cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Lung Injury

BACKGROUND Acute lung injury is a critical illness syndrome consisting of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates that are not attributed to left atrial hypertension. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and treatment of acute lung injury, its incidence and outcomes in the United States have been unclear. METHODS We conducted a prospective, population-based, cohort study in 21 hospitals in and around King County, Washington, from April 1999 through July 2000, using a validated screening protocol to identify patients who met the consensus criteria for acute lung injury. RESULTS A total of 1113 King County residents undergoing mechanical ventilation met the criteria for acute lung injury and were 15 years of age or older. On the basis of this figure, the crude incidence of acute lung injury was 78.9 per 100,000 person-years and the age-adjusted incidence was 86.2 per 100,000 person-years. The in-hospital mortality rate was 38.5 percent. The incidence of acute lung injury increased with age from 16 per 100,000 person-years for those 15 through 19 years of age to 306 per 100,000 person-years for those 75 through 84 years of age. Mortality increased with age from 24 percent for patients 15 through 19 years of age to 60 percent for patients 85 years of age or older (P<0.001). We estimate that each year in the United States there are 190,600 cases of acute lung injury, which are associated with 74,500 deaths and 3.6 million hospital days. CONCLUSIONS Acute lung injury has a substantial impact on public health, with an incidence in the United States that is considerably higher than previous reports have suggested.
Multiscale phenomena in the near-Earth magnetosphere

Several studies on the scaling properties of the near-Earth magnetosphere and auroral phenomena are reviewed. These studies employ modern analysis techniques that include fractal, multifractal, wavelet, wavelet bicoherence, and sign-singularity analyses as well as cellular automaton simulations of sandpile and avalanches. The results provide strong evidence for the multiscale, cross-scale coupling, and reorganization nature of auroral and magnetospheric phenomena, suggesting the possibility that the magnetosphere is in a forced and/or self organized critical state. Signatures of inverse cascade are found in magnetic fluctuations in current disruption events, which may indicate large-scale substorm features such as substorm current wedge and plasmoid may be evolved from small-scale plasma turbulence structures. Insights gained from these studies help to discriminate the existing competing substorm models. The multiscale properties of magnetospheric substorms are consistent with substorm models with intrinsic multiscale processes and not with substorm models with only a macroscopic process.
Glial hyaluronate-binding protein in dysmyelinating mice mutants: jimpy, quaking and shiverer

Cryostat sections of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and spinal cord from dysmyelinating mice mutants (quaking, jimpy and shiverer) and littermate controls were stained by indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal antibodies to the glial hyaluronate-binding protein (GHAP), a brain-specific extracellular matrix glycoprotein produced by astrocytes. In normal mice, the distribution of GHAP was similar to that previously reported in human, calf, pig and dog. The antigen was mainly localized in white matter, the granular layer of the cerebellum being the main exception. No differences were observed between mutants and littermate controls, except that with both GHAP and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies the glial framework was denser in the mutants, probably due to the reduction in myelin. The findings suggest that GHAP expression by astrocytes is not induced by myelination and that white matter astrocytes constitute a distinct glial population.
The Ceramics of South-East Asia: Their Dating and Identification

Recent progress in original research and discovery can be summarized into four areas of major importance: first, the identification of Guangdong ceramics as the missing link between the wares of China and those of both Vietnam and Kampuchea; secondly, the unexpected discovery of burial sites in the hills of western Thailand, which contained examples of northern Thai wares rarely seen previously; thirdly, the discovery of Burmese glazed ceramics; and finally, new findings from excavations at the Sawankholok kiln site. In this second edition of The Ceramics of South-East Asia, the author takes into full account the developments in the last decade to bring her original study up to date, and also takes the opportunity to revise the text where this seemed necessary. In addition, a large number of new illustrations, both in colour and black and white, have been included, together with new line drawings and maps. The outcome is virtually a new book, completely reset and reillustrated.
The contribution of verbalization to action

Previous studies have shown that verbalization, in the form of self-guided instruction, is an effective cognitive strategy used to enhance motor skill acquisition and performance. However, past research has not explicitly examined which aspects of motor output are affected (whether beneficially or deleteriously) by verbalization. In the current study, we conducted two separate experiments in which a total of 80 healthy participants, aged 18–27, completed a novel motor sequence learning task. Half of the participants in each experiment were pre-trained in the sequence using verbalization, while the other half was either trained motorically, or not trained at all. Rote memorization of verbal labels facilitated motor sequence learning, motor control, and action maintenance, but not action planning of the motor sequence. Potential underlying mechanisms as well as clinical implications are discussed.
A markov model of the cost effectiveness of olanzapine treatment for agitation and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease.

