cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invention and Early History of Telepathology (1985-2000).

This narrative-based paper provides a first-person account of the early history of telepathology (1985–2000) by the field's inventor, Ronald S. Weinstein, M. D. During the 1980s, Dr. Weinstein, a Massachusetts General Hospital-trained pathologist, was director of the Central Pathology Laboratory (CPL) for the National Cancer Institute-funded National Bladder Cancer Project, located at Rush Medical College in Chicago, IL. The CPL did post therapy revalidations of surgical pathology and cytopathology diagnoses before outcomes of the completed clinical trials were published. The CPL reported that interobserver variability was invalidating inclusion of dozens of treated bladder cancer patients in published reports on treatment outcomes. This problem seemed ripe for a technology-assisted solution. In an effort to solve the interobserver variability problem, Dr. Weinstein devised a novel solution, dynamic-robotic telepathology, that would potentially enable CPL uropathologists to consult on distant uropathology cases in real-time before their assignment to urinary bladder cancer, tumor stage, and grade-specific clinical trials. During the same period, universities were ramping up their support for faculty entrepreneurism and creating in-house technology transfer organizations. Dr. Weinstein recognized telepathology as a potential growth industry. He and his sister, Beth Newburger, were a successful brother–sister entrepreneur team. Their PC-based education software business, OWLCAT™, had just been acquired by Digital Research Inc., a leading software company, located in California. With funding from the COMSAT Corporation, a publically traded satellite communications company, the Weinstein-Newburger team brought the earliest dynamic-robotic telepathology systems to market. Dynamic-robotic telepathology became a dominant telepathology technology in the late 1990s. Dr. Weinstein, a serial entrepreneur, continued to innovate and, with a team of optical scientists at The University of Arizona's College of Optical Sciences, developed the first sub-1-min whole-slide imaging system, the DMetrix DX-40 scanner, in the early 2000s.
Experimental removals reveal dietary niche partitioning facilitates coexistence between native and introduced species.

Niche overlap between native species and ecologically similar invaders can lead to competitive exclusion of threatened native species, but if two such species also co-occur naturally elsewhere, interactions between native and introduced populations may mirror coevolved niche partitioning that reduces competition and promotes coexistence.A single, insular population of Fremont's squirrel (Tamiasciurus fremonti) the Mount Graham red squirrel (MGRS; T. f. grahamensis) in the Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona, USA, is critically endangered and resource competition with introduced Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti) may threaten its long-term persistence. The species are naturally synoptic in other mountain sites, and both consume diets comprised primarily of conifer seeds and fungi.We conducted experimental removals of introduced Abert's squirrels and used stable isotope analysis of diets before and after removals, and of diets in naturally syntopic populations to test the hypothesis that dietary niche partitioning can facilitate coexistence between native and introduced species. We also developed a novel approach to determine the influence of fluctuating food availability on carbon enrichment in consumers.Mount Graham red squirrels and introduced Abert's squirrels partitioned the dietary niche similarly to naturally syntopic populations. Removals had no apparent effect. Diet of MGRS was more closely linked to availability of resources than to presence of Abert's squirrels.Flexible dietary niche of introduced Abert's squirrels may have allowed them to exploit a resource opportunity in syntopy with MGRS. Variable food production of MGRS habitat may intensify competition in poor years, and territorial defense against non-native Abert's squirrels likely imposes fitness costs on individual MGRS. Similarity in our model species' diets may make MGRS more vulnerable to competition if climate change eliminates the advantages of larder-hoarding. Where introduced populations of ecologically similar species are better adapted to changing conditions, they may ultimately replace southern peripheral populations of native species.
Making sense of a setback together: How team learning orientation affects team thriving

Organizational teams frequently must overcome adversity in the form of setbacks in pursuit of their goals. Experiencing a setback can hinder teams by decreasing communication and cooperation betwee...
ElectroConvulsive therapy Cognitive Assessment (ECCA) tool: A new instrument to monitor cognitive function in patients undergoing ECT.

Abstract Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established treatment for severe depression but may result in adverse cognitive effects. Available cognitive screening instruments are nonspecific to the cognitive deficits associated with ECT. An ECT-cognitive assessment tool which can be easily administered was developed and validated in a clinical setting. Methods One hundred and thirty-six participants were enrolled. The ElectroConvulsive therapy Cognitive Assessment (ECCA) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered prospectively to 55 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) undergoing ECT at three time points: pre-treatment, before the sixth treatment and one-week post-treatment. The psychometric properties of the total and domain scores were evaluated at all three time points. Forty demographically comparable participants with MDD who did not receive ECT, and 41 healthy, age-matched controls were evaluated at a single time point. Results ECCA and MoCA scores were not statistically different at baseline. Prior to the sixth and final ECT session, total ECCA scores were significantly lower than the MoCA total scores. The ECCA domains of subjective memory, informant-assessed memory, attention, autobiographical memory and delayed verbal recall were significantly lower post-ECT compared to pre-ECT. Limitations The ECCA was compared only to the MoCA rather than to a more comprehensive neuropsychological testing. This limitation reflected the real-life clinical burden of performing full neuropsychological testing at three time points during the treatment course. Conclusions The ECCA is a brief, reliable, bedside cognitive screening assessment tool that may be useful to monitor cognitive function in patients treated with ECT. The test can be downloaded from fuquacenter.org/ecca.
Community gender systems and a daughter's risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt.

