cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tension/compression flow stress asymmetry in Ni3(Al,Nb) Single crystals

Abstract The tension/compression asymmetry of the yield stress of Ni3(Al,Nb) single crystals was investigated for three different orientations over the temperature range 77–1200 K. The magnitude of the asymmetry increase with temperature and the sense of the flow stress asymmetry is strongly orientation dependent. The Lall et al. model [Metall. Trans. 10A, 1323 (1979)] correctly predicts the sense of the asymmetry for orientations near [001] and [111] but not for orientations near the [012]-[113] great circle. This disagreement is believed to be due to complications arising from the core structure of the dislocation after cross slip. The Escaig model [These de Doctorat d'Etat. Universite de Paris, Centre d'Orsay No. A 382 (1968)] can be applied to cross slip in LI2 ordered alloys and this model correctly predicts the sense and orientation dependence of the tension/compression asymmetries.
Classification of adult renal epithelial neoplasms by gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays

Classification of adult renal epithelial neoplasms by gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays
Calculation of the effects caused by bone present in phantoms irradiated by negatively charged pions.

The effects caused by bone present in phantoms irradiated by negatively charged pions on absorbed dose, cell survival, oxygen enhancement ratio, and relative biological effectiveness have been estimated using Monte Carlo methods. The influence of bone along the pion path and also the influence of a bone–tissue interface parallel to the direction of motion of the pions have been considered. Calculated results, as a function of spatial coordinates in a 30‐g/cm2‐thick tissue phantom with bone both included and excluded, are presented. All of the biological data reported here are for T‐1 human kidney cells. The extent to which the effects of bone in the path of the pion beam can be approximated by using results for tissue and measuring depth in the phantom in g/cm2 is considered and discussed.
Circular pitching and yawing motion of nose cone configurations

Abstract It has been observed that bodies of revolution like those used in nose cones manifest dynamic instability at certain Mach numbers. The motion then grows to amplitudes for which nonlinearities are important. These nonlinearities cause the configuration to perform a circular pitching and yawing motion of constant amplitude. In this paper a quasi-linear technique is applied to determine what nonlinearities can cause this type of motion. The investigation is limited to cubic nonlinearities in the angles and angular velocities. It is shown that three of the twelve possible coefficients are important and conditions for circular motion are derived in terms of these three. Integral relations based on a generalized Allen-Kelley cross flow analogy are derived for all twelve coefficients.
On bounds for the efficiency of block designs for comparing test treatments with a control

Abstract In this paper we study the class of augmented balanced incomplete block designs, which are used for comparing a control treatment with a set of test treatments. Under the A- criterion we establish a condition that enables us to determine the most efficient augmented design and we suggest some methods to compute a lower bound for the efficiency of these designs. For 3≤k≤10, v≥k, we list the parameters of the most efficient designs with a lower bound for their efficiency or, if known, mention their optimality.
Tissue engineering for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the developed world. Currently, more than 1,700,000 Americans have AMD and, with the aging of the populat...
Congenital Bilateral Coronal Suture Synostosis in a Rabbit and Craniofacial Growth Comparisons with Experimental Models

Abstract Experimental rabbit models of postnatal coronal suture (CS) synostosis have helped make significant contributions towards the understanding and surgical management of human congenital craniosynostosis. The present study compares craniofacial growth patterns in animals with experimental CS immobilization and in a rabbit born in our laboratory with congenital CS synostosis. The study sample consisted of 10 sham controls, 14 experimental animals with bilateral CS immobilization, and one animal with congenital, bilateral CS synostosis. At 1.5 weeks of age, all animals had amalgam markers placed on either side of the frontonasal, coronal, and anterior lambdoid sutures. At this time, the experimental animals had bilateral CS immobilization using methyl-methacrylate. Serial lateral head x-rays were taken at 1.5, 6, 12, and 18 weeks of age. Results revealed that by 1.5 weeks of age the congenital animal already exhibited changes in the cranial vault, cranial base, midface, and orthocephalic cranial base ...
Seasonal plasticity in the copulatory neuromuscular system of green anole lizards: a role for testosterone in muscle but not motoneuron morphology.

