cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residential electricity demand in Taiwan: the effects of urbanization and energy poverty

The residential electricity demand were studied using the panel dataset of 21 cities and counties in Taiwan from 1998 to 2018. Observations were grouped and estimated separately for the urban and r...
Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Sertraline in Human to Predict Clinical Relevance of Concentrations at Target Tissues

Significant in vitro and in vivo evidence supports the potential use of sertraline as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. Yet, it is unknown whether effective sertraline concentrations are clinically achieved at therapeutic doses. The study objectives were to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of sertraline and estimate the probability of achieving effective concentrations in various human tissues. A generic PBPK model consisting of perfusion-limited compartments representing the body organs linked together by blood flows and incorporated with clearance, tissue distribution, and absorption models was implemented in R using the mrgsolve package. Sertraline clearance and volume of distribution were first optimized from i.v. plasma concentration data then absorption and bioavailability were optimized from oral data. Predicted unbound sertraline concentrations at steady-state in human tissues did not reach concentrations determined in vitro, indicating therapeutic doses of sertraline are unlikely to produce concentrations required for anticancer and antimicrobial activities in humans.
Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Racial Disparities in Fetal Telomere Length.

Background and Objectives: The identification of risk factors for shorter telomere length, especially during fetal development, would be important towards caffeine consumption recommendations for pregnant women on a global scale. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and fetal telomere length as well as racial/ethnic differences in telomere length regardless of maternal caffeine consumption status. Methods: Caffeine intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three generalized linear models (GLM) were compared based on binary categorical variables of caffeine levels using data mean value of 117.3 mg as cut-off; the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of 300 mg; and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommendations of 200 mg. The association between caffeine consumption and telomere length (telomere to single-copy [T/S] ratio) was then assessed. Results: Among 57 maternal-fetal dyads, 77.2% reported less than 200 mg of caffeine (ACOG) and 89.5% less than 300 mg (WHO). Both WHO and ACOG models found that caffeine intake was significantly and positively associated with longer telomere length (p<0.05); and sodium (p<0.05). Other” race (p<0.001) and “white” race (p<0.001) were also significantly and positively associated with longer telomere length in the same models. Increasing maternal age shortened telomere length significantly in all models (p<0.001). Conclusion and Global Health implications: Caffeine intake, maternal age, and race may be associated with alterations in fetal telomere length. This indicates that caffeine consumption during pregnancy may have long-term implications for fetal development. The racial/ethnic differences in telomere length found in this study warrant larger studies to further confirm these associations. Copyright © 2020 Griffin et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.
Galantamine Delivery for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of different regions of brain and is the most common cause of dementia. The hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer is the enhanced production and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in form of senile plaques, which results in progressive neuro-degeneration. This leads to cognitive and memory impairment, anxiety, mood swings and language difficulties. Even though the correct pathogenesis is not clear, decline in cholinergic neurotransmission remains the universal neurochemical fact in the pharmacology of Alzheimer’s. Therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors e.g. rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine etc. remains the primary choice for treatment as they elevate the acetylcholine quantity in the synaptic cleft, which further leads to upsurge in cholinergic transmission in brain. Among these drugs, galantamine is the only naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and possess an additional activity of allosterically modulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
What Makes a City a Good Place to Live and Grow Old

As increasing numbers of adults are living longer and remaining in their communities as they age, city planners and leaders are exploring how cities need to adapt to ensure their community is age-friendly and a good place for residents to age-in-place. Using secondary data collected from mid-Atlantic city residents aged 45+ years, quantitative analyses were conducted to determine what makes a community a good place to live and grow old. Path model analyses revealed significant relationships among self-reported quality of life and the beliefs that the City and the neighborhood were good places to live and grow old. Features of the built environment and perceived help from neighbors were significantly correlated to separate factors in the models, but not significant contributors to the models. Findings support conceptualizing age-friendly community models and community initiatives using a neighborhood-level lens and engaging older residents to capture the context of their lives and lived experiences.
Time-resolved Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of Four Eclipsing Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables

Time-resolved, multiepoch, Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet eclipse spectrophotometry is presented for the magnetic cataclysmic variables (MCVs) V1309 Ori, MN Hya, V2301 Oph, and V1432 Aql. Separation of the eclipse light curves into specific wavebands allows the multiple emission components to be distinguished. Accretion-heated photospheric spots are detected in V1309 Ori and V2301 Oph, indicating covering factors f 150,000 and ~90,000 K, respectively. The cyclotron-emitting shock on MN Hya is detected in the optical/near-UV and found to occupy no more than f = 0.004 of the stellar surface. Emission from the accretion stream is a prominent component in V1309 Ori and V2301 Oph, and the protracted eclipse ingress of UV emission lines in the latter object indicates that the stream penetrates the white dwarf magnetosphere to a height of ~9Rwd before it is funneled onto the magnetic poles. The UV emission-line spectrum of V1309 Ori (and to a lesser extent MN Hya) is unusual among MCVs, with the relative strength of N V ?1240 in V1309 Ori matched only by the asynchronous system BY Cam. The prominence of N IV ?1718 suggests that an overabundance of nitrogen may be the most likely explanation. Three epochs of observation of the asynchronous V1432 Aql cover about one-third of a 50 day lap cycle between the white dwarf spin and binary orbit. The eclipse light curves vary enormously from epoch to epoch and as a function of waveband. The dereddened UV spectrum is extremely bright compared with the optical, and the overall spectral energy distribution coupled with the duration of eclipse ingress indicate that the dominant source of energy is a hot (Twd ~ 35,000 K) white dwarf. This explanation also accounts for the modest brightness variation out of eclipse and the weakness of optical circular polarization due to cyclotron emission. Undiminished line emission through eclipse indicates that the eclipse itself is caused by a dense portion of the accretion stream, not the secondary star. The temperature of the white dwarf in V1432 Aql greatly exceeds that in any other AM Her system except the recent nova V1500 Cyg. This, combined with its current asynchronous nature and rapid timescale for relocking, suggests that V1432 Aql underwent a nova eruption in the past ~75-150 yr. The reversed sense of asynchronism, with the primary star currently spinning up toward synchronism, is not necessarily at odds with this scenario if the rotation of the magnetic white dwarf can couple effectively to the ejecta during the dense wind phase of the eruption.
Abstract PO-54: Mechanistic consequences of histone-deacetylase inhibition towards sensitizing PD1 blockade-resistant B-cell lymphomas

PD1 blockade is effective in a subset of B-cell lymphoma patients (e.g., classical Hodgkin lymphomas); however, most patients do not respond to anti-PD1 therapy. To overcome PD1 resistance, we employ a newly developed isoform-selective histone-deacetylase-inhibitor (HDACi) (OKI-179) and a novel mouse mature B-cell lymphoma, G1XP lymphoma, that resembles immunosuppressive features of human B-cell lymphomas including downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II, exhaustion of CD8 and CD4 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and PD1-blockade resistance. Using multiple lymphoma models, we show that combined treatment of OKI-179/anti-PD1 significantly inhibited growth of B-cell lymphomas refractory to PD1 blockade; furthermore, sensitivity to single or combined treatment required tumor-derived MHC class I, and positively correlated to MHC class II level. We conclude that OKI-179 sensitizes lymphomas to PD1 blockade by enhancing tumor immunogenicity. Additionally, we found that different HDACi exhibited distinct effects on tumors and T cells, yet the same HDACi could differentially affect HLA expression on different human B-cell lymphomas. Thus, our study highlights the importance of immunologic effects of HDACi on antitumor responses and suggests that optimal treatment efficacy requires personalized design and rational combination based on prognostic biomarkers (e.g., MHCs) and unique profiles of HDACi. Citation Format: Xiaoguang Wang, Brittany C. Waschke, Rachel A. Woolaver, Zhangguo Chen, Gan Zhang, Anthony D. Piscopio, Xuedong Liu, Jing H. Wang. Mechanistic consequences of histone-deacetylase inhibition towards sensitizing PD1 blockade-resistant B-cell lymphomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; 2020 Aug 17-19. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-54.
Ideologías lingüísticas en las obras misionero-coloniales sobre el mapudungun (Valdivia, Febres y Havestadt)

espanolEstudiamos las ideologias linguisticas en las obras misionero-coloniales referidas al mapudungun: Arte (Luis de Valdivia, 1606), Arte (Andres Febres, 1765) y Chilidugu (Bernardo de Havestadt, 1777). Para ello, establecemos relaciones teoricas entre ideologias linguisticas y linguistica misionera, y definimos un estudio interpretativo. En el analisis nos centramos en la concepcion del mapudungun como lengua general y en la universalidad-particularidad del lenguaje. A partir de esto, corroboramos la presencia de ideologias linguisticas en el conjunto, lo cual justifica su empleo como corpus. EnglishWe study the linguistic ideologies in the missionary-colonial works on Mapudungun language: Arte (Luis de Valdivia, 1606), Arte (Andres Febres, 1765), and Chilidugu (Bernardo de Havestadt, 1777). To do this, we establish theoretical relationships between linguistic ideologies and missionary linguistics, and we define an interpretive study. In the analysis, we focus on Mapudungun’s notion as a general language and the universality-particularity of language. With this work, we corroborate the presence of linguistic ideologies in the set, which justifies that we use as a corpus
Integrating pharmacogenetic testing via medication therapy management in an outpatient family medicine clinic.

