cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Using a Turbidimeter to Quantify Suspended Solids Concentration in a Tidal Saltmarsh Creek

A field infrared nephelometric turbidimeter was deployed to measure turbidity continuously in a tidal saltmarsh creek, and water samples were taken periodically and analysed for suspended solids concentrations. Five hundred and ninety-three (593) water samples were collected over 25 different time periods from May to October 1996. Suspended solids in the creek were found to be mostly medium silt. Measured suspended solids concentrations are statistically related to measured turbidity with a correlation coefficient of 0·827. The linear regression relationship between total suspended solids concentration and turbidity has a slope of 1·584 (mg l−1per FTU). Data and experience from this study indicate that turbidity measurements provide surrogate measurements of suspended solids concentration in mid-latitude tidal creeks. This feasibility study is an initial step toward monitoring exchanges of solids over a long time period in the coastal wetlands system.
Multilayers On Flexible Mica

X-Ray optics can be broadly classified as being either reflective or transmissive, with either broad or narrow band pass, configured to be either non-focusing or focusing. Multilayers which reflect (diffract) soft x-rays with intermediate resolution, which can be elastically bent into either convex, non-focusing or concave, focusing geometries, are of interest in this work. Preparation and characteristics of the multilayers are described with the experimental details of the concave and convex geometries following in the succeeding two sections.
Chemical fractionations in meteorites—II. Abundance patterns and their interpretation

Abstract Abundances of thirty-one volatile elements in meteorites are reviewed. In carbonaceous chondrites of Types I, II, and III and enstatite chondrites of Type I, abundances decrease by constant factors, in ratios of 1/0·6/0·3/0·7. In ordinary chondrites and Type II enstatite chondrites, nine elements (Au, Cu, F, Ga, Ge, S, Sb, Se and Sn) likewise are depleted by constant factors of ~0·25 and ~0·5, while eighteen others (Ag, Bi, Br, C, Cd, Cl, Cs, H, Hg, I, In, Kr, N, Pb, Te, Tl, Xe and Zn) show more drastic depletions, to factors of 0·002. Apparently chondrites are a mixture of two types of material: a low-temperature fraction (= matrix) that retained most of its volatiles and a high-temperature fraction (= chondrules, metal grains) that lost them. Evidence is presented that these fractionations occurred in the solar nebula as it cooled from high temperatures. They cannot have been produced in the meteorite parent bodies. The following accretion temperatures are inferred from the abundance patterns: carbonaceous chondrites, ≤400 °K; Type I enstatite chondrites, 400–480 °K; ordinary and Type II enstatite chondrites, 530–650 °K, unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, ≤530 °K. These temperatures are much higher than the present black-body temperature in the asteroid belt, 170 °K. However, they could have been reached during collapse of the solar nebula or the high-luminosity, pre-main-sequence stage of the protosun. This model also accounts for the presence of organic compounds and primordial noble gases in meteorites; the extreme depletion of Pb, Bi, Tl, and In in ordinary chondrites; and the low alkali content of the earth and carbonaceous chondrites. The following tentative distance assignments are given: enstatite chondrites come from the inner fringe of the asteroid belt; ordinary chondrites, from the center and inner half; carbonaceous chondrites, form the outer fringe or from comets.
Audience-specific online community design

Not all people are easily drawn to the virtual community. Research indicates people of a certain age and lifestyle are indeed reluctant to interact online under any circumstances.
High-resolution image texture as a predictor of bird species richness

We tested image texture as a predictor of bird species richness in a semi-arid landscape of New Mexico. Bird species richness was summarized from 10-min point counts conducted at 12 points within 42 plots (108 ha each) from 1996 to 1998. We calculated 14 first- and second-order texture measures in eight different window sizes on a set of digital orthophotos acquired in 1996. For each of the 42 plots, we summarized mean and standard deviation of each texture value within multiple window sizes. The relationship between image texture and average bird species richness was assessed using linear regression models. Single image texture measures such as the standard deviation described up to 57% of the variability in species richness. Coupling multiple measures of texture or coupling elevation with a single texture measure described up to 63% of the variability in bird species richness. Models incorporating two measures of texture and coarse habitat type described 76% of the variability in bird species richness. These results show that image texture analysis is a very promising tool for characterizing habitat structure and predicting patterns of species richness in semi-arid ecosystems. This method has several advantages over methods that rely on classified imagery, including cost-effectiveness, incorporation of within-habitat vegetation variability, and elimination of errors associated with boundary delineation.
Quasispherical approximation for rotating black holes

