cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship education: towards a discipline‐based framework

Purpose – The purpose of this exploratory research was to investigate whether: entrepreneurship in the higher education context can be distinguished by disciplined‐based needs; and curricula can be developed around these needs.Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed the literature related to the development of professions in order to establish a sound theoretical base to distinguish disciplines that require stringent criteria, and which potentially would challenge the introduction of a more flexible curriculum that includes contemporary concepts such as entrepreneurship. The research then focused on two other groups of disciplines which lead to entrepreneurial opportunities with distinct needs in (principally) people management and intellectual property law. This discussion was couched in the occupational motivation literature. Semi‐structured interviews (n=31) were conducted with individuals randomly selected from three groups associated with an American Land Grant Research University. Additio...
Evolution of a magnetic bubble after quantum nucleation

Chudnovsky and Gunther recently presented a theory of quantum nucleation in a ferromagnet [Phys. Rev. B 37, 9455 (1989)]. As a sequel, this paper is concerned with the evolution of the magnetic bubble after its materialization.
Protecting children in the age of outrage: a new perspective on child protective services reform

In recent years, calls for reform of Child Protective Services (CPS) have been frequent and impassioned, often sparked by public outrage over deleterious, media-sensationalized events involving chi...
Modeling of spacecraft contamination outgassing as a diffusion controlled process

The 3D diffusion equation is solved for molecular outgassing from a porous layer of sample material covering an inert substrate in the form of a right circular cylinder. Expressions are derived for the time dependence of the residual concentrations of outgassable materials in the porous layer and the masses of outgassable materials that are leaving the porous layer. A separate diffusion function can be extracted from outgassing measurement data for each grouping of outgassing molecules corresponding to the mass deposited on temperature-controlled quartz crystal microbalances held at different temperatures. The different time dependences of the different diffusing species are described by individual diffusion coefficients. The analytic form of the diffusion function permits extrapolation of residual concentrations of outgassing molecules to long times for each grouping of molecular components.
An Approach to Symptoms at the Interface of Medicine and Psychiatry: Pain, Insomnia, Weight Loss and Anorexia, Fatigue and Forgetfulness, and Sexual Dysfunction

Primary care physicians commonly deal with patients who present with a somatic complaint for which no clear organic etiology can be found. This article discusses how a psychiatrist thinks about somatic symptoms (eg, pain, insomnia, weight loss and loss of appetite, fatigue and forgetfulness, sexual dysfunction) in a patient who might have depression. The management of a patient in whom no satisfactory medical or psychiatric diagnosis can be made is also reviewed briefly.
Cannabis Use Disorders in Schizophrenia: Effects on Cognition and Symptoms

Objective Despite the controversy surrounding the possible causal link between cannabis use and the onset of schizophrenia (SZ), data seeking to elucidate the effect of cannabis use disorders (CUD) on the clinical presentation of SZ have produced mixed results. Although several studies have suggested that CUD in patients with SZ may be associated with variation in cognitive function, clinical presentation and course of illness, the effects have been inconsistent.
Studies on the mechanism of ethanolamine-ammonia lyase using 2-ethoxyethylamine as a substrate.

Abstract In addition to ethanolamine and propanolamine it was found that 2-ethoxyethylamine is a substrate for the corrin-dependent enzyme ethanolamine-ammonia lyase. The enzyme has the same V for 2-ethoxyethylamine as ethanolamine, but the Km for this substrate is 4.3 · 10−3 M. Acetaldehyde and ethylamine were isolated and characterized as reaction products from 2-ethoxyethylamine. When deuterium and tritium replaced hydrogens at the amino carbon of 2-ethoxyethylamine a primary isotope effect was observed for hydrogen transfer with k H k 2 H = 2.2 and k H k 3 H = 4.0 . Tritium was shown to be transferred from the amino carbon of 2-ethoxyethylamine into the 5′-methylene group of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole B12 coenzyme (DMBC) during catalysis. The extent of tritium incorporation into DMBC was shown to be dependent on the ratio of ethanolamine-ammonia tyase holoenzyme to tritiated 2-ethoxyethylamine. Also, tritium was shown to be incorporated into the 5′-methylene group of DMBC from ethanolamine labelled with tritium in the amino carbon, but this exchange was shown to be non-specific. When DMBC was photolysed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of 2-ethoxyethylamine, labelled with tritium in the amino carbon, then the methylene radical generated by photolysis specifically abstracts tritium from the amino carbon of this substrate. The nucleoside product was identified as 5′-deoxyadenosine. When similar photolysis experiements with DMBC were carried out in ethanolamine, tritiated in the amino carbon, non-specific abstraction of both hydrogen and tritium from both carbons was observed. Acetaldehyde was isolated and characterized as a product from both 2-ethoxyethylamine and ethanolamine in these photolysis experiments. The quantity of acetaldehyde formed is directly proportional to the quantity of nucleoside formed by the photolysis of DMBC. These data are consistent with those obtained from enzymatic studies indicating that substrate-dependent homolysis of the CoC σ bond occurs as a prerequisite for hydrogen transfer in ethanolamine-ammonia lyase.
On the selectivity of 7-nitroindazole as an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase

Abstract Not only neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) but endothelial NOS is inhibited by 7-nitroindazole in vivo
Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia

The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is a cell surface transmembrane protein that mediates the uptake and lysosomal degradation of plasma LDL, thereby providing cholesterol to cells. Mutations disrupting the function of this receptor produce autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Affected individuals have elevated plasma levels of LDL, which causes premature coronary atherosclerosis. To date, 71 mutations in the LDL receptor gene have been characterized at a molecular level. In this report, we describe 79 additional mutations and review the insights that all 150 mutations have provided into the structure/function relationship of the receptor protein and the clinical manifestations of FH.
A miniaturized negative-impedance voice repeater employing transistors

Unprecedented service demands on the telephone operating companies have emphasized the need for an economical means to extend transmission ranges and to permit the reduction of cable gages in local office areas. As a result, considerable interest has developed in the negative-impedance-type repeater, recently introduced and now finding wide application by the Bell System.
Conversational implicature in children's comprehension of reference

Conversational implicature is a central process in natural language comprehension. This study shows that grade school children cooperate in the creation of the meaning of messages by actively trying to compute implicatures. Previous analyses of the development of comprehension skills have concluded that children's responses to underinformative messages reflect inability to recognize when others’ messages violate rules for clear and efficient communication. The present analysis suggests, on the contrary, that children use apparent rule violations as a starting point for computing conversational implicatures.
Investigation of the flowfield immediately upstream of a hot film probe

The laminar flowfield in a rectangular channel immediately upstream of a hot film gradient probe with two parallel films was investigated in the range of Reynolds number Repr= 6 to 95, with the Reynolds number based on the probe diameter and the local flow velocity. For this study a photochromic dye flow visualization technique was used. The results show that the smaller the Reynolds number Reprthe larger the influence of the probe is upon the flowfield. No distinct influence of the probe location relative to the channel walls on the flow deceleration process immediately upstream of the probe was observed.
Parliamentary reporting in great Britian during the 17th and 18th centuries

This article traces the evolution of British parliamentary reporting during the 17th and 18th centuries. Although the accuracy of reporting improved toward the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, contemporary speech scholars and critics should approach the parliamentary record of the entire period with considerable circumspection and caution.
Financial liberalization and banking efficiency: evidence from Turkey

This paper examines the banking efficiency in a pre- and post-liberalization environment by drawing on the Turkish experience by using DEA. The paper also investigates the scale effect on efficiency. Our findings suggest that liberalization programs were followed by an observable decline in efficiency. Another finding of the study is that the Turkish banking system had a serious scale problem during the study period. The second part of our analysis relied on econometric methods and found that one major reason for such system-wide efficiency decline has been the growing macroeconomic instability of the Turkish economy in general and financial sector in particular.
Low-affinity platelet factor 4 1H NMR derived aggregate equilibria indicate a physiologic preference for monomers over dimers and tetramers.

Low-affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4), unlike another related, sequentially homologous (about 50%) platelet-specific protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4), is an active mitogenic and chemotactic agent. PF4 exhibits a high binding affinity for heparin, while LA-PF4 does not. Both PF4 and LA-PF4 can exist in dimer and tetramer aggregate states. Equilibrium constants for PF4 aggregation have recently been estimated from fractional populations derived from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) integrals assigned to resonances in monomer, dimer, and tetramer states [Mayo & Chen (1989) Biochemistry 28, 9469]. On a 500-MHz NMR time scale, relatively slow exchange among LA-PF4 aggregate species has also allowed Tyr 15 ring proton resonances to be assigned for monomer, dimer, and tetramer states in LA-PF4. As a function of pH and ionic strength, equilibrium association constants for LA-PF4 dimer (KD) and tetramer (KT) formation have been estimated from Tyr 15 ring proton resonance integrals. At low ionic strength, KD reaches a minimum value of 12 M-1 at pH 3 where KT is at its maximum value of 1.6 x 10(5) M-1. At pH 4.1, KD and KT have the same value, 1.1 x 10(3) M-1, which is the minimum value for KT. KD plateaus off to its maximum value of 2.2 x 10(4) M-1 by pH 5.5. These values are significantly lower than those for PF4. Analysis of the pH dependence of KD and KT suggests that electrostatic interactions probably among Glu/Asp and Lys/Arg side chains form the predominant force in the monomer-monomer binding process, i.e., KD, while like-charge repulsion due to proximal, intersubunit Glu/Asp residues decreases KT as the pH is raised. At pH 7 and low ionic strength, the dimer state is highly favored over the tetramer state. Elevating the solvent ionic strength at pH 7 destabilizes the dimer state. Under these more physiologic conditions, i.e., pH 7 and 0.1-0.2 M NaCl, LA-PF4 monomers are highly favored over dimers and tetramers. For PF4 under similar solvent conditions, tetramers predominate. Differences in biological activities between these homologous platelet-specific proteins may be the result, at least in part, of differing aggregation properties. The biologically active state for PF4 is tetramer, while for LA-PF4 it is monomer. Quaternary structure may, therefore, account for strong heparin binding in PF4, most likely by presenting a more favorable structural matrix for effective glycosaminoglycan interactions.
XeBr exciplex laser

