cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmit/receive module technology for X-band active array radar

Phased array radar system developments using X-band transmit/receive (T/R) module technology are summarized. Requirements are developed from systems concepts for fighter aircraft radar applications. Factors influencing system performance are discussed in terms of the allowable tradeoffs that must be considered for deployable systems. T/R module architectures are investigated in light of the system derived performance requirements. These module requirements are reduced to the individual circuit function level, and examples of circuits developed to meet these requirements are presented. Critical T/R module technologies are discussed in view of the latest developments in microwave active and control devices, manufacturing assembly processes and equipment, package materials and fabrication processes, and test automation. Module developments during the past 25 years are discussed chronologically and described in terms of the performance characteristics attained. Test requirements unique to module integration and aperture-level performance verification are highlighted. Module price targets are derived from affordability constraints imposed by the fighter aircraft radar application. >
The Effects of an Iodine Deficiency on Embryo Development and Hatchability

Abstract MANY investigators have demonstrated a direct relationship between the iodine content of the dam's diet and the concentration of this element in the egg (Hercus and Roberts, 1927; Simpson and Strand, 1930; Wilder et al., 1933; Asmundson et al., 1936; Wilgus and co-workers, 1953). The first evidence that hatchability was affected by this relationship was reported by Hollander and Riddle (1943 Hollander and Riddle (1946) who, working with goitrous adult pigeons, noted a delay in hatching by one or more days, frequent deaths at pipping, and failure to completely draw in the umbilicus. Thyroid histology of the weak young showed hypertrophy of the epithelium, hyperemia, and a lack of colloid. The administration of potassium iodide to the adults corrected the goitrous condition and resulted in the production of normal, vigorous offspring. In extensive studies over three generations using practical type rations, Wilgus et al. (1953) indicated that the lowest level of iodine used …
Diverse environmental stresses elicit distinct responses at the level of pre-mRNA processing in yeast

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is profoundly influenced by the post-transcriptional processing of mRNAs, including the splicing of introns in the nucleus and both nuclear and cytoplasmic degradation pathways. These processes have the potential to affect both the steady-state levels and the kinetics of changes to levels of intron-containing transcripts. Here we report the use of a splicing isoform-specific microarray platform to investigate the effects of diverse stress conditions on pre-mRNA processing. Interestingly, we find that diverse stresses cause distinct patterns of changes at this level. The responses we observed are most dramatic for the RPGs and can be categorized into three major classes. The first is characterized by accumulation of RPG pre-mRNA and is seen in multiple types of amino acid starvation regimes; the magnitude of splicing inhibition correlates with the severity of the stress. The second class is characterized by a rapid decrease in both pre- and mature RPG mRNA and is seen in many stresses that inactivate the TORC1 kinase complex. These decreases depend on nuclear turnover of the intron-containing pre-RNAs. The third class is characterized by a decrease in RPG pre-mRNA, with only a modest reduction in the mature species; this response is observed in hyperosmotic and cation-toxic stresses. We show that casein kinase 2 (CK2) makes important contributions to the changes in pre-mRNA processing, particularly for the first two classes of stress responses. In total, our data suggest that complex post-transcriptional programs cooperate to fine-tune expression of intron-containing transcripts in budding yeast.
Integrating speech and iconic gestures in a stroop-like task: Evidence for automatic processing

Previous research has demonstrated a link between language and action in the brain. The present study investigates the strength of this neural relationship by focusing on a potential interface between the two systems: cospeech iconic gesture. Participants performed a Stroop-like task in which they watched videos of a man and a woman speaking and gesturing about common actions. The videos differed as to whether the gender of the speaker and gesturer was the same or different and whether the content of the speech and gesture was congruent or incongruent. The task was to identify whether a man or a woman produced the spoken portion of the videos while accuracy rates, RTs, and ERPs were recorded to the words. Although not relevant to the task, participants paid attention to the semantic relationship between the speech and the gesture, producing a larger N400 to words accompanied by incongruent versus congruent gestures. In addition, RTs were slower to incongruent versus congruent gesture-speech stimuli, but this effect was greater when the gender of the gesturer and speaker was the same versus different. These results suggest that the integration of gesture and speech during language comprehension is automatic but also under some degree of neurocognitive control.
The energy dependence and dose response of a commercial optically stimulated luminescent detector for kilovoltage photon, megavoltage photon, and electron, proton, and carbon beams

