cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stratum lacunosum-moleculare interneurons of hippocampal CA1 region. II. Intrasomatic and intradendritic recordings of local circuit synaptic interactions.

Simultaneous intracellular recordings were obtained from stratum lacunosum-moleculare (L-M) interneurons and CA1 cells, and their local circuit synaptic interactions were examined. Synaptic interactions with pyramidal cells were evaluated in both intrasomatic and intradendritic pyramidal cell recordings. Stimulation of L-M interneurons evoked small- amplitude IPSPs in 21% of intrasomatic (9/42 cell pairs) and in 26% of intradendritic (11/43) pyramidal cell recordings. The IPSP mean peak amplitude was 0.91 mV for intrasomatic and 0.67 mV for intradendritic recordings. IPSPs had slow onset and decay (approximately 80–90 msec), decreased in amplitude with membrane hyperpolarization, and were not associated with any apparent change in input resistance. No physiologic evidence of synaptic connections was found from pyramidal cells to L-M interneurons. Inhibitory synaptic interactions were also seen between L- M interneurons and stratum pyramidale interneurons (2 of 4 cell pairs). The IPSPs recorded in pyramidale interneurons were similar to the IPSPs recorded in pyramidal cells. During simultaneous recordings, L-M interneurons were activated at a shorter latency, i.e., in a feedforward manner with respect to pyramidal cells. Thus, L-M interneurons may mediate feedforward inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells. The L-M interneuron-evoked IPSPs in pyramidal cells share some characteristics of the late IPSP recorded in CA1 pyramidal cells and may therefore contribute to this component of the IPSP.
Effect of deep surgical sepsis on protein-sparing therapies and nitrogen balance

Four patients from a larger group of 18 patients receiving dextrose-free isotonic (3%) amino acid solution as nutritional support, form the basis of this report. An additional seven patients received intravenous isotonic (5%) dextrose as their sole support in the postoperative period following major elective surgery (average nitrogen balance = -12.3 +/- 2.7 g). All patients were well-nourished as determined by anthropometric measurements. The nonseptic patients receiving infusions of isotonic amino acids demonstrated an improvement in nitrogen balance (= delta 8.5 +2, P less than 0.001) when compared to the postoperative use of 100 to 150 g of glucose. However, sepsis produced a decreased net utilization of the infused crystalline amino acids such that nitrogen balance was similar to the intravenous glucose group (- 10.6 +/- 2.1). This septic response was associated with decreased plasma free fatty acid concentrations and the absence of starvation ketosis and ketonuria. While the nitrogen balance was not different in the septic and the dextrose control groups, deficiencies in plasma amino acid concentrations were observed in the group receiving intravenous infusion of glucose.
Uneven Recovery: An Examination of Public Safety, Education, Housing, and Economic Development in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Most studies of disaster recovery focus upon population recovery but don’t pay much attention to ways in which policy changes after disaster. This paper examines how and why education, housing, economic development, and policing policies changed after Hurricane Katrina. In education and economic development, the governor, state legislature, and executive agencies set the agenda for recovery. In education, these non-local actors took authority and power away from local school boards and placed it in the decentralized hands of charter schools and the Recovery School District, which was born shortly before the storm. Fragmentation prevented the completion of a recovery plan for nearly two years and, as they had before the storm, the state and federal governments have led economic development in New Orleans after the storm. Home rebuilding, through the Road Home program, finds a similar set of intergovernmental actors, from the federal government and state government, acting in relative concordance, to provide a vast amount of funding for the rebuilding of displaced residences. Policing in New Orleans provides a contrast to the other three policy areas. Here, we find that the insulated organizational structure of the department led to significantly lower levels of cooperation, and substantially less success than the other policies.
THE ADOPTION OF NEW-ISSUE DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLANS AND SHAREHOLDER WEALTH

This study examines security price reactions to the adoption of new-issue dividend reinvestment plans. The sample is broken down into three subsamples: nonutilities, utilities adopting plans prior to May 1981, and utilities adopting plans after July 1981. For the nonutility corporations, no significant market reaction is observed. The utilities adopting prior to the change in the tax law experience a negative reaction the day following registration for the plan. Corporations adopting after July 1981, whose dividends receive preferential tax treatment, experience abnormal returns significantly greater than those of the utilities without preferential tax treatment.
The effect of maternal blood contamination on amniotic fluid glucose and white blood cell count from preterm gestations

Objective To determine the influence of maternal blood contamination on amniotic fluid (AF) glucose and white blood cell count (WBC). Methods Amniotic fluid from 23 preterm, nondiabetic pregnant women was studied. Maternal blood was added to the AF at increasing concentrations, and glucose and WBCs were assessed. Results The median AF glucose in the uncontaminated specimen was 43 mg/dL (range 11–86). Median glucose levels were unchanged by the addition of maternal blood until a mean ± standard deviation AF red blood cell count of 63,000 ± 22,000/mm 3 was exceeded, at which time the median glucose level significantly increased to a median of 45 mg/dL (range 19–90). The ratio of observed to expected values of WBCs ranged from 0.12–1.8, regardless of the level of maternal blood contamination. Conclusion Glucose levels in preterm AF-containing maternal blood are accurate in all except the most heavily contaminated specimens. Accurate determination of the WBC in contaminated AF is difficult.
Rat conceptus development in vitro: comparative effects of alkylating agents.