We numerically implement a quasispherical approximation scheme for computing gravitational waveforms for coalescing black holes, testing it against angular momentum by applying it to Kerr black holes. As error measures, we take the conformal strain and specific energy due to spurious gravitational radiation. The strain is found to be monotonic rather than wavelike. The specific energy is found to be at least an order of magnitude smaller than the 1% level expected from typical black-hole collisions, for angular momentum up to at least 70% of the maximum, for an initial surface as close as $r=3m.$
Rethinking Adherence: A Health Literacy-Informed Model of Medication Self-Management

Medication adherence has received a great deal of attention over the past several decades; however, its definition and measurement remain elusive. The authors propose a new definition of medication self-management that is guided by evidence from the field of health literacy. Specifically, a new conceptual model is introduced that deconstructs the tasks associated with taking prescription drugs; including the knowledge, skills and behaviors necessary for patients to correctly take medications and sustain use over time in ambulatory care. This model is then used to review and criticize current adherence measures as well as to offer guidance to future interventions promoting medication self-management, especially among patients with low literacy skills.
A Helmholtz/Weyl Decomposition in Energy Space

For a bounded region in $$ \mathbb{R}^{n} $$ a Helmholtz/Weyl decomposition of the Sobolev space $$ {\mathbf{H}}^{1}_{{^{0} }} {\left( \Omega \right)} $$ is given,with orthogonality with respect to the strain-energy inner product of elasticity (anisotropic or isotropic).
Lithography-based automation in the design of program defect masks

In this work, we are reporting on a lithography-based methodology and automation in the design of Program Defect masks (PDM’s). Leading edge technology masks have ever-shrinking primary features and more pronounced model-based secondary features such as optical proximity corrections (OPC), sub-resolution assist features (SRAF’s) and phase-shifted mask (PSM) structures. In order to define defect disposition specifications for critical layers of a technology node, experience alone in deciding worst-case scenarios for the placement of program defects is necessary but may not be sufficient. MEEF calculations initiated from layout pattern data and their integration in a PDM layout flow provide a natural approach for improvements, relevance and accuracy in the placement of programmed defects. This methodology provides closed-loop feedback between layout and hard defect disposition specifications, thereby minimizing engineering test restarts, improving quality and reducing cost of high-end masks. Apart from SEMI and industry standards, best-known methods (BKM’s) in integrated lithographically-based layout methodologies and automation specific to PDM’s are scarce. The contribution of this paper lies in the implementation of Design-For-Test (DFT) principles to a synergistic interaction of CAD Layout and Aerial Image Simulator to drive layout improvements, highlight layout-to-fracture interactions and output accurate program defect placement coordinates to be used by tools in the mask shop.
DNA sequence‐dependent folding determines the divergence in binding specificities between Maf and other bZIP proteins

Maf family transcription factors are atypical basic region–leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins that contain a variant basic region and an ancillary DNA-binding region. These proteins recognize extended DNA sequence elements flanking the core recognition element bound by canonical bZIP proteins. We have investigated the causes for the differences in DNA recognition between Maf and other bZIP family proteins through studies of Maf secondary structure, trypsin sensitivity, binding affinity, dissociation rate and DNA contacts. Our results show that specific DNA binding by Maf is coupled to a conformational change involving both the basic and ancillary DNA-binding regions that depends on the extended DNA sequence elements. Two basic region amino acid residues that differ between Maf and canonical bZIP proteins facilitate the conformational change required for Maf recognition of the extended elements. Nucleotide base contacts made by Maf differ from those made by canonical bZIP proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that the unusual DNA binding specificity of Maf family proteins is mediated by concerted folding of structurally unrelated DNA recognition motifs.
Poster 9: Corticostriatal Abnormalities in HD: A Combined Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Several lines of evidence have revealed abnormalities within the cortical afferents that innervate the striatum (i.e., corticostriatal tracts) in Huntington's disease (HD). We combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate whether the HD mutation results in specific impairments in axons, myelin, or both within corticostriatal tracts, and whether such impairments are associated with striatal volumetric declines. In 10 individuals with the HD mutation and 10 matched control individuals, we collected single voxel proton MR spectra from three regions: (1) the head of the caudate, (2) the white matter (WM) positioned just anterior and inferior to the caudate, and (3) the grey matter (GM) within the frontomarginal gyrus. We examined two measures, the MRS metabolite N-acetyl aspartate, (NAA) and the DTI scalar axial diffusivity, that are associated with axonal tissue viability. Additionally, we investigated the integrity of myelin by concentrating on the MRS metabolite choline (Cho) and DTI scalar radial diffusivity, two signals that increase during active demyelinating states. Parallel to previous findings, mean caudate volumes were significantly smaller in HD individuals. Additionally, HD individuals had significantly increased Cho levels and radial diffusivity values extracted from the WM MRS voxel. However, we found no differences in axonal related measures (NAA levels and axial diffusivity) between the groups. The current results raise the possibility of an active demyelinization process within corticostriatal afferents as part of the neuropathological profile of HD, an effect that may possibly account for decreased caudate volumes.
The Sutton Hoo whetstone sceptre: a study in iconography and cultural milieu

