cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discharge Planning for Dementia Patients:Factors Influencing Caregiver Decisions and Satisfaction

Discharge planning is a major concern of hospitals as they seek to reduce costs associated with prolonged lengths of hospital stays, prevent subsequent readmissions, and ensure that discharge dispositions are appropriate. This process can be even more complicated when the patient is suffering from dementia and the family has primary responsibility for the discharge outcome. Data on the discharge process and caregiver satisfaction with it were collected from 179 caregivers of hospitalized dementia patients. The findings indicate that social workers are important influences in the discharge decisions but are significantly more influential when the discharge is to a nursing home. Findings from regression analyses indicate that caregiver satisfaction is dependent on the amount of caregiver involvement in the process.
Triggered, navigated, multi-baseline method for proton resonance frequency temperature mapping with respiratory motion.

A technique is presented for the acquisition of temperature maps in the presence of variable respiratory motion using the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift. The technique uses respiratory triggering, diaphragm position determination with a navigator echo, and the collection of multiple baseline images to generate temperature maps. Laser ablations were performed in an ex vivo liver phantom undergoing variable simulated respiratory motion and in vivo in four porcine livers, demonstrating a reduction of artifacts in the computed temperature maps compared with conventional single baseline techniques, both uncorrected and corrected for motion.
Mother's Milk: A Medium for Early Flavor Experiences

For centuries, many believed that the lactating woman's diet could influence the composition and flavor of her milk and that substances in human milk could be transmitted from the wet nurse or mother and have long-lasting effects on the child. The research described herein focuses on mother's milk as a medium of early sensory experiences for the human infant and establishes several points. First, human milk is not a food of invariant flavor. Rather, like the milk of other mammals, human milk is flavored by ingested compounds such as garlic, mint, vanilla, and alcohol and provides the potential for a rich source of varying chemosensory experiences to the infant. Second, the infants' response to a particular flavor in milk may depend upon the recency and duration of past exposures. That is, the prior diet of mothers, and consequently their infants, may modify the infants' responses to these flavors during breastfeeding.
A MIMO Transfer-Function Approach to the Design of "Bumpless" Type and "Smooth-Bumpless" Type Discrete/Continuous (D/C) Controllers

In several previous papers, exact transfer- function block-diagram representations for the new family of "discrete/continuous (D/C)" - type discrete-time MIMO controllers, and associated closed-loop MIMO linear systems were developed. In this paper, those MIMO transfer-function/block-diagram results are extended to include the novel cases of "bumpless" and "smooth-bumpless" D/C- type discrete-time MIMO controllers.
Perceived Legitimacy of Social Protest Actions

A scale to measure the extent to which respondents grant legitimacy to various types of social protest actions—such as strikes, sit-ins, and demonstrations—was devised and tested in a population composed largely of “upper-middle class” urban whites. Education, occupation, and income were all directly correlated with acceptance of protest activities, age was inversely related, men were more accepting than women, Democrats more than Independents or Republicans, and two types of political alienation were inversely correlated with tolerance of these actions. Multi-variate analysis revealed that, under extensively controlled conditions, the variable of education remained the strongest predictor of protest action scores, but in a curvilinear fashion. The two political alienation scales were the next strongest correlates under these controlled conditions, followed by age and political preference.
Human factors analysis of power system visualizations

This paper describes an experimental approach to formally testing the usability of different power system visualizations. In particular, the ability of participants to assess and correct power system voltage problems was tested. Participants were divided into three groups: the first group only saw tabular data, the second group one-line data, while the third group saw one-line data and a color voltage contour. The time to acknowledge the voltage violations and the time to correct the violations were assessed.
Radio frequency heating of chronic ovine infarct leads to sustained infarct area and ventricular volume reduction.

