cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Nitrogen Retention in the Atchafalaya River Swamp

Freshwater diversions from the lower Mississippi River into the region’s wetlands have been considered an alternative means for reducing nitrogen loading. The Atchafalaya River Swamp, the largest freshwater swamp in North America, carries the entire discharge of the Red River and 30% of the discharge of the Mississippi River, but it is largely unknown how much nitrogen actually can be retained from the overflowing waters of the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River system. Nitrogen discharge from the upper Mississippi River Basin has been implicated as the major cause for the hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, which threatens not only the aquatic ecosystem health, but also Louisiana’s fishery industry, among other problems. This study was conducted to determine the change in organic nitrogen mass as water flows through the Atchafalaya River Swamp and into the Gulf of Mexico. By utilizing the river’s long-term discharge and water quality data (1978–2002), monthly and annual organic nitrogen fluxes were quantified, and their relationships with the basin’s hydrologic conditions were investigated. A total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) mass input–output balance between the upstream (Simmesport) and downstream (Morgan City and Wax Lake Outlet) locations was established to examine the organic nitrogen removal potential for this large swamp. The results showed that on average, TKN input into the Atchafalaya was 200 323 tons year−1 and TKN output leaving the basin was 145 917 tons year−1, resulting in a 27% removal rate of organic nitrogen. Monthly TKN input and output in the basin were highest from March to June (input vs. output: 25 000 vs. 18 000 tons month−1) and lowest from August to November (8000 vs. 6000 tons month−1). There was a large variation in both annual and inter-annual organic nitrogen removals. The variability was positively correlated with the amount of inflow water at Simmesport, suggesting that regulating the river’s inflow at the Old River flood control structures may help reduce nitrogen loading of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the in-stream loss of organic nitrogen indicates that previous studies may have overestimated nitrogen discharge from the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River system.
Division 45: The Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues

This article covers the Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Psychology, Division 45 of the American Psychological Association (APA) in understanding the relationship of ethnic minority psychological associations with Division 17. A brief history is provided, followed by current status and resources, connections to counseling psychology, and implications for Division 17 for the future of Division 45. Like Division 17, Division 45 is a division within the American Psychological Association and was formed in 1986 in response to the lack of support to advance issues related to ethnic minority psychology throughout the APA. Despite this tense history between the two divisions, both share significant core values, interests, and goals. There are close ties between the two divisions, in terms of memberships as well as scholarly and professional activities. We discuss potential implications for a deeper connection while maintaining unique identities between the two divisions.
Work zones versus nonwork zones: risk factors leading to rear-end and sideswipe collisions

ABSTRACTTens of thousands of vehicular collisions occur annually in work zones with nearly double the fatality risk as compared to all collisions (work zone and nonwork zone). Due to this increase in risk, this study's objective is to investigate the possible causes of work zone collisions. After reviewing previous studies, the authors examined behavioral, environmental, and roadway geometric factors to understand their influence on fatal collision type for work zones and nonwork zones. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System database was used for years 2010 to 2012. To analyze the data, negative binomial regression and multinomial logit models were utilized. A binary probit model directly compares work zone and nonwork zone data. Results demonstrate that rear-end and sideswipe collisions are more likely to cause fatalities in work zones compared to nonwork zones. Clear conditions, daylight, and straight roads increase the likelihood of these two col...
Enhancement of block transform coded images using residual spectra adaptive postfiltering

Image block transform techniques usually introduce several types of spatial periodic distortion which are mostly noticeable at low bit rates. One way to reduce these artifacts to obtain an acceptable visual quality level is to postfilter the decoded images using nonlinear space-variant adaptive filters derived from the structural relationships and residual spectral information provided by the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of block transforms such as the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the lapped orthogonal transform (LOT). A method for analyzing and filtering the DCT blocking noise and the LOT ringing noise for moderate and highly compressed images is described and several test cases are presented. A generalized Fourier analysis of the block transform distortion as seen in the frequency domain is discussed in conjunction with an outline of a separable adaptive postfiltering algorithm for decoded image enhancement. >
The time-frequency characteristics of quarry blasts and calibration explosions recorded in Kazakhstan, USSR

SUMMARY In this paper we consider two fundamentally different processes that can be responsible for the organization of energy in seismic coda into discrete time-independent frequency bands. One process involves the resonance of energy in low velocity horizons and the other requires the interaction of time offset wavefields produced by subevents within multiple-event mine explosions (ripple-fired quarry blasts). We examined data collected by high frequency seismometers in Kazakhstan, USSR, and observed regular time-independent spectral modulations in coda resulting from events strongly suspected to be Soviet quarry blasts, but not in the coda from single event calibration explosions detonated at similar ranges. We conclude these modulations are a source effect and due to ripple-firing . This modulation is independent of the source-receiver azimuth and we infer that the spatial array of subshots in each event must be small. We demonstrate that simple linear superposition theory can be used to reproduce effectively the spectral modulation observed in real quarry blasts. On the basis of these observations we attempt to discriminate between the two types of events using a spectral pattern-based algorithm that seeks time-independent features. We consider the detrimental effect that resonant energy in low velocity horizons can have on the successful application of our algorithm.
Precise pooling and dispensing of microfluidic droplets towards micro- to macro-world interfacing.

