cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superconformal growth and trench filling using a consumable inhibitor in chemical vapor deposition of Hf1−xVxBy

Three-dimensional nanodevice architectures require the coating and filling of deep vias and trenches, leading to an ongoing demand for dry processes with step coverages equal to or greater than one. We describe a new superconformal chemical vapor deposition process based on the use of two precursors: The first precursor readily deposits to afford film growth, but it cannot fill trenches when used alone because the coating is subconformal. The second precursor inhibits the deposition rate of the first precursor, and it grows film relatively slowly so that the overall film growth rate decreases when both precursors are present. In a trench, the inhibitor significantly suppresses the growth rate at the trench opening, but its pressure declines with depth due to consumption (film growth on the sidewalls) and the suppression effect weakens. Near the opening of the trench, where the inhibitor pressure is high, the consumption rate of the first precursor is small; it, therefore, diffuses deep into the trench to afford a growth rate that increases toward the bottom. If the flux of the inhibitor is not too high and the uninhibited growth rate of the first precursor is larger than that of the inhibitor, then the resulting film will be superconformal. We demonstrate this superconformal process for the growth of a metallic ceramic alloy, Hf1−xVxBy, in which the vanadium-bearing precursor serves as the consumable inhibitor. A continuous, single-step process is used to fill trenches with aspect ratios up to 10 with no void or seam along the centerline. We develop a model that captures the trench filling kinetics using Langmuirian growth kinetics, in which the two precursors compete for available adsorption sites and have different reaction rates. Calculations using physically plausible model parameters agree well with measured results and can be used to predict filling as a function of the aspect ratio. The model also indicates why filling fails at very high aspect ratios. In principle, a superconformal film of constant composition could be obtained using two precursors that each afford the same material.
Recent Development of Non-Contact Multi-Target Vital Sign Detection and Location Tracking Based on Metamaterial Leaky Wave Antennas

Microwave radar sensors have been developed for non-contact monitoring of the health condition and location of targets, which will cause minimal discomfort and eliminate sanitation issues, especially in a pandemic situation. To this end, several radar sensor architectures and algorithms have been proposed to detect multiple targets at different locations. Traditionally, beamforming techniques incorporating phase shifters or mechanical rotors are utilized, which is relatively complex and costly. On the other hand, metamaterial (MTM) leaky wave antennas (LWAs) have a unique property of launching waves of different spectral components in different directions. This feature can be utilized to detect multiple targets at different locations to obtain their healthcare and location information accurately, without complex structure and high cost. To this end, this paper reviews the recent development of MTM LWA-based radar sensor architectures for vital sign detection and location tracking. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of MTM vital sign radar compared with different radar sensor architectures.
40th Anniversary Commemoration of La Raza Unida 1972 National Convention in El Paso, Texas

Program for the 40th Anniversary of the 1972 La Raza Unida Convention in El Paso, Texas. Held August 30 to September 2, 2012.
PEAK2VEC ENABLES INFERRENCE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION FROM ATAC-SEQ

ABSTRACT Transcription factor (TF) binding sites in ATAC-seq are typically determined by footprint analysis. However, the performance of footprint analysis remains unsatisfying and most TFs do not exhibit footprint patterns. In this study, we modified the convolutional neural network to project sequences into an embedding space. Sequences with similar nucleotide patterns will stay close together in the embedding. The dimensionality of this embedding space represents binding specificities of various TFs. In the simulation experiment, peak2vec accurately distinguished the three TFs in the embedding space while conventional deep learning cannot. When applied to the ATAC-seq profiles of hepatitis carcinoma, peak2vec recovered multiple motifs curated in database, while significant portion of sequences corresponding to the TF are located at the promoter region of its regulated genes.
Media Bias, Kurdish Repression, and the Dismantling of Local Democracy in Turkey

In this article, we explore how heightened repression and the consolidation of power by the executive branch in Turkey have allowed Erdogan to take steps that further undermine the country’s democratic evolution. We argue that Erdogan’s increasing pressure on the media, along with the state of emergency following the 2016 coup attempt, facilitated the repression of Kurdish municipalities. Focusing on the targeting of HDP mayors by the central government, we describe the political process leading to the purge of elected mayors and the normalization of the trustee system (kayyim) at the local level. We then conduct a content analysis of news articles to empirically examine potential bias in Turkish news outlets’ reporting. Our findings demonstrate differences in the content and framing of articles published by national and international news outlets concerning HDP co-mayors’ events and the takeover of their municipalities. We find that Turkish news outlets overwhelmingly promote the AKP party line, rarely provide balanced reporting, and propagate a ‘Kurds as terrorists’ frame.
A Test for the Full Swinging Shot in Golf

(1950). A Test for the Full Swinging Shot in Golf. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 40-46.
Genetic effects on fine structure and development of pigment granules in mouse hair bulb melanocytes: II. Thec andp loci, andddpp interaction

