cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axial Strength Determination for Gypsum-Sheathed, Cold-Formed Steel Wall Stud Composite Panels

Composite panels in this study consist of C-section steel wall studs with gypsum wallboard attached to both flanges of the stud with screws at regular intervals. Axial load is assumed to be applied to the centroid of the gross cross section for each stud. Bracing from the wallboard, connected by screws, is represented by elastic springs in the analysis. The panel is subject to both flexural and torsional-flexural buckling modes. Using the differential equation of equilibrium, the flexural and torsional-flexural buckling loads are evaluated for typical end-conditions. Local buckling effects and nominal buckling stress are determined according to the 1986 and 1996 AISI specifications. Predictions and observed strengths from the limited experimental database are in good agreement. The predictions accurately represent the overall torsional-flexural buckling observed for the gypsum board-braced, steel wall studs. The strength is independent of stud spacing, reflecting the localized nature of the wallboard deformations, rather than the shear diaphragm behavior assumed in the current AISI specification.
The Role of BDNF-TrkB Signaling in the Pathogenesis of PTSD.

Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, chronic, and disabling anxiety disorder that may develop following exposure to a traumatic event. The majority of individuals with PTSD often have comorbid psychiatric conditions such as major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance use disorders, and are at increased risk for suicide. Despite the public health significance of PTSD, relatively little is known about the etiology or pathophysiology of this disorder, and pharmacotherapy development to date has been largely opportunistic instead of mechanismbased. One promising target for modulation is Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase B (TrkB), the receptor for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a signaling pathway important for neuronal plasticity, survival, and growth. The following discusses how genetic and environmental alterations to this signaling pathway may contribute to anatomical and functional changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the nucleus accumbens. Changes in these brain regions may in turn contribute to the predisposition to or maintenance of some of the clinical manifestations of PTSD, including intrusive memories, hyperarousal, increased fear, and emotional numbing.
Kinetics of hydrogen absorption in a stirred metal hydride slurry

Isothermal, isobaric measurements were made of the rate of hydrogen absorption by a slurry of LaNi5 powder suspended in n-undecane in a baffled stirred reactor. The data were interpreted using a model emobodying three resistances in series: a gas-liquid mass transfer resistance, a liquid-solid mass transfer resistance, and an “overall reaction resistance.” At the highest agitator speeds employed, 2,000 rpm, conversions of LaNi5 to hydride of 90% or better were obtained within one minute or less, thereby confirming the potential of the metal hydride slurry concept for commercial applications.
Efficient search in large textual collections with redundancy

Current web search engines focus on searching only themost recentsnapshot of the web. In some cases, however, it would be desirableto search over collections that include many different crawls andversions of each page. One important example of such a collectionis the Internet Archive, though there are many others. Sincethe data size of such an archive is multiple times that of a singlesnapshot, this presents us with significant performance challenges.Current engines use various techniques for index compression andoptimized query execution, but these techniques do not exploit thesignificant similarities between different versions of a page, or betweendifferent pages.In this paper, we propose a general framework for indexing andquery processing of archival collections and, more generally, anycollections with a sufficient amount of redundancy. Our approachresults in significant reductions in index size and query processingcosts on such collections, and it is orthogonal to and can be combinedwith the existing techniques. It also supports highly efficientupdates, both locally and over a network. Within this framework,we describe and evaluate different implementations that trade offindex size versus CPU cost and other factors, and discuss applicationsranging from archival web search to local search of web sites,email archives, or file systems. We present experimental resultsbased on search engine query log and a large collection consistingof multiple crawls.
Various Statistical Ensembles

A canonical ensemble describes a system held at a constant temperature. From the canonical partition function follows the Helmholtz free energy. As we saw in thermodynamics, however, it is highly desirable to be able to describe a system held under a different set of constraints, such as constant temperature and pressure or constant temperature and chemical potentials of some species. These situations call for different free energies in thermodynamics, to which correspond different statistical ensembles in statistical mechanics. In this chapter, we construct such ensembles and illustrate their applications with several simple examples. Our first task is to establish the notion of microcanonical ensemble, which is suitable for describing an isolated system. The other ensembles of more practical importance, including the canonical ensemble, can be derived straightforwardly from the microcanonical ensemble.
Transient loss minimization in induction machine drives using optimal control theory

