cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Truth and lies: The impact of modality on customer feedback

Abstract As more retailers ask customers for their attitudes following a consumption experience, it becomes increasingly important to understand the role of response modality and customer honesty. This research examines when customers tell “white lies” while providing feedback. Five studies reveal that customer attitudes solicited through dynamic communication modes are more inflated than attitudes solicited through other modalities. However, attitude construction is an important moderator to these effects. When customers construct an attitude on the spot through dynamic communication modes, attitudes are significantly inflated when compared to static communication modes. When attitudes exist prior to providing feedback, response modality no longer plays an important role. Marketers should not, however, discount inflated attitudes. Extending research on lying, communication modes, and attitude dissimulation, findings here also show that inflated attitudes can have a lasting and positive impact when customers form attitudes about a product or service for the first time.
Corn Belt as an Enterprise-Naming Custom in the United States

Enterprises, be they for-profit businesses or not-for-profit organizations, require names to differentiate themselves from other entities. Over a span of more than a hundred years entrepreneurs, corporate boards, and organizational founders have chosen to use Corn Belt or some spelling variant to identify their enterprises, perhaps believing that naming after this admired agricultural region will bless their enterprise with its longevity, productivity, and favorable image. This essay looks at the beginnings of Corn Belt as a vernacular term for an agricultural region, picks up the earliest uses of Corn Belt as an inspiration for enterprise names, tracks Corn Belt enterprises through time at one of the core locations of the naming practice, and presents the enterprises that in 2020 greeted the public with Corn Belt in their names.
Abstract PO-123: Development of a 3D biomimetic metastatic liver niche model for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in the United States with a 5-year survival rate of only 7%. Early diagnosis is very difficult and thus 53% of PDAC patients are diagnosed after metastasis has already occurred with liver being the most frequently affected site. Therefore, it is urgent to understand the mechanism that leads to PDAC metastasis in liver in order to develop potential therapeutics. Research shows that environment that comprises the metastatic niche has unique features that facilitate tumor growth and chemoresistance. Differences between the tumor microenvironment (TME) of the primary site and the metastatic site may be a key reason why metastatic tumors are highly resistant to standard treatment. However, most current models only recreate the primary tumor environment, while a proper model which recapitulates the key features of the metastatic niche to study liver metastasis (LM) is still missing. To address this problem, we aim to design a biomimetic model that specifically recapitulates the liver premetastatic niche (PMN). Our 3D model accomplishes this by using 1) a collagen rich extracellular matrix (ECM) that mimics the metastatic site, 2) LM-derived fibroblasts, 3) and LM organoids derived from a mouse model of PDAC. Our preliminary results showed that primary PDAC organoids require CAFs derived from primary PDACs to exhibit chemoresistance. In contrast, LM organoids did not require primary CAFs to exhibit the same level of chemoresistance. This suggests that there are cell intrinsic factors that promote chemoresistance in LM organoid in addition to possible cell extrinsic factors from the PMN. In this research we investigate the role of LM-derived CAFs and PDAC-derived exosomes in liver PMN development and study their effect on growth and chemoresistance of LM organoids. Results of this research will help us to develop strategies specifically tailored to overcome the factors which promote chemoresistance in the PMN. Citation Format: Mahsa Pahlavan, Weikun Xiao, Flora Eun, Chang-Il Hwang, Reginald Hill. Development of a 3D biomimetic metastatic liver niche model for pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-123.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOVEMENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR DISASTER RESPONSE MANAGEMENT UTILIZING CELL PHONE USAGE DATA

As cell phone usage becomes a norm in our daily lives, analysis and application of the data has become part of various research fields. This study focuses on the application of cell phone usage data to disaster response management. Cell phones work as a communication link between emergency responders and victims during and after a major disaster. This study recognizes that there are two kinds of disasters, one with an advance warning, and one without an advance warning. Different movement distance between a day with a blizzard (advanced warning) and a normal weather day was identified. In the scenario of a day with an extreme event without advanced warning (earthquake), factors that alter the phone users' movements were analyzed. Lastly, combining both cases, a conceptual model of human movement factors is proposed. Human movements consist of four factors that are push factors, movement-altering factors, derived attributes and constraint factors. Considering each category of factors in case of emergency, it should be necessary that we prepare different kinds of emergency response plans depending on the characteristics of a disaster.
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR A DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM

This paper presents the software architecture for a driver information system. It provides an overview of the system features and components, ergonomic considerations, and details regarding display protocols.
Basal cell pseudopodia in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; progressive reduction of number with severity: A morphometric quantification

