cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the evolution of dependency between demands, with application to inventory planning

This article shows that the progressive realization of uncertain demands across successive discrete time periods through additive or multiplicative forecast updates results in the evolution of the conditional covariance of demand in addition to its conditional mean. A dynamic inventory model with forecast updates is used to illustrate the application of the proposed method. It is shown that the optimal inventory policy depends on conditional covariances, and a model without information updates is used to quantify the benefit of using the available forecast information in the presence of additive forecast updates. The proposed approach yields significant reductions in system costs and is applicable to a wide range of production and inventory models. It is also shown that the proposed approach can be extended to the case of multiplicative forecast updates and directions for future work are suggested.
The development, performance, and potential application of the copper halide laser

The copper halide laser (CHL) is an efficient gas discharge laser that emits short pulses at two discrete wavelengths in the yellow and green spectral region. The laser pulse results from transitions in excited copper atoms. The CHL has produced pulses of up to 10 mJ in a double-pulsed mode at low repetition rates and has been operated at very high repetition rates (8 to over 35 kHz) in a continuously pulsed mode with a maximum average-power of 15 watts. In this paper, the development of the copper halide laser is reviewed along with a brief description of the copper laser operating principles. In the final section, a number of applications of the CHL are identified.
p53+/mdm2− Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma in Young Children: An Early Expression of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

The spectrum of lipomatous tumors differs in the adult and pediatric populations, with liposarcoma being rare in children. Nearly 10% of individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome develop sarcomas in the first 2 decades of life; however, the frequency of sarcoma types and subtypes in this syndrome is unknown. Two atypical lipomatous tumors/well-differentiated liposarcomas (ALT/WDLS) were identified in the pathology files of our institution in young children from "classical" Li-Fraumeni and Li-Fraumeni variant kindreds with a known germline TP53 mutation (Y220C) in one of the families. The patients were 5 and 6 years of age and the ALT/WDLSs were the first expression of the syndrome. The tumors had a high degree of cellular atypia and differed from sporadic ALT/WDLS by strong nuclear immunoreactivity for p53 and absent mdm2 expression. This is the first report of 2 ALT/WDLSs presenting in children before 10 years of age, both in association with Li-Fraumeni syndrome/variant. ALT/WDLS in a young child should raise the possibility of a cancer predisposition syndrome and, in this setting, the p53(+)/mdm2(-) immunophenotype might be characteristic. Recognition of this lesion and its association is important for early diagnosis and subsequent tumor surveillance in the proband and affected family members.
When mathematics meets anthropology: The need for interdisciplinary dialogue

At first glance, mathematics and anthropology would appear to have little in common, but in Mathematical Enculturation: A cultural perspective on mathematical education, Alan J. Bishop (1988a) has creatively combined the two disciplines to make an important point: that anthropology is a useful tool for understanding the transmission of mathematical knowledge in today's culture. This anthropological dimension is too often lacking in the educational research field and it is refreshing to see it put to use in Bishop's discussion of the culture of mathematics, not only in this recent book but in a later article on mathematics education in its cultural context (Bishop, 1988b). Interdisciplinary dialogue, however, often poses problems, not only for the author but for critics of such works. For example, reviews of Bishop's work (Chevallard, 1990; Stigler, 1989), while emphasizing the strengths and weaknesses of the pedagogical intent, tend to view the anthropological perspective with uncritical curiosity. Leaving, therefore, the mathematical issues to the educational experts, this review concentrates on the anthropological framework used by Bishop to inform his argument for the inclusion of culture in mathematics teaching. Unlike many educators, as well as mathematicians, Bishop is concerned with placing mathematics in a cultural context, rather than approaching it as a discrete, isolated entity removed from the "real" world. His crosscultural review of mathematics is extensive and persuasively demonstrates that counting systems of one type or another exist in nearly every known culture, as well as at least six "universal" activities by which mathematics is conceptualized and defined pan-culturally: counting, measuring, locating, designing, playing, and explaining. Although other activities may exist, Bishop contends that these six argue for a universal development of the "6symbolic technology" known as mathematics; and his book may well represent the first endeavour to define mathematics as a pan-cultural phenomenon. Bishop's concern is, quite rightly, with the way mathematics is currently taught or, rather, with the failure in the way mathematics is taught. He
The First Spectrum of Copper (Cu I)

An analysis of the first spectrum of copper is given which identifies in some detail all the predictable types of electron structure. The spectrum is unique in having many more identified levels above the point of easiest ionization than below. Auto-ionization is therefore the rule rather than the exception. There are a great many series converging to complex limits and showing various degrees of perturbation. The peculiar behaviour of some groups of series is described in detail.
An overview of MiniJava

