cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Software for a Sustainable Future

This Work-in-progress paper describes the innovative practice of the GRANTA EduPack software for materials-related teaching that was originally developed as an educational tool for undergraduate teaching at the Engineering Department of Cambridge University some 30 years ago. The software introduced a revolutionary visual methodology for selecting materials based on application and desired performance. It has found extensive use in the teaching of mechanical engineering, product development and design, both in classroom settings and for project work. The progress of the work on this platform is showcased here.The software contains extensive databases of material properties and manufacturing processes. It has evolved with the introduction of eco-properties such as embodied energy, carbon footprint and water use for materials. In 2008, the Eco Audit tool was introduced, which enabled streamlined life-cycle inventories at the early stages of product design, and in 2013, a sustainability database was created and added. The latter contains information about, for example, sourcing and criticality of elements; materials-related legislation and regulations, geo-economic and social conditions data from all the nations of the world, as well as energy generation and storage. In parallel, a 5-step methodology for assessment of sustainable development of technologies exists.The latest contribution to these innovative resources is a Betaversion of a Social Impact Audit Tool designed to introduce the concept of Social Life-Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of products. The tool is implemented in EXCEL and is based on the widely accepted UNEP/SETAC "Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products", allowing students to explore scenarios that illustrate the S-LCA. This paper describes the progress outlined in the steps above and provides examples of how it is implemented in higher education. This software remains the only comprehensive database with a full range of materials classes and manufacturing processes. It also represents a development towards a systems view of the traditional subject of materials science and engineering with sustainability resources, which adds value to teaching, both for core engineering and design classes.
Common myths in treating calf diarrhea

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of mortality in both beef and dairy calves. Calves with diarrhea frequently develop dehydration, strong ion acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and are in a state of negative energy balance. The primary goals of treating calf diarrhea are to 1) correct free water and electrolyte abnormalities; 2) correct acid-base deficits (acidemia); 3) provide nutritional support; and 4) eliminate and/or prevent Escherichia coli bacteremia. There are many different ideas and approaches for how to "best" treat calf diarrhea. Some of these are supported by evidencebased medicine and others are not. The primary purpose of this article is to review some of the more common "ideas" associated with treating calf diarrhea that simply cannot be supported by data. We will try to highlight why these concepts are wrong and how to best approach treating the calf with scours.
Dynamic node packing

We propose a dynamic version of the classical node packing problem, also called the stable set or independent set problem. The problem is defined by a node set, a node weight vector, and an edge probability vector. For every pair of nodes, an edge is present or not according to an independent Bernoulli random variable defined by the corresponding entry in the probability vector. At each step, the decision maker selects an available node that maximizes the expected weight of the final packing, and then observes edges adjacent to this node. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and show that it is NP-Hard even on star graphs. Next, we introduce relaxations of the problem’s achievable probabilities polytope, analogous to the linear and bilinear edge-based formulations in the deterministic case; we show that these relaxations can be weak, motivating a polyhedral study. We derive classes of valid inequalities arising from cliques, paths, and cycles. For cliques, we completely characterize the polytope and show that it is a submodular polyhedron. For both paths and cycles, we give an implicit representation of the polytope via a cut-generating linear program of polynomial size based on a compact dynamic programming formulation. Our computational results show that our inequalities can greatly reduce the upper bound and improve the linear relaxation’s gap, particularly when the instance’s expected density is high.
PretermConnect: Leveraging mobile technology to mitigate social disadvantage in the NICU and beyond

Abstract Preterm birth (PTB) – delivery prior to 37-weeks gestation – disproportionately affects low-income and minority populations and leads to substantial infant morbidity and mortality. The time following a PTB represents an optimal window for targeted interventions that encourage mothers to prioritize their own health and that of their babies. Healthcare teams can leverage digital strategies to address maternal and infant needs in this postpartum period, both in the neonatal intensive care unit and beyond. We therefore developed PretermConnect, a mobile app designed to educate, engage, and empower women at risk for PTB. This article describes the participant-centered design approach of PretermConnect, with preliminary findings from focus groups and co-design sessions in different community settings and suggested future directions for mobile technologies in population health. Apps such as PretermConnect can mitigate social disadvantage by serving as remote monitoring tools, providing social support, preventing recurrent PTB and lowering infant mortality rates.
Comments on the eradication of bovine brucellosis

