cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing recall of personal sun exposure by integrating UV dosimeter and self-reported data with a network flow framework.

BACKGROUND Melanoma survivors often do not engage in adequate sun protection, leading to sunburn and increasing their risk of future melanomas. Melanoma survivors do not accurately recall the extent of sun exposure they have received, thus, they may be unaware of their personal UV exposure, and this lack of awareness may contribute towards failure to change behavior. As a means of determining behavioral accuracy of recall of sun exposure, this study compared subjective self-reports of time outdoors to an objective wearable sensor. Analysis of the meaningful discrepancies between the self-report and sensor measures of time outdoors was made possible by using a network flow algorithm to align sun exposure events recorded by both measures. Aligning the two measures provides the opportunity to more accurately evaluate false positive and false negative self-reports of behavior and understand participant tendencies to over- and under-report behavior. METHODS 39 melanoma survivors wore an ultraviolet light (UV) sensor on their chest while outdoors for 10 consecutive summer days and provided an end-of-day subjective self-report of their behavior while outdoors. A Network Flow Alignment framework was used to align self-report and objective UV sensor data to correct misalignment. The frequency and time of day of under- and over-reporting were identified. FINDINGS For the 269 days assessed, the proposed framework showed a significant increase in the Jaccard coefficient (i.e. a measure of similarity between self-report and UV sensor data) by 63.64% (p < .001), and significant reduction in false negative minutes by 34.43% (p < .001). Following alignment of the measures, under-reporting of sun exposure time occurred on 51% of the days analyzed and more participants tended to under-report than to over-report sun exposure time. Rates of under-reporting of sun exposure were highest for events that began from 12-1pm, and second-highest from 5-6pm. CONCLUSION These discrepancies may reflect lack of accurate recall of sun exposure during times of peak sun intensity (10am-2pm) that could ultimately increase the risk of developing melanoma. This research provides technical contributions to the field of wearable computing, activity recognition, and identifies actionable times to improve participants' perception of their sun exposure.
Network perspective on the efficiency of peace accords implementation

Civil wars are as frequent and debilitating now as ever. More often than not, their resolution consists of the negotiation of a peace accord that involves a number of provisions. Although previous work in political science indicates an underlying interdependence between provision implementation sequences, it is unclear how the structure and dynamics of this interdependence relate to the successful implementation of peace accords. To fill this gap, we systematically study peace process implementation activity from 34 peace accords containing 51 provisions negotiated between 1989 and 2015. We begin by constructing a bipartite network between peace accords and their provisions' implementation and explore statistical properties of the structural underpinnings of peace processes. Then, we examine motifs (i.e., significantly frequent patterns) in provision implementation activity and uncover higher order correlations between provisions. Finally, we identify provision implementation sequences (i.e., meta-groups) that are most strongly associated with successful peace processes. Our empirical findings provide new insights for the implementation of peace accords by revealing temporal sequences of peace process implementation that help build confidence, enhance security, and ultimately prevent negative cascading effects in different stages of the peacebuilding process.
Resolving Food-Web Structure

Food webs are a major focus and organizing theme of ecology, but the data used to assemble them are deficient. Early debates over food-web data focused on taxonomic resolution and completeness, lac...
In Situ Monitoring of the Thermal-Annealing Effect in a Monolayer of MoS 2

The special electronic properties of a two-dimensional material are sensitive to its environment. Thermal annealing (on the path to making a device, say) can change not only the monolayer itself, but also its bonding to the substrate---yet what actually goes on during this process is rarely known. The authors continuously monitor $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ $s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u$ the changes in the optical properties of monolayer MoS${}_{2}$ on SiO${}_{2}$ during consecutive thermal cycles, revealing structural evolutions at different stages, as well as the spatial inhomogeneity of the material in response to annealing.
Diastereo-, Enantio-, and anti-Selective Formation of Secondary Alcohol and Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Cu-Catalyzed Additions of B-Substituted Allyl Nucleophiles to Carbonyls

A general method for the synthesis of secondary homoallylic alcohols containing α-quaternary carbon stereogenic centers in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity (up to >20:1 dr and >99:1 er) is disclosed. Transformations employ readily accessible aldehydes, allylic diboronates, and a chiral copper catalyst and proceed by γ-addition of in situ generated enantioenriched boron-stabilized allylic copper nucleophiles. The catalytic protocol is general for a wide variety of aldehydes as well as a variety of 1,1-allylic diboronic esters. Hammett studies disclose that diastereoselectivity of the reaction is correlated to the electronic nature of the aldehyde, with dr increasing as aldehydes become more electron poor.
Sampling With Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

The prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs) are used in sampling of bandlimited signals. Several formulae based on integer values of these PSWFs are derived and used to replace the sinc function in sampling theorems. They are also used to construct analysis and synthesis filter banks for sampled values. A type of multiresolution analysis based on PSWFs similar to that of wavelet theory is shown to exist. Several numerical examples illustrating the theory are presented.
Perceptions of a Pragmatic Family-Centered Approach to Childhood Obesity Treatment

