cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Phase Flow Across a Bank of Hydrofoil Micro Pin Fins

The boiling flow of R-123 in a hydrofoil-based micro pin fin heat sink has been investigated at exit pressures ranging from 486 kPa to 539 kPa. Average two-phase heat transfer coefficients have been obtained over effective heat fluxes ranging from 19 to 312 W/cm and mass fluxes from 976 to 2349 kg/ms. The paper presents a flow map to divide the data into three flow pattern regions: bubbly, intermittent-wavy, and spray-annular flows. The heat transfer coefficient trends and the flow morphologies are used to discuss possible boiling heat transfer mechanisms. The existing conventional tube bundle correlations for circular tubes demonstrate large scatter and inability to predict heat transfer coefficients.
N-cadherin promotes adhesion between invasive breast cancer cells and the stroma.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules (cadherins) are involved in maintaining the epithelial structure of a number of tissues including the mammary gland. In breast and other tumor types, loss ...
Linear exhaustion versus migration: which is the better road to Rome?*

Dyeing technologists have devoted a significant amount of time in determining temperature/time ramps that are believed to result in linear exhaustion of dye. Such efforts originally were born of a belief that the very best levelness would result, in the shortest possible time, with the least expenditure of energy if dyebath exhaustion were synchronised with liquor circulation rates in various dyeing machines. Although many intellectually satisfying schemes have been devised in attempts to obtain linear exhaustion, in retrospect some of these schemes appear to border on technological naivete. A re-examination suggests that simple, auxiliary-assisted migration is the better road to travel in attempting to reach the elusive goal of dyeing uniformity.
Parallel neural networks for speech recognition

This paper presents the parallel neural networks by confidence (PNNC) and parallel neural networks by success/failure (PNNS), which generate and integrate parallel neural networks to achieve high performance on the test problem of letter recognition from string of phonemes. Our approach provides a way to create subproblems for a complex problem by partitioning the data, thus each neural network adapts to each subproblem more efficiently. Each neural network is iteratively trained on the training data which the previous neural networks could not guarantee or produce proper results. Each network works by filtering out unsatisfactory instances to pass to the next sub-network to handle. This approach provides a way, by exploring different search spaces, to handle the local minima problem without complex computations via the use of neural networks working in parallel. Experimental results show that our approach achieves improvement over the general multilayered neural network on the speech recognition problem.
Automatic mediation of privacy-sensitive resource access in smartphone applications

Mobile app development best practices suggest that developers obtain opt-in consent from users prior to accessing potentially sensitive information on the phone. We study challenges that mobile application developers have with meeting such requirements, and highlight the promise of using new automated, static analysis-based solutions that identify and insert missing prompts in order to guard otherwise unprotected resource accesses. We find evidence that third-party libraries, incorporated by developers across the mobile industry, may access privacy-sensitive resources without seeking consent or even against the user's choice. Based on insights from real examples, we develop the theoretical underpinning of the problem of mediating resource accesses in mobile applications. We design and implement a graph-theoretic algorithm to place mediation prompts that protect every resource access, while avoiding repetitive prompting and prompting in background tasks or third-party libraries. We demonstrate the viability of our approach by analyzing 100 apps, averaging 7.3 MB in size and consisting of dozens of DLLs. Our approach scales well: once an app is represented in the form of a graph, the remaining static analysis takes under a second on average. Overall, our strategy succeeds in about 95% of all unique cases.
Pulmonary contusion in the pan-scan era

Abstract Background Although pulmonary contusion (PC) is traditionally considered a major injury requiring intensive monitoring, more frequent detection by chest CT in blunt trauma evaluation may diagnose clinically irrelevant PC. Objectives We sought to determine (1) the frequency of PC diagnosis by chest CT versus chest X-ray (CXR), (2) the frequency of PC-associated thoracic injuries, and (3) PC patient clinical outcomes (mortality, length of stay [LOS], and need for mechanical ventilation), considering patients with PC seen on chest CT only (SOCTO) and isolated PC (PC without other thoracic injury). Methods Focusing primarily on patients who had both CXR and chest CT, we conducted a pre-planned analysis of two prospectively enrolled cohorts with the following inclusion criteria: age >14 years, blunt trauma within 24 h of emergency department presentation, and receiving CXR or chest CT during trauma evaluation. We defined PC and other thoracic injuries according to CT reports and followed patients through their hospital course to determine clinical outcomes. Results Of 21,382 enrolled subjects, 8661 (40.5%) had both CXR and chest CT and 1012 (11.7%) of these had PC, making it the second most common injury after rib fracture. PC was SOCTO in 739 (73.0%). Most (73.5%) PC patients had other thoracic injury. PC patients had higher admission rates (91.9% versus 61.7%; mean difference 30.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 28.1–32.1%) and mortality (4.7% versus 2.0%: mean difference 2.8%; 95% CI 1.6–4.3%) than non-PC patients, but mortality was restricted to patients with other injuries (injury severity scores > 10). Patients with PC SOCTO had low rates of associated mechanical ventilation (4.6%) and patients with isolated PC SOCTO had low mortality (2.6%), comparable to that of patients without PC. Conclusions PC is commonly diagnosed under current blunt trauma imaging protocols and most PC are SOCTO with other thoracic injury. Given that they are associated with low mortality and uncommon need for mechanical ventilation, isolated PC and PC SOCTO may be of limited clinical significance.
The Prototyping Mind: Rethinking Perception, Affordances, and the Mediation of Cultural Artifacts

