cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
End-to-end electron beam modeling in O-type devices

Summary form only given. End-to-end simulation of an electron beam is described using the example of an EIK amplifier. Computations are performed using a general purpose, relativistic 3D/2D steady-state beam modeling tool called UGUN. A multi-element, gridded Pierce-type gun is used to launch a beam into a permanent magnet focusing field of approximately one tesla (greater than twice the Brillouin value), achieving an area convergence ratio of 100:1. Thermal beam effects, both energy spread and angular launch with respect to the surface normal are included. After energy modulation is introduced midway within the final cavity circuit, the beam continues into a multistage depressed collector within which both elastic and inelastic secondary electrons are generated. Computational results are found to compare favorably with the measured result obtained with an experimental EIK. Assessment of the thermal distribution impact upon beam focusing is aided by a provision for generating detailed enclosed-current contour plots. Algorithms employed in the simulation model are described including treatment of the thermal beam launch and secondary emission. Methods for treating electron beams in long drift tubes are also discussed.
Cdc7 is required throughout the yeast S phase to activate replication origins

The long-standing conclusion that the Cdc7 kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required only to trigger S phase has been challenged by recent data that suggests it acts directly on individual replication origins. We tested the possibility that early- and late-activated origins have different requirements for Cdc7 activity. Cells carrying a cdc7(ts) allele were first arrested in G1 at the cdc7 block by incubation at 37 degrees C, and then were allowed to enter S phase by brief incubation at 23 degrees C. During the S phase, after return to 37 degrees C, early-firing replication origins were activated, but late origins failed to fire. Similarly, a plasmid with a late-activated origin was defective in replication. As a consequence of the origin activation defect, duplication of chromosomal sequences that are normally replicated from late origins was greatly delayed. Early-replicating regions of the genome duplicated at approximately their normal time. The requirements of early and late origins for Cdc7 appear to be temporally rather than quantitatively different, as reducing overall levels of Cdc7 by growth at semi-permissive temperature reduced activation at early and late origins approximately equally. Our results show that Cdc7 activates early and late origins separately, with late origins requiring the activity later in S phase to permit replication initiation.
Pharmacologic reversal of hypotensive effect complicating antiarrhythmic therapy with bretylium

The value of bretylium for long-term therapy of arrhythmias is slight because of the almost universal development of orthostatic hypotension induced by adrenergic neuron blockade. Blockade of neurotransmission by bretylium depends on its uptake into adrenergic neurons by the norepinephrine pump. The effects of inhibiting the pump with protriptyline were evaluated in jive patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) resistant to conventional therapy but responsive to bretylium. Adrenergic blockade was assessed by measuring the venous rejex response (VRR) and change in blood pressure on standing. Before bretylium, VRR was present and standing blood pressure was normal. The patients received intravenous bretylium in increasing doses until VT was suppressed, at which time the VRR was blocked and all patients were bedridden due to orthostatic hypotension. The dosage of bretylium was tapered as oral treatment was begun and the dosage gradually increased to maintain VT suppression. Protriptyline was then given orally in slowly increasing doses in an attempt to reverse intolerable orthostatic hypotension. Five to 7 days later the VRR was restored and the blood pressure in the standing position returned toward normal, enabling the patients to become ambulatory. In these patients the antiarrhythmic efficacy of bretylium was not altered by protriptyline and was therefore not dependent on adrenergic neuron blockade. As bretylium was withdrawn and protriptyline continued, recurrence of arrhythmia established that protriptyline did not contribute to bretylium's antiarrhythrnic efficacy. These findings do not, however, constitute sujjicient evidence to support the routine application of this approach to therapy. Rather, it provides a pharmacologic rationale for more extensive evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the combination. The demonstration of dissociation between the antiarrhythmic and adrenergic effects of bretylium in man suggests that structural modiJication of the molecule might yield an antiarrhythmic drug free of undesirable effects on the adrenergic nervous system. Raymond
Early response to family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if early weight gain predicted remission at the end of treatment in a clinic sample of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). Method: Sixty five adolescents with AN (mean age = 14.9 years, SD = 2.1), from two sites (Chicago n = 45; Columbia n = 20) received a course of manualized family-based treatment (FBT). Response to treatment was assessed using percent ideal body weight (IBW) with remission defined as having achieved ≥95% IBW at end of treatment (Session 20). Results: Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that a gain of at least 2.88% in ideal body weight by Session 4 best predicted remission at end of treatment (AUC = 0.674; p = 0.024). Discussion: Results suggest that adolescents with AN, receiving FBT, who do not show early weight gain are unlikely to remit at end of treatment. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010;)
Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in children during induction for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A pilot study

