cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Human Intentions in Human-Robot Hand-Over Tasks Through Multimodal Learning

In human-robot shared manufacturing contexts, product parts or tools hand-over between the robot and the human is an important collaborative task. Facilitating the robot to figure out and predict human hand-over intentions correctly to improve the task efficiency in human-robot collaboration is therefore a necessary issue to be addressed. In this study, a teaching-learning-prediction (TLP) framework is proposed for the robot to learn from its human partner's multimodal demonstrations and predict human hand-over intentions. In this approach, the robot can be programmed by the human through demonstrations utilizing natural language and wearable sensors according to task requirements and the human's working preferences. Then the robot learns from human hand-over demonstrations online via extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithms to update its cognition capacity, allowing the robot to use its learned policy to predict human intentions actively and assist its human companion in hand-over tasks. Experimental results and evaluations suggest that the human may program the robot easily by the proposed approach when the task changes, as the robot can effectively predict hand-over intentions with competitive accuracy to complete the hand-over tasks.
Pediatric surgical errors: A systematic scoping review.

Abstract Background: Medical errors were largely concealed prior to the landmark report “To Err Is Human”. The purpose of this systematic scoping review was to determine the extent pediatric surgery defines and studies errors, and to explore themes among papers focused on errors in pediatric surgery. Methods: The methodological framework used to conduct this scoping study has been outlined by Arksey and O'Malley. In January 2020, PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Oxford Level of Evidence was assigned to each study; only studies rated Level 3 or higher were included. Results: Of 3,064 initial studies, 12 were included in the final analysis: 4 cohort studies, and 8 outcome/audit studies. This data represented 5,442,000 aggregate patients and 8,893 errors. There were 6 different error definitions and 5 study methods. Common themes amongst the studies included a systems-focused approach, an increase in errors seen with increased complexity, and studies exploring the relationship between error and adverse events. Conclusions: This study revealed multiple error definitions, multiple error study methods, and common themes described in the pediatric surgical literature. Opportunities exist to improve the safety of surgical care of children by reducing errors.
Characterizing Protein Conformational Space Using Robotics-Based Search and Topological Data Analysis

Investigating the conformational space of proteins is essential in order to associate their structures with their fundamental functions. Nonetheless, it is a challenging task, both experimentally and computationally. Because of the transient nature of these conformational changes and the fact that they are impermanent, empirical methods have fallen short to capture them. In silico methods, on the other hand, have shown great promise in exploring these conformational pathways. In this article, we provide an extensive evaluation of our previously introduced, robotics inspired conformational search algorithm (RRT* with Monte Carlo). We then identify what intermediate conformations appear the most in our generated conformational pathways using TDA Mapper, a topological data analysis algorithm, and examine how close these intermediate conformations are to existing experimental data.
Making Transnational Law Work in the Global Economy: Customary international law, Congress and the courts: origins of the later-in-time rule

This essay examines the origins of the later-in-time rule with respect to customary international law. It shows how seemingly contradictory statements in the early cases about whether statutes could supersede the law of nations as a rule of decision are largely explained by the existence in the late eighteenth century of more than one category of unwritten international law. Vattel’s Law of Nations recognized a “voluntary law of nations” based on natural law from which nations could not depart and a “customary law of nations” based on state practice from which they could. The essay goes on to sketch three shifts in the American understanding of the law of nations during the nineteenth century: (1) the shift from natural law to positivism; (2) the shift from individual consent to general consent; and (3) the shift from monism to dualism. All these changes were reflected in the Supreme Court’s Paquete Habana decision at the turn of the twentieth century. And these changes, in combination with The Paquete Habana’s “controlling...legislative act” dictum set the stage for the adoption of the later-in-time rule during the twentieth century.
Partition Coefficients of Acyclic Graphs

We develop the concept of a “closure space”; which appears with different names in many aspects of graph theory. We show that acyclic graphs can be almost characterized by the partition coefficients of their associated closure spaces. The resulting nearly total ordering of all acyclic graphs (or partial orders) provides an effective isomorphism filter and the basis for efficient retrieval in secondary storage. Closure spaces and their partition coefficients provide the theoretical basis for a new computer system being developed to investigate the properties of arbitrary acyclic graphs and partial orders.
The role of HIF-1 in hypoxic response in the skeletal muscle.

