cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of Behavior Ratings

Sirmmasy.-Significant correlations were obtained between teachers' ratings of behavior on Miller's School Behavior Checklist in two consecutive grades for 246 boys. Ratings on the Aggressive subscale were significantly higher than for other subscales. This report describes the stability of racings of deviant behavior in primary grade boys as reported by teachers in different grades. Teachers in k'indergarten, first, and second grades completed Miller's (1971) School Behavior Checklist between October and January on all boys in their classes for two consecutive years. Thirty-two teachers participated both years, 32 the first year only, and 53 the second year only. The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (Boehm, 197 1) was also administered. Of 994 boys raced in the first year, there were 246 who were rated by a different teacher 1 yr. later. All were in either first or second grade at the time of second ratings. This group served as the basis for the present study. Items on Miller's checklist are divided into seven scales plus one scale which combines results of all scales. The scales which were examined and correlations with Boehm scores across years were: Low Need Achievement 36; Aggression .52; Anxiety .27; Hostile Isolation .13; Extraversion .35; and Total Deviant .45. The Boehm scale assesses rhe child's ability to recognize pictorial representations of verbal concepts which are embodied in primary curriculum materials. The correlation across years for chis test was .36. All correlations were significant (p < .001) . However, correlation between the Aggressive Scale ratings was significantly (p < .05) higher than those for the other scales (excluding Total Deviant which included Aggressive items) and for the Boehrn test. This degree of stability for ratings of Aggressive behavior is consistent with the strong association reported between estimates of early aggressiveness and later delinquency (Conger & Miller, 1957; Glick, 1972) and adult mental and social pathology (Robins, 1966). It seems that aggressive behavior, even in young children, may reflect trait characteristics rather than predominantly situational reactions. Pro-social behavior (positive side of Low Need Achievement Scale) is less stable and possibly more amenable to therapeutic intervention. This could be advan
Inactivation of NF-κB p50 Leads to Insulin Sensitization in Liver through Post-translational Inhibition of p70S6K

In this study, we investigated the metabolic phenotype of the NF-κB p50 knock-out (p50-KO) mice. Compared with wild type mice, the p50-KO mice had an increase in food intake, but a decrease in body fat content. On chow diet, their blood glucose dropped much more than the wild type (WT) mice in the insulin tolerance test. Their glucose infusion rate was 30% higher than that of the WT mice in the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Their hepatic glucose production was suppressed more actively by insulin, and their insulin-induced glucose uptake was not altered in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. In the liver, their p70S6K (S6K1) protein was significantly lower, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression was much higher. Their S6K1 protein was reduced by TNF-α treatment in the primary culture of hepatocytes. S6K1 reduction was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. In their livers, IKK2 (IKKβ) activity was reduced together with IKKγ. Their S6K1 degradation was dependent on IKK2 deficiency. Reconstitution of the S6K1 protein in their liver blocked the increase in insulin sensitivity. S6K1 degradation was not observed in hepatocytes of the WT mice. The data suggest that inactivation of NF-κB p50 leads to suppression of IKK2 activity in the liver. IKK2 deficiency leads to S6K1 inhibition through TNF-induced protein degradation. The S6K1 reduction may contribute to insulin sensitivity in p50-KO mice. This study suggests that hepatic S6K1 may be a drug target in the treatment of insulin resistance.
The effects of colchicine on the distribution of glycoprotein-containing vesicles in epithelial cells of the murine colon

In murine colonic epithelial cells, cell-coat glycoproteins are transported to the cell surface in vesicles that originate at the Golgi apparatus. To determine the role of microtubules in the movement of these vesicles the antimicrotubule agent colchicine was injected into mice at several time intervals prior to sacrifice. In the mice that were treated with colchicine for 4.5 h it was observed that the polarity of the cells was disturbed. The Golgi apparatus and nucleus often appeared interchanged in their positions. The glycoprotein-containing vesicles, normally located apically, were sparse in that location, but abundant near the lateral plasma membranes of the cells at the level of the nucleus and Golgi apparatus. Staining by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique for glycoproteins clearly revealed the reduction of vesicles apically and accumulation of vesicles laterally. The mechanism responsible for the movement of the vesicles to this location is unclear. It is suggested that the accumulation of vesicles in the lateral region may reflect some hindrance in the fusion of the vesicles with the lateral cell membranes.
Cellular Plasticity Cascades in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of disturbed affect including mania and depression as well as changes in psychovegetative function, cognitive performance, and general health. A growing body of data suggests that BPD arises from abnormalities in synaptic and neuronal plasticity cascades, leading to aberrant information processing in critical synapses and circuits. Thus, these illnesses can best be conceptualized as genetically influenced disorders of synapses and circuits rather than simply as deficits or excesses in individual neurotransmitters. In addition, commonly used mood-stabilizing drugs that are effective in treating BPD have been shown to target intracellular signaling pathways that control synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. In this article we draw on clinical, preclinical, neuroimaging, and post-mortem data to discuss the neurobiology of BPD within a conceptual framework while highlighting the role of neuroplasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder.
The importance of decision making in causal learning from interventions

