cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of the Recalibration Period of a Drifting Instrument

The use of a drifting instrument requires that an adequately short recalibration period be chosen. After several periods, the calibration data can be used to test the adequacy of the choice. This paper discusses statistical tests of the recalibration period and applies these tests to continuous analyzers for sulfur dioxide. These tests check the sequence of calibrations for evidence of rapid drift-rate changes, which are obscured by random measurement error and by slow drift-rate changes for which the recalibration period is adequate. This paper presents two tests, a test of the second differences of the calibration sequence for normality and a test of the upper part of the spectrum for flatness. Both of these tests are needed because they have different power against different alternatives to constant drift rate. This paper illustrates these tests with two sequences each consisting of about fifty recalibrations of a sulfur dioxide analyzer. Also, the power of the tests and some approximations made in their formulation are investigated by Monte Carlo experiments.
Morphological studies of chemically induced colon tumors in hamsters

Abstract We studied the progressive histopathological changes in the colons and livers of hamsters subjected to weekly subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) for 21 weeks by sacrificing animals on a weekly basis. After 15 injections, all remaining animals ( N = 17) displayed neoplastic lesions of the colon. Of the 17 animals, ten exhibited adenocarcinomas in situ . Of the remaining seven which showed invasive adenocarcinomas of the colon, five animals also revealed metastatic lesions in the liver. Tumor progression followed the course of colonic enteritis (5 weeks), focal atypias (7 weeks), glandular dysplasias (10–14 weeks), carcinomas in situ (15 weeks), and invasive adenocarcinomas (17 weeks). Ultrastructural features of both tumors and normal hamster colon were studied. Alterations in nuclear contour, size of intercellular spaces, and shape and density of luminal microvilli were noted. The toxic effect of DMH on the liver in these animals was pronounced and was associated with certain progressive morphological changes described herein.
An approximation procedure for solutions to Mayer problems with cost functional not of classC

We consider here control problems in the Mayer form, with a cost functional which is continuous, but not necessarily of classC1. The usual necessary conditions for such problems cannot be applied, since they require that the cost functional beC1. We describe a convergence procedure, based upon approximations to the cost functional, that will yield an optimal trajectory to such control systems. Criteria are given which justify that this approximation procedure will yield a trajectory and control, satisfying certain prescribed conditions, which minimize the above cost functional within a specified class of such pairs. Examples are presented.
Causality between foreign investment and spillover efficiency

While there is considerable evidence on the observed linkage between foreign investment and technical efficiency of the developing countries, the question of causality between them has not been investigated. This paper re-examines the relationship between foreign direct investment and technical efficiency in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Singapore and Zambia using Granger Causality tests. The results suggest that foreign direct investment and labour productivity are causally independent variables. However, capital formation of the host country is found to exert ‘Causal’ influence on foreign investment.
Hypertension and pathologic cardiovascular remodeling: a potential therapeutic role for T-type calcium antagonists

Increased myocardial mass (cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH]) is an example of the widespread structural cardiovascular changes, often referred to as remodeling, that may be present in association with sustained high blood pressure. LVH strongly predicts myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in patients with hypertension. As a result, prevention or reversal of hypertensive LVH is widely accepted as a desirable therapeutic goal. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for remodeling are unclear, it is believed that mechanical, endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors control the remodeling process. Certain antihypertensive drugs may have particularly favorable long-term effects in that they prevent and correct these structural changes in addition to reducing arterial pressure. However, the mechanism by which they achieve these effects is not well understood. It is theorized that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors do so by preventing the generation of growth-promoting/mitogenic peptides and that beta-blockers interfere with the growth-promoting effects of catecholamines. In experimental models, the selective blockade of T-type calcium-ion (Ca2+) channels with mibefradil has been demonstrated to have antiproliferative effects in both the renal and cardiac vasculature; in patients with LVH, mibefradil reduced the left ventricular mass index. Therefore, blockade of T-type Ca2+ channels may be useful in the prevention or regression of cardiovascular remodeling. However, further research will be required before the clinical implications of these findings can be assessed.
A Readily Computable Decision Rule with Variable Dimensionality

Optimal decision strategies such as Bayes and Neyman-Pearson require the computation of likelihood ratios that are difficult to compute in all but a few special cases. In practice, unfounded assumptions are frequently made about the nature of the pattern classes so that these strategies can be used. In this correspondence suboptimal decision strategies are explored that are attractive because they are easy to compute. These offer two rather unusual advantages. If, during the operation of the classifier a measurement is undefined or too difficult to make, it is easy to alter the dimensionality of the decision rule. Furthermore, it is possible to use different sets of features for testing different classes so that dimensionality can be minimized rather easily. Normally the features used for each class are "specialists" in discriminating that class from the mixture of remaining classes.
Charge redistribution on electronic excitation. Dipole moments of cis- and trans-3-aminophenol in their S0 and S1 electronic states

Rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy in the gas phase, in the absence and presence of an applied electric field, has been used to distinguish the two conformers of 3-aminophenol (3AP) on the basis of differences in their electric dipole moments. cis-3AP has micro = 2.3 D, and trans-3AP has micro = 0.7 D, in their ground electronic states. The two observed values are approximately equal to those expected on the basis of bond dipole additivity rules. However, these rules fail to predict the large change in both the magnitude and the orientation of micro when the two conformers of 3AP absorb light. cis-3AP has micro = 3.3 D, and trans-3AP has micro = 1.7 D, in their excited S(1) electronic states; the angles of orientation of micro with respect to the a inertial axis change by 13 degrees and 38 degrees, respectively. This effect is attributed to (1)L(b)/(1)L(a) state mixing in the S(1) state.
Neural‐network‐based model approach for density of high‐molecular‐weight esters used as plasticizers

High–molecular-weight esters are frequently used to plasticize commercial polymers. Because the physical properties of the polymer matrix can be significantly modified by the type of the plasticizer that is used, these high–molecular-weight esters have been extensively investigated during the last decade. Liquid density, for example, has been found to be a useful bulk property of these liquid plasticizers, since density helps define the internal molecular flexibility. Most of the time, however, experimental difficulties prevent the accurate determination of density. Moreover, the existing empirical models are tedious because of many ill-defined parameters. In this study a simple artificial neural-network–based model was utilized for the density of these esters as a function of their chemical structure and temperature. The sum of squared error for densities predicted by this proposed model was within 0.0009. In this study, the density of a series of five different esters was investigated. These were DSEs, DDEs, TGEs, TTEs, and PTEs. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coordination of neck and hindlimb extension during the initiation of locomotion elicited by hypothalamic stimulation.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that during the initiation of stepping elicited by hypothalamic stimulation, hindlimb extension was coordinated with head extension in the sagittal plane. Chronic stimulation electrodes (monopolar stainless-steel, 125 μ m diameter) were implanted bilaterally into the perifornical hypothalamus of anaesthetized rats ( N =15) under stereotaxic control. Under freely moving and awake conditions, 18 sites which reliably elicited forward locomotion at a latency of approximately 3 s were tested in a videotaping session. The locomotor stimulation was a constant current train of 5 s duration composed of biphasic pulses at 40–50 Hz. The videotape records were digitized at a sampling rate of 6 Hz for seven points on the rat: Nose, pinnae, midpoint of inter-pinnae line, right forepaw, right hindpaw and base of tail. A characteristic pattern of coordinated movements preceded, by approximately 0.5 s, the execution of the first locomotor step. The pattern included a movement of the pelvis in the anterior or superior direction that was produced by hindlimb extension and an extension of the neck forward along the sagittal plane. There was considerable flexibility in this pattern, but it was invariant to the extent that it occurred at a variety of latencies and after several types of head movements. Associated with the coordinated extensions of the neck and hindlimbs was a lowering of the head angle which had a more variable time course. These data indicate that there is significant coupling between the systems that produce hindlimb extension and control head position when the rat prepares to step.
Promising catalyst for auto exhaust.

Lanthanum cobalt oxide as potential auto exhaust catalyst from studies of activity in gas phase
Unaltered lymphocyte subsets in hepatitis C virus-seropositive blood donors.

Lymphocyte subsets were evaluated by dual-color flow cytometry in whole blood specimens from 35 blood donors who were seropositive on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and whose sera reacted in a four-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) (referred to as the HCV+R group), 15 donors who were seropositive on ELISA for HCV with indeterminate or negative RIBA results (the HCV+I/N group), and 25 HCV-seronegative controls (HCV - group). The cell subsets assessed included natural killer cells, B cells, T cells, CD4 and CD8 subsets of T cells, and T-cell subsets defined by the coexpression of markers that appear (HLA-DR, CD25, CD38) or disappear (CD45RA) after activation. A one-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among the three study groups. These findings show that, unlike cytomegalovirus- and human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals, HCV-positive individuals do not exhibit lymphocyte alterations indicative of the immune activation caused by chronic viral infection.
Development of caprine liver quality control materials for trace element analysis of biological tissues

