cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small-vessel and medium-vessel vasculitis.

Introduction The vasculitides include a broad spectrum of disorders that span a clinical spectrum from benign, self-limited disease to fulminant conditions that are fatal in the absence of therapy. Whereas the large-vessel vasculitides consist of 2 principal disorders, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, the mediumand small-vessel vasculitides are much more diverse, including multiple diseases that can affect nearly every organ system. This article is the second of a 2-part series that focuses on the challenges faced by clinicians who care for patients with vasculitis. The first article in this series discussed the large-vessel vasculitides (1). The present article will examine the mediumand small-vessel vasculitides, reviewing the recent literature for insights regarding their epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Psychological aspects of human cloning and genetic manipulation: the identity and uniqueness of human beings

Human cloning has become one of the most controversial debates about reproduction in Western civilization. Human cloning represents asexual reproduction, but the critics of human cloning argue that the result of cloning is not a new individual who is genetically unique. There is also awareness in the scientific community, including the medical community, that human cloning and the creation of clones are inevitable. Psychology and other social sciences, together with the natural sciences, will need to find ways to help the healthcare system, to be prepared to face the new challenges introduced by the techniques of human cloning. One of those challenges is to help the healthcare system to find specific standards of behaviour that could be used to help potential parents to interact properly with cloned babies or children created through genetic manipulation. In this paper, the concepts of personality, identity and uniqueness are discussed in relationship to the contribution of twin studies in these areas. The author argues that an individual created by human cloning techniques or any other type of genetic manipulation will not show the donor's characteristics to the extent of compromising uniqueness. Therefore, claims to such an effect are needlessly alarmist.
Studies of the pirouette mutation. 2. A detrimental phenotypic interaction with naked neck.

Abstract During a study to determine if any genetic linkage existed between the chicken mutations pirouette and naked neck, it was found that when both traits are expressed simultaneously in an individual, an “automutilation” condition can be created in some cases. The tremulous head movements of naked neck-pirouette chicks cause scraping of the skin on the neck against the egg shell during hatching, resulting in lacerations of the neck in varying degrees. Because of this potential for injury, it is suggested that matings between carriers of tremulous neurological disorders and carriers of mutations that result in lack of down cover be avoided whenever possible.
Modeling of moisture diffusivities for components of yellow-dent corn kernels

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a method to characterize the diffusivity of different components of yellow-dent corn kernels. The equation D = D 0 ⅇ − C / T M n was proposed to describe the moisture diffusivity of yellow-dent corn kernel components. In the equation D (m2/s), T (K), and M (dry basis) are moisture diffusivity, temperature, and moisture content, respectively; whereas D0 (m2/s), C (K), and n are parameters for each component. In order to determine these parameters, each component was separated from the corn kernels and its drying curves were measured at controlled conditions using a Moisture Sorption Analyzer. The parameters were determined by an optimization algorithm that minimized the sum of squares of differences between the measured and calculated moisture contents. As moisture sorption data can provide typical drying curves obtained under well specified and controlled external conditions, the minimization algorithm involved the inversion of the typical drying equation governing the transfer of moisture through the corn kernel. Thus, Fick's second law of diffusion, solved using the COMSOL Multiphysics package, was used to describe moisture transfer in the drying samples. Information obtained in this study is needed to model moisture transfer within corn kernels during the drying process and minimize drying-induced stress cracks.
MACRONUTRIENT AND MICRONUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SEEDED BERMUDAGRASSES

The development and utilization of seeded cultivars of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] for use in turfgrass areas such as athletic fields and golf courses has increased in recent years. There is limited data concerning the fertility requirements and the resulting nutrient concentrations for these cultivars. A study was conducted to assess the nutrient content and turfgrass quality and color of 14 seeded bermudagrasses and one vegetative cultivar, “Tifway” [C. dactylon×C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy]. Turfgrass plots were established in 1996, maintained at a height of 2.54 cm, and fertilized at the rate of 454 g N 93 m−2 month−1 from July through October of 1996 and April through October of 1997. All other macronutrients and micronutrients were applied in equal amounts to all cultivars. Turfgrass quality and color were taken monthly. Plant tissue samples were collected, dried, ground, and analyzed for both macronutrient and micronutrient content. The study was a randomized block design with three ...
Atherosclerosis, Oxidation and Endometriosis

Endometriosis affects younger women of childbearing age. Atherosclerosis is considered as a disease of the old and increases with the ageing process. Both diseases are characterized by the increased presence of activated macrophages and associated increases in growth promoting activity and the production of inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we propose that oxidative stress and the presence of forms of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) might contribute to both Atherosclerosis and Endometriosis.
Photographic observation of the solid-liquid interface motion during melting of a solid heated from an isothermal vertical wall