Recent research has focused on how interventions benefit causal learning. This research suggests that the main benefit of interventions is in the temporal and conditional probability information that interventions provide a learner. But when one generates interventions, one must also decide what interventions to generate. In three experiments, we investigated the importance of these decision demands to causal learning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that learners were better at learning causal models when they observed intervention data that they had generated, as opposed to observing data generated by another learner. Experiment 2 demonstrated the same effect between self-generated interventions and interventions learners were forced to make. Experiment 3 demonstrated that when learners observed a sequence of interventions such that the decision-making process that generated those interventions was more readily available, learning was less impaired. These data suggest that decision making may be an important part of causal learning from interventions.
Estimation of the Fractional Breakdown Rates of Myofibrillar Proteins in Chickens from Quantitation of 3-Methylhistidine Excretion

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the fractional breakdown rate (FBR) of muscle protein in the chicken from measurements of 3-methylhistidine (3-Mehis) excretion and the amount of 3-Mehis bound in the skeletal muscle pool. Excreta were collected for a 24-hr period from six 2-week-old broiler chicks that were fed a purified diet, and 3-Mehis was quantified. The concentration of 3-Mehis was determined in the dissected tissues of skeletal muscle, heart, gizzard, intestine, crop, stomach, brain, lung, kidney, liver, skin, feathers, and skeleton. Detectable amounts of 3-Mehis were not found within serum either before or after acid hydrolysis. Heart, gizzard, intestine, crop, and stomach contained considerable amounts of 3-Mehis, but because of their small contribution to body weight, they contributed only 11% of the total body 3-Mehis. Muscle contributed 84% of the 3-Mehis in the body. Muscle protein FBR determined from 3-Mehis excretion was 5.3%/day, about half that estimated using continuous infusion methods. The difference between the two quantification methods was attributed to the slow turnover rate of actin, which contains most of the 3-Mehis.
Interpreting Rawls: An Essay on Audard, Freeman, and Pogge

This review essay on three recent books on John Rawls’s theory of justice, by Catherine Audard, Samuel Freeman, and Thomas Pogge, describes the great boon they offer serious students of Rawls. They form a united front in firmly and definitively rebuffing Robert Nozick’s libertarian critique, Michael Sandel’s communitarian critique, and more generally critiques of “neutralist liberalism,” as well as in affirming the basic unity of Rawls’s position. At a deeper level, however, they diverge, and in ways that, this essay suggests, go astray on subtle questions of interpretation: Freeman overemphasizes reciprocity, Pogge miscasts Rawls as a consequentialist, and Audard exaggerates the Kantian aspect of Rawls’s core, continuing commitment to “doctrinal autonomy.”
Inflammatory myopathies: Issues in diagnosis and management

Abstract The techniques of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy have been shown to have utility in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory muscle diseases. But perhaps more important have been the new insights into the pathophysiology of these diseases which MR studies, along with new immunologic data on autoantibodies and cellular infiltrates, have afforded. Pathologic subsets of inflammatory muscle disorders have been identified, suggesting, for example, that PM and DM are distinct disorders, thereby challenging the idea that these are relatively homogeneous syndromes. Further insights into disease pathogenesis which are likely to emerge from these new findings may allow identification of etiologic factors and improved approaches to treatment.
The role of polysaccharides in corneal swelling.

A new method has been developed to study the importance of the acidic polysaccharides in the swelling of the corneal stroma in vitro . A quaternary ammonium base, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, whioh precipitates the acidic polysaccharides of the cornea, was shown to be a strong inhibitor of corneal swelling. When the sodium chloride concentration of the swelling medium is increased, this inhibition is abolished at two distinct concentrations. The solubility of the corneal CPC-polysaooharide complexes in sodium chloride solutions is shown to increase at the same concentrations. The role of the carboxylio and the sulphate ester groups in this reaction could be demonstrated. Enzymatio hydrolysis of polysaccharides in corneal stroma was shown to reduce the swelling. These experiments support the assumption that acidio polysaccharides constitute an important factor in corneal swelling. The mechanism of this swelling was compared with that of a polyelectrolyte gel, in which the swelling results from repulsive forces between fixed charged groups. In the cornea, the acidic polysaccharides may furnish the fixed anionic charges.
Occurrence of preantral intra-ovarian oocyte release in the rat and the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Serial sections of 62 rat ovaries and 66 ovaries from Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have been examined by light microscopy. The relative and absolute percentage of preantral intra-ovarian oocyte release (PIOR) was recorded. PIOR was incomplete when the rupture of the basal membrane was not followed by the release of the oocyte from its preantral follicle into the ovarian stroma; conversely, a PIOR was regarded to the complete if the oocyte was released from the preantral follicle into the adjacent stroma. PIOR occurred in 23% of rat ovaries and in 32% of hamster ovaries; meiosis was not resumed. In rat ovaries the frequency of complete PIOR was 71%; the oocyte disappeared quickly after its release and herniated granulosa cells could invade capillaries. By contrast, incomplete PIOR was prevalent in hamster ovaries (67%); oocytes survived in the interstitial cortical tissue after the disappearance of their granulosa and theca cells (“free oocytes”). It is concluded that PIOR reflects the onset of follicular atresia and that different local factors are probably responsible for species differences.
Identification of neurons innervating the ring gland of the flesh fly larva, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart (Diptera : Sarcophagidae)