Loss minimization during transient operation is an often neglected in most induction machine applications. However, loss minimization can greatly improve efficiency in case of fast changing load torques or reference speed profiles. Optimal control theory has been successfully applied previously to develop control laws that minimize losses during transients. All previous works were based on the field oriented induction machine model. In this paper, however, an optimal control problem based on the non-field oriented induction machine model is developed and simulated. Additionally, a more comprehensive cost functional is developed and utilized that would guarantee a stable steady state operation of the machine. Offline optimal control histories are generated using the conjugate gradient method. The performance of the proposed control law is verified through simulation and the results are compared with those from an indirect field oriented controller.
Polycythemia vera: hormonal modulation of erythropoiesis in vitro

We performed in vitro culture studies examining the interaction of erythropoietin with red cell progenitors in polycythemia vera. Bone marrow was obtained from five patients with typical disease and from five healthy volunteers, and assayed for erythroid colony formation (CFU-E) by the methylcellulose technique. In cultures without added erythropoietin, a mean eightfold greater cloning efficiency was noted with the polycythemia vera marrows, as compared to normal. There was prominent stimulation of colony formation by erythropoietin, and the shape of the erythropoietin dose-response cruves appeared to be similar in both patients and controls. Anti-erythropoietin antibody reduced the number of CFU-E in cultures not containing added erythropoietin, but did not eliminate them. Dexamethasone (10(-9) M) caused a consistent increase in CFU-E in the patients' cultures. These studies provide evidence for functional erythropoietin and glucocorticosteroid receptor mechanisms on erythroid precursors in polycythemia vera. The observations are consistent with a concept of this disease as a disorder of hematopoietic stem cells in which peripheral erythrocytosis is caused by an expanded erythroid progenitor compartment which maintains responsiveness to hormonal modulation.
Diverse patterns of endometrial malignancy: Interpretation and clinical significance☆☆☆

Abstract The potentialities of the labile endometrium to produce a variety of both benign and malignant histologic patterns provides a fertile field for misinterpretation and thereby possibly delayed and less than optimum therapy. Similar complications are produced by the difficulties in differentiation of multiple sites of malignant alteration in the paramesonephric, mesonephric, and peritoneal epithelium from metastatic disease. Representative cases are reviewed to demonstrate these problems.
Understanding the Negative Aspects of Role Shopping

Most individuals engage in shopping for others, whether in the search for a special gift for someone else or simply during routine household shopping. Shopping for others has been shown to be a source of pleasure for some people (Arnold and Reynolds 2003; Tauber 1972). However, research also shows that not all individuals enjoy shopping for others (Arnold and Reynolds 2003). Shopping for others may even cause many negative emotions on the part of the shopper. Role shopping “reflects the enjoyment that shoppers derive from shopping for others” (Arnold and Reynolds 2003). Here, role shopping is seen as both a source of positive and negative emotions and outcomes. Therefore, role shopping is defined here as shopping for another person’s consumption in order to fulfill culturally prescribed roles. The current study seeks to investigate the negative emotions evoked by shopping for others and to better understand how role shopping makes individuals feel.
Innovative Arts Programs Require Innovative Partnerships: A Case Study of STEAM Partnering between an Art Gallery and a Natural History Museum

ABSTRACTThe arts animate learning because they are inherently experiential and because of their potential to develop creative and critical thinking skills in students. These same skills are valued in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education, but the arts have not been consistently included in STEM lessons. We transformed our STEM programming into STEAM programming (STEM plus arts) by creating an innovative partnership between two informal learning environments, the Braithwaite Fine Arts Gallery and the Garth and Jerri Frehner Museum of Natural History at Southern Utah University. The partnership resulted in a STEAM learning program that integrated art and science for K-12 students. We incorporated an art exhibition, a hands-on lesson in art, and an immersive lesson in science that culminated in a student project that merged concepts from both art and science. Through programs each fall from 2012 through 2014, we helped over 6,000 students from southern Utah use concepts from art to deep...
EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN MODEL KOOPERATTIF TIPE TALKING STICK DENGAN STRATEGI MIND MAPPING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 RANTEPAO

