cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPECjvm2008 Performance Characterization

SPECjvm2008 is a new multi-threaded Java benchmark from SPEC and it replaces the aging single threaded SPECjvm98. The benchmark is intended to address several shortcomings of the earlier workloads in SPECjvm98 by replacing DB, Chart, Javac; removing Jess, adding XML, Serial, Crypto, in-cache and out-cache versions of Scimark workloads. It is targeted for measuring the performance of both JVM and hardware systems. In this paper we describe the salient features of SPECjvm2008. We then take a first look at the performance of this benchmark on current multi-core platforms and study the sensitivity of the components of the workload to basic architectural aspects such as the number of processor cores, the processor frequency, cache and memory sub-system. We focus our study on understanding how the behavior of this workload compares with other standard Java benchmarks, SPECjbb2005 and SPECjAppServer2004, both in components of the software stack that the workloads touch as well as in the aspects of the platform that they exercise and draw conclusion on the usefulness of SPECjvm2008 for practitioners of JVM and hardware performance analysis.
Prosthetic Devices and Methods

Limb prostheses are designed to replace missing or absent anatomical limbs for the purpose of providing increased function or cosmesis. The goal of the prosthetist is to fit the patient with a prosthesis that best suits their needs and is able to maximize their rehabilitation potential while minimizing disability. Some of the issues that the prosthetist must consider when fabricating a prosthesis include the patient's level of amputation, the condition of their residual anatomy, and the potential impact other health problems may have on their prosthetic usage. Furthermore, the patient's age, gender, activity level, rehabilitation goals, vocational needs, and avocational desires must also be taken into account. The goal in the fitting of lower-limb prostheses is generally to restore a person's ability to stand and ambulate, and the components are selected by the prosthetist according to the potential walking ability of the patient. Upper-limb prostheses are used for reaching, grasping, holding, and positioning objects. Issues concerning the control and interfacing of the upper-limb prosthesis with the body are of primary consideration. The latest technological advances in prosthetic limb components have been aimed at improving function and simplifying operation, with the goal of enabling users to move naturally and to effectively interact with the environment. Keywords: prosthesis; prosthetics; amputation; upper-limb; lower-limb
Developmental changes of free amino acid concentrations in fetal fluids of pigs.

Free amino acid concentrations were determined in amniotic and allantoic fluids and in fetal and maternal uterine plasma of pigs during gestation. Glycine and glutamine were the most abundant free amino acids in maternal uterine arterial and fetal umbilical venous plasma, respectively. Plasma fetal/maternal ratios were remarkably 2 for glutamine and =1 for total free α-amino acids. Glutamine was the most abundant free amino acid in amniotic fluid during the first 3 mo of gestation. The concentrations of most amniotic fluid amino acids progressively decreased with increasing gestational age from 45 to 110 d. Glycine was the most predominant amino acid in allantoic fluid on d 30 of gestation but decreased on d 45 and 60 of gestation. This decrease in allantoic fluid glycine coincided with a marked increase in concentrations of both ornithine and arginine, which accounted for 34-36% of total free α-amino acids in allantoic fluid. Such an abundance of ornithine and arginine in allantoic fluid has not been reported for any other biological fluid. On d 90 and 110 of gestation, glycine again became the most abundant amino acid in allantoic fluid, or 47 and 29% of total free α-amino acids, respectively. Urea concentrations in amniotic and allantoic fluids progressively increased during the second half of pregnancy, indicating enhanced fetal protein metabolism. Our results demonstrate the abundance of glutamine in fetal plasma, the unusual abundance of ornithine, arginine and glycine in allantoic fluid and developmental changes in plasma fetal/maternal ratios of amino acids. The predominance of these traditionally classified dispensable amino acids in fetal fluids raises important questions regarding their metabolism in placenta and their roles in fetal nutrition and metabolism.
Insulin resistance improves metabolic and contractile efficiency in stressed rat heart

Insulin resistance is a prominent feature in heart failure, while hyperglycemia impairs cardiac contraction. We propose that decreased insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the heart preserves cardiac function in response to metabolic and hemodynamic stress. To test this hypothesis, we fed rats a high-sucrose diet (HSD). Energy substrate metabolism and cardiac work were determined ex vivo in a sequential protocol simulating metabolic and hemodynamic stress. Compared to chow-fed, control rats, HSD impaired myocardial insulin responsiveness and induced profound metabolic changes in the heart, characterized by reduced rates of glucose uptake (7.91 ± 0.30 vs. 10.73 ± 0.67 μmol/min/g dry weight; P<0.001) but increased rates of glucose oxidation (2.38 ± 0.17 vs. 1.50 ± 0.15 μmol/min/g dry weight; P<0.001) and oleate oxidation (2.29 ± 0.11 vs. 1.96 ± 0.12 μmol/min/g dry weight; P<0.05). Tight coupling of glucose uptake and oxidation and improved cardiac efficiency were associated with a reduction in glucose 6-phosphate and oleoyl-CoA levels, as well as a reduction in the content of uncoupling protein 3. Our results suggest that insulin resistance lessens fuel toxicity in the stressed heart. This calls for a new exploration of the mechanisms regulating substrate uptake and oxidation in the insulin-resistant heart.
The clinical significance of fever patterns

