cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Succession planning in nonprofit organizations

Executive leadership is a critical component in the success of nonprofit organizations. An upcoming period of leadership transition is anticipated as substantial numbers of baby boomers, now at the peak of their careers, reach retirement age. With nonprofit organizations growing in both size and number, an impending leadership deficit is a concern. To help prepare for these important transition events, this study focuses on planning for executive succession. A survey exploring details of succession planning was undertaken of executive directors of 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofits and CEOs of 501(c)(4) cooperative organizations—the more business-oriented user-owned and controlled nonprofit organizations prominent in agricultural, utility, and finance sectors. We found that planning and preparation do not match the level of interest and concern for executive succession. Although the replacement of long-serving leaders is acknowledged as difficult, few proactive steps are undertaken.
From Control Systems to Control Software

This article describes an approach to documenting control programs, whereby the control program code is annotated with logical expressions describing the set of reachable program states. This approach constitutes the application of the Floyd-Hoare paradigm to control programs. It is shown that domain knowledge gathered by control theory about control-system specifications is applicable to developing stability and performance proofs of the corresponding control programs. The analyses discussed in this article can be used in various contexts. In particular, the analyses can be used in an autocoding environment, whereby diagram-based specifications in Simulink or other languages can be turned into formally annotated target codes with extensive proofs of stability and performance. These proofs are tightly woven in the codes, which can then be verified independently by a proof checker.
Inheritance of Predorsal Black Stripe in Black Crappie

Abstract This study presents data on inheritance of the predorsal black stripe in black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Four progeny groups, obtained by crossing fish with certain phenotypes and of known origin, were investigated. Presence of the black stripe in all fish in two progeny groups, produced by crossing fish with and without the black stripe, indicated dominance of this trait. In two F2 progeny groups, segregations of fish with: without stripe did not differ significantly from the 3:1 Mendelian ratio. It was concluded from the data that the appearance of predorsal stripe in black crappie is under the control of a dominant mutation of one gene (St/st): fish with genotypes StSt and Stst have a stripe, while fish with genotype stst do not possess this trait. Presence or absence of the black stripe was not connected with sex of the fish. This indicates that gene St/st is located in an autosome but not in a sex chromosome. Distribution of fish with stripe in one F2 progeny group with regard to relat...
Select Synch and Co-Synch protocols using a CIDR yield similar pregnancy rates after a fixed-time insemination in suckled Bos indicus × Bos taurus cows.

Primiparous and multiparous suckled Bos indicus × Bos taurus cows were used to compare a Select Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol (SSC) to a modified CO-Synch + CIDR protocol (COS). Five separate groups of cows were utilized (n = 659) and within a group, cows were allotted to two treatments on the basis of body condition score (BCS) taken 10 days before and days postpartum at CIDR insertion (Day 0). Blood samples were collected on Day -10 and 0 for assessment of circulating concentrations of progesterone to determine estrous cycling status. Cows in both treatments received intramuscular (im) GnRH (100 μg) and a CIDR inserted on Day 0. On Day 7, the SSC treatment had CIDR removed and received im PGF2α (25 mg), whereas COS treatment had CIDR removed and received im PGF2α (25 mg) on Day 7.5. In the SSC treatment, estrus was detected daily at 0700 and 1700 hours for 72 hours after PGF2α administration, and cows were artificially inseminated 8 to 12 hours after a detected estrus. Cows failing to exhibit estrus were subjected to timed-AI and received im GnRH (100 μg) 76 ± 4 hours after PGF2α administration. In the COS treatment, cows received im GnRH (100 μg) and were fixed-time artificially inseminated at 64 ± 4 hours after PGF2α administration. Although group differences (P 0.05) for SSC (49.4%; n = 164 of 332) and COS (47.1%; n = 154 of 327). Estrous cycling status and days postpartum did not (P > 0.05) influence synchronized AI pregnancy rates but BCS did (P < 0.05). Cows with a BCS greater than or equal to 5 had synchronized AI pregnancy rates of 50% compared to 39% for cows with BCS lesser than 5.0. In summary, the modified COS protocol yielded similar synchronized AI pregnancy rates compared to the SSC protocol, and it appears that the modified COS protocol has the potential to be an effective timed-AI protocol in suckled Bos indicus × Bos taurus cows.
Bifurcated Commitment, Priorities, and Social Contagion: The Dynamics and Correlates of Volunteering within a University Student Population.

