cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Rolandic epilepsy associated with abnormal findings on cranial MRI

Summary Rolandic epilepsy (RE) is designated an idiopathic epilepsy syndrome, and hence no lesional abnormalities are expected on MRI exam. Recent reports suggest that MRI abnormalities are not only common, but may be specific for temporal lobe epilepsy, and lateralized to the side of EEG discharges. However, no controlled study has been performed to test the hypothesis of association between MRI abnormalities and Rolandic epilepsy. We performed an unmatched case-control study to test the hypothesis of association between MRI abnormalities and Rolandic epilepsy, using 25 typical RE cases and 25 children with migraine. Two independent examiners rated the MRIs for abnormalities. Examiners were blinded to the study hypothesis and identity of case and control exams. Fifty-two percent of RE exams contained at least one abnormality: peri/hippocampal abnormality (one case), non-localized congenital malformation (seven cases), subcortical parenchymal hyperintensities (two cases), periventricular parenchymal hyperintensities (one case), dilated perivascular spaces (six cases). There was no difference between the number or type of abnormalities in cases and controls. No type of abnormality lateralized to the hemisphere from which the EEG spikes emanated. The odds ratio of association between MRI abnormalities and RE was 0.87, 95% CI: 0.18–4.33 after adjusting for potential demographic and technical factors. We conclude that routine cranial MRI abnormalities are common in RE, but no more common than in controls, and not specific for RE.
Green Light Stimulates Early Stem Elongation, Antagonizing Light-Mediated Growth Inhibition

During the transition from darkness to light, the rate of hypocotyl elongation is determined from the integration of light signals sensed through the phototropin, cryptochrome, and phytochrome signaling pathways. In all light conditions studied, from UV to far-red, early hypocotyl growth is rapidly and robustly suppressed within minutes of illumination in a manner dependent upon light quality and quantity. In this study, it is shown that green light (GL) irradiation leads to a rapid increase in the growth rate of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. GL-mediated growth promotion was detected in response to constant irradiation or a short, single pulse of light with a similar time course. The response has a threshold between 10 −1 and 10 0 μ mol m −2 , is saturated before 10 2 μ mol m −2 and obeys reciprocity. Genetic analyses indicate that the cryptochrome or phototropin photoreceptors do not participate in the response. The major phytochrome receptors influence the normal amplitude and timing of the GL response, yet the GL response is normal in seedlings grown for hours under constant dim-red light. Therefore, phytochrome activation enhances, but is not required for, the GL response. Seedlings grown under green, red, and blue light together are longer than those grown under red and blue alone. These data indicate that a novel GL-activated light sensor promotes early stem elongation that antagonizes growth inhibition.
MODULATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN SECRETION AND LIPID SYNTHESIS BY BILIARY LIPIDS IN A PORCINE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL LINE • 467

MODULATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN SECRETION AND LIPID SYNTHESIS BY BILIARY LIPIDS IN A PORCINE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL LINE • 467
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for inherited neurological disorders

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an option for couples at risk of having offspring with an inherited debilitating or fatal neurological disorder who wish to conceive a healthy child. PGD has been carried out for conditions with various modes of inheritance, including spinal muscular atrophy, Huntington disease, fragile X syndrome, and chromosomal or mitochondrial disorders, and for susceptibility genes for cancers with nervous system involvement. Most couples at risk of transmitting a genetic mutation would opt for PGD over prenatal testing and possible termination of a pregnancy. The aim of this Perspectives article is to assist neurologists in counselling and treating patients who wish to explore the option of PGD to enable conception of an unaffected child. PGD can be accomplished for most disorders in which the genetic basis is known, and we argue that it is time for clinicians and neurological societies to consider the evidence and to formulate guidelines for the responsible integration of PGD into modern preventative neurology.
Congestive Heart Failure: Pathophysiologic Consequences of Neurohormonal Activation and the Potential for Recovery: Part I

What begins with a failing heart, unable to sustain adequate renal perfusion and metabolic needs of the tissues it serves becomes a systemic illness whose origins are rooted in neurohormonal activation. This unwanted homeostatic stressor response, an adaptation gone awry, has pathologic consequences. It involves endocrine properties of effector hormones arising from the adrenergic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. The clinical syndrome congestive heart failure (CHF) has its symptoms and signs rooted in a hormonally mediated salt-avid state. The ensuing salt and water retention includes the expansion of the intravascular space with consequent central and systemic venous congestion that, respectively, involves the heart and lungs, the liver, gut and kidneys and ultimately the extravascular space. Other pathophysiologic outcomes contribute to a proinflammatory CHF phenotype. These include an ongoing adverse remodeling of the failing heart with lost necrotic cardiomyocytes and a consequent replacement fibrosis; wasting of soft tissues and resorption of bone; dyshomeostasis of extra- and intracellular mono- and divalent cations that contributes to the appearance of oxidative stress coupled with compromised antioxidant defenses and an immunostimulatory state with activated lymphocytes and monocytes elaborating proinflammatory cytokines. In this 2-part review, the pathophysiologic consequences associated with neurohormonal activation in CHF will first be reviewed. Next, several lines of evidence are considered that raise the hitherto unfathomable prospect for recovery from CHF, including reverse remodeling of the heart and systemic tissues.
The effects of termites and straw mulch on soil nitrogen in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) dominated Chihuahuan desert ecosystem

