cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Moitree middleware for distributed mobile-cloud computing

Abstract Commonly, mobile cloud computing assumes that each mobile device of a user is paired with a user-controlled surrogate in the cloud to overcome resource limitations on mobiles. Our Avatar platform leverages this model to support efficient distributed computing over mobile devices. An avatar is a per-user, always-on software entity that resides in the cloud and acts as the surrogate of the mobile. Mobile-avatar pairs participate in distributed computing as a unified computing entity in such a way that the workload and the demand for resources on the mobiles remain low. This paper presents Moitree, the middleware of the Avatar platform, which provides a common programming and execution framework for mobile distributed apps. Moitree allows the components of a distributed app to execute seamlessly over a set of mobile-avatar pairs, with the provision of offloading computation and communication to the cloud. The programming framework has two key features: user collaborations are modeled using context-aware group semantics - groups are created dynamically based on context; data communication among group members is offloaded to the cloud through high-level communication channels. A prototype of Moitree, along with several apps, has been implemented and evaluated on Android devices and on a cloud running Android x86 avatars.
A connected cytoskeleton network generates axonal tension in embryonic Drosophila

Axons of neurons are contractile, i.e., they actively maintain a rest tension. However, the spatial origin of this contractility along the axon and the role of the cytoskeleton in generating tension and sustaining rigidity are unknown. Here, using a microfluidic platform, we exposed a small segment of the axons of embryonic Drosophila motor neurons to specific cytoskeletal disruption drugs. We observed that a local actomyosin disruption led to a total loss in axonal tension, with the stiffness of the axon remaining unchanged. A local disruption of microtubules led to a local reduction in bending stiffness, while tension remained unchanged. These observations demonstrated that contractile forces are generated and transferred along the entire length of the axon in a serial fashion. Thus, a local force disruption results in a collapse of tension of the entire axon. This mechanism potentially provides a pathway for rapid tension regulation to facilitate physiological processes that are influenced by axonal tension.
The impact of road grade on vehicle accelerations behavior, PM2.5 emissions, and dispersion modeling

Abstract This study explores the impact of road grade on the acceleration behavior of light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty transit buses on arterials. A piecewise linear model was constructed to estimate the impact of grade on acceleration at various speeds across field-collected second-by-second driving traces. The model results indicate that light-duty vehicles are only slightly impacted by road grade, while a significant decrease of average acceleration is observed for transit bus operations at higher grades, resulting in longer accelerating distances and times for buses to reach a target speed at these higher grades. Given the observed influence of road grade on acceleration behavior, a comparative analysis based on MOVES-Matrix and AERMOD was conducted to examine the impact of ignoring grade, and especially ignoring the grade-acceleration correlation, on the distribution of PM2.5 emissions and dispersion modeling results. Ignoring grade results in a significant under-estimation of PM2.5 emissions on uphill segments, and over-estimation on downhill segments. More interestingly, for heavy-duty buses, ignoring the grade-operation correlation introduces biases in opposite directions at the beginning versus the middle versus ending stages of the acceleration period. Results from this study help improve the understanding of how grade interacts with on-road operations for different vehicle types and supports policy guidance to potentially improve transportation air quality conformity and hot spot analyses, especially at signalized intersections for transit buses, and most likely for heavy-duty trucks.
Parenting Advice School-Age Kids Offer to Parents to Promote Healthier Child Weight-Related Behaviors

Abstract Objective To explore parenting advice children would provide to help parents encourage positive health-related behaviors by children. Design Focus group discussions were conducted, and children shared the advice they would provide parents to help them encourage healthy weight-related behaviors (ie, diet, physical activity, and sleep) for children. Setting Focus groups (n = 65) were conducted in 3 states (Florida, New Jersey, and West Virginia). Participants School-age children (n = 194) between the ages of 6 and 11 years old. Phenomenon of Interest What parenting practices are recommended by children, and are they in line with best-practice guidelines? Analysis Focus group data were analyzed to identify themes and trends. Results Children's recommendations were congruent with authoritative parenting styles (ie, high levels of warmth and control). Most of the advice shared by children aligned with recommended parent practices (ie, responsive feeding, facilitation, environmental restructuring, parent modeling, and encouragement). However, not all of the children's advice aligned with best practices guidelines (ie, use of food rewards and deception). Conclusions And Implications Future nutrition education programs may be strengthened by helping parents adopt best practices for promoting healthy child behaviors. Furthermore, teaching children about recommended child feeding parenting practices may help protect future generations by preparing children to care for younger siblings or raise their children using best parenting practices.
Pharmacogenomics and Opioid Use Disorder: Clinical Decision Support in an African American Cohort.