During endurance training, exercising skeletal muscle experiences severe and repetitive oxygen stress, and the muscle’s ability to cope with and improve its function through that stress is central to its role in the body. The primary transcriptional response factor for hypoxic adaptation is hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF- 1α), which upregulates glycolysis and angiogenesis in response to low levels of tissue oxygenation. To examine the role of HIF-1α in endurance training, we have created mice specifically lacking skeletal muscle HIF-1α and subjected them to an endurance training protocol. We found that only wild type mice improve their oxidative capacity, as measured by the respiratory exchange ratio; surprisingly, we found that HIF-1α null mice have already upregulated this parameter without training. Furthermore, untrained HIF-1α null mice have an increased capillary to fiber ratio, and elevated oxidative enzyme activities. These changes correlate with constitutively activated AMP-activated protein kinase in the HIF-1α null muscles. Additionally, HIF-1α null muscles have decreased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase I, a HIF-1α target that inhibits oxidative metabolism. This data demonstrates that removal of HIF-1α causes an adaptive response in skeletal muscle akin to endurance training, and provides evidence for the suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis by HIF-1α in normal tissue.
Carboxyl-terminal proteolytic processing of matrix Gla protein

The present study was undertaken to determine the extent of COOH-terminal proteolytic processing in matrix Gla protein (MGP), a 10-kDa protein which contains 5 residues of the vitamin K-dependent Ca2+ binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). Two forms of MGP were isolated from demineralization and urea extracts of bovine cortical bone, one 79 residues in length with the COOH terminus Phe-Arg-Gln and the other 83 residues in length with the COOH terminus Phe-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-Gly-Ala. The 84-residue form of bovine MGP predicted from the message structure could not be detected in the bone extracellular matrix extracts, and it therefore seems probable that the lysine at position 84 was removed by the action of a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme prior to secretion. A plausible sequence of proteolytic cleavages that could generate the 79-residue form of MGP would be a trypsin-like cleavage at Arg80-Arg81 or Arg81-Gly82 followed by carboxypeptidase B-like cleavage to remove COOH-terminal arginine(s). Since essentially equal amounts of the 79- and 83-residue forms of MGP were also detected in bovine articular cartilage and plasma, it seems likely that the COOH-terminal processing events identified in bone apply to many of the other tissues which synthesize this protein. Only one form of MGP was detected in human bone extracts, a 77-residue protein that lacks the COOH-terminal residues Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gly-Thr-Lys. This shortened version of human MGP is consistent with the proposed model for COOH-terminal processing, since the amino acid substitution in the COOH terminus of the human protein, Lys79 for Gln79, would allow removal of the additional basic residues from the human MGP COOH terminus by the action of the carboxypeptidase B-like enzymic activity. Recent studies have shown that MGP is strongly induced by retinoic acid in fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, a response which suggests that MGP mediates an action of retinoic acid on an aspect of cell growth or differentiation. If this hypothesis is true, the present evidence for complex COOH-terminal processing events could provide a means to regulate the as yet unknown activity of MGP in the extracellular environment in a mechanism similar to the activation of hormones such as anaphlotoxins and kinins.
Prácticas Intelectuales en el Trabajo: Conocimiento, Actividad y Tecnología

For a long time, both psychology and the management sciences have ignored the intellectual dimension of work-related activities. On the one hand, psychology promoted a one-dimensional and static notion of intelligence that did not take into account the contextual and practical aspects of work-related human skills. On the other hand, management science championed a distinction between those units in charge of intellectual planning and those others related to practical implementation. By reviewing different conceptions and applications of the construct of practical intelligence to work-related activities, this article calls attention to both the intellectual dimension of working practices and the ways they can be studied by the psychological sciences.
Lethal and Inhibitory Effects of Sodium Chloride on Thermally Stressed Staphylococcus aureus

Iandolo and Ordal used a double-medium technique for the study of thermal injury in Staphylococcus aureus. In their system sodium chloride (salt) was used to distinguish the salt-sensitive from the salt-insensitive portions of the viable population remaining after thermal stressing. The data reported here show that nutrient medium containing salt was lethal for cells immediately postinjury and that nutrient medium containing salt was only inhibitory to injured cells if those cells had been incubated for 30 min in nutrient medium, buffered salt, or buffer alone prior to subjection to nutrient medium containing salt. Sodium ion was implicated as the active agent since nutrient media containing potassium chloride or glycerol (osmotic equivalence) produced neither inhibition nor the lethal effect. The inhibitory effect was interpreted as defining an early stage in the thermal injury recovery process.
Generation of gaseous radicals by a VMgO catalyst during oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied on a VMgO catalyst for possible gas-phase reactions initiated by the desorption of reactive intermediates from the catalyst surface. It was found that the conversions of propane at 556 and 570°C in the void volume positioned immediately downstream of the catalyst were higher than those in the same void volume positioned upstream of the catalyst, and much higher than those in the absence of the catalyst. The propane conversion due to postcatalytic reactions increased with the weight of the catalyst wafer, the propane/oxygen partial pressure, and the propane/oxygen ratio. That this conversion was much higher in the presence than in the absence of a catalyst was due to the heats of reaction generated on the catalyst surface and gas-phase reactions of propane initiated by the desorption of free radicals or reactive intermediates from the catalyst surface. It was also established that at 585°C there were few reactions due to the oxidative pyrolysis of methane, ethene, or propene. These results strongly suggested that the overall reaction mechanism consisted of a heterogeneous, a heterogeneous-homogeneous, and a homogeneous reaction pathway.
Effectiveness of bromocriptine in the treatment of autoimmune diseases