The copulatory system of green anoles is highly sexually dimorphic. Males possess bilateral copulatory organs called hemipenes, each independently controlled by two muscles: the transversus penis (TPN) and retractor penis magnus (RPM). The TPN everts the hemipene through the cloaca and the RPM retracts it. Adult females do not possess hemipenes or either of these two muscles. The spinal nucleus projecting to the TPN and RPM contains more and larger motoneurons in males than females. Because anoles breed seasonally, two experiments were designed to test whether adult copulatory morphology varies with environmental condition, and if so, whether the effect is mediated by testicular androgens. Three groups of adult males were used in each experiment: males from breeding environmental conditions with reproductive testes (BS); males in breeding conditions with regressed testes (BS-X); and males in nonbreeding conditions with regressed testes (NBS). Experiment 1 compared gonadally intact males and Experiment 2 compared castrated males treated with either testosterone (T) or an empty implant. In both experiments, copulatory and control motoneurons appeared smaller in NBS males, but T did not affect their size. In contrast, while hemipene and RPM muscle fiber size were not plastic across season in gonadally intact males, T in castrated males significantly increased both measures under BS and BS-X, but not NBS, conditions. These results demonstrate that neuron soma size might change on a general level and environmental cues can mediate T-induced changes in peripheral structures, suggesting that plasticity across copulatory system components is regulated by different mechanisms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 1–11, 2004
Somatotopic organization of the second somatosensory cortical area after lesions of the primary somatosensory area in infant and adult cats.

Abstract The somatotopic organization of the second somatosensory cortical area (SII) and receptive fields of multineuron responses to cutaneous stimulation were studied in cats 6–16 months after lesions of the forelimb representation in the primary somatosensory area (SI) at 4 days, 4 weeks of age or in adults. No change was detected in SII. The results contrast with findings of alterations in SII of macaque monkeys following similar ablations of SI.
Quadratic-time certificates in linear algebra

We present certificates for the positive semidefiniteness of an n by n matrix A, whose entries are integers of binary length log ||A||, that can be verified in O(n(2+µ) (log ||A||)(1+µ) binary operations for any µ > 0. The question arises in Hilbert/Artin-based rational sum-of-squares certificates (proofs) for polynomial inequalities with rational coefficients. We allow certificates that are validated by Monte Carlo randomized algorithms, as in Rusins Freivalds's famous 1979 quadratic time certification for the matrix product. Our certificates occupy O(n(3+µ) (log ||A||)(1+µ) bits, from which the verfication algorithm randomly samples a quadratic amount.In addition, we give certificates of the same space and randomized validation time complexity for the Frobenius form, which includes the characteristic and minimal polynomial. For determinant and rank we have certificates of essentially-quadratic binary space and time complexity via Storjohann's algorithms.
Hybrid NEMS-CMOS DC-DC Converter for Improved Area and Power Efficiency

Nano-electromechanical (NEM) relays are a promising class of emerging devices that exhibit zero leakage operation. Numerous end applications of NEM relay logic circuits have been proposed recently [1][2]. This work explores the usage of NEM relays in on-chip DC-DC converters. As a feasibility study of using NEMS in integrated power electronics, discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) buck regulator with specifications suitable for portable applications has been implemented in a NEMS-CMOS hybrid design and the results are compared against a standard commercial 0:35 m CMOS implementation. Ron of the NEM relay switch is constant and is insensitive to the gate slew rate. This creates a paradigm shift in design of power switches. This coupled with infinite Roff offers significant area and power advantages over CMOS. Accurate Verilog-A models were developed based on published fabrication results of NEM relays [1] operating at 1V with a nominal air gap of 5
Effect of Pentobarbital Sodium Anesthesia upon Volume Blood Flow, Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate.∗:

SummaryA study was made with the aid of continuous recording of the effects of an anesthetic dose of pentobarbital sodium and of supplemental doses of this drug required for the maintenance of surgical anesthesia upon arterial pressure, pulse rate and volume blood flow through the femoral artery of dogs. Following the administration of this anesthetic there was an immediate increase in volume blood flow and a fall in mean arterial pressure. Recovery to near pre-anesthetic control values usually occurred within 5 to 15 minutes. However, in some experiments recovery was not apparent for as long as 30 minutes after drug administration. Pulse rate remained increased throughout the duration of anesthesia.
Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signalling

Increasing amounts of evidence support the involvement of inflammation and immunity in atherogenesis, but mediators of communication between the major cell types in atherosclerotic plaques are poorly defined. Cells in human atherosclerotic lesions express the immune mediator CD40 and its ligand CD40L (also known as CD154 or gp39). The interaction of CD40 with CD40L figures prominently in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. CD40L-positive T cells accumulate in atheroma, and, by virtue of their early appearance, persistence and localization at sites of lesion growth and complication, activated T cells may coordinate important aspects of atherogenesis. Interruption of CD40L-CD40 signalling by administration of an anti-CD40L antibody limits experimental autoimmune diseases such as collagen-induced arthritis, lupus nephritis, acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease, multiple sclerosis and thyroiditis. Ligation of CD40 on atheroma-associated cells in vitro activates functions related to atherogenesis, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules and tissue factor. However, the role of CD40 signalling in atherogenesis in vivo remains unknown. Here we determine whether interruption of CD40 signalling influences atherogenesis in vivo in hyperlipidaemic mice. Treatment with antibody against mouse CD40L limited atherosclerosis in mice lacking the receptor for low-density lipoprotein that had been fed a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. This antibody reduces the size of aortic atherosclerotic lesions by 59% and their lipid content by 79%. Furthermore, atheroma of mice treated with anti-CD40L antibody contained significantly fewer macrophages (64%) and T lymphocytes (70%), and exhibited decreased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. These data support the involvement of inflammatory pathways in atherosclerosis and indicate a role for CD40 signalling during atherogenesis in hyperlipidaemic mice.
Studies on the effect of human gastric juice on the reticulocytes of albino rats