Abstract Conceptuses removed from the rats in the eleventh day of gestation were cultured in vitro for 2 days. Growth and differentiation of the major organs of the embryo in vitro resembled those developed in vivo. Embryonic development and organogenesis were markedly affected when the alkylating agents TEM (2,4,6-triethylenimino-1,3,5-triazine) and nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine hydrochloride) were added to the culture medium. At concentrations of 1 and 5 μg/ml medium, these teratogens were highly embryotoxic and affected both growth and differentiation. DNA and protein content of embryos and yolk sacs was reduced significantly (p m ) alone apparently were normal. However, addition of cyclophosphamide (0.35 m m ), microsomes (0.5 mg protein/ml), and NADPH (1 m m ) to the culture medium induced marked deleterious effects on the conceptus growth and differentiation. DNA and protein contents were significantly (p
Topological Methods for Social and Behavioral Systems

Methods based in algebra and geometry are introduced for the mathematical formulation of problems in the social and behavioral sciences. Specifically, the paper introduces the main concepts of singularity theory, catastrophe theory and q-analysis for the characterization of the global structure of social systems. Applications in urban land development, electric power generation and international conflict are given to illustrate the methodology. The paper concludes with an outline for a general mathematical theory of surprises, together with a program for investigating the systemic property of resilience.
Scapegoating the Deviant in Two Cultures

Abstract Le deviant comme bouc emissaire. Etude de deux cultures, -L'auteur decrit le phenomene du bouc emissaire chez les Esquimaux et les Indiens Navajo. Il montte que le phenomene a des aspects positifs aussi bien que negatifs. Il etudie la tendance que manifesto toute culture a punir le comportement deviant, en soulignant les raisons pour lesquelles les deviants sont choisis comme objets de punition et comme boucs emissaires. II conclut que le phenomene du bouc emissaire represente, pour une culture, un moyen pour maintenir les valeurs traditionnelles face aux forces qui pourraient entra[icaron]ner des changements.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF BCC FE-PD EXTENDED SOLID SOLUTIONS

Supersaturated Fe-Pd solid solutions were prepared by mechanical alloying. X-ray diffractometry showed that the as-milled alloys were bcc from 0–26 at. % Pd. Saturation magnetization measurements and Mossbauer spectrometry measurements were performed on these powders. Consistent interpretations of both sets of measurements were possible if the magnetic moment at the Pd atom was 0.35μB and constant, and if the magnetic moments at Fe atoms were enhanced by neighboring Pd atoms in a way similar to the effects of Ni.
Acid-Catalyzed Preparation of Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil: An Experiment for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory.

This undergraduate organic laboratory exercise involves the sulfuric acid-catalyzed conversion of waste vegetable oil into biodiesel. The acid-catalyzed method, although inherently slower than the base-catalyzed methods, does not suffer from the loss of product or the creation of emulsion producing soap that plagues the base-catalyzed methods when used with waste vegetable oil. The method overcomes the inherently slow transesterification reaction by using 1-propanol in place of methanol. The higher reflux temperature of 1-propanol and the improved mixing between the phases when 1-propanol is used allows the reaction to be completed in about one hour. The biodiesel fuel is analyzed by simple flammability and viscosity tests. The exercise, although not practical for large-scale production of biodiesel, serves to illustrate the concept of transesterification.
Brain renin-angiotensin system in the nexus of hypertension and aging

Aging is associated with an imbalance in sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to cardiovascular effector organs. This autonomic imbalance contributes to the decline in cardiovagal baroreceptor reflex function during aging, which allows for unrestrained activation of the sympathetic nervous system to negatively impact resting systolic blood pressure and its variability. Further, impaired baroreflex function can contribute to the development of insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome during aging through overlap in autonomic neural pathways that regulate both cardiovascular and metabolic functions. Increasing evidence supports a widespread influence of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity through receptors distributed to peripheral and central sites of action. Indeed, therapeutic interventions to block the RAS are well established for the treatment of hypertension in elderly patients, and reduce the incidence of new-onset diabetes in clinical trials. Further, RAS blockade increases lifespan and improves numerous age-related pathologies in rodents, often independent of blood pressure. The beneficial effects of these interventions are at least in part attributed to suppression of angiotensin II formed locally within the brain. In particular, recent insights from transgenic rodents provide evidence that long-term alteration in the brain RAS modulates the balance between angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7), and related intracellular signaling pathways, to influence cardiovascular and metabolic function in the context of hypertension and aging.
A clinical and demographic profile of the cleft lip and palate in Sub-Himalayan India: A hospital-based study.

