cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgenic tools for targeted chromosome rearrangements allow construction of balancer chromosomes in non-melanogaster Drosophila species

Perhaps the most valuable single set of resources for genetic studies of Drosophila melanogaster is the collection of multiply-inverted chromosomes commonly known as balancer chromosomes. Balancers prevent the recovery of recombination exchange products within genomic regions included in inversions and allow perpetual maintenance of deleterious alleles in living stocks and the execution of complex genetic crosses. Balancer chromosomes have been generated traditionally by exposing animals to ionizing radiation and screening for altered chromosome structure or for unusual marker segregation patterns. These approaches are tedious and unpredictable, and have failed to produce the desired products in some species. Here I describe transgenic tools that allow targeted chromosome rearrangements in Drosophila species. The key new resources are engineered reporter genes containing introns with yeast recombination sites and enhancers that drive fluorescent reporter genes in multiple body regions. These tools were used to generate a doubly-inverted chromosome 3R in D. simulans that serves as an effective balancer chromosome.
Some Mathematical Problems in Agriculture

The purpose of this talk is to discuss the formulation and the solution of certain mathematical problems which occur in the investigation of the unsaturated flow of liquids in a porous medium (irrigation) and in the investigation of the behavior of chemicals as well as industrial wastes which are allowed to drain or are pumped into the soil.
A Common Platform API for Android

Cross-platform frameworks for mobile devices promise to facilitate the porting effort of applications between different smartphones. Our approach is to cross-compile Android applications to other platforms such as iOS or Windows Phone 7. Doing so requires to refactor the Android source code base in a platform-dependent and platform-independent part separated by a Common Platform API. This paper discusses the cross-compiling of Java-based Android applications and the design and implementation of the Common Platform API.
Reduced Image Aliasing With Microwave Radiometers and Weather Radar Through Windowed Spatial Averaging

Microwave remote sensing instruments detect and image physical phenomena such as brightness temperature and volume reflectivity. The spatial resolution of these measurements is limited by the physical properties of the instrument such as the antenna size, the spatial scan pattern, and temporal sampling. Analysis shows that common sampling schemes undersample the spatial information present at the antenna. Here, we address methods to better capture the spatial information available by applying the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theory to the spatial averaging and sampling of remote sensing data. The use of overlapping windows for spatial averaging rather than treating pixels independently improves the image fidelity while maintaining the system sensitivity. Additionally, the sensitivity to spatially small targets can be maximized by matching the window shape to the antenna pattern. The spatial imaging of scanning radiometers, radars, and phased-array systems is addressed. These principles are demonstrated with the theory and data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center's High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) radar.
Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Fecal Escherichia coli from Minnesota Dairy Calves from Birth to Four Months of Age

Antimicrobial resistance, and the potential for transmission of resistant zoonotic pathogens from animal sources to humans, continues to be a heavily debated topic. We need to improve our understanding of factors on dairies that contribute to the development or shedding of resistant pathogens, so that veterinarians and producers can adopt judicious drug use and animal management practices that will ultimately protect both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the type of milk diet fed, age of calf, and systemic treatment with antimicrobials, and levels of antibiotic resistance in fecal E. coli from dairy calves between birth and four months of age.
Kinetic analysis of dynamic transitions in stance support accompanying voluntary leg flexion movements in hemiparetic adults

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which adult hemiparesis due to cerebrovascular accident may alter the dynamic transitions from bipedal to single limb stance that accompany rapid voluntary single leg flexion movements while standing. Eight postacute hemiparetic adults performed rapid single-leg-flexion movements with the paretic (PL) and nonparetic (NL) limbs while standing on two separate force platforms that recorded the individual and resultant lateral horizontal (FY) ground reaction force (GRF) components acting on the body in the frontal plane. The results showed that for NL movements, the ipsilateral FY force-time integral contributed a significantly greater proportion to the resultant FY than that recorded beneath the upcoming stance PL, whereas PL movements showed a reverse trend indicating differences in the spatial distribution of GRFs. For some subjects, delays in the initial FY onset times between limbs and reversals in the normal direction of initial force application beneath the PL were observed. Such changes in the spatial and temporal aspects of GRF production may affect dynamic lateral weight transfer function regardless of the direction of total body motion. Implications for clinical practice pertaining to interventions that emphasize speed as well as magnitude of paretic muscle torque production, and factors related to the selection of movement activities for the retraining of dynamic weight transfer function are discussed.
Hypnosis and Traumatic Dissociation: Therapeutic Opportunities

Hypnosis and the related phenomenon of dissociation have long been linked to trauma. Evidence is reviewed regarding the relationship between trauma and dissociation, the prevalence of these dissociative symptoms in the acute aftermath of trauma, and their salience in predicting the development of later PTSD symptoms. The evidence reviewed regarding the prevalence of dissociative and other symptoms in the immediate aftermath of trauma formed the basis for including Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) as a new diagnosis in the DSM-IV. Dissociative amnesia is described as the key commonality between formally induced hypnosis and dissociative symptomatology, and controversy regarding traumatic amnesia is discussed. Finally principles of psychotherapy involving hypnosis and related techniques for dissociative and other post-traumatic symptoms are reviewed.
Genomic evaluations and breed composition for crossbred U.S. dairy cattle.