Abstract Results of an experimental investigation on melting of a paraffin (n-octadecane, melting point 28.2°C) from a heated vertical wall of a rectangular test cell are reported. The resulting melt shapes, the temperatures in the paraffin and the heat transfer coefficients at the solid-liquid interface and their timewise variation provide conclusive evidence of the importance of natural convection on heat transfer in the melt region.
Mitigation of complex target Doppler aliasing artifacts in SAR imagery using stepped-frequency waveforms

Traditional high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems operate by placing a narrow transmit beam on a given ground patch for an extended time period. An alternate method of achieving high resolution is to increase the beamwidth. This approach allows both high resolution and large coverage areas, but increases the Doppler spread of the clutter echoes and therefore the required Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF). Unfortunately, the required PRF for avoiding Doppler aliasing can become impractical rather quickly. This paper begins by introducing a recently proposed technique for mitigating these Doppler aliasing artifacts using continuous transmission of Stepped-Frequency (SF) waveforms. By randomizing the subpulse frequency order on a waveform-to-waveform basis, matched filter processing has been shown to build a composite ambiguity function which places Doppler filter nulls on top of Doppler aliasing artifacts, effectively removing them from the imagery. Using Xpatch radar scattering data of a backhoe, this technique is demonstrated for the first time using a non-point scatterer target. The 2-D spatial frequency data is used to produce uncompressed target echoes of randomized SF waveforms. A Doppler mismatch is applied to simulate the return from an aliased target. By applying the appropriate filter to the SF echoes, the aliased target is eliminated, dropping the peak of the aliased energy by nearly 40 dB.
Influence of inhaled corticosteroids on community-acquired pneumonia in patients with bronchial asthma.

Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients with asthma. Patients and Methods All asthmatic patients who required hospitalization for CAP from the beginning of 1989 through December 2001 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients who used oral corticosteroids daily were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not they used ICS, and we analyzed clinical characteristics of the pneumonia. Sixty-two patients (28 males, 34 females; mean age, 54.5 years) were enrolled in this study. Thirty-seven of 62 patients used ICS, with the mean dosage being 777.9 μg/day. Results We found no significant differences between the two groups with regard to mean age, serum albumin level, duration of asthma, pulmonary function and frequency of intravenous infusion of corticosteroids in the outpatient department. There were no significant differences in body temperature, white blood cell count, and CRP value upon admission between the two groups. Differences were not significant in the period of resolution of the pneumonia or in the frequency of pathogens identified between the two groups. Conclusion ICS therapy appears to have no influence on CAP in patients with asthma. We recommend that ICS should be continued to control asthma with adequate antibiotic therapy when asthmatic patients have CAP.
Chronic prenatal exposure to carbamazepine and behavior effects on mice offspring

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of chronic prenatal exposure to a therapeutic dose of carbamazepine on the behavior of mice offspring in a randomized, placebo-controlled manner Study design Twenty-eight C3H/He mice were assigned randomly to treatment groups that were given food that contained either carbamazepine (25 mg in 10 g food) or a placebo for 1 week before mating and throughout gestation. Adult offspring from eight litters of each group were evaluated for standard tasks for motor, arousal/motivation, anxiety, and cognition. Statistical comparisons included analysis of variance and the Fisher exact test. Results Compared with the placebo group, there were no significant differences among the carbamazepine offspring in the duration of gestation, litter size, and birth weights. Fewer locomotor chamber movements were recorded in the carbamazepine group than in the placebo-exposed group at postnatal day 21 (469 vs 555 counts for 60 minutes, P P P Conclusion Although prenatal exposure induced subtle arousal effects and slower locomotor activity, carbamazepine did not have an impact on coordination, cognition, or responses to anxiety-provoking conditions. Correlation in humans is recommended.
The construct validity of semantic differential scales for the measurement of source credibility

This study investigates the construct validity of commonly used semantic differential scales for the measurement of source credibility. Criticisms of the scales are first reviewed. This suggests a need for construct validity research. The process of construct validation is then explained. The source credibility construct is placed in a nomological network and hypotheses are derived and tested. The results are examined, and the claim is advanced that the evidence supports the construct validity of the scales. Implications of the results are discussed.
I131 METABOLISM IN THYROID SLICES OF PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS THYROIDAL DISORDERS

Slices of thyroid tissue, obtained at operation from euthyroid patients and from patients with Graves' disease, adenoma, carcinoma and several types of thyroiditis were studied in a gravity-flow system of incubation in a medium of constant composition containing I131. The metabolism of I131 was expressed in terms of the clearance of I131 by the slice, tissue-medium (T/M) gradients, ability to bind iodine in organic form, and ability to discharge accumulated radioiodine in response to thiocyanate both in the unblocked state and afterocking with methimazole. Slices of normal thyroid tissue had similar clearance values (0.03 ml./min./Gm.) and T/M ratios (3 to 4) whether organic binding was permitted or abolished. Only half of the accumulated I131 was protein-bound when binding was allowed, and the remaining I131 was dischargeable by thiocyanate. When Lugol's solution had been administered preoperatively, the above values were reduced to 50 and 75 per cent. The clearance by slices of exophthalmic goiters was ...
Effects of tumor promoters on adenylate cyclase activity in melanoma cells in culture.