Background Thrombosis in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) can develop after treatment with L-asparaginase (asp) and is often localized to the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesize that changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome will occur after asp therapy and will anticipate CNS clots. Methods Five newly diagnosed patients, ages 1–11 years, with ALL (n = 4) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL) (n = 1) underwent serial lumbar punctures during induction. CSF was depleted of abundant plasma proteins and analyzed by gel-free, label-free quantitative proteomics. Results More than 600 proteins were quantified across all CSF samples. In four subjects, the expression of proteins involved in coagulation such as protein C Inhibitor (SERPINA5) and heparin cofactor II (SERPIND1) changed over the course of asp therapy. Antithrombin III (ATIII) and plasminogen (PLMN) levels were shown to have decreased expression over time in one child who developed a CNS thrombosis, compared to other subjects. Conclusions CSF proteomics is feasible and reproducible in ALL and LL. CSF ATIII and PLMN should be further investigated as predictive markers of CNS thrombosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1190–1194. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enteric ganglionitis in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus

Gastrointestinal (GI) disease is a debilitating feature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that can occur in the absence of histopathological abnormalities or identifiable enteropathogens. However, the mechanisms of GI dysfunction are poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to characterize changes in resident and inflammatory cells in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of macaques during the acute stage of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to gain insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms of GI disease. Ganglia from duodenum, ileum, and colon were examined in healthy and acutely infected macaques by using a combination of routine histology, double-label immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Evaluation of tissues from infected macaques showed progressive infiltration of myenteric ganglia by CD3+ T cells and IBA1+ macrophages beginning as early as 8 days postinfection. Quantitative image analysis revealed that the severity of myenteric ganglionitis increased with time after SIV infection and, in general, was more severe in ganglia from the small intestine than in ganglia from the colon. Despite an abundance of inflammatory cells in myenteric ganglia during acute infection, the ENS was not a target for virus infection. This study provides evidence that the ENS may be playing a role in the pathogenesis of GI disease and enteropathy in HIV-infected people.
Comparing hyperlipidemia control with daily versus twice-weekly simvastatin.

BACKGROUNDCosts associated with the use of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are increasing. Finding ways to manage hyperlipidemia at lower costs is critical to all healthcare systems.OBJECTIVETo assess effectiveness, safety, cost, and patients’ satisfaction when converting hyperlipemic patients taking simvastatin daily to simvastatin twice weekly.METHODSThis nonrandomized, open-label, proof-of-concept study converted patients treated with simvastatin 10 or 20 mg daily to 40 or 80 mg twice weekly, respectively, for 12 weeks. The lipid profiles at enrollment, week 6, and week 12 were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. The percentage of patients attaining the appropriate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal was determined.RESULTSThirty-one patients completed the study. The proportion of patients at the LDL-C goal was not statistically different between enrollment and week 12 (87% vs 68%; p = 0.068). The mean LDL-C value ± SD at weeks 6 and 12 increased compared with enro...
Organizational justice and workplace mediation: a six‐factor model

Purpose – This study examines the structure and dimensionality of organizational justice in a workplace mediation setting. It has three purposes: to determine whether the procedural and interpersonal justice factors in the four‐factor model of organizational justice can be split, thereby providing support for a six‐factor model; to identify how the split factors relate to other factors in the model; and to uncover any differences in employee and supervisor perceptions of organizational justice in workplace mediation.Design/methodology/approach – Confirmatory factor analysis is used to explore the fit of four different models of organizational justice. The paper examines cross factor correlations to assess the strength and relationships among factors and to look for differences between employees and supervisors.Findings – It is found that a six‐factor model of organizational justice provides the best fit for the data and that factor relationships differ little for employees and supervisors.Research limitat...
Imaging of structure at and near the core mantle boundary using a generalized radon transform: 1. Construction of image gathers

[1] We introduce a method for imaging heterogeneity at and near interfaces in Earth's lowermost mantle with broadband, three-component seismograms from global seismograph networks. Our approach is based on inverse scattering and allows the extraction of pertinent signal from large data sets and requires few a priori assumptions about the heterogeneity under study, which makes it complementary to the forward modeling of selected waveforms. Here we construct a generalized radon transform (for heterogeneous, anisotropic elastic media) to map broadband seismogram windows, comprising main arrivals with their coda and precursors, into multiple images of a target structure. The “common image point gathers” thus produced reveal multiscale variations in elastic properties near deep interfaces. The GRT can be applied to narrow and wide-angle data, and the (automated) extraction of signal from data over a wide range of epicentral distances enables exploration of core-mantle boundary (CMB) regions that cannot, with present-day data coverage, be imaged with the triplicated waveforms used in forward modeling studies. Tests with synthetic data, produced both with idealized and actual source-receiver distributions, illustrate pertinent aspects of the theory and show that (multiple) weak interfaces can be detected and located correctly, with a radial resolution of ∼15 km for the frequencies used, even in the presence of (random) noise that would prohibit visual inspection and modeling of the subtle signals. We transformed the transverse component ScS waveforms into image gathers of a CMB patch beneath Central America. Juxtaposition of stacks of these gathers, involving ∼35,000 seismograms, produces a two-dimensional (2-D) image profile revealing contrasts in elastic properties near the target depth of the CMB and ∼280–340 km above it. The latter may mark the top of the so called D″ region. The images also reveal a richness of structures in between these depths. Combined with a statistical analysis of these singularities (described in paper 2), the approach to imaging presented here paves the way to large-scale seismic exploration of the lowermost mantle.
Evolution and biogeography of an emerging quasispecies: Diversity patterns of the fish Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSv)

