cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF FROZEN STORAGE TIME ON PROPERTIES OF SALTED YOLK AND ITS FUNCTIONALITY IN MAYONNAISE

The effect of frozen storage time on apparent viscosity of yolk, emulsification capacity, and functionality of salted egg yolk in mayonnaise was studied. Apparent viscosity of yolk increased considerably after only 24 h of frozen stage. Apparent viscosity of yolk stored 30 days was approximately three times greater than that stored 24 h. Yolk stored 90 days had the highest apparent viscosity. Storage of yolk for even 24 h resulted in a reduction in emulsification capacity. Yolk stored 30 days had the lowest emulsification capacity at 5.92. Yolk stored 60 days had an emulsification capacity of 6.10, and that stored 90 days had an emulsification capacity of 6.06. Mayonnaise made from yolk stored 60 days had the highest apparent viscosity and the lowest spread. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in apparent viscosity and spread of mayonnaise made from yolk stored 0, 30, or 90 days. Mayonnaise made from yolk stored 24 h had a mean stability of 22 days. Subsequent frozen storage of yolk for 30, 60, and 90 days produced mayonnaise with mean stabilities of 21, 20, and 21 days, respectively.
A Phenomics Approach in Yeast Links Proton and Calcium Pump Function in the Golgi

The Golgi-localized Ca2+- and Mn2+-transporting ATPase Pmr1 is important for secretory pathway functions. Yeast mutants lacking Pmr1 show growth sensitivity to multiple drugs (amiodarone, wortmannin, sulfometuron methyl, and tunicamycin) and ions (Mn2+ and Ca2+). To find components that function within the same or parallel cellular pathways as Pmr1, we identified genes that shared multiple pmr1 phenotypes. These genes were enriched in functional categories of cellular transport and interaction with cellular environment, and predominantly localize to the endomembrane system. The vacuolar-type H+-transporting ATPase (V-ATPase), rather than other Ca2+ transporters, was found to most closely phenocopy pmr1Δ, including a shared sensitivity to Zn2+ and calcofluor white. However, we show that pmr1Δ mutants maintain normal vacuolar and prevacuolar pH and that the two transporters do not directly influence each other's activity. Together with a synthetic fitness defect of pmr1ΔvmaΔ double mutants, this suggests that Pmr1 and V-ATPase work in parallel toward a common function. Overlaying data sets of growth sensitivities with functional screens (carboxypeptidase secretion and Alcian Blue binding) revealed a common set of genes relating to Golgi function. We conclude that overlapping phenotypes with Pmr1 reveal Golgi-localized functions of the V-ATPase and emphasize the importance of calcium and proton transport in secretory/prevacuolar traffic.
Hedgehog and Wnt coordinate signaling in myogenic progenitors and regulate limb regeneration

Amphibians have a remarkable capacity for limb regeneration. Following a severe injury, there is complete regeneration with restoration of the patterning and cellular architecture of the amputated limb. While studies have focused on the structural anatomical changes during amphibian limb regeneration, the signaling mechanisms that govern cellular dedifferentiation and blastemal progenitors are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the temporal and spatial requirement for hedgehog (Hh) signaling and its hierarchical correlation with respect to Wnt signaling during newt limb regeneration. While the dedifferentiation process of mature lineages does not depend on Hh signaling, the proliferation and the migration of the dedifferentiated cells are dependent on Hh signaling. Temporally controlled chemical inactivation of the Hh pathway indicates that Hh-mediated antero-posterior (AP) specification occurs early during limb regeneration and that Hh is subsequently required for expansion of the blastemal progenitors. Inhibition of Hh signaling results in G0/G1 arrest with a concomitant reduction in S-phase and G2/M population in myogenic progenitors. Furthermore, Hh inhibition leads to reduced Pax7-positive cells and fewer regenerating fibers relative to control tissue. We demonstrate that activation of Wnt signaling rescues the inhibition of Hh pathway mainly by enhancing proliferative signals, possibly mediated through TCF4 activity. Collectively, our results demonstrate coordinated signaling of Hh and Wnt activities in regulating blastemal progenitors and their hierarchical positioning during limb regeneration.
The Surgical Safety Checklist and Teamwork Coaching Tools: a study of inter-rater reliability

