cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On g−evaluations with domains under jump filtration

Given p ∈ (1, 2), the unique solutions of backward stochastic differential equations with jumps (BSDEJs) allow us to extend the notion of g−evaluations, in particular g−expectations, to the jump ca...
Identifying Slip Planes in Organic Polymorphs by Combined Energy Framework Calculations and Topology Analysis

The relationship between crystal structure and mechanical properties is commonly studied by identifying slip planes through inspecting crystal structures visually, with a focus on the hydrogen bonding interactions. While useful, the visualization method lacks quantitative insight, and the identification of slip planes is subjective. Sometimes, crystal plasticity predicted from structure visualization does not match experimental crystal plasticity and powder tabletability as observed in three polymorphic systems, 6-chloro-2,4-dinitroaniline, indomethacin, and febuxostat. Here, we explored the feasibility of more reliably identifying slip planes by the energy framework approach, combined with analysis of potential slip layer topology. In all three cases, this new approach identified slip planes that are consistent with the observed mechanical plasticity and compaction behavior. Thus, it is superior to the visualization method for crystal structure analysis aimed at identifying active slip planes in organic ...
Qos-aware predictive rate allocation over heterogeneous wireless interfaces

The rapid growth of mobile data traffic is straining cellular networks. A natural approach to alleviate cellular networks congestion is to use, in addition to the cellular interface, secondary interfaces such as WiFi, Dynamic spectrum and mmWave to aid cellular networks in handling mobile traffic. The fundamental question now becomes: How should traffic be distributed over different interfaces, taking into account different application QoS requirements and the diverse nature of radio interfaces. To this end, we propose the Discounted Rate Utility Maximization (DRUM) framework with interface costs as a means to quantify application preferences in terms of throughput, delay, and cost. The flow rate allocation problem can be formulated as a convex optimization problem. However, solving this problem requires non-causal knowledge of the time-varying capacities of all radio interfaces. To this end, we propose an online predictive algorithm that exploits the predictability of wireless connectivity for a small look-ahead window w. We show that, under some mild conditions, the proposed algorithm achieves a constant competitive ratio independent of the time horizon T. Furthermore, the competitive ratio approaches 1 as the prediction window increases. We also propose another predictive algorithm based on the "Receding Horizon Control" principle from control theory that performs very well in practice. Numerical simulations serve to validate our formulation, by showing that under the DRUM framework: the more delay-tolerant the flow, the less it uses the cellular network, preferring to transmit in high rate bursts over the secondary interfaces. Conversely, delay-sensitive flows consistently transmit irrespective of different interfaces' availability. Simulations also show that the proposed online predictive algorithms have a near-optimal performance compared to the offline prescient solution under all considered scenarios.
Testicular Cancer in Childhood

The age distribution of testicular cancer is bimodal with a large peak in young adulthood and a smaller peak in early childhood. Tumors occurring in adolescence have a similar histological pattern and natural history to those occurring in older adults. However, prepubertal testis tumors occur with distinct histologic patterns and a natural history that differs from that of adult tumors (Table 23.1). Not surprisingly, the management of prepubertal tumors differs as well. The incidence of testis tumors in children is 0.5–2.0 per 100,000 children accounting for 1–2% of all pediatric tumors (Coppes et al. 1994). Yolk sac tumors account for the overwhelming majority of malignant prepubertal testis tumors. The appropriate management of prepubertal yolk sac tumors has been clarified by recent multicenter trials (Haas et al. 1999; Rogers et al. 2004; Cushing et al. 2004; Mann et al. 2000; Lo Curto et al. 2003; Schlatter et al. 2003). Much rarer malignancies in children include some stromal tumors and dysgerminomas occurring in association with gonadoblastoma in dysgenetic gonads. However, unlike in adults, the majority of tumors in children are actually benign, with teratomas being the most common (Pohl et al. 2004). This has important implications for the initial management of testis tumors in children.
Explaining America’s spendthrift healthcare system: the enduring effects of public regulation on private competition