Laser emission from the recently discovered XeBr exciplex laser was investigated as a function of the partial pressures of Xe and Br2. An optical loss process appears to limit high‐pressure operation.
Where in the brain is morality? Everywhere and maybe nowhere.

The neuroscience of morality has focused on how morality works and where it is in the brain. In tackling these questions, researchers have taken both domain-specific and domain-general approaches—searching for neural substrates and systems dedicated to moral cognition versus characterizing the contributions of domain-general processes. Where in the brain is morality? On one hand, morality is made up of complex cognitive processes, deployed across many domains and housed all over the brain. On the other hand, no neural substrate or system that uniquely supports moral cognition has been found. In this review, we will discuss early assumptions of domain-specificity in moral neuroscience as well as subsequent investigations of domain-general contributions, taking emotion and social cognition (i.e., theory of mind) as case studies. Finally, we will consider possible cognitive accounts of a domain-specific morality: Does uniquely moral cognition exist?
Photo-induced interaction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic dye molecules at nanometer distances

Abstract This study investigated the possible efficient photo-induced interaction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic dyes that were separated by several special micro-environments. The three coumarin dyes as hydrophobic dyes and Rose Bengal B Na + salt (RB) as a hydrophilic dye were chosen as the energy donor and the acceptor in this report. The two kinds of dye molecules can be separated fully in anionic, neutral and cationic micelles, and mixed surfactant vesicles, while energy can be still transferred efficiently from the coumarin dyes to RB. The results showed that the quenched fluorescence of the coumarin dyes by RB does not follow the Stern–Volmer equation, but agrees well with the Perrin formulation, indicating that the energy transfer takes place through Forster's dipole–dipole interaction. The calculated results from Forster's theory reveal that the energy donor and acceptor can interact strongly even if they are separated on the average by about 4–5 nm in these micro-environments.
A synoptic study of doppler scintillation transients in the solar wind

This paper conducts the first synoptic study of Doppler scintillation transients caused by interplanetary disturbances. The Doppler scintillation data used are part of the 2.3-GHz navigation data collected by the NASA Deep Space Network when tracking planetary spacecraft during 1979-1983, a period that includes solar maximum. A total of 148 separate transients covering a heliocentric distance range of 5-179 solar radii were detected, including 26 transients detected by more than one spacecraft. The frequency of occurrence was highest near the sun and decreased with radial distance, a reflection of the radial evolution of the transients and the sensitivity of the Doppler scintillation measurements to transients. Since transients can be disruptive, as was demonstrated during the encounter of Saturn by Pioneer 11 in 1979, information on Doppler scintillation transients is essential.
Near ultraviolet photodissociation spectroscopy of Mn+(H2O) and Mn+(D2O)

The electronic spectra of Mn+(H2O) and Mn+(D2O) have been measured from 30 000 to 35 000 cm−1 using photodissociation spectroscopy. Transitions are observed from the 7A1 ground state in which the Mn+ is in a 3d54s1 electronic configuration, to the 7B2 (3d54py) and 7B1 (3d54px) excited states with T0 = 30 210 and 32 274 cm−1, respectively. Each electronic transition has partially resolved rotational and extensive vibrational structure with an extended progression in the metal−ligand stretch at a frequency of ∼450 cm−1. There are also progressions in the in-plane bend in the 7B2 state, due to vibronic coupling, and the out-of-plane bend in the 7B1 state, where the calculation illustrates that this state is slightly non-planar. Electronic structure computations at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ and TD-DFT B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level are also used to characterize the ground and excited states, respectively. These calculations predict a ground state Mn-O bond length of 2.18 A. Analysis of the experimentally observe...
Online resource minimization