Genomic evaluations are desired for crossbred as well as purebred populations when selection is applied to commercial and not only breeding herds. Genomic breed composition was estimated from 60 671 markers using the known breeds of daughter-proven Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss and Ayrshire bulls as the four traits (breed fractions) to be predicted. Genotypes of 6 296 crossbred animals were imputed from lower density chips together with either their 3 119 ancestors or all 834 367 genotyped animals. Estimates of breed composition were adjusted so that no values were negative or exceeded 100 and the four breed percentages summed to 100. The crossbreds included 733 Jersey x Holstein crossbreds with >40% of both breeds (F1 crosses), 55 Brown Swiss x Holstein F1, 2 300 Holstein backcrosses with >67% and <90% Holstein, 2 026 Jersey backcrosses, 27 Brown Swiss backcrosses and 502 other crossbreds of various mixtures. Crossbred evaluations were averages of direct genomic values computed using marker effects for each pure breed, weighted by the animal’s genomic breed composition. The marker effects were estimated separately for each breed on the all-breed scale instead of the within-breed scales currently used.
High-temperature fast-flow reactor studies ofmetal-atom oxidation kinetics

The tubular fast-flow reactor, previously used for reaction kinetic measurements at temperatures up to only 1000°K, has been adapted to reach temperatures up to 2000°K, and has been applied to studies of gas-phase reactions of metal atoms with O 2 . The most extensive set of results obtained so far is for the Fe/O 2 reaction in a N 2 bath at 1600°K. This reaction proceeds via Fe+O 2 →FeO+O, with a rate coefficient of (3.6±1.4)×10 −13 ml molecule −1 sec −1 . Evidence has also been obtained for a wall oxidation reaction for which γFe.1600K ≥10 −1 . Preliminary results for the Na and Al reactions with O 2 at 1200° and 1700°K, respectively, are discussed. The experimental technique described here allows measurements to be made under reaction conditions overlapping those used in flame and shock-tube studies.
Fluctuations in a spin glass

Abstract The approach of Fischer is modified to include the lowest order corrections to mean-field theory of a spin glass. The Ginzburg criterion for spin 1 2 is calculated, and the region of quantum fluctuation effects is found to be large, as Tf suppressed by 40% of its mean-field value.
System Implications of the Different Powering Distributions for the ATLAS Upgrade Strips Tracker

Abstract This paper compares the two novel approaches for the power distribution of the ATLAS Upgrade strips tracker modules, serial and DC-DC powering, from the point of view of a system. Numerous variables have been taken into account, such as total power dissipation and power efficiency, system reliability and protection, noise performances, impact on the material budget of the tracker, and services needs and re-usability.
Uncertainty Analysis of Aeroheating Predictions for Titan Entries

A sensitivity and parametric uncertainty analysis of the stagnation point convective heating rate is performed on a Huygens geometry entering the Titan atmosphere. The purpose of the study is to determine which CFD input parameters has the largest effect on the convective heating at fullycatalytic surface. The primary contributors to the heating rate sensitivity and uncertainty were the N2N2, N 2-N, and N 2-H binary collision integrals. Diatomic nitrogen is the dominant species in the shock layer and the diffusion of atomic nitrogen and hydrogen to the vehicle surface is the major rate limiting process to the surface recombination. In terms of input parameter type, the binary collision integrals contributed from 73% to 87% of the overall convective heating rate uncertainty. None of the other input parameter types (dissociation reaction rates, exchange reaction rates, vibrationdissociation coupling parameters, vibrational-translational relaxation times) contributed more than 12.5%.
An Integrated Control and Design Framework for Optimizing Energy Capture and Component Life for a Wind Turbine Variable Ratio Gearbox

Small wind turbines are a promising technology that can provide renewable power to rural and remote communities. In order to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of small wind technology, it is necessary to maximize the wind energy capture and to prolong the turbine system life. Accordingly, this paper presents an integrated development framework that optimizes component design goals, including durability and minimal gearbox mass, with the control objective of producing maximum energy over the turbine system’s 20-yr life. This study focuses on the wind turbine gearbox, which plays a critical role in achieving high efficiency and extended system life. A variable ratio gearbox (VRG) previously developed by the authors is used as an example to demonstrate the methodology. In this paper, an algorithm developed for optimizing the VRG gear ratio is integrated with the design selection of commercially available gears, which will be used to construct the VRG gearbox. The proposed multi-objective framework is capable of identifying the optimal gearsets based on a trade-off between selecting gearsets that maximize wind turbine efficiency and choosing gearsets that best meet the design requirements.
Wave-mixing circular dichroism detector for chiral liquid chromatography.

