cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvement in Inducible Ischemia During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography After Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization in Patients With Refractory Angina Pectoris

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this ongoing study is to determine whether transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) can lessen inducible ischemia and improve contractile reserve in patients with refractory angina pectoris. Background. TMLR is an emerging surgical technique for the treatment of myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris not amenable to conventional percutaneous or surgical revascularization. Objective data documentating a reduction in ischemia during noninvasive stress testing after TMLR are rare. Methods. Fifteen patients with severe coronary artery disease unsuitable for treatment with standard revascularization techniques were studied with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) before TMLR. Of the 12 patients who underwent TMLR, DSE was repeated at 3 months postoperatively in 11 patients and at 6 months in 9 patients. Stress echocardiograms were analyzed for inducible ischemia, with calculation of the wall motion score index (WMSI). Heart rate and dobutamine dose achieved at peak stress were also assessed as indexes of stress tolerance. Results. Compared with that before TMLR, wall motion at rest for all myocardial segments did not change significantly after TMLR, although there was a mild improvement in the WMSI of the lased myocardial regions ([mean ± SD] 1.64 ± 0.34 after vs. 1.78 ± 0.34 before TMLR, p Conclusions. TMLR performed in patients with refractory angina pectoris reduces ischemic wall motion abnormalities and improves stress-induced tolerance during dobutamine echocardiography. These beneficial effects persist up to 6 months postoperatively.
Thermal factors influencing detection of Vibrio vulnificus using real-time PCR.

Abstract Five thermal factors, including initial denaturation temperature, cycling denaturation temperature, annealing temperature, extension temperature and the temperature at which the intensity of the fluorescent signal is read, were evaluated for their effects on the detection of Vibrio vulnificus via real-time PCR. Fluorescent signal detection after extension was set between the Tm value of the primer–dimers (79 °C) and that of the PCR target amplicons (84 °C). This effectively eliminated the overestimation of the yield of PCR amplicons due to the presence of primer–dimers which otherwise led to erroneously lower Ct values (1.91 ± 0.22 cycles lower). The annealing and extension steps were combined to convert a three-step PCR to a two-step PCR. This consisted of initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, cycling denaturation at 94 °C for 15 s and a combined annealing and extension step at 60 °C for 5 s in each PCR cycle. One genomic target per real-time PCR reaction was detected with the simplified two-step PCR.
Postpartum spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) managed conservatively

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome and has been described in young women during the peripartum period. Management of these patients has been controversial. A 35 year old Caucasian female, 11 days postcesarean section delivery presented with acute myocardial infarction. She underwent angiography within a few hours of presentation, which showed dissection of LAD. Repeat angiography six days later showed improvement of dissection. Patient showed clinical improvement on conservative treatment and no recurrence of symptoms over the past two years follow-up. There is no consensus on the treatment and our case is one of the cases managed successfully with conservative treatment.
FROGS (Friends of Granites) Report, Fall 1987

This is the first official FROGS report in Eos. Our purpose is to disseminate information about the status of felsic igneous petrology, providing information and opinions about research, ideas, and problems that relate especially to granitoids but also, clearly, to felsic volcanic rocks. A major goal has been to bridge the gap between field-based and experimental approaches. For several years, FROGS reports have existed as occasional informal newsletters, but we feel that our purposes will be better served by semiannual publication as a section of the VGP News. A briefer companion report will also be published in The Lattice, the newsletter of the Mineralogical Society of America.
Complications of one-step kinetics for moist CO oxidation

The one-step reaction mechanism, CO+1/2O2→CO2 with d [ C O ] / d t = − k o υ [ C O ] a [ H 2 O ] b [ O 2 ] c which is frequently used in combustion problems when simplified chemistry is necessary, is numerically studied in order to (i) define its limitations (and therefore usage) and (ii) understand the chemical and physical reasons for these limitations. The analysis is carried out with the aid of a validated comprehensive, elementary reaction mechanism for moist CO oxidation and by specialized sensitivity coefficients which correlate the parameters of the global model to the parameters of the elementary model. The results confirm many of the previous, empiricially derived, literature models and show the overall rate constant, as a function of temperature, to exhibit non-Arrhenius kinetics and to be dependent on pressure and mixture equivalence ratio. More importantly, models derived from temporally reacting systems are shown to be improper for use in modeling systems reacting with transport phenomena. The specialized sensitivity coefficients are used to explain these complex behaviors in the overall model. For the temporal system, these coefficients show that the global model must be able to account for dissociation and equilibration at high temperatures, for explosion phenomena in the intermediate temperatures, and for reaction of carbon monoxide with both the hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxy radical at low temperatures. Lastly, methods for modifying the existing model or for developing a new model are suggested.
A biologically consistent model of legged locomotion gaits

