cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POST-COLD WAR STATE INDUSTRIALIZATION AS A MEANS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EAST ASIA VERSUS EASTERN EUROPE

The process of industrialization is often associated with an important time period in a nations‘s economic development as it shifts from small-scale agriculture to prosperity. Historically, the rise of the manufacturing sector in a country has foreshadowed subsequent growth and power, and many countries in Eastern Europe have seen these newfound opportunities to progress economically since the Cold War ended. Asian countries have similarly experienced newfound economic development because of the shift of production to underdeveloped areas along with the rise of outsourcing and offshoring in international manufacturing. While many studies have been conducted assessing the rise of industry as it relates to state and regional growth, comparative assessments of the contributions of the manufacturing sector to the economic rise among underdeveloped Asian nations as compared to Eastern European countries as a region have not been quantified. This study will analyze these two economically evolving areas in an effort to compare the overall economic growth since the fall of the Soviet empire as well as the extent to which that economic growth that can be attributed to the manufacturing sector. Trends in domestic manufacturing labor rates in these areas will also be assessed for this time period.
H-Rule Mining in Heterogeneous Databases

We examined the problem of applying association rules in a heterogeneous database. Due to heterogeneity, we have to generalize the notion of association rule to define a new heterogeneous association rule (h-rule) which denotes data association between various types of data in different subsystems of a heterogeneous and multimedia database, such as music pieces vs. photo pictures, etc. Boolean association rule and quantitative association rule are special cases of h-rule. H-rule integrates previously defined rule concepts and expands association rule mining from single dataset mining to database mining.
The synthesis, compressive properties, and applications of metal matrix syntactic foams

Metal matrix syntactic foams are composites that incorporate hollow particles in a matrix, where enclosing porosity inside the thin shell of the particle leads to low density without large decreases in mechanical properties. Studies on Al, Mg, Pb, and Zn alloy matrix syntactic foams are available in the published literature. A large stress plateau region appears in the compressive stress-strain graphs of metal matrix syntactic foams. The height and length of stress plateau can be tailored by means of particle wall thickness, volume fraction, and size, and the total compressive energy absorption can be controlled. Metal matrix syntactic foams seem promising in various energy absorbing applications including automobile parts since their energy absorption capability per unit weight is better than other foams and lightweight materials.
Characterization and Function of the Bovine Kidney Epithelial Angiotensin Receptor Subtype 4 Using Angiotensin IV and Divalinal Angiotensin IV as Receptor Ligands

125I-Angiotensin (Ang) IV and 125I-divalinal Ang IV [AT receptor subtype 4 (AT4)] receptor agonist and putative antagonist, respectively] were used to characterize the AT4 receptor in Mardin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial cells (MDBK cell line). Both 125I-Ang IV and125I-divalinal Ang IV bound to a single high-affinity site ( K D = 1.37 and 1.01 nM, respectively) and to a comparable density of binding sites ( B max = 1335 and 1407 fmol/mg protein, respectively). Competition of either radiolabeled ligand with several Ang related peptides demonstrated similar displacement affinities in the following affinity order: Ang IV = divalinal Ang IV > Ang III > Ang II > losartan = PD 123177. Guanosine-5′- O -(3-thio)triphosphate or sulfhydryl reducing agents did not affect the binding of either radiolabeled ligand. Brief exposure of MDBK cells to Ang IV or divalinal Ang IV (0.1 nM to 1 μM) caused a concentration-dependent rise in intracellular calcium concentration levels with a reduced calcium response observed with Ang IV at micromolar concentrations. These results indicate that Ang IV and divalinal Ang IV bind with high affinity to the same receptor and that the MDBK AT4 receptor is not coupled to a classic G protein, nor are sulfhydryl bonds important in regulation of receptor affinity. The MDBK AT4 receptor appears to be pharmacologically similar to that described in nonrenal tissues. Functional studies suggest that AT4 receptor activation can increase intracellular calcium concentration levels in MDBK cells and that divalinal Ang IV possesses agonist activity with respect to this particular intracellular signaling system.
Chelation effects on the iron reduction and uptake by low‐iron stress tolerant and non‐tolerant citrus rootstocks

Abstract The relative rates of ferric‐iron (Fe3+) reduction and uptake by two citrus rootstocks were measured for a series of synthetic Fe3+ chelates and microbial siderophores. The rates of Fe3+ reduction by the citrus seedlings followed the order: FeHEDTA >> FeDPTA > FeCDTA. No reduction occurred for FeDFOB (ferrioxamine B) and FeTAF (ferric triacetylfusagen). Low rates of Fe3+ reduction occurred for Fe2RA3 (ferric rhodotorulic acid). The levels of 55Fe taken up the citrus seedlings showed good correlations with the reduction rates. These results indicate the importance of Fe3+ reduction in the Fe uptake by citrus rootstocks. The immobility of a large percent of the 55Fe taken up by the roots is attributed to the accumulation of Fe in the root apoplasts.
Oculocephalic Sympathetic Dysfunction in Posttraumatic Headaches