The clinical validity of fever curves remains intact. Clinicians of old were not wrong in their astute observations. The diagnostic usefulness of fever curves is best applied to difficult-to-diagnose infectious diseases where present day investigations are relatively unhelpful. Fever patterns are particularly useful in eliminating diagnoses from consideration and suggesting otherwise unsuspected disorders that may be diagnosed by further procedures.
Molecular basis of protective effect by crocetin on survival and liver tissue damage following hemorrhagic shock.

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) causes reduction of cellular energy stores, as measured by levels of ATP and ADP. Furthermore, energy depletion may cause mitochondrial damage, which in turn leads to cell death by apoptosis. The hypothesis of the present study is that by enhancing the recovery of cellular ATP and ADP and mitochondrial damage can be reduced, and the extent of apoptosis minimized. Crocetin, a carotenoid compound, appears to enhance the diffusion of oxygen in aqueous solution, and hence may improve energy stores both to the cell and within it. HS was produced in Sprague–Dawley rats by withdrawing blood from the carotid cannula until a mean arterial pressure of 35–40 mm Hg was reached, and then maintained by further withdrawals of blood for 30 and 60 min. Crocetin was administered 2–4 mg/kg in resuscitation fluid through venus cannula and the animals survived for 24–48 h after HS. Experiments designed to promote tissue reconstitution of ATP using crocetin indicate that these approaches are successful in increasing ATP post-hemorrhage and survival. Crocetin treatment also inhibited cellular damage as indicated by increase of Bcl-2 following decrease in cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase-3 after resuscitation. The prolonged energy deficit seen after hemorrhagic shock can produce late damage and rapid restoration of ATP levels to baseline can reduce apoptosis. In conclusions, crocetin can minimize the cellular damage as evidenced by apoptosis and increased the survival of rats. (Mol Cell Biochem 278: 139–146, 2005)
A colorimetric method for assaying dissolved oxygen loss from container-grown rice roots

Although not easily measured, oxygen release from rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots determines the plant's ability to survive reducing conditions. Our main objective was to test titanium-citrate complex for its potential to quantify dissolved O2 concentrations in solutions bathing the whole root system of container-grown rice cultivars. Influences of aeration status on root aerenchyma formation and radial oxygen loss from roots were also evaluated. Seven rice cultivars were grown in sand culture fertilized with nutrient solution under well drained and hypoxic conditions. Oxygen concentration was measured colorimetrically 6 h after placing plant roots in the Ti(3+)-citrate solution. Plants were harvested for root porosity and radial oxygen loss estimates at 14 and 35 d after transplanting. Estimates of radial oxygen loss with the Ti(3+)-citrate technique were comparable to those obtained with a polarographic oxygen electrode. Both radial oxygen loss and root porosity were enhanced by hypoxia. Rapid formation of aerenchyma at early growth stages coupled with correspondingly high O2 leakage from roots may explain why some rice cultivars cope with the adverse effects of anaerobiosis better than other cultivars.
Engineering development of hyperfiltration with dynamic membranes Part IV. Economic analysis

Abstract Cost estimates have been prepared for 5 mgd dynamic membrane reverse osmosis plants for desalting brackish water. Parameters included in the estimates were fluxes from 50 to 160 gal/ft2· day and velocities from 5 to 15 ft/sec. The module used in the plant design contained 72 ft2 of porous support area in a tube 4 in. in diameter and 12 ft long which, at a flux of 100 gal/ft2· day, would result in a volumetric productivity of 8850 gal/day per cubic ft of module. Feed was assumed to be a high-hardness low-salinity water typical of those found in much of the mid and southwest United States. The results of the analysis indicate water costs in the range 49 to 60¢/kgal exclusive of brine disposal costs. These may be compared with costs in the range 44 to 58¢/kgal, exclusive of brine disposal costs obtained by Fluor Corporation in a recent economic study in which spiral and hollow fine fiber membrane modules were used.
The use of furosemide in critically ill trauma patients: A retrospective review.

