cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zeolite-Induced Solvation Effects on Excited-State Properties of Ru(bpy)32+: Implications for Intrazeolitic Photochemical Quenching Reactions†

Photosensitized electron-transfer reactions between tris(2,2‘-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) and bipyridinium ions have been extensively studied. Entrapment of this donor−acceptor system in ...
Retrograde catheterization of the left atrium in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.

Abstract Retrograde catheterization of the left atrium utilizing the Shirey technique was successfully performed in four patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. By traversing the inflow tract of the left ventricle on pullback from the left atrium to the aorta, this method served to separate definitively true hypertrophic subaortic stenosis from cavity obliteration. It was accomplished with relative ease and no complications. In patients with suspected idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who are to have retrograde left heart catheterization, this approach to the left atrium is recommended as an alternative to the transseptal technique.
Relations of Plasma Total and High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin to New-Onset Heart Failure in Adults ≥65 Years of Age (from the Cardiovascular Health Study)

Adiponectin exhibits cardioprotective properties in experimental studies, but elevated levels have been linked to increased mortality in older adults and patients with chronic heart failure (HF). The adipokine's association with new-onset HF remains less well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of total and high–molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin with incident HF (n = 780) and, in a subset, echocardiographic parameters in a community-based cohort of adults aged ≥65 years. Total and HMW adiponectin were measured in 3,228 subjects without prevalent HF, atrial fibrillation or CVD. The relations of total and HMW adiponectin with HF were nonlinear, with significant associations observed only for concentrations greater than the median (12.4 and 6.2 mg/L, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounders, the hazard ratios per SD increment in total adiponectin were 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.21) for concentrations less than the median and 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.38) higher than the median. There was a suggestion of effect modification by body mass index, whereby the association appeared strongest in participants with lower body mass indexes. Consistent with the HF findings, higher adiponectin tended to be associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and left atrial enlargement. Results were similar for HMW adiponectin. In conclusion, total and HMW adiponectin showed comparable relations with incident HF in this older cohort, with a threshold effect of increasing risk occurring at their median concentrations. High levels of adiponectin may mark or mediate age-related processes that lead to HF in older adults.
One Industry, Two Chinas: Silk Filatures and Peasant-Family Production in Wuxi County, 1865-1937

Note on Wuxi county's administrative boundaries, commerical districts, and size Weights, measures and exchange rates 1. introduction: a tale of two Chinas 2. Markets and power in the late imperial era 3. Why Wuxi? merchant competition and the changing contours of Yangzi Delta Silk Production 4. Public sphere or private interest? Defending the Wuxi cocoon trade 5. Investors at risk in the Wuxi filature industry 6. Women in sericulture, or how gendered labor (re-)shaped peasant-family production 7. Imparting modernity: women and the politics of silk-industry reform 8. Success at last? Bourgeois practice and state intervention under the nationalists 9. Conclusion: peasants, industry, and the state Appendices Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Character list Index.
What technical writing students do know and should know about typography

This paper examines technical writing students' ratings of five typefaces' on five tone attributes like "professional" and "technical" It also examines students' written assessments of typefaces, investigating why students perceive typefaces to convey different attributes and how students relate different typefaces to different types of documents. Two main findings emerged from this analysis of both quantitative, semantic differential data and qualitative, written responses: 1) Students lack the vocabulary to make fine distinctions among text typefaces; and 2) Students sometimes make associations among attributes that experts would not agree with. Four guidelines, generated by analysis of students' responses, are discussed: 1) Choose a typeface with relatively large, open counters and large x-heights for legibility and readability; 2) Choose a typeface with no or moderate modeling for professionalism; 3) Choose a typeface with variable pitch (as opposed to a fixed pitch) - to avoid an excessively technical tone; and 4) Avoid typefaces that mimic other modes of writing to avoid distracting readers from the message.
The Adolescent Response to Parental Illness: The Influence of Dispositional Gratitude

Existing literature suggests that the children of ill parents are susceptible to anxiety and depression. However, some may respond to threatening circumstances such as chronic illness or grief with positive emotions and finding benefits, including appreciation of life and greater emotional strength. We explored the college-age child response to parental illness by examining the relationship of dispositional gratitude, family variables, and characteristics of parental illness to college-age child depression and anxiety. College students completed self-report measures examining dispositional gratitude, family quality of life, depression, and anxiety. In comparison to the healthy parent group, the ill parent group experienced lower family quality of life. There were no significant between group differences in depression or anxiety levels. Dispositional gratitude moderated the relationship between parental health status and college-age child anxiety and depression. This suggests that dispositional gratitude may have served as a buffer against internalizing symptoms within the college-age children of ill parents.
Viewing Tornado Impact as More Than Physical Magnitude

Ten years ago this fall, an F3 tornado tore a path straight through the heart of Ladysmith, a small Northern Wisconsintown. I grew up a few cities over, and spent many weekends at the Army Reserve ...
Anionic-zwitterionic mixed micelles in the micellar electrokinetic separation of clinically relevant steroids on a fused-silica capillary