Des cellules de melanome (lignee B-16) ont ete mises en culture pendant 1 heure (court terme) ou 24 heures (long terme) par un ester de phorbol et par la mezereine. A court terme, les deux composes potentialisent l'induction de l'adenylate cyclase par l'hormone melanotrope (MSH), alors qu'apres 24 heures une inhibition est observee
nAIT: A source analysis and instrumentation framework for nesC

Automated software engineering methods support the construction, maintenance, and analysis of both new and legacy systems. Their application is commonplace in desktop- and enterprise-class systems due to the productivity and reliability benefits they afford. The contribution of this article is to present an applied foundation for extending the use of such methods to the flourishing domain of wireless sensor networks. The objective is to enable developers to construct tools that aid in understanding both the static and dynamic properties of reactive, event-based systems. We present a static analysis and instrumentation toolkit for the nesC language, the defacto standard for sensor network development. We highlight the novel aspects of the toolkit, analyze its performance, and provide representative case-studies that illustrate its use.
Rapid neutron capture in supernova explosions

Nucleosynthesis by neutron capture on fast time scale in supernova explosion models for dynamics of highly evolved massive star cores
Emerging Standard and Subdialectal Variation in Early American English

SUMMARYIn spite of later clearly delineated American dialects, many visitors as well as inhabitants in colonial and early federal America commented upon the uniformity of American English, although others pointed out differences. Taken together, the usual evidence sources such as orthoepistic and grammatical description, naive spellings, contemporary journalistic commentary, or literary dialect representation provide indecisive evidence. However, a principle of perceptual recognition of language variation in relation to both an external standard (British English) and a developing internal standard (American English) may account for the uniformity comments while diversity simultaneously existed.RESUMEMalgre l'existence d'un certain nombre de dialectes deja bien delimites, de nombreux voyageurs et habitants d'Amerique coloniale remarquerent et commenterent sur l'uniformite de l'anglais americain, alors que d'autres releverent des differences significatives. En gros, les documents habituels, tels que les descriptions orthopeistes et grammaticales, les orthographes naives, les commentaires journalistiques de l'epoque et les dialectales litteraires offrent des temoignages contradictoires. Toutefois une perception de la variation linguistique par rapport a un standard externe (l'anglais britannique) et un standard interne (l'anglais americain) peut expliquer l'uniformite des commentaires en regard d'une diversite persistante.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTrotz deutlich erkennbarer amerikanischer Dialekte, sprachen viele Besu-cher sowie die Einwohner des kolonialen und fruhen foderativen Amerika von der Ausgewogenheit des amerikanischen Englisch, wahrend andere auf Unter-schiede hinwiesen. Insgesamt gesehen, bieten die ublichen Beweisquellen wie orthoepische Schriften, grammatische Abhandlungen, phonetische Schreibun-gen, zeitgenossische journalistische Kommentare und literarische Dialekte, kei-ne entsprechenden Unterlagen. Ein Prinzip etwa der 'auffassungsfahigen Er-kennung' von Sprachvariationen im Verhaltnis zu einem 'externen Standard' (i.e., dem britischen Englisch) und einem sich in der Entwicklung befindenden 'internen Standard' (dem amerikanischen Englisch) durfte jedoch die Einfor-migkeit der Kommentare und Beobachtungen erklaren, trotz der dialektalen Unterschiede, die zur damaligen Zeit wohl existierten.
High-Pressure Laser-Fusion Compression Results

