cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on biochemical composition, survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna

Daphnia magna Straus were exposed for 21 d to 0, 12, 27, 72, 158 and 811 μg/L di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). On days 7 and 21 of exposure, levels of protein, RNA, DNA, glycogen and total lipid were determined and related to effects on survival and reproduction. The maximum allowable toxicant concentration based on survival and reproduction was between 158 and 811 μg/L DEHP. However, survival and reproduction were not the most sensitive parameters measured. A no observed effect concentration of 72 μg/L was identified by DNA content per individual on day 7, by RNA/DNA ratio on day 7 and by surfacing behavior of Daphnia on day 0. Reduced protein growth was associated with increased RNA/DNA and protein/RNA/DNA ratios. Glycogen was the only biomolecule affected in Daphnia exposed to 811 μg/L DEHP for 21 d.
Mortality at an automotive engine foundry and machining complex.

Mortality was analyzed for an automotive engine foundry and machining complex, with process exposures derived from department assignments. Logistic regression models of mortality odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for 2546 deaths, and numbers of work-related deaths were estimated. Lung cancer mortali
Synthesis of heptakis(2‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐sulfo)‐cyclomaltoheptaose, a single‐isomer, sulfated β‐cyclodextrin carrying nonidentical substitutents at all the C2, C3, and C6 positions and its use for the capillary electrophoretic separation of enantiomers in acidic aqueous and methanolic background electrolytes

The sodium salt of heptakis(2-O-methyl-3-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)cyclomaltoheptaose (HMAS), the first single-isomer, sulfated beta-cyclodextrin carrying nonidentical substituents at all of the C2, C3, and C6 positions, has been synthesized, analytically characterized, and used for the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of a group of 24 weak base pharmaceuticals in acidic aqueous and acidic methanolic background electrolytes. HMAS interacted more strongly with most of the analytes studied than heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)cyclomaltoheptaose, but less strongly than heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)cyclomaltoheptaose, the respective analogs with identical substituents at the C2 and C3 positions. The good separation selectivities and favorable normalized electroosmotic flow mobilities allowed for rapid, efficient separation of the enantiomers of 19 of the 24 weak base analytes in the aqueous and methanolic background electrolytes. The trends in the effective mobilities and separation selectivities as a function of the HMAS concentration closely followed the predictions of the ionic strength-corrected charged resolving agent migration model.
Dynamics of Interdecadal Climate Variability: A Historical Perspective*

AbstractThe emerging interest in decadal climate prediction highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of decadal to interdecadal climate variability. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of our understanding of interdecadal climate variability in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In particular, the dynamics of interdecadal variability in both oceans will be discussed in a unified framework and in light of historical development. General mechanisms responsible for interdecadal variability, including the role of ocean dynamics, are reviewed first. A hierarchy of increasingly complex paradigms is used to explain variability. This hierarchy ranges from a simple red noise model to a complex stochastically driven coupled ocean–atmosphere mode. The review suggests that stochastic forcing is the major driving mechanism for almost all interdecadal variability, while ocean–atmosphere feedback plays a relatively minor role. Interdecadal variability can be generated independently in the tro...
Nanopantography: a new method for massively parallel nanopatterning over large areas.

We report a radically different approach to the versatile fabrication of nanometer-scale preselected patterns over large areas. Standard lithography, thin film deposition, and etching are used to fabricate arrays of ion-focusing microlenses (e.g., small round holes through a metal/insulator structure) on a substrate such as a silicon wafer. The substrate is then placed in a vacuum chamber, a broad-area collimated beam of ions is directed at the substrate, and electric potentials are applied to the lens arrays such that the ions focus at the bottoms of the holes (e.g., on the wafer surface). When the wafer is tilted off normal (with respect to the ion beam axis), the focal points in each hole are laterally displaced, allowing the focused beamlets to be rastered across the hole bottoms. In this “nanopantography” process, the desired pattern is replicated simultaneously in many closely spaced holes over an area limited only by the size of the broad-area ion beam. With the proper choice of ions and downstream...
The absorption of fructose and methyl ethers of fructose from the intestine of the rat

Abstract 1. 1. The absorption of fructose, 1-methylfructose, and 3-methylfructose was studied in unanesthetized rats. The relative absorption values (glucose: 100) were fructose: 53; 1-methylfructose: 47; 3-methylfructose: 32. 2. 2. 1-Methylfructose and 3-methylfructose are not demethylated by intestinal mucosa in vitro . 3. 3. 1-Methylfructose and 3-methylfructose are not absorbed against a concentration gradient.
Die Wirkung von Schlangengiften auf Nervengewebe