Optically stimulated luminescent detectors, which are widely used in radiation protection, offer a number of potential advantages for application in radiation therapy dosimetry. Their introduction into this field has been somewhat hampered by the lack of information on their radiation response in megavoltage beams. Here the response of a commercially available optically stimulated luminescent detector (OSLD) is determined as a function of energy, absorbed dose to water, and linear energy transfer (LET). The detector response was measured as a function of energy for absorbed doses from 0.5 to 4.0 Gy over the following ranges: 125 kVp to 18 MV for photons, 6-20 MeV for electrons, 50-250 MeV for protons, and 290 MeV/u for the carbon ions. For the low LET beams, the response of the detector was linear up to 2 Gy with supralinearity occurring at higher absorbed doses. For the kilovoltage photons, the detector response relative to 6 MV increased with decreasing energy due to the higher atomic number of aluminum oxide (11.2) relative to water (7.4). For the megavoltage photons and electrons, the response was independent of energy. The response for protons was also independent of energy, but it was about 6% higher than its response to 6 MV photons. For the carbon ions, the dose response was linear for a given LET from 0.5 to 4.0 Gy, and no supralinearity was observed. However, it did exhibit LET dependence on the response relative to 6 MV photons decreasing from 1.02 at 1.3 keV/microm to 0.41 at 78 keV/microm. These results provide additional information on the dosimetric properties for this particular OSL detector and also demonstrate the potential for their use in photon, electron, and proton radiotherapy dosimetry with a more limited use in high LET radiotherapy dosimetry.
Rapid displacement of native species by invasive species: effects of hybridization

Abstract The introduction of non-native populations can lead to the competitive exclusion (displacement) of native populations. This has been hypothesized to be further exacerbated by the potential of hybridization, which can dilute or genetically assimilate the native genotype leaving no “pure” natives. With relatively moderate to high rates of immigration, the loss of the native species can be rapid with or without hybridization. Using single-locus, two-allele models, I find that species replacement can occur very rapidly and the time to displacement decreases rapidly with increasing immigration and selection differential. Immigration and selection act in two different ways: increasing immigration results in displacement by overwhelming the native; whereas increasing the selection differential in favor of the invader leads to displacement via genetic assimilation. The implications of these results are the need for more empirical studies on the immigration patterns of invasive species and their potential for interbreeding with natives.
An Approximate Estimation Method For Coefficients Of A Parabolic Type Dps

The estimation of unknown parameters both in the equation and on the boundary condition of a parabolic distributed parameter system (DFS) is considered. A standardization method is presented to convert the boundary condition into a homogeneous one so that the Galerkin method can be used to transfer the partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations. Then the identification problems can be treated as ordinary optimal control problems. Identifiability problem is breifly discussed to show the validity of simple observation patterns.
Adaptive polynomial modelling of the reflectance map for shape estimation from stereo and shading

This paper is concerned with estimation of the reflectance map and its use in surface shape estimation by a method that combines stereo and shading information. There are many advantages to the integrated approach. However, shape from shading algorithms are limited in their applicability by the assumption of idealized reflectance and lighting models involving many preset or hard to estimate parameters. In this paper, it is shown that the difficulties involved in estimation of the reflectance function and light source distribution can be eliminated through direct estimation of the reflectance map using adaptive polynomial models. The reflectance map estimate is used with a surface estimate provided by stereo in an integrated approach to surface shape estimation. >
Life Writing and Graphic Narratives

ABSTRACTThis text is fashioned from an email exchange between the authors during the spring, summer, and fall of 2015. Our aim with this informal, collaborative process was to develop a few of the key principles for discussing graphic narratives as a mode of life writing, especially graphic memoirs relating to illness, disability, and care work, as well as issues of difference more broadly (including gender and sexuality). Thinking through the genres and media of graphic life writing, we discuss narrative, text authentication, institutional positioning, world-making, narrating difference, and the role of the visual, while giving particular attention to the importance of objects and temporality to the comics form.Rather than a resolved or comprehensive series of guidelines, we offer instead an experiment in epistolary criticism, through which we formulate several points of contact between graphic narrative and life writing scholarship—instances and considerations where the central concerns for scholars in ...
Growth-limiting quantities and accumulation of molybdenum in Anabaena oscillarioides (Cyanobacteria)

Molybdenum deficiency and accumulation was examined in Anabaena oscillarioides (Cyanobacteria). Molybdenum deficiency was induced by: 1) culturing the cyanobacterium on modified Chu-10 (-N) medium containing 4–5 ng Mo · l−1, or 2) adding tungsten to reversibly inactivate dinitrogenase. Stimulation of dinitrogenase activity, while heterocyst frequencies were decreasing, occurred in the range of 5–40 ng · l−1 of added Mo. Molybdenum deficient A. oscillarioides was able to deplete Mo in the medium. This ability was rapidly lost at higher concentrations of added Mo when this cyanobacterium started to accumulate Mo. These results are of potential use in predicting potential Mo limitation in natural environments.
Dynamic associations among alcohol use and anxiety symptoms in early adolescence.