This paper describes the implementation of MiniJava, a teaching-oriented programming language closely based on the Java language developed by Sun Microsystems [6]. The core of the MiniJava environment is a restricted subset of the standard Java release and is designed to reduce the intimidation factor introductory students experience when they encounter a system as large as the Java environment. The paper outlines the particular restrictions and extensions that define MiniJava along with pedagogical justifications for each.
Extended exposure to continuous low intensity light abolishes the photosensitivity of retinal dopamine neurons

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups. One group (experimental) was housed for 6 months in continuous low intensity light while the other (control) was exposed to standard 14 hr light: 10 hr dark cyclic lighting conditions for the entire time. For both the control and experimental groups the light intensity was 350–700 Lux. After 6 months, the experimental rats were returned to cyclic lighting. At one week and again at 2 months the light aversion behavior of all rats was tested in a light/dark test box. The experimental rats chose the dark side of the box only 58% of the time while control animals preferred the dark 79% of the time. Since rats normally are nocturnal and avoid light, these results suggest that the experimental rats may have permanently lost a functionally significant portion of the ability to detect light. After the second behavioral test all rats were dark adapted and 15 hr later the effect of short term (30 or 60 min) exposure to light on DA turnover in one retina from each rat was assessed. The other retina from each rat was fixed and examined histologically. Light significantly enhanced the α methyl-p-tyrosine induced decline of DA in the retinas of the control rats but exerted no similar effect in the experimental animals. The retinal DA contents of the experimental rats were substantially depleted. Histological examination suggested that the outer nuclear layers of the experimental retinas were more severly damaged than those from rats exposed to continuous light for 4 months but still contained a few pycnotic photoreceptor nuclei and nearly normal looking inner neural layers. These results indicate that extended exposure to light eventually abolishes light aversion behavior and at this time there is also a loss of the photosensitivity of the dopaminergic amacrine neurons.
A novel eigenfunction expansion solution for three-dimensional crack problems

Abstract A novel eigenfunction expansion method is developed to obtain three-dimensional asymptotic stress fields in the vicinity of the front of a semi-infinite crack. The present method is relatively easy to implement, and is also computationally more efficient in the sense that it does not need to resort to either iterative schemes or more complicated analytical techniques such as the (Lure Al. Three dimension problems of the theory of elasticity. New York: Interscience, 1964.) symbolic method to solve the system of three coupled partial differential equations of three-dimensional elasticity theory. Explicit expressions for singular stress fields in the neighborhood of the front of a semi-infinite crack are derived in the paper. The order of stress singularity thus computed is compared with counterparts developed by earlier investigators. The primary goal of this study is to settle the controversy that has existed during the last quarter of a century as regards the order of stress singularity at the three-dimensional crack front. Additionally, the relationship between the strain–energy release rate and the stress–intensity factor is investigated from a three-dimensional standpoint Furthermore, numerical results pertaining to development of plastic yield zone ahead of the front of a semi-infinite crack are also obtained.
Tensile strength of arterial prosthetic anastomoses

Abstract A method of accurately measuring the tensile strength of an arterial prosthetic anastomosis is described. By performing one anastomosis with an absorbable suture and the other with a Dacron suture, the contribution of fibrous tissue ingrowth and encapsulation was separately measured 4.5 months following implantation and was found to be only one-half as strong as the permanently sutured anastomosis. We concluded from the study that a permanent suture was ultimately the most important factor in anastomotic tensile strength because of the two-fold increase in tensile strength over fibrous tissue alone, and the fact that the anastomosis with permanent sutures was stronger than the artery itself. When the graft was removed no collagenase was found at the anastomosis, suggesting that collagen at the graft-artery interface is relatively stable and that little or no collagen turnover is taking place.
“Drunkorexia”: Exploring the Who and Why of a Disturbing Trend in College Students’ Eating and Drinking Behaviors

Abstract. Objective: “Drunkorexia,” limiting food intake before alcohol consumption, increases college students’ risk for negative alcohol-related health consequences. The current study tested whether (1) women engage in drunkorexia more frequently than men; (2) weight control motivations explain sex differences in drunkorexia; and (3) among women, weight control motivations are a particularly strong predictor of drunkorexia for heavier drinkers. Participants: Undergraduate males and females (N = 63) recruited during fall of 2011. Methods: Participants self-reported their alcohol consumption, drunkorexia, and weight control motivations online. Results: Findings supported hypotheses: weight control motivations explained why women engage in drunkorexia more than men; and the weight control motivation → drunkorexia relation was strongest for heavier- (vs lighter-) drinking women. Conclusion: Women have more weight concerns than men, which makes them more likely to engage in drunkorexia. Heavy-drinking women ...
Understanding Alcoholics Anonymous as a Spiritual Fellowship: From Individual to Social Structure

Clinicians' understanding of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is generally based on their subjective response to encounters with patients, rather than on empirical research. In an effort to improve on this, this article presents a model of AA's operation that draws on diverse, scientifically grounded disciplines: social psychology, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, sociobiology, and sociology. Findings from these respective disciplines are presented to clarify how social support initially influences an individual's induction into the program, and how the social structure of the fellowship can be framed from an empirical perspective. Integration of a model of AA along these lines can help in framing how it succeeds in stabilizing long-term recovery in its adherents, and how its psychological and sociologic underpinnings have assured its continuity over time.
Exercise capacity in pediatric heart transplant candidates: Is there any role for the 14 ml/kg/min guideline?