Normal human gastric juice, heated normal gastric juice and neutralized normal gastric juice have been administered to adult male rats by gastric intubation, without producing any consistent or predictable changes in the number of circulating reticulocytes. Intramuscular injections of gastric juice and gastric juice concentrates did not produce reticulocyte responses which could not be ascribed to irritation and tissue destruction. The nonspecific character of reticulocyte responses in the rat has been emphasized and the normal lability of the reticulocyte level pointed out. The reticulocyte response in rats has not proved in our hands a reliable method for detecting the presence of antianemic substances.
Criteria of the "educators' pyramid" fulfilled by medical school faculty promoted on a teaching pathway.

PURPOSE To compare the results of academic promotion to associate professor and professor via the teaching pathway at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFUSM) with the criteria of the "educators' pyramid" of Sachdeva et al. METHOD Data on all candidates promoted to associate professor and professor in the academic years 1995-2000 at WFUSM were collected from candidates' portfolios and compared with the criteria for educator (level three) and master educator (level four) from a modified version of the educators' pyramid. RESULTS Of 186 faculty promoted, 38 were on the teaching pathway. Everyone promoted on the pathway fulfilled all teacher and master teacher criteria. All educator criteria were found among the associate professors, and all but one of the master educator criteria were found among professors. More than 75% of associate professors demonstrated "sustained participation in significant amounts of effective teaching in more than one modality" and "service as a medical student clerkship, course, or residency director." Less than 30% demonstrated "service as assistant dean of education or student affairs" or "service as the chair of departmental education committees." Most associate professors had not regularly participated in national education meetings. For professors, more than 50% demonstrated "achievement of leadership positions in national organizations, committees, and medical school education"; "recognition as a national leader in specialty education"; and "mentorship of other faculty members locally and nationally." Less than 30% demonstrated "pursuit of further training in education through workshops, faculty development programs, or educational fellowship programs" or "development and implementation of nationally-recognized (in education) innovative curricula or teaching programs." No one promoted to professor on the teaching pathway had made what was considered to be a landmark contribution to educational research and development. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the educators' pyramid is generalizable to medical faculty being promoted on a teaching pathway at WFUSM. Documentation of achievement in teaching criteria is essential and faculty should be encouraged to maintain records of accomplishment before becoming candidates for promotion.
Differential Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, sacral parasympathetic nucleus and colonic motor response to water avoidance stress in Fischer and Lewis rats.

Abstract The responsiveness of hypothalamic CRF to various stressors is reduced in the young female Lewis relative to the histocompatible Fischer rat. Whether such a difference impacts the brain-gut response to water avoidance stress was investigated by monitoring Fos immunoreactivity in the brain and sacral spinal cord and fecal pellet output. Exposure for 60 min to water avoidance stress increased the number of Fos positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the parasympathetic nucleus of the lumbo-sacral spinal cord (L6-S1) in both Lewis and Fischer rats compared with non stress groups. The Fos response was lower by 32.0% in the PVN, and 63% in sacral parasympathetic nucleus in Lewis compared with Fischer rats while similar Fos expression was observed in the NTS. Stress-induced defecation was reduced by 52% in Lewis compared with Fischer rats while colonic motor response to CRF injected intracisternally resulted in a similar pattern and magnitude of defecation in both strains. The CRF receptor antagonist [ d -Phe12,Nle21,38CaMeLeu37]-CRF12–41 injected intracisternally antagonized partly the defecation response in Lewis and Fischer rats. These data indicate that a lower activation of PVN and sacral parasympathetic nuclei in Lewis compared with Fisher rats may contribute to the differential colonic motor response and that the blunted CRF hypothalamic response to stress, unlike responsiveness to central CRF plays a role.
Making Sense of Hell: Three Meditations on the Holocaust:

This essay is an inquiry into the epistemology of the holocaust. It contests organic explanations of the event in favour of an interpretative pluralism. Different questions are seen as demanding different forms of inquiry: what made the holocaust possible requires a political analysis, the issue of its uniqueness calls for a sociological perspective, while an anthropological approach is necessary in order to illuminate its enduring symbolic significance. The essay will deal with these matters in an innovative manner. Thus, in concert with one another these three meditations will provide a new constellation for viewing the holocaust even as they confront certain prevailing prejudices and assumptions.
Total Internal Reflection with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Combined Surface Reaction and Solution Diffusion