Objectives: To study the cleft lip and cleft palate in the poverty stricken Sub-Himalayan Garhwal region of India, being a commonly seen congenital abnormality and scarcity of studies about the demography of cleft in this region. Design: A prospective cohort observational case series was performed on 4657 cleft patients at a Tertiary care Hospital in Dehradun, India, over a period of 5 years. Outcome measures: The authors investigated the differences between age and sex with cleft status and family history of clefts, birth order, religion, socioeconomic status, parent literacy, source of information for treatment, haematological investigations showing the status of infection and coagulation in such children and satisfaction after treatment. Results: Seventy-two percent parents of cleft lip patients were illiterate, and only 8% were graduates, the majority of patients were from the low socioeconomic class. The siblings of 1.1% of the cleft patients had similar deformity. Anemia was seen in 83.16% cases which was commonly microcytic hypochromic type and eosinophilia was seen in 25.50% of cases. In the coagulation profile, International Nationalized Ratio was found to be raised in 52.12%. Almost 95% of the families were fully satisfied by the treatment and results. Conclusion: This study will provide baseline information on the status of these less privileged cleft patients in this mountainous region for future reference to health workers.
A study of the quaternary structure of glycinin

Abstract A range of six- and twelve-subunit models for glycinin, in which the subunits are assumed to be identical and spherical, has been tested by comparing experimental sedimentation, translational diffusion and small-angle X-ray scattering data with theoretical predictions for each model. None of the models considered, including the stacked parallel hexagon model described by Badley et al. (Badley, R.A.; Atkinson, D., Hauser, H., Oldani, D., Green, J.P. and Stubbs, J.M. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 412, 214–228), or the trigonal antiprism proposed by Plietz et al. (Pleitz, P., Damaschun, G., Muller, J.J. and Schwenke, K.-D. (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 130, 315–320), provides acceptable interpretations of the sedimentation, diffusion and scattering data.
p53 induces skin aging by depleting Blimp1+ sebaceous gland cells

p53 is an important inducer of organismal aging. However, its roles in the aging of skin remain unclear. Here we show that mice with chronic activation of p53 develop an aging phenotype in the skin associated with a reduction of subcutaneous fat and loss of sebaceous gland (SG). The reduction in the fat layer may result from the decrease of mammalian TOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity accompanied by elevated expression of energy expenditure genes, and possibly as compensatory effects, leading to the elevation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, an inducer of sebocyte differentiation. In addition, Blimp1+ sebocytes become depleted concomitantly with an increase in cellular senescence, which can be reversed by PPARγ antagonist (BADGE) treatment. Therefore, our results indicate that p53-mediated aging of the skin involves not only thinning through the loss of subdermal fat, but also xerosis or drying of the skin through declining sebaceous gland activity.
The Structure of Aip1p, a WD Repeat Protein That Regulates Cofilin-mediated Actin Depolymerization

Actin-interacting protein 1 (Aip1p) is a 67-kDa WD repeat protein known to regulate the depolymerization of actin filaments by cofilin and is conserved in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. The crystal structure of Aip1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined to a 2.3-A resolution and a final crystallographic R-factor of 0.204. The structure reveals that the overall fold is formed by two connected seven-bladed beta-propellers and has important implications for the structure of Aip1 from other organisms and WD repeat-containing proteins in general. These results were unexpected because a maximum of 10 WD repeats had been reported in the literature for this protein using sequence data. The surfaces of the beta-propellers formed by the D-A and B-C loops are positioned adjacent to one another, giving Aip1p a shape that resembles an open "clamshell." The mapping of conserved residues to the structure of Aip1p reveals dense patches of conserved residues on the surface of one beta-propeller and at the interface of the two beta-propellers. These two patches of conserved residues suggest a potential binding site for F-actin on Aip1p and that the orientation of the beta-propellers with respect to one another plays a role in binding an actin-cofilin complex. In addition, the conserved interface between the domains is mediated by a number of interactions that appear to impart rigidity between the two domains of Aip1p and may make a large substrate-induced conformational change difficult.
Choosing weights for simulated tempering

Simulated tempering is a method to enhance simulations of complex systems by periodically raising and lowering the temperature. Despite its advantages, simulated tempering has been overshadowed by its parallel counterpart, replica exchange (also known as parallel tempering), due to the difficulty of weight determination in simulated tempering. Here we propose a simple and fast method to obtain near-optimal weights for simulated tempering, and demonstrate its effectiveness in a molecular dynamics simulation of $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{a}}_{10}$ polypeptide in explicit solvent. We believe simulated tempering now deserves another look.
Zippy: A Framework for Computation and Visualization on a GPU Cluster