There are two principal approaches to inertial confinement fusion (ICF): direct and indirect drive. In the indirect or "hohlraum" approach to fusion, pursued primarily at the national weapons laboratories at Los Alamos and Livermore, the driver-beam energy is absorbed and converted to x rays by a radiation case made of a high-atomic-weight element, the x rays are then used to drive the target implosion. In the alternative direct-drive approach, a short-wavelength high-intensity laser pulse directly illuminates a bare, spherical target. The implosion of capsules by direct laser drive may be more efficient than indirect drive. The University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) is the primary focus in the United States used to investigate directly driven spherical target experiments. The LLE research program in ICF has two principal objectives: (1) to demonstrate the scientific feasibility of the direct-drive concept for inertial fusion, and (2) to investigate the fundamental physics of the interaction of intense laser radiation with matter. The first of these objectives is addressed by a program aimed at the demonstration of high compression (peak DT densities in the range of 10-20 g/cm 3 ) with short-wavelength (0.35-μm) laser radiation and direct-drive targets. The primary elements of this program include (a) development and implementation of high-density diagnostic systems on the OMEGA facility; (b) theoretical simulations of laser-driven target implosions using one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrocodes; (c) the achievement of a high degree of drive uniformity (±5%) on the 24-beam OMEGA laser; and (d) the development and implementation of solid and liquid fuel layer targets. The second objective (laser-matter interaction physics) is addressed by an experimental and theoretical effort including (a) laser-target coupling studies; (b) studies of parametric instabilities occurring in the coronal plasma; (c) investigations of electron-thermal energy transport; and (d) research on the hydrodynamic behavior of ablatively driven targets , including the study of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Even though the specific research topics covered under this part of the program are motivated by the primary mission, the demonstration of the feasibility of direct-drive inertial fusion, the fundamental laser-matter interaction physics issues are also important to hohlraum driven targets.
Hydropower, Adaptive Management, and Biodiversity

Adaptive management is a policy framework within which an iterative process of decision making is followed based on the observed responses to and effectiveness of previous decisions. The use of adaptive management allows science-based research and monitoring of natural resource and ecological community responses, in conjunction with societal values and goals, to guide decisions concerning man's activities. The adaptive management process has been proposed for application to hydropower operations at Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River, a situation that requires complex balancing of natural resources requirements and competing human uses. This example is representative of the general increase in public interest in the operation of hydropower facilities and possible effects on downstream natural resources and of the growing conflicts between uses and users of river-based resources. This paper describes the adaptive management process, using the Glen Canyon Dam example, and discusses ways to make the process work effectively in managing downstream natural resources and biodiversity.
Suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation

Abstract Although mounting evidence has demonstrated an important role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the development and progression of cancer, the therapeutic potential of small molecules that target this pathway for prostate cancer remains largely unknown. We reported herein that the highly invasive androgen-independent PC-3 and DU145 human prostate cancer cells exhibited higher levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling than the androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells and non-cancerous PZ-HPV-7 and PWR-1E prostate cells, and that exogenous Wnt3A treatment exaggerated the difference of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling levels among these prostate cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac sulfide, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitor, celecoxib, and the nitric oxide-donating aspirin derivative, NO-ASA, blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PC-3 and DU145 cells. These effects occurred at concentrations comparable to those required to inhibit cell proliferation, indicating that the inhibitory effect of these drugs on prostate cancer cell proliferation may involve the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Finally, we showed that a novel small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, PKF118- 310, inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling and proliferation in prostate cancer cells within the same concentration range. Together, these results suggest that small molecules that inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling have therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of prostate cancer.
Fragments of arithmetic

Abstract We establish by elementary proof-theoretic means the conservativeness of two subsystems of analysis over primitive recursive arithmetic. The one subsystem was introduced by Friedman [6], the other is a strengthened version of a theory of Minc [14]; each has been shown to be of considerable interest for both mathematical practice and metamathematical investigations. The foundational significance of such conservation results is clear: they provide a direct finitist justification of the part of mathematical practice formalizable in these subsystems. The results are generalized to relate a hierarchy of subsystems, all contained in the theory of arithmetic properties, to a corresponding hierarchy of fragments of arithmetic. The proof theoretic tools employed there are used to re-establish in a uniform, elementary way relationships between various fragments of arithmetic due to Parsons, Paris and Kirby, and Friedman.
Cyber-Physical Challenges for Space Systems

Modern space systems necessarily have a tight coupling between onboard cyber (processing, communication) and physical (sensing, actuation) elements to survive the harsh extraterrestrial environment and successfully complete ambitious missions. This article first summarizes space exploration missions and existing platforms that to-date have been developed by ad hoc, one-of-a-kind cyber-physical integration efforts. The primary goal of this paper is to present a series of cyber-physical systems (CPS) challenges that, if addressed in the emerging science of CPS, will greatly facilitate complex space systems development in the future. Areas of focus include spacecraft communications, driven by relative orbiting network node positions as well as bandwidth and power considerations, attitude control and orbit determination, and space robotics and science payload systems. A strong CPS challenge problem is introduced: scheduling the instructions executed on a small spacecraft processor such that the magnetic field introduced by this processor induces torques favorable for spacecraft pointing.
Spin-density-functional theory of circular and elliptical quantum dots

