cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divided Infringement, Economics, and the Common Law

This essay responds to and builds on "Economic Theory, Divided Infringement, and Enforcing Interactive Patents," an article published by Professor Keith Robinson. In his article, Professor Robinson analyzed liability under various tests courts have developed to address the so-called "divided infringement" problem, which arises when multiple entities perform the steps of a method patent claim, under the three leading economic theories of patent law — reward theory, prospect theory, and rent-dissipation theory. In particular, Professor Robinson concluded that imposition of liability for divided infringement of method claims under joint enterprise principles is consistent with all three of these theories. This essay surveys recent developments in the law of divided infringement and shows how they have complicated the liability landscape that Professor Robinson described in his article. Furthermore, the essay applies Professor Robinson's approach to imposition of liability for divided infringement under the principles of causal responsibility, which I described in an earlier article, "Causal Responsibility and Patent Infringement." The essay concludes that liability based on causal responsibility — which, like joint enterprise, has deep roots in the common law — is also consistent with reward theory, prospect theory, and rent-dissipation theory. In addition, the essay considers broader implications of relying on common-law attribution principles in patent cases.
Spirituality in Older Adults: A Cross-Cultural and Interfaith Perspective

The definition of “spirituality” poses a variety of problems for the development of theory and research, as well as practical problems for persons interested in promoting the spiritual well-being of older adults. Although any definition of “spirituality” is problematic, a definition is proposed that comes out of the writer's clinical experience and is relevant to his understanding of the aging process in different cultural and religious contexts. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the relevance of the definition to the experience of older persons from different cultural and religious backgrounds. Reflections on the case studies suggest ways that an appropriately trained “advocate” might have helped the persons in these illustrations make changes in their situations that might have improved the quality of their lives. Material from the case studies is also used to clarify differences among terms such as “spirituality,” “religion,” “religiosity,” and “piety.” The paper proposes to be a contribution to a theoretical foundation for studying and working with “spirituality” in older adults.
DYNAMICS OF ELASTICALLY CONNECTED RIGID BODIES

Equations of motion for rigid bodies elastically connected by structural framing are formulated using the stiffness method of analysis. Matrices required in the analysis are developed by transforming the action-displacement relationships for the structural framing to rigid body coordinates. The key geometric transformations are derived in the paper and demonstrated with an example. Transformations to principal body coordinates and normal coordinates are described for purposes of making a comprehensive dynamic analysis for any type of framed structure. The effects of including the mass of the structural framing are also discussed.
Frank Chodorov: Consumer Sovereignty, Markets in Education, and “A School on Every Corner”

Frank Chodorov (1887–1966) was Nock’s protege, and also a magazine writer. While Chodorov’s libertarian political philosophy resembled Nock’s in most areas, Chodorov was optimistic about the superiority of private enterprise in education. This, I argue, owes to the influence of the libertarian economist Ludwig von Mises, who stressed the importance of consumer sovereignty and suggested that economists should celebrate markets ability to satisfy consumer preferences rather than opine one what consumers should prefer. Chodorov ideally preferred no role for government in education, but compromised to support the minimal government function of giving individuals tax deductions/credits for money spent purchasing private education.
Angiotensin III Induces JAK2/STAT3 Leading to IL-6 Production in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The Janus kinase-2/ signal transducer and activators of transcription-3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are pleiotropic signal transduction systems that are responsible for induction of many cytokines and growth factors. It is unknown whether the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) peptide, angiotensin (Ang) III induces JAK2/STAT3 and IL-6 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether Ang III induces the JAK2/STAT3 pathway leading to IL-6 production in cultured VSMCs isolated from Wistar rats and determine whether differences exist in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) VSMCs. We gauged Ang III’s effects on this pathway by measuring its action on STAT3 as well as IL-6 production. Ang III behaved similarly as Ang II in stimulation of STAT3 phosphorylation in Wistar and SHR VSMCs. Moreover, there were no differences in this Ang III effect in SHR versus Wistar VSMCs. In Wistar VSMCs, Ang II and Ang III significantly induced IL-6 protein secretion and mRNA expression. However, IL-6 protein secretions mediated by these peptides were significantly greater in SHR VSMCs. Ang III induced the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, leading to IL-6 protein secretion and IL-6 mRNA expression via actions on AT1Rs. Moreover, the actions of Ang III to induce IL-6 production was dysregulated in SHR VSMCs. These findings suggest that Ang III acts on AT1Rs to induce JAK2/STAT3, leading to an increase in IL-6 in cultured VSMCs. These findings are important in establishing Ang III as an important physiologically relevant peptide in VSMCs.
Subpixel Urban Mapping Over the Conterminous U.S. (CONUS) Using S-NPP VIIRS