Abstract The structural similarities of different clinically relevant steroids make their routine determination in biological samples an analytical challenge. Determination of steroidal hormones in urine and serum is of great interest in clinical endocrinology. A large number of disorders is associated with hypo- or hypersecretion of one or more steroids, for example, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, hirsutism and virilism, adrenal adenomas, hypertension, congenital adrenal hyperplasia etc. A SDS/SB3-12 mixed micellar system was used to achieve baseline separation of eight steroids in less than 10 min. Five different zwitterionic surfactants were evaluated at different concentrations, pH and temperature conditions. The SB3-12/SDS mixed micellar system gave highest resolution and precision. No significant capillary wall interaction or coating effects were observed with the zwitterionic surfactants as is evident from the reproducible migration times (relative standard deviation ≤2%). A detection limit of 1–5 μm/ml was obtained for pure standards.
Comparative toxicity of copper and acridine to fish, Daphnia and algae

A comparison was made of the sensitivity of fish, Daphnia and algae to the toxic effects of copper and acridine. A series of toxicity tests was conducted with these organisms, and the following biological endpoints determined: LC50s for fish, LC50s and effects on reproduction of Daphnia and 50% inhibition of the growth rate of algae. The 96-h LCO50s for bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Daphnia magna exposed to copper were 2.2 and 0.13 mg/L, respectively. A chronic exposure to 0.03 mg/L of copper for 14 d significantly decreased reproduction in Daphnia. Exposure to 0.4 and 0.2 mg/L copper inhibited the growth rate of Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris, respectively, by 50%. The 96-h LC50s for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and D. magna exposed to acridine were 2.3 and 3.1 mg/L, respectively. A chronic exposure to 1.25 mg/L acridine for 14 d significantly inhibited reproduction in Daphnia, and an exposure to 0.9 mg/L inhibited the growth rate of S. capricornutum by 50%. Based on the biological endpoints determined in these tests, Daphnia were more sensitive to copper than were fish or algae. In contrast, the most sensitive biological endpoint in tests with acridine was the inhibition of algal growth. Comparison of thesemore » test results indicates that short-term toxicity tests used for screening toxicants for possible environmental effects should include both plant and animal species. 16 references, 4 figures, 4 tables.« less
Dual wavelength/stopped flow spectrophotometry: computer acquisition and analysis.

Abstract The adaptation of a commercially available dual wavelength/stopped flow spectrophotometer for use with turbid samples is described. A minicomputer is used to collect and analyze the data, thereby facilitating these experiments. The stopped flow/computer combination has a dead time in the single wavelength mode of 3.5 msec. In the dual wavelength mode, accurate determinations can be made of the time course of reactions that have a t 1 2 of 50 msec or longer. The application of this stopped flow spectrophotometer to the measurement of cytochrome P-450 reductase activity in rat liver microsomes is described.
Gearing up for the virtual computer

The ultimate virtual computer will not model a Turing machine or even one of today's desktop computers. This computer will model complex systems that interact with people and respond to outside events continuously over time. This computational model will have a highly parallel/asynchronous architecture. Its components will interact through a future incarnation of the Internet. The paper discusses the Legion project that aims to realise the interactive/multiprocess model by meeting several design objectives. It considers how Java has all the potential programmers need to design complex systems that reflect the interactive/multiprocess model.
The Effects of Feedback and Incentives on Achievement in Computer-Based Instruction

Abstract The effects on learning of three feedback strategies (Answer Until Correct, Knowledge of Correct Response, and Delayed) were compared to two control strategies (No feedback and No questions) under two conditions of incentives. Task incentives rewarded subjects for successful task completion regardless of level of achievement while performance incentives based subjects′ actual grades on level of achievement. Results showed an overall effect favoring performance incentives across all levels of learning and feedback conditions. KCR and Delayed feedback strategies were advantageous for lower-level learning only, that is where post-test questions were similar to original practice questions. AUC feedback, however, was not effective on any learning measure. Results are interpreted with regard to the interaction of feedback form and learner dispositions to process feedback information "mindfully" rather than in a surface manner.
Identification of Novel Factors That Regulate GnRH Gene Expression and Neuronal Migration

We used differential display PCR on two GnRH producing cell lines to identify genes involved in GnRH gene expression and neuronal migration. RNA from Gn10 cells (derived from a tumor in the olfactory area when GnRH neruons are migrating and make low levels of GnRH) and from GT1-7 cells (derived from a tumor in forebrain when GnRH neurons are postmigratory and make high levels of GnRH) was reverse transcribed into cDNA. The cDNA was amplified using three anchored primers and eight random primers from each cell line and products from duplicate reactions electrophoresed in parallel in a denaturing acrylamide gel. Differentially expressed cDNAs were excised, reamplified and used as probes in Northern analysis of total RNA from each cell line to confirm differentially expressed RNA. The cDNAs were sequenced and compared to the Genbank database. Four of five clones isolated from GT1-7 GnRH neurons are novel, while four of five clones isolated from Gn10 cells have homology to known DNA sequences. One clone, Gn8-...
The Medium and the Message: Oral History, New Media, and a Grassroots History of Working Women

