cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the Brood Pattern within a Honey Bee Colony a Reliable Indicator of Queen Quality

Failure of the queen is often identified as a leading cause of honey bee colony mortality. However, the factors that can contribute to "queen failure" are poorly defined and often misunderstood. We studied one specific sign attributed to queen failure: poor brood pattern. In 2016 and 2017, we identified pairs of colonies with "good" and "poor" brood patterns in commercial beekeeping operations and used standard metrics to assess queen and colony health. We found no queen quality measures reliably associated with poor-brood colonies. In the second year (2017), we exchanged queens between colony pairs (n = 21): a queen from a poor-brood colony was introduced into a good-brood colony and vice versa. We observed that brood patterns of queens originally from poor-brood colonies significantly improved after placement into a good-brood colony after 21 days, suggesting factors other than the queen contributed to brood pattern. Our study challenges the notion that brood pattern alone is sufficient to judge queen quality. Our results emphasize the challenges in determining the root source for problems related to the queen when assessing honey bee colony health.
Revisiting the Concepts of Vertical and Horizontal Fit in HRM: What We Know, What We Don’t Know, and Where We Might Go

The theoretical soundness and practical relevance of strategic human resource management (SHRM) scholarship has recently come under scrutiny. The goal of this symposium is to offer a starting point...
Transcutaneous Bilirubin on Premature Neonates , Can We Rely on It?

Purpose- Utilization of transcutaneous bilirubin measurement (TcB) in preterm neonates (< 35 weeks gestation), has not been validated, nor has its use on infants during and after phototherapy. Therefore, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the use of the TcB device for the evaluation of jaundice in infants born at or beyond the 35th week of gestation, who are not or have not been treated with phototherapy. We hypothesize that, 1) TcB correlates with serum bilirubin (TsB) …
Examining emotional pain among individuals with chronic physical pain: Nomothetic and idiographic approaches.

Abstract Objective Emotional pain (i.e., pain affect in response to psychological experiences such as rejection or loss) may be a component of chronic pain syndromes given high co-occurrence with depression and neurobiological overlaps in pain affect resulting from physical and emotional experiences. In the current set of studies, we examined the relationship between emotional and physical pain using both nomothetic (i.e., group-level) and idiographic (i.e., individual-level) approaches. Methods Individuals with chronic pain were recruited from the Washington University Pain Center. First, we assessed the relationship between emotional and physical pain at the group level. Then, three individuals from the group-level study completed ecological momentary assessment four times per day for at least four weeks. We assessed relationships between emotional and physical pain using correlations and dynamic structural equation modeling. Results Emotional pain severity was significantly positively correlated with physical pain at the group level. However, results from idiographic analyses suggested that one individual did not display a significant correlation between physical and emotional pain, and two individuals displayed correlations larger than expected based on the group-level data. Competing models suggested that emotional and physical pain represented distinct constructs for the individuals studied. Conclusions These results suggest that emotional pain may be an important component of chronic pain syndromes. However, idiographic models revealed heterogeneity that may have important implications for treatment. Further research is needed to understand whether idiographic relationships between emotional and physical pain can help identify effective treatment targets for individuals with co-occurring emotional and physical symptoms.
Establishing the dose of memory support to improve patient memory for treatment and treatment outcome.

Abstract Background and objectives Patient memory for the contents of treatment sessions is poor and this is associated with worse treatment outcome. Preliminary findings indicate that treatment provider use of memory support can be helpful in enhancing patient memory for treatment and improving outcome. The development of a novel Memory Support Intervention is currently underway. A key step in this process is to establish the dose of memory support that treatment providers deliver in treatment-as-usual, as well as the optimal dose of memory support needed to maximize patient memory for treatment points and outcomes. Methods Forty-two adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) were randomized to receive either cognitive therapy plus memory support (CS + Memory Support; n = 22) or cognitive therapy as-usual (CT-as-usual; n = 20). Patients completed a free recall of treatment points task at post-treatment. Outcome measures were administered at baseline and post-treatment. Results Treatment providers delivering CT-as-usual used, on average, 8.39 instances of memory support and 3.40 different types of memory support per session. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analyses using the combined sample indicate that 12.45 instances of memory support and 3.88 to 4.13 different types of memory support are needed to maximize patient recall and functional outcome. Limitations Dosing recommendations were established using a limited sample of participants receiving cognitive therapy for MDD. Conclusions Treatment providers appear to deliver a suboptimal amount of memory support. Delivering the optimal dose of memory support could improve treatment outcome.
A 54-Year-Old Man with Complicated Blood Bank Antibody Testing.

