cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family obligations and asthma in youth: The moderating role of socioeconomic status.

Objective Fulfilling family obligations-providing instrumental help to and spending time with family-is a common aspect of family relationships. However, whether fulfilling these obligations links with physical health remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether fulfilling family obligations was associated with asthma outcomes among youth, and whether these associations differed depending on family socioeconomic status (SES). Method Participants were 172 youth, 8 to 17 years of age (Mage = 12.1; 54% boys) who had been physician-diagnosed with asthma and reported on family-obligation frequency; completed the Asthma Control Test (ACT; Nathan et al., 2004), a clinical measure of asthma control; and completed a measure of airway inflammation (i.e., fractional exhaled nitric oxide). Parents also completed the ACT in reference to their asthmatic children and reported on family income. Results Fulfilling family obligations was not associated with asthma outcomes (βs .075). However, SES (family income) interacted with family obligations, such that fulfilling family obligations was associated with greater airway inflammation (interaction term β = -.17, p = .023) and poorer parent-reported asthma control (interaction term β = .15, p = .039), only among youth from lower SES backgrounds. Exploratory analyses suggest that these interactions were robust against covariates and were largely consistent across age and the two dimensions of family-obligation behaviors. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that among youth from lower SES backgrounds, engaging in more frequent family-obligation behaviors may have negative repercussions in terms of their asthma. (PsycINFO Database Record
Facility and Geographic Variation in Rates of Successful Community Discharge After Inpatient Rehabilitation Among Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries

Importance The Improving Medicare Post–Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act of 2014 mandated a quality measure of successful community discharge for postacute care services. Examining variation in performance nationally can help identify opportunities for improving patient-centered quality of care. Objective To examine US facility-level and geographic variation in rates of successful community discharges after inpatient rehabilitation. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study of Medicare claims data from December 31, 2013, through October 1, 2015, included 1154 inpatient rehabilitation facilities submitting claims to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and a total of 487 862 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Analyses were performed from December 8, 2017, through September 11, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Successful community discharge as defined for the Discharge to Community—Post–Acute Care Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Quality Reporting Program measure. To be considered a successful community discharge, patients had to discharge from the inpatient rehabilitation facility to the community (ie, home or self-care) and remain there without experiencing an unplanned rehospitalization or dying within the following 31 days. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services specifications were followed to identify the cohort, define the outcome, and calculate risk-standardized facility and state rates. Results Among the 487 862 patients included in the cohort, mean (SD) age was 76.4 (10.8) years, and 56.9% were female. The overall rate of successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation was 63.7% (95% CI, 63.6%-63.8%). Risk-standardized rates ranged from 42.9% to 83.6% across inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Two hundred sixteen facilities (18.7%) performed significantly better than the mean national rate and 203 (17.6%) performed significantly worse (P Conclusions and Relevance The observed variation suggests opportunities exist for improving this important, patient-centered national quality measure. Future research is needed to identify the aspects of care delivery and the community services and supports that facilitate successful community discharge. These findings can be used to guide care improvement efforts and further improve the consistency and quality of postacute care.
Escritoras vascas y feminismo: La ubicua violencia sexual contra la mujer en los relatos de Eider Rodríguez

Este articulo analiza la representacion de la violencia sexual masculina en cuatro relatos de la escritora vasca Eider Rodriguez: “Ojos de abeja”, “Carne”, “Calle de la Providencia” y “Puntos suspensivos”, incluidos en sus libros Y poco despues, ahora (2007) y Carne (2008), versiones traducidas de sus originales en euskara. Estas narraciones revelan la existencia ubicua de una cultura de la violacion en la sociedad contemporanea, en la que se incentiva la agresividad sexual en los hombres y se justifican sus ataques sexuales contra las mujeres. El articulo investiga tres modalidades de violencia sexual: la violacion y el acoso sexual del hombre contra la mujer, y la violencia sexual buscada por la mujer cuando esta mantiene multiples encuentros sexuales de caracter agresivo tras haber asumido el concepto patriarcal de la mujer como objeto sexual. En los relatos la violacion aparece como un arma de venganza que el hombre utiliza para intentar dominar a la mujer, mientras que el acoso sexual revela la sexualidad depredadora del hombre. En ambos casos se aprecia como el violador y el acosador tergiversan la realidad o culpan a las victimas para justificar sus acciones violentas. La narrativa de Rodriguez manifiesta como la violencia sexual persiste en una especie de circulo vicioso donde la cultura de la sexualidad masculina agresiva provoca el acoso y este deriva en violacion y en la interiorizacion por parte de la mujer de que debe supeditarse sexualmente a los hombres.
Family caregivers: An untapped travel market