Abstract The effects of organic matter (wheat straw) and subterranean termites on concentrations of soil nitrogen were measured on insecticide-treated plots to eliminate-termites and by adding straw mulch to insecticide-treated and insecticide-untreated plots. Soil nitrogen was significantly higher, 435 mg g −1 soil at 0–5 cm depth on plots with no termites than on plots with termites (340 mg g −1 soil). There were no differences in total soil nitrogen at soil depths of 5–10 cm. Soil nitrogen was higher in soils with termites than in soils with termites excluded on straw-amended plots. On the plots without straw amendments, total soil nitrogen was higher in soils without termites than in soils with termites present. Termites had no significant effect on total soil nitrogen under shrub canopies in comparison with intercanopy soils. The addition of straw mulch did not result in higher soil nitrogen content in soils without termites. Termites were more important as effectors of soil nitrogen than addition of organic matter in the form of wheat straw.
Hydrotris[3-(1-naphthylpyrazol-1-yl)]borate and hydrotris[3-(2-naphthylpyrazol-1-yl)]borate: two novel homoscorpionate ligands of varying coordination behavior.

Two new homoscorpionate ligands, hydrotris[3-(1-naphthyl)pyrazol-1-yl]borate (= TpαNt) and hydrotris[3-(2-naphthyl)pyrazol-1-yl]borate (= TpβNt) were synthesized and converted to several types of derivatives, three of which, Co[TpαNt][Tp], Co[TpβNt][Tp], and Co[TpαNt][Tp*] were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. In all of them, the ligands were κ3, but Co[TpαNt][Tp*] had no elements of symmetry in the crystal or in solution. Also synthesized were the complexes Mo[TpαNt](CO)2-η3-methallyl, Mo[TpβNt](CO)2-η3-methallyl, and those of the type M[TpαNt]X and M[TpβNt]X.
Osteoarthritis: Clinical relevance of bone marrow lesions in OA

Advances in imaging have improved our understanding of the relationship between pathology and the structural changes to joints affected by osteoarthritis. New research indicates that subchondral bone marrow lesions might represent a potential imaging biomarker to quantify such structural changes.
Behavior of Internal Energy and Enthalpy of Fluids Along Isotherms and Isentropic Lines in the Compressed Liquid Region

It is a common practice to approximate the thermodynamics properties of fluids in the compressed liquid regions from their saturation properties. Most thermodynamics textbooks state that the specific volume, specific internal energy, and specific entropy in the compressed liquid region are functions of temperature only and are independent of pressure. Therefore, compressed liquid property tables are not provided for any substance, except for water, and compressed liquid properties are approximated by their saturated liquid properties at a given temperature. Recent examination of current practice in approximating compressed liquid properties has shown that the internal energy of fluids exhibits growing dependency on pressure with increases in temperature. This paper compares the behavior of internal energy and enthalpy four compressed fluids along isotherms with those behaviors along isentropic lines. Water, ammonia, methane, and propane are examined in this study. It is shown that effects of pressure on the internal energy and enthalpy of compressed liquids are much lower along isentropic lines than those along isotherms.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Minor serous or clear-cell components in early-stage endometrioid adenocarcinoma: is it ever insignificant?

Evaluation of: Quddus MR, Sung CJ, Zhang C, Lawrence WD. Minor serous and clear cell components adversely affect prognosis in ‘mixed-type’ endometrial carcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 36 stage-I cases. Reprod. Sci. 17(7), 673–678 (2010).Endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the endometrium occasionally display a small proportion of serous or clear-cell adenocarcinoma, two of the high-grade histotypes. Since the adjuvant management for patients with low-grade, early-stage endometrioid adenocarcinoma is so different from the management of their counterparts with the serous or clear histotypes, this situation poses a significant conundrum. The article under evaluation compared the overall survival between patients with stage I endometrioid adenocarcinomas with a minor serous or clear-cell component, and an age- and stage-matched control group comprised of pure endometrioid, clear-cell and serous adenocarcinomas. Preliminary analyses suggest that these minor components, even in small proportions, may advers...
Long-term pharmacologic management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Various pharmacologic agents are available for the long-term maintenance management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The efficacy of these agents is based on their ability to decrease COPD symptoms, improve pulmonary function and quality of life, and reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations. Bronchodilators form the foundation of COPD therapy. Anticholinergic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium bromide and especially tiotropium, are first-line anticholinergic agents that can be used alone or in combination with long-acting or short-acting β 2 -agonists to achieve these primary goals of COPD treatment. Methylxanthines are useful primarily for their nonbronchodilatory (ie, positive) effects on pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate. Inhaled corticosteroids are reserved only for the few patients with severe disease who experience symptoms and acute exacerbations despite optimized multiple bronchodilator therapy. This article reviews agents that are currently available and those that are in development for the long-term management of COPD, with special emphasis on the anticholinergic bronchodilators.
Effects of plant moisture stress and rainfall on population dynamics of the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

