cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I'm Going to Instagram It! An Analysis of Athlete Self-Presentation on Instagram

Using Goffman's notions of self-presentation and gender displays, the following study examines the Instagram feeds of 27 professional athletes to determine how athletes are using the visual social media site for self-presentation. A mixed methods approach examined the photographs and captions to determine what behaviors and themes emerged. Through content analysis, the self-presentation styles of athletes of both genders, as well as the main differences between them were examined, and significant differences emerged that confirmed the previously established gender norms. Through textual analysis, findings with respect to captions align with previous research on athlete self-presentation on social media. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron and Cobalt in Super Alloys

The quantitative analysis of iron and cobalt in super alloys has been studied. 1,-10-Phenanthroline and nitroso-R salt provide the chromophores for iron(II) and cobalt(II), respectively. The possibility of applying these photometric methods to a relatively complex substance, such as a super alloy, has been evaluated on the bases of precision and accuracy. The absorbance characteristics of metal complexes and the possible interference from foreign ions have also been carefully investigated. The presence of a high concentration of Ni results in a reducation of the amount of 1,10-phenanthroline available for the formation of ferroin complexes while Mo does not have this effect. The analytical methods have been applied to the super alloys, Inconel 718, Hastelloy X, and Inconel X-750. The modified 1,10-phenanthroline photometric method and the standard nitroso-R salt photometric method give high accuracy and good precision. This illustrates the analytical applicability of these reagents to super alloys.
Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Transport in the Lowermost Stratosphere from Measurements of H2O, CO2, N2O, and O3

The origin of air in the lowermost stratosphere is investigated with measurements from the NASA ER-2 aircraft. Air with high water vapor mixing ratios was observed in the stratosphere at theta approximately 330-380 K near 40 N in May 1995, indicating the influence of intrusions of tropospheric air. Assuming that observed tracer-tracer relationships reflect mixing lines between tropospheric and stratospheric air masses, we calculate mixing ratios of H2O (12-24 ppmv) and CO2 for the admixed tropospheric air at theta = 352-364 K. Temperatures on the 355 K surface 20-40 N were low enough to dehydrate air to these values. While most ER-2 CO2 data in both hemispheres are consistent with tropical or subtropical air entering the lowermost stratosphere, measurements from May 1995 for theta < 362 K suggest that entry of air from the midlatitude upper troposphere can occur in conjunction with mixing processes near the tropopause.
Are leaders smarter or do they just seem that way? Exploring perceived intellectual competence and leadership emergence

Both intelligence (Bass, 1990) and self-monitoring (Cronshaw & Ellis, 1991) have been shown to be strong individual predictors of leadership emergence in small groups. The present study proposed a potential mediator in the leadership emergence process. Specifically, it was hypothesized that perceived intellectual competence would mediate the emergent leadership process. Undergraduate business students ( N = 347) from a large mid-western university participated in an academic assessment center in conjunction with an organizational behavior course. Findings indicated that the proposed model fits the data quite well and mediator analysis demonstrated that the perception of intellectual competence might be an important mechanism for leadership attainment in small groups.
Case 15-1998: elevated N-acetylaspartic acid activity in Canavan's disease.

To the Editor: In the discussion of Case 15-1998 (May 14 issue),1 Canavan's disease is said to be characterized by “the absence of N-acetylaspartic acid activity on magnetic resonance spectroscopy....
The choice between publicly issued and privately placed preferred stocks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically test information asymmetry and agency conflicts hypotheses, as to firm's choices in selling preferred stock in public and private markets.Design/methodology/approach – Using firm‐level preferred stock issue data, the author uses a multivariate logistic model to see a firm's different preferred stock selling decisions among public market, rule 144A market, and non rule 144A market. The paper examines the impact of the firm's idiosyncratic risk and cash flow volatility.Findings – It is found that private placement (non rule 144A) firms have higher information asymmetry than public offering firms. In addition, private placement (rule 144A) firms have higher operating risk than public offering firms. The non Rule 144A market and rule 144A market for preferred stocks are significantly different.Research limitations/implications – This topic can be further studied with more detailed, preferred stock issue data.Originality/value – The paper extends our unders...
Conditions affecting the differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells: Potentiation of response by cyclic amp

F9 cells maintained in culture were shown to have a reduced ability to differentiate. The cells produced decreased amounts of alphafetoprotein when induced with retinoic acid. We show that consistent responses can be recovered after passage of F9 cells as a tumor. In addition, optimal differentiation of F9 cells to visceral endoderm may be achieved by the addition of very low concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) to the medium.
Determination of the accuracy of three die systems