The discovery of the early-seventh-century Sutton Hoo ship burial in 1939 and the examination and analysis of the ship's contents in the years following have provided archaeologists and historians with a number of fascinating artifacts which remain the subject of great interest and debate. One of these objects in particular has aroused both admiration and puzzlement, namely the whetstone sceptre. In form the sceptre is an ornate, four-sided, stone bar 22.8 ins. long. Though made from the material commonly used to sharpen knives and swords there is no sign that it was ever used for that purpose, the very gentle smoothing of its sharp edges being such as would result from normal handling. And, again, symbolically important as it would have been in its character as a whetstone, it is too elaborate and too cumbersome ever to have been used as one. The stone bar is 2 ins. wide in the middle, narrows slightly towards the ends and terminates in two roughly spherical knobs. Each of these knobs has a stubby conical projection, and the lower and longer knob is tipped with a small bronze saucer secured to it by a cage of thin bronze ribs and several strands of wire. This is the bottom of the sceptre and it is possible to visualize the saucer resting on the thigh or kneecap of a seated king.
Continuous wave (cw) hf overtone chemical laser

Overtone performance of the cw HF chemical laser was optimized by the same flow rates that optimized fundamental performance. When the absorption/scattering losses of the mirrors were taken into account, an overtone efficiency of 70 - 90% was achieved. The overtone efficiency was a strong function of medium saturation. There was no significant change in overtone power and efficiency as the mode volume increased. However, there was an increase in the number of lasing lines and a shift to higher rotational lines. Overtone performance was as sensitive to cavity pressure as fundamental performance. Rigrod theory showed that a higher medium saturation yields a higher overall overtone efficiency, but does not necessarily yield a higher measurable power (power in the bucket). For low absorption/scattering loss overtone mirrors and a 5% penalty in outcoupled power, the intracavity flux and hence the mirror loading may be reduced by more than a factor of two when the gain length is long enough to well saturate the medium. For the UIUC overtone laser which has an extensive data base with well characterized mirrors for which the Rigrod parameters g0 and Isat were firmly established, the accuracy to which the reflectivities of high reflectivity overtone mirrors can be deduced using measured mirror transmissivities, measured outcoupled power and Rigrod theory is approximately +/- 0.07%.
Oxidative damage to DNA and replicative lifespan in cultured adrenocortical cells.

Abstract Oxidative damage to DNA in cultured bovine adrenocortical cells was investigated by exposing cells to a sublethal concentration (10 μM) of cumene hydroperoxide under conditions previously shown to be deficient in the biological antioxidants selenium and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). DNA prepared from cells incubated for 4 h with 10 μM cumene hydroperoxide had a greater fraction showing resistance to S1 nuclease after denaturation and reassociation to a log C0t of −3. Cross-linking by cumene hydroperoxide was abolished in cells that had been grown in the presence of 20 nM selenite or 1 μM α-tocopherol for 96 h prior to peroxide addition, whereas such cells remained susceptible to crosslinking by nitrogen mustard. Extensive strand breaks in DNA from peroxide-treated cells as assessed by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation were greatly reduced in cells grown in selenite or α-tocopherol. Despite the evidence of damage to DNA, cumene hydroperoxide was not detectably mutagenic, in contrast to 5 μM methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG), when assessed as the incidence of resistance to 25 μM ouabain. We confirmed that cumene hydroperoxide at >10 μM lowers cloning efficiency and that this is largely prevented by selenite or α-tocopherol. Additionally, selenite or α-tocopherol produced increased clonogenicity in cells not incubated with peroxide. To examine effects of the biological antioxidants on replicative lifespan, cells were grown continuously in fetal bovine serum (FBS), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and selenite or α-tocopherol. Selenium increased replicative lifespan by 10–20% and α-tocopherol by 22–30%. Levels of DNA cross-links and strand breaks did not differ under any circumstances between early (second) passage and late (30th) passage cells. The experiments on replicative potential were all performed in the presence of FGF. When FGF was omitted from the culture medium, replicative lifespan was reduced by 85%. We conclude that types of damage to DNA resulting from peroxide exposure are not present in cells under standard culture conditions at early or late stages of the lifespan. Other work has noted a relationship between clonogenicity and replicative lifespan; thus, the increase in cloning efficiency seen with selenium and α-tocopherol may cause the observed slight increase in replicative lifespan. Oxidative damage does not appear to be a major determinant of cellular senescence in adrenocortical cells.
Synthetic-Aperture Radar Based on Nonsinusoidal Functions: I-Moving Radar and Stationary Arrays in One or Two Dimensions