Background: Few studies have examined both parent and child preferences regarding family-based weight management programs (WMPs) delivered in primary care settings, especially among racial minority populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions that parents and their children/adolescents have about the components that should be included in a family-based WMP and to identify perceived preferences, benefits, and/or barriers to participation. Methods: A sample of 60 participants (30 parents and 30 children/adolescents) participated in 1 of 5 separate structured focus groups, using probing questions and the nominal group technique (NGT). Parents reported demographics for themselves and their children/adolescents. Themes from probing questions were identified using thematic analysis. Results: Parents were primarily African American (93%) and diverse in income. NGT sessions revealed that parents across all groups perceived that education on healthy eating, parental involvement, and effective program leaders are most important and have the greatest impact, while parental involvement was perceived as the easiest method to implement in a family-based WMP for childhood obesity. Children/adolescents perceived that education on healthy eating and exercise would have the greatest impact, while healthy eating and meal plans were perceived as the easiest methods to implement with a family. Parents and children/adolescents also identified improved psychological well-being (eg, decreased bullying, increased self-esteem, and motivation) as a desired program outcome. Conclusion: Parents and their children/adolescents highlighted the importance of physical and psychological health as targets in treatment. Feedback from patients can inform the design and implementation of family-based WMPs delivered in primary care settings.
Abstract TP86: The Ischemic Blood-brain Barrier In A Dish: Use Of Patient-derived Stem Cells To Model The Response Of The Neurovascular Unit To Oxygen-glucose Deprivation Stress

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a component of the neurovascular unit formed by specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) surrounded by astrocytes, pericytes and neurons. ...
Comparison Principles for Semilinear Poisson PDEs

Chapter 10 establishes comparison principles for solutions of partial differential equations. The prototypical result says that the solution of Poisson's equation gets bigger in an integral sense when the data in the equation is rearranged. Such comparisons have been used in the literature for deriving sharp bounds on certain eigenvalues, obtaining a priori bounds on solutions, and comparing Green functions, among other uses. These integral norm comparisons follow from star function comparisons, and so the task is to prove that rearranging the data in Poisson's equation increases the star function of the solution. The key is a maximum principle argument applied to the difference of star functions, making use of subharmonicity results from the preceding chapter.
Formative Research to Create Culturally Sensitive HPV Vaccine Messages for Middle-School Children

HPVs (Human Papilloma Viruses) are the cause of several diseases and types of cancer, but infections can be prevented through a vaccine that children are recommended to receive when they are about 12 years of age. Communicating with children about HPV is an important albeit underdeveloped task. This is especially critical in countries such as Italy, were the HPV vaccination rate is dropping. To understand Italian middle-school children’s communication challenges, needs and preferences, and to provide evidence to inform the development of targeted and culturally-sensitive messages about HPV for them, this study adopted a multi-method participatory approach consisting of focus group discussions and participatory drawings. Results indicated that children (N = 54) wanted to be actively engaged in decisions about their health but faced several communication challenges, including adults’ language and attitude. Children struggled to retrieve reliable information on their own. They provided specific information on the sources and the strategies they would want adults to adopt. Results helped to identify positive and negative behaviours among these themes, as well as key resources to be leveraged in the development of HPV-related messages. The communication strategies identified in this study may help parents, healthcare providers, and caregivers to improve their communication with children.
“One of the greatest human tragedies of our time”: The U.N., Biden, and a Missed Opportunity to Abolish Immigration Prisons

Children in cages, rampant sexual abuse, lack of access to life-saving medical treatment, and more. These human rights violations continue to occur in immigration prisons in the United States today, and given the scope, many, including the United Nations, are pushing the United States to abolish immigration prisons altogether. However, the Biden administration has demonstrated that is not interested in supporting the abolition of immigration prisons, not even in the international human rights arena. After providing a brief overview of international human rights law prohibiting immigration prisons, this essay explores U.N. recommendations on immigration prisons from each of the Universal Periodic Reviews of the United States over the past ten years, as well as the U.S. responses to those recommendations. Through that exploration, it is made clear that while the Biden administration has showed an eagerness for reform in other areas, the administration missed an important opportunity this year to step up as a global leader and demonstrate commitment to the progressive realization of the full spectrum of human rights of migrants and set the United States on a path towards the abolition of immigration prisons.
Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is an Important Predictor of the Benefit of Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy: A PROVE IT–TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22) Analysis

