cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription by the multifunctional RNA polymerase I in Trypanosoma brucei functions independently of RPB7

Trypanosoma brucei has a multifunctional RNA polymerase (pol) I that transcribes ribosomal gene units (RRNA) and units encoding its major cell surface proteins variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and procyclin. Previous analysis of tandem affinity-purified, transcriptionally active RNA pol I identified ten subunits including an apparently trypanosomatid-specific protein termed RPA31. Another ortholog was identified in silico. No orthologs of the yeast subunit doublet RPA43/RPA14 have been identified yet. Instead, a recent report presented evidence that RPB7, the RNA pol II paralog of RPA43, is an RNA pol I subunit and essential for RRNA and VSG transcription in bloodstream form trypanosomes [18]. Revisiting this attractive hypothesis, we were unable to detect a stable interaction between RPB7 and RNA pol I in either reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation or tandem affinity purification. Furthermore, immunodepletion of RPB7 from extract virtually abolished RNA pol II transcription in vitro but had no effect on RRNA or VSG ES promoter transcription in the same reactions. Accordingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed cross-linking of RPB7 to known RNA pol II transcription units but not to the VSG ES promoter or to the 18S rRNA coding region. Interestingly, RPB7 did crosslink to the RRNA promoter but so did the RNA pol II-specific subunit RPB9 suggesting that RNA pol II is recruited to this promoter. Overall, our data led to the conclusion that RNA pol I transcription in T. brucei does not require the RNA pol II subunit RPB7.
31P-NMR studies of DNA in nucleosome core particles.

31P Nmr parameters (δ, T1, W1/2, and NOE) were measured for the DNA in nucleosome core particles at three frequencies and compared with similar data for the histone-free DNA. An essentially linear relationship was found between the frequency of observation and line-width for the single broad envelope of 31P resonances of the DNA in the nucleosome cores. We attributed this largely to chemical shift dispersion, with smaller contributions from chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar broadening. These results suggest the presence of different environments for phosphorus atoms in the core particles. However, within the accuracy of the method, no asymmetry in the resonance could be detected, which would tend to rule out any significant degree of DNA “kinking.” To investigate the interactions of the DNA and histones within the core particles we also studied transitions induced by urea and by temperature. Urea caused two stepwise increases in linewidth, which we attributed to conformational changes. A biphasic transition was also observed in the temperature profile, consistent with previous optical studies [Weischet et. al. (1978) Nucleic Acids Res.5, 139]. Various models with different types of local mobility were examined by the relaxation theory. A model of isotropic motion having a broad distribution of correlation times gave a fairly good fit to the 31P-nmr data.
Using two fluorescent probes to dissect the binding, insertion, and dimerization kinetics of a model membrane peptide.

Helix−helix association within a membrane environment represents one of the fundamental processes in membrane protein folding. However, studying the kinetics of such processes has been difficult because most membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous solution. Here we present a stopped-flow fluorescence study of the membrane-interaction kinetics of a designed, water-soluble transmembrane (TM) peptide, anti-αIIb, which is known to dimerize in phospholipid bilayers. We show that by using two fluorescent amino acids, tryptophan and p-cyanophenylalanine, we are able to kinetically dissect distinct phases in the peptide−membrane interaction, representing membrane binding, membrane insertion, and TM helix−helix association. Our results further show that the last process occurs on a time scale of seconds, indicating that the association of two TM helices is an intrinsically slow event.
Control of Glutamine Synthetase in the Embryonic Retina in vitro

Glutamine synthetase activity in the neural retina of the chick embryo increases sharply during terminal differentiation of this tissue. This characteristic increase can be reproduced in cultures of retinal tissue fragments from late embryos. A similarly sharp increase can be elicited precociously in younger retina by culturing in medium with adult serum. Both the precociously elicited and the later increase in enzyme activity require continuous protein synthesis; both can be suppressed during the first 24 hours of culture by blocking RNA synthesis or by removing the adult serum. Subsequently, the increase in enzyme activity becomes progressively less dependent on RNA synthesis and on the continuous presence of adult serum. This transition is attained more rapidly in the older retina. The data suggest a progressive stabilization of the enzyme-forming system during differentiation.
Course instructor perceptions of computer‐generated bibliographic citations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate course instructor perceptions into personal and classroom use of computer‐generated bibliographic citations. The paper aims to provide guidance as librarians promote and teach automated citation services to the academic communities.Design/methodology/approach – Course instructors at one university completed a quantitative survey about computer‐generated bibliographic citations. Questions focused on instructor use of automated citation services, if they generally reduce grades for bibliographic errors, if they would reduce grades for specific computer‐generated citation (CGC) errors, and would they advise students to use automated citation services at various course levels.Findings – The results show a majority of course instructors do not use CGCs for their own research or promote the citation services in the classroom. A majority of respondents generally reduce student grades for bibliographic errors and would continue to do so for CGC errors. The dat...
Cryogenic PEEM at the Advanced Light Source

