cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Paths to Daniel's Mountain: Poetic-Musical Unity in Aquitanian Versus

ABSTRACT Textual-musical integration in representative 12th-century Aquitanian versus suggests that poetic and musical language were shaped not independently but rather in conjunction, inspired by the same rhetorical principles. The versus Resonemus hoc natali (Paris, Bibliotheeque nationale fonds latin 1139, fol. 50v) and De monte lapis scinditur (London, British Library, Additional Manuscript 36881, fol. 19v), both underexplored in the musicological literature, centrally treat the Biblically inspired topos of Daniel9s mountain as a metaphor for Mary9s virginity. Witnessing opposite ends of the versus manuscript chronology, these compositions together offer two discrete snapshots of active and shifting approaches to textual-musical expression in veneration of the Virgin. Stylistic contrasts between the versus parallel a two-pronged path described by English rhetorician Geoffrey de Vinsauf in his influential treatise Poetria nova (ca. 1210). In particular, Geoffrey9s notions of the natural and artistic paths furnish interpretive tools for understanding both poetic and musical discourse. While the earlier Resonemus hoc natali takes a linear path that emphasizes narrative structure, the later De monte lapis travels a more circuitous route of permutation and reconstitution, evoking artifice rather than nature. As poetic texts demanded, or conformed to, new rhetorical strategies, music did likewise, and according to similar rhetorical ideals.
Nonexistence of Global Solutions to Nonlinear Stochastic Wave Equations in Mean L p -Norm

This article is concerned with explosive solutions of the initial-boundary problem for a class of nonlinear stochastic wave equations in a domain &#x1d49f; ⊂ ℝ d . Under appropriate conditions on the initial data, the nonlinear term and the noise intensity, it is proved in Theorem 3.4 that there cannot exist a global solution and the local solution will blow up at a finite time in the mean L p − norm for p ≥ 1. An example is given to show the application of this theorem.
Glucoregulatory responses of adult and aged rats after exposure to chronic stress.

Abstract Stress has been implicated as an environemental factor that may accelerate the process of biological aging. However, this proposal has remained largely anecdotal due to relatively few studies that directly tested this hypothesis. In the present experiments groups of 6-month-old and 20-month-old male F-344 rats were chronically stressed for a six-month period. After the last stress session, when the animals were 12 months of age (adult) and 26 months of age (old), control and chronically stressed rats were tested for their ability to: (a) elicit glucose and insulin responses to an acute, novel stressor; (b) remove a circulatory glucose load elicited either by acute stress exposure or by injection of d-glucose; and (c) raise insulin levels after a glucose challenge. In control rats, we observed a deficit in each of these parameters in old compared to adult rats. Exposure to chronic stress did not exacerbate deterioration of these response mechanisms in either adult or old rats. In fact, the data showed a modest improvement in glucose tolerance in chronically stressed compared to age-matched control rats. We conclude that chronic stress did not exacerbate age-dependent decline of glucoregulatory capacity. From these results and from our earlier work, we speculate that the decline during aging of the functional integrity of systems involved in the response to stress may be sustained by periodic challenges from the organism's external environment.
DNA ligases and ligase-based technologies

Abstract DNA ligases catalyze the strand joining reaction at a nick junction. The requirement of base-pair complementarity at the nick junction has been explored for development of ligase-based technologies for mutation detection. In oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), two DNA probes complementary to the target sequence are joined by DNA ligase. One probe is biotinylated for signal capture and the other is linked with a reporter group for detection. The availability of high fidelity thermostable ligases enables the ligation reaction to be performed in a thermocycling format. Ligase detection reaction (LDR) employs one pair of DNA probes. Continuous target denaturation, probe annealing and strand joining linearly amplify a target sequence. Ligase chain reaction (LCR) or ligase amplification reaction (LAR) employs two complementary pairs of DNA probes for achieving exponential signal amplification. Gap-LCR utilizes DNA polymerase to seal a gap and ligase to seal the nick, preventing template-independent ligation associated with LCR or LAR. Polymerase chain recation (PCR)/LDR has been integrated with an addressable universal array technique to allow highly sensitive and high throughput detection of cancer mutations. Padlock probes are designed for localized allele-specific detection in situ. Rolling circle amplification (RCA), coupled with allele-specific ligation, enables detection of single-nucleotide difference in a single cell. ImmunoRCA, which attaches a RCA primer to an antibody, offers an ultrasensitive method for antigen detection.
Heart rate and body temperature of the uinta ground squirrel in the field

Abstract 1. 1. Mean daily body temperature ( T b ) of individual squirrels in this study varied about 1.1°C or less over several days. 2. 2. Two-minute averages of T b differed by 5.5°C over several days, but on any given day the range of values was less. 3. 3. T b does not regularly rise and fall as squirrels emerge from and descend into a burrow, respectively. 4. 4. Mean heart rates were significantly higher during the day (315/min) than at night (277). 5. 5. Mean daytime HR of some individuals changed significantly from day to day.
Low-liquid pretreatment of corn stover with aqueous ammonia.

