cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Aspects of the Wind Profile

For many applications, such as building design, wind energy, and recreation, the vertical pattern of the variations of speed and direction in a given place/time is important to know. Such applications often involve the coastal zone. But coastal and marine areas are often data-poor, so it is often necessary to make estimates of the wind at a given height. This chapter provides insight into this estimation process. Under neutral stability conditions, the wind speed can be estimated at any height based on available wind speed data at another height, using the power law. Similarly, the logarithmic wind profile can be used for estimating wind speeds at any height in the surface boundary layer. Archibald’s Law can be used to make adjustments for atmospheres that depart from neutral stability. Wind speed and direction can be depicted in several ways, such as a wind rose, histogram, or exceedance curve. The U.S. National Weather Service often reports “sustained” winds (called H-winds), but extreme wind analysis can include the gust factor (G)—the ratio of the fastest 3-second wind in a particular event to the mean wind over a much longer period, such as an hour; with Durst curve and gustiness ratio also commonly used. Active and passive remote sensing systems can also be used to measure winds in the absence of official data records. The force of the wind can also be calculated.
Huntsman at Home, an Oncology Hospital at Home Program

Patients who meet criteria for the Huntsman at Home program are receiving acute-level oncology care in the home, which is coordinated by a specialized team headed by a nurse practitioner, with regi...
Some Remarks on the Tjemhu Libyans

The Tjemhu-Libyans are mentioned in Egyptian sources starting with the 6th Dynasty, when they are presented in geographical proximity to the Nubians and meet the Egyptians during exploratory/trading expeditions. Later, the term “Tjemh” was used to generically indicate the Libyan-land and to indicate “the west.” Representations of Tjemhu dancers appear in Egyptian temples show the persistence of contacts between the Egyptians and the Tjemhu-Libyans, despite the lack of other clear indications in Egyptian sources. This paper aims to analyze certain Egyptian sources related to the Tjemhu in order to suggest their possible homeland and to clarify their strong connection with Nubian groups. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v06i4_iacoviello
Children’s Mistakes in Reading: should we Correct Them?

John opens his textbook and begins to read aloud for his teacher: “The cat was in the house.” “No, John. That’s not right. Read that last word again, carefully.” John’s teacher then helps him to re-read the sentence, this time correctly reproducing the exact wording in the book: “The cat was in the home.” But should John’s miscue have been corrected? And just how should teachers and parents respond to children’s “errors” in reading?
Finite Element Methods for Fluid Dynamics with Moving Boundaries and Interfaces

We provide an overview of the finite element methods we developed in recent years for computation of fluid dynamics problems with moving boundaries and interfaces. This class of problems include those with free surfaces, two-fluid interfaces, fluid–object and fluid–structure interactions, and moving mechanical components. The methods developed can be classified into two main categories: interface-tracking and interface-capturing techniques. Both classes of techniques are based on stabilized formulations, and determination of the stabilization parameters used in these formulations is also highlighted here. The interface-tracking techniques are based on the deforming-spatial-domain/stabilized space–time (DSD/SST) formulation, where the mesh moves to track the interface. The interface-capturing techniques were developed for two-fluid flows. They are based on the stabilized formulation, over typically nonmoving meshes, of both the flow equations and an advection equation. The advection equation governs the time-evolution of an interface function marking the interface location. We also describe some of the additional methods we developed to increase the scope and accuracy of these two classes of techniques. Among them are the enhanced-discretization interface-capturing technique (EDICT), which was developed to increase the accuracy in capturing the interface, extensions and offshoots of the EDICT, and mixed solution techniques. The overview of these techniques is supplemented by a number of numerical examples from computation of complex flow problems. Keywords: moving boundaries and interfaces; finite element methods; interface-tracking; interface-capturing; enhanced discretization and solution
Sandia SCADA Program -- High Surety SCADA LDRD Final Report

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are a part of the nation's critical infrastructure that is especially vulnerable to attack or disruption. Sandia National Laboratories is developing a high-security SCADA specification to increase the national security posture of the U.S. Because SCADA security is an international problem and is shaped by foreign and multinational interests, Sandia is working to develop a standards-based solution through committees such as the IEC TC 57 WG 15, the IEEE Substation Committee, and the IEEE P1547-related activity on communications and controls. The accepted standards are anticipated to take the form of a Common Criteria Protection Profile. This report provides the status of work completed and discusses several challenges ahead.
Automatic detection of clearance in mechanical systems: theory and simulation

This paper proposes a technique for the detection of clearance in mechanical systems under dynamic conditions with specific application to detecting backlash in gear systems of servomechanisms. The technique is based on a momentum transfer analysis that shows that the change in the speed (defined as the bounce) of the primary gear due to impact with the secondary gear is related to the magnitude of the backlash. An algorithm designed to monitor the bounce is developed. It is proposed that the standard bounce, determined by the standard deviation of the demodulated envelope of the speed of the primary gear, is a good measure of the bounce when the system is excited sinusoidally. The algorithm's accuracy and sensitivity are verified through computer simulation of an open loop DC servomechanism. An approximately linear relationship between the standard bounce and the backlash magnitude is observed. The detection technique is accurate, computationally simple, and requires no additional sensors if the servosystem to be monitored already has a conventional tachometer.
Predicting Key Recognition Difficulty in Polyphonic Audio