The purpose of this study was to investigate constraints to pleasure travel for family caregivers, specifically addressing constraints encountered from the industry's service provision providers. Data represented family caregivers' perceptions of physical, emotional, and social constraints that impact their leisure travel opportunities. Using a subset of data from a larger study that generated five constraints to leisure travel, this study focused only on the Service Provision factor that addressed physical and social accessibility of accommodations and services. Results showed that family caregivers not only missed their pleasure travel due to caregiving, but their travel-related decisions were shaped by their level of confidence in service provision. Recommendations address not only issues related to accessibility, but also ensuring that travel professionals are sensitive to unique travel needs of this travel market.
A review of foster home policies and regulations in the United States designed to support foster homes families

Foster parents are required to learn and to navigate a range of policies and regulations in order to make decisions that are in the best interest of the foster child. This paper reviews four polici...
Exploring the Digital Information Needs of Diaspora Communities: A User Study of the Lithuanian Diaspora

Collecting and representing the cultural heritage of diaspora communities have historically posed a challenge to cultural heritage institutions like libraries and archives. In the advent of Web 2.0...
Characteristics of Elderly Listed for Heart Transplantation: An Analysis of the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients

Background Elderly (aged ≥70 years) patients are rarely considered for orthotopic heart transplantation (HT) after careful selection with varied criteria between transplant centers. This investigation sought to examine the baseline characteristics, annual, and geographic trends of elderly patients listed for HT. Methods The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) was queried to identify all adult patients listed for HT from October 1987 to August 2018. Patients were stratified into elderly (≥70 years) and non-elderly (18-69 years) age groups. Patients listed for combined organ transplantations were excluded. Results 97,486 adults listed for HT were identified: 1.4% (n=1,375) were elderly. The mean age of the elderly group was 71.4 (±1.6) years; maximum 87 years. Compared to non-elderly, the elderly group had significantly higher proportions of males (77% vs. 88%, p Conclusions There is a rising temporal trend in listing and transplantation of elderly candidates for HT. The rising mortality trend in this group while waiting for HT warrants systematic investigation.
SSCA, the Limits of STEM Education, and the Efficacy of Communication Education

ABSTRACTIn this address, Dr. Munsell offers his perspectives on SSCA as a welcoming community of mentors. He then moves to explain how different terministic frames describing the meaning of higher ...
Seismic tomography of compressional wave velocity and attenuation structure for Makushin Volcano, Alaska

Abstract Located in the central portion of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, Makushin Volcano is among the most active volcanoes in the United States and has been classified as a very high threat by the National Volcano Early Warning System based on its eruptive history and proximity to the City of Unalaska and international air routes. In 2015, five standalone seismic stations and three mini seismic arrays of 15 stations each were deployed on Unalaska Island to supplement the Alaska Volcano Observatory permanent seismic network. This temporary array was operational for one year. Taking advantage of the increased azimuthal coverage and the array's increased earthquake detection capability, we developed body-wave Vp and Vp/Vs seismic images of the velocity structure beneath the volcano. Our results show a complex structure with the upper 4 km of the crust. The shallow high-Vp features possibly delineate remnant magma pathways or conduits. Low-Vp regions are found east of the caldera at approximately 4–8 km depth. This is in agreement with previous seismic tomographic work and InSAR-based geodetic models, which had identified this region as a possible long-term source of magma. A three-dimensional compressional wave attenuation model complemented the velocity models. In general, we observe regions of corresponding low P-wave velocity and high attenuation east of the summit caldera between 5 and 7 km depth, supporting the presence of a melt-rich zone. The absolute Vp values (5.5–6.0 km/s) in this region are consistent with the presence of a magma body with a mafic signature. We suggest that a triggering mechanism that involves mafic injections into a more evolved shallow magma chamber is representative of the current magmatic system below the volcano, similarly to what petrological studies have inferred for past eruptions.
Lattice modeling of excavation damage in argillaceous clay formations: Influence of deformation and strength anisotropy

Abstract This paper presents modeling of mechanical anisotropy in argillaceous rocks using an irregular lattice modeling approach, namely the rigid-body-spring network. To represent the mechanical anisotropy, new schemes are implemented in the modeling framework. The directionality of elastic deformation is resolved by modifying the element formulation with anisotropic elastic properties. The anisotropy of strength and failure characteristics is facilitated by adopting orientation-dependent failure criteria into the failure model. The verification of the improved modeling procedures is performed against theoretical model predictions for unconfined compression tests with various bedding orientations. Furthermore, excavation damage and fracturing processes in rock formations are simulated for different geomechanical configurations, such as rock anisotropy and tectonic heterogeneity. The simulated excavation damage characteristics are realistic and comparable with the actual field observation at a tunnel located in an argillaceous clay formation. The simulation results provide insights into the excavation damage zone phenomena with an explicit representation of fracturing processes.
Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Synthesis on Si(100) by Vapor Phase Transport and the Effect of Antimony Doping on Photoelectric Properties, Morphology, and Structure