Abstract Nervous connections between the brain and ring gland in larvae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera : Sarcophagidae) were studied, using cobalt-filling technique. Twenty pairs of putative neurosecretory cells (NSC), which form medial and lateral clusters, were filled from the intact corpus cardiacum (CC). The ring gland beyond the CC is innervated by 5 pairs of neurons, with somata located in the lateral protocerebrum. Their axons terminate in the corpus allatum (CA) region where they branch extensively, indicating a possible neurohormonal release site.
Pulsed Power Supply for Electroluminescent Fiducial Display System

A pulsed power supply has been developed which is suitable for powering electroluminescent lamps at frequencies up to 5 kHz. A distribution system for driving 90 or more lamps simultaneously and a programmed data-lamp array utilizing this power supply are also described.
Managerial Control, Performance, and Executive Compensation

Using a sample of 71 very large manufacturers, this study demonstrated that executives in externally controlled firms receive more compensation for performance and less for scale of operation than ...
Cancer therapeutics: Pulling the plug on BCL-XL

BCL-XL and other anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins serve as guardians of cellular survival. A new selective small-molecule inhibitor of BCL-XL is developed to promote apoptosis in cancers that are addicted to BCL-XL.
A competency-based approach to court-ordered outpatient treatment

A quasi-experimental study of involuntary outpatient treatment in Massachusetts is described and analyzed. Results indicate decreased hospital use by the involuntarily treated outpatients, which may or may not be due to the involuntary intervention itself.
A CdZnTe coplanar-grid detector array for environmental remediation

Abstract A portable, room-temperature gamma-ray spectrometer is being developed for use in environmental remediation activities. Good energy resolution and high-detection efficiency are achieved using an array of CdZnTe coplanar-grid detectors. The array is of modular design, which allows for the stacking of an arbitrary number of detectors, as well as for the easy exchange of detectors for repairs if needed. Each element of the array consists of a 1 cm 3 detector and low-power readout electronics. Each detector module including the electronics fits within a small footprint of 1.4 cm×1.4 cm, thus allowing the detectors to be closely packed. A compliant detector-mounting scheme has been developed to protect the detectors from mechanical shock and vibration expected in field use. A prototype 2×2 array has been constructed and evaluated. The design of the detector, detector module and test results from the array are presented.
MVS in the classroom

The design principles of operating systems have been isolated and comprehensively expounded in texts that have appeared in the last decade which are suitable for either an advanced undergraduate or low-level graduate course. The topics covered are those listed in the course outline for CS10, Operating Systems and Computer Architecture II in Curriculum '78 (1). Generally one of two approaches is taken. The first is that the computer architecture already decides many of the fundamental policies of the operating system which it is to support. The second is that an operating system must solve certain allocation and scheduling problems in order to provide a user with a variety of services and to manage its own resources efficiently, and that once identified, solutions to the problems must be implemented on some computer architecture. In either case the text usually culminates with a limited project in which students design and implement some type of multiprogramming operating system.This report outlines the approach taken to present IBM's Multiple Virtual Storage Operating System (MVS) in this setting.
Persistent humoral immune responses in the CNS limit recovery of reactivated murine cytomegalovirus.

