cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Interactions of Collision Avoidance Advisories and Cockpit Displays of Traffic Information

Future aircraft cockpits may be equipped with both collision avoidance systems and cockpit traffic situation displays. This paper summarizes a series of experiments investigating a pilot's ability to make a variety of traffic related decisions with a traffic display. Some of the key findings were: Pilots were not able to accurately judge the future position of an aircraft unless the display contained predictor symbols. Pilots' subjective judgements of threat were inversely proportional to time to closest approach but generally were not sensitive to small changes of other parameters of the encounter. When pilots were asked to make avoidance maneuvers based solely on the traffic display, they began their maneuvers well before a CAS advisory would have been triggered. Provided sufficient time was available, pilots preferred horizontal avoidance maneuvers.
Could emotion development really be the acquisition of emotion concepts

Emotion development research centrally concerns capacities to produce emotions and to think about them. We distinguish these enterprises and consider a novel account of how they might be related. On one recent account, the capacity to have emotions of various kinds comes by way of the acquisition of emotion concepts. This account relies on a constructionist theory of emotions and an embodied theory of emotion concepts. We explicate these elements, then raise a challenge for the approach. It appears to be incompatible with various familiar ways in which cognitions about one's own emotions can come apart from episodes of emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Evolutionary Mismatch in Mating

Evolutionary mismatch concepts are being fruitfully employed in a number of research domains, including medicine, health, and human cognition and behavior to generate novel hypotheses and better understand existing findings. We contend that research on human mating will benefit from explicitly addressing both the evolutionary mismatch of the people we study and the evolutionary mismatch of people conducting the research. We identified nine mismatch characteristics important to the study of human mating and reviewed the literature related to each of these characteristics. Many of the people we study are: exposed to social media, in temporary relationships, relocatable, autonomous in their mating decisions, nulliparous, in groups that are socially segmented, in an educational setting, confronted with lots of options, and young. We applied mismatch concepts to each characteristic to illustrate the importance of incorporating mismatch into this research area. Our aim in this paper is not to identify all potential mismatch effects in mating research, nor to challenge or disqualify existing data. Rather, we demonstrate principled ways of thinking about evolutionary mismatch in order to propel progress in mating research. We show how attending to the potential effects of mismatch can help us refine our theoretical and methodological approaches and deepen our understanding of existing patterns in the empirical record. We conclude with specific recommendations about how to include consideration of evolutionary mismatch into research on human mating.
Drone-Based Material Transfer System in a Robotic Mobile Fulfillment Center

Deploying unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, for final-mile delivery in logistics operations has inspired this research. One conceivable scenario is to use the drone to transfer jobs in a robotic mobile fulfillment center. Each job might be characterized by origin, destination, time window, and precedence relation. In particular, a take-away conveyor is continuously pushing forward shipping cartons, wherein drones must pick up jobs and drop them off to the cartons within the time window since the cartons would be closed and labeled at the end of the conveyor. Furthermore, each job contains two subtransfers for drone: flight from drone’s current location to pickup location and flight to dropoff location. Two exact approaches are proposed—a mixed integer programming and a constraint programming—and tested for a real-time perspective. Note to Practitioners —Inspired by Amazon’s significant expansion of its army of warehouse robots and the adaptation of drones for final-mile small parcel delivery, this article has mixed those two emerging technologies and proposed a drone-powered material transfer system in a warehouse, wherein jobs would be picked up by drone, transferred, and dropped off directly to shipping cartons. The most encouraging finding is that the proposed method impressively proved the optimality of 144 jobs with 10 drones that requires 28.8 transfers per drone on average, within 1 s.
Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma: Survival Outcomes and Factors Influencing Them.

ABSTRACT Many patients with multiple myeloma (MM) eventually relapse even after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) for curative intent. Over the past decade, outcomes for patients with MM have improved significantly with the availability of new therapies, including next-generation proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and, more recently, monoclonal antibodies. Although several published studies have evaluated the outcomes of alloHCT for MM, the data on survival outcomes in patients with MM experiencing disease relapse following alloHCT are limited. In addition, the predictors for postrelapse survival in these patients are not known. In this study, we examined the outcomes of a single-center cohort of 60 patients with MM who experienced relapse or progression after alloHCT. In addition, we evaluated the use of salvage regimens for treatment of relapsed MM and analyzed the predictors for improved postrelapse survival. After a median follow-up of 2.2 years from the time of relapse, the median duration of postrelapse survival was 1.8 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 5.0 years). Patients received a median of 3 lines of therapy (range, 0 to 10) for treatment of MM beyond the post-alloHCT relapse/progression. Multivariate analysis identified cytogenetic risk (standard risk versus high risk; hazard ratio [HR], .34; P = .01), time to relapse after alloHCT (>12 months versus ≤12 months: HR, .41; P = .04), and occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) before relapse (GVHD versus no GVHD: HR, 2.89; P = .01) significantly affected postrelapse survival. These data illustrate that long-term myeloma control and survival is attainable in those relapsing/progressing after alloHCT and suggest that the synergism between novel therapies and the allogeneic immune platform is the key to improved survival in this high-risk patient population.
Chapter 9 Self- and Nonself-Recognition of Gametes in Ascidians

