cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propane Conversion Catalyzed by Sulfated Zirconia, Iron- andManganese-Promoted Sulfated Zirconia, and USY Zeolite

Solid acid catalysts, namely sulfated zirconia, iron- andmanganese-promoted sulfated zirconia, and USY zeolite, weretested for conversion of propane at 1 atm, 200–450°C, andpropane partial pressures in the range 0.01–0.05 atm. Bothpromoted and unpromoted sulfated zirconia were found to beactive for conversion of propane into butanes, pentanes,methane, ethane, ethylene, and propylene in the temperaturerange 200–350°C, but catalyst deactivation was rapid. Atthe higher temperatures, only cracking and dehydrogenation productswere observed. In contrast to the zirconia-supported catalysts,USY zeolite was observed to convert propane (into propylene,methane, and ethylene) only at temperatures ≥400°C. The initial (5 min on stream) rates of propane conversion in the presence ofiron- and manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia, sulfatedzirconia, and USY zeolite at 450°C and 0.01 atm propanepartial pressure were 3.3×10−8, 0.3×10−8, and 0.03×10−8mol/(s·g), respectively. Theproduct distributions in the temperature range 200–450°Care those of acid–base catalysis, being similar to what has beenobserved in superacid solution chemistry at temperatures <0°C. Ifpropane conversion at 450°C can be considered as a probeof acid strength of the catalyst, then the activity comparisonsuggests that the promoted sulfated zirconia is a stronger acidthan sulfated zirconia, which is a stronger acid than USY zeolite.
Transient Control of a Camless Valve Actuation System Using a Time-Varying Repetitive Controller

Camless valve actuation systems, also referred to as Fully Flexible Valve Actuation systems, use electronically controlled actuators to replace the camshaft in an internal combustion engine. This paper presents the control design for such an actuation system to enable the precise valve motion control during engine speed transients. The desired valve motion (reference) remains periodic in the crank angle domain, but becomes cyclic and aperiodic in the time domain when the engine speed changes in real-time. This phenomenon motivates the control design in the rotational angle domain. However, this approach results in a time-varying model for the plant. A systematic method for obtaining the discrete time-varying Input/Output representation of higher order systems is developed to enable the application of the newly developed time-varying repetitive control to plants with complex dynamics. The use of a variable sampling rate helps accurately represent complex reference signals using low dimensional models. The implementation of the simulations on a rapid control prototyping system helps identify and address potential issues that influence the controller execution time which directly affects the maximum engine speed at which it can be used.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Design and simulation of a megawatt class conventional magnetron

A Megawatt class conventional strapped magnetron (diode voltages < 100kV) design is simulated using the Improved Concurrent Electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell code (ICEPIC). ICEPIC is designed to run on massive parallel architecture, consequently field and particle resolution requirements for these simulations are satisfied. Simulations are carried out at over 22 million grid cells with a resolution of one grid length = 0.5 mm or less. Numerical results yield a design capable of a mean RF output power exceeding 1.5 MW at greater than 85% efficiency at ∼53 kV. The magnetron consistently oscillates in the π mode with no mode competition at ∼900 MHz across a range of magnetic fields and voltages extending from 0.18–0.3 T and 45–60 kV. RF output power extends from 500 kW to ∼ 4 MW over this range. Moreover RF output efficiency remains stable above 85% over these voltages and magnetic fields. Oscillations at these field parameters were consistent with single particle Buneman-Hartree analysis. For all cases, RF power is extracted axially through three conducting rod excitations. Field stresses remained below the Kilpatrick limit for simulations with diode voltage < 52 kV and exceeded the limit above 53 kV. Field stress maximums were observed between the straps and the anode as well as between the straps. Major power loss mechanisms were particle collisions with the slow wave structure and cathode, which accounted for a loss of over 10% of the input power.
Holdfast heroics: comparing the molecular and mechanical properties of Mytilus californianus byssal threads.

SUMMARY The marine mussel Mytilus californianus Conrad inhabits the most wave-exposed regions of the rocky intertidal by dint of its extraordinary tenacity. Tenacity is mediated in large part by the byssus, a fibrous holdfast structure. M. californianus byssal threads, which are mechanically superior to the byssal threads of other mytilids, are composed almost entirely of a consortium of three modular proteins known as the preCols. In this study, the complete primary sequence of preCols from M. californianus was deduced and compared to that of two related species with mechanically inferior byssal threads, M. edulis Linnaeus and M. galloprovincialis Lamarck in order to explore structure–function relationships. The preCols from M. californianus are more divergent from the other two species than they are from one another. However, the degree of divergence is not uniform among the various domains of the preCols, allowing us to speculate on their mechanical role. For instance, the extra spider silk-like runs of alanine-rich sequence in the flanking domains of M. californianus may increase crystalline order, enhancing strength and stiffness. Histidine-rich domains at the termini, in contrast, are highly conserved between species, suggesting a mechanical role common to all three. Mechanical testing of pH-treated and chemically derivatized distal threads strongly suggests that histidine side chains are ligands in reversible, metal-mediated cross-links in situ. By combining the mechanical and sequence data, yield and self-healing in the distal region of threads have been modeled to emphasize the intricate interplay of enthalpic and entropic effects during tensile load and recovery.
OPTIMIZING COLLAGEN TRANSPORT THROUGH TRACK-ETCHED NANOPORES