Abstract A low-liquid pretreatment method of corn stover using aqueous ammonia was studied to reduce the severity and liquid throughput associated with the pretreatment step for ethanol production. Corn stover was treated at 0.5–50.0 wt.% of ammonia loading, 1:0.2–5.0 (w/w) of solid-to-liquid ratio, 30 °C for 4–12 weeks. The effects of these conditions on the composition and enzyme digestibility of pretreated corn stover were investigated. Pretreatment of corn stover at 30 °C for four weeks using 50 wt.% of ammonia loading and 1:5 solid-to-liquid ratio resulted in 55% delignification and 86.5% glucan digestibility with 15 FPU cellulase + 30 CBU β-glucosidase/g-glucan. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of corn stover treated at 30 °C for four weeks using 50 wt.% ammonia loading and 1:2 solid-to-liquid ratio gave an ethanol yield of 73% of the theoretical maximum based on total carbohydrates (glucan + xylan) present in the untreated material.
Graphical Analysis of Singular Trajectories for Optimal Navigation

It is well-known that the thrust level used to optimize a rocket trajectory depends on the value of a "switching function" /£(t), and that the thrust can have an intermediate value only where K(t) is zero. In this paper the necessary conditions for a drag-free intermediate-thrust suharc (in a plane containing an inverse-squar e-law central force field) are pursued to the point of graphical representation. A coordinate system is presented on which can be defined regions where optimal intermediate-thrust trajectories are impossible. For this same coordinate system (the coordinates are functions of thrust direction and velocity direction) it is shown how analytical results permit plotting several families of contours, including lines of constant instantaneous eccentricity, instantaneous perigee angle, and acceleration ratio (ratio of thrust acceleration to local gravitational acceleration). It is further shown how numerical integration permits construction of other families of curves including a family of intermediate-thrust curves, one of which must be followed during an intermediate-thrust subarc. a b c
Spiral ganglion cell counts in an age-graded series of rat cochleas

Spiral ganglion cells in the cochleas of Sprague-Dawley rats in various age groups were counted in order to assess the extent and location of cell degeneration with age. Cells in every tenth section of serially sectioned plastic embedded cochleas were counted in the light microscope. The median cell number for the 1- to 2-month-old animals was 15,800 cells. This number was first seen to be significantly reduced ( −14%) in the 23- month-old animals. At 27 to 29 months the ganglion cell number was reduced' by 20%, while at 33 to 34 months there was a 17% loss. Losses were found throughout the length of the ganglion with the greatest losses at the lower basal and apical ends. In the oldest group, these losses amounted to 28% and 33%, respectively. Type II ganglion cells first showed a significant decrease in number in the 27 - to 29-month-old group, when a 32% loss was seen. The same loss was seen in the 33- to 34-month-old group. Unlike the type I cells which are lost throughout the length of the ganglion, type II cells were not significantly reduced in number at the basal end, but decreased by as much as 42% in the middle and apical regions.
Self-association of β-lactoglobulin A in acid solution. I. Translational diffusion coefficients

We report measurements of the diffusion coefficient of β-lactoglobulin A (βLG-A) at pH = 5.60 and 4.58 in 0.10 ionic strength acetate buffer by the techniques of analog photocurrent signal correlation and digital single-clipped photon correlation. At a concentration of 21 mg/ml and a pH of 4.58, the self-association of β-lactoglobulin can be represented by a simple dimer–octamer equilibrium model. We determined the translational diffusion coefficient of the dimer and that of the octamer using the scattering results of Kumosinski and Timasheff in a dimer–octamer mixture. Our analysis shows that the dimer βLG-A does not change its size if the pH is varied from 5.60 to 4.58 and both species remain constant in size for temperature changes from 3.5° to 25°C Hydrodynamically, the octamers behave like closed-packed spheres with an effective radius of about 45 A according to the Stokes-Einstein relation.
Simulation of dynamic modes of atomic force microscopy using a 3D finite element model