We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters’ experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15–49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic and health outcomes and has been defined as a human-rights violation. However, an integrated multilevel-level framework is lacking. We theorized that a more favorable community-level gender system, including stronger gender norms opposing FGMC and expanded extra-familial opportunities for women in the village or neighborhood, would be associated with a daughter’s lower risk of FGMC and would strengthen the negative association of a mother’s opposition to FGMC with her daughter’s risk of cutting. Using a national sample of 14,171 mother-daughter dyads from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated multilevel discrete-time hazard models to test these relationships. Community gender norms opposing FGMC had significant direct, negative associations with the hazard that a daughter was cut, but women’s opportunities outside the family did not. Maternal opposition to FGMC was negatively associated with cutting a daughter, and these associations were stronger where community opposition to FGMC and opportunities for women were greater. Results provided good support for a gender-systems framework of the multilevel influences on FGMC. Integrated, multilevel interventions that address gender norms about FGMC and structural opportunities for women in the community, as well as beliefs about the practice among the mothers of at-risk daughters, may be needed for sustainable declines in the practice.
Rapid, sensitive, full genome sequencing of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

SARS-CoV-2 recently emerged, resulting a global pandemic. Rapid genomic information is critical to understanding transmission and pathogenesis. Here, we describe validated protocols for generating high-quality full-length genomes from primary samples. The first employs multiplex RT-PCR followed by MinION or MiSeq sequencing. The second uses singleplex, nested RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing.
The Case of Flecainide Toxicity: What to Look for and How to Treat

Abstract Background Flecainide is a class Ic antidysrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat both ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias, including atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Flecainide can cause serious side effects, including cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias, and heart failure. Despite its growing use, the presenting signs and symptoms of flecainide toxicity are not familiar to most clinicians. In particular, our patient's particular presentation of acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting in flecainide accumulation is high risk for missed diagnosis in the emergency department. Case Report A 58-year-old woman presented with altered mental status and hypoxia that was later found to be secondary to sepsis. Medical history was notable for atrial fibrillation, for which she was on flecainide. Laboratory results were notable for hypokalemia and an AKI. Her wide complex tachycardia on admission was ultimately attributed to flecainide toxicity in the setting of AKI. Six days after presentation, it was found that her flecainide level was in the toxic range at 2.02 μg/mL (normal range 0.20–1.00 μg/mL, toxic >1.50 μg/mL). Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Flecainide intoxication is rare but serious due to the potential for cardiogenic shock. Its diagnosis can be difficult, as the flecainide serum level may take days to result. This case demonstrates the necessity of keeping flecainide toxicity on the physician's differential for patients who are taking the drug, as well as what electrocardiogram findings suggest it as the etiology. Treatment can be lifesaving if initiated promptly.
Robotic transabdominal excision of retrocrural germ cell tumor metastasis

Abstract Objective To demonstrate a minimally-invasive method for excision of retrocrural masses. The patient was a 31-year-old male with mixed germ cell testicular cancer underwent left radical orchiectomy, chemotherapy, and open extraperitoneal retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (eRPLND), presented with recurrent disease two years later. Surveillance imaging demonstrated three enlarging retrocrural masses in the setting of normal tumor markers. Methods The patient was placed in a reverse Trendelenburg position. The liver was retracted. Laparoscopic abdominal inspection demonstrated no adhesions as a benefit of his prior eRPLND. The da Vinci XI robot was docked, the gastrohepatic ligament and short gastric vessels were identified and divided. The stomach and gastro-esophageal junction were identified. The esophagus was mobilized at the level of the diaphragmatic crura before being retracted anterolaterally. The peritoneum was dissected and the diaphragmatic crura was split longitudinally. The larger mass was dissected off of the vena cava and aorta. Lumbar vessels and lymphatics were clipped. Additional inferior dissection was performed to excise the remaining two masses that were adjacent to the celiac artery. The diaphragmatic hiatus was repaired with interrupted sutures. Following closure, esophagogastroduodenoscopy identified viable esophageal mucosa without stricture or evidence of perforation. A drain was placed in the retrocrural fossa. Estimated blood loss was 50 mL. Results Expected small bilateral pneumothoraces resolved by postoperative day (POD) 2. The drain was removed and the patient was discharged home on POD 2. Final pathology demonstrated metastatic mature teratoma in 3 of 3 nodes with the largest tumor measuring 4.4 cm. The patient has since continued surveillance with no evidence of disease. Conclusions This video demonstrates the surgical benefits of eRPLND in facilitating reoperation in the abdomen. Furthermore, this video ultimately demonstrates an innovative, minimally-invasive method of removing teratomatous tumors from the retrocrural space through a robotic transabdominal approach.
Orthopedics I: Spine Surgery