A random forest regression model was developed to estimate subpixel urban percentage using the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data and high quality calibration information derived from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2011. Accuracy assessment resulted in a mean absolute error of 3.57% and a root mean square error of 8.50%. A wall-to-wall map of urban land use across the conterminous U. S. (CONUS) in 2012 was produced, demonstrating the utility of VIIRS observations for urban mapping at regional to larger scales.
Current Concepts of Plyometric Exercises for the Lower Extremity

Many sport activities require explosive movements of the lower extremities. Athletes are returning back to competition following knee injuries and surgeries faster than anyone could have predicted 10 years ago. However, that has not always been in the best interest of the patient because of reinjury rates and not being able to return to the same premorbid level of activity. The ability of the clinician to return the athlete back quickly and safely is multifactorial and includes advances in surgical techniques and rehabilitation, such as the use of integrated open and closed kinetic chain exercises, proprioceptive training, neuromuscular reactive dynamic stability exercises, and plyometrics.
Palatability and defense of Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) larvae and metamorphic juveniles against predatory dragonfly nymphs.

We examined the predator–prey relationship between nymphs of the predatory dragonfly Anax junius (Common Green Darner) and larval and metamorphic Notophthalmus viridescens (Eastern Newt), some of which may contain the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin. First, we conducted a palatability study to determine which life-history stages were palatable to dragonflies. We also tested the metamorphosis and survival rates of larval newts when exposed to predatory dragonflies in small microcosms. Finally, we tested the predator avoidance behavior of larval newts in response to chemical cues from a control, food stimulus, and predatory dragonflies. All life-history stages (small and large larvae, and recent metamorphs) were palatable to dragonflies. In microcosm trials, we found that newt larvae had a lower chance of surviving and transforming when dragonflies were present compared to a control. Finally, newt larvae decreased movement significantly when exposed to predatory dragonfly stimulus compared to either a control or food stimulus. These results suggest dragonflies are effective predators of newts from hatching through metamorphosis. However, the larvae do possess behavioral avoidance mechanisms that likely reduce the risk of predation by dragonflies.
Pancreatlas: a comprehensive and interactive image atlas of the human pancreas in health and disease

Deep phenotyping of human tissues generates complex spatial information from a variety of experimental modalities, yet images are typically condensed into small, static figures for publication and contain substantial data and metadata that never become widely available to the scientific community. Because image files are usually large, data is not easily shared or transferable even amongst collaborating researchers. While comprehensive image maps are available for some organs such as the brain, most resources are limited in their ability to accommodate multiplexed imaging with any degree of user interactivity. In recognition of this unmet need, we developed an online resource called Pancreatlas™ that integrates information technology infrastructure with enterprise imaging storage and visualization solutions. Through our custom interface, users can access curated, easy-to-navigate web pages, drill down to individual images, and deeply interact with them -- all online, without lengthy downloads or software installation. Images are annotated with structured metadata, enabling users to dynamically build image datasets with biological and clinical relevance. The first version of Pancreatlas (v1.1) contains over 700 unique images acquired as whole-slide scans, confocal images, and imaging mass spectrometry, and is available at http://www.pancreatlas.org. While the overall system -- entitled Flexible Framework for Integrating and Navigating Data (FFIND) -- was deployed as a human pancreas-specific biological imaging resource, it can be configured to meet a myriad of imaging or other modular data management needs.
Prescription of memantine during non-stereotactic, brain-directed radiation among patients with brain metastases: a population-based study

Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) remains an important component of treatment for patients with multiple brain metastases (BrM) but is associated with significant neurotoxicity and memory impairment. Although RTOG 0614 demonstrated that administration of memantine to patients receiving WBRT may reduce radiation-associated cognitive decline, prior literature has suggested that radiation oncologists are hesitant to prescribe memantine. We sought to assess the frequency of memantine prescription in patients managed with non-stereotactic, brain-directed radiation for BrM. Patients > 65 years old with newly diagnosed BrM between 2007 and 2016 receiving non-stereotactic, brain-directed radiation (including WBRT) were identified using the SEER–Medicare database. Receipt of memantine with non-stereotactic, brain-directed radiation was defined as any Part D claim for memantine 30 days before or after initiation of non-stereotactic, brain-directed radiation. Clinical and demographic variables among patients who did and did not receive memantine were compared. Between 2007 and 2016, we identified 6220 patients with BrM receiving non-stereotactic, brain-directed radiation. Only 2.20% of patients (n = 137) received memantine with radiation. Rates were 1.10% versus 5.14% in the period preceding (2007–2013) and following (2014–2016) the publication of RTOG 0614, respectively. Overall utilization of memantine remained low across several clinical, demographic, and prognostic variables. Despite phase 3 evidence supporting memantine utilization among patients receiving WBRT, our population-based study indicates that rates of memantine prescription are strikingly low, although memantine utilization seems to be increasing since publication of RTOG 0614. Further investigation is needed to identify provider and practice-related barriers preventing incorporation of memantine into management paradigms.
When you only have a week: Rapid-response, grassroots public services for access, wellness, and student success

The cascade of events following the global outbreak of COVID-19 produced exceptional examples of camaraderie, collaboration, and resourcefulness. In this article, we share two ways UCLA Library public services staff came together to rapidly re-envision learner-centered library services and support in response to the COVID-19 campus shutdown. In both cases, library staff adapted existing services (e.g., workshop delivery and tutorial design) to embrace remote technologies and scale to meet the needs of a greater number of learners.
Cryopreservation and Laser Nanowarming of Zebrafish Embryos Followed by Hatching and Spawning.