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penerapan model kooperatif tipe talking stick dengan strategi mind mapping dalam pembelajaran matematika siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Rantepao. Keefektifan penerapan model pembelajaran ini mengacu pada 3 indikator ketercapaian yaitu hasil belajar siswa, aktivitas siswa, dan respon siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah pra-eksperimen dengan pendekatan one group pretest-postest design. Populasi adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Rantepao tahun pelajaran 2014/2015 yang terdiri dari 10 kelas yang dibagi kedalam 2 kategori kelas yakni kelas unggulan (VII1 dan VII2) dan kelas regular (VII3 – VII10). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik stratified random sampling sehingga diperoleh sampel yaitu kelas VII1 terdiri dari 41 orang dan VII5 terdiri dari 41 orang, untuk selanjutnya kedua kelas ini dianggap sebagai satu grup dengan perlakuan yang sama yaitu diajar dengan menerapkan model kooperatif tipe talking stick dengan strategi mind mapping.. Perangkat pembelajaran yang digunakan yaitu RPP, LKS, dan Buku Siswa. Instrumen penelitian yakni tes hasil belajar, lembar observasi aktivitas siswa, angket respon siswa, dan lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Keterlaksanaan pembelajaran berada pada kategori sangat baik yakni dengan skor rata-rata 4,72, (2) Hasil belajar siswa (posttest) berada pada kategori tinggi yang mencapai nilai rata-rata 79,06 (KKM=76) dengan nilai gain ternormalisasi 0,73 atau berada pada kategori tinggi, serta ketuntasan secara klasikal sebesar 82% > 80%, (3) Aktivitas siswa berada pada kategori baik dengan rata-rata 3,7, (4) respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran yang menerapkan model kooperatif tipe talking stick dengan strategi mind mapping adalah sangat positif dengan persentase respon siswa 98%. Karena setiap indiator keefektivan yakni hasil belajar siswa, aktivitas siswa, dan respon siswa masing-masing telah mencapai kriteria eefektif, maka secara deskriptif dapat disimpulkan bahwa model kooperatif tipe talking stick dengan strategi mind mapping efektif dalam pembelajaran matematika siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Rantepao. Hasil uji hipotesis pada taraf siginifikan dengan uji-t juga menunjukan bahwa model kooperatif tipe talking stick dengan strategi mind mapping efektif dalam pembelajaran matematika siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Rantepao. Kata kunci: Efektivitas pembelajaran, talking stick, mind mapping .
You Know What I Meant: The Science behind Email and Intent

It is now a given that electronic communication pervades the modern world. The way we communicate was largely unchanged for a long stretch of time and then changed very quickly. We moved swiftly from handwritten and typewritten letters and telegrams to email and text messages and tweets. Now we can send a meaningful and easily-understood message that contains solely a smiling face made up of punctuation marks or an image of a fruit or vegetable. Email has become the major form of electronic communication. It is quick and convenient and sending messages is extremely easy; today almost all of American adults use email, and it is the most popular form of business communication. Nearly half of the world population will be using email by the end of 2020. But recent social science research suggests that the winking faces and pineapples might have a better chance of being understood than an actual, longform email message. This article investigates two questions based on this research. When it comes to this casual form of communication, how sure can we be that our intentions are properly conveyed? And where there is reason to doubt, what implications exist for the world of legal communication?
Surface fouling as a mechanism for chemotaxis in isotropic catalytic swimmers

We present microscopic models for surface fouling of an isotropic spherical catalytic microswimmer at and away from equilibrium and show how a foulant gradient can induce chemotactic behavior. Our simulations establish that the presence of foulant manifests itself in two ways: as a braking effect on propulsive particle motion, and as a drift term which probes the foulant concentration gradient. Our results suggest that, while foulant gradients are unlikely to be directly useful for chemotactically directed particles, they nevertheless exert a non-negligible influence on particle motion under a wide range of conditions.
Refractory metals: Tungsten, tantalum, columbium, and rhenium

An analysis of the status and prognosis of these four refractory metals with respect to high-temperature applications.
Health related quality of life and disease severity in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Study question: To describe health-related quality of life (HRQL) in individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, examine the cross-sectional relationship between disease severity and HRQL, and explore changes in lung function and HRQL over time in a subset of these individuals. Material/Methods: Forty-five adults with AAT deficiency and moderate to severe emphysema completed the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), six-minute walk distance (6-MWD) and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Twenty of the 45 were followed for two additional years with repeated measurements of CRQ and PFTs. Results: The mean ± SD age was 49 ± 8 years. Initial CRQ subscale scores were: dyspnea 17.5 ± 4.3; fatigue 17.0 ± 5.46; emotional function 33.1 ± 8.67; and mastery 21.7 ± 4.65. No relationship was found between percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) and CRQ score; 6 MWD and fatigue correlated significantly (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). Repeated PFT and CRQ measurements in 20 subjects showed statistically significant declines in FEV1 and slow vital capacity (SVC), but no change in CRQ scores. Conclusions: Results suggest persons with AAT deficiency face challenges to HRQL that are similar to older adults with chronic pulmonary disease. Further research is needed on the nature of the relationship between disease severity and HRQL in this population.
Emission properties of photonic crystal nanolasers