Ascidians (Tunicata) are hermaphroditic sessile marine invertebrates, which release sperm and eggs nearly simultaneously to the surrounding seawater during the spawning season. To avoid inbreeding, several species, including Halocynthia roretzi (Stolidobranchia) and Ciona intestinalis type A (Ciona robusta) (Phlebobranchia) possess a self-sterility system. In H. roretzi, a 70-kDa vitelline coat (VC) protein consisting of 12 EGF-like repeats with polymorphisms, designated as VC70, appears to be involved in gamete interaction and also in self/nonself-recognition. A cysteine-rich secretory protein, designated as Urabin and a type II transmembrane serine protease-1, called TTSP-1, are candidate sperm-borne binding partners for VC70. In C. intestinalis type A, on the other hand, a fibrinogen-like VC protein, v-Themis-A and v-Themis-B, and sperm PKDREJ-like protein, s-Themis-A and s-Themis-B, are highly polymorphic among individuals and these proteins appear to play a pivotal role in self/nonself-recognition during gamete interaction. It was recently suggested that three pairs of v-Themis and s-Themis genes (s/v-Themis-A, s/v-Themis-B, and s/v-Themis-B2) are responsible for this system. After sperm attachment to the VC of self-eggs, drastic Ca2+ influx is elicited, resulting in sperm vigorous movement on the VC followed by sperm detachment from the VC, or by cessation in sperm motility. The C-terminal Ca2+-permeable cation channel domain in s-Themis-B/B2 may be involved in Ca2+ influx. Although s/v-Themis homologous genes with polymorphisms were detected in the genome of H. roretzi, it is not known whether s/v-Themis is involved in self/nonself-recognition of H. roretzi. Since flowering plants utilize family specific S-determinant proteins for self-incompatibility, the mechanism of self/nonself-recognition may be different between stolidobranch and phlebobranch ascidians.
How burdensome are capital gains taxes?: Evidence from the United States

Abstract This paper uses capital gain realization data from individual tax returns to evaluate recent claims that sophisticated portfolio strategies permit investors to avoid capital gains taxes. The results suggest important investor heterogeneity. Twenty percent of taxpayers with capital gains or losses face binding loss-offset constraints. Another significant group of investors evades the capital gains tax; prior to recent legislative changes, forty percent of capital gains were unreported. Finally, about forty percent of capital gains accrue to investors who report capital gains and face significant tax burdens, as the traditional analysis of the capital gains tax suggests.
Analog Pulse Based Data Transmission for Internet-of-Things Applications

The development of sensor devices and wireless technologies are a continuing impact on our society by connecting everything under the same network. However, reliable data transmission is becoming instability with the proliferation of wireless sensors in the IoT system. So, data compression is one of the possible keys to support more data within the existing capacity in high-density wireless sensor networks. This paper presents a novel data encoding scheme with the critical aim of indirectly increasing the transmission rate by supporting many data channels using both original and 25% time-shifted pulses. In the proposed data encoding scheme, a sequence of the multi-orders orthogonal pulse represents a single data bit with no pulse redundancy. The proposed method increases the transmission capacity and supports many data channels. This work performs the MATLAB simulation package to generate the pulse sequences and verify the FCC’s transmission power requirements. The proposed data encoding scheme supports 2n!-numbers of data channels with n!*(2n+1)/n(n+1)-times data rate improvement, where n is the number of distinct pulse order.
The President and the Supreme Court: Going Public on Judicial Decisions from Washington to Trump

In their new book, Paul M. Collins, Jr. and Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha examine if, how, and when presidents publicly discuss specific Supreme Court decisions. Given the background that both authors brin...
COVID-19 Losses to the Real Estate Market: An Equity Analysis

Abstract This is the first paper to estimate the dollar impact of COVID-19 on the aggregate value of United States commercial real estate. With the compounding effects of telecommuting, social distancing, restrictions on commerce, and business closures, few sectors have been as hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic as commercial real estate. Analyzing traded REITs provides statistical estimates of the decline in United States commercial real estate values. Applying MacroRisk.com's commercial stock valuation models which use key economic factors to value equities, we evaluate the impact of economic changes on commercial real estate values. We find that real estate markets would have likely realized substantially greater declines but for the extreme monetary and fiscal policy pursued during the early months of the pandemic.
Fabrication of a silicon μDicer for uniform microdissection of tissue samples