Objective To assess the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of two novel observation tools for measuring surgical safety checklist performance and teamwork. Summary background Data surgical safety checklists can promote adherence to standards of care and improve teamwork in the operating room. Their use has been associated with reductions in mortality and other postoperative complications. However, checklist effectiveness depends on how well they are performed. Methods Authors from the Safe Surgery 2015 initiative developed a pair of novel observation tools through literature review, expert consultation and end-user testing. In one South Carolina hospital participating in the initiative, two observers jointly attended 50 surgical cases and independently rated surgical teams using both tools. We used descriptive statistics to measure checklist performance and teamwork at the hospital. We assessed IRR by measuring percent agreement, Cohen's κ, and weighted κ scores. Results The overall percent agreement and κ between the two observers was 93% and 0.74 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.79), respectively, for the Checklist Coaching Tool and 86% and 0.84 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.90) for the Surgical Teamwork Tool. Percent agreement for individual sections of both tools was 79% or higher. Additionally, κ scores for six of eight sections on the Checklist Coaching Tool and for two of five domains on the Surgical Teamwork Tool achieved the desired 0.7 threshold. However, teamwork scores were high and variation was limited. There were no significant changes in the percent agreement or κ scores between the first 10 and last 10 cases observed. Conclusions Both tools demonstrated substantial IRR and required limited training to use. These instruments may be used to observe checklist performance and teamwork in the operating room. However, further refinement and calibration of observer expectations, particularly in rating teamwork, could improve the utility of the tools.
The PB1-F2 protein of Influenza A virus: increasing pathogenicity by disrupting alveolar macrophages

With the prospect of another pandemic Influenza fresh in our consciousness, the pathogenic nature of the Influenza A virus and its ability to induce high rates of mortality are ever more pertinent. Recently a novel protein encoded by an alternate reading frame in the PB1 Gene segment of Influenza A virus has been discovered and in turn shown to enhance viral virulence in a mouse model [1]. This protein has been shown to specifically target and destroy alveolar macrophages [2]. This review suggests that this protein, present in all previous pandemic strains, may reappear as a virulence factor in a subsequent pandemic strain. This PB1-F2 protein will enhance the mortality rate of the virus by increasing the likelihood of a secondary bacterial infection, which is the primary cause of death to a patient infected with Influenza A.
Signal transduction in guard cells

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 ION TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND CARBON METABOLISM . . . .. . . . . 348 Stomatal Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Stomatal Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 3 5 1 LOCAL AND SECOND MESSENGERS . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ... . 353 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Postcoloniality and English: Exploring language policy and the politics of development in Tanzania

This article presents a case study of educational language policy in postcolonial Tanzania. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data collected between 1996 and 2001 on Mount Kilimanjaro, this longitudinal study of secondary school students' lives after graduation sheds light on the relationship between language and development. The profound sense of economic hardship among these graduates was tempered by their optimism that their knowledge of English would eventually help them find employment or opportunities for further education. Current economic conditions in the country appear to play an important role in shaping secondary school graduates' identity as educated persons who know English and who can find ways to cope under these challenging circumstances. The use of the term postcoloniality throughout the article emphasizes the economic domain of everyday life in present-day Tanzania, but an examination of the cultural dimensions of students' support for English reveals the interconnection between the materialist and nonmaterialist aspects of language policy. The study has implications for ESL practitioners and for applied linguistics research in the areas of bilingualism, world Englishes, and language policy in postcolonial countries.
SHEBA flux–profile relationships in the stable atmospheric boundary layer

Measurements of atmospheric turbulence made during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Experiment (SHEBA) are used to examine the profile stability functions of momentum, φ m , and sensible heat, φ h , in the stably stratified boundary layer over the Arctic pack ice. Turbulent fluxes and mean meteorological data that cover different surface conditions and a wide range of stability conditions were continuously measured and reported hourly at five levels on a 20-m main tower for 11 months. The comprehensive dataset collected during SHEBA allows studying φ m and φ h in detail and includes ample data for the very stable case. New parameterizations for φ m (ζ) and φ h (ζ) in stable conditions are proposed to describe the SHEBA data; these cover the entire range of the stability parameter ζ = z/L from neutral to very stable conditions, where L is the Obukhov length and z is the measurement height. In the limit of very strong stability, φ m follows a ζ 1/3 dependence, whereas φ h initially increases with increasing ζ, reaches a maximum at ζ ≈ 10, and then tends to level off with increasing ζ. The effects of self-correlation, which occur in plots of φ m and φ h versus ζ, are reduced by using an independent bin-averaging method instead of conventional averaging.
Ultrafiltration of Whole and Skim Milk

Tubular and hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes have been used to concentrate and fractionate both whole and skim milk. The effects of the process variables (pressure, temperature, feed flow rate, and feed composition) on permeate rate and membrane rejection coefficients were determined. The data indicate the significance of concentration polarization in the ultrafiltration of milk. For the tubular membrane system used in the ultrafiltration of whole milk, a four-parameter model provides a good description of the observed variation of permeate flux with process variables. In these studies, the rejection coefficients for milk proteins, fat, lactose, and ash did not vary significantly with temperature, pressure or fluid velocity. The implications of preconcentration of skim and whole milk prior to cheese manufacture are discussed.
Key Determinants of the Health and Well-Being of Men and Boys