In spite of a progressive institutionalisation of community‐based learning into higher education, relatively little is known about the actual dynamics and correlates of volunteering by students. The study presented seeks a more in‐depth understanding of the spontaneous, extracurricular involvement within a university student population. Data are drawn from a postal survey of a representative sample of third‐year university students enrolled at a Flemish university (n = 744). In a first step, an exploration of the course and nature of students’ volunteer involvement is provided. In a second step, an explanatory model is constructed to predict the likelihood of belonging to the categories of volunteers, former volunteers or non‐volunteers. Firstly, it appears that a large group of students drop out of volunteering in transition to university, and that volunteering is rarely given priority in students’ agenda. Furthermore, a bifurcated pattern of involvement with a different pace inside and outside universit...
Use of CD200 blockade inhibitor to enhance glioma immunotherapy

Meeting abstracts Utilizing tumors as a source of vaccine antigens in immunotherapy has demonstrated promising results. However, to date, researchers have failed to overcome the complex interplay between the tumor and its surrounding microenvironment resulting in T cell tolerance. The progression
Drosophila bearing the ocelliless mutation underproduce two major chorion proteins both of which map near this gene.

Abstract Two bands of putative Drosophila chorion mRNA, E3 and E4, have been shown to hybridize in situ near 7E11 (Spradling and Mahowald, 1979) within a region known to contain a gene, ocelliless , which may be involved in chorion production (Johnson and King, 1974). We have investigated the synthesis of "chorion mRNAs" and chorion proteins in flies carrying this mutation. A reduction of labeling of both E3 and E4 was observed in stage 12 egg chambers from homozygous ocelliless females. In addition, they produce mature oocytes which contain greatly reduced amounts of several major chorion proteins, including those normally produced in stage 12, c36 and c38. To investigate whether the reduction was due to a direct effect of the mutation, the genes for these proteins were mapped. Recombination analysis using electrophoretic variants of c36 and c38 showed that both proteins are coded on the X chromosome at a site between crossveinless and vermillion . Further mapping with the deficiency chromosomes Df(1)KA14 and Df(1)RA2 narrowed the region containing the structural genes to a 16 band region between 7E10 and 8A4. The ocelliless gene, as well as the site of in situ hybridization, are located within this same interval. In normal ovarian follicles, both c36 and c38 are produced in equal amounts and with the same developmental specificity (Waring and Mahowald, 1979). In the mutant, both are reduced to a similar extent. In oc + / oc heterozygotes, both the c36 and c38 genes on the mutant chromosome produce much less product than the corresponding genes on the oc + chromosome. The cis-acting nature of the ocelliless mutation suggests that it may disrupt sequences involved in controlling the expression of the structural information for these proteins.
Ultracompact pulsed power

Now more than ever, the pulsed power field is driven by size, weight, and volume constraints. In both the military and commercial arenas, there is an overwhelming need to provide more and more capability in ever smaller and lighter packages. The need for higher energy density, power density, reliability, and efficiency is driving progress in the field. This paper provides a review of the state of the art in various types of pulsed power components such as solid-state switches, capacitors, and power sources. In some cases, familiar components such as switch tubes are being replaced with whole new classes of devices. Batteries are being replaced by hydrocarbon or hydrogen-fueled mechanical systems that alter our paradigm for prime power sources. Trends over the past few years and future possibilities for ultracompact systems are discussed, including advanced techniques for heat removal and energy recovery. Finally, a few practical examples of ultracompact systems are given, emphasizing peak power and peak power density.
Development of double recessed AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMTs for millimeter wave power applications

Abstract A double recessed gate technology for increasing the breakdown voltage of AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMTs is presented. The breakdown characteristics of these devices depend primarily on the first recess etch depth and the lateral gate-to-n+-ledge separation. On-wafer RF measurements show a tradeoff between the breakdown voltage and the unity current gain cutoff frequency. The power gain and power added efficiency at K-band of the double recessed InP HEMTs are significantly higher than state-of-the-art GaAs PHEMTs.
Active Structural Acoustic Control with Adaptive Structures Including Wavenumber Considerations

The structural acoustic control of a baffled simply supported plate was modeled analytically to determine the feasibility of using the model to design shaped sen sors. Results from the analytical study were compared to those obtained in experiments previously conducted that implemented either microphones or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) strips as error sensors. Since the experimental data was subjected to a 40 dB dynamic range (due to A/D of controller as well as noise floor of instrumentation), the theoretical control approach was modified such that the analytical model would be limited to the same dynamic range. To evaluate the success of the structural acoustic control, radiated sound pressure was measured or computed in an arc perpendicular to the plane of the plate. Analytical predictions for sound radiation before and after control correlated well with the data obtained in the experimental investigation. In an effort to explain the physical mechanism of control, the k-transform of the structural re...
Observations by Lidar of Linear Depolarization Ratios for Hydrometeors

Abstract Measurements by monostatic lidar have been performed in the laboratory and in the field of the linear depolarization ratios for hydrometeors. The depolarization ratios for water drops in the size range 10 to 2000 μ in diameter have been found to be less than 0.03. Similar measurements for ice crystal clouds and precipitation gave relatively high values. Laboratory studies of hydrometeors from young ice clouds of mixed type whose linear dimensions varied from 20–100 μ gave depolarization ratios of 0.38. Atmospheric observations of mixed crystals >350 μ in linear dimension gave depolarization ratios >0.8.
Molecular Tori and H2O Megamaser Variability