Using spin-density-functional theory, we study the electronic states of a two-dimensional parabolic quantum dot with up to $N=58$ electrons. We observe a shell structure for the filling of the dot with electrons. Hund's rule determines the spin configuration of the ground state, but only up to 22 electrons. At specific N, the ground state is degenerate, and a small elliptical deformation of the external potential induces a rotational charge-density-wave state. Previously identified spin-density-wave states are shown to be artifacts of broken spin symmetry in density-functional theory.
Surfactant effects upon nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Observation of double rate maxima

Abstract First order rate constants of the reaction of 2,4-dinitrochloronaphthalene (DNCN) with excess OH − go through double maxima with increasing concentrations of cetyltrialkylammonium chloride or bromide (C 16 H 33 NR 3 X; CTAX, R = Me; CTEAX, R = Et; CTPAX, R = n -Pr; CTBAX, R = n -Bu; X = Cl, Br). The relative heights of the two maxima depend upon [DNCN] and there is only a single maximum with very dilute DNCN (4 × 10 −6 M ) and with added NaBr. There are also double rate maxima in reactions of DNCN with N 3 − and with morpholine. The first rate maxima are ascribed to reactions mediated by submicellar assemblies and the second to reaction in micelles. Tri- n -octylalkylammonium mesylates (alkyl = Me, Et) do not micellize but they speed reactions of DNCN with OH − and N 3 − . Rates of reaction of OH − with p -nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate go through a single maximum in micellized CTBABr. These observations suggest that interaction of submicellar assemblies activates the substrate toward nucleophiles but that micelles assist reaction by concentrating both reactants in the small interfacial volume.
Subcellular localization of two glutamine‐dependent carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetases and related enzymes in liver of Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) and properties of isolated liver mitochondria: Comparative relationship with elasmobranchs

Two different glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPSase) activities are preset in tissues of Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish shark, a representative elasmobranch) (Anderson, Biochem. J. 261:523–529, 1989). CPSase III (acetylglutamate-dependent) activity is present in liver mitochondria; the function of this enzyme is related to urea synthesis for the purpose of osmoregulation, and the properties are analogous to the classical ammonia and acetylglutamate-dependent CPSase I in liver mitochondria of ureotelic species (except that the nitrogen-donating substrate is glutamine). CPSase II activity is present in spleen and other extrahepatic tissues, but is apparently absent from liver; the function of this enzyme is related to pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, and the properties are analogous to mammalian CPSase II activities (independent of acetylglutamate, inhibited by UTP, and activated by 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate). Glutamine synthetase in shark liver is localized in the mitochondria, but the spleen glutamine synthetase is localized in the cytosol. Liver of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, a freshwater teleost) also has CPSase III activity; however, unlike shark, aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity is also present in bass liver. Consequently, a major objective of this study was to establish if two different glutamine-dependent CPSase activities are present in a single tissue (liver). Two different glutamine-dependent CPSase activites were found to be present in bass liver, a mitochondrial CPSase III and a cytosolic CPSase II. The CPSase II activity, in contrast to the shark spleen CPSase II, appears to be associated with aspartate carbamoyltransferase and dihydro-orotase activities, as found in mammalian species. As in shark, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, arginase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities in bass liver are localized in the mitochondria, but, in contrast to shark, glutamine synthetase activity is localized in the cytosol. The properties of isolated, actively respiring bass liver mitochondria were investigated for comparison with previously reported properties of shark liver mitochondria. Respiration of bass mitochondria is supported by succinate and glutamate plus malate, but not by β-hydroxybutyrate, palmitoyl-CoA, citrate, or glutamine, all of which serve as excellent substrates for dogfish shark liver mitochondria. In contrast to shark mitochondria, bass mitochondria are not capable of ketone body formation and, of particular interest, do not catalyze citrulline formation from glutamine. CPSase III activity was not present in two other species of teleost fishes closely related to largemouth bass. The occurrence and function of CPSase III in teleost fishes are discussed.
High bandwidth tilt measurement using low-cost sensors

In this paper, a state estimation technique is developed for sensing inclination angles using low-cost sensors. A low-bandwidth tilt sensor is used along with an inaccurate rate gyro and a low-cost accelerometer to obtain the measurement. The rate gyro has an inherent bias along with sensor noise. The tilt sensor uses an internal pendulum and therefore has its own slow dynamics. These sensor dynamics were identified experimentally and combined to achieve high-bandwidth measurements using an optimal linear state estimator. Potential uses of the measurement technique range from robotics, to rehabilitation, to vehicle control.
Influence of hyperfiltration on the measurement of urinary N -acetyl-β- D -glucosaminidase