Polymer transport through nanopores is a potentially powerful tool for separation and organization of molecules in biotechnology applications. Our goal is to produce aligned collagen fibrils by mimicking cell-mediated collagen assembly: driving collagen monomers in solution through the aligned nanopores in track-etched membranes followed by fibrillogenesis at the pore exit. We examined type I atelo-collagen monomer transport in neutral, cold solution through polycarbonate track-etched membranes comprising 80-nm-diameter, 6-μm-long pores at 2% areal fraction. Source concentrations of 1.0, 2.8 and 7.0 mg/ml and pressure differentials of 0, 10 and 20 inH(2)O were used. Membrane surfaces were hydrophilized via covalent poly(ethylene-glycol) binding to limit solute-membrane interaction. Collagen transport through the nanopores was a non-intuitive process due to the complex behavior of this associating molecule in semi-dilute solution. Nonetheless, a modified open pore model provided reasonable predictions of transport parameters. Transport rates were concentration- and pressure-dependent, with diffusivities across the membrane in semi-dilute solution two-fold those in dilute solution, possibly via cooperative diffusion or polymer entrainment. The most significant enhancement of collagen transport was accomplished by membrane hydrophilization. The highest concentration transported (5.99±2.58 mg/ml) with the highest monomer flux (2.60±0.49 ×10(3) molecules s(-1) pore(-1)) was observed using 2.8 mg collagen/ml, 10 inH(2)O and hydrophilic membranes.
kGEM: An EM-based algorithm for local reconstruction of viral quasispecies

The main challenge in local viral quasispecies reconstruction is to eliminate sequencing errors while preserving the natural heterogeneity of the viral population. This paper presents a new approach to error correction via an expectation maximization (EM) method.
Approaches to improve engineered vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses that cause chronic infections

We used several approaches to develop enhanced vaccines for chronic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). 1) Selected epitopes were used to avoid potentially harmful immune responses. 2) Linkage between helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes was found to be important. 3) We developed an "epitope enhancement" approach modifying the sequences of epitopes to make more potent vaccines, including examples for HIV and HCV epitopes presented by murine class II and human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. 4) CTL avidity was found to be important for clearing viral infections in vivo, and the mechanism was examined. High-avidity CTLs, however, were found to undergo apoptosis when confronted with high-density antigen, through a mechanism involving tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF-RII, and a permissive state induced through the T-cell receptor. 5) We employed cytokines in the adjuvant to steer immune responses toward desired phenotypes, and showed synergy between cytokines. 6) Intrarectal immunization with peptide vaccine induced mucosal and systemic CTL. Local mucosal CTL were found to be critical for resistance to mucosal viral transmission and this resistance was enhanced with mucosally delivered interleukin-12. 7) We used an asymmetry in induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses to circumvent pre-existing vaccinia immunity for use of recombinant vaccinia vaccines.
The Nagaoka instability and off-diagonal superconductivity in the finite Hubbard lattice

The first strict evidence for time-reversal symmetry breaking and change in statistics of electrons in U(1) gauge field, induced by periodic boundary conditions is demonstrated for ld Hubbard model with U→ ∞. The exact ground state energy, eigenfunction and one-particle density correlation function are calculated for arbitrary number of electrons and lattice sites. The criteria for the stability of either the Nagaoka state or spontaneously broken superconducting state with off-diagonal long-range order are found. The theory predicts the existence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism for electrons in periodic lattices and mesoscopic rings. The electrons in lattices are shown to provide for the presence of parity-dependent paramagnetic and diamagnetic persistent currents in the ground state.
Synchronous fluctuations of LH and FSH in plasma samples collected daily during the estrous cycle in mares

Abstract Circulating concentrations of LH and FSH in each of 12 mares were measured in daily blood samples from 3 d before until 3 d after an interovulatory interval (ovulation=Day 0). The interval was normalized to its mean length (22 d) and partitioned into periods relative to high and low (first significant increase and decrease: Days 3 and 14, respectively) mean FSH concentrations. The resulting experimental periods were as follows: 1) Days −3 to 2 corresponding to the periovulatory period, 2) Days 3 to 14 corresponding to the luteal period, and 3) Days −7 to 3 corresponding to the follicular-periovulatory period. An adaptive threshold method was used to detect peak concentrations of LH and FSH fluctuations. There was no significant difference in the number of detected LH fluctuations per mare among the 3 periods (means, 1.2, 1.8, 1.6 fluctuations, respectively). However, more (P
Effects of the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and its inactive derivative 1,9-dideoxyforskolin on insect cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity.

