cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processive cytoskeletal motors studied with single-molecule fluorescence techniques

Processive cytoskeletal motors from the myosin, kinesin, and dynein families walk on actin filaments and microtubules to drive cellular transport and organization in eukaryotic cells. These remarkable molecular machines are able to take hundreds of successive steps at speeds of up to several microns per second, allowing them to effectively move vesicles and organelles throughout the cytoplasm. Here, we focus on single-molecule fluorescence techniques and discuss their wide-ranging applications to the field of cytoskeletal motor research. We cover both traditional fluorescence and sub-diffraction imaging of motors, providing examples of how fluorescence data can be used to measure biophysical parameters of motors such as coordination, stepping mechanism, gating, and processivity. We also outline some remaining challenges in the field and suggest future directions.
Gene polymorphisms, bone mineral density and bone mineral content in young children:the Iowa bone development study

We examined the association of candidate gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in a cohort of 428 healthy non-Hispanic white children participating in the Iowa Bone Development Study, a longitudinal study of determinants of bone accrual in childhood. BMD and BMC measurements of the hip, spine and whole body were made using a Hologic 2000 Plus densitometer in 228 girls and 200 boys ages 4.5–6.5 years. Genotypes at 14 loci representing eight candidate genes [type I collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2), osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR)] were determined. Gender-specific and gender-combined prediction models for bone measures that included age, weight, height (and gender) were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. COL1A2 and osteocalcin genotypes were identified as having the strongest and most consistent association with BMD/BMC measures. Osteonectin, osteopontin and VDR translation initiation site polymorphisms were associated with some individual bone measures, but none of the associations was as consistent as those identified for the COL1A2 and osteocalcin genes. No association was identified with COL1A1 (RsaI and Sp1), VDR (BsmI) and ER polymorphisms (PvuII, XbaI, TA) and BMD/BMC. However, we identified significant gene-by-gene interaction effects involving the ER and both VDR and osteocalcin, which were associated with BMD/BMC. Our data suggest that genetic variation at multiple genetic loci is important in bone accrual in children. Moreover, the combination of genotypes as several loci may be as important as a single genotype for determining BMD and BMC.
Ultrastructure of bovine spermatozoa. I. The head of normal, ejaculated sperm

The ultrastructure of the normal bovine sperm head has been studied and particular attention has been given to the morphology and coverings of the nucleus and the formation of the equatorial segment. The bovine sperm head consists of a homogeneous, flattened nucleus which is covered anteriorly by a three-layered head cap and posteriorly by a loose, thin, dense, post-nuclear cap. The nucleus measures approximately 0.2 to 0.3 μ in thickness. It tapers anteriorly to a sharp point along the frontal portion of the head and thickens posteriorly to accommodate an implantation socket for the tail. The nuclear membrane is double and porous. Vacuoles or openings of variable size and shape are present in the nucleoplasm, predominantly in the posterior portion of the nucleus. The head cap measures approximately 350 to 500 A in thickness. It consists of dense inner and outer membranes which envelop a moderately electron dense middle layer. The head cap thickens across the frontal part of the head forming a ridge on one side of the nucleus. A sequence of structural alterations in the head cap provide evidence for the appearance of the equatorial segment. The anterior portion of the head cap swells and deteriorates leaving the posterior portion intact as a band about the center of the nucleus. This band represents the equatorial segment.
Application of dynamic calorimetry for monitoring fermentation processes

The rate of heat evolution (kcal/liter-hr) in mycelial fermentations for novobiocin and cellulase production with media containing noncellular solids was measured by an in situ dynamic calorimetric procedure. Thermal data so obtained have proved significant both in monitoring cell concentration during the trophophase (growth phase) and in serving as a physiological variable in the fermentation process. The validity of this technique has been demonstrated by closing the overall material and energy balances. The maintenance energy in a batch fermentation can be calculated by integrating heat evolution data. This integration method is applicable to a fermentation lacking a precise cell growth curve. The maintenance coefficient, obtained for the novobiocin fermentation by Streptomyces niveus, is equal to 0.028 g glucose equivalent/g cell-hr. The production of novobiocin in the idiophase (production phase) also correlates well with the amount of energy catabolized for maintenance and this results in an observed conversion yield of glucose to novobiocin of 11.8 mg of novobiocin produced per gram of glucose catabolized. A new physiological variable, kilocalories of heat evolved per millimole of oxygen consumed, has been proposed to monitor the state of cells during the fermentation. This method may provide a simple way to monitor on-line shifts in the efficiency of cell respiration and changes in growth yields during a microbial process.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Maoecrystal V

The total synthesis of racemic maoecrystal V has been accomplished. Key steps include an intramolecular Diels–Alder cyclization to rapidly construct the core system from simple starting materials and the creation of the A–C ring trans-fusion through intramolecular delivery of a hydrogen to the hindered β-face of the ring system.
An experimental analysis of suitability of various semiactive control methods for magneto-rheological vehicle suspensions

