cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavity gas analysis for light-ion-beam fusion reactors

The criteria governing the choice of cavity gas for light-ion-beam fusion reactors have been investigated. Possible mechanisms of laser initiation of plasma discharge channels and the effects of cavity gas choice on one of the most promising mechanisms are discussed. The shock overpressure and the thermal heat flux experienced by the first wall are studied for a variety of cavity gases. Small amounts of alkali metal vapors are found to be useful in both limiting the thermal heat flux and initiating the plasma channels. A 50-Torr argon cavity gas with a 0.2% sodium impurity has been found to allow both efficient laser channel initiation and first-wall survivability.
Design sensitivity coefficients for linear elastic bodies with zones and corners by the derivative boundary element method

Abstract The subject of this paper is the efficient and accurate determination of design sensitivity coefficients (DSCs) in an elastic solid with zones and corners. Direct differentiation of the relevant derivative boundary element method (DBEM) formulation of the problem is carried out here. Corners and zones in a body are treated carefully with conforming elements. A numerical implementation of the method is carried out with isoparametric quadratic boundary elements. The power of this approach is demonstrated through several numerical examples. It is shown that the DSCs of the various mechanical quantities of interest are obtained accurately and efficiently. In one example, even the DSC of the stress at a corner, with respect to the corner angle, is obtained very accurately by this method.
Effects of supplemental protein on acid-base status and calcium metabolism of nonlactating Jersey cows.

Abstract The objective was to study effects of 11, 15, and 19% dietary CP on acid-base status, Ca balance, and metabolic responses to intravenous infusion of disodium EDTA. Dietary protein content was increased by supplementation of hydrolyzed feather meal and distillers dried grains with solubles to a concentrate combined with cottonseed hulls (40:60). Six nonlactating, nonpregnant multiparous Jersey cows (average 6.7 yr old) were used in two balanced 3 × 3 Latin squares with 24-d periods. Increasing supplemental CP decreased blood base excess, urinary titratable base, and net base excretion, but increased urinary ammonium excretion. Calcium excretion and balance were not affected by supplemental CP. Analysis to detect heterogeneity of regression showed that response of plasma EDTA-free Ca to EDTA infusion over time was not different among treatments. Increasing supplemental protein induced mild acidosis but did not affect Ca balance or responses to Ca removal from blood (via EDTA infusion) of non-lactating cows.
The Formative Period of American Capitalism: A Materialist Interpretation, Daniel Gaido, London: Routledge, 2006

AbstractDaniel Gaido’s The Formative Period of American Capitalism provides a thorough accounting of classical Marxist writing on the history of US capitalism. He combines insights from the classical Marxist and US Trotskyist traditions with an engagement with a selection of recent historical research to produce a provocative interpretation of the origins and rise of capitalism in the US. However, his failure to critically interrogate the classical Marxist and US Trotskyist traditions on the US or engage with the growing historical research on the origins and trajectory of US capitalism weakens his contribution.
Development and Application of TEFs

(1999). Development and Application of TEFs. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 9-12.
Thermionic space power systems review.

AS one form of direct energy conversion, thermionics offers -L*the following unique potential advantages: high efficiency at high heat rejection temperatures; good matching to nuclear heat sources for higher power ratings; and inherent redundancy. Houston and Szego reviewed thermionics through 1964. The present survey builds from this base, updating the information to reflect the current state of thermionic technology and applications.
Evaluating the Health Belief Model: A critical review of studies predicting mammographic and pap screening

Conclusions from empirical research employing the Health Belief Model (HBM) to investigate breast and cervical cancer and women's preventive health behaviors have been inconsistent and sometimes addressed contradictory, leading scholars to question utility of the model. Therefore we address utility of the HBM by conducting a comprehensive literature review. Using 10 electronic databases, we identified 39 published studies applying the HBM to mammographic and/or Papanicolaou (pap) screening. Overall, we found strongest support for the HBM's perceived benefit and barrier constructs, compared to other constructs. Weakest support was found for the HBM's perceptions of the disease construct. More recently collected data from nationally representative and ethnically/racially diverse samples, as well as more sophisticated methodological approaches are necessary to further evaluate the HBM.
Correlates of self-rated successful aging among community-dwelling older adults.

