cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk management of GM crops technology with three-dimension model in China

Drawing on extensive academic research on security of GM crops technology,this paper seeks to create a three-dimension model capable of analyzing the extent of harm of GM crops technology risks.On basis of this framework,it can be concluded that China is currently located in the high risk section of this model,where the high technological uncertainty of this risk type shows the urgencies of its governance.And then this article attempts to introduce Actor-Network Theory(ANT) as a basic tool to explore risk assessment and governance of GM crops technology in China.At last,it is concluded that governments can construct an efficient governance mechanism which balances actors' interests and reduces or avoids risks induced by GM crops technology in China.
WHAT ECONOMISTS SHOULD LEARN FROM ECONOPHYSICS

We state the usual postulatory approach used by economists and then contrast it with our empirically based discovery of the dynamics of financial markets, where all predictions are calculated from ‘the market Green function’. In particular, we predict option prices in agreement with traders’ valuations, but without using any nonempirically determined parameters. Both global and local volatility are defined via the noise traders’ diffusion coefficient, and a new dynamic definition of ‘value’ is given. Self-fulfilling prophecies are discussed in the context of complexity.
Political Culture in Early Modern Japan and Korea

Hideyoshi’s invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 resulted in not only irrevocable impairment to the individual Japanese and Korean states but also had a great impact on the overall East Asian political situation. Japan mobilised 303 500 soldiers, including 102 300 to the Nagoya base in Hizen and 201 200 to the Korean front. About 50 000 to 60 000 Korean troops and about 100 000 soldiers in a relief column from Ming China were mobilised, resulting in a great move of supplies and money.1 This war worsened the state of the Ming, contributing to its downfall and the rise of Ch’ing China. Due to the large-scale warfare, the Korean and Japanese economies were devastated and innumerable Koreans were taken away by the Japanese army for forced labour or slavery in Japan. Therefore, this war is also known as “the war of abduction” (hito sarai sensō).
Contact and Support Considerations in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity of Petaled MoS2 Electrodes

Petaled MoS2 electrodes grown hydrothermally from Mo foils are found to have an 800 nm, intermediate, MoSxOy layer. Similar petaled MoS2 films without this intermediate layer are grown on Au. X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies and transmission electron microscopy indicate the resulting petaled multilayer MoS2 films are frayed and exhibit single-layer, 1T-MoS2 behavior at the edges. We compare the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity via linear sweep voltammetry with Tafel analysis as well as the impedance properties of the electrodes. We find that petaled MoS2/Au and petaled MoS2/Mo exhibit comparable overpotential to 10 mA cm–2 at −279 vs −242 mV, respectively, and similar Tafel slopes of ∼68 mV/decade indicating a similar rate-determining step. The exchange current normalized to the geometric area of petaled MoS2/Au (0.000921 mA cm–2) is 3 times smaller than that of petaled MoS2/Mo (0.00290 mA cm–2), and is attributed to the lower petal density on the Au support. However, Au s...
Intralesional Collagenase Injection

Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (Xiaflex®) is an enzyme, which acts to breakdown the collagenous Peyronie’s plaque. This enzyme is injected directly into the Peyronie’s plaque. The injection technique takes less than 2 min in duration. Bleeding complications (ecchymosis, hematoma formation) and penile fracture (corporal rupture) are the main complications.
Proteoglycans and Hyaluronan in Morphogenesis and Differentiation

The objective of this chapter is to discuss the roles of hyaluronan (HA) and proteoglycans (PGs) in developmental processes and tissue remodeling. In the first section I have summarized recent progress on the molecular basis of HA and PG interactions with the surface of cells, since this is the most likely means whereby HA and PGs would influence cell behavior during development. This is followed by a review of cellular studies, mainly performed in vitro, that implicate HA and PGs in specific aspects of cell behavior that would be relevant to development in vivo. Finally, I have chosen three developmental systems to illustrate ways in which HA or PGs are involved in actual morphogenetic and differentiative processes.
A Combined Eulerian-Lagrangian Data Representation for Large-Scale Applications

The Eulerian and Lagrangian reference frames each provide a unique perspective when studying and visualizing results from scientific systems. As a result, many large-scale simulations produce data in both formats, and analysis tasks that simultaneously utilize information from both representations are becoming increasingly popular. However, due to their fundamentally different nature, drawing correlations between these data formats is a computationally difficult task, especially in a large-scale setting. In this work, we present a new data representation which combines both reference frames into a joint Eulerian-Lagrangian format. By reorganizing Lagrangian information according to the Eulerian simulation grid into a “unit cell” based approach, we can provide an efficient out-of-core means of sampling, querying, and operating with both representations simultaneously. We also extend this design to generate multi-resolution subsets of the full data to suit the viewer’s needs and provide a fast flow-aware trajectory construction scheme. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using three large-scale real world scientific datasets and provide insight into the types of performance gains that can be achieved.
Test software at Texas Instruments: what SEI level is appropriate?

