cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SWELLING RESISTANCE OF A HIGH NICKEL ALLOY.

Abstract Results from the side-by-side irradiation of three high nickel alloys in a fast flux reactor (EBR-II) indicate that void formation and the resultant swelling in these materials is governed by alloy microstructure. Immersion density measurements showed appreciable swelling in Incoloy-800 and Hastelloy-X but a densification in Inconel-625 after irradiation to 5 × 10 22 n/cm 2 , E > 0.1 MeV. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Inconel-625 containing closely spaced Ni3Nb precipitate particles developed no voids, whereas Incoloy-800 and Hastelloy-X with markedly different microstructures each showed extensive and distinctive void formation.
Enterprise risk management: Applications of economic modeling and information technology

Factory floors throughout the global economy are rapidly transforming themselves into potentially fertile laboratories for research in the cognitive sciences. The information revolution has challenged our understanding of perception and cognition. Innovations in information technologies have also provided us with new methods and environments for the study of cognition. On the business and economic front, information technology is supporting the development of new corporate information systems-Enterprise Systems-that will revolutionize the decision-making, reporting and reward environments in corporations. These systems are pervasive and transforming. At all levels, employees will be presented with potentially unlimited amounts of accurate, real-time information and will be expected to use that information effectively. The possibilities for research, especially for modeling the learning and decision-making processes, are unparalleled. Research conducted in these environments offers extraordinary opportunities to address research questions formerly requiring limited synthetic environmental situations. Data collected in firms as they deploy enterprise information systems can be more extensive and accurate and more easily quantified than data from traditional synthetic experiments. Research programs in these settings can also address more complex problems of human interaction and collaborativity. This article describes the aspects of enterprise systems that will be of greates interest to cognitive scientists. It also outlines the nature of potential collaboration between economists and cognitive scientists and offers a list of outstanding questions for systems design and development.
Application of neural networks to computer-aided pathology detection in mammography

Digitized mammograms are used as input to a system of feedforward neural networks for determining the presence of clusters of microcalcifications. Rather than presenting the locations of detected suspected pathologies on the digital image itself, the intent is to produce a transparent overlay marking these possible pathologies for later diagnosis by the radiologist. Current results indicate that this method will in general be more efficient than human observers in locating low contrast objects and clusters of small microcalcifications (down to 50 micron diameter).© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Educational and Commercial Institutions in the United States: Symbiosis and Cooperation.

A number of U.S. companies, suc cessful in the global marketplace, attribute their prosperity to a corpo rate culture in which every individual is motivated to perform in a coopera tive effort. U.S. educational leaders are now asking them to share their knowledge and experience.
Mitochondrial DNA diversification and population structure in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico and Western Atlantic

We examined variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among geographic samples of seven species of marine fish sampled from the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) and along the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States (western Atlantic). Species included three sciaenids that are estuarine dependent during larval and juvenile stages, three reef-associated species that are typically found as adults on reefs, hard bottoms, or submerged structures, and one scombrid that is pelagic throughout its life history. All seven species are significant components of recreational and/or commercial fisheries, and the issue of population structure/gene flow is critical to their conservation and management. MtDNA variation in the three sciaenids is consistent with the hypothesis that dispersal/gene flow in all three species follows an isolation-by-distance model, and that dispersal potential is consistent with expectations based on life history. No evidence of population structuring was observed in the three reef-associated species, in contrast to what might be expected on the basis of their adult life history. Low levels of mtDNA variation in two of the reef-associated species is consistent with the occurrence of past or presentday bottleneck events. MtDNA variation in the scombrid was not structured geographically, consistent with expectations for a highly pelagic species, but was discordant with variation observed at an allozyme locus (PEPA-2). However, variation in mtDNA was independent of sex or age of individuals, whereas variation at the allozyme locus was not. Genotypes at the allozyme locus thus appear to vary in part as a function of the sex and age composition of samples. This finding serves as a warning that genetic markers may not necessarily be independent with respect to life-history parameters such as sex and age.
Static properties of a non-neutral 9 Be + -ion plasma

The paper reports measurements of the static properties of laser-cooled nonneutral Be-9(+)-ion plasmas stored in Penning traps (PT) under a variety of experimental conditions. The shape, rotation frequency, density, and temperature of the ions were measured as functions of the PT potential and laser-cooling configuration. Within experimental error, the ion plasmas rotate without shear and exhibit approximate thermal equilibrium.
Regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in response to ox-LDL in vascular smooth muscle cells, and the modulatory effects of the microRNA hsa-let-7g

