cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fluorogenic Probe for the Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne Ligation Reaction: Modulation of the Fluorescence Emission via 3(n,π*)−1(π,π*) Inversion

Chemoselective ligation reactions represent a powerful approach for labeling of proteins or small molecules in a biological environment. We report here a fluorogenic probe that is activated by click chemistry, a highly versatile bio-orthogonal and chemoselective ligation reaction which is based on the azide moiety as the functional group. The electron-donating properties of the triazole ring that is formed in the course of the coupling reaction was effectively utilized to modulate the fluorescence output of an electronically coupled coumarin fluorophore. Under physiological conditions the probe is essentially nonfluorescent and undergoes a bright emission enhancement upon ligation with an azide. Time-resolved emission spectroscopy and semiempirical quantum-mechanical calculations suggest that the fluorescence switching is due to an inversion of the energy ordering of the emissive 1(pi,pi*) and nonemissive 3(n,pi*) excited states. The rapid kinetics of the ligation reaction render the probe attractive for a wide range of applications in biology, analytical chemistry, or material science.
Polymer conformation-assisted wrapping of single-walled carbon nanotube: The impact of cis-vinylene linkage

Abstract A soluble π-conjugated polymer cis- P m PV is found to be twice as effective as its trans- P m PV isomer in dispersing SWNTs into organic solvents. The improved efficiency is related to the specific conformation of cis- vinylene-enriched P m PV, which facilitates a planar π–π interaction with SWNT surface and leads to improved nanotube dispersion. 1 H NMR spectra indicate that the cis- CH CH bonds are partially converted to the trans- CH CH, thereby providing necessary conformational cavity for SWNT wrapping. Irradiation triggers a precipitation from SWNT dispersion, providing a purified SWNT/conjugated polymer composite.
Systematics of momentum distributions from reactions with relativistic ions.

The momentum distributions of projectile and target residues from spallation reactions induced by relativistic projectiles already in the literature are transformed into consistent quantities and compared. The momentum imparted to the residual nucleus is presented in terms of a longitudinal velocity, 〈${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{?}$〉, and a root-mean-squared momentum, ${P}_{\mathrm{rms}}$. These parameters from all spallation products from many disparate systems display the same systematic dependence on observed mass loss. The rms momentum is shown to depend on the square root of the observed mass loss due to momentum conservation in either of three competing processes with no dependence on the initial reaction. The longitudinal momentum is shown to depend on the observed mass loss and therefore on the excitation energy with only a kinematical factor from the entrance channel. Thus, the longitudinal momenta depend on the velocity but not the mass of the reaction partner.
Ocean Exploration: A Guide to Information Resources

An overview and selective guide to the literature of ocean exploration is provided for reference, research and collection development purposes. Books, encyclopedias, bibliographies, databases, and websites are identified and described. Both historical background and current information on the subject are covered.
How Shall We Pay for Research and Education

In the article "How shall we pay for research and education?" by Paul E. Klopsteg [Science 124, 965 (16 Nov. 1956)], the first sentence under the subhead "Income taxes and individual giving" on page 966 should read: "Notwithstanding the apparent unqualified approval by government of the taxpayer's charitable inclinations, expressed by its permission to him to deduct up to 30 percent of his adjusted gross income for legal charities, he failed in 1954 by about $20 billion to take advantage of this exemption." The printed version "$20 million" was a typographical error.
Regulation of the Rat Serotonin-1A Receptor Gene by Corticosteroids

Abstract Dysregulation of the serotonergic system and abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function have been implicated to be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders. Serotonin-1A receptors have been shown to be suppressed by corticosteroid hormones in a variety of animal studies. This effect may play a central role in the pathophysiology of depression. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying this suppressive effect of corticosteroids. Here, we show by functional analysis of the promoter region of the rat serotonin-1A receptor gene that two NF-κB elements in the promoter contribute to induced transcription of the rat serotonin-1A receptor gene. Furthermore, we show that corticosteroids repress this NF-κB-mediated induction of transcription. Remarkably, we observed that only the glucocorticoid receptor and not the mineralocorticoid receptor was able to mediate this repressive effect of corticosteroids. We argue that negative cross-talk between the glucocorticoid receptor and NF-κB may provide a basis for the molecular mechanism underlying the negative action of corticosteroids on serotonin signaling in the brain.
Nature of sensitive high-order resonant modes in piezoelectric excited millimeter sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors

Abstract High-order resonant modes of piezoelectric-excited cantilever (PEMC) sensors were previously shown to be very highly sensitive at 0.3–2 fg/Hz for in-liquid applications. The purpose of this work is to show experimentally and with finite element model (FEM) simulations that such sensitive modes are strongly influenced by the sensor width, suggesting that the sensitive modes are torsional or buckling modes. From experimental observations the resonant frequency of high-order modes had a strong dependence on width, where a sensor with a smaller width had resonant modes at a higher frequency. Also the FEM simulations indicate that in this frequency range there are resonant modes with a buckling nature that change for a decrease in width, consistent with experimental observations. In order to establish that the width-dependent modes are mass-sensitive in liquids, resonant frequency change to density changes in flow experiments under fully liquid-immersed conditions were determined. Average frequency shifts of 475 ± 49 Hz ( n = 5), 533 ± 31 Hz ( n = 5), 715 ± 103 Hz ( n = 5) and 725 ± 37 Hz ( n = 5) were obtained for the four designs investigated in response to a density change of 0.0118 g/cm 3 . The results show that the resonant frequency response to variations in the geometry provides insightful data on the role of width in PEMC sensor design.
Acute and chronic retention of urine: relevance of raised serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels. A prospective study.

Abstract A prospective study of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels in benign prostatic disease is reported. In 12 patients with acute retention the initial PAP level when compared with the level twenty-four hours after catheterization showed a significant fall (p
12 Phylogeny of the euglenoid loricate genera trachelomonas and strombomonas based on morphological and molecular data

Since the separation of the Trachelomonas subgroup “Saccatae” into a new genus, Strombomonas Deflandre (1930), there has been some question as to its validity. Deflandre's separation was based on morphological characteristics such as the shape of the lorica, lack of a distinctive collar, possession of a tailpiece, lack of ornamentation, and ability to aggregate particles on the lorica. Recent molecular analyses indicated that the loricate taxa were monophyletic, but few species have been sampled. The LSU rDNA from eleven Strombomonas and thirty-eight Trachelomonas species was sequenced to evaluate the monophyly of the two genera. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses found one monophyletic clade for each genus. The Trachelomonas clade was weakly supported, but had five strongly supported subclades. Morphological characters, such as lorica development and pellicle strip reduction, also supported separation of the genera. Lorica development in Strombomonas occurred from the anterior of the cell to the posterior, forming a shroud over the protoplast whereas in Trachelomonas, a layer of mucilage was excreted over the entire protoplast, followed by creation of the collar at the anterior end. Taxa from both genera underwent exponential strip reduction at the anterior and posterior poles. In Strombomonas, only one reduction was visible in the anterior pole, while in most Trachelomonas species, two reductions were visible. Likewise, Strombomonas species possessed two whorls of strip reduction in their posterior end compared to a single whorl of strip reduction in Trachelomonas species. The combined morphological and molecular data support the retention of Trachelomonas and Strombomonas as separate genera.
Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm.

Herminia Ibarra Harvard University This paper argues that two network mechanisms operate to create and reinforce gender inequalities in the organizational distribution of power: sex differences in homophily (i.e., tendency to form same-sex network relationships) and in the ability to convert individual attributes and positional resources into network advantages. These arguments were tested in a network analytic study of men's and women's interaction patterns in an advertising firm. Men were more likely to form homophilous ties across multiple networks and to have stronger homophilous ties, while women evidenced a differentiated network pattern in which they obtained social support and friendship from women and instrumental access through network ties to men. Although centrality in organization-wide networks did not vary by sex once controls were instituted, relative to women, men appeared to reap greater network returns from similar individual and positional resources, as well as from homophilous relationships.'
Unveiling the roles of HBV polymerase for new antiviral strategies

ABSTRACT Infection with HBV is common worldwide, with over 350 million chronic carriers. Chronic HBV infection is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. All currently available oral antivirals are directed against the HBV polymerase enzyme, a reverse transcriptase. HBV polymerase contains several important domains and motifs which define its functions and reveal ways to further target it. This enzyme executes many functions required for the HBV replication cycle, including viral RNA binding, RNA packaging, protein priming, template switching, DNA synthesis and RNA degradation. In addition, HBV polymerase must interact with host proteins for its functions. Future therapeutics may inhibit not only the DNA synthesis steps which are carried out by the reverse transcriptase domain (as all current antivirals do) but other domains, functions and interactions which are essential to the HBV replication cycle.
Relative Deprivation and Collective Protest: An Impoverished Theory?*