This study shows for the first time the ability to rewarm cryopreserved zebrafish embryos that grow into adult fish capable of breeding normally. The protocol employs a single injection of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and gold nanorods (GNRs) into the yolk and immersion in a precooling bath to dehydrate the perivitelline space. Then embryos are encapsulated within CPA and GNR droplets, plunged into liquid nitrogen, cryogenically stabilized, and rewarmed by a laser pulse. Postlaser nanowarming, embryos (n = 282) exhibit intact structure by 1 h (40%), continued development after 3 h (22%), movement after 24 h (11%), hatching after 48 h (9%), and swimming after Day 5 (3%). Finally, from fish that survives till Day 5, two larvae are grown to adulthood and spawned, yielding survival comparable to an unfrozen control. Future efforts will focus on improving the survival to adulthood and developing methods to cryopreserve large numbers of embryos for research, aquaculture, and biodiversity preservation.
Probabilistic Machine Learning Estimation of Ocean Mixed Layer Depth from Dense Satellite and Sparse In-Situ Observations

The ocean mixed layer plays an important role in subseasonal climate dynamics because it can exchange large amounts of heat with the atmosphere, and it evolves significantly on subseasonal timescal...
Special Considerations: Grief and Loss

Perinatal loss encompasses miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal death. These loss experiences are often unexpected and may be traumatic for many birthing parents. In addition to grief and bereavement, birthing parents who have experienced perinatal loss may develop clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress. Psychological sequelae, assessment, and treatment are discussed.
Dramatic Intellectuals

Challenging reductionistic approaches to intellectuals that emphasize the so-called social origins of their ideas—the sociology OF culture approach—this essay proposes a cultural sociological approach that puts the search for meaning front and center. Intellectuals code their times in terms of sacred-good and profane-evil, and they provide narratives of salvation by temporalizing good and evil as protagonists in a master story of social transformation. Among the universe of significant intellectuals, however, one finds only a tiny subset whose ideas have actually been deployed to make things happen in the social world. To conceptualize this process, the theory of cultural pragmatics must be brought into play: Ideas must be socially performed, by carrier groups with access to the means of symbolic production, in propitious social settings, vis-a-vis potentially receptive audiences. After considering Marx, Freud, Keynes, and Sartre, this discussion is devoted to case studies of Ayn Rand and Frantz Fanon.
Cuando los otros no son los mismos. Ideología y análisis gramatical: un caso desde la Amazonía Peruana$

Le «Dictionnaire castillan-quechua-pano» du religieux franciscain Manuel Navarro fut publie en 1903. Il contient environ 3.000 entrees, ce qui fait de celui-ci la compilation la plus importante du lexique pano jamais realisee. L'A. examine l'ebauche grammaticale contenue dans cet ouvrage a la lumiere des connaissances actuellement disponibles. Il veut montrer que l'interrelation de facteurs ideologiques et linguistiques a pousse Navarro a construire un systeme de marquage de cas incompatible avec les donnees qu'il a lui-meme fournies
Comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs): Migration and entrapment in a nonuniform permeability field

[1] The influence of reduced dimensionality (two-dimensional (2-D) versus 3-D) on predictions of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) infiltration and entrapment in statistically homogeneous, nonuniform permeability fields was investigated using the University of Texas Chemical Compositional Simulator (UTCHEM), a 3-D numerical multiphase simulator. Hysteretic capillary pressure–saturation and relative permeability relationships implemented in UTCHEM were benchmarked against those of another lab-tested simulator, the Michigan-Vertical and Lateral Organic Redistribution (M-VALOR). Simulation of a tetrachloroethene spill in 16 field-scale aquifer realizations generated DNAPL saturation distributions with approximately equivalent distribution metrics in two and three dimensions, with 2-D simulations generally resulting in slightly higher maximum saturations and increased vertical spreading. Variability in 2-D and 3-D distribution metrics across the set of realizations was shown to be correlated at a significance level of 95–99%. Neither spill volume nor release rate appeared to affect these conclusions. Variability in the permeability field did affect spreading metrics by increasing the horizontal spreading in 3-D more than in 2-D in more heterogeneous media simulations. The assumption of isotropic horizontal spatial statistics resulted, on average, in symmetric 3-D saturation distribution metrics in the horizontal directions. The practical implication of this study is that for statistically homogeneous, nonuniform aquifers, 2-D simulations of saturation distributions are good approximations to those obtained in 3-D. However, additional work will be needed to explore the influence of dimensionality on simulated DNAPL dissolution.
Differential effects of brefeldin A on chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan synthesis in rat chondrosarcoma cells