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been shown to exhibit semiconducting and piezoelectric dual properties. This has led to a large commercial demand on ZnO for optoelectronics that operate at the blue-ultraviolet regions. Consequently, varying techniques have been devised to create different nanostructures of ZnO. Here, the single step synthesis of ZnO nanostructures was performed on Si(100) substrates with a thin ZnO seed-layer. A modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was developed to accomplish the structure formation. Sb doping of the structures in the gas phase was performed to study its effects on structure and optoelectronic properties. Different structures were realized including nanofilaments, nanoparticles, microflowers, nanorods, nanotubes, and nanocolumns. Only nanorods/columns, and nanotubes are shown in this work. Morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used for structural studies. Optoelectronic properties were explored using room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. PL data show the relative decrease in the number of defects and increase in crystal quality upon increasing reaction time. Significant structural effects were also observed upon doping. Some structural defects might be attributed to the diffusion of Sb ions into the lattices of ZnO, replacement of Zn by Sb, and ionic radii difference. These stacking faults are most likely the reason behind the dominance and broadening of DLE peak.
The E. coli transcription factor GrlA is regulated by subcellular compartmentalization and activated in response to mechanical stimuli.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and has evolved intricate mechanisms to sense and respond to the host environment. Upon the sensation of chemical and physical cues specific to the host’s intestinal environment, locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded virulence genes are activated and promote intestinal colonization. The LEE transcriptional activator GrlA mediates EHEC’s response to mechanical cues characteristic of the intestinal niche, including adhesive force that results from bacterial adherence to epithelial cells and fluid shear that results from intestinal motility and transit. GrlA expression and release from its inhibitor GrlR was not sufficient to induce virulence gene transcription; mechanical stimuli were required for GrlA activation. The exact mechanism of GrlA activation, however, remained unknown. We isolated GrlA mutants that activate LEE transcription, independent of applied mechanical stimuli. In nonstimulated EHEC, wild-type GrlA associates with cardiolipin membrane domains via a patch of basic C-terminal residues, and this membrane sequestration is disrupted in EHEC that expresses constitutively active GrlA mutants. GrlA transitions from an inactive, membrane-associated state and relocalizes to the cytoplasm in response to mechanical stimuli, allowing GrlA to bind and activate the LEE1 promoter. GrlA expression and its relocalization in response to mechanical stimuli are required for optimal virulence regulation and colonization of the host intestinal tract during infection. These data suggest a posttranslational regulatory mechanism of the mechanosensor GrlA, whereby virulence gene expression can be rapidly fine-tuned in response to the highly dynamic spatiotemporal mechanical profile of the gastrointestinal tract.
The Effects of Gender on Radiation Dose During Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Background Female gender is considered a risk factor for worse perioperative outcomes after fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR). We hypothesized that women would have more unfavorable anatomy, increasing case complexity and leading to higher radiation doses. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of gender on radiation dose during FEVARs. Methods This single-center retrospective study was performed from 1/2015 to 2/2018. For patient data, linear model and stepwise variable selection algorithm were used. All dose measurements were log transformed before analysis. Significance level for parameter estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were all transformed back using an exponential function. P-value of Results A total of 169 FEVARs (45 women) were performed on a Philips Allura Xper FD 20 fluoroscopy system equipped with clarity technology. There was no difference in body mass index (BMI) or operative time between genders, P = 0.9. The median reference air kerma for women was significantly lower than that for men (1,672 mGy vs. 2,496 mGy), P Conclusions FEVARs can be performed successfully in women with comparatively lower radiation doses.
Cascade of deoxyribozymes for the colorimetric analysis of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A visual cascade detection system has been applied to the detection and analysis of drug-resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), a causative agent of tuberculosis. The cascade system utilizes highly selective split RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme (sDz) sensors. When activated by a complementary nucleic acid, sDz releases the peroxidase-like deoxyribozyme apoenzyme, which, in complex with a hemin cofactor, catalyzes the color change of the sample's solution. The excellent selectivity of the cascade has allowed for the detection of point mutations in the sequences of the MTC rpoB, katG, and gyrA genes, which are responsible for resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolone, respectively. When combined with isothermal nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), the assay was able to detect amplicons of 16S rRNA and katG mRNA generated from 0.1 pg and 10 pg total RNA taken for NASBA, respectively, in less than 2 h, producing a signal detectable with the naked eye. The proposed assay may become a prototype for point-of-care diagnosis of drug resistant bacteria with visual signal output.
Rapid Tempering: Opportunities and Challenges