Oculocephalic sympathetic functions were assessed in five patients with posttraumatic headaches using the thermoregulatory sweat test and biochemical pupillary responses. Four patients demonstrated bilateral sympathetic dysfunction following whiplash injury, and one patient demonstrated unilateral sympathetic dysfunction following forehead injury. Bio-chemical pupillary responses were diagnostic in the early posttraumatic period, while the thermoregulatory sweat test was abnormal up to 56 months following the injury. This study documents serious injury to the cervical sympathetic nerves in patients with posttraumatic headaches following whiplash injury, and shows the reliability of the thermoregulatory sweat test in identifying patients with long-term oculocephalic sympathetic dysfunction. It also shows dissociated postganglionic cranial sympathetic dysfunction. Our experience and a review of the pertinent literature shows no convincing clinical or experimental evidence to establish oculocephalic sympathetic dysfunction as a direct cause of head pain, but it may exert an effect on cephalic pain through the trigeminovascular system.
Tuberculosis in the context of emerging and reemerging diseases

In 1993 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared tuberculosis a global public health emergency, the only disease so far to warrant that designation. The declaration galvanized an awareness in the medical community of the magnitude of the global tuberculosis problem. This paper will review the epidemiological data from WHO, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other groups and describe recent research developments. Based on well-recorded history, WHO has calculated that there has been no significant decrease in the world-wide mortality due to tuberculosis since before the time of Koch in 1882, and that the advent of sanatoria and chemotherapy, which drastically reduced tuberculosis in the more developed countries, had no profound effect on the global problem [1,2]. The tuberculosis problem in India alone has not changed since its independence in the late 1940s. Then and now, about 13 million people, i.e., 1.5% of the total population, suffer from active pulmonary tuberculosis and, of these, about 6 million are sputum-positive and therefore highly infectious [3]. Some of the well-known truisms about tuberculosis are that the disease is emerging, reemerging, recalcitrant and resistant to treatment in many global areas; responsible for more human deaths than any other single infectious agent — 26% of all preventable deaths, 7% of all deaths [4]; and inherently resistant to many common antibiotics, such as the β-lactams, due to inherent β-lactamases and its peculiar mycolic acid-containing cell wall barrier [5]. Epidemiologists have estimated, based on tuberculin skin test reactivity, that about one-third of the world's population, i.e., about 1.7 billion people, are infected with M. tuberculosis [4]. They also calculated that each year, 8–10 million new cases of tuberculosis occur, i.e., an estimated 90 million cases over this decade, and almost 3 million people die from tuberculosis …
Channel characterization and throughput tradeoff for wireless sensor networks

With the growing number of wireless network standards operating in the unlicensed frequency band and the military moving toward commercial off the shelf technology, the next generation of wireless sensor networks must be robust against unintentional and hostile interference. One method that has gained interest to cope with the increased spectrum use and to combat the interference vulnerability in wireless sensor networks is frequency agile communication. These techniques typically entail spectrum sensing and dynamic frequency channel allocation. In this paper, the energy detection mechanism is used to investigate how the number of frequency channels characterized for spectrum sensing impacts the accuracy of frequency channel selection and how the number of channels characterized affects the achievable throughput. From the investigation, we observed a tradeoff between the number of channels characterized, the number of energy samples used in energy detection, and the achievable throughput.
“Greater Than the Sum of the Parts?” Examining the Soundness of Collaborative Exams in Teacher Education Courses

Promoting collaboration skills and dispositions is widely encouraged currently in the field of teacher preparation. However, very few university classrooms incorporate collaboration into their assessment practices. One factor may be the perceived potential lack of soundness of such methodologies. This study is a qualitative examination of the soundness of collaborative essay exams conducted at 2 large teacher-credentialing institutions. The construct of soundness was defined within a four-dimensional framework consisting of validity, reliability, efficiency, and effect on the learner. The results of the study suggest that the collaborative assessment conditions compared favorably on all 4 dimensions of soundness. Participants felt that the collaborative exams were essentially as “fair” and more valid than individual exams inasmuch as they provided a context that was more closely aligned with actual effective teaching practice. Moreover, participants reporting being more motivated to study, thinking more critically and learning more in the process.
Effects of Carbohydrate Pulses and pH on Population Shifts within Oral Microbial Communities in vitro

