cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthodontic extrusion for implant site development revisited: A new classification determined by anatomy and clinical outcomes

A contemporary approach to achieving optimal implant esthetic-restorative outcomes requires the knowledge to properly diagnose, coordinate, and execute complex interdisciplinary care. Implant site development utilizing orthodontic extrusion requires an understanding of many important concepts and principles of both disciplines of orthodontics and periodontics. This article reviews basic concepts of orthodontic extrusion and emphasizes a new diagnostic periodontal classification scheme of the pre-treatment anatomy that anticipates osseous and soft tissue responses to orthodontic extrusion. Type 1 classification, the attached gingiva is connected to both bone and root surface, and during orthodontic extrusion an increase in the width of attached gingiva will occur. Type 2 classification, the attached gingiva and MGJ is connected to the root surface, and during orthodontic extrusion the gingival tissue moves coronally with the tooth, but an increase in the width of attached gingiva does not occur. Type 3 classification; a periodontal pocket is present and during orthodontic extrusion the free gingival margin does not move coronally until there is a complete elimination of the periodontal pocket. In addition, the article provides a greater understanding of the orthodontic biomechanical principles and techniques that should be selected based on anatomical considerations for each patient. Mastering the diagnostic and technical aspects of orthodontic extrusion is an invaluable addition to the interdisciplinary practice as it can provide an effective means to treat soft tissue and osseous vertical deficiencies of the periodontium. Orthodontic extrusion may therefore represent a unique treatment alternative to some of the most challenging esthetic situations.
Using intramolecular energy transfer to transform non-photoactive, visible-light-absorbing chromophores into sensitizers for photoredox reactions.

This work discusses the synthesis, photophysical behavior, and photoinduced electron-transfer reactivity of multichromophoric molecules having a visible-light-absorbing MLCT component coupled to a ligand with a localized excited state of the same spin multiplicity that serves to lengthen the excited-state lifetime of the complex significantly. The appropriate ligands were prepared by Wittig coupling of a bipyridine derivative with pyrenecarboxaldehyde. The modified ligand, a pyrene-vinyl-bipyridyl ensemble (pyrv-bpy), was then reacted with RuCl3 to yield [(pyrv-bpy)2RuCl2]. The complex has MLCT absorption out to 800 nm, and excitation results in the formation of a ligand-localized excited state with a lifetime long enough to undergo bimolecular electron-transfer reactions. The pyrenylvinyl “localized” excited state of the complex reacts via photoinduced electron transfer with a variety of viologen and diquat electron acceptors. The remarkable aspect of the electron-transfer process is that whereas the exc...
Effect of cough on heart rate and blood pressure in patients with "cough syncope".

Background "Cough syncope" is uncommon, and its mechanism remains controversial. Objectives This study evaluated susceptibility to cough-triggered neural reflex hypotension-bradycardia among cough syncope patients. We hypothesized that individuals with cough syncope would manifest not only more profound cough-triggered hypotension than do other fainters but also an inappropriate chronotropic response accompanying cough-induced hypotension, thereby supporting the notion that a neural reflex hypotension-bradycardia contributes to the condition. Methods/Results Three patient groups were studied. Group 1 patients (n = 9) had "cough syncope." The remaining patients had recurrent faints of other causes: group 2 (n = 13) had a positive head-up tilt test, and group 3 (n = 18) had a negative tilt test. With cough, group 1 patients exhibited a greater drop in systolic pressure (−51 ± 19.3 mmHg) than did either group 2 (−23 ± 11.1 mmHg, P P P P P = .06 vs group 1). Conclusion Cough syncope patients not only exhibit more pronounced hypotension in response to cough than other fainters, but they also manifest an inappropriate cough-triggered blood pressure-heart rate relationship. These findings argue in favor of the importance of a neurally mediated reflex contribution to symptomatic hypotension in cough syncope.
Effect of food availability on the metabolism of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis mccradyi

Measurements of respiration and excretion for the ctenophore Mnemiopsis mccradyi Mayer at 21°C at 4 concentrations of food (copepods: primarily Acartia tonsa) showed a marked effect of food availability on the metabolic rate. Starved ctenophores respired at a rate of 6.0 μg-at O2 h-1 g-1 dry wt, and excreted at 0.42 μg-at N−NH4 h-1 g-1 dry wt. Ctenophores fed at 500 prey l-1 respired at a rate of 26.4 μg-at O2 h-1 g-1 dry wt and excreted at a rate of 1.8 μg-at N−NH4 h-1 g-1 dry wt. Freshly collected ctenophores from Biscayne Bay, Florida, during November 1979, had intermediate metabolic rates. The atomic O:N ratio (based on ammonium alone) averaged 12:1 and was fairly constant for all conditions. The release of organic nitrogen was approximately equal to ammonium excretion, and urea was about 10% of the total. The elemental composition of carbon and nitrogen as a percentage of the dry weight varied directly with food availability. Total nitrogen turnover ranged from 8% per day for starved ctenophores, to 19% per day for the highest food concentration. Carbon turnover rates were higher. M. mccradyi exhibited a clear shift upwards in their excretion rate in response to the time they had been feeding, reaching a maximum after about 2h. When ctenophores were removed from food, the metabolic rate declined exponentially with time, the most rapid change occurring in the first few hours of starvation. Comparisons of carefully measured metabolic rates for freshly collected ctenophores with experimental results such as these may help to establish the nutritional state and extent of food limitation in situ.
Rimonabant: A novel selective cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist for treatment of obesity