Due to its high performance/cost ratio, a GPU cluster is an attractive platform for large scale general-purpose computation and visualization applications. However, the programming model for high performance general-purpose computation on GPU clusters remains a complex problem. In this paper, we introduce the Zippy frame-work, a general and scalable solution to this problem. It abstracts the GPU cluster programming with a two-level parallelism hierarchy and a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) model. Zippy preserves the advantages of both message passing and shared-memory models. It employs global arrays (GA) to simplify the communication, synchronization, and collaboration among multiple GPUs. Moreover, it exposes data locality to the programmer for optimal performance and scalability. We present three example applications developed with Zippy: sort-last volume rendering, Marching Cubes isosurface extraction and rendering, and lattice Boltzmann flow simulation with online visualization. They demonstrate that Zippy can ease the development and integration of parallel visualization, graphics, and computation modules on a GPU cluster.
Evaluation of Blackbody Cavity Emissivity in the Infrared Using Total Integrated Scatter Measurements

Deviations from ideal blackbody (BB) behavior can be characterized by a BB’s effective emissivity. The cavity emissivity is most often obtained through a model, given a particular set of input parameters associated with the BB cavity geometry and surface optical properties. It can also be measured directly (radiance) or indirectly (reflectance). A study of BB cavity emissivity using the reflectance method is presented. Several types and designs of blackbody cavities, including those from fixed-point and water bath BBs, using our infrared total integrated scatter (ITIS) instrument for emissivity evaluation are examined. The emissivity is characterized as a function of position on the output aperture, as well as a function of output angle. The measurements have revealed emissivity values, both significantly greater than, and in confirmation of, modeling predictions. For instance, the emissivities of three fixed point BB cavity designs were found to vary significantly despite modeling predictions in the design process of similar behavior. Also, other BB cavities that exhibited poor emissivity performance were re-painted and re-machined, in one case more than once, before the predicted performance was achieved.
Self-Regulating Childhood Asthma: A Developmental Model of Family Change

This article tests a model of self-regulatory development in which families' cognitive beliefs and behavioral skills for managing asthma symptoms emerge in four successive phases: asthma symptom avoidance, asthma acceptance, asthma compliance, and asthma self-regulation. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the hypothesized multiphase model provided the best factorial fit for phase items. Subsequent Guttman analyses of the families' phase scores revealed a high degree of sequential ordering. Finally, trend analyses of family phase differences revealed a significant negative linear relation with measures of asthma severity and a significant positive linear relation with physician care and concern measures, asthma regulatory measures, and beliefs in Western biomedical practices. Despite receiving primary care for asthma at a major metropolitan university hospital, 83% of the sample were classified as precompliant. The phase model of asthma self-regulatory development offers a qualitative approach for investigating the psychological determinants of asthma self-regulatory behavior.
Generation of radially polarized beams with an image-rotating resonator.

We show how a passive image-rotating optical resonator can be used to convert a linearly polarized, lowest-order Gaussian beam into a radially polarized beam. The image and polarization rotation of the cavity removes the frequency degeneracy of the modes, making it possible to select the radially polarized mode by cavity tuning. With the addition of gain, the same cavity should operate as a radially polarized laser when injection seeded at the proper wavelength.
Mycorrhizal-mediated nitrogen acquisition in switchgrass under elevated temperatures and N enrichment

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can perform key roles in ecosystem functioning through improving host nutrient acquisition. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth, however, anthropogenic N loading (e.g. crop fertilization and deposition from combustion sources) is increasing so that N now threatens ecosystem sustainability around the world by causing terrestrial and aquatic eutrophication and acidification. It is important to better understand the capacity of AMF to directly uptake N from soils and transfer it to host plants because this process may increase N recycling and retention within ecosystems. In addition to understanding the role of AMF in the N cycle in the present day it is important to understand how AMF function may change as global change proceeds. Currently the net effects of N enrichment and elevated temperature predicted with global change on AMF are unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of N enrichment by simulated N-deposition loading, elevated temperatures expected by future global changes and their interactions on growth and AMF-mediated N acquisition of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum var. Alamo), an important species for biofuel production. Switchgrass plants were grown in microcosm units that divided mycorrhizal roots from AMF hyphae and organic residues enriched with 15N by compartments separated by an air gap to reduce N diffusion. While AMF did not enhance switchgrass biomass, mycorrhizas significantly increased 15N in shoots and total shoot N. Neither N enrichment nor elevated temperatures influenced this mycorrhizal-mediated N uptake and transfer. Results from this study can aid in developing sustainable bioethanol and switchgrass production practices that are less reliant on synthetic fertilizers and more dependent on internal N recycling from AMF.
Effect of Surface Pattern on Stribeck Curve

The effect of surface pattern on frictional characteristics of lubricated contact is studied. An algorithm based on the load-sharing concept is developed which assumes that the total transmitted load is carried by the asperities as well as the fluid film. Surface roughness for specified values of surface pattern number is generated assuming a Gaussian height distribution and Stribeck-type curves are obtained for isotropic, transverse, and longitudinal surfaces. The predictions of the model are verified by comparing published results on non-conformal contact of rollers and also a heavily loaded, conformal pin-bushing assembly. The results reveal that surfaces with transverse pattern generate larger friction than those with longitudinal surfaces. Transverse surfaces perform a higher film-forming capacity compared to isotropic and longitudinal surfaces.
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale: life history parameters and epidemiological implications of two sympatric hookworms of humans

