cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iridociliochoroidal melanoma arising from melanocytoma in a black teenager

We report a ciliary body melanoma that apparently arose from a melanocytoma in a 15-year-old black teenager. The eye was enucleated, and metastatic evaluation remained negative at 5 years' follow-up. This unusual case, confirmed histopathologically, reveals that young patients with melanocytoma can have malignant transformation at an early age.
On the Quasi-Decadal Modulation of the Stratospheric QBO Period

Abstract The length of the westerly phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere is examined using the longest available record (1950–2001). An earlier finding by Salby and Callagan of a systematic quasi-decadal modulation of the QBO period is confirmed, although the earlier suggestion of a strong connection with the solar cycle is less clear in the extended record.
Similarities and Differences in Sexual Risk Behaviors Between Young Black MSM Who Do and Do Not Have Sex with Females.

The objective of this study is to determine whether young Black MSM who also have sex with females report similar levels of sexual risk behaviors as those not having sex with females. YBMSM (N = 400) were recruited from an STI clinic, located in the Southern U.S. Men completed an audio-computer assisted self-interview and donated specimens for STI/HIV testing. Forty-three percent recently engaged in penile-vaginal sex. They were less likely to report having concurrent partners (P = .01), unprotected fellatio (P = .04), multiple partners as a bottom (P < .02), any unprotected anal sex as a bottom (P < .013), and any anal sex (P = .007). They were equally likely to report favorable attitudes toward serosorting (P = .80), multiple male partners as a top (P = .20), unprotected anal insertive sex with males (P = .15). Frequency of sex with males as a top (P = .61) or bottom (P = .61) did not differ. Compared to YBMSM not having sex with females, those having sex with females may be exercising greater caution.
Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanosystems: Solving Polyacetylene

Polyacetylene has been a paradigm conjugated organic conductor since well before other conjugated carbon systems such as nanotubes and graphene became front and center. It is widely acknowledged that Raman spectroscopy of these systems is extremely important to characterize them and understand their internal quantum behavior. Here we show, for the first time, what information the Raman spectrum of polyacetylene contains, by solving the 35-year-old mystery of its spectrum. Our methods have immediate and clear implications for other conjugated carbon systems. By relaxing the nearly universal approximation of ignoring the nuclear coordinate dependence of the transition moment (Condon approximation), we find the reasons for its unusual spectroscopic features. When the Kramers-Heisenberg-Dirac Raman scattering theory is fully applied, incorporating this nuclear coordinate dependence, and also the energy and momentum dependence of the electronic and phonon band structure, then unusual line shapes, growth, and dispersion of the bands are explained and very well matched by theory.
Effect of early experience on the child: possible solution to controversy.

A number of personality theorists stress the importance of childhood experience over later experience in the development of personality, and most child psychologists agree with them. Freud, who saw the first few years of life as determinative, was among the most extreme exponents of this view. Those working with learning theory tend, however, either to ignore developmental effects or to dismiss them flatly as relatively unimportant. Watson was the extreme here. He, however, recognized a change in rate of learning with age, which he attributed to some tendency to get settled into a humdrum way of liv. ing after 30 ( 2). If what can be learned can also be unlearned in about the same length of time, what is important about childhood? It is just this point I wish to seize upon. I wish to suggest that what is learned in childhood quite probably cannot ever be completely unlearned if the unlearning process is long delayed because with time the child will develop an increased ability to differentiate. [One of the Stanford-Binet items (1) for example, is a test of whether the child can discriminate squares, circles, and triangles.] Hence the stimul~~s to which he was conditioned will be broken into a set of stimuli, and unless the child's response is extinguished to each element in the set, some effect of the original will remain. Thus, if a child learns to drop a black circular token into a machine for a reward before he can discriminate circle from square or triangle and then if later after the discriminative ability develops this behavior with black circular tokens is extinguished, the effect will still remain for black square or triangular tokens. Or if terrorized by his father during [he period when all men appear alike, and then lacer after developing discrimination, is exposed only co kind men, the child will not react to all men positively but rather is likely to react with fear except to those who have blond hair, mustaches, or other features similar ro those of the kind men experienced later. Thus, once the pillow of feachers is opened, the feathers can never all be gathered. If this suggestion proves out experimentally, it not only offers a point of reconciliation between the two views but a more exact way of predicting the effect of early experience.
Effects of four lights on malathion residues on glass beads, sorghum grain, and wheat grain.

