cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virus infections in wild plant populations are both frequent and often unapparent

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Pathogens are thought to regulate host populations. In agricultural crops, virus infection reduces yield. However, in wild plants little is known about the spatial and temporal patterns of virus prevalence. Thus, pathogen effects on plant population dynamics are unclear. Prevalence data provide necessary background for (1) evaluating the effects of virus infection on plant population size and dynamics and (2) improving risk assessment of virus-resistant transgenic crops. METHODS We used ELISA and RT-PCR to survey wild Cucurbita pepo populations over 4 years for five viruses, aphid-transmitted viruses of the genus Potyvirus as a group and PCR to survey for virus-resistance transgenes. In addition, we surveyed the literature for reports of virus prevalence in wild populations. KEY RESULTS In 21 C. pepo populations, virus prevalence (0-74%) varied greatly among populations, years, and virus species. In samples analyzed by both ELISA and RT-PCR, RT-PCR detected 6-44% more viruses than did ELISA. Eighty percent of these infections did not cause any visually apparent symptoms. In our samples, the virus-resistance transgene was not present. In 30 published studies, 92 of 146 tested species were infected with virus, and infection rates ranged from 0.01-100%. Most published studies used ELISA, suggesting virus prevalence is higher than reported. CONCLUSIONS In wild C. pepo, the demographic effects of virus are likely highly variable in space and time. Further, our literature survey suggests that such variation is probably common across plant species. Our results indicate that risk assessments for virus-resistant transgenic crops should not rely on visual symptoms or ELISA and should include data from multiple populations over multiple years.
The Quasi-War in East Asia: Japan's Expedition to Taiwan and the Ryūkyū Controversy

The 1870s witnessed mounting tension among East Asian countries. In 1874,. Japan sent an expeditionary force to Taiwan to punish the aborigines there who had, in 1871, killed fifty-four shipwrecked Ryūkyūans (Liu-ch'iuans). By doing so, according to many scholars today, Japan was able to claim retroactively that the Ryūkyūan castaways were legally Japanese subjects, thereby ending the Sino-Japanese dispute over the ambiguous political status of the Ryūkyū Islands (the Chūzan Kingdom of Ryūkyū paid tribute to both China and the Satsuma-han of Japan before the 18705). This paper is a reappraisal of this episode of the ‘Quasi-war’ in East Asia. By going into the Chinese, Japanese, Ryūkyūan, and Western sources, it unfolds some unknown events which directly and indirectly led to the Japanese decision to send forces to Taiwan, as well as the Chinese reactions. The conclusion of this paper refutes the customary view which holds that China had in 1874 ‘renounced her claim over Ryūkyū and yielded to the Japanese claim she had earlier disputed.’ As this paper will show, neither Soejima Taneomi nor Ōkubo Toshimichi had succeeded in securing any Chinese endorsement of Japan's sovereign right over Ryūky¯. Nor did the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1874, concerning the settlement of the Taiwan crisis, legally settle the Ryūkyū problem, since Ryūky¯ was never mentioned in the Treaty. As a result, the issue continued to trouble Peking and Tokyo in the years that immediately followed.
Exploration of the cognitive regulatory sub-processes employed by groups characterized by socially shared and other-regulation in a CSCL context

Online discussions promoted high quality content monitoring in a CSCL context.Shared planning and task monitoring facilitated content monitoring.One facilitative member's efficient planning and task monitoring facilitated content monitoring.Features of a synchronous CSCL context had implications for regulation quality. The current study examined how collaborative groups use cognitive regulatory sub-processes within a Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) context, and how these sub-processes were enacted differently for groups primarily characterized by their socially shared or other-regulation. Toward that end, the synchronous chat logs from three tasks of two collaborative groups, a socially shared relative to an other-regulation group, were qualitatively analyzed for planning, monitoring, and evaluation processes. Findings indicated that both groups maintained a high quality focus on content monitoring. The pathways for both groups differed, given the jointly coordinated planning and task monitoring of the socially shared group relative to the efficient but fully guided planning and task monitoring for the other-regulated group. Results suggest that content monitoring can play a key role in the high quality joint activity in both groups because of synergy among the cognitive regulatory sub-processes.
Distribution Equilibria of PrCl3-NdCl3-SmCl3-HCl System with 1.0 M Di (2-Ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid in n-Heptane

The presence of one lanthanide has been found to inhibit or promote the extraction of the other lanthanide present in the two salt extraction systems of PrCl3-SmCl3-HCl and NdCl3-SmCl3-HCl, with 1.0 M di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in n-heptane. This mutual interference effect has been quantitatively expressed by means of a new parameter. The three salt system of PrCl3-NdCl3-SmCl3-HCl can be reduced virtually to a “two salt” system of (Pr + Nd)Cl3-SmCl3-HCl and a rough estimation of distribution equilibrium of this system is possible with the use of the above-mentioned parameters.
In an era of GPS traces

