cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of high-oil corn or added corn oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets.

Three Angus steers (410 kg) cannulated in the proximal duodenum were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid level and oil source on ruminal biohydrogenation and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) outflow. Dietary treatments included: 1) typical corn (TC; 79.2% typical corn), 2) high-oil corn (HOC; 79.2% high-oil corn), and 3) the TC diet with corn oil added to supply an amount of lipid equal to the HOC diet (OIL; 76.9% TC + 2.4% corn oil). Duodenal samples were collected for 4 d following 10-d diet adaptation periods. Data were analyzed with animal, square, period, and treatment in the model and planned, nonorthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of dietary lipid content (TC vs HOC and OIL) and oil source (HOC vs OIL) on ruminal biohydrogenation. Intake and duodenal flow of total long-chain fatty acids were increased (P 0.05) by dietary lipid level or oil source. Ruminal biohydrogenation of total and individual 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids was greater (P < 0.05) for diets with higher lipid content. Biohydrogenation of oleic acid was greater (P < 0.05) for HOC than OIL, but biohydrogenation of linoleic acid was lower (P < 0.05) for HOC than OIL. Duodenal flows of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidic acids were more than 30% greater (P < 0.05) for diets containing more lipid. Flow of all trans-octadecenoic acids was greater (P < 0.05) for diets containing more lipid. Corn oil addition increased (P < 0.05) the flow of trans-10 octadecenoic acid and the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of CLA by threefold compared to feeding high-oil corn. Feeding high-oil corn or adding corn oil to typical corn rations increased intake, biohydrogenation, and duodenal flow of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. Compared with high-oil corn diets, addition of corn oil increased duodenal flow of trans-10, trans-12 and cis-12 isomers of octadecenoic acid and the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of CLA. The amount of cis-9, trans-11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid flowing to the duodenum was less than 260 mg/d, a value over 20 times lower than flow of trans-11 vaccenic acid indicating the importance of tissue desaturation for enhanced conjugated linoleic acid content of beef.
Augmented naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: A community pilot study

Abstract In the United States, all families with children under the age of 3 years with disabilities or delays in development are eligible to receive public Early Intervention (EI) services. Many researchers are investigating Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBI), which have shown positive outcomes for young children with ASD. However, NDBIs have been mostly developed and implemented in university laboratories, and their effectiveness when delivered in community settings is not well understood. This pilot study introduces a comprehensive treatment model implemented in a community-based early intervention program that prioritizes caregiver empowerment, caregiver-clinician partnerships, and evidence-based practice (i.e., NDBI). Clinicians reported high satisfaction with the model, positive attitudes toward NDBI, and frequent use of NDBI strategies when providing care to families. Results also show that families across a range of socioeconomic backgrounds received services and children showed significant improvements in cognitive, social communication, and adaptive skills over the course of treatment. Caregivers demonstrated improvements in their ability to use NDBI strategies when interacting with their child. This study provides preliminary support that an evidence-based NDBI treatment program can be adapted to a community-based setting with high acceptability and positive behavioral change at the family level. Future research efforts should include caregiver input regarding model acceptability and examine effectiveness through direct comparison to a control group.
Symptomatic corpus spongiosum defect in adolescents and young adults who underwent distal hypospadias repair during childhood.

Summary Introduction and objective Several popular surgical techniques have been described for the repair of distal hypospadias; however, the role of repairing the corpus spongiosum was rarely discussed. Herein we review our experience with adolescents who underwent hypospadias repair during childhood. Their main complaints were partially or totally related to spongiosum deficiency, the surgical outcomes are also discussed. Methods Between 2007 and 2018, 25 patients aged between 13 and 28 years of age (median 19 years) were operated upon to repair the deficiency or absence of corpus spongiosum in addition to a Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty. Their records indicated that the primary hypospadias repairs during childhood included MAGPI (N = 10) and TIPU (N = 9), in 6 patients the repair of the distal hypospadias was unknown. The main complaints were; abnormal urinary stream which patients described as spraying and/or dripping of urine (N = 10) and distal urethral swelling during voiding and dripping of urine post voiding (N = 15). Eight patients reported that they were treated for symptomatic recurrent urinary tract infections by their primary physicians. In 5 patients, the urethral wall was thin and covered with adherent epidermis only. In 20 patients, the laterally displaced spongiosum pillars were well-defined, 4 of whom exhibited mild chordee. In 14 patients the spongiosum pillars were mobilized and approximated using interrupted absorbable sutures. Four patients had spongiosum deficiency and urethral swelling resulting in mild diverticulum formation. The urethral wall was plicated and covered with the spongiosum and/or dartos flaps. In 4 patients the spongiosum pillars were fixed and could not be mobilized to provide a tension-free closure. In these cases, a dartos flap harvested from the scrotum, and used to cover the urethral wall and was sutured on either side to the spongiosum pillars. 12/25 patients underwent glandular contouring and/or meatoplasty simultaneously to improve the penile esthetics. Results The follow-up period varied between 18 months and 7 years (mean 3.5 years). 24/25 patients reported a normal steady urinary stream, absence of urethral swelling during voiding and none (22) or minimal (2) postvoid droplets of urine which soiled the underwear. One patient developed glans dehiscence and is voiding through a coronal meatus; he declined further surgery. None developed symptomatic urinary infection. The spongioplasty corrected the mild curvature in all 4 patients. Conclusions Failure to recognize and/or correct the deficient corpus spongiosum during the repair of distal hypospadias during childhood may become symptomatic during adolescence however, the abnormality can be corrected successfully. Download : Download high-res image (237KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Figure . 21 year old who underwent TIPU repair during childhood complain of urethral swelling during micturition and postvoid dripping of urine due to spongiosum deficiency seen between the arrows.
Digital Processing of Remotely Sensed Data