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSv) is an RNA rhabdovirus that causes one of the most important finfish diseases, affecting over 70 marine and freshwater species. It was discovered in European cultured fish in 1938 and since has been described across the Northern Hemisphere. Four strains and several substrains have been hypothesized, whose phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary radiation are evaluated here in light of a quasispecies model, including an in-depth analysis of the novel and especially virulent new substrain (IVb) that first appeared in the North American Laurentian Great Lakes in 2003. We analyze the evolutionary patterns, genetic diversity, and biogeography of VHSv using all available RNA sequences from the glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), and non-virion (Nv) genes, with Maximum Likelihood and bayesian approaches. Results indicate that the G gene evolves at an estimated rate of μ=2.58×10(-4) nucleotide substitutions per site per year, the N gene at μ=4.26×10(-4), and Nv fastest at μ=1.25×10(-3). Phylogenetic trees from the three genes largely are congruent, distinguishing strains I-IV as reciprocally monophyletic with high bootstrap and posterior probability support. VHSv appears to have originated from a marine ancestor in the North Atlantic Ocean, diverging into two primary clades: strain IV in North America (the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean), and strains I-III in the Northeastern Atlantic region (Europe). Strain II may comprise the basal group of the latter clade and diverged in Baltic Sea estuarine waters; strains I and III appear to be sister groups (according to the G and Nv genes), with the former mostly in European freshwaters and the latter in North Sea marine/estuarine waters. Strain IV is differentiated into three monophyletic substrains, with IVa infecting Northeastern Pacific salmonids and many marine fishes (with 44 unique G gene haplotypes), IVb endemic to the freshwater Great Lakes (11 haplotypes), and a newly-designated IVc in marine/estuarine North Atlantic waters (five haplotypes). Two separate substrains independently appeared in the Northwestern Pacific region (Asia) in 1996, with Ib originating from the west and IVa from the east. Our results depict an evolutionary history of relatively rapid population diversifications in star-like patterns, following a quasispecies model. This study provides a baseline for future tracking of VHSv spread and interpreting its evolutionary diversification pathways.
Effect of Antiserum on Adsorption of Vaccinia Virus to Earle's L Cells.

SummaryAntivirus rabbit serum is shown to block 80% or more of the adsorption of vaccinia virus to susceptible L cells. Data supporting these conclusions are provided by direct virus particle counts with the electron microscope.
EFFICACY OF ANTEMORTEM RECTAL BIOPSIES TO DIAGNOSE AND ESTIMATE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN FREE-RANGING COW ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI)

A reliable antemortem test is needed to understand the ecology of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). We measured the ability of antemortem biopsy samples from the rectal mucosa to detect the abnormal prion protein associated with CWD (PrP(CWD)), the relationship between test results from the obex and rectal biopsies at varying stages of CWD progression, and the prevalence of CWD in free-ranging elk from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We sampled and placed radio collars on 136 adult female elk in the winter of 2007-08. Elk with biopsy samples found positive for PrP(CWD) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were euthanized and the obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were examined with IHC. We resampled, euthanized, and necropsied 20, 25, and 34 of the remaining study elk in each of the three following winters, respectively. Sensitivity of rectal biopsy samples increased in an asymptotic fashion with follicle count and was maximized at 85% (95% credible limits [CL]=60, 98) in the beginning of the study, when a greater proportion of elk were in a detectable stage of prion infection. However, maximum sensitivity was reduced to 72% (CL=46, 94) when we included resampled elk, which included recently infected elk that were initially negative using rectal biopsies and IHC. Test results were similar between rectal biopsies and the obex, but the earliest stages of prion infection were only detected by using retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Minimum CWD prevalence was estimated to be 9.9% (CL=5.7, 15.7) using rectal biopsies, but this rose to 12.9% (CL=8.0, 19.1) when we included four elk that were likely misdiagnosed at initial capture. Our results indicate rectal biopsies can provide a useful research tool for CWD in elk populations, but should be used with caution because they can miss individuals in early stages of infection and underestimate prevalence. Prevalence estimates from this population are the highest reported to date in elk and indicate that under appropriate conditions, CWD may be able to affect the dynamics of high-density elk populations.
Drugs, Hallucinations and Memory

