cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophy of religion and two types of atheology

Atheism is skeptical towards gods, and atheology advances philosophical positions defending the reasonableness of that rejection. The history of philosophy encompasses many unorthodox and irreligious movements of thought, and these varieties of unbelief deserve more exegesis and analysis than presently available. Going back to philosophy’s origins, two primary types of atheology have dominated the advancement of atheism, yet they have not cooperated very well. Materialist philosophies assemble cosmologies that leave nothing for gods to do, while skeptical philosophies find conceptions of god to be too unintelligible or unsupported by evidence to warrant credibility. The origins and genealogies of these two atheologies are sketched and compared over many centuries down to present-day atheism, which still displays signs of this internecine divide between confident naturalists and agnostic skeptics.
K+-stimulated phosphatase of microsomes from gastric mucosa.

The light microsomal fraction was isolated from homogenates of rabbit and bullfrog gastric mucosa. On examination with the electron microscope, the light microsomes appear as tubular membranous structures with morphology and dimensions similar to the elements of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum seen in intact oxyntic cells. A K+-stimulated, Mg++-requiring p-nitrophenylphosphatase has been demonstrated in the gastric microsomes. Neither Na+ nor ouabain (10−6–10−3 M) altered the K+-stimulated phosphatase. SCN− was not very effective as an inhibitor of the gastric microsomal phosphatase, in contrast to the effect of this anion on the ATPase activity; however, the gastric phosphatase as well as the ATPase are destroyed by phospholipase C, thus showing the lipoprotein nature of these enzymes. Kinetics of the K+ activation of the microsomal phosphatase suggest that the K+-PNPP complex is the active substrate for the enzymic reaction. Rb+, NH4+ and Cs+ will substitute to some degree for K+ as an activator of the microsomal phosphatase. It is pointed out that K+ is an essential requirement for HCl secretion in intact gastric mucosa and the replacement of K+ with Rb+, Cs+ and NH4+ is discussed. The K+-stimulated phosphatase presented in this paper may play a role in the H+ secretion process.
Application of ACOSOG Z0011 Criteria Reduces Perioperative Costs

The ACOSOG Z0011 (Z0011) trial concluded that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) without completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) provides excellent regional control in women with T1–T2 sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive breast cancers receiving breast conservation therapy. We determined whether application of Z0011 guidelines would reduce costs. A retrospective chart review of patients with invasive breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and SLNB at our institution during 2009 was performed. We determined the number of overnight hospital admissions following ALND and estimated costs pertaining to the perioperative surgical management of the axilla patients actually received, and compared those to the estimated number of inpatient days and perioperative costs if Z0011 guidelines had been followed for eligible patients. The 2011 Medicare Fee Schedule was used to estimate costs for procedures, and costs for OR time were estimated using procedure length and cost of OR time per minute. A total of 71 patients underwent lumpectomy with SLNB and had at least 1 positive SLN. Estimated costs related to perioperative surgical management of the axilla were $322,775, and there were 36 overnight admissions. Applying Z0011 criteria, 51 patients (72 %) would have been eligible to forego completion ALND. Estimated costs would have been $264,513 with 13 overnight admissions, translating into a cost savings of $58,262 and 23 fewer overnight admissions. Application of Z0011 guidelines resulted in cost savings, with a 64 % reduction in inpatient hospital days and an 18 % reduction in early perioperative costs.
Dynamic stability of discrete spherical structural systems in fluid media

The dynamic response of a two degree of freedom spherical structural system immersed in viscous fluid media is studied with the fluid reactions obtained byBasset included in the differential equations of motion. Closed form solutions for the response of such systems are presented and a dynamic stability criterion based on the form of the solutions is developed. The solutions and the stability criterion are applicable to the limiting case when the system is surrounded by a vacuum. The various regions of stability and instability are delineated, and it is shown that the type of instability is significantly influenced by the physical properties of the surrounding fluid medium.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some carbides, silicides and germanides of cerium and praseodymium

The standard enthalpies of formation of some congruent-melting compounds in the binary systems ReX, where Re  Ce, Pr or La and X  C, Si or Ge have been determined by direct-synthesis calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The following values of ΔHfo are reported: CeC2, −25.4 ± 1.4 kJ (mol atom)−1; CeSi2, −60.5 ± 2.0 kJ (mol atom)−1; CeSi, −71.1 ± 3.3 kJ (mol atom)−1; Ce5Ge3, −73.4 ± 2.3 kJ (mol atom)−1; CeGe1.6, −75.6 ± 1.9 kJ (mol atom)−1; PrC2, −29.4 ± 1.6 kJ (mol atom)−1; PrSi2, −61.5 ± 1.7 kJ (mol atom)−1; PrSi, −78.1 ± 1.9 kJ (mol atom)−1; Pr5Ge3, −70.4 ± 2.3 kJ (mol atom)−1; PrGe1.6, −81.7 ± 1.7 kJ (mol atom)−1; LaSi2, −56.8 ± 2.5 kJ (mol atom)−1. The results are compared with earlier experimental data, with predicted values from Miedema's semiempirical model, and with available data obtained for Sn and Pb compounds by Borzone et al., by Palenzona and by Palenzona and Cirafici.
PEROXISOMAL FATTY ACYL-COA OXIDASE IS NOT REGULATED BY TRIIODOTHYRONINE