A rainout shelter was used to control soil moisture and rainfall conditions in soybean plots artificially infested with twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in 1987 and 1988. Leaf disks were collected to determine the separate and interactive effects of plant water stress and impact energy of rainfall on spider mite population dynamics. In both seasons, spider mites initially colonized lower leaves and dispersed into the upper canopy as populations peaked 3–4 wk later. Precipitation applied with a rainfall simulator was not found to significantly affect mite intensity (mites per leaf area). Significantly greater mite intensities were found in stressed plots on two of six sampling dates in 1987 and in the pooled data of 1988. However, the differences in intensity were slight and may be accounted for, in part, by less total leaf area on the stressed plants. Results did not support the traditional belief that plant stress and the occurrence of heavy, driving rains are important factors in spider mite population dynamics. Rather, other factors associated with drought conditions require consideration to explain spider mite population dynamics in soybean.
Phylogeny of salmonine fishes based on growth hormone introns: Atlantic (Salmo) and Pacific (Oncorhynchus) salmon are not sister taxa.

Though salmonid fishes are a well-studied group, phylogenetic questions remain, especially with respect to genus-level relationships. These questions were addressed with duplicate growth hormone (GH) introns. Intron sequences from each duplicate gene yielded phylogenetic trees that were not significantly different from each other in topology. Statistical tests supported validity of the controversial monotypic genus Parahucho, monophyly of Oncorhynchus, and inclusion of Acantholingua ohridana within Salmo. Suprisingly, GH1 intron C (GH1C) did not support the widely accepted hypothesis that Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon and trout) and Salmo (Atlantic salmon and trout) are sibling genera; GH2C was ambiguous at this node. Previously published data were also examined for support of Salmo and Oncorhynchus as sister taxa and only morphology showed significant support. If not sister taxa, the independent evolution of anadromy-the migration to sea and return to freshwater for spawning-is most parsimonious. While there was incongruence with and among published data sets, the GH1C intron phylogeny was the best hypothesis, based on currently available molecular data.
Overlapping sequential pulses. A new waveform for transthoracic defibrillation.

BACKGROUNDA directionally changing shock electrical vector could facilitate defibrillation by depolarizing myocytes with different orientations vis-a-vis the shock field. Such a changing vector can...
DETERMINING STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN WATER POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS

ABSTRACT Water quality variability can be examined to estimate the magnitude of changes in water quality needed to detect significant differences over time. Adjustments can be made to reduce the estimate of variability, thereby decreasing the water quality change required for statistical significance. These adjustments include: accounting for changes in meteorologic and hydrologic conditions through covariate variables in trend analyses; changing the sampling frequency; increasing the number of years in the monitoring scheme; and use of other statistical trend analyses, such as t-tests, linear regression, and time series analyses. Water quality monitoring data was examined from the Idaho Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP) project. Generally, a 30 to 60 percent change in unadjusted geometric mean concentrations is required to document a significant change in water quality. However, adjustments that reduce the estimate of variability can be used to reduce the required concentration change to 20 to 40 percent.
Impulse-flow regulation of high affinity choline uptake in brain cholinergic nerve terminals.

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) synthesis is coupled, in some unknown manner, to ACh release caused by neuronal impulse flow1–4. Accordingly, several models have been proposed regarding the regulation of ACh synthesis. These include feedback competitive inhibition of choline acetyl-transferase by ACh5,6, and mass action regulation of choline acetyltransferase7. More recently, high affinity choline uptake, which is very localised to cholinergic nerve terminals8, has been proposed as a regulatory step in ACh synthesis9–12. If high affinity choline uptake were coupled to ACh synthesis and release, then one would expect changes in the high affinity choline uptake system after alterations in synthesis and release. We have found changes in the high affinity choline uptake system in hippocampal synaptosomes after treatments which alter neuronal impulse flow to cholinergic nerve terminals.
Scaphoid translation measurements in normal wrists

