cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early progressive feeding in extremely preterm infants: a randomized trial.

Background Due to insufficient evidence, extremely preterm infants (≤28 wk of gestation) rarely receive early progressive feeding (small increments of feeding volumes between 1 and 4 d after birth). We hypothesized that early progressive feeding increases the number of full enteral feeding days in the first month after birth. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of early progressive feeding in extremely preterm infants. Design In this single-center randomized trial, extremely preterm infants born between September 2016 and June 2017 were randomly assigned to receive either early progressive feeding without trophic feeding (early feeding group) or delayed progressive feeding after a 4-d course of trophic feeding (delayed feeding group). Treatment allocation occurred before or on feeding day 1. The primary outcome was the number of full enteral feeding days in the first month after birth. Secondary outcomes were death, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), culture-proven sepsis, growth percentiles at 36 wk postmenstrual age, use of parenteral nutrition, and need for central venous access. Results Sixty infants were included (median gestational age: 26 wk; mean ± SD birth weight: 832 ± 253 g). The primary outcome differed between groups (median difference favoring the early feeding group: +2 d; 95% CI: 0, 3 d; P = 0.02). Early progressive feeding reduced the use of parenteral nutrition (4 compared with 8 d; P ≤ 0.01) and the need for central venous access (9 compared with 13 d; P ≤ 0.01). The outcome of culture-proven sepsis (10% compared with 27%; P = 0.18), restricted growth (weight, length, and head circumference <10th percentile) at 36 wk postmenstrual age (25% compared with 50%; P = 0.07), and the composite outcome of NEC or death (27% compared with 20%; P = 0.74) did not differ between groups. Conclusion Early progressive feeding increases the number of full enteral feeding days in extremely preterm infants. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02915549.
Adolescents Who Are Obese

Recent estimates place the prevalence of obesity in adolescent women at approximately 18 %. Thus, providing contraception for adolescents and young women who are obese represents an increasingly common clinical scenario. Unfortunately, there is little research regarding hormonal contraceptive efficacy in obese adult women and almost no research which includes adolescents. While all contraceptives appear to be safe in obese teens, studies of hormonal contraceptives in adults suggest efficacy may be slightly impaired with increasing weight for the combined oral contraceptive pill and the transdermal contraceptive patch. Most contraceptives are not associated with weight gain; however, there may be a subset of adolescents who are susceptible to weight gain with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).
A Two-Player Extension of the Generalized Secretary Problem

Sequential search problems such as secretary problems can be extended to a natural zero-sum two-player game where the Decision Maker faces an opponent with a similar move set. This paper analyzes the game for a sequential search problem known as the Cayley-Moser problem, which falls under the class of Generalized Secretary Problems, along with an infinite horizon variant. Formulations of minimax strategies and expected outcomes are presented for both players. The paper concludes with analysis of a 10,000-game simulation of both variants.
Berezin-Toeplitz Quantization

A version of Toeplitz operators which “interpolates” between classical Toeplitz operators on the circle and pseudo-differential operators on ℝn was introduced in a series of papers by F. A. Berezin [B1, B2, B3]. Subsequently, C. A. Berger and I undertook a detailed analytic study of Berezin’s operators in order to find an analog of the classical symbol calculus of pseudo-differential operators. In a series of papers [BC1, BC2, BC3], we dissected the largest class of bounded “symbols” for which Berezin—Toeplitz operators on ℂn have a “good” symbol calculus and commute modulo the compact operators. Then joined by K. H. Zhu and D. Bekolle, we settled the corresponding problem for Berezin—Toeplitz operators on bounded symmetric domains Ω in ℂn [BCZ1, BCZ2, BBCZ]. Roughly speaking, to admit a good Berezin—Toeplitz symbol calculus, the symbols must satisfy a “vanishing mean oscillation” condition. On ℂn, exp \(\left( {i\sqrt {{|z|}} } \right)\) is good while exp\(\left( {i|z|} \right)\) is not good.
Central obesity and visceral adipose tissue are not associated with incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in older men

Background Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and other measures of central obesity predict incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in middle‐aged individuals, but these associati...
A swarm intelligence-based approach to anomaly detection of dynamic systems

Abstract We propose a novel Swarm Intelligence-based approach for anomaly detection of dynamic systems. Specifically, we consider observation processes for dynamic systems from a foraging perspective, and ant foraging behavior-based search techniques are applied to the discovery of the ‘intrinsic communication topology’ of systems. The key idea exploited here is that systems can be viewed as ‘communication networks’ where interconnected elements communicate with one another through physical phenomena and the elements ‘process’ the communications through their dynamics; this defines the ‘intrinsic communication topology’ of the system. The behaviors of individual elements can be at least partially observed in the dynamics of other communicating system elements and, hence, condition changes will be reflected in changes in the intrinsic communications. Anomaly detection is then performed by observing the changes in the intrinsic communication topology by tracking graph similarity measures and using change point detection to determine when statistically significant changes have occurred. The performance of the proposed approach is investigated in simulation where we consider a system composed of multiple networks, each with different topologies and connection strengths, and where the individual networks comprising the system can be switched at arbitrary times. The proposed methodology is applied to this system to detect the switches between the networks and to discover the communication topologies associated with each of the network configurations.
Intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. Surgical technique.

