cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Varieties of Subjectivism: Keynes and Hayek on Expectations

J.M. Keynes and F.A. Hayek had different economic ideas even though both were subjectivists seriously engaged with issues of time and uncertainty in economics. The source of the difference between their economic ideas was the difference between their philosophical ideas. Keynes was a Cartesian rationalist and justificationist; Hayek a critical rationalist and non-justificationist. We draw on Keynes's "A Treatise on Probability," Hayek's "The Sensory Order," and other works to defend our argument. Although Keynes and Hayek might both be called "subjectivists," there are varieties of subjectivism. Their subjectivist ideas are not fully compatible with one another and conduce to different theories of the market process. Hayek's theory, not Keynes's, allows us to say when markets will behave in the way Keynes described and when they will instead behave in more coordinated ways. In this sense, a Hayekian theory is needed to understand a Keynesian world.
A small‐scale turbulence model

A previously derived analytical model for the small-scale structure of turbulence is reformulated in such a way that the energy spectrum may be computed. The model is an ensemble of two-dimensional (2D) vortices with internal spiral structure, each stretched by an axially symmetric strain flow. Stretching and differential rotation produce an energy cascade to smaller scales in which the stretching represents the effect of instabilities and the spiral structure is the source of dissipation at the end of the cascade. The energy spectrum of the resulting flow may be expressed as a time integration involving only the enstrophy spectrum of the time evolving 2D cross section flow, which may be obtained numerically. Examples are given in which a k exp -5/3 spectrum is obtained by this method. The k exp -5/3 inertial range spectrum is shown to be related to the existence of a self-similar enstrophy preserving range in the 2D enstrophy spectrum. The results are found to be insensitive to time dependence of the strain rate, including even intermittent on-or-off strains.
Plasma kinetic processes in a strong D.C. magnetic field

Recent results in the kinetic theory of a strongly magnetized plasma are surveyed. Emphasis is on the electrostatic guiding-center plasma in two dimensions, in both the fluid and 'charged rod' descriptions. The basic kinetic description of the plasma is in terms of the statistically-distributed Fourier coefficients associated with the velocity and 'enstrophy' (charge density) fields. It is a universal tendency in such media for enstrophy to flow to shorter wavelengths but for energy to flow to longer wavelengths. A consequence of the energy flow to longer wavelengths is the generation of long-range order in the form of macroscopic vortices. These kinds of structure have been called 'convection cells' and can be extraordinarily efficient in transporting particles transverse to a magnetic field. The tendency to vortex formation can be disrupted by collisions between particles. Modifications of the Fokker-Planck equation for a plasma produced by a strong dc magnetic field are considered in both two and three dimensions.
Gamma Rays from Galactic Black Hole Candidates with Stochastic Particle Acceleration

We consider stochastic particle acceleration in plasmas around stellar mass black holes to explain the emissions above 1 MeV from Galactic black hole candidates. We show that for certain parameter regimes, electrons can overcome Coulomb losses and be accelerated beyond the thermal distribution to form a new population, the distribution of which is broad and is usually not a power law; the peak energy of the distribution is determined by the balance between acceleration and cooling, with particles piling up around it. Radiation by inverse-Compton scattering off the thermal (from background) and nonthermal (produced by acceleration) particles can in principle explain the hard X-ray to gamma-ray emissions from black hole candidates. We present model fits of Cyg X-1 and GRO J0422 in the 50 keV-5 MeV region observed with OSSE and COMPTEL.
Experiments for the determination of convective diffusion heat/mass transfer to burner rig test targets comparable in size to jet stream diameter

The application of a recently formulated vapor transport theory to predict deposition rates of corrosive salts from alkali-seeded combustion gases of a small-capacity, high-velocity, atmospheric-pressure burner rig was hampered by the relatively large dimensions of the cylindrical deposit collector compared to the diameter of the combustion gas stream. The relative dimensions led to a highly nonadiabatic combustion gas flow around the collector and necessitated two series of experiments. In the first series, mass transfer coefficients were determined by utilizing the napthalene sublimation technique. The second series of experiments determined the dilution effect on the sodium species concentrations due to the entrainment of ambient air. This second series involved the measurement of the temperature variation along the surface of the collector under steady-state conditions. Vapor deposition rates were determined exploiting this information and the results were found to compare favorably with experimentally obtained rates.
Emittance growth of a short electron bunch in circular motion

Abstract A short electron bunch undergoing circular motion produces space-charge forces that do not decrease with increasing bunch energy, unlike those induced by straight-line motion. These energy-independent forces can be separated into a noninertial space-charge force and a coherent synchrotron radiation force. These forces result in an energy spread in the bunch, and can lead to a potentially large emittance growth. These effects can take place in both (1) bunch compression systems used to increase the peak current and (2) the wiggler itself. Numerical estimates of the emittance growth in a wiggler for a 1 ps long, 1 mm radius, 1 nC electron bunch can be as large as 0.1π mm mrad per wiggle period; the energy spread can grow as much as 30 keV per wiggle period. These types of beam quality degradation may become significant for future, short-wavelength free-electron lasers requiring high-brightness electron beams, especially for self-amplified spontaneous emission operation.
Institutions: Top Down or Bottom Up?