Chronic disorders of the central nervous system such as cerebral palsy and myelomeningoceles often require orthopedic interventions. Spinal fusion for neuromuscular disorders; the use of evoked potential monitoring; additional disorders such as spondylolisthesis, myelomeningocele, and muscular dystrophy; and specific considerations for encephalopathies and cervical spinal fusion are reviewed for their anesthetic considerations.
Special features of γδ T cells in ruminants

Ruminant γδ T cells were discovered in the mid-1980's shortly after a novel T cell receptor (TCR) gene from murine cells was described in 1984 and the murine TCRγ gene locus in 1985. It was possible to identify γδ T cell populations early in ruminants because they represent a large proportion of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This null cell population, γδ T cells, was designated as such by its non-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against ovine and bovine CD4, CD8 and surface immunoglobulin (Ig). γδ T cells are non-conventional T cells known as innate-like cells capable of using both TCR as well as other types of receptor systems including pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and natural killer receptors (NKR). Bovine γδ T cells have been shown to respond to stimulation through toll-like receptors, NOD, and NKG2D as well as to cytokines alone, protein and non-protein antigens through their TCR, and to pathogen-infected host cells. The two main populations of γδ T cells are distinguished by the presence or absence of the hybrid co-receptor/PRR known as WC1 or T19. These two populations not only differ by their proportional representation in various tissues and organs but also by their migration into inflamed tissues. The WC1+ cells are found in the blood, skin and spleen while the WC1- γδ T cells predominate in the gut, mammary gland and uterus. In ruminants, γδ T cells may produce IFNγ, IL-17, IL-10 and TGFβ, have cytotoxic activity and memory responses. The expression of particular WC1 family members controls the response to particular pathogens and correlates with differences in cytokine responses. The comparison of the WC1 gene families in cattle, sheep and goats is discussed relative to other multigenic arrays that differentiate γδ T cells by function in humans and mice.
The fog of tyranny in ‘Benito Cereno’

That it’s hard to distinguish anything clearly in ‘Benito Cereno’ is well known; the hazy mists and fogs of Melville’s story blur boundaries, contributing to its indictment of complacency and certa...
Investigation of CH foams doped with titanium as a cold x-ray source alternative *

Implosions of wire array and gas puff loads on pulsed power facilities, such as the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories, have been successful in producing 1-10 keV soft x-ray sources. Titanium wire array loads imploded on Z have produced ~100 kJ of 4.8 keV x-rays 1,2 . We present here medium- and high-atomic-number-material doped plastic foams as an alternative load concept for producing cold and warm x rays on Z and future higher current generators up to 60 MA. Doped foams may have certain advantages over traditional gas puffs in terms of load material choice and initial mass distribution and therefore merit exploration. Specifically, the NRL DZAPP code was used to investigate the implosion of CH foams doped with titanium to generate high yields of 4.8 keV x rays. DZAPP is a coupled 1-D Lagrangian MHD, non-LTE level kinetics, and radiation transport code that incorporates a transmission line circuit to drive a load. Results include the current waveforms, radiation power pulses, K-shell yields, temperature and density contour plots, and spectra.
Multiscale Approach to Predicting the Mechanical Behavior of Polymeric Melts

Modeling the mechanical behavior of polymers and polymer-based materials is notoriously difficult, primarily due to the need to integrate physics taking place on multiple scales. In this chapter we review single-scale models used to represent polymers and their composites, including atomistic, coarse–grained, and continuum models. Each of these has limitations associated with either accuracy or efficiency. To combine their advantages while reducing the associated drawbacks, multiscale methods are desirable. Two strategies are presented, both belonging to the class of “information-passing” methods. In the first, the physics of (dielectric and stress) relaxation is studied on the molecular scale and relevant parameters are calibrated using single-scale molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques. These parameters are then incorporated in constitutive laws whose functional form is physically motivated. Such constitutive laws can then be used in continuum models on larger scales. This strategy is exemplified for a class of model polymer nanocomposites. In the second approach, a system reduction technology is developed to coarse grain the structure and dynamics of atomistic models of dense polymers. The coarse-grained models are calibrated using an equilibrium fine-scale model of a monodisperse system and then are used to predict the behavior of other systems in equilibrium and nonequilibrium.
Scene data fusion: Real-time standoff volumetric gamma-ray imaging