A mixed culture chemostat system was used to distinguish between the effects of carbohydrate availability per se and the low pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism on the proportions of bacteria within microbial communities. Nine oral bacteria were grown at pH 7 and pulsed with glucose on ten consecutive days. In one chemostat, the pH was maintained automatically at 7 throughout the experimental period, while in the other, pH control was discontinued for six hours after each pulse. Glucose pulses at neutral pH had little effect on the composition of the microflora. Only the proportions of A. viscosus and V. dispar increased; L. casei and S. mutans remained at low levels (0.2% and 1.0%, respectively). Acetate and propionate were low. In contrast, when pH was allowed to fall after each glucose pulse, the composition of the microflora altered dramatically. The amounts of L. casei and S. mutans increased both as a proportion of the total count and in absolute numbers, as did V. dispar, whereas the amounts of the other Gram-negative organisms (B. intermedius, F. nucleatum, and N. subflava) and S. sanguis were considerably reduced. Lactate formed a major portion of the metabolic end-products. Successive glucose pulses resulted in both amplified changes in the microflora and a steadily greater rate and final extent of acid production. This is in agreement with the reported shifts in the oral microflora in vivo in response to frequent carbohydrate intake. Analysis of the data strongly suggests that the pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism, rather than carbohydrate availability per se, is responsible for the widely reported shifts in composition and metabolism of the oral microflora in vivo.
The implementation of prometheus: a case study

In this paper, we describe the implementation of Prometheus, an online course delivery tool at The University of Texas at Austin. When George Washington University (GWU) created Prometheus for the thousands of courses they now have online, they wanted to create a tool that did more than just put course content on the web. GWU wanted to use a product that was flexible and scalable for future enhancements. The University of Texas at Austin's (UT Austin) College of Engineering licensed Prometheus in the fall of 2000 and continues to use it to enhance the way a typical course is delivered to students. Faculty at GWU and UT Austin's College of Engineering find Prometheus indispensable in putting their courses online, managing their workload, and reaching the diverse needs of their students.Engineering faculty at UT Austin needed a courseware management tool that was flexible and easy to use. Supported by the College of Engineering, the Faculty Innovation Center (FIC) specializes in instructional innovation and online distance learning. The FIC provides several services to the faculty, including instructional design, live and on-demand video streaming of classes, developing custom web applications, creating rich multimedia content such as 3D animation, and graphics design. The FIC selected Prometheus as the courseware tool because of its simplicity, flexibility, administrative extensibility, and scalability. Prometheus has enhanced teaching as well as learning. Prometheus has also helped support faculty initiatives to bridge the gap between technology and education.This paper will provide an overview of how the College of Engineering reviewed and selected Prometheus, the implementation process, faculty training and support, and other ongoing issues. In addition to the College's perspective, a Prometheus staff member will provide insight on how they met the implementation and support needs of the College.
Concurrent HCI-NBTI: worst case degradation condition for 65 nm p-channel SOI MOSFETs

Concurrent HCI-NBTI is observed to lead to worst case degradation for the Input/Output (I/O) and core logic/high speed (HS) SOI p-channel MOSFETs from 65nm technology. HC stress degradation at room temperature in I/O PMOSFET devices shows NBTI-like behavior at higher stress voltages and ''combined'' HCI-NBTI at lower stress voltages. On the other hand, in HS PMOSFET devices, HC degradation is shown to be induced by a combination of HCI and NBTI across the whole stress bias voltage range. Additionally, in both I/O and HS devices, higher degradation is observed for floating-body (FB) devices at high stress voltages, which becomes comparable to body-contacted (BC) devices at lower stress voltages. It is also shown that externally applied body bias plays an important role in enhancing the degradation in I/O devices but has little effect on HS devices.
Technology-Enhanced Inquiry Tools in Science Education: An Emerging Pedagogical Framework for Classroom Practice.

Researchers and practitioners have attempted to identify technologies that support students' scientific understanding, activities and support practices that facilitate students' inquiry processes, and methods to sustain technology-enhanced innovations in everyday science classrooms. The purpose of this paper is to examine the findings and implications of research on science inquiry tools on classroom teaching and learning practices. We summarize research on inquiry tools and present a framework for teaching and learning in technology-enhanced, inquiry-based science classes. In the framework, three dimensions are discussed: the macrocontext (systemic reform and educational standards), the teachers' community (physical or virtual context, where teachers share expertise and mentor each other), and the microcontext (classroom context, where learning and teaching occur). From this pedagogical framework, the interactions among the standards, teachers' community, and classroom contexts are key to exploring the role of technologies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed, 91:1010–1030, 2007
Set-asides for carbon sequestration: implications for permanence and leakage

This paper examines the potential role of forest set-asides in global carbon sequestration policy. While set asides that protect forests from timber harvests and land-use conversion may alleviate concerns with permanence, and they may provide large ancillary environmental benefits, they may also lead to large leakage. This paper uses a global land use and forestry model to examine the efficiency of three crediting schemes for set-asides. The results show that if set-asides are integrated into a global forestry carbon sequestration program that includes a wide range of other management options, then 300 million hectares of land would be set-aside, and up to 128 Pg C could be sequestered in global forests by 2105. Under alternative policies that focus exclusively on set-asides, more forestland can be set-asides, up to 3.2 billion hectare, but these policies invite large leakage in the near-term, and in the long-run, they less net carbon is removed from the atmosphere. Specifically, leakage is estimated to be 47–52%, depending on the policy, and by the end of the century, up to 17% less carbon will be sequestered in all forests.
PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES OF SIX AND SEVEN-YEAR-OLDS

