cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methanol solvolysis of metal trifluorophosphine complexes

Abstract Complexes of the type Co(NO)(CO)x(PF3)3−x readily undergo partial or complete solvolysis with methanol or, with greater facility react with sodium methoxide in methanol with replacements of –F by –OCH3. The complexes with a lower degree of solvolysis are isolated by gas-liquid chromatography and identified. The volatility of the complexes decreases rapidly as the degree of solvolysis increases. The stretching frequencies of the characteristic carbonyl and nitrosyl bands shift to progressively lower values as the degree of solvolysis increases. This solvolysis reaction appears to be the simplest procedure to prepare complexes of the type PF2(OCH3) and PF(OCH3)2. The end product of solvolysis are trimethylphosphite complexes.
Lenalidomide and the 3 Ms: déjà vu all over again?

Comment on Tefferi et al, page [1158][1] Elevated serum VEGF and neoangiogenesis are characteristic features of idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF), and in small phase 2 trials the antiangiogenic agent thalidomide demonstrated efficacy in correcting anemia and thrombocytopenia in IMF but with
Access site bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Surgical aortic valve replacement improves morbidity and mortality in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and is treatment of choice for symptomatic patients. As high, one-third of patients with severe AS are considered inoperable due to associated high surgical risk. Recently, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been demonstrated to improve survival, quality of life, and functional status in patients who are considered inoperable due to high risk of surgery. However, access site and non-access site bleeding are major procedural complications after TAVI and are associated with worse clinical outcomes. In this review, we systematically study the access site complication associated with TAVI and approaches that can minimize these complications.
Chemisorption of Propane on Platinum Surfaces in the Presence of Pre-adsorbed Water

THE chemisorption of saturated hydrocarbons on platinum surfaces has been studied by several authors1–3, whose results imply that chemisorption of hydrocarbons is accompanied by extensive dissociation of the molecule, at least at temperatures above 80° C (ref. 3). It is assumed that some C–C and much C–H is dissociated at temperatures of about 100° C.
Surgical Management of the Severely Atherosclerotic Ascending Aorta During Cardiac Operations

Severe atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is associated with an increased incidence of stroke after cardiac surgery. Direct intraoperative epiaortic scanning is a rapid and accurate means for detection of ascending aortic atherosclerosis. When severe atheromatous disease is detected, graft replacement of the ascending aorta is our preferred method of management. During an 11-year period, 81 patients (mean age 71 years) who underwent coronary artery bypass were found to have severe ascending aortic atherosclerosis by epiaortic scanning. Using hypothermic circulatory arrest, 80 patients underwent partial (5) or complete (75) ascending aortic replacement. One patient underwent resection of a protruding aortic atheroma. In addition to partial or total replacement of the ascending aorta, 34 patients had replacement of the aortic arch, 19 had a valve replacement, and 6 had carotid endarterectomy. The 30-day mortality was 8.6% (7 patients). Four patients (4.9%) sustained perioperative strokes and 2 (2.5%) sustained transient perioperative ischemic neurological deficits. The 3-year survival rate was 40%. There was one stroke 4 months postoperatively that eventually led to late death. Elective resection and graft replacement of the severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta using hypothermic circulatory arrest in patients undergoing cardiac operations is a safe procedure, associated with an acceptable incidence of postoperative stroke. The procedure may provide long-term protection from subsequent embolic cerebral vascular events. However, long-term survival has been disappointing and is primarily related to generalized atherosclerosis.
Characterization of stearic acid modified soy protein isolate resin and ramie fiber reinforced ‘green’ composites

Abstract The effects of stearic acid on the physical, tensile, moisture, thermal and micro-structural properties of the soy protein isolate (SPI)-based resin have been investigated. Fully biodegradable, environment-friendly, unidirectional, ramie fiber reinforced ‘green’ composites were also successfully fabricated using SPI and stearic acid modified SPI (MSPI) resins and characterized for their tensile and flexural properties. The fiber/resin interfacial shear strength was characterized using microbond technique. The mechanical and thermal properties and moisture resistance of the MSPI resin were significantly better than the SPI resin. It was observed that part of the stearic acid crystallized in SPI resin and that the crystallizability was affected by the glycerol added as a plasticizer. The replacement of glycerol with stearic acid did not affect the fiber/resin interfacial interaction. The ramie/MSPI composites showed significantly better mechanical properties compared to ramie/SPI composites. While the Young’s modulus of ramie/MSPI composites was closer to the theoretically calculated values, both composites had lower values than predicted. The ramie fiber/MSPI resin composites may be used as ‘green’ composites for certain indoor applications.
Antigen-antibody reaction in the pathogenesis of bilateral renal cortical necrosis.