Objectives This study sought to determine whether the benefit of intensive lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is dependent on baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Background Aggressive LDL-C reduction with statins improves cardiovascular outcomes in acute and chronic coronary heart disease (CHD). The importance of baseline LDL-C is unclear. Methods We compared 2-year composites of death, myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, revascularization >30 days, and stroke (primary end point), and CHD death, MI, and revascularization >30 days (secondary end point) in 2,986 statin-naive patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) randomized to atorvastatin 80 mg versus pravastatin 40 mg in the PROVE IT–TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22) study stratified by quartiles of baseline LDL-C. Multivariable models assessed whether the treatment benefit was dependent on baseline LDL-C. Results A significant reduction in the hazards of the primary (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47 to 0.85, p = 0.002) and secondary (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.79, p = 0.001) end points occurred in patients within the highest quartile (>132 mg/dl) of baseline LDL-C treated with atorvastatin 80 mg. The benefit of intensive therapy progressively declined as baseline LDL-C decreased. The lowest quartile (LDL-C ≤92 mg/dl) experienced similar rates of the primary (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.25, p = 0.63) and secondary (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.35, p = 0.89) end points. Adjusted interaction tests between treatment and highest versus lowest baseline LDL-C quartile were significant for the primary and secondary end points (p = 0.03 and p = 0.007, respectively). Analyzing baseline LDL-C as a continuous variable, atorvastatin 80 mg was associated with improved outcomes provided the baseline LDL-C was >66 mg/dl. Conclusions A progressive reduction in the benefit of intensive LLT with atorvastatin 80 mg over pravastatin 40 mg occurred in statin-naive ACS patients as baseline LDL-C declined. (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 [PROVE IT–TIMI 22]; NCT00382460 )
Sodium and Proton effects On Inward Proton Transport through Na/K Pumps (LB848)

The Na/K pump (NKA) exports 3Na in exchange for 2K, across animal plasma membranes. Ion binding sites I&II can bind Na or K but site-III exclusively binds Na in a voltage (V)-dependent fashion. Without external Na or K the NKA imports H generating a current (IH). To crack IH relationship to ion interaction at their sites we investigated the characteristics of IH in ventricular myocytes and in Xenopus oocytes expressing ouabain-resistant pumps. Lowering pH enlarged IH in both systems. In oocytes at pH ≤5.6 a rapid increase in IH was followed by a slower inhibition (80% at pH 5). H-activation was V-dependent whilst H-inhibition was V-independent. In myocytes at pH 6 Nao stimulated IH at [Na] ≤5 mM and inhibited at higher [Na]. In oocytes, only V-independent Nao-dependent inhibition was observed at pH 6 or 7.6 (K0.5~7 mM), but at pH 5 Na induced a nearly identical biphasic response than in myocytes at pH 6. Affinity for Ko was reduced (~10 fold) by pH 5 compared to pH 7.6. Our results suggest...
POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION: Ultrapure Dialysate

To prevent pyrogenic reactions during hemodialysis, it is recommended that bacteria and endotoxin in dialysate not exceed 100–200 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 0.25–2 endotoxin units (EU)/ml, respectively. While these limits are adequate to prevent acute pyrogenic reactions, data are accumulating to suggest they may not prevent stimulation of chronic inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Fragments of endotoxin and other bacterial products capable of stimulating immune cells cross low-flux and high-flux membranes in vitro. In clinical studies, use of ultrapure dialysate (bacteria < 0.1 CFU/ml and endotoxin < 0.03 EU/ml) is associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory markers and acute phase reactants than are observed with dialysate meeting current quality recommendations. Moreover, observational studies suggest a link between clinical outcomes and dialysate purity. Treatment of patients with ultrapure dialysate is reported to improve nutritional status, increase responsiveness to erythropoietin, slow the decline in residual renal function, lessen cardiovascular morbidity, and decrease the incidence of β2-microglobulin amyloidosis. To date, however, none of these studies has shown a cause-and-effect relationship between dialysate purity and outcome. Further, there are no data defining the concentration dependence of outcomes on dialysate purity and the relative importance of dialysate purity as a trigger of inflammation remains unclear. While the technology exists to routinely provide ultrapure dialysate, controlled clinical trials are still needed to answer the question of whether or not introducing ultrapure dialysate into routine clinical practice represents an efficient use of limited resources in terms of decreasing inflammation and improving outcomes in hemodialysis patients.
An apparent solution but a plethora of problems.

Emerging from a colonial past, Trinidad and Tobago continues to struggle for economic freedom. Although there are certain elements, which serve as lures for tourists in Trinidad, Tobago with its scenic beauty and warm beaches has captured the position for large-scale tourism development. This twin-island republic has not had a history of a “real” tourist industry. Petroleum production, refining, and exploitation of large natural gas reservoirs are the factors that govern the economy. These industrial and economic facts, coupled with observations taken on two field visits in 2004, concluded that the tourism industry has not been given the attention required for success.
Phage-protease-peptide: a novel trifecta enabling multiplex detection of viable bacterial pathogens

