cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Base pairing geometry in GA mismatches depends entirely on the neighboring sequence

Abstract We have synthesized nine self-complementary DNA oligomers containing different flanking sequences adjacent to a pair of contiguous GA mismatches, and have used high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) to investigate the GpA phosphodiester backbone conformation and mismatch pairing schemes in these duplexes. We found dramatic effects of the flanking base pair on the hydrogen bonding and backbone conformation, which appear to be coupled. Thus the Ganti-Aanti base pairing scheme in a N A GA T N sequence switches to a more stable sheared GA base pairing scheme in a N C GA G N or N T GA A N context, while no duplex is formed (or only GA bulges occur) when N A GA T N is changed to N N GA C N . Furthermore, the more stable sheared GA pairing in N Py GA Pu N sequences is associated with a BII rather than BI backbone conformation for the phosphodiester between the adjacent mismatched GA pairs. The overall stability of these adjacent GA mismatches as measured by imino proton n.m.r. studies is Py-GA-Pu > A-GA-T > G-GA-C.
A Non-Dimensional Analysis to Characterize Thermomagnetic Convection of a Temperature Sensitive Magnetic Fluid in a Flow Loop

This paper presents results from theoretical and numerical studies of a single-phase, temperature sensitive magnetic fluid operating under steady-state laminar flow conditions in a partially heated thermomagnetic circulation loop under the influence of an external magnetic field (created by a solenoid). A one-dimensional theoretical model has been developed using scaling arguments to characterize thermomagnetic circulation in this loop in terms of the geometric length scales, magnetic fluid properties, and strength of the imposed magnetic field. In parallel to this theoretical analysis, supporting numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software have been undertaken to obtain data for use in this 1D model. A correlation for the non-dimensional heat transfer (Nusselt number) as a function of the appropriate magnetic Rayleigh number and a correlation for the mass flow rate based on the system’s properties are developed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Gift of Tears: Loss, Mourning and the Work of Ecological Restoration

Can there be genuine and lasting ecological renewal without a deep expression of grief and mourning for all that is being lost? This easy draws upon the work of Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlich, W.G. Sebald, Aldo Leopold, as well as the tradition of ancient Christian monasticism, to argue for the significance of mourning for long-term spiritual, social and ecological renewal. Genuine openness to what the ancient monks called 'the gift of tears,'—a deep piercing of the heart that creates a new sense of relationship with the whole—can help us recover a feeling for and commitment to the natural world.
Parity and breastfeeding in relation to obesity among black and white women in the southern community cohort study.

Abstract Objective: This research sought to describe associations among parity, breastfeeding, and adult obesity in black and white women in the southeastern United States. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 7,986 white women and 23,198 black women (age 40–79 years) living in the southeastern United States and enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study during 2002–2006 were used to examine self-reported body mass index (BMI) and weight change since age 21 in association with parity and breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors were used. Results: At all levels of parity and breastfeeding, black women had higher BMI and weight gain since age 21 than white women. Compared to nulliparity, five or more live births was associated with increased odds of obesity in white women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08–1.74) and, to a lesser extent, in black women (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.07–1.38). In white women, ...
Standardization of metal concentrations in sediments using regression residuals: an example from a large lake in Florida, USA

A new method of standardizing metal concentrations in sediments was tested on samples from Lake Miccosukee, a large karstic lake in north Florida. Metal concentrations were analyzed in 222 sediment samples from 26 cores representing 9 sampling sites in the lake. Measured sedimentation rates in the lake are low. Percent organic matter strongly increases upward in all the cores. The C/N ratio remains constant throughout all the samples, with a mean value of about 13, regardless of depth or location. All of the geochemical variables are at least approximately log-normally distributed; thus, log-log or semi-log scattergrams were used and the data were log-transformed before statistical calculations were performed. Some elements (Mn, Zn, Hg, Cu, and Ca) are primarily associated with the organic fraction; others (La, Cr, Sr, and Ba) are clearly related to the terrigenous fraction; others show affinities for both fractions. Consequently, no bivariate scattergrams or plots of ratio versus depth – commonly used for standardization by plotting or ratioing a reference element (such as Al) to an element of interest – were found to be adequate for standardization of this dataset. The best method for standardization was found to be one based on multivariate (trivariate) linear regression, using log Al and log C as the independent variables (reference elements representing terrigenous and organic fractions, respectively), and the log of the element of interest as the dependent variable. Residuals (deviations) from the best-fit linear surface were then plotted versus depth in the cores to accomplish the standardization. The results indicate that, with the possible exception of Mn at two sites, there is little evidence of anthropogenic input of trace elements to the lake, and most trace-element concentrations in the lake can be considered as valuable baseline information. A significant finding is that different and erroneous conclusions might have been reached if other standardization methods, not based on trivariate regression, had been employed.
Wirelength minimization for min-cut placements via placement feedback

The advent of strong multilevel partitioners has made top-down min-cut placers a favored choice for modern placer implementations. Terminal propagation is an important step in min-cut placers because it translates partitioning results into global-placement wirelength assumptions. In this work, the repartitioning problem is carefully reexamined (Proc. ACM/IEEE Int. Symp. Physical Design, p. 18, 1997) in the context of terminal propagation and studied in an in-depth manner. Abstractly, it was observed that in repartitioning, future cell locations are used for present terminal propagations and that this can be conceptually regarded as a form of placement feedback. This concept was utilized to achieve accurate terminal propagation via feedback iteration and controller insertion to fine-tune the feedback response. This yields substantial reductions in placement wirelength. Implementing our approach in Capo [version 8.7 (Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conf., p. 477, 2000 and GSRC Bookshelf)] and applying it to standard benchmark circuits yields up to 14% wirelength reductions for the IBM benchmarks with an average improvement of 5.5% and up to 10% reductions for the Peko benchmarks with an average improvement of 5.37%. Experiments also show consistent improvements for routed wirelength, yielding up to 9% wirelength reductions and 5.8% average reduction with acceptable increase in placement runtime. In practice, the method proposed significantly improves routability without building congestion maps and also reduces the number of vias
SOCIALIZATION IN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXTS

The survival of an organization depends partly on its ongoing ability to integrate new members into the fold while simultaneously allowing if not encouraging organizational change. Organizational socialization is the process by which individuals become part of an organization’s pattern of activities (Anderson, Riddle & Martin, 1999). This broad definition accommodates the impact of both the organization on the individual and the individual on the organization (the latter is often referred to as individualization or personalization), and–given that socialization is continuous–recognizes that individuals may be organizational newcomers or veterans. Why does socialization matter? First, because work contexts are complex, dynamic, designed for multiple purposes, and, for the newcomer, more or less novel, their meaning is inherently equivocal. As various perspectives (e.g., social learning theory, Bandura, 1977; social information processing theory, Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978; social comparison theory; Festinger, 1954) maintain, individuals socially construct meaning, giving particular weight to the views of credible people–in this case, veteran insiders. For example, Salzinger (1991) studied two cooperatives that specialized in domestic worker placement. In one, management regarded domestic work as stopgap work and provided no training. In the other, management regarded domestic work as a profession, provided training, and held supportive meetings where workers discussed their
Effects of Silver and Lead on the Phase Stability of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+x and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x above and below the Solidus Temperature

A solid-state ionic technique has been used to determine the effects of Ag on the phase stability of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+x(Bi-2212), and Ag and Pb on the phase stability of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x (Bi-2223), over a temperature range of 600° to 910°C and oxygen partial pressure range of 10–6 to 10°atm (10–1 to 105 Pa). The addition of Ag to Bi-2212 leads to a marginal decrease in the stability of the phase above 883°± 3°C and 7 × 10–2 atm (7 kPa) oxygen, resulting in a reduction in the incongruent melting point by 15°C in air. The substitution of Pb for Bi in the (Bi,Pb)-2223 phase leads to an increase in phase stability below the solidus, but to only a minor change in stability above the solidus. For both phases, several incongruent melting reactions have been identified over the range of reduced oxygen partial pressures studied. In addition, the phase equilibria both above and below the stability line have been determined for certain regions of the stability diagrams. From the thermo-dynamic information obtained in this study an improved melt-processing route for Bi-2212 has been found which minimizes unwanted phases. In addition, the optimum precursors for the formation of more phase-pure (Bi,Pb)-2223 during shorter time periods have been found by determining the initial decomposition products of (Bi,Pb)-2223, both above and below the solidus.
Outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults: a neglected public health problem

Objectives. Although risk factors for indoor falls among older individuals have been well studied, little is known about the etiology of outdoor falls. We examined risk factors for outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults.Methods. We analyzed data on the most recent fall during the past year among participants aged 45 years and older in the control group (N=2193) of a case–control study of fractures. The study was conducted at 5 Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers between 1996 and 2001.Results. Falls occurred outdoors more often than indoors among most age groups. Study participants who reported more leisure-time physical activity had a higher risk for outdoor falls, and participants who were in poorer health had a greater risk for indoor falls. Most outdoor falls (73%) were precipitated by environmental factors, such as uneven surfaces and tripping or slipping on objects, and usually occurred on sidewalks, curbs, and streets. Walking (47.3%) was the most common fall-related acti...
The Yarkovsky effect is not responsible for small crater depletion on Eros and Itokawa

Abstract The near-Earth Asteroids Eros and Itokawa show a pronounced lack of small (≲100 m) craters, the vast majority of which were formed during their time in the main belt, and this has been cited as possible evidence that small (≲10 m) impactors are efficiently removed from the main belt by the Yarkovsky effect. Using well-tested models for the evolution of the main-belt size distribution and the evolution of crater populations on asteroid surfaces, I show that a pronounced lack of small impactors would require size-dependent removal far stronger than can result from the Yarkovsky effect (or any other known process). Furthermore, such strong removal would lead to wavelike perturbations in the main-belt and near-Earth asteroid size distributions that are inconsistent with their observed size distributions, as well as the cratering records on asteroid surfaces. A more likely explanation is that processes on asteroid surfaces, such as seismic shaking, are responsible for erasing small craters after they form.
Stability of leukemia-associated immunophenotypes in precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: a single institution experience

Essentially all cases of precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) demonstrate multiple immunophenotypic aberrancies relative to normal maturing B-cell precursors (hematogones). The stability of these aberrancies has relevance to follow-up minimal residual disease analysis. We compared the immunophenotypes at diagnosis and relapse in 51 childhood and adult B-ALLs with flow cytometry (FC) using broad antibody panels. A total of 446 aberrancies were present at diagnosis (median, 9 per case; range, 2-14). All cases retained multiple aberrancies at relapse (median, 8 per case; range, 2-14). Antibody panels at relapse allowed assessment of 383 (85.9%) of the initial 446 aberrancies. Of these, 299 (78.1%) were persistent and 84 (21.9%) were lost at relapse. Overall, 73% of cases showed a loss of at least 1 aberrancy at relapse. However, new aberrancies were detected in 60% of cases. These findings suggest that FC is suitable for the detection of residual B-ALL, provided that follow-up studies are not too narrowly targeted.
Egg quality and lipid composition of eggs from hens fed Camelina sativa

SUMMARY The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Camelina sativa to layer birds on egg production, egg quality characteristics, egg lipids, and fatty acid and lipid oxidation products. Fifty-eight-week-old ISA Brown Leghorn laying hens (n = 48) were kept in individual cages and were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet with added Camelina meal at 0%, (control), 5%, (CAM5), 10% (CAM10), and 15% (CAM15). The experimental diets were fed for a period of 80 d. Hen-day egg production was lowest for CAM15 (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in yolk weight was observed for CAM10 and CAM15 eggs when compared with control eggs (P < 0.05). Yolk weight, as a percentage of egg weight, was lower for CAM10 and CAM15 eggs, whereas albumen weight, as a percentage of egg weight, was higher in CAM10 and CAM15 eggs than in control eggs (P < 0.05). The yolk:albumen ratio was higher in control eggs than in CAM10 and CAM15 eggs (P < 0.05). Egg total fat content was lowest for CAM15 eggs and was 31.5, 31.9, 30.8, and 29.5 for control, CAM5, CAM10, and CAM15 eggs, respectively (P < 0.05). Total n-3 fatty acids constituted 0.32% in control eggs compared with 2.54, 2.69, and 2.99% in CAM5, CAM10, and CAM15 eggs (P < 0.05). An 8-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid was observed in CAM15 eggs when compared with control eggs (P < 0.05). The n-6:n-3 ratio was 14.8, 5.6, 4.6, and 4.3 for control, CAM5, CAM10, and CAM15 eggs, respectively (P < 0.05). Total saturated fats were lowest for CAM5 and CAM10 eggs. Eggs from the CAM15 regimen had higher TBA-reactive substance values (P < 0.05) than those from the CAM5, CAM10, or control regimen. Camelina meal could be incorporated into poultry rations as a source of energy, protein, and essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. However, inclusion of more than 10% Camelina meal in the hen diet may affect egg lipid quality aspects. Therefore, measures for minimizing lipid peroxidation should be used to enhance egg quality and lipid stability.
Effect of Stress and Temperature During Forming on Strength of Glass

The effect of mechanical stress during the drawing process on the strength obtained was determined for large-diameter fibers of soda-lime-silica glass. Fibers were formed by down-drawing cane at a constant rate, using loads of from 100 to 8000 gm. Tensile strength was determined by transverse loading on annealed specimens. The results showed that the variation of temperature and load during forming increased the strength of the drawn fiber as much as 62%. The tendency toward increased strength persisted, but to a lesser extent, after the surface of the fibers was abraded.
Argon ion bombardment during molecular beam epitaxy of Ge(001)

Using in situ, real-time reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), we have measured the evolution of Ge (001) surface morphology during simultaneous molecular beam epitaxy and Ar ion beam bombardment. Surprisingly, low-energy Ar ions during growth tend to smoothen the surface. Bombardment by the ion beam without growth roughens the surface, but the surfaces can be reversibly smoothened by restoring the growth beam. We have measured the effect of such ''ion beam growth smoothening'' above and below the critical temperature for intrinsic growth roughening. At all measured growth temperatures the surface initially smoothens but below the critical roughening temperature the final surface morphology is rough whereas above this temperature the final morphology is smooth. 9 refs., 3 figs.
Transformations of 3-Space

As in the planar case, we define a transformation of 3-space to be a rule T which assigns to every vector X of 3-space some vector T(X) of 3-space. The vector T(X) is called the image of X under T, and the collection of all vectors which are images of vectors under the transformation T is called the range of T. We denote transformations by capital letters, such as A, B, R, S, T, etc.
Community responses to naturally occurring asbestos: implications for public health practice

We used a qualitative community case study design to examine stakeholder responses to naturally occurring asbestos (NOA), a newly emerging environmental threat. The community of interest represents the first residential setting in the United States to receive substantial federal, state and local regulatory attention where NOA exposures largely resulted from local development. Because NOA is an emerging problem that will require evidence-based public health responses in the United States and elsewhere, we explored stakeholder responses to NOA and examined how these responses fit with what is known about individual, community and institutional responses to environmental hazards. The convergence of findings from multiple data sources, including interviews with stakeholder groups and documents, revealed a myriad of challenges associated with environmental and public health interventions in this community. What unfolded was consistent with the social sciences literature about communities facing similar hazards. 'Natural' and 'human-made' elements, the toxic nature of the threat and inadequate institutional responses to the threat combined to spark community conflict and other significant challenges. Implications for improved public health practice are discussed.
Cylindrical cell membranes in uniform applied electric fields: validation of a transport lattice method

The frequency and time domain transmembrane voltage responses of a cylindrical cell in an external electric field are calculated using a transport lattice, which allows solution of a variety of biologically relevant transport problems with complex cell geometry and field interactions. Here we demonstrate the method for a cylindrical membrane geometry and compare results with known analytical solutions. Results of transport lattice simulations on a Cartesian lattice are found to have discrepancies with the analytical solutions due to the limited volume of the system model and approximations for the local membrane model on the Cartesian lattice. Better agreement is attained when using a triangular mesh to represent the geometry rather than a Cartesian lattice. The transport lattice method can be readily extended to more sophisticated cell, organelle, and tissue configurations. Local membrane models within a system lattice can also include nonlinear responses such as electroporation and ion-channel gating.
Arsenic ion implant energy effects on CMOS gate oxide hardness

Under conditions that were predicted as "safe" by well-established TCAD packages, radiation hardness can still be significantly degraded by a few lucky arsenic ions reaching the gate oxide during self-aligned CMOS source/drain ion implantation. The most likely explanation is that both oxide traps and interface traps are created when ions penetrate and damage the gate oxide after channeling or traveling along polysilicon grain boundaries during the implantation process.
A kinematic model for the Rinconada fault system in central California based on structural analysis of en echelon folds and paleomagnetism

Deformation associated with the Rinconada fault, one of the major strands of the San Andreas fault system in central California, is accommodated by both discrete fault offset (w18 km) and distributed off-fault deformation. En echelon folds adjacent to the Rinconada fault were studied in detail at two locations, near Williams Hill and Lake San Antonio, to characterize the magnitude and style of distributed deformation. The obliquity between fold hinges and the local strike of the fault was 27 � and 14 � at these two sites, respectively. Systematic outcrop-scale fault displacement measurements along roadcuts indicate that the maximum horizontal elongation occurs parallel to local fold hinges and ranges from 4 to 9%. We used the orientation and stretch of fold hinges to construct a transpressional kinematic model for distributed deformation. This modeling suggests a 20e50 � angle of oblique convergence, 5 km of fault-parallel wrench deformation, and 2e4 km of fault-perpendicular shortening. Between 3 � and 16 � of clockwise rotation is also predicted by our model. This rotation is independently confirmed by a 14 � 7 � vertical
High density lipoproteins with differing apolipoproteins: relationships to postprandial lipemia, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase.

To gain insight into metabolic determinants of high density lipoproteins (HDL) containing apolipoproteins A-I and A-I1 (LpA-I/A-11) and those containing A-I, but devoid of A-I1 (LpA-I), the plasma concentration of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-I1 wi- thin the HDLz and HDL3 density spectrum was measured in 14 normolipidemic male subjects on a standardized diet. Apolipoprotein plasma concentrations of HDL subspecies were compared with the magnitude of postprandial lipemia, activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in postheparin plasma, plasma 1ecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mass. Plasma levels of LpA-I/A-I1 were 2.5 times higher than levels of LpA-I (123 + 20 vs. 48.3 f 22.1 mg protein/dl) and the partition of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-I1 between HDLz and HDL3 differed in that the proportion of LpA-I associated with HDLZ was greater than that of LpA-I/A-I1 (23 f 19 vs. 6 6%, P < 0.002). With increas- ing levels of HDLZ, the proportion of LpA-I in HDLZ increased (P < 0.002). Furthermore, levels of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-I1 were strongly correlated within the HDLZ, but not within the HDLS density region. Plasma levels of LpA-I, but not LpA-I/A-11, were inversely correlated with the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. However, activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase tended to show stronger associations with the partition of LpA- I/A-I1 between HDLz and HDL3 than with that of LpA-I. Wi- thin the HDL,, but not the HDLZ density spectrum, LpA-I/A-I1 exhibited a positive association with plasma LCAT activity, while LpA-I displayed an inverse association with plasma CETP mass. I These results are consistent with differences in sub- strate properties of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-I1 for lipoprotein- modifying enzymes and imply different, but overlapping meta- bolic pathways of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-11.-Mowri, H-O., J. R. Patsch, A. Ritsch, B. Foger, S. Brawn, and W. Patsch. High density lipoproteins with differing apolipoproteins: relationships to postprandial lipemia, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and leci- thin:cholesterol acyltransferase. J. Lipid Res. 1994. 35: 291-300.
Impact of exergames on physical activity and motivation in elementary school students: A follow-up study

Abstract The present study was built upon a previous study on the new generation video game, exergame, in elementary school physical education (PE). The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of exergames on elementary children's in-class physical activity (PA) intensity levels and perceived situational interest over time. The results indicated that students' situational interest dropped dramatically over two semesters, but their PA intensity increased over time. The results showed that boys and girls were equally active in the exergaming lessons, but boys perceived their gaming experiences more enjoyable than girls did. The findings suggest that exergames may be a possible means to enhance PA in PE. However, whether exergaming is a sustainable way to motivate children in PA is questionable.
Fast full-wave analysis of large-scale three-dimensional photonic crystal devices

A fast full-wave technique based on a nonoverlapping domain decomposition implementation of the finite-element method is developed for the simulation of large-scale three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal devices modeled with millions of unknowns. The technique is highly efficient because it fully exploits the geometrical redundancy found in photonic crystal problems. It solves for the electric field everywhere in the problem domain using higher-order vector basis functions that accurately model the property of the electric field. As a 3D full-wave technique, the proposed method can easily take into account the effect of radiation loss on the device parameters such as quality factor, transmission, and reflection coefficients. The numerical results of various photonic crystal devices are presented to demonstrate the application, efficiency, and capability of this method.
Doodytrema carettochelydis n. gen., n. sp., (Digenea: Microscaphidiidae) from the Pig-Nosed Turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, (Cryptodira: Carettochelydidae) in Australia

Doodytrema carettochelydis n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Microscaphidiidae) is described from the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta (Cryptodira: Carettochelydidae) from the Daly River, Northern Territory, Australia. Doodytrema n. gen. is differentiated from other microscaphidiid genera by the absence of pharyngeal diverticula and the organization of vitellarium, namely the absence of an intercecal vitelline field or vitelline fields that merge behind the ovary. The uterus of Doodytrema carettochelydis n. sp. differs dramatically from other microscaphidiids in that the uterus does not run between the testes, but instead passes dorsal to them. This is only the second microscaphidiid species from Australian freshwater turtles.
Glucose Control: How Low Should You Go With the Critically Ill?

For hyperglycemic patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), the target blood glucose level should be < or =180 mg/dL, not 81 to 108 mg/dL. More aggressive glucose lowering is associated with a higher mortality rate.
Making Lower Eyelid Transconjunctival Blepharoplasty Easier, Safer, and More Comfortable

Younger patients seeking lower eyelid blepharoplasty and not requiring skin removal can be a challenge owing to the tight eyelid and canthal anatomy. I have found it much easier in such patients to sever the lateral canthal inferior crus by an internal approach either through an upper blepharoplasty incision or by performing a lateral inferior cantholysis with Stevens or Westcott scissors via a transconjunctival approach. Either of these maneuvers spares a lateral canthal skin incision for better postoperative cosmesis but relaxes the lateral canthal angle allowing for more effective lower eyelid retractor placement.
Patterns of Sacral Sparing Components on Neurologic Recovery in Newly Injured Persons With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To assess the patterns of sacral sparing and recovery in newly injured persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Retrospective analysis of data from the national Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) database for patients enrolled from January 2011 to February 2015. Setting SCIMS centers. Participants Individuals (N=1738; age ≥16y) with traumatic SCI admitted to rehabilitation within 30 days after injury with follow-up at discharge, at 1 year, or both. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury examination results at admission and follow-up (discharge or 1y, or both). Results Conversion from an initial American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A to incomplete status was 20% at rehabilitation discharge and 27.8% at 1 year, and was greater in cervical and low paraplegia levels (T10 and below) than in high paraplegia level injuries (T1-9). Conversion from AIS B to motor incomplete was 33.9% at discharge and 53.6% at 1 year, and the initial sparing of all sacral sensory components was correlated with the greatest conversion to motor incomplete status at discharge and at 1 year. For patients with initial AIS C, the presence of voluntary anal contraction (VAC) in association with other sacral sparing was most frequently observed to improve to AIS D status at discharge. However, the presence of VAC alone as the initial sacral sparing component had the poorest prognosis for recovery to AIS D status. At follow-up, regaining sacral sparing components correlated with improvement in conversion for patients with initial AIS B and C. Conclusions The components of initial and follow-up sacral sparing indicated differential patterns of neurologic outcome in persons with traumatic SCI. The more sacral components initially spared, the greater the potential for recovery; and the more sacral components gained, the greater the chance of motor recovery. Consideration of whether VAC should remain a diagnostic criterion sufficient for motor incomplete classification in the absence of other qualifying sublesional motor sparing is recommended.
The Annealing Algorithm revisted

This paper reviews theoretical advances to the field of simulated annealing optimization and applications to physical design contributed by Ralph Otten. At this year's ISPD, Ralph Otten receives the ISPD Lifetime Achievement award for outstanding contributions made to the field of physical design automation over multiple decades. For this occasion this paper highlights some of the research contributions by Ralph Otten in simulated annealing. It recounts how he moved from applications of simulated annealing to analyzing and understanding the method from a theoretical standpoint and how it was developed into a general purpose algorithm.
REPLY TO "ALLOZYMES AND SONG DIALECTS: A REASSESSMENT".

Our research centers on birdsong dialects, which are culturally transmitted (learned) vocal traditions. We evaluate the influence dialects have on the population biology of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys. Zink and Barrowclough (1984), in this issue, criticized our recent study (Baker et al., 1982b). Our null hypothesis (Baker et al., 1 982b) was that there were no genetic differences among song dialect populations of White-crowned Sparrows in coastal California. Statistical tests on samples of allozyme loci from four dialects falsified this hypothesis. Variation in gene frequencies at eight allozyme loci revealed a relatively small amount of statistically significant heterogeneity within dialects and a substantially larger amount between dialects (Table 2, Baker et al., 1982b; in Table 1 the correct frequency of Pgma-A at CGR is .412). The results suggested reduced gene flow among dialects. We also correlated genetic distance and geographic distance among samples and dialects. Genetic distance had significant positive correlation with geographic distance between dialects but no significant correlation between samples within dialects. We concluded that ". . . the observed genetic isolation is caused primarily by dialects, not geographic distance." We believed isolation by distance to be of secondary importance. Zink and Barrowclough reassessed our correlations. They "corrected" geographic and genetic distance axes for the difference in range of values of within and between dialect samples and argued there were no significant differences in the correlation coefficients. They did not justify this approach. There is no inherent curtailment on the genetic distance axis; genetic distance values between samples within dialects are free to vary as much as values between dialects. There are two types of curtailment inherent in the geographic distance variate. In a linear series of dialects, distances between dialects average larger than distances between samples within
Use of UV powder for surveillance to improve environmental cleaning

Commercially available UV powder was applied weekly to high-risk objects within patient rooms and inspected after 48 hours. We found a baseline cleaning rate of 41.8% that increased up to 80% (P < .001) after the institution of weekly electronic feedback (unit rates and rankings) to environmental services, hospital leadership, and unit administrators.
Relation between the ecological footprint and the economic growth of Huan Bohai Sea Economic Region——An empirical analysis based on the panel data model

By applying the ecological footprint theory,we calculated the ecological footprint per capita of Huan Bohai Sea Economic Region from 1996 to 2007 and set up the panel data model and analyzed the relation between ecological footprint,energy footprint per capita and GDP per capita.The results showed:there was the positive relation between the ecological footprint and GDP of three Provinces and two cities during this period.The influence of the ecological footprints to GDP had the evident region difference,so did the energy footprint.It showed high output needs the high input.The efficiency of ecological footprint and the energy footprint also had the evident regional difference.In order to increase the same amount of GDP,the region with lower economy development level must consume more ecological footprint and the energy footprint,but the coefficient that the eco-logical footprints of regions influence GDP is more little,the input factor has the more little efficiency,the technology progress has no distinct effect.The coefficient that the energy footprints of regions influence GDP exceeded the ecological footprints showing the high energy input drives the fast economy growth.The economic growth mode belonged to the extensive way,the resources would become the sparse factor restricting the sustainable development.This text puts forward the countermeasures to the sustainable development of Huan Bohai Sea Economic Region based on that.
Study of Low Temperature Sintered Ti -Substituted LiZn Ferrites From Powders Prepared by Sol-Gel Method

Li0.5-0.5x+0.5yTiyZnxMnaFe2.5-0.5x-a-1.5yO4 (0.15x0.2, 0≤y≤0.4) ferrites were prepared by sol-gel method with the chelating agent of citric acid. The dependence of saturation magnetization Ms, Curie temperature TC, linewidth △H, spin wave linewidth △Hk , coercivity Hc and remnant ratio R(Br/Bs) on Ti content for samples of LiTiZn ferrite sintered at 880±20℃ were given, and discussion and comparison were presented on samples with different Zn content.
The Scope of Environment Information Disclosure

The most important thing in environment information disclosure is the opening scope.According to the international legislation,there are two main stages: one is the fact finding stage,the other is the legal finding stage,which decide the appliance of disclosure exception in information disclosure rule.The environment information disclosure institution in our country needs to be updated so that the institution can be more meticulous.
Clinical Study on Huaiqihuang Granule on infantile nephropathy palindromia and its mechanism

Objective To observe the clinical effect of Huaiqihuang Granule on infants with nephrotic syndrome to explore its mechanism of prophylaxis of repeated infection.Methods 56 infants with nephrotic syndrome were randomly divided into two groups,control group were treated by conventional therapy,the treatment group were treated by Huaiqihuang Granule besides the conventional medicine.Laboratory examination and clinical signs were observed after the treatment,and the infection and recurrence within one year.Results Compared with the control group,the treatment group was significantly better in reducing relapse,frequency of infection and time for urinary protein clearance(P0.01).After taking Huaiqihuang Granule for 4 months,the ALB,IgG,IgA levels of the treatment group rose significantly compared with the control,while IgE decreased significantly(P0.05,P0.01).Levels of CD+3,CD+4,CD+8,CD+4/CD+8 of the treatment group were significantly higher than the control group(P0.05,P0.01).Conclusion Huaiqihuang Granule can play an important role in adjusting the cell immunity and humoral immunity on infants with nephrotic syndrome.It is effective in preventing infectious complications and relapse.
Psychopharmacology of depression in the next millennium.

Over the last half of the 20th century, there have been a series of psychopharmacologic strategies for treatment of depression. As we approach the next century, new therapies in varying stages of American release are being developed. This review will focus on information available for the following proposed antidepressants: 1) reboxetine, a norepinephrine selective reuptake inhibitor; 2) milnacipran, a combined serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; 3) a new enantiomer of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; 4) duloxetine, another combined serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; 5) sunepitron, a combined 5-HT1A agonist and α2 antagonist; and, 6) MK-869, a substance P inhibitor. Finally, other possible developing directions will be reviewed, including corticotropin-releasing factor.
THE FACULTATIVE AUTONOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

This chapter discusses the facultative autonomy of the digestive tract. Animals can be maintained in a good state of nutrition after both the vagus and the splanchnic nerves have been cut and allowed to degenerate, and rhythmic segmenting movements and even rush waves can be seen in excised bowel kept warm in a bath of oxygenated saline solution. Marked intestinal activity can also be seen in lung-heart bowel preparations in which the viscera are removed from the body of an animal. One trouble with a simple nerve-net type of nervous system is that a stimulus at one point is likely to spread all over. This difficulty is overcome in higher animals by the breaking up of the conducting paths into three relays, consisting of a sensory, a connector, and a motor neuron. Usually the connections between these neurons are made such that impulses can pass in one direction only. Furthermore, by means of association fibers, impulses may travel to smaller or larger groups of muscles where they will bring about coordinated movements.
Determination of alprazolam and its major metabolites in serum microsamples by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetics in rats.

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a single-solvent extraction step is described for quantitating alprazolam and its metabolites in rat serum microsamples (50 μl). The separation used a 2-mm I.D. reversed-phase Ultrasphere C 18 column with a mobile phase of methanol—acetonitrile—sodium acetate buffer. By decreasing the methanol content in the mobile phase, triazolam and its metabolites can be extracted and separated using the same method. The detection limit was 5 ng/ml for all the compounds using an ultraviolet detector at 230 nm. The method showed the effect of aging on alprazolam pharmacokinetics following 0.8 mg/kg intravenous bolus alprazolam administration.
Comparing Two Representations for Evolving Micro in 3D RTS Games

We are interested in using genetic algorithms to generate winning maneuvering behaviors (or micro) in skirmish scenarios for three dimensional Real-Time Strategy games. In prior work, we encoded parameterized 3D micro behaviors like target selection and kiting into an algorithm for controlling friendly units in battle. Genetic algorithms then tuned these parameters to guide unit maneuvering in order to win skirmishes. In this study, we investigate a new representation for micro behaviors that uses only an influence map and a combination of thirteen potential fields. Genetic algorithms then tune influence map and potential field parameters to evolve winning micro behaviors. We compare the performance of both representations on identical scenarios against identical opponents in a full 3D RTS game environment called FastEcslent. The results show that the genetic algorithm using our new representation using less domain knowledge, reliably evolved high quality 3D micro behaviors that slightly, but significantly, outperformed behaviors from our prior work. Our work thus provides evidence for the viability of using potential fields for generating high quality, complex, micro for three dimensional RTS games.
The hair of distinguished persons in the patent office building museum

ABSTRACTTo date historians have regarded the museum in the mid-nineteenth-century patent office building as a curious if not negligible precursor to the Smithsonian National Museum, which ultimately inherited its collections. This paper rejects this teleological interpretation by viewing the collections through the eyes of their progenitor and long-time custodian, John Varden, whose personal collections formed the kernel of the great cabinet. Varden’s personal collection of the hair of US presidents and distinguished persons, and its subsequent display and concealment, provides a heuristic to examine prevailing ideologies about the value of museum collections with respect to science and history. The displacement of curiosity by typicality and presentation by representation banished Victorian relic culture from the modern national museum’s displays.
AGENCY, SURRENDER, AND GRACE IN PSYCHOANALYSIS

There is a vital dialectic between agency and surrender in life and in the analytic process. Without an ability to will, one cannot choose one’s actions; one becomes a passive victim of circumstances rather than an agent who can influence one’s own destiny. On the other hand, an exaggerated sense of agency fails to take into account the limits of our ability to control life, and is associated with a type of narcissistic omnipotence that can be linked with an experience of isolation. In this article I explore some of the subtleties of the interplay between willing and surrendering in the analytic process. I also examine the way in which an inability to surrender can impede the patient’s ability to take in what the analyst has to offer. And finally I adapt the concept of grace from theological discourse to highlight a dimension of the analytic process that involves an emergence of the patient’s capacity to make constructive use of the analyst’s interventions.
Online Language Teacher Education: Practices and Possibilities:

Along with the expansion of computer technologies in education, an increasing number of academic degrees and professional development credentials in second-language (L2) education are offered onlin...
Soil enzyme activities and abundance of microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen transformations in an organic farming system

Organic farming systems receive organic amendments to maintain soil fertility and supply nutrients for plant growth. This study investigated the effect of organic fertilizers (no amendment as control, compost, and manure), and their interaction with cover crops (millet, buckwheat, and black turtle bean) on soil enzyme activities, N transformation rates, and functional gene abundances under an organic production system. Organic N fertilizers had a stronger effect than cover crop type on soil function and functional gene abundances. Soil enzyme activities were increased by both compost and manure, but there were few differences between these treatments. Nitrification potential, nitrite oxidation potential, and denitrification potential were significantly higher in manure-treated than in control and compost-treated soils, indicating application of manure had a higher N loss potential than compost application in this organic farming system. Organic N fertilizers significantly increased the abundance of some genes involved in N mineralization, ammonification, and nitrification (sub, ureC, bacterial amoA and nxrB). The activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea were both increased by organic N fertilizers, and their activities were higher in manure-treated than in compost-treated soils. Overall, the abundance of functional genes was significantly correlated with their corresponding enzyme activity. However, functional gene abundance was less important than soil chemical and microbiological properties in explaining the variation in the corresponding enzyme activity.
Gender and Ethnicity of Enrolled Participants in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Clinical Trials for Approved Ophthalmological New Molecular Entities.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this review is to describe the demographics (age, gender, race and iris color) of subjects enrolled in clinical trials supportive of approved New Molecular Entities (NMEs) in ophthalmology over the last 10 years (2006–2016). Methods Publicly available data on Drugs@FDA were reviewed for all 9 approved NMEs, including biologics, from 2006 to 2016. Results All NMEs have publicly available data on the race, gender and age of clinical trial participants. Women and white subjects comprise a majority of clinical trial participants (68% and 92%, respectively). FDA analyses on all 9 NMEs did not find any differences across age, gender, race, or iris color subgroups.
Excluded, then inebriated: A preliminary investigation into the role of ostracism on alcohol consumption

Abstract Introduction Ostracism has only recently been investigated as a relevant social stressor that might precede college student alcohol use. The present study continues initial efforts to examine the effects of ostracism on subsequent alcohol consumption in the laboratory. A 2 (sex: male, female) × 2 (condition: ostracism, control) between-subjects experimental design was conducted to examine the effects of these variables on alcohol consumption in the laboratory. Methods Social drinking college students (N = 40; 43% female) were randomly assigned to one of two social interaction tasks: either an in-person conversation from which the participant was excluded by two confederates, or independently rating neutrally valenced photographs alongside confederates. Participants then consumed a priming drink (targeted dose = 0.03 BrAC) before completing a mock taste test of up to 710 ml of light beer. Amount consumed (in ml) during the mock taste test served as the primary dependent variable. Results The ostracism condition was effective at decreasing mood and psychological need variables (i.e., control, belonging) compared to the control condition. After removing from analyses those who identified the confederates as part of the study (n = 7; 3 control, 4 ostracism), results indicated that males consumed more beer than females, and that ostracized participants trended toward consuming more beer than control participants. Conclusions Findings contribute important methodological additions to a burgeoning literature on the effects of ostracism on drinking, and suggest that ostracism may be a valuable addition to studies examining drinking to cope behaviors.