cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The search for electrostatically lofted grains above the Moon with the Lunar Dust Experiment

The Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) on board the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer mission was designed to make in situ dust measurements while orbiting the Moon. Particles with radii a >∼ 0.3μm were detected as single impacts. LDEX was also capable of measuring the collective signal generated from dust impacts with sizes below its single-particle detection threshold. A putative population of electrostatically lofted grains above the lunar terminator with radii of approximately 0.1 μm has been suggested to exist since the Apollo era. LDEX performed the first search with an in situ dust detector for such a population. Here we present the results of the LDEX observations taken over the lunar terminator and report that within LDEX's detection limits, we found no evidence of electrostatically lofted grains in the altitude range of 3–250 km above the lunar terminator.
In autoimmune-prone NOD mice, altered DC subsets induce aberrant activation of CD4 T cells, yet DCIR2+ DCs can still induce tolerance. (BA15P.218)

Stimulation of CD4+ T cells by antigen targeted in vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) in the absence of inflammation usually leads to tolerance. However, DCs are altered in autoimmune-prone mice such as non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for type 1 diabetes. We observed altered DC responses in NOD mice to innate immune stimuli such as CpG, which may alter the ability of these DCs to induce tolerance. In addition, determining which antigen presenting cell populations are capable of inducing tolerance in the context of chronic autoimmunity is critical for antigen-specific treatments for autoimmune disease. We recently reported that in NOD mice, DEC-205+ DCs induce effector responses, not tolerance, in autoreactive CD4+ T cells. We now show that DCIR2+ DCs, distinct from DEC-205+ DCs, can be tolerogenic in NOD mice. Beta cell antigen targeted via chimeric antibody to DCIR2+ DCs delays disease induction in a transfer model of type 1 diabetes. DCIR2+ DC stimulation induces partial deletion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells and remaining cells are unable to produce IFN-γ. These disparate T cell outcomes after targeting antigen to DEC-205+ or DCIR2+ DCs are underpinned by differential gene expression in antigen-specific T cells early after stimulation. In conclusion, we have characterized defects in DCs in NOD mice, and the resulting altered T cell responses with the goal of identifying ways to induce tolerance even in the context of autoimmunity.
Assurance-based Y2K testing

Describes assurance techniques for Year-2000 (Y2K) testing. The Y2K problem is an important issue in the computer industry today, and testing is still the main technique for quality assurance. There is a need to ensure that the software is reasonably safe from Y2K faults after testing. This paper uses a statistical model for ensuring this, and it explicitly models Y2K faults as well as the ripples induced by Y2K modifications. The paper then describes two processes that use the model in practice: a bottom-up process that can be used together with software development, and a top-down process that can be used when the project is almost completed. These processes can be easily embedded in an existing testing process with minimal changes and minimal extra effort.
The Nobility of the American Lawyer: the Ennobling History, Philosophy, and Morality of a Maligned Profession

This article published in the Cooley Law Review argues that the law profession and public too often overlook the profession's noble history and foundation. The profession should reconnect with its rich philosophy and sound morality to meet the public's challenge that it regenerate its values and image.
Constrained viewpoint from occluding contour

The paper addresses the problem of how to constrain the set of viewpoints from which a 3D model will project to a given a set of occluding contour features. The approach is new in that it relies on a precomputed occluding contour representation for polyhedral models that makes T-junctions, contour terminals and the change in contour topology explicit. Potential model-image correspondences of occluding contour features can be formulated as regions in viewpoint space defined by constraint boundaries since features are only visible from a restricted set of viewpoints. The implementation results demonstrate that T-junction features can efficiently constrain the space of viewpoints to produce a small, bounded viewpoint set that accounts for the occluding contour features. >
Comparison of neural network and genetic algorithms for a resource allocation problem

We compare neural network and genetic algorithm solutions of a resource allocation problem and discuss the relative asymptotic scaling of the two approaches in terms of time and space complexity. We show that for this problem neural networks and genetic algorithms perform similarly. >
Effect of lactose or its component sugars on jejunal calcium absorption in adult man.

The effect of lactose vs glucose plus galactose on jejunal calcium absorption was studied in 10 subjects using a triple-lumen perfusion technique. In each, 30 cm of jejunum was perfused with two test solutions. The comparisons made were lactose (Lac) vs mannitol (Man), Lac vs glucose and galactose (GG), and Man vs GG. Compared with Man, Lac, and GG caused a significant increase in net water and sodium absorption and luminal calcium concentration. In subjects receiving both Lac and GG, water and sodium absorption were greater with GG. The only statistically significant increase in net calcium absorption occurred with Man vs GG in which water absorption increased from 16 to 350 mL.h-1.30 cm-1. However, by use of data from all test solutions, water and sodium absorption were found to be significantly correlated with calcium absorption (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that lactose or its component sugars enhance jejunal calcium absorption in proportion to their effect on fluid absorption.
Thermodynamics of denaturation of staphylococcal nuclease mutants: an intermediate state in protein folding.