Generating uniform tissue microfragments is important in many applications, including disease diagnostics, drug screening, spatial-omics, and fundamental wound healing and tissue regeneration studies. Common mechanical dissection methods, such as manual mincing, are imprecise and result in fragments with a broad range in size. This work aims to develop a microscale dicing device, referred to as the “μDicer,” consisting of a hollow array of blades spaced hundreds of micrometers apart. A tissue pushed through this array is diced into many microfragments simultaneously. The focus of this paper is on the fabrication process of the μDicer using a combination of isotropic and anisotropic etching in silicon. A single silicon oxide etch mask is used in a dry silicon etcher for both a tapered etch to form the microblades, and an anisotropic etch to form the through-holes in the hollow blade array. The use of a single mask reduces the mask fabrication time by more than twofold compared with two-mask approaches often used to generate similar etch features. The etch parameters and the design of the etch mask control the blade angles and the edge profiles of the blades. Specifically, the incorporation of “notches” in the two-dimensional mask design generates three-dimensional microserrated features on the blade edges. A custom, open-source etching model is also developed to facilitate the prediction of the etch profiles. Finally, a proof-of-concept application of the μDicer to dissect soft materials and tissues is demonstrated.
Use of transesophageal echocardiography for transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for patients with prior bioprosthetic surgical aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonic valves

Valve-in-valve (ViV) transcatheter procedures are the preferred option for redo valve replacement in patients who otherwise would be high risk for surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an integral imaging modality for both peri-procedural and intra-procedural guidance during transcatheter ViV replacement. When intentional leaflet laceration is needed, such as with the BASILICA (Bioprosthetic or native Aortic Scallop Intentional Laceration to prevent Iatrogenic Coronary Artery obstructions during TAVR) or LAMPOON (Laceration of the Anterior Mitral valve leaflet to Prevent left ventricular Outlet ObstructioN) procedures, TEE is critical to proper guidewire positioning and achieving a successful laceration. In this paper we detail the role of TEE in ViV transcatheter valve replacement in patients with prior surgical aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonic valves.
Association of changes in lipid levels with changes in vitamin D levels in a real-world setting

In clinical trials, vitamin D supplementation has been reported to reduce serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In this cohort study we evaluated the association between changes in vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) and changes in lipid levels in a real-world setting. Changes in lipid levels over a 1-year period were evaluated among individuals whose vitamin D levels increased (group 1) or decreased (group 2) by ≥ 10 ng/mL in year 2018 versus 2017 (cohort 1; n = 5580), in 2019 versus 2018 (cohort 2, n = 6057), or in 2020 versus 2019 (cohort 3, n = 7249). In each cohort, levels of TC, LDL-C, and TG decreased in group 1 and increased in group 2. Between-group differences in average changes in the 3 cohorts ranged from 10.71 to 12.02 mg/dL for TC, from 7.42 to 8.95 mg/dL for LDL-C, and from 21.59 to 28.09 mg/dL for TG. These differences were significant after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, body mass index, blood pressure, smoking status, geographical location, and baseline levels of vitamin D and lipids (P < 0.001). Changes in vitamin D levels were not significantly associated with changes in HDL-C levels.
Assessing Effects of Forest Management on Biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest, USA

For at least the last twenty years, management of federal forests in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA has been at the center of intense controversy. In 1993, President Clinton created the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) and asked it to identify management alternatives that would provide habitat for viable populations of spotted owls, marbled murrelets, salmon and other species associated with old-growth forests. The team was instructed to develop alternatives which provided a medium to high probability of ensuring the viability of these species.
An Introduction to Design Arguments

The history of design arguments stretches back to before Aquinas, who claimed that things which lack intelligence nevertheless act for an end to achieve the best result. Although science has advanced to discredit this claim, it remains true that many biological systems display remarkable adaptations of means to ends. Versions of design arguments have persisted over the centuries and have culminated in theories that propose an intelligent designer of the universe. This volume is the only comprehensive survey of 2,000 years of debate, drawing on both historical and modern literature to identify, clarify and assess critically the many forms of design argument for the existence of God. It provides a neutral, informative account of the topic from antiquity to Darwin, and includes concise primers on probability and cosmology. It will be of great value to upper-level undergraduates and graduates in philosophy of religion, theology, and philosophy of science.
Telemetered Heart Rate Responses to Pace Patterns in the One-Mile Run

Abstract The heart rate responses of sixteen track athletes were measured by means of radio telemetry under the following conditions: (a) while the subjects were at rest, (b) during a 1-mile run at a steady pace, (c) during a one-mile run at a fast-slow pace, (d) during a 1-mile run at a slow-fast pace, and (e) during recovery. The heart rates were obtained from the electrocardiographic tracings, and analysis of covariance was used to test the significance of differences between the pace patterns at the .05 level. It was concluded that the heart rate response to exercise is very rapid, regardless of the pace pattern, and will reach the slope of the exercise heart rate response line before the subject has reached the end of the first 220 yds. while running a mile. The fast-slow pace pattern brought about a significantly higher heart rate response than any other pace pattern in the 1-mile runs. During recovery, were no significant differences between the pace patterns followed in the time necessary for the ...
Hemodilution and changes in hemostasis induced by dextran. An experiment in dogs with and without plasma volume expansion.