Total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) is a method for measuring the surface association/dissociation rates and absolute densities of fluorescent molecules at the interface of solution and a planar substrate. This method can also report the apparent diffusion coefficient and absolute concentration of fluorescent molecules very close to the surface. An expression for the fluorescence fluctuation autocorrelation function in the absence of contributions from diffusion through the evanescent wave, in solution, has been published previously (N. L. Thompson, T. P. Burghardt, and D. Axelrod. 1981, Biophys. J. 33:435-454). This work describes the nature of the TIR-FCS autocorrelation function when both surface association/dissociation kinetics and diffusion through the evanescent wave contribute to the fluorescence fluctuations. The fluorescence fluctuation autocorrelation function depends in general on the kinetic association and dissociation rate constants, the surface site density, the concentration of fluorescent molecules in solution, the solution diffusion coefficient, and the depth of the evanescent field. Both general and approximate expressions are presented.
Effect of non-cooperation on dynamic spectrum cognitive networks

In this paper, we present the results of two simulation sets studying the effect of non-cooperation on the cognitive network performance. Simulations are conducted in the dynamic spectrum access ad-hoc cognitive network environment using the joint channel allocation-power control problem. The first simulations set studies the effect of mixing non-cognitive and cognitive nodes on the overall network performance while the second simulations set studies the effect of different selfish behaviors on the overall network performance. Simulation results and their analysis are provided.
Morphometrics and testicle size of rain forest lemur species from southeastern Madagascar

Abstract Six species of prosimians inhabiting the montane rain forest of the Ranomafana National Park located in southeastern Madagascar were captured, weighed, and measured during the months of May or June of 1987, 1988, and 1989. There were no significant differences in body weights and measurements between male and female Eulemur rubriventer (red-bellied lemur) or Eulemur fulvus rufus (red-fronted lemur). Adult female Propithecus diadema edwardsi (Milne Edward's sifaka) were heavier than males but the difference was not significant. A few Avahi laniger laniger (woolly lemur), Hapalemur aureus (golden bamboo lemur) and H. g. griseus (gentle bamboo lemur) also were captured and measured. Body weights of the same individual adult P. d. edwardsi changed over the three years, suggesting variation in food availability. Although there was no difference in body weight among adult males of two groups of P. d. edwardsi , one male in each group had a testicular volume four times larger than that of other males, even though these measurements were taken five months after the breeding season. These data suggest that only one adult male mates in each group. Testicular size of the polygynous E. f. rufus males was significantly larger than that of the monogamous E. rubriventer .
Playing “Duck Duck Goose” With Neurons Change Detection Through Connectivity Reduction

Reduced connectivity between sending and receiving neurons (i.e., synaptic depression) may facilitate change detection by reducing responses for recently viewed objects so new objects can be highlighted. In the experiment reported here, we investigated high-level change detection following semantic satiation, which is the loss of meaning following repetition of a word. A computer simulation of a word-reading neural network with synaptic depression identified key predictions of connectivity reduction. A dynamic-causal-modeling analysis of magnetoencephalography (MEG) responses collected during a category-matching task identified connectivity reduction between a cortical region related to orthography and a cortical region related to semantics as the cause of the reduced MEG response to a repeated word. As predicted, prior repetitions of a category-matching word presented immediately after the repeated word enhanced semantic novelty, as measured with the M400 component. These results demonstrate that a combination of neural-network modeling and connectivity analyses can reveal the manner in which connectivity fluctuations underlie cognitive functions.
Shadow boundary incremental length diffraction coefficients applied to scattering from 3-D bodies

Shadow boundary incremental length diffraction coefficients (SBILDCs) are high-frequency fields designed to correct the physical optics (PO) field of a three-dimensional (3-D) perfectly electrically conducting scatterer. The SBILDCs are integrated along the shadow boundary of the 3-D object to approximate the field radiated by the nonuniform shadow boundary current (the difference between the exact and PO currents near the shadow boundary). This integral is added to the PO field to give an approximation to the exact scattered field that takes into account both PO and nonuniform shadow boundary currents on the scatterer. Like other incremental length diffraction coefficients, any SBILDC is based on the use of a 2-D canonical scatterer to locally approximate the surface of the 3-D scatterer to which it is applied. Circular cylinder SBILDCs are, to date, the only SBILDCs that have been obtained in closed form. In this paper, these closed-form expressions are validated by applying them for the first time to a 3-D scatterer with varying radius of curvature-the prolate spheroid. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that for bistatic scattering the combined PO-SBILDC approximation is considerably more accurate than the PO field approximation alone.
A methodology for minimizing power dissipation of embedded systems through hardware/software partitioning