Abstract The life history data available for two species of hookworm that commonly infect humans, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale , were compiled. The data were then analyzed in the light of two ecological theories: r and K selection and the constraints of body size on reproduction. Field and laboratory experiments have shown that N. americanus is smaller than A. duodenale and produces fewer but larger eggs. The former is less virulent but the latter is hardier during its free-living stages and can infect orally as well as via the skin. Such species differences reflect the greater opportunism of A. duodenale and the greater degree of accommodation to the human host of N. americanus . A. duodenale optimizes the probability of finding a host and invading it, while N. americanus optimizes the chance of survival once within the host. On the basis of population density, longevity, and fecundity, N. americanus is the more K selected of the two species. However, the theory of r and K selection alone is insufficient to explain the different adaptations of closely related and sympatric parasites with complex life histories. N. americanus does not show greater competitive ability in its freeliving stage, and its mortality is not demonstrably more dependent on density than A. duodenale , as would be predicted by r and K selection theory as presently applied. Epidemiological differences between the two hookworm species are related to such life history parameters as lifespan, fecundity, age-specific survivorship, and density relationships.
Single sideband local oscillator generation for a phase sweep interferometer system

A method is described which uses a single sideband generator to provide the local oscillator injection signals for a phase sweep interferometer.
Traumatic brain injury as a result of violence in Native American and Black communities spanning from childhood to older adulthood.

AbstractPrimary objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the aetiology of TBI between different race, gender and age groups to understand demographic characteristics of people who experience TBI.Research design: A secondary data analysis of the Arizona Trauma Database consisting of 18 868 cases of TBI between 2008–2010 was conducted.Methods and procedures: The sample consisted of patients who ranged in age from 0–79 and were White, Black, Native American, Asian or other race. Cross-tabulations, chi-squares and a logistic regression were conducted.Main outcomes and results: Standardized residuals indicated that Native Americans and Blacks were more likely to experience violent TBI, regardless of gender or age group (p < 0.01). The logistic regression indicated that Native Americans (OR = 3.13), Blacks (OR = 1.95) and other race (OR = 1.56) patients had statistically significantly (p < 0.001) higher odds of experiencing violent TBI compared to Whites. In addition, females (OR = 0.40), children (O...
Toxicity of PHOS-CHEK LC-95A and 259F fire retardants to ocean- and stream-type Chinook salmon and their potential to recover before seawater entry.

Abstract Long-term fire retardants are used to prevent the spread of wildland fire, but have inadvertently entered aquatic habitats and resulted in fish kills. We examined the toxicity of two fire retardant products; PHOS-CHEK 259F and LC-95A, on Chinook salmon with two different life histories, ocean-type and stream-type, at different stages of their development. Ocean-type Chinook outmigrate to the ocean as subyearlings; while, stream-type salmon overwinter in freshwater and outmigrate as yearlings. Ocean-type and stream-type salmon were exposed to the fire retardants prior to their parr to smolt transition (presmolts) as subyearlings (stream-type and ocean-type) and yearlings (stream-type only), as well as during their transition (smolts). The salmon were exposed to eight concentrations of each retardant and a control for 96 h to determine acute toxicity. Lethal concentration curves were modeled by logistic regression for each life history and life stage exposed to the two fire retardants. Among all life histories and life stages tested, PHOS-CHEK 259F was most toxic to stream-type salmon at smolt stage and PHOS-CHEK LC-95A was most toxic to ocean-type salmon at smolt stage. To determine the delayed effects of product exposures on fish health as well as for the potential of recovery, 24-hour seawater challenges were performed immediately after fire retardant exposure, as well as after a recovery period. Previous PHOS-CHEK exposure reduced survival during seawater challenge among salmon from both life histories undergoing the parr-smolt transition and was more pronounced after PHOS-CHEK LC-95A exposure. However, this delayed effect was not observed 34 or more days after either PHOS-CHEK exposure. We conclude that accidental PHOS-CHEK LC-95A or 259F drops during salmon outmigration would have adverse impacts that extend beyond the acute mortality that occurs within the immediate drop and dilution areas.
The interaction of flame curvature and stretch, part 1: The concave premixed flame

Premixed flames with radii of curvature on the order of the preheat zone thickness are studied with activation energy asymptotics. The changes in flame speed caused by varying the flame stretch as the flame radius is held fixed are calculated. The result of this calculation is that the decrease in flame speed due to flame stretch is amplified by more highly curved flames. When there is no flame stretch, the flame speed is independent of the flame radius, and so flame curvature in and of itself does not alter flame speed, but is important in determining the changes in flame speed when stretch is present.
Risk for subsequent injuries after spinal cord injury: a 10-year longitudinal analysis.