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of rimonabant in the treatment of obesity and related metabolic factors are reviewed. Summary. Discovery of the cannabinoid receptors has led to the development of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonist. Selective blockade of this receptor has been shown to lead to decreased appetite and food intake in animal models. Clinical studies have shown that rimonabant 20 mg once daily produces significant decreases in weight and waist circumference in obese human subjects and improves the lipid profile and glucose control. The frequency of metabolic syndrome also decreased significantly with rimonabant 20 mg daily. Limited data are available regarding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rimonabant. Preclinical data have demonstrated a long duration of action. As of yet, no drug–drug, drug–food, or drug– disease interactions have been identified with rimonabant. Adverse reactions occurred rarely, with nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, arthralgia, and back pain being the most common. Psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety, were the most common reasons for subjects to withdraw from rimonabant studies. Rimonabant has been shown to be safe for up to two years of treatment. Further research will clarify currently unknown areas, including pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and the drug’s role in standard therapy. Conclusion. Rimonabant, a selective CB1 antagonist, is a novel treatment option for obese and overweight individuals. Significant weight loss, decrease in waist circumference, and improvements in lipid profile and glucose control have been shown in clinical trials of rimonabant.
Recurrent instability of the shoulder after age 40

Twelve patients who had recurrent instability of the shoulder with onset after age 40 were reviewed. Eleven had anterior instability, and one had a posterior dislocation. The average age of the patients was 62.7 years. Symptoms began soon after initial injury. All patients with anterior instability had ruptured the subscapularis and anterior capsule from the lesser tuberosity, whereas the posterior dislocator had torn the infraspinatus and upper teres minor with the posterior capsule from the greater tuberosity. No patient had a Bankart lesion. Stability was restored in all cases by reattaching the ruptured tendons and capsule to the tuberosities. Follow-up was from 2 to 13 years. One patient required a reoperation. All patients now have a stable shoulder. Recurrent instability of the shoulder after age 40 can be caused by rotator cuff and capsular rupture from the tuberosities without additional significant injury to the ligamentolabral complex. In such cases, repairing the torn structures is sufficient to restore stability.
MRF with adjustable pH

Deterministic final polishing of high precision optics using sub-aperture processing with magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is an accepted practice throughout the world. A wide variety of materials can be successfully worked with aqueous (pH 10), magnetorheological (MR) fluids, using magnetic carbonyl iron (CI) and either ceria or nanodiamond nonmagnetic abrasives. Polycrystalline materials like zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc selenide (ZnSe) are difficult to polish at pH 10 with MRF, due to their grain size and the relatively low stiffness of the MR fluid lap. If microns of material are removed, the grain structure of the material begins to appear. In 2005, Kozhinova et al. (Appl. Opt. 44 4671-4677) demonstrated that lowering pH could improve MRF of ZnS. However, magnetic CI particle corrosion rendered their low pH approach unstable and unsuitable for commercial implementation. In 2009, Shafrir et al. described a sol-gel coating process for manufacturing a zirconia-coated CI particle that protects the magnetic core from aqueous corrosion (Appl. Opt .48 6797-6810). The coating process produces free nanozirconia polishing abrasives during the coating procedure, thereby creating an MR polishing powder that is "self-charged" with the polishing abrasive. By simply adding water, it was possible to polish optical glasses and ceramics with good stability at pH 8 for three weeks. The development of a corrosion resistant, MR polishing powder, opens up the possibility for polishing additional materials, wherein the pH may be adjusted to optimize effectiveness. In this paper we describe the CI coating process, the characterization of the coated powder, and procedures for making stable MR fluids with adjustable pH, giving polishing results for a variety of optical glasses and crystalline ceramics.
Direct observation of Langmuir monolayer flow through a channel.

Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the velocity profile in a Langmuir monolayer forced through a channel. The monolayer was studied in the liquid-expanded-liquid-condensed coexistence region; the flow profile was invariant as the area fraction of the condensed phase was varied from 0.07 to 0.7. The hydrodynamic problem of a semi-infinite viscous fluid driven by a surface tension gradient through a channel was solved exactly; a semielliptical velocity profile is obtained, in precise agreement with the experiments, thereby demonstrating that the flow is controlled by coupling to the subphase.
Persistent excitation in adaptive systems

The importance of the concept of persistent excitation (PE) in adaptive identification and control has been recognized for some time. Recently it has become evident that it also plays a central role in many questions related to the robustness of adaptive systems. There is every reason to believe that arguments involving this concept will continue to feature prominently in the analysis of most of the important problems of adaptive control. Hence there is a real need for a deeper understanding of the concept. The paper is written with three objectives. The first, which is tutorial in nature, is to provide a general framework for the discussion of persistent excitation and to collect results in the area, which are scattered throughout the adaptive literature. The second objective is to present some new results related to the uniform asymptotic stability (u.a.s.) and robustness of adaptive systems and the relation of PE to the stability properties of a class of non-linear systems. The final objective is to di...
A Multiobjective Design Optimization Procedure for Control of Structures Using Piezoelectric Materials

Piezoelectric materials can be used as sensors and actuators for structures that re quire active vibration control and lack sufficient stiffness or passive damping. Efficient implementa tion of these actuators requires that their optimal locations on the structure be determined and that the structure be designed to best utilize the properties of the actuators. A formal optimization pro cedure has been developed to address both of these issues. A gradient based multiobjective optimiza tion technique is used to minimize multiple and conflicting design objectives associated with both the structure and the control system design which is also coupled with the actuator location problem. Objective functions such as the fundamental natural frequency of the structure and energy dissipated by the piezoelectric actuators are included in this study. Constraints are placed on the mass of the structure, displacements and applied voltage to the piezoelectric actuators. Design variables include parameters defining both t...
Proof of nonparticipation in a price fixing conspiracy

When a group of firms colludes on price, the industry price will rise even when there are some firms that do not participate in the conspiracy. If the government or private parties file antitrust suits, the noncolluders face the problem of establishing their innocence since their prices rise along with those of the colluders. We propose a simple output test. Under various models of oligopoly pricing—Bertrand, Cournot, and Stackelberg—we show that the colluders restrict their output while the noncolluders take advantage of the higher price by expanding their outputs. Thus, distinguishing between colluders and noncolluders involves simply observing the output behavior of the industry members.
Preparing US teachers for critical global education

While recognising the nature and significance of the theoretical bases and dimensions of the range of theoretical orientations that inform the literature on global and international education, the central aim of this paper is to describe in a more concrete way ‘critical global education (CGE)’, an approach to global education that seeks to educate students about the causes and consequences of global injustices and that aims to support students to work in solidarity with the world's people towards transformative change. The particular focus of this article is how such orientations may most effectively be introduced into teacher education, a field that has so far not developed such a focus. Our purpose in defining both CGE and globally competent teaching (GCT) is to articulate the knowledge, skills and dispositions that we feel teachers need and to communicate the rationale for our work. We develop the idea of CGE in the main part of the paper alongside the concept of the ‘globally competent teacher’, which...
Biological Proton Pumping in an Oscillating Electric Field

Time-dependent external perturbations provide powerful probes of the function of molecular machines. Here we study biological proton pumping in an oscillating electric field. The protein cytochrome c oxidase is the main energy transducer in aerobic life, converting chemical energy into an electric potential by pumping protons across a membrane. With the help of master-equation descriptions that recover the key thermodynamic and kinetic properties of this biological "fuel cell," we show that the proton pumping efficiency and the electronic currents in steady state depend significantly on the frequency and amplitude of the applied field, allowing us to distinguish between different microscopic mechanisms of the machine. A spectral analysis reveals dominant reaction steps consistent with an electron-gated pumping mechanism.
Abortion and Kant's Formula of Universal Law

Where in Kant's ethical theory may we find principles, guidance, or at least insights, about the morality of abortion? The formula of universal law is a natural place to begin looking. There is a long tradition of focusing on Kant's formula of universal law as a principle for evaluating maxims, resting in part on the belief that Kant intends the formula of universal law to be so used (G 4:437-38). It is hardly surprising that some philosophers have already turned to this principle searching for the — or at least a — Kantian view of abortion.
Crystallite geometry of hot filament chemical vapor deposited diamond

Abstract Diamond crystallites and thin films were grown on (100) Si using CH 4 , CO and H 2 gases flowing over a heated tungsten filament. The relative sizes of the {100} and {111} facets were used to characterize the growth rate ratio along these two crystal directions. The ratio depended upon the composition of the feed gases as well as the filament temperature. These results were discussed in terms of developing a specific texture in polycrystalline diamond and in terms, of adsorption mechanisms which could explain the dependence.
Ankle-brachial index (ABI), abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), and coronary artery calcification (CAC): the Jackson heart study.