Droplet microfluidics possesses unique properties such as the ability to carry out multiple independent reactions without dispersion of samples in microchannels. We seek to extend the use of droplet microfluidics to a new range of applications by enabling its integration into workflows based on traditional technologies, such as microtiter plates. Our strategy consists in developing a novel method to manipulate, pool and deliver a precise number of microfluidic droplets. To this aim, we present a basic module that combines droplet trapping with an on-chip valve. We quantitatively analyzed the trapping efficiency of the basic module in order to optimize its design. We also demonstrated the integration of the basic module into a multiplex device that can deliver 8 droplets at every cycle. This device will have a great impact in low throughput droplet applications that necessitate interfacing with macroscale technologies. The micro- to macro- interface is particularly critical in microfluidic applications that aim at sample preparation and has not been rigorously addressed in this context.
Fractionation and dose-rate effects on the acute reaction of pig skin to low-intensity gamma rays☆

Abstract The acute moist reaction of pig skin to various regimens of low-intensity gamma irradiation with nylon plaques each containing a single radium tube was studied in order to develop a time-dose relationship that takes into account differences in dose-rate and fractionation. Twenty-two young Chester White pigs were irradiated—eight areas on the control side and eight corresponding areas on the experimental side of each pig. During the subsequent 60-day observation period, the average moist reaction diameter for each area was estimated on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. For each experiment, the ratio of the average response for the experimental side to that for the control side of each pig was plotted against application time for the experimental side; linear regression was employed to determine the isoeffect application time with 95% confidence limits. In the continuous exposure experiments the effects of 5 mg. and 15 mg. radium plaques were compared with that of 10 mg. radium plaques. It was observed that the effect of dose-rate was the same as that noted by other investigators in the past; viz., the slope of the isoeffect line for a log-log graph of total dose against application time was 0.269. In the fractionated exposure experiment, the effect of four equal fractions separated by approximately 24-hour intervals was compared with that of a single, continuous application at the same dose-rate. It was found that the fractionated regimen required a 14% increase in cumulative application time to produce the same biological effect as the continuous exposure. A new time-dose formula is proposed to facilitate application of these experimental results to clinical practice. It takes into account the effects of dose-rate, duration of each fraction, and number of fractions.
Nucleotide Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium in Cold Hardiness and Wood Quality Related Candidate Genes in Douglas-fir

Nuclear sequence variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) were studied in 15 cold-hardiness- and 3 wood quality-related candidate genes in Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. This set of genes was selected on the basis of its function in other plants and collocation with cold-hardiness-related quantitative trait loci (QTL). The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery panel represented 24 different trees from six regions in Washington and Oregon plus parents of a segregating population used in the QTL study. The frequency of SNPs was one SNP per 46 bp across coding and noncoding regions on average. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities were also moderately high with Hd = 0.827 ± 0.043 and π = 0.00655 ± 0.00082 on average, respectively. The nonsynonymous (replacement) nucleotide substitutions were almost five times less frequent than synonymous ones and substitutions in noncoding regions. LD decayed relatively slowly but steadily within genes. Haploblock analysis was used to define haplotype tag SNPs (htSNPs). These data will help to select SNPs for association mapping, which is already in progress.
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Led Medication Assessment Used to Identify Prevalence of and Associations With Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use Among Ambulatory Senior Adults With Cancer

Purpose The use of multiple and/or inappropriate medications in seniors is a significant public health problem, and cancer treatment escalates its prevalence and complexity. Existing studies are limited by patient self-report and medical record extraction compared with a pharmacist-led comprehensive medication assessment. Patients and Methods We retrospectively examined medication use in ambulatory senior adults with cancer to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy (PP) and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use and associated factors. PP was defined as concurrent use of five or more and less than 10 medications, and excessive polypharmacy (EPP) was defined as 10 or more medications. PIMs were categorized by 2012 Beers Criteria, Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP), and the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS). Results A total of 248 patients received a geriatric oncology assessment between January 2011 and June 2013 (mean age was 79.9 years, 64% were women...
Analysis of polymerization rates in radical polymerization with primary radical termination of methyl methacrylate initiated by 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethyl valeronitrile)