Abstract An approach to gamma-ray imaging has been developed that enables near real-time volumetric (3D) imaging of unknown environments thus improving the utility of gamma-ray imaging for source-search and radiation mapping applications. The approach, herein dubbed scene data fusion (SDF), is based on integrating mobile radiation imagers with real-time tracking and scene reconstruction algorithms to enable a mobile mode of operation and 3D localization of gamma-ray sources. A 3D model of the scene, provided in real-time by a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, is incorporated into the image reconstruction reducing the reconstruction time and improving imaging performance. The SDF concept is demonstrated in this work with a Microsoft Kinect RGB-D sensor, a real-time SLAM solver, and a cart-based Compton imaging platform comprised of two 3D position-sensitive high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors. An iterative algorithm based on Compton kinematics is used to reconstruct the gamma-ray source distribution in all three spatial dimensions. SDF advances the real-world applicability of gamma-ray imaging for many search, mapping, and verification scenarios by improving the tractiblity of the gamma-ray image reconstruction and providing context for the 3D localization of gamma-ray sources within the environment in real-time.
Military Data Link Integration Application

Abstract : The military uses tactical data link radios to send and receive digital voice, data, and video between vehicles and command and control facilities. These data link radios are interfaced to various mission computers and display systems. As outlined in the Joint Tactical Data Link Management Plan, a wide range of legacy military platforms will be upgraded to incorporate new data link radios through 2015 and beyond. The upgrade costs to do this will be enormous if traditional subsystem upgrade approaches are used. A need exists for a common, scalable and low cost military data link integration solution that can be used in multiple and disparate platform applications. The author will discuss such a design approach that can be used on each military platform application. The solution processes new and evolving messages with a database driven design so that the user can control message activation, deactivation, and processing instructions for each unique platform application. The database used for this capability is created by and maintained by the user. This allows a common design to work and to evolve on each unique platform without the need to modify the operational software.
Distributions of Shallow to Very Deep Precipitation–Convection in Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones

AbstractShear-relative distributions of four types of precipitation/convection in tropical cyclones (TCs) are statistically analyzed using 14 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data. The dataset of 1139 TRMM PR overpasses of tropical storms through category-2 hurricanes over global TC-prone basins is divided by future 24-h intensity change. It is found that increased and widespread shallow precipitation (defined as where the 20-dBZ radar echo height <6 km) around the storm center is a first sign of rapid intensification (RI) and could be used as a predictor of the onset of RI. The contribution to total volumetric rain and latent heating from shallow and moderate precipitation (20-dBZ echo height between 6 and 10 km) in the inner core is greater in RI storms than in non-RI storms, while the opposite is true for moderately deep (20-dBZ echo height between 10 and 14 km) and very deep precipitation (20-dBZ echo height ≥14 km). The authors argue that RI is more likely ...
Readability Studies: How Technocentrism Can Compromise Research and Legal Determinations

One way to determine whether consumers understand a document is to use a readability formula to assign it a score. These formulas calculate readability by counting such variables as the number of words and syllables in a passage or document. The idea of readability formulas has been defined as "an equation which combines those text features that best predict text difficulty. The equation is usually developed by studying the relationship between text features (e.g., words, sentences) and text difficulty (e.g., reading comprehension, reading rate, and expert judgment of difficulty)." Even though readability formulas are mechanical and imperfect, they are easy to apply and, therefore, popular.The Flesch-Kincaid test is one popular readability formula, perhaps because Microsoft Word allows users to apply it easily to documents that are typed or pasted into the program. If Microsoft's readability program is flawed, however, it compromises the results of the many researchers who have relied on it.
Do takeovers create value? : an intervention approach

An unresolved issue in empirical research on corporate control is the extent to which takeovers improve target and bidder firm value. The bidder's abnormal return at the time of the bid gives a biased estimate of the market's valuation of the bidder's gain from takeover, because the form of the offer and the very fact that the bidder makes an offer may convey information about the stand-alone value of the bidder. For example, the fact of a bid may convey the good news that a bidder expects to have high cash flows, or the bad news that the bidder has poor internal investment opportunities. We provide a technique , the intervention method, that extracts the market's estimate of the value improvement due to the takeover from the abnormal return of the initial bidder when a competing bid arrives. The associated stock return is informative about value improvement because this event has a large effect on the probability of the initial bidder's success. Furthermore, this event does not occur at the discretion of the initial bidder. Hence, the arrival of a competing bid will reveal little or nothing about the non-takeover value of the initial bidder. We find four main results. First, takeover improvements from cash tender offers are perceived by investors to be large and positive - about 44.8 percent of target value. The conclusion that takeover improvements are positive is robust with respect to plausible variations in the parameters that have to be estimated and serve as input to computing the bidder's gain from the takeover. Second, the average profits that successful bidders earn from initial shareholdings are modest. This suggests that high concentration of share ownership may be more important for internal monitoring than for motivating takeovers. Third, point estimates indicate that bidders are overpaying for targets, but most of the premium can be explained by value improvements. Fourth, value improvements are of similar magnitude for friendly and hostile transactions. This suggests that both discipline of bad managers and the realization of business complementarities may be motivating takeovers.
Characterizing opioid use disorder patients who have received medication trials with both buprenorphine and methadone.

