cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random Walks and Renewal Processes

Recurrence dichotomy and criteria, transience for d ≥ 3, Wald equations, first maximum and last return, duality, ladder times and heights, fluctuations, Wiener–Hopf factorization, ladder distributions, boundedness and divergence, stationary renewal process, occupation measure, two-sided renewal theorem, asymptotic delay, renewal equation
Selective Functional Network Changes Following tDCS-Augmented Language Treatment in Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Objective Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown promising results when used as an adjunct to behavioral training in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are not understood and neuroimaging evidence from pre/post treatment has been sparse. In this study, we examined tDCS-induced neural changes in a language intervention study for primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a neurodegenerative syndrome with language impairment as the primary clinical presentation. Anodal tDCS was applied to the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). To evaluate the hypothesis that tDCS promotes system segregation, analysis focused on understanding tDCS-induced changes in the brain-wide functional network connectivity of the targeted LIFG Methods Resting-state fMRI data were obtained from 32 participants with PPA before and after receiving a written naming therapy, accompanied either by tDCS or sham stimulation. We focused on evaluating changes in the global connectivity property of the stimulated LIFG-triangularis (LIFG-tri) region given its important role in lexical processing. Global connectivity was indexed by the graph-theoretic measure participation coefficient (PC) which quantifies a region’s level of system segregation. The values before and after treatment were compared for each condition (tDCS or Sham) as well as with age-matched healthy controls (n=19). Results Higher global connectivity of the LIFG-tri before treatment was associated with greater dementia severity. After treatment, the tDCS group showed a significant decrease in global connectivity whereas the Sham group’s did not change, suggesting specific neural effects induced by tDCS. Further examination revealed that the decrease was driven by reduced connectivity between the LIFG-tri and regions outside the perisylvian language area, consistent with the hypothesis that tDCS enhances the segregation of the language system and improves processing efficiency. Additionally, we found that these effects were specific to the LIFG-tri and not observed in other control regions. Conclusions TDCS-augmented language therapy in PPA increased the functional segregation of the language system, a reversal of the hyper-connectivity observed before treatment. These findings add to our understanding of the nature of tDCS-induced neural changes in disease treatment and have applications for validating treatment efficacy and designing future tDCS and other non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) treatments.
Characterization of subunit interactions in the hetero-oligomeric retinoid oxidoreductase complex

The hetero-oligomeric retinoid oxidoreductase complex (ROC) catalyzes the interconversion of all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde to maintain the steady-state output of retinaldehyde, the precursor of all-trans-retinoic acid that regulates the transcription of numerous genes. The interconversion is catalyzed by two distinct components of the ROC: the NAD(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10) and the NADP(H)-dependent dehydrogenase reductase 3 (DHRS3). The binding between RDH10 and DHRS3 subunits in the ROC results in mutual activation of the subunits. The molecular basis for their activation is currently unknown. Here, we applied site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the roles of amino acid residues previously implied in subunit interactions in other SDRs to obtain the first insight into the subunit interactions in the ROC. The results of these studies suggest that the cofactor binding to RDH10 subunit is critical for the activation of DHRS3 subunit and vice versa. The C-terminal residues 317-331 of RDH10 are critical for the activity of RDH10 homo-oligomers but not for the binding to DHRS3. The C-terminal residues 291-295 are required for DHRS3 subunit activity of the ROC. The highly conserved C-terminal cysteines appear to be involved in inter-subunit communications, affecting the affinity of the cofactor binding site in RDH10 homo-oligomers as well as in the ROC. Modeling of the ROC quaternary structure based on other known structures of SDRs suggests that its integral membrane-associated subunits may be inserted in adjacent membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), making the formation and function of the ROC dependent on the dynamic nature of the tubular ER network.
Collisional 3He and 129Xe frequency shifts in Rb-noble-gas mixtures.

The Fermi-contact interaction that characterizes collisional spin exchange of a noble gas with an alkali-metal vapor also gives rise to NMR and EPR frequency shifts of the noble-gas nucleus and the alkali-metal atom, respectively. We have measured the enhancement factor ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ that characterizes these shifts for $\mathrm{Rb}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ to be $493\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}31$, making use of the previously measured value of ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ for $\mathrm{Rb}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$. This result allows accurate $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ polarimetry with no need to reference a thermal-equilibrium NMR signal.
Point defects and transport in haematite (Fe2O3-ε)