Antipsychotics have long been used to treat agitation and psychosis related to Alzheimer’s disease, but in a limited fashion because of troubling adverse effects. The new atypical antipsychotics are thought to be at least as effective as first-generation drugs and to cause fewer adverse effects. These drugs, however, are currently not US FDA-approved for use among elderly demented subjects due to a slight increase in the risk of death and serious cardiovascular events within this population. However, their favourable adverse effect profile has led many physicians to prescribe these drugs as first-line therapy for behaviourally disturbed patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical trials to evaluate the use of atypical antipsychotics have produced varying results, and clarity has not yet been achieved. Thus, a quantitative summary of the risks and benefits may help inform complex decisions that must be made in this area. In this study we set out to compare the expected costs and outcomes for a community-dwelling cohort of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with agitation and/or psychosis who are (a) untreated, or (b) treated with olanzapine. We constructed a Markov state-transition model using the best published data from several sources for Alzheimer’s disease patient progression and treatment. This model allowed us to compare the expected costs and outcomes associated with olanzapine treatment compared with no treatment for a synthetic cohort of US adults aged ≥65 years. The model cycles every 6 months and continues until all patients die from Alzheimer’s disease progression or from co-morbid conditions. Outcome estimates included the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. The robustness of the estimates was examined by sensitivity analyses of key parameters, including cost of care, olanzapine effectiveness and Alzheimer’s disease progression rates. Results indicated that olanzapine was a cost-effective treatment for agitation and psychosis related to Alzheimer’s disease when compared with no treatment (ICER <$US50 000). In addition, sensitivity analyses demonstrated that olanzapine remained cost effective despite multiple variations of several parameters, both alone and concurrently. Olanzapine treatment for agitation and psychosis related to Alzheimer’s disease is cost effective when compared with no treatment. Further analysis should be performed as atypical antipsychotics become generic, as more information on health utilities in the Alzheimer’s disease population becomes available, and to compare atypical antipsychotics with first-generation antipsychotics.
Calcium-selective ligands. 2. Structural and spectroscopic studies on calcium and cadmium complexes of EGTA4- [H4EGTA = 3,12-bis(carboxymethyl)-6,9-dioxa-3,12-diazatetradecanedioic acid]

Ca[Ca(EGTA)]•( 22 / 3 H 2 O) cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique avec le groupe d'espace P2 1 /c. Affinement de la structure jusqu'a 0,068. Sr[Cd(EGTA)]•7H 2 O cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique avec le groupe d'espace P2 1 /n. Affinement jusqu'a 0,032. Ca 2+ et Cd 2+ utilisent la capacite de EGTA 4− a etre un coordinat octadente pour former des anions presentant des spheres de coordination dodecaedriques deformees
Experimental and numerical investigation of shock-induced full vaporization of zinc

Abstract A systematic computational and experimental study is presented on shock-induced full vaporization of zinc resulting from record-high impact speeds recently achieved on the Sandia Hyper-Velocity Launcher. In these experiments, a thin target plate of zinc is impacted by a tantalum flier plate at speeds ranging from 8 to 10.1 km/s, producing pressures from 3 Mbar to over 5.5 Mbar and temperatures as high as 39000 K (∼ 3.4 eV). Such high pressures produce essentially full vaporization of the zinc because the thermodynamic release isentropes pass into the vapor dome near the critical point. To characterize vapor flow, the velocity history produced by stagnation of the zinc expansion products against a witness plate is measured with velocity interferometry. For each experiment, the time-resolved experimental interferometer record is compared with wavecode calculations using an analytical equation of state, called ANEOS, that is known to have performed well at lower impact speeds (less than ∼7 km/s) where vaporization is negligible. Significant discrepancies between experiment and calculation are shown to exist under conditions of the more recent higher impact speeds in excess of 7 km/s. Numerical predictions underestimate witness-plate velocity for impact speeds up to about 9 km/s but overestimate witness-plate velocity for impact speeds exceeding 9 km/s. This qualitative change in the character of the discrepancy is conjectured to occur when the temperature on the release isentrope at the critical density lies above the critical temperature. These experiments can be used to develop and refine models representing the dynamics of the shock-induced vaporization process.
Crystal structure of dephospho-coenzyme A kinase from Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract Dephospho-coenzymeA kinase catalyzes the final step in CoA biosynthesis, the phosphorylation of the 3′-hydroxyl group of ribose using ATP as a phosphate donor. The protein from Haemophilus influenzae was cloned and expressed, and its crystal structure was determined at 2.0-A resolution in complex with ATP. The protein molecule consists of three domains: the canonical nucleotide-binding domain with a five-stranded parallel β-sheet, the substrate-binding α-helical domain, and the lid domain formed by a pair of α-helices. The overall topology of the protein resembles the structures of nucleotide kinases. ATP binds in the P-loop in a manner observed in other kinases. The CoA-binding site is located at the interface of all three domains. The double-pocket structure of the substrate-binding site is unusual for nucleotide kinases. Amino acid residues implicated in substrate binding and catalysis have been identified. The structure analysis suggests large domain movements during the catalytic cycle.
Solid-State Conversion Reaction to Enhance Charge Transfer in Electrochromic Materials