BACKGROUND: Dislocation or subluxation of the peroneal tendons out of the peroneal groove under a torn or avulsed superior peroneal retinaculum has been well described. We identified a new subgroup of patients with intrasheath subluxation of these tendons within the peroneal groove and with an otherwise intact retinaculum. METHODS: The cases of fifty-seven patients with painful snapping of the peroneal tendons posterior to the fibula were reviewed. Of these, forty-three had tendons that could be reproducibly subluxated out of the groove with a dorsiflexion-eversion maneuver of the ankle. Fourteen patients who could not subluxate the tendons out of the groove underwent a dynamic ultrasound examination of the tendons. While the same dorsiflexion and eversion maneuver was being performed, the tendons were seen to switch their relative positions (the peroneus longus came to lie deep to the peroneus brevis tendon) with a reproducible painful click. All fourteen patients underwent a peroneal groove-deepening procedure with retinacular reefing. Intraoperatively, thirteen patients were found to have a convex peroneal groove and all fourteen had an intact peroneal retinaculum. All patients subsequently underwent a follow-up dynamic ultrasound examination and an American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score evaluation at a minimum of twenty-four months after surgery. RESULTS: All fourteen patients were female, with an average age of thirty-five years. Two subtypes of intrasheath subluxation were found. Type A (ten patients) involved intact tendons with relative switching of their anatomic alignment. Type B (four patients) involved a longitudinal split within the peroneus brevis tendon through which the longus tendon subluxated. Intraoperative confirmation of the ultrasound findings was 100%. At an average follow-up interval of thirty-three months, the average AOFAS score had improved from 61 points preoperatively to 93 points, and the average score on the 10-cm visual analog pain scale had improved from 6.8 to 1.2. Follow-up ultrasound evaluation revealed healed tendons without persistent subluxation in thirteen patients. Nine patients rated the result as excellent, four rated it as good, and one rated it as fair. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with retrofibular pain and clicking of the peroneal tendons may not have demonstrable subluxation on physical examination and may have an intact superior peroneal retinaculum. They may have an intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons, which can be confirmed with use of a dynamic ultrasound. Surgical repair of tendon tears combined with a peroneal groove-deepening procedure with retinacular reefing is a reproducibly effective procedure for this condition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Crowdsourcing-Based Learning: the Effective Smart Pedagogy for STEM Education

Multiple innovative teaching and learning strategies, that strongly support the advanced technology-based education, emerged in recent years. However, there are no published data analytics and validated outcomes regarding how good those innovative teaching approaches support the main concepts of Smart Pedagogy. This paper presents the outcomes of the ongoing research, design and development project at the InterLabs Research Institute, Bradley University (Peoria, IL, USA) aimed to identify, analyze, test, implement and recommend various components of Smart Pedagogy for STEM education. Those components may include but are not limited to 1) learning- by-doing, active learning or experiential learning, 2) games-based learning and gamification of learning, 3) collaborative learning, 4) analytics-based learning, 5) flipped classroom, 6) crowdsourcing-based learning, 7) badging-based learning, and 8) productive failure-based learning. The obtained research outcomes about application of crowdsourcing-based learning in several STEM undergraduate and graduate courses are presented in this paper. Project outcomes undoubtedly demonstrate students’ keen interest in active use of crowdsourcing-based learning in Sciences courses, in particular, and in highly technological Smart Pedagogy in STEM education, in general.
Comprehensive Clinical, Diagnostic, and Advanced Imaging Characterization of the Ocular Surface in Spontaneous Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye Disease in Dogs.

Author(s): Leonard, Brian C; Stewart, Kathleen A; Shaw, Gillian C; Hoehn, Alyssa L; Stanley, Amelia A; Murphy, Christopher J; Thomasy, Sara M | Abstract: PurposeTo perform a comprehensive clinical, diagnostic, and imaging characterization of the ocular surface in West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) diagnosed with aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) disease.MethodsSix ADDE-affected and 13 ADDE-unaffected WHWT dogs were enrolled and underwent clinical assessment and disease scoring, tear osmolarity, phenol red thread test, Schirmer tear test, tear film breakup time, fluorescein staining, Rose bengal and lissamine green vital dye staining, meibometry, corneal esthesiometry, ultrasound pachymetry, optical coherence tomography, in vivo confocal microscopy, and conjunctival biopsy. Subjective assessment of their condition was provided by owner-reported surveys.ResultsADDE-affected WHWT dogs had higher median clinical disease (conjunctiva: 5.75 vs. 0.00; cornea: 14.00 vs. 5.00; total: 17.50 vs. 5.00), vital staining (Rose bengal: 2.25 vs. 1.50; lissamine green: 2.00 vs. 1.00), and histologic disease (conjunctiva: 2 vs. 0) scores when compared with the controls. In addition, ADDE-affected WHWTs had significantly lower phenol red thread test (5.0 vs. 17.5, mm/15 s), Schirmer tear test (3 vs. 20, mm/min), tear film breakup time (3.6 vs. 13.9, s) values and higher area under the curve values for meibometry (394 vs. 245, meibometry units [MU]). There were no significant differences in other tear film tests performed. Advanced imaging revealed decreased tear meniscus height (optical coherence tomography) and variable pigment deposition within corneal epithelial cells (in vivo confocal microscopy).ConclusionsThis comprehensive assessment of ADDE-affected WHWTs depicts the ocular surface changes associated with quantitative lacrimal gland dysfunction. Importantly, ADDE-affected WHWTs may prove a valuable naturally occurring ADDE model for investigating underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutics.
Weak Galerkin finite element method for Poisson’s equation on polytopal meshes with small edges or faces