In studies using primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in serum-free medium, peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity was not altered by the presence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, whereas time- and dose-dependent increases in the thyroid hormone-responsive enzyme mitochondrial glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were seen. Activity of peroxisomal oxidase was stimulated with clofibric acid in the absence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. The results demonstrate that hepatic peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity is not directly regulated by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and that stimulation of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity by clofibric acid does not require thyroid hormone.
Developing a Nation of Villages: Rural community as state formation in Sri Lanka

La representation culturelle de l'etat sri lankais en tant que nation de villages est significative. Les programmes de repeuplement de colonies par le gouvernement et de regularisation des empietements dans les villages frontaliers visent a developper des villages individuels et a leur donner une auto-identite. La « decentralisation » est cependant fortement surveillee et ces communautes villageoises individualisees sont en fait des dependances de formations ideologiques et economiques nationales afin que les regions frontalieres soient conformes a l'image nationale. L'exemple du village de Suduwatura Ara Gama est developpe.
Consumers' Attitudes Toward Energy Conservation

Many surveys indicate that about half of all Americans believe that the energy problem is real and serious, and less than one-fourth are completely unconvinced of the problem. Large proportions of the public also support relatively strong conservation policies, especially if they feel personally responsible for helping solve the problem and hold a broad environmental ethic. The latter values, which are linked with ideas of “voluntary simplicity,” appear to be replacing traditional American beliefs in material consumption. General attitudes toward the energy problem are not associated with reported conservation actions, but people who anticipate experiencing direct personal consequences from the energy problem are likely to take action to save energy. This is congruent with the Fishbein attitude model. Anticipated personal consequences (especially pertaining to one's health and comfort) are also a critical factor in predicting actual reductions in household energy consumption. The two most commonly expressed reasons for conserving energy are to save money and to help solve the energy problem.
Monitoring Ventilation with Capnography

Capnography, the graphic display of the exhaled and inhaled carbon dioxide concentration plotted against time, is used to monitor ventilation. This video reviews the principles of capnography and explains how to interpret the information it provides.
Intracellular deposition of metals in the midgut of the adult housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract The midgut of the adult housefly contains mineralized concretions which accumulate with age. The hypothesis that concretions are deposit excretion sites for minerals was examined by studying the effects of experimental supplements of the diet with different concentrations of copper sulphate and iron gluconate. Houseflies can tolerate up to 0.03% copper sulphate and 0.1% iron gluconate in their diet. The copper and iron content of the body increases with age in correspondence to the concentration of the metals in the diet. Concretions accumulate with age in both the control and metal fed flies, but the latter show a 25% higher content. The concretions contain acid mucopolysaccharides and show a positive localization of acid phosphatase. It is suggested that concretions may play an important role in the excretory system of the housefly.
Theobroma cacao L.: an axillary bud in vitro propagation procedure.

An axillary bud derived in vitro propagation procedure for Theobroma cacao is described. The method allows bud expansion and elongation, including leaf development, as early as 13 days after placing explants on establishment medium. Shoots have been maintained in culture vessels for six months with little evidence of decline. Propagules have been induced to form roots, hardened off, and moved to the greenhouse within six weeks of initial explant establishment. Some plants have been in the greenhouse for twelve months and are growing in an apparently normal manner. No major differences in response from UF-667 or EQX-100 derived seed-grown trees were found suggesting that the method may not be limited by genotype. Long-term growth without added plant growth regulators has been seen in over 2400 explants.
Imaging nanoparticle flow using magneto-motive optical Doppler tomography

We introduce a novel approach for imaging solutions of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles using magneto-motive optical Doppler tomography (MM-ODT). MM-ODT combines an externally applied temporally oscillating high-strength magnetic field with ODT to detect nanoparticles flowing through a microfluidic channel. A solenoid with a cone-shaped ferrite core extensively increased the magnetic field strength (B(max) = 1 T, [Formula: see text]) at the tip of the core and also focused the magnetic field in microfluidic channels containing nanoparticle solutions. Nanoparticle contrast was demonstrated in a microfluidic channel filled with an SPIO solution by imaging the Doppler frequency shift which was observed independently of the nanoparticle flow rate and direction. Results suggest that MM-ODT may be applied to image Doppler shift of SPIO nanoparticles in microfluidic flows with high contrast.
Framework to Evaluate Energy-Saving Potential from Occupancy Interventions in Typical Commercial Buildings in the United States

AbstractOccupancy-focused interventions to reduce building energy use have been shown to be effective but often result in unsustained energy reductions. In addition, these interventions have rarely...
Failed states: temporary obstacles to democratic diffusion or fundamental holes in the world political map?