Abstract Krause JS. Risk for subsequent injuries after spinal cord injury: a 10-year longitudinal analysis. Objectives To identify (1) the annual incidence of subsequent injury and injury-related hospitalizations in persons with preexisting spinal cord injury (SCI) and (2) risk and protective behaviors associated with differential risk for injury. Design Longitudinal mailed survey. Participants were enrolled in 1997 to 1998, with a follow-up conducted 10 years later. Setting Data were collected from participants identified from a specialty hospital and were analyzed at a medical university in the Southeastern United States. Participants Participants (N=1386) during the baseline enrollment, 821 of whom also participated in the 10-year follow-up. Inclusion criteria were (1) traumatic SCI with residual impairment, (2) nonsurgical onset, (3) aged 18 years or older, and (4) a minimum of 12 months post-SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Number of injuries severe enough to require treatment in a clinic, emergency department, or hospital in the 12 months before the survey and number of injury-related hospitalizations. Predictor variables included selected items from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, and prescription medication use. Results More than 23% of participants reported at least 1 injury within the past year, an increase from that reported 10 years earlier by the same participants (19%), and 7% reported at least 1 injury-related hospitalization. Those who reported a subsequent injury during the preliminary baseline data collection were about twice as likely to report at least 1 injury 10 years later. Binge drinking, psychotropic prescription medication use, and several personality characteristics also were related to injuries and/or injury-related hospitalization. Conclusions Risk for injury continues to be a significant concern in the years and decades after SCI onset. Behavioral and personality factors hold the key to prevention.
Catalytic hydroprocessing of chlorinated benzenes

The catalytic hydrodechlorination reactions of hexachlorobenzene and all of its dechlorinated intermediates were examined in a differential microflow reactor. A presulfided NiMo/γAl2O3 catalyst and a reaction temperature of 325°C were used in all of the experiments. The dechlorination rate data and product selectivities for hexachlorobenzene and other chlorinated benzenes demonstrate that reaction steps frequently involve removal of multiple chlorine atoms. Not all possible intermediates are formed; all of the observed intermediate dechlorination steps proceed at comparable rates. A reaction mechanism based on an arenium ion intermediate is proposed to explain observed selectivities.
Dynamic Lifting Strengths of Male and Female Teams: A Comparative Study

The objective of this study was to compare dynamic lifting strengths of females and males working in teams of two and three members. The experimental data from two laboratory experiments was used for the purpose of statistical comparison of team strength values for dynamic back extension and dynamic lifting strengths. 15 two-member teams, all male and all female, and 20 three-member teams, all male and all female, participated in the study. Comparison of the team strengths for males and females indicates that on the average, female 2-person strengths account for about 65% and 62% of that of males for dynamic lift and back extension, respectively. For the teams of three people, females are weaker than males by about 28% and 21%, with respect to dynamic lift and back extension strength measures, respectively.
Echocardiographic evaluation before and after cardiac transplantation.

Transplantation of the heart remains a viable option not only as primary treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, but also for end-stage problems after the Norwood sequence of palliations. In this review, I discuss the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative echocardiographic evaluation of these patients, with special emphasis on hemodynamic and functional assessment as well as surveillance for rejection and coronary arterial disease.
Phenodeviants and the chromosome field theory in Drosophila.

The occurrence inDrosophila melanogaster of the two phenodeviants hemithorax and “sexless” in a scutellar bristle selection line was investigated. An allele of the mutantblistery was implicated in the production of the hemithorax phenodeviant following failure to localize contributing factors by normal chromosome balancer tests.
Processing Effects of Expectancy-Discrepant Persuasive Messages

The effects of expectancy disconfirmation on depth of message processing and persuasion were investigated in two experiments on personal selling. In Exp. 1, subjects read an apocryphal sales presentation containing various arguments, one of which was either expected or unexpected in terms of claimed product superiority. Textual location of this manipulated claim was at the end of the message. Consistent with O'Brien and Myers' (1985) reprocessing effect, results indicate that expectancy disconfirmation promotes deeper levels of message analysis, accompanied by more accurate aided message recall (recognition). In addition, the extent to which postmessage attitudes rely on persuasive argumentation is shown to be greater in the case of expectancy disconfirmation. Results from Exp. 2, where disconfirming text appeared at the beginning of the persuasive message, also show a significant disconfirmation effect. Although the pattern of postmessage attitudes does not parallel exactly that found in Exp. 1, a discon...
Mechanisms of ferriheme reduction by nitric oxide: nitrite and general base catalysis.