The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and its pharmacologically inactive derivative 1,9-dideoxyforskolin were found to inhibit in a dose-dependent fashion the ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with wandering stage larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster and fat body and midgut from last instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta. The concentrations of these labdane diterpenes required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity in the insect tissues ranged from approximately 5×10−6 to 5×10−4 M.
Microwave emission and crop residues

A series of controlled experiments were conducted to determine the significance of crop residues or stubble in estimating the emission of the underlying soil. Observations using truck-mounted L and C band passive microwave radiometers showed that for dry wheat and soybeans the dry residue caused negligible attenuation of the background emission. Green residues, with water contents typical of standing crops, did have a significant effect on the background emission. Results for these green residues also indicated that extremes in plant structure, as created using parallel and perpendicular stalk orientations, can cause very large differences in the degree of attenuation.
A mixed momentum-position space representation to study quantum vibrational energy transfer

In this paper we describe a new technique that enables us to study vibrational energy transfer in linear hydrocarbon chains significantly more efficiently than by earlier approaches. The principal feature of our method is that the conjugate momentum operators that appear in the coupling terms in the Hamiltonian for the system are projected in the complete set of momentum states of the bonds. This allows us to express the expectation values of the time evolution operator in various energy eigenstates as one‐dimensional momentum integrals which can be performed very rapidly and stored. All survival probabilities can then be expressed in terms of these stored integrals. We have evaluated the survival probability for HC2 and HC6 for up to eight time steps. Finally, we indicate how our approach may be extended to more general coupling terms.
Mannich bases from 1,2-diphenylindolizine: ephedrine and methamphetamine as amine components.

Two unique Mannich bases derived from 1,2-diphenylindolizine have been synthesized. Ephedrine and methamphetamine were employed as the secondary amine components in the syntheses. Both products showed an initial marked CNS depression. The activity of the methamphetamine derivative was reversed after 1.5 hr. to a pronounced CNS stimulation.
On the theory of division algebras

Abstract The theory of division algebras (of finite dimension over the center) is reduced to an application of two simple principles from general linear algebra. Along the way, a simple proof of Wedderburn's theorem on finite division algebras is given.
Radio frequency generation with cascaded semiconductor amplifier/laser oscillator

We demonstrate generation of gigahertz to terahertz optical subcarrier radio frequencies in semiconductor optical amplifiers. The circuit arrangement consists of a laser diode riven below its lasing threshold to generate spontaneous emission spectrum. The spontaneous emissions are passed in a saturation driven semiconductor optical amplifier with low-end reflectivity. A fraction of the output signal emerging from the amplifier is fed back into the input of the amplifier. By appropriately arranging the phases of the input and the feedback signals, beat frequencies up to 3.75 THz were generated.
Evidence for enzyme subunit complementation in somatic cell heterokaryons

Abstract Somatic cell heterokaryons derived from normal human fibroblasts which had different glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic variants, types A and B, were examined for their G6PD pattern. A hybrid band of activity with intermediate migration, in addition to the A and B bands, was observed in such heterokaryons. These results directly demonstrate that enzyme subunit complementation can take place in somatic cell heterokaryons, and suggest that this technique may be important for elucidating the molecular basis of the genetic heterogeneity seen with many human single enzyme defects.
Numerical taxonomy with fuzzy sets

A recently developed fuzzy clustering technique is utilized to analyze the substructure of a well known set of 4-dimensional botanical data. A solution obtained without prior knowledge of labelled pattern structure is offered in support of our contention that the technique proposed affords a comparatively reliable criterion for a posteriori evaluation of cluster validity.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Adsorption Behavior and Mass Transfer Kinetics of Propranolol Enantiomers on Cellulase Protein as the Selector

The thermodynamics and mass transfer kinetics of the retention of the R and S enantiomers of propranolol were investigated on a system comprising an acetic acid buffer solution as the mobile phase and the protein cellobiohydrolase I immobilized on silica as the stationary phase. The bi-Langmuir isotherm model fitted best to each set of single-component isotherm data. The monolayer capacity of the nonchiral type of adsorption sites was 22.9 mM. For the chiral type of sites, it was 0.24 mM for the R enantiomer and 0.64 mM for the S enantiomer. Peak tailing was observed, even at very low concentrations allowing operation of the low-capacity chiral sites under linear conditions. This tailing can be explained on the basis of heterogeneous mass transfer kinetics. At higher concentrations, which are often used in analytical applications, the isotherms on the chiral sites no longer have a linear behavior, and peak tailing is consequently more pronounced. Under those conditions, peak tailing originates from the co...
Abstract 738: Neutrophil tracking study on mammary tumors using bioluminescence imagingin vivo.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant circulating blood leukocytes. They are part of the innate immune system and provide a first line of defense by migrating toward areas of inflammation in response to chemical signals that have been released from the site. Like inflammation, cancer also causes activation of PMNs and release of myeloperoxidase. In this study, we demonstrate that giving a small amount of luminol to mice that have been transplanted with 4T1 mammary tumor cells allows detection of myeloperoxidase activity. Luminol allowed detection of activation of PMNs only two days after cancer cell transplantation, even though tumors were not yet palpable. In conclusion, luminol-bioluminescence imaging (BLI) can provide a way to image certain tumors at an early stage. Citation Format: Hamad Alshetaiwi, Sivasai Balivada, Marla Pyle, Tej B. Shrestha, Stefan H. Bossmann, Deryl L. Troyer. Neutrophil tracking study on mammary tumors using bioluminescence imaging in vivo . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 738. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-738
The Global Potentials for Small- to Mid-Sized Wind (10–500 kW) Production: Using a Kenyan Case Study

