cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial Commentary: Hip Arthroscopy Pump Pressure Must Be Managed and Monitored.

Abstract Fluid pump management is essential for successful hip arthroscopy. Low pressures can lead to poor visualization. High pressures can lead to fluid extravasation and complications. Fluid extravasation during hip arthroscopy can lead to intra-abdominal compartment syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Risk factors for extravasation included higher pump pressures and iliopsoas tenotomy. By accurately measuring pump pressures, minimizing the necessary pressure, avoiding excessive capsulotomies, performing iliopsoas tenotomy only if needed and performing it at the end of the operation, and monitoring the patient for abdominal distention and hypothermia, complications can be minimized.
Who’s left out of the conversation: The problem of marginalizing students in the scholarly conversation

T he description of the frame “Scholarship as Conversation” in the ACRL “Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education” states “[w]hile novice learners and experts at all levels can take part in the conversation, established power and authority structures may influence their ability to participate and can privilege certain voices and information.” When I think about scholarship as conversation I wonder, who does this discussion exclude? Librarians often consider the role race, gender, and sexuality have in excluding people from the conversation, and these are extremely important issues to explore and work to equalize. However, there is another group whose voice is often marginalized in academia: students.
Patch-testing North American lip dermatitis patients: data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001 to 2004.

BACKGROUND The most common differential diagnoses for patients presenting with lip dermatitis or inflammation include atopic, allergic, and irritant contact dermatitis. Patch testing can be performed to identify the allergic contact conditions. OBJECTIVE To report North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patch-test results of patients who presented for patch testing with only lip involvement from 2001 to 2004. Patient characteristics, allergen frequencies, relevance, final diagnoses, and relevant allergic sources not in the NACDG screening series were evaluated. METHODS The NACDG 2001-2004 database was used to select patients presenting with only lip involvement. RESULTS Of 10,061 patients tested, 2% (n = 196) had lips as the sole involved site. Most (84.2%) were women. After patch testing, 38.3% (n = 75) were diagnosed with allergic contact cheilitis. Fragrance mix, Myroxilon pereirae, and nickel were the most common relevant allergens. Of 75 patients, 27 (36%) had relevant positive patch-test reactions to items not on the NACDG series; lipstick and cosmetics were the predominant sources. CONCLUSIONS Patch testing is valuable in the evaluation and identification of contact allergy in patients referred for lip dermatitis. The use of supplementary allergens based on history and exposure is important in the identification of additional relevant allergens. Over a third of patients with contact allergy had other factors, such as irritant dermatitis, considered relevant to their condition.
Ein Teilchen in einem Kasten

Als einfaches Beispiel betrachten wir ein Teilchen, das sich ein einem eindimensionalen Kasten der Lange L bewegt. Zur Vereinfachung nehmen wir an, das das Potential im Innern des Kastens konstant gleich Null ist und an den Wanden unendlich wird, so das der Kasten unendlich hohe und harte Wande hat. Unsere Randbedingung ist dann, das die Wellenfunktion an den Wanden verschwindet: psi[0] = psi[L] = 0.
Maintenance of Arctic Populations: Birds

Most writings on the Arctic are by visitors. A visitor to arctic lands in winter is unlikely to see much life because resident birds are few and observation is difficult for a stranger. But even though few are seen, all of the resident populations of birds and mammals are present (Chapters 3 and 4). Hares and foxes remain above the snow; rodents forage in subnivean activity; poikilothermous animals in the soil and plants are quiescent; but to call the winter scene lifeless expresses the state of mind of the stranger, for indigenous people of the Arctic know that all of the arctic life is there except the migrants that will return in spring. These he knows will reappear for the very evident purpose of reproduction (Fig. 5.1).
Exercise Intensity Self-Regulation Using the Perceived Exertion JND

The achievement of optimal performance during exercise is not a new area of interest among athletes, trainers, and coaches. Many tend to employ external performance enhancing devices or substances, such as improved clothing and footwear, nutritional beverages and high caloric (i.e., energy) shakes. However, those that solely rely on such external mechanisms to improve performance may still be limiting the potential of their athletes to achieve the absolute upper limits of a specific exercise endeavor. Regardless of the type of clothing, footwear, or ergogenic beverage, the athlete’s psychological and/or physiological capacities to attain and maintain maximal loads provides the greatest contribution to reach the upper limits of exercise performance. Information gained from these interrelated psychophysiological mechanisms, known collectively as teleoanticipation, incorporate memory from previously completed exercise along with both centrally generated efferent signals and peripheral afferent signals during exercise in order to minimize fatigue and obtain optimal performance. The assessment of an individual’s just noticeable difference (JND) in perceived exertion may assist in providing appropriate feedback during exercise intensity self-regulation to improve pacing strategy. The perceived exertion JND is a measure of an individual’s perceptual acuity, i.e., the smallest change in exercise intensity (expressed as VO2 or PO) that elicits a noticeable change in perceived exertion. The perceived exertion JND can be applied to the improvement and refinement of teleoanticipation to attain optimal exercise performance. The primary purpose of this laboratory experiment is to examine the use of the perceived exertion JND in a traditional RPE-based exercise prescription. Using the JND as identified in an estimation–production paradigm can in turn provide feedback during the production protocol regarding the accuracy of intensity self-regulation according to a target RPE.
Parent Training for Feeding Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Initial Randomized Trial.