Introduction: Pharmacogenetic (PGx) implementation has lagged behind the development of drug/gene pair guidelines. Materials & methods: This was a prospective study assessing the integration of PGx through medication therapy management in an outpatient clinic. Variables collected included patient diagnosis, current medications, failed or discontinued medications, PGx results/recommendations, turnaround time and pre/post clinical ratings. Results: A total of 91 participants completed study procedures with an average enrollment of approximately one consult per week. Participants were referred for testing primarily for guidance for current and future medications. The average number of recommendations per participant was 0.93. Conclusion: Integrating PGx testing into medication therapy management is feasible with PGx results available in under a week resulting in clinical recommendations in over half of patients tested.
Robust spike antibody responses and increased reactogenicity in seropositive individuals after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine

Abstract An important question is arising as COVID-19 vaccines are getting rolled out: Should individuals who already had a SARS-CoV-2 infection receive one or two shots of the currently authorized mRNA vaccines. In this short report, we show that the antibody response to the first vaccine dose in individuals with pre-existing immunity is equal to or even exceeds the titers found in naive individuals after the second dose. We also show that the reactogenicity is significantly higher in individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the past. Changing the policy to give these individuals only one dose of vaccine would not negatively impact on their antibody titers, spare them from unnecessary pain and free up many urgently needed vaccine doses.
Educator Workshops: Visiting Educators, Curricula, and Digital Education

Visiting educator trips and tele-mentoring increase surgical capacity in low- and middle-income countries.
Implementing a digital media lab: Defining needs and planning for space and service

The creation of digital content is increasingly expected in higher education for both students and faculty, but campus facilities supporting this work are often inaccessible to the community. By im...
Weighted Stackelberg Algorithms for Road Traffic Optimization

We study the problem faced by an online navigation platform that wishes to improve the total cost experienced by drivers in the road network, i.e., minimize the total travel time of vehicles on the streets. The platform has access to a fixed fraction of the traffic and needs to route it in a manner that improves the overall conditions in the network, both for platform users and non-users. This setting has been studied in the context of designing Stackelberg strategies for selfish routing games. An additional consideration for a routing platform in this setting is that it should ensure a positive experience for its users. The reasons for this are twofold: (a) the platform has a customer-service provider relationship with its users and (b) the users will opt out of following the platform's recommendations if they are systematically poor and the overall routing optimization effort will fail. This aspect is not explicitly addressed in standard Stackelberg algorithms and, in particular, some of them (e.g., Largest Latency First) move in the opposite direction of assigning user traffic to the most expensive paths so that the (selfish) non-user traffic can utilize the better part of the network. To address this challenge we formulate a weighted version of the Stackelberg routing problem in which the delay experienced by non-users of the platform is discounted by some parameter β
Colonialism and the Academy

“My education has beaten and battered me.” So begins a fellowship essay by a young Latina I came to know during her undergraduate years.1 Margarita reveals a deep pain shared by many underrepresented students in colleges and universities across the United States. She speaks to our nation’s “history [which] has left us with deep relational wounds, separating people who have endured forms of colonial attack…from European descendant peoples.”2
Partial updates exploration II

During one step of a powerful programming, specification or query language, the same mathematical object, like a set or map or sequence, may be modified - in parallel - by different parts of the program. Such partial updates need to be efficiently checked for consistency and integrated. This is the problem of partial updates in a nutshell. In our first paper on the subject we proposed a general solution of the partial-update problem for abstract state machines (ASMs) where the problem is exacerbated by the use of nested submachines; in particular we solved the problem in the cases of counters, sets and maps. Here we propose a more general framework that allows us to solve the problem for sequences and labeled ordered trees. The partial update problem for sequences is related to the problem of collaborative editing.
High pressure raman study of PbMoO4

Abstract Raman spectra of PbMoO4 have been measured up to 31 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). Two new phases were found at 10 and 16 GPa pressures at room temperature.
Concentrations of uric acid in the serum of neonatal infants and their mothers

Abstract Serum concentration of uric acid were measured in 45 normal mother-infant pairs. At the time of delivery concentrations in mother and baby were highly significantly correlated and the cord to maternal ratio was 1.08. In the mothers, the serum concentrations rose significantly by 12 to 24 hours post partum. In the infants they also rose significantly by 12 to 24 hours, falling thereafter to a steady state after 3 days of life. Serum concentrations of uric acid in 98 normal infants could best be described by a quadriatic relationship. The data obtained provide a base for the detection of disorders of purine metabolism in infants and indicate that testing should be done after 3 days of life. The maternal-infant interrelationships observed and the course of time-related changes are important for an understanding of purine metabolism in this period.
Managing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Active-Duty Military Personnel in Primary Care Settings