The point defect structure and related transport properties of the iron oxide haematite, Fe2O3-e are discussed based on data from literature and new electrical conductance and non-stoichiometry dat...
Sarcoidosis of the uterus.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of generalized sarcoidosis with asymptomatic uterine involvement is reported. Characteristic epithelioid granulomas were found in the endometrium and myometrium of a uterus removed by vaginal hysterectomy. 2. 2. Although sarcoidosis is a systemic affection with multiorgan involvement, localization in the uterus is extremely rare. A survey of the literature discloses reports of only five previous instances of uterine sarcoidosis. 3. 3. Though in three cases curettage was performed for abnormal bleeding, it seems unlikely that the sarcoid uterine granulomas were responsible for the symptoms. 4. 4. The finding of tuberclelike granulomas in the endometrium or myometrium should alert one to the possibility of sarcoidosis. The diagnostic criteria of this disease are described. Differentiation must be made from tuberculous and foreign body reactions.
Aerodynamics overview of the ground transportation systems (GTS) project for heavy vehicle drag reduction

The focus of the research was to investigate the fundamental aerodynamics of the base flow of a tractor trailer that would prove useful in fluid flow management. Initially, industry design needs and constraints were defined. This was followed by an evaluation of state-of-the-art Navier-Stokes based computational fluid dynamics tools. Analytical methods were then used in combination with computational tools in a design process. Several geometries were tested at 1:8 scale in a low speed wind tunnel. In addition to the baseline geometry, base add-on devices of the class of ogival boattails and slants were analyzed.
Optical conductivity of visons in Z 2 spin liquids close to a valence bond solid transition on the kagome lattice

We consider ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquids on the kagome lattice on the verge of a valence bond solid (VBS) transition, where vortex excitations carrying ${Z}_{2}$ magnetic flux---so-called visons---condense. We show that these vison excitations can couple directly to the external electromagnetic field, even though they carry neither spin nor charge. This is possible via a magnetoelastic coupling mechanism recently identified. [Potter, Senthil, and Lee, arXiv:1301.3495; Hao, Phys. Rev. B 85, 174432 (2012)] For the case of transitions to a 36-site unit cell VBS state, the corresponding finite ac conductivity has a specific power-law frequency dependence, which is related to the crossover exponent of the quantum critical point. The visons' contribution to the optical conductivity at transitions to VBS states with a 12-site unit cell vanishes, however.
Obesity — Genetics, Pathogenesis, Therapy

The prevalence of obesity is increasing at alarming rates across all sociodemographic groups in industrialized and developing nations alike. Obesity poses a tremendous clinical challenge, as it contributes to significant morbidity and mortality and carries a staggering economic cost. In this chapter, we examine the current understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of obesity.
On Text Mining Techniques for Personalization

The popularity of the Web has made text mining techniques for personalization an increasingly important research topic. We first examine the problem on text mining for building categorization systems. Three different approaches which can be used for building categorization systems are discussed: classification, clustering and partial supervision. We examine the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Some Web specific enhancements are discussed. Applications of text mining techniques to collaborative filtering have then been examined. Specifically, a content-based collaborative filtering approach is considered.
The influence of crack tip plasticity in dynamic fracture

ABSTRACT Dynamic fracture resistance of structural materials is commonly described in terms of the relationship between a measure of the crack driving force and the crack tip speed. In this article, analytical modelling directed toward establishing a basis for such a relationship in terms of crack tip plastic fields is described. The discussion is based mainly on analysis of steady crack growth through an elastic-plastic or elastic-viscoplastic material under small scale yielding conditions. Some observations on crack arrest, fracture mode transition and dynamic ductile hole growth are included in the discussion.
Toward a New Pragmatist Politics

In A Pragmatist Philosophy of Democracy, I launched a pragmatist critique of Deweyan democracy and a pragmatist defense of an alternative view of democracy, one based in C. S. Peirce's social epistemology. In this article, I develop a more precise version of the criticism of Deweyan democracy I proposed in A Pragmatist Philosophy of Democracy, and provide further details of the Peircean alternative. Along the way, some recent critics are addressed.
INDUCTION OF BCL-2 EXPRESSION BY PHOSPHORYLATED CREB PROTEINS DURING B-CELL ACTIVATION AND RESCUE FROM APOPTOSIS

Engagement of surface immunoglobulin on mature B cells leads to rescue from apoptosis and to proliferation. Levels of bcl-2 mRNA and protein increase with cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin. We have located the major positive regulatory region for control of bcl-2 expression in B cells in the 5'-flanking region. The positive region can be divided into an upstream and a downstream regulatory region. The downstream regulatory region contains a cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE). We show by antibody supershift experiments and UV cross-linking followed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that both CREB and ATF family members bind to this region in vitro. Mutations of the CRE site that result in loss of CREB binding also lead to loss of functional activity of the bcl-2 promoter in transient-transfection assays. The presence of an active CRE site in the bcl-2 promoter implies that the regulation of bcl-2 expression is linked to a signal transduction pathway in B cells. Treatment of the mature B-cell line BAL-17 with either anti-immunoglobulin M or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate leads to an increase in bcl-2 expression that is mediated by the CRE site. Treatment of the more immature B-cell line, Ramos, with phorbol esters rescues the cells from calcium-dependent apoptosis. bcl-2 expression is increased following phorbol ester treatment, and the increased expression is dependent on the CRE site. These stimuli result in phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133. The phosphorylation of CREB that results in activation is mediated by protein kinase C rather than by protein kinase A. Although the CRE site is necessary, optimal induction of bcl-2 expression requires participation of the upstream regulatory element, suggesting that phosphorylation of CREB alters its interaction with the upstream regulatory element. The CRE site in the bcl-2 promoter appears to play a major role in the induction of bcl-2 expression during the activation of mature B cells and during the rescue of immature B cells from apoptosis. It is possible that the CRE site is responsible for induction of bcl-2 expression in other cell types, particularly those in which protein kinase C is involved.
Organization of thalamic projections in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus in cats and its relation with hippocampal and other subcortical afferents

