cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grooming Que zi: Marriage Exclusion and Identity Formation Among Disabled Men in Contemporary China

Using a form of narrative analysis, I explore how marriage in contemporary China influences people's identity formation as "men with disabilities." In particular, I examine how local practices of marriage exclusion shape the definition, marginalization, and experience of men who have trouble walking. This discussion is more phenomenological than most previous accounts of men's experiences of marriage in Chinese Society, [marriage, disability, identity, body, manhood, narrative, China]
Study of Electron Beams in Wire Arrays at 1-MA $Z$ -Pinch Generators

We analyzed the characteristics of energetic electron beams produced by implosions of multiplanar wire arrays, nested cylindrical wire arrays (NCWAs), and compact cylindrical wire arrays (CCWAs), as well as X-pinches. In this paper, filtered soft and hard X-ray (HXR) diodes, spatially resolved time-integrated and time-gated spatially integrated LiF crystal spectrometers, and a Faraday cup were fielded to study the time evolution and spatial distribution of electron beams. Observed Faraday cup signals (electron cutoff energy, with EB from 42 to 250 keV) always coincide with HXR signals, and their pulse shape is similar to the shape of HXR pulses. The dependence of the total energy of the electron beam (Eb) on the wire material and the geometry of the wire-array load was studied. The electron-beam energies increase with the atomic number of the wire material. Aluminum tracer wires were found to decrease Eb in loads with Cu, Mo, or W wires. The intensity of cold K- and L-shell time-gated spectra correlate with corresponding amplitudes of HXR peaks and Faraday cup signals. The timing of correlation between the onset of energetic electron beams, HXR generation, and appearance of trailing mass for NCWAs and CCWAs is presented and discussed.
Structural conservation of RecF and Rad50: implications for DNA recognition and RecF function

RecF, together with RecO and RecR, belongs to a ubiquitous group of recombination mediators (RMs) that includes eukaryotic proteins such as Rad52 and BRCA2. RMs help maintain genome stability in the presence of DNA damage by loading RecA-like recombinases and displacing single-stranded DNA-binding proteins. Here, we present the crystal structure of RecF from Deinococcus radiodurans. RecF exhibits a high degree of structural similarity with the head domain of Rad50, but lacks its long coiled-coil region. The structural homology between RecF and Rad50 is extensive, encompassing the ATPase subdomain and the so-called ‘Lobe II’ subdomain of Rad50. The pronounced structural conservation between bacterial RecF and evolutionarily diverged eukaryotic Rad50 implies a conserved mechanism of DNA binding and recognition of the boundaries of double-stranded DNA regions. The RecF structure, mutagenesis of conserved motifs and ATP-dependent dimerization of RecF are discussed with respect to its role in promoting presynaptic complex formation at DNA damage sites.
Frontal signal hyperintensities in mania in old age.

Objective Signal hyperintensities (SH) on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have been associated with increased age and with mood disorders. Frontal and subcortical neuropathology has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mania and bipolar disorders. The authors assessed frontal and subcortical SH in elderly bipolar manic patients and the comparison group, and hypothesized that SH scores would be greater in the patient group. Method MR imaging was performed in patients aged ≥60 years with bipolar disorder, mania, and in a same-aged community comparison group. SH were rated blindly using the Boyko system. Frontal deep white matter and basal ganglia SH were assessed in the left and right hemispheres. Results SH scores were significantly greater in patients (N = 40) than the comparison group (N = 15) in frontal deep white matter (left: p = 0.003; right: p = 0.023) based on Mann-Whitney two-sample exact tests. The SH scores in the subcortical gray regions overlapped in these groups. In patients, higher right frontal SH scores were associated with later age at onset of mania. Conclusions Frontal deep white matter SH may be increased in elders with bipolar disorder. Further study of the relationship of SH to age at onset in elders is warranted.
Human factors aspects of advanced process control

Energy conservation practices, such as heat recovery and integration, require that many chemical and related processes use advanced control systems. Many of the more advanced process control strategies and algorithms can cause operator confusion, leading to incorrect operator actions and negating the advantages of the advanced control. If the operator makes a mistake and upsets the process, or fails to respond correctly to a process upset, the loss can exceed the possible savings of the advanced control. Further, the experience can result in the operator not using the control capability in the future. Display and man/machine interface techniques, based on an understanding of human factors and of an operator1s typical analysis of a process, can be used to present information to the o~era tor in a manner which will prevent confusion. This paper discusses techniques for selecting and displaying process and control information to the operator.
A Preliminary Study of the Alkaloidal Principles of Ceanothus Americanus and Ceanothus velutinus