A valuable approach to understanding the forces that maintain protein structure is to analyze the thermodynamic effects of mutations on protein folding. The folding process is most often described using an energetic model that assumes a two-state transition between the native and denatured states. However, some results obtained using this approach for mutants of the protein staphylococcal nuclease have contradicted expectations from our current understanding of protein energetics. The application of differential scanning calorimetry to a set of mutant nuclease proteins allowed us to measure directly the effects of mutations on the enthalpy and heat capacity changes of unfolding, as well as on the cooperativity. We found that most of these effects can be understood with a three-state model of folding including a distinct intermediate, but not with the two-state model. Use of a three-state instead of a two-state model leads to large differences in conclusions about the stability effects of some mutations, s...
On the Stability of a Planetary System Embedded in the Beta Pictoris Debris Disk

It has recently been stated that the warp structure observed around the star Beta Pictoris may be due to four planets embedded in its debris disk (Wahhaj et al., 2003). It, therefore, becomes important to investigate for what range of parameters, and for how long such a multibody system will be dynamically stable. We present the results of the numerical integration of the suggested planetary system for different values of the mass and radii of the planets, and their relative positions and velocities. We also present a statistical analysis of the results in an effort to understand the relation between the different regions of the parameter-space of the system and the duration of the orbital stability of the embedded planets.
A conservative high order semi-Lagrangian WENO method for the Vlasov equation

In this paper, we propose a novel Vlasov solver based on a semi-Lagrangian method which combines Strang splitting in time with high order WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory) reconstruction in space. A key insight in this work is that the spatial interpolation matrices, used in the reconstruction process of a semi-Lagrangian approach to linear hyperbolic equations, can be factored into right and left flux matrices. It is the factoring of the interpolation matrices which makes it possible to apply the WENO methodology in the reconstruction used in the semi-Lagrangian update. The spatial WENO reconstruction developed for this method is conservative and updates point values of the solution. While the third, fifth, seventh and ninth order reconstructions are presented in this paper, the scheme can be extended to arbitrarily high order. WENO reconstruction is able to achieve high order accuracy in smooth parts of the solution while being able to capture sharp interfaces without introducing oscillations. Moreover, the CFL time step restriction of a regular finite difference or finite volume WENO scheme is removed in a semi-Lagrangian framework, allowing for a cheaper and more flexible numerical realization. The quality of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying the approach to basic test problems, such as linear advection and rigid body rotation, and to classical plasma problems, such as Landau damping and the two-stream instability. Even though the method is only second order accurate in time, our numerical results suggest the use of high order reconstruction is advantageous when considering the Vlasov-Poisson system.
Quantitative Analysis of Nanoscale Lipid Bilayer Modifications via Second Harmonic Generating Probes

Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy is an effective tool for studying the order of symmetry-breaking interfaces, such as lipid bilayers. Recently, we have shown that disruptions in the interfacial nature of the membrane can be studied with the addition of lipophilic SHG probes, specifically Di-4-ANEPPDHQ (Di-4). In addition to the conformational information provided by the SHG signal, this particular probe can be used to determine lipid phase and transmembrane voltage through the dye's fluorescence behavior. We now strengthen our technique by changing the polarity of the incident laser beam from linear to circular polarization. The modification provides SHG signal around the circumference of the cell in every optical slice, while maintaining a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. Utilizing nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) of varying pulse widths and intensities as a tool for provoking spatially and temporally minute perturbations in the cell membrane, we observe membrane poration on the nano-scale. To verify our results, we adapted a previously-published electrical membrane model to map the theoretical angular area affected by these nsPEFs. The tests further establish the effectiveness of SHG probes, in our case Di-4, as a tool for observing subtle membrane alterations and document the extent to which electric fields of varying pulse parameters affect the cellular membrane.
Cdc20: a WD40 activator for a cell cycle degradation machine.

Cdc20 is an essential cell-cycle regulator required for the completion of mitosis in organisms from yeast to man and contains at its C terminus a WD40 repeat domain that mediates protein-protein interactions. In mitosis, Cdc20 binds to and activates the ubiquitin ligase activity of a large molecular machine called the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and enables the ubiquitination and degradation of securin and cyclin B, thus promoting the onset of anaphase and mitotic exit. APC/C Cdc20 is temporally and spatially regulated during the somatic and embryonic cell cycle by numerous mechanisms, including the spindle checkpoint and the cytostatic factor (CSF). Therefore, Cdc20 serves as an integrator of multiple intracellular signaling cascades that regulate progression through mitosis. This review summarizes recent progress toward the understanding of the functions of Cdc20, the mechanisms by which it activates APC/C, and its regulation by phosphorylation and by association with its binding proteins.
Effects of GABAA compounds on mCPP drug discrimination in rats