Abstract Objective: Myocardial infarct expansion and subsequent left ventricular remodeling are associated with increased incidence of congestive failure and mortality. Collagen is known to denature and contract when heated above 65°C. We therefore tested the hypothesis that radio frequency heating of myocardial infarct tissue with application of a restraining patch causes a sustained reduction in myocardial infarct area and left ventricular volume. Methods: Thirteen male Dorset sheep underwent surgical coronary artery ligation. At least 14 weeks later, animals were randomized to either radio frequency infarct heating (95°C) with application of a restraining patch or a sham operation. Before treatment, after treatment, and 10 weeks later, left ventricular volume was measured with transdiaphragmatic echocardiography and myocardial infarct area was measured with an array of sonomicrometry crystals. Results: Radio frequency infarct heating causes an acute decrease of 34% (–215 ± 82 mm 2 ; P = .0002) in infarct area at end-diastole that is maintained at 10 weeks (–144 ± 79 mm 2 ; P = .0002). Radio frequency infarct heating causes a downward trend in end-diastolic left ventricular volume measured by echocardiography of 20% (–15.7 ± 6.3 mL; P = no significant difference) and end-systolic left ventricular volume of 32% (–17.1 ± 9.8 mL; P = .09), which are significantly decreased at 10 weeks (–13.6 ± 22.3 mL; P = .007 and –15.3 ± 21.9 mL; P = .008, respectively). Radio frequency infarct heating causes an acute improvement in systolic function ( P P = .06), and preserved stroke volume. Conclusion: Radio frequency heating of chronic left ventricular myocardial infarct causes a sustained reduction in infarct area and left ventricular volume. This technique may beneficially reverse infarct expansion and left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:1194-204)
An Explicit Pressure-Based Algorithm for Incompressible Flows

A new solution procedure called Diagonal Split Corrected Linked Equations via Operator splitting (DS-CLEO) has been developed for solving the momentum equations in the pressure-based SIMPLER-type formulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. An explicit momentum predictor step based on a time splitting procedure is shown to possess unconditional stability while only the implicit pressure equation requires a computationally intensive iterative solver. No relaxation of any of the governing equations is necessary to ensure convergence for either steady or unsteady problems. It is demonstrated that pressure-velocity coupling and second order time accuracy is obtained through a set of inner iterations on the pressure and velocity fields using the exact discretized equations. The Diagonal Split procedure offered a 33.9 and 35.9x reduction in runtime compared to SIMPLER for two unsteady problems tested and a minor runtime reduction for steady lid-driven cavity flow.
Interaction of Copper With Single Crystal Sapphire

The effect of small coverages of Cu evaporated in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) on Al2O3 (0001) surfaces has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). These surfaces were cleaned either by annealing at 1000°C in O2 or by Ar sputtering. They differ both in their initial state and their interaction with Cu. The XPS spectra from as-deposited Cu on sputtered samples exhibit small shifts in the energy location of the various peaks as compared to those from a Cu standard. Annealing the Cu/sputtered Al2O3 structure at 500°C produces a shoulder on the Cu 3d peak as well as a new Cu (L3 M4.5 M4.5) Auger feature. Neither of these effects are observed after similar treatment of the Cu/annealed Al2O3 structure. An influence of this different bonding situation on the Cu-sapphire interfacial energy is observed.
Role of host response in Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease.

Serum and local respiratory antibody responses following infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or respiratory syncytial virus. In D. H. Dayton, Jr., P. A. Small, Jr., R. M. Chanock, H. E. Kaufman, and T. B. Tomasi, Jr. [ed.]. The secretory immunologic system. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971, p. 183-194. 3. Gale, J. L., Kenny, G. E. Complement dependent killing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by antibody: kinetics of the reaction. J. Immunol. 104:11751183, 1970. 4. Brunner, H., Razin, S., Kalica, A. R., Chanock, R. M. Lysis and death of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by antibody and complement. J. Immunol. 1972 (in press). 5. Rifkind, D., Chanock, R., Kravetz, H., Johnson, K., Knight, V. Ear involvement (myringitis) and primary atypical pneumonia following inoculation of volunteers with Eaton agent. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 85:479-489, 1962. 6. Razin, S., Prescott, B., James, W. D., Caldes, G., Valdesuso, J., Chanock, R. M. Production and properties of antisera to membrane glycolipids of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infec. Immun. 3: 420-423, 1971.
Retrospective evaluation of fluid overload and relationship to outcome in critically ill dogs.