An application of a morphometric model is used to study the stroma epithelial interface in human cervical epithelium. This model derived by Okagaki and associates estimates from two dimensional transmission electron photomicrographs the number of basal cell pseudopodia per basal cell. The investigation of the full spectrum of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) focusing on the basal cell-stroma interface with the "multiple cell-single section" model is discussed. Significant decreases in histopathologic grades of CIN are noted in the number of pseudopodia per basal cell (N) and the ratio (F) of the area of the stems of pseudopodia to the area of the base of the basal cell.
Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models by von Davier & Carstensen: Review of Mathias von Davier & Claus H. Carstensen (Eds.) (2007). Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models. New York: Springer

The Rasch model may be seen as elegantly simple. Its simplicity comes from its characterizing an item in terms of a single parameter, the item's location on a continuum, and also locating the perso...
Will Older Models Turn Off Shoppers

Little is known about the sales effects of different aged models on older (65 years and over) and younger (less than 65 years) consumers. This is an important issue because marketers have expressed some fear about using older models in the promotion of products directed at multiple age groups. This article presents the results of a study of 3,390 consumers' sales response to older, younger, and a combination of older and younger models in point-of-purchase advertising for an age-free product. The results indicate that model age does not have a significantly different effect on consumers of different ages. Managerial implications are provided
Severe hypoglycemia secondary to methimazole-induced insulin autoimmune syndrome in a 16 year old African-American male

Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) or Hirata's disease is a rare disorder characterized by hypoglycemia secondary to insulin autoantibodies (IAb). Over 200 patients have been described from Japan with significantly less numbers being reported from outside the Orient. IAS is more common in patients older than 40 yr of age with reports in the pediatric age group being notably rarer. Exposure to sulfhydryl group containing medications is implicated in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. In this report, we describe a case of IAS in an African-American adolescent. A 16-yr-old healthy African-American male was diagnosed with Graves' disease and started on Methimazole. Four weeks later, he was found unconscious and hypoglycemic (blood sugar 1.5 mmol/L). Evaluation was negative for insulinoma. Insulin antibodies were positive. Oral glucose tolerance test revealed elevated free insulin concentrations with disproportionately elevated total insulin levels. The patient was started on prednisone, diazoxide, and propranolol for management of IAS and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid radio-ablation was subsequently undertaken. The doses of prednisone and diazoxide were tapered and these medications discontinued after 9 months. The insulin antibody levels decreased gradually and became undetectable in 6 months with resolution of the hypoglycemia.
Teaching Statistical Variability with Equivalence-Based Instruction.

In the present study, equivalence-based instruction was used to teach 2 4-member classes representing high and low statistical variability to 10 college students. Computerized equivalence-based instruction with multiple-exemplar training was used to teach the classes. A pretest-training-posttest design evaluated performances on both computer-based tests and written multiple-choice tests. Scores improved from pretest to posttest on both the computerized and the multiple-choice tests for all students following equivalence-based instruction. Class-consistent selections also generalized from training to novel stimuli and to a novel context (i.e., written test). Finally, class-consistent performances maintained 1 week after equivalence-based instruction was completed. The study demonstrated that equivalence-based instruction can be used to teach labeling of statistical variability and that a selection-based teaching protocol administered on a computer can promote the emergence of responses to a written selection-based testing protocol.
Formation of metal filaments and their characterization

A technique has been established for the drawing of bundles of sheathed superalloy wires. Reduction of the individual filaments to a final diameter of 0.0005 in. was accomplished for Chromel R and Rene 41 with as many as 100 filaments per bundle. The problems of sheathing, stress-relieving, and desheathing were solved. However, the problem of interfilament welding and/or oxide bonding still requires extensive explanation, first, to define more clearly the causes of welding or bonding, second, to develop techniques for separating the welds or bonds, and third, to accomplish this with a minimum of loss in strength and elongation while achieving the flexibility and bending recovery of yarns formed by stranding single-drawn superalloy fibers. The successful achievement of these goals will yield high strength, flexible superalloy yarns capable of being woven and fabricated, systems requiring the thermal stability provided by super-alloys.
Expectancies of Unemployable Males regarding Source of Control of Reinforcement

Three groups of 60 22- to 28-yr.-old males, matched for age, socio-economic status and scholastic aptitude and classified as hard core unemployables were tested on the Rotter I-E Scale. No significant differences in alienation scores were noted between Group A whites and white college students. Group B Black Ss were significantly more externally controlled with greater variability of scores. Group C Mexican-Americans showed an even greater tendency in the external direction and greater variability than the others. Blacks and Mexican-Americans did not differ significantly in expression of external control. Lack of feeling for any relation between individual effort and reward may account for the difficulty in equipping these groups with knowledge and skill to improve their lot.
Gaussian basis functions for use in molecular calculations. Contraction of (12s9p) atomic basis sets for the second row atoms