The primary purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive experimental analysis of how various popular semiactive control methods perform when used with magneto rheological dampers. Specifically, the performance of five different skyhook control methods is studied experimentally, using a single suspension test rig. The control methods that are analyzed include: skyhook control, groundhook control, hybrid control, displacement skyhook, and relative displacement skyhook. For a MR damper, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of how these semiactive control methods perform at the sprung and unsprung mass natural frequencies, using the single suspension test rig. Upon evaluating the performance of each control method in frequency domain for various conditions, they are compared with each other as well as with passive damping. The results indicate that no one control method outperforms others at both the sprung and unsprung mass natural frequencies. Each method can perform better than the other control methods in some respect. Hybrid control, however, comes close to providing the best compromise between different dynamic demands on a primary suspension. The results indicate that hybrid control can offer benefits to both the sprung and unsprung mass with control gain settings that provide equal contributions from skyhook control and groundhook control.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design

A survey of those features of hand tools relevant to the physical interaction between the implement and the human operator. Concepts basics to the optimization of forces are mentioned, followed by a description of some of the more common physiological problems and musculoskeletal complaints associated with improper hand tool and design and usage. An account of the distribution of contact pressures and possible consequences, if these are excessive, is followed by a description of the role of working gloves as related to ergonomic problems and their possible relationships to occupational diseases of the hand and wrist. Some aspects of anatomy and anthropometry pertinent to the optimization of posture, motion patterns and tool size precede a list of desirable features for power tools. A glossary is included as an aid to the reader. The concepts and situations described are applicable to the design and use of the vast majority of hand tools.
Field studies on abscisic acid and embryonic germinability in winter wheat

Abstract Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differ in resistance to preharvest sprouting, which can occur when rains precede harvest. The objective of this study was to determine of sprouting resistance was related to endogenous levels of embryonic abscisic acid ( ABA ) and/or to the degree of embryonic sensitivity (capability of ABA to block embryonic germination) to exogenously applied ABA . Embryonic ABA levels and sensitivity were compared during the grain development period in 1983 and 1984 in a sprouting-resistant cultivar, ‘Brevor’, and a susceptible cultivar, ‘Greer’. The ABA levels were influenced by environment and year but not by cultivar, except at the soft-dough/ hard-dough transition stage of development in both years and at hard-dough stage in 1983. At those stages, Brevor had higher levels of free ABA than Greer. Embryonic ABA level and rate of germination of dissected embryos in water were not related, but the rate of germination was reduced by exogenous ABA (5×10 −5 M ), and was reduced more in Brevor than in Greer. Differences in embryonic sensitivity to ABA , modulated by environmental conditions during the grain-filling period, may contribute to cultivar differences in resistance to preharvest sprouting.
Temperature measurements in steady axisymmetric partially premixed flames by use of rainbow schlieren deflectometry.

We focus on the utility of rainbow schlieren as a tool for measuring the temperature of axisymmetric partially premixed flames (PPFs). Methane-air PPFs are established on a coannular burner. The flames involve two spatially distinct reaction zones, one in an inner premixed region that has a curved tip and a spatially planar wing portion and another that involves an outer nonpremixed zone in which intermediate species burn in air. Schlieren images are found to visualize clearly these PPF characteristics through light deflection by steep refractive-index gradients in the two reaction zone fronts. The temperature distributions of two flames established at fuel-rich mixture equivalence ratios of ϕr = 1.5 and 2.0, with bulk-averaged velocities, Vreac = 60 cm s-1 and Vair = 50 cm s-1, are inferred from color schlieren images, and a measurement error analysis is performed. Errors arise from two sources. One lies in the process of inferring the temperature from the refractive-index measurement by making assumptions regarding the local composition of the flame. We have shown through simulations that the average temperature deviations due to these assumptions are 1.7% for the ϕr = 1.5 flame and 2.3% for the ϕr = 2.0 flame. Another source involves the local uncertainty in the measurement of the transverse ray displacement at the filter plane that is used to determine the refractive index and thereafter the flame temperature. We have ascertained that a maximum error of 4.3% in the temperature determination can be attributed to this local measurement uncertainty. This investigation demonstrates the capability of the schlieren technique for providing not only qualitative displays of the PPFs but also full-field-of-view temperature measurements that are accurate, spatially resolved, and nonintrusive.
Vascular leakage resulting from topical application of endotoxin to the gingiva of the beagle dog.