Five prominent extragalactic water masers have been observed at roughly monthly intervals from 1984 until 1993 to study their temporal characteristics. The observing program at Haystack Observatory comprised five sources: NGC 1068, NGC 3079, NGC 4258, the irregular galaxy IC 10, and IC 133, an H II region complex in M33. The data on two sources, NGC 4258 and IC 10SE, have been presented earlier. All galaxies show strong variability in line strength, line velocity, and line width. The observed variability characteristics support a model with inverted molecular gas located in front of the nuclear source that experiences a variable pump rate and in part amplifies the background continuum. The extragalactic sources have been classified as class I for H II region emission sources in nearby galaxies or class II for mostly powerful emissions from galactic nuclei. In analogy with NGC 4258, the spectral features of class II sources NGC 1068 and NGC 3079 display a drift rate consistent with a compact molecular torus for the emission region.
Mechanosensitive ion channels in putative aortic baroreceptor neurons

Cell-attached patch-clamp experiments were performed on dissociated neurons from nodose ganglia of adult rats. Putative aortic baroreceptor neurons were identified by labeling nerve endings in the adventitia of the aortic arch with the carbocyanine dye DiI. Whereas previous experiments demonstrated the presence of mechanosensitive (MS) whole cell currents, these experiments studied single MS ion channels and examined the influence of culture conditions on their expression. Single MS channels were activated by applying negative pressure through the recording pipette. Channel openings became more frequent as the negative pressure was increased, with open probability increasing significantly above 30 mmHg. MS channels had a slope conductance of 114 pS and a reversal potential of ∼0 mV, consistent with a nonspecific cation conductance. Channels were not affected by antagonists of voltage-gated conductances but were blocked by 20 μM gadolinium, a known blocker of MS ion channels. When nodose neurons were cocultured with aortic endothelial cells, but not aortic smooth muscle cells, the percentage of patches exhibiting MS ion channels increased significantly, suggesting that aortic endothelial cells secrete a diffusible factor that increases channel expression.
Pathoadaptive Mutations in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are opportunistic human pathogens that primarily circulate as part of commensal intestinal microbiota. Though they have the ability to survive and proliferate in various urinary tract compartments, the urinary tract is a transient, occasional habitat for UPEC. Because of this, most of the UPEC traits have originally evolved to serve in intestinal colonization and transmission. Some of these bacterial traits serve as virulence factors – they are critical to or assist in survival of UPEC as pathogens, and the structure and/or function may be specialized for the infection. Other traits could serve as anti-virulence factors – they represent liability in the urinary tract and are under selection to be lost or inactivated during the infection. Inactivation, variation, or other changes of the bacterial genes that increase the pathogen’s fitness during the infection are called pathoadaptive mutations. This chapter describes examples of pathoadaptive mutations in UPEC and provides rationale for their further in-depth study.
Their teacher can't be an app: Preschoolers' listening comprehension of digital storybooks

This study sought to determine the relationship among student- and task-level variables at play in the digital storybook listening experiences of 130 English-speaking preschoolers at risk of reading failure. Specifically, this study investigated the relationship among the (1) features of computer-based electronic storybooks, (2) preschoolers' competency in the task environment, and (3) preschoolers' background knowledge with respect to listening comprehension outcomes following a single digital storybook listening experience. The results indicate significant and strong relationships among the three variables under investigation and their consequent understanding of the digital storybook (i.e. explicit and implicit/inferential content related to the plot). The preschoolers' topic knowledge was the best predictor of comprehension. In addition, the interaction between the features of the e-book and the preschoolers' competency in the task environment also significantly predicted the outcome.
Superoxide dismutase activity in kumquat leaves infected with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

SummaryKumquat [Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle] ‘Nagami’ leaves were exposed to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) to evaluate aspects of oxidative stress, with special reference to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Kumquat leaves injected with Xac demonstrated both disease resistance and avoidance mechanisms. Leaf abscission from 7 – 12 d after inoculation (dai) indicated a disease avoidance mechanism. Disease resistance was demonstrated by a decrease in bacterial populations 4 dai that coincided with chlorosis and necrosis of the Xac-limited region of the leaves, a response typically associated with oxidative stress. Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentrations increased four-fold, from approx. 0.01 to 0.04 µmol g–1 fresh weight (FW), indicating enhanced lipid peroxidation. Xac-infection promoted higher H2O2 concentrations, that increased from 6.0 µmol g–1 FW before inoculation (0 dai), to a maximum of approx.10.0 µmol g–1 FW between 8 – 10 dai.The increase in H2O2 concentrations coincided with a...
Endogenous Retroviruses as Etiological Agents in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