To examine the associations of peripheral atherosclerosis, assessed by the ABI at baseline with the extent of AAC and with CAC measured by MDCT at follow-up examination in the Jackson Heart Study cohort. Four categories of ABI: 1.40. Presence of CAC/AAC was defined as scoring above the 75th percentile among participants with non-zero CT calcium scores. We conducted multivariable log-binomial models for this analysis examining the relationship between ABI and the presence of CAC or AAC using normal ABI (1.0 ≤ ABI ≤ 1.39) as the reference group. We estimated prevalence ratios adjusted for age, smoking, HTN, DM, BMI, LDL, HDL, CRP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and use of lipid-lowering medication. There were 2,398 patients in this analysis (women: 65 %, average age 55 years). AAC scores were not significantly different between sex. CAC scores were significantly higher in males than females regardless of ABI groups. The prevalence of significant AAC was 1.7 times higher for ABI 1.40 compared to those with normal ABI. The prevalence of the significant CAC was higher for ABI 1.40 compared to those with normal ABI. Lower ABI was significantly associated with the extent of AAC and CAC in this cohort. ABI can provide clinicians with an inexpensive additional tool to assess vascular health and cardiovascular risk without exposing the patient to ionizing radiation.
223 THE EFFECT OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION MEDIA AND THE CAPACITATION AGENT ON EPIDIDYMAL WHITE-TAILED DEER SPERMATOZOA

To determine the requirements for in vitro production of white-tailed deer embryos, media components that induce sperm capacitation and an acrosome reaction (AR) should first be identified. Typically, in vitro production protocols are species specific with regard to media composition and capacitating agents (CA). Comparison of the bovine and red deer systems revealed a distinct difference in the CA utilised [heparin v. 20% sheep serum (SS), respectively] and in the amount of bicarbonate and Ca2+ necessary for fertilization to occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of 2 CA (heparin and SS) to induce the capacitation of white-tailed deer epididymal sperm in either a standard bovine (BIVF) or red deer-formulated (DSOF) fertilization medium. Epididymal spermatozoa were collected from fair-chase bucks (n = 15), extended with Triladyl (48 to 147 × 106 sperm mL–1), and frozen in LN2 vapor. Live spermatozoa were selected from frozen–thawed semen samples from each buck and reconstituted (55 × 106 sperm mL–1) in either BIVF or DSOF and supplemented with either heparin (10 µg mL–1) or SS, or were nontreated controls. Samples were then incubated at 37°C for either zero [treatment (T) 0], 2 (T2), or 4 (T4) hours and the AR was artificially induced using lysophosphatidylcholine (100 µg mL–1). After AR induction, treatments were labelled with PI/PNA and M540/YoPro-1 so that live cells, acrosomal status, and membrane lipid disorders could be analysed by flow cytometry after each incubation period (T0, T2, and T4). The media (P = 0.42), CA (P = 0.38), or their interaction (P = 0.68) did not affect the percentage of live acrosome-intact spermatozoa across time (P = 0.73). The percentage of lipid disruption was higher (P < 0.001) in SS and changed (P = 0.005) across time. Data obtained from this study showed that unlike for red deer, increased bicarbonate and Ca2+ are not necessary to induce capacitation of white-tailed deer epididymal spermatozoa. Although SS did not appear to affect the number of live acrosome-intact spermatozoa, its presence did alter the lipid architecture of the sperm plasma membrane.
Intraoperative Image Guidance during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is one of the most commonly performed procedures in otorhinolaryngology and is associated with a definite risk for both intraoperative and postoperative complications...
A transparent aqueous-saturated sand surrogate for use in physical modeling

This paper presents the geotechnical properties of a new family of synthetic transparent soils made of fused quartz, saturated with a matched refractive index water-based sucrose solution, suitable for modeling the behavior of sand in small-scale model tests. The dry density ranged between 1,134 and 1,358 kg/m3. The peak angle of friction was found to range from 46° to 57°. The average hydraulic conductivity was 1.7 × 10−5 cm/s. The compressibility index (C c) ranged from 0.34 to 0.57. The main advantage of fused quartz over available sand surrogates made of silica gel is that its solid structure better models the behavior of natural sand. The matching pore fluids are inert and non-toxic, which facilitates their use in educational settings. The availability of a safe and easy-to-use transparent sand permits measurement of three-dimensional deformation patterns and flow characteristics in controlled research experiments. The introduction of an aqueous solution permits the use of two immiscible pore fluids, one made of mineral oil and the other made of a sucrose solution, for modeling multiphase flow problems, as well as coupled flow-deformation problems.
The transport of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in lightly cross-linked silicone rubber

The transport of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), one of the major constituents of silicone fluids and rubbers, and low viscosity polydimethylsiloxane oil into a silica filled cross-linked silicone elastomeric rubber was measured as a function of temperature, cross-link density of the rubber, and concentration of the D4 in methanol solution. A small amount of material, approximately 3 wt%, is extracted from the rubber with hexane. The extraction process has a large effect upon D4 solubility in the rubber, increasing from approximately 160 to 180 wt% after extraction. The heats of solution for both penetrants into the rubber are essentially zero and the activation energies for diffusion are small, approximately 8 and 15 kJ molt(-1) for D4 and PDMS, respectively. The diffusion process is Fickian and the diffusion coefficient of D4 into silicone/silica rubbers is essentially independent of concentration over the concentration investigated, i.e. from 1 to 100 vol% D4 in methanol. The permeability, i.e. the product of the diffusion coefficient and the solubility, decreases rapidly for D4 concentrations less than 50 vol% (0.1 mol fraction). This suggests that the permeation of D4 out of any encapsulation device, such as a silicone breast implant, is linearly dependent upon the concentration of D4 in the prosthesis. Swelling is isotropic and was measured by dimensional changes in rectangular samples and correlates well with the volume of D4 sorbed.
Re-inventing the introductory computer graphics course: providing tools for a wider audience