In an era of a proliferation of GPS devices, family members can track each other as they are moving around on a minute to minute basis. In an era of a proliferation of communication technologies, the whole world is becoming a big family. Would the world's big family track its own members? In an era where cell phones, cars, cameras, portable devices and probably key chains and pencils may have GPS devices; are we going to develop location-intelligent software that reasons about the collected GPS traces?This talk discusses the utilization of GPS traces at various scales starting from logging a "single" person's own GPS trace and up to collecting huge amounts of GPS traces from a "crowd" of objects. This talk elaborates on how software can reason about GPS traces starting from applications that we use on a daily basis, e.g., email clients and calendars, and up to complex systems for data analysis and response. This talk oscillates between the pros and cons of collecting GPS traces, exploits the associated opportunities and highlights the inevitable risks. Finally, this talk addresses the industrial interest and the research trend in collecting, handling, processing and enriching GPS traces.
Surround articulation. II. Lightness judgments

It has been hypothesized that to achieve color constancy, lightness judgments require an estimate of the illuminant. A companion paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 793 (1999)] suggests that surround articulation enhances the likelihood that a global luminance edge will be interpreted as being due to changes in illumination rather than in reflectance. Articulation is the process of adding equally spaced incremental and decremental patches within a surround while preserving the surround's space-average luminance. Such a process results in lightness judgments that correlate perfectly with equal local ratio matches. For decrements, lightness constancy does not require articulation. These findings help explain why Arend and Goldstein [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 2281 (1987)] obtained color constancy with complex Mondrian surrounds but not with simple center surrounds.
High-Order and Model Reference Consensus Algorithms in Cooperative Control of MultiVehicle Systems

In this paper we study lth-order (l≥3) consensus algorithms, which generalize the existing first-order and second-order consensus algorithms in the literature. We show necessary and sufficient conditions under which each information variable and its higher-order derivatives converge to common values. We also present the idea of higher-order consensus with a leader and introduce the concept of an lth-order model-reference consensus problem, where each information variable and its high-order derivatives not only reach consensus, but also converge to the solution of a prescribed dynamic model. The effectiveness of these algorithms is demonstrated through simulations and a multivehicle cooperative control application, which mimics a flocking behavior in birds.
WUIVAC: a wildland-urban interface evacuation trigger model applied in strategic wildfire scenarios

An evacuation trigger is a point on the landscape that, once crossed by a wildfire, triggers an evacuation for a community. The Wildland-Urban Interface Evacuation (WUIVAC) model can be used to create evacuation trigger buffers around a community using fuels, weather, and topographic inputs. A strategic, community-scale application of WUIVAC for the town of Julian, California was investigated. Eight years of wind measurements were used to determine the worst-case (strongest) winds in 16 directions. Surface fire rate of spread was used to calculate evacuation trigger buffers for the communities of Julian and nearby Whispering Pines, and for three potential evacuation routes. Multiple trigger buffers were combined to create fire planning areas, and trigger buffers that predict the closure of all evacuation routes were explored. WUIVAC trigger buffers offer several potential benefits for strategic evacuation planning, including determination of when to evacuate and locating potential evacuation routes.
TROPICAL MARINE ALGAE: GROWTH IN LABORATORY CULTURE

SUMMARY Mature tropical marine algae were transplanted from Jamaica, Bermuda, and Florida to aquaria at Duke University, North Carolina and The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Genera cultured included: Caulerpa, Halimeda, Penicillus, Udo-tea, Acetabularia, Batophora, Cymopolia, Dictyosphaeria, Neomeris, and Valonia. Methods of transport and culture are described. The use of adult plants was convenient, as well as essential for those genera and species in which spore or gamete stages are as yet unknown. Since only small amounts of seawater were needed for maintenance of the cultures, studies on these livinng marine algae can be made at institutes far from the sea. The growth of new segments and young plants of Halimeda, Penicillus, and Udotea are described as well as gametangial development, aging and decay in Halimeda. Sequential photographs of Penicillus and Halimeda show development from the time the plants first appeared above the sand to relative maturity. Changes in morphology after a few months’culture are also described.
“A Spontaneous Loss of Enthusiasm”: Workplace Feminism and the Transformation of Women's Service Jobs in the 1970s

In 1972, a group of tired stewardesses tried to explain their concerns to the incredulous male transit union officials who led their union. No, the primary issues were not wages and benefits, they insisted, but the particular cut of their uniforms and the sexual insinuations made about their occupation in the new airline advertisements. Their words fell on deaf ears. Despite their commonalities as transportation workers, the gender gap separating the two groups was simply too wide to cross. Indeed, male subway drivers could not understand why the stewardesses would object to their glamorous sex-object image. Deeply held gendered notions of unionism and politics also stood in the way of communication. For even if the complaints of stewardesses were accepted as “real,” to many male union leaders they seemed petty: matters not deserving of serious attention, let alone concerted activity.
The feasibility and safety of same-day discharge after robotic-assisted hysterectomy alone or with other procedures for benign and malignant indications