Abstract The contraction of the (12s9p) primitive basis sets of Veillard for the second row atoms is investigated. Contracted [7s], [6s], [5p], and [4p] basis sets are proposed. The [6s4p] contracted set gives a Hartree-Fock energy of −459.1706 au for the ground state of the chlorine atom. This is a substantial improvement over results previously reported for contracted gussian basis sets, even those obtained with much larger primitive sets.
Bilateral Otorrhagia Associated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

A patient had bilateral tympanic membrane rupture and otorrhagia, an unusual complication of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP, applied by a bag/mask system using disposable spring valves, was used to treat acute pulmonary edema during volume resuscitation and vasopressin therapy for bleeding from esophageal varices.
Analysis of a Reconstructed Oceanic Kelvin Wave Dynamic Height Dataset for the Period 1974–2005

Abstract Intraseasonal oceanic Kelvin waves are the dominant mode of variability in the thermocline of the equatorial Pacific. Dynamic height data from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array of buoys moored in the tropical Pacific offer a convenient grid on which to study the waves but can only be effectively applied to study basinwide wave activity since about 1988 because of insufficient data at earlier times. Kelvin wave signals are also present in sea level data from island and coastal sites from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center, some of which are available from before 1970 and up to 2003. This work describes a technique for reconstructing equatorial dynamic height data back to 1974, by utilizing regression relationships between the TAO data and daily sea level time series from 11 stations in the tropical Pacific. The reconstructed data are analyzed for skill in approximating Kelvin wave signals when TAO data are available. Reconstructed Kelvin wave signals prior to the TAO period are then...
Radiation of Goldstone bosons from cosmic strings

It is shown that the interaction of global strings with Goldstone bosons can be described by a model of strings coupled to an antisymmetric tensor field with a particular choice of the coupling constant. This formalism is applied to calculate the rate of Goldstone-boson radiation from a class of closed-loop trajectories. The lifetime of a typical loop is found to be very short, about twenty oscillation periods, in agreement with an earlier estimate by Davis.
Transcriptional Inhibition by the Retinoblastoma Protein

The retinoblastoma protein, pRB, appears to play a key role in coordinating the regulation of cell cycle position and transcriptional events. pRB undergoes specific cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation, being underphosphorylated in G1 and heavily phosphorylated in S, G2, and M. The underphosphorylated form is able to interact with the E2F transcription factor. Recently, we have cloned a cDNA for E2F-1. By using this clone and a series of non-pRB binding mutants, we have been able to show that the binding of pRB to E2F-1 causes inhibition of E2F-mediated transactivation. pRB's inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription would be lost by mutation in the retinoblastoma gene in human tumours, by pRB's interaction with DNA tumour virus oncoproteins, or by phosphorylation during the cell cycle.
Introduction: The Sociopolitical Internet in China

The internet is the latest phenomenon in China and has caught the attention of media and academia alike. However, attention has hitherto been primarily concentrated on the implications of the inter...
Characterization of semi-insulating CdTe crystals grown by horizontal seeded physical vapor transport

CdTe crystals were grown by horizontal seeded physical vapor transport technique in uncoated and boron nitride coated fused silica ampoules with the source materials near the congruent sublimation condition. The grown crystals were characterized by current-voltage measurements, low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy, near IR transmission optical microscopy, spark source mass spectroscopy and chemical etching. The measured resistivities of the crystals were in the high-10(exp 8) ohm-cm range. Although the crystal grown in the boron nitride coating was contaminated with boron from the photoluminescence measurements, the coating yielded a single crystal with no inclusions or precipitates.
Novel UWB hybrid dipole antenna with quasi-isotropic radiation pattern

This paper describes a novel design of hybrid dipole antenna having a quasi-isotropic radiation pattern for applications where ultra-wide bandwidth is desired. The proposed hybrid dipole has applications in wireless systems, network sensors, communication systems, as well as RFID transmitters at 5.8 GHz ISM band. Without losing the fundamental pros of a conventional dipole, such as gain and return loss, as well as implementation simplicity, the hybrid dipole has gained a quasi-isotropic radiation pattern. The hybrid dipole consists of a two-turn loop wound around a tapered dipole. It is easily implementable and tune-able for a variety of applications.
Histone Deacetylase and DNA Methyltransferase in Human Prostate Cancer

CpG island hypermethylation and chromatin remodeling play important roles in repression of various genes during malignant transformation. We hypothesized that histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTase) are associated with prostate cancer and we examined the enzyme activity, gene, and protein expression of HDAC1 and DNMT1 in cell lines and tissues. We found that DNMTase and HDACs activities were two- to threefold higher in cell lines compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-1) cell line. Treatment of cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine decreased the activity of HDAC and DNMTase. The mRNA expression of these genes in BPH-1 cells and BPH tissues was lower than that in prostate cancer cells and tissues. HDAC1 and DNMT1 protein expression was higher in prostate cancer compared to BPH. This is the first report to demonstrate that DNMT1 and HDAC1 levels are up-regulated in prostate cancer compared to BPH, suggesting their roles in inactivation of various genes, by DNA-methylation-induced chromatin-remodeling, in prostate cancer.
Policy-by-example for online social networks