Abstract In parts of the developing world the fundamental requisite of democracy—stateness—is in recession. This paper engages the literature on failed states with regard to the implications for global democratic diffusion. The heart of the paper summarises and analyses the four main frameworks for assessing and responding to failed states. The status quo framework regards failed states as sick patients that can be revived. This state revival framework has a mixed track record, however, and many critics. The ‘shared sovereignty’ framework advocates quasi-permanent intervention in the most difficult cases of state failure. A third approach argues for the recognition of de facto sovereignty and the restructuring of de jure international boundaries when necessary. A fourth framework insists on a historically grounded analysis of modern statehood as a failed global project. The article's final section surveys the stateness – democracy nexus in sub-Saharan Africa.
Extended Wear of Cab Contact Lenses in Aphakic Patients

In order to assess the applicability and safety of cellulose acetate buterate (CAB) contact lenses for extended wear in aphakia, 139 lenses were fitted in 102 aphakic patients. These lenses were removed periodically for cleaning only. There has been an average follow-up of 24.75 months on 99 patients (135 lenses), with a success rate of 80%. No serious complications or corneal vascularization have occurred. The major problems encountered were due to lack of tint, increased tendency to accumulate mucus, and the need for periodic insertion and removal.
STUDIES ON PATIENTS WITH ISLET-CELL TUMOR, INCLUDING THE PHENOMENON OF LEUCINE-INDUCED ACCENTUATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA*

Three patients with islet-cell tumor of the pancreas are presented. All had severe fasting hypoglycemia relieved by the administration of glucose. However, 1 had a normal intravenous tolerance curve and 2 did not show any sensitivity to intravenous glucagon-free insulin. The effects of leucine and glycine on the blood sugar level were studied. Administration of leucine consistently caused accentuation of the tumor-induced hypoglycemia—the fall ranging from 21 to 76 per cent below the fasting level—accompanied by clinical symptoms, whereas administration of glycine caused no appreciable changes. Following extirpation of the tumors, leucine provoked no significant degree of hypoglycemia. In 2 normal subjects and in 5 patients with functional hypoglycemia, administration of leucine caused no changes in the blood sugar levels. The data favor the view that, in cases of islet-cell tumor, leucine acts by potentiating the peripheral action of insulin.
Call-burst blocking and call admission control in a broadband network with bursty sources

Abstract In this paper we consider call–burst blocking and call admission control in a broadband network with bursty sources. We assume a multiple-link network with several classes of calls, each class following a fixed path in the network and requiring a fixed number of channels from the links on its path. The arrival of each class of calls is according to a Poisson process and the calls alternate between On and Off periods during the time that they are in the system. At the end of each On period, a call either terminates or begins a new Off period according to a Bernoulli trial. During the Off periods calls release the channels that they are holding which might be assigned to the other On calls, a form of burst multiplexing. A new call is accepted to the system only if the burst-blocking probabilities remain acceptable. It is shown that the product-form solution still applies in the new system and we derive a multi-dimensional recursion to calculate the joint link occupancy distribution. Call and burst blockings as well as probability distribution of the number of burst blockings experienced by each class of calls have also been determined. We determine a simple decision mechanism for call admission. The numerical results show that the burst multiplexing increases the maximum load that the system may handle substantially compared to permanent assignment of the channels. We also discuss the implementation of this model in an ATM environment.
Structural and Functional Significance of Aspartic Acid 89 of the Troponin C Central Helix in Ca2+ Signaling†

The central helix of troponin C is highly conserved in length and amino acid sequence. In this region, D89 is conserved and specific to TnC. To investigate its significance, three mutations were made in avian fast troponin C: (1) D89 was replaced with A (D89A); (2) the central helix was replaced with a designed alpha-helix (alpha h89A) consisting of 87AEAALKAAMEA97; and (3) A89 of alpha h89A was replaced with D (alpha h89D). D89A and alpha h89A activated the regulated actomyosin ATPase poorly in the presence of Ca2+ (24 +/- 1.0% and 14 +/- 2.0%, respectively, of the wild type maximal activity) whereas alpha h89D had higher activity (113 +/- 3%). Both alpha h89A and D89A had apparently normal interactions with TnI and TnT whereas alpha h89D formed a complex with TnT even in the absence of Ca2+. The central helix was also replaced with a flexible random coil and rigid polyproline linkers in which D89 was Arg or Pro, respectively. Like alpha h89A and D89A, both mutants were defective in activation of the actomyosin ATPase in the presence of Ca2+. Changes in regulatory function of the mutants did not correlate with altered Ca2+ affinity, altered conformational changes upon binding divalent cations, or Ca(2+)-dependent binding to TnI or TnT. The results suggest that D89 is required for Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction, an event that can be dissociated from Ca(2+)-dependent binding to TnC targets on the thin filament.
Imaging analysis and selected sequence monitoring of small peptides using planar chromatography/secondary ion mass spectrometry