Introduction: Excessive fluid administration in critically ill post-traumatic patients is common and is associated with poorer outcomes. Once resuscitation is complete; however, assisted diuresis with furosemide is not an option commonly exercised. We hypothesize that diuresis with furosemide in hemodynamically stable, critically ill trauma patients is safe and effective in promoting diuresis. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective chart review, all injured patients admitted to the trauma ICU between March 2007 and June 2009 were identified. Data collection included demographic data, traumatic mechanism, physiologic data, laboratory data, medications, complications, ventilator days, ICU and hospital length of stay. Statistical analyses using two-sample t tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, chi-square tests, paired t-tests, and one-sample signed rank tests were performed. Results: Of 162 screened patients, 85 were identified as eligible. Twenty-seven patients (31.8%) received furosemide within the first 14 ICU days, and there were no significant differences in age, ISS, gender, blunt mechanism, co-morbid conditions, overall complications, or mortality when compared to patients who did not receive diuresis. Furosemide administration resulted in a median of 45% increased 24 h urine output and a median of 82% less 24 h net fluid gain without any significant change in HR, MAP, CVP, Hct, creatinine, or potassium. Conclusions: Administration of furosemide in stable, significantly fluid positive critically ill trauma patients results in significantly increased urine output and significantly less net fluid gain with no detrimental effect on hemodynamic parameters or laboratory values.
Methylphenidate does not influence smoking-reinforced responding or attentional performance in adult smokers with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) smoke cigarettes at rates higher than the general population and questions have been raised about how stimulant drugs – the frontline pharmacological treatment for ADHD – influence smoking risk and behavior in those with ADHD. In the present study adult regular smokers with (n=16) and without (n=17) ADHD participated in 3 experimental sessions in which they completed a Progressive Ratio (PR) task to measure the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking and money following oral administration of placebo and 2 active doses of methylphenidate (10 mg and 40 mg). We also measured attention and inhibitory control via a Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Methylphenidate had no effect on smoking-reinforced responding, attention, or inhibitory control in either group. Attention and inhibitory control were associated with smoking-reinforced responding, but unsystematically and only in the non-ADHD group. Several design features, such as the value of the monetary response option, the PR schedule, and the potential effects of smoking on attention and inhibitory control, could have contributed to the negative findings and are discussed as such. Although inconsistent with some previous human laboratory studies of stimulant drugs and smoking, results are consistent with recent trials of stimulant drugs as adjuncts for smoking cessation in adult smokers with ADHD. In general, methylphenidate at mild and moderate doses did not influence the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking in adults with and without ADHD.
Shale as a radioactive waste repository: the importance of vermiculite

Abstract Cesium sorption and fixation properties of thirty shale minerals and shales were investigated in search of a criterion for the suitability of shales for a radioactive waste repository. Shales and illites containing vermiculite fixed the largest proportion of total Cs sorbed (up to 91%) against displacement with 0.1 N KCl. For example, a slate sample fixed 33% of the total Cs sorbed while its weathered counterpart in which chlorite had altered to vermiculite fixed 89% of the total Cs sorbed. Since Cs is one of the most soluble and hazardous radioactive ions, its containment is of great importance in safe radioactive waste disposal. Presence of vermiculite in a shale body may, therefore, serve as one criterion in the selection of a suitable shale for radioactive waste disposal if and when shales in geologically stable areas are selected for repositories.
The localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase may influence its role in neuronal precursor proliferation and synaptic maintenance

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is implicated in some developmental processes, including neuronal survival, differentiation, and precursor proliferation. To define the roles of nNOS in neuronal development, we utilized the olfactory system as a model. We hypothesized that the role of nNOS may be influenced by its localization. nNOS expression was developmentally regulated in the olfactory system. During early postnatal development, nNOS was expressed in developing neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE), while in the adult its expression was restricted to periglomerular (PG) cells in the olfactory bulb (OB). At postnatal week 1 (P1W), loss of nNOS due to targeted gene deletion resulted in a decrease in immature neurons in the OE due to decreased proliferation of neuronal precursors. While the pool of neuronal precursors and neurogenesis normalized in the nNOS null mouse by P6W, there was an overgrowth of mitral or tufted cells dendrites and a decreased number of active synapses in the OB. Cyclic GMP (cGMP) immunostaining was reduced in the OE and in the glomeruli of the OB at early postnatal and adult ages, respectively. Our results suggest that nNOS appears necessary for neurogenesis in the OE during early postnatal development and for glomerular organization in the OB in the adult. Thus, the location of nNOS, either within cell bodies or perisynaptically, may influence its developmental role.
Ordinary Egyptians: Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture

Ziad Fahmy (2011), 264 (Stanford University Press, Stanford, $80.00, paperback $24.95). Ziad Fahmy's Ordinary Egyptians is a first-rate work of cultural history on the development of Egyptian natio...
Student Entitlement: Issues and Strategies for Confronting Entitlement in the Classroom and Beyond

Abstract While not representative of all students, those who demonstrate a sense of entitlement demand a great deal of instructors' time and energy. Our article places student entitlement in its social context, with specific attention to the prevalence of the consumer mentality, grade inflation, and the self-esteem of the student generation. We then outline several strategies for dealing with entitlement behavior. We suggest that greater clarity in standards and assessment, combined with specific requirements guiding teacher-student interactions and general efforts to resocialize students and faculty, will help to curb these behaviors.
LOUISIANA'S COMMUNITY COLLEGES

Louisiana is still in a thinking and planning stage in regard to an organized comprehensive community college system. There are currently six 2‐year colleges in the state, with a seventh to be opened in Baton Rouge in the near future. Delgado is the only “pure” community college in the state. Three are feeder community colleges associated with 4‐year university systems. Two began as extensions of the elementary‐secondary system and were administered by a local school board. One has just changed from the elementary‐secondary system to the higher education system and merged with a local vocational‐technical school. The other college is still governed by the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education and administered by a local school board. All public community colleges have an open‐door admission policy, and all provide developmental education and general education courses for transfers. They are primarily supported by state funds based on full‐time equivalency formulas and by student tuition and fees. Th...
Depolarization of the internal membrane system in the activation of frog skeletal muscle.