Abstract Endotoxin from Leptotrichia buccalis was topically applied to tooth surfaces related to clinically healthy gingiva. Saline was used in contralateral controls. Vascular labelling with carbon black was used to indicate vascular leakage. All gingival areas where endotoxin was applied had labelled subcrevicular vessels (mean score of 3.4 on 0–4 scale). Minimal or no labelling was observed in control areas (score 0.9). The findings indicate that topical endotoxin causes leakage in vessels of healthy gingiva. It probably penetrates healthy crevicular epithelium to produce this effect and may be important as a participant in the early events of gingivitis.
Characterization fo a macromolecular inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation from ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Summary A non-dialyzable inhibitor of protein synthesis has been partially purified from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Preparations of this inhibitor have no effect on the initial rate of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates but cause a partial shut-off of amino acid incorporation after a lag period. The inhibitor has no appreciable endonuclease activity towards reticulocyte polysomes but under conditions of protein synthesis if causes disaggregation of polysomes. The effect of the inhibition can be overcome by the initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNA f and GTP and which binds of 40S ribosomal subunits. These results suggest that the Ehrlich ascites inhibitor is very similar to an inhibitor previously identified in reticulocytes.
Burning Mouth Syndrome

The aetiology of BMS remains an enigma, however novel evidence suggests a neuropathic basis, which may explain concomitant vulvodynia in some patients.The constant high level spontaneous chronic pain in BMS has significant functional and psychological repercussions for these patients.Cognitive behavioural therapy remains the sole evidence based management of this condition, whilst some patients respond to treatment with Tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs or SNRIs, compliance with medication remains an issue due to pharma side effects.Increasing evidence suggests that there may be 3 subgroups that should be managed differently.
Distribution of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactive fibers within the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens.

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) can be divided into distinct subfields, delineated on the basis of histochemical markers as well as by afferent and efferent projection patterns. The shell subregion has reciprocal relationships with a variety of limbic areas and brainstem autonomic structures, and has been suggested to participate in motivation-related processes, including reward, stress, and arousal. The locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system has similarly been implicated in the modulation of behavioral state and stress-related processes, and previous studies have demonstrated reciprocal projections between the locus coeruleus and Acb shell. To better understand the anatomical substrate through which LC could influence activity within Acb shell, immunohistochemical methods were used to visualize the extent and the distribution of noradrenergic axons within this structure. Coronal sections of rat brain were processed to visualize immunoreactivity for the norepinephrine synthetic enzyme dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker for noradrenergic processes. In some cases, alternate sections were processed for immunohistochemical localization of substance P, in order to delineate core, shell, and pallidal compartments. Moderate-to-dense DBH-like immunoreactivity (DBHir) was found in approximately the caudal half of the shell subregion, particularly in caudalmost (septal pole) and ventral zones. The innervation of the septal pole was contiguous with a dense innervation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Few immunoreactive fibers were observed in the caudate-putamen, Acb core, or rostral Acb shell. Many DBHir fibers within the shell region were highly arborized with numerous varicosities, features indicative of terminal fields. These observations suggest noradrenergic systems might modulate certain processes associated with stress, behavioral state, or reinforcement via actions within the Acb shell. Synapse 27:230-241, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF FLANK AND CRATER WEAR ON CUTTING FORCE MODELING IN ORTHOGONAL MACHINING — PART II: BAYESIAN APPROACH-BASED MODEL VALIDATION

Flank and crater wear are the primary tool wear patterns during the progressive tool wear in metal cutting. Cutting forces may increase or decrease, depending on the combined contribution from the flank and/or crater wear. A two-dimensional (2D) slip-line field based analytical model has been proposed to model the force contributions from both the flank and crater wear. To validate the proposed force model, the Bayesian linear regression is implemented with credible intervals to evaluate the force model performance in orthogonal cutting of CK45 steels. In this study, the proposed analytical worn tool force model-based predictions fall well within the 75% credible intervals determined by the Bayesian approach, implying a satisfactory modeling capability of the proposed model. Based on the parametric study using the proposed force model, it is found that cutting forces decrease with the increasing crater wear depth but increase with the increasing flank wear length. Also, the predicted cutting forces are affected noticeably by the friction coefficients along the rake and flank faces and the ratio of crater sticking region to sliding region, and better knowledge of such friction coefficients and ratio is expected to further improve worn tool force modeling accuracy. Compared with the finite element approach, the proposed analytical approach is efficient and easy to extend to three-dimensional worn tool cutting configurations.
On the application of Biot's theory to acoustic wave propagation in snow

A fluid-saturated, elastic, porous media model is used to describe acoustic wave propagation in snow. This model predicts the existence of two dilatational waves and a shear wave. In homogeneous, isotropic snow the two dilatational waves are uncoupled from one another but involve coupled motion between the interstitial air and ice skeleton. Dilatational waves of the first kind and shear waves are slightly dispersive and attenuated with distance. Dilatational waves of the second kind are strongly dispersive and highly attenuated. The model also predicts that the wave impedance for snow is close to that of air and that snow strongly absorbs acoustic wave energy. Available experimental phase velocity, impedance and attenuation data support the calculated results. Phase velocity measurements indicate three identifiable categories: fast dilatational waves (phase velocity ⩾ 500 m/s), slow dilatational waves (phase velocity < 500 m/s) and shear waves. Wave impedance and attenuation measurements illustrate the low impedance, highly absorbing characteristics of snow. Additional impedance, attenuation and phase velocity data are required to further test and improve the model.
Plasmid-Encoded Phthalate Catabolic Pathway in Arthrobacter keyseri 12B

