cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
α-Dystroglycan deficiency correlates with elevated serum creatine kinase and decreased muscle contraction tension in golden retriever muscular dystrophy

The dystrophin—glycoprotein complex was examined in dystrophin-deficient dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) using immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis. The dystrophin-associated proteins were substantially reduced in muscle from dogs with GRMD. Interestingly, regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between the amount of α-dystroglycan and serum creatine kinase levels and the contraction tension measured for a given peroneus longus muscle.
Diazepam interaction with antituberculosis drugs

The influence of antituberculosis drugs on diazepam disposition was assessed in a series of volunteers and patients who received single intravenous doses of diazepam. In study 1, nine healthy subjects received diazepam in the drug-free control state and again during treatment with isoniazid (INH), 180 mg/day. INH did not alter diazepam volume of distribution (Vd) or protein binding, but prolonged mean elimination half-life (t1/2) from 34 to 45 hr (p less than 0.02), and reduced total clearance from 0.54 to 0.40 ml/min/kg (p less than 0.02). In study 2, diazepam disposition in a group of seven tuberculous patients on triple therapy with INH, ethambutol (EMB), and rifampin (RIF) was compared with that in healty drug-free controls matched for age and sex. Diazepam Vd and protein binding were nearly identical between groups, but mean t1/2 among patients (14 hr) was significantly shorter than in controls (58 hr, p less than 0.01) and total clearance correspondingly increased (to 1.50 from 0.37 ml/min/kg, p less than 0.01). Study 3 compared six newly diagnoses tuberculous patients receiving initial therapy with EMB alone with age- and sex-matched controls. Diazepam unbound fraction in patients tended to be higher than in controls, and diazepam Vd and clearance tended to be lower but the differences were not statistically significant. Thus, diazepam clearance is impaired and t1/2 prolonged by administration of INH alone. Markedly increased clearance and shortened t1/2 in triple-therapy patients is probably due to enzyme-inducing effects of RIF. Dosage of diazepam may require adjustment in patients with tuberculosis on chemotherapy.
876 MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN) TYPE III AND UROLOGIC ABNORMALITIES

The association of thyroid medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas and characteristic physical features has been designated MEN III. A case is documented with previously unreported urologic abnormalities and incidental G6PD deficiency. An 11 year old girl presented with growth retardation, chronic diarrhea, enuresis, recurrent urinary tract infections, neurogenic bladder, hydroureters and hydronephrosis. She had a Marfan-like appearance, thickened eyelids and lips, tongue nodules,prominent corneal nerves, joint laxity and muscle wasting. Cervical adenopathy was present, but no palpable thyroid nodules, abdominal organomegaly or masses. Studies showed a “cold” nodule on thyroid scan, a suprarenal mass by ultrasound, multiple lytic lesions on skeletal survey and an extradural mass on myelogram. There was a markedly increased urinary VMA and plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, CEA (380 ng/ml, normal<2.5) and calcitonin (154,500 pg/ml, normal 30-135). Biopsy of rib lesion showed infiltration by small round tumor cells filled with numerous membrane delimited secretory granules, consistent with a neural crest origin. Since the neurogenic bladder may reflect a disorder of autonomic innervation, its association with tumors of neuroectodermal origin suggests a common underlying defect of embryonal migratory neuroblastic elements.
Doublecortin maintains bipolar shape and nuclear translocation during migration in the adult forebrain

The ability of the mature mammalian nervous system to continually produce neuronal precursors is of considerable importance, as manipulation of this process might one day permit the replacement of cells lost as a result of injury or disease. In mammals, the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) region is one of the primary sites of adult neurogenesis. Here we show that doublecortin (DCX), a widely used marker for newly generated neurons, when deleted in mice results in a severe morphological defect in the rostral migratory stream and delayed neuronal migration that is independent of direction or responsiveness to Slit chemorepulsion. DCX is required for nuclear translocation and maintenance of bipolar morphology during migration of these cells. Our data identifies a critical function for DCX in the movement of newly generated neurons in the adult brain.
Sampling and interpolation of the a-wave of the electroretinogram.