Abstract The rationale for treating autoimmune diseases with bromocriptine is based upon the observation that prolactin acts as a cytokine. It was reasoned that bromocriptine, which specifically suppresses pituitary secretion of prolactin and results in decreased concentration of circulating prolactin, would suppress immune responses and ameliorate autoimmune illness. Bromocriptine has been shown to alter the expression of a number of induced and spontaneous autoimmune states in experimental animals. Bromocriptine treatment, however, was not uniformly beneficial in animal models of autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or in humans with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, or multiple sclerosis. Preventive treatment with bromocriptine was effective in the F 1 NZB/NZW mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. NZB/NZW mice with established disease also responded to bromocriptine therapy. Three separate trials have provided evidence that bromocriptine is a promising drug for treatment of systemic lupus eythematosus.
ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS AND DAMAGE IN COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT Preexisting defects and damage under load introduce additional inhomogeneities that make analytical modeling of composite systems difficult. The non-homogeneous and/or anisotropic character of composite behavior is load time history dependent and invalidates many of the testing procedures developed for the more traditional monolithic materials. Composite specimens even though are simplified in terms of loading and geometric configuration respond inherently as structures. The relative response between any two composite systems is case-specific and has to be validated through analysis and experiment. This communication addresses a number of topics that require scrutiny in the prediction of composite material behavior and/or failure. The dominant flaw model can yield useful information in situations where subcritical material damage has a negligible influence on the energy released at incipient fracture. Analytical modeling of interface behavior between fiber and matrix or laminae is not always straightforward because load transmission from one material to another is affected by stress state in addition to being material dependent. Emphasized is the quantitative assessment of the degree of local inhomogeneity which can be measured by fluctuation of the strain energy density function, dW/dV. The local and global stationary values of dW/dV are found not only useful for identifying the sites of possible failure and yielding but also the stability of composite systems that depends on the combination of loading, geometry and material inhomogeneity. Composites being vulnerable to aggressive environmental changes can behave very differently when the moisture and temperature conditions are altered. Results are presented for a crack in T300/5208 graphite fiber laminate subjected to moisture, temperature and stress boundary conditions. These influences can, in general, be coupled and lead to failure modes that are not intuitively obvious.
The Relation of Gender, Personality, and Intelligence to Judges' Accuracy in Judging Strangers' Personality From Brief Video Segments

Fifty-three men and 56 women viewed brief video segments of 32 male targets and rated them on three personality traits: extraversion, neuroticism, and masculinity-femininity (M-F). Judges were assessed on general intelligence, Big Five traits, and gender-related traits. Two measures of accuracy were computed: 1) consensus accuracy, which measured the correlation between judges' ratings and corresponding ratings made by previous judges, and 2) trait accuracy, which measured the correlation between judges' ratings and targets' assessed personality. There was no gender difference in overall accuracy. However, women showed higher trait accuracy than men in judging neuroticism. Consensus accuracy exceeded trait accuracy, and extraversion and M-F were judged more accurately than neuroticism. M-F judgments showed the highest level of consensus accuracy. Judges' intelligence correlated positively with accuracy. Except for openness, personality traits were generally unrelated to accuracy.
Estrogen binding in human fetal lung tissue cytosol.

An estrogen-binding component with a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 4S has been identified in the soluble fraction prepared from lung tissue obtained from human abortuses of 12–20 weeks gestational age. The proteinaceous nature of the estrogen-binding component was established from the findings of enzymatic degradation studies. Dihydrotestosterone and diethylstilbestrol had little or no affinity for the binding protein, whereas estriol and estrone competed with 17β- [3H]estradiol for binding. A 4S estrogen-binding component was also observed in fetal serum pretreated with dextran-coated charcoal to reduce the level of endogenous steroids. The serum estrogen-binding component differed from that of the lung tissue cytosol estrogen-binding macrornolecule(s) in specificity for steroid binding, i.e. in fetal serum dihydrotestosterone competed with 17β-[3H]estradiol for binding while estriol did not. Human fetal lung and kidney tissues contained the greatest amount of 17β-estradiol-binding activity ...
Measurement of number-phase uncertainty relations of optical fields

