cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding body modification: A process‐based framework

This manuscript evaluates existing literature on body modification. Prior research has focused on the modification itself, either the motivation for attaining it or the meanings behind it from the perspective of the wearer. Considering these prior findings, scholars have neglected to examine how body modifications are the outcome of a complex social process. This manuscript rectifies these weaknesses by addressing the field of body modification through the framework of cultural production. This shifts the focus from the outcome of a social process, the modification, to an analysis of the processes by which modifications are produced. By examining these processes, a more coherent theoretical understanding can be developed.
The Rotational Mechanics of a Simple Elastic Structure

Abstract Recent research on the qualitative dynamics of rotating elastic structures is summarized. A general theory of rotational elastic dynamics has been applied to a specific prototypical structure. Viscoelastic damping is modeled along the classical lines suggested by Kelvin and Voigt, and the asymptotic steady-state behavior of this dissipative system is characterized in terms of an inhomogeneous boundary value problem.
Gender differences in the trends and correlates of major depressive episodes among juvenile offenders in the United States

Abstract Purpose Although it is well-established that juvenile offenders are at an elevated risk for depression and that, within this group, females have the highest risk, little is known regarding the trends in the prevalence of depression among juvenile offenders in the United States. In the present study, we systematically examine secular trends in major depressive episodes (MDE) and their correlates among male and female juvenile offenders and non-offenders in the United States. Methods Data were collected between 2005 and 2014 as part of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The NSDUH uses multistage area probability sampling methods to select a representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized population in the United States. Participants included 171,118 youth aged 12–17 (159,449 non-offenders and 11,669 offenders). The primary variable of interest was self-reported past year MDE. Logistic regression assessed whether sociodemographic factors and psychosocial and behavioral correlates affected the risk of MDE. Results Between 2005 and 2014, the prevalence of MDE among female youth increased for both offender and non-offender groups: from 24.4% to 33.0% for the offenders and from 12.4% to 16.7% for the non-offenders. No significant trend changes were observed among male youth. In both male and female juvenile offenders, MDEs were associated with increased risk of illicit drug use (males OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.18–2.18; females OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.45–2.31). Additional correlates include alcohol use among male offenders (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.01–1.83), and binge drinking in female offenders (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02–1.49). Conclusions The prevalence of past year major depressive episodes is increasing for female juvenile offenders, highlighting a need for improved efforts to target these populations for prevention and treatment.
CHAPTER 1 – Molecular Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genome

The chapter provides an overview of the evolution of the avian mitochondrial genome from a broad perspective, mainly at a level of organization above the primary sequence level. It illustrates similarities and differences among the mitochondrial genomes of Aves and other vertebrate classes, and focuses on how some of these differences have provided unique opportunities to probe deep phylogenetic questions. Studies of systematic relationships frequently make use of direct comparison of DNA sequence information, from which estimates of branching order can be made, using an assortment of methods that include parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance. Such approaches have provided a wealth of new information, and with the concurrent refinement of statistical or “quasistatistical” methods, allow the relative robustness of conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses to be evaluated. The use of major genomic rearrangements or other such “genomic landmarks” as characters for phylogenetic analysis provides a complementary approach to direct sequence comparison that may be unaffected by the problems of alignment or sequence saturation. Such approaches make the seemingly reasonable but unproven assumption that major rearrangements are unlikely to occur in the same manner more than once in the time period under consideration.
Gas chromatographic determination of ametryn and its metabolites in tropical root crops.

Residue analysis of the herbicide ametryn (2-methylthio-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is widely known but an analytical method for determining its metabolites has not yet been reported in the literature. A method has been developed for the extraction and determination of ametryn and 3 metabolites, 2-methylthio-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (GS-11354), 2-methylthio-4,6-diamino-s-triazine (GS-26831), and 2-methylthio-4-amino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine (GS-11355) in taniers , yams , cassava. Residues were extracted from crops with ethyl acetate-toluene (3 + 1 v/v), using a Polytron homogenizer and anhydrous sodium sulfate added for drying. The extracts were cleaned up by automated gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Beads SX-3 gel in the same solvent system. Quantitative determination was performed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis on a column packed with 5% DEGS -PS on 100-120 mesh Supelcoport using either an N-P detector or a flame photometric detector ( FPD ) in the sulfur mode. Minimum detection by the flame photometric detector is 10 ng each for ametryn , GS-11354, and GS-11355 and 21 ng for GS-26831; by the N-P detector, 0.3 ng of each component gives easily quantitatable peaks. On a parts per million basis, starting with 25 g sample, the FPD detected a minimum level of 0.04 microgram/g each for ametryn , GS-11354, and GS-11355, and 0.08 microgram/g for GS-26831. The N-P detector could detect 0.0024 microgram/g for all 4 compounds. In addition to superior sensitivity, instrumental conditions allowed the complete separation of components in 10 min, for the N-P detector; more than 30 min was required for the FPD . Recoveries from fortified crops ranged from 67 to 111% at levels of 0.1-1.0 microgram/g.
Ionizing Radiation and the Endothelium