Active-duty military personnel face deterrents to seeking outpatient mental health treatment despite the high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population. The Behavioral Health Consultation (BHC) model may be the answer for those presenting subthreshold PTSD symptoms, at high risk for PTSD due to their occupation, not interested in outpatient mental health treatment, or unable to seek such treatment due to occupational limitations. Three empirically based interventions that have been effective in managing symptoms of PTSD are summarized and then integrated into the established BHC model as suggested treatments for managing PTSD symptoms in an integrated primary care setting. Pilot data and recommendations for future research and practice are provided.
Gardner's Forest Fires: Hindu Bliss

Forest of Bliss Directed, filmed, and edited by Robert Gardner. Produced by Akos Oster and Robert Gardner. Sound second camera Ned Johnston. USA, 1985, 90 min.
Cocaine induces rapid loss of intracellular free Mg2+ in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract Acute exposure of cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells to low concentrations of cocaine HCl (10 −9 to (10 −7 M) resulted in significant, rapid (1 min) loss of intracellular free Mg ions ([Mg 2+ ] i ); these reductions (12–25%) in [Mg 2+ ] i were reversible upon exposure to normal, Mg 2+ -containing physiological salt solution. These findings help to provide a rational basis for why cocaine can result in cerebrovasospasm and stroke.
Sympathetic innervation modulates ventricular impulse propagation and repolarisation in the immature rat heart

Objective: When cardiac sympathetic innervation in neonatal rats is retarded by antiserum to nerve growth factor, there is a corresponding increase in the QT interval on ECG. Since the propagation of the cardiac impulse and the repolarisation of cardiac cells both contribute to the QT interval, the aim of this study was to determine the role of sympathetic innervation in modulating ventricular impulse propagation and repolarisation. Methods: Neonatal rats were treated for the first 10 days of life with nerve growth factor (NGF), its antiserum (As), or placebo. Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study the transmembrane action potential characteristics of subendocardial (ventricular septal) and subepicardial ventricular myocardium. Bipolar surface electrograms were used to record the velocity of impulse propagation and electron microscopy to examine the intercalated discs. Results: In the subendocardium, the phase 0 upstroke velocity of the action potential (dV/dtmax) was lowest in the As treated rats. The latter group also showed the slowest conduction velocity. There were no differences in control action potential durations in the endocardium among the three groups, but in the epicardial tissues, action potential duration was longest in the As treated group. Thus the dispersion in action potential duration was smallest in the As treated animals. Electron microscopic studies of the intercalated discs of ventricular myocytes showed significant enhancement of nexal junction formation in NGF treated rats, whereas As treated animals showed a retarded pattern of both nexal and desmosomal junction formation. Conclusions: The differences in ultrastructure, conduction, and repolarisation seen in As and NGF treated animals may explain the prolonged QT interval seen in the As treated group. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :459-463
Methods of analyzing the impact of program stretchouts

The increased use of incentive contracts has not eliminated, and may even have increased, the number of changes involved in the procurement of a major aerospace system. One kind of change is the program stretchout that extends the duration of an ongoing program by means of a formal contract change. The principal causes of program stretchouts and the potential benefits and costs resulting from stretchouts are discussed in this paper. Methods of equitably determining the responsibility and dividing of costs for stretchouts between government and contractor are explored. Current methods used to analyze the impact of stretchouts are evaluated and, finally, recommendations for establishing explicit guidelines in fixing responsibility for stretchout costs are set forth.
Is Commercial Culture Popular Culture?: A Question for Popular Communication Scholars

This essay compares commercial culture with popular culture, reviewing different conceptualizations of the terms. It posits that there are significant differences, but that commercial culture increasingly intrudes on other forms of culture. The essay argues that popular communication scholars are well positioned to develop new perspectives and techniques to understand hybrid versions of popular-commercial culture. Watts and Orbe's (2002) concept of "spectacular consumption" is discussed as 1 such example of a new perspective that sheds light on recent forms. The essay concludes with a brief description of 2 examples of spectacular consumption, Super Bowl advertising and Cheerios Play Books.
The carrier state in hemophilia A

Summary A simplified method for detecting decreasedAHG activity with the thromboplastin generation test has been described. Utilization of this method in the study of mothers of males with hemophilia has detected reduced AHG activity in approximately half of a group of known and probable carriers. The AHG activity in the “hemizygous” normal male has been shown to be approximately equal to that of the homozygous normal female in contrast to the reduced levels found in some heterozygous female carriers. Some of the unexplained genetic implications of these findings are discussed.
Ribosomes Specifically Bind to Mammalian Mitochondria via Protease-sensitive Proteins on the Outer Membrane *