With regard to retroviral mediators of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, coupled with genetic and environmental factors, it is clear that retroelements, in particular human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), play a vital and significant role in the etiopathogenesis of such diseases. Because of the genetic diversity of exogenous and endogenous retroviruses, it has been difficult to delineate or identify specific retroviruses associated with specific autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. However, sequencing of the human genome and genome-wide scans of both humans and mice support the hypothesis of a HERV based etiopathogenesis for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Specifically, it is proposed that molecular mimicry between the Gag-related region of (U1)snRNP and HRES-1 initiates the production of cross-reactive auto-antibodies and associated immune complexes. In addition to molecular mimicry, other mechanisms of autoimmunity brought about by HERVs include but are not limited to insertional mutagenesis, superantigen-type activity, cis- or trans-regulation of cellular genes, and immunomodulation by HERV gene products. Continued research in the field of autoimmune disease and HERVs as etiological factors will certainly facilitate the understanding of the very complex disease, SLE, as well as other autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
Gandhi and the Terrorists: Revolutionary Challenges from Bengal and Engagements with Non-Violent Political Protest

ABSTRACTKnown for his advocacy of non-violence as a political strategy, this essay examines Gandhi's prolonged debates with revolutionary terrorists about the efficacy of non-violence. Over the course of three decades, Gandhi attempted to bridge the divide between non-violence and violent resistance, and recognised those who espoused political violence as embodying a shared sense of sacrifice and suffering; those who were jailed or detained for their crimes actively debated these strategies with him, even if they did not wholly agree about the efficacy of non-violence. The first two sections focus on Gandhi's engagements with the lives of two revolutionary terrorists who died as a result of their actions, Madanlal Dhingra and Gopinath Saha. The final section examines how two women revolutionary terrorists, Bina Das and Kamala Dasgupta, engaged with Gandhi and eventually joined his non-violent movement.
Conclusions: The Politics of Economic Transformation

Mexican government officials sometimes label as catastrofistas those doomsayers who see unacceptable futures fraught with violence or increasing misery for their country. A hard look at the future might indeed lead some to dabble in disaster scenarios. But this sort of attitude merely contributes to self-fulfilling prophecy. It is more useful to assess what has been shown about Mexican institutions and policies in the light of the government’s commitment to restructure the economy. Such a restructuring involves several dimensions and implies challenges for the socio-political order. Outdated industrial, commercial and argicultural arrangements must be altered to produce more efficiently. Important to achieve this is economic opening, which implies new policies to promote foreign investment and new lines of exports, especially in labour-intensive products.
The Weibull-Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution to analyze survival data

In this paper, we consider the distribution of life length of a series system with random number of components, say M . Considering the distribution of M as COM-Poisson, a Weibull-COM-Poisson distribution (WCOMP) is developed. The COM-Poisson is a generalization of the Poisson distribution having one extra parameter. The structural properties of the resulting distribution are presented and the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters is investigated. Extensive simulation studies are carried out to study the performance of the estimates. A score test is developed to test the importance of the extra parameter. For illustration, three real data sets are examined and it is shown that the WCOMP model, presented here, fits better than the exponential Poisson and the exponential-COMP distributions.
Hartmann von Ouwe, Der arme Heinrich. Edited by J. Knight Bostock: Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1941. Pp. 114.

(1943). Hartmann von Ouwe, Der arme Heinrich. Edited by J. Knight Bostock. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 71-71.
Convergence of retinal W-cell and corticotectal input to cells of the cat superior colliculus

1. Conduction velocities of retinotectal W-cell afferents were estimated from differences among latencies of collicular unit responses to supramaximal stimulation of the contralateral optic disk (OD), optic chiasm (OX), and ipsilateral optic tract (OT). W-cell afferents driving collicular neurons had very slowly conducting axons, nearly all below 8 m/s (mean = 5.3 m/s). These match the conduction velocities of W-cell axons terminating in the uppermost superficial gray layer and triggering juxtazonal potentials (JZPs). Such slow conduction velocities are typical of W-cells belonging to the W2 subclass ("phasic W-cells"), but are slower than nearly all W1 cells ("tonic W-cells"). 2. Most W-driven cells were activated at latencies longer than expected for monosynaptic input from these W-cell afferents. However, comparable delays were observed among JZPs, which signal monosynaptic excitation of collicular neurons by W-cell terminals. This suggests that the delayed activation of W-driven cells reflects slowed conduction in the preterminal segments of W-cell afferents rather than polysynaptic transmission of W-cell signals through intermediary neurons in the brain stem or cortex. Thus monosynaptic inputs from retinal W2 cells appear to drive most neurons of the superficial collicular layers. 3. Convergence of retinotectal W-cell and corticotectal pathways was assessed by recording responses of W-driven collicular cells to intracortical stimulation of area 17. The great majority of W-driven collicular cells were activated by cortical stimulation (41/52; 79%), indicating that such convergence is widespread. 4. The population of corticotectal cells influencing W-driven collicular cells may differ from that mediating Hoffmann's Y-indirect pathway. W-driven collicular cells were activated from the striate cortex at longer latencies (mean = 6.3 ms) than cells driven by the Y-indirect pathway (mean = 2.5 ms). In addition, cortically activated W-driven cells were common throughout the superficial gray layer, whereas cells driven by the Y-indirect input were encountered only in the deepest part of the superficial gray and below. 5. W2 cells, apparently the dominant retinotectal cell type, nearly all project contralaterally and are tuned for slow stimulus velocities. Thus the binocularity of W-driven collicular cells and their sensitivity to moderately fast stimulus motion probably reflect the convergent cortical input described here.
Cellular Bioenergetics in Lymphoid Neoplasia