Significant advances have occurred over the past two decades in issues related to the mechanical design of legged robots and the coordination and control of legs during locomotion. The performance of current legged robots, however, remains far below even simplest counterparts in the biological world. Naturally, this has led to a search by researchers for biologically motivated approaches to the design and control of legged robots in order to improve their performance and robustness. In this paper the use of central pattern generators (CPGs) will be examined for the control of locomotion. In doing so, a biologically consistent mathematical model that has the ability to emulate arbitrary gaits is developed. A simple algorithm for encoding the characteristic gaits of bipeds, quadrupeds and hexapeds is presented. The paper concludes with a brief description of a locomotion control architecture for actually realizing leg movements that correspond to various gaits.
c‐Myc‐enhanced S phase entry in keratinocytes is associated with positive and negative effects on cyclin‐dependent kinases

The function of the c-myc proto-oncogene in cell cycle progression remains unclear. In order to examine the role c-myc may play in cell cycle progression, we have expressed the hormone-inducible MycER protein in the nontransformed, EGF-dependent mouse keratinocyte cell line BALB/MK. We have found that activation of MycER, but not a mutant MycER, Gal4ER, or FosER, leads to an EGF-dependent and hormone-dependent increased incorporation of labeled thymidine only during the S phase of the cell cycle in BALB/MK cells. A possible explanation for the increase in thymidine incorporation comes from flow cytometric analyses that reveal that activation of MycER leads to an increase in the total number of cells that enter S phase after EGF restimulation. Investigation of the intracellular effects of Myc activation shows that the expression of several putative Myc-sensitive proteins, cyclins A, E, and D1, and the E2F-1 protein are unaffected by Myc induction. Interestingly, we find that the histone H1 kinase activity associated with an E2F-1 complex containing Cyclin A and Cdk-2, but not that associated with Cyclin E, in late G1 and early S phases is increased in cells containing hormone-activated MycER, but not FosER. Although the mechanism for this Myc-dependent effect on E2F-1-associated kinase activity is still unknown, it does not appear to involve dissociation of the Cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 from the complexes as suggested by others. However, we have also found that hormone-treated cells actually show more p16INK4A inhibitor associated with another kinase, Cdk-4, as the cells are entering S phase. Altogether, the data suggest that the presence of excessive Myc protein in keratinocytes can stimulate otherwise noncycling cells to enter the cell cycle, and that this effect of Myc involves both positive effects on E2F-1-associated Cdk-2 and negative effects on Cdk-4 in late G1.
Divine foreknowledge and the libertarian conception of human freedom

Pour Hasker et Alston, on ne peut reconcilier la connaissance de Dieu et la liberte de l'homme qu'en prenant en compte une conception de cette liberte en opposition au libertarianisme. L'A. cherche a isoler le theme commun aux deux auteurs et pense qu'ils ont partiellement raison. Il defend la compatibilite entre connaissance et liberte nette de toute ambiguite selon lui
Spinal origins of cardiac afferents from the region of the left anterior descending artery

The origins of coronary artery afferents coursing in sympathetic nerves was determined using retrograde axonal transport methods. Cells labeled with horseradish peroxidase were found bilaterally in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) C8 to T6 were smaller in size than non-labeled DRG neurons. The findings indicate a more extensive segmental distribution of cardiac afferents than was previously believed to exist.
The Affect Grid: A Moderately Valid, Nonspecific Measure of Pleasure and Arousal:

The Affect Grid was first published in 1989 as a single-item measure of the two affect dimensions of pleasure-displeasure and arousal-sleepiness; however, over the past decade no subsequent validation studies have been published and no further mention of this potentially useful measure has appeared in the literature. In this study, scores on the Affect Grid were obtained from 284 college students and correlated with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Profile of Mood States. Factor analytic and correlational findings suggest that the Affect Grid is a moderately valid measure of the general dimensions of pleasure and arousal but has little specificity in discriminating among various qualities of affective experience.
Evaluation of the north country on the job network: A model of facilitated care for injured workers in rural upstate New York

We describe the evaluation of a community-based program designed to facilitate access to care and return to work for injured workers in a rural, medically underserved area in upstate New York. Providers are recruited to provide easily accessible care and are oriented to concepts of transitional duty and rapid return to work as medically appropriate; companies are recruited with the agreement to provide transitional work for injured employees. Registered nurses, hired by the local hospital, serve as case coordinators to facilitate care and coordinate communications among all parties. Over 3000 injured workers received care through the program in the first 56 months, with a decline in the number of transitional days over time. The number of days that the cases remain open has steadily declined, and the number of return-to-work cases has increased. The success of this initiative provides an excellent background for continued improvement in delivery of care to injured workers and proactive efforts at improving workplace safety and health in a rural area.
Unusual presentation of a Stafne bone cyst.