Abstract X-ray PEEM at liquid helium temperatures at a 3rd generation synchrotron is discussed. Detailed instrument design and performance is presented along with examples of the scientific opportunities afforded through routine low temperature performance with negligible tradeoffs of imaging performance or general ease of use.
Monitoring Prestressed Concrete Box-Beam Bridge for Superloads

Monitoring Coeymans Creek Bridge in New York State for superload permit trucks is discussed. The superloads were boiler modules carried on 16-axle trailers, driven by one or two tractor-power units during the bridge crossing. The bridge is an integral abutment structure consisting of 11 prestressed concrete box beams with a composite concrete deck. Approval of the superload permits was based on an engineering analysis that recommended crossing of the bridge in two configurations: the first required that a crabbed trailer be towed across the bridge; the second called for a trailer to be driven in a diagonal crossing fashion. Crabbing, that is, locking trailer wheels to remain parallel to the bridge centerline during the crossing, was recommended for moves of gross weights equal to or exceeding 1,775 kN (400 kips), and diagonal crossings were recommended for those lighter than 1,775 kN (400 kips). The low rating of the structure and the unusually heavy loads motivated the need for investigating actual stres...
Jet-clump interactions in quasars

Abstract Some high redshift quasars (z∼4) show strong emission lines for C, N, and O, indicating high abundances of these elements. In this context, we have explored the nucleosynthesis that would occur between a high energy particle jet emanating from an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) and nearby gas. CNO production proceeds through nuclides which result from collisions between the jet and the gas. Final abundances of the CNO nuclides vary widely over the densities studied, but reach and even exceed solar levels for some combinations of temperature, density, and jet intensity and duration.
Effects of Moderate-Volume, High-Load Lower-Body Resistance Training on Strength and Function in Persons with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study

Background. Resistance training research has demonstrated positive effects for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the number of acute training variables that can be manipulated makes it difficult to determine the optimal resistance training program. Objective. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of an 8-week resistance training intervention on strength and function in persons with PD. Methods. Eighteen men and women were randomized to training or standard care for the 8-week intervention. The training group performed 3 sets of 5–8 repetitions of the leg press, leg curl, and calf press twice weekly. Tests included leg press strength relative to body mass, timed up-and-go, six-minute walk, and Activities-specific Balance Confidence questionnaire. Results. There was a significant group-by-time effect for maximum leg press strength relative to body mass, with the training group significantly increasing their maximum relative strength (P .05). Conclusions. Moderate volume, high-load weight training is effective for increasing lower-body strength in persons with PD.
Specification of chirality for links and knots

A general scheme has been developed for the assignment of chirality descriptors to chiral links and knots. For oriented links and knots, the new D/L scheme employs linking numbers, self-writhes, and writhe profiles, in descending hierarchical order, with self-writhes and writhe profiles limited to alternating links and knots. A related scheme applies to non-oriented links and knots. In a modification of a previous scheme, the use of vertex-bicolored digraphs is introduced in order to compute writhe profiles of oriented links and knots. It is pointed out that even though the different geometric presentations of each individual chiral knot or link can be partitioned into homochirality classes, the links and knots that belong to a given configurational class, D or L, are not homochirally similar.
Music Appreciation and Hemisphere Orientation: Visual versus Verbal Involvement

Music appreciation teachers are continuously seeking methods for increasing student involvement with music. In this study, three different music-involvement techniques were compared: visual representation, verbal description, and a control condition. In the visual condition, subjects drew an illustration of the musical activity of a short music selection. In the verbal condition, subjects wrote a paragraph describing the music. In the control condition, subjects listened to the music and mentally followed its movement. All subjects then answered a questionnaire measuring several aspects of responsiveness, such as enjoyment, attention, and understanding. Results were also analyzed on the basis of the subjects' right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere orientation. Overall, there were no differences among the three conditions. There were significant interactions, however, between activity and hemisphere orientation. Right-oriented subjects had the highest appreciation scores in the visual condition, while left-or...
The study of skeletal calcium metabolism with 41Ca and 45Ca