Endothelial cells (EC) are the most radiosensitive among the fixed elements of the mesenchyme. Depending on dose, ionizing radiation can produce lethal or sublethal injury to EC. The latter may alter considerably the complex physiology of the endothelium. Some functions are inhibited or abolished: fibrinolysis, synthesis of various enzymes and cytokines, attachment of EC to the basal lamina, angiogenesis, etc.
#MyPrivacy: How Users Think About Social Media Privacy

This study explores privacy from the perspective of the user, leveraging a "framing in thought" approach to capture how users make sense of privacy in their social media use. Definitions of privacy collected from 608 social media users are analyzed through topic modelling and the clustering of word pairs to surface themes present in the data. Results indicate the dominance of frames related to horizontal privacy, or privacy vis-a-vis peers, over vertical privacy (i.e., that from institutions and governments). Themes relating to economic and legal frameworks had a reduced level of prominence. These findings suggest that user conceptualization of privacy reflects a cognate-based approach that emphasizes control and limits to information access.
Deep Convolutional Particle Filter with Adaptive Correlation Maps for Visual Tracking

The robustness of the visual trackers based on the correlation maps generated from convolutional neural networks can be substantially improved if these maps are used to employed in conjunction with a particle filter. In this article, we present a particle filter that estimates the target size as well as the target position and that utilizes a new adaptive correlation filter to account for potential errors in the model generation. Thus, instead of generating one model which is highly dependent on the estimated target position and size, we generate a variable number of target models based on high likelihood particles, which increases in challenging situations and decreases in less complex scenarios. Experimental results on the Visual Tracker Benchmark vl.0 demonstrate that our proposed framework significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Pathological, imaging and genetic characteristics support the existence of distinct TDP-43 types in non-FTLD brains.

TDP-43 is present in a high proportion of aged brains that do not meet criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We determined whether there are distinct TDP-43 types in non-FTLD brains. From a cohort of 553 brains (Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stage 0–VI), excluding cases meeting criteria for FTLD, we identified those that had screened positive for TDP-43. We reviewed 14 different brain regions in these TDP-43 positive cases and classified them into those with “typical” TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions (TDP type-α), and those in which TDP-43 immunoreactivity was adjacent to/associated with NFTs in the same neuron (TDP type-β). We compared pathological, genetic (APOE4, TMEM106B and GRN variants), neuroimaging and clinical data between types, as well as compared neuroimaging between types and a group of TDP-43 negative cases (n = 309). Two-hundred forty-one cases were classified as TDP type-α (n = 131, 54%) or TDP type-β (n = 110, 46%). Type-α cases were older than type-β at death (median 89 years vs. 87 years; p = 0.02). Hippocampal sclerosis was present in 78 (60%) type-α cases and 16 (15%) type-β cases (p < 0.001). Type-α cases showed a pattern of widespread TDP-43 deposition commonly extending into temporal, frontal and brainstem regions (84% TDP-43 stage 4–6) while in type-β cases deposition was predominantly limbic, located in amygdala, entorhinal cortex and subiculum of the hippocampus (84% TDP-43 stages 1–3) (p < 0.001). There was a difference in the frequency of TMEM106B protective (GG) and risk (CC) haplotypes (SNP rs3173615 encoding p.T185S) in type-α cases compared to type-β cases (GG/CG/CC: 8%/42%/50% vs. 24%/49%/27%; p = 0.01). Type-α cases had smaller amygdala (− 10.6% [− 17.6%, − 3.5%]; p = 0.003) and hippocampal (− 14.4% [− 21.6%, − 7.3%]; p < 0.001) volumes on MRI at death compared to type-β cases, although both types had smaller amygdala and hippocampal volumes compared to TDP-43 negative cases (− 7.77%, − 21.6%; p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that there is distinct heterogeneity of TDP-43 deposition in non-FTLD brains.
Inherent versus induced protein flexibility: Comparisons within and between apo and holo structures

Understanding how ligand binding influences protein flexibility is important, especially in rational drug design. Protein flexibility upon ligand binding is analyzed herein using 305 proteins with 2369 crystal structures with ligands (holo) and 1679 without (apo). Each protein has at least two apo and two holo structures for analysis. The inherent variation in structures with and without ligands is first established as a baseline. This baseline is then compared to the change in conformation in going from the apo to holo states to probe induced flexibility. The inherent backbone flexibility across the apo structures is roughly the same as the variation across holo structures. The induced backbone flexibility across apo-holo pairs is larger than that of the apo or holo states, but the increase in RMSD is less than 0.5 A. Analysis of χ1 angles revealed a distinctly different pattern with significant influences seen for ligand binding on side-chain conformations in the binding site. Within the apo and holo states themselves, the variation of the χ1 angles is the same. However, the data combining both apo and holo states show significant displacements. Upon ligand binding, χ1 angles are frequently pushed to new orientations outside the range seen in the apo states. Influences on binding-site variation could not be easily attributed to features such as ligand size or x-ray structure resolution. By combining these findings, we find that most binding site flexibility is compatible with the common practice in flexible docking, where backbones are kept rigid and side chains are allowed some degree of flexibility.
Basic Cinematography: A Creative Guide to Visual Storytelling

