cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Most soil trophic guilds increase plant growth: a meta-analytical review

Trophic cascades are important drivers of plant and animal abundances in aquatic and aboveground systems, but in soils trophic cascades have been thought to be of limited importance due to omnivory and other factors. Here we use a meta-analysis of 215 studies with 1526 experiments that measured plant growth responses to additions or removals of soil organisms to test how different soil trophic levels affect plant growth. Consistent with the trophic cascade hypothesis, we found that herbivores and plant pathogens (henceforth pests) decreased plant growth and that predators of pests increased plant growth. The magnitude of this trophic cascade was similar to that reported for aboveground systems. In contrast, we did not find evidence for trophic cascades in decomposer- and symbiont-based (henceforth mutualist) food chains. In these food chains, mutualists increased plant growth and predators of mutualists also increased plant growth, presumably by increasing nutrient cycling rates. Therefore, mutualists, predators of mutualists and predators of pests all increased plant growth. Further, experiments that added multiple organisms from different trophic levels also increased plant growth. As a result, across the dataset, soil organisms increased plant growth 29% and non-pest soil organisms increased plant growth 46%. Omnivory has traditionally been thought to confound soil trophic dynamics, but here we suggest that omnivory allows for a simplified perspective of soil food webs – one in which most soil organisms increase plant growth by preying on pests or increasing nutrient cycling rates. An implication of this perspective is that processes that decrease soil organism abundance (e.g. soil tillage) are likely to decrease aboveground productivity. Synthesis Soil foodwebs have resisted generalizations due to their diversity and interconnectedness. Here we use results from a meta-analysis to inform a simplified perspective of soil foodwebs: one in which most soil trophic guilds increase plant growth. Our review also includes the first widespread support for the presence of trophic cascades in soils.
Skin stretch feedback for gaming environments

This paper presents the design and development of handheld gaming devices that provide a new form of touch feedback: skin stretch feedback. Our prior work showed 1–1.5 mm of skin stretch applied to the fingertips (or thumb tips) could provide direction cues with high accuracy. The direction of each cue corresponded to the direction of applied skin stretch. Haptic feedback via tactile skin stretch can be used to provide tactile gaming effects and directional information through the same interface used for game inputs. Tests conducted with devices that resemble modern game controllers indicated which grip style is preferred by users and how to present direction cues to achieve the highest recognition rates. The main contribution of this paper is to show an initial demonstration of the benefits of skin stretch feedback in a multimodal gaming scenario.
A Survey of Podiatric Medical Students’ Computer Literacy

This article reviews the extent of health-care students’ computer literacy and presents the results of a survey of podiatric medical students’ computer literacy. The results of this survey indicate that podiatric medical students are more likely than other health-care students to rate their computer literacy as good or very good. There was no gender difference in this self-reported computer knowledge. The implications for designing and using Web-based instructional materials and technology for podiatric medical students are discussed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(4): 375–381, 2004)
Exact approach to equilibrium for the glauber model of a one-dimensional Ising system with random ± J bonds

Abstract The (discrete-time) Glauber model is considered for a one-dimensional system of spins s j = ±1 with nearest-neighbor Ising interaction H = -Σ j J j s j s j+1 . The J j = ± J are treated as random variables with an arbitrary joint probability p( J ) . The exact time-dependent average 〈 s j 〉 t is determined, and from it the “quenched” average 〈〈s j 〉 t 〉 av =Σ J p ( J )〈s j 〉 t is explicitly found.
Time-dose-volume considerations in iodine-125 interstitial brachytherapy

Abstract Eighty-nine implants with iodine-125 (I-125) seeds in the lymph nodes and other superficial lesions in the head and neck areas were reviewed in order to determine the time-dose-volume relationship. The period required for complete tumor regression, as determined by clinical palpation, was approximately three months after implantation and was independent of matched peripheral dose (MPD) or tumor volume. There was no correlation observed between MPD and tumor control rate (p
Deep-space and near-Earth optical communications by coded orbital angular momentum (OAM) modulation

In order to achieve multi-gigabit transmission (projected for 2020) for the use in interplanetary communications, the usage of large number of time slots in pulse-position modulation (PPM), typically used in deep-space applications, is needed, which imposes stringent requirements on system design and implementation. As an alternative satisfying high-bandwidth demands of future interplanetary communications, while keeping the system cost and power consumption reasonably low, in this paper, we describe the use of orbital angular momentum (OAM) as an additional degree of freedom. The OAM is associated with azimuthal phase of the complex electric field. Because OAM eigenstates are orthogonal the can be used as basis functions for N-dimensional signaling. The OAM modulation and multiplexing can, therefore, be used, in combination with other degrees of freedom, to solve the high-bandwidth requirements of future deep-space and near-Earth optical communications. The main challenge for OAM deep-space communication represents the link between a spacecraft probe and the Earth station because in the presence of atmospheric turbulence the orthogonality between OAM states is no longer preserved. We will show that in combination with LDPC codes, the OAM-based modulation schemes can operate even under strong atmospheric turbulence regime. In addition, the spectral efficiency of proposed scheme is N2/log2N times better than that of PPM.
Raising Critical Consciousness in Family Therapy Supervision