Bacteriophages represent rapid, readily targeted, and easily produced molecular probes for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Molecular biology techniques have allowed researchers to make significant advances in the bioengineering of bacteriophage to further improve speed and sensitivity of detection. Despite their host specificity, bacteriophages have not been meaningfully leveraged in multiplex detection of bacterial pathogens. We propose a proof-of-principal phage-based scheme to enable multiplex detection. Our scheme involves bioengineering bacteriophage to carry a gene for a specific protease, which is expressed during infection of the target cell. Upon lysis, the protease is released to cleave a reporter peptide, and the signal detected. Here we demonstrate the successful (i) modification of T7 bacteriophage to carry tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease; (ii) expression of TEV protease by Escherichia coli following infection by our modified T7, an average of 2000 units of protease per phage are produced during infection; and (iii) proof-of-principle detection of E. coli in 3 h after a primary enrichment via TEV protease activity using a fluorescent peptide and using a designed target peptide for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. This proof-of-principle can be translated to other phage-protease-peptide combinations to enable multiplex bacterial detection and readily adopted on multiple platforms, like MALDI-TOF MS or fluorescent readers, commonly found in labs.
Fast low-energy VLSI binary addition

This paper presents novel architectures for fast binary addition which can be implemented using multiplexers only. Binary addition as carried out using a fast redundant-to-binary converter. It is shown that appropriate encoding of the redundant digits and recasting the binary addition as a redundant-to-binary conversion reduces the latency of addition from Wt/sub fa/, to Wt/sub mux/ where t/sub fa/ and t/sub mux/ respectively, represent binary full adder and multiplexer delays, and W is the word-length. A family of fast converter architectures is developed based on tree-type (obtained using lookahead techniques) and carry-select approaches. The carry-generation component is the critical component in redundant-to-binary conversion and binary addition. It is shown that fastest binary addition can be performed using (Wlog/sub 2/+W+1) multiplexers in time (log/sub 2/W+2)t/sub mux/. If the specified adder latency is greater than (log/sub 2/W+2)t/sub mux/, then a family of converters using fewest multiplexers can be designed based on carry-select approach. Finally a class of hybrid adders are designed by using a carry-select configuration and by substituting tree-based blocks in place of some carry-select blocks. It is shown that this approach can lead to adder designs which consume the least energy.
Periodic solutions of arbitrary period, variational methods

We have constructed by a rapidly convergent variational method the periodic solutions, analytic in the time t and with “arbitrary” (long) period, of the well known Henon-Heiles System, described by the Hamiltonian: \(H = \raise.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-.1em/\kern-.15em\lower.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$} (\dot x^2 + \dot y^2 + x^2 + y^2 ) + x^2 y - y^3 /3\). We obtain, what appears to be, a dense set of 1-parameter families of periodic solutions, wherever there exist bounded solutions, even in the so called ‘stochastic regions’ of this nonintegrable system. The ‘stochastic regions’ manifest themselves in our results as “regions of confluence” of the 1-parameter families, i.e. these families all come together there. Thus the period [i.e. the Poincare Recurrence Time] and the orbits, exhibit a very “sensitive dependence” on the initial conditions there, going from one family to the “next”. These regions show up already in our analytic, “zeroth order” (a-priori-), approximations of the converged results. The variational method is of Newton form and the -asymptotically- quadratic rate of convergence does not deteriorate inside the ‘stochastic regions’ or at very high nonlinearity.
Studies on prematurity. III. The influence of toxemia of pregnancy on fatality rate.

Abstract In a study 1 of 794 premature infants delivered as single births at the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn during the five-year period from 1941 to 1945, it was found that toxemia of pregnancy was the most frequent of all maternal complications. Because our previous report indicated also that toxemia of pregnancy was responsible for the highest incidence of stillbirths it seemed desirable to investigate the possible deleterious effect of this complication on the liveborn infants of such mothers. The present paper, therefore, concerns itself with a comparative analysis of the survival of infants born of toxemic and nontoxemic mothers during the aforementioned period. Only babies born as single births were considered. No distinction was made between preeclamptic and nephritic toxemia. As in our previous investigations, all babies weighing up to 2,250 grams were included in the study and there were no exclusions on the basis of "nonviability." 1, 2 There has been much speculation as to the effect of severe maternal toxemia on the liveborn premature infant. Breese, 3 in an analysis of 173 cases, is of the opinion that maternal toxemia has no influence on the ultimate survival of the offspring. On the other hand, Taylor and his associates 4 conclude from their studies that infants born of mothers suffering from complications of pregnancy have a mortality rate four or five times as high as those born of normal mothers. Their analysis included 34 cases of toxemia of pregnancy. Diddle and Plass 5 report on 160 infants born alive of mothers with toxemia of pregnancy. An analysis of their data does not reveal any significant difference in the neonatal mortality rate of these babies as compared with those born of nontoxemic mothers.
Finite-difference time-domain solution of light scattering and absorption by particles in an absorbing medium

The three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique has been extended to simulate light scattering and absorption by nonspherical particles embedded in an absorbing dielectric medium. A uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) absorbing boundary condition is used to truncate the computational domain. When computing the single-scattering properties of a particle in an absorbing dielectric medium, we derive the single-scattering properties including scattering phase functions, extinction, and absorption efficiencies using a volume integration of the internal field. A Mie solution for light scattering and absorption by spherical particles in an absorbing medium is used to examine the accuracy of the 3-D UPML FDTD code. It is found that the errors in the extinction and absorption efficiencies from the 3-D UPML FDTD are less than similar to 2%. The errors in the scattering phase functions are typically less than similar to 5%. The errors in the asymmetry factors are less than similar to 0.l%. For light scattering by particles in free space, the accuracy of the 3-D UPML FDTD scheme is similar to a previous model.
Coronal Heating in Flare Stars: Resonant MHD Absorption?