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on a prototyping session during which 6 Zimbabwean medical professionals design a prosthetic device. Prototyping helps the team determine which features must be built into the prosthetic, amplifies tensions between team members, and puts on display the kinds of futures they imagine. I use the state of disrepair of the team’s prototyping materials to tease out the distinct layers of perceptual reasoning that are instilled in cultural artifacts. An appreciation of the global flows of cultural artifacts lends complexity to the framework of “affordances” and “mediation” employed in the study and design of tools for learning.
Inverse FORM method for probabilistic fatigue prognosis

Fatigue crack growth is a random process and various uncertainties affect the remaining useful life of engineering materials and structures. A general probabilistic life prediction methodology for accurate and efficient fatigue prognosis is proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based-on an inverse first-order reliability method (FORM) to evaluate the fatigue life at an arbitrary reliability level. An efficient searching algorithm for fatigue life prediction is developed and a numerical example is demonstrated. The prediction results are compared with direct Monte Carlo simulation for validation. Various experimental data are collected for model validation. Very good agreements are observed between model predictions and experimental data.
Temporal relationships of treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

AbstractTwo groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with captopril and enalapril, respectively. Treatment was started at weaning and at 8 months of age. Blood pressure was maintained close to normal in rats treated from weaning and significantly lowered but not to normal levels in rats started on treatment at 8 months. The long-term treated rats did not show significant cardiac enlargement whereas those treated at 8 months had an increase in cardiac size although not to the same level as untreated animals. Treatment with minoxidil and minoxidil plus propranolol similarly lowers blood pressure, but does not reduce myocardial hypertrophy. The data confirm that both the time of onset of treatment as well as the type of drug influence the myocardial complications of hypertension in SHRs. These studies further demonstrate the use of the SHR as a model for clinical pharmacologic studies with antihypertensive agents.
A Real-Time Self-Recovery File System Based on NandFLASH

In a real-time self-recovery file system(RRFS) based on the NandFLASH memory,a file is stored in one or more NandFLASH blocks.The file's specific information is stored in the first page of its NandFLASH block,and the file's content is stored in other pages.Thus,it formats the mapping relationship among the file,the blocks and its pages.When the system restarts,the file's specific information stored in the first page of all the FLASH blocks is read in RAM which is used to reconstruct a file list through the feature of NandFLASH's no data loss during power failure.When the file's specific information changes,the changed information will be rewritten in the file list,synchronously.The RRFS will make file processing flexible and quick,and be used in some automatic control fields,such as power systems and chemical engineering.
An 8-Year Prospective Study of Depressive Symptoms and Change in Insulin From Adolescence to Young Adulthood.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether depressive symptoms predict change in fasting insulin among adolescents followed into young adulthood. We hypothesized that higher depressive symptoms would predict increased insulin and that puberty and race/ethnicity would moderate this relationship. METHODS Data came from the Princeton School District Study, a school-based longitudinal cohort of non-Hispanic black and white adolescents (2001-2011). Depressive symptoms, fasting insulin, and body mass index were measured at baseline (adolescence) and 8 years later (young adulthood) in 685 participants. Puberty was assessed using a validated protocol measuring sex steroids and physical changes. The primary outcome was change in fasting insulin. Analyses accounted for age, sex, race, parental education, baseline insulin, body mass index z score, puberty, and time to follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, depressive symptoms were correlated with insulin (ρ = 0.13, p = .001). High baseline insulin predicted insulin change (B = -11.50, standard error [SE] = 2.30, p < .001). Depressive symptoms also predicted insulin change, but only for pubertal adolescents (B = -0.23, SE = 0.11, p = .038). This relationship was moderated by race (p = .047); depressive symptoms predicted insulin change only among pubertal black adolescents (p = .030), not white (p = .49), and in the direction opposite that hypothesized (Bblacks = -0.51, SE = 0.23). Post hoc analyses revealed that pubertal black adolescents with high depressive symptoms had the highest baseline insulin, which stayed high across the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Among pubertal black adolescents, elevated depressive symptoms are associated with increased risk for sustained hyperinsulinemia from adolescence into adulthood. These youths may be particularly vulnerable for Type 2 diabetes.
Mechanotransduction in C. elegans Morphogenesis and Tissue Function