A large research program in economics has established a persuasive link between institutions and economic development. But what does this imply for development policymaking? Can a political leader or aid agency seeking to promote development readily change institutions? This article starts off wildly general, and then moves to specifics.
IDEOLOGY AND ARITHMETIC: THE HIDDEN AGENDA OF SENTENCING GUIDELINES

Abstract Sentencing guidelines are designed with the intention of reducing sentencing disparity. This study examines Ohio's felony sentencing guideline to determine if it allows enough scope for the intrusion of probation officers’ ideological leanings into its scoring. The analysis revealed that conservative officers scored the guidelines more severely than did liberal officers. This was true for actual cases and for standard fictitious cases. This appeared to be the result of different interpretations of guideline categories which are ambiguous rather than consciously discriminatory practices. Furthermore, offenders processed by conservative officers received significantly harsher sentences than did offenders processed by liberal officers. Suggestions for removing sources of ambiguity in the guideline are offered.
The challenges and opportunities of student-managed investment funds at metropolitan universities

Abstract The number of student-managed investment funds has grown rapidly in recent years. In the four decades since the first student-managed investment fund was established at Gannon University, the number of such funds has grown at a rate of less than one per year to thirty-four in 1993. However, that rate of growth has changed dramatically in recent years. Oak Associates Ltd., the Akron, Ohio based investment-management company, has funded ten student-managed investment funds since January 1996. The fund established by Oak Associates Ltd. at The University of Akron provides students with the opportunity to learn about investing real money on a real-time basis. The Oak Grant provides significant educational opportunities at the University and some real challenges in the organization and management of the funds.
Enzymatic dephosphorylation of ovalbumin and plakalbumin.

It has been shown by the work presented in this paper that it is possible to carry out a stepwise dephosphorylation of ovalbumin. With the aid of a prostate phosphatase that attacks only one of the two phosphorus-containing groups in the major component, A1, of ovalbumin, a protein, A2, containing 1 atom of phosphorus per mole has been prepared. Further dephosphorylation with an enzyme of intestinal origin gives a phosphorus-free ovalbumin, A3. Plakalbumin has been similarly dephosphorylated to give P2 and P3. Significant changes in the electrophoretic mobility accompany each dephosphorylation step. This, together with the phosphorus content of the proteins and the crystal form, has been used to characterize and study the five modifications of ovalbumin thus produced.
An Examination of the Presence of Ownership Effects in Mixed Markets

Whether consumers perceive for-profit, nonprofit, and government outputs to be perfect substitutes has implications for understanding the social value of nonprofit and governmental producers in the marketplace. While theoretical arguments have been made in support of and against the existence of ownership effects, little empirical research has been conducted to measure their presence. This study examines data from the Wisconsin nursing home industry from 1984 through 1995 and concludes that ownership effects exist, with consumers indicating the greatest preference for nonprofit homes and the least preference for government homes, ceteris paribus. This result is robust to different specifications. A multiplicity of competing ownership types characterizes several large industries in the U.S. economy, including hospitals, education, long-term care, day care, and various social services. While traditional for-profit firms sell outputs in all of these industries, a consumer living in a mixed market-in which more than one ownership type competes for business-has the option of buying from either private nonprofit or government producers. The extent to which consumers perceive the outputs of for-profit, nonprofit, and government organizations in these mixed markets to be close substitutes is unclear, however. Simply observing that a market is mixed is insufficient to conclude that ownership type is irrelevant: While perfect substitutability among outputs across ownership types is consistent with the long-term coexistence of multiple types, such an outcome would also prevail if different ownership types were able to establish and successfully defend separate niches in the product space. In this latter scenario, ownership effects-defined here as a systematic consumer preference (or distaste) for the outputs of particular ownership types-are present; in the former they are not. Understanding which explanation is correct would contribute to our understanding of the social value of the availability of nonprofit and government alternatives in the market. This study strives to answer the question of whether measurable ownership effects do indeed exist by examining data from the nursing home industry in Wisconsin.
METAL-FERROELECTRIC-SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR NAND GATE SWITCHING TIME ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT Previous research investigated the modeling of a NAND gate constructed of n-channel Metal-Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MFSFETs) to obtain voltage transfer curves. This paper investigates the MFSFET NAND gate switching time propagation delay, which is one of the other important parameters required to characterize the performance of a logic gate. Initially, the switching time of an inverter circuit was analyzed. The low-to-high and high-to-low propagation time delays were calculated. The MFSFETs were simulated by using a previously developed model which utilized a partitioned ferroelectric layer. Then the switching time of a 2-input NAND gate was analyzed similarly to the inverter gate.
Image-based form document retrieval