Nanolasers built on a photonic crystal platform have generated tremendous interest in the research community driven by their device application potential for on-chip optical interconnects, beam steering, biochemical sensing and quantum information processing. This chapter reviews the optical emission properties of photonic crystal nanolasers with a focus on devices operating with a few or even an individual semiconductor quantum dot as a gain medium. Concepts underlying the design and operation of these devices, as well as recent experimental results and lasing signatures are discussed. A particular focus will be the critical discussion of the ‘self-tuned gain’ mechanism, which gives rise to quantum-dot mode coupling in the off-resonant case.
FREE-ASSOCIATION RESPONSES TO THE PRIMARY RESPONSES AND OTHER RESPONSES SELECTED FROM THE PALERMO-JENKINS NORMS,

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses free-association responses to the primary purposes and other responses selected from the Palermo–Jenkins norms. A useful supplement to free-association norms is the additional determination of associations to responses that are elicited on the original test. These supplemental norms increase the number of association hierarchies available to the investigator and also provide information concerning the independent probabilities of chains of words. Free-association responses allow the independent manipulation of associative directionality of pairs of words, for example, A and B, that is, it becomes possible to choose word pairs on the basis of either the A-B or B-A associative strength. Listing of the associative probabilities of other words, given in response to B, can greatly increase the size of the pool of associative triads, that is, A-B-C chains. The original norms can be used to discover A-B-C word chains or word pairs varying in degree of bidirectionality. However, such a procedure identifies only a limited number of usable word pairs or chains.
Gangliosides and Glycolipids in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Glycolipids and gangliosides play important roles in maintaining the functional integrity of the nervous system. However, surprisingly little is known about how glycolipids and gangliosides in particular participate in various neurodegenerative processes. For example, it has been known for a long time that administration of gangliosides and in particular, GM1 ganglioside, can ameliorate damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems and can mitigate effects of a variety of neurodegenerative processes. What is not known is the extent to which dysfunctional biosynthesis or metabolism of gangliosides may be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders and if alterations observed reflect an intrinsic disease-related process or represent the response of the brain to a degenerative process. This chapter briefly reviews recent advances in the study of glycolipids and gangliosides and their potential participation in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease and the potential link between Gaucher disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Fracture Mechanics Determinations

Techniques for the evaluation of fracture mechanics parameters are described. The selection of techniques for various ceramic applications is discussed, emphasizing the particular problems encountered with these measurements in ceramic systems. Finally, the application of fracture mechanics parameters to problems in both materials development and failure prediction in ceramic systems is described.
Loving Neighbor as Self: Translating the Study Abroad Experience into Intercultural Friendships on the Home Campus

Universities focus significant attention on internationalization to prepare empathyglobally minded graduates by engaging students in study abroad programs and expanding international student enrollment. However, scholarship has not yet considered the role returned study abroad students play in meeting friendship needs of international students. This research aimed to determine if such experiences impact friendships between participants and internationals. Four basic themes emerged: isolated application of intercultural competencies, differences in empathy experiences, friendships between study abroad and international students, and institutional contributions. Key findings revealed institutions do not teach study abroad students to utilize their experience in fostering empathetic friendships withinternational students and should consider how the experience can more effectively impact intercultural friendships rather than focusing solely on domestic students’ reverse culture shock.
Taking rejection to heart: Associations between blood pressure and sensitivity to social pain.

A reliable finding from the physical pain literature is that individuals with higher resting (i.e., tonic) blood pressure experience relatively less pain in response to nociceptive stimuli. Converging lines of evidence suggest that biological factors that influence the experience of physical pain may also relate to social pain. An open question, however, is whether higher blood pressure per se is a biological factor associated with lower sensitivity to social pain. This possible association was tested in three studies. Consistent with prior findings on physical pain, higher resting blood pressure was associated with lower self-reported sensitivity to social pain across individuals (Study 1 r = -.303, Study 2 r = -.262, -.246), even after adjusting for confounding factors related to blood pressure (Study 3 r = -.222). Findings suggest a previously unknown biological correlate of sensitivity to social pain, providing further evidence for possible shared substrates for physical and social pain.
Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussions

This chapter focuses on pediatric behavioral health issues associated with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), including concussions. Children and adolescents who have sustained TBIs often experience significant and persistent cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral consequences; these can be magnified if the children had pre-existing difficulties. In addition to describing how TBIs can affect children, the chapter emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration and care coordination across systems, including the home, school, community, and healthcare settings.
Exploiting Polarization Wobble in Sinuous Antennas for the Detection of Linear Scatterers in Ground Penetrating Radar Applications