Mixtures of enkephalins and bradykinins contained on silica gel thin-layer chromatograms were imaged by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Spatial profiles of the sample distribution in the chromatographic plane were determined using a precision manipulator that moves the sample into and out of the primary beam generated in a liquid metal gallium source. For instance, spatial profiles are conveniently measured by monitoring the protonated molecule [M + H]+ of each compound or, in a selected-sequence monitoring experiment, by monitoring a sequence ion common to the members of each peptide group. The latter experiment is useful for quick location and identification of a class of peptides separated by planar chromatography, including thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis.
Treatment results using pubovaginal slings in patients with large cystoceles and stress incontinence.

AbstractPurpose: We determined the efficacy of performing a pubovaginal sling concurrently with a formal cystocele repair in patients with grade III to IV cystoceles.Materials and Methods: We studied 42 women with grade III to IV cystoceles diagnosed by physical examination and video urodynamics. Of the patients 9 (22%) had intrinsic sphincter deficiency diagnosed by an abdominal leak point pressure of less the 60 cm. water, and 24 (57%) had type II stress incontinence with urethral hypermobility and an abdominal leak point pressure greater than 90 cm. water. A pubovaginal sling and anterior colporrhaphy were performed and, if indicated, other vaginal procedures were done at that time.Results: A total of 36 patients (86%) was available for postoperative pelvic examinations performed at 3-month intervals, for a mean followup of 20.4 months (range 12 to 39). Only 3 patients had symptomatic grade III cystoceles and 2 had enteroceles. Two patients required collagen injections and 2 underwent a repeat pubovagi...
SU-FF-T-255: The Dosimetric Characterization of the Performance of the One Dose MOSFET Dosimeter in the Buildup Region of a 6 MV Photon Beam

Purpose: To characterize the performance of the One Dose MOSFET dosimeter in the buildup region of a 6 MV photon beam. Method and Materials: The depth dose curve in the buildup region was measured in a polystyrene phantom using One Dose MOSFETs, a PTW parallel‐plane (p‐p) ion chamber, and thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) (rectangular chips 0.5 mm thick). The One Dose MOSFET dosimeters were pre‐calibrated in a Cobalt beam under full build‐up conditions. Calibration factors were supplied by the manufacturer and auto‐corrections applied for SSD, field size and modality. Our polystyrene phantom was arraigned so that intermediate thickness of material was applied to the surface without changing the SSD (100 cm). Surface dose measurements were made with the MOSFET and TLD placed directly on the phantom. Radiochromic (RC) film, approximately 0.25 mm thick, was used for fine‐step measurements for the first few sub‐millimeter steps from the surface. The percentage depth doses (PDD's) were measured to a depth of 5 cm. Results: The measured relative depth doses were normalized at their respective maxima. The TLD's and One Dose MOSFETs over‐estimated doses at very shallow depths compared to the p‐p chamber. The thermoluminescent dosimeters approximated the shallow depth dose better than the One Dose dosimeter. There was a plateau present in the TLD and MOSFET PDD data close to the surface, suggesting an inherent dosimeter buildup thickness of approximately 0.5 and 1.5 mm respectively. Beyond this region, there was good agreement of the three dosimeters in representing the PDD characteristics of a 6 MV photon beam. Conclusion: The One Dose MOSFET system can clinically represent the dose under appropriate buildup conditions but overestimates the surface and sub‐surface (< 1.5 mm) doses.
Insect Resistance to Transgenic Bt Crops: Lessons From the Laboratory and Field

Abstract Transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) grew on >62 million ha worldwide from 1996 to 2002. Despite expectations that pests would rapidly evolve resistance to such Bt crops, increases in the frequency of resistance caused by exposure to Bt crops in the field have not yet been documented. In laboratory and greenhouse tests, however, at least seven resistant laboratory strains of three pests (Plutella xylostella [L.], Pectinophora gossypiella [Saunders], and Helicoverpa armigera [Hubner]) have completed development on Bt crops. In contrast, several other laboratory strains with 70- to 10,100-fold resistance to Bt toxins in diet did not survive on Bt crops. Monitoring of field populations in regions with high adoption of Bt crops has not yet detected increases in resistance frequency. Resistance monitoring examples include Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) in the United States (6 yr), P. gossypiella in Arizona (5 yr), H. armigera in northern China (...
Finite-Dimensional Spectrum-Generating Algebras

It is suggested that the generators of a spectrum-generating algebra are all constants of the motion, some of them having an explicit time dependence. Also suggested is a specific form of the Hamiltonian action on the spectrum-generating algebra for systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom. Well-known examples of spectrum-generating algebras are shown to fit into this framework. The stability of the suggested structure against small perturbation is discussed. The question of the generalization of the suggested structure to systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom is briefly commented upon.
Effect of some substituted pyrimidines on development of renal hypertension in the rat