Abstract Objectives Regulation of autophagy and apoptosis during treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with pro-atherogenic stimuli, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), remains unclear. Methods and results We examined the expression of autophagy and apoptosis upon treatment of VSMCs with ox-LDL. Exposure to ox-LDL in modest amounts (10–40μg/ml) enhanced autophagy (expression of beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-1 ratio and Atg5) and apoptosis (expression of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL); however, exposure to higher concentrations (≥60μg/ml) induced high levels of apoptosis but autophagy declined. Pretreatment of VSMCs with the miRNA hsa-let-7g inhibited autophagy, as LOX-1 expression and apoptosis declined. Hsa-let-7g treatment also resulted in a decrease in intracellular ROS generation. Treatment with LOX-1 antibody had similar effects as hsa-let-7g. Next, we studied autophagy and apoptosis in aortic segments from wild-type and LOX-1 knockout mice fed a high cholesterol diet, and observed increased autophagy as well as apoptosis in lipid-rich sections of aortas from wild-type mice and LOX-1 knockout mice (vs. corresponding controls); however, both autophagy and apoptosis in lipid-rich areas in aortic sections of LOX-1 knockout mice were less than in WT mice. These in vivo data are in keeping with in vitro data showing enhanced autophagy and apoptosis of VSMCs exposed to modest amount of ox-LDL. Conclusion This study provides first set of data on the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in ox-LDL-treated VSMCs. Our observations also suggest that hsa-let-7g acts as a critical regulator of autophagy and apoptosis by modulating LOX-1.
Toward "Hybridised" Faculty Development for the Twenty-First Century: Blending Online Communities of Practice and Face-to-Face Meetings in Instructional and Professional Support Programmes

This manuscript begins with a synthesis of research on communities, communities of practice (CoPs), and the potential for their development in online forums, while specifically discussing the value of virtual CoPs for educational professionals in higher education. Working within constructivist and sociocultural frameworks, this manuscript addresses how online forums for faculty support can be beneficial in ways distinct from face‐to‐face environments. Further, this paper presents an argument for the hybridisation of faculty development by suggesting that online forums for collegial interaction are viable and culturally sensitive complements to traditional face‐to‐face faculty support, socialisation, and mentoring programmes. In conclusion, resources that can assist in designing a hybrid model of faculty development are offered.
The Hospice Movement: A Bibliographic Essay

Since the mid‐1960s, people have begun to change their attitudes towards death and the role it plays in our society. Many find problems with the fact that an increasing number of people die in old age, afflicted with chronic diseases, and that a majority of people in the United States die in public institutions such as hospitals, extended care facilities, or convalescent homes. Questions have been raised regarding the extent to which technology should be used to keep someone alive, when doing so seems futile or even cruel. We are beginning to realize that our society at present does not deal effectively with this growing populaton of the aged.
Placental transfer of gastric antibodies.

Abstract Cord-serum was obtained at the time of delivery of three young women known to have gastric mucosal disease and circulating gastric mucosal antibodies. The IgG classes of these antibodies were found to cross the placental barrier freely. Gastric juice was obtained from two infants, but no antibodies could be detected in the specimens. In the infant who had circulating intrinsic-factor antibodies, intrinsic factor could be detected at age 3 weeks in the gastric juice, even though he had a high level of circulating antibody at the time.
3 Pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus

Summary Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) are autonomous parvoviruses which infect cats or dogs, respectively. Both viruses cause an acute disease, with virus replicating for less than seven days before being cleared by the developing immune responses. The viruses have a broad tropism for mitotically active cells. In neonatal animals the viruses replicate in a large number of tissues, and FPV infection of the germinal epithelium of the cerebellum leads to cerebellar hypoplasia, while CPV may infect the hearts of neonatal pups, causing myocarditis. In older animals the virus replicates systemically, primarily in the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, and also in the rapidly replicating cells of the small intestinal epithelial crypts. A transient panleukopenia or relative lymphopenia is often observed after FPV or CPV infection, respectively. Whether the reduction in cell numbers in vivo is due to virus replicating in and killing cells, or due to other indirect effects, is not known. However, FPV kills both erythroid and myeloid colony progenitors in in vitro bone marow cultures, and it has been suggested that virus replication in the myeloid cells in vivo could lead to the reduced neutrophil levels seen after FPV infection of cats.
Isoflurane and cytochrome b5 stimulation of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene metabolism by reconstituted rat CYP2B1 and CYP2C6.

Abstract Isoflurane stimulates the metabolism of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene (CDE) in liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats or rabbits. The P450 isozymes involved and the mechanism by which such stimulation occurs have not been clarified. The present study examined the effects of isoflurane ami cytochrome b 5 on CDE metabolism in reconstituted systems containing purified rat CYP2B1 orCYP2C6. Under similar incubation conditions, CYP2B1 defluorinated CDE at approximately five times the rate of CYP2C6. Isoflurane was a potent stimulator of CDE metabolism, increasing it nearly 5-fold when catalyzed by CYP2B1, but only 2-fold when catalyzed by CYP2C6. Isoflurane had no stimulatory effect on benzphetamine metabolism by CYP2B1 or CYP2C6. Cytochrome b 5 was not required for isoflurane-facilitated CDE metabolism; however, the addition of cytochrome b 5 to CYP2B1 increased CDE metabolism 71 and 44%, in the absence and presence of isoflurane, respectively. In reconstituted CYP2B1, isoflurane generated a type I difference spectrum of approximately twice the magnitude of CDE and stimulated NADPH consumption more so than CDE. The same quantity of NADPH was consumed when CDE was present with isoflurane as compared with isoflurane alone. These data support the hypothesis that isoflurane stimulates CDE metabolism by a mechanism involving increased P450 reduction via direct isoflurane interaction with P450.
Value of the cardiovascular physical examination for detecting valvular heart disease in asymptomatic subjects