The living skeleton can be labeled for life by the administration of radiologically trivial amounts of 41Ca tracer. After initial elimination of tracer from the readily exchangeable calcium pools subsequent skeletal calcium turnover maintains and modulates the urine 41Ca content. Uniquely, bone calcium metabolism may then be studied with tracer in near equilibrium with the body's calcium and resorbing calcium directly measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of excreta. Our experiments with 25 41Ca labeled subjects demonstrate excellent diurnal stability and remarkable response to intervention of the urine signal. Thus the tracer method may prove a competitive means of measuring the effects of antiresorptive osteoporosis treatments, for therapy development or even clinical monitoring. Novel studies of long-term skeletal evolution are also possible. We realize that routinely administered short-lived calcium radiotracers contain 41Ca impurities and that thousands of experimental participants have been historically inadvertently 41Ca labeled. The 41Ca urine index might now rapidly further be characterized by contemporary measurements of these one-time subjects, and with their by now thoroughly skeleton-equilibrated tracer they might be ideal participants in other new experiments. We are also investigating 45Ca AMS. It may prove preferable to label the skeleton with this radiotracer already familiar to bioscientists, but new to AMS.
Power law reverse current-voltage characteristic in Schottky barriers

Abstract A power law relationship between the reverse current and reverse voltage is computed theoretically using a model involving an exponential distribution of interface states. The model correlates Schottky barrier data on large bandgap semiconductors such as ZnO and GaP where the reverse current is proportional to the sixth power of the reverse voltage.
The effect of phage infection on the synthesis of lipid A by Escherichia coli.

Abstract The synthesis and rate of incorporation of β-hydroxymyristic acid into bound lipids of Escherichia coli has been used to measure the effects of phage infection on lipid A synthesis. It was demonstrated that phage infection produces quantitative but not qualitative changes in the synthesis of the lipid A of hydrophobic lipopolysaccharides and the residual bound lipids. Lipid A synthesis continued at varying rates after infection, depending upon the phage used. The eventual block in lipid A synthesis in infected cells apparently is related to decreased respiration. This block was delayed if infecting phage could produce lysis inhibition, and very little inhibition was observed in cells infected with T4 mutants which cannot block respiration. Turnover studies indicated that lysis may degrade lipid A.
Reconceptualizing and expanding the positive feedback network effects model: A case study

During the 1980s, economists developed the concept of positive network effects and switching costs as the key dynamics of de facto standards competition. They concluded that a positive feedback loop usually ''tips'' a market to the standard with the most users and complementary assets. While recent scholars have acknowledged that not all markets tip, and suggested some possible limitations on this phenomena, these limitations have not been integrated systematically into a model for competition in these industries. Using examples drawn from the standards contests of the past 20 years, this case study develops an integrated model for competition in these industries.
Late genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity after magnetic resonance image-guided prostate brachytherapy with or without neoadjuvant external beam radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND This study was designed to estimate the rates of late genitourinary (GU) and rectal toxicity after magnetic resonance image (MRI)-guided prostate brachytherapy exclusively or in conjunction with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). METHODS Between November 1997 and April 2002, 201 patients with category T1C prostate carcinoma (according to the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging criteria), prostate specific antigen levels < 10 ng/mL, and biopsy Gleason score 3 + 4 disease were treated with MRI-guided brachytherapy exclusively or in conjunction with EBRT. The MRI-guided technique was designed to spare the urethra based on delivery of the prescription dose to the peripheral zone exclusively. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate rates of freedom from late GU and rectal toxicity. Comparisons were made using a log-rank test. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 2.8 years (range, 0.5–5.0 years), the 4-year estimates of rectal bleeding requiring coagulation for patients who underwent implantation therapy, compared with patients who received combined-modality therapy, were 8% versus 30%, respectively (log-rank P value = 0.0001). Although erectile dysfunction was common (range, 82–93%), with the use of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®), it was estimated that at least two-thirds of patients had erectile function comparable to or superior to baseline function, independent of whether they received monotherapy or combined-modality therapy (P = 0.46). The 4-year estimate of freedom from radiation cystitis was 100% versus 95% (P = 0.01) for patients who received monotherapy and patients who received combined-modality therapy, respectively. No urethral strictures were observed, and no patients underwent postimplantation transurethral resection of the prostate. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, rectal bleeding after MRI-guided prostate brachymonotherapy was infrequent, and urethral and bladder toxicity is reported to be rare and may be attributed to the urethral-sparing technique of the MRI-guided approach. Cancer 2003;98:949–54. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11595
Synthesis of a fluorescent labeled thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist

Abstract The synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorescent labeled probe for the thromboxane A 2 receptor is described.
Toward a new polyethylene scattering law determined using inelastic neutron scattering

