cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensions Between Science and Intuition Across the Lifespan

The scientific knowledge needed to engage with policy issues like climate change, vaccination, and stem cell research often conflicts with our intuitive theories of the world. How resilient are our intuitive theories in the face of contradictory scientific knowledge? Here, we present evidence that intuitive theories in 10 domains of knowledge-astronomy, evolution, fractions, genetics, germs, matter, mechanics, physiology, thermodynamics, and waves-persist more than four decades beyond the acquisition of a mutually exclusive scientific theory. Participants (104 younger adults, Mage = 19.6, and 48 older adults, Mage = 65.1) were asked to verify two types of scientific statements as quickly as possible: those that are consistent with intuition (e.g., "the moon revolves around the Earth") and those that involve the same conceptual relations but are inconsistent with intuition (e.g., "the Earth revolves around the sun"). Older adults were as accurate as younger adults at verifying both types of statements, but the lag in response times between intuition-consistent and intuition-inconsistent statements was significantly larger for older adults than for younger adults. This lag persisted even among professional scientists. Overall, these results suggest that the scientific literacy needed to engage with topics of global importance may be constrained by patterns of reasoning that emerge in childhood but persist long thereafter.
Pathogenesis of sodium retention complicating cirrhosis: is there room for diminished "effective" arterial blood volume?

We measured total blood volume (125I-albumin), cardiac dimensions and function (echocardiography with Doppler), systemic hemodynamics (blood pressure and pulse), and plasma renin activity and norepinephrine levels in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites to assess the likelihood that either diminished central or arterial filling is the stimulus to sodium retention. Patients with ascites (n = 9) had significantly increased total blood voiume, cardiac output, pulse rate, plasma renin activity, and plasma norepinephrine concentration, as well as decreased systemic vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure compared with patients without ascites (n = 8). Left atrial size was similar in the two groups but significantly larger than in normal control subjects. Right and left atrial pressures were also similar in retrospectively studied patients with and without ascites. Sodium retention in cirrhosis is probably not triggered by diminished central filling. Increased blood volume is compatible with either a primary hepatorenal stimulus to sodium retention or a signal arising from a region of underfilling within an otherwise expanded circulation. If the latter model is correct, a "hyperdynamic" systemic circulation and increased plasma neurohormone concentrations may indicate "effective" arterial underfilling in patients with ascites.
Fat Emboli in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Study of Computer-Assisted Navigation vs Standard Surgical Technique

Abstract A prospective exploratory study of fat emboli in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty was performed in patients randomly assigned to surgery with computer-assisted navigation or standard technique. Transesophageal echocardiography of the right atrium was recorded for 5 consecutive 1-minute intervals after tourniquet deflation. Emboli were graded on a scale of 0 to 3 based on embolism size, amount of atrium filled, and duration of embolic shower, creating an overall score of 0 to 9. The mean (SD, range) of the 5 overall scores for each total knee arthroplasty was 6.00 (0.76, 4.6-7.4) for computer-assisted navigation (22 patients) and 6.42 (0.97, 4.6-7.9) for standard technique (22 patients) ( P = .14), with a 95% confidence interval for the difference of −0.11 to 0.95. We conclude that any difference in extent of emboli between the 2 surgical techniques is unlikely to be of clinical significance.
EBV Persistence—Introducing the Virus

Persistent infection by EBV is explained by the germinal center model (GCM) which provides a satisfying and currently the only explanation for EBVs disparate biology. Since the GCM touches on every aspect of the virus, this chapter will serve as an introduction to the subsequent chapters. EBV is B lymphotropic, and its biology closely follows that of normal mature B lymphocytes. The virus persists quiescently in resting memory B cells for the lifetime of the host in a non-pathogenic state that is also invisible to the immune response. To access this compartment, the virus infects naive B cells in the lymphoepithelium of the tonsils and activates these cells using the growth transcription program. These cells migrate to the GC where they switch to a more limited transcription program, the default program, which helps rescue them into the memory compartment where the virus persists. For egress, the infected memory cells return to the lymphoepithelium where they occasionally differentiate into plasma cells activating viral replication. The released virus can either infect more naive B cells or be amplified in the epithelium for shedding. This cycle of infection and the quiescent state in memory B cells allow for lifetime persistence at a very low level that is remarkably stable over time. Mathematically, this is a stable fixed point where the mechanisms regulating persistence drive the state back to equilibrium when perturbed. This is the GCM of EBV persistence. Other possible sites and mechanisms of persistence will also be discussed.
Wholesaling in an Economy of Scarcity: Turkey:

This article analyzes the functions of wholesaling in an economy of SCARCITY, the Turkish economy, in contrast to the functions of wholesaling in an economy of ABUNDANCE, the United States.The auth...
Activation of CH4 by gas-phase Mo+, and the thermochemistry of Mo-ligand complexes.