We present a novel approach that minimizes the power dissipation of embedded core-based systems through hardware/software partitioning. Our approach is based on the idea of mapping clusters of operations/instructions to a core that yields a high utilization rate of the involved resources (ALUs, multipliers, shifters etc.) and thus minimizing power dissipation. Our approach is comprehensive since it takes into consideration the power dissipation of a whole embedded system comprising a microprocessor core, application specific (ASIC) core(s), cache cores and a memory core. We report high reductions of power dissipation between 35% and 94% at the cost of a relatively small additional hardware overhead of less than 16 k cells while maintaining or even slightly increasing the performance compared to the initial design.
High sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire among urban African-American women.

The Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire (CSQ), developed to screen populations for SLE and other CTDs, has been validated in a predominantly Caucasian population with hospital-based controls. We aimed to test the performance characteristics of the CSQ in an urban, predominantly African-American population. The CSQ was administered by interview to women recruited for a study of environmental risk factors and SLE, including 99 cases with SLE validated by medical record review and 202 healthy controls recruited from the community. Overall, 88% of subjects had African heritage, 6% were Hispanic and 4% were non-Hispanic Caucasian. Controls were more likely to report African heritage than cases (91% versus 82%, P < 0.001). Sensitivity for detecting SLE was 88% and specificity was 91%. In this study, where the prevalence of SLE was 33%, predictive value of a positive CSQ was 82% and predictive value of a negative CSQ was 94%. The CSQ has slightly lower sensitivity but greater specificity for SLE in...
The 3 H and BMSEST Models for Spirituality in Multicultural Whole-Person Medicine

PURPOSE The explosion of evidence in the last decade supporting the role of spirituality in whole-person patient care has prompted proposals for a move to a biopsychosocial-spiritual model for health. Making this paradigm shift in today’s multicultural societies poses many challenges, however. This article presents 2 theoretical models that provide common ground for further exploration of the role of spirituality in medicine. METHODS The 3 H model (head, heart, hands) and the BMSEST models (body, mind, spirit, environment, social, transcendent) evolved from the author’s 12-year experience with curricula development regarding spirituality and medicine, 16-year experience as an attending family physician and educator, lived experience with both Hinduism and Christianity since childhood, and a lifetime study of the world’s great spiritual traditions. The models were developed, tested with learners, and refined. RESULTS The 3 H model offers a multidimensional definition of spirituality, applicable across cultures and belief systems, that provides opportunities for a common vocabulary for spirituality. Therapeutic options, from general spiritual care (compassion, presence, and the healing relationship), to specialized spiritual care (eg, by clinical chaplains), to spiritual self-care are discussed. The BMSEST model provides a conceptual framework for the role of spirituality in the larger health care context, useful for patient care, education, and research. Interactions among the 6 BMSEST components, with references to ongoing research, are proposed. CONCLUSIONS Including spirituality in whole-person care is a way of furthering our understanding of the complexities of human health and well-being. The 3 H and BMSEST models suggest a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach based on universal concepts and a foundation in both the art and science of medicine.
An Arabidopsis ATP-Dependent, DEAD-Box RNA Helicase Loses Activity upon IsoAsp Formation but Is Restored by PROTEIN ISOASPARTYL METHYLTRANSFERASE

Orthodox seeds are capable of withstanding severe dehydration. However, in the dehydrated state, Asn and Asp residues in proteins can convert to succinimide residues that can further react to predominantly form isomerized isoAsp residues upon rehydration (imbibition). IsoAsp residues can impair protein function and can render seeds nonviable, but PROTEIN ISOASPARTYL METHYLTRANSFERASE (PIMT) can initiate isoAsp conversion to Asp residues. The proteins necessary for translation upon imbibition in orthodox seeds may be particularly important to maintain in an active state. One such protein is the large, multidomain protein, Arabidopsis thaliana PLANT RNA HELICASE75 (PRH75), a DEAD-box helicase known to be susceptible to isoAsp residue accumulation. However, the consequences of such isomerization on PRH75 catalysis and for the plant are unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that PRH75 is necessary for successful seed development. It acquires isoAsp rapidly during heat stress, which eliminates RNA unwinding (but not rewinding) competence. The repair by PIMT is able to restore PRH75’s complex biochemical activity provided isoAsp formation has not led to subsequent, destabilizing conformational alterations. For PRH75, an important enzymatic activity associated with translation would be eliminated unless rapidly repaired by PIMT prior to additional, deleterious conformational changes that would compromise seed vitality and germination.
Effect of the Transposable Element Environment of Human Genes on Gene Length and Expression

