cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Bladder Management of Spinal Cord-Injured Patients Through the Years: Have We Succeeded in Keeping Our Patients Catheter-Free?

The primary goal of bladder management at the Shepherd Center had been to maintain a catheter-free state with either an intermittent catheterization program (ICP) or low pressure reflex voiding into an external collector. The purpose of this article is to review the bladder management of the patients admitted to our facility who were followed from 1982 through 2002 and whose follow-up data was recorded in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) database. At each 5-year interval, there was an increase in the number of patients who converted to an indwelling catheter. However, even at 15 years, 67% of the patients remained catheter-free, with the majority still on an ICP.
Effects of ozone on injury and dry matter partitioning in pepper plants

Abstract Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in containers and exposed intermittently to 0.12 or 0.20 ppm ozone (O3) for 106 days, increased in plant height and total number of leaves in spite of the formation of chlorotic leaves, when compared with plants similarly exposed to filtered air. On an absolute basis, root, stem and leaf dry weights were not significantly affected by O3, but fruit dry matter production fell by as much as 54%. However, on a relative basis, dry matter partitioning to fruit was not constant and a significant alteration of the expected dry matter distribution in the whole plant was observed in the O3 treatment. O3 also significantly enhanced the inverse relationship between crown fruit and leaf production. A conceptual model for whole plant response to O3 was developed and discussed.
Impact of psychostimulants on vesicular monoamine transporter function

The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) facilitates the sequestration of catecholamines and serotonin into synaptic vesicles, and is therefore an essential regulator of monoaminergic neuronal function. VMAT-2 proteins may also play a role in neuroprotection, since these transporters have the capacity to sequester neurotoxins within vesicles. Recent studies have demonstrated that psychostimulants, particularly dopamine "releasers" and "reuptake inhibitors", differentially alter VMAT-2 function. As described in this review, these studies not only provide insight into the pharmacological actions of stimulants, but also mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
Diurnal thermal analysis of microencapsulated PCM-concrete composite walls

Abstract This paper examines the benefits of adding microencapsulated phase change material (PCM) to concrete used in building envelopes to reduce energy consumption and costs. First, it establishes that the time-dependent thermal behavior of microencapsulated PCM-concrete composite walls can be accurately predicted by an equivalent homogeneous wall with appropriate effective thermal properties. The results demonstrate that adding microencapsulated PCM to concrete resulted in a reduction and a time-shift in the maximum heat flux through the composite wall subjected to diurnal sinusoidal outdoor temperature and solar radiation heat flux. The effects of the PCM volume fraction, latent heat of fusion, phase change temperature and temperature window, and outdoor temperature were evaluated. Several design rules were established including (i) increasing the PCM volume fraction and/or enthalpy of phase change increased the energy flux reduction and the time delay, (ii) the energy flux reduction was maximized when the PCM phase change temperature was close to the desired indoor temperature, (iii) the optimum phase change temperature to maximize the time delay increased with increasing average outdoor temperature, (iv) in extremely hot or cold climates, the thermal load could be delayed even though the reduction in daily energy flux was small, and (v) the choice of phase change temperature window had little effect on the energy flux reduction and on the time delay. This analysis can serve as a framework to design PCM composite walls in various climates and seasons and to take advantage of time of use electricity pricing.
Disruption of Extracellular Interactions Impairs T Cell Receptor-CD3 Complex Stability and Signaling

The alphabeta T cell antigen receptor (TCR), in complex with the CD3deltavarepsilon, gammavarepsilon, and zetazeta signaling subunits, is the chief determinant for specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to self and foreign antigens. Although transmembrane domain charge interactions are critical for the assembly of the complex, the location of extracellular contacts between the TCR and CD3 subunits and their contributions to stability and signal transduction have not been defined. Here we used mutagenesis to demonstrate that the CD3deltavarepsilon and CD3gammavarepsilon subunits interact with the TCR via adjacent Calpha DE and Cbeta CC' loops, respectively. The TCR-CD3deltavarepsilon interactions helped stabilize CD3gammavarepsilon within the complex and were important for normal T cell and thymocyte responses to TCR engagement. These data demonstrate that extracellular TCR-CD3 subunit interactions contribute to the structural integrity and function of this multisubunit receptor.
Mother-Daughter Communication and College Women’s Confidence to Communicate with Family Members and Doctors about the Human Papillomavirus and Sexual Health