The great advantage that we human beings have over animals lower in the evolutionary scale is that we are not stimulus hound. As far as anyone can tell snakes and snails and porifera and protozoa are largely creatures of reflex with little learning ability. From an anthropocentric point of view they are severely disadvantaged. But the malaria parasite which is killing our soldiers in Vietnam and millions of other humans around the world is not troubled by this. Not only has it no conscience, but it lacks a prime ingredient of conscience, memory, the function which has reached its highest development in man.
The Microsoft Case as a Political Trial

This essay, written for a planned volume on political trials, considers the political dimensions of the government’s monopolization suit against Microsoft. The Microsoft case was not a political trial in the usual sense, but it was political for three reasons: first, it was a classic cause celebre; second, it exposed the ideological conflicts within antitrust policy; and third, it brought unusually intense interest-group pressure on the Antitrust Division. We argue that the government’s case and its judicial resolution are best understood in terms of ideology, rather than naked interest-group pressure. The simple interest-group hypothesis has never explained the enactment and evolution of antitrust law very well, and it does not explain Microsoft. Both antitrust law and Microsoft are products of a subtler process, one characterized by conflicting and shifting conceptions of the capacity and limitations of the market and the government. These conceptions, or visions, are deeply held views of the public interest, and its relationship to conflicting private interests. They are not neatly separable from special interest pressures. Groups invoke these conceptions to press arguments for regulation in service of their own interests. But arguments in these terms are persuasive only if they resonate with the policymakers’ understanding of the public interest. Administrators and courts must routinely distinguish arguments that credibly advance the public interest from those that invoke it only as lip service. When a special interest group succeeds in persuading the government that an action that benefits the special interest also advances the public interest, the result can fairly be attributed to the interaction of the special interest’s narrative with the ideological outlook of the government policymaker. The Microsoft case illustrates these dynamics.
Interchangeability, Safety and Efficacy of Modified-Release Drug Formulations in the USA: The Case of Opioid and Other Nervous System Drugs

Modified-release drugs may provide clinical advantages compared to immediate-release forms and improve convenience to the patient and health outcomes. Concerns have been raised regarding interchangeability, efficacy, and safety of modified-release formulations. This study analyses all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved modified-release formulations and market trends, and illustrates how bioequivalence and safety of generic modified-release products compare to their respective brand name drugs and other generic drugs with different formulation design characteristics. This study also examines major concerns related to modified-release formulations: safety of opioids and bioequivalence of generic bupropion and methylphenidate. Study data were derived from the FDA electronic versions of the FDA’s Orange Book (OB) and the FDA safety communications web page. Medicare Part D utilization and expenditures data were extracted from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. In May 2015, 276 (11.9 %) of the 2325 active ingredients and fixed-dose combinations listed in the FDA’s Orange Book had at least one modified-release form approved by the FDA. The number of approvals increased over time; 52.5 % of modified releases were approved in the period 2000–May 2015. The FDA required a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) to ensure that the benefits of extended-release opioids outweighed its risks of overdose and abuse. The REMS involved 16 new drug applications and 25 abbreviated new drug applications. The FDA addressed interchangeability problems with generic modified-release alternatives of bupropion and methylphenidate including lack of bioequivalence, reduced efficacy, and increased incidence of adverse events. Systematic post-marketing surveillance studies are needed to assess differences in safety, interchangeability, and efficacy of drugs with modified- and immediate-release formulations.
Building for movement

The essay grants Martin Heidegger's understanding of human existence as building a dwelling that embodies and discloses the surrounding world – equally required as an extension of building. Moving through the various layers of human dwellings, from huts through mansions, to high rises and gated communities, we think that humans are the privileged species capable of sedentary life in their dwellings. Yet our feet tell us another story, call our being to move across vast panorama of creatures, plants, to discover in nature the wonders that are untouched by human building, to discover the architects and builders of vast and complicated structures in which insects – thousands of species – prove our self-importance wrong. The new environmental movements are already showing us how to live with and in nature, how to let our feet wander – as they are designed to do – without an auto. It is our need to get away from the closed “dwellings” into the open skies, teeming jungles and deep oceans.
Mate availability in small populations of plant species with homomorphic sporophytic self-incompatibility

