cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer-related PTSD symptoms in a veteran sample: Association with age, combat PTSD, and quality of life

Objective The diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a potentially traumatic experience that may evoke posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among survivors. This paper describes the rates of endorsement of cancer-related PTSS along with the relationship of demographic, cancer, and combat variables on PTSS and quality of life. Methods Veterans (N = 166) with head and neck, esophageal, gastric, or colorectal cancers were recruited through tumor registries at two regional Veterans Administration Medical Centers. Standardized scales were used to assess self-report of PTSS, combat, and quality of life. Results Most participants (86%) reported experiencing at least some cancer-related PTSS; 10% scored above a clinical cutoff for probable PTSD. In linear regressions, younger age and current combat PTSS were associated with cancer-related PTSS, whereas disease and treatment characteristics were not; in turn, cancer-related PTSS were negatively associated with physical and social quality of life. Conclusions Individual characteristics and psychosocial factors may play a larger role than disease-related variables in determining how an individual responds to the stress of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Given the rates of reported cancer-related PTSS in this sample, and other non-veteran samples, clinicians should consider screening these following diagnosis and treatment, particularly in younger adults and those with previous trauma histories. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triphenyl phosphite-induced ultrastructural changes in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells

Abstract Primary cultures of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells were treated with the phosphorus acid ester triphenyl phosphite (TPP), a chemical capable of producing Type II organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), and the morphological changes were assessed by transmission electron and scanning microscopy. Following a 24-hr incubation with 100 μ m TPP nearly all mitochondria were either disrupted or swollen and glycogen buildup within the cytoplasm was evident. The viability of cells treated with TPP and cultured on coverslips for scanning electron microscopy was very low. By scanning electron microscopy, the filopodia of these cells appeared contracted. The surface texture was very irregular and giant globular bodies were evident. Parallel studies were carried out with the cholinergic compound O,O -diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon) and the Type I delayed neurotoxicant O,O -diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that treatment with these organophosphorus compounds did not produce the ultrastructural effects that were seen with TPP. The morphological data were confirmed biochemically by assessing the viability of the mitochondria via measurement of [ 3 H]adenosine incorporation into ATP. Treatment with 100 μ m TPP for 4 or 24 hr caused a marked inhibition (90% relative to controls) of adenosine incorporation. Neither 100 μ m paraoxon nor 100 μ m DFP had an inhibitory effect on incorporation. The effect of TPP was time-dependent with significant biochemical effects as early as 60 min. In contrast, ultrastructural changes were not seen until 24 hr. Morphologically, the 60-min incubations showed no perturbation in mitochondrial integrity. Our results support a specific effect of the triphenylphosphite, TPP, a Type II OPIDN compound, not a general toxic effect of organophosphorus compounds since the cholinergic agent paraoxon and the Type I delayed neurotoxic compound DFP did not alter the cells ultrastructurally or compromise the mitochondria biochemically. The apparent target for TPP toxicity is the mitochondria.
CONTESTATION AND TURNOUT IN MULTI‐MEMBER AND SINGLE‐MEMBER DISTRICTS

Multi-member districts have rapidly disappeared from U.S. state legislatures. Two possible consequences of the change from multi-member districts (MMD) to single-member districts (SMD) are the reduction in the number of competitive races, and diminished voter turnout. This paper examines the impact of changing from multi-member districts to single member districts on candidate emergence and voter participation in Florida and South Carolina. In Florida, but not South Carolina, contestation was generally more extensive in MMDs than SMDs. Counties which had higher percentages of contested legislative seats, particularly during the MMD period, had higher levels of overall turnout than did counties in which a smaller proportion of seats was contested. With the adoption of SMDs, legislative contestation is less related to voter turnout, confirming the hypothesis that electoral structures which afford voters multiple opportunities to choose candidates also encourage participation.
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS VARY IN DECREASING α‐ADRENOCEPTOR SENSITIVITY WITH CHRONIC TREATMENT: ASSESSMENT WITH CLONIDINE INHIBITION OF ACOUSTIC STARTLE

1 Clonidine inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in the rat was used as a behavioural measure of alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity following acute or chronic administration of tricyclic antidepressants. 2 Chronic (14 day) administration of desipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the depressant effect of clonidine (20 or 40 microgram/kg) on the startle reflex. 3 No change in response to clonidine was obtained after chronic treatment with two other tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline (10 mg/kg) or iprindole (5 mg/kg). 4 Acute administration of these tricyclics (1 h) did not modify the effect of clonidine on startle. 5 It is suggested that the development of alpha 2-adrenoceptor subsensitivity produced by chronic tricyclics may be unique to those compounds, such as desipramine, which are active in blocking the uptake of noradrenaline.
Structure-taste relationships in (1→2)-linked disaccharides☆