Synthetic-aperture radar in the form known for more than twenty years uses the Doppler shift of a periodic sinusoidal wave caused by the relative motion between a radar and a target. This paper investigates the use of pulses to produce a synthetic-aperture radar. It is assumed that the pulses are either too short to show a useful Doppler shift or that one wants to use the Doppler shift for something else than to generate a synthetic aperture. The pulses may or may not be radiated with the help of a sinusoidal carrier. It is shown that the equivalent of the usual sidelooking radar mounted on a moving vehicle exists for the pulse technique. In addition, one can implement a stationary syntheticaperture radar with either a one-or a two-dimensional sensor array. Numerical values for the typical resolution are not given in this paper, since they depend on a more-detailed definition of the pulses to be used. This matter will be discussed in a future paper. Also postponed to future papers are the use of the Doppler shift for beamforming with nonsinusoidal waves, and the practical use of synthetic-aperture techniques for all-weather tracking radars, beam riders, etc.
Notes on the Synonymy and Classification of the Enicocephalidae

In my recent “Classification of the Enicocephalidae” (ANNALS of the Entomological Society of America, 38 : 321, 1945) it was explained by footnote that no copy of Jeannel's recent monograph of this group of insects (Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, CX, p. 273, 1942) had reached this country because of the war. Through the kindness of Dr. R. I. Sailer I have now seen a copy of this important work. It is most unfortunate that this long neglected group should have been revised simultaneously by two authors, each working entirely independently. On the other hand some benefit has been derived from this procedure because Jeannel, although working without access to the Scandinavian, British, American, Pacific and Oriental types and other material which I studied, nevertheless, had access to types from continental collections which were inaccessible to me and some of which may now be destroyed.
Intrinsic optical bistability of structured nanoparticle composites

We report here intrinsic optical bistability calculations for structured nanoparticle composites, ie. particles consisting of one or more coatings of different materials. The bistability is based on the nonlinear field dependence of the plasmon resonance introduced through the nonlinear component. The single shell structured nanosphere model consists of a nonlinear organic or semiconductor core with a metallic shell; and the two shell model has a metallic core, nonlinear dielectric shell and metallic second shell. The metals examined are Ag or Osmium, the nonlinear dielectrics are PDA, Si, GaAs, InSb and the host medium is water or a glass. Calculations show that the switching power level for intrinsic bistability can be reduced in the one spherical shell nanosphere composite to less than 1 MW/cm2 with no loss in the speed of response. In the two shell model, power levels for onset of bistability can be 1 kW/cm2. CdS with a silver coating has a threshold of 12 W/cm2, when an ellipsoidal shaped particle is used.
Studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. IV. On the maximum amount of delayed photophosphorylation induced by a single flash.

Abstract With a use of a sensitive pH meter, the amount of delayed photophosphorylation in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores was determined. The amount of delayed photophosphorylation was proportional to the irradiant energy of flash in the low-intensity range. The maximum level of the process was attained after the flashes of higher intensities. By flashing illumination of saturating intensity, the amount of delayed photophosphorylation was proportional to the amount of bacteriochlorophyll. The maximal amount of delayed photophosphorylation was determined to be 0.047 ATP per bacteriochlorophyll. The quantum yield and the energy efficiency of the delayed photophosphorylation were discussed. A tentative value of about 2 ATP per electron was calculated as a number of ATP molecules formed per electron transferred in the oxidation-reduction system in the chromatophores.
Penicillin-induced lysis in fluoride-resistant mutants of Streptococcus mutans.

First- and second-step sodium fluoride-resistant mutants of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 were treated with penicillin under optimal lysis conditions to determine if their lytic responses differed from that of the parental strain. First-step mutants demonstrated lysis values ranging from 54 to 65%, similar to that of the parental strain (64%). Second-step mutants demonstrated much reduced levels of lysis ranging from 19 to 46%. Since the generation times of the fluoride-resistant mutants varied, analyses of variance were performed to determine if the observed levels of lysis correlated with the generation times. When the parental strain was grown under conditions resulting in different generation times, there was a statistical correlation between level of penicillin-induced lysis and generation time. However, no statistical correlation existed between level of lysis and generation time with the fluoride-resistant mutants. This may indicate that the reduced levels of penicillin-induced lysis seen in second-step mutants are associated with the fluoride resistance itself.
‘Faut-Il Brûler L’Orientalisme?’: On French Scholarship of North Africa

This article discusses the specificity of French Orientalism on North Africa and shows how in its divide and rule policy, French colonialism constructed a discourse that opposes the Oriental Arab to the European Berber. It argues that French Orientalism, the bulk of knowledge that has been built in the context of colonization, though it has changed through time, continues to operate today both in the discourse of the former colonized and that of the former colonizer. In addition, the article draws the attention to the important fact that knowledge is not only a means of control and governance for the colonial machine, but it also contains categories by which imaginaries are shaped and colonial relations and attitudes are perpetuated.
Alcoholism and depressive disorders in opioid addicts and their family members