Abstract Dietary administration of 5-sulfaminouracil at levels of 1000 and 2000 ppm to rats whose kidneys were encapsulated with latex envelopes prevented the rise of systolic blood pressure to the level of that of untreated, kidney-encapsulated controls. The cardiac hypertrophy and renal lesions which usually accompany renal hypertension were noticeably diminished. Sulfaminouracil also possesses mild natriuretic activity which may contribute to its antihypertensive property. Histologic changes, as well as changes in handling of 131 I by the thyroid gland, suggest that sulfaminouracil may also affect the activity of the thyroid gland. However, no gross manifestations of decreased thyroid function were present, e.g., loss of body weight, changes in hair, and anemia. Other substituted pyrimidines, including uracil, 6-aminouracil and 6-carboxyuracil, were without effect on the development of renal hypertension at the doses employed.
Moral Exclusion, Personal Goal Theory, and Extreme Destructiveness

The article describes how certain motives can combine with the exclusion of people from the moral universe, leading to torture, genocide, and mass killing. Personal goal theory is presented as a framework. Personal goals and moral values have ranges of applicability from which certain groups may be excluded. When there is conflict between goals and values, stringent moral values can be replaced by others that allow harm doing—a process termed moral equilibration. The psychological and motivational sources of exclusion include devaluation of groups, just-world thinking, self-distancing by euphemisms or by an objectifying perceptual stance that reduces empathy, and ideologies that identify enemies. Certain cultural characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. Together with intensely difficult life conditions, they give rise to powerful motives and lead to ways of fulfilling them that turn the group against a subgroup of society. As they harm their victims, the perpetrators and the whole society change, progressing along a continuum of destruction that can end in genocide. Bystanders often encourage perpetrators, and they themselves are changed as they passively face the suffering of victims. However, bystanders also have great potential power to inhibit the evolution of increasing destructiveness.
Small variations in chemical shifts for atoms in similar environments

Abstract It is shown that, at least for the particular case of selected proton chemical shifts in benzenoid conjugated hydrocarbons, minor variations in chemical shifts for atoms in similar environments have definite structural origin. The analysis is based on the construction of a partial order (in the algebraic sense) for structures induced by an ordered list of a particular atomic property. Specifically, selected CH environments for catacondensed benzenoid hydrocarbons are discussed. The minor variations, i.e., the gradual decrease of chemical shifts, show a parallelism with the similar decrease in the degree of local aromaticity for the rings at which the corresponding protons are attached. The differences in chemical shifts to which significance is now attached fall in the range of 0.1 to less than 0.01 ppm.
Visual observation of a moving agent

We address the problem of observing a moving agent. In particular, we propose a system for observing a manipulation process, where a robot hand manipulates an object. A discrete event dynamic system (DEDS) frame work is developed for the hand/object interaction over time and a stabilizing observer is constructed. Low-level modules are developed for recognizing the “events” that causes state transitions within the dynamic manipulation system. The work examines closely the possibilities for errors, mistakes and uncertainties in the manipulation system, observer construction process and event identification mechanisms. The system utilizes different tracking techniques in order to observe and recognize the task in an active, adaptive and goal-directed manner.
Characterization of Fe(III) sequestration by an analog of the cytotoxic siderophore brasilibactin A: Implications for the iron transport mechanism in mycobacteria

Mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis represent a significant health concern throughout much of the developing world. In mycobacteria and other pathogenic bacteria, an important virulence factor is the ability of the bacterium to obtain iron from its host. One means of obtaining iron is through the use of siderophores. Brasilibactin A is a membrane bound siderophore produced by Nocardia brasiliensis with structural similarity to the mycobactin class of siderophore in mycobacteria. A characterization of the protonation constants and Fe(III) affinity of a water soluble Brasilibactin A analog (Bbtan) has been performed. Using protonation constants and competition with EDTA, the stability constant of the 1 : 1 Fe(III)-Bbtan complex was found to be log β(110) = 26.96. The pFe of Bbtan is 22.73, somewhat low for a proposed siderophore molecule. The redox potential of the Fe-Bbtan complex was found to be -300 mV vs. NHE, very high for an iron-siderophore complex. The combination of relatively low complex stability and ease of iron reduction may play a crucial role in the mechanism of mycobactin siderophore-mediated iron uptake in mycobacteria and related organisms.
Teaching Students With Reading Difficulties to be Close Readers: A Feasibility Study

Purpose This article describes a program that was designed to help upper elementary students read and understand words as they read texts independently. As a first step in helping middle-to-upper e...
Law of Police Interrogation

This essay traces the history of the law of police interrogation in the United States, emphasizing that this body of law is largely a product of United States Supreme Court cases interpreting the United States Constitution. The essay reviews the three sections of the Constitution that regulate interrogation practices: the Fifth Amendment, the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, and the Sixth Amendment. The essay also explores the Court’s major interrogation-related decisions under each of these constitutional provisions.
Differential associations of leptin with adiposity across early childhood