We introduce two approaches for improving privacy policy management in online social networks. First, we introduce a mechanism using proven clustering techniques that assists users in grouping their friends for group based policy management approaches. Second, we introduce a policy management approach that leverages a user's memory and opinion of their friends to set policies for other similar friends. We refer to this new approach as Same-As Policy Management. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our policy management improvements, we implemented a prototype Facebook application and conducted an extensive user study. Leveraging proven clustering techniques, we demonstrated a 23% reduction in friend grouping time. In addition, we demonstrated considerable reductions in policy authoring time using Same-As Policy Management over traditional group based policy management approaches. Finally, we presented user perceptions of both improvements, which are very encouraging.
Water Quality and the Periodicity of Sheet/Cloud Cavitation

Cloud cavitation is the rapid formation and shedding of vaporous clouds from a cavitating hydrofoil. This type of cavitation occurs under certain conditions that are characterized by the cavitation number [σ] and the angle of attack [α]. Associated with cloud cavitation are large, abrupt changes in surface pressure caused by the shedding of the attached cavity. Our experimental data display trends that are contained in the linearized flat plate theories of Acosta and Tulin. Near values of σ/2α equal to 4, a singularity exists in the flat plate theory. Experimental results and numerical simulations indicate that in this region a transition between competing mechanisms of cavity shedding occurs. A new finding is that water quality appears to have a significant effect on cavitation behavior. It is well known that nuclei content plays an important role in cavitation inception. However, a recent investigation made possible by high-speed video reveals that the cloud shedding is periodic and that, for each cycle, the cavitating surface becomes fully wetted. Thus, inception physics come into play for a fraction of each cycle. Experimental data shows that the fraction of time in each period that the hydrofoil is fully wetted varies with gas content. In addition, the spectral characteristics of lift and surface pressure measurements show a strong dependence on gas content. Numerical simulations made to incorporate gas content effects show surprisingly close agreement with experimental data. This is also factor that may be of importance in comparing the results from different experimental facilities since comparisons are often made without considering gas content as a factor.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Colonization by the alien marine alga Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. Ag. (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in the Hawaiian islands and its utilization by the green turtle, Chelonia mydas L.

Abstract In Hawaii, the alien red alga, Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. Ag., was originally planted on reefs in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, in January 1974, but has since spread to many other locations on Oahu and to other Hawaiian islands. This alga, along with the previously introduced alien seaweed, Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Boerg., is now being prominently used as a food source by the green turtle (Chelonia mydas L.) in the Hawaiian Islands. This is the first known documentation of introduced algae being incorporated into the diet of the green turtle, a species considered endangered world-wide.
Interacting effects of amygdala lesions with chlordiazepoxide and pilocarpine on mouse killing by rats

Following lesions of the amygdala, rats previously responsive to the killing-initiating effects of chlordiazepoxide (7.5 mg/kg) either continued to kill when drugged or demonstrated a complete block of the mouse-killing response. These responses to the drug appeared related to the site and extent of lesion damage. However, daily injections of pilocarpine (7.5 mg/kg), administered beginning on Postsurgical Day 19, initiated killing in most of the amygdala-lesioned rats. Possible interpretations of this finding are discussed.
Random algorithms for convex minimization problems

This paper deals with iterative gradient and subgradient methods with random feasibility steps for solving constrained convex minimization problems, where the constraint set is specified as the intersection of possibly infinitely many constraint sets. Each constraint set is assumed to be given as a level set of a convex but not necessarily differentiable function. The proposed algorithms are applicable to the situation where the whole constraint set of the problem is not known in advance, but it is rather learned in time through observations. Also, the algorithms are of interest for constrained optimization problems where the constraints are known but the number of constraints is either large or not finite. We analyze the proposed algorithm for the case when the objective function is differentiable with Lipschitz gradients and the case when the objective function is not necessarily differentiable. The behavior of the algorithm is investigated both for diminishing and non-diminishing stepsize values. The almost sure convergence to an optimal solution is established for diminishing stepsize. For non-diminishing stepsize, the error bounds are established for the expected distances of the weighted averages of the iterates from the constraint set, as well as for the expected sub-optimality of the function values along the weighted averages.
The foraging movements of bumblebees on vertical “inflorescences”: An experimental analysis