The co-occurrence of alcoholism and depression was examined in 201 opioid addicts and their 877 first-degree relatives using direct interviews and structured family history based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) method. Familial alcoholism was more frequent in alcoholic than nonalcoholic proband addicts, and primary depression was more frequent in relatives of depressed than nondepressed addicts. An association was suggested between secondary, but not primary, depression and alcoholism in females.
On integral representations forN-particle functions

An integral representation of the Bergman-Weil type is derived for a function defined on an algebraic variety. This formula is useful for constructing Mandelstam-type integral representations forN-particle functions.
One thousand liver transplants. The lessons learned.

Objective To evaluate the first 1000 liver transplants performed at UCLA Medical Center to determine factors responsible for improved results. Summary Background Data Liver transplant has evolved impressively since the first case was performed in 1963. The 1980s have highlighted this progress with the development of better organ preservation, standardization of operative procedure, improved immunosuppressive agents, and better understanding of patient selection. Methods The first 100 consecutive liver transplants (group 1) performed from February 1984 through October 1986 were compared with the last 200 (group 2) performed between September 1991 and June 1992
Induction of micronuclei in V79 cells by fractions of roofing asphalt fume condensate.

More than 50,000 workers in the United States are exposed to roofing asphalt fumes that may pose genotoxic and potential carcinogenic hazards. The Type III roofing asphalt is most frequently used in roof-application. Results of our previous studies showed that fume condensates of Type III roofing asphalts induced micronuclei (MN) in vitro in cultured V79 cells and DNA adduct formation in vivo in rat lung cells. In this study, the genotoxicity of whole fume condensates (WFC) of Type III roofing asphalt and its five chemical fractions (A, B, C, D and E) was determined by the micronucleus assay using V79 cells. Linear regressions were determined for the dose response of MN frequencies and percent of binucleated and multinucleated cells (MTC) following the treatment. Results showed that the numbers of micronucleated cells in cultures treated with Type III roofing asphalt WFC and its fractions B, C, D and E were significantly higher than that in the control culture, and that the slopes of the linear regression line for fractions B and C were greater than those for the WFC and fractions D and E. A clear dose response of binucleated cells was also induced by the WFC and fractions B and C. These findings indicate that: (1) WFC and all fractions, except fraction A, induced MN formation in cultured V79 cells; (2) fractions B and C possess the highest genotoxic activity; (3) the roofing asphalt WFC contains chemicals or chemical classes that induce not only chromosomal aberrations but also binucleation in V79 cells.
Brain scintigraphy in the diagnosis of the sequelae of head trauma

Computed transaxial tomography (CTT) has become the major imaging tool in the evaluation of any intracerebral lesion, including those due to traumatic injury. Expense and availability sometimes dictate that radionuclide brain scintigraphy (RBS) be performed in place of CTT. Certain situations exist where RBS may be used as a primary tool. These include circumstances where assessment of brain perfusion may be essential, e.g., determination of brain death. Radionuclide cisternography still remains useful in evaluating patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
DLP®Products Micro-Mirror Arrays for Light Processing

Summary form only given.The DLPreg Products Digital Mirror Device (DMD) is a binary spatial light modulator operated typically at visible and near IR wavelengths. We have studied the optical properties of DMDs with coherent and incoherent light sources using a myriad of methods including scatterometry (diffractometry) and Doppler vibrometry to develop models for the DMDs optical performance. This talk will review these studies and applications of the DMD to light processing. A brief history of the invention and refinement of the DMD will also be described.
Building a Career as a Delivery Science Researcher in a Changing Health Care Landscape

Health care in the U.S. is widely considered to be expensive and inefficient, and quality of care often falls short of evidence-based standards. These concerns have spurred concerted efforts to improve current models of health care delivery. Major examples of this effort to encourage higher quality care include implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which includes incentives to create accountable careorganizations,andeffortsbytheCentersforMedicareand Medicaid Services (CMS) to increase “meaningful use” of electronic health records (EHRs). Delivery science research seeks to overcome the barriers, understand the facilitators, and implement the innovations necessary to improve the process of health care. Delivery science has also been called “implementation science” or “translational research,” because the overarching goal is to moreeffectivelytranslate the evidence of clinical research into the practice of clinical care. Innovations examined or implemented by delivery science researchers include new health IT tools that leverage integrated electronic health records, new payment models to overcome some of the misaligned incentives of the traditional fee-for-service models, and patientcentered models of care that integrate individual patient preferences and values. While the United States spends more than $2 trillion on health care annually, less than 0.1 % of this total (representing only 3.6 % of the NIH budget) is currently devoted to research designed toimprovehow we deliver health care. 1 This relative funding neglect may be changing, however, as exemplified by new funding programs within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) focused on health care delivery, and the recently created Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI).
Characterization of intermodulation distortion in multicarrier transmission systems