Objective Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have feeding and mealtime problems. To address these, we conducted a pilot randomized trial of a new 11-session, individually delivered parent training program that integrated behavioral strategies and nutritional guidance (PT-F). Methods Forty-two young children (age: 2 to 7-11 years) with ASD and feeding problems were assigned to 11 sessions of PT-F intervention over 20 weeks or a waitlist control. Outcomes included attendance, parent satisfaction, therapist fidelity, and preliminary assessments of child and parent outcomes. Results Of the 21 PT-F families, attendance was high (85%) as was parent satisfaction (94% would recommend to others). Treatment fidelity was also high (97%-therapist integrity; 94%-parent adherence). Compared with waitlist, children whose parents participated in PT-F showed significantly greater reductions on the two parent-completed primary outcomes (Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory-Revised; Twald = -2.79; p = .003; About Your Child's Eating; Twald = -3.58; p = .001). On the independent evaluator-completed secondary eating outcome, the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, 48.8% of the participants in PT-F were rated as "responders" compared with 0% in waitlist (p = .006). General child disruptive behavior outcomes decreased more in PT-F but not significantly. Parent outcomes of caregiver stress showed nonsignificant trends favoring PT-F with moderate to small effect sizes. Conclusions This trial provides evidence for feasibility, satisfaction, and fidelity of implementation of PT-F for feeding problems in young children with ASD. Feeding outcomes also appeared favorable and lends support for conducting a larger efficacy trial.
Effectiveness of 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for hepatitis C in HCV-HIV-coinfected patients.

Background Data is limited on the use of 8 weeks of therapy with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) for special populations such as HCV-HIV-coinfected patients. The primary objective of this analysis was to compare sustained virological response at 12 weeks after end of therapy (SVR12) rates among HCV-monoinfected and HCV-HIV-coinfected patients in a real-world clinical setting. Additionally, we compared SVR12 rates among patients receiving 8 versus 12 weeks of therapy. Methods This was a single-centre, retrospective study of HCV-infected patients prescribed LDV/SOF at ambulatory clinics associated with the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) from May 2015 to May 2016. Data were obtained from UMMC electronic medical records and outpatient pharmacy claims database. Comparisons between groups were made using χ2 or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum for continuous variables. All analyses were per-protocol; patients missing SVR12 data (25.2%) could not be evaluated for our stated objectives. Results A total of 274 patients were included. Median age was 58 years; 62.8% were male; 82.5% were Black. SVR12 data was available for 65 HCV-HIV-coinfected patients, of which 62 (95.4%) achieved SVR12. There was no difference in SVR12 rate between HCV-HIV-coinfected patients and HCV-monoinfected patients (86/90; 95.6%; P=0.959). Additionally, there was no difference in SVR12 attainment between HIV-HCV-coinfected patients who received 8 versus 12 weeks of therapy (P=0.101). Conclusions 8 weeks of LDV/SOF was effective for treatment-naive, non-cirrhotic, HCV genotype-1 patients in this real-world setting, regardless of HIV status. Increased uptake of the 8-week regimen can decrease costs for patients and payers without compromising outcomes.
A study of pancreatic enzymes as a factor in the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation during acute pancreatitis.

A n increased tendency to thrombosis is generally recognized in patients with pancreatic disorders, especially in acute pancreatitis7, 2o and carcinoma.‘* 14* I61 ** Such thrombosis often presents as thrombophlebitis, or less commonly as widespread formation of microthrombi. A hypercoagulable state associated with hyperfibrinogenemia and elevated factors V and VIII has been reported. Pancreatic enzymes may escape into the general circulation, and activate blood clotting. l* Q A more severe form of intravascular clotting resulting in defibrination has, however, not been reported previously. The occurrence of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation in three patients with acute pancreatitis prompted the present study of the role of pancreatic enzymes, particularly trypsin, in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. The clinical course of the patients, the results of the study of blood-clotting factors, and the histologic changes are presented, together with the findings in dogs after experimental intravenous and intraductal pancreatic infusions of pancreatic enzymes.
Proceedings of the sixth ACM workshop on Virtual machines and intermediate languages