The purpose of this study was to establish a normal measure of scaphoid position in the radioulnar plane in standard neutral, radial and ulnar deviation posteroanterior radiographs. This measurement may allow indirect evaluation of the radiocarpal ligaments and comparison between normal and pathologic states (following radius fractures, perilunate dislocations). Measurements were trialed on 74 normal wrist radiographs and 25 cadaver wrists. We evaluated the distance between the radial styloid and the scaphoid and corresponding scaphoid width. The ratio of distance/width at the mid styloid level (0.35, imprecision SD = 0.1) had the lowest random error and is therefore the most precise measurement of true scaphoid translation. This measurement is independent of scapholunate ligament integrity and may provide a better assessment of the radiocarpal component of ulnar translational instability. Abnormal movement of the scaphoid in the radioscaphoid joint likely reflects ligamentous injury. Identifying and addressing these injuries may prevent the development of arthritis.
Trading the micro-world of combinatorial complexity for the macro-world of protein interaction domains

Membrane receptors and proteins involved in signal transduction display numerous binding domains and operate as molecular scaffolds generating a variety of parallel reactions and protein complexes. The resulting combinatorial explosion of the number of feasible chemical species and, hence, different states of a network greatly impedes mechanistic modeling of signaling systems. Here we present novel general principles and identify kinetic requirements that allow us to replace a mechanistic picture of all possible micro-states and transitions by a macro-description of states of separate binding sites of network proteins. This domain-oriented approach dramatically reduces computational models of cellular signaling networks by dissecting mechanistic trajectories into the dynamics of macro- and meso-variables. We specify the conditions when the temporal dynamics of micro-states can be exactly or approximately expressed in terms of the product of the relative concentrations of separate domains. We prove that our macro-modeling approach equally applies to signaling systems with low population levels, analyzed by stochastic rather than deterministic equations. Thus, our results greatly facilitate quantitative analysis and computational modeling of multi-protein signaling networks.
Some results related to Hilbert's theorem 94

Abstract Let K be a cyclic unramified extension of a number field F . Hilbert's theorem 94 implies that a nonprincipal ideal class of F becomes principal in K . Say, K F satisfies condition (B) if no element of the subgroup of the ideal class group of F corresponding to the extension K F becomes principal in K . Then K F satisfies condition (B) if, and only if, the cohomology of the ideal class group of K is trivial. If F is a quadratic field for which the Sylow p subgroup of the ideal class group is of type ( p , p ), then some results on the structure of the ideal class group of K are obtained.
A random encounter model for the microbial planktonic community

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles 90089-037 1 Abstract The numeric concentration of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells that form the planktonic microbial community decreases monotonically and rapidly with increasing size. This size distribution has been interpreted to be the result of allometric control of growth and respiration rates, but we propose an alternative “random encounter” hypothesis to explain such a distribution. According to this hypothesis, the size distribution of cells that range from 0.3 to 100 pm results from size- selective predation by protozoans. A phagotrophic population will swim randomly through the water encountering both prey and predators. At steady state, such a population must ingest smaller prey at a sufficient rate to balance its rate of loss to larger predators. The size distribution of cells must, therefore, satisfy this condition. In particular, a mathematical statement of the hypothesis is based on the following relationships: volume of a cell varies as the cube of its diameter; clearance rate (L3T-I) by a predator varies as the square of its diameter; and, for a given population, its range of possible prey sizes varies with its prey diameter at the same time that the range of predator sizes able to capture the given population varies with its predator diameter.
α1-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus are enhanced by chronic antidepressant treatment

Responses of single dorsal lateral geniculate neurons to iontophoretic noradrenaline, serotonin, and carbachol were studied following acute or chronic administration of tricyclic antidepressants. Long-term (15–20 day) treatment of rats with a variety of clinically effective tricyclics, including the atypical iprindole, significantly enhanced α1-adrenoceptor mediated activations induced by noradrenaline. This change appears to require chronic treatment, since acute and short term (6–8 day) tricyclic regimens fail to consistently affect noradrenaline's action. Long term antidepressant treatment was also effective in enhancing geniculate neuron sensitivity to serotonin, in accord with previous studies, but failed to modify responses to the cholinergic agonist carbachol. It is suggested that the modulation of noradrenaline and serotonin receptor activity may represent a slowly developing action of tricyclic antidepressants which correlates with their delayed clinical effects.
In vitro culture of Vanhoutte's spirea explants from secondary cultures' and dormant stems forced in solutions containing plant growth regulators

Explants from new growth of forced dormant stems and ‘secondary cultures’ of Vanhoutte's spirea were cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog (L.S.) medium containing benzyladenine (BA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and zeatin. The dormant stems were forced by immersing their basal portions in forcing solutions containing 626 µM 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and 2% sucrose. BA and gibberellic acid (GA3) were also added into the forcing solutions to determine if explants obtained from the new growth will benefit from this treatment when culturedin vitro. L.S. medium supplemented with 5 µM BA alone, 5 µM BA plus 1 or 5 µM IAA, and 0.5 or 0.75 µM TDZ alone produced the best shoot proliferation for both sources of explants. BA and GA3 appeared to be taken up from the forcing solution by the new softwood growth. BA in the forcing solution stimulatedin vitro shoot proliferation in different degrees depending on the period of treatment, while GA3 caused lessin vitro shoot proliferation. It is proposed that forcing solutions containing plant growth regulators (P.G.R.) are a useful approach for manipulating responses of plant tissues culturedin vitro.
Authors response to correspondence about an improved compensation method.