We have experimentally determined all of the quantities involved in the uncertainty relation for the phase and photon number of a mode of the electromagnetic field when the field mode is in a coherent state of small average photon number. This is accomplished by determining the quantum state of the field using optical homodyne tomography, which uses measured distributions of electric-field quadrature amplitude to determine the Wigner function and hence the density matrix. The measured state is then used to calculate the uncertainty product for the number and phase, as well as the expectation value of the commutator of the number and phase operators. The experimental results agree with the quantum-mechanical predictions. We also present measured phase- and photon-number distributions for these weak coherent states, as well as their measured complex wave functions.
Bridging Racial Change: Political Orientations in the United States Evangelical Multiracial Church Movement

Recent years have witnessed the rise of a multiracial church (MRC) movement in American evangelicalism. Leaders of this movement articulate a "biblical mandate"-based mission for breaking patterns of racial homogeneity in pursuit of more diverse, egalitarian, and vibrant churches. While participants are passionate about what they see as a powerful racial change effort in their religious communities, they express a variety of orientations about the potential political implications of faith-based MRC-building. Drawing from interview- based research inside MRC settings, I find that most participants are nervously interested in applying their framework to political contexts, while a minority articulates a more politicized justice orientation, and others are confused or actively resistant. The movement's political reluctance is instructive of the understudied dynamics between race and religion, especially in theologically conservative churches. In social capital terms, the "bonding" incentives of MRC settings by definition require difficult kinds of "bridging," or reaching across deep historical and identity-based differences, in order to create trust- based networks where they have not existed. When successful, however, such networks can open new paths to race-related political engagement.
The sensitivity of Medicare data for identifying incident cases of invasive melanoma (United States).

Background: The completeness of Medicare claims for identifying patients with melanoma for purposes of conducting population-based studies of melanoma is unknown. Methods: Using a linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) tumor registry-Medicare database, the sensitivity of Medicare claims for identifying 5372 patients age ≥65 years diagnosed with invasive melanoma between 1992 and 1996 was determined. Sensitivity was calculated as the proportion of incident cases of melanoma reported by SEER that was also captured by Medicare claim diagnostic codes. Results: The overall sensitivity of combined Part A and Part B Medicare for incident cases of melanoma was 90.1%. Part B Medicare and Part A Medicare alone had 89.5% and 16.5% sensitivity respectively. Sensitivity was lower for patients with unrecorded Breslow depth and for patients with unstaged or distant stage melanoma. Conclusions: Medicare Part B claims have a high sensitivity for detecting melanoma incidence; Medicare Part A has low sensitivity. This sharply contrasts with published studies of other cancers, for whom Part A rather than Part B Medicare captures the predominant portion of incident cases. Medicare Part B or combined Part A and Part B administrative data is a potentially valuable resource for population-based melanoma research in the elderly. Further research characterizing the specificity and predictive value of Medicare data is needed to assess the potential implications of false positive melanoma diagnostic codes.
ICARUS: source generator based real-time recognition of speech in noisy stressful and Lombard effect environments

Abstract The problem of real-time automatic speech recognition in an adverse environment is addressed. Though much research has been performed in the area of speech recognition, only limited success has been demonstrated for real-time recognition in noisy stressful environments. The primary reason for this is that the performance of present day recognition algorithms are predicated on the assumptions of the environmental settings in which the algorithms have been formulated and implemented. In this paper, we discuss the effects of additive background noise on speech quality and recognition parameters, and propose a source generator based framework to address stress and noise. Using this framework, a computationally efficient real-time recognition system called ICARUS is developed. The speech recognition system incorporates direct processing steps to address the effects of additive noise on the speech signal and stress on the speech production system. Central issues which are addressed include (i) improved characterization of speech spoken in noisy situations involving both parameter estimation methods and analysis of varying speech characteristics spoken in adverse environments (i.e., stress and Lombard effect), (ii) exploration of signal processing strategies tailored to such speech, and (iii) demonstration of real-time system performance of the proposed methods. The proposed recognition system was formulated using a digital signal processing platform. Performance evaluations showed an improvement in speech feature representation under stressed speaking conditions, with an average improvement in recognition rate of +17.28% across eleven noisy stressful speaking conditions.
Induction of corticosteroid insensitivity in human PBMCs by microbial superantigens

Abstract Background: Microbial superantigens have been described to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases often complicated by insensitivity to glucocorticoid therapy. In bronchial asthma glucocorticoid insensitivity has been associated with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor β, an endogenous inhibitor of the classic glucocorticoid receptor α. Objective: To study a potential mechanism by which superantigens could contribute to poor disease control, we examined their capacity to alter steroid sensitivity and expression of glucocorticoid receptor β. Methods: The capacity of dexamethasone to inhibit stimulation of PBMCs from 7 healthy subjects with the prototypic superantigens, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) B, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1 and SEE, versus PHA, was tested. The expression of glucocorticoid receptor β in normal PBMCs after stimulation with SEB, versus PHA, was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Results: Dexamethasone 10 –6 mol/L caused a 99% inhibition of PHA-induced PBMC proliferation but only a 19% inhibition of the SEB-induced, 26% inhibition of the TSST-1, and 29% inhibition of the SEE-induced PBMC proliferation ( P P Conclusion: We have demonstrated the capacity of microbial superantigens to induce glucocorticoid insensitivity, which should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with superantigen-triggered diseases. These data suggest that superantigens may contribute to glucocorticoid insensitivity through induction of glucocorticoid receptor β. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:782-7.)
Approximate medial axis for CAD models