Interface engineering has attracted great interest and is essential for the fabrication of thin-fi lm devices, such as smart windows. In this study, a solid-state conversion reaction for the development of an interlayer enriched with lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ) is presented for an electrochromic device. We demonstrate that effi cient lithium insertion and electron transport can be achieved by the inclusion of a Li 2 O 2 -rich interlayer between an active electrochromic material and Li ion solid-state electrolyte layer. The presence of a Li 2 O 2 -rich interlayer enhances electrochromic effi ciency, kinetics, optical contrast, and bleached-state transparency in a nickel oxide-based electrochromic thin fi lm. This work opens up new opportunities to enhance the functionalities of thin-fi lm devices by solid-state conversion reactions.
Predictors of Long-Term Survival in Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme: Advancements From the Last Quarter Century

Over the last quarter century there has been significant progress toward identifying certain characteristics and patterns in GBM patients to predict survival times and outcomes. We sought to identify clinical predictors of survival in GBM patients from the past 24 years. We examined patient survival related to tumor locations, surgical treatment, postoperative course, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, patient age, GBM recurrence, imaging characteristics, serum, and molecular markers. We present predictors that may increase, decrease, or play no significant role in determining a GBM patient's long-term survival or affect the quality of life.
Simple recursive processes for determining Laplace and Z transforms of the zero-input responses of linear time-invariant systems

Simple recursive methods are derived for quickly and easily writing either the Laplace transform of the zero-input response of a linear time-invariant continuous-time system or the z-transform of the zero-input response of a linear time-invariant discrete-time system. Application of the results to example systems shows that the derived processes make it possible to express the transform of the zero-input response nearly as easily as writing the transform of the zero-state response.
Neuropilin-1 Conveys Semaphorin and VEGF Signaling during Neural and Cardiovascular Development

Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) is a receptor that binds multiple ligands from structurally distinct families, including secreted semaphorins (Sema) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). We generated npn-1 knockin mice, which express an altered ligand binding site variant of Npn-1, and npn-1 conditional null mice to establish the cell-type- and ligand specificity of Npn-1 function in the developing cardiovascular and nervous systems. Our results show that VEGF-Npn-1 signaling in endothelial cells is required for angiogenesis. In striking contrast, Sema-Npn-1 signaling is not essential for general vascular development but is required for axonal pathfinding by several populations of neurons in the CNS and PNS. Remarkably, both Sema-Npn-1 signaling and VEGF-Npn-1 signaling are critical for heart development. Therefore, Npn-1 is a multifunctional receptor that mediates the activities of structurally distinct ligands during development of the heart, vasculature, and nervous system.
FORMATION OF THE IMPACTED GHETTO: EVIDENCE FROM LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1970-1980

A metropolitan measurement strategy is employed to consider whether any increased incidence of isolated deprivation is observable among the larger metropolitan areas of the United States. The measurement strategy is significantly different from those used in other empirical studies of contemporary inner-city poverty, and the strategy is described in detail. The results indicate a general increase in isolated deprivation and a considerable increase in a particular set of metropolitan areas. This trend is characterized as the formation of an impacted ghetto. This characterization is supported by a spatial analysis of isolated deprivation in the metropolitan areas containing the largest impacted ghettos. The relation between impacted-ghetto formation and metropolitan restructuring is hypothesized and further research outlined.
Long-term follow-up of cystic fibrosis newborn screening: Psychosocial functioning of adolescents and young adults

Abstract Background Long-term psychosocial outcomes of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients diagnosed through newborn screening remain unknown. Methods This cross-sectional study compared three groups of youths (16 to 22years): CF patients diagnosed through NBS (CF-NBS, n=13), CF patients diagnosed through standard practice (CF-SP, n=26) and healthy peers (H, n=42), plus 72 of their parents. We hypothesized that adolescent psychological functioning would be mediated by parent depression and quality of parent–child communication and cohesiveness. Results A path analysis showed significantly more depression among CF-NBS group parents (p=.006–.008). Parent–child cohesiveness was related to communication (p Conclusions CF patients report psychosocial function similar to healthy peers. Parents of children diagnosed with CF through NBS may be at risk for depressive symptoms when their children reach adolescence.
Becoming American, Becoming Minority, Getting Ahead: The Role of Racial and Ethnic Status in the Upward Mobility of the Children of Immigrants