Summary This study dealt with the effects of mutation at thep (pink-eyed dilution) andc (albinism) loci separately, and at thep andd (Maltese dilution) loci together, on the fine structure of brown and black melanin granules in hair bulb melanocytes of the house mouse. Mutation at thep locus affects size, degree of melanization, and, inbb cells, shape of the granules.pp granules are lightly melanized and are smaller thanPP granules, apparently because they fail to enlarge after the beginning of melanization. Thec allele does not prevent the formation of granule framework, but does prevent melanization. Occasionalcc granules are as large as heavily melanized granules of the correspondingCC genotype. Thec andp alleles have two effects in common. Both produce inbb granules a shift toward the pattern of longitudinal strands and membranes characteristic ofBB granules. Both also cause the occurrence in the melanocyte of round membrane-enclosed bodies of variable internal structure which may be granules in the process of disintegration. Incc melanocytes these effects are so marked thatBBcc cells cannot be reliably distinguished frombbcc. The addition of Maltese dilution to pink-eyed dilution counteracts, though incompletely, the decrease of granule melanization, but intensifies the shift toward the “black” pattern.
Control of the D-T gas injection system for TFTR neutral beams

A gas injection system is currently being designed to supply the neutral beam (NB) long pulse ion sources (LPIS) in support of the tritium phase of TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) operation. Each NB source will be supplied by a dual gas injection system. Separate deuterium and tritium gas injection subsystems provide the greatest gas isolation as well as providing redundancy. A single programmable logic controller will provide central control of the D-T gas injection subsystems of all 12 NB sources. To maintain accurate T/sub 2/ inventory control, the PLC will accurately monitor the NB T/sub 2/ usage. The usage will be correlated with the Tritium Gas Delivery System's (TGDS's) information on the quantity of T/sub 2/ delivered. Central control will enable an operator to quickly respond to any event affecting the NB tritium subsystems. Individual closed-loop controllers will maintain precise flow control for each LPIS during beam extraction. T/sub 2/ or D/sub 2/ will be delivered in small batches, to a local plenum on each individual LPIS. A piezoelectric valve, coupled with pressure feedback from the local LPIS gas storage plenum, will be used to establish a controlled bleeddown of the individual gas plenums during injection. >
40 GHz laminate power divider circuits using integrated resistors

This paper describes the fabrication and performance of tantalum nitride resistors integrated in a multilayer substrate with FR4 and SU-8 resist. The SU-8 layer is used to minimize the surface roughness so that the integrated resistor metal can be patterned reliably. A 40 GHz equal split Wilkinson power divider is demonstrated and shows good isolation and return loss. In addition a five-section broadband divider is fabricated using resistor values ranging from 50 to 1000 Ω.
Antiferro-to-ferromagnetic transition in metallic TlCo2SxSe2-x (0≤x≤2.0) with the ThCr2Si2 type structure

Abstract Solid solutions with the composition: TlCo 2 S x Se 2-x (0.0 ⪕ x ⪕ 2.0) , were synthesized by high temperature solid state reactions. Resistivity measurements on sintered pellets demonstrated that all of the compositions were highly metallic (ϱ = 10 -4 - 10 -5 Ω-cm) . The magnetic phase diagram was determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Se-rich phases (0.0 ⪕ x ⩽ 0.75) order antiferromagnetically, the S-rich phases (0.75 ⩽ x ⪕ 2.0) order ferromagnetically, and the intermediate composition (x = 0.75) shows competition between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior.
Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of Highly Stripped Silicon Ions

We report on a study of foil-excited spectra in the wavelength range 107–374 A from highly stripped Si ions. Decay-in-flight lifetime measurements involving the most prominent and well resolved features will be reported in a future publication. Many of the lines that have been identified are associated with Δn = 0 transitions in Si VI - Si XI of the type 2s22pk - 2s2pk+1 or 2s2pk - 2pk+1. A large number of the spectral features remain unidentified at the present time.
Predictive metrics for concurrent engineering

It is well known that "God is entitled to opinion, and all others must bring facts and data." To get agreement on the specific needs for a company, the best approach is to back up recommendations with facts. Are the new products that arrive in your manufacturing operation up to snuff? Would a series of analytical tools and metrics that are being used in industry to improve and speed new product development processes be useful? Tools such as the "Staffing Ratios" metric and "Project Staffing Speed" metric are applied to make sure that the right amount of human resources and skills are in the right places at the right times. Does your company hit the planned market release dates for new products? Tools such as "Time-To-Market Prediction" may be applied to assess past project performance and to predict the schedule outcome of current projects-in-process. Does your company achieve early cross-functional involvement on projects? The "Concurrency" metric may be used to define cross-functional requirements and quantify the degree of parallelism. Most of these tools can be learned within a few minutes and brought back to your company for immediate application. >
Medicare, Ethics, and Reflexive Longevity: Governing Time and Treatment in an Aging Society