"Skinned" muscle fibers, single fibers from the frog semitendinosus muscle in which the sarcolemma had been removed, could be reversibly activated by electrical stimulation. Electrical responsiveness was abolished when the skinned fiber was prepared from a muscle exposed to a cardiac glycoside, and the development of responsiveness was delayed when the muscle was bathed in high potassium solution. The findings were taken as evidence that active sodium-potassium exchange across the internal membranes restored electrical excitability, after the sarcolemma had been removed, by establishing a potential gradient across the internal membranes. In general, the contractions were graded with the strength of the applied current. On occasion, however, "all-or-none" type responses were seen, raising the possibility that the internal membranes were capable of an electrically regenerative response. Activation could also be produced by an elevation of the intracellular chloride ion concentration or a decrease in the intracellular potassium, ion concentration, suggesting that depolarization of some element of the internal membrane system, that is, a decrease in the potential of the lumen of the internal membrane system relative to the potential of the myofibrillar space, was responsible for activation in these experiments. The distribution of both the electrically induced contractions and those produced by changes in the intracellular ion concentrations indicated that the responsive element of the internal membrane system was electrically continuous over many sarcomeres.
LORETA Neurofeedback: Odd Reports, Observations, and Findings Associated with Spatial Specific Neurofeedback Training

Neurotherapeutic techniques continue to advance in sophistication and complexity, and as such so does the need to reference odd occurrences or adverse reactions as a result of training in different regions of the brain. This is important to the field of neurotherapy in addition to those practitioners who may encounter patients on medications at the time of training, and this type of information can only add to the armamentarium of tools at our disposal. We discuss noted odd occurrences that have transpired during our studies employing LORETA neurofeedback (LNFB) in both children and adults. We also discuss negative events reported by patients or parents and medications interactions with LNFB. Positive results are also discussed. The field of neurofeedback can benefit immensely from more reports of this type.
Optimal and Postirrigation Volume Balance Infiltration Parameter Estimates for Basin Irrigation

Engineering analysis of surface irrigation systems is predicated on reasonably accurate estimates of a field’s infiltration properties. Optimal estimation methods pose multiple volume balance equat...
MR findings in athletes with pubalgia.

Objective. To describe the MR findings in athletes with pubalgia. Design and patients. Pelvic MR images of 32 athletes (30 men, 2 women) with pubalgia were studied. T1-weighted and T2-weighted (SE and FSE) and STIR images in the axial and coronal planes were obtained on a 1.5-T system. Images were reviewed for general pelvic pathology. Special attention was given to the pubic symphysis, groin and pelvic musculature, and to the abdominal wall musculature. Results. Thirty surgically confirmed cases comprise the study group. Abnormalities in the following were found: pubic symphysis (21/30), abdominal wall (27/30), groin musculature, including rectus abdominis (21/30), pectineus (6/30), and adductor muscle group (18/30). Conclusions. Pubalgia is a complex process which is frequently multifactorial. The MRI findings can alter the surgical approach.
Workshop: Taxonomic clustering of large-scale metagnomic data

Taxonomic clustering of species from next generation sequencing of microbiota is an important problem in metagenomics. This talk will focus on metagenomic samples obtained through 454 sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) pool of the sample. These sequences serve as a good proxy for measuring species abundance since they are conserved among organisms within a species while diverging across species.
High Power And Super Power Plasma Cerenkov Masers

A high power (GW level), high efficiency (g 10%), high gain (40 db), long pulse (1 μsec) Plasma Cerenkov Maser (PCM) is under development. The preparations for preliminary experiments at reduced power (.1 GW) and pulse length (.1 μsec) are near completion. The experimental design has been modeled using linear and particle simulation codes for both reduced and full power operation. Several designs have been modeled in an effort to find a method to reduce the AC space charge effect of high current beams. Optimum efficiency is obtained with a thin beam close to a thin plasma. Calculations with a full 2-1/2 D relativistic particle code are presented for the first reported experimental device. The results generally agree with our previous 1 D calculations. Stability analysis indicates self-oscillation due to imperfect coupling can limit the gain of the amplifier. The design of the UCD PCM is described.
A generalized one-dimensional fast multipole method with application to filtering of spherical harmonics