A peak oxygen consumption (VO2) of < 14 ml/kg/min has been identified as a predictor of l-year mortality in adults with congestive heart failure (CHF) and is used as a criterion for listing for cardiac transplantation (OHT). The role of VO2 measurement in children awaiting OHT has not been thoroughly evaluated. We sought to assess the degree of exercise impairment and the clinical applicability of the 14 ml/kg/min rule in children awaiting OHT. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPT) and cardiac catheterization data in all patients listed for OHT during the period of 1995-2003 were reviewed. Fourteen patients with a mean age of 15.5 +/- 2.9 years underwent CPT with no serious adverse events at an interval of 6.6 +/- 5.1 months prior to OHT. The etiology of CHF was multifactorial. Patients had impaired aerobic capacity with a mean peak VO2 of 20.4 +/- 6.8 ml/kg/min. Eleven of 14 patients (79%) had a peak VO2 higher than the adult cutoff value of 14 ml/kg/min. Pediatric ambulatory patients with CHF can safely undergo CPT. Because of age-related differences in oxygen consumption and varied etiologies of CHF a peak VO2 of < 14 ml/kg/min is not a useful criterion for listing for OHT in this population.
Visual islands: intuitive browsing of visual search results

The amount of available digital multimedia has seen exponential growth in recent years. While advances have been made in the indexing and searching of images and videos, less focus has been given to aiding users in the interactive exploration of large datasets. In this paper a new framework, called visual islands, is proposed that reorganizes image query results from an initial search or even a general photo collection using a fast, non-global feature projection to compute 2D display coordinates. A prototype system is implemented and evaluated with three core goals: fast browsing, intuitive display, and non-linear exploration. Using the TRECVID2005[15] dataset, 10 users evaluated the goals over 24 topics. Experiments show that users experience improved comprehensibility and achieve a significant page-level precision improvement with the visual islands framework over traditional paged browsing.
Rethinking the mythic presidency

Changes in technology, as well as in the structure of news organizations, have eroded the basis for the traditional style of American presidential leadership— the mythic presidency. The mythic presidency has been a consistent theme in the public perception of the American presidency. Consequently, much of the literature on American presidential leadership stresses the importance of qualities such as “strength” and “charisma.” However, technological and organizational changes introduced throughout the 1980s have eroded much of the basis of myth creation. Specifically, the erosion of the “private sphere” in the presidency, coupled with the dramatic changes originating with the wave of media mergers and takeovers in the 1980s and culminating in the current state of ratings‐driven “infotainment,” has radically altered the efficacy of traditional styles of presidential leadership. Within this context it is no longer feasible to maintain leadership in the style of the mythic presidency.
Identification of New Sources of Resistance in Winter Wheat to Multiple Strains of Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa.

Abstract Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, has re-emerged as an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the United States. Planting resistant varieties is the best approach to manage BLS in the absence of effective bactericides. However, most of the wheat varieties currently grown in the Upper Midwest of the United States appeared to be susceptible to BLS. From the core subset of the USDA National Small Grain Collection (NSGC), a set of 605 winter wheat accessions of diverse origin and improvement status were initially inoculated with a virulent strain BLSW16 of X. translucens pv. undulosa from Casselton, ND on the flag leaf of each plant in a greenhouse. Disease reactions were assessed between 7 and 10 days after infiltration using a 0 to 6 rating scale, where ≤2.0 was considered resistant and >2.1 was considered susceptible. Resistance varied with geographic origin and was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more frequent in accessions from North America compare...
Model-based optimization of consolidation processing

Abstract The performance of fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites (TMC) made by consolidation of spray deposited monotapes is strongly influenced by the processing conditions used. This high temperature consolidation step must simultaneously increase the relative density while minimizing fiber microbending/fracture and the interfacial reaction product layers at the fiber–matrix interface. These three microstructural variables have conflicting dependencies upon the consolidation process variables (temperature, pressure and time), and it has been difficult to experimentally identify process pathways that lead to composites of acceptable quality (where the fiber damage and the reaction layer thickness are kept below some bounds, while matrix porosity is eliminated). Here, models for predicting the microstructure's dependence upon process conditions (i.e. the time varying temperature and pressure) are combined with consolidation equipment dynamics to simulate the microstructure evolution. We then introduce the idea of process failure surfaces and show how a model predictive control algorithm, is able to design `locally' optimal process cycles that minimize fiber damage, reaction product layer thickness and porosity. As an example, we explore the planning of process schedules that process failure surfaces for several TMC systems.
Stress Determination in Opaque Materials