The United States is often described as the only developed nation without a public commitment to universal health care. Instead, its health care system is widely considered a product of bio-scientific free enterprise – technologically sophisticated, extremely expensive, but inaccessible to the poor. This chapter offers a contrasting account, refuting the conventional narrative of U.S. health policy as private, competitive, and entrepreneurial. Beginning over 20 years ago, the poor performance of the American health care system has been slowly revealed. For nearly as long, steps that might improve that performance have been identified. But little has changed. Why? The answer, in large part, lies in an accumulation of laws, regulations, self-regulatory practices, and financial subsidies which locks US health care into inefficient, unfair patterns and practices. While most of these provisions were well-intentioned when put into place, this “deep legal architecture” now serves mainly to prevent meaningful competition in medical markets and to distort or limit collective investment in the nation’s health.
Small RNAs in Rat Sperm Are a Predictive and Sensitive Biomarker of Exposure to the Testicular Toxicant Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Testicular histology and semen parameters are considered the gold standards when determining male reproductive toxicity. Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) is a testicular toxicant with well-described effects on histopathology and sperm parameters. To compare the predictivity and sensitivity of molecular biomarkers of testicular toxicity to the traditional endpoints, small RNAs in the sperm were analyzed by next generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Adult rats were exposed to 0, 50, 60, or 75 mg/kg EGME by oral gavage for 5 consecutive days. Testis histology, epididymal sperm motility, and sperm small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNA fragments, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA fragments (tRFs), were analyzed 5 weeks after cessation of exposure. Testicular histology showed a significant dose-dependent increase in retained spermatid heads (RSH), while sperm motility declined with increasing dose. RNA-sequencing of sperm small RNAs was used to identify significant dose-dependent changes in percent mRNA fragments (of total reads), percent miRNAs (of total reads), average tRF length, average piRNA length, and piRNA and tRF length-distributions. Discriminant analysis showed relatively low predictivity of exposure based on RSH or motility compared to the average read length of all assigned RNAs. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling resulted in a BMD of 62 mg/kg using RSH, whereas average read length of all assigned RNAs resulted in a BMD of 47 mg/kg. These results showed that sperm small RNAs are sensitive and predictive biomarkers of EGME-induced male reproductive toxicity.
Persistent Memory: Abstractions, Abstractions, and Abstractions

Nonvolatile memory technologies have matured to the extent that commercial DIMM memory products are available today, for example Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory. Compared to DRAM, they provide higher density, better scaling potential, lower cost per bit, and are nonvolatile. Just like DRAM, they provide random access, byte addressability, and can be accessed through load/store instructions. However, writes are slow, expensive, and are limited in endurance. Nevertheless, on the whole, nonvolatile main memory (NVMM) is here and will replace or augment DRAM as main memory fabric.
Earliest axial fossils from the genus Australopithecus

Abstract Australopitheus anamensis fossils demonstrate that craniodentally and postcranially the taxon was more primitive than its evolutionary successor Australopithecus afarensis. Postcranial evidence suggests habitual bipedality combined with primitive upper limbs and an inferred significant arboreal adaptation. Here we report on A. anamensis fossils from the Assa Issie locality in Ethiopia's Middle Awash area dated to ∼4.2 Ma, constituting the oldest known Australopithecus axial remains. Because the spine is the interface between major body segments, these fossils can be informative on the adaptation, behavior and our evolutionary understanding of A. anamensis. The atlas, or first cervical vertebra (C1), is similar in size to Homo sapiens, with synapomorphies in the articular facets and transverse processes. Absence of a retroglenoid tubercle suggests that, like humans, A. anamensis lacked the atlantoclavicularis muscle, resulting in reduced capacity for climbing relative to the great apes. The retroflexed C2 odontoid process and long C6 spinous process are reciprocates of facial prognathism, a long clivus and retroflexed foramen magnum, rather than indications of locomotor or postural behaviors. The T1 is derived in shape and size as in Homo with an enlarged vertebral body epiphyseal surfaces for mitigating the high-magnitude compressive loads of full-time bipedality. The full costal facet is unlike the extant great ape demifacet pattern and represents the oldest evidence for the derived univertebral pattern in hominins. These fossils augment other lines of evidence in A. anamensis indicating habitual bipedality despite some plesiomorphic vertebral traits related to craniofacial morphology independent of locomotor or postural behaviors (i.e., a long clivus and a retroflexed foramen magnum). Yet in contrast to craniodental lines of evidence, some aspects of vertebral morphology in A. anamensis appear more derived than its descendant A. afarensis.
Real-World Assessment of Asthma Control and Severity in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Asthma: Relationships to Care Settings and Comorbidities.

Background Little is known about how patient-level factors and care settings relate to asthma outcomes in real-world settings. Objective We therefore examined the rates and relative contributions of comorbidities and care settings in terms of asthma severity and control among pediatric and adolescent/adult patients in a large national sample. Methods We examined deidentified patient data from 28,508 unique encounters documented in the Asthma Specialist Tool to Help Manage Asthma and Improve Quality database, obtaining patient-level factors (demographics, asthma characteristics, comorbidities), care setting (primary care physician [PCP] vs specialist physician [allergist or pulmonologist]), and guideline-defined levels of asthma control/severity. Rates of comorbidities were identified by asthma severity and control and by care setting. We calculated odds ratios for asthma control and severity based on each comorbidity. Results Baseline demographic data indicated that patients seen by specialists versus PCPs were older, and had more severe and poorly controlled asthma (P Conclusions We identified several demographics and comorbidities that are independently associated with the specialist care setting, persistent asthma, and poor asthma control. Awareness of these relationships may be helpful for clinicians caring for patients with asthma.
Let op: observationeel onderzoek!