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the digital techniques that are often used in processing remotely sensed images and also discusses some of the sensors. These techniques include preprocessing techniques, enhancement techniques, geometric correction and registration techniques, and classification techniques. The earliest and the most useful form of remote sensing was photography. The photon energy that is radiated or reflected from objects is collected by a camera (sensor) and recorded on a light-sensitive film emulsion. Aerial multiband color photography can be used to identify various categories of objects on the ground. The technique of remote sensing to a great extent relies on the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) radiation with matter. Macroscopically, the interactions are absorption, transmission, reflection, and emission of radiation from the features. These are due to atomic and molecular absorption, as well as scattering. These physical processes affect the reflected/emitted radiation (signal) measured by the sensors. The remotely measured signal expressed as a function of wavelength is often referred to as the “spectral signature” of the target object on which the measurements have been made. The chapter highlights the applications of remote sensing. Remotely sensed spectral measurements can be a source of information for many applications. The applications of remote sensing include agriculture, forestry, geology, mineral resources, hydrology, water resources, geography, cartography, meteorology, and military.
The discovery and mapping to chromosome 21 of the Alzheimer's amyloid gene: history revised.

I was invited by the editor of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease to give a short account of our efforts twenty years ago to clone the gene that encodes the amyloid-β peptide, or beta (β)-protein as it was called. At that time, I was at the New York State Institute for Basic Research at Staten Island and a member of the Department of Molecular Biology headed by David Miller. Director of the Institute was the late Henry Wisniewski, a distinguished neuropathologist and expert on Alzheimer disease (AD) whose research group was working on the pathological consequences and molecular nature of insoluble aggregates found in AD including neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques. At the time, the primary structure of amyloid-β was not known, but in 1984 using guanidine hydrochloride, George Glenner was able to solubilize amyloid isolated from leptomeningeal vessels of Down syndrome and AD patients. Using HPLC, he determined that a main component in his solution was a small peptide of an apparent molecular mass of 4.2 kDa. He called this peptide “β-protein” because of its ability to form noncovalent polymers of β-pleated sheet structures that aggregated to form fibers identified histologically by Congo red staining and optical polarization properties. He published this data including the sequence of the first 24 residues of β-protein in two BBRC reports [1, 2]. At the time, I was working mostly on the genetics of prokaryotes and of scrapie prion (PrP) proteins [3,4], but being at the Institute of Basic Research, I developed an interest in AD. The technology of gene cloning at that time was rather primitive compared to today’s standards and was mostly based on reverse genetics using oligonucleotide probes to mimic nucleotide sequence encoding amino acid residues and/or antibodies against specific antigens. Publication of the β-protein (hereafter referred to as amyloid-β) sequence stimulated my interest to clone the encoding gene, and with the encouragement of both Henry and David, my group, consisting of myself, Ram Ramakrishna and Gloria Wolfe, went to work on the problem. We prepared oligonucleotide probes based on Glenner’s amino acid sequence and started by screening genomic libraries because the origin of amyloid-β was unknown, and it was not clear whether or not the protein was expressed in the brain. Actually, at the time, the predominant concept was Glenner’s suggestion that amyloid-β was an abnormal derivative of a serum precursor protein that was endocytosed and processed in the lysosomal compartment of cerebrovascular endothelial cells. It was thought that following processing, amyloid-β was aggregated to form amyloid fibrils that were then exocytosed and deposited in the neuropil or in cerebral vessels (for a detailed account of this concept, see [5]). After a while, it became clear that screening genomic clones was not a very productive route of investigation, as we encountered difficulties stemming
Sound to Representation: An Information-Processing Analysis