Abstract Opioid use disorder (OUD) constitutes a significant public health burden as opioid overdose deaths have continued to rise in the United States. Although treatment modalities are available to manage OUD, some patients experience challenges achieving their OUD management goals. Some of these challenges may be attributable to inherited genetic variations, or polymorphisms, on the genes that code for proteins impacting the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of medications used in OUD management. Clinical pharmacogenomics testing can elucidate these polymorphisms; however, a lack of real-world evidence for the use of pharmacogenomics in OUD management complicates the implementation process. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 113 patients undergoing buprenorphine-based OUD management in Northeast Washington D.C. to determine if clinical pharmacogenomics testing for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 would impact treatment outcomes. Data were collected from the electronic medical record (EMR) from December 30, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Study outcomes were based on presence of withdrawal symptoms, instances of unauthorized substances in urine drug tests (UDTs), and sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone (SBN) dose with standard-of-care (SOC) dosing versus pharmacogenomics (PGx)-based dosing. Pearson correlation tests, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and one-way ANOVA tests were used. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to assess predictors of withdrawal symptomatology. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to assess time to first withdrawal. Our research suggests that patients with at least one copy of the CYP3A4*1B allele exhibit an accelerated rate of metabolism compared to the wild-type allele CYP3A4*1.
Multicenter study comparing oncologic outcomes after lymph node assessment via a sentinel lymph node algorithm versus comprehensive pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with serous and clear cell endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To compare survival after nodal assessment using a sentinel lymph node (SLN) algorithm versus comprehensive pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy (LND) in serous or clear cell endometrial carcinoma, and to compare survival in node-negative cases. Methods Three-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival were compared between one institution that used comprehensive LND to the renal veins and a second institution that used an SLN algorithm with ultra-staging with inverse-probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) derived from propensity scores to adjust for covariate imbalance between cohorts. Results 214 patients were identified (118 SLN cohort, 96 LND cohort). Adjuvant therapy differed between the cohorts; 84% and 40% in the SLN and LND cohorts, respectively, received chemotherapy ± radiation therapy. The IPTW-adjusted 3-year RFS rates were 69% and 80%, respectively. The IPTW-adjusted 3-year OS rates were 88% and 77%, respectively. The IPTW-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the association of surgical approach (SLN vs LND) with progression and death was 1.46 (95% CI: 0.70–3.04) and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.19–1.02), respectively. In the 168 node-negative cases, the IPTW-adjusted 3-year RFS rates were 73% and 91%, respectively. The IPTW-adjusted 3-year OS rates were 88% and 86%, respectively. In this subgroup, IPTW-adjusted HR for the association of surgical approach (SLN vs LND) with progression and death was 3.12 (95% CI: 1.02–9.57) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.24–1.95), respectively. Conclusion OS was not compromised with the SLN algorithm. SLN may be associated with a decreased RFS but similar OS in node-negative cases despite the majority receiving chemotherapy. This may be due to differences in surveillance.
Structured Actor-Critic for Managing Public Health Points-of-Dispensing

Public health organizations face the problem of dispensing treatments (i.e., vaccines, antibiotics, and others) to groups of affected populations through "points-of-dispensing" (PODs) during emergency situations, typically in the presence of complexities like demand stochasticity, heterogenous utilities (e.g., for vaccine distribution, certain segments of the population may need to be prioritized), and limited storage. We formulate a hierarchical Markov decision process (MDP) model with two levels of decisions (and decision-makers): the upper-level decisions come from an inventory planner that "controls" a lower-level dynamic problem, which optimizes dispensing decisions that take into consideration the heterogeneous utility functions of the random set of PODs. We then derive structural properties of the MDP model and propose an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm that leverages structure in both the policy and the value space (state-dependent basestocks and concavity, respectively). The algorithm can be considered an actor-critic method; to our knowledge, this paper is the first to jointly exploit policy and value structure within an actor-critic framework. We prove that the policy and value function approximations each converge to their optimal counterparts with probability one and provide a comprehensive numerical analysis showing improved empirical convergence rates when compared to other ADP techniques. Finally, we show how an aggregation-based version of our algorithm can be applied in a realistic case study for the problem of dispensing naloxone (an overdose reversal drug) via first responders amidst the ongoing opioid crisis.
MRI Appearance of Prostate Cancers in Locations Posing Diagnostic or Biopsy Challenges

Prostate cancer affects the peripheral zone more commonly than the transition zone, with 70% of prostate cancer arising from peripheral zone, 25% of cancers in transition zone and 5% in the central zone. Cancers outside the peripheral zone can be missed due to their lower incidence of cancers and the relative lack of familiarity with appearances of non-peripheral zone cancers. In addition, since both central zone and anterior fibromuscular stroma are dark on T2 weighted images and anatomy is often distorted by an enlarged transition zone, it is harder to detect cancers in these locations. This chapter serves as a guide for evaluation of prostate cancers in diagnostically challenging locations.
Exploring religious and/or spiritual identities: part 2–a descriptive analysis of those who are at risk for health problems

ABSTRACTPrevious analysis of the data that are used in this study reveal that compared to people who self-identify as religious and spiritual, spiritual only, and neither religious nor spiritual, s...
Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) after prior ICI in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Results from a multicenter collaboration.