Abstract Objective This study aimed to report the feasibility and safety of same-day discharge after robotic-assisted hysterectomy. Methods Same-day discharge after robotic-assisted hysterectomy was initiated 07/2010. All cases from then through 12/2012 were captured for quality assessment monitoring. The distance from the hospital to patients' homes was determined using http://maps.google.com . Procedures were categorized as simple (TLH +/− BSO) or complex (TLH +/− BSO with sentinel node mapping, pelvic and/or aortic nodal dissection, appendectomy, or omentectomy). Urgent care center (UCC) visits and readmissions within 30 days of surgery were captured, and time to the visit was determined from the initial surgical date. Results Same-day discharge was planned in 200 cases. Median age was 52 years (range, 30–78), BMI was 26.8 kg/m2 (range, 17.4–56.8), and ASA was class 2 (range, 1–3). Median distance traveled was 31.5 miles (range, 0.2–149). Procedures were simple in 109 (55%) and complex in 91 (45%) cases. The indication for surgery was: endometrial cancer (n = 82; 41%), ovarian cancer (n = 5; 2.5%), cervical cancer (n = 8; 4%), and non-gynecologic cancer/benign (n = 105; 53%). One hundred fifty-seven (78%) had successful same-day discharge. Median time for discharge for these cases was 4.8 h (range, 2.4–10.3). Operative time, case ending before 6 pm, and use of intraoperative ketorolac were associated with successful same-day discharge. UCC visits occurred in 8/157 (5.1%) same-day discharge cases compared to 5/43 (11.6%) requiring admission (P = .08). Readmission was necessary in 4/157 (2.5%) same-day discharge cases compared to 3/43 (7.0%) requiring admission (P = .02). Conclusions Same-day discharge after robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign and malignant conditions is feasible and safe.
Kinetic models of aconitase action.

Abstract An analytic solution is provided for the open and closed tricyclic or centrosymmetric systems. The open or closed linear system follows from either model by setting a pair of reaction rate constants equal to zero. The application of these models to rate constants for aconitase action is discussed.
Interaction of hydrogen with palladium*1

Abstract The adsorption and absorption of hydrogen on palladium wires cleaned by treatment in oxygen to remove surface impurities have been studied using flash filament desorption. The initial hydrogen sticking coefficient was found to be 0.13 and independent of temperature from 100 to 300 °K. With the filament temperature initially at 200 °K, three states, β 1 , β 2 , and β 3 with apparent second order desorption kinetics and binding energies of about 22, 25, and 35 kcal/mole were observed. For hydrogen pressures less than 10 −7 Torr, these states saturate at less than one hydrogen atom per surface palladium atom. The saturation coverage at 300 °K was 0.39 H/Pd and at 200 °K this value was increased to 0.95 H/Pd. These states thus appear to correspond to hydrogen adsorbed on the palladium surface. When the filament temperature was decreased to 100 °K, another state, α, was observed with a desorption activation energy of 13–14 kcal/mole. The sticking co-efficient for this state was about 10 −3 , and the amount of hydrogen taken up in the α state greatly exceeded that of the β states. It is felt that the α state corresponds to solution of the hydrogen in the palladium wire, and the experimental results are shown to be consistent with this hypothesis.
Biased electrodes for SOL control in NSTX

Small electrodes were installed in the outer-midplane edge of NSTX to attempt to control the local width of the scrape-off layer (SOL) by creating an outward E(pol)xB flow. When the applied voltage between electrodes was 90 V, the density between these electrodes increased by a factor of 3-10 over a radial width of similar to 4 cm. Thus a local control of the SOL plasma density was obtained. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Radiation plus adjuvant CCNU (1-[2-chloroethyl]-3cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea) vs CCNU, hydroxyurea and vincristine in the treatment of malignant glimoa

Following maximal surgery, 25 patients with malignant glioma were randomized to receive either radiation therapy and CCNU or radiation therapy and CCNU, hydroxyurea, and vincristine. Radiation therapy included 4000 rad to whole brain followed by 1500 rad to the primary. Chemotherapy was either: CCNU alone 130 mg/m/sup 2/ PO every 6 weeks or triple drug chemotherapy given in 6 week cycles of CCNU 90 mg/m/sup 2/ PO (one dose), vincristine 1 mg/m/sup 2/ IV (one dose), and hydroxyurea 1.5 gm/m/sup 2/ PO every 3 days x 7 doses. Thirteen patients received CCNU alone. Of these, 8 are dead, 2 are alive with progressive disease and 3 are alive with stable disease at 10, 22, and 23 months. Median survival is 10 months. Twelve patients received CCNU, vincristine and hydroxyurea. Of these, 8 are dead, 1 is alive with progressive disease and 3 are stable. Median survival is 9.5 months +. Toxicity included nausea, which was common, leukopenia < 3000 in 7 patients and thrombocytopenia in 9 patients. There were no episodes of bleeding or infection attributable to chemotherapy. Although toxicity was tolerable, no additional benefit could be demonstrated for triple agent chemotherapy with CCNU, vincristine and hydroxyurea compared to CCNUmore » alone. Median survival for both groups was similar at 42 to 44 weeks.« less
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Increases αVβ3 Affinity by Increasing the Amount of Integrin-associated Protein That Is Associated with Non-raft Domains of the Cellular Membrane