Abstract Brefeldin A, a fungal metabolite, interferes with vesicular transport causing disassembly of the Golgi complex with redistribution of Golgi components to the endoplasmic reticulum, and isolation of the trans-Golgi cisternae from the trans-Golgi network. We examined the effects of brefeldin A on the synthesis of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate by chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. Hyaluronan synthesis continues at a constant rate in the presence of brefeldin A for at least 8 h, and is therefore independent of vesicular transport. By contrast, chondroitin sulfate synthesis is rapidly inhibited (to < 1% within 15 min) by brefeldin A indicating that addition of chondroitin sulfate chains to the aggrecan core protein precursor requires vesicular transport. Removal of brefeldin A rapidly restored chondroitin sulfate chain elongation and sulfation on the aggrecan core protein precursor reaching 100% of control in 2 h and consistently establishing a higher steady state rate (up to 120%) by 4 h. Addition of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside, an exogenous acceptor for the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate chains, does not reverse the brefeldin A block. This suggests that xyloside-initiated synthesis of chondroitin sulfate depends on transport vesicles as might occur if the enzymes for synthesizing the linkage tetrasaccharide (i.e. galactosyltransferases) reside in the Golgi, while those required to elongate the chains reside in the trans-Golgi network. Recovery of chondroitin sulfate synthesis from brefeldin A treatment occurred efficiently in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that the machinery for chondroitin sulfate synthesis reassembles from previously existing proteins. The results are consistent with the current model that hyaluronan synthesis occurs at the plasma membrane and is independent of vesicular transport, and with the hypothesis that the enzyme complex for chondroitin sulfate elongation and sulfation residues within the trans-Golgi network, and therefore isolated from the aggrecan core protein precursor in the presence of brefeldin A.
Distraction of facets with intraarticular spacers as treatment for lumbar canal stenosis: report on a preliminary experience with 21 cases.

Object The authors report their experience in treating 21 patients by using a novel form of treatment of lumbar degenerative disease that leads to canal stenosis. The surgery involved distraction of the facets using specially designed Goel intraarticular spacers and was aimed at arthrodesis of the spinal segment in a distracted position. The operation is based on the premise that subtle and longstanding facet instability, joint space reduction, and subsequent facet override had a profound and primary influence in the pathogenesis of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis. The surgical technique and the rationale for treatment are discussed. Methods Between April 2006 and January 2011, 21 cases of lumbar degenerative disease resulting in characteristic lumbar canal stenosis were treated in the authors' department with the proposed technique. The patients were prospectively analyzed. There were 15 men and 6 women who ranged in age from 48 to 71 years (mean 58 years). Nine patients underwent 1-level and 12 patie...
Pityriasis rubra pilaris: the clinical context of acantholysis and other histologic features.

Background Acantholysis has been described in biopsies of pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP), but this has not been emphasized in the dermatology literature. It is helpful for dermatologists to associate acantholysis with PRP in the correct clinical setting. Objective This study aims to further elucidate the clinical context and associated histologic features of acantholysis in PRP. Methods Eight cases of PRP with acantholysis, 16 other cases of PRP, 26 cases of psoriasis, and 17 cases of erythroderma of different causes were studied in an academic setting. Results The presence of acantholysis initially confounded the diagnosis in two cases of PRP. Acantholysis was focal or extensive and resembled Darier’s disease, Hailey–Hailey disease, or pemphigus vulgaris. Acantholysis was seen in biopsies from early, isolated papulosquamous lesions from the trunk as well as from erythroderma. By comparison, 26 cases of psoriasis and 17 cases of erythroderma showed only focal acantholysis in two cases of erythroderma. Conclusions Acantholysis is a histologic feature of PRP and can serve as a histologic clue to the diagnosis of PRP before the onset of erythroderma. Eosinophils and/or a lichenoid infiltrate may also be evident.
PGE2 is a UVR-inducible autocrine factor for human melanocytes that stimulates tyrosinase activation