The bumblebees,Bombus edwardsii, move upward while visiting consecutive flowers on artificial “inflorescences”. This response is unrelated to the vertical patterning of rewards in the flowers of inflorescences. However, when rewards are greatest in the bottommost flowers the bees learn to start lower and leave before reaching the topmost (empty) flowers. Conversely, when rewards are greatest in the topmost flowers they tend to start in the middle of the inflorescence and depart from the top. When rewards are equal in all flowers bees start near the bottom and depart near the top of inflorescences. These behavioral patterns tend to maximize the number of visits to rewarding flowers while minimizing visits to non-rewarding flowers, thereby enhancing foraging returns.
Low energy proton and electron responses of an n-octane liquid scintillator

Abstract The proton and electron responses of an n-octane based liquid scintillator were measured. Knock-on protons by neutrons from the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) were used to determine the proton response. Neutron energies from 82 to 1195 keV were selected by time-of-flight with a resolution of better than 1%. The electron response was measured using γ-rays and fluorescence X-rays with energies from 13.4 to 1275 keV. Data interpretation required Monte Carlo simulation. The proton response deviates from linearity below 470 keV while the electron data are consistent with linearity down to 40 keV. The proton to electron response ratio measured in this work is 0.20 ± 0.02 at 1 MeV and 0.13 ± 0.01 at 100 keV.
1968 – Improving the retention rates of two evidence-based smoking cessation trials designed through a participatory approach

Introduction Smoking cessation services targeted for underserved populations usually have lower retention and higher relapse rates. Objectives/aims This study reports the results of two consecutive randomized trials aimed at improving smoking cessation rates through better adherence to the intervention plan among residents of low income urban community in the United States. Methods We compare the effectiveness of a behavior change and pharmacotherapy intervention across participants in the clinic-based and the community-based interventions. A total of 543 participants were recruited. Participants in both trials received training on smoking cessation for twelve weeks, but the second intervention was delivered by peer motivators and included use of more motivational techniques, based on lessons learned from the first trial using principles of a participatory approach. Results The smoking cessation rate in the first trial was relatively low (i.e., quit rates of about 10%), with a high level of attrition (i.e., only 14% attended 6-12 sessions). Preliminary data show a very significant increase in the proportion of participants in second trial who quitted smoking, as compared to participants in the first trial (OR=4.4; 95%CI= 2.4, 8.3; P Conclusion Community based smoking cessation programs in underserved communities can be more successful if they include proper incentives to retain participants and are supported by community organizations. The process of how the new intervention is informed by the previous trial will be described with special attention to a new incentive program that includes non-monetary club membership awards and status.
Bilateral groin reconstruction with a single anterolateral thigh perforator flap as an alternative to traditional myocutaneous flaps

•We describe bilateral groin reconstruction with a single anterolateral thigh flap.•Anatomy and surgical technique of the anterolateral thigh flap are discussed.
Estimation of a common odds ratio under binary cluster sampling

We present results from a simulation study for the estimation of a common odds ratio in multiple 2 x 2 tables when the data are correlated within clusters. We model the correlation of the data by the beta-binomial distribution. Through a simulation study, we compare the Mantel-Haenszel estimator with Rao and Scott's estimator in terms of their biases, observed variances, relative efficiencies of their variances and 95 per cent coverage proportions. We limit the simulation study to the case where there are the same number of subjects in each cluster and the same number of observations in each row of each stratum. When rho = 0, we recommend use of the Mantel-Haenszel estimator gamma MH with an unadjusted variance and Rao and Scott's estimator gamma RSP with a pooled design effect. In general, when rho > 0, we recommend the Mantel-Haenszel estimator gamma MH with an adjusted variance and Rao and Scott's estimator gamma RSP with a pooled design effect.
The uptake of gaba by clonal nerve and glia

Abstract A number of clonal nerve and glial cell lines are able to accumulate exogenous GABA. The ability of the cells to concentrate GABA is dependent upon external calcium, while the uptake process is sodium dependent and temperature sensitive. GABA uptake by the cell lines is specific with respect to analogue inhibition, but this specificity is different from that observed in brain slices. It is, however, similar to that of glia in the rat sensory ganglia. Although clonal muscle cells can concentrate GABA to a limited extent, a number of other differentiated cells cannot.
The “Other Mother” and Second Parent Adoption

Abstract As lesbian couples increasingly choose to have children, there are correspondingly more “other mothers,” the woman in a lesbian couple whose parental status is jeopardized because she is neither the biological nor adoptive parent of the child. This article considers the remedy of second parent adoption through the eyes of the other mother. Her legal status is reviewed. Data from a qualitative study of lesbian-headed families are considered, including role ambivalence, how second parent adoption benefits the children, emotional jeopardy, barriers to second parent adoption, and the perceived benefits of second parent adoption. Finally, the usefulness of second parent adoption, as a tool for strengthening and legitimizing families, is discussed and readers are encouraged to support proliferation of this policy.
Phosphate in Angra dos Reis: Structure and composition of the Ca3(PO4)2 minerals