Certified reference materials (CRMs) are used in analytical chemistry for method validation studies in order to establish measurement accuracy, traceability, and long-term stability throughout repeated analyses. Quality control (QC) during routine analysis requires access to stable materials appropriate for the sample matrix being analyzed. However, it may be difficult to find representative, low-cost QC materials, especially for specific analytes in biological tissue matrices. Here, four caprine liver pools are prepared for use as internal QC materials for trace element measurements in biological tissue. Analytes of interest include essential and nonessential trace elements and the lanthanide series elements. The suitability of caprine liver to serve as a secondary reference material (RM), as well as for routine QC purposes, is demonstrated through homogeneity and stability measurements, and the acquisition of precision and uncertainty data. Traceability is established for selected analytes for which available CRMs can provide an unbroken chain of calibrations.
Vortical structures on a flapping wing

A wing in the form of a rectangular flat plate is subjected to periodic flapping motion. Space–time imaging provides quantitative representations of the flow structure along the wing. Regions of spanwise flow exist along the wing surface; and depending on the location along the span, the flow is either toward or away from the tip of the wing. Onset and development of large-scale, streamwise-oriented vortical structures occur at locations inboard of the tip of the wing, and they can attain values of circulation of the order of one-half the circulation of the tip vortex. Time-shifted images indicate that these streamwise vortical structures persist over a major share of the wing chord. Space–time volume constructions define the form and duration of these structures, relative to the tip vortex.
Development of tolerance to the stimulatory effect of morphine in dog intestine.

Abstract Intestinal motor responses to morphine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were measured in dogs injected daily for 16 days with morphine (stabilized at 30 mg/kg i.v.) and compared to responses obtained in control animals. Intestinal contractions produced by 10 and 20 μg/kg morphine were reduced in the morphine-treated animals. Responses to 5-HT did not differ between the two groups. The contractor dose-response curve for morphine, but not for 5-HT or bethanechol, was shifted markedly to the right in intestinal segments isolated from morphine-treated dogs. It is concluded that tolerance to the intestinal stimulatory effect of morphine occurs in the dog.
Impact of microdialysis probes on vasculature and dopamine in the rat striatum: a combined fluorescence and voltammetric study.

Measuring extracellular dopamine in the brain of living animals by means of microdialysis and/or voltammetry is a route towards understanding both normal brain function and pathology. Previous reports, however, suggest that the tissue response to implantation of devices may affect the outcome of the measurements. To address the source of the tissue response and its impact on striatal dopamine systems microdialysis probes were placed in the striatum of anesthetized rats. Images obtained by dual-label fluorescence microscopy show signs of ischemia and opening of the blood–brain barrier near the probe tracks. Opening of the blood–brain barrier was further examined by determining dialysate concentrations of carbi-DOPA, a drug that normally does not penetrate the brain. Although carbi-DOPA was recovered in brain dialysate, it did not alter dialysate dopamine levels or evoked dopamine release as measured by voltammetry near the probes. Microdialysis probes also significantly diminished the effect of intrastriatal infusion of kynurenate on extracellular dopamine levels as measured by voltammetry near the probes.
The Role of Communicating Uncertainty and Information Subsidies on News Media Representation of the Female Condom’s Efficacy

We used the framework of communicating uncertainty and information subsidies to examine the efficacy claims about the female condom Reality, regarding unplanned pregnancy and HIV/STI prevention that were made in the manufacturer’s news releases, U.S. Food and Drug Administration pre-market approval news release and in wire service stories and newspaper stories from 1992 – 1993. The efficacy claims were juxtaposed with the empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of the female condom, as well as with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Qualitative content analysis suggested that the FDA’s efficacy claims as compared to the manufacturer’s claims dominated newspaper and wire service stories during the time female condom received pre-market approval. A majority of the news articles did not present a balanced or an accurate picture of the female condom’s efficacy. The findings suggest the contested nature of the efficacy claims as evidenced by how they were represented in the news media. The study also highlights the challenges of communicating uncertainty about a medical device when scientists themselves seem to disagree on the manageability of the uncertainty.
Greening the service industries: A case study of a United States engineering consulting firm

The shift towards service based economic growth in developed countries is typically viewed positively with respect to environmental impact. Research in the past decade, however, has shown that service industries actually account for a large portion of environmental loadings in terms of emissions and energy use. Recently, more research has focused upon the development of tools and methods to properly assess the impacts of service industries. This paper discusses the environmental and economic performance of one service based company, a civil engineering consulting firm. This analysis employed a hybrid-based life cycle assessment (LCA) model to analyze the impacts of the aforementioned case study firm. The evaluation also included an energy audit, waste audit, and a personnel survey. This paper primarily focuses on the findings and results of the energy and waste audits, the survey, and the LCA as well as programs and initiatives that came as a result of the study. The findings point to both the difficulty and the importance of improving staff awareness of the environmental impacts associated with their work habits.
Exposure assessment using high spatial resolution hyperspectral (HSRH) imagery