5077Background: Several ICIs are used in first and subsequent lines of therapy for mRCC, either alone or in combination with another ICI or targeted therapy (TT). There are no data on the efficacy ...
Recruitment maneuvers in pediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Recently, alveolar recruitment maneuver is one of effective management of mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recruitment maneuvers are widely used in clinical practice to open the lung and prevent lung injury by derecruitment, improving the compliance, increasing PaO2, increasing the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and reducing the pulmonary shunt fraction, although the evidence is still discussed. This review discussed recruitment maneuvers in pediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Key words: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Alveolar recruitment maneuvers; Children
Efficacy of select insecticide seed treatments and in-furrow applications for managing the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in seedling maize

Abstract The brown stink bug, Euschitus servus, is an important early season pest of field corn. It feeds directly on the growth point of developing plants leading to delays in growth, stunting, and a reduction in yield when injury is severe. Injury from stink bug feeding is often observed days to weeks after it occurred at which point management provides no benefit. This study, conducted in Suffolk, VA in 2018 and 2019, examined prophylactic insecticide options, including seed treatments and in-furrow applications, for their efficacy against brown stink bug. Seed treatments are applied by manufacturers to many commercially available corn seed at different rates for below ground pests. In 2018 and 2019, brown stink bugs were artificially infested in seedling corn plots treated with clothianidin applied to the seed, bifenthrin applied in-furrow, or terbufos applied in-furrow. In 2019, an early and late planting date were used. The impact of stink bug feeding in the presence of each of these treatments, as well as the impact of the treatments on stink bug feeding behavior and mortality, were assessed. We found that clothianidin seed treatments have the potential to mitigate early season feeding from brown stink bugs and prevent yield reduction. We also observed reduced feeding activity and plant injury in early planted corn, suggesting later planted corn is more susceptible to stink bug injury. These results suggest that no additional management may needed for brown stink bugs in seedling corn when planting seed treated with insecticides.
NASAL SURGERY AS AN ADJUNCT TO ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY

SUMMARY It is well recognized that the proper correction of many dentofacial deformities produces significant soft-tissue changes that can be predicted with relative accuracy. The orthognathic procedure may improve or rarely worsen a pre-existing soft-tissue relationship. In this article, we have shown that orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty can be successfully combined, in either a concomitant or delayed fashion, when certain guidelines are followed. As our specialty strives to achieve the best possible outcome for patients, one would have to agree that, although not all nasal changes are predicatable preop- eratively, more refined postoperative results are achieved by the inclusion of adjunctive aesthetic procedures.
Mismatch Between Risk and Response May Amplify Lethal and Non-lethal Effects of Humans on Wild Animal Populations

Human activity has rapidly transformed the planet, leading to declines of animal populations around the world through a range of direct and indirect pathways. Humans have strong numerical effects on wild animal populations, as highly efficient hunters and through unintentional impacts of human activity and development. Human disturbance also induces costly non-lethal effects by changing the behavior of risk-averse animals. Here, we suggest that the unique strength of these lethal and non-lethal effects is amplified by mismatches between the nature of risk associated with anthropogenic stimuli and the corresponding response by wild animals. We discuss the unique characteristics of cues associated with anthropogenic stimuli in the context of animal ecology and evolutionary history to explore why and when animals fail to appropriately a) detect, b) assess, and c) respond to both benign and lethal stimuli. We then explore the costs of over-response to a benign stimulus (Type I error) and under-response to a lethal stimulus (Type II error), which can scale up to affect individual fitness and ultimately drive population dynamics and shape ecological interactions. Finally, we highlight avenues for future research and discuss conservation measures that can better align animal perception and response with risk to mitigate unintended consequences of human disturbance.
Weichteildefekt und exponiertes Osteosynthesematerial — Metallerhalt oder Entfernung?

Vor einer plastisch-chirurgischen Rekonstruktion der Weichteile bei exponiertem Osteosynthesematerial oder freiliegenden Endoprothesen muss entschieden werden, ob ein Metallerhalt mit langfristiger Infektsanierung moglich ist oder eine Metallentfernung empfohlen werden muss. Anhand einer Literaturrecherche werden Therapieoptionen und -ergebnisse analysiert und mithilfe der eigenen klinischen Erfahrungen ein Behandlungsalgorithmus aufgestellt. Wichtige Entscheidungskriterien fur eine Metallentfernung ist die Dauer der Exposition oder Infektion, Metalllockerung und die Lokalisation. Wahrend Osteosynthesematerial an den Extremitaten entfernt und haufig durch einen Fixateur extern oder Ruhigstellung ersetzt werden kann, erfordert die Entfernung einer Endoprothese eine zweizeitige Reimplantation oder eine Arthrodese. Freiliegendes Osteosynthesematerial im Bereich der Wirbelsaule wird bis zur knochernen Konsolidierung, wenn moglich, belassen. Ein Behandlungsalgorithmus dient als Entscheidungshilfe fur oder gegen einen Metallerhalt vor Rekonstruktion eines Weichteildefekts bei exponiertem Osteosynthesematerial.
Clinical application and technical details of cook zenith devices modification to treat urgent and elective complex aortic aneurysms.