To determine the accuracy of the cardiovascular physical examination for the diagnosis of asymptomatic valvular heart disease (VHD), we prospectively studied 143 subjects, 68 apparent normal subjects and 75 patients with diseases known to produce VHD. All subjects underwent a complete physical examination with dynamic cardiac auscultation by a physician blinded to clinical data and compared with the results of transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography (TEE). By TEE, 33 subjects (23%), and by physical examination, 25 subjects (17%) had at least 1 form of VHD. Despite a high frequency of mild valve abnormalities and a 31% prevalence of functional murmurs, the physical examination showed a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 98% (confidence interval = 0.51 to 0.84, and 0.94 to 0.99, respectively), and a positive and negative predictive value of 92% for the diagnosis of VHD. Only 2 of the 10 patients with VHD by TEE, but not by physical examination, had clinically important VHD. We conclude that the physical examination is a sensitive and highly specific method of screening for VHD in subjects without cardiac symptoms. Therefore, its use should be encouraged rather than the routine application of echocardiography.
Regulated specific proteolysis of the Cajal body marker protein coilin

Cajal bodies (CB) are subnuclear domains that contain various proteins with diverse functions including the CB marker protein coilin. In this study, we investigate the proteolytic activity of calpain on coilin. Here, we report a 28-kDa cleaved coilin fragment detected by two coilin antibodies that is cell cycle regulated, with levels that are consistently reduced during mitosis. We further show that an in vitro calpain assay with full-length or C-terminal coilin recombinant protein releases the same size cleaved fragment. Furthermore, addition of exogenous RNA to purified coilin induces proteolysis by calpain. We also report that the relative levels of this cleaved coilin fragment are susceptible to changes induced by various cell stressors, and that coilin localization is affected by inhibition or knockdown of calpain both under normal and stressed conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that coilin is subjected to regulated specific proteolysis by calpain, and this processing may play a role in the regulation of coilin activity and CB formation.
Identification and Characterization of the Murine and Human Gene Encoding the Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues

By screening public databases, we identified human and mouse genomic DNA clones that encode the tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39). The TIP39 precursor is encoded by at least three exons; a noncoding exon U1, exon 1 encoding residues -61 (initiator methionine) to -19 of the leader sequence, and exon 2 encoding residues -18 to -1 and residues +1 to +39. Secreted human TIP39 is identical to the previously isolated bovine TIP39, whereas mouse TIP39 differs by four amino acids. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that TIP39, PTH, and PTHrP may have evolved from a common ancestor. Synthetic human and mouse TIP39 showed indistinguishable potencies [EC(50): 0.54 (human) vs. 0.74 nM (mouse)] at the human PTH2-receptor stably expressed in LLCPK(1) cells; furthermore, TIP-(9-39) was an inhibitor of cAMP accumulation stimulated by either [Tyr(34)]PTH(1-34)amide or human/bovine TIP39. In the mouse, an approximately 4.5-kb mRNA encoding TIP39 was identified by Northern blot analysis in testis and, less abundantly, in liver and kidney, whereas other tissues revealed additional smaller transcripts. In situ hybridizations revealed TIP39 expression in seminiferous tubuli and several brain regions, including nucleus ruber, nucleus centralis pontis, and nucleus subparafascicularis thalami. Because PTH2 receptor expression was previously shown to be highest in brain, pancreas, and testis, our findings are consistent with the notion that TIP39 is a neuropeptide which may also have a role in spermatogenesis.
Prevention of ischemia-induced death of hippocampal neurons by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide.