The organization of thalamic projections in the nucleus accumbens (NA) and the caudate nucleus of cats and its relation to other subcortical striatal afferents Were studied with a retrograde tracing technique by use of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase. The study showed that the paraventricular and medial parafascicular nuclei (PF) of the thalamus project to the medial NA and the parataenial and medial PF project to the lateral NA. The ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars dorsalis (SNpd) project to medial and lateral NA. The midline thalamic nuclei, rostral intralaminar nuclei, ventroanterior nucleus, medial and lateral PF, lateral posterior complex, and nucleus limitans project to medial caudate nucleus. The most medial substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and rostral SNpd project to medial caudate nucleus. The center median, ventrolateral, and the central lateral nuclei of thalamus, SNpc, and SNpd project to lateral caudate nucleus. These results suggest that the thalamic and subcortical nuclei known to connect with the limbic and frontal cortices project to NA and medial caudate nucleus. Those thalamic nuclei connected with the motor system project to lateral caudate nucleus. The hippocampus projects selectively to medial NA. The amygdala, raphe, and other mesencephalic nuclei project only to NA and medial caudate nucleus. The organization of hippocampal, amygdala, and other subcortical afferents suggests that NA and caudate nucleus can be separated into medial “limbic” and lateral nonlimbic “sensory-motor” compartments, A brief review of the distribution pattern of some neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and their receptors and behavior studies provides additional support to the concept that the striatum can be divided into several subcompartments.
Safety and utility of passive peritoneal drainage following Fontan palliation.

Objective: Placement of peritoneal drainage catheters intra-operatively has been shown to help prevent fluid overload in children recovering from surgery for two-ventricle heart disease. We aimed to determine whether this practice is also helpful in children recovering from Fontan palliation. Material and methods: A retrospective review was performed on children with single-ventricle anatomy undergoing Fontan palliation at our institution from 2007 to 2011. Variables in those with peritoneal drainage were compared with those without using t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests, chi-square tests, or analysis of variance for repeated measures as appropriate. Data were represented as mean with standard deviation unless otherwise noted. Results: A total of 43 children were reviewed, 21 (49%) with peritoneal drainage catheters. No complications from catheter placement occurred. The groups did not differ with regard to cardiopulmonary bypass duration, dominant ventricle, pre-operative haemodynamic data, fenestration use, and initial intensive care unit ventilation index. Central venous pressures, vasoactive medication use, and diuretic use during the first 48 hours were also not statistically different. At 48 hours, the median fluid balance was −9 (interquartile range : −50, +20) in those with peritoneal drainage and +77 cc/kg (interquartile range : +22, +96) in those without (p < 0.001), yet median duration of mechanical ventilation was 40 hours (range: 19–326) in those with peritoneal drainage and 23 hours (range: 9–92) in those without, p = 0.01. Conclusion: Patients with peritoneal drainage recovering from Fontan palliation achieved negative fluid balance as compared with those without peritoneal drainage, although this difference was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation.
A translog estimation of the average cost function of the steel industry with financial accounting data

This paper proposes a measure to assess firm performance which is based in neoclassical production theory and yet can be empirically estimated with widely available financial accounting ratios. A translog cost function is estimated, and fitted per-unit average cost figures are generated based upon the firm's individual characteristics and industry norms. The deviation of a firm's actual average per-unit cost from the fitted value is proposed as a predictor of firm profitability. This measure is then tested on firms in the steel industry. It is shown that the accounting ratios generate a cost function which behaves in accordance with neoclassical microeconomic theory, and accounting profits are indeed found to be inversely related to the calculated efficiency measure.
Suboptimal provision of preventive healthcare due to expected enrollee turnover among private insurers.