Welcome to the sixth edition of the Virtual Machine and Intermediate Language (VMIL) workshop! We hope you find the program stimulating and participate in the lively and collegial discussions that are a hallmark of the VMIL workshop. This year's workshop program consists of seven paper presentations and two invited talks. Authors of papers accepted for presentation at VMIL had the option to include the paper in the formal proceedings of the workshop; six of the seven accepted papers are included in these proceedings. The papers covered a range of topics in virtual machine design and optimization. The VMIL workshop is a forum for research in virtual machines and intermediate languages. It is dedicated to identifying programming mechanisms and constructs that are currently realized as code transformations or implemented in libraries but should rather be supported at the VM level. Candidates for such mechanisms and constructs include modularity mechanisms, concurrency mechanisms, etc. Topics of interest include the investigation of which such mechanisms are worthwhile candidates for integration with the run-time environment, how said mechanisms can be elegantly (and reusably) expressed at the intermediate language level (e.g., in bytecode), how their implementations can be optimized, and how virtual machine architectures might be shaped to facilitate such implementation efforts. We especially welcome transformative ideas for virtual machines, including efficient support for game-changing IL mechanisms.
Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for pediatric adrenal tumors.

Abstract Background/aims Posterior retroperitoneoscoic adrenalectomy has been reported as an option for adrenal tumor resection but is not commonly performed in children owing to the extreme semikneeling position advocated to flatten the lumbar lordosis in order to achieve adequate retroperitoneal space. As children have smaller lordosis angles, flattening of the lordosis and creation of optimal retroperitoneal space may be achieved with less hip flexion. We used pediatric lumbar lordosis measurements to develop a modified prone jackknife position and report our experiences with this setup for posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors. Methods Lordosis angles were measured on sagittal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of patients with adrenal tumors and compared to normal references. The data were used to develop our modified prone jackknife position. Selected patients with adrenal tumors underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in this position. Patient demographics, diagnoses, operative times, complications, postop analgesia requirements, and length of hospitalization were analyzed. Results CT and MRI studies were analyzed for 20 patients with adrenal tumors diagnosed in our institution from 2012 to 2017; median lordosis angle was 27.84° (range: 15.50°–36.48°) — less than reference lordosis angles of respective age groups, and flexion angles of common operating tables. Five patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy between June 2016 and June 2018. Histological diagnoses were neuroblastoma, adrenal hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, and adrenal angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Median age was 4 years [range: 1–11]. Median operating time was 137 min [range 111–181 min]. No conversions to open surgery were required. One patient had intraoperative bleeding from the adrenal vein. Only 1 patient required postoperative opioids for analgesia. Median length of hospitalization after surgery was 2 days (range: 2–3 days). Conclusions Pediatric patients can achieve flattening of lumbar lordosis with less extreme positioning. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in a modified prone jackknife position is a feasible operation for pediatric patients with small adrenal masses. Type of study Clinical research paper. Level of evidence Level III.
Publisher Correction: Side chain determinants of biopolymer function during selection and replication

In the version of this article originally published, several data points in Fig. 4c were shifted out of place during production. The corrected version of Fig. 4c is shown below. This error has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the article.
Integrated TORC1 and PKA signaling control the temporal activation of glucose-induced gene expression in yeast.

The growth rate of a yeast cell is controlled by the target of rapamycin kinase complex I (TORC1) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathways. To determine how TORC1 and PKA cooperate to regulate cell growth, we performed temporal analysis of gene expression in yeast switched from a non-fermentable substrate, to glucose, in the presence and absence of TORC1 and PKA inhibitors. Quantitative analysis of these data reveals that PKA drives the expression of key cell growth genes during transitions into, and out of, the rapid growth state in glucose, while TORC1 is important for the steady-state expression of the same genes. This circuit design may enable yeast to set an exact growth rate based on the abundance of internal metabolites such as amino acids, via TORC1, but also adapt rapidly to changes in external nutrients, such as glucose, via PKA. Yeast cells respond to nutrients by altering expression of the protein synthesis genes and thus their growth rate. Here, the authors use microarrays to show that TORC1 controls gene expression during steady state growth while PKA speeds up expression changes when nutrient levels change.
Health Literacy and Difference in Current Wealth Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Numerous studies suggest that health literacy improves health outcomes at older ages. But how, and to what extent, health literacy contributes to improving financial outcomes has not been examined. This study proposed a conceptual framework to explain the mechanisms between health literacy and current wealth. Data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) are used to estimate proposed direct and indirect effects between health literacy and current wealth. We found that, for the most part, health literacy is directly associated with wealth rather than indirectly through mediating variables. Alternatively, out of all indirect effects investigated in the model, health literacy affects wealth mainly through the path of chronic condition, work limitation, and income.
Education for citizenship: Implications for Christian education in Spain:

The concept of citizenship has changed and evolved over time. Spain, as part of the European Union, has been included in a paradigm shift from a focus on nationalism to the concept of global citize...
Chapter 12 – Reliability

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of reliability in a given thing or process, which means a thing or process must be capable of performing its function throughout its intended useful life. The chapter also discusses the reliability of the interlayer dielectric materials/films used as the insulating layers between electrically conducting metallic interconnections that are formed in modern integrated circuits using a multilevel interconnection scheme. It emphasizes all types of failures, highlighting the causes that affect the usefulness and the intended life, focusing on identifying and eliminating these causes, and the modes of valuation and prediction of the useful life of the interlayer dielectric and and thus, of the device or circuit.
The Impact of V2G on Power Factors

Vehicle to Grid (V2G) impacts the parameters of the electric power network. One of such parameters impacted by the V2G when injecting reactive power is power factor. Power factor plays a critical role in the operation of the electric network because it impacts the energy efficiency of the system. Therefore bow the penetration of V2G impacts the power factor of the power distribution system is investigated. The measuring instrument employed in this study is power loss. The results obtained in this study highlights operational strategies for operating the electric power distribution system at high power factors.
Fiction, fraud, and formality: the legal infrastructure of property speculation in Cambodia

Through the standardization of property as a commodity, real estate speculation in Phnom Penh has flourished and has included foreigners, for whom Cambodian real estate property is constitutionally...
Project Upper Crust: A Program to Sample the Precambrian Basement of the Midcontinent Region of North America Using Industrial Drill Holes

Project Upper Crust (PUC) is part of the United States continental scientific drilling program and is funded through DOSECC, Inc. The project represents one end of the continental scientific drilling spectrum in that it focuses on relatively low-cost existing drill holes known as “holes of opportunity” and covers a broad geographic region. This paper summarizes Project Upper Crust: its scientific rationale, methods of operation, and recent results.
Does Placemaking Lead to a Resident’s Greater Place Dependence and Place Identity in Rural Communities? Empirical Evidence in Indiana:

Placemaking is a valuable place-based development and integration tool in rural communities. This study examines how placemaking processes and outputs are associated with residents’ bonds with loca...
Counterfeit Detection and Avoidance with Physical Inspection

Counterfeit integrated circuits (IC) are illegitimate parts that can cause financial loss and early systems failure. In safety-critical systems, early failure may have life-threatening consequences. In the horizontal supply chain, ICs are designed in one corner of the world and manufactured in another corner, and they pass through many intermediate entities. Counterfeiters take advantage of this complexity and exchange legitimate parts with fake ones. Counterfeit IC detection approaches based on physical inspection show promise for verifying the authenticity of suspect devices. Physical inspection offers higher confidence compared to other approaches like electrical verification. However, higher computational complexity, expensive tools, and subjective evaluation by experts contribute to the high cost of physical inspection for counterfeit detection. Automation in imaging techniques and the development of new approaches for suspected device identification are opening new opportunities for hardware assurance with the physical inspection methods. In this chapter, we discuss the taxonomy of counterfeit ICs and different counterfeit detection approaches based on physical inspection.
Habraken, Jacobs, and Ostrom on governing the built environment: the case of common interest developments

Habraken's Structure of the Ordinary (SOTO), Jacobs' view of cities, and Ostrom's Design Principles and Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework focus on essential elements and relationships for the effective governance of the environment. However, they have different perspectives about what is necessary for successful governance. This article compares and contrasts Habraken's, Jacobs', and Ostrom's views and applies them to Common Interest Developments (CIDs). Habraken, Jacobs, and Habraken discuss the importance of public territory. Habraken views public territory as relative: a territory in a built environment can be private relative to a larger, or higher level, territory, and public relative to an included, lower level, territory. Jacobs discusses the importance of connections and accommodating strangers without sacrificing safety. Ostrom views common-pool resources as goods whose use causes less to be available to others. For their part, CIDs represent a particular governance vehicle for defining what is public and private in large residential developments. For both Habraken and Ostrom, the transformation of the physical environment reflects agents' common values constrained by material, technical, cultural, and economic conditions. Rather than one mutual understanding, Jacobs wrote that balancing the commercial and the guardian values is crucial for society's health and survival.
Teaching phenomenology through highlighting experience

Based on the assumption that phenomenology is a style not just of thinking, but also of perceiving and acting, this paper shows how, through specific assignments and practices, phenomenological research can become personally as well as professionally meaningful for students. Disciplined practice helps students to attend to experience even though culturally and educationally ingrained habits devalue its importance. By working together in groups, the phenomenon under study is more likely to come alive for the student researchers, and articulating the core of an experience no longer to seem so daunting. The practice of phenomenology also helps students to recognize that slowing down and giving their full attention to experience is restorative, productive, and deeply satisfying.
Presenting a Patient