Abstract According to the Human Development Report 2007/2008 there are 1.577 billion people in the world without electricity, from which 1.569 billion are from developing countries (UNDP, 2007). It raises a question: Should they use fossil fuels for their electricity needs as the developed world did in 19th century or could they leapfrog to renewable energy technologies? The majority of developed countries understands the problem of carbon emission and issue of climate change. One of the adaptation options according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chage (2007) AR4 report is the usage of renewable energy such as wind and solar energy. The purpose of this article is to estimate the type and size of the wind energy system suitable for an unelectrified community of approximately 200 homes. To reach the final purpose the following tasks were set: to examine the latest reports on the condition of wind energy systems development; to create a model of appliances set required for a single house; to estim...
Strength, hardness and fracture toughness of a complex nickel silicide containing ductile phase particles

Measurements have been made at room temperature of the strength and fracture toughness of a complex nickel silicide containing particles of a ductile phase. The matrix was either a single-phase L12 distorted Ni3Si (β2) or a two-phase Ni3Si (β1) and Ni31Si12 (γ) mixture. The particles were a solid solution of Ni(Si) encased within a rim of β1; they contained a dispersion of β1 precipitates. The principal variable was the particle size, and this had little effect on the properties. The results show that the compressive yield strength (≃ 1200 MPa), the compressive ductility (2–10%) and the fracture toughness (17 ± 3 MPa m1/2) are relatively high. The toughness and ductility are attributed to the plastic deformation and ductile fracture of the crack-stopping Ni(Si) particles.
The sensitivity of B3LYP atomization energies to the basis set and a comparison of basis set requirements for CCSD(T) and B3LYP

The atomization energies of the 55 G2 molecules are computed using the B3LYP approach with a variety of basis sets. The 6-311 + G(3df) basis set is found to yield superior results to those obtained using the augmented - correlation - consistent valence-polarized triple-zeta set. The atomization energy of SO2 is found to be the most sensitive to basis set and is studied in detail. Including tight d functions is found to be important for obtaining good atomization energies. The results for SO2 are compared with those obtained using the coupled-cluster singles and doubles approach including a perturbational estimate of the triple excitations.
727-2 Changes in Left Ventricular Mechanics and Energetics in Canine Microembolization Model of Heart Failure

Myocardial mechanics and energetics have been shown previously to be markedly abnormal in a canine model of pacing induced heart failure. However, whether those abnormalities pertain to other, more clinically relevant forms of heart failure is unknown. To investigate this question, heart failure was created by ischemic damage in 6 dogs (CHF group) that underwent repeated coronary microsphere injections over 2 months resulting in afinal area ejection fraction (aEF) of 34 ± 4%. A control group of 6 normal dogs had an aEF of 46 ± 8%, Hearts of these animals were isolated, cross-perfused and balloons placed in the LV to control volume. We measured the LV endsystolic (ESPVR) and end-diastolic (EDPVR) pressure-volume relations and the relationship between oxygen consumption (mVO 2 ) and pressure-volume area (PVA). β-responsiveness of the CHF group was significantly depressed compared to control as assessed by the increased amount of isoproterenol required to increase peak isovolumic LV pressure by 40% (72 ± 36 vs. 29 ± 14 pg/min, p l 0.05) providing pharmacologic evidence of the heart failure state, CHF hearts had a depressed and dilated LV as assessed by the ESPVR slope, Ees, and volume axis intercept, Vo, (both normalized to LV mass) compared to control (TABLE). EDPVR of CHF hearts was shifted to the right compared to control. Systolic and diastolic stress-strain relationships. estimated from the pressure-volume relations. were similar in the two groups. These data suggest that with the degree of chronic ischemic damage achieved, there was systolic LV chamber dysfunction and chamber remodeling but not myocardial property changes in surviving muscle. The mVO 2 -PVA relation in CHF hearts had smaller mVO 2 -intercept (B) than control with no change in the slope (A) (TABLE). This contrasts with a previous report using a rapid pacing CHF model in which myocardial strength was decreased, A was decreased and B was unchanged. These data suggest that 1) in spite of the notable structural and functional changes in chamber mechanics, energetic aspects of the failing heart remained unaltered in this model and 2) conclusions about myocardial energetics in CHF are model dependent. ESPVR: Ees mmHg/ml.l00 g Vo ml/l00 g mVO 2 -PVA: A mlO 2 /mmHg/ml B mlO 2 /beat/l00 g CHF 3.9 ± 1.2 * 6.9 ± 5.3 ** (1.3 ± 04) × 10 -5 0.030 ± 0.005 ** Control 47 ± 1.9 0.5 ± 2.9 (1.3 ± 0.6) × 10 -5 0.036 ± 0.004 * p l 0.05. ** p l 0.01 vs. Control by ANCOVA
Optical imaging of edge turbulence in the caltech tokamak