This paper proposes the analysis of intermodulation distortion in a multicarrier system, using a method which exploits the relationship between measured nonlinear performance and the signal characteristics of the secondand third-order distortion products. This method, based on a power series expansion, is applicable to situations involving many non-harmonically related tones, where harmonic balance analysis becomes impractical.
Thin scattering layers observed by airborne lidar

Churnside, J. H., and Donaghay, P. L. 2009. Thin scattering layers observed by airborne lidar. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 778-789.More than 2000 km of thin (<3 m) optical scattering layers were identified in 80 000 km of airborne lidar data collected from a variety of oceanic and coastal waters. The spatial characteristics of thin layers varied dramatically from (i) those that were self-contained features consistently <3-4 m thick over their 1-12 km extent to (ii) those that were clearly parts of much longer layers that had gaps and/or regions where the layer became more intense and much thicker than the 3-m criterion. The characteristics of the lidar signal suggest that plankton was the most likely source of scattering. Examples from upwelling regions, areas with large fresh-water influx, and warm-core eddies are presented. The results are quite consistent with the characteristics observed in studies of thin plankton layers in fjords and near-coastal waters. These layers exhibit great spatial variability that is difficult to observe using traditional methods, and examples of layer perturbations by both linear and non-linear internal waves are presented. The results suggest that airborne lidar can be a powerful tool not only for detecting and mapping the spatial extent of thin scattering layers and linking their occurrence to larger scale physical processes, but also for tracking their evolution over time and guiding the ship-based sampling needed to understand their composition, dynamics, and impacts. Such a capability will be crucial in future studies designed to test the hypothesis that thin plankton layers have the spatial extent and intensity to play a key role in controlling the recruitment of fish larvae, biogeochemical cycling, trophic transfer processes, plankton biodiversity, and harmful algal bloom dynamics.
An improved optical pH sensor based on polyaniline

Abstract An optical pH sensor based on polyaniline is presented in this paper. Polyaniline films were prepared by chemical oxidation at room temperature. By increasing reaction time for up to 12 h, the stability of the polyaniline film was significantly improved. The film showed rapid reversible color change upon pH change. Solution pH could be determined by monitoring either absorption at a fixed wavelength or the maximum absorption wavelength of the film. The optical pH sensors can be exposed in air for over 1 month without any deterioration in sensor performance.
Mapping Riparian and Wetland Weeds with High Resolution Satellite Imagery

QuickBird multi-spectral satellite imagery was evaluated for detecting weeds in waterways and wetlands in Texas. Plant species studied included giant reed (Arundo donax L.), waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms], and giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell). Accuracy assessment results performed on the unsupervised classified maps for each species were: giant reed, 94.4% producer's accuracy and 100% user's accuracy; waterhyacinth, 100% producer's accuracy and 80% user's accuracy; and giant salvinia, 93.9% producer's accuracy and 92% user's accuracy. These results indicate that QuickBird imagery can be used successfully to map infestations of these three weeds.
Assessing understanding in biology

This paper discusses several new assessment strategies that encourage meaningful learning and conceptual understanding in the biological sciences. Our purpose is to introduce a handful of evaluation and measurement techniques that help students assimilate well-integrated, strongly cohesive frameworks of interrelated concepts as a way of facilitating ‘real understanding’ of natural phenomena. Among these methods are concept maps, V diagrams, SemNet software, image-based test items, clinical interviews, portfolios, written products, performance measures, and conceptual diagnostic tests. Evidence suggests that these methods are most useful at highlighting ‘alternative conceptions’ and assisting students who wish to ‘learn how to learn’.
Immunoglobulins on the Surface of Human Appendix Lymphocytes

The proportion of lymphocytes in the appendix and peripheral blood with IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE cell surface determinants was measured by membrane immunofluorescence. IgM was found on 9.27. of appendix lymphocytes, compared to 3.5% of simultaneously collected peripheral blood lymphocytes (p=0.01). In contrast, IgG was found on 6.3% of peripheral blood lymphocytes compared to only 3.0% of appendix lymphocytes (p=0.2). The difference between IgM and IgG on the appendix lymphocytes, however, was highly significant (p<0.001). There was no difference in the number of cells with IgA or IgE determinants between the two populations. These results indicated that a good proportion of the human appendix lymphocytes are B-cells. The higher level of IgM, if substantiated by further studies, would point to some central role for the human appendix lymphocyte immunologic reactivity.
Demonstration of Extracellular Space by Freeze-Drying in the Cerebellar Molecular Layer