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) stimulates an increase in αVβ3 ligand binding. Stimulation of smooth muscle cells by IGF-I requires αVβ3 ligand occupancy, and enhanced αVβ3 ligand occupancy augments IGF-I actions. Therefore, IGF-I-induced changes in αVβ3 ligand binding may act to further enhance IGF-I actions. Integrin-associated protein (IAP) has been shown to be associated with αVβ3 and is required for the binding of αVβ3 to vitronectin-coated beads. We therefore investigated whether IGF-I could stimulate IAP-αVβ3 association resulting in enhanced ligand binding. IGF-I stimulated an increase in IAP-αVβ3 association. This was due, at least in part, to an IGF-I-stimulated redistribution of IAP from the Triton-insoluble fraction of the cell to the Triton-soluble fraction of the cell, where most of the αVβ3 was located. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway blocked both the redistribution of IAP and the increase in IAP-αVβ3 association, providing further evidence that the redistribution of IAP is essential for the increase in association. An anti-IAP monoclonal antibody, blocked both the IGF-I-stimulated increase in IAP-αVβ3complex formation and cell migration. IGF-I-stimulated translocation of IAP and increase in IAP-αVβ3 association represent an important process by which IGF-I modulates αVβ3ligand binding and cellular responses.
Phosphate transport by plasma membranes of enterocytes during development: role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

The present studies were designed to investigate phosphate transport across the brush border and basolateral membranes of enterocytes and to determine the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] on these processes in suckling and adolescent rats. Vitamin D deficiency was induced in suckling rats by feeding pregnant dams a vitamin D-deficient diet 48 h after insemination; they were then kept in the dark. Vitamin D deficiency in the adolescent rats was induced by feeding the vitamin D-deficient diet to weanling rats for 4 wk. V max values for Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake in the brush border membranes of vitamin D-deficient and 1,25(OH)2D3-injected suckling rats was 0.7 +/- 0.1 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 nmol.mg protein-1.10 s-1 (P less than 0.01), respectively; V max values in adolescent rats were 0.2 +/- 0.05 and 0.36 +/- 0.04 nmol.mg protein-1.10 s-1 (P less than 0.05), respectively. Vmax values for Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake in basolateral membranes of vitamin D-deficient and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated suckling rats were 0.006 +/- 0.001 and 0.047 +/- 0.006 nmol.mg protein-1.10 s-1 (P less than 0.01).
Surfactant protein A inhibits alveolar macrophage cytokine production by CD14-independent pathway

The lung collectin surfactant protein A (SP-A) has both anti-inflammatory and prophagocytic activities. We and others previously showed that SP-A inhibits the macrophage production of tumor necrosi...
A lateral carbon nanotube based field emission triode

We are investigating techniques for fabricating lateral CNT-based field emission devices for the purpose of creating diodes, triodes, and ultimately integrated circuits. Our goal is to create CNT-based field emission devices that offer both integration and production advantages over the more typical vertical emission sources, such as those used in display technologies. Since field-emitted current is a very strong function of the applied electric field, these devices will undoubtedly find potential use in applications requiring large gain.
Smokers' relative risk for aortic aneurysm compared with other smoking-related diseases: a systematic review.

Abstract Objective: Aortic aneurysm has traditionally been considered a manifestation of atherosclerosis, but recent evidence suggests an independent pathogenesis, possibly similar to that of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Further insight into the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm might be obtained by comparing its association with smoking with that of other smoking-related diseases. Study design: We conducted a systematic review of studies providing relative risk associated with smoking for both aortic aneurysm and other smoking-related diseases. Results: We identified 10 eligible studies, which included more than 3 million subjects. The events reported in 9 studies were death from target diseases; the tenth study reported new diagnoses. Relative risk for aortic aneurysm-related events in current smokers was generally 3 to 6, compared with 1 to 2 for coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease and 5 to 12 for COPD. For each category of smoking in each study, relative risk associated with smoking was substantially greater for aortic aneurysm than for coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease. Our pooled estimates indicate that, in men, the association of ever smoking with aortic aneurysm is 2.5 times greater than the association of ever smoking with coronary artery disease (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2, 2.8) and 3.5 times greater than the association of ever smoking with cerebrovascular disease (95% CI, 2.4, 5.3), but only 0.56 as great as the association of ever smoking with COPD (95% CI, 0.36, 0.86). Conclusions: The difference in magnitude of these associations with smoking is consistent with a non-atherosclerotic cause for aortic aneurysm and/or a stronger effect of smoking on vascular disease in the peripheral arteries.
Unions as facilitators of employment rights: An analysis of individuals'awareness of parental leave in the national longitudinal survey of youth