Objective To determine if critically ill dogs have an increased risk of fluid overload (FO) during hospitalization compared to less ill dogs, and to determine if FO is associated with increased mortality during hospitalization. Design Observational, case-control study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Thirty-four critically ill dogs and 15 comparatively healthy stable postoperative dogs with neuro-orthopedic disease. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Data recorded included underlying disease, body weight, and APPLEfast score at admission, single-day and composite APPLEfull scores during hospitalization, total fluid volume administered (L), total fluid volume output (L), and outcome. Percent FO (%FO) was calculated using the equation 100 × ([fluid volume administered − fluid volume lost]/1000 mL/L) − (% dehydration at admission), with fluid volume expressed as mL/kg of baseline body weight. Critically ill dogs developed greater %FO during hospitalization compared to stable postoperative dogs (12.1 ± 11.7% vs 0.5 ± 5.2%, P = 0.001), and half (8 out of 16) of the dogs with %FO ≥ 12% died. Composite APPLEfull scores were weakly positively correlated with %FO, whereas APPLEfast and single-day APPLEfull scores recorded at admission were not. The odds ratio for death was 1.08 for every percent increase in FO during hospitalization (95% confidence limits 1.012–1.59, P = 0.02). Conclusions Critically ill dogs are at increased risk for FO during hospitalization, and a weak but significant association exists between %FO, illness severity, and mortality. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm the findings of this retrospective study.
Fractures of the humerus in children

Fractures of the humerus above the distal epiphysis are not common fractures in children. Treatment should be directed toward maintenance of alignment with healing expected without fail. Contrary to experience with adults with the same fractures, children seldom have residual functional or cosmetic problems if one aligns the fractures and protects the healing process.
The Case of Nigeria: A State Stuck in Transition

One of the greatest African novelists, the Nigerian Chinua Achebe, eloquently critiqued the situation in his country in his “A Man of the People” (1966) which depicted the fictional country which resembled his own Nigeria. The book depicts politics as defined by corrupt powerful men who in realty were minders of their own rather than of their people. Although Nigeria made a lot of progress in terms of democratization, the legacy of the men of the people still remains the cornerstone of politicking. Politics in Nigeria is based on networks of patronage rather than accountability to the vote. Even the vote is defined by patronage networks and their ability to procure votes. In this chapter, we follow the country’s political history and study the role played by civil society in the country’s democratization. The chapter also shows how civil society has been increasingly co-opted by and into mainstream politics, and how civil society is also increasing to the country’s inability to consolidate its democratic gains.
Abstract NG01: Accumulation of somatic mutations in normal and cancerous tissues with age

Fundamental theories in carcinogenesis and aging evoke the accumulation of rare somatic mutations in normal tissues over time. However, absence of a simple and systematic method to characterize somatic mutations in normal tissues precludes the understanding of their functional consequences. We present Bottleneck Sequencing System (BotSeqS), a next-generation sequencing method that quantitates rare somatic point mutations simultaneously across the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. BotSeqS combines molecular barcoding with a simple dilution step immediately before library amplification. Using BotSeqS, we determine the mutation frequencies and spectra in normal brain, kidney, and colon from a total of 34 individuals ranging from Citation Format: Margaret L. Hoang, Isaac Kinde, Cristian Tomasetti, Thomas Rosenquist, Arthur P. Grollman, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Bert Vogelstein, Nickolas Papadopoulos. Accumulation of somatic mutations in normal and cancerous tissues with age. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr NG01.
Evidence-based information needs of public health workers: a systematized review

Objective: This study assessed public health workers’ evidence-based information needs, based on a review of the literature using a systematic search strategy. This study is based on a thesis project conducted as part of the author’s master’s in public health coursework and is considered a systematized review. Methods: Four databases were searched for English-language articles published between 2005 and 2015: PubMed, Web of Science, Library Literature & Information Science Index, and Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA). Studies were excluded if there was no primary data collection, the population in the study was not identified as public health workers, “information” was not defined according to specific criteria, or evidence-based information and public health workers were not the major focus. Studies included in the final analysis underwent data extraction, critical appraisal using CASP and STROBE checklists, and thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-three research studies were identified in the search, including twenty-one using quantitative methods and twelve using qualitative methods. Critical appraisal revealed many potential biases, particularly in the validity of research. Thematic analysis revealed five common themes: (1) definition of information needs, (2) current information-seeking behavior and use, (3) definition of evidence-based information, (4) barriers to information needs, and (5) public health–specific issues. Conclusions: Recommendations are given for how librarians can increase the use of evidence-based information in public health research, practice, and policy making. Further research using rigorous methodologies and transparent reporting practices in a wider variety of settings is needed to further evaluate public health workers’ information needs.
EXOTIC ATOMS (K-,p̄,Σ-) — Workshop N