The kinetic-energy dependence of the reactions of Mo+ (6S) with methane has been studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. No exothermic reactions are observed in this system, as also found previously, but efficient dehydrogenation occurs at slightly elevated energies. At higher energies, MoH+ dominates the product spectrum and MoC+, MoCH+, and MoCH3+ are also observed. Modeling of the endothermic reaction cross sections yields the 0 K bond dissociation energies (in eV) of D0(Mo+−C) = 4.55 ± 0.19, D0(Mo+−CH) = 5.32 ± 0.14, D0(Mo+−CH2) = 3.57 ± 0.10, and D0(Mo+−CH3) = 1.57 ± 0.09. The results for Mo+ are compared with those for the first- and third-row transition-metal congeners, Cr+ and W+, and the differences in behavior and mechanism are discussed. Theoretical results are used to elucidate the geometric and electronic structures of all product ions as well as the complete potential-energy surface for reaction. The efficiency of the coupling between the sextet and quartet spin surfaces is also qua...
Childhood maltreatment and amygdala connectivity in methamphetamine dependence

Aims: Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive stimulant known to adversely affect behavior and the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate impulsivity and brain structures, and possible sex differences on these variables, between METH users and non-drug user controls (CON). Methods: 101 subjects completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) questionnaire and structural brain MRI: 52 METH (ages 41.6±1.5 years, 30 males, 22 females) and 49 CON (ages 45.0±2.3 years, 30 males, 19 females). Automated morphometry in FreeSurfer 5.1 was used to measure brain volumes. 2-wayANCOVA, co-varying for education, depressive symptoms, and intracranial volume, evaluated for independent and interactive effects of group status and sex. Abnormal brain volumes were correlated with BIS. Results:METH users had higher impulsivity scores in all six factors (p<0.0001–0.006). All women had lower scores in attention compared to men (p=0.02). A group-by-sex interaction was found in perseverance (p=0.03); male METH users had higher scores compared to CON and female METH (p<0.0001–0.04). METH had larger right (R) globus pallidus (p=0.03) and R insula (p=0.01), but smaller left (L) insula (p=0.04). Only male METH had smaller L precentral gyrus than male CON (p=0.06), but only female METH had larger R accumbens than female CON (p=0.02). L precentral volumes negatively correlated with attention scores in females (r=−0.36, p=0.02), but not in the males (interaction-p=0.05). Conclusions: Consistent with prior reports, METH users had greater impulsivity, especially in the males. METH users also had larger R globus pallidus, but smaller L insula, andmale METH users tended to have smaller precentral gyrus. In women, those with larger precentral gyrushadbetter attention, similar to that inADHD patients.While larger accumbenswas also reported inMETHusers, we found this only in female METH users. The larger volume in femaleMETH usersmay be due to greater neuroinflammation than in men, which may reflect a compensatory neuroprotective effect in female METH users. Financial Support: R24DA-27318; K24DA-16170; U54NS56883; G12-MD007601.
Performance Benchmarks for Scholarly Metrics Associated with Fisheries and Wildlife Faculty

Research productivity and impact are often considered in professional evaluations of academics, and performance metrics based on publications and citations increasingly are used in such evaluations. To promote evidence-based and informed use of these metrics, we collected publication and citation data for 437 tenure-track faculty members at 33 research-extensive universities in the United States belonging to the National Association of University Fisheries and Wildlife Programs. For each faculty member, we computed 8 commonly used performance metrics based on numbers of publications and citations, and recorded covariates including academic age (time since Ph.D.), sex, percentage of appointment devoted to research, and the sub-disciplinary research focus. Standardized deviance residuals from regression models were used to compare faculty after accounting for variation in performance due to these covariates. We also aggregated residuals to enable comparison across universities. Finally, we tested for temporal trends in citation practices to assess whether the “law of constant ratios”, used to enable comparison of performance metrics between disciplines that differ in citation and publication practices, applied to fisheries and wildlife sub-disciplines when mapped to Web of Science Journal Citation Report categories. Our regression models reduced deviance by ¼ to ½. Standardized residuals for each faculty member, when combined across metrics as a simple average or weighted via factor analysis, produced similar results in terms of performance based on percentile rankings. Significant variation was observed in scholarly performance across universities, after accounting for the influence of covariates. In contrast to findings for other disciplines, normalized citation ratios for fisheries and wildlife sub-disciplines increased across years. Increases were comparable for all sub-disciplines except ecology. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our methods, illustrate their use when applied to new data, and suggest future improvements. Our benchmarking approach may provide a useful tool to augment detailed, qualitative assessment of performance.
Empirical Evidence on Mortgage Choice as a Screening Mechanism for Default Risk

This paper examines one of the most critical credit decisions made by consumers: selecting between a fixed-rate mortgage (FRM) and an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM). This study employs a sample of ...
The mega-/micro-sporogenesis and female-/male-gametogenesis of Hosta plantaginea Aschers