This study considers the role of unions and individual characteristics as facilitators of knowledge among employees concerning labor rights. Labor policy by itself is often meaningless without mechanisms that allow implementation of such policy. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), individuals that are entitled to parental leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act but are ignorant of their right were identified. Using longitudinal data from 1992 to 2002, we find that union members’ knowledge regarding their rights is better than that of nonunion members. Other individual and work characteristics are also associated with knowledge regarding parental leave rights.
Removal of hidden neurons in multilayer perceptrons by orthogonal projection and weight crosswise propagation

A new method of pruning away hidden neurons in neural networks is presented in this paper. The hidden neuron is removed by analyzing the orthogonal projection correlations among the outputs of other hidden neurons. The method guarantees the least loss of weight information in terms of orthogonal projection. The remaining weights and thresholds are updated based on the weight crosswise propagation. A practical technique for penalizing the superfluous hidden neurons is explored. Retraining is needed after pruning. Extensive experiments are conducted, and the results demonstrate that the method gives better initial points for retraining and retraining costs less epochs.
Electrocardiographic Studies in Homologous Canine Heart Transplantations

1) In a series of ten dogs subjected to heart transplantation, serial electrocardiograms were recorded from the transplanted and the recipient hearts. 2) Approximately one week following transplantation, changes appeared in the S-T segment and the T wave of the electrocardiogram of the recipient heart without significant alteration of the QRS complexes. These findings resembled those associated with myocarditis and/or pericarditis. 3) Electrocardiographic changes did not appear in animals treated with drugs alone or in animals subjected to kidney transplantation. These findings suggest the possibility of release from transplanted hearts of an organ-specific substance or substances which affected the hearts of the recipients.
Can current technology be integrated to facilitate laparoscopic living donor hepatectomy

Background: Living donor hepatectomy (LDH) is a technically demanding procedure that is an alternative for providing livers for transplantation. Unlike liver resections for other pathology, LDH requires preservation of the major vessels and biliary tree. This study was performed to determine if current technology can be integrated to perform laparoscopic LDH. Methods: Six adult sheep underwent laparoscopic LDH of the left lateral segment under general anesthesia. Instruments utilized included standard dissecting instruments, ultrasound, ultrasonic dissectors, CUSA, the TissueLink Floating Ball, and endoscopic staplers. Results: LDH-harvested liver grafts were 44% of whole liver weight. Estimated blood loss was 300 cc. Warm ischemia time was 5–7 min. Grafts were delivered through 18-cm abdominal wounds. Major vessels and biliary anatomy were positively identified in the grafts. Conclusions: Laparoscopic LDH can be performed with available technology. Theoretical advantages include reduced liver manipulation and smaller wound size.
Multiresolutional symbol processing in intelligent systems

Two major algorithmic tools associated with multiresolutional systems are discussed in this lecture: 1) "Multiresolutional Formation of the Motion Trajectory," and 2) "Synthesis of Possible Worlds". The first tool contains a family of niultiresolutional algorithms applicable for motion planning and control. It focuses upon imagining changes and is actively helpful for reasoning about actions. They are supported by and associated with many auxiliary multiresolutional algorithms of perception, estimation and information organization. The second tool focuses upon creation of new states and objects. It is concerned with the mechanisms of imagination which are supposed to be embodied by the system of goal planning as a component of each intelligent s,ystem. At the present time, we are capable of some rudimentary capabilities to synthesize the alternatives for objects and processes of the reality in a joint functioning of these two tools. The paper outlines the calculus of this synthesis. The views presented in this lecture are oriented toward multiple practices of various Life domains. Somehow, in all cases, the multiresolutional approach turns out to be productive as follows from the examples.
Telehospice acceptance among providers: A multidisciplinary comparison