In electron micrographs of the molecular layer of the mouse cerebellum frozen within 30 sec of circulatory arrest and subsequently dried at -79 °C an appreciable extracellular space was found between the axons of the granular cells. Tight junctions were regularly observed between pre- and postsynaptic structures and the enveloping glia cells. In micrographs of cerebellum frozen 8 min after decapitation the space between the axons was absent and tight junctions between the nerve fibres were almost exclusively encountered. The extracellular space of asphyxiated and non-asphyxiated tissue in electron micrographs of frozen-dried material is similar to the space in comparable tissues treated by freeze-substitution. These observations suggest that there is an appreciable amount of extracellular material in oxygenated, living tissue which is taken up by cellular elements during asphyxiation.
Multiple-stage microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser for micro gas chromatography system

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a multiple-stage Si microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser (/spl mu/PCF) for a micro gas chromatography (/spl mu/GC) system that can provide real-time quantification and identification of complex organic vapor mixtures are presented. The /spl mu/PCF consists of a Si microheater loaded with Carbopack B, Carbopack X, and Carboxen 1000 carbon adsorbent granules, and a Si micromachined cover plate. Deep reactive ion etching is utilized to produce mechanically robust fluidic interconnection adapters hermetically sealed to fused silica capillary tubing for connection to the other components in the /spl mu/GC. This three-stage device is designed to capture compounds spanning up to 4 orders of magnitude in volatility. The dead volume, thermal mass, heating efficiency, and pressure drop of the three-stage /spl mu/PCF are improved significantly over its single-stage /spl mu/PCF predecessor. We demonstrate the successful capture, desorption, and high-resolution chromatographic separation of a mixture of 30 common organic vapors using our three-stage /spl mu/PCF in a conventional GC system. The peak width at half height is <2.05 s for all compounds after elution from the GC column.
Predictors of major complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: surgeon, hospital, or patient?

Background Regionalization of care has been proposed for complex operations based on hospital/surgeon volume–mortality relationships. Controversy exists about whether more common procedures should be performed at high-volume centers. Using mortality alone to assess routine operations is hampered by relatively low perioperative mortality. We used a large national database to analyze the risk of major in-hospital complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Study Design Patients undergoing LC were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1998–2006 from states with surgeon/hospital identifiers. Previously validated major complications including acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary compromise, postoperative infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage, and reoperation were assessed. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed and independent risk factors of complications were identified. Results A total of 1,102,071 weighted patient discharges were identified, with a complication rate of 6.8%. Univariate analyses showed that advanced age, male gender, and higher Charlson Comorbidity Score were associated with higher complication rates (p Conclusions Major in-hospital complications after LC are associated with individual patient characteristics rather than surgeon or hospital operative volumes. These results suggest regionalization of general surgical procedures might be unnecessary. Rather, careful patient selection and preoperative preparation can diminish overall complication rates.
Association of Older Sister's HPV Vaccination Status on HPV Vaccine Receipt by Adolescents.

Objective: Efforts to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage rates in adolescents include finding ways to improve discussions between clinicians and parents. One potentially important piece of information for these discussions is the HPV vaccination status of older siblings. Methods: A nationally representative online panel was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey of parents of children aged 9 to 17 years in October 2012. Results: Overall, 768 adolescents (35%) had ≥1 older sister aged 10 to 26 years. Male and female adolescents with an older sister who had received no HPV vaccine doses demonstrated higher rates of having no doses themselves, compared with those who had no older sister or those who had an older sister who had received ≥1 HPV vaccine dose. Conclusions: Discussing the HPV vaccination status of older sisters may be a useful strategy for providers to differentiate HPV vaccine messages to parents of unvaccinated younger siblings.
Prevalence and Reasons for Introducing Infants Early to Solid Foods: Variations by Milk Feeding Type

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of, and mothers’ self-reported reasons for, introducing solid foods to infants earlier than recommended (aged METHODS: The study included 1334 mothers who participated in the national longitudinal Infant Feeding Practices Study II (2005–2007). Monthly 7-day food-frequency questions throughout infancy were used to determine infant age at solid food introduction and to classify infant’s milk feeding at introduction as breast milk only, formula only, or mixed. Reasons for introducing solid foods at age RESULTS: Overall, 40.4% of mothers introduced solid foods before age 4 months. Prevalence varied by milk feeding type (24.3%, 52.7%, and 50.2% for breastfed, formula-fed, and mixed-fed infants, respectively). The most commonly cited reasons for early introduction of solid food were as follows: “My baby was old enough,” “My baby seemed hungry,” “I wanted to feed my baby something in addition to breast milk or formula,” “My baby wanted the food I ate,” “A doctor or other health care professional said my baby should begin eating solid food,” and “It would help my baby sleep longer at night.” Four of these reasons varied by milk feeding type. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the high prevalence of early introduction of solids and provide details on why mothers introduced solid foods early.
Magnetic resonance studies of the pathophysiology of murine malaria