This study was undertaken (a) to determine the minimum sampling frequency required to record a-waves evoked by flashes of very high energy without significant distortion and (b) to demonstrate that data sampled at a minimally adequate frequency can be interpolated to reconstruct the original waveform.
The Structural Nature of Internal and External Imbalances in China

China has a built-in inflationary tendency because of the partially-reformed nature of its economic system. Specifically, the post-1978 marketization of the economy has interacted with the continued state ownership to create an inflationary ‘liquidity tango’ between the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the state-owned banks. Whenever the hard budget constraint is imposed on the SOEs, China's dysfunctional financial system would impart a deflationary bias to the economy and render China a capital exporting country by constraining the growth of aggregate demand to be less than the growth of aggregate supply. The use of price mechanisms as the only instruments for all economic problems is not appropriate for China's transitional economy, e.g. trade surpluses are better handled by the establishment of an efficient financial intermediation mechanism than by appreciation of the Yuan.
Divergent Selection for Growth in Japanese Quail Under Split and Complete Nutritional Environments. 2. Water and Feed Intake Patterns and Abdominal Fat and Carcass Lipid Characteristics

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate water and feed intake patterns, abdominal fat and carcass lipid levels, feed efficiency and growth in high (H) and low (L) body weight lines of Japanese quail divergently selected under complete diet (CD) or split diet (SD) environments. Birds under the SD environment could self-select from high-protein low-energy or low-protein high-energy diets. Progeny from both the selected and control (C) lines were evaluated under the SD environment in Generations 6 and 10, and under the CD environment in Generation 10. Under the SD environment, body weights of the H lines were similar as were body weights of the L lines; however, under the CD environment, there were significant differences between H lines and between L lines. Body weights were higher under the CD than under the SD environment. Differences between H and L lines in body weights and 1-wk relative growth rates within SD and CD environments were attributed to differences in water and feed consumption and feed efficiency. Water consumption was greater in the SD than CD environments. Feed consumption was greater in the SD than CD environment from 0 to 2 wk of age; thereafter, feed consumption was higher in the CD environment. Abdominal fat and carcass lipid levels were greater in H than L lines, with the magnitude of the difference greater in the SD environment, indicating that the SD may be a better environment than the CD environment for the study of abdominal fat and carcass lipids in Japanese quail.
Recent Developments in Computing and Philosophy

Because the label ‘‘computing and philosophy’’ can seem like an ad hoc attempt to tie computing to philosophy, it is important to explain why it is not, what it studies (or does) and how it differs from research in, say, ‘‘computing and history’’, or ‘‘computing and biology’’. The American Association for History and Computing is ‘‘dedicated to the reasonable and productive marriage of history and computer technology for teaching, researching and representing history through scholarship and public history’’ (http:// theaahc.org). More pervasive, work in computing and biology enjoys the convenient name of ‘‘bioinformatics...the science of using information to understand biology..., a subset of the larger field of computational biology, the application of quantitative analytical techniques in modeling biological systems’’ (http://oreilly.com/catalog/bioskills/chapter/ ch01.html). The recent venture of the Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers to publish the Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (TCBB) bears witness to the reach of computing and biology and underscores its objective. TCBB intends to report ‘‘archival research results related to the algorithmic, mathematical, statistical, and computational methods that are central in bioinformatics and computational biology; the development and testing of effective computer programs in bioinformatics; the development and optimization of biological databases; and important biological results that are obtained from the use of these methods, programs, and databases’’ (http://tcbb.acm.org). In the case of ‘‘computing and history’’ and ‘‘bioinformatics’’, each discipline stands in a particular relationship to computers that raises questions unique to itself. But both are devoted to the development of computational tools to aid discovery. We might, therefore, expect the study of ‘‘computing and philosophy’’ to be an integration of the two in the same way, that it should ask computing technologies to help with philosophical discovery, and sometimes it does. However, the unlimited scope of philosophy and its self-reflective
Effects of fasting on circulating IGF-binding proteins, glucose, and cortisol in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract The effects of fasting on IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), glucose, and cortisol in channel catfish were examined. Fed fish (controls) were compared to 14-, 30-, and 45-day fasted fish and 45-day fasted fish refed for 15 additional days. Body length and weight changes, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and plasma glucose and cortisol were assessed to determine growth and metabolic status. Body length and growth rates were inhibited ( P P
Electron microscopic observations of cytoplasmic bodies with crystalline patterns in rat kidney proximal tubule cells

In proximal tubule cells of normal male rats some cytoplasmic bodies, which are limited by a triple-layered membrane about 90 A in thickness, contain electrondense material which shows crystalline patterns. The bodies, many of which are large and very irregular in shape, are located almost exclusively in the middle segment of the proximal tubule. Different types of line or dot patterns are present within the bodies. The periodicity of the most frequently encountered line pattern averages 47 A but varies from 39 to 58 A. Acid phosphatase is demonstrable by electron microscopic histochemistry in the bodies which contain crystalline patterns, thus suggesting that the bodies represent some form of lysosomes. The reaction product after incubation for acid phosphatase activity is present in the bodies around, but never directly over, the areas with crystalline patterns.
Organization of individual cortical axons projecting from area V1 (area 17) to V2 (area 18) in the macaque monkey.