Some have suggested that any disease which can be eliminated from a herd can also be eradicated from a region and a nation. However illogical this conclusion, it is safe to state that the opposite is true. To eradicate disease, when possible, is surely wiser and ultimately cheaper. But, to promise eradication and fail to accomplish it results in cynicism and backlash. The promises of an early end of human venereal disease failed to consider the effects of changing sexual mores, drug resistant microbes, and inadequate reporting. The promises of eradication of brucellosis also failed to consider many factors which influence persistence of the disease. It is unfair to suggest that eradication of one disease can be equated with eradication of another or that comparisons can be made between one region or an entire country to others. Conditions, including the technology of diseases, are often vastly different and these will prevent achievement of goals. The nature of a disease must be known and the methods for its manipulation must be based upon all available facts such as transmission, reservoirs, vaccines, economics, etc. There are many negative aspects in brucellosis control and eradication and some of these are further examined in this paper.
Other Sources of Energy for Electric Power Generation

As noted previously, at this writing about 88 percent of total energy consumed in the United States is provided by combustion of fossil fuels, An additional 7.5 percent is supplied from nuclear energy in the form of electric power. Electric power supplies about 40 percent of total energy demand and is the fastest growing form of energy use, the rate of use of electric power increasing about twice as fast as the overall rate of increase in energy consumption generally. With the exception of the period of dramatic reduction in energy use between 1978 and 1982, overall energy consumption in the United States over the past several decades has increased at a rate of about three percent per year, while demand for electric power has increased at a rate of about six percent per year.
Headaches after concussion in pediatrics: a review

Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common pediatric injuries. Headaches are one of the most common and disabling complaints following concussion in the acute phase and are pervasive in those who have prolonged symptoms following concussion. The body of evidence regarding the epidemiology of and risk factors for pediatric concussion and post-traumatic headache is growing rapidly, but there still is a distinct lack of strong scientific evidence to support the best treatment strategies for post-traumatic headaches in either children or adults. In this article, we will review the current evidence regarding the epidemiology of acute and chronic headaches following concussion in the pediatric population, as well as current recommendations for the management of acute and chronic pediatric post-traumatic headaches.
General Recursive Functions

This chapter focuses on primitive recursiveness and search, which give the class of general recursive partial functions. It develops tools for showing that certain functions are in this class. These tools are used to study computability by register-machine programs. The search operator provides a useful way of defining a function in terms of a “search” for the first time a given condition is satisfied. Earlier the collection of primitive recursive functions cannot contain all of the effectively calculable total functions. This chapter presents theorem to show that the constructions preserve primitive recursiveness. That is, when applied to primitive recursive relations, they produce primitive recursive relations. This theorem is useful in extending the supply of primitive recursive relations and functions. The class of general recursive partial functions is obtained that allows functions to be built up by use of search.
Regulation of Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Tapped Latex

The tapped latex of Euphorbia lathyris can convert acetate to several structurally different triterpenols (TOH) and their fatty acid esters (TE) (1). Simple low speed centrifugation of the latex affords a pellet that utilizes mevalonic acid as a triterpenoid precursor (2). Biosynthetic activity in the latex pellet is absolutely dependent upon the presence of an osmoticum (0.4 M sorbitol), indicating that biosynthesis occurs in an osmotically sensitive organelle. Calcium constitutes about 7.5% of dry latex weight, and the addition of Ca2+ to an EGTA-treated latex pellet stimulates triterpene biosynthesis. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the calcium binding protein, calmodulin, mediates Ca2+ effects upon triterpenoid biosynthesis.
Resource Use in the Last Year of Life Among Patients Who Died With Versus of Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Background Prostate cancer poses a significant financial burden in the United States. However, most men with prostate cancer will die from noncancer causes. Concerns about increased resource utilization at the end of life have not been appropriately examined in this context. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data of men who were diagnosed with and died of, as opposed to with, prostate cancer between 2000 and 2007. Within these 2 populations, we compared changes in the use of medical interventions, hospice, and overall health care costs to Medicare in the last year of life. Results Among 34,727 patients, those who died of prostate cancer had lower costs ($43,572 vs. $45,830; P P Conclusion Patients who died of prostate cancer rather than from other causes had more hospice and outpatient use, less inpatient and ICU use, and lower overall costs. Efforts to shift care toward outpatient settings might provide more efficient and judicious care for patients during the end of life.
Global Economic Networks

Globalization can be most concretely captured in an investigation of global economic networks. In this essay, we review foundational and cutting-edge research on global economic networks, including economic ties that result from trade, investment, finance, and remittance relations between corporations and/or citizens from different nations; through flows of people due to migration and global tourism; and via international institutions that govern global economic exchange. We focus on research that examines the determinants and consequences of global economic ties from different theoretical perspectives, such as neoclassical economics, the world-systems research, global commodity chains, regionalization, and world society perspective. We also review research that maps the structure of the global economy. We end by identifying promising venues for future research. Keywords: globalization; trade; foreign direct investment; commodity chains; global inequality; remittances; global tourism; international governance institutions; world-system; world polity
The enzymology of virus-infected bacteria. X. A biochemical-genetic study of the deoxynucleotide kinase induced by wild type and amber mutants of phage T4.

