cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of promoters cloned randomly from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.

Abstract Promoters were isolated at random from the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using a plasmid that contains a divergently arrayed pair of promoterless reporter genes. A comprehensive library was constructed by inserting random (DNase I-generated) fragments into the intergenic region upstream from the reporter genes. Simple in vivo assays for either reporter gene product (alcohol dehydrogenase or beta-galactosidase) allowed the rapid identification of promoters from among these random fragments. Poly(dA-dT) homopolymer tracts were present in three of five randomly cloned promoters. With two exceptions, each RNA start site detected was 40 to 100 base pairs downstream from a TATA element. All of the randomly cloned promoters were capable of activating reporter gene transcription bidirectionally. Interestingly, one of the promoter fragments originated in a region of the S. cerevisiae rDNA spacer; regulated divergent transcription (presumably by RNA polymerase II) initiated in the same region.
IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Protein 2 (IQGAP2) Is a Novel Regulator of Colonic Inflammation in Mice

IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 2 (IQGAP2) is a multidomain scaffolding protein that plays a role in cytoskeleton regulation by juxtaposing Rho GTPase and Ca2+/calmodulin signals. While IQGAP2 suppresses tumorigenesis in liver, its role in pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract remains unexplored. Here we report that IQGAP2 is required for the inflammatory response in colon. Mice lacking Iqgap2 gene (Iqgap2-/- mice) were resistant to chemically-induced colitis. Unlike wild-type controls, Iqgap2-/- mice treated with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in water for 13 days displayed no injury to colonic epithelium. Mechanistically, resistance to colitis was associated with suppression of colonic NF-κB signaling and IL-6 synthesis, along with diminished neutrophil and macrophage production and recruitment in Iqgap2-/- mice. Finally, alterations in IQGAP2 expression were found in colons of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our findings indicate that IQGAP2 promotes inflammatory response at two distinct levels; locally, in colonic epithelium through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and systemically, via control of maturation and recruitment of myeloid immune cells. This work identifies a novel mechanism of colonic inflammation mediated by signal transducing scaffolding protein IQGAP2. IQGAP2 domain-specific blocking agents may represent a conceptually novel strategy for therapy of IBD and other inflammation-associated disorders, including cancer.
Balanced backfire zigzag antennas

Linearly polarized backfire antennas are described which have high front-to-back ratio and very low sidelobes. The backfire radiation is produced from a meandering conductor. The principal directional characteristics can be determined by using linear array theory. When the conductor is periodic this can be related to a series expansion of the fields in space harmonics. A simple first-order theory for the periodic zigzag is based upon known properties of waves on linear conductors. The perturbations from this theory are then related to the introduction of space harmonies in the periodic case. Measured frequency versus phase constant ( k-\beta ) diagrams are presented to illustrate the correspondence to the first-order theory and to accurate theoretical solutions for propagation on helical conductors. The radiation properties of periodic backfire zigzags are compared to the end-fire type previously reported. Bandwidth limitations on the backfire periodic zigzags are readily extended by tapering the structure to produce a log-periodic antenna. Measured patterns and impedance of several log-periodic zigzag antennas illustrate how the performance is related to that of the periodic structures.
Emotional Life, Rhetoric, and Roles

AbstractFrom a narrative perspective, I suggest restructuring our understanding of the phenomena of emotions by broadening the conception of emotions to emotional life. I make the claim that emotional life is storied; further, that metaphors drawn from the discipline of rhetoric are indispensable to an understanding of emotional life. I make use of the distinction between dramaturgical rhetoric and dramatistic rhetoric to identify the rhetorical acts in which the actor is the author of a concurrent script (dramaturgical) from those for which the author-ship is located in cultural narratives (dramatistic). In conceptualizing emotional life as arising from patterned efforts to resolve moral issues, I turn to role theory to fashion a construction-moral identity roles-as parallel to, but not the same as, social-identity roles. (Social Psychology)
Effects of Ca2+-activated calmodulin on neuronal nitric oxide synthase reductase activity and binding of substrates: pH dependence of kinetic parameters

The pH dependence of basal and calmodulin- (CaM-) stimulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) reduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) and cytochrome c 3 + was investigated. The wave-shaped log V versus pH profile revealed that optimal DCIP reduction occurred when a group, pK a of 7.6-7.8, was ionized. The (V/K) N A D P H and (V/K) D C I P versus pH profiles increased with the protonation of a group with a pK a of 6.5 or 5.9 and the ionization of two groups with the same pK a of 7.5 or 7.0, respectively. (V/K) D C I P decreased with the ionization of a group, pK a of 9.0. Similar V, (V/K) N A D P H , and (V/K) D C I P versus pH profiles for DCIP reduction were obtained with and without CaM, indicating that CaM does not influence ionizable groups involved in catalysis or substrate binding. In contrast, CaM affected the pH dependence of cytochrome c 3 + reduction. The wave-shaped log V versus pH profile for basal cytochrome c 3 + reduction revealed that ionization of a group, pK a of 8.6, increased catalysis. Log V for CaM-stimulated cytochrome c 3 + reduction displayed a bell-shaped pH dependence with the protonation of a group with a pK a of 6.4 and the ionization of a group with a pK a of 9.3, resulting in a loss of activity. The log(V/K) c y t c versus pH profiles with and without CaM were bell-shaped with the ionization of a group at pK a of 7.1 or 7.6 (CaM) or pK a of 9.4 or 9.6 (CaM), increasing and decreasing (V/K) c y t c . These results suggest that CaM may change the nature of the rate-limiting catalytic steps or ionizable groups involved in cytochrome c 3 + reduction.
Glass Production Activities as Practised at Sepphoris, Israel (37 BC–AD 1516)