Summary. This report deals with a preliminary investigation of the questionnaire behaviour of children at the six-to-eight-year level. A factor analysis of the data revealed that the number of factors required to account for the responses of children in this age range is quite comparable to what has been found at the adult and late-childhood levels. The factors appear in nature to be generally similar to those which have been reported for older groups. Tentative designations are offered for some of the factors, but complete identification depends on additional information which will be considered in later publications.
Evaluation of a spindle-based force sensor for monitoring and fault diagnosis of machining operations

This paper presents an evaluation of a spindle-based force sensor, the force ring, which is a strong candidate for in-process monitoring and fault diagnosis of machining operations. The evaluation criteria include the effect of integration of the force ring on the dynamics of the spindle, the drift behavior due to temperature change inside the spindle, the cross-talk between the channels, and the existence and compensation of the spindle-internal forces. The application of the force ring to process model-based monitoring and fault diagnosis has been demonstrated by the determination of force calibration coefficients using the force ring and their comparison with results obtained with a platform dynamometer. It has been concluded that the force ring provides dynamometer quality force measurements.
Pressure-Dependent Yields and Product Branching Ratios in the Broadband Photolysis of Chlorine Nitrate

The photolysis of chlorine nitrate was studied using broadband flash photolysis coupled with long-path ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Branching ratios for the Cl + NO3 and ClO + NO2 product channels were determined from time-dependent measurements of ClO and NO3 concentrations. Yields of the ClO and NO3 products displayed a dependence on the bath gas density and the spectral distribution of the photolysis pulse. Product yields decreased with increasing bath gas density regardless of the spectral distribution of the photolysis pulse; however, the decrease in product yield was much more pronounced when photolysis was limited to longer wavelengths. For photolysis in a quartz cell (lambda > 200 nm) the yield decreased by a factor of 2 over the pressure 10-100 Torr. In a Pyrex cell (lambda > 300 nm), the yield decreased by a factor of 50 over the same pressure range. When photolysis was limited to lambda > 350 nm, the yield decreased by a factor of 250. Branching ratios for the photolysis channels [ClONO2 + h.nu yields ClO + NO2 (1a) and ClONO2 + h.nu yields Cl + NO3 (lb)] were determined from the relative ClO and NO3 product yields at various pressures. Although the absolute product yield displayed a pressure dependence, the branching between the two channels was independent of pressure. The relative branching ratios (assuming negligible contributions from other channels) are 0.61 +/- 0.20 for channel 1a and 0.39 +/- 0.20 for channel lb for photolysis with lambda > 200 nm and 0.44 +/- 0.08 for channel 1a and 0.56 +/- 0.08 for channel 1b for photolysis with lambda > 300 nm. The implications of these results for the chemistry of the lower stratosphere are discussed.
Redefining the Welfare State: Is American Exceptionalism a Myth?

His conception of and discussion of "non zero-sum mobility" is built precisely upon the possibility that opportunity for new or previously disadvantaged groups doesn't need to threaten the status of those already in the privileged group. This conception may work well for some minority groups— Asian Americans for example and many Lat in Americans—however it is not as useful for Native American minorities or immi
Regulation and function of stimulus-induced phosphorylation of MeCP2

DNA methylation-dependent epigenetic regulation plays important roles in the development and function of the mammalian nervous system. MeCP2 is a key player in recognizing methylated DNA and interpreting the epigenetic information encoded in different DNA methylation patterns. Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome, a devastating neurological disease that shares many features with autism. One interesting aspect of MeCP2 function is that it can be phosphorylated in response to diverse stimuli. Insights into the regulation and function of MeCP2 phosphorylation will help improve our understanding of how MeCP2 integrates environmental stimuli in neuronal nuclei to generate adaptive responses and may eventually lead to treatments for patients.
A foreign body (chicken bone) in the rectum causing extensive perirectal and scrotal abscess: report of a case.

A case of foreign-body perforation of the rectum with extensive necrotizing fasciitis is presented and the literature briefly reviewed. The peculiarity of the case was brought out because of the nature of the foreign body (chicken bone) and the extensiveness of the process. The increased risk of swallowing a foreign body if dentures are worn is pointed out.
Blogging on the sidelines.