Abstract In dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM), a cantilever is used to extract surface properties by observing the changes of its dynamic characteristics due to the tip–sample interaction. Analytical/numerical models that can accurately simulate the surface-coupled dynamics of the cantilever are essential for quantitative/qualitative understanding/explanation of measured results. In this paper, a comprehensive finite element model is developed for numerical simulation of free and surface-coupled dynamics of tip–cantilever system in dynamic modes of AFM. Representing the cantilever by three-dimensional beam elements, this model can simulate all the cantilever dynamic modes within a framework of the standard finite element method. Formulations reflecting the exact excitation mechanisms are derived for tapping mode (TM), torsional resonance (TR) mode, and lateral excitation (LE) mode. Under tip–sample interaction, the location/geometry of the tip and the tilting of the cantilever to the sample surface become important and can be easily addressed in this model. With the application of this finite element model, in TM, we show that phase shift of cantilever response and interaction force sensitively depend on in-plane mechanical properties but it is not true for cantilever vibration amplitude. The excitation of higher-order modes of vertical bending is observed in our simulation and its influence on data acquisition and interpretation is discussed. In TR and LE modes, torsion and lateral bending of the cantilever are coupled. We investigate how the torsion and lateral bending contribute to the twist of the cantilever and demonstrate that the lateral bending contribution can be ignored only if the lateral interaction is relatively weak compared to the cantilever stiffness of lateral bending. Tip eccentricity, if any, strongly affects amplitude and phase of cantilever responses and therefore cannot be ignored in TR and LE modes. The differences of TR and LE modes due to their different excitation mechanisms are also discussed. The presented model is capable of accurately simulating the cantilever dynamics under complex tip–sample interaction and might be used for quantitative extraction of surface properties.
Grassland canopy management and native tallgrass species composition effects on C and N in grass canopies and soil

Grassland canopy management (spring burn, mowing and residue removal in late-summer, or no management) and native tallgrass species composition (cool season mixture, warm season mixture, or combined cool and warm mixture) effects on C and N in aboveground biomass and soil were investigated at Brookings SD on a previously-plowed Barnes clay loam (fine-loamy, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludoll). During the last 2 yr of the 9-yr experiment, shoot biomass was affected by canopy management with the burn (2,730 kg ha−1) and mow (3,421 kg ha−1) treatments containing less than no management (4,655 kg ha−1). Burn treatment biomass contained 1,189 kg ha−1 and 25 kg ha−1 of C and N, mow contained 1,433 kg ha−1 and 33 kg ha−1 of C and N, while no management contained 2,014 kg ha−1 and 39 kg ha−1 of C and N, respectively. Soil C accumulation was independent of grass species composition. Soil C accumulation rates, which increased in strong linear fashion (r2 of 0.89 to 0.92) after initial grass establishment, were 387 kg C ha−1 yr−1, 503 kg C ha−1 yr−1, and 711 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for burn, mow, and no management treatments, respectively. Thus, grassland management methods used after conversion of cropland to grassland have important effects on grass biomass and soil C accumulation.
Relative rates of shell dissolution and net sediment accumulation ‐ a commentary: can shell beds form by the gradual accumulation of biogenic debris on the sea floor?

Rates of shell production rarely exceed 500 g CaCO3.m-2yr-1 in clastic sediments. Loss of shell carbonate by dissolution greatly exceeds loss by bioerosion and abrasion in most habitats. Rates of shell dissolution in modern sediments, estimated from rates of organic carbon degradation or measured directly, usually exceed 1000 g CaCo3.M-2yr-1. This taphonomic loss is concentrated at or just below the sediment-water interface in the taphonomically-active zone (TAZ). Consequently, except where rates of shell production are very high or rates of organic carbon degradation very low, shells cannot permanently accumulate on the sea floor. Preservation requires rapid burial, usually by physical ‘event’ processes, to slow down taphonomic loss. Only near the base of the TAZ does the long-term sedimentation rate become an effective mediator of shell preservation as sediment accumulation gradually removes buried shell material from the taphonomically-active zone.
Characterization of age-related gene expression profiling in bone marrow and epididymal adipocytes

While an increase in bone marrow adiposity is associated with age-related bone disease, the function of bone marrow adipocytes has not been studied. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the age-related gene expression profiles in bone marrow adipocytes and epididymal adipocytes. A total of 3918 (13.7%) genes were differentially expressed in bone marrow adipocytes compared to epididymal adipocytes. Bone marrow adipocytes revealed a distinct gene profile with low expression of adipocyte-specific genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), perilipin (Plin1), adipsin (CFD) and high expression of genes associated with early adipocyte differentiation (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2). In addition, a number of genes including secreted frizzled related protein 4 (SFRP4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1), G-protein coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), that could affect adipose-derived signaling to bone are markedly increased in bone marrow adipocytes. Age had a substantial effect on genes associated with mitochondria function and inflammation in bone marrow adipocytes. Twenty seven genes were significantly changed with age in both adipocyte depots. Among these genes, IL6 and GPR109A were significantly reduced with age in both adipocyte depots. Overall, gene profiling reveals a unique phenotype for primary bone marrow adipocytes characterized by low adipose-specific gene expression and high expression of inflammatory response genes. Bone marrow and epididymal adipocytes share a common pathway in response to aging in mice, but age has a greater impact on global gene expression in epididymal than in bone marrow adipocytes. Genes that are differentially expressed at greater levels in the bone marrow are highly regulated with age.
Simultaneous Guaranteed-Cost Vector-Optimal Performance Design for Collections of Systems