Abstract We address the problem of image-based form document retrieval. The essential element of this problem is the definition of a similarity measure that is applicable in real situations, where query images are allowed to differ from the database images. Based on the definition of form signature, we have proposed a similarity measure that is insensitive to translation, scaling, moderate skew (
Singularities and horizons in the collisions of gravitational waves

It is well known that when gravitational plane waves propagating and colliding in an otherwise flat background interact they produce singularities. In this paper we explore the structure of the singularities produced in the collisions of arbitrarily polarized gravitational plane waves and we consider the problem of whether (or under what conditions) singularities can be produced in the collisions of almost-plane gravitational waves with finite but very large transverse sizes. First we analyze the asymptotic structure of a general arbitrarily polarized colliding plane-wave spacetime near its singularity. We show that the metric is asymptotic to a generalized inhomogeneous-Kasner solution as the singularity is approached. In general, the asymptotic Kasner axes as well as the asymptotic Kasner exponents along the singularity are functions of the spatial coordinate that runs tangentially to the singularity in the non-plane-symmetric direction.
The Cusp/Core Problem in Galactic Halos: Long-Slit Spectra for a Large Dwarf Galaxy Sample

We derive inner dark matter halo density profiles for a sample of 165 low-mass galaxies using rotation curves obtained from high-quality, long-slit optical spectra assuming minimal disks and spherical symmetry. For ρ(r) ~ r-α near the galaxy center, we measure median inner slopes ranging from αm = 0.22 ± 0.08 to 0.28 ± 0.06 for various subsamples of the data. This is similar to values found by other authors and in stark contrast to the intrinsic cusps (αint ~ 1) predicted by simulations of halo assembly in cold dark matter (CDM) cosmologies. To elucidate the relationship between αm and αint in our data, we simulate long-slit observations of model galaxies with halo shapes broadly consistent with the CDM paradigm. Simulations with αint = 1/2 and 1 recover both the observed distribution of αm and correlations between αm and primary observational parameters such as distance and disk inclination, whereas those with αint = 5/4 are marginally consistent with the data. Conversely, the hypothesis that low-mass galaxies have αint = 3/2 is rejected. While the simulations do not imply that the data favor intrinsic cusps over cores, they demonstrate that the discrepancy between αm and αint ~ 1 for our sample does not necessarily imply a genuine conflict between our results and CDM predictions; rather, the apparent cusp/core problem may be reconciled by considering the impact of observing and data-processing techniques on rotation curves derived from long-slit spectra.
Fishing in Tidal Streams: New Radial Velocity and Proper Motion Constraints on the Orbit of the Anticenter Stream

We have obtained radial velocity measurements for stars in two widely separated fields in the Anticenter Stream. Combined with SDSS/USNO-B proper motions, the new measurements allow us to establish that the stream is on a nearly circular, somewhat inclined, prograde orbit around the Galaxy. While the orbital eccentricity is similar to that previously determined for the Monoceros stream, the sizes, inclinations, and positions of the orbits for the two systems differ significantly. Integrating our best-fitting Anticenter Stream orbit forward, we find that it is closely aligned along and lies almost on top of a streamlike feature previously designated the “Eastern Banded Structure.” The position of this feature coincides with the apogalacticon of the orbit. We tentatively conclude that this feature is the next wrap of the Anticenter Stream.
Chromite spinels from ultramafic xenoliths

Abstract The spinels in ultramafic xenoliths from kimberlites and alkali olivine basalts show a wide range of compositional variation, far in excess of the ranges shown by their coexisting silicate phases. The chemical variation of the spinels is a function of the host magma, texture and depth of origin. The spinels occur in five textural types: 1. (a) euhedral spinels restricted only to the kimberlites; 2. (b) spinels intergrown with silicates commonly found in kimberlites; 3. (c) exsolved spinel from orthopyroxene in xenoliths from both alkali olivine basalt and kimberlite; 4. (d) interstitial spinel texture generally restricted to xenoliths from alkali olvine basalts; 5. (e) spinels in kelyphitic rims around garnet in xenoliths from kimberlites. The chemistry of the spinels varies systematically with texture. The highest Cr (Cr + Al) ratios and lowest Mg (Mg + Fe 2+ ) ratios occur in the euhedral spinels, whereas the spinels showing intergrowth and exsolution textures are compositionally intermediate. Spinels from kimberlite xenoliths have a higher and wider range of the ratio Fe 3+ (Cr + Al + Fe 3+ ) than the spinels from alkali olivine basalt xenoliths. The ratio Cr (Cr + Al + Fe 3+ ) increases with pressure or depth of origin of the xenoliths. The Al2O3 content of the spinels varies sympathetically with the Al2O3 content of the coexisting orthopyroxenes, the value being lowest for euhedral spinel-orthopyroxene pairs in kimberlite xenolith and highest for interstitial spinel-orthopyroxene pairs in alkali basalt xenolith. The wide range of chemistry of the spinels and their correspondence with geologic environment suggest that the chromite spinels from ultramafic xenoliths are particularly sensitive minerals in examining the environmental conditions of the Earth's upper mantle.
Dyed microspheres for quantification of UV dose distributions: Photochemical reactor characterization by lagrangian actinometry