In 1989, Texas Instruments (TI) as a corporation embarked on an aggressive mission to improve the quality of its internally developed software. As a part of this ongoing effort, the Test Engineering Department of the Defense Systems and Electronics Group (DSEG) evaluated existing test software development practices and procedures. Using the Software Engineering Institute's (SEI) Capability Maturity Model (CMM) to measure software process quality, DSEG Test Engineering Department was internally appraised at SEI Level 2 and is currently working towards Level 3. There were unique challenges and difficulties relative to this achievement due to the wide diversity of test types, development standards, languages and platforms associated with test software. This paper presents the approach, schedule, lessons learned and some of the benefits which resulted from the efforts of the DSEG Test Engineering software quality thrust.
Assessing formal knowledge of math equivalence among algebra and pre-algebra students

A central understanding in mathematics is knowledge of math equivalence, the relation indicating that 2 quantities are equal and interchangeable. Decades of research have documented elementary-school (ages 7 to 11) children’s (mis)understanding of math equivalence, and recent work has developed a construct map and comprehensive assessments of this understanding. The goal of the current research was to extend this work by assessing whether the construct map of math equivalence knowledge was applicable to middle school students and to document differences in formal math equivalence knowledge between students in pre-algebra and algebra. We also examined whether knowledge of math equivalence was related to students’ reasoning about an algebraic expression. In the study, 229 middle school students (ages 12 to 16) completed 2 forms of the math equivalence assessment. The results suggested that the construct map and associated assessments were appropriate for charting middle school students’ knowledge and provided additional empirical support for the link between understanding of math equivalence and formal algebraic reasoning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Selling Techno-futurism: Exploring Pepper’s Images and Discourses Taiwanese News Media Make

Taiwan has many social problems, including a low birthrate and labor shortage. In order to deal with these issues, some people hope that robots may play a robust solution. One of these robots, Pepper, is under the spotlight, because it is a humanoid social robot designed to express and read human emotions. In this context, my question is: what kinds of images of social robots do media construct for the Taiwanese public in order to shape the human-social robot relationships? Through archival research, I divide media treatments of Pepper into five categories: education, promises, reality, problems, and metaphors. News in the education category is fact-telling or educational news. In the promises category, news media not only indicate the Pepper’s functions, abilities, services, but also portray Pepper as a solution for social problems. In the reality category, news media report on Pepper’s functionality and limitations. In the problems category, news media point to problems Pepper might cause, including a higher unemployment rate and reallocation of wealth. In the metaphors category, I consider the metaphors media use to construct particular discourses and images of Pepper, such as a master/slave model power relation and gender. Based on business interests, technological determinism, and techno-optimism, these discourses compose the public imagination of techno-futurism media create. This techno-futurism is telling the Taiwanese people a technological science story about hopes, threats, and relations. Those Pepper images and discourses build the dominating understandings of social robots in Taiwan.
Results of a Patient Survey Regarding COPD Knowledge, Treatment Experiences, and Practices With Inhalation Devices

BACKGROUND: Successful inhalation therapy depends on the ability of patients with COPD to properly use devices. We explored subjects9 COPD knowledge, including education they receive from health care providers, treatment experiences, and practices with inhalation devices. METHODS: A multiple-choice online survey, developed by a steering committee of American Thoracic Society clinicians and scientists, was administered to subjects with COPD who were sourced from the Harris Poll Online panel. RESULTS: Of the 254 respondents (mean age 61.8 y; 49% males), most subjects (82%) claimed to understand their disease and available treatments, yet COPD symptoms and causes were well known to only 45% and 44% of subjects, respectively. Forty-three percent of subjects had ever used a pressurized metered-dose inhaler or dry-powder inhaler. Of the 54% of subjects who had ever used a small-volume nebulizer (SVN), 63% considered this device to be easy to use, 55% considered it to be fast-acting, 53% considered it to be convenient, and 38% considered it to be essential for treatment. Among subjects who had ever used them, SVNs were preferred by 54% over other devices. One third of subjects desired more extensive education during office visits; 25% felt the time was insufficient to cover questions, and 15% felt their concerns about COPD treatment(s) were ignored. Subjects believed physicians (32%), nurses (26%), and no single provider (28%) were primarily responsible for training and assessing proper inhalation technique. CONCLUSION: The survey showed differences between patients9 beliefs and knowledge of COPD; the need for continuous education from health care providers, particularly on inhalation devices; and extensive use of pressurized metered-dose inhalers and dry-powder inhalers despite positive perceptions of SVNs.
On the thermomechanics of shape memory wires