Abstract In this paper, the weak Galerkin finite element method for second order elliptic problems employing polygonal or polyhedral meshes with small edges or faces was analyzed. With the shape regular assumptions, optimal convergence rate for H 1 and L 2 error estimates was obtained. Element based and edge based error estimates were proved, numerical experiments illustrate our theoretical results.
Abstract P4-05-08: Genomic landscape of breast cancer occurring in elderly individuals

Introduction: There is evidence to suggest that the biology of breast cancer (BC) might vary according to age, as BCs in elderly patients might be associated with accumulation of DNA damage and BCs in younger individuals might be enriched for genetic alterations affecting cancer predisposition genes. Whether the genetic landscape of BC in elderly individuals differs is yet to be determined. Here, we sought to describe the spectrum of somatic genetic alterations and mutational signatures in BC according to age. Materials and Methods: We conducted a re-analysis of two cohorts of BC: i) MSK-IMPACT targeted sequencing cohort (primary, n=918; metastatic, n=1,000) and ii) whole-exome sequencing data of primary BCs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) BC study (n=1087). BCs of younger ( Results: Primary BCs in elderly and younger patients, matched by ER/HER2 status, from the MSK-IMPACT (n=220 and n=440) and TCGA (n=290, each) cohorts, and metastatic BCs from elderly (n=98) and younger (n=196) patients from the MSK-IMPACT cohort, matched by ER/HER2 status, were compared. In both cohorts of primary BCs, PIK3CA, TP53 and CDH1 were the most frequently mutated genes. Compared to younger patients, primary BCs in elderly patients from the MSK-IMPACT cohort displayed a lower frequency of mutations in TP53 (23% vs 34%, P Conclusion: Our findings show that BCs in elderly patients harbor a lower frequency of somatic mutations in TP53, AKT1 and MAP2K4 than younger individuals. In contrast, BCs in elderly patients more frequently harbor somatic mutations in the transcription factors RUNX1 and NCOR1. Bi-allelic alterations affecting HRD-related genes was numerically more frequent in younger than in older patients. As expected, BCs in elderly patients show a numerically higher incidence of the aging signature, whereas primary BCs affecting younger patients displayed a higher frequency of the APOBEC signature than primary BCs from elderly individuals. Citation Format: Pier Selenica, Fresia Pareja, Audree Tadros, Lorenzo Ferrando, David N Brown, Hong Zhang, Pedram Razavi, Diana Mandelker, Mark E Robson, Sarat Chandarlapaty, Britta Weigelt, Jorge S Reis-Filho. Genomic landscape of breast cancer occurring in elderly individuals [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-05-08.
Balancing Inflammation and Central Nervous System Homeostasis: T Cell Receptor Signaling in Antiviral Brain TRM Formation and Function

Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8 T cells provide early frontline defense against regional pathogen reencounter. CD8 TRM are predominantly parked in nonlymphoid tissues and do not circulate. In addition to this anatomic difference, TRM are transcriptionally and phenotypically distinct from central-memory T cells (TCM) and effector-memory T cells (TEM). Moreover, TRM differ phenotypically, functionally, and transcriptionally across barrier tissues (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and skin) and in non-barrier organs (e.g., brain, liver, kidney). In the brain, TRM are governed by a contextual milieu that balances TRM activation and preservation of essential post-mitotic neurons. Factors contributing to the development and maintenance of brain TRM, of which T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength and duration is a central determinant, vary depending on the infectious agent and modulation of TCR signaling by inhibitory markers that quell potentially pathogenic inflammation. This review will explore our current understanding of the context-dependent factors that drive the acquisition of brain (b)TRM phenotype and function, and discuss the contribution of TRM to promoting protective immune responses in situ while maintaining tissue homeostasis.
Cervical Cancer Prevention

Cervical cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with significant disparities between low- and high-resource settings. Effective preventive measures exist for this devastating disease, including Pap screening and HPV vaccination; however, access to care remains an important barrier. The ED, which is an important safety net for underserved populations, could serve as a site for education and screening for HPV. ED visits are a missed opportunity for preventive health measures including cervical cancer prevention and detection. The potential for HPV vaccination in the ED remains to be seen, given that the focus of ED visits has not been on preventive care for this disease.
Robust Control for a Class of Nonlinearly Coupled Hierarchical Systems with Actuator Faults.