Mechanobiology is an emerging field that investigates how living cells sense and respond to their physical surroundings. Recent interest in the field has been sparked by the finding that stem cells differentiate along different lineages based on the stiffness of the cell surroundings (Engler et al., 2006), and that metastatic behavior of cancer cells is strongly influenced by the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissue (Kumar and Weaver, 2009). Many questions remain about how cells convert mechanical information, such as viscosity, stiffness of the substrate, or stretch state of the cells, into the biochemical signals that control tissue function. Caenorhabditis elegans researchers are making significant contributions to the understanding of mechanotransduction in vivo. This review summarizes recent insights into the role of mechanical forces in morphogenesis and tissue function. Examples of mechanical regulation across length scales, from the single-celled zygote, to the intercellular coordination that enables cohesive tissue function, to the mechanical influences between tissues, are considered. The power of the C. elegans system as a gene discovery and in vivo quantitative bioimaging platform is enabling an important discoveries in this exciting field.
Biodegradation of disodium cocoamphodiacetate by a wastewater microbial consortium.

: Biodegradation of an amphoteric surfactant commonly used in personal care products, disodium cocoamphodiacetate (DSCADA), was evaluated. Results from respirometry experiments indicated that high levels of DSCADA (>216 mg/L) may be toxic to bacteria in wastewater treatment processes. Limited biodegradation, with 50% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and 80% chemical oxygen demand removal was observed in batch assays, while complete removal of the parent compound, DSCADA, was noted. Oxygen biosensors were used to evaluate biodegradability of the metabolites present in the batch samples. Additional aerobic microbial activity was not detected in these samples, even with a residual DOC of approximately 45 mg/L. Results from this research indicate that biodegradability of DSCADA is limited and recalcitrant metabolites may be formed. Because DSCADA is a commonly used surfactant and is present in domestic and industrial wastewater, the associated risk posed by residual compounds should be carefully evaluated.
Communication in Families With an Aging Parent: A Review of the Literature and Agenda for Future Research

This chapter reviews the research findings in the area of intergenerational relations within families that have an aging adult, including theoretical approaches to aging. The author advances a new ...
MiR‐375 and miR‐200c as predictive biomarkers of islet isolation and transplantation in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation

Background Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a promising treatment for refractory chronic pancreatitis. Predictable biomarkers for the endocrine function after transplantation would be helpful in selecting patients for TPIAT. This study aims to identify novel biomarkers for predicting the outcome of islet isolation and transplantation in TPIAT patients. Methods This paper studied microRNA of 31 TPIAT patients and 11 deceased donors from plasma samples before TPIAT. MiR-7, miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-320, and miR-375 were analyzed along with patient characteristics and the outcomes of islet isolation and transplantation via univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results MiR-375 before TPIAT showed a significant correlation with ∆C-peptide (r = −0.396, P = 0.03) and post-digestion islet count (r = −0.372, P = 0.04). And also miR-200c was significantly correlated with insulin requirement, C-peptide, and SUITO index at 1 year after transplantation. Moreover it was confirmed that miR-200c was a predictable factor of endocrine outcome in multi regression analysis (coefficient = −7.081, P = 0.001). Conclusions We concluded that miR-375 and miR-200c could potentially serve as novel biomarkers in predicting the islet yield in islet isolation and the metabolic function after transplantation for chronic pancreatitis patients.
Nonaqueous electrochemical oxidation of tamoxifen

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of the chemotherapeutic anti-cancer agent tamoxifen, 1, was studied by voltammetry and electrolysis. Three successive one-electron anodic reactions were observed for 1 in dichloromethane containing weakly-coordinating [B(C6F5)4]− as the supporting electrolyte anion. The first (totally irreversible) oxidation (ca 0.64 V vs ferrocene) occurs at the tertiary amine, giving a putative amine radical cation 1+ that abstracts a hydrogen atom, most likely from solvent, to give the corresponding ammonium ion 1-H+. The latter is responsible for the two further one-electron oxidations, which take place at the triarylethenyl part of the molecule (E1/2 values of 0.94 V and 1.33 V vs ferrocene). Bulk oxidation of 1 at Eappl = 0.6 V produces the ammonium ion 1-H+, which can be cathodically reduced back to neutral tamoxifen in an overall chemically reversible process. The present findings are not consistent with the mechanism described in previous literature for the anodic oxidation of tamoxifen.
Imaging based magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) localization for quantitative neurochemical analysis and cerebral metabolism studies.