The present study uses the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), to investigate the detailed morphology of individual axons projecting from area V1 to prestriate area V2. Observations are derived from serial reconstructions of 45 axons. Axons are found to differ both in laminar distribution and in arbor size. The majority (25/45; 56%) terminate in the upper half of layer 4 and the lower part of layer 3. Terminal clusters typically measure about 200 μm in diameter (dimensions are uncorrected for shrinkage), and are either in one, two, or occasionally three patches. Patches are separated by 200−500 μm. Of these 25 axons, four also have minor collaterals to layer 5. Of the remaining 20 axons in our sample, eight have one or two terminal arbors (about 200 μm in diameter) mainly in layer 3; another eight have terminations, organized as a single field (about 350 μm in diameter), within layer 4; and four axons have much larger terminal fields (1.0−1.2 mm × 0.3 mm), in layers 3 nd 4. These morphological differences might constitute a gradient or, alternately, indicate distinct subgroups within the striate efferent population. Large terminal fields are asymmetrical, with their long axis oriented in an anterior-posterior fashion toward the depth of the lunate sulcus. Axons with two terminal arbors have a similar bias. As this arrangement is approximately perpendicular to the border of V1, we suggest that striate axons may be extended preferentially along the length of the stripelike compartments in V2. These compartments are also arrayed perpendicular to the border between areas V1 and V2. Reconstruction of small groups of 2–4 convergent axons demonstrates that axons with different morphology (i.e. large or small terminal fields) can occur within the same projection focus. Terminal arbors belonging to different axons can overlap, but tend not to be superimposed exactly.
From Arms Race to Marketplace: The New Complex Patent Ecosystem and Its Implications for the Patent System

For years, high-tech companies have amassed patents in order to deter patent litigation. Recently, a secondary market for patents has flourished, making it more likely that patents obtained for defensive purposes will end up in the courtroom. This article explores the current patent ecosystem, which includes both “arms race” and “marketplace” paradigms, in depth. I distinguish “patent assertion entities,” entities that use patents primarily to obtain license fees rather than to support the development or transfer of technology, from other types of non-practicing entities. I contrast the patent arms race, whose goal is to provide entities with the freedom to operate, with the marketplace, through which entities have leveraged their freedom to litigate. I detail the participation of product companies as well as non-practicing companies and their intermediaries in the marketplace, and trace the diverse “pathways” traveled by patents, for example from companies like Micron and other large product companies, to entities like Round Rock and Intellectual Ventures. Several implications follow. First, the failure of the patent arms race to deter lawsuits from both non-practicing and practicing entities means that defensive strategies must be reconceptualized to include new tactics - including prevention, disruption, and coordination - for securing freedom to operate. In addition, if stockpiles of unused patents patent continue to fall into the hands of patent-assertion entities, there is a real potential that, defensive patenting will inadvertantly increase, rather than decrease, litigation risk. Second, conventional notions of patent value need to be revised. The same patent has a much greater “exclusion value” - which I define as the value likely to be extracted from the patent – when held by a patent assertion entity rather than a company vulnerable to countersuit. A better understanding of what drives the exclusion value rather than the intrinsic value of a patent might help companies predict and potentially avoid technical areas where patent assertion is most likely. Finally, recent history suggests trying to change the system by changing patentee behavior directly, rather than only through legal changes. Specifically, by encouraging quality patenting, improving coordination between patent defendants, and creating a non-profit organization to accept patent donations in order to encourage companies to make their unused patents available to the public, rather than to patent-assertion entities.
Rebuilding family relationship bridges

This paper describes two techniques that the family therapist can use to help families in emotional crisis change and heal. They require the family therapist to persuade family members to view the therapy sessions as a project in building or rebuilding their family relationship bridges. An essential component of these approaches is the value placed by the family therapist on building rather than destroying family relationship bridges. Four themes are suggested as building blocks for healing dysfunctional family relationships: Love, Anger, Loss and Forgiveness. Vignettes of several family problems are presented accompanied by an intervention demonstrating an aspect of family bridge building.
Sex always sells? Stripping the facade surrounding vice tourism in a recession

A phenomenological study was employed to explore the lived experiences of select vice tourism service providers during times of economic recession. Specifically, this study focused on the viewpoint...
Maximum likelihood estimation for failure analysis [IC yield]

This paper presents an iterative maximum likelihood (ML) estimation method for statistical analysis of yield loss. By means of inductive fault analysis (IFA) and circuit simulation, the mapping between defect types to the corresponding fault signature is constructed. Using the count of each fault signature occurrence, which is provided by a tester on defective ICs, the most likely causes of low yield are identified automatically without the need for physically deprocessing the defective IC's. We present an experiment on an SRAM cell array to illustrate the effectiveness of the iterative ML algorithm.
Laparoscopic Medial Oophoropexy Prior to Radiation Therapy in an Adolescent with Hodgkin's Disease