Lagrangian actinometry represents a new method of photochemical reactor characterization. The method is based on an application of dyed microspheres, which were developed by attachment of (E) -5-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine (hereafter referred to as S ) to polystyrene microspheres. S is a nonfluorescent molecule that when subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation yields a single product, 3- β -D-ribofuranosyl-2,7-dioxopyrido[2,3- d ]pyrimidine (hereafter referred to as P ), which displays a strong fluorescence signal. Dyed microspheres were subjected to UV irradiation under a collimated beam and using a single-lamp, monochromatic (low pressure Hg), continuous-flow reactor. In parallel with these experiments, a biodosimetry experiment was conducted using Bacillus subtilis spores as the challenge organism. Particle-specific fluorescence intensity measurements were conducted on samples from the collimated-beam experiments and the flow-through reactor experiments by flow cytometry. Estimates of the do...
THE MICHIGAN/MIKE FIBER SYSTEM SURVEY OF STELLAR RADIAL VELOCITIES IN DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES: ACQUISITION AND REDUCTION OF DATA ∗

We introduce a stellar velocity survey of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, undertaken using the Michigan/MIKE Fiber System (MMFS) at the Magellan/Clay 6.5 m telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. As of 2006 November we have used MMFS to collect 6415 high-resolution (R = 20,000-25,000) spectra from 5180 stars in four dwarf spheroidal galaxies: Carina, Fornax, Sculptor, and Sextans. Spectra sample the range 5140-5180 A, which includes the prominent magnesium triplet absorption feature. We measure radial velocity (RV) to a median precision of 2.0 km s-1 for stars as faint as V ~ 20.5. From the spectra we also are able to measure the strength of iron and magnesium absorption features using spectral indices that correlate with effective temperature, surface gravity, and chemical abundance. Measurement of line strength allows us to identify interloping foreground stars independently of velocity and to examine the metallicity distribution among dSph members. Here we present detailed descriptions of MMFS, our target selection and spectroscopic observations, the data reduction procedure, and error analysis. We compare our RV results to previously published measurements for individual stars. In some cases we find evidence for a mild, velocity-dependent offset between the RVs that we measure using the magnesium triplet and previously published RV measurements derived from the infrared calcium triplet. In companion papers we will present the complete data sets and kinematic analyses of these new observations.
The Cartesian Model and Dependency in Mitterrand's African Policy: the Case of Senegal

Senegal's relationship with France from the very beginning was marked by dependency. Economic, political and cultural life in Senegal revolved around the metropole — the highly centralized administrative and political institutions of France located in Paris dominated the Senegalese periphery. But Senegal's dependency was not merely economic or political. French policies towards Senegal primarily aimed at intellectual and cultural goals and were in some cases economic and political liabilities to the metropole. In this respect, the Senegalese case did not correspond to traditional theories of dependency which stress the overall importance of economic interests. Furthermore, the nature of this dependency does not appear to have significantly altered, although the political orientation of the French government has changed greatly since the colonization of Senegal. The character and development of this phenomenon, along with its implications for current French policy, will be considered here in light of the French world view, with particular reference to the Cartesian ideal.
MISR research-aerosol-algorithm refinements for dark water retrievals

Abstract. We explore systematically the cumulative effect of many assumptions made in the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) research aerosol retrieval algorithm with the aim of quantifying the main sources of uncertainty over ocean, and correcting them to the extent possible. A total of 1129 coincident, surface-based sun photometer spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements are used for validation. Based on comparisons between these data and our baseline case (similar to the MISR standard algorithm, but without the "modified linear mixing" approximation), for 558 nm AOD 68% of 558, 672, and 866 nm AOD values fall within the greater of 0.03 or 10%. For the Angstrom exponent (ANG), 67% of 1119 validation cases for AOD > 0.01 fall within 0.275 of the sun photometer values, compared to 49% for the SA. ANG RMSE decreases by 17% compared to the SA, and the median absolute error drops by 36%.
Normed Domains of Holomorphy

We treat the classical concept of domain of holomorphy in when the holomorphic functions considered are restricted to lie in some Banach space. Positive and negative results are presented. A new view of the case is considered.
Reversible Boolean networks I: distribution of cycle lengths