To describe technical details of modifying four different Cook Zenith devices to treat complex aortic aneurysms. In the first three cases, the modification process involved complete stent graft deployment on a sterile back table. Fenestrations were created using an ophthalmologic cautery and reinforced with a radiopaque snare using a double-armed 4–0 Ethibond locking suture based on measurements obtained on centerline of flow. In each instance, a nitinol wire was withdrawn and redirected through and through the fabric and used as a constraining wire. In the fourth patient, modification involved partial stent graft deployment and creation of additional two fenestrations to accommodate renal arteries. The devices are resheathed and implanted in the standard fashion. Four patients underwent exclusion of their aneurysms, including thoracoabdominal aneurysms (n = 2), a contained ruptured juxtarenal aneurysm (n = 1), and a ruptured failed previous endovascular repair (n = 1). Fifteen fenestrations were successfully bridged with Atrium iCAST stent grafts. Average graft modification time, operative time, contrast volume, radiation dose, estimated blood loss, and hospital length of stay were 89 min, 155.25 min, 58.8 mL, 2451 mGy, 175 mL, and 4.3 days, respectively. One patient required a secondary intervention to treat a type Ib endoleak. During an average follow-up of 25 months, aneurysm sacs progressively shrank without additional intervention. Physician-modified fenestrated/branched endografts are a safe alternative to custom made devices, especially in urgent cases and should be part of the armamentarium of any complex aortic program.
An Integrated Pricing, QoS-Aware Sensor Location Model for Security Protection in Society 5.0

Society 5.0 refers to an advanced society based on big data, artificial intelligence, sensors, and robots to improve many aspects of life in a smart city. The role of sensors in Society 5.0 is critical. Sensors and the Internet of Things can be considered to work as a service system. Specifically, sensors can track millions of objects to support city security. This article considers the competitive sensor networks in terms of Quality of Service, which can be quantified by service price. The sensors are modeled as an $M/M/1/n$ queueing service system with a location on a secured grid area. A competitive admission fee is considered for tracking orders from society, which makes the arriving tracking demands price-sensitive. Moreover, a bi-level nonlinear program is developed wherein the first level maximizes the sensors’ revenue and social benefit revenue while also minimizing the wait time of tracking orders from society; in the second level, the expected damage cost is minimized from a disruptive scenario toward valuable infrastructure. Moreover, the second-level model is linearized, and it solves the problem by a branch and bound and enumeration algorithm. Finally, an illustrative example of the proposed model is presented.
Dynamics of circular and rectangular jets in crossflow

Abstract In this work, jets in crossflow (JICFs) were studied numerically through large-eddy simulation using a velocity ratio of 5.7 and a jet Reynolds number of 5000. A parabolic profile was used for the jet inlet and four specific cases were compared: one with a circular inlet and three with rectangular pipe inlets (aspect ratios: 2:1, 0.5:1, and 3:1) having the same mass flow rate of the jet. The results indicated that the rectangular JICFs penetrated the domain more deeply than the circular JICF and delayed the vortex and turbulence breakdown. The effect of the crossflow on the jet orientation was also studied and quantified, and modal analysis was conducted on the cases with dynamic mode decomposition. The significant modes were found to be consistent with spectral analysis of convectively unstable JICFs in the literature. The rectangular JICFs showed increased dominant modes frequencies compared to the circular JICF.
Genetic Alterations as Predictors of Radiation-Induced Toxicity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Purpose/Objective(s) Optimizing the therapeutic ratio for radiation therapy (RT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is uniquely challenging owing to high rates of early and late toxicity involving nearby organs at risk (OAR). These toxicities have a profound impact on treatment compliance and quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that RT dose alone cannot fully account for the variable severity of RT-related adverse events (rtAEs) observed in HNSCC patients. Next-generation sequencing has become an increasingly valuable tool with widespread use in the oncologic setting and offers a potentially powerful predictive tool for rtAEs beyond dosimetric data. Materials/Methods Next-generation sequencing data was collected from HNSCC patients who received RT for primary or locally recurrent HNSCC. Early and late toxicity data including mucositis, dysphagia and xerostomia were collected and reported based on common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) Version 5.0. Dosimetric parameters were collected for pertinent structures including the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (PCM), cricopharyngeus and submandibular glands. Based on dosimetric and toxicity outcomes, two patient subsets were defined as RT supersensitive or RT insensitive. Results A total of 37 patients met inclusion criteria. Genetic alterations in BRCA2, ERBB3, NOTCH1 and CCND1 were all associated with higher mean grade of toxicity with BRCA2 alteration implicated in all toxicity parameters evaluated including mucositis (32%), early dysphagia (45%), xerostomia (37%) and late dysphagia (5%). Further, patients who exhibited alterations in both BRCA2 and ERBB3 experienced a 2-fold or greater increase in early dysphagia, early xerostomia and late dysphagia compared to ERBB3 alteration alone. Interestingly, several alterations including ATR, ESR1 and FAT1 were associated with improved toxicity outcomes compared to their wild-type counterparts. Within the RT insensitive subset (n = 7), alterations were found in TNFAIP3, HNF1A, SPTA1 and CASP8, all of which were found in no patients in the RT supersensitive subset (n = 6). Conversely, more than 17 genetic alterations were found in the RT supersensitive group that were found in no patients in the RT insensitive group. Conclusion Despite consistent RT dosimetric parameters, patients with HNSCC experience heterogeneous patterns of rtAEs. Identifying additional factors associated with toxicity outcomes offers a new avenue for personalized therapy and prophylactic management. Here, next-generation sequencing in a population of HNSCC patients correlates several genetic alterations including BRCA2, ERBB3, ATR and TNFAIP3 with severity of rtAEs. Further analysis is urgently needed in order to identify both somatic and germline genetic patterns associated with rtAEs so that we may optimize therapeutic regimens and reduce harmful outcomes in this challenging population.
The Hierarchic Design of the Letters