Although family therapy literature reflects an increased consideration of cultural and contextual issues, there is little guidance on how to address intersecting forms of oppression and privilege within the supervisory system. In this article, we show the importance of critical consciousness in addressing these issues. Additionally, we provide concrete suggestions and tools for developing critical consciousness through supervision. The practices and tools we provide resulted from ongoing and deliberate discussions of an inquiry group that consisted of supervisor candidates and supervisors of supervision. Our goal in writing this article is to describe the strategies that we have found to be crucial in becoming more competent supervisors and therapists.
1082 NEONATAL OSTEOMYELITIS DUE TO METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Neonatal osteomyelitis is rare. However, since the first isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 20 months ago in our nursery, we have diagnosed 4 cases of osteomyelitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. During this period we have encountered 8 infants with systemic disease, 2 infants with localized disease and 8 infants with colonization alone due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Blood cultures were positive in 3 of 4 infants with osteomyelitis. Their mean birthweight was 1070 g and the mean gestational age was 29.6 weeks. Incidence of central line placement, need for multiple transfusions and prolonged total parenteral nutrition therapy indicate their complicated hospital course. The onset of the osteomyelitis was insidious and the early symptoms were non-specific. Multiple bones were involved in 2 infants, and 3 infants developed septic arthritis requiring surgical drainage. These infants were treated with vancomycin for 6-8 weeks. In contrast, the infants with colonization alone were larger, and has less complicated hospital courses. Our experience suggests that the infants developing systemic disease due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are similar to those acquiring Candida infection. However, unlike disseminated candidiasis significantly greater number of neonates with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection develop osteomyelitis.
East european trade with the developing world: soviet diplomatic partner or economic self-interest

Prior to the demise of the Communist system in Eastern Europe, the trade of these countries with the developing world was supportive of Soviet diplomatic aims at least in part. In the late 1950s, correspondence between the trade links of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was particularly close. In later periods, the trade of Eastern Europe was less closely aligned with that of the Soviet Union, but there was still evidence that East European trade with the developing world followed upon Soviet goals and initiatives in some instances, indicating the strong possibility of overall Soviet direction. Trade with countries in the Middle East had by far the strongest association for East European trade with that of the Soviet Union.
Privatization and some economic and social consequences: Higher incomes, greater inequalities

Abstract The past 14 years have witnessed profound political, social, and economic changes in the various countries that previously comprised the “Soviet bloc.” The antecedents to and the process of Hungarian privatization are examined in the present study, followed by an evaluation of some of the economic and social consequences of the systemic change. The change from one-party rule to a pluralistic democracy and from “goulash communism” to a market economy has been successful overall, but the necessary rationalization of production also resulted in growing inequalities in income and wealth and the appearance of social conflict.
Confined subsurface microbial communities in Cretaceous rock

Deep subsurface microbial communities1 are believed to be supported by organic matter that was either deposited with the formation sediments or which migrated from the surface along groundwater flowpaths. Investigation has therefore focused on the existence of microorganisms in recently deposited or highly permeable sediments2,3. Fewer reports have focused on consolidated rocks4–7. These findings have often been limited by inadequate tracer methodology or non-sterile sampling techniques. Here we present evidence for the presence of spatially discrete microbial communities in Cretaceous rocks and advance a mechanism for the long-term survival of these subterranean communities. Samples were collected using aseptic methods and sensitive tracers8. Our results indicate that the main energy source for these communities is organic material trapped within shales. Microbial activity in shales appears to be greatly reduced, presumably because of their restrictive pore size9. However, organic material or its fermentation products could diffuse into adjacent, more permeable sandstones, where microbial activity was much more abundant. This process resulted in the presence of microbial communities at sandstone–shale interfaces. These microorganisms presumably ferment organic matter and carry out sulphate reduction and acetogenesis.
Physiological characterization of neuropathy in Fabry's disease

Fabry's disease is commonly associated with a painful, debilitating neuropathy. Characterization of the physiological abnormalities is an important step in evaluating response to specific therapies. Twenty-two patients with Fabry's disease, and with relatively preserved renal function, underwent conventional and near-nerve conduction studies, electromyography, sympathetic skin responses, and quantitative sensory testing (QST). Nerve conduction studies were mostly normal except for an increased frequency of median nerve entrapment at the wrist in 6 (27%) patients. Sympathetic skin responses were preserved in 19 of 20 (95%) of the patients. The QST showed increased or immeasurable cold and warm detection thresholds in patients, significantly different from controls (n = 28) in the hand (P < 0.001, P = 0.04, respectively) and foot (P < 0.001 for both). Cold thresholds were more often abnormal than were warm thresholds. Vibration thresholds were normal in the feet and, in some patients, elevated in the hand only, probably due to frequent median nerve entrapment at the wrist. Our findings suggest that the neuropathy of Fabry's disease is characterized by an increased prevalence of median nerve entrapment at the wrist and by thermal afferent fiber dysfunction in a length-dependent fashion, with greater impairment of cold than warm sensation.
Globalization and Higher Education in Southern California: Views from the Professoriate.