Paraffin sectioning and microscopic technique are used to reveal the mega-/micro-sporogenesis and female-/male-gametogenesis of Hosta plantaginea Aschers.The relationship between the developmental stage of pistil and stamen and the size of bud were analysed to further study the molecular mechanisms of the double flower.The results showed that the form of host megaspore development was fritillaria typed embryonic.The anthers of the fertile line had four microsporangiates and the tapetum was belonged to the glandular type.Consecutive cytokinesis in microspore mother cell accompanies meiosis to produce tetrahedral tetrad.The mature pollen is 3-cellular type with two small sperms and one big vegetative cell.
Multicellular gene expression programming algorithm for function optimization

In dealing with complex function optimization problems,many existing evolutionary algorithms have perfor-mance limitations such as inability of convergence,poor searching efficiency and low precision.To cope with this problem,we adopt the idea of homeotic genes and cellular system,and propose a new algorithm based on multicell genetic expression programming.In addition,a new relevant individual coding method and new schemes of population generating and genetic operation are designed.Compared with other algorithms on eight Benchmark functions testing,the proposed algorithm shows higher precision,improved convergence ability and global search ability.
Responses of carotid artery in mice deficient in expression of the gene for endothelial NO synthase.

We examined the hypotheses that responses to acetylcholine are impaired and responses to NO are enhanced in carotid artery from mice made deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by ge...
The activation and inactivation of human factor VIII by thrombin: effect of inhibitors of thrombin.

The activation and inactivation of human factor VIII by thrombin have been investigated by the use of thrombin inhibitors. The addition of inhibitors to nonactivated factor VIII blocks activation by thrombin. In contrast, their addition to factor VIII activated with thrombin does not block inactivation, but causes an initial period of decay that is more rapid than in the absence of inhibitor. This effect was seen only with protease inhibitors that inhibit thrombin. After the initial decay, low levels of factor VIII coagulant activity persist in the presence of inhibitors, but an assay specific for activated factor VIII showed this to be largely a result of the persistence of nonactivated factor VIII. Only in the case of reversible inhibition is activated factor VIII present in this plateau phase. Possible mechanisms that would account for these observations were studied by iterative computer simulation of model reactions. Two classes were considered: (formula: see text). The experimental results are inconsistent with the first mechanism, which predicts that thrombin indicators should stabilize activated factor VIII (VIIIt). Alternative mechanisms were studied where activation is thrombin-dependent, but inactivation is a first- order reaction (mechanism 2). This family of mechanisms includes those where VIIIt is an VIII. thrombin complex. Simulation of the addition of thrombin inhibitors to such model systems shows the initial rapid decay of activity characteristic of the experimental observations and predicts qualitatively the different effects of reversible and irreversible inhibitors that are observed in the plateau phase. These results argue strongly against a two-cleavage model for the activation and inactivation of factor VII by thrombin and support a one-cleavage model in which inactivation is due to first-order decay. In addition, they provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for the fact that serine protease inhibitors appear to inhibit thrombin-activated factor VIII.
Morrowan lithistid demosponges and hexactinellids from the Ozark Mountains of northwestern Arkansas

Silicified and well-preserved specimens of the new orchocladine anthaspidellid genus and species, Virgaspongia ichnata, the rhizomorine haplistiid, Haplistion sphaericum Finks, 1960, and various root tufts, and the new hexactinellid species Steioderma hadra are reported from the Brentwood Member of the Morrowan Bloyd Formation from the Sulphur City quadrangle, in the Ozark Mountains of northwestern Arkansas. Virgaspongia is a subcylindrical branched or unbranched sponge that lacks a spongocoel and has a dendroclone-based skeleton in which trabs diverge upward and outward from an axial region. It is abundant here but is one of only a few anthaspidellid genera known from the Pennsylvanian. This is the first record of Haplistion from Pennsylvanian rocks of Arkansas, although the genus is widespread in upper Paleozoic rocks. The new hexactinellid species, Stioderma hadra, also documents the first occurrence of that genus from Arkansas and in Morrowan rocks. Only fragments were recovered but the swollen grotesque spicules, of several sizes, that make the fused dermal layer and outer sponge wall are distinctive, particularly where combined with an inner layer(?) or root tuft of monaxons of various sizes. Two different root tufts and one demosponge wall fragment(?) also occur in the collection.
Water distribution system design by chance-constrained model

The objective of this paper is to present an optimization model for the design of water distribution systems considering the uncertainty in required demands, required pressures, and pipe roughness. The mathematical models are given in addition to hypothetical examples to further illustrate the methodology.
A Mathematical Analysis of The Generalized Oval Track Puzzle