Abstract Nine (1→2)-linked glycosyl- D -glucoses were synthesized by condensing the appropriate O -acetylated glycopyranosyl bromides with 1,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucose. The D -xylo-, D -gluco-, and D -galactosyl bromides formed approximately equal amounts of the α- and β-linked disaccharides, whereas the L -arabino-, L -rhamno-, and D -mannosyl analogs formed one major product having O-1′ and O-2′, respectively, cis, trans , and trans . Five of the nine crystalline disaccharide peracetates are new. All were deacetylated and compared, in 3% aqueous solutions, with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% aqueous solutions of sucrose for sweetness and with 0.05% aqueous caffeine for bitterness. Although none scored a sweetness value as high as that of 1% sucrose, each of the four sweetest members of the series had a C1 ( D ) or ( L ) conformation and each had an axial O-1′ atom cis to O-2′. The less sweet members of the series had O-1′ and O-2′ in a trans relationship, either diaxial or diequatorial, and were substantially more bitter than the sweeter group of disaccharides.
User-loaded SlipChip for equipment-free multiplexed nanoliter-scale experiments.

This paper describes a microfluidic approach to perform multiplexed nanoliter-scale experiments by combining a sample with multiple different reagents, each at multiple mixing ratios. This approach employs a user-loaded, equipment-free SlipChip. The mixing ratios, characterized by diluting a fluorescent dye, could be controlled by the volume of each of the combined wells. The SlipChip design was validated on an ∼12 nL scale by screening the conditions for crystallization of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Burkholderia pseudomallei against 48 different reagents; each reagent was tested at 11 different mixing ratios, for a total of 528 crystallization trials. The total consumption of the protein sample was ∼10 μL. Conditions for crystallization were successfully identified. The crystallization experiments were successfully scaled up in well plates using the conditions identified in the SlipChip. Crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction and provided a protein structure in a different space group and ...
A System For Temporal Plan Generation

Temporal reasoning, which is a way of pursuing goals and drawing inferences based on events occurring over time, plays an important role in automated planning systems and in general in common sense reasoning. This work is an attempt at exploring the problems involved in reasoning over time which typically involve updating a plan structure with changing world patterns. This involves developing the appropriate knowledge representation in addition to a plan generation system. A deductive retrieval mechanism, which has been tailored to the needs of temporal retrievals, has been imple-mented. Uncertainty due to incomplete information and indecision is resolved using fuzzy values and a dynamic resolution over a temporal data base. Imprecise temporal information is captured in fuzzy intervals. These intervals are made up of a beginning hour and ending hour. The system can find the tightest possible bounds on a possible event or step in a plan. The system user provides the constraint information for plan development. This is combined with basic domain information in the knowledge base. A plan or set of steps through some temporal constraints will be presented based upon the constraints and domain information. A fuzzy belief in the chance of the plans' success is associated with the information provided by the system.
Fast GPU implementation of large scale dictionary and sparse representation based vision problems

Recently, Computer Vision problems like Face Recognition and Super-Resolution solved using sparse representation based methods with large dictionaries have shown state-of-the-art results. However such methods are computationally prohibitive for typical CPUs, especially for a large dictionary size. We present fast implementation of these methods by exploiting the massively parallel processing capabilities of a GPU within a CUDA framework, owing to its easy off-the-shelf availability and programmer friendliness. We provide details of system level design, memory management and implementation strategies. Further, we integrate the solution to the preferred scientific computational platform - MATLAB.
Crystallization of 3-cyanophenyl 4-cyanobenzoate with AgSbF6: a polar coordination network based on the crisscrossing of intertwined helices

Crystallization of 3-cyanophenyl 4-cyanobenzoate 1 with AgSbF6 yields the non-centrosymmetric, fourfold interpenetrated grid structure [Ag(1)2]SbF6 2 through the crisscrossing of two-dimensional sheets.
Cortical Bone Allografting in the Horse

Half and full cylindrical frozen cortical bone allografts were transplanted into groups of horses. All horses accepted, resorbed, and began replacement of their grafts to varying degrees, according to frequent radiographic and monthly histologic evaluation. Clinically, all the recipients appeared to return to varying degrees of function. This method of bone allografting is suggested as an adjunct to current methods of fracture fixation in the horse.
Physiological disposition of beta-phenylethylamine, 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine, 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyphenylethylamine and beta-hydroxymescaline in rat brain, liver and plasma.