Abstract A deoxynucleotide kinase induced in Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage, purified 400-fold with respect to the crude extract, catalyzes the phosphorylation of deoxythymidylate, deoxyguanylate, and 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate to the corresponding diphosphates. All three activities are inactivated at the same rate by heat and also by 8 m urea, and the three activities fractionate similarly during the purification scheme. This constitutes biochemical evidence that the three activities are catalyzed by a single enzyme. The following genetic evidence supports this view. Amber mutants of T4, defective in gene 1, do not induce any one of the three activities in the nonpermissive host, E. coli B. Spontaneous revertants of these mutants regain all three of the activities simultaneously. The enzyme induced by one of the mutants in the permissive host, E. coli CR 63, has an altered heat stability when compared to the enzyme induced by wild type T4 infecting the same host. These results indicate that a single structural gene in the bacteriophage is responsible for the synthesis of a single protein catalyzing all three activities.
U.S. Labor Market Regulation and the Export of Employment: Major League Baseball Replaces U.S. Players with Foreigners

Our analysis of the market for professional baseball players shows that domestic labor-market restrictions have reduced domestic employment, especially of African-Americans, with employers instead shifting employment overseas. Our theoretical model suggests that, in 1965, the imposition of both the player draft and stricter age minimums for hiring U.S. players reduced the benefits of signing and developing U.S. players, especially players from disadvantaged groups such as African-Americans. Our empirical analysis, using a new data set, then shows that, in response, teams have shifted to developing and hiring players from other countries where the regulations do not apply, such as Latin America.
Ordinary Differential Equations

Let f be a C 1 vector field on an open set U in E . If f(x o ) = 0 for some x o ∈U, if a: J →U is an integral curve for f, and there exists some to ∈J such that α(t o ) = x o , show that α(t) = x o for all t∈J. (A point x o such that f(x 0 )= 0 is called a critical point of the vector field.)
A domain-specific language for urban simulation variables

UrbanSim is a modeling system for simulating the development of urban regions over periods of 20--30 years. Its purpose is to help evaluate alternative proposed policies and transportation infrastructure projects by simulating the long-term impacts of the different alternatives. In the process of adapting and calibrating the system for use in a new region, planners and modelers must prepare input data, specify and estimate a set of component models, and assess the results before giving them to policy makers. All of these activities involve considerable investigation and experimentation using different model variables that describe attributes of actors, processes, and geographies of the simulated environment. In many cases, the original variables must be transformed or combined to create new variables that are more suitable for analysis; and in other cases, creating new variables on the fly may facilitate exploration of the results. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of domain-specific language for specifying these variables, with a syntax and semantics tailored to the domain. As a result of using this language, the code size for specifying variables is reduced by an order of magnitude, and user productivity is greatly increased.
A Global, High Resolution, Satellite‐Based Model of Air‐Sea Isoprene Flux

A procedure is described where satellite data from different sensors are merged to compute global air-sea isoprene flux estimates. Observational relationships based on cruise data are used to constrain a global satellite based model of ocean to atmosphere isoprene flux. The strong relationship between surface ocean isoprene concentration and chlorophyll concentration is used to estimate the surface ocean concentration of isoprene on a monthly basis at 2° x 2.5° resolution. Monthly mean NASA SeaWiFS chlorophyll estimates are used to drive the isoprene concentration distributions. The global computed range of isoprene in the surface ocean is 1 - 100 pmol l -1 . 4-D assimilated surface meteorological variables from the Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at NASA/GSFC are used to compute the global isoprene transfer velocity field. The range in ocean to atmosphere flux is 0.1-200 ug C m -2 d -1 . The global integrated flux of isoprene from the ocean to the atmosphere is 0.085 Tg C yr -1 with an error estimate of at least 100%. This estimate is a factor of 3 - 10 lower than previous estimates, most likely due to an under representation of the oceanic gyre regions in previous global extrapolations. This procedure will be used in the future when co-located in time and space SeaWiFs data and DAO assimilated meteorological fields are available. Since the atmospheric residence time of isoprene is on the order of hours, the ocean source of isoprene is likely to be critical in determining marine boundary layer O 3 , OH and general oxidizing capacity in remote marine regions.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer: A Time-Varying Analysis