Recently we proposed an optimization based method for compensating flow cytometry data that is able to use any combination of single or multiple stained controls (1). We demonstrate that our method is superior to the standard approach to compensation supported by commercial flow cytometry software which uses only single stained control samples. Two investigators have published critiques (2, 3) of our manuscript to which we now respond.
Templated Synthesis of Gold Nanorods (NRs): The Effects of Cosurfactants and Electrolytes on the Shape and Optical Properties

Seeded growth of gold nanorods (NRs) has been accomplished in a micellar medium containing mixed surfactants or a high salt concentration. Cetyl trimethylamoniumbromide (CTAB) forms micelles upon which the growth of rod shaped gold nanoparticles occurs. AgNO3 is introduced into the growth solution to enhance the formation of NRs. The roles of non-ionic surfactants such as Tween and Triton, and of electrolytes such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride have been examined. As the concentration of these additives in the growth solution is increased, the aspect ratio of the NRs increases to a critical limit, after which it decreases again. Upon carefully controlling the content of Triton X-100 or Tween 20 in the growth solution, these non-ionic surfactants assisted in fine-tuning the shape of gold NRs (e.g. rectangular or “dogbone”). The growth pattern of the NRs fits into the model of a soft template formed by the mixture of CTAB and non-ionic surfactants.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANISATIONAL PLANNING

Organisational planning identifies two areas — corporate culture and human resources — which have received much attention as key areas in formulating strategic plans in many organisations. Traditional planning fails to give flexibility in the face of foreign competition, technological advancement, etc., and therefore management must adjust their managerial style to accommodate new performance criteria, reward systems and other innovative ideas, to progress successfully.
Minority-carrier transport parameters in n-type silicon

Minority-carrier diffusion length L, lifetime tau , and diffusion coefficient D in n-type Si are measured at 296 K in the doping range from 10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/ to 7*10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/. The measurement is based on a lateral collection of carriers generated by a spatially uniform light. The distance between the illumination edge and the collection junction is defined by photolithography. This allows simultaneous and independent determination of all transport parameters in the same material. A self-consistency and accuracy check is provided by the relation L/sup 2/=D tau . Details of experimental procedures are described. Empirical best-fit relations for the three parameters are given. The extraction of lifetime and diffusion coefficient was done in the frequency domain, which allows for straightforward elimination of parasitic effects in the nanosecond and subnanosecond range. >
Determination of oligomeric chain length distributions at surfaces using ToF-SIMS: segregation effects and polymer properties

Abstract While many XPS and SIMS studies of polymers have detected and quantified segregation of low surface energy blocks or components in copolymers and polymer blends [D. Briggs, in: D.R. Clarke, S. Suresh, I.M. Ward (Eds.), Surface Analysis of Polymers by XPS and Static SIMS, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998 (Chapter 5).], this paper reports ToF-SIMS studies of direct measurement of the segment length distribution at the surface of siloxane copolymers. These data allow insight into the segregation of particular portions of the oligomeric distribution; specifically, in this study, longer PDMS oligomers segregated at the expense of shorter PDMS chains. We have reported XPS analysis of competitive segregation effects for short PDMS chains [Macromolecules 35 (13) (2002) 5256]. In this study, a series of poly(ureaurethane)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PUU–PDMS) copolymers have been synthesized containing varying ratios of G-3 and G-9 (G-X describes the average segment length of the PDMS added), while maintaining a constant overall siloxane weight percentage (10, 30, and 60%). These copolymers were utilized as model systems to study the preferential segregation of certain siloxane segment lengths to the surface over others. ToF-SIMS analysis of PUU–PDMS copolymers has yielded high-mass range copolymer fragmentation patterns containing intact PDMS segments. For the first time, this information is utilized to determine PDMS segment length distributions at the copolymer surface as compared to the bulk. The results show that longer siloxane segment lengths are preferentially segregating to the surface over shorter chain lengths. These results also show the importance of ToF-SIMS and mass spectrometry in the development of new materials containing low molecular weight amino-propyl-terminated siloxanes.
Toluene inhalation produces a conditioned place preference in rats