Several 2-substituted benzoates (including 2-trifluoromethyl-, 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, 2-iodo-, 2-nitro-, 2-methoxy-, and 2-acetyl-benzoates) were converted by phthalate-grown Arthrobacter keyseri (formerly Micrococcus sp.) 12B to the corresponding 2-substituted 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (protocatechuates). Because these products lack a carboxyl group at the 2 position, they were not substrates for the next enzyme of the phthalate catabolic pathway, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate 2-decarboxylase, and accumulated. When these incubations were carried out in iron-containing minimal medium, the products formed colored chelates. This chromogenic response was subsequently used to identify recombinant Escherichia coli strains carrying genes encoding the responsible enzymes, phthalate 3,4-dioxygenase and 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophthalate dehydrogenase, from the 130-kbp plasmid pRE1 of strain 12B. Beginning with the initially cloned 8.14-kbp PstI fragment of pRE824 as a probe to identify recombinant plasmids carrying overlapping fragments, a DNA segment of 33.5 kbp was cloned from pRE1 on several plasmids and mapped using restriction endonucleases. From these plasmids, the sequence of 26,274 contiguous bp was determined. Sequenced DNA included several genetic units: tnpR, pcm operon, ptr genes, pehA, norA fragment, and pht operon, encoding a transposon resolvase, catabolism of protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate), a putative ATP-binding cassette transporter, a possible phthalate ester hydrolase, a fragment of a norfloxacin resistance-like transporter, and the conversion of phthalate to protocatechuate, respectively. Activities of the eight enzymes involved in the catabolism of phthalate through protocatechuate to pyruvate and oxaloacetate were demonstrated in cells or cell extracts of recombinant E. coli strains.
Transverse flow imaging based on photoacoustic Doppler bandwidth broadening.

We propose a new method to measure transverse flow ve- locity based on photoacoustic Doppler bandwidth broadening, which is determined by the geometry of the probe-beam and the velocity of the transverse flow. By exploiting pulsed laser excitation and raster motor scanning, three-dimensional structure and flow velocity can be imaged simultaneously. In addition, the flow direction can be deter- mined with bidirectional scanning. In a flowing suspension of red- dyed microspheres diameter: 6 m, transverse flow speeds ranging from 0 to 2.5 mm/s as well as flow direction were measured. A cross- sectional flow image was also obtained with the tube laid in a zigzag pattern. © 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Organ specific, protocol dependent modulation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene carcinogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by dietary ellagic acid

This study investigated pre-initiation and post-initiation effects of dietary ellagic acid (EA) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) multi-organ carcinogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). EA at 100, 250 (study 2), 1000 and 2000 (study 1) p.p.m. suppressed stomach adenopapilloma incidence by 33, 60, 70 and 78% (P or = 1000 p.p.m., but increased liver tumor incidence at doses > or = 250 p.p.m. Three protocols examined EA effects on the initiation process. EA fed at 1000 p.p.m. concurrently with 750 p.p.m. dietary DMBA for 7 weeks modestly reduced stomach tumor incidence (from 85 to 78%, P < 0.05) and multiplicity (from 6.3 +/- 4.3 to 4.9 +/- 2.9, P < 0.01), but did not alter swim-bladder or liver response. The effect of EA pretreatment prior to DMBA single-dose initiation by gill uptake was also examined. When fed for 1 week prior to initiation, 2000 p.p.m. EA again imposed a small reduction in stomach adenoma incidence (from 88 to 78%; P < 0.05) and multiplicity (from 5.5 +/- 3.2 to 4.4 +/- 3.2; P < 0.01). However, when EA was pre-fed for 3 weeks instead of 1 week, protection in the stomach was lost and response in liver and swim-bladder significantly increased. In sum, these studies demonstrate that EA influence on DMBA tumorigenesis in this multi-organ model is highly protocol dependent and organ specific. Post-initiation dietary EA consistently suppressed stomach tumor development in trout, at EA doses far lower than those required for protection in rodents. At higher doses, however, EA also displayed toxicity and a potential in some protocols to enhance tumor response in other organs.
Time-Ordered Event Traces: A New Debugging Primitive for Concurrency Bugs