Rapid tempering involves shorter times and faster heating rates compared to conventional tempering. Utilizing rapid tempering via industrial processes, such as induction heating, not only offers the opportunity for improved mechanical properties, but also for reduced processing times and energy costs. The current study demonstrates an improvement in toughness with rapid tempering by examining impact toughness at a constant tempering parameter for short-time (1 s) and conventional (3600 s) tempering treatments of 4340 steel. Fracture behavior is found to complement the observed toughness behavior, where higher impact energy conditions are associated with a greater percentage of ductile fracture. The role of the Hollomon–Jaffe tempering parameter, as well as the use of hardness as a metric to characterize degree of tempering, is discussed in light of the results comparing rapid and conventional tempering conditions. This study indicates promising mechanical properties associated with short-time tempering, especially within the tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) regime, and exposes challenges associated with predicting performance strictly based on hardness when rapid tempering is utilized.
Home Therapies in Advanced Heart Failure: Inotropes and Diuretics

Heart failure (HF) is a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and decreased quality of life (QOL). Symptoms, including reduced activity tolerance, fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea, result from volume overload or low output states. Herein, we review the best available literature supporting diuretic and inotropic therapies in advanced HF and how these improve QOL. While diuretics and inotropes reduce symptoms and hospitalizations in advanced HF, there is an increased risk of harms with both modalities. While diuretic complications include electrolyte and renal function abnormalities, adverse event data with inotropes is more complex and includes possible arrhythmias and death. Further, inotrope utilization is complicated by required intravenous access, infusion costs, and limited outpatient support. Ambulatory use of diuretics and inotropes may improve patients’ QOL through symptom management and reduced hospitalizations. However, risks and limitations of both modalities must be considered as treatment decisions are made.
YAP-Mediated Repression of HRK Regulates Tumor Growth, Therapy Response, and Survival Under Tumor Environmental Stress in Neuroblastoma

Following chemotherapy and relapse, high-risk neuroblastoma tumors harbor more genomic alterations than at diagnosis, including increased transcriptional activity of the Yes-associated protein (YAP), a key downstream component of the Hippo signaling network. Although YAP has been implicated in many cancer types, its functional role in the aggressive pediatric cancer neuroblastoma is not well-characterized. In this study, we performed genetic manipulation of YAP in human-derived neuroblastoma cell lines to investigate YAP function in key aspects of the malignant phenotype, including mesenchymal properties, tumor growth, chemotherapy response, and MEK inhibitor response. Standard cytotoxic therapy induced YAP expression and transcriptional activity in patient-derived xenografts treated in vivo, which may contribute to neuroblastoma recurrence. Moreover, YAP promoted a mesenchymal phenotype in high-risk neuroblastoma that modulated tumor growth and therapy resistance in vivo. Finally, the BH3-only protein, Harakiri (HRK), was identified as a novel target inhibited by YAP, which, when suppressed, prevented apoptosis in response to nutrient deprivation in vitro and promoted tumor aggression, chemotherapy resistance, and MEK inhibitor resistance in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggest that YAP inhibition may improve chemotherapy response in patients with neuroblastoma via its regulation of HRK, thus providing a critical strategic complement to MEK inhibitor therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies HRK as a novel tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma and suggests dual MEK and YAP inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in RAS-hyperactivated neuroblastomas.
Inheritance of OCT4 predetermines fate choice in human embryonic stem cells

Clonal cells can make different fate decisions, but it is often unclear to what extent these decisions are autonomous or predetermined. Here, we introduce a live-cell reporter for the pluripotency factor OCT4 into human embryonic stem cells to understand how they choose between self-renewal and differentiation. By tracing the histories of individual cells over multiple generations, we found that cells whose offspring were destined to differentiate showed decreased expression of OCT4 long before exposure to the differentiation stimulus. OCT4 levels were lineage-dependent; however, during cell division, mother cells distributed OCT4 asymmetrically to daughters. The resulting ratio of OCT4 between sister cells — established within minutes of mitosis — was predictive of downstream fates: cells receiving a greater ratio of maternal OCT4 showed sustained OCT4 levels and a reduced capacity to differentiate. Our observations imply that the choice between two developmental fates is almost entirely predetermined at the time of cell birth through inheritance of a pluripotency factor.
Jeremy Taylor on the Practice of Theology

This article seeks to highlight the practical nature of the work of Jeremy Taylor, developing his understanding of the place of theoretical knowledge in its relation to moral living. I argue that T...
Mechanisms of insulin resistance in man: Assessment using the insulin dose-response curve in conjunction with insulin-receptor binding

During the past few years it has become increasingly apparent that insulin resistance may be a more frequent cause of carbohydrate intolerance or contributing factor in carbohydrate intolerance than was hitherto appreciated. Abnormal insulin action may result from prereceptor, receptor or postreceptor defects. These may be manifested by an increase in the concentration of insulin necessary for a half-maximal effect (decreased sensitivity) or a decrease in the maximal response to insulin (decreased responsiveness), or both. Alterations in sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin can be distinguished only by evaluating insulin dose-response curves. When used in conjunction with measurements of insulin binding to its receptor, the characteristics of these curves can provide insight into the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for insulin resistance.
Examination of the recently delivered placenta by phase contrast microscopy.

Abstract Phase contrast microscopic examination of the recently delivered placenta offers a readily available method of identifying abnormalities of the chorionic villi. This type of examination on 995 placentas from both normal patients and those with a variety of clinical abnormalities showed a statistically significant increase in the incidence of syncytial, stromal, and combined abnormalities in patients with these clinical problems. The pathogenesis of these abnormalities remains to be defined.
Evidence for Mass Loss from the F-Type Supergiant, 89 Herculis

We describe changes in the spectrum of 89 Herculis (F2 Ia) in the interval 1961-67, which are ascribed to variable loss of mass from the surface. The star is remarkable in that some of the blue-displaced circumstellar absorption features have velocities of 150 km/sec. This is very close to the estimated escape velocity at the stellar surface of 200 km/sec. It is probable that the rate of mass loss is too small to affect the subsequent evolution of F supergiants.
Docetaxel enhances S-phase cytotoxicity with dFdCyd resulting in synergy

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2965 The combination of dFdCyd (gemcitabine, 2’,2’-difluoro-2’-deoxycytidine) and docetaxel has been found to be clinically effective in varying types of cancer. Recently, startling clinical results (37-53% response rates) have been observed in several reported series of sarcoma patients in which dFdCyd preceded docetaxel during treatment. The reason for this apparent synergy is unclear since dFdCyd and docetaxel have differing mechanisms of cytotoxicity. dFdCyd requires phosphorylation for activity: the diphosphate derivative inhibits de novo deoxynucleotide production leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis, while the triphosphate can be incorporated into DNA leading to cell death. Docetaxel stabilizes microtubules preventing depolymerization, resulting in mitotic arrest or aberrant mitosis. Recent evidence suggested that docetaxel may also have a secondary mechanism of cytotoxicity that targets S-phase, but little is known about it. Previously, we determined that the sequence of drug addition is important in vitro with the sequence dFdCyd followed by docetaxel producing the greatest synergy in A549 non-small cell lung cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, and SAOS-2 sarcoma cells. For example, the 24 hr IC50 of dFdCyd in A549 cells was decreased 2-fold (16 nM to 7.4 nM) with the subsequent addition of docetaxel (0.5 nM, <IC5). These studies focused on the effect of docetaxel on the metabolism of dFdCyd and cell cycle progression under conditions which produced synergistic cytotoxicity in A549 cells. The addition of docetaxel (0.5 nM) after treatment with dFdCyd (20 nM, IC50) did not alter the accumulation of dFdCTP, nor did it increase its incorporation into DNA. Additionally, these conditions did not appear to alter cell cycle progression as measured by dual parameter flow cytometry (PI/BrdU). However, the addition of 2 nM docetaxel (IC75) to cells previously treated with dFdCyd (5-10 nM, <IC50) did result in a 3.1-fold increase in the amount of sub-G1 cells and a 2.3-fold increase in the number of SNI (an indicator for S-phase specific cell death) cells after 24 hr. In order to elucidate whether docetaxel was interacting with the effects of dFdCyd on deoxynucleotide pools or DNA synthesis, docetaxel was combined with either hydroxyurea or aphidicolin. Hydroxyurea followed by docetaxel did not produce synergy, only additivity. However, aphidicolin followed by docetaxel did produce synergy, indicating a possible interaction with DNA polymerases. Upon subsequent cell cycle analysis, it was observed that the addition of docetaxel to cells previously treated with aphidicolin increased both the amount of sub-G1 and SNI cells after 24 hr. This indicated that docetaxel was able to directly affect S-phase cells. Taken together, these studies suggest that docetaxel synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity of dFdCyd through S-phase specific interactions.
Urinary digoxin-like immunoreactive substance in pregnancy. Relation to urinary electrolytes.

Abstract High concentrations of digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) have been identified in amniotic fluid and in blood during pregnancy. In this study, urine from healthy women was analyzed for DLIS during pregnancy and following delivery, and levels were related to various clinical and urinary findings. Urinary DLIS increased progressively during pregnancy, having a linear relation to gestational week (DLIS = 0.032 week + 0.46, Syx=0.52, r=0.46, p
Understanding Multicultural Education

With the shifting cultural texture and demographics of the United States (Banks, 2006b; Irvine, 2003), redefining multicultural education has become imperative. There are many views on the benefits and/or shortcomings of the multiculturalization of education. The question is not whether a multicultural education should be adopted but it is rather what we understand from multicultural education and how we are going to initiate such a reform within an educational system when we cannot even define 'multicultural.’ “The awareness of one’s own assumptions, prejudices and stereotypes is a first step to be able to positively interact and learn from others. In this process lies the essence of intercultural learning” (Martins, 2008, p. 203). This paper attempts to define (and redefine) multicultural education, explain its shortcomings, and offer recommendations for further discussion.
01005 SMT component assembly for wireless SIP modules