Polymerization rates in radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) under various conditions were analyzed by using a previously derived simple equation. The results obtained are discussed on the basis of the relation of solvent viscosity and temperature. It is concluded that chain termination rate constant is inversely proportional to the solvent viscosity, but primary radical termination rate constant can not be related immediately to solvent viscosity.
Hemispheric Specialization for Movement Control Produces Dissociable Differences in Online Corrections after Stroke

In this study, we examine whether corrections made during an ongoing movement are differentially affected by left hemisphere damage (LHD) and right hemisphere damage (RHD). Our hypothesis of motor lateralization proposes that control mechanisms specialized to the right hemisphere rely largely on online processes, while the left hemisphere primarily utilizes predictive mechanisms to specify optimal coordination patterns. We therefore predict that RHD, but not LHD, should impair online correction when task goals are unexpectedly changed. Fourteen stroke subjects (7 LHD, 7 RHD) and 14 healthy controls reached to 1 of the 3 targets that unexpectedly “jumped” during movement onset. RHD subjects showed a considerable delay in initiating the corrective response relative to controls and LHD subjects. However, both stroke groups made large final position errors on the target jump trials. Position deficits following LHD were associated with poor intersegmental coordination, while RHD subjects had difficulty terminating their movements appropriately. These findings confirm that RHD, but not LHD, produces a deficit in the timing of online corrections and also indicate that both stroke groups show position deficits that are related to the specialization of their damaged hemisphere. Further research is needed to identify specific neural circuits within each hemisphere critical for these processes.
Video Views and Reviews: Golgi Export, Targeting, and Plasma Membrane Caveolae

In this essay, I review videos from Molecular Biology of the Cell(MBC) depicting various aspects of plasma membrane (PM)dynamics, including the targeting of newly synthesizedcomponents and the organization of those PM invaginationscalled caveolae. The papers accompanying these videosdescribe, respectively, the constitutive export of a mutantform of the vesicular stromatitis virus coat glycoprotein(VSVG) from the Golgi complex (Polishchuk et al., 2003); thereceptor-mediated, PM incorporation of the Na
Rationality Wars and the War on Terror: Explaining Terrorism and Social Unrest

Terrorism is problematic at multiple levels. Social scientists debate its cause; policymakers debate what to do about it; many debate the meaning and political use of the term; and many live in fear of it. Current explanations of terrorism hinge on competing models of decision making. Anthropologists are increasingly influential in decision theory as issues of rationality, culture, and evolutionary psychology are invoked to explain patterns in human decision making. In this article, I review and critique current explanations of terrorism, I relate these explanations to larger debates in decision theory and anthropology, and I present an example of how current schisms may be transcended.
On the origin of step‐pool sequences in mountain streams

This paper reports a field test of the prevailing antidune theory to explain the mechanisms of step-pool formation in steep mountain streams. The theory is supported by laboratory data but it has not received extensive field testing that would enable wide applicability to natural conditions. Data from the Santa Monica Mountains of California are used to test the antidune model where step wavelength and reconstructed hydraulic conditions are compared with the formation domain predicted by experimental and theoretical studies. Results show general agreement between field and laboratory data. Step wavelength and hydraulic requirements are consistent with those of the antidune process of formation, but results also suggest that true antidunes may be difficult to achieve in the steep headwaters where channels may be dominated by large roughness elements. These findings strengthen the link between theory and observation in clarifying how step-pools form; they contribute to the basis for elucidating why step-pools form in mountain streams.
Getting "dissed": technical communicators in interdisciplinary engineering teams

In this article, we discuss what we identified as the perils and promises of matching our technical communication students with teams of engineers in a capstone, client-based engineering course. Specifically, we identify the key issues that surfaced, focusing the discussion around three themes we saw as contributing to multidisciplinary success: participation level, role definition, and connections between interim processes/products and final deliverables. We conclude by sharing a series of initial recommendations and modifications established as we continue to improve this multidisciplinary endeavor and reconfigure models for working in multidisciplinary teams.
Robust PCA with compressed data

The robust principal component analysis (RPCA) problem seeks to separate low-rank trends from sparse outliers within a data matrix, that is, to approximate a n x d matrix D as the sum of a low-rank matrix L and a sparse matrix S. We examine the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) problem under data compression, where the data Y is approximately given by (L+S) ·C, that is, a low-rank + sparse data matrix that has been compressed to size n x m (with m substantially smaller than the original dimension d) via multiplication with a compression matrix C. We give a convex program for recovering the sparse component S along with the compressed low-rank component L · C, along with upper bounds on the error of this reconstruction that scales naturally with the compression dimension m and coincides with existing results for the uncompressed setting m = d. Our results can also handle error introduced through additive noise or through missing data. The scaling of dimension, compression, and signal complexity in our theoretical results is verified empirically through simulations, and we also apply our method to a data set measuring chlorine concentration across a network of sensors to test its performance in practice.
LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF ROTATING CHANNEL FLOWS WITH AND WITHOUT HEAT TRANSFER