We report on the occurrence of periodicity in X-rays from certain flare stars. Statistically significant periods in the range 70-200 s are present in Einstein data for EQ Vir, Proxima Cen, and AD Leo. Periodicities are also present (although with lower statistical significance) in ROSAT data for AD Leo, and in EXOSAT data for EQ Vir and AD Leo. In UV Cet, we also find periodicity in Einstein data, but with lower statistical significance than for the above three stars: however, the UV Cet X-ray period is close to a period discovered by Gary et al. (1982) in microwaves in the close companion L726-8A. We argue that the properties of magnetic loops in flare stars are such that the variations in a single magnetic loop may be detectable in integrated flux. The period which we find in the X-ray flux from Proxima Cen is consistent with a global Alfven wave resonance in a large loop whose properties were derived some years ago by Haisch (1983) using an entirely different line of reasoning from what we use here. The periods, amplitudes, and durations of the variations which we have found in X-ray emission are consistent with the hypothesis that resonant absorption of MHD waves is occurring at certain times in coronal loops in the above four stars.
The Patient Self-determination Act: has it reached the end of its life?

The Patient Self-determination Act requires that patients be informed in writing of their right to accept or refuse treatment and the right to an advance directive. For the past 15 years, hospitals have been providing these written materials, yet advance directives tire still not adequately directing end-of-life afire. Barriers and facilitators to implementation of this law are discussed, as well as the role of nursing management in meeting its trite intent.
B Cell Differentiation Factor-Induced B Cell Maturation: Regulation via Reduction in cAMP

We have previously described a novel human B cell differentiation factor (BCDF), 446-BCDF, that is distinct biochemically and functionally from other cytokines. Since signal transduction pathways involved in human B cell differentiation have been incompletely studied and are poorly understood, we assessed the effects of 446-BCDF on various intracellular second messenger systems. After exposure of B cells to 446-BCDF, intracellular cAMP concentration started to decrease at 5 min and was significantly lower at 30 min and reached the lowest level at 4 hr. In most cases, cAMP concentrations returned toward baseline by 24 hr. A cAMP analog (dibutyryl cAMP), a stimulator of adenyl cyclase (forskolin), and phosphodiesterase inhibitors (aminophylline and IBMX) which inhibited the 446-BCDF-induced decrease in intracellular cAMP, inhibited 446-BCDF-induced B cell differentiation, suggesting that the fall in intracellular cAMP was a critical event in this process. To understand the mechanism involved in the reduction of cAMP, B cells were treated with pertussis toxin (PTX), a Gi protein inhibitor. Pertussis toxin blocked 446-BCDF-induced B cell differentiation as well, suggesting that 446-BCDF may function by stimulation of a Gi-linked receptor resulting in the inhibition of adenylate cyclase with a consequent reduction in cAMP. Other cytokines known to promote Ig secretion (IL2 and IL6) also caused a reduction in cAMP, suggesting that this pathway may be generally important in B cell differentiation. Taken together, these data suggest that at least one pathway of terminal maturation in B cells may involve the reduction of intracellular cAMP.
Application of spaciMS to the study of ammonia formation in lean NOx trap catalysts

Abstract SpaciMS was employed to understand the factors influencing the selectivity of NO x reduction in two fully formulated LNT catalysts, both degreened and thermally aged. Both catalysts contained Pt, Rh, BaO and Al 2 O 3 , while one of them also contained La-stabilized CeO 2 . The amount of reductant required to fully regenerate each catalyst was first determined experimentally based on the OSC of the catalyst and the NO x storage capacity (NSC). In this way a correction was made for the change in catalyst OSC and NSC after aging, thereby eliminating these as factors which could affect catalyst selectivity to NH 3 . For both catalysts, aging resulted in an elongation of the NO x storage–reduction (NSR) zone due to a decrease in the concentration of NO x storage sites per unit catalyst length. In addition to decreased lean phase NO x storage efficiency, stretching of the NSR zone affected catalyst regeneration. Three main effects were identified, the first being an increase of the NO x “puff” that appeared during the onset of the rich front as it traversed the catalyst. Spatially, NO x release tracked the NSR zone, with the result that the NO x concentration peaked closer to the rear of the aged catalysts. Hence the probability that NO x could re-adsorb downstream of the reduction front and subsequently undergo reduction by NH 3 (formed in the reduction front) was diminished, resulting in higher rich phase NO x slip. Second, the stretching of the NSR zone resulted in increased selectivity to NH 3 due to the fact that less catalyst (corresponding to the OSC-only zone downstream of the NSR zone) was available to consume NH 3 by either the NH 3 -NO x SCR reaction or the NH 3 -O 2 reaction. Third, the loss of OSC and NO x storage sites, along with the decreased rate of NO x diffusion to Pt/Rh sites (as a result of Pt/Rh–Ba phase segregation), led to an increase in the rate of propagation of the reductant front after aging. This in turn resulted in increased H 2 :NO x ratios at the Pt/Rh sites and consequently increased selectivity to NH 3 .
Culturally Universal or Culturally Specific: A Comparative Study of Anticipated Female Leadership Styles in Taiwan and the United States