Many real-world problems can be modeled as online optimization problems. In these problems, information arrives over time, while decisions must be made at time points based only on the information then available. Surveys of online algorithms are given in Sgall (1997) and Coffman Jr., Garey and Johnson (1996), while Albers (1997) and Ascheuer et al. (1998) describe practical situations where online algorithms can be used. We investigate a new basic online problem in which work with different deadlines arrives over time, a level of resources must be chosen at each decision point so as to meet all deadlines, and the objective is to minimize the maximum resource usage. The problem is motivated by cases in vehicle fleet planning, warehouse allocation, workspace procurement, and electricity consumption, where the controllable portion of total costs varies with the maximum amount of resource procured. In Section 2, we define our online resource minimization problem, and introduce the notation that will be used throughout. Online algorithms are typically evaluated by means of their competitive ratio, which is the worst-case ratio of the performance of the online algorithm to the performance of an optimal algorithm with perfect information. We end section 2 by deriving a closed-form expression for the optimal value with perfect information. In Section 3 we introduce the α-policy, a simple parameterized policy with parameter α and worst-case ratio α, provided it is feasible. The main result of this section is that, with appropriate parameter choice, the α-policy has as good a worst-case ratio as any other policy. This result applies to any online minimax problem satisfying certain natural conditions. For our problem, we also show that an optimal parameter value α∗ exists. Hence α∗ also equals the optimal competitive ratio. We also show that to find α∗ it is sufficient to study the more restricted version of the problem in which all deadlines coincide with the planning horizon. We introduce two other classes of policies, called the φ-policies and the ψ-policies, in Section 4. Analysis of these policies provides an upper bound on the optimal competitive ratio of α∗ ≤ 3.45. The φ-policy is shown to achieve competitive ratio at best 4. We tackle lower bounds on α∗ in section 5, by finding a closed-form integral expression, and a coupled differential equation system for continuous approximations of the problem. Analytic and numeric solutions of these continuous models lead to a 10,000 period instance that proves α∗ > 2.51. We also conduct a computational study of the α-policy, the φ-policy, and the ψ-policy, and find that the φ-policy usually performs best, and the α-policy typically performs worst. Thus the average-case performance rankings are the reverse of the worst-case performance rankings. These results are described in Section 6.
Limited-resource allocation in construction projects

The limited-resource allocation problem arises in many construction projects when there are different limitations on the amount of resources available to the contractor. The scheduling objective is to hold project duration to a minimum while resolving the resource conflict by shifting the activities until the resource requirements do not exceed the amount of resource available. The objective is to minimize project duration using the resources available and increase the utilization of equipment and labor force available. Numerous computer packages have been developed for limited-resource management. Some of these packages assign priorities to the project activities based on measures obtained from the critical path calculations. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the major difference between the approach taken by the commercial computer packages and some of the priority ranking procedures developed in some of the heuristic techniques.
Particle filtering and moving horizon estimation

This paper provides an overview of currently available methods for state estimation of linear, constrained and nonlinear systems. The following methods are discussed: Kalman filtering, extended Kalman filtering, unscented Kalman filtering, particle filtering, and moving horizon estimation. The current research literature on particle filtering and moving horizon estimation is reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are presented. Topics for new research are suggested that address combining the best features of moving horizon estimation and particle filters.
Exploring technologies for building collaborative learning communities among diverse student populations

Collaborative learning has long been recognized as an effective approach to enhance the learning process. The purpose of this research was to investigate mechanisms for building an inclusive collaborative learning community outside the classroom that connects students with diverse backgrounds and ultimately enhances students' learning experience. To accomplish this, we conducted a study using blogs and user groups to support virtual collaborative communities in our upper division computer science courses. Our results show that blogs are an effective tool for bringing together these diverse student groups to create an inclusive learning environment.
On exclusive weak decays of Λb

Abstract Some exclusive weak decays of bottom baryons into final states containing charmed baryons are studied in the heavy-quark limit.
Thermal conductivity of a clay-based aerogel

Abstract Aerogel materials exhibit superior thermal insulation characteristics due largely to their highly porous internal structure. A recently developed class of montmorillonite clay-based aerogels provides the attractive thermal properties of traditional aerogel materials using constituents that are chemically benign and abundantly available. Results are compared for aerogels made from clay alone and those with polyvinyl alcohol introduced during processing. Results demonstrate that as well as strength advantages, the addition of the polymer also leads to a reduction in thermal conductivity. Experimental thermal conductivity data as well as a model to describe the mechanisms involved in impeding thermal transport are presented.
GAC1, a gene encoding a putative GTPase-activating protein, regulates bikaverin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides.

Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph Gibber- ella moniliformis) is an ascomycete known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, including fumoni- sins, fusaric acid and bikaverin. These metabolites are synthesized when the fungus is under stress, notably nutrient limitations. To date we have limited under- standing of the complex regulatory process associated with fungal secondary metabolism. In this study we generated a collection of F. verticillioides mutants by using REMI (restriction enzyme mediated integra- tion) mutagenesis and in the process identified a strain, R647, that carries a mutation in a gene designated GAC1. Mutation in the GAC1 locus, which encodes a putative GTPase activating protein, result- ed in the increased production of bikaverin, suggest- ing that GAC1 is negatively associated with bikaverin biosynthesis. Complementation of R647 with the wild- type GAC1 gene restored the bikaverin production level to that of the wild-type progenitor, demonstrat- ing that gac1 mutation was directly responsible for the overproduction of bikaverin. We also demonstrated that AREA, encoding global nitrogen regulator, and PKS4, encoding polyketide synthase, are downstream genes that respectively are regulated positively and negatively by GAC1. Our results suggest that GAC1
Targeted over-expression of mPGES-1 and elevated PGE2 production is not sufficient for lung tumorigenesis in mice

There is a significant body of evidence suggesting that enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and their eicosanoid products play a role in various cancers, having both pro- and antitumorigenic effects. The goal of this study was to further define the role microsomal prostaglandin E synthases (mPGES-1) play in lung tumorigenesis. Transgenic mice were created with targeted over-expression of human mPGES-1 in the alveolar and airway epithelial cells using an SP-C promoter driven construct. Transgene positive (mPGES-1 + ) mice were shown to significantly over-express functional mPGES-1 in the lung and more specifically in alveolar type II cells. To study the effects of mPGES-1 over-expression in lung tumor formation, mice were exposed to a complete carcinogen protocol with a single injection of urethane or an initiation/promotion model with a single injection of 3-methyl-cholanthrene (MCA) followed by multiple injections of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). mPGES-1 + mice did not show a significant difference in tumor multiplicity or tumor size at 10, 16, 19 or 30 weeks after urethane injection compared with mPGES-1 - mice. No significant difference was seen in tumor incidence, multiplicity or size at 19 weeks after treatment with MCA/BHT. Western blots verified that mPGES-1 expression was increased in tumors versus uninvolved tissue of both mPGES-1 + and mPGES-1 - mice with overall expression being significantly higher in mPGES-1 + mice. Cyclooxygenase-2 levels were elevated in tumors in both groups. From these studies we conclude that over-expression of mPGES-1 and highly elevated PGE 2 production are not sufficient to induce lung tumors.
Reservoir effects on downstream river channel migration

Summary Human occupation and development of alluvial river floodplains are adversely affected by river channel lateral migration, which may range as high as several hundred metres per year. Reservoirs that reduce the frequency and duration of high flows typically reduce lateral migration rates by factors of 3 to 6. The ecology of riverine corridors is dependent upon the processes of erosion and sedimentation, which lead to lateral migration. Multiple-objective use of floodplains adjacent to active rivers therefore requires tools for assessing the probability and magnitude of channel movements. Existing approaches for predicting river channel movement may be classified as empirical or mechanistic, and are inadequate for widespread application. The Missouri River downstream from Fort Peck Dam in Montana, a major alluvial river with flow highly perturbed by regulation, was selected for case study. Maps and aerial photographs were available before and after dam construction. This imagery was analysed by digitizing channel centrelines at successive coverages under pre-dam and post-dam conditions, and mean migration rates were computed by bend and by reach. The mean rate of channel centreline migration fell from 6.6 m yr -1 to 1.8 m yr -1 after impoundment. Bend-mean channel activity rates were only weakly correlated with variables describing channel form and geometry. Results indicate that flow regulation for flood control and hydropower production typical of the study reach had profound effects on river corridor dynamism, with implications for habitat type distribution and ecosystem integrity.
Recurrent Ingrown Toenails Secondary to Indinavir/Ritonavir Combination Therapy

OBJECTIVE:To report five cases of ingrown toenails (IGTN) associated with indinavir/ritonavir (IDV/RTV) combination therapy.CASE SUMMARY:The median onset of IGTN from initiation of IDV/RTV therapy was 18.4 weeks. Four patients previously received IDV, with one of these experiencing prior IGTN. All patients required surgical management of IGTN. All patients received virologic benefit from ongoing antiretroviral therapy, and the majority of patients elected to maintain IDV/RTV combination therapy. Two patients experienced recurrent IGTN while receiving ongoing IDV/RTV combination therapy.DISCUSSION:IGTN and paronychia have previously been reported with IDV and lamivudine. IGTN in patients with HIV infection is more likely to present acutely, involve more digits, and require surgical management. IDV increases retinoic acid signaling and, based on elevated IDV concentrations from concomitant RTV therapy, the risk of IGTN may be increased in patients receiving IDV/RTV combination therapy.CONCLUSIONS:With the i...
Poor Predictive Ability of Urinalysis and Microscopic Examination to Detect Urinary Tract Infection