In the presence of reticuloendothelial blockade, the intravenous injection of a protein antigen into specifically immunized rabbits or the infusion of soluble immune complexes into normal animals has been shown to result in the production of bilateral renal cortical necrosis. The similarity in the pathogenesis of this lesion and that seen in the classical generalized Shwartzman reaction produced by bacterial endotoxins is indicated by ( a ) the failure of both lesions to develop in animals pretreated with large doses of heparin, ( b ) by the finding of "heparin-precipitable fibrinogen" in the circulation, and ( c ) by the presence of massive fibrin deposits within the glomerular capillaries. These findings indicate that antigen-antibody reactions in vivo are capable of activating the blood coagulation system and that the mode of action of bacterial endotoxins may have an immunological basis.
Probability density functions for hyperbolic and isodiachronic locations

Animal locations are sometimes estimated with hyperbolic techniques by estimating the difference in distances of their sounds between pairs of receivers. Each pair specifies the animal's location to a hyperboloid because the speed of sound is assumed to be spatially homogeneous. Sufficient numbers of intersecting hyperboloids specify the location. A nonlinear method is developed for computing probability density functions for location. The method incorporates a priori probability density functions for the receiver locations, the speed of sound, winds, and the errors in the differences in travel time. The traditional linear approximation method overestimates bounds for probability density functions by one or two orders of magnitude compared with the more accurate nonlinear method. The nonlinear method incorporates a generalization of hyperbolic methods because the average speed of sound is allowed to vary between different receivers and the source. The resulting "isodiachronic" surface is the locus of points on which the difference in travel time is constant. Isodiachronic locations yield correct location errors in situations where hyperbolic methods yield incorrect results, particularly when the speed of propagation varies significantly between a source and different receivers.
The bias in centrally planned prices

The historical verdict must be surely in on the great central planning experiment Soviet block economies are fleeing central planning philosophy in droves; nonetheless, the brute fact constraining movement from central planning to market economy is the necessity of vastly increasing prices (Kurtzman, 1988). The point of this note is to look back on the central planning debate of the 1930s and 40s with the perfect wisdom of hindsight and ask why none of the participants predicted this answer. By an easy process of elimination, we focus on the anti-central planning side of the debate; after all, if disinterested members of the pro-central planning side of the debate; after all, if disinterested members of the pro-central planning side had reached the correct answer, surely they would have switched sides! The brunt of the anti-central planning position was carried by two alone, von Mises and Hayek, so we reconsider their arguments using a bit of statistical notation to sharpen the points at issue. The argument is that von Mises and Hayek focused on the complex technical issues in involved in central planning and ignored the simple incentives facing planners.' A concluding speculation is offered as to why neither von Mises nor Hayek got it right.
Essential Tremor Entrains Rapid Voluntary Movements

The effect of essential tremor on the timing of rapid wrist flexion was examined in 10 patients with moderate to severe disability. The mean reaction time and motor time of the patients did not differ from the mean values of 10 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The latencies of the triphasic agonist and antagonist EMG bursts did not differ between patients and controls. The initiation of movement was time-locked to the tremor cycle in all patients. The initial agonist muscle activation occurred in phase with the rhythmic bursts of EMG, but the onset of rapid wrist flexion occurred when the momentum of essential tremor opposed the volitional movement. Essential tremor has subtle effects on motor control that transcend oscillation per se. These effects probably contribute to the impaired performance of fine motor tasks in patients with advanced disease.
An IFYGL Carbon Budget for Lake Ontario

A carbon budget was produced for each month of the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) year (April 1972 to March 1973) to determine the importance of the various sources and sinks of carbon. Major sources were found to be CO2 which was fixed in organic matter during primary production and inorganic carbon in tributary streams, especially the Niagara River. The major sinks were found to be inorganic carbon outflow at the St. Lawrence River and net CO2 gas exchange between the inorganic carbon pool and the atmosphere. Inflow and outflow of organic matter in rivers, sedimentation of organic and inorganic matter, ground water transport, and municipal and industrial perturbations accounted in total for less than 10% of the annual budget. The lake had an inventory of approximately 4.0 × 1010 kg of inorganic carbon and approximately an order of magnitude less organic carbon. The riverborne flux of inorganic carbon of 0.5 × 1010 was 13% of the lake's inventory, assuming complete mixing; a minimum mean residence time of 8 years can be calculated from that inventory. The seasonal cycle inherent in the fixation of carbon in primary production was primarily balanced by a complementary seasonal cycle in the air-lake CO2 gas exchange system. The lake acts as a sink for CO2 gas in the warm months when primary productivity is highest and as a source of CO2 in the colder part of the year. The IFYGL year had higher than normal rates of water flow, but this does not appear to have perturbed the inorganic carbon system. A comparison of IFYGL carbon budget results with corresponding estimates calculated for a typical year from historical data shows no major differences.
A filter assay specific to Eco helix-destablizing Protein I in crude extracts.