Abstract The site of Sepphoris, Israel has great historical and archaeological significance. Recent excavations conducted by the University of South Florida and Duke University recovered several thousand glass sherds, dating to a 1500 year time span. There is especially strong evidence to suggest that glass vessels were manufactured at Sepphoris during the Byzantine I period ( ad 363–451) and possibly before and after this time as well. Sixty-five well-dated samples of vessel glass covering five time periods of occupation (37 bc – ad 1516) at Sepphoris were selected for analysis. These samples were chemically characterized using SEM-EDS and WDS. Results show significant compositional differences between objects formed via different techniques (blowing versus casting). Overall, the composition of the glass is very similar to that excavated at other nearby sites suggesting a common origin for the material. The glass composition is also relatively consistent over time, suggesting a conservative craft tradition with respect to glass production. Additional research conducted on the Sepphoris glass samples yielded information on the technology associated with glass production. This included investigation of furnace design and capabilities and forming techniques. In this manner, the technology and behaviours associated with glassmaking at Sepphoris can be partially reconstructed.
Synthesis, Structure, and Hydrosilylation Catalysis of a Chiral A-Frame Rhodium(I) Dimer with Cis Diphosphite Ligands

This paper reports the synthesis and structure of two new dinuclear chiral rhodium(I) complexes which feature a “cis-A-frame” geometry and their use as catalysts for the hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones.
Quantifying adherence to treatment and its relationship to quality of life in a well-characterized haemophilia population.

Summary. It is known that chronically ill patients adhere to medical treatment plans only 50% of the time [1]. Adherence to treatment with factor infusion therapy in haemophilia patients is essential to stop bleeding. It also prevents both acute and chronic life and limb threatening complications. This study, performed in a well-described haemophilia population, was completed in an effort to understand the critical issue of adherence in patients with haemophilia. A major component of the methodology of this study was the development of a unique scoring system to quantify adherence. Adherence scores in patients on On-Demand treatment strategies were then compared to those on High Intensity treatment strategies. Quality of life (QoL) studies were also performed on the study population to assess the association of treatment regimen and adherence scores to QoL measures. Results of this study demonstrated that adherence to On-Demand therapy was significantly greater than adherence to High Intensity treatment regimens and in children, High Intensity treatment regimens, which included prophylaxis, correlated with better QoL scores in body pain. It is envisioned that the development of an objective scoring system for adherence will prove useful in future studies of adherence as well as in the development of intervention strategies that can overcome barriers to adherence in haemophilia patients.
Conformation and Orientation of the Retinyl Chromophore in Rhodopsin: A Critical Evaluation of Recent NMR Data on the Basis of Theoretical Calculations Results in a Minimum Energy Structure Consistent with All Experimental Data

In the absence of a high-resolution diffraction structure, the orientation and conformation of the protonated Schiffs base retinylidinium chromophore of rhodopsin within the opsin matrix has been the subject of much speculation. There have been two recent reliable and precise NMR results that bear on this issue. One involves a determination of the C20-C10 and C20-C11 distances by Verdegem et al. [Biochemistry 38, 11316-11324 (1999)]. The other is the determination of the orientation of the methine C to methyl group vectors C5-C18, C9-C19, and C13-C20 relative to the membrane normal by Grobner et al. [Nature 405 (6788), 810-813 (2000)]. Using molecular orbital methods that include extensive configuration interaction, we have determined what we propose to be the minimum energy conformation of this chromophore. The above NMR results permit us to check this structure in the C10-C11=C12-C13 region and then to check the global structure via the relative orientation of the three C18, C19, and C20 methyl groups. This method provides a detailed structure and also the orientation for the retinyl chromophore relative to the membrane normal and argues strongly that the protein does not appreciably alter the chromophore geometry from its minimum energy configuration that is nearly planar s-trans at the 6-7 bond. Finally, the chromophore structure and orientation presented in the recently published X-ray diffraction structure is compared with our proposed structure and with the deuterium NMR results.
Serum T4, T3 and reverse T3 in ethanol fed rats.