In the Spring of 2000, Ruth Meyerowitz and Christine Zinni began collaborative efforts—inside and outside of academia—to enhance a course on The History of Working Women at SUNY Buffalo. Videotapin...
Construction and Validation of a Conflict Communication Scale1

A series of studies was conducted in order to construct and validate a measure of interpersonal conflict communication style, the Conflict Communication Scale (CCS). CCS items were designed to reflect variability in approach to conflict situations and to gather information relevant to conflict-related interventions, such as mediation. The measure is comprised of 5 subscales: (a) confrontation, (b) public/private behavior, (c) emotional expression, (d) conflict approach/avoidance, and (e) self-disclosure. Psychometric assessment of the CCS focused on test-retest reliability, social desirability influences, convergent and discriminant validity, discrimination between known groups, concurrent validity, and factor analysis. The resulting scale was found to have high reliability levels, minimal social desirability bias, sensitivity to some cultural differences, and its validity was supported by the majority of validation studies.
Memory distortion in group recall

Earlier we reported (Basden, Basden, Bryner, ...Thomas, 1997) that, in comparison with nominal groups (three people tested individually), three-person collaborative groups recalled fewer presented words but intruded more nonpresented words. In the present research, Experiment 1 showed that when presented words were associatively related to critical nonpresented words, collaboration inhibited recall of presented words but did not influence recall of critical nonpresented words. Experiment 2 showed that with categorized lists, recall of high taxonomic frequency critical nonpresented words was greater for collaborative groups than for nominal groups. Collaboration did not inhibit recall of presented words, presumably because guessing supplemented recall in collaborative groups. Greater false recall in collaborative than in nominal groups appears to result from activation of superordinate-to-item associations rather than item-to-item associations.
Surface water: Pentagonal ice in chains

One-dimensional islands that grow during ice nucleation at low temperatures on a copper(110) surface are identified as chains of water-molecule pentagons. This unexpected molecular arrangement optimizes oxygen-atom proximity to preferred bonding sites on the metal, while minimizing strain in the hydrogen-bond network.
REVISING THE PAST / REVISITING THE PRESENT: HOW CHANGE HAPPENS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY

This article investigates the various forces that may help to explain the ongoing historio-graphical phenomenon of revision. It takes as its point of departure Michel de Certeau's understanding of the writing of history as a process consisting of an unstable and constantly changing triangulated relationship among a place (a recruitment, a milieu, a profession), analytical procedures (a discipline), and the construction of a text (or discourse). For de Certeau, revision is the formal prerequisite for writing history because the very distance between past and present requires continuous innovation simply to produce the objects of historical knowledge, which have no existence apart from the historian's identification of them. The specific nature of revision at a given moment is determined by the specificities of the process as a whole, that is, by the characteristics of place, procedure, and text and their contemporary relational configuration. Taking the rise of “linguistic-turn” historiography as exemplary of the process of historical revision in its broadest possible meaning, the article seeks to discover the possible “causes” for that turn. It begins with an analysis of the psychological roots of poststructuralism as a response to the holocaust and its aftermath, and then proceeds to explore the possible economic and social transformations in the postwar world that might account for its reception, both in Europe but also, more counterintuitively, in the United States, where postmodernism proved to have an especially strong appeal. Added to this mix are the new patterns of social recruitment into the historical profession in the “sixties.” the essay suggests that, to the extent that revision is understood as the result of the combined effect of psychological, social, and professional determinations, it is unlikely that there will ever be genuine consensus about the sources of revision in history, since all historians bring to their work differing congeries of psychological preoccupations, social positions, and professional commitments.
Adjacency of the 0–1 knapsack problem

Abstract In this paper we show that adjacency on the 0–1 knapsack polytope can be determined by a very simple argument. Namely, let u and v be two feasible solutions to the 0–1 knapsack problem, then u and v are nonadjacent on the polytope of the convex hull of feasible solutions, if and only if, there exist two other feasible solutions w 1 and w 2 , such that 1 2w 1 + 1 2w 2 = 1 u + 1 2v . This observation allows us to prove that the question of determining whether two given feasible solutions are adjacent, is an NP-complete problem.
Influence of Organic Additives on Shape and Adsorbing Properties of Nano-Fe3O4 Particles

Nano-Fe3O4 powders were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method. The granularity, morphology and absorbing properties of the magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and complex permeability. The effects of organic additives to the granularity, morphology and microwave absorption property of nanosized magnetic Fe3O4 were studied. The results show that the organic additives have great influence on the morphology of nano-Fe3O4 particles. Spherical nano-Fe3O4 is prepared by oxalic acid. And the absorption property of nano-Fe3O4 is better.
Functional Analysis of the Genes of Yeast Chromosome V by Genetic Footprinting