A procedure is described for determining the stress profile in a plate from length changes during etching. Data for a tempered glass plate and an ion-exchanged glass-ceramic are given.
Non-Optical Characterization Techniques For Optical Coatings

In the various phases of the development, production, and use of optical thin film coatings, it is vital to choose proper materials not only with respect to their optical properties but just as essential with respect to their environmental durability. If envi-ronmental tests reveal failures in optical coatings, this may be due to interactions between the layers and/or between the substrate and the first layer. Such interactions can be established and analyzed by depth profiling using electron- and/or ion-beam methods. Empha-sis must be placed on the practicability of these analysis methods with dielectric coatings where difficulties may sometimes arise because of decomposition, diffusion or intermixing, and charging effects during analysis.
Targeting apoptosis in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer was diagnosed in more than 180,000 men in the year 2000. 2 Despite initial local therapy with surgery or radiation, many patients experience recurrence with advanced disease. Androgen ablation therapy produces only temporary responses because of the development of androgen independence. 42,43 After failure of androgen ablation, resistance to chemotherapy develops quickly in patients treated with combinations of cytotoxic agents. 16,41,43,51 Molecular changes that occur during the progression of prostate cancer affect programmed cell death pathways and are associated with resistance to chemotherapy. These changes include mutations in p53 and overexpression of bcl-2. 1,51,53,63,72,77 Approaches that alter the expression or function of these and related proteins may improve therapeutic results. 34,35,27,23,68,83 This article reviews current efforts to modulate apoptotic pathways and define new targets that could be important in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Inhibition of Fibroblast Proliferation In Vitro Using Red Light‐Emitting Diodes

Background Red light is part of the visible light spectrum. The effects of light-emitting diode (LED)-generated red light on human skin are not well-characterized. Objective To study the effect of red LED-generated low-level light therapy (LLLT) on fibroblast proliferation and viability in vitro. Methods and Materials Irradiation of normal human skin fibroblasts using red LED panels was performed in vitro, and modulation of proliferation and viability was quantified using trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Results Statistically significant decreases in cell proliferation were noted at the following fluences (time): 160 J/cm2 (30 minutes, 34 seconds), 320 J/cm2 (61 minutes, 07 seconds) and 640 J/cm2 (122 minutes, 14 seconds) (Figure 1). Irradiation at the 160- (98.5 ± 1.2%) and 320-J/cm2 (98.0 ± 3.1%) doses did not significantly alter viability. Conclusion At certain fluences, red LLLT can effectively inhibit fibroblast proliferation in vitro without altering viability and holds promise for the treatment of scars and other proliferative skin diseases.
The pineal of the troglophilic fish,Chologaster agassizi: An ultrastructural study

The pineal of the facultative, cave-dwelling fish,Chologaster agassizi, was examined electron microscopically. Two cell types, photoreceptor and supportive cells, were identified in the pineal epithelium. The photoreceptor cells had well developed outer segments and contained Golgi bodies which were surrounded by both clear and dense-cored vesicles. Vesicle-crowned rods were frequently seen in various regions of the cell. The supportive cells also contained Golgi bodies from which both clear and dense-cored vesicles appeared to originate. In addition, these cells were characterized by peculiar arrangements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of pigment granules. Large quantities of glycogen were observed in both cell types. Small, unmyelinated nerve fibers were seen coursing throughout the pineal epithelium. Terminals filled with pleomorphic, clear vesicles and dense-cored vesicles were present in the vicinity of these nerve fibers. Similar vesicle-filled terminals were observed in close association with the supportive cells.
Quo Vadis Pediatric Nuclear Medicine

What has happened to the nuclear medicine subspecialty since those earlier issues of the Seminars in Nuclear Medicine? The earliest issues in 1972 presented topics in vogue at the time that included brain "scanning," cisternography, whole body counting, and abdominal imaging with (99m)Tc pertechnetate. The second pediatric subspecialty issues in 1993 reflected a 21-year evolution of the subspecialty and included the topics of renal scintigraphy, labeled cells for abdominal imaging, metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging, single photon emission computed tomography, and bone scintigraphy for benign disorders. The current issues will address diverse topics that cover the spectrum of the current practice of pediatric nuclear medicine. They include radiation exposure and absorbed dose reduction, positron emission tomography/computed tomography in children, neuroblastoma and other neuroendocrine tumors, thyroid cancer and therapy, bone density studies and, of course, the most prevalent studies in children, renal and bone. Brain, heart, and lung studies complete the spectrum.
Identification of Markov Chains from Distributional Measurements and Applications to Systems Biology