Non-determinism makes concurrent bugs extremely difficult to reproduce and to debug. In this work, we propose a new debugging primitive to facilitate the debugging process by exposing this non-deterministic behavior to the programmer. The key idea is to generate a time-ordered trace of events such as function calls/returns and memory accesses across different threads. The architectural support for this primitive is lightweight, including a high-precision, frequency-invariant time-stamp counter and an event trace buffer in each processor core. The proposed primitive continuously records and timestamps the last N function calls/returns per core by default, and can also be configured to watch specific memory addresses or code regions through a flexible software interface. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed primitive, we studied a variety of concurrent bugs in large commercial software and our results show that exposing the time-ordered information, function calls/returns in particular, to the programmer is highly beneficial for diagnosing the root causes of these bugs.
Potential Impact of West Nile Virus on American Avifaunas

In the Western Hemisphere, West Nile virus (WNV) first caused illness in bird and human populations in New York in 1999, and the epizootic continues (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] 1999, 2002b). Most attention has been focused on the significant human toll, but the impact on birds is striking. Thousands of birds, especially American Crows (Corvus bracbyrhynchos) and Fish Crows (C. ossifragus) have died, and some crow populations may have been extirpated (Komar et al. 2001). In the autumn bird migration of 2002, millions of birds of over 200 species left areas infected with WNV in North America for their wintering grounds in the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Flight times are sufficiently short for infected birds to remain infectious on arrival (Rappole et al. 2000). Thus, it is almost certain that the virus will become established in mosquito-rich areas throughout Latin America (Petersen & Roehrig 2001; Campbell et al. 2002). What implications does this impending hemispherewide spread have for bird conservation? Unfortunately, we have little information at present that allows us to answer this question. Herein, I describe some hypothetical outcomes of the spread of WNV throughout the hemisphere. I suggest avenues of research that, if taken, may better elucidate where WNV is going. Such information is essential if conservation biologists are to have any hope of anticipating and mitigating worst-case scenarios.
Improving Energy Metabolism in the Postischemic Heart-The Story of GIK:

Heart muscle is a metabolic omnivore. The normal heart derives its energy for contraction from the oxidation of longchain fatty acids. The stressed heart switches to carbohydrate substrates for greater efficiency of energy production. Here we review the evidence for glucose-insulin-potassium as an effective strategy to treat postischemic contractile dysfunction of the heart. There is a strong rationale for both glucose and insulin to restore efficient energy transfer in the metabolically depleted postischemic heart. In spite ofits long history and abundant opportunities for translational research, the field is still in its infancy. Further progress is tied to two broad areas of research: randomized, multicenter clinical trialsand systematic studies addressing cellular signaling mechanisms, including nutrient sensing of myocardial gene expression.
Using Concreteness in Education: Real Problems, Potential Solutions

Abstract— A growing body of research suggests that the use of concrete materials is not a sure-fire strategy for helping children succeed in the classroom. Instead, concrete materials can help or hinder learning, depending on a number of different factors. Taken together, the articles in this issue highlight the complexities involved in using concrete materials in the classroom and warn educators and researchers that students’ learning from concrete materials can be derailed in a number of ways, such as (a) choosing the wrong types of materials, (b) structuring the environment in ways that do not support learning from concrete materials, and (c) failing to connect concrete representations to abstract representations. Each of these problems is discussed and some potential solutions are offered.
Taking the Conservation Biology Perspective to Secondary School Classrooms

The influence of conservation biology can be enhanced greatly if it reaches beyond undergraduate biology to students at the middle and high school levels. If a conservation perspective were taught in secondary schools, students who are not interested in biology could be influenced to pursue careers or live lifestyles that would reduce the negative impact of humans on the world. We use what we call the ecology-disrupted approach to transform the topics of conservation biology research into environmental-issue and ecology topics, the major themes of secondary school courses in environmental science. In this model, students learn about the importance and complexity of normal ecological processes by studying what goes wrong when people disrupt them (environmental issues). Many studies published in Conservation Biology are related in some way to the ecological principles being taught in secondary schools. Describing research in conservation biology in the language of ecology curricula in secondary schools can help bring these science stories to the classroom and give them a context in which they can be understood by students. Without this context in the curriculum, a science story can devolve into just another environmental issue that has no immediate effect on the daily lives of students. Nevertheless, if the research is placed in the context of larger ecological processes that are being taught, students can gain a better understanding of ecology and a better understanding of their effect on the world.
Drug-Induced QT Prolongation as a Result of an Escitalopram Overdose in a Patient with Previously Undiagnosed Congenital Long QT Syndrome

We present a case of drug-induced QT prolongation caused by an escitalopram overdose in a patient with previously undiagnosed congenital LQTS. A 15-year-old Caucasian female presented following a suicide attempt via an escitalopram overdose. The patient was found to have a prolonged QT interval with episodes of torsades de pointes. The patient was admitted to the telemetry unit and treated. Despite the resolution of the torsades de pointes, she continued to demonstrate a persistently prolonged QT interval. She was seen by the cardiology service and diagnosed with congenital long QT syndrome. This case illustrates the potential for an escitalopram overdose to cause an acute QT prolongation in a patient with congenital LQTS and suggests the importance of a screening electrocardiogram prior to the initiation of SSRIs, especially in patients at high risk for QT prolongation.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL X-RAY OF HUMAN FEMALES I. REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE

A cohort of singleton black human females exposed to diagnostic x-ray in utero and controls matched by parity, hospital of birth and birthdate have been followed to ages 25 to 30 years in Baltimore, Maryland. The search for possible effects of prenatal irradiation has focused on health, growth, development, and reproductive experience of exposed and control women. This paper reports findings related to reproductive experience. From an original data set of 1458 matched exposed-control pairs of women, questionnaire responses were received from 1109 exposed and 1124 control women including 852 each from pairs in which both the exposed and control woman responded. After careful search for alternative explanations of the findings, the authors concluded that females exposed in utero to low doses of x-ray (probably 1 to 5 rads) had significant increases in their rates of early onset of menses, births at age 15 years or less, numbers of living children, stillbirths, and sterilizing operations by their mid-twenties. These findings are compatible with animal studies in which prenatal irradiation kills many oocytes, but accelerates the development of remaining cells to stages more closely correlated with fertility. Although these animals subsequently became sterile, this cannot be tested in the current studymore » because significantly more of the irradiated women have had surgical sterilizations.« less
Management of anaerobic infection

The management of anaerobic infection needs to be prompt and appropriate in order to ensure recovery. Management includes the use of hyperbaric oxygen, surgical methods and antimicrobial therapy. Various factors, such as efficacy, bacterial antimicrobial resistance, ability to reach appropriate antimicrobial levels at the infected site, toxicity and stability need to be taken into account in choosing antimicrobial agents. Some antimicrobials have poor activity against anaerobic bacteria. The more suitable agents include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, metronidazole, macrolides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines and quinolones.
Absolute line strengths by analysis of Lu-Fano plots with application to excited state transitions in neon

Using energy eigenfunctions obtained by semi-empirical analysis of the Lu-Fano plot (1949) of energy level positions and employing the Coulomb approximation of Bates and Damgaard (see abstr. A70754 of 1970) the absolute line strengths for transitions between the neon two-channel Rydberg series 2p5(2P32,1/2/)nsJ=1 and 2p5(2P32,1/2/)n'pJ=0 for n, n'=3,4 are calculated. Each Rydberg series is analysed separately to obtain a set of five parameters which completely define the energy eigenfunctions for all values of n and n'. Interactions between the nsJ=1 and the ndJ=1 Rydberg series have been ignored. The one-channel neon p and s series are also discussed and line strengths for transition between them presented. The line strengths for 3s to 3p and 4s to 4p transitions are in excellent agreement with the experimental and theoretical work of others. The results for 3s to 4p and 4s to 3p transitions are not in agreement with previous work and differ substantially with intermediate coupling theory.
The prognostic impact of an abnormal initial renal ultrasound on early reflux resolution

Abstract Objective In a group of children diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) we evaluated renal ultrasound findings, associated findings on renal scan, and prognostic impact on VUR resolution. Methods Medical records were reviewed for children with primary reflux and no history of antenatal hydronephrosis who underwent an initial renal ultrasound. Abnormal renal ultrasound was defined as hydronephrosis or relative difference in renal size ≥1 cm. Reflux resolution was evaluated at 2 years post diagnosis. Results In 129 children with VUR (111 girls, 18 boys), 39 (30%) had an abnormal renal ultrasound. Two-year VUR resolution in the abnormal renal ultrasound group was 21% versus 46% in the group with normal renal ultrasound (P = 0.01). Combining grade II and III reflux, an abnormal ultrasound was associated with a statistically significantly lower resolution rate (grade II–III 23% vs 47%, P = 0.049). For children with moderate hydronephrosis, 8/9 (89%) had abnormal initial renal scans and all failed to achieve resolution of reflux at 2 years. Conclusions In this cohort of children with VUR, 30% had abnormalities on renal ultrasound. The presence of moderate hydronephrosis on ultrasound may indicate a high likelihood of abnormality on renal scan and failure to achieve early resolution of VUR.
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Dermatologist’s Perspective

Patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis may manifest a range of cutaneous lesions. The skin may be variably affected with subtle, superficial papules and plaques; deeper dermal or subcutaneous induration; or severe contractures of the joints. Recognition of the cutaneous manifestations of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and consideration of the differential diagnosis of such lesions, facilitates diagnostic confirmation and lends insight into the pathogenesis of this disorder by comparison with clinically similar conditions. This review considers the dermatologist's perspective on nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, including the variety of skin findings and the potential for treatment with extracorporeal photopheresis.
Calculating Deflections of a Partially Collapsed Frames