Summary o 1. Twenty-one dogs were studied. Hypervolemic anemia was induced in 12 dogs by administration of 6 per cent dextran in final volume equal to 8 per cent of body weight in three infusions. Nine had normovolemic anemia induced by three successive bleedings totaling 6 per cent of body weight, with dextran replacement of the volume bled. 2. In the unbled animals, total blood volume (measured by T-1824 dye and hematocrit) increased significantly following each dextran infusion. In the bled animals total blood volume increased following the first infusion only. Plasma volume increased in both groups of experimental animals. 3. The apparent volume of distribution of dextran in plasma was significantly smaller than that of T-1824 dye after each infusion in each group of animals. 4. The observed hematocrit decreased significantly after each infusion in each group of animals. 5. Prolongation of the bleeding time (beyond 15 minutes) was observed earlier in the hypervolemic dogs than in the normovolemic animals, and was universally present when total blood volume was increased by 30 per cent or more. 6. The association of prolonged bleeding time with expansion of whole blood volume and the failure of association of bleeding time prolongation with the plasma dextran level suggests that total blood volume increase is a measurable factor in bleeding with dextran-induced hypervolemia. 7. The mechanisms involved in alteration of hemostasis following hemodilution or hypervolemia have been presented.
Minor salivary gland involvement in sarcoidosis. Report of 3 cases with positive lip biopsies.

Abstract In view of the data obtained in three cases, biopsy of minor salivary glands in the labial mucosa of the lower lip is proposed as an alternative means of establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
P3-System Designs: A classification of systems that connect People-To-People-To-Geographical-Places

Any-time any-where communications systems today go beyond providing people-to-people links to providing geographic place based information. While such systems that link People-to-People-to-geographical-Places (P3-Systems) have burgeoned over the last decade or so, their functional similarities and design approaches have not been systematically examined and classified. This paper helps address this gap in the literature by first recognizing P3-Systems as a distinct class of applications, and then providing a conceptual framework that distinguishes between four basic design-approaches. These are : 1) People Centric P3-System design that uses absolute user location, based on awareness of where somebody is located; (2) People Centric P3-System design based on user co-location / proximity; (3) Place Centric P3-System design base on the use of virtual spaces that contain representations of user’ use of physical spaces; and (4) Place Centric P3-System design based on the use of virtual spaces that contain online interactions related to physical location.
Hierarchical Texture Segmentation

We present a new hierarchical texture segmentation method that partitions an image into textured regions. A textured region is viewed as a set of uniformly distributed primitives. A primitive is a region with constant gray values. Gray values within a primitive can be corrupted by noise. Any noisy primitive contains gray values from a δ-wide interval (δ-homogeneous primitive. The noisy primitive is described by the sample mean of interior gray values. A textured region with noise is characterized by a set of gray value sample means (texture vector) derived from noisy primitives. Every pixel (sample point) and its neighborhood give rise to an estimate of texture vector. Components of the estimated vector at a pixel characterize noisy primitives of a textured region grown from the pixel. Co-occurrence of noisy primitives from this grown region are calculated. Final segmentation is obtained by grouping pixels with identical estimates of texture vectors and co-occurrences, created at each pixel. Homogeneity degree δ of noisy primitives provides a basis for multiscale analysis. Computational efficiency and robustness of the proposed method are related. Experiments are reported for synthetic textures as well as real textures from Brodatz album and real gray scale and color images.
Experimental Investigations of the Behavior of Ice at the Contact Zone

Publisher Summary Ice plays an important part in several aspects of everyday life in countries, which have a boreal climate. The behavior of ice interacting with various materials has serious economic, scientific, and entertainment implications. This behavior is often directly controlled by the behavior of the contact zone between the ice and the material. Over the past several years, there has been considerable effort placed in trying to understand this behavior. This chapter reviews the recent experimental evidence obtained from the studies of the contact zone in ice. The chapter describes the contact zone with comparatively low pressures where the failure of the ice does not occur. This is the frictional behavior of ice. The experimental evidence for higher loads where ice failure occurs is also reviewed. In this case, the surface of the ice fails by crushing. Then, the surface layer is greatly disturbed from the original surface. Several examples of the significance of the work are described.
Thermal Emission and Possible Rotational Modulation in AU Mic