The clinical activities that constitute longevity making in the United States are perhaps the quintessential example of a dynamic modern temporality, characterized by the quest for risk reduction, the powerful progress narratives of science and medicine, and the personal responsibility of calculating the worth of more time in relation to medical options and age. This article explores how medicine materializes and problematizes time through a discussion of ethicality—in this case, the form of governance in which scientific evidence, Medicare policy and clinical knowledge and practice organize first, what becomes “thinkable” as the best medicine, and second, how that kind of understanding shapes a telos of living. Using liver disease and liver transplantation in the United States as my example, I explore the influence of Medicare coverage decisions on treatments, clinical standards, and ethical necessity. Reflexive longevity—a relentless future-thinking about life itself—is one feature of this ethicality.
G protein co-signaling and challenges for translational research

The Gq-linked G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways are important clinical targets for the dementia of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline with aging. Gq stimulates phospholipase C-β1 (PLC-β1) activity, increasing levels of inositol-1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol, to initiate mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and activation of protein kinase C, respectively. While high concentrations of ligand typically evoke large sustained increases in cytosolic Ca2+ levels, it has long been appreciated that the dynamics of the Ca2+ increase are more complex and consistent with multiple levels of regulation. Physiologically relevant concentrations of Gq-ligands evoke rhythmic fluctuations or an oscillation in the level of cytosolic Ca2+. Downstream targets are tuned to respond to the frequency of the Ca2+ oscillations which in turn, reflect the oscillations in IP3 levels. Oscillatory behavior depends on the assembly of self-organizing interactions. The components that contribute to and regulate the Ca2+ oscillator have been unclear, precluding transfer of this fundamental knowledge from bench to bedside. Many GPCRs that signal with Gq also co-signal with G12. G protein co-signaling could therefore regulate the Ca2+ oscillator. This letter explores the potential relationship between Ca2+ oscillations, G protein co-signaling and cellular response in the context of our recent observations. We found that Gq efficacy is synergistic with phosphatidic acid, (PA), a signaling mediator generated downstream of activated G12 and RhoA. Regulation by PA depends on interaction with the unique PLC-β1 PA binding region. G protein co-signaling is therefore a mechanism for GPCRs to collectively assemble self-organizing interactions that regulate the Ca2+ oscillator.
Data-based resolution selection in positive wavelet density estimation

The problem of automatic resolution selection for positive wavelet density estimators is considered. Asymptotic formulae for the integrated mean square error (IMSE) of positive wavelet density estimators are derived under a very mild condition on the density function f. Using the formula for IMSE, an asymptotically optimal empirical resolution selection rule is given. The consistency of the density estimator with estimated resolution is also proved.
Osmotic accomodation in Callinectes sapidus Rathbun

Abstract 1. 1. Salinity and temperature influence blood osmoconcentration of adult Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Osmoregulation is possible over a wide salinity range, but hyporegulation is exhibited only at high temperatures. 2. 2. An inverse relationship exists between temperature and blood concentration. A seasonal effect persists under experimental conditions of constant temperature. 3. 3. Male crabs have lower blood concentrations than females at salinities below 20% except at extreme dilutions. 4. 4. Both sexes exhibit hysteresis-like response at salinities above 15%. Blood concentration after acclimation is higher when a given salinity is approached from a higher salinity than when approached from a lower one. 5. 5. Total organic substances and ninhydrin reactive substances in the blood vary without apparent relation to blood osmoconcentration. Inorganic substances change with blood concentration.
Increasing US Emergency Department Visit Rates and Subsequent Hospital Admissions for Atrial Fibrillation from 1993 to 2004

Study objective Atrial fibrillation is a significant public health problem that is becoming increasingly prevalent. The clinical epidemiology of US emergency department (ED) visits for atrial fibrillation is uncertain. This study seeks to describe recent trends in ED visits for atrial fibrillation. Methods ED visits with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation were analyzed using data from the US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1993 to 2004. Results During the 12-year period, there were approximately 2.7 million (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4 to 3.0 million) ED visits for atrial fibrillation in the United States, and the population-adjusted visit rate increased from 0.6 to 1.2 per 1,000 US population (P for trend=.02). Similarly, the absolute number of visits increased 88%, from 300,000 (95% CI 209,000 to 392,000) in 1993 to 1994 to 564,000 (95% CI 423,000 to 705,000) in 2003 to 2004. Approximately 64% (95% CI 59% to 69%) of these patients were admitted to the hospital, a rate that remained constant throughout the 12-year period (P for trend=.73). Admission rates were significantly lower in the western region of the United States (48%; 95% CI 36% to 60% versus 76%; in the Northeast, 95% CI 68% to 84%). Patient characteristics and ED management did not materially differ by admission status. In a multivariate model, congestive heart failure was the only predictor of admission but accounted for only 14% of admissions. Conclusion From 1993 to 2004, the population-adjusted rate of ED visits for atrial fibrillation increased, whereas the proportion admitted to the hospital remained stable. Patient characteristics and ED management were similar regardless of admission status, and there were relatively few predictors of admission.
New perspectives on schizotypal personality disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder is the prototype of the schizophrenia-related personality disorders and has been demonstrated to have phenomenologic, biologic, treatment, and outcome characteristics similar to those of schizophrenic patients. These studies suggest that patients with schizotypal personality disorder, like schizophrenic patients, show cognitive impairment, but the impairment is more focal and involves primarily working memory, verbal learning, and sustained attention rather than generalized intellectual deficits. Schizotypal patients, like schizophrenic patients show reductions in temporal lobe volume, but seem to be spared the frontal volume reductions found in some studies of schizophrenic patients and in our laboratory. Better frontal “buffering” may prevent the more severe cognitive and social deterioration associated with schizophrenia. Furthermore, schizotypal patients appear to show less susceptibility to psychotic symptoms, in part perhaps because of better buffered subcortical dopaminergic activity as suggested by recent data from a SPECT/amphetamine paradigm, glucose metabolic study, and structural studies of basal ganglia. These findings are discussed in terms of a model of schizotypal personality disorder where schizotypal patients have better capacity for compensatory buffering in lateral and subcortical brain regions, protecting them from the more severe symptoms of chronic schizophrenia.
Late Cambrian Algae from Central Texas: ABSTRACT