The non-invasive and non-destructive aspects of NMR and ESR spectroscopy have prompted a variety of research on the pathophysiological impact of murine malaria. NMR is unique in its ability to monitor intracellular pH non-invasively in a heterogeneous sample, a compartmentalized cell and in a whole organism. It has also been shown to be sensitive to unusual structures and metabolic products in free-living protozoa such as Acanthamoeba (Deslauriers et al. 1982a) and Tetrahymena (Deslauriers et al. 1982b; Jarrell et al. 1981). Using the appropriate spin probe, ESR can give valuable information on membrane structure (Schreier, Polnaszek & Smith; 1978). It is particularly useful when quantities of material are limited.
Stabilization with decay rate analysis for discrete-time linear systems subject to actuator saturation

This paper addresses stabilization problem with decay rate analysis for discrete-time linear systems subject to actuator saturation. The saturation-dependent Lyapunov function is exploited to propose new stability conditions by introducing additional slack variables. Especially, elimination Lemma is used to show the stable property of one slack variable. If the stable slack variable is specified a priori by a systematic and simple approach, via a cone complementarity approach , a state feedback controller is then designed by using LMI-based optimization algorithm which guarantees an upper bound on the decay rate of the system. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection of iatrogenic upper extremity pseudoaneurysms.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (TI) for the treatment of upper extremity iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms (PAs) after percutaneous upper extremity arterial access. Methods This is a retrospective single-institution study from January 2009 to December 2012. All patients with clinical suspicion of an upper extremity PA after arterial puncture underwent duplex examination. Patients with and without PAs were compared to identify risk factors for development of PAs. Outcomes were analyzed in those patients with PAs that were treated with TI. Results Between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, there were 61 upper extremity arterial duplex examinations performed for a clinical suspicion of an upper extremity PA. Eighteen ultrasound examinations (29.5%) demonstrated an iatrogenic upper extremity PA (13 brachial and five radial). Those patients with an upper extremity PA were more likely to have a history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease. Sheath size, preprocedural antiplatelet therapy, periprocedural anticoagulation regimen, service specialty performing the procedure, and procedure type did not influence the development of PA. Of 18 patients with PA, 14 were treated with TI with an overall success rate of 86%. There was one PA that failed to thrombose with TI, and there was one native brachial artery thrombosis requiring emergent surgical intervention. Outpatient clinical follow-up in the successfully treated patients demonstrated no recurrences at an average follow-up of 8 months. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided percutaneous TI appears safe and effective for the treatment of iatrogenic brachial and radial artery PAs.
Grease the wheels that make you go around (technical communications)

When technical communicators move into management, they soon realize that their success is directly linked to the quality of their staff. 'Greasing the wheels' properly requires not only appropriate recognition but career planning, coaching, counseling, and regular, specific feedback-including correcting performance, when needed. Participative management methods ensure that all of these activities are carried out. It is concluded that the successful manager quickly learns that the choice of an effective, consistent management style means the difference between success and failure. >
Rule 801(d)'s Oxymoronic 'Not Hearsay' Classification: The Untold Backstory and a Suggested Amendment

This Article examines Rule 801(d)’s oxymoronic treatment of admissions and prior statements as “not hearsay.” This “not hearsay” label is inaccurate – the evidence is hearsay, as defined in Rule 801(c) – and is inconsistent with the analytically important and well-established use of the term not hearsay to describe evidence that is actually not hearsay. The Article tells the story of how the drafters of the Federal Rules of Evidence ended up with such a confused and confusing label and proposes an amendment that would classify admissions and prior statements as hearsay exceptions and place each in a new, separate, appropriately labeled category. The oxymoronic treatment has its roots in a longstanding debate between Wigmore and Morgan over the proper classification of admissions. The three codes that preceded the Federal Rules of Evidence -- the Model Code, the Uniform Rules and the California Evidence Code – resolved that debate in favor of the Morgan view that admissions should be treated as a hearsay exception. However, Reporter Edward Cleary rejected Morgan’s view and came up with his own idiosyncratic and unfortunately oxymoronic formulation, which was uncritically accepted by the Advisory Committee and then adopted by Congress and 37 of the 44 states that have adopted the Federal Rules of Evidence. Because admissions and prior statements are hearsay evidence, they should be classified as hearsay exceptions. However, because they are distinctively different than the other hearsay exceptions, they should not be placed in either the Rule 803 or Rule 804 categories but in their own distinct categories. Drawing on the examples of several state evidence codes that rejected the FRE Rule 801(d) classification, the Article develops a more appropriate alternative treatment for admissions and prior statements and presents the case for amending Rule 801(d).