The reductive nitrosylation (FeIII(P) + 2NO + H2O = FeII(P)(NO) + NO2- + 2H+) of the ferriheme model FeIII(TPPS) (TPPS = tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato) has been investigated in moderately acidic solution. In the absence of added or adventitious nitrite, this reaction displays general base catalysis with several buffers in aqueous solutions. It was also found that the nitrite ion, NO2-, is a catalyst for this reaction. Similar nitrite catalysis was demonstrated for another ferriheme model system FeIII(TMPy) (TMPy = meso-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrinato), and for ferriheme proteins met-hemoglobin (metHb) and met-myoglobin (metMb) in aqueous buffer solutions. Thus, it appears that such catalysis is a general mechanistic route to the reductive nitrosylation products. Two nitrite catalysis mechanisms are proposed. In the first, NO2- is visualized as operating via nucleophilic addition to the FeIII-coordinated NO in a manner similar to the reactions proposed for FeIII reduction promoted by other ...
Shock synthesis and characterization of nanostructured NITINOL alloy

Abstract Shock-compression of mechanically amorphized NITINOL powder, followed by crystallization heat treatment of shock-densified compacts, was used to synthesize nanostructured NiTi-shape memory alloy. Thermal analysis of shock-synthesized nanocrystalline compacts revealed a higher martensitic start transformation temperature (Ms) than that of the starting (as-received) NITINOL powder. Factors affecting the variation in the Ms temperature include ultra-fine (nanocrystalline) B2-phase grain size, presence of oxygen and iron contaminations, and the formation of Ni4Ti3 in the compacts. Ni4Ti3 phase formation also alters the Ni content of the compacts, which appears to be the main factor influencing the Ms temperature of the NITINOL compacts. Higher internal stresses due to increased number of different orientations of adjacent grains in nanostructured compacts may also contribute to homogeneous formation of martensites and thus, yield a higher Ms temperature. Compression tests performed on shock-densified nanocrystalline NiTi alloy showed ∼40% higher strength than that of conventional NITINOL alloys, in addition to presence of complete pseudoelasticity with ∼7.6% recoverable strain. In this paper, the microstructural characteristics, martensitic transformation behavior, and mechanical (compression) properties of the shock-synthesized nanostructured NITINOL alloy will be presented.
The Distinct Role of Comparative Risk Perceptions in a Breast Cancer Prevention Program

Background Comparative risk perceptions may rival other types of information in terms of effects on health behavior decisions.
ANTARCTICA: ENHANCING THE LINKS ACROSS TIME AND SPACE OF THE PERMIAN GLOSSOPTERIDS

The Permian was a period of transition in Antarctica as the glaciers of the Carboniferous and Early Permian retreated (Isbell, 2010), and the landscape became dominated by the plants of the Glossopteridales. The geographic range of the glossopterids extended across all of subequatorial Gondwana (McLoughlin, 2011). The group is identified with tongue-shaped leaves (genus Glossopteris ) and is most often reconstructed as arborescent with Agathoxylon -type uniseriate coniferous wood. A distinctive rooting structure with conspicuous air spaces, Vertebraria , is found in association with the wood and leaf genera. These three genera are fairly conservative in their morphology across all of Gondwana. Glossopteris has hundreds of defined species, but the criteria used to delimit species relies heavily on secondary vein architecture and studies on extant plants have shown that there is a wide range of vein architecture found within a single plant (e.g., Boyce, 2009), suggesting that perhaps vein architectural features do not provide valid information on the diversity found within Glossopteris . The diversity of the group is known from reproductive structures, and most often from ovulate structures (e.g., Ryberg, 2009; Prevec, 2011; McLoughlin, 2012; Ryberg et al., 2012a). More than 20 genera of ovulate organs are associated with the glossopterids from across Gondwana. In Antarctica at least five genera are known and they span three distinctive morphologies. The most common morphology, which is found on …
Macrophages as a Battleground for Toxoplasma Pathogenesis

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Jensen et al. (2011) show that clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii have evolved distinct ways of subverting their favored host cell, the macrophage. The results suggest that T. gondii and the ROP kinases can be used to probe immune signaling pathways.
Ligand effects on the bonding mode of the selenocyanate ion in palladium (II) complexes. I.

Abstract In an effort to ascertain the importance of Pd→Se π-bonding in [Pd(L)2(selenocyanate)2] complexes, the effects of a large number of ligands of varying π-bonding abilities and basicities on the Pd(II)-selenocyanate bonding mode have been studied. Unlike its homologue the thiocyanate ion, selenocyanate ion has been found to be relatively insensitive to changes in the character of the L. ligand. Whereas the introduction into the Pd(II) coordination sphere of at least ten different π-bonding ligands has been observed to cause a switch in the preferred bonding mode of the remaining thiocyanates from Pd-SCN to Pd-NCS, only one such ligand, P(n-C4H9)3 has thus far been found to be capable of initiating Pd-NCSe bonding, and this is most probably due to a steric effect. A correlation has been found between the stability of the complexes and the π-acceptor capability of pyridine-type ligands in [Pd(4-X-pyridine)2(SeCN)2] complexes. The synthesis of the linkage isomeric forms of [Pd(P(OCH3)3)2(SCN)2] is also discussed.
Sibling Relationships and Adjustment of Children with Disabled Brothers and Sisters