The measurement of urinary enzymes in patients with diabetes mellitus has become a useful additional test for the early detection of nephropathy. Controversy persists concerning methods of measurement since during early stages of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus children develop the so-called hyperfiltration syndrome. This study was performed to determine whether elevated levels of excreted creatinine influence the determination of the enzyme N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Reference values for NAG in single-spot urines (units NAG/mmol creatinine) and in 24-h collections (units NAG/l urine) were established in two different groups of 105 and 111 healthy children. NAG was then measured in single-spot urines (as NAG/mmol creatinine) and in collection urines of 30 diabetic children within the same 24-h period and compared with the reference population. These results were compared with hemoglobin (Hb)A1a–c and fructosamine values as well as creatinine clearance of the diabetic patients. There was a direct correlation between the NAG levels in single-spot and 24-h urine collections of diabetic patients. However, the NAG/creatinine ratio in the single-spot urines did not correlate with the HbA1a–c or fructosamine level. When 24 h collections (expressed as NAG/l) were used, the results correlated well with HbA1a–c and fructosamine. There was an inverse correlation between the creatinine clearance and the NAG/creatinine ratio, i.e., a high creatinine clearance correlated with a low NAG/creatinine ratio. This was not the case for 24 h collections (expressed as units/l). Hence, in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 24-h urine collections should be used for urinanalysis. Parameters should not be related to creatinine, since the ratio of urinary protein and creatinine is unreliable because of the high urinary creatinine during the hyperfiltration state.
Municipal water use and water rates driven by severe drought : A case study

: This paper synthesizes and interprets data pertaining to the evolution of average water revenue, water use, and the average cost of water supply in the City of Santa Barbara, California, from 1986 to 1996, a period which included one of the most devastating droughts in California this century. The 1987–1992 drought hit the study area particularly hard. The City of Santa Barbara was dependent exclusively on local sources for its water supply. That made it vulnerable as the regional climate is prone to extreme variability and recurrent droughts. The 1986–1992 drought provided a rare opportunity to assess the sensitivity of municipal water use to pricing, conservation, and other water management measures under extreme drought conditions. Our analysis indicates that the average cost of water rose more than three-fold in real terms from 1986 to 1996, while the gap between the average cost of supply and the average revenue per unit of water (= 100 cubic feet) rose in real terms from $0.14 in 1986 to $ 0.75 in 1996. The rise of $3.08 in the average cost of supplying one unit of water between 1986 and 1996 measures the cost of hedging drought risk in the study area. Water use dropped 46 percent at the height of the drought relative to pro-drought water use, and remains at 61 percent of the pre-drought level. The data derived from the 1987–1992 California drought are unique and valuable insofar as shedding light on drought/water demand adaptive interactions. The experience garnered on drought management during that unique period points to the possibilities available for future water management in the Arid West where dwindling water supplies and burgeoning populations are facts that we must deal with.
Teacher Mentoring: An Analysis of Roles, Activities, and Conditions:

A conceptual framework composed of eight categories of mentoring activities that address five domains of beginning teachers' concerns was developed based on the reported activities of 150 teachers who were lead mentors. The study suggests that experienced teachers possess an extensive repertoire of helping strategies and that, with opportunities for collaboration, teachers can develop and shape complex mentoring roles that meet beginning teachers' needs. Conditions that influence mentoring relationships include school context factors and mentor and beginning teacher characteristics. Mentoring programs thus should not attempt to rigidly specify mentoring roles. With support, experienced teachers can provide assistance tailored to the circumstances of beginning teachers in individual schools.
Commentary on "Conceptualizing genetic counseling as psychotherapy in the era of genomic medicine".

Before commenting directly on the article by Austin, Semaka, and Hadjipavlou (2014), I need to state my bias on this issue very clearly: As a counselor educator, counseling psychologist, and professional clinical counselor who has taught counseling techniques to genetic counseling students for more than 30 years, I have always strongly endorsed Kessler’s (1997) perspective that genetic counseling incorporates two core functions. The first function is the effective communication of information related to the genetic aspects of a wide variety of medical conditions. This information needs to be accurate, current, and expressed in a way that is understandable to patients who may have no medical or scientific background. The information-giving (teaching) part of genetic counseling is a complex and difficult task in that it not only requires a depth of knowledge but also a high level of interpersonal skill (e.g., reading a patient’s nonverbal confusion after an attempted explanation or recognizing that sometimes a carefully placed question may reveal what the patient is not understanding). The second core function of the genetic counselor task is to serve as a counselor (or psychotherapist), aiding the patient’s exploration of his/her emotional reactions and psychosocial concerns related to the genetic information presented. This second component of a genetic counselor’s work is emphasized in the Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling (Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling 2013 ,p p. 3–4) Practice-Based Competencies under Domain II: Interpersonal, Psychosocial and Counseling Skills. This section of the document includes core competencies clearly reflective of psychotherapy skills:
Factors that Pre-Service Elementary Teachers Perceive as Affecting Their Motivational Profiles in Mathematics.