A 54-year-old man presented to the emergency department following syncope secondary to retroperitoneal hemorrhage requiring emergent transfusion. Blood bank evaluation showed the patient's ABO/Rh type was O+, with a positive antibody screen. Subsequent antibody identification testing indicated a panagglutinin. His medical history was notable for previously negative antibody screens and a recent diagnosis of multiple myeloma for which …
A review of the evidence to support interim reference level for dietary lead exposure in adults

Abstract FDA developed the interim reference level (IRL) for lead of 3 μg/day in children and 12.5 μg/day in women of childbearing age (WOCBA) to better protect the fetus from lead toxicity. These IRLs correspond to a blood lead level (BLL) of 0.5 μg/dL in both populations. The current investigation was performed to determine if the IRL for WOCBA should apply to the general population of adults. A literature review of epidemiological studies was conducted to determine whether a BLL of 0.5 μg/dL is associated with adverse effects in adults. Some studies reported adverse effects over a wide range of BLLs that included 0.5 μg/dL adding uncertainty to conclusions about effects at 0.5 μg/dL; however, no studies clearly identified this BLL as an adverse effect level. Results also showed that the previously developed PTTDI for adults of 75 μg/day lead may not be health protective, supporting use of a lower reference value for lead toxicity in this population group. Use of the 12.5 μg/day IRL as a benchmark for dietary lead intake is one way FDA will ensure that dietary lead intake in adults is reduced.
Fully compressible simulations of the impact of acoustic waves on the dynamics of laminar premixed flames for engine-relevant conditions

Abstract Thermo-acoustic instabilities remain problematic in the design of propulsion systems such as gas turbine engines, rocket motors, and ramjets. They arise from the constructive interaction of heat release rate and acoustic pressure oscillations, and can result in increased noise and mechanical fatigue. In the present work, we are concerned with the flame response to the thermodynamic fluctuations that accompany an incident acoustic wave. The objective is to investigate the flame dynamics under engine-relevant conditions using high-fidelity numerical simulations and detailed chemical kinetics. The focus is placed on the combustion of hydrogen and n-heptane, as they are both of practical interest and behave very differently when subjected to acoustic waves. We extract the phase and gain of the unsteady heat release response, which are directly related to the Rayleigh criterion and thus the stability of the system. We highlight the differences between results obtained using the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations and the low Mach number approximation. The two simulation frameworks agree very well for acoustic wavelengths much larger than the flame thickness. However, they differ significantly at high frequencies. The gain erroneously reaches a plateau under the low Mach number approximation, while it decays to zero using the fully compressible framework. This difference is attributed to the spatial variations in the acoustic pressure, which are not captured by the low Mach number approximation.
The nonoperative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the controversial subject of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) with a focus on nonoperative treatment indications, methods, and success rate. Recent findings Work by an international multicenter study group ROCK (Research in OsteoChondritis of the Knee) will be reviewed including new classifications systems of healing, arthroscopy, radiographs, and MRI, along with new evidence on off-loading bracing compared to restricted weight bearing. Summary The paucity of evidence behind OCD treatment of the knee can lead to confusion for doctors, patients, and parents. The present review will bring more clarity to the subject.
The Collaborative Study of Race in the Americas: Team-Building in the 21st Century

This is a multipart application. It is for panels, papers, and workshops. All are focused on the collaborative study of African descendants and politics in the Americas, with primary focus on the U.S. and Brazil, but not excluding other locations.
New Tools and Traits for Cotton Improvement

The tools of modern biology are being employed to improve cotton production globally. Biotechnology is an important tool for cotton growers with first and second generation insect protected and herbicide-resistant products already in the marketplace. In the future, new products and additional stacked offerings will be available for these trait classes. New trait areas being explored include cotton tolerant to other agronomic pests, such as nematodes and fungi, cotton tolerant to abiotic stresses, and cotton with improved fiber quality and enhanced cottonseed and oil characteristics. The tools of modern biology are also greatly impacting advances in cotton breeding. A wide array of DNA markers can be deployed along with conventional breeding to accelerate the rate of genetic gain in cotton. Molecular breeding tools do not replace conventional breeding and selection but are an important complement in commercial breeding of cotton on a global scale.
Shadow Sentencing: The Imposition of Supervised Release