Observatie is de kurk waar de empirische wetenschap op drijft, maar op observationeel onderzoek wordt nogal eens neergekeken. Toch zijn er veel wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen gedaan die louter gebaseerd waren op dergelijk onderzoek. In deze bijdrage enige recente voorbeelden uit H&W die de voors en tegens van observationeel onderzoek illustreren.
La intriga policial como trompe l’oeil en las novelas de Pablo de Santis

Este articulo tiene como proposito mostrar los cambios que ha sufrido la novela policial a lo largo del siglo XX; es especialmente en tres novelas de Pablo de Santis: Filosofia y Letras (1998), La traduccion (1998) y El teatro de la memoria (1999). Se tratan aspectos importantes como el uso de las consabidas convenciones estructurantes del relato. El crimen, su investigacion y la solucion definitiva del enigma muestran originalidad por las renovaciones genericas que las ubican dentro de la epistemologia del fin de siglo. Se observa que los espacios del crimen tienen ahora un lugar en aquellos destinados a la conservacion y diseminacion de la cultura. Se analiza el contexto politico de la Argentina de la posdictadura y se parodia la figura del detective. Se demuestra que la renovacion que aportan las novelas de De Santis al genero policial se debe a la compleja relacion critica que entablan con el contexto en que han sido producidas y con el lenguaje y los codigos del genero. Dichas novelas no pretenden llevar a cabo un analisis politico o social segun las pautas del realismo, sino que el tema fundamental consiste en observar el proceso literario, asi como los cuestionamientos que invitan a la reflexion y a la polemica.
Locally optimized correlation-guided Bayesian adaptive regularization for ultrasound strain imaging

Ultrasound strain imaging utilizes radio-frequency (RF) ultrasound echo signals to estimate the relative elasticity of tissue under deformation. Due to the diagnostic value inherent in tissue elasticity, ultrasound strain imaging has found widespread clinical and preclinical applications. Accurate displacement estimation using pre and post-deformation RF signals is a crucial first step to derive high quality strain tensor images. Incorporating regularization into the displacement estimation framework is a commonly employed strategy to improve estimation accuracy and precision. In this work, we propose an adaptive variation of the iterative Bayesian regularization scheme utilizing RF similarity metric signal-to-noise ratio previously proposed by our group. The regularization scheme is incorporated into a 2D multi-level block matching (BM) algorithm for motion estimation. Adaptive nature of our algorithm is attributed to the dynamic variation of iteration number based on the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) function quality and a similarity measure between pre-deformation and motion compensated post-deformation RF signals. The proposed method is validated for either quasi-static and cardiac elastography or strain imaging applications using uniform and inclusion phantoms and canine cardiac deformation simulation models. Performance of adaptive Bayesian regularization was compared to conventional NCC and Bayesian regularization with fixed number of iterations. Results from uniform phantom simulation study show significant improvement in lateral displacement and strain estimation accuracy. For instance, at 1.5% lateral strain in a uniform phantom, Bayesian regularization with five iterations incurred a lateral strain error of 104.49%, which was significantly reduced using our adaptive approach to 27.51% (p < 0.001). Contrast-to-noise (CNR e ) ratios obtained from inclusion phantom indicate improved lesion detectability for both axial and lateral strain images. For instance, at 1.5% lateral strain, Bayesian regularization with five iterations had lateral CNR e of -0.31 dB which was significantly increased using the adaptive approach to 7.42 dB (p < 0.001). Similar results are seen with cardiac deformation modelling with improvement in myocardial strain images. In vivo feasibility was also demonstrated using data from a healthy murine heart. Overall, the proposed method makes Bayesian regularization robust for clinical and preclinical applications.
Improving Sitting Postures: A Pilot Intervention Using a Wearable Posture Support System

Prolonged sitting either at work or due to a sedentary lifestyle increases potential risks to the musculoskeletal systems. Various administrative and engineering controls have been proposed to addr...
Empirical Relationship between Cycle time Impact and Batching on Furnaces in Semiconductor Foundry

Semiconductor manufacturing (fab) is a highly complex, cost intensive and competitive industry. For a fab, batch factor for furnace tools is a key fab performance metric for capacity and cycle time assessment. Batch production is one of the manufacturing methods where, a group of wafers can be processed together in a batch in a given timeframe. Furnace tools have the ability to batch the wafers together. In this paper, we propose to establish the relationship between batch factor and cycle time to calculate the optimal batch factor within the permissible limits of cycle time. Most furnace tools need to wait for the same kind of wafers to improve its batch factor. Thus, to achieve large batch factor, the cycle time of the WIP at these furnace tools inadvertently becomes high. This creates a need to know how high batch factor can increase without adversely affecting the cycle time and help in making optimized batching decisions.
Transgenic Plants in Hormone Biology