The need to filter functions defined on the sphere arises in a number of applications, such as climate modeling, electromagnetic and acoustic scattering, and several other areas. Recently, it has been observed that the problem of uniform resolution filtering on the sphere can be performed efficiently via the fast multipole method (FMM) in one dimension. In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the FMM that leads to an accelerated version of the filtering process. Instead of multipole expansions, the scheme uses special-purpose bases constructed via the singular value decomposition of appropriately chosen submatrices of the filtering matrix. The algorithm is applicable to a fairly wide class of projection operators; its performance is illustrated with several numerical examples.
Acquisition system for a minicomputer

In the course of the development of apparatus to evaluate magnetic recording media it has become expedient to improve the accuracy of the data and to accelerate its analysis by the use of a data acquisition system which digitizes the measured voltages and sends them directly to the computer for processing and analysis. Such a system has been developed at the University of Santa Clara.
Strontium isotopic evidence for prehistoric transport of gray-ware ceramic materials in the eastern Grand Canyon region, USA

Through a novel application of strontium (Sr) isotopic analysis, we evaluate geological sources for prehistoric ceramics in the eastern Grand Canyon region of northern Arizona, focusing on two gray-ware traditions in the Upper Basin of the Coconino Plateau. Building on a conceptual framework for the general potential of Sr isotopes in the analysis of geological materials, we suggest that the eastern Grand Canyon is specifically well suited archaeologically and geologically for: (1) exploring the utility of Sr isotopes for ceramic provenance research and (2) testing long-standing hypotheses that gray-ware ceramics were invariably made with local materials. Sr isotopic compositions indicate that the ceramic samples represent at least three different geological sources, and that different raw materials were used in the manufacture of the two gray-ware traditions found in the Upper Basin. One of the gray-ware traditions is not compositionally consistent with local geology, indicating that either the ceramics or the raw materials were transported at least 20 km to the Upper Basin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intercalation of the (-)-(1R,2S,3R, 4S)-N6-[1-benz[a]anthracenyl]-2'-deoxyadenosyl adduct in an oligodeoxynucleotide containing the human N-ras codon 61 sequence.

The solution structure of the (−)-(1R,2S,3R,4S)-N6-[1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-benz[a]anthracenyl)]-2‘-deoxyadenosyl adduct at X6 of 5‘-d(CGGACXAGAAG)-3‘·5‘-d(CTTCTTGTCCG)-3‘, incorporating codons 60, 61(italic), and 62 of the human N-ras protooncogene, was determined. This adduct results from the trans opening of 1S,2R,3R,4S-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benz[a]anthracenyl-3,4-diol by the exocyclic N6 of adenine. Molecular dynamics simulations were restrained by 509 NOEs from 1H NMR. The precision of the refined structures was monitored by pairwise root-mean-square deviations which were <1.2 A; accuracy was measured by complete relaxation matrix calculations, which yielded a sixth root R factor of 9.1 × 10-2 at 250 ms. The refined structure was a right-handed duplex, in which the benz[a]anthracene moiety intercalated from the major groove between C5·G18 and R,S,R,SA6·T17. In this orientation, the saturated ring of BA was oriented in the major groove of the duplex, with the aromatic rings inserted into the du...
Giant cell tumor ("osteoclastoma") of the pancreas: a tumor of epithelial origin

Carcinomas of the pancreas with giant cells are not rare, but those containing osteoclast-like tumor cells are quite unusual. This report documents a pancreatic neoplasm comprising both easily recognizable well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and osteoclast-like tumor. The literature on the "osteoclastoma" of the pancreas is reviewed. Evidence for its epithelial deviation is supported strongly by the present case.
Functional significance of biological variability

The variability of biological matter contributes to both its adaptability and reliability. To represent the structure of this variability we treat a complete biological system (e.g. community and environment) as a system with sets of states and certain (unknown) probabilities governing the state to state transitions. Adaptability (defined operationally in terms of the maximum tolerable uncertainty of the environment) consists of behavioral uncertainty, ability to anticipate the environment, and indifference to the environment. It may also be decomposed into components associated with genetic, organismic, population, and community levels of organization. Considerations of adequate design suggest that adaptability tends to fall to its lowest allowable value in the course of evolution. This means that any change in adaptability associated with one level or unit of organization tends to be compensated by opposite changes in the adaptability associated with other levels or units, or by opposite changes in the indifference to the environment. The analysis shows that the adaptability is not independent of reliability, and that each functionally distinct state consists of : (1) finer states which mediate the processing of information about the environment; (2) redundant sets of such states; and (3) informationally equivalent states associated with macroscopically equivalent microdescriptions.
New Jersey and the Civil War: Notes Toward a Bibliography

Sinclair declairs his intensions for his New Jersey and the Civil War Bibliography. [It came out in 1968 as Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} "A Bibliography : the Civil War and New Jersey.] For technical reasons, he excludes newspaper and manuscripts.Â [However, in 2003 he published "A Guide to New Jersey and Other Civil War Manuscripts in the Special Collections and University Archives of Rutgers University."]
DYNAMIC SIZING AND LOCATIONING OF FACILITIES ON NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION NETWORKS