Independent lines of investigation have documented effects of both transposable elements (TEs) and gene length (GL) on gene expression. However, TE gene fractions are highly correlated with GL, suggesting that they cannot be considered independently. We evaluated the TE environment of human genes and GL jointly in an attempt to tease apart their relative effects. TE gene fractions and GL were compared with the overall level of gene expression and the breadth of expression across tissues. GL is strongly correlated with overall expression level but weakly correlated with the breadth of expression, confirming the selection hypothesis that attributes the compactness of highly expressed genes to selection for economy of transcription. However, TE gene fractions overall, and for the L1 family in particular, show stronger anticorrelations with expression level than GL, indicating that GL may not be the most important target of selection for transcriptional economy. These results suggest a specific mechanism, removal of TEs, by which highly expressed genes are selectively tuned for efficiency. MIR elements are the only family of TEs with gene fractions that show a positive correlation with tissue-specific expression, suggesting that they may provide regulatory sequences that help to control human gene expression. Consistent with this notion, MIR fractions are relatively enriched close to transcription start sites and associated with coexpression in specific sets of related tissues. Our results confirm the overall relevance of the TE environment to gene expression and point to distinct mechanisms by which different TE families may contribute to gene regulation.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF PREDATION AND DISPERSAL ON ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES

Communities of coexisting organisms are formed by both dispersal among habitat patches in a region and local interactions within patches. The supply of colonists from the regional pool has the potential to alter the outcome of local interactions by providing species that fill different ecological roles. I examined the consequences of invasion by fish (juvenile Lepomis macrochirus) and insect (Notonecta undulata) predators on ex- perimental plankton communities that were either connected to or isolated from the regional pool of zooplankton species. The effects of predators on zooplankton composition and diversity depended on dispersal by members of the regional zooplankton species pool. Fish and notonectids reduced the abundance of large zooplankton and thereby facilitated invasion by new species from the surrounding region. Both predators reduced zooplankton species richness in the absence of dispersal, while fish had positive effects and notonectids had no effects with rapid dispersal. Fish facilitated invasion by more species than they excluded, while similar numbers of species invaded with notonectids as were driven extinct. The effects of predators on planktonic trophic structure (zooplankton size structure and biomass, phytoplankton biomass) were independent of the level of dispersal. Both predators reduced zooplankton mean body size, but only fish enhanced phytoplankton density. Invasion by members of the regional species pool slightly increased zooplankton mean body size and reduced phytoplankton biomass; however, the effects were small and independent of the predator treatment. Predator-facilitated invasion of new species altered the effects of pred- ators on zooplankton species composition and diversity, but not on plankton trophic struc- ture. The results suggest that spatial heterogeneity in predator abundance promotes regional coexistence among zooplankton. Connection to a diverse regional species pool via dispersal may therefore be important for determining the impact of local interactions such as predation on communities.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Military Returnees From Afghanistan and Iraq

Mr. K, a 38-year-old National Guard soldier, was assessed in an outpatient psychiatric clinic several months after he returned home from a 12-month deployment to the Sunni Triangle in Iraq, where he had his first exposure to combat in his 10 years of National Guard duty. Before deployment, he worked successfully as an automobile salesman, was a happily married father with children ages 10 and 12 years, and was socially outgoing with a large circle of friends and active in civic and church activities. While in Iraq, he had extensive combat exposure. His platoon was heavily shelled and was ambushed on many occasions, often resulting in death or injury to his buddies. He was a passenger on patrols and convoys in which roadside bombs destroyed vehicles and wounded or killed people with whom he had become close. He was aware that he had killed a number of enemy combatants, and he feared that he may also have been responsible for the deaths of civilian bystanders. He blamed himself for being unable to prevent the death of his best friend, who was shot by a sniper. When asked about the worst moment during his deployment, he readily stated that it occurred when he was unable to intercede, but only to watch helplessly, while a small group of Iraqi women and children were killed in the crossfire during a particularly bloody assault.
Analysis of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Specificity in Response to Hyperosmotic Stress: Use of an Analog-Sensitive HOG1 Allele