The relationship between anxiety and alcohol use in adolescence remains unclear, with evidence for no association, as well as risk and protective effects of anxiety. Considering developmental trajectories may be important for understanding the association between anxiety and alcohol use, and may help clarify prior mixed findings. The present study examined trajectories of alcohol use, social anxiety and general anxiety symptoms in early to middle adolescence using univariate and parallel process growth models. Social anxiety and general anxiety symptoms declined, while alcohol use increased with age. Parallel process growth models suggested that less rapid declines in social anxiety and general anxiety symptoms were associated with more rapid escalation in alcohol use. These results suggest that young adolescents who do not show normative declines in social anxiety or general anxiety symptoms may be at risk for more rapid increases in alcohol use.
Gortler Vortices in Turbulent Taylor-Couette Flow

We investigate the dynamical and statistical features of small-scale Gortler vortices in the turbulent Taylor-Couette o w through three-dimensional direct numerical simulations at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 8000. We show that in three-dimensional space the forest of Gortler vortices are randomly distributed in banded regions on the wall concentrating on the outo w boundaries of Taylor vortex cells; they cause streaky structures that form herringbone-like patterns near the wall. The herringbone streaks have an average tilting angle ranging from 16 to 20 degrees for the Reynolds numbers studied here.
Lecture 28. Electromyography

Electromyography is useful in confirming nerve damage and in differentiating among lesions in peripheral nerves, the central nervous system, and muscle. For accurate diagnosis, it should be accompanied by general physical and neurologic examinations, measurement of range of motion, and estimation of muscle strength. A physician with special training in electromyography should both perform the study and interpret it.
Inhibition of B lymphopoiesis mediated by adipocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and IL-1 (HEM1P.223)

B lymphopoiesis declines with age in many mammals, correlating with an increase in adipose tissue in the bone marrow (BM). We showed that adipocyte-derived factors inhibit B lymphopoiesis in vitro , and in this study, we investigated the mechanism by which this occurs. In cultures of mouse BM cells with OP9 stromal cells, we found that adipocyte conditioned medium (ACM) induces the generation of CD11b + Gr1 + myeloid cells, which when added to OP9 cultures also inhibited B lymphopoiesis. These ACM-induced CD11b + Gr1 + cells express arginase ( Arg1 ) and iNos ( Nos2 ), and suppress T cell proliferation, suggesting that they are myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Addition of arginase and iNos inhibitors to BM cultures containing ACM-induced MDSCs did not restore B lymphopoiesis, suggesting that MDSC-mediated inhibition is independent of arginase and iNos. Transwell and conditioned medium experiments showed that MDSC-mediated inhibition of B lymphopoiesis occurs through soluble factors. Using a cytokine array, we detected IL-1α and IL-1β in MDSC-conditioned medium. Addition of IL-1α/β to BM cultures resulted in the loss of B lymphopoiesis, while addition of anti-IL-1α and anti-IL-1β to BM cultures containing MDSCs restored B lymphopoiesis. These data identify IL-1 as the major inhibitory factor responsible for MDSC-mediated inhibition of B lymphopoiesis. This study identifies IL-1 as a potential therapeutic target for restoring B lymphopoiesis in aged individuals.
Institutional Imperfection in Ecological Technology Promotion and Corresponding Solutions——The Practice and Enlightenment of Eco-husbandry Technology Promotion in Dagongxu of South Anhui Province

The institutional imperfection in agricultural technology promotion in China results in the waste of many advanced technologies.The innovation of technology promotion system in Dagongxu area has provided the solutions.Through the innovation in organizational system,a "promotion-expansion" pattern has been formulated.Under this pattern,experts group,technical supervisors,and pilot households form a top-down promotion relationship,and that between pilot households and common households is of technological expansion.In such a pattern,technical supervisors and pilot households are effective carriers to promote technological application in villages.It is concluded that cultivating local technical elites in villages is essential to overcoming obstacles in technical promotion.
Survey on the status of prevention and control capability and information need related to avian influenza A (H7N9) in Chaoyang district,Beijing

Objective To understand the knowledge,behavior and demand related to avian influenza A(H7N9) in Chaoyang district,Beijing,so as to provide basis for epidemic prevention and control.Methods A total of 1 241 cases were investigated using multi-stage sampling method among the group of 60-year old and above,parents of schoolchildren group,and schoolchildren group.Results The awareness rate of avian influenza A(H7N9) prevention and control knowledge among students' parents group was generally higher than those for the elderly and students groups,except the aspect of " not yet interpersonal communication".After the occurrence of avian influenza A(H7N9),washing hands habits of 79.21% became more frequently than before,and 90.24% were not nervous or only a little nervous.The top five contents about avian influenza A(H7N9) which most people wanted to know were:the latest epidemic dynamics(18.64%),personal preventive measures(17.07%),government prevention initiatives(16.10%),the progress of vaccine(13.72%) and viral change(11.76%).Conclusion Health education on the transmission routes,especially the feature of being unable to have interpersonal transmission,should be emphasized.At later stage,health education should be based on demand.
Should Your Hospital Have a Coronary Care Unit

The answer is unequivocally “yes” and applies to institutions of all sizes and types, although the organization of a particular service may vary according to the philosophy and goals of the hospital involved. In all instances, says Dr. Weinberg, the development of a highly skilled nursing staff is crucial to the effectiveness of the unit and to the achievement of significant reduction in mortality from myocardial infarction.
The effect of hypoxia on thermosensitive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) hydrogels with tunable mechanical integrity for cartilage tissue engineering.