Telehospice, the delivery of end-of-life care using telecommunications technologies, allows increased interaction between providers and patients. For telehospice to be successful, it must first be accepted by professionals as a useful and user-friendly method of service delivery. Existing research regarding provider acceptance of telehospice has been limited in geographic scope and has often excluded input from key members of the hospice team. This study measured telehospice acceptance in a national sample of hospice professionals from various disciplines (N = 160). Results indicate that acceptance was moderately high overall, although significant differences existed among individuals from different disciplines, with nurses and administrators generally indicating higher levels of acceptance than social workers and chaplains. Findings demonstrate that telehospice interventions will likely be more readily accepted by nursing and administrative staff members, while those employees who address primarily psych...
Fiducial point placement and the accuracy of point-based, rigid body registration.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that the shape of the configuration of fiducial points is an important factor governing target registration error (TRE) in point-based, rigid registration. METHODS: We consider two clinical situations: cranial neurosurgery and pedicle screw placement. For cranial neurosurgery, we apply theoretical results concerning TRE prediction, which we have previously derived and validated, to three hypothetical fiducial marker configurations. We illustrate the profile of expected TRE for each configuration. For pedicle screw placement, we apply the same theory to a common anatomic landmark configuration (tips of spinous and transverse processes) used for pedicle screw placement, and we estimate the error rate expected in placement of the screw. RESULTS: In the cranial neurosurgery example, we demonstrate that relatively small values of TRE may be achieved by using widely spread fiducial markers and/or placing the centroid of the markers near the target. We also demonstrate that near-collinear marker configurations far from the target may result in large TRE values. In the pedicle screw placement example, we demonstrate that the screw must be approximately 4 mm narrower than the pedicle in which it is implanted to minimize the chance of pedicle violation during placement. CONCLUSION: The placement of fiducial points is an important factor in minimizing the error rate for point-based, rigid registration. By using as many points as possible, avoiding near-collinear configurations, and ensuring that the centroid of the fiducial points is as near as possible to the target, TREs can be minimized. (Neurosurgery 48:810‐817, 2001)
Predictors of the Stage of Residential Planning Among Aging Families of Adults With Severe Mental Illness

OBJECTIVE: This study identified predictors of the extent of residential planning carried out by aging families of adults with severe mental illness according to the conceptual framework of the Double ABCX model of family coping and adaptation. METHODS: Mail surveys were completed by 157 mothers (mean age, 67 years) from 41 states who lived with and provided care to offspring with serious mental disorders (mean age, 38 years). Seventy-six percent of the offspring were men (N=120). Sixty percent of the offspring had been given a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=94), 20 percent had multiple diagnoses (N=31), and 16 percent had bipolar disorder (N=25). RESULTS: Higher stages of planning were associated with use of avoidance as a means of coping, discussion of plans with the offspring with a disability, the desire to have family members assume future care responsibilities, lower subjective burden of providing care, and more self-perceived adverse age-related change. The model accounte...
Sedimentation Properties of Simian Virus 40-Specific Ribonucleic Acid Present in Green Monkey Cells During Productive Infection and in Mouse Cells Undergoing Abortive Infection

The size distribution of polyribosome-associated simian virus 40 (SV40) ribonucleic acid (RNA) was examined at various times after productive infection. Eight hours after infection, virus-specific RNA was detected in the 14 to 17S region of a sucrose gradient by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-RNA hybridization; RNA present in fractions sedimenting more rapidly did not react with SV40 DNA. At successively later times, SV40 RNA was detected in more rapidly sedimenting regions. By 24 hr, a portion of the SV40 RNA was detected in the 28S region, sedimenting slightly more rapidly than a MS2 RNA marker. Nuclear SV40 RNA, prepared from cells 48 hr after infection, was distributed in more rapidly sedimenting regions of the gradient, peaking at about 32 to 34S. Some nuclear virus-specific RNA could be detected in the 45 to 50S region. During the abortive infection of mouse cells, the sedimentation profile of SV40 RNA was very similar to that observed during the early phases of the lytic cycle.
An application of expert hierarchical control to piecewise linear systems

A hierarchical control structure is presented for the output feedback control of nonlinear systems approximated by piecewise linear models. At the lowest level, traditional output feedback control techniques are used to design robust local controllers for each operating segment. The low-level control is then enhanced by the use of a supervisory level, which combines clustering and binary tree classification techniques from artificial intelligence to identify the transitions between the models. The controller is trained on typical operating scenarios. The structure is applied to the case of a nonlinear DC servomotor with a piecewise linear model of the thyristor converter dynamics. >
Predissociation of Excited States of H3

Evidence for predissociation of triatomic hydrogen comes from line broadening observed in emission1,2 and in absorption,3 from observation of the neutral fragments that are formed in photodissociation4 and dissociative electron capture5 and from observations of rapid loss of excited state density in specific rovibrational levels in high Rydberg states.6–8
Relapsing Post-hepatitis Aplastic Anemia Immunosuppressive Therapy

A 20-month-old Hispanic male developed severe aplastic anemia after an episode of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prompt and complete recovery of all hematopoietic cell lines occurred after treatment with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and high-dose corticosteroids. Severe aplasia recurred two months later coincident with a mild upper respiratory infection. A second course of immunosuppressive therapy was followed by complete, sustained improvement. The authors' experience provides clinical evidence indicating that immunologic mechanisms are important in the treatment of severe post-hepatitis aplastic anemia. Children in whom aplastic anemia recurs after immunosuppressive treatment may respond to a second course of therapy.
Rotary kiln transport processes