We have made VLA observations of the dM2.5e star AU Mic at 2, 6, and 20 cm in an attempt to detect rotational modulation of its quiescent emission. There appears to be weak evidence for such a modulation. We have found that the quiescent emission at 6 and 20 cm is nonthermal while the emission at 2 cm is thermal. The small amplitude of variations at 2 cm suggests a large coronal filling factor. Such an assumption leads to a brightness temperature at 2 cm approximately equal to the X-ray temperature.
Can You Handle the Truth? The Framers Preserved Common-Law Criminal Arrest and Search Rules in 'Due Process of Law' - 'Fourth Amendment Reasonableness' is Only a Modern, Destructive, Judicial Myth

The conventional academic account of Fourth Amendment (or search and seizure) history has been shaped by uncritcal acceptance of claims in Supreme Court opinions that the reference to "unreasonable searches and seizures" in that text was intended to created a broad "reasonableness" standard for assessing all government arrests and searches, whether made with or without warrant. This article marshals salient evidence from the author’s more detailed prior articles to demonstrate that this claim is merely a prochronistic myth that grossly understates the criminal procedure standards the American Framers thought they had preserved.The article first describes the actual common-law standards for criminal arrests and related searches to show that mere "reasonableness" was never recognized as a standard in framing-era sources. It also documents that the accusatory common-law criminal arrest standards were actually understood to be salient features of the "law of the land" and "due process of law" protections set out in other constitutional provisions, and that criminal search authority was essentially an appendage of arrest authority. Thus there was neither room nor reason for the Fourth Amendment to address warrantless arrests or searches, or even criminal arrest warrants. Rather, the only unsettled search issue at the time of the framing was the scope of legislative authority regarding revenue search warrants, so the Fourth Amendment was framed simply to ban Congress from authorizing use of too-loose warrants for revenue searches of houses, while the Fifth Amendment due process of law clause preserved criminal procedure standards. (Along the way, the article identifies deficiencies in recent historical claims by Professors Fabio Arcila (notes 122, 204) and Thomas Clancy (note 225).)The article then describes how nineteenth century judges destroyed the original understanding of due process of law and thus left federal Supreme Court justices free to reinvent modern "search and seizure" doctrine under the Fourth Amendment, to invent the concept of Fourth Amendment reasonableness in the 1925 Carroll decision to justify warrantless searches where lawful arrests could not be made, and more recently to exploit the flexible character of reasonableness to effectively create discretionary police arrest and search authority comparable to that conferred by the general warrant which the original Fourth Amendment was meant to abolish.
Illegality and Invisibility at Margins and Borders

Drawing from the scholarship on states and illegal practices and the author's fieldwork at the Mexico-Guatemala border, this article posits new directions in the study of legitimacy, legality, and morality in borderlands. By making illegality central, the article reveals the politics and power dynamics that shape how people differentially experience the law. The article uses illegality as a theoretical lens to reexamine what constitute worthy subjects of research and standards for ethical and methodological practice.
Filling in the Distance Between Us: Group Metacognition During Problem Solving in a Secondary Education Course

While a body of research exists on individual metacognition, research on reflective communities is just beginning. This study generated a framework for conceptualizing metacognition in groups by describing likely components of group metacognition. I focused on a group of five preservice science teachers engaged in problem-based learning (PBL). The purpose of the PBL course was to help students gain useful concepts from the learning sciences to apply to teaching. I investigated forms of metacognition and the role reflective discourse played during the learning process. The group and facilitator were videotaped during PBL sessions. A segment of video to study further was identified through interaction analysis. I analyzed the discourse of this segment of the transcribed group discussion, and I examined the group’s final paper. Supplementary data sources included the interaction analysis transcript of the full 8-h videotape and, specifically, the comments the group made about the resources they used to solve the problem. Categories of group metacognition were identified, claims proposed, and recombined or rejected until saturation. I identified three components of group metacognition that helped the group members solve the instructional redesign problem: (1) metasocial awareness about other member’s expertise, (2) monitoring of understanding, and (3) monitoring of process. Future research directions and instructional implications are discussed.
The influence of fatty acids and humidity on friction and adhesion of hydrophilic polymer surfaces

Monolayers of saturated fatty acids of different chain lengths and of 9-cis-octadecenoic acid were physisorbed onto regenerated cellulose surfaces to study their effect on friction and adhesion. Lateral and normal force measurements on these surfaces were carried out at different humidities using an atomic force microscope with chemically functionalized silicon nitride cantilevers. Friction and adhesion of clean cellulose increased significantly with humidity. Adhesion forces at high humidity were predicted well by theory that accounted for the effect of the Laplace pressure due to capillary condensation. The magnitude of friction and adhesion and their dependence on humidity decreased with increasing hydrophobicity of the contacting surfaces. Friction of cellulose surfaces impregnated with different saturated fatty acids decreased sharply from a high level to a low level at a carbon chain length above 14 carbon atoms. Contact angle data indicated that only saturated fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or mo...
Direct covariance measurement of CO2 gas transfer velocity during the 2008 Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: Wind speed dependency