Toluene is a widely abused solvent with demonstrated addictive potential in humans. Here we explore if conditioned place preference can be used to study the abuse-related effects of inhaled toluene in rats. Animals were confined to a distinctive compartment of a three-compartment chamber while exposed to toluene vapor and later tested for preference for that compartment compared to appropriate control subjects. In this study, a flame ionization detector was used for on-line monitoring of toluene vapor concentrations inside the conditioning apparatus coupled with computerized recording of the time spent by the animals on the test day in each of the chambers. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 810, 1895 or 4950 ppm of toluene vapors in either the black or white compartment during 30-min pairing sessions given every other day alternating with air exposure for the total of six pairings for each treatment. Rats that received air in both sides (control group) did not show any preference for either side with approximately equal time spent in each compartment on the test day (241 +/- 33 and 234 +/- 34 s, for white and black box, respectively). However, the 1895- and 4950-ppm test groups, but not the 810-ppm group, demonstrated a significant preference for the side paired with toluene exposure. When a subsequent test session was performed during toluene exposures, no conditioned place preference was observed. Thus, toluene produced a clear conditioned place preference that appears to be most evident when animals are not intoxicated. This procedure should be useful for further studies of the abuse-related effects of abused inhalants.
The Model of Care Partner Engagement: use in delirium management.

Care partner engagement is a central tenant of person-centered care. Despite widespread interest in transforming current health care delivery to a more person-centered system, little is known about effective strategies for engaging care partners. The Model of Care Partner Engagement is introduced and described as an evidence-informed framework that nurses can use to guide the development of care partnerships. The case of hospitalized older adults with cognitive impairment and delirium is used to illustrate implementation of the model. Care partner engagement is integral to national efforts that promote affordable, equitable, high quality care and is a growing expectation of older adults and their families.
Finite element modelling of the laser cutting process

A two-dimensional transient model for the removal of metal using a high power laser is developed. The nondimensional forms of the governing equation and the boundary conditions are derived, and the numerical solution is obtained by using a finite element method. This finite element model is used to study the performance of material removing process for a wide range of parameters. The performance characteristics and the effects of these parameters on the shape and size of the groove formed are discussed.
COMPARISON OF c AND d-SEQUENCES

In our previously published papers [Monomial sequence of linear type, Illinois J. Math.52 (2008) 1213–1221; Sequences between d-sequences and sequences of linear type, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin.50 (2009) 1–9; Two-generated ideals of linear type, Acta Math. Univ. Comenian. (N.S.)78 (2009) 97–102] we have introduced and discussed the notion of a c-sequence in a commutative ring. In this paper we compare this notion with the notion of a d-sequence. The ideal generated by any of these sequences is of linear type. We show that there are c-sequences that are not d-sequences and that c-sequences satisfy analogs of sharp Artin–Rees properties that hold for d-sequences. We also discuss closeness of c and d-sequences.
SU-FF-J-30: Simultaneous Use of An Implanted Fiducial System and An Endorectal Balloon for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To report on our initial experience of using an on‐line implanted fiducial system simultaneously with an endorectal balloon to treat patients with prostate cancer.Method and Materials: Patients had three fiducial seeds implanted in their prostate prior to radiotherapytreatment planning.Treatment was given in the prone position with an endorectal balloon inflated to 60 cc and a full bladder. Patients were initially positioned with the aid of lasers/tattoos and an immobilization cradle. Open‐field radiation electronic portal images were then taken in the treatment position and compared to reference images prior to each fraction of treatment. The intermarker distances (IMDs) between the three implanted seeds were examined to gain insight on prostate deformation and seed migration for this treatment strategy. The IMDs for the initial three fractions were averaged for each seed pair to serve as our references. For subsequent fractions, the differences in IMDs between measured and reference values were computed. Our data were also compared to similar previously reported studies. Results: We have analyzed the IMDs of 13 patients treated with implanted fiducials and an endorectal balloon. A total of 349 alignments were evaluable and thus, 1047 IMDs were calculated for this set of patients. The mean absolute IMD difference for all samples was 0.86±0.88 mm, while the largest single IMD difference was 8.9 mm. For individual patients, the ranges of mean absolute IMD differences for a given seed pair and corresponding standard deviations were 0.32–1.85 mm and 0.22–1.66 mm, respectively. The maximum absolute IMD difference for individual patients ranged from 1.2–8.9 mm. Conclusions: We have simultaneously implemented an on‐line implanted fiducial system and an endorectal balloon during prostate cancerradiotherapy. The degree of deformation of the prostate gland during treatment has been examined. This study may help predict the potential dosimetric consequences due to prostate motion/deformation.
Examination of a Coupled-Pixel Model (CPM) atmospheric retrieval algorithm