Slow rotation of a cylindrical kiln, partially filled with powder or granular solid, produces a planar interface between the bulk of the solid and the gas phase, tilted at the angle of repose. Particles cascade downward on this plane, moving relatively freely and randomly, providing the principal mechanism for particulate diffusion and mixing in the kiln. The plane is also the most favorable location for chemical reactions that require efficient gas–solid heat and mass transfer. Conservation equations are constructed for planar and bulk regions, coupled by the particulate exchange produced by rotation. Sample problems of mixing and heat exchange illustrate problem formulation and useful simplifications. A penetration model predicts wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients, leading to better agreement with experiment than is obtained when planar processes are omitted.
Implementation of mixed time integration techniques on a vectorized computer with shared memory

The implementation of subcycling in an explicit finite element program executed on a concurrent computer with shared memory is described. The effects of vectorization and parallelization on the speed-up and efficiency achieved with subcycling is discussed. Numerical studies are presented to illustrate the effects of the number of processors, the size of element blocks and problem size. Finally, an efficient allocation algorithm which minimizes the effects of processor idleness is presented.
New therapeutic strategies for BRAF mutant colorectal cancers

Oncogenic BRAF mutations are found in ~10% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and predict poor prognosis. Although BRAF inhibitors have demonstrated striking efficacy in BRAF mutant melanomas, BRAF inhibitor monotherapy is ineffective in BRAF mutant CRC. Over the past few years, studies have begun to define the molecular mechanisms underlying the relative resistance of BRAF mutant CRC to BRAF inhibitors, leading to the development of novel therapeutic strategies that are showing promising clinical activity in initial clinical trials. Our current understanding of the mechanisms of BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF mutant CRC and the therapeutic approaches currently in clinical trials for BRAF mutant CRC are reviewed herein.
The Impact of the Triple Bottom Line on Social Entrepreneurship

The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the impact of the triple bottom line on social entrepreneurship where the triple bottom line is defined as profit, planet and people and social entrepreneurship is defined as entrepreneurial activity embedded with a social purpose such as global warning, poverty, economic inequality, famine, pandemics, terrorism, etc. Specifically, the paper examines the triple bottom line where profit is represented by economic value, planet by sustainability, and people by ethical leadership. The paper also explores social entrepreneurship as a new area of business that takes the problem solving skills of commercial entrepreneurship and combines it with the social concerns of charities and non-profits. The paper concludes that in order for social entrepreneurship to be successful, a paradigm shift of new metrics (beyond the traditional single bottom line metric of profitability) is required.
Influence of gonadal steroids on rat pituitary growth hormone secretion.

Growth hormone (GH) secretion increases at the time of puberty, and both androgens and estrogens increase the GH response to provocative agents. Little is known, however, with regard to the mechanism or site of action of gonadal steroid-stimulated GH secretion. Using monolayer primary cell culture and radioimmunoassay techniques, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), purified and biosynthetic human GH, 17β-estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) effects on GH release from rat anterior pituitary cells were investigated. Media content of rat GH was measured, both basally and after growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) stimulation. IGF-I at 50 nM concentration inhibited basal rGH release but not in GRF-stimulated cells. E2 (10 pM) stimulated basal secretion of rGH, although higher concentrations did not. High concentrations of T (100000 pM) caused an increase in GRF-stimulated rGH secretion. Neither purified nor biosynthetic hGH pretreatment influenced subsequent rGH release. These results suggest that IGF-I inhibits and E2 (low dose) and T (high dose) augment rGH release in part at the level of the anterior pituitary.
The Blocking Effect of Nembutal on the Ovulatory Discharge of Gonadotropin in the Cyclic Rat

SummaryBrief action of Nembutal during certain critical hours on the day of proestrus delays the ovulatory discharge of hypophyseal gonadotrophin for 24 hours. This is evidence of a 24-hour periodicity in the neural mechanism which incites such discharge.
Apoptosis in B lymphocytes: the WEHI-231 perspective.

Abstract In this review we summarize recent work on the molecular basis of apoptosis in the murine B cell lymphoma WEHI-231. WEHI-231 cells undergo apoptosis in response to antigen receptor cross-linking with anti-Ig reagents. Death is specifically triggered via surface IgM (sIgM); cross-linking sIgD, Ia or FcR has no effect. Apoptosis is preceded by growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and may not occur in all currently available WEHI-231 sublines. The continuous passage of WEHI-231 cells in different laboratories has yielded variants that differ greatly in their response to anti-Ig treatment because apoptotic cells tend to be negatively selected in culture. Resistant and susceptible variants undergo growth arrest in response to anti-Ig but only susceptible cells go on to die by apoptosis. Cells resistant to anti-Ig have intact apoptotic machinery as indicated by their susceptibility to dexamethasone, irradiation and other treatments. However, anti-Ig-resistant cells are also resistant to apoptosis induced by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A, FK-506 and rapamycin. We discuss the experimental evidence indicating that the apoptotic machinery in WEHI-231 cells is pre-activated but under constant negative regulation by short-lived protein inhibitors. Inhibition is removed by a mediator released in response to anti-Ig treatment in susceptible sublines. The mediator of death is the sphingosine derivative, ceramide, presumably produced by membrane sphingomyelinases activated by anti-Ig. A hypothetical model on how ceramide kills WEHI-231 is presented.
Ovarian and lymphoid tumors in female mice subsequent to roentgen-ray irradiation and hormone treatment.