More than 95 percent of people sentenced to a term of imprisonment in the federal system are also sentenced to a term of supervised release. Since it was first established in the late 1980s, nearly one million people have been sentenced to federal supervised release. The human and fiscal costs of this widespread imposition are significant. Supervised release substantially restricts an individual’s liberty and people on supervised release receive diminished legal and constitutional protections. The fiscal costs of supervised release are also high, particularly when almost one third of people on supervised release will have their supervision revoked and will return to prison.Despite the importance of supervised release, little is known about how and why sentencing judges impose supervised release and what purpose it is supposed to serve in the federal criminal justice system. In most cases, supervised release is not mandatory and yet judges consistently fail to exercise their discretion in this area and impose supervised release in virtually all cases. Based on an empirical study of sentencing decisions in the Eastern District of New York, this article uncovers previously unidentified features of supervised release. It finds that judges widely impose supervised release without any apparent consideration of the purpose served by the sentence. This article argues that supervised release is over-used and proposes a new framework for its imposition to ensure that courts only impose supervised release on people who need it.
Signal‐Response Coupling Mediated by the Transduced Colony‐Stimulating Factor‐1 Receptor and its Oncogenic fms Variants in Naive Cells

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1 or M-CSF) supports the proliferation and survival of mononuclear phagocytes by binding to a receptor (CSF-1R) encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene. Whereas the CSF-1R kinase is normally regulated by ligand, receptors bearing 'activating mutations' act constitutively as enzymes and can transform fibroblasts and haemopoietic cells of different lineages. Introduction of human CSF-1R enables mouse NIH-3T3 cells to form colonies in agar in response to human CSF-1 and to proliferate in serum-free medium supplemented with CSF-1, albumin, transferrin and insulin. Similarly, expression of human CSF-1R in interleukin 3-dependent mouse FDC-P1 myeloid cells enables them to grow in CSF-1. High levels of CSF-1R expression in FDC-P1 cells can induce factor-independent growth which is abrogated by a 'neutralizing' monoclonal antibody to the receptor. Therefore, critical mutations in the c-fms gene or overexpression of CSF-1R in immature myeloid precursors might each contribute to leukaemia.
Decidability of robot positioning tasks using stereo vision systems

Conditions are given which enable one to decide on the basis of images of point features observed by an imprecisely modeled two-camera stereo vision system, whether or not a prescribed robot positioning task has been accomplished with precision. It is shown that for a stereo vision system whose two-camera model is known only up to a projective transformation, one can decide with the available data whether or not such a positioning task has been accomplished, just in case the function which specifies the task is a projective invariant. It is then shown that, under suitable technical conditions, every task with this property can be constructed from primitive tasks by using only a small number of distinct operations.
Preparation of yeast RNA

This unit provides two protocols for extraction of RNA from yeast that differ primarily in the method for lysing the yeast cells. The first protocol isolates RNA directly from intact yeast cells by extraction with hot acidic phenol. This yields RNA that is relatively free of contaminating DNA, is convenient to perform with multiple samples, and gives little or no sample-to-sample variation. In contrast, an alternate protocol relies upon disruption of cells by vigorous mixing with glass beads and denaturing agents. Although this procedure results in efficient breaking of the cells, the product is associated with residual DNA, and the procedure itself is troublesome when one is working with multiple samples. A second alternate protocol describes the scaling up of the first two procedures to isolate enough total RNA for poly (A)+ RNA preparation.
Fuzzy logic control implementation considerations and complexity analyses

In this paper, a number of implementation and algorithmic options for fuzzy logic control applications are presented. The emphases are on the analyses of the computational load and memory requirements of all the processing stages of fuzzy logic control algorithms. Comparisons are made among commonly used techniques and recommendations are provided. The results could be used to guide the design of fuzzy logic controllers for an embedded or hardware implementation.
Monolingual Distributional Profiles for Word Substitution in Machine Translation

Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words present a significant challenge for Machine Translation. For low-resource languages, limited training data increases the frequency of OOV words and this degrades the quality of the translations. Past approaches have suggested using stems or synonyms for OOV words. Unlike the previous methods, we show how to handle not just the OOV words but rare words as well in an Example-based Machine Translation (EBMT) paradigm. Presence of OOV words and rare words in the input sentence prevents the system from finding longer phrasal matches and produces low quality translations due to less reliable language model estimates. The proposed method requires only a monolingual corpus of the source language to find candidate replacements. A new framework is introduced to score and rank the replacements by efficiently combining features extracted for the candidate replacements. A lattice representation scheme allows the decoder to select from a beam of possible replacement candidates. The new framework gives statistically significant improvements in English-Chinese and English-Haitian translation systems.
The Good-Faith Exception and Unsettled Law: A Study of GPS Tracking Cases After United States v. Jones