Cartilage repair presents a daunting challenge in tissue engineering applications due to the low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) affiliated in diseased states. Hence, the use of biomaterial scaffolds with unique variability is imperative to treat diseased or damaged cartilage. Thermosensitive hydrogels show promise as injectable materials that can be used as tissue scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. However, uses in clinical applications are limited to due mechanical stability and therapeutic efficacy to treat diseased tissue. In this study, several composite hydrogels containing poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid (meHA) were prepared using free radical polymerization to produce PVCL-graft-HA (PVCL-g-HA) and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Lower critical solution temperatures and gelation temperatures were confirmed in the range of 33-34°C and 41-45°C, respectively. Using dynamic sheer rheology, the temperature dependence of elastic (G') and viscous (G″) modulus between 25°C and 45°C, revealed that PVCL-g-HA hydrogels at 5% (w/v) concentration exhibited the moduli of 7 Pa (G') to 4 Pa (G″). After 10 days at 1% oxygen, collagen production on PVCL-g-HA hydrogels was 153 ± 25 μg/mg (20%) and 106 ± 18 μg/mg showing a 10-fold increase compared to meHA controls. These studies show promise in PVCL-g-HA hydrogels for the treatment of diseased or damaged articular cartilage. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1863-1873, 2017.
Assessing the Utility of a Smartphone App for Recreational Fishery Catch Data

There is a need to improve the management of recreational fisheries, and some organizations have begun piloting and implementing opt-in, self-reporting smartphone and tablet apps to further that goal. We began the process of developing a methodology for assessing the utility of these apps for management by comparing mean catch/trip values of selected species between the Snook and Gamefish Foundation's iAngler app and the Marine Recreational Information Program survey. The iAngler data set is used almost exclusively in Florida and is characterized by high spatial variability. However, its catch rates for Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis (medians ranging from 0 to 2), Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus (medians from 1 to 3), and Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus (medians from 0 to 1) were similar to those provided by the Marine Recreational Information Program (medians ranging from 1 to 2, 1 to 4, and 0 to 3, respectively). Self-reporting programs often suffer from biases concerning angler avidity, drop-of...
SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOPHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FRACTIONS FROM THE VENOMS OF CROTALUS VIRIDIS HELLERI AND CROTALUS SCUTULATUS SCUTULATUS

ABSTRACT Fractions of the venoms from the North American rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis helleri and Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus were separated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography and continuously monitored at 280 nM. Peak tubes were pooled, ultrafiltered and lyophilized and the protein contents determined. Homogeneity was checked by electrophoretic techniques. Amino acid composition of the low mol. wt. peptides was determined. The toxicity and LD50 of the various peaks were determined in mice. Pharmacological studies were carried out in cats and dogs and on isolated tissue preparations.
The Beauty and Utility of DNA Origami

Summary This review focuses on fundamental advances in DNA origami design and its emerging applications. For convenience, applications are coarsely categorized into nanofabrication, biosensing, and drug delivery. Nonetheless, considering the highly interdisciplinary nature of DNA nanotechnology, many works in the field do not fall within clearly defined boundaries.
Genetic testing for Huntington disease.

Abstract In 1983, Huntington disease (HD) became the first disease to be mapped to a previously unknown location on chromosome 4. This discovery meant that we could now identify whether some individuals at risk for HD would develop HD in the future using a method called linkage testing. Testing was first offered through research protocols designed to assess whether testing could be done safely in this population. Testing guidelines were soon developed by the Huntington's Disease Society of America and the International Huntington Association in collaboration with the World Federation of Neurology. The gene for HD was found in 1993, allowing for direct gene testing for the mutant HTT allele. This chapter will discuss the development of guidelines and recent revisions to the guidelines, prenatal testing, and testing in three complicated situations: (1) the testing of minors; (2) anonymous testing; and (3) testing individuals at 25% risk. Studies examining the outcomes of predictive testing will also be discussed. Outcome studies have shown that testing can be done safely in the context of testing protocols that include neurologic examinations, pretest counseling, psychiatric/psychologic assessment, results in person, and available follow-up support. It appears that anxiety and depression prior to testing are better predictors of psychologic status after testing than the test result itself.
Designing a prototype system for user behavior analysis in the internet of things environments