Prostaglandins activate signalling pathways involved in growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is released by keratinocytes following ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) and stimulates the formation of dendrites in melanocytes. We show that multiple irradiations of human melanocytes with UVR-activated cPLA(2), the rate-limiting enzyme in eicosanoid synthesis and stimulated PGE(2) secretion. PGE(2) increased cAMP production, tyrosinase activity and proliferation in melanocytes. PGE(2) binds to four distinct G-protein coupled receptors (EP(1-4)). We show that PGE(2) stimulates EP(4) receptor signalling in melanocytes, resulting in cAMP production. Conversely, PGE(2) also stimulated the EP(3) receptor in melanocytes, resulting in lowered basal cAMP levels. These data suggest that relative levels or activity of these receptors controls effects of PGE(2) on cAMP in melanocytes. The data are the first to identify PGE(2) as an UVR-inducible autocrine factor for melanocytes. These data also show that PGE(2) activates EP(3) and EP(4) receptor signalling, resulting in opposing effects on cAMP production, a critical signalling pathway that regulates proliferation and melanogenesis in melanocytes.
Rich Medium Composition Affects Escherichia coli Survival, Glycation, and Mutation Frequency during Long-Term Batch Culture

Bacteria such as Escherichia coli are frequently grown to high density to produce biomolecules for study in the laboratory. To achieve this, cells can be incubated in extremely rich media that increase overall cell yield. In these various media, bacteria may have different metabolic profiles, leading to changes in the amounts of toxic metabolites produced. We have previously shown that stresses experienced during short-term growth can affect the survival of cells during the long-term stationary phase (LTSP). Here, we incubated cells in LB, 2× yeast extract-tryptone (YT), Terrific Broth, or Super Broth medium and monitored survival during the LTSP, as well as other reporters of genetic and physiological change. We observe differential cell yield and survival in all media studied. We propose that differences in long-term survival are the result of changes in the metabolism of components of the media that may lead to increased levels of protein and/or DNA damage. We also show that culture pH and levels of protein glycation, a covalent modification that causes protein damage, affect long-term survival. Further, we measured mutation frequency after overnight incubation and observed a correlation between high mutation frequencies at the end of the log phase and loss of viability after 4 days of LTSP incubation, indicating that mutation frequency is potentially predictive of long-term survival. Since glycation and mutation can be caused by oxidative stress, we measured expression of the oxyR oxidative stress regulator during log-phase growth and found that higher levels of oxyR expression during the log phase are consistent with high mutation frequency and lower cell density during the LTSP. Since these complex rich media are often used when producing large quantities of biomolecules in the laboratory, the observed increase in damage resulting in glycation or mutation may lead to production of a heterogeneous population of plasmids or proteins, which could affect the quality of the end products yielded in some laboratory experiments.
Algorithms for the resizing of binary and grayscale images using a logical transform

The resizing of data, either upscaling or downscaling based on need for increased or decreased resolution, is an important signal processing technique due to the variety of data sources and formats used in today's world. Image interpolation, the 2D variation, is commonly achieved through one of three techniques: nearest neighbor, bilinear interpolation, or bicubic interpolation. Each method comes with advantages and disadvantages and selection of the appropriate one is dependent on output and situation specifications. Presented in this paper are algorithms for the resizing of images based on the analysis of the sum of primary implicants representation of image data, as generated by a logical transform. The most basic algorithm emulates the nearest neighbor technique, while subsequent variations build on this to provide more accuracy and output comparable to the other traditional methods. Computer simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of these algorithms on binary and grayscale images.
Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of proteins using poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips.

The work presented herein describes highly efficient, two-dimensional (2D) electrophoretic separations of proteins in a PMMA-based microchip. Sodium dodecyl sulfate microcapillary gel electrophoresis (SDS μ-CGE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were used as the separation modes for the first and second dimension of the electrophoresis, respectively. The microchip was prepared by hot embossing into PMMA from a brass mold master fabricated via high-precision micromilling. The microchip incorporated a 30-mm SDS μ-CGE and a 10-mm MEKC dimension length. Electrokinetic injection and separation were used with field strengths of up to 400 V/cm. Alexa Fluor 633 conjugated proteins, ranging in size from 38 to 110 kDa, were detected using laser-induced fluorescence with excitation/emission at 633/652 nm. Average plate numbers (N) of 4.8 × 104 and 1.2 × 104 were obtained in the SDS μ-CGE and MEKC separation dimensions, respectively, for the investigated proteins corresponding to plate heights (H) of ...
URBAN HOUSING CRISIS

Virtually all developing countries, irrespective of size and level of industrialisation, are experiencing rapid urbanisation as limited land for cultivation and growing agricultural populations continue to expel families from agricultural regions into cities and large metropolitan areas. By the year 2000, the urban population of the world is expected to grow by 1,400 million, but 1,100 million of that increase will occur in Africa as the urban population of South Asia more than doubles and that of Latin America almost doubles (United Nations Center for Human Settlements, 1984). Within the next few decades, this phenomenon will present unprecedented challenges of massive proportions to policy makers and planners in these areas of the world. Relevant to the theme of this article, the land and housing needs of low‐ income and disadvantaged groups, in particular, will become increasingly urgent. Indeed, the central characteristic of the Third World urban housing crisis is the fact that the majority of households cannot afford the cheapest legal housing plot, let alone the cheapest legal house. Thus, in the developing nations of the world, a third to three‐quarters of the largest cities' inhabitants live in residential developments consisting mainly of self‐constructed dwell‐ings on illegally occupied or subdivided land with few basic services (Satterthwaite, 1983).
Short-term human health effects of ambient air in a pollutant source area.