The cinematographer must translate the ideas and emotions contained in a script into something that can be physically seen and felt onscreen, helping the director to fulfil the vision of the film. The shots may look good, but they will not serve the story until the composition, lenses, and lighting express, enhance, and reveal the underlying emotions and subtext of the story. By making physical the ideas and emotions of the story, the cinematographer supports blocking as a visual form of the story through these tools. Rather than delve into technical training, Basic Cinematography helps to train the eye and heart of cinematographers as visual storytellers, providing them with a strong foundation for their work, so that they’re ready with creative ideas and choices on set in order to make compelling images that support the story. The book includes tools, tables, and worksheets on how to enhance students and experienced filmmakers with strong visual storytelling possibilities, including such features as: Dramatic script analysis that will help unlock blocking, composition, and lighting ideas that reveal the visual story Ten tools of composition Psychological impact of lenses, shot sizes, and camera movement Six elements of lighting for visual storytelling What to look for beneath the "hood" of cameras, including using camera log, RAW, and LUTs Dramatic analysis chart and scene composition chart to help plan your shoots Case studies from such visually cinematic shows and documentaries as Netflix’s Godless, Jessica Jones, The Crown, and Chef’s Table, as well as examples from classroom exercises Features insights from the DP of Jessica Jones, Manuel Billeter, and the DP of Chef’s Table, Adam Bricker.
Bilingualism May Be Protective Against Executive Function and Visual Processing Deficits Among Children With Attention Problems

Objective: The current study examined how the opposing effects of bilingualism and attention problems operate on executive functioning, visual processing, and verbal fluency in children with clinically significant levels of attention problems. Method: We tested whether bilingualism moderated associations between attention problems and visual processing, executive functioning, and verbal fluency. Results: Bilingual children (n = 331) showed visual processing advantages relative to their monolingual peers (n = 165), but only at higher, and not lower, levels of attention problems. Bilingualism did not moderate the association between attention problems and interference control; however, across all children, those with higher levels of attention problems had more difficulty with interference control. Monolingual children demonstrated advantages in verbal fluency relative to bilingual children, but this did not vary with attention problems. Conclusion: Visual processing advantages in bilinguals are detected among children with heightened attention problems, but advantages in interference control are not; findings may have implications for classroom interventions.
Vaginal Dehiscence and Evisceration After Robotic-assisted Radical Cystectomy: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a rare complication in 5 women who had vaginal prolapse, dehiscence, and/or evisceration after having undergone robotic-assisted radical cystectomy with creation of ileal conduit urinary diversion. Radical cystectomy is the standard of care in the extirpative treatment for muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Anterior exenteration in the female patient requires removal of the anterior vaginal wall, urethra, uterus, and adnexa which results in significant changes to the pelvic floor. Methods Retrospective identification of all women having undergone robotic-assisted radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma who ultimately represented with vaginal prolapse, dehiscence, and/or evisceration between January 2012 and April 2019. We identified patient characteristics detailing their presentation. A review of the available literature highlighted the lack of available information in this uncommon cohort. Results Five women with vaginal dehiscence and/or evisceration who had previously undergone robotic-assisted radical cystectomy, anterior vaginectomy with urethrectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection, and creation of ileal conduit by 4 surgeons were identified. Mean interval time to initial presentation of prolapse or dehiscence was 44.4 weeks (range 11-120). In the 2 patients that eviscerated prior to repair, this occurred at 5 and 25 weeks after initial outpatient consultation. All reconstructive efforts were approached transvaginally. Two patients underwent 2 or more repairs. Management options included expectant management, pessary, and immediate vs delayed transvaginal surgical repair. Conclusion Our case series describes the unique and potentially devastating complication of vaginal dehiscence and bowel evisceration in women with history of robotic-assisted radical cystectomy.
The JAK2V617F Oncogene, Associated with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Requires Expression of Inducible Phosphofructokinase/Fructose Bisphosphatase 3 for Cell Growth and Increased Metabolic Activity

Abstract 793 Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and myeloid leukemias, characterized by overproduction of myeloid lineage cells, are frequently associated with transforming oncogenic kinases, including JAK2V617F, BCR-ABL, or FLT3-ITD. The mechanisms that regulate altered energy metabolism in these diseases are poorly understood but cancer cells tend to produce energy through increased glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation, even under normoxic conditions (Warburg effect). Our data in JAK2V617F-transformed HEL cells show that glucose uptake, the first step in glucose metabolism, is reduced in response to a JAK2 inhibitor (−22.29%, p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Control of Light-Matter Interaction in two-Dimensional Materials