Late Cambrian algal reefs and bioherms in the Llano uplift of central Texas contain 4 genera of fossil algae. In decreasing abundance, they are Girvanella, Renalcis, Nuia, and Epiphyton. Detailed taxonomic investigations of the algae and studies of their host rocks show that changes in the ancient environment can be determined from (1) variations in relative abundance of Nuia, Renalcis, and Girvanella; (2) variations in growth patterns of Girvanella; (3) variations in the macrostructure texture and composition of the algal limestones; and (4) combinations of 1, 2, and 3. The occurrence of only 1 or 2 of these variables is sufficient to provide information about depositional environments. This can be accomplished by thin-section study of fossil algae in cuttings-size fragm nts. End_of_Article - Last_Page 329------------
PPARα signaling mediates the synergistic cytotoxicity of clioquinol and docosahexaenoic acid in human cancer cells

This study investigated the involvement of PPARgamma and PPARalpha signaling in the synergistic anticancer activity of clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in human cancer cells. The synergistic cytotoxicity of DHA and clioquinol was demonstrated in nine human cancer cell lines representing different tissues of origin. A2780, a well-established ovarian cancer model system, was chosen for further characterization because of its sensitivity to DHA and clioquinol. Both PPARalpha and PPARgamma were expressed in A2780 cells when analyzed with western blotting and reporter gene technique. Treatment of the cells with clofibrate (a PPARalpha agonist) and clioquinol for three days mimicked the synergy of DHA and clioquinol, whereas this synergy could not be seen with the use of troglitazone (a PPARgamma agonist) and clioquinol, suggesting that PPARalpha signaling is involved in the synergistic action. When used alone, the IC50 of clofibrate was 513 microM in A2780 cells. However, the addition of 5 microM clioquinol to clofibrate-treated cells led to a dramatic reduction of its IC50 value (148 microM). The combination effects index (CI) analysis confirmed the synergy of clioquinol and clofibrate on inhibiting cancer cell viability. Using inhibitors to block PPARalpha signaling diminished the synergistic cytotoxicity of clioquinol and DHA. These results provide pharmacological evidence that the synergistic anticancer action of clioquinol and DHA is mediated by PPARalpha signaling in human cancer cells.
Seasonal cycles in melatonin synthesis by the pineal gland as related to testicular function in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus).

Abstract Free-living male house sparrows were collected monthly for one year. Pineal glands were assayed for HIOMT activity, beak color was scored for degree of pigmentation, and testicular size was measured gravimetrically. Additional experiments were undertaken in order to evaluate the role of photoperiod and androgens on pineal function. HIOMT activity of the pineal was inversely related to testicular weight, the larger testicular weights occurring in the spring and being associated with an increase in photoperiod. The data negated the possibility that the pineal gland through melatonin synthesis could be responsible for the seasonal cycle of testicular development. We observed that beak color intensified in the birds as their testicular size increased. Neither exogenously administered nor endogenously produced testosterone could be held responsible for the decrease in pineal HIOMT activity that occurred during seasons of reproductive activity. When birds were subjected to an increased photoperiod of red light, HIOMT activity decreased while the testes enlarged. In contrast, when birds were placed on a white-light regime using fluorescent bulbs, HIOMT activity increased. These results were explained by the fact that the fluorescent light bulbs emitted very little energy in the red end of the spectrum. These data corroborated the finding of other workers that red light is much more effective than green light for stimulating the growth of the testes. The pineal gland did not appear to be the driving factor behind reproductive cycles in the sparrow, but the data were consistent with this organ serving as a neuroendocrine transducer, mediating light effects on the testes via hormones that either synchronize reproductive cycles to the season or attenuate sexual activity.
A method for eigenvalues of sparse λ-matrices