Hydroxymescaline (HM) and Β-phenylethylamine (PEA) affected the conditioned-avoidance responses (CAR) in rats after i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The fates of these two compounds and of 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyphenylethylamine (PMPEA), a behaviorally active mescaline derivative, and of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine (TMPEA), a behaviorally inactive compound, were studied in rats. All compounds are quickly absorbed and distributed after i.p. injection and are also quickly removed from brain, liver and plasma. The compounds cross the blood-brain barrier differently and TMPEA could not be detected in the CNS explaining, perhaps, its lack of behavioral activity. A comparison of the minimal doses (Μmoles/kg) of these compounds which affect the CAR in rats is: PMPEA (10)>mescaline (60)>PEA (240)>HM (420). In contrast, a comparison of minimal brain levels necessary to affect the CAR reveals the following relationship (nmoles/g) PMPEA (1.8)>mescaline (2.4)>Hm=PEA (40). It is suggested that SAR studies with psychoactive compounds should not be based on injected doses but on actual brain levels at periods of abnormal behavior.
Nervous Habits and Stereotyped Behaviors in Preschool Children

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the frequency, age trends, and situational correlates of nervous habits (e.g., nail-biting, thumbsucking) and motor stereotyped behaviors (e.g., body-rocking) in typically developing preschool children. Method Data were compiled from 100 teacher interviews and 32 parent interviews on children aged 3 to 6 years. A semistructured, individually administered interview was used. Results Parents reported the most behaviors, with the most common behaviors being thumb-sucking (25%) and nail-biting (23%). Motor stereotypies demonstrated a frequency of 4% as reported by the teachers and a frequency of 3% as reported by the parents. Teachers reported a decrease in children having the nervous habit of picking at sores, lips, etc., with age. Parents reported a significant decrease in all nervous habits with age. Nervous habits were associated with structured times during the day and negative mood states, and teachers reported that girls were more likely than boys to display nervous habits. Conclusion Nervous habits and stereotypies are prevalent in typically developing preschool children, and their presence appears to be a reflection of mood state. J.Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1998, 37(7):711–717.
Field calibration of soil-core microcosms : ecosystem structural and functional comparisons

Microcosms containing intact soil-cores are a potential biotechnology risk assessment tool for assessing the ecological effects of genetically engineered microorganisms before they are released to the field; however, microcosms must first be calibrated to ensure that they adequately simulate key field parameters. Soil-core microcosms were compared with the field in terms of ecological response to the introduction of a large inoculum of a rifampicin-resistant rhizobacterium,Pseudomonas sp. RC1. RC1 was inoculated into intact soil-core microcosms incubated in the laboratory at ambient temperature (22°C) and in a growth chamber with temperature fluctuations that mimicked a verage field values, as well as into field lysimeters and plots. The effect of the introduced bacterium on ecosystem structure, including wheat rhizoplane populations of total and fluorescent pseudomonads, total heterotrophic bacteria, and the diversity of total heterotrophic bacteria, was determined. Fluorescent pseudomonads were present on the rhizoplane in significantly lower numbers in soil inoculated with RC1, in both microcosms and the field. Conditions for microbial growth appeared to be most favorable in the growth chamber microcosm, as evidenced by higher populations of heterotrophs and a greater species diversity on the rhizoplane at the three-leaf stage of wheat growth. Ecosystem functional parameters, as determined by soil dehydrogenase activity, plant biomass production, and15N-fertilizer uptake by wheat, were different in the four systems. The stimulation of soil dehydrogenase activity by the addition of alfalfa was greater in the microcosms than in the field. In general, growth chamber microcosms, which simulated average field temperatures, were better predictors of field behavior than microcosms incubated continuously at 22°C.
A scanning electron microscopic study of hybrid composite impact response

Scanning electron micrographs of fracture surfaces of various hybrid composite materials subjected to Charpy impact tests are presented. Macrophotographs of the failed specimens which indicate the gross failure modes, and actual impact load-time traces obtained using an instrumented tup impact test technique are also included. These data permit a direct comparison between observed microfailure modes and the gross response of each composite to failure. An all-graphite/epoxy control configuration and three hybrid configurations are considered. The third-phase fibre additions in these hybrids include glass, Kevlar 49, and Nomex nylon. Longitudinal and transverse impact tests of both notched and unnotched standard Charpy specimens are included, for both a basic unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite and a quasi-isotropic laminate orientation.
Ubiquitylation of p53 by the APC/C inhibitor Trim39

Tripartite motif 39 (Trim39) is a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase able to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) directly. Through analysis of Trim39 function in p53-positive and p53-negative cells, we have found, surprisingly, that p53-positive cells lacking Trim39 could not traverse the G1/S transition. This effect did not result from disinhibition of the APC/C. Moreover, although Trim39 loss inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis in p53-negative cells, apoptosis was enhanced by Trim39 knockdown in p53-positive cells. Furthermore, we show here that the Trim39 can directly bind and ubiquitylate p53 in vitro and in vivo, leading to p53 degradation. Depletion of Trim39 significantly increased p53 protein levels and cell growth retardation in multiple cell lines. We found that the relative importance of Trim39 and the well-characterized p53-directed E3 ligase, murine double minute 2 (MDM2), varied between cell types. In cells that were relatively insensitive to the MDM2 inhibitor, nutlin-3a, apoptosis could be markedly enhanced by siRNA directed against Trim39. As such, Trim39 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in tumors with WT p53 when MDM2 inhibition is insufficient to elevate p53 levels and apoptosis.
Characteristic histologic triad in liver adjacent to metastatic neoplasm.