In this paper, we present statistical models to predict the difficulty of recognizing musical keys from polyphonic audio signals. Automatic audio key finding has been studied for many years, and various approaches have been proposed and reported. Reports of these methods' performance are usually based on the proposers' own data sets. Without details on the data set, i.e., how challenging the data set is, directly comparing the effectiveness of these methods is not meaningful or even possible. Thus, in this study we focus on predicting the difficulty level of key recognition as perceived by human experts. Given an audio recording, represented as the extracted acoustic features, we apply multiple linear regression and proportional odds model to predict the difficulty level of the recording, annotated by experts as an integer on a 5-point Likert scale. We use four metrics to evaluate our prediction results: root mean square error, Pearson correlation coefficient, exact accuracy, and adjacent accuracy. We also examine the difference between experts' annotations and discuss their consistency.
AIDS‐related non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas

This work reviews the current status of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in HIV infected patients. HIV infection remains at significantly increased risk for the development of NHL. The great majority of these lymphomas are high-grade monoclonal B-cell neoplasms often occurring in unusual sites. A number of genetic abnormalities have been found but additional studies are necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of NHL in the setting of HIV infection. The cases in this paper have been seen on the Hematopathology service of the Tulane Health Sciences Center.
Refined localization of the branchiootorenal syndrome gene by linkage and haplotype analysis

Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndrome is a common autosomal dominant form of hearing impairment previously mapped to 8q. This report refines the localization of the BOR syndrome gene by haplotype analysis to the interval flanked by markers D8S553 and D8S286. By multipoint linkage analysis, the disease locus most likely is flanked by markers D8S530 and D8S279. 31 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Democracy in its struggle looks to the engineer

The engineering genius that has given the United States the world's highest living standards in peacetime can put into war materials the speed factor needed to overcome the inefficiency that is part of the price of democracy, according to this engineering educator, who believes our production experts will convert “too little and too late” into “enough and on time.” The extra costs to us as a nation and as individuals of having to make up quickly for our neglect of defense are part of the price we must pay in order that in normal times we may order our lives as we will.
Synthesis of protein nucleosides and other organic compounds from cyanamide and potassium nitrite under possible primitive earth conditions

The mixing of cyanamide and KNO2 produced changes from white solids to yellow liquid and then to orange solid. The gases cyanogen and ammonia were formed. No external energy was used. The reactions were carried out with a small amount of O2. The presence of proteins in the reaction product formed 13 months after the mixing was indicated by the positive reactions of the cyanamide-KNO2 reaction product with ninhydrin, microbiuret, and Folin reagent; the ultraviolet absorption at about 280 nm; the yield of 24% of 15 amino acids; and molecular weight measurements of more than 160,000. The presence of nucleosides, nucleic acid bases, hydrocarbons, and organic esters in the reaction product formed 2 months after the mixing was indicated by ultraviolet absorption at about 260 nm, and the results of ligand-exchange chromatography, paper chromatography, infrared analysis, mass spectral analysis, and NMR spectroscopy. Possible cyanamide-mediated dehydration reactions and mechanisms are discussed.
Evaluation of Passive Samplers for Assessment of Community Exposure to Toxic Air Contaminants and Related Pollutants

The precision, accuracy, and sampling rates of Radiello and Ogawa passive samplers were evaluated in the laboratory using a flow-through chamber and under field conditions prior to their use in the 2007 Harbor Community Monitoring Study (HCMS), a saturation monitoring campaign in the communities adjacent to the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Passive methods included Radiello samplers for volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, 1,3-butadiene), aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein) and hydrogen sulfide, and Ogawa samplers for nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. Additional experiments were conducted to study the robustness of the passive sampling methods under variable ambient wind speed, sampling duration, and storage time before analysis. Our experimentally determined sampling rates were in agreement with the rates published by Radiello and Ogawa with the following exceptions: we observed a diffusion rate of 22.4 ± 0.1 mL/min for benzene and 37.4 ± 1.5 mL/min f...
Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of ferric nitrilotriacetate on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