Abstract SCI-25 Many cancer cells metabolize glucose by aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon characterized by increased glycolysis with lactate production and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. We have argued that alterations in cell metabolism associated with cancer may be selected by cancer cells to meet the distinct metabolic needs of proliferation. Unlike metabolism in differentiated cells, which is geared toward efficient ATP generation, the metabolism in cancer cells must be adapted to facilitate the accumulation of biomass. Cancer cells divert a larger fraction of their nutrient metabolism to pathways other than mitochondrial respiration regardless of oxygen availability. Nevertheless, oxygen levels still influence how nutrients are metabolized. We have found that the source of carbon used in various anabolic processes varies based on oxygen levels. Furthermore, the enzymes used to metabolize nutrients can also differ based on the cellular context. This includes regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is mutated in some cancers. There is also strong selection for use of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PK-M2) to metabolize glucose in cancer cell lines. However, evidence from mouse models suggests that PK-M2 is dispensable for glucose metabolism by many tumors in vivo , suggesting an alternate pathway to convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate can be used to metabolize glucose. This regulation of pyruvate kinase also plays an important role in hematopoietic stem cell biology. Together, these findings argue that distinct metabolic phenotypes exist among proliferating cells, and both environmental and genetic factors influence how metabolism is regulated to support cell growth. Disclosures: Vander Heiden: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.
Contribution of Calpain and Caspases to Cell Death in Cultured Monkey RPE Cells.

Purpose AMD is the leading cause of human vision loss after 65 years of age. Several mechanisms have been proposed: (1) age-related failure of the choroidal vasculature leads to loss of RPE; (2) RPE dysfunctions due to accumulation of phagocytized, but unreleased A2E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine); (3) zinc deficiency activation of calpain and caspase proteases, leading to cell death. The purpose of the present study is to compare activation of calpain and caspase in monkey RPE cells cultured under hypoxia or with A2E. Methods Monkey primary RPE cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions in a Gaspak pouch or cultured with synthetic A2E. Immunoblotting was used to detect activation of calpain and caspase. Calpain inhibitor, SNJ-1945, and pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, were used to confirm activation of the proteases. Results (1) Hypoxia and A2E each decreased viability of RPE cells in a time-dependent manner. (2) Incubation under hypoxia alone induced activation of calpain, but not caspases. SNJ-1945 inhibited calpain activation, but z-VAD-fmk did not. (3) Incubation with A2E alone induced activation of calpain, caspase-9, and caspase-3. SNJ-1945 inhibited calpain activation. z-VAD-fmk inhibited caspase activation, suggesting no interaction between calpain and caspases. Conclusions Hypoxia activated the calpain pathway, while A2E activated both calpain and caspase pathways in monkey RPE cells. Such knowledge may be utilized in the treatment of AMD if inhibitor drugs against calpain and/or caspase are used to prevent RPE dysfunction caused by hypoxia or A2E.
Changing Operating Room Culture: Implementation of a Postoperative Debrief and Improved Safety Culture.

Background Patient safety is foundational to neurosurgical care. Postprocedural “debrief” checklists have been proposed to improve patient safety, but data about their use in neurosurgery are limited. Here, we implemented an initiative to routinely perform postoperative debriefs and evaluated the impact of debriefing on operating room (OR) safety culture. Methods A 10-question safety attitude questionnaire (SAQ) was sent to neurosurgical OR staff at a major academic medical center before and 18 months after the implementation of a postoperative debriefing initiative. Rates of debrief compliance and changes in attitudes before and after the survey were evaluated. The survey used a Likert scale and analyzed with standard statistical methods. Results After the debrief initiative, the rate of debriefing increased from 51% to 86% of cases for the neurosurgery service. Baseline SAQ responses found that neurosurgeons had a more favorable perception of OR safety than did anesthesiologists and nurses. After implementation of the postoperative debriefing process, perceptions of OR safety significantly improved for neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses. Furthermore, the disparity between nurses and surgeons was no longer significant. After debrief implementation, neurosurgical OR staff had improved perceptions of patient safety compared with surgical services that did not commonly perform debriefing. Debriefing identified OR efficiency concerns in 26.9% of cases, and prevention of potential adverse events/near misses was reported in 8% of cases. Conclusions Postoperative debriefing can be effectively introduced into the OR and improves the safety culture after implementation. Debriefing is an effective tool to identify OR inefficiencies and potential adverse events.
Beyond Best Practices: Taking Seriously the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