Background Experimental infection of the mouse brain with murine CMV (MCMV) elicits neuroimmune responses that terminate acute infection while simultaneously preventing extensive bystander damage. Previous studies have determined that CD8+ T lymphocytes are required to restrict acute, productive MCMV infection within the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we investigated the contribution of humoral immune responses in control of MCMV brain infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Utilizing our MCMV brain infection model, we investigated B-lymphocyte-lineage cells and assessed their role in controlling the recovery of reactivated virus from latently infected brain tissue. Brain infiltrating leukocytes were first phenotyped using markers indicative of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells. Results obtained during these studies showed a steady increase in the recruitment of B-lymphocyte-lineage cells into the brain throughout the time-course of viral infection. Further, MCMV-specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) were detected within the infiltrating leukocyte population using an ELISPOT assay. Immunohistochemical studies of brain sections revealed co-localization of CD138+ cells with either IgG or IgM. Additional immunohistochemical staining for MCMV early antigen 1 (E1, m112–113), a reported marker of viral latency in neurons, confirmed its expression in the brain during latent infection. Finally, using B-cell deficient (Jh−/−) mice we demonstrated that B-lymphocytes control recovery of reactivated virus from latently-infected brain tissue. A significantly higher rate of reactivated virus was recovered from the brains of Jh−/− mice when compared to Wt animals. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrate that MCMV infection triggers accumulation and persistence of B-lymphocyte-lineage cells within the brain, which produce antibodies and play a significant role in controlling reactivated virus.
Glucose-induced sphere to ellipsoid transition of polyoxyethylene–polyoxypropylene block copolymer micelles in aqueous solutions

Abstract The structure of micelles formed by a representative polyoxyethylene–polyoxypropylene–polyoxyethylene amphiphilic block copolymer (Pluronic P105, EO 37 PO 58 EO 37 ) in aqueous glucose solution has been probed with the help of viscosity and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. In the presence of glucose (40 wt%), the relative viscosities of the aqueous block copolymer solutions increase significantly (10–100 times) above 50 °C for 1 wt% and above 40 °C for 8 wt% block copolymer, whereas in the absence of glucose the relative viscosities remain almost constant. The macroscopic information obtained by viscosity is elucidated by structural information on the micelles obtained by fitting SANS data to a core-corona prolate ellipsoid form factor. The addition of glucose in aqueous EO 37 PO 58 EO 37 solutions results in micelle growth from sphere to ellipsoid (cigar-like) with major/minor radius ratio in the range 2–5. The onset of the sphere-to-ellipsoid shape transition discerned by SANS corresponds to the onset of the solution viscosity increase. In comparison, the shape of micelles formed in binary EO 37 PO 58 EO 37 – water solutions remains almost independent of temperature. The observed changes in the micelle structure can be attributed to enhanced dehydration of polyoxyethylene caused by glucose. These findings are relevant to waterborne formulations incorporating polyoxyethylene-containing amphiphiles.
Response Surface Method Optimization of a High-Speed Direct-Injection Diesel Engine Equipped With a Common Rail Injection System

To overcome the tradeoff between NO x and particulate emissions for future diesel vehicles and engines it is necessary to seek methods to lower pollutant emissions. The desired simultaneous improvement in fuel efficiency for future DI diesels is also a difficult challenge due to the combustion modifications that will be required to meet the exhaust emission mandates. This study demonstrates the emission reduction capability of EGR and other parameters on a high-speed direct-injection (HSDI) diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system using an RSM optimization method. Engine testing was done at 1757 rev/min, 45% load. The variables used in the optimization process included injection pressure, boost pressure, injection timing, and EGR rate. RSM optimization led engine operating parameters to reach a low-temperature and premixed combustion regime called the MK combustion region, and resulted in simultaneous reductions in NO x and particulate emissions without sacrificing fuel efficiency. It was shown that RSM optimization is an effective and powerful tool for realizing the full advantages of the combined effects of combustion control techniques by optimizing their parameters. It was also shown that through a close observation of optimization processes, a more thorough understanding of HSDI diesel combustion can be provided.
Homies in the New Latino Diaspora

Abstract “Homies” are a series of figurines created by a California artist, whose images are also available in other media (clothing, comics, videogames, stickers, the internet). The artist claims that these images represent people one finds in “the barrio.” As the images circulate, however, different audiences interpret them differently—some decrying the glorification of gangsters, others lauding the portrayal of less commonly represented social types. This paper traces the uptake of Homies images in one suburban American town, where the recontextualization of Homie imagery sometimes results in the homogenization of identities, and sometimes mediates less familiar identity projects.
A comparison of model‐ and multiple imputation‐based approaches to longitudinal analyses with partial missingness

Longitudinal data sets typically suffer from attrition and other forms of missing data. Omissions, attrition, and planned missingness have limited our ability to conduct the most appropriate analyses. When this common problem occurs, several researchers have demonstrated that correct estimation with missing data can be obtained under mild assumptions concerning the missing data mechanism. An example application of latent growth curve methodology, analyzing the longitudinal developmental change in adolescent alcohol consumption, is presented (N = 586; 250 young men and 336 young women, 14 to 16 years of age at the initial time point). The analyses are conducted within a cohort‐sequential design, incorporating missingness introduced by design and due to attrition. We describe and illustrate 3 approaches to the analysis of missing data when some data are missing: multiple‐sample structural equation modeling procedures, raw maximum likelihood analyses, and multiple modeling and data augmentation algorithms.
Mechanistic Studies of the Dual Phosphorylation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