Several research have pointed out the potential use of the medial axis in various geometric modeling applications. The computation of the medial axis for a three dimensional shape often becomes the major bottleneck in these applications. Towards this end, in a recent work, we suggested an efficient algorithm that approximates the medial axis of a shape from a point sample. The input to this algorithm is only the coordinates of the sample points. As a result the approximation quality is limited by the input sample density. However, in geometric applications involving CAD models, the surfaces from which samples need to be derived are known. In this paper we present heuristics to take advantage of this a priori knowledge in our medial axis approximation algorithm. The quality of the approximation achieved by the method is surprisingly high as our experimental results exhibit.
The value of place

This commentary seeks to expand the dialogue on place-based science education presented in Katie Lynn Brkich’s article, where the connections fifth grade students make between their formal earth science curriculum and their lived experiences are highlighted. The disconnect between the curriculum the students are offered and their immediate environment is clear, and we are presented with examples of how they strive to make connections between the content and what they are familiar with—namely their surroundings. “Place” is identified as a term with complex meanings and interpretations, even in the scope of place-based science education, and understanding how the term is used in any given scenario is essential to understanding the implications of place-based education. Is place used as a location, locale or a sense of place? To understand “place” is to acknowledge that for the individual, it is highly situational, cultural and personal. It is just such attributes that make place-based education appealing, and potentially powerful, pedagogically on one hand, yet complex for implementation on the other. The argument is posed that place is particularly important in the context of education about the environment, which in its simplest manifestation, connects formal science curriculum to resources that are local and tangible to students. The incorporation of place in such a framework seeks to bridge the gap between formal school science subjects and students’ lived experiences, yet acknowledges the tensions that can arise between accommodating place meanings and the desire to acculturate students into the language of the scientific community. The disconnect between guiding policy frameworks and the reality of the Next Generation Science Standards is addressed opening an avenue for further discussion of the importance of socio-cultural frameworks of science learning in an ever increasing era of accountability.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition of 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase gene (Cyp17) expression

Testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells is dependent on the action of 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase cytochrome P450 (P450c17), which is encoded by the Cyp17 gene. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, inhibits cAMP-stimulated testosterone production in mouse Leydig cells. The inhibition of testosterone production is parallel to the inhibition of P450c17 messenger RNA and protein levels. To examine the mechanism of TNF alpha-mediated inhibition of steroidogenesis, the effect of TNF alpha on cAMP-stimulated induction of Cyp17 expression was investigated. To determine whether the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway is involved in TNF alpha inhibition of steroidogenesis, the effects of the PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and the PKC inhibitor, calphostin C, were examined. Treatment of normal mouse Leydig cells in primary culture with 50 microM 8-bromo-cAMP (cAMP) plus 1 ng/ml TNF alpha or 10 nM PMA caused a similar (approximately 90%) decrease in...
Oxidative stress and aging in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if aging in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, is associated with elevation in the level of oxidative stress. Studies were conducted on the brain, heart, kidney, liver and testis of young (3–6 months), adult (15 months), and old (23–25 months) animals. Oxidative damage to proteins, measured as the concentration of protein carbonyls and loss of activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and to DNA, measured as the concentration of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, increased with age of the animals. There was no appreciable age-related change in the activity of alkaline proteases, which preferentially degrade oxidized protein. Rates of mitochondrial superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide generation also increased with age, most notably in the heart. Antioxidative defenses, measured as activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and concentration of glutathione, did not exhibit a uniform pattern of age-related changes. However, when the antioxidative potential of the tissue homogenates was measured as their susceptibility to undergo protein oxidation, in response to experimentally-induced oxidative stress, using X-irradiation, tissues of the old animals were significantly more vulnerable than those of the young animals. Results of this study are interpreted to indicate: (i) that the level of molecular oxidative damage to DNA and proteins increases with age, and (ii) that the increased oxidative damage is due to both an elevation in the rates of oxidant generation and an increase in the susceptibility of tissues to oxidative damage.
Pursuit Tracking and Higher Levels of Skill Development in the Human Pilot