Abstract Male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate mCPP (1.4 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline, using a two-lever, food-reinforced operant task. The GABA A antagonist, bicuculline (0.16–0.64 mg/kg), partially substituted for mCPP, whereas the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (1–10 mg/kg), and the benzodiazepine inverse agonist, Ro 15-4513 (0.25–2.5 mg/kg), failed to substitute for mCPP. Bicuculline produced no change in response rate, whereas Ro 15-4513 dose-dependently decreased responding. Flumazenil produced a small increase in response rates. Flumazenil (10 mg/kg), Ro 15-4513 (1.25 mg/kg), and the benzodiazepine agonists alprazolam (0.64 mg/kg) and diazepam (5 mg/kg) full agonist all failed to block the mCPP discriminative stimulus. When given in combination with mCPP, Ro15-4513 and alprazolam both produced lower response rates than did mCPP alone, whereas flumazenil and diazepam did not significantly alter response rates. These findings provide evidence that GABA A antagonists modulate the discriminative stimulus effects of mCPP, but that these effects are not mediated by activity at the benzodiazepine site.
Growth cones in differentiated neuroblastoma: a time-lapse cinematographic and electron microscopic study.

Growth cones of ‘differentiating’ neuroblastoma cells in monolayer culture were studied by time-lapse cinematography and electron microscopy. Morphological differentiation, and thus growth cone formation, was induced by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Growth cones lengthened gradually at an average rate of 30 μm/h, advancing in stages that involved alternating extensions and retractions of the filopodia and lamellar sheets. During neurite growth the cell body usually remained stationary. The ultrastructure of growth cones was typified by several filopodia, each containing a bundle of microfilaments, agranular endoplasmic reticulum, aggregates of large agranular vesicles lying adjacent to filopodia (previously termed vesicle-filled mounds), many dense-cored vesicles, 100–140 nm in diameter, microtubules, bizarre and distorted mitochondria, and scattered free ribosomes. Comparing the findings with previous ultrastructural accounts of growth cones of cultured ganglion cells, similarities outnumbered differences. The organization of the microfilament bundles and the abundance of free ribosomes were remarkable in the neuroblastoma cell as was the profusion of dense-cored vesicles which were most numerous in the proximal portion of the growth cone.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits secretion of interferon-gamma by mitogen- and antigen-stimulated bovine mononuclear leukocytes.

Abstract 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, and Δ 22 -26-F 3 -1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (Δ 22 -26-F 3 -1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), a synthetic analog with a high affinity for the vitamin D receptor, significantly inhibited interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in 24- and 48-h cultures of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and ovalbumin (OVA) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) from adult, OVA-sensitized dairy cattle. Vitamin D-induced inhibition of IFN-γ production was most pronounced in MNL cultures supplemented with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 at 1.0 nM or more, a concentration equal to or exceeding that in plasma of cows with clinical hypocalcemia. Secreted IFN-γ was undetectable in all resting MNL cultures. Ultra-low concentrations (0.0001, 0.001, and 0.01 nM) of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 had no effect on IFN-γ secretion by PWM-stimulated bovine MNL, unlike a previous study in other species demonstrating enhancement of IFN-γ secretion at these concentration. Preincubation of MNL with 1,25(OH 2 D 3 (10 nM) in the absence of PWM for 1 h did not affect subsequent IFN-γ secretion in control or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -supplemented, 48-h MNL cultures indicating the sterol must be present at the time of MNL activation to effect secretion of IFN-γ. Interferon-γ secretion was inhibited in cultures supplemented with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 at 0, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h into the 48-h incubation period. Overall, these data indicate that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 inhibits IFN-γ secretion by mitogen- and antigen-activated bovine MNL in vitro, and suggests that milk fever-related or therapeutically induced elevations of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in the dairy cow may influence IFN-γ secretion by in vivo activated leukocytes.
A Mathematical Model for Nephrin Localization in Podocyte Foot Processes