Oceanic remote sensing of rain rate and surface wind speed is possible using low frequency passive microwave sensors on both space-based and aircraft-based platforms. The particular observing geometries of these sensors allows for simplifying assumptions about the rain in the field of view — assumptions that are not possible for the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRad). HIRad's unique observing capabilities are such that a single atmospheric column can affect the observations at multiple cross-track positions. This motivated the development of the Coupled Pixel Model (CPM) atmospheric retrieval algorithm. This newly developed retrieval algorithm performance is limited by beam averaging. With increasing earth incidence angle (EIA), it becomes more difficult to deconvolve distinct neighboring rain bands.
Discounting and Reciprocity in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) is a central paradigm in the study of animal cooperation. According to the IPD framework, repeated play (repetition) and reciprocity combine to maintain a cooperative equilibrium. However, experimental studies with animals suggest that cooperative behavior in IPDs is unstable, and some have suggested that strong preferences for immediate benefits (that is, temporal discounting) might explain the fragility of cooperative equilibria. We studied the effects of discounting and strategic reciprocity on cooperation in captive blue jays. Our results demonstrate an interaction between discounting and reciprocity. Blue jays show high stable levels of cooperation in treatments with reduced discounting when their opponent reciprocates, but their levels of cooperation decline in all other treatment combinations. This suggests that stable cooperation requires both reduced discounting and reciprocity, and it offers an explanation of earlier failures to find cooperation in controlled payoff games.
The Mckinsey axiom is not canonical

The logic KM is the smallest normal modal logic that includes the McKinsey axiomIt is shown here that this axiom is not valid in the canonical frame for KM, answering a question first posed in the Lemmon-Scott manuscript [Lemmon, 1966].The result is not just an esoteric counterexample: apart from interest generated by the long delay in a solution being found, the problem has been of historical importance in the development of our understanding of intensional model theory, and is of some conceptual significance, as will now be explained.The relational semantics for normal modal logics first appeared in [Kripke, 1963], where a number of well-known systems were shown to be characterised by simple first-order conditions on binary relations (frames). This phenomenon was systematically investigated in [Lemmon, 1966], which introduced the technique of associating with each logic L a canonical frame which invalidates every nontheorem of L. If, in addition, each L-theorem is valid in , then L is said to be canonical. The problem of showing that L is determined by some validating condition C, meaning that the L-theorems are precisely those formulae valid in all frames satisfying C, can be solved by showing that satisfies C—in which case canonicity is also established. Numerous cases were studied, leading to the definition of a first-order condition Cφ associated with each formula φ of the formwhere Ψ is a positive modal formula.
Models and methods for automated material identification in hyperspectral imagery acquired under unknown illumination and atmospheric conditions

The spectral radiance measured by an airborne imaging spectrometer for a material on the Earth's surface depends strongly on the illumination incident of the material and the atmospheric conditions. This dependence has limited the success of material-identification algorithms that rely on hyperspectral image data without associated ground-truth information. In this paper, the authors use a comprehensive physical model to show that the set of observed 0.4-2.5 /spl mu/m spectral-radiance vectors for a material lies in a low-dimensional subspace of the hyperspectral-measurement space. The physical model captures the dependence of the reflected sunlight, reflected skylight, and path-radiance terms on the scene geometry and on the distribution of atmospheric gases and aerosols over a wide range of conditions. Using the subspace model, they develop a local maximum-likelihood algorithm for automated material identification that is invariant to illumination, atmospheric conditions, and the scene geometry. The algorithm requires only the spectral reflectance of the target material as input. The authors show that the low dimensionality of material subspaces allows for the robust discrimination of a large number of materials over a wide range of conditions. They demonstrate the invariant algorithm for the automated identification of material samples in HYDICE imagery acquired under different illumination and atmospheric conditions.
Sustained and transient covert attention enhance the signal via different contrast response functions

We investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of sustained and transient covert attention on contrast sensitivity. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) Using a zero-noise display, we assessed whether sustained (endogenous) attention enhances contrast sensitivity via signal enhancement, and compared the magnitude of the effect with that of transient (exogenous) attention. (2) We compared the contrast psychometric functions for both sustained and transient attention and evaluated them in terms of contrast gain and response gain models. Observers performed a 2AFC orientation discrimination task on a tilted target Gabor, presented alone at 1 of 8 iso-eccentric locations. Either a neutral (baseline), peripheral (to manipulate transient attention), or a central cue (to manipulate sustained attention) preceded the target. Even in the absence of external noise, and using suprathreshold stimuli, observers showed an attentional effect, evidence in support of signal enhancement underlying both sustained and transient attention. Moreover, sustained attention caused a strictly leftward threshold shift in the psychometric function, supporting a contrast gain model. Interestingly, with transient attention we observed a change in asymptote in addition to a threshold shift. These findings suggest that whereas sustained attention operates strictly via contrast gain, transient attention may be better described by a mixture of response gain and contrast gain.
Extracellular glucose concentration alters functional activity of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter (PepT-1) in Caco-2 cells.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different cell culture media glucose concentrations on the functional activity of PepT‐1 in Caco‐2 cells. Uptake kinetics of Gly‐Sar into Caco‐2 cells that were maintained in iso‐osmotic media containing 25 or 5.5mM glucose were determined in the presence and absence of amino acid‐selective chemical modifiers and dithiothreitol. Inhibition of Gly‐Sar uptake into Caco‐2 cells was measured in the presence of dipeptides and xenobiotics exhibiting various binding affinities for the PepT‐1. The effect of extracellular glucose on PepT‐1gene expression was assessed using comparative RT‐PCR. Long‐term exposure of Caco‐2 cells to 25mM glucose reduced maximum transport capacity for Gly‐Sar uptake without altering PepT‐1gene expression. In contrast, binding affinity of Gly‐Sar and other dipeptides or xenobiotics was not significantly changed. Chemical modification of Lys and Tyr residues decreased V max , while Cys modification increased the maximum transport capacity of the carrier. Preincubation of Caco‐2 cells with dithiothreitol restored PepT‐1 activity in cells maintained at 25mM glucose. In conclusion, cell culture media containing 25mM glucose decreases maximum transport capacity of PepT‐1 in Caco‐2 cells without affecting substrate recognition, at least in part, mediated via an oxidative pathway.
The use of moment index displacement in analyzing fluorescence time‐decay data