The matrix N(λ) whose elements are functions of a parameter λ is called the λ-matrix. Those values of λ that make the matrix singular are of great interest in many applied fields. An efficient method for those eigenvalues of a λ-matrix is presented. A simple explicit convergence criterion is given, as well as the algorithm and two numerical examples.
INVESTIGATION OF TETRABENZPORPHYRIN BY THE Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE

The nonlinear transmission of tetrabenzporphyrin dissolved in tetrahydrofuran was measured with the Z-scan technique at 532 nm with nanosecond pulses. The excited-state absorption cross section, the excited-state refractive-index cross section, and the linear and nonlinear absorption contributing to a thermal index change have been determined. To our knowledge, the excited-state cross section and its effective ratio to the ground-state cross section are the largest values reported to date.
Direct estimation and error analysis for oriented patterns

Abstract This paper presents an estimation algorithm and error analysis for single linear oriented pattern in images. The estimation is formulated in terms of minimizing an objective function, using the Lagrange multiplier rule. No specific noise model is assumed. The estimation algorithm uses the intensity image of a flow pattern and directly determines a symbolic description of the pattern. No preprocessing or enhancement is needed on the intensity image or any intermediate data. This results in an efficient computational algorithm. We show that it is feasible to directly compute relative divergence, curl, and deformation from the intensity image of an oriented flow pattern. These relative properties are further used for identification of the type of pattern in the intensity image. Since an oriented pattern is corrupted by noise and is distorted to some degree from a linear flow pattern, quality measures of the estimation are proposed. The sampling mean, sampling variance, and energy of noise are computed to characterize its distribution. A closed-form condition number is used to measure the vulnerability of an estimated critical point position to noise perturbation. We show results for several experiments on fluid flow images and wafer defect patterns.
Voice in academic writing: The rhetorical construction of author identity in blind manuscript review

Abstract Some researchers have argued that voice is irrelevant to academic writing and that the importance of voice has been overstated in the professional literature [Helms-Park, R., & Stapleton, P. (2003); Stapleton, P. (2002)]. To investigate whether and how a socially oriented notion of voice—defined as “the amalgamative effect of the use of discursive and non-discursive features that language users choose, deliberately or otherwise, from socially available yet ever-changing repertoires” [Matsuda, P.K. (2001)]—plays a role in academic writing, this study examined the construction of an author’s discursive identity by peer reviewers in a simulated blind manuscript review process for an academic journal in the field of rhetoric and composition. The analysis of the written reviews as well as interviews with the two reviewers and the manuscript author indicated that the reviewers’ constructions of the author’s voice are related to their stance toward the author. The findings suggest that voice does play a role in academic writing and that there is a need for further research into the issue of identity construction from the perspectives of both writers and readers.
Direct reaction description of sub- and above-barrier fusion of heavy ions.

A new approach to calculation of the fusion cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{F}$, based on the direct reaction concept, is presented. The method is to define a fusion potential ${W}_{F}$ [with r\ensuremath{\le}${R}_{F}$=${r}_{F}$(${A}_{1}^{1/3}$+${A}_{2}^{1/}$ 3)] as a part of the imaginary potential of the usual optical model. The ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{F}$ is then obtained as that part, due to only ${W}_{F}$, of the total absorption cross section. It is seen that, if ${r}_{F}$ is chosen as 1.40--1.50 fm, the value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{F}$ computed as described fits the experimental ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{F}$ very well, in both sub- and above-barrier regions, and for a variety of fusing nuclear pairs ${A}_{1}$ and ${A}_{2}$. In most cases, it is sufficient to consider only the incident (elastic scattering) channel. In a few cases, in which some specific nuclear structure effects are involved, it is found necessary to perform coupled-channel calculations. Then absorption due to other channels is also taken into account explicitly. It is shown that adding these contributions is the key to getting good fits to data, under the above-mentioned special circumstances. A possible relation of what the present approach describes, particularly when it is used in the sub-barrier region, to (spontaneous) fission is also discussed.
Interannual and Decadal Variations of Planetary Wave Activity, Stratospheric Cooling, and Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode

Abstract Using NCEP–NCAR 51-yr reanalysis data, the interannual and decadal variations of planetary wave activity and its relationship to stratospheric cooling, and the Northern Hemisphere Annular mode (NAM), are studied. It is found that winter stratospheric polar temperature is highly correlated on a year-to-year basis with the Eliassen–Palm (E–P) wave flux from the troposphere, implying a dynamical control of the former by the latter, as often suggested. Greater (lower) wave activity from the troposphere implies larger (smaller) poleward heat flux into the polar region, which leads to warmer (colder) polar temperature. A similar highly correlated antiphase relationship holds for E–P flux divergence and the strength of the polar vortex in the stratosphere. It is tempting to extrapolate these relationships found for interannual timescales to explain the recent stratospheric polar cooling trend in the past few decades as caused by decreased wave activity in the polar region. This speculation is not suppor...
The pattern of leadership among the mae‐enga of new guinea

