mean wall shear stress (measured approximately using mean velocity profiles near the wall) were reduced by 15% and 7% respectively. The bursting frequency, based on VITA event detection was also reduced by up to 23%.
A comparative study of processing methods and property relations of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors

Superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 6+x/ samples were made from powders prepared by three different routes: solid state reaction, coprecipitation of all components from nitrates and coprecipitation of Y and Ba oxalates on CuO particles. The powders produced by solid-state reaction were given different degrees of milling, calcined and either sintered or hot-pressed. The powders synthesized from solutions were precipitated either by mixing or spraying and were subsequently sintered and then annealed in oxygen at 600 C. In all cases, sintering at 920 C was found to give the lowest normal state resistivity. Samples hot pressed at 875 C required a subsequent annealing at higher temperatures to regain the superconducting phase. The solid-state reaction and coated-CuO methods gave single-phase material after sintering. Samples made from the conventional coprecipitation method always showed some nonsuperconducting phases. The latter specimens did exhibit superconductivity with T/sub c/ values of about 70 K; subsequent annealing did not significantly improve T/sub c/. Optimized attrition milled samples and those made by the coated-CuO method gave the lowest values of resistivity in the normal state. The extent of corrosion by interaction with water was studied. It was found that within one hour in water at 60 C, the samples lost most of their superconductivity. Ba was preferentially leached out compared to yttrium and copper. >
GeneXplorer: an interactive web application for microarray data visualization and analysis

When publishing large-scale microarray datasets, it is of great value to create supplemental websites where either the full data, or selected subsets corresponding to figures within the paper, can be browsed. We set out to create a CGI application containing many of the features of some of the existing standalone software for the visualization of clustered microarray data. We present GeneXplorer, a web application for interactive microarray data visualization and analysis in a web environment. GeneXplorer allows users to browse a microarray dataset in an intuitive fashion. It provides simple access to microarray data over the Internet and uses only HTML and JavaScript to display graphic and annotation information. It provides radar and zoom views of the data, allows display of the nearest neighbors to a gene expression vector based on their Pearson correlations and provides the ability to search gene annotation fields. The software is released under the permissive MIT Open Source license, and the complete documentation and the entire source code are freely available for download from CPAN http://search.cpan.org/dist/Microarray-GeneXplorer/ .
Harmonization and semantic annotation of data dictionaries from the Pharmacogenomics Research Network: A case study

The Pharmacogenomics Research Network (PGRN) is a collaborative partnership of research groups funded by NIH to discover and understand how genome contributes to an individual's response to medication. Since traditional biomedical research studies and clinical trials are often conducted independently, common and standardized representations for data are seldom used. This leads to heterogeneity in data representation, which hinders data reuse, data integration and meta-analyses. This study demonstrates harmonization and semantic annotation work for pharmacogenomics data dictionaries collected from PGRN research groups. A semi-automated system was developed to support the harmonization/annotation process, which includes four individual steps, (1) pre-processing PGRN variables; (2) decomposing and normalizing variable descriptions; (3) semantically annotating words and phrases using controlled terminologies; (4) grouping PGRN variables into categories based on the annotation results and semantic types, for total 1514 PGRN variables. Our results demonstrate that there is a significant amount of variability in how pharmacogenomics data is represented and that additional standardization efforts are needed. This represents a critical first step toward identifying and creating data standards for pharmacogenomics studies.
Ethics Perception: Does Teaching Make a Difference?

The present study examined student learning in business ethics, particularly ethical judgment, using R. E. Reidenbach and D. P. Robin's (1990) Multidimensional Ethics Scale (MES). The authors asked 262 undergraduate students to provide ethical judgment rating, first at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students judged 3 moral issues in the MES—labeled sales, auto, and retail—using 3 ethics theories: moral equity, relativism, and contractualism. Ethics learning was only significant in contractualism ethics for the auto scenario. Further, ethics learning significantly predicted ethical behavioral intent, supporting A. Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory. The authors provide theoretical and practical implications based on the study's findings.
Distributed deployment algorithms for improved coverage in mobile sensor networks