The problem of designing a e xed state feedback control law that minimizes an upper bound on linear-quadratic performance measures for m distinct plants is reduced to a convex programming problem. Two methods of reducing conservatism are considered. First, distinct guaranteed-cost bounds are assumed for the individual systems. Second, the performance index is optimized as a vector-valued quantity, and provisions are made to deal with the partially ordered objective space that this implies. The contributions of the paper include the reformulation of the nonlinearprogramming (NLP)problem ofreduced conservatism asonewhichissolvablewith (linear)semidee nite programming software. The advantages are that feasible solutions are found more readily and that the problem is optimized more efe ciently. Further, solutions are guaranteed to be globally optimal, whereas those found using NLP are guaranteed only to be locally optimal. Systems engineering tradeoffs between differentoptimized systems are easily computed with a graphical representation of the set of all noninferior (Pareto optimal ) solutions to the problem. A trajectory optimization example is given.
Evaluation of ride quality prediction methods for operational military helicopters

The results of a simulator study conducted to compare and validate various ride quality prediction methods for use in assessing passenger/crew ride comfort within helicopters are presented. Included are results quantifying 35 helicopter pilots' discomfort responses to helicopter interior noise and vibration typical of routine flights, assessment of various ride quality metrics including the NASA ride comfort model, and examination of possible criteria approaches. Results of the study indicated that crew discomfort results from a complex interaction between vibration and interior noise. Overall measures such as weighted or unweighted root-mean-square acceleration level and A-weighted noise level were not good predictors of discomfort. Accurate prediction required a metric incorporating the interactive effects of both noise and vibration. The best metric for predicting crew comfort to the combined noise and vibration environment was the NASA discomfort index.
Design and analysis of adaptive strategies for locating internet-based servers in MANETs

A critical problem in providing Internet access to Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is how the mobile hosts can locate Internet-based servers efficiently in a dynamic, unstructured network. This paper studies adaptive strategies that combine both proactive advertising by the servers and on-demand discovery by the mobile hosts. The adaptive strategies determine the relative rate of proactive advertising and on-demand discovery according to system characteristics such as host mobility level and offered load. Our simulation study reveals that, compared to the previous proactive strategies and reactive strategies, the adaptive strategies reduce network traffic by several times when the network has a moderate offered load and a low or high level of host mobility.
Performance of honeybees in reversal and ambiguous-cue problems: Tests of a choice model

Individual honeybees visiting the laboratory regularly for food were trained in a variety of discrimination-reversal and ambiguous-cue problems to choose between two differently scented targets, of which one or the other contained sucrose solution. The training was simulated with a set of equations for predicting choice on the basis of associative strength, and the accuracy of prediction was indexed by the root-mean-square deviation of simulated data from obtained data. Developed earlier on the basis of performance in other problems (Couvillon & Bitterman, 1985), the model proved adequate for the new problems as well.
Role of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy in adenocarcinomas of the ampulla of vater.

Purpose: The role of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in the treatment of ampullary cancers remains undefined. We retrospectively compared treatment outcomes in patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy alone versus those who received additional adjuvant CRT. Methods and Materials: Between May 1990 and January 2006, 54 of 96 patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma who underwent potentially curative pancreaticoduodenectomy also received adjuvant CRT. The median preoperative radiation dose was 45 Gy (range, 30-50.4 Gy) and median postoperative dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 45-55.8 Gy). Concurrent chemotherapy included primarily 5-fluorouracil (52%) and capecitabine (43%). Median follow-up was 31 months. Univariate and multivariate statistical methodologies were used to determine significant prognostic factors for local control (LC), distant control (DC), and overall survival (OS). Results: Actuarial 5-year LC, DC, and OS were 77%, 69%, and 64%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age, gender, race/ethnicity, tumor grade, use of adjuvant treatment, and sequencing of adjuvant therapy were not significantly associated with LC, DC, or OS. However, on univariate analysis, T3/T4 tumor stage was prognostic for poorer LC and OS (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively); node-positive disease was prognostic for poorer LC (p = 0.03). On multivariate analysis, T3/T4 tumor stage was independently prognostic for decreased OSmore » (p = 0.002). Among these patients (n = 34), those who received adjuvant CRT had a trend toward improved OS (median, 35.2 vs. 16.5 months; p = 0.06). Conclusions: Ampullary cancers have a distinctly better treatment outcome than pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Higher primary tumor stage (T3/T4), an independent adverse risk factor for poorer treatment outcomes, may warrant the addition of adjuvant CRT to pancreaticoduodenectomy.« less
Exports, policy choices, and economic growth in developing countries after the 1973 oil shock

A study of 43 developing countries in the 1973-78 period of external shocks shows that intercountry differences in the rate of economic growth are affected by differences in investment rates and by the rate of growth of the labor force, by the initial trade policy stance and the adjustment policies applied, and by the level of economic development and the product composition of exports. The results show that the policies adopted have importantly influenced the rate of economic growth in developing countries. In particular, an outward-oriented policy stance at the beginning of the period and reliance on export promotion in response to these shocks, appear to have favorably affected growth performance. The results further indicate the possibilities for low-income countries to accelerate their economic growth through the application of modern technology in an appropriate policy framework as well as the advantages of relying on manufactured exports.
Understanding and managing the emotional reactions to a miscarriage