Different regions of light have different photodegradative effects on malathion deposits on glass beads, sorghum g-rain, and wheat grain. Temperature effects of IR light produced the most rapid disappearance of malathion, whereas far UV light, plant GRO, and near UV light exhibited a decreasing order of photodegradative activity. Identified degradation products of malathion were: malaoxon, malathion mono acid, malathion (diacid, O -demethyl malathion, O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate, O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate, dimethyl phosphate, and phosphoric acid. Several unidentified compounds, both thiophosphates and phosphates also were detected.
Robust skin segmentation using color space switching

Skin detection is very popular and has vast applications among researchers in computer vision and human computer interaction. The skin-color changes beyond comparable limits with considerable change in the nature of the light source. Different properties are taken into account when the colors are represented in different color spaces. However, a unique color space has not been found yet to adjust the needs of all illumination changes that can occur to practically similar objects. Therefore a dynamic skin color model must be constructed for robust skin pixel detection, which can cope with natural changes in illumination. This paper purposes that skin detection in a digital color image can be significantly improved by employing automated color space switching. A system with three robust algorithms has been built based on different color spaces towards automatic skin classification in a 2D image. These algorithms are based on the statistical mean of value of the skin pixels in the image. We also take Bayesian approaches to discriminate between skin-alike and non-skin pixels to avoid noise. This work is tested on a set of images which was captured in varying light conditions from highly illuminated to almost dark.
Fecundity and Mortality of Female Codling Moth Treated with Novobiocin and Other Antibiotics

Various antibiotics and some other compounds were tested as insecticides and chemosterilants on adult female codling moths, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.). These were applied topically to the ventral abdomen or by injection with a microsyringe. Novobiocin was extremely toxic in several tests, killing all the moths treated with dilutions as low as 150 ppm. Egg laying was reduced significantly by a few antibiotics, but most of them had no effect on egg laying or on moth mortality.
Gastric protective effect of peripheral PYY through PYY preferring receptors in anesthetized rats.

The influence of intravenous peptide YY (PYY) on the gastric injury induced by 45% ethanol was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. PYY (25, 75, 125, and 250 pmol · kg−1 · h−1) significantly...
A Method for Infecting Large Numbers of Musca Domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) with Entomophthora Muscae (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)

A simple method is described whereby thousands of Musca domestica can be infected in the laboratory with the fungal pathogen Entomophthora muscae. Naturally infected flies can be netted and used to infect laboratory-reared flies. Through serial transmission, numbers of infected flies can be increased to 200–300 and the flies can be held in 3.8-liter cardboard cartons with access to dry milk, sugar, and water. Infected flies die in the evening 6–7 days postexposure. The following morning the cartons are scraped out and used for exposure of healthy flies. From 500 to 1,000 healthy, young (<4 days old) flies are placed in each carton. Cadavers are placed on the screen tops, and the cartons are covered lightly with paper. The method has been used to maintain the pathogen continuously for 3 years.
Permanent Attachment of Silicon Structures via Joule Heat Induced Welding

We introduce a new method for the permanent attachment of assembled silicon microstructures using the precise application of current for localized welding. The attachment technique for planar SOI structures was demonstrated using an assembly mechanism that allows the post-release adjustment of micromachined gaps. The concept utilizes a mechanical assembly technique that takes advantage of the motion reduction experienced by the individual beams of a folded suspension ultimately allowing sub-micron position control of released structures. The proposed mechanism was incorporated into the sense mode of a symmetrically decoupled MEMS tuning fork gyroscope in order to demonstrate its potential for the realization of high performance inertial sensors. Two types of mechanisms were implemented resulting in 7.8 and 8.8 % motion reduction allowing capacitive gaps of 7.5 μm to be adjusted to 1.67 μm; the gaps can be further reduced by alternate suspension designs and implemented on arbitrarily thick layers. After as...
An epidemiological investigation on varicella vaccination among children in some areas of Shanghai

[Objective] To understand the coverage rate of varicella vaccine and the incidence rate of varicella after 1-7 years vaccination in Shanghai. [Methods] The coverage rate and incidence rate of varicella vaccine were obtained through the standard questionnaire for the vaccinated and unvaccinated group in the selected districts. [Results] In the selected districts the cumulative coverage rate of varicelle vaccine reached to 4.12% for the whole population and 26.90% for the population under 12 years old.From 1999 to 2005,the total incidence rate was 1.00% for vaccinated group and 4.35% for unvaccinated group so that the protection rate was 77.0%.The annual incidence rate for vaccinated group was 1.62%,2.06%,0.29%,0.43% and 0.66% respectively and the protection rate was between 67.9%-90.3%.The incidence rate after vaccinated by imported and homemade vaccine was 0.8% and 1.0% and the protection rate was 81.6% and 75.3% respectively. [Conclusion] The coverage rate of the varicella vaccine for children is in the rising trend.The protection rate of varicella vaccine is quite good and there has no significant difference for the protection rate between imported and homemade vaccine.
Diagnosis of atypical subsegmental pulmonary embolism using pulmonary ventilation/perfusion ima- ging