Extraterrestrial calcium phosphates (“whitlockites”) have the anhydrous β-Ca3(PO4)2 structure, which is different from that of hydrous terrestrial whitlockite. This has been confirmed by X-ray refinement of the structure of a phosphate from the achondrite Angra dos Reis. In the β-Ca3(PO4)2 structure, there is one crystallographic site, Ca(IIA), which is half-occupied by calcium, and which seems to have an energetically unfavorable configuration; natural phosphates with this configuration (including Angra dos Reis) have composition Ca19(Mg,Fe)2(PO4)14. Stability of the structure is probably increased by substitution of Na for Ca in Ca(IIA) giving composition Ca18 (Mg,Fe)2Na2(PO4)14, which occurs in chondrites; by vacancy of Ca(IIA), with rare earths and yttrium substituting for calcium in other sites for charge balance, giving composition Ca16(Y,RE)2(Mg,Fe)2(PO4)14, found in lunar rocks; or by replacing Ca with hydrogen, giving composition Ca18(Mg,Fe)2H2(PO4)14, which is terrestrial whitlockite. Lack of the favorable substitutions of Na, (Y, RE) or H in Angra dos Reis phosphate implies that these elements were relatively scarce in its environment of formation.
Doctors are unaware of “fantastic opportunities” offered by personal health budgets, says health department

Personal health budgets have the potential to transform the care of patients in England, but few doctors or patients know much about them or are prepared for the “huge” cultural shift that is needed to implement them, experts at the Department of Health have claimed. Some 56 000 people who are getting NHS continuing healthcare will be eligible for a personal health budget—an agreed sum of money given individually to patients to help them design a package of care and choose the provider—from April 2014. And the government hopes that clinical commissioning groups will also offer them to people with long term conditions. But delegates to a conference on the topic, organised by the Westminster Health Forum in London on 24 January, heard that substantial challenges to implementation remain. …
Reinventing the Proverbs of Government

The field of public administration has a long history of popular reform movements. Many of these reforms have failed to deliver the improvements promised. The current “reinventing government” reforms, which follow largely from the writings of David Osborne and his coauthors, claim to establish a new governmental paradigm based on liberating employees and citizens to do their best and using new management methods to get the most out of what government does. However, a careful analysis of Osborne's chief works, Reinventing Government and Banishing Bureaucracy, reveals that their advice cannot be applied because it is inconsistent. No new paradigm is established, and, more importantly, because of the ahistorical nature of these texts, Osborne proposes discredited ideas for administrative reform and misleads the reader concerning the significance of his observations.
Melting bones: The social construction of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Turkey.

Abstract The increased medicalization of different life stages, including menopause, is a subject studied mostly in the Western context. Examining medicalization in the non-Western world advances discussions of body, identity and health. In this paper, I analyze the discourses around postmenopausal osteoporosis in Turkey, focusing on the different constructions of risk in the medical and popular literature. The empirical basis of the paper draws on ethnographic research done in Istanbul, Turkey between June 2006 and March 2007. The research includes participant observation in gynecology clinics, interviews with clinicians and menopausal women and archival research on the representations of menopause in the Turkish media between 1999 and 2006. Referred to as kemik erimesi (melting of the bones) in colloquial Turkish, osteoporosis has been an essential component in the medicalization of menopause in Turkey. I argue that postmenopausal osteoporosis is defined as a combination of embodied risk, which is related to the definition of menopause as a risky period, and lifestyle risk, demonstrated in discussions around “traditional” vs. “modern” clothing and healthcare habits. The Turkish example emphasizes the importance of local conditions in defining medical risk and complicates the embodied vs. lifestyle risk categories.
Empirical comparison of ab initio repeat finding programs

Identification of dispersed repetitive elements can be difficult, especially when elements share little or no homology with previously described repeats. Consequently, a growing number of computational tools have been designed to identify repetitive elements in an ab initio manner, i.e. without using prior sequence data. Here we present the results of side-by-side evaluations of six of the most widely used ab initio repeat finding programs. Using sequence from rice chromosome 12, tools were compared with regard to time requirements, ability to find known repeats, utility in identifying potential novel repeats, number and types of repeat elements recognized and compactness of family descriptions. The study reveals profound differences in the utility of the tools with some identifying virtually their entire substrate as repetitive, others making reasonable estimates of repetition, and some missing almost all repeats. Of note, even when tools recognized similar numbers of repeats they often showed marked differences in the nature and number of repeat families identified. Within the context of this comparative study, ReAS and RepeatScout showed the most promise in analysis of sequence reads and assembled genomic regions, respectively. Our results should help biologists identify the program(s), if any, that is best suited for their needs.
Advanced ion propulsion for space exploration