In this study, faculty at institutions of higher education in Southern California were surveyed to determine the ways they interpret the effects of globalization dynamics upon their various teaching and research activities. Faculty in the state’s three higher education tiers spoke positively about the intellectual benefits to be gained by exposure to different worldviews made possible by an increasingly diverse faculty and student body. Divisions were noted among the different tiers, however, with respect to their disparate levels of engagement with the private sector. The private sector was seen as having a negative impact upon the public sector’s research agenda while simultaneously being embraced by faculty at the community colleges. Faculty at the research institutions were typically critical of the overarching neoliberal paradigm and spoke in political terms about the ways this largely economic‐efficiency model was reorienting their teaching and research roles.
CuZn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD-1):Tetanus Toxin Fragment C Hybrid Protein for Targeted Delivery of SOD-1 to Neuronal Cells

Increased levels of CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) are cytoprotective in experimental models of neurological disorders associated with free radical toxicity (e.g. stroke, trauma). Targeted delivery of SOD-1 to central nervous system neurons may therefore be therapeutic in such diseases. The nontoxic C-fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) possesses the nerve cell binding/transport properties of tetanus holotoxin and has been used as a vector to enhance the neuronal uptake of proteins including enzymes. We have now produced a recombinant, hybrid protein in Escherichia coli tandemly joining human SOD-1 to TTC. The expressed hybrid protein (SOD:Tet450) has a subunit molecular mass of 68 kDa and is recognized by both anti-SOD-1 and anti-TTC antibodies. Calculated per mol, SOD:Tet450 has approximately 60% of the expected SOD-1 enzymatic activity. Analysis of the hybrid protein's interaction with the neuron-like cell line, N18-RE-105, and cultured hippocampal neurons by enzyme immunoassay for human SOD-1 revealed that SOD:Tet451 association with cells was neuron-specific and dose-dependent. The hybrid protein was also internalized, but there was substantial loss of internalized hybrid protein over the first 24 h. Hybrid protein associated with cells remained enzymatically active. These results suggest that human SOD-1 and TTC retain their respective functional properties when expressed together as a single peptide. SOD:Tet451 may prove to be a useful agent for the targeted delivery of SOD-1 to neurons.
Longshore sediment transport on non-planar beaches

Abstract For a concave-up 2 3 power Bruun beach profile, the following two energetics-based sediment transport models are developed: (1) a Bagnold-type model and (2) a combined wave-current stress model. The stress model is calibrated with the Bagnold model using observed transport rates on planar beaches. The sediment transport profiles for the two models are in agreement within the surf zone for the planar beach case; but the stress model is also applied seaward of the breaker line where the Bagnold model is not. A mean swash transport of sand is predicted by the Bagnold model for a 1 2 power least-squares approximation to total depth including setup/setdown on a Bruun beach profile. The total longshore transport of sand is determined for each transport model as a function of the turbulent lateral mixing strength. The total sand transport is found to be less on a concave-up beach profile than for the corresponding planar beach case.
Multi-scale Integration of Physics-Based and Data-Driven Models in Power Systems

The major subject of this paper is the introduction and testing of a new modeling paradigm necessary for enabling sustainable performance of electric energy systems. In previous work we have identified major challenges to systematically modeling distributed, non-uniform resources emerging in power grids. Today's modeling of electric energy systems is either entirely based on first principles which suffers significantly from the ever-increasing complexity of non-uniform devices, or is purely based on computer science data-driven approaches which lose the fundamental physical insights of electric power networks. Therefore, it is very difficult with today's modeling practices to integrate distributed non-uniform resources using both first-principle and data driven approaches in large-scale cyber-physical energy systems. In sharp contrast, this paper presents a holistic multi-scale modeling approach by combing advances from (1) physics based modeling of emerging distributed resources (e.g. wind generation and storage devices), and (2) data-driven modeling of load resources. With both physics-based models of distributed resources and data-driven models of flexible demands, key parameters are abstracted and identified from the detailed dynamical models necessary for the multi-scale power system operations. The proposed modeling framework is tested using realistic phasor measurement unit data obtained from Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT).
On Modeling Morphogenesis of the Looping Heart Following Mechanical Perturbations