Abstract We consider a class of models describing the dynamics of N Boolean variables, where the time evolution of each depends on the values of K of the other variables. Previous work has considered models with dissipative dynamics. Here, we consider time-reversible models, which necessarily have the property that every possible point in the state space is an element of one and only one cycle. The orbits can be classified by their behavior under time reversal. The orbits that transform into themselves under time reversal have properties quite different from those that do not; in particular, a significant fraction of latter-type orbits have lengths enormously longer than orbits that are time-reversal symmetric. For large K and moderate N, the vast majority of points in the state space are on one of the time-reversal singlet orbits, and a random hopping model gives an accurate description of orbit lengths. However, for any finite K, the random hopping approximation fails qualitatively when N is large enough (N≫22K). As in the dissipative case, when K is large, typical orbit lengths grow exponentially with N, whereas for small enough K, typical orbit lengths grow much more slowly with N. The numerical data are consistent with the existence of a phase transition at which the average orbit length grows as a power of N at a value of K between 1.4 and 1.7. However, in the reversible models, the interplay between the discrete symmetry and quenched randomness can lead to enormous fluctuations of orbit lengths and other interesting features that are unique to the reversible case.
Buyer-Type Effects in Conservation and Preservation Property Values

Properties can be bought by government agencies, land trusts, or private entities for conservation and preservation purposes, such as farmland preservation, wildlife refuges, other conservation, and cultural and historical preservation. There is variation in the dollars paid per acre across properties and across buyer type. An option value model based on future potential land uses is used to explain much of this variation. The data used in our analysis is sales transactions data for conservation and preservation purposes from throughout the United States. We find that much of the value of conservation properties is derived from future potential land uses, including housing, timber, recreation, and conservation. We confirm that public versus private buyers value options differently, which makes sense from a public good point of view, if markets are thin.
A note on minimal triangulations of an n-cube

This paper is concerned with finding a lower bound for ϕ(n), the minimum number of simplices required to triangulate an n-cube. We prove that ϕ(n)≥Ln, where Ln is the minimum value of the sum of n−1 unknowns subject to n−1 inequality constraints. In particular, it is shown that ϕ(5)≥60.
Direct actuation of small-scale motions for enhanced heat transfer in heated channels

Flow-effected, enhanced heat transfer in a high aspect ratio rectangular mm-scale channel that models a segment of a high-performance, air-cooled heat-sink is characterized. The present investigation reports a novel approach to enhanced cooling without increasing the channel's characteristically low Reynolds number. Heat transport that is governed by the local heat transfer from the fin surface and by subsequent mixing with the core flow is significantly increased by deliberate shedding of unsteady small-scale vortices that are induced by the vibration of a miniature, planar self-oscillating reed. The present investigation focuses on the heat transfer and fluid mechanics that are associated with the small-scale motions induced by the reed. Performance enhancement by reed actuation is quantified in terms of increased power dissipation over a range of flow rates compared to the baseline flow in the absence of the reed. It is demonstrated that the channel's coefficient of performance can be increased by a factor of 4 while accounting for all the losses associated with the reed actuation.
On the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in Different Stellar Environments

Many hot Jupiters (HJs) are detected by the Doppler and transit techniques. From surveys using these two techniques, however, the measured HJ occurrence rates differ by a factor of two or more. Using the California Planet Survey sample and the Kepler sample, we investigate the causes for this difference in the HJ occurrence rate. First, we find that 12.8% ± 0.24% of HJs are misidentified in the Kepler mission because of photometric dilution and subgiant contamination. Second, we explore the differences between the Doppler sample and the Kepler sample that can account for the different HJ occurrence rate. Third, we discuss how to measure the fundamental HJ occurrence rates by synthesizing the results from the Doppler and Kepler surveys. The fundamental HJ occurrence rates are measures of the HJ occurrence rate as a function of stellar multiplicity and evolutionary stage, e.g., the HJ occurrence rate for single and multiple stars or for main-sequence and subgiant stars. While we find qualitative evidence that HJs occur less frequently in subgiants and multiple stellar systems, we conclude that our current knowledge of stellar properties and the stellar multiplicity rate is too limited for us to reach any quantitative result for the fundamental HJ occurrence rates. This concern extends to ηEarth, the occurrence rate of Earth-like planets.
Supporting fault-tolerance for time-critical events in distributed environments

In this paper, we consider the problem of supporting fault tolerance for adaptive and time-critical applications in heterogeneous and unreliable grid computing environments. Our goal for this class of applications is to optimize a user-specified benefit function while meeting the time deadline. Our first contribution in this paper is a multi-objective optimization algorithm for scheduling the application onto the most efficient and reliable resources. In this way, the processing can achieve the maximum benefit while also maximizing the success-rate, which is the probability of finishing execution without failures. However, for the cases where failures do occur, we have developed a hybrid failure recovery scheme to ensure that the application can complete within the pre-specified time interval. Our experimental results show that our scheduling algorithm can achieve better benefit when compared to several heuristics-based greedy scheduling algorithms, while still having a negligible overhead. Benefit is further improved when we apply the hybrid failure recovery scheme, and the success-rate becomes 100%.
Cluster Merger Shock Constraints on Particle Acceleration and Nonthermal Pressure in the Intracluster Medium