Objective: There is no consensus on how to define successful aging. The authors sought to determine the correlates of self-rated successful aging as well as its correspondence with major researcher-defined criteria. Methods: Participants were 205 community-dwelling adults over age 60. A questionnaire survey asked the participants to rate their own degree of successful aging and inquired about demographic characteristics, medical history, activity levels, resilience, daily functioning, and health-related quality of life (Medical Outcomes study 36-item Short-Form [MOS-SF36]). Participants’ subjective ratings of successful aging were contrasted with sets of researcher-defined criteria, and correlates of subjectively rated successful aging were examined. Results: Ninety-two percent of the participants rated themselves as aging successfully. A majority of them also met other research criteria for successful aging such as independent living, mastery/growth, and positive adaptation but not those requiring an absence of chronic medical illness or physical disability. Higher SF-36 scores as compared with a published sample indirectly corroborated participants’ subjectively rated successful aging. Subjective ratings of successful aging were significantly correlated with higher scores on health-related quality of life as well as resilience, greater activity, and number of close friends but not with several demographic characteristics. Conclusion: Most community-dwelling older adults viewed themselves as aging successfully despite having chronic physical illnesses and some disability. Longitudinal studies of the reliability and validity of subjective ratings of successful aging are warranted. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:43–51)
Transition metal deep centers in GaAs, GaP and Si

Abstract A simple model predicts that the energy of a transition element relative to the valence band edge is related to elastic stress and therefore to the radius. This model has been originally applied to a few elements in GaAs, but is shown to give moderately quantitative results for a range of substitutional iron-group transition elements from Sc to Cu in GaAs and to a lesser extent between measurements and theory for GaP and Si. The radius term involved is of the form R M 2 δR , where δR is the difference between the metal atom with a full 3 d shell and the tetrahedral covalent radius of the atom with +2 coordination. Other transition metal properties, such as distribution coefficients and hole lifetimes also appear to be related to atomic radius, implying that impurity induced stresses may be involved.
China's Naval Nationalism: Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response

Recent developments in Chinese politics and defense policy indicate that China will soon embark on an ambitious maritime policy that will include construction of a power-projection navy centered on an aircraft carrier. But just as nationalism and the pursuit of status encouraged past land powers to seek great power maritime capabilities, widespread nationalism, growing social instability, and the leadership's concern for its political legitimacy drive China's naval ambition. China's maritime power, however, will be limited by the constraints experienced by all land powers: enduring challenges to Chinese territorial security and a corresponding commitment to a large ground force capability will constrain China's naval capabilities and its potential challenge to U.S. maritime security. Nonetheless, China's naval nationalism will challenge U.S.-China cooperation. It will likely elicit increased U.S. naval spending and deployments, as well as politicization of China policy in the United States, challenging th...
On the limits to fusion in light heavy-ion systems

Abstract Certain striking features of the interaction of 12 C and 16 O ions with each other are shown to be related to the limits to fusion in these light systems. It appears that the limiting mechanism is in some way dependent on properties of the compound system, and that its onset is more violent than previously suspected.
Genetic variants in SOD2, MPO, and NQO1, and risk of ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective . One way in which parity and use of oral contraceptives may protect against ovarian cancer is by preventing inflammation and oxidative stress associated with ovulation. Since the genes superoxide dismutase ( SOD2 ), myeloperoxidase ( MPO ), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 ( NQO1 ) are involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, we investigated whether variants of these genes are associated with risk of ovarian cancer. Methods . In a hospital-based case-control study, we compared 125 cases and 193 controls with respect to prevalence of (1) the T→C (val→ala) substitution at the −9 position in the signal sequence of SOD2 ; (2) the G→A substitution at the −463 position in the promoter region of MPO ; and (3) the C→T (pro→ser) change in exon 6 of NQO1 . Genotyping was done using PCR and gel electrophoresis for MPO and NQO1 and using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for SOD2 . Results . For SOD2 , women with the TC (val/ala) or CC (ala/ala) genotypes were at increased risk [odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.0]. Results for MPO and NQO1 were in the hypothesized directions but were not statistically significant. For MPO , there was a small inverse association among women with GA or AA genotypes (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.43–1.2). For NQO1 , the TT (ser/ser) genotype was associated with somewhat increased risk (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.69–7.6). Conclusions . While these results need to be confirmed in other studies, they point to a possible role for genes involved in oxidative stress in the development of ovarian cancer.
Stage-specific Control of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Expression in Chondrocytes by Sox9 and β-Catenin

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor is highly expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes and is required for chondrogenesis. However, the transcriptional mechanisms controlling its expression in cartilage are largely unknown. The activity of the Ccn2 promoter was, therefore, investigated in osteochondro-progenitor cells and hypertrophic chondrocytes to ascertain these mechanisms. Sox9 and T-cell factor (TCF)·lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) factors contain HMG domains and bind to related consensus sites. TCF·LEF factors are normally repressive but when bound to DNA in a complex with β-catenin become activators of gene expression. In silico analysis of the Ccn2 proximal promoter identified multiple consensus TCF·LEF elements, one of which was also a consensus binding site for Sox9. Using luciferase reporter constructs, the TCF·LEF·Sox9 site was found to be involved in stage-specific expression of Ccn2. Luciferase, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and ChIP analysis revealed that Sox9 represses Ccn2 expression by binding to the consensus TCF·LEF·Sox9 site. On the other hand, the same assays showed that in hypertrophic chondrocytes, TCF·LEF·β-catenin complexes occupy the consensus TCF·LEF·Sox9 site and activate Ccn2 expression. Furthermore, transgenic mice in which lacZ expression is driven under the control of the proximal Ccn2 promoter revealed that the proximal Ccn2 promoter responded to Wnt signaling in cartilage. Hence, we propose that differential occupancy of the TCF·LEF·Sox9 site by Sox9 versus β-catenin restricts high levels of Ccn2 expression to hypertrophic chondrocytes.
Transport and fate of manure-borne pathogens: Modeling perspective