Looping is a crucial early phase during heart development, as the initially straight heart tube (HT) deforms into a curved tube to lay out the basic plan of the mature heart. This paper focuses on the first phase of looping, called c-looping, when the HT bends ventrally and twists dextrally (rightward) to create a c-shaped tube. Previous research has shown that bending is an intrinsic process, while dextral torsion is likely caused by external forces acting on the heart. However, the specific mechanisms that drive and regulate looping are not yet completely understood. Here, we present new experimental data and finite element models to help define these mechanisms for the torsional component of c-looping. First, with regions of growth and contraction specified according to experiments on chick embryos, a three-dimensional model exhibits morphogenetic deformation consistent with observations for normal looping. Next, the model is tested further using experiments in which looping is perturbed by removing structures that exert forces on the heart — a membrane (splanchnopleure, SPL) that presses against the ventral surface of the heart and the left and right primitive atria. In all cases, the model predicts the correct qualitative behavior. Finally, a two-dimensional model of the HT cross section is used to study a feedback mechanism for stress-based regulation of looping. The model is tested using experiments in which the SPL is removed before, during, and after c-looping. In each simulation, the model predicts the correct response. Hence, these models provide new insight into the mechanical mechanisms that drive and regulate cardiac looping.
Hirschsprung's disease in a patient with translocation resulting in a partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome

Review of the literature reveals a relatively well defined phenotype associated with partial trisomies of chromosome 1q. We report a patient with the karyotype 46,XX, der(14) t(1;14) (q32.1;q32.3) who shows several of the features previously described in patients with partial trisomy of the distal part of chromosome 1q: Growth retardation, dysmorphic features including a high forehead, small ears and eyes, large anterior fontanel, pronounced nasal bridge with long nose, triangular mouth, micro-retrognathia, overlapping of the 3rd and 4th toe, clinodactyly of the 5th finger, sacral dimple and hirsutism. An echocardiogram revealed anomalous return of the upper left pulmonary vein and a large secundum atrial septal defect. On head ultrasound a left choroid plexus cyst was noted. In addition, the newborn manifested acute bowel obstruction on the third day of life due to Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionosis proven on biopsy). While other abnormalities of the gastrointestinal system such as pyloric stenosis and gallbladder abnormalities have been reported in partial trisomy 1q, to our knowledge, there are no previous reports of Hischsprung's disease in these patients. Hirschsprung's disease is a polygenic disorder. Several loci on different chromosomes (such as chromosomes 5, 10, 20, and especially the endothelin-B receptor gene on chromosome 13q22) have been associated with the condition. No links to either the long arm of chromosome 1 nor chromosome 14q have been reported. While a causative relationship between the partial trisomy 1q and the presence of aganglionosis of the colon can not be established in our patient at this point, the definition of the exact break points, comparison with the clinical phenotypes of patients with slightly different breakpoints and patients with Hirschsprung's disease without chromosomal abnormalities, and review of the genes assigned to the distal parts of the long arms of chromosomes 1 and 14 seem of interest and may provide further understanding of the pathophysiology of this trisomy and the associated gastrointestinal malformation.
Evaluation of restorative and implant alloys galvanically coupled to titanium

Abstract Objectives . As the success of implants leads to their increasing use in restorative dentistry, attention should be devoted to the galvanic combination of restorative materials with titanium. This paper used continuous corrosion potential monitoring in conjunction with zero-resistance ammetry to obtain galvanic corrosion properties of restorative and implant materials coupled with titanium (ASTM F67- Grade II). Methods . Direct coupling or galvanic experiments were conducted on eight restorative and implant materials coupled to titanium. De-aerated artificial saliva solution in a specifically designed corrosion cell simulated an oral crevice situation. Open circuit potentials ( E o.c .) of each material in the couple, coupled corrosion potentials ( E couple corr ), coupled corrosion current density ( I couple corr ) and the resultant charge transfer were monitored. The results were analyzed using single factor ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests. Results . Noble restorative (Au-, Ag-, and Pd-based) alloys coupled to titanium were found to be least susceptible to galvanic corrosion. Co–Cr–Mo, Ni–Cr and Fe-based alloys coupled to titanium were found to be moderately susceptible to galvanic corrosion due to mechanical–electrochemical interaction. Ni–Cr–Be alloy coupled to titanium was found to be highly susceptible to galvanic corrosion. The in vitro test results for the titanium/Disperalloy combination does not concur with the published clinical performance of this combination, and thus warrants further investigation. Significance . From the data obtained in this study and current literature profiles, acceptable restorative couples were developed for use as clinical guidelines in restorative dentistry.
Birotundal diameter of the human sphenoid bone from age six years to early adulthood

Longitudinal data for a twenty-year period are presented for a dimension of the human sphenoid bone as seen on postero-anterior roentgenograms of 22 males and 18 females (healthy, American-born Caucasoids). Birotundal diameter measured as the distance between the centers of the right and left foramen rotundum averaged near 32.0 mm for each sex at age 6 years. Individual increase in size to age 26 years ranged between 3.2 mm and 8.3 mm. There is no correlation between size at age 6 years and change between this age and early adulthood. For 54 males and 50 females at age 9 years, intercorrelations were obtained among six variables: birotundal diameter, head breadth, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, upper and loweer dental arch widths at the permanent first molars. The r's were nonsignificant or low positive (with the exception of upper-lower dental arch, r = 0.76). The results of this study are aligned with three previous studies of human cranial base width.
Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone

In rhesus monkeys with hypothalamic lesions that abolish gonadotropic hormone release by the pituitary gland, the constant infusion of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) fails to restore sustained gonadotropin secretion. In marked contrast, intermittent administration of the synthetic decapeptide once per hour, the physiological frequency of gonadotropin release in the monkeys, reestablishes pituitary gonadotropin secretion. This phenomenon is attributable to the pattern of GnRH delivery rather than to the amounts of this hormone to which the cells of the pituitary are exposed. Moreover, the initiation of continuous GnRH administration in animals with lesions and in which gonadotropin secretion is reestablished by intermittent GnRH replacement can result in a "desensitization" or "down regulation" of the processes responsible for gonadotropin release.
Effect of prenatal protein deprivation on postnatal granule cell generation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Abstract The effect of prenatal malnutrition, produced by protein deprivation, on postnatal neurogenesis of granule cells in the fascia dentata of the rat hippocampal formation was examined by injecting tritiated thymidine on P8 and P15 and sacrificing the pups on P30, or by injecting on P30 and sacrificing on P90. The number of labeled granule cells was significantly decreased in prenatally malnourished rats injected on P8, and unaffected in those injected on P15. In contrast, the number of labeled granule cells in prenatally malnourished rats was significantly increased in animals injected on P30. The study shows that prenatal malnutrition significantly alters the postnatal pattern of granule cell neurogenesis in rat hippocampal formation and that the effect persists despite nutritional rehabilitation at birth. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Inc.
Effect of the Potassium Salt of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Reproduction Rate of Paramecium multimicro-nucleatum

THIS investigation was prompted by the fact that though the effects of gibberellic acid and its salts in stimulating growth of plant cells have been studied widely1,2,3, very little is known of their effects on bacteria and other micro-organisms4,5. The first micro-organism chosen for this study was yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), but its growth was found to be unchanged by potassium gibberellate (‘Gibrel’, supplied through the courtesy of Merck and Co., Inc.). It was then decided to study a unicellular animal, and the ciliate infusorian, Paramecium multimicronucleatum, was selected as being a simple, easily measured organism.
The Ets transcription factor GABP is required for cell-cycle progression.

The transition from cellular quiescence (G0) into S phase is regulated by the mitogenic-activation of D-type cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), the sequestration of the Cdk inhibitors (CDKIs), p21 and p27, and the hyperphosphorylation of Rb with release of E2F transcription factors1,2. However, fibroblasts that lack all D-type cyclins can still undergo serum-induced proliferation3 and key E2F targets are expressed at stable levels despite cyclical Rb–E2F activity1. Here, we show that serum induces expression of the Ets transcription factor, Gabpα, and that its ectopic expression induces quiescent cells to re-enter the cell cycle. Genetic disruption of Gabpα prevents entry into S phase, and selectively reduces expression of genes that are required for DNA synthesis and degradation of CDKIs, yet does not alter expression of D-type cyclins, Cdks, Rb or E2Fs. Thus, GABP is necessary and sufficient for re-entry into the cell cycle and it regulates a pathway that is distinct from that of D-type cyclins and CDKs.
The Effects of Substrate Elastic Modulus on Neural Precursor Cell Behavior

The spinal cord has a limited capacity to self-repair. After injury, endogenous stem cells are activated and migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into glial cells. The absence of neuronal differentiation has been partly attributed to the interaction between the injured microenvironment and neural stem cells. In order to improve post-injury neuronal differentiation and/or maturation potential, cell–cell and cell–biochemical interactions have been investigated. However, little is known about the role of stem cell–matrix interactions on stem cell-mediated repair. Here, we specifically examined the effects of matrix elasticity on stem cell-mediated repair in the spinal cord, since spinal cord injury results in drastic changes in parenchyma elasticity and viscosity. Spinal cord-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) were grown on bis-acrylamide substrates with various rigidities. NPC growth, proliferation, and differentiation were examined and optimal in the range of normal spinal cord elasticity. In conclusion, limitations in NPC growth, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation were encountered when substrate elasticity was not within normal spinal cord tissue elasticity ranges. These studies elucidate the effect injury mediated mechanical changes may have on tissue repair by stem cells. Furthermore, this information can be applied to the development of future neuroregenerative biomaterials for spinal cord repair.
Thermal analysis of the southern Powder River Basin, Wyoming