In vergleichenden mikroskopischen Untersuchungen wurde gefunden, das die Wirkung zweier Schlangengifte, Naja nigricollis und Bothrops atrox, auf Nervengewebe nicht einheitlich ist. Das erstere wirkte ahnlich dem Sapotoxin, das letztere kann in seiner Wirkung mit dem Natriumsalz der Taurocholsaure verglichen werden. Beide Schlangengifte wirkten nur auf die Markscheiden der Nervenfasern ein, wahrend die Farbbarkeit der Achsenzylinder nicht wesentlich beeinflust wurde, wenn Silberimpragnation zur Anwendung kam. In Schnitten von Ruckenmark, das zuerst der Wirkung der verschiedenen Toxine ausgesetzt war, und das dann nach der Marchi-Methode behandelt wurde, sah man in den Ubergangszonen von dem entmarkten auseren Rande zum Inneren eine typische Marchi-Reaktion auftreten. Doch wurde diese Reduktion des Osmiumtetroxyds durch die veranderten Lipoide des Myelins nur durch Sapotoxin und die beiden Schlangengifte ausgelost, nicht aber durch das Natriumsalz der Taurocholsaure. Dieser Vorgang wurde verglichen mit der Bildung des Lysolezithins aus Lezithin unter der Einwirkung des Kobragiftes durch Abspaltung der Olsaure.
Screening effect in Coulomb excitation of hydrogenic atoms by heavy projectiles

The K-shell excitation of a hydrogenic atom by atomic projectiles is treated in the first plane-wave Born approximation including the screening effect of projectile electrons. Screening causes a large decrease in cross sections, in accordance with recently reported data of Hopkins et al.
Visualization and Analysis of the Deforming Piglet Femur and Hip Following Experimentally Induced Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head

Childhood avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head leads to its progressive deformation and compensatory changes of the adjacent acetabulum. To simulate this disease for laboratory study, we used an AVN model of the hip in a skeletally immature piglet. The 3-D visualization and analysis of this piglet's deforming femur and hip form the basis for this paper. In particular, the data for this analysis were generated via serial CT images of bilateral femurs and acetabula of a piglet at regular time intervals following experimental unilateral induction of femoral head AVN. The contralateral femur and acetabulum served as the control. We applied a shape analysis technique that effectively captured not only the temporal shape changes of the femurs and acetabula, but also their codependencies. The resulting computational framework not only confirmed the widely accepted deformational changes of the femoral head following AVN; it also revealed the underappreciated compensatory changes of the surrounding acetabulum. The 3-D visualization of these dynamically changing structures provided a visual understanding of the shape changes associated with the AVN and control models. By quantitatively mapping the deformation trajectory of these shapes over time, we created an objective tool for clinical decision making.
Computing the Hilbert transform of a Jacobi weight function

We discuss the evaluation of the Hilbert transformf−11(t-ξ)−1w(α, β)(t)dt,−1<ξ<1, of the Jacobi weight functionw(α, β)(t)=(1−t)α)(1+t)β by analytic and numerical means and also comment on the recursive computation of the quantitiesf−11)(t−ξ)−1πn(t;w(α, β))w(α, β)(t)dt,n=0, 1, 2, ..., whereπn(·;w(α, β)) is the Jacobi polynomial of degreen.
Relation of gender to the use of cardiac procedures in acute myocardial infarction

Abstract In summary, in patients with AMI, apparent gender differences in the use of angiography disappeared after demographic and clinical variables were accounted for by multivariate analysis. In the subgroup of patients who had undergone angiography, there were no differences in the use of subsequent revascularization procedures. It is heartening to observe that patients with AMI received similar care regardless of gender.
Control of shrub establishment by springtime soil water availability in an annual grassland

Previous studies have shown that the shrub, Baccharis pilularis spp. consanguinea, invades annual grasslands in the San Francisco Bay region in a sporadic manner. Invasion was shown to be positively correlated with the amount of rainfall received in the spring. Here we show that, although Baccharis seeds are dispersed near the beginning of the winter rainy season, seedling root growth is extremely slow until spring. At this time, cessation of the winter rains and transpiration by the grassland annuals results in drying of the upper soil profile. We conclude that establishment of Baccharis seedlings at our study site usually fails because seedling roots cannot reach depths of permanently moist soil, below the depth of the grass roots, before this soil drought occurs. The continuation of rains into the warmer spring months provides a window of time when favorable temperatures and adequate soil moisture allow shrubs to establish.
Aromatase and 5α-reductase type 2 mRNA in the green anole forebrain: An investigation of the effects of sex, season and testosterone manipulation

Aromatase and 5α-reductase (5αR) catalyze the synthesis of testosterone (T) metabolites: estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, respectively. These enzymes are important in controlling sexual behaviors in male and female vertebrates. To investigate factors contributing to their regulation in reptiles, male and female green anole lizards were gonadectomized during the breeding and non-breeding seasons and treated with a T-filled or blank capsule. In situ hybridization was used to examine main effects of and interactions among sex, season, and T on expression of aromatase and one isozyme of 5αR (5αR2) in three brain regions that control reproductive behaviors: the preoptic area, ventromedial nucleus of the amygdala and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Patterns of mRNA generally paralleled previous evaluations of intact animals. Although no main effects of T were detected, interactions were present in the VMH. Specifically, the density of 5αR2 expressing cells was greater in T-treated than control females in this region, regardless of season. Among breeding males, blank-treated males had a denser population of 5αR2 positive cells than T-treated males. Overall, T appears to have less of a role in the regulation of these enzymes than in other vertebrate groups, which is consistent with the primary role of T (rather than its metabolites) in regulation of reproductive behaviors in lizards. However, further investigation of protein and enzyme activity levels are needed before specific conclusions can be drawn.
Diagnostic Discrimination Between Social Maladjustment and Emotional Disturbance: An Empirical Study:

The utility of two teacher rating scales, the Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems and the Emotional and Behavior Problem Scale, to discriminate between emotional disturbance (ED) and social maladjustment (SM) was investigated in the study reported here. Participants were 135 students in the age range 12 to 15 years. The ED group was composed of 85 students, all of whom were classified as emotionally disturbed and received full-time special education services. The SM group was made up of 50 students who were in regular education middle school settings. All students in the SM group had experienced either internal or external suspension during the school year in which the data were collected. The overall pattern of scores on these scales suggests that students who are socially maladjusted and students who are labeled emotionally disturbed do not display separate, distinguishable behavioral syndromes. Implications for educators and for public policy makers are discussed.
Upper and Lower Bounds for Graph-Diameter Problems with Application to Record Allocation

This paper studies three graph problems with parameters n, the number of nodes, e, the number of edges, and k, the diameter of the graph. Given any two of these three parameters, the problem is to construct a directed graph which minimizes or maximizes the third. The first problem has its origin in a recent study of record allocation in a paged computer system. It is shown how to construct graphs that are optimal for all three problems in some cases and are asymptotically optimal for other cases. The solution of the second problem answers a question raised by Berge in “The Theory of Graphs and its Application,” 1962.
Clean-energy policies and electricity sector carbon emissions in the U.S. states

Abstract State governments in the United States have enacted various clean-energy policies to decarbonize electric utilities, diversify energy supplies, and stimulate economic development. With a panel data set for 48 continental states from 1990 to 2008, fixed-effect panel regressions are estimated to test the impacts of clean-energy policies on total carbon emissions, electricity consumption, and carbon intensity. The results indicate that supply-side policy tools, such as RPS and EERS, are negatively correlated with carbon intensity in the electricity sector. More aggressive policies are needed to reduce total carbon emissions.
Ipsilateral turning behavior induced by unilateral microinjections of a cannabinoid into the rat subthalamic nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus contains cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor mRNA. However, the role of cannabinoid receptors in this nucleus has not been examined. In order to investigate the functional role of cannabinoid receptors in the rat subthalamic nucleus, turning activity was observed following unilateral microinjection of the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55,940. CP 55,940 (10 μg) induced ipsilateral turning. This effect was blocked by coadministration of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A (5 μg). These results suggest that cannabinoid receptors in the subthalamic nucleus mediate an inhibition of motor activity.
Systematic review of forsterite dissolution rate data

This paper demonstrates a method for systematic analysis of published mineral dissolution rate data using forsterite dissolution as an example. The steps of the method are: (1) identify the data sources, (2) select the data, (3) tabulate the data, (4) analyze the data to produce a model, and (5) report the results. This method allows for a combination of critical selection of data, based on expert knowledge of theoretical expectations and experimental pitfalls, and meta-analysis of the data using statistical methods. Application of this method to all currently available forsterite dissolution rates (0 < pH < 14, and 0 < T < 150 °C) normalized to geometric surface area produced the following rate equations: For pH < 5.6 and 0° < T < 150 °C, based on 519 data logrgeo=6.05(0.22)-0.46(0.02)pH-3683.0(63.6)1/T(R2=0.88) For pH > 5.6 and 0° < T < 150 °C, based on 125 data logrgeo=4.07(0.38)-0.256(0.023)pH-3465(139)1/T(R2=0.92) The R2 values show that ∼10% of the variance in r is not explained by variation in 1/T and pH. Although the experimental error for rate measurements should be ± ∼30%, the observed error associated with the log r values is ∼0.5 log units (±300% relative error). The unexplained variance and the large error associated with the reported rates likely arises from the assumption that the rates are directly proportional to the mineral surface area (geometric or BET) when the rate is actually controlled by the concentration and relative reactivity of surface sites, which may be a function of duration of reaction. Related to these surface area terms are other likely sources of error that include composition and preparation of mineral starting material. Similar rate equations were produced from BET surface area normalized rates. Comparison of rate models based on geometric and BET normalized rates offers no support for choosing one normalization method over the other. However, practical considerations support the use of geometric surface area normalization. Comparison of Mg and Si release rates showed that they produced statistically indistinguishable dissolution rates because dissolution was stoichiometric in the experiments over the entire pH range even though the surface concentrations of Mg and Si are known to change with pH. Comparison of rates from experiments with added carbonate, either from CO2 partial pressures greater than atmospheric or added carbonate salts, showed that the existing data set is not sufficient to quantify any effect of dissolved carbonate species on forsterite dissolution rates.
Evidence for altered upper extremity muscle synergies in chronic stroke survivors with mild and moderate impairment