A circular dichroism (CD) detector based on laser four-wave mixing (FWM) is demonstrated using separate injections of analyte enantiomers onto a standard silica-based microbore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. Using the chiral column, a preliminary "detected" mass detection limit of 180 pg is determined inside a laser probe volume of 200 pL, corresponding to a circular dichroism detection limit, ΔA, of 2.2 × 10−5 for (–) camphorquinone. Detection sensitivity levels are dramatically improved when our FWM-CD detector is interfaced to a microbore system due to the lower mobile-phase flow rates and the smaller sample concentrations required for the analysis. Using the microbore column, a preliminary circular dichroism detection limit, ΔA, of 1.6 × 10−6 and a preliminary concentration detection limit of 4.1 × 10−4 M are determined for camphorquinone. This corresponds to a "detected" mass detection limit of 33 pg for the chiral compound. Laser wave mixing offers better detection limits than conventional circular dichroism detection methods and, hence, offers many promising applications.
cDNA Sequences for Four Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: Structure, Classification, and Their Relationship to Mammalian Reproductive Proteins

Presented here are four new cDNA sequences for hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from Crotalus atrox venom, hemorrhagic toxins a, b, c, and d. Comparison of the translated open reading frames to the mature protein sequences gives evidence for post-translational processing at both the amino and carboxyl termini. This comparison is also the basis for a new classification system for these precursors, based on their different sizes. Protein sequences in the zymogen region support the hypothesis of a cysteine-switch type mechanism of maintaining latency. The coordination geometry around the active site zinc ion is discussed. The relationship between these venom metalloproteinases and a family of mammalian reproductive proteins is also supported by these sequences. The cysteine pattern of the carboxyl-terminal domain of the largest proteinase, hemorrhagic toxin a, is compared to other venom proteinases and to the mammalian proteins, showing both striking similarities and subtle differences. It would appear that these hemorrhagic toxins have resulted from deletions and subsequent divergence from a larger ancestor, one they may have shared with the aforementioned mammalian reproductive proteins.
The magnetic field dependence of water proton T1 in aqueous solutions: Implications for magnetic imaging contrast media

The magnetic field dependence of the water protonnuclear magnetic relaxation induced by a nitroxide radical both free and covalently bound to serum albumin has been measured from 0.23 mT to 0.7 T. The field dependence of the water proton 1/T 1 shows only a minor dependence on the degree of radical immobilization, though the electron spin resonance(ESR) spectrum is very sensitive to the correlation time of the radical. The results and theory are described in more detail elsewhere (J o u r n a l o f C h e m c i a l P h y s i c s, in press). The observed relaxation behavior arises because the long electron relaxation time of the nitroxide forces the correlation time for the magnetic interaction driving the water proton relaxation to become the correlation time for the relative translational motion of the water and the nitroxide. The relative insensitivity of the water proton relaxation to nitroxide immobilization should not change if the nitroxide is used as a contrast reagent for magnetic imaging i n v i v o.
Pierce-Donachy pediatric VAD: Progress in development

Background. Despite the successful use of ventricular assist devices in adults over the past 15 years, relatively little has been done to develop similar devices for pediatric patients. Consequently, no such device is currently available. A review of clinical data suggests that the majority of patients in need of pediatric ventricular assist device, either for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock or as a bridge to cardiac transplantation, are neonates weighing 3 to 5 kg. Attempts to "scale down" an adult blood pump to make an appropriate device for these patients have been difficult due to the lack of sufficiently small, commercially available valves and the tendency for thrombus to develop in flame small pumps. Methods. We report on progress in the development of the Pierce-Donachy pediatric ventricular assist device, which incorporates 10-mm-diameter bileaflet valve prototypes. Particle image velocimetry is used to quantify the velocity field inside the pump. Results and Conclusions. Particle image velocimetry velocity maps demonstrate the complexity of the flow patterns in these pumps and suggest that improved flow patterns may result from the use of valves with improved hemodynamic performance. Animal tests to determine whether improved flow patterns and better "washing" of the pump's blood-contacting surfaces will reduce thrombus formation are underway.
Gender and the welfare state in China

In recent years, the scope of welfare state analysis – originally focused on advanced, industrialised Western countries – has expanded to include developing countries such as China. This paper investigates the evolution of the Chinese welfare state from 1949 to the present day, incorporating a gender perspective. Of particular interest is the evolution of welfare mechanisms and their effects on gender-differentiated outcomes. The paper therefore notes the ways that economic reform and welfare reform interlink to affect women’s access to various welfare state benefits. Gendered patterns of migration and informal labour are also examined in this context.
Formation of a steady state in the radiolysis of ferrimyoglobin in aqueous solution.