Among other constituents, manure contains pathogenic microorganisms that can cause serious illness and death in humans. The objective of this work is to review the status and challenges in modeling fate and water transport of manure-borne pathogens (MBP) and organisms-indicators of fecal contamination at pedon, hillslope, and watershed scales. Approaches used to model various aspects are critically evaluated, including (a) release of microorganisms from manure, (b) microorganism survival and inactivation in manure, soil, and surface water, (c) partitioning and attachment of pathogenic and indicator organisms to solid particles in runoff, soil, and sediment, and (d) transport with straining or entrapment in overland flow and in streams. The current challenges and research needs are outlined that include (a) the paucity of experimental data about the transport of pathogenic microorganisms, (b) the need to quantify potential and actual input of pathogens from wildlife, (c) uncertainty in background concentrations of indicator microorganisms, (d) better understanding of the effect of manure particulates on the MBP fate and transport, (e) relating the microorganism fate and transport parameters to environmental variables, such as soil and vegetation properties and weather parameters, (e) evaluating natural tracers with the transport behavior similar to microorganisms, e.g., manure-borne phosphorus, (f) understanding the uncertainty of the stream sampling data, (g) developing a process-based model of microorganism resuspension during the rainfall events, (i) developing upscaling techniques to utilize pedon and hillslope scale measurements and models in the watershed modeling, (j) a better insight into filtering function of vegetated buffer strips and riparian zones. Ensembles of simulations have to be made to estimate the possible distribution of simulation results and risks associated with a specific allocation of manure and manure management practices.
Co-expression of ovine LPS receptor CD14 with Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin receptor LFA-1 or Mac-1 does not enhance leukotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.

Abstract Leukotoxin (Lkt) and LPS are the major virulence determinants of Mannheimia haemolytica that contribute to the pathogenesis of bovine and ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. We have previously identified bovine and ovine CD18 as the functional receptor for Lkt. LPS complexes with Lkt resulting in increased thermal stability and enhanced cytotoxic activity of Lkt. Cellular recognition of LPS involves several different molecules including CD14. We hypothesized that expression of ovine CD14 together with LFA-1 or Mac-1 would enhance Lkt-induced cytotoxicity. Ovine cDNA for CD14 was amplified by PCR and cloned into mammalian expression vectors. The 1122 bp cDNAs for bighorn sheep (BHS) and domestic sheep (DS) CD14 encode 373 amino acids which exhibit 99% identity with each other. Ovine CD14 plasmids were transfected either into HEK-293 cells, or previous HEK-293 transfectants stably expressing ovine LFA-1 or Mac-1. Flow cytometric analysis of transfectants confirmed the cell surface expression of CD14. The transfectants expressing LFA-1 or Mac-1 and the transfectants co-expressing CD14 with LFA-1 or Mac-1 did not show any significant difference in Lkt-induced cytotoxicity when incubated with LPS complexed Lkt. In contrast, incubation of the LFA-1 or Mac-1 and LFA-1/CD14 or Mac-1/CD14 transfectants with Lkt which lacks LPS, resulted in reduced cytotoxicity. None of the above transfectants showed any difference in [Ca 2+ ] i elevation when incubated with both types of Lkt preparations. Lkt did not induce any cytotoxicity or [Ca 2+ ] i elevation in ovine CD14 transfectants or parent HEK-293 cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that expression of CD14 together with LFA-1 or Mac-1 does not enhance Lkt-induced cytotoxicity, whereas LPS enhances cytotoxicity by complexing with Lkt.
Effect of [bpy]/[Cu(I)] ratio, solvent, counterion, and alkyl bromides on the activation rate constants in atom transfer radical polymerization

The effects of [bpy]/[Cu(I)] ratio, polarity of the medium, counterion, and nature of alkyl bromides on the activation rate constants (kact) in atom transfer radical polymerization were investigated. The highest values of kact for Cu(I)Br were obtained at [bpy]/[Cu(I)Br] ∼ 2/1 and 1/1 in more polar and less polar solvents, respectively. This was ascribed to different structures of the complex, Cu(bpy)2+Br- and Cu(bpy)2+CuBr2-, correspondingly. The highest values of kact for Cu(I)PF6 were observed at [bpy]/[Cu(I)] ∼ 2/1 in both more polar and less polar solvents, which was explained by the formation of the same active Cu(bpy)2+PF6- complex. Compared to Cu(I)Br, the use of Cu(I)PF6 results in an increased rate of activation by a factor of 1.8. The kact was larger in more polar solvents compared to less polar solvents. An increase in kact was observed in the presence of water, and a decrease in kact was noticed in the presence of solvents containing oxyethylene groups. The relative rates of kact of alkyl bro...
Mutants of bacteriophage λ which do not require the cIII gene for efficient lysogenization