The federal exclusionary rule generally prohibits the admission at trial of evidence procured by means of an unconstitutional search. But the rule admits of many exceptions, including an officer’s good-faith reliance on what reasonably appeared at the time of the search to be binding legal authority. The Supreme Court has applied the good-faith exception when police rely on warrants that turn out to be invalid because of magistrates’ errors or database inaccuracies, statutes that turn out to be unconstitutional, and, in the 2011 case of Davis v. United States, to “binding appellate precedent” later overturned. The Court has not determined, however, whether officers may act in good-faith reliance on nonbinding legal precedent. This question has recently arisen in a number of cases affected by the retroactive application of the rule announced in United States v. Jones that installing a GPS device on a vehicle constitutes a Fourth Amendment search. This Note analyzes the emerging disagreement among district courts over the reach of the good-faith exception. Courts have largely gone in one of two directions. Some read Davis narrowly as extending the good-faith exception only to an officer’s reliance on precedent binding in the jurisdiction at the time of the search. Others read Davis as authorizing a broad good-faith exception that would allow reliance on nonbinding precedent. The disagreement reflects great uncertainty in the lower courts as to the scope of the good-faith exception. Is the exception confined to the handful of situations the Supreme Court has recognized, or does it authorize lower courts to analyze the culpability of officers on a case-by-case basis and extend the exception to new facts? This Note argues that courts should adopt a modified standard from the Court’s qualified immunity cases, focusing on whether the constitutionality of an officer’s action has been clearly established. Such an analysis respects the fundamental rationale of the Court’s good-faith cases while retaining a robust role for the exclusionary rule.
Stimulation of Unbalanced Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli by Methanol

Addition of methanol to a stringent strain of Escherichia coli, starving of methionine, stimulates unbalanced ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. The newly formed RNA and ribonucleoprotein species sediment between 4S and 30S. As a result of methanol treatment, cells become permeable to actinomycin D. Damage to cellular membrane appears to influence the control for RNA synthesis.
Multiple Cutaneous Metastases from Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies are very common. We describe an extremely rare case of multiple cutaneous metastases from esophageal adenocarcinoma. A month before the patient came to us, he had presented to the ER for evaluation of skin lesions and was sent home on a 1-week course of oral antibiotics. He later presented with dysphagia and was diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma and biopsy of the skin lesions revealed metastases. This report stresses the importance that newly appearing skin lesions may be the first presentation of esophageal carcinoma.
Unified model of switching and nonswitching charge-density-wave dynamics.

We show that the dynamics of both switching and nonswitching charge-density waves can be described by the classical Fukuyama-Lee-Rice model when the effects of normal carriers (present for Tg0) are properly taken into account. We have constructed a circuit representation of the model and have performed numerical simulations in one dimension. We find switching in the limits of strong pinning or large normal-carrier resistance, consistent with experiment.
Study of Effects of Processing Aids on Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Soy Protein Blends

In this work, two processing aids, acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate and an alkene bis fatty amide (wax), were investigated for their effects on rheological properties, morphology, thermal transition temperatures, and mechanical properties of the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/soy protein concentrate blends. Acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate and alkene bis fatty amide played different roles in improving the processability of the blends, with the former functioning as a plasticizer for PLA and the latter as an internal/external lubricant. The amide wax was more effective in reducing blend melt viscosity through its dual functions of internal and external lubrication. Acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate displayed a stronger effect in facilitating PLA nucleation than the amide wax. Both processing aids decreased tensile strength and modulus of the blends and increased break strain and impact strength.
Cycle-length response of ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery disease to procainamide and amiodarone.

Abstract We undertook this study to determine if the cycle-length response of ventricular tachycardia (VT) to procainamide and amiodarone is similar in the individual patient. We enrolled 40 patients with uniform, monomorphic VT at a baseline, drug-free electrophysiologic study, after procainamide infusion and during oral amiodarone therapy. We found a significant correlation (p 10% slowing) during amiodarone therapy as compared to procainamide. Thus, although the cycle-length response of VT to procainamide correlates with the cycle-length response to amiodarone, 40% of patients have a disparate response (>10% difference in cycle length) to the 2 agents; additional slowing of VT rates in response to amiodarone beyond that seen with procainamide is unlikely. These results have important implications regarding the institution of amiodarone therapy and the need for repeat electrophysiologic testing during amiodarone therapy.
Dynamic compression characteristics of flexible foams. II: Density variation

In Part I, a simple mathematical model was proposed, based on dimensional similarity parameters, to describe the characteristics of flexible plastic foams under impact conditions. The model assumes that the foam is a rate-dependent material. In the present part we extended the similarity model, by including the density of the foam parameter (for the same material and technological process). The density parameter is significant for systems cushioning with regard to weight and cost constraints. The behavior of flexible foams was studied with density as the variable parameter in a range of 100–240 kg/m3, with constant geometrical dimensions, for a wide range of drop heights and masses. We used the similarity parameters approach to predict the characteristics of the foams for various foam densities. The results show that for particular tested cases, the maximum deformation, the maximum deceleration, and the time pulse-period decrease as the foam density increases.
356. Engineering of Cell Surface Sialic Acids for Polymeric Gene Delivery