The interaction of ribosomes with specific components of membranes is one of the central themes to the co-translational targeting and import of proteins. To examine ribosome binding to mammalian mitochondria, we used ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs) to follow the in vitro binding of ribosomes that correspond to the initial targeting stage of proteins. Mitochondria were found to contain a limited number of RNC binding sites on the outer membrane. It required more than twice the amount of non-translating ribosomes to inhibit RNC binding by one-half, indicating that RNCs have a competitive binding advantage. In addition, we found that RNCs bind mainly through the ribosomal component and not the nascent chain. RNCs bind via protease-sensitive proteins on the outer membrane, as well as by protease-insensitive components suggesting that two classes of receptors exist. We also show that binding is sensitive to cation conditions. Nearly all of the binding was inhibited in 0.5 m KCl, indicating that they interact with the membrane primarily through electrostatic interactions. In addition, disruption of RNC structure by removing magnesium causes the complete inhibition of binding under normal binding conditions indicating that it is the intact ribosome that is crucial for binding and not the nascent chain. These findings support the hypothesis that the outer mitochondrial membrane contains receptors specific for ribosomes, which would support the conditions necessary for co-translational import.
Visual following during stimulation of an immobile eye (the open loop condition)

Abstract We had the rare opportunity to examine a patient with a unilateral complete ophthalmoplegia in an eye with normal visual acuity. We recorded the movements of the covered, sound eye of the patient during full-field optokinetic stimulation of his seeing, immobile eye (open loop condition). The open loop gain for low velocity stimuli ( 50) but progressively fell with faster stimuli. This finding is inconsistent with the representation of the optokinetic system as a linear velocity servo. In a second experiment, the patient foveally fixated, with the immobile eye, a head-fixed target during sinusoidal, en bloc rotation. The vestibular movements of the sound eye were suppressed, even though no retinal image motion occurred in the seeing eye. This suggests that visual attention to a stable retinal image can be used to suppress the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Our results were from one patient only and any generalizations must be made cautiously. Nevertheless, our findings are comparable with previous “open loop” studies in normal human beings and patients.
Evidence for Pyridinium Cation Formation during Coadsorption of Pyridine and Hydrogen on (2 × 1)Pt(110)

In previous work, it was noted that cations can form during adsorption of gases on metal surfaces. In this paper, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy is used to determine whether pyridinium cations (C5H5NH+) can form on (2 × 1)Pt(110) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. It is found that a new species forms when pyridine and hydrogen coadsorb on Pt(110) at 140 K. The new species has an HREEL spectrum that is consistent with the one expected for a pyridinium cation. There is also evidence that at low coverage, the molecular plane of pyridine is parallel to the surface at 100 K. At higher coverage, changes in the intensity of the in-plane versus out-of-plane vibrational modes show that adsorption phase transition occurs so that the molecular plane tilts with respect to the surface. These results are further confirmation of cation formation on metal surfaces.
Anterior cervical decompression and fusion for a single-level cervical disc herniation

Cervical radiculopathy is a clinical diagnosis consisting of sensory and/or motor symptoms in a nerve root distribution of the upper extremity. Operative management is frequently required to relieve symptoms. Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) was originally described by Smith and Robinson and has been shown to be a relatively safe treatment approach to the cervical spine. Modern advances have helped to improve outcomes and decrease complications, including the development of bone grafting techniques, cage constructs, and augmentation of grafting with anterior plating systems. Anterior plating serves to increase fusion rates and maintain sagittal alignment. Despite advancements, complications still exist, including dysphagia, dural tear, adjacent segment disease, esophageal perforation, hardware failure, and recurrence of symptoms. We have reviewed the literature and shown that for single-level radiculopathy of a nerve root in the cervical spine, ACDF with plating is a favorable surgical treatment.
Detection of explosive compounds using Photosystem II-based biosensor

Abstract The efficacy of a Photosystem II (PS II)-based biosensor for the detection of explosive compounds has been explored. The idea is based on the close similarities in the chemical structures of the widespread explosives and herbicides, with the latter known to inhibit functioning of the PS II by attaching to the binding site of the QB mobile plastoquinone electron acceptor. The gold screen-printed electrodes (Au-SPE) functionalized with PS II-enriched particles were used for the detection of explosives in a droplet biosensor configuration. A crude preparation of PS II produced from spinach leaves, known as BBY particles, was employed to modify the Au-SPE working electrode employing BSA–glutaraldehyde-based immobilization procedure. Inhibition of the PS II functioning was detected by photo-electrochemical measurements in the presence of a mediator (either non-native quinone or ferricyanide). The biosensor was highly responsive to herbicides (as expected) as well as to picric acid, with limits of detection in the nanomolar range, but trace detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) was not effective. The detection limit for picric acid was 25 nM as compared to ∼400 nM for TNT with duroquinone mediator. Low affinity of PS II to TNT has been corroborated by means of DCPIP assay; possible reasons for low affinity are discussed.
An Analysis of Curvature and Layup Effects on Delamination in Notched Composite Beams