Abstract To investigate the influence of chronic ethanol consumption on circulating thyroid hormone levels, male and female rats were given 20% ethanol as the only drinking solution daily for 8 weeks. Blood ethanol levels ranged 30–45 mg/L. In male rats serum T4 decreased from the initial mean ± SD value of 5.2±1.4 to3.0 ±0.7 μg/dl; T3 decreased from initial value of 97±14 to 66±11 ng/dl and rT3 decreased from initial value of 19±9 to 10±1 ng/dl after 8 weeks of ethanol ingestion. Under similar experimental conditions, female rats showed a significant decrease in serum T4 and rT3 levels; however, T3 levels decreased slightly but not significantly as compared to initial values. The results indicate adverse effect of chronic ethanol intake on serum thyroid hormone levels in rats.
A Logarithmic Technique for Decomposing Change

Building upon informal practices, this paper describes a logarithmic technique for decomposing change in a quantity which is assumed to be the product of several factors. Using logs, one can decompose change expressed as a ratio and allocate the change to changes in the factors. The technique is appropriate for examining change in a quantity which is assumed to be the product of several factors; in such situations this technique is much easier to use and produces simpler results than the usual decomposition of differences (Kitagawa, 1955). The technique is applied to data originally examined using the usual decomposition of a difference.
Bose-Einstein condensation. Getting excited about helium.

Creating a quantum fluid from a gas of excited helium atoms is not easy — the atoms tend to self-destruct. But two groups in France have pulled it off.
The law of propagation of coherence function

Abstract Using the analytic property of coherence function, it is shown that the unequal time coherence function can be obtained from equal time coherence function if its value at all spatial points is known.
The relationship between main elbow flexion skin crease and osseous anatomy of the elbow joint

Studies that investigate the relationships between the main elbow flexion crease and the underlying osseous anatomy are lacking. The relationship between the flexion skin crease and osseous anatomy of the elbow joint was studied. Markers were placed along the main flexion skin crease of both elbows in 50 healthy volunteers. Measurements were expressed in millimeters of perpendicular distance from each skin crease to the osseous structures of the elbow joint including medial and lateral epicondyles, tip of the olecranon, and radial head. The mean perpendicular distances between the elbow crease from osseous structures were found to be as follows: from medial epicondyle, 6.93 mm; from lateral epicondyle, −0.25 mm; from olecranon, 9.97 mm; and from radial head, −21.97 mm. There was no statistical significant difference between the dominant versus non-dominant hand. The association between the main flexion elbow crease and the bony structures observed in this study seems to support that the elbow crease can be a useful surface anatomy landmark and expected to aid in the placement of surgical incisions.
Hydrogen trapping at dislocation cores at room temperature in deformed Pd

Abstract Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements of hydrogen segregation at dislocations in heavily deformed single crystal Pd have been performed at very low solute concentration (PdH0.0016) at equilibrium with respect to hydrogen gas at 295 K. The net (the without-hydrogen measurement subtracted from with-hydrogen measurement) absolute differential macroscopic scattering cross section has been fit with a cylindrical form factor to represent the Cottrell atmosphere, yielding local trapped concentration δ ∼ 0.06 [H]/[Pd], local volumetric dilatation f ∼ 1.01, and trapping radius R ∼ 4 A of the segregated hydrogen. This measurement augments SANS results below ambient temperature [B.J. Heuser, H. Ju, Phys. Rev. B 83 (2011) 094103]. The temperature dependence of the measured radius is confirmed by a Fourier transform of hydrogen occupation at dislocations based on an elastic continuum treatment [Trinkle et al., Phys. Rev. B 83 (2011) 174116]. The measured trapping parameters are consistent with a depopulation of weak long-range dislocation strain fields at ambient temperature; hydrogen binding to stronger core dislocation sites persists at 295 K and results in the measured net scattering. The local solute concentration and trapping radius (less than two Burgers vectors in Pd), are both too small to support optic mode dispersion due to inter-hydrogen interactions. This result supports the conclusion that trapped hydrogen undergoes a hydride to solid solution phase transformation between 200 and 300 K based on hydrogen vibration density of states measurements using incoherent inelastic neutron scattering [Trinkle et al., Phys. Rev. B 83 (2011) 174116, Ju et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 654, (2011) 522, and Heuser et al., Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008) 214101].
The Effects of Decision-Making Style and Cognitive Thought Patterns on Negative Career Thoughts:

People's thoughts and beliefs about themselves and their career options affect their ability to make decisions. Career counselors would benefit from knowing the factors that contribute to negative career thoughts. This study examined two unexplored factors that may affect the development and maintenance of negative career thoughts, decision-making styles and a ruminative thought pattern. Pearson product correlations and a multiple regression were used to determine the extent to which maximizing and rumination predicted negative career thoughts. Results suggested that maximizing and rumination are moderately correlated with negative career thoughts. Together they account for 14% of the explained variance of negative career thoughts. Implications of findings on practice and research are discussed. The cognitive information processing theory is also presented as a method by which to conceptualize a client's maximizing decision-making style and ruminating thought patterns.
Stand regeneration of Alysicarpus and Desmodium germplasm in Louisiana