The oval track puzzle (also known as Top Spin) is a game consisting of 20 numbered tiles in an oval shaped track. Also, there is a fixed window (the swapping window) of 4 tiles that reverses the order of the tiles within the window, leaving the other 16 tiles fixed. The object of the puzzle is to reorder the tiles into counting order using the mechanisms of the puzzle. Previously, conditions for both solvability and non-solvability for the generalized oval track puzzle with n total tiles and k tiles in the swapping window were shown. We will now prove tight asymptotic bounds on the number of swaps needed to solve any configuration of a puzzle with n total tiles and k tiles in the swapping window provided that n and k yield a solvable case to begin with. These bounds will be asymptotic because we will assume that n grows infinitely and k stays fixed. RHIT Undergrad. Math. J., Vol. 12, no. 1 Page 71
Widening the Differential: a Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Disguised as a Fever of Unknown Origin

Introduction: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an aggressive inflammatory disease characterized by excessive activity of histiocytes and lymphocytes that is well established in pediatrics, but is under recognized in adults. According to the HLH-2004 pediatric guidelines, five of the following eight criteria must be met to diagnose HLH: fever >38.5° C, splenomegaly; cytopenias affecting ≥ two cell lines; hypertriglyceridemia or hypofibrinogenemia; evidence of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, spleen or lymph nodes; hyperferritinemia; low NK cell activity; or high levels of soluble CD25. Once a diagnosis of HLH is established, investigations …
Assessing diel urban climate dynamics using a land surface temperature harmonization model

The main objective of this study is to examine how climate gradients (coastal to inland climate) and land-cover types affect land surface temperature (LST) diel variation. To achieve this, we appli...
X-Ray Microanalysis of Cryosections Using Image Analysis

It is possible for electron probe x-ray microanalysis to be used to generate quantitative digital images of elemental distribution in cryosections of biological specimens (Gorlen et al. 1984, Ingram et al. 1987, Saubermann and Heyman 1987, Fiori et al. 1988, Johnson et al. 1988). By combining low temperature specimen preparation methods with computerized electron beam placement, an elemental map can be produced which gives information in a readily interpretable and understandable manner. By using well established electron probe x-ray analytical algorithms for quantitation of x-ray signals obtained through energy dispersive systems, each pixel can yield valuable quantitative information. When many pixels are combined, the statistical power of this form of analysis can be appreciated. However, and perhaps even more importantly, when grey level values are assigned to a range of pixel values in forming a map, it is possible for the eye and brain to do the statistical processing in an intuitive fashion. Since information on several elements can be acquired simultaneously, it is also possible to superimpose, and, thereby, relate elemental concentrations to each other as well as to anatomic structure. When quantitated, elemental mass is related to wet weight mass, as well as to dry weight mass. By using frozen hydrated cryosectioning techniques and analysis methods, special elemental relationships often become apparent (Saubermann and Stockton 1988, Saubermann and Heyman 1987). However, direct x-ray imaging of frozen hydrated tissue sections presents a formidable list of problems. Among these problems are 1) low peak to background ratios of biological elements normally found in small wet weight concentrations; 2) indistinguishable morphology due to the lack of contrast making it very difficult, if not impossible, to identify an area to be mapped; and 3) a specimen which is highly radiation sensitive such that water loss occurs at probe currents necessary to permit statistically acceptable x-ray generation rates. The methods which we have developed, use an algorithm which basically circumvents these major problems. Because changes in dry weight mass fraction of elements may not reflect changes in wet weight mas fractions (since cell water content can change for various physiological and pathological reasons), it may be important to determine and appreciate both wet weight and dry weight mass fractions in a biological specimen (Saubermann and Stockton, 1988).
Active Deformable Part Models Inference

This paper presents an active approach for part-based object detection, which optimizes the order of part filter evaluations and the time at which to stop and make a prediction. Statistics, describing the part responses, are learned from training data and are used to formalize the part scheduling problem as an offline optimization. Dynamic programming is applied to obtain a policy, which balances the number of part evaluations with the classification accuracy. During inference, the policy is used as a look-up table to choose the part order and the stopping time based on the observed filter responses. The method is faster than cascade detection with deformable part models (which does not optimize the part order) with negligible loss in accuracy when evaluated on the PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2010 datasets.
Diffusion and Heterogeneous Reaction in Porous Media

In this chapter we consider the process of bulk diffusion in a porous catalyst with heterogeneous, first order, irreversible reaction. Simultaneous diffusion and reaction occurs in such diverse systems as porous catalysts, (Jackson, 1977), soil aggregates (Rappoldt, 1990), and biofilms (Wood and Whitaker, 1998), and our objective in this chapter is to illustrate a general procedure by which governing point equations and boundary conditions for diffusion and reaction can be spatially smoothed to produce continuum models for multiphase systems.
Multi-Paradigm Reasoning for Molecular Beam Epitaxy Control