Abstract The interaction of radiation-generated · OH radicals with ferrimyoglobin in deaerated aqueous solution at neutral pH has been quantitatively studied. Changes in the visible absorption spectrum have been analyzed on the basis of composition changes of the ferri, deoxy, and ferriperoxide forms of the metalloprotein. A postirradiation thermal process must be considered in order to evaluate the radical-induced composition changes. Initially, ·OH induces reduction of ferrimyoglobin to the deoxy form with a G value (molecular yield/100 eV of absorbed energy) in the zero-dose limit of 1.4 (±0.2). Radiation-generated H 2 O 2 reacts with the ferrimyoglobin substrate to produce ferrimyoglobin peroxide with a G value of 0.7 (±0.1) in the zero-dose limit. At doses of >1 krad μ m −1 of myoglobin present, the composition of the three myoglobin derivatives reaches a radiolysis steady state. In this moderate-dose plateau region, this composition is 44% ferri, 18% deoxy, and 38% ferri peroxide. The · OH-induced hemoprotein radicals that do not initiate 1-eq redox conversions undergo reactions that generate dimer and other globin-modified material.
Microbial Conversion of 4-Oxoisophorone by Aspergillus niger

Etude des produits d'isomerisation de l'oxoisophorone de la voie de conversion et de la stereochimie de la reaction chez Aspergillus niger, par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et spectrometrie de masse
Efficient modeling of spatial correlations for parameterized statistical static timing analysis

This paper presents an efficient method to model spatial correlations in the context of parameterized statistical static timing analysis (SSTA). Multiple spatially-correlated process parameters with different spatial properties can be handled by this method simultaneously and efficiently. Experiment results with industrial circuits show that the proposed approach is significantly more efficient than the existing principle component analysis approach without loosing accuracy.
Analysis of multivariate parallel-line bioassay with composite responses and composite doses, using canonical correlations.

The use of a composite response to estimate the relative potency in a multivariate parallel–line bioassay is described by Finney (1). Occasionally a multivariate bioassay has multiple drugs also. Such a situation arises, for example, when a treatment contains several drugs. A procedure for combining multiple responses and combining multiple drugs is proposed in this paper, in order to obtain point and interval estimates of the relative potency. A composite response and a composite dose level for this purpose are obtained by using canonical analysis.
Purification of DNA from estuarine sediments

Abstract DNA recovered from estuarine sediments after direct lysis of sediment microflora contains contaminants which interfere with restriction endonuclease digestion and other enzymic manipulations. Removal of these contaminants has proven excessively difficult and time consuming. New procedures were incorporated into established direct lysis methods in order to improve the quality of DNA recovered from sediments. Crude DNA preparations were recovered from estuarine sediment samples spanning a broad range of median grain sizes, % silt and clay contents, and organic matter contents. The samples were incubated with ammonium acetate adn ethidium bromide, extracted with phenol, and the aqueous DNA solutions isopropanol precipitated. These treatments greatly reduced contaminant quantity, as determined by spectrophotometric analysis, but did not yield restriction digestible DNA. This partially purified DNA was further using ion exchange chromatography, yielding DNA susceptible to restriction digestion. DNA purified using ion exchange chromatography was comparable in quality to that recovered from CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation, and was obtained at substantial savings in time and expense compared to the latter method.
Carbon-coated magnetic palladium: applications in partial oxidation of alcohols and coupling reactions

A carbon-coated magnetic Pd catalyst has been synthesized via in situ generation of nanoferrites and incorporation of carbon from renewable cellulose via calcination; the catalyst can be used for oxidation of alcohols, amination reaction and arylation of aryl halides (cross-coupling reaction).
Management of malignant pleural effusions and pneumothorax.

Pleural abnormalities result from a wide range of diseases including inflammatory, neoplastic, and infectious processes, and iatrogenic causes. This article focuses on the management of two common pleural abnormalities: malignant pleural effusion and pneumothorax.
Augmentation rib grafting to the inferior border of the mandible.

Several techniques have been advocated for osseous augmentation of atrophic edentulous mandibles. This article presents a description of grafting rib to the inferior border of the mandible for augmentation in 31 cases. The indications, advantages, and disadvantages of the technique are outlined.
Gating the Selectivity Filter in ClC Chloride Channels

ClC channels conduct chloride (Cl-) ions across cell membranes and thereby govern the electrical activity of muscle cells and certain neurons, the transport of fluid and electrolytes across epithelia, and the acidification of intracellular vesicles. The structural basis of ClC channel gating was studied. Crystal structures of wild-type and mutant Escherichia coli ClC channels bound to a monoclonal Fab fragment reveal three Cl- binding sites within the 15-angstrom neck of an hourglass-shaped pore. The Cl- binding site nearest the extracellular solution can be occupied either by a Cl- ion or by a glutamate carboxyl group. Mutations of this glutamate residue in Torpedo ray ClC channels alter gating in electrophysiological assays. These findings reveal a form of gating in which the glutamate carboxyl group closes the pore by mimicking a Cl- ion.
Defect Chemistry and Plasmon Physics of Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanocrystals.