Alysicarpus Necker ex Desv. and Desmodium Desv. have potential for increased use as pasture legumes in warm-temperate and subtropical environments. Seven accessions of D. heterocarpon (L.) DC. and 40 accessions of Alysicarpus, primarily A. vaginalis (L.) DC., were evaluated in Louisiana in 1995 and 1996. Single-row plantings with three replications in randomized complete block designs were established at the Iberia, Rosepine, and Southeast Research Stations. Data collected were visual stand ratings during the 1995 and 1996 growing seasons. An uncharacteristic period of 96 h with only two brief afternoon periods above freezing in February 1996 at Rosepine provided an opportunity to discriminate among entries for winter hardiness and to identify individual plants from each D. heterocarpon entry possessing winter hardiness. Alysicarpus plants did not survive the winter, but several accessions produced reseeded stands in 1996. Performance of the Alysicarpus germplasm was substantially better at the Southeast Station than at other locations, while more Desmodium entries survived at Rosepine than at the other locations despite lower winter temperatures at Rosepine. The surviving D. heterocarpon plants provide a potential source of winter hardiness for development of a perennial warm-season pasture legume for the lower gulf coast region.
A Prospective Study of Adolescent Women's First Coital Experience: The Influence of Individual Factors on Protective Behaviors

Purpose: First coitus is a major transitional event into adulthood imbued with cultural and personal relevance, especially for women. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to explore the phenomenology of young women's first coital experiences by characterizing these events, specifically focusing on sexual interest, feelings of love, mood, and protective behaviors.
What They Don’t Teach You in Library School, by Elisabeth Doucett. Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association, 2011. 149 p. $50.00. ISBN 978-0-8389-3592-7

Marguerite E. Horn reviews What They Don't Teach You in Library School, Betty Landesman reviews Introducing RDA, and Sarah D. Tusa reviews Coaching in the Library.
Hypnosis and Attention: A Review

Abstract Two seemingly contradictory formulations in hypnosis literature are reviewed: That hypnotic induction can produce a condition of diffuse attention, and that hypnotic induction can produce a condition of selective attention. It is concluded that either condition can be produced, depending on the set, level of arousal, individual differences, type of task to be performed, type of instructions, etc. It is also suggested that diffuse attention and selective attention be kept conceptually distinct since the terms may reflect a series of related processes rather than a dichotomy.
Further studies on the blood of children with cyanotic heart disease with special reference to the hemoglobin

Summary 1. In studying the physiologic effects of anoxia in children with cyanotic heart disease, the hematopoietic system has been investigated. 2. Our studies show that the polycythemia in such children is for the most part not associated with any changes in the red cell size, the fragility, or the carbonic anhydrase content. There was no significant increase in the reticulocytes, but a significant decrease in the number of platelets was found. This decrease, however, was not associated with any changes in the bone marrow. 3. From the alkali denaturation tests on the hemoglobin from such cyanotic children, it would appear that the hemoglobin is adult rather than fetal in character. 4. The response of the hematopoietic system to anoxia is somewhat different in the fetus, in the person living at high altitude, and in the patient with cyanotic heart disease.
The Role of SRC in Strain- and Ligand- Dependent Phenotypic Modulation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Connective tissue fibrosis represents a significant portion of mortality and morbidity in our society. These diseases include many illnesses such as heart valve disease, atherosclerosis, macular degeneration, and cirrhosis, meaning that millions of lives are affected by these conditions each year. Fibrotic tissues form when quiescent fibroblasts activate becoming myofibroblasts, the phenotype of active tissue construction and fibrosis. During this process, the cells produce smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA), a contractile element considered to be the hallmark of cellular activation [1]. Following the production of αSMA, there is an increase in the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, most notably type I collagen; this increase in ECM proteins causes the stiffening of the tissue characteristic of fibrotic disease. In non-disease states (such as wound healing or tissue development), the myofibroblasts will either deactivate, becoming fibroblasts again, or apoptose before tissue fibrosis occurs. However, when myofibroblasts persist, increased ECM protein deposition causes increased tissue stiffness and activates neighboring cells, causing the fibrosis to propagate. Currently there are no therapies to prevent or reverse fibrosis. Therefore a more thorough understanding of the dynamic mechanical environment and signaling pathways involved in the activation of fibroblasts is required to develop potential treatments.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Sleeping Bag Horizontal Burn Rates