Objective To examine associations of perinatal and 3-year leptin with weight gain and adiposity through 7 years. Design and Methods In Project Viva, plasma leptin from mothers at 26-28 weeks' gestation (n = 893), umbilical cord vein at delivery (n = 540), and children at 3 years (n = 510) was assessed in relation to BMI z-score, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, and dual X-ray absorptiometry body fat. Results 50.1% of children were male and 29.5% non-white. Mean (SD) maternal, cord, and age 3 leptin concentrations were 22.9 (14.2), 8.8 (6.4), and 1.8 (1.7) ng/ml, respectively, and 3- and 7-year BMI z-scores were 0.46 (1.00) and 0.35 (0.97), respectively. After adjusting for parental and child characteristics, higher maternal and cord leptin were associated with less 3-year adiposity. For example, mean 3-year BMI z-score was 0.5 lower (95% CI: −0.7, −0.2; P-trend = 0.003) among children whose mothers' leptin concentrations were in the top versus bottom quintile. In contrast, higher age 3 leptin was associated with greater weight gain and adiposity through age 7 [e.g., change in BMI z-score from 3 to 7 years was 0.2 units (95% CI: −0.0, 0.4; P-trend =0.05)]. Conclusion Higher perinatal leptin was associated with lower 3-year adiposity, whereas higher age 3 leptin was associated with greater weight gain and adiposity by 7 years.
TAG Models with Emotion

In this talk we describe a class of models of social interaction called TAG models – trust, advice, and gossip. We expand this model by incorporating a computational model of emotion, called the ACT emotion engine derived from mathematical sociology and cognition. Summary Our work focuses on understanding the relationship between information exchange, behavioral choices, and organization performance in informal, message-based, settings. Associated with this are reputation effects and events that can impact those, such as gossip. This has generated a program for testing rudimentary forms of what we call TAG models. TAG models are informal (generally) models of communication and emergent structures that are primarily involved with trust (as a construct and decision variable), advice (as a currency of exchange in the structure), and gossip (as a mechanism to influence both trust and advice). The methods we employ center on crafting cognitive-based computational models of individual agents interacting in group settings (Carley & Prietula, 1994a,b; Prietula, Carley & Gasser, 1998). Building upon a series of research efforts, we describe an expansion that takes into account emotional states capable of influencing, and being influenced by, agent behavior and task events. We adopt (and adapt) two theoretical models that can explain and predict emotionalcognitive aspects of agent behaviors. We also begin to craft a third theoretical framework that melds and extends the two to group emotional states and events.
The Role of Initiation Activities in Socialization

The research examines the use of initiation activities during socialization, examining both "initiation to the task, " which serves to increase the feelings of competence of employees, and "initiation to the group," which serves to increase the feelings of acceptance of employees. Using interview and questionnaire data from 118 hospital employees, the research presents empirical evidence which suggests that people who undergo identifiable, symbolic initiations do not feel either significantly more competent or accepted than those who do not. In the context of a broader contingency model of socialization the research also examines: (a) those variables that do influence how competent and accepted employees come to feel; (b) the outcomes of initiation activities; and (c) the relationship between initiation to the task and initiation to the group.
Transferrin-iron and proinflammatory cytokines influence iron status and apical iron transport efficiency of Caco-2 intestinal cell line

Abstract Endogenous factors that regulate the absorption of dietary iron remain unknown. Differentiated cultures of Caco-2 human intestinal cells grown on membrane inserts were used to study the characteristics of transferrin-iron uptake across the basolateral surface, the effects of transferrin-iron uptake on cellular ferritin content, the transport of apical iron across the monolayer, and the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on these processes. Caco-2 cells accumulated transferrin-iron from the basolateral chamber by a temperature-dependent, saturable process that was enhanced in less differentiated cultures and attenuated by pre-exposure to high-iron medium. Exposure of Caco-2 cells to 10 μmol/L diferric transferrin for 36 hr increased cellular ferritin protein 3.4-fold and decreased the transport of apical 59Fe to the basolateral compartment by 45%. Pretreatment of cells with a combination of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α increased transferrin-iron uptake by 70% and cellular ferritin content by 54%. Also, cytokine treatment decreased apical iron transport across the monolayer by 40% without altering paracellular transport of mannitol. These results suggest that transferrin-iron and proinflammatory cytokines are capable of modulating the iron status and iron transport activity of intestinal epithelial cells.
My ‘brush’ with kuru research

In November 1966, I received, to my surprise, formalin-fixed pieces of brain tissue from a young kuru patient (Tabaso, female, 12 years) from Dr Michael Alpers at the NIH with the request for electron microscopy (EM). At that time, I was engaged in EM studies of infectious diseases of the central
Associations between gelatinous zooplankton and hyperiid amphipods (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the Gulf of California