A linear photodiode array is used to image visible-light emission from the edge plasma of the Caltech Tokamak. The patterns of light fluctuation show small-scale broadband structure similar to that previously measured for plasma edge density turbulence. A high correlation is found between these light fluctuations and the fluctuations measured by a nearby Langmuir probe.
Omega-3 fatty acids and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2) in healthy older adult males and females.

Purpose Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a novel inflammatory factor that has been independently associated with stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Omega-3 fats have been implicated in reducing inflammation associated with CVD. The aim of this study was to determine if an 8-week isocaloric diet supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in the form of fish oil or α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the form of flaxseed oil would alter Lp-PLA2 among healthy adults ages 50 years and older.
Repetition of audiogenic seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats induces cortical epileptiform activity and additional seizure behaviors

Repetition of seizures appears to increase severity in a number of seizure models, but the nature of these severity increases has not been elucidated in naturally occurring genetic epilepsy models. The genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) is highly susceptible to many seizure provoking stimuli, and high intensity acoustic stimuli induce audiogenic seizures (AGS). The role of forebrain structures in AGS in the GEPR has not been clear, and the presence of cortical epileptiform EEG activity in the GEPR is controversial. The present study examined the effects of 21 daily AGS repetitions on behavior and EEG activity recorded from the cortex of two GEPR substrains that exhibit moderate (GEPR-3) or severe AGS (GEPR-9). The results indicated that AGS repetition induced seizure severity increases in both GEPR substrains and resulted in prominent cortical epileptiform EEG activity. The AGS behavioral patterns remained distinctly different in the two substrains throughout seizure repetition. In each substrain a different additional behavioral phase was expressed; the GEPR-9 exhibited post-tonic clonus, and the GEPR-3 exhibited facial and forelimb clonus. These findings indicate that seizure repetition results in expansion of the neuronal network subserving AGS to involve forebrain structures. The medial geniculate body and amygdala appear to be part of this expanded network, and long-term potentiation, which was reported in the pathway between the latter brain structures, may be involved. These data suggest that recruitment of forebrain structures into the AGS neuronal network appears to be essential for production of the additional ictal behaviors evoked by AGS repetition.
BEND DUCTILITY OF COLUMBIUM ALLOYS WC3015 AND Cb752.

Bend angles for columbium-base alloys, WC3015 and Cb752, at temperatures between -300 F and +500 F are reported. WC3015 exhibited a bend transition temperature well below -100 F, but was severely embrittled by silicide coatings. Cb 752 exhibited a bend transition temperature below -300 F, and the silicide coating application did not influence bend angle of the substrate. However, coating failure on both alloys was observed at less than 60 deg bend, even at 500 F. The effect of electron beam welding and gas tungsten-arc welding on the properties of WC3015 and Cb752 are also reported. Both techniques are shown to produce a marked reduction in the bend angle of WC3015. Unlike WC3015, ductility is restored in Cb752 after a suitable postweld anneal. Microstructural and hardness tests results for both alloys are reported and discussed.
Constructing essences: Ethos and the postmodern subject of feminism

(1999). Constructing essences: Ethos and the postmodern subject of feminism. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 82-91.
Epitaxial growth of hierarchical PbS nanowires

Growth of extensively aligned hierarchical lead sulfide (PbS) nanowires with hyperbranched morphology has been achieved by synthesizing nanowires epitaxially on single crystal NaCl, rutile TiO2 (001), and muscovite mica in a chemical vapor deposition process. The morphology of as-grown PbS nanowires has been examined using scanning electron microscopy. Epitaxial match with the (100) plane of PbS has been observed on all substrates, and epitaxial match with PbS (111) was also observed on mica. In addition, the preferred orientation of nanowires led to particularly strong (200) reflections from PbS in powder X-ray diffraction. The potential epitaxial relationship and lattice match are proposed and discussed. PbS nanowires of the pine tree morphology can only be formed non-epitaxially in the presence of epitaxial hyperbranched clusters. The difficulty of forming epitaxial nanowire pine trees suggested that epitaxial growth might not be conducive to the creation of dislocations that drive the formation of pine tree nanowires. Electrical properties of PbS nanowires have also been investigated.
Positive Cultures for Bordetella pertussis (Bp) in Adolescents with Cough.• 752