Publisher Summary The information-processing approach provides a worthwhile analytic tool in the study of language processing. The goal is to dissect the complex show into its component parts. With this analysis, we hope to understand each of the parts and how they interact together in communication. The study of speech perception has been greatly influenced by the information processing approach in the past decade. According to the prototypical information-processing model, speech perception begins with the language stimulus and involves a sequence of internal processing stages before understanding occurs. The processing stages are logically successive although they overlap in time. Each stage of information processing operates on the information that is available to it and makes this transformed information available to the next stage of processing. The speech stimulus consists of changes in the atmospheric pressure at the ear of the listener. The listener is able to experience the continuous changes in pressure as a set of discrete percepts and meaning. The chapter analyzes the series of processing stages that allow this impressive transformation to take place.
Transitory fetal ascites: An ultrasound diagnosis☆

1. Driscoll, S. G.: Hydrops fetalis, N. Engl. J. Med. 275: 1432, 1966. 2. Strauss, L., and Driscoll, S. G.: Congenital neuroblastoma involving the placenta, Pediatrics 34: 23, 1964. 3. Johnson, A. T., Jr., and Halbert, D.: Congenital neuroblastoma presenting as hydrops fetalis, N. C. Med. J. 35:289, 1974. 4. Cowan, R. H., Waldo, A. L., Harris, H. B., et al.: Neonatal paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with hydrops, Pediatrics 55: 428, 1975. 5. Kesson, C. W.: Foetal paroxysmal auricular tachycardia. Br. Heart J. 20:552, 1658. ’ 6. Silber. D. L., and Dusin. R. E.: Intrauterine atrial tachvcardia associated with massive edema in the newborn, Am. J. Dis. Child. 117: 722, 1969. 7. Hedvall, G.: Congenital paroxysmal tachycardia-A report of three cases, Acta Paediatr. Stand. 62: 550, 1973. 8. Williams, R. H.: Textbook of Endocrinology, Philadelphia, 1968, W. B. Saunders Company. 9. i(aplan, L. I.: Sympathicoblasto&a w&h metastases associated with the clinical picture of Cushing’a syndrome: Report of a case, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 62: 696, 1949. 0. Kitaiim, W., Saruta, T., Kondo, K.. et al.: A case of serondiry aldosteronism induced by pheochromocytoma, J. Ural. 114: 141, 1975. 1 1. Wilson. R. J., et al.: Metabolic studies in a patient with a phaeochromocytoma associated with hypokalaemia and hyperaldosteronism. J. Endocrinol. 56: 69. 1973.
Isozymic Evidence and the Evolution of Crop Plants

There is nothing in nature that faintly resembles such human creations as an ear of corn, a head of cauliflower, or the curiously sculptured fruit of an ornamental gourd. While these are extreme examples, they typify a problem that has unnerved crop evolutionists for over a century, namely that crop species often show such wide morphological departures from their nearest wild relatives that the link between them cannot be established with certainty. Another problem that has muddied the waters surrounding the origin of many domesticated plants is the existence of weedy intermediates between the wild and cultivated forms. Do these represent escapes from cultivation, hybrid derivatives of the cultigen and wild type, or true evolutionary intermediates? The question is apt to have different answers for different crops.
One sided ideals and Carlson’s Theorem

Using left ideals, right ideals, and the smallest two sided ideal in a compact right topological semigroup, we derive an extension of the Main Lemma to Carlson’s Theorem. This extension involves an infinite sequence of variable words over a finite alphabet, some of which are required to have the variable as the first letter and others of which are required to have the variable as the last letter.
Gastrointestinal motility problems in critical care: a clinical perspective.

Advances in surgery, anesthesia and intensive care have led to a dramatic increase in the number of patients who spend time in our intensive care units (ICU). Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders are common complications in the intensive care setting and are predictors of increased mortality and length of the stay in the ICU. Several risk factors for developing GI motility problems in the ICU setting have been identified and include sepsis, being on mechanical ventilation and the use of vasopressors, opioids or anticholinergic medications. Our focus is on the most common clinical manifestations of GI motor dysfunction in the ICU patient: gastroesophageal reflux, gastroparesis, ileus and acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon.
Transient strain and temperature distributions in long circular cylinders cooled by emission of thermal radiation

This paper describes techniques used to experimentally and analytically determine temperature and strain distributions produced by radiative cooling of long circular cyclinders. Analytical results were obtained by finite-difference techniques. The low-level dynamic thermal strains, measured by means of embedded strain gages, agreed with the predicted values within acceptable limits. Results are presented for the highest strain level and the highest temperature for which the properties of the model were known.
Computing Hulls And Centerpoints In Positive Definite Space