Guided by Bass and Avolio’s leadership frameworks and Hofstede’s modified cultural dimensions, the present cross-cultural study aims to compare and explore the relationships between cultural values and anticipated female leadership styles in nonprofit organizations in Taiwan and the United States. Regression and t-test analyses of 307 participants in 138 Rotary Clubs in the two societies reveal two research findings. First, Rotary Club members in Taiwan have higher scores in all the cultural dimensions of collectivism, masculinity, and lifelong relationships than their U.S. counterparts. Second, transformational leadership proves to be the most anticipated leadership style among Rotary Club members in both cultures. The research findings indicate that culture alone cannot account for the anticipated female leadership styles. Therefore, a combination of Bass’s culturally universal approach and Hofstede’s culturally specific approach is proposed to tackle more variables in future female leadership studies.
Estimation of the Asymptotic Pseudoscalar-Meson-Baryon Total Cross Section from the Amati-Bertocchi-Fubini-Stanghellini-Tonin Multiperipheral Model

The high-energy forward scattering of a pseudoscalar meson ($\ensuremath{\mu}$) and a baryon ($B$) is discussed on the basis of the Amati-Bertocchi-Fubini-Stanghellini-Tonin multiperipheral model. Assuming that the low-energy $\ensuremath{\mu}B$ amplitude is dominated by the baryon pole plus the first elastic resonance, and using the approximate solution to the $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}$ integral equation proposed by Abarbanel, Chew, Goldberger, and Saunders, we derive an expression for the high-energy limit of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}B}^{\mathrm{tot}}$. A numerical estimate based on SU(3) symmetry is given.
An N-Linked Glycosylation Motif from the Noncleaving Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Substituted for the Homologous Region (Gly367 to Glu369) of the Thyrotropin Receptor Prevents Cleavage at Its Second, Downstream Site

The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) exists in two forms (single polypeptide and two subunits), whereas the lutropin/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LH/CGR) is a single chain. Recent data suggest that the TSHR cleaves at two sites. We mutagenized selected chimeric TSH-LH/CGR to localize the cleavage sites in the TSHR. All 23 receptors mutated in the estimated vicinity of the upstream site cleaved into two subunits as determined by125I-TSH cross-linking to intact cells. In contrast, in a series of mutations homologous to the noncleaving LH/CGR, the downstream TSHR cleavage site localized to three amino acids (GQE367–369). Remarkably, group substitution of these residues, but not substitution of individual residues, abolished cleavage. Moreover, the mutation that prevented cleavage (GQE367–369NET) transposed a motif (NET291–293) that is glycosylated in the LH/CGR. TSHR cleavage or noncleavage after substitution of GQE367–369with other triplets (AAA, NQE, and NQT) was consistent with a role forN-linked glycosylation at this site. In summary, our data (i) support the concept that the TSHR cleaves at two sites, (ii) relate TSHR residues GQE367–369 to cleavage at the second, downstream site, and (iii) suggest that cleavage or noncleavage at site two is related to N-linked glycosylation. These findings provide new insight into the evolutionary divergence of two closely related receptors.
A note on temporal relations between language and gestures

Abstract The initiation of the spontaneous gestures of Wernicke's aphasics was analyzed in relation to shifts in semantic content between the syntactic boundaries of main clauses and embedded clauses. Gestures proved more likely to arise at the initial boundaries of embedded clauses when these were semantically discontinuous with the main clause than when these were semantically related to the main clause. Spontaneous gestures may signal underlying shifts in semantic intention, thereby reflecting the difficulties encountered by Wernicke's aphasics in maintaining a coherent stream of thought across syntactic boundaries.
In Addition to SEC11, a Newly Identified Gene,SPC3, Is Essential for Signal Peptidase Activity in the Yeast Endoplasmic Reticulum

Among the three characterized subunits comprising the signal peptidase complex of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sec11p, Spc1p, and Spc2p), only Sec11p is essential for cell growth, signal peptide cleavage, and signal peptidase-dependent protein degradation. Here we report the cloning of the SPC3 gene encoding the homolog to mammalian signal peptidase subunit SPC22/23. We find that Spc3p is also required for cell growth and signal peptidase activity within the yeast endoplasmic reticulum.
Kinetics of thermal dehydroxylation and carbonation of magnesium hydroxide