Summary Research on children with disabled siblings reveals thai these youngsters may treat their siblings more kindly and spend more time caring Ibr them than do children with nondis-ablcd siblings. Their experiences may produce more worries and anxieties; however, these children also may develop more tolerance and humanitarian concerns. Characteristics of disabled siblings and the children themselves as well as family circumstance may affect children's reactions. Interventions for promoting positive sibling relations and personal adjustment include behavioral training in managing and coping with the disabled child, sibling support groups, and parent education programs designed to foster ' understanding of the special needs of these youngsters.
Satellite-based observations of hydrological processes

This special issue of the International Journal of Remote Sensing is based on papers presented in a special session at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2008 Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The session consisted of 85 contributions from the research, operational and user communities that addressed various applications of remote sensing observations in the development, improvement, validation and use of hydrological models. Of the papers presented, 15 were eventually selected for publication. They cover a range of applications of remote sensing in hydrological study and have been loosely assembled into three categories, focusing on (a) hydrological state variables, (b) moisture fluxes and (c) water storage and surface water budget.
Solubility of Anthracene in Binary Alcohol + Acetonitrile Solvent Mixtures at 298.2 K

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in seven binary alcohol + acetonitrile solvent mixtures at 25 °C. The alcohol cosolvents studied were 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-butanol. Results of these measurements are used to test a mathematical representation based upon the combined nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS)/Redlich−Kister equation. For the seven systems studied, the combined NIBS/Redlich−Kister equation was found to mathematically describe the experimental data to within overall average absolute deviation of approximately ±0.5%.
Thermal conductivity of liquid hydrogen filled foam

Abstract The effective thermal conductivities of silica aerogel foam [0.1(10)−3 kg m−3 nominal density] filled with liquid n-H2, liquid n-D2 and an equimolar mixture of liquid H2D2 were measured near 19.6 K. Our measured value of 97 mW m−1 K−1 for hydrogen filled foam is essentially the same as for the liquid alone. This result agrees with predictions for the thermal conductivity of porous systems which give a 2% enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity for this system relative to the liquid alone.
Looking at Museum Education through the Lens of Curriculum Theory

(2006). Looking at Museum Education through the Lens of Curriculum Theory. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 31, Expanding Conversations, pp. 79-80.
Applications and performance of a nanoreceiver with a carbon nanotube antenna forest

We introduce an RF nanoreceiver, based on a forest of carbon nanotube (CNT) antennas packaged together. Based on the physical model of a charged carbon nanotube under RF exposure, which is significantly different from a typical RF antenna, we analyze the performance of our nanoreceiver. We show that, for low signalbandwidth applications, our nanoreceiver is highly robust, allowing for continual operation over extended periods of time at low probabilities of error at reasonably low SNR values. For high signal-bandwidth applications, we show that at a given SNR, the achieved rate grows as n1/4 with the number, n, of the CNTs, at reasonably low probabilities of error. Due to the extremely small scale of the CNTs, many millions of CNTs can be packed into very small areas (e.g., hundreds of millions in 1 mm2) to achieve rates comparable to the commercially available wireless receivers. Hence, significant spatial miniaturization is achieved by our nanoreceiver compared to a classical RF receiver without a loss in the achievable rates.
Management prospects and problems

There is no doubt that if a community information utility (CIU) is to be a reality, it will have to integrate smoothly with all other aspects of urban life. This represents an enormous challenge because it is clear that the CIU will produce fundamental and far reaching changes in the major subsystems of urban life---i.e., the economic, political, educational and life support subsystems---and it is by no means certain that all the changes will be beneficial.
Intra-articular scapular fractures: Outcomes after internal fixation.

Background Although operative treatment may offer an appropriate management option for displaced glenoid fractures, there is sparse research assessing post-operative functional outcomes. This study assessed functional outcomes of patients after undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of displaced glenoid fractures.
Intersectin 1L Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Activity Is Regulated by Adjacent src Homology 3 Domains That Are Also Involved in Endocytosis

Intersectin 1L is a scaffolding protein involved in endocytosis that also has guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Cdc42. In the context of the full-length protein, the catalytic exchange activity of the DH domain is repressed. Here we use biochemical methods to dissect the mechanism for this inhibition. We demonstrate that the intersectin 1L SH3 domains, which bind endocytic proteins, directly inhibit the activity of the DH domain in assays for both binding and exchange of Cdc42. This inhibitory mechanism seems to act through steric hindrance of Cdc42 binding by an intramolecular interaction between the intersectin 1L SH3 domain region and the adjacent DH domain. Surprisingly, the mode of SH3 domain binding is other than through the proline peptide binding pocket. The dual role of the SH3 domains in endocytosis and repression of exchange activity suggests that the intersectin 1L exchange activity is regulated by endocytosis. We show that the endocytic protein, dynamin, competes for binding to the SH3 domains with the neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein, an actin filament nucleation protein that is a substrate for activated Cdc42. Swapping of SH3 domain binding partners might act as a switch controlling the actin nucleation activity of intersectin 1L.