Multiperiod, multicomponent, nested design and capacity expansion problems in natural gas transmission networks are investigated. Using as input a set of potential timings of expansions such as that given by Ref. 7, a two-level hierarchical solution technique is employed to solve the model (which is developed in Ref. 6). In the first level, the optimal numbers, locations, initial construction dates and the optimal sequence of capacity additions of the compressor stations are determined. Optimal capacity additions to the pipes are expressed at this level, only in terms of the cumulative equivalent diameters. The second level develops a search procedure that determines the actual sizes of the main pipes and the sizes, lengths, and timings of construction of the loop pipes.
Coupled mode analysis of the photonic crystal waveguide

Starting from an intuitive picture of photons bouncing back and forth within a slab of a uniform medium surrounded by photonic crystal (PC) layers, we develop a coupled mode formalism for the analysis of a PC waveguide. The modal solution in the core is given by counter-propagating waves while the cladding field is derived from a modified coupled mode formalism. This coupled mode approach is used to analyze the dispersion and loss of the PC waveguide. Although coupled mode theory is usually applied to structures with a small index contrast perturbation, we find that our coupled mode formalism with an empirical coupling constant can be used to model a large index contrast PC waveguide. A single constant is used to analyze the dispersion and the loss of a two dimensional PC waveguide, a GaAs substrate with air holes. Our results are corroborated with a two dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and we find good quantitative agreement between the coupled mode theory and the FDTD analysis.
Polarization Matching in AlGaN-Based Multiple-Quantum-Well Deep Ultraviolet Laser Diodes on AlN Substrates Using Quaternary AlInGaN Barriers

A prototypical design of AlGaN deep ultraviolet (DUV) laser diodes (LDs) on AlN substrates employing tapered electron blocking layer is presented. Two-dimensional optoelectronic simulation predicts lasing at a target wavelength of 250 nm. Degradation of optical gain associated with spatial separation of electron and hole wave functions inside the active region may be considerably reduced in designs featuring quaternary AlInGaN barriers, by virtue of polarization charge matching. A systematic method for selection of polarization-free quaternary barrier compositions is proposed for 250 nm DUV LD designs, accompanied by a sensitivity analysis. The selection procedure presented here is readily applied to LDs and light-emitting diodes operating at other wavelengths.
Spectroscopic Characteristics of Triply Vibrationally Enhanced Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy†

Triply vibrationally enhanced (TRIVE) four-wave mixing is a fully resonant, frequency domain spectroscopy that is capable of coherent multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy. TRIVE has 12 different coherence pathways that differ in their time ordering and resonances. The pathways are the coherent analogue to two-color pump−probe pathways. Specific pathways or sets of pathways can be chosen by appropriate selection of time delays and resonance conditions. The pathways have characteristic positions and line shapes in three-dimensional frequency space and their coherent interference has consequences in interpreting the spectra. The line shapes and the relative intensities of different pathways are dependent on the population relaxation and dephasing rates. The different pathways also have different capabilities for line-narrowing inhomogeneously broadened transitions. The narrowing is controlled by the interference between pathways and the quantum level interference between different parts of the inhomogen...
Business School Economics and Antitrust: What’s Thought and What’s Taught

Economics--especially microeconomics and the field of industrial organization-has had a long history of involvement with antitrust (see Blaisdell 1932; Henderson 1924; Scherer 1990; Stevens 1940; White 1984, 1999). The U.S. Bureau of Corporations, which was established in 1903 within the Department of Commerce and Labor, provided research support for early antitrust prosecutions brought by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), including U.S. v. Standard Oil of New Jersey et al. (1911) and U.S. v. American Tobacco Co. (1911). An early, and possibly the first, use of an economist's testimony was in the DOJ's prosecution of U.S. v. United States Steel Corp. (1920). The Bureau of Corporations was superseded and absorbed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 1914. Within the FTC, the Economic Department (which later became the Economic Division and then the Bureau of Economics) inherited the Bureau of Corporation's research and investigative role. In 1933, responsibility for antitrust prosecutions was placed in the DOJ's Antitrust Division. Within three years, the Division hired its first staff economist. As late as the 1960s, however, economists at both enforcement agencies were generally second class citizens and outside the mainstream of decision making and policy influence (see Green 1972; Weaver 1977). Since then, however, economists' roles and positions within both agencies have risen (see Kwoka and White 1989, 1994, 1999). In general, economics since the 1930s has had an increasingly influential role in shaping the paradigms of public and private antitrust enforcement. Areas in which economists, within and outside of the agencies, have contributed include the following: 'Structure-behavior-performance paradigm (Sherman Act 1890, 1, 2; Clayton Act 1914, 7), *Merger guidelines (Clayton 7), *Intellectual property guidelines (Sherman 2), *Tying (Sherman 2; Clayton 3), *Predatory behavior (Sherman 2), 'Vertical restraints (Sherman 1, 2; Clayton 3), *Price discrimination (Clayton 2), *Network economics (Sherman 2), 'Raising rivals' costs (Sherman 2; Clayton 3), and *Treble damages remedy (Clayton 4).
The Voices Project