Abstract Background Advances in radiation therapy have led to long term survival in young patients with Hodgkin's disease. Oophoropexy may reduce ovarian damage and preserve hormonal production and future fertility. When ovarian ligaments are shortened, incising the serosa parallel to the infundibulopelvic ligaments at laparoscopy permits the completion of a medial oophoropexy. Case An adolescent female underwent a laparoscopic medial oophoropexy prior to radiation therapy for Stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease. Due to shortened ovarian ligaments the ovaries could not be placed behind the uterus without excessive tension. The infundibulopelvic ligaments were sharply dissected off of the lateral pelvic sidewalls eliminating tension on the ligaments and allowing completion of the medial oophoropexy. Twenty-two months after completion of her radiation therapy the patient was normally menstruating and conceived spontaneously. Conclusion Laparoscopic dissection of the infundibulopelvic ligaments allowed for a medial oophoropexy to be performed in an adolescent patient and was associated with return of ovarian function after radiation therapy.
The Learning Outcomes of Mentoring Library Science Students in Virtual World Reference: A Case Study

This article reports on the cognitive and affective development of students being mentored in virtual reference interview skills by professional librarians. The authors present a case study which examines the impact on student learning resulting from librarian mentor participation and collaboration with students on a course assignment. This study explores student reflections on the role of librarian mentoring in relation to perception and effectiveness, learning, confidence gained, and value of professional assessment.
Is the distinction between situational and nonsituational primary depression valid

Abstract Fifty-one patients with situational major depression were compared to 75 nonsituational depressives, using multiple clinical variables. Very few differences were found between the two groups for the 75 tested variables. The study data is most consistent with the postulate that the division of depressives into situational and nonsituational categories may not be valid.
The “prudent layperson” definition of an emergency medical condition

The study objectives, based on federal and state legislative language, were to objectively define symptoms and signs commonly agreed on by "prudent laypersons" as "emergency medical conditions." After comprehensive tabulation of symptom classifications from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9), we performed a survey of nonmedical laypersons. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, proportional calculations, and 95% confidence intervals. A minority of symptoms and signs (25/87, 29%) were considered emergency medical conditions by more than half of nonmedical survey respondents who were self-defined as prudent laypersons. The leading conditions deemed emergencies were loss of consciousness, seizure, no recognition of one side of the body, paralysis, shock, gangrene, coughing blood, trouble breathing, chest pain, and choking. Pain, except for renal colic or chest pain, was not considered an emergency. No symptoms or signs specifically related to gynecologic disorders were considered emergencies. Most symptoms and signs tabulated in the diagnostic coding manual, ICD-9, are not considered emergency medical conditions by self-designated prudent laypersons. These include many conditions that are commonly investigated and treated in the emergency department setting. Use of the prudent layperson standard for reimbursable emergency health services may not reflect the actual scope of symptoms necessitating emergency care.
Virtual Reality and Interactive Gaming Technology for Obese and Diabetic Children: Is Military Medical Technology Applicable?

The Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center has pursued a number of technologies that may have application to the problems of obesity and diabetes management in children. Children are getting fatter because of increased caloric intake and less physical activity. Furthermore, technology advances have failed to significantly improve metabolic control of type 1 diabetes. Behavioral strategies should target video games, mobile phones, and other popular items used by children and seen by them as necessities. Exergaming is considerably more active than traditional video gaming and can be equivalent to moderate-intensity exercise. Diabetes equipment such as continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps lack integration and live connectivity and suffer from a poor user interface. In contrast, mobile phones offer wireless connectivity, an excellent voice-enabled interface, and cloud connectivity that could possibly serve as a motivational and compliance tool for diabetes patients through text messaging to the patient, parents, and physician. Mobile phones have the potential to motivate and educate obese children as well. Exergaming for obese children could also be integrated into award systems of game consoles and game play time. The key to successful implementation of these strategies depends on the ability to integrate and connect the various technologies.
Pharmacological Modifications of the Sodium Channels of Frog Nerve

Voltage clamp measurements on myelinated nerve fibers show that tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and DDT specifically affect the sodium channels of the membrane. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin render the sodium channels impermeable to Na ions and to Li ions and probably prevent the opening of individual sodium channels when one toxin molecule binds to a channel. The apparent dissociation constant of the inhibitory complex is about 1 nM for the cationic forms of both toxins. The zwitter ionic forms are much less potent. On the other hand, DDT causes a fraction of the sodium channels that open during a depolarization to remain open for a longer time than is normal. The effect cannot be described as a specific change in sodium inactivation or as a specific change in sodium activation, for both processes continue to govern the opening of the sodium channels and neither process is able to close the channels. The effects of DDT are very similar to those of veratrine.
The competitive city : the political economy of suburbia

This work analyzes the effect of competition among suburban communities to attract residents and businesses with the best public services and the lowest taxes. Using data from a large sample of suburban cities, Mark Schneider offers a theoretical extension of the Tiebout-Peterson approach to understanding public policies and integrates this perspective with recent work on the power of bureaucrats to control budgets.
The effect of levarterenol on polarographic myocardial oxygen, the epicardial electrocardiogram and contraction in nonischemic dog hearts and experimental acute regional ischemia.