Results of urinalysis, particularly the leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests, often are used to determine whether treatment is needed or a culture will be performed in cases of suspected urinary tract infection. However, there is disagreement over the quality of urinalysis as a screening test for urinary tract infections. Final urine culture results (n = 225) were obtained from the clinical microbiology laboratory. Stepwise binary logistic regression was used to derive a model using presence of infection as determined by culture as the dependent variable and urinalysis results as independent variables. A second set of data (n = 128) then was obtained to test the model. Statistical significance and the ability to predict infection based on urinalysis results were determined. Results indicated a lack of sensitivity for leukocyte esterase, nitrite, and presence of bacteria in the microscopic examination as indicators of urinary tract infection.
Concentration fluctuations and dynamic heterogeneity in PIP/PVE blends

Abstract Usually the shape of the glass transition dispersion in the mechanical or dielectric spectra of pure polymers is skewed toward higher frequencies. In miscible polymer blends not only is this peak broader than in pure polymers, the broadening is often asymmetric towards lower frequencies. Concentration fluctuations are an obvious source of the broadening; however, a simple distribution of relaxation times, corresponding to a distribution in local compositions, would not account for the reversal in the asymmetry of the dispersion. Intrinsic differences in component mobilities, as directly seen in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, also exert an influence on segmental relaxation in blends. The differences in the components' segmental relaxation behaviours are also manifested in the thermorheological complexity of miscible blends. An approach to blend dynamics based on the coupling model of relaxation can successfully describe the most prominent features.
The correlation energy of atomic fluorine

The linked-cluster many-body perturbation theory of Brueckner and Goldstone has been pplied to calculate the correlation energy of atomic fluorine in its 2P ground state. Approximate results using complete orthonormal HFVn-1HFVnOAO and HFSVn-1 basis sets are reported. A discussion of various basis sets and a comparison between these three is given. The correlation energies computed including only the second-order pair-correlation, hole-hole corrections and the third-order ring diagrams plus three of its exchange counterparts give for these three basis sets — .3039 a.u. — .3230 a.u., and — .3370 a.u., respectively. A discussion of the pair-correlation energies of oxygen, fluorine, and neon is also given.
The effect of mydriatic solutions on cognitive function.

AbstractIntroduction: Anticholinergic and sympathomimetic ophthalmic solutions are used for mydriasis. These solutions have well-documented systemic side effects despite their topical administration. However, no studies have been conducted regarding the effect of mydriatic drops on cognitive function. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect, if any, of mydriatic drops on cognitive function, including memory, concentration, and orientation. Methods: Participants were randomized into two groups using the technique of permuted block randomization, and randomization was stratified by gender, age, and education. Participants in Group 1 completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test with undilated pupils, while participants in Group 2 completed the MoCA test with dilated pupils. Administration time of the MoCA test was approximately 10 minutes, and each participant could receive a maximum of 30 points, with a score of 26 or greater being considered normal cognitive function. Dilation was a...
The effects of a sportsmanship education program on the behavior of college intramural sports participants.

The study's purpose was to examine the potential impact of a sportsmanship education program on behaviors of students who participated in collegiate intramural sports. In an effort to decrease unsp...
Primary Ewing tumor of the vertebrae: clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcome.

Background Fewer than 10% of Ewing family of tumors (EFT) arise in the vertebrae. Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation and outcome of these tumors. Procedure We reviewed the clinical features, prognostic factors, and outcome of EFT of the spine identified at our institution between 1962 and 1999. Results Thirty-three (10%) of 344 patients with EFT had a primary vertebral tumor. There were 21 (64%) males. Median age at diagnosis was 13.3 years. Six patients had metastatic disease and 10 had tumors ≥ 8 cm in diameter. Primary sites were sacral (13), thoracic (10), lumbar (8), and cervical (2) vertebrae. We found no association between the affected spinal region and outcome, although sacral tumors were associated with delayed diagnosis (4 vs. 2 months after onset of symptoms, P = 0.076). Pain (n = 32) and neurologic deficits (n = 31; 82% motor, 58% sensory, 42% bladder, 27% bowel) were the most common presenting features. All patients received combination chemotherapy and local radiotherapy. With a median follow up of 9.7 years, 5-year survival and event-free survival ( ± SD) estimates were 48.1% (8.9%) and 35.6% (8.6%), respectively, comparable to those of other patients with EFT. Outcome was better for patients with tumor size < 8 cm (P = 0.008) or localized disease (P = 0.084). Treatment era and specific tumor site did not affect outcome. Conclusions Outcomes are similar for primary EFT of the spine and primary EFT in other sites. Unlike others, we found that patients with sacral tumors did not fare worse than patients with tumors at other spinal sites. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 37:30–35, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The use of self checks and voting in software error detection: an empirical study