Men in the United States suffer more severe chronic conditions and die 6 years younger than women. For all leading causes of death, and in every age group, men and boys have higher death rates than women and girls. Despite these risks, little is known about the gender-specific health and health care needs of men and boys. This multidisciplinary review provides an overview and summary of key determinants of the health and wellbeing of men and boys in the United States. Thirty key determinants of physical and mental health were identified from a review of literature and are summarized under the following four categories: behaviors of men and boys, health-related beliefs and the expression of emotions and physical distress, underlying factors that influence the health behaviors and beliefs of men and boys, and health care. The findings reported in this review suggest that men’s greatest health risks are the result of modifiable factors, and that efforts to address these factors through practice, policy, and research could contribute to enhanced health conditions for men and boys, as well as to healthier families and communities.
Assembly of gold nanoparticles in a rod-like fashion using proteins as templates

An area of considerable current interest is the development of a practical approach for assembling inorganic nanoparticles into well-defined arrays because such a technique would offer immense opportunities leading to applications in microimaging, optoelectronics, therapeutics, etc. This paper illustrates a new, simple one-step process in which proteins act as templates to assemble gold nanoparticles in a shape-selective fashion. We show, for the first time, that antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor 165 isoform, 2C3, and epidermal growth factor receptor can act as templates when present in solution during the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. These proteins direct the assembly of the gold nanoparticles into rod-like shapes when cooled to -20 °C followed by thawing at room temperature. Immunoglobulin G and bovine serum albumin can also direct the assembly process in a similar fashion; however, small molecules, such as poly(L-lysine) and lysine, cannot. The formation of a self-assembled structure in the form of a continuous rod, or the assembly of discrete nanoparticles in a rod-like fashion, can be tailored by controlling the ratio of the precursor gold salt, HAuCl 4 , to the antibody/protein used as the template. The nanoconjugates are characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The nano-bio-conjugates obtained via this process may find wide application in areas ranging from optoelectronics and biosensors to therapeutics in neoplastic disorders.
Mobility and mortgages: Evidence from the PSID

We use the 1999-2009 Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to estimate household move probabilities as a function of, among other things, current housing equity. The lock-in eect supposes that mobility decreases with equity, particularly as equity becomes negative. We nd that while owners do move less than renters, the move probability increases as homeowners become underwater. The propensity to move out of state in particular increases dramatically for sand state homeowners who have negative equity. There is no lock in eect from negative equity.
Diabetic Retinopathy: Retina-Specific Methods for Maintenance of Diabetic Rodents and Evaluation of Vascular Histopathology and Molecular Abnormalities

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual impairment, which continues to increase in prevalence as more and more people develop diabetes. Despite the importance of vision, the retina is one of the smallest tissues in the body, and specialized techniques have been developed to study retinopathy. This article summarizes several methods used to (i) induce diabetes in mice, (ii) maintain the diabetic animals throughout the months required for development of typical vascular histopathology, (iii) evaluate vascular histopathology of diabetic retinopathy, and (iv) quantitate abnormalities implicated in the development of the retinopathy.
Low Dose Rate Testing of the Intersil IS1009RH Hardened Voltage Reference and ISL72991RH Negative Low Dropout Regulator

We report results of baseline 100 krad(Si) low dose rate testing of the Intersil IS1009RH hardened voltage reference and ISL72991RH negative low dropout regulator. Both parts showed minimal to moderate sensitivity to this environment.
Cone- and rod-mediated dark adaptation impairment in age-related maculopathy.

Objective To examine impairment in cone- versus rod-mediated dark adaptation in the parafovea of persons with age-related maculopathy (ARM). Design Cross-sectional. Participants Older adults with ARM at various severity levels from early to advanced (n = 83) and in good retinal health (n = 43), as determined by stereo fundus photographs evaluated with the Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale. Methods Dark adaptation, both cone- and rod-mediated components, was measured with a modified Humphrey Field Analyzer using a target located 12° in the inferior visual field on the vertical meridian, after exposure to a 98% bleach. Information was collected on self-reported problems for activities at night or under dim illumination (Low Luminance Questionnaire [LLQ]) and for activities during daytime conditions (modified National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire [NEI VFQ]). Main Outcome Measures Cone- and rod-mediated parameters of dark adaptation. Results Compared with older adults in normal retinal health, ARM patients had significant impairments in rod-mediated parameters of dark adaptation (rod–cone break, rod slope, rod sensitivity) ( P P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0005, respectively); the percent decrease in LLQ scores as a function of disease severity was larger in magnitude than the percent decrease in NEI VFQ scores. Conclusions Disturbances in rod-mediated but not cone-mediated dark adaptation in the parafovea at 12° in the inferior field on the vertical meridian are characteristic of ARM even in its early phases.
Characterization of a difference-frequency based mid-infrared comb source

We characterize a broad bandwidth mid-IR comb source generated through difference frequency mixing of a Yb femtosecond fiber laser. The relationship between amplitude noise, timing jitter, and output power is explored.
Early afterdepolarizations produced by oxidative stress and stretch activated conductance in rat ventricular cells