When confronted with a marked increase in external osmolarity, budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells utilize a conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade (the high-osmolarity glycerol or HOG pathway) to elicit cellular responses necessary to permit continued growth. One input that stimulates the HOG pathway requires the integral membrane protein and putative osmosensor Sho1, which recruits and enables activation of the MAPK kinase kinase Ste11. In mutants that lack the downstream MAPK kinase (pbs2Delta) or the MAPK (hog1Delta) of the HOG pathway, Ste11 activated by hyperosmotic stress is able to inappropriately stimulate the pheromone response pathway. This loss of signaling specificity is known as cross talk. To determine whether it is the Hog1 polypeptide per se or its kinase activity that is necessary to prevent cross talk, we constructed a fully functional analog-sensitive allele of HOG1 to permit acute inhibition of this enzyme without other detectable perturbations of the cell. We found that the catalytic activity of Hog1 is required continuously to prevent cross talk between the HOG pathway and both the pheromone response and invasive growth pathways. Moreover, contrary to previous reports, we found that the kinase activity of Hog1 is necessary for its stress-induced nuclear import. Finally, our results demonstrate a role for active Hog1 in maintaining signaling specificity under conditions of persistently high external osmolarity.
TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS OF GAS MIXTURES OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR HYDROGEN

Abstract The applicability of the Chapman-Enskog theory to the transport coefficients of gas mixtures containing atomic and molecular hydrogen is examined by comparing experimental results on viscosity and diffusion in terms of a specific interaction potential curve. By fitting the data to a modified Buckingham potential, the mixture viscosities calculated from the diffusion coefficients exhibit good agreement with available experimental data over a range of temperatures.
Altimeter Observations of Baroclinic Oceanic Inertia-Gravity Wave Turbulence

For a wide range of nonlinear wave processes - from capillary to planetary waves - theory predicts the existence of Kolmogorov-type spectral cascades of energy and other conserved quantities occuring via nonlinear resonant wave-wave interactions. So far, observations of wave turbulence (WT) have been limited to small-scale processes such as surface gravity and capillary-gravity waves.
Beyond the Randomized Clinical Trial The Role of Effectiveness Studies in Evaluating Cardiovascular Therapies

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are familiar to most clinicians involved in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease. RCTs are the uncontested “gold standard” for establishing causation between a therapy and outcomes for a compelling reason: A large randomized experiment is the only study design that can guarantee that control and intervention subjects are similar in all the known and unknown attributes that influence outcomes.1 In general, RCTs use a rigorous experimental design with the primary goal of understanding the “average” overall benefit and risk of using a standardized therapy in a selected group of patients.2 When well conducted, RCTs have internal validity, and a therapy that is found to have a net biological benefit is considered efficacious.3 Establishing the efficacy of new therapies is critical for advancing medical knowledge. Yet even when an RCT demonstrates substantial net benefit for a specific therapy, its optimal role in routine clinical practice can remain unclear. Concerns frequently relate to how well the therapy may perform in different clinical settings and in broader patient populations than those studied in traditional RCTs. In addition, it is often unclear how therapies are best applied within the larger environment of the healthcare delivery system where costs and availability become issues for patients and clinicians. These concepts, which refer to the external validity of a clinical trial,3 become important as new therapies are applied in real-world settings and are a key focus area for many studies in health services and outcomes research. In contrast to efficacy studies like traditional RCTs, effectiveness studies often require a broader range of methodological tools, which can include both experimental and nonexperimental study designs. In the present article, we review reasons why evidence from traditional RCTs must generally be supplemented by evidence from effectiveness studies to inform best …
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH during vertebrate tissue patterning

The regulated movement of signalling proteins within tissues is critical for normal development. In this study, Maria Barna and colleagues study the long-range movement of the signalling protein sonic hedgehog (SHH) using single-cell real-time imaging in the developing chick limb bud in vivo. They show that SHH, which is required for patterning of the anteriorposterior axis, is produced in the form of a particle that remains associated with the cell through long actin-based cytoplasmic extensions (filopodia) that span several cell diameters. This result identifies an important mode of communication between cells during vertebrate patterning.
Nonlinear programming approaches to decoding low-density parity-check codes

We consider the decoding problem for low-density parity-check codes, and apply nonlinear programming methods. This extends previous work using linear programming (LP) to decode linear block codes. First, a multistage LP decoder based on the branch-and-bound method is proposed. This decoder makes use of the maximum-likelihood-certificate property of the LP decoder to refine the results when an error is reported. Second, we transform the original LP decoding formulation into a box-constrained quadratic programming form. Efficient linear-time parallel and serial decoding algorithms are proposed and their convergence properties are investigated. Extensive simulation studies are performed to assess the performance of the proposed decoders. It is seen that the proposed multistage LP decoder outperforms the conventional sum-product (SP) decoder considerably for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with short to medium block length. The proposed box-constrained quadratic programming decoder has less complexity than the SP decoder and yields much better performance for LDPC codes with regular structure
Continuous cardiac output measurements