The presence of a complex mixture of alkaloids in the root barks of Ceanothus Americanus and Ceanothus velutinus has been demonstrated by means of circular paper partition chromatography. Preliminary fractionation studies have yielded one crystalline alkaloid, m. p. 251–252° (K), from Ceanothus velutinus . The alkaloid was partially characterized by its infrared spectrum. The total alkaloid fraction from Ceanothus Americanus and the ether-soluble and ether-insoluble alkaloid fractions from Ceanothus velutinus were tested for hypotensive activity and found to exhibit insignificant activity at the reported dosage levels. Since previous investigators have reported on the hypotensive activity shown by various alkaloidal extracts from Ceanothus Americanus it is recommended that the fractionation studies be continued in the hope of isolating sufficient quantities of individual alkaloids for further pharmacological testing and chemical characterization.
Modified perceptron algorithm for optical implementation

A modified perceptron algorithm for optical learning is introduced and explained. The condition of positive separability is discussed. An optical learning system using a spatial light rebroadcaster is described. Results of optical experiments are shown. A proof that the training can be finished within a finite number of steps is given. >
Development of common metrics for donation attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention for the blood donation context

Background The Theory of Planned Behavior has been widely used in blood donation research, but the lack of uniform, psychometrically sound measures makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions or compare results across studies. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to develop such measures of donation attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Study Design and Methods Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted on survey responses collected from college students (n = 1080). The resulting scales were then administered to an independent sample of experienced donors (n = 433) for additional CFAs and to test whether the Theory of Planned Behavior model provided a good fit to the data. Results CFAs conducted on both samples support the use of six-item scales, with two factors each, to measure donation attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control and a single-factor three-item scale to measure donation intention. Further, structural equation modeling of these measures revealed that the Theory of Planned Behavior provided a strong fit to the data (comparative fit index, 0.976; root mean square error of approximation, 0.041; standardized root mean square residual, 0.055) and accounted for 73.7% of the variance in donation intention. Conclusion The present findings confirm the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior to the blood donation context and more importantly provide psychometric support for the future use of four brief measures of donation attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention.
Difficulties in achieving the K/DOQI practice guidelines for bone and mineral metabolism

Hyperparathyroidism and alterations in bone and mineral metabolism are known to occur early in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The etiology of these abnormalities is multifactorial. Phosphate retention and alterations in vitamin D metabolism play important roles. The recent practice guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) have emphasized the need to approach these problems early in the course of CKD by measuring the levels of parathyroid hormone when glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) fall to less than 60 ml/min. If hyperparathyroidism is detected, then treatment must be undertaken to try to prevent its progression. Strict guidelines have been proposed for the management of these alterations in bone and mineral metabolism when kidney disease progresses to CKD stage V. Although the initial recommendations were often opinion based, evidence is accumulating to support these views. However, with our current therapeutic armamentarium, there is considerable difficulty in achieving these practice guidelines for calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, and parathyroid hormone on a sustained basis. New therapeutic agents are becoming available that will help with phosphorus control and control of hyperparathyroidism, and minimize the calcium load. Additional beneficial effects of vitamin D analogs are being uncovered and are being intensively investigated. It is hoped that with attention to these practice guidelines, control of the abnormalities of mineral metabolism will be improved and will lead to improved patient outcomes.
DIRECT INJECTION OF 5-HT2A RECEPTOR AGONISTS INTO THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX PRODUCES A HEAD-TWITCH RESPONSE IN RATS

The serotonin (5-HT)2A/2c agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), the 5-HT2C agonist 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine and the 5-HT2A partial agonist m-chloro-phenylpiperazine (mCPP) were injected bilaterally into the medial prefrontal cortex of male rats. DOI and mCPP, but not 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinly]-pyrazine, elicited a dose-dependent head-twitch response (HTR). DOI-induced HTR had an ED50 of 12.8 nmoles/0.5 μl/side and was inhibited by the 5-HT2A antagonists ketanserin and MDL 100,907 but was not blocked by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2C/2B antagonist SDZ SER 082. The HTR to mCPP demonstrated a bell-shaped dose-response curve with an ED50of 1.5 nmoles/0.5 μl/side and a peak effect after 3 nmoles/side. The response to mCPP was greatly diminished by both ketanserin and MDL 100,907 and was partially reversed by SDZ SER 082. These findings suggest that the HTR produced by the direct injection of serotonergic agonists into the medial prefrontal cortex is, in part, mediated by the activation of 5-HT2A receptors. Pretreatment of rats with the 5-HT1A agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide inhibited the HTR to DOI. This is consistent with other evidence that suggests a functional antagonism between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor activation. The HTR to DOI was potentiated by the novel 5-HT1A selective antagonist WAY 100,635, which suggests that 5-HT1Areceptors tonically regulate this behavioral response to stimulation of cortical 5-HT2A receptors.
One last chance: tapping indigenous knowledge to produce sustainable conservation policies

Abstract Sustainable development projects that were supposed to insure the future of the earth’s biological inheritance are currently being criticized for compromising biodiversity. Drawing on sixteen months of fieldwork with one of Papua New Guinea’s most remote societies, this paper argues that more productive conservation policies will emerge when indigenous activities are viewed as disturbance and not as vehicles for establishing equilibrium with the environment. This research demonstrates that although the Hewa play a significant role in shaping this environment, their traditions are not always compatible with biodiversity conservation. Finally, policy recommendations based on indigenous knowledge research are offered.
A directory service for a federation of CIM databases with migrating objects

We propose a novel directory scheme for a large federation of databases where object migration is in response to manufacturing events. In our directory scheme, objects report their location to a directory server instead of the traditional method of the directory servers polling sites in the network. The directory is distributed among multiple servers to avoid bottlenecks during query processing. A distributed linear hashing algorithm is proposed for efficiently determining an appropriate server for an object. Finally, a stochastic dynamic programming model is proposed for minimizing the number of database transactions.
A matter of prior knowledge: Canadian young children's conceptions about the future in the global community

Young Canadian boys and girls aged nine to eleven were asked to consider their personal futures, the future of their community and the future of the world. Mixed methods were employed for data collection and analysis. Responses were compared with those given by children in eight countries and the discussion focused on the importance prior knowledge, in this case, prior knowledge of global issues, holds for effective teaching and learning about global issues. Canadian children were optimistic about the future for themselves and their community but less so for the globe. More so than other children, Canadian children were concerned with issues of social justice, issues such as discrimination and racism, and with improving the environment, which might be attributed to the emphasis that is placed on these issues in their school curriculum. Assessing prior knowledge should be a priority for those considering development and implementation of global education curricula.
Unraveling the role of immune accessory molecules

Once alone at center stage, T cells now share the cancer–immunotherapy limelight with accessory molecules that modulate T cell signaling. Checkpoint therapies such as with an antibody targeting programmed cell death-1 (anti–PD-1), for example, have shown recent successes in clinical trials and have gained approval as standard of care therapies for some cancers. As successful immunotherapies often employ combinations of engineered cells, drugs, and biologics, the characterization of new immunomodulatory targets remains a priority. Now, Kreymborg et al . ablate certain accessory molecules in mice to explore their impact on tumors. B7-H3 and B7-H4 are cosignaling modulators of T cell responses that are overexpressed in various tumor types. Despite hypotheses that these molecules are potential tumor targets for immunotherapy, their role in tumor development and progression has been elusive. In the new work, a spontaneous prostate cancer model was used to compare tumor burden between wild-type and B7-H3– or B7-H4–deficient mice. B7-H3–deficient mice displayed dramatically increased tumor burden compared with wild-type mice, while B7-H4 knockdown did not affect tumor burden. Concurrent with the enhanced tumor burden in B7-H3–deficient mice was an increase in the number of regulatory T cell (Treg) along with elevated proliferation rates of these cells in the tumor microenvironment. Transcripts of the Treg-associated inhibitory cytokines transforming growth factor–β and interleukin -10 were also increased in tumors from B7-H3–deficient mice compared with wild-type mouse tumors. These significant results suggest a previously unrecognized role for B7-H3 in regulating Treg responses in the tumor microenvironment. Although further mechanistic studies are needed to clarify the role of B7-H3 in tumor development, the results of this study set the stage for further consideration of B7-H3 as an immunomodulatory target for cancer therapy. K. Kreymborg et al ., Ablation of B7-H3 but not B7-H4 results in highly increased tumor burden in a murine model of spontaneous prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol. Res. 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-15-0100 (2015). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://cancerimmunolres.aacrjournals.org/content/3/8/849.full%20%20
Randomized Double-Blind Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Standard-Dose Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine versus High-Dose Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) survivors are less likely than matched healthy controls to mount a strong immune response to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). High-dose (HD) or standard-dose (SD) TIV were given to adult HCT subjects 18 years or older at least 6 months after transplantation. Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive either the HD (60 μg hemagglutinin [HA]/strain/dose) or the SD (15 μg HA/strain/dose) TIV. Injection-site and systemic reactions were documented after each vaccination and immune responses were measured before and after each vaccination. A total of 44 subjects were enrolled (25 in year 1 and 19 in year 2), with 15 in the SD group and 29 in the HD group. The median time to vaccination after transplantation was 7.9 months (range, 6 to 106 months), the median age was 50 years (range, 19.6 to 73 years), and 61% were male. No differences in demographic or lab data were noted between groups; however, the HD group had higher median baseline total IgG level (676 versus 469 mg/dL, P = .025). No differences in individual injection-site or systemic reactions were noted between groups; however, more events of any injection-site symptom combined were reported in the HD group. No serious adverse events were attributed to vaccination. After vaccination, the HD group had a higher percentage of individuals with titers ≥1:40 and a higher geometric mean titer (GMT) against the H3N2 strain compared with that of the SD group. HD and SD TIV were found to be safe and well tolerated in adult HCT recipients. However, the HD group had higher frequency of injection-site reactions but the majority of the reactions were mild and resolved. The HD group had a higher percentage of individuals with post-vaccination titer ≥ 1:40 and GMT for H3N2 antigen, indicating better immunogenicity. These data support the need for a phase II immunogenicity trial in HCT recipients.
Only a Short Dream: Neoliberalism, Neo-Confucianism, and South Korea

The 1997 Asian financial crisis has had sweeping, long ranging effects upon South Korea. The reforms mandated by the IMF bailout have brought fundamental changes in South Korea's previously state-centric, developmental economy. South Korea's adoption of neoliberal precepts, which have been successful in ensuring other countries' prosperity in a globalized economy, represent a tectonic shift in the Korean economic model. Cumings, Woo, and others have proposed that the Confucianism of traditional Korea informed its twentieth century industrialization. The post-crisis era has severely tested these deep-seated cultural influences. South Koreaﾒs increasing global integration and its evolution into a postindustrial economy have transformed the social basis for that country's material success. The gradual internalization of Western norms has reduced the heterogeneity of the South Korean economy relative to that of the rest of the world. Although this evolution in values will arguably ensure South Korea's long-term prosperity, it also indicates a subjugation of a cultural diversity that had led to its economic sovereignty in the first place. The implications are significant, pointing to the emergence of a universal neoliberal norm irrespective of national differences.
Intergenerational Dialogue on Public Administration Theory Response to Response by "Senior" Scholars

I am very grateful to Richard Box and Trish Nickel for organizing this Dialogue and I also wish to thank the five scholars who took time to comment on the symposium and in particular on my contribution. My brief response to your responses follows. The suggestion from Ralph Hummel and O.C. McSwite to reveal more of my critical and radical self (as I read their responses) was up lifting to read. Uplifting because it is rare to hear such encouragement in an environment (in academia and society more broadly) that gener ally does not favor critical and radical approaches. I myself find it, un fortunately, "sensible" as an advisor of PhD students to counsel them against being too obviously critical or too obviously radical if they want to get a job in the field. Thus, the suggestion to reveal more of my critical and radical self was also disconcerting because it seems danger ous to do so in academic public administration. Certainly, this is not the case everywhere and for everyone, but I know several people who have experience and I have experience myself enough to know that one has to be careful in revealing too much. It seems more sensible (and per haps more effective) to be critical and radical in a more discreet way? make peace with the establishment and create change in small ways from the inside. Not a great refusal (Marcuse, 1991) but "small refusals" (Box, 2005; Box & King, 2000). Drawing the conversation back to the material within my original essay: philanthropy is paradoxical?it can be both a tool for good such as encouraging human development and neighborliness (Bob Cunning ham highlights this in his response), and a tool for hegemonic rule (as in the case of Bill and Melinda Gates and other mega-donors), democratic and anti-democratic, depending on the situation and level of analysis. In the case of creating social relations at the local level, it can be a useful mechanism for connecting with others. In relation to governance, it seems more problematic. The difficulty, I believe, lies in making false claims about what philanthropy can and cannot do for social welfare
Differential larval settlement responses of Porites astreoides and Acropora palmata in the presence of the green alga Halimeda opuntia

Settlement is critical to maintaining coral cover on reefs, yet interspecific responses of coral planulae to common benthic macroalgae are not well characterized. Larval survival and settlement of two Caribbean reef-building corals, the broadcast-spawner Acropora palmata and the planulae-brooder Porites astreoides, were quantified following exposure to plastic algae controls and the green macroalga Halimeda opuntia. Survival and settlement rates were not significantly affected by the presence of H. opuntia in either species. However, ~10 % of P. astreoides larvae settled on the surface of the macroalga, whereas larvae of A. palmata did not. It is unlikely that corals that settle on macroalgae will survive post-settlement; therefore, H. opuntia may reduce the number of P. astreoides and other non-discriminatory larvae that survive to adulthood. Our results suggest that the presence of macroalgae on impacted reefs can have unexpected repercussions for coral recruitment and highlight discrepancies in settlement specificity between corals with distinct life history strategies.
Introduction to Comparative Effectiveness Research

Health expenditures in the United States have increased without the equal improvement in quality. Comparative effectiveness research (CER), the evaluation of health-care outcomes that are achieved relative to the cost incurred, is seen as an approach that would help stem the ever-increasing health-care costs. The CER initiative has been denoted as a novel way to improve health-care decisions made by patients, physicians, and other stakeholders. Large efforts have been and continue to be made to establish this initiative. These efforts were formalized by financial support confirmed through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) and the establishment of a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) to support CER through evidence generation. This chapter will serve to introduce CER definitions, terminology, role, characteristics, and the level of evidence specific to CER, to individuals
Low Interface State Density at Pseudomorphic ZnSe/Epitaxial GaAs Interface

The electrical properties of pseudomorphic ZnSe/epilayer GaAs heterointerfaces, grown by MBE, have been investigated by capacitance versus voltage (C-V) and current versus voltage (I- V) measurements. Hole accumulation and inversion were observed in ZnSe/p-GaAs interfaces and ZnSe/n-GaAs interfaces, respectively. The C-V characteristics of the Au/ZnSe/p-GaAs capacitors are nearly ideal, exhibiting an interface state density (2.5×1011cm−2) which compares favorably with the densities reported at AlGaAs/GaAs interfaces.
How not to evaluate a psychological measure: Rebuttal to criticism of the Defining Issues Test of moral judgment development by Curzer and colleagues

In a 2014 paper in Theory and Research in Education, Howard Curzer and colleagues critique the Defining Issues Test of moral judgment development according to eight criteria that are described as d...
Exploration of opportunity costs and consideration exploration of opportunity costs and consideration for future generations: Two lasting contributions to systems thinking

In his numerous writings C. West Churchman has shown how the systems approach can be used to secure improvements in the human condition. Specifically one must think holistically. Two concepts—exploration of opportunity costs and consideration for future generations—underline whole systems thinking. The author argues based on his own experience that these tools of the human intellect are among the most lasting contributions Churchman has made to systems thinking.
Development and validation of a critical gradient energetic particle driven Alfven eigenmode transport model for DIII-D tilted neutral beam experiments

Recent experiments with the DIII-D tilted neutral beam injection (NBI) varying the beam energetic particle (EP) source profiles have provided strong evidence that unstable Alfven eigenmodes (AE) drive stiff EP transport at a critical EP density gradient [Heidbrink et al 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53 093006]. Here the critical gradient is identified by the local AE growth rate being equal to the local ITG/TEM growth rate at the same low toroidal mode number. The growth rates are taken from the gyrokinetic code GYRO. Simulation show that the slowing down beam-like EP distribution has a slightly lower critical gradient than the Maxwellian. The ALPHA EP density transport code [Waltz and Bass 2014 Nucl. Fusion 54 104006], used to validate the model, combines the low-n stiff EP critical density gradient AE mid-core transport with the Angioni et al (2009 Nucl. Fusion 49 055013) energy independent high-n ITG/TEM density transport model controling the central core EP density profile. For the on-axis NBI heated DIII-D shot 146102, while the net loss to the edge is small, about half the birth fast ions are transported from the central core r/a < 0.5 and the central density is about half the slowing down density. These results are in good agreement with experimental fast ion pressure profiles inferred from MSE constrained EFIT equilibria.
Studying Science and Social Inequalities: Resurgences and Divergences

Spontaneous Generations deserves credit for calling attention to the histories and futures of scholarship that critically investigates the science/technology/inequality nexus. My own suggestion in this regard is modest: Rather than assuming that there is any single or obvious way in which scientific knowledge and technologies, on the one hand, and social inequalities, on the other, might be related (causally or otherwise), we ought to embrace complexity by considering some of the different sorts of things that the phrase “science and social inequality” might connote. However, I should signal from the outset that I won’t be taking for granted that the “reproduction” of inequality—that is, how “science and technology reflect and create social inequalities,” to quote from the opening sentence of the call for papers for this special issue—is the only relevant mode of activity that we ought to examine. Instead I will assume it to be helpful to consider how scientific knowledge and technological systems might be related to reproducing, reinforcing, chal lenging, transforming, or eliminating inequalities. As an (admittedly inadequate) gesture at the kind of complexity I hope to signal, I will take up just three of many possible points of linkage between technoscience and the reproduction of, reinforcement of, challenge to, transformation of, or elimination of inequalities. These are: the causes and consequences of unequal access to participation in knowledge-making; scientific practices of difference-making and their consequences for social categories, identities, and hierarchies; and the scientization of everyday concepts and its implications for inequalities. The first case, that of unequal access to participation in knowledge-making, relates to a growth area in STS, where scholars
Observation of trapped-hole diffusion on the surfaces of CdS nanorods

In CdS nanocrystals, photoexcited holes rapidly become trapped at the particle surface. The dynamics of these trapped holes have profound consequences for the photophysics and photochemistry of these materials. Using a combination of transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical modelling, we demonstrate that trapped holes in CdS nanorods are mobile and execute a random walk at room temperature. In CdS nanorods of non-uniform width, we observe the recombination of spatially separated electrons and trapped holes, which exhibits a t-1/2 power-law decay at long times. A one-dimensional diffusion-annihilation model describes the time-dependence of the recombination over four orders of magnitude in time, from one nanosecond to ten microseconds, with a single adjustable parameter. We propose that diffusive trapped-hole motion is a general phenomenon in CdS nanocrystals, but one that is normally obscured in structures in which the wavefunctions of the electron and trapped hole spatially overlap. This phenomenon has important implications for the oxidation photochemistry of CdS nanocrystals.
Examining the Correlates of Prison Misconduct among Elderly Inmates

ABSTRACTThere is a large body of research examining prison misconduct and the driving forces behind inmates who engage in this behavior. The deprivation and importation models are the most common explanations for inmate misconduct. Research has suggested that deprivation and importation factors affect prison behavior and that the significance of these factors often varies across groups. The current research attempts to fill a gap in the literature examining the differences between inmates who were younger, middle age, and older in misconduct using data from inmates incarcerated in West Virginia during 2010. This study adds to the limited body of research specifically assessing the differences in prison misconduct across different age groups; policy implications also will be offered.
Urban Form and Energy Resilient Strategies: A Case Study of the Manhattan Grid

The Manhattan grid is known as a testing ground of high-density urban development from the 19th century onward. Its urban form model and regulatory zoning mechanisms provide lessons for global cities in shaping their urban skylines. This chapter describes the physical form and processes that have established and characterize Manhattan’s grid, focusing on the grid as a generator and framework for growth. A performance-based urban energy model is used to examine the potential for energy self-sufficiency within the current urban form structure of the Manhattan grid. To make the city more energy resilient, a transformative approach is proposed that centers on the implementation of a performance-based model of urban design, which enhances urban resiliency at the neighborhood level. The concept of panarchy is applied to address complex systems problems such as energy resiliency in cities. To design an energy resilient urban system, it is important to define a community-level action and a medium-scale framework, which allow effective systems integration and coordination among stakeholders. The framework of urban design accommodates finer-scale, bottom-up eco-initiatives, which enable agile responses to unpredictable events, such as climate-induced disasters and environmental changes.
Under-recording of work-related injuries and illnesses: An OSHA priority ☆

Abstract Introduction A 2009 Government Accounting Office (GAO) report, along with numerous published studies, documented that many workplace injuries are not recorded on employers' recordkeeping logs required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and consequently are under-reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), resulting in a substantial undercount of occupational injuries in the United States. Methods OSHA conducted a Recordkeeping National Emphasis Program (NEP) from 2009 to 2012 to identify the extent and causes of unrecorded and incorrectly recorded occupational injuries and illnesses. Results OSHA found recordkeeping violations in close to half of all facilities inspected. Employee interviews identified workers' fear of reprisal and employer disciplinary programs as the most important causes of under-reporting. Subsequent inspections in the poultry industry identified employer medical management policies that fostered both under-reporting and under-recording of workplace injuries and illnesses. Conclusions OSHA corroborated previous research findings and identified onsite medical units as a potential new cause of both under-reporting and under-recording. Research is needed to better characterize and eliminate obstacles to the compilation of accurate occupational injury and illness data. Practical applications Occupational health professionals who work with high hazard industries where low injury rates are being recorded may wish to scrutinize recordkeeping practices carefully. This work suggests that, although many high-risk establishments manage recordkeeping with integrity, the lower the reported injury rate, the greater the likelihood of under-recording and under-reporting of work-related injuries and illnesses.
Racial/Ethnic and Gender Disparities in Health Care Use and Access

Objective To document racial/ethnic and gender differences in health service use and access after the Affordable Care Act went into effect. Data Source Secondary data from the 2006–2014 National Health Interview Survey. Study Design Linear probability models were used to estimate changes in health service use and access (i.e., unmet medical need) in two separate analyses using data from 2006 to 2014 and 2012 to 2014. Data Extraction Adult respondents aged 18 years and older (N = 257,560). Principal Findings Results from the 2006–2014 and 2012–2014 analyses show differential patterns in health service use and access by race/ethnicity and gender. Non-Hispanic whites had the greatest gains in health service use and access across both analyses. While there was significant progress among Hispanic respondents from 2012 to 2014, no significant changes were found pre–post-health care reform, suggesting access may have worsened before improving for this group. Asian men had the largest increase in office visits between 2006 and 2014, and although not statistically significant, the increase continued 2012–2014. Black women and men fared the worst with respect to changes in health care access. Conclusions Ongoing research is needed to track patterns of health service use and access, especially among vulnerable racial/ethnic and gender groups, to determine whether existing efforts under health care reform reduce long-standing disparities.
Maximum efficiency control strategy of PM traction machine drives in GM hybrid and electric vehicles

This work investigates maximum efficiency control strategies of permanent magnet (PM) traction machine drives that are adopted in General Motors (GM) hybrid and electric vehicles. First, three different current vector control techniques, Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA), Maximum Torque Per Motor Loss (MTPML), and Maximum Torque Per System Loss (MTPSL), are presented to identify the most attractive control strategy for a PM traction machine drive that is being used in a production vehicle. This comparison will show the drive system efficiency and the current vector trajectory for the three different control strategies, providing valuable experimental data to help researchers optimize the operating point efficiency. In addition, a six-step mode of inverter control is evaluated to enhance the drive efficiency and performance under the dc bus voltage constraint in the flux weakening region. Extensive experimental tests on the PM traction machine drive have been performed, aiming to evaluate and identify the most attractive control strategy that can maximize the drive efficiency. The test results presented in this paper confirm that the maximum efficiency operation of the experimental machine drive was achieved by a combination of MTPL control and six-step mode operation. In order to fully comprehend the optimal system efficiency, results of a broader investigation of the drive system losses such as the experimental system loss breakdown and the modeling of inverter losses are also included.
Mathematics, Live! Contemporary Perspectives on a Life and Career in Mathematics

This chapter features a compilation of excerpts from interviews with female mathematicians. Ten women at varying points in their career discuss their early interest in mathematics, their professional duties and responsibilities, and mentoring.
Local control and estimation performance in dynamical networks: Structural and graph-theoretic results

This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are.
Image-Based 3-Dimensional Characterization of Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Children.

ObjectivesDescribe a technique for the description and classification of laryngotracheal stenosis in children using 3-dimensional reconstructions of the airway from computed tomography (CT) scans.Study DesignCross-sectional.SettingAcademic tertiary care children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsThree-dimensional models of the subglottic airway lumen were created using CT scans from 54 children undergoing imaging for indications other than airway disease. The base lumen models were deformed in software to simulate subglottic airway segments with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% stenoses for each subject. Statistical analysis of the airway geometry was performed using metrics extracted from the lumen centerlines. The centerline analysis was used to develop a system for subglottic stenosis assessment and classification from patient-specific airway imaging.ResultsThe scaled hydraulic diameter gradient metric derived from intersectional changes in the lumen can be used to accurately classify and quantitate subglottic steno...
Proximal sensor-based algorithm for variable rate nitrogen application in maize in northeast U.S.A.

Abstract Ground-based proximal sensing can aid in within-field, mid-season, and on-the-go nitrogen (N) management of maize (Zea mays L.) but algorithms require regional calibration. Our objective was to develop algorithms for predicting N needs of maize in the northeastern US using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We established six replicated trials at research farms with up to six N rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 336 kg N ha−1) applied pre-plant, and eleven trials with five N rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224 and 336 kg N ha−1 sidedressed at V7) and an N-rich treatment (168 kg ha−1 applied pre-plant and 168 kg N ha−1 sidedressed at V7) conducted on commercial farms. Sensor and yield data from the zero-N and N-rich plots of the on-farm trials were added to the data from the six pre-plant trials to determine a (1) yield prediction model, developed using NDVI obtained at V7, and (2) a Response Index (RIharvest), calculated as the yield in the highest N fertilized treatment divided by the yield in the low-N treatment. In addition, a virtual RI derived from NDVI values taken at V7 (RINDVI) was calculated. The most economic rate of sidedress N (MERN) was determined for the on-farm trials. The regression between RIalgo and virtual RINDVI resulted in two equations, as the correlation was heavily impacted by weather in the growing season; for years with normal precipitation, the response to N post-sensing was greater (RIalgo = 3.8 ∗ RINDVI − 2.38) than in years with severe drought (RIalgo = 1.45 ∗ RINDVI − 0.3). The N prescriptions (yield predictions and RIs combined) correlated well with the MERN (r2 = 0.82) across sites. We conclude that crop sensing is a promising technology for on-the-go N applications for maize in the Northeast but further studies are needed to determine RIs under a range of weather conditions and soils.
An Integrated Experimental and Numerical analysis on Notch and Interface Interaction in Same-materials

The theory of fracture mechanics has been extensively developed for cracks. However, notches are found a lot more than cracks in real life. Indeed, a crack is only a special case of a notch. Therefore, developing a generalized notch-interface failure criterion is very important for the field of fracture mechanics from a fundamental standpoint. In the current investigation, an integrated experimental and numerical analysis is conducted to determine the crack initiation load and to compare it with theoretical predictions. The angle of the (β), the loading point (S), and the interfacial adhesive are used as variables to understand their effect on the crack initiation load.
Political Discrimination Among Young New Voters

This research examines over 2,000 Washington State University undergraduate students surveyed annually over the years 2007 to 2011 seeking to document how younger new voters relate their attitudes toward and treatment of others based on their alignment with a political party, candidate or issue. Political discrimination is conceptualized as the changing of one’s trust-related attitudes about and actions toward others based on the acquisition of knowledge of their socio-political affiliations or backgrounds. The areas of interest in this paper are as follows: Does political discrimination exist; and if it exists, does it have the same salience across the areas of political party, candidate and issue? How does political discrimination compare to other types of discriminatory practices? What factors influence the likelihood of self-admitted political discrimination among new young voters?
Mercury trends and cycling in northern Wisconsin related to atmospheric and hydrologic processes

Atmospheric deposition is the principal source of mercury (Hg) to remote northern landscapes, but its fate depends on multiple factors and internal feedbacks. Here we document long-term trends and ...
IMPACT OF ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIA ON SURVIVAL IN ADULTS WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Atrial arrhythmia is a late complication after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair, but arrhythmia outcomes data are limited. The purpose of the study was to describe atrial arrhythmia presentations, outcomes of antiarrhythmic therapy, and impact of arrhythmia on transplant-free survival. We reviewed
Soil Disturbance and Soil Fragmentation During Tillage

Predicting the influence of a given tillage implement on a soil with given conditions is still an ambitious task in soil science. Although many research studies have been dealt with the subject in recent years only a few prediction models exist, mainly due to the complex interactions of implement geometry and soil conditions on soil failure and soil fragmentation. This chapter provides an overview of soil tillage research on soil disturbance and soil fragmentation. The basic advantages in the field are highlighted and subjects for future research are proposed.
Epiphrenic Diverticula: Diagnosis and Management

Epiphrenic diverticula are thought to be secondary to an underlying esophageal motility disorder. These diverticula are quite rare with less than 120 operations for this disease performed annually in the United States, and therefore evidence in the management of this disease is limited. Workup includes upper GI series, manometry, and upper endoscopy. Achalasia is found in half of the patients with other common findings being distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus), and other motility disorders including subtle unnamed motility issues. When asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, they can be safely observed with a small rate of complications such as perforation, bleeding, or malignancy. Management of symptomatic diverticula should include myotomy, with diverticulectomy and fundoplication. The extent of myotomy is controversial, but we recommend extending it proximally to the base of the diverticulum, at least 2 cm lateral to the diverticular base. We extend the myotomy distally 3 cm onto the gastric cardia in order to reduce the risk of recurrence. The need for a diverticulectomy is debated, as in many patients the symptoms are not due to the diverticulum but rather to the underlying motility disorder. In select patients, myotomy alone may suffice. The laparoscopic approach is recommended when feasible, although a thoracic or thoracoscopic approach may be needed in select patients. Because this is a rare disease, it should be managed by experienced esophageal surgeons in high volume centers.
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 down-regulates the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL in pancreatic cancer.

The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is overexpressed in cancer and plays an important role in carcinomas of multiple organs. However, the mechanisms of AXL overexpression in cancer remain unclear. In this study, using HEK293T, Panc-1, and Panc-28 cells and samples of human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), along with several biochemical approaches and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses, we sought to investigate the mechanisms that regulate AXL over-expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We found that AXL interacts with hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) and demonstrate that HPK1 down-regulates AXL and decreases its half-life. The HPK1-mediated AXL degradation was inhibited by the endocytic pathway inhibitors leupeptin, bafilomycin A1, and monensin. HPK1 accelerated the movement of AXL from the plasma membrane to endosomes in pancreatic cancer cells treated with the AXL ligand growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6). Moreover, HPK1 increased the binding of AXL to the Cbl proto-oncogene (c-Cbl); promoted AXL ubiquitination; decreased AXL-mediated signaling, including phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK signaling; and decreased the invasion capability of PDAC cells. Importantly, we show that AXL expression inversely correlates with HPK1 expression in human PanINs and that patients whose tumors have low HPK1 and high AXL expression levels have shorter survival than those with low AXL or high HPK1 expression (p
Patients’ Perspectives and Advice on How to Discuss Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Sexual Health in Oncology Clinics:

Objective:This study sought to understand the patients’ perspective of what contributes to an absence of discussions of sexual orientation (SO), gender identity (GI), and sexual health in cancer ca...