Two-dimensional (2D) Van der Waals materials have emerged as a very attractive class of optoelectronic material due to the unprecedented strength in its interaction with light. In this talk I will discuss approaches to enhance and control this interaction by integrating these 2D materials with microcavities, and metamaterials. I will first discuss the formation of strongly coupled half-light half-matter quasiparticles (microcavity excitonpolaritons) [1], their spin-optic [2], and electrical control/excitation (Fig. 1) [3], in the 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) systems. Prospects for enhanced nonlinear optical interaction using Rydberg states in TMDs will be discussed. Use of photonic hypercrystals and hyperbolic media to enhance the spontaneous emission from the TMDs will also be presented. Following this, I will discuss the routing of valley excitons in 2D TMDs using chiral metasurfaces (Fig. 2) [4]. Finally, time permitting, I will briefly talk about developing deterministic quantum emitters at room temperature using defects in hexagonal boron nitride [5] and prospects of coupling these emitters to high Q resonators.
Does Government Play Favorites? Evidence from Opportunity Zones

In 2017, Congress introduced the Opportunity Zone (``OZ'') designation to promote development in distressed communities. A criticized feature of the program is that state governors select zones from many eligible tracts without meaningful scrutiny. We find that while governors are more likely to select tracts with higher distress levels and tracts on an upward economic trajectory, favoritism seems to play an important role in governor decisions. OZ designation is more likely for tracts in counties that supported the governor in the election and when executives or firms with an economic interest in the tract donated to the governor's campaign.
Successful treatment of thrombocytopenia with daratumumab after allogeneic transplant: a case report and literature review

A source of treatment refractoriness in immune cytopenias appears to be residual CD138/38-positive lymphocyte populations. A short course of daratumumab is a novel treatment of refractory thrombocytopenia after failure of standard treatment options.
Normative Cognitive Decline in Old Age.

Objective To characterize trajectories of normative cognitive aging. Methods Older persons without dementia at study enrollment (n = 1,010) had annual cognitive testing for up to 24 years (mean = 9.9 years, standard deviation = 5.0), died, and underwent a neuropathologic examination to quantify 9 postmortem markers of common neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular conditions. To accommodate the heterogeneity in cognitive trajectories, we used functional mixed effects models, which allow individuals to have different patterns of cognitive decline under a unified model structure. Results In a functional mixed effects model, postmortem markers (Alzheimer disease pathology, Lewy bodies, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology, hippocampal sclerosis, atherosclerosis, gross infarcts) were associated with global cognitive decline. Residual global cognitive decline after adjustment for neuropathologic burden was weakly related to age at death; it occurred in only about one-third of participants, mostly proximate to death. Results were comparable after eliminating the initial cognitive assessments to minimize retest learning or controlling for frailty proximate to death. Analyses were also conducted with composite measures of episodic memory and perceptual speed. Residual decline not attributable to neuropathologic burden was confined to a subset for each outcome and was most evident proximate to death. Age at death was unrelated to residual decline in episodic memory but was related to residual decline in perceptual speed. Interpretation Late life cognitive loss mainly reflects non-normative pathologic and mortality-related processes rather than normative age-related processes. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:816-829.
Horn-induced traumatic caudoventral abdominal wall hernia management and repair in an adult Highland cow

An adult Highland cow weighing 380 kg presented following a five-day history of inappetence, recumbency and trauma inflicted by herd-mates. Physical exam demonstrated significant swelling of the right ventral abdomen with skin excoriations. Abdominal ultrasound of the bulging area indicated significant oedema within pockets, thinning of the right body wall compared with the left side, as well as accumulation of free abdominal fluid. Severe mastitis was noted in three quarters of its udder. The patient was stabilised with intravenous fluids, electrolytes and a belly band. It developed severe, haemorrhagic diarrhoea over the following days, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. A complete 50 cm-long abdominal wall laceration in the caudoventral right paralumbar fossa was repaired, and jejunal resection and anastomosis performed. The patient recovered with supportive care. Surgical complications included postoperative pneumonia and development of a surgical site infection. The patient maintains good quality of life.
Patients Want Pages: Books to Beds

The John & Nettie Mooney Library is the patient education library serving Gundersen Health System. The Library provides patient education and health and wellness information to Gundersen’s health c...
Experimental Wargames to Address the Complexity–Scarcity Gap

National security decisions are driven by complex, interconnected contextual, individual, and strategic variables. Modeling and simulation tools are often used to identify relevant patterns, which can then be shaped through policy remedies. In the paper to follow, however, we argue that models of these scenarios may be prone to the complexity-scarcity gap, in which relevant scenarios are too complex to model from first principles and data from historical scenarios are too sparse—making it difficult to draw representative conclusions. The result are models that are either too simple or are unduly biased by the assumptions of the analyst. We outline a new method of quantitative inquiry—experimental wargaming—as a means to bridge the complexity-scarcity gap that offers human-generated, empirical data to inform a variety of model and simulation tasks (model building, calibration, testing, and validation). Below, we briefly describe SIGNAL—our first-of-a-kind experimental wargame designed to study strategic stability in conflict settings with nuclear weapons. We then highlight the potential utility of this data for modeling and simulation efforts in the future using this data.
Exercise right ventricular ejection fraction predicts right ventricular contractile reserve.

BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) contractile reserve shows promise as an indicator of occult RV dysfunction in pulmonary vascular disease. We investigated which measure of RV contractile reserve during exercise best predicts occult RV dysfunction and clinical outcomes. METHODS We prospectively studied RV contractile reserve in 35 human subjects referred for right heart catheterization for known or suspected pulmonary hypertension. All underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and supine invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing with concomitant RV pressure-volume catheterization. Event-free survival was prospectively adjudicated from time of right heart catheterization for a 4-year follow-up period. RESULTS RV contractile reserve during exercise, as measured by a positive change in end-systolic elastance (Ees) during exertion, was associated with elevation in pulmonary pressures but preservation of RV volumes. Lack of RV reserve, on the other hand, was tightly coupled with acute RV dilation during exertion (R2 = 0.76, p< 0.001). RV Ees and dilation changes each predicted resting RV-PA dysfunction. RV ejection fraction during exercise, which captured exertional changes in both RV Ees and RV dilation, proved to be a robust surrogate for RV contractile reserve. Reduced exercise RV ejection fraction best predicted occult RV dysfunction among a variety of resting and exercise RV measures, and was also associated with clinical worsening. CONCLUSIONS RV ejection fraction during exercise, as an index of RV contractile reserve, allows for excellent identification of occult RV dysfunction, more so than resting measures of RV function, and may predict clinical outcomes as well.
Ex vivo comparison of leak testing of canine jejunal enterotomies: Saline infusion versus air insufflation

OBJECTIVE To compare the ability to detect leakage of enterotomy closures by intraluminal injection of saline or air. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. ANIMALS Grossly normal jejunal segments (n = 60) from five fresh canine cadavers. METHODS Eight-centimeter jejunal segments were randomly assigned to two control (saline control [n = 5], air control [5]) and two treatment groups (injection of saline [n = 25] or air [25] after enterotomies were closed in a simple continuous pattern using 4-0 glycomer 631). Initial leak pressure (ILP, mean ± SD), maximum intraluminal pressure (MIP), and leakage location were compared. For all air insufflation constructs, the volume of air insufflated at the time of initial leakage was recorded. RESULTS The ILPs of control segments did not differ whether injected with saline (405.71 ± 56.97 mmHg) or air (376.84 ± 42.54, p = 1.00). Enterotomy closures leaked at lower pressures when injected with air (ILP: 68.52 ± 6.56) compared to saline (87.76 ± 5.20, p = .03). Similar results were obtained when comparing MIPs. A moderate association (r = .51) was identified between volume of air infused and ILPs. The strength of the association improved when stratified by cadaver. The location of leakage-most commonly suture tracks-was identified for all air constructs and for 14 of 25 saline constructs. CONCLUSION Enterotomy closures leaked at lower pressures after intraluminal injection of air compared to saline. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intraoperative leak testing of small intestinal enterotomy closures may be rendered more sensitive and precise by the use of air instead of saline as the infusate.
Alzheimer's disease-associated P460L mutation in ephrin receptor type A1 (EphA1) leads to dysregulated Rho-GTPase signaling

Recently, late onset AD (LOAD) genome-wide association studies identified EphA1, a member of receptor tyrosine kinase family (RTK) as a disease associated loci. In the follow-up study where 3 independent LOAD cohorts were performed, a P460L coding mutation in EphA1 loci showed a significant association with LOAD. However, the role of EphA1 and P460L mutant EphA1 in AD is not fully understood. We have characterized this mutation biophysically and biochemically. Our structural in silico model and in vitro biochemical analysis demonstrate that EphA1-P460L mutation makes the receptor constitutively active suggesting a gain-of-toxic function leading to chronic EphA1 signaling in the brain. Moreover, we report that the EphA1 P460L variant triggers Rho-GTPase signaling dysregulation that could potentially contribute to spine morphology abnormalities and synaptic dysfunction observed in AD pathology.
Development, Validation, and Results of a Survey of Personal Electronic Device Use Among 299 Anesthesia Providers From a Single Institution.