[1] Direct measurements of air-sea heat, momentum, and mass (including CO2, DMS, and water vapor) fluxes using the direct covariance method were made over the open ocean from the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange (SO GasEx) program. Observations of fluxes and the physical processes associated with driving air-sea exchange are key components of SO GasEx. This paper focuses on the exchange of CO2 and the wind speed dependency of the transfer velocity, k, used to model the CO2 flux between the atmosphere and ocean. A quadratic dependence of k on wind speed based on dual tracer experiments is most frequently encountered in the literature. However, in recent years, bubble-mediated enhancement of k, which exhibits a cubic relationship with wind speed, has emerged as a key issue for flux parameterization in high-wind regions. Therefore, a major question addressed in SO GasEx is whether the transfer velocities obey a quadratic or cubic relationship with wind speed. After significant correction to the flux estimates (primarily due to moisture contamination), the direct covariance CO2 fluxes confirm a significant enhancement of the transfer velocity at high winds compared with previous quadratic formulations. Regression analysis suggests that a cubic relationship provides a more accurate parameterization over a wind speed range of 0 to 18 m s−1. The Southern Ocean results are in good agreement with the 1998 GasEx experiment in the North Atlantic and a recent separate field program in the North Sea.
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein up-regulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in human breast cancer cells.

Objective: To examine whether HIV-1 Tat protein increases the metastatic potential of human breast cancer cells through induction of pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Methods: Real-time RT-PCR and ELISA were employed to determine the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in highly metastatic human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. To investigate the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of Tat-mediated up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8, EMSA and reporter gene assay were carried out. Results: Exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to Tat resulted in a significant and dose-dependent up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein expression. HIV-1 Tat protein also markedly increased NF-κB DNA-binding activity and transactivation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors significantly attenuated the ability of Tat to up-regulate IL-6 and IL-8 expression. It was also found that exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to Tat induced up-regulation of MMP-9 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that HIV-1 Tat protein up-regulates expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human breast cancer cells by NF-κB-dependent pathway. These data may contribute to exploration of the new molecular mechanisms leading to novel approaches for the therapeutic drug developments specifically targeted against the inflammatory pathways of breast cancer metastasis in AIDS patients.
An electrochemical determination of oxygen adsorption on copper

Abstract The adsorption of oxygen on polycrystalline and thin film copper samples was studied with the solid state electrochemical cell: Cu,Cu 2 O¦7.5wt%CaO/ZrO 2 ¦Cu in ultrahigh vacuum. The oxygen partial pressure in the bulk of the copper sample was controlled electrochemically by applying a voltage across the cell, while the oxygen coverage at the copper free surface was monitored by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). This technique has enabled us to establish much lower oxygen partial pressures at high temperatures than normally attainable in ultrahigh vacuum. In this paper we report the results of reversible oxygen adsorption isotherms on polycrystalline copper at 928, 970 and 1093 K. The results agree reasonably well with the deductions of earlier surface energy measurements and indicate a surprising degree of stability for chemisorbed oxygen on polycrystalline copper. Isosteric heats of adsorption are calculated with and without the inclusion of the earlier surface energy measurements and are compared to previous differential heats of adsorption determined calorimetrically.
Monuments, memorials and the politics of memory

(2003). Monuments, Memorials, and the Politics of Memory. Urban Geography: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 442-459.
Center-of-Mass Motion in Many-Particle Systems

We have reexamined the problem of constructing a nuclear ground-state wave function consistent with the requirement of translational invariance, beginning with a wave function which does not have this property. A class of transformations is constructed which transforms the initial-state vector into an eigenstate of total momentum. The particular transformation of this class which leads to the lowest intrinsic energy is given.
3D simulation of an integrated wavelength converter

In this paper, we present three-dimensional (3D) simulation results for an integrated wavelength converter which monolithically combines a pre-amplifying receiver with a post-amplified sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector tunable laser diode. The self-consistent physical model used in the simulation takes into account gain and absorption in the quantum wells, carrier drift and diffusion, and optical wave-guiding. In order to validate and calibrate the model, we compare the results to available experimental data. Microscopic physical processes inside the converter components are revealed and analyzed, such as receiver saturation effects.
ACID DEPENDENCY OF THE EXTRACTION OF SELECTED METAL IONS BY A STRONTIUM.SELECTIVE EXTRACTlON CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESIN: CALCULATEDVS.EXPERIMENTAL CURVES*