Abstract In this paper, we are concerned with doing system identification for biological systems using time series distributional measurements and Markov chain models. By distributional measurements, we mean measurements provided by assays such as flow cytometry or FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) that allow us to make the same single cell measurements over a number of different cells. We focus here on the problem of estimating the transition probabilities of a Markov chain from distributional measurements. We set this problem up using Bayes' rule and make simplifying assumptions to reduce the problem to a non-convex optimization problem over finitely many variables. We propose methods for locally solving this non-convex optimization problem. For a special case, we discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for the Markov chain to be identifiable. Finally, we demonstrate our procedure on instructive toy examples as well as on simulated stochastic data for a genetic toggle switch. [Gardner et al. (2000)].
A task-oriented approach to information retrieval evaluation

As retrieval systems become more oriented towards end-users, there is an increasing need for improved methods to evaluate their effectiveness. We performed a task-oriented assessment of two MEDLINE searching systems, one which promotes traditional Boolean searching on human-indexed thesaurus terms and the other natural language searching on words in the title, abstract, and indexing terms. Medical students were randomized to one of the two systems and given clinical questions to answer. The students were able to use each system successfully, with no significant differences in questions correctly answered, time taken, relevant articles retrieved, or user satisfaction between the systems. This approach to evaluation was successful in measuring effectiveness of system use and demonstrates that both types of systems can be used equally well with minimal training. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
REGULATION OF THE PUT OPERON IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. CHARACTERIZATION OF PROMOTER AND OPERATOR MUTATIONS

ABSTRACT The two genes required for proline utilization by S. typhimurium form a divergent operon. Expression of the put operon is induced by proline and subject to catabolite repression. Genetic evidence suggests that putA protein autogenously represses transcription of the putA and putP genes. In order to establish the molecular mechanism of put operon regulation we isolated regulatory mutations in the put control region. These mutants were selected using two phenotypes: (1) the ability to degrade a toxic proline analogue, dehydroproline, due to overexpression of putA enzyme activity, or (2) overexpression of lacZ from put ::Mu d operon fusions. The effect of each mutation on transcription in both directions was determined by measuring lacZ expression from putA and putP operon fusions. These regulatory mutations were cis -dominant when the putA protein was provided in trans , and they map in a region between the two genes. The phenotypes of the mutants suggest that (1) the put regulatory region has a single operator site where the putA protein binds to repress transcription in both directions, and (2) the putA and putP promoters overlap.
Cardiac lymphoma with first manifestation of recurrent syncope-a case report and literature review

Cardiac involvement, as an initial presentation of malignant lymphoma is rare. We report a 42-year-old Taiwanese man with frequent syncope. Routine electrocardiography disclosed complete atrioventricular block. Before permanent pacemaker implantation was undertaken, transthoracic echocardiography revealed a solid mass infiltrating the left atrium and interatrial septum. Transesophageal echocardiography proved cardiac neoplasm with biatrial infiltration. Endomyocardial tissue biopsy was performed under angiography guide. Pathology diagnosis unraveled large B-cell lymphoma. Despite aggressive chemotherapy, the patient's condition worsened and he died 2 months later.
Applications of Wireless Communications to Cooperative ITS in the California PATH Program

The California PATH Program has been conducting research on the most advanced ITS concepts for the past twenty years. Throughout this time, PATH researchers have been developing opportunities for ITS to enable the transportation infrastructure, vehicles and the people and goods traveling in the vehicles to be connected to each other as an integrated system. Wireless communications provide the needed connections, so that the coordinated system can be designed with an optimal allocation of intelligence and responsibilities among its elements and can thus be made more efficient. PATH's research work has therefore emphasized cooperative ITS systems connected through telecommunications, rather than independent autonomous vehicle systems. This lecture presents a wide variety of cooperative ITS systems that PATH has designed and tested using full-scale vehicles, beginning with a four-car electronically coupled platoon of automobiles demonstrated in 1994. Other applications of vehicle-vehicle wireless communication for automated vehicle following include the National Automated Highway System Consortium demonstration of eight fully automated cars in 1997, automated merging of passenger cars in 2000, and automated platoons of transit buses and tractor-trailer trucks in 2003. PATH has also analyzed the deployment issues and highway capacity benefits associated with cooperative adaptive cruise control systems, in which the adaptive cruise control performance is enhanced by adding wireless communication between the vehicles. More recent applications of vehicle-vehicle cooperation at PATH include cooperative collision warning systems, in which the vehicles share their location and trajectory information with each other over a wireless network.
Multiple interfaces between a serine recombinase and an enhancer control site-specific DNA inversion