BACKGROUND The pattern of perioperative use of personal electronic devices (PEDs) among anesthesia providers in the United States is unknown. METHODS We developed a 31-question anonymous survey of perioperative PED use that was sent to 813 anesthesiologists, anesthesiology residents, and certified registered nurse anesthetists at 3 sites within one health system. The electronic survey assessed patterns of PED use inside the operating room (OR), outside the OR, and observed in others. Questions were designed to explore the various purposes for PED use, the potential impact of specific hospital policies or awareness of medicolegal risk on PED use, and whether PED was a source of perioperative distraction. RESULTS The overall survey response rate was 36.8% (n = 299). With regard to often/frequent PED activity inside the OR, 24% reported texting, 5% reported talking on the phone, and 11% reported browsing on the Internet. With regard to often/frequent PED activity outside the OR, 88% reported texting, 26% reported talking on the phone, and 63% reported browsing the Internet. With regard to often/frequent PED activity observed in others, 52% reported others texting, 14% reported others talking on the phone, and 34% reported others browsing the Internet. Two percent of respondents self-reported a distraction compared to 15% who had observed a distraction in others. Eighty percent of respondents recognized PED as a potential distraction for patient safety. CONCLUSIONS Our data reinforce that PED use is prevalent among anesthesia providers.
Photorealistic depiction of intracranial arteriovenous malformation using cinematic rendering of volumetric MRI data for presurgical planning and patient education.

Data from a three-dimensional (3D), high resolution, contrast enhanced study performed on a middle-aged woman with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was used to create photorealistic images using a customized post-processing cinematic rendering (CR) software platform (Anatomy Education, Siemens, Munich, Germany). The images were obtained on 3 T MRI (Siemens Verio; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). The rendered images depict salient AVM components and also provide information regarding the spatial relationship of the AVM to the cortical surface and scalp landmarks (figures 1 and 2; online supplemental video 1).### Supplementary video [neurintsurg-2021-018281supp001.avi] Figure 1 Cinematic rendering reconstructions using single cutting plane slice-through provide a detailed three-dimensional depiction of the key arteriovenous malformation (AVM) angioarchitecture, including feeding arterial branches (A), the nidus (B), and …
Physician weight recommendations for overweight and obese firefighters, United States, 2011-2012.

INTRODUCTION National guidelines state that health care professionals (HCPs) should advise patients on the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Firefighters have high rates of obesity, and cardiovascular events are the leading cause of line-of-duty deaths in firefighters. This study assessed the association of age and body mass index (BMI) with HCP weight recommendations among male firefighters. METHODS We used data on self-reported HCP weight recommendations and measured BMI from a 2011-2012 national sample of male firefighters (N = 1,002). HCP recommendations were recorded as no advice, maintain, gain, or lose weight, and BMI was categorized as normal (<25.0 kg/m(2)), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)), class I obese (30.0-34.9 kg/m(2)), and class II or III obese (≥35.0 kg/m(2)). We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the odds of receiving weight advice by age and BMI categories. RESULTS Most firefighters (96%) reported visiting an HCP in the past year. Most (69%) firefighters and 48% of class I to III obese firefighters reported receiving no weight advice. Higher BMI predicted HCP advice to lose weight (odds ratio class I obese vs normal weight: 12.98; 95% confidence interval: 5.38-31.34). Younger firefighters were less likely to receive weight loss advice than older firefighters, except among those who were class II or III obese. CONCLUSIONS HCPs are important sources of health information for firefighters. Overweight and obese firefighters, particularly those who are younger, do not consistently receive HCP advice to lose weight. This marks a missed opportunity to prevent further weight gain and reduce obesity-related health outcomes.
Consumption of plant-derived agonists that enhance NK cell activity is beneficial in infection- and DSS- induced colitis (IRC8P.486)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic, relapsing inflammation for which there is no known cure and limited treatment and preventative options. Plant products in many nutritional supplements have been shown by multiple groups to be protective in IBD. We have identified polysaccharides from Acai berries (Acai PS) and polyphenols from apple peels (APP) that specifically stimulate γδ T cells, as well as NK cell and monocyte populations. The effects are similar in some respects to responses induced by patterns derived from the microbiota. Mice fed Acai PS, but not APP, had increased IL-12 expression in spleens, MLN and serum compared to water fed mice and displayed no adverse inflammatory effects in response to the fed supplements. Ingestion of both APP and Acai PS protected from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Acai PS-, but not APP- fed mice with colitis had increased expression of NKG2A, an NK cell receptor implicated in protection from DSS-induced colitis. Acai PS also protected against Salmonella Typhimurium-induced enterocolitis. Novel oral innate agonists Acai PS and APP protect against colitis, but perhaps through distinct mechanisms. Augmented immune signaling is likely to contribute to maintenance of the epithelial barrier and underlying immunity. Considering the paucity of therapeutic and prophylactic options, these plant derived agonists may represent novel therapeutic options for patients with IBD.
The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage.