This article reports the findings of two interrelated projects that measured the accuracy of electroplated, epoxy resin, and polyurethane die materials against a master tooth, using the Michigan Computer Graphics Coordinate Measuring System (MCGCMS). In the first phase, on occlusal die morphology, replications of a master tooth were used to validate the MCGCMS reliability. Eighteen total data sets derived from three silver-plated dies and three epoxy resin dies were then compared with a representative data set of the master tooth. The mean differences for all silver-plated die and epoxy die measurements against the master ranged from −42 to −49 and −46 to −230 μ m/mm 2 , respectively. In the second phase, two epoxy die materials and a polyurethane system were compared with a master tooth in an identical manner. In paired comparisons to the master tooth, mean differences for Epoxydent material, epoxy resin, and polyurethane dies ranged from −147 to −153, −149 to −230, and −56 to −168 μ m/mm 2 , respectively. A Student t test using a CLR ANOVA was performed between the master tooth and the five die systems. A significant difference was revealed between the enamel-silver difference and the enamel-Epoxydent difference data at the 95% confidence level. A significant difference also occurred between enamel-silver and enamel-epoxy resin. It was concluded that silver-plated dies are acceptable replicas of a master tooth. Epoxydent and epoxy resin dies did not provide reliable replications when compared with the silver-plated dies. Epoxy and polyurethane replications, although reported as accurate, were inconclusive.
X-ray clusters of galaxies and the luminosity-richness relation

Properties of the nearby clusters of galaxies (distance class 4 or less) identified with X-ray sources are investigated on the basis of Uhuru observations combined with Ariel 5 and OSO 7 results. General properties of the X-ray clusters, such as richness and morphological type, are discussed. X-ray spectra are presented for those clusters for which sufficient Uhuru observations are available. A fundamental relation between the clusters and their richness as defined optically by Abell is observed, such that the class of richness 2 clusters contains relatively more highly luminous X-ray sources as compared with richness 0 and 1 clusters. The observations are shown not to support the previously suggested correlations between X-ray luminosity and Bautz-Morgan or Rood-Shastry morphological type. It is proposed that the richness-luminosity correlation results from the greater number of galaxies available to produce and contain hot intergalactic gas.
The effect of T4 infection on phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli

Summary The results of pulse labeling, turnover and direct product analysis strongly suggest that T4 infection of Escherichia coli results in preferential inhibition of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. It is shown that such an effect does not arise from gross changes in the enzymological make-up of the host. The possibility that such an alteration is brought about by guanosine tetraphosphate has been ruled out. It is also shown that the effect of T4 infection on the fatty acid composition cannot be causally related to the preferential inhibition of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis.
The effects of epsilon amino-caproic acid upon potassium metabolism in the dog

Abstract Studies on 17 nephrectomized dogs have shown that the intravenous administration of epsilon amino-caproic acid in a dose range of 0.33 to 1.4 Gm./Kg. of body weight may result in the development of hyperkalemia, with serum potassium levels as high as 10 mEq./L. On the basis of the structural similarity between epsilon amino-caproic acid and lysine and of the known effects of lysine on potassium metabolism, an hypothesis is offered in explanation of the hyperkalemic effects of epsilon amino-caproic acid. It is suggested that epsilon aminocaproic acid is taken up by muscle cells to become an intracellular cation causing the loss of cell potassium. The effects of nephrectomy would be to cause the extracellular fluid concentration of epsilon amino-caproic acid to remain elevated and to prevent the excretion of the liberated potassium. The clinical implications of the observations relate to the possibility that the bleeding patient who acquires hypotension and oliguria may not tolerate epsilon-amino-caproic acid in large amounts and that if liver function is also impaired he may not tolerate it in smaller amounts.
Molecular Level Chain Scission Mechanisms of Epoxy and Urethane Polymeric Films Exposed to UV/H2O. Multidimensional Spectroscopic Studies

Step-scan photoacoustic Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, FT-IR microscopy, and Raman chemical imaging were utilized to examine molecular level degradation processes in epoxy (EP) and polyurethane (PUR) films. A combination of these techniques allowed us to determine a three-dimensional representation of degradation processes and showed that the extent of cross-linking in EP films varies as a function of depth from the surface. When exposed to 340 nm ultraviolet (UV) radiation and water vapor condensation, EP films degrade to form cracks on the surface, which are composed of primary amines and result from a chain scission of the C−N bonds in cross-linked bisphenol A EP films. PUR films exhibit the presence of two surface domains, which are composed of PUR- and polyurea (PUA)-rich regions. When exposed to 340 nm UV radiation and water vapor condensation, PUA is converted to PUR entities. Mechanisms leading to these processes are proposed and indicate that isocyanate and polyol reactions oc...
Nonlinear filtering technique for the extraction of quasi-linear features from images

A nonlinear filtering technique is developed for the extraction of quasi-linear features from images. The technique begins with a line segment image transform, which is a windowed version of the radon transform. The original image is divided into overlapped subimages using a simple analysis filter, and a radon transform is applied to each subimage, yielding a representation of the subimage in terms of line segments at varying angles and positions. The amplitude of each line segment is used to calculate the detection statistic for that line segment. A nonlinear filter is used to pass line segments whose detection statistics are above a specified threshold (it is shown that a threshold is an optimal Bayes estimate when the signal is intermittent). The filtered subimage is then reconstructed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bile and pancreatic juice replacement ameliorates early ligation-induced acute pancreatitis in rats**