Abstract Mandibular radiolucencies are present in a variety of situations. These fall into developmental, metabolic, traumatic, infectious, and neoplastic categories. Differential diagnosis of these “lesions” is arrived at through signs, symptoms, history, radiographic presentation, and other diagnostic tools. This article presents the case of a 77-year-old man with an unusual radiographic presentation of the left posterior mandible.
On Computation of Stresses Around Holes in Anisotropic Plates

In plane elasticity analyses, the effects of anisotropy can be embodied in two characteristic roots. The classical solution by Lekhnitskii and Savin for open holes becomes indeterminate when these roots are equal, also when either root is equal to √-1 for a circular opening. This note presents a limiting procedure and a root modifica tion scheme that give accurate results with ordinary machine precision for any plate material. The latter scheme works well also for loaded holes.
STATISTICS, COMPUTERS, AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT

Abstract Lately the computer has found wide application in many branches of medicine. But so far clinicians have not made much use of packaged statistical programs, an approach which could help to improve clinical judgment. The use of multivariate procedures is described: these have been known about for some time but only with the introduction of the computer has their use become practicable.
Evaluation of Techniques for Predicting Static Aeroelastic Effects on Flexible Aircraft

An experimental evaluation of analytical techniques for predicting the longitudinal stability characteristics of a large flexible aircraft is presented. Analytical methods based on both the modal approach and stiffness influence coefficients are used to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of a flexible airplane. These methods are then applied to a flexibly scaled model of a supersonic transport configuration. Comparisons between wind-tunnel data, the modal approach, and calculations based on stiffness influence coefficients are presented over the Mach number range from M = 0.6-2.7. The results of this study show good agreement for most cases between analyses and experiment. Nomenclature a.c. = aerodynamic center position Aa.c. = shift in aerodynamic center position due to flexibility, positive forward b — wing span c = local chord measured streamwise c = reference chord CL = lift coefficient, lift/gS CLx = lift-curve slope, 8CL/dot at a = 0° CL | a =o = lift coefficient at a = 0° CLq = lift coefficient due to pitching, 8CL/d(9c/2V) CL5e = elevator effectiveness in lift, dCL/88e
Impact of synchronized phasor measurements on external network modeling

This paper investigates the potential benefits of receiving a limited number of synchronized phasor measurements from the external system for static security analysis. The study is carried out by simulating several scenarios where loads are changed both in the internal and external system buses. External system is modeled by a static network equivalent obtained for base case loads. This equivalent is then modified to retain certain external system buses where synchronized phasor measurements are assumed to be available. State estimation and contingency analysis are performed using different number of synchronized phasor measurements from the external system and accuracy of the results are compared. Preliminary conclusions are drawn and future work is identified.
Syntheses of 7-fluoro- and 6,7-difluoroserotonin and 7-fluoro- and 6,7-difluoromelatonin

The Abramovitch adaption of the Fischer indole synthesis gave low yields of 7-fluoro-5-methoxytryptamine due in part to decomposition during the required decarboxylation step. Therefore, 7-fluoro- and 6,7-difluoro-5-methoxytryptamines were prepared by reaction of aminobutyraldehyde (generated in situ from the diethyl acetal) with 2-fluoro- and 2,3-difluoro-4-methoxyphenylhydrazine, and the products converted to the corresponding serotonins. The melatonins were prepared by a one-pot reaction that involved in situ acetylation of the aminobutyraldehyde.
Transforming growth factor-β1 protects against pulmonary artery endothelial cell apoptosis via ALK5

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has been reported to cause endothelial cell apoptosis. However, conflicting data have also demonstrated that TGF-β1 promotes endothelial cell survival. In this s...
Key pecking of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of briefly signaled delayed reinforcement: effects of variable-interval value.

Key pecking of 4 pigeons was maintained under a multiple variable-interval 20-s variable-interval 120-s schedule of food reinforcement. When rates of key pecking were stable, a 5-s unsignaled, nonresetting delay to reinforcement separated the first peck after an interval elapsed from reinforcement in both components. Rates of pecking decreased substantially in both components. When rates were stable, the situation was changed such that the peck that began the 5-s delay also changed the color of the keylight for 0.5 s (i.e., the delay was briefly signaled). Rates increased to near-immediate reinforcement levels. In subsequent conditions, delays of 10 and 20 s, still briefly signaled, were tested. Although rates of key pecking during the component with the variable-interval 120-s schedule did not change appreciably across conditions, rates during the variable-interval 20-s component decreased greatly in 1 pigeon at the 10-s delay and decreased in all pigeons at the 20-s delay. In a control condition, the variable-interval 20-s schedule with 20-s delays was changed to a variable-interval 35-s schedule with 5-s delays, thus equating nominal rates of reinforcement. Rates of pecking increased to baseline levels. Rates of pecking, then, depended on the value of the briefly signaled delay relative to the programmed interfood times, rather than on the absolute delay value. These results are discussed in terms of similar findings in the literature on conditioned reinforcement, delayed matching to sample, and classical conditioning.
Does a Nationalist Card Make for a Weak Hand? Economic Decline and the Limits of Ethnic Framing