Abstract The λ c III gene is ordinarily required for the high rate, establishment mode of repressor synthesis and efficient lysogenization by phage λ We have isolated phage mutants (called can ) which no longer require c III for efficient lysogenization by selecting turbid plaque-forming pseudorevertants of phages carrying a deletion of c III. Three different kinds of can mutations have been characterized: can 10, which is located in the cro gene; can 15, which appears to be identical to cin 1 and which is located in the left part of the y region; and can 1, which is located in the right part of they region, among the clear cy mutations. Can 10 and the previously identified cro − mutation, cro 27, both improve lysogenization frequency in the absence of c III function, possibly because of overproduction of c II protein. In addition, lysogenization by λ c III + phages carrying these mutations is more efficient than by λ + at low multiplicity of infection. The cro 27 mutation also improves lysogenization by c II − phages, suggesting that Cro may prevent premature synthesis of repressor in the maintenance mode. Can 1 is dominant to can + and partially relieves the lysogenization defect of λ c III − in a cap − cya − host. The ability of λ c III − c I − can 1 to stimulate lysogenization by λ c III − c I + indicates that can 1 does not require an adjacent functional c I gene for its action and that can 1 affects the activity of a diffusible product, presumably c II protein. This proposal is supported by a cis-trans test showing that can 1 requires an adjacent functional cII gene. Although can 1 does not increase the frequency of lysogenization in the absence of cII function, it does increase lysogenization frequency when c II activity is present but limiting. These observations suggest that can 1 increases the level or activity of c II protein. Based on the ability of can 1 and can 10, to bypass the need for c III, we propose that the role of cIII protein in stimulating repressor synthesis is indirect; it acts by increasing activity of the cII protein.
Resolution of two molecular forms of sucrose-phosphate synthase from maize, soybean and spinach leaves

Two forms of sucrose-phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.14) were resolved from leaves of three species, maize (Zea mays L. cv. Pioneer 3184), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Ransom) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Resistoflay) by hydroxyapatite Ultrogel chromatography, using a 75-mM (designated peak 1) and 250-mM (peak 2) K-phosphate discontinuous-gradient elution. Rechromatography of the two forms showed that they were not readily interconvertible. The distribution of activity between the two forms differed among species and changed during purification of the enzyme. Recovery of peak-1 activity was specifically lowered when maize leaf extracts were prepared in the absence of magnesium, indicating that the two forms may differ in stability. In addition, the forms of the enzyme from maize differed in the extent of glucose-6-phosphate activation. These results provide evidence for the existence of multiple forms of sucrose-phosphate synthase in leaves of different species and that the forms differ in regulatory properties.
Signaling network prediction by the Ontology Fingerprint enhanced Bayesian network

Despite large amounts of available genomic and proteomic data, predicting the structure and response of signaling networks is still a significant challenge. While statistical method such as Bayesian network has been explored to meet this challenge, employing existing biological knowledge for network prediction is difficult. The objective of this study is to develop a novel approach that integrates prior biological knowledge in the form of the Ontology Fingerprint to infer cell-type-specific signaling networks via data-driven Bayesian network learning; and to further use the trained model to predict cellular responses. We applied our novel approach to address the Predictive Signaling Network Modeling challenge of the fourth (2009) Dialog for Reverse Engineering Assessment's and Methods (DREAM4) competition. The challenge results showed that our method accurately captured signal transduction of a network of protein kinases and phosphoproteins in that the predicted protein phosphorylation levels under all experimental conditions were highly correlated (R2 = 0.93) with the observed results. Based on the evaluation of the DREAM4 organizer, our team was ranked as one of the top five best performers in predicting network structure and protein phosphorylation activity under test conditions. Bayesian network can be used to simulate the propagation of signals in cellular systems. Incorporating the Ontology Fingerprint as prior biological knowledge allows us to efficiently infer concise signaling network structure and to accurately predict cellular responses.
Addition of bisulfite to folate and dihydrofolate.