This special issue reports the findings of a specialist workshop held in the summer of 2000, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This introduction provides background information on HSRH imagery, briefly describes the major ways in which remote sensing data have been used previously for exposure assessment, presents the salient findings of the workshop, and places the papers resulting from the workshop within the context of these findings. It concludes with a description of a ground-truthed, HSRH data set that was used by several of the researchers to evaluate and compare their methods.
Models for the Formation and Evolution of Spherical Galaxies

Detailed dynamical model calculations based on a conventional collapse picture of galaxy formation, and conventional assumptions concerning star formation and stellar evolution, are found to be able to reproduce satisfactorily the basic structural and photometric properties of elliptical galaxies. The quasar phenomenon may be identifiable with the formation of the nucleus of a giant elliptical galaxy.
GIMSAN: a Gibbs motif finder with significance analysis

UNLABELLED: We present GIMSAN (GIbbsMarkov with Significance ANalysis): a novel tool for de novo motif finding. GIMSAN combines GibbsMarkov, our variant of the Gibbs Sampler, described here for the first time, with our recently introduced significance analysis. AVAILABILITY: GIMSAN is currently available as a web application and a stand-alone application on Unix and PBS (Portable Batch System) cluster through links from http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~keich.
Magnetic resonance imaging provides spatial resolution of Chilling Injury in Micro-Tom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor internal changes in harvested tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom) fruit. Measurements of ethylene evolution, respiration, and ion leakage indicated that the fruit developed chilling injury (CI) after storage at 0. °C. Unlike these measurements, MRI provided spatially resolved data. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which is an indication of water mobility in tissues, was calculated from MRIs of the different parts of the fruit. Storage for 1 or 2 weeks at 0. °C caused no difference in the ADCs (D-values) in the pericarp, but it did lead to higher values in the inner tissues i.e., the columella and locular region compared to non-chilled fruit (P< 0.05). Changes in inner fruit D-values after 1 and 2 weeks of chilling at 0. °C were similar to changes in respiration, ethylene production and ion leakage which increased (P< 0.05) compared to the non-chilled controls. Most CI studies of tomato fruit used pericarp tissue. Our data indicate that columella tissue changes occur in response to chilling injury in tomato fruit and suggest that more caution is needed when interpreting data from experiments commonly used to study this phenomenon. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Immunotherapy for Invasive Mold Disease in Severely Immunosuppressed Patients

Response to systemic antifungal therapy alone remains disproportionately less satisfactory in immunosuppressed transplant and oncology patients. As insight in fungal immunopathogenesis forges ahead, interventions for boosting immune functions along with antimicrobial drugs has shown promise in preclinical experiments. The clinical experience with immunotherapy for invasive mold disease is limited. Most studies have involved small numbers of patients at a single institution or data collected retrospectively. An overview of various facts of immune modulatory drug intervention is presented, including major considerations in antifungal immunotherapy in immunosuppressed patients. Patients in whom immunotherapy is being considered must be critically evaluated to identify the underlying immune defects, including treatment-induced immunosuppression. Antifungal immunotherapy is appealing; however, before routine clinical use is recommended, well-designed prospective comparative clinical trials are urgently needed.
Finite element evaluation of mixed mode stress intensity factors in functionally graded materials

This paper is directed towards finite element computation of fracture parameters in functionally graded material (FGM) assemblages of arbitrary geometry with stationary cracks. Graded finite elements are developed where the elastic moduli are smooth functions of spatial co-ordinates which are integrated into the element stiffness matrix. In particular, stress intensity factors for mode I and mixed-mode two-dimensional problems are evaluated and compared through three different approaches tailored for FGMs: path-independent J*k-integral, modified crack-closure integral method, and displacement correlation technique. The accuracy of these methods is discussed based on comparison with available theoretical, experimental or numerical solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived Community Cohesion and the Stress Process in Youth

Using survey data from two youth samples, one rural and one urban, we examine the role and significance of perceived community cohe- sion in the stress process. In particular, we assess the extent to which com- munity attachment and detachment are related to depressed mood, problem substance use, and delinquency net of social statuses, stress exposure, and personal attributes. In addition, we explore the degree to which those dimen- sions of community cohesion explain or condition the links between the above stress-process components (e.g., social statuses, stress exposure, and personal attributes) and well-being. We find remarkably similar results across samples: community attachment is related to lower odds of problem sub- stance use and delinquency; community detachment is related to higher levels of depressed mood, problem substance use, and delinquency; and community attachment buffers the link between stress and problem sub- stance use. With respect to depressed mood, however, the rural youth show greater vulnerability to stress than the urban youth and unique benefits from community attachment compared to the latter. Our findings highlight the roles of community attachment and detachment in the stress process and underscore the importance of each for youth well-being in rural and urban settings.
Preorder searching in academic libraries: A bibliographic essay