Abstract Monte Carlo neutron transport codes such as MCNP rely on accurate data for nuclear physics cross-sections to produce accurate results. At low energy, this takes the form of scattering laws based on the dynamic structure factor, S ( Q , E ) . High density polyethylene (HDPE) is frequently employed as a neutron moderator at both high and low temperatures, however the only cross-sections available are for ambient temperatures ( ∼ 300 K ), and the evaluation has not been updated in quite some time. In this paper we describe inelastic neutron scattering measurements on HDPE at 5 and 294 K which are used to improve the scattering law for HDPE. We review some of the past HDPE scattering laws, describe the experimental methods, and compare computations using these models to the measured S ( Q , E ) . The total cross-section is compared to available data, and the treatment of the carbon secondary scatterer as a free gas is assessed. We also discuss the use of the measurement itself as a scattering law via the one phonon approximation. We show that a scattering law computed using a more detailed model for the Generalized Density of States (GDOS) compares more favorably to this experiment, suggesting that inelastic neutron scattering can play an important role in both the development and validation of new scattering laws for Monte Carlo work.
Regulation of endoderm development by zebrafish Nipbl

Program/Abstract # 270 Regulation of endoderm development by zebrafish Nipbl Akihiko Muto a , Thomas F. Schilling b , Anne L. Calof b , Arthur D. Lander a a Dev & Cell Biol., Univ. of California, Irvine, CA, USA b Anatomy & Neurobiol., Univ. of California, Irvine, CA, USA Heterozygous loss of the Nipped-B-like gene (Nipbl) is the most common cause of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). Although Nipbl is a cohesin-associated protein conserved among all eukaryotes, recent studies suggest that it regulates gene expression through mechanisms independent of cohesin's established role in chromatid cohesion. There are 2 Nipbl genes in zebrafish, zNipbl-1 and zNipbl-2, and embryos injected with morpholinos targeting either gene (zNipbl-morphants) show defects in formation of the gut/visceral organs and heart with a range of severity from looping defects to organs duplication. Such morphants show significant reductions in sox32, sox17 and foxa2 expressions in endoderm cells, and we found that combined sox17/foxa2-double morphants exhibited gut bifurca- tions similar to zNipbl-morphants. Interestingly, the degree of sox17 and foxa2 suppression in zNipbl-morphants was greater than could be explained by the reduction in sox32 (a known positive regulator of these genes), and the response of these genes to ectopic sox32 was significantly blunted. These data suggest that zNipbls may influence sox17 and foxa2 transcription directly. In zNipbl-morphants, we also observed abnormal spatial expression of the left–right patterning genes, lefty2 and southpaw, although Kuppfer's vesicle (KV), a critical organ for left–right patterning that depends on sox32 function, formed normally, implying that zNipbls act downstream of KV formation. These results support the idea that zNipbls regulate embryonic development through modulating gene expression at multiple levels. Supported by NIH P01-HD052860. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.433
Call Trait Variation in Morelett's Tree Frog, Agalychnis moreletii, of Belize

Abstract Calling behavior and the properties of a male's call directly affect mate choice and mating success in frogs. In this study, I investigated the difference in call properties within and among males of Agalychnis moreletii at a breeding population in Belize. As a first step toward understanding female preference for specific male advertisement calls, I examined the variation of call traits from 575 calls of 30 individuals. I described and quantified call properties both within and among males and examined the relationship between mating success and body size. All of the call traits that I examined exhibited significantly higher among-male variation than within-male variation. Static call properties such as dominant frequency and call amplitude had the lowest variation within and among males. Dominant frequency was negatively correlated with body size, supporting a body-size constraint for this call trait. Call properties such as call rates, mean pulses per call, and call durations displayed greater...
Photodetachment of hydrogen negative ion: A many-body approach

Abstract The Brueckner-Goldstone many-body perturbation theory is applied to calculation of the photodetachment cross section of H-. Various electron correlation effects associated with the initial and final states are discussed using diagrammatic techniques.
Flow of Blood to the Pineal Body of the Rat

NUMEROUS cytological and histochemical observations indicate a secretory function for the pineal body of higher vertebrates1,2. Physiologically also, the pineal body of the rat satisfies most of the criteria for an endocrine organ3–5. Although anatomical evidence suggests that rat and mouse pineal vascularity is less than in some classical endocrine organs6,7, in view of the relatively high blood flow rate to endocrine structures in general8, it is reasonable to expect the pineal to be similarly well perfused. We have found that the minimum rate of rat pineal blood flow per g exceeds that of most endocrine organs, equals that of the neurohypophysis and is surpassed only by that of the kidney.
Ferroelectric domains and incommensuration in the intermediate phase region of lead zirconate

Electron microscopy of lead zirconate (PbZrO{sub 3}) identified the presence of an intermediate region between the high-temperature cubic state and the low-temperature antiferroelectric state. Ferroelectric domains were found to occur between 200 and 230 C on cooling. Convergent-beam electron diffraction studies identified rhombohedral symmetry for the ferroelectric phase. Selected area electron diffraction patterns determined {1/2}{l_brace}110{r_brace} superlattice reflections in the ferroelectric state. The reflections were associated with a softening of an M-type oxygen octahedral rotation mode. In addition, 1/x{l_brace}110{r_brace} incommensurate superlattice reflections were detected within a narrow temperature range for PbZrO{sub 3} between the intermediate ferroelectric and low-temperature antiferroelectric states.
Features of ion trajectories in the polar magnetosphere