Mate availability in small populations of plant species with homomorphic sporophytic self-incompatibility
Hormonal regulation of human leptin in vivo: effects of hydrocortisone and insulin.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of continuous i.v. infusion of hydrocortisone or insulin on leptin secretion in humans. SUBJECTS: Six, nonfasting healthy adults (four women, two men), aged (mean±s.e.m.) 36.6±1.7 y; body mass index (BMI) 27.6±0.9 kg/m2. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, with a 2-week ‘wash-out’ period. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone (3.3 μg/(kg min)), insulin (1 mU/(kg min)) or normal saline (placebo) for 24 h. MEASUREMENTS: Blood sampling every 1–2 h for measurement of glucose, insulin, cortisol and leptin; subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsy for determination of leptin mRNA expression. RESULTS: Plasma cortisol increased to 50.0±0.4 μg/dl during hydrocortisone infusion, but was unaltered during saline or insulin infusion. The plasma insulin levels were: 28.5±4.7 μU/ml (placebo), 40.8±9.2 μU/ml (hydrocortisone, P=0.214), and 243±23.0 μU/ml (insulin, P=0.0002). Peak hyperleptinemia occurred after 16 h of insulin and 20 h of hydrocortisone infusion; peak/baseline plasma leptin levels (ng/ml) were 18.2±4.2/15.1±3.3 (placebo, P=0.056), 42.1±7.0/16.0±3.8 (hydrocortisone,+163%, P=0.008) and 30.2±4.3/16.6±2.7 (insulin,+83%, P=0.024). Adipocyte leptin mRNA increased by 350% after the hydrocortisone infusion. CONCLUSION: Hydrocortisone, a natural glucocorticoid, induces hyperleptinemia in vivo, with a potency greater than that of insulin. The interaction between glucocorticoids and leptin may be of metabolic significance in humans.
Impact failure modes of thin graphite epoxy composites embedded with superelastic nitinol

Energy absorption during complete penetration of thin graphite/epoxy composites is experimentally shown to be significantly improved by low volume fractions of embedded superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers. Graphite/Bismaleimide laminates were embedded with 3% and 6% volume fractions of superelastic nitinol fibers. Quasi-static tests as well as low velocity (13.9 ft/s) impact tests, at an impact energy of 31.5 ft-lbs, resulting in complete penetration were performed on wide clamped-clamped beams. Interaction between the base composite and the SMA creates an increase in absorbed energy over that of the base composite of as much as 41%. C-scans of the bi-directional SMA hybrids show a 22% larger delamination area compared to plain graphite epoxy. Although damage initiation and peak loads do not seem to be affected by the nitinol fibers, the energy absorption after peak loads is greatly increased. It is believed that the cause of the increase in absorbed energy is the SMA distributing the impact load to a greater volume of graphite. These results indicate the potential of SMA to improve the ballistic protection currently offered in tough composite materials used in personal armor.
Moving beyond drinking to have a good time: a person-centered approach to identifying reason typologies in legal-aged college student drinkers

Alcohol use, reasons for use, and consequences of use continue to be a major concern in college student populations. This is especially true for students of legal drinking age who may experience different reasons for and greater negative consequences of alcohol use than students under 21 years old. Although multiple studies have used person-centered approaches to understand motivations for and ultimately prevent alcohol use, few have identified multiple typologies of reasons for alcohol use. The current study used latent class analysis to identify homogeneous subtypes of reasons for alcohol use and how classification was associated with alcohol-related consequences in college students aged 21 years old and older (N = 2300) from the 2013 Indiana College Substance Use Survey. Four profiles of reasons for alcohol use emerged across males and females: social drinkers, feel good drinkers, relaxed escaping drinkers, and emotion coping drinkers. Although the likelihood of consequences differed across gender, the emotion coping drinkers were more likely to experience all negative consequences, suggesting that it was a high-risk class. In general, this pattern of risk continued with the feel good drinkers and female relaxed escaping drinkers. These results can help optimize college substance use prevention and intervention efforts to (1) identify and understand characteristics of high- and low-risk student drinkers and (2) tailor the content of interventions to those specific profiles resulting in more effective approaches to reducing alcohol use.
Assimilating Operational Risk in Common Trading Systems

We present a stochastic model that incorporates operational hazards within ordinary trading systems. We develop a simple compartmental theory that utilizes a predetermined lower threshold in the total assets’ value to differentiate between operative and inoperative cycles in portfolio management. We then distinguish between two general failure modes, which may evolve due to either exogenous (market) or endogenous (operational) factors.We derive the pertinent time-related likelihoods of being in each state of nature, the accumulated probabilities of remaining operative or to breaching the predetermined lower boundary, and the expected time to portfolio termination, and hence the mean time to failure. We further simulate these derivations to demonstrate the model’s universal functionality.
Ward Rounds With or Without an Attending Physician: How Interns Learn Most Successfully