The Letters of Ps.-Dionysius not only contain striking philosophic material relating to the definition of hierarchic order,1 but have an overall design as a set which parallels the most explicit verbal definition of the ranks of the Christian hierarchy in the Corpus Areopagiticum, a definition given in the Letters themselves. By thus mirroring the Christian hierarchy in a literary manner, they provide us with an important model for the author’s assimilation of the Christian hierarchy to his philosophical sources. The present chapter will be devoted solely to the overall design and inter-relationships of the Letters, which, as has been noted, would in all probability have been written continuously and as an integral part of the Corpus as a whole, since the author was not affected by the circumstances of the Apostolic period, times, places, etc., which he is imitating.
A preliminary evaluation of the correlation between regional energy phosphates and resting state functional connectivity in depression

Impaired brain energy metabolism is among the leading hypotheses in the pathogenesis of affective disorders and linking energy phosphates with states of tissue-function activity is a novel and non-invasive approach to differentiate healthy from unhealthy states. Resting state functional MRI (fMRI) has been established as an important tool for mapping cerebral regional activity and phosphorous chemical shift imaging ((31)P CSI) has been applied to measure levels of energy phosphates and phospholipids non-invasively in order to gain insight into the possible etiology of affective disorders. This is an initial attempt to identify the existence of a correlation between regional energy phosphates and connectivity at nodes of the posterior default mode network (DMN). Resting state fMRI in conjunction with (31)P 2D CSI was applied to 11 healthy controls and 11 depressed patients at 3 T. We found that differences between the two groups exist in correlation of lateral posterior parietal cortex functional connectivity and regional Pi/PCr. Results of this study indicate that resting-state-fMRI-guided (31)P CSI can provide new insight into depression via regional energy phosphates and functional connectivity.
Mutual ballasting: A novel technique for improved inductive system level IEC ESD stress performance for automotive applications

A new ESD failure mode under inductive IEC stress of automotive CAN pins is identified. Inductor saturation causes increase of the rise-time from ins to ~20ns, leading to non-uniform conduction in the bidirectional ESD circuit. A new mutual ballasting layout technique is introduced to recover the system level ESD performance.
FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists with an Introduction to FORTRAN 90