Abstract Taking as its starting point the problem of achievement‐and‐ascription in New Guinea societies, this paper focuses on traditional leadership among the Mae‐Enga of the western Highlands. Here, followers demand and create leaders rather than vice versa. In times of stress, structural oppositions of agnatic segments at various levels discourage the persistence of factions within them by demanding corporate action; but periods of peace afford opportunities for choice, manoeuvring and change in leadership. It is suggested that the composite model based on these two alternating states may be applicable not only elsewhere in New Guinea but also in Africa.
Molecular dynamics treatment of torsional interactions accompanied by dissociation

When three atoms in a bend sequence move into a linear configuration, any torsional angle involving those three atoms becomes undefined and its Cartesian derivatives singular. In molecular dynamics simulations, this is most likely to occur during and after a bond-breaking process, leading to spuriously large torsional forces and energies which invalidate the simulation. By including appropriate bend angle switching functions in torsional interaction terms, one may approach the linear bend limit in a well-defined manner and make torsional forces vanish around this limit, as expected on physical grounds. Although this makes potential energy terms more complicated and force evaluations more expensive, this expense can be greatly reduced by observing that any internal force must not move the center of mass of the particles involved. Several approximations explored in this paper can reduce this effort even further.
Potential energy landscape and mechanisms of diffusion in liquids.

The mechanism of diffusion in supercooled liquids is investigated from the potential energy landscape point of view, with emphasis on the crossover from high- to low-$T$ dynamics over the range ${T}_{A}g~Tg~{T}_{c}.$ Molecular dynamics simulations with a time dependent mapping to the associated local mininum or inherent structure (IS) are performed on unit-density Lennard-Jones. Dynamical quantities introduced include ${r2}_{\mathrm{is}}(t),$ the mean-square displacement (MSD) within a basin of attraction of an IS, $R2(t),$ the MSD of the IS itself, and $g(t),$ the distribution of IS waiting times. The configuration space is treated as a composite of the contributions of cooperative local regions, and a method is given to obtain the physically meaningful ${g}_{\mathrm{loc}}(t)$ and mean waiting time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{loc}}$ from $g(t).$ An understanding of the crossover is obtained in terms of ${r2}_{\mathrm{is}}(t)$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{loc}}.$ At intermediate T, ${r2}_{\mathrm{is}}(t)$ possesses an interval of linear t dependence allowing calculation of an intrabasin diffusion constant ${D}_{\mathrm{is}}.$ Near ${T}_{c},$ where intrabasin diffusion is well established for $tl{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{loc}},$ diffusion is intrabasin dominated with ${D=D}_{\mathrm{is}};$ D may be calculated within a basin. Below ${T}_{c},$ ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{loc}}$ exceeds the time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{pl}}$ needed for the system to explore the basin, indicating the action of barriers at the border; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{loc}}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{pl}}$ is a criterion for transition to activated hopping. Intrabasin diffusion provides a means of confinement not involving barriers and plays a key role in the dynamics above ${T}_{c}.$ The distinction is discussed between motion among the IS (IS dynamics) below ${T}_{c}$ and saddle or border dynamics above ${T}_{c},$ where the system is always close to one of the saddle barriers connecting the basins and IS boundaries are closely spaced and easily crossed. A border index is introduced based upon the relation of $R2(t)$ to the conventional MSD, and shown to vanish at $T\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{c}.$ It is proposed that intrabasin diffusion is a manifestation of saddle dynamics.
Studying legislative party politics in data scarce environments: A new empirical approach

Efforts to study the dynamics of legislative and party politics in developing countries often confront a serious obstacle – lack of public data on legislative actions. This paper proposes a new feasible approach for obtaining legislative information indirectly – analyzing the perceptions and lobbying behaviors of business interest groups who are experienced, knowledgeable and highly invested in staying informed on policymaking processes. I build on extant literatures on political parties and lobbying to show how we can systematically exploit group insights to study legislative parties in data-scarce environments and complement existing approaches in data-rich cases. I then demonstrate and evaluate this approach by using original data from a 2006 survey of 158 groups in a data-rich case, Brazil, to mediate existing scholarly debates regarding the sources of legislative unity of Brazilian parties.
Sports-Related Cervical Spine Injuries: On-Field Assessment and Management

A wide range of cervical spine injury patterns are related to sports activities. The clinical presentation of the injuries, a pertinent focused physical examination, and proper on-field management are paramount in the successful treatment of an injured athlete. Preexisting conditions (both acquired and congenital) affecting the spine must be determined. All these factors contribute to the challenges faced by health-care professionals in making accurate diagnoses, developing treatment plans, and deciding whether and when the athletes can return to play. A thorough understanding of the injury patterns assists in early recognition and subsequent management. In addition, clinical guidelines are available to assist health-care professionals in stratifying athletes into risk categories and subsequently decide when it is safe to allow them to return to play. Most important to the successful management of the injured athletes is their on-field management.
Stability analysis of non-time referenced Internet-based telerobotic systems