Many preventive healthcare procedures are widely recognized as cost-effective but have relatively low utilization rates in the US. Because preventive care is a present-period investment with a future-period expected financial return, enrollee turnover among private insurers lowers the expected return of this investment. In this paper, I present a simple theoretical model to illustrate the suboptimal provision of preventive healthcare that results from insurers ‘free riding’ off of the provision from others. I also provide an empirical test of this hypothesis using data from the Community Tracking Study's Household Survey. I use lagged market-level measures of employment-induced insurer turnover to identify variation in insurers' expectations and test for the effect of turnover on several different measures of medical utilization. As expected, I find that turnover has a significantly negative effect on the utilization of preventive services and has no effect on the utilization of acute services used as a control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open channel block by gadolinium ion of the stretch-inactivated ion channel in mdx myotubes

Currents flowing through single stretch-inactivated ion channels were recorded from cell-attached patches on myotubes from mdx mice. Adding micromolar concentrations of gadolinium to patch electrodes containing normal saline produced rapid transitions in the single-channel current between the fully open and closed states. The kinetics of the current fluctuations followed the predictions of a simple model of open channel block in which the transitions in the current arise from the entry and exit of Gd from the channel pore: histograms of the open and closed times were well fit with single exponentials, the blocking rate depended linearly on the concentration of gadolinium in the patch electrode, and the unblocking rate was independent of the concentration of gadolinium. Hyperpolarizing the patch increased the rate of unblocking (approximately e-fold per 85 mV), suggesting the charged blocking particle can exit the channel into the cell under the influence of the applied membrane field. The rate of blocking was rapid and was independent of the patch potential, consistent with the rate of ion entry into the pore being determined by its rate of diffusion in solution. When channel open probability was reduced by applying suction to the electrode, the blocking kinetics were independent of the extent of inactivation, suggesting that mechanosensitive gating does not modify the structure of the channel pore.
Effects of sonication on electrode surfaces and metal particles

Abstract Ultrasonic irradiation at a frequency of 20 kHz has varying effects on electrode surfaces. Non-metals such as glassy carbon and Ebonex™ are severely pitted after only a few minutes of sonication in aqueous media. By contrast, metals such as Pt, Au, W and Pd remain largely undamaged after 120 s, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The extent of damage does not appear to be related to the melting point of the material. By contrast, when electrodes are sonicated in suspensions of metal powders, particles are deposited onto electrode surfaces. The deposits were subsequently observed by scanning electron microscopy and by voltammetry. It is concluded that the ability to deposit particles on an electrode depends on both the melting point of the particles and the electrode, whereas surface damage is more closely related to the hardness of the material.
Ecological consequences of an exotic fungal disease in eastern U.S. hardwood forests.

Abstract Exotic pests and pathogens can cause extensive mortality of native species resulting in cascading effects within an ecosystem. As ecosystems lose species to exotic enemies, ecosystem function may be disrupted if the ecological roles are not filled by the remaining species. To illustrate this concept, this paper examines the impacts of an exotic fungus (Discula dectructiva) on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), historically a common understory tree species in eastern U.S. hardwood forests. Recent studies indicate that dogwood plays an important role in the health and ecological integrity of forest ecosystems throughout the eastern U.S. by increasing the availability of calcium in the biota-rich surface horizons of forest soils. However, Discula destructiva causes a disease, dogwood anthracnose, which can rapidly kill dogwood trees. This paper also illustrates how past fire has increased dogwood density and improved tree health in areas infected with anthracnose, suggesting that prescribed fire may offer a tool for land managers to maintain dogwood as a component in eastern U.S. hardwood forests by shifting the “ideal” disturbance regime of this previously fire-intolerant species.
Liver trauma: an experimental model

Abstract The methods and criteria for creating a standard liver injury in the experimental animal was presented. It was found that a bursting injury produces the most consistent and lethal results. Immediate and profound hypotension out of proportion to blood loss is often seen after this type of injury. It is hoped that this experimental model will be of benefit in comparing present methods of therapy in the treatment of severe liver injuries.
Observations concerning the effects of radiations on the segregation of chromosomes

Abstract Nondisjunction of X and of fourth chromosomes was observed following the exposure of immature oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster to doses of X-radiation of from 1000 to 4000 R. No evidence for a threshold was found in this range for either kind of trisomy; this evidence alone does not exclude the possibility that one might be found at some lower dose. The mating of the treated females with males having an attached-XY chromosome permitted the recovery of fertile males that would otherwise have been XO and sterile. Testing of these showed some 22% to be triplo-4, having two maternal fourth chromosomes. Marking the left arm of chromosome 4 with a small duplication made it possible to score marker losses such as might result from interchange with another acrocentric (e.g., the X). There is a high coincidence of marker loss from chromosome 4 and both the XO and triplo-4 conditions, with the highest incidence of marker loss being when these have occurred together. The interpretation that the altered 4's are half-translocations resulting from X-4 interchange is further supported by the finding that they also show altered assortative behavior in compound-X females lacking a Y, when in combination with a standard fourth chromosome. A few show regular segregation from the attached-XY in the male, supporting the interpretation that they have the base of the X capped by the right arm of chromosome 4. It is argued that other trisomies may come about by mechanisms similar to that responsible for the triplo-4 condition. Furthermore, if rearrangement plays a part in the origin of trisomy, operating by altering division-I orientation as a result of heterologous conjunction maintained by chromatid interchange, it is unlikely that there will be a threshold for its induction.
IMAGINING LAND USE FUTURES: APPLYING THE CALIFORNIA URBAN FUTURES MODEL