In the present polar magnetosphere model, which includes the effects of convection electric fields and gravitation, the trajectories of mainly low energy ionospheric ions injected near the polar cusp into the polar magnetosphere display the ion mass and energy differentiation seen in recent satellite observations of low energy ionospheric ions. Two interesting trajectory classes are noted for low energy heavy ions: parabolic trajectories, in which ions injected into the polar cusp at small pitch angles rise, and then fall, into the polar cap atmosphere, and 'hopping' trajectories, in which heavy ions injected at large pitch angles at the polar cusp will mirror as they convect at low to medium altitudes across the polar cap.
Ontogeny of bilirubin-binding capacity and the effect of clinical status in premature infants born at less than 1300 grams.

BACKGROUND. Bilirubin is toxic to the brain and enters the brain in unbound form. Serum unconjugated, unbound bilirubin may be a good predictor of bilirubin encephalopathy. Unbound bilirubin levels may depend on the bilirubin-binding capacity of albumin, which has not been described for neonates of OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine the ontogeny of bilirubin-binding capacity and the effect of clinical status in very preterm neonates. METHODS. A total of 152 neonates (23–31 weeks’ gestational age; 440–1300 g) were enrolled prospectively. At 5 days of age, total serum bilirubin and unbound bilirubin were measured with the unbound bilirubin-A1 analyzer (Arrows Co, Osaka, Japan) and albumin with the Bromocresol-purple method. Scatchard plots were used to estimate bilirubin-binding affinity and capacity. Clinical status for each infant was rated as high, moderate, or low risk by using a modified Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology model. Low risk was considered clinically stable. RESULTS. Unbound bilirubin has a significant, direct correlation to total bilirubin and is greater in unstable than in stable neonates. For the entire cohort, bilirubin-binding capacity had a direct relationship to gestational age. The bilirubin-binding capacities of infants in the low- and high-risk groups also had a direct relationship to gestational age. Bilirubin-binding capacity was greater in the low-risk group (20.8 ± 4.6 mg/dL; 356 ± 79 μmol/L) than in the moderate- (17.8 ± 3.5 mg/dL; 304 ± 60 μmol/L) or high- (17.3 ± 3.4 mg/dL; 296 ± 58 μmol/L) risk groups. Bilirubin-binding affinity did not differ by clinical risk status or gestational age. CONCLUSIONS. In very preterm, very low birth weight infants, bilirubin-binding capacity is directly proportional to gestational age. Bilirubin-binding capacity is lower and unbound bilirubin higher in unstable than in stable neonates. These data may be useful in guiding the management of hyperbilirubinemia in very low birth weight infants.
Gestational diabetes: The forerunner for the development of maternal and childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome?

Objective. To examine the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and in offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.Methods. A review of studies examining the development of obesity, hypertension, metabolic abnormalities, metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes in mothers with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and control mothers, and offspring of mothers with a history of gestational diabetes and control mothers.Results. Longitudinal studies demonstrate that women with a prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity are at significantly greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome than mothers with no history of gestational diabetes or obesity. The development of metabolic syndrome in children with increasing age is related to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal glycemia in the 3rd trimester, maternal obesity, neonatal macrosomia, and childhood obesity.Conclusions. The current prevalence of obes...
Weak solutions for diffusion-convection equations

Abstract Weak solutions to diffusion-convection equations with less regular convective field and boundary data are shown to exist as limits of solutions to problems with mixed boundary conditions.
Cardiac image registration of the left atrium and pulmonary veins

Cardiac image registration, in the context of the left atrium, is intermodal, with the acquired image and the real-time reference image residing in different image spaces, and involves optimization, where one image space is transformed into the other. Geometry-based methods, which include using fiducial points and/or surface-based techniques, are usually used for cardiac image registration. During fiducial point registration, fiducial points are either external skin markers or manually determined by marking anatomical landmarks using mapping catheters. Usually, a minimum of three noncollinear points is needed for optimal registration. During surface registration, each of the images' surfaces are characterized to determine the best transformation between them. Unlike the rigid body registration used extensively in the study of the brain, cardiac image registration is unique and challenging. In addition to the errors inherent in intermodal registration, errors due to respiration and cardiac motion during the cardiac cycle are specific to cardiac image registration. This review addresses the basic principles of registration and the inherent registration errors as they relate to cardiac imaging and registration.
On the importance of offshore data for magnetotelluric studies of ocean-continent subduction systems