In open-chest dogs it was found that levarterenol produced primary RS-T segment depression in epicardial surface electrocardiograms together with increases of ventricular muscle contractility. These effects occurred in nonischemic, regionally ischemic, and hypoxic myocardium and were accompanied by rises of polarographic myocardial oxygen and a reddening of coronary venous blood in all but the lowest dosages. The findings are discussed in the light of the pertinent experimental literature.
Arrays of Nanoarrays: Elements of Binding

The development of strategies for the robust attachment of organized patterns of nanostructures to a variety of surfaces has been a major objective of this laboratory. One of the significant impediments to single molecule, as opposed to multiple molecule, attachment arises from the size gap or intrinsic mismatch between the size of readily obtainable ldquotop downrdquo nanostructures and the native size scale of the molecules of interest. Although binding structures of diameter significantly less than 100 nm can certainly be fabricated, the techniques required to generate them are not widely available to researchers and the failure rate for the production of such structures is relatively high. These concerns have motivated this laboratory to instead pursue the synthesis of adapter structures which bridge, or partially bridge, this size gap by increasing the effective footprint of a single DNA molecule. Although several different approaches to the generation of adapter structures are under parallel development in the laboratory, one is based on a totally synthetic polydentate macromolecule. In this paper, the merits of this multithiol system will be presented. The development of an experimental platform for the characterization of attachment sites and adapter structure/attachment site interactions will also be described. These platforms are compatible with a wide range of characterization methods, including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning tunneling electron microscopy and near field scanning optical microscopy, which can be used to evaluate these structures over the macro/micro/nano size range.
The Paal–Knorr reaction revisited. A catalyst and solvent-free synthesis of underivatized and N-substituted pyrroles

A new, modified synthesis of pyrroles is described. The reaction of 2,5-hexandione with a variety of amines yielded the expected pyrrole analogues in excellent yields. The reactions were carried out under the ultimate green conditions excluding both catalyst and solvent applying simple stirring at room temperature. The variety of amines include aqueous ammonium hydroxide for the synthesis of pyrroles with a free NH group, and benzylamines, anilines and phenylene-diamines for the synthesis of several N-derivatized pyrroles. The reaction also occurs efficiently with a variety of 1,4-diketones, although the reaction rates and yields are lower for the diketones that do not possess terminal methyl group(s).
Unsuspected non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the tonsils and adenoids in children

Six children with lymphoreticular malignancy arising in the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are presented. Early clues to the possible malignant nature of the enlargement of tonsils and adenoids in this series include: asymmetric and persistent enlargement, the absence of such manifestations of infection as fever or pain, and the association of atypical adenopathy. Lack of clinical suspicion brings with it the risk of delayed diagnosis and possible compromise of optimal therapy.
A self-organizing model of chemotopic convergence for olfactory coding

Presents a self-organizing model of convergence for the early stages of the olfactory pathway. The model generates a chemotopic projection from olfactory receptor neurons onto glomeruli based on receptor affinity distributions. The resulting glomerular images reveal an olfactory code consistent with neurobiology, whereby odor quality is encoded by a unique spatial pattern across glomeruli, and odor concentration is related to the intensity and spread of this pattern. The model is also able to predict a broadening of the intensity tuning range of glomeruli.
Keep that radiation off of Me

Radial access may increase operator irradiation if the operator is closer to the X-ray beam. Using appropriate radiation shielding reduces occupational and eye doses without increasing patient irradiation. Reusable shielding can substantially reduce the costs of averting a cancer or cataract relative to the cost of disposables.
Can the subthreshold swing in a classical FET be lowered below 60 mV/decade?