Abstract This paper explores a new method for action synchronization and control of telerobotic systems. The significance of the method is that it can effectively deal with the random time delay existing in the communication channel, such as the Internet. In addition, the result is independent of human operator. First, a novel non-time referenced action control scheme will be introduced. Instead of using time as an action reference, a new sensor-based action reference will be developed. As a result, the communication delay will have little impact on the operations, in particular the stability of the system. Furthermore the stability of the system is not dependent on the model of the human operator in the system. All these will lead to the development of the theoretical foundation on the stability of robotic systems involving human operators. The implementations and experimental outcomes presented herein will verify the theoretical results.
An Investigation into Statistical Properties of Partitioning and Floorplanning Problems

In this paper we examine some statistical properties exhibited by combinatorial optimization problems. Although the paper focuses on two particular problems that arise in chip design, namely circuit partitioning and floorplanning, the results seem valid for a much larger set of such problems. For the partitioning problem, we examine the solutions generated by the well known Kernighan-Lin procedure [5] [10] and solutions generated by random search. We find that in both cases, the Type 3 (Weibull) extreme-value distribution provides an excellent model for the distribution of local minima generated. The location parameter of the Weibull provides an estimate of the minimum cost. For the floorplanning problem, we construct a number of test problems, whose optimal value is known. As with the partitioning problem, we find that the Weibull distribution provides an excellent model for estimating the minimum cost.
Mechanism and effect of thrombospondin-4 polymorphisms on neutrophil function.

High-throughput genomic technology identified an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a proline (P387) rather than the predominant alanine (A387) at position 387 in thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) and premature myocardial infarction. The inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis invokes a prominent role of leukocytes and cytokines in pathogenesis. As the expression of TSP-4 by vascular cells permits its exposure to circulating leukocytes, the interactions of human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) with both TSP-4 variants were investigated. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)–stimulated PMNs adhered and migrated well and equally on the TSP-4 variants. Integrin αMβ2 was identified as the TSP-4 receptor mediating these responses, and the 3 epidermal growth factor (EGF)–like domains of TSP-4 harboring the SNPs interacted with the αMI-domain. Despite the similarity in these responses, the P387 variant induced more robust tyrosine phosphorylation of the stress-related mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): p38MAPK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) than the A387 variant. Additionally, cells adherent to P387 TSP-4 variant released 4-fold more H2O2 and secreted 2-fold more interleukin 8 (IL-8) as compared with the A387. H2O2 release and p38MAPK activation were totally inhibited by blockade of αMβ2. Thus, αMβ2 plays a central role in proinflammatory activities of TSP-4 (P387) and may contribute to the prothrombotic phenotype associated with this variant.
Floral Convergence and Pollinator Sharing in Two Bee‐Pollinated Tropical Herbs

The hypothesis that the understory herbs Costus allenii and C. laevis (Zingiberaceae) have converged in floral characteristics to use the same pollinator was investigated in central Panama. Observations and experiments indicated that these species (1) occupy the same habitats, (2) flower synchronously, (3) are identical in flower color, morphology, and nectar secretion patterns, (4) share the same pollinator, the bee Euglossa imperialis, (5) are self-compatible, but not autogamous, and (6) have strong barriers to hybridization. Both grow in low density along streamsides and produce a single flower per day for an extended period (up to 4 mo). Flower density is depressed through extensive predation by the weevil Cholus cinctus, which damaged 31% of all C. allenii and 60% of all C. laevis inflorescences. Direct observation of foraging bees indicated that individuals regularly visit both plant species. An experimental analysis of interspecific pollen transfer using powdered paint as a marker verified these results; 97% of the flowers checked had received heterospecific visits. The high probability of interspecific pollination did not affect fruiting success. I suggest that low flower density, exaggerated by extreme floral predation, has selected for floral similarity and pollinator sharing in these species. Floral convergence increases effective flower density and nectar supplies, and probably increases the regularity and rate of pollinator visitation.
The β subunit of E. coil glycyl-tRNA synthetase plays a major role in tRNA recognition

Abstract The contributions made by the alpha and beta subunits of E. coli glycyl-tRNA synthetase to the recognition of tRNA have been investigated via binding and immunological methods. Using the nitrocellulose filter assay, we have shown that isolated beta subunit, but not the alpha subunit, binds [14C]glycyl-tRNA with an affinity comparable to that of the native enzyme. Further, the data indicate that the beta subunit possesses one binding site for glycyl-tRNA while the native or reconstituted enzyme (alpha 2 beta 2) has two sites. Rabbit antibodies directed at the beta subunit or the holoenzyme inhibit efficiently the ability of the enzyme to aminoacylate tRNA while alpha-subunit antibodies have a smaller effect. Since none of the antisera have an appreciable effect on the ATP-PPi exchange activity of the enzyme under these conditions, the beta-subunit (and holoenzyme) antisera evidently interfere with productive tRNA binding. Taken together, the data indicate that the larger, beta subunit of glycyl-tRNA synthetase plays a major role in tRNA recognition.
The Role of Producer Service Outsourcing in the Innovation Performance of New York State Manufacturing Firms