Background In healthy rats, combined bile and pancreatic juice diversion from gut has a synergistic rather than additive effect on stimulation of exocrine pancreatic protein secretion. We hypothesized that exclusion of combined bile and pancreatic juice from gut exacerbates bile and pancreatic-duct ligation-induced acute pancreatitis in rats to a greater extent than exclusion of either bile or pancreatic juice alone. Methods Bile and pancreatic juice (obtained fresh from donor rats) were replaced, separately or together, via a duodenal fistula beginning immediately before 6 hours of duct ligation. Pancreatic morphologic changes were evaluated with an acute pancreatitis histology score and morphometric quantitation of acinar-cell necrosis. Plasma amylase and cholecystokinin concentrations and pancreatic subcellular distribution of cathepsin B activity were determined. Characteristics of bile and pancreatic juice obtained from donor rats were also studied. Results Combined bile and pancreatic juice replacement limited the increase in acute pancreatitis histology score by 77%, acinar cell necrosis by 95%, hyperamylasemia by 77%, and hypercholecystokininemia by 99%, while preventing subcellular redistribution of cathepsin B. Amelioration of pancreatic morphologic changes was significantly greater with combined bile and pancreatic juice replacement than with replacement of either bile or pancreatic juice alone. Conclusion In this experimental corollary of early gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis, combined bile and pancreatic juice exclusion from gut contributes to disease pathogenesis to a greater extent than exclusion of either bile or pancreatic juice alone.
Polish Americans and Their History: Community, Culture, and Politics

Polish Americans comprise one of America's largest ethnic groups. Engaging contemporary methodological, theoretical, and historiographical issues, this book examines the history of Polish-American working people, women and families, religion, and politics, as well as other rarely studied issues.
Measurement and interpretation of particle-particle and particle-wall interactions in levitated colloidal ensembles

This paper reports measurements of particle-wall and particle-particle interactions in levitated colloidal ensembles using integrated total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) and video microscopy (VM) techniques. In levitated colloidal ensembles with area fractions of phiA = 0.03-0.25, ensemble TIRM measured height distribution functions are used to interpret particle-wall interactions, and VM measured pair distribution functions are used to interpret particle-particle interactions using inverse Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) and three-dimensional inverse Monte Carlo (MC) analyses. An inconsistent finding is the observation of an anomalous long-range particle-particle attraction and recovery of the expected Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) particle-wall interactions for all concentrations examined. Because particle-wall and particle-particle potentials are expected to be consistent in several respects, the analytical and experimental methods employed in this investigation are examined for possible sources of error. Comparison of inverse OZ and three-dimensional inverse MC analyses are used to address uncertainties related to dimensionality, effects of particle concentration, and assumptions of the OZ theory and closure relations. The possible influence of charge heterogeneity and particle size polydispersity on measured distribution functions is discussed with regard to inconsistent particle-wall and particle-particle potentials. Ultimately, achieving a consistent understanding of particle-wall and particle-particle interactions in interfacial and confined colloidal systems is essential to numerous complex fluid and advanced material technologies.
Carbohydrates of the inner bark of Pseudotsuga menziesii

Abstract A holocellulose fraction was isolated from the inner bark of Psedotsuga menziesii and analyzed. It was composed of acid-insoluble lignin (3·1 acid-soluble lignin (4·1%), l -arabinose (2·6%), d -xylose (6.3%). d -mannose(9·5%), d -galactose (2·3%), and d -glcose (61·1%). The presence of these sugars and their configurations were positively established by the preparation of crystalline derivatives. The holocellulose was fractionated into its component polysaccharides, a xylan, a galactoglucomannan, a glucomannan, and a glucan-rich residue.
X-ray spectra and light curves of accreting magnetic degenerate dwarfs

We report detailed calculations of the X-ray spectra and X-ray light curves of accreting magnetic 1 M/sub sun/ degenerate dwarfs. We use accretion funnel models in which plasma flows toward the dwarf along dipole magnetic field lines and accretes onto a small cap at the dwarf's magnetic pole of area 4..pi..R/sup 2//sub asterisk/ f, where R/sub asterisk/ is the stellar radius and f<<1. Above the dwarf's surface, the plasma forms a radiating shock which produces the X-rays. We find that the X-ray spectra of weakly magnetic degenerate dwarfs are qualitatively similar to the spectra of nonmagnetic dwarfs. However, because the optical depth perpendicular to the field lines in the funnel is less than the optical depth parallel to the field lines, the majority of the X-rays escape in directions perpendicular to the field lines. This has two effects: (1) For magnetic and nonmagnetic models with equivalent accretion rates per square centimeter, i.e., equal ''effective luminosities'' L/sub f/(equivalent L/f), the emergent photons in the magnetic case suffer fewer scatterings than those in the nonmagnetic case and thus show less energy degradation. (2) The beaming of the photons into directions perpendicular to the field lines leads to X-ray light curves which exhibitmore » a wide range of behaviors. The shapes of the light curves are sensitive to f and L/sub f/, to the inclination of the magnetic field axis to the dwarf's rotation axis, and to the viewing angle of the dwarf. Thus, observed X-ray light curves can be used to constrain the physical characteristics and geometry of the accreting degenerate dwarf.« less
Effects of cilofungin (LY121019) on carbohydrate and sterol composition of Candida albicans