Plasmonic nanocrystals of highly doped metal oxides have seen rapid development in the past decade and represent a class of materials with unique optoelectronic properties. In this Perspective, we discuss doping mechanisms in metal oxides and the accompanying physics of free carrier scattering, both of which have implications in determining the properties of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in these nanocrystals. The balance between activation and compensation of dopants limits the free carrier concentration of the most common metal oxides, placing a ceiling on the LSPR frequency. Furthermore, because of ionized impurity scattering of the oscillating plasma by dopant ions, scattering must be treated in a fundamentally different way in semiconductor metal oxide materials when compared with conventional metals. Though these effects are well-understood in bulk metal oxides, further study is needed to understand their manifestation in nanocrystals and corresponding impact on plasmonic properties, ...
Characterization of Electrochemical Capacity of a Biotemplated Polypyrrole Membrane

Recent studies of polypyrrole (PPy) electrodes have been increasing the interfacial surface area in order to increase electrochemical performance. We present a novel method of electropolymerizing PPy doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) referred to as biotemplating. A biotemplated conducting polymer utilizes phospholipid vesicles in order to form a three dimensional structure with a sponge-like shape. The vesicles, measuring 1–2 μm in diameter, are added in situ with the polymerization solution. They become enveloped while maintaining their structure during electropolymerization of PPy(DBS). The result of this structure is a significant increase in surface area compared to current techniques. There are several advantages in using biotemplated conducting polymers as battery electrodes. Compared to a planar PPy(DBS) membrane, biotemplated PPy(DBS) membranes have a roughly 50% increased storage capacity. There is an expected reduction in volumetric expansion during ion ingress/egress into the polymer backbone. This reduction would result in decreased fatigue loading and improving cyclability. Further, biotemplated PPy(DBS) membranes can be fabricated into thin structures with increased flexibility, allowing them to be rolled into various packaging sizes. In this article, the charge density of a biotemplated PPy(DBS) membrane as a function of charging and discharging currents is compared to a planar PPy(DBS) membrane. The structural enhancement offers systemic advantages by providing higher volumetric energy density and decreased fatigue loading for applications involving conducting polymer electrodes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Geological reasoning: Geology as an interpretive and historical science

The standard account of the reasoning process within geology views it as lacking a distinctive methodology of its own. Rather, geology is described as a derivative science, relying on the logical techniques exemplified by physics. I argue that this account is inadequate and skews our understanding of both geology and the scientific process in general. Far from simply taking up and applying the logical techniques of physics, geological reasoning has developed its own distinctive set of logical procedures. I begin with a review of contemporary philosophy of science as it relates to geology. I then discuss the two distinctive features of geological reasoning, which are its nature as (1) an interpretive and (2) a historical science. I conclude that geological reasoning offers us the best model of the type of reasoning necessary for confronting the type of problems we are likely to face in the 21st century.
Assessing Protein Loop Flexibility by Hierarchical Monte Carlo Sampling

Loop flexibility is often crucial to protein biological function in solution. We report a new Monte Carlo method for generating conformational ensembles for protein loops and cyclic peptides. The approach incorporates the triaxial loop closure method, which addresses the inverse kinematic problem for generating backbone move sets that do not break the loop. Side chains are sampled together with the backbone in a hierarchical way, making it possible to make large moves that cross energy barriers. As aninitialapplication,weapplythemethodtothe flexibleloopintriosephosphateisomerasethatcapstheactivesiteanddemonstrate thattheresulting loopensemblesagreewellwithkeyobservations fromprevious structuralstudies.Wealsodemonstrate, withthree other test cases, the ability to distinguish relatively flexible and rigid loops within the same protein.
Caudate neuronal response to microiontophoretically injected morphine in naive and morphine-dependent rats.

Abstract 1. The response of caudate nucleus neurons to morphine was found to be dose-dependent and could be divided into two classes: neurons which responded monophasically either by increase or decrease in their firing rate, and neurons whose response can be described as biphasic, exhibiting increase followed by decrease in their firing rate or vice versa, with the increase in morphine concentration. These responses were found in both naive and morphine-dependent rats. 2. Naloxone antagonized the effects of morphine in 74 out of 102 neurons tested. 3. Caudate neurons of morphine-dependent rats showed super-sensitivity to morphine compared to naive rats. 4. Differences were found in the distribution of the spontaneously active neurons between naive and morphine-dependent rats, indicating the existence of two different opiate receptor populations within the caudate nucleus.
‘To Parley Euphuism’: fashioning English as a linguistic fad

In 1578, John Lyly, the grandson of Henry VIII's grammarian, wrote a prose romance entitled Euphues: The Anatomy of Wyt. The text, along with its eventual sequel, proved to be an enormous success and was published in fifteen editions by 1613. Lyly's text even spawned its own style of speech called 'Euphuism', an elaborate linguistic pattern based on the grammatical acrobatics of Lyly's title character. At the apex of its popularity, Euphuism was spoken in court and was imitated by admiring literati. However, as rapidly as Lyly's text rose to fame, it fell into disfavour and began to garner intense public ridicule. While critics have spent much time dissecting and diagramming Euphuism's speech patterns, few have hypothesized why this style created such a stir in its own day. As a detailed look at Lyly's own prefatory matter will indicate, Lyly's text was a fleeting success because he wanted it to be: Lyly was not looking to produce a work that would stand the test of time. Instead, he was aiming for immediate social rewards and, in order to achieve them, Lyly promoted the text as a passing fad and used the language of fashion to do so.
Effect of frequent changes in aerobic and anaerobic conditions on redox potential and nitrogen loss in a flooded soil