Using a mobile exposure laboratory, we investigated short-term respiratory responses to polluted ambient air in a Los Angeles suburb largely free of photochemical oxidants, but near several large primary pollution sources. Volunteer subjects (21 asthmatics and 43 normals aged 18 through 55) were recruited from the surrounding area by news-media publicity. They received 2-h exposures to ambient air with intermittent light exercise and, at a later date, similar exposures to purified air as a control experiment. Lung function and symptoms did not change significantly with ambient exposure relative to control. By contrast, a previous similar study in another Los Angeles suburb with oxidant levels frequently near or above the federal “alert” concentration (0.2 ppm) revealed significant (p<0.05) function losses and symptom increases.
Nutrition for critical gastrointestinal illness: feeding horses with diarrhea or colic

Horses with GI diseases such as colic and diarrhea are often intolerant of adequate enteral nutrition. Nutritional intervention should be an early part of therapeutic management in such cases. Protein and energy malnutrition in critically ill horses can have deleterious effects, including poor wound or incisional healing, reduced immunity, and weight loss. Early enteral or parenteral support should be provided to supply resting DE requirements in the equine ICU.
Treatment of Human Pellagra with Nicotinic Acid

SummaryImprovement in 4 patients with pellagra following administration of nicotinic acid was as satisfactory as that following administration of liver filtrate except for an increase in time required for complete disappearance of dermatitis.
Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter-4 depletes stem-like glioblastoma cells and inhibits HIF transcriptional response in a lactate-independent manner

Hypoxic regions are frequent in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common type of malignant adult brain tumor, and increased levels of tumor hypoxia have been associated with worse clinical outcomes. To unmask genes important in hypoxia, we treated GBM neurospheres in hypoxia and identified monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4) as one of the most upregulated genes. To investigate the clinical importance of MCT4 in GBM, we examined clinical outcomes and found that MCT4 overexpression is associated with shorter patient survival. Consistent with this, MCT4 upregulation correlated with the aggressive mesenchymal subset of GBM, and MCT4 downregulation correlated with the less aggressive G-CIMP (Glioma CpG Methylator Phenotype) subset of GBM. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays confirmed that MCT4 protein levels were increased in high-grade as compared with lower-grade astrocytomas, further suggesting that MCT4 is a clinically relevant target. To test the requirement for MCT4 in vitro, we transduced neurospheres with lentiviruses encoding short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against MCT4, resulting in growth inhibition of 50–80% under hypoxia in two lines. MCT4 knockdown was associated with a decreased percentage of cells expressing the stem-cell marker CD133 and increased apoptotic fraction. We also found that flow-sorted CD133-positive cells had almost sixfold higher MCT4 levels than CD133-negative cells, suggesting that the stem-like population might have a greater requirement for MCT4. Most importantly, MCT4 silencing also slowed GBM intracranial xenograft growth in vivo. Interestingly, whereas MCT4 is a well-characterized lactate exporter, we found that both intracellular and extracellular lactate levels did not change following MCT4 silencing, suggesting a novel lactate export-independent mechanism for growth inhibition in GBMs. To identify this potential mechanism, we performed microarray analysis on control and shMCT4-expressing neurospheres and found a dramatic reduction in the expression of multiple Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-regulated genes following MCT4 knockdown. The overall reduction in HIF transcriptional response was further validated using a hypoxia response element (HRE)-dependent green-fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter line.
No evidence for extreme, long term warming in early Pliocene sediments of the Southern Ocean

Abstract During the past ~ 10 years there has been considerable debate with respect to the response of the Antarctic ice sheets to early Pliocene warmth. Interpretations generally fall into one of three categories; (1) there was a major drawdown of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), (2) drawdown of EAIS was relatively small; (3) EAIS was largely unaffected by early Pliocene warmth. Here, this question is approached by using biogenic opal and carbonate in deep-sea sediments as proxy for paleoceanographic change. During the present day, these measures are largely dictated by the position of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) with biogenic carbonate exhibiting an increase north of the APF and biogenic opal increasing to the south. That the carbonate/opal transition zone is a reliable feature in deep-sea sediments is evidenced by the fact that it is recorded north of its present position during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and to the south of it during oxygen isotope stage 11, a warmer than present interglacial. When these proxies are applied to Southern Ocean sediments, high frequency glacial/interglacial changes are seen in the Pliocene and early Pleistocene. What appears to be a major glacial is recorded at about 4.5 Myrs B.P. Three, short duration carbonate highs (up to 18%), suggesting a southward movement of APF, occur at discrete intervals between about 4.6–4.8 Myrs B.P. However, these disappear or become reduced in amplitude toward the continent. Such data do not support any appreciable warming of surface waters near the Antarctic continent; neither does it support any claims of high (circa 20 °C) sea-level air temperatures over the EAIS. It is concluded that there is no evidence for significant drawdown of EAIS during early Pliocene warmth.
Global Variability of Mesoscale Convective System Anvil Structure from A-Train Satellite Data