The kinetics of simultaneous dehydroxylation and carbonation of precipitated Mg(OH){sub 2} were studied using isothermal and nonisothermal thermogravimetric analyses. specimens were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and through measurements of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved in a subsequent reaction with hydrochloric acid. From 275 to 475 C, the kinetics of isothermal dehydroxylation in helium were best fit to a contracting-sphere model, yielding an activation energy of 146 kJ/mol, which was greater than values reported in the literature for isothermal dehydroxylation under vacuum (53--126 kJ/mol). The carbonation kinetics were complicated by the fact that dehydroxylation occurred simultaneously. The overall kinetics also could be fit to a contracting-sphere model, yielding a net activation energy of 304 kJ/mol. The most rapid carbonation kinetics occurred near 375 C. At this temperature, Mg(OH){sub 2} underwent rapid dehydroxylation and subsequent phase transformation, whereas thermodynamics favored the formation of carbonate. During carbonation, MgCO{sub 3} precipitated on the surface of disrupted Mg(OH){sub 2} crystals acting as a kinetic barrier to both the outward diffusion of H{sub 2}O and the inward diffusion of CO{sub 2}.
Aspects of the fecundity of the feral catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther), population obtained from the rice fields used for rice-fish farming, in Malaysia

The catfish, Clarias macrocephalus, harvested from the irrigated rice fields of Malaysia, exhibited spawning activities that are influenced by water level management. The multiple spawning potential of the fish is negated by declining water level and the fish spawned only once per growing season. Although oocyte development started in conjunction with water level increase, subsequent oocyte development did not take place due to low water level. Absolute and relative fecundity also decreased with declining water level, however, mean relative fecundity is relatively constant (17.6–53.7 oocytes g−1 body weight) and not related to body size. Absolute fecundity ranged between 785 to 14066 oocytes female−1, whereas relative fecundity is between 7.1 to 83.5 oocytes g−1 body weight, respectively.
Mechatronics Mania at the Inaugural USA Science and Engineering Festival [Focus on Education]

As the need for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals grows in the United States, the interest of students in STEM disciplines continues to decline [1]–[3]. To foster excitement for STEM subjects among K–12 students, outreach and informal education programs often aim to infuse STEM fields with the energy typically reserved for activities such as sports competitions [4].
PLS VERSUS ZEOLITES AS SORBENTS AND CATALYSTS II. TERPENE CONVERSIONS IN ALUMINA-PILLARED CLAYS AND PHOSPHATES AND MEDIUM PORE ZEOLITES

Abstract The reactions of α-pinene, limonene, and α-terpinene in several alumina-pillared clays (PILCs) and a layered α-tin phosphate analogue (Al-PILP) have been investigated under Lewis acid conditions and compared with the mid-pore zeolites USY, NH 4 + -ZSM-5 (with SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratios = 35 and 235), and H + -mordenite. The bicyclic α-pinene gives the highest conversion, all catalysts giving > 50% camphene at 100°C. Total yields show that USY is the strongest acid, after which the acidity order is: BP-PILC = ZSM-5 (35) > FAZA > H + -mordenite, and the layered phosphate appears to be less acid than the PILCs. No fenchane carbocation-derived products are produced, indicating that all the solids promote formation of the norbornyl cation intermediate. Selectivities in the unsubstituted PILCs is comparable with those in the zeolites (e.g. both FAZA and USY show selectivity against limonene production in the α-pinene reaction). BP-PILC also shows appreciable activity for α-pinene at 25°C (as does USY) whereas Al-PILP is inactive. Specific carbocation precursors are deduced from the product distributions and a ‘carbocation cascade’ based on pore acidity provides a rationalisation of the results. However, site-selectivity effects do come into play in K + - and Ca 2+ -PILCs and it also appears that limonene occupies a specific site in USY. The reactions provide a means of generating terpene derived carbocations in the solid state.
Projects in experimental psychology: Software for several classical perception experiments

Projects in Experimental Psychology (Sorkin, 1997) is a Windows-based series of nine classical perception experiments. It is primarily designed for laboratory use in perception and related courses. The program is generally simple to use and exploits the “point-and-click” features of Windows quite well. It complements, rather than competes with, Levy and Ransdell’s (1998) Laboratory in Cognition and Perception, which is more suitable for courses in memory. Projects can be extremely useful in laboratory courses in perception and cognition, although the number and range of studies may presently be too limited to be the exclusive source of data in these courses. Although instructors proficient with experiment generators such as MEL (Schneider, 1998) or ERTS (Beringer, 1992) may opt to design their own experiments, this is an excellent alternative for those who lack the time or the background to do so.
Analysis of harmonics for an elongated FTMS cell with multiple electrode detection