Abstract Introduction The use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with prostate cancer is controversial given concerns of androgen-related cancer progression. Although emerging evidence suggests that TRT may be safe in this setting, no study has investigated dose-related effects. Aim We used time-varying analysis to determine whether increasing TRT exposure is associated with worse outcomes. Methods Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 149,354 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1991 to 2007. Subjects treated with TRT were stratified by duration of treatment. Weighted propensity score methods were used to adjust for differences between groups. A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to assess the effect of injectable TRT exposure on outcomes. Main Outcome Measure Overall mortality (OM), prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM), and use of salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Results Men treated with TRT, regardless of duration, did not experience higher OM or PCSM (all hazard ratio [HR] P ≤ 0.002). We found no difference in use of salvage ADT in the ≤30-day and 31–60 day groups compared with no-TRT (HR 1.23 and 1.05, P = 0.06 and 0.81, respectively), whereas it was lower for men on long-term TRT (HR 0.70, P = 0.04). Conclusions TRT following prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment does not increase mortality or the use of salvage ADT. Using time-varying analysis, we demonstrate that longer duration of TRT is not associated with adverse mortality or greater need for ADT. Kaplan AL, Lenis AT, Shah A, Rajfer J, and Hu JC. Testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer: A time-varying analysis . J Sex Med 2015;12:374–380.
Early Cognitive Outcomes Following Proton Radiation in Pediatric Patients With Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors.

Purpose To report, from a longitudinal study, cognitive outcome in pediatric patients treated with proton radiation therapy (PRT) for central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Methods and Materials Sixty patients receiving PRT for medulloblastoma (38.3%), gliomas (18.3%), craniopharyngioma (15.0%), ependymoma (11.7%), and other CNS tumors (16.7%) were administered age-appropriate measures of cognitive abilities at or near PRT initiation (baseline) and afterward (follow-up). Patients were aged ≥6 years at baseline to ensure consistency in neurocognitive measures. Results Mean age was 12.3 years at baseline; mean follow-up interval was 2.5 years. Treatment included prior surgical resection (76.7%) and chemotherapy (61.7%). Proton radiation therapy included craniospinal irradiation (46.7%) and partial brain radiation (53.3%). At baseline, mean Wechsler Full Scale IQ was 104.6; means of all 4 Index scores were also in the average range. At follow-up, no significant change was observed in mean Wechsler Full Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning/Organization, or Working Memory. However, Processing Speed scores declined significantly (mean 5.2 points), with a significantly greater decline for subjects aged Conclusions Early cognitive outcomes after PRT for pediatric CNS tumors are encouraging, compared with published outcomes from photon radiation therapy.
Composite grid method for hybrid systems

Abstract A composite grid method is developed for solving symmetric indefinite linear systems arising from the three-field hybrid variational principle, which weakly enforces compatability and traction continuity conditions between independently modeled substructures. The new solution approach decomposes the hybrid system into a hierarchical global-local problem consisting of a positive definite global problem and an indefinite local system that are derived using minimization on the subspace and the stationarity principle, respectively. An innovative transformation of the indefinite local problem into an equivalent symmetric positive definite system makes the solution of the local problem possible either by a direct solver without pivoting or by a preconditioned iterative method. Alternative semi-iterative solution procedures for the case when auxiliary coarse grid is not available, are also developed. This includes a multigrid-like scheme that uses a mathematical model based on the collocation formulation as the auxiliary grid. Numerical performance studies for two-dimensional plane stress and shell problems are carried out to test the usefulness of the proposed procedures.
In situ capacitance studies of thin polymer films during compressed fluid extraction

Supercritical and compressed liquid CO 2 extraction of thin solid organic films was studied using in situ capacitance monitoring. Parallel plate and fringe field capacitors were fabricated using organic films as principal dielectric media. Supercritical and compressed liquid CO 2 extraction of these films at 100 bar and 30–45°C caused compositional and physical changes in the host polymer matrix that were correlated to capacitance history. As a result of these studies, film damage during extraction was attributed to explosive decompression of the CO 2 solvent. In addition, a mechanism for supercritical fluid extraction of nonvolatile solutes from thin films, which is consistent with these capacitance measurements, is discussed.
Spiritual dwelling and well-being: the mediating role of differentiation of self in a sample of distressed adults

The current study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between spiritual dwelling and well-being, with differentiation of self (DoS) as a mediator variable. The proposed model is informed by a theory of differentiation-based spirituality, and therefore examined the hypothesis that DoS would significantly mediate the relationship between spiritual dwelling and negative mood. It was also hypothesised that DoS would not mediate the relationship between spiritual dwelling and positive mood. Data were collected on a sample of distressed graduate students at a Protestant-affiliated university. Results supported the two hypotheses, thereby offering support for the differentiation-based spirituality premise that the mechanism by which spiritual dwelling is associated with well-being involves the capacity to regulate negative emotion. Findings are discussed within the context of existing mediation models in the literature and the implications for future research on DoS and spirituality.
Structural properties of transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs were paired with CVC trigrams. By placing a trigram either before or after a verb, two types of structural configurations were formed. It was hypothesized that trigram placement would interact with type of verb. It was found that acquisition of the pairs of items was a function of an interaction involving verb transitivity, trigram position, and trials. The results were interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the underlying structure of verbs affects recall.
Gene expression in INTERLEUKIN-7 differentiated natural killer cells derived from CD34+lin− bone marrow cells