Abstract Objective To explore pediatric interns' perspectives on the educational value of general pediatric ward rounds, in particular their rounding experiences with and without an attending physician. Methods Qualitative study using individual interviews of pediatric interns (2013–2014) rotating on 2 general pediatric inpatient services at different institutions with different rounding team structures. In accordance with grounded theory methodology, data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Codes were built using an iterative approach and organized into themes. Results Twenty pediatric interns participated in 25 interviews. Data analysis yielded 4 themes: what is being learned; learning environment on rounds; learning and work; and ways of learning. Senior residents generally taught practical aspects of patient care and attending physicians taught broader concepts with references to the medical literature. Rounds without an attending physician were perceived as less formal and promoted collaborative discussions with senior residents. Interns were more uncomfortable during rounds with an attending physician but appreciated how that facilitated their learning. Although patient care tasks provided opportunities for experiential learning, interns frequently perceived them to impede learning during rounds. Intern learning during ward rounds occurred via self-directed learning, interactive learning, and through caring for patients. Brief, clinically relevant teaching pearls and questioning clinical reasoning in a respectful manner were helpful. Conclusions Interns learn different content and learn in different ways depending on the presence or absence of an attending physician at rounds. There might be educational value from rounding with teams that include and do not include an attending physician.
Plane extension and bending of laminate composite plates with cracks: static and dynamic loading

The current interest in laminates for structural application is associated with the high strength-to-weight ratio which can be developed in laminates. These laminates are generally composed of layers which have been reinforced by embedding unidirectional fibers. The layers are adhered to each other such that the fiber direction varies from one layer to the next in a previously determined manner. The freedom of choice for fiber orientation in the layers of the composite system enables the development of laminates with special preferential directional properties for particular applications. Because of this characteristic of fibrous composites, the employment of these systems rather than equivalent homogeneous members will be clearly advantageous in many applications.
Knowing How to Help: Providing Health Information in Public Libraries

ABSTRACTPublic libraries offer multiple resources and programs to community members at all socio-economic levels. One area that public libraries struggle with is the provision of consumer health information. This article reports on a qualitative study examining the practices of 38 public library staff in 18 libraries in Oklahoma, highlighting their experiences and perceptions about providing health information. The results indicate that many staff were unsure of the overall health needs of their communities. Many staff found fielding health information questions to be challenging, including issues related to understanding questions, providing online resources, and the need for more training.
Functional dystonia: 10-year experience in a specialized dystonia clinic (P5.400)

Objective: Retrospective study to investigate clinical characteristics associated with functional dystonia (FD) within a specialized dystonia clinic. Background: FD is a poorly understood, under-recognized and debilitating subtype of functional movement disorder (FMD) that is difficult to diagnosis and treat. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all new patient visits at a mixed adult/pediatric dystonia clinic between 2005-2015. 1233 new consultations were identified; 107 (8.7[percnt]) met criteria for a clinically-established Functional Neurological Disorder, while 71 met criteria for clinically-established FD. FD was second only to cervical dystonia (N=194) as the most common condition evaluated. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate predictors of symptom severity, including gender and disability status. Results: Mean age at onset of FD cohort was 33.2±15.8 years (range 5-64), and were predominantly female (90.1[percnt]) and comprised 51 adults and 15 pediatric cases. Clinical phenotypes included: functional cranial dystonia (N=29, 40.8[percnt]), mobile dystonia (N=56, 78.8[percnt]), fixed dystonia (N=12, 16.9[percnt]), and paroxysmal dystonia (N=19, 26.8[percnt]). 43.7[percnt] were previously diagnosed with organic dystonia by another neurologist and one individual underwent deep brain stimulation at another institution. Men were older at consultation (p=0.001), and women more frequently endorsed a past anxiety disorder (p=0.029). One individual had a sister with FD. 75.0[percnt] of adults and 86.7[percnt] of pediatric patients had estimated modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≥2; 21.4[percnt] and 20[percnt] respectively had mRS scores ≥3. 55.4[percnt] were unemployed; 28.6[percnt] were on or pursuing disability and those individuals were older (p=0.002) and more frequently reported prior psychological trauma (p=0.047). Number of somatic complaints was predicted by illness duration (p=0.019), total functional examination findings (p < 0.001) and mRS score (p=0.019). Conclusions: FD is a frequently misdiagnosed FMD with significant morbidity. This study suggests that FD in women was associated with comorbid anxiety, and individuals on or pursuing disability were older and reported past abuse. Disclosure: Dr. Stephen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sharma has nothing to disclose.
Characterizing the Performance of Hybrid Memory Cube Using ApexMAP Application Probes

Full characterization of the performance of a new memory technology is typically a subtle process because of the difficulty in subjecting the memory to different access patterns before creating a full system. Simple performance characterization, such as raw bandwidth, does not give enough information about the suitability of the memory for different architectural design choices, such as suitability for processing in memory, performance reliance on relaxed ordering semantic, or how to implement atomics, etc. This paper discusses the use of the ApexMAP synthetic benchmarks to assess the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) technology. ApexMAP, through a simple model for spatial and temporal locality, allows creating many application probes that could be used to subject the memory to different access patterns. We use a Verilog implementation of ApexMAP to show the impact of contending requests, flow control, and access granularity on the HMC performance. We show a wide variation (up to 20×) in the observed performance based on the application locality parameters and the HMC architectural configurations.
Erratum: Competition along trajectories governs adaptation rates towards antimicrobial resistance.