This paper proposes an approach to addresses the control challenges posed by a fault-induced uncertainty in both the dynamics and control input effectiveness of a class of hierarchical nonlinear systems in which the high-level dynamics is nonlinearly coupled with a multi-agent low-level dynamics. The high-level dynamics has a multiplicative uncertainty in the control input effectiveness and is subjected to an exogenous disturbance input. On the other hand, the low-level system is subjected to actuator faults causing a time-varying multiplicative uncertainty in the dynamical model and associated control effectiveness. Moreover, the nonlinear coupling between the high-level and the low-level dynamics makes the problem even more challenging. To address this problem, an online parameter estimation algorithm is designed, coupled with an adaptive splitting mechanism which automatically distributes the control action among low level multi-agent systems. A nonlinear $\mathcal{L}_2$-gain-based controller, and then a state-feedback controller are designed in the high-level, and the low-level, respectively, to recover the system from faults with high performance in the transient response, and reject the exogenous disturbance. The resulting analysis guarantees a robust tracking of the high-level reference command signal.
Effect of forage addition to the diet on rumen development in calves

The consumption of solid feed is essential for successful transition from a preruminant to a functional ruminant animal. Calves fed starter rations containing highly fermentable carbohydrates often experience dramatic changes in concentrations of rumen and blood metabolites. The optimal amount of roughage required in the diet of young calves is still unclear. The objective of these studies was to determine the effect of form of diet (coarse versus ground) and the inclusion of various levels of hay of consistent particle size on rumen development and immune function in young calves. In experiments 1 and 2, calves were fed one of four treatments. Diets consisted of coarse starter (C), ground starter (G), coarse starter with 7.5% grass hay of consistent particle size (HI), and coarse starter with 15% grass hay of consistent particle size (H2). When intake was restricted prior to weaning, calves consuming HI and H2 tended to have greater body weight (P < 0.07). Calves receiving HI and H2 also had greater average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.04) and feed efficiency (GF) (P < 0.12) postweaning. Intake of dry matter did not differ by treatment. Total ruminai VFA concentrations were higher in calves consuming G versus C (P < 0.01). Acetate to propionate ratio was higher in calves fed H2 than HI (P < 0.03). In experiment 2, calves received access to feed ad libitum. There was a tendency for calves offered HI and H2 to consume more starter and total dry matter than those fed C (P < 0.11 and P < 0.15 respectively). There were no differences in body weight, ADG, GF, or age at weaning. In experiment 3 calves were offered spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) or red blood cells and whey protein concentrate (RBCW) in addition to coarse and ground diets in experiment 1. Calves receiving diets supplemented with SDAP were heavier (P < 0.11). Changes in white
Role of GLI1 and NDRG1 in Increased Resistance to Apoptosis Induction

We examined the effects of GLI1 expression in PW mouse embryo fibroblasts and H441 lung carcinoma cells. Ectopic expression of GLI1 in PW cells induced anchorage-independent growth and increased resistance to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, and overexpression of GLI1 in H441 cells caused resistance to apoptosis induced by staurosporine and etoposide. GLI1 expression in both H441 and PW cells was associated with increased expression of NDRG1, a gene known to be downregulated by the MYC family of proteins, indicating that upregulation of NDRG1 by GLI1 is not cell-type specific. Consistent with suppression of NDRG1 by c-MYC and N-MYC, increased NDRG1 expression correlated with decreased expression of c-MYC and N-MYC in GLI1-expressing H441 and GLI1-expressing PW cells, respectively. Downregulation of GLI1 expression in A549 cells by siRNA transfection increased sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis, and downregulation of NDRG1 expression in H441 cells by siRNA transfection increased sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis. Of clinical significance, inhibition of GLI1 and NDRG1 expression may increase sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Strategies that aim to inhibit GLI1 function and NDRG1 expression may be useful for targeted therapy of cancers induced by the SHH-GLI signaling pathway.
Surrogate measures for providing high frequency estimates of total suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations

Spackman Jones, Amber, David K. Stevens, Jeffery S. Horsburgh, and Nancy O. Mesner, 2010. Surrogate Measures for Providing High Frequency Estimates of Total Suspended Solids and Total Phosphorus Concentrations. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00505.x Abstract: Surrogate measures like turbidity, which can be observed with high frequency in situ, have potential for generating high frequency estimates of total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. In the semiarid, snowmelt-driven, and irrigation-regulated Little Bear River watershed of northern Utah, high frequency in situ water quality measurements were recorded in conjunction with periodic chemistry sampling. Site-specific relationships were developed using turbidity as a surrogate for TP and TSS at two monitoring locations. Methods are presented for employing censored data and for investigating categorical explanatory variables (e.g., hydrologic conditions). Turbidity was a significant explanatory variable for TP and TSS at both sites, which differ in hydrologic and water quality characteristics. The relationship between turbidity and TP was stronger at the upper watershed site where TP is predominantly particulate. At both sites, the relationships between turbidity and TP varied between spring snowmelt and base flow conditions while the relationships between TSS and turbidity were consistent across hydrological conditions. This approach enables the calculation of high frequency time series of TP and TSS concentrations previously unavailable using traditional monitoring approaches. These methods have broad application for situations that require accurate characterization of fluxes of these constituents over a range of hydrologic conditions.
Computing twisted signatures and L-classes of stratified spaces

This paper establishes an Atiyah-type characteristic class formula for both the twisted signature and the twisted L-classes of a singular space. The result, in its present form, applies to coefficient systems that satisfy a transversality condition near the singularities. This condition is frequently automatically satisfied, e.g. on supernormal spaces or for local systems arising in certain geometric mapping situations. We obtain applications to stratified maps by combining our formula with the Cappell-Shaneson signature formula.
Grounding Mundane Inference in Perception

We describe a uniform technique for representing both sensory data and the attentional state of an agent using a subset of modal logic with indexicals. The resulting representation maps naturally into feed-forward parallel networks or can be implemented on stock hardware using bit-mask instructions. The representation has “circuit-semantics” (Nilsson, 1994, Rosenschein and Kaelbling, 1986), but can efficiently represent propositions containing modals, unary predicates, and functions. We describe an example using Kludge, a vision-based mobile robot programmed to perform simple natural language instructions involving fetching and following tasks.
What constitutes optical warning signals of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) towards bird predators: colour, pattern or general look?

Most ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) possess chemical protection against predators and signal its presence by less or more conspicuous coloration, which can be considered as a warning. Most ladybirds possess a dotted pattern, althougn the number, shape, and size of the spots, as well as their colour, varies considerably. Almost all ladybirds have a characteristic general appearance (body shape). We considered these traits to be used in ladybird recognition by avian predators. In the present study, we compared the reactions of avian predators (Parus major) caught in the wild, to four differently coloured ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata, and Cynegetis impunctata) and two artificial modifications of C. septempunctata; the first was deprived of their elytral spotted pattern by painting it brown, the other had their elytra removed (i.e. altering their general ladybird appearance). Ladybirds with a spotted pattern were attacked less frequently than unspotted ones. Ladybirds with removed elytra were attacked much more often than any ladybird with a preserved general appearance. The results obtained in the present study suggest the high importance of the spotted pattern as well as general appearance in the ladybird recognition process. Additional experiments with naive birds (hand-reared P. major) demonstrated the innateness of the aversion to two differently spotted ladybird species (C. septempunctata and Scymnus frontalis). © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 234–242.
Functional Anatomy of the Outflow Facilities

In order to understand the pathophysiology, select optimal therapeutic options for patients and provide clients with honest expectations for cases of canine glaucoma, clinicians should be familiar with a rational understanding of the functional anatomy of the ocular structures involved in this group of diseases. The topographical extension and the structural and humoral complexity of the regions involved with the production and the outflow of aqueous humor undergo numerous changes with aging and disease. Therefore, the anatomy relative to the fluid dynamics of aqueous has become a pivotal yet flexible concept to interpret the different phenotypes of glaucoma.
Discretionary Disclosures in Response to Intra-Industry Information Transfers

This study examines information disclosures about non-announcing firms' following the earnings release by another firm in the same industry. It provides indirect evidence (through stock price changes) that the information disclosed about non-announcing firms is significant only when announcing firms convey bad news through their earnings releases and when non-announcing firms are large. This finding provides support to Verrecchia's (1983) theory which predicts that in the presence of disclosure related costs, full revelation of managers' private information (as shown in the Grossman [1981]-Milgrom [1981] world) does not obtain. Instead, managers use discretion in disclosing their private information.
Navigating Public Physical Mapping Databases

This unit provides concise overviews of the many physical mapping resources available and relates them to the genetic and transcript maps. Useful information on resolution of the maps, how to access them, and how to interpret them is compiled and presented in a clear fashion. Especially useful is a set of detailed protocols describing how to construct an STS marker and how to map it by means of available yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). An additional protocol describes accessing EST marker maps.
Turbulent boundary-layer characteristics over a flat-plate/wedge configuration at Mach 6