Recent progress in studies of exotic atoms is summarized. Strong interaction effects in p,K- are discussed and the first direct measurements of Σ- atom strong interaction shifts and widths are cited. The very recent experimental efforts on pp and K- p atoms are briefly described and compared and some preliminary findings are discussed. Recent results on measurements of the antiproton mass are given.
Transcatheter Pledget-Assisted Suture Tricuspid Annuloplasty (PASTA) to create a double-orifice valve

Objectives Pledget-assisted suture tricuspid valve annuloplasty (PASTA) is a novel technique using marketed equipment to deliver percutaneous trans-annular sutures to create a double-orifice tricuspid valve. Background Tricuspid regurgitation is a malignant disease with high surgical mortality and no commercially available transcatheter solution in the US. Methods Two iterations of PASTA were tested using trans-apical or trans-jugular access in swine. Catheters directed paired coronary guidewires to septal and lateral targets on the tricuspid annulus under fluoroscopic and echocardiographic guidance. Guidewires were electrified to traverse the annular targets and exchanged for pledgeted sutures. The sutures were drawn together and knotted, apposing septal and lateral targets, creating a double orifice tricuspid valve. Results Twenty-two pigs underwent PASTA. Annular and chamber dimensions were reduced (annular area, 10.1 ± 0.8 cm2 to 3.8 ± 1.5 cm2 (naive) and 13.1 ± 1.5 cm2 to 6.2 ± 1.0 cm2 (diseased); septal-lateral diameter, 3.9 ± 0.3 mm to 1.4 ± 0.6 mm (naive) and 4.4 ± 0.4 mm to 1.7 ± 1.0 mm (diseased); and right ventricular end-diastolic volume, 94 ± 13 ml to 85 ± 14 ml (naive) and 157 ± 25 ml to 143 ± 20 ml (diseased)). MRI derived tricuspid regurgitation fraction fell from 32 ± 12% to 4 ± 5%. Results were sustained at 30 days. Pledget pull-through force was five-fold higher (40.6 ± 11.7N vs 8.0 ± 2.6N, P Conclusions PASTA reduces annular dimensions and tricuspid regurgitation in pigs. It may be cautiously applied to selected patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation and no options. This is the first transcatheter procedure, to our knowledge, to deliver standard pledgeted sutures to repair cardiac pathology.
Teaching Mental Health Policy to Psychiatric Residents

The teaching of mental health policy is generally absent from psychiatric training curricula probably because of mutual skepticism between psychiatrists and policymakers. A seminar and practicum on mental health policy are described. The course specifics are consistent with the authors’ analysis of mental health policy as a concept, a process, and a product that calls for action. The need for further research on this important area of psychiatric education is emphasized.
The Quest for a Paradigm Shift in Leadership for the Next Decade and Beyond

Evolutionary changes in leadership theories, styles, and models have occurred through the decades, from the beginning of time. However, we are now in an era of such rapid change heralded by globalization, technology, and organizational crises and scandals that the future of leadership calls for a paradigm shift to address the needs of the future. This chapter highlights the leadership needs of globalization, future internal operational changes, and building the foundations of humanism in leadership to orchestrate a major paradigm shift for the future of our organizations and global community. Servant leadership (SL) is introduced as a possible leadership model for use as a tool for a rapid (as opposed to evolutionary) paradigm shift. SL, identified as one of the new genre models of leadership, such as transformational, authentic, charismatic, and spiritual, is defined and discussed. The SL model contains various elements of other new genre models, but moves beyond to a model of foresight, individually reorienting and socially transforming for future leadership to facilitate a sustainable society, humane, and responsible for global future generations for the common good.
Collective Phenomena in Mitosis: A Physicist’s Perspective

I present here a short summary of recent efforts to understand the collective processes underlying the division of eukaryotic cells. From the point of view of condensed matter physics mitosis is a prototype phenomenon which includes: (i) the energy transduction at the molecular level; (ii) “self-correcting” assembly; and (iii) the action of regulatory networks (giving rise to “clocks”, “checkpoints”, etc.)
Structural requirements for collagenolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1)