Serine recombinases are often tightly controlled by elaborate, topologically-defined, nucleoprotein complexes. Hin is a member of the DNA invertase subclass of serine recombinases that are regulated by a remote recombinational enhancer element containing two binding sites for the protein Fis. Two Hin dimers bound to specific recombination sites associate with the Fis-bound enhancer by DNA looping where they are remodeled into a synaptic tetramer competent for DNA chemistry and exchange. Here we show that the flexible beta-hairpin arms of the Fis dimers contact the DNA binding domain of one subunit of each Hin dimer. These contacts sandwich the Hin dimers to promote remodeling into the tetramer. A basic region on the Hin catalytic domain then contacts enhancer DNA to complete assembly of the active Hin tetramer. Our results reveal how the enhancer generates the recombination complex that specifies DNA inversion and regulates DNA exchange by the subunit rotation mechanism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01211.001
Bearing/contact for anisotropic materials

The bearing/contact behavior of fiber composites has been investigated using a modified nonlinear assumed stress hybrid finite element formulation. The problem considered is an anisotropic body subjected to compressive contact from an isotropic indentor, with moderate sliding on the contact surface. The characteristic matrices of the bodies brought into contact are obtained by employing a modified principle of the minimum complementary energy, and using the contact conditions along the contacting boundary as constraints with corresponding Lagrangian multipliers. A computer program has been developed for the two-dimensional punch problem. The stick-slide behavior and frictional effects are performed using an iterative technique. Thirty cases of the punch/contact problem have been analyzed. Results for typical variations in properties show that, for the same frictional condition, the material stiffness in the indentation direction dominates the stresses on the contacting surface. By increasing the friction on the contact surface, the transverse tensile stress is relaxed; this can be directly related to suppression of fiber-resin debonding or splitting in practical bearing problems.
Epigenetic Alterations in Bladder Cancer and Their Potential Clinical Implications

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common type of bladder cancer, is one of the most expensive malignancies to treat due to its high rate of recurrence. The characterization of the genetic alterations associated with UC has revealed the presence of two mutually exclusive molecular pathways along which distinct genetic abnormalities contribute to the formation of invasive and noninvasive tumors. Here, we focus on the epigenetic alterations found in UC, including the presence of an epigenetic field defect throughout bladders with tumors. A distinct hypomethylation pattern was found in noninvasive tumors, whereas widespread hypermethylation was found in invasive tumors, indicating the two pathways given rise to two tumor types also differ epigenetically. Since certain epigenetic alterations precede histopathological changes, they can serve as excellent markers for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, and surveillance tools. In addition, their dynamic nature and reversibility with pharmacological interventions open new and exciting avenues for therapies. The epigenetic abnormalities associated with UC would make it an excellent target for epigenetic therapy, which is currently approved for the treatment of a few hematological malignancies. Future research is needed to address efficacy and potential toxicity issues before it can be implemented as a therapeutic strategy for solid tumors.
Waveguide parametric amplification of eyesafe 1.6-μm signal for remote-sensing applications

We describe pulsed parametric amplification of CW telecom laser radiation in reverse-proton exchanged lithium niobate waveguides for generation of eyesafe narrow-linewidth muJ pulses useful for wind-sensing applications. Over 40 dB of gain was observed.
A Closer Look at Depression and Its Relationship to HIV Antiretroviral Adherence

Background Depression consistently predicts nonadherence to human immunodeficiency virus antiretroviral therapy, but which aspects of depression are most influential are unknown. Such knowledge could inform assessments of adherence readiness and the type of depression treatment to utilize.
Speaking for the Trees: The Use of Literature to Convey Outdoor Education Themes

Abstract Trends in education call for traditional curricula and a clear connection between school and the outside world. One means of addressing the two goals would be a conscious effort to blend outdoor education themes with core courses. Because the interaction between humankind and nature is a major theme of American authors, literature is an excellent curricula upon which to concentrate such efforts. The author claims that the responsibility of bringing outdoor education themes into the reading of literature lies with the outdoor educator and not the classroom teacher. He presents a model for introducing such themes into a school curricula and uses the works of Thoreau, Brautigan, and Dr. Seuss as examples.
Medium voltage overhead power-line broadband communications; transmission capacity and electromagnetic interference

A channel model suitable for multi-wire overhead medium-voltage lines is proposed. This model is then employed in order to evaluate the multipath channel impulse response and the associated transmission capacity limit in actual overhead medium-voltage power distribution networks for broadband power-line communications applications. Electromagnetic interference limitations of such systems are discussed.
Fatal unintentional overdose of diltiazem with antemortem and postmortem values