The last 20 years of Library Literature and Library and Information Science Abstracts were examined for references to preorder and order searching. Twenty-three references were found, and twenty-one reviewed. A concern common to many of the articles was the development of an optimum or least-cost search sequence. Further research needs were identified, including the need for empirical data to support a definition of adequate information and the need for more broadly based samples to reflect overall acquisition practices in academic libraries.
Io: Heat flow from dark volcanic fields

Abstract Dark flow fields on the jovian satellite Io are evidence of current or recent volcanic activity. We have examined the darkest volcanic fields and quantified their thermal emission in order to assess their contribution to Io’s total heat flow. Loki Patera, the largest single source of heat flow on Io, is a convenient point of reference. We find that dark volcanic fields are more common in the hemisphere opposite Loki Patera and this large scale concentration is manifested as a maximum in the longitudinal distribution (near ∼200 °W), consistent with USGS global geologic mapping results. In spite of their relatively cool temperatures, dark volcanic fields contribute almost as much to Io’s heat flow as Loki Patera itself because of their larger areal extent. As a group, dark volcanic fields provide an asymmetric component of ∼5% of Io’s global heat flow or ∼5 × 1012 W.
Ultrafine and respirable particle exposure during vehicle fire suppression

Vehicle fires are a common occurrence, yet few studies have reported exposures associated with burning vehicles. This article presents an assessment of firefighters' potential for ultrafine and respirable particle exposure during vehicle fire suppression training. Fires were initiated within the engine compartment and passenger cabins of three salvaged vehicles, with subsequent water suppression by fire crews. Firefighter exposures were monitored with an array of direct reading particle and air quality instruments. A flexible metallic duct and blower drew contaminants to the instrument array, positioned at a safe distance from the burning vehicles, with the duct inlet positioned at the nozzle operator's shoulder. The instruments measured the particle number, active surface area, respirable particle mass, photoelectric response, aerodynamic particle size distributions, and air quality parameters. Although vehicle fires were suppressed quickly (<10 minutes), firefighters may be exposed to short duration, high particle concentration episodes during fire suppression, which are orders of magnitude greater than the ambient background concentration. A maximum transient particle concentration of 1.21 × 10(7) particles per cm(3), 170 mg m(-3) respirable particle mass, 4700 μm(2) cm(-3) active surface area and 1400 (arbitrary units) in photoelectric response were attained throughout the series of six fires. Expressed as fifteen minute time-weighted averages, engine compartment fires averaged 5.4 × 10(4) particles per cm(3), 0.36 mg m(-3) respirable particle mass, 92 μm(2) cm(-3) active particle surface area and 29 (arbitrary units) in photoelectric response. Similarly, passenger cabin fires averaged 2.04 × 10(5) particles per cm(3), 2.7 mg m(-3) respirable particle mass, 320 μm(2) cm(-3) active particle surface area, and 34 (arbitrary units) in photoelectric response. Passenger cabin fires were a greater potential source of exposure than engine compartment fires. The wind direction and the relative position of the fire crew to the stationary burning vehicle played a primary role in fire crews' potential for exposure. We recommend that firefighters wear self-contained breathing apparatus during all phases of the vehicle fire response to significantly reduce their potential for particulate, vapor, and gaseous exposures.
Comparison of the University of California–Los Angeles Shoulder Scale and the Simple Shoulder Test With the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index: Single-Administration Reliability and Validity

Background and Purpose. Shoulder scales are often used to evaluate treatment efficacy, yet little is known about the psychometric properties of these scales. Only one scale has undergone psychometric scrutiny: the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). This study compared 2 shoulder measures—the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Scale and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST)—with the SPADI. Subjects. One hundred ninety-two patients with shoulder disorders were recruited from one physician's office to complete the self-report sections of the 3 scales. Methods. Cronbach alpha values and standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated for each of the multi-item subscales. Validity was examined through calculation of correlation coefficients among the 3 scales. Factor analysis was completed to assess the underlying constructs of the SPADI and the SST. Results. Cronbach alpha values ranged from .85 to .95. The SEM values for the multi-item scales ranged from 4.75 to 11.65. Evidence for validity to reflect function was indicated by the correlation between the SST and the SPADI disability subscale. The factor analysis of the SPADI revealed loading on 1 factor, whereas the SST loaded on 2 factors. Conclusion and Discussion. All scales demonstrated good internal consistency, suggesting that all items for each scale measure the same construct. However, the SEMs for all scales were high. Factor loading was inconsistent, suggesting that patients may not distinguish between pain and function.
Structural damage detection and localization using NETSHM