Bloggers shouldn't be relegated to the sidelines of the scientific literature, argues Michelle Francl.
A Human Astrocyte-Associated HIV Glycoprotein Receptor Mediates Toxic Effects of a gp120-Gelonin Conjugate

A Human Astrocyte-Associated HIV Glycoprotein Receptor Mediates Toxic Effects of a gp120-Gelonin Conjugate
The Mediatization of Diplomacy

Practitioners and scholars are increasingly aware that an array of new actors, communication technologies, agendas and expectations are changing the institution of diplomacy. How diplomatic actors are known and experienced through their representation assumes an increasingly important, and uncertain, role. This article argues that these changes to the field should be considered in terms of the shifting ontological and epistemological conditions for representing and experiencing diplomatic identities. In support of this, the article investigates the influence of mediated communication upon the production of knowledge and the ability to experience others through use of the term ‘mediatization’. Mediatization refers to the ways in which communication technologies have become so integrated into everyday activities that our knowledge and experience of the world is significantly altered, often in ways that appear banal and taken for granted. In the diplomatic context, mediatization involves placing pressure on actors to negotiate issues and identity salience in new ways; to coordinate and negotiate over codes and norms for representation within different mediated environments; and to strategically manage identities, messages and representational modalities within objective-led campaigns. This analysis is used to question further the relationship linking communication, diplomacy and public diplomacy, with the conclusion that public diplomacy can no longer be considered as entirely external communicative activities attached to the diplomatic world, since these are — in an age of mediatization — necessarily part of diplomacy proper. Rather, public diplomacy makes most sense in that coordinating role, as a form of semiotic and normative coalition-building within organizations and among connected stakeholders.
Correlation of Doppler-derived high thigh pressure and intra-arterial pressure in the assessment of aorto-iliac occlusive disease

Ninety-five lower extremities in 53 patients underwent iliofemoral arteriography, high thigh wide cuff Doppler pressure measurements and direct intra-arterial pressure measurements at the common femoral level to determine the accuracy of the high thigh Doppler technique in the evaluation of aorto-iliac occlusive disease using intra-arterial pressure as the standard. Results showed the high thigh cuff Doppler technique to be 79 per cent sensitive, 56 per cent specific and 63 per cent accurate in the evaluation of haemodynamically significant aorto-iliac disease. There was a false negative rate of 13 per cent, but a false positive rate of 59 per cent. All false positive tests were shown to be secondary to superficial femoral artery disease. These results indicate that a normal high thigh wide cuff Doppler pressure is generally reliable in ruling out haemodynamically significant aorto-iliac occlusive disease at rest. An abnormal result, however, does not differentiate between aorto-iliac and superficial femoral artery disease.
Imaging of the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer: An essential part of glaucoma diagnosis and monitoring

Because glaucomatous damage is irreversible early detection of structural changes in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer is imperative for timely diagnosis of glaucoma and monitoring of its progression. Significant improvements in ocular imaging have been made in recent years. Imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography, scanning laser polarimetry and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy rely on different properties of light to provide objective structural assessment of the optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer and macula. In this review, we discuss the capabilities of these imaging modalities pertinent for diagnosis of glaucoma and detection of progressive glaucomatous damage and provide a review of the current knowledge on the clinical performance of these technologies.
Sputter deposition of PZT piezoelectric films on thin glass substrates for adjustable x-ray optics

Piezoelectric PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O(3) (PZT) thin films deposited on thin glass substrates have been proposed for adjustable optics in future x-ray telescopes. The light weight of these x-ray optics enables large collecting areas, while the capability to correct mirror figure errors with the PZT thin film will allow much higher imaging resolution than possible with conventional lightweight optics. However, the low strain temperature and flexible nature of the thin glass complicate the use of chemical-solution deposition due to warping of the substrate at typical crystallization temperatures for the PZT. RF magnetron sputtering enabled preparation of PZT films with thicknesses up to 3 μm on Schott D263 glass substrates with much less deformation. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the films crystallized with the perovskite phase and showed no indication of secondary phases. Films with 1 cm(2) electrodes exhibited relative permittivity values near 1100 and loss tangents below 0.05. In addition, the remanent polarization was 26 μC/cm(2) with coercive fields of 33 kV/cm. The transverse piezoelectric coefficient was as high as -6.1±0.6 C/m(2). To assess influence functions for the x-ray optics application, the piezoelectrically induced deflection of individual cells was measured and compared with finite-element-analysis calculations. The good agreement between the results suggests that actuation of PZT thin films can control mirror figure errors to a precision of about 5 nm, allowing sub-arcsecond imaging.
Hyperdeformation in the cranked relativistic mean field theory: The Z = 40 − 58 region of the nuclear chart

The systematic investigation of hyperdeformation (HD) at high spin in the $Z=40\ensuremath{-}58$ region of the nuclear chart was performed in the framework of the cranked relativistic mean-field theory. The properties of the moments of inertia of the HD bands, the role of the single-particle and necking degrees of freedom at HD, the spins at which the HD bands become yrast, the possibility to observe discrete HD bands, and so on are discussed in detail.
Home sleep testing

Sleep disordered breathing, also known as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is a highly prevalent disease occurring with a variety of life threatening comorbidities. For years, polysomnography has been considered the gold standard in diagnosis, consequently resulting in high costs and difficulty for head and neck surgeons to participate in the practice of sleep medicine. The development of multichannel home sleep testing by a variety of manufacturers offers a cost-effective and highly reliable method of screening for and diagnosing OSA. To complete the head and neck surgery sleep medicine practice, surgeons should provide sleep consultations and comprehensive diagnostic services out of their offices utilizing multichannel home sleep testing.
STUDIES ON 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE-INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIA.