Abstract The California Urban Futures Model (or CUF Model) is the first of a new generation of metropolitan planning models designed to help planners, elected officials, and citizen groups create and compare alternative land-use policies. This article explains how the CUF Model works and then demonstrates its use in simulating realistic alternatives for regional and subregional growth policy/planning. Part One explains the design principles and logic of the CUF Model. Part Two presents CUF Model simulation results of three alternatives for growth policy/land-use planning alternatives for the San Franciso Bay and Sacramento areas. Part Three demonstrates the use of the CUF Model for evaluating alternative agricultural protection and zoning policies at the county, or sub-regional, level.
Uptake and binding of dopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine in murine neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells

Abstract The uptake and binding of radioactive 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) and radioactive dopamine (DA) were investigated in an adrenergic clonal line of neuroblastoma, N1E-115. derived from the murine tumor C-1300. Monolayer cultures of N1E-115 cells accumulated four times more 6-OH-DA than DA. Reserpine inhibited the uptake of DA, but not that of 6-OH-DA. When uptake was followed by a release period, these cells retained a much greater proportion of 6-OH-DA than DA. Determination of protein binding showed that 1300 pmoles/mg of protein of 6-OH-DA or its oxidation products was bound, compared to 120 pmoles/mg of protein of DA. Disc gel clectrophoresis of the cellular proteins revealed an increase in the proportion of high molecular weight protein in cells incubated with 6-OH-DA when compared to proteins from cells treated with DA. The high molecular weight proteins contained bound 6-OH-DA. In a murine L-cell, B82. the uptake of both 6-OH-DA and DA was considerably less than in the neuroblastoma cell N1E-115. The percentage of radioactivity bound to protein in 6-OH-DA-treatcd cells was similar in both cell types and represented about 20 per cent of the total radioactivity. The results suggest that the cytotoxicity of 6-OH-DA results from irreversible covalent binding of one of the oxidation products of 6-OH-DA to cellular proteins with concomitant protein-crosslinking.
THREADS FOR THE FUTURE: VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS AT PCCA

Abstract Plains Cotton Cooperative Association (PCCA) is a highly successful cotton cooperative that has consistently earned strong returns through value-added approaches. The case focuses on the strengths and linkages in PCCAs main businesses that have made it such a success. This provides an opportunity for students to apply value chain concepts and explore associated issues of vertical scope.
Computationally efficient performance simulations for a thirty-meter telescope (TMT) point design

Modeling extremely large ground based optical telescopes is growing in complexity as the level of design detail is increasing. Our model of a 30m telescope includes a modal system of differential equations that represent the telescope structure, an edge controller to monitor and correct the gaps between mirrors of the hexagonally segmented primary mirror, an optical engine that propagates light through the telescope and calculates performance metrics at the exit pupil of the telescope, and a course optical control that can correct the wavefront for tip and tilt. Simulating one minute of telescope observing time with wind and atmospheric disturbances is a computationally intense proposition. The software tools in our arsenal include MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc.) and OSLO (Lambda Research Corporation). Descriptions of the simulation components, and the results of telescope simulations are presented.
Fundamentals of column performance in supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract The principles governing chromatography with a supercritical mobile phase are examined in light of measurements made with open-tubular columns. Plate height vs. linear velocity curves obtained for uncoated columns having different radii confirm earlier theoretical predictions. These measurements and their implications for both practical separations and physico-chemical measurements in supercritical fluid chromatography are discussed. Consideration is also given to other parameters such as selection of phase systems, film thickness and operating pressure.
Maturation of B lymphocytes in the rat. I. Migration pattern, tissue distribution, and turnover rate of unprimed and primed B lymphocytes involved in the adoptive antidinitrophenyl response.

The migration pattern, tissue distribution, and turnover rate of unprimed and primed B lymphocytes involved in the adoptive anti-DNP response was studied. The adoptive primary response restored by unprimed spleen or thoracic duct cells passaged through an intermediate host (intravenous injection and subsequent collection in the thoracic duct lymph) was markedly diminished as compared with that restored by unpassaged cells. On the other hand, the adoptive response restored by passaged spleen or thoracic duct cells from DNP-primed donors was greater than or the same as that restored with unpassaged cells, respectively. This suggests that unprimed B cells change from nonrecirculating to recirculating lymphocytes after exposure to antigen. Studies of the adoptive anti-DNP response restored by unprimed or primed bone marrow cells showed little change in the time-course or amplitude of the response restored by either population of cells. The relative inability of marrow cells to carry immunological memory was related to the inability of recirculating memory cells to penetrate the marrow. The turnover rate of unprimed and primed B cells was investigated by treating the cell donors with [3H]thymidine for 48 h before removal of thoracic duct or spleen cells. The adoptive anti-DNP response restored by unprimed or primed cells was not affected by [3H]thymidine treatment. This indicates that both populations of cells turn over slowly. However, our previous studies show that unprimed B cells involved in the adoptive antibody response to ferritin turn over rapidly. The different findings are discussed in the context of antigen-dependent B-cell maturation.
Density of trapped gas in heavily-irradiated lithium hydride