Recently, social psychological theories of social movements such as relative deprivation (RD) have come under heavy censure. An examination of the theoretical literature on RD indicates that many of the critics’remarks seem to be predicated on an inadequate and superficial interpretation of RD. A detailed examination of many of the studies purporting to operationalize RD reveals, however, that many of the criticisms retain their pertinence when evaluating the empirical work. At this point it seems premature to declare RD moribund. Instead, directions for future studies that may lead to a more accurate appraisal of RD are recommended, since both social psychological and mobilization theories are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of collective behavior. Ghetto dwellers have much to resent about the way the outside world treats them: poor jobs, unemployment, unfair practices on the part of many employers, high rents for unsatisfactory housing, inadequate schools and health and sometimes brutal police work, the poor performance and sharp practices of many businesses aiming at ghetto customers, as well as a host of major and minor expressions of prejudice and discrimination which may confront a member of the black minority as he goes about his everyday social traffic in American society. Although such circumstances do not hit every member of the community with equal force, they provide each ghetto dweller with some basis for discontent, and probably they all play some role in the accumulation of grievances which may finally result in a rising. (Hannerz, 1971:324)
Subsurface liming effects on cotton development and root growth: A greenhouse study

Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirutum) yields in the Virginia Coastal Plain are often reduced by restricted root growth due to acid subsoils and hardpans, and sandy soils with low water‐holding capacity. The objective of this experiment was to determine if subsoiling or subsoiling and subsoil lime placement affected nutrient element uptake, root growth and penetration, and plant development on selected Coastal Plain soils. Treatments were (i) untreated check, (ii) simulated subsoiled to 61 cm, and (iii) simulated subsoiled to 61 cm and 1 t ha‐1 of lime applied to the subsoiled trench. Cores 30.5 cm in diameter and 81 cm deep were collected in the field and placed in the greenhouse. The cotton cultivar DP50 was grown on these soils cores for 90 days. Rooting depth and taproot length were measured and approximate total root length was determined by the line intersect method. Root dry matter weight increased (p<0.05) by 52 and 35 grams per plant for the subsoiled and limed treatment over the untreated check, re...
Conditional obligation, deontic paradoxes, and the logic of agency

A variant of Belnap's stit-semantics due to Horty and von Kutschera is used to develop a semantics of obligation. A partial completeness result is stated. The semantics is then used to discuss conditional obligation as well as two paradoxes of deontic logic. The paper argues for the importance of an analysis of agency for deontic logic.
Recent progress at RTNS-II☆

Abstract The Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS-II) facility produces 14 MeV neutrons for materials damage studies. Initial operation for irradiations, which took place in 1979, began with a neutron source strength of 1013 n/s utilizing one of the accelerator-based neutron sources. Details are given on improvements which have resulted in both increased neutron production and neutron source strength and improved control and monitoring.
VEGA - EN route to Venus and comet Halley

On December 15 and 21, 1984, the Soviet Union launched VEGA 1, followed by an almost identical twin, VEGA 2. VEGA (the name is an acronym of “Venus-Halley,” the two targets of the space probes, in Russian) is the first deep space mission to carry a truly international scientific payload. In addition to the Soviets, who are bearing most of the costs, France and Hungary also played a major role in putting together the complex of instruments. Scientists from Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, Poland, and the United States also have contributed to this very ambitious program. U.S. scientists participate on an individual basis in VEGA: Thomas Cravens and Andrew Nagy of the University of Michigan take part in the particle science team; D. Asoka Mendis of the University of California, San Diego, participates in the spectroscopic team; and Bradford Smith of the University of Arizona is a member of the television science group. John Hsieh of the University of Arizona and John Simpson of the University of Chicago designed detectors for neutral gas and dust, respectively, made jointly with scientists of the Max Planck Society, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).
Locomotor Sensory Organization Test: A Novel Paradigm for the Assessment of Sensory Contributions in Gait

Feedback based balance control requires the integration of visual, proprioceptive and vestibular input to detect the body's movement within the environment. When the accuracy of sensory signals is compromised, the system reorganizes the relative contributions through a process of sensory recalibration, for upright postural stability to be maintained. Whereas this process has been studied extensively in standing using the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), less is known about these processes in more dynamic tasks such as locomotion. In the present study, ten healthy young adults performed the six conditions of the traditional SOT to quantify standing postural control when exposed to sensory conflict. The same subjects performed these six conditions using a novel experimental paradigm, the Locomotor SOT (LSOT), to study dynamic postural control during walking under similar types of sensory conflict. To quantify postural control during walking, the net Center of Pressure sway variability was used. This corresponds to the Performance Index of the center of pressure trajectory, which is used to quantify postural control during standing. Our results indicate that dynamic balance control during locomotion in healthy individuals is affected by the systematic manipulation of multisensory inputs. The sway variability patterns observed during locomotion reflect similar balance performance with standing posture, indicating that similar feedback processes may be involved. However, the contribution of visual input is significantly increased during locomotion, compared to standing in similar sensory conflict conditions. The increased visual gain in the LSOT conditions reflects the importance of visual input for the control of locomotion. Since balance perturbations tend to occur in dynamic tasks and in response to environmental constraints not present during the SOT, the LSOT may provide additional information for clinical evaluation on healthy and deficient sensory processing.
Tectospinal neurons in hamster contain glutamate-like immunoreactivity.