Over fifty commercial sleeping bags were tested for hori zontal burn rate using the CPAI-75 method. All but one met the six inch per minute standard. Analysis by filling fiber type showed down burned at the slowest rate. A new polyester-based fibers blend has been developed with down-like aesthetics, performance and burn rate to pro vide a greater margin of safety in end uses where low flame response is desired.
Clinical subtypes of depression are associated with specific metabolic parameters and circadian endocrine profiles in women: the power study.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with adverse medical consequences, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Patients with MDD may be classified as having melancholic, atypical, or undifferentiated features. The goal of the present study was to assess whether these clinical subtypes of depression have different endocrine and metabolic features and consequently, varying medical outcomes. Methods Premenopausal women, ages 21 to 45 years, with MDD (N = 89) and healthy controls (N = 44) were recruited for a prospective study of bone turnover. Women with MDD were classified as having melancholic (N = 51), atypical (N = 16), or undifferentiated (N = 22) features. Outcome measures included: metabolic parameters, body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and 24 hourly sampling of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, and leptin. Results Compared with control subjects, women with undifferentiated and atypical features of MDD exhibited greater BMI, waist/hip ratio, and whole body and abdominal fat mass. Women with undifferentiated MDD characteristics also had higher lipid and fasting glucose levels in addition to a greater prevalence of low BMD at the femoral neck compared to controls. Elevated ACTH levels were demonstrated in women with atypical features of depression, whereas higher mean 24-hour leptin levels were observed in the melancholic subgroup. Conclusions Pre-menopausal women with various features of MDD exhibit metabolic, endocrine, and BMD features that may be associated with different health consequences. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00006180
Glutamate-induced long-term potentiation of the frequency of miniature synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal neurons

Glutamate application at synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture produces long-term potentiation of the frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic currents, together with long-term potentiation of evoked synaptic currents. The mini frequency potentiation is initiated postsynaptically and requires activity of NMDA receptors. Although the frequency of unitary quantal responses increases strongly, their amplitude remains little changed with potentiation. Tests of postsynaptic responsiveness rule out recruitment of latent glutamate receptor clusters. Thus, postsynaptic induction can lead to enhancement of presynaptic transmitter release. The sustained potentiation of mini frequency is expressed even in the absence of Ca2+ entry into presynaptic terminals.
Comparison of left atrial dimensions by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography.

Left atrial (LA) size, as determined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), predicts the risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke and the success of cardioversion. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is increasingly used in these clinical situations. However, unlike TTE, measurement of LA size by TEE has not been standardized. To validate TEE measurement, we determined LA dimensions in 4 standard views by TTE at the same time in 121 patients undergoing TEE. The mid-esophageal basal short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve (TEE 30-60) was the only view in which complete visualization of a LA axis of measurement could be obtained with an acceptably high yield (97.2%). The measurement from this view provided a value that had the highest correlation between TTE and TEE (r = 0.758, P < .0001, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.86; bias 0.37 ± 1 cm). Overall, TEE underestimated the LA dimension by 9% compared with TTE. These results suggest that the short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve is the preferred site for measuring the LA dimension by TEE. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:143-9.)
SOLUTION NONUNIQUENESS FOR SEPARATED GAS–LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND WELLS. II. ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT As shown in [10], multiple solutions may occur for upward flow for separated flow in a pipe without wall mass transfer. For the wellbore flow with wall inflow (production well) case, multiple solutions only exist for upward flow for the gas inflow-dominant case, whereas they may exist for upward, horizontal and downward flow for liquid inflow-dominant situations. The opposite is expected for the wall outflow (injection well) case. The transient models have been proposed for separated (stratified and annular-mist) gas–liquid flow in pipes or wells and successfully applied to validate, both physically and numerically, the correct solution of liquid holdup and pressure drop whenever multiple solutions exist for separated flow. Physical considerations and numerical simulation have shown that only the solution with the lowest liquid height (holdup) is physically realistic. The solutions corresponding to the intermediate and the highest liquid holdup may not be able to lead to a stable flow.
Source‐Critical Methodologies in Recent Scholarship on the Khārijites

Many of the difficulties involved in researching the Khārijites come from the lack of primary Khārijite sources, and the subsequent need for scholars to rely on problematic non-Khārijite sources such as heresiography. This article will devote considerable attention to recent source-critical scholarship in English on the early medieval Khārijites (khawārij), excluding the Ibāiyya, as well as the use of the appellation ‘Khārijite’ as a modern phenomenon.
The Social Hourglass: An Infrastructure for Socially Aware Applications and Services

As the Internet's hourglass architecture connects various resources to various applications, an infrastructure that collects information from various social signals can support an ever-evolving set of socially aware applications and services. Among the proposed infrastructure's features are social sensors to capture and interpret social signals from user interactions, a personal social information aggregator, and a set of social-inference functions as its API for social applications.
Heatmap3: an improved heatmap package with more powerful and convenient features

Background Heat map and clustering are used frequently in expression analysis studies for data visualization. Simple clustering and heat map can be produced from the “heatmap” function in R language. However, it has some limitations in producing advanced graphics and is not highly customizable. Thus, we developed an R package heatmap 3 which significantly improves the original heatmap by adding more powerful and convenient features and providing a highly customizable interface.
Chick hunger and begging affect parental allocation of feedings in pigeons