Abstract A filter assay for Eco helix-destabilizing Protein I is reported and shown by immunological analysis specifically to detect Eco HD Protein I in crude extracts. The assay detects no activity in strains carrying a temperature-sensitive allele for Eco HD Protein I. The assay is linear over a 20-fold range and can reliably detect a nanogram or less of Eco HD Protein I.
More on the Least Strongly Compact Cardinal

We show that it is consistent, relative to a supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals, for the least strongly compact cardinal k to be both the least measurable cardinal and to be > 2k supercompact.
Radiation oncology: today and tomorrow.

The twentieth century witnessed the birth of the medical discipline of Radiation Oncology, beginning with the discovery and clinical application of radium in the early 1900s. Subsequently, clinical radiation oncology evolved as a major modality for the treatment of most solid cancers with the initial use of orthovoltage x-rays, to the use of supervoltage photons and electrons and, most recently, to the use of neutrons, protons, and other charged particles. In the last quarter of the century, Radiation Oncology readily adapted and integrated the use of supercomputers and new imaging modalities (CT, MRI, PET/CT) into radiation treatment planning and delivery to transition from 2-dimensional (2-D) to 3-D, and now to 4-D treatment. As we moved through the first decade of the twenty-first century, our ability to carefully conform the radiation dose to the outlines of irregularly shaped tumor or target volumes while also creating a steep radiation dose gradient to adjacent normal tissues is now becoming standard-of-care with the use of image-guided and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IGRT and IMRT, respectively) or with the use of stereotactic radio surgery (SRS). This rapid evolution in imaging and radiation treatment technologies was only made possible by the simultaneous integration of specialty trained medical physicists and dosimetrists as essential members of Radiation Oncology departments.
Cross-level effects of workplace diversity on sales performance and pay

Drawing on social identity theory and status-based perspectives, we describe how in-group/out-group dynamics affect performance differences and earnings inequalities between members of higher-status majorities (whites, males) and lower-status minorities (people of color, women). Among sales employees on 437 teams in 46 units of a large company, team demographic composition and unit management composition moderated the relationship between individual demographic attributes and pay. Ethnicity-based earnings inequalities were smaller in teams with proportionately more people of color, and gender- and ethnicity-based inequalities were smaller in units with proportionately more women and people of color as managers. Partial mediation by performance was found.
RANK expression on breast cancer cells promotes skeletal metastasis

RANK ligand (RANKL), acting through its cognate receptor RANK, is a key factor for bone remodeling and metastasis by regulating the differentiation, survival and activation of osteoclasts. RANKL is also crucial for the development of mouse mammary glands during pregnancy and has been recently linked to the etiology of breast cancer via its direct activity on RANK-expressing normal or transformed breast epithelial cells, leading to increased mitogenesis, enhanced regenerative potential of mammary stem cells, and increased invasion and migration. We demonstrate that higher RANK expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (MDA-231-RANK cells) is sufficient to confer a significantly greater metastatic growth rate in the bone compared with MDA-MB-231 cells which do not express high levels of RANK. Blockade of osteoclastic bone resorption, achieved with treatment by either RANKL inhibition or zoledronic acid, did reduce skeletal tumor progression of MDA-231-RANK cells suggesting that the vicious cycle contributes to metastatic growth. However, RANKL inhibition reduced skeletal growth of MDA-231-RANK tumors to a significantly greater extent than zoledronic acid, indicating that skeletal growth of RANK-positive tumors is also driven by direct RANKL effects. RANKL stimulated the expression of multiple genes associated with cell invasive behavior, including several matrix metalloproteinases and other genes previously defined as part of a bone metastasis gene signature. These data indicate that RANKL provokes breast cancer bone metastases via two distinct, but potentially overlapping mechanisms: stimulation of tumor-associated osteoclastogenesis and stimulation of RANK-expressing tumor cells.
Preparation of 14C‐labelled dimethylsilane‐1,1‐diol

The preparation of 14C-labelled dimethylsilane-1, 1-diol in two steps from 14C-labelled diphenyldimethylsilane is described. Aluminum chloride catalyzed protodesilylation of diphenyldimethylsilane with HCl in dichloromethane or dimethyldichlorosilane at 0–5°C affords labelled dimethyldichlorosilane which is hydrolyzed in the presence of triethylamine to afford the title compound in 45–60% yield.
Quantum (abc)-Theorems☆

Let F[x] be the polynomial ring in one variable x with coefficients in a field F. For a nonzero polynomial a in F[x], we denote by deg(a) its degree and by N(a) the number of zeros of a in an algebraic closure F of F whose multiplicity is not divisible by char(F ). In other words, N(a)= deg(a gcd(a, a$)). When char(F )=0, N(a) is just the number of distinct zeros of a in F . The (abc)-theorem (see [4]) is concerned with solutions (a, b, c) in F[x] of the equation
Searching for a dialectic synthesis: reflections on Paik's study

Abstract In this chapter, Professor Weldon attempts to find a “common ground” between the two very different educational systems, South Korea and the United States. He re-examines Paik's analysis in terms of the history, culture, and educational systems of the two countries. He concludes the chapter by raising a series of questions to stimulate further research.
Cytology of 2N pollen formation and pollen morphology in diploid lotus tenuis (fabaceae)