Abstract Study Objective In this study, we examined whether mother-daughter sexuality communication in midadolescence contributes to young women’s self-efficacy to consult with family members about sexual health problems, and to talk with physicians about the human papillomavirus (HPV). Participants and Setting Young European American, Latina, and Asian Pacific Islander college women reported on how confident they felt talking to their family members and doctors about HPV and sexual health issues. Main Outcome Measures We gathered retrospective data regarding the nature of mother-daughter communication, including sexuality communication, in midadolescence. Other variables included physician trust, knowledge about HPV, and reports of current sexual activity. Results More openness in past general communication with their mothers, more perceived comfort in past sexuality communication, and a greater number of reproductive health topics discussed was linked to greater confidence in communicating with family members about sexual health problems. In addition, higher levels of sexual activity, more knowledge about HPV, and the number of reproductive health topics discussed with mothers in midadolescence, were associated with increased confidence talking to doctors about HPV and sexual health. Conclusion Positive communication experiences with mothers in the early years may reduce the shame, embarrassment, and anxiety associated with talking to physicians about sensitive sexuality issues.
Comparison of the Pediatric Voice Handicap Index with perceptual voice analysis in pediatric patients with vocal fold lesions.

Objective To compare a subjective patient/family-derived voice handicap survey with an expert observer–derived method of evaluating voice disturbance in pediatric patients with vocal fold lesions (VFLs). Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary care referral center. Patients Thirty-eight children with VFLs referred for voice evaluation. Main Outcome Measures Pediatric Voice Handicap Index (pVHI) scores and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) scores. Percentages for CAPE-V (100-point scale) and pVHI (92-point scale) were calculated for direct comparisons. Relationships between pVHI scores and CAPE-V scores were investigated using the Spearman rank correlation. Results Thirty-eight patients with VFLs (median age, 8.3 years; age range, 4.2-17.2 years; 63% males) were included from a database of more than 600 children and evaluated between November 15, 2005, and June 15, 2010. The median CAPE-V overall score was 30.3 (range, 1-67), and the normalized total pVHI score was 29.3 (range, 0-73) (P = .90). The Spearman rank correlation showed significant fair correlations between CAPE-V overall and functional pVHI and between CAPE-V strain and breathiness, and the pVHI total, functional, but none higher than ρ = 0.44 (P ≤ .03). The correlation was higher in males for CAPE-V loudness to total pVHI (ρ = 0.40, P = .04) and in females for CAPE-V breathiness (ρ = 0.58, P = .03) and strain (ρ = 0.55, P = .04) to total pVHI. Conclusions The CAPE-V and the pVHI are useful tools in the measurement of voice outcomes in children with VFLs. There are fair correlations between the CAPE-V and the pVHI, and they likely evaluate important yet different aspects of voice disturbance. Significant gender differences in these correlations should be further evaluated in future studies.
Fate of nitrate in the capillary fringe and shallow groundwater in a drained sandy soil

Abstract It is commonly assumed that nitrate (NO 3 − ) and other anions entering the soil move downward through the vadose zone, and then move horizontally in the groundwater. Recent laboratory studies, however, indicate that water movement and transport of pollutants can also take place in the capillary fringe (CF) above the water table (WT). This field study evaluated the fate of NO 3 − in the CF and shallow groundwater (SGW) for a sandy soil (Aeric Alaquod) with shallow water table. Ten L of a solution containing approximately 18 mmol L − 1 nitrate [2.66 g L − 1 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ] and 77 mmol L − 1 bromide (9.12 g L − 1 KBr) were applied to the soil above the CF. The movement of both NO 3 − and Br − was monitored for 84 days by using tension lysimeters installed at depths between 45 and 105 cm at radial distances of 20, 60, 120, 220 and 320 cm from the application point. Nitrate and Br − plumes that entered the CF from the unsaturated zone moved horizontally in the CF until both species were partially carried into the groundwater by the fluctuating WT following rain events. Normalized concentrations of NO 3 − N and Br − remained comparable as they moved horizontally in the CF up to 320 cm from the tracer application spot. However, below the WT the detected normalized concentration of Br − was higher than that for NO 3 − indicating nitrate loss, perhaps due to denitrification. When monitoring subsurface NO 3 − , solely relying on collection of groundwater samples may lead to an underestimation of the extent of NO 3 − contamination and transport in the subsurface.
Reidentification of Trucks on Basis of Axle-Spacing Measurements to Facilitate Analysis of Weigh-in-Motion Accuracy

This study examined weigh-in-motion (WIM) data from two states to evaluate the performance of an improved reidentification methodology that had been used to match vehicles between WIM stations. The improvement allowed the reidentification model to be trained without the use of ground truth data (i.e., true vehicle matches). The training data set was instead developed by following a three-step manual investigation of the characteristics of assumed vehicle matches between two WIM stations. The trained reidentification methodology was validated with data from Oregon, where the model was able to match identical vehicles with 70% to 90% accuracy. The reidentification was then applied to data from two WIM stations in West Virginia, where the downstream station had 6,178 vehicles with 10,427 possible matches at the upstream station. At a high confidence threshold of .98 (of 1.0), the algorithm identified 526 likely matches. Furthermore, this study examined the differential calibration of the weight sensors at ea...
Complexes of disilicon hexachloride with trimethylamine

Abstract Disilicon hexachloride forms a well defined complex with trimethylamine, Si2Cl6·2N(CH3)3, stable below −45°. For the reaction Si2Cl6·2N(CH3)3 = Si2Cl6·N(CH3)3 + N(CH3)3 a ΔH of approximately 10 kcal per mole can be obtained. The complex Si2Cl6·N(CH3)3 is stable below −45° and exhibits no dissociation pressure below that temperature. At −45° Si2Cl6·N(CH3)3 disproportionates slowly, obeying zero order kinetics, to silicon tetrachloride, trimethylamine, and [SiCl2·36.0 21N (CH3)3]m where m is probably 6. When [SiCl2·36.0·21 N(CH3)3]m is warmed to room temperature, the disproportionation continues until the residual composition is [SiCl1·78·0·1 N(CH3)3]x. This material appears to be a mixture. As a result of the described disproportionations, no ΔH could be obtained for the reaction: Si2Cl6·N(CH3)3 = Si2Cl6 + N(CH3)3.
On the continuous dependence with respect to sampling of the linear quadratic regulator problem for distributed parameter systems

The convergence of solutions to the discrete- or sampled-time linear quadratic regulator problem and associated Riccati equation for infinite-dimensional systems to the solutions to the corresponding continuous time problem and equation, as the length of the sampling interval (the sampling rate) tends toward zero (infinity) is established. Both the finite- and infinite-time horizon problems are studied. In the finite-time horizon case, strong continuity of the operators that define the control system and performance index, together with a stability and consistency condition on the sampling scheme are required. For the infinite-time horizon problem, in addition, the sampled systems must be stabilizable and detectable, uniformly with respect to the sampling rate. Classes of systems for which this condition can be verified are discussed. Results of numerical studies involving the control of a heat/diffusion equation, a hereditary or delay system, and a flexible beam are presented and discussed.
USES OF THE TRIFYL GROUP IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW

(1977). USES OF THE TRIFYL GROUP IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 173-207.
Linearized Polynomial Interpolation and Its Applications

In this paper, we first propose an interpolation algorithm in a well ordered free module of a linearized polynomial ring, and then use this algorithm to decode several important families of codes, Gabidulin codes, Kotter and Kschischang (KK) codes and Mahdavifar and Vardy (MV) codes. Our decoding algorithm for Gabidulin codes is different from the polynomial reconstruction algorithm by Loidreau. When applied to decode KK codes, our interpolation algorithm is equivalent to the Sudan-style list-1 decoding algorithm proposed by Kotter and Kschischang for KK codes. The interpolation approach is also capable of solving the interpolation problem for the list decoding of MV codes proposed by Mahdavifar and Vardy, and has a lower complexity than Gaussian elimination. An interpolator for list decoding of MV codes has also been implemented in hardware and the synthesis results show that it leads to better throughput and efficiency than Gaussian elimination.
Is Consequential Luck Morally Inconsequential? Empirical Psychology and the Reassessment of Moral Luck

Philosophical discussions of the phenomenon that has come to be known as ‘moral luck’ have either dismissed it as illusory or touted it as the evidence for doubting the probative value of our commitment to certain widely avowed views concerning interpersonal assessments of responsibility. In this discussion, we present a third, distinctive interpretation of the moral luck phenomenon. Drawing upon empirically robust results from psychological studies of judgment bias, we argue that the phenomenon of moral luck is demonstrably not illusory. What we suggest, however, is that the phenomenon ought not to be taken to countenance doubts about the standards generally taken to be regulative of assessments of interpersonal responsibility. Rather, its significance lies in foregrounding certain generally unacknowledged obstacles we face in the process of conclusively applying general valid moral standards in making specific judgments of responsibility and desert.1
On Hypereuclidean Manifolds

We show that the universal cover of an aspherical manifold whose fundamental groups has finite asymptotic dimension in sense of Gromov is hypereuclidean after crossing with some Euclidean space
The determination of moisture in solids

Abstract The scientific literature published since Pande's comprehensive monograph Handbook of Moisture Determination and Control (1974) was surveyed (to mid-1984) for new or improved techniques of determining moisture in solids. Particular attention is given to methods that might distinguish between bound and free moisture in organic solids. The classification of moisture is discussed, as well as pitfalls in sampling, in sample handling, and in the comparison of different methods. Six methods that show promise of being able to distinguish between bound and free moisture were identified: dynamic dielectric thermal analysis, coherent microwave measurements, infrared spectrometry, near-infrared reflectance spectrometry, thermal methods and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.
Using participant hedonic ratings of food images to construct data driven food groupings.

Abstract Little is known regarding how individuals’ hedonic ratings of a variety of foods interrelate and how hedonic ratings correspond to habitual dietary intake. Participant ratings of food appeal of 104 food images were collected while participants were in a fed state (n = 129). Self-reported frequency of intake of the food items, perceived hunger, body mass index (BMI), and dietary restraint were also assessed. Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze hedonic ratings of the foods, to identify component structures and to reduce the number of variables. The resulting component structures comprised 63 images loading on seven components including Energy-Dense Main Courses, Light Main Courses and Seafood as well as components more analogous to traditional food groups (e.g., Fruits, Grains, Desserts, Meats). However, vegetables were not represented in a unique, independent component. All components were positively correlated with reported intake of the food items (r's = .26–.52, p .05), except for the Light Main Course component (r = .10). BMI showed a small positive relation with aggregated food appeal ratings (r = .19; p .05), which was largely driven by the relations between BMI and appeal ratings for Energy-Dense Main Courses (r = .24; p .01) and Desserts (r = .27; p .01). Dietary restraint showed a small significant negative relation to Energy-Dense Main Courses (r = −.21; p .05), and Meats (r = −.18; p .05). The present investigation provides novel evidence regarding how individuals’ hedonic ratings of foods aggregate into food components and how these component ratings relate to dietary intake. The notable absence of a vegetable component suggests that individuals’ liking for vegetables is highly variable and, from an empirical standpoint, not related to how they respond hedonically to other food categories.
Marketing Alliances between Non-Profits and Businesses: Changing the Public’s Attitudes and Intentions towards the Cause

The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent corporate and non-profit alliances can impact the public's attitudes and intentions to support a cause. What happens if a low affinity cause (one which is not as popular as others) aligns itself with a corporation which possesses a strong reputation? Will this improve the public's attitudes and intentions towards the social issue? What happens when a highly visible and very popular cause aligns itself with a company with a weak reputation? Does this hurt the public's trust and support for the cause?
International Technical Standards: An Overview

The growing globalization of industry is stimulating a growing emphasis on international standards. Standards are important because they provide significant economic benefit. They are also costly and much of the benefit is broad-based, i.e. it does not accrue preferentially to those who incur the cost. Finally, there is a highly disaggregated international standards system and at least two very different basic philosophies as to how standard systems should operate. The effect of the individual cost-benefit analysis by organizations may produce a hybrid system that produces both global standards in which each country participates in the development as well as less costly technical and consortium standards.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Improving stability of anaerobic biological reactors using composite ion exchangers

Instability in anaerobic biological processes is caused primarily by the inhibition of methanogens due to (i) the buildup of volatile acids and a consequent reduction in pH under BOD overloading and (ii) heavy metal contamination of the feed. A three-year long study confirmed that the process stability can be greatly improved by retaining composite ion exchangers (CIX) within the anaerobic reactors. CIX is a polymeric ion exchanger with imino-diacetate functional group and thus can buffer the pH and arrest cationic heavy metals. Because of its cloth-like texture and thin-sheet morphology, CIX is compatible in a biological medium with a high solids content. After three years of operation, CIX did not foul and retained its original exchange capacity. Use of CIX in anaerobic bioreactors is particularly attractive for high-strength biological wastewater where unforeseen fluctuations in feed compositions are rather common.
Obesity profiles with knee osteoarthritis: correlation with pain, disability, disease progression.

MARKS, RAY. Obesity profiles with knee osteoarthritis: correlation with pain, disability, disease progression. Obesity. 2007;15:1867–1874. Objectives: To identify the prevalence of overweight among community-dwelling adults diagnosed as having knee osteoarthritis (OA) and the relationship between the weight status of these individuals, selected disease-related outcomes, and disease progression. Research Methods and Procedures: The BMIs of 82 women and 18 men with unilateral or bilateral knee OA were examined on a single occasion along with data on physical comorbidities, pain, and function and subjected to correlation analyses. BMIs from two additional samples, one that included 16 women with and without knee OA and one that included 24 women and 6 men with knee joint OA that required surgery for the subsequent onset of hip OA, were also assessed. Results: At least 80% of all present cohorts were overweight or obese. Those with higher BMIs reported more pain than those with lower BMIs (p 0.05) and pain was related to perceived physical exertion (p 0.05). Body mass indices were not significantly correlated with generic gait measures, but an inverse trend toward the time spent in the gait cycle (r 0.63; p 0.097) that may impact the disease process was identified. Those with comorbidities had the same body mass, on average, as those with no comorbidities, and those with bilateral disease were heavier than those with unilateral disease. Discussion: A high body mass is present in most adults with knee OA. Moreover, being overweight may affect knee joint impact rates and pain incrementally. Having high body weights may heighten the risk for bilateral knee joint, as well as hip joint, OA.
Making Connections in Math: Activating a Prior Knowledge Analogue Matters for Learning.

This study investigated analogical transfer of conceptual structure from a prior-knowledge domain to support learning in a new domain of mathematics: division by fractions. Before a procedural lesson on division by fractions, fifth and sixth graders practiced with a surface analogue (other operations on fractions) or a structural analogue (whole number division). During the lesson, half of the children were also asked to link the prior-knowledge analogue they had practiced to fraction division. As expected, participants learned the taught procedure for fraction division equally well, regardless of condition. However, among those who were not asked to link during the lesson, participants who practiced with the structurally similar analogue gained more conceptual knowledge of fraction division than did those who practiced with the surface-similar analogue. There was no difference in conceptual learning between the two groups of participants who were asked to link; both groups performed less well than did pa...
Microstructural changes of T-91 alloy irradiated by Fe self ions to ultrahigh displacement ratios

Abstract Modified 9Cr-1Mo steel T91, a candidate material for structural components in fission reactors, was irradiated with 3.5 MeV Fe ions at 450 °C to 150 displacements per atom. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure and microchemistry changes. We found that irradiation can induce formation of needle-like M 3 C particles, in addition to voids and tangled dislocations. But for these preexisting precipitates their compositions remain roughly the same before and after the irradiation. Furthermore, we did not observe either Cr depletion or Cr enrichment at grain and subgrain boundaries after the irradiation.
Mass and chemical composition of roots in two second-growth oak forests in Eastern Tennessee

Abstract Root mass and chemistry were evaluated at two similar deciduous forest sites (Camp Branch and Cross Creek) in the Cumberland Plateau region of Tennessee. Soil cores to a depth of 50 cm at 10 intervals during a 12-month period were collected using a 10-cm diameter, power-driven sampling tube. Samples were divided into three layers (0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm) and the roots extracted, cleaned, and oven-dried, weighed, ashed, and analyzed for N, P, K, Mg, and S. Since no statistically significant ( P = 0.05) fluctuations in root mass or chemistry were observed across the 10 sampling dates within a site, all data were combined for statistical analysis and means calculation. Mean root biomass for the upper 50 cm of soil profile was 39.0 and 33.4 t ha −1 at Camp Branch and Cross Creek, respectively. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S showed considerable variation with depth. Root, N, S, and P concentrations were greatest in the surface layer at both sites, while cations followed no consistent patterns with depth.
“A War Between Officers”: The Enforcement of Slavery in the Northern United States, and Of the Republic for Which It Stands, Before the Civil War

I will begin this essay with a fugitive slave case in my home state of California, Ex parte Archy, decided by the state Supreme Court in 1858.9 Cal. 147 (1858). A full narrative of the case is in Paul Finkel man, “The Law of Slavery and Freedom in California, 1848–1860,” California Western Law Review 17 (1981): 437–464. While he lived in Mississippi, Archy (Lee), nineteen years old, was the slave of a man named Charle s Stovall. In 1857, Stovall brought Archy with him to California on a visit for health reasons, planning to stay no more than eighteen months. Having sold his wagon and team before crossing the Sierras, Stovall bought a farm, moved to Sacramento, and open ed a school. He hired Archy out to another man, but after a few weeks, when the slave became ill, he put him on a river steamer to San Francisco with the intention of shipping him back to Mississippi in the custody of an agent. Archy escaped.
Analytical performance of a novel nitrogen-sensitive detector and its applications with glass open tubular columns

Abstract Sensitivity, selectivity, linear range, long-term stability and operating conditions of a new nitrogen-sensitive thermionic detector were investigated. The detector was combined with high-efficiency glass open tubular columns in order to detect trace nitrogen-containing constituents in the complex mixtures of volatiles from human urine and tobacco aroma A complex nitrogen profile was also obtained from a nitromethane extract of airborne particulate matter.
Renewable resources and population growth: Past experiences and future prospects

The links between population growth, resource use, and environmental quality are too complex to permit straightforward generalizations about direct causal relationships. Rapid population growth, however, has increased the number of poor people in developing countries, thus contributing to the degradation of the environment and the renewable resources of land, water, and nonhuman species on which humans depend. Demands of the rich industrial countries have also generated environmental pressures and have been foremost in the consumption of the so-called nonrenewable resources: fossil fuels, metals, and minerals. On the other hand, population and economic growth have also stimulated technological and management changes that help supply and use resources more effectively. Wide variations in the possible ultimate size of world population and technological change make future interrelationships of population, resources, and the environment uncertain as well as complex. But those interrelationships are mediated largely by government policies. Responsible governments can bring about a sustainable balance in the population/resource/environment equation by adopting population and development policies that experience has shown could reduce future population numbers in developing countries below the additional five billion indicated in current United Nations medium projections, coupled with proven management programs in both developing and developed countries that could brake and reverse the depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Mechanical transmission of curly top virus to its insect vector by needle inoculation.

Abstract Curly top virus was transmitted mechanically to its insect vector by needle inoculation, by means of an improved microinjector. No transmission by anal route was obtained. Mechanically inoculated insects could transmit curly top virus only after an incubation period, which varied with the dose of inoculum. The introduction of virus-containing juices at a 1:30 dilution resulted in incubation periods of 1 to 9 days; a 1:300 dilution was followed by incubation periods of 5 to 20 days.
Anomalous electrochemical dissolution and passivation of iron growth catalysts in carbon nanotubes.

Catalytically synthesized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) such as those prepared via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) contain metallic impurities including Fe, Ni, Co, and Mo. Transition metal contaminants such as Fe can participate in redox cycling reactions that catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species and other products. Through the nature of the CVD growth process, metallic nanoparticles become encased within the CNT graphene lattice and may still be chemically accessible and participate in redox chemistry, especially when these materials are utilized as electrodes in electrochemical applications. We demonstrate that metallic impurities can be selectively dissolved and/or passivated during electrochemical potential cycling. Anomalous Fe dissolution and passivation behavior is observed in neutral (pH = 6.40 ± 0.03) aqueous solutions when using multiwalled CNTs prepared from CVD. Fe particles contained within these CNTs display intriguing, potential-dependent Fe redox activity that varies with supporti...
Quantum control of electron spins in semiconductors with phase-locked Raman pulse pairs

We report the first experimental demonstration of full quantum control of electron spins in semiconductors with phase-locked Raman pulse pairs, mapping relative optical phase directly onto the phase of electron spin polarization.
Sequential analysis in a Bayesian model of diastolic blood pressure measurement.

A sequential method for diagnosing or excluding hypertension based on the Bayesian model of diastolic blood pressure presented in a companion article is presented. The likelihood ratio method of Wald is modified to include the effects of a prior probability distribution and to constrain the strategy to achieve specified positive and negative predictive values. The resulting formulas for upper and lower limits to diagnose and exclude diastolic hypertension can be evaluated using a hand calculator and a table of areas of the standard normal distribution. The strategy is illustrated for a population having a blood pressure distribution similar to that of the cohort screened for participation in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, with 90 mm Hg as the cutoff defining hypertension and required positive and negative predictive values of 95%. The performance of the strategy was simulated using Monte Carlo methods. The median number of readings required for diagnosis is three, and 80% of subjects ar...
Transistor-based electrical test structures for lithography and process characterization

A multi-student testchip aimed at characterizing lithography related variations with over 15,000 individually probable test structures and transistors has been designed and a complementary 65nm process flow and data aggregation strategy have also been implemented. Test structures have been strategically designed to have high sensitivities to non-idealities such as defocus, LWR, misalignment and other systematic sources of variation. To enable automated measurement of massive amounts of test structures, Enhanced Transistor Electrical CD (Critical Dimension) metrology has been used as it offers high pattern density and almost no geometrical restrictions. Electrical testing at cryogenic temperatures will be employed to study the impact of Line Width Roughness (LWR) versus Random Dopant Fluctuations (RDF), which will not play a significant role at cryogenic temperatures, 4K. To facilitate data analysis and comparison of results between students, a relational database has been designed and implemented. The database will be web accessible for each student to use and update. It will serve as a collaborative platform for reinforcing conclusions, filtering out confounding data, and involving outside parties that are interested in process variations at the 65nm node. Experimental data was not available at the time this paper was written, so this paper will concentrate on the design and simulation results of test structures.
The Interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian National Identities: The Role of the Other in Existential Conflicts

The interactions between identity groups engaged in a protracted conflict lack the conditions postulated by Gordon Allport in The Nature of Prejudice (1954) as necessary if contact is to reduce intergroup prejudice. The article examines the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from this perspective. After summarizing the history of the conflict, it proposes that a long-term resolution of the conflict requires development of a transcendent identity for the two peoples that does not threaten the particularistic identity of each. The nature of the conflict, however, impedes the development of a transcendent identity by creating a state of negative interdependence between the two identities such that asserting one group's identity requires negating the identity of the other. The resulting threat to each group's identity is further exacerbated by the fact that each side perceives the other as a source of some of its own negative identity elements, especially a view of the self as victim and as victimizer. The article concludes with a discussion of ways of over-coming the negative interdependence of the two identities by drawing on some of the positive elements in the relationship, most notably the positive interdependence between the two groups that exists in reality. Problem-solving workshops represent one setting for equal-status interactions that provide the parties the opportunity to “negotiate” their identities and to find ways of accommodating the identity of the other in their own identity.
Drug repurposing screen identifies lestaurtinib amplifies the ability of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitor AG14361 to kill breast cancer associated gene-1 mutant and wild type breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is a devastating disease that results in approximately 40,000 deaths each year in the USA. Current drug screening and chemopreventatitive methods are suboptimal, due in part to the poor specificity of compounds for cancer cells. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor (PARPi)-mediated therapy is a promising approach for familial breast cancers caused by mutations of breast cancer-associated gene-1 and -2 (BRCA1/2), yet drug resistance frequently occurs during the treatment. Moreover, PARPis exhibit very little effect on cancers that are proficient for DNA repair and clinical efficacy for PARPis as single-agent therapies has yet to be illustrated. Using a quantitative high-throughput screening approach, we screened a library containing 2,816 drugs, most of which are approved for human or animal use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other countries, to identify compounds that sensitize breast cancer cells to PARPi. After initial screening, we performed further cellular and molecular analysis on lestaurtinib, which is an orally bioavailable multikinase inhibitor and has been used in clinical trials for myeloproliferative disorders and acute myelogenous leukemia. Our study indicated that lestaurtinib is highly potent against breast cancers as a mono-treatment agent. It also strongly enhanced the activity of the potent PARPi AG14361 on breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The inhibition of cancer growth is measured by increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation. Consistent with this, the treatment results in activation of caspase 3/7, and accumulation of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, irrespective of their BRCA1 status. Finally, we demonstrated that AG14361 inhibits NF-κB signaling, which is further enhanced by lestaurtinib treatment. Lestaurtinib amplifies the ability of the PARP1 inhibitor AG14361 to kill BRCA1 mutant and wild-type breast cancer cells, at least in part, by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Each of these drugs has been approved for clinical trials for several different cancers, thus, their combination treatment should be applicable for a breast cancer trial in the future.
Arbitrary shaped microlens array laser sintered on glass sheets

A new technique based on laser vitrification of cordierite ceramic powders is used to fabricate arbitrarily shaped microlens arrays on a glass substrate. Crack-free semispherical and quasi-spherical lenses with good optical and surface quality are demonstrated.
Tradition and Politics in Studies of Contemporary Japan

Each of the books listed above is concerned in some way with problems of tradition and modernity. The extent to which tradition is still an influential force in Japan; the compatibility and/or incompatibility of tradition and modernity; the present functions of tradition in Japanese society, polity, and economy; and the future prospects for tradition in modern Japan—all these are matters of concern to the authors, and together they may inform present intellectual discussions of traditionalism, modernization, and modernity.
Inter-ethnic Marriages, the Survival of Women, and the Logics of Genocide in Rwanda

This article focuses on the gendered dimensions of the genocide in Rwanda. It seeks to explain why Tutsi women married to Hutu men appeared to have better chances of survival than Tutsi women married to Tutsi men or even Hutu women married to Tutsi men. Based on data from a field site in southwest Rwanda, the findings and insights offered here draw on the gendered, racial, and operational dynamics of the genocide as it unfolded between April and July 1994.
DISCOVR: Distributed Collaborative Video Recorder

The paper describes DISCOVR, a distributed collaborative video recorder. DISCOVR is a P2P application that combines asynchronous file sharing with synchronous on-demand media streaming. DISCOVR uses a flat entity ID space, with the entity being any of the media file, header, mega packets, index and metadata. All DISCOVR entities may be asynchronously or synchronously distributed. DISCOVR adopts a sender-driven priority based sharing protocol. If the user is on-demand viewing a media file, those packets that are to be viewed in the near future will be put on the synchronous access list, which prompts its connected peers and the peers that are indirectly connected to fulfill the distribution of the on-demand packets in high priority. By letting the peers engage in both asynchronous sharing and synchronous on-demand streaming, DISCOVR promotes the peers to remain online longer, thus improve the availability of the P2P system and the overall performance.
Distal radius fracture in a premature infant with osteopenia caused by handling during intravenous cannulation.

We present a case of an infant with osteopenia of prematurity who sustained a fractured radius whilst being gently held/handled during insertion of an intravenous cannula. Osteopenia of prematurity occurs when the bone mineral content is significantly decreased compared to that of an infant of comparable size or gestational age. It may occur in as many as half of all infants whose birth weight is less than 1000 g [1,2]. The clinical findings in preterm infants with osteopenia include a widened anterior fontanelle, craniotabes, bony expansion of the wrists, costochondral beading and rib fractures. The radiological features are generalised bone demineralisation, widening, cupping and fraying of the distal metaphyses [3]. Biochemical changes include persistently low serum inorganic phosphate and markedly elevated alkaline phosphates levels [3].
Knowledge base of clinical social work

Eda G. Goldstein, DSW, is Assistant Director of Staff Development, Social Service Department, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Westchester Division, White Plains, New York. This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the NASW National Invitational Forum on Clinical Social Work, Denver, Colorado, June 8, 1979. The issue of the knowledge base of efforts and prevented the profession all social work practice is at the heart of from amassing a core of theoretical and the concerns of the profession and, at practice knowlege that would inform the same time, is its Achilles' heel.1 interventions.2 The values, mission, and areas of comAttempts at overcoming these pain :petence of social workers determine ful divisions have sought to link the the nature and boundaries of the profession's dual mission to a unified knowledge essential to practice. This conception of social work practice. Ac article addresses the knowledge base of cording to this conception, practice clinical social work practice. The auefforts are directed toward maintaining, thor's thesis is that a broad definition of restoring, or enhancing social func clinical work encompassing a variety of tioning through transactions that in specific approaches is essential to unitduce growth and improve the environ ing professional practice. Thus, the ment.3 Problems in living are not core of knowledge necessary to clinical viewed exclusively in terms of the indi social work is not dissimilar from that vidual or the environment. As one au informing all social work practice. It thor has stated,
A New Bronchial Blocker Tube for One-Lung Ventilation

One-lung ventilation is used to facilitate thoracic and cardiac surgery. This article describes the development and clinical use of a new device, the bronchial blocker tube, to establish one-lung ventilation. The bronchial blocker tube has two circular lumen joined together, one for ventilation and one for acceptance of a bronchial blocker. In this setting, the bronchial blocker is a separate device which is replaceable, rotatable, and removable. In the authors' experience, the bronchial blocker tube was effective and easy to use.
Democratizing the Administrative State: Connecting Neighborhood Councils and City Agencies

Citizen participation in government decision making, especially at the local level, has received heightened attention with regard to its promise for improved governance. The overarching administrative ethos of the administrative state creates barriers to citizen participation in governance. Developing and nurturing citizen participation in the presence of the administrative state is a significant challenge. Drawing on the literary tradition of public engagement and learning, this article models a developmental strategy of participation that offers one avenue for achieving meaningful partnerships between city agencies and neighborhood councils in a metropolitan environment. We present a model of citizen participation that brings neighborhood councils and city agencies together in a collaborative partnership. This model is based on the literature on citizen participation, which focuses on the significance of interactive processes in building trust among participants and creating mutual understanding and agreement.
Water channel proteins in rat cardiac myocyte caveolae: osmolarity-dependent reversible internalization

We show by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy that the water channel protein aquaporin-1, not previously identified within cardiomyocytes, localizes at 20 and 37°C to rat cardiomyocyte sarcolem...
Easing the Burden: Mediating Misdemeanor Criminal Matters

Overburdened courts are causing critical breakdowns in the criminal justice system. To remedy this problem, some jurisdictions are developing creative programs to ease the burden on courts. This paper, published in the Dispute Resolution Journal, discusses mediation programs in which courts divert criminal cases away from traditional prosecution and allow a victim-offender mediation to occur as an alternative to trials for alleged criminal acts.
Internal Damage in an Aquatic Beetle Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Inorganic Ions

The study of the effects of metallic elements in insects has been largely neglected. Most research in this area has been concerned either with studies of toxicity or with determination of inorganic nutritional requirements.
Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in response to anoxia in turtle brain

In mammals a massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, occurring within a few minutes of anoxia/ischemia, is thought to be a major mediator of anoxic brain damage. In contrast to the mammalian brain, the turtle brain is exceptionally anoxia tolerant. Using intracerebral microdialysis in turtle brain striatum, we have found a large increase in the extracellular level of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid during anoxia, reaching 90 times the normoxic level after 240 min, whereas no substantial release of glutamate occurred. Moreover, the inhibitory neurotransmitters/neuromodulators glycine and taurine also displayed increased extracellular levels during anoxia. Increased extracellular levels of inhibitory amino acids may be one of the hitherto elusive mechanisms that underlie the decreased activity and energy consumption characterizing the anoxic turtle brain.
Surgical management of the facial nerve in craniofacial trauma and long-standing facial paralysis: cadaver study and clinical presentations.

Background and objectives Examination of the extratemporal branches of the facial nerve reveals several branching patterns of the facial nerve, indicating the variability in the course of the nerve. Due to such variance, injury to this nerve often accompanies facial trauma and surgical dissection for the repair of facial bone injuries, and it may result in high morbidity. Methods and materials A study of 12 fresh cadavers was performed to 1) review the variability in location of the extratemporal branches of the facial nerve, 2) identify the soft tissue injuries in which the facial nerve is at risk, and 3) discuss surgical options for repair. The authors identified the zygomatic and buccal and the extratemporal branches of the facial nerve. Among the five extratemporal branches, there is a significant crossover between all, except the temporal and the mandibular branches. This indicates that dissection should proceed with great caution, since injury to the temporal and marginal mandibular branches is unlikely to resolve spontaneously. The management of injuries within one year and those of longer duration is discussed. Results and/or conclusions Two of the 5 major branches of the extratemporal facial nerve have a high morbidity following injury. Repair should be performed within the first 72 hours. Graft, if required, should be placed in 9 to 12 months.