Abstract In contrast to brood-reducing species, pigeons, Columba livia , that rear broods in a food-poor environment allocate parental feedings equitably. This results in non-differential growth of squabs and maintenance of brood size. The behavioural mechanisms underlying the frequency and allocation of parental feedings were examined in the present set of studies. Observations of undisturbed nests (experiment 1) showed that regurgitations were allocated in proportion to amount of begging. In experiment 2 squabs were experimentally fed or sham-fed prior to test sessions. Food-deprived squabs spent more time begging and received more regurgitations than experimentally fed squabs. A final experiment examined the relative importance of squabs versus parents in limiting the total number of regurgitations received by individual squabs. Squabs were deprived of food and/or parents were deprived of the opportunity to feed squabs prior to test sessions. The total number of regurgitations squabs received early in the nestling period was limited by squab capacity to ingest food, whereas parents played the more important role later in the nestling period. The results show that begging plays a role in intra-brood competition, and that the pigeon's strategy of brood maintenance is based on parents' distributing food in proportion to hunger level.
The Relation of Overweight to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Background. Although overweight and obesity in childhood are related to dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension, most studies have examined levels of these risk factors individually or have used internal cutpoints (eg, quintiles) to classify overweight and risk factors. Objective. We used cutpoints derived from several national studies to examine the relation of overweight (Quetelet index, >95th percentile) to adverse risk factor levels and risk factor clustering. Design. The sample consisted of 9167 5- to 17-year-olds examined in seven cross-sectional studies conducted by the Bogalusa Heart Study between 1973 and 1994. Results. About 11% of examined schoolchildren were considered overweight. Although adverse lipid, insulin, and blood pressure levels did not vary substantially with the Quetelet index at levels Conclusions. Because overweight is associated with various risk factors even among young children, it is possible that the successful prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood could reduce the adult incidence of cardiovascular disease.overweight, lipids, blood pressure, insulin, children, adolescents.
Specific functions of the Rep and Rep׳ proteins of porcine circovirus during copy-release and rolling-circle DNA replication

The roles of two porcine circovirus replication initiator proteins, Rep and Rep׳, in generating copy-release and rolling-circle DNA replication intermediates were determined. Rep uses the supercoiled closed-circular genome (ccc) to initiate leading-strand synthesis (identical to copy-release replication) and generates the single-stranded circular (ssc) genome from the displaced DNA strand. In the process, a minus-genome primer (MGP) necessary for complementary-strand synthesis, from ssc to ccc, is synthesized. Rep׳ cleaves the growing nascent-strand to regenerate the parent ccc molecule. In the process, a Rep׳-DNA hybrid containing the right palindromic sequence (at the origin of DNA replication) is generated. Analysis of the virus particle showed that it is composed of four components: ssc, MGP, capsid protein and a novel Rep-related protein (designated Protein-3).
Stable isotope methods for studies of mineral/trace element metabolism

Article de synthese sur l'utilisation des isotopes stables comme traceurs metaboliques dans le but d'etudier le metabolisme des elements mineraux. Etude du materiel et des methodes utilises pour mesurer les isotopes stables (activation par les neutrons ou spectrometrie de masse couplee a l'ionization d'elements chimiques). Etude de l'utilisation des isotopes pour mesurer le statut en fer de nourrissons et le pool alimentaire de zinc echangeable
Serial Discrimination Reversal in a Slow Loris (Nycticebus)

A Slow Loris was tested on a serial discrimination reversal problem, reaching an optimal level of performance after 9 reversals. Thus, the ability of the Prosimian Primate was roughly comparable to that of the more highly evolved Squirrel and Capuchin monkey.
Pattern recognition and eye-movement parameters

Pattern perception was studied by recording eye movements while Ss visually scanned nine simultaneously presented patterns of asterisks for target patterns. Pattern parameters studied were: similarity of target patterns to non-target patterns (absolute difference in the number of elements), number of target elements, and frequency of targets. Systematic correlation between the first two pattern parameters and eyemovement parameters were found. Mean duration and mean number of fixations on targets and also on non-targets increased with increased similarity. Mean duration and mean number of fixations increased on targets with an increase in the number of target elements. Non-target patterns were perceived more auicfely than targets. Fixations of longer duration were required to perceive the original target than to identify the other target patterns subsequently. The eye-movement results provide the basis for developing inferences about higher order processing of visual stimuli.
Therapeutic Alliance in Telephone-Administered Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Survivors