In this paper, we present algorithms for computing approximate hulls and centerpoints for collections of matrices in positive definite space. There are many applications where the data under consideration, rather than being points in a Euclidean space, are positive definite (p.d.) matrices. These applications include diffusion tensor imaging in the brain, elasticity analysis in mechanical engineering, and the theory of kernel maps in machine learning. Our work centers around the notion of a horoball: the limit of a ball fixed at one point whose radius goes to infinity. Horoballs possess many (though not all) of the properties of halfspaces; in particular, they lack a strong separation theorem where two horoballs can completely partition the space. In spite of this, we show that we can compute an approximate "horoball hull" that strictly contains the actual convex hull. This approximate hull also preserves geodesic extents, which is a result of independent value: an immediate corollary is that we can approximately solve problems like the diameter and width in positive definite space. We also use horoballs to show existence of and compute approximate robust centerpoints in positive definite space, via the horoball-equivalent of the notion of depth.
Armillaria species distribution and site relationships in Pinus- and Tsuga-dominated forests in Massachusetts

The primary objective of this study was to determine the composition of Armillaria species in northeastern North American Pinus- and Tsuga-dominated forests. This was accomplished by sampling 32 plots at eight sites within pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), eastern white pine - mixed oak, and eastern hemlock (Tsuga can- adensis (L.) Carr.) forests. In total, 320 isolates were collected from 19 host tree species, with 207 of 320 (65%) of all isola- tions coming from Pinus and Tsuga. Armillaria solidipes Peck was the most abundant species, making up 188 of 320 (59%) of all isolations, which included 39 isolations from hardwoods. Meanwhile, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. was col- lected a total of 27 times from eastern white and pitch pine. These two Armillaria species co-occurred at five of the eight sites sampled. Chi-square analyses showed that incidence of Armillaria species were significantly different by forest type. Pitch pine forests had a higher incidence of A. solidipes (p < 0.001), eastern white pine forests had a higher incidence of A. mellea (p = 0.001), and eastern hemlock forests had a higher incidence of Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. ( p= 0.002) compared with expected values. The distribution of A. solidipes varied significantly by soil drainage and soil type, with a higher incidence on excessively drained ( p< 0.001) and loamy sand (p < 0.001) soils. Resume : Cette etude visait surtout a determiner la composition en especes d'Armillaria dans les forets dominees par Pinus et Tsuga dans le nord-est de l'Amerique du Nord. Elle a ete realisee en echantillonnant 32 places echantillons dans huit sta- tions situees dans des forets de pin rigide (Pinus rigida Mill.), de pin blanc (Pinus strobus L.), de pin blanc et d'un melange de chenes, ainsi que de pruche du Canada (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). Au total, 320 isolats ont ete collectes sur 19 espe- ces d'arbres hotes et 207 de 320 (65 %) de tous les isolats provenaient de Pinus et de Tsuga. Armillaria solidipes Peck etait l'espece la plus abondante, constituant 188 de 320 (59 %) de tous les isolats, qui incluaient 39 isolats provenant de feuillus. Pendant ce temps, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. a ete isole 27 fois au total chez le pin blanc et le pin rigide. Ces deux especes d'Armillaria se cotoyaient dans cinq des huit stations echantillonnees. Des analyses du chi carre ont montre que l'incidence des especes d'Armillaria etait significativement differente selon le type de foret. Il y avait une plus forte in- cidence d'A. solidipes (p < 0,001) dans les forets de pin rigide, d'A. mellea (p = 0,001) dans les forets de pin blanc et d'Ar- millaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. (p = 0,002) dans les forets de pruche comparativement aux valeurs esperees. La distribution d'A. solidipes differait de facon significative en fonction du drainage et du type de sol; l'incidence de cette espece etait plus forte sur les sols excessivement draines (p < 0,001) et les sols de sable loameux (p < 0,001). (Traduit par la Redaction)
Biorealistic Implementation of Synaptic Functions with Oxide Memristors through Internal Ionic Dynamics

Memristors have attracted broad interest as a promising candidate for future memory and computing applications. Particularly, it is believed that memristors can effectively implement synaptic functions and enable efficient neuromorphic systems. Most previous studies, however, focus on implementing specific synaptic learning rules by carefully engineering external programming parameters instead of focusing on emulating the internal cause that leads to the apparent learning rules. Here, it is shown that by taking advantage of the different time scales of internal oxygen vacancy (VO) dynamics in an oxide-based memristor, diverse synaptic functions at different time scales can be implemented naturally. Mathematically, the device can be effectively modeled as a second-order memristor with a simple set of equations including multiple state variables. Not only is this approach more biorealistic and easier to implement, by focusing on the fundamental driving mechanisms it allows the development of complete theoretical and experimental frameworks for biologically inspired computing systems.
Drug-eluting microarrays to identify effective chemotherapeutic combinations targeting patient-derived cancer stem cells