Two-dimensional finite element modeling has been used to determine strain energy release rates for delamination cracks in straight and curved notched tensile beams. The notched tensile beam (NTB) is a low-order analog of a cylindrical pressure vessel with an external part-through hole. The material was an S-glass/epoxy fiber rein forced composite material. Specimens were 8 plies thick with notches 2 and 4 plies deep. Uni-directional [0°]8 and multi-directional [0°,0°, +77°, -77°]2 layups have been in vestigated. Strain energy release rates were calculated using the virtual crack closure tech nique. The finite element results reveal a mode II dominance similar to the cracked lap shear (CLS) specimen. The effect of curvature was to lower the strain energy release rates slightly (5-13%). Total strain energy release rates were generally higher for the multi- directional layup (by 1½ to 3 times), but the GII/G I ratio may increase or decrease depend ing on the notch depth and the orientation of the plies bound...
Experiments on equation of state effects on heat transfer for high Reynolds number, high speed flow and the application to throat survivability

*† As the pressure increases, air behaves very differently from a perfect gas. Such ‘real fluid’ behavior can have major effects on a supersonic boundary layer and on the corresponding heat transfer near the wall. Experiments have been designed and set up to investigate the turbulent transport properties and the equation of state effects on a very high Reynolds number supersonic turbulent boundary layer. These effects have been explored where they are considerable, and in particular using a special purpose facility in which the stagnation pressure is in the range of 10,000psi to 30,000psi and the stagnation temperature is from 300K to 400K. The Mach number, boundary layer thickness, wall recovery factor and Stanton number are determined from the measurements. Self consistent recovery factors (defined here in terms of the enthalpy) are found whose values are lower than expected.
Bulls, and the W3S Sceptre in Ancient Egypt and Sudan

(1997). Bulls, and the W3S Sceptre in Ancient Egypt and Sudan. Anthrozoos: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 14-22.
Understanding is not simulating: a reply to Gibbs and Perlman.

Abstract In this response, I do four things. First, I defend the claim that the action compatibility effect does not distinguish between embodied and traditional accounts of language comprehension. Second, I present neuroimaging and neuropsychological results that seem to support the traditional account. Third, I argue that metaphorical language poses no special challenge to the arguments I gave against embodied theories of comprehension. Fourth, I lay out the architecture of language I advocate and suggest the sorts of data that would decide between traditional and embodied accounts.
Developing the teaching professional: what teacher educators need to know about emotions

Abstract Teacher educators have long been concerned about the emotional well-being of their students, but the current focus on violence, bullying, substance abuse and distress in schools makes it imperative that teachers better develop student social and emotional literacy skills. Recent research on emotion has influenced the growth of special school programs to enhance social and emotional competencies. It is time to implement a social/emotional literacy curriculum in teacher education. This article describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of emotional literacy that should become components of teacher education programs; further, the article suggests several ways of implementing these curriculum revisions.
Simultaneous analysis of circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D2, retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids, and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10 by high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode-array detection using C18 and C30 columns alone or in combination

Circulating lipid-phase micronutrients (LPM) such as 25-hydroxylated D vitamers, retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids including their isomers, and coenzyme Q10 play important roles in health maintenance and disease prevention and can serve as useful biomarkers. We developed fast, affordable, and accurate HPLC assays that simultaneously measured all above LPM in a single run using UV/VIS detection at 265nm, 295nm, and 480nm with (1) a C18 column alone; (2) a C30 column alone; or (3) each of these columns connected in series. The C18 column alone could separate all major LPM of interest in less than 17min but insufficiently resolved the lycopene isomers, the 25-hydroxylated D vitamers, lutein from zeaxanthin and β- from γ-tocopherol. The C30 column alone separated all LPM of interest including many isomeric analytes but failed to resolve the Q10 compounds, which co-eluted with carotenoids. Connecting the C18 and C30 columns in series with a detector after the C30 column and a pressure resistant detector between the columns resulted in ideal resolution and accurate quantitation of all LPM of interest but required software capable of processing the acquired data from both detectors. Connecting the C18 and C30 columns in series with exclusively one detector after the C30 column resulted in carotenoid-Q10 interferences, however, this was remedied by heart-cutting 2D-LC with a 6-port valve between the columns, which resolved all analytes in 42min. Faster run times led to some analytes not being resolved. Many variations of these methods are possible to meet the needs of individual requirements while minimizing sample material and turn-around-times.
Editorial comment on: contrast-enhanced ultrasound and prostate cancer; a multicentre European research coordination project