An iron chelate, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), induces renal proximal tubular necrosis that leads to a high incidence of renal adenocarcinoma in rodents. Others have shown that Fe-NTA induces modified DNA base products both in vitro and in vivo. However, Fe-NTA is negative in the Ames Salmonella test with or without S9 activation. The goal of this project was to determine if Fe-NTA is cytotoxic and mutagenic using the L5178Y (TK+/−) mouse lymphoma assay. Our experiments showed a relationship between the concentration of Fe-NTA (0 to 1 mM) and the decrease in relative survival. An exposure-dependent increase in the number of mutations was observed with increasing concentrations of Fe-NTA. At 14% relative survival, there was about a 4-fold increase in mutations (trifluorothymidine resistance) over unexposed, control cells. Ferric nitrate or nitrilotriacetic acid alone induced a relatively tow 1.5- or 1.1-fold increase in mutation, respectively. Our results establish that Fe-NTA is mutagenic in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay system.
THEORY OF MANY-BOSON SYSTEMS: PAIR THEORY

The many-boson system with repulsive interactions is treated by a variational method based on a variational trial state of an exponential pair- excitation type obtained by a generalization of that of Bogoliubov; the treatment is closely related to an intermediate-coupling approximation with respect to pairs. The nonlinear integral equation which determines the variational ground state is derived, and various properties of this ground state and the associated excited states are examined. The resultant low-lying spectrum lies below that of Bogoliubov by an amount proportional to the total number of particles. The variational principle is shown to produce rigorous energy eigenvalue differences for the pair part of the Hamiltonian. The variational states, however, still exhibit unphysical features characteristic of pair-excitation states: The pair correlation function does not go to zero at zero particle separation and the phonon spectrum exhibits a gap above the ground state. It is suggested that these features can be removed by using states which take into account excitation of momentum-conserving groups of more than two particles. (auth)
Marketing Implications for Post-Disaster Tourism Destinations

This paper suggests that the tourism industry does not have to become an economic loser following large disasters. Planning and mitigative efforts can position the industry to function after a disaster. We suggest that current planning can draw upon current general knowledge about disaster behavior. For example, altruism and mass convergence also affects the tourism industry following disaster. Role abandonment and panic do not happen after disaster. Finally, we suggest that a systematic research program can enhance the tourism industryAEs efforts to respond and recover form disaster.
Systematic Patterns of the Inconsistency between Snow Water Equivalent and Accumulated Precipitation as Reported by the Snowpack Telemetry Network

AbstractThe authors investigated the accuracy of snow water equivalent (SWE) observations compiled by 748 Snowpack Telemetry stations and attributed the systematic bias introduced to SWE measurements to drifting snow. Often observed, SWE outpaces accumulated precipitation (AP), which can be statistically and physically explained through 1) precipitation undercatchment and/or 2) drifting snow. Forty-four percent of the 748 stations reported at least one year where the maximum SWE was greater than AP, while 16% of the stations showed this inconsistency for at least 20% of the observed years. Regions with a higher likelihood of inconsistency contained drier snow and are exposed to higher winds speeds, both of which are positively correlated to drifting snow potential as well as gauge undercatch. Differentiating between gauge undercatch and potential drifting scenarios, days when SWE increased but AP remained zero were used. These drift days occurred on an average of 13.3 days per year for all stations, with ...
Kinetics and modeling study of magnesium hydride with various additives at constant pressure thermodynamic driving forces

Abstract In this research a comparison was made of the reaction kinetics of MgH2 ball milled with 4 mol% of TiH2, Nb2O5 or Mg2Ni. This comparison was made using a novel procedure in which the ratio of the equilibrium plateau pressure (Pm) to the opposing pressure (Pop) was the same in all cases. TPD analysis showed that the addition of 4 mol% of the various additives to MgH2 resulted in a reduction of the onset temperature of MgH2 by as much as 120 °C. Kinetic data showed that the reaction rates with additives are in the order: TiH2 Mg2Ni > Nb2O5.
Transceiver Technologies for Impulse Radio Ultra Wideband (IR UWB) Wireless Systems

In this tutorial, with the above-described multipath problem as a key problem to solve, we will present in detail the following four technical subjects related to the transceiver design for the IR UWB systems: i) the effects of UWB antennas and related RF frontends on the multipath patterns of the received IR UWB signals; ii) the IEEE 802.15.4a multipath models for the applications of IR-UWB systems in various environments such as body-area networks and general indoor and outdoor settings (including residence, office complex, agricultural areas, farms, and industrial operation rooms and workshops); iii) general IR UWB modulation schemes such as pulse position modulation and pulse amplitude modulation; and iv) the existing IR UWB transceiver technologies, including selective rake receiver, transmitted reference/differential transceiver, single and multiple frequency-shifted reference transceiver, and code-shifted reference transceiver, and v) future development tendency for the IR UWB transceiver technologies.
Trametinib for patients with advanced melanoma.