We show that by biasing a ferroelectric insulator in its negative capacitance region and using it on top of the gate of a classical FET, it should be possible to achieve a subthreshold swing significantly lower than 60 mV/decade at room temperature. We further show that this, in principle, does not change the transport properties of the FET so that the ON current of the FET remains unaffected. A simple analysis is used to describe the basic principle of device operation.
NICU medication errors: identifying a risk profile for medication errors in the neonatal intensive care unit

To identify a risk profile for harmful medication errors in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A retrospective cross-sectional study on NICU medication error reports submitted to MEDMARX between 1 January 1999, and 31 December 2005. The Rao–Scott modified χ2 test was used for analysis. 6749 NICU medication error reports were submitted by 163 health-care facilities. Administering errors accounted for approximately one half of errors, and human factors were the most frequently cited cause of error. Patient age was not associated with an increased likelihood of an error being harmful (P=0.11). Error reports involving Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) High-Alert Medications, occurring in the prescribing phase of medication processing, or involving equipment/delivery device failures were more likely to be harmful (P⩽0.05). Risk factors for harmful medication error reports include use of ISMP High-Alert Medications, the prescribing phase of the medication use process, and failure of equipment/delivery devices.
PHR1, a PH domain-containing protein expressed in primary sensory neurons.

Previously, we identified PHR1 as an abundantly expressed gene in photoreceptors and showed that it encodes four isoforms, each with N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) and C-terminal transmembrane domains. To better understand PHR1 function and expression, we made a Phr1 null mouse by inserting a β-galactosidase/neor cassette into exon 3. In addition to photoreceptors, we found abundant expression of specific Phr1 splice forms in olfactory receptor neurons and vestibular and cochlear hair cells. We also found Phr1 expression in cells with a possible sensory function, including peripheral retinal ganglion cells, cochlear interdental cells, and neurons of the circumventricular organ. Despite this discrete expression in known and putative sensory neurons, mice lacking PHR1 do not have overt sensory deficits.
Whole-Plant CO2 Exchange Measurements on Azaleas Injured by Azalea Lace Bug (Heteroptea: Tingidae) Feeding

Whole-plant gas exchange was measured continuously for 24 h on rooted cuttings of Girard's 'Pleasant White' azaleas. Azalea treatments were azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott), feeding injury levels that averaged 6, 13, or 31% leaf-area injury throughout the plant canopies. Gas exchange parameters, including net photosynthesis, dark respiration, carbon use efficiency, and growth, were compared with undamaged control plants. Responses of Girard's 'Pleasant White' azaleas suggested that azaleas were tolerant of lace bug feeding injury levels above the aesthetic threshold. Azalea tolerance can be incorporated into an integrated management plan to reduce chemical inputs into the urban landscape.
Population Dynamics of Bean Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Central Iowa

Linear regression and multiple regression stepwise selection procedure analyses were used to relate population fluctuations of bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, to climatic factors. The study was conducted at Iowa State University Johnson farm near Ames, Iowa for 10 consecutive years (1989 through 1998, inclusively). Bean leaf beetle adults were sampled twice weekly from emergence to mature stages of soybean. Linear regression showed a strong relationship between first- and second-generation adult densities during the growing season, whereas multiple regression analyses indicated a high correlation between second-generation adult densities and environmental factors, including temperature and precipitation. The analyses demonstrated that field history of beetle density is important for pest management. The major factors that affected the population dynamics of bean leaf beetle and regression models for the beetle density prediction are discussed.
The Influence of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Growth, Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Flavonoids of Deschampsia antarctica during Springtime Ozone Depletion in Antarctica†

We examined the influence of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-320 nm) on the growth, biomass production and phenylpropanoid concentrations of Deschampsia antarctica during the springtime ozone depletion season at Palmer Station, along the Antarctic Peninsula. Treatments involved placing filters on frames over potted plants that reduced levels of biologically effective UV-B either by 83% (reduced UV-B) or by 12% (near-ambient UV-B) over the 63 day experiment (7 November 1998-8 January 1999) when ozone depletion averaged 17%. Plants growing under near-ambient UV-B had 41% and 40% lower relative growth rates and net assimilation rates, respectively, than those under reduced UV-B. The former plants produced 50% less total biomass as a result of having 47% less aboveground biomass. The reduction in aboveground biomass was a result of a 29% lower leaf elongation rate resulting in shorter leaves and 59% less total leaf area in plants grown under reduced UV-B. p-Coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids were the major hydroxycinnamic acids, and luteolin derivatives were the major flavonoids in both insoluble and soluble leaf extracts. Concentrations of insoluble p-coumaric and caffeic acid and soluble ferulic acids were 38%, 48% and 60% higher, respectively, under near-ambient UV-B than under reduced UV-B. There were no UV-B effects on concentrations of insoluble or soluble flavonoids.
Historical Time, Mind and Critical Philosophy of History