Hyperiid amphipods are pelagic crustaceans that live associated with gelatinous zooplankton including medusae, ctenophores, siphonophores, and salps. Standard plankton sampling disrupts natural associations, so the most reliable way to determine an association is through direct observation of the organisms in their environment. The planktonic fauna of the Gulf of California dwelling between 10 and 3000 m was surveyed using SCUBA diving and a remotely operated submersible (ROV) during March 2003. Here we report our observations on a total of 14 symbiotic associations found between the hyperiid amphipods and various taxa of gelatinous zooplankton. We found parental care behavior in a group of amphipods (Oxycephalidae) in which this phenomenon has not been previously reported. For two hyperiid species, Euthamneus rostratus and Vibilia australis, we present the first information on their symbiotic relations. Additional hosts were discovered for other well-known and widely distributed hyperiid species (i.e. Brachyscelus crusculum, Hyperoche medusarum). Photographic evidence of some of these interactions is included in this contribution. This is the first survey of these relationships in the Gulf of California, and many aspects of the ecology and biology of these symbioses remain to be studied.
Numerical investigation of the development of three-dimensional wavepackets in a sharp cone boundary layer at Mach 6

Direct numerical simulations were performed to investigate wavepackets in a sharp cone boundary layer at Mach 6. In order to understand the natural transition process in hypersonic cone boundary layers, the flow was forced by a short-duration (localized) pulse. The pulse disturbance developed into a three-dimensional wavepacket, which consisted of a wide range of disturbance frequencies and wavenumbers. First, the linear development of the wavepacket was studied by forcing the flow with a low-amplitude pulse (0.001 % of the free-stream velocity). The dominant waves within the resulting wavepacket were identified as the second-mode axisymmetric disturbance waves. In addition, weaker first-mode oblique disturbance waves were also observed on the lateral sides of the wavepacket. In order to investigate the nonlinear transition regime, large-amplitude pulse disturbances (0.5 % of the free-stream velocity) were introduced. The response of the flow to the large-amplitude pulse disturbances indicated the presence of a fundamental resonance mechanism. Lower secondary peaks in the disturbance wave spectrum were identified at approximately half the frequency of the high-amplitude frequency band, suggesting the possibility of a subharmonic resonance mechanism. However, the spectrum also indicated that the fundamental resonance was much stronger than the subharmonic resonance. A secondary stability investigation using controlled disturbances confirmed that fundamental resonance is indeed a dominant mechanism compared to subharmonic resonance. Furthermore, strong peaks in the disturbance wave spectrum were also observed for low-azimuthal-wavenumber second-mode oblique waves, hinting at a possible oblique breakdown mechanism. Thus, the wavepacket simulations indicate that the second-mode fundamental resonance and oblique breakdown mechanisms are the strongest for the investigated flow. Hence, both mechanisms are likely to be relevant in the natural transition process for a cone boundary layer at Mach 6.
Measuring nonconstant flow in magnetic resonance imaging

An attempt is made to quantify rapid flow using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. An analysis is presented in which it is assumed that constant velocity gradients are present. A deconvolution scheme which can remove the blurring from motion with acceleration is developed. This allows improved resolution and velocity determination. Computer experiments were performed on simulated data, where the velocity drops from 100 cm/s to 50 cm/s over a distance of 5 cm. In noise-free data, velocities were recovered to within 2% of the lower velocity and, for data with 5% white noise, to within 6%. >
Engineered Backfill and Canisters

The waste form is the initial barrier in the multibarrier system, after which is the canister encasing the waste form. The canister(s) is, in turn, surrounded by clay minerals, with or without additives, that constitute the engineered backfill. Clay minerals, because of their high sorptive capacity for the radionuclides of interest, are prime candidates for backfill materials. Naturally occurring clay minerals, including shales, are not only good for retaining the radionuclides of interest, but also are impervious to fluid flow. The choice of canister materials has narrowed to Ti-alloys that have been shown to be resistant to leaching under simulated repository conditions.
Interplay between plasmon and single-particle excitations in a metal nanocluster

Plasmon-generated hot carriers are used in photovoltaic or photochemical applications. However, the interplays between the plasmon and single-particle excitations in nanosystems have not been theoretically addressed using ab initio methods. Here we show such interplays in a Ag55 nanocluster using real-time time-dependent density functional theory simulations. We find that the disappearance of the zero-frequency peak in the Fourier transform of the band-to-band transition coefficient is a hallmark of the plasmon. We show the importance of the d-states for hot-carrier generations. If the single-particle d-to-s excitations are resonant to the plasmon frequency, the majority of the plasmon energy will be converted into hot carriers, and the overall hot-carrier generation is enhanced by the plasmon; if such resonance does not exist, we observe an intriguing Rabi oscillation between the plasmon and hot carriers. Phonons play a minor role in plasmonic dynamics in such small systems. This study provides guidance on improving plasmonic applications.
Crustal Q structure in the United States from multi-mode surface waves