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that acute oxidative stress and abnormal stretch of the myocardium may contribute to the production of early-afterdepolarizations (EADs). Introduction: Mechanical stretch and oxidative stress have been shown to prolong action potential durations and produce EADs. Physically stretching isolated cardiac cells is technically difficult. To study the role of stretch and oxidative stress in arrhythmia development, we have incorporated a model of mechanical stretch into isolated rat ventricular cells. Methods: We adapted our coupling clamp circuit so that a model ionic current representing stretch-activated currents was injected into isolated rat ventricular cells and added as an additional ionic current in real-time. This current was calculated as ISAC GSAC*(Vm-ESAC), where GSAC is the stretch activated conductance, Vm is the membrane potential and ESAC is the reversal potential. Results: In control, application of GSAC did not produce sustained activity or EADs, although turn-on of GSAC did produce some transient activity at high levels (6.0 0.4 nS, n 7). In H2O2 solution, used to induce acute oxidative stress, the action potential prolonged but did not have EADs in the absence of GSAC. However, the combination of GSAC and H2O2 consistently produced EADs at lower levels of GSAC (3.2 0.5 nS, n 7, p 0.05). Pacing the cell at a faster rate also prolonged the action potential and promoted the development of EADs. Conclusions: We conclude that the effects of mechanical stretch on the production of cardiac arrhythmias from EADs may be enhanced in the presence of acute oxidative stress.
The nature and habit planes of defects in P+ ion-implanted silicon

Several contradictions about the nature of defects formed on the annealing of P+ ion-implantation damage in (111) silicon are resolved. It is confirmed that the defects are interstitial type. The analysis still does not determine the exact displacements associated with the defects. The 180° ambiguity in crystal orientation was resolved using the Kikuchi poles and the asymmetry of the dark field image of rod shaped defects. The habit planes of the defects were determined using weak-beam techniques. The defects are shown to be hexagonal, faulted, and lying on the four {111} planes with displacements of the type a/x 〈111〉. This distribution of defects suggests that they are formed by the growth of interstitial clusters on close packed planes. Einige Widerspruche uber die Natur der Defekte, die nach der Temperung von P+ -Ionenimplantationsschaden in (111)-Silizium auftreten, werden beseitigt. Es wird be-statigt, das die Defekte vom Zwischengitterplatz-Typ sind. Die Analyse ergab noch nicht die exakte Verschiebung, die mit den Defekten verbunden ist. Die 180°-Mehrdeutigkeit in der Kristallorientierung wurde mit den Kikuchi-Polen und der Asymmetric der Dunkelfeldbilder von stabformigen Defekten beseitigt. Die Habitusebenen der Defekte wurden mit der Schwachstrahltechnik bestimmt. Es wird gezeigt, das die Defekte hexagonal, fehlerhaft sind und in den vier {111}-Ebenen liegen mit Verschiebungen vom Typ a/x 〈111〉. Die Verteilung der Defekte weist darauf hin, das sie durch Wachstum von Zwischengitter-platzagglomeraten auf dicht gepackten Ebenen gebildet werden.
Performance optimization for distributed intra-node-parallel streaming systems

The performance of intra-node parallel dataflow programs in the context of streaming systems depends mainly on two parameters: the degree of parallelism for each node of the dataflow program as well as the batching size for each node. In the state-of-the-art systems the user has to specify those values manually. Manual tuning of both parameters is necessary in order to get good performance. However, this process is difficult and time consuming-even for experts. In this paper we introduce and optimization algorithm that optimizes both parameters automatically. We define a novel cost model for intra-node parallel dataflow programs with user-defined functions. Furthermore, we introduce different batching schemes to reduce the number of output buffers, i. e., main memory consumption. We implemented our approach on top of the open source system Storm and ran experiments with different workloads. Our results show a throughput improvement of more than one order of magnitude while the optimization time is less than a second.
Surface texture and structure of ZnO films synthesized by off-axis sputtering deposition

Morphology and structure of ZnO films deposited on (0001) sapphire and glass substrates by off-axis sputtering are investigated at various temperatures and pressures. All films show highly textured structures on glass substrates and epitaxial growth on sapphire substrates. The full width at half maximum of theta rocking curves for epitaxial films is less than 0.5 degrees. In textured films, it rises to several degrees. The trend of surface textures in films grown at low pressures is similar to those grown at high temperatures. A morphology transition from large well-defined hexagonal grains to flat surface was observed at a pressure of 50 mtorr and temperature of 550 C. The experiment results are explained by the transport behavior of depositing species.
Emitter resistance and performance tradeoff of submicrometer self-aligned double-polysilicon bipolar devices