Summary and conclusionIrradiated mice given estradiol benzoate did not have ovarian tumours whereas mice given testosterone propionate (1.25 mg weekly) or sesame oil did. Irradiated mice given testosterone propionate had fewer lymphomas than did the mice given estradiol benzoate or sesame oil.
Simulation studies of circular muscle contraction, longitudinal muscle shortening, and their coordination in esophageal transport

On the basis of a fully coupled active musculomechanical model for esophageal transport, we aimed to find the roles of circular muscle (CM) contraction and longitudinal muscle (LM) shortening in esophageal transport, and the influence of their coordination. Two groups of studies were conducted using a computational model. In the first group, bolus transport with only CM contraction, only LM shortening, or both was simulated. Overall features and detailed information on pressure and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of mucosal and the two muscle layers were analyzed. In the second group, bolus transport with varying delay in CM contraction or LM shortening was simulated. The effect of delay on esophageal transport was studied. For cases showing abnormal transport, pressure and CSA were further analyzed. CM contraction by itself was sufficient to transport bolus, but LM shortening by itself was not. CM contraction decreased the CSA and the radius of the muscle layer locally, but LM shortening increased the CSA. Synchronized CM contraction and LM shortening led to overlapping of muscle CSA and pressure peaks. Advancing LM shortening adversely influenced bolus transport, whereas lagging LM shortening was irrelevant to bolus transport. In conclusion, CM contraction generates high squeezing pressure, which plays a primary role in esophageal transport. LM shortening increases muscle CSA, which helps to strengthen CM contraction. Advancing LM shortening decreases esophageal distensibility in the bolus region. Lagging LM shortening no longer helps esophageal transport. Synchronized CM contraction and LM shortening seems to be most effective for esophageal transport.
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: An Underdiagnosed Condition.

Background Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EOGE) is a rare idiopathic disease characterized by eosinophil-predominant inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines. Our aims are to determine the epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of EOGE cases in a tertiary-care hospital.
Simulation-Assisted Estimation

Motivation So far we have examined how to simulate choice probabilities but have not investigated the properties of the parameter estimators that are based on these simulated probabilities. In the applications we have presented, we simply inserted the simulated probabilities into the log-likelihood function and maximized this function, the same as if the probabilities were exact. This procedure seems intuitively reasonable. However, we have not actually shown, at least so far, that the resulting estimator has any desirable properties, such as consistency, asymptotic normality, or efficiency. We have also not explored the possibility that other forms of estimation might perhaps be preferable when simulation is used rather than exact probabilities. The purpose of this chapter is to examine various methods of estimation in the context of simulation. We derive the properties of these estimators and show the conditions under which each estimator is consistent and asymptotically equivalent to the estimator that would arise with exact values rather than simulation. These conditions provide guidance to the researcher on how the simulation needs to be performed to obtain desirable properties of the resultant estimator. The analysis also illuminates the advantages and limitations of each form of estimation, thereby facilitating the researcher's choice among methods.
What is analysis

Wittgenstein's declaration of the inexpressibility of the pictorial form at 2.172 and 2.174 is followed by the introduction of a new notion – the logical form: “What every picture, of whatever form, must have in common with reality in order to be able to depict ( abbilden ) it at all – rightly or falsely – is the logical form ( die logische Form ), that is, the form of reality” (TLP 2. 18). With this mention of “reality,” we are of course called back to the discussion at the beginning of the picture theory. The notion of reality, we have seen, is connected with the existence and nonexistence of atomic facts, which is to say with everything that the picture can be used to depict. It is not at once clear, however, just how such an idea would differentiate the logical form from the pictorial, if Wittgenstein does in fact intend to distinguish the two. After all, the claim that the picture must share with the reality it depicts a pictorial form is central to the picture theory. What is the purpose of holding that there is also common to the picture and reality another kind of form? The basis of Wittgenstein's answer is suggested by the next two remarks: “If the pictorial form is the logical form, then the picture is called a logical picture” (TLP 2.181). “Every picture is also a logical picture. (On the other hand, for example, not every picture is spatial.)” (TLP 2.182). On this account, the logical form appears in some sense to contain the pictorial form: every spatial picture is to be construed as a logical picture, but not every logical picture is spatial (or temporal or colored).
Recurrence Following Combined Surgery and Postoperative Sclerotherapy of Varicose Veins

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and etiology of recurrence of varicose veins, 3 years following treatment with surgery and adjunctive postoperative compression sclerotherapy for residual incompetent peripheral small varicosities which were left untreated at surgery.