Interstitial collagen types I, II and III are the major structural proteins in connective tissues such as skin, bone, cartilage, tendon and blood vessels. They consists of three chains with repeating Gly-X-Y triplets that adapts a left-handed poly-Pro II-like helical conformation, and each chain winds around each other in a gentle right-handed twist to form a triple helical structure. This triple helical conformation, about 3000 A long and 15 A in diameter, makes interstitial collagens resistant to most proteolytic enzymes in vertebrates, but it is readily cleaved by collagenases [1]. Collagenases are synthesized by many cell types such as fibroblasts, chondrocytes, keratinocytes, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages and act on collagen at a neutral pH. These collagenolytic enzymes consist of collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-18) [1], gelatinase A (MMP-2) [2], and MT1MMP (MMP-14) [3], all of which are members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. They cleave interstitial collagens at a single site approximately 3/4 away from the N-terminus of the collagen molecule. Once collagen is cleaved, the resulting triple helical fragments denature at body temperature and are degraded by non-specific proteinases. Thus, the initial cleavage of triple-helical collagen is critical for the initiation of collagenolysis. A typical collagenase consists of an N-terminal propeptide of about 80 amino acids, a catalytic domain of about 170 amino acids, and a C-terminal hemopexin-like domain (CTD) of about 190 amino acids. The catalytic domain of MMP-1 lacking the CTD [MMPhas proteolytic activity but it cannot cleave triple-helical collagens [4]. This suggests that the CTD is essential for the expression of collagenolytic activity of MMP-1. On the other hand, MMP-3 (stromelysin 1) which shares 54% identity in amino acid sequence with MMP-1 does not cleave interstitial collagens even in its full-length form. Furthermore, when the catalytic domain of MMP-3 was linked with the CTD of MMP-1, it failed to express collagenolytic activity [5]. Since the catalytic domain of MMP-3 can cleave synthetic substrates harboring the collagenase cleavage sites of types I collagen at the same site as MMP-1, it is not clear why such a chimera fails to cleave collagen. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structure of collagenases [6] indicated that the substrate binding site of the enzyme is too narrow to accommodate the scissile bond of the triple helical collagen in the active site unless the triple helical collagen is locally unwound. To investigate regions or domains that participate in collagenolytic activity of collagenases we have attempted to transform non-collagenolytic MMP-3 to a collagenolytic enzyme by introducing various segments of MMP-1 sequence from the Cterminus and examined a functional gain in MMP-3. The ability of MMP-1 to unwind triple helical type I collagen was investigated by the generation of typical 3⁄4 and 1⁄4 fragments of the collagen by or in the presence of inactive MMP-1 whose Glu200 is mutated to Ala [MMP-1(E200A)].
Spokesperson is a four-letter word: Public relations and power in Occupy New York

Adding to the growing literature considering public relations practitioners as activists, this qualitative, interpretative research article explores the controversial idea of acting as spokesperson...
Mapping QTL for Fusarium head blight resistance in a tunisian-derived durum wheat population

Fusarium head blight (FHB) damage in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf., turgidum) inflicted massive economic losses worldwide. Meanwhile, FHB resistant durum wheat germplasm is extremely limited. ‘Tunisian108’ is a newly identified tetraploid wheat with FHB resistance. However, genomic regions in ‘Tunisian108’ that significantly associated with FHB resistance are yet unclear. Therefore, a population of 171 backcross inbred lines (BC1F7) derived from a cross between ‘Tunisian108’ and a susceptible durum cultivar ‘Ben’ was characterized. Fusarium graminearum (R010, R1267, and R1322) was point inoculated (greenhouse) or spawn inoculated (field) in 2010 and 2011. Disease severity, Fusarium-damaged kernel (FDK) and mycotoxins were measured. Analysis of variance showed significant genotype and genotype by environment effect on all traits. Approximately 8% of the lines in field and 25% of the lines in greenhouse were more resistance than Tunisian108. A framework linkage map of 267 DArt plus 62 SSR markers was developed representing 239 unique loci and covering a total distance of 1887.6 cM. Composite interval mapping revealed nine QTL for FHB severity, four QTL for DON, and four QTL for FDK on seven chromosomes. Two novel QTL, Qfhb.ndsu-3BL and Qfhb.ndsu-2B, were identified for disease severity, explaining 11 and 6% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Also, a QTL with large effect on severity and a QTL with negative effect on FDK on chromosome 5A were identified. Importantly, a novel region on chromosome 2B was identified with multiple FHB resistance. Validation on these QTL would facilitate the durum wheat resistance breeding.
A 57-Year-Old Man With Subacute Progressive Hemoptysis and Fevers