The emitter resistance of polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors with an emitter area ranging from 0.6*2.4 mu m/sup 2/ to 3.4*10.4 mu m/sup 2/ has been characterized as a function of process parameters. The emitter polysilicon layer resistance plays a dominant role in determining the total emitter resistance of a small emitter area of 0.7*2.5 mu m/sup 2/, when the emitter diffusion is performed at 1000 degrees C. When the emitter diffusion temperature is reduced to 950 degrees C or below, the interfacial resistance between the n/sup +/-polysilicon and the n/sup +/-silicon layers starts to show a noticeable contribution to the total emitter resistance. An in situ emitter surface cleaning with HCl gas at 600 degrees C shows no effect on the emitter resistance, but results in a current gain reduction and an increase in the emitter saturation current. The emitter resistance increases almost two times when the emitter area is scaled from 1.2*3.0 mu m/sup 2/ to 0.7*2.5 mu m/sup 2/, while the cutoff frequency increases less that 6% and the ECL-gate delay time decreases less than 10%. Based on a SPICE simulation, an emitter resistance larger than 100 Omega starts to show a significant increase in ECL-gate delay time. It is concluded that it is better to maintain the emitter area as large as possible within an acceptable range of circuit design criteria to avoid the emitter resistance constraint for submicrometer double-polysilicon bipolar devices. >
The Intraaortic Balloon Pump: An Analysis of Five Years' Experience

During a five-year period, 178 patients had the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) inserted for circulatory support. The IABP was used most frequently as an adjunct for weaning patients from cardiopulmonary bypass. Seventy-seven of 103 patients (75%) were successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass with the IABP, and 36 of them (35%) ultimately survived hospitalization. Other indications for the IABP included circulatory support before cardiac operation (16 patients), operative prophylaxis in high-rish patients (13), and postoperative hemodynamic support (23). Additionally, the IABP was placed in 23 patients who did not undergo cardiac operation. The incidence of IABP-related complications was significantly less when the IABP was inserted through the ascending aorta (4%) intraoperatively compared with the femoral or iliac artery (25%) (p less than 0.05). This was due primarily to vascular complications and groin wound infections that occurred with the femoral or iliac artery approach. IABP-related spinal cord paralysis developed in 3 patients (1.7%). We conclude that the IABP is an effective support device for treating patients with left ventricular failure particularly when weaning them from cardiopulmonary bypass. However, the risk of complications, including paraplegia, must be carefully weighed when use of the IABP is considered, especially in situations in which its efficacy is less clear.
Computer-aided analysis and design of a planar multilayer Marchand balun

Analytical expressions for the scattering (S) parameters for a planar multilayer Marchand balun, constructed of broadside-coupled microstriplines, are derived for the first time, based on the coupled-line quasi-TEM normal mode parameters. New design equations and a new design procedure for the balun based on the derived S-parameters and a circuit synthesis technique are presented. Calculated results for a GaAs microwave monolithic integrated circuit balun designed by this procedure are compared to a general full-wave planar analysis, and good performance and agreement are obtained. >
Using crack propagation fracture toughness to characterize the durability of wood and wood composites

Abstract We measured fracture resistance curves (or R curves) for laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made with Douglas-fir veneer and polyvinyl acetate resin and for solid wood Douglas-fir. The LVL and solid wood R curves were the same for initiation of fracture, but the LVL toughness rose much higher than solid wood. Because a rising R curve is caused by fiber bridging effects, these differences show that the LVL resin has a large effect on the fiber bridging process. We exploited this resin effect to develop a test method for characterizing the ability of a resin to provide wood composites that are durable to moisture exposure. The test method exposed LVL specimens to vacuum pressure soaking and drying (VPSD) cycles and then monitored the rising portion of the LVL R curves as a function of treatment cycles. Douglas-fir/polyvinyl acetate LVL lost about 30% of its toughness after 16 cycles. In characterizing toughness changes, it was important to focus on the magnitude and rate of the toughness increase attributed to fiber bridging. We suggest that these properties are much preferred over other fracture or mechanical properties of wood that might be used when characterizing durability.
Litigation Expenses and Legal Aid

This chapter describes amounts of litigation expenses (12.01–12.07), their allocation (12.08–12.10), and legal aid (12.11–12.17).
Remote Sensing of Ocean Currents and Sea Surface Temperature Changes Derived from the Nimbus II Satellite

Ocean currents and sea surface temperature remote sensing by Nimbus 2 High Resolution IR Radiometer
Climate risk management requires explicit representation of societal trade-offs

Strategies for managing climate-change risks impact diverse stakeholder groups that possess potentially conflicting preferences. Basic physics and economics suggest that reconciling all of these preference conflicts may not be possible. Moreover, different climate risk management strategies can yield diverse and potentially severe impacts across different global stakeholders. These preference conflicts and their uncertain impacts require an explicit understanding of the trade-offs that emerge across different risk management strategies. Traditionally, integrated assessment models (IAMs) typically aggregate the stakeholders’ preferences across the entire globe into a single, a priori defined utility function. This framing hides climate risk management trade-offs as well as the inherent stakeholder compromises implicit to the resulting single “optimal” expected utility solution. Here, we analyze a simple IAM to quantify and visualize the multidimensional trade-offs among four objectives representing global concerns: (i) global economic productivity, (ii) reliable temperature stabilization, (iii) climate damages, and (iv) abatement costs. We quantify and visualize the trade-offs across these objectives and demonstrate how a traditional optimal expected utility policy implicitly eliminates many relevant policy pathways. Explicit trade-off analysis provides a richer context for exploring conflicting global policy preferences and clarifies the implications of alternative climate risk mitigation policies to better inform negotiated compromises.
Observation of N and M orbital-electron capture in the decay of 163Ho.

The $^{163}\mathrm{Ho}$ nucleus decays by electron capture with the lowest $Q$ value of any known $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay process and is sensitive to the effects of a finite electron neutrino mass. Low energy $N$ and $M$ orbital-electron capture events have been observed from a gaseous form of $^{163}\mathrm{Ho}$ internally dispersed in a heated gas counter. The ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{N}}{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{M}}=3.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12$ provides a constraint on ${Q}_{\mathrm{ec}}$ and ${m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$. For ${m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}=0$, we find ${Q}_{\mathrm{ec}}=2600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30$ eV. Using independent ${Q}_{\mathrm{ec}}$ values, the range for ${m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is discussed.
Analysis on the Problem of Arrears in Higher Education Institutions

At present,the matters of owing tuition by college students are increasing,which has seriously affected the development of all kinds of undertakings for colleges and universities.The reasons of it mainly consist of social factor,college factor,and students' factor.For reducing the possibility of happening such thing,on social part,reasonable standard of fees should be drew up,the phenomenon of arbitrary charges should be banned for broadening the financial channel of smooth complementation of student loans of our country;for the part of college,various contributions ways should be provided with standard management and improved financial system of supervision;on the students' part,the students are required to build up correct view of life,view of value by engaging in work-study program.
Transcriptomic Resources for the Rocky Intertidal Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis from the Gulf of Maine

ABSTRACT In the Gulf of Maine the rocky intertidal blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most important ecosystem engineers in these communities and have been the subject of numerous physiological and ecological studies. There is now abundant support that global climate change is occurring at unprecedented rates in the GOM. In a world where multiple environmental factors vary simultaneously, we need to be able to quantify the underlying physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that lead to emergent properties of the organism (e.g., growth, reproduction, mortality) in key species like intertidal mussels. Here, we provide transcriptomic resources for both the gill and adductor muscle of blue mussels from the GOM. Of the full complement of transcripts (n = 57,718), 56,655 were expressed in the gill and 53,081 were expressed in the adductor muscle with 4,489 and 915 transcripts expressed uniquely in the gill and muscle, respectively. The putative transcripts for M. edulis were ass...
Application of REE geochemical signatures for Mesozoic sediment provenance to the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania

Rift basins adjacent to accreted terranes provide accommodation space for sediments eroded from these terranes. Despite similar depositional environments and geologic age, rocks of the Triassic Gettysburg Basin have approximately half the arsenic concentrations of the adjacent Newark Basin. Quartz-feldspar-lithics (QFL) diagrams and rare earth element (REE) geochemical signatures can inform sediment provenance. Here we investigate REE geochemical signatures of the sedimentary rocks in the Triassic Gettysburg rift basin, with the goal of distinguishing the main sources of siliciclastic sediment among the Appalachian foreland in the rift footwall from Piedmont arc and Iapetan continental margin rocks exposed in the hanging wall and ultimately understanding the geochemical cycling of arsenic to the Gettysburg Basin. Shale-normalized REE spider diagrams and Mann-Whitney tests on trace element ratios suggest that the Gettysburg Basin samples show patterns that most closely resemble those of the Iapetus Continental Slope Rise Iapetus Rift Volcanic, and Accretionary Complex deposits. Mann-Whitney Rank Sum analysis suggest that the Iapetus Continental Slope Rise terrane is the main source of sediments to the basin, which confirms results from prior QFL analysis and shows the utility of REE fingerprinting in provenance analysis. The main sources of sediment have smaller minimum and maximum arsenic concentrations than other terranes and the Newark Basin sediments, additionally suggesting the source of arsenic to the Gettysburg Basin is based upon specific terranes.
Dorsal and ventral streams in the evolution of the language-ready brain: Linking language to the world

Abstract Many studies in neurolinguistics focus on the dorsal and ventral streams of the auditory system in language comprehension, but few address the production of language (whether spoken or signed). Moreover, almost no neurolinguistic studies addresses how language use is situated with respect to our perception of and action in the world around us, functions which depend (in part) on the dorsal and ventral streams of the visual system. The aim of this paper is to lay the foundations for an integrated account of situated language processing in the human brain that incorporates the dorsal and ventral streams for both vision and audition. Our further aim is to do so in a way which lays bare the challenges of offering an account of brain evolution in which the macaque brain is used as a surrogate for the brain of LCA-m (the last common ancestor of human and macaque). In particular, we assess the challenges to the mirror system hypothesis (MSH) of the evolution of the language-ready brain when data on auditory dorsal and ventral streams are taken into account. To this end, we compare two accounts of language comprehension and one account of language production (for the special case of describing a visual scene). It will be argued that much of syntactic and semantic processing is fed by ventral processes, that both operate at the level of words-as-signifiers, and that the dorsal path and its role in the perception and production of words-as-articulatory actions plays only a secondary role in such processing.
Racial Socialization Practices of White Mothers Raising Black-White Biracial Children