Continued demand for the miniaturization of consumer electronics has driven the reduction of passive component sizes from 1210 and 1206 in the 1980's, to 0402 and 0201 in the late 1990's, to the new and emerging 01005 size of today. The use of 0603 and 0402 components have been prevalent for a number of years. These component sizes have been run in high volume applications at very high yields, so the assembly manufacturing processes are quite mature and reliability data is readily available. The latest generations of wireless products are requiring increasingly more functionality in less space, with lower weight, less power consumption, and at higher frequencies, and this is driving the utilization of smaller passives for system-in-package (SIP) modules. Recently, 0201 components have been implemented in very high-density applications for mobile phone, blue tooth, and wireless LAN applications. Capacitor and resistor manufacturers are now sampling or offering low volume quantities of 01005 components, and some semiconductor companies and electronic assembly manufacturers are gearing up to develop and qualify manufacturing processes, assemblies and components for their respective applications. The goal of this paper is to summarize previous design, assembly and reliability issues encountered in developing and implementing 0201 components for high volume manufacturing of high density wireless SIP modules using Pb-free solder. Lessons learned from 0201 development and manufacturing implementation is applied towards the present 01005 development project, including design, material and process parameter optimization. 01005 manufacturing yields (e.g. pick rate, placement position accuracy), defects (e.g. tombstoning, solder bridges, solder beading), quality (e.g. joint shape, solder appearance, solder volume) and reliability assessment data of component shear strength are included in this report. Due to the lack of time thermal-mechanical fatigue, shock and impact resistance, moisture and reflow sensitivity testing would not be provided, but if completion of these test is completed by the time of paper presentation, these results are included in June'2005, presentation.
Making Physical Objects Clickable: Using Mobile Tags to Enhance Library Displays

Many libraries struggle with making library displays fresh and effective. This article describes how Abilene Christian University Library (ACU) used two-dimensional barcodes to enhance a library display for a freshman common book experience, providing interactive learning and a greater connection between the library’s physical and electronic resources. Two dimensional barcodes, also called quick response or QR barcodes, are part of a larger technology known as mobile tagging. They are barcodes that contain more information than conventional barcodes and are readable by cell phones. Patrons connect to online information simply by using their cell phones to scan the tag rather than typing a URL. As an information delivery method, mobile tagging offers huge, yet untapped potential for bridging information in physical objects with digital information in databases and websites. By using a mobile tag enhanced display, ACU experienced a 95% checkout rate for display books, greater utilization of related library resources, and a new method of delivering mobile library services that was free to implement, had high patron impact, and required relatively low library effort. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Binding of an antiviral agent to a sensitive and a resistant human rhinovirus. Computer simulation studies with sampling of amino acid side-chain conformation. I. Mapping the rotamers of residue 188 of viral protein 1.

The mutation of valine 188 to leucine in the viral protein 1 of human rhinovirus 14 renders the virus resistant to certain antiviral compounds. Thermodynamic-cycle perturbation theory provides a means of calculating the difference in the binding free energies of an antiviral compound to the wild-type virus and to the mutant virus. In calculating the relevant free-energy differences in molecular dynamics simulations, it is important to sample the multiple rotational isomers of residue 188 correctly. In general, these rotamers will not be fully sampled during a single molecular dynamics simulation. However, the contributions of all the rotamers to the free-energy differences associated with mutation of residue 188 may be considered explicitly once they have been identified and their relative free energies determined. Therefore, we describe here the mapping of the rotamers of residue 188 by steric-bump search and energy minimization techniques, and by the computation of potentials of mean force (p.m.f.s.) using umbrella sampling. The usefulness, validity and efficiency of these methods of examining rotameric states is discussed. Adiabatic mapping by energy minimization was found to be unreliable for this residue due to the small magnitude of its interactions with the surrounding protein atoms. Ambiguities in the adiabatic maps were resolved by computing p.m.f.s. The p.m.f. for valine 188 in the unliganded wild-type virus shows a minimum corresponding to the crystallographically observed conformation of valine 188. The p.m.f.s. for valine 188 in the liganded virus and for leucine 188 in the unliganded mutant virus suggest that the experimentally observed conformations may be interpreted as averages of a number of conformations corresponding to those at the minima in the p.m.f.s. The calculations suggest also that the conformation of leucine 188 may change when the ligand binds. The use of the calculated p.m.f.s. to compute the difference in the free energy of binding of an antiviral compound to the wild-type and mutant rhinoviruses is described in the accompanying article.
Overload injuries in the lower extremity in runners.