Objective Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion(V/Q)imaging was used in the diagnosis of atypical suhsegmental pulmonary embolism(PE)and monitoring the response to anti-coagulation.Meth- ods A total of 141 patients(58 men,83 women,40～83 years)underwent ~(99)Tc~m-MAA and ~(99)Tc~m-Tech- negas pulmonary V/Q imaging,and then underwent pulmonary perfusion imaing after 1-24 months oral an- ticoagulative therapy.Fourteen cases had lower limbs venous lesions,45 diabetes mellitus or hyperlipaemia, and 63 the history of invasive diagnosis or therapy management recently.Pre-and post-anticoagulation ima- ges were compared and combined with clinical information and other imaging modalities to assess the subseg- mental PE.Results All pulmonary perfusion images showed defects in different sizes with normal pulmo- nary ventilation images.After therapy,the radioactive uptake and distribution in both lungs improved in 118/141(83.69%)eases.The post-treatment scans were judged normal in 35 patients,obviously improved in 49,mildly improved in 34.Conclusion Pulmonary V/Q imaging provided accurate information in both diagnosis and post-therapy monitoring of atypical subsegmental PE.
Towards a method for early detection of congestive heart failure with an electrocardiogram and acoustic transducers

In an effort to improve the reliability of the detection of congestive heart failure, a method utilizing phase shifts of cardiac and thoracic acoustics coupled with ECG signals is described. The system consists of bipolar ECG electrodes placed on the pectoral muscles and acoustic transducers that monitor four locations across the chest and back. The method is tested on six healthy individuals; there are five males and one female. Amplitude of the acoustic and electric signals vary significantly so spectral analysis is utilized for classification. Frequency analysis of the data shows expected values for healthy individuals. For this initial set of data, cardiac acoustic responses are below 400 Hz. It is expected in patients with congestive heart failure to have frequency responses far beyond 400 Hz. This is due to a “crackle” sound that is produced in the lungs as a result of pleural effusion. It is also anticipated to see significant differences in phase shifts among healthy individuals versus individuals with congestive heart failure.
Predictors and Outcomes of Growth Mixture Modeled Trajectories Across an Exposure-Based PTSD Intervention With Veterans

Objectives Exposure-based psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are effective for many, but not all patients. It is important to determine for whom these treatments work and to examine predictors of success. Method An 8-week modified prolonged exposure (PE) treatment, including components of behavioral activation and reducing the number of imaginal exposure sessions, was administered to a sample of 231 Veterans (mean age = 45.7 years, standard deviation = 14.89). Growth mixture modeling was used to model PTSD symptom trajectories across the 8-week intervention and a postintervention appointment. Further, baseline demographics, social support, clinician-rated PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression were examined as predictors of trajectories. Results Three classes emerged, labeled responders (n = 35), nonresponders (n = 190), and immediate responders (n = 6). The only significant baseline difference between responders and nonresponders was higher anxiety symptoms in the nonresponders. At follow-up time points, there were higher levels of clinician-rated PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms and lower social support in the nonresponders compared to the responders. Conclusion Findings suggest that modifying standard PE treatments by reducing imaginal exposure sessions while adding behavioral activation may not be advisable for most Veterans with PTSD.
Radio and Revolution in El Salvador: Building a Community of Listeners in the Midst of Civil War 1981–1992

Abstract Throughout the twelve-year civil war in El Salvador, two guerrilla factions used radio stations to build a revolutionary community. As revolutionary media, the clandestine stations became an integral part of the guerrilla strategy for overthrowing the government. Radio linked the guerrilla-controlled zones to each other and transmitted the daily life of those zones to listeners in the capital, San Salvador, and around the world by shortwave, informing an audience in a nation where the airwaves had transmitted only the government version of events. In contrast to the “imagined communities” of Creoles that Benedict Anderson found that newspapers accidentally created in colonial Latin America, the insurgents deliberately constructed a community of rebel radio listeners. Thus, they created a community of support for the insurgency, attracting people to the rebellion while constructing a vision of the future that this imagined community of listeners would build together. The stations' narrow escapes, ...
Entrepreneurial Networks and New Organization Growth

The emerging literature on entrepreneurial networks suggests that entrepreneurial action sets may be organizational in nature and may be investigated in organizational terms. We link three pre-founding entrepreneurial action set variables: (1) Size, (2) Degree (a measure of inter-connectivity within the entrepreneurial action set), and (3) Frequency (a measure of how often entrepreneurial action set members Interact with each other) to first-year new organization growth. Data were gathered through structured interviews with 44 entrepreneurs and analyzed with multiple regression. The hypotheses were strongly supported by the data.
Blood Flow, Oxygen and Electrical Dynamics in Cerebral Ischemia

Blood flow and oxygen availability are obvious basic requirements for normal brain function. We have measured blood flow and oxygen partial pressures of brain tissue during experimental ischemia in the gerbil. These O2—tension and blood—flow changes have been correlated with contemporaneous changes in the concatenated EEG and in the visual evoked cortical responses (VECR).
Firefighter perceptions of cancer risk: Results of a qualitative study