Therapeutic alliance is an established reliable predictor of successful therapy across patient populations and treatment modalities (e.g., Horvath & Symonds, 1991), including cognitive and behavioral (Waddington, 2002) and short-term dynamic (Crits-Christoph & Connolly, 1999) therapies. Benefits of a strong therapeutic alliance occur in face-to-face therapy, as well as therapies delivered over the phone or via the Internet (e.g., Cook & Doyle, 2004; Klein et al., 2009; Knaevelsrud & Maercker, 2007). Despite increasing use of various psychotherapies to improve cancer patients’ quality of life (e.g., Baik & Adams, 2011), studies of therapeutic alliance in therapies used with this population are limited (for a review, see Schnur & Montgomery, 2010). The present study evaluated the role of therapeutic alliance in telephone-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy (T-CBT) for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) survivors. PTSD is experienced by a substantial proportion of HSCT survivors (Mosher et al., 2009), and often involves feelings of detachment from others, which may impede the ability to form a solid therapeutic alliance. The randomized trial (Duhamel et al., 2010) found that, compared to survivors in an assessment-only control group, those who completed T-CBT reported fewer illness-related PTSD symptoms, including less avoidance and fewer intrusive thoughts, as well as less general distress and fewer depressive symptoms. These benefits were maintained over a 12 month follow-up period. The present study examined the role of therapeutic alliance in these outcomes. We hypothesized that survivors who completed T-CBT would have greater decreases in PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general distress if they had high rather than low therapeutic alliance.
N,N′‐Bis(2‐acetylphenyl)ethanediamide, a second polymorph

Two new polymorphs of N,N′-bis­(2-acetyl­phen­yl)ethane­diamide, C18H16N2O4, are reported, one crystallizing in the space group P\overline{1}, in the present paper, and one in P21/n [Brewer, Jasinski, Butcher & Scheidt (2007). Acta Cryst. E63, o4887–o4888]. In both structures, the 2-acetyl group is twisted slightly away from the plane of the benzene ring. In the present paper, this polymorph crystallizes with two half-mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit, each of which lies on an inversion center located at the centroid of an ethanediamide unit. The mol­ecules adopt trans ethanediamide (oxanalide) configurations, whereby the amide H atoms are bifurcated intra­molecular hydrogen-bonding donors to oxamine and acetyl O atoms. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions.
Spacecraft imaging of Phobos and Deimos

A series of lower- and higher-resolution pictures of Phobos and Deimos taken from Viking spacecraft is presented. The imaging data imply that the two asteroid-size bodies may indeed have originated in the asteroid belt and may be composed of primordial material from the solar nebula. There is now sufficient knowledge on Phobos and Deimos to consider them as candidate targets for future sample/return missions or for locating bases to monitor Mars.
Using Knowledge from Social Science in Development Projects

Financially induced development runs the risk of creating social imbalances. This can be alleviated if sociologists are involved at the planning stage of projects rather than being called upon in the ex ante evaluation study. It is essential for successful implementation of development projects to (put people first'. New ‘entrance points’ must be opened up for sociological and anthropological knowledge in every segment of the project cycle.
Ambush site selection and ontogenetic shifts in foraging strategy in a semi‐aquatic pit viper, the Eastern cottonmouth

Although habitat selection has been studied in a variety of snake taxa, little is known about habitat selection in aquatic snake species. Additionally, due to their small size and secretive nature, juvenile snakes are seldom included in habitat selection studies. The Eastern cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus is a semi-aquatic pit viper known to use ambush, sit-and-wait foraging strategies. Ambush hunters are likely to select habitats that increase opportunity for successful prey capture while minimizing predation risk and maintaining appropriate thermal and hydric conditions. We characterized the foraging strategy and microhabitat use of cottonmouths at Ellenton Bay, an isolated Carolina bay freshwater wetland on the Savannah River Site in SC, USA. We measured habitat characteristics of 55 ambush sites used by 51 individual cottonmouths located during nighttime visual surveys, as well as 225 randomly selected sites within our search area. Cottonmouths exhibited an ontogenetic shift in foraging strategy with juveniles using predominately ambush foraging around the edge of the wetland while adults were most often encountered actively moving within the wetland. Principal components analysis revealed that juveniles selected foraging microhabitats that were different from random and consisted of mud substrate with sparse vegetation, whereas adults occupied a greater variety of microhabitats that did not differ from random. Concomitantly, free-ranging cottonmouths exhibited ontogenetic shifts in diet: juveniles consumed mostly salamanders, while adults ate a greater variety of prey including other snakes and birds. Our results highlight the importance of understanding how ontogenetic changes in coloration, diet and predation risk influence foraging strategy and microhabitat selection in snakes.
High spectral and angular resolution studies of sputtered zirconium atoms

We present the first results from a new apparatus for high spectral and angular resolution studies of sputtered neutral species. The sputtering experiments employ laser-induced fluorescence and a compact fiber-optic-based detection system to yield state-specific angular distributions for the sputtered atom flux. The angular resolution is of the order of 3° and a 260 MHz residual Doppler shift is estimated for the observed atomic transitions. The angular distribution for ground-state zirconium atoms shows clear deviations from the cosine dependence expected from linear cascade theory when sputtered by 1.5 keV Ar+ ions incident at 60° from the surface normal. The peaking of the distribution in the forward direction suggests that a significant fraction of the atoms is ejected by a direct mechanism.
Connections Between 11 B NMR Chemical Shifts and Electronic Structure in Metallaboranes. A Précis