Cilofungin (LY121019) is a novel analogue of echinocandin B with potent activity againstCandida albicans. The effects of cilofungin on the sterol and cell wall carbohydrate composition ofCandida albicans were investigated. Exposure ofCandida albicans to cilofungin resulted in a 55–60% decrease in ergosterol and a 4–13% decrease in lanosterol content relative to controls. Carbohydrate analysis revealed a 72–79% decrease in glucan content and no significant decrease in mannan or chitin content relative to controls. These studies suggest that cilofungin specifically inhibits glucan synthesis inCandida albicans and thus may be less toxic to mammalian cells. The effects of cilofungin on sterol composition may be non-specific and will require additional investigation.
Conduction Intervals and Conduction Velocity in the Human Cardiac Conduction System Studies during Open-Heart Surgery

Specialized fiber electrograms were recorded in 64 patients during open-heart surgery. Intervals were measured from the proximal His bundle, distal His bundle, and right and left bundle branches to the earliest QRS deflection in the limb lead ECG (pH-Q, dH-Q, RB-Q, and LB-Q interval, respectively). There was an increase of pH-Q intervals with increasing age such that at age 3 months the normal range of pH-Q interval was 13-27 msec, while at 14 years of age it was 32-54 msec. For patients 15 years of age and older, the normal range of pH-Q interval was 35-54 msec, similar to that reported by several investigators using catheter technic and suggesting that most His bundle electrograms recorded by catheter technic in fact record from the proximal His bundle. The dH-Q interval varied from 18 to 35 msec, the RB-Q interval from 18 to 30 msec, and the LB-Q interval from 20 to 39 msec. These normal ranges of RB-Q and LB-Q intervals are greater than previously reported. Overlaps existed between the normal range of...
Solving a class of facility location problems using genetic algorithms

Locating p facilities to serve a number of customers is a problem in many areas of business. The problem is to determine p facility locations such that the weighted average distance traveled from all the demand points to their nearest facility sites is minimized. A variant of the p-median problem is one in which a maximum distance constraint is imposed between the demand point and its nearest facility location, also known as the p-median problem with maximum distance constraint. In this paper, we apply a fairly new methodology known as genetic algorithms to solve a relatively large sized constrained version of the p-median problem. We present our computational experience on the use of genetic algorithms for solving the constrained version of the p-median problem using two different data sets. Our comparative experimental experience shows that this solution procedure performs quite well compared with the results obtained from existing techniques.
Interfacial Interactions between a Carboxyl-Terminated Monolayer and Various n-Alcohols

The interactions of vapor-deposited methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-hexanol with an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (HOOC(CH2)10SH) self-assembled monolayer adsorbed on a nickel(111) single crystal were studied in ultrahigh vacuum by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The peak shapes of the TPD spectra for methanol, ethanol, and propanol desorption are similar, suggesting that these alcohols undergo similar desorption processes. Their peak desorption temperatures at the lowest submonolayer fluences increased with the number of carbons in the alcohol, suggesting that the methyl and methylene groups, as well as the hydroxyl group, participate in the adsorbed alcohol monolayer's interactions at the acid-terminated self-assembled monolayer surface. Threshold TPD (TTPD) was used for a quantitative analysis of the desorption spectra as a function of coverage. The structure and behavior of hexanol's desorption spectra suggest a different desorption process than it...
The W ork of the History of Philosophy

Dossier de la revue «Research in phenomenology» (29, 1999, pp. 1-104) consacre au theme des revendications de l'histoire, comprenant les articles suivants: 1) Le travail de l'histoire de la philosophie (C. E. Scott); 2) Les pages blanches, les tempetes et autres images de l'histoire (D. J. Schmidt); 3) Le philosophe-historien cartographe: la carte de l'histoire avec Michel Foucault (T. R. Flynn); 4) l'histoire perverse: fetichisme et dialectique chez Walter Benjamin (R. Comay); 5) Choisir son propre destin: une relecture du 74 de «Sein und Zeit» (T. Sheehan et C. Painter); 6) L'histoire spectrale: le recit, la nostalgie et le temps du moi (S. G. Crowell)
Ethnic Labor Market Contexts and the Earnings of Asian Immigrants

Our paper examines how group specific metropolitan level factors affect the earnings of six major Asian immigrant groups in the United States: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. Drawing upon the theoretical perspectives of structural assimilation and ethnic economies, we develop several testable research hypotheses which are examined for the six Asian groups utilizing group specific multilevel regressions models. What is novel in this analysis is the comparison of the six Asian groups in different metropolitan areas in order to examine how variation in metropolitan context interacts with individual characteristics to influence individual earnings in wage or salaried occupations. The results show that the impact of metropolitan context is not uniform, but varied across and within the groups according to their different group and individual characteristics. We argue that future research strategy to establish the relationship between assimilation factors and immigrant earnings should put high priority on considering the distinctiveness of each immigrant group and the recent geographic diversification of immigrant destinations.
The Retinoic Acid-responsive Proline-rich Protein Is Identified in Promyeloleukemic HL-60 Cells

To identify new genes that retinoic acid activates, we employed an mRNA differential display technique and screened for genes that are differentially expressed in promyeloleukemic HL-60 cells incubated in the presence of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) compared with the absence of ATRA. We cloned the coding region of a retinoic acid-induced gene from a human thymus library, which was the mRNA encoding the 666-amino acid human homologue of mouse proline-rich protein 76. We have designated it RARP1 (retinoic acid response proline-rich protein 1). Transcription of an ∼2.4-kbp mRNA occurred mainly in organs with immune functions, such as thymus, spleen, and peripheral leukocytes. Cycloheximide blocked the ATRA-induced expression. In megakaryocyte-like human erythroleukemia HEL cells, the amount of RARP1 mRNA was high, but it was low in human T-lymphoblastoid Jurkat cells. A specific antibody against RARP1 recognized a 110-kDa protein, which accumulates after incubation of HL-60 cells with ATRA. In immunohistochemical experiments, strong RARP1 staining was observed in the megakaryocytes of bone marrow and spleen, and heterogeneous stain was seen in thymus. Transcriptional studies showed that RARP1 expression impaired the transactivation through activator protein1 and serum responseelement in all cell lines we checked, whereas it did not affect the transactivation through cAMP-response element in the same cell lines. Further analysis demonstrated that proline-rich regions of RARP1 are the functional regions regulated for suppression of activator protein1 transactivation. These data suggest that ATRA-inducible RARP1 selectively affects signal transduction and may contribute to myeloid and megakaryocytic differentiation.
MPTP in mice: Treatment, distribution and possible source of contamination

Mice were treated daily with [3H]MPTP (30 mg/kg, 1 uCi, s.c.) for 1, 3, and 10 days to determine the fate and localization of tritiated compounds. An untreated mouse was housed either in the same cage ("cage-mate control") or in an adjacent cage separated by mesh-wire ("near-neighbor control"). The radioactivity measured in blood, brain, liver, and remaining body of [3H]MPTP-treated mice was dependent on the total dose of the drug the animals received and did not vary with the type of tissue analyzed. Significant amounts of radioactivity were found in the tissues of the "cage-mate control" mice, but not of the "near-neighbor control" mice. The route of transmission appears to be through the urine, as the urine of [3H]MPTP-treated mice was highly radioactive after the drug injection. Only traces of radioactivity were found in their feces and there was no increase in the background radiation in the environment of the cages, indicating that the tritiated compounds were not exhaled. Proper disposal of urinary products of MPTP-treated animals is therefore necessary to reduce the risk of possible drug contamination in humans.
Reconstitution of horse heart cytochrome c: reformation of the peptide bond linking residues 65 and 66.

Summary Horse heart cytochrome c can be treated with cyanogen bromide under conditions resulting in division of the molecule into a heme peptide of 65 residues and a peptide of 39 residues, corresponding to segments 1–65 and 66–104 of the parent protein, respectively. Upon mixture of the two peptides in aqueous solution, a complex can be formed that is slowly converted to a product with properties nearly indistinguishable from those of the initial heme protein. Evidence is presented that in this slow phase of the reaction the fragments are rejoined into a continuous chain through restoration of the peptide bond linking residues 65 and 66.
Lead, age and aggression in male mice

The impact of eleven weeks of ingestion of a 0.5% lead acetate solution on agonistic behavior of male Binghamton Heterogeneous stock mice (either 120 or 660 days of age) was examined. Similar aged mice were paired for aggression testing. Not surprisingly, younger mice, regardless of fluid history fought more vigorously than older mice. However, when mice of similar fluid history were paired together, lead ingestion decreased the latency to fight only in older mice. Regardless of their prior fighting history, when lead treated mice fought similar aged controls, the lead exposed mice in younger pairs were typically subordinate; but in older pairs, lead exposed mice were dominant. These results, coupled with extant literature concerning age-related changes in endocrine function, pituitary-adrenal activity, and lead-induced changes in hippocampal function suggest that future work directed at mechanism(s) underlying lead-induced alterations in agonistic behavior should consider life span changes in biobehavioral profiles.
Image optimization and analysis of synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (CμT) data