In this paper, sensor deployment strategies are studied for effective coverage in wireless sensor networks. In the proposed algorithms, each sensor discovers the coverage holes within its Voronoi polygons, and then moves in a proper direction to minimize them. Novel edge-based and vertex-based strategies are proposed for efficient sensor deployment, and their features are compared with existing techniques. The algorithms proposed in this paper consider the distances of each sensor and the points inside its corresponding Voronoi polygon from the edges or vertices of the polygon. It is shown that the methods introduced in this work outperform existing strategies. Simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed deployment algorithms, and their superiority over the techniques reported in the literature.
The acute, nontraumatic scrotum: assessment, diagnosis, and management.

Purpose This article reviews the acute, nontraumatic scrotal conditions of testicular torsion, torsion of an epididymal or testicular appendage, and epididymitis in order to assist the nurse practitioner (NP) with arriving at a diagnosis. Primary and emergency care management are presented. Data Sources Selected published literature in refereed journals and the authors’ clinical experiences. Conclusions Signs and symptoms of testicular pathologies can overlap, making diagnosis problematic. However, key features can raise the NP's index of suspicion for a particular diagnosis and can assist in selecting the most appropriate management strategy. Implications for Practice Although these conditions are rarely fatal, they may carry a risk of morbidity in the form of testicular necrosis, infarction, or atrophy with concomitant infertility. Any patient with scrotal or testicular pain should be presumed to have testicular torsion until proven otherwise, as this condition carries a high degree of morbidity. The information gained through a thorough history and physical examination can assist in arriving at the proper diagnosis.
An Interoperable Approach to Multifactor Identity Verification

Naming heterogeneity occurs in digital identity management systems when the various parties involved in managing digital identities use different vocabularies to denote identity attribute names. To resolve potential interoperability issues due to naming heterogeneity, the authors propose a new protocol that uses lookup tables, dictionaries, and ontology mapping techniques.
Keratoacanthoma developing in sites of previous trauma: A report of two cases and review of the literature

Keratoacanthoma is a common benign squamous neoplasm that only rarely progresses to metastatic carcinoma. The cause of keratoacanthoma is unclear; however, suspected causes include ultraviolet light, genetic factors, immunosuppression, chemical carcinogens, viruses, and trauma. Keratoacanthomas have been reported only rarely to arise in sites of previous trauma. We report 2 cases of keratoacanthomas arising shortly after episodes of cutaneous trauma and provide a review of the literature of similar cases previously reported. It is likely that an interaction exists between a variety of factors in the development of keratoacanthomas; however, it appears that a predilection exists for these lesions to arise in trauma sites.
Minimal Model of Plasma Membrane Heterogeneity Requires Coupling Cortical Actin to Criticality

We present a minimal model of plasma membrane heterogeneity that combines criticality with connectivity to cortical cytoskeleton. The development of this model was motivated by recent observations of micron-sized critical fluctuations in plasma membrane vesicles that are detached from their cortical cytoskeleton. We incorporate criticality using a conserved order parameter Ising model coupled to a simple actin cytoskeleton interacting through point-like pinning sites. Using this minimal model, we recapitulate several experimental observations of plasma membrane raft heterogeneity. Small (r ∼ 20 nm) and dynamic fluctuations at physiological temperatures arise from criticality. Including connectivity to the cortical cytoskeleton disrupts large fluctuations, prevents macroscopic phase separation at low temperatures (T ≤ 22°C), and provides a template for long-lived fluctuations at physiological temperature (T = 37°C). Cytoskeleton-stabilized fluctuations produce significant barriers to the diffusion of some membrane components in a manner that is weakly dependent on the number of pinning sites and strongly dependent on criticality. More generally, we demonstrate that critical fluctuations provide a physical mechanism for organizing and spatially segregating membrane components by providing channels for interaction over large distances.
Nurses’ Voices: policy, practice and ethics:

This article deals with nurses' ethical concerns raised by the consequences of changes in governmental and institutional policies on nursing practice and patient care. The aims of this project were to explore perspectives of registered nurses who provide or manage direct patient care on policies that affect nursing and patient care, and to provide input to policy makers for the development of more patient-centred policies. Four focus groups were conducted with a total of 36 registered nurse participants. The project team identified major themes that emerged in the analysis of transcripts of the focus group discussions. The four major themes were: effects of policy focused on cost containment, effects on quality of care, effects on patient education and access to needed services, and effects on nurses and nursing. The participants identified primarily negative effects of changes in national health policy and legislation that influence institutional policies on patient care and nursing practice. The effects of identified policy changes raised concerns about meeting nurses' ethical obligations to patients and families. Participants specified key points for consideration by legislators and other policy makers. They viewed nurses who are involved in direct patient care as a critical resource for legislators and other policy makers in the development of public and institutional policies that affect nursing and patient care.
Storage of red blood cells: new approaches.

Longer red blood cell (RBC) storage can improve blood logistics, increase the usefulness of autologous blood storage, and reduce donor exposure in neonatal intensive care. Better RBC storage can prevent membrane loss and preserve the secretion of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) in response to deformation. Better RBC storage may also reduce the formation of proinflammatory membrane breakdown products that lead to transfusion-related acute lung injury and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. To improve RBC storage, the authors have attempted to maximize the production of ATP by the manipulation of pH and to minimize membrane loss through the use of membrane protectants and the manipulation of tonicity. Increasing the initial storage pH led to successively higher RBC ATP concentrations until pH 7.2 was reached, when the synthesis of 2,3-diphophoglycerate was initiated at the expense of ATP. Synthesis of ATP could be maintained by buffering the fall of pH with increased storage solution volume or the addition of bicarbonate. Maintaining RBC ATP turns out to be an important way of preventing membrane microvesiculation or blebbing, as does the manipulation of tonicity and the addition of mannitol. These experiments show that it is possible to store RBC in experimental additive solutions containing only saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol, sodium bicarbonate, and disodium phosphate for 11 weeks or longer with little loss of membrane and high in vivo recovery
Developmental regulation of vesicle transport in Drosophila embryos: forces and kinetics.

Summary somes, pigment granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endosomes (Thaler and Haimo, 1996). However, In Drosophila embryos, microtubules oriented along exactly how the activity of motor proteins is integrated apical‐basal directions support saltatory vesicle move- with the spatiotemporal control of transport remains ment. Vesicle traffic includes lipid droplets whose distri- unclear. Previous investigations have implicated phosbution shifts twice during early embryogenesis. Using phorylation of kinesin and dynein (or of associated promicroscopy, optical tweezers, and a novel squashed- tein complexes) in altering cargo specificity and/or mount embryo preparation, we tracked single droplets motor activity (Sato-Yoshitake et al., 1992; Lee and Holand measured the forces these generated. Droplet lenbeck, 1995). Regulation of transport might conceivstalling forces change developmentally, in a roughly ably be brought about in any of a variety of ways, for quantized fashion, consistent with variation in the example: by changing the type or number of motors number of active motors. We characterized a muta- attached to vesicles, by altering the enzymatic activity tion, klarsicht, that affects droplet transport. Klar 1 fa- of attached motors (thereby tuning the speed or force), cilitates changes in force, possibly by coordinating or by adjusting the lengths of time during which motors the activity of multiple motors. Alterations in transport continuously transport cargo unidirectionally before affected motion in both apical and basal directions, stopping or reversing. indicating tight coupling between motors of opposite To address regulation of transport, we studied saltapolarity. Mutations in klar also affect nuclear migration tory vesicle motion in Drosophila embryos (Foe and during eye development, suggesting multiple roles for Alberts, 1983). We chose to focus on the movement
Newer Therapies in the Drug Treatment of Epilepsy