Background. Therapeutic errors involving calcium channel antagonists (CCA) resulting in death rarely have been reported in detail. We report a fatality from an unintentional overdose of sustained-release (SR) diltiazem including antemortem and postmortem blood concentrations. Case Report. A 65-year-old man with aortic stenosis mistakenly took six tablets of diltiazem 360 mg SR. He developed symptoms of toxicity by 7 hours after ingestion. By 10 hours, he went to the emergency department. Despite a prolonged resuscitative attempt, the patient died 17 hours postingestion. An antemortem blood sample drawn 11.5 hours after ingestion was 2.9 mcg/mL. Postmortem gas chromatography of central blood revealed a diltiazem level of 6 mcg/mL and the peripheral blood sample measured 5 mcg/mL. Conclusion. This case suggests that an unintentional overdose with a CCA may be lethal if the patient's cardiovascular ability to compensate for the toxic effects is compromised.
On the Interaction Between Load Balancing and Speed Scaling

Speed scaling has been widely adopted in computer and communication systems, in particular, to reduce energy consumption. An important question is how speed scaling interacts with other resource allocation mechanisms such as scheduling and routing. In this paper, we study the interaction of speed scaling with load balancing. We characterize the equilibrium resulting from the load balancing and speed scaling interaction, and introduce two optimal load-balancing designs, in terms of traditional performance metric and cost-aware (in particular, energy-aware) performance metric, respectively. Especially, we characterize the load-balancing–speed-scaling equilibrium with respect to the optimal load-balancing schemes in processor-sharing systems. Our results show that the degree of inefficiency at the equilibrium is mostly bounded by the heterogeneity of the system, but independent of the number of servers. These results provide insights in understanding the interaction of load balancing with speed scaling and guiding new designs.
Performance and availability of Internet data centers

We use an Internet data center (IDC) as a motivating example to discuss how performance and availability are interrelated. IDCs provide the means for geographically distributed Internet users to tap into other computers and applications. IDC users pay for the services they obtain, so they want them to be delivered according to established service-level agreements (SLAs). These agreements indicate service performance levels and availability. An IDC must provision enough capacity and redundant resources to ensure that it can meet its performance and availability SLAs.
T Cell Activation in Rheumatoid Synovium Is B Cell Dependent

Rheumatoid arthritis results from a T cell-driven inflammation in the synovial membrane that is frequently associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. The significance of this extranodal lymphoid neogenesis is unknown. Microdissection was used to isolate CD4 T cells residing in synovial tissue T cell/B cell follicles. CD4 T cells with identical TCR sequences were represented in independent, nonadjacent follicles, suggesting recognition of the same Ag in different germinal centers. When adoptively transferred into rheumatoid arthritis synovium-SCID mouse chimeras, these CD4 T cell clones enhanced the production of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In vivo activity of adoptively transferred CD4 T cells required matching of HLA-DRB1 alleles and also the presence of T cell/B cell follicles. HLA-DRB1-matched synovial tissues that were infiltrated by T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but that lacked B cells, did not support the activation of adoptively transferred CD4 T cell clones, raising the possibility that B cells provided a critical function in T cell activation or harbored the relevant Ag. Dependence of T cell activation on B cells was confirmed in B cell depletion studies. Treatment of chimeric mice with anti-CD20 mAb inhibited the production of IFN-γ and IL-1β, indicating that APCs other than B cells could not substitute in maintaining T cell activation. The central role of B cells in synovial inflammation identifies them as excellent targets for immunosuppressive therapy.
Numerical simulation of scatterer positions in a very dense media

Aside from providing the correlation and pair distribution functions directly, numerical simulation can be used in conjunction with numerical scattering methods to simulate radar scattering behavior of dense random media. A packing algorithm is described that is capable of simulating the distribution of particles in very dense media. The size and shape of the particles is specified by the user and is not restricted to simple shapes and discrete sizes. The algorithm may be used to validate existing theories of particle distributions or may be used as the first step in a Monte-Carlo simulation of fields within a random dense media.
Inferior turbinate reduction

The inferior turbinate is an important structure serving a vital role in nasal physiology. However, inferior turbinate enlargement can lead to decreased nasal airflow and a sensation of nasal obstruction. Chronic nasal obstruction can substantially affect quality of life, productivity, and finances, and when medical therapies fail, surgical management is often recommended. Many techniques for inferior turbinate reduction exist, including outfracturing, submucosal soft tissue reduction (ie, electrocautery, radiofrequency coblation, and powered microdebrider), submucosal bone removal, argon plasma coagulation, laser reduction, partial turbinectomy, and total turbinectomy. These techniques have demonstrated varied long-term results, and there remains a lack of consensus as to the optimal surgical technique. However, given the important role the inferior turbinates play in nasal physiology, many contemporary surgeons aim to strike a balance between adequate tissue resection for symptom improvement and preservation of functional turbinate tissue and its contribution to normal nasal physiology.
Field Applications of Bait-Formulated Beauveria bassiana Alginate Pellets for Biological Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is an important pest in the southern United States, in part because few natural enemies exist. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that holds great promise as a biological control agent against S. invicta. In previous studies, B. bassiana was effective in laboratory trials, but field applications were less effective. In the current study, we compared the efficacy of different application methods of B. bassiana mycelia encapsulated in alginate pellets against S. invicta in heavily infested areas. Direct insertion of pellets into S. invicta mounds caused some reduction in activity rating. However, observations of ants removing pellets from mounds shortly after insertion led to the development of a bait system to encourage pellet retention in the mounds. Broadcast applications and individual mound treatments of B. bassiana alginate pellets coated with peanut oil reduced activity ratings of S. invicta populations.
Arthroscopic Management of a Glenohumeral Osteochondral Defect Using Particulated Juvenile Cartilage Allograft: A Case Report.

Case: A sixteen-year-old high school varsity quarterback was referred to us for evaluation of right shoulder pain two months after an injury sustained during a football tackle. The patient reported being substantially limited in his ability to perform vigorous activity because of pain and the sensation that his shoulder was about to dislocate. Evaluation showed a Bankart tear and a focal full-thickness glenoid osteochondral defect. The tear was treated with Bankart repair, and the osteochondral defect was filled arthroscopically with particulated juvenile cartilage graft. The patient returned to full sports activity without restriction at nine months after surgery and, at two years of follow-up, remained pain free with full range of motion and strength and no symptoms of instability. Conclusion: The current case suggests that particulated juvenile cartilage may be effective in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the glenoid.
Prospective Evaluation Of Risk Factors For Clostridium Difficile Colonization Among Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients, 2010-2012

Background Clostridium difficile (CD) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. After acquisition of CD, some patients (pts) remain colonized whereas others develop symptomatic CD infection (CDI). Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at higher risk of CDI than the general population. Rates of colonization and risk factors for CD colonization in the HSCT population are unknown. The goals of this study were to determine the rates and predictors of colonization with CD in HSCT pts at our institution. Methods We conducted a 16-month prospective study starting in December 2010 in the HSCT unit at the Karmanos Cancer Center. Pts who signed informed consent had stool samples collected within 72 hours of admission and weekly thereafter until discharge. Pts were followed up for 90 days after enrollment. Stool samples were cultured for CD and culture positive samples were tested by PCR for confirmation of toxigenic CD. Demographic information, risk factors and outcomes were examined. Results 154 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT were enrolled in the study. Mean age for both CD colonized and non-colonized pts was 51 ±12.8 years, 59% were males. Overall, 47/154 (30%) pts were colonized with CD at admission; 23/154 (15%) with toxigenic CD. 8/23 (34%) pts colonized with toxigenic CD developed symptomatic CDI. Of the pts colonized with non-toxigenic CD, 7/24 (29%) acquired CD during the hospital stay. The median time to acquisition was week 2 of hospitalization. On bivariate analysis, underlying comorbid conditions and traditional risk factors for CDI like prior hospitalization, length-of-stay, antibiotic use, nasogastric tube and gastrointestinal tract procedures were found to be equally prevalent in both colonized and non-colonized population. The outcome in terms of graft versus host disease (GVHD) was also similar in both groups. The use of proton pump inhibitors was more prevalent in non-colonizers (56%) vs. colonizers (43%). However, it was not statistically significant (p=0.16). Similarly, lymphopenia seemed common amongst colonizers vs. non-colonizers (67% vs. 58%) but was not statistically significant (p=0.2). Conclusion Colonization with toxigenic CD is high in our HSCT recipients at hospital admission. Symptomatic CDI occurs in a third of pts colonized with toxigenic CD. Unlike in the general population, traditional risk factors for CD colonization are not predictive of colonization in our allogeneic HSCT pts. Novel approaches such as active surveillance to detect colonized patients to guide infection control measures and to direct “pre-emptive” therapy should be evaluated in this population. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Rapidity gaps between jets at DO/ and CDF

Results are presented from analyses of particle multiplicity distributions between high transverse energy jets produced at the Fermilab Tevatron pp collider at √s=1.8 TeV. DO/ and CDF examine the particle multiplicity distribution between the two highest transverse energy jets. Both experiments observe a significant excess of events at low tagged particle multiplicity which is consistent with a strongly interacting color‐singlet exchange process.
Dating between American and Foreign College Students.

Gloria was a slightly heavy blond girl, extremely active in the International Relations Club, an ardent religionist, believer in the brotherhood of man. Beginning with her sophomore year she dated "foreign" students almost exclusively. She married an Egyptian Moslem. Four years later we visited her in Alexandria. She was divorced. Due to her husband's brutality her genitals had suffered serious injury. She remained in Egypt in poverty because she could not take her children out.