How do we teach American history? And what do our students learn? In this year's "Textbooks and Teaching" section, we present reports from the field, exploring what happens when historians self-consciously study their classroom practices. Inspired by Ernest L. Boyer's Scholarship Reconsidered, proponents of this kind of rigorous analysis of pedagogy refer to it as "the scholarship of teaching and learning."' When we first approached this subject, we must admit, we had reservations: Would we be moving into the domain of education departments and teacher certification programs that addressed such issues as the relative merits of various classroom technologies, effective construction of multiple-choice tests, and the mysteries of rubric creation, all to serve us better in our quest for efficient "content delivery"? Would we be presented with mind-crushing correlations between student assessment scores and proportions of lecture/discussion observed for various courses at distinct levels of the curriculum? Would we see lesson plans for successful classes presented like recipes in a "best practices" cookbook? Were historians being asked to "dumb down" their specialties in order to don the guise of entertainers who could reach students more accustomed to amusement than to serious intellectual
INSIGHTS INTO THE TAXONOMY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE ‘BEAD BED' CRINOID (ECHINODERMATA: CRINOIDEA) BASED ON NEW MATERIAL FROM THE LOWER SILURIAN BRASSFIELD FORMATION OF EAST-CENTRAL KENTUCKY

The lower Silurian Brassfield Formation crops out throughout eastern midcontinent North America as a prominent carbonate deposit representing a variety of shoal to shallow shelf environments. The upper portion of this unit throughout Ohio and Kentucky is characterized by the exceptional abundance of distinctive crinoid columnals historically referred to as ‘beads'. Although recognized for more than a century, the taxonomic identity of the crinoid responsible for producing these elements remains unknown; this is due largely to the taphonomic state of ‘beads', which are nearly always preserved as isolated ossicles not commonly discovered as articulated segments and never in direct association with identifiable calyx plates or arm segments. Recently discovered material from east-central Kentucky allows these columnals to be confidently attributed to the morphogenus Floricolumnus (col.) Donovan and Clark. These elements are now recognized as components of a coiled dististelar attachment structure. There is also an association between ‘beads' and crown material, namely small, uniserial, pinnulate brachials. Collectively, this material supports the interpretation that the producer of these columnals was a large diplobathrid camerate, almost certainly a dimerocrinitid.
Best Practices in Detecting Bias in Nonverbal Tests

Group comparisons of performance on intelligence tests have been advanced as evidence of real similarities or differences in intellectual ability by Jensen (1980) and, more recently, by Herrnstein and Murray (1994). This purported evidence includes the mean intelligence score dif-ferences that have been reported for various ethnic groups (e.g., Jensen, 1969,1980; Loehlin, Lindzey, & Spuhler, 1975; Lynn, 1977; Munford & Munoz, 1980) or gender (e.g., Feingold, 1993; Nelson, Arthur, Lautiger, & Smith, 1994; Smith, Edmonds, & Smith, 1989; Vance, Hankins, & Brown, 1988; Wessel & Potter, 1994; Wilkinson, 1993).
The Role of Individual Differences in Group and Team Creativity

Abstract Teamwork has been a growing feature of modern organizations, and much of today’s innovation occurs in the context of collaborative teams. In this chapter we discuss the various factors that may influence group creativity and offer suggestions to achieve creative synergy in organizational teams. We review the literature on individual differences in creativity and the research on group composition for collaborative creativity. We discuss the factors that will influence the degree of impact individual differences and the personality factors and cognitive orientations that influence group processes and group creativity. We highlight a number of ways in which the effects of individual differences may not be simply additive within groups and that ideal group composition may vary for different phases of the creative process. We propose a contingence/configural model to predict the effects of group composition on creativity.
Thiosemiquinoid Radical-Bridged CrIII2 Complexes with Strong Magnetic Exchange Coupling

Semiquinoid radical bridging ligands are capable of mediating exceptionally strong magnetic coupling between spin centers, a requirement for the design of high-temperature magnetic materials. We demonstrate the ability of sulfur donors to provide much stronger coupling relative to their oxygen congeners in a series of dinuclear complexes. Employing a series of chalcogen donor-based bis(bidentate) benzoquinoid bridging ligands, the series of complexes [(TPyA)2Cr2(RL4-)]2+ (OLH4 = 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene, OSLH4 = 1,2-dithio-4,5-dihydroxybenzene, SLH4 = 1,2,4,5-tetrathiobenzene, TPyA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) was synthesized. Variable-temperature dc magnetic susceptibility data reveal the presence of weak antiferromagnetic superexchange coupling between CrIII centers in these complexes, with exchange constants of J = -2.83(3) (OL4-), -2.28(5) (OSL4-), and -1.80(2) (SL4-) cm-1. Guided by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical measurements, chemical one-electron oxidation of these complexes gives the radical-bridged species [(TPyA)2Cr2(RL3-•)]3+. Variable-temperature dc susceptibility measurements in these complexes reveal the presence of strong antiferromagnetic metal-semiquinoid radical coupling, with exchange constants of J = -352(10) (OL3-•), - 401(8) (OSL3-•), and -487(8) (SL3-•) cm-1. These results provide the first measurement of magnetic coupling between metal ions and a thiosemiquinoid radical, and they demonstrate the value of moving from O to S donors in radical-bridged metal ions in the design of magnetic molecules and materials.
Limiting factors of Striped Hyaena, Hyaena hyaena, distribution and densities across climatic and geographical gradients (Mammalia: Carnivora)

Few previous studies on the factors that affect Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758) occurrence and densities were done on geographically unrelated populations using different methodologie...
Evaluation of costs and outcomes of physician-owned hospitals across common surgical procedures.