— More than 25% of undirected percutaneous liver needle biopsies that are performed in search of metastatic neoplasms yield false negative specimens. Often, however, histologic changes are observed in the liver adjacent to space-occupying lesions due to focal obstruction of bile and blood flow. These alterations were defined by semi-quantitative evaluation of 20 liver biopsy specimens with metastatic neoplasms, and revealed a characteristic histologic triad consisting of proliferated and abnormal bile ductules, polymorphonuclear leukocytes in edematous portal tracts and focal sinusoidal dilatation. When 15 patients with this combination of histologic alterations, but without malignant cells in liver biopsy specimens, were investigated prospectively, 13 patients (87%) were found to have hepatic metastases. Therefore, the observation of the histologic triad described here should lead to a continued search for space-occupying lesions in the liver.
Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography: II. Retrospective perturbation analysis

Abstract Cropping system characteristics affect weed management by altering key demographic rates of weeds, including recruitment, seedling survival, fecundity, and seed survival. To facilitate the design and improvement of cropping systems that limit weed population growth, analytical methods are needed to identify weed management “choke points” (weed life stages that vary in response to management and whose variation strongly affects weed population growth rate). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether wheat–red clover green manure can limit giant foxtail population growth rate (λ) in a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence and (2) identify choke points in the giant foxtail life cycle with respect to the green manure treatment. Demographic data were used to construct a periodic matrix model of giant foxtail population growth in a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence, with either a wheat sole crop (W) or a wheat–red clover intercrop (R) in the wheat phase. Identification of choke points was acc...
Estimating errors in student enrollment forecasting

This paper shows how longitudinal data for student enrollments and attendances can be used to obtain variances and confidence limits in the forecasts of future enrollments. The effect of historical data on conditional expectations and variances of enrollments is explicitly included in our formulas, as is the “odd-even” effect of admissions during fall and spring semesters. Thus, it is possible with little effort to obtain confidence intervals for forecasts (in absolute numbers or in percentage terms) from the same longitudinal data that provide the forecasts themselves. We include calculations for the special cases of large cohort sizes and Poisson admissions.
Translating Cancer Prevention and Control Research into the Community Setting: Workforce Implications

A gap exists between cancer prevention research and its translation into community practice. Two strategies to reduce this gap are community-based participatory research (CBPR) and dissemination research. CBPR offers an avenue to engage academic and community partners, thereby providing mechanisms for joint learning and application of knowledge. Dissemination research examines the movement of evidence-based public health and clinical innovations to practice settings. While applying these approaches may reduce the gap between research and practice, the cancer prevention workforce may be inadequate in size, insufficiently trained, lack resources and incentives, or face structural barriers to effectively participate in CBPR and disseminate evidence-based research findings into practice. Information on translating cancer prevention information to communities and workforce implications was obtained from a panel of experts and through a review of the literature on CBPR and dissemination research. The expert panel and literature review identified major barriers to successfully conducting CBPR and dissemination research in community settings. Barriers included inadequate policies; insufficient networking and communication infrastructures; unsupportive research cultures, climates, and mindsets; inadequate researcher and practitioner education; and limited CBPR and dissemination research with adequate study designs. No specific estimates of the cancer prevention workforce were found; however, indirect evidence for a shortfall were identified. We recommend expanding CBPR training for academic and community partners; increasing funding for dissemination research and practice; supporting proven partnerships; and providing strategic coordination for government agencies, research institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to foster better dissemination of information and integration of community-based cancer prevention and control programs and practices. Specific challenges and needs that must be addressed to improve the translation of cancer prevention research into community settings were identified.
A Prospective Randomized Trial of Central Venous Catheter Removal Versus Intravenous Amphotericin B in Febrile Neutropenic Patients

Empiric amphotericin B therapy was compared to central venous catheter Githdrawal in a prospective randomized trial. Of 32 febrile, neutropenic patients with indwelling Broviac catheters and without documented infection, 14 had persistent fever while receiving broad spectrum antibacterial drugs. Six patients were randomized to catheter removal and eight patients received amphotericin B empirically. None of six patients responded to catheter removal and six of eight defervesced after receiving antifungal therapy (p less than 0.01). Of the six patients in whom catheters were removed, two later became afebrile while on subsequent therapy with amphotericin B. Culture and histologic evaluation of the removed catheters failed to implicate the prosthesis as an infectious source. Central venous catheters in a persistently febrile neutropenic host need not be removed, unless local difficulties or bacteremia with skin commensal organisms occur. Amphotericin B can be infused through a central venous catheter in febrile, neutropenic patients unresponsive to empiric antibacterial drugs, with many patients becoming afebrile as a result of this therapy.
Celebrating the Family: Ethnicity, Consumer Culture, and Family Rituals