An example is presented to demonstrate a particular error that may be encountered when calculating deflections of partially collapsed frames with the usual limit analysis approach. Normally, it is tacitly assumed that the locations of all plastic hinges are the same for the elastic plastic model as they are for the rigid plastic collapse model. A specific example is presented to demonstrate that this assumption is not always valid. Its validity can be assured, however, if the moment distribution for the elastic plastic model is verified as being statically admissible. Should this not be the case, plastic hinges should be assumed to occur at those sections where the yield moment is exceeded, and static admissibility checked. As is true in the usual form of the displacement theorem, maximum possible displacements will be associated with the true collapse displacements.
THE SPARSE TABLEAU APPROACH TO FINITE ELEMENT ASSEMBLY

It is shown that the Nodal Assembly or “stiffness” matrix commonly associated with finite element equations can be regarded as the result of a prescribed sequence of pivots on a larger sparser matrix. Unconstrained pivoting in this larger matrix may, therefore, lead to smaller overall operation counts and, possibly, to numerical stability. Computed results that indicate the extent of operation count reduction in some practical cases are given.
Long-term outcome of patients undergoing liver transplantation for mixed hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: an analysis of the UNOS database.

Background Mixed hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) have been associated with a poor prognosis after liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes in patients undergoing LT for HCC-CC versus patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cholangiocarcinoma (CC).
The Relation Between Cellular Metabolism and Morphogenesis in Blastocladiella

(1956). The Relation Between Cellular Metabolism and Morphogenesis in Blastocladiella. Mycologia: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 225-240.
Space and Status in Chicago’s Legal Landscapes

In Progressive Era Chicago, jobless men, sex workers, and black migrants were regulated through scales of vice, vagrancy, and race. But this regulation was challenged. The jobless and homeless men ...
Perioperative transoesophageal echocardiography: current status and future directions

Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is used in the perioperative arena to monitor patients during life-threatening emergencies, cardiac and high-risk non-cardiac surgeries. It provides qualitative and quantitative information on valvular and ventricular functions, and dynamic cardiac anatomy can be displayed with a physiological perspective. This technology has evolved from two-dimensional (2D) to the ready availability of real-time three-dimensional (RT-3D) imaging in the operating rooms. Enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions with 3D imaging have most significantly impacted the quality of intraoperative surgical valve repair and replacement decisions. Additionally, 3D imaging has facilitated the advent of minimally invasive and percutaneous interventions for structural heart disease. Information derived from TEE is routinely used to evaluate a patient's suitability for an intervention, provide guidance during the intervention and eventually comment on the quality and success of the procedure. Expertise in perioperative TEE is an integral component of a cardiac anaesthesiologist's skill sets. With structural heart disease interventions becoming more minimally invasive, the intraoperative guidance provided by TEE will continue to be a critical component of these procedures. With improving computational and processing power, the expectations from TEE will continue to be incremental in the perioperative arena.
Second Derivative Ballistic Electron Emission Spectroscopy in Au/(AlGa)As

Our current study focuses on an analysis of the ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) spectra of Au/(AlGa)As heterostructures to estimate quantitatively the effect of the carrier scattering in the metal, at the metal-semiconductor (m-s) interface and in the semiconductor on the multivalley carrier transport. The second derivative (SD)-BEEM spectra, representing the heterostructure transmission coefficient, show explicit partitioning of the contribution of different transport channels (Γ, L and X conduction valleys). Our analysis of SD-BEEM spectra by the developed theoretical model indicates that about 85–92% of the BEEM electrons are scattered at the nonepitaxial Au/GaAs interface. We also show that initial electron distribution among the conduction bands of the semiconductor, specified by the m-s interface scattering, is modified by the further hot-electron transport inside the semiconductor.
Modifiers of neighbors' bystander intervention in intimate partner violence: a concept mapping study

Abstract Encouraging bystander intervention in intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is potentially an important method of reducing the prevalence of such violence in urban communities. Most existing research has been conducted on campuses and in relation to sexual violence among teens or young adults. Our understanding of which bystander behaviors are feasible is nascent, and our knowledge of which situational factors influence neighbors' self-reported willingness to intervene is underdeveloped. We conducted a concept mapping study to identify potential bystander intervention behaviors in IPV among neighbors in urban settings; we also assessed whether perceived feasibility and effectiveness of those behaviors varied by situational characteristics. Using data collected from 41 residents of a low-income New York City neighborhood in late 2011, concept mapping was used to create a conceptual map of the 74 behaviors identified by participants. We examined participant differences in mean feasibility (...
Analysis on Epidemic Situation of Class-A and Class-B Infectious Diseases in Zhumadian City from 2004 to 2008