Two genotypes of Lotus tenuis Waldst & Kit. ex Willd. PI 204882, a diploid (2n = 2x = 12), were identified as producing 2n pollen (maximum = 6%). The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine the mechanism(s) of 2n pollen formation in the L. tenuis genotypes and (2) to morphologically describe n and 2n pollen using light and scanning electron microscopy. Meiotic studies revealed that 2n pollen resulted from tripolar spindles during anaphase II of microsporogenesis. The 2n pollen germinated well, although abnormal pollen tubes were observed. The genetic constitution of 2n pollen resulting from tripolar spindles is equivalent to first division restitution (FDR) of meiosis. Fresh and air-dried pollen samples exhibited differences in size and shape under light and scanning electron microscopy. The size of diploid (2n) pollen was larger than that of haploid (In) pollen. Normal haploid (ln) pollen was globose-prolate in shape, while diploid (2n) pollen was tetrahedral in shape.
Childhood obesity: do parents recognize this health risk?

Objective: This study examined parents’ understanding of excess weight as a health risk, knowledge of healthy eating habits, and recognition of obesity in their children. Research Methods and Procedures: An anonymous questionnaire was distributed during well-care visits involving children 4 to 8 years of age at a pediatric faculty practice. Parents indicated their level of concern about excess weight and other familiar health risks using a four-point Likert scale, answered multiple-choice questions concerning healthy eating patterns, and communicated their perceptions about their child's weight using a visual analog scale. A parent's perception was considered “accurate” if it deviated from the child's growth chart percentile by <30 points. Results: Of the 83 parents surveyed, 23% (19/83) had overweight children (≥95th percentile of age- and gender-specific BMI growth charts). These parents did not differ from other parents in their level of concern about excess weight as a health risk or in their knowledge of healthy eating patterns, but the two groups of parents did differ in the accuracy of their perceptions about their children's weight. Only 10.5% of parents of overweight children (2/19) perceived their child's weight accurately compared with 59.4% of other parents (38/64; p < 0.001). Parents of overweight children invariably underestimated their children's weight. The median difference between their perception and the growth chart percentile was −45 points. Discussion: Given that most parents of overweight children fail to recognize that their child has a weight problem, pediatricians should develop strategies to help these parents correct their misperceptions.
Software design methods for distributed computing systems

Abstract Due to the rapid development of computer, communication and microelectronics technologies, the trend of distributed computing systems is to become more distributed. Because the characteristics of distributed computing systems are significantly different from those of traditional computing systems, different approaches are needed to effectively address the design issues related to the characteristics of software for distributed computing systems. In this paper, the methods currently used to develop the software for distributed computing systems are classified into three approaches: dataflow-oriented; communication-oriented; and object-oriented. Their applicabilities to various applications for distributed computing systems are discussed, and object-oriented approach is identified as a more promising approach to developing distributed software. The future trends and research directions of software development techniques for distributed computing systems are discussed.
Plant cultivation and forest clearance by prehistoric North Americans: pollen evidence from Fort Ancient, Ohio, USA

Archaeological records show that, as early as 2000–1500 bc, Native Americans in the eastern USA domesticated a group of native plant species with starchy or oily seeds that helped support extensive Woodland societies. Previously, the location and extent of cultivation of these ancient crop plants has been unknown, but was hypothesized to be small clearances on river floodplains. Here, pollen analyses of two 2000-year-old sediment records from Fort Ancient, an upland Hopewell archaeological site in southwestern Ohio, show exceptionally high amounts of pollen from cultigens- Iva annua, Polygonum erectum and Chenopodium – deposited during Hopewell occupation of the site (100 bc to ad 400). It is likely that this earthwork is a site of prehistoric cultivation, not exclusively a ceremonial structure. Pollen spectra indicate the area surrounding the ponds was largely deforested, and the sediment record indicates high rates of erosion during this time. Therefore, North American Woodland societies were likely mod...
Analysis of radioiodine in ground litter samples downwind of the Savannah River Site

Ground litter samples were collected and analyzed for radioiodine (129I) content from distances of 1.4–128 km away from the Savannah River Site nuclear fuel reprocessing facility. Analysis methods consisted of thermo-chromatographic separation of the iodine from the sample matrix followed by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS). The results indicate that measurable quantities of radioiodine are released and that the accumulation decreases as a function of distance from the source in agreement with a simple approximation described in the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) report.
Velocity measurements in inhomogeneous combustion systems