The experience of loss following a miscarriage tends not to be recognized or validated by many key people in a woman's life, including her physician. Surveys of patient satisfaction following miscarriage indicate a high percentage of anger and dissatisfaction with the medical care received. The main complaints center on physician insensitivity and lack of opportunity to discuss the personal significance of the loss. Satisfaction was highest when there was a follow-up appointment soon after the loss, at which time answers to the almost universally asked questions of why the miscarriage occurred and whether it would happen again were addressed, and sufficient time was allowed to focus on the patient's feelings. The most likely emotions to be present relate to a relatively brief period of loss characterized by grief, dysphoria, and anxiety. The risk of a more intense or longer lasting distress is likely to occur if the woman strongly desired the pregnancy, waited a long time to conceive, has no living children, had elective abortions or other losses in the past, had few warning signs that a loss might occur, experienced the loss relatively late in the pregnancy, has little social support, or has a history of coping poorly. When there is an elevated level of distress, it tends to take the form of depressive and anxiety disorders, often accompanied by feelings of guilt and worries about future reproductive competence. In addition to validating the significance and nature of the patient's feelings, a physician can help the patient develop rituals to facilitate grieving and plan for anticipated, stressful occasions.
Integrating spreadsheet data via accurate and low-effort extraction

Spreadsheets contain valuable data on many topics. However, spreadsheets are difficult to integrate with other data sources. Converting spreadsheet data to the relational model would allow data analysts to use relational integration tools. We propose a two-phase semiautomatic system that extracts accurate relational metadata while minimizing user effort. Based on an undirected graphical model, our system enables downstream spreadsheet integration applications. First, the automatic extractor uses hints from spreadsheets' graphical style and recovered metadata to extract the spreadsheet data as accurately as possible. Second, the interactive repair identifies similar regions in distinct spreadsheets scattered across large spreadsheet corpora, allowing a user's single manual repair to be amortized over many possible extraction errors. Our experiments show that a human can obtain the accurate extraction with just 31% of the manual operations required by a standard classification based technique on two real-world datasets.
Acute toxic hazard evaluations of glyphosate herbicide on terrestrial vertebrates of the oregon coast range

Goal, Scope and Background. The degree to which dose responses of model organisms (lab rodents) can adequately predict dose responses of free-ranging wild mammals or amphibians is unknown, and the relative sensitivity of such species to body loading of a toxicant such as glyphosate is seldom reported. For relative effects of dosage, we compare sensitivity of nine wild vertebrate species to effects of high doses of glyphosate in Swiss-Webster laboratory mice both by gavage and by intraperitoneal injection. We also evaluate sublethal effects of herbicide exposure on behavior and reproductive success of one mammal and one amphibian species
Make, Source, or Buy: The Decision to Acquire a New Reporting System

The College of Business (COB) at Northern Washington University (NWU) needs new data systems to provide reports and information both internally and for its external accrediting body. Dewitt Brown, COBâ€™s associate dean, has been tasked with determining COBâ€™s needs and developing recommendations for sources of systems. COB could develop the systems internally since it has database expertise among its faculty and staff. Or, it could outsource to NWUâ€™s information technology staff. A third option, at least for some systems, is to purchase from an outside vendor. The decision is crucial: efficient, accurate reporting of data is key to COBâ€™s strategic plan to continue its accreditation as well as ensure that operations are smooth as possible. If COB were to lose its accreditation, it would lose status and likely lose funding and students as well.
A model of chronic dyspnea.

Purpose: To present an overview of dyspnea, differentiate chronic dyspnea from acute dyspnea, critique models of dyspnea found in the nursing literature, and propose a new model of chronic dyspnea to guide the care and evaluation of chronic dyspnea in patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea is the major symptom that impairs quality of life for nearly 16 million Americans who have COPD. Methods and Sources: Review of scholarly literature on dyspnea by searching CINAHL and MEDLINE (1980-1998) using dyspnea and chronic obstructive lung disease as key words. The search produced studies conducted by a variety of health care professions including those in nursing, medicine, exercise physiology, and respiratory therapy. Findings: The existing models fail to differentiate between acute and chronic dyspnea. These models were found to be inadequate for guiding interventions to decrease the long-term adverse consequences of chronic dyspnea. Conclusions: A useful model of chronic dyspnea defines chronic dyspnea as distress with varying levels of intensity and long-term physical, psychologic, and sociocultural consequences. The proposed model has implications for both research and clinical practice by identifying the consequences of chronic dyspnea as outcome measures of the effectiveness of treatment.
Dreams: Two types of explanations