The purpose of this retrospective qualitative study was to examine the impact of monoracial Black or White parents’ racial socialization practices on the process of biracial identity development for their Black-White biracial children. Data were obtained through in-person, semi-structured interviews with ten White monoracial mothers and 11 of their adult (ages 18–40) biracial children. The phenomenological analysis of participants’ experiences raising biracial children and growing up biracial revealed two overarching themes of racial socialization practices interacting with and influencing biracial identity development: creating a biracial family identity and navigating biracial with the outside world. Findings from this study expand the racial socialization research by connecting parental racial socialization with their child’s biracial identity and adding the unique perspective that racial socialization is an interactive family process in interracial families. Additionally, data from this study has important clinical and future research implications.
The Effects of Reinforcing Academic Performance on Social Behavior: A Brief Report

Recent reports suggest that reinforcing academic work alone will not only lead to increased productivity but to more appropriate social behavior in the classroom. These findings were consistent with ideas noted in a review of behavior modification work, which in part sharply criticized behavior modifiers for often reinforcing stillness and quietness in the classroom, as opposed to more meaningful criteria of academic improvement. In the present study children in an extremely disruptive special education classroom were reinforced solely on the basis of their academic work. Results indicated both a large increase in academic productivity and a sharp decline in disruptive behavior. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the issues generated by the reports and review.
Limiting thoracic CT: a rule for use during initial pediatric trauma evaluation

Abstract Background Despite increases in imaging guidelines for other body-regions during initial trauma assessment and the demonstrated utility of chest radiographs (CXR), guidelines for use of thoracic computed-tomography (TCT) are lacking. We hypothesized that TCT utilization had not decreased relative to other protocolized CTs, and mechanism and CXR could together predict significant injury independent of TCT. Methods We performed a retrospective review of blunt trauma patients ≤18 y.o. (2007–2015) at two level-1 trauma centers who received chest imaging. Baseline characteristics and incidences of body region-specific CT were compared. Injury mechanism, intrathoracic pathology, and interventions among other data were examined (significance: p Results Although other body-region CT incidence decreased (p p =0.65). Of the 2951 patients, 567 had both CXR and TCT, 933 received TCT-only, and 1451 had CXR-only. TCT altered management in 17 patients: 2 operations, 1 stent-placement, 1 medical management, 9 thoracostomy tube placements, and 4 negative diagnostic workups. All clinically significant changes were predicted by vehicle-related mechanism and abnormal CXR findings. Conclusions TCT utilization has not decreased over time. All meaningful interventions were predicted by CXR and mechanism of injury. We propose a rule, for prospective validation, reserving TCT for patients with abnormal CXR findings and severe vehicle-related trauma. Level of evidence Diagnostic study, Level III.
Denial of service attack detection using dendritic cell algorithm

Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) is one of the most popular and easy-to-implement attacks targeting online systems and networks. This paper presents a system for detecting DoS attacks in a network using the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA). The proposed system classifies incoming network traffic into either of two classes: “normal” or “DoS attack.” This paper investigates some common DoS/DDoS attacks that target communication networks, and how these attacks can be detected using the Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) which is an Artificial Immune System (AIS)-based algorithm. The proposed detection system is evaluated using the popular NSL-KDD dataset. Our results show that our system is very effective in detecting DoS/DDoS attacks with very high accuracy.
Core Concepts in Town-Plan Analysis

‘Town-plan analysis’ developed to account for those portions of the intricate patterns of spatial organization and visual character of towns and cities that can be retrieved from a study of the chief elements of their ground plan. It investigates the configurations of streets, plots and buildings created over time as cities have grown from unpretentious beginnings or bold designs into complex territorial compositions of built environment. Inevitably, the pressures of urbanization have usually triggered extensive modifications to original layouts, producing often complex alterations to the spatial structure of the urban core and variable impacts on the successive urban fringes of cities as they have expanded and been absorbed into the urban mass. Advances in town-plan analysis have created many useful concepts to explain the dynamic processes that have shaped and altered the ground plans of cities, and a selection of the most successful concepts is presented here. They lie at the core of a coherent system of urban morphological explanation.
Reliability and true-score measures of binary items as a function of their Rasch difficulty parameter.