Abstract Measurements of velocity have been made in single-phase and two-phase combustion systems using laser anemometers. Argon ion lasers, Bragg cells for frequency shifting, forward and backscatter collection, signal processing, and computer analysis are used for velocity measurement. The set of vertical and horizontal fringes allows two orthogonal velocity components to be measured simultaneously and instanteously. Radiation line filters are installed in the photomultiplier detectors to remove influence of flame radiation on velocity measurements. Instantaneous measurements of three orthogonal velocity components ( u , v , w ) are made over time periods sufficiently long for statistically valid time averaging. Conditional sampling is used on velocity-time traces to separate periodic fluctuations of flow field structure (form intermittency) from microscale fluctuations intrinsic to fluid mechanic turbulence. For two-phase flow systems with liquid fuel injection, the phase Doppler particle analyzer measures the size and velocity of single drops simultaneously. The technique is based upon the measurement of the interference fringe patterns produced by spherical drops passing through the intersection of two laser beams. Three detectors, separated at fixed spacing, are used to receive Doppler signals and to determine the phase shift due to different path lengths of the laser beam. The spatial frequency of the interference fringe pattern is linearly proportional to the measured drop size. The instrument also provides local point information on liquid flux, number density, size-velocity correlation, and spatial and temporal mean drop size. Detailed measurements have been made in burning and nonburning air-assisted atomizer sprays revealing the detailed structural changes in the sprays as a result of drop collision and coalescence, evaporation, dispersion, and acceleration. Comparisons of mean drop sizes, number densities, and velocities under burning and nonburning conditions show the extent that the spray and flow fields are modified by combustion.
Immunologic reconstitution of foals with combined immunodeficiency

Abstract Thirty eight foals with combined immunodeficiency (CID) received transplanted fetal liver cells, fetal liver and thymus cells, histocompatible bone marrow cells, or equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) haploidentical bone marrow cells in an attempt to reconstitute their deficient immune systems. Engraftment was infrequent, partial, and unpredictable when fetal cells were employed. Three of five CID foals receiving ELA haploidentical bone marrow cells demonstrated partial reconstitution, but engraftment was only temporary. Administration of histocompatible bone marrow cells resulted in rapid, full and sustained engraftment.
Hanle effect measurements of spin relaxation in self-assembled CdSe quantum dots

Abstract We use the Hanle effect to study spin relaxation in self-assembled CdSe quantum dots embedded in a Be 0.03 Zn 0.97 Se matrix. We measure a short transverse spin lifetime in the sub nanosecond range (0.31–0.35 ns) at 4.2 K. We propose that strong phonon and/or impurity scattering, due to unintentional contamination, limit the spin coherence time in CdSe / Be 0.03 Zn 0.97 Se QDs.
Mechanisms of vaporization for Cr using electrothermal atomization

Abstract An electrothermal atomic absorption mass spectroscopy (ETAA-MS) system was used to monitor the evolution of species from a graphite platform with respect to temperature. Atomic absorption under vacuum conditions was used to monitor the free metal atoms and allow comparisons to be made with the mass spectroscopy (MS) data. Regular ETAAS was used to obtain absorption profiles under atmospheric conditions. These studies provide evidence for two dominant mechanisms contributing to the analytical signal: (I) the decomposition of chromium carbide produced by carbon reduction of the chromium oxide; and (II) the thermal desorption of adsorbed chromium. Mechanism (I) occurs primarily at or near the site of sample deposition while (II) occurs at other locations in the graphite furnace as well. Gaseous chromium oxides were identified at fairly low temperatures using ETAA-MS. Under 1 atm, these early released species probably redeposit at active sites at several locations in the tube and contribute to the formation of adsorbed Cr on the graphite surface. Gaseous chromium carbides were monitored but not detected by MS in the present study. Thermal pretreatments at temperatures above 1600 K resulted in a shift of the absorption maxima to later times explained as a gradual reduction in the contribution of mechanism (I).
Effect of aging on NOx reduction in coupled LNT–SCR systems

Abstract The effect of simulated road aging on the NOx reduction performance of coupled Pt/Rh LNT and Cu-CHA SCR catalysts was studied using H2, CO and C3H6 as NOx reductants. Activity tests showed that the NOx reduction activity of the LNT was significantly decreased after aging, especially at low temperature. N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, elemental analysis and TEM results revealed two main changes which account for the degradation in LNT performance. First, residual sulfur in the aged LNT associated with the Ba phase was responsible for decreased NOx storage efficiency. Second, sintering of the precious metals in the washcoat occurred, resulting in decreased contact between the Pt and Ba, and hence in less efficient NOx storage and catalyst regeneration. The aged LNT showed higher NH3 selectivity than that of the fresh LNT in the temperature range 150–450 °C, NH3 generated from the LNT being stored by the SCR catalyst which subsequently catalyzed its reaction with NOx slip from the LNT. Hence, the loss of NOx conversion over the LNT was partly compensated by the downstream SCR catalyst. N2O formation over the aged LNT was less than that over the fresh LNT and the N2O was partly mitigated by the downstream SCR catalyst. Microreactor tests further showed that in addition to NH3, the SCR catalyst was able to use slipped CO or C3H6 as NOx reductants. A comparison of the difference in NOx conversion for the aged LNT and LNT–SCR configurations for the three reductants used in this study showed that the greatest benefit was obtained when CO and C3H6 were the reductants. This is explained by the fact that the LNT catalyst was unable to utilize these reductants as efficiently as H2 due to their lower reactivity; hence, more NOx and reductant slip reached the SCR catalyst. The ability of the SCR catalyst to utilize these reductants therefore provides a significant advantage over the LNT-only configuration.
Working toward equitable opportunities for science students with disabilities: Using professional development and technology