Cross- polarized returns are desirable for detecting buried asymmetrical targets with GPR systems in order to increase sensitivity. However, measuring cross-pol returns can be strongly dependent on orientation angle due to polarization mismatch. The fields transmitted by sinuous antennas are known to exhibit polarization wobble over frequency. This is often considered an undesired characteristic; however, this behavior can be exploited in order to mitigate the strong dependence of the cross-pol returns on the orientation angle.
Delayed-hydride cracking (DHC) of cladding materials: An analysis for storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel

Abstract This paper assesses potential delayed-hydride cracking (DHC) of cladding materials in long-term storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The potential stress development of cladding is evaluated based on time-dependent UO2 matrix swelling by alpha-decay irradiation effects, especially. Quantitative assessment of thermal swelling is used as a mathematical representation for the irradiation-induced swelling. The stress developed could be sufficient to cause DHC in very long-term storage and disposal of high burnup SNF. Hydride nucleation process is presented to explain time-dependent DHC process. Hydrogen super-saturation theories are also evaluated further. The hydrogen super-saturation comes from (i) crystalline hydride phase transformation, (ii) temperature decrease with time, and (iii) spatial thermal gradient. The nucleation, growth and fracture of hydride from hydrogen super-saturation at below 180 °C are considered to decrease the threshold stress intensity factor for DHC. Various relevant models for nucleation, growth and fracture of hydride, laboratory test data and reactor operation experience are discussed to check for self-consistency and DHC consequence.
Numerical Methods for Second-Order ODEs

Second-order or higher-order ODEs are vital for a broad range of problems in physics, engineering, and natural studies. For instance, wave equations, electromagnetic phenomena, heat conduction, and fluid mechanics are modeled with second-order or higher-order ODEs. In general, second-order ODEs take the form shown in Equation (3-1).
Review of Shakespeare's The Adventures of Pericles (Directed for the Stage by Scott Wentworth; Directed for Film by Barry Avrich) at the Tom Patterson Theatre, Stratford, Canada. Staged 30 May-19 September 2015. HD Film Broadcast on YouTube as Part of Stratfest@Home, Streaming 25 June-16 July 2020. Viewed 2 July 2020

Change is the dominant theatrical principle of Pericles. The play moves across six distinct geographical locations, spans roughly a decade and a half, and requires a dizzying ensemble of fishermen,...
Operation Improvements & Quality Management in Healthcare

Healthcare institutions are tasked with improving the quality of service reducing costs. The management of these organizations requires an easy method to gain quick, actionable insights to ensure they are providing quality service in a sustainable business environment. Operation improvements are to put attention on the practices planned to achieve the goals within the business on the organization. The key activities of operation improvements focus on product development. Quality of the product is the key factor as this involves customer satisfaction. Maria R. Shirey 2009 in Volume 31 of the article The Journal for Healthcare Quality (JHQ) endorses the art and science of healthcare quality preparation to improve the health results and advance the exercise in affecting situations. There are already multiple factors to improve operations and quality. However, a data analytics solution can be developed to provide insights to clinical laboratory and hospital management about the performance of the healthcare organization via series related metrics and reports which also can provide insights into current industry conditions and emerging trends. The core laboratory operation metrics module can be designed to provide insights related to the operational performance of the core laboratory.
An 8-Gb GDDR6X DRAM Achieving 22 Gb/s/pin With Single-Ended PAM-4 Signaling

Demand for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) bandwidth has outpaced DRAM transistor performance. Given the options of major process investment to scale beyond sixth-generation graphics double-data-rate (GDDR6) or replace GDDR6 with costly high bandwidth memory (HBM), this article presents a solution that simultaneously increases pin and energy efficiency through the integration of four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) into the single-ended memory interface. Building upon the existing GDDR6 architecture, evolutionary modifications to input, output, clocking, and data path, along with the component package design, enable a per-pin data rate of more than 22 Gb/s.
Culture wars? The (re)politicization of Swedish cultural policy

Swedish cultural policy has long been characterized by broad political consensus, partially because it has only drawn very limited attention as an arena for political conflict. There are now indica...
Probabilistic neural networks that predict compressive strength of high strength concrete in mass placements using thermal history

Abstract This study explored the use of artificial neural networks to predict UHPC compressive strengths given thermal history and key mix components. The model developed herein employs Bayesian variational inference using Monte Carlo dropout to convey prediction uncertainty using 735 datapoints on seven UHPC mixtures collected using a variety of techniques. Datapoints contained a measured compressive strength along with three curing inputs (specimen maturity, maximum temperature experienced during curing, time of maximum temperature) and five mixture inputs to distinguish each UHPC mixture (cement type, silicon dioxide content, mix type, water to cementitious material ratio, and admixture dosage rate). Input analysis concluded that predictions were more sensitive to curing inputs than mixture inputs. On average, 8.2% of experimental results in the final model fell outside of the predicted range with 67.9% of these cases conservatively underpredicting. The results support that this model methodology is able to make sufficient probabilistic predictions within the scope of the provided dataset but is not for extrapolating beyond the training data. In addition, the model was vetted using various datasets obtained from literature to assess its versatility. Overall this model is a promising advancement towards predicting mechanical properties of high strength concrete with known uncertainties.
On the Angle of Dissipativity of Ordinary and Partial Differential Operators