ABSTRACT The extraction of selected divalent (Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Ra+2, Pb+2, UO2 +2) and monovalent (Na+, K+, Rb+, CS+, TI+) metal cations at tracer concentration level by a recently introduced strontium-selective extraction chromatographic resin has been studied as function of the nitric acid concentration in the range − 0.1-7 M. The data have been explained by combining the metal extraction, the acid extraction, and the aqueous phase metal complication equilibria. Conditional metal extraction equilibrium constants have been estimated by using calculated activity coefficients of the metal nitrate salts in the nitric acid solutions. The extraction constants have been used to predict the effect of macroconcentrations of sample matrix constituents on the extraction of Sr+2 or Pb+2 by the strontium-selective resin.
Determination of error tolerances for the optical design of parabolic troughs for developing countries

Abstract A study is presented where potential optical errors in parabolic troughs are divided into two groups: random and nonrandom. Small-scale slope errors, mirror specularity, apparent changes in sun's width, and small occasional tracking errors are classified as random errors. Reflector profile errors, misalignment of the receiver with the effective focus of the reflector, and misalignment of the trough with the sun are classified as nonrandom errors. Random errors are analyzed using statistics and assuming a normally distributed error. Nonrandom errors are analyzed by building provisions into the optical model which allow for the analysis of such errors. Universal design curves showing the effect of random and nonrandom errors on the optical performance (efficiency) of the trough are presented. The optimum range of rim angles in the presence of both random and nonrandom errors is found to be between 105° and 120°.
Electron transport in mesoscopic disordered superconductor-normal-metal-superconductor junctions

We have generalized the scattering{endash}matrix theory of multiple Andreev reflections in mesoscopic Josephson junctions to the multiple-mode case, and applied it to short superconductor{endash}normal-metal{endash}superconductor (SNS) junctions with diffusive electron transport. Both the dc and ac current-voltage characteristics are analyzed for a wide range of bias voltages V. For voltages smaller than the supeconducting gap the dc differential conductance of the SNS junction is predicted to diverge as 1/{radical}(V). thinsp {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Thermodynamics of polar lattices

The high-temperature series expansion for the free energy of a lattice of classical permanent dipoles is obtained to order (μ2/T)5, where μ is the dipole moment and T the temperature. Numerical values of the coefficients in the series are presented for three cubic lattices. Two Pade approximants to the expansion are constructed which exhibit the appropriate low-temperature behaviour of the free energy. These approximants are compared with results of the spherical model for this system, and it is found that the simplest of these gives an accurate assessment of the exact low-temperature behaviour. The Pade approximant results for the free energy also agree quite well with the spherical model results. The implications of these observations for polar fluids are noted. A connection is presented between the free energy and the Clausius-Mossotti function for dipolar lattices. A Pade approximant to the Clausius-Mossotti function which is constructed to satisfy known bounds is found to agree with the spherical mod...
RESPONSE OF WHEAT TILLERS AT DIFFERENT GROWING STAGES TO GAMETOCIDE TREATMENT

The effects of the gametocides Ethrel, RH-532, and RH-2956 on wheat tillers at various stages of development were studied. The gametocides were applied to Anza and Yecora 70, two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, at three rates of foliar application when the main tillers were at meiosis. Ethrel was less effective in causing sterility than RH-532 and RH-2956. Anza showed greater induced sterility than Yecora 70 when treated with these gametocides. Ethrel affected only late tillers treated at or before meiosis. RH-532 and RH-2956 at the high application rate were equally effective for Anza. RH-2956 at the high application rate induced uniform and maximum sterility in early and late tillers of both Anza and Yecora 70.
12 ADOLESCENTS' ASSESSMENTS OF BEHAVIORAL RISK: SEX DIFFERENCES AND MATURATION EFFECTS

Adolescents' perceptions of risk involved in specific behaviors were examined in 224 middle/high school students from 11 to 19 years (mean=14.2 years, SD=1.8). 110 subjects were male and 114 were female. Subjects rated the risk of 11 behaviors on a 6-point scale. The behaviors included those associated with morbidity/mortality (drinking beer/wine=DRINKBW;drinking hard liquor=DRINKH;using drugs=DRUGS;being a passenger in a car when driver has had a few drinks=DRVDRK; or is driving fast=DRVFAST; riding a bike/skateboard recklessly=RECK; having sexual intercourse=SEX). Other behaviors rated were smoking cigarettes (CIG); not seeing a physician in presence of health problem (NOMD); eating poorly (EATBAD); and not exercising (NOEX). In decreasing, order of risk, subjects rated the behaviors as follows: DRUGS, DRVDRK, DRINKH, NOMD, CIG, RECK, DRINKBW, DRVFAST, SEX, EATBAD, and NOEX. Risk assessments varied as a function of the adolescents sex, age, and Tanner stage. Behaviors associated with morbidity/ mortality were seen as being significantly more risky by females than by males (p<.005); individual behaviors that females rated as more risky were SEX, DRVFAST, EATBAD (p=<.001) and RECK (p<.01). Older, more physiologically mature adolescents perceived significantly less risk than did younger adolescents for behaviors associated with morbidity/mortality (p's<.001). Specific behaviors for which older, more mature adolescents perceived less risk were: SEX, CIG, DRINKBW, DRINKH (p's<.001) and DRUGS (p=.001). Physiologic age and sex differences need to be considered in designing intervention programs.
Disposition of Enrofloxacin in Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) after a Single Oral, Intramuscular, or Intravenous Dose