A model of the human pilot is offered for pursuit tracking tasks; the model encompasses an existing model for compensatory tracking. The central hypothesis in the development of this model states that those primary structural elements in the compensatory model responsible for the pilot's equalization capabilities remain intact in the pursuit model. In this latter case, effective low-frequency inversion of the controlled-element dynamics occurs by feeding-forward derived input rate through the equalization dynamics, with low-frequency phase "droop" minimized. The sharp reduction in low-frequency phase lag beyond that associated with the disappearance of phase droop is seen to accompany relatively low-gain feedback of vehicle output. The results of some recent motion cue research are discussed and interpreted in terms of the compensatory-pursuit display dichotomy. Tracking with input preview is discussed in a qualitative way. In terms of the model, preview is shown to demand no fundamental changes in structure or equalization and to allow the pilot to eliminate the effective time delays that accrue in the inversion of the controlled-element dynamics. Precognitive behavior is discussed, and a model that encompasses all the levels of skill development outlined in the successive organizations of perception (SOP) theory is finally proposed.
Electrophoretic mobility measurements of fluorescent dyes using on-chip capillary electrophoresis

We present an experimental study of the effect of pH, ionic strength, and concentrations of the electroosmotic flow (EOF)-suppressing polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the electrophoretic mobilities of commonly used fluorescent dyes (fluorescein, Rhodamine 6G, and Alexa Fluor 488). We performed on-chip capillary zone electrophoresis experiments to directly quantify the effective electrophoretic mobility. We use Rhodamine B as a fluorescent neutral marker (to quantify EOF) and CCD detection. We also report relevant acid dissociation constants and analyte diffusivities based on our absolute estimate (as per Nernst‐Einstein diffusion). We perform well-controlled experiments in a pH range of 3‐11 and ionic strengths ranging from 30 to 90 mM. We account for the influence of ionic strength on the electrophoretic transport of sample analytes through the Onsager and Fuoss theory extended for finite radii ions to obtain the absolute mobility of the fluorophores. Lastly, we briefly explore the effect of PVP on adsorption‐desorption dynamics of all three analytes, with particular attention to cationic R6G.
Discriminant Analysis Based on Ranks

Abstract A model-free rank procedure is proposed for the two-population discrimination problem that enables the practitioner to better control the balance between the two probabilities of misclassification. The method is applied to the discriminant functions resulting from normal assumptions and also to an adaptive one which is a weighted average of the linear and quadratic discriminant functions, where the weights are determined from the data. A Monte Carlo study shows that the rank method can greatly improve the balance between the two misclassification probabilities while keeping their average comparatively small.
Low-temperature electronic properties of Sr 2 RuO 4 . I. Microscopic model and normal-state properties

Starting from the quasi-one-dimensional kinetic energy of the d y z and d z x bands we derive a bosonized description of the correlated electron system in Sr 2 RuO 4 . At intermediate coupling the magnetic correlations havea quasi-one-dimensional component along the diagonals of the basal plane of the tetragonal unit cell that accounts for the observed neutron scattering results. Together with two-dimensional correlations the model consistently accounts for the normal phase specific heat, cyclotron mass enhancement, static susceptibility, and Wilson ratio and implies an anomalous high-temperature resistivity.
The effects of different protein and energy levels on the growth of turkey poults.

Abstract THE EFFECTS of various protein and energy levels on the growth rate of chicks and turkey poults has been investigated by many workers in recent years. Sunde (1956) fed diets to chicks consisting of 20 and 28 percent protein and with energy levels ranging from 655 to 932 Calories of productive energy per pound of feed. The results of this study indicated that a high protein, low-energy diet produced a reduction in growth rate with a decreased efficiency of feed utilization. When the energy level of this diet was increased, the weight of the birds at four weeks of age was increased and a greater efficiency of feed utilization was realized. A significant increase in the growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks fed a diet containing 10 percent tallow was reported by Aitken et al. (1954) when the protein content was increased from 22 to 25 percent. Biely and …
Masking Effects of Similar and Dissimilar Letters: A Test of the Interactive Channels Model

Subjects identified which of two target letters was presented when the target was accompanied by a similar or dissimilar noise letter, the target appeared on the right or left of fixation, and the target was central or peripheral to the noise letter. Although performance deteriorated in the presence of noise letters compared to control conditions, masking was no greater with similar than dissimilar noise letters. Rather masking effects were specific to particular target-mask pairs, suggesting facilitation of target perception when mask and target shared features critical to the target-discrimination task. Thus, no evidence for Estes' interactive channels model was obtained. Neither the left vs right position of the target nor its centrality had any effect on accuracy or speed. Correct latencies to a target covaried with its accuracy of detection, but incorrect latencies were more strongly associated with the target identified than with the target presented.
Nonthermal-Plasma Reactions of Dilute Nitrogen Oxide Mixtures: NOx-in-Argon and NOx + CO-in-Argon