Determination of Q structures are made using a new method which matches observed surface wave spectra with theoretical spectra computed for earthquakes with known fault-plane solutions. The importance of the method lies in its ability to utilize relatively short paths between a single source and receiver, both of which are preferably located within a single geological province. The method has been applied to study the regions of the Eastern United States, the Colorado Plateau, and the Basin and Range Province. Q models have been obtained through trial-and-error procedures and with an inversion scheme developed for that purpose. Models for each region obtained from these two procedures are in good agreement. Qβ values in the upper crust, as obtained from inversions, are 275 for the Eastern United States, 160 for the Colorado Plateau, and 85 for the Basin and Range Province. Qβ values in the lower crust, although not well determined, must be much higher than upper crustal values in all three regions. The conclusions are consistent with those of previous work in which Qβ values in the upper crust of a broad region of the Western United States are lower than those of the Eastern United States. These new results show that substantial variations of Qβ occur in different regions of the Western United States. The upper crustal Qβ values show an inverse relationship to heat flow values.
Effect of Cry1F maize on the behavior of susceptible and resistant Spodoptera frugiperda and Ostrinia nubilalis

Understanding the behavior of pests targeted with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) crops is important to define resistance management strategies. Particularly the study of larval movement between plants is important to determine the feasibility of refuge configurations. Exposure to Bt maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), has been suggested to increase larval movement in lepidopteran species but few studies have examined the potential for resistance to interact with behavioral responses to Bt toxins. Choice and no-choice experiments were conducted with Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to determine whether Cry1F resistance influences neonate movement. Leaf discs of Cry1F maize and the corresponding isoline were used to characterize behavioral responses. In both experiments, the location (on or off of plant tissues) and mortality of susceptible and Cry1F resistant neonates was recorded for 5 days, but the analysis of larvae location was performed until 7 h. Our results indicated no strong difference between resistant and susceptible phenotypes in S. frugiperda and O. nubilalis, although a small percentage of susceptible neonates in both species abandoned maize tissue expressing Cry1F. However, significant behavioral differences were observed between species. Ostrinia nubilalis exhibited increased movement between leaf discs, whereas S. frugiperda selected plant tissue within the first 30 min and remained on the chosen plant regardless of the presence of Cry1F. Spodoptera frugiperda reduced larval movement may have implications to refuge configuration. This study represents the first step toward understanding the effects of Cry1F resistance on Lepidoptera larval behavior. Information regarding behavioral differences between species could aid in developing better and more flexible resistance management strategies.
Preharvest applications of ethephon reduce superficial scald of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples in storage

In 1989 and 1990, preharvest applications of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) at dosages from 50–400 mg 1’1 were applied to ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples. In 1989, the greatest reduction in scald after storage on both ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’, relative to the untreated control resulted from applying 400 mg 1−1 ethephon five weeks before harvest and was 45% and 55% of controls, respectively. On ‘Granny Smith’ 400 mg 1− was also effective when applied three weeks before harvest. In 1990, preharvest applications of ethephon at either 200 or 400 mg 1−1 reduced scald in both cultivars relative to the controls. Ethephon applied six weeks before harvest had no dosage effect on scald reduction after storage. There was no consistent effect on fruit maturity at harvest from any treatment in either year, and no effect on quality of fruit out of storage.
Production of Gas Phase NO2 and Halogens from the Photochemical Oxidation of Aqueous Mixtures of Sea Salt and Nitrate Ions at Room Temperature

Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO3– photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO3-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO2, NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NOy chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO2 increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO3. Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO3– photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO2 was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark invol...
Prevention of salt hypertension by propylthiouracil treatment in rats.

SummaryDietary administration to rats of the anti-thyroid drug, propylthiouracil, prevented development of hypertension accompanying administration of hypertonic (1.75%) NaCl solution as sole drinking fluid. Propylthiouracil administration prevented not only the expected rise in systolic blood pressure but also cardiac and renal hypertrophy. Although the results suggest the possibility that thyroid gland may play a role in salt hypertension, they could be accounted for by extra-thyroidal effects of the drug.
Locating queer-mixed experiences: Narratives of geography and migration:

Social work scholarship concerned with mixed-race and queer identities is growing and ever-changing, yet often treats race and sexuality as separate experiences independent from context and environment. In addition, in studies of mixed-race people, the legacy of the Black-White/US-based multiracial paradigm and the history of such research using race as the only or primary analytic has left a dearth of studies that seek to understand mixed-race experiences within geographical, transnational and intersectional contexts. In this paper, we extend previous work focused on situational and contextual multiracial identities through an interview-based study of a sample of 12 queer and mixed-race individuals. We employ a narrative analysis to explore how emergent themes of geography and migration are salient to self-making processes of participants. Findings include: (1) diverse geographic and migration histories among participants; (2) interviewees’ use of discursive strategies that draw upon experiences of geogr...