The first stage of blood filtration occurs in the glomerulus, where water and other small sized molecules are freely filtered into the urinary space while albumin and larger proteins are retained in the blood capillaries. Maintenance of the size-selective glomerular filtration barrier is regulated by highly differentiated cells, podocytes, their cell-cell interactions in the slit diaphragm (SD) and the cell-GBM (glomerular basement membrane) interaction of the podocyte foot processes. The central component of the SD is the transmembrane protein nephrin. Proper spatial localization of nephrin to the SD is an essential step in embryonic development and injury recovery. Mutations that affect nephrin interaction kinetics disrupt the cell and filter morphologies and result in phenotypes that range from mild to lethal. A major deficiency in addressing podocyte disease is the lack of a quantitative model of signaling with correct morphology and protein distribution. We developed a mathematical model in order to assess the contributions of nephrin trans-dimerization, targeting to lipid rafts and interaction with intracellular proteins (such as tight and adherent junction proteins and podocin) and actin dynamics within the foot processes at the SD. We use rule-based modeling to account for multiple complexes and phosphoforms and investigate protein localization and signaling on the level of domain-domain interactions. Using the Virtual Cell software,the model is associated with the spatial organization of the foot processes, incorporating geometry effects. (supported by NIH grants TRO1DK087650 and P41RR013186)
Consumption Patterns in the Aftermath of the Financial Crisis: The Case of Baby Boomers

This study examines the consumption decisions of baby boomers (40 - 64 year-old age cohort) with $75,000 - $140,000 in household income in the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 using the Consumer Expenditure Survey data of Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2009. Increasing unemployment and foreclosures of primary homes led to variability of income, which became a major consideration in evaluating consumption choices. In addition, we draw on Weberian social class theory to identify social influence on consumption decisions. Gender differences in processing information pertaining to new product purchases provided yet another means of stratifying the sample. By juxtaposing economic variables on social identification and genderbased preferences, this study sets forth the explanatory variables underlying eight separate product purchase decisions. Principal findings included Variability of Income and Risk of Foreclosure determined the Rent or Buy a home decision. The predictor of Expenditure on New Cars included the Cost of a New Car. For Expenditure on Used Cars, Deviation from New Car Buyers and Cost of a Used Car were the relevant predictors. For Lunch Brought from Home to the workplace, Lunch Consumed at Restaurants and Conformity to Own Referent Group were the most important explanatory variables. For Lunch Consumed at Restaurants, Lunch at Home and Socialization Opportunities explained the criterion. Conformity to the Referent Group explained Expenditure on Vacations, Furniture and Appliances and Small Appliances.
Solubility of HCL in sulfuric acid at stratospheric temperatures

The solubility of HCl in sulfuric acid was measured using a Knudsen cell technique. Effective Henry's law constants are reported for sulfuric acid concentrations between 50 and 60 weight percent and for temperatures between 220 and 230 K. The measured values indicate that very little HCl will be dissolved in the stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles.
Role of animal models in selecting antiviral combinations for clinical studies

Although experimental viral infections in animals have been used extensively in the development of antiviral drugs used as monotherapy, they have not been utilized widely for evaluation of combination chemotherapy. One of the major reasons for the lack of use of animal models is that for the diseases that are the main target for combination therapy, AIDS and hepatitis B and C infections, there is a lack of suitable models for these diseases. In contrast, most combination studies in animal models have been directed against herpes simplex virus infections but there are relatively few patients available who would benefit from combination therapy over single agent therapy. In between those two extremes are the cytomegalovirus infections. While there are animal models available that have been predictive of efficacy in humans and there are sufficient patients available, the use of antiviral combinations in animal models and in humans have begun only recently. At the present time there is not enough information available to establish the predictability for any of the animal models for efficacy of combinations of antiviral agents.
Characterization of Semiconductor-Based Optical Frequency Comb Sources Using Generalized Multiheterodyne Detection

A spectrally efficient multiheterodyne scheme is applied for the independent measurement of the spectral phase profiles of three distinct semiconductor frequency combs. The amount of quadratic and cubic phase is quantified for each source, providing insight on the dispersive properties of the semiconductor gain and the fiberized laser cavity. This information is vital for the optimization and expansion of the spectral bandwidth of such sources.
The slow manifold of a five-mode model

Abstract The slow manifold of an inviscid five-mode model introduced by Lorenz is investigated. When the influence of the gravity modes on the Rossby modes is neglected, the analytical solution given by Lorenz and Krishnamurthy is generalized. When gravity-Rossby coupling is included, direct numerical solutions are computed by solving a nonlinear boundary value problem. In all cases, the slow manifold has gravity mode oscillations that mimic free gravity waves and whose amplitude is proportional to the exponential of the reciprocal of the Rossby number ϵ.
A zone of frontonasal ectoderm regulates patterning and growth in the face

A fundamental set of patterning genes may define the global organization of the craniofacial region. One of our goals has been to identify these basic patterning genes and understand how they regulate outgrowth of the frontonasal process, which gives rise to the mid and upper face. We identified a molecular boundary in the frontonasal process ectoderm, defined by the juxtaposed domains of Fibroblast growth factor 8 and Sonic hedgehog, which presaged the initial site of frontonasal process outgrowth. Fate maps confirmed that this boundary region later demarcated the dorsoventral axis of the upper beak. Ectopic transplantation of the ectodermal boundary region activated a cascade of molecular events that reprogrammed the developmental fate of neural crest-derived mesenchyme, which resulted in duplications of upper and lower beak structures. We discuss these data in the context of boundary/morphogen models of patterning, and in view of the recent controversy regarding neural crest pre-patterning versus neural crest plasticity.
Spatial patterns of variation due to natural selection in humans