Abstract At pH 6.5, bisulfite reacts with folate and dihydrofolate to form nucleophilic adducts whose absorption spectra are similar to the spectra of dihydrofolate and tetra-hydrofolate, respectively. Because of the unfavorable equilibrium, a large excess of bisulfite is necessary to achieve an appreciable amount of adduct formation. The lability toward oxygen prevents isolation of the dihydrofolate-bisulfite complex, but a 1:1 adduct of folate and bisulfite can be precipitated from solution and obtained in solid form. Equilibrium constants are calculated for the formation of the bisulfite adducts of the oxidized and dihydro forms of folate, 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine, and 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpteridine. In each case, adduct formation occurs more readily with the dihydropteridine than with the oxidized form. These results are are discussed in relation to reactions catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase.
Expression and Porin Activity of P28 and OMP-1F during Intracellular Ehrlichia chaffeensis Development

Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular gram-negative bacterium, must take up various nutrients and metabolic compounds because it lacks many genes involved in metabolism. Nutrient uptake by a gram-negative bacterium occurs primarily through pores or channels in the bacterial outer membrane. Here we demonstrate that isolated E. chaffeensis outer membranes have porin activities, as determined by a proteoliposome swelling assay. The activity was partially blocked by an antibody that recognizes the two most abundant outer membrane proteins, P28/OMP-19 and OMP-1F/OMP-18. Both proteins were predicted to have structural features characteristic of porins, including 12 transmembrane segments comprised of amphipathic and antiparallel β-strands. The sodium dodecyl sulfate stability of the two proteins was consistent with a β-barrel structure. Isolated native P28 and OMP-1F exhibited porin activities, with pore sizes similar to and larger than, respectively, that of OprF, which is the porin with the largest pore size known to date. E. chaffeensis experiences temperature changes during transmission by ticks. During the intracellular development of E. chaffeensis, both P28 and OMP-1F were expressed mostly in the mid-exponential growth phase at 37°C and the late-exponential growth phase at 28°C. The porin activity of proteoliposomes reconstituted with proteins from the outer membrane fractions derived from bacteria in the mid- and late-exponential growth phases at 28°C and 37°C correlated with the expression levels of P28 and OMP-1F. These results imply that P28 and OMP-1F function as porins with large pore sizes, suggesting that the differential expression of these two proteins might regulate nutrient uptake during intracellular E. chaffeensis development at both temperatures.
Vortex currents in turbulent superfluid and classical fluid channel flow, the magnus effect, and Goldstone boson fields

Expressing hydrodynamics in terms of the flow of vorticity, using the vortex current tensor, helps unify the picture of turbulent channel flow for viscous fluids and for superfluids. In both, eddy viscosity plays a major role in energy dissipation, and in both there is a similar cross stream flow of vorticity, which in the case of superfluids leads to the Josephson frequency. The vortex current tensor, which was introduced in an earlier paper to derive an exact three dimensional Magnus effect formula, turns out to be the classical hydrodynamic limit of the vortex current that is the source for a classical Goldstone-boson field.
The peculiar velocity field in flattened superclusters

The linear growth rate of small transverse perturbations in a self-gravitating, collisionless gas that is undergoing a one-dimensional collapse is strongly influenced by the nonlinear flow of the background. In the collapse plane, smaller Hubble flow deviations and infall velocities are obtained than in the simple linear theory. Application of this theory to the kinematics of galaxies in a flat supercluster shows that the usual linear approximation may seriously underestimate Omega, the density parameter of the universe, if there is a strong deviation from spherical symmetry. Furthermore, dissipative separation of baryonic matter from collisionless dark material (such as hypothesized massive neutrinos) enhances this effect, leading to apparent Omega values of 0.2-0.3 for a wide range of separation parameters in an Einstein-de Sitter (Omega = 1) model.
An analysis of the effects of amphetamine on brain self-stimulation behavior.

Abstract Rats were implanted with stimulating electrodes in the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus, and trained in one of two brain self-stimulation (ICSS) procedures. One group of animals was trained in the auto-titration procedure which measured response rates and reinforcement thresholds for ICSS. When trained, the animals were tested with d -amphetamine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg) and saline. The second group of animals was trained in a procedure which established the discriminative properties of brain stimulation and which also measured the detection threshold for ICSS. When trained, the animals were tested with d -amphetamine and saline, and were subsequently tested with amphetamine and saline in an activity monitor. A graded decrease in mean reinforcement thresholds was produced by d -amphetamine. The two lower doses (0.03, 0.10 mg/kg) increased the rate of lever-pressing, but the highest dose (1.0 mg/kg) decreased it. No reliable changes in detection threshold occurred, although at the 0.3 mg/kg dose reductions were seen in two of five animals. Animals also showed a graded increase in motor activity with dose as well as increases in several performance measures. These results demonstrated that although amphetamine lowers reinforcement thresholds, it does not reliably alter detection thresholds, suggesting that the motivation to respond for ICSS is changed without any corresponding changes in the capacity to detect the presence of the stimulus.
Does soy-based infant formula cause ADHD? Update and public policy considerations.