Abstract Synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (CμT) is a non-destructive technique for imaging porous and compositionally heterogeneous samples in three dimensions at the microscale. In this study, we report a package of FORTRAN algorithms for digital image optimization and three-dimensional analysis of porosity, pore connectivity, and pore structure within a CμT volume. The algorithm Tomo_optimize optimizes digital data by utilizing a series of matrix filters and contrast transforms. Tomo_classify labels individual voxels within the data set as solid, internal pore space, or external void space, thus defining virtual volume boundaries. Tomo_analysis calculates total porosity, porosity from interior pores (completely surrounded by solid), and porosity from connected pores (open to external void space), and provides an output of each pore and its pore size (number of voxels per pore). The algorithms were tested on two natural samples from hydrothermal vent chimneys. Physical volume was 116 and 72 mm 3 for each sample and CμT spatial resolution was estimated to be 57 μm. Porosity determined by the CμT algorithms was 14.1% and 15.4%, respectively. The majority of porosity (>98%) was due to connected pores rather than isolated pores, and most of the pore volume contributing to total porosity of both samples (>90%) was from one large interconnected pore. While total porosity was similar for both samples, three-dimensional visual reconstructions showed a more channelized pore structure in one sample. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the effect of different cut-off values for air, internal pore space, and solid entered by the user before and after image processing on porosity calculations. These algorithms provide an integrated image processing and analysis package for synchrotron CμT data that should be useful for the analysis of microporous structures as this technique gains popularity.
Learning the Features Used To Decide How to Teach

As a step towards scaling personalized instruction, we seek to automatically identify the key features of the interactive learning process teachers use to select the next activity when teaching a single student. Such features could both inform computational student models designed to facilitate instructional decisions, and help enable automated self-improving teaching systems that leverage this identified feature set. We present preliminary results that a very small set of features is almost as good as a much larger set of features at predicting human tutor decisions when teaching students about histograms.
Arterial Homografts for Peripheral Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease

Sympathectomy and thrombo-endarterectomy have been largely unsatisfactory in the treatment of patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities. In this paper the results are analyzed of a large experience with the use of lyophilized arterial homografts to bridge occlusive lesions below the aortic bifurcation. The criteria for selection of patients for operation, the simplified procedure of end-to-side by-pass of the obstruction, and the excellent results in 145 operations are presented.
Metabolic studies of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure in the rat.

HgCl2 was used to produce acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. It caused significant decreases (P < 0.001) in ATP, ADP, and total adenine nucleotide levels to 50% of controls at 48 hr with no change in AMP levels. Lactate increased to threefold control levels at 6 hr and remained significantly elevated (P < 0.001) at 48 hr. At 24 hr, there was widespread necrosis in the pars convoluta and pars recta. At 48 hr, necrosis was accompanied by some regeneration, and creatinine levels exceeded 5 mg/dl. Dithiothreitol (30.8 mg/kg, ip, 30 min after HgCl2) partially ameliorated the functional lesion (creatinine levels ⩽3.6 mg/dl) and resulted in reduced necrosis in the pars convoluta, but did not significantly alter the metabolic pattern. The results indicate an early metabolic disturbance and are consistent with the idea that HgCl2 exerts a direct action on the enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The failure of dithiothreitol to alter the metabolic pattern of HgCl2-induced ARF indicated that its protective effect was probably not mediated directly through the maintenance of adenine nucleotide levels.
Transcriptional Activation of Cytochrome P450 2B1/2 Genes in Rat Liver by Diallyl Sulfide, a Compound Derived from Garlic

Abstract Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that cytochrome P450 2B1 in rat liver was induced, but P450 2E1 was inhibited and inactivated, by diallyl sulfide (DAS), a compound derived from garlic. Such a selective effect on P450 enzymes is of considerable interest toward the understanding of dietary effects on xenobiotic metabolism. In the present study, the mechanism of P450 2B1 induction by DAS was investigated. Following a single dose of DAS (200 mg/kg body weight, ig), liver microsomal pentoxyresorufin dealkylase (PORd) activity, a representative activity of P450 2B1, was induced 3-, 16-, 26-, and 43-fold at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after the treatment, respectively. A corresponding increase in the level of P450 2B 1/2 protein was observed by immunoblot analysis. The level of P450 2B1/2 mRNA in rat liver also increased markedly, reaching a maximum at 12 h after the DAS treatment. Hybridization with the isozyme-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed that the mRNA levels of both P450s 2B1 and 2B2 were induced. In contrast, the level of P450 2E1 mRNA in the liver of DAS-treated rats was not changed. The results of nuclear run-on assay revealed that the transcriptional rate of P450 2B1/2 genes in the rat liver increased 13-fold at 6 h after DAS administration and returned to the control value at 24 h. The transcription of P450 2B1/2 genes was blocked completely by α-amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. These results clearly demonstrate that the induction of P450 2B1/2 in rat liver by DAS is mainly due to transcriptional activation. In the DAS-treated rats, P450 2B1/2 mRNA was also markedly induced in the stomach and duodenum. The maximal induction was found at 12 h after the treatment while the levels of P450 2B1/2 mRNA increased 66-fold in the duodenum and 23-fold in the stomach. DAS treatment, however, did not change the levels of P450 2B1/2 mRNA in the lung and nasal mucosa.
Using Activity and Milk Yield as Predictors of Fresh Cow Disorders