Accurate quantitative metabolic imaging of the brain presents significant challenges due to the complexity and heterogeneity of its structures and compositions with distinct compartmentations of brain tissue types (e.g., gray and white matter). The brain is compartmentalized into various regions based on their unique functions and locations. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques allow non-invasive measurements of neurochemicals in either single voxel or multiple voxels, yet the spatial resolution and detection sensitivity of MRS are significantly lower compared with MRI. A fundamentally different approach, namely spectral localization by imaging (SLIM) provides a new framework that overcomes major limitations of conventional MRS techniques. Conventional MRS allows only rectangular voxel shapes that do not conform to the shapes of brain structures or lesions, while SLIM allows compartments with arbitrary shapes. However, the restrictive assumption proposed in the original concept of SLIM, i.e., compartmental homogeneity, led to spectral localization errors, which have limited its broad applications. This review focuses on the recent technical frontiers of image-based MRS localization techniques that overcome the limitations of SLIM through the development and implementation of various new strategies, including incorporation of magnetic field inhomogeneity corrections, the use of multiple receiver coils, and prospective optimization of data acquisition.
High-Performance Polymers for Separation and Purification Processes: An Overview

ABSTRACTSeparation and purification techniques are applied in many important fields, such as in the medical, chemical, metallurgical, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries. Recent advances in separation science and the urgent need for highly selective purification have necessitated a rapid progress with respect to the reagents, chemicals, and surfactants used in separation processes to attain a high efficiency and selectivity. Polymeric materials have attracted considerable interest, and they have been widely used as extractants, catalysts, and modifiers, in separation and purification processes. This review outlines the recent advances in the use of novel polymers, natural and synthetic, in different separation and purification techniques. Various separation techniques such as chromatography, crystallization, precipitation, distillation, electrophoresis, filtration, and mineral processing methods are discussed, and the polymers used in each method are described in terms of their properties, struct...
Young Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Single-Leg Landing Asymmetries at the Time of Return to Sport Demonstrate Decreased Knee Function 2 Years Later:

Background:Previous work shows that young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) demonstrate single-leg (SL) landing movement asymmetries at the time of return to sport (RT...
Effect of Glucose on 3D Cardiac Microtissues Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Maternal hyperglycemia is a risk factor for fetal cardiac anomalies. This study aimed to assess the effect of high glucose on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte self-assembly into 3D microtissues and their calcium handling. Stem cells were differentiated to beating cardiomyocytes using established protocols. On the final day of the differentiation process, cells were treated with control media, 12 mM glucose, or 12 mM mannitol (an osmolality control). Once beating, the cardiac cells were dissociated with trypsin, collected, mixed with collagen, and plated into custom-made silicone micro molds in order to generate 3D cardiac microtissues. A time-lapse microscope took pictures every 4 h to quantify the kinetics of cellular self-assembly of 3D cardiac tissues. Fiber widths were recorded at 4-h intervals and plotted over time to assess cardiomyocyte 3D fiber self-assembly. Microtissue calcium flux was recorded with optical mapping by pacing microtissues at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz. Exposure to high glucose impaired the ability of cardiomyocytes to self-assemble into compact microtissues, but not their ability to spontaneously contract. Glucose-exposed cardiomyocytes took longer to self-assemble and finished as thicker fibers. When cardiac microtissues were paced at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz, those exposed to high glucose had altered calcium handling with shorter calcium transient durations, but larger amplitudes of the calcium transient when compared to controls. Additional studies are needed to elucidate a potential mechanism for these findings. This model provides a novel method to assess the effects of exposures on the cardiomyocytes’ intrinsic abilities for organogenesis in 3D.
2D nanomaterials assembled from sequence-defined molecules

Abstract Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted broad interest owing to their unique physical and chemical properties with potential applications in electronics, chemistry, biology, medicine and pharmaceutics. Due to the current limitations of traditional 2D nanomaterials (e.g., graphene and graphene oxide) in tuning surface chemistry and compositions, 2D nanomaterials assembled from sequence-defined molecules (e.g., DNAs, proteins, peptides and peptoids) have recently been developed. They represent an emerging class of 2D nanomaterials with attractive physical and chemical properties. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis and applications of this type of sequence-defined 2D nanomaterials. The challenges and opportunities in this new field are also discussed.
Pressureless sintering of TiB2 with low concentration of Co binder to achieve enhanced mechanical properties