Abstract Because neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampas are vulnerable to forebrain ischemia, this model has been used for evaluating neuroprotective agents. We evaluated the 38-amino-acid variant of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP38), which had been previously shown to be neuroprotective in vitro against gp120-induced hippocampal neuronal death at concentrations as low as 0.1 pM. Ischemic death of rat CA1 neurons was prevented by infusing PACAP38 either intracerebroventricularly (1 pmol/h) or intravenously (16–160 pmol/h). Intravenous PACAP38 was effective even if the infusion was begun 24 h after ischemia. The results suggest that a concentration of PACAP38 in the brain which prevents the ischemic death of CA1 neurons can be reached by the systemic administration of a low dose of the peptide. The results are compatible with the previous reports that PACAP38 is transported from the circulation to the brain. Although the exact mechanisms remain to be determined, astrocytes in the CAI subfield activated by ischemia appear to mediate the neuroprotectivn with PACAP38. These results are in contrast to those with other neuroprotective compounds and should be clinically important.
Characterization and Bioremediation of a Weathered Oil Sludge

The feasibility of bioremediating a weathered petroleum sludge was studied both in the laboratory and in field composting. The sludge consisted of straight-chained alkanes ranging from C20 to C38, with a halogen content of 4.1% and a specific gravity of 0.91–0.92 (23–24 API). Twenty indigenous bacteria were isolated from the sludge and identified; all were mesophiles and grew with or without 3.6% sodium chloride. Nine bacteria used sludge as the sole carbon and energy source and were used in the feasibility and composting studies. The sludge-degraders reduced the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) by 97.4% in 10 weeks in shake cultures with 46 µg/g; at TPH values of 4.1 x 104 and 1.0 x 105 µg/g the bacteria reduced the sludge by about 50% in two weeks and at 2.3 x 105 the sludge was toxic. There was no evidence that cometabolism occurred, and a surfactant did not enhance bioremediation. Piles composted with either sawdust or complete compost (composted agricultural wastes) as bulking agents were monitored by measuring the most probable numbers and TPHs through 24 weeks. The initial TPHs ranged from 3.1–3.6 x 104 µg/g, and the bioremediation rate and extent were better using complete compost (72–75% degradation) than with sawdust (56–58%). There was no measurable effect on bioremediation by augmenting with the sludge-degraders, and most probable numbers ranged from 105–106 cells g–1 soil in sawdust-bulked piles and 107–108 cells g–1 in complete compostbulked piles. After 18 weeks of composting, temperature means were significantly different in the two bulking materials (32°C in complete compost and 41°C in sawdust), but both were 41°C from weeks 19–24, during which time the bioremediation rate did not change in any pile.
Development of error correction techniques for nitrate-N load estimation methods

This study used Monte Carlo sub-sampling and error-corrected statistical methods to estimate annual nitrate-N loads from two watersheds in central Illinois. The study objectives were (1) to evaluate the performance of various statistical load estimation methods for different combinations of monitoring durations and frequencies on nitrate-N load estimation accuracy, and (2) to develop and validate new empirical error correction techniques applied to the selected load estimation methods. We compared three load estimation methods (the 7-parameter regression estimator, the ratio estimator, and the flow-weighted average estimator) applied at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8-week sampling frequencies and 1, 2, 3, and 6-year monitoring durations. Five error correction techniques; the existing composite method, and four new error correction techniques developed in this study; were applied to each combination of sampling frequency, monitoring duration and load estimation method. The newly proposed error correction techniques resulted in most accurate load estimates in 33 of 38 acceptable sampling combinations for both watersheds. On average, the most accurate error correction technique, (proportional rectangular) resulted in 15% and 30% more accurate load estimates when compared to the most accurate uncorrected load estimation method (ratio estimator) for the two watersheds. Using more accurate load estimation methods it is also possible to design more cost-effective monitoring plans by achieving the same load estimation accuracy with fewer observations.
Cellular Mechanisms Controlling Caspase Activation and Function

Caspases are the primary drivers of apoptotic cell death, cleaving cellular proteins that are critical for dismantling the dying cell. Initially translated as inactive zymogenic precursors, caspases are activated in response to a variety of cell death stimuli. In addition to factors required for their direct activation (e.g., dimerizing adaptor proteins in the case of initiator caspases that lie at the apex of apoptotic signaling cascades), caspases are regulated by a variety of cellular factors in a myriad of physiological and pathological settings. For example, caspases may be modified posttranslationally (e.g., by phosphorylation or ubiquitylation) or through interaction of modulatory factors with either the zymogenic or active form of a caspase, altering its activation and/or activity. These regulatory events may inhibit or enhance enzymatic activity or may affect activity toward particular cellular substrates. Finally, there is emerging literature to suggest that caspases can participate in a variety of cellular processes unrelated to apoptotic cell death. In these settings, it is particularly important that caspases are maintained under stringent control to avoid inadvertent cell death. It is likely that continued examination of these processes will reveal new mechanisms of caspase regulation with implications well beyond control of apoptotic cell death.
SERVICE AND ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF BRIDGE DECK REINFORCED WITH CARBON FRP GRID