The objective was to determine whether daily walking activity and milk yields could be used as predictors of metabolic and digestive disorders early in lactation. Data were collected from 1996 through 1999 from 1445 dairy cows in 3 Florida herds. Walking activity, milk yield, and other measures were collected from a computerized dairy management system. Mixed models analysis was used for data on cows before their first detected estrus, as identified by difference in activity. Healthy cows were defined as those without any metabolic or digestive disorder during the prebreeding stage, whereas a sick cow had an occurrence of those disorders at any time during the prebreeding stage. Metabolic disorders were ketosis, retained placenta, and milk fever. Digestive disorders included displaced abomasum, indigestion, reduced feed intake, traumatic gastritis, acidosis, and bloat. Data from cows with known cases of ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and digestive disorders were analyzed to determine changes in activity and milk yield before those specific disorders were clinically diagnosed. Although walking activity was generally lower among sick cows, cows with ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and digestive disorders had higher than average activity 8, 9, and 8 d, respectively, before each diagnosed disorder. Daily milk yields of sick cows were approximately 15 kg/d less than milk yields of healthy cows. Milk yields were lower by 6, 7, and 5 d, respectively, before diagnoses of ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and digestive disorders. Cows with ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and general digestive disorders could possibly be detected about 5 to 6 d earlier than clinical diagnoses based on changes in daily walking activity and milk yield.
A Process Model of Government Intervention and Capability Development: Lessons from the Technology Cluster Formation in Hyderabad, India

AbstractThis study examines the path taken by the government of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that recently established an information technology (IT) cluster in Hyderabad, the capital city. The city went from virtually no presence in IT to developing one of the world's most vibrant IT clusters in the world. A retrospective case study research was conducted guided by two research questions: (1) how institutional actions influenced the capability development that shaped the IT cluster formation in Hyderabad and (2) why did it succeed despite the poor fit with its initial context? The findings allow proposing a process model of institutional interventions (including mobilization, subsidies, knowledge building, guideline setting, knowledge deployment, and innovation directives) and capability development (comprising capabilities to identify industry attractiveness, to create conditions and flexibility, and to encourage entrepreneurial activity). This model serves as the central contribution of this rese...
Effects of elephant browsing on Acacia seyal in Waza National Park, Cameroon

ummary Four areas of the Acacia seyal zone of the Waza National Park, Cameroon, were sampled by means of line transects to assess damage to trees caused by elephants. A total of 1742 trees was examined of which 72% were undamaged, 17% less than three-quarters damaged and 11% were dead. Most of the damaged and dead trees were mature. Of the living trees, 42% were in the recruitment class, 34% were mature and 23% were in the regeneration class. It is concluded that elephant damage to Acacia trees is not serious enough to warrant management interference. Resume Les effets du broutage par les elephants de l'Acacia seyal dans le Parc National Waza, au Cameroun. Quatre parcelles de la zone a Acacia seyal du Parc National Waza, au Cameroun furent echantillonnees par ratissage afin d'evaluer les degâts causes aux arbres par les elephants. Un total de 1742 arbres furent examines dont 73%etaient indemnes 16% endommages a moins de trois-quarts et 11%, morts. La plupart des arbres atteints et morts etaient adultes. Parmi les arbres vivants, 42% appartenaient a la classe de recrutement, 34%etaient adultes et 23% appartenaient a la classe de regeneration. On aboutit a la conclusion que les degâts causes aux Acacia par les elephants ne sont pas suffisamment graves pour justifier une intervention.
Extraction and analysis of lipids from immature soybeans

A procedure is described for the extraction of lipids from immature soybeans that eliminates artifact formation and provides complete recovery of the lipid, including highly polar glycolipids free of nonlipid substances. The method involves pretreatment and extraction of the beans with hot dilute (0.25%) acetic acid, followed by chloroform-methanol extraction. Pretreatment and extraction of the tissue with hot dilute acetic acid destroys hydrolytic enzymes and removes organic-soluble, nonlipid substances that contaminate extracts obtained by chloroform-methanol extraction. Application of the method to immature soybeans confirmed that phosphatidic acid was largely an artifact of freezing and thawing of the beans, and phosphatidylmethanol was produced via transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine upon extraction with chloroform-methanol.
Second harmonic emission from an axially excited slab of a dielectric thin-film helicoidal bianisotropic medium

The electromagnetic properties of a thinfilm helicoidal bianisotropic medium (TFHBM) are totally delineated by a reference crystallographic symmetry as well as a helicoidal rotation matrix. The res...
Love and Sexual Attitudes, Self-Disclosure and Sensation Seeking