Empowered by technology and sampling efforts designed to facilitate genome-wide association mapping, human geneticists are now studying the geography of genetic variation in unprecedented detail. With high genomic coverage and geographic resolution, these studies are identifying loci with spatial signatures of selection, such as extreme levels of differentiation and correlations with environmental variables. Collectively, patterns at these loci are beginning to provide new insights into the process of human adaptation. Here, we review the challenges of these studies and emerging results, including how human population structure has influenced the response to novel selective pressures.
Foreword to the special issue. "Before the N400: Early Latency Language ERPs".

Abstract As cognitive and neural models of language processing have developed, so have the ranks of language-related event-related potential (ERP) components. This special issue is intended to showcase current cutting-edge research on this topic, with an emphasis on those ERP components peaking earlier than the N400, and their implications for neurocognitive language models. Both reading and speech comprehension are addressed due to the close relationship between these two topics. As the contents of this special issue illustrate, the high temporal resolution of the ERP methodology makes it especially suitable for illuminating three fundamental questions about the language comprehension process: (1) How early is semantics? (2) In what order do these cognitive operations occur in? (3) To what extent are the cognitive operations serial and to what extent are they in parallel?
Effect of isolated right ventricular outflow obstruction on left ventricular function in infants

Resting left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated in 29 infants with isolated right ventricular (RV) outflow obstruction. Age-corrected cardiac index was significantly inversely correlated with the degree of obstruction (r = 0.59, p = 0.0001). Right ventricular hypertension resulted in septal displacement and altered LV geometry. The magnitude of RV outflow obstruction related closely to the degree of LV distortion. Septal displacement toward the LV free wall was associated with lower values for cardiac index, indexed LV end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, ratio of early to atrial LV diastolic inflow and with a higher RV ejection fraction. The LV end-diastolic volume index and the ratio of early to atrial LV diastolic inflow correlated with the degree of obstruction and amount of septal displacement. Four infants evaluated during the development of supravalvar pulmonary stenosis demonstrated decreasing cardiac index during development of obstruction and significant increase in cardiac index after surgical relief. These findings indicate that significant RV outflow obstruction in infants is associated with a reversible alteration in LV function related to abnormal LV geometry and impaired LV diastolic filling.
Association between acetylator genotype and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) DNA adduct formation in colon and prostate of inbred Fischer 344 and Wistar Kyoto rats

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a heterocyclic amine (HCA) found in cooked meats, causes colon and prostate tumors in male rats. Polymorphic N-acetyltransferase metabolizes N-hydroxy-PhIP to a DNA-reactive form. Liver, colon, and prostate PhIP-DNA adduct levels were compared in male rapid-acetylator Fischer 344 (F344) and slow-acetylator Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats fed 0.01 or 0.04% PhIP. Liver PhIP-DNA adduct levels at both PhIP doses, and colon PhIP-DNA adduct levels at the 0.01% PhIP dose were unaffected by acetylator genotype. However, in rats fed 0.04% PhIP, colon PhIP-DNA adduct levels were higher in rapid acetylator F344 rats (P < 0.05). Similarly, prostate PhIP-DNA adduct levels were higher in rapid acetylator F344 rats at both PhIP doses (P < 0.05). The combination of the high-PhIP dose and rapid-acetylator genotype resulted in the highest level of PhIP-DNA adducts in rat colon and prostate.
The Epic of Evolution as a Framework for Human Orientation in Life

This article sketches what is required of a world picture (religious or nonreligious) that is intended to provide orientation in the world for ongoing human life today. How do we move from conceptions and theories prominent in the modern sciences-such as cosmic and biological evolution-to an overall picture or cosmology which can orient us for the effective address of today's deepest human problems? A biohistorical conception of the human is proposed in answer to this question.
Camera motion and mobile imaging