Previous studies indicate that motor coordination may be achieved by assembling task-dependent combinations of a few muscle synergies, defined here as fixed patterns of activation across a set of muscles. Our recent study of severely impaired chronic stroke survivors showed that some muscle synergies underlying isometric force generation at the hand are altered in the affected arm. However, whether similar alterations are evident in stroke survivors with lesser impairment remains unclear. Accordingly, we examined muscle synergies underlying spatial patterns of elbow and shoulder muscle activation recorded during an isometric force target matching protocol performed by 16 chronic stroke survivors, evenly divided across mild and moderate impairment levels. We applied non-negative matrix factorization to identify the muscle synergies and compared their structure across groups, including previously collected data from six age-matched control subjects and eight severely impaired stroke survivors. For all groups, EMG spatial patterns were well explained by task-dependent combinations of only a few (typically 4) muscle synergies. Broadly speaking, elbow-related synergies were conserved across stroke survivors, regardless of impairment level. In contrast, the shoulder-related synergies of some stroke survivors with mild and moderate impairment differed from controls, in a manner similar to severely impaired subjects. Cluster analysis of pooled synergies for the 30 subjects identified seven distinct clusters (synergies). Subsequent analysis confirmed that the incidences of three elbow-related synergies were independent of impairment level, while the incidences of four shoulder-related synergies were systematically correlated with impairment level. Overall, our results suggest that alterations in the shoulder muscle synergies underlying isometric force generation appear prominently in mild and moderate stroke, as in most cases of severe stroke, in an impairment level-dependent manner.
Adaptive sensing for energy-efficient manufacturing system and process monitoring

Abstract Continued advancement in telecommunication and computing power has accelerated the use of wireless sensors in monitoring of a wide range of manufacturing systems and processes. In most scenarios wireless sensors sample and transmit measured data continuously at a fixed sampling rate. This is a suboptimal method of operation from the perspectives of data and power management. Continuous sampling and transmission limits the service life of the wireless sensors and sensor networks because of the limited energy storage capacity of the power source. Furthermore, high rate sampling of process related signals that only exhibit high frequency characteristics for short durations interspersed with long durations of low frequency content leads to data redundancy and processing overheads. To address these limitations this paper presents an adaptive sensing technique consisting of a novel adaptive sampling algorithm that dynamically adjusts the data sampling rate to reduce data redundancy and improve energy efficiency. Experimental evaluation of this technique on data microprocessor based wireless sensor node confirms the validity of this adaptive and reconfigurable sensing method.
Convective Transport Processes in Data Centers

Large computing infrastructure facilities are causing many thermal management issues due to the rapid increase in power density of data processing equipment. The complex air flow and thermal transport processes of air-cooled data centers are investigated computationally with a focus on providing a unified assessment of various cooling schemes and equipment layouts. The physical mechanisms causing inefficiencies are quantified and the advantages of various configurations are examined.
The Antigen Receptor (NCCRP-1) on Catfish and Zebrafish Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells Belongs to a New Gene Family Characterized by an F-Box-Associated Domain

The catfish nonspecific cytotoxic cell receptor protein (NCCRP-1) provides an important function in target cell recognition and activation of cytotoxicity. This report identifies and characterizes a zebrafish orthologue of the catfish NCCRP-1. The zebrafish NCCRP-1 cDNA contains an open reading frame that encodes a predicted protein of 237 amino acids with a MW of 27 kDa and a pI of 5.5. Sequence similarities comparisons show that the NCCRP-1 receptors from these two phylogenetically distant species share a high degree of identity. These results suggested that NCCRP-1 performs a crucial function in innate immunity in teleosts. Further, a zebrafish 17-mer peptide corresponding to the catfish NCCRP-1 antigen-binding domain inhibited (catfish) cytotoxicity toward conventional tumor target cells (HL-60). These data appeared to indicate that the zebrafish NCCRP-1 protein may function as an antigen recognition molecule and, as such, may participate in innate immunity in teleosts. A homology search of the zebrafish NCCRP-1 protein revealed that it shares a significant level of identity with another group of proteins belonging to an F-box subfamily. These proteins share an F-box domain in the N terminus (not present in NCCRP-1) and an extremely conserved C-terminal region that has been termed the F-box-associated domain (FBA). The FBA is currently of unknown function. A new gene family is proposed in this work, based on similarities in the FBA sequences with the catfish and zebrafish NCCRP-1 peptides. This new gene family includes several F-box domain-containing proteins and a predicted C. elegans protein.
Field-Based Radiometry to Estimate Tidal Marsh Plant Growth in Response to Elevated CO 2 and Nitrogen Addition