Genetic footprinting was used to assess the phenotypic effects of Ty1 transposon insertions in 268 predicted genes of chromosome V of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When seven selection protocols were used, Ty1 insertions in more than half the genes tested (157 of 268) were found to result in a detectable reduction in fitness. Results could not be obtained for fewer than 3 percent of the genes tested (7 of 268). Previously known mutant phenotypes were confirmed, and, for about 30 percent of the genes, new mutant phenotypes were identified.
Effect of Cu Deficiency on CuIn1-xGaxSe2 and High-efficiency Photovoltaic Solar Cells

We report the results of our studies on the optical and electronic structure of a wide range of polycrystalline thin-film CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) alloys. The composition range includes CIS and nearly stoichiometric (slightly Cu-poor) (24.3±0.3 at.% Cu) CIGS with x values located around the value that has the best efficiency (x ∼ 0.28). Relative to nearly stoichiometric CIS and CIGS, we find a reduction in the absorption strength in the spectral range 1–3 eV. This reduction can be explained in terms of the predominance of Cu 3d and Se 4p states at the valence band maximum (VBM). In addition, Cu-poor CIS and CIGS materials show an increase in bandgap because the p-d repulsive interaction in Cu-poor CIGS is less than that in nearly stoichiometric CIGS. High efficiency is discussed in terms of optical properties.
Synthesis and Characterization of Au/Bi Core/Shell Nanocrystals: A Precursor toward II−VI Nanowires

The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic ability of gold/bismuth (Au/Bi) core/shell nanocrystals for promoting asymmetric 1D nanowire growth is described. A biphasic gold reduction approach i...
Uneventful administration of plasma products in a recipient with T‐activated red cells

A patient with T-polyagglutinable red cells and a severe coagulopathy provided an opportunity to observe the results of plasma transfusion in the face of T-activation. The patient was a 52-year-old Navajo Indian with a perforated gall bladder and related sepsis due to Clostridium perfringens. The gall bladder was removed surgically. Postoperatively, he had severe thrombocytopenia, and prolonged partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times. The patient's red cells were agglutinated by Arachis hypogaea and Glycine soja lectins but were unagglutinated by extracts of Salvia horminum, Salvia sclarea, and Bandeiraea simplicifolia. No untoward reactions or any evidence of hemolysis were observed when the patient was given platelet concentrates and 4 units of single-donor plasma. Serial plasma hemoglobin and haptoglobin levels documented that there was no hemolysis. His coagulopathy responded, and he had a successful surgical re-exploration and recovery. This case documents that serious adverse consequences do not necessarily follow transfusion of plasma in a recipient with T-activated red cells. T-activation is a relative but not absolute contraindication to plasma transfusion.
Time-dependent collective diffusion of colloidal particles

We use a combination of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to study the time-dependent collective diffusion coefficient $D(q, t)$ in concentrated colloidal suspensions. At short times, the particle configuration is frozen, and $D(q, t)$ probes the temporal and spatial evolution of hydrodynamic interactions, via their effects on the particle velocities. We find that $D(q, t)$ exhibits a surprising scaling behavior, with a single, $q$-dependent relaxation time, suggesting that the suspension behaves as an effective medium for hydrodynamic interactions over a wide range of length scales and time scales.
The partial purification and properties of a phytoene synthesizing enzyme system.

An enzyme system catalyzing the synthesis of phytoene from isopentenyl pyrophosphate has been isolated from tomato fruit plastids and purified approximately 350-fold in specific activity. This enzyme system has a molecular weight of approximately 200,000. The rate of phytoene formation is maximal at pH 7.0 and 23 °C and the apparent Km for isopentenyl pyrophosphate is 10 μm The rates of phytoene synthesis when geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate were used as substrates were 0.08 and 0.17 nmol of phytoene/mg of protein/h, respectively. The enzyme complex showed an absolute requirement for Mn2+, but not for NADP+. At a concentration of 2 mm, NADP+ produced only a 1.5- to 3-fold stimulation, and this effect varied from preparation to preparation. The addition of NADPH to the incubation mixture produced inhibition of phytoene synthesis and there was no evidence for the concomitant accumulation of lycopersene. The acid labiles produced on acid treatment of the incubation mixture indicated that geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was formed by the enzyme complex. The enzyme system is stabilized in the presence of 30% glycerol and 10 mm dithiothreitol and it can be stored at −20 °C for over 1 month without significant loss of activity. However, the enzyme activity for phytoene formation is heat labile, and it is not stable when attempts are made to purify it further by ion-exchange chromatography.
Some new results on subset sums