Acknowledgments 1. Festivals, Rites, and Presents 2. Family, Feast, and Football 3. Holiday Blues and Pfeffernusse 4. Easter Breads and Bunnies 5. Festival of Freedom 6. Eating and Explosives 7. Cakes and Candles 8. Rites of Passage 9. Please Omit Flowers 10. The Bride Once Wore Black 11. Rituals, Families, and Identities Notes Index
Atmospheric Transport Models for Complex Terrain

Abstract Two codes, ATMOS1 and ATMOS2, have been developed to model respectively, wind fields and pollutant transport in three dimensions with particular application to complex terrain. ATMOS1 models wind fields with the use of a mass conservation error minimization principle employing available observations. ATMOS2 employs these wind fields to model transport by advection and diffusion using a Crowley second-order flux estimation. Both codes employ terrain-following vertical coordinates which provide critical resolution of the boundary layer and simplify boundary conditions at the surface. A companion paper provides three examples of models produced by the codes with comparison to observation.
The reproduction of inequity: The content of secondary school tracking

This study's objective was to explore the relationship between tracking and educational inequality within schools. The following were addressed: how high-status knowledge and effective instruction are distributed among tracks, and how classroom relationships may differ among tracks. A cultural reproduction view of schooling was used to examine how differences which emerged may effect inequity for poor and minority students. Data were collected from students and teachers in 222 English and mathematics classes in 25 secondary schools using questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Patterns of classroom variables are described, and differences between tracks explored using discriminant analysis. The findings, providing descriptions of marked differences in classroom processes and their relationship to educational inequality have both scholarly interest and implications for schooling policy.
The Art and Science of Gyotaku: There's Somethin' Fishy Goin' On Here …

Because of the emphasis on high-stakes testing, art has often become a neglected subject. Research indicates that the teaching and integration of art increases academic performance and promotes engagement in other disciplines. Science provides stimulating potential for learning content, practicing observational skills, and expanding students' creativity. Through Gyotaku—an ancient Japanese practice of fish printing—students can learn about biology, fish anatomy and habitats, and elements of art. This article provides teachers with ideas for the integration of art with science in a meaningful and fun way. The authors have facilitated this activity in classrooms from kindergarten to college. The levels of supervision, assistance, and depth of content vary with the age of the learner.
The regress of metajustification

A defense of coherentism involves two things: direct support by developing a detailed account of coherentism and indirect support by giving a strong argument against the competing theory, foundationalism. In this paper, I will critically examine a way of doing the latter. Coherentists typically argue for what I shall call the requirement of metajustification: S's belief that p is justified only if S is justified in having a metajustificatory belief about the reasonableness of her belief that p. From the requirement of metajustification, a strong anti-foundationalist argument can be derived. Suppose first level justification requires metajustification. If so, for a belief to be justified, a further belief must be justified as well, namely a metajustificatory belief. Therefore, the coherentist can argue, foundationalists are mistaken in maintaining that there are basic beliefs, for a basic belief is supposed not to depend for its justification on the justification of any further belief. There is a strong and a weak version of the requirement of metajustification, depending on how it is construed. I shall argue that either of these versions leads to skepticism. As a result, the coherentist faces the following dilemma. Endorsing the requirement of metajustification allows the coherentist to reject foundationalism on the grounds that there are no basic beliefs, but leads him into skepticism. Rejecting the requirement of metajustification avoids the consequence of skepticism, but deprives the coherentist of the strong anti-foundationalist argument he would have were he to endorse it.
The surgery of biliary hypoplasia.

Abstract The recent use of the term biliary hypoplasia in conditions varying from biliary atresia (both intra- and extrahepatic) to a somewhat narrowed biliary tree has compounded the understanding of what has always been a poorly comprehended lesion. For the purposes of this report, biliary hypoplasia is arbitrarily defined as an exceptionally small but grossly visible and radiographically patent extrahepatic biliary ductal system. It does not include the characteristic findings in early biliary atresia in which biliary ductules are seen only microscopically, embedded in the fibrotic remnants of a nonpatent bile duct. Since 1973, 6 of 25 infants explored for jaundice at our institution met the criteria for biliary hypoplasia as previously defined. The underlying diseases in the six patients were not usually appreciated at initial operation and ultimately proved to be widely diverse. The position is taken, therefore, that biliary hypoplasia is not a specific disease entity but rather is a manifestation of a variety of pathologic conditions. The purpose of this communication is to describe the clinical course in these patients, to review the individual diseases in which biliary hypoplasia was found and to outline our current management of this lesion.
An Empirical Test of Alternative Theories of Educational Inequality