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the tropics produce extensive anvil clouds, which significantly affect the transfer of radiation. This study develops an objective method to identify MCSs and their anvils by combining data from three A-train satellite instruments: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for cloud-top size and coldness, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) for rain area size and intensity, and CloudSat for horizontal and vertical dimensions of anvils. The authors distinguish three types of MCSs: small and large separated MCSs and connected MCSs. The latter are MCSs sharing a contiguous rain area. Mapping of the objectively identified MCSs shows patterns of MCSs that are consistent with previous studies of tropical convection, with separated MCSs dominant over Africa and the Amazon regions and connected MCSs favored over the warm pool of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. By separating the anvil from the raining regions of MCSs, this study leads to quantitative global maps of anvil coverage. These maps are consistent with the MCS analysis, and they lay the foundation for estimating the global radiative effects of anvil clouds. CloudSat radar data show that the modal thickness of MCS anvils is about 4-5 km. Anvils are mostly confined to within 1.5-2 times the equivalent radii of the primary rain areas of the MCSs. Over the warm pool, they may extend out to about 5 times the rain area radii. The warm ocean MCSs tend to have thicker non-raining and lightly raining anvils near the edges
The impact of cancer treatment on quality of life outcomes for patients with localized prostate cancer

Purpose: We evaluated the impact of localized prostate cancer treatment on general, cancer specific and symptom domains of quality of life for up to 5 years after diagnosis.Materials and Methods: A total of 842 men from the Health Professionals Followup Study, diagnosed between 1993 and 1998, were included in cross-sectional analyses of quality of life associated with prostate cancer treatment. A subset of 146 men diagnosed after 1995 were followed prospectively. Quality of life was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 Health Status Survey, Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System Short Form and University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index by mailed questionnaires. Primary treatment modality was taken from medical records and patient self-report.Results: Significant treatment differences were observed in all quality of life measures, with the largest occurring in sexual, urinary and bowel symptoms. Bowel function was significantly worse in patients who received external radi...
Biomechanical Analysis of Soft Tissue Neck Injury During Pedestrian Fall

Pedestrians sustain serious injuries when impacted by vehicles [1]. Various biomechanical studies have focused on pedestrian injuries due to direct contact with the vehicle and environment [1–5]. Similar studies on the injuries to the pedestrian due to indirect force such as inertial load are limited [6]. One of the most susceptible regions of the human body to inertial loading is the neck component (cervical spine). The cervical spine connects the head and upper torso, and provides mobility to the head. Direct loading to the head and/or upper torso subjects the cervical spine to indirect loading. For example, in a pedestrian lateral fall on the shoulder, the cervical spine flexes laterally due to inertial loading from the head and upper torso, and may injure its soft tissue components. The purpose of this study is to delineate the biomechanics of the soft tissue neck injury during the pedestrian lateral fall due to vehicular impact using the anthropometric test device.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Stability dependence of fluxes and bulk transfer coefficients in a tropical boundary layer

Turbulence data obtained aboard a NOAA P-3 research aircraft during flights over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean are used to obtain mean vertical profiles of water vapor density, potential temperature, wind speed and fluxes of latent heat, buoyancy and momentum. The variation of eddy fluxes and bulk transfer coefficients as a function of atmospheric stability are plotted for two of the flights. The observed transfer coefficients generally agree with those obtained from parameterizations based on surface-layer similarity theory (Deardorff, 1968; Kondo, 1975).
Growth of Y-type hexaferrite thin films by alternating target laser ablation deposition

Abstract We have developed a technique for depositing single phase Y-type hexaferrite thin films at low substrate temperatures using pulsed laser deposition. Hexagonal Ba 2 Co 2 Fe 12 O 22 thin films were grown on sapphire (0001) by alternating target laser ablation deposition, in which three different targets were used for sequential deposition. The substrate was heated to 910 °C in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. Flash annealing at 1050 °C for 30 min in an oxygen atmosphere induced single phase growth. Structural characterization measurements included composition analysis, X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. Magnetic characterization measurements included vibrating sample magnetometer and ferromagnetic resonance. The saturation magnetization was measured to be 2520 G, g =1.52 and the magnetic uniaxial anisotropy field was estimated to be 13.2 kOe. The magnetic and structural measurements are in agreement with bulk parameters.
Photon Information Efficient Communication Through Atmospheric Turbulence–Part I: Channel Model and Propagation Statistics