Abstract we discuss the application of AI and Knowledge Based Systems technology to process control for Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). The key is the use of a multiparadigm expert system architecture combining case-based and rule-based reasoning. This architecture addresses traditional issues in knowledge based systems technology, especially difficulties in knowledge acquisition and the brittleness of traditional rule based systems. To date this work has covered both II/VI and III/V material.
Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics in the Mid-Infrared

The mid-infrared spectral range is unique in many ways. Within this region, electromagnetic radiation can resonate with the most intense signature molecular bands, thus drastically enhancing the coupling between the field and molecular motions. Electrons driven by intense ultrashort mid-IR field waveforms acquire unusually high ponderomotive energies within a fraction of the field cycle, giving rise to new regimes of high-field nonlinear optics. The λ2 scaling of phase-space mode volume with radiation wavelength λ translates into the λ2 dependence of the self-focusing threshold, allowing much higher peak powers to be transmitted in a single laser filament in the mid-IR range without losing beam continuity and spatial coherence. Recent breakthroughs in the generation of high-intensity ultrashort pulses in the mid-IR help understand complex interactions of high-intensity ultrashort mid-IR pulses with matter, offer new approaches for coherent and incoherent x-ray generation, enable mid-IR laser filamentation in the atmosphere, facilitate lasing in filaments, give rise to unique regimes of laser-matter interactions, and reveal unexpected properties of materials in the mid-IR range.
Saving: by Plan and in the Market

To explain the poor macroeconomic performance of the transition economies, particularly in terms of economic growth and inflation, it is necessary first to understand the economic principles governing the individual’s choice to save. These economic principles will serve as a structure for the subsequent investigations of the volume
A computationally-efficient bound for the variance of measuring the orientation of single molecules

Modulating the polarization of excitation light, resolving the polarization of emitted fluorescence, and point spread function (PSF) engineering have been widely leveraged for measuring the orientation of single molecules. Typically, the performance of these techniques is optimized and quantified using the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB), which describes the best possible measurement variance of an unbiased estimator. However, CRB is a local measure and requires exhaustive sampling across the measurement space to fully characterize measurement precision. We develop a global variance upper bound (VUB) for fast quantification and comparison of orientation measurement techniques. Our VUB tightly bounds the diagonal elements of the CRB matrix from above; VUB overestimates the mean CRB by ~34%. However, compared to directly calculating the mean CRB over orientation space, we are able to calculate VUB ~1000 times faster.
A Research Brief on Prospective Marital Expectations among Cohabitors with Initial Marital Intentions

Having initial intentions to marry increases cohabitors’ likelihood of marriage, yet some cohabitors with such plans do not marry. One explanation for non-marriage may be that prior union experienc...
A reduction in mixed function oxidases and in tumor promoting effects of ethanol in a NDEA-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis model.

Epidemiologic studies associate an increased cancer risk with chronic alcohol consumption [for example, Hakulinen et al., 1974; Breslow and Enstrom, 1974; Feldman et al., 1985; Williams and Horn, 1977; Schottenfeld, 1979; Kono and Ikeda, 1979; Tnyns, 1979; Doll and Peta, 1981]. However, the experimental evidence for this association is not clear. While a number of studies indicate that ethanol, the active ingredient of alcoholic beverages, increases the incidence of chemically induced tumors [for example, Gibel, 1967; Griciute et al., 1982; Gabriel et al., 1982; McCoy et al., 1986], other studies do not show such an effect [Schmahl et al., 1965; Sehmahl, 1976; Habs and Sehmahl, 1981; Teschke et al., 1983]. We recently reported studies that showed that ethanol increased tumor incidence only when administered as a tumor promoter after treatment with an esophagus specific carcinogen, N-nitrosomethylbenzlamine (NMBzA) was completed [Mufti et al., 1989]. In these studies we wanted to determine the effect of ethanol when given as a tumor promoter on liver carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). The paper offers an explanation for the negative results obtained in these studies.
Prospects on large-scale manufacturing of solid state batteries

Widespread deployment of solid state batteries requires facile, high-throughput coating processes. Solid state batteries that utilize energy dense anodes may have similar manufacturing costs as traditional lithium ion batteries. Widespread deployment of renewable energy and electrification of transportation are necessary to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. All solid-state batteries that employ a solid electrolyte, instead of a liquid electrolyte, are well suited for energy dense anodes (e.g., Li metal, Si, etc.) and may be capable of extending the current driving range of an electric vehicles by nearly 2 $$\times$$ . However, to achieve giga-scale capacities relevant to the EV market large-scale manufacturing approaches are necessary. Solid-state batteries are likely to adopt coating techniques and processing approaches similar to solid oxide fuel cells and conventional battery systems. While control over microstructure, interfaces, and thickness are paramount for achieving long lifetimes, processing speed governs cost and scalability. This perspective highlights the state-of-the-art for solid-state battery manufacturing approaches and highlights the importance of utilizing conventional battery manufacturing approaches for achieving price parity in the near term. Decreasing material costs and improving cell architecture (biploar) may further decrease manufacturing costs.
Why militarized conservation may be counter-productive: illegal wildlife hunting as defiance