Ion propulsion is one of the numerous technologies proposed for the Space Exploration Initiative. To operate at the megawatt power levels required for Martian cargo and/or piloted missions, ion propulsion must evolve from present technologies. The principles of operation and a brief historical review of this form of propulsion are described. Also presented are the performance of present 50-cm diameter inert gas ion thrusters at power levels and specific impulse values up to 19 kW and 9300 seconds, respectively. These thrusters are applicable to orbit transfer vehicles, planetary probes, and other precursor missions.
The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup in an infinite dimensional L2 setting

Abstract We study the number operator, N , of quantum field theory as a partial differential operator in infinitely many variables. Informally Nu ( x ) = − Δu ( x ) + x · grad u ( x ). A large core for N is constructed which is invariant under e − tN and on which this informal expression may be given a precise and natural meaning.
Effects of LY163502, a D2 dopaminergic agonist, on the sexual behavior of male rats

Abstract LY163502, a selective D 2 receptor agonist, has been reported to stimulate sexual behavior in both copulating and noncopulating male rats. Three experiments were conducted to further characterize the role of dopamine on male sexual behavior. In the first experiment, quinelorane (LY163502) was directly infused into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of castrated males either alone or in combination with subphysiological levels of testosterone (T) exposure. The results showed that male sexual behavior was not affected by infusion of LY163502 alone, subphysiological T levels alone, or the combination of LY163502 and subphysiological T levels. For the second experiment, all animals receeved physiological levels of T and MPOA infusions of LY163502 or saline. The results showed an earlier restoration of male sexual behavior in the LY163502 group when compared to the T-only group. In the third study, noncopulating, gonadally intact males received SC injections of either LY163502 or saline 30 min prior to copulatory testing. The results showed that LY163502 induced a significant decrease in mount and intromission latencies after 14 days of drug exposure. From these results, we conclude a) that D 2 receptors play a role in the facilitation of male sexual behavior and b) that the action of dopamine at D 2 receptors requires the presence of T.
Generation and characterization of phenylsulfanylcarbene.

A photosensitive precursor (1) to phenylsulfanylcarbene 2 has been synthesized. Laser flash photolysis (308 nm) of 1 and chemical trapping studies of 2 are reported.
Do reasons for major depression act as causes

We make sense of human behavior using reasons, which produce understanding via a subjective empathy-based first-person perspective and causes, which leads to explanations utilizing objective facts about the world assessed scientifically. We evaluate the common sense hypothesis that for episodes of major depression (MD), reasons act as causes. That is, individuals who have highly understandable depressive episodes will have, on average, fewer objective scientifically validated causes than those who have un-understandable episodes. The understandability of a MD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition (DSM IV) experienced in the past year in 630 personally interviewed twins from a population-based registry was rated, with high reliability, from rich contextual information. We predicted, from these understandability ratings, via linear and logistic regression, 12 validated risk factors for MD reflecting genetic and long-term environmental liability. No significant association was observed between 11 of these indices and the understandability of the depressive episode. The only significant finding-higher cotwin risk for MD associated with greater understandability-was opposite that predicted by the reasons-as-causes hypothesis. Our results do not support the hypothesis that reasons for MD act as causes. These findings, unlikely to result from low power, may be explicable from an empirical and/or philosophical perspective. Our results are, however, consistent with 'the trap of meaning' hypothesis, which suggests that understanding does not equal explanation and that while reasons may be critical to help us empathize with our patients, they are unreliable indices of objective risk factors for illness.
Verbal and nonverbal recognition memory in aphasic and nonaphasic stroke patients

The ability to retain lists of verbal and nonverbalizable items across recurrent recognition tasks was tested in three groups: (1) stroke patients with a left-brain lesion and aphasia, (2) stroke patients with a right-brain lesion and left hemiplegia, and (3) nonneurologically impaired outpatients. As determined with signal detection measures, aphasics were deficient in discriminating words that were to be remembered from those that were not; their recognition of nonverbal visual (geometric art) or auditory (bird calls) patterns, however, was unimpaired. Left hemiplegics showed the opposite pattern. After a long-term interval (<10 min), correct recognition of words was diminished in all groups whereas recognition of visual patterns increased. Both groups of stroke patients adopted material-specific decision criteria which in part accounted for the dissociation of verbal and nonverbal recognition memory by laterality of lesion. Item analysis indicated that aphasics' verbal memory difficulties were affected by acoustic-semantic confusion of list words.
Extinction of differential reward magnitude discrimination in a discrete bar-pressing situation