An enduring puzzle of the postcommunist transition is the decline in the support for ethnonationalism over time as living standards fell dramatically. This surprising outcome runs counter to the expectations of broad theories in the social sciences. Various strands of the “group conflict” theory assume the stakes in any conflict to be greater in diverse settings and that worsening economic conditions favor politicians who peddle prejudice. Competition theory predicts more mobilization during periods of economic hard times, as groups struggle to capture scarce goods. I argue in this paper that the nationalist card makes for a weak hand during periods of economic decline. My argument borrows insights from the contact hypothesis. For negative, group-level stereotypes to evaporate, individuals arguably need to come into contact with members of other ethnic groups. Mere contact, however, is not enough. Individuals must believe that they have something in common. During the postsocialist recession, the costs of economic reform - however painful - came to be seen as shared equally across ethnic groups. The emergence of such an all-in-the-same-boat narrative, I suggest, made it more difficult for nationalist politicians to successfully frame economic problems in ethnic terms. Support for my argument comes from a dataset that includes demographic, economic and electoral data for all 565 localities in Latvia.
Design methodology for a 1.0 mu cell-based library efficiently optimized for speed and area

The CHMOS IV ASIC 1.0 mu cell-based library avoids area and performance penalties by using a design methodology that specifically addresses cell efficiency. The library was successfully optimized for speed, cell density, chip density, and noise immunity. It is useful for both the ASIC and the internal design communities. The internal design community will adopt only those libraries which push performance to the limit. ASIC users can enjoy the performance advantages without sacrificing chip density. Having a single library that is useful for both internal and external purposes saves time and valuable resources. >
A bare-chip probe for high I/O, high speed testing

The authors describe a bare chip probing fixture for temporary interconnection of a VLSI tester to a die. It is capable of connecting to an area array of die pads, can operate beyond 1 GHz, and is extensible to 1000 signal I/O's. This probe has been adapted to an existing VLSI tester by attaching it to a custom DUT board and has been used to test operational silicon. The fixture consists of a four metal layer membrane probe which is an enhancement to a previously described burn-in fixture with a novel alignment scheme and no-wipe contacting buttons. The probe is electrically connected to the DUT PCB with an array of button connections, and board I/O is through coaxial cables to the tester. A mechanical structure provides alignment of the PCB, button connector, and membrane probe while providing controlled pressure between the membrane and die, and at the same time cooling the die. The authors describe the electrical performance of the interconnect and the results of testing a circuit toggling at up to 1 GHz, compare them with another probing solution and describe future improvements contemplated. In addition, they briefly describe the potential for use as a very fast bare chip burn-in fixture. >
Cytotoxic reactions associated with insect immunity.

Insects and other invertebrates lack the immunoglobulins and adaptive responses that characterize vertebrates yet possess efficient innate immune systems comprised of both cellular and humoral elements (Gillespie et al., 1997; Vilmos and Kurucz, 1998). The evolutionary origins and molecular basis for the various recognitive mechanisms remain among the most intriguing of immunological puzzles at all levels of biological organization (Ratcliffe, 1993; Ottaviani and Franceschi, 1998). Frequently, the first line of defense against potentially invasive organisms are integumental or midgut defenses, which may involve various cytotoxic proteins and antimicrobial peptides synthesized by epidermal cells and transported to the sites of wounding (Brey et al., 1993; Furukawa et al., 1999). Foreign organisms that breach integumental barriers or instead pass through the gut wall to invade the host’s hemocoel encounter reactive blood cells, and an array of both non-specific and specific inducible cytotoxic molecules.
ElectromigrationInduced Failure Analysis

This chapter contains sections titled: Electromigration in VLSI Interconnection Metallizations: Overview Models of IC Reliability Modeling of Electromigration Due to Repetitive Pulsed Currents Electromigration in Copper Interconnections Failure Analysis of VLSI Interconnection Components Computer-Aided Failure Analysis Exercises References
Rare Gases on Graphite

Rare gas films on graphite exhibit a wide variety of behavior, depending on coverage and temperature. Experimental data for monolayers have been interpreted variously as 2D gases, liquids, and solids. Solid phases are characterized as commensurate, incommensurate or showing orientational epitaxy or domain walls. Theoretical methods have been developed to treat these, beginning with empirical or ab initio potentials. Great interest has been drawn to the nature of phase transitions, which show a greater diversity than the analogous 3D phenomena. While some behavior is understood quantitatively, many questions of interpretation remain.
Preparing physical therapist students for integumentary practice: could American physical therapy association approved recommendations be of benefit outside the U.S?