This paper assesses the contribution of external technical services to the innovation initiatives of New York State manufacturing firms. The results of a spatially and sectorally stratified postal survey of more than 400 manufacturing firms are presented. A major finding of the paper is that specialized technical services can support the product development efforts of innovative firms. The empirical results also point to significant spatial variations in technical service utilization. Some of these variations reflect different supply and accessibility conditions among the state's major regions and urban centers. The survey results are discussed in the context of recent empirical and theoretical findings on the role of producer services in urban and regional development. Particular attention is given to the empirical connection between producer service accessibility and industrial innovation.
The relationship between cell membrane potassium ion transport and glycolysis. The effect of ethacrynic acid.

Cell membrane transport of K+ stimulates the rate of glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A study of the characteristics of this relationship indicates that the stimulation occurs under anaerobic as well as under aerobic conditions. The data suggest that glycolysis is stimulated by a K+ transport mechanism that is coupled to Na+ transport because the effect is blunted or abolished when the principal intracellular ion is lithium or choline. This stimulus to glycolysis is blocked by ouabain and ethacrynic acid, agents that have been shown to inhibit monovalent cation transport in erythrocytes. In contrast to the action of ouabain, glycolysis is inhibited by ethacrynic acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in the absence of cell membrane K+ transport. In studies with ghost-free hemolysates of human erythrocytes and with cytosol prepared from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, ethacrynic acid significantly blocks lactate formation from fructose diphosphate demonstrating the direct inhibitory effect of this agent on one or more enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Since ethacrynic acid has no influence on lactate formation in intact erythrocytes utilizing an endogenous substrate, the presumptive site of inhibition is proximal to the 3-phosphoglycerate level.
AN 11TH CENTURY MUSLIM'S SYNCRETISTIC PERSPECTIVE OF COSMOLOGY: ABŪ AL-‘ALA’ AL-MA'ARR?S PHILOSOPHICAL-POETIC REFLECTIONS IN LUZŪM MĀ LĀ YALZAM ON MAKE-UP AND DYNAMICS OF THE UNIVERSE

L'analyse de la pensee cosmogonique d'Abū al-'lā' al-Ma'arrīs, homme de lettre syein musulman du 11 eme siecle revele que ce dernier accordait une place centrale aux quatre elements (feu, eau, terre, air), a l'espace, au temps et aux etoiles qu'il considerait tous comme eternels. Selon lui, Dieu etait necessaire mais non suffisant a la creation du monde. Sa philosophie montre des points communs avec Aristote, le neo-platonisme, la zoroastrisme, le zurvanisme, Pythagore, le philosophe perse Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, et le « dahriyyah » (materialisme)
Accuracy of evaluation of the presence and severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation by contrast 2-dimensional echocardiography

Abstract Contrast 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography was performed during cardiac catheterization to compare the technique with cineangiography in evaluating the presence and severity of aortic (AR) and mitral regurgitation (MR). A physiologic solution was injected through the intracardiac catheter while echocardiograms were recorded in multiple views. AR was evaluated in 35 patients; an adequate 2-D echocardiogram was obtained in every patient. Cineangiography was adequate for diagnosis in every patient, but in 3 patients AR could not be graded because of technical problems. Twenty-six patients had AR by 2-D echocardiography and cineangiography and 9 did not have AR by either 2-D echocardiography or cineangiography. Thus, the specificity, sensitivity and predictive accuracy was 100% for detection of AR by 2-D echocardiography. Severity of AR was graded (0 to 4+) by visual inspection in both methods, and severity by both methods correlated with r = 0.998. MR was evaluated in 59 patients. Because of technical problems, MR could not be evaluated by cineangiography in 15, by 2-D echocardiography in 5, or by either method in 2. In 2 patients, although it could be detected, the severity of MR could not be graded by cineangiography. Of 37 patients with satisfactory studies, MR was detected by 2-D echocardiography and by cineangiography in 16; MR was detected only by 2-D echocardiography in 2, only by cineangiography in 3 and by neither method in 16. The sensitivity of 2-D echocardiography for detection of MR was 84%, specificity 89%, positive predictive accuracy 89%, and negative predictive accuracy 84% compared with cineangiography. The severity of MR by both methods correlated with r = 0.998. Contrast 2-D echocardiography for the evaluation of the presence and severity of AR and MR is both sensitive and specific, particularly for AR. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, this method should be of greatest value when use of cineangiography is limited by the dose of contrast medium, radiation or by technical problems, particularly those encountered with left ventricular angiography.