A full-scale model of a bridge deck slab isotropically reinforced with 0.3% fiber-reinforced plastic reinforcement (FRP) was tested. The 6 m long slab of 185 mm thickness had two 2 m spans and 1 m cantilevers on both sides. The slab was first loaded monotonically to crack the concrete. Then it was loaded cyclically in three stages of 4 million cycles each at a frequency of 5 Hz, with the load varying between 0 and 100 kN in the first two stages and between 0 and 125 kN in the last. Finally, it was loaded monotonically to failure. Constructability of the slab with the FRP reinforcement was found satisfactory. The cyclic load test shows that deflections and stresses are small, and the degradation indicated by increases in deflections and stresses after 4 million cycles of overloading by 25% is very small. The ultimate load capacity of the slab was at least five times the maximum wheel load of 100 kN, and the failure mode was punching shear. Long-term performance of FRP reinforcement under the combined effec...
Identifying and mapping forest-based ecotourism areas in West Virginia – Incorporating visitors' preferences

Abstract This study identifies and maps forest-based ecotourism areas in West Virginia by incorporating visitors' preferences. Relative weights for ecotourism destination criteria were obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process based on a survey of 777 participants. The study classified the state into five levels of naturalness with areas under Class I being the least natural and Class V being the most natural. The presence of wildlife was found to be the most important criterion and slope was found to be the least. Results also showed significant variations in visitors' preferences. Areas under Class IV and Class V in both weighted and unweighted ecotourism maps covered more than half of the state's area, suggesting high prospects for promoting forest-based ecotourism in the state. The results further showed that each class changed in size when visitors' preferences were applied. The ecotourism maps created provide useful insights for visitors, destination managers, and decision makers.
Understanding Non-Tenure Track Faculty: New Assumptions and Theories for Conceptualizing Behavior

This article examines the underlying assumptions brought to bear on studies of non–tenure track faculty. The authors examine the deficit views that characterize non–tenure track as other than professional. Furthermore, they explore and challenge theories brought to bear to currently understand this population and suggest other theories that may better explain research outcomes. Finally, they note the importance of grounded theories that develop out of non–tenure track faculties’ own experience rather than derive from deductive assumptions from temporary employees in business.
Advanced Heterojunction Structure of Polymer Photovoltaic Cell Generating High Photocurrent with Internal Quantum Efficiency Approaching 100

Therefore, signifi cant efforts have been made to optimize and understand those structures. However, the random nature of the phase separated D/A domains, based on the simple blending of the two components, limits further optimization of the structures as well as thorough understandings of their physical properties. To construct the effi cient photoactive layers, they should be suffi ciently thick to maximize the light absorption and photogenerated excitons; and these excitons should be dissociated effi ciently to produce free charge carriers. Furthermore, charge recombination should be minimized during the charge transport to the electrodes. Thicker organic PV layers (hundreds of nanometers thickness) can not only ensure the light absorption but can also have better fi lm thickness control from manufacturing point of view. But as the thickness increases to this range, the low carrier mobility of organic semiconductors and increased probability of forming isolated donor and acceptor islands within the BHJ fi lm inevitably induce poor charge transportation with high recombination, which results in low internal quantum effi ciency (IQE) and low fi ll factor. As a result, the power conversion effi ciency (PCE) does not improve with increasing layer thickness. Therefore, there is a need to
Cold responsive EARLI1 type HyPRPs improve freezing survival of yeast cells and form higher order complexes in plants

Plants have large families of proteins sharing a conserved eight-cysteine-motif (8CM) domain. The biological functions of these proteins are largely unknown. EARLI1 is a cold responsive Arabidopsis gene that encodes a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP) with a three-domain architecture: a putative signal peptide at the N-terminus, a proline-rich domain (PRD) in the middle, and an 8CM domain at the C-terminus. We report here that yeast cells expressing different EARLI1 genes had significantly higher rates of freezing survival than empty-vector transformed controls. Arabidopsis plants with knocked down EARLI1 genes had an increased tendency for freezing-induced cellular damage. EARLI1-GFP fluorescence in transgenic plants and immunoblot analyses using protoplasts suggested cell wall localization for EARLI1 proteins. Immunoblot analyses showed that EARLI1 proteins form higher order complexes in plants, and that the PRD is a soluble and the 8CM an insoluble protein domain. We propose that EARLI1 proteins have a bimodular architecture in which the PRD may interact with the cell wall and the 8CM domain with the plasma membrane to protect the cells during freezing stress.
High-Volume Dichotomous Virtual Impactor for the Fractionation and Collection of Particles According to Aerodynamic Size

A prototype dichotomous virtual impactor (DVI) using a single acceleration nozzle, operating at approximately 500 1/min, and having an aerodynamic particle outpoint diameter of about 2–3 μm has been constructed and tested. Under these conditions the flow through the acceleration nozzle is calculated to be turbulent. This sampler was calibrated with a monodisperse aerosol, and the measured particle size-dependent collection efficiencies demonstrate that the sampler size fractionates atmospheric particulate matter as efficiently as the low-volume dichotomous virtual impactors. Analysis of test data indicates that the high-volume sampler can be described by classical impaction theory. These data also indicate that over the range of Reynolds numbers from 24,000 to 81,000 there is little, if any, dependence of inferred acceleration nozzle turbulence on the performance characteristics of the sampling system. A comparison of the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter, sulfate, and calcium on the fine fi...
An Input-Output Analysis of the Costs of Air Pollution Control