2 H. L. A. Hart, "The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights" in Logic and Language, first series, ed. by A. Flew (Oxford: Blackwell, 1951), pp. 160ff. 'P. H. Nowell-Smith, Ethics (London and Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1954), pp. 36-43. 4Ibid., pp. 48-60. " Ibid., p. 64. 6 Nowell-Smith briefly indicates another way to justify his claim. He says that because 'property' is a technical term of the logician we must, in order to find out which adjectives refer to properties, examine the adjectives "that most typically fit what the logician has to say about properties; and these are the names of empirical, descriptive properties" (ibid.). But aside from the fact that we cannot validly deduce the required conclusion from the premises implicit in Nowell-Smith's claim, this kind of attempt will fail because at least certain nonempirical properties such as mathematical and surely logical properties typically fit what the logician says about properties. 'L. Wittgenstein, Notebooks 1914-1916 (New York: Harper, 1961), p. 82e. 8 See L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (London, 1958), 3.34.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT IV. PATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS; GENERAL FEATURES

The results of postmortem examination of cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit together with histologic observations on organs and tissues other than the skeleton have been described. The principal findings were, first, those associated with the characteristic progressive anemia of the disease, such as extramedullary foci of hemopoietic tissue, lymphoid hyperplasia, and the occurrence of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. There was a widespread tissue distribution of intense phosphatase staining and of fine calcium deposition, as would be expected in the circumstances of the profound skeletal abnormality (3). In advanced cases with established growth retardation, malnutrition, and deterioration, the tissues generally showed a decreased glycogen content. The large amount of parathyroid tissue found in both early and late cases suggested a state of hyperparathyroidism. Low serum calcium, high serum phosphorus and phosphatase levels (2), and a predominately osteoblastic reaction (3) were suggestive of hypoparathyroidism. The possibility that an involvement of the parathyroid glands was a basic or primary condition of the disease is discussed. Evidence of a disturbance of other endocrine glands was shown by the predominately acidophilic staining reaction of the colloid of the thyroid, an enlargement of the adrenals in which both cortex and medulla participated, and the tendency toward a basophilia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. It was pointed out that before an explanation of the part played by the parathyroid glands in this disease could be made, other data, including particularly embryological studies, must be available. Similarly, an interpretation of other endocrine gland changes must await additional information.
Response of silicon detectors to monoenergetic electrons with energies between 0.15 and 5.0 MeV

Abstract By means of measurements as well as Monte Carlo calculations response functions have been obtained which describe the pulse-height distributions produced by monoenergetic electrons incident perpendicularly on silicon detectors. Generally good agreement has been found between experimental and Monte Carlo results at energies of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 MeV for detectors with thicknesses of 0.061, 0.105, 0.191, 0.530, 1.0 and 3.0 mm. Additional calculated results have been obtained as follows: (1) response functions at fifteen energies between 0.15 and 5.0 MeV for detectors with ten thicknesses between 0.05 and 10.0 mm; (2) response functions for arrangements in which the silicon detector is shielded partially or completely by other detectors operating in anticoincidence; (3) reflection, transmission and absorption coefficients of electrons for plane-parallel silicon targets.
Demand- and source-driven prioritization framework toward integrated building water management (IBWM)

Abstract Historically, the building industry has taken a somewhat compartmentalized approach to water management. The use of alternative water sources (e.g., rainwater, municipal reclaimed water, air conditioning condensate, or stormwater) or the reuse of wastewater (gray or black) significantly complicates the water budget picture. A total water management systems approach, taking into consideration water from various sources, both inside and outside the building, should be implemented in order to devise a strategy for optimal reduction of potable water consumption and wastewater generation. A building water cycle is complicated by nonlinearity introduced by water recycling, necessitating prioritization. A prioritization framework for the support of integrated building water management (IBWM) is presented. The framework is developed by prioritizing both water demands and supplies, recognizing that there are tradeoffs among water usage, energy requirements, and costs based on changes in water quality. The resulting algorithm successfully produces dynamic output water profiles based on three scenarios (constant, residential, and commercial) utilizing the prioritization framework. The ability of the algorithm to track water allocation and potable water reduction is tested using scenarios applied to a hotel building water cycle. Evaluation of multiple water demands and sources at varying temporal scales validates the framework's flexibility.
Effects of Acids on Potassium Sorbate Inhibition of Food‐Related Microorganisms in Culture Media

Effects of potassium sorbate in combination with citric, lactic, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids on the growth of six food-related microorganisms were studied. Trypticase soy broth with 0.1 or 0.2% sorbate adjusted to pH 5.5 with any of the acids was bacteriostatic to Yersinia enterocolitica 0:17. These combinations at pH 5.5 were also bacteriostatic to Salmonello group D, and extended the lag phase of Pseudomonas fluorescens for 24 hr. Combinations of either organic acid with 0.2% sorbate at pH 5.5, reduced the growth rate of Lactobacillus plantarum and an unidentified lactobacillus isolated from frankfurters. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was unaffected by any sorbate-acid combination. Organic acids, specifically citric and lactic, potentiate the antimicrobial action of potassium sorbate.
Drosophila glypicans control the cell-to-cell movement of Hedgehog by a dynamin-independent process