Large eddy simulation of rotating channel flow with and without heat transfer is reported. The rotation axis is parallel to the spanwise direction of the parallel plate channel. An implicit finite-volume scheme was used to solve the preconditioned time-dependent filtered Navier-Stokes equations using a dynamic subgrid-scale model to account for the subgrid-scale effects. Comparisons are made with available results in the literature for isothermal rotating flows. The combined effects of rotation and heat transfer on the structure of turbulence channel flow is discussed.
Use of a Bait Impact Index to Assess Effects of Bait Application Against Populations of Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in a Large Area

The effects of bait applications on the overall activity of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, in a town of 1.2 km2 were assessed between 2001 and 2003 by using a bait impact index. The index incorporated the amount of baits applied and the distance between bait application loci and the monitoring stations from which termite activity was measured. Even with the collaboration of only 35% of the residents and incomplete treatment records, the bait impact index demonstrated that more baits applied in proximity to monitoring loci significantly caused the decline of C. formosanus activity.
Benefits of partnered strength training for prostate cancer survivors and spouses: results from a randomized controlled trial of the Exercising Together project

Prostate cancer can negatively impact quality of life of the patient and his spouse caregiver, but interventions rarely target the health of both partners simultaneously. We tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a partnered strength training program on the physical and mental health of prostate cancer survivors (PCS) and spouse caregivers. Sixty-four couples were randomly assigned to 6 months of partnered strength training (Exercising Together, N = 32) or usual care (UC, N = 32). Objective measures included body composition (lean, fat and trunk fat mass (kg), and % body fat) by DXA, upper and lower body muscle strength by 1-repetition maximum, and physical function by the physical performance battery (PPB). Self-reported measures included the physical and mental health summary scales and physical function and fatigue subscales of the SF-36 and physical activity with the CHAMPS questionnaire. Couple retention rates were 100 % for Exercising Together and 84 % for UC. Median attendance of couples to Exercising Together sessions was 75 %. Men in Exercising Together became stronger in the upper body (p < 0.01) and more physically active (p < 0.01) than UC. Women in Exercising Together increased muscle mass (p = 0.05) and improved upper (p < 0.01) and lower body (p < 0.01) strength and PPB scores (p = 0.01) more than UC. Exercising Together is a novel couples-based approach to exercise that was feasible and improved several health outcomes for both PCS and their spouses. A couples-based approach should be considered in cancer survivorship programs so that outcomes can mutually benefit both partners. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00954044
Relationship between basal NO release and cyclooxygenase products in the normal rat kidney

We investigated the physiological regulation of renal function by nitric oxide (NO) and its interactions with the endothelial cyclooxygenase products in the conscious, chronically catheterized rat. A subpressor dose of NO inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) produced renal vasoconstriction that was unaffected by cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin (Indo). Acute, high-dose L-NAME produced a pressor response of approximately 40 mmHg and marked renal vasoconstriction. Indo selectively amplified the renal vasoconstriction, whereas inhibition of the thromboxane-endoperoxide receptor had no effect. Chronic NO inhibition for 5 wk led to sustained hypertension and renal vasoconstriction; the latter was amplified by acute Indo. These data suggest that in the normal, conscious rat the kidney is under important NO-dependent tone. There is no obvious interaction between NO and the cyclooxygenase products in control of basal renal function. When systemic NO inhibition is produced with either acute or chronic high-dose L-NAME, the kidney is severely vasoconstricted. The renal vasoconstriction is not ameliorated by thromboxane-endoperoxide antagonism but is exacerbated by cyclooxygenase blockade, suggesting that vasodilator cyclooxygenase products compensate for the renal hypoperfusion because of severe NO deficiency.
Abstract 3148: Self Reported Quality of Life After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Is a Modified Rankin Scale Score of 4 Worth it?