As a result of federal legislation, adolescents with disabilities and other exceptionalities are increasingly included in science and math classes alongside their peers who are typically developing. The effectiveness of this placement option, however, is largely dependent on the skill level of the general educator and the support afforded to this teacher through various channels. Efforts arising from two National Science Foundation grants address both skill and support. Center's Lesson Adaptations for Student Success (CLASS) project used summer professional development opportunities to equip teachers with the knowledge and skills needed to provide students with physical, sensory and learning disabilities equitable access to laboratory and field experiences. Second, to support teachers back in their classrooms, the Ohio Resource Center's Lesson Adaptations for Student Success (OR-CLASS) uses web resources to share high quality, peer-reviewed lesson plans, complete with specific recommendations on adaptations for students with a variety of exceptional learning needs.
Ritual Conformity and Organizational Control: Loose Coupling or Professionalization?:

A study examined ritual conformity and loose coupling in the responses of community mental health organizations in North Carolina to legal policy encouraging the outpatient commitment of the mental...
Cappelen between rock and a hard place

In order for Herman Cappelen to argue in his Philosophy Without Intuitions that philosophers have been on the whole mistaken in thinking that we actually use intuitions much at all in our first-order philosophizing, he must attempt the task of characterizing what something must be, in order to be an intuition. My discussion here is focused on the latter half of the book concerning the �argument from philosophical practice. I am in wholehearted agreement with the first half�s thesis that the usage of the term �intuition� is highly motley and of no methodological use. I truly sympathize with the frustration he evidently feels at wrangling with that task, because I�ve felt the same in my own project critiquing what I do take to be a fairly common practice in contemporary philosophy that we often gesture at when we speak of intuitions. For the literature on intuitions can be a total mess on even the most basic questions about what intuitions are: beliefs, or sui generis seemings? Special in ...
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Magnesium and Calcium Triazenide Complexes

Reaction of the 1,2,3-triazene Tol-NN-NH-Tol with MgBu2 or Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2 resulted in deprotonation of the triazene to give the triazenide complexes 1 and 2, respectively. Both have been characterized structurally and are monomeric.
The Amount and Timing of Goodwill Write-Offs and Revaluations: Evidence from U.S. and U.K. Firms

This paper investigates criticisms that U.S. GAAP had given firms too much discretion in determining the amount and timing of goodwill write-offs. Using 1,576 U.S. and 563 U.K. acquisitions, we find little evidence that U.S. firms managed the amount of goodwill write-off or that U.K. firms managed the amount of revaluations (write-ups of intangible assets). However, our results are consistent with U.S. firms delaying goodwill write-offs and U.K. firms timing revaluations strategically to avoid shareholder approval linked to certain financial ratios.
Differential seizure sensitivities to picrotoxinin in two inbred strains of mice (DBA/2J and BALB/c ByJ): parallel changes in GABA receptor-mediated chloride flux and receptor binding.

Abstract Two strains of mice were shown to possess a differential sensitivity to picrotoxinin-induced convulsions; picrotoxinin elicited both tonic and clonic seizures at lower doses in the DBA/2J (DBA) strain compared to the BALB/c ByJ (BALB) strain. Less protection of picrotoxinin-induced tonic seizures was afforded by pentobarbital in the DBA strain. Biochemical studies revealed that picrotoxin inhibited36Cl− efflux from forebrain synaptoneurosomes only in the DBA strain. In addition, picrotoxin inhibited pentobarbital-induced36Cl− efflux to a greater extent in the DBA strain. No differences were observed in the binding of [3H]muscimol or [3H]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) to forebrain homogenates, while pentobarbital was a less potent inhibitor of [35S]TBPS binding in the DBA strain. These findings suggest a genetic basis for the behavioral differences in convulsant sensitivity as well as for the neurochemical differences in allosteric coupling between convulsant and depressant/anticonvulsant sites associated with the GABA receptor-gated Cl− channel.
Social Structure and Swedish Crime Rates A Time‐Series Analysis, 1950‐1979

The present article tests Cohenetal 's recent opportunity theory of crime with time series data from Sweden. Swedish welfare capitalism is viewed, from an economic perspective on crime, as possibly counteracting propensities toward crime generated from increased opportunity based, in turn, on the increased production of goods. Control variables are introduced from major alternative theories, including the econcmic, deterrence, and social bonds perspectives. The results of Cochrane-Orcutt timeseries analyses indicate that the greater the availability of goods, the greater the rate of traditional property crime. Support is also found for an economic theory based on unemployment rates and a social bonds theory based on age. The availability of goods measure from an opportunity theory of crime, however, was the variable most closely associated with the variance in crime. The four-fold increase in crime in Sweden was larger than that in the United States.
Moxidectin: a review of chemistry, pharmacokinetics and use in horses