Analysis of conversion mechanisms for NO and N2O in Ar plasma suggests that NO is converted through the reaction Ar+ + NO + e- → Ar + N + O, whereas N2O is converted through the reaction Ar+ + N2O + e- → Ar + N2 + O. A time-averaged lumped model developed on the basis of this analysis matches the experimental data. CO inhibits N2O conversion but not NO conversion. However, parts-per-million levels of CO affect neither N2O nor NO conversion. Compared to N2 plasma, which produces a weak streamer glow discharge and a small temperature increase along the reactor, Ar plasma produces a strong streamer discharge and a small temperature decrease along the reactor.
CRF microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex inhibits TRH analog- and kainic acid-stimulated gastric contractility in rats.

The effect of CRF microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) on centrally-stimulated gastric contractility was investigated in fasted, urethane-anesthetized rats. Miniature strain gauge force transducers were acutely implanted on the corpus of the stomach and contractility was analyzed by computer. Microinjection of the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog, RX 77368, (26 pmol) into the DVC induced a 12.2-fold stimulation of gastric contractility within 30 min. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (63–210 pmol) microinjected into the DVC concomitantly with RX 77368 (26 pmol) induced a dose-related inhibition of stimulated gastric contractility. Neither CRF alone (210 pmol) nor vehicle modified basal gastric contractility. Microinjection of kainic acid (141 pmol) into the raphe pallidus nucleus induced a 3.6-fold stimulation of gastric contractility after 45 min. This stimulation was suppressed by bilateral microinjection of CRF (105 pmol/site) into the DVC. These results demonstrate that CRF acts in the DVC to inhibit centrally-stimulated gastric contractility and suggest that TRH and CRF may interact in the DVC to regulate gastric motor function.
Heat transfer and friction characteristics in rectangular channels with rib turbulators

The effect of the channel aspect ratio on the distribution of the local heat transfer coefficient in rectangular channels with two opposite ribbed walls (to simulate turbine airfoil cooling passages) was determined for a Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 60,000. The channel width-to-height ratios (W/H, ribs on side W) were 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, and 4. The test channels were heated by passing current through thin, stainless steel foils instrumented with thermocouples. The local heat transfer coefficients on the ribbed side wall and on the smooth side wall of each test channel from the channel entrance to the fully developed regions were measured for two rib spacings (P/e = 10 and 20). The rib angle-of-attack was kept at 90 deg. The local data in the fully developed region were averaged and correlated, based on the heat transfer and friction similarity laws developed for ribbed channels, to cover the ranges of channel aspect ratio, rib spacing, rib height, and Reynolds number. The results compare well with the published data for flow in a square channel with two opposite ribbed walls. The correlations can be used in the design of turbine airfoil cooling passages.
Otitis media and spinal manipulative therapy: a literature review

Objective Otitis media (OM) is one of the common conditions for doctor visits in the pediatric population. Spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) may be a potential conservative treatment of OM. The purpose of this study is to review the literature for OM in children, outlining the diagnosis of OM, SMT description, and adverse event notation.
The role of the standard in an auditory amplitude discrimination experiment

The role of the standard in a fixed-standard experiment of auditory amplitude discrimination was examined by varying the proportion of trials on which it was presented. The results suggest that the Os may use different perceptual strategies, depending on the availability of the standard. While they did better on trials containing a standard regardless of the proportion of such trials, their accuracy on both “standard-present” and “standard-absent” trials was positively related to the probability of the particular type of trial. These results conflict with the claim of advocates of the roving-standard paradigm that the O in the fixed-standard experiment does not use the standard but, rather, compares the variable with a long-term referent built up over many trials. The introduction of a second pair of tones, making it a random-standard experiment,, produced considerable response bias tied to the stimulus level and to an overall deterioration in performance.
Time required to remove guttacore, thermafil plus, and thermoplasticized gutta-percha from moderately curved root canals with protaper files.

Abstract Introduction A novel carrier-based obturation system, GuttaCore, was developed to facilitate more efficient nonsurgical retreatments. This ex vivo study evaluated the time required for re-treating GuttaCore and 2 other common obturation materials in moderately curved canals with ProTaper retreatment and ProTaper files. Methods Sixty mesial roots of mandibular molars with the same mean curvature were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: warm vertical, Thermafil Plus, and GuttaCore. Ten teeth served as positive and negative controls. The mesiobuccal canal in each sample was prepared to ISO size 30 with 0.04 taper. The warm vertical group was obturated by using a continuous-wave technique of gutta-percha compaction, and the Thermafil Plus and GuttaCore groups were obturated according to manufacturers' instructions. After allowing sealer to set, each specimen was sequentially treated with ProTaper Retreatment files D1, D2, and D3 and ProTaper Universal file F3 to the predetermined working length. The time taken to reach working length (T1) and the time required for obturation material removal (T2) were recorded. Results One-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey-Kramer test indicated that the mean total time to remove filling material for the GuttaCore group was significantly shorter than those observed in the other groups (P Conclusions GuttaCore is removed in less time from moderately curved canals with ProTaper files than either thermoplasticized gutta-percha or Thermafil Plus materials.
Infants and toddlers in supervised custody: a pilot study of visitation.