Background Recent epidemiological research on firefighters indicates an increased incidence of specific types of cancer. Intervention is needed in the fire service yet little is known about how firefighters perceive their cancer risk. Methods Participant observation (150 h, n = 100) and focus group (n = 17) data were collected from 15 fire stations in South Florida. Firefighters had at least 3 years of experience, ranks included drivers, captains, lieutenants, and specialty captains, with a median age of 51 years. Results From the qualitative analysis, two major categories (direct and indirect factors) for cancer risks emerged based on participant notions of cancer risk and cancer prevention behaviors as they relate to firefighting. Conclusions Firefighters perceive cancer risks as the result of performing essential job tasks and from indirect job factors related to being a firefighter. The two categories of cancer risks suggest different points of entry for intervention.
Sharing End-of-Life Care Preferences with Family Members: Who Has the Discussion and Who Does Not.

Abstract Background: Research suggests that greater engagement in family discussions concerning end-of-life (EOL) care preferences could improve advance care planning and EOL outcomes. However, a substantial number of people have not had such discussions. Objective: The study's objective was to understand attitudes and experiences influencing engagement in discussions of EOL care preferences with family members, including the role of healthcare providers in such discussions. Methods: We conducted focus group interviews with 36 non-Hispanic White, African American, and Hispanic community-dwelling participants. Participants were divided among groups to explore differences between those who had or had not engaged in EOL care discussions. Atlas.ti version 7 was used to analyze data employing an open-coding method. Results: Participants' mean age was 70 (range: 58–87); three-fourths were female (n = 27). Twenty were white, non-Hispanic; 10 were African American; and 6 were Hispanic. Four themes emerged from th...
Saving Environmental Justice From Proceduralism.

Resnik and colleagues (2018) argue that problems of indeterminacy regarding the application of utilitarianism, justice as fairness, and libertarianism in settling policy regarding justice concernin...
The Eight Epochs of Math as Regards Past and Future Matrix Computations

This paper gives a personal assessment of Epoch making advances in Matrix Computations from antiquity and with an eye towards tomorrow. We trace the development of number systems and elementary algebra, and the uses of Gaussian Elimination methods from around 2000 BC on to current real-time Neural Network computations to solve time-varying linear equations. We include relevant advances from China from the 3rd century AD on, and from India and Persia in the 9th century and discuss the conceptual genesis of vectors and matrices in central Europe and Japan in the 14th through 17th centuries AD. Followed by the 150 year cul-de-sac of polynomial root finder research for matrix eigenvalues, as well as the superbly useful matrix iterative methods and Francis' eigenvalue Algorithm from last century. Then we explain the recent use of initial value problem solvers to master time-varying linear and nonlinear matrix equations via Neural Networks. We end with a short outlook upon new hardware schemes with multilevel processors that go beyond the 0-1 base 2 framework which all of our past and current electronic computers have been using.
Design of Cascaded Heterostructured p-i-i-n CdS/CdSe Low Cost Solar Cell

Dominant presence of silicon in solar cells manufacturing is defined by maturity of its technology, and low cost of thin film solar cells made from this material. Better efficiency of cascaded solar cells compared to tandem devices performance was demonstrated in our previous work. It was previously demonstrated that some II-VI compounds are less costly than silicon and very efficient when used in solar cells. We present a novel p-i-i-n cell made of wide-gap, Eg=2.42eV, CdS and smaller energy gap, Eg=1.74eV, CdSe. The solar cell consists of top 0.1μm thick acceptor-doped (2*1018cm-3) CdS layer followed by 2μm of intrinsic CdS; next, CdSe intrinsic region of 2μm, followed by 1μm of donor-doped (1016cm-3) CdSe bottom layer. The energy diagram of cascaded solar cell illustrates favorable conditions for collection of both photo-electrons and photo-holes. Presence of wide-energy-gap CdS at the top of the device minimizes significantly the heat-up effect of following layers of CdSe. Solar cell demonstrated following performance characteristics: open-circuit voltage, Voc=1.45V; short-circuit current density, Jsc=23.36 mA/cm2; filling factor, FF=75%; efficiency equal 18.38%. The parameters listed are presenting operational of a very small segment of a solar cell. The surface area of the segment is 1μm2. Our future study will be focused on design and production of CdS/CdSe solar cell deposited on thin CuO film.
Exploring Students’ Perceptions of their Experiences in a Social Justice Living–Learning Community

This qualitative study explored students’ perceptions of their experience in a social justice living–learning community throughout their time in the community and one year after participation. Findings illustrated students (1) developed a broader conception of social justice and greater awareness of social justice issues in the community, (2) increased their capacity for social justice and civic engagement, and, (3) established enduring values, which included appreciation for community and increased capacity for social connection.
Heavy and wet: evaluating the validity and implications of assumptions made when measuring growth efficiency using 18O water