An analysis of selected sets of metallaboranes in terms of a molecular orbital (MO) model of 11B chemical shift change is used to demonstrate the origin of transition metal effects on boron shifts for: (i) M-B edge protonation; (ii) replacement of direct B-B by M-B interactions; (iii) encapsulation of B in a metal cluster; (iv) change in metal identity; and (v) change in vertex coordination number. Metal effects on both filled and unfilled MO's are important but changes in the latter appear to dominate. Consequently, models based solely on filled orbital properties, e.g., electronic charge, are inadequate. A short review with 56 references.
The efficacy of some drugs with known antiprotozoal activity against Histomonas meleagridis in chickens

Nine drugs with known or suspected antiprotozoal activity were tested in vitro, and in vivo for activity against Histomonas meleagridis. The nitroimidazoles dimetridazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole suppressed growth of H. meleagridis in vitro at 10 microg/ml or higher. Paromomycin sulfate, and carbadox were weakly effective at high levels. Quinolinol, mebendazole, diloxanide furoate, and albendazole had no demonstrable efficacy in vitro. Drugs showing some activity in vitro were tested in young chickens inoculated intracloacally with 2 x 10(5) H. meleagridis/bird. Dimetridazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole were highly effective at 200 ppm in feed. Paromomycin sulfate, and carbadox were ineffective in vivo, with no improvement in liver or cecal lesion scores compared to that of infected controls. Thus, the only new entities with efficacy against blackhead disease in vivo were nitroimidazoles, related to the positive control dimetridazole.
Endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus species.

Purpose To investigate clinical settings, management, and visual outcomes of endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus species and to review in vitro effectiveness of antibiotics commonly used against Bacillus species. Design Retrospective, consecutive case series. Methods Record review of all patients with endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus species treated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1990 and July 1, 2007. Antibiotic sensitivities were conducted on 21 of 22 isolates. Results Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients met study inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 18 months. Clinical settings included open globe injury (18 eyes), endogenous (two eyes), delayed-onset bleb-associated (one eye), and acute-onset postoperative (one eye). Twelve (67%) of 18 patients with open globe injuries had intraocular foreign bodies. Presenting visual acuity (VA) was hand movements or better in 13 (59%) patients. Initial treatment included pars plana vitrectomy and injection of antibiotics in 14 eyes (64%), vitreous tap and injection of antibiotics in seven eyes (32%), and evisceration in one eye (5%). Four (18%) patients received additional doses of intravitreal antibiotics; 16 (73%) underwent secondary surgical procedures. Eight (36%) patients achieved a final VA of 20/400 or better and four (18%) achieved a final VA of 20/60 or better. All patients received intraocular vancomycin and a cephalosporin or aminoglycoside. Systemic antibiotics were used in 18 (82%) patients. Fifteen (68%) isolates were Bacillus cereus. All isolates tested were sensitive to vancomycin, gentamicin, and five fluoroquinolones. Only three of 21 isolates were susceptible to penicillin and cephalosporins. Conclusions Endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus species often results in poor visual outcomes. In vitro antibiotic sensitivities indicate that vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were effective against Bacillus isolates, whereas cephalosporins were relatively ineffective.
Thermally-induced vibrations of a spinning spacecraft boom

Abstract An analytical study of thermally-induced motions is presented for a beam model of an axial boom of a spin-stabilized spacecraft. The study includes: (1) an uncoupled thermal-structural analysis which assumes that the temperature distribution is independent of the deflections of the boom and (2) a coupled thermal-structural analysis which includes the dependence of the incident heat flux and temperature distribution on the boom's deflected position. In the uncoupled analysis, a steady-state thermal response is determined. The resulting temperature gradient causes stable bending motions which are determined by modal expansion. The coupled analysis assumes a deflected shape and determines governing equations for an approximate response. The stability of the coupled response is studied using Floquet theory. The results show that unstable thermally-induced vibrations are possible for parameters characteristic of a typical spacecraft's axial boom.
A note on ill-posedness of the cauchy problem for Heisenberg wave maps

We introduce a notion of wave maps with a target in the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group and study their relation with Riemannian wave maps with range in Lagrangian submanifolds. As an application we establish existence and eventually ill-posedness of the corresponding Cauchy problem.
Fail-safe design for square vacuum-barrier windows

Laser-induced damage on the tensile side of vacuum-barrier fused silica optics can result in catastrophic fracture. This fracture can lead to two possible modes of failure: a benign failure resulting in a slow air leak into the vacuum chamber or an implosion. In previous work, we measured fracture in round vacuum windows and lenses and proposed a 'fail-safe' design that would insure the benign failure mode by fracturing into only two parts, thus eliminating the possibility of implosion. In this paper we extend the previous work to include square vacuum-barrier windows and lenses.