Optical communication with high photon-efficiency (many bits/photon) and high spectral efficiency (SE) (many bits/s-Hz) cannot be achieved unless multiple spatial modes are employed. For vacuum propagation, it is known that achieving 10 bits/photon and 5 bits/s-Hz requires 189 low-loss spatial modes at the ultimate Holevo limit and 4500 such modes at the Shannon limit for on-off keying with direct detection. For terrestrial propagation paths, however, atmospheric turbulence corrupts multiple spatial-mode operation. This paper derives power-transmissivity bounds and average intermodal crosstalks for the turbulent channel that depend solely on the mutual coherence function of the atmospheric Green's function. These statistics are then evaluated for ~ 200 spatial-mode systems whose transmitters use either focused-beam, Hermite-Gaussian (HG), or Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes and whose receivers either do or do not employ adaptive optics. It is shown that: (1) adaptive optics are not necessary for achieving both high photon information efficiency (PIE) and high SE; (2) systems employing HG or LG modes achieve the same capacities through turbulence; and (3) the orbital angular momentum carried by LG modes does not provide turbulence immunity. In the companion paper [N. Chandrasekaran, J. H. Shapiro, and L. Wang, “Photon Information Efficient Communication Through Atmospheric Turbulence-Part II: Bounds on Ergodic Classical and Private Capacities,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1088-1097, Mar. 2014], the transmissivity bounds are used to quantify the turbulence-induced loss in PIE versus SE performance for these mode sets.
The Optimality of Pure Competition in the Capacity Problem

The problem of optimum ("efficient") pricing under conditions of complementary demands (the "capacity" problem) has been formulated in its most essential form by Steiner, and the solution has been presented.' However, neither Steiner nor the discussants 2 of his article have pointed out that complementary demand functions in no way vitiate the general rule that a purely competitive market structure yields optimum prices. Yet this fact is of substantial interest. It demonstrates the pervasiveness of pure competition as an optimum situation. Joint use of capacity in no way gives rise to a market failure! Indeed it is surprising that Steiner himself did not perceive this because he discusses various pricing schemes which might attain the optimum, even without knowledge of demand conditions on the part of the price-maker. He concludes that such measures cannot be guaranteed to achieve the efficient prices. The purpose of the present note is to demonstrate the success of one measure, on the proviso that Steiner's implicit assumption of monopoly in supply is dropped. The conventional theorem that "under constant costs pure competition maximizes consumers surplus subject to the constraint that producers suffer no monetary loss" is applicable to the capacity problem, at least in its Steiner version. Indeed this constrained maximization is Steiner's criterion of optimality. The argument applies equally to the "firm peak" and "shifting peak" cases. Consider the following diagram (Figure I in Steiner's article). D, and D2 are the demand curves for capacity and p is the (joint) unit cost of capacity. D0 is the vertical sum of D, and D2. Prices are defined net of operating costs. Optimum prices are: Pi = A, P2 = 0 in the firm peak case, P, = PF, P2 = P2 in the shifting peak case.3 It may be wondered why the demand functions Di and D2 are designated as "complementary." Actually, no complementarity as
Toward the justification of claims in evaluation research

Abstract Four types of claims generally arise in evaluation research: research claims, policy claims, evaluation claims, and management claims. The relationships among these types of claims can be seen both in the similarity of the questions under the types, and in their inlerrelatedness in making evaluation recommendations. By construing these claims as question-answer propositions, it is possible to identify the specific kinds of questions associated with each of the four types of claims. Under this view, evaluation research is predominantly a form of applied inquiry, and the justification of evaluation claims becomes the validation of question-answer propositions.
Video copy detection based on source device characteristics: a complementary approach to content-based methods

We introduce a new video copy detection scheme to complement existing content-based techniques. The idea of our scheme is based on the fact that visual media possess unique characteristics that can be used to link a media to its source. Proposed scheme attempts to detect duplicate and modified copies of a video primarily based on peculiarities of imaging sensors rather than content characteristics only. We demonstrate the viability of our scheme by both analyzing its robustness against common video processing operations and evaluating its performance on real world data. Results show that proposed scheme is very effective and suitable for video copy detection application.
On striations and fatigue crack growth in 1018 steel

A study of the fractographic features developed during fatigue crack growth in a 1018 steel has been carried out with emphasis on the crack growth rate regime below 10−3 mm cycle−1. This study included the use of stereographic techniques in the examination of the geometry of striations. The relation between the rate of fatigue crack growth in 1018 steel and the spacing of striations was examined. The spacings of striations at growth rates as low as growth rate of 10−5 mm cycle−1 correlated with the observed fatigue crack growth rates, an indication that fatigue crack growth occurred on a cycle-by-cycle basis. No evidence for an intermittent process of fatigue crack growth was found.