Abstract This paper studies the pressureless sintering of TiB2 based materials with a low concentration of 3 wt% Co binder to result in enhanced mechanical properties. Utilizing ultra-fine TiB2 powders obtained from a special carbon coated precursors method, TiB2-3 wt% Co composite can be densified to a relative density of ~98.6% at a temperature of 1500 °C without external pressure, which is over ~200 °C lower than literature reported temperatures. The Co binder partially reacts with TiB2 and converts into Co2B and Ti-B-Co with good wettings with TiB2. Due to the low sintering temperature, the microstructure is fine with a grain size of ~1.75 ± 0.16 µm. The sample also combines superior mechanical properties including Vickers hardness of ~28.4 ± 0.6 GPa, elastic modulus of ~519.6 ± 17.2 GPa, indentation fracture toughness of ~7.0 ± 0.4 MPa√m, and flexural strength of ~638.3 ± 34.9 MPa. The variation of the Co content to 1, 10, or 20 wt% either leads to low relative density (~91.5% for 1 wt% Co even at a temperature of 1600 °C) or deteriorated mechanical properties (the combination of hardness and fracture toughness, for samples containing 10 and 20 wt% Co) due to the formation of significant amount of brittle Co2B. Correlations between mechanical properties and microstructure are further discussed.
Does CEO managerial ability matter? Evidence from corporate investment efficiency

This study investigates how higher ability CEOs behave differently from lower ability CEOs in making investment decisions and, particularly, whether CEO managerial ability contributes to improved investment efficiency. I show evidence that more able CEOs make more efficient investment decisions. Specifically, talented CEOs increase (decrease) capital expenditures, acquisition expenditures, and total investments when their firms operate in settings more prone to under-investment (over-investment). These results suggest that high managerial ability helps with overcoming the two sources of investment inefficiency: over- and under-investment. I also find that the positive impact of CEO managerial ability on investment efficiency generally persists across different levels of board monitoring, whereas it gets weaker as the CEOs are overly exposed to equity risk. Robustness tests of using alternative measures of CEO managerial ability and controlling for potential endogeneity issues generate consistent results. Overall, the findings suggest that higher managerial ability leads to more efficient investment decision-making.
The Organization of Knowledge Construction and the Defense of Inexact Sciences

To understand the essential structure of the critique of the claim of exact science, which is being offered in this epistemic structure, it is useful to look at the organization of the knowledge-production process and the rationality of the knowledge acceptance in general. Knowledge construction is a problem-solving process that is executed through an organization, particularly when the problem solving involves two or more cognitive agents. The organization of the knowledge construction, in this respect, may be viewed as containing the organization of science whose focus is solving problems either through an empirical or axiomatic system of knowledge search and knowing. The task is to affirm or to change the set of existing conditions in support of what is claimed as knowledge or knowledge items. In other words, the organization of the knowledge construction is an integral part of the human problem-solving and decision-choice processes. The general human problem solving both at the level of knowing and otherwise, in turn, involves decision-choice processes where cognitive agents, with goals and objectives, are integral parts but not outside of the organization of knowing. The cognitive agents are the instruments of organization of knowing and the construction of the knowledge system. They are also the beneficiaries of the efficient functioning of the organization and the outputs of the knowledge system whether such outputs have negative or positive effect. Our contemporary scientific intellectual works and the knowledge production, on the aggregate and unlike previous periods, are extremely consciously collective activities organized to accomplish defined social goals and objectives. This does not exclude the unconscious part of the knowledge seeking process where positive accidents may work in favor of the knowledge seeking process. The knowledge-production process is a socio-economic activity of complex nature that works through the socio-economic boundaries of societies. These boundaries are established by the set of the institutions of economics, politics and law that shape the problem selection in terms of its relevance for the knowledge-production enterprise. The exactness of the knowledge production in general, and that of specific sectors of the knowledge enterprise will depend on the exactness of the creation and management of these institutions and the manner in which they are organized within the social setup.
Alteration of membrane proteins in a chlorate-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli.

Abstract A chlorate-resistant mutant of E. coli was found to be lacking the enzymes nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase. This mutant was also lacking a major membrane protein of a molecular weight of 20,000 which did not appear to be identical with either of these enzymes.
Ecological Functions and Adaptations of the Elasmobranch Electrosense

Sharks and rays have a long evolutionary history as major predators in marine ecosystems, but the biological functions and selective pressures that shape the evolution of their ampullary electrosensory system are poorly known. The ampulla of Lorenzini is the functional electrosensory unit that consists of a small subdermal ampulla and a canal that projects to a surface pore on the head or pectoral fins. The sensory epithelium of the ampulla wall detects differences between the potential at the skin pore and internal potential of the animal, and stimulates neural transmission of information about the physical features of an external field to the brain. Natural weak electric stimuli include polar fields from bioelectric sources and induced fields from physical sources in the environment. Neurophysiological studies show that the ampullary electrosense responds to electric field gradients as low as 20 nV/cm, and behav- ioral studies show responses to gradients of 1-5 nV/cm. Elasmobranch fishes show behavioral responses to bioelectric stimuli produced by natural prey, mates, consexuals and potential predators. Numerous models exist for electrosensory navigation, but they remain to be rigorously tested. Recent work shows age-dependent changes in the response properties of the electrosense among embryo, juvenile and adult stages and are proposed to reflect ontogenetic adaptations to their changing environments. In addition, the electrosense response properties are seasonally modified by the periodic expression of gonadal steroids and may serve important modulation of sensory function during reproductive behaviors. Future work should continue to investigate different biological contexts in which the electrosense is used by elasmobranch fishes, and to test the selective forces that may have shaped the evolution of this remark- able sensory system.
Equity in Technology Access and Opportunities

Access to information and communication technology (ICT) varies considerably across the globe. Although efforts have been made to close this digital divide, there remain substantial inequities in access to and use of ICT in the United States and elsewhere. This article examines the issue of equity as it relates to access, use, and outcomes in home and school environments; it surveys the landscape within the United States and internationally, examining the divide both within and across countries; and it analyzes current approaches and efforts to promote equitable access to and use of technologies.
Prediction of attachment status from observation of a clinical intensive psychotherapy interview.

Objective: The present study addresses whether it is possible to accurately determine a subject’s Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) classification by observing a video-recorded clinical psychotherap...
Mycobacterium tuberculous Infection

This chapter will outline various aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of Tuberculous in the cancer patient. We provide a general framework to understand the relationship between immunosuppressive cancer therapy and TB risk. We also review information about the risk of TB with specific malignancies and their treatment. It is our intention that this chapter will provide a cancer-specific supplement the information contained in national guidelines about TB therapy.
On snubbing proximal intentions

In the simplest case, a proximal intention is an intention one has now to do something now. Recently, some philosophers have argued that proximal intentions do much less work than they are sometimes regarded as doing. This article rebuts these arguments, explains why the concept of proximal intentions is important for some scientific work on intentional action, and sketches an empirical approach to identifying proximal intentions. Ordinary usage of “intend” and the place of intention in folk psychology and scientific psychology are discussed.
Administrative Reform, Ideology, and Bureaucratic Effort: Performance Management in the Bush Era (Withdrawn by Author 4/3/12) (WITHDRAWN)

This paper examines how ideological divergence between presidents and agencies affects the time and effort government agencies expend in implementing administrative reforms. Our empirical focus is ...
How to make a habitable planet

The dust clouds orbiting second (and later) generation stars eventually collect into planets. It appears, based on our own solar system, that planets near the central star will be rocky, while those farther away will become gas giants. The compositions of meteorites show that volatile compounds of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen should be abundant in rocky planets, and could be released during and after accretion of the planets themselves to give primitive atmospheres and oceans. The earliest atmospheres would have contained abundant reduced gases such as methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) as well as water vapor, nitrogen and perhaps hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Setting Up Home: Fungal Rules of Commensalism in the Mammalian Gut.

Candida albicans is a commensal fungus of the human gut, but also causes life-threatening systemic infections. Recent studies published in Cell Host & Microbe (Witchley et al., 2019) and Science (Tso et al., 2018) provide insights into the determinants of C. albicans commensal fitness within the mammalian gut.
Ethical Rationales and Guidelines for the Continued Use of Archival Collections of Embryonic and Fetal Specimens

Benefits from the use of cadavers in anatomical education are well described. Historically, human embryos and fetal cadavers were used in anatomy education to understand development and congenital malformations. Recently, three-dimensional printed models produced from archival fetal specimens, and online repositories of images from archival collections of embryos and fetuses, have been used as an educational tool in human development courses. Given that the archival specimens were likely obtained prior to the era of informed consent, this raises questions about their appropriate and ethical use. Because some institutions in the United States retain archival collections of embryonic and fetal specimens that were once used as educational tools, their existence and utility require frequent reexamination against contemporary ethical frameworks to guide appropriate use or utilization. Four ethical rationales for uses of these collections are examined, including destruction, indefinite storage, use in research, and use in health professions education. Guidelines for the use of archival collections of human embryos and fetuses are presented. Indefinite storage and use in health professions education are supported, while use in research is also permitted, however, such use is limited and dependent on circumstance and purpose. The development of current digital repositories and three-dimensionally printed models based on archival collections that were collected without informed consent, or those promoting commercial opportunity, are not supported. New embryonic and fetal donations obtained with informed consent should include reference to potential uses with new technology and virtual, genetic, or imaging applications.
Distributed Word2Vec using Graph Analytics Frameworks.