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the computation of the angle of dissipativity of second order uniformly elliptic operators. Under the standard smoothness assumptions on the coefficients of A , on γ and Γ, the angle of dissipativity turns out to be independent of the operator A and the boundary condition β and only depends on the space. The chapter presents an application of the one-dimensional results to the estimation of the norm of certain multiplier operators. In the case of 1 θ(u) may not be continuously differentiable; however, a simple argument based on the Taylor formula shows that if u is a polynomial (or, more generally, an analytic function) then θ(u) is absolutely continuous. Computation of the norm of certain multiplier operators is also discussed in the chapter.
Lithium inhibits terminal differentiation of erythroleukemia cells. Evidence for a pre-commitment 'priming' event.

Abstract Lithium has been found to be a novel inhibitor of the terminal differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells. A general method for the quantitative analysis of differentiation inhibitors has been developed and used to compare the site of inhibition by lithium with that by vanadate. Lithium inhibits the commitment to differentiation ( K 1 2 ~ 10 mM ) induced by DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) at non-toxic concentrations that have only a small effect on the rate of proliferation. Inhibition is reversible and probably requires entry of Li+ into the cell, since it is blocked by high KCl in the medium. LiCl is most effective when present during the first 10 h of DMSO treatment, before commitment is initiated. Computer-assisted analysis of the kinetics of commitment demonstrate that inhibition by lithium is best described by including a lithium-sensitive ‘priming’ event, which occurs with high probability prior to commitment.
Multi-hop relay selection based on fade durations

The selection of a relay in a cooperative network is usually based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In a situation where the SNR is low due to Rayleigh fading, the receiver signal may show a sudden loss. Such signal loss may result in significant loss of information at the receiver and it is the duration of such a loss period that will most significantly cause channel and source coding to fail. To avoid such a phenomenon in relay selection, it is important to compute second-order statistics and select relays based on fade duration (FD), both average fade duration (AFD) and the probability that a fade duration will exceed a threshold. This paper provides algorithms for AFD-based and FD threshold-based relay selection in multiple and single hop cooperative wireless networks. It also shows how to increase the reliability of the network by minimizing the average fade duration.
Spin-Structure Function of the Neutron (3He): SLAC Results

A first measurement of the longitudinal asymmetry of deep-inelastic scattering of polarized electrons from a polarized 3He target at energies ranging from 19 to 26 GeV has been performed at SLAC. The spin-structure function of the neutron g 1 n has been extracted from the measured asymmetries allowing for a test of the Ellis-Jaffe and Bjorken sum rules. The Quark Parton Model (QPM) interpretation of the nucleon spin-structure function is examined in light of the new results.
Microscopic study on accelerated thermal signal decay by MFM

Summary form only given. We have learned from thermal decay spin-stand testing and thermal decay modeling Richter et al (IEEE Trans. Magn. vol. 37, p.1531-1533, 2001) that the thermal decay mechanisms of recorded signals are complex. In the previous paper a recorded transition is treated as a uniform entity cross the track since the readback signal from a spinstand is an average. This paper presents 3D microscopic details of recorded transitions by MFM before and after thermal decay and complements what we learned about thermal decay mechanisms.
The Birth of Stars in Galaxies

Our empirical understanding of galaxy formation and evolution rests on a combination of observations of the stellar populations in the nearest galaxies, direct observations of galaxies at cosmological lookback times, and integrated measurements of galaxies at the present epoch. This review describes several examples of recent observations which offer important clues about the history of star formation in galaxies.
Hierarchical hidden Markov models for information extraction

Information extraction can be defined as the task of automatically extracting instances of specified classes or relations from text. We consider the case of using machine learning methods to induce models for extracting relation instances from biomedical articles. We propose and evaluate an approach that is based on using hierarchical hidden Markov models to represent the grammatical structure of the sentences being processed. Our approach first uses a shallow parser to construct a multi-level representation of each sentence being processed. Then we train hierarchical HMMs to capture the regularities of the parses for both positive and negative sentences. We evaluate our method by inducing models to extract binary relations in three biomedical domains. Our experiments indicate that our approach results in more accurate models than several baseline HMM approaches.
Compulsory License Case Study: An Introduction to Competing Patent Perspectives

This chapter builds upon the basic rules for compulsory licenses under TRIPS (available at http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1922803) to consider one reason TRIPS-compliant compulsory licenses remain controversial. It introduces two competing perspectives of patents as a possible social schema that can help anticipate (or at least better understand) not only controversy, but misstatements concerning the TRIPS rules for compulsory licenses.
Research on Cost Strategies in Railway Construction Business Based on Value Chain Analysis

Based on the completive advantage and value chain, this paper analyzes the key link of value chain construction and value creation of railway construction enterprises, after this, we discussed the effective approaches and methods for railway construction enterprises to carry out cost strategy and promote the market development. Key word: Railway construction enterprises; Value chain; Cost strategies
Safe intraaortic balloon pump placement through the ascending aorta using transesophageal ultrasound

Intraaortic balloon pumping salvages a substantial number of patients who fail to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass after an open heart operation. Patients with severe peripheral vascular disease may require ascending aortic balloon pump insertion. We describe a simple method of direct aortic puncture for intraaortic balloon pump placement using transesophageal ultrasound as a means of avoiding complications during insertion and documenting correct balloon position.
Entrepreneurial decisions and legal issues in early venture stages: Advice that shouldn’t be ignored

Abstract Entrepreneurs make numerous business decisions each day, many of which have significant legal implications. Due to a lack of time and knowledge, however, these entrepreneurs too often make quick decisions regarding important matters—both current and future—based on a few primary factors, one of which is cost. Entrepreneurs appear to make decisions based on concrete, but frequently inappropriate, factors such as comparison of bottom-line dollar value or relatively small fees; in this scenario, short-term decisions are made that do not take into account intricate legal and strategic implications which may arise down the road. As such, we would suggest a different approach whereby entrepreneurs take the time to learn about and understand the implications of these decisions on long-term sustainability, liability protection, and growth potential. Herein, we discuss how using cost to compare and make decisions has an impact on three issues with legal implications that occur early in the start-up process, and which pose major implications for the entrepreneur if he or she does not deal with them properly. Toward this end, we propose some solutions to help prevent this from happening.
Recent African rainfall patterns

We present the results of a pilot study aimed at creating a more concrete basis for discussion of the variability in both space and time of rainfall in the Sahel.
Rotation Curves for Spiral Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field

Rotation curves of spiral galaxies in clusters are compared with their counterparts in the field using three criteria: (1) inner and outer velocity gradients, (2)M/L gradients, and (3) Burstein's mass type methodology. Both Hα emission-line rotation curves and more extendedHi rotation curves are used. A good correlation is found between the outer gradient of the rotation curve and the galaxy's distance from the centre of the cluster, in the sense that the inner galaxies tend to have falling rotation curves while the outer galaxies, and field galaxies, tend to have flat or rising rotation curves. A correlation is also found between theM/L gradient across a galaxy and the galaxy's position in the cluster, with the outer galaxies having steeperM/L gradients. Mass types for field spirals are shown to be a function of both Hubble-type and luminosity, contrary to earlier results. The statistical difference between the distribution of mass types in clusters and in the field reported by Bursteinet al. is confirmed. These correlations indicate that the inner cluster environment can strip away some fraction of the mass in the outer halo of a spiral galaxy, or alternatively, may not allow the halo to form.
RC hardened FPGA configuration SRAM cell design

A radiation hardened configuration bit cell design is proposed for an SRAM-based FPGA used in space application. The p-type gate poly on p-substrate structure provides a radiation immune resistor and a capacitor for RC hardened signal path. In addition to area efficiency, the proposed cell also overcomes the traditional linear energy transfer sensitivity to process and temperature variation.
Officers and School Settings Examining the Influence of the School Environment on Officer Roles and Job Satisfaction

Despite growing numbers of school police personnel, little research has examined how school environments influence officers assigned to school resource officer (SRO) programs. This study explored o...
Culturally Relevant Pedagogy and Behaviors: A Study of Faculty Beliefs at Six Christian Postsecondary Institutions.

This study explored the perspectives of faculty at six evangelical Christian universities concerning cultural diversity and how theological beliefs might impact faculty members’ commitment to a culturally competent pedagogy. A mixed methods design employing both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interviews) was utilized for data collection. Two hundred fifty-four faculty members voluntarily responded to an original survey. Subsequently, 30 faculty members participated in a follow-up interview with the researcher. An analysis of the data provided evidence of a variety of effective culturally relevant pedagogies at Christian institutions. Many participants stated that building relationships with students of color was even more important than specific instructional practices. This study suggests that an increasing number of faculty are interested in adapting their behavior and pedagogy, an encouraging finding for students of color. The wide range of teaching strategies and faculty development options de...
Epigallocatechin-gallate modulates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells.