Abstract We review old gamma-irradiated lithium hydride data and also display much new bulk and gas-displacement density and nuclear magnetic resonance data on Li(D, T) and LiT at 296 to 373 K. We find that: (1) Li(D, T) swells because of the formation of internal D-T and 3He gas bubbles, but probably not because of the precipitation of lithium metal; (2) the gas bubbles are at densities of at least 3 to 4 × 104 mol/m3, i.e. thousands of atmospheres; (3) outgassing may be largely the result of bubbles rupturing, although diffusion of 3He as atoms may occur at long times.
Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to detect hydroxyl and superoxide radicals generated from mitomycin C

Abstract Distinguishing between short-lived reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl and superoxide radicals is difficult; the most successful approaches employ electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping techniques. Using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) to selectively trap various radicals in the presence and absence of ethanol, an HPLC system which is capable of separating the hydroxyl- and superoxide-generated DMPO adduct species has been developed. The radical-generated DMPO adducts were measured with an electrochemical detector attached to the HPLC system and confirmed by spin-trapping techniques. The HPLC separation was carried out on an ODS reverse-phase column with a pH 5.1 buffered 8.5% acetonitrile mobile phase. The advantage of the HPLC system described is that it permits the separation and detection of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals without requiring ESR instrumentation. The antineoplastic bioreductive alkylating agent mitomycin C, when activated by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, was shown to generate both hydroxyl and superoxide radicals.
Violent Victorians: Popular Entertainment in Nineteenth-Century London

Rosalind Crone's Violent Victorians explores the violent content in a range of prominent genres of entertainment between 1820 and 1870 to challenge the common narrative of reform and pacification s...
Charge-state dependence of fluorine-projectile K Auger-electron production

The K Auger-electron production cross sections of fluorine produced in collisions with thin helium- and neon-gas targets were obtained for incident fluorine ions of charge states q = 2 to q = 8 and incident energies of 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV. The cross sections were measured with an electrostatic cylindrical mirror electron analyzer. The Auger transitions for the lower-charge states (q< or =5) are from fluorine states created by ionization and excitation, but, for q = 6, are from fluorine states created primarily by excitation. For the higher-charge states (q = 7 and 8), single and double electron capture to excited states lead to the creation of autoionizing fluorine states.
Focus assay and defectiveness of avian myeloblastosis virus.

Abstract The use of yolk sac macrophages from an inbred chicken line (line 6) has led to an improved and more reliable assay for avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) transforming activity. The assay has been instrumental in defining some of the biological characteristics of AMV, namely, envelope antigenicity, host range, and sensitivity to viral interference. The assay also demonstrated the defectiveness of AMV and the need for a helper virus for its full replicative expression.
Construction of a reactive surface barrier to reduce fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene emissions†

Halogenated fumigants have been used extensively in production agriculture to control soilborne pests. These types of pesticides are highly volatile and are prone to affect air quality and imperil public health. In the present study, a chemical tarp approach, termed a reactive surface barrier (RSB), was developed to reduce the emission of fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from the soil surface. The agrochemicals thiourea and allylthiourea were tested as active reagents for the construction of a RSB, where these soil amendments react with 1,3-D to form nonvolatile isothiuronium ions at the soil surface and, thereby, impede fumigant emission into the atmosphere. The feasibility of the method largely depends on the reactivity of 1,3-D and the RSB agrochemicals in soil as well as on the mobility, persistence, and toxicity of the transformation products. Therefore, the reaction kinetics and transformation mechanism of 1,3-D by thiourea and allylthiourea were studied comprehensively in aqueous solution and soil. A catalytic process occurring at the surface of soil colloids facilitated the reaction between 1,3-D and thiourea in amended soils. The rate of 1,3-D transformation in thiourea-amended soil increased with decreasing soil moisture or increasing thiourea amendment level. In a field trial, a thiourea RSB reduced cumulative 1,3-D emissions by more than 80% relative to that in bare soil surface. The present results clearly indicate that this chemical remediation technology has great potential to control the emissions of volatile halogenated organic contaminants and to mitigate atmospheric pollution.
Imperfect gas effect in real hydrogen drives

Real hydrogen driver performance, analyzing intermolecular forces effects under high compression and heat
Air quality impacts of increased use of ethanol under the United States’ Energy Independence and Security Act