The purpose of the Voices Project was to give children and adolescents a greater voice in the local and global dialogues about the precursors and solutions to all forms of school violence. This exploratory project incorporates input from youngsters, educators, community partners, and university researchers into the development of a model for non-violent schools and communities. In this article, the Voices Project is described and implications for practice forwarded.
Beverage Consumption Patterns in Elementary School Aged Children across a Two-Year Period

Objective: Existing data was reexamined to determine changes in beverage consumption and associations between beverages consumed and BMI Z-score in children (n = 164) across two years.Methods: Beverages (milk, 100% juice, diet soda or sugar sweetened) and total caloric intake were calculated from a 24-hour diet recall. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI. Subjects were categorized by BMI Z-score as normal weight, overweight, gained weight and lost weight. Data was collected at baseline and year 2.Results: Significant decreases in milk and increases in diet soda were found over two years in all subjects and normal weight, whereas overweight had a significant increase in diet soda consumption and a decrease in milk consumption that did not reach significance. Change in milk consumption was inversely correlated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Increases in diet soda consumption were significantly greater for overweight and subjects who gained weight as compared to normal weight subject...
Antisocial children in a summer camp environment: a time-sampling study.

A discussion is set forth regarding the possible dysfunctional consequences of grouping antisocial children in homogeneous contexts for treatment. It is posited that antisocial children can profit from being placed for treatment in community based settings (for example, community centers, YMCAs, and neighborhood settlement houses) in which most of the other children are considered prosocial. In the present study 5 antisocial boys were placed in a residential summer camp consisting of 81 boys and 75 girls. Comparisons are made among the frequencies of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behavior observed for the antisocial children placed in four groups, prosocial children in these groups, and the prosocial children in four other groups. These comparisons yield no significant differences among the antisocial and prosocial children's behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the helping professions.
Generalization of Raman intensity expressions so as to include resonance

Abstract The existing expressions for Raman intensities are extended to the resonance region. Analytical formulas are obtained in the harmonic oscillator approximation.
Our Varying Histories and Future Potential: Models and Maps in Science, the Humanities, and in Music Theory

part 1 briefly recounts the influence of social unrest and the explosion of knowledge in both psychology and the humanities circa 1970-1990. As the sciences rely on explicit top-down theories connected to bottom-up maps and models, and whereas the humanities build on bottom-up differences within malleable top-down “theories” (approaches, themes, theses, programs, methods, etc.), the changes in the sciences during this period contrasted sharply with the changes in the humanities. Part 2 discusses in detail how these two social transformations affected the histories of music theory and cognitive music theory. The former fractiously withdrew from its parent organization (AMS), whereas the latter was welcomed into SMPC. Inasmuch as both music theory and cognitive music theory rely on maps and models, Part 3 examines the metatheoretical importance of these terms for music cognition, music theory, and cognitive music theory. Part 4 speculates about the future—how music cognition, cognitive music theory, and music theory contribute to the structure of musical knowledge. The intellectual potential of this unique triadic collaboration is discussed: psychology provides a commanding empirical framework of the human mind, while music theory and cognitive music theory logically model moment-to-moment temporal emotions and the auditory intellections at the core of musical art.
Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Ribavirin

Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent whose molecular mode of action remains remarkably controversial. This antiviral agent was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1986 for use as an aerosol for infants with serious infections due to respiratory syncytial virus. Ribavirin is and has been under clinical investigation for activity against a variety of viral illnesses, including those due to influenza virus, Lassa fever virus, Hantaan virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There has been a great deal of clinical interest in the utilization of ribavirin for treatment of infections due to HIV. It has been reported to slow the development of AIDS in HIV-infected patients. We describe here the major mechanisms of action of this newly licensed antiviral agent.
Malonic acid: The acyl moiety of the Mimulus luteus anthocyanin

Abstract Malonic acid has been identified as the acylating agent of the anthocyanin produced by the Mimulus luteus complex.
Progress in the development of extreme ultraviolet lithography exposure systems