Plant growth is one of the most important variables to measure in long-term research plots, but the negative effects of labor-intensive and destructive sampling can restrict frequent assessment of plant biomass. Here, we used field-based, active radiometry to assess plant biomass in an ongoing, experimental manipulation of atmospheric CO2 and soil nitrogen availability in a tidal wetland. We compared the ability of several radiometric vegetation indices (VIs) to predict total plant biomass and that of two plant functional groups, sedges and grasses. All VIs estimated total biomass better in July than in October, when senescence had begun. All VIs correlated strongly and positively to grass biomass (average r = 0.83) and weakly or negatively to sedge biomass (r = −0.30). Modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI2) performed well through space (average July total biomass r = 0.83) and time (across four sampling times r = 0.83) and predicted CO2 and nitrogen treatment effect sizes. In conjunction with conventional biomass measurements field-based, active radiometry provides (1) a frequent estimate of biomass that can reveal plant responses to environmental stimuli that would otherwise escape detection, and (2) a viable alternative to frequent destructive sampling for assessing growth of fine-stemmed species such as Spartina patens and Distichlis spicata.
Earnings management: evidence from SFAS No. 142 reporting

– To examine whether the provisions of SFAS No. 142 allow for the earnings management technique termed “big bath” and whether firm size plays a role in earnings management., – A random selection of companies with December 31, 2002 fiscal year‐ends yielded 120 firms that reported goodwill impairments in 2002 and 82 firms that did not. The firms are then stratified into two groups. Analysis consists of measuring the magnitude of the 2002 goodwill impairment loss, comparing financial metrics of impaired and non‐impaired firms, and calculating the proportion of firms with negative versus positive earnings., – The results suggest that SFAS No. 142 adoption allowed companies to engage in earnings management. Findings indicate that small firms experienced a significantly greater negative impact and were much more likely than large firms to take big bath charges., – This study provides evidence on the use of newly issued accounting standards to manage earnings.
The chemokine receptor CCR6 is an important component of the innate immune response.

In our initial studies we found that nave CCR6-deficient (CCR6 -/- ) C57BL/6 mice possessed significantly lower number of both F4/80 + macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), but higher number of B cells in the peritoneal cavity, as compared to nave wild type (WT) controls. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages isolated from CCR6 -/- mice expressed significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)stimulation, as compared to WT macrophages. In a severe experimental peritonitis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), CCR6 -/- mice were protected when compared with WT controls. At 24 h following the induction of peritonitis, CCR6 -/- mice exhibited significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in both the peritoneal cavity and blood. Interestingly, DC recruitment into the peritoneal cavity was impaired in CCR6 -/- mice during the evolution of CLP-induced peritonitis. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from surviving CCR6 -/- mice 3 days after CLP-induced peritonitis exhibited an enhanced LPS response compared with similarly treated WT peritoneal macrophages. These data illustrate that CCR6 deficiency alters the innate response via attenuating the hyperactive local and systemic inflammatory response during CLP-induced peritonitis.
Convective instability in the martian middle atmosphere

Dry convective instabilities in Mars’s middle atmosphere are detected and mapped using temperature retrievals from Mars Climate Sounder observations spanning 1.5 martian years. The instabilities are moderately frequent in the winter extratropics. The frequency and strength of middle atmospheric convective instability in the northern extratropics is significantly higher in MY 28 than in MY 29. This may have coupled with changes to the northern hemisphere mid-latitude and tropical middle atmospheric temperatures and contributed to the development of the 2007 global dust storm. We interpret these instabilities to be the result of gravity waves saturating within regions of low stability created by the thermal tides. Gravity wave saturation in the winter extratropics has been proposed to provide the momentum lacking in general circulation models to produce the strong dynamically-maintained temperature maximum at 1–2 Pa over the winter pole, so these observations could be a partial control on modeling experiments.
On the Reaction of a Dioxenylmolybdenum Carbene Complex with Enynes: Studies of the Intramolecular Diels−Alder Reaction

Dioxenylmolybdenum carbene complex 1 has been found to readily react with enynes to form tetracyclic products. The tetracyclic products of this reaction appear to be generated via intramolecular [4...
A Study of Intracranial Vascular Tumors Found Incidentally at Necropsy

In a recent communication, Wood, White, and Kernohan (1) reviewed the histologic classification of 300 brain tumors which had been found incidentally at necropsy. They specifically studied the largest group within this series: the meningiomas. Our report deals with the second largest histologic class within this series: tumors and malformations of blood vessels. In recent years an extensive literature (2-4) has accumulated about vascular tumors of the intracranial cavity, but as yet there is no universal agreement as to classification of these lesions, or for that matter, as to which of these tumors are truly neoplastic and which are truly developmental malformations. Perhaps the experimental studies of Murray and Stout (5), dealing with the tissue-culture characteristics of hemangioblastomas, and the work of Andervont and associates (6), demonstrating the cancerogenic production of hemangiomas with familial transmission in mice, will assist in solving this problem. Extensive as the literature is on this subject, it remains singularly unrevealing as to the incidence, location or histologic types of vascular tumors found incidentally at necropsy. Telangiectasis (7) (fig. 1) frequently is mentioned as an incidental finding (usually described in the pons (2)) at necropsy, and other histologic types have been described in reports of single cases (8) or included with cases (3) in which neurologic symptoms were produced. In the literature there is, therefore, no series of vascular tumors of the intracranial cavity which were incidental findings at necropsy. In this report, 50 tumors and malformations of vascular origin are considered. All had been unsuspected clinically and had produced no recognizable symptoms during the lives of the patients. In many cases, these lesions had been thought to be recent, very small infarcts until microscopic study identified the true nature of the lesions.
Morphological mutants of St. Augustinegrass induced by gamma ray irradiation