The Internet of Things systems consist of devices, sensors, and services that enable tangible objects to gather and transmit information about the physical world. In order to deliver their main functionality, some of these systems collect a very significant amount of data obtained from their sensors located in living spaces and office environments. This data may hide some interesting behavioral patterns of individuals. This work aims to design an experimental system for sensor data collection, prototype a framework for inferring such patterns from the collected data, and examine the implications of this technology to the privacy of individuals.
A General Model for DoF-based Interference Cancellation in MIMO Networks With Rank-Deficient Channels

In recent years, degree-of-freedom (DoF) based models were proven to be very successful in studying MIMO-based wireless networks. However, most of these studies assume channel matrix is of full-rank. Such assumption, although attractive, quickly becomes problematic as the number of antennas increases and propagation environment is not close to ideal. In this paper, we address this problem by developing a general theory for DoF-based model under rank-deficient conditions. We start with a fundamental understanding on how MIMO's DoFs are consumed for spatial multiplexing (SM) and interference cancellation (IC) in the presence of rank deficiency. Based on this understanding, we develop a general DoF model that can be used for identifying DoF region of a multi-link MIMO network and for studying DoF scheduling in MIMO networks. Specifically, we found that shared DoF consumption at transmit and receive nodes is critical for optimal allocation of DoF for IC. The results of this paper serve as an important tool for future research of many-antenna based MIMO networks.
The structure and defect chemistry of non-stoichiometric nickel molybdates

A series of materials represented by the formula Ni1;δMo1−δ/3O4, where -1/5 ≤ δ ≤ 1/3, were prepared by calcination of layered ammonium nickel molybdates having a general formula (NH4)H2xNi3-xO(OH)(MoO4)2, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 3/2. Phase determination using high temperature X-ray diffraction studies showed that the variable stoichiometry of the precursor phase that allowed for Ni/Mo ratios between 0.75 and 1.5 led to the formation of a single phase of the form Ni1;δMo1−δ/3O4 following calcination. AC impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the electronic conductivity of the materials. The defect chemistry of these ternary ionic materials was modeled to correlate the electronic conductivity with the structure.
Comments on D. H. Mellor’s Real Time II

Real Time II, Professor Mellor’s revised version of his classic Real Time, presents us with a new and well developed B-theory of time. B-theories of time hold that there are no temporal properties of past, present and future. Instead, there are temporal relations of later than, simultaneous with, and earlier than. Mellor argues that what makes “e is past” true at time t is the fact that event e is located at some time earlier than t, while “e is present” is made true at t by the fact that e is located at t, and “e is futur” is made true at t by the fact that e is located at some time later than t.
The Public Safety Assessment: A Re-Validation and Assessment of Predictive Utility and Differential Prediction by Race and Gender in Kentucky

In this paper, we assess the predictive validity and differential prediction by race and gender of one pretrial risk assessment, the Public Safety Assessment (PSA). The PSA was developed with support from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation (LJAF) to reduce the burden placed on vulnerable populations at the frontend of the criminal justice system. The growing and disparate use of incarceration is one of the most pressing social issues facing the U.S. Although it has received less attention, pretrial populations are a large and growing contributor of mass incarceration. The pretrial phase is often said to be the most consequential in the criminalizing process because it is related a higher likelihood of conviction, longer terms of incarceration, and has the potential to destabilize families. Recognizing the inherent challenges in pretrial release decisions, there has been increased development and use of pretrial risk assessments. Pretrial risk assessments are developed to identify the likelihood that defendants will remain crime free and that they will return to court. There have been several critiques of risk assessments, but none have assessed differential validity or prediction using pretrial outcomes. Using a statewide dataset from Kentucky (n = 164,597) we found the PSA to have predictive validity measures in line with what are generally accepted within the criminal justice field. We applied a regression modeling approach commonly used to assess bias in test instruments (e.g., cognitive and employment testing), and found some instances of differential prediction by race. These differences suggest that the PSA scores to predict failure to appear (FTA) are moderated by race, with no significant differences found for new crimes and new violent crimes between black and white defendants. The findings show differential prediction for new violent criminal arrests between male and female defendants, similar to what was found by Skeem et al. (2016). In the end, we point to data limitations that weaken external validity, point to areas for future research, and suggest that risk assessments are not silver bullets, but rather decision-making tools that require ongoing refinement.
Ventilatory constraints influence physiological dead space in heart failure