Plant biology has been revolutionized by the development of genetic transformation systems. Genes are routinely engineered and reintroduced into a variety of plant species. The functions of cloned genes can be determined through the use of antisense gene expression and cosuppression. Transformation has further broken down species barriers, permitting transfer of genes from any source into plants. In the area of hormone biology, approaches that greatly extend technical feasibility are now possible. Experiments that previously required exogenous application of chemicals can be accomplished more precisely. While transgene technology has its limitations, it eliminates or greatly reduces problems associated with uptake, transport and metabolism of exogenously applied materials. It is now possible to direct hormone alterations to specific tissues or developmental stages. Application of the technology to the analysis of the biosynthesis and functioning of ethylene has been particularly useful. Transgenic plants have facilitated elucidation of the mechanism of biosynthesis as well as the role of ethylene in development, culminating in the control of fruit ripening. While the ethylene work is more advanced than that of other hormones, it illustrates the great opportunity presented to the hormone field.
Studies of colloid osmotic pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension

Pulmonary edema, although infrequently encountered, may cause death in severe cases of PIH. The mechanisms that account for edema in these instances are unclear. With a transducer-membrane system to directly measure serum COP, 22 patients with PIH were compared to 23 normal pregnant patients at term. In the PIH group the antepartum and postpartum COP values were significantly lower (17.9 and 13.7 mm Hg, respectively) than comparable values for the control group (22.0 and 17.2 mm Hg, respectively). Two patients in the PIH group in whom the antepartum COP values were 13.1 and 14.7 mm Hg exhibited clinical and radiographic evidence of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAW) recorded in one patient with pulmonary edema was only moderately elevated to 18 mm Hg. We believe that serial COP determinations combined with pulmonary artery pressure monitoring may be helpful to guide fluid therapy in critically ill patients with PIH.
Thoughtful Methods to Increase Evidence Levels and Analyze Nonparametric Data

In this issueof JAMAFacial Plastic Surgery, Sapthaveeet al1 present a retrospective cohort study designed to compare the effectiveness of skin graft reconstruction and local flap reconstruction for nasal defects. This article is an excellent example of how level of evidence (LOE) can be increased from level 4 (case series) to level 3 (retrospective cohort study) by adding a comparison cohort group to the analysis (Table 1).2 It is also a goodexample ofusinganonparametric statistical test, theWilcoxon ranksumtest, to evaluate nonparametric data.
Constructive Field Theory Introduction to the Problems

Over the last decade, a new branch of quantum field theory has been created, constructive quantum field theory. This theory has a feature in common with so-called axiomatic field theory: in it a result is a result only if given a precise mathematical statement and proof. Barring human fallibility, its results are therefore truth. (Their significance for physics is something that each person has to judge for himself.)
Gap conductance and temperature transients in modified pulse design experiments

Computation of nuclear reactor fuel behavior under normal and off-normal conditions is influenced by gap conductance models. In this paper the gap conductance results obtained by the use of the GAPHTR model and a new model that has a more sound theoretical basis in the jump regime are compared for small gaps with the modified pulse design experimental data. The new model is found to provide a better and more satisfactory prediction of the experimental data.
[N‐(p‐Toluenesulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane

[55962-05-5] C13H12INO2S (MW 373.23) InChI = 1S/C13H12INO2S/c1-11-7-9-13(10-8-11)18(16,17)15-14-12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-10H,1H3 InChIKey = WECCHUKCGHQAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (nitrogen atom source; reacts with heteroatom lone pairs to form ylides; capable of CH bond insertion or alkene aziridination in the presence of transition metal catalysts) Physical Data: mp 102–104 °C (dec).1 Solubility: v sl sol nonpolar solvents; sol DMSO (decomposes slowly); reacts with THF, MeOH. Form Supplied in: light yellow solid, commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR spectra can be obtained in DMSO-d6, although the reagent slowly reacts with the solvent. Other assays include iodometric analysis1 and reaction with triphenylphosphine to form the phosphinimine.2 Preparative Methods: prepared by the reaction of PhI(OAc)2 with TsNH2 and KOH in MeOH, from which the product precipitates upon addition of water (eq 1).1 Another preparation employs the reaction of TsNH2 with PhI(OMe)2 in MeOH or in CH2Cl2 (eq 2).2 (1) (2) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store at −20 °C; should be used within 6 months. The reagent can be weighed out in air. No known toxicity. Use in a fume hood.
Analysis of Comorbidities in Ischemic Stroke Patients (P6.278)