Due to the demanding size and cost constraints of camera phones, the mobile imaging industry needs to address several key challenges in order to achieve the quality of a digital still camera. Minimizing camera-motion introduced image blur is one of them. Film photographers have long used a rule-of-thumb that a hand held 35mm format film camera should have an exposure in seconds that is not longer than the inverse of the focal length in millimeters. Due to the lack of scientific studies on camera-motion, it is still an open question how to generalize this rule-of-thumb to digital still cameras as well as camera phones. In this paper, we first propose a generalized rule-of-thumb with the original rule-of-thumb as a special case when camera-motion can be approximated by a linear motion at 1.667 °/sec. We then use a gyroscope-based system to measure camera-motion patterns for two camera phones (one held with one hand and the other held in two hands) and one digital still camera. The results show that effective camera-motion function can be approximated very well by a linear function for exposure durations less than 100ms. While the effective camera-motion speed for camera phones (5.95 °/sec and 4.39 °/sec respectively) is significantly higher than that of digital still cameras (2.18 °/sec), it was found that holding a camera phone with two hands while taking pictures does reduce the amount of camera motion. It was also found that camera-motion not only varies significantly across subjects but also across captures for the same subject. Since camera phones have significantly higher motion and longer exposure durations than 35mm format film cameras and most digital still cameras, it is expected that many of the pictures taken by camera phones today will not meet the sharpness criteria used in 35mm film print. The mobile imaging industry is aggressively pursuing a smaller and smaller pixel size in order to meet the digital still camera's performance in terms of total pixels while retaining the small size needed for the mobile industry. This makes it increasingly more important to address the camera-motion challenge associated with smaller pixel size.
Electrophysiological evidence for detection and discrimination of pheromonal bile acids by the olfactory epithelium of female sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus).

Electro-olfactograms were used to determine sensitivity and specificity of olfactory organs of female sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) to four bile acids: 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and 3-keto allocholic acid from spermiating males and petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid from larvae. Spermiating male bile acids are thought to function as a mating pheromone and larval bile acids as a migratory pheromone. The response threshold was 10−12 mol l−1 for 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and 10−10 mol l−1 for the other bile acids. At concentrations above 10−9 mol l−1, the sulfated bile acids showed almost identical potency, as did the non-sulfated bile acids. The two sulfated bile acids were more potent than the two non-sulfated ones. In addition, 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and water conditioned with spermiating males induced similar concentration-response curves and response thresholds. Cross-adaptation experiments demonstrated that the sulfated and non-sulfated bile acids represent different odors to the olfactory epithelium of females. Further exploration revealed that 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate represents a different odor than petromyzonol sulfate, while 3-keto allocholic acid and allocholic acid represent the same odor. Results indicate that male-specific bile acids are potent and specific stimulants to the female olfactory organ, supporting the previous hypothesis that these bile acids function as a pheromone.
Using CABECTPortal as a Case Study to Extend the Capabilities of Penetration Testing Tools (Abstract Only)

This project presents an approach to web application security that modifies general penetration testing tools to test for advanced vulnerabilities. As a proof of concept, the ZAP (Zed Attack Proxy) security tool was extended with functionality to find vulnerabilities such as server-side security misconfiguration, to test CABECTPortal (a website housing collaborations between multiple disciplines). By combining the general vulnerability checks built into tools like ZAP and the server-side maintenance checks that are normally conducted manually by system administrators and programmers, this project provides a more tailored approach to security testing that can be applied to any web application, making testing easier and more precise.
C-Src-mediated phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor on Tyr845 and Tyr1101 is associated with modulation of receptor function

Accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src may contribute to an aggressive phenotype in multiple human tumors. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that murine fibroblasts which overexpress both these tyrosine kinases display synergistic increases in DNA synthesis, soft agar growth, and tumor formation in nude mice, and increased phosphorylation of the receptor substrates Shc and phospholipase γ as compared with single overexpressors. These parameters correlated with the ability of c-Src and EGFR to form an EGF-dependent heterocomplex in vivo. Here we provide evidence that association between c-Src and EGFR can occur directly, as shown by receptor overlay experiments, and that it results in the appearance of two novel tyrosine phosphorylations on the receptor that are seen both in vitro and in vivo following EGF stimulation. Edman degradation analyses and co-migration of synthetic peptides with EGFR-derived tryptic phosphopeptides identify these sites as Tyr845 and Tyr1101. Tyr1101 lies within the carboxyl-terminal region of the EGFR among sites of receptor autophosphorylation, while Tyr845 resides in the catalytic domain, in a position analogous to Tyr416 of c-Src. Phosphorylation of Tyr416 and homologous residues in other tyrosine kinase receptors has been shown to be required for or to increase catalytic activity, suggesting that c-Src can influence EGFR activity by mediating phosphorylation of Tyr845. Indeed, EGF-induced phosphorylation of Tyr845 was increased in MDA468 human breast cancer cells engineered to overexpress c-Src as compared with parental MDA 468 cells. Furthermore, transient expression of a Y845F variant EGFR in murine fibroblasts resulted in an ablation of EGF-induced DNA synthesis to nonstimulated levels. Together, these data support the hypothesis that c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR Tyr845 is involved in regulation of receptor function, as well as in tumor progression.
Does training novices to criteria and does rapid acquisition of skills on laparoscopic simulators have predictive validity or are we just playing video games