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of alterations in tidal volume and alveolar volume on the elevated physiological dead space and the contribution of ventilatory constraints thereof in heart failure patients during submaximal exercise. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that physiological dead space was elevated in heart failure via reduced tidal volume and alveolar volume. Furthermore, the degree of ventilatory constraints was associated with physiological dead space and alveolar volume. ABSTRACT Patients who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) exhibit impaired ventilatory efficiency [i.e. greater ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide ( V E / V C O 2 ) slope] and elevated physiological dead space (VD /VT ). However, the impact of breathing strategy on VD /VT during submaximal exercise in HFrEF is unclear. The HFrEF (n = 9) and control (CTL, n = 9) participants performed constant-load cycling exercise at similar ventilation ( V E ). Inspiratory capacity, operating lung volumes and arterial blood gases were measured during submaximal exercise. Arterial blood gases were used to derive VD /VT , alveolar volume, dead space volume, alveolar ventilation and dead space ventilation. During submaximal exercise, HFrEF patients had greater V E / V C O 2 slope and VD /VT than CTL subjects (P = 0.01). At similar V E , HFrEF patients had smaller tidal volumes and alveolar volumes (HFrEF 1.11 ± 0.33 litres versus CTL 1.66 ± 0.37 litres; both P ≤ 0.01), whereas dead space volume was not different (P = 0.47). The augmented breathing frequency in HFrEF patients resulted in greater dead space ventilation compared with CTL subjects (HFrEF 15 ± 4 l min-1 versus CTL 10 ± 5 l min-1 ; P = 0.048). The HFrEF patients exhibited greater increases in expiratory reserve volume and lower inspiratory capacity (as a percentage of predicted) than CTL subjects (both P < 0.05), which were significantly related to VD /VT and alveolar volume in HFrEF patients (all P < 0.03). In HFrEF, the reduced tidal volume and alveolar volume elevate physiological dead space during submaximal exercise, which is worsened in those with the greatest ventilatory constraints. These findings highlight the negative consequences of ventilatory constraints on physiological dead space during submaximal exercise in HFrEF.
Derivation of micelle size-dependent free energies of aggregation for octyl phosphocholine from molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the zwitterionic surfactant octyl phosphocholine (OPC) in water have been performed with two force fields, both using the TraPPE united-atom alkane parameters for tailgroup-tailgroup interactions but with tailgroup-water interactions adjusted to reproduce hydration free energies for two different water models (SPC and TIP4P-2005). Micelle size distributions from a number of trajectories were analyzed using the PEACH (Partition-Enabled Analysis of Cluster Histograms) method to yield free energies of aggregation for premicelles and micelles over the full range from 2 to over 40 molecules. The dependence of free energy on aggregation number was consistent with the functional form derived from the “quasi-droplet” model of micellization. Free energies of aggregation were used to calculate concentration-dependent micelle size distributions, from which critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) could be inferred. The cmc values derived from PEACH free energies for the SPC and TIP4P-2005 models were 40% and 27% higher respectively than the experimentally reported value of 114 mM. In systems with enough monomers to form multiple micelles, the micelles tended to stick together, complicating the analysis. Micelle size distributions were used to weight small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) form factors derived from micelle structures, generating a composite form factor reflecting the polydispersity of aggregate sizes with contributions in the range from 20 to 45 monomers. The composite scattering profile was quite similar to that of the mass-weighted average micelle size, suggesting that SAXS profiles for small micelles can be adequately fit using a single typical micelle even in the presence of significant polydispersity.
Language Accommodation and the Voting Rights Act

Since 1975, the language assistance provisions of the federal Voting Rights Act have provided important safeguards of voting rights to racial and ethnic minority citizens. Despite the renewal of key provisions of the Voting Rights Act in 2006 for an additional twenty-five years, Congress has not articulated a comprehensive theory of language rights in the voting arena, nor has it provided language assistance mechanisms that provide adequate assistance to all limited-English-proficient voters. This paper articulates a theory of language accommodation within federal antidiscrimination jurisprudence and suggests revisions to key sections of the Voting Rights Act to expand coverage of the law.
Direct observation of MgO formation at cathode electrolyte interface of a spinel MgCo2O4 cathode upon electrochemical Mg removal and insertion

Abstract Identifying a Mg2+ insertion mechanism into Mg cathode is one crucial challenge of designing Mg batteries that own comparable specific energy to the lithium ion systems. Spinel Mg cathodes are attractive candidates mainly attributed to its high intercalation voltage and theoretical capacity, however, electrochemically removing Mg from its solid structure with identified capacity dedicated to actual reversible Mg intercalation introduce complications. Work presented here applies Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Loss Spectroscopy and diffraction method to investigate the cathode electrolyte interface for a spinel MgCo2O4 material electrochemically cycled in the presence of a non-aqueous, low water content Mg electrolyte. Findings at an atomic scale suggest a complete de-magnesiation is occurring for thin MgCo2O4 particles upon electrochemical charging, but a vast majority of MgCo2O4 shows formation of an amorphous MgO layer with a thickness of ∼10 nm at the cathode electrolyte interface. The amorphous MgO layer is directly jointed with the crystalline MgCo2O4 at the outer edge of the cathode. Formation of MgO at the cathode electrolyte interface is believed to be the detrimental factor preventing further electrochemical cell cycling of MgCo2O4. A possible reaction pathway of intercalation-initiated surface conversion is proposed to explain reversible Mg insertion with MgCo2O4.
Gender and the injured brain