Since the approval of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) in 2002, it has become increasingly likely that some individuals with OUD will have been treated with both buprenorphine and methadone at different points in time. However, this emergent group of patients has not been well described. We completed a retrospective cohort study of individuals at the Cincinnati Veterans Administration with treatment episodes for both buprenorphine and methadone and compared this group with individuals who received treatment with buprenorphine only or methadone only. Between January 1, 2006, and May 1, 2014, 163 veterans had both buprenorphine and methadone treatment episodes for OUD. We extracted information from the local administrative and pharmacy databases to describe these individuals. Individuals with treatment episodes for both medications had significantly higher levels of comorbidity with other substance use disorders (specifically, alcohol, benzodiazepine, cannabis, and cocaine use disorders) as well as mood and anxiety disorders than those who received either buprenorphine or methadone only. They also used a disproportionate amount of urgent and emergency services compared to individuals prescribed either buprenorphine or methadone only (mean of 17.8 billable days versus 11.3 for buprenorphine only and 10.4 for methadone only, p < 0.0001). We conclude that these patients represent a treatment-resistant group that would benefit from earlier identification and more intensive intervention.
Carolin Goerzig. Talking to Terrorists: Concessions and the Renunciation of Violence

Carolin Goerzig challenges the notion that talking with or conceding to terrorists encourages other terrorist organizations to commit violent acts. Using empirical research gained from speaking wit...
Endoscopic laser treatment. III. Development and testing of a gas-jet-assisted argon laser waveguide in control of bleeding experimental ulcers.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new argon laser system for stopping bleeding from experimental canine gastric ulcers. This system consists of a catheter which can be inserted via an endoscopic biopsy channel to deliver a jet of CO 2 coaxially with an argon laser beam. The efficacy of this system in stopping bleeding was tested in two acute experiments at laparotomy in heparinized dogs using our gastric ulcer model. At 7 w of power the gas-jet-assisted laser proved 100% effective in stopping bleeding with an average of three 5-sec exposures, as compared to the same laser without added CO 2 , which required an average of 11 5-sec exposures. Furthermore, the 7-w laser without added CO 2 did not stop all bleeding ulcers. The safety of the CO 2 laser system was tested in a chronic experiment at sterile laparotomy using the same ulcer model. No ulcer treated with the 7-w gas-jet-assisted argon laser showed histologic evidence of full thickness injury. A final acute experiment compared the efficacy of various wattages of the gas-jet-assisted laser in stopping bleeding from the ulcer model; the wattages used in this series of experiments and in previous experiments proved to be in the efficacious range. We conclude that CO 2 added coaxially to a 6- to 7-w argon laser increases the efficacy of coagulation while reducing the depth of injury.
Homogenization Methods and Multiscale Modeling

The relatively recent increase in computational power available for mathematical modeling and simulation raises the possibility that modern numerical methods can play a significant role in the analysis of materials possessing heterogeneous microstructure. Ideally, in an attempt to reduce laboratory expense, one would like to make predictions of a new material's behavior by numerical simulations, with the primary goal being to accelerate the trial and error laboratory development of novel high performance materials. This fact, among others, has motivated the work that will be presented in this monograph. Keywords: micromechanics; effective properties; multiscale modeling
Toleration and Liberal Commitments

This essay defends the ideal of toleration as against familiar criticisms coming from opposing directions. The "illiberal" objection argues that toleration is too permissive. Given the choice, why should we knowingly put up with error? The "ultraliberal" objection, reflected among other places in current free speech and religion clause jurisprudence, complains that "mere" toleration is condescending and illiberal because it declines to treat ideas and persons with equal concern and respect. This essay argues that both sorts of objections are misconceived and that if the valued liberal commitments of the American constitutional tradition are to be maintained, then we will necessarily have to embrace an ideal of toleration. The essay further argues that a renewed commitment to toleration is especially imperative at the present time as we try to cope, internally, with an exhausted ultraliberal discourse reflected in increasingly ineffectual Supreme Court opinions and, externally, with a so-called "clash of civilizations" or cultures that calls upon us to defend our central values rather than complacently pretend to rest in an "overlapping consensus" that needs no more foundational justification.
REVIEW ARTICLE: VITAMIN B6 IN HUMAN NUTRITION: A CRITIQUE AND AN OBJECT LESSON