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) trials often define poor outcome as a modified Rankin Scale Score (mRS) ≥4. While mRS score thresholds are important for demonstrating treatment effect, t...
New Keynesians: A Comment

Principal agent, incomplete information, informational asymmetries, non-clearing markets, these are some of the general topics that describe the New Keynesian paradigm. Although accepted and respected in academia, the results of the New Keynesian paradigm are different from the Neo and New Classical traditions. The outcomes generated by New Keynesians challenge mainstream by undermining the general equilibrium vision of markets. Following almost the same methodology of Neoclassical economics, New Keynesians undermine the New Classical foundations while destroying the Neoclassical micro-foundations by showing that markets work different from what mainstream explains. In what follows the task will be to present, analyze and criticize in general terms the New Keynesian paradigm and its manifestation in financial market models.
Studies of the development and subsequent reduction of swelling of mammalian cerebral cortex under isosmotic conditions in vitro

The ionic parameters of incubation media which foster both the development and subsequent reduction of swelling of slices of cerebral cortex under isosmotic conditions of incubation in vitro are described. A linear relationship between increasing chloride concentrations in incubation media and progressive swelling of tissue slices (under conditions of constant temperature and K+ concentrations and isotonicity of incubation media) is demonstrated. Subsequent reduction of chloride concentration in incubation media together with reciprocal replacement by isethionate is associated with significant and characteristic reduction in the volume of tissue swelling when all other conditions of incubation, including isotonicity of the media, are kept constant. The ionic composition of the fluid of swelling under different conditions of incubation is derived together with the ionic composition and expected transmembrane potentials of the neuronal compartment of cerebral cortex in vitro. Mechanisms involved in the development and subsequent reduction of swelling of cerebral cortex in vitro are discussed, and proposals for possible clinical applications are suggested.
Selected Bibliography of the Green Cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), is an endemic species, presumed a pest of most economic legumes in the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Particularly, the species has attracted much attention as a foliage feeder of soybean, with reports of extensive damage to soybean occurring in 1919, 1931, 1944, 1955, 1957, 1966, and 1968.
Microstructures and room temperature mechanical properties of Mg-5Zn-3Al-0.2Mn casting alloy

The as-cast microstructures of sand-casting magnesium alloys Mg-5Zn-3Al-0.2Mn were studied,which was found to contain δ-Mg and(τ(Mg_(32)(Al,Zn)_(49))) phases.By adding trace elements Sr,Ti and B into the melt of the alloys,the primary grain of(δ-Mg) is refined,meanwhile the morphology of τ phase is changed from semi-netted shape to short rods or spheres,and the distribution of τ phase tends to be more homogeneous.In the case of additions of 0.06%Ti,(0.012%B,) and 0.1%Sr,δ-Mg grain is greatly refined and the best room temperature mechanical properties are gotten.It is also found that the ultimate strength and the elongation of Mg-5Zn-3Al-0.2Mn alloy greatly increase when the alloy is quenched after annealed at higher temperature.The microstructure of Mg-5Zn-3Al-0.2Mn alloy is transformed from binary phase microstructure into δ-Mg solid solution due to the dissolution of τ phase after annealed at 343℃ for 17h,and meanwhile the mechanical properties reach the maximum values,i.e.,σ_b 245MPa,δ 12%.
Reflections on Teacher Education in Dance (1991)

Written at a time of peak prominence of a curricular approach known as discipline-based arts education (DBAE), this work acknowledges that most arts educators seem either to see DBAE as a savior, able to move arts education beyond the fringes of the curriculum into the central core where it will not be subject to the funding cuts that seem automatic with each economic downturn, or else as a sure way to destroy the arts as a personally meaningful experience. Rejecting both of these responses, the author explores her ambivalence toward DBAE (what makes it attractive and what raises concerns) and discusses two underlying issues that affect any approach to arts education. One is the inequity of our social structure, which is replicated in and through schooling. The second is oppositional behavior, the phenomenon in which young people respond to oppressive situations in ways that give them some sense of self-affirmation and solidarity with others, but maintain the oppression. The piece culminates with implications for teacher education in dance. The author suggests that teacher educators need to go beyond thinking about content and methodology to thinking about how students develop their identity within the social structure and, indeed, what that structure is and might be. She calls for dance educators to work together with other concerned educators, with students and parents, to create and construct schools in which participants can find justice, identity, meaning, and community.
A Dirty Bomb Explodes in Washington, D.C.

A dirty bomb—more precisely, a radiological dispersion bomb (RDB)—is a relatively unsophisticated device that combines radioactive materials with conventional explosives. When exploded, such a device scatters radioactive particles into the environment. Anyone within the initial blast radius will probably be killed immediately, and more casualties could result from the long-term effects of the dispersed radioactive material. Almost all deaths and serious injuries would be confined to the immediate vicinity of the explosion. This chapter is designed to test the knowledge of the legal concepts examined so far. Engaging with the exercise will give one a sense of strengths and weaknesses in understanding the material and will be good preparation for a final examination. The facts in the briefings and the scenario are grounded in science, but they are not intended to substitute for the most authoritative research. Obviously, the narrative and many of the details are invented. The exercise encompasses only a small number of the many issues that would arise when a real outbreak occur. While reading the scenario, it should be noted that some of the most important additional issues would be if the event actually occurred.
THE ARAB SPRING: REMEMBERING IBN KHALDUN'S NOTION OF 'ASABIYAH'

When one looks at Ibn Khaldun's works and its relevance to the world we inhabit, his notion of 'Asabiyah' must be taken as a very significant theory that can be used to analyze our current situations. The notion of 'Asabiyah' or social cohesion is one of the paramount ideas in the works of Ibn Khaldun and the pivotal one through which the society can be understood from Khaldunian perspective. Furthermore, for Ibn Khaldun, 'Asabiyah' is the first principle for a well organized society and it is what unites the society together through a common language, customs and common ways of life and purposes. Thus, and from Ibn Khaldun`s prism, the integrity of any society is fused and connected with the level of its 'Asabiyah' or group solidarity. Hence, this paper tries to investigate the real causes behind the Arab Spring using Ibn Khaldun's notion of 'Asabiyah'. More significantly, it endeavors to divulge the fact that Ibn Khaldun's theory is still applicable on our current situations in the Arab and Muslim world and even beyond.
Comparison of students' opinions toward experiential learning in two undergraduate agricultural capstone courses designed with contrasting delivery techniques

Conceptua I ization Figure 2. Kolb's model of experiential learning Kolb's model stresses the importance that the concrete experiences of learners will have on their ability to learn. The concrete experience provides apprehension for students through previous or new content being introduced through real life experiences. The transformation of learning begins to occur when the students use reflective observation throughout the experiential learning process to analyze what has happened and why. They reflect upon those concrete experiences and develop new ideas for use. This leads to abstract
Radar Determination of Fault Slip and Location in Partially Decorrelated Images

Faced with the challenge of thousands of frames of radar interferometric images, automated feature extraction promises to spur data understanding and highlight geophysically active land regions for further study. We have developed techniques for automatically determining surface fault slip and location using deformation images from the NASA Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), which is similar to satellitebased SAR but has more mission flexibility and higher resolution (pixels are approximately 7 m). This radar interferometry provides a highly sensitive method, clearly indicating faults slipping at levels of 10 mm or less. But interferometric images are subject to decorrelation between revisit times, creating spots of bad data in the image. Our method begins with freely available data products from the UAVSAR mission, chiefly unwrapped interferograms, coherence images, and flight metadata. The computer vision techniques we use assume no data gaps or holes; so a preliminary step detects and removes spots of bad data and fills these holes by interpolation and blurring. Detected and partially validated surface fractures from earthquake main shocks, aftershocks, and aseismicinduced slip are shown for faults in California, including El Mayor-Cucapah (M7.2, 2010), the Ocotillo aftershock (M5.7, 2010), and South Napa (M6.0, 2014). Aseismic slip is detected on the San Andreas Fault from the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake, in regions of highly patterned partial decorrelation. Validation is performed by comparing slip estimates from two interferograms with published ground truth measurements.
Femoral Avulsion Fracture of ACL

ACL avulsion from the femoral side is an uncommon injury compared to tibial spine avulsion. This chapter is a review of reported cases of proximal, femoral osteochondral avulsion fracture of ACL. An uncommon mechanism of injury—a forced pull on the knee, by the leg, in an upside-down position has been reported in some patients. MRI is the diagnostic tool of choice. Satisfactory outcomes have been reported following open or arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation.
Bayesian hierarchical modeling based on multisource exchangeability

Bayesian hierarchical models produce shrinkage estimators that can be used as the basis for integrating supplementary data into the analysis of a primary data source. Established approaches should be considered limited, however, because posterior estimation either requires prespecification of a shrinkage weight for each source or relies on the data to inform a single parameter, which determines the extent of influence or shrinkage from all sources, risking considerable bias or minimal borrowing. We introduce multisource exchangeability models (MEMs), a general Bayesian approach for integrating multiple, potentially non-exchangeable, supplemental data sources into the analysis of a primary data source. Our proposed modeling framework yields source-specific smoothing parameters that can be estimated in the presence of the data to facilitate a dynamic multi-resolution smoothed estimator that is asymptotically consistent while reducing the dimensionality of the prior space. When compared with competing Bayesian hierarchical modeling strategies, we demonstrate that MEMs achieve approximately 2.2 times larger median effective supplemental sample size when the supplemental data sources are exchangeable as well as a 56% reduction in bias when there is heterogeneity among the supplemental sources. We illustrate the application of MEMs using a recently completed randomized trial of very low nicotine content cigarettes, which resulted in a 30% improvement in efficiency compared with the standard analysis.
Genomic Resources for the Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca)

Fragaria vesca is one of the putative diploid progenitors and donor of subgenome A in the octoploid genome of the economically important cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). With its small genome size, short generation time, and well-established transformation system, F. vesca is an ideal model species for Fragaria and other rosaceous crops. The F. vesca genome was first sequenced in 2011 and since then, with the availability of other molecular genetics and genomic resources, the assembly and annotation of the draft genome were further improved. The F. vesca draft genome has been an invaluable resource to the strawberry research community, with numerous studies using it as reference genome to identify candidate genes related to agronomically important traits. It has led to the generation of a 90 K array, metabolic pathways database, and various other new genetic resources. The strawberry genome also has been used in comparative genomics studies that elucidated the relationship among members of the Rosaceae family and identified genes and genomic signals across several rosaceous species. Altogether, the discoveries made with this genome will provide potential ways to improve cultivated strawberry and expand on our understanding of the Rosaceae family.
Physiological Changes with Aging

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of those aspects of physiological change which occur with normal aging in humans and which may be of importance in influencing the design and conduct of drug studies. This will be done by briefly examining those physiological changes in humans that might be expected to influence disposition of and response to drugs. This approach is being taken for several reasons.
The Association between SNPs and a Quantitative Trait: Power Calculation

A power calculation for a study with a quantitative outcome requires information on the outcome distribution under the alternative hypothesis. Researchers face challenges when they concisely specify alternative distributions in genetic studies because power depends on genotype frequencies and the average effect of each genotype. In GWAS, investigators evaluate hundreds of thousands of associations; therefore it is unrealistic to specify gene frequencies and gene effects for each test and some simplification is needed. Software packages are available to calculate power, but many of them have limited flexibility and / or may have a steep learning curve. In this review, we describe to researchers and graduate students the essentials of a power calculation for testing for an association between a quantitative trait and genotypes. In addition, we provide them with the codes of the different available software packages—free and commercial—to calculate this power. The calculations can be carried out using virtually any computer language that computes the cumulative distribution function of a non-central F-distribution.
Pelvic Abscess with Presentation as Inability to Ambulate.

Intra-abdominal abscesses are localized collections of pus confined in the peritoneal cavity by an inflammatory barrier. They are generally classified as intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, or visceral and develop after perforation of a hollow viscus or by extension of infection or inflammation resulting from other conditions such as appendicitis or diverticulitis. Intra-abdominal abscesses are highly variable in presentation and clinicians must have a broad differential to avoid an inaccurate diagnosis. In this paper, presenting clinical symptoms as well as diagnosis and treatment methods are discussed in the context of this atypical presentation of a pelvic abscess. This retrospective case report presents a male patient in his early 60s who presented to the emergency department with atypical symptoms of a pelvic abscess. The author obtained all diagnostic information from patient interview and electronic health record. The patient’s history of end stage renal disease and diverticulitis with colostomy placement led to this atypical presentation of an intra-abdominal abscess. The patient’s abscess abutted the iliopsoas muscle that had given rise to his referred bilateral hip pain. This report presents a case of a male in his early 60s who presented to the hospital with complaint of bilateral hip pain and inability to ambulate. Providers admitted him to an internal medicine service and he was diagnosed with a recurrent pelvic abscess extending to his left iliopsoas muscle. Completed studies had failed to demonstrate any intrinsic pathology to the hips themselves. This case demonstrated an atypical presentation of a pelvic abscess, but brought up the theory that the etiology of the symptoms could be due to referred pain to the hips from the abscess. Further studies are required to investigate the percentage of pelvic abscess patients who primarily present with a component of hip pain.
INTERACTION OF DNA-BINDING PROTEINS WITH THE 5'-FLANKING REGION OF A CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE CUCUMBER HYDROXYPYRUVATE REDUCTASE GENE

Transcription of the cucumber hpr-A gene is responsive to cytokinin and light. To investigate the molecular basis for transcriptional regulation by cytokinin, we have identified DNA sequences and proteins that may be involved in the regulation of hpr-A gene expression. Transient expression assays in etiolated cucumber cotyledons indicate that the 315 bp fragment (−382 to −67) contains sequences necessary for cytokinin responsiveness of the luciferase reporter gene. Band shift assays detected cytokinin-enhanced and -reduced protein binding sites in a 97 bp fragment (−382 to −285) upstream of the hpr-A gene. DNase I footprinting identified two protein-protected sites, a 15 bp sequence, 5′-AAATGACGAAAATGC-3′, that contains an as-1 TGACG motif found in other plant promoters, and a 13 bp sequence, 5′-AAGATTGATTGAG-3′, of unknown function. Two-dimensional band shift analysis of the cytokinin-responsive DNA protein complex revealed the presence of six DNA protein interactions. Band shift assays showed that cytokinin and light have different effects on the interaction of nuclear proteins to the 97 bp fragment of the hpr-A gene. These data suggest that cytokinin and light do not share identical signal transduction pathways in regulating hpr-A gene expression.
Learning-theory Eclecticism in the Anatomy Classroom