Pollution control costs ore considered in three categories: i costs of control equipment, ii costs of switching to cleaner fuels or processes, and iii costs to consumers measured by changes in a consumer price index. The sum of type i and ii are “direct” costs; while iii is an “indirect” cost. An input-output model is developed which permits inclusion of both direct and indirect costs in the measure of pollution control costs. It is demonstrated that, when there is at least one firm in the community described by the model required to control its pollution, the prices of all consumer goods will be higher after the imposition of controls than before; and the increase in price will be at least as great as the direct costs of pollution control in the production of each good. If each industry can independently minimize its direct cost of pollution control, then the indirect costs will also be minimized. When shortages of clean fuels are considered, firms and industries cannot all control their emissions optimally. In this case, overall minimization of the direct costs of control will not generally result in minimization of the indirect costs as well. However, a particular kind of weighting of industry by industry direct control costs is developed, such that minimization of this weighted sum results in minimization of indirect costs as well.
Postpartum Discharge: Do Varying Perceptions of Readiness Impact Health Outcomes?

Objective.—To assess maternal and pediatrician perceptions of mother-infant readiness for postpartum discharge and the impact of this decision making during the neonatal period. Methodology.—We performed a prospective cohort study of mothers and healthy term infants during the first month of life. On nursery discharge and 1 month later, mothers and practitioners completed self-administered questionnaires assessing the discharge decision, maternal confidence in newborn care, and the adequacy of the length of obstetric care. We used Fisher exact tests, Wilcoxon tests, and exact logistic regression for analysis. Results.—Twenty percent of 55 mother-infant pairs were classified as unready at postpartum discharge. Maternal education less than high school was a significant predictor for lack of readiness (P = .01). During the month after discharge, unready mothers identified themselves as being less happy, made twice as many phone calls on behalf of their infants, and more often placed their infants in the prone sleeping position (P Conclusions.—Maternal and pediatric perceptions of readiness for postpartum discharge of mothers and infants show substantial variation on the day of discharge and over time.
Neurocognition in acute and chronic depression: Personality disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia

This study examined the relationship of cognitive performance with symptoms of depression experienced acutely or chronically. Because depressive symptoms are reported in a variety of psychiatric disorders, we examined populations of patients with personality disorders, major depression and schizophrenia
Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism, 1976–2006

OBJECTIVE. To summarize the worldwide occurrence of reported infant (intestinal toxemia) botulism cases since first recognition of the disease in 1976. PATIENTS AND METHODS. We collected information on infant botulism cases by active and passive surveillance, by provision of therapeutic Human Botulism Immune Globulin to suspected cases, and by searching the medical literature. We defined a case as laboratory-confirmed botulism that occurred in an infant ≤12 months of age that was not caused by the ingestion of botulinum toxin in food. RESULTS. Twenty-six countries representing 5 continents reported the occurrence of at least 1 case of infant botulism among their residents. The United States, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Italy, and Japan, in this order, reported the largest number of cases. A history of honey exposure was significantly more common among case subjects hospitalized outside of the United States than among those who were recently hospitalized in California. CONCLUSIONS. Most countries have not yet reported cases of infant botulism. This limited reporting of the disease to date contrasts with the known global occurrence of Clostridium botulinum spores in soils and dust and suggests that infant botulism may be underrecognized, underreported, or both. When bulbar palsies, hypotonia, and weakness are present, physicians should consider the possibility of infant botulism even if the patient has not been fed honey. Publication of additional case reports and surveillance summaries will enhance understanding of the occurrence and extent of this underrecognized disease.
Reconciling and Validating the Cloud Thickness and Liquid Water Path Tendencies Proposed by R. Wood and J. J. van der Dussen et al.

AbstractA detailed derivation of stratocumulus cloud thickness and liquid water path tendencies as a function of the well-mixed boundary layer mass, heat, and moisture budget equations is presented. The derivation corrects an error in the cloud thickness tendency equation derived by R. Wood to make it consistent with the liquid water path tendency equation derived by J. J. van der Dussen et al. The validity of the tendency equations is then tested against the output of large-eddy simulations of a typical stratocumulus-topped boundary layer case and is found to be in good agreement.
Electrostatic sums for polymer chains

A rapidly convergent expression is given for calculating the Madelung energy of infinite linear polymers with small radius.
Design and development of multidevice user interfaces through multiple logical descriptions

The increasing availability of new types of interaction platforms raises a number of issues for designers and developers. There is a need for new methods and tools to support development of nomadic applications, which can be accessed through a variety of devices. We present a solution, based on the use of three levels of abstractions, that allows designers to focus on the relevant logical aspects and avoid dealing with a plethora of low-level details. We have defined a number of transformations able to obtain user interfaces from such abstractions, taking into account the available platforms and their interaction modalities while preserving usability. The transformations are supported by an authoring tool, TERESA, which provides designers and developers with various levels of automatic support and several possibilities for tailoring such transformations to their needs.
Structural and antigenic analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae.