Abstract Increased use of ethanol in the United States fuel supply will impact emissions and ambient concentrations of greenhouse gases, “criteria” pollutants for which the U. S. EPA sets ambient air quality standards, and a variety of air toxic compounds. This paper focuses on impacts of increased ethanol use on ozone and air toxics under a potential implementation scenario resulting from mandates in the U. S. Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. The assessment of impacts was done for calendar year 2022, when 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels must be used. Impacts were assessed relative to a baseline which assumed ethanol volumes mandated by the first renewable fuels standard promulgated by U. S. EPA in early 2007. This assessment addresses both impacts of increased ethanol use on vehicle and other engine emissions, referred to as “downstream” emissions, and “upstream” impacts, i.e., those connected with fuel production and distribution. Air quality modeling was performed for the continental United States using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ), version 4.7. Pollutants included in the assessment were ozone, acetaldehyde, ethanol, formaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene. Results suggest that increased ethanol use due to EISA in 2022 will adversely increase ozone concentrations over much of the U.S., by as much as 1 ppb. However, EISA is projected to improve ozone air quality in a few highly-populated areas that currently have poor air quality. Most of the ozone improvements are due to our assumption of increases in nitrogen oxides (NOx) in volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited areas. While there are some localized impacts, the EISA renewable fuel standards have relatively little impact on national average ambient concentrations of most air toxics, although ethanol concentrations increase substantially. Significant uncertainties are associated with all results, due to limitations in available data. These uncertainties are discussed in detail.
CHANGES IN FAT CONCENTRATION OF HUMAN MILK WITH;' CONTINUOUS MECHANICAL PUMP INFUSION VERSUS INTERMITTENT BOLUS DELIVERY

We studied changes in fat conc. and fat loss in human milk during 8 hr continuous infusion with 2 mechanical pumps (Harvard syringe [HARV] and Holter roller [HOLT] with Buretrol) and for comparison intermittent bolus delivery. We varied rate of pump infusion (1,4 or 7 ml/hr), state of homogenization and syringe position (HARV, tip vert or horiz). For each set of variables, infusions were repeated x4. Hourly samples were analyzed for fat. Infusion apparatus held only enough milk for an 8 hr. infusion, milk in the tubing being recovered by air infusion at the same rate. At 1 ml/hr with HARV and HOLT, 26-39% of fat was lost regardless of conditions. Fat conc. during infusion decreased to 32% of baseline for HARV and to 2% for HOLT, regardless of syringe position (HARV) or homogenization. During the 8th hr of infusion a large fat bolus was delivered (240±74% HARV & 435±131% HOLT > baseline fat conc). At 4 and 7 ml/hr fat losses for HARV and HOLT were 1-23% & 5-31% respectively and fat conc. decreased to 30-70% of baseline for HARV and 5-40% for HOLT. A large fat bolus was delivered during the 8th hr of infusion (144-333% HARV, 277-567% HOLT > baseline fat conc). Homogenization made no difference. For HARV changes in fat conc. could be decreased 12-22% by keeping syringe tip vert. With intermittent bolus delivery of milk (1,4,7 ml) no loss of fat, change in fat conc., or fat bolus occurred. Thus, for NG delivery of human milk to LBW infants, intermittent bolus is preferred. Continuous NG pump infusion should not be used because of large changes in fat conc. and fat loss.
Strain relaxation and dislocations in SiGe/Si structures

Abstract Epitaxially grown lattice mismatched structures are of increasing importance for microelectronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits fabricated using a variety of semiconducting materials. For some applications, the strain in the epitaxial layers is intentionally relieved by the introduction of misfit dislocations, and the film has an in-plane lattice parameter close to that of the bulk material. For example, a fully relaxed Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 layer is required as a buffer layer for high mobility field effect transistors having strained Si or strained SiGe channels. In this case it is necessary to control the growth conditions and the design of the structure so as to minimize the density of dislocations threading through device layers grown on top of the relaxed buffer layer. The need to prevent strain relaxation in thin layers or to control the density and distribution of defects in intentionally relaxed structures has lead to extensive research on strain relaxation mechanisms and on the properties of the defects which are required to relieve the strain. This article will focus on recent work on strain relaxed SiGe/Si structures. Two different relaxation mechanisms occurring at low mismatch strain and low growth temperature will be discussed, and the characteristics of step-graded buffer layer structures will be reviewed. Effects of dislocations on the electronic properties of relaxed SiGe layers will also be discussed.
LIVER TUMOR PROMOTION : EFFECT OF PHENOBARBITAL ON EGF AND PROTEIN KINASE C SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA 1 EXPRESSION