This article reviews the current knowledge of the use of moxidectin (MOX) in horses, including its mode of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, efficacy, safety and resistance profile. Moxidectin is a second generation macrocyclic lactone (ML) with potent endectocide activity. It is used for parasite control in horses in an oral gel formulation. The principal mode of action of MOX and of other MLs is binding to gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) and glutamate-gated chloride channels. Moxidectin is different from other MLs in that it is a poor substrate for P-glycoproteins (P-gps) and therefore less susceptible to elimination from parasite cells through this mechanism. Due to its unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics, MOX provides broad distribution into tissues, long half-life, significant residual antiparasitic activity, and high efficacy against encysted cyathostomin larvae. These characteristics allow for high efficacy and longer treatment interval against all important nematodes, when compared to other equine anthelmintics. A combination of MOX with praziquantel provides expanded spectrum of activity by adding activity against cestodes. Appropriate use of MOX allows for the development of strategic anthelmintic programmes that are different from those with conventional anthelmintics. Fewer treatments are required over a period of time, and therefore impose less frequent selection pressure for resistance.
Scaffolding Student Work in Capstone Design Courses

This paper focuses on approaches to supporting and organizing student work for a capstone sequence shared by several computing degrees. These courses focus on software product creation from requirements specification through prototype product development. In these degree programs, students begin the capstone courses with good relevant knowledge, but often struggle with integrating and applying what they know. This paper discusses several approaches that help to address this problem. The approaches include templates for work products, iterative development, interim deliverables with fixed schedule deadlines, project tracking, and examples for key work products. This paper presents observations based on student success with various aspects of the projects. The discussion provides a summary of problems and advantages to the techniques used in the courses.
A Case Study on Community-enabled SOA Application Development

The idea to leverage large numbers of the open community resources is straightforward to cater the expectation on reducing the development cost. Knowledge protection and quality assurance in this process are critical challenges for the overall success of such kind of software outsourcing. It is pivotal to provide methods and technologies to ensure all the goals of low cost, no knowledge loss as well as high quality while outsourcing development works to open communities. Call-For-Implementation development method put forward in this paper intends to distribute implementation tasks to the developers of open communities through partitioning a holistic design into pieces of work segments based on some knowledge protection policies. Although CFI method can be widely used for any types of applications, SOA applications are regarded exactly suitable for this method since the components of SOA applications are designed to be loosely coupled. In this paper, we present our study on conducting the CFI method on a real SOA application. Some metrics are defined for validating the hypotheses of the CFI method, including lower cost, knowledge protection, and quality assurance. Measurement result analysis of this case is presented and findings acquired are also reported.
Estimating specular roughness and anisotropy from second order spherical gradient illumination

This paper presents a novel method for estimating specular roughness and tangent vectors, per surface point, from polarized second order spherical gradient illumination patterns. We demonstrate that for isotropic BRDFs, only three second order spherical gradients are sufficient to robustly estimate spatially varying specular roughness. For anisotropic BRDFs, an additional two measurements yield specular roughness and tangent vectors per surface point. We verify our approach with different illumination configurations which project both discrete and continuous fields of gradient illumination. Our technique provides a direct estimate of the per-pixel specular roughness and thus does not require off-line numerical optimization that is typical for the measure-and-fit approach to classical BRDF modeling.
Self-organizing analog fields (SOAF)

Summary form only given. A neural network paradigm called self-organizing analog fields (SOAF) learns many-to-many, analog (as opposed to winner-take-all, WTA) spatiotemporal mappings. The learning mechanisms employed are unsupervised learning of features and self-organization of connectivity. Homeostasis is defined, providing a necessary extra degree of freedom to solve the credit assignment problem between these two different forms of learning. It is also shown that homeostasis provides a mathematical equivalent to the Lyapunov function for this paradigm. SOAF is hierarchical, allowing unlimited layers for spatiotemporal feature extraction/abstraction. Each SOAF layer is modular and mathematically self-contained, allowing arbitrary connectivity between layers. Empirical results indicate that unsupervised WTA is a degenerate case of SOAF; SOAF's clustering performance is bell-shaped with respect to its primary tuning parameters; and peak clustering performance (top of bell) can be rapidly achieved and the peak broadened and heightened with more layers. >
Re-examining Huck Finn's Conscience