Several isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae were compared with each other and to Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblots. Protein profiles of the C. pneumoniae isolates appeared to be the same and were distinct from the other Chlamydia species. A 39.5-kilodalton (kDa) protein, similar in molecular weight to the major outer membrane proteins (MOMP) of C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, was found in the Sarkosyl-insoluble fraction, demonstrating its association with the outer membrane complex. In the outer membrane complex, the MOMP was shown to exist in disulfide-linked protein complexes. Electron microscopy of the Sarkosyl-extracted elementary bodies showed that the structural rigidity and pear-shaped morphology remained intact. Rabbit immune sera prepared against C. pneumoniae demonstrated immunoreactive proteins of 98-, 77-, 75-, 66-, 60-, 39.5-, 28-, and 17.5-kDa proteins. Cross-reactivity experiments revealed that most of the antigenic reactivities shared between C. psittaci and C. trachomatis extend to C. pneumoniae and that the 98-kDa protein recognition appeared to be C. pneumoniae specific. In contrast to the other Chlamydia spp., the recognition of the C. pneumoniae MOMP by homologous immune sera was weak and was cross-reactive with the MOMPs of the other Chlamydia species. These results suggest that the C. pneumoniae MOMP is less immunogenic and antigenically complex than are the MOMPs of C. trachomatis and C. psittaci. Images
A Five-Microvalve Fully Integrated Preconcentrator

A five-microvalve fully integrated preconcentrator (PC) is presented that has been developed to rapidly preconcentrate gas before injecting the sample into a flame ionization detector (FID). A one-muL PC chamber uses two microvalves to load the sample gas, and three microvales to route the sweep gas through the PC to the FID. Each microvalve has a switching time less than 50 mus. The speed of this microvalve is enabled by an innovative electrode design. The 5 fast microvalves enable an independently controllable timing sequence for collecting a sample in a PC, sealed rapid heating, and injecting the now concentrated sample in a short pulse directly into the FID, the signal of which is proportional to the concentration in the band. The five-microvalve device allows a MEMS gas analyzer or gas chromatograph (GC) to sniff chemical agents, toxic industrial compounds, and other volatile compounds in seconds.
Fast barrier synchronization with AWGR-based optical switch in high-performance and parallel computing

We demonstrate speedup of barrier synchronization for parallel computing via wavelength parallelism of the optical switch using a k-ary tree to collect updates without incurring contention, and optical broadcast to distribute the notifications.
The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research

To account for dissociations observed in recognition memory tests, several dual-process models have been proposed that assume that recognition judgments can be based on the recollection of details about previous events or on the assessment of stimulus familiarity. In the current article, these models are examined, along with the methods that have been developed to measure recollection and familiarity. The relevant empirical literature from behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging studies is then reviewed in order to assess model predictions. Results from a variety of measurement methods, including task-dissociation and process-estimation methods, are found to lead to remarkably consistent conclusions about the nature of recollection and familiarity, particularly when ceiling effects are avoided. For example, recollection is found to be more sensitive than familiarity to response speeding, division of attention, generation, semantic encoding, the effects of aging, and the amnestic effects of benzodiazepines, but it is less sensitive than familiarity to shifts in response criterion, fluency manipulations, forgetting over short retention intervals, and some perceptual manipulations. Moreover, neuropsychological and neuroimaging results indicate that the two processes rely on partially distinct neural substrates and provide support for models that assume that recollection relies on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, whereas familiarity relies on regions surrounding the hippocampus. Double dissociations produced by experimental manipulations at time of test indicate that the two processes are independent at retrieval, and single dissociations produced by study manipulations indicate that they are partially independent during encoding. Recollection is similar but not identical to free recall, whereas familiarity is similar to conceptual implicit memory, but is dissociable from perceptual implicit memory. Finally, the results indicate that recollection reflects a thresholdlike retrieval process that supports novel learning, whereas familiarity reflects a signal-detection process that can support novel learning only under certain conditions. The results verify a number of model predictions and prove useful in resolving several theoretical disagreements.
Comparing the Powers of the Wald‐Wolfowitz and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov Tests

The Wald-Wolfowitz test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are two well-known tests which can be used to test for differences between two population distributions, where these distributions could differ in means, variances or shapes. This paper compares the simulated power of the Wald-Wolfowitz test to that of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in several situations. Differences in location only, differences in variance only, and differences in both location and variance are considered. In most cases, equal sample sizes of 10 and 20 are used.
Enemy NPC design patterns in shooter games