[1] The presence of water in the mantle wedge overlying a subduction zone is expected to significantly enhance electrical conductivity, raising it above that of the cold subducting slab, or surrounding regions of dehydrated mantle. This suggests that magnetotelluric (MT) transects across subduction systems, measuring regional electrical conductivity structure, might be able to indirectly trace the pathways of water migration into the mantle. For ocean-continent subduction, it is logistically simpler to collect MT transects on the continental side of the system. However, we show that such land data are relatively insensitive to details of the electrical connections between the ocean and mantle. In contrast, seafloor measurements on the landward and seaward side of the trench are very sensitive to these electrical connections, and are essential to understanding the electrical structure of the entire subduction system. In particular, the conductivity structure of the hydrated mantle wedge overlying the slab can only be studied using offshore MT data. We demonstrate this result using a model of an ocean-continent system, although our results can be generalised to other subduction geometries.
Morphological evidence for an endoplasmic reticulum origin of milk lipid globules obtained using lipid-selective staining procedures

Mammary tissue from lactating rats was stained for electron microscopic examination by three methods which selectively stain lipids by increasing osmium deposition. Regions of endoplasmic reticulum in epithelial cells were observed to have areas where the reticular membrane was distended with material with the same staining characteristics as intracellular lipid droplets. Very small droplets, which stained as did larger lipid droplets, were observed in the immediate vicinity of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, frequently in regions where the cisternal membrane appeared to be distorted or degraded. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that intracellular lipid droplet precursors of milk lipid globules originate by accretion of triacylglycerols on or between the monolayer leaflets of endoplasmic reticulum membrane and are released as very small droplets from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm.
A consistent coupled channel born approximation analysis of 88Sr(d, np̃)88Sr and 88Sr(d, p)89Sr☆

Differential and total cross sections for 88Sr(d, np)88Sr have been obtained and compared with the results of coupled-channel Born approximation calculations, which also are in agreement with earlier data for 88Sr(d, p)89Sr(d52 g.s.) excitation functions at 170°.
The Chemical Translation Service—a web-based tool to improve standardization of metabolomic reports

Metabolomic publications and databases use different database identifiers or even trivial names which disable queries across databases or between studies. The best way to annotate metabolites is by chemical structures, encoded by the International Chemical Identifier code (InChI) or InChIKey. We have implemented a web-based Chemical Translation Service that performs batch conversions of the most common compound identifiers, including CAS, CHEBI, compound formulas, Human Metabolome Database HMDB, InChI, InChIKey, IUPAC name, KEGG, LipidMaps, Pub-Chem CID+SID, SMILES, and chemical synonym names. Batch conversion downloads of 1,410 CIDs are performed in 2.5 minutes. Structures are automatically displayed.
A treatment outcome study of bereavement groups for children

An empirical study of the effectiveness of an eight-week children's bereavement psychotherapy group was undertaken. Children, aged 7–11, who had a parent and/or sibling die were initially assigned to either a treatment group or a waiting list control group and followed over an eight-week period. Participation in the experimental group was associated with a significant decrease in symptomatology, as assessed by multiple measures using multiple sources. Despite a small sample, the intervention was sufficiently powerful to suggest the use of short-term group therapy to help children cope with the death of a parent and/or sibling.
Enhanced Nrf2 Activity Worsens Insulin Resistance, Impairs Lipid Accumulation in Adipose Tissue, and Increases Hepatic Steatosis in Leptin-Deficient Mice

The study herein determined the role of nuclear factor erythoid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lepob/ob-Keap1-knockdown (KD) mice, which have increased Nrf2 activity, were generated. Markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes were measured in C57Bl/6J, Keap1-KD, Lepob/ob, and Lepob/ob-Keap1-KD mice. Lepob/ob-Keap1-KD mice exhibited less lipid accumulation, smaller adipocytes, decreased food intake, and reduced lipogenic gene expression. Enhanced Nrf2 activity impaired insulin signaling, prolonged hyperglycemia in response to glucose challenge, and induced insulin resistance in Lepob/ob background. Nrf2 augmented hepatic steatosis and increased lipid deposition in liver. Next, C57Bl/6J and Keap1-KD mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to determine whether Keap1 and Nrf2 impact HFD-induced obesity. HFD-induced obesity and lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue was decreased in Keap1-KD mice. Nrf2 activation via Keap1-KD or sulforaphane suppressed hormone-induced differentiation and decreased peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer–binding protein α, and fatty acid–binding protein 4 expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Constitutive Nrf2 activation inhibited lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue, suppressed adipogenesis, induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, and increased hepatic steatosis in Lepob/ob mice.
A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Leader-Member Exchange Integrating the Past With an Eye Toward the Future

Although leader-member exchange (LMX) was identified in the literature nearly 40 years ago, a comprehensive empirical examination of its antecedents and consequences has not been conducted. The authors’ examination included 247 studies, containing 290 samples, and 21 antecedents and 16 consequences of LMX quality. Results indicated that while leader behaviors and perceptions, follower characteristics, interpersonal relationship characteristics, and contextual variables represent significant groups of LMX antecedents, leader variables explained the most variance in LMX quality. Moderator analyses revealed that the particular LMX scale, country of participants, and work setting studied did not produce meaningful influences on the relationships in the meta-analysis. However, power distance and individualism did moderate some of these relationships. To provide continuity with the LMX meta-analyses and conceptual reviews that have focused on LMX consequences, the authors tested a number of mediation models. Th...
Marketing Information Sources

People concerned with marketing and product management, sales merchandising, advertising and market research make use of a variety of demographic and socioeconomic information available on a national, regional, state, and local level. The quantitative market indicators include population, households, income and industrial and retail sales, while qualitative data is provided by specific categories such as percentage of households by gross income classes or the various components of the population like age, race, sex and marital status. There are other indicators like the index of sales to disposable income which measures the selling power in a given area by comparing the volume of retail sales transacted by the retail stores in the area with the income or the buying power of the area residents. The buying power index measures a given market's ability to buy, expressed as a percentage of the national potential. The effective buying income is a bulk measurement of the market potential. It indicates the general ability to buy and facilitates comparison, selection and grouping of markets on that basis. Another useful marketing technique, called input‐output analysis or inter‐industry analysis, studies changes in the demand for or supply of a given industry's products as it affects all other industries. By analyzing the demand for the factors of production‐input one can arrive at the interrelationships between on industry's output and the goods needed to achieve a given volume of production. All these characteristics of markets and measurable marketing components are set forth cogently in a federal document entitled Measuring Markets. Briefly listed below are some of major uses of various types of marketing information: defining market potential, evaluation of sales performance, determination of distribution trends, development of product demand indices, selection of markets, mapping of sales territories, setting of quotas, routing sales force, allocation of advertising dollars, selection of new product test markets, location of high income concentrations, tracing population shifts and forecasting regional and national sales.
Inserting the Presence of Mind into a Philosophy of Presence: A Response to Sheridan and Mantovani and Riva

This article considers the following question: What is the best foundation for a theory of presence? After establishing criteria for a philosophy of presence, the article applies these criteria to a set of articles on the philosophy of presence by Sheridan (1999), Mantovani and Riva (1999), and others. Although we share common goals, it is suggested that these articles advance a philosophy of presence that may be ill suited to support theory and research on presence. Several arguments are advanced to support this judgment. J. J. Gibson's work may be misinterpreted to accommodate relativistic models of physical reality. By directly referencing Gibson's writings, especially his concepts of ecological invariants, the article details how Gibson's work could not be used to support cultural, relativistic, or “engineering” arguments about “different realities”, perceptual or otherwise, without significant modification of Gibson's work and violation of his apparent intent. Another source of problems for a philosophy of presence is traced. There appears to be a terminological and theoretical confusion about the difference between epistemology and ontology. This article proposes that ontological debates about divine presence represented by these authors may be inappropriate or sterile for three reasons: (1) although perceptual presence (that is, phenomenal states of distal attribution) and “divine presence” (that is, immanence of God) share the term presence, they are fundamentally different philosophical problems; (2) the concept of divine presence and Sheridan's associated “estimation paradigm” is framed at such a level of generality to be incapable of supporting specific, actionable, and researchable theories about perceptual presence; and (3) any theory about “virtual reality”, a technology with a misleading oxymoronic term, provides no more ontological insight into reality than does theory and research on any other communication medium such as photography, film, or sound recording. Finally, the article proposes a remedy. The philosophy of presence might be most fruitfully approached via the philosophy of mind. Specifically, it is suggested that presence opens the door to related problems in the science of human consciousness, notably the mind-body problem. The article also suggests that the problem of presence bridges the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of technology on the issue of mediated embodiment, that is, the fuzzy boundary between the body and technological extensions of the body.
Modeling of concurrent web sessions with bounded inconsistency in shared data