Abstract Traditionally, the introductory computer graphics course in computer science has focused on fundamental algorithms and techniques for creating images and animations. This was reflected in ACM/IEEE Curriculum 91 (Tucker AB, Barnes BH. Computing curricula 1991: Report of the ACM/IEEE/CS Curriculum Task Force. New York: Silver Spring, MD: ACM Press/IEEE Computer Society Press, 1991). Computer graphics and similar subjects are expected to play a larger role in undergraduate computer science in the future (Cunninghams. SIGCSE Bulletin 1998;30(4):4a–7a), and this is being discussed in the ACM/IEEE Curriculum 2001 project. In the last few years the approach to teaching this course has changed to take advantage of more powerful graphics tools. This paper describes an approach to the introductory computer graphics course that increases its value as a tool for the student in the sciences, mathematics, or engineering as well as providing a sound introduction to the subject for the computer science student. This approach is compatible with the recommendations of the recent Graphics and Visualization Education Workshop (Reports of the Graphics and Visualization Education 99 workshop are published online at www.eg.org/WorkingGroups/GVE/GVE99 and www.education.siggraph.org/conferences/GVE99 and will appear in Computer Graphics and Computer Graphics Forum) while focusing on serving an expanded audience.
Analysis of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products by TLC/densitometry.

We have explored the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/densitometry in both the reflectance and fluorescence mode for quantitation of specific products of lipid peroxidation. Aldehydic peroxidation products were generated by exposure of arachidonic acid to iron and ascorbic acid for 24 hr. Several methods for the quantitative analysis of peroxidation products by TLC/densitometry were compared using two different aldehydespecific derivatizing reagents, namely dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and cyclohexanedione (CHD). DNPH hydrazones of the arachidonic acid-peroxidation products, upon TLC separation on silica gel, revealed prominent alkanal and hydroxyalkenal bands. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the primary alkanal component was hexanal, while the primary hydroxyalkenal was 4-hydroxynonenal. Semiquantitative methods for the direct analysis of these products by TLC/densitometry were worked out based on the use of external hydrazone standards. TLC/densitometry (fluorescence mode) was used to measure CHD adducts of aldehydes by forming the derivatives in the presence of decanal (used as an internal standard) and separating the derivatives by reverse phase TLC. Hexanal-CHD was detectable upon application of 0.5 nanomoles while 4-hydroxynomenal showed a lower response and was detectable with 10 nanomoles. Using appropriate response factors, hexanal and 4-hydroxynonenal were measured in the aldehyde sample from arachidonic acid and results were similar to those obtained by the DNPH method.
Evidence and the Effective Clinical Neurologist: The 2009 H. Houston Merritt Lecture

F or generations, neurologists have been trained to test their clinical hypotheses by obtaining detailed histories and performing neurological examinations to arrive at a complete differential diagnosis. Additional investigations and imaging narrow the diagnoses to those pertinent to the patient. Choice of therapy considers the benefits and risks of each potential treatment for that complex individual. It is necessary to have substantial knowledge about the patient and his or her social milieu and psychological makeup. This approach can be characterized as “personalized medicine” because it emphasizes the medical and personal details of each individual. This system was taught by Dr H. Houston Merritt (Figure 1), for whom this lecture is named, and by myself and my mentors in neurology; furthermore, it is the backbone of a monograph by me and Joshua Hollander titled The Effective Clinical Neurologist, now in its third edition.
The Fox‐Hunting Controversy, 1781–2004. By Allyson N. May. (Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2013. Pp. viii, 209. $114.95.)

Fox‐hunting replaced deer‐hunting as the favorite aristocratic sport when the number of deer in England diminished. Hunting had been regarded as a simulation of and a rehearsal for war since classi...
Peptidylglycine α‐Amidating Monooxygenase (PAM)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase (PAM)
CdSxTe1-x Alloying in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells

A CdSxTe1-x layer forms by interdiffusion of CdS and CdTe during the fabrication of thinfilm CdTe photovoltaic (PV) devices. The CdSxTe1-x layer is thought to be important because it relieves strain at the CdS/CdTe interface that would otherwise exist due to the 10% lattice mismatch between these two materials. Our previous work [1] has indicated that the electrical junction is located in this interdiffused CdSxTe1-x region. Further understanding, however, is essential to predict the role of this CdSxTe1-x layer in the operation of CdS/CdTe devices. In this study, CdSxTe1-x alloy films were deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and coevaporation from CdTe and CdS sources. Both radio-frequency-magnetron-sputtered and coevaporated CdSxTe1-x films of lower S content (x<0.3) have a cubic zincblende (ZB) structure akin to CdTe, whereas those of higher S content have a hexagonal wurtzite (WZ) structure like that of CdS. Films become less preferentially oriented as a result of a CdCl2 heat treatment at ∼400°C for 5 min. Films sputtered in a 1% O2/Ar ambient are amorphous as deposited, but show CdTe ZB, CdS WZ, and CdTe oxide phases after a CdCl2 heat treatment. Films sputtered in O2 partial pressure have a much wider bandgap than expected. This may be explained by nanocrystalline size effects seen previously [2] for sputtered oxygenated CdS (CdS:O) films.
Ost's (2008) methodological comparison of clinical trials of acceptance and commitment therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy: Matching apples with oranges?

Ost (2008) recently compared the methodological rigor of studies of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and traditional cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). He concluded that the ACT studies had more methodological deficiencies, and thus the treatment did not qualify as an “empirically supported treatment.” Although Ost noted several important limitations that should be carefully considered when evaluating early ACT research, his attempt to devise an empirical matching strategy by creating a comparison sample of CBT studies to bolster his conclusions was itself problematic. The samples were clearly mismatched in terms of the populations being treated, leading to differences in study design and methodology. Furthermore, reanalysis showed clear differences in grant support favoring CBT compared with ACT studies that were not reported in the original article. Given the actual mismatch between the samples, Ost's methodological ratings are difficult to interpret and provide little useful information beyond what could already be gathered by a qualitative review of ACT study limitations. Such limitations are characteristic of the earlier randomized controlled trials of any emerging psychotherapeutic approach.
Modeling and optimization of inductors with patterned ground shields for a high performance fully integrated switched tuning VCO

Pattern ground shield inductors have been shown to improve the performance of on-chip inductors by reducing the impact of the resistive substrate. This paper optimizes these inductors by separating the capacitive component and inductive component. The trade-offs are characterized and modeled. An optimized design is developed to improve the performance of a voltage controlled oscillator using a switched capacitor architecture.
Validation of application behavior on a virtual time integrated network emulation testbed

Combination of emulation and simulation offers the hope of both functional and temporal fidelity when modeling large scale networks and the applications that use them. Emulation of unmodified software gives functional fidelity, but not necessary temporal fidelity. We addressed this in prior work by embedding the OpenVZ virtual machine system in virtual time. Validation reveals that there are network timing errors whose magnitude depend on the length of a virtual machine execution timeslice. A natural question asks to what degree these errors impact the behavior of applications. For instance, if an application is relatively insensitive to these errors, we can increase performance by allowing larger emulation timeslices. We study a variety of applications with different network and CPU demands. We find, surprisingly, that difference in application behavior due to simply using OpenVZ often dominate the errors, implying that we need not be overconcerned about errors due to larger timeslices.
Flow around a complex building: Experimental and large-eddy simulation comparisons

A field program to study atmospheric releases around a complex building was performed in the summers of 1999 and 2000. The focus of this paper is to compare field data with a large-eddy simulation (LES) code to assess the ability of the LES approach to yield additional insight into atmospheric release scenarios. In particular, transient aspects of the velocity and concentration signals are studied. The simulation utilized the finite-element method with a high-fidelity representation of the complex building. Trees were represented with a canopy term in the momentum equation. Inflow and outflow conditions were used. The upwind velocity was constructed from a logarithmic law fitted to velocities obtained on two levels from a tower equipped with a 2D sonic anemometer. A number of different kinds of comparisons of the transient velocity and concentration signals are presented—direct signal versus time, spectral, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy signals, and autocorrelations. It is concluded that the LES approach does provide additional insight, but the authors argue that the proper use of LES should include consideration of cost and may require an increased connection to field sensors; that is, higher-resolution boundary and initial conditions need to be provided to realize the full potential of LES.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of the Deformation of Staple Yarns: Cotton, Polyester, and Cotton-Polyester Blends:

The deformation of staple cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester blend yarns has been studied in a small tensile device placed in a scanning electron microscope. The mechanics of failure of the different yarns are considered.
Comments on Neta's Contextualism and a puzzle about seeing

Professor Neta's paper raises a number of interesting and difficult questions about the epistemology of perception, the semantics of perceptual expressions, and the prospects for a contextualist response to skeptical arguments against realistic theories of perception. The main goal of Neta's project is to defend epistemological contextualism against the charge that positing semantic context-sensitivity of epistemic expressions is unwarranted on the grounds that "it attributes to knowledge ascriptions a kind of semantic context-sensitivity that is wholly unlike any well-established type of context-sensitivity in natural language" (Neta 2005). In short, if the criterion of semantic context-sensitivity for an expression (or sentence type) is being (or containing) an indexical, token-reflexive expression, or demonstrative, then epistemic expressions like "knows" and sentences that contain them appear to fail the test and so contextualism is in trouble.
Survey of CAD/CAE Tools for Control System Design