Abstract The effect of frequent changes in aerobic and anaerobic conditions on redox potential and N loss in a flooded soil was investigated under laboratory conditions. Increasing the frequency of changing from aerobic to anaerobic conditions from 48 h aerobic-48 h anaerobic to 6 h aerobic-6 h anaerobic increased N loss. A separate experiment showed that losses were somewhat less when the frequency was increased from 6 h aerobic-6 h anaerobic to 3 h aerobic-3 h anaerobic, but the loss of N again increased when the frequency was further increased to 1.5 h aerobic-1.5 h anaerobic. N losses were due to alternate nitrification (aerobic period) and denitrification (anaerobic period), possibly coupled with chemical decomposition of nitrite at the greater aerobic-anaerobic frequencies.
Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow to Changes in Arterial Pressure in Mild Alzheimer's Disease

Studies in transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) demonstrate impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to changes in arterial pressure and suggest that cerebrovascular dysfunction may be critically important in the development of pathological Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the relevance of such a finding for guiding hypertension treatment in the elderly, we assessed autoregulation in individuals with AD. Twenty persons aged 75±6 years with very mild or mild symptomatic AD (Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5 or 1.0) underwent 15O-positron emission tomography (PET) CBF measurements before and after mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered from 107±13 to 92±9 mm Hg with intravenous nicardipine; 11C-PIB-PET imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were also obtained. There were no significant differences in mean CBF before and after MAP reduction in the bilateral hemispheres (−0.9±5.2 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=−3.4 to 1.5), cortical borderzones (−1.9±5.0 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.10, 95% CI=−4.3 to 0.4), regions of T2W-MRI-defined leukoaraiosis (−0.3±4.4 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.85, 95% CI=−3.3 to 3.9), or regions of peak 11C-PIB uptake (−2.5±7.7 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.30, 95% CI=−7.7 to 2.7). The absence of significant change in CBF with a 10 to 15 mm Hg reduction in MAP within the normal autoregulatory range demonstrates that there is neither a generalized nor local defect of autoregulation in AD.
One-cycle control of PMSG for wind power generation

As a high-reliability and maintenance-free solution, direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is a promising method for wind power generation, especially for off-shore applications. This paper introduces one-cycle control (OCC) of PMSG with back-to-back three phase converters. By utilizing OCC, dq transformation is eliminated and the controller is simple and reliable. Simulation results prove that the proposed controller can achieve precise and fast speed control of PMSG and keep DC link voltage stable at the same time.
Response to influenza virus vaccine in children receivingchemotherapy for malignancy

tory?" Others have reported a decreased response of the testes in some of their patients with cryptorchidism?- ~ These contradictory results could be attributed to the small number of patients studied,-". 8. ,o to the differing d0ses ofthe hCG administered," ~. 5 as well as to improper grouping of the subjects, i.e., bilateral and unilateral cryptorchid patients, 8''' ,o or operated and non-operated patients with cryptorchidism ~" 9 Were studied together. In the present investigation all conditions that could - affect testicular function were excluded. Our results indicate that in patients with bilateral cryptorchidism there is a diminution of testosterone secretion after the age of 6 years. This suggests that time is an important factor in the treatment ofcryptorchidism; d endocrine function of the testes can be found after the age of 6 years, as has been observed for spermatogenesis.
The Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front can Trigger Acanthaster planci Outbreaks in the Pacific Ocean : Historical Confirmation

We hypothesize that the North Pacific transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF) can episodically deliver enhanced phytoplankton levels that are linked to the emergence of adult populations of the coral eating starfish Acanthaster planci. In some years, the seasonally migrating TZCF bathes the northwest Hawaiian Islands with chlorophyll-a rich waters during the winter months that coincide with peak starfish spawning and provide ideal conditions for A. planci larval survival. We found significant relationships between starfish populations in the North Pacific and the southernmost latitude of the TZCF, chlorophyll-a concentrations, sea surface temperature, and Ekman transport indices since 1967. We propose that TZCF-triggered primary outbreaks are followed by secondary outbreaks throughout the region, in accordance with the surface currents and separated by a sequential time lag. Our historical confirmation suggests outbreaks are predictable, which has immediate coral reef conservation and management consequences.
Spinal Cord Emergencies: False Reassurance from Reflexes