X-ray observations of galaxy cluster merger shocks can be used to constrain nonthermal processes in the intracluster medium (ICM). The presence of nonthermal pressure components in the ICM, as well as the shock acceleration of particles and their escape, all affect shock jump conditions in distinct ways. Therefore, these processes can be constrained using X-ray surface brightness and temperature maps of merger shock fronts. Here we use these observations to place constraints on particle acceleration efficiency in intermediate Mach number (M ≈2-3) shocks and explore the potential to constrain the contribution of nonthermal components (e. g., cosmic rays, magnetic field, and turbulence) to ICM pressure in cluster outskirts. We model the hydrodynamic jump conditions in merger shocks discovered in the galaxy clusters A520 (M ≈2) and 1E 0657-56 (M ≈3) using a multifluid model comprising a thermal plasma, a nonthermal plasma, and a magnetic field. Based on the published X-ray spectroscopic data alone, we find that the fractional contribution of cosmic rays accelerated in these shocks is ~< 10% of the shock downstream pressure. Current observations do not constrain the fractional contribution of nonthermal components to the pressure of the undisturbed shock upstream. Future X-ray observations, however, have the potential to either detect particle acceleration in these shocks through its effect on the shock dynamics, or place a lower limit on the nonthermal pressure contributions in the undisturbed ICM. We briefly discuss implications formodels of particle acceleration in collisionless shocks and the estimates of galaxy cluster masses derived from X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect observations.
The Duality between Suboptimization and Parameter Deletion

The main tool used in studying the influence of given perturbation parameters on a given optimization problem is, of course, the corresponding Rockafellar dual problem in which the dual variables are in a one-to-one correspondence with the parameters. However, even when the given optimization problem is defined in terms of simple formulas, there are many important cases where the corresponding dual problem cannot be computed explicitly in terms of simple formulas unless certain additional uninteresting perturbation parameters are included. Under a very weak hypothesis, the main theorem to be given here asserts that a suboptimization of the resulting dual problem over the additional uninteresting dual variables produces the desired dual problem i.e., the dual problem that corresponds to the original optimization problem without the additional perturbation parameters. In addition to its uses in parametric analysis this theorem can be used to show that various decomposition principles are dual to one another and hence are essentially equivalent.
Space-time evolution of hadronization

Beside its intrinsic interest for the insights it can give into color confinement, knowledge of the space-time evolution of hadronization is very important for correctly interpreting jet-quenching data in heavy-ion collisions and extracting the properties of the produced medium. On the experimental side, the cleanest environment to study the space-time evolution of hadronization is semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering on nuclear targets. On the theoretical side, two frameworks are presently competing to explain the observed attenuation of hadron production: quark energy loss (with hadron formation outside the nucleus) and nuclear absorption (with hadronization starting inside the nucleus). I will discuss recent observables and ideas which will help to distinguish these two mechanisms and to measure the time scales of the hadronization process.
Why do U.S. states adopt public–private partnership enabling legislation?

Abstract Public–private partnerships, or PPPs, have the potential to address a range of urban economic issues. As of late 2012, thirty-two U.S. states and Puerto Rico had enacted legislation enabling the use of PPPs. PPP enabling laws address such issues as the treatment of unsolicited PPP proposals, prior legislative approval of PPP contracts, and the mixing of public and private funds. We utilize 13 key elements of PPP enabling laws to develop an index reflecting the degree to which a state’s law is encouraging or discouraging of private infrastructure investment. We examine why states pass such laws, and why some states pass legislation that is relatively more favorable to private investment. We consider demand side, supply side, and political/institutional drivers of passage. Vehicle registration growth and greater traffic congestion both increase the likelihood of passage, as does political agreement between a state’s executive and legislative branches. Traffic congestion, growth in per-capita income, and the percent of Republicans in the state’s House of Representatives all increase a law’s favorability to private investment. There is little indication that traditional public finance variables, such as federal highway aid, affect the likelihood of passage or the favorability of a state’s PPP enabling law.
Saving, dependency and development.