Previous work on the responses of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade components in aXenopus oocyte extract system demonstrated that p42 MAP kinase (MAPK) exhibits a sharp, sigmoidal stimulus/response curve, rather than a more typical hyperbolic curve. One plausible explanation for this behavior requires the assumption that MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) carries out its dual phosphorylation of p42 MAPK by a distributive mechanism, where MAPKK dissociates from MAPK between the first and second phosphorylations, rather than a processive mechanism, where MAPKK carries out both phosphorylations before dissociating. Here we have investigated the mechanism through which a constitutively active form of human MAPKK-1 (denoted MAPKK-1 R4F or MAPKK-1*) phosphorylates Xenopus p42 MAPK in vitro. We found that the amount of monophosphorylated MAPK formed during the phosphorylation reaction exceeded the amount of MAPKK-1* present, which would not be possible if the phosphorylation occurred exclusively by a processive mechanism. The monophosphorylated MAPK was phosphorylated predominantly on tyrosine, but a small proportion was phosphorylated on threonine, indicating that the first phosphorylation is usually, but not invariably, the tyrosine phosphorylation. We also found that the rate at which pulse-labeled monophosphorylated MAPK became bisphosphorylated depended on the MAPKK-1* concentration, behavior that is predicted by the distributive model but incompatible with the processive model. These findings indicate that MAPKK-1* phosphorylates p42 MAPK by a two-collision, distributive mechanism rather than a single-collision, processive mechanism, and provide a mechanistic basis for understanding how MAP kinase can convert graded inputs into switch-like outputs.
Using a Simple Expert System to Generate PACS Configurations

We have investigated the use of a simple expert system to generate a PACS configuration from a simple set of specifications. This paper will describe the initial expert system and its rules and the simulation display tool. While there have been several other projects which have simulated PACS systems, none have tried to automatically generate system configurations.
Hydrogen and carbon NMR data for aminoquinolines and aminoisoquinolines

Hydrogen and carbon chemical shifts and HH and CH couplings are reported for six aminoquinolines and six aminoisoquinolines in DMSO-d6.
Photonic band structures of one- and two-dimensional periodic systems with metallic components in the presence of dissipation

We present an approach that allows calculating photonic band structures of electromagnetic waves propagating in periodic systems containing dispersive and highly absorptive materials characterized by a dielectric function, which is frequency dependent and has a non-negligible imaginary part. This method, which provides a complementary approach to that of the transfer-matrix method, is based on the use of a position-dependent dielectric function and the plane-wave technique. The use of the complex form of the dielectric function transforms Maxwell's equations into a generalized nonlinear eigenvalue problem. At low filling fractions of the dispersive and absorptive component (f\ensuremath{\leqslant}1%), the generalized eigenvalue problem is reduced to a problem of solving sets of simultaneous nonlinear equations which correspond to the diagonal terms of the matrix equation in the plane-wave representation, with the nondiagonal elements taken into account perturbatively. The resulting complex band structure yields, in addition to the dispersion curves, the attenuation of each mode as it propagates through the system. We first consider a model system represented by a one-dimensional (1D) periodic array of alternating layers of vacuum, and a metal characterized by the complex frequency-dependent dielectric function. To calculate the photonic band structure of this system we employ, in addition to the transfer-matrix method and our perturbative plane-wave approach, a standard linearization technique which solves the general nonlinear eigenvalue problem by the diagonalization of an equivalent, enlarged, matrix. We then apply both our perturbative plane-wave approach and the linearization scheme to obtain the photonic band structures of an infinite array of parallel, infinitely long metallic rods whose intersections with a perpendicular plane form a simple square lattice. The interesting features associated with the presence of dissipation displayed by the photonic band structures, such as an asymmetric behavior of the absorption coefficient and the lifetime of each electromagnetic wave for wave vectors near the Brillouin-zone boundaries, the splitting of the lifetimes of degenerate modes, and the different dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the complex photonic band structure on the polarization of the electromagnetic waves in 2D systems, are discussed.
Laughing, grooming, and pub science

On the basis of naturalistic observations of people conversing and laughing in pubs, a new study suggests that the ‘grooming-at-a-distance' of laughter provides a three-fold increase in grooming group size, potentially explaining how hominins evolved social groups that are considerably larger than those of other primates.
Students with or at Risk for Problem Behavior: Betwixt and between Teacher and Parent Expectations.