A trial to determine the incidence of Bp in patients age 10-50 years was begun in 10 clinics in Minneapolis. Patients with cough of 7-28 days duration were enrolled. Patients with pneumonia, sinusitis, or asthma were excluded. All enrolled patients had Bp cultures obtained at entry. Although previous reports from other investigators indicated that it would be unusual to obtain positive cultures from this population, meticulous attention was paid to culture methods. Acute and one month convalescent sera for IgG and IgA antibody to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were obtained.
Two new species and new records of cicadas from Central America (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Two new species of cicadas from Central America are presented. New members of the genus Tibicen Latreille, T. heathi sp. n., T. bimaculatus sp. n., are described from Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. New records for the cicada fauna of Belize (one species), El Salvador (two species), Guatemala (nine species), Honduras (seven species), Mexico (four species), and Nicaragua (one species) are also provided. The additional species represent an increase of 28.6, 12.5, 42.9, 35.0, 3.4, and 25.0%, respectively, in the cicada diversity of each country.
Statistical Analysis of Sodium Doppler Wind-Temperature Lidar Measurements of Vertical Heat Flux

Abstract A statistical study is presented of the errors in sodium Doppler lidar measurements of wind and temperature in the mesosphere that arise from the statistics of the photon-counting process that is inherent in the technique. The authors use data from the Colorado State University (CSU) sodium Doppler wind-temperature lidar, acquired at a midlatitude site, to define the statistics of the lidar measurements in different seasons under both daytime and nighttime conditions. The CSU lidar measurements are scaled, based on a 35-cm-diameter receiver telescope, to the use of large-aperture telescopes (i.e., 1-, 1.8-, and 3.5-m diameters). The expected biases in vertical heat flux measurements at a resolution of 480 m and 150 s are determined and compared to Gardner and Yang’s reported geophysical values of 2.3 K m s−1. A cross-correlation coefficient of 2%–7% between the lidar wind and temperature estimates is found. It is also found that the biases vary from −4 × 10−3 K m s−1 for wintertime measurements a...
Induced thermotolerance to apoptosis in a human T lymphocyte cell line.

A brief exposure to elevated temperatures elicits, in all organisms, a transient state of increased heat resistance known as thermotolerance. The mechanism for this thermotolerant state is unknown primarily because it is not clear how mild hyperthermia leads to cell death. The realization that cell death can occur through an active process of self destruction, known as apoptosis, led us to consider whether thermotolerance provides protection against this mode of cell death. Apoptosis is a common and essential form of cell death that occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions. This mode of cell death requires the active participation of the dying cell and in this way differs mechanistically from the alternative mode of cell death, necrosis. Here we show that mild hyperthermia induces apoptosis in a human leukemic T cell line. This is evidenced by chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and the cleavage of DNA into oligonucleosome size units. DNA fragmentation is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis and requires the activation of an endogenous endonuclease. The extent of DNA fragmentation was proportional to the severity of heat stress for cells heated at 43°C from 30 to 90 minutes. A brief conditioning heat treatment induced a resistance to apoptosis. This was evident as a resistance to DNA fragmentation and a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells after a heat challenge. Resistance to DNA fragmentation developed during a recovery period at 37°C and was correlated with enhanced heat shock protein (hsp) synthesis. This heat-induced resistance to apoptosis suggests that thermotolerant cells have gained the capacity to prevent the onset of this pathway of self-destruction. An examination of this process in heated cells should provide new insights into the molecular basis of cellular thermotolerance. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Addition of sodium bicarbonate to calf starter rations varying in protein percent.

The influence of added sodium bicarbonate on calf performance and on a possible sparing effect on dietary protein was studied with 48 Holstein calves. Calves were assigned randomly to one of four starter diets containing 10% chopped hay in a 2 X 2 factorial designed experiment: 1) 12% crude protein, 0% sodium bicarbonate; 2) 12% crude protein, 3% sodium bicarbonate; 3) 17% crude protein, 0% sodium bicarbonate; and 4) 17% crude protein, 3% sodium bicarbonate. All calves were fed fermented colostrum for 5 wk and offered their respective starter diets from birth until 10 wk of age. Average daily gains and daily dry matter intakes for wk 0 to 5 were .24, .25; .28, .24; .26, .19; and .27, .24 kg for diets 1 to 4 and for wk 6 to 10 were .52, 1.64; .50, 1.73; .67, 1.78; and .63, 1.87 kg. Addition of sodium bicarbonate (diets 2 and 4) stimulated greater growth (0 to 5 wk) and higher feed intake for the 10-wk trial. Digestibilities of all nutrient measures at wk 9 were lower with added sodium bicarbonate and may be related to higher feed intake. Added sodium bicarbonate did not influence nitrogen digestibility. However, the higher protein diet with sodium bicarbonate improved nitrogen utilization. Rumen samples collected at 9 wk tended to have a higher pH and ratio of acetate: propionate with added sodium bicarbonate. Calves fed the high protein diets gained more weight and consumed more feed than calves fed the low protein diets.
Thermodynamic properties of solid solutions—I vapor pressures of cadmium over alpha silver-cadmium alloys