Cancer research has relied on in vitro experiments with established cell lines to investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy drug panels, which limit clinical correlation. Targeting tumor-initiating cells could be a viable clinical strategy, but these cells are extremely rare, necessitating new methods for rapid and robust screening. We developed a miniaturized platform to investigate the chemosensitivity of patient-derived tumor-initiating cells using limited cell numbers. The miniature platform described herein represents, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a cell patterning technique that combines the ability to release small molecule drugs, alone or in combination, to separate islands of cells. This device can be adopted in clinical and academic laboratories targeting cancer stem cell populations to tailor patient-specific chemotherapeutic treatment options.
Phylogenetic affinities of Monimiaceae based on cpDNA gene and spacer sequences

Abstract Nucleotide sequence data from the chloroplast rbcL gene and the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of 58 species in 38 genera were used to infer the phylogenetic affinities of Monimiaceae to other Laurales, and to assess whether the family in the traditional wide sense is monophyletic. Besides Monimiaceae, the Laurales comprise Calycanthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, and Lauraceae. Magnoliaceae and Myristicaceae were used as outgroups. Based on recent molecular data, Amborellaceae and Chloranthaceae, which have sometimes been included in the order, do not belong in the Laurales, and indeed trnL-trnF sequences of Amborella (Amborellaceae) and Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) were too different to be unambiguously aligned with the remaining sequences. Parsimony analyses of the trnL-trnF and trnL-trnF-rbcL data groups the genera into five major clades, Calycanthaceae, Atherospermataceae, Gomortega , Siparunaceae, and a weakly supported Monimiaceae s.str.-Lauraceae-Hernandiaceae clade. RbcL data alone provide no resolution at the family level. Many aspects of traditional intra-familiar classification of Monimiaceae are supported except that the sole perfect-flowered member of the family, the monotypic Sri Lankan Hortonia , is not basal (13 of 15–22 genera sampled). Instead, there are two major clades in Monimiaceae. One comprises the functionally dioecious monospecific Peumus from Chile plus the morphologically and functionally dioecious small genera Monimia from the Mascarenes and Palmeria from eastern Australia and New Guinea. The other consists of Hortonia and all remaining genera. The atherospermatoids are supported in their traditional circumscription (14 species, 7 genera, of which 10 and 6 were sampled). The neotropical genus Siparuna , different from recent classifications that have stressed its isolation, is genetically and morphologically very close to the West African species Glossocalyx longicuspis . Both taxa have unisexual flowers of the same general morphology, and both have unitegmic ovules. From the current data it seems that monoecy is basal in Siparuna , but more complete sampling of species with a faster evolving genetic marker is needed for a fuller understanding of the evolution of monoecy and dioecy in this genus.
Neovascularization of synthetic membranes directed by membrane microarchitecture

Transplantation of tissues enclosed within a membrane device designed to protect the cells from immune rejection (immunoisolation) provides an opportunity to treat a variety of disease conditions. Successful implementation of immunoisolation has been hampered by the foreign-body reaction to biomaterials. We screened a variety of commercially available membranes for foreign-body reactions following implantation under the skin of rats. Histologic analysis revealed that neovascularization at the membrane-tissue interface occurred in several membranes that had pore sizes large enough to allow complete penetration by host cells (0.8-8 microns pore size). When the vascularization of the membrane-tissue interface of 5-microns-pore-size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes was compared to 0.02-microns-pore-size PTFE membranes, it was found that the larger pore membranes had 80-100-fold more vascular structures. The increased vascularization was observed even though the larger pore membrane was laminated to a smaller pore inner membrane to prevent cell entry into the prototype immunoisolation device. This significantly higher level of vascularization was maintained for 1 year in the subcutaneous site in rats.
Shape Evolution and Stress Development during Latex−Silica Film Formation

The shape evolution and stress development of composite films of deformable acrylic latices and rigid silica spheres were studied using noncontact laser profilometry and a controlled environment st...
Scarring alopecia and sclerodermatous changes of the scalp in a patient with hepatitis C infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of chronic hepatitis and is frequently associated with extrahepatic disease. Recently, cutaneous disorders have been a presenting manifestation of HCV infection. Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is one of the cutaneous diseases associated with hepatitis C. PCT manifests in an acute form with tense bullae and erosions and in a chronic form with milia, scarring, and sclerodermatous changes. HCV has also been implicated as a cause of vasculitis through immune complex deposition. We report a patient in whom HCV was associated with sclerodermoid PCT and a medium vessel vasculitis. This case underscores the importance of HCV and its potential cutaneous manifestations, as well as the importance of recognizing cutaneous manifestations of internal disease that may be the first clue to diagnosis of HCV.
Changes in rat brain neuraminidase during development.