Uptake of plasmid vectors through the plasma membrane of a cell is a one of the barriers to efficient non-viral gene delivery. To facilitate uptake, we explored the use of ‘oligosaccharide engineering’to install non-native |[ldquo]|receptors|[rdquo]| in the glycocalyx of mammalian cells for use as |[ldquo]|tags|[rdquo]| for the targeted delivery of cationic polymer- DNA nanoparticles. In this technique, which exploits the permissivity of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway for synthetic N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogs, mammalian cells metabolically process these non-natural monosaccharides to the corresponding sialic acids and display them on the termini of cell surface oligosaccharides. Of relevance to gene delivery, N- thioglycolyl-D-mannosamine peracetate (Ac5ManNTGc) is a novel analog containing a pendant thiol group. Upon surface display as the N-thioglycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5TGc) form of sialic acid, the carbohydrate-expressed thiol groups are highly accessible compared to their protein counterparts, thereby facilitating selective chemical reactions with complementary functional groups.1
Phenylalanine as an amino acid antagonist for the rat.

Abstract The growth rates of rats fed a 9% casein diet supplemented with tryptophan and methionine were markedly depressed by supplements of either 3% of dl -phenylalanine or 3% of l -tyrosine. A supplement of threonine prevented this effect in both cases. Threonine was only partly effective against the more severe growth depression caused by 5% of dl -phenylalanine. Threonine did not prevent the growth depression caused by phenylalanine when tryptophan was not added to the diet. Phenylalanine reduced the level of liver fat under the conditions studied. A comparison is made with the leucine-isoleucine antagonism and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Two improved methods of surface-displacement measurements by holographic interferometry

Abstract This paper describes two new methods for measuring surface-displacements. The first method is an improvement of Ennos' scheme in that multiple object beams are used instead of multiple hologram plates. This arrangement enables the three fringe patterns required for calculating displacement components to be viewed from the same direction, i.e., normal view. Thus the necessity of laborious fringe reprojection is eliminated. The second method involves making three holograms, one situated on each of the three coordinate axes assigned to the surface. Each hologram picks up one component of displacement. Hence no separation of displacement components is required. An experimental demonstration is presented which utilizes the first technique and checks with theoretical predictions.
Unbiasedness on rays of the tests of locations of homogeneous means in isotonic regression

The location of a normal mean can be specified by a vector or by an ellipsoid. In isotonic regression the mean must be from an order restricted cone. For the likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) for the locations of an isotonic mean a simple condition is derived for the tests to be unbiased on a ray. Based on this result the most favorable point within the isotonic regression specification and the set that contains the least favorable points within the null hypothesis are identified. It is also shown that when the null hypothesis points to a homogeneous vector, the LRTs are unbiased.
A further study of diffusion flame stability

This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the stability of a one-dimensional model of a diffusion flame to small disturbances. The study results in establishing necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of a steady state solution. It is shown that numerical solution of the steady state equations by an iterative scheme, based on the Newton root-finding method, provides necessary and sufficient information to determine stability or instability immediately upon convergence to a steady state solution. The methods employed permit a rather general mathematical description regarding fluid properties and reaction-kinetic model but apply only when the Lewis number is unity, all component diffusivities are equal and no heat losses occur. Physical interpretations of the resulting criteria for stability are discussed.
TEM study of β′ precipitation in NiAl–Ti alloys

Abstract The precipitation of β′-Ni 2 AlTi has been investigated in NiAl–Ti alloys as a function of Ti concentration and aging treatment. The precipitation mechanism for β′ is nucleation and growth in these alloys for the given heat treatments. The solubility of Ti has been measured using quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These measurements agree with the results and trends of other researchers, and show the solubility of Ti decreases with temperature to 2.7 at.% at 1000 K. Comparisons to other studies of β′ precipitation in the Ni–Al–Ti system are made and conditions under which possible mechanisms can occur are discussed.
On The Theory of Nuclear Reactions

A formalism of the theory of nuclear reactions is presented. The transition matrices are given as matrix elements between the initial state of the target nucleus and the final state of the residual nucleus. It can be calculated by solving a many body problem of the total system during the collision processes, which is formulated in a form similar to the nuclear structure problem. The effects of the identity of nucleons are completely taken into account. The amplitudes of elastic and inelastic neutron scattering are formally derived. The selfconsistent conditions for the optical potential are obtained and examined in the lower order approximations with respect to the residual interactions between the nucleons. The effects of the singular interactions between the nucleons can be taken into account. The applicability of this formalism to other reactions is pointed out.
Embodiment and presence in virtual worlds: a review