Abstract Human NK cells can be generated in vitro from CD34+Lin− bone marrow (BM) cells in long term cultures supplemented with stem cell factor (SCF or c-kit ligand), Interleukin-1α (IL-1α), Interleukin-2 (IL-2) or Interleukin-7 (IL-7). However, only IL-2 differentiated cells show cytotoxicity against the NK-sensitive K562 cell line. The cytotoxic activity defect seen in IL-7 differentiated NK cells could be due in part to the: a) lack of expression of adhesion molecules essential for the formation of the effector:target conjugates or/and b) lack of perforin and granzymes mRNA and enzymatic activity. In previous studies our results shown that these cells express low levels of the adhesion molecules CD11a and CD18 when compared with IL-2 differentiated NK cells. The addition for one week of IL-2 or Interleukin-15 (IL-15) to IL-7 differentiated NK cells induced an increase in the expression of CD11a and CD18 to similar levels seen in IL-2 differentiated NK cells. This increase seems to be related with their increase inthe cytolytic activity suggesting that these cell surface markers are important for cell killing. NK cells have cytotoxic granules containing effector molecules like perforin and granzymes which are able to trigger pathways leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis on target cells. IL-7 differentiated NK cells express perforin and Granzyme A (GA) mRNA but not Hu-Met-1mRNA. We also detected by RT-PCR the expression of Granzyme B (GB) and Granzyme H (GH) mRNA in these cells. These results suggest that the defect seen in the cytotoxic activity in not due to lack of perforin or granzyme mRNA expression.
Assessing the Validity of Single-item Life Satisfaction Measures: Results from Three Large Samples

The present paper assessed the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures by comparing single-item measures to the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)—a more psychometrically established measure. Two large samples from Washington (N = 13,064) and Oregon (N = 2,277) recruited by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and a representative German sample (N = 1,312) recruited by the Germany Socio-Economic Panel were included in the present analyses. Single-item life satisfaction measures and the SWLS were correlated with theoretically relevant variables, such as demographics, subjective health, domain satisfaction, and affect. The correlations between the two life satisfaction measures and these variables were examined to assess the construct validity of single-item life satisfaction measures. Consistent across three samples, single-item life satisfaction measures demonstrated substantial degree of criterion validity with the SWLS (zero-order r = 0.62–0.64; disattenuated r = 0.78–0.80). Patterns of statistical significance for correlations with theoretically relevant variables were the same across single-item measures and the SWLS. Single-item measures did not produce systematically different correlations compared to the SWLS (average difference = 0.001–0.005). The average absolute difference in the magnitudes of the correlations produced by single-item measures and the SWLS was very small (average absolute difference = 0.015–0.042). Single-item life satisfaction measures performed very similarly compared to the multiple-item SWLS. Social scientists would get virtually identical answer to substantive questions regardless of which measure they use.
Low transverse momentum ψ and production in polarized proton-proton collisions

Abstract We present calculations of the spin-spin asymmetry in the low transverse momentum production of ψ's and 's in polarized proton-proton collisions. A perturbative QCD approach using quarkonium wavefunctions derived from non-relativistic potential models is employed. The contributions from gg→ χ 0,2 and gg→g 3 S 1 are known to dominate in this approach and we exhibit the sensitivity of the polarization asymmetry to various choices of polarized gluon distribution.
The influence of platinum crystallite size on H2 and CO heats of adsorption and CO hydrogenation

Integral heats of adsorption for H, and CO at 300 K were determined on SiO2-supported Pt crystallites over a range of 1.3 to 22.3 nm and compared to those on Pt powder. No significant trend with crystallite size was observed. For H2, the average value of 13.5 ± 2.9 kcal/mol for saturation coverage was the same as that on Pt powder, while the average value of 17 ± 5 kcal/mol for irreversible hydrogen chemisorption on the small particles was slightly lower than that on Pt powder (19.8 ± 0.8 kcal/mol). The average Qad value of 29.4 ± 3.8 kcal/mol for CO on the dispersed Pt crystallite was slightly higher than that of 27.0 ± 1.0 kcal/mol for the Pt powder, and although somewhat higher values occurred for the smallest Pt particles, the distinct increase in Qad values previously found for Pd crystallites smaller than 3 nm was not observed with Pt. No trend in the variation of the turnover frequency (TOF) for methanation with crystallite size was observed under our reaction conditions; thus this reaction is structure insensitive. However, low Pt loadings gave catalysts with lower TOFs and higher activation energies and replicated the variations in TOF reported in UHV studies of Pt. The reasons for this are not known, but the possibilities exist that either two reaction pathways may exist or the active sites on the Pt are significantly modified.
Electric Effects in MBBA/PEBAB Mixtures

Abstract The principal low-frequency dielectric constants have been measured for the binary mixture (MBBA)1-x (PEBAB) x' , for mole fractions up to x = 0.21. In this range Δ∊ varies linearly with x changing sign at x∼ 0.02, and a room-temperature mesophase is preserved. Eor Δ∊ 0, we study the Freedericksz transition, using an approximation which leads to a closed-form expression for the variation of phase retardation with voltage. Electrohydrodynamic instabilities are observed in the positive regime.
Adjustable truss for support, optical alignment, and athermalization of a Schmidt camera

The MODS optical spectrograph uses a de-centered Maksutov-Schmidt camera with a clear aperture of ~300mm. This large camera has two widely spaced elements, the corrector and the camera mirror, and a field flattener near the focal plane. This paper describes the truss system that supports the optical elements very rigidly, uses adjustable length links to provide a deterministic method for alignment of the optical elements, and uses material combinations which result in a camera with nearly zero focus shift due to changes in temperature. A novel joint design for terminating the truss links is described that has excellent stiffness and enhances ease of assembly and alignment.
The Decision To Ally: a Theory and Test:

the study of alliance formation. Most of the early work in this area centered on theorizing or speculating about the formation of particular alliances (Liska 1968; Russett 1968; Rosen 1970). More recent work, spurred by the diffusion of time-series analysis into political science as well as the availability of data, has focused on alliance as a systemic phenomenon (McGowan and Rood 1975; Job 1976; Siverson and Duncan 1976). Unfortunately, neither of these approaches has been able to provide us with a theory of alliance formation. This state of affairs would not be so bad if alliances were unimportant. Yet, at least two studies have demonstrated that alliances are of great importance for the initiation and spread of international conflict (Altfeld and Bueno de Mesquita 1979; Bueno de Mesquita 1981). In this paper I will employ some notions of micro-economics first introduced by Bruce Berkowitz (1983) to the study of alliance cohesion in order to develop a simple theory of the process by which national governments choose to form military alliances. I will then proceed to test a necessary but not sufficient condition for alliance formation derived from the theory on the set of major power alliances in the 19th century.
The envelope of spectral power for stochastic processes

It is well known that the maximum likelihood (ML) spectral estimate represents an envelope on spectral power which is consistent with estimated covariance lags. However, in computing the envelope, the ML method allows for spectra corresponding to complex-valued stochastic processes. We study the respective envelope for processes constrained to be real-valued at the outset. The resulting envelope is less conservative than the one provided by the ML method. A closed form expression exists for the new envelope. >
Information professionals in a globalized world: Introduction

Survey of European information scientists : European information professionals identify ASIS&T benefits that would be of value
Purine dysfunction in cells from patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency.

Extract: Conversion of adenosine to inosine is decreased in adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient fibroblasts at all concentrations of adenosine tested. Adenosine is not differentially toxic to ADA-deficient fibroblasts except at very high (5 × 10−4 −1 × 10−3M) adenosine levels. Conversion of [14C]adenosine to GTP is not decreased in ADA-deficient cells compared with control cell strains. Adenosine conversion to ATP is the same as that in mutant cells except at high nonphysiologic concentrations, at which it is slightly decreased in ADA-deficient fibroblasts. This effect is probably not related to the biochemical pathology of ADA-deficient lymphocytes in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine compound, “rescues” control cells from the effects of adenosine toxicity, as previously reported, but it has no protective effect on ADA-deficient fibroblasts. This suggests that uridine will have no therapeutic role in the treatment of the ADA-deficient form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease. Speculation: The purine base, hypoxanthine, may be necessary for normal immunologic responses.
A Survey of Autism Knowledge in a Health Care Setting.

The current study extends research by Stone [Cross-disciplinary perspectives on autism? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 12, (1988) 615; A comparison of teacher and parent views of autism. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 18, (1988) 403] exploring the knowledge and beliefs about autism across multiple health care professions. One hundred and eleven CARD personnel (i.e., professional with the Center for Autism Related Disabilities, CARD), specialists (i.e., psychiatry, speech and language pathology, and clinical psychology), and primary health care providers (i.e., family practice, pediatrics, and neurology) completed a measure assessing knowledge of diagnostic criteria, course, treatment, and prognosis of autism. Results indicated that all three groups reflected accurate endorsement of the DSM-IV criteria. Primary health care providers and specialists were found to differentially endorse a variety of statements regarding prognosis, course, and treatment in comparison with CARD. Overall, primary providers demonstrated the greatest number of differences. Clinical implications and future recommendations are discussed.
Bioentrepreneurship Education and Training Trends

Biomedical and health entrepreneurship continues to expand around the world. Driven by global pressures to optimize the allocation of scarce resources, life science bioentrepreneurs are creating innovative products, platforms, service and systems that deliver more value. As a result, the demand for biomedical and health professional entrepreneurial talent has increased and biomedical and health innovation and entrepreneurship education and training (BEET) programs are growing to fill the gap. This paper highlights 10 trends in bioentrepreneurship education and training
Analysis of nonlinear sampled-data control systems ¿ II

AN INTERESTING SIMILARITY exists between the mechanical sampling and zero-order hold function of sampled-data systems, and the mathematical ?sampling? which is characteristic of numerical methods of analysis. This paper describes an investigation into this similarity. The results are numerical methods of analysis principally adapted to the transient solution of nonlinear sampled-data control systems. While numerical methods generally provide approximate solutions to nonlinear continuous systems, numerical methods applied to many nonlinear sampled-data systems provide exact solutions. Approximate solutions exist when exact solutions are not possible, i.e., for the more complex system configurations.
HIV-Prevention Group Counseling Delivered by Telephone: An Efficacy Trial with Gay and Bisexual Men

A 14-session cognitive-behavioral group counseling intervention designed to assist gay and bisexual males in reducing their risk of HIV transmission was evaluated in an experimental design. To overcome psychological and geographic barriers to serving individuals at risk, the counseling sessions and all data collection interviews were conducted via telephone. Participants had the option of enrolling anonymously, and a toll-free number was made available. At reassessment, treatment group participants were 80% less likely than controls to report any unprotected anal sex, and were nearly twice as likely to report some condom use with anal and oral sex. Treated participants also reported a significantly greater decline than controls in the proportion of anal sex acts that were unprotected by condoms. While those who were treated maintained a lower risk level over the year following treatment, their initial increase in condom utilization was not maintained. Delivering counseling interventions via the telephone, when coupled with the option for participating anonymously, holds considerable promise in overcoming barriers to reaching and effectively facilitating risk reduction in high-risk populations.
In Search of “That Semi-Mythical Waif: Hungarian Liberalism”: The Culture of Political Radicalism in 1918–1919

In contemporary discussions of the new, post-Communist regimes of Eastern Europe, Hungary is often given pride of place as the most “liberalized” society in the region. Although this perception is based on undeniable political and economic facts, it is also nourished by long-established historical traditions and myths. During the revolutions of 1848–49, Hungarians were also hailed by European opinion as the champions of liberty and heroic resistance to oppression. Over half a century later, in the wake of the political and military collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, Hungary once again staged a series of dramatic revolutions which earned it the reputation of being part of a political avant-garde. And in 1956, Hungarians yet again assumed the mantle of political idealism and revolutionary self-sacrifice in the face of foreign despotism.
Local structural and vibrational properties of stepped surfaces: Cu(211), Cu(511), and Cu(331)

We present a comparative study of the local structural and vibrational properties of three regularly stepped surfaces of Cu which have similar terrace widths. The local vibrational density of states are evaluated using a real-space method with the force-constant matrix generated from a many-body, semiempirical potential based on the embedded-atom method. We find that the multilayer relaxation pattern for Cu(331) is quite different from Cu(211) and Cu(511). Furthermore, we show that the relaxations of the step atoms are dictated by the lower coordinations of their surrounding atoms. Our calculations also show that the local vibrational properties of the three vicinal surfaces of Cu are sensitive to their local atomic environment.
Femtochemistry in enzyme catalysis: DNA photolyase

Photolyase uses light energy to split UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in damaged DNA. This photoenzyme encompasses a series of elementary dynamical processes during repair function from early photoinitiation by a photoantenna molecule to enhance repair efficiency, to in vitro photoreduction through aromatic residues to reconvert the cofactor to the active form, and to final photorepair to fix damaged DNA. The corresponding series of dynamics include resonance energy transfer, intraprotein electron transfer, and intermolecular electron transfer, bond breaking-making rearrangements and back electron return, respectively. We review here our recent direct studies of these dynamical processes in real time, which showed that all these elementary reactions in the enzyme occur within subnanosecond timescale. Active-site solvation was observed to play a critical role in the continuous modulation of catalytic reactions. As a model system for enzyme catalysis, we isolated the enzyme-substrate complex in the transition-state region and mapped out the entire evolution of unmasked catalytic reactions of DNA repair. These observed synergistic motions in the active site reveal a perfect correlation of structural integrity and dynamical locality to ensure maximum repair efficiency on the ultrafast time scale.
Victors in Blue: How Union Generals Fought the Confederates, Battled Each Other, and Won the Civil War. By Albert Castel with Brooks D. Simpson. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2011. Pp. 392. $34.95.)

Leading Civil War military historian Albert Castel has rounded out his distinguished career with a new study of the nature of military leadership. The objectives of this book are to provide a succi...
Computer analysis of chest radiographs

A method is described for the automatic recognition of congenital heart abnormalities via digitized images of posteroanterior (PA) view chest radiographs. a closed curve representing the heart's outline is determined by computer; measurements on the outline are extracted via the Fourier descriptor technique; and these measurements are used for normal-abnormal grouping via a modified maximum likelihood classification algorithm. The system has been implemented on a dec pdp-11/20 and is capable of performing real-time diagnoses at the rate of about two minutes per radiograph.
REACTION TIME AND SERIAL RESPONSE EFFICIENCY ON AROUSAL FROM SLEEP.

Ss aroused from afternoon sleep show a significant decrement in discrimination reaction time task and a serial response task immediately on arousal.
Defining the Biology-Materials Interface using both 2D and 3D Lithography

Two- and three-dimensional lithographic strategies were used to fabricate materials which enable control and study of biological processes with high efficiency. Electron-beam lithography was used to produce 2D patterns of micrometer-sized features of gold on silicon where dinitrophenyl end-capped ligand self-assembled monolayers were specifically immobilized to enable study of their interactions with specific receptors on mast cells. Two-photon lithography was used to produce 3D constructs of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based hydrogels on microfabricated silicon neural prosthetic devices. The hydrogels were used to deliver neurotrophins to stimulate neuronal cells in order to promote neuron stability and to make highly efficient connections between device electrodes and neurons. Both these lithographic strategies and their application demonstrate the influence of chemistry and topography of materials surfaces on cellular responses.
Evaluation of water sorption behavior and in vitro blood compatibility of polyvinyl alcohol based magnetic bionanocomposites

In recent past magnetic bionanocomposites have shown potential in biomedical applications mainly due to their superparamagnetic and biocompatible nature. They have also established themselves as a promising class of hybrid organic–inorganic materials derived from polymers and organic/inorganic fillers. In this study biocompatible nanocomposites were prepared by in situ synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles within the polyvinyl alcohol-grafted-polymethyl methacrylate hydrogels and characterized by techniques such as FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The bionanocomposites were evaluated for water sorption behavior and in vitro biocompatibility by performing thrombus formation and hemolysis tests. The influence of chemical composition of the grafted hydrogel was investigated on water sorption behavior and in vitro blood compatibility of magnetic bionanocomposites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Depth-sectioned subsurface imaging in turbid media using spatially modulated illumination

We demonstrate that spatially modulated illumination can recover depth sensitive images of targets embedded in turbid media. Experiments were performed on tissue-simulating phantoms with superficial and subsurface absorption heterogeneities. Depth sensitivity is demonstrated to depend on spatial frequency of the illumination and on the optical properties of the sample.
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS AND THE METABOLISM OF INTRACEREBRALLY INJECTED TRYPTAMINE, 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, AND NOREPINEPHRINE

— Rats were injected intracerebrally with labelled tryptamine, 5-hydroxytrypt-amine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE). The disappearance of the amines and their metabolites as a function of time was determined. Tryptamine disappeared very rapidly, with a half-life of 5 min in normal animals and of 45 min in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. The level of radioactive 5-HT declined in two phases, with half-lives of 45 min and 3 h respectively. The 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) that was formed disappeared with a half-life of approximately 1 h. After inhibition of monoamine oxidase, there was only a single phase of 5-HT disappearance (half-life of 4 h). Reserpine decreased and imipramine increased the amount of 5-HT remaining 4 h after injection. Of the NE injected, 12 per cent was converted to methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol sulphate (MHPGS), which disappeared with a half life of 3 h. Reserpine doubled the amount of methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol sulfate formed, but did not alter its rate of disappearance, its peak concentration occurring about 30 min after injection of NE in both control and reserpine-treated rats.
WonderWhat: real-time event determination from photos

How often did you feel disappointed in a foreign country, when you had been craving for participating in authentic native events but miserably ended up with being lost in the crowd, due to ignorance of the local culture? Have you ever imagined that with merely a simple click, a tool can identify the events that are right in front of you? As a step in this direction, in this paper, we propose a system that provides users with information of the public events that they are attending by analyzing in real time their photos taken at the event, leveraging both spatio-temporal context and photo content. To fulfill the task, we designed the system to collect event information, maintain dedicated event database, build photo content model for event types, and rank the final results. Extensive experiments were conducted to prove the effectiveness of each component.