The purpose of this study was to examine the sources that pre-service teachers (PSTs) use when they construct their self-efficacy beliefs and learning goals, which compose their motivational profiles. Pre-service elementary teachers (n = 22) with different motivational profiles participated in narrative interviews designed to examine retrospectively their past experiences in mathematics and the effect of those experiences on their motivational profiles. Results reveal that participants relied on multiple sources to construct their efficacy beliefs and goals, including past performance, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasions, career goals, and the fit between participants’ views of mathematics and the nature of mathematics in their classes. While some of these factors have been identified by previous research, the contribution of the current study is to extend this research to a new population and to elaborate on these factors. Results also help refine and extend our knowledge of PSTs’ motivation and suggest ways that teacher educators could influence PSTs’ motivational profiles.
L 2 Riemann-Roch Theorem for Elliptic Operators

1. Let X be a compact riemannian surface (i.e. a compact complex manifold with dimc X = 1) or, in other words, a non-singular complex algebraic curve. Denote by g the genus of X, i.e. a non-negative integer such that X is homeomorphic to the sphere with g handles. In particular, if g = 0 then X is just a riemannian sphere, and if g = 1 then topologically X is a 2-torus (in this case X is called an elliptic curve). Consider a divisor μ on X, i.e. an element of the free abelian group generated by the points in X. So μ is in fact a finite collection of points x 1,…, x k in X with multiplicities p l, …, p k which are arbitrary integers. Let us consider the space \(\mathcal{O}(\mu )\) of meromorphic functions on X which are subordinated to μ.
Some economic partially balanced 2m factorial fractions

This paper offers plans mainly for 2m factorial fractions with (6“E m”ElO), each of which possesses the following properties: (i) the general mean and all the main effects and two factor interactions are estimable, assuming the higher order interactions to be zero; (ii) the number of assemblies involved is kept at a minimum, with the condition that the available number of degrees of freedom for error is not too few; (iii) the fraction is subdivided into blocks (size 8 for 6“Em”E7, size 16 for 8“Em”ElO); (iv) the estimates of the main effects and interactions can be obtained without any special adjustment needed for eliminating the block effects; (v) structurally, the fraction possesses a partial balance; and (vi) subject to the above conditions, the fraction has been chosen so that for any pair of effects, the correlations between the corresponding estimates may not be too large. (In each fraction, the general mean has zero correlation with the other effects.) Furthermore, the inverses of the matrices involved in the normal equations have also been presented so that a complete analysis is available for each fraction.
Serum protein removal from skim milk with a 3-stage, 3× ceramic Isoflux membrane process at 50°C.

Abstract Small pore microfiltration (MF) can be used to remove serum proteins (SP) from skim milk. The process's SP removal efficiency directly influences the technology's economic feasibility. Our objective was to quantify the capacity of 0.14μm ceramic Isoflux MF membranes (TAMI, Nyons, France) to remove SP from skim milk. A 3-stage, 3×, feed-and-bleed MF study with diafiltration in the latter 2 stages was conducted at 50°C using Isoflux membranes to determine cumulative SP removal percentages and SP removal rates at each processing stage. The experiment was replicated 3 times starting with 3 separate lots of raw milk. In contrast to 3× MF theoretical cumulative SP removal percentages of 68, 90, and 97% after 1, 2, and 3 stages, respectively, the 3× Isoflux MF process removed only 39.5, 58.4, and 70.2% of SP after 1, 2, and 3 stages, respectively. Previous research has been published that provides the skim milk SP removal capacities of 3-stage, 3× 0.1μm ceramic Membralox (Pall Corp., Cortland, NY) uniform transmembrane pressure (UTP), 0.1μm ceramic Membralox graded permeability (GP), and 0.3μm polymeric polyvinylidene fluoride spiral-wound (PVDF-SW) MF systems (Parker-Hannifin, Process Advanced Filtration Division, Tell City, IN) at 50°C. No difference in cumulative SP removal percentage after 3 stages was detected between the Isoflux and previously published PVDF-SW values (70.3%), but SP removal was lower than published GP (96.5%) and UTP (98.3%) values. To remove 95% of SP from 1,000kg of skim milk in 12h it would take 7, 3, 3, and 7 stages with 6.86, 1.91, 2.82, and 17.98m 2 of membrane surface area for the Isoflux, GP, UTP, and PVDF-SW systems, respectively. The MF systems requiring more stages would produce additional permeate at lower protein concentrations. The ceramic MF systems requiring more surface area would incur higher capital costs. The authors hypothesize that SP removal with the Isoflux membranes was lower than theoretical for the following reasons: a range of membrane pore sizes existed (i.e., some pores were too small to pass SP), the selective layer modification and reverse flow conditions at the membrane outlet combined to reduce the effective membrane surface area, and the geometric shape of the Isoflux flow channels promoted early fouling of the membrane and rejection of SP by the foulant.
Managing human capital supply chain in the Internet era