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an important application area for wireless sensor networks. SHM techniques attempt to autonomously detect and localize damage in large civil structures. Structural engineers often implement and test SHM algorithms in a higher level language such as C/Matlab. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of NETSHM, a sensor network system that allows structural engineers to program SHM applications in Mat-lab or C at a high level of abstraction. In particular, structural engineers do not have to understand the intricacies of wireless networking, or the details of sensor data acquisition. We have implemented a damage detection technique and a damage localization technique on a complete NETSHM prototype. Our experiments on small and medium-scale structures show that NETSHM is able to detect and localized damage perfectly with very few false-positives and no false negatives, and that it is robust even in realistic wireless environments.
On the information content of soil reflectance spectra

Abstract High resolution (.01 μm) reflectance spectra from more than 500 soils are analyzed to determine spectral variability in a portion of the visible and near infrared (0.55–2.32 μm), using a procedure previously developed for study of thermal infrared spectra. Four high spectral resolution basis vectors are sufficient to describe 99.6% of the spectral variability of the data set, with residual variability probably associated with the measurement process and instrument noise. Four broadband spectral measurements at .93–1.13 μm, 2.03–2.31 μm, .63–.74 μm, and 1.61–1.80 μm, together with a priori knowledge of the fitting vectors, are sufficient to describe the spectra of the soils studied.
Moraxella catarrhalis Strain O35E Expresses Two Filamentous Hemagglutinin-Like Proteins That Mediate Adherence to Human Epithelial Cells

Two-partner secretion (TPS) systems are a family of proteins being rapidly identified and characterized in a growing number of gram-negative bacteria. TPS systems mediate the secretion of proteins, many involved in virulence traits such as hemolysis, adherence to epithelial cells, inhibition of bacterial growth, and immunomodulation of the host. A TPS system typically consists of a transporter located in the bacterial outer membrane (OM) which is responsible for the recognition and secretion of at least one large exoprotein. Two of the better-characterized TPS systems specify the Bordetella pertussis FHA and Haemophilus influenzae HMW1/HMW2 proteins. We identified three gene products of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E that resemble TPS proteins and designated them MhaC (transporter), MhaB1 (exoprotein), and MhaB2 (exoprotein). Western blot analysis using anti-MhaC, or antibodies reacting to both MhaB1 and MhaB2 (MhaB-reactive), revealed that these antigens are expressed in the OM of 63% of isolates tested. Mutations in the mhaC gene specifying the putative transporter of the M. catarrhalis wild-type strains O35E, O12E, and McGHS1 resulted in the absence of MhaB1/MhaB2 in the OM of mutants. These results are therefore consistent with the Mha proteins functioning as a TPS system. Furthermore, we discovered that these mhaC mutants exhibit markedly decreased binding to human epithelial cells relevant to pathogenesis by M. catarrhalis (Chang, HEp2, A549, and/or 16HBE14o−). Expression of O12E MhaC and MhaB1 in a nonadherent strain of Escherichia coli was found to increase the adherence of recombinant bacteria to HEp2 monolayers by sevenfold, thereby demonstrating that this M. catarrhalis TPS system directly mediates binding to human epithelial cells. The construction of isogenic mutants in the mhaB1 and mhaB2 genes of strain O35E also suggests that the MhaB proteins play distinct roles in M. catarrhalis adherence.
Measurement Issues: Reliability and Validity

Abstract The reliability and validity of measurements are important no matter what methods are used or for what purpose an evaluation of health promotion interventions is undertaken. Self-reports of health attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes are frequently suspected to have low reliability and validity. The precision, replicability, sensitivity to change, and accuracy of measures should be assessed in health promotion evaluations. Instruments and measures with known reliability and validity should be used. If new measures are developed, emphasis should go on the validity of the measures. Care should be taken to ensure that measures are applied consistently to all program participants. Only through careful attention to these measurement aspects will health promotion evaluations advance the field.
Successful Repair of a Transected Phrenic Nerve with Restoration of Diaphragmatic Function

This report describes the feasibility of restoring motor function of the diaphragm by early repair of a transected phrenic nerve, and discusses causes and consequences of phrenic nerve damage.
Closing the seed dispersal loop

Abstract Seed dispersal links the end of the reproductive cycle of adult plants with the establishment of their offspring, and is widely accepted to have a profound effect on vegetation structure. Confirming and quantifying this effect, however, has proven to be a challenge. Recent research on animal-mediated seed dispersal has brought us closer to this goal: ecologists have been explicitly examining the processes that mediate seed deposition and seedling recruitment. Exciting new techniques, such as the analysis of stable isotope ratios and molecular genetic markers, are making it possible to relate dispersed seeds and seedlings back to parent plants. Meanwhile, evidence from plant demography research is revealing that seed dispersal might have an important role in determining patterns of tree diversity and distribution. The continued synergy between seed dispersal research and the study of plant demography should help researchers link seed dispersal and adult vegetation structure, closing the seed dispersal loop.
Upon systems of recursions which obtain among the quotients of the Padé table