OBJECTIVE:To provide a review of recent developments in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search was performed to identify pertinent literature (1966–June 2001). Selected articles emphasized those published from 1997 to 2001. Bibliographies of identified articles were also evaluated.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All identifiable sources written in English.DATA SYNTHESIS:Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstays of therapy. The focus of this article is on the 3 latest AEDs — Levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and zonisamide. We discuss human data published as both original studies and reviews from the last 4 years, except where noted. We apply a general template for all 3 drugs and provide information on clinical trials, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and clinical use.CONCLUSIONS:Levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and zonisamide are reasonable options for many patients whose seizures are not yet controlled or who suffe...
Occupational Segregation Research: Queering the Conversation

Scholars of gender, work, and organization have long been concerned with developing explanations to occupational segregation; that is, the segregation of work by socially significant forms of difference such as sex and race. In this article, I argue that extant occupational segregation research is limited by its reliance upon binary thinking, as well as its neglect of forms of difference other than sex and race. In order to rethink this line of research, I develop a new approach to occupational segregation that is rooted in queer theory. The queer approach to occupational segregation research that I develop entails: (1) examining occupational segregation beyond the multiple binaries upon which extant occupational segregation research is premised; (2) conceptualizing and operationalizing difference as being performatively accomplished in everyday occupational and organizational life; (3) articulating a politics of occupational segregation that challenges dominant notions of group identity and exposes within-group inequalities and marginalization; and (4) expanding the repertoire of methods through which we conduct occupational segregation research. I conclude this article by discussing how queer theory can enable us to rethink not only occupational segregation research, but also the study of gender, work and organization.
Slicing-based volumetric collision detection

In this paper, we present a new approach for collision detection of volumetric objects. Good speeds and accuracy can be achieved using existing graphics hardware. The algorithm is simple to implement and, unlike other collision detection mechanisms, requires very little extra memory and preprocessing time. Using a combination of the two-dimensional scanline process and three-dimensional texture mapping technique, a number of polygonal slices can be computed for all volume objects in a scene. For each slice, the objects are checked for collisions using the framebuffer and logical color coding operations. Experiments are provided and analyzed.
Conflicting goals in a higher education environment

Marie O’Shutt is the MBA Director, a mid-level management position, at an institution of higher education (a university). She inherited Amy, an underachieving administrative assistant (AA) when she was asked to take the MBA position. Marie has concerns related to ethics and integrity surrounding some of Amy’s actions, including recording hours worked that cannot be substantiated. Marie’s goal is to employ a productive AA in order to operate an efficient and effective MBA program. Amy strongly desires to retain in the position of MBA AA and to maintain the status quo of reporting hours worked at hours when the university was not open and which cannot be substantiated. Upper level management at the university; i.e., the Dean of Business and the Director of Human Resources, has a goal of wanting to avoid having Amy sue. Members of management in this institution of higher education appear to have conflicting goals and are not seeking goal congruence, and the issues involve integrity, ethics, and legal matters.
Childhood Sexual Abuse

Abstract Childhood sexual abuse is a problem that leads to serious psychological disturbances evidenced through the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article discusses the treatment of sexual abuse survivors within a psychoanalytic framework. Different theoretical perspectives including classical Freudian, ego-psychological, object-relational and self-psychological are presented. Several relational treatment models, including feminist psychodynamic approaches, are offered. Themes include the importance of developing a strong therapeutic alliance and analyzing transference responses.
The Increase in Toxicity of Mushroom Poison Produced by Sodium Ricinoleate.

It has been found by the authors that mixtures of sodium ricinoleate and mushroom poison were more toxic than the mushroom poison alone. Experiments were carried out upon the effects produced by the separate injection of the two components into guinea pigs. Simultaneous but separate injections of mushroom toxin and castor oil soap gave toxic effects comparable to the injection of a mixture. The toxic effect was also evident if the injection of either component was delayed up to 48 hours. After the injection of an M.L.D of toxin, 1 cc. of soap injected 48 hours later, reduced the life interval from 7 days to 1 day. After the injection of 1 cc. of a 3 per cent soap solution, an M. L. D. of toxin injected after 48 hours produced a fatal termination in 2 days instead of 7 days. Various combinations of dosage at different intervals between injections showed that the longer the interval between injections, the larger must be the dose of toxin to produce corresponding results. With the injection of 0.03 gm. of s...
IN SEARCH OF HOMOPLASTIC TENDENCIES: STATISTICAL INFERENCE OF TOPOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN HOMOPLASY.