The results of an empirical study of software error detection using self checks and N-version voting are presented. Working independently, each of 24 programmers first prepared a set of self checks using just the requirements specification of an aerospace application, and then each added self checks to an existing implementation of that specification. The modified programs were executed to measure the error-detection performance of the checks and to compare this with error detection using simple voting among multiple versions. The analysis of the checks revealed that there are great differences in the ability of individual programmers to design effective checks. It was found that some checks that might have been effective failed to detect an error because they were badly placed, and there were numerous instances of checks signaling nonexistent errors. In general, specification-based checks alone were not as effective as specification-based checks combined with code-based checks. Self checks made it possible to identify faults that had not been detected previously by voting 28 versions of the program over a million randomly generated inputs. This appeared to result from the fact that the self checks could examine the internal state of the executing program, whereas voting examines only final results of computations. If internal states had to be identical in N-version voting systems, then there would be no reason to write multiple versions. >
Leiomyoma-related bleeding: a classic hypothesis updated for the molecular era

Leiomyomas are an important cause of menorrhagia and other forms of abnormal uterine bleeding. The pathogenesis of this process is largely unknown, however. A classic theory, first suggested by Sampson's work in 1912 (Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 14, 215-230), states that local dysregulation of the vascular structures in the uterus is responsible for this abnormal bleeding. Recent work demonstrates dysregulation of a number of growth factors in the myomatous uterus. As many of these factors regulate the process of angiogenesis or have other effects on vascular structures, we hypothesize that this dysregulation of growth factors or their receptors provides the molecular mechanism underlying these vascular abnormalities. In turn, these abnormal vessels lead women with leiomyomas to experience menorrhagia. Factors that may prove to be important in this process include basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, parathyroid hormone-related protein and prolactin. Current treatment regimens for women with leiomyoma-related bleeding depend on manipulation of the steroid hormone environment. By better understanding the pathogenesis of this disease process, therapies directed against growth factor abnormalities may result in better treatment with less harmful side-effects.
Effect of Adenosine on Myocardial ‘Stunning’ in the Dog

Abstract Recent evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect of adenosine in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The present study was undertaken to determine (1) whether adenosine attenuates myocardial stunning, (2) if so, whether the beneficial effect of adenosine takes place during ischemia or after reperfusion, and (3) whether adenosine preconditions against myocardial stunning. A total of 93 dogs were used. In phase A of the study, open-chest dogs undergoing a 15-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 4 hours of reperfusion received an intracoronary infusion of either saline (group I [control], n=14), 2 mg/min adenosine from 30 minutes before occlusion until 1 hour after reperfusion (group II, n=10), or 2 mg/min adenosine from 2 minutes before reperfusion until 1 hour after reperfusion (group III, n=11). Regional myocardial function (assessed as systolic wall thickening) was similar in the three groups at baseline and during ischemia. After reperfusion, dogs trea...
The Role of Training Programs in the Sustainability of Potable Water Projects

In rural regions around the world, 1.7 billion people rely on public taps, hand-pumps, protected wells, protected springs, and rainwater for clean drinking water. Up to the present, there has been little focus on how training programs in communities receiving the water points fit into the overall picture of sustainability. Many factors of sustainability such as financial management and operation, and governance of the water point are dependent on human skill, which are often first exposed to a community through training programs. To understand better how trainings affect the sustainability of water points, I sent surveys to personnel from NGOs who have worked as trainers in water development projects in Senegal, Malawi, Honduras, and India. I also conducted surveys and focus groups with NGO personnel and the community members who went through their trainings in three villages in Senegal. I then compared perspectives of trainers and community members using Grounded Theory, facilitated by using Nvivo 10. The results of all four countries’ results from NGO personnel showed that the central themes found in responses were management, community, knowledge, NGO and community relations, and the trainer-learner relationship. Comparing the central themes of the trainers and learners in Senegal, the two groups’ responses showed that mutually tied themes were knowledge, management, mechanical, and profits/finances. In order to improve training to make water points more sustainable, I recommend that NGOs consider how people trained will relate to the rest of the community, and furthermore, see how the trainings and information learned will function in the community after the NGO leaves the community.
Transnational Newspapers: The Making of the Post-1965 Globalized/Localized San Gabriel Valley Chinese Community

(1996). Transnational Newspapers: The Making of the Post-1965 Globalized/Localized San Gabriel Valley Chinese Community. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 65-78.
Molecular imaging: Moving towards infectious diseases

Abstract Molecular imaging has been advanced into the field of infectious diseases, which provides not only new insights for basic science, but also new strategies for the effective management of infectious diseases in clinical practice.
Dose, effect severity, and imparted energy in assessing biological effects.