The purpose of this paper is to review the progression of control system design hardware and software tools in recent years and address the impact on control system design, analysis, and simulation requirements in today's design environment. Possible use of expert systems will also be addressed. No particular hardware or software is endorsed, but merely presented as to what is available.
Seismic Propagation from Activity in Tunnels

Dynamic mechanical activity in a tunnel can be measured as ground vibrations at offset distances. These signals can be processed in sensing algorithms for detection, location, and discrimination of the activity. The objective of this work is to demonstrate that seismic simulations can reveal the effect of the environment on seismic energy as it propagates from tunnels. Using massively parallel high-performance computers, the work applies a finite-difference solution to the equations of motion and isotropic stress-velocity for viscoelastic seismic propagation. Results from simulations in open, urban, and mountainous terrain reveal the nature of seismic waves as they propagate from tunnel-digging pulses and harmonic sources. Measures of relative energy and signal cross correlation provide maps that reveal locations of optimal sensing. We demonstrate applications of beam forming to monitor tunnel activity, and conclude that the simulation method produces realistic wave-field data for virtual trials of sensing algorithms.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrahedral Ru3O Clusters with Intrinsic Framework Chirality: A Chiral Probe of the Intact Cluster Catalysis Concept†

To bring evidence for or against the hypothesis of catalytic hydrogenation by intact trinuclear arene ruthenium clusters containing an oxo cap, cationic Ru3O clusters with three different arene ligands (intrinsically chiral tetrahedra) have been synthesized as racemic mixtures. By introduction of a chiral auxiliary substituent at one of the three different arene ligands, the separation of the two diastereomers was possible. The chiral Ru3O framework was evidenced by X-ray crystallography, by circular dichroism in the UV and IR regions, and by chiral shift reagents in the NMR spectra. The catalytic hydrogenation of the prochiral substrate methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate using a chiral Ru3O cluster showed no asymmetric induction, suggesting that the catalytically active species is not the intact Ru3O cluster.
Dysfunctional elimination syndrome is a negative predictor for vesicoureteral reflux.

Abstract Purpose We investigated the likelihood of finding vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs), accompanied by fever or dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES). Materials and methods Two hundred consecutive voiding cystourethrograms performed in 1997–2002 for a diagnosis of UTI were reviewed. Fever, DES, and the grade and laterality of VUR were recorded. Patients were stratified into two groups by age to allow for assessment of DES symptoms in the older patient population: n = 68) and ≥2 years ( n = 132). Ratios were compared using a two-tailed Fisher's exact test. Results Of the children ≥ 2 years old, 64/132 (48%) had VUR. Patients who were non-febrile with DES were less likely than patients who were febrile without DES to have VUR [12/34 (35%) vs 23/34 (68%), P = 0.02], whereas the risk of dilating VUR [5/34 (15%) vs 11/34 (32%), P = 0.15] and bilateral VUR [4/34 (12%) vs 11/34 (32%), P = 0.08] was not statistically different. In febrile patients, the presence of DES was associated with a lower risk of VUR [22/51 (43%) vs 23/34 (68%), P = 0.03] and dilating VUR [5/51 (10%) vs 11/34 (32%), P = 0.01], but not bilateral VUR [8/51 (16%) vs 11/34 (32%), P = 0.11]. Conclusions Children with non-febrile UTI and DES have a significantly lower risk of having VUR compared to children with febrile UTI and no DES. Among children with a history of UTI, DES is a negative predictor for VUR.
CLM4-BeTR, a generic biogeochemical transport and reaction module for CLM4: model development, evaluation, and application

Abstract. To improve regional and global biogeochemistry modeling and climate predictability, we have developed a generic reactive transport module for the land model CLM4 (called CLM4-BeTR (Biogeochemical Transport and Reactions)). CLM4-BeTR represents the transport, interactions, and biotic and abiotic transformations of an arbitrary number of tracers (aka chemical species) in an arbitrary number of phases (e.g., dissolved, gaseous, sorbed, aggregate). An operator splitting approach was employed and consistent boundary conditions were derived for each modeled sub-process. Aqueous tracer fluxes, associated with hydrological processes such as surface run-on and run-off, belowground drainage, and ice to liquid conversion were also computed consistently with the bulk water fluxes calculated by the soil physics module in CLM4. The transport code was evaluated and found in good agreement with several analytical test cases using a time step of 30 min. The model was then applied at the Harvard Forest site with a representation of depth-dependent belowground biogeochemistry. The results indicated that, at this site, (1) CLM4-BeTR was able to simulate soil–surface CO2 effluxes and soil CO2 profiles accurately; (2) the transient surface CO2 effluxes calculated based on the tracer transport mechanism were in general not equal to the belowground CO2 production rates with the magnitude of the difference being a function of averaging timescale and site conditions: differences were large (−20 ~ 20%) on hourly, smaller (−5 ~ 5%) at daily timescales, and persisted to the monthly timescales with a smaller magnitude (
Wavelet transform domain LMS algorithm