References ^ack, L. H., and Cuffel, R. F., "Detection of Oblique Shocks in a Conical Nozzle with a Circular-Arc Throat," AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 12, 1966, pp. 2219-2221. Thornhill, D., and Ness, R., private communication, Lockheed Missile & Space Co., Palo Alto, CA, 1988-1989. Adamson, T. C., and Nichols, J. A., "On the Structure of Jets from Highly Underexpanded Nozzles into Still Air," Journal of Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1959, pp. 16-24. Addy, A. L., Dutton, J. C., and Amatucci, V. A., "Nonuniform Nozzle Flow Effects on Base Pressure at Supersonic Flight Speeds," AIAA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 7, 1986, pp. 1209-1212. Serra, J., "Determination of Internal Gas Flows by a Transient Numerical Technique," AIAA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1972, pp. 603-611. L6hner, R., Baum, J. D., Loth, E., and Ramamurti, R., "A Finite Element Solver for Axisymmetric Compressible Flows," AIAA Paper 89-1794, Buffalo, NY, June, 1989. L6hner, R., Morgan, K., Peraire, J., and Vahdati, M., "Finite Element Flux Corrected Transport (FEM-FCT) for the Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations," International Journal of Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 7, No. 10, 1987, pp. 1093-1109. L6hner, R., Morgan, K., and Zienkiewicz, O. C., "An Adaptive Finite Element Procedure for High Speed Flows," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 1-3, 1985, pp. 441-465. Roe, P. L., "Error Estimates for Cell-Vertex Solvers of the Compressible Euler Equation," Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, Rept. 87-6, Langley, VA, 1987. Oran, E. S., and Boris, J. P., Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 11 Loth, E. Baum, J. D., and Lohner, R., "Formation of Shocks Within Axisymmetric Flows," AIAA Paper 90-1655, Buffalo, NY, June 1990.
Ascending aortitis and aortic valve endocarditis in an infant.

FIGURE 1. Gross image of the aorta showing irregular mural vegetation adjacent to an area of mural necrosis and early aneurysm formation. (Original magnification, 1.53.) CLINICAL SUMMARY A 5-month-old boy presented with fever, tachycardia, and a systolic heart murmur. At 1 month of age, he had been treated for congenital aortic stenosis (AS) with balloon aortic valvoplasty. Six weeks before the present illness, a catheterization was performed to assess the residual left ventricular outflow tract gradient and pulmonary vascular bed. During the procedure, there was no suspicion of an intimal tear or dissection. This study and a subsequent echocardiogram showed mild AS and trace aortic insufficiency. After a lumbar puncture, antibiotics were initiated for a presumptive diagnosis of meningitis. Two days later, there was seizure activity, and imaging showed a subacute infarction in the right middle cerebral artery distribution. Blood culture results were positive for Enterococcus faecalis. An echocardiogram revealed thickened aortic valve leaflets with vegetation adjacent to the left cusp and an abnormal appearance of the ascending aorta, suggesting aortitis with intraluminal hematoma, dissection, or pseudoaneurysm. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an evolving infarction in right middle cerebral artery distribution. The patient was seizure free and had no focal neurologic findings. Surgical intervention was planned to replace the aortic valve and ascending aorta. At the time of the operation, the entire ascending aorta appeared thickened and inflamed (Figures 1 and 2). Aortic cannulation was performed more distal than usual in the transverse arch to allow for high aortic crossclamp place-
Giving Voice to the Future in Sustainability: Retrospective Assessment to Learn Prospective Stakeholder Engagement

Abstract There is a broad understanding that intergenerational equity is a necessary, if not sufficient, condition for sustainability. Likewise, there is a growing consensus that sustainability science requires stakeholder engagement to be successful. These two ideas demand some meaningful way of engaging the future as a stakeholder if sustainability is to be operationalized. Rawls' theory of justice provides a model for how this might be accomplished, yet there are both conceptual and practical problems with a Rawlsian approach. We propose using retrospective assessment as a means of learning how to approach future stakeholder engagement in sustainability.
Television Commercial Violence

Past research has demonstrated that a significant amount of television ads targeted at children have violent content (Shanahan, Hermans, and Hyman 2003). However, little is known about the potentially harmful effects of television commercial violence. To shed light on this important issue, the present research discusses results of multiple focus groups (with children ages 8 to 12 years old and with the parents of these children) and an experimental study. Although parents and children who participated in the focus groups appeared to have few concerns with the potential negative effects of violence in television advertising, the experimental findings indicate that children may be adversely affected by it. Specifically, when exposed to ads with violent content in the focal experiment, subjects (ages 8 to 12) were more apt to generate aggressive cognitions (than when exposed to ads without violent content).
Two NF1 mutations: frameshift in the GAP-related domain, and loss of two codons toward the 3' end of the gene.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common autosomal dominant disorders, and is due to mutations within the NF1 gene on chromosome 17qll.2. Only the middle 400 amino acids of the associated protein (neurofibromin) have a known function, comprising a GTPase-activating-protein (GAP) domain. The large gene size and the fact that approximately half of cases are due to new mutation render mutation analysis difficult. NF1 direct mutation characterization is important for development of DNA diagnostic procedures, analysis of phenotype/genotype correlations, and delineation of functions for specific domains of neurofibromin. We report two mutations detected using PCR amplification of individual exons followed by heteroduplex analysis. One is a single base deletion in exon 24 which is predicted to result in a protein truncated early in the GAP-related domain. The other is a 6-bp deletion in exon 39 which is predicted to result in loss of two amino acids in the mature protein near the carboxy-terminus. The exon 24 mutant allele was shown to be expressed by RNA PCR analysis. The exon 39 mutation suggests that those two amino acids are important in neurofibromin function, perhaps indicating a functional domain. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Esthetic Management of Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma

Background: Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a relatively rare hyperplastic lesion of the oral cavity. The lesion occurs in females more frequently than males and more often in the mandible than the maxilla. Although the precise etiology of PGCG is unknown, it might represent a local reaction to trauma or irritation. Methods: In general, treatment requires a wide excision of the lesion due to its possible recurrence. Results: This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of PGCG diagnosed in the maxilla of a young male, as well as the successful treatment of a gingival defect that occurred following excision of the lesion, by placement of a subepithelial connective tissue graft concurrently with the biopsy procedure. Conclusions: This report emphasizes the importance of having histopathological data to confirm the clinical diagnosis, and the importance of an adequate excision to prevent recurrence even in less extensive cases. J Periodontol 2004;75:487-492.
Carrier-free zone electrophoresis of infectious ribonucleic acid derived by phenol and sodium dodecylsulfate methods from purified foot-and-mouth disease virus

Abstract Infectious ribonucleic acid (RNA) from foot-and-mouth disease virus collected during electrophoresis had negative mobilities at ionic strength 0.1, pH 8.6, of 11.65 and 10.94 × 10 −5 cm2/V. second when prepared by phenol or acidic-sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) methods, respectively. At pH 5.0, these mobilities wore increased to 12.46 and 11.79. Phenol treatment of SDS-prepared RNA increased the mobility of the latter to that of RNA prepared by phenol extraction only. But SDS extraction following phenol extraction did not lower the mobility. By schlieren optical measurements, more than 90% of the viral RNA in all preparations was degraded and of higher mobility than infectious RNA. Portions of this breakdown occurred during both extraction of RNA from the virus and equilibration of the RNA against electrophoretic buffer solutions.
A total-synthesis framework for the construction of high-order colloidal hybrid nanoparticles

Colloidal hybrid nanoparticles contain multiple nanoscale domains fused together by solid-state interfaces. They represent an emerging class of multifunctional lab-on-a-particle architectures that underpin future advances in solar energy conversion, fuel-cell catalysis, medical imaging and therapy, and electronics. The complexity of these 'artificial molecules' is limited ultimately by the lack of a mechanism-driven design framework. Here, we show that known chemical reactions can be applied in a predictable and stepwise manner to build complex hybrid nanoparticle architectures that include M-Pt-Fe(3)O(4) (M = Au, Ag, Ni, Pd) heterotrimers, M(x)S-Au-Pt-Fe(3)O(4) (M = Pb, Cu) heterotetramers and higher-order oligomers based on the heterotrimeric Au-Pt-Fe(3)O(4) building block. This synthetic framework conceptually mimics the total-synthesis approach used by chemists to construct complex organic molecules. The reaction toolkit applies solid-state nanoparticle analogues of chemoselective reactions, regiospecificity, coupling reactions and molecular substituent effects to the construction of exceptionally complex hybrid nanoparticle oligomers.
Neuronal Control of Cardiac and Hepatic Macromolecule Synthesis in the Neonatal Rat: Effects of Sympathectomy

Neurotransmitters are thought to influence cell development in their target tissues. In the current study, neonatal rats were given 6-hydroxydopamine to produce permanent sympathetic denervation, and the effects on cardiac and hepatic DNA and protein synthesis were assessed. Lesioned animals showed deficits in cardiac DNA synthesis over the first 8 d postpartum, a period in which sympathetic innervation is sparse and synaptic norepinephrine concentrations are low; the effect of lesioning was also evident for protein synthesis. Subsequently, DNA synthesis in control animals declined precipitously during the second to third postnatal week, the phase associated with ingrowth of the majority of sympathetic terminals and sympathetic hyperactivity. Neonatal lesioning delayed the ontogenetic decline in DNA synthesis; this effect was not shared by protein synthesis. In the liver, a tissue whose cells, unlike the heart, maintain the ability to divide into adulthood, there was no effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on DNA synthesis and only minor changes in protein synthesis. These results suggest that neural input provides two distinct trophic signals to the developing heart: an early promotion of cell replication associated with low levels of stimulation, and a subsequent promotion of the switchover from cell replication, to cell differentiation and enlargement, associated with high levels of stimulation. In light of the precipitous rise in circulating catecholamines at parturition, and of the subsequent development of sympathetic innervation, catecholamines are likely to play a trophic role in the establishment of the proper pattern of cardiac cell development.
Mode of Action and Insecticidal Value of a Diatomaceous Earth as a Grain Protectant