1 Abstract How microbes allocate carbon to growth vs. respiration plays a central role in determining the ability of soil to retain carbon. This carbon use efficiency (CUE) is increasingly measured using the 18O-H2O method, in which heavy oxygen incorporated into DNA is used to estimate growth. Here we evaluated the validity of some of the assumptions of this method using a literature search, and then tested how violating them affected estimates of the growth component of carbon use efficiency in soil. We found that the 18O method is consistently sensitive to assumptions made about oxygen sources to DNA, but that the effect of other assumptions depends on the microbial community present. We provide an example for how the tools developed here may be used with observed CUE values, and demonstrate that the original conclusions drawn from the data remain robust in the face of methodological bias. Our results lay the foundation for a better understanding of the consequences to the 18O method underlying assumptions. Future studies can use the approach developed here to identify how different incubation conditions and/or treatments might bias its CUE estimates and how trustworthy their results are. Further wet-lab work dissecting the assumptions of the 18O method in soil will help justify the scenarios under which it is reasonable to trust its results.
Which Statistical Distribution Best Characterizes Modern Cellular Traffic and What Factors Could Predict Its Spatiotemporal Variability

Spatiotemporal characterization of user traffic is the first step in designing, optimizing, and automating a mobile cellular network. While it is well known that voice telephony follows Poisson distribution, the distribution of SMS and Internet data usage along with voice calls and the factors influencing the distribution is still an open question. We characterize the distribution of multi-faceted cellular traffic while identifying the factors influencing the parameterization of the distribution. Eight latent features that play a statistically significant role to characterize the traffic distribution variations over time and space are determined by leveraging a large real dataset. The features used to characterize the dynamism of the traffic distribution are points of interest, day of the week, special events, and region. The results show that generalized extreme value distribution best describes SMS, call, and Internet activity and it does not change with spatiotemporal features. Also, traffic distribution is not stationary. Insights gained from this analysis can pave the way toward more precise and resource efficient planning, designing, and optimization of future cellular networks.
The Career Experiences of Individuals with ASD

This chapter examines the career experiences of individuals with autism. While there is relatively little research on the careers of individuals with ASD, the life and work outcomes for individuals with autism have been found to be less favorable than those for the general population. The stigma attached to autism, as well as the stereotypes and images of jobs, occupations, and careers for individuals with ASD may play a role in understanding the career experiences of Generation A as they transition into the workplace. Super’s career stages are utilized to understand how autism may affect the career experiences of Generation A throughout their work histories. The role of image norms in the career decisions of individuals with ASD across the life span is also considered.
Abstract B099: Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated to the 287-302 amino acid loop of the human epidermal growth factor receptor

Dysregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the oncogenesis of malignancies including glioblastoma and various epithelial cancers. Oncogenesis occurs from overexpression of EGFR, often linked to gene amplification or receptor mutagenesis. The 287-302 loop from the extracellular domain is exposed completely on EGFRvIII (deletion of exons 2-7), partially exposed on some cancers but cryptic on normal cells expressing WT levels of EGFR. We report on the generation of antibodies to this loop. A peptide corresponding to amino acids 286-303 was synthesized and then coupled chemically to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin. After immunizations, sera were assayed for reactivity to the peptide. Mice with high titers were used for hybridoma production. Purified antibodies were isolated from hybridoma supernatants, while V-regions were cloned and sequenced. Receptor binding was characterized using ELISA and flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies (n=7) reactive for the 287-302 loop were characterized further. Each one reacted with EGFRvIII but not EGFR WT. Based on reactivity with the immunizing peptide, antibodies were mapped to one of three subgroups. One antibody, 40H3, also exhibited binding to MDA-468 and A431 cells but not to non-cancerous WI-38 cells. Because of its unusual binding characteristics, a recombinant immunotoxin was generated from 40H3, which proved to be potently cytotoxic for MDA-468, A431 and F98-EGFRvIII-expressing cells. We conclude that immunization with a peptide corresponding to a cryptic EGFR epitope can produce cancer-binding antibodies. By way of example, the 40H3 antibody was engineered as a cytotoxic recombinant immunotoxin and could be developed as a therapeutic agent for clinical use. Citation Format: Eric Chun Hei Ho, Antonella Antignani, Robert Sarnovsky, David J FitzGerald. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated to the 287-302 amino acid loop of the human epidermal growth factor receptor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B099. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-B099
Reconciling complexity and deep uncertainty in infrastructure design for climate adaptation

ABSTRACTAs climate change is emerging as a major challenge for man-made systems in the coming century, there has been significant effort to understand how to position infrastructure to adapt and de...
Fated for decay: RNA elements targeted by viral endonucleases