Methods: A total of 88 samples were collected from surfaces located in two classrooms: 42 treatment tables (two per table), two blood pressure cuffs, one hospital bed, and one microwave. Culturette swabs were utilized for sample collection. Swab samples were plated onto Mannitol Salt Agar plates within 24 hours of collection. After incubation at 37 ◦C for 72 hours, suspected S. aureus colonies were tested to differentiate S. aureus from other Staphylococci species. Seven confirmed S. aureus isolates were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testingwas performed on suspectedMRSA isolates by a local hospital laboratory. Results: Out of 88 samples, 47 showed growth (47/88, 53%). Of those 47, seven were confirmed positive for S. aureus (7/47, 15%).Of the seven identifiedS. aureus samples, one was identified as MRSA (1/7, 1.4%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed confirmation of one isolate being resistant to oxacillin. The remaining forty samples grew other species of Staphylococcus, including S. hominis, and S. epidermidis, as well as Micrococcus luteus, Kocuria kristinae, and various gram positive bacilli. Conclusion(s): Our results demonstrate the potential for easily transmissible and potentially harmful organisms to be present in multi-use classrooms utilized by health professions students. Further studies should be conducted in order to better assess the prevalence of potentially harmful bacteria in health professions education classroomswhere frequent skin-to-skin contact between students and equipment is part of the mandatory curriculum. Implications: The presence ofMRSA in physical therapy classrooms further acknowledges the emergence of MRSA into community settings and emphasizes the need for diligent routine cleaning in health professions education facilities.
Observed times of the Montana earthquakes, 1935

Unusual interest attaches to seismograms of the earthquakes destructive at Helena, Montana, in October, 1935. The two principal shocks, at 4 h on October 19 and 18 h on October 31 (G.C.T.), were large enough for the P phases to be recorded at distances up to about 90°. The similarity of the seismograms, and the constancy of time differences between corresponding phases of the two shocks, show that they must have had nearly the same epicenter and focal depth. This epicenter must have been very close to the city of Helena; the considerable damage, and the great number of small associated shocks reported as felt and even as strong, are good noninstrumental evidence of this. In addition, part of the second large shock, and a large number of small shocks, were recorded at Helena by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The S-P interval on these records is about one or two seconds.
A Comparison of Insecticide Susceptibility in Seven Nonresistant Strains of the German Cockroach, Blattella Germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Seven nonresistant (“normal“) strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica , were evaluated to determine their relative susceptibilities to chlordane, malathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and propoxur. LT50 values reported were similar for all tested strains, with no strain showing resistance to any tested chemical. The reported values should be used to cross-tabulate resistances reported from laboratories where different “normal”strains of German cockroach are used.
Noncorrected-nonreward during widely-spaced T-maze probability learning

The effectiveness of noncorrected-nonreward in T-maze learning was assessed in four probability learning tasks in which different hypotheses regarding the effect of noncorrected-nonreward yielded different asymptotic predictions. It was found that the effectiveness of the event depends on the particular reward schedule used. Generally, the results support the conclusion that the role of noncorrected-nonreward depends on the S’s past training experience even under conditions of widely-spaced training.
Renal fluid dynamic changes produced by renal arterial infusion of acetylcholine.

SummaryThe effects of renal arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) on renal fluid dynamics were studied. It was found that ACh caused prevenous vascular dilation with no change in venous outflow resistance. A pronounced rise in intrarenal venous pressure resulted from increased renal blood flow through an unchanged venous outflow resistance. Marked increases in capsular and hilar renal lymph pressures as well as renal tissue pressure were also observed, but were probably secondary to the increased intrarenal venous pressure.
Effects of Lindane, Chlorpyrifos, and Carbaryl On a California Pine Forest Soil Arthropod Community

The changes in numbers of non-target soil arthropods caused by spraying lindane, chlorpyrifos, or carbaryl to protect pine trees from beetle attack were studied to find the magnitude and duration of community disruption. Plots sprayed with lindane had severe changes in the abundances of most arthropod groups, and the community structure statistics also changed markedly. Plots sprayed with chlorpyrifos also had severe changes in abundances, with the effects increasing through time. Community structure changed only moderately. Plots treated with carbaryl showed varied effects according to group, and moderate changes in community structure. Carbaryl was the least disruptive to the soil arthropod community of the three insecticides tested.
Friendly foes: Hybrid gangs or social networking

Hybrid gangs have been identified as having organizational processes that differ from traditional gangs. This study comparatively examines structural processes and characteristics of gangs in a chr...
The importance of psychophysiological methods in identifying and mitigating degraded situation awareness

Herein we delineate the relationship between poor joint human automation interaction (HAI) system performance and situation awareness (SA) focusing on the effect of system design. Degraded SA is one reason that human users make poor interaction decisions that cause joint system performance to suffer. One key reason for degraded SA is the hierarchical design where the human user is at the apex of the command hierarchy. Within this structure the human user is not able to be fully integrated into the system, which can lead to ‘out of the loop’ performance issues. We propose that SA could be measured in real time by leveraging psychophysiological methods often used in cognitive neuroscience research. We then discuss a potential framework that could not only identify degraded SA in real time, but could mitigate these degradations. Such a framework would be successful because it would genuinely integrate the human user into the system, essentially closing the loop that underlies joint system failures.
A bioengineered niche promotes in vivo engraftment and maturation of pluripotent stem cell derived human lung organoids