Gerald Falchook and colleagues show clinical activity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib in patients with either BRAF-mutant or wild-type melanoma. Recently, two essential topics for melanoma have been reported: hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-dependent resistance to therapy and new driver mutations in melanoma. Stroma-mediated resistance to treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma is common and HGF secretion from stromal cells seems to be responsible for this drug resistance. Analysis of biopsy samples from patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma suggests that patients with abundant HGF from stromal cells have poor responses to treatment. Furthermore, an inverse relation has been reported between plasma HGF concentration and response to treatment in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma. HGF secretion leads to activation of the HGF receptor MET, and dual inhibition of RAF and either HGF or MET results in reversal of drug resistance in BRAFmutant melanoma. In Falchook and colleagues’ study, examination by immuno histochemistry of whether HGF expression in melanoma sections correlated with poor responses to the MEK inhibitor trametinib would have been informative, not only in patients with the BRAF mutation, but also in patients with wild-type BRAF. These results would clarify the possibility that a combination of the MEK inhibitor and MET inhibitors have a synergistic eff ect. Moreover, although EGF is less able than HGF to reactivate ERK in most melanoma cell lines, EGF and EGFR mediated resistance might be of interest in melanoma and in colon cancers. For driver mutations, six genes related to melanoma have been newly identifi ed (PPP6C, RAC1, SNX31, TACC1, STK19, and ARID2), with RAC1 mutations also reported. The Illumina platform was used in Falchook and colleagues’ study to analyse the mutational and copy number status of 78 diff erent genes commonly implicated in tumorigenesis. Within these data, is there any information about the six new melanoma genes? If these driver mutations are present, examination of whether they correlate with reduced responses to therapy with trametinib would be interesting, because such examination would not only contribute to drug response predictions but also might help select other treatment options, including combination therapies. Furthermore, data on amplifi cation of BRAF, either with or without mutations, could provide information on whether copy number of this gene plays a role in response to therapy? In the context of treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib, an integrated examination including HGF secretion and other gene mutations would open up the possibility of prediction of drug response and combination therapy.
Commentary from Oliver Wirth on "Complexity and safety" by Rosa Antonia Carrillo.

The article titled "Complexity and Safety" (doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2011.06.003) addresses an extremely important safety topic. Too often, well-intentioned safety experts miss or even disregard what is so obvious to many others—sometimes workers make risky decisions or engage in risky behavior. Thus a greater understanding of safety-related decisions and behavior should be viewed as a fundamental and inescapable priority for safety researchers and professionals. Nevertheless, I am not convinced that complexity theory is the answer. Perhaps a more scholarly analysis of the theory and its conceptual underpinnings will help to bolster its relevance. Perhaps a more thorough evaluation of relevant empirical research will help distinguish the theory's evidence base from the superficial musings of an armchair psychologist. If complexity theory helps to identify even a few useful tools to include in our safety toolbox, then perhaps the theory will have some value. But I am not hopeful. Language: en
Expression of p40 and laminin 332 in metaplastic spindle cell carcinoma of the breast compared with other malignant spindle cell tumours

Aims To determine the use of p40 and laminin 332 (LN332) immunostains for diagnosing metaplastic carcinoma by studying the expression of these and other routine markers in spindle cell metaplastic carcinomas and other malignant spindle cell tumours. Methods We identified cases of spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma (n=36) and other atypical/malignant spindle cell tumours, including 20 phyllodes tumours (14 borderline, six malignant) and 23 spindle cell sarcomas (three primary to breast). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for p40 and two LN332 chains, β3 (kalinin B1) and γ2 (lamC2). The expression of these markers was compared with p63 and cytokeratins. Results p40 and p63 expression was seen in 21 of 36 (58.3%) and 33 of 36 (91.7%) metaplastic carcinomas, respectively. No phyllodes tumours showed stromal expression of p40 or p63. One of 23 (4.3%) sarcomas showed focal weak p63 staining. LamC2 and kalinin B1 expression was seen in 28 of 36 (77.8%) and 26 of 36 (72.2%) metaplastic carcinomas, respectively. LamC2 and kalinin B1 each showed positive stromal cell expression in two of 20 (10%) phyllodes tumours. No sarcomas showed staining with lamC2. Kalinin B1 staining was seen in 17 of 23 (73.9%) sarcomas, including two of three primary breast sarcomas. Cytokeratin expression was seen in 32 of 36 (88.9%) metaplastic carcinomas and diffuse staining was most often seen in 34βE12 and CK5. Conclusions The diagnostic value of relatively novel markers p40 and LN332 was found to be less than that of routinely used markers (p63 and cytokeratins). p40 proved to be a specific marker but lacked the sensitivity of p63, while LN332 showed staining in a significant proportion of phyllodes tumours and sarcomas.
Stress cardiomyopathy with an "inverse" takotsubo pattern in a patient with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induced myocardial dysfunction (often labeled neurogenic stunned myocardium) encompasses a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from an isolated elevation of cardiac enzymes to cardiogenic shock. Objective We describe a case of stress cardiomyopathy in a patient following acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage that showed an “inverse” or reverse takotsubo pattern on echocardiography. Case Report The patient was a 46-year-old female who presented with acute cardiogenic shock following acute subarachnoid hemorrhage necessitating aggressive cardiorespiratory in the ICU. Her admission echo showed a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction of 25%. The basal 2/3 of the left ventricle (LV) was severely hypokinetic and the apical 1/3 of the LV was hypercontractile, i.e. the reverse or inverse takotsubo pattern of regional wall motion abnormality. With ongoing aggressive support her cardiovascular function steadily improved and on day 6 her follow up echo showed LV ejection fraction increased to 60–65% with resolution of the previous regional wall motion abnormality. The patient was discharged to a neuro-rehabilitation facility on day 16. Summary The “inverse” or “reverse” takotsubo pattern of regional wall motion abnormalities, i.e. with preserved apical LV contractility and hypokinesis of the basal walls of the LV is more common in patients following acute SAH.
Quantitative analysis of perfusion studies: Strengths and pitfalls