SummarySmall doses of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were injected into the pancreatoduodenal artery or into the femoral vein of normal dogs. The route of administration did not markedly affect the intensity and duration of the hyperglycemic response. The response was prevented by pre-treatment with dihydroergotamine. It is concluded that 2-DG does not stimulate the release of glucagonlike materials from the pancreas and that, probably, the observed hyperglycemia was due to secretion of epinephrine and inhibition of glucose utilization. No evidence of insulin release was obtained in these experiments.
Chemical epoxidation of a natural unsaturated epoxy seed oil fromVernonia galamensis and a look at epoxy oil markets

Since 1963, production of all epoxy esters has ranged from 60 to 150 million lb annually, a steady 7% of the 1 to 2 billion lb of annual plasticizer production. Growth rates in production averaged 4.3% for all plasticizers, 3.8% for all epoxy esters and 5.0% for epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). ESBO accounted for 70–76% of total epoxy ester production (1963–1982). The natural liquid epoxy oil fromVernonia galamensis seed, with oxirane value (4.1%) and viscosity (100 cps) similar to some commercial epoxy fatty esters but with molecular weight similar to epoxidized vegetable oils, combines some of the properties of both commercial types. Chemical epoxidation ofVernonia oil raises the oxirane content to 8.2, intermediate between ESBO and epoxidized linseed oil (ELSO), while consuming less of the costly epoxidizing reagents. Epoxidation proceeds in stepwise fashion through partially epoxidized products, which are converted to final product. Since the major fatty components ofVernonia oil arecis-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic (75%) and linoleic (13%) acids, further epoxidation produces fatty acids that are specifically epoxidized at the 9,10- and 12,13-positions, and the major product has 6 epoxy units per triglyceride molecule. The resulting mixture of products has compositional and physical properties distinctly different from commercial samples of ESBO and ELSO.
Effect of parathyroid extract on bone matrix hexosamine.

The injection of parathyroid extract into normal and parathyroidectomized rats resulted in a decrease in bone matrix hexosamine. The effect was noted more promptly in the parathyroidectomized animals, as was the increase in serum calcium. Formaldehyde inactivated extract did not produce a similar decrease in the level of matrix hexosamine. These data suggest that the dissolution of organic bone matrix and calcium mobilization are closely correlated effects of parathyroid hormone.
Inefficiency of smooth market mechanisms

Abstract We examine the efficiency properties of an abstractly given market mechanism. This consists of a smooth map from traders’ strategy-choices to their net trades. When the number of traders is finite (the oligopolistic case), it is shown that Nash equilibria ‘tend to be’ inefficient for generic utilities. The phenomenon is analyzed via a certain set of ‘optimal points’ that are determined solely by the mechanism. In the last section we apply our results to the Hurwicz and Shapely–Shubik mechanisms by way of an illustration.
The role of calcium and sodium in toxicity of an effluent to mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia)

The source of acute toxicity of an aged gold mill effluent to juvenile mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia [Americamysis bahia]) was identified. Effluent osmolality was equivalent to that of 12 ppt seawater. At five effluent concentrations ranging from 4 to 100% (v/v), using 12 ppt seawater for dilution, the onset of responses was most rapid at 37% effluent. Simulated effluent was created by adding Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, and SO42− to distilled water at concentrations equal to those measured in the effluent. The unusual finding of a more rapid onset of responses at 37% than at 100% effluent was duplicated with simulated effluent, demonstrating that responses of M. bahia to effluent were attributable to one or more of the six ions that were included in simulated effluent. Proportionally, excess Ca2+ and Na+ deficiency were among the greatest differences in the ionic composition of effluent relative to seawater. Manipulation of Ca2+ and Na+ concentrations in effluent and in simulated effluent, along with the results of the previous experiments, demonstrated that excess Ca2+ was the sole source of effluent toxicity and that Na+ deficiency, relative to the proportion in seawater, reduced Ca2+ toxicity.
Cultivating Agents of Change in Children.

This ethnographic study examines how one first grade teacher uses an alternative, artist-focused curriculum to develop a critical consciousness in her students to work toward social change. A framework incorporating critical multicultural education and Lewin's theory of small groups is applied to assess how the use of a multicultural curriculum facilitates critical consciousness where students develop a sense of community, agency, and commitment to social action. Student interviews and an interview with the classroom teacher also illustrate how this teacher integrates a critical perspective into her classroom, resulting in discussions of power, privilege, and students becoming agents of social change within their community.
A genetic strategy for differential screening of meiotic germ-cell cDNA libraries.