Temperature and geologic data from over 3000 oil and gas wells within a 180 km × 30 km area that transect across the southern Powder River Basin in Wyoming, U.S.A., were used to determine the present thermal regime of the basin. Three‐dimensional temperature fields within the transect, based on corrected bottomhole temperatures (BHTs) and other geologic information, were assessed using: (1) A laterally constant temperature gradient model in conjunction with an L1 norm inversion method, and (2) a laterally variable temperature gradient model in conjunction with a stochastic inversion technique. The mean geothermal gradient in the transect is 29°C/km, but important lateral variations in the geothermal gradient exist. The average heat flow for the southern Powder River Basin is 52mW/m2 with systematic variations between 40mW/m2 and 60mW/m2 along the transect. Extremely high local heat flow (values up to 225mW/m2) in the vicinity of the Teapot Dome and the Salt Creek Anticline and low heat flow of 25mW/m2 occ...
IS1414, an Escherichia coli Insertion Sequence with a Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Gene Embedded in a Transposase-Like Gene

ABSTRACT Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) was originally discovered in EAEC but has also been associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Multiple genomic restriction fragments from each of three ETEC strains of human origin showed homology with an EAST1 gene probe. A single hybridizing fragment was detected on the plasmid of ETEC strain 27D that also encodes heat-stable enterotoxin Ib and colonization factor antigen I. We isolated and characterized this fragment, showing that it (i) carries an allele of astA nearly identical to that originally reported from EAEC 17-2 and (ii) expressed enterotoxic activity. Sequence analysis of the toxin coding region revealed thatastA is completely embedded within a 1,209-bp open reading frame (ORF1), whose coding sequence is on the same strand but in the −1 reading frame in reference to the toxin gene. In vitro expression of the predicted Mr-∼46,000 protein product of ORF1 was demonstrated. ORF1 is highly similar to transposase genes of IS285 from Yersinia pestis, IS1356 from Burkholderia cepacia, and ISRm3 from Rhizobium meliloti. It is bounded by 30-bp imperfect inverted repeat sequences and flanked by 8-bp direct repeats. Based on these structural features, pathognomonic of a regular insertion sequence, this element was designated IS1414. Preliminary experiments to show IS1414 translocation were unsuccessful. Overlapping genes of the type suggested by the IS1414 core region have heretofore not been described in bacteria. It seems to offer a most efficient mechanism for intragenomic and horizontal dissemination of EAST1.
Bay K 8644 Increases Resting Ca2+ Spark Frequency in Ferret Ventricular Myocytes Independent of Ca Influx Contrast With Caffeine and Ryanodine Effects

Bay K 8644, an L-type Ca2+ channel agonist, was shown previously to increase resting sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ loss and convert post-rest potentiation to decay in dog and ferret ventricular muscle. Here, the effects of Bay K 8644 on local SR Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) were measured in isolated ferret ventricular myocytes, using laser scanning confocal microscopy and the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-3. The spark frequency under control conditions was fairly constant during 20 s of rest after interruption of electrical stimulation. Bay K 8644 (100 nmol/L) increased the spark frequency by 466+/-90% of control at constant SR Ca2+ load but did not change the spatial and temporal characteristics of individual sparks. The increase in spark frequency was maintained throughout the period of rest. The increase in Ca2+ spark frequency induced by Bay K 8644 was not affected by superfusion with Ca2+-free solution (with 10 mmol/L EGTA) but was suppressed by the addition of 10 micromol/L nifedipine (which by itself did not alter resting Ca2+ spark frequency). This suggests that the effect of Bay K 8644 on Ca2+ sparks is mediated by the sarcolemmal dihydropyridine receptor but is also independent of Ca2+ influx. Low concentrations of caffeine (0.5 mmol/L) increased both the average frequency and duration of sparks. Ryanodine (50 nmol/L) increased the spark frequency and also induced long-lasting Ca2+ signals. This may indicate long-lasting openings of SR Ca2+ release channels and a lack of local SR Ca2+ depletion. In lipid bilayers, Bay K 8644 had no effect on either single-channel current amplitude or open probability of the cardiac ryanodine receptor. It is concluded that Bay K 8644 activates SR Ca2+ release at rest, independent of Ca2+ influx and perhaps through a functional linkage between the sarcolemmal dihydropyridine receptor and the SR ryanodine receptor. In contrast, caffeine and ryanodine modulate Ca2+ sparks by a direct action on the SR Ca2+ release channels.
On the processing of Japanese wh-questions: An ERP study

The processing of Japanese wh-questions was investigated using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Unlike in English or German, a wh-element in Japanese need not be displaced from its canonical position, but instead needs a corresponding Q(uestion)-particle to indicate its interrogative scope. We tested to see if there were any processing correlates specific to these features of Japanese wh-questions. Both mono-clausal and bi-clausal Japanese wh-questions elicited right-lateralized anterior negativity (RAN) between wh-words and corresponding Q-particles, relative to structurally-equivalent yes/no-question control conditions. These results suggest a reliable neural processing correlate of the dependency between wh-elements and Q-particles in Japanese, similar to effects of (left) anterior negativity between wh-fillers and gaps in English and German, but with a right- rather than left-lateralized distribution. It is suggested that wh-in-situ questions in Japanese are processed by the incremental formation of a long-distance dependency between wh-elements and their Q-particles, resulting in a working memory load for keeping track of scopeless wh-elements.
Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase activity modulates endothelial cell apoptosis.

Extracellular ATP, adenosine (Ado), and adenosine plus homocysteine (Ado/HC) cause apoptosis of cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells through the enhanced formation of intracellular S-adenosylhomocysteine and disruption of focal adhesion complexes. Because an increased intracellular ratio of S-adenosylhomocysteine/S-adenosylmethionine favors inhibition of methylation, we hypothesized that Ado/HC might act by inhibition of isoprenylcysteine-O-carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT). We found that N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-l-cysteine (AGGC) and N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-l-cysteine (AFC), which inhibit ICMT by competing with endogenous substrates for methylation, caused apoptosis. Transient overexpression of ICMT inhibited apoptosis caused by Ado/HC, UV light exposure, or tumor necrosis factor-α. Because the small GTPase, Ras, is a substrate for ICMT and may modulate apoptosis, we also hypothesized that inhibition of ICMT with Ado/HC or AGGC might cause endothelial apoptosis by altering Ras activation. We found that ICMT inhibition decreased Ras methylation and activity and the activation of the downstream signaling molecules Akt, ERK-1, and ERK-2. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type or dominant active H-Ras blocked Ado/HC-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that inhibition of ICMT causes endothelial cell apoptosis by attenuation of Ras GTPase methylation and activation and its downstream antiapoptotic signaling pathway.
Polyphase networks, block digital filtering, LPTV systems, and alias-free QMF banks: a unified approach based on pseudocirculants

The relationship between block digital filtering and quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks is explored. Necessary and sufficient conditions for alias cancellation in QMF banks are expressed in terms of an associated matrix, derived from the polyphase components of the analysis and synthesis filters. These conditions, called the pseudocirculant conditions, make it possible to unite QMF banks with the framework of block digital filtering directly. Absence of amplitude distortion in an alias-free QMF bank translates into the 'losslessness' property of the pseudocirculant matrix involved. >
Geoarchaeology of the Midland (Paleoindian) Site, Texas

In 1953 human remains and a new type of Paleoindian artifact were discovered eroding from a "blowout" in a small dune field along Monahans Draw, near Midland, Texas, on the Southern High Plains. The projectile points became the type “Midland” collection. Stratigraphy, radiometric dating, paleontology, and geochemistry suggested that the artifacts and bones dated to at least 10,000 B.P. and that the human remains were possibly as old as 20,000 B.P. The researchers believed that the human bones were from below a red sand that in turn was below a Folsom occupation. The dating of the human remains has long been problematic, however, and recent attempts to apply U-series dating further confuse the story. Geoarchaeological investigations were carried out at the site from 1989 to 1992 to reevaluate the geochronology, with particular reference to the age of the skeletal material. We reach several conclusions: (1) there are two Red Sands; (2) the human remains are from below the upper Red Sand, but the Folsom material is from above the lower Red Sand and, therefore, the Red Sand stratigraphy is not relevant to the age of the human remains; (3) the human remains were associated with the valley-margin facies of a lacustrine carbonate that is well dated in the region and rarely is > 10,000 B.P.; and (4) all numerical dating methods applied at the site produced unreliable results. We find no compelling evidence that the human remains from the Midland site are older than Folsom age; they may be contemporary with or younger than the Folsom occupation.
Sexual Victimization: Educating Psychology Majors about an Important Social Problem

This article describes a senior seminar titled “Sexual Victimization,” which dealt with recent psychological, sociological, and feminist literature on sexual victimization. Major topics addressed in the seminar were rape, childhood sexual abuse, and incest. The topics of pornography, sexual harassment, and sexual exploitation in the media were also covered. The article elaborates on course requirements, appropriate literature, possible community resources, special concerns in teaching such sensitive topics, and recommendations for other related courses on this topic.
Innate dysfunction promotes linear growth failure in pediatric Crohn's disease and growth hormone resistance in murine ileitis

Background—Growth failure remains a common complication of pediatric Crohn Disease (CD), and has been associated with small bowel involvement and need for surgery. We have reported that patients with elevated (≥ 1.6 mcg/mL) Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor auto-antibodies (GM-CSF Ab) are more likely to experience complicated ileal disease requiring surgery. We hypothesized that concurrent GM-CSF Ab and CARD15 risk allele carriage (C15 + GMAb + ) would be associated with growth failure in CD, and growth hormone (GH) resistance in murine ileitis. Methods—We enrolled 229 pediatric CD patients at two sites and determined CARD15 genotype, serum GM-CSF Ab and GH binding protein (GHBP), and height (HTz) and weight (WTz) z scores at diagnosis. Ileitis was induced in card15 deficient mice by gm-csf neutralization and NSAID exposure. Hepatic GH receptor (Ghr) abundance and GH dependent Stat5 activation were determined by western blot, and Igf-I mRNA expression by real-time PCR.
Current-acceleration for rapid time-to-failure determination of bipolar junction transistors under emitter-base reverse-bias stress

An experimental technique is described for accelerated time-to-failure measurement of bipolar junction transistors under low-voltage emitter-base reverse-bias stress. Acceleration of 100 or more can be attained enabling ten-year operating life extrapolation at low operation voltages (/spl les/3.3 V) in less than 100 hours. The technique, the current acceleration method, exploits the large punch-through current when the collector is shorted to the base during the stress. The technique also provides a means to determine the degradation kinetics and fundamental failure mechanisms at low power supply voltages (3.3 V, 2.5 V, or lower) and low hot carrier kinetic energies. >
Transcriptional Activation of the Aspergillus nidulans gpdA Promoter by Osmotic Signals

A differentially expressed gpdA cDNA clone was isolated from NaCl-adapted Aspergillus nidulans (FGSC359) and identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdA) on the basis of its nucleotide sequence. The level of gpdA RNA substantially increased in cultures gradually adapted to NaCl but was greatly reduced in cultures exposed briefly to a high concentration of NaCl. A pyrG auxotroph of A. nidulans (A773) was cotransformed with a gpdA-uidAconstruct and a plasmid containing the Neurospora crassa pyr4 gene as a selectable marker. OnepyrG+ β-glucuronidase-positive (GUS+) transformant was selected, and stable integration of the gpdA-uidA construct into the genome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Gradual adaptation to increasing concentrations of NaCl resulted in an increase in GUS activity to 2.7-fold. GUS activity was reduced after a 2-h exposure of an unadapted culture to 2 M NaCl but gradually increased to a maximum of twofold after 24 h. GUS activity also increased by 8.4-fold in Na2SO4-adapted cultures, 4.9-fold in polyethylene glycol-adapted cultures, and 7.5-fold in KCl-adapted cultures. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that theA. nidulans gpdA promoter is transcriptionally activated by osmotic signals.
On Poynting-flux-driven bubbles and shocks around merging neutron star binaries

Merging binaries of compact relativistic objects (neutron stars and black holes) are thought to be progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts and sources of gravitational waves, hence their study is of great importance for astrophysics. Because of the strong magnetic field of one or both binary members and high orbital frequencies, these binaries are strong sources of energy in the form of Poynting flux (e.g., magnetic-field-dominated outflows, relativistic leptonic winds, electromagnetic and plasma waves). The steady injection of energy by the binary forms a bubble (or a cavity) filled with matter with the relativistic equation of state, which pushes on the surrounding plasma and can drive a shock wave in it. Unlike the Sedov-von Neumann-Taylor blast wave solution for a point-like explosion, the shock wave here is continuously driven by the ever-increasing pressure inside the bubble. We calculate from the first principles the dynamics and evolution of the bubble and the shock surrounding it and predict that such systems can be observed as radio sources a few hours before and after the merger. At much later times, the shock is expected to settle onto the Sedov-von Neumann-Taylor solution, thus resembling an explosion.
Simulating Collision Probabilities of Landing Airplanes at Nontowered Airports

Making greater use of smaller airports is one way that has been proposed to increase the capacity of the National Airspace System. A major difficulty is that many small airports do not have control towers, and thus capacity is severely limited during poor visibility. The authors consider a proposed system in which airplanes self-separate, so they are able to land at higher capacities without a control tower. Before such a system is implemented, it must first be shown to be safe. Safety is a difficult metric to measure and predict because accidents are so rare. Even computer simulation can be slow because of the long time to observe accidents. One methodology that has been successful in assessing aviation safety through simulation is TOPAZ (Traffic Organizer and Perturbation AnalyZer). In this study, the authors apply the methodology to assess the safety of the proposed nontowered system.