Case Presentation A 57-year-old man was admitted for 1 month of accelerating hemoptysis and hematemesis. Two weeks earlier, he first presented with fevers and hemoptysis of 2 weeks' duration and was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia treated with 5 days of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. He improved and was discharged, but his hemoptysis recurred 1 day after discharge and progressed over 9 days, leading to the present admission. He endorsed an 5-kg weight loss, daily fevers up to 39.4°C, and night sweats since discharge. His medical history was significant for peptic ulcer disease complicated by a perforated gastric ulcer 30 years ago, type 2 diabetes, and Barrett esophagus with recent normal upper endoscopy. The patient had coarctation of the aorta repaired 35 years ago. The patient takes aspirin, atorvastatin, and pantoprazole. He emigrated from Mexico 10 years before presentation and lives in Texas with his family. He returns to Mexico several times per year, most recently 2 days before admission. He works at a supermarket. He does not smoke, drink, or use illicit drugs. He denied sick contacts, pets, or incarceration.
Non-contact fatigue crack detection in civil infrastructure through image overlapping and crack breathing sensing

Abstract Fatigue cracks are of critical structural safety concern in civil infrastructure. Many existing fatigue crack sensing methods are contact-based, hence extensive human operation is necessary for sensor and/or actuator deployment. In this study, we propose a vision-based non-contact approach to detect fatigue cracks through image overlapping. We treat crack breathing behavior, the small cyclic movement of the crack perpendicular to the crack path under repetitive fatigue loads, as a robust indicator for crack identification. The differential image features provoked by a breathing crack can be extracted, enhanced, and visualized through a series of image processing techniques. The performance of the proposed approach is experimentally validated through two laboratory setups including a small-scale steel compact specimen and a large-scale bridge to cross-frame connection specimen. Test results demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach in reliably identifying the fatigue crack, even the true crack is surrounded by other non-crack features.
Sociodemographic differences in reasons for ENDS use among US youth within Wave 2 of the PATH study.

Introduction Adolescents use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, or e-cigarettes) more than other tobacco products. Among adults, some data indicate that motivations for use vary by sociodemographic group. This study sought to examine how adolescents' motivations for ENDS use vary by sociodemographic characteristics, including age, gender, race/ethnicity and household income. Methods The current study used data from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Youth who used ENDS in the past 30 days were asked to report their motivations for product use. Rates of reporting each reason for use were compared across sociodemographic groups. Results Appealing flavors was the most commonly reported motivation for using ENDS, and was mentioned more often among females (89.23%) than males (74.00%). Females were also more likely than males to report using ENDS because the product feels like smoking cigarettes (AOR=1.761) and people who are important to the participant smoke them (AOR=1.895). Older teens were more likely to report using ENDS because the product does not smell bad (56.45%, 15-17 years old; 42.83%, 12-14 years old). Conclusions Motivations for ENDS use vary by sociodemographic group. Understanding the motivations for use among sociodemographic subgroups is an initial step towards informing the development of policies and interventions with equally distributed benefits.
Fibromuscular dysplasia: Beginning to see the forest through the trees.