The thermomechanical behavior of a shape memory wire is modeled based on a theory that takes cognizance of the fact that the body can possess multiple natural configurations [1]. The constitutive equations are developed by first constructing the form of the Helmholtz potential (based on different modes of energy storage), and dissipation mechanisms. The internal energy includes contributions from the strain energy, the latent energy, the interfacial energy and thermal energy. The entropy of the system includes the"entropy jump" associated with the phase transition.¶The role of the rate of mechanical dissipation as a mechanism for entropy generation and its importance in describing the hysteretic behavior is brought out by considering the difference between hysteretic and non-hysteretic (dissipation-less) behavior.¶Finally, simple linear or quadratic forms are assumed for the various constitutive functions and the full shape memory response is modeled. A procedure for the determination of the constants is also indicated and the constants for two systems (CuZnAl and NiTi) are calculated from published experimental data (see [2, 3]). The predictions of the theory show remarkable agreement with the experimental data. However, some of the results predicted by the theory are different from the experimental results reported in Huo and Muller [2] We discuss some of the issues regarding this discrepancy and show that there appears to be some internal inconsistency between the experimental data reported in Figure 6 and Figure 9 of Huo and Muller [2] (provided they represent the same sample).
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems for Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers, with Particular Reference to Ship Forms

Abstract : The problem of choosing orthogonal, curvilinear, coordinate systems for use in boundary-layer calculations on arbitrary three-dimensional bodies is considered in some detail. A general method for the practical evaluation of the various geometrical properties of the coordinates occurring in the three-dimensional boundary-layer equations is described. A particular coordinate system which appears to be the most convenient one for ship hulls is then proposed and analyzed further.
Matrix Algebra Topics in Statistics and Economics Using R

Abstract This chapter provides a review of certain matrix algebra topics useful in Economics and Statistics which can be implemented by using the R software and graphics system. We illustrate uses of newer versions of R packages including graphics for visualization of relations. In addition to basics, we include newer innovative topics having practical relevance including decision payoff matrices, new generalized asymmetric correlations, sparse matrices, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrices, projection matrices, robust multivariate outlier detection tools, generalized canonical correlations, demographic transitions, and others.
Agritourism and Quality-of-Life for Farmers

Agritourism is growing in popularity throughout the United States of America, Europe, and many other countries around the world. By blending tourism with agriculture, agritourism enterprises allow farmers to diversify core operations and keep farmland in production while educating visitors, preserving scenic vistas, and maintaining farming traditions. However, agritourism comes with challenges and is not for every farm. It requires different skills than traditional farming operations, and farmers interested in agritourism often have difficulty finding support for technical assistance and networking opportunities to ensure best practices.
Palliative care integration in haematological malignancies: towards a needs-based approach

The integration of palliative care in oncology has advanced rapidly in just a few short years. It is only within the past decade that the landscape of early integrated palliative care even reached a point where multiple clinical trials exist, showing significant improvements in outcomes including quality of life, symptoms and even caregiver well-being. Ensuing policy statements now call for the inclusion of palliative care as a standard component of high-quality, comprehensive cancer care.1 2 However, palliative care use among patients with haematological malignancies remains far less frequent, and is generally underdeveloped as a practice at most centres. This is certainly not due to a lack of need. Patients with haematological malignancies experience high symptom burden, frequent psychological comorbidities and poor end-of-life quality outcomes.3–5 Indeed, many of us have called attention to these significant issues to date, and advocating for early prognosis-independent integration of palliative care into haematology.6 7 Within this landscape, one might question the need for another study on the palliative care needs of those with haematological malignancies, or the associated poor end-of-life care outcomes. However, the study by Beaussant et al in this month’s issue illustrates a greater level of sophistications that is needed in the literature in this area.8 Haematological malignancies is a catchall term used to describe a remarkably heterogeneous group of diseases, characterised by striking differences in treatment intensities and outcomes. They range from acute to chronic conditions, and portend a variety of responses to disease-directed treatments, sometimes even including the possibility of cure, which is quite unlike most advanced solid tumours. This results in …
Anti-Müllerian hormone as a predictor of reproductive potential.