Different attending physicians will prefer different forms of presentation. These variations are often based on the individual attending preference, but variations in presentation may also be commonly driven by the type of specialty or form of disease. Since interventional radiology is a clinical and procedural specialty, students and residents will likely be expected to present relevant history with pertinent negative findings, specific disease-related lab results, and key findings from diagnostic imaging and prior interventions with close attention to patient-specific anatomy and specifications of the prior tools used in treatment.
Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology : A Collaborative Approach to Effective Profiling

Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations Forensics Archeology: a United Kingdom Perspective, Margaret Cox Palynology: a New Tool for the Forensic Investigator, Terry J. Hunter Forensic Entomology: a Valuable Resource for Death Investigation, Thomas W. Adair Criminal Profiling: From Art to Science Criminal Intelligence -- The Vital Resource: An Overview, Charles Frost Construction of Offender Profiles Using Fuzzy Logic, Arvind Verma Reliability, Validity and Utility of Extant Serial Murderer Classification, Maurice Godwin Criminal Psychology Profiling in Violent Crime Investigations: A Comparative Assessment of Accuracy, Richard N. Kocsis, Harvey Irwin, Andrew F. Hayes, Ronald Nunn Classifying Crime Scene Behavior: New Directions Exploring the Social Context of Instrumental and Expressive Homicides: An Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Terance D. Miethe, Kriss A. Drass Death by Detail: A Multivariate Model of U.S. Serial Murderers' Crime Scene Actions, Maurice Godwin Cluster Analysis of Burglars' Modus Operandi (M/O's). Edward J. Green, Carl E. Booth, Michael D. Biderman Profiling and Linking Crimes One Offender -- Five Victims: Linking the Offenses of the Serial Killer John Williams, Jr., Maurice Godwin Nurses Who Kill: Serial Murder in Health Care Institutions, Cameron Stark, Brodie Pasterson, Tom Henderson, Brian Kidd, Maurice Godwin Weaknesses in Computerized Linking Data Bases, Maurice Godwin Cyber-Crimes Hackers, Phreakers, and Pirates: The Semantics of the Computer Underground, Gordon Meyer Sociology of Hackers, Tim Jordan, Paul Taylor Psych-Geographical Profiling The Serial Rapist's Pattern of Target Selection, Jonathan D. Alston Victim Target Networks as Solvability Factors in Serial Murder, Maurice Godwin Encounter and Death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers, Maurice Godwin, David Canter Geographical Profiling, Maurice Godwin A Psycho-Geographical Profile of a Series of Unsolved Murders in Raleigh, North Carolina, Maurice Ethics in Profiling The Role of Ethics in Criminal Profiling, Lynn Barkley Burnett Ethics and Forensic Psychology, Andrew Day, Paul Whetham The Unexplored Ethics of Criminal Psychological Profiling, Richard N. Kocsis, Stephen Coleman
Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a source of significant morbidity and mortality especially among young individuals. Severity of traumatic brain injury is determined by a combination of clinical and radiological features. The intensive care during acute phase of traumatic brain injury is focused on minimizing the secondary brain injury by maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion and management of elevated intracranial pressure. CT imaging plays pivotal role in initial diagnosis and monitoring of severe traumatic brain injury. Timely evacuation of hematoma and cranial surgical decompression can be lifesaving in certain cases and selection of patients likely to benefit from surgery depends on clinical presentation, finding of neurological deterioration and CT findings. In this chapter, we discuss the principles of pre-hospital and intensive care management, and indications of surgery. Role of advanced multimodal neuromonitoring techniques and conflicting evidence of various treatment methods in traumatic brain injury are also addressed.
Data stream mining for multitemporal remote sensing data

One of applications of data stream mining is multitemporal remote sensing where many algorithms and techniques have been evolving in order to accommodate real time data and analysis for knowledge discovery and real time control. Mining time-series multitemporal remote sensing is considered the key milestone in this area. In this paper, several aspects of mining time-series remote sensing databases are examined, with a focus on trend analysis and similarity search.
Portable and efficient distributed threads for Java

Java middleware mechanisms, such as Java RMI or CORBA implementations, do not support thread coordination over the network: synchronizing on remote objects does not work correctly and thread identity is not preserved for executions spanning multiple machines. The current approaches dealing with the problem suffer from one of two weaknesses: either they require a new middleware mechanism, making them less portable, or they add overhead to the execution to propagate a thread identifier through all method calls. In this paper we present an approach that works with an unmodified middleware implementation, yet does not impose execution overhead. The key to our technique is the bytecode transformation of only stub routines, instead of the entire client application. We argue that this approach is portable and can be applied to mostly any middleware mechanism. At the same time, we show that, compared to past techniques, our approach eliminates an overhead of 5.5-12 applications from the SPEC JVM suite.
Long-term interval burning alters fine root and mycorrhizal dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest

1. Plant roots and their mycorrhizal symbionts are critical components of forest eco- systems, being largely responsible for soil resource acquisition by plants and the main- tenance of soil structure, as well as influencing soil nutrient cycling. Silvicultural treatments should be guided by knowledge of how these below-ground components respond to different forest management practices. 2. We examined the cumulative effects of 20 years of prescribed burning at 2-year inter- vals. We measured fine root length density and fine root and mycorrhizal root biomass in the upper 15 cm of mineral soil in a south-western ponderosa pine forest over a com- plete burn cycle. 3. Repeated burning reduced fine root length, fine root biomass and mycorrhizal root biomass, as well as the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus stored in these below- ground pools. 4. Estimates of fine root production, fine root decomposition and nutrient dynamics were similar in burned and control plots. 5. Synthesis and applications . Although repeated-prescribed fire may be an effective, low-cost approach for reducing fuel loads and lessening the chance of a catastrophic wildfire in ponderosa pine forests, our results suggest that this strategy may negatively affect below-ground biomass pools and nutrient cycling processes in the more » long term. We recommend that mechanical reductions in fuel loads be conducted in these and similar forests that have not experienced fire for decades, before fire is reintroduced as a man- agement tool. « less
Genetic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease: a grade of membership analysis.

Grade of membership analysis (GoM) may have particular relevance for genetic epidemiology. The method can flexibly relate genetic markers, clinical features, and environmental exposures to possible subtypes of disease termed pure types even when population allele frequencies and penetrance functions are not known. Hence, GoM may complement existing strategies that sometimes fail in the presence of heterogeneity or when case definition is not well established. To illustrate the method, individuals in the Seattle data set were evaluated with respect to affection status, age at onset, pedigree, sex, and genetic markers on chromosomes 19 and 21. Seven pure types were found which we have designated as: Early Onset, Late Onset, Probable, and Unaffected 1 to Unaffected 4
The Eigenfactor metrics.

Quantitative metrics are poor choices for assessing the research output of an individual scholar. Summing impact factors, counting citations, tallying an h-index, or looking at Eigenfactor™ Scores (described below)—none of these methods are adequate compared with what should be the gold standard
Arsenic containing heterocycles. II. Confirmation of the structure of benzo[a]‐9‐chlorophenarsazine 12‐chloride by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and spin‐lattice relaxation time studies: Possible evidence for the contribution of an 75as‐13C mechanism to the relaxation of the arsenic bearing quarternary carbons in the phenarsazine ring system

The product of the reaction of (3-chlorophenyl)-2-naphthylamine with arsenic trichloride has been confirmed to be benzo(a)-9-chlorophenarsazine 12-chloride by 13C-nmr spectroscopy and spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time measurements. A considerable shortening of the spin-lattice relaxation times of the arsenic bearing quaternary carbons, relative to the calculated relaxation times, was observed. This discrepancy has been interpreted in terms of an 75As-13C dipolar contribution to quaternary carbon relaxation.
Distortion-tolerant filter for elastic-distorted fingerprint matching

This paper gives results for using distortion tolerant filters to improve performance of fingerprint correlation matching. Three types of distortion tolerant filters were tested: summation, weighted, and MINACE. A set of 55 fingers were used from NIST Special Database 24 to evaluate the filters. Our results show performance was improved from 49% correct, using one training fingerprint, to 100% correct, using multiple training fingerprints, and a distortion- tolerant MINACE filter, with no false alarms.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distinguishing Nursing Art: Patient, Researcher, and Student Views: Justine's Story of Nursing Art: The Presentation of Nursing

This patient's story was constructed from a study designed to describe how the art of nursing was perceived and understood by patients during a critical illness. Two in-depth interviews were conduc...
Transmembrane Domain Mutations Influence the Cellular Distribution of Lysosomal Membrane Glycoprotein A

Abstract The lgp/LAMP family of mammalian and avian lysosomal type I membrane glycoproteins features short, conserved, cytosolic tails that possess lysosomal targeting information. The sequences of the adjacent transmembrane domains are also highly conserved, with six amino acids identical in all sixteen known lgp variants. These six residues are found along one side of a hypothetical alpha-helix that may comprise this domain. We substituted or deleted some of the conserved transmembrane residues in mouse lgp-A and stably expressed the proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We examined various properties and transport characteristics of the normal and modified proteins and concluded that the transmembrane domain serves as more than just a membrane anchor, as it subtly influences the cellular distribution of the protein as well.
Insulin-like growth factor-I attenuates delayed graft function in a canine renal autotransplantation model