Part 1 Introduction to Computers and the FORTRAN Language: The Computer Data Representation in the Computer Computer Languages The History of the FORTRAN Language FORTRAN 90 Summary Chapter 1 Key Words Chapter 2 Exercises. Part 2 Basic Elements of FORTRAN: Introduction The FORTRAN Character Set The Structure of a FORTRAN Statement The Structure of a FORTRAN Program Constants and Variables Assignment Statements and Arithmetic Calculations Assignment Statements and Logical Calculations Intrinsic Functions List-Directed Input and Output Statements Initialisation of Variables The Implicit-None Statement Debugging FORTRAN Programs Summary. Part 3 Control Structures and Program Design: Introduction to Top-Down Design Techniques Use of Pseudocode and Flowcharts Crolt Structures: Branches Control Structures: Loops More on Debugging FORTRAN Programs Summary. Part 4 Basic 1/0 Concepts: The FORMAT Statement and Formatted WRITE Statements Output Devices Format Descriptors Formatted READ Statements An Introduction to Files and File Processing Summary. Part 5 Arrays: Declaring Arrays Using Arrays Input and Output Example Problems Two-Dimensional Arrays Multi-Dimensional Arrays When Should You Use an Array? Summary. Part 6 Subprograms and Structured Programming: Subroutines The SAVE Statement COMMON Blocks Initialising Data in COMMON Blocks: The BLOCK DATA Subprogram FORTRAN Functions Passing Subprogram Names as Arguments to Other Subprograms Summary. Part 7 Character Variables: Declaring and Initialising Character Variables Character String Manipulations Character Comparison Operations Intrinsic Character Functions User-Defined Character Functions Passing Character Variables to Subroutines and Function Internal Files Character Strings to FORTRAN 1/0 Statements Summary. Part 8 Advanced 1/0 Concepts: Additional Format Descriptors Defaulting Values in List-Directed Input Advanced Disk File I/O Unformatted Files Direct Access Files Summary. Part 9 Additional Data Types: The DOUBLE PRECISION Data Type The COMPLEX Data Type Summary. Part 10 Introduction to Numerical Methods: The Types of Errors Found in Computer Calculations Numerical Applications Summary. Part 11 FORTRAN Libraries: Types of FORTRAN Libraries Using FORTRAN Libraries Example Problems Summary. Part 12 Miscellaneous FORTRAN Features: Obsolete and/or Undesirable Declaration Statements Undesirable Subprogram Features Miscellaneous Execution Control Features Obsolete Branching Structures Obsolete 1/0 Statements Summary. Part 13 Introduction to FORTRAN 90: New Source Format New Variable Names and Types Expressions and Relational Operators Branching and Looping Structures Array Operations Subprograms Dynamic Memory Allocation and Pointers 1/0 System Improvements Summary. Appendices. ASCII and EBCDIC Coding Systems FORTRAN 77 Intrinsic Functions Specific Versus Generic Intrinsic Functions. (Part contents)
Resolution in conventional transmission electron microscopy

Abstract In conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) imaging, diffraction contrast is most often used to form image features, but this increases the image width and reduces the distinguishable separation between closely spaced features within the structure, such as dislocations and interfaces. High-resolution CTEM techniques, however, are used to decrease the image width and thus increase the resolution. In this paper, we describe CTEM techniques and list the contrast mechanisms, based on kinematical theory used to enhance image details. In aperture-selected-area electron diffraction technique both the size of the area selected for diffraction and the smallest measurable change in lattice parameter constitute the resolution. This paper includes illustrative examples from current research of some of the experimental conditions that enhance image contrast and improve resolution both in CTEM imaging and aperture-selected diffraction.
Ferromagnetic Relaxation. I. Theory of the Relaxation of the Uniform Precession and the Degenerate Spectrum in Insulators at Low Temperatures

A scheme is proposed for the relaxation processes at low temperatures accompanying excitation of uniform precession spin waves in a ferromagnetic resonance experiment, with particular reference to highly pure yttrium iron garnet. The processes are: (1) scattering of uniform precession spin waves into the degenerate spin-wave modes by polishing imperfections on the sample surface; (2) equalization of the populations of the degenerate spin-wave modes, also by surface imperfections; and (3) relaxation of the degenerate modes by Raman scattering of thermal spin waves through the magnetic dipole interaction. Relaxation times for the three processes are calculated and compared with experimental values with reasonable agreement.
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Urinary 2-Hydroxypropylmercapturic Acid, a Metabolite of Propylene Oxide

2-Hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (2-HPMA) is a urinary biomarker of exposure to propylene oxide, a mutagen and carcinogen to which humans are exposed through inhalation of cigarette smoke as well as in certain environmental and occupational settings. 2-HPMA is the final product of a detoxification pathway in which propylene oxide is conjugated with glutathione, and the resulting conjugate is further metabolized and excreted. We have developed and validated a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-APCI-MS/MS) method for the rapid quantitation of 2-HPMA in human urine. The method was applied to an analysis of urine samples from 40 smokers and 40 nonsmokers as well as from a group of 15 subjects who quit smoking. The results demonstrate that smokers have significantly (P 10 times higher than the median), apparently unrelated to tobacco smoke exposure or available demographic data. The method presented here can be used to rapidly quantify an individual's exposure to propylene oxide via tobacco smoke or other sources.
Assessing CITES non-detriment findings procedures for Arapaima in Brazil

Summary Arapaima are listed as endangered fishes according to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), thus their international trade is regulated by non-detriment finding (NDF) procedures. The authors critically assessed Brazil’s regulations for NDF procedures for Arapaima using IUCN’s checklist for making NDFs, and found that those regulations cannot ensure the sustainability of Arapaima populations. Arapaima are among the largest fishes in the world, migrate short distances among several floodplain habitats, and are very vulnerable to fishing during spawning. They are threatened mainly by overfishing. The fishery is largely unregulated because government regulations on size, season, and even moratoriums on capture have been very poorly enforced. Arapaima remain poorly understood and the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the genus remain uncertain. There are no data on catch levels or status of wild populations, although available information suggests they are in decline. Brazil’s NDF procedures for specimens originating in the wild are inadequate as they rely on ‘technical opinion reports’, which do not necessarily require scientific evidence. Furthermore, Brazil’s NDF procedures exempt the need for NDF reports on ‘captive’ specimens; however, ‘captive’ specimens originating in the wild and raised in captivity can be exported because regulations do not specify that they must be ‘captive-bred’. Six suggestions are offered to improve the reliability of NDF procedures for Arapaima in Brazil, emphasizing the utility of participatory monitoring and adaptive harvesting to strengthen much needed harvest control capacity in other tropical fisheries.
Tax incidence varies across the price distribution