Abstract Introduction The Affordable Care Act introduced restrictions on the creation of new physician-owned hospitals (POH). We sought to define whether POH status was associated with differences in care. Methods Patients undergoing one of ten surgical procedures were identified using Medicare Standard Analytic Files. Patient and hospital-level characteristics and outcomes between POH and non-POH were compared. Results Among 1,255,442 patients identified, 14,560 (1.2%) were treated at POH. A majority of POHs were in urban areas (n = 30, 90.9%) and none were in low socioeconomic status areas. Patients at POH were slightly younger (POH:72, IQR:68–77 vs. non-POH:73, IQR:69–79) and healthier (CCI; POH:2; IQR: 1–3 vs. non-POH: 3; IQR: 1–4). Patients at non-POH had higher odds of postoperative complications (OR:1.67, 95%CI:1.55–1.80) and slightly higher medical expenditures (POH:$11,347, IQR:$11,139-$11,936 vs. non-POH:$13,389, IQR:$11,381–$19,592). Conclusions POH were more likely to be located in socioeconomic advantaged areas, treat healthier patients and have lower associated expenditures.
The Crosscutting Concepts: Critical Component or “Third Wheel” of Three-Dimensional Learning?

Three-dimensional learning is the name given to the vision for science education described in the National Academies consensus report A Framework for K–12 Science Education. Of the three dimensions described in the Framework, the Disciplinary Core Ideas and the Science and Engineering Practices have been enthusiastically adopted by many in the science education community. However, the third dimension, Crosscutting Concepts (CCCs), has received less attention. Indeed, some researchers have begun to question both the necessity and the theoretical rationale for the CCCs. That being said, emerging work both supports the use of the CCCs and provides practitioners with approaches to their use that not only hold potential for supporting students’ construction of deeper and more useful knowledge but also may provide an approach to learning that is more equitable. In this paper, examples highlight the use of CCCs as lenses, tools, bridges, or “rules of the game” (epistemic heuristics), that can support sensemaking about chemical phenomena in the context of three-dimensional learning.
REACTION Al$sup 27$(p,3pn)Na$sup 2$$sup 4$

The cross section for the reaction ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p, 3pn){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ has been measured as a function of proton energy between 32 and 350 Mev by comparison with the cross section of the reaction ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, pn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$.
School-based e-cigarette education in Alabama: Impact on knowledge of e-cigarettes, perceptions and intent to try.

Abstract Background and objectives Educational programs are needed to combat the sharp rise in adolescent e-cigarette use. We assessed adolescent knowledge about e-cigarettes, perceptions of harmfulness and addictiveness and intent to try e-cigarettes before and after an e-cigarette educational session. Methods We conducted a one-group pre- and post-test study among middle and high school students in Alabama in 2019. The intervention included a 30-minute educational session based on the Stanford Tobacco Prevention Toolkit on e-cigarette types, contents, marketing and advertising, health effects and nicotine addiction. McNemar tests of paired proportions and multi-level, mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to analyze intervention effects. Results Surveys were completed by 2,889 middle and high school students. The intervention was associated with significantly increased knowledge about e-cigarettes and perceptions that e-cigarettes are harmful and addictive, and with significantly lower intent to try e-cigarettes. At pre-test, middle school students had lower knowledge, believed that e-cigarettes were not as addictive and showed higher intent to try both e-cigarettes and cigarettes compared to high school students. Groups that were associated with lower perceived harmfulness and addictiveness were: ever-users of e-cigarettes, ever-users of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes and prior users of mint/menthol flavored e-cigarettes. Conclusions A school-based educational session was significantly associated with improved adolescent knowledge about e-cigarettes, increased the perceived harmfulness and addictiveness of e-cigarettes, and reduced intent to try e-cigarettes. E-cigarette education should be prioritized for middle school students due to lower levels of knowledge and higher intent to try tobacco compared to high school students.
Improved techniques for the fabrication of Frisch collar CdZnTe gamma ray spectrometers

New methods, designed for the commercial-scale production of Frisch collar CdZnTe gamma ray spectrometers, are described in detail in the following work. Past methods required considerable skilled labor, were not readily automatable, and batch processing was only supported through a portion of the fabrication process. Advances in dielectric materials technology allow for new processes that readily apply the required dielectric film between the CdZnTe crystal and the conductive collar. The processes use spray or chemical vapor deposition methods to accurately achieve a specific thickness. Furthermore, application of the conductive collar was improved to facilitate commercial manufacturing. Comparisons in device performance are presented between the previous and new methods to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the new fabrication method. Parylene N performed well as the dielectric layer, while nickel-based paint, high-purity silver-based paint, and a silver-suspension Electrodag all performed well as the conductive layer, each maintaining spectral performance.
Estimation of mobile robot’s center of gravity for rollover detection

Mobile robots are becoming popular for transportation of packages but are prone to rollover in off-road terrain. The location of the center of gravity is required for the rollover detection of mobile robots. However, the location of the center of gravity is usually unknown because of uncertain load distribution. In this paper, a nonlinear five degrees of freedom model of a mobile robot is used to estimate the location of its center of gravity. The unknown parameters appear nonlinearly in the system model and a nonlinear least-squares estimation technique is evaluated to estimate the center of gravity of the mobile robot. An algorithm is then provided which uses this estimated location to indicate when the mobile robot is in danger of rolling over.
Robot-assisted epiglottopexy as a method for managing adult obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Introduction Patients who do not tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often seek surgical management. A variety of procedures exist to address the nasal passages, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Diagnostic studies including drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) are helpful in identifying areas of obstruction. One potential site of obstruction is at the level of the epiglottis. We describe the use of robotic technology to assist with epiglottopexy to manage epiglottic retroflexion as a cause of two patients' OSA. This is the first reported robot-assisted epiglottopexy in the adult otolaryngology literature. Methods This is a case series of two patients with OSA who demonstrated epiglottis collapse into the airway during DISE. They were evaluated by polysomnographic testing (PSG), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and physical exam. Given their epiglottic collapse seen on DISE, they underwent robot-assisted epiglottopexy. Results Both patients had moderate to severe OSA preoperatively. They successfully underwent robot-assisted epiglottopexy as a surgical intervention. They tolerated the procedure, and there have been no complications. Each reported improved symptoms, with patient one showing a decrease in total AHI and a substantial decrease in oxygen desaturations at night. The second patient reported a significant decrease in AHI and ESS. Conclusion There are many options for surgical intervention in patients with OSA. Epiglottopexy is one method for addressing collapse of the epiglottis and can be achieved successfully through robot-assisted epiglottopexy in adult patients with OSA. Level of Evidence: IV.
Temperature characteristics of hetero-core optical fiber Au/TiO 2 SPR sensors fabricated by sputtering and Layer-by-Layer stacking techniques

In this paper, we proposed hetero-core optical fiber temperature sensors with an Au and TiO 2 multilayer film formed by the sputtering and Layer-by-Layer (LbL) stacking technique. A TiO 2 is known as a material with a relatively large temperature coefficient of refractive index. In our previous work, a hetero-core fiber optic temperature sensor based on surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) utilizing the Au and TiO 2 formed by the sputtering has been proposed, which could measure the temperature less than 50 °C. The sensitivity of the temperature sensor improves with increasing thickness of the TiO 2 film formed on the optical fiber. In order to improve the deposition rate of the TiO 2 thin film, we tried to form the TiO 2 film by the LbL technique. We experimentally confirmed that the sensitivities in the optical loss change of the hetero-core fiber SPR sensor with the Au/TiO 2 multilayer film made by the sputtering and by the LbL method were 1.5 × 10-3 dB/°C and 2.9 × 10-3 dB/°C with ranging from 100 to 300 °C at the wavelength of 900 nm and 850 nm, respectively.
A review on the stability and surface modification of layered transition-metal oxide cathodes

Abstract An ever-increasing market for electric vehicles (EVs), electronic devices and others has brought tremendous attention on the need for high energy density batteries with reliable electrochemical performances. However, even the successfully commercialized lithium (Li)-ion batteries still face significant challenges with respect to cost and safety issues when they are used in EVs. From a cathode material point of view, layered transition-metal (TM) oxides, represented by LiMO2 (M = Ni, Mn, Co, Al, etc.) and Li-/Mn-rich xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2, have been considered as promising candidates because of their high theoretical capacity, high operating voltage, and low manufacturing cost. However, layered TM oxides still have not reached their full potential for EV applications due to their intrinsic stability issues during electrochemical processes. To address these problems, a variety of surface modification strategies have been pursued in the literature. Herein, we summarize the recent progresses on the enhanced stability of layered TM oxides cathode materials by different surface modification techniques, analyze the manufacturing process and cost of the surface modification methods, and finally propose future research directions in this area.
Machine learning for longwave infrared image enhancement to improve maneuverability hazard detection

Vehicle maneuverability is often supported in low-light scenarios through infrared (IR) imagery. However, if the imagery contains little temperature gradient, the raw images are less applicable. In order to maximize image effectiveness, a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to explore various contrast enhancement operators to determine an optimal sequence of contrast enhancements. We propose a new image quality evaluator that incorporates the performance of a deep learning-based object detector and considers image spatial context through cell-structured configurations. The proposed technique is assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively for the task of maneuverability hazard detection.