Abstract Immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody directed against glutamate revealed numerous immunoreactive cells in the hamster's superior colliculus (SC). A large number of these neurons were located in the deep layers and many were in the stratum album intermedium (SAI). These neurons appeared similar to the large multipolar cells that have been shown to project to the cervical spinal cord in this species 22,23,27 . The combination of retrograde tracing using either Fluoro-Gold- or FITC-labelled latex beads with immunocytochemistry for glutamate revealed that many of the immunoreactive cells did, in fact, project into the predorsal bundle and extend axons as far as the cervical spinal cord.
Elastin and vascular disease.

Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is a vascular disease that primarily affects large arteries, like the aorta and pulmonary arteries. SVAS can be inherited as an isolated, autosomal dominant trait or as part of a complex developmental disorder, Williams syndrome. Molecular genetic studies indicate that mutations affecting part of an elastin allele cause autosomal dominant SVAS while submicroscopic deletions that disrupt the entire elastin gene (and presumably adjacent loci) are responsible for Williams syndrome. These studies suggest that loss of vascular elasticity from any cause may contribute to vascular obstruction.
Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States.

Abstract Purpose To assess the association between self-reported racial discrimination and prenatal depressive symptoms among black women. Methods Our study population consisted of two cohorts of pregnant women: the Asthma Coalition on Community, Environment, and Social Stress project (ACCESS) and Project Viva. We measured self-reported racial discrimination among black women using a modified Experiences of Discrimination scale (score 0–8). We assessed elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (≥13 on a 0–30 scale). Results Fifty-four percent of ACCESS and 78% of Viva participants reported experiencing racial discrimination. After adjusting for age, marital status, income, education, and nativity, a 1-U increment in Experiences of Discrimination score was associated with 48% increased odds of EDS (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–1.76) for ACCESS participants but was not significantly associated among Viva participants (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.92–1.37). In both cohorts, responding to unfair treatment by talking to others was associated with the lowest odds of EDS. Conclusions Our findings suggest that higher levels of perceived racial discrimination may increase depressive symptoms during pregnancy among U.S. black women. Interventions involving talking to others may aid in reducing the risk of depressive symptoms among black women experiencing higher levels of racial discrimination.
Simulation, Design, and Verification of an Electrified Bicycle Energy Model

Vehicle electrification is an increasingly popular design strategy for improving efficiency and reducing operating costs. This study uses an experimental and model-based approach to quickly and easily predict and optimize the efficiency of an electric bicycle system based on selection of critical parameters, including motor efficiency curves, rider behavior, mass, aerodynamics, and tire performance. The model is used to guide the construction of an electrified bicycle system to achieve the highest energy consumption performance among design alternatives. Tests of power consumption in actual usage show good agreement between the design predictions and measured performance.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A UNIQUE CASE OF TESSIER 30 AND BILATERAL CLEFT LIP AND PALATE: A NEW CLINICAL SYNDROME?

Background: Tessier 30 cleft is rare and sparsely reported in the literature. A unique case of an infant with a Tessier 30 cleft, bilateral cleft lip and palate, and other anomalies is presented. In addition to craniofacial anomalies, he had cardiac, gastrointestinal, and genitourinal defects. The constellation of these findings suggests the possibility of a new clinical syndrome. We present these findings and postoperative results following surgical treatment. Patient and Methods: A 37-week gestational male infant with multiple congenital anomalies is presented. Findings on clinical exam were notable for Tessier 30 median mandibular cleft, bilateral cleft of the lip and palate, and bifid tongue. Further workup revealed levocardia, perimembranous moderate-to-large ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, double outlet right ventricle, intestinal malrotation, and bilateral undescended testicles. There were no extremity anomalies, and cytogenetic studies for 22q deletion were negative. Results: The ...
Transduction of human dendritic cells with adenovirus encoding anti-PD-1 reduces PD-1 expression on co-cultured T cells