Love and sexuality are phenomena of central importance to certain types of intimate relationships. Although love has been a mainstream relationship variable in research, sexuality has often been explored only peripherally within a relationship context. Based on previous findings and using newly developed measures of love attitudes, sexual attitudes and self-disclosure, the present study explored the relation between love and sexuality and their mutual relations with self-disclosure and sensation seeking. Results (n = 218) indicated substantial correlations between love and sex attitudes, and between those variables and self-disclosure to a lover and to a friend, the ability to elicit self-disclosure, and sensation seeking. Males differed from females on only seven of 114 correlations, suggesting gender similarity in the pattern of variable relations. Such correlational evidence is helpful in interpreting mean differences between the sexes for several variables in this study and in previous research. This ...
Studies on the Use of Tissue Culture for the Bioassay of Staphylococcal Enterotoxina

SUMMARY An attempt was made to develop an assay procedure for staphylococcal enterotoxin based on the possible induction of eytopathogenic effects on several strains of tissue culture cells using enterotorin preparations of varying degrees of purity produced in a laboratory medium. The results suggest that the cruder preparations contained a thermolabile cytotoxic material that is removed in whole or in part with progressive purification. No observable cytopathogenic effect could he attributed directly to the enterotoxin.
Erratum to: Relating Narrative, Inquiry, and Inscriptions: Supporting Consequential Play

In this paper we describe our research using a multi-user virtual environment, Quest Atlantis, to embed fourth grade students in an aquatic habitat simulation. Specifically targeted towards engaging students in a rich inquiry investigation, we layered a socio-scientific narrative and an interactive rule set into a multi-user virtual environment gaming engine to establish a virtual world through which students learned about science inquiry, water quality concepts, and the challenges in balancing scientific and socio-economic factors. Overall, students were clearly engaged, participated in rich scientific discourse, submitted quality work, and learned science content. Further, through participation in this narrative, students developed a rich perceptual, conceptual, and ethical understanding of science. This study suggests that multi-user virtual worlds can be effectively leveraged to support academic content learning.
EFFECT OF DIURNAL FREEZE-THAWING ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF SELECTED BACTERIA

Effect of diurnal freeze-thawing on survival and growth of selected bacteria, under simulated martian conditions
Identifying Loss of Function Caused by Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy in Young Adults With Nonathetoid Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of nontraumatic spastic paraparesis and quadriparesis [1]. Symptom onset usually occurs after the age of 40 years 2]; however, conditions such as cerebral palsy (CP) may increase the risk for the occurrence f spondylotic or stenotic disease at an earlier age [2]. CP is a static, nondegenerative ondition, yet functional deterioration upon aging frequently is ignored or attributed to CP ithout further exploration [3]. Cervical stenosis is 1 of 4 common musculoskeletal onditions frequently found to contribute to functional decline in adults with CP [3]. The ther common conditions that may contribute to decline include patella alta, degenerative rthritis caused by hip dysplasia, and lumbar spondylosis [3]. However, diagnosis often is elayed, highlighting the difficulties in transition from pediatric to adult care for patients ith CP. The literature includes several reports of patients with athetoid CP experiencing unctional decline as a result of CSM [4-9]. Reports of CSM in patients with nonathetoid, pastic CP are much rarer [10]. This report describes 2 cases of CSM in patients with onathetoid, spastic, diplegic CP that resulted in a loss of function that was not entirely eversible with surgery.
Stability of families of polynomials: geometric considerations in coefficient space

The stability robustness of both continuous and discrete-time dynamical systems is tantamount to the stability of a whole family of (characteristic) polynomials. The authors treat such families as sets in coefficient space and examine some of their geometric properties. Specifically, they examine cases where the stability of the extreme points of a set implies the stability of the complete family. They are also concerned with the construction and convexity of the stability region in coefficient space.
Present D-C Aircraft Electric-Supply Systems

THE multigenerator aircraft d-c electric system represents an important type which has proved its practicability under military-combat conditions. Proper parallel operation is maintained during extreme conditions of unequal generator speeds and accelerations by using an old but heretofore little-used method, which was first suggested and demonstrated for this application by L. W. Thompson. The successful parallel operation, therefore — the reliability and flexibility of the electric-supply system — is made possible chiefly by the use of voltage regulators, which provide for load division as well as voltage constancy. It was natural that difficulties initially experienced in service were not always clearly understood, and that the equipment and installation in the early stages did not have characteristics which would allow the system to operate with its greatest capabilities.1 However, with experience and study the causes of these difficulties were determined and remedial measures taken. These changes, although only minor individually, when put into effect collectively, made for a considerable improvement in system performance. The result has been a more reliable system requiring less attention from the crew — a factor of paramount importance for a military plane. This improved reliability in turn contributes to the assignment of more functions to the electric system.
Single-neuron responses to rapidly presented temporal sequences in the primary auditory cortex of the awake macaque monkey.

One fundamental process of the auditory system is to process rapidly occurring acoustic stimuli, which are fundamental components of complex stimuli such as animal vocalizations and human speech. A...
Life-or-death decisions

In response to a protein that is linked to inflammation, cells either die or survive. Some molecular sleuthing has shed light on how the balance is tipped towards survival.