For over a decade, studies of messenger RNA regulation have revealed an unprecedented level of connectivity between the RNA pool and global gene expression. These connections are underpinned by a vast array of RNA elements that coordinate RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions, each directing mRNA fate from transcription to translation. Consequently, viruses have evolved an arsenal of strategies to target these RNA features and ultimately take control of the pathways they influence, and these strategies contribute to the global shutdown of the host gene expression machinery known as "Host Shutoff". This takeover of the host cell is mechanistically orchestrated by a number of non-homologous virally encoded endoribonucleases. Recent large-scale screens estimate that over 70 % of the host transcriptome is decimated by the expression of these viral nucleases. While this takeover strategy seems extraordinarily well conserved, each viral endonuclease has evolved to target distinct mRNA elements. Herein, we will explore each of these RNA structures/sequence features that render messenger RNA susceptible or resistant to viral endonuclease cleavage. By further understanding these targeting and escape mechanisms we will continue to unravel untold depths of cellular RNA regulation that further underscores the integral relationship between RNA fate and the fate of the cell.
Three visual working memory representations simultaneously control attention.

How many items can we store in visual working memory while simultaneously conducting a visual search? Previous research has proposed that during concurrent visual search, only one visual working memory representation can be activated to directly influence attention. This previous research suggests that other visual working memory representations are “accessory items”, which have little direct influence on attention. However, recent findings provided evidence that not one, but two visual working memory representations can capture attention and interfere with concurrent visual search. We successfully replicate these findings, and further test whether the capacity of visual working memory during visual search extends to not two, but three representations that influence attention directly. We find evidence that three visual working memory representations can simultaneously control attention.
Fano Resonant All-Dielectric HfO 2 Metasurfaces for Full Color Generation Designed by Deep Learning

Here, we experimentally demonstrate full color generation by a Fano-resonant all-dielectric metasurface (MS) consisting of HfO2 nanopillars (NPs), for the first time to our knowledge, designed by a novel deep learning approach named dimensionality reduction.
Ageing and the goal of evolution.

There is a certain metaphor that has enjoyed tremendous longevity in the evolution of ageing literature. According to this metaphor, nature has a certain goal or purpose, the perpetuation of the species, or, alternatively, the reproductive success of the individual. In relation to this goal, the individual organism has a function, job, or task, namely, to breed and, in some species, to raise its brood to maturity. On this picture, those who cannot, or can no longer, reproduce are somehow invisible to, or even dispensable to, the evolutionary process. Here, I argue that the metaphor should be discarded, not on the grounds that it is a metaphor, but on the grounds that this particular metaphor distorts our understanding of the evolution of ageing. One reason the metaphor is problematic is that it frames senescence and death as nature’s verdict on the value of older individuals. Instead, we should explore a different metaphor: the lengthy post-reproductive period in humans and some other animals is not an accident of culture, but designed by nature for the purpose of supporting and guiding younger generations. On this alternate picture, different stages of life have their own evolutionary rationales, their distinctive design features, their special mandates.
Protocol for transgenerational learned pathogen avoidance behavior assays in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Summary Animal experiences, including learned behaviors, can be passed down to several generations of progeny in a phenomenon known as transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Yet, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms regulating physiologically relevant transgenerational memories. Here, we present a method for Caenorhabditis elegans in which worms learn to avoid the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14). Unlike previous protocols, this training paradigm, either using PA14 lawns or through exposure to a PA14 small RNA (P11), induces memory in four generations of progeny. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Moore et al. (2019) and Kaletsky et al. (2020) .
Signals, systems, and transforms

(NOTE: Each chapter begins with an Introduction and ends with a Summary and Problems). 1. Overview of Signals and Systems. Signals. Systems. 2. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals. PART A Continuous-Time Signals. Basic Continuous -Time Signals. Modification of the Variable t. Continuous-Time Convolution. PART B Discrete-Time Signals. Basic Discrete-Time Signals. Modification of the Variable n. Discrete-Time Convolution. 3. Linear Time-Invariant Systems. PART A Continuous-Time Systems. System Attributes. Continuous-Time LTI Systems. Properties of LTI Systems. Differential Equations and Their Implementation. PART B Discrete-Time Systems. System Attributes. Discrete-Time LTI Systems. Properties of LTI Systems. Difference Equations and the Their Implementation. 4. Fourier Analysis for Continuous-Time Signals. The Eigenfunctions of Continuous-Time LTI Systems. Periodic Signals and the Fourier Series. The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform. Properties and Applications of the Fourier Transform. APPLICATION 4.1 Amplitude Modulation. APPLICATION 4.2 Sampling. 5.Frequency Response of LTI Systems. APPLICATION 4.3 Filtering. 5. The Laplace Transform. The Region of Convergence. The Inverse Laplace Transform. Properties of the Laplace Transform. The System Function for LTI Systems. Differential Equations. APPLICATION 5.1 Butterworth Filters. Structures for Continuous-Time Filters. Appendix 5A The Unilateral Laplace Transform. Appendix 5B Partial-Fraction Expansion for Multiple Poles. 6. The z Transform. The Eigenfunctions of Discrete-Time LTI Systems. The Region of Convergence. The Inverse z Transform. Properties of the z Transform. The System Function to LTI Systems. Difference Equations. APPLICATION 6.1 Second-Order IIR Filters. APPLICATION 6.2 Linear-Phase FIR Filters. Structures for Discrete-Time Filters. APPENDIX 6A The Unilateral z Transform. APPENDIX 6B Partial-Fraction Expansion for Multiple Poles. 7. Fourier Analysis for Discrete-Time Signals. The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform. 2.Properties of the DTFT. APPLICATION 7.1 Windowing. 3.Sampling. 4.Filter Design by Transformation. 5.The Discrete Fourier Transform/Series. APPLICATION 7.2 FFT Algorithm. 8. State Variables. Discrete-Time Systems. Continuous-Time Systems. Operational-Amplifier Networks. Bibliography. Index.
Implications on clinical management of the small renal mass in patients 80 years of age and older based on a retrospective review of the SEER database

Incidental detection of small renal masses has increased in recent years with increased use of various imaging modalities, and a substantial number of diagnoses are made in the elderly population. Minimally invasive surgical procedures have previously been established as options with excellent long-term oncological results, but surveillance strategies have more recently been introduced as alternatives for surgical intervention. This study reviews the outcomes for elderly patients treated with observation or surgery for small renal masses in order to better elucidate optimal management strategies. A total of 4647 patients from the SEER database met criteria for inclusion in this study. Cumulative incidences of RCC-specific mortality and non-RCC-related mortality were estimated, and frequency distributions by tumor size and surgical status were calculated. No difference in RCC-related mortality was observed among all treatment groups, including surveillance, for tumors 1–30 mm in size. RCC-related mortality was significantly lower for surgically treated patients for all other tumor size groups. Mortality unrelated to RCC was significantly higher in patients undergoing surveillance compared to those undergoing surgical intervention for tumor sizes 1–30 or 1–40 mm. A small renal mass in patients of 80+ years of age is best defined as up to 3 cm in size. For these patients, observation appears be a valid, if not preferential strategy. Patients 80+ years of age with renal masses greater than 3 cm still appear to benefit from surgical intervention.
Port-au-Prince: Historical Memory as a Fundamental Parameter in Town Planning

After the earthquake of 12 January 2010 which destroyed Port-au-Prince, what sort of city should be rebuilt, and for whom? Should the colonial town of 1749 be recreated, or should it be the nineteenth-century city? Should the traditional socially exclusive urban patterns be reconstructed, or should the dysfunctional zoning that was applied unsuccessfully in Port-au-Prince throughout the nineteenth century be reintroduced? This article offers some new approaches for the urban planning of the future Portau-Prince, based on the assumption that historical memory is a fundamental parameter for spatial planning.
Living Legends: Effectiveness of a Program to Enhance Sense of Purpose and Meaning in Life Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the therapeutic benefits (i.e., sense of purpose and meaning in life) of the Living Legends program, which includes life review writing and an intergenerational exchange, compared with life review writing alone, for community-dwelling older adults. METHOD This study was a randomized controlled trial with a connected qualitative component. We analyzed quantitative data using independent-samples t tests and written descriptions of program experiences using Collaizi's qualitative methodology; we then used a triangulation protocol to integrate the qualitative and quantitative data. RESULTS For participants in the writing workshop plus intergenerational exchange, sense of purpose and meaning in life increased significantly (p<.0001) compared with those in the writing workshop alone. Qualitative themes revealed additional program benefits. CONCLUSION Living Legends enhanced participants' sense of purpose and meaning in life, a factor known to prevent cognitive loss and disability, compared with life review writing alone.
An Approach for Wavelet Based Image Enhancement

This paper proposed a wavelet-based algorithm for image contrast enhancement. De-noising has an important role in enhancing, The approach developed herein processes wavelet coefficients individually, and treats the correlation between wavelet planes as providing an indication of the likelihood that noise is present, then, modifies the wavelet transform coefficients at different scales in different degrees by a pointwise nonlinear transformation. The algorithm is simple to implement in software, achieving an excellent balance between the enhancement of subtle image detail, and the avoidance of noise amplification
Inhibition by α-Amanitin of Simian Virus 40-Specific Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Nuclei of Infected Monkey Cells

Conditions affecting the synthesis of simian virus 40-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) in nuclei isolated from lytically infected cells were investigated. Deoxyribonucleic acid-RNA hybridization results show that an α-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase activity is responsible for transcription of simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid.
Effect of Diet Quality and Composition on the Isotopic Composition of Respiratory CO2, Bone Collagen, Bioapatite, and Soft Tissues

The isotopic ratios of common light elements often provide useful information about past geologic, environmental, or biologic history. Bender’s (1968) clear identification of two distinct isotopic values for carbon from C3 and C4 plant organic matter led to the experiments which showed that animal δ13C values were closely related to dietary values (DeNiro and Epstein 1978a; Tieszen et al. 1983). Results from field applications (DeNiro and Epstein 1978b; Vogel 1978; Tieszen et al. 1979; Tieszen and Imbamba 1980) established the usefulness of these tracers and soon led to numerous archaeological studies. C and N, both present in bone collagen, have been most useful to suggest marine versus terrestrial dependence, to establish maize utilization or dependence on legumes, and to identify relative trophic-level positions or carnivory versus herbivory. Recently, attention has been focused on the use of bioapatite CO3 (Lee-Thorp et al. 1989a, 1989b; Lee-Thorp and van der Merwe 1991) as a supplement to collagen, especially in bones older than 10000 years, and as an adjunct to collagen for estimates of carnivory. The 180 signal in bioapatite also has the potential to provide information on the water status of the individual or the environment. Sulfur isotopes δ 34 S), when present in sufficient quantities, as in hair or skin, are also useful and in some cases can distinguish clearly between marine and terrestrial dietary sources (Krouse and Herbert 1988).
Effects of albinism on copulatory behavior and sperm competition in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Three studies of copulatory behavior and sperm competition in albino and wild-type prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, were completed. In Experiment 1, albino males had shorter interintromission intervals than wild-type males when mating with hormone-injected females. In Experiment 2, sperm competition was studied using a reconstituted albino line in which the albino gene was placed on a background of predominately wild type. There were no significant genotype effects on copulatory behavior, although there was an effect of mating order. The previously demonstrated advantages of albino males and of males mating last were replicated. In Experiment 3, the albino males’ advantage could not be overcome even when the wild-type males were permitted two ejaculations to their one. Albinism in prairie voles appears to have a strong effect on fertilizing capacity but to have only weak effects on behavior.
The climate change collection: a case study on digital library collection review and the integration of research, education and evaluation

Validating the scientific quality and potential of digital resources use in classroom settings has become a major focus of recent digital library efforts such as the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE). The Climate Change Collection is thematic collection of digital resources relating to the topic of global climate change and natural climate variability designed as a pilot project for reviewing the scientific quality and pedagogical potential of selected digital resources using a focused and streamlined approach. The collection offers a case-study in integrating research and education through the collaborative efforts of an interdisciplinary review team made up of professionals from the fields of climate research, geoscience education, cognitive psychology, and evaluation. Each participant received a stipend for their involvement in the process. Designed as an experiment in streamlined collection development, it is anticipated that the experience of the Climate Change Collection effort will help inform future digital library review and collection-building efforts.
Evidence of Change in Men's Versus Women's Emotional Reactions to First Sexual Intercourse: A 23-year Study in a Human Sexuality Course at a Midwestern University

With a large sample (N = 5,769) of university students obtained over a 23-year period (1990–2012), which represented three decades of first sexual intercourse experiences, the present study examine...
Survival patterns of cancer patients.

BACKGROUND Optimal means of modeling death rates of large populations with a specific disease have not been described in the literature. METHODS Statistical modeling was used on archival data. RESULTS In the authors' prior publications describing the survival of untreated cancer patients, data that were adequately fitted by an exponential curve were found to be much better fitted by an inverse Gompertz curve (R2 = 99.7% for untreated breast carcinoma, 99.9% for untreated cervical carcinoma). However, when data from treated patients are examined, fits show that successive stages begin at successive positions on the inverse Gompertz curve. Breast carcinoma data showed that treatment begun at an early stage raised survival to a linear decline; at an intermediate stage led to a modified inverse Gompertz, the earlier the stage at which therapy was begun, the greater the survival rate; and at a late stage exhibited an exponential decline showing a negligible effect of late treatment. Confidence in this approach was enhanced by its applicability using published data from the National Cancer Database for breast, pancreatic, bone, and skin cancers. CONCLUSIONS The use of data modeling allowed us to assess realistically the value of intervention in cancer populations and to optimize staging schemas. It strongly reinforced the concept that early detection provides a far greater impact on a population's subsequent survival than therapy of advanced disease. Cancer 2001;91:2469–75. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
The measurement of surface texture and topography by differential light scattering

Abstract The use of light scattering as a tool for the measurement of two-dimensional surface topography is discussed. Various versions of scattering theory are used to explore the relation between the angular distribution of the scattered intensity and surface features, and inversely to express various deterministic and statistical finish parameters in terms of scattering measurements. Particular attention is paid to the characterization of diamond-turned surfaces because of the rich variety of features they exhibit and their increasing technological importance.