The signalling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) functions as a morphogen to pattern a field of cells in animal development. Previous studies in Drosophila have demonstrated that Tout-velu (Ttv), a heparan sulphate polymerase, is required for Hh movement across receiving cells. However, the molecular mechanism of Ttv- mediated Hh movement is poorly defined. We show that Dally and Dally-like (Dly), two Drosophila glypican members of the heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) family, are the substrates of Ttv and are essential for Hh movement. We show that embryos lacking dly activity exhibit defects in Hh distribution and its subsequent signalling. However, both Dally and Dly are involved and are functionally redundant in Hh movement during wing development. We further demonstrate that Hh movement in its receiving cells is regulated by a cell-to-cell mechanism that is independent of dynamin-mediated endocytosis. We propose that glypicans transfer Hh along the cell membrane to pattern a field of cells.
Iron and atherosclerosis: inhibition by the iron chelator deferiprone (L1).

Abstract Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative modification of lipoproteins may play a significant role in atherogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that the iron chelator deferiprone (L1) would function as an antioxidant and decrease atherosclerosis progression. Materials and Methods: For thein vitrostudies, human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was collected and then subjected to oxidation by either hemin/H2O2or copper sulfate in the presence of various concentrations of L1. Lag time to oxidation was measured to assess antioxidant activity of L1. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were subjected to oxidized LDL in the presence of varying concentrations of L1 to assess the antioxidant cytoprotective ability of L1. For thein vivostudies, rabbits (n= 21) were maintained on a 0.25% by weight cholesterol diet for 10 weeks; 9 rabbits also received twice daily L1 by gavage (total dose = 100 mg/kg/day). Lipid profiles were measured during the study. At 10 weeks, rabbits were sacrificed, and thoracic aorta cholesterol content (TACC) and planimetry were determined to assess atherosclerosis severity. Results:In vitro,L1 prevented oxidation of LDL and protected HUVEC from the cytotoxic effects of oxidized LDL in a concentration-dependent manner.In vivo,L1 reduced TACC (P= 0.001), while also significantly decreasing total plasma cholesterol (P= 0.003), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P= 0.01), and LDL cholesterol (P= 0.002) compared to control animals. However, no significant differences between L1-treated animals and controls were evident for the surface area of plaque involvement by planimetry (P= 0.3) or in the serum iron levels (P= 0.3). Conclusions: These results confirm that L1 possesses antioxidant activityin vitroand may reduce atherogenesisin vivo.
Electron correlations in quasi-2D structures at high magnetic fields in the presence of embedded donor impurities

Abstract Systematic far infrared (FIR) magneto-spectroscopic studies have been carried out on a series of GaAs / AlGaAs multiple quantum well (QW) structures, δ -doped with Si donors in both well and barrier centers. Filling-factor ( ν )-dependent energy blueshifts of the many-electron singlet-like transition have been observed in the integer and fractional Quantum Hall regime. For all samples studied the blueshift of this transition decreases with increasing B for ν − ) ions, is understood in the context of exact diagonalization studies of a donor and confined electrons. Our results show that FIR magneto-optical excitations of the system depend sensitively on the microscopic electron configuration in the vicinity of the positive donor ions due to electron correlations and localization at high magnetic fields.
Suggestions for Consideration by the Welfare Reform Working Group

Deteriorating poverty and the need for an improved welfare system are not just urban issues, but have a significant rural dimension as well. 1. Rural poverty, while less noticed than inner-city poverty, is a persistent and growing problem that should not be overlooked in current efforts at welfare reform. 2. Since rural poverty is different from inner-city poverty, new welfare policy and programs must include specifically designed versions appropriate for implementation in rural areas. 3. Because rural poverty varies around the nation, rural-appropriate strategies must allow latitude for adaptation to particular regional and local conditions. 4. To be effective in helping rural welfare recipients move off and remain off public assistance, a reformed welfare system must accommodate their special problems and needs, and build on the strengths of rural people and places.
Multiscale geomorphic drivers of groundwater flow paths: subsurface hydrologic dynamics and hyporheic habitat diversity

AbstractApplication of a hydrogeologic computer model underscored the importance of geomorphic controls on groundwater and surface-water flow dynamics in the Nyack Floodplain, a montane alluvial floodplain in Montana, USA. The model represented the floodplain as a hierarchy of geomorphic patches, which facilitated analysis of model results using independent (predictor) variables at multiple scales. The analyses revealed that geomorphic structures at various spatial scales interact with the flow regime to influence the direction, magnitude, and stability of hyporheic flow within individual floodplain patches. Specifically: 1) the hydrologic flow network within the hyporheic zone is more responsive to seasonal changes in river discharge if floodplain topography is complex and aquifer properties are heterogeneous, 2) simplification of internal patch structure across the floodplain eliminates the influence of fine-scale geomorphic structures on the stability of groundwater flow paths, although the influence o...
Diffusion Rates of Carbon in Iron-Molybdenum and Iron-Tungsten Alloys