A classic issue in education centers on the nature of the relationship between schooling and labor market outcomes. Three general theories of this relationship are the human capital view, the market signal view, and the credentialist view. All three approaches predict a positive association between education and wages, but they differ in regard to its underlying causes. We argue that these theories may be fundamentally differentiated in terms of their implications for productivity, and we provide some relevant findings using productivity data for US manufacturing industries from 1976 to 1996. The results most strongly support the market signal view which emphasizes the association between productivity and relative educational attainment due to the role of the latter in certifying more reliable and trainable workers.
12/15-Lipoxygenase mediates high-fat diet-induced endothelial tight junction disruption and monocyte transmigration: A new role for 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in endothelial cell dysfunction

A convincing body of evidence suggests that 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) plays a role in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms of its involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease are not clear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the mechanisms by which 12/15-LO mediates endothelial dysfunction. 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), the major 12/15-LO metabolite of arachidonic acid (AA), induced endothelial barrier permeability via Src and Pyk2-dependent zonula occluden (ZO)-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and its dissociation from the tight junction complexes. 15(S)-HETE also stimulated macrophage adhesion to the endothelial monolayer in Src and Pyk2-dependent manner. Ex vivo studies revealed that exposure of arteries from WT mice to AA or 15(S)-HETE led to Src-Pyk2-dependent ZO-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, tight junction disruption, and macrophage adhesion, whereas the arteries from 12/15-LO knock-out mice are protected from these effects of AA. Feeding WT mice with a high-fat diet induced the expression of 12/15-LO in the arteries leading to tight junction disruption and macrophage adhesion and deletion of the 12/15-LO gene disallowed these effects. Thus, the findings of this study provide the first evidence of the role of 12/15-LO and its AA metabolite, 15(S)-HETE, in high-fat diet-induced endothelial tight junction disruption and macrophage adhesion, the crucial events underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Effects of Losartan on Angiotension Receptors During Fetal Cardiac Development in Sheep. † 137

We have previously shown in sheep that AT2 receptor mRNA expression is elevated early during fetal life and decreases rapidly near term, while AT1 receptor expression increases during the last trimester of gestation(Pediatr Res 38:896-904, 1995). The present study was designed to determine if a rise in AT1 receptor activity during fetal cardiac development regulated the decrease in AT2 receptor expression in near term fetuses.
Virtue ethics is self-effacing

An ethical theory is self-effacing if it tells us that sometimes, we should not be motivated by the considerations that justify our acts. In his influential paper ‘The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories’ [1976], Michael Stocker argues that consequentialist and deontological ethical theories must be self-effacing, if they are to be at all plausible. Stocker's argument is often taken to provide a reason to give up consequentialism and deontology in favour of virtue ethics. I argue that this assessment is a mistake. Virtue ethics is self-effacing in just the same way as are the theories that Stocker attacks. Or, at the very least: if there is a way for virtue ethics to avoid self-effacement then there are ways for its rivals to avoid self-effacement too. Therefore, considerations of self-effacement provide no reason to prefer virtue ethics to its major rivals.
Closer proximity between opposing domains of vertebrate calmodulin following deletion of Met145-Lys148

To investigate the structural linkage between the opposing globular domains in vertebrate calmodulin (CaM), we have constructed a CaM mutant (CaMX145) deficient in the last four amino acids between Met145 and Lys148 at the carboxyl terminal. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements were used to detect changes in the average secondary and tertiary structure of CaMX145 in comparison to full-length CaM. Complementary measurements of the maximal calcium-binding stoichiometry and ability to activate the plasma membrane (PM) Ca−ATPase permit an assessment of the functional significance of observed structural changes. In comparison with native CaM, we find that CaMX145 exhibits (i) a large reduction in α-helical content, (ii) a dramatic decrease in the average spatial separation between the opposing globular domains, (iii) the loss of one high-affinity calcium-binding site, and (iv) a diminished binding affinity for the PM−Ca−ATPase. Thus, the sequence near the carboxyl terminus functions t...
Effects of a pulsed XeCl excimer laser on ultra-high strength polyethylene fiber and its interface with epoxy resin