Tools for automated quantification of myocardial perfusion are available to nuclear cardiology practitioners and researchers. These methods have demonstrated superior reproducibility with comparable diagnostic and prognostic performance, when compared with segmental visual scoring by expert observers. A particularly useful application of the quantitative analysis can be in the detection of subtle changes or in precise determination of ischemia. Some challenges remain in the routine application of perfusion quantification. Multiple quantitative parameters may need to be reconciled by the expert reader for the final diagnosis. Computer analysis may be sensitive to imaging artifacts, resulting in false positive scans. Perfusion quantification may require site specific normal limits and some degree of manual interaction. New software improvements have been proposed to address some of these challenges.
Reduced Multisensory Integration in Patients with Schizophrenia on a Target Detection Task

A growing body of literature demonstrates impaired multisensory integration (MSI) in patients with schizophrenia compared to non-psychiatric individuals. One of the most basic measures of MSI is intersensory facilitation of reaction times (RTs), in which bimodal targets, with cues from two sensory modalities, are detected faster than unimodal targets. This RT speeding is generally attributed to super-additive processing of multisensory targets. In order to test whether patients with schizophrenia are impaired on this basic measure of MSI, we assessed the degree of intersensory facilitation for a sample of 20 patients compared to 20 non-psychiatric individuals using a very simple target detection task. RTs were recorded for participants to detect targets that were either unimodal (auditory alone, A; visual alone, V) or bimodal (auditory+visual, AV). RT distributions to detect bimodal targets were compared with predicted RT distributions based on the summed probability distribution of each participant's RTs to visual alone and auditory alone targets. Patients with schizophrenia showed less RT facilitation when detecting bimodal targets relative to non-psychiatric individuals, even when groups were matched for unimodal RTs. Within the schizophrenia group, RT benefit was correlated with negative symptoms, such that patients with greater negative symptoms showed the least RT facilitation (r(2)=0.20, p<0.05). Additionally, schizophrenia patients who experienced both auditory and visual hallucinations showed less multisensory benefit compared to patients who experienced only auditory hallucinations, indicating that the presence of hallucinations in two modalities may more strongly impair MSI compared to hallucinations in only one modality.
A bootstrap resampling scheme for using the canonical correlation technique in rank estimation

Rank estimation by canonical correlation analysis in multivariate statistics has been proposed as an alternative approach for estimating the number of components in a multicomponent mixture. A methodological turning point of this new approach is that it focuses on the difference in structure rather than in magnitude in characterizing the difference between the signal and the noise. This structural difference is quantified through the analysis of canonical correlation, which is a well-established data reduction technique in multivariate statistics. Unfortunately, there is a price to be paid for having this structural difference: at least two replicate data matrices are needed to carry out the analysis. In this paper we continue to explore the potential and to extend the scope of the canonical correlation technique. In particular, we propose a bootstrap resampling method which makes it possible to perform the canonical correlation analysis on a single data matrix. Since a robust estimator is introduced to make inference about the rank, the procedure may be applied to a wide range of data without any restriction on the noise distribution. Results from real as well as simulated mixture samples indicate that when used in conjunction with this resampling method, canonical correlation analysis of a single data matrix is equally efficient as of replicate data matrices.
Studies of morphologically atypical ("sprouting") cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Growth characteristics and connective tissue protein synthesis.

Morphologic and biochemical studies were performed on cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells which had developed a second growth pattern that has been referred to as “sprouting” (Gospodarowicz and Mecher, '78; Schwartz, '78). These morphologically atypical cells undergrew the intact endothelial cell monolayer and appeared only after the cells had reached confluence. They were ultra-structurally very similar to endothelial cells, but synthesized reduced amounts of fibronectin and a predominance of type I procollagen, rather than the types III and IV procollagens synthesized by monolayer endothelial cells. It is suggested that these cells represent phenotypically altered endothelial cells that differ in biosynthesis of secreted proteins and display a reduced contact-inhibition.
The ups and downs of assessing baroreflex function.