Purpose To determine whether LapSim training (version 3.0; Surgical Science Ltd, Goteborg, Sweden) to criteria for novice PGY1 surgical residents had predictive validity for improvement in the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods In all, 21 PGY1 residents performed laparoscopic cholecystectomies in pigs after minimal training; their performance was evaluated by skilled laparoscopic surgeons using the validated tool GOALS (global operative assessment of laparoscopic operative skills: depth perception, bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, and overall competence). From the group, 10 residents trained to competency on the LapSim Basic Skills Programs (camera navigation, instrument navigation, coordination, grasping, lifting and grasping, cutting, and clip applying). All 21 PGY1 residents again performed laparoscopic cholecystectomies on pigs; their performance was again evaluated by skilled laparoscopic surgeons using GOALS. Additionally, we studied the rate of learning to determine whether the slow or fast learners on the LapSim performed equivalently when performing actual cholecystectomies in pigs. Finally, 6 categorical residents were tracked, and their clinical performance on all of the laparoscopic cholecystectomies in which they were "surgeon, junior" was prospectively evaluated using the GOALS criteria. Results We found a statistical improvement of depth perception in the operative performance of cholecystectomies in pigs in the group trained on the LapSim. In the other 4 domains, a trend toward improvement was observed. No correlation between being a fast learner and the ultimate skill was demonstrated in the clinical performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomies. We did find that the fast learners on LapSim all were past or current video game players ("gamers"); however, that background did not translate into better clinical performance. Conclusions Using current criteria, we doubt that the time and effort spent training novice PGY1 Surgical Residents on the basic LapSim training programs is justified, as such training to competence lacks predictive validity in most domains of the GOALS program. We are investigating 2 other approaches: more difficult training exercises using the LapSim system and an entirely different approach using haptic technology (ProMis; Haptica Ltd., Ireland), which uses real instruments, with training on realistic 3-dimensional models with real rather than simulated cutting, sewing, and dissection. Although experienced video gamers achieve competency faster than nongamers on LapSim programs, that skill set does not translate into improved clinical performance.
Effects of amphetamine on vigilance performance in normal and hyperactive children

Deficient sustained attention is a symptom of hyperactivity that can be improved by stimulant medication. Recently, amphetamine has been shown to increase detections during a vigilance task in both normal and hyperactive boys. The present study applied signal detection analysis to the vigilance performance of 15 hyperactive and 14 normal boys divided into two age groups (6–9 and 10–12). A computerized continuous performance test was administered under amphetamine and placebo. Overall group comparisons indicated that perceptual sensitivity or d′ was higher for the normal boys and the older groups, and analysis of drug treatments showed that amphetamine significantly increased d′. Interactions between drugs and age groups demonstrated that amphetamine affected the younger boys to a significantly greater degree than the older children for both d′ and response bias or β. It is notable that the results were essentially parallel for both normal and hyperactive children.
Adoptive autoimmunotherapy. Cytotoxic effect of an autologous long-term T-cell line on malignant melanoma.

The in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects of an autologous long-term T-cell (LTTC) line were evaluated in a 65-year-old man with metastatic malignant melanoma. The patient's own T-cells were grown from a peripheral blood sample in a lymphocyte-conditioned medium. The cytotoxic effect of the LTTC against the patient's cultured melanoma cells was determined in vitro using the method of 51Cr release. Long-term T-cells produced specific lysis of 34% at an effectortarget ratio of 30:1. Using allogeneic melanoma target cells, comparable or greater lysis was obtained in vitro. Long-term T-cells were injected into the infratumor and peritumor regions of two subcutaneous melanoma metastases of a lower extremity. A second injection of one of these lesions was followed 3 days later by an excisional tumor biopsy. Histologic examination showed many lymphocytes and necrotic areas in the injected lesions. Electron microscopic examination revealed numerous areas of lymphocyte-melanocyte membrane contact, membrane thickening, disintegration, hydropic cytoplasmic changes, and irreversible nuclear degenerative changes of melanocytes. Dividing lymphoblasts were also seen. These changes did not occur in noninjected tumor nodules. Long-term T-cell cultures yield immunologically functional cells capable of cytotoxic activity against allogeneic and autochthonous melanoma in vitro and against autochthonous melanoma in vivo. In vivo use after in vitro expansion of autologous immunocompetent cells (adoptive autoimmunotherapy) appears to be a feasible new approach to the study of human tumor immunology and treatment. Cancer 53:1066-1072, 1984.
The effect of living in a nursing home on socialization in elderly people