A potent tumor-specific T cell response is an important part of antitumor immunity. Thus, enhancing T cell responses against tumor cells is a major focus in cancer immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in the induction of T cell responses not only against pathogens but also against tumor cells. Studies have shown that DC-based vaccines are capable of presenting antigens via MHC Class I and MHC Class II molecules resulting in tumor antigen-specific T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. However, T cell responses against tumor antigens can be negatively regulated. For example, PD-1, which is up-regulated in activated T cells, can bind to PD-L1 or PD-L2 expressed in tumor cells as part of the immune suppressive tumor environment and thus inhibiting T cell activation. We wished to determine whether addition of anti-PD-1 to DC vaccines would result in enhanced tumor antigen-specific T cell responses. DCs transduced with recombinant adenovirus (AdV) encoding anti-PD1 (Ad5.hPD1Ab) secreted anti-PD1 in the supernatants which was able to bind to PD-1 expressed on the surface of HEK-293 cells via stable transfection. We examined the expression of surface markers associated with DC function and maturation 48 hours after transduction via flow cytometry. Our results show that Ad5.hPD1Ab transduced DCs had similar expression levels of antigen presentation molecules MHC Class I and II, costimulatory, and maturation related molecules CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86 compared to DCs that were transduced with adenovirus encoding tumor antigens for hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma (AdVhAFP and AdVTMM2, respectively). Furthermore, surface expression of inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 were also comparable among the three groups. Cytokine analysis show that 24-48 hours after transduction, Ad5.hPD1Ab transduced DCs secrete more IL-7, IL-15 and IP-10 than AdVhAFP and AdVTMM2 transduced DCs. Importantly, autologous T cells co-cultured with Ad5.hPD1Ab transduced DC results in reduced expression of not only surface PD-1 but also surface CTLA-4 inhibitory molecules in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Telecommunications and processing for military command and control: Meeting user needs in the twenty-first century

MILITARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS will have to change significantly in order to support future command and control concepts. Highly automated communications systems will be required which must be able to manage themselves at the network level, as well as the internetwork level, if the survivable architectures required by users are going to be developed. Emerging technology in packet switching, internetwork protocols, automated network management, and artificial intelligence will provide the foundations for building such systems. With these technologies, a military telecommunications and processing environment can be evolved that will readily support distributed and hence survivable command and control in the battlefield of the future.
The thrill of victory, the agony of defeat*

This paper presents experimental evidence from a rent-seeking exercise where the highest bidder wins the rent, but all bidders, including the winner, lose their wagers. This exercise closely resembles the rent-seeking dilemma facing agents in many settings. There are two main conclusions from the results. First, there is a tendency towards overdissipation of the rent. Second, some individuals are willing to pay more for a rent than its face-value would warrant. We attribute this phenomenon to a “thrill of victory” effect.
Treaties in US Domestic Law: Medellín v. Texas in Context

In Medellin v. Texas, a Texas death penalty case, the United States Supreme Court decided that it could not enforce what it acknowledged to be an international legal obligation to comply with the Avena judgment of the International Court of Justice. The Supreme Court's judgment in Medellin has put our understanding of the domestic treatment of US treaty law in a state of flux. Under the Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution, treaties are the supreme law of the land: binding, equivalent to federal statutes and enforceable by judges. After Medellin, treaties may not necessarily be enforceable federal law, depending on whether they are self-executing without additional legislation. The Supreme Court's decision depends upon the dramatic expansion of a narrow but necessary exception to the Supremacy Clause provided in an 1829 Supreme Court precedent. The consequence of that expansion is to put the US historical approach to treaty-making in question. This article provides (a) a brief overview of treaty law in the United States, including the law before Medellin regarding the domestic effect of treaty law, (b) an overview of Medellin, (c) a critique of the Court's reasoning in Medellin and (d) a discussion of its consequences.
Computer Vision and Natural Constraints

Computer vision, the automatic construction of scene descriptions from image input data, has just entered its second decade. Approaches have varied widely, especially in the amounts of symbolic, domain-dependent knowledge and inference that are incorporated into the vision process. Much current research addresses the extraction of physical properties of the scene (depth, surface orientation, reflectance) from images by using only a few general assumptions about the scene domain. Extraction of physical parameters is part of a hierarchy of operations needed to transform image input data to symbolic descriptions. Two other processes that serve as examples are stereo fusion and the partitioning of image phenomena into related groups. Computer vision research is influencing theories of animal perception as well as the design of computing architectures for artificial intelligence.
Inhibition of Growth of Alcaligenes viscolactis By Some Common Food Preservatives

Abstract The ability of various concentrations of several common food preservatives to inhibit growth of Alcaligenes viscolactis in skimmilk was determined. The most effective inhibitors were sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, with almost complete inhibition at 2.0 and 3.0mg/ml. Nitrofurazone and ethylenelaminetetraacetic acid inhibited growth only slightly at concentrations up to 25 μ g and .6mg/ml. Propyl- p -hydroxybenzoate up to .6mg/ml did not detectably inhibit growth of A. viscolactis in skimmilk.
Precision control of poly-gate CD by local OPC for elimination of microloading effect on 0.13-μm CMOS technology