With 3 figures and 3 tables Abstract St. Augustinegrass is a widely used turf and pasture grass in the southern US. ‘Raleigh’ is a cultivar known for superior cold tolerance than other St. Augustinegrass cultivars. However, its coarse-leaf texture and long internodes are undesirable when planted in home lawns. Mutagenesis by gamma ray irradiation was employed to treat node cuttings and calli for inducing semi-dwarf growth phenotype. Dosages of 48.5 and 72.6 Gy were determined as LD50 and LD20 for the cuttings, respectively. Regeneration ability of callus was greatly reduced when irradiated with higher dosages (over 100 Gy). Thirteen morphological mutants were identified among over 3000 node cuttings and 80 pieces of calli treated. Most mutants were semi-dwarf type with reduced internode length and leaf blade length. One mutant had much less and shorter stolons and displayed an upright and tufty growth pattern. The altered morphological traits were stable as shown by their growth performance in various locations and conditions.
Abstract CN12-01: Clonal evolution over time in Barrett's Esophagus

CN12-01 Our current theory of neoplastic progression specifies that clones arise through genetic or epigenetic instability, and if they have a reproductive or survival advantage over other cells in the neoplasm, within their microenvironment, they will expand in the neoplasm in a selective sweep. Thus, we believe neoplastic progression is characterized by a series of selective sweeps. However, virtually all data on that process to date is cross-sectional, with observations of genetic diversity and large clonal expansions within neoplasms at a single time point. I will describe data that, for the first time, tracks the evolutionary dynamics of clones in a solid neoplasm over time. We have analyzed the frequency of large clonal expansions, the rate of those expansions and changes in clonal diversity over time in a cohort of 174 patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus is a premalignant condition that predisposes to the evolution of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Unlike most other premalignant neoplasms, the Barrett’s tissue is not resected upon detection due to significant mortality and morbidity associated with esophagectomies. Instead, serial endoscopic surveillance for the early detection of cancer is the recommended management of the condition. This allows us to study neoplastic progression over both space and time in unprecedented detail. In the Seattle Barrett’s Esophagus Project, we also gather data on host and environmental factors that may impact progression, including use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which have been associated with a dramatic reduction of risk for progression to cancer. I will relate the factors associated with clonal expansions and genetic diversity to the parameters that determine the rate of evolution: mutation rate, population size, stem cell generation time and the fitness effects of mutations. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):CN12-01.
Susceptibility of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Pyrethrin Aerosol: Effects of Aerosol Particle Size, Concentration, and Exposure Conditions

A series of laboratory studies was conducted to assess the effect of droplet size on efficacy of pyrethrin aerosol against adults of Tribolium confusum Jacqueline DuVal, the confused flour beetle. A vertical flow aerosol exposure chamber that generated a standardized particle size diameter was used for these trials. In the first experiments, adults were exposed in the chamber for 2.5-45 min to aerosol dispensed at a volumetric median particle size diameter (VMD) of 16 μm, and then held in the arenas in which they were exposed or transferred to new arenas with or without a flour food source. All adults were initially knocked down when removed from the chamber. Recovery from knockdown decreased as exposure interval increased, but the presence of a food source enhanced recovery at the lower exposure intervals. In the second experiment, the aerosol was applied at a VMD of 2 μm and adults were exposed for between 5 and 75 min. Knockdown of adults was ≤10% when adults were removed from the chamber regardless of exposure time and afterward there was essentially complete recovery of adults. In the third and final experiment, the same 2-μm VMD particle size and exposure times were used, but the concentration of aerosol was increased by ≍4× compared with the previous experiment. In this test, initial knockdown was greater at the higher exposure intervals, but by 3 and 4 d posttreatment, recovery was again essentially 100%. This is the first published test assessing the efficacy of specific aerosol particle sizes on a stored product insect. Results indicate that particle size was a more important factor in conferring toxicity than the actual concentration or number of aerosol particles.
Program and Student Assessment in Didactic Programs in Dietetics