This article provides formulas for expected true-score measures and reliability of binary items as a function of their Rasch difficulty when the trait (ability) distribution is normal or logistic. The proposed formulas have theoretical value and can be useful in test development, score analysis, and simulation studies. Once the items are calibrated with the dichotomous Rasch model, one can estimate (without further data collection) the expected values for true-score measures (e.g., domain score, true score variance, and error variance for the number-right score) and reliability for both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced interpretations. Thus, given a bank of Rasch calibrated items, one can develop a test with desirable values of population true-score measures and reliability or compare such measures for subsets of items that are grouped by substantive characteristics (e.g., content areas or strands of learning outcomes). An illustrative example for using the proposed formulas is also provided.
13-OR: MONOCLONAL ANTI-HLA-B27 CROSS REACTIVITY WITH OTHER HLA-B ANTIGENS

Aim HLA-B27 (associated with ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and Reiter’s syndrome) can be detected utilizing the BD (Becton Dickinson Biosciences) HLA-B27 system with monoclonal antibodies. This is a qualitative two-color direct immunofluorescence flow cytometric method for rapid detection of the cell-surface glycoprotein expressed on most nucleated human cells. Publications have reported the BD system cross-reacts with several HLA-B antigens. However, these have been based on a limited sample size. Our laboratory performs approximately 24,000 test per year; therefore, we present an overview of our data from 2011. Methods Samples are tested with the BD kit monoclonal antibody GS145.2. Flow cytometric results falling in the gray zone are confirmed using SSO typing assay. In our laboratory 5% (1,123 specimen) tested in 2011 fell into our defined gray zone. Results Analysis of our 2011 data confirmed the presence of published HLA-B27 cross-reactive antigens [ Table 1 ]. We observed additional reactivity with the following HLA-B antigens in the absence of the published antigens [ Table 2 ]. Majority of the times these occurred in combination with a known cross-reactive group. Conclusions This leads us to consider additional potential cross-reactive antigens. Further analysis of this data and additional data collected in 2012 will be needed to support and verify additional reactivity observed.
Evaluation of the effect of reducing administered activity on assessment of function in cardiac gated SPECT

We previously optimized several reconstruction strategies in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with low dose for perfusion-defect detection. Here we investigate whether reducing the administered activity can also maintain the diagnostic accuracy in evaluating cardiac function. We quantified the myocardial motion in cardiac-gated stress 99m-Tc-sestamibi SPECT studies from 163 subjects acquired with full dose (29.8 ± 3.6 mCi), and evaluated the agreement of the obtained motion/thickening and ejection fraction (EF) measures at various reduced dose levels (uniform reduction or personalized dose) with that at full dose. We also quantified the detectability of abnormal motion via a receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) study. For reconstruction we considered both filtered backprojection (FBP) without correction for degradations, and iterative ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OS-EM) with resolution, attenuation and scatter corrections. With dose level lowered to 25% of full dose, the obtained results on motion/thickening, EF and abnormal motion detection were statistically comparable to full dose in both reconstruction strategies, with Pearson’s r > 0.9 for global motion measures between low dose and full dose. The administered activity could be reduced to 25% of full dose without degrading the function assessment performance. Low dose reconstruction optimized for perfusion-defect detection can be reasonable for function assessment in gated SPECT.
An Anionic Ruthenium Dihydride [Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuH2]− and Its Conversion to Heterobimetallic Ru(μ-H)2M (M = Ir or Cu) Complexes

A novel dihydridoruthenate, [(solv)Na][Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuH2] (2; solv = THF or OEt2), was synthesized from Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuCl (1) and sodium triethylborohydride. Compound 2 was used to generate “Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuH” equivalents by salt metathesis with 1, which resonance Raman spectroscopy indicates is a mixture of the terminal dinitrogen complex, Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuH(N2) (4), and diastereomers of the bridging dinitrogen complex [Cp*(iPr2MeP)RuH]2(μ-N2) (meso, 5, and a pair of enantiomers, 6). Compound 2 also reacted with the late transition metal chloride complexes [(COD)IrCl]2 and (IPr)CuCl [IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene] to form hydride-bridged heterobimetallic complexes Cp*(iPr2MeP)Ru(μ-H)2Ir(COD) (7) and Cp*(iPr2MeP)Ru(μ-H)2Cu(IPr) (8), respectively, that feature weakened Ru–H interactions relative to those of 2.
Correlates of Tobacco Use and Consumption Among Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

Using a cross-sectional analysis, we assessed correlates of tobacco use and tobacco consumption from inpatient records (N = 2,060) from a state psychiatric hospital. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine correlates of tobacco use in the total sample and multivariate linear regression to examine correlates of tobacco consumption among tobacco users. Tobacco-use associated variables in the total sample were being male, being White, lower education, having a substance-use disorder/treatment, having an externalizing or psychotic disorder, being from a rural county, being younger, and shorter length of hospital stay. Among tobacco users (n = 1,153), correlates of amount of tobacco consumption were being male; being White; lower education; having an internalizing, externalizing, and psychotic disorder; using cigarettes; and living in a county without a smoke-free policy. Psychiatric patients should be screened for specific associative variables as part of tobacco-use assessments. Future research may expand on the current findings to develop strategies to enhance tobacco treatment among psychiatric patients.