This study examined differences between teacher and parent ratings of social skills in a sample of adolescent students (n = 33) previously identified in the elementary grades as at risk for academic or behavioral concerns, or both. Findings suggest a core of 4 classroom behavioral expectations for social competence consistent across elementary and secondary school teachers. Furthermore, parents and teachers of adolescents with behavior problems reported different behavioral expectations. Teachers value behaviors almost entirely in the cooperation domain, rating skills that display assertion and self-control as less important for success in the classroom. Conversely, parents of children with behavior problems at school value behaviors at home in the self-control, responsibility, and assertion domains rather than cooperation skills. Although this may be situation specific, the fact that teachers and parents differentially judged adolescents with behavior problems from their peers suggests several potential ...
The labor force implications of expanding the child care industry

This paper examines the labor force implications of increased social investment in the child care industry. We have two main conclusions to report. First, expanding the child care industry will remove a major barrier to employment for a sizable number of women. This includes women in middle and upper income families who desire to work for personal fulfillment and to improve their families' lifestyles. But even more so, it includes women in low-income and single-parent families who need to work to maintain a minimal and dignified standard of living and who might otherwise remain dependent on welfare benefits for their own and their families' subsistence. Second, expanding the child care industry will help employers cope with a range of personnel problems they will increasingly face as the U.S. undergoes a major transition in the 1990's from being a labor surplus economy to being a labor shortage economy.
Novel therapeutic approach to counter the recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to tumors.

Evaluation of: Shaked Y, Ciarrocchi A, Franco M et al. Therapy-induced acute recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to tumors. Science 313, 1785–1787 (2006).Recently gathered evidence indicates that bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells can contribute to tumor angiogenesis and the growth of certain tumors. The paper under evaluation presents a novel therapeutic approach that disrupts the recruitment of these cells by tumors, therefore facilitating the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents.
Effects of behavioral adaptation on a predator-prey model

The Volterra-Lotka predator-prey equations are modified so that the predator's ability to utilize the prey varies in proportion to the average number of encounters between the two species in the past. The behavior of this adaptive system is then described in terms of three parameters — the carrying capacity of the prey, the relative death rate of the predator, and the predator's memoryspan. The most stable situation is shown to occur when the carrying capacity of the prey is large, the predator's death rate is close to zero, and the predator is able to adapt quickly to changing levels of prey density.
Preschool children's conception of ghosts.

Abstract This investigation attempts to clarify 3- and 4-year-old children's perceptions of ghosts and their relation to the hypothesis of the “floating ghost” as an early infantile remembrance. It appears to confirm the notion that young children's representation of ghosts results from an admixture of learned conscious ideas regarding ghosts and an ill-defined part which is based upon primitive unconscious ideas about the unknown stranger and the mysterious images of earlier nightly visits from mother and father.
Buddhist Belief ‘In’

Recent articles in Religious Studies have underscored the questions of whether Buddhism presents any empirical doctrines, and whether, if it does, such doctrines are false or vacuous. In what follows I want to sketch an interpretation of Buddhism according to which it does not offer doctrines which are empirically false, on the one hand, or trivially true on the other. In doing so I take my cue from an earlier, and by now classic, paper by H. H. Price. For the exposition of Buddhism I take the Pali Nikāyas, the single most significant collection of texts in the Buddhist tradition. The particular doctrine which is the focus of discussion here is the kammavāda (Pali) or ‘karma view’ of early Indian Buddhism, for it is the focus of much of the recent literature cited above and a doctrine which some have thought amenable to statement in empirical terms.
Chronometric studies of numerical cognition in five-month-old infants

Developmental research suggests that some of the mechanisms that underlie numerical cognition are present and functional in human infancy. To investigate these mechanisms and their developmental course, psychologists have turned to behavioral and electrophysiological methods using briefly presented displays. These methods, however, depend on the assumption that young infants can extract numerical information rapidly. Here we test this assumption and begin to investigate the speed of numerical processing in five-month-old infants. Infants successfully discriminated between arrays of 4 vs. 8 dots on the basis of number when a new array appeared every 2 s, but not when a new array appeared every 1.0 or 1.5 s. These results suggest alternative interpretations of past findings, provide constraints on the design of future experiments, and introduce a new method for probing infants' enumeration process. Further experiments using this method provide initial evidence that infants' enumeration mechanism operates in parallel and yields increasingly accurate numerical representations over time, as does the enumeration mechanism used by adults in symbolic and non-symbolic tasks.
Fourier domain common-path optical coherence tomography with a conduit fiber bundle probe

A common path optical coherence tomography using a fiber bundle probe is demonstrated. The lateral scans are accomplished outside the specimen, which eliminated the need for moving parts in the distal end of the probe.
I’ve Got Rhythm! Fostering Child-Centered Musical Activities for Preschoolers:

The purpose of this project was to explore young children’s musical behaviors in an informal music class to better facilitate child-centered musical experiences. Through observations and videotapes...
Influences of thinning, prescribed burning, and wildfire on soil processes and properties in southwestern ponderosa pine forests: A retrospective study

Following Euro-American settlement in the late 1800s, fire suppression and livestock grazing in ponderosa pine-bunchgrass ecosystems of the southwestern US resulted in the replacement of grass openings with dense stands of ponderosa pine. This, in turn, has led to apparent decreases in decomposition, net N mineralization, and soil respiration (i.e., net soil CO2 efflux) rates, losses of floral and faunal diversity, and greater risk of the occurrence of stand-replacing wildfire. Alterations in ecosystem structure and function have prompted the implementation of restoration treatments throughoutthe region. Usinga retrospective approach, we investigated theeffects of thinning,thinning plusprescribedfire,and wildfire, 6‐15 years following treatments, on ecosystem processes and properties across a 750-km 2 area in northern Arizona. We found that stands that had thinning or thinning plus burning treatments had lower in situ annual rates of net N mineralization in the mineral soil than unmanaged stands. However, stands burned by high-severity wildfire had net N mineralization rates that were about 60% higher than unmanaged stands. Because of similarities in net N mineralization rates among treatments under laboratory conditions, we speculate that variation in in situ net N transformation rates among stands were due to differences in C inputs (thinned and thinned plus burned)and soil microclimate (wildfire) among the stands. Size of the soil microbial C and N pools generally declined with decreases in litterfall (highest in unmanaged, intermediate in thinned and thinned plus burned, and lowest in wildfire stands); however, in situ rates of net soil CO2 efflux did not follow this pattern. Our results contrast with some previous studies in southwestern ponderosa pine forests where restoration treatments (both thinning and thinning plus burning) increased net N transformation rates. We hypothesize that the dissimilarity in responses to treatments across studies is due to differences in the relative effect of these treatments on the quantity and quality of C inputs. Large increases in easily decomposable understory biomass following restoration treatments appear to result in increases in N cycling rates, whereas treatments that result in either no change or minimal increases in understory biomass, accompanied by a long-term decrease in pine needle input to the forest floor, lead to reductions in N cycling rates. We recommend that restoration and fire-hazard reduction treatments be applied preferentially to stands that currently have low understory production. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Influence of anoxic selectors on heavy metal removal by activated sludge

The goal of this research is to compare the metal binding characteristics of an anoxic selector activated sludge system and a conventional activated sludge system. Metal biosorption by biomass harvested from experimental systems was determined by a series of batch experiments. Heavy metals studied in this research were zinc, cadmium, and nickel. The sorption isotherm showed that the selector sludge had significantly higher sorption capacity than did the control sludge. Metal biosorption behavior closely followed a Freundlich isotherm model for equilibrium concentrations. ECP contents of biomass estimated by alkali extraction technique showed that ECP levels in the selector sludge significantly higher than that in the sludge harvested from the conventional system, indicating that the higher metal sorption capacity of selector sludge may be due to the selection of the ECP-producing bacteria (i.e., Zoogloca sp.) by the selector system.
Special healthcare taxing districts: association with population health status.

Background Locally generated special healthcare taxes are an important component of community infrastructure, but their impact on the health status of populations has not been systematically addressed. Methods Florida counties were segmented on the basis of the use/nonuse of locally generated tax dollars for health care during the 1992–1996 period and analyzed in 2004. Linear mixed-effects regression analysis was used to test a model in which taxing behavior served as the primary predictor variable for total age-adjusted and selected cause-specific mortality. Race/ethnicity, rurality, poverty, access to a public hospital, and physician availability were controlled. Results Local taxation was associated with lower total age-adjusted mortality, and lower mortality for the major causes of death, except stroke, when compared to the state mean. Local taxation is protective relative to total age-adjusted mortality (odds ratio [OR]=0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.40–0.98) and age-adjusted mortality from chronic obstructive lung disease (OR=0.50, CI=0.32–0.79), cancers (OR=0.53, CI=0.34–0.084), and intentional injury (OR=0.50, CI=0.38–0.92). Conclusions Locally generated tax revenues used for the provision of healthcare services are consistently associated with improved health outcomes of major public health importance. The means by which this advantage is achieved will require additional research.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for caladiums (Caladium Vent.)