The yield impact by local non-uniformity of poly-gate CD, edge profile, and transistor performance (between larger pitch area and minimum pitch area) is no longer tolerable in advanced CMOS technology as illustrated in a 2M SRAM vehicle processed by 0.13um flow in this paper. Micro-loading effects shall be minimized for process steps in poly-gate loop (including poly patterning, hard-mask etching, photo-resist (PR) ashing, poly etching, hard-mask removal, wet clean, etc), so that the accumulated local non-uniformity can be minimized. Also additional OPC may be applied locally (on mask) to compensate the remaining local non-uniformity. Significantly higher yield of a vehicle (2M SRAM) is demonstrated by efforts from both minimizing micro-loading effect in process steps as well as applying additional local OPC.
Slit-ventricle syndrome: review of 15 cases

The slit-ventricle syndrome (SVS) has been the subject of diverse opinions and recommendations during the past 2 decades. In an effort to define the clinical features of SVS and to make recommendations concerning management we have reviewed 15 cases treated by a fairly uniform technique during the past 5 years. The syndrome consists of: (1) intermittent, but self-limiting episodes resembling shunt malfunction, usually lasting a few days, (2) nonfilling of the pumping device after compression, and (3) a slit-like ventricular system on CT scan. In all but 2 patients the initial shunt was performed in infancy. The mean interval from the initial shunt to treatment of SVS was 6 years. The age range at onset of SVS varied from 2 to 17 years with a mean of 7 years. All patients in this series were relieved of symptoms by placement of an antisiphon device and, in most patients, upgrading the valve resistance. Analysis of this series has led to the following conclusions: (1) SVS is a characteristic clinical entity, usually distinguishable from persistent shunt malfunction and from low-pressure headache, (2) the pathogenesis is intermittent obstruction of the ventricular catheter, (3) there is no good evidence that changes of brain compliance or La Place principles apply, and (4) placement of antisiphon device and upgrading valve resistance are effective treatments.
Expression of the Angiogenic Protein, Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor, in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques: In Vivo Correlation of Lesional Microvessel Density and Constrictive Vascular Remodeling

Recent information indicates that platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), a 45-kDa angiogenic protein, is expressed in the endothelium of various tissues and that its level of expression is correlated with the number of microvessels in human tumors. Because the formation of neovessels is also thought to play a role in atherosclerotic vascular remodeling, we analyzed PD-ECGF expression in fresh, coronary plaque tissues obtained by directional coronary atherectomy. Specimens from 31 patients were collected and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, histochemical staining, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization with the use of PD-ECGF-specific primers and probes. Lesional vascular remodeling was assessed by intravascular ultrasound. PD-ECGF immunoreactivity and mRNA were found in plaque macrophages, endothelial cells of plaque neovessels, and stellate smooth muscle cells of 20 atherectomy specimens (64.5%). PD-ECGF immunoreactivity was correlated with the number of lesional microvessels and mast cells. Double-staining experiments revealed a close spatial proximity of PD-ECGF-positive cells and mast cells. Furthermore, the numbers of microvessels and mast cells were significantly higher in lesions lacking compensatory enlargement. The data indicate that PD-ECGF is expressed within cells of the atherosclerotic plaque and may be involved in driving angiogenesis in concert with mast cells.
High-resolution observations of the isotopic composition of carbon and silicon in the galactic cosmic rays

High resolution satellite observations of the galactic cosmic rays (approximately 100-300 MeV/amu) have yielded determinations of near-earth isotopic compositions, which are presented: (C-13)/(C-12) = 0.070 + or - 0.006; (Si-29)/(Si-28) = 0.109(+0.024, -0.014); and (Si-30)/(Si-28) = 0.084(+0.020, -0.014). Using a standard propagation model, source values greater than solar are derived for each of these ratios. The (C-13) excess may be the result of cross section uncertainties, but the (Si-29) and (Si-30) appear to reflect real differences between the galactic cosmic-ray source and the solar system.
Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of Reheat Transcritical Organic Rankine Power Cycle Using a Low Temperature Geothermal Heat Source

A revision of transcritical power cycle with reheat enhancement is proposed in this paper. Energy analysis is carried out to investigate parametric effects on cycle performance, and further detailed cost and economic analysis is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the reheat cycle in practical applications. CO2 is chosen as the working fluid and heat source is from the geothermal energy in the present study. Results show that reheat pressure is a very important parameter affecting the cycle performance, and its optimal value corresponding to the maximum cycle performance is that makes the same expansion ratio across each stage turbine. There is more potential for regeneration enhancement in the reheat cycle, since the exhaust out of the turbine has a higher temperature than without reheat.From the economic analysis and optimization, it is found that in both cycles the cost minimization is obtained at a corresponding optimal value of the high pressure which is significantly lower than that maximizing the cycle performance based on the first law of thermodynamics. This is due to the fact that the turbine and pump costs are dominant over other major components considered and their costs increase significant with the high operating pressure. The comparison of their unit costs reveal the existence of a critical high pressure for a given turbine inlet temperature Th above which reheat cycle is more cost effective than the baseline. And this value of the critical pressure increases with Th.Overall, reheat enhancement method has great potential to improve thermal efficiency and especially net work output of transcritical power cycle using a low-grade geothermal heat source.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On Thinking Clearly About Taxometrics, Schizotypy, and Genetic Influences: Correction to Widiger (2001)