Delirium is a common and serious problem affecting older adults, associated with increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, higher rates of institutionalization, and decreased functional independence (1). High-risk settings for delirium include the hospital, intensive care, emergency, post-operative, institutional, and terminal care settings (2). Delirium increases hospital costs by at least $2,500 per patient, resulting in over $6.9 billion (2004 USD) in hospital costs each year (2). Despite its adverse impact, delirium remains poorly recognized in clinical practice. The Confusion Assessment Method is a delirium instrument published in 1990 (3), which was created to improve the identification of delirium. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) includes an instrument and diagnostic algorithm for identification of delirium (3). Originally developed by literature review and expert consensus, the CAM was validated against the reference standard ratings of geropsychiatrists based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Third Edition Revised (DSM-IIIR) (4) criteria. The CAM was designed to allow non-psychiatric clinicians to diagnose delirium quickly and accurately following brief formal cognitive testing. The CAM instrument assesses the presence, severity, and fluctuation of 9 delirium features: acute onset, inattention, disorganized thinking, altered level of consciousness, disorientation, memory impairment, perceptual disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and altered sleep-wake cycle. The CAM diagnostic algorithm is based on four cardinal features of delirium: 1) acute onset and fluctuating course, 2) inattention, 3) disorganized thinking, and 4) altered level of consciousness. A diagnosis of delirium according to the CAM requires the presence of features 1, 2, and either 3 or 4. The CAM demonstrated sensitivities from 94–100%, specificities from 90–95%, positive predictive accuracy of 91– 94%, negative predictive accuracy of 90–100%, interrater reliability ranging from .81–1.00; and convergent agreement with other mental status tests including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (5). The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Training Manual was developed to facilitate its appropriate use . Because of its accuracy, brevity, and ease of use by clinical and lay interviewers, the CAM has become the most widely used standardized delirium instrument for clinical and research purposes over the past 16 years. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic review of all original English language articles utilizing the CAM to synthesize its psychometric properties, adaptations, published translations, and clinical and research applications. Strengths and limitations of the articles have been highlighted. Ultimately, it is hoped that this summary will provide a comprehensive overview of the current utility of the CAM, and recommendations for its appropriate use.
Clinical approach to urinary incontinence: a comparison between internists and geriatricians.

To compare the initial approach and pattern of practice betweeninternists and geriatricians in treating urinary incontinence. Aretrospective chart review of 300 consecutive charts of elderly patientsover the age of 65, seen by either internists (IM) or Geriatricians(GERI) for urinary incontinence at the Cleveland Clinic Florida wasperformed. The clinical approaches to the management of urinaryincontinence were compared between IM and GERI groups by using aStudent's t test. The mean age for these patients was 77y for the IMgroup and 79y for the GERI group. Majority of patients suffered from twochronic illnesses. We found that geriatricians performed more initialwork up such as urodynamic testing before referring, while internistsobtained more referrals to gynecologist with special interest inurologic disorders (currently called urogynecologist) without initialworkup. IM and GERI groups equally prescribed medications forincontinence. However, the GERI group recommended Kegel exercises morefrequently. This study showed that geriatricians manage urinaryincontinence more extensively by performing more initial work upincluding urodynamics and providing initial behavioral therapy (Kegelexercise and toilet schedule) before referring to specialists. Perhapsgeriatricians feel more comfortable treating urinary incontinence asshown by their lower frequency of referrals and are therefore morecomfortable than internists at addressing this medical issue. On thecontrary, the internist did the initial evaluation but preferred to geta referral perhaps due to less familiarity with urinaryincontinence.
Specific versus nonspecific target cell destruction by T lymphocytes sensitized in vitro: II. Responsible factors for nonspecific destruction

Cell-free supernatants of thoracic duct lymphocyte cultures which were stimulated in vitro by horse serum on syngeneic fibroblast monolayers are demonstrated to be cytotoxic on syngeneic embryonic fibroblasts by means of a direct cell count using microtest plates. Experimental supernatants showed up to 100% suppression of fibroblast growth at 13 dilution and up to 96% suppression at 14 dilution as compared to the control supernatants. Evidence is presented indicating that lymphocytes cultured on mosaic monolayers, which were comprised of syngeneic and xenogeneic fibroblasts, were reacting both to xenogeneic cells and horse serum in the medium at the cellular level. A hapten-to-carrier type relationship is suggested between xenogeneic antigen and horse serum. Absence of horse serum in the test cultures using these lymphocytes resulted in the abrogation of nonspecific toxic activity of lymphocytes while the specific activity, though diminished, remained. This again indicates the difference in the mechanisms underlying the specific and nonspecific target cell destruction by T cells.
US costs and outcomes associated with Clostridium difficile infections: a systematic literature review, meta-analysis, and mathematical model

An understanding of the health and economic impact of C. difficile infections (CDI) can inform investments in prevention and treatment interventions.
Spatial Structures and the Phenomenology of Inter-National Identity