Purpose of review Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a marker of ovarian reserve, declines over a woman's reproductive lifespan. AMH is highly correlated with a woman's age and number of primordial ovarian follicles, and has been shown to predict time to menopause in women in their 40s. For these reasons, it was assumed that AMH levels could predict a woman's reproductive potential or serve as a 'fertility test'. Recently, studies have sought to determine the association between AMH and fertility. Recent findings Although a small, prospective, time-to-pregnancy study of 98 women suggested that an AMH level less than 0.7 ng/ml was associated with lower day-specific probabilities of conception, the follow-up, larger cohort did not identify an association with AMH and fecundability. Women with AMH values less than 0.7 ng/ml had similar pregnancy rates after 12 cycles of attempting to conceive as women with normal AMH values after adjusting for age. Four additional studies, including a secondary analysis of the NICHD EAGER trial including over 1200 women confirmed these findings. Summary Although AMH is a marker of ovarian reserve, existing literature does not support the use of AMH as a marker of reproductive potential in the general population.
Vibration-Enhanced Droplet Motion Modes: Simulations of Rocking, Ratcheting, Ratcheting With Breakup, and Ejection

Citation: Huber, R. A., Campbell, M., Doughramaji, N., & Derby, M. M. (2019). Vibration-Enhanced Droplet Motion Modes: Simulations of Rocking, Ratcheting, Ratcheting With Breakup, and Ejection. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 141(7), 071105-071105–071113. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042037
Availability of Healthier Children’s Menu Items in the Top Selling Quick Service Restaurant Chains (2004–2015)

Objectives. To describe time trends in the availability of healthier children’s menu items in the top selling quick service restaurant (QSR) chains.Methods. We used Technomic Inc.’s MenuMonitor to construct a data set of side and beverage items available on children’s menus from 2004 to 2015 at 20 QSR chains in the United States. We evaluated the significance of time trends in the average availability of healthier fruit and nonfried vegetable sides and nonsugary beverages offered as options and by default in children’s meal bundles.Results. Healthier sides and beverages offered as options increased by 57.5 and 25.0 percentage points, respectively, from 2004 to 2015 but leveled off starting in 2013. Healthier items bundled by default also increased during this time frame, with most adoption occurring after 2010. However, these items remain relatively uncommon, with less than 20% of meal bundles including healthier items by default. All tests evaluating time trends in the availability of healthier items in ...
Embedded interpreters

This is a tutorial on using type-indexed embedding/projection pairs when writing interpreters in statically-typed functional languages. The method allows (higher-order) values in the interpreting language to be embedded in the interpreted language and values from the interpreted language may be projected back into the interpreting one. This is particularly useful when adding command-line interfaces or scripting languages to applications written in functional languages. We first describe the basic idea and show how it may be extended to languages with recursive types and applied to elementary meta-programming. We then show how the method combines with Filinski's continuation-based monadic reflection operations to define an lextensionalr version of the call-by-value monadic translation and hence to allow values to be mapped bidirectionally between the levels of an interpreter for a functional language parameterized by an arbitrary monad. Finally, we show how SML functions may be embedded into, and projected from, an interpreter for an asynchronous $\pi$-calculus via an ‘extensional’ variant of a standard translation from $\lambda$ into $\pi$.
Computer Tracking of Endothelial Activation Responses

Endothelial cell responses to stimuli may involve structural, functional or behavioral alterations or a combination of all these.1 Understanding of the role of endothelial cells depends on the ability of investigators to measure these responses. Considerable progress has been made in measuring some, but not all, endothelial responses. Functional responses can usually be quantified by bioassay or by biochemical analysis of endothelial products, enzymes or receptors. Structural responses can be recorded by light and electron microscopy and, to a certain extent, quantification of structural alterations can be achieved by morphometric means. However, analysis of endothelial behavior in terms of migration and division activity has been hampered by existing methods for quantitative assay. Thus, in this paper we have focused on these less well-documented areas. We describe studies that consider methods for measuring endothehal cell behavior.
Examining the compositions of impactors striking the Moon using Apollo impact melt coats and anorthositic regolith breccia meteorites