In response to the past decade's surge in the illegal hunting of rhinoceros for the global trade in their horn, conservation authorities in southern Africa have increased the securitization of protected area conservation. Political ecologists have warned that violent, militarized approaches are counter-productive, because they fail to address the root causes of "poaching"and may provide the moral justification for those already marginalized by conservation to hunt wildlife illegally. This is a powerful set of critiques, but scholars have yet to provide an empirically derived explanation of how and why militarized conservation might contribute to, rather than prevent, environmental harms. This lack of explanation emerges from a concerning scarcity of scholarly attention to the people who are actually living with militarized conservation. In response to the increased monitoring and arrests that accompanied the securitization of Mozambique's Limpopo National Park (LNP), Park residents expressed fear, anger, and resentment. Yet they continued to engage in the illegal subsistence-based practices of fishing and hunting in the face of mounting enforcements against these practices. In interviews and public demonstrations, residents consistently questioned the legitimacy of rangers' actions and authority, neutralizing the problem of their own potential involvement in illegal activities by focusing instead on the unjust and morally questionable behaviors of rangers. According to defiance theory, environmental harms will increase as the legitimacy of conservation policies, tactics, and authority decline. As defiance figures into and informs residents' decisions to continue to engage in subsistence-based practices, it may also motivate and justify people's involvement in the more lucrative and harmful activity of hunting threatened and endangered wildlife for the global trade. This article demonstrates why there is a need to fundamentally rethink the increased securitization of protected area conservation and addresses the need for improved understandings of human agency in the face of militarized conservation.
A Germination Protocol for Small Seed Lots

Abstract The nursery industry depends on public gardens to supply propagation material for newly introduced plant species grown from seed. Most seed obtained by public gardens is received in small quantities and must be handled efficiently to assure at least minimal germination. A seed germination protocol is proposed which leads the propagator through a series of steps including a systematic search of the literature, a comparison of species about which little or nothing is known to related species with known propagation methods, a study of the climatic conditions present in the seeds' native area, a study of ecological factors that may affect germination, and finally to the propagation process itself. Examples are provided which illustrate how the protocol is used.
An Increasing Usefulness for Managerial Communication Research on the Main Topics of Management

Effective communication is necessary across all management tiers and functions. In addition, it is an integral part of managerial decision-making. Over the last 10 years, interest in the nuances of communication as related to management has intensified. These studies have fostered diverse approaches to linking management and communication. Our investigation, using 2x5 and 2x4 factorial ANOVAs, reveals that differences exist among the means of five professional communication fields. Numerous articles published between 2004 and 2013 were examined, and we found an increasing usefulness for managerial communication research on the main topic of management.
Choosing clientelism : political competition, poverty, and social welfare policy in Argentina

Why do some local governments condition the delivery of goods and services to citizens on individual political behavior, while others do not? In this paper, I outline a theory of variation inclientelism that focuses on differences in the incentives politicians face to use clientelism depending on voter poverty and levels of political competition. I then test this theory using an original dataset on municipal-level clientelism in Argentina. The results of statistical analysis suggest that the relationship between clientelism and political competition is not a straightforward one.I find substantial support for the hypothesis that the relationship between political opposition and clientelism is contingent on levels of voter poverty. Where poverty is limited, increasing levels of opposition are associated with a decreased likelihood of clientelism. In contrast, where poverty is widespread, high levels of political opposition are associated with a high probability of clientelism. These results suggest that the electoral costs of clientelism, not only its benefits,shape the choices and behavior of reelection-seeking politicians.
Evolution of Genome Organization

Several features of chromosomes, such as chromosome number, polyploidy and the accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences near centromeres, reflect the evolutionary forces acting on eukaryotic genomes. Keywords: chromosome number; chromosome rearrangements; polyploidy; repetitive DNA; recombination; natural selection
Sarcomatoid Neoplasms of the Lung and Pleura