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidities are a major determinant in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The objective of this study is to determine comorbidities in ischemic stroke patients, and the applicability of comorbidity analytical indices in the outcome of ischemic stroke patients. BACKGROUND: Since there is a high prevalence of coexisting medical conditions in patients with ischemic stroke, clinical investigators often need to adjust for comorbidities when assessing the effect of comorbidities on patient outcome. Evaluation of co-morbidity data is essential in health outcomes of ischemic stroke research. Our current study determines comorbid correlations with short term outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. DESIGN/METHODS: Our study population is drawn from patients with ischemic stroke. Comorbid correlations are identified and presented here as our results, and will later be staged with the Charlson comorbidity index as a prognostic indicator for ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Cerebral edema, aphasia, hemiplegia and hemiparesis, and facial weakness are all secondary to the diagnosis of occlusion and stenosis of the carotid artery with cerebral infarction. Comorbid correlations include a history of tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, esophageal reflux, emphysema, hypertension, and a malignant neoplasm of the vulva; all of which were present upon admission. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate evidence of comorbid correlations with patients’ symptoms. A follow-up analysis using the Charlson comorbidity index will provide a method for classifying comorbidity. This will provide a simple, readily applicable and valid method of estimating risk of death from comorbidities in ischemic stroke for use in longitudinal studies and in outcomes research in ischemic stroke. This may provide a valid prognostic indicator for ischemic stroke. Study Supported by: GHS Disclosure: Dr. Cochran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chaves has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fulmer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blackhurst has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sternberg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Leacock has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nathaniel has nothing to disclose.
Use of Patient Simulation in Problem-Based Learning for First-Year Medical Students

High-fidelity patient simulation has taken hold as a teaching modality for health professional students, especially over the past two decades. The simulators are life-size manikins that mimic real patients when controlled by trained operators. Most reported uses have involved upper level students/residents during clinical skills training. Use of simulation with first-year medical students generally has been faculty-run and limited to demonstrating difficult concepts such as cardiac and respiratory physiology. Simulation has been reported coupled to problem-based learning after the PBL case has been processed to reinforce concepts learned while bringing the case to life. The authors describe the evolution, based upon 3 years of qualitative research and formative assessment, of a new student-driven approach using simulation to introduce the patient to PBL groups prior to their processing of the case. Solutions to the challenges of immersing first-year medical students and non-physician PBL facilitators into the simulation arena are conveyed. Two pilot exercises were conducted the first year: a congestive heart failure patient and a gunshot trauma/post-traumatic stress disorder victim. Formative assessments by students, facilitators, and operators lead to improvements for a new pair of exercises conducted and evaluated the following year: a deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism patient and an accident trauma victim. Incorporation of “teaching moments” by the medically trained operators, such as oxygen administration or chest tube insertion, enhanced the exercises. Re-use of the first two exercises, employing lessons learned, resulted in better-received scenarios as PBL facilitators and operators became more experienced, and could better anticipate first-year medical student responses to simulations.
Hollow-core photonics for optofluidics and atom photonics

We review the state of the art of planar hollow-core waveguide devices using for applications in optofluidics and atom photonics.
Coarsening of ordered intermetallic precipitates with coherency stress

The morphological evolution and coarsening kinetics of ordered intermetallic precipitates with coherency stress were studied using a diffuse-interface phase-field model in two dimensions (2D). The emphasis is on the effects of precipitate volume fraction. The average aspect ratio of the precipitates in the microstructure is found to increase with time and decrease with volume fraction. Contrary to all the existing coarsening theories but consistent with a number of experimental measurements on the coarsening kinetics of ordered g precipitates in Ni-base superalloys, we found that the coarsening rate constant from the cubic growth law decreases as a function of volume fraction for small volume fractions (20%) and is constant for intermediate volume fractions (20–50%). From the simulation results, we infer that the two length scales in a stress-dominated coherent two-phase microstructure, the average precipitate size and average spacing between arrays of aligned precipitates, follow different growth exponents. It is demonstrated that as the volume fraction increases, the precipitate size distributions become broader and their skewness become increasingly positive.  2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.
Solar geometry for fixed and tracking surfaces

Abstract A general expression for the solar radiation incidence angle in terms of the slope and surface azimuth is derived for both fixed and tracking surfaces. Using this expression, relationships for the slope and azimuth of optimally tracked one- and two-axis tracking surfaces are developed. This information is necessary in determining incident solar radiation based upon horizontal measurements.
Acetate dependence of tumors.

Acetyl-CoA represents a central node of carbon metabolism that plays a key role in bioenergetics, cell proliferation, and the regulation of gene expression. Highly glycolytic or hypoxic tumors must produce sufficient quantities of this metabolite to support cell growth and survival under nutrient-limiting conditions. Here, we show that the nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA synthetase enzyme, ACSS2, supplies a key source of acetyl-CoA for tumors by capturing acetate as a carbon source. Despite exhibiting no gross deficits in growth or development, adult mice lacking ACSS2 exhibit a significant reduction in tumor burden in two different models of hepatocellular carcinoma. ACSS2 is expressed in a large proportion of human tumors, and its activity is responsible for the majority of cellular acetate uptake into both lipids and histones. These observations may qualify ACSS2 as a targetable metabolic vulnerability of a wide spectrum of tumors.
Problematic alcohol consumption by police officers and other protective service employees: A comparative analysis

Abstract Purpose To examine differences between members of protective service occupations (PSOs) and other occupational groups on indicators of alcohol use/abuse and mental health. Methods A subset of 25,622 observations from the 2009 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) are used to evaluate whether PSO members exhibit a higher likelihood of problematic drinking behaviors and if so, whether these behaviors are mediated by mental health problems. Results Logistic regression models indicated that PSO members do not consume alcohol more frequently nor do they exhibit higher likelihood of alcohol abuse/dependency when compared to members of other occupational groups. However, PSO members report higher occurrence of binge drinking. The relationship between PSOs and binge drinking behaviors is mediated by gender, not mental health problems. Conclusion The results provide direction for the development of evidence-based alcohol related intervention programs that address the specific needs of police officers and other public servants.
Sex, drugs, and the walk of shame: considering alcohol and drug use, familial expectations, location, and motivation in intimate interactions.