Abstract Impactors striking the Moon since the formation of its crust have left an indelible imprint on the lunar surface, in the guise of craters and associated impact rocks. The lunar crust has low intrinsic abundances of the highly siderophile elements (HSE: Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, Au), at greater than 3000 times lower than in chondrite meteorites. Consequently, during impact, bolides with chondritic or differentiated iron-rich compositions should impart elevated HSE signatures to the lunar crust. Here we examine glassy lunar impact melt coats (IMC) from the outside rims of Apollo 16 cataclastic anorthosites (60015, 65325) and breccias (65035), as well as both fragments and powders of Antarctic anorthositic regolith breccia (ARB) meteorites (Miller Range 090034/36/70/75 and MacAlpine Hills 88105) for their petrography, mineral chemistry and bulk-rock compositions. The HSE concentrations for IMC range from ∼0.001 to 0.1 × CI chondrite, with measured 187Os/188Os between 0.1189 and 0.1366. Anorthositic regolith breccia meteorites, which have components with 2.6–4.1 Ga ages, have similar HSE concentrations to IMC, but typically have lower 187Os/188Os (0.1164–0.1284). These latter Os ratios are generally less radiogenic than those measured in ∼3.8–3.9 Ga Apollo impact melt breccias. The Apollo 16 IMC are not well-dated, but their KREEPy trace-element signatures and associated ages of 3.7 to 3.8 Ga for Apollo 16 glasses might imply, at least in part, an origin from the Imbrium or Serenitatis basin-forming impacts. Within the IMC, metal-schreibersite-troilite assemblages record significant inter-element HSE fractionation which is also reflected in bulk HSE patterns for both IMC and ARB meteorites. Variations in relative and absolute HSE compositions directly reflect the control of metal and sulfide segregation within and between impact melt and breccia lithologies. Collectively, IMC and ARB meteorites exhibit approximately 50% of the variation in Ru/Ir and 187Os/188Os observed in lunar impact melt breccias. These results imply that significant variations in inter-element compositions can occur during impact brecciation and melting and so some impact melt rock HSE compositions may not record the compositions of impactors that struck the Moon with fidelity. Nonetheless, the generally low 187Re/188Os of lunar impact melt rocks means that osmium isotope ratios provide evidence for impact composition, and a change from ordinary to carbonaceous-like impactors either with time – or location – striking the Moon.
Efficacy of triethanolamine cream in the treatment of chronic skin ulcer: a clinical study

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of triethanolamine cream for the treament of chronic skin ulcer.Methods Thirty-eight patients with chronic skin ulcer were classified into the test group and control group.The control group was routinely treated with debridement and dressing,while the test group was topically treated with triethanolamine cream besides debredement and dressing.Results After 8 weeks of treatment,the lesions healed in 18 (85.71％) patients in the test group and 8 (47.06％) patients in the control group,markedly improved in 2 (9.52％) patients in the test group and 2 (11.76％) patients in the control group,improved in 1 (4.76％) patient in the test group and 5 (29.41％) patients in the control group.The total response rate was significantly different between the test group and control group (95.24％ vs.58.82％,x2 =6.497,P ＜ 0.05).Both the time required for granulation tissue to generate and that for skin ulcer to heal were shorter in the test group than in the control group (both P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Triethanolamine cream is a safe,effective,and well-tolerated treatment option for chronic skin ulcer. Key words: Ulcer; , Triethanolamine; Treatment outcome
Enumeration and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells as an innovative tool for companion diagnostics in breast cancer.

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) and more recently, CTC clusters are implicated as a fundamental mechanism by which tumor cells break away from the primary site and travel to distant sites. Enumeratio...
Diabetes mellitus among adults with tuberculosis in the USA, 2010-2017.

Introduction To describe diabetes trends among adults with incident tuberculosis (TB) disease and examine diabetes-associated TB characteristics and patient outcomes in the USA. Research design and methods We examined all 71 855 persons aged ≥20 years with incident TB disease reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System during 2010–2017. We performed multivariable logistic regression, comparing characteristics and outcomes among patients with TB reported to have diabetes and those whose diabetes status was unknown. Results An overall 18% (n=13 281) of the 71 855 adults with incident TB disease were reported as also having diabetes; the annual proportion increased from 15% in 2010 to 22% in 2017. Among patients aged ≥45 years with both TB and diabetes, the adjusted OR for cavitary or sputum smear-positive TB was 1.7 and 1.5, respectively (95% CIs 1.5 to 1.8 and 1.4 to 1.6). Patients with TB and diabetes had 30% greater odds of dying and took longer to achieve negative Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and complete treatment. Conclusions The prevalence of reported diabetes among adults with TB disease has increased. Having diabetes as a comorbidity negatively affects patient outcomes. In accordance with national recommendations, all patients aged ≥45 years and all younger patients who have risk factors for diabetes should be screened for diabetes at the start of TB treatment.
Academic Productivity Among Plastic Surgery Subspecialty Fellowship Applicants.