Abstract A new method of measurement of partial vapor pressures over solid alloys has been developed. Solid alloys are formed at elevated temperatures from pure components—one of them being present in vapor form at constant partial pressure—until equilibrium with vapor is reached. The volatile element is maintained at constant pressure by keeping the pure volatile element in liquid form at constant temperature at the low-temperature end of the reaction vessel. Partial vapour pressures of cadmium were measured in the whole alpha field for the Ag-Cd system. The partial heats and entropy of solution of cadmium in silver show abrupt changes at about 4.1, 8.33, 25 and 33.3 at. per cent Cd. These changes are due to changes in ordering.
A Bidirectional Microstrip X-Band Antenna Array on Liquid Crystal Polymer for Beamforming Applications

This communication presents for the first time a 16-element planar X-band bidirectional antenna array for beamforming applications. The planar (2D) antenna array is comprised of planar polygon slot antenna elements that utilize a metamaterial inspired reactive coupling element. Simulation and measurement results are presented for both a single antenna element and a 16-element planar array, which resides on a Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate. Successful comparison between measured and simulated results verifies that the single antenna element achieves a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 17.5% and the planar antenna array achieves a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 25% both at a center frequency of approximately 11 GHz. The measured gain of the planar antenna array is more than 14.5 dBi with an efficiency of 65%. The overall size of the planar antenna array is 3.3λ° × 3.6λ° × 0.0093λ° at 11 GHz.
Using ‘number needed to treat’ to help conceptualize the magnitude of benefit and risk of tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors for patients with severe psoriasis

Background Risks and benefits of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitors are often presented using statistical descriptions that are difficult to translate directly for patients into a clinically meaningful context. Objectives To illustrate the risks and benefits of TNFalpha inhibitors in relation to risks that patients understand. Methods We performed a number needed to treat analysis for patients with psoriasis on TNFalpha inhibitors via a Medline and Embase search. We determined the number needed to benefit and the number needed to harm with TNFalpha inhibitor treatment. We compared the risk of serious adverse events from treatment with a TNFalpha inhibitor to the risk of death from driving a car. The risk analyses were limited to the risks of tuberculosis, lymphoma and demyelinating disease. Results The numbers needed to benefit were 2.1 for etanercept, 1.4 for infliximab, and 1.6 for adalimumab. Depending on the adverse event, the numbers needed to harm ranged from 380 to 360,000 treated patients per year. Screening prior to the initiation of TNFalpha inhibitor therapy reduces risk of tuberculosis. Patients are about as likely to die in a car accident as to have a serious adverse event from treatment with a TNFalpha inhibitor. Conclusions All three of the TNFalpha antagonists have remarkable efficacy in patients with severe psoriasis. The risks of serious adverse events are relatively rare and comparable to the risks patients take on a regular basis such as driving a car. For many patients with severe psoriasis, the benefits of TNFalpha inhibitors may greatly outweigh the risks.
Stimulus control of eye orientations: Shaping S+ only versus shaping S- only☆

Abstract To determine how stimulus control of eye orientation was established and how that process affected learning, an analysis of normal preschool children's eye orientations and pointing responses to each of two simultaneously presented stimuli (S+ and S-) was conducted. Using a probe design to test for acquisition, each subject was trained on two tasks. In one task, S+ (selections of this stimulus produced reinforcement) was held constant at the final criterion level while S- (selections of this stimulus never produced reinforcement) was manipulated using stimulus shaping procedures. The second task was programmed with the opposite method (S+ shaped while S- held constant). Results showed that more pointing response errors, more occurences of eye orientations, and longer durations of eye orientations characterized conditions where S+ was held constant and S- was shaped. The individual analysis of the eye orientation data indicated that differences in eye orientation to stimuli under the two programs were largely due to relatively higher frequency of orientation to the S- stimulus under program condtions that shaped S- and held S+ constant.
Does My Model Work? Evaluation Abstractions of Cognitive Modelers

Are the abstractions that scientific modelers use to build their models in a modeling language the same abstractions they use to evaluate the correctness of their models? The extent to which such differences exist seems likely to correspond to additional effort of modelers in determining whether their models work as intended. In this paper, we therefore investigate the distinction between "programming abstractions" and "evaluation abstractions". As the basis of our investigation, we conducted a case study on cognitive modeling. We report modelers' evaluation abstractions, and the lengths they went to in evaluating their models. From these results, we derive design implications for several categories of persistent, first-class evaluation abstractions in future debugging tools for modelers.
Enhanced performance in elderly subjects following bright light treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia

Sixteen older individuals with sleep maintenance insomnia were treated with night-time bright-light exposure (BL) while living at home. Twelve consecutive days of acute light treatment were followed by a 3-mo maintenance light-treatment period. Subjects completed laboratory evaluation sessions on five separate occasions (prior to and following the acute light-treatment period, and once per month during the maintenance period). During each laboratory session, performance levels, sleep, and core body temperature were measured. The performance battery consisted of four computerized tasks (Logical Reasoning, Stroop Congruency, Two Letter Visual Search, and Wilkinson Four-Choice Reaction Time) and was administered every 2 h between 10.00 and 18.00 hours. Subjects improved significantly on three of the four tasks from pre-BL to post-BL. During the maintenance period, subjects who received active BL treatment maintained significantly higher performance levels than a control BL group. Light treatment improved sleep efficiency and delayed the phase of the body temperature rhythm. Performance improvements were significantly related only to sleep and not to circadian phase. The implications for non-circadian treatments of sleep maintenance insomnia and cognitive functioning in the elderly are discussed.
Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors

We developed a chemical route to produce graphene nanoribbons (GNR) with width below 10 nanometers, as well as single ribbons with varying widths along their lengths or containing lattice-defined graphene junctions for potential molecular electronics. The GNRs were solution-phase-derived, stably suspended in solvents with noncovalent polymer functionalization, and exhibited ultrasmooth edges with possibly well-defined zigzag or armchair-edge structures. Electrical transport experiments showed that, unlike single-walled carbon nanotubes, all of the sub-10-nanometer GNRs produced were semiconductors and afforded graphene field effect transistors with on-off ratios of about 10(7) at room temperature.
Host-parasite interface of the flukeCollyriclum faba (Bremser in Schmalz, 1831) as revealed by light and electron microscopy

Light and electron microscopy ofCollyriclum faba reveals that the dorsal tegument is highly convoluted, containing regular groups of between one and five spines. The thinner ventral covering has a less spiny surface with shallow infoldings. The lining of the capsule is characterized by numerous layers of collagen reflecting a strong cellular response by the host.
Tight analysis of the performance potential of thread speculation using spec CPU 2006

Multi-cores such as the Intel®1 Core™2 Duo processor, facilitate efficient thread-level parallel execution of ordinary programs, wherein the different threads-of-execution are mapped onto different physical processors. In this context, several techniques have been proposed for auto-parallelization of programs. Recently, thread-level speculation (TLS) has been proposed as a means to parallelize difficult-to-analyze serial codes. In general, more than one technique can be employed for parallelizing a given program. The overlapping nature of the applicability of the various techniques makes it hard to assess the intrinsic performance potential of each. In this paper, we present a tight analysis of the (unique) performance potential of both: (a) TLS in general and (b) specific types of thread-level speculation, viz., control speculation, data dependence speculation and data value speculation, for the SPEC2 CPU2006 benchmark suite in light of the various limiting factors such as the threading overhead and misspeculation penalty. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of TLS based on SPEC CPU2006 and accounts for the aforementioned real-life con-straints. Our analysis shows that, at the innermost loop level, the upper bound on the speedup uniquely achievable via TLS with the state-of-the-art thread implementations for both SPEC CINT2006 and CFP2006 is of the order of 1%.
Separation and determination of radioactive caesium in milk

A method is given for the separation and determination of radiocaesium in fluid milk. Caesium is separated from organic material and interfering ions by passage of the milk sample through a cation-exchanger in the lithium form. It is eluted from this column with 6M hydrochloric acid. Two methods are given for the recovery of radiocaesium from the eluate. It may be precipitated with silico-tungstic acid and then converted into caesium perchlorate for counting or weighing. Alternatively, the eluate is passed through a small column of ammonium phosphomolybdate, which quantitatively sorbs the radiocaesium, the activity of which is determined by putting the column in a well-type scintillation counter and measuring the activity. Approximately 90% of the radiocaesium is recovered.
Mass dependence of critical behavior in nucleus-nucleus collisions

The {ital Z} distributions of fragments emitted from central collisions of {sup 40}Ar+{sup 45}Sc at beam energies from 15 to 115 MeV/nucleon have been fitted to power laws {sigma}({ital Z}){proportional_to}{ital Z}{sup {minus}{lambda}}. The {lambda} parameter reaches a minimum at a beam energy of 23.9{plus_minus}0.7 MeV/nucleon. A percolation model calculation reproduces the observed {ital Z} distributions for all beam energies, using the mean excitation energy as extracted from proton kinetic energy spectra. We extract the critical value of the deposited excitation energy for our system and make predictions for the dependence of this quantity on the size of the fragmenting system.
Does feeling holier than others predict good deeds? Self-construal, self-enhancement and helping behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between self-enhancement and helping behavior/intentions. Some people are more inclined than others to engage in helping behaviors. Determining what individual characteristics are related to helping behavior could have important implications for both marketers and non-profit organizations. Drawing on research on self-enhancement, this paper examines the relationship between the “above-average effect” (the tendency of individuals to rate themselves more favorably than they rate others) specifically on altruistic traits and helping behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through two surveys and analyzed with correlation analysis, path analysis and structural equation models. Findings – In two studies, we find a positive relationship between interdependence and self-enhancement and a positive relationship between self-enhancement and helping behavior (volunteering in Study 1 and donation behavior in Study 2). We further sh...