SOLUBLE enzyme preparations from various rat organs contain neuraminidase activity1,2 with brain, liver and lactating mammary glands showing the highest concentrations of enzymatic activity. I report here the changes in neuraminidase activity which were observed in developing rat brains.
Peptide-specific Antibodies as Probes of the Topography of the Voltage-gated Channel in the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane of Neurospora crassa

The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) in mitochondrial outer membranes is formed by a polypeptide (Mr 31,000) coded by a nuclear gene whose cDNA sequence is known for several organisms. Antibodies have been raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to four different regions in the predicted sequence of the VDAC polypeptide of the fungus Neurospora crassa (residues 1-20, amino terminus; 195-210, 251-268, and 272-283, carboxyl terminus). Specificity of the antibodies has been characterized in terms of binding to peptides or fungal mitochondria on microtiter plates and binding to mitochondrial proteins of several species in Western blots. Reactivity of three of the four antibodies with fungal mitochondria in suspension increases with lysis of outer membranes, indicating that the respective epitopes (including those near the amino and carboxyl termini) are exposed on the surface of the outer membrane that faces inside the mitochondrion. Preincubation of mitochondria with a polyanion that modulates VDAC voltage dependence strongly inhibits binding of the antibody against residues 251-268, whose epitopes are on the outer mitochondrial surface.
Length and time scales of the near-surface axial velocity in a high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer

Abstract Reynolds number effects on relevant length and time scales in the near-wall region of a canonical turbulent boundary layer are investigated. Well resolved measurements in the atmospheric surface layer are compared with existing laboratory data to give a composite Reynolds number range spanning over three orders of magnitude. In the field experiments, a vertical rake of twenty single element hot-wires was used to measure the axial velocity, u, characteristics in the lower log layer region of the atmospheric surface layer that flows over Utah’s western desert. Only data acquired under conditions of near-neutral thermal stability are analyzed. The shape of the power spectra of u as a function of distance from the wall, y, and Reynolds number is investigated, with emphasis on the appropriate scaling parameters valid across different wavenumber, k, bands. In particular, distance from the wall is found to scale the region of the u spectra around ky = 1. The presence of a k−1 slope in the spectra is also found to correlate with the Reynolds number dependence in the peak of the root mean square u profile. In addition, Reynolds number trends in the profiles of the Taylor microscales, which represent intermediate length and time scales in the boundary layer, are shown to deviate from classical scaling.
Cancer-fighting Smurf.

A newly identified role for SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (Smurf2) in the regulation of histone ubiquitination uncovers a broad tumor suppressor activity that helps to maintain genomic stability in mice. A recent study suggests a new mechanism underlying the role of ubiquitination in cancer (pages 227–234).
The effect of a moving sink on selective withdrawal from a discretely stratified fluid

The effect of a moving sink on the selective withdrawal process from a discretely stratified fluid is studied experimentally. The critical, draw‐down flow rate can be increased significantly by employing a moving sink. The distortion of the interface between the two layers caused by the moving sink gives rise to a secondary effect, which is dependent on whether the sink speed is less than or greater than the interfacial wave speed.
Fairness and implied contract obligations in job terminations: The role of contributions, promises, and performance

Using the methodology of policy capturing, this research identifies the role that performance, time on the job, commitment of long-term employment and employability play in judgment of termination fairness and employer obligations. Previous research (Rousseau and Anton, 1988) found that seniority and past commitments of long-term employment contributed significantly to judgments of termination fairness and obligation. The present study considered these variables along with performance (past, present and future potential) using 116 participants in human resource management courses. Results indicated that present performance, time on the job, and commitments affect judgments regarding termination fairness and obligation. Past and future performance, however, had no impact on these judgments. Implications of the findings for understanding employer and employee obligations are discussed.
Synthesis and evaluation of a conditionally-silent agonist for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

We introduce the term ‘silent agonists’ to describe ligands that can place the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) into a desensitized state with little or no apparent activation of the ion channel, forming a complex that can subsequently generate currents when treated with an allosteric modulator. KC-1 (5′-phenylanabaseine) was synthesized and identified as a new silent agonist for the α7 nAChR; it binds to the receptor but does not activate α7 nAChR channel opening when applied alone, and its agonism is revealed by co-application with the type II positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 in the Xenopus oocyte system. The concise synthesis was accomplished in three steps with the C–C bonds formed via Pd-catalyzed mono-arylation and organolithium coupling with N-Boc piperidinone. Comparative structural analyses indicate that a positive charge, an H-bond acceptor, and an aryl ring in a proper arrangement are needed to constitute one class of silent agonist for the α7 nAChR. Because silent agonists may act on signaling pathways not involving ion channel opening, this class of α7 nAChR ligands may constitute a new alternative for the development of α7 nAChR therapeutics.
Discovery of 1,5-benzodiazepines with peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK-A) receptor agonist activity. 1. Optimization of the agonist "trigger"

Directed screening of compounds selected from the Glaxo registry file for contractile activity on the isolated guinea pig gallbladder (GPGB) identified a series of 1,5-benzodiazepines with peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonist activity. Agonist efficacy within this series was modulated by variation of substituents on the N1-anilinoacetamide moiety. Remarkably, a single methyl group confers agonist activity, with an N-isopropyl substituent providing optimal efficacy. Hydrophilic substituents on the anilino nitrogen abolish agonist activity or produce antagonists of CCK. In contrast, hydrophilic electron-donating groups at the para-position of the anilino ring enhance or maintain in vitro and in vivo agonist activity. Despite decreased affinity for the human CCK-A receptor, relative to CCK-8, some of these compounds are equipotent to CCK as anorectic agents in rats following intraperitoneal administration.
Question of stamina for the diaphragm.