Abstract Let n be a large integer and A be a subset of [ n ] = { 1 , … , n } . The set S A is the collection of the subset sums of A . In this note, we discuss new results (and proofs) on few well-known problems concerning S A . In particular, we improve an estimate of Alon and Erdős concerning monochromatic representations.
Interrater Reliability of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale for Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To determine the interrater reliability of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale (NRS), an outcome measure designed to classify people with complete or incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) into 4 phase-of-injury groups by assessing motor performance based on normal preinjury function and disallowing use of compensation for 4 treadmill-based items and 6 overground/mat items. Design Masked comparison, multicenter observational study. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation. Participants Raters (N=14) and a criterion standard expert assigned scores to 10 video NRS assessments of persons with SCI. The raters were volunteers from the NeuroRecovery Network. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Interrater reliability measured with the Kendall coefficient of concordance (W). Results Interrater reliability was generally strong (W=.91–.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], .65–.99), while lower reliability occurred for treadmill stand retraining (W=.87; 95% CI, .06–1) and seated trunk extension (W=.82; 95% CI, .28–.94). Less experienced raters assigned slightly lower scores than the expert for most items, but the difference was less than half a point and did not weaken concordance. Conclusions NRS had strong interrater reliability, a necessary first step in establishing its utility as a clinical and research outcome measure.
Parasitism of Scales—San Jose and Oyster Shell

The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., and occasionally the Oyster Shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi L., are serious pests in many fruit growing districts. Parasites often play an important role in reducing these scales. In order to determine what species of parasites were present, samples of infested twigs were collected from several regions and the following species of parasites were bred: From San Jose scale— Prospaltella perniciosi Tow., A phelinus fuscipennis How., Aphelinus mytilaspidis LeB., Signiphora pulchra Gir., Perissopterus sp., and Ablerus clisiocampae Ashm.; from Oyster Shell scale— Aphelinus mytillspidis LeB.
Comparison of experimental data to a model for bicycle steady-state turning

The steady-state turning of a bicycle arises when the bicycle/rider system negotiates a constant radius turn with constant speed and roll angle. This paper explores steady-state turning by employing a bicycle instrumented to measure steering torque, steering angle, and bicycle speed, acceleration, and angular velocity. We report data obtained from 134 trials using two subjects executing steady turns defined by nine different radii, three speeds, and three rider lean conditions. A model for steady-state turning, based on the Whipple bicycle model, is used to interpret the experimental results. Overall, the model explains 95.6% of the variability in the estimated bicycle roll angle, 99.4% of the variability in the measured steering angle, and 6.5% of the variability in the measured steering torque. However, the model explains 56.6% of the variability in steering torque for the subset of trials without exaggerated rider lean relative to the bicycle frame. Thus, the model, which assumes a rigid and non-leanin...
On the Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments of the Principal Isotopes of Potassium

The spin of the ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ nucleus and the hfs separation of the $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ normal state were measured by the deflection of a beam of neutral atoms in a weak inhomogeneous magnetic field, produced by a system of parallel wires carrying current. To attain the required resolution narrow beams and long beam paths (141 cm) were used. The nuclear spin of ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ was found to be 3/2. The hfs separation, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$, of the normal state was measured by the method of "zero moments," which utilizes the fact that the magnetic moment of the atoms in some of the magnetic levels vanishes at certain values of the magnetic field. A plot of the variation of intensity at the center of the pattern with respect to field yields distinct maxima at these fields. If the magnetic field is known the hfs separation can be deduced with accuracy. The value of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ was found to be 0.0152\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0006 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Using the modified Goudsmit formula, one obtains the value of 0.39 for the nuclear magnetic moment (in units of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}}{1838}$). The resolution was sufficient to resolve a "peak" due to ${\mathrm{K}}^{41}$ by the method of "zero moments." The nuclear spin was found to be greater than 1/2, and the ratio of the magnetic moments $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{41}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{39}}$ was found to be between the limits of 0.42 and 0.88 depending on the spin of ${\mathrm{K}}^{41}$.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Nanocomposite Particles Composed of Platinum and Maghemite

Superparamagnetic nanocomposite particles composed of maghemite nanocrystal (ca.15 nm) and deposited Pt nanoclusters (ca. 2.5 nm) were synthesized by a low temperature catalytic method. The magnetic properties of iron oxides species can be easily tuned with different redox atmosphere in the presence of Pt nanoclusters. In this convenient preparation, Pt nanoclusters were first captured on Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles by electrostatic interaction. Then at 80 °C the Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles was catalytically reduced with glycol acid to Fe3O4 nanophase which were finally catalytically oxidized to maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanophase in the air at 80 °C. The as-synthesized Pt/Fe3O4 and Pt/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposites were well characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and magnetization measurements. Reversible and efficient transformation between the Pt/Fe3O4 and Pt/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposites was realized at 80 °C. The Pt/γ-Fe2O3 nanoco...
Degrading Ci: who is Cul-pable?