Abstract Institutional accreditation and the Commission on Accredited/Approved Dietetics Education (CAADE) require documentation of learning outcomes, results of assessment initiatives and evidence that assessment results are used to improve programs. Limited money and faculty tune make ongoing assessment and continuous program improvement difficult. Collaborating with institutional assessment initiatives is an effective partnership for faculty to assess DPDs and learning outcomes. Two collaborative assessment initiatives involved the Critical Thinking Assessment Batter (CTAB) and the Follow Along & Career Tracking System (FACTS) survey. Assessment Office personnel purchased and administered assessment instruments, analyzed data and reported findings to DPD faculty. No significnt differences in critical thinking, writing proficiency or applied reasoning were identified when scores for dietetics majors were compared to CTAB national means. CTAB national means, minimum-maximum scores were as follows: critical thinking 20.1, 1-32; writing 22.3, 1-36, and; applied reasoning 55.7, 1-96. FACTS survey respondents, including dietetics majors, qualitatively and quantitatively assessed their undergraduate education. Faculty used findings to improve the DPD curriculum (altered teaching strategies, revised curricular content, designed learning activities for students to integrate prior knowledge into current couses). The following benefits resulted from participation in multidisciplinary, interdepartmental assessment initiatives: reduced assessment costs to the DPD; enhanced faculty/student discussions about professional responsibility for self-assessment, and the opportunity to practice a variety of assessment strategies.
Undersampled free breathing cardiac perfusion MRI reconstruction without motion estimation

One of the key MRI methodologies to identify and characterize coronary artery disease is dynamic contrast enhanced myocardial perfusion imaging. Rapid acquisition of images can help in improved diagnosis by accurately measuring temporal dynamics of the injected contrast agent. Another competing requirement is complete coverage of the heart with high spatial resolution to better identify sub-endocardial infarcts and to reduce dark rim artifacts. Most undersampled reconstruction methods that break this spatio-temporal tradeoff are sensitive to inter-frame respiratory motion in dynamic images. Here we extend a Non-local means based reconstruction to obtain high quality images from undersampled data that has motion. The framework does not rely on estimating motion prior to reconstruction. The method is able to resolve ghosting artifacts from Cartesian undersampling and streaking artifacts due to radial undersampling better than existing methods. The method has potential to improve cardiac perfusion imaging for better diagnosis.
Second Order Wave Generation Technique in the Laboratory

Correct generation of the primary waves and the reproduction of the group-induced second-order low and high frequency waves have been considered essential for physical model test in the laboratory to understand the effects of the wave-action phenomena on, for instance, offshore structures, mooring system, LNG, other floating vessels, harbor resonance, etc. When natural waves are reproduced, the primary waves and their locked bounded waves are generated along with some unwanted free waves. Those free waves are evidently generated and propagate towards the test model and reflect from the boundaries. The free waves, having the same frequency of the bounded wave are reproduced due to mismatch of the boundary conditions at the wave paddle. The other two types of free waves are due to the wave paddle displacement and the local disturbances. The so-called second-order wave generation technique could eliminate these alleged free waves. In this experiment second-order wave generation technique is successfully used to reproduce the correct bounded waves along with elimination of the unwanted free waves from the wave profiles. This experiment is implemented by means of compensating free waves imposed on the system by second-order paddle motion. The control signal for this motion has to be introduced along with the primary waves. An extensive experimental works are carried out in the Offshore Engineering wave Basin (OEB) at the Institute of Ocean Technology (IOT), NRC to investigate the quality and the characteristics of the generated primary waves and their locked bounded waves when the unwanted free waves are eliminated. The measured results are then compared with the predicted results. Two different water depths are used within the shallow water limit. The obtained results are also compared with the numerical predictions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Prospective comparison of handheld pneumatic otoscopy, binocular microscopy, and tympanometry in identifying middle ear effusions in children

Abstract Objectives To compare pneumatic otoscopy, binocular microscopy, and tympanometry in identifying middle ear effusions in children and to determine if a significant difference exists in sensitivity and specificity based on patient age and/or experience of the examiner. Methods A prospective study of 102 patients, or 201 ears, enrolled over a 1-year period in a tertiary medical center. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were determined for staff and resident-performed pneumatic otoscopy, staff and resident-performed binocular microscopy, and tympanometry. Tympanometry data were stratified for age. A kappa correlation was used to compare each tool to myringotomy result (gold standard) and to compare staff versus resident. Results Binocular microscopy by staff pediatric otolaryngologist was the most sensitive, 88.0% (95% CI 81.4–94.7), and specific, 89% (95% CI 83.1–94.9). Resident binocular microscopy revealed a sensitivity of 81.5% (95% CI 73.6–89.5) and specificity 78.9% (95% CI 71.2–86.6). Staff was more sensitive and specific than resident at pneumatic otoscopy, sensitivity 67.9% (95% CI 57.6–78.3) and specificity 81.4% (95% CI 73.8–88.9) versus 57.7% (95% CI 46.7–68.7) and 78.4% (95% CI 70.4–86.4). Tympanometry had a much lower specificity for ages 5–12 months than for older children. Conclusions Binocular microscopy by staff pediatric otolaryngologist revealed the best sensitivity and specificity. Pneumatic otoscopy even performed by an inexperienced examiner is more sensitive and specific than tympanometry. The tympanometer is less specific in children under 1 year of age.
Vehicle-To-Vehicle Channels: Are We Done Yet?