Dr Julia et al.1 report success in enhancing cough in tetraplegic subjects by the use of abdominal binders. Have the authors, at this point, determined how long the binders can be worn with the same effectiveness? Some training to improve the stamina of the diaphragm, deconditioned by the prolonged loss of its fulcrum, the abdominal musculature, can be anticipated.2 The long-term effectiveness of the binder in enhancing cough is not yet tested; the authors seem, nevertheless, to have brought us closer to the day when abdominal binders, used properly, will become standard equipment for those with extensive paralysis of the abdominal support for the diaphragm.
A game semantics for linear logic

Abstract We present a game (or dialogue) semantics in the style of Lorenzen (1959) for Girard's linear logic (1987). Lorenzen suggested that the (constructive) meaning of a proposition ϕ should be specified by telling how to conduct a debate between a proponent P who asserts ϕ and an opponent O who denies ϕ. Thus propositions are interpreted as games, connectives (almost) as operations on games, and validity as existence of a winning strategy for P. (The qualifier ‘almost’ will be discussed later when more details have been presented.) We propose that the connectives of linear logic can be naturally interpreted as the operations on games introduced for entirely different purposes by Blass (1972). We show that affine logic, i.e., linear logic plus the rule of weakening, is sound for this interpretation. We also obtain a completeness theorem for the additive fragment of affine logic, but we show that completeness fails for the multiplicative fragment. On the other hand, for the multiplicative fragment, we obtain a simple characterization of game-semantical validity in terms of classical tautologies. An analysis of the failure of completeness for the multiplicative fragment leads to the conclusion that the game interpretation of the connective ⊗ is weaker than the interpretation implicit in Girard's proof rules; we discuss the differences between the two interpretations and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss how Godel's Dialectica interpretation (1958), which was connected to linear logic by de Paiva (1989), fits with game semantics.
Mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ as an intrinsic signal regulating mitochondrial motility in axons

The proper distribution of mitochondria is particularly vital for neurons because of their polarized structure and high energy demand. Mitochondria in axons constantly move in response to physiological needs, but signals that regulate mitochondrial movement are not well understood. Aside from producing ATP, Ca2+ buffering is another main function of mitochondria. Activities of many enzymes in mitochondria are also Ca2+-dependent, suggesting that intramitochondrial Ca2+ concentration is important for mitochondrial functions. Here, we report that mitochondrial motility in axons is actively regulated by mitochondrial matrix Ca2+. Ca2+ entry through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter modulates mitochondrial transport, and mitochondrial Ca2+ content correlates inversely with the speed of mitochondrial movement. Furthermore, the miro1 protein plays a role in Ca2+ uptake into the mitochondria, which subsequently affects mitochondrial movement.
Daily variation in the properties of urban ultrafine aerosol—Part I: Physical characterization and volatility

Abstract A summer air quality monitoring campaign focusing on the evolution of ultrafine (
Second-order small-disturbance solution for wing at supersonic speeds

An integral equation of the transonic small-disturbance differential equation is extended to second order for supersonic flows around three-dimensional thin wings, allowing bow as well as embedded shock waves. An explicit solution of the second-order small-disturbance equations satisfying the second-order boundary conditions of a wing is obtained. The particular solution is expressed as the differentiation of a volume integral with specifically chosen boundaries, and the complementary solution satisfies the linearized velocity potential equation with appropriate boundary conditions. A numerical procedure based on this solution for three-dimensional wing calculations is proposed. The flows about a delta wing with a wedge cross section and a supersonic leading edge at zero attack angle are calculated by the numerical methods.
Can You Describe Optical Surface Quality With One Or Two Numbers

This talk discusses two optical surface quality standards, total integrated scatter (T1S) and the scratch and dig standard (MIL-0-13830A). I begin by using Fourier optics to show that the well known expression, It/I(0) = 4 k2a2, which relates scattered power to rms roughness a, is truly valid only for certain classes of surfaces. Vector scattering theory applied to a more general case shows that in fact optics can measure only a bandwidth limited roughness that can be related to scattered power only if the surface statistics are known. For this reason, the standard should perhaps be regarded as a scattered light standard and not as a surface roughness standard. I conclude by describing our use of a novel optical system to develop an objective measurement technique to aid in the manufacture of the artifacts used to implement the scratch standard.
Effects of 2-mercaptoacetate on ingestive behavior in 18- and 21-day-old rats.