Given the long history of racism in the United States, observers have been concerned that labeling the children of immigrants as “nonwhite” could lead to their downward assimilation. The success of at least some members of the contemporary second generation points to another possibility. The institutions and strategies developed by previous waves of immigrants, the struggles for equality by long-standing minorities, and changing attitudes about race have become a source of opportunity and constraint for immigrant children. Drawing from the New York Second Generation Study, the author of this article argues that programs originally intended to address the needs of earlier immigrant waves and those of native minorities, particularly African Americans, have become increasingly multicultural in focus. These programs have broadened their definition of what minority means and have, however unintentionally, come to serve as an aid to incorporation for members of today's second generation.
The Constitutional Function of Biological Paternity: Evidence of the Biological Mother's Consent to the Biological Father's Co-Parenting of Her Child

This article argues that a father's biological connection to a child is constitutionally significant principally because it evidences the consent of the biological mother to the father's parental relationship with the child. The biological mother's consent is critical because she is the initial "constitutional parent." Her constitutional parental rights arise from her role nourishing the child in her womb and enduring the pain and danger of childbirth. This labor gives her a constitutionally protected voice in the child's upbringing including a right to decide generally who else shall be allowed to develop a parental relationship with the child. Only if the father himself sufficiently labors in developing a functional parental relationship with the child prior to the mother's withdrawal of her consent to his co-parenting, will the Constitution protect his relationship with the child. This "labor-with-consent" theory of constitutional parental rights also should be applied to the claims for constitutional protection of parental rights by functional parents, egg donors, gestational surrogate mothers, and intended parents.
Many-core parallel computing - Can compilers and tools do the heavy lifting?

Modern GPUs such as the NVIDIA GeForce GTX280, ATI Radeon 4860, and the upcoming Intel Larrabee are massively parallel, many-core processors. Today, application developers for these many-core chips are reporting 10X–100X speedup over sequential code on traditional microprocessors. According to the semiconductor industry roadmap, these processors could scale up to over 1,000X speedup over single cores by the end of the year 2016. Such a dramatic performance difference between parallel and sequential execution will motivate an increasing number of developers to parallelize their applications. Today, an application programmer has to understand the desirable parallel programming idioms, manually work around potential hardware performance pitfalls, and restructure their application design in order to achieve their performance objectives on many-core processors. Although many researchers have given up on parallelizing compilers, I will show evidence that by systematically incorporating high-level application design knowledge into the source code, a new generation of compilers and tools can take over the heavy lifting in developing and tuning parallel applications. I will also discuss roadblocks whose removal will require innovations from the entire research community.
Estimation of sliding mode domains of uncertain variable structure systems with bounded controllers

The problem of estimating regions of asymptotic stability (RAS) of uncertain dynamical systems with bounded controllers and the sliding model requirement is discussed. The notion of combining different Lyapunov functions is utilized. Different Lyapunov functions are found, and for each Lyapunov function an estimate of the RAS is found. Different regions are combined in order to find an improved RAS. The combined region is not, in general, a convex region and cannot be found analytically by using just a single Lyapunov function. A class of uncertain, linear, time-invariant, multivariable control systems is considered, and a transformation for decoupling the system into two subsystems is used. The transformation simplifies the RAS estimation problem. Stability domains are estimated for a linear, variable-structure control system with sliding mode performance in the case of a discontinuous bounded controller. >
The selective adaptation effects of burst-cued stops

One of the most compelling arguments that selective adaptation affects a phonetic level of processing is the demonstration that adaptation with burst-cued stimuli (which have no formant transitions) affects the perception of transition-cued stimuli (which have formant transitions but no bursts). Experiment 1 showed that adaptation with burst-cued [pi] and [ti] affects the perception of a (transition-cued) [mi-ni] test series, as well as a [bi-di] test series. Inasmuch as nasals never contain bursts, this demonstrates that the adaptation effect of burst-cued stops is not limited to those stimuli which normally contain bursts. If adaptation with burst-cued stops affects the perception of transition-cued stops at a more central, phonetic level of processing, their adaptation effect should transfer interaurally completely. Experiment 2 showed that the adaptation effect of both burst and transition-cued stops transfers interaurally only about one-third. These results suggest that the adaptation effect of burstcued stops is mediated by the fatigue of peripheral auditory detectors which are sensitive to both bursts and formant transitions.
An analysis of packet loss correlation in FEC-enhanced multicast trees

We study group loss probabilities of forward error correction (FEC) codes in shared loss multicast communication. We present a new analysis model with explicit state equations using recursive formulae. Our method looks at an FEC group as a whole, rather than analyze the number of transmissions of a particular packet. Our work applies to C(n,k) erasure codes, where any k out of n packets may decode the entire group. We find the cumulative distribution function that all leaf nodes in a shared loss tree successfully decode a C(n,k) FEC group, the probability mass function (p.m.f.) for the number of leaf nodes that successfully decode a transmission group, the expected number of packets received on successful decode and the expected number of missing packets on decode failure for a particular leaf node of the multicast tree, the p.m.f. that all leaf nodes hold the same packets in common, and the expected height of packet loss. Most of our findings generalize to arbitrary trees with non-uniform link loss. Our results also apply to non-FEC trees. We illustrate applications of our work with examples.
Hypothesis pruning and ranking for large plan recognition problems