Prostate-specific antigen testing has allowed for the detection of clinically insignificant prostate cancers that are unlikely to progress [1]. Detection, regardless of clinical significance, usually leads to aggressive treatment [2]. Since aggressive therapy carries attendant morbidity [3,4], it is critical to (1) determine which men are unlikely to progress to clinical significance and (2) evaluate methods to reduce treatment-related toxicity and/or to improve efficacy. Improved imaging that distinguishes benign from malignant prostate tissue would greatly advance both of these critical aims. Despite the potential of imaging, routinely employed imaging technologies (computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging) are not consistently able to differentiate benign from malignant tissues within the prostate. Development of methods to enhance standard imaging has been impeded by limitations of research funding and appropriate patients available for study. A multi-institutional design, while increasing the potential number of patients, is complicated by a multitude of factors including funding, initial periods of operator dependence, intellectual property rights, data sharing, continuing evolution of the technology during the study period, and parochial interests such as institutional prestige or individual career advancement. In the context of such impediments, Wink et al [5] are to be lauded for their efforts to accumulate data on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in a concerted, multi-institutional manner. These efforts produced several publications, as referenced in the paper, from individual institutions. In addition, the pooled analysis provides valuable safety, operator dependence, and time/cost data derived from a remarkable number (>3000) CEUS studies. Ultimately, the authors concede they have not yet met their stated goal of bringing CEUS into routine practice. Although the ultimate utility of CEUS in routine practice remains unknown, this project may serve as a model of multi-institutional collaboration to advance prostate imaging.
How Might Circadian Rhythms Control Mood? Let Me Count the Ways...

Mood disorders are serious diseases that affect a large portion of the population. There have been many hypotheses put forth over the years to explain the development of major depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders. These hypotheses include disruptions in monoamine transmission, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function, immune function, neurogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuropeptide signaling (to name a few). Nearly all people suffering from mood disorders have significant disruptions in circadian rhythms and the sleep/wake cycle. In fact, altered sleep patterns are one of the major diagnostic criteria for these disorders. Moreover, environmental disruptions to circadian rhythms, including shift work, travel across time zones, and irregular social schedules, tend to precipitate or exacerbate mood-related episodes. Recent studies have found that molecular clocks are found throughout the brain and body where they participate in the regulation of most physiological processes, including those thought to be involved in mood regulation. This review will summarize recent data that implicate the circadian system as a vital regulator of a variety of systems that are thought to play a role in the development of mood disorders.
SU‐E‐T‐224: A Study of Real‐Time Treatment Quality Assurance

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate real‐time radiation treatment quality assurance (QA) in radiation therapy. Methods: An ArcCheck phantom was selected as a patient named patient_AC for this study. CT simulation was performed for patient_AC and 2 treatment plans, i.e., a sliding window (S_IMRT_Plan) and a step‐and‐shoot (SS_IMRT_Plan) IMRT plan, were designed using Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). Pre‐treatment QA was done prior to treating patient_AC using an ArcCheck phantom (Sun Nuclear Corporation) and electronic portal imaging device (EPID) (portal dosimetry, Varian Medical System). Integrated image was taken for each beam during the treatment by EPID at the source‐detector distance of 150cm. Absolute intensity of the image was measured in an area of 1cmx1cm centered at the crosshair position. The cumulative intensity in the treatment was used to verify the dose delivered along the treatment course. The variation of the intensity was measured by taking the first treatment data as a reference. Exit dose of the patient_AC was calculated in the Eclipse TPS and was compared to the measured intensity by EPID relatively. Results: 12 and 11 treatments were finished using the SS_IMRT_Plan and the S_IMRT_Plan, respectively. The cumulative intensity of the first treatment is 21.36CU for the ss_IMRT_Plan, and 24.55CU for the s_IMRT_Plan, respectively. The variation of the absolute intensity during the treatments for both plans is within 0.5 CU [range −0.10 to 0.29 CU, average 0.05CU for SS_IMRT_Plan; range −0.20 to 0.05 CU, average −0.09CU for S_IMRT_Plan], and the relative difference is within 2% [range −0.45% to 1.38%, average 0.23% for SS_IMRT_Plan; range −0.81% to 0.21%, average −0.36% for S_IMRT_Plan]. Exit dose calculated in the Eclipse TPS for both plans agreed well relatively with the intensity measured by EPID. Conclusion:The proposed method can provide a way to real‐time monitor the dose delivered to the patient.
Theory of the piezomagnetic effect in Mn-based antiperovskites