This presentation supports the hypothesis that intentionally drawing on a variety of educational psychological theories of learning when making instructional decisions gives students the instructional and learning support structures they need to become successful, independent, and lifelong learners. Three significant learning theories are well aligned with the instructional paradigm shift occurring in higher education from teacher-centered to learner-centered classrooms: information processing theory, metacognitive theory, and social constructivist theory. These learning theories are analyzed to develop instructional design principles that anatomy educators can use as a framework to guide educational reform efforts and for meeting various pedagogical challenges. Cognitive-based instructional designs for anatomy, including guided notes, cooperative learning, critical thinking, and collaborative assessment will be briefly described. Impacts on student learning and retention from these designs are summarized...
Sebaceous carcinoma of the axilla.

Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare cutaneous malignant neoplasm with an estimated incidence rate of approximately 1-2 per 1 000 000 per year. It rarely presents as an extra-ocular type and it affects patients in between the sixth and eighth decades of life. This is a case of a 31-year-old male with a 10-year history of a right axillary mass with an incisional biopsy of a sebaceous carcinoma. The mass was 10 × 6 cm in largest diameter, erythematous, non-tender and irregularly shaped. The patient underwent wide excision of the right axillary mass with negative margins confirmed by frozen section under general anesthesia. A parascapular fasciocutaneous flap was done in order to provide coverage for the defect. The patient was then discharged improved on the fourth postoperative day. Although there has been no established clinical protocol for the staging, medical and surgical management for extra-ocular sebaceous carcinoma, early diagnosis accompanied with the proper surgical intervention, such as oncologic wide excision with negative margins, were both adequate and paramount to the diagnosis, course and treatment of this patient, given its rarity.
Citrus Pomace Biomass as a Source of Pectin and Lignocellulose Fibers: From Waste to Upgraded Biocomposites for Mulching Applications.

Citrus pomace derived from the industrial processing of juice and essential oils mostly consists of pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and simple sugars. In this work, citrus pomace waste from an agricultural company in South Italy was used as source of pectin. The extraction conditions of the polysaccharide were optimized using a suitable combination of time and a concentration of a mild organic solvent, such as acetic acid; thus recovering high Mw pectin and bioactive molecules (flavonoids and polyphenols). The pectin was structurally (GPC, FTIR), morphologically (SEM), thermally (TGA/DTG), and mechanically characterized, while bioactive molecules were separated and the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) were evaluated. With the aim to develop novel biocomposite-based materials, the pectin extracted from citrus waste was reinforced with different amounts of lignocellulose fractions also recovered from citrus waste after polysaccharide extraction, according to a “zero waste” circular economy approach. The prepared biocomposites were morphologically and mechanically characterized to be used as biodegradable mulching systems for crop protection. Thus, the citrus waste biomass was recovered, fractionated into its main raw materials, and these were recombined to develop novel upgraded biocomposites for mulching applications, by means of a cost-effective and eco-sustainable approach.
Histologic Evaluation of the Triceps Brachii Tendon Insertion: Implications for Triceps-Sparing Surgery.

Purpose Triceps detachment and olecranon osteotomy are 2 techniques used to enhance exposure in elbow surgery. Both the techniques can potentially add considerable morbidity and lengthen the recovery after surgery. Triceps-sparing surgery can potentially mitigate those issues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the triceps tendon insertion at a histologic level to help improve triceps-sparing surgical techniques used in elbow trauma and arthroplasty . Methods Seventeen fresh-frozen cadaveric elbow specimens were collected. The olecranon and its soft tissue attachments were isolated. We performed gross measurements and sectioned the specimens for histologic evaluation in the saggital or coronal planes. The proximal-to-distal and medial-to-lateral dimensions of the tendon and the distance from the proximal tip of the olecranon to the proximal tendon insertion were measured microscopically on stained embedded sections. Results The proximal-to-distal dimension of the triceps tendon insertion was less than previously reported, whereas the medial-to-lateral dimension was similar. The true distance from the tip of the olecranon to the proximal tendon insertion was greater than the previously reported distance obtained via gross measurement. Conclusions Gross measurement of the triceps tendon insertion overestimates and inaccurately represents the true insertional footprint. Gross measurement has been shown to demonstrate consistent disparity compared with histologic measurement. Histologic investigation provides a more accurate description. Clinical relevance The finding that the distance from the articular tip of the olecranon to the proximal tendon insertion is greater than previously reported may have clinical implications. A triceps split approach may allow more visualization and exposure of the posterior joint and, therefore, lessen the need for triceps detachment or olecranon osteotomy.