Abstract Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is effective against many of the common gram-negative bacterial pathogens in raptors. This 3-period crossover study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after oral, intramuscular, or intravenous administration in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis; n = 8) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus; n = 5). In each study period, birds received a single dose of an injectable formulation of enrofloxacin (15 mg/kg) by 1 of these 3 routes. Oral administration was accomplished by force-feeding each bird a small freshly killed mouse that had received an intraperitoneal injection of enrofloxacin (in-prey). Intramuscular injections were divided into 2 sites in the pectoral musculature. Serial plasma samples were taken before administration and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours after administration. Oral administration resulted in plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin that peaked at 4–8 hours in both species. Plasma concen...
Atorvastatin Improves Left Ventricular Systolic Function and Serum Markers of Inflammation in Nonischemic Heart Failure

Objectives This study examined the effect of statin therapy on vascular markers of inflammation and echocardiographic findings in patients with nonischemic forms of cardiomyopathy. Background Despite advances in therapy, morbidity and mortality from heart failure (HF) remain high. We wished to determine whether treatment with atorvastatin affects left ventricular (LV) systolic function and markers of inflammation in patients with nonischemic HF. Methods A total of 108 patients with nonischemic HF and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35% were randomized to either atorvastatin 20 mg/day or placebo in a double-blinded fashion for a 12-month period. The LVEF and LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) were determined by echocardiography. Serum markers of inflammation and oxidation were also measured. Results The LVEF increased from 0.33 ± 0.05 to 0.37 ± 0.04 (p = 0.01) in the atorvastatin group over the 12-month follow-up period, whereas those patients in the placebo group experienced a decline in ejection fraction during the same time period. In addition, LVEDD was reduced from 57.1 ± 5.9 mm to 53.4 ± 5.1 mm (p = 0.007) and LVESD was reduced from 42.4 ± 3.8 mm to 39.1 ± 3.8 mm (p = 0.02) in the cohort of patients treated with atorvastatin; these dimensions increased in the placebo group. There was an increase in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (E-SOD) activity, and there were significant reductions in serum levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor II (TNF-α RII) in the atorvastatin group. Conclusions The use of atorvastatin in patients with nonischemic HF improves LVEF and attenuates adverse LV remodeling. The effects on soluble levels of several inflammatory markers with atorvastatin suggest, in part, mechanisms by which statins might exert their beneficial effects in nonischemic HF.
Phase I/II Trial of GN-BVC, a Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine-Containing Conditioning Regimen for Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Recurrent and Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation with augmented BCNU regimens is effective treatment for recurrent or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL); however, BCNU-related toxicity and disease recurrence remain challenges. We designed a conditioning regimen with gemcitabine in combination with vinorelbine in an effort to reduce the BCNU dose and toxicity without compromising efficacy. In this phase I/II dose escalation study, the gemcitabine maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined at 1250 mg/m2, and a total of 92 patients were treated at this dose to establish safety and efficacy. The primary endpoint was the incidence of BCNU-related toxicity. Secondary endpoints included 2-year freedom from progression (FFP), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS). Sixty-eight patients (74%) had 1 or more previously defined adverse risk factors for transplant (stage IV at relapse, B symptoms at relapse, greater than minimal disease pretransplant). The incidence of BCNU-related toxicity was 15% (95% confidence interval, 9%-24%). Only 2% of patients had a documented reduction in diffusing capacity of 20% or greater. With a median follow-up of 29 months, the FFP at 2 years was 71% and the OS at 2 years was 83%. Two-year FFP was 96%, 72%, 67%, and 14% for patients with 0 (n = 24), 1 (n = 37), 2 (n = 23), or 3 (n = 8) risk factors, respectively. Regression analysis identified PET status pretransplant and B symptoms at relapse as significant prognostic factors for FFP. This new transplant regimen for HL resulted in decreased BCNU toxicity with encouraging FFP and OS. A prospective, risk-modeled comparison of this new combination with other conditioning regimens is warranted.