Emergency physicians need to understand the potential for false reassurance in the interpretation of reflex examination data. Neurologic consultation should be sought when classic signs are lacking, but other evidence causes suspicion. Changes in teaching emphasis and acute practice are needed, since the stakes may be high and time is of the essence. We have responded to the insights gained from this study by augmenting in-service and continuing medical education teaching and by implementing guidelines to assist EPs. We have emphasized the importance of spotlighting high-risk patients, as exemplified above, and of taking advantage of neurologic or neurosurgical consultation. Where in-person consultation is less available, the use of guidelines and remote consultation should be able to help direct further examination, diagnostic formulation, and the need for imaging decisions. Given the potential for severe negative outcome if spinal emergencies are not optimally managed, we must give the teaching of these issues high priority.
Innovation in Technology-Aided Psychotherapy Through Human Factors/Ergonomics: Toward a Collaborative Approach

Technologies are being used increasingly to aid psychotherapy and are becoming an integral part of mental health treatment. Although prior studies compared technology-aided psychotherapy (TAP) to traditional treatments, there are insufficient studies of the impact that specific design parameters and use of the technologies may have on the client and therapist, and treatment outcomes. This requires an understanding of human–technology interaction, which is the focus of the field of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E). The goal of this article is to raise awareness of the importance of the human–technology interaction in TAP, and to foster collaborations between psychotherapists and HF/E professionals. Toward these aims, this article examines the implications of findings in HF/E for the use of technologies (videoconferencing, text-based communication, and virtual environments) in psychotherapy. It is suggested that the manner in which technologies are designed and used may have important effects on the therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes, and in some cases (side effects of virtual reality) the health and safety of the client. Future research should examine effects of specific design factors on treatment including variables such as the visibility of gestures and degree of eye contact during videoconferencing, response delays during text-messaging, and presence and adverse effects when using virtual environments. Studies that compare TAP to traditional methods should report as much detail as possible about the human–technology interaction. It is essential that psychotherapists and HF/E professionals conduct research collaboratively to develop effective and innovative technologies and, ultimately, design principles for TAP.
Out to Play

While at the park, a little boy's playtime is interrupted by the sound of uncontrollable laughter. Nearby, another boy is giggling at the contents of a box. What could be so funny? When approached, however, he refuses to share the box's secret, much to the annoyance of the first child.
Entry barriers in retailing

Abstract The main purpose of the present research is to compare the impact of exogenous and endogenous market entry barriers in the retail setting. To clarify this issue, potential reactions by existing retailers to prospective competitors are studied. The results indicate that the major entry barriers are capital requirements, availability of store locations, and availability of qualified personnel: all exogeneous variables. In addition, the endogenous barriers most highly ranked, on the assumption that entry would occur, are those designed to reinforce exogenous barriers. Further, collateral issues are addressed. The results are discussed within the context of the research, and directions for future research are given.
Stability of topological black holes

We explore the classical stability of topological black holes in $d$-dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime, where the horizon is an Einstein manifold of negative curvature. According to the gauge invariant formalism of Ishibashi and Kodama, gravitational perturbations are classified as being of scalar, vector, or tensor type, depending on their transformation properties with respect to the horizon manifold. For the massless black hole, we show that the perturbation equations for all modes can be reduced to a simple scalar field equation. This equation is exactly solvable in terms of hypergeometric functions, thus allowing an exact analytic determination of potential gravitational instabilities. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, in terms of the eigenvalues $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ of the Lichnerowicz operator on the horizon manifold, namely $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{-}4(d\ensuremath{-}2)$. For the case of negative mass black holes, we show that a sufficient condition for stability is given by $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{-}2(d\ensuremath{-}3)$.
Non-medical prescription opioid use and violent behaviour among adolescents

ObjectiveA pharmacological explanation for the observed positive association between opioid abuse and violence does not appear to exist. Several explanations have therefore been posited. This study attempted to shed additional light on the latent factors linking opioid abuse and adolescent violence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation to examine this relationship while distinguishing between adolescents who misused their own versus a diverted prescription. A secondary objective was to compare the estimated effects of opioid abuse to those of other substances.MethodThe 2008 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey data were analysed. A full information maximum likelihood multiple regression was used to account for missing data.ResultsDiverted- and own-prescription opioid abuse among adolescents were evidenced to be relatively strong predictors of violent thoughts and subsequent violent behaviour.ConclusionsThese findings, in conjunction with our unique operationalisation of violence,...
of Amino Terminal and A4 (β-Amyloid) Antigens in Alzheimer Plaques: Evidence for Coordinated Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein

The mechanism by which the A4 (β-amyloid) domain of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) is deposited in plaques is unknown, and limited information is available concerning the extent to which other APP sites are associated with plaques. To address these issues, we prepared antiserum to a peptide adjacent to the N-terminus of the APP (referred to as N1) and examined its distribution in brain relative to A4 by double-immunostaining techniques. Anti-N1 localized to both neurons and glia in control and Alzheimer patients. In the Alzheimer brain, anti-N1 detected plaques. Quantitation revealed that 85% of thioflavin-positive plaques, and 91% of A4-positive plaques were also N1 positive. Double-staining methods directly demonstrated colocalization of distant APP sites. The data suggest that proposed mechanisms for amyloid deposition during plaque formation must take into account the extracytoplasmic domain, in addition to the A4 region, rather than be confined exclusively to the A4 site. (J Geriatr Ps...
THE PROSPECTS FOR COMPREHENSIVE OCEAN MANAGEMENT