WITHIN the past year a dramatic outbreak of a singular type of convulsive seizures in babies has provided convincing evidence of an essential role for Vitamin B6 in human nutrition under natural circumstances. This is a general review of the circumstances surrounding this outbreak and of the present state of our knowledge of vitamin B6. But it is also important that this episode be considered as a reminder of the complex interrelationships which permeate studies of nutritional factors and as a warning against hasty conclusions. It also serves as an illustration of the hazard in premature or uncontrolled application to human nutrition of isolated fragments of knowledge concerning nutritional factors. The existence of Vitamin B6 was discovered in 1934 by experiments with rats. Symptoms of deficiency of this vitamin were soon described in several species of animals but not in man. Within a few years the chemistry of the vitamin was determined and the synthesis achieved. Considerable information as to the metabolic reactions affected by a deficiency of Vitamin B6 was rapidly accumulated. Only recently, 16 years after the discovery of Vitamin B6, the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association reviewing the status of our knowledge of the role of Vitamin B6 in human nutrition reached only a cautious acceptance of an essential dietary requirement for Vitamin B6 in the human. The original observations which called attention to the problem of unusual convulsions in infants and pointed the way to its solution were made by a doctor in practice, just as were similar observations which led a few years ago to an appreciation of the circumstances producing a deficiency of folic acid in infancy.
Ralph Ellison's Marxism: The Lumpenproletariat, the Folk, and the Revolution

This article examines Ralph Ellison’s time as a writer on the Communist left in the 1930s and identifies the distinct structures of his thought in this understudied phase of his career. Situating Ellison’s social, political, and institutional theories in relation to Communist discourse, the work of Richard Wright, and the later innovations of Louis Althusser and Antonio Gramsci, I present Ellison as an inventive Marxist theorist. Particularly, I delineate how his understanding of revolutionary politics revises the neglected Marxist concept of the lumpenproletariat. Aspects of Ellison’s 1930s’ Marxism continued to influence his work even after his postwar break from the left.
High-performance BiCMOS 100 K-gate array

A BiCMOS gate array in 0.8- mu m technology with CMOS intrinsic gate delays of 100 ps plus 60 ps/fan-out and BiCMOS intrinsic delays of 200 ps with a 17-ps/fan-out drive factor is discussed. A compact base cell (750 mu m/sup 2//gate) has been designed with full bipolar drive capability for the efficient layout of both primitive gates and large-arrayed macros, such as register files and multipliers. A 106 K-gate array has been built on a 1.14-cm/sup 2/ chip with ECL I/O capability. The place and route in three levels of metal provide array utilization greater than 90%. The gate array was used to implement a 74 K-gate filter design with testability features such as JTAG and two-phase scan. >
On the relationship of congruence closureand unification

Congruence closure is a fundamental operation for symbolic computation. Unification closureis defined as its directional dual, i.e., on the same inputs but top-down as opposed to bottom-up. Unifying terms is another fundamental operation for symbolic computation and is commonly computed using unification closure. We clarify the directional duality by reducing unification closure to a special form of congruence closure. This reduction reveals a correspondence between repeated variables in terms to be unified and equalities of monadic ground terms. We then show that: (1) single equality congruence closure on a directed acyclic graph, and (2) acyclic congruence closure of a fixed number of equalities, are in the parallel complexity class NC. The directional dual unification closures in these two cases are known to be log-space complete for PTIME. As a consequence of our reductions we show that if the number of repeated variables in the input terms is fixed, then term unification can be performed in NC; this extends the known parallelizable cases of term unification. Using parallel complexity we also clarify the relationship of unification closure and the testing of deterministic finite automata for equivalence.
Mean-field theory of heteroepitaxial thin metal film morphologies

Abstract We develop a mean-field statistical mechanical theory to examine the growth mechanisms and structures of fcc (face-centered cubic) metal thin films grown on fcc(100) metal substrates. Eleven hetero-interfaces with bulk cohesive energy differences as large as ~ 4 eV and lattice mismatches ranging from − 21% to 16% are examined in order to develop an understanding of how these intrinsic properties of the interface may determine film morphology. For small (up to ~ 5%) mismatched interfaces, pseudomorphic Stranski-Krastanov growth is predicted to be competitive with pseudomorphic layer-by-layer growth. When the lattice mismatch is 10% or greater, the growth mechanism is invariably incommensurate three-dimensional growth, where (111) cluster formation is energetically competitive with (100) cluster growth. The overlayer structures and growth modes correlate most closely with only one property: the lattice strain between the substrate and the adlayer. By contrast, the trends in the bulk cohesive energies do not allow even any qualitative prediction of the overlayer structures. However, surface energies can dictate minor changes in the growth modes of the films. Finally, no dependence of the film morphology on temperature is found over the temperature range 300–800 K for the cases we examined, although the film morphologies can be markedly different from those predicted at lower temperatures.
Effect of metabolic acidosis on progression of chronic kidney disease