No abstract available Keywords: cervical artery dissection; fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD).
Ontogeny of Otolith Formation in Two Demersal Estuarine Reef Fishes

Abstract Planktonic reef fish larvae locate and orient to reefs during settlement. Consequently, metamorphosis occurs in appropriate juvenile and/or adult habitats. Larval fish use otoliths for hea...
Association of Early Introduction to Solid Foods with Infant Gut Microbiota Abundance, Overweight/obesity, and Short Chain Fatty Acids at Ages 3 and 12 Months (OR01-06-19)

Clinical recommendations for optimal timing of introduction to solid foods vary, but earlier introduction has been associated with childhood overweight and obesity (OWOB). The gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) they produce are postulated to modify this relationship. Our objective was to determine if introduction to solid foods at or before 3 months is associated with differential abundance of gut microbiota, SCFAs, and OWOB at 3 and 12 months of age. Stool was collected from a subset of infants in the prospective Nurture birth cohort at 3 months (n = 68 infants) and 12 months (n = 50) of age. We conducted paired-end sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region using an Illumina MiSeq and quantified SCFAs using gas chromatography. We defined early introduction of solids as ≤3 months of age. We calculated weight-for-length z scores (WFL-z) using the WHO's age- and sex-specific standards. OWOB was defined as a weight-for-length z score > 1 SD. We assessed differential abundance of taxa using beta-binomial regression, considering a two-sided FDR corrected p-value < 0.05 significant. We fit logistic and linear regression models to assess OWOB, WFL-z, and SCFA abundance. We adjusted for breastfeeding and delivery method. Mother-infant dyads in the early solids group (n = 20) had similar baseline characteristics to those in the late solids (n = 47). After adjustment, there were 8 differentially abundant microbial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) by timing of introduction to solids at 3 months and 10 ASVs at 12 months (Figure). Infants introduced to early solids had non-significant WFL-z at 12 months of age (B = 0.27, 95% CI: −0.38, 0.91) and odds for OWOB (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: −0.94, 1.7). Infants introduced to solids early had significantly higher concentrations of (log + 1) butyrate (B = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.09, P < 0.001) at 12 months vs. those introduced later, but not at 3 months. No other SCFAs were significantly different by timing of solids. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early infant introduction to solid foods is associated with OWOB, along with altered gut microbiota composition and butyrate production. Further research is needed to determine if the changes in the microbiota modify or mediate the associations of early solids with child obesity. This study was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Institutes of Health.
Applying Public Management Concepts To Ourselves: Accreditation Under the New Master Degree Mission Standards

(1996). Applying Public Management Concepts To Ourselves: Accreditation Under the New Master Degree Mission Standards. Journal of Public Administration Education: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 175-182.
Varieties of populist parties

Can parties such as the Swedish Democrats, the Jobbik Movement for a Better Hungary, the UK Independence Party and the Italian Lega Nord all be classified consistently as part of the same family? P...
Detection of PLA2R Autoantibodies before the Diagnosis of Membranous Nephropathy.

Background Circulating serum autoantibodies against the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R-AB) are a key biomarker in the diagnosis and monitoring of primary membranous nephropathy (MN). However, little is known about the appearance and trajectory of PLA2R-AB before the clinical diagnosis of MN. Methods Using the Department of Defense Serum Repository, we analyzed PLA2R-AB in multiple, 1054 longitudinal serum samples collected before diagnosis of MN from 134 individuals with primary MN, 35 individuals with secondary MN, and 134 healthy volunteers. We evaluated the presence and timing of non-nephrotic range proteinuria (NNRP) and serum albumin measurements in relation to PLA2R-AB status. Results Analysis of PLA2R-AB in longitudinal serum samples revealed seropositivity in 44% (59 out of 134) of primary MN cases, 3% (one out of 35) of secondary MN cases, and in 0% of healthy controls. Among patients with MN, PLA2R-AB were detectable at a median of 274 days before renal biopsy diagnosis (interquartile range, 71-821 days). Approximately one third of the participants became seropositive within 3 months of MN diagnosis. Of the 21 individuals with documented prediagnostic NNRP, 43% (nine out of 21) were seropositive before NNRP was first documented and 28.5% (six out of 21) were seropositive at the same time as NNRP; 66% (39 out of 59) of those seropositive for PLA2R-AB had hypoalbuminemia present at the time antibody was initially detected. Twelve participants (20%) were seropositive before hypoalbuminemia became apparent, and eight participants (14%) were seropositive after hypoalbuminemia became apparent. Conclusions Circulating PLA2R-AB are detectable months to years before documented NNRP and biopsy-proven diagnosis in patients with MN.
Iodine orbital moment and chromium anisotropy contributions to CrI3 magnetism

The recent discovery of two-dimensional (2D) magnets, with a number of interesting magnetic properties, has drawn much interest due to their potential for future 2D spintronