cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological alterations in neocortical and cerebellar GABAergic neurons in a canine model of juvenile Batten disease

The pathogenesis of brain dysfunction in a canine model of juvenile Batten disease was studied with techniques designed to determine sequential changes in mitochondrial morphology and cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity, and in neurons and synapses using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods were employed. Mitochondrial alterations were found in a select population of nonpyramidal neurons in neocortex and claustrum, and in cerebellar basket cells. Proportions of affected neurons at any one time remained constant over the disease course, with morphologically-abnormal mitochondria first being recognized at age 6 months. Enlarged mitochondria were readily identifiable at the light microscope (LM) level as large CO-positive or mitochondrial antibody-positive granular structures. Colabelling with antibodies to GABA or to parvalbumin (PV) indicated that most of these cells were GABAergic. Ultrastructurally, atypical mitochondria were characterized by globular enlargement, intramitochondrial membranous inclusions, and disorganized internal structure. CO activity in all other cell somata and in neuropil was diminished compared with normal, age-matched tissue. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), PV, and GABA studies demonstrated loss of GABAergic neurons and synapses in cortex and cerebellum of affected dogs. These results indicate that abnormal mitochondria are present in neurons in Batten disease, and suggest that suboptimal mitochondrial function may play a role in the pathogenic mechanisms of brain dysfunction in this disorder.
General activity in hamsters with septal lesions

Abstract The general activity of septal-lesioned and control male golden hamsters was measured pre- and post-operatively with the ultrasonic device. Increased activity following the lesion was found during dark, but not light hours. The lesion did not appreciably alter the hourly activity rhythm.
Micromechanically based constitutive modeling of crystalline materials

Abstract Overall stress and strain rates for crystalline materials with an “internal structure” are considered. It has been shown that these measures are related to some kinematical constraints which govern the evolution of the internal structure such as development of slip or shear bands within grains and on grain boundaries, growth of voids or microcracks. The overall stress and strain rates provide a framework for a micromechanically based constitutive modeling.
Long-term efficacy of microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia

Forty patients were followed for an average period of 8 1/2 years after 44 consecutive suboccipital craniotomies for trigeminal neuralgia. Among these patients, 36 had microvascular decompression (MVD) of the nerve, four had repeat trigeminal rhizotomy after MVD was not successful in controlling their pain, and four had primary trigeminal rhizotomies. Of the 36 patients undergoing MVD, 17 (47%) experienced recurrent postoperative neuralgic pain: in 11 (31%) pain recurrence was major, and in six (17%) it was minor. Among the eight patients undergoing rhizotomy, four (50%) had major pain recurrences and one (13%) had a minor recurrence, for a 63% total recurrence rate. There was a strong statistical relationship between an operative finding of arterial cross-compression of the nerve and long-term complete pain relief. Patients with other compressive pathology (related to veins or bone structures) did not on the average fare as well. Despite this, there appeared to be no point in time in the postoperative interval when the patient could be considered "cured." Major recurrences averaged 3.5% annually, and minor recurrences averaged 1.5% annually. The implications of these findings for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and the current understanding of the mechanism of MVD for this disorder are discussed.
EQUILIBRIUM PREDICTIONS IN TRANSPORTATION MARKETS: THE STATE OF THE ART

Abstract The task of predicting the short run equilibrium of a transportation market is central to the study of many transportation problems. In this paper we review the different approaches and methodologies that have been proposed to deal with the equilibrium problem in transportation markets. The problem is formulated in the most general way possible and its fundamental characteristics are analyzed. Then, different mathematical characterizations of transportation market and traffic flow equilibrium in networks are reviewed. Various available results are presented and analyzed. Finally, a discussion is given of alternative computational procedures for dealing with multiclass problems.
Ether quenching of singlet excited 9-arylxanthyl cations

Abstract Fluorescence from a series of 9-arylxanthyl cations (ArH, p -, m -F, p -, m -Me, m -OMe) is quenched by the addition of dialkylethers (Et 2 O, i-Pr 2 O, t -BuOMe and t -BuOEt). Stern-Volmer analysis of the fluorescence quenching gave bimolecular excited state rate constants ranging from 10 6 to 10 10 M −1 s −1 , with the larger rate constants associated with electron-donating substituents. Hammett plots of log [ k q (X) k q (H) ] vs. σ hv gave negative ϱ values for each ether quencher. This substituent effect is identical to that seen with quenching of these singlet excited cations by water and simple alkyl alcohols. In contrast, ground state xanthyl cations reacting with nucleophilic species exhibit the opposite substituent effect. Using the Rehm-Weller equation and E red 1 2 values for the 9-arylxanthyl cations, the possibility of an electron transfer mechanism is ruled out for quenching of the singlet excited cations by ethers, alcohols and water. The mechanism for quenching of the singlet excited 9-arylxanthylium cations by these species is evaluated in terms of nucleophilic attack.
Challenging stability limits in old and young individuals with a functional reaching task.

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which adding a challenge to a reach test would increase the limit of stability (LOS) in young and old individuals.DesignWhile standing on a force plate, with infrared markers on bony landmarks for motion analysis, 15 old (mean [SD
Wafer-Scale Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array RFICs

This invited talk will present a summary of the millimeter-wave wafer-scale phased array work at UCSD. This concept can drastically reduce the cost of millimeter- wave phased arrays by combining the RFIC blocks, antennas, power distribution and summing, digital control and up and down converters all on the same wafer (or large piece of silicon), and eliminates all RF transitions in and out of the chip, therefore resulting in more efficient systems and lower cost systems. Examples at 90-100 GHz, 108-114 GHz and 400 GHz will be presented in this paper, together with their measured antenna patterns.
Scanning frequency comb microscopy (SFCM) shows promise for sub-10 nm dopant profiling

When a mode-locked ultrafast laser is focused on the tunneling junction of a scanning tunneling microscope a microwave frequency comb, at harmonics of the pulse repetition frequency of the laser, is superimposed on the DC tunneling current. A clean semiconductor sample, biased to form a nanoscale depletion region at the base of the tunneling junction, attenuates these harmonics. Simulations suggest that the dependence of the measured attenuation on the applied DC bias may be used to determine the local concentration of dopant atoms with a resolution as fine as the radius of the tunneling junctionwhich is much smaller than radius of the tip electrode.
Purity determinations by differential thermal analysis.

Abstract Measurement of the melting-point depression of impure samples was compared with a differential method that involved running the impure sample against a pure sample of the same material. Samples of highly purified benzophenone to which had been added known quantities of 4-methylbenzophenone were studied. The area under the curve was proportional to the difference in purity between the sample and reference material over the range studied, 0.3–2.0 mole % with a standard deviation of 0.10 mole %, an uncertainty only half as large as one obtained by the melting-point depression method with the same apparatus.
AN 850 MICRON SCUBA SURVEY OF THE HUBBLE DEEP FIELD-NORTH GOODS REGION

The Hubble Deep Field-North (HDF-N) is one of the best-studied extragalactic fields, and ultradeep optical, radio, X-ray, and mid-infrared wide-field images are available for this area. Here we present an 850 μm survey around the HDF-N, covering most of the area imaged by the Advanced Camera for Surveys as a part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. Our map has 0.4-4 mJy sensitivities (1 σ) over an area of ~110 arcmin2, and there are 45 sources detected at greater than 3 σ. After correcting for the effects of noise, confusion, incompleteness, and the Eddington bias using Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the detected 850 μm sources with fluxes greater than 2 mJy have a surface density of 3200 deg-2 and account for about 24%-34% of the far-infrared extragalactic background light. Using the deep radio interferometric image and the deep X-ray image, we are able to accurately locate ~60% of the bright submillimeter sources. In addition, by assuming the Arp 220 spectral energy distribution in the submillimeter and radio, we estimate millimetric redshifts for the radio-detected submillimeter sources and redshift lower limits for the ones not detected in the radio. Using the millimetric redshifts of the radio-identified sources and spectroscopic and optical photometric redshifts for galaxies around the submillimeter positions, we find a median redshift of 2.0 for 11 possibly identified sources, or a lower limit of 2.4 for the median redshift of our 4 σ sample.
Optical Coherent Transient True-Time-DelayDcaniioriiiiiit JL rocessor

Optical Coherent Transient (OCT) phenomena are a prospective tool for advanced optica signal processing tasks [1, 2]. OCT material can achieve data rates in excess of 50GHz and large time-bandwidths of 104 to 107, providin powerful and unique capabilities.
DNA Sequence Context Effects on the Glycosylase Activity of Human 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) is a key enzyme involved in removing 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a highly mutagenic DNA lesion generated by oxidative stress. The removal of 8-oxoG by OGG1 is affected by the local DNA sequence, and this feature most likely contributes to observed mutational hot spots in genomic DNA. To elucidate the influence of local DNA sequence on 8-oxoG excision activity of OGG1, we conducted steady-state, pre-steady-state, and single turnover kinetic evaluation of OGG1 in alternate DNA sequence contexts. The sequence context effect was studied for a mutational hot spot at a CpG dinucleotide. Altering either the global DNA sequence or the 5′-flanking unmodified base pair failed to influence the excision of 8-oxoG. Methylation of the cytosine 5′ to 8-oxoG also did not affect 8-oxoG excision. In contrast, a 5′-neighboring mismatch strongly decreased the rate of 8-oxoG base removal. Substituting the 5′-C in the CpG dinucleotide with T, A, or tetrahydrofuran (i.e. T:G, A:G, and tetrahydrofuran:G mispairs) resulted in a 10-, 13-, and 4-fold decrease in the rate constant for 8-oxoG excision, respectively. A greater loss in activity was observed when T:C or A:C was positioned 5′ of 8-oxoG (59- and 108-fold, respectively). These results indicate that neighboring structural abnormalities 5′ to 8-oxoG deter its repair thereby enhancing its mutagenic potential.
Two applications of approximate differentiation formulae: An extremum problem for multiply monotone functions and the differentiation of asymptotic expansions☆

Abstract Presented in this report are two further applications of very elementary formulae of approximate differentiation. The first is a new derivation in a somewhat sharper form of the following theorem of V. M. Olovyanisnikov: Let Nn (n ⩾ 2) be the class of functions g(x) such that g(x), g′(x),…, g(n)(x) are ⩾ 0, bounded, and nondecreasing on the half-line −∞ g ∗ (x) = 0 if −∞ ∗ (x) = (1 + x) n if −1 ⩽ x ⩽ 0 . If g(x) ∈ Nn is such that g(0) ⩾ g ∗ (0) = 1, g (n) (0) ⩽ g ∗ (n) (0) = n! , then g (v) (0) ⩽ g ∗ (v) (0) for 1 v = 1,…, n − 1 . Moreover, if we have equality in (1) for some value of v, then we have there equality for all v, and this happens only if g(x) = g ∗ (x) in (−∞, 0]. The second application gives sufficient conditions for the differentiability of asymptotic expansions (Theorem 4).
The adsorption and thermal reaction of dimethylcadmium, dimethylzinc and trimethylgallium on GaAs(110)

Abstract The adsorption of dimethylcadmium (DMCd), dimethylzinc (DMZn) and trimethylgallium (TMGa) on GaAs(110) has been studied using TPD and XPS spectroscopies. In the first monolayer, the dimethyl species adsorb molecularly at 80 K, but, upon heating, undergo dissociation. Thermal elimination of the hydrocarbon fraction of these precursors is found to proceed mainly via the formation and desorption of TMGa despite the fact that the only available gallium is strongly bound in the GaAs lattice. For the cases of 1 ML DMCd and DMZn adsorption, TMGa desorption is seen as two distinct peaks at 435 and 380 K, while Cd or Zn deposited in this manner subsequently desorbs in a single broad feature between ∼400 and 700 K. The desorption of TMGa, obtained by TMGa molecular adsorption at 80 K, is found to be strongly coverage dependent with the sequential population of two states giving rise to peak desorption temperatures of 435 and 340 K as a function of increasing coverage. For all these adsorbates, it is suggested that this effect is due to reaction-limited TMGa desorption, resulting from distinct kinetic pathways to the formation of TMGa at low and high coverages. For all species, the results provide a useful comparison with similar earlier studies on GaAs(100).
Package-and wafer-level electromigration tests on Al−Cu interconnect with Ti and TiN underlayers

The effect of A1 underlayer between Ti and TiN on the electromigration (EM) lifetime of Al stack film were compared with package-level and conventional wafer-level EM tests. The higher EM resistance of the Al stacks prepared with Ti underlayer can be best explained by their better Al (111) texture and grain size distribution than those with TiN underlayer. The surface roughness of the underlayer is related to the grain size distribution and surface roughness of Al film. The conventional wafer-level EM test results showed a similar trend with respect to Ti and TiN underlayers with less accuracy than those from package-level EM test results.
A complete steady state model of solute and water transport in the kidney

The purpose of this paper is to incorporate a detailed model, along with an optimized set of parameters for the proximal tubule, into J. L. Stephenson's current central core model of the nephron. In this model a set of equations for the proximal tubule are combined with Stephenson's equations for the remaining four tubules and interstitium, to form a complete nonlinear system of 34 ordinary differential and algebraic equations governing fluid and solute flow in the kidney. These equations are then discretized by the Crank-Nicholson scheme to form an algebraic system of nonlinear equations for the unknown concentrations, flows, hydrostatic pressure, and potentials. The resulting system is solved via factored secant update with a finite-difference approximation to the Jacobian. Finally, numerical simulations performed on the model showed that the modeled behavior approximates, in a general way, the physiological mechanisms of solvent and solute flow in the kidney.
Induction of the acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa by calmodulin antagonist w 7

The effect of the calmodulin antagonist W-7 on the capacitation and the acrosome reaction of guinea pig spermatozoa was examined. The characteristic features of the acrosome reaction induced by W-7 were the dependence on the composition and pH of the medium and on the presence of sodium bicarbonate. The most effective concentration of W-7 for inducing the acrosome reaction was approximately 5 μM, which is far less than the Kd for calmodulin. Moreover, W-7 enhanced the ability of spermatozoa to acquire capacitation in a Ca2+-free medium. The spermatozoa induced to undergo the acrosome reaction by W-7 were capable of penetrating the zona-free hamster eggs. W-5, which has a lower affinity for calmodulin than W-7, also induced the acrosome reaction in the same manner as W-7. These results suggest that the naphthalenesulfonamide derivatives W-7 and W-5 can induce the acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa via capacitation in a pH-dependent, Ca2+-calmodulin-independent manner.
Impact of intracranial pressure monitor prophylaxis on central nervous system infections and bacterial multi-drug resistance.

Abstract Background: Routine intracranial pressure monitor (ICP) prophylaxis is not practiced at our institution. Nevertheless, some patients receive de facto prophylaxis as a result of the use of antibiotics for injuries such as open or facial fractures. We tested the hypothesis that prophylactic antibiotics do not reduce the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) infections but instead are associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Methods: Patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit (TICU) from January, 2001 through December, 2004 with blunt, non-operative traumatic brain injury who were managed solely with an ICP monitor were identified from our trauma registry and divided into two groups: (1) Those receiving no antibiotics prior to or during ICP monitoring (NONE; n = 71); and (2) those already receiving antibiotics at the time of ICP monitor insertion (PRO; n = 84). Groups were stratified on the basis of age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Com...
A hopfield recurrent neural network trained on natural images performs state-of-the-art image compression

The Hopfield network is a well-known model of memory and collective processing in networks of abstract neurons, but it has been dismissed for use in signal processing because of its small pattern capacity, difficulty to train, and lack of practical applications. In the last few years, however, it has been demonstrated that exponential storage is possible for special classes of patterns and network connectivity structures. Over the same time period, advances in training large-scale networks have also appeared. Here, we train Hopfield networks on discretizations of grayscale digital photographs using a learning technique called minimum probability flow (MPF). After training, we demonstrate that these networks have exponential memory capacity, allowing them to perform state-of-the-art image compression in the high quality regime. Our findings suggest that the local structure of images is remarkably well-modeled by a binary recurrent neural network.
International bargaining, endogenous domestic constraints, and democratic accountability

How do domestic constraints affect international negotiations? Most existing research takes these constraints as given, owing to the presence of certain types of domestic institutions. We analyze a two-sided international bargaining model with endogenous domestic constraints. Our model includes a principal–agent tension between domestic audiences and leaders, and it shows how constraints may arise endogenously and be tailored to the strategic situation at hand by domestic audiences. We show that domestic actors can often use accountability mechanisms to garner bargaining leverage and control special interests, even when leaders hold private information about their distributive preferences. We also show that the relative strength of accountability across countries is important for understanding the emergence of endogenous constraints. We discuss the implications of these theoretical findings for the influence of domestic constraints in several prominent examples of international negotiations
The politics of teaching evolution, science education standards, and Being a creationist

This paper analyzes recent research conclusions regarding biology teacher attitudes toward evolution, and the variable implementation of evolution in the high schools nationwide. Berkman and Plutzer (2010. Evolution, creationism, and the battle to control America's classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press) conclude that due to a large portion of high school biology teachers compromising or downplaying evolution in the curriculum, the placement of evolution specific courses in biology teacher preparation programs will steer evolution deniers away from the field. In this paper, such arguments are situated in a larger historical and philosophical context of science education. By discussing recent sociological insight into the religiosity of education majors and education faculty, new questions are raised about student and teacher ontology, what this means for understanding science, the politics of science teacher education programs, and the epistemological and ethical limits of science education standards to dissolve Creationism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 122–139, 2012
Adapter-modified Ussing chamber enables evaluation of endoscopically-obtained colonic biopsy samples from cats and dogs

Abstract Adapter-modified Ussing chambers have been used for assessment of endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsies in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an adapter-modified Ussing chamber for assessment of intestinal transport physiology in endoscopically-obtained colonic biopsies from cats and dogs. Fifteen colonic biopsies from four cats and 13 colonic biopsies from four dogs were transferred into a modified Ussing chamber and sequentially exposed to several compounds. Baseline mean ± SD conductance was measured. Changes of short circuit current (Δ I sc ) were observed after exposure to glucose (number of feline biopsies that responded = 0/number of canine biopsies that responded = 4), phloridzin ( n = 0/ n = 7), histamine ( n = 5/ n = 12), serotonin ( n = 7/ n = 12), prostaglandin ( n = 5/ n = 7), forskolin ( n = 7/ n = 7), and ouabain ( n = 9/ n = 7). The adapter-modified Ussing chamber studied here enables investigation of transport physiology of endoscopically-obtained colonic biopsies from companion animals. However, we observed a large variability of results, suggesting that clinical use of this method is limited.
Structure analysis of S adsorbed on Ni(111) by low energy Li+ ion scattering

Abstract Low energy ion scattering of Li+ ions with 500 eV energy was applied to analyze the surface structure of S on Ni(111). Polar and azimuthal incident angle dependences were measured for the clean and S covered surface, and the surface geometry was analyzed by the shadowing and blocking features from the single scattering. AES/LEED are used to monitor the surface coverage before and after annealing. The p(2 × 2) and (5√3 × 2) LEED patterns were observed for S/Ni(111) annealed 600 K surface with coverage about 0.25 and 0.40 ML, respectively. The ion scattering data suggested that S atoms were sitting on the fcc hollow site as an overlayer about 0.168 ± 0.007 nm above the Ni surface for p(2 × 2)S structure. Results for (5√3 × 2) S/Ni(111) indicate S is present as an overlayer on a reconstructed Ni surface.
Physician views on caring for hospitalized patients and the hospitalist model of inpatient care.

We surveyed 241 board-certified internists affiliated with a large teaching hospital (Boston, Mass) before implementing a hospitalist service to determine attitudes towards providing inpatient care and the hospitalist model. Of physicians surveyed, 66% responded. Most disagreed that inpatient care is “an inefficient use of my time,” only 10% felt a hospitalist service would improve patient satisfaction, and 54% felt it would hurt patient-doctor relationships. Multivariable analyses suggest that physicians physically furthest from their inpatient site were had more favorable attitudes toward the hospitalist model; more experienced and busier physicians were more negative. Future investigations should determine strategies for implementing the hospitalist model which address physicians' concerns.
New computationally efficient quadrature formulas for pyramidal elements

In this paper, new efficient nonproduct numerical integration, or multidimensional quadrature, formulas for pyramidal elements are derived and presented. The nonproduct formulas are developed using the method of polynomial moment fitting, where the weights and points of the formulas are determined by a system of coupled, highly nonlinear equations. Given that the number of equations quickly becomes prohibitively large in three dimensions, the symmetry of the pyramid is used to reduce the number of equations and unknowns of the resulting systems. The new formulas, which in some cases are optimal (that is, minimal-point), are the most efficient means available for numerically computing volume integrals over pyramidal elements in that they require fewer points than any other presently available formulas of the same polynomial degree. By comparison, conventional approaches using products of one-dimensional Gaussian formulas require, on average, more than twice as many points and weights as the new formulas derived here.
MEMS micromirror based X-ray pulse modulators

We describe a MEMS micromirror for modulation of X-ray pulses needed for critical time-resolved process studies of cyclical and far-from-equilibrium phenomena. This MEMS micromirror leverages grazing-angle reflection of X-ray pulses to generate its temporal modulation response. The generated responses are 1.5μs wide for 8keV X-rays and have been successfully used to isolate single X-ray pulses separated 1.59μs from their suppressed neighboring pulses.
STUDIES IN PERFUSION HYPOTHERMIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO "DEEP HYPOTHERMIA" AND CIRCULATORY ARREST.

Summary o 1. Perfusion hypothermia produces large temperature gradients within the body since organs are cooled roughly in proportion to their basal blood flows. The difference between the coldest and the warmest portion of the body after 30 minutes of perfusion exceeds 25° C. 2. The average body temperature, which provides a proper measure of total body cooling, may be calculated from the arteriovenous temperature difference and the extracorporeal flow rate. 3. True “deep” hypothermia is not obtainable by reasonable periods of perfusion alone. 4. An important rise of core temperatures occurs during circulatory arrest in hypothermia because of the relatively high average body temperature. 5. High average body temperatures lead to continuing production of lactic acid in muscle tissue, whereas low core temperatures impair lactic acid metabolism. Thus metabolic acidosis is progressive in prolonged perfusion hypothermia, and is accentuated by total circulatory arrest. Progressive acidosis may be minimized by uniform profound cooling by combining external with perfusion hypothermia. 6. Diluents appear to have little effect on total body heat exchange during perfusion cooling. 7. Perfusion warming has a differentially greater effect on core organs. Though these are readily brought to a normal range, much of the animal may remain cold.
Support From Health Care Providers and Parental Uncertainty During the Diagnosis Phase of Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection

Support from health care providers (HCPs) can reduce parental uncertainty during the diagnosis of serious childhood conditions, but the effect may change when the parent is chronically ill. The purpose of this study was to learn whether a mother's uncertainty about her HIV diminished the effect of support from HCPs on parental uncertainty during the diagnosis of perinatally acquired HIV infection. Participants were 25 women who accompanied their biological children to pediatric HIV screening clinics at two urban sites. Questionnaires were read to participants in a private area of clinic. To test for mediation, three models for parental uncertainty were examined using regression procedures. The results suggest that when a mother has HIV infection, HCPs can maximize the effect of their support on parental uncertainty by also addressing mother's uncertainty about her HIV during the baby's screening visits.
Comment on "Discretized Simulation of Vortex Sheet Evolution with Buoyancy and Surf ace Tension Effects"

Figure 3 shows the effect of angle of attack on the pressure drag coefficient at a given Reynolds number. Again, the pressure jump on the surface is included. It is seen that the effect of the angle of attack is to reduce the pressure drag for a given body. The reduction in the drag increases as the bluntness of the body increases. In Fig. 4, the heating rate results are plotted with and without slip conditions at a = 0° and 8°. The effect of slip is to reduce the heating rates. The magnitude of the difference is maximum in the nose region of the body and decreases for the downstream points.
EXPERIMENTAL PLAGUE IN ROCK SQUIRRELS, SPERMOPHILUS VARIEGATUS (ERXLEBEN)

Experimental infections with Yersinia pestis were followed in groups of rock squirrels. Development of coagulopathy and pneumonia were observed in 2–4% and 11–12% of the test animals, respectively. Susceptibility to experimental infection was heterogeneous with some animals surviving inoculation with large numbers of organisms and others succumbing after inoculation with small numbers. Production and longevity of serum antibody titers, as measured by passive hemagglutination tests, were variable as well, and apparently unrelated to dose. The data presented attest to the need for care in interpreting serologic test results for individual animals.
Temperature Dependence of DMPC/DHPC Mixing in a Bicellar Solution and Its Structural Implications

Bicelle-forming mixtures of short-chain 1,2-dicaproyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) and long-chain 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) exhibit complicated phase behavior. We stu...
New materials for memristive switching

Materials play a critical role in memristive devices and the research community is aggressively searching for the most applicable material systems for memristive switching. Two representative examples of newly developed switching materials are presented in this paper, including nitride memristors and Pt doped SiO 2 nanometallic memristors. The former represents nonoxide systems that might be more compatible with nitride electrodes preferred in a fab and the latter represents engineered materials that exhibit a better controllability over the formation of switching channel(s).
The use of self-implanted amorphized silicon substrates to eliminate channeling effects in low energy boron implants

Abstract The trend towards lower energy implants to form the shallow junctions required by VLSI packing densities has revealed channeling effects that compromise the uniformity of process results. Furthermore, the use of zero degree implants to overcome mask shadowing effects can also result in unacceptable variations in process uniformity from channeling. This paper will provide results which demonstrate that amorphizing self-implants of silicon can be effectively employed to eliminate these channeling-induced uniformity problems in low energy implants of B + . Materials characterization data will be presented to demonstrate the elimination of channeling tails in the implant profile, to reveal the dopant activation characteristics, and to demonstrate that acceptable crystalline recovery can be achieved by annealing which is compatible with present processes.
The Reflection and Transmission of Infrared Materials. VI: Bibliography

The papers listed deal with the reflection and transmission of CaCO3, BaF2, NaF, KCl, TiO2, Ruby, TlCl, KRS6, TlBr, ZnSe, MgO, CuCl, and CdSe. Index of refraction papers are also included. The papers are listed according to material and are arranged alphabetically by the first author in each section.
Levator ani denervation and reinnervation 6 months after childbirth

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of levator ani denervation and reinnervation 6 months after the first delivery. Study Design Ninety-six primigravida women underwent quantitative electromyography of the levator ani during the third trimester and twice postpartum. A 95% confidence interval for normal function was created using interference pattern analysis. Fifty-seven who completed the study are presented in this secondary data analysis. Postpartum muscle sites outside the normal range were considered abnormal. Obstetric and demographic characteristics were assessed. Results Of 57 subjects, 70% had no denervation. Of the 30% with denervation at 6 weeks, 35% recovered by 6 months. Obstetric or maternal characteristics were not predictive of denervation or reinnervation, except subjects with persistent denervation tended toward lower body mass index (BMI) independent of mode of delivery. Conclusion Nearly one-third of women have levator ani denervation after first delivery, but many recover by 6 months. Denervation is not clearly associated with mode of delivery, but higher maternal BMI may be protective.
An Efficient Contracting Approach to Rural Electric Cooperatives and the Development of Upper Midwest (U.S.) Wind Resources

Many factors support the likelihood of major wind power deployment in the Upper Midwest of the U.S. over the next two decades. This paper specifically considers the dilemma faced by the existing rural electric co-ops (RECs), to whom wind development poses simultaneously a threat and an opportunity. We argue that the threat can be ameliorated through more appropriate tariff strategies, and that there is an efficient-contracting rationale for RECs to take the lead in future development of the wind resource.
Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: I. Evaluation for increasing rates of parasitization byTrichogramma spp. in the field

Kairomones forTrichogramma spp. were evaluated in the field on soybeans and crimson clover. Blanket (complete coverage) spraying of plots (either a synthetic tricosane or an eluate from a hexane extract of moth scales, depending on the responsiveness of theTrichogramma spp. present) resulted in increased parasitization by released and wildTrichogramma populations. The increased parasitization resulted for both natural and artificially applied eggs.
Potential selection bias in a community-based study of PSA levels in African-American men

The first phase of the Flint Men's Health Study (FMHS) in Michigan was a community-based epidemiologic study of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in African-Americans aged 40 to 79 years. An objective of the FMHS was to determine age-specified prostate specific antigen (PSA) reference ranges in a random population sample of African-American men without clinically evident prostate cancer. The FMHS study protocol included an initial in-home epidemiologic interview followed by PSA testing and a urologic examination of eligible subjects. Since the participation rate in the PSA phase of the study was under 60%, it was important to determine whether selectivity in participation biased the FMHS results for age-specific PSA distributions. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate selectivity in the sample of subjects who participated in the PSA testing and urologic examination. Younger men, with current urologic symptoms, and with a family history of prostate cancer were more likely to participate in the PSA testing and urologic examination. Linear regression analysis indicated that greater participation by African-American men without clinically evident prostate cancer but with obstructive or irritative lower urinary tract symptoms or a family history of prostate cancer did not bias the estimated age-specific reference ranges for total PSA concentrations and free-to-total PSA ratios.
Methamphetamine alters presynaptic glutamate immunoreactivity in the caudate nucleus and motor cortex.

It has been suggested that methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity requires the activation of both dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) systems. To investigate the possibility that METH-induced increases in extracellular GLU, as measured by in vivo microdialysis [Nash and Yamamoto (1992) Brain Res., 581:237–243], arise from neuronal stores, postembedding immunogold electron microscopy was used to measure the density of presynaptic GLU immunoreactivity within the striatum, the shell of the nucleus accumbens, and the motor cortex. Rats were treated with METH (5 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of saline (SAL), every 2 h for a total of four injections. No ultrastructural evidence of terminal degeneration was observed. Significant decreases in the density of nerve terminal GLU immunolabeling occurred 12 h following METH administration within the primary motor cortex and the ventrolateral caudate/putamen, and a trend towards depletion was seen within the dorsolateral caudate/putamen. Although GLU immunolabeling within the shell of the nucleus accumbens was unaffected, DA content was decreased in all regions examined 1 week following METH treatment. The lack of degeneration, coupled with a partial recovery of DA levels, suggests that moderate doses of METH may inhibit DA biosynthesis without widespread terminal loss. Furthermore, METH administration results in a decrease in presynaptic GLU that correlates both temporally and anatomically with delayed GLU overflow, suggesting that neuronally derived GLU may play a role in METH-induced neurotoxicity. However, there does appear to be a dissociation between DA loss and altered GLU immunocytochemistry within the nucleus accumbens. Synapse 27:133–144, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of Apoptosis and Efficacy of Pan Caspase Inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, in Models of Human Disease.

Apoptosis is physiological cell death required for the cellular maintenance of homeostasis, and caspases play a major role in the execution of this process. Numerous disorders occur when levels of apoptosis within an organism are excessive, and several studies have explored the possibility of using caspase inhibitors to prevent these disorders. Q-VD-OPh (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone), a novel pan caspase inhibitor, has been used because of its efficacy to inhibit apoptosis at low concentrations, its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, as well as being nontoxic in vivo. This review examines Q-VD-OPh’s ability to inhibit apoptosis in several animal models of human disease.
Kinetics of Hydrothermally Induced Transformation of Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia undergoes tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation under hydrothermal conditions in the temperature range of 150–350 °C. Phase transformation accompanied by volume change in bulk yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) leads to micro-cracking, loss of mechanical integrity and ultimately disintegration. The mechanical properties of the bulk YPSZ material deteriorate with the amount of the phase transformation and in some cases catastrophic failure are observed. The phase transformation is analyzed using macroscopic and microscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction data is used to quantify the phase transformation in bulk material. Kinetics of the phase transformation is studied at various temperatures.
Ursodeoxycholate increases cytosolic calcium concentration and activates CI− currents in a biliary cell line

Abstract Background & Aims: Ursodeoxycholate (UDC) stimulates a bicarbonate-rich choleresis, but the cellular mechanisms involved are not fully established. Because ductular secretion also increases biliary HCO 3 − concentration, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether UDC has direct effects on duct cells by measuring intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and membrane CI − permeability in Mz-ChA-1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Methods: Intracellular calcium levels were measured using fura-2 fluorescence. Membrane CI − permeability was assessed in subconfluent monolayers using 125 I efflux and in individual cells using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Results: Exposure to UDC (2.5 mmol/L) increased [Ca 2+ ] i from 180 ± 25 to 639 ± 84 nmol/L due to release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores and stimulated 125 I efflux approximately threefold above basal levels. Exposure to extracellular (1.25 mmol/L) or intracellular (100 μmol/L) UDC activated currents carried by CI − ions; intracellular UDC increased current density from 4.7 ± 1.3 to 32.5 ± 8.8 pA/pF. UDC-stimulated currents were inhibited by chelation of intracellular calcium. Conclusions: UDC in pharmacological concentrations increases [Ca 2+ ] i and stimulates CI − efflux through opening of CI − channels in biliary cells. We speculate that UDC could increase bile flow by direct stimulation of ductular secretion and may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with cystic fibrosis who have impaired adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-dependent biliary secretion.
An analysis of the California market for organically grown produce

The market value for organically grown produce in California was estimated to be at least 54 to 68 million dollars at wholesale prices in 1987. This market is rapidly growing. A 41 percent increase in the value of organically grown produce was observed in 1987. When this analysis was completed in early 1988, it was estimated that the wholesale value of the market could exceed $300 million by 1992. A sample analysis of 1986–1987 price and volume for organically grown broccoli showed relatively steady prices and a volume increase of over 50 percent, indicating a similar growth in market demand. Prices for organically grown produce are significantly higher than for conventional produce; however, in spite of high weekly volume volatility, organic prices appear to be less volatile than prices for conventional produce. This paper proposes that the collection, reporting, and analysis of organic produce market data be continued and improved and that new sources of data be integrated to ensure continued availability of timely market information. Availability of more market information should increase efficiency and aid the development of the organic produce industry. The paper also proposes that overall trends in the organic produce industry be systematically monitored by Federal-State Market News and that the increased use of market information by organic growers, growers considering the transition, and other interested parties in the industry be promoted.
Statistical Inference for Nanopore Sequencing with a Biased Random Walk Model

Nanopore sequencing promises long read-lengths and single-molecule resolution, but the stochastic motion of the DNA molecule inside the pore is, as of this writing, a barrier to high accuracy reads. We develop a method of statistical inference that explicitly accounts for this error, and demonstrate that high accuracy (>99%) sequence inference is feasible even under highly diffusive motion by using a hidden Markov model to jointly analyze multiple stochastic reads. Using this model, we place bounds on achievable inference accuracy under a range of experimental parameters.
Microstructure of block copolymer reinforced interfaces observed with frictional force microscopy

We demonstrate that frictional force microscopy may be used to reveal the interfacial morphology of polystyrene (PS)/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVP) interfaces reinforced with a PVP6PS-PVP triblock copolymer
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIPLE GENERATIONS IN THE ALKALI BEE, NOMIA MELANDERI COCKERELL1

The range for development of post-diapausing prepupae of the alkali bee lies between 17 and 35°. Peak developmental temperature is approximately 29°. Although temperatures above 33° are outside of the favorable range of development and induce an obligatory “aestivation”, they are effective in causing a very rapid diapause breakage. Prepupae held at 35° for 110 days underwent no development, yet when removed to 29° they pupated in half of the time required by the controls at that temperature. Voltinism in the alkali bee is temperature dependent, and apparently the physiological system that triggers diapause is not activated unless the developing larvae or prepupae are subjected to temperatures below 27°. Males continue to emerge throughout the season, but a small percentage of the male population appears before any females to effect the phenomenon of proterandry. Zusammenfassung TEMPERATURWIRKUNGEN AUF DIE ENTWICKLUNG UND MEHRFACH-GENERATIONEN BEI DER ALKALI-BIENE, NOMIA MELANDERI COCKERELL Der forderliche Bereich fur die Postdiapause-Entwicklung der Prapuppen der Alkali-Biene liegt zwischen 17 und 35°. Die Optimaltemperatur betragt annaherungsweise 29°. Obwohl Temperaturen uber 33° auserhalb des forderlichen Entwicklungsbereichs liegen und eine obligatorische „Astivation” induzieren, verursachen sie doch einen sehr raschen Bruch der Diapause. Prapuppen, die 110 Tage bei 35° gehalten wurden, entwickelten sich nicht weiter; nach 29° zuruckgebracht, verpuppten sie sich jedoch in der Halfte der Zeit, welche von den Kontrolltieren bei dieser Temperatur benotigt wurde. Mehrfach-Generationen der Alkali-Biene sind temperaturbedingt, und offensichtlich wird das physiologische System, welches Diapause auslost, nur dann in Gang gesetzt, wenn die Larven oder Prapuppen Temperaturen unter 27° ausgesetzt werden. Mannchen schlupfen wahrend der gesamten Brutsaison, doch erscheint ein kleiner Teil der mannlichen Population vor den Weibchen und bewirkt so das Phanomen der Proterandrie.
Research Commentary---Platform Evolution: Coevolution of Platform Architecture, Governance, and Environmental Dynamics

The emergence of software-based platforms is shifting competition toward platform-centric ecosystems, although this phenomenon has not received much attention in information systems research. Our premise is that the coevolution of the design, governance, and environmental dynamics of such ecosystems influences how they evolve. We present a framework for understanding platform-based ecosystems and discuss five broad research questions that present significant research opportunities for contributing homegrown theory about their evolutionary dynamics to the information systems discipline and distinctive information technology-artifact-centric contributions to the strategy, economics, and software engineering reference disciplines.
The state of drug development in the united states in 1990: A view from the academic community

The primary function of drug discovery and development is to add good new drugs and vaccines to our therapeutic arsenal.Drug development in 1990 is exciting and exasperating. Its promise is glowing, but it is threatened in many ways. If we take the view that problems are just another name for opportunities, then the 1990s will give us lots of opportunities to achieve our goal of better medical therapy through new and better drugs.
HIV and health systems: research to bridge the divide.

Concern that HIV programs in low-income countries may strain weak health systems and undermine achievement of other priority health goals has resulted in a research agenda focused on measuring the effects of past HIV investments on non-HIV services and outcomes. However this research has limited value for informing future health policies and programs which increasingly view health systems as the common platform for delivery of HIV and other health services. These policies reflect a shift in the framing of HIV care and treatment from emergency response to routine health service. In this paradigm relevant areas for research are strengthening scaling and sustaining health systems in low-income countries to reduce all-cause mortality and morbidity including deaths from HIV. To build an evidence base to support current and future health systems and policy researchers need to move from retrospective studies to prospective research and adopt innovative study designs and analytic methods.