The goals of this work were to create germ-cell-stage-specific cDNA libraries from mouse spermatogenic cells and to employ a novel two-step genetic screen to identify gene sequences present during the critical meiotic stage of spermatogenesis. Highly enriched germ-cell fractions were prepared from adult and juvenile mouse testes, and purity of these fractions was extensively analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Standard techniques were used to prepare cDNA libraries from populations of mixed leptotene and zygotene (L/Z) spermatocytes, pachytene (P) spermatocytes, and round spermatids. These libraries were analyzed with respect to representation of sequences from ubiquitously expressed genes, and from genes expressed at specific germ-cell stages as well as from genes expressed in testicular somatic cells. For the first step of the screening procedure, testicular cDNA was prepared from mutant mice carrying the T(X ;11)38H chromosomal translocation that causes spermatogenic arrest at early meiotic prophase. This mixed cDNA probe was used to screen the libraries from L/Z and P spermatocytes to detect sequences that failed to hybridize. The clones identified were characterized for ability to hybridize to various germ-cell-specific cDNAs to verify that they represented sequences present in normal spermatogenic meiotic cells. These clones were then subjected to a second screening with another mutant probe ; this time the cDNA probe was from testes of sterile mice bearing the T(X ;16)16H chromosomal translocation that causes spermatogenic arrest at late meiotic prophase. This screen identified 27 clones that were not represented in testicular cDNA from T38-bearing mice or from T16-bearing mice. These clones may represent sequences essential for normal completion of the genetic events of meiosis during spermatogenesis. Likewise, the secondary screen identified 19 clones that were not represented in testicular cDNA from T38-bearing mice but were represented in testicular cDNA of T16-bearing mice. These clones are thus gene sequences present in spermatogenic cells during the time from early meiotic prophase to mid-to-late prophase. This strategy represents the first use of genetic aberrations in differential screening to identify genes expressed at specific times during mammalian spermatogenesis.
Childhood Trauma Remembered: A Report on the Current Scientific Knowledge Base and Its Applications

ABSTRACT This article was developed by the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) to inform professionals and the public about the complex and important issues that are involved in the current controversy about memories of childhood sexual abuse. It addresses the questions of childhood trauma, traumatic memory, the memory process, clinical issues and forensic implications pertaining to this controversy. We have tried to present a balanced review of these issues. As an international organization dedicated to promoting the best research and education in this field, we believe it essential that people who grapple with this controversial topic be equipped with the most accurate and comprehensive information possible. We hope that this article helps serve this purpose.
Current research on terrorism: The academic perspective

Abstract Most definitions of terrorism, however divided on other points, agree that it is a form of political violence. Unfortunately, this rare unanimity has only infrequently served as a foundation for research on political terrorism, which is typically isolated from the broader field. There are advantages to be gained from integrating research on terrorism into the analysis of political violence. The study of terrorism, which is widely recognized as theoretically impoverished, stands to gain in theoretical scope, precision, and cumulativeness of findings. Situating the study of terrorism in the broader field could point analysts toward problems of significance to a larger community of scholars. Moreover, the phenomenon of terrorism might serve as a useful test‐case for general theories of violence, which are rarely applied to terrorism by their authors. This essay first identifies common problems for research. It turns, next, to a discussion of the relationship between the phenomenon of terrorism and o...
Role of urine and serum protein electrophoresis in evaluation of nephrotic-range proteinuria

The usefulness of routine serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) screening in the evaluation of proteinuria is not known. The data on the clinical utility of these tests in 165 male patients with proteinuria greater than 3 g/d of protein who were screened for the presence of an M-spike are presented. Two hundred fifty-four studies were performed (SPEP, 155; UPEP 99) in these 165 patients. Twenty-four studies (9.8%) were positive for an M-spike (15 serum; 9 urine samples) in 19 patients (11.5%). Fourteen patients (8.5%) had an M-spike in either serum or urine, five patients (3%) in both studies. Two of these 19 patients were diagnosed with myeloma and 1 patient was diagnosed with primary amyloidosis. The other 16 patients were diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). The group with a positive M-spike was significantly older (mean +/- SEM, 65 +/- 2 years; range, 39 to 78 years v 58 +/- 1 years; range, 25 to 84 years; P = 0.03), had a lower incidence of coexistent diabetes (21.1% v 61.6%; P = 0. 01), and a lower serum albumin level (3.2 v 3.6 g/dL; P = 0.05). Using a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence of an M band was positively correlated with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.056; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006 to 1.108) and negatively correlated for serum albumin level (OR, 0.386; 95% CI, 0.184 to 0. 810), hematocrit (OR, 0.923; 95% CI, 0.852 to 1.001), and the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR, 0.128; 95% CI, 0.038 to 0.434). In summary, routine SPEP and UPEP screening in patients with proteinuria greater than 3 g/d of protein detected an M-spike in 11. 5% and myeloma in 1.2% of the patients. The cost per case of myeloma or MGUS discovered was $1,192.
Intra- and Intermolecular Electrial Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance and Infra-Red pectroscopic Parameters from Ab Initio Calculation and Experiment: From CO to Proteins