In their article, titled “Gone But Not Forgotten: Virginity Loss and Current Sexual Satisfaction,” Smith and Shaffer (2013) offer research that investigates the relationship between first-time sexu...
Factors associated with improvement in global aphasia

Abstract This study evaluates the correlation of initial aphasia examination and several neuroradiologic variables with language recovery 1 year after the onset of global aphasia in 13 patients. Initial performance on language tests—particularly, auditory-verbal comprehension—is strongly correlated with outcome, while the neuroradiologic measures are not. While cerebral tissue characteristics may influence linguistic capabilities either acutely or chronically in the global aphasic patient, the initial language assessment appears to be more reliably associated with improvement than are CT indices of lesion characteristics.
Tn10 transposition and circle formation in vitro

We describe a cell-free system that promotes Tn10 transposition and transposon circle formation, a related intramolecular event. Tn10 circle formation in vitro has been characterized in detail, and is shown to require a supercoiled substrate and to proceed in the absence of ATP. The reaction requires Tn10 transposase protein, and either of two E. coli proteins, integration host factor (IHF) and HU, which are small DNA binding proteins that change the conformation of DNA. Tn10 is composed of inverted repeats of insertion sequence IS10. Pair-wise combinations of the IS10 "outside" and "inside" ends mediate distinct classes of rearrangements in vivo, and they exhibit different reaction requirements in vitro. In contrast to the Tn10 reaction, which involves two outside ends, circle formation with two inside ends proceeds with a transposase fraction alone, in the absence of added host factors, and is inhibited by methylation of the dam site within each terminus.
Effect of substrate angle on properties of ITO films deposited by cathodic arc ion plating with In–Sn alloy target

Abstract Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been deposited by cathodic arc ion plating (CAIP) using In–Sn alloy target as the source material. By varying substrate angle for deposition without using any filtering technique, macroparticle free, high quality ITO films are obtained successfully. In an oxygen atmosphere of 0.5 Pa without substrate heating, the lowest resistivity and lowest absorption coefficient obtained are 2×10 −4 Ω cm and 1.6×10 −3 nm −1 , respectively. Our results show that this is a simple way to reduce the macroparticles and obtain high-quality ITO films. Other properties such as film structure, surface morphology, carrier concentration and mobility have also been investigated.
Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Ageing

Ageing of the cardiovascular system presents several costly public health problems, loss of quality of life, dependency, and other various health hazards. Large declines of 0-24% per decade in cardiovascular function have been cited in the literature but no long-term longitudinal studies have been reported. Serially measured cardiovascular function was performed on 12 normal men, aged 44-79 years, at 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years. Over the same time period, daily exercise training data were reported monthly including mode, frequency, intensity, and duration. Although seven men developed some form of pathological disease, the total group's cardiovascular function remained 60% greater than the average of ten investigations. The overall decline in cardiovascular function (Vo2 max) was 13%, or 5% per decade, 45.4 ml.min-1.kg-1 to 39.5 ml.min-1.kg-1. In summary, cardiovascular function was one-half, or 0.24 ml.min-1.kg-1.year-1 of the 0.45 ml.min-1.kg-1.year-1 reported to be the average decline for ageing cited in the literature.
Energy and Japanese peasant agriculture

It is hypothesized that the Japanese population was near the steady state population during the Tokugawa period (1600 to about 1860) because of an energy resource (land) shortage. This shortage gave rise first to chaos and then peaceful existence under a strict hierarchy which, among other regulations, taxed away more than onethird of the peasant production. The energy flow in Japanese peasant agriculture is modeled and criteria for optimum levels of the population are found under conditions of food taxation. The equations provide a possible mechanism to verify the hypotheses and the need for verification is stressed.
Al3Ti FORMATION BY DIFFUSION OF ALUMINUM THROUGH TITANIUM

Abstract We study the effect of oxygen contamination on the reaction of Al/Ti bilayers on thermal annealing. The samples are annealed in a vacuum better than 5 × 10 -7 Torr at temperatures varied between 400 and 550°C. The samples are, moreover, wrapped in a titanium foil used as a getter for oxygen. The presence of a thin oxide film at the Al-Ti interface reduces the number of nucleation sites of the aluminide phase. The diffusion of aluminum is not affected significantly by this interfacial oxide layer. As the aluminum diffuses through the titanium layer to the free surface, an aluminide layer forms there. Similarly to the interfacial aluminide layer, this top layer is very sensitive to oxygen contamination.
Photoemission from the 3d and 3p subshells of Kr