An inert diatomaceous earth of Arizona origin trade named Perma Guard was evaluated as a grain protectant, insecticidal and pathological properties being studied. Dosage-mortality curves are presented for eight test species confined in wheat dusted with Perma Guard at the rate of 2 to 7 pounds per ton, Ranking in order of decreasing susceptibility these species were: flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schanherr); rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.); lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); dermestid larva, Trogoderma parabile Beal; red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); and confused flour beetle, T. confusum Jacquelin du Val. Only the flat grain beetle mortality attained standards of commercial kill during the two weeks' exposure period at the commercially recommended dosage (4 pounds per ton) or below. Mortality exceeded 95% at 5 and 6 pounds per ton for this species. At the peak dosages used, the mortality of the remaining species did not approach the criterion for commercial kill, The results indicate that of the two moisture levels (12% and 14%) of wheat used in this study, the lower level contributed to mortality in both weevil species, the lesser grain borer and the saw-toothed grain beetle. The dust was directly applied to five test species. Significant differences in losses in weight were observed between test and control groups for the lesser grain borer, the confused flour beetle and the red flour beetle. Overall differences in losses in weight between test and control lots of rice and granary weevils were not significant. A drastic difference between test and control first-day mortality in the rice weevil may be indicative of an unknown lethal factor in the dust. The significant differences in loss in weight were ascribed to the dust's abrasive action on the water barrier portion of the epicuticle. The toxicology of this diatomaceous dust was studied. Dissections, epicuticular staining. and histological sectioning showed little that could be construed ns epicuticular damage.
Atrial anatomy and function postcardioversion: insights from transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography

Echocardiography provides a valuable tool for the evaluation and assessment of atrial function in patients with atrial fibrilation (AF). Atrial morphology after restoration of sinus rhythm is dynamic, with a decrease in atrial size if sinus rhythm is maintained and atrial growth among those with sustained AF. Restoration of electrocardiographic sinus rhythm is frequently accompanied by relatively depressed atrial mechanical function, with recovery that appears to be related to multiple factors, including the duration of AF before cardioversion and the mode of cardioversion. Such delay appears to confer ongoing risk for thrombus formation and thromboembolism in the days after cardioversion and argues strongly for the need to maintain therapeutic anticoagulation during the pericardioversion and postcardioversion period.
HOW CAN MULTIDIMENSIONAL ITEM RESPONSE THEORY BE USED IN REPORTING OF SUBSCORES

Recently, there has been increasing interest in reporting diagnostic scores. This paper examines reporting of subscores using multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models. An MIRT model is fitted using a stabilized Newton-Raphson algorithm (Haberman, 1974, 1988) with adaptive Gauss-Hermite quadrature (Haberman, von Davier, & Lee, 2008). A new statistical approach is proposed to assess when subscores using the MIRT model have any added value over (a) the total score or (b) subscores based on classical test theory (Haberman, 2008; Haberman, Sinharay, & Puhan, 2006). The MIRT-based methods are applied to several operational data sets. The results show that the subscores based on MIRT are slightly more accurate than subscore estimates derived by classical test theory.
“…been down so long…”: perpetual vs. intermittent inferiority and the Köhler group motivation gain in exercise groups

Prior research has documented the Kohler motivation gain effect—working with a more capable partner at a task that makes one’s performance indispensible for the group can boost task motivation. Recent research has shown that the Kohler effect can boost one’s persistence exercising in groups, but that always being the group’s “weak link” can eventually undermine these motivation gains. An experiment is reported that contrasts having a partner who is more capable on all/both exercise tasks with one who is more capable on the focal task, but inferior on the second task. The Kohler effect on the focal task was replicated and unmoderated by the uniformity of the partner’s exercise superiority. Implications for further research and application are discussed.
Plaque assay of Toxoplasma on monolayers of chick embryo fibroblasts.

SummaryThe RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii induces formation of necrotic plaques on monolayers of chick embryo fibroblasts overlaid with nutrient agar. Correlation between number of organisms plated and number of plaques produced indicates that each plaque is induced by a single toxoplasma. Survival of toxoplasmata in various media has been tested, and it has been found that Hanks BSS containing chick embryo extract in concentrations of 5 to 50% preserves 80-100% of plaque forming units (pfu) for 3 to 4 hours, 50-60% for 6 hours. Adsorption of pfu on monolayers is maximal after 70 to 90 minutes (Kc = 0.024), can be retarded by increased viscosity of the medium, speeded by centrifugation. Artificial lysis of chick embryo fibroblasts infected at low multiplicity yields populations with a predictable efficiency of plating of about 50% of the counted organisms.
K + -p Interaction From 140 to 642 MeV/c

S>The cross section for the K/sup +/-proton interaction at 140 to 642 Mev/c is found to depend only slightiy on energy. The momentum dependence of the scattering phase shifts below 300 Mev/c is found to be interpretable only in terms of swaves, and to have no p-wave component. The isotropy in the differential cross sections, and the constructive interference with Coulomb scattering, at each of the momenta show that the repulsive s-wave character of the K/sup +/-p T = 1 state persists throughout this region. (T.F.H.)