We examine the role of electrostatic influences on chemical shifts, quadrupole couplings, and vibrational frequencies in proteins as well as small prototype molecules. The goal is to test the notion that the primary change in electronic structure is that of electrical polarization. It is shown that the effects of these interactions on molecular properties are accurately determined by properties which can be calculated by analytical differentiation at the SCF level with Derivative Hartree-Fock (DHF) theory. Several applications of this model are compared with experiment.
Cardiac myosin binding protein-C as a central target of cardiac sarcomere signaling: a special mini review series

Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) is a cardiac-specific thick filament assembly, accessory, and regulatory protein. Physiologically, it is a key regulator of cardiac contractility. With more than 200 mutations in the cMyBP-C gene directly linked to the development of cardiomyopathy and heart failure, cMyBP-C clearly plays a critical role in heart function. At baseline, cMyBP-C is highly phosphorylated, a condition required for normal cardiac function. However, the level of cMyBP-C phosphorylation is significantly decreased during heart failure, indicating that the level of cMyBP-C phosphorylation is directly linked to signaling and cardiac function. Early studies indicated that cMyBP-C interacts with myosin and titin, whereas studies now show that it also interacts with thin filament proteins. However, the exact role(s) of cMyBP-C in the heart remain(s) to be elucidated. As such, we invited experts in the field of cardiac muscle to identify and address key issues related to cMyBP-C by contributing a mini review on such topics as structure, function, regulation, cardiomyopathy, proteolysis, and gene therapy. Starting from this issue, Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology will publish two invited mini review articles each month to discuss the most recent advances in the study of cMyBP-C.
Research Circles: Supporting the Scholarship of Junior Faculty.

This article describes and assesses "Research Circles" as a mechanism for enhancing faculty collegiality and research. Recently established on our campus, these circles, composed of three to four faculty members, have had a particularly powerful effect on the new faculty members' adjustment to their tenure track positions, especially since they entered a context that might otherwise have been challenging: a new interdisciplinary upper-division campus with high expectations for teaching excellence. Based on the end-of-year evaluations, journals, and focus groups, the co- authors described themes that emerged from their participation in these circles. Circle participation not only facilitated faculty writing throughout their first year, but it also fostered the development of an interdisciplinary community which nurtured creativity and risk taking in writing.
Gas-phase fragmentations of anionic complexes of serine- and threonine-containing peptides

Abstract The (M + Ca − 3H) − and (M − H) − anions of 11 tetra- and larger peptides that contain either Ser or Thr are studied by using fast atom bombardment (FAB) and collision-induced decomposition (CID). The Ser- and Thr-containing negative ions decompose to lose either 30 u (Ser) or 44 u (Thr) in the ion source, metastably, and upon CID. The CID of the FAB-formed (M + Ca − 3H − X) − or (M − H − X) − fragment ions, in which X = 30 or 44 u, is the same as the CID of (M + Ca − 3H) − or (M − H) − anions of peptides in which the Ser and Thr residues are replaced with Gly. Two possible mechanisms for the decompositions are discussed, and theoretical molecular mechanical calculations provide further evidence regarding the mechanisms.
Exploring parents' environmental needs at the time of a child's death in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Objective:Many childhood deaths in the United States occur in intensive care settings. The environmental needs of parents experiencing their child’s death in a pediatric intensive care unit must be understood to design facilities that comfort at the time of death and promote healing after loss. The
WHAT CAUSES LOW FRICTION; WHAT CAUSES HIGH FRICTION

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the issue of how to decouple friction forces from normal forces by focusing on the problem of superlubricity and the problem of controlling the boundary condition for hydrodynamic flow when fluid moves past a solid surface. Force, normalized by the mean radius of curvature of mica cylinders, is plotted against surface separation. As the mica sheets are squeezed together, squalane drains smoothly until oscillatory forces of alternating attraction and repulsion are detected at thickness ≈4 nm. This reflects the tendency of squalane to form layers parallel to the solids—the application of pressure causes the fluid to drain in discrete steps corresponding to the squeezing out of the successive layers. The liquid could ultimately be squeezed to ≈0.9 nm—twice the thickness of the chain backbone. Slip need not necessarily be predicated on having surfaces coated with self-assembled monolayers to render them partially wetted. The no-slip boundary condition switches to partial slip when the fluid contains a small amount of adsorbing surfactant.
Cultural Socialization in Black Middle-Class Families

While cultural capital is broadly documented as an important mechanism of class reproduction, there is less understanding of cultural capital within black middle-class families. This paper addresse...