[Objective]To study the epidemiological characteristics of class-A and class-B infectious diseases in Zhumadian city in recent five years,explore its epidemic law,and provide the scientific basis for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.[Methods]Using the descriptive epidemiology method,epidemic data of class-A and class-B infectious diseases reported through the Diseases Reporting Information System in Zhumadian city from 2004 to 2008 were analyzed.[Results]21 kinds of class-A and class-B infectious diseases were reported in Zhumadian city from 2004 to 2008,there were 112,297 cases aggregately,and the average annual incidence rate was 267.98/100 000.Among all kinds of infectious diseases,the blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases accounted for 52.78%(the blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases were dominated by hepatitis B and hepatitis C,which accounted for 84.13% and 8.87% respectively),followed by respiratory diseases(38.35%) and intestinal infectious diseases(7.46%).The patients were mainly farmers,there were more males than females,and sex ratio of incidence was 1.97 ∶1.[Conclusion]The major infectious diseases which should be controlled and prevented in this city are hepatitis,tuberculosis,dysentery,AIDS,sexually transmitted diseases and measles.The scientific and effective measures of control and prevention are particularly important.
Research on systematic simulation model of 3-phase 3-level inverter

The compound busbars with distribution structures,the AC output buses and power cables transmission line parameters,and the high-frequency circuit parameters of the motor are not commonly considered in the principle simulation of the high capacity 3-phase 3-level inverter. Therefore,the principle simulation results can not reveal the influence on the system performance of the fixing position of snubber capacitors,power switches,filters,and so on. It also cannot guide to design the relative devices. For this case,a method of building simulation model of the 3-phase 3-level inverter was proposed. On the basis of setting up the multiport circuit models of the three compound busbars of the capacitor busbar,transfer busbar,and insulated gate bipolar transistor( IGBT) busbar,the transmission line parameters of the inverter output buses and power cables was considered,a kind of high-frequency circuit model of the 3-phase motor and its parameter measurement method were put forward,the systematic simulation modeling and the test validation were accomplished of the 3-phase 3-level inverter. Making use of the systematic simulation model and its modeling method,the compound busbars,snubber capacitors,AC output filter,fuses,etc. were designed reasonably.
When To Hospitalize in the Nephrotic Syndrome

The need for precise differential diagnosis—essential before the decision is made on whether to institute steroid therapy—has replaced control of edema as the major reason for hospitalizing the patient with nephrotic syndrome. Hospitalization is also necessary to obtain the renal biopsies that have proved so valuable in assessing the type and extent of glomerular damage.
Mouse models of venous thrombosis are not equal.

Publisher9s Note (31 May 2018): The article that is the focus of this commentary, Heestermans et al, has been retracted. In this issue of Blood, Heestermans et al1 evaluated the roles of platelets, neutrophils, and factor XII (FXII) in a new mouse model of spontaneous venous thrombosis.
A Review of Outcomes for Stage Ta Bladder Tumors.

Objectives Using data from former reports, this study reviews and analyzes the outcomes of tumor recurrence, tumor progression, and tumor-specific survival of patients with stage Ta bladder tumors. Methods Data were collected from 19 longitudinal studies of outcomes after the first diagnosis of tumor and collected as individual patient results, that is, as failure times from the first tumor to any of the three outcomes. Altogether, there were 14,252 patients, including 4,050 for the outcome of tumor recurrence, 2,937 for the outcome of tumor progression, and 11,595 for the outcome of disease-specific survival (some patients were available for more than one outcome). Results In these data, the mean time to additional tumors was 7.8 years, the mean time to an invasive tumor was 19.5 years, and the mean tumor-specific survival time was 27.2 years. All three outcomes were significantly related to the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) tumor grades. Conclusions Although greater than 50% of those with stage Ta bladder tumors have additional bladder tumors, approximately 80% appear to follow a benign course without developing invasive tumors or dying of bladder cancer. The 2004 WHO grading scheme accounts for some but not all of the prognostic information.
Enterobacteriaceae Identification from Stock Cultures and High Moisture Foods with a Four-Hour System (API Rapid E).

The API Rapid E is a 4-h system for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae that has not previously been evaluated with food isolates. A total of 232 cultures, representing 13 genera of Enterobacteriaceae , was used in this study; 47 were known stock cultures and 185 were freshly isolated from raw foods (broiler carcasses, chicken sausage, hamburger, scallops and shrimp). Each food isolate was inoculated into the API Rapid E and also into two other miniaturized systems (Micro-ID and API-20E) which served as the reference. API Rapid E correctly identified 219 (94.4%) of the cultures to species. Ten of the thirteen errors in identification occurred with Enterobacter spp. because of false-negative reactions with the Voges-Proskauer test. The predominant Enterobacteriaceae encountered in each food were Escherichia coli (broiler carcasses), Serratia marcescens (chicken sausage), Enterobacter aerogenes (hamburger), Enterobacter cloacae (scallops) and Klebsiella oxytoca (shrimp). The degree of accuracy with the variety of organisms tested in this study coupled with the 4-h incubation should make the API Rapid E a practical alternative to conventional procedures for the practicing food microbiologist.