The past decade has witnessed dramatic changes in the types and composition of the workforce. A greater number of employees are able to work from home. Job seekers have better access to available jobs today than ever before. Likewise, employers have greater access to available potential candidates. In this context, a variety of approaches including intelligent agents to facilitate the search for employment are reviewed. The impact of the Internet on human resources management from employees’ and employers’ perspectives and resulting trends are analyzed. Based on the author’s industry interactions and statistics, answers are sought to many pertinent questions relating to quality human resource initiatives to link with a technologically adept workforce. A human capital supply chain management framework is proposed which has decision‐support capability in an Internet environment that provides value‐based relationships between partners.
Electron energy-loss study of the electronic structure of atomic scale Sr Ti O 3 − Sr Mn O 3 − La Mn O 3 superlattices

$\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (STO), $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (SMO), and $\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (LMO) ultrathin films with layer thicknesses of 1--4 perovskite unit cells were grown on a STO substrate. The physical and electronic structures of ultrathin films and interfaces were characterized with nanoarea electron diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The diffraction patterns show that the epitaxial growth of LMO, SMO, and STO with strain is closely lattice matched to the STO substrate. High resolution $Z$-contrast STEM images clearly show the superlattice structure with atomically sharp interfaces. EELS shows changes in the density of unoccupied states of oxygen, which is present in all films, and of titanium at the STO-SMO interface. We find that the $\mathrm{O}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}K$ edge in layered LMO shifts depending on the thickness of the film. No peak shifts of Mn in $\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are observed within our instrument resolution, indicating that the valence of the Mn ion is approximately constant across the interface while the electron density of oxygen atoms accepts the local charge transfer.
Degrees of Unsolvability of Constructible Sets of Integers

Why the Post-Kleene arithmetical hierarchy of degrees of (recursive) unsolvability was extended into the transfinite is not clear. Perhaps it was thought that if a hierarchy of sufficiently fine structure could be described that would include all sets of integers, some light might be thrown on the Continuum Hypothesis, and its truth or falsity possibly even ascertained. There is also some evidence in the 1955 papers of Kleene (cf. Kleene [2], [3], [4]) that it was once hoped that a theorem for the analytical hierarchy analogous to the result of Post and Kleene
Variational-asymptotic modeling of the thermoelastic behavior of composite beams

This paper deals with steady state thermoelastic problems in composite beam structure by using variational-asymptotic method. First, the original three-dimensional heat conduction problem is reduced to be a two-dimensional thermal cross-sectional analysis along with an optional one-dimensional heat conduction analysis. The one-dimensional heat conduction analysis exists only if the temperature is not prescribed at any point of the cross-section along the span except the end surfaces. Then we reduce the one-way coupled, three-dimensional thermoelasticity problem into a two-dimensional, one-way coupled thermoelastic cross-sectional analysis and a one-dimensional, one-way coupled, thermoelastic beam analysis. The present theory is implemented into the computer program, variational-asymptotic beam sectional analysis (VABS). Several examples are studied using the present theory and the results from VABS are compared with available analytical solutions and the three-dimensional analysis using the commercial finite element package ANSYS.
"I don't want to feel like a stranger": Korean students who play basketball seriously.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of playing basketball among Korean students residing in a small campus town in the U.S. A total of seven Korean students in a midwestern university were interviewed. From the analysis of the interviews, three themes emerged that described the basketball experiences of Korean students: (a) the cost and benefits of playing basketball, (b) the internal factors that facilitated playing basketball, and (c) the external factors that facilitated playing basketball. The findings suggest that the strategies Korean students used to cope with adjustment issues were related to seriously participating in basketball. Participants in this study possessed the qualities of serious leisure (Stebbins, 1992). Their cultural background influenced the formation of leisure participation, and more intimate in‐group relationships were established through their leisure activities.
High-temperature series expansions for the Heisenberg-Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya model

Expansions as power series in reciprocal temperature of the zero-field susceptibility and specific heat of a magnetic system described by the Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}=\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\Sigma}{〈\mathrm{ij}〉}^{}[\mathrm{J}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}^{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}^{j}+\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{D}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}^{i}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}^{j})]\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}g\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathcal{H}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}^{i}$, where the first sum is over distinct pairs of nearest-neighbor sites, have been calculated for general spin and lattice. The first two coefficients in the susceptibility and four in the specific heat which depend on $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{D}}$ are presented.