Abstract : A simple relationship between five contiguous entries in the Pade table is derived. Properties of this relationship are discussed. (Author)
Oculomotor Control: Anatomical Pathways

Voluntary eye movements serve to shift the center of gaze from one point of interest to another in an individual’s surroundings (saccadic eye movements) or to maintain the image of a moving object on the fovea so it can be tracked accurately with the eyes (pursuit eye movements). These two types of eye movements are controlled by largely separate neural circuits, although there is some overlap. Both classes of eye movements are controlled at the highest level by cortico-cortical networks which project to generally separate structures in the brain stem but project to similar regions in the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
HDAC inhibitors and chaperone function

Cellular chaperones promote the folding and maturation of newly synthesized proteins and partially folded proteins in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as prevent the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyl transferases catalyze the reversible acetylation of histones and nonhistone substrates to control the epigenetic and transcriptomic landscape of normal and tumor cells. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors results in the hyperacetylation of chaperones including heat shock protein (hsp)90, hsp70, hsp40, and the ER-resident hsp70 homolog, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which affects their function. HDAC inhibitor-mediated deregulation of chaperone function, in turn, deregulates protein homeostasis and induces protein misfolding and proteotoxic stress. In the context of tumors which are particularly dependent on functional chaperones for maintaining protein homeostasis, HDAC inhibitors tip the balance toward lethal proteotoxic and ER stress. In this chapter, we describe HDAC inhibitor-induced hyperacetylation of major chaperones and its implication for the use of HDAC inhibitors in the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors.
Damaged goods?: an empirical cohort study of blood specimens collected 12 to 23 hours after birth in newborn screening in California

The current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standard recommends blood collection from 24 to 48 hours after birth for newborn genetic disorder screening. We used California population-level data to determine whether early specimens (collected from 12 to 23 hours) would also be considered satisfactory based on screening performance. Screening data from California Genetic Disease Screening Program were analyzed for false-negative and false-positive rates in four disease categories: metabolic disorders detectable by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS); congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); congenital hypothyroidism (CH); and initial immune reactive trypsinogen (IRT) for cystic fibrosis (CF). We compared the rates between the early-collection group (12 to 23 hours) and the standard-collection group (24 to 48 hours). No significant difference of false-negative rate was detected between the two collection-timing groups. Early specimens had a significantly higher false-positive rate for CH (0.10 vs. 0.01%) and IRT (1.85 vs. 1.54%) but a lower false-positive rate for MSMS metabolic disorders (0.11 vs. 0.18%) and CAH (0.10 vs. 0.14%). Newborn specimens collected after 12 hours provided satisfactory screening performance. A policy allowing earlier collection could improve timeliness of reporting screening results. Genet Med 18 3, 259–264.
Distribution of aquaporin-4 water channel expression within rat kidney

The aquaporins are a family of transmembrane proteins that function as molecular water channels. Recently, a mercurial-insensitive water channel [MIWC or aquaporin-4 (AQP4)] has been cloned, and it...
Changing patterns of cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States.

Evidence for the decline in cardiovascular mortality in the United States over the past 20 years is presented. Some hypotheses concerning the reasons for this decline are considered with special emphasis on the possible role of changes in diet and lipid levels. The importance of improved medical services and modified life-styles is also noted. (ANNOTATION)
CuInSe2 (CIS) thin films prepared from amorphous Cu-In-Se nanoparticle precursors for solar cell application.

CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber layers for thin film solar cells were formed via a nonvacuum route using nanoparticle precursors. A low-temperature colloidal process was used to prepare nanoparticles by which amorphous Cu–In–Se nanoparticles were formed within 1 min of reaction without any external heating. Raman spectra of the particles revealed that they were presumably mixtures of amorphous Cu–Se and In–Se binaries. Selenization of the precursor film prepared by doctor blade coating of the Cu–In–Se nanoparticles resulted in a facile growth of the particles up to micrometer scale. However, it also left large voids in the final film, which acted as short circuiting paths in completed solar cells. To solve this problem, we applied a solution-filling treatment in which a solution containing Cu and In ions was additionally coated onto the precoated nanoparticles, resulting in a complete infiltration of the filler solution into the pores in the nanoparticles based film. By this approach, short circuiting of the devic...
Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. IX. Poliomyelitis.

Poliomyelitis is an acute viral disease primarily afflicting children. It can be very mild, permanently crippling, or fatal. In the developed nations, poliomyelitis is controlled by the use of trivalent vaccines: killed virus administered by injection and/or attenuated virus administered orally. The latter is cheaper. A combination of the two may be required in some tropical countries. In many developing nations poliomyelitis remains endemic and prevalent, especially in children; 37,747 cases were reported to the World Health Organization in 1979, but greater than 200,000 cases probably occurred. Socioeconomic improvement and public health measures (i.e., immunizations) remain the major strategies for control. While global eradication may be a more distant goal, poliomyelitis could be controlled better. Effective programs for control include safe, efficacious, and inexpensive vaccines; methods for successful management of vaccine delivery systems; commitment and training of health personnel; public education; commitment of funds; and research to improve vaccines and their delivery. The major obstacle to control of poliomyelitis is failure to immunize an adequate number of susceptible children. Development of strategies for immunization is crucial to elimination of poliomyelitis as a major world health problem.
Radiation of Early Cenozoic Didymoconidae (Condylarthra, Mesonychia) in Asia, with a New Genus from the Early Eocene of Western North America

A new genus and species of carnivorous mammal is described from early Eocene (Wasatchian) sediments of the Clark's Fork and Bighorn Basins in northwestern Wyoming. The new form has cheek teeth most closely resembling those of Asian Didymoconidae; however, it retains a full complement of four premolars and three molars. A new subfamily is proposed for primitive generalized didymoconids including the Wyoming genus and, tentatively, Mongoloryctes . Didymoconines Archaeoryctes, Hunanictis, Ardynictis , and Didymoconus , ranging from the late Paleocene to Oligocene in Central Asia, represent a radiation characterized by loss of P11 and M33 with progressive simplification of the remaining cheek teeth. The Wyoming didymoconid is known only from early Wasatchian faunas. This restricted temporal distribution, together with its systematic affinities, suggests that the Wyoming form was a short-lived North American immigrant representing a group whose principal radiation occurred in Asia. The Wyoming form is one of the oldest and most primitive didymoconids. Among Paleocene mammals it most closely resembles Yantanglestes conexus , an early mesonychid from the middle(?) Paleocene of South China, suggesting that didymoconids and mesonychids may share a common ancestry. Didymoconidae are provisionally classified with Mesonychidae in the order Condylarthra.
The Effect of Polymers on Ceramic Suspension Rheology and Green Component Properties

Ceramic suspensions were formulated based on an alumina/plasticized-polymer system. The total polymer volume in suspension was held constant, while the relative amount of high-to-low molecular weight polyvinyl butyral (PVB) in suspension was varied. Experiments were performed to elucidate the effects of polymer molecular weight and distribution on the rheological properties of these casting suspensions as well as on the green microstructure of tape-cast components. The polymer properties affected not only the suspension viscosity at a given shear rate as expected, but also the shear thinning behavior of each suspension. Tapes (thickness ≈ 250 μm) were cast from these suspensions and their properties were evaluated. Pore volume, a measure of the packing efficiency, was found to depend strongly on the polymer molecular weight and distribution. In addition, preliminary lamination studies revealed that dimensional stability and anisotropy were also affected by the relative amount of high-to-low molecular weight PVB. A direct correlation was shown to exist between the shear thinning behavior of these suspensions and the resulting dimensional anisotropy exhibited by the tapes cast from each of them. These results demonstrate that polymeric aids influence not only the suspension rheology, but the green component microstructure as well, and, hence, are an integral aspect of ceramic processing.
Fate and distribution of Fe59 labelled ferrocyanide in humans and dogs.

Summary1) The fate and distribution of Fe59 tagged ferrocyanide were evaluated in humans and dogs. 2) The tracer could not be detected in red blood cells, gastric juice, saliva or feces. 3) The apparent volume of distribution of the tagged ferrocyanide was frequently smaller than the assumed extracellular space, and in 3 instances was less than the simultaneously measured inulin space. 4) In vitro binding to plasma albumin was demonstrated by electrophoretic and protein precipitation technics. 5) Because of its binding to plasma protein and rapid excretion by the kidneys, radioactive ferrocyanide is considered unsuitable as a measure of extracellular fluid.
A New Teaching Idea in Principles of MCU Course

Aiming at the confusion of traditional teaching in Principles of MCU,that"the project carrier,task-driven"teaching ideas.Knowledge of relevant teaching material points into every aspect of the project to go forward with projects step by step,in order to achieve the project purpose,be decomposed into a series of tasks to complete the task as the driving force to drive the students.Finally,the case to achieve validation.The teaching ideas to improve the skills of the students,it is worth promoting.