Ischemic brain injury is increasingly recognized as progressing through non-identical mechanisms in the male vs female brain. It is increasingly accepted that women are protected from cerebrovascular disease relative to men even beyond their menopausal years, and that young boys have higher stroke rates than do girls. The biological basis for this sexual dimorphism in epidemiology of ischemic brain injury, and less clearly in its outcome, is only partially known. However, both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent factors are likely involved, the latter of which is emphasized in this chapter. Understanding the molecular and cell-based mechanisms underlying sex differences in ischemic brain injury is an important step toward designing more effective therapeutic interventions and molecular targets in stroke.
Laser surface modifications of Fe-14Cr ferritic alloy for improved corrosion performance

Abstract Laser processing parameters of an ytterbium fiber laser were explored using a two-stage searching strategy to form an optimum surface layer on Fe-14Cr ferritic alloy samples for improved corrosion performance. With one or two passes of laser surface scanning, corrosion behavior and surface layer uniformity were investigated for different laser parameters utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electrochemical tests in saltwater. The optimum laser processing parameters were found to be 175 w of laser power, 200 mm/s of scanning speed, and 0.025 mm of hatching space. Corrosion behavior of laser-treated samples with the optimum laser parameters was found to be 5 and 13 times better respectively than the baseline sample in 3.5 wt% NaCl water solution, in term of corrosion rate. The formation of a uniform thin oxidation layer was the main reason for the improved corrosion performance.
(Un)Constitutional Punishments: Eighth Amendment Silos, Penological Purposes, and People's 'Ruin'

In 2019, all Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court agreed in Timbs v. Indiana that the Constitution’s prohibition on excessive fines applied to the states. The Court’s opinion discussed the Excessive Fines Clause’s “venerable lineage” and termed its protections “fundamental.” Justice Thomas, concurring, wrote that the English prohibition against excessive fines aimed to insulate citizens from what historians called “ruinous fines.” This Essay puts Timbs into the context of the Court’s search for metrics to assess the legitimacy of governments’ choices about punishment. In and after the 1960s, as convicted and incarcerated people asserted that constitutional law constrained sovereign powers, the Court repeatedly encountered challenges to punishment. I bring together lines of cases that have sat in doctrinal silos to show the links between the concerns animating judicial limits on sentencing and judicial recognition of incarcerated people’s rights to safety, sanitation, food, medical care, access to courts, and religious observance. I argue that this body of law, produced through convicted individuals’ insistence that they were entitled to constitutional protection, should be read to constitute a nascent an-ti-ruination principle that all branches of government need to implement.
Short communication: Influence of sorghum cultivar, ensiling storage length, and microbial inoculation on fermentation profile, N fractions, ruminal in situ starch disappearance and aerobic stability of whole-plant sorghum silage

Abstract In recent years, the interest to grow sorghum for silage has increased, with greater prominence in areas where water supply and or availability is an issue for plant growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sorghum cultivars (forage or sudan), storage length and microbial inoculation with heterofermentative and facultative homofermentative inoculants on the fermentation profile, DM loss, aerobic stability and ruminal in situ starch disappearance of whole-plant sorghum silage. Whole-plant sorghum (279 ± 37 g/kg DM for forage and 232 ± 29 g/kg DM for sudan) was ensiled in quintuplicate 20 L plastic buckets untreated (CON) or after the following treatments: Lactobacillus plantarum CH6072, L. plantarum LSI, and Pediococcus pentosaceus P6 at 1 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (LPPP); L. buchneri LB1819 and Lactococcus lactis O224 at 1.5 × 105 cfu/g (LBLL). Silos were allowed to ferment for 0, 15, 30 or 90 d. Lactic acid and total acids were greatest in sudan sorghum silage, and total acids were greatest in LPPP and lowest for LBLL. Ammonia-N (as g/kg of total N) was greatest with sudan sorghum. The acetic acid was greatest in forage sorghum inoculated with LBLL, intermediate in sudan sorghum inoculated with LBLL, and linearly increased in both cultivars with storage length from 15 to 90 d. Silage aerobic stability was greater for LBLL compared to CON and LPPP. Ruminal in situ starch disappearance was increased with ensiling time, and linearly increased from d 15–90. Microbial inoculation with L. buchneri and Lactococcus lactis increased the acetic acid concentrations, improved aerobic stability, and reduced the DM loss by discarded visible spoilage, at the expense of higher DM loss by gases. This effect was more evident in forage sorghum compared to sudan sorghum.
Psychometric and Validity Issues in Machine Learning Approaches to Personality Assessment: A Focus on Social Media Text Mining

In the age of big data, substantial research is now moving toward using digital footprints like social media text data to assess personality. Nevertheless, there are concerns and questions regardin...
366. Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Fungal Infections