Green tea polyphenols are chemopreventive in several cancer models but their use as adjunctive therapeutic agents for cancer is unknown. Cholangiocarcinomas respond poorly to chemotherapeutic agents, and our aims were to assess the utility of green tea polyphenols as adjuncts to chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma. We assessed the effect of purified green tea catechins on chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in KMCH, CC-LP-1 and Mz-ChA-1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), but not the structurally related catechin epigallocatechin, sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by gemcitabine, mitomycin C, or 5-fluorouracil in vitro. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytosolic cytochrome C expression and apoptosis were increased in cells incubated with EGCG and gemcitabine compared to either agent alone. Furthermore, EGCG decreased in vivo growth and increased the sensitivity to gemcitabine of Mz-ChA-1 cells xenografts in nude mice. In conclusion, the green tea polyphenol EGCG sensitizes human cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and warrants evaluation as an adjunct to chemotherapy for the treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma.
Anatomy of the Femoral Footprint of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A Systematic Review

Purpose The purpose of this study was to summarize the past 10 years of orthopaedic literature to better delineate the femoral origin of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Methods A PubMed search was conducted by 2 independent reviewers (M.P., M.V.) using the search terms "posterior cruciate ligament" or "PCL," "femur" or "femoral," and "anatomy" or "origin" or "footprint." Cadaveric and radiographic studies performed between January 1, 2003, and November 30, 2013, were analyzed. Results Aggregate data from radiographic parameters indicate that the anatomic origin of the anterolateral bundle lies 40% of the distance from the anterior articular surface of the femur and 14.5% of the tangent distance from the Blumensaat line toward the intercondylar notch. The origin of the posteromedial bundle lies 56% from the anterior surface and 36.5% of the tangent distance toward the notch. On the basis of cadaveric data, the center of the anterolateral bundle is 8 mm from the anterior surface (27.5% of the Blumensaat line), 4.7 mm tangent from the Blumensaat line toward the notch (22.5% of the tangent distance), and 3.6 mm from the medial intercondylar ridge; the center of the posteromedial bundle is 11.9 mm from the anterior articular surface (42.5%), 10.9 mm along the tangent line (57.5%), and 3.1 mm from the medial intercondylar ridge. Conclusions We were able to precisely delineate the femoral origin of the PCL through our systematic review. Clinical Relevance Our systematic review may assist arthroscopic knee surgeons in placing anatomic tunnels during reconstruction of the PCL.
The acquisition of relative clauses by Tamil children.

This paper reports the findings of a cross-sectional study that investigated the acquisition of relative clauses by 27 Tamil-speaking children, who ranged in age from 2; II to 6; 6. A picture-cued production task was used to elicit relative clauses from the child subjects. An analysis of the subjects' responses revealed that children below the age of 5; 0 relativized significantly less often than the older children; furthermore, when they did produce relative clauses, they exhibited a strong preference for the tag relative and produced significantly fewer participial relatives than the older children. The findings also indicated that the younger children produced a significantly greater number of pragmatically inappropriate responses than the older children. It is argued that the observed age-related differences in Tamil children's relativizations very likely stem from performance factors and that the younger children are probably not inferior to the older children with respect to their grammatical and pragmatic competence.
Effect of pH on Protein−Ligand Equilibria

When a protein binds a ligand, hydrogen ions may be liberated or consumed. When this occurs, the apparent equilibrium constant K‘ for the dissociation of the ligand will be a function of pH. Thus, ...
Maturing spawning and egg collecting of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei boone in a recirculating system

A specially designed recirculating system was used to maintain P. vannamei broodstock for maturation, mating and spawning in the same tank. Two groups of different size shrimp were stocked in this system in Phase I (8 May to 5 September 1989) and Phase II (5 September to 5 December 1989). Results showed that this recirculating system was able to maintain good water quality keeping broodstock maturing, mating and spawning with high stocking density (10 shrimp/m2) and low mortality (6%). Seventy-eight percent of spawned eggs were collected by a submerged egg collector. Mating success was very poor (3.4%) in Phase I even though there was normal spawning frequency. Mating success and nauplii production were much improved in Phase II. During Phase II 104 male and female broodstock housed in a 6 m3 tank produced 1.6 ± 106 nauplii (with 70% mating success) in three months. This study illustrated that broodstock size was a critical factor of successful mating and fertilization for P. vunnamei, and also, reduction of handling stress and lowered disturbance of the shrimp greatly enhanced the mating success.