Measurements are reported of the influence of tungsten and molybdenum on the diffusion rate of carbon in face-centered iron at 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Both of these elements slow down the diffusion of carbon, the influence of tungsten being more than twice that of molybdenum. These results are compared with previous measurements on iron-cobalt alloys and other known data. No connection seems to exist between the variation in lattice parameter of face-centered iron and the variation in diffusion rate of carbon.
Testing the Limits of Exchange in Organic Molecules

Abstract By use of geometric/conformational constraints and extensions, it is possible to test the limits to which intramolecular exchange may be controlled in conjugated, open-shell organic models for large, extended polyradicals and magnetic domains.
The Radical Potential of the Food Justice Movement

The two main threats to our people and planet are climate change and corporate control of our economy and polity.[1] These enormous and completely intertwined issues will take a mass movement of epic proportions to shift. Time is of the essence as climate, economic and political disasters keep coming, ever gaining in intensity, impoverishing our people while enriching the transnational and national corporations. Agreements like the Trans Pacific Partnership that would further strip national governments of their rights to protect labor and the environments in favor of protecting corporate profits cast this future as likely to deepen. The need to build dynamic and effective movements that embody the needs of our people is an imperative for those of us who believe that only democratic struggles, led by the most oppressed and joined by allies, can create a new world. We need that new world more than ever as we face the realities of life on earth shifting before our very eyes. The Food Justice Movement (FJM) offers a door through which to enter the enormous and often baffling labyrinth of broad sectors, issues, analyses and strategies of movements that exist and need to expand and gel.
The neuroanatomical delineation of agentic and affiliative extraversion

Extraversion is a fascinating personality dimension that consists of two major components, agentic extraversion and affiliative extraversion. Agentic extraversion involves incentive motivation and is expressed as a tendency toward assertiveness, persistence, and achievement. Affiliative extraversion involves the positive emotion of social warmth and is expressed as a tendency toward amicability, gregariousness, and affection. Here we investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of the personality traits of agentic and affiliative extraversion using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and voxel-based morphometry in a sample of 83 healthy adult volunteers. We found that trait agentic extraversion and trait affiliative extraversion were each positively associated with the volume of the medial orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally (t’s ≥ 2.03, r’s ≥ .23, p’s < .05). Agentic extraversion was specifically and positively related to the volume of the left parahippocampal gyrus (t = 4.08, r = .21, p < .05), left cingulate gyrus (t = 4.75, r = .28, p < .05), left caudate (t = 4.29, r = .24, p < .05), and left precentral gyrus (t = 4.00, r = .18, p < .05) in males and females, and the volume of the right nucleus accumbens in males (t = 2.92, r = .20, p < .05). Trait affiliative extraversion was not found to be associated with additional regions beyond the medial orbitofrontal cortex. The findings provide the first evidence of a neuroanatomical dissociation between the personality traits of agentic and affiliative extraversion in healthy adults.
Using a Value-Added Approach to Assess the Sociology Major:

Universities across the nation have been called upon to provide evidence of student learning through direct means of assessment. Value-added assessment, which aims to document the development of st...
Spontaneous Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Dissection Presenting as Claudication: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Spontaneous infrarenal abdominal aortic dissection (SIAAD) is rare. Patients with SIAAD may be asymptomatic or may present with abdominal pain or lower extremity ischemia. We describe a case report of a patient with SIAAD who presented with claudication. We reviewed the English literature on this disorder and specifically evaluated the differences between patients on the basis of their presenting symptoms. Patients who had SIAAD and lower extremity ischemia were more likely to have the dissection process extend into the iliac or femoral artery and were less likely to have an associated abdominal aortic aneurysm. Aortic rupture in the presence of SIAAD was associated with increased risk of death.
Diverse effect of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-dipyridyl on the synthesis of collagen and noncollagenous proteins in in vivo and in vitro systems.

Abstract Both ferrous iron chelators inhibit synthesis of collagenous hydroxyproline in the system of skin slices while the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins significantly stimulated by certain concentrations of these agents. When intact rats were injected with 1,10-phenanthroline for various times up to 14 weeks there was no effect on the amount or synthesis of hydroxyproline in the liver, while the synthesis of total noncollagenous liver proteins as well as microsomal proteins was increased following high doses of this agent. This finding is related to an inductive effect of this drug on the microsomal system while the in vitro effects are related to chelation.
Future paths for integer programming and links to artificial intelligence

Abstract Integer programming has benefited from many innovations in models and methods. Some of the promising directions for elaborating these innovations in the future may be viewed from a framework that links the perspectives of artificial intelligence and operations research. To demonstrate this, four key areas are examined: 1. (1) controlled randomization, 2. (2) learning strategies, 3. (3) induced decomposition and 4. (4) tabu search. Each of these is shown to have characteristics that appear usefully relevant to developments on the horizon.