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, TRADITIONALLY defined as a reduction in serum HCO3 concentration ([HCO3 ]) often associated with a detectable reduction in blood pH, is a common accompaniment of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) (7). The metabolic acidosis even when mild is not without consequences: increased degradation of muscle protein with muscle wasting (1), reduced albumin synthesis with resultant hypoalbuminemia (2), production or exacerbation of bone disease along with stunting of growth in children (8, 9), and impairment in glucose tolerance (11), are among its major consequences. The mechanisms underlying these effects appear to be complex, involving several different pathways, although treatment of the metabolic acidosis with base usually lessens the severity of or completely reverses these abnormalities (8). Studies performed in animals and humans have confirmed that metabolic acidosis is also a risk factor for progression of CKD (3, 8, 12‐14). Administration of either citrate (5) or sodium bicarbonate (12) to rats with CKD decreased the severity of tubulointerstitial disease and/or the decline in glomerular filtration rate compared with controls receiving sodium chloride. Also, the chronic administration of base to Han.SPRD rats, an animal model of polycystic kidney disease, decreased the cystic enlargement and prevented development of interstitial inflammation, chronic fibrosis, and severe renal failure (18).
Observation of the Microstructure of Grain Boundary Oxides in Superconducting RF-Quality Niobium With High-Resolution TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

All superconducting radio-frequency (RF) cavities are currently manufactured using high-purity Nb sheet, and although properties of the best cavities are excellent, there is still considerable variability, and we examine here the chemistry at the Nb grain boundaries (GBs), which may be a source of cavity performance degradation. Some oxidization at GBs in niobium cavities may be inevitable during the long cavity fabrication process; due to the formation of hydrosoluable niobium oxide phases during the surface removal procedure, GBs in SRF Nb can be easily attacked, resulting in the formation of uncontrolled complex niobium oxides at GBs. These GB oxide phases can significantly suppress local surface superconductivity during RF cavity operation. Thus, observation of the GB oxide structure with high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) has been attempted to identify the microstructural details that affect SRF Nb cavity performance. In this paper, we developed a TEM sample preparation technique for producing damage-free SRF NB samples with good electron transparency using metallographic and focused ion beam (FIB) methods. These sample preparation techniques enabled us to successfully observe the microstructure of a variety of GBs with high-resolution TEM. TEM bright field (BF) images showed that optimized cavity surface treatment can generate impurity segregations, oxide phases, and dislocation pile-ups at the vicinity of the GBs in SRF Nb. These surface defects are predicted to be strong sources for localized degradation of surface superconductivity, and these results help explain previous magnetooptical (MO) measurements that showed early magnetic flux penetration along the GB of BCP'ed Nb bicrystal under a dc condition.
Acid precipitation of protein in the presence of Triton X-100 and deoxycholate

Abstract A procedure is described for the precipitation of protein from detergent-treated fractions of mammalian tissues. The protein in Triton X-100 and deoxycholate-treated fractions is precipitated by addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate in amounts nearly equivalent to that of the detergents, followed by trichloroacetic acid to 5%, and is then collected by low-speed centrifugation. The recovery of protein is virtually 100%. Tissue protein precipitated in this way can be washed nearly free of labeled leucine. The method is convenient, inexpensive, and well-suited for the isolation of many samples.
Learning in and from Brain-Based Devices

Biologically based mobile devices have been constructed that differ from robots based on artificial intelligence. These brain-based devices (BBDs) contain simulated brains that autonomously categorize signals from the environment without a priori instruction. Two such BBDs, Darwin VII and Darwin X, are described here. Darwin VII recognizes objects and links categories to behavior through instrumental conditioning. Darwin X puts together the “what,”“when,” and “where” from cues in the environment into an episodic memory that allows it to find a desired target. Although these BBDs are designed to provide insights into how the brain works, their principles may find uses in building hybrid machines. These machines would combine the learning ability of BBDs with explicitly programmed control systems.
ACTION SPECTRA OF CATION EFFECTS ON THE FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION AND INTENSITY IN THYLAKOIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

— The degree of polarization of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) fluorescence is known to monitor the extent of excitation migration and/or the orientation of the photosynthetic pigment molecules. We report here the effects of cations, at room temperature, on the degree of polarization of Chl-a fluorescence, and fluorescence intensity in thylakoids as a function of excitation wavelength. Observations of maxima at 650 and 675 nm in the cation-induced changes in the excitation spectrum for fluorescence at 730 and 762 nm, and, in the action spectra for the depolarization of fluorescence lead us to suggest that the regulation of the initial distribution of excitation to photosystem II involves the better coupling of Chl-b and-a in the light harvesting complex with Chl-a in the reaction center II complex.
METHODOLOGICAL RIGOUR AND REVIEW CITATION FREQUENCY IN PATIENT COMPLIANCE LITERATURE