Word embeddings capture semantic and syntactic similarities of words, represented as vectors. Word2Vec is a popular implementation of word embeddings; it takes as input a large corpus of text and learns a model that maps unique words in that corpus to other contextually relevant words. After training, Word2Vec's internal vector representation of words in the corpus map unique words to a vector space, which are then used in many downstream tasks. Training these models requires significant computational resources (training time often measured in days) and is difficult to parallelize. Most word embedding training uses stochastic gradient descent (SGD), an "inherently" sequential algorithm where at each step, the processing of the current example depends on the parameters learned from the previous examples. Prior approaches to parallelizing SGD do not honor these dependencies and thus potentially suffer poor convergence. This paper introduces GraphWord2Vec, a distributedWord2Vec algorithm which formulates the Word2Vec training process as a distributed graph problem and thus leverage state-of-the-art distributed graph analytics frameworks such as D-Galois and Gemini that scale to large distributed clusters. GraphWord2Vec also demonstrates how to use model combiners to honor data dependencies in SGD and thus scale without giving up convergence. We will show that GraphWord2Vec has linear scalability up to 32 machines converging as fast as a sequential run in terms of epochs, thus reducing training time by 14x.
Integrated thermodynamic analysis of electron bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenase to inform anaerobic metabolism and H2 production.

Abstract Electron bifurcating, [FeFe]-hydrogenases are recently described members of the hydrogenase family and catalyze a combination of exergonic and endergonic electron exchanges between three carriers (2 ferredoxinred− + NAD(P)H + 3 H+ = 2 ferredoxinox + NAD(P)+ + 2 H2). A thermodynamic analysis of the bifurcating, [FeFe]-hydrogenase reaction, using electron path-independent variables, quantified potential biological roles of the reaction without requiring enzyme details. The bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenase reaction, like all bifurcating reactions, can be written as a sum of two non-bifurcating reactions. Therefore, the thermodynamic properties of the bifurcating reaction can never exceed the properties of the individual, non-bifurcating, reactions. The bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenase reaction has three competitive properties: 1) enabling NAD(P)H-driven proton reduction at pH2 higher than the concurrent operation of the two, non-bifurcating reactions, 2) oxidation of NAD(P)H and ferredoxin simultaneously in a 1:1 ratio, both are produced during typical glucose fermentations, and 3) enhanced energy conservation (~10 kJ mol−1 H2) relative to concurrent operation of the two, non-bifurcating reactions. Our analysis demonstrated ferredoxin E°′ largely determines the sensitivity of the bifurcating reaction to pH2, modulation of the reduced/oxidized electron carrier ratios contributed less to equilibria shifts. Hydrogenase thermodynamics data were integrated with typical and non-typical glycolysis pathways to evaluate achieving the ‘Thauer limit’ (4 H2 per glucose) as a function of temperature and pH2. For instance, the bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenase reaction permits the Thauer limit at 60 °C if pH 2 ≤ ~10 mbar. The results also predict Archaea, expressing a non-typical glycolysis pathway, would not benefit from a bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenase reaction; interestingly, no Archaea have been observed experimentally with a [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzyme.
Using reintroduction to elucidate breeding system, breeding phenology, and infanticide for a solitary carnivore (fisher, Pekania pennanti)

Breeding systems affect the timing of reproduction, spacing patterns and social organization, individual fitnesses, and population sizes. For many species, information on breeding systems and matin...
Intra-stark relaxation of Nd3+ in silicate glass: Subpicosecond accumulated photon echo experiments

We have directly measured in the time domain the rates of phonon-induced population relaxation within the {sup 4}G{sub 5/2}, {sup 2}G{sub 7/2} Stark manifold of Nd{sup 3+} in a silicate glass. At 13 K, these processes occur in the picosecond to subpicosecond time regime. The populations relaxation time increases with excitation frequency within each inhomogeneously broadened Stark component. Finally, the location of the Stark components within the entire inhomogeneous profile can be inferred from the data. 13 refs., 1 fig.
1.15 – Amacrine Cells

Amacrine cells are the intrinsic interneurons of the inner retina representing the most diverse class of neurons in the retina. Generally they receive synaptic input from bipolar cells and other amacrines, and in turn provide input to amacrine and ganglion cells as well as feedback to bipolar cells. A variety of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are found within amacrine cells but virtually all contain, in addition, the inhibitory transmitters, GABA or glycine. By virtue of their synaptic connections, together with both homologous and heterologous electrical coupling, amacrine cells are linked together in complex networks. Unlike canonical neurons, amacrine cells typically lack an axon and have synaptic input and output in close proximity of dendrites. This feature permits a single neuron to act as multiple, more or less independent, processing units in which calcium, contributed from various sources, is the computing medium.
Elevated mucus interleukin‐17A levels are associated with increased prior sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled the identification of potential inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with prior work suggesting differential short-term surgical outcome trajectories based on cytokine signatures. However, there is a paucity of data assessing long-term treatment failure and need for revision surgery based on inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cross-sectional data from 231 patients electing surgical therapy for CRS. Intraoperative mucus specimens were quantitatively sampled for inflammatory cytokines using a multiplex flow cytometric bead assay. Univariate Spearman correlations between cytokine levels and prior number of surgeries were assessed. A stepwise adjusted multivariate Poisson regression analysis was used to model patient-reported prior sinus surgery counts as a function of cytokine levels. RESULTS Several cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interferon γ [IFN-γ], and eotaxin) demonstrated significant positive correlations with number of prior surgeries. However, only higher IL-17A levels were independently associated with a higher number of prior sinus surgeries (β = 0.345, p = 0.0003) after adjusting for the significant covariates of age (β = 0.018, p = 0.0036), Lund-Mackay score (β = -0.046, p = 0.02), history of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (β = 1.01, p < 0.0001) and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (β = 1.08, p < 0.0001). Higher levels of regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were conversely associated with a lower number of prior surgeries (β = -0.17, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION An IL-17A-predominant cytokine profile is linked to an increased number of prior sinus surgeries. Thus, type 3 inflammatory markers may indicate a particularly difficult-to-treat, recalcitrant CRS endotype.
E-132 Microphone enabled catheter to quantify venous pulsatile tinnitus in patient-specific flow models