This article will discuss some of the common overload injuries that occur in runners. An approach to accurate diagnosis will be described in terms of tissue injuries, clinical symptoms, specific tissues overloaded, functional biomechanical deficits, and functional adaptations that occur. With this background, specific principles of rehabilita­ tion of these disorders will be described.
Clock jitter effect in continuous-time oversampling converters

A theoretical approach to calculate the effect of clock jitters in an oversampling converter using a return-to-zero pulse scheme is presented. State-variable analysis is used to derive a closed-form relation for the spectrum of the jitter induced noise. The method is quite general and it can be used for any type of sigma-delta converter.
Non-specific phospholipase C5 and diacylglycerol promote lateral root development under mild salt stress in Arabidopsis.

Developing a robust root system is crucial to plant survival and competition for soil resources. Here we report that the non-specific phospholipase C5 (NPC5) and its derived lipid mediator diacylglycerol (DAG) mediate lateral root (LR) development during salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA knockout mutant npc5-1 produced few to no LR under mild NaCl stress, whereas overexpression of NPC5 increased LR number. Roots of npc5-1 contained a lower level of DAG than wild type, whereas NPC5 overexpressor exhibited an increase in DAG level. Application of DAG, but not phosphatidic acid, fully restored LR growth of npc5-1 to that of wild type under NaCl stress. NPC5 expression was significantly induced in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with NaCl. Npc5-1 was less responsive to auxin-mediated root growth than the wild type. These results indicate that NPC5 mediates LR development in response to salt stress and suggest that DAG functions as a lipid mediator in the stress signalling.
Oakland Blues: Virtual Preservation of Seventh Street's 1950'5 Jazz Scene

Digital technologies are becoming a popular vehicle for the re-creation and dissemination of cultural heritage, in the form of modeling buildings, people, and their activities. Video game engines can be used to let user virtually "inhabit" the digitally recreated worlds made accessible via the Internet, opening them up to people who otherwise would never be exposed to these cultural sites. Yet, like every medium ever used to preserve cultural heritage, digital media is not neutral: it impacts the represented content and the ways the audience interprets it. Perhaps more than any older technology, it has the potential to affect the very meaning of the represented content in terms of the cultural image it creates. This paper examines the applications and implications of digital media for the recreation and communication of cultural heritage, drawing on the lessons learned from a project to recreate the thriving jazz and blues club scene in West Oakland, California, in the 1940s and 1950s.
Compressible flow of a two-phase fluid between finite vessels—II. Abel-noble carrier gas

Abstract The rapid transfer of a mixture consisting of an Abel-Noble (AN) gas and constant density solid particles (or liquid droplets) without phase change is analytically investigated. The two-phase mixture is assumed to remain homogeneous and at equilibrium in a high-pressure supply vessel as well as during the expansion to a finite volume receiver. The physical conditions required for carrier gases to be accurately described by an AN equation of state are given. It is shown that the expanding mixture, or pseudo-fluid, behaves as a modified AN gas which is pseudo-polytropic. Special emphasis is placed on obtaining approximate analytical solutions which are mathematically valid for all parameter ranges of interest. The general sonic flow solution and the subsonic discharge limit represent two of the three cases which admit such approximate solutions. The third case involves subsonic solutions for the single-fluid problem, where initial particle mass fractions in the supply and receiver are the same. All of these special cases are unique in that, when properly non-dimensionalized, they only depend on the mixture ratio of specific heats and the initial mixture volume fraction combining the individual effects of the particles and gas molecules. Numerical results are also given for subsonic finite volume ratio cases, as well as other subsonic cases which show the effects of parameters describing separate particle and gas contributions not present in the three special approximate solutions. The general results show that often the more simple single-fluid solutions can be used to adequately estimate the behavior of more complex cases.
Thermodynamics of the Superconducting Phase Transition in Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3

We suggest that the transition to superconductivity in a single crystal of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ with ${T}_{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}32\mathrm{K}$, and having critical fields with anomalous temperature dependencies and vanishing discontinuities in specific heat and magnetic susceptibility, may well be an example of a fourth order (in Ehrenfest's sense) phase transition. We have derived a free energy functional for a fourth order transition and calculated (for the temperature range ${T}_{c}/2lT\ensuremath{\simeq}{T}_{c}$) the temperature dependence of the critical fields. We find ${H}_{c1}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}(1\ensuremath{-}T/{T}_{c}{)}^{3}$, ${H}_{0}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}(1\ensuremath{-}T/{T}_{c}{)}^{2}$, and ${H}_{c2}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}(1\ensuremath{-}T/{T}_{c}{)}^{1}$ in general agreement with experiments.
Association of Soluble ST2, an Emerging Biomarker of Heart Failure, with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