Recent experimental and theoretical studies of the magnetoelectric (ME) effect in the nanocomposite structures and in laminates show an enhanced ME coefficient. These materials combine piezoelectric properties of the paramagnetic phase and piezomagnetic properties of the magnetic phase. We propose to fabricate heterostructures formed by piezoelectric materials and magnetic antiperovskites as magnetoelectric materials. We show that the magnetic structure of antiperovskite, such as ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}$, can be controlled by a small applied biaxial strain. The lowering of symmetry with the strain causes the local magnetic moments of Mn atoms to rotate from the trigonal ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{5g}$ structure with symmetric curl of spin density in the (111) plane to a monoclinic symmetry structure. As a result, an appreciable net magnetization appears in the strained system.
Differentiation of lymphocyte function in vivo following transplantation of thymic epithelial monolayers

Abstract An 8-week-old infant with combined immune deficiency and normal red cell adenosine deaminase was treated with cultured thymic epithelial monolayer cells from a partially HLA-matched donor. Following transplantation he showed a striking but transient improvement of lymphocyte stimulation, delayed type hypersensitivity skin test reactivity, serum IgG and IgM levels, and specific antibody responsiveness. The percentage of E rosette-forming cells increased slightly. A second transplant from the same donor resulted again in a transient response. On postmortem examination viable epithelial cells were found at the site of the transplant but there was no lymphocyte accumulation. Transplantation of cultured thymic epithelial monolayer cells appears capable of inducing lymphocyte differentiation in vivo.
Effect of laser irradiation on superconducting properties of laser-deposited YBa2Cu3O7 thin films

The superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7 thin films subjected to controlled pulsed nanosecond laser irradiation were investigated. Irradiated films on (100) LaAlO3 substrates showed excellent thermal stability with the temperatures for zero resistance of approximately 90 K even after irradiation with energy densities greater than 250 mH/sq cm. The critical current density Jc of the films showed an enhancement at low energy densities, followed by a drastic decrease in Jc above a certain energy threshold. This decrease has been correlated with the melting threshold. Similar results are observed for YBa2Cu3O7 films on (100) yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates; however, the energy density was found to be much smaller.
Taste in the monkey cortex.

Abstract The sense of taste in humans differs substantially from that of rodents, from which a preponderance of gustatory electrophysiology derives. To establish a more appropriate neural model for human gustation, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the primary taste cortex in 11 alert cynomolgus macaques. Taste cells composed 6% of all neurons encountered. Another 24% responded during mouth and jaw movements, and 4% were sensitive to tactile stimulation of the mouth. Smaller numbers responded during olfactory or visual stimulation, or when the monkey extended his tongue. Taste cells could be divided into four statistically independent groups, corresponding to those most responsive to glucose (38%), NaCl (34%), quinine (22%), or HCl (5%). The location of a taste cell did not predict its response profile, i.e., there was no clear topographic organization of taste sensitivity. We established neural thresholds and intensity-response functions to the basic stimuli and determined that—with the exception of HCl, to which the macaque is relatively insensitive—they were similar to those reported by human subjects. We then turned to the coding of taste quality, as inferred in macaques from the patterns of neural activity elicited by each of greater than 100 stimuli. The results proved generally faithful to human reports of the perceived qualities of these same tastants. Finally, an investigation of taste mixtures revealed a degree of mixture suppression and interaction among basic qualities similar to those reported by humans. We conclude that the alert macaque offers a reliable neural model for human gustation.
4-Formyl-2-cyclohexenone Derivatives

Abstract Recent interest in γ-alkylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds1 has focused on the possibility of α'-alkylation of β-alkoxy α,β-unsaturated keto systems,2 e.g. 1, hydride reduction of the products and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the resultant alkoxyallyl alcohols.3 Quite some time earlier the α' carbon had been shown to be the site of acylation of a β-alkoxy α,β-unsaturated ketone, i.e. 1 → 2 on formylation.4 Since a reduction-hydrolysis reaction sequence on the O-protected derivative 3 4b might lead to 4-formyl-2-cyclohexenone (or its equivalent), a trifunctional substance of potential interest in organic synthesis, some of the chemistry of ketones 2 and 3 was investigated.
Cobordism of hyperframed manifolds and the stable J-homomorphism

This paper considers the cobordism groups of hyperframed manifolds; that is, manifolds which are framed off a codimension one submanifold. These groups are related to thestable J-homomorphism in the same way that the cobordism groups of almost parallelizable manifolds are related to the J-homomorphism. We compute characteristic numbers and present some low dimensional examples.
Rupture analysis of a nonlinear viscous tube under creep−fatigue interactive environments

Abstract A continuous creep-fatigue interaction damage law which accounts for the important effect of strain rate on the rate of damage accumulation is proposed. The proposed damage law is first generalized to evaluate the damage under multiaxial stress states. It is then employed for a continuum mechanical analysis of a thick-walled tube subjected to a pulsating internal pressure. The associated boundary value problem is one of plane strain, complicated by a moving boundary in the form of a propagating rupture front. Numerical results are presented and discussed in this study. It is found that the propagation of the rupture front leads to a radical redistribution of stresses.