Review articles play a special role in the scientific literature by analysing and synthesizing recent work on a given topic. It is assumed that authors of review articles selectively cite relevant literature of the highest quality. These traits have suggested that articles frequently cited in reviews might be important, high quality articles for a subject literature. A method based on citation analysis has been proposed as a quality filtering system for medical literature.
Boy Talk/Girl Talk: Gender Differences in Campaign Communications Strategies

Abstract Using data from a comprehensive database of political advertisements broadcast during the 1998 congressional election cycle, this study assesses whether male and female candidates follow different campaign communications strategies. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there are systematic differences between the ways that male and female candidates communicate with voters, but that these differences are typically not sizeable. In other words, gender seems to matter in campaign communications strategies but not always for very much. Where we do observe differences, however, the findings show that they tend to reinforce gender-based stereotypes more so than work to counteract them. Thus, these differences may be partly accountable for the electoral results we observe.
Predicting outcome following pulmonary resection in cystic fibrosis patients

Abstract A small subset of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop pulmonary disease primarily limited to one lobe or lung segment requiring prolonged recurrent hospitalizations with intensive medical therapy. Although surgery has been advocated for patients who do not respond to medical therapy, very little is known about criteria for selection of patients who might benefit from resection of the involved parenchyma. In an attempt to further define criteria for pulmonary resection in these patients, we retrospectively reviewed our experience at Tulane Medical Center over the past 10 years. Fourteen patients with CF, ranging from 3 to 30 years of age, underwent 17 pulmonary resections. Indications for surgery were persistent lobar or pulmonary atelectasis and bronchiectasis requiring multiple hospitalizations and unresponsive to medical therapy (n = 13), bronchopleural fistula (n = 2), or hemoptysis not responding to medical therapy or selective embolization (n = 2). Thirteen lobectomies and four pneumonectomies were performed. Only two resections were on the left side and 11 right upper lobectomies were performed. Postoperative hospitalization ranged from 5 to 21 days (mean, 8.5 days). Preoperative pulmonary function tests showed widely divergent function in these patients. Forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) ranged from 11% to 88% whereas forced vital capacity (FVC) ranged from 20% to 100% of predicted values. Oxygen saturation ranged from 86% to 99%. Although there was no significant difference in preoperative and postoperative FVC or O 2 saturation, there was a significant ( P 1 . In the 12 surviving patients followed for at least 1 year, there was also a significant reduction ( P 1 1 > 30% did not improve with surgery. He had a postoperative FEV 1 of 28%. The data suggest that surgery should be considered in CF patients with persistent localized pulmonary disease with an FEV 1 or FVC greater than 30% expected. An FEV 1 or FVC less than 30% suggest diffuse pulmonary disease and these patients are not likely to benefit from or will poorly tolerate pulmonary resection.
Application of a novel optimal control algorithm to a benchmark fed - batch fermentation process:

A novel algorithm for solving nonlinear discrete time optimal control problems with model-reality differences is presented. The technique uses Dynamic Integrated System Optimisation and Parameter Estimation (DISOPE) which has been designed to achieve the correct optimal solution in spite of deficiencies in the mathematical model employed in the optimisation procedure. A method based on Broyden's ideas is used for approximating some derivative trajectories required. Ways for handling con straints on both manipulated and state variables are described. Further, a method for coping with batch-to- batch dynamic variations in the process, which are common in practice, is introduced. It is shown that the iterative procedure associated with the algorithm naturally suits applications to batch processes. The algorithm is success fully applied to a benchmark problem consisting of the input profile optimisation of a fed-batch fermentation process.
Implementing a corporate web accessibility compliance program

The workshop will provide a practical approach for organizing and implementing accessibility programs. Gain a real-world understanding of the organizational strategies for developing an accessibility compliance program. Learn about the logistics for setting up an accessibility compliance initiative, implementing the process, and conducting usability studies that incorporate accessibility concerns.
Something Within: Religion as a Mobilizer of African-American Political Activism

Few studies have explored the multidimensional aspect of religion and its impact on political action. This is especially true of African Americans who have been stereotyped, at least in the social science literature, as having an otherworldly religious orientation that deflects attention away from worldly concerns, such as politics, to otherworldly rewards. Expanding the work of Kenneth Wald, this study posits a theory of religion and political action by considering religion as a resource for political mobilization. Using the 1987 General Social Survey (GSS), this article argues that religion among African Americans serves as both an organizational and psychological resource for individual and collective political action. It also demonstrates how individual religious beliefs and practices affect different modes of political action like voting and collective action, and how these effects differ between black and white Americans.