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived tissues often remain developmentally immature in vitro, and become more adult-like in their structure, cellular diversity and function following transplantation into immunocompromised mice. Previously we have demonstrated that hPSC-derived human lung organoids (HLOs) resembled human fetal lung tissue in vitro (Dye et al., 2015). Here we show that HLOs required a bioartificial microporous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffold niche for successful engraftment, long-term survival, and maturation of lung epithelium in vivo. Analysis of scaffold-grown transplanted tissue showed airway-like tissue with enhanced epithelial structure and organization compared to HLOs grown in vitro. By further comparing in vitro and in vivo grown HLOs with fetal and adult human lung tissue, we found that in vivo transplanted HLOs had improved cellular differentiation of secretory lineages that is reflective of differences between fetal and adult tissue, resulting in airway-like structures that were remarkably similar to the native adult human lung.
Bipolar transistors on thin SOI: concept, status and prospect

Traditional high speed bipolar transistors are not compatible with the thin silicon-on-insulator substrates that are used for low power-delay product CMOS manufacturing. This paper discusses an SOI-CMOS compatible vertical bipolar transistor, from its inception to experimental verification on 120 nm SOI. Unique electrical characteristics, such as breakdown behavior and substrate bias dependency, are examined in detail and correlated to simple theory. Future directions and prospects of complementary SOI-BiCMOS are outlined.
Climate change and political discourse: analysis of energy efficiency and conservation block grants in Dallas-Fort Worth

Little is known about municipal planning for energy reduction and climate change in conservative areas of the United States, where opposition to environmentalism is often vocal and persistent. This paper analyzes the experience of 31 municipalities in the Dallas-Fort Worth region of Texas implementing the federal energy efficiency and conservation block grant. A qualitative case study approach and extensive interviews with municipal staff yield a detailed description of the political discourse of energy issues and climate change planning. Many municipalities used the grant funds for necessary maintenance projects and had little impact on long-term energy independence or climate change leadership. A subset of municipalities expressed fear of citizen disapproval and some experienced significant opposition that changed or halted their efforts. Based on effective initiatives and common challenges, recommendations are made to foster energy and climate planning in conservative regions and improve implementation...
STAT-Dependent Gene Expression without Tyrosine Phosphorylation

The initial discovery that Stats 1 and 2 are activated in response to IFNs through the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, followed by dimerization through phosphotyrosine-SH2 interactions (Figure 1A) (1) led quickly to an appreciation that the same mechanism held true for ligand-dependent activation of all of the other Stats. However, more recently, it has been found that Stats 1 and 3 (and probably other Stats) also play important roles in mediating gene expression without tyrosine phosphorylation. When expressed at normal levels, Stats 1 and 3 support the ligand-independent constitutive transcription of certain genes, and abnormally high levels of Stat3, found in many tumors, drive the overexpression of these genes. Furthermore, ligand-dependent transcription, resulting from the phosphorylation on a specific serine residue in the transactivation domain of Stat 1 or 3, can also drive gene expression without tyrosine phosphorylation. Stat1 mediates constitutive expression of the LMP2 gene (Figure 1B) by collaborating with IRF1 (2), and this mechanism is likely to serve as a paradigm in general for how Stats mediate gene expression without tyrosine phosphorylation. Stats are sticky and can interact with many different proteins. Stat1 and IRF1 bind to each other even in the absence of DNA, and this heterodimer binds to a composite element in the LMP2 promoter that recognizes each monomeric component separately. The ternary complex is stable enough to drive the constitutive expression of LMP2 but can be displaced by the more potent Stat1 dimer in IFNγ-treated cells.
SCARF: a segmental conditional random field toolkit for speech recognition.

This paper describes a new toolkit SCARF for doing speech recognition with segmental conditional random fields. It is designed to allow for the integration of numerous, possibly redundant segment level acoustic features, along with a complete language model, in a coherent speech recognition framework. SCARF performs a segmental analysis, where each segment corresponds to a word, thus allowing for the incorporation of acoustic features defined at the phoneme, multi-phone, syllable and word level. SCARF is designed to make it especially convenient to use acoustic detection events as input, such as the detection of energy bursts, phonemes, or other events. Language modeling is done by associating each state in the SCRF with a state in an underlying n-gram language model, and SCARF supports the joint and discriminative training of language model and acoustic model parameters. SCARF is available for download from http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/scarf/
Gap Repair in Vitro Catalyzed by Cell-Free Extracts from Yeast