Because of the widespread efforts in cancer radioepidemiological studies to attach a value of absorbed dose to each exposed individual, the notion seems to have become prevalent that dose plays an essential role in the medical determination of the diagnosis and prognosis of the individual. This view is enhanced by the fact that, while the present quantities and units for radiological physics were developed in the context of the acute effects of large exposures to radiation, e.g., in radiotherapy where they still apply well, these same quantities and units have been used, without modification, to apply to cancer radioepidemiology in the context of low level irradiation. A principle purpose of the present communication is to show that, in medicine, dose plays a limited role even in the deterministic application of therapeutic agents, and that diagnosis and estimates of prognosis in medicine are based, not on dose, but on the severity of effect on, or damage to the organ or organs involved in a particular medical condition. Thus it is "going backward" to view estimates of the severity of effect, e.g., the fraction of cells with abnormalities, or killed, as a "biological dosimeter," rather than as a quantitative estimate of the severity of effect. The use of biological indicators is of maximum value in noncancerous disease or injury in which the severity of an effect causative for organ failure and a consequent quantal, e.g., a lethal response in the individual, can be measured with increasing accuracy by modern medical techniques.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Language: en
A clinicopathological study of 24 children with hemolytic uremic syndrome. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group.

This study reports the pattern of renal injury in 24 North American children with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and the extent of extrarenal involvement in 9 of these children examined at autopsy. Fifteen of the 24 children were studied during the first 16 days of hospital-ization; their renal specimens demonstrated glomerular thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in 8 children, cortical necrosis in 1, and varying degrees of glomerular TMA and cortical necrosis in 6 children. Nine of the children were studied after 16 or more days of hospitalization; these patients had prominent renal arterial lesions. Of 9 children examined at autopsy, extrarenal microthrombi were identified in 8. In 4 children who died during the acute phase of the disease, hemorrhagic colonic necrosis (3 children) and pancreatic islet cell necrosis (2 children) were the principal extrarenal lesions encountered. Rare microthrombi were present in the brains of the 3 children who manifested seizures.
The Role of Adsorption and Vapor Pressure in Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition of Carbon Films

Focused ion beam induced deposition of carbon from various organic molecules was studiedfor a range of temperatures and pressures. To study the effects of vapor pressure, deposition from styrene was compared to deposition from 2-chloro and 2-bromo styrene. To study the effects of the double bond on the vinyl substituent, deposition from ethyl benzeneand 2-bromo ethyl benzene was compared to deposition from the 2-X-styrene materials. Foreach material, deposition yield is found to scale with vapor pressure as a function of temperature over the range studied (0 - 25 C). This behavior shows that physical adsorption plays the key role in determining deposition properties. The importance of the doublebond observed in previous work is simply a manifestation of enhanced physical adsorptiondue to the presence of this double bond.
A Survey of Bioenergy Research in Forest Service Research and Development

Forest biomass represents 25–30 % of the annual biomass available in the USA for conversion into bio-based fuels, bio-based chemicals, and bioproducts in general. The USDA Forest Service Research and Development (R&D) has been focused on producing products from forest biomass since its inception in 1905, with direct combustion, solid sawn lumber, pulp and paper, ethanol as fuel, and silvichemicals all among the mission areas of product research and development. The renewed national interest in biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals is supportive of the most critical need of USDA Forest Service R&D, uses for small-diameter trees and other forest biomass that needs to be removed in the fuel mitigation–fire suppression and forest restoration work of the USDA Forest Service. This paper will summarize the recent USDA Forest Service research on direct combustion, fuel pellets, and conversion of forest biomass to ethanol, both as stand-alone biorefinery processes and as an addition to the traditional wood pulping process.
NMP Refining VGO No.5 From Daqing and Shenbei by Simulate Continuous Refining

Solvent refining of VGO No.5 using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) and furfural separately were studied.Based on the optimum operation conditions of NMP and furfural refining,simulating three stages about NMP and furfural extracting VGO No.5 and dewaxing the refined oil were carried out.The properties of refined oil and dewaxed oil were analyzed.The qualities of refined oil from single stage refining using NMP and furfural were closed to.The dewaxed oil of two can satisfy the indication of quality.For NMP refining,compared with furfural refining,the solvent to oil ratio dropped down 50% and the yield increased 7%.For simulating three stages refining using NMP,as compared to furfural,the solvent to oil ratio dropped down 50% and the yield increased 4%.The qualities of refined oils are closed to and better than these of single stage refining oils.The study show that NMP refining had a better result than furfural refining.
A single-stage single-phase isolated AC-DC converter based on LLC resonant unit and T-type three-level unit for battery charging applications

This paper proposes a four-switch single-phase single-stage isolated AC-DC converter with high efficiency for battery charging applications. By combining one LLC resonant unit and one T-type three-level unit with switch multiplexing technique, a single-stage single-phase isolated LLC resonant (SSPLLC) converter is proposed to achieve AC-DC conversion. In comparison with conventional two-stage isolated AC-DC topologies, the proposed topology works in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) with small inductor requirement. It can improve both efficiency and power density because of soft-switching capability and wide operating range. The mode analysis, steady-state operation performance and control method are discussed sequentially. Experimental results using a 250W prototype are presented to verify the feasibility and superior performance of the proposed single-stage AC-DC converter.