Asymmetry in the baroreflex-mediated cardiovagal response between falling and rising blood pressure is well recognized but the underlying mechanisms have remained incompletely understood. It was initially believed that the less marked R–R interval shortening in response to blood pressure falls, compared with the more pronounced R–R interval lengthening in response to blood pressure rises, were attributable to the baroreflex operating point being located close to the threshold of the sigmoidal stimulus–response curve (Eckberg & Sleight, 1992). However, since a lower baroreflex gain in response to falls in pressure persists even when pressure is first elevated above resting levels, it is likely that the position of the operating point cannot fully explain ‘baroreflex hysteresis' (Rudas et al. 1999). More recently it has been reported that baroreflex hysteresis is due to steeper increases in carotid artery diameter during a hypertensive challenge compared with a hypotensive challenge (Bonyhay et al. 1997; O'Leary et al. 2005), and thus attributable to the viscoelastic properties of the barosensory vessels (i.e. a mechanical event). However, in a recent issue of The Journal of Physiology, Studinger et al. (2007) further advance our understanding of baroreflex hysteresis by beginning to unravel the complex interactions between the underlying components of the baroreflex arc in humans.
TU-D-AUD-04: Comparison of Three Different Source Models for Head Scatter Facto Calculation

Purpose: to evaluate three different source models for the calculation of head scatter factors. Method and Materials: The three different source models evaluated in this work are (1) The three‐source model (Yang et al) (2) The Gaussian analytic model (Jiang et al) (3) The numerical source model (Chui et al). These source models were developed based on different LINACmodels. These source models were implemented and their results reproduced. Each of the source models was then applied to the other's measurement in order to cross‐validate accuracy. The effect of the monitor backscattering on the source model was also investigated. Finally, measurement data from a Varian Trilogy machine was used to evaluate each of the source models. The behavior of each model for different SSD data was also evaluated. Results: Measured output factors exhibit ∼1% difference at largest field sizes. The Gaussian analytic model gives 0.2% accuracy when fitting Yang's data, while the three‐source model has problem at large fields with error >15% when attempted on Jiang's data. So was the numerical model. Inclusion of the monitor backscattering effect into the source models significantly improved the agreement. When applying the models to the Trilogy measurement, the Gaussian analytic model gives the best agreement ( 0.5%). Conclusion: The Gaussian analytic model gave excellent fit to head scatter factor for a variety of LINACmodels. Reasonable accuracy can be achieved if monitor backscatter effect were built into the other two source models. Research sponsored by Sun Nuclear Corp.
Removal of fracturing gel: A laboratory and modeling investigation accounting for viscous fingering channels

Abstract Gel damage in hydraulically fractured gas wells can be a serious problem if the accumulated gel is not removed after fracturing operations. During the fracturing process, polymeric gels are used to carry proppants into the propagating hydraulic fracture and the fracturing liquid is gradually leaked off into the formation by a percolation process while the gel accumulates in the form of a filter-cake. Removal of fluids from the porous, propped fracture can be accomplished by the displacement of the gel from the fracture. In this report we present a novel systematic study of the remediation of gel damage by an evaporative process that is enhanced by addition of volatile solvents. Addition of solvents such as alcohol is found to affect the gel saturation which is reduced due to the dehydration of gel. We conduct experiments of dry gas injection, along with solvent treatment, through a fractured tight gas sandstone core to improve the gas flowrate recovery. Additionally, we develop a mathematical model, based on drying front theory, to predict the rate of recovery of gas flowrates through the sand and fracture-packs. The mathematical model includes the effect of viscous fingering by considering a pack of one-dimensional systems with liquid saturations evolving independently. The gas flowrate recovery predicted by model is matched with the experimental data to obtain liquid saturation evolution within the porous systems. The resulting estimate shows that the fingering produces a smearing effect of the drying front. The model may then be used to predict the performance at larger scales for field applications.
Attention to Task and Completion of Work as a Function of Level of Adjustment and Educational Environment

AbstractThe academic performance and attention to task behaviors of well adjusted, moderately adjusted, and poorly adjusted elementary school age children were compared in an open space and traditional, self-contained classroom. Results indicated that both academic productivity and attention to task were significantly different as a function of the level of adjustment variable. No significant differences were found for either of the two dependent variables as a function of the classroom environment variable nor were either of the interactions significant.
Defining, Excusing, and Justifying Deviance: Teen Mothers' Accounts for Statutory Rape

This article examines the excuses and justifications used by teenage mothers to account for their involvement with older boyfriends. Data were gathered during a three-year participant-observation study of mothers enrolled in a high school program for adolescent parents. The teens who used justifications argued that their consent made their relationships non-deviant, and felt that they should not be construed as statutory rape offenses. The teens who used excuses perceived themselves as victims of their older boyfriends, and believed that statutory rape laws should be enforced with more regularity. As their relationships ended, the women who initially used justifications often shifted to excuses, directing the blame away from themselves and toward their boyfriends.
Upstream stimulating factor-1 mediates the E-box-dependent transcriptional repression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene in human mast cells

Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 promotes development of asthma. PAI-1 mRNA and protein are markedly induced in activated mast cells (MCs), a major effector cell type in asthma. However, regulatory mechanisms of PAI-1 transcription in MCs are unknown. We present first evidence that PAI-1 is transcriptionally regulated in human MCs (hMCs). In addition to three enhancer regions, we demonstrated that the E-box at −566 bp to −561 bp is the negative regulatory element, and the specific and constitutive binding of the upstream stimulating factor-1 to this E-box is the key mechanism of the negative regulation of PAI-1 expression in hMCs.
On the learning curve: the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioral therapies for adolescent substance abuse.