An earlier article hypothesized a relationship between soy-based infant formulas, manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity and symptoms of ADHD. In this update, more recent literature on ADHD, Mn and Mn neurotoxicity is reviewed, as well as the risks of Mn toxicity that may accompany ingestion of soy-based infant formula. The results of several critical studies are described, including rodent and primate models that demonstrate an association between ingestion of relatively high levels of Mn and: overactivity, disinhibition and inattention; stereotypes and disturbances of social relatedness; and alterations of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and dopamine transporter in critical brain regions. Similar deficits have been shown in children with ADHD. In addition, ADHD-like symptoms of behavioral disinhibition were found to be correlated with Mn content in tooth enamel, apparently deposited at or before the fifth gestational month. The results are discussed in terms of their weight as a risk factor in ADHD, vis-a-vis compelling evidence of genetic, epigenetic and other environmental risk factors associated with the disorder, as well as the appropriateness of additional public policy decisions regarding the safety of soy formula.
Compliance with Mental Health and Other Specialty Care Referrals among Medicare/Medicaid Dual Enrollees

Objectives: To examine and compare non-compliance with mental health and other specialty referrals among low-income elderly. Methods: A survey of 2,128 community-dwelling elderly assessed mental health and other specialty referral in the past year and compliance with these referrals. Non-compliant participants and those who had encountered difficulties in arranging referral appointments were asked about the barriers. Results: 16.7% with mental health referrals vs. 4.8% with other specialty referrals did not comply (p < .001). The main reason for non-compliance with mental health referrals was lack of perceived need. Discussion: Lack of perceived need for professional help is a major barrier to specialty mental health care.
Maybe we do know when people first came to North America; and what does it mean if we do?

Abstract The history of research in North America suggests that we already know when people arrived in the continental US: about 11,500 14 C yr BP. Research also suggests that people were in the southern cone of South America by a comparable age, if not earlier. If the New World was colonized by Late Pleistocene migrants from Asia via the Bering Strait, then the earliest sites should be in North not South America. Several possibilities might account for this apparent paradox: (a) the inability to locate pre-11,500 14 C yr BP sites in North America, (b) asynchroneity of late Pleistocene/early Holocene 14 C dates between North and South America, (c) inaccurate dating of South American sites, or (d) a coastal migration that by-passed interior North America. All these possibilities currently appear unlikely, and the paradox resists explanation at this date.
The reaction of anions of primary amines and hydrazones with p-toluenesulfonyl azide

Abstract The conversion of anions of aliphatic and aromatic primary amines to the corresponding azides by the diazo transfer reaction with tosyl azide is reported. Anions of amides do not give the acyl azides while those of hydrazones are converted to the diazoalkanes presumably via the corresponding N-azidimes. The mechanisms of these transormations are discussed.
ToxR Recruits TcpP to the toxT Promoter in the Vibrio Cholerae Virulence Pathway

Interactions between biomolecules are difficult to observe directly due to the small size scales involved. Super-resolution microscopy offers a glimpse of such dynamics beyond the diffraction limit of light, even inside living cells. We use single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to examine the nanometer-scale movements of TcpP, a membrane-bound transcription activator, in the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. TcpP, along with a second bitopic inner-membrane protein, ToxR, activates transcription of ToxT, the primary transcription activator for cholera toxin production.Here we track TcpP molecules tagged with the red photoactivatable fluorescent protein PA-mCherry with a spatial resolution of 30 nm and a temporal resolution of 50 ms, revealing interactions among TcpP, ToxR and the toxT promoter. Through analysis of single-molecule trajectories based on mean square displacements and cumulative probability distributions of step sizes, we have revealed three modes of TcpP motion: a “fast” population, a “slow” population, and an immobile population. Furthermore, by comparing TcpP dynamics in TcpP-PA-mCherry fusion cells with the motion of TcpP in ToxR knockout cells, we demonstrate that TcpP moves faster in the presence of ToxR. Surprisingly, we discover that the effect on TcpP dynamics of knocking out the toxT promoter is very similar to the effect of knocking out ToxR, implying that the promoter plays a role in the interaction between ToxR and TcpP. These results support a mechanism in which ToxR binds DNA and recruits TcpP to the toxT promoter site.
Two data bases in every garage: information quality systems.

Enterprises, including Federal agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are now identifying their information as a strategic resource. As part of a new strategy, enterprises address quality system planning. This technical paper presents some of EPA's approaches and techniques for reconciling quality system considerations for science and technical activities with quality system considerations for information technology and resources. Identification of key information quality indicators, management processes, and assessment processes are addressed.
The effect of strain rate on the properties of (Fe,Ni)3V long range ordered alloys

The effects of strain rate and long term thermal aging on the mechanical properties of iron base Long Range Ordered Alloys are reported. While there is little or no effect of strain rate on the tensile strength and ductility, a change in the controlling deformation and fracture characteristics occurs. It is anticipated that these changes will be enhanced by irradiation and may be contributing factors to irradiation embrittlement.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF α-CHITIN (POLY-N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE)

A detailed model for the crystal structure of the fibrous polysaccharide chitin is proposed. The structure determination has been carried out by using an optical analogue instrument which proved to be an adequate and rapid tool for the derivation of Fourier transforms, signs of amplitudes and the production of optical Fourier syntheses. The new model of chitin accounts properly for known chemical and physical properties, including the infrared absorption as well as for x-ray data, but because of the limited resolution of the diffraction patterns it can only be regarded as a good approximation. The stereochemical configuration of the polysaccharide chains has certain implications for the structure of cellulose.
Effects of puromycin and hydroxynorvaline on net production and intracellular degradation of collagen in human fetal lung fibroblasts

Amino acid substitutions in collagen that impair folding of the triple helix result in significant increases in intracellular degradation of newly synthesized collagen. We have studied the effects of agents that cause other kinds of defects in collagen: hydroxynorvaline, a threonine analog that interferes with association of pro-alpha chains; and puromycin, an antibiotic that causes premature release of nascent polypeptides. cis-Hydroxyproline and cycloheximide, whose effects on collagen synthesis and degradation have already been studied and reported, were employed as reference compounds. Human fetal lung fibroblasts were used in these experiments. All the agents inhibited total protein production, and all except cycloheximide inhibited percentage collagen production. Intracellular collagen degradation was increased in cultures exposed to puromycin, hydroxynorvaline, and cis-hydroxyproline, but not in cultures exposed to cycloheximide. These results suggest that pro-alpha chains that were either unassociated (due to hydroxynorvaline) or shortened (due to puromycin) were recognized as abnormal and degraded to the same extent as chains that contained cis-hydroxyproline. However, the increases in degradation could not account completely for the decreases in collagen production (except when cis-hydroxyproline was used at low concentrations). These findings indicate that, in addition to rendering newly synthesized procollagen molecules or partial polypeptide chains more susceptible to intracellular degradation, puromycin, hydroxynorvaline, and cis-hydroxyproline significantly inhibited collagen synthesis.
Selenium and tellurium content of stony meteorites by neutron activation

Abstract By neutron activation analysis the Se- and Te-content of four chondritic meteorites have been determined. The average content is 9.8 ± 2.5 and 0.61 ± 1.7 p.p.m., respectively. These values are lower than those already reported in the literature.
The Possible Rôle of Inheritance in the Quantitative Character of a Coccidian Infection of the Rat

The writers (1932) have previously reported on the surprisingly great individual variability in susceptibility to infection with Eimeria miyairii which they encountered among white rats taken at random. It was learned in the study that young rats of from 65 to 149 g. in weight would eliminate from 14 to 169 million oocysts during immunisation produced by inoculation per os with 1500 sporulated oocysts daily over a period of 5 days. The question naturally arises whether different strains of the host exhibit differences in susceptibility similar to those noted in individuals.
Importance and interpretation of fast-response airway hygrometry during ventilation of anesthetized patients.

Background Measurement of oxygen uptake (\( \dot {V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{2}}} }}\)) should help detect non-steady state critical events and metabolic derangement during anesthesia. \( \dot {V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{2}}} }}\) requires measurement of respiratory relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). We have developed a fast response T and humidity sensor (HS), which uses tiny wet and dry thermometers to determine RH by psychrometry, where low RH causes evaporation to decrease wet T below dry T. In laboratory bench studies, we determined that ≥5 l/min gas flow through the HS is required for valid psychrometry function. This study demonstrates that monitoring of flow through the HS enhances the accuracy of RH measurement and interpretation.
Minimal hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase-α activity required to sustain survival and prevent hepatocellular adenoma formation in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia

Abstract Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia), characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and chronic risk of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) activity. In a previous 70–90 week-study, we showed that a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-mediated gene transfer that restores more than 3% of wild-type hepatic G6Pase-α activity in G6pc −/− mice corrects hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency with no evidence of HCA. We now examine the minimal hepatic G6Pase-α activity required to confer therapeutic efficacy. We show that rAAV-treated G6pc −/− mice expressing 0.2% of wild-type hepatic G6Pase-α activity suffered from frequent hypoglycemic seizures at age 63–65 weeks but mice expressing 0.5–1.3% of wild-type hepatic G6Pase-α activity (AAV-LL mice) sustain 4–6 h of fast and grow normally to age 75–90 weeks. Despite marked increases in hepatic glycogen accumulation, the AAV-LL mice display no evidence of hepatic abnormalities, hepatic steatosis, or HCA. Interprandial glucose homeostasis is maintained by the G6Pase-α/glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) complex, and G6PT-mediated microsomal G6P uptake is the rate-limiting step in endogenous glucose production. We show that hepatic G6PT activity is increased in AAV-LL mice. These findings are encouraging for clinical studies of G6Pase-α gene-based therapy for GSD-Ia.
Effect of age on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of phenols in mice.