The "tendency" for homoplasy to appear in closely related taxa has been widely discussed but rarely quantified. This paper proposes statistical tests that examine the topological distribution of homoplasy within characters in phylogenies. They test whether character changes are localized (confined to some subtree), or clustered (occur in proximity to each other), relative to two null models of character evolution. Null Model I assumes that the observed number of character changes are dispersed randomly among the internodes of the tree, whereas Model II weights the probability that an internode contains a change by the length of that internode-estimated by the total number of character changes along that internode. Localization is measured by the largest furthest-neighbor distance between changes, clustering by the mean nearest neighbor distance. Distances are measured either by the number of intervening branches or the number of intervening character changes. Analyses of four cladistic data sets from the literature reveal very few characters that exhibit significant levels of clustering or localization-no more than would be expected by chance. In every data set a majority of characters exhibited at least weak tendencies, but in only one data set was there a significant excess of such characters. The present findings do not provide compelling evidence for the existence of "tendencies" in homoplasy, at least among characters used to reconstruct phylogenies. They should be sought elsewhere, in cladistic analyses of larger scope, probably among a class of characters defined a priori on a structural or functional basis.
An Efficient Saddle Point Search Method Using Kriging Metamodels

Simulating phase transformation of materials at the atomistic scale requires the knowledge of saddle points on the potential energy surface (PES). In the existing first-principles saddle point search methods, the requirement of a large number of expensive evaluations of potential energy, e.g. using density functional theory (DFT), limits the application of such algorithms to large systems. Thus, it is meaningful to minimize the number of functional evaluations as DFT simulations during the search process. Furthermore, model-form uncertainty and numerical errors are inherent in DFT and search algorithms. Robustness of the search results should be considered. In this paper, a new search algorithm based on Kriging is presented to search local minima and saddle points on a PES efficiently and robustly. Different from existing searching methods, the algorithm keeps a memory of searching history by constructing surrogate models and uses the search results on the surrogate models to provide the guidance of future search on the PES. The surrogate model is also updated with more DFT simulation results. The algorithm is demonstrated by the examples of Rastrigin and Schwefel functions with a multitude of minima and saddle points.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ovarian tumors in childhood and adolescence.

Clinically significant ovarian tumors in children and adolescents are not common, but many are vicious and do not respond well to treatment. Determining whether conservative or radical treatment is best for these young patients is difficult because of the heterogeneity of the tumors. To aid in this decision, the author presents a tumor classification and discusses various forms of treatment. A review of experience suggests that surgery has been far more radical than necessary in these patients.
Evaluation Indicator System and Evaluation Method of the Charging Facilities for Electric Vehicles Pilot Project

The evaluation of charging facilities for electric vehicles pilot project is an important work to promote and popularize the application of electric vehicles.Based on the designing standard-.the SMART standard that has been widely used,this paper builds an evaluation indicator system considering the aspects of technology,economy,society and practicability.According to the multi-dimension and multi-level features of the evaluation indicator system,the paper also proposes the evaluation method to analyze the effectiveness of the pilot project.
Electrophysiological Responses of Gustatory Receptor Neurons on the Labella of the Common Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

We recorded electrical responses from sensory cells associated with gustatory sensilla on the labella of female Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say to salt, sucrose, quinine (a feeding deterrent), and the insect repellent, N , N -diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). A salt-sensitive cell responded to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. A second cell was activated by increasing sucrose concentrations, while quinine, DEET, or a mixture of quinine + DEET elicited spike activity from a third cell, an apparent bitter- or deterrent-sensitive cell. Both quinine and DEET suppressed activity of the sugar-sensitive cell; sucrose suppressed activity of the bitter- or deterrent-sensitive cell. These results demonstrate separate gustatory pathways for a feeding stimulant and aversive contact cues mediated through distinct sensory inputs on the labellum. This sensory appendage may serve as a useful target to disrupt feeding behavior in this and other anopheline species, which transmit diseases like malaria to human populations.