Jonathan Bennett uses Huck Finn, Heinrich Himmler, and Jonathan Edwards as examples of the relationship between 'sympathy' and 'bad morality'.1 By sympathy Bennett means 'every sort of fellow-feeling, as when one feels pity over someone's loneliness, or horrified compassion over his pain, or when one feels a shrinking reluctance to act in a way which will bring misfortune to someone else'.2 Bennett gives an oddly subjective definition of a 'bad morality', but he evidently uses this expression to cover the unacceptable moral beliefs-particularly beliefs in principles-that are held by any given individual. Thus, the expression 'bad conscience' would probably do as a substitute for 'bad morality'. Bennett argues that sympathy and bad morality can conflict in particular cases-that an individual can be torn between following the dictates of one or the other as he contemplates performing some action-and he claims that a certain episode in the story of Huckleberry Finn reveals just such a conflict. The episode is that in which Huck helps his slave friend Jim to escape, and as a result suffers severe pangs of conscience. Huck's conscience mirrors the morality of the nineteenth century rural South which condones slavery, and hence Huck has a bad morality. But he also has considerable compassion for his friend, and in the end sympathy triumphs over bad morality. According to Bennett, Himmler too experienced an inner conflict between sympathy and bad morality as he oversaw the implementation of the 'final solution' in Nazi Germany. Unfortunately, however, Himmler's bad morality carried the day. When Bennett turns to Jonathan Edwards he turns from sympathy and bad morality as motives for action, and considers instead their role in the formation of attitudes. That is, Bennett is not really concerned with any of Edwards's actions, but focuses instead on his attitudes towards those whom he believes to be punished by God. According to Bennett, Edwards shows not the slightest sign of sympathy as he contemplates the suffering of the damned, and his attitudes towards the latter seem to result entirely from his bad morality.
Personal computers demand new perspectives

The arrival of the inexpensive personal microcomputer system now makes it necessary to change traditional views of the computer - programmer - user relationship and to approach software design in concert with this new relationship. The new consumer market for the personal computer system must also be considered as an opportunity to provide a medium for creative expression for the individual and in light of its potential for long-range educational benefits for society as a whole.
Odor cues in a maze discrimination

Rats were found capable of making the choice in a T-maze using the odor from only one 45-mg Noyes food pellet as a discriminative stimulus. This finding points to the need for controlling odor stimuli in the traditional food-reinforcement situation, and especially in studies concerned with the magnitude of reward.
Achieving Target MTTF by Duplicating Reliability-Critical Components in High Performance Computing Systems

Mean Time To failure, MTTF, is a commonly accepted metric for reliability. In this paper we present a novel approach to achieve the desired MTTF with minimum redundancy. We analyze the failure behavior of large scale systems using failure logs collected by Los Alamos National Laboratory. We analyze the root cause of failures and present a choice of specific hardware and software components to be made fault-tolerant, through duplication, to achieve target MTTF at minimum expense. Not all components show similar failure behavior in the systems. Our objective, therefore, was to arrive at an ordering of components to be incrementally selected for protection to achieve a target MTTF. We propose a model for MTTF for tolerating failures in a specific component, system-wide, and order components according to the coverage provided. Systems grouped based on hardware configuration showed similar improvements in MTTF when different components in them were targeted for fault-tolerance.
Long-Term Modulations in the Vertebral Transcriptome of Adolescent-Stage Rats Exposed to Binge Alcohol

The Alcohol Research Program, LoyolaUniversity Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA*Corresponding author: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL60153, USA. Tel.: +1 708 327 2461; Fax: +1 708 327 2813; E-mail: jcallaci@lumc.edu(Received 15 February 2010)Abstract — Aims: Dangerous alcohol consumption practices are common in adolescents, yet little is known about their consequenceson attainment of peak bone mass and long-term skeletal integrity. We previously demonstrated that binge alcohol-exposed adolescentrats showed site-speciﬁc reductions in accruement of bone mineral density and bone strength, which were incompletely recoveredfollowing prolonged alcohol abstinence. Currently, we analysed the vertebral transcriptome of adolescent rats following alcohol treat-ment and abstinence to identify long-term molecular changes in the lumbar spine. Methods: Sixty male adolescent Sprague-Dawleyrats were assigned to one of six treatment groups receiving binge alcohol (3 g/kg) or saline i.p., 3 consecutive days (acute binge), 4consecutive weekly (3-day) binge cycles (chronic binge) or 4 weekly binge cycles followed by a 30-day abstinence period (chronicbinge with abstinence). Following treatment, lumbar vertebrae were assayed for global transcriptional changes using gene arraytechnology. Results: Analysis of the adolescent rat vertebral transcriptome identiﬁed clusters of binge alcohol-sensitive genes display-ing diﬀerential expression patterns starting before bone damage was seen and persisting after alcohol treatment was discontinued.Functional grouping of these gene clusters identiﬁed candidate cellular pathways aﬀected following acute and chronic binge treatment,as well as pathways remaining modulated following abstinence. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that binge alcohol exposurecan produce disruptions of normal bone gene expression patterns in the adolescent rat that persist well beyond the period of activeintoxication. This data may have relevance to peak bone mass attainment and future risk of skeletal disease in adolescents engagingin repeated binge-drinking episodes.