INTRODUCTION Plastic surgery subspecialty fellowships are highly competitive. Academic productivity is an objective metric that can be used to compare candidates. This study aims to evaluate intersubspecialty differences in academic profiles of plastic surgery fellows. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the plastic surgery fellows in the United States from 2015 to 2019. We used the San Francisco Match website and individual program websites to obtain details of fellowship programs (microsurgery, aesthetic, hand, and craniofacial) and plastic surgery fellows. Bibliometric data at the time of fellowship application were obtained for each fellow. RESULTS A total of 235 fellows were included. There was a significant difference in the median number of publications (P = 0.0067) and h-index (P = 0.0229) across subspecialties. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that dedicated research time was predictive for a high publication count (odds ratio [OR], 3.59; P = 0.0007) and h-index (OR, 4.88; P < 0.0001) at the time of fellowship application. Although international residency and aesthetic fellowship application were predictive of a reduced number of publications (OR, 0.17; P < 0.0001, and OR, 0.43; P = 0.0190, respectively), H-index was increased by possession of an advanced degree (OR, 2.00; P = 0.0291) and decreased with international residency (OR, 0.26, P = 0.0021). CONCLUSIONS All plastic surgery fellows have highly qualified academic profiles at the time of fellowship application. Academic productivity differs between subspecialty fellowships. Those wishing to match into competitive subspecialties should consider taking dedicated time for research or attaining an advanced degree.
Urodynamics for the “Failed” Midurethral Sling

The goal of this paper is to provide the reader with three distinct definitions of midurethral sling failure and provide guidance on the work up and management of each definition. The definition of sling failure should include not only patients with recurrent and persistent stress urinary incontinence but also those with de novo voiding symptoms and overactive bladder as a result of their midurethral sling. Urodynamics are less commonly performed for the straightforward patient with stress urinary incontinence prior to a midurethral sling. However, there is evidence that urodynamics studies can help with diagnosis and guide management in the patient with a failed midurethral sling. When a patient experiences abnormalities of urinary storage or emptying after a midurethral sling, a comprehensive workup can help guide thoughtful and effective management of symptoms.
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: Update on medical management.

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is frequently diagnosed in patients with severe type 2 airway inflammation presenting with nasal polyps and severe asthma. It has been associated with a recalcitrant course with high medical and surgical requirements. The advent of recent biological and other targeted treatments show promise in the medical management of patient with AERD. The goal of complete disease control where patients no longer require recurrent surgical procedures, systemic corticosteroid exposure and may live with a stable and relatively normal quality of life is now within reach. Further work is necessary to identify biomarkers predictive of treatment response.
A Methodological Investigation of Cost of Carbon Sequestration

Increased attention by policy makers to the threat of global climate change has brought with it considerable attention to the possibility of encouraging the growth of forests as a means of sequestering carbon dioxide. This approach has, in fact, become an explicit element of both U.S. and international climate policies. This paper develops a methodology whereby estimates of the costs of carbon sequestration can be developed on the basis of evidence from observations of landowners' behavior when confronted with the opportunity costs of alternative land uses. The analytical model takes account of silvicultural understanding of the intertemporal linkages between deforestation and carbon emissions, on the one hand and between forestation and carbon sequestration, on the other. The results support the efficacy and potential value of this analytical approach. The paper is intended to be illustrative of how econometric analyses of land use, which already exist for a number of countries, can be used to develop better region-specific estimates of the marginal costs of carbon sequestration.
Projections and Memories for Microscopic Treatment of Vibrational Relaxation

The process of vibrational relaxation was studied in this chapter, specifically from the point of view of deriving generalizations of the Montroll-Shuler equation of the process into the coherent domain. The process of vibrational relaxation of molecules is interesting for various reasons including its interaction with luminescence and for its analysis as a gateway process for more drastic processes of dissociation or chemical reactions. Coarse-grained projection operators were developed to eliminate reservoir variables and focus only on the relaxation of the vibrational coordinate of the molecule under consideration. Several models of the interaction of a vibrationally relaxing molecule embedded in a reservoir were studied. Some surprising effects were described for the case of strong coupling or multiphonon processes. This chapter should be useful both to understand the (coarse-grained) projection technique in microscopically specified reservoirs and to probe the process of the approach to equilibrium of systems in contact with a bath, including its temperature dependence. The latter is of fundamental importance to the general subject of quantum non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Troubleshooting a Nonresponder: Guidance for the Strength and Conditioning Coach.

Ideally an athlete would continue to improve performance indefinitely over time, however improvement slows as the athlete approaches their genetic limits. Measuring performance is complex—performance may be temporarily depressed following aggressive training for multiple reasons, physiological and psychosocial. This reality may be vexing to the strength and conditioning coach, who, as a service provider, must answer to sport coaches about an athlete’s progress. Recently an evaluation mechanism for strength and conditioning coaches was proposed, in part to help coaches establish their effectiveness within the organization. Without formal guidance and realistic expectations, if an athlete is not bigger, leaner, stronger, etc. as a result of training within a specified timeframe, blame is often placed upon the strength and conditioning coach. The purpose of this article is to explore possible causes of what may be perceived as athlete non-responses to training and to provide guidance for the coach on how to handle those issues within their domain. A process of investigation is recommended, along with resources to assist coaches as they consider a broad range of issues, including enhancing existing testing methods, improving athlete behaviors, and adjusting processes designed to bring about performance improvement.
A New Perspective on the Kauzmann Entropy Paradox: A Crystal/Glass Critical Point in Four- and Three-Dimensions