The effects of excimer laser treatment on the changes in the surface topography, the physical and chemical properties of ultra-high strength polyethylene (UHSPE) fibers, and their interfacial property with epoxy resin were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs show that UHSPE fibers exhibit a rougher surface after irradiation with the XeCl pulsed excimer laser as a result of intense laser heat and ablation. The wettability and surface chemistry of control and laser-treated UHSPE fibers were monitored by TRI wettability/friction apparatus. The chemical changes on the surfaces of UHSPE fibers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode. The tensile properties of single fibers, before and after laser treatment, were studied using an Instron tensile tester. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) measurements were performed using the single-fiber pull-out test. The fiber surface becomes polar after the laser treatment wit...
Amplification of the potentiometric response to inorganic carbon by membrane mediated absorption into aqueous alkanolamine solutions: An equilibrium model

Abstract The results of equilibrium speciation modeling of the membrane mediated interaction between aqueous alkanolamine solutions and samples containing dissolved carbon dioxide and derivative inorganic carbon species are reported. The speciation of monoethanolamine and methyldiethanolamine were simulated over alkanolamine concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM to 1.0 M, and for sample inorganic carbon levels spanning eight orders of magnitude. Polynomials relating analyte concentration to potentiometric responses, including specific conductance and pH have been derived. This modeling exercise demonstrates alkanolamine mediated signal amplification as the basis for improved potentiometric quantitative analytical methods for carbon dioxide and related aqueous species.
7Li, 29Si, and 31P NMR studies in LiClLi2Op2O5SiO2 glasses: structure and mechanism of ionic conductivity

Abstract The structure and the mechanism of lithium ion conduction in LiClLi2OP2O5SiO2 glasses were studied by 7Li, 29Si, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 31P and 29Si NMR spectra indicate that the phosphate tetrahedra link into linear chains and the majority of the silicate tetrahedra play a bridging role between different phosphate chains. The shape of the central peak for the 7Li NMR spectra changes from Gaussian-like to more Lorentzian-like as the content of LiCl increases. The temperature dependence of the 7Li spectra and T1 measurement at room temperature suggest one lithium environment in all the glasses. The modified Bloembergren, Purcell and Pound theory was applied to the temperature-dependent linewidth of the 7Li spectra above room temperature to calculate the activation energy. The relationship between glass structure and the mechanism of lithium ion conduction is discussed with respect to the glass model proposed by Souquet.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Human Head Louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) Egg and its Clinical Ramifications

Pediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis.
The mammalian dihydrofolate reductase locus.

Synthese de resultats relatifs au gene de la dihydrofolate reductase, en particulier: expression et replication, structure de la chromatine et organisation nucleaire, mutation, reparation et recombinaison du gene; role de ce gene dans la division des cellules tumorales et applications en chimiotherapie et genie genetique
Antioxidants and Viral Infections: Host Immune Response and Viral Pathogenicity

Malnutrition has long been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious disease. The increase in severity from and susceptibility to infectious disease in malnourished hosts is thought to be the result of an impaired immune response. For example, malnutrition could influence the immune response by inducing a less effective ability to manage the challenge of an infectious disease. Work in our laboratory has demonstrated that not only is the host affected by the nutritional deficiency, but the invading pathogen is as well. Using a deficiency in selenium (Se) as a model system, mice deficient in Se were more susceptible to infection with coxsackievirus, as well as with influenza virus. Se-deficient mice develop myocarditis when infected with a normally benign strain of coxsackievirus. They also develop severe pneumonitis when infected with a mild strain of influenza virus. The immune system was altered in the Se-deficient animals, as was the viral pathogen itself. Sequencing of viral isolates recovered from Se-deficient mice demonstrated mutations in the viral genome of both coxsackievirus and influenza virus. These changes in the viral genome are associated with the increased pathogenesis of the virus. The antioxidant selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase-1, was found to be critically important, as glutathione peroxidase knockout mice developed myocarditis, similar to the Se-deficient mice, when infected with the benign strain of myocarditis. This work points to the importance of host nutrition in not only optimizing the host immune response, but also in preventing viral mutations which could increase the viral pathogenicity.
SU‐FF‐J‐55: Treatment Verification for Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Fractionated Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Utilizing Cone Beam CT (CBCT)

Purpose: Recent increase in hypofractionated radiation therapy for early stage lungcancer necessitates accurate patient setup. The acquisition of CBCT prior to treatment provides a three dimensional setup and verification tool. We assessed the utility of CBCT for SBRT through examination of dosimetric parameters. Methods and Materials: Four patients with early stage non small cell lungcancer were used for the analysis. Each patient underwent a 4DCT simulation for internal target volume (ITV) determination. A five to seven field IMRT plan was generated for PTV = ITV + 3mm. Four fractions were delivered (12 Gy/fraction) and CBCT was acquired prior to each fraction. Online image registration between CBCT and simulation CT (simCT) was performed and the resulting shifts were applied to move the couch prior to treatment. In the offline evaluation, the GTV was contoured on each CBCT and compared to the ITV. To assess the ITV coverage, we overlaid the ITV onto CBCT (CBCT‐ITV) based on the shift data and performed dose calculations using the respective simCT plan. Dosimetric parameters including volumes receiving 95% (V95), 90% (V90), and minimum (min) dose were used for analysis.Results: The average set up shifts in the AP, SI, and LR directions were −0.16±0.33, −0.29±0.44, and 0.33±0.34 cm, respectively. CBCT volumes varied when compared to the respective ITV with a range of 0–50% decrease in volume. Due to this variability ITVs were used for the dosimetricanalysis. The average PTV/CBCT‐ITV coverages for V95, V90, and min were: 94%/94.9%, 99.3%/96.7%, 85.4%/88.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The CBCT volumes were not representative of the ITV as seen by the volume discrepancy. Our dosimetricanalysis showed good correlation between PTV and CBCT‐ITV coverage, supporting our current PTV margin (3mm). Our data affirms that CBCT provides further assurance in regards to target localization for hypofractionated SBRT of lungcancer.
Simulating the membrane contact patterns of triaxial sand specimens

One of the common sources of error in triaxial tests is the penetration of the latex membrane into the peripheral voids of the specimen as confining pressure is applied. Existing analytical solutions developed to predict the magnitude of this membrane penetration have all assumed that the peripheral sand particles in contact with the surrounding membrane are arranged so that the centroids of the sand–membrane contact areas form a square pattern of side length D50 on a plane parallel to the undeflected membrane. Measurements made on digital images of sand–membrane contact patterns for triaxial specimens of varying characteristics have shown this assumption to be inadequate. The analysis presented herein shows how actual contact pattern can be reasonably replicated by simulated patterns. These simulated patterns are generated by adding randomly selected distances to the centroid co-ordinates of contact areas initially placed in a systematic grid pattern. The results indicate that it is possible to systematically model sand–membrane contact patterns as a function of triaxial specimen characteristics such as relative density and preparation method. The ability to simulate the real patterns eliminates the reliance of existing analytical solutions on a single assumed square contact pattern and hence can serve as the basis for improving the accuracy of future solutions to account for the effects of membrane penetration. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PhotoCity: training experts at large-scale image acquisition through a competitive game

Large-scale, ground-level urban imagery has recently developed as an important element of online mapping tools such as Google's Street View. Such imagery is extremely valuable in a number of potential applications, ranging from augmented reality to 3D modeling, and from urban planning to monitoring city infrastructure. While such imagery is already available from many sources, including Street View and tourist photos on photo-sharing sites, these collections have drawbacks related to high cost, incompleteness, and accuracy. A potential solution is to leverage the community of photographers around the world to collaboratively acquire large-scale image collections. This work explores this approach through PhotoCity, an online game that trains its players to become "experts" at taking photos at targeted locations and in great density, for the purposes of creating 3D building models. To evaluate our approach, we ran a competition between two universities that resulted in the submission of over 100,000 photos, many of which were highly relevant for the 3D modeling task at hand. Although the number of players was small, we found that this was compensated for by incentives that drove players to become experts at photo collection, often capturing thousands of useful photos each.
Über den Austausch von Schwefel in den Systemen Sulfat-Amidosulfonsäure und Sulfat-Amidosulfonsäurederivate

Es wurde die Festigkeit der S–N-Bindung in Amidosulfonsaure und einiger ihrer Derivate untersucht. Die Verbindungen, die allgemein durch die Formel (wobei R = H-,C6H5-,C6H11-, oder-SO3H und X = OH oder-NH2sein konnen) dargestellt sind, wurden mit HS*O(radioaktiv) gemischt und die Mischungen bei verschiedenen pH-Werten, bei verschiedener Temperatur und verschiedenen Austauschzeiten untersucht. Dabei konnte unabhangig von der Art der Substituenten R oder X kein Austausch von SO3, S oder HSO der Amidosulfonsaure oder ihrer Derivate mit dem Schwefel der HSO-Ionen festgestellt werden.
Influence of Chemisorption on the Thermal Conductivity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The thermal conductivity at 300 K of (10,10) carbon nanotubes that have been functionalized by chemical attachment of phenyl rings through covalent bonding (chemisorption) at random positions has been calculated as a function of adsorption density using classical trajectories. The system exhibits a rapid drop in thermal conductivity with chemisorption, where chemisorption to as little as 1.0% of the nanotube carbon atoms reduces the thermal conductivity by over a factor of 3. The simulation results indicate that the effect is due to a reduction in phonon scattering length rather than changes in the vibrational frequencies of the carbon atoms in the nanotube.
Evidence for an excited level of the neutral indium acceptor in silicon

Abstract On the basis of the dependence of the photoluminescence on pump power, indium concentration and temperature we have determined that an excited level of the neutral indium acceptor exists 4.1 ± 0.1 meV above the ground state.