Partial photoionization cross sections and angular-distribution asymmetry parameters were determined for Kr 3d photoemission using photon energies of 100 to 280 eV (to 800 eV for the asymmetry parameter). For the 3p subshell, the branching ratio relative to the 3d cross section and the asymmetry parameter were measured using energies of 280 to 800 eV. These results show good agreement with Hartree-Fock-theory predictions at all photon energies. The summed intensity of 4p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}np satellites relative to the 3d main line was found to be approximately constant in the photon-energy range 180--280 eV, and the average asymmetry parameter for these shake-up states showed a marked increase over the same energy range.
The Joplin Plan: The Teachers' Viewpoints:

The Joplin, Missouri plan of grouping intermediate grade children into reading level classes is generally approved by Joplin teachers, since pupils are placed at a level where they can succeed. Tea...
Fuel cell grade hydrogen from methanol on a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst

Abstract This paper presents the results of experiments of the methanol decomposition reaction catalyzed by a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 in the absence and presence of water. Methanol decomposition of 100% in the absence of water was obtained at 290 °C and a space velocity of 2 cm3/h g cat. At these conditions, the hydrogen yield was 1.9–2.0. Water addition to the feed increased the yield of hydrogen and reduced the formation of: dimethyl ether; methyl formate and methane. The variation of the catalyst’s activity and selectivity with time, temperature and feed composition was consistent with previous studies of methanol–steam reforming and water–gas shift reaction, however, this appears to be the first study over the same catalyst of methanol decomposition and methanol–steam reforming. XPS analysis of used catalyst samples and time on-stream data showed that the Cu2+ oxidation state of copper favors methanol decomposition, and we propose that the deactivation of the catalyst is mainly caused by the change in the oxidation state of copper.
The Viscosity of Polymerically Stabilized Dispersions of Spherical Colloid Particles.

A recently developed theory and computational procedure are used to generate theoretical estimates of the viscosity virial coefficient for polymerically stabilized monodisperse suspensions of spherical colloid particles. Numerical results are presented for representative values of the five parameters that characterize the interactions among the colloid particles.
Zymographic analysis of latent and activated forms of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in synovial fluid: correlation to polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and in response to infection

Abstract Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), and gelatinase A and B participate in the degradation of the extracellular matrix proteins in a variety of inflammatory connective tissue diseases including arthritis. Methods: Synovial fluid was collected by aseptic aspiration from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), gout, infected joint, septic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Synovial fluid was subjected to cell count with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) differential, Gram staining and culture as necessary. MMP-2 and -9 were characterized by substrate gel electrophoresis (gelatin zymography) to resolve latent and activated ‘partially proteolyzed’ forms. Results: Gelatin zymography revealed that MMP-9 (92, 130, 225 kDa) in synovial fluid was associated with extent of white blood cell infiltration specifically PMNs. In contrast, fibroblast MMP-2 (72 kDa) was present in all synovial fluids irrespective of PMN count. No MMP-9 was detected in the osteoarthritic specimen with low PMN count. Higher PMN count was associated with the presence of activated MMPs, especially in specimens that were confirmed culture positive. Activated synovial fluid MMPs persisted despite resolution of infection. Discussion: Latent and activated MMP-2 and MMP-9 in synovial fluids fluctuate in proportion to PMN infiltration and specifically in response to infection. The presence of activated MMPs post-therapy would suggest that use of specific MMP inhibitors be indicated to eliminate activated MMPs that apparently persist post-infection.
Identification of Idiom Usage in C++ Generic Libraries

A tool supporting the automatic identification of programming idioms specific to the construction of C++ generic libraries is presented. The goal is to assist developers in understanding the complex syntactic elements of these libraries. Large C++ generic libraries are notorious for being extremely difficult to comprehend due to their use of advanced language features and idiomatic nature. To facilitate automated identification, the idioms are equated to micropatterns, which can be evaluated by a fact extractor. These micropattern instances act as beacons for the idioms being identified. The method is applied to study a number of widely used open source C++ generic libraries.
THE BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE VAT KOMNOU CEMETERY, ANGKOR BOREI, CAMBODIA

Approximately 60 inhumation burials, of varying states of completeness and preservation, dated between 200 BC and AD 400 (or the early historic period in the Mekong delta) were excavated at the Vat Komnou cemetery located in Angkor Borei, Cambodia, by the University of Hawaii and the Royal University of Fine Arts in 1999 and 2000. The cemetery contained the remains of all age groups from infants to old adults. Over 40% of the burials are subadults. Adult males outnumber females 2 to 1 and most of the adults died as young adults. Osteological analyses are beginning to provide us with our first glimpses of these protohistoric people, associated with early Khmer culture, including evidence of health, disease, physiological stress, injury, physical activity, subsistence, length of life, and cultural modification of bone and teeth. Among the findings are tooth caries, moderate to extreme tooth attrition, and evidence of periodontal disease. Many of the teeth show evidence of betel staining. Healed fractures of the cranium and the infracranial skeleton, although rare, were also observed. Comparisons with other skeletal series from Southeast Asia provide regional context for these preliminary observations.
Formation of negative ions of monosubstituted group VIB pentacarbonyls during fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