A retrospective chart study was conducted defining the impact of visitation by biologic relatives on children under the age of 3 who were in foster care or other custodial circumstances. The records of 23 children consisting of medical, developmental, psychiatric, and social histories as well as interviews with all persons involved with the child were reviewed. Location of visits, number of placements, and primary caregiver's attitudes toward visitation were significantly related to the children's presenting symptoms. Implications of these findings and strategies for minimizing distress associated with visitation are discussed. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24, 5:608–612, 1985.
Prograde and retrograde fluid-rock interaction in calc-silicates northwest of the Idaho batholith: stable isotopic evidence

Carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of silicate and carbonate minerals indicate that isotopic compositions in metasediments of the Wallace Formation (Belt Supergroup) exposed northwest of the Idaho batholith have been affected by both prograde and retrograde fluid-rock interaction. Silicates retain isotopic fractionations that reflect equilibration at peak metamorphic temperatures. In contrast, calcite oxygen isotopic compositions range from δ18O(Calcite)=+2.3 to +18.6‰ SMOW (standard mean oceanic water) and indicate that some calcites have exchanged with low-δ18O meteorichydrothermal fluids. Values of Δ18O (Quartz-Calcite) as large as +15.5 clearly indicate that the isotopic depletion of these calcites postdates the peak of regional metamorphism. Carbon isotopic compositions of 18O-depleted calcites are not significantly shifted relative to δ13C values in undepleted calcites, suggesting that the retrograde fluid was carbon-poor. Petrographically, retrograde fluid-rock interaction is associated with the occurrence of fine-grained, highly-luminescent calcite overgrowths on less-luminescent, metamorphic calcites, slight to moderate argillic alteration, and pseudomorphing of scapolite porphyroblasts by fine-grained albite. Retrograde isotopic depletions may be related to shallow meteoric-hydrothermal fluid flow developed around the Idaho batholith after intrusion and rapid uplift of the terrane. Peak metamorphic isotopic compositions in the Wallace Formation reflect mineralogically heterogeneous protolith compositions and isotopic fractionation due to devolatilization and/or infiltration. Variability in oxygen isotopic compositions on the order of 4–6‰ within the same rock type can be attributed to the combined effects of inherited isotopic compositions and isotopic shifts resulting from prograde devolatilization. Isotopic and compositional heterogeneity on the scale of mm to m precludes generalization of isotopic gradients on a regional scale. The isotopic data presented here, and metamorphic fluid compositions determined in previous studies, are best reconciled with heterogeneous bulk compositions, dominantly channelized prograde and retrograde fluid flow, and locally low fluid-rock ratios.
Extension of 193-nm immersion optical lithography to the 22-nm half-pitch node

Initial volume manufacturing of the 16- to 22-nm half-pitch integrated circuit node is targeted for the year 2018. Lithography is under tremendous pressure to extend its capabilities to meet this deadline. Recently, immersion lithography, particularly using water as an immersion fluid at 193 nm, has attracted much attention as a promising optical lithography extension. However based on simple optical bandwidth considerations, 193-nm-based optical lithography alone will not have the bandwidth necessary for printing the 22-nm half-pitch mode with any foreseeable combination of immersion liquids and conventional resolution enhancement techniques (RETs). The approach to reaching this node presented here is to combine all available RETs with processing nonlinearities and spatial-frequency doubling using two photoresist layers and an image storage layer. Appropriate combinations of multiple exposures/processes can access the 22-nm node; thus reaching current end-of-roadmap values for half-pitch while retaining the current 193-nm lithography infrastructure. A detailed simulation (PROLITH 8) study of this approach is reported.
Finite Element Analysis of Turbulent Lubricated Hydrostatic Journal Bearings for Static and Dynamic Conditions

Hydrostatic journal bearings have been employed in several applications where the lubricant is a working fluid with low viscosity. The resulting turbulent flow can be analyzed by considering three major pressure drops: pressure drop across the orifice restrictor, pressure drop over the pocket edges, and pressure drop across the bearing lands. This paper presents a finite element analysis of bearings in the above category. The bearings here have axial grooves between the pockets and either one or two pockets per pad. Both static and dynamic bearing properties are calculated for example bearings. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada May 6–9, 1985