Phenobarbital (PB) added to the medium of cultured rat hepatocytes alters epidermal growth factor (EGF) dependent mitogenesis in a biphasic manner; PB concentrations 1 mM) results in a transient inhibition of EGF binding to hepatocytes. The kinetics of this effect are similar to those obtained when hepatocytes are exposed to the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a skin tumor promoter and activator of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. However, several observations suggest that distinct mechanisms mediate the responses to these two tumor promoters. First, the inhibitory effects of PB and TPA on EGF binding are additive. Also down-regulation of EGF receptors in response to TPA occurs with hepatocytes, A431 epidermal carcinoma cells, HepG2 hepatoma cells, and rat liver epithelial cells, but only hepatocytes are sensitive to PB. Furthermore, translocation of protein kinase C to the membrane occurs in hepatocytes treated with TPA but not in those treated with PB. The chronic treatment of rats with PB further sensitizes hepatocytes to EGF receptor downregulation by inin vitro PB while desensitizing them to EGF receptor down-regulation by TPA. This latter effect is correlated with a decreased ability of TPA to induce translocation of protein kinase C to the membrane. PB significantly increases the intracellular concentration of TGF-β1 in periportal hepatocytes but not in putative preneoplastic cells. TGF-β1 may therefore have an important function in regulating early stages of cell cycle progression in proliferating hepatocytes.
Abnormal electrocardiographic QRS transition zone and risk of mortality in individuals free of cardiovascular disease

Aims We examined the prognostic significance of abnormal electrocardiographic QRS transition zone (clockwise and counterclockwise horizontal rotations) in individuals free of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and results A total of 5541 adults (age 53 ± 10.4 years, 54% women, 24% non-Hispanic black, 25% Hispanic) without CVD or any major electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities from the US Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this analysis. Clockwise and counterclockwise horizontal rotations were defined from standard 12-lead ECG using Minnesota ECG Classification. Mortality and cause of death were assessed through 2006. At baseline, 282 participants had clockwise rotation and 3500 had counterclockwise rotation. During a median follow of 14.6 years, 1229 deaths occurred of which 415 were due to CVD. In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard analysis and compared with normal rotation, clockwise rotation was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality {hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.43 (1.15–1.78); P = 0.002} and CVD mortality [HR (95% CI): 1.61 (1.09, 2.37) P = 0.016]. In contrast, counterclockwise rotation was associated with significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI): 0.86 (0.76, 0.97); P = 0.017] and non-significant association with CVD mortality [HR (95% CI): 1.07 (0.86, 1.33); P = 0.549]. These results were consistent in subgroup analysis stratified by age, sex, and race. Conclusion In a diverse community-based population free of CVD and compared with normal rotation, clockwise rotation was associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality while counterclockwise rotation was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and non-significant association with CVD mortality. These findings call for attention to these often neglected ECG markers, and probably call for revising the current definition of normal rotation.
Damage accumulation in graphite/epoxy laminates due to cyclic gradient stress fields

The progression of damage in gradient stress fields under cyclic loading was studied in simply-supported graphite/epoxy beam-columns. Three layups, [454/ —454/ (0/90)4]2s, [±45/0/904]4s, and [(452/-452/0) 2/905]2s, were chosen to be consistent with data collected in a previous study with static loading. Specimens were loaded statically until predetermined characteristic damage levels were obtained, after which cyclic loading began. At specific intervals, cyclic loading was stopped, a static test measuring the load and the corresponding center deflection was performed, and edge replicas of the specimen sides were taken. The damage of these specimens varied both along the length and through the thickness of the specimens with two general modes of damage present. Damage due to the static loading generally occurred on the tension side of the specimen and was controlled by matrix cracks. Delammations initiated and grew in areas of crack saturation. Damage due to the cyclic loading also occurred on the compress...
Toward a theory of social organization: A systems approach†

This paper develops a conceptual foundation for building a theory of organization. Organization is construed to involve a hierarchy of decisions and controls. Within each hierarchical level of the organization, six organizational tasks are defined. These are (1) objectives, (2) strategy, (3) feedforward, (4) feedback, (5) coordination, and (6) resource allocation. The central postulate of the proposed theory is that each organizational task is a function of all other organizational tasks; hence, the systemic nature of organization.
The Dinar versus the Ducat

IMITATIONS ISLAMIQUES DES DUCATS CONTRE LEUR DOMINATION EN MEDITERRANEE. ASHRAFI MAMELOUK QUI REMPLACA LE DUCAT COMME MONNAIE D'OR JUSQU'A LA CONQUETE DES OTTOMANS. SOURCES ARABES, ETC..
Constituency Size and Government Spending

In the economic model of government, the size of the legislature is a variable whose effect on government spending is not predictable a priori. The authors show that an alternative measure, constituency size, defined as the number of constituents per legislator, is positively related to state government spending. This suggests that increases in constituency size over time may account for the increase in the size of government. The size of the legislature could be manipulated to control constituency size and thereby provide an effective check on government spending.