In this article, a new perspective on the Kauzmann point is presented. The “ideal glass transition” that occurs at the Kauzmann temperature is the point at which the configurational entropy of an undercooled metastable liquid equals that of its crystalline counterpart. We model solidifying liquids by using a quaternion orientational order parameter and find that the Kauzmann point is a critical point that exists to separate crystalline and non-crystalline solid states. We identify the Kauzmann point as a first-order critical point, and suggest that it belongs to quaternion ordered systems that exist in four- or three-dimensions. This “Kauzmann critical point” can be considered to be a higher-dimensional analogue to the superfluid-to-Mott insulator quantum phase transition that occurs in two- and one-dimensional complex ordered systems. Such critical points are driven by tuning a non-thermal frustration parameter, and result due to characteristic softening of a `Higgs’ type mode that corresponds to amplitude fluctuations of the order parameter. The first-order nature of the finite temperature Kauzmann critical point is a consequence of the discrete change of the topology of the ground state manifold of the quaternion order parameter field that applies to crystalline and non-crystalline solids.
The rise and fall of Soviet Union: the empire of nations

The USSR was the first State in history to organize itself as a federation of ostensibly equal sovereign nations, yet in its actuality it was more like an empire with a dominant metropole ruling over a multinational periphery. The original intentions of the Soviet leaders to move beyond nationalism ultimately gave way to the creation of coherent and conscious nations in some of the Soviet republics, and once the center disintegrated under Gorbachev, the union did as well. This paper explores the aims, practices, and contradictions of Soviet nationality policy from Lenin to Stalin and on to Gorbachev to understand both the power and the fragility of the Soviet socialist federation.
An Examination of History for Promoting Diversity in Neuroscience.

A review of American history is presented to understand how public policy has contributed to a disproportionate burden of disease in members of underrepresented groups. A review of research conducted in the Stroke Belt provides an opportunity to examine more closely traditional and non-traditional risk factors in an effort to consider strategies for change. A diverse physician workforce has been offered as a way of improving care for our increasingly diverse populace. Given the expected increased prevalence of stroke in communities of color and the impact of stress from discrimination on health, proactive strategies to promote inclusion and equity to support diversity in perioperative neuroscience is warranted. Public policy rooted in structural racism has left marginalized groups economically and educationally disadvantaged with less access to health care. Mistrust and fear from ongoing discrimination compels the neuroscience community to broaden their approach for developing a more reassuring and supportive educational environment for patients and trainees.
Hepatotoxicity of Reactive Aldehydes

Aldehydes are chemically reactive agents occurring in our environment and produced endogenously as a consequence of molecular biotransformation and oxidative stress. An interesting chemical property of those aldehydes commonly associated with hepatotoxic responses is the α,β-unsaturated configuration which significantly increases their potential to deplete cellular glutathione (GSH) and form covalent adducts with cellular proteins. Fortunately, detoxification pathways for oxidation, reduction, or conjugation of aldehydes having toxicological or bioactive potential are very effective and responsible for the relatively rare occurrence of aldehyde-related toxicities. At present, the specific aldehyde-mediated mechanisms responsible for hepatocellular injury are complex and multifactorial. Interestingly, cellular responses such as induction of oxidant responsive genes mediating protection are followed by eventual antioxidant depletion and cellular protein modification by reactive aldehydes. It is becoming more apparent that protein modification by reactive aldehydes resulting in hepatocellular injury is associated with initiation of immune-mediated mechanisms that contribute to hepatocellular injury.
Herman Kalckar: An Appreciation

Herman Moritz Kalckar was born of Ludvig Kalckar and Bertha Melchior in Copenhagen, Denmark, on March 26, 1908. He received his M.D. degree from the University of Copenhagen and later served as Associate Professor in the University’s Institute of Medical Physiology. In January 1939 he left for the United States where he travelled under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation. He then worked successively at the Public Health Research Institute of New York and at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda. In 1958 he was appointed Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins University, and in 1961 as Professor of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School and Wellcome Biochemist and Chief of Biochemical Research at the Massachusetts General Hospital. At present he is Emeritus Professor at Harvard University and Distinguished Research Professor of Biochemisty at Boston University.
Intercomparison of Micrometer, Nanometer and Picometer Wavelengths