Abstract The form of FTMS signals is analyzed for the general case of multiple electrode ICR cells with detailed results for two, eight and sixteen electrodes. The analysis is based on an elongated cylindrical cell to reduce the problem of treating the electric field distribution to two dimensions. The relative contributions of cyclotron and magnetron motion to the detected signal are analyzed for multiple electrode detection to establish the conditions for maximizing high order harmonic detection as a strategy for simultaneously enhancing mass resolution and sensitivity for characterizing high mass ions in FTMS. For pure cyclotron motion (no magnetron motion) only the basic frequency and its odd harmonics are detected by two electrodes; for multiple electrodes the transformed frequencies (originating from the commutation effect) and their odd harmonics are detected. The relative intensities of harmonic signals are greatly enhanced in large orbits, which also maximize the signal strength. Good agreement between the modeled FTMS signal and experimental results for a sixteen electrode ICR cell is demonstrated. The general conclusion is that minimization of magnetron motion is required for simplification and optimization of the FTMS signal with multiple electrode detection. This is entirely feasible with current technology and is a useful strategy for significantly enhancing mass resolution and S/N ratio in FTMS.
Depression in Alzheimer's disease patients : caregivers as surrogate reporters

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of caregivers as surrogate reporters of depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on five depression measures. DESIGN: Scale characteristics, including means, ranges, internal consistency, sensitivity, and item content of modified self-report questionnaire and interview depression measures were compared. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-six patients, diagnosed with both depression and AD, and their family caregivers participated in this investigation. All subjects were community-residing participants in a treatment outcome investigation of behavioral treatment for depression. MEASUREMENTS: A Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) interview was completed on all subjects to establish a diagnosis of depression. Caregivers then completed three additional questionnaire measures about their patient: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD), all modified to provide a surrogate report of their patient's depressive symptoms. In addition, two interview measures were completed based on interviews with the caregiver and patient: the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD). RESULTS: Mean scores for this sample were above the recommended cutoff score for mild levels of depression on all measures. coefficient alpha levels were comparable to levels reported for the traditional self-report formats. Sensitivity varied among the measures, with the CSDD most sensitive and the HDRS least sensitive. Item content varied across measures, particularly between questionnaire and interview measures. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it appears that caregivers are able to act as surrogate reporters of depression in AD patients. The modification of self-report questionnaires did not decrease their internal consistency, and they remained highly correlated with each other, supporting their validity when used in this manner. A two-step process of evaluating AD patients for depression is recommended: first, a surrogate report questionnaire completed by caregivers to screen patients, eliminating those who are unlikely to be depressed, and then a more extensive interview with those patients-and their caregivers- who appear likely to be depressed.
Cyclic fluctuations in I-131 content of thyroid glands of cats and monkeys.

SummaryCycles were observed in thyroid content of radioactive iodide in cats and monkeys. The period of the cycles in cats was approximately 24 hours. In the 2 monkeys it was longer. The cycles occurred in both species after transplantation of the thyroid and persisted in the cat following division of the spinal cord in the lower cervical region. In 3 experiments on 2 decerebrate cats no cycles were found.
LONG-TERM TREATMENT OF HYPOPITUITARY AND OF ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE.

We have treated an 8 year old hypopituitary dwarf intermittently with HGH (Wilhelmi) for 4 years. With 1 mg. 3 times a week the monthly growth rate was 14 inch. As treatment continued he became resistant. Increasing the dosage to 3 mg. 3 times a week at the age of 12 induced a monthly growth rate of 25 inch. This growth-promoting effect is at least as great as that reported for the Li and Raben preparations. We have also treated a 15 year old severely deformed ‘achondroplastic’ dwarf for a year. With 3 mg. 3 times a week he grew 12 inch in the first month. The spurt in growth subsided. With 5 mg. 3 times a week he grew another 12 inch in a month, but growth was not maintained.
Effects of Environmental/Architectural Sensitizations on Different Groups of Clients: A Bibliography

This paper provides a noncritically evaluated listing of 50 references relevant to the differential effects of environmental/architectural design on individual behavior. This article is based on the premise that knowledge of the literature can provide mental health workers with information germane to their particular needs.
Intelligent design automation of VLSI interconnects

Design automation for VLSI packaging and interconnections is considered. A window-based simulation environment called packaging design support environment (PDSE) which integrates several tools for VLSI interconnection modeling and simulations is presented. The authors describe the concept of the automated packaging design cycle, the structure and the components of the simulation environment, and the implementation of an interconnect layout geometry data extractor. A case study is included to illustrate the entire design process. >
The toxicity of pesticides for livestock

In this discussion I have covered the relationship of toxicity to hazard, and I have argued that normally expected residues of pesticides on forage are practically never a hazard to livestock, but that some of the pesticides are stored in the tissues of livestock and excreted in their milk, creating a potential hazard to people. This hazard can be avoided by carefully following label instructions as to dosage and proper intervals which must occur between treatment and harvest of slaughter.