The widely-observed finding in the literature showing little or no relationship between population growth (and dependency) and saving requires modification based on panel and cross-section estimation of aggregate country data. While such a relationship is still weak in the hybrid Leff-type model, it is now found consistently over time and by stage of development in the Mason variable-growth life-cycle framework, where changes in demographic factors account for a notable part of saving.
Experimental determination of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of solid eicosane-based nanostructure-enhanced phase change materials

Abstract The effective thermal conductivity of composites of eicosane and copper oxide nanoparticles in the solid state was measured experimentally by using the transient plane source technique. Utilizing a controllable temperature bath, measurements were conducted at various temperatures between 10 and 35 °C for the solid samples. In the course of preparation of the solid specimen, liquid samples with eight different mass fractions (0, 1, 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8 and 10 wt%) of nanoparticles were poured into small diameter molds and were degassed within a vacuum oven. The molds were then subjected to one of the three solidification procedures, i.e. ambient solidification, ice-water bath solidification or oven solidification method. Measured thermal conductivity data of the composites were found to be nearly independent of the measurement temperature for a given loading of CuO nanoparticles regardless of the solidification procedure. Irrespective of the solidification method, as the melting temperature was approached, thermal conductivity data of the solid disks rose sharply for the three sets of samples. The ice-water bath solidification route for the eicosane–CuO samples consistently exhibited the lowest values of thermal conductivity, whereas the samples of oven solidification scheme exhibited to the highest values. This behavior is assumed to be due to the greater void percentage of ice-water bath samples and/or crystal structure variations due to the adopted phase transition method.
Application of NbN films to the development of very high field superconducting magnets

We report the preliminary results of a program recently begun at Argonne National Laboratory to demonstrate the feasibility of using niobium nitride (NbN) films as practical high field superconductors. Films of varying thicknesses (2-9 μm) have been deposited on sapphire and Hastelloy substrates, using d.c. magnetron sputtering. The superconducting transition temperatures T c of these films range from 12-15 K. Using the WHH extrapolation, upper critical fields H c2 (O) up to 36 T in the parallel direction and 43T in the perpendicular direction were obtained. Critical current densities J c (H,4.2 K) were \approx 1\times10^{4} A/cm2at 20 T in both the parallel and perpendicular directions. The preliminary results from novel sample preparation technique for TEM studies of film cross-sections is briefly described. This technique shows the variation in film structure as a function of distance from the substrate.
On the non-coherent wideband multipath fading relay channel

We investigate the multipath fading relay channel in the limit of a large bandwidth, and in the non-coherent setting, where the channel state is unknown to all terminals, including the relay and the destination.We propose a hypergraph model of the wideband multipath fading relay channel, and show that its min-cut is achieved by a non-coherent peaky frequency binning scheme. The so-obtained lower bound on the capacity of the wideband multipath fading relay channel turns out to coincide with the block-Markov lower bound on the capacity of the wideband frequency-division Gaussian (FD-AWGN) relay channel. In certain cases, this achievable rate also meets the cut-set upper-bound, and thus reaches the capacity of the non-coherent wideband multipath fading relay channel.
Paying the partners

When three or more individuals with disparate talents form a business partnership, they may find it difficult to agree on how their profits will be divided. This paper explores a rule for dividing the profits that depends only on the partners’ estimates of the relative contributions of other partners. No partner can affect his own share by the input that he provides. If there is a division that is consistent with the relative contributions suggested by all partners, then the division rule assigns these shares. We provide the intuition for the division rule and investigate several of its properties.
Aging and the Kidney

A host of abnormalities of renal structure and function accompanies advancing age. An appreciation of methodologic considerations, including population selection, that might confound the assessment of the effects of aging on renal function has prompted a recent reappraisal. Earlier studies assessed the effects of aging by utilizing cross-sectional studies and institutionalized elderly subjects, with their attendant drawbacks. Recent longitudinal studies have utilized appropriate patient cohorts, selected for lock of renal disease, including potential kidney transplant donors. These studies indicate that the morphological and functional changes of aging tend to be less marked than previously thought. The common denominator of these functional changes is a diminution in renal reserve, along with constraints on the kidney's ability to respond appropriately to challenges of either excesses or deficits. Although these alterations are unlikely to be of major clinical consequence under everyday conditions, they attain clinical significance when residual renal function is challenged by the superimposition of an acute illness. Finally, it should be emphasized that elderly patients frequently suffer from comorbid conditions, such as hypertension and heart disease, that may be additive to the changes of aging, thereby amplifying these abnormalities.
"A megcsalt férj", or Cunningly Lingual Wives in Hungarian Ballad Tradition

The European ballad, an orally-performed narrative song, developed in the medieval period with many cross-fertilizations among ballad types in various language areas. Nevertheless, to date there have appeared only a handful of comparative studies of these pan-european themes, with investigations dominated by the Finnish geographical school, whose primary interest is in finding genetic archetypes. In this study, my aim is, rather, to do a typological and stylistic analysis of one wide-circulating song-type, known in many variants throughout the continent, some in comic and others in tragic versions. The ballad I shall analyze appears in Hungarian in several variants as "A megcsalt ferj," in Anglo-American tradition - recorded in over 400 variants – the ballad is known as "Our Goodman," or "The Cuckold's Song," or, in more blatantly obscene versions as "The Old Man Came Home" and "Home Drunk Cam' I". There also exist Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, and even Yiddish versions, all of which I shall be taking into consideration.
Morita equivalence and duality