(p ! 0.001)]. RHC did not improve survival during index hospitalization or at 180 days. RHC did not decrease readmission at 7, 30, or 180 days. However, RHC did increase total direct costs [risk difference (RD) $4857, 95% CI: 2651, 7528], index length of stay [RD 3.7 days, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.8] and hospital days at 180 days [RD 4.9, 95% CI: 2.3, 8.2]. The variation in use persisted at site C in 2006-2008 (p 5 0.002) without an overall decrease in RHC use (p 5 0.100). Further analysis of site C showed variation in use between providers, while indications, cardiac function, and inotrope use were similar across providers. Discussion: There is variation in RHC use across sites. There was no decrease in this variation or overall RHC use after the ESCAPE trial demonstrated lack of benefit with RHC. We reaffirm the neutral effect of RHC on survival and rehospitalization in a “real-world” setting. However, RHC drives cost and increases length of stay. Further studies are needed to understand and potentially limit this variation.
A validated ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography method for separation of candesartan cilexetil impurities and its degradents in drug product

Introduction: A selective, specific, and sensitive “Ultra High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography” (UPLC) method was developed for determination of candesartan cilexetil impurities as well asits degradent in tablet formulation. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC system and BEH Shield RP18 column using gradient elution of mobile phase A and B. 0.01 M phosphate buffer adjusted pH 3.0 with Orthophosphoric acid was used as mobile phase A and 95% acetonitrile with 5% Milli Q Water was used as mobile phase B. Ultraviolet (UV) detection was performed at 254 nm and 210 nm, where (CDS-6), (CDS-5), (CDS-7), (Ethyl Candesartan), (Desethyl CCX), (N-Ethyl), (CCX-1), (1 N Ethyl Oxo CCX), (2 N Ethyl Oxo CCX), (2 N Ethyl) and any unknown impurity were monitored at 254 nm wavelength, and two process-related impurities, trityl alcohol and MTE impurity, were estimated at 210 nm. Candesartan cilexetil andimpurities were chromatographed with a total run time of 20 min. Results: Calibration showed that the response of impurity was a linear function of concentration over the range limit of quantification to 2 μg/mL (r2≥0.999) and the method was validated over this range for precision, intermediate precision, accuracy, linearity, and specificity. For the precision study, percentage relative standard deviation of each impurity was Key words: Degradent, impurities, method validation, ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography – candesartan cilexetil.
Ab initio study of the solvent effects on the singlet-triplet gap of nitrenium ions and carbenes

Highly correlated ab initio molecular orbital methodologies have been used in the study of substituent effects on the singlet−triplet gaps of a series of nitrenium ions and their corresponding isoelectronic carbenes. Calculations in solution were carried out with the isodensity polarizable continuum models, IPCM. The results show a net stabilization of the singlet species as a result of electronic density donation of the substituents to a vacant p orbital located in the central atom. It is shown that this “π-donor−π-acceptor” dependence of the singlet−triplet gap is more significant in the case of the nitrenium ions, due to the presence of a positive charge. In addition, it was found that the singlet−triplet gaps decrease with the polarity of the solvent, most likely due to stabilizing electrostatic interactions between the solvent and the charge distribution of the singlet.
Computational complexity of a reverse manufacturing line

Disassembly has recently gained attention in the literature due to its role in product recovery. Disassembly activities take place in various recovery operations including remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal. The disassembly line is the best choice for automated disassembly of returned products. It is therefore important that the disassembly line be designed and balanced so that it works as efficiently as possible. However, finding the optimal balance is computationally intensive with exhaustive search quickly becoming prohibitively large, even for relatively small products, due to exponential growth. In this paper, complexity theory is reviewed and used to prove that the DISASSEMBLY LINE BALANCING PROBLEM is NP-complete, unary NP-complete, and NP-hard, necessitating specialized solution methodologies, including those from the field of combinatorial optimization.
The time course of a lane change: Driver control and eye-movement behavior

In this paper we explore the time course of a lane change in terms of the driver’s control and eyemovement behavior. We conducted an experiment in which drivers navigated a simulated multi-lane highway environment in a fixed-base, medium-fidelity driving simulator. We then segmented the driver data into standardized units of time to facilitate an analysis of behavior before, during, and after a lane change. Results of this analysis showed that (1) drivers produced the expected sine-wave steering pattern except for a longer and flatter second peak as they straightened the vehicle; (2) drivers decelerated slightly before a pass lane change, accelerated soon after the lane change, and maintained the higher speed up until the onset of the return lane change; (3) drivers had their turn signals on only 50% of the time at lane-change onset, reaching a 90% rate only 1.5–2 s after onset; (4) drivers shifted their primary visual focus from the start lane to the destination lane immediately after the onset of the lane change. These results will serve as the basis for future development of a new integrated model of driver behavior. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.