The effects of institutionalization on elderly people are of significance both socially and physically. Currently, about 5% of elderly people in the United States live in long-term care institutions, although approximately 33% of all elders will be institutionalized for at least a short period of time. The effects on socialization of living in a nursing home have been studied and commented on from several perspectives. Several studies directed attention to the elderly person living in an institution. Others investigated the institution's response to residents' needs. Some studies have focused on attitudes of health care workers towards elderly people, and still others have examined the interaction between workers and residents. This review of the literature will first present studies focused on nursing home residents, then the institutions themselves, followed by studies of nursing home staff, and finally those focusing on the interaction between staff and residents. Discussion of possible directions for both practice and research will follow. The studies reported here were conducted in the United States, England, Northern Ireland and Finland.
Using Game Theoretic Models to Predict Pilot Behavior in NextGen Merging and Landing Scenario

In this paper, we present an implementation of the Semi Network-Form Game framework to predict pilot behavior in a merging and landing scenario. In this scenario, two aircraft are approaching to a freeze horizon with approximately equal distance when they become aware of each other via an ADS-B communication link that will be available in NextGen airspace. Both pilots want to gain advantage over the other by entering the freeze horizon earlier and obtain the first place in landing. They re-adjust their speed accordingly. However, they cannot simply increase their speed to the maximum allowable values since they are concerned with safety, separation distance, effort, possibility of being vectored-off from landing and possibility of violating speed constraints. We present how to model these concerns and the rest of the system using semi network-from game framework. Using this framework, based on certain assumptions on pilot utility functions and on system configuration, we provide estimates of pilot behavior and overall system evolution in time. We also discuss the possible employment of this modeling tool for airspace design optimization. To support this discussion, we provide a case where we investigate the effect of increasing the merging point speed limit on the commanded speed distribution and on the percentage of vectored aircraft.
On the use of heat belts for energy integration across many plants in the total site

Indirect heat integration across plants using intermediate fluids is, in many cases, a preferable alternative to direct integration. Previous work has discussed the use of independent circuits capable of transferring the maximum possible heat. Piping cost and the location of the plants were proven an important factor when intermediate fluids are used. This paper analyzes the concept of a ‘heat belt’ that consists of a single-pipe circuit used to extract heat from and release it to the plants. Since a general model is MINLP, the analysis focuses on the particular case of three plants for which an MILP model can be formulated. L'integration indirecte de la chaleur entre usines utilisant des fluides intermediaires est, dans bien des cas, une option preferable a l'integration directe. Le recours a des circuits independants capables de transferer le maximum de chaleur a ete examineanterieurement. Le coǔt des conduites et l'emplacement des usines s'averent un facteur important lorsque des fluides intermediaires sont utilises. On analyse dans cet article le concept de ‘ceinture de chaleur’ qui consiste en un circuit a tuyau unique servant a extraire la chaleur des usines pour l'envoyer vers d'autres usines. Puisque le modele general est de type MINLP, l'analyse examine le cas particulier de 3 usines pour lesquelles un modele MILP peut ětre formule.
Between Barth and Wittgenstein: On the availability of Hans frei's later theology

This paper explores the “cultural-linguistic” dimensions of Hans Frei's theology. I make the case that several of the pragmatic and sociological concerns usually identified as distinctive marks of Frei's later theology of the 1980s are, in fact, central to his work as far back as the early 1960s. Moreover, I demonstrate that such “cultural-linguistic” insights present important continuous threads in the development of his theology from early to late. Attending to this dimension illuminates the trajectory of Frei's thinking as consistently Wittgensteinian in sensibility, and deeply indebted to his career-long conversation with Karl Barth's theology. If successful, this reading should clarify the ways in which Frei's early work is more innovative, and his later work less derivative, than is often recognized.
Modeling sulfur dioxide concentrations in Mt. Rainier area during prevent

Abstract The MATHEW/ADPIC models (a diagnostic wind model and a particle model) which were developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, were used to compute SO2 concentrations in the Mt Rainier area during PREVENT (Pacific Northwest Regional Visibility Experiment Using Natural Tracers, June to September 1990). The modeled concentrations were compared to measured concentrations at two sampling locations (Tahoma Woods and Paradise near Mt Rainier) which are located in a valley. The SO2 sources considered are located along the Puget Sound (Everett, Seattle and Tacoma area) and south of it. New formulations were included in the models for the oxidation of SO2 and the interpolation of the wind field. Because of the paucity of the meteorological data near the sampling points, an estimation was made of the wind values in the valley, based on the phenomena of wind channeling, mountain and valley winds, and historical wind observations near Mt Rainier. The models were run for several non-rainy days during the PREVENT period when large SO2 concentrations were observed, and for other special cases. Out of 14 days for which the emissions of the previous night were taken into account, for 12 days the ratio of the modeled to the measured SO2 concentrations at Tahoma Woods during the daytime, was in the interval 0.45–2.00, considered a good agreement. However, the agreement at Tahoma Woods during the night, and at Paradise during the day and the night, were not as good. It seems that the wind flow near Tahoma Woods under the stable conditions at night, and near the steep terrain of Paradise, were not modeled correctly, with the limited input of available meteorological observations.