A novel normalized wavelet domain least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm is described. The faster convergence rate of this algorithm as compared with time-domain LMS is established. The wavelet domain LMS algorithm requires only real arithmetic. In its most basic form it has a computational complexity that is higher than that of the traditional LMS technique by a factor of cN, where N is the length of the transformed vector (or sliding analysis window) and c is the length of the analysis wavelet. Other preconditioning strategies that yield a faster convergence rate for a given fixed excess mean squared error are discussed. The authors also describe low-complexity implementations of the wavelet domain LMS algorithm. These implementations exploit the structure of the wavelet transform of the underlying stochastic process. >
Epigenome Mapping in Normal and Disease States

Epigenomes are comprised, in part, of all genome-wide chromatin modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Unlike the genome, epigenomes are dynamic during development and differentiation to establish and maintain cell type-specific gene expression states that underlie cellular identity and function. Chromatin modifications are particularly labile, providing a mechanism for organisms to respond and adapt to environmental cues. Results from studies in animal models clearly demonstrate that epigenomic variability leads to phenotypic variability, including susceptibility to disease that is not recognized at the DNA sequence level. Thus, capturing epigenomic information is invaluable for comprehensively understanding development, differentiation, and disease. Herein, we provide a brief overview of epigenetic processes, how they are relevant to human health, and review studies using technologies that enable epigenome mapping. We conclude by describing feasible applications of epigenome mapping, focusing on epigenome-wide association studies (eGWAS), which have the potential to revolutionize current studies of human diseases and will likely promote the discovery of novel diagnostic, preventative, and treatment strategies.
Modified acrylamide polymers for enhanced oil recovery

Copolymers of sodium acrylate and N-methyl-, N-isopropyl-, N-n-butyl-, and N-t-butylacrylamide were prepared. The viscosities of these copolymers in 0.01% and 2.00% NaCl and their resistances to shear were compared with those of several partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides. The poly(N-alkylacrylamide-co-sodium acrylate demonstrated somewhat better retention of viscosity in brine than did analagous partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides. N-alkyl substitution increased sensitivity to shear in low salt solutions.
Simulation studies of bulk GaAs switch photoconductivity using a picosecond laser pulse

The characteristics of a bulk, optically controlled, GaAs switch was studied by means of a rate-equation model. The modeling was performed for copper-compensated silicon-doped semi-insulating GaAs (GaAs:Si:Cu) as switch material. A picosecond laser pulse ( lambda =1.054 mu m, full-width, half-maximum=300 ps) was assumed to turn the switch on. The effect of different parameters, such as concentrations of various deep centers and the laser pulse energy, on switch characteristics has been studied. Simulation results show that the switch performance has a strong dependence on the partition (N/sub CuA//N/sub CuB/). >
A Note on Thioacetamide in Pharmaceutical Testing

Thioacetamide was found to be a satisfactory replacement for hydrogen sulfide in certain official pharmaceutical tests used to: ( a ) establish the identity of mercury, bismuth, zinc, and manganese salts, and ( b ) detect the presence of such impurities as mercury in Merbromin and Nitromersol, mercuric iodide in yellow mercurous iodide, copper or zinc in methylene blue, iron in zinc oxide, and heavy metals in sodium chloride and in potassium nitrate.
A complexity-reduced H-matrix based direct integral equation solver with prescribed accuracy for large-scale electrodynamic analysis

The Integral equation (IE) based computational electromagnetic methods generally lead to a dense system of linear equations, the solution of which could be very expensive. Recently, fast solvers [1–3] such as FMM-based methods, fast low-rank compression methods, FFT-based methods, and H2-matrix based methods have been developed, which dramatically reduce the memory and CPU time of iterative IE solvers for electrodynamic problems. Fast direct solvers have also been developed. LU factorization of O(N2) time complexity and O(N1.5) memory complexity was reported [4]. Compared to iterative solvers, direct solvers have advantages when the number of iterations or the number of right hand sides is large.
Development of verbal communication in persons with moderate to mild mental retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter explores and summarizes the existing data on the nature, extent, and causes of the problems in verbal communication associated with mental retardation. It describes the verbal communicative behavior of individuals with mental retardation and the skills on which those behaviors depend. The cognitive impairments of persons with mental retardation place strong constraints on their acquisition and use of pragmatic knowledge. The results suggest that there are important cognitive prerequisites for many of the pragmatic achievements that occur over the course of development. Identifying the cognitive prerequisites for verbal communication require an examination of the relationship between specific achievements in the pragmatic domain and the acquisition of specific cognitive skills. Because communication is by definition a social activity, the impairments in social knowledge and skill that characterize these individuals may also play a role in their pragmatic problems.