The increasing availability of genotype-phenotype maps for different combinations of mutations has empowered evolutionary biologists with the tools to interrogate the predictability of adaptive evolution, especially in the context of the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Large microbial populations are known to generate competing beneficial mutations, but determining how these mutations contribute to the adaptive trajectories that are most likely to be followed remains a challenge. Despite a recognition that there may also be competition between successive alleles on the same trajectory, prior studies have not fully considered how this impacts adaptation rates along, or likelihood of following, individual trajectories. Here, we develop a metric that quantifies the competition between successive alleles along adaptive trajectories and show how this competition largely governs the rate of evolution in simulations on empirical fitness landscapes for proteins involved in drug resistance in two species of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax). Our findings reveal that a trajectory with a larger-than-average initial fitness increase may have smaller fitness increases in later steps, which slows adaptation. In some circumstances, these trajectories may be outcompeted by alleles on faster alternative trajectories that are being explored simultaneously. The ability to predict adaptation rates along accessible trajectories has implications for efforts to manage antimicrobial resistance in real-world settings and for the broader intellectual pursuit of predictive evolution in complex adaptive fitness landscapes for a variety of application domains.
A Bump Theorem for Weighted Embeddings and Maximal Operator: The Bellman Function Approach

We give here an “automatic” proof of a weighted embedding theorem with a bumping of the weight. It implies a well-known weighted theorem of C. Perez.
Bayesian analyses demonstrate tissue blood volume is not decreased during acute sickle cell pain episodes: A preliminary study

BACKGROUND Pain is the most common complication of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Tissue oximetry properties in SCD during steady state and acute pain are not well described. METHODS This was a cross sectional study of tissue oximetry properties in individuals with SCD during steady state, acute pain and healthy controls without SCD. A novel tissue oximetry device was used to better account for tissue pigmentation interference. We hypothesized that during acute SCD pain, blood volume to painful areas would be at least 10% less than steady state. Bayesian analyses of the data (with flat piors) were planned a priori because of the small projected sample size. RESULTS The sample included 14 individuals (4 during crisis, 5 steady state, and 5 controls). In individuals with SCD, blood volume to the lower back was higher during crisis (0.18% of tissue volume vs. 0.14% ). Bayesian analyses yielded a 3% probability that our hypothesis (that blood volume would decrease by 10% ) was correct. CONCLUSIONS During acute SCD pain, blood volume to painful areas is not decreased. Bayesian analyses were useful for interpretation of small sample data and may have utility in early phase trials for rare diseases.
A method to compute elastic and entropic interactions of membrane inclusions

Abstract Curvature mediated elastic interactions between inclusions in lipid membranes have been analyzed using both theoretical and computational methods. Entropic corrections to these interactions have also been studied. Here we show that elastic and entropic forces between inclusions in membranes can compete under certain conditions to a yield a maximum in the free energy at a critical separation. If the distance between the inclusions is less than this critical separation then entropic interactions dominate and there is an attractive force between them, while if the distance is more than the critical separation then elastic interactions dominate and there is a repulsive force between them. We assume the inclusions to be rigid and use a previously developed semi-analytic method based on Gaussian integrals to compute the free energy of a membrane with inclusions. We show that the critical separation between inclusions decreases with increasing bending modulus and with increasing tension. We also compute the projected area of a membrane with rigid inclusions under tension and find that the trend of the effective bending modulus as a function of area fraction occupied by inclusions is in agreement with earlier results. Our technique can be extended to account for entropic effects in other methods which rely on quadratic energies to study the interactions of inclusions in membranes.
Processing of test data between design and testing

Today test generation systems abound, as do a multitude of testers. The problem is getting data from one test generation system to a variety of testers (either supplied by vendors or produced within the company). This paper describes a common data base system that reformats test data (under user direction) to a specific tester.
Ionic liquids for sustainable processes: Liquid metal catalysis

This review succinctly describes the recent progress in the design and development of metal-containing ionic liquids or liquid metal catalysts. This review only includes ionic liquid-containing metals in their ionic forms (cationic/anionic, dissolved coordination complex or salt) and not ionic liquids containing metal or metal oxide nanoparticles.
MRI of the Acute Female Pelvis

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used as a primary or secondary modality in the evaluation of acute pelvic pain in women. MR avoids the ionizing radiation exposure of computed tomography (CT) and provides a larger field of view with greater detail than ultrasound. This chapter first addresses practical considerations including scanner strength, intravenous gadolinium contrast use, and essential MR sequences. Then pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and ovarian torsion are reviewed with an emphasis on the MR imaging findings. At the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to structure an MR protocol, implement it in an emergency department setting, and recognize the common causes of acute pelvic pain on MR.
Feasibility of ecological momentary assessment to study mood and risk behavior among young people who inject drugs.

Abstract Aims To test the acceptability and feasibility of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of mood and injection risk behavior among young people who inject drugs (PWID), using mobile phones. Methods Participants were 185 PWID age 18–35 recruited from two sites of a large syringe service program in Chicago. After completing a baseline interview, participants used a mobile phone app to respond to momentary surveys on mood, substance use, and injection risk behavior for 15 days. Participants were assigned to receive surveys 4, 5, or 6 times per day. Results Participants were 68% male, 61% non-Hispanic white, 24% Hispanic, and 5% non-Hispanic Black. Out of 185 participants, 8% (n = 15) failed to complete any EMA assessments. Among 170 EMA responders, the mean number of days reporting was 10 (SD 4.7), the mean proportion of assessments completed was 0.43 (SD 0.27), and 76% (n = 130) completed the follow-up interview. In analyses adjusted for age and race/ethnicity, women were more responsive than men to the EMA surveys in days reporting (IRR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.13–1.56), and total number of surveys completed (IRR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.18–1.93). Homeless participants responded on fewer days (IRR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.90) and completed fewer surveys (IRR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.91), and were less likely to return for follow-up (p = 0.016). EMA responsiveness was not significantly affected by the number of assigned daily assessments. Conclusions This study demonstrated high acceptability and feasibility of EMA among young PWID, with up to 6 survey prompts per day. However, homelessness significantly hampered successful participation.
Association of clinical measures of periodontal disease with blood pressure and hypertension among postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND Hypertension and periodontal disease are common conditions among postmenopausal women. Periodontal disease has been found associated with hypertension in previous studies, but data in postmenopausal women is limited. METHODS We assessed the cross-sectional associations of clinically measured periodontal disease with prevalent hypertension and measured systolic blood pressure (SBP) among 1341 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Buffalo Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease (OsteoPerio) study, an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative-Observational Study. RESULTS Clinical attachment level (CAL) and number of teeth missing were positively associated with SBP among those not taking antihypertensive medication in crude and multivariable adjusted linear regression models (both P < 0.05). Alveolar crestal height (ACH) and gingival bleeding on probing were associated with higher SBP in crude but not multivariable adjusted models. Neither probing pocket depth (PPD) nor severity categories of periodontitis were associated with SBP. Number of teeth missing was significantly associated with prevalent hypertension in crude and multivariable adjusted models (OR = 1.14, per 5 teeth; P = 0.04). ACH was associated with prevalent hypertension in crude but not adjusted models. CAL, PPD, gingival bleeding, and severity of periodontitis were not significantly associated with prevalent hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that measures of oral health including CAL and number of teeth missing are associated with blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate these associations and the potential underlying mechanisms for these relationships.
Is There an "Embryonic" or "Primitive" Human Hemoglobin?

An attempt has been made to detect the "embryonic" or "primitive" human hemoglobin that has been reported by other authors. Chromatographic comparisons have detected no significant differences in the hemoglobin components of fetuses in age from 15 weeks to term. The method of alkali denaturation has been applied in conjunction with the chromatographic comparisons, but it also has detected no significant differences in the various samples. All samples that have been investigated contain a hemoglobin component termed FI. It is present to the extent of about 10 per cent in all samples and presumably is a normal constituent. Its rate of denaturation by alkali is essentially indistinguishable from that of the main component in cord blood and so FI is included in all determinations of hemoglobin F by alkali denaturation. The results of this investigation lead to the conclusion that there is no "embryonic" human hemoglobin that precedes hemoglobin F in the way the hemoglobin F precedes hemoglobin A in the life of the individual.
Populations with purpose

There are currently a number of animation researchers that focus on simulating virtual crowds, but few are attempting to simulate virtual populations. Virtual crowd simulations tend to depict a large number of agents walking from one location to another as realistically as possible. The virtual humans in these crowds lack higher purpose. They have a virtual existence, but not a virtual life and as such do not reasonably depict a human population. In this paper, we present an agent-based simulation framework for creating virtual populations endowed with social roles. These roles help establish reasons for the existence of each of the virtual humans. They can be used to create a virtual population embodied with purpose.