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that mercaptoacetate (MA), which interferes with oxidation of fatty acids, can produce increases in intake in both adult and preweanling rats between 12 and 15 days of age. In both pups and adults, the increased intake is related to a decrease in the latency to initiate intake, but the duration of the effects of MA and the effective doses of MA differ in young pups compared to adult rats. Thus, in the present experiments, we examined older pups to determine the effects of administration of MA on ingestive behavior and energy-related markers (blood glucose, free fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutryrate levels and weight loss) during the weaning transition. Pups aged 18 or 21 days received an i.p. injection of a 0, 22.8, 45.6 or 68.4 mg/kg MA, and after 1 h consumed a milk diet from the floor of a test container. Unlike younger pups or adult rats, MA did not stimulate intake in 18- or 21-day-old pups in a 30 or 60 min test, instead, the higher doses significantly suppressed intake. In addition, while latency to initiate intake was not reduced, primarily due to the very short latencies observed in control pups, the duration of intake was decreased by the higher doses of MA. Finally, MA did produce changes in fatty acid oxidation in pups at both ages, but baseline levels of free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutryrate differed across the ages, as did the pattern of changes produced by MA. The results suggest that in contrast to the effects observed in both younger pups and adult rats, during the early weaning period exogenous alterations of fatty acid oxidation fail to stimulate intake. In addition, similar to effects seen in young pups, high doses of MA can significantly suppress intake. These differences in responding to MA during the weaning period may reflect heightened sensitivity to similar signals produced endogenously as a result of developmental changes in diet and/or metabolism or may result from heightened sensitivity to aversive properties of administration of MA.
Canine Mitral Complex: ULTRASTRUCTURE AND ELECTROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The mitral complex is a functional entity composed of the annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles. The mechanical properties of the complex are dependent on the unique structural relations of the collagen in the leaflets and chordae. In the chordae the collagen is arranged in avascular columns. These columns interdigitate between muscle fibers in the papillary muscles, and the collagen is anchored to the myofiber membrane by microfibrils. In the leaflet the chordae are continuous with the dense fibrous tissue, forming a sheet of collagen which merges with the annulus. Within the leaflet there are cardiac muscle fibers in direct continuity with left atrial muscle. Contraction of isolated valve preparations can be initiated by electrical stimulation and is preceded by a propagated depolarization. Action potentials from cells in the middle third of the leaflet have a slow upstroke velocity, prominent plateau, and a characteristic positive afterpotential. Valve muscle electromechanical properties are markedly altered by 1 x 10-7M acetylcholine; this concentration has little effect on working left atrial muscle. In preparations containing portions of the left atrium and valve leaflet, the excitation wave spreads into the leaflet after electrical stimulation of the atrial muscle. This suggests that the accompanying contractile event may occur in situ before the initiation of systole.
State-dependent effects of alcohol on autonomic orienting responses

The effects of alcohol and change of state on habituation of the orienting responses of skin potential, finger pulse volume, and heart rate in adult males were studied. State-dependent effects of alcohol on these responses were demonstrated, together with a response-depressing effect of alcohol.
Mobile digital filter design toolbox

Mobile devices have become very useful in many fields as portable computation devices. They function as data analysis and collection tools. Though they have become common place in many fields, there are few applications in the area of Digital Signal Processing (DSP). In this paper, we have developed a filter design toolbox for mobile devices, particularly iOS devices. This toolbox allows for the design of filter of user specified order and type, export of filter coefficients via email, frequency and impulse response plotting, and real time filtered playback. The limited memory and processing power of the devices required special mathematics for the filter design to be derived.
Temporal Process Discovery in Many Guises

Timing is everything. Neurons fire in time-locked fashion to propagate signals and form memories. The cell division cycle, the process by which an adult cell divides into two daughter cells, is carefully orchestrated by rises and decays of regulating protein concentrations. Engineered systems, like data centers, also involve temporal coordination. A few months back, the music service Last.fm had to shut down temporarily due to overheating in its data center. Dynamically starting chillers, shutting them down, and commissioning new ones is critical to keeping such services running continually. The dynamics of important temporal processes can now be automatically reconstructed from data.
Wavefront control in a spatial heterodyne-based multi-aperture imager

We examine a multi-aperture imaging system using a Boulder Nonlinear Systems (BNS) Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) for a wavefront control device. Such setup allows for focusing and tracking of a target over a fine angle while preserving high resolution imaging in a compact system. The SLM provides the necessary phase to focus, track and image a target. The effects of implementing a SLM on the multi aperture imaging system were investigated. The stepped phase and use of 2π resets from SLM was modeled for simulation. The result confirms the expectation that a periodic reset of the quadratic phase bowl introduces phase grating modulations, which produces "ghost images" around the desired zero order image.