Publisher Summary This chapter presents gap repair in vitro catalyzed by cell-free extracts from yeast. It presents recombinational repair of a double stranded break using two different assays, transformation and Southern blotting. Inter- and intramolecular recombination occurs efficiently and is dependent on cleavage within a region of homology. The duplex containing the break is the recipient of genetic information. For this reaction it is presumed that degradation of ends, homologous pairing, strand invasion, and DNA repair synthesis are required. To obtain a complete recombination reaction, DNA ligase and a Holliday junction endonuclease are also required. The chapter also explains the biochemical roles of the RAD gene products in the recombinational repair of double-stranded breaks.
Undirected Wiring Diagrams

In this chapter we recall the definition of an undirected wiring diagram and give a proof that the collection of undirected wiring diagrams forms an operad.
Incidence and Early Course of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Secondary Analysis of the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) Study.

Importance The current guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) detection programs in the United States include a range of birth weights (BWs) and gestational ages and likely require examinations of many premature infants who are at low risk for developing serious retinopathy. Objective To determine the incidence, onset, and early course of ROP in what to our knowledge is the largest cohort to date that is representative of infants who are undergoing ROP screening. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary analysis of data from the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) retrospective cohort study was conducted in 29 hospitals in the United States and Canada between January 2006 and December 2011 and included 7483 infants who underwent serial ROP examinations. Main Outcomes and Measures Most severe ROP in either eye, classified as no ROP, mild ROP, type 2 ROP, or type 1 ROP (per Early Treatment for ROP Study criteria). Onset at postmenstrual age for zone I disease and stage of ROP, plus disease, and treatment. Results This study included 7483 infants with a mean (SD) BW of 1099 (259) g and a mean (SD) gestational age of 28 (3) weeks who underwent ROP examinations. Of these, 3224 infants (43.1%) developed ROP, 459 (6.1%) developed type 1 and 472 (6.3%) type 2 ROP, 514 (6.9%) underwent treatment in 1 or both eyes, and 147 (2%) had zone I disease. Additionally, 98.1% of type 1 or 2 ROP cases occurred in infants with a BW of less than 1251 g. Only about half of the eyes (49.4%) were vascularized into zone III by 37 weeks postmenstrual age. Conclusions and Relevance These findings add to our knowledge of ROP screening as they include all eligible infants, not just high-risk infants as in previous studies. More than 40% of at-risk premature infants develop some stage of ROP, and most retinopathy regresses without treatment. However, approximately 12.5% develop severe ROP, which occurs almost exclusively among infants with a BW of less than 1251 g.
Mixing languages for science learning and participation: an examination of Korean-English bilingual learners in an after-school science-learning programme

Bilingual and multilingual speakers mix two or more languages for communication, gaining information and sense-making in varieties of contexts. How do bilinguals mix languages and what does the mix...
Adjustable robust optimization through multi-parametric programming

Adjustable robust optimization (ARO) involves recourse decisions (i.e. reactive actions after the realization of the uncertainty, ‘wait-and-see’) as functions of the uncertainty, typically posed in a two-stage stochastic setting. Solving the general ARO problems is challenging, therefore ways to reduce the computational effort have been proposed, with the most popular being the affine decision rules, where ‘wait-and-see’ decisions are approximated as affine adjustments of the uncertainty. In this work we propose a novel method for the derivation of generalized affine decision rules for linear mixed-integer ARO problems through multi-parametric programming, that lead to the exact and global solution of the ARO problem. The problem is treated as a multi-level programming problem and it is then solved using a novel algorithm for the exact and global solution of multi-level mixed-integer linear programming problems. The main idea behind the proposed approach is to solve the lower optimization level of the ARO problem parametrically, by considering ‘here-and-now’ variables and uncertainties as parameters. This will result in a set of affine decision rules for the ‘wait-and-see’ variables as a function of ‘here-and-now’ variables and uncertainties for their entire feasible space. A set of illustrative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the potential of the proposed novel approach.
Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing to Identify Global Alteration of DNA Methylation

Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing is a cost-effective high-throughput sequencing-based method to obtain DNA methylation status at a single-nucleotide level. DNA methylation status is determined by utilizing DNA methylation-specific restriction enzymes to selectively amplify for genomic regions that are rich in methylated DNA. Although the method is genome-wide, DNA methyl sequencing does not require the sequencing of the whole genome, hence the name "reduced representation." However, a large majority of CpG islands are covered by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing allowing for the acquisition of comprehensive information of the methylation landscape in diseases like cancer. Data generated by this approach is typically reproducible and often covers between 65 and 75 % of the whole genome.
Sustainable Transitional Justice Policies in Africa: A Searchlight on Pan African Youth Organizations