Sarcomatoid neoplasms of the lung and pleura are rare tumors that present a complex differential diagnosis, making them challenging for surgical pathologists. In the lung, the main tumors are the sarcomatoid carcinomas, including pleomorphic carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and pulmonary blastoma. They are characterized by histologic heterogeneity; molecular data support their origin from a pluripotent stem cell that undergoes neoplastic transformation with divergent epithelial and sarcomatous differentiation. Diagnosis is difficult in small biopsy specimens and typically requires a resection specimen. Despite the presence of sarcomatoid features, these tumors are classified as lung carcinomas. Pulmonary blastomas must be distinguished from pleuropulmonary blastomas, which are a unique type of thoracic sarcoma typically occurring in young children. In the pleura, the main tumors to consider are the sarcomatoid and desmoplastic types of malignant mesothelioma, solitary fibrous tumor, and desmoid tumor. While light microscopy is sufficient to diagnose most of these tumors, immunohistochemistry can be useful in selected settings. In particular, it can aid to confirm epithelial differentiation in spindle cell carcinomas and the presence of rhabdomyosarcoma in sarcomatoid carcinomas, mesotheliomas, or pleuropulmonary blastomas. For sarcomatoid and desmoplastic mesothelioma, keratin is the most useful stain because it can highlight invasive growth and mesothelial markers are positive in only the minority of cases. Clinical and radiologic correlation is needed to separate some pleomorphic carcinomas with pleural involvement from sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma, since these poorly differentiated tumors may not express the usual immunohistochemical markers for carcinoma or mesothelioma.
Electronic thermography in the assessment of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. A pilot study.

Abstract Current diagnostic imaging methods to evaluate internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) include arthrotomography, arthroscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Most of these techniques either require ionizing radiation or are invasive, and all are expensive. Electronic thermography (ET) is an alternative diagnostic imaging modality that is inexpensive, nonionizing, and noninvasive. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess ET in the diagnosis of internal derangements of the TMJ. The study population consisted of 11 patients with internal derangement, and 12 normal patients. ET was conducted with an infrared thermographic unit, at 1.0° and 0.5° C sensitivity. Results from subjective blinded interpretations by two experts for the diagnosis of internal derangement of the TMJ were as follows: sensitivity, 86% (± 7.8%); specificity, 78% (± 7.1%). Results from objective measurements of thermal symmetry of the TMJ region were as follows: normal subjects, 89.3% (± 3.0%); internal derangement patients, 66.1% (± 16.2%); t 21 = −4.89, p
Techno-Economic Feasibility and Flowsheet Synthesis of Scrap Tire/Plastic Waste Liquefaction

A techno-economic feasibility study was undertaken to assess the viability of co-liquefying scrap tires and post-consumer plastic wastes into liquid transportation fuels. First, a generalized process flowsheet was synthesized. Next, material and energy balances as well as process simulations were developed. Finally, a profitability analysis was completed for all process scenarios investigated. Two different base case scenarios were considered: (1) the melting/depolymerization of waste plastics and the pyrolysis of scrap tires and (2) the pyrolysis of both waste plastics and scrap tires. For the techno-economic assessment, waste plastic and scrap tire feed rates of 200 and 100 tons per day respectively were assumed. Costs for individual pieces of equipment were either rigorously calculated or scaled down from literature sources. In addition to the two base case scenarios, two separate modules were also considered: (1) the melting/depolymerization and upgrading of waste plastics alone and (2) the pyrolysis ...
Vaccination with a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing an Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Provides Complete Protection from Influenza Virus Challenge

Since the development of a system for generating vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from plasmid DNAs, our laboratory has reported the expression of several different glycoproteins from recombinant VSVs. In one of these studies, high-level expression of an influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) from a recombinant VSV-HA and efficient incorporation of the HA protein into the virions was reported (E. Kretzschmar, L. Buonocore, M. J. Schnell, and J. K. Rose, J. Virol. 71:5982–5989, 1997). We report here that VSV-HA is an effective intranasal vaccine vector that raises high levels of neutralizing antibody to influenza virus and completely protects mice from bronchial pneumonia caused by challenge with a lethal dose of influenza A virus. Additionally, these recombinant VSVs are less pathogenic than wild-type VSV (serotype Indiana). This vector-associated pathogenicity was subsequently eliminated through introduction of specific attenuating deletions. These live attenuated recombinant VSVs have great potential as vaccine vectors.
Prevention of Perosis in Goslings by Nicotinic Acid

Abstract It has become evident that nicotinic acid is an important factor in the prevention of “hock disorder” in certain species of birds. Scott et al. (1952a, b) have shown that nicotinic acid and dried brewers’ yeast were effective in the prevention of “hock disorder” in turkey poults and “bowed legs” in ducks. Briggs et al. (1953) have shown that with a purified diet, nicotinic acid was needed in the nutrition of the gosling. At the Minnesota station, it has been the practice to feed goslings the station’s standard chick starting ration. It has been observed, however, that goslings fed this ration frequently develop hock disorder when brooded either in batteries or on litter. Upon post-mortem examination of the goslings, it was observed that the tendon of the tibia had actually slipped out of the condyle. For this reason, the authors feel justified in calling this condition perosis. The basal diet …
Merger Arbitrage: Evidence of Profitability

While merger arbitrage has proven itself to provide valuable return to risk properties, academics have supported various theories as to the basis for merger activity and the returns derived from various forms of merger arbitrage. In this article, a wide range of academic articles which have explored the basis for as well as the performance of merger arbitrage are reviewed.
From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power's environmental injustices