Critical philosophy of history comprises a field of study much concerned with the problem of time and mind. The intimate relation between philosophy and history has given rise to a series of issues concerning the “territory of time.” The theme, the time and mind, has been treated from a variety of perspectives. Historically, it first received treatment from philosophers as part of the problem of the determination of the forms of thought, conceived in a way which continues to be regarded as the distinctively philosophical attitude to the question. Meanwhile, philosophies of history which interpret the historical process have reflected the centuries-old debate centering around the crucial issue: how do we know the past? At the turn of the twentieth century challenges to Newtonian physics, particularly to the notion of time as being “absolute,” contributed to the lively controversies concerning the nature of historical time and the epistemological status of historical knowledge. The controversy emerged in the 1880’s and became an active issue during the early decades of the twentieth century. Central to the issue has been the view that the point at which philosophy and history meet provides a comprehensive scheme within which historical data may be systematically analyzed and comprehended: the individual mind.
Using Visual Concepts

The recent use of icons in user interfaces of application software and also some few attempts to design visual programming languages impose the question of the usefulness of introducing visual concepts into computer systems understanding. Usually these visual symbols or icons are integrated with something like a visual language, which serves together with special manipulation devices as a kind of command language. This form is known as a “graphical interface.” Graphical interfaces can be defined in more detail by expressing all possible spatial functions (e.g., moving a string, etc.) as direct manipulation on visual objects and places and showing all property changes visually.
Prions are affected by evolution at two levels

Prions, infectious proteins, can transmit diseases or be the basis of heritable traits (or both), mostly based on amyloid forms of the prion protein. A single protein sequence can be the basis for many prion strains/variants, with different biological properties based on different amyloid conformations, each rather stably propagating. Prions are unique in that evolution and selection work at both the level of the chromosomal gene encoding the protein, and on the prion itself selecting prion variants. Here, we summarize what is known about the evolution of prion proteins, both the genes and the prions themselves. We contrast the one known functional prion, [Het-s] of Podospora anserina, with the known disease prions, the yeast prions [PSI+] and [URE3] and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of mammals.
The Need for Social Ethics in Interdisciplinary Environmental Science Graduate Programs: Results from a Nation-Wide Survey in the United States

Professionals in environmental fields engage with complex problems that involve stakeholders with different values, different forms of knowledge, and contentious decisions. There is increasing recognition of the need to train graduate students in interdisciplinary environmental science programs (IESPs) in these issues, which we refer to as "social ethics." A literature review revealed topics and skills that should be included in such training, as well as potential challenges and barriers. From this review, we developed an online survey, which we administered to faculty from 81 United States colleges and universities offering IESPs (480 surveys were completed). Respondents overwhelmingly agreed that IESPs should address values in applying science to policy and management decisions. They also agreed that programs should engage students with issues related to norms of scientific practice. Agreement was slightly less strong that IESPs should train students in skills related to managing value conflicts among different stakeholders. The primary challenges to incorporating social ethics into the curriculum were related to the lack of materials and expertise for delivery, though challenges such as ethics being marginalized in relation to environmental science content were also prominent. Challenges related to students' interest in ethics were considered less problematic. Respondents believed that social ethics are most effectively delivered when incorporated into existing courses, and they preferred case studies or problem-based learning for delivery. Student competence is generally not assessed, and respondents recognized a need for both curricular materials and assessment tools.
Premarital Sexual Behavior and Sex Codes of Conduct with Acquaintances, Friends, and Lovers

The following tentative conclusions can be drawn: 1. There is evidence that present mothers in general tend to value an ideal size varying in amount directly with socio-economic status. 2. In general there is a correspondence between ideal and actual plus planned number of children. However, such value-practice correspondence is a direct function of one's socio-economic status and planning status. 3. For the active and terminated fertility groups (those planning and those not planning to have more children) actual average size is inversely related to socio-economic status. This relationship results in discrepancies between ideal and actual which are greatest for the group not planning to have more children. 4. It is the younger mother, who is undecided whether or not to have more children, who tends to express values in direct relationship with her socio-economic status as measured by objective social variables, and at the same time this indecision takes place when the actual number of children is not only directly related to her status but also far below the expressed ideal.
Social Issues and Policy: Some Observations about Marketing Scholarship

As Fred Sturdivant notes in his editorial below, this special section represents an effort to provide greater insight into the impact of social issues on public policy. Certainly this subject area has to be of critical interest to both marketing academicians and practitioners. Thus, it seems fitting for the Journal of Marketing Research to encourage research on the public sector. I am personally very indebted to Fred Sturdivant and his small and very able group of reviewers for their time and expertise in preparing this special section. The end product of their work is in my view a most interesting set of articles which, by addressing a variety of relevant subject areas, make a substantial contribution to marketing.
Role of Dispersal Timing and Frequency in Annual Grass—Invaded Great Basin Ecosystems: How Modifying Seeding Strategies Increases Restoration Success