Two groups of rats distinguished by the number of bar-presses required to complete a trial (FR 1 or FR 5) were given acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition in an instrumental discrimination involving differential reward magnitude (five pellets vs one pellet). The FR 5 group displayed better discrimination and extinguished faster than the FR 1 group. A “reversed magnitude-extinction effect” was found in that the usual between-groups finding of an inverse relation between resistance to extinction and acquisition reward magnitude failed to appear, ie., five-pellet start speeds of both groups remained above one-pellet speeds throughout extinction and there was a nonsignificant tendency for relative extinction rates of start speeds to be faster under one-pellet than five-pellet cues.
Characteristics of college cyberbullies

Cyberbullying is a newer variation of bullying that utilizes technology to harass. This study investigated the psychological symptomology, suicidal behaviors, aggressive tendencies, and illegal behaviors of college cyberbullies. Sixty cyberbullies and 19 cyberbully/victims (participants who cyberbullied and were victims of cyberbullying) scored higher in psychological symptoms of depression, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoia, phobic anxiety, and psychoticism than participants who were uninvolved with cyberbullying. The cyberbullies also endorsed more suicidal behaviors and scored higher in aggression. The cyberbully/victims engaged in more violent and drug crimes than cyberbullies and controls. These findings indicate perpetrators of cyberbullying have more psychological distress, aggressive tendencies, and engage in more illegal behaviors than those who do not cyberbully. This is the first study to show the distress cyberbullies are experiencing.
The preparation of silica supported Pd catalysts: the effect of pretreatment variables on particle size

The effect of pretreatment on the dispersion of Pd catalysts supported on silica has been studied. The catalysts were prepared from [Pd(NH3)4] (NO3)2 as the metal precursor at a pH = 9. The resulting catalysts were characterized using both CO and H2 chemisorption, transmission electron microscopy, and in-situ UV reflectance spectroscopy. Pretreatment in H2 resulted in poor Pd dispersions while pretreatment in He or Ar resulted in very high dispersions. Pretreatment in O2 resulted in moderate dispersions. The results are explained by considering the chemical structure of the adsorbed surface complex under different pretreatment conditions. The chemistry of the decomposition process is considered in detail.
Three-dimensional analysis of bending losses in dielectric optical waveguides with arbitrary refractive-index profile

A three-dimensional analysis of bending losses in dielectric optical waveguides is presented. It constitutes a nontrivial generalization of previous two- and three-dimensional studies by other authors. Our analysis is based on homogeneous integral equations for the total radiation field and suitable asymptotic approximations for Green’s functions. A key role is played by a new three-dimensional approximation for a relevant Bessel function with large order and argument (the former being larger than the latter). A nontrivial check of the consistency of all those approximations is given. General formulas are presented for the radiated field and the energy flow and for a bending-loss coefficient in three dimensions. Numerical results are also given, in order to assess the difference between the results of other authors and ours. Such a difference is rather small for monomode behavior near cutoff, increases as the behavior of the waveguide changes from monomode to multimode, and decreases as the parameter V increases for a given core radius and propagation mode.
High Levels of Acetylated Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake and Low Tyrosine Kinase With Immunoglobulin and Epidermal Growth Factor Homology Domains-2 (Tie2) Promoter Activity Distinguish Sinusoids From Other Vessel Types in Murine Bone Marrow

Background— The bone marrow contains a variety of blood vessels that have different functions in bone marrow maintenance and hematopoiesis. Arterioles control the flow of blood into bone marrow compartments, and sinusoids serve as a conduit to the bloodstream and as niches for megakaryocyte development. Most studies of bone marrow vasculature, including studies quantifying changes in the marrow vascular by microvascular density, do not differentiate between different types of marrow vessels. Recognizing changes in different types of blood vessels after chemotherapy exposure or during leukemia development has important physiological implications. We hypothesized that the functional heterogeneity of marrow vasculature could be recognized through the use of functional markers such as tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains-2 (Tie2) expression or 1,1-dioctadecyl -3,3,3,3-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate with acetylated low-density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL) uptak...
Field‐aligned 777.4‐nm composite airglow images of equatorial plasma depletions

[1] We present a powerful tool to analyze two-dimensional field-aligned images of equatorial plasma depletions taken from mid-latitudes. By shifting each individual image by the sum of the longitudinal offsets obtained by performing a cross-correlation between successive images, a single composite image can be formed for the entire night. It is shown that these field-aligned composite images give information on the observation times of the depletions associated with spread-F as they pass by Hawaii. In addition, they can be used to estimate the formation time and location of the depletions to the west of the observing site. This technique also yields estimates of the eastward velocity and velocity shear of the depletions. We suggest that the information gained by using these images can be used to predict satellite scintillations at stations to the east of the observing station.