The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, I examine interdisciplinary literature to reveal the environmental injustices associated with the front and back ends of nuclear power production in the USA – Uranium mining and high-level nuclear waste (HLW) storage. Second, I argue that the injustices associated with nuclear power are upheld, in part, through discourse. This essay examines how the term “wasteland” is invoked in relation to HLW waste storage in the USA and contributes to the discursive formation of nuclear colonialism. Examination of this discourse not only contributes to current literature on nuclear colonialism but also to environmental justice research by arguing for the importance of examining the discursive aspects of environmental injustices. Further, the essay adds to current scholarship in energy justice by highlighting the environmental injustices associated with nuclear power.
Composition modulation and nanophase separation in a binary epilayer

Abstract When a thin binary layer grows epitaxially on an elemental substrate, the composition often modulates in the plane of the layer. The layer may even demix when the bulk of the same composition is miscible. Sometimes the layer separates into two phases, forming periodic stripes or other regular patterns. The size of the separated phases may be in the range 1–100 nm, and stable against coarsening on annealing. This paper develops a thermodynamic framework to study these remarkable phenomena. For an epilayer less than a few monolayers thick, the excess energy cannot be attributed to individual sources of superficial misfit. Instead, we lump the epilayer and adjacent monolayers of the substrate into a single superficial object, and specify the excess surface energy for the object. The variation of the surface energy density with the variation of the strain defines surface stress. When the composition modulates in the epilayer, the surface stress is nonuniform, deforms the substrate, and reduces the total energy. Consequently, the composition-dependent surface stress tends to refine phases, resisting coarsening. In a stability analysis, we perturb a uniform concentration field into a sinusoidal field with a small amplitude and an arbitrary wavelength. The entropy of mixing stabilizes the uniform layer for long wavelengths. To stabilize the uniform layer for short wavelengths, we assume that the surface energy density also depends on concentration-gradient. A stability condition shows the combined elastic, entropic, and gradient effects. We also outline a dynamical system, which can be used to study pattern emergence and evolution during annealing.
Image segmentation based road sign detection

This paper proposes an automatic method to detect road traffic signs in natural scenes. There are three main stages in the proposed algorithm: 1) segmentation based on the brightness and color features to find the possible candidate road sign regions; 2) sign detection by using two shape classification criteria; and 3) recognition of the road sign by employing a fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (FJTC) technique. The proposed framework provides a novel way to detect a road sign by integrating image features with the geometric shape information. Experimental results on real life images demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is invariant to translation, rotation, and scale.
Usefulness of Two-dimensional Echocardiography for Detection of Ventricular Septal Aneurysm with Perforation After Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction

Two-dimensional echocardiography allowed direct visualization and localization of a postinfarction ventricular septal aneurysm with rupture. Not only did this noninvasive technique permit visualization of the septal defect in this patient, but the extent of residual left ventricular contractile function was also reliably determined. The echocardiographic findings were corroborated by cardiac catheterization data and by intraoperative and histopathologic examination. Thus, in the evaluation of a seriously ill patient with complicated myocardial infarction, two-dimensional echocardiography appeared to provide anatomic and functional information that was used to guide management and predict surgical outcome.
A Simple Method for Accurate Injection of Small Volumes of Fluid

SummaryA simple piece of apparatus for an accurate and constant injection of small volumes of fluid into the tissues of man is described. It is especially useful when colored solutions, which preclude the reading of the scale on a syringe, are used.
Grain boundary complexions in ceramics and metals: An overview

The concepts of grain boundary phase transitions and complexions offer clues to resolve old problems such as abnormal grain growth and solid-state activated sintering as well as new opportunities for mechanism-informed materials design.
Effect of administration of angiotensin II and isoproterenol, alone and in combination, on drinking and tail skin temperature of the rat.

Abstract Both angiotensin II (AII) and the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol are well known to induce drinking and increase tail skin temperature (TSK) in rats. Previous studies have shown that these two compounds have an additive, rather than interactive, dipsogenic effect when administered together. The present studies confirmed the additivity of the dipsogenic effect of the two compounds and attempted to extend these results to TSK. The results reveal that at a series of dosage combinations of AII [100 and 125 μg/kg, subcutaneously (SC)] and isoproterenol (ISOP) (10, 12.5, and 25 μg/kg, SC) administered together, the increase in TSK usually induced by each compound was canceled. This occurred at the two lower doses of ISOP in combination with AII. Thus, the differences between dipsogenic and thermoregulatory effects of combined doses of AII and ISOP suggest a difference in central integration. Important differences between the thermoregulatory responses to administration of the two compounds include increases in metabolic rate and colonie temperature when ISOP is administered and decreases in both when AII is administered. It is suggested that the effect of the two compounds to cancel each other with respect to TSK is related to their opposite effects on metabolic rate.