The teeming literature on transitional justice policies and peacebuilding suggests that regional organizations are veritable platforms for advancing transitional justice policies for attaining a relatively peaceful and justice-compliant society. The recognition of institutionalized transitional justice processes and the growing emphasis on the role of regional organizations has led to the undervaluation of non-traditional regional organizations. This paper examines the utility of such non-traditional regional bodies such as the Pan African Youth Union and Afrika Youth Movement in promoting effective transitional justice policies that will culminate in the creation of a culture of peace amongst African youth. The study analyzes and compares the history, structure, practices, and projects of these organizations to demonstrate a movement away from traditional liberal institutionalism in peacebuilding processes. Keywords: Transitional justice, policies, Pan African and Youth Organizations
Smith v. Parker

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals found that an 1882 Act of Congress did not intend to diminish the boundaries of the Omaha Indian Reservation in Nebraska. The district court’s decision was affirmed because reservation land may not be divested from the tribe absent clear congressional intent to alter the reservation’s boundaries. Because the Omaha Reservation land was not diminished, the town of Pender, Nebraska—which currently sits on Reservation land—and residents of Pender, Nebraska who are engaged in the sale of alcoholic beverages must comply with the Omaha Tribal Code’s imposition of a ten percent sales tax on these beverages.
A Compact Wideband Dual-polarized Millimeter Wave Antenna for 5G Smartphones

This paper presents a compact 28 GHz dual-polarized antenna for future 5G smartphones. The antenna is based on two discrete elements a folded dipole and a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot antenna, which are responsible for the horizontal and vertical polarizations, respectively. The structure is designed on a four-layer Roger 4003 laminate with a total height of 0.89 mm. A coplanar strip (CPS)-to-coplanar waveguide (CPW) balun is implemented to feed the unbalanced slot antenna so that both elements can be directly connected to a fully-differential IC chip. The antenna features a wideband performance and covers the entire 28 GHz band (26.5–29.5 GHz). The simulated peak gain of the folded dipole (horizontal polarization) and the SIW cavity-backed slot antenna (vertical polarization) is 3 and 4 dBi, respectively. The antenna has overall dimensions of 7.5mm×5mm and can be easily integrated with RFIC chips.
Core Concepts, Challenges, and Future Directions in Blockchain: A Centralized Tutorial

Blockchains are a topic of immense interest in academia and industry, but their true nature is often obscured by marketing and hype. In this tutorial, we explain the fundamental elements of blockchains. We discuss their ability to achieve availability, consistency, and data integrity as well as their inherent limitations. Using Ethereum as a case study, we describe the inner workings of blockchains in detail before comparing blockchains to traditional distributed systems. In the second part of our tutorial, we discuss the major challenges facing blockchains and summarize ongoing research and commercial offerings that seek to address these challenges.
Must access laws for opioid prescription and county gross domestic product: evidence from the US

We estimate the impact of must access laws on county-level GDP. Specifically, we exploit the variation in must access law between neighbouring counties across state border during 2010 and 2016. To ...
Analyses of cannabinoids in hemp oils by LC/Q-TOF-MS

Abstract A methodology for the determination of 17 main cannabinoids by liquid-chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF-MS) was developed in this work. The separation of the cannabinoids was done with a C8 reverse-phase column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid. The main ionization mode studied was electrospray in positive ion. A structural chemical characterization for all the cannabinoids studied was carried out in a detailed way under MS-MS conditions. Fragmentation patterns were proposed for all the compounds studied. Finally, the method was applied to the analyses of commercial hemp oils that contain cannabidiol (CBD) as a main ingredient derived from hemp plants.
Opportunities and challenges for assigning cofactors in cryo-EM density maps of chlorophyll-containing proteins.

The accurate assignment of cofactors in cryo-electron microscopy maps is crucial in determining protein function. This is particularly true for chlorophylls (Chls), for which small structural differences lead to important functional differences. Recent cryo-electron microscopy structures of Chl-containing protein complexes exemplify the difficulties in distinguishing Chl b and Chl f from Chl a. We use these structures as examples to discuss general issues arising from local resolution differences, properties of electrostatic potential maps, and the chemical environment which must be considered to make accurate assignments. We offer suggestions for how to improve the reliability of such assignments. In this Perspective, Christopher Gisriel et al. discuss the challenges in accurate assignment of co-factors in cryo-EM, particularly for chlorophylls. They explore the factors that lead to misassignment and offer suggestions for improving reliability of cryo-EM-based assignments.
Geographical Diffusion and Growth Patterns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Since World War II

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also referred to in this chapter as the LDS Church or simply the Church) has grown from its modest beginning in 1830 of 6 members in New York State to over 16 million members globally in 2020. Although currently there are Latter-day Saint congregations in at least 187 nations and territories, this significant growth has not been evenly distributed over time and place. The LDS Church proclaims that it has been given a divine mandate to spread its beliefs “throughout every nation, kindred, tongue, and people.” Consequently, missionary outreach—as described in Chap. 2—has been a top organizational priority, both domestically and internationally, since the Church’s founding.