The first negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectra of a related series of monosubstituted Group VIB transition metal pentacarbonyls, M(CO)5L (M = Cr), Mo or W and L = P(Ph)3, As(Ph)3 or Sb(PH)3), have been obtained. Instead of molecular ion radicals, pseudomolecular adduct ions, [M + H]− and [M + 15]−, were detected, with the hydride species being much more abundant. High-resolution measurements and comparison of observed isotope clusters with computer-generated theoretical isotope patterns confirmed that ionization occurred by several mechanisms, including electron capture, charge dissociation and formation of adducts with charged species. Fragmentation consisted primarily of elimination of neutral ligands, i.e. ([MH - L]−, [MH - CO]−, [MH - 2CO]−, etc. B/E and constant neutral loss linked scanning with collisional activation were used to confirm fragmentation pathways and characterize the site of hydride attachment on the transition metal complex. The information obtained demonstrates the utility of fast atom bombardment mass Spectrometry in the analysis of metal carbonyls.
Twenty Years Later: Does pedagogical content knowledge remain a useful idea?

This paper considers how the notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has developed and changed over the past 20 years. It draws on the preceding papers in this special issue to reflect on the big picture issues and ideas that are important in shaping understandings of PCK and the nature of research on PCK. The paper is structured around four sections. The first section offers analysis of the characteristics of PCK as employed by the researchers in this volume, raising some issues related to the construct. The second section considers the implications for research design that result from these authors’ views of PCK. The third section suggests an agenda for future research on science teacher knowledge. The concluding section examines the continuing value of the PCK construct for the science education community.
Naloxone does not produce withdrawal hypothermia in chronically phencyclidine-treated rats.

Abstract Naloxone-induced hypothermia is a sensitive indicator of μ-type opiate dependence in the rat. The present study investigated whether naloxone produces hypothermia in chronically PCP-treated rats. Rats were given daily injections of saline or PCP (10.0 mg/kg s.c.) for 7 days, and on day 8 challenged with naloxone (2.0 mg/kg s.c.). There were no differences between chronic saline- and PCP-treated subjects, indicating that the repeated administration of 10.0 mg/kg per day of PCP does not produce μ-type opiate dependence as reflected by naloxone-precipitated hypothermia.
Endoscopic vertical ramus osteotomy: a long-term prospective study

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of endoscopic vertical ramus osteotomy (EVRO) with rigid fixation for the treatment of mandibular prognathism or asymmetry. Inclusion criteria were age >15 years, adequate clinical and radiographic documentation, and minimum postoperative follow-up of 3 years. Exclusion criteria were refusal to consent, rheumatoid arthritis, steroid use, and smoking. Demographic data, pre-operative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1), and latest follow-up (T2) clinical examinations and cephalometric analysis, procedure data, complications, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were documented. Ten fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Diagnoses included mandibular hyperplasia (n = 5), stable condylar hyperplasia (n = 4), and mandibular asymmetry secondary to condylar resorption (n = 1). In total, 17 EVROs were performed. The mean operative time was 33 min per side. Mean mandibular setback was 4.7 mm. Mean LOS was 1.9 days. Latest follow-up ranged from 3 to 5 years. Skeletal stability was confirmed in nine patients. One patient exhibited recurrence of mandibular prognathism at 5 years due to late growth. No VII nerve deficits were encountered. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) paresthesia was noted in four patients, which resolved postoperatively. EVRO was fast and resulted in minimal blood loss, quick recovery, and skeletal stability.
Rotational Analysis of Several Bands in the Ã2A′ ← X̃2A″ System of the FS2 Free Radical

Abstract This paper reports the results of the rotational analysis of five bands of the A 2 A ′− X 2 A ″ system of the FS 2 free radical. The radical was produced with jet cooling by reaction of molecular fluorine with COS in the body of a continuous-flow supersonic jet. Combination differences from the five bands, plus those of the 3 5 0 band analyzed previously, were used to refine the ground state rotational and spin-rotation constants. The upper state constants were subsequently determined by least-squares fitting the transition frequencies. The upper state geometry for the vibrationless level is estimated to be r (S-F) = 1.642 A, r (S-S) = 2.09 A, and θ(FSS) = 97.1°. Axis-switching (Δ K a = 0) transitions were found in all the bands. No perturbations were detected in any of the excited state levels.
Distribution of Fiber-Generated Polarization Entangled Photon-Pairs over 100 km of Standard Fiber in OC-192 WDM Environment

We demonstrate distribution of polarization entanglement over 100 km in a WDM environment. Two-photon interference with visibility >90% is observed in coincidence detection of photon-pairs that have traveled with classical data signals, one on adjacent channel.