Proper cell fate specification and pattern formation rely on a cell’s ability to sense and interpret graded spatial information. One class of spatial signals widely used in animal development is the Hedgehog (Hh) family. Hh family members govern numerous developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and in many instances act as morphogens that specify distinct developmental outcomes as a function of their concentrations (for review, see Ingham and McMahon 2001). How different thresholds of Hh are perceived and transmitted by signal-receiving cells to elicit distinct responses remains largely unknown; however, recent studies on the Drosophila Hh signaling effector, Cubitus interruptus (Ci), provide important insights. Ci exists in two distinct forms: a full-length form (Ci155) and a C-terminally truncated form (Ci75) that is derived from Ci155 by partial degradation (Fig. 1B; AzaBlanc et al. 1997). These two forms of Ci play distinct roles in Drosophila appendage development. In developing wings, for example, Ci155 is processed to generate Ci75 in anterior (A) compartment cells distant from the anteroposterior (A/P) compartment boundary, where Ci75 acts as a transcriptional repressor to block the expression of a subset of Hh-responsive genes including decapentaplegic (dpp; Methot and Basler 1999). In A-compartment cells near the A/P boundary, Hh inhibits Ci processing and thus the generation of its repressor form. In addition, Hh stimulates the activity and nuclear translocation of the accumulated Ci155, which acts as a transcriptional activator to turn on other Hh-responsive genes including patched (ptc) and engrailed (en; Alexandre et al. 1996; Methot and Basler 1999). The regulation of Ci processing and activity has been subject to numerous studies in the past several years, ranging from early genetic identification of Hh pathway components to more recent biochemical characterization of large signaling complexes (Ingham and McMahon 2001). Strikingly, almost all the intracellular Hh signaling components identified so far are involved in Ci processing, forecasting the complexity of this process. Here, I briefly review several recent findings that provide new insights into how Ci processing is accomplished, including a paper in this issue of Genes & Development (Ou et al. 2002) that uncovers a novel regulatory pathway of Ci degradation. Ci processing: a tale of three kinases
GREEN FUNCTION THEORY OF FERROMAGNETISM

A theory of ferromagnetism for general spin, approximately valid through the entire temperature range, is given. At low temperatures the magnetization agrees with the Dyson results, having no term in ${T}^{3}$ and having a term in ${T}^{4}$ equal to that found by Dyson in first Born approximation; terms arising from the approximations of the theory first appear in order ${T}^{\frac{3(2S+1)}{2}}$, so that a spurious ${T}^{3}$ term does appear for $S=\frac{1}{2}$, but for no other spin. Curie temperatures are within a few percent of the Brown and Luttinger estimates for spins greater than unity, and agree within 1% of the Domb and Sykes estimate of the large-spin limit. The susceptibility at high temperatures agrees with the Opechowski expansion to terms in $\frac{1}{{T}^{2}}$. The quasiparticle energies are renormalized by the energy at low temperature and by the magnetization at higher temperature. The Green function is decoupled by a physical criterion involving self-consistency of the decoupling at all temperatures. The Green function method is extended to higher spin by a technique of parametrizing the Green function and explicitly finding the functional dependence on this parameter by solution of an auxiliary differential equation.
Hybrid coronary revascularization versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease.

Background Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) combines a minimally invasive (3-cm anterolateral thoracotomy), sternal-sparing, off-pump left internal mammary artery–left anterior descending (LIMA-LAD) coronary artery anastomosis with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to non-LAD coronary arteries. We compared outcomes of HCR versus traditional off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Between October 8, 2003 and April 23, 2010, 147 patients with multivessel coronary disease were treated with HCR at a US academic center. These were matched 4:1 to 588 contemporaneous patients treated with multivessel OPCAB by sternotomy using an optimal matching algorithm with 8 preoperative variables: age, gender, ejection fraction, presence of diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), number of diseased vessels, left main coronary artery disease, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) predicted risk of mortality (PROM) score. In-hospital major adverse events (MACCE) and the need for repeated revascularization during follow-up were compared between groups. All-cause mortality was determined using the Social Security Death Index (SSDI). Results Matching produced groups with similar coronary anatomy and statistically similar preoperative risk factors. The incidence of MACCE was similar between groups (3/147 HCR versus 12/588 OPCAB). During a median 3.2 years of follow up, the need for repeated revascularization was higher for HCR than for OPCAB (18/147 [12.2%] versus 22/588 [3.7%]; p p = 0.61). Conclusions Hybrid coronary revascularization is a minimally invasive treatment for multivessel CAD. Although repeated revascularization was greater with HCR, both in-hospital and midterm outcomes were comparable with those of traditional OPCAB. Further investigation into the comparative effectiveness of this alternative strategy is warranted.
Role of pharmacological factors in the evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs.