Background. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been shown to accelerate recovery in animal models of ischemic or toxic acute renal injury. Ischemic renal injury is frequently encountered after cadaveric transplantation manifested as delayed graft function. This study was performed to determine whether perfusion of kidneys with preservation solution supplemented with IGF-I would improve the course of renal injury in a canine autotransplantation model of delayed graft function. Methods. Dogs underwent unilateral nephrectomy with kidneys perfused and stored in Euro-Collins solution supplemented with vehicle (n=11) or IGF-I (n=8). After 24 hours of kidney preservation, a contralateral nephrectomy was performed and the stored kidney was autotransplanted. Renal function was examined for 5 days after the transplantation, and an inulin clearance was obtained at the time of death. Results. Compared with dogs that received kidneys preserved in the vehicle, dogs receiving the IGF-I preserved kidneys had significantly lower daily serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels during the course of 5 days after transplantation. Inulin clearance at death was nearly double in the IGF-I treated animals compared with the vehicle-treated controls (1.37±0.16 ml/min/kg versus 0.77±0.13 ml/min/kg; p Conclusions. Perfusion and storage of kidneys with preservation solution supplemented with IGF-I can attenuate the course of delayed graft function in a canine renal autotransplantation model. IGF-I may have potential for use in cadaveric human renal transplantation.
A simplified prognostic system for resected pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Abstract Background A number of prognostically relevant clinicopathological variables have been proposed for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. However, a standardized prognostication system has yet to be established for patients undergoing potentially curative tumour resection. Methods We examined a prospectively maintained, single-institution database to identify patients who underwent potentially curative resection of non-metastatic primary pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Patient, operative and pathological characteristics were analysed to identify variables associated with disease-specific and disease-free survival. Results Between 1991 and 2007, 43 patients met inclusion criteria. After a median follow-up of 68 months, 5-year disease-specific survival was 94% and 5-year disease-free survival was 72%. Tumours sized ≥5 cm and vascular invasion were associated with worse disease-specific survival. Tumours sized ≥5 cm, nodal metastases, positive resection margins and perineural invasion were associated with worse disease-free survival. A scoring system consisting of tumour s ize ≥5 cm, histological g rade, n odal metastases and resection m argin positivity (SGNM) permitted stratification of disease-specific ( P = 0.006) and disease-free ( P = 0.0004) survival. This proposed scoring system demonstrated excellent discrimination of individual disease-specific and disease-free survival outcomes as reflected by concordance indices of 0.814 and 0.794, respectively. Conclusions A simple scoring system utilizing tumour size, histological grade, nodal metastases and resection margin status can be used to stratify outcomes in patients undergoing resection of primary pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.
INHERITANCE OF SEX IN ACHLYA BISEXUALIS

A B S T R A C T Parental crosses, backcrosses, repeated backcrosses, and sib matings with several strains of Achlya bisexualis Coker and Couch have been made. Progeny were tested for sexual reaction with the parental strains. The distribution of sex observed could not be explained on the basis of any simple gene or chromosomal mechanism. Two factors were suggested which may affect the distribution of sex. They are selfing in the female and the complexity of the hormonal system which controls the expression of sex. The inheritance of a cycloheximideresistant mutant argues against selfing; however, further studies with other genetic markers
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, calcium content, and anion coordination studies of bovine and goat lactoperoxidase.

Abstract Bovine lactoperoxidase from two purebred strains and a commercial source as well as lactoperoxidase isolated from Alpine goat milk were examined by proton NMR spectroscopy for structural comparison of the heme site. Hyperfine shifted proton NMR spectra for both the native enzymes and cyanide complexes were equivalent for the protein obtained from the four separate sources. Activity assays (guaiacol and iodide ion oxidations) were also employed to compare the enzyme from various sources. Bovine lactoperoxidase was shown to contain 1.5 ± 0.1 calcium ions per heme unit. Lactoperoxidase complexes with nitrite ion and thiocyanate ion were characterized for comparison with the cyanide complex. The nitrite complex exhibits a proton NMR hyperfine shift pattern at ambient temperature consistent with a low-spin ferric formulation. Interaction of lactoperoxidase with thiocyanate ion was monitored by NMR and EPR spectroscopy. Proton NMR spectra of lactoperoxidase in the presence of excess thiocyanate ion illustrated the retention of a high-spin ferric configuration consistent with predominant binding of the physiological thiocyanate substrate at a non-heme site at room temperature. However, EPR spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures revealed the existence of a low-spin lactoperoxidase thiocyanate complex. This result may be explained by low-affinity ambient temperature thiocyanate heme binding that is greatly enhanced at liquid helium temperature.
Long-term Analysis of Primary Nonfunction in Liver Transplant Recipients