The effect of age on the in vitro dermal absorption of acetamidophenol, phenol, cyanophenol and heptyloxyphenol was examined. Skin from pre-clipped male C57BL/6N mice of ages 3, 15 and 27 months was mounted in flow-through diffusion cells. [14C]Phenol and its analogues (4 μg/cm2) were applied to the skin (0.32 cm2) in ethanol (5 μl) and absorption was measured under occluded conditions for 72 hr. Significant age effects on the disposition of phenol and heptyloxyphenol were observed in the penetration of compound into the receptor fluid as well as that retained in the skin. The receptor fluid content of these two compounds was significantly greater in 27-month-old mice compared with the younger animals. In addition, penetration of phenol in 15-month-old mice was significantly greater than in 3-month-old mice. However, the differences in phenol penetration were small (< 5%). The maximal flux of cyanophenol and phenol penetration were affected by age. The maximal flux for cyanophenol was significantly lower in 15-month-old mice than in 3- and 27-month-old animals. The maximal flux for phenol was significantly greater in 27-month-old mice compared with the younger animals. The overall effect of age on the in vitro dermal absorption of phenols in C57BL/6N mouse skin appears to be compound dependent.
Interleukin-12 expression enhances vesicular stomatitis virus oncolytic therapy in murine squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives: Replication-competent, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been demonstrated to be an effective oncolytic agent in a variety of malignant tumors. Cytokine gene transfer has also been used as immunomodulatory therapy for cancer. To test the use of combining these two approaches, an oncolytic VSV vector (rVSV-IL12) was designed to express the murine interleukin 12 (IL12) gene. This cytokine-carrying oncolytic virus was compared with an analogous noncytokine-carrying fusogenic virus (rVSV-F) in the treatment of murine SCC VII squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Study Design and Setting: The authors performed in vitro testing of recombinant VSV-F and recombinant VSV-IL12 in SCC cell lines. In vivo testing of multiple direct intratumoral injections of rVSV-F or rVSV-IL12 in an orthotopic floor of mouth murine model was performed. Each cell line was tested using rVSV-F or rVSV-IL12 at multiplicity of infection of 0.01. The ability of each virus to replicate was tested by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction over 48 hours to determine viral copies of RNA. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay over 72 hours. IL12 expression by rVSV-IL12-treated cells was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Both viruses demonstrated similar infection efficiency, viral replication, and cytotoxicity in vitro. In an SCC VII orthotopic floor of mouth model in immunocompetent C3H/HeJ mice, multiple intratumoral injections with each virus caused a significant reduction in tumor volume when compared with saline injections alone. The rVSV-IL12-treated tumors showed a striking reduction in tumor volume when compared with rVSV-F and saline-treated tumors (P <.005). This striking reduction in tumor volume translated into a substantial survival benefit in rVSV-IL12-treated animals. No treatment-related toxicity was observed in either group. Conclusion/Significance: rVSV-IL12 is a novel oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus that effectively expresses IL12 and significantly enhances the treatment of head and neck murine carcinoma. Such combined oncolytic and immunomodulatory strategies hold promise in the treatment of head and neck cancers.
Contraception, abortion and self concept

This paper deals with the relationship between preconception and postconception decision making among women who have un wanted conceptions, and with two dimensions of self concept as a factor in decision making patterns: perceived competence and female role orientation. This study was done throughout Michigan in 1974-75. The sample was 1746 women with unwanted conceptions, selected by means of a two stage, stratified sampling design. A standardized questionnaire included items on demographics, background of preg nancy, relationship with partner, pregnancy resolution and birth control use, as well as a feminism scale and a scale to measure perceived competence. Several multiple regressions analyses were carried out. A hypothesis that prior use of contraception would be positively related to choice of abortion was strongly supported. A hypothesis that choice of abortion would be negatively associated with traditional attitudes toward the female role also was supported, but a hypothesis that choice of abortion would be positively associated with perceived competence was not borne out. Other important predictors of pregnancy resolution decisions among various subgroups of dif fering age, race, and marital status were mother's influence and partner's influence.
Time-dependent coupled Hartree-Fock calculation of some optical properties of H2

Abstract The dynamic polarizability, refractive index and Verdet constant of H 2 are calculated using a fully coupled time-dependent Hartree-Fock variation-perturbation method. Preliminary results for the dynamic polarizabilities of other molecules are also given
Mice acquire flavor preferences during shipping.

Vigorous motion can cause rodents to develop flavor aversions and show other signs of malaise. We tested whether a flavor aversion could be induced by shipping mice from an animal breeder to a test site. Boxes of 12 male C57BL/6J mice were shipped ∼950 km from Bar Harbor, ME to Philadelphia, PA by truck. For some boxes, the gel provided for hydration was flavored with almond and for others it was flavored with banana. After the journey, the mice were individually housed and allowed to recover for 5 days. They then received a choice between the two flavors of gel. Contrary to expectations, mice preferred the flavor they had previously ingested during shipping. Controls given flavored gel under similar conditions but while stationary did not show a preference. These results suggest that mice find shipping or its sequelae pleasurable. If mice are travel sick this must be inconsequential relative to other components of the shipping experience.