This paper addresses the problem of plan recognition for multi-agent teams. Complex multi-agent tasks typically require dynamic teams where the team membership changes over time. Teams split into subteams to work in parallel, merge with other teams to tackle more demanding tasks, and disband when plans are completed. We introduce a new multi-agent plan representation that explicitly encodes dynamic team membership and demonstrate the suitability of this formalism for plan recognition. From our multi-agent plan representation, we extract local temporal dependencies that dramatically prune the hypothesis set of potentially-valid team plans. The reduced plan library can be efficiently processed to obtain the team state history. Naive pruning can be inadvisable when low-level observations are unreliable due to sensor noise and classification errors. In such conditions, we eschew pruning in favor of prioritization and show how our scheme can be extended to rank-order the hypotheses. Experiments show that this robust pre-processing approach ranks the correct plan within the top 10%, even under conditions of severe noise.
Effects of a Narrative Intervention on Story Retelling in At-Risk Young Children.

The purpose of this multiple baseline study across participants was to examine a narrative retell intervention with guided self-monitoring on narrative macrostructure skills in low-income African A...
Retrospective and Prospective Voting in Presidential-Year Elections

This paper addresses the debate over whether retrospective or prospective economic voting has the greater impact on electoral behavior. Considering the presidential elections of 1984 and 1988, we develop models of the effects of economic evaluations on voting in presidential and congressional elections. First, we test this model for the overall electorate. Then, we divide our sample between voters who do and do not hold government economic policies responsible for fluctuations in personal and national well-being. We find that retrospective economic judgments have the stronger and more consistent impact on voting behavior in nearly every case. We discuss the implications of these findings for elections research.
Linearized vegetation indices using a formal statistical framework

Vegetation indices have been used extensively to estimate the vegetation density from satellite and airborne images for many years. In this paper, we first focus on one of the most popular vegetation indices, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) by J. W. Rouse (1974) and introduce a statistical framework to analyze it. We propose a solution to the saturation problem of this index based on our statistical framework. We investigate the relationship of this index with the ratio vegetation index (RVI) by C. F. Jordan (1969), another popular measure. Using the established statistical framework, we introduce new vegetation indices using blue and green bands in addition to the red and the near-infrared.
Durability of Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty

This article reviews the history of the development of highly cross-linked polyethylene and provides an in-depth review of the clinical results regarding the durability of highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The use of polyethylene as a bearing surface has contributed to the success of THA and TKA; however, polyethylene wear and osteolysis can lead to failure. Ongoing clinical and retrieval studies are required to analyze outcomes at longer-term follow-up.
Nuclear rDNA evidence for major lineages of helenioid Heliantheae (Compositae)

Abstract Results of phylogenetic analyses of nuclear 18S–26S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences for representatives of most genera of helenioid Heliantheae and various members of Heliantheae s.s. (sensu stricto) and Eupatorieae help to clarify major lineages and relationships in the clade corresponding to Heliantheae s.l. (sensu lato) and Eupatorieae. Most subtribes of helenioid Heliantheae as circumscribed by Robinson (1981) correspond closely with ITS clades. Polygeneric subtribes of helenioid Heliantheae that appear to be monophyletic based on ITS data include Flaveriinae sensu Turner and Powell (1977), Madiinae sensu Carlquist (1959), and Peritylinae sensu Robinson (1981). Chaenactidinae sensu Robinson (1981) is polyphyletic, but most members of the group are encompassed within only four ITS clades. Based on the ITS data and results of combined analyses of ITS variation plus previously published morphological and chloroplast DNA data, we conclude that Heliantheae s.s. and Eupatori...
Follower Neurons in Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Pyloric Network Regulate Pacemaker Period in Complementary Ways

Distributed neural networks (ones characterized by high levels of interconnectivity among network neurons) are not well understood. Increased insight into these systems can be obtained by perturbin...
Crustal Structure in the Elko-Carlin Region, Nevada, during Eocene Gold Mineralization: Ruby-East Humboldt Metamorphic Core Complex as a Guide to the Deep Crust