SUMMARY The results presented in this paper clearly delineate the role of various pharmacological factors in the evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. The absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs determine the concentration that reaches the receptor and the duration of effect. Thus changes in any one of these parameters can modify greatly the quantitative evaluation of drugs. However, determination of these parameters can also increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which anticonvulsant drugs act. Complete delineation of their mechanisms of action is the goal of pharmacologists interested in this field and can lead to the discovery of new methods for evaluation of anticonvulsants and new drugs for the treatment of epilepsy. Various factors increase or decrease susceptibility of animals to seizures and must be rigidly controlled in experimental situations involving assay of anticonvulsant agents. REUME Les resultats presentes dans cette communication definissent clairement le role de differents facteurs pharmacologiques dans ľevaluation de medicaments anticonvulsifs. La resorption, la distribution, la bio-transformation et ľexcretion ďun medicament determinent la concentration qui atteint le recepteur et la duree des effets de ce medicament. Par consequent, tout changement apporteaľun quelconque de ces parametres peut modifier profondement ľevaluation quantitative ďun medicament. Toutefois, la determination de ces parametres peut egalement nous faire mieux comprendre les mecanismes par lesquels les medicaments anticonvulsifs exercent leur action. Une definition complete de leurs mecanismes ďaction est ľobjectif que pour-suivent les pharmacologues interesses a ce domaine et elle peut aboutir a la decouverte de nouvelles methodes ďevaluation des anticonvulsifs et de medicaments nouveaux pour le traitement de ľepilepsie. Differents facteurs augmentent ou diminuent la sensibilite des animaux aľegard des convulsions et ces facteurs doivent etre stricte-ment controles dans des situations experimentales en rapport avec ľessai de medicaments anticonvulsifs.
Taming the monsters: practical intimacies in a third grade costa rican classroom

Abstract This article documents a school-based action research study conducted during the 1997 Costa Rican academic year in a third grade classroom. It contributes to international educational research as related to the intrinsic implications of relying on foreign published textbooks as the primary foundation of curriculum. Examination of the role of teachers as curriculum developers, as framed through the lens of a World Englishes Perspective is also a key consideration of the study. As well, the timeliness of the research contributes to the worth of findings, given the growth and importance of English as an international language. A classroom problem area pertained to the use of USA published textbooks for the study of language arts, science and reading. These texts did not follow the prior knowledge of students and the history of Costa Rica, nor support the cultural autonomy of students as individuals and as citizens of their communities. Implementation of changes included the recruitment of two biling...
A New Stress Mathematical Model of Deformation Zone while Straightening Thin-Walled Tube

As there was no precise theoretical model for predicting the stress of deformation zone while straightening thin-walled tube, some technological parameters depended mostly on the experience of workers and on the results of trials, therefore by means of the membrane shell theory the equilibrium differential equations of stress is obtained firstly, then we analyze the strain of deformation zone, finally lead to a new theoretical model for predicting the stress in the elastic and plastic zone. Subsequently the simulated experiments have been done, the results show that the theoretical calculations coincide well with the simulated results, the errors are within 1％of the calculations, it is testified that the model is correct and efficient for the thin-walled tube straightening.
Geologic methane as a source for post‐glacial CO2 increases: The Hydrocarbon Pump Hypothesis

This paper evaluates the hypothesis that historical CO2 levels could have been governed by releases of geologic methane. Methane clathrates and natural gas could have contributed to CO2 increases at the ends of the last two glacial periods. Computations indicate that oxidation of CH4 to CO2 could have rapidly provided enough CO2 to cause historical CO2 changes. A simple dynamic model, the hydrocarbon pump, for methane as the source term for changes in CO2 over the glacial cycles matches several features of the historical record. If methane clathrates were the source of CO2, then CO2 at the interglacial transitions should be depleted in 14C because of the low 14C levels in C from this source. Evidence is presented that this is the case. 13C data are also evaluated. Overall, CH4 is a credible source for CO2, but definitive conclusions await further data.
Harpacticoid copepods associated with cnidarians in the tropical pacific ocean

Four harpacticoids, comprising 2 species of Tegastes, I species of Parategastes (Tegastidac) and I species of Alteuthellopsis (Peltidiidae), are reported as associates of cnidarians in the tropical Pacific Ocean: Tegastes gemmeus sp.n. from Cyphastrea ocellina and Montipora verrucosa (Scleractinia) in Hawaii, Tegastes paulipes sp.n. from Pocillopora verrucosa (Scleractinia) from Moorca, Parategastes conexus sp.n. from Stereonephthya ulicoides (Alcyonacea) from Poelau Gomumu in the Moluccas, and Alteuthellopsis corallina Humes, 1981, from Montipora verrilli (Scleractinia) at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Chemicals and Polymers from Biomass

While fossil energy prices remain relatively low and agricultural prices are maintained at a relatively high level as a result of production costs, the use of purpose grown crops as a source of fuels requires subsidies, tax support or other financial incentives to be viable. In the short term, the use of agricultural and forest raw materials as industrial raw materials for production of higher value products appears more attractive. However, simple substitution of a petroleum-based product by one derived from plants is seldom possible. Options are reviewed, covering both established commercial activities (such as starch, vegetable oil, paper-pulp and natural fibres), as well as the extensive research and development activities that should lead to new crops, new products and new markets.
Low Complexity Algorithms for Electronic Structure Calculations

Electronic structure calculations which are based on Wannier, like localized orbitals or the related density matrix, are an alternative to conventional calculations based on extended orbitals. For large systems this approach is potentially faster since it offers O(N) scaling with respect to the number of atoms in the system. We derive a class of algorithms based on projection to calculate either the localized orbitals or the density matrix.
Dual pillar spin-transfer torque MRAMs for low power applications

Electron-spin based data storage for on-chip memories has the potential for ultra-high density, low power consumption, very high endurance, and reasonably low read/write latency. In this article, we discuss the design challenges associated with spin-transfer torque (STT) MRAM in its state-of-the-art configuration. We propose an alternative bit cell configuration and three new genres of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structures to improve STT-MRAM bit cell stabilities, write endurance, and reduce write energy consumption. The proposed multi-port, multi-pillar MTJ structures offer the unique possibility of electrical and spatial isolation of memory read and write. In order to realize ultralow power under process variations, we propose device, bit-cell and architecture level design techniques. Such design alternatives at multiple levels of design abstraction has been found to achieve substantially enhanced robustness, density, reliability and low power as compared to their charge-based counterparts for future embedded applications.
Influence of Decision-Making on Attitudes, Creativity, Motor Skills and Self-Concept in Elementary Children

Abstract Attitudes, creativity, self-concept and motor skills were measured to determine the influence of decision-making on elementary children. Three groups of children (N = 208) were tested, one group was taught with the teacher dominating all classroom decisions, another group was encouraged to share in the decision-making, and a third group served as a control. Data were collected immediately before and after an eight-week instructional period. MANCOVA indicated that the two treatment groups had significantly higher scores than did the control group, and the shared decision-making group scored significantly higher than the teacher dominated group on measures of creativity, motor skills and self-concept. A 2 (treatment) × 2 (sex) × 5 (grade) ANOVA revealed significantly more positive attitude scores for children allowed to make decisions regarding their learning. Further, Pearson product-moment correlation showed the tested variables to be independent measures of a child's development.
Milton's “fleshly Tabernacle”: An Overlooked Biblical Allusion

The phrase “fleshly Tabernacle” occurs only twice in Milton's oeuvre. The first usage is found early in the poet's career. In the unfinished poem “The Passion,” Milton writes that Jesus “Poor flesh...
Genética molecular de las miocardiopatías

Nuestros conocimientos de la patofisiologia cardiaca han experimentado una revolucion en la ultima decada por los impresionantes avances en genetica molecular. Aunque actualmente conocemos muchos genes relacionados con la aparicion de enfermedades cardiovasculares, la genetica de la miocardiopatia hipertrofica y dilatada ha despertado un interes excepcional. La asociacion familiar de estas enfermedades en algunos pacientes ha constituido una herramienta util de estudio. A su vez, los modelos experimentales en animales han permitido conocer las implicaciones de algunas alteraciones geneticas. Globalmente el estudio de las bases moleculares y geneticas de las miocardiopatias no solo permitira conocer mejor el pronostico de estos pacientes, sino tambien desarrollar nuevas alternativas terapeuticas.
T lymphocyte recognition of human group 1 CD1 molecules: implications for innate and acquired immunity.

Recent evidence has established that non-MHC-encoded molecules of the CD1 family mediate MHC-independent pathways for antigen presentation and T cell activation. Human group 1 CD1 molecules (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c) are expressed mainly on professional antigen-presenting cells, and mediate presentation of microbial lipid and glycolipid antigens to T cells. These group 1 CD1 molecules differentially sample distinct endocytic compartments that may contain different sets of lipid antigens derived from intracellular microbes, and activate antigen-specific T cells. These T cells lyse infected antigen-presenting cells and secrete Th1 cytokines, such as interferon- gamma, and granulysin, a potent antimicrobial protein, and thus can control microbial infection. Reactivity to CD1a, b, and c molecules in the absence of foreign antigen has also been detected in T cells bearing alphabeta and gammadelta TCRs. These T cells may recognize self-lipid antigens and are considered to be autoreactive. In particular, the main tissue subset of gammadelta T cells (V delta 1(+)subset) show prominent reactivity to CD1c, and produce interferon- gamma and granulysin. These CD1c directly reactive T cells may mediate immunity against microbial infection even before antigen-specific T cells differentiate and expand. Together, human CD1a, b and c molecules elicit T cell-dependent immunity to the universe of foreign and self-lipid antigens in both innate and acquired immunity settings.
Navigating the Internet for engineering information

Abstract The vast amount of information available on the Internet in practically any subject is growing at a very fast rate. Engineering information on the Internet is expanding as more people become aware of its resources and feel comfortable using it. However, managing this vast information is difficult without using the proper tools. This paper discusses and explores some of the tools that have evolved for ‘navigating’ the Internet and its resources and also to find and to use selected engineering information.