Purpose Pulsatile tinnitus (PT) is a debilitating condition that can be caused by abnormal blood flow in venous vasculature near the cochlea1. Often times PT is very difficult to diagnose reliably with diagnosis rates typically hovering around 50% and requiring multiple advanced imaging procedures including diagnostic cerebral angiography2. A tool that could objectively mimic a PT patient’s hearing experience would allow physicians to reliably diagnose the cause of this difficult symptom. Materials and Methods We developed a prototype of the ‘Phonocatheter’, a 6 Fr catheter that can measure and record PT sounds as well as replay them in real time. The Phonocatheter consists of an embedded microphone at its distal end to record intravascular sounds and relay them to a microcontroller (Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3) based custom data acquisition interface. Two benchtop PT flow models3 that represent a PT patient’s transverse sinus (TS) anatomy before and after lumbar puncture (LP) were created and used to test the Phonocatheter. Glycerol-water mixture was pumped through these models to mimic blood flow at a mean flow rate of 7.4 cc/s. The Phonocatheter was inserted through a 9 Fr access port and was navigated into the TS stenosis region (figure 1A). A handsfree Bluetooth compatible electronic stethoscope was placed externally over the same TS region to record PT transluminally and validate the sound measurements recorded by Phonocatheter (n=10). The sound measurements acquired by Phonocatheter and stethoscope were saved in .wav file format and were exported to MATLAB for comparative analysis. Variation in peak-to-rms sound amplitude values from the TS in pre-LP and post-LP models was calculated. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to statistically determine the differences in sound measurements between the two patient-specific models for each sensor. Results Both the Phonocatheter and stethoscope were able to record transluminal and intravascular sounds generated from stenosis respectively. The Phonocather was in good agreement with the stethoscope demonstrating that the peak-to-rms (mean ± standard deviation) sound amplitude was significantly louder (p Conclusion We have developed a prototype of microphone enabled catheter that can measure sound in patient-specific PT flow models, and potentially measure sounds quantitively in PT patients. Disclosures M. Amans: 1; C; NIH R01 HL149124-01A1. K. Valluru: None. S. Kondapavulur: None. B. Kilbride: None. H. Haraldsson: None. W. Smith: None. K. Meisel: None. D. Saloner: None.
The First Dorsal Metacarpal Artery Free Flap for Salvage of Nasal Reconstructions.

ABSTRACT The first dorsal metacarpal artery free flap is widely known for its use as a pedicled flap in thumb and hand reconstruction; however, its potential for use as a free flap is less well known. We previously described successful use of the first dorsal metacarpal artery free flap for salvage of a subtotal nasal reconstruction. In this retrospective study, we have expanded our experience to 7 consecutive cases in which a FDMFF was utilized to salvage a nasal reconstruction. Single island flaps were used in 6 of 7 cases, in one case a double island configuration was utilized. Sites restored included the columella (5 patients), membranous septum (1 patient), and nasal sidewall (1 patient). Vascular repairs were to the angular artery and vein (2 patients) or the vascular pedicle of a prior free flap (5 patients). There were no flap failures or major complications. The dorsal hand donor sites were uniformly closed using full-thickness skin grafts. All of the salvage nasal reconstructions were brought to a successful completion. Donor site morbidity was minimal with no compromise in hand function noted. Owing to its thinness, consistent anatomy, ease of harvest, and minimal donor site morbidity, the FDMFF has proved to be a very useful flap for restoration of small, but critical, nasal defects arising during the course of nasal reconstruction.
Integrated characterization and failure mechanism for a mid-Pleistocene mass transport complex-dominant interval in the Mars Ursa Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico, USA

AbstractThe economic and operational risks associated with mass transport complexes (MTCs) in deepwater hydrocarbon exploration act as a principal motivation to investigate their depositional eleme...