With 1 table Abstract Microsatellite markers are needed for distinguishing cultivars and mapping disease and pest resistance genes in caladiums, one of the most important ornamental aroids. Through sequencing of a GA-enriched partial genomic library, 173 unique sequences suitable for designing simple sequence repeat primers were identified. A majority of the sequences (82.7%) contained perfect repeats of GA/TC motif, and 86.8% of the primers amplified discrete PCR products of expected sizes, resulting in development of the first 99 microsatellite markers in caladiums. These markers detected differences at 41.8% and 68.8% of the amplified alleles between two pairs of caladium cultivars that are most difficult to distinguish morphologically. The markers revealed high percentages (70.0% to 78.2%) of polymorphic alleles among three parents of segregating populations to be used for mapping genes for resistance to three major diseases/pests. High rates of transferability (51.7–100%) were observed across seven Caladium species. The availability of these highly polymorphic, robust markers will provide a powerful tool for differentiating cultivars, anchoring genetic maps and understanding the genetic relationships in caladiums.
The effect of yield damage on the viscoelastic properties of cortical bone tissue as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis

We have previously shown, using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), that the presence of a defect in cortical bone tissue affects the apparent viscoelastic properties of that bone. However, mechanically induced damage is more complex than a machined defect making it difficult to predict its effect on bone viscoelasticity. We performed DMA measurements before and after introduction of yield damage into cortical bone beams from sheep radii. The specimens were placed in a DMA machine and baseline measurements of storage modulus (E1) and loss factor (tandelta) were performed using a 3-point bending configuration for a frequency range of 1-10 Hz. Measurements were done in all four bending directions (cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral) in random order. After subjecting the specimens to monotonic yield damage in a servohydraulic testing machine with the load applied to the cranial surface, oscillatory tests were repeated. To supplement results from the current experiment, additional analyses were performed on data from experiments where bone was either cut or fatigue-loaded between viscoelasticity measurements. Introduction of mechanical damage increased tan delta and frequency sensitivity of E1, consistent with the assertion that increased energy dissipation in damaged bone might contribute to its increased resistance to fatigue and fracture.
First experimental demonstration of gate-all-around III–V MOSFETs by top-down approach

The first inversion-mode gate-all-around (GAA) III–V MOSFETs are experimentally demonstrated with a high mobility In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel and atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al 2 O 3 /WN gate stacks by a top-down approach. A well-controlled InGaAs nanowire release process and a novel ALD high-k/metal gate process has been developed to enable the fabrication of III–V GAA MOSFETs. Well-behaved on-state and off-state performance has been achieved with channel length (L ch ) down to 50nm. A detailed scaling metrics study (S.S., DIBL, V T ) with L ch of 50nm – 110nm and fin width (W Fin ) of 30nm – 50nm are carried out, showing the immunity to short channel effects with the advanced 3D structure. The GAA structure has provided a viable path towards ultimate scaling of III–V MOSFETs.
Choice under aggregate uncertainty

We provide a simple model to measure the impact of aggregate risks. We consider agents whose rankings of lotteries over vectors of outcomes satisfy expected utility and separability. Such rankings are characterized in terms of aggregative utilities that measure sensitivity to aggregate uncertainty in a straightforward way. We consider applications to models of product variety, portfolio choice, and public attitudes towards catastrophic risks. The framework lends support to precautionary measures that penalize policies for exposure to correlation. The model rationalizes a number of behavioral and policy patterns as attempts to hedge against aggregate uncertainty.
Regional-scale assessment of a sequence-bounding paleosol on fluvial fans using ground-penetrating radar, eastern San Joaquin Valley, California

Recently developed sequence stratigraphic models for fl uvial fans suggest that sequence boundaries in these deposits are marked by laterally extensive paleosols; however, these models were based on paleosol correlations inferred between wells. To test this, we collected ~190 km of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profi les on three fl uvial fans from the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, to determine the lateral extent and character of a buried near-surface sequence-bounding paleosol. This paleosol, recognized on GPR by rapid shallow signal attenuation, extends across large areas on all three fl uvial fans. Limited areas of signifi cantly increased signal penetration were also identifi ed, and these zones are interpreted to indicate the absence of the paleosol. The zones where the paleosol is missing likely correspond to paleooutwash channel activity on the fan surfaces that, when active, was able to partially or fully scour through the paleosol and deposit coarse-grained channel sediments in place of the sequence boundary. Erosional breaks are most common on the Kings River fan, while few breaks on the Tuolumne and Merced River fans may indicate less paleochannel activity on these fan surfaces during the last outwash event. Differences in channel activity between fans indicate that the Kings River migrated across its fan during the last outwash event, as evidenced by the large number of areas with increased GPR signal penetration and the presence of numerous channel deposits recorded on the soil surveys, while the Tuolumne and Merced Rivers only deposited fl oodplain fi nes, with the channels remaining inside a shallow incised valley, as evidenced by the relatively low number of areas with increased GPR signal penetration and the presence of primarily fi ne-grained material recorded on the soil surveys. Factors controlling these differences may include variable valley subsidence rates and differences in the San Joaquin Basin overall width at each fan location.