The multimodal, 3D-graphical communication platforms known as virtual worlds have their historical roots in multi-user domains/dungeons (MUDs) and virtual reality (VR). Given the extensive research on these technologies and the novelty of virtual worlds as a topic of study in information systems (IS), it behooves us to learn from the concepts, theories and insights generated primarily by other disciplines that have focused on these technologies. Because neither MUDs nor VR have significant organizational application, thus locating them outside of the IS discipline’s purview, very little of this literature has found its way into IS research thus far. This article reviews the extant literature on virtual environments and seeks to make its insights accessible to IS research on virtual worlds. In particular, this will focus on concepts, theories and insights regarding embodiment and presence, which are afforded by the avatar, a distinguishing technological artifact of virtual worlds.
Chromosome breakage and neoplastic transformation of Syrian golden hamster embryonic cells in tissue culture by transplacental application of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2).

Abstract Hamster embryos were treated with 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) in vivo (in the mother) by transplacental application. The fetuses were isolated 24 h after administration of the AF-2 and cultured. Within the first 24 h of primary culture, some parts of the cells were treated with colcemide for 3 h so that mitotic cells could be observed in the first cell cycle in vitro. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in metaphase plates showed a marked dose-dependence in chromosomal aberrations. Transplacental application of AF-2 also caused slightly dose-dependent morphological transformation. When some transformed colonies were cloned and transferred to the hamster cheek pouch, these cells produced tumors in the host animals. This new in vivo—in vitro combination assay system is considered to be useful for detection of environmental potential carcinogens.
INFORMATION CONTENT OF COYOTE BARKS AND HOWLS

ABSTRACT The information content of coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations is poorly understood, but has important implications for understanding coyote behaviour. Coyotes probably use information present in barks or howls to recognize individuals, but the presence of individually-specific information has not been demonstrated. We found that coyote barks and howls contained individually specific characteristics: discriminant analysis correctly classified barks of five coyotes 69% of the time and howls of six coyotes 83% of the time. We also investigated the stability of vocalization characteristics at multiple distances from the source. Recordings were played back and re-recorded at 10 m, 500 m, and 1,000 m. Vocalization features were measured at each distance and analyzed to determine whether characteristics were stable. Most howl characteristics did not change with distance, and regardless of the distance discriminant analysis was 81% accurate at assigning howls among six individuals. Bark characteristics...
Judging the voices of judicial law

(1999). Judging the voices of judicial law. Angelaki: Vol. 4, Judging the law, pp. 159-172.
Semantic networks and social networks

Purpose – To illustrate the need for social network metadata within semantic metadata.Design/methodology/approach – Surveys properties of social networks and the semantic web, suggests that social network analysis applies to semantic content, argues that semantic content is more searchable if social network metadata is merged with semantic web metadata.Findings – The use of social network metadata will alter semantical searches from being random with respect to source to direct with respect to source, which will increase the accuracy of search results.Research limitations/implications – Suggests that existing XML schemas for semantic web content be modified.Practical implications – Introduction and overview of a new issue.Originality/value – Foundational to the concept of the semantic social network; will be useful as an introduction to future work.
Reproducing the Motion of a Diarthrodial Joint During a Clinical Examination Using Robotic Technology

Six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic/universal force-moment sensor (UFS) testing systems have become very useful tools in the study of biomechanics of joints. (DeFrate 2001, Fujie 2000, Rudy 1996) Researchers have successfully utilized these systems to determine joint kinematics using force control algorithms. Recent interest in using these robotic systems to reproduce previously recorded motions of a diarthrodial joint during a clinical examination has emerged. However, reproducing these previously recorded kinematics using a robotic/UFS testing system poses several problems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecular Submonolayers on Surfaces by Infrared Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Tetramantane on Au(111)

We have developed a new scanning-tunneling-microscopy--based spectroscopy technique to characterize infrared (IR) absorption of submonolayers of molecules on conducting crystals. The technique employs a scanning tunneling microscope as a precise detector to measure the expansion of a molecule-decorated crystal that is irradiated by IR light from a tunable laser source. Using this technique, we obtain the IR absorption spectra of [121]tetramantane and [123]tetramantane on Au(111). Significant differences between the IR spectra for these two isomers show the power of this new technique to differentiate chemical structures even when single-molecule-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images look quite similar. Furthermore, the new technique was found to yield significantly better spectral resolution than STM-based inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, and to allow determination of optical absorption cross sections. Compared to IR spectroscopy of bulk tetramantane powders, infrared scanning tunneling microscopy (IRSTM) spectra reveal narrower and blueshifted vibrational peaks for an ordered tetramantane adlayer. Differences between bulk and surface tetramantane vibrational spectra are explained via molecule-molecule interactions.
Approximate Truth, Quasi-Factivity, and Evidence