Moment index displacement automatically corrects a number of significant nonrandom instrumental errors in fluorescence time-decay measurements. Three-component data, obtained by measuring the fluorescence decay of three different species mixed in the same solution, were used as a test sample. It was shown, as predicted by theory, that moment index displacement corrects three nonrandom instrumental errors: (1) the presence of scatter in the data; (2) time origin shifts between lamp and fluorescence data; and (3) lamp drift, or time-dependent changes in the shape of the excitation curve. The data clearly show that the use of the method of moments with moment index displacement to analyze fluorescence decay data is not a curve-fitting procedure. This procedure will accurately obtain decay parameters for multiple-exponential decays from certain badly distorted data, yielding a calculated curve very different from the actual data.
Use and Definition of Herbal Medicines Differ by Ethnicity

BackgroundWhile past studies have investigated uses of and attitudes toward herbal medicines by different ethnic groups, none have assessed how people may define them.ObjectiveTo determine definitions of and attitudes toward herbal medicines in different ethnic groups.MethodsSurveys were distributed to 300 people of different professions and ethnic backgrounds in northern Pennsylvania. We quantified Latino/non-Latino group similarities and differences in the following variables: which of a list of 26 substances people categorized as herbal medicines, people's intent to use herbal medicines in the future, people's attitudes toward herbal medicine use, how people described their doctors' and friends' attitudes toward herbal medicines, and people's ability to use herbal medicines. These variables were based on the Theory of Planned Behavior.ResultsThe Latino sample compared with the non-Latino white sample was more likely to categorize certain foods (e.g., garlic, carrots) as herbal medicines. Non-Latinos ha...
Design of a High-Lift, Thick Airfoil for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications

The aerodynamic design of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles is driven by the rapidly decreasing air density at the upper boundaries of the atmosphere. A corresponding increase in wing area cannot provide a simple solution because of the additional weight and flexibility of the high-aspect-ratio wings. The excessive spanwise flexibility can be addressed by developing thicker airfoil sections that will increase the wing bending stiffness. Additional reduction in the expected wing size could be achieved by increasing the design cruise lift coefficient. Consequently, the objective of this study was to develop a 24% thick, two-element airfoil section capable of lift coefficients approaching two. Expected operational Reynolds number was estimated within the range of 0.5 to 1.0 x 10 6 . A secondary objective of this study was to experiment with the airfoil design-optimization procedure, which later could be automated.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE : III. ON THE BILE CHANGES CAUSED BY A PRESSURE OBSTACLE TO SECRETION; AND ON HYDROHEPATOSIS.

In bile that is secreted against an abnormally high pressure, as during partial obstruction, the pigment, cholate, and cholesterol outputs are all cut down, and so much more than is the fluid bulk that the concentration of the substances per cubic centimeter of bile is notably lessened. The fluid obtained at the greatest pressure compatible with secretion contains traces only of the typical biliary constituents. The bearing of these alterations in the bile on the consequences of partial biliary obstruction is discussed. An analysis of the liver changes following biliary obstruction brings out their essential likeness to the changes that occur under similar circumstances in glands in general and the kidney in particular. The major physiological factors concerned in the development of hydronephrosis and in the liver changes after biliary obstruction are identical. We would suggest that the term hydrohepatosis as applied to the liver condition would be useful not merely to designate it but to indicate the principles underlying its development. In clinical instances of biliary obstruction, the likeness to hydronephrosis is often hidden because of the activity of the gall bladder to render the stasis bile dark and thick. There is then a concealed hydrohepatosis, differing merely by the character of the duct content, from the manifest hydrohepatosis with "white bile," that is found when the gall bladder fails to act.
Computer generated holograms embedded in glass fabricated with a femtosecond laser

We report the design of three-dimensional computer-generated holograms. We fabricated holograms embedded in glass using femtosecond laser induced breakdown and showed three-dimensional effects to improve efficiency.