The author's purpose is to consider existent challenges to ocean management, and to also analyze the longer-term prospects. He discusses how changing uses, perceptions and legal arrangements alter views on ocean management and what obstacles are hindering more effective management.
A class of minimax estimators of a normal quantile

Abstract The estimation problem of the quantiles of a normal distribution with both parameters unknown, is considered. We construct a class of minimax procedures each of which improves upon the traditional (best equivariant) estimator of a quantile different from the median. For this purpose a differential inequality and a family of its solutions is found.
Sinoaortic denervation changes catecholamines in caudate-putamen of rats.

Abstract The 3-day sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) rat has a reduced concentration of dopamine (DA) in caudate-putamen (CP) (Brain Research), 299 (1984) 380–383). This suggested that the nigrostriatal system processes input from the cardiovascular system via arterial baroreceptor pathways. In this study we compared regional DA levels in CP of SAD and Sham-operated (SO) rats 3 and 7 days after surgery. Bilateral CP samples were obtained by micropunch from consecutive frozen brain sections. Samples were taken throughout the entire lenght of CP from dorsal, lateral and ventral areas. Punches of two consecutive sections were pooled and assayed for DA and norepinephrine (NE). SO rats showed a rostro-caudal gradient of DA in all 3 areas. Three-day SAD rats had significantly lower cumulative DA concentrations in each of the 3 CP areas. The concentration in each region of the 3 areas were also reduced and about half of them achieved statistical significance. SO rats did not show a gradient of NE. Cumulative NE was significantly lower in dorsal and ventral areas of SAD rats. In 7 days SAD rats, DA values were no longer reduced, but were significantly elevated in dorsal but unchanged in ventral areas. These data support evidence of nigrostriatal interaction with baroreceptor pathways.
Efficacy and Toxicity of Intracavitary Administration of Pegylated Liposomal Encapsulated Doxorubicin (DOXIL) in Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma

Introduction: Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a fatal malignancy and most dogs die within 6–8 months of diagnosis. The spleen is a common primary site, representing 50% of all cases. These dogs typically present with clinical signs due to tumor rupture and intra-abdominal dissemination; the abdomen is also the main site of disease progression when these patients fail. Direct delivery of chemotherapy into the abdominal cavity may therefore be a rational approach in this malignancy. Methods: 14 dogs with stage 2 or 3 splenic HSA were recruited. Doxil at a dose of 1 mg/kg was diluted in saline and administered via ultrasound-guidance into the abdominal cavity. The dogs were scheduled to receive 4 treatments every 3 weeks. Samples of plasma and abdominal fluid were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. All dogs were monitored for recurrence and complete necropsies were requested at death. Results: 8 dogs with stage 3 and 6 dogs with stage 2 HSA were enrolled. All 14 dogs have died, 12/14 due to tumor and 2 from other causes. There was no difference in median survival days between stages (stage 2: 244, stage 3: 125, p = .22). All 12 dogs that died due to tumor-related causes failed with intra-abdominal recurrence. Necropsies showed that the dogs in this study had relatively fewer extra-abdominal metastasis compared to dogs treated with systemic chemotherapy. Pk analysis showed detectable plasma doxorubicin 1 and 2 weeks after treatment. Conclusion: Direct abdominal administration of Doxil did not prevent intra-abdominal recurrence; however, it appeared to provide effective systemic coverage.
Reactions induced in vitro between model DNA and benzo[a]pyrene by near-ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract Near-ultraviolet (300–480 nm wavelength) irradiation of the single-strand polydeoxynucleotide poly[d(A,C,G,T)] and carbon-14 labeled benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P) in aqueous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution led to appreciable binding of labeled hydrocarbon to the polynucleotide. Nuclease digests of polydeoxynucleotide-B[ a ]P complexes were examined by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20; at high fluences of near-ultraviolet light deoxyguanosine (dG) residues of the polymer were largely destroyed when the hydrocarbon was present. Approximately 85% of the B[ a ]P of the digests were recovered as hydrophilic derivatives not adsorbed by Sephadex LH-20. Elution of the columns with an aqueous-methanol gradient indicated that substances similar to the covalent deoxynucleoside-B[ a ]P adducts formed between microsomally-oxidized B[ a ]P and DNA were likewise present in the digests. When the deoxyadenosine (dA), deoxycytidine (dC) or dG moieties of the polymer were tritium-labeled, substances doubly-labeled with tritium and carbon-14 were found; ratios of the two radioactivities indicated that equimolar amounts of deoxynucleoside and hydrocarbon were present.