Background: There is concern that patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at risk of developing secondary bacterial and fungal infections;however, data on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with fungal infections are limited We evaluated the risk factors and mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with fungal infections Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 51 patients with fungal infections at an 877-bed teaching hospital in Detroit, Michigan from March through May 2020 Demographic data, comorbidities, complications, treatment, and outcomes, including relapse, readmission and mortality were collected We performed a descriptive analysis Results: A total of 51 patients with fungal infections were included, in which 31 (60 8%) had confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection Of the COVID-19 patients, the average age was 66 years and the majority (54 9%) were female The average length of stay (LOS) was 29 3 days Aspergillus sp (2 A fumigatus, 1 A niger) were isolated in 3 (10%) patients while 23 (74 2%) had candidemia diagnosed via blood culture or T2Candida® Panel One had a positive serum galactomannan The average time from admission to diagnosis was 13 days Significant comorbidities included hypertension (74%), diabetes (51 6%), coronary artery disease (25 8%), congestive heart failure (32 2%), chronic kidney disease (22 6%), and malignancy (16 1%) Most patients received steroids (83 9%) and broad-spectrum antibiotics (80 6%), had a central line (80 6%), and required intensive care unit management (90%) Only 71% were treated with antifungals One patient with candidemia relapsed due to poor source control;two were readmitted within 30 days In-hospital mortality rate was 51 6% among COVID-19 patients Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with fungal infections had multiple comorbidities, prolonged hospitalization and predisposing risk factors for fungal infections with a high in-hospital mortality rate Prevention of fungal infections in COVID-19 patients is paramount
Volumetric Motion Magnification: Subtle Motion Extraction from 4D Data

Abstract The extension of Phase-based Video Motion Magnification into three-dimensions is presented in this work. The technique uses a 3D complex steerable pyramid to decompose volumetric frames of 4D dataset. The resulting decomposition can be processed to filter, amplify, or attenuate subtle motions occurring locally within the 4D data, before inversion of the transform is performed to recreate the volumetric images. Recent research has used Phase Based Video Motion Magnification to extract subtle motion from 2D slices of internal deformation data. This work demonstrates how Phase Based Video Motion Magnification can be extended to work on full volumetric images to extract full 3D volumetric motions. The Volumetric Motion Magnification technique is demonstrated qualitatively, to amplify and extract the indiscernible motion of a cylinder for visual identification. Then, the ability of the technique to enhance the motion noise floor of Digital Volume Correlation by more than a factor of 10 is demonstrated.
Predictive Models Using Fitness Distributions of Genetic Operators

An important goal of the theory of genetic algorithms is to build predictive models of how well genetic algorithms are expected to perform, given a representation, a fitness landscape, and a set of genetic operators. This paper attempts to provide pieces of such a theory, in the form of tools that predict the behavior of genetic algorithms based on assumptions concerning the fitness distribution of genetic operators. The fitness distribution of an operator describes the distribution of fitness values of individuals resulting from an operator application as a function of the fitness of the original individual. It is shown that in some cases, the mean of the fitness distribution for genetic operators may be described by simple functions of the fitness of the parents. For these cases, predictive models of population fitness can be derived.
The Aleph Toolkit: Support for Scalable Distributed Shared Objects

The shared object model is an appealing programming abstraction for distributed computing. By hiding the details of the network and data distribution, it allows the programmer to focus on higher-level concerns, and makes the program structure robust in the presence of changes in distribution patterns or environment. Nevertheless, it is not at all clear that the distributed shared object model can be adapted to the needs of modern large-scale distributed applications.
Protein Kinase Activity in Equine Herpesvirus

Abstract A protein kinase which is intimately associated with equine herpesvirus (equine abortion virus) was found by using adenosine triphosphate-γ-32P as a phosphate donor and virus protein as an acceptor. Consistent demonstration of the activity requires prior removal of phosphohydrolase. The kinase activity requires Mg2+, is not stimulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, but is enhanced by added protamine or arginine-rich histone. The labeled product is resistant to ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and chloroform-methanol but is sensitive to Pronase. Other tests suggest that serine and threonine residues are the acceptor sites. In the in vitro reaction, the incorporation represents an average of approximately 4,500 phosphate residues per virion, and all 17 virus protein bands resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis appear to be labeled.
Earnings Inflation Through Accruals and Real Activity Manipulation: Its Prevalence at the Time of an SEO and the Financial Market Consequences

We find evidence that some firms attempt to inflate current-term earnings (and thereby stock price) at the time of a seasoned equity offering (SEO). Earnings inflation takes place both through accruals and real activity earnings management. The financial markets do not properly value firms inflating earnings. This mis-valuation (i.e., overvaluation) is more closely linked to real activity manipulation rather than accruals manipulation. We find that only those firms classified as having a greater likelihood to have engaged in real earnings management have significantly lower future-term stock returns compared to other firms issuing an SEO. This mis-valuation occurs regardless of whether the firm had positive or negative abnormal accruals.