We have undertaken to arrange a group of wavelength measurements in such a way as to assure that each is well tied to a standard wavelength common to all. [This wavelength is, in fact, the 606 nm emission from 86Kr at the N2 triple point which is the defined wavelength, although such a pedigree is unnecessary in this story.] By coordination with some aspects of the work of Earnest Kessler on the Rydberg (reported at this meeting) and of Horace Bowman and Randall Schoonover on density we plan to tie together the Rydberg (R∞), Avogadro’s constant (No), the electron’s Compton wavelength (λc = h/mc), the scale of γ-ray wavelengths (eg, the 411 keV emission from Au) and the scale of x-ray wavelengths (as might be characterized by a value for ∧, the x-ray-metric conversion factor).
Chapter 13 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Type II

Publisher Summary The biochemical deficiency of the leukocyte adhesion deficiency Type II (LAD II) patients appears to be a general deficiency of fucose rather than a specific linkage. In addition to being structure sialyl-Lewis X (SLe X ) negative, the LAD type II patients have the Bombay blood group reflecting the lack of the A, B and O blood groups containing the common Fuc(α1-2)Gal linkage. These patients were also observed to be secretor and Lewis a and b negative, indicating a lack of both Fuc(α1-2)Gal and Fuc(α1-4)GlcNAc linkages. Although the focus of the initial studies on the LAD type II patients has been on the clinical features relevant to the SLe X deficiency and resultant impairment of neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation, the fucose deficiency will likely manifest itself in related trafficking functions of the selectins. Other leukocytes, besides neutrophils, are known to carry the SLe X ligand including monocytes, eosinophils and a subclass of T-cells. Moreover, the carbohydrate epitope recognized by L-selectin is also believed to contain fucose. Thus, other trafficking functions of L-selectin, such as lymphocyte recirculation, might also be affected in these patients.
Automatic model adaptation for complex structured domains

Traditional model selection techniques involve training all candidate models in order to select the one that best balances training performance and expected generalization to new cases. When the number of candidate models is very large, though, training all of them is prohibitive. We present a method to automatically explore a large space of models of varying complexities, organized based on the structure of the example space. In our approach, one model is trained by minimizing a minimum description length objective function, and then derivatives of the objective with respect to model parameters over distinct classes of the training data are analyzed in order to suggest what model specifications and generalizations are likely to improve performance. This directs a search through the space of candidates, capable of finding a high performance model despite evaluating a small fraction of the total number of models.We apply our approach in a complex fantasy (American) football prediction domain and demonstrate that it finds high quality model structures, tailored to the amount of training data available.
What Does the Fourth Amendment Protect: Property, Privacy, or Security

In this article, Professor Clancy argues that the essential attribute of the Fourth Amendment’s right of persons “to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects” is the ability of the individual to exclude the government from unreasonably intruding into those specified objects. Although privacy, human dignity, dislike for the government, and other states of mind may motivate the exercise of the right to exclude, they are not synonymous with the right. Thus, the Fourth Amendment right to be “secure” is not predicated upon positive attributes such as notions of privacy. Rather, the Fourth Amendment right to be “secure” is equivalent to the right to exclude.
Negotiating power through communication: Using an employee participation intervention to construct a discursive space for debate

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of organizational power at a non‐profit organization, and demonstrate how a participation intervention can deconstruct entrenched norms that govern how influence is allocated among employees.Design/methodology/approach – Using Habermas' ideal speech context as a framework for analysis, the intervention and related outcomes were examined for their potential to create constructive conflict through which both high and low status employees could interpret and negotiate how power is discursively created and maintained in the organization.Findings – The intervention provided employees access to a discursive situation through which they could re‐interpret power‐reifying norms that limited their ability to represent their own interests. It not only provided lower‐level employees an opportunity to influence the discussion, but it also revealed an alternative way to interpret strategic planning. Through the intervention, the employees could see t...
The Relationship Between Stock Market Returns and Technical Efficiency Innovations: Evidence from the US Airline Industry

This paper analyzes the association between two firm performance measures: stock market returns and relative technical efficiency. Using linear programming techniques (Data Envelopment Analysis and Free Disposal Hull), technical efficiencies are calculated for a panel of eleven US airlines observed quarterly from 1970–1990. A relationship, between efficiency news in a quarter and stock market performance in the following two months, is found. A risky arbitrage portfolio strategy, of buying firms with the most positive efficiency news and short-selling those with the worst news during this time frame, results in zero beta risk yet yields annual returns of 17% and 18% for the two methodologies.
Quantitative feature evaluation using hybrid neural network and fuzzy logic approach

This paper presents a hybrid feature evaluation method using a competitive learning neural network and fuzzy logic for the analysis of high dimensional data. Not only can we give the quantitative information of the relative importance of features but the contributions of features to each data category can be observed during the analysis. The motivation of this study is to provide a method to discover the nature of data represented by multiple features by evaluating the importance of features representing data and the data best describing the information embedded by features.