Abstract. Seed dispersal dynamics strongly affect plant community assembly in restored annual grass—infested ecosystems. Modifying perennial grass seeding rates and frequency may increase perennial grass establishment, yet these impacts have not yet been quantified. To assess these effects, we established a field experiment consisting of 288 plots (1 m2) in an eastern Oregon annual grass—dominated shrubsteppe ecosystem. In this study, the amount, timing, and frequency of perennial grass seeding events, soil moisture availability, and annual grass seed bank density were manipulated. We found that more frequent perennial grass seeding events combined with high perennial grass seeding rates produced the highest perennial grass density and biomass 2 years following seeding. However, we also found that if annual grass seed density was 1500 seeds · m-2 or higher, perennial grass density and biomass decreased, regardless of seeding strategy. Because of this finding, it appears that a threshold is crossed between...
Research on the detection technique of turbine digital electro-hydraulic control system into power grid

It was found that digital electro-hydraulic system(DEH) had some negative effects on the power grid safety and stability. To solve this problem, a semi-physical and pure digital simulation platform for studying the detection technique of DEH into the power grid was developed by using real time digital simulation systems(RTDS). A mathematical model of the turbo unit was established in the RTDS. A signal isolating and simulating device was designed for the interconnection of the RTDS and DEH, and the no-load and load test method for testing static and dynamic characteristics of DEH was proposed. The results show that this method can obtain the transfer functions of the control loop, the parameters setting, and the design defect in software and hardware. The method can provide a technique basis for equipments management into power grid, and further standardize the DEH performance parameters.
Practical Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

(1967). Practical Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 42, Clinical Manifestations of Degenerative Arterial Disease, pp. A-111-A-116.
Optimization of Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting the Intronic Repressor Element1 in Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Loss of Survival Motor Neuron-1 ( SMN1 ) causes Spinal Muscular Atrophy, a devastating neurodegenerative disease . SMN2 is a nearly identical copy gene; however SMN2 cannot prevent disease development in the absence of SMN1 since the majority of SMN2 -derived transcripts are alternatively spliced, encoding a truncated, unstable protein lacking exon 7. Nevertheless, SMN2 retains the ability to produce low levels of functional protein. Previously we have described a splice-switching Morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) sequence that targets a potent intronic repressor, Element1 (E1), located upstream of SMN2 exon 7. In this study, we have assessed a novel panel of Morpholino ASOs with the goal of optimizing E1 ASO activity. Screening for efficacy in the SMNΔ7 mouse model, a single ASO variant was more active in vivo compared with the original E1 MO -ASO. Sequence variant eleven (E1 MOv11 ) consistently showed greater efficacy by increasing the lifespan of severe Spinal Muscular Atrophy mice after a single intracerebroventricular injection in the central nervous system, exhibited a strong dose-response across an order of magnitude, and demonstrated excellent target engagement by partially reversing the pathogenic SMN2 splicing event. We conclude that Morpholino modified ASOs are effective in modifying SMN2 splicing and have the potential for future Spinal Muscular Atrophy clinical applications.
The Challenge of Multicultural Management in Global Projects

Abstract Reasons for the particular uncertainty of global projects are the foreign environment and people from diverse cultures with different ways of thinking and working procedures. Handling these differences presents a big challenge for any project manager. During implementation they mainly focus on the professional, regulatory and (infra-) structural framework and don’t pay enough attention to the hidden stumbling blocks, namely the management of different people and cultures. Useful researches such as Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the GLOBE leadership study give a good overview of the cultural differences at the workplace. The focus in this paper is on the personal use of cultural knowledge with the main topic: “Effective application of cultural knowledge increases personal productivity”. Success begins in the mind. The core of cultural management in business is to adopt an attitude that is conducive to the personal preparation for the challenge of managing cultural diversity. A survey of differences in country-specific work methods helps to find the appropriate tools to deal with members of different cultures in one project. Three nations, China (Asia), Germany (Europe) and USA (North America) were selected and compared as examples in regard to common work rhythm, discipline and mentality. The results and analysis will help project managers to discover the potential of transnational projects and to improve their individual leadership coordination and management skills in a multicultural project environment.
BCH Codes for the Rosenbloom–Tsfasman Metric

The Rosenbloom–Tsfasman metric has attracted the attention of many researchers as a generalization of the Hamming metric that is relevant to practical problems. Codes for this metric were considered. In particular, Reed–Solomon codes were generalized to be compatible with this metric. In this paper, a generalization of BCH codes for the Rosenbloom–Tsfasman metric is proposed. This generalization is based on considering BCH codes as subfield subcodes of Reed–Solomon codes. By characterizing these subfield subcodes, an explicit construction of BCH codes for the Rosenbloom–Tsfasman metric is provided. Two important properties of Reed–Solomon codes and BCH codes for the Rosenbloom–Tsfasman metric are studied and compared with those for the Hamming metric. These properties are cyclic structure and duality. The approach is based on Galois-Fourier transforms associated with Hasse derivatives.