The main question addressed in this paper is whether some false sentences can constitute evidence for the truth of other propositions. In this paper it is argued that there are good reasons to suspect that at least some false propositions can (at least some times) constitute evidence for the truth of certain other contingent propositions. The paper also introduces a novel condition concerning propositions that constitute evidence that explains a ubiquitous evidential practice and it contains a defense of a particular condition concerning the possession of evidence. The core position adopted here then is that false propositions that are approximately true reports of measurements can constitute evidence for the truth of other propositions. So, it will be argued that evidence is only quasi-factive in this very specific sense.
Composite car following models

Abstract This paper addresses previous proposed car-following models and compares them with empirically collected data obtained through aerial photogrammetric techniques, and considers the possibility of using “composite” models to describe the real world situations. Four models are revisited, namely those associated with Chandler et al. (1958), Greenshields (1934), Greenberg (1958) and Edie (1961), and composite models were developed representing both congested and noncongested states. These results were more significant in data fitting and merit further consideration for use as descriptive flow-density models.
The rationale for identifying clinical predictors modifiable by tissue engineering for translational models.

This article proposes a “bedside-to-bench” approach as a model to improve clinical outcomes for patients through functional tissue engineering (TE). The link between the highest level of clinical research and evaluation criteria for musculoskeletal TE is in identifying clinically proven predictors that are amenable to functional TE. The TE solutions developed in the laboratory should then be tested in translational models to evaluate efficacy and safety prior to controlled clinical trials. The best available evidence for potentially decreasing the incidence of radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury is preservation of meniscus function. Meniscus tears occur concurrently in ∼50% of anterior cruciate ligament tears. TE could promote repair of torn meniscus and/or replacement of meniscus loss because meniscus tear is a proven predictor of clinically relevant outcomes (such as osteoarthritis) in patients and is amenable to a potential TE solution.
Antacid Tablets: Should They be Chewed or Swallowed Intact?

AbstractThree commercially available antacids, two of them labeled either to be taken intact or to be chewed, (Bisodol®, Maalox® No. 1) and one of them (Riopan®) available in two formulations, chew tablets and swallow tablets, were tested in vitro for disintegration time, pressure resistance, acid consumption capacity and acid neutralizing capacity and in vivo in man using the Heidelberg Capsule. The total areas under the in vivo pH versus time curves obtained with the intact and chewed tablets, respectively, corrected for the individual NaHCO3 response test were determined. Also the time to reach pH 3 and the period of time for pH versus time curve above pH 3 were determined. The preparations were evaluated for extent of antacid capacity, efficacy and lag time. From the results obtained it becomes evident that by chewing rather than swallowing the antacid intact tablet, a quicker and more effective relief is obtained.
Climate controls the distribution of a widespread invasive species: implications for future range expansion

SUMMARY 1. Two dominant drivers of species distributions are climate and habitat, both of which are changing rapidly. Understanding the relative importance of variables that can control distributions is critical, especially for invasive species that may spread rapidly and have strong effects on ecosystems. 2. Here, we examine the relative importance of climate and habitat variables in controlling the distribution of the widespread invasive freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea, and we model its future distribution under a suite of climate scenarios using logistic regression and maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt). 3. Logistic regression identified climate variables as more important than habitat variables in controlling Corbicula distribution. MaxEnt modelling predicted Corbicula’s range expansion westward and northward to occupy half of the contiguous United States. By 2080, Corbicula’s potential range will expand 25–32%, with more than half of the continental United States being climatically suitable. 4. Our combination of multiple approaches has revealed the importance of climate over habitat in controlling Corbicula’s distribution and validates the climate-only MaxEnt model, which can readily examine the consequences of future climate projections. 5. Given the strong influence of climate variables on Corbicula’s distribution, as well as Corbicula’s ability to disperse quickly and over long distances, Corbicula is poised to expand into New England and the northern Midwest of the United States. Thus, the direct effects of climate change will probably be compounded by the addition of Corbicula and its own influences on ecosystem function.
A Survey of Genetic Counselors About the Needs of 18–25 Year Olds from Families with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome

As a result of modern treatments, the life of women who test positive for BRCA mutations may be plotted along the arc of preventive medicine rather than the slope of diagnostics. Despite evidence supporting the benefits of risk reduction, protocols for early detection and prevention among women from families affected by hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) are not yet proven, and clinical trials have not been undertaken for patients aged 18 to 25. The absence of psychosocial data may leave genetic counselors without uniform guidance on how to manage the care of these patients. This project sought to investigate perspectives on counseling 18–25 year-old patients from families with hereditary cancer syndromes, with specific emphasis on HBOC, given their unique developmental, familial, and medical challenges. Certified genetic counselors were recruited through the NSGC’s Cancer Genetics Special Interest Group listserv. Researchers constructed an online survey which included 41 items and elicited information about: counselor demographics, training, and practice settings; approaches to cancer risk assessment; and common challenges in work with 18- to 25-year-old patients. The survey was also informed by previous work by researchers with 18 to 25-year-olds with BRCA gene mutations. Eighty-six surveys were completed. Researchers used a combination of grounded theory and content analysis for open-ended responses, supported and triangulated with statistical analysis to maximize the interpretation of data. Genetic counselors who responded to this survey experience 18–25 year old patients presenting for cancer risk assessment differently than older patients, and some reported adapting their counseling style to address these differences. Respondents differed in the extent to which they felt well-versed in the developmental needs of patients in this age group. Respondents aged 39 and under reported feeling familiar with this stage in life, having more recently completed it; respondents aged 40 and over reported they were less familiar with, and more interested in learning about, this age group. A primary challenge in cancer risk assessment of these patients, reported primarily by counselors aged 39 and under, is navigating family dynamics in counseling sessions and addressing the developmentally labile young adult. With respect to BRCA-related cancer risk, where penetrance is incomplete, onset in early adulthood is rare. Evidence-based treatment/prevention options exist, but providers may not have clarity regarding how or when to provide directive counsel. A rich understanding of the themes inherent in how people grow and change over time might enhance the counselor’s capacity to assess patients and their family members. The integration of a developmental approach to genetic counseling has the potential to reduce the imperative for non-directive counseling.
New Directions in Oncology Nursing Care: Focus on Gefitinib in Patients With Lung Cancer

Treatment of solid tumors with chemotherapy regimens commonly is associated with debilitating or life-threatening side effects. Careful patient management, appropriate and prompt management of side effects, and interruption of therapy frequently are required for patients receiving chemotherapy. Furthermore, the systemic toxicity associated with chemotherapy may result in irreversible and incapacitating side effects, such as peripheral neuropathy, that lead to poor quality of life in patients. Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) is a biologically based, molecular targeted therapy with a novel mechanism of action: selective inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptortyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) activity. Once-daily oral treatment with gefitinib is well tolerated. In clinical trials, treatment with gefitinib resulted in durable tumor responses and improvement in lung cancer-related symptoms in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who had received prior chemotherapy. Trials are under way to explore the full potential of gefitinib and additional EGFR-TK inhibitors for other solid tumors and in other treatment settings, including prevention. Biologically based, molecular-targeted therapies such as gefitinib are providing new treatment options for patients and adding a new dimension to clinical practice for oncology nurses.
Heterophenomenology: Heavy-handed sleight-of-hand

We argue that heterophenomenology both over- and under-populates the intentional realm. For example, when one is involved in coping, one’s mind does not contain beliefs. Since the heterophenomenologist interprets all intentional commitment as belief, he necessarily overgenerates the belief contents of the mind. Since beliefs cannot capture the normative aspect of coping and perceiving, any method, such as heterophenomenology, that allows for only beliefs is guaranteed not only to overgenerate beliefs but also to undergenerate other kinds of intentional phenomena.
An evaluation of inert and resorbale ceramics for future clinical orthopedic applications

The compatibility of implanted ceramic materials with autogenous bone, and the subsequently noted influence of the ceramic on the rate of new bone formation, were investigated to evaluate such materials for use in orthopedic implants. Three ceramic materials, aluminium oxide (Al2O3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and calcium aluminate (yCaO · xAl2O3) were tested. These were placed in the femurs of rhesus monkeys for periods of 50, 100, and 350 days. Definite compatability between the autogenous bone and the materials was exhibited for the implant time periods evaluated. No toxicogenic activity was noted in any of the biochemical, biomedical, and ceramographic evolutions. An added benefit resulted from the calcium aluminate composition, which was fabricated as a two-phase oxide material to make it slightly soluble in the body fluids. In the 50- and 100- day implants, the bone penetrated the ceramic for distances up to 100 μ while the ceramic dissolved and the pores enlarged. In addition, the mineralization in the area of the calcium aluminate was greater than that found around the other ceramics. Radiographs over the entire 350-day implant period confirmed the increased callus formation around all of the materials with no signs of rejection evident in the surrounding osseous or soft tissues. After 350 days the entire pore area of the calcium aluminate ceramic was infiltrated with a columnar substance which on the basis of scanning electron microscope procedures was considered to be mineralized osteoid.