Abstract Long-term allograft and patient survival following liver transplantation continues to improve with the development of new surgical techniques and immunosuppressive agents. Complications such as primary nonfunction (PNF) have not been well characterized in terms of long-term allograft and patient survival. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of PNF in liver transplant recipients and patient and graft survival, in addition to identifying temporal trends in these parameters. Method Data were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplant Network for all adults (>18 years old) who received a deceased donor liver transplant between January 1990 and December 2004. Results Of the 58,576 liver transplant recipients, 2061 had PNF, an overall incidence of 3.5%. There was a 30% annual increase in the incidence of PNF between 1990 and 2000; the incidence of PNF peaked at 7%, and then decreased by 20% annually thereafter. No differences in donor and perioperative variables were identified to account for this variation. One-, 3-, and 5-year patient and graft survival for patients with PNF who underwent retransplant were significantly lower than those with primary liver transplant. In conclusion, there has been decreased incidence of PNF among liver transplant recipients in the last decade.
Artificial Intelligence and Science Education.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined and related to intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) and science education. Modeling the student, the teacher, and the natural environment are discussed as important parts of ICAI and the concept of “microworlds” as a powerful tool for science education is presented. Optimistic predictions about ICAI are tempered with the complex, persistent problems of: 1) teaching and learning as a soft or fuzzy knowledge base, 2) natural language processing, and 3) machine learning. The importance of accurate diagnosis of a student's learning state, including misconceptions and naive theories about nature, is stressed and related to the importance of accurate diagnosis by a physician. Based on the cognitive science/AI paradigm, a revised model of the well-known Karplus/Renner learning cycle is proposed.
Vasopressin alters the mechanism of apical Cl- entry from Na+:Cl- to Na+:K+:2Cl- cotransport in mouse medullary thick ascending limb.

Experiments were performed usingin vitro perfused medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle (MTAL) and in suspensions of MTAL tubules isolated from mouse kidney to evaluate the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the K+ dependence of the apical, furosemide-sensitive Na+:Cl− cotransporter and on transport-related oxygen consumption (QO2). In isolated perfused MTAL segments, the rate of cell swelling induced by removing K+ from, and adding onemm ouabain to, the basolateral solution [ouabain(zero-K+)] provided an index to apical cotransporter activity and was used to evaluated the ionic requirements of the apical cotransporter in the presence and absence of AVP. In the absence of AVP cotransporter activity required Na+ and Cl−, but not K+, while in the presence of AVP the apical cotransporter required all three ions.86Rb+ uptake into MTAL tubules in suspension was significant only after exposure of tubules to AVP. Moreover,22Na+ uptake was unaffected by extracellular K+ in the absence of AVP while after AVP exposure22Na+ uptake was strictly K+-dependent. The AVP-induced coupling of K+ to the Na+:Cl− cotransporter resulted in a doubling in the rate of NaCl absorption without a parallel increase in the rate of cellular22Na+ uptake or transport-related oxygen consumption. These results indicate that arginine vasopressin alters the mode of a loop diuretic-sensitive transporter from Na+:Cl− cotransport to Na+:K+:2Cl− cotransport in the mouse MTAL with the latter providing a distinct metabolic advantage for sodium transport. A model for AVP action on NaCl absorption by the MTAL is presented and the physiological significance of the coupling of K+ to the apical Na+:Cl− cotransporter in the MTAL and of the enhanced metabolic efficiency are discussed.
Dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on copper: Stepped versus unstepped surfaces

Abstract A simple quantum chemical theory of dissociative adsorption is introduced and applied to the chemisorption of hydrogen on copper. Hydrogen is predicted to chemisorb more readily on the stepped (311) surface than on either of its component low index faces.
Logic in pragmatics

Relevance Theory assumes that the deductive device for spontaneous inferences never uses the introduction rules for logical connectives, such as & introduction. Two motivations for this are (I) the overgeneration of propositions expressed and (II) non-terminating inferences, both of which are claimed to be caused by logical introduction rules. However, having both logical introduction rules and elimination rules is essential for the completeness of the inference system. Although a sound and complete inference system is not as strongly preferred in the theory of human reasoning as it is in proof theoretic logic, missing one of the two essential rules for the logical connectives leaves too many holes in the data coverage. Naturally, Relevance Theory has additional rules for covering some of these holes. However, without introduction rules, these additional rules are ⿿non-logical⿿ and therefore create other holes which would then require even more non-logical rules with no principled limit. Also, banning introduction rules to solve particular data problems without independent motivations is stipulative. Based on such considerations, this paper discusses a theory that deals with problems (I) and (II) above without banning introduction rules. After explaining the problems with the ban on introduction rules, I provide a pragmatic solution for the overgeneration problem. I then show that non-terminating inferences arise independently of introduction rules and therefore, removing introduction rules does not provide the right solution. Finally, I substantiate my arguments in the earlier sections by briefly showing that a sound and complete sequent calculus can be used as the deductive system with its performance pragmatically controlled in the way that has been discussed in the previous sections.