Abstract Traditional treatments of tax pass-through examine the tax incidence, which makes sense when the law of one price holds. However in markets with a price distribution, the tax incidence may vary across the distribution.
Accuracy of Removal Electrofishing Estimates of Trout Abundance in Rocky Mountain Streams

Abstract Removal electrofishing is frequently used to estimate fish distribution and abundance in streams because it is simple and requires only one visit to a site. However, because the removal method usually overestimates capture efficiency and therefore underestimates fish abundance, some biologists have questioned its use in favor of less biased methods. In southern Idaho streams in the summers of 2006 and 2007, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, cutthroat trout O. clarkii, and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were captured with backpack electrofishers using pulsed DC and marked and released in blocknetted sites; on the following day, four-pass electrofishing removals were conducted. Removal electrofishing underestimated the abundance of trout 10 cm and larger by 17% (four passes), 22% (three), and 25% (two); for trout less than 10 cm, the respective underestimates were 27, 27, and 37%. Removal estimates were biased in part because capture efficiency progressively decreased for fish 10 cm and larger ...
A search for life on Earth from the Galileo spacecraft

In its December 1990 fly-by of Earth, the Galileo spacecraft found evidence of abundant gaseous oxygen, a widely distributed surface pigment with a sharp absorption edge in the red part of the visible spectrum, and atmospheric methane in extreme thermodynamic disequilibrium; together, these are strongly suggestive of life on Earth. Moreover, the presence of narrow-band, pulsed, amplitude-modulated radio transmission seems uniquely attributable to intelligence. These observations constitute a control experiment for the serach for extraterrestrial life by modern interplanetary spacecraft.
Experimental tests of («, A2) and (K∗, K∗∗) exchange degeneracy in forward meson-baryon scattering☆

Abstract We investigate experimentally the idea of exchange degeneracy of vector- and tensor-meson Regge trajectories for several pairs of reactions related by s ↔ u crossing.
Earnings and savings in the early 19th century

Despite substantial advances in our knowledge on antebellum American economic history many crucial elements of the story remain unanswered questions. Among the most important of these missing pieces is the impact which economic growth, and in particular the process of industrialization, had on the American worker. The first seven decades of U.S. history witnessed a transformation of the labor force from one with an overwhelmingly agricultural and rural character to one in which the majority of workers earned their livelihood in nonfarming pursuits. It seems fair to assume that such a massive reallocation of labor resources had a profound and significant impact on the workers caught up in this process of structural change. Moreover, we would expect the economic impact to be reflected in such variables as wage rates, earnings, and incomes of workers as well as the cost of living and living standards. Too often evidence bearing on these important changes is sketchy, characterized by huge gaps in the available data, or worse yet, nonexistent. Until now the latter category included information on worker’s propensity and ability to save out of current income or earnings. Not only is such evidence an important link in the savings-investment nexus but also a prime determinant of the individual’s ability to accumulate wealth. This rate of accumulation plays a key role in the worker’s future economic condition by expanding or severely restricting the range of opportunities available. l It is hardly surprising that little or no evidence exists on the rate of personal saving during the early 19th century. In the first place, until the
The Future of Computing Performance

A new study explains why the days of obtaining performance increases due to higher processor speed are mostly over, and where we go from here.
Symptoms of adopted children presenting to a large mental health clinic.

The intake records of a selected sample of children adopted in ear- ly infancy are reviewed and their presenting symptoms categorized. A majority of the children's symptoms fell into the first 5 of 15 categories: Oppositional Be- havior, Aggressive Behavior, Anti-social Acting Out, Academic Problems and Prob- lems with Peers. While these symptoms are not uncommon in non-adoptive clin- ic cases, the authors note an emphasis on the adoptive parents' disappointment and accusatory attitude toward these children as well as a high incidence of symp- toms indicative of interpersonal difficulties and problems in developing solid par- ental attachments and self-control.
Identification of a single QTL, Mptp1, for susceptibility to MPTP-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuron loss in mice.

Abstract The loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons seen in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease is hypothesized to result from a genetic susceptibility to an unknown environmental toxin. MPTP has been used as a prototypical toxin, since exposure to this drug results in variable SNpc cell death in several vertebrate species, including man and mouse. Previously, we have shown that C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to this compound, while Swiss–Webster mice are resistant. In this study, we intercrossed these mouse strains to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for MPTP sensitivity. Using genome wide PCR analysis, we found that a single major QTLs, Mptp1 , located near the distal end of chromosome 1 between D1Mit113 and D1Mit293, accounts for the majority of the strain sensitivity to MPTP.
Importance of technology for the future of allergy and immunology.