C ONTINUOUS cardiac output (CCO) measurement first became clinically available in 1991.’ Now known as the VigilanceiIntellicath Continuous Cardiac Output System (Baxter Edwards Critical Care, Irvine, CA), it uses a specialized pulmonary artery catheter that is capable of safely measuring a continuous time-averaged cardiac output.2 This system has overcome the problems associated with earlier designs and its performance has been summarized in several publications.3-h Whereas the most recent information confirms the accuracy of CC0,‘m9 these authors have often been asked if this technology was really useful, and could its use in light of its higher cost be justified. A case is described here where the use of the CC0 system had a direct impact on the postoperative care of a cardiac surgery patient.
The Reasonable Appeal of the Book of Revelation

In the popular mind, the Book of Revelation is doubtless the most difficult of all New Testament writings. Whether it deserves that reputation may well be doubted, for there are other books of the Bible in which scholars would probably say that the unsolved problems are more fundamental. But the Book of Revelation stands at the end of the collection, and few readers penetrate so far. It seems remote from modern habits of thought and expression. It lends itself for the most part less readily to the practical, if sometimes superficial, use of the ordinary reader.
Multichannel dual domain infrared target tracking for highly evolutionary target signatures

We introduce a new SIR particle filter that performs tracking in a joint feature space where pixel domain data are fused with measurements obtained from an 18-channel modulation domain image model. This dual domain processor is capable of maintaining track lock and delivering a high probability of kill against targets in the AMCOM infrared closure sequences, which are challenging because they are characterized by high closure rate dynamics, poor SNR, and maneuvering targets that typically exhibit severe signature evolution and profound magnification changes. In the setup considered here, the track processor receives an initial target designation, which could be obtained from an external detector or from a human in the loop. After the first frame, the track processor must run autonomously without further a priori information. Compared to traditional pixel domain trackers, our results demonstrate that this new dual domain approach provides inherently improved tracking accuracy and facilitates powerful new consistency checks capable of detecting when a template update is needed due to nonstationary target signature evolution.
Optimizing estimated loss reduction for active sampling in rank learning

Learning to rank is becoming an increasingly popular research area in machine learning. The ranking problem aims to induce an ordering or preference relations among a set of instances in the input space. However, collecting labeled data is growing into a burden in many rank applications since labeling requires eliciting the relative ordering over the set of alternatives. In this paper, we propose a novel active learning framework for SVM-based and boosting-based rank learning. Our approach suggests sampling based on maximizing the estimated loss differential over unlabeled data. Experimental results on two benchmark corpora show that the proposed model substantially reduces the labeling effort, and achieves superior performance rapidly with as much as 30% relative improvement over the margin-based sampling baseline.
The use of endoluminal vacuum (E-Vac) therapy in the management of upper gastrointestinal leaks and perforations

Upper intestinal leaks and perforations are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite the growing experience using endoscopically placed stents, the treatment of these leaks and perforations remain a challenge. Endoluminal vacuum (E-Vac) therapy is a novel treatment that has been successfully used in Germany to treat upper gastrointestinal leaks and perforations. There currently are no reports on its use in the USA. E-Vac therapy was used to treat 11 patients with upper gastrointestinal leaks and perforations from September 2013 to September 2014. Five patients with leaks following sleeve gastrectomy were excluded from this study. A total of six patients were treated with E-Vac therapy; these included: (n = 2) iatrogenic esophageal perforations, (n = 1) iatrogenic esophageal and gastric perforations, (n = 1) iatrogenic gastric perforation, (n = 1) gastric staple line leak following a surgical repair of a traumatic gastric perforation, and (n = 1) esophageal perforation due to an invasive fungal infection. Four patients had failed an initial surgical repair prior to starting E-Vac therapy. All six patients (100 %) had complete closure of their perforation or leak after an average of 35.8 days of E-Vac therapy requiring 7.2 different E-Vac changes. No deaths occurred in the 30 days following E-Vac therapy. One patient died following complete closure of his perforation and transfer to an acute care facility due to an unrelated complication. There were no complications directly related to the use of E-Vac therapy. Only one patient had any symptoms of dysphagia. This patient had severe dysphagia from an esophagogastric anastomotic stricture prior to her iatrogenic perforations. Following E-Vac therapy, her dysphagia had actually improved and she could now tolerate a soft diet. E-Vac therapy is a promising new method in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal leaks and perforations. Current successes need to be validated through future prospective controlled studies.
Games, Claims, Genres, and Learning

We offer a framework for conducting research on games for learning. Building on a survey of the literature on games, we suggest a categorization scheme (physiological and psychological) of the range of claims made for games. Our survey identifies three critical issues in the current scholarship. They are: a lack of authentic, situated research studies; a lack of sensitivity to the pedagogical affordances of different game genres; and a lack of emphasis on the importance of acquiring disciplinary knowledge (i.e., content). We offer the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) framework as a way to address these concerns and guide future research in this area. We argue that assessment on learning from games needs to consider the specific claims of games, as they interact with genre and content knowledge. Finally, we introduce an ongoing study that utilizes this approach.