In this paper, we review the state of the field on measurements, models, and analysis for the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel. We first provide a survey of existing work on V2V models, including analytical and empirical models, and note main features and findings. Remaining work to be done in V2V modeling is then described, beginning with the logical next steps, then addressing less obvious areas of V2V channel research. We also provide some new results on statistically non-stationary models, specifically in terms of non-stationary Markov chains for modeling multipath component persistence. We show that in terms of delay dispersion measures, stationary 2 nd -order Markov models perform as well as non-stationary models. The paper concludes with a summary.
OR Practice---Efficient Short-Term Allocation and Reallocation of Patients to Floors of a Hospital During Demand Surges

Many hospitals face the problem of insufficient capacity to meet demand for inpatient beds, especially during demand surges. This results in quality degradation of patient care due to large delays from admission time to the hospital until arrival at a floor. In addition, there is loss of revenue because of the inability to provide service to potential patients. A solution to the problem is to proactively transfer patients between floors in anticipation of a demand surge. Optimal reallocation poses an extraordinarily complex problem that can be modeled as a finite-horizon Markov decision process. Based on the optimization model, a decision-support system has been developed and implemented at Windham Hospital in Willimantic, Connecticut. Projections from an initial trial period indicate very significant financial gains of about 1% of their total revenue, with no negative impact on any standard quality of care or staffing effectiveness indicators. In addition, the hospital showed a marked improvement in quality of care because of a resulting decrease of almost 50% in the average time that an admitted patient has to wait from admission until being transferred to a floor.
Oxygen isotope constraints on the origin and differentiation of the Moon

We report new high-precision laser fluorination three-isotope oxygen data for lunar materials. Terrestrial silicates with a range of δ 18 O values (−0.5 to 22.9‰) were analyzed to independently determine the slope of the terrestrial fractionation line (TFL; λ=0.5259±0.0008; 95% confidence level). This new TFL determination allows direct comparison of lunar oxygen isotope systematics with those of Earth. Values of Δ 17 O for Apollo 12, 15, and 17 basalts and Luna 24 soil samples average 0.01‰ and are indistinguishable from the TFL. The δ 18 O values of high- and low-Ti lunar basalts are distinct. Average whole-rock δ 18 O values for low-Ti lunar basalts from the Apollo 12 (5.72±0.06‰) and Apollo 15 landing sites (5.65±0.12‰) are identical within error and are markedly higher than Apollo 17 high-Ti basalts (5.46±0.11‰). Evolved low-Ti LaPaz mare-basalt meteorite δ 18 O values (5.67±0.05‰) are in close agreement with more primitive low-Ti Apollo 12 and 15 mare basalts. Modeling of lunar mare-basalt source composition indicates that the high- and low-Ti mare-basalt mantle reservoirs were in oxygen isotope equilibrium and that variations in δ 18 O do not result from fractional crystallization. Instead, these differences are consistent with mineralogically heterogeneous mantle sources for mare basalts, and with lunar magma ocean differentiation models that result in a thick feldspathic crust, an olivine–pyroxene-rich mantle, and late-stage ilmenite-rich zones that were convectively mixed into deeper portions of the lunar mantle. Higher average δ 18 O (WR) values of low-Ti basalts compared to terrestrial mid ocean ridge basalts (Δ=0.18‰) suggest a possible oxygen isotopic difference between the terrestrial and lunar mantles. However, calculations of the δ 18 O of lunar mantle olivine in this study are only 0.05‰ higher than terrestrial mantle olivine. These observations may have important implications for understanding the formation of the Earth–Moon system. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Schizoaffective Disorder: Concept and Reality

A wide variety of concepts have been proposed to account for schizoaffective psychoses. Presenting a mixture of schizophrenic and affective symptoms, these psychoses have long defied classification in the usual scheme of the two major diagnostic categories, schizophrenia and major affective disorder. Empirical findings are often contradictory, and have sometimes supported the classification of schizoaffective disorder with schizophrenia, and, more recently, with major affective disorders. An alternative hypothesis is that schizoaffective disorder is fundamentally heterogeneous, and that research efforts should be directed toward the identification of homogeneous subtypes. To illustrate the latter research strategy, we describe our current research program of long-term followup and family studies of patients with schizoaffective psychoses and other atypical psychoses. Extensive data have been obtained using blind, structured psychiatric interviews with probands after 30 to 40 years of followup, and with their first degree relatives. In the same way, followup and family data were obtained for patients who met research criteria for schizophrenia, mania, and depression, and for matched surgical controls. By comparing these groups of "typical" psychotic patients with the schizoaffective patients, we can select homogeneous subgroups of schizoaffective patients and analyze their characteristics to refine clinical and research criteria for the differential diagnosis of schizoaffective subtypes.