Spatial abstractions and metaphors are not new to International Relations (IR). Particularly, when we consider the relationship of “international space” with the geopolitical narratives of the early twentieth century, we find that both the theoretical construction and political composition of space are central components of world politics. Space in this sense, as critical scholars of geopolitics have demonstrated, is less the backdrop against which international phenomena occur and more the scaffolding for a particular ordering of the world. When we consider the increasingly successful “annihilation of space by time” enacted by modernity, however, space would seem to be a moot theme for IR theorists to look at in dissecting the sociology of our discipline. Space, in one sense, is merely a terrain to be traversed. Yet such a conception of space—as a “structural,” or “structuring” phenomenon with profound effects on IR's notions of identity and security—has historically ignored the bases of self-consciousness and communal exchange on which it rests. As an existential structure, there is more to space than what IR has historically told us: space allows for meaning to take root in the world only as lived-space , as the soil for perception and action to play out a web of stories and interests on its stage. Though inherently concerned with “the writing of space” (O Tuathail 1996), geopolitical narratives in IR tend to occlude the facticity of space as a realm of human relations and expressions. The meaning of space is shifted from an embodied experience of the local to the global entanglements of dispersed human bodies. By digging into this inversion, not only can we draw out the personal from the inter-national (as a meeting of nations and peoples), but also derive from the global a rich source of epistemic crossings and exchange. Such an undertaking requires …
Increased Salt and Drought Tolerance by D-Ononitol Production in Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L

A cDNA encoding myo-inositol O-methyltransferase (IMT1) has been transferred into Nicotiana tabacum cultivar SR1. During drought and salt stress, transformants (I5A) accumulated the methylated inositol D-ononitol in amounts exceeding 35 [mu]mol g-1 fresh weight In I5A, photosynthetic CO2 fixation was inhibited less during salt stress and drought, and the plants recovered faster than wild type. One day after rewatering drought-stressed plants, I5A photosynthesis had recovered 75% versus 57% recovery with cultivar SR1 plants. After 2.5 weeks of 250 mM NaCl in hydroponic solution, I5A fixed 4.9 [plus or minus] 1.4 [mu]mol CO2 m-2 s-1, whereas SR1 fixed 2.5 [plus or minus] 0.6 [mu]mol CO2 m-2 s-1. myo-Inositol, the substrate for IMT1, increases in tobacco under stress. Preconditioning of I5A plants in 50 mM NaCl increased D-ononitol amounts and resulted in increased protection when the plants were stressed subsequently with 150 mM NaCl. Pro, Suc, Fru, and Glc showed substantial diurnal fluctuations in amounts, but D-ononitol did not. Plant transformation resulting in stress-inducible, stable solute accumulation appears to provide better protection under drought and salt-stress conditions than strategies using osmotic adjustment by metabolites that are constitutively present.
Performance of optimum phase-only adaptive nulling algorithms

Optimal weighting of adaptive antenna arrays is accomplished by computing the weight vector w that maximizes the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. The optimal weight vector w=R/sup -1/v (R=covariance, v=steering vector) is in general complex with each weight having different magnitudes and phases. However, the design of some antenna arrays facilitates phase-only weighting or phase-only adjustments, whereupon it is desirable to compute the constrained optimal weight vector whose components have fixed magnitudes, e.g., a phase-only adaptive weight vector of the form w=(e/sup j/spl phi/1/, e/sup j/spl phi/2/, ..., e/sup j/spl phi/n/)/sup T/. This constrained optimization problem may be posed as the problem of maximizing the SINR on the space of phase-only vectors, which can be solved via, conjugate gradient and Newton methods. This paper describes the convergence and nulling performance of these algorithms.
Measurement of Mössbauer Diffusion Broadening in α‐Iron Stabilized with Vanadium

The diffusion of iron 57 in α-iron stabilized by small amounts of vanadium is studied by means of the Mossbauer effect. The Mossbauer line broadening is found to be proportional to the diffusivity. The broadening observed is found to be about half that predicted in uncorrelated sudden jump model of Sing wi and Sjolander. The observed lineshapes are Lorentzian to within experimental errors. The data indicates that the recoil-free fraction falls off more rapidly than predicted by a Debye model at temperatures where diffusion broadening is observed. An effective Mossbauer characteristic temperature of (299 ± 13) °C represents the data taken between the Curie temperature and the onset region of diffusion broadening. Mit dem Mosbauereffekt wird die Diffusion von Eisen 57 in α-Eisen untersucht, das durch einen geringen Anteil von Vanadium stabilisiert ist. Es wird gefunden, das die Mosbauerlinienverbreiterung proportional zum Diffusionsvermogen ist und die beobachtete Verbreiterung ungefahr halb so gros ist, wie von dem Modell der unkorrelierten plotzlichen Sprunge von Singwi und Sjolander vorausgesagt. Die beobachteten Linienformen haben innerhalb der experimentellen Fehler Lorentzform. Die Meswerte zeigen, das der ruckstosfreie Anteil bei den Temperaturen, wo die Diffusionsverbreiterung beobachtet wird, schneller abnimmt als vom Debyemodell vorausgesagt. Die Werte, die zwischen der Curie-temperatur und dem Einsatzbereich der Diffusionsverbreiterung gewonnen werden, lassen sich durch eine effektive, charakteristische Mosbauertemperatur von (299 ± 13) °C darstellen.