Aims Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches to intervention for adolescent substance use disorders has been limited and formal controlled clinical efficacy trials have been rare. Moreover, the early literature on the efficacy of CBT for adolescent substance abuse has been characterized by significant methodological limitations. Recent innovations in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse and the recent completion of several randomized clinical trials has brightened the picture with respect to establishing the empirical support for CBT. The aim of this review is to integrate the findings from controlled trials of CBT for adolescent substance abuse. Method Studies representing randomized clinical trials were reviewed using criteria provided by Lonigan et al. and Nathan & Gorman as a guide. Findings and conclusions Despite some prominent differences in design and methodology, the studies reviewed provide consistent empirical evidence that group and individual CBT are associated with significant and clinically meaningful reductions in adolescent substance use. The evidence for the efficacy of group therapy is particularly important, countering the assertion that aggregating problem youths into group treatment settings is associated with iatrogenic effects. The findings from the randomized trials reviewed represent significant developments in treatment outcome research and lay the foundation for validating CBT for adolescent substance use disorders. Future research directions include improving short- and long-term outcomes, enhancing treatment motivation and engagement, and identifying mechanisms and processes associated with positive change, especially for youths with comorbid conditions.
Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction results in hepatocyte proliferation but a decrease in protein-C synthesis

Abstract Purpose Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) results in decreased levels of liver-dependent coagulation factors in children. We developed a rat model to test the hypothesis that lower factor levels associated with EHPVO were from diminished synthesis rather than increased consumption. Methods A total of 8 rats (experimental group) underwent narrowing of portal vein (PV) and 8 underwent sham operations. Liver and spleen mass, serum alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, prothrombin time, factor VII, and protein-C were measured before and 3 months after PV narrowing. Hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis were quantified using Ki-67 and TUNEL assays. Results Portal vein diameter was 71% ± 13% narrower in experimental animals. Liver mass was unchanged, but proportional spleen mass was higher in the experimental group at 3 months (0.31% ± 0.05% vs 0.26% ± 0.04%; P P P Conclusions Our EHPVO model consistently produced PV narrowing. The increase in hepatocyte proliferation seen after EHPVO suggests a liver repair response that is insufficient to maintain normal protein-C synthesis and serum levels.
Electron and acoustic emission accompanying oxide coating fracture

Abstract The behavior of an oxide coating during the tensile deformation of its substrate depends on the physical properties of the oxide and the oxide-substrate interface. These properties strongly influence the rate of appearance and extension of cracks in the oxide layer. We investigate the relationship between the growth of cracks in anodized Al 1350 and electron and acoustic emission. We present evidence that both types of emission are strongly influenced by the energy released during crack propagation.
An Optimally Energized Cardiac Pacemaker

Batteries that power implanted cardiac pacemakers deteriorate because of energy drain and permeation of body fluids. They must, therefore, be replaced periodically, most often by means of an operation. In this paper, the stimulating waveform that draws the least amount of energy from the battery and also delivers the minimum energy to a heart cell is derived. It is shown that a 31-percent reduction in energy (with respect to that required by the standard rectangular pulse) can be achieved if the pulse duration is about twice the cell time constant. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the required energy is insensitive to pulse-duration variations (due to component changes). An easily synthesized suboptimal approximation is developed and requires only slightly more energy than the optimal pulse.
Leung-Griffiths model for the thermodynamic properties of mixtures of CO2 and C2H6 near the gas-liquid critical line

Leung and Griffiths have proposed a fundamental thermodynamic equation for a binary mixture near the critical line and have successfully applied it to the mixture of He3 and He4 in which the critical line is a nearly linear function of composition. We have used a Leung-Griffiths type equation of state to describe the thermodynamic properties of the mixture of carbon dioxide and ethane. The critical line of this mixture is, unlike that of He3 and He4, a nonlinear function of composition, and the azeotropic line extends to the critical line. Comparison of the predictions of the equation to experimental data shows a good agreement for the mixture of CO2 and C2H6.
Polymerization of Mycobacterial Arabinogalactan and Ligation to Peptidoglycan

The cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. consists predominately of arabinogalactan chains linked at the reducing ends to peptidoglycan via a P-GlcNAc-(alpha1-3)-Rha linkage unit (LU) and esterified to a variety of mycolic acids at the nonreducing ends. Several aspects of the biosynthesis of this complex have been defined, including the initial formation of the LU on a polyprenyl phosphate (Pol-P) molecule followed by the sequential addition of galactofuranosyl (Galf) units to generate Pol-P-P-LU-(Galf)1,2,3, etc. and Pol-P-P-LU-galactan, catalyzed by a bifunctional galactosyltransferase (Rv3808c) capable of adding alternating 5- and 6-linked Galf units. By applying cell-free extracts of Mycobacterium smegmatis, containing cell wall and membrane fragments, and differential labeling with UDP-[14C]Galp and recombinant UDP-Galp mutase as the source of [14C]Galf for galactan biosynthesis and 5-P-[14C]ribosyl-P-P as a donor of [14C]Araf for arabinan synthesis, we now demonstrate sequential synthesis of the simpler Pol-P-P-LU-(Galf)n glycolipid intermediates followed by the Pol-P-P-LU-arabinogalactan and, finally, ligation of the P-LU-arabinogalactan to peptidoglycan. This first time demonstration of in vitro ligation of newly synthesized P-LU-arabinogalactan to newly synthesized peptidoglycan is a necessary forerunner to defining the genetics and enzymology of cell wall polymer-peptidoglycan ligation in Mycobacterium spp. and examining this step as a target for new antibacterial drugs.
Evaluation of Bidirectional Aluminum Transfer Across Hollow Fiber Dialyzers

Abstract The ultrafiltrable fraction of plasma aluminum (UF A1 ) determined utilizing the hollow fiber dialyzer is variable and ranges from 10% to 50%. This extreme variability in UF A1 , led us to examine the possibility of AI binding to the hollow fiber dialyzer. Ultrafiltrate of aqueous AI solutions was obtained by applying a negative pressure of 250 mm Hg to a hollow fiber dialyzer (TriEx-1). In the first of three experimental protocols, AI was measured before and after recirculation of solutions containing 344 to 9244 μg/L Al through a hollow fiber dialyzer until the entire volume was collected as ultrafiltrate. UF A1 , ranged from 0.9% to 37.6% and did not correlate with the initial Al concentration. Total AI binding ranged from 42 μg to 1.3 mg. In the second, 16 L of aqueous AICI 3 solution (n = 3), containing from 205 to 411 3g/L AI were passed through the blood compartment of a hollow fiber dialyzer. The percentage of UF A1 , ranged from 4.1% to 17.3% during the first 20 minutes and 79.3% to 81.8% at 120 minutes. Finally, to investigate Al transfer from dialysate,16 L of deionized distilled water were passed through the blood compartment while 16 L of AICI3 solutions of 330 γg/L and 398 γg/L Al passed through the dialysate compartment. Samples were collected from blood and dialysate outflow ports every 20 minutes for 120 minutes. The transfer of AI from dialysate to blood compartment increased with time. However the concentration of Al at the blood outflow port never reached that at the dialysate outflow port. Furthermore, the decrement of dialysate Al across the dialyzer was greater than the increment of AI concentration in the blood compartment. These results indicate appreciable uptake of AI by the hollow fiber dialyzer from both dialysate and blood compartments. Thus, the use of the hollow fiber dialyzer to determine UF A1 , or bidirectional AI transfer needs reevaluation.
Tourism and Entrepreneurialism in Southeast Asian Cities

This study reviews recent literatures related to entrepreneurship in the Southeast Asian urban tourism sector. The study is divided into three sections. The first section concerns urban identity. I outline recent debates surrounding the disparity between tourist stereotypes of the region’s cities and discursive attempts by the local governments to counter them. I argue that the twin themes of harmony and convergence are used by Southeast Asia’s urban governments to promote their cities as appealing, safe, and multicultural places to visit. In the second section, I present an alternative approach to traditional understandings of state–society relations in the region. Instead of explaining local resistances to a predatory state, I highlight recent research that favors a relational, cooperative reading of the production of the tourism industry in Southeast Asia. Lastly, I introduce the political implications for urban tourism growth, focusing on the desires of the Southeast Asian urban population to use tourism as a tool to expedite their political goals.
Looking at Resource Sharing Costs

Purpose – This paper is the result of a small cost study of resource sharing services in 23 North American libraries. Its aim is to discuss trends that have affected resource sharing costs since the last comprehensive study. Design/methodology/approach – Selected libraries were approached for this phase of study. A pilot phase helped to clarify the cost and service definitions and revise the database which served as the data collection instrument. Findings – Immediate access to electronic items at point of use has resulted in user demand for faster turnaround for physical materials. This in turn has led to increased costs for ILL technology and shipping. Costs have decreased but continue to show a noticeable disparity between ILL borrowing and lending. The data also clearly support the perception that patron initiated Circ-to-Circ module requests have a lower per transaction cost than traditional ILL. Originality/value – Libraries have been relying on cost data that is now almost ten years old. While this...