The deep crustal rocks exposed in the Ruby-East Humboldt metamorphic core complex, northeastern Nevada, provide a guide for reconstructing Eocene crustal structure ~50 km to the west near the Carlin trend of gold deposits. The deep crustal rocks, in the footwall of a west-dipping normal-sense shear system, may have underlain the Pinon and Adobe Ranges about 50 km to the west before Tertiary extension, close to or under part of the Carlin trend. Eocene lakes formed on the hanging wall of the fault system during an early phase of extension and may have been linked to a fluid reservoir for hydrothermal circulation. The magnitude and timing of Paleogene extension remain indistinct, but dikes and tilt axes in the upper crust indicate that spreading was east-west to northwest-southeast, perpendicular to a Paleozoic and Mesozoic orogen that the spreading overprinted. High geothermal gradients associated with Eocene or older crustal thinning may have contributed to hydrothermal circulation in the upper crust. Late Eocene eruptions, upper crustal dike intrusion, and gold mineralization approximately coincided temporally with deep intrusion of Eocene sills of granite and quartz diorite and shallower intrusion of the Harrison Pass pluton into the core-complex rocks. Stacked Mesozoic nappes of metamorphosed Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks in the core complex lay at least 13 to 20 km deep in Eocene time, on the basis of geobarometry studies. In the northern part of the complex, the presently exposed rocks had been even deeper in the late Mesozoic, to >30 km depths, before losing part of their cover by Eocene time. Nappes in the core plunge northward beneath the originally thicker Mesozoic tectonic cover in the north part of the core complex. Mesozoic nappes and tectonic wedging likely occupied the thickened midlevel crustal section between the deep crustal core-complex intrusions and nappes and the overlying upper crust. These structures, as well as the subsequent large-displacement Cenozoic extensional faulting and flow in the deep crust, would be expected to blur the expression of any regional structural roots that could correlate with mineral belts. Structural mismatch of the mineralized upper crust and the tectonically complex middle crust suggests that the Carlin trend relates not to subjacent deeply penetrating rooted structures but to favorable upper crustal host rocks aligned within a relatively coherent regional block of upper crust.
Measuring What Matters for Management Practices

Evidence suggests that managerial quality is an important determinant of firm performance. Yet even practices that are broadly agreed to be generally beneficial, widely available, and comparatively inexpensive to implement are not pervasive. What accounts for this variation? We study the determinants of managerial quality using a components of variance (COV) model on data from an international survey of managerial practices. To verify the robustness of our results, we develop a simulated annealing-based method for testing the robustness of COV techniques to mismeasurement. Under reasonable assumptions we find that a collection of well-studied constructs from the literature explains at most a relatively small portion of the variation in management practices. Proposals for future work are discussed.
Genetic Susceptibility to Head and Neck Cancer

This chapter summarizes current knowledge of association between inherited genetic variation and likelihood of acquiring cancer. Slight difference in certain gene segments make some individuals more prone to developing cancer, which is known as ‘genetic susceptibility’. Various gene segments that are different for different individuals, accounting for individual susceptibility to cancer are covered in this chapter. Moreover, not all individuals exposed to environmental toxins will acquire cancer. The chance of developing cancer depends on the amount of exposure to toxin and the inherited genetic function to degrade and reduce harmful effects of the toxin that has entered into the body. There are also dietary factors that may boost the genetic function to guard against the cancer. Such relationship between the environment (both toxins and dietary factors) and inherited gene is collectively known as gene-environment interaction, which is also discussed in this chapter.
Abstract B57: Distinct interactions of Ras superfamily members with common protein targets

Ras superfamily members act as molecular switches to many key signaling pathways, including proliferation cytoskeletal integrity, differentiation and cellular cargo transport. The Ras subfamily, consisting of KRas, NRas and HRas are the most widely studied Ras-family members due to the high instance of Ras activating mutation in human cancers. Rab subfamily members are important regulators of endocytosis, consisting of Rab5 (early endosome), Rab7 (recycling endosome) and Rab11 (late endosome). We have discovered that common binding partners exist between these Ras subfamilies, resulting in distinct interactions and regulatory effects. Two such commonalities are scaffold protein ITSN1 and lipid kinase PI3KC2β. There is evidence that the learning disabilities associated with Down syndrome may be somewhat attributed to deregulated vesicular transport in the brain. DS patients also have a 10-20 fold increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ITSN1, a regulator of endocytosis and activator of the oncogenic AKT pathway (1), is overexpressed in Down syndrome patients. PI3KC2β is a member of the PI3K family of lipid kinases, which phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol leading to AKT activation. Treatment of neuroblastoma and AML cell lines with PI3KC2β-specific inhibitors greatly decreases proliferation (2) and silencing PI3KC2β in neuroblastoma cell lines results in a 50% reduction in tumor volume in xenograft models. Our previous work demonstrated that nucleotide-free HRas preferentially binds to PI3KC2β, inhibiting its activity (see poster by JP O9Bryan; 3). The addition of ITSN1 disrupts this interaction, presumably restoring the active state of both proteins. In contrast, constitutively activated Rab5 and KRas preferentially interact with PI3KC2β. Interestingly KRas sequesters PI3KC2β to the plasma membrane. The current dogma states that Ras proteins must be GTP-loaded and associated with the plasma membrane to activate their classic effectors suggesting that KRas would be active in this capacity and may therefore positively regulate PI3KC2β activity. Here we present evidence of three Ras superfamily members interacting in distinct ways with the same target protein and provide support for their related yet contrasting roles in disease states. Citation Format: Russell Spencer Smith, Katy A. Wong, Angela Russo, John P. O9Bryan. Distinct interactions of Ras superfamily members with common protein targets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B57. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-B57
Mechanisms of egg acceptance by marsh-dwelling blackbirds

The parameters of egg acceptance in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) were investigated by introducing into their nests various eggs and objects. With the exception of miniature eggs, both species accepted all eggs, real and artificial, and rejected all nonegg-shaped objects. Egg shape and size were necessary components of egg acceptance whereas color and markings were not. The rejection of nonegg-shaped objects as large as Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) eggs demonstrated that inability to remove cowbird eggs was not responsible for blackbird acceptance responses. Nests parasitized before the onset of egg laying did not increase the probability of either the egg being rejected or the nest being inactive.
Polyploid unisexual salamanders have higher tissue regeneration rates than diploid sexual relatives

Differences in genome composition are known to influence cell division and tissue growth, yet few studies have compared tissue growth between closely related taxa that vary in ploidy and genome composition. Whether cellular mechanisms scale to a functional trait such as tissue regeneration is important for understanding the ecological interactions between polyploids and closely related diploid taxa. We studied regeneration in unisexual Ambystoma salamanders, an ancient unisexual (all-female) lineage in which most individuals are triploids consisting of combinations of two or more distinct genomes from their sexual relatives. We discuss the aspects of haploid genome size and polyploidy that may contribute to variation in tissue regeneration and hypothesize that higher ploidy or variations in genome composition in unisexual Ambystoma would result in increased tissue regeneration compared to diploid sexual relatives, as polyploidy is generally associated with faster limb regeneration. We tested this hypothesis by comparing tail regeneration rates over 4 months between polyploid unisexual salamanders and sympatric diploid sexual salamanders under standardized laboratory conditions. Consistent with our prediction, unisexual Ambystoma regenerated tail tissue at approximately twice the rate of the sexual species. This result provides a physiological difference between unisexual and sexual salamanders that could influence their coexistence.
Pulling the Trigger on Disarming Domestic Violence Abusers: Implementing Gun Confiscation Policy in Urban and Appalachian Kentucky

OF DISSERTATION PULLING THE TRIGGER ON DISARMING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ABUSERS: IMPLEMENTING GUN CONFISCATION POLICY IN URBAN AND APPALACHIAN KENTUCKY The present study investigated why communities differing in culture and resources are willing and able to implement gun confiscation as part of a protective order. Specifically, this study explored whether the perceived risk of intimate partner homicide and gun violence, benefits to engaging in gun confiscation, barriers to gun confiscation, community norms about guns, and community readiness to implement gun confiscation: (a) differ in urban and rural communities, (b) are perceived differently by victim service and justice system key professionals within urban and rural communities, and (c) are related to if a community is able and willing to consistently implement procedures that mandate gun confiscation of abusers as part of a protective order. Interviews, guided by an adapted guiding conceptual framework, were conducted with key professionals (N = 133) who work both in victim services and the justice system from a targeted urban community and four Appalachian communities in Kentucky. First, implementing gun confiscation procedures to disarm abusers in rural communities does not seem likely or feasible compared to the urban community given the lower perceived risk-benefit of gun confiscation, importance of gun culture, and limited resources in the selected rural communities. Second, urban justice system professionals, in comparison to urban victim service professionals, reported fewer barriers to enforcing the gun confiscation policy and were more likely to downplay law enforcement limitations in the community and attribute the ineffectiveness of the gun confiscation policy to reasons outside their control. Third, the perceived risk of intimate partner gun violence was associated with consistently implementing in gun confiscation at the emergency protective order (short-term) level, and the perceived community approval of the policy was associated with engaging in consistent gun confiscation at the domestic violence order (longer-term) level. Fourth, both urban and rural professionals pointed out potential unintended negative consequences to implementing the gun confiscation policy, such as violation of second amendment rights and increased danger for victims who seek protective orders. The results have implications for developing more effective strategies for increasing a community’s ability and motivation to enforce gun policy that keep guns out of the hands of dangerous abusers.
Application prospect and challenges of nanomedicines for AIDS therapy and prevention

AIDS is a serious public health problem threatening the health of people around the world.In the past 30 years,it has caused more than 25,000,000 deaths.With the constant awareness of the disease of people,some researches and application of new technologies can radically advance the process of the field of HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention.With the rapid development of nanotechnology researches in recent years,new developed nanomedicines for anti- HIV have become a hot spot in the study of scholars both at home and abroad.This paper reviewed the research progress,application prospect and challenges of nanotechnology in the field of AIDS antiretroviral treatment and prevention in recent years.
Comparison of prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and poor sleep quality in patients with coronary artery disease and depression