In writing an editorial on the importance of technology for the advancement of allergy and immunology, pictures say it better than words. The Journal has chosen the clinical immunology laboratory, with themonitor of a flow cytometer showing a pair of histograms displaying T (CD3) cells (red peak) and B (CD19) cells (green peak) from a normal infant and from an infant with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1). These are juxtaposed with a picture of a patient with SCIDX1, David, the Houston ‘‘Bubble Boy,’’ when he was 4 years old and confined to the sterile plastic isolator system in which he spent the first 12 years of his life (Fig 1 and the cover of this issue). As seen in the histogram, David lacked the immunogically critical CD3 T-cell population and consequently was at continuous risk for life-threatening infections. There is an increase in the proportion of B cells demonstrated on the histogram, a classic finding in SCIDX1 that should be a definitive clue to the allergistimmunologist evaluating an infant for congenital immunodeficiencies. Monoclonal antibody reagents that distinguish T cells from B cells were just being developed in the late 1970s, and a decade later the emerging technology in flow cytometry permitted rapid and routine identification of T and B cell subsets. David lacked an HLA-matched sibling donor, and the technology to use either haploidentical or matched, unrelated donor bone
High pressure cation exchange chromatography of biogenic amines

Fourteen selected neuroamines and related compounds (phenethylamines, β-hydroxyphenethylamines, and indoleamines) were chromatographed by high pressure cation exchange chromatography using ammonium phosphate solutions as elutants. The capacity factor (k′) values for all compounds studied exhibited linear relationships with respect to both elutant concentration and pH. Values of k′ were strongly dependent on the degree of hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the individual bases. The method proved capable of quantitation of 1–5 nmol of most biogenic amines. Sensitivity to serotonin was even greater, with detectability extending into the picomole range.
A PROTON NMR STUDY OF THE STEREOCHEMISTRY AND KINETICS OF THE REACTIONS OF DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE WITH POTASSIUM DICLOROGLYCINATOPLATINATE(II) AND ITS METHYL DERIVATIVES

Abstract Amino acid complexes of general formula K[Pt(NO)Cl2], where NO denotes the metal bonded atoms of the amino acid, react completely with solvent DMSO to yield two products, cis- and trans-Pt(NO) (DMSO)Cl, where cis and trans refer to positions of DMSO relative to coordinated nitrogen. The products were identified and kinetic data were obtained from changes in the proton nmr spectra of the amino acid, when DMSO-d6 was the solvent, or of both amino acid and coordinated DMSO, when ordinary DMSO was the solvent. For glycine and π-aminoisobutyric acid complexes, the rate of displacement of trans chloride exceeds that of cis chloride by a factor of 3. However, subsequent equilibration favors the cis isomer over the trans isomer by a factor of 10. By contrast, for the corresponding N, N-dimethyl derivatives, the rates of formation of the two isomers are more nearly the same and the equilibrium ratio does not differ from the kinetic ratio. In addition to providing a sensitive technique for evaluating small...
Extracorporeal photopheresis for paediatric patients experiencing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is broadly used in adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), rejection of solid organ transplants, and a variety of autoimmune, cell-mediated diseases. The predominant use of ECP in children and adolescents is for treating GVHD. Children pose specific challenges to ECP, due to their unique physiology and to patient’s size. Herein, we will focus on current clinical trials with ECP in children with GVHD, with an emphasis on technical and clinical issues that are peculiar to the paediatric setting.
Electrophoresis of the serum proteins and transferrins of Alces Alces (ELK), Rangifer tarandus (Reindeer), and Ovis Dalli (Dall sheep) from North America

Abstract 1. 1. Serum proteins of Alces alces, Rangifer tarandus and Ovis dalli were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis and radioautography with 59 Fe. 2. 2. Protein patterns of Alaskan Alces alces were similar to patterns reported from Norway. There was no intraspecific polymorphism of the proteins, including the two or perhaps three transferrins. 3. 3. Sera of Rangifer tarandus from Alaska exhibited transferrin polymorphism manifested by a variety of two-, three- or four-band patterns; the data were similar to those reported from Norwegian Rangifer . The three transferrin genes most prevalent in Norway also appeared most common in Alaska. 4. 4. The proteins of Ovis dalli , with a single rapidly migrating transferrin, differed considerably from Rangifer and Alces which shared many common features and are considered most closely related. 5. 5. The value of serum proteins as a means for studying systematic relationships among wild Artiodactyla, especially Rangifer , is discussed.
Effect of pargyline treatment on the rate of conversion of tyrosine 14C to norepinephrine 14C

Abstract In the present report a new method for estimating catecholamine synthesis was employed to provide additional evidence in support of a negative feedback mechanism for the control of catecholamine synthesis. It was found that after chronic treatment with pargyline, NE levels rose to a new steady-state level and that NE synthesis decreased. In contrast, no change in the rate of heart NE formation was observed 1 hr and 10 min after pargyline treatment when NE levels were essentially normal.