Gameplay in single-player shooter games primarily consists of combat with Non-player Characters (NPCs). However, there has been little research done to study how enemy NPCs affect player behavior in shooter games. As a consequence, there is no formal language for designers to discuss how NPCs are used in shooter games. This paper presents design patterns for NPCs in shooter games and explores their effects on gameplay. These patterns help designers communicate about and explore new ideas for enemy NPCs and further our understanding about how NPC types can be implemented, enabling more engaging experiences.
Epidemiologic surveillance in developing countries.

developed countries in many ways. Most people are poorer, less educated, more likely to die at a young age, and less knowledgeable about factors that cause, prevent, or cure disease. Biological and physical hazards are more common, which results in greater incidence, disability, and death. Although disease is common, both the people and government have much fewer resources for prevention or medical care. Many efficacious drugs arc too expensive and not readily available for those in greatest need. Salaries are so low that government physicians or nurses must work after-hours in private clinics to feed, clothe, and educate their families. The establishment and maintenance of an epidemiological surveillance system in such an environment requires a differ­ ent orientation from that found in wealthier nations. The scarcity of resources is a dominant concern. Salaried time spent gathering data is lost to service activities, such as treating gastrointestinal problems or preventing childhood diseases. As a result, components in a surveillance system must be justified, as are purchases of examination tables or radiographic equipment. A costly, extensive surveillance system may cause more harm than good. In this article 1 will define epidemiologic surveillance. 1 also will describe the various components of a surveillance program, show how microcomputers and existing software can be used to increase effectiveness, and illustrate how
Local ampullary resection with careful intraoperative frozen section evaluation for presumed benign ampullary neoplasms

Background: Frozen section evaluation has been reported to be inaccurate in detecting foci of adenocarcinoma within adenomas of the ampulla of Vater, leading many authors to advocate pancreaticoduodenectomy as the method of treatment for these neoplasms. The authors hypothesized that (1) ampullary resection is less morbid than pancreaticoduodenectomy, and (2) frozen section evaluation following ampullary resection is accurate and allows for a selective application of pancreaticoduodenectomy to those with carcinoma or benign lesions too large to be locally resected. Methods: A retrospective review of a single-surgeon experience was conducted. Thirty-eight patients who underwent ampullary resection and pancreaticoduodenectomy (39 procedures) for benign and malignant ampullary neoplasms were identified. Our technique of step-frozen section analysis is described. Results: Twenty-one ampullary resections were performed for preoperative diagnoses of benign (16) and malignant (5) ampullary neoplasms. Frozen section evaluation accurately predicted the final histology in all patients undergoing ampullary resection. Ampullary resection (vs pancreaticoduodenectomy) was associated with a statistically lower operative time (169 minutes vs 268 minutes), estimated blood loss (192 mL vs 727 mL), mean length of stay (10 days vs 25 days), and overall morbidity (29% vs 78%). Conclusions: Frozen section evaluation of ampullary neoplasms is accurate. Because ampullary resection is less morbid than pancreaticoduodenectomy and frozen section evaluation is accurate, ampullary resection with frozen section evaluation is our current approach to the treatment of small benign ampullary neoplasms. (Surgery 2000;127:628-33)
Soil geochemical signature of urbanization and industrialization - Chicago, Illinois, USA

Abstract The concentrations of 45 elements in ambient (not obviously disturbed) surface soils were determined for 57 sites distributed throughout the city of Chicago, Illinois in the upper Midwestern United States. These concentrations were compared to soils from 105 sites from a largely agricultural region within a 500-km radius surrounding the city and to soils collected from 90 sites across the state of Illinois. Although the bulk composition of the Chicago urban soils reflects largely natural sources, the soils are significantly enriched in many trace elements, apparently from anthropogenic sources. The median concentration of Pb in Chicago soils is 198 mg/kg, a 13-fold enrichment compared to regional concentrations. Zinc (median 235 mg/kg), Cu (59 mg/kg), and Ni (31 mg/kg) are also enriched from 2- to 4-fold in Chicago soils and all four elements show strong mutual correlations. These elevated concentrations are most likely related to vehicular and roadway sources and represent uneven distribution across the city as airborne material. Other airborne particulate material from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, waste incineration, and steel production may contribute to apparent elevated concentrations in Chicago soil of Fe (median 2.9%), Mo (5 mg/kg), V (82 mg/kg) and S (0.09%). Chicago soils are enriched from about 1.6- to 3-fold in these elements. Enrichments in P and Se may be caused by direct addition of phosphate fertilizer to parklands, lawns and gardens. The density of the sampling (1 site per 10 km 2 ) is inadequate to define the distribution of the observed enrichments within the city or to predict soil compositions for most of the areas between sample sites, but does provide a statistically significant signature of the history of urban and industrial activity within the city in contrast to the surrounding agricultural lands.