Background This study was designed to compare the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and poor sleep quality between patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and those with major depressive disorder (MDD)/somatic symptom disorder (SSD).
Natural Anion Channel Rhodopsins: A New Family of Tools for Optogenetic Neural Inhibition

Light-gated rhodopsin cation channels from chlorophyte algae have transformed neuroscience research through their use as membrane-depolarizing optogenetic tools for targeted photoactivation of neuron firing. Photosuppression of neuronal action potentials has been limited by the lack of efficient tools for membrane hyperpolarization. Anion Channel Rhodopsins (ACRs), natural light-gated anion channels recently discovered in cryptophyte algae [1], show distant homology to cation-conducting channelrhodopsins (CCRs), but strictly conduct anions. GtACR1 and GtACR2 from Guillardia theta hyperpolarize animal cell plasma membranes with much faster kinetics at less than one-thousandth of the light intensity required by the most efficient currently available optogenetic proteins. Their anion specificity, large currents, and fast kinetics enable ACRs to hyperpolarize and silence neurons through light-gated chloride conduction with unprecedented light sensitivity and temporal precision. The GtACRs are also the most conductive rhodopsin channels known, with 25-fold greater unitary conductance than the most commonly studied CCR, channelrhodopsin-2 [1]. Our initial findings on the gating mechanism of ACRs reveal that the structural basis for their anion conductance is fundamentally different from that of engineered chloride-conducting CCR mutants, not attributable to simply a modification of the CCR selectivity filter. During our analysis we identified an inverted mutant constitutively open in the dark and closed by light, the first such mutant of any light-gated channel, valuable for probing the structure of the channel open state. Also we identified a “step function” GtACR1 mutant useful in optogenetics [2].1. E.G. Govorunova, O.A. Sineshchekov, R. Janz, X. Liu, and J.L. Spudich (2015) Natural light-gated anion channels: A family of microbial rhodopsins for advanced optogenetics. Science 349:647-650.2. O.A. Sineshchekov, E.G. Govorunova, H. Li, and J.L. Spudich (2015) Gating mechanisms of a natural anion channelrhodopsin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, submitted.
Dating of Biogenic and Inorganic Carbonates Using 210Pb-226Ra Disequilibrium Method: A Review

The uniqueness of the recent (<100–150 years) carbonate proxies is that the archived paleoclimatological and paleoenvironmental parameters inscribed in them at the time of their formation can be calibrated in most cases with existing hard data and thus, provides an excellent opportunity to verify their utility to retrieve long-term paleorecords. Determination of precise chronology of these proxies such as corals (both shallow and deep-sea), fish bones (otoliths), mollusks, speleothems, and inorganic carbonates that precipitate from natural reservoirs and man-made structures therefore becomes very important. The chronological retrieval of the archived records in these proxies are relevant to several important issues that include development of fisheries management strategies, reconstruction of environmental and geochemical changes that are taking place in coastal, estuarine and lacustrine waters and time frames of the initiation of degradation of engineering structures such as bridges. Several recent developments have contributed to high-precision dating of these carbonates. For example, with the advent of mass spectrometry (both TIMS and ICPMS), it has become possible to make high precision measurements of 226Ra measurements which has significantly reduced uncertainties of 210Pb/226Ra ages. In this article, the current status of the 210Pb/226Ra dating method of biogenic and inorganic carbonates is reviewed and the gaps in this field are discussed.
On the Ihara zeta function and resistance distance-based indices

Abstract We show that the Ihara zeta function of a graph determines a resistance distance-based invariant which is a linear combination of the Kirchhoff index, additive degree-Kirchhoff index, and multiplicative degree-Kirchhoff index.
Estimating healthcare mobility in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System

Healthcare mobility, defined as healthcare utilization in more than one distinct healthcare system, may have detrimental effects on outcomes of care. We characterized healthcare mobility and associated characteristics among a national sample of Veterans. Using the Veterans Health Administration Electronic Health Record, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to quantify healthcare mobility within a four year period. We examined the association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and healthcare mobility, and characterized possible temporal and geographic patterns of healthcare mobility. Approximately nine percent of the sample were healthcare mobile. Younger Veterans, divorced or separated Veterans, and those with hepatitis C virus and psychiatric disorders were more likely to be healthcare mobile. We demonstrated two possible patterns of healthcare mobility, related to specialty care and lifestyle, in which Veterans repeatedly utilized two different healthcare systems. Healthcare mobility is associated with young age, marital status changes, and also diseases requiring intensive management. This type of mobility may affect disease prevention and management and has implications for healthcare systems that seek to improve population health.