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUV) is viewed by many as the logical extension of current optical lithography which will enable future generations of integrated circuits (ICs) to be printed with feature sizes of 100nm and below. With the completion of the research phase and demonstration of practical feasibility in 1996, this technology has moved into active development in the United States, Europe and Japan. The development is now focusing on manufacturing system designs for the 100nm generation and below of ICs. The fundamental approach of EUV is to achieve sub 100nm resolution by dramatically reducing the exposure wavelength, down to 13nm, and using all reflective, multilayer-coated imaging optics. The light source for these tools can be either a laser produced plasma or a synchrotron. The most common system architecture considered by most groups is one based on a ring field camera and a step and scan mask and wafer stage system, similar to what is used in today's optical scanners for 0.25micron and below. In the U.S. the development is being carried out in a partnership between an industrial consortium, called the EUV LLC (made up of AMD, Intel and Motorola) and a Virtual National Laboratory (made up of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories). This paper will describe the essential elements of a practical EUV lithography tool and the performance trades between the various subsystems that are consistent with commercial throughput requirements.
FRET induced by an 'allosteric' cycloaddition reaction regulated with exogenous inhibitor and effectors

Abstract A Cu(I) catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition was engineered to afford products featuring intramolecular excimer formation (exciplex, 3 ) or intramolecular Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET, 6 , 7 ). It was further demonstrated that this reaction could be silenced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which prohibited the reduction of copper(II) sulfate to the catalytically active Cu(I) species by sodium ascorbate. Exogenous transition metal ions such as Zn2+ and Pb2+ were shown to competitively coordinate with EDTA thus releasing free Cu2+ for the subsequent reduction, and consequently restoring the reaction. The modulated catalysis showed metal ion concentration dependence and could be monitored by both HPLC and fluorescence. This study is a demonstration of a new sensing paradigm, where a catalytic organometallic reaction can be used as the signal amplifying module of a sensing application by engineering a regulatory element into the reaction process, analogous to an allosteric enzyme or an allosteric ribozyme system.
An electron microscopical examination of Echinoderes dujardini Claparède (Kinorrhyncha)

The first morphological examination of the surface and internal anatomy of the kinorhynch, Echinoderes dujardini was undertaken using the scanning and transmission electron microscopes.
High-affinity hemicholinium-3 binding to brain membranes: reduction by treatment witphysostigmine in vivo

Abstract We examined high-affinity, sodium-dependent binding of hemicholinium-3 to brain membranes. Binding, withKd of about 3 nM, was highest in corpus striatum, intermediate in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and low in cerebellum. Treatment witphysostigmine in vivo reduced binding in all regions without affecting apparent affinity.
Effect of head positioning upon the width of mandibular tooth images on panoramic radiographs

Abstract The purpose of this study was to quantitate, under varying conditions, radiographic image distortion in the mandibular canine and premolar area. A human skull with a dental age of 5 years was mounted on the chin rest of the Panorex unit. Films were exposed while the skull was in the standard position and also in twelve altered positions representative of those which could be expected in routine use of the unit. Measurement of the tooth-image widths revealed that the variability of the Panorex unit was not significantly greater than the human measurement variability. When compared to the standard, all altered positions caused significant image-width distortions. Furthermore, for a given position, all tooth images were not distorted to the same degree. The largest image distortions were found when head position was too far anteriorly or posteriorly on the chin rest.
Influence of Solidification Variables on the Dendrite Arm Spacings of Ni-Based Superalloys

p (PbS) p (Pb) p (Pb2) gPbS 0.3437 0.0462 0.0285 0.1237 0.341 9.93 3 10 24 19.9 3 10 25 3.4 3 10 25 9.5 3 10 212 0.298 0.3429 0.0424 0.0252 0.1061 0.278 9.28 3 10 24 16.4 3 10 25 3.2 3 10 25 8.3 3 10 212 0.303 0.3422 0.0395 0.0228 0.0943 0.233 8.61 3 10 24 13.8 3 10 25 2.9 3 10 25 7.1 3 10 212 0.304 0.3416 0.0369 0.0210 0.0848 0.192 7.80 3 10 24 11.5 3 10 25 2.7 3 10 25 5.8 3 10 212 0.307 0.3411 0.0346 0.0196 0.0772 0.163 6.99 3 10 24 9.6 3 10 25 2.4 3 10 25 4.7 3 10 212 0.303 Note: Recalculation of Zhong‐Lynch’s experiments [4] ; Ns refers to the atomic fraction of sulfur in the Cu-S-Pb melts; NCuS refers to the mole fraction of CuS in the CuS0.5-CuS-PbS system matte; ( ps2 ) 1/2 -ZL is the square root of S2 partial pressure from Zhong and Lynch [4] ; ( ps2 ) 1/2 -SM is the square root of S2 partial pressure from Schuhmann and Moles; [15] and p (i) refers to the partial pressure (in atm) of
A classroom exercise for teaching the problems of offense classification and tabulation associated with the UCR

We describe an in-class exercise used to demonstrate problems with the classification and recording of offenses in official crime statistics (the Uniform Crime Report or UCR). The exercise was used with criminology undergraduate students; their reaction indicates that it is effective for demonstrating limitations of the UCR. Following official guidelines, students classify and tabulate offenses described in crime scenarios. Their figures are compared with those expected when the official guidelines (the “true” crime figures) are used; factors contributing to discrepancies between the sets of figures are discussed. We provide suggestions for using the technique in different classroom situations.