In a recent commentary on taxometric methods (Meehl, 1973; Waller & Meehl, 1998), Widiger (2001) takes issue with the value of the taxometric approach and offers his views on the use of taxometric methods and the interpretation of taxometric findings. A principal concern of Widiger's is what he terms the “exaggerated implications” (p. 529) that he believes have been offered by investigators who have interpreted taxometric findings. He misrepresents the findings and conclusions of a well-known taxometric study of schizotypy (Lenzenweger & Korfine, 1992) in order to substantiate the claim of “exaggerated implications” and ascribes to the authors of the original study a conclusion not drawn by them. The possible nature of a critical logical error in Widiger's assessment of the Lenzenweger and Korfine study is explored with special reference to the theoretical context of the original schizotypy study.
Allergic encephalomyelitis induced in guinea pigs by a peptide from the NH2-terminus of bovine P2 protein.

Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) first described by Waksman and Adams1,2 in rabbit, guinea pig and mouse after injection of PNS antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. In rabbit and mouse, the histological lesions were confined to the PNS but the guinea pig reacted curiously to PNS antigens by developing lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the PNS. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the CNS counterpart of EAN, is known to be a response to CNS myelin basic protein. In early experiments3,4, basic proteins from PNS myelin also produced a disease in guinea pigs characterised by CNS lesions. Characterisation of the proteins of PNS myelin demonstrated the presence of a basic protein (P1) which was similar to the encephalitogenic basic protein of CNS myelin5. At first it seemed that the CNS lesions were being caused by this (P1) protein. However, immunological studies from our laboratories suggested that when guinea pigs were sensitised to PNS myelin, the resulting lesions were a response to the small PNS myelin basic protein (P2) and not to the P1 protein6. In a preliminary report7, we indicated that a peptide fraction derived from the P2 protein could produce a disease in guinea pigs characterised by CNS lesions. Sequence studies under way in our laboratory now enable us to report that this response is being caused by a tryptophan-containing 20-residue peptide (CN3) derived from the NH2-terminal segment of the bovine P2 protein.
The concordance rates between left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as diagnosed by CMR with fibrosis imaging

Introduction CMR has become the leading technique to define the clinical impact of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) providing complete coverage of both ventricles with high spatial resolution. Gadolinium delayed-hyperenhancement (DHE) accurately identifies regions of myocardial fibrosis. Via CMR, innumerable studies have established that LVH is the predominant phenotypic expression of HCM. It is well known that myocardial fibrosis can occur in HCM patients and is independently linked to a poorer prognosis than those without fibrosis by CMR. The genotypic expressions would appear to affect the entire heart yet, classically, investigations have been limited to the LV, in some part due to inability to image the smaller, thinner RV. Thus, little information is available about the RV in HCM.
Wavelength optimization of the spectral derivative method improves quantification of chromophore values in NIR reconstruction

We present a wavelength optimization approach incorporating the spectral derivative method in near infrared (NIR) reconstruction. The similarity between spectral features of oxy-hemoglobin and water leads to difficulty in separating them with any spectral reconstruction method. By taking the difference of wavelength pairs and using a spectral derivative fitting method, this similarity can be broken down to better differentiate each set of two chromophores. Optimal wavelength permutations were chosen based on the criteria of minimum correlation of the differences in adjacent wavelengths. The direct and derivative methods were then compared with optimal wavelength sets in two and three dimensional reconstructions. The wavelength optimized derivative method shows superior results in the recovery of chromophore concentrations. This approach can not only yield reduced coupling and geometry errors, it also shows better separation of one chromophore from others.
A gas—Liquid equilibration apparatus for quantitative determination of oxygen binding by hemoglobin

Abstract The procedures for generation of gas mixtures containing known partial pressures of oxygen have been improved and a new apparatus for equilibration of hemoglobin solutions with these gases has been developed. The hemoglobin solution, which is periodically spread out into a film of large surface area, is flushed with a continuously renewed gas phase. The application of absorption spectroscopy for determination of fractional saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen has been improved by designing a computer-assisted spectrophotometer which records detailed absorption spectra in the wavelength region between 460 and 620 nm, the spectra being stored in the memory bank of a digital computer. The spectrum of the sample solution is then resolved into component spectra (oxy-, deoxy-, and methemoglobin A) using a least-squares fitting procedure which minimizes residuals at each wavelength between 460 and 620 nm. An improvement in the optical properties of hemoglobin A solutions was obtained by removing from preparations of hemoglobin A those materials precipitated by the gentle shearing forces generated during the equilibration of the solution with the gas phase.
Effects of test temperature, grain size, and alloy additions on the low-temperature fracture toughness of polycrystalline niobium

The current work investigates the effects of test temperature (77 to 150 K), grain size (63 to 165 µm), and solid solution alloying additions of zirconium (Zr) on the fracture toughness (Kq, KIc) of polycrystalline niobium (Nb). Extensive fracture surface analyses of the fractured specimens revealed the location of the apparent cleavage fracture nucleation sites. Comparisons have been made to models for cleavage fracture toughness as well as to predictions of the peak stress locations using existing finite element models for a crack loaded under plane strain conditions.
Measurements of cirrus cloud parameters using AIRS

ABSTRACT The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), launched in May 2002, is the rst of a new generation of high-spectral resolution temperature and humidity sounders for numerical weather prediction and climatechange studies. The accuracy of the AIRS radiances, and the validity of the clear sky AIRS Forward Model,have already been demonstrated. With daily global coverage by the instrument, the almost continuouswavelength coverage in the 10-12 micron and 3.7 micron atmospheric windows enables AIRS to excel atdetecting cirrus clouds. This paper presents global retrievals of cloud top pressure, ice particle size andamount, using the AIRS radiances. Cloud optical depths lower than 0.1 (at 10 µm ) have been detected. Wealso present comparisons between retrievals done using spherical particles to those done using nonspher-ical particles. 1. INTRODUCTION The Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder (AIRS) 1 was launched into polar orbit on board NASAs AQUA plat-form on May 4, 2002. This high resolution instrument uses a complex physically-based algorithm for theretrieval of atmospheric proles, and consequently is dependent on an accurate, and fast, radiative trans-fer algorithm for computing clear-air radiances. Assuming that the forward model accuracy approachesthe noise level of the instrument, the high spectral resolution of AIRS coupled with its low noise shouldproduce retrievals that are as good, or better, than the worldwide operational radiosonde network, espe-cially for moisture.An overview of the AIRS instrument is given in Aumann,
Toward a transactional model of childhood depression

A developmental model for conceptualizing vulnerability to childhood depression must consider the multiple transactions among environmental forces, caregiver characteristics, and child characteristics.
Control of Cobalt Nanoparticle Size by the Germ-growth Method in Inverse Micelle System: Size-dependent Magnetic Properties

Control of Co particle size was archived by a germ-growth method during inverse micelle synthesis. Magnetic coercivity and blocking were both a function of the particle size, which ranged from 38 to 88 A. Interparticle dipolar interaction was proven to be important in order to interpret the magnetic properties for large-size particles.
Association of ampullary and colorectal malignancies

BACKGROUND Because of the similarities in terms of carcinogenesis and natural history between cancer of the ampulla of Vater and colorectal cancer, the authors examined whether ampullary and colorectal malignancies occur in the same individuals at increased rates. METHODS We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute for the period from January 1973 through December 1999. Person-years of follow-up for patients with ampullary (or colorectal) cancer were used to calculate the expected number of cases of colorectal (or ampullary) cancer as a second primary malignancy. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Byar limits and assuming a Poisson distribution. RESULTS The authors identified 2043 white patients with ampullary cancer who were included in the SEER registry between 1973 and 1999. Over an aggregate 5674 person-years of follow-up, 30 patients, compared with an expected 14, developed colorectal cancer, yielding an overall SIR of 2.14 (95% CI, 1.45–3.06). Similarly, 57 of 262,066 white patients with colorectal cancer developed ampullary cancer over an aggregate 1,270,255 person-years of follow-up, yielding an SIR of 2.18 (95% CI, 1.69–2.85). CONCLUSIONS Patients with ampullary cancer are at increased risk for a second primary colorectal malignancy, and patients with colorectal cancer are at increased risk for a second primary ampullary malignancy. These findings suggest that ampullary and colorectal malignancies share common environmental and/or genetic risk factors. Cancer 2004. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
A measurement of polarization in π−p→ K°Λ° at 5 GeV/c

Abstract We have measured the Λ° polarization in π−p→ K°Λ° at 5 GeV/c, using a data sample of 3709 events. The polarization is positive for small t, passes through zero near t = −0.3 (GeV/c)2, and becomes large and negative at larger t, consistent with a value of −1.0 for t between −0.7 and −1.6(GeV/c)2.