Client interactions with web-accessible network services are organized into sessions involving requests that read and write shared application data. When executed concurrently, web sessions may invalidate each other's data. Allowing the session with invalid data to progress might lead to financial penalties for the service provider, while blocking the session's progress will result in user dissatisfaction. A compromise would be to tolerate some bounded data inconsistency, which would allow most of the sessions to progress, while limiting the potential financial loss incurred by the service. This paper develops analytical models of concurrent web sessions with bounded inconsistency in shared data, which enable quantitative reasoning about these tradeoffs. We illustrate our models using the sample buyer scenario from the TPC-W benchmark, and validate them by showing their close correspondence to measured results in both a simulated and a real web server environments. We augment our web server with a profiling and automated decision making infrastructure which is shown to successfully choose the best concurrency control algorithm in real time in response to changing service usage patterns.
The Challenge of Teaching Ethnopsychology

Ethnopsychology is the study of native theories and understandings of emotions, of illness and curing, and of self and personality. In teaching this subject I use techniques such as dramas and experiential exercises to aid in expanding students'cognitive, visceral, and political consciousness of the world's indigenous psychologies.
Hereditary Lymphedema: Evidence for Linkage and Genetic Heterogeneity

Hereditary or primary lymphedema is a developmental disorder of the lymphatic system which leads to a disabling and disfiguring swelling of the extremities. Hereditary lymphedema generally shows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with reduced penetrance, variable expression and variable age at onset. Three multigeneration families demonstrating the phenotype of hereditary lymphedema segregating as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance were genotyped for 366 autosomal markers. Linkage analysis yielded a two-point LOD score of 6.1 at θ = 0.0 for marker D5S1354and a maximum multipoint LOD score of 8.8 at marker D5S1354 located at chromosome 5q34-q35. Linkage analysis in two additional families using markers from the linked region showed one family consistent for linkage to distal chromosome 5. In the second family, linkage to 5q was excluded for all markers in the region with LOD scores Z< -2.0. The vascular endothelial growth factor C receptor (FLT4) was mapped to the linked region, and partial sequence analysis identified a G→A transition at nucleotide position 3360 of the FLT4 cDNA, predicting a leucine for proline substitution at residue 1126 of the mature receptor in one nuclear family. This study localizes a gene for primary lymphedema to distal chromosome 5q, identifies a plausible candidate gene in the linked region, and provides evidence for a second, unlinked locus for primary lymphedema.
Testosterone modulates the differential release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone that occurs in response to changing gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in the male monkey, Macaca fascicularis.

Selective elevations of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are characteristic of some physiological conditions, such as the early stages of human puberty, and in some disorders of testicular function, such as idiopathic oligospermia. Ve tested the hypotheses that a slow gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency favors a selective elevation of plasma FSH and that this is influenced by the circulating steroidal milieu. �1e administered exogenous GnRH at frequencies of once every 90 mm (q 90 mm) and once every 240 mm (q 240 mm) to castrated prepubertal male monkeys who had received either empty (sham) or testosterone (T)-filled Silastic capsules at the time of castration. At the end of each experimental frequency period, mean plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH were measured. Plasma T levels were also measured. Animals with T implants had plasma levels of this hormone that were in the adult range (�=8 ng/ml), whereas those with sham implants had plasma T levels in the prepubertal range (�O.4 ng/ml). In animals with sham implants, mean plas,na FSH levels were markedly elevated at the slower GnRH pulse frequency (39.5 ± 3.6 ng/ml following GnRH q 240 mm compared with 23. 7 ± 2.8 ng/ml following GnRH q 90 mm). This selective FSH elevation was not apparent in animals with T implants. Mean plasma LH levels were similar (�=8 4ug/ml) at the two GnRH pulse frequencies, in both T-treated and sham-implanted animals. Thus, a slow GnRH pulse frequency favored a selective elevation of plasma FSH, but only when plasma T levels were low, since this elevation was blocked when T levels were in the normal adult range.
Green surgical practices for health care.

The objective of this study was to identify leading practices to promote environmentally friendlyandefficienteffortsintheprovisionofsurgicalhealthcare.HealthcareisthesecondleadingcontributortowasteintheUnitedStates.Despitewidespreadenthusiasmfor “going green” in the US economy, little substantive information is available to the medical community, to our knowledge. We explore safe and efficient strategies for hospitals and providers to protect the environment while delivering high-quality care. We performed a systematic review of theliteratureusingrelevantPubMedsearchtermsandsurveyedapanelofhospitalmanagersandchief executiveofficersofhealthcareorganizationspursuinggreeninitiatives.Recommendationswereitemized and reviewed by a 7-member panel to generate a consensus agreement. We identified 43 published articles and used interview data from the panel. The following 5 green recommendations for surgical practices were identified: operating room waste reduction and segregation, reprocessing of single-use medical devices, environmentally preferable purchasing, energy consumption management,andpharmaceuticalwastemanagement.Themedicalcommunityhasalargeopportunitytoimplement green practices in surgical units. These practices can provide significant benefits to the health care community and to the environment. Additional research and advocacy are needed to further explore green practices in health care.