Abstract It was shown by Connes, Douglas, Schwarz [hep-th/9711162] that one can compactify M(atrix) theory on a non-commutative torus To. We prove that compactifications on Morita equivalent tori are in some sense physically equivalent. This statement can be considered as a generalization of non-classical SL(2, Z )N duality conjectured by Connes, Douglas and Schwarz for compactifications on two-dimensional non-commutative tori.
Ion etching of amorphous and semicrystalline fibres

Ion etching of amorphous and semicrystalline fibres produces structures which can be observed in either the transmission electron microscope or the scanning electron microscope. The structures so produced have previously been identified as resulting from the etching process (artifacts), or as representing characteristics of the material, or both. The artifacts can be eliminated or minimized by rotating the sample during irradiation, using a low angle of incidence, and ensuring that the temperature of the sample surface remains low. When such precautions are used, amorphous fibres and semicrystalline fibres which arenot oriented remain featureless after ion etching. Oriented semicrystalline fibres, however, develop a striated structure which is oriented perpendicular to the stretch direction. The spacing between the striations is in the range of 500 to 5000 a, an order of magnitude larger than the characteristic lamellar spacing in the materials. These transverse structural features reflect characteristic features of drawn fibres; but the relation between these features and the lamellar spacing is unclear.
An Efficient Preparation of (S)-(-)-1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)ethylamine

Abstract (S)-(-)-1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)ethylamine has been prepared from (S)-α-phenethylamine in 2 steps in 44% overall yield.
High-mobility ultrathin semiconducting films prepared by spin coating

The ability to deposit and tailor reliable semiconducting films (with a particular recent emphasis on ultrathin systems) is indispensable for contemporary solid-state electronics. The search for thin-film semiconductors that provide simultaneously high carrier mobility and convenient solution-based deposition is also an important research direction, with the resulting expectations of new technologies (such as flexible or wearable computers, large-area high-resolution displays and electronic paper) and lower-cost device fabrication. Here we demonstrate a technique for spin coating ultrathin (approximately 50 A), crystalline and continuous metal chalcogenide films, based on the low-temperature decomposition of highly soluble hydrazinium precursors. We fabricate thin-film field-effect transistors (TFTs) based on semiconducting SnS(2-x)Se(x) films, which exhibit n-type transport, large current densities (>10(5) A cm(-2)) and mobilities greater than 10 cm2 V(-1) s(-1)--an order of magnitude higher than previously reported values for spin-coated semiconductors. The spin-coating technique is expected to be applicable to a range of metal chalcogenides, particularly those based on main group metals, as well as for the fabrication of a variety of thin-film-based devices (for example, solar cells, thermoelectrics and memory devices).
Development of the Next Generation of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors: Pyrazolone as a Novel Inhibitor Scaffold

HIV-1 integrase (IN), one of the essential enzymes in HIV infection, has been validated as a target for HIV treatment. While more than 20 drugs have been approved by the FDA to treat HIV/AIDS, only one drug, Raltegravir (1), was approved as an IN inhibitor. The rapid mutation of the virus, which leads to multidrug resistant HIV strains, presents an urgent need to find potent compounds that can serve as second-generation IN inhibitors. The pyrazolone scaffold, predicted by a computational modeling study using GS-9137(2) as a pharmacophoric model, has shown to inhibit the IN catalytic activities in low micromolar range. We have synthesized various analogs based on the pyrazolone scaffold and performed SAR studies. This paper will showcase the up-to-date result of this scaffold as a promising HIV-1 IN inhibitor.
Modified Strömgren Sphere

A Stromgren sphere is the theoretical result of an ionizing source such as a hot star placed in a uniform medium such as neutral atomic hydrogen. The steady state solution which balances ionizations and recombinations results in a sphere of ionized hydrogen centered on the star. We have extended the model to allow for an evacuated, spherical cavity either centered on the star or with the star displaced with respect to the evacuated cavity. The resulting brightness distributions of a few representative geometries are illustrated and compared to actual H ii regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way. The extra degrees of freedom provided by our model allow it to approximate the actual H ii regions better than a classic Stromgren sphere. Possible mechanisms to create the evacuated cavity are winds or supernovae.
Peak Performance in Sport: Identifying Ideal Performance States and Developing Athletes' Psychological Skills

Can psychologists help performers in sport, business, and the performing arts achieve peak performances more often and with greater consistency? Sport psychologists have taken the lead in researching peak performance in an attempt to answer this question. This article focuses on optimal experiences
Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins catalyzed by novel manganese-picolinamide-salicylidene complexes

Abstract A new class of tetradentate chiral picolinamide-salicylidene ligands and their corresponding manganese complexes as catalysts for epoxidation of olefins have been designed and synthesized. The manganese complexes catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of olefins by sodium hypochlorite with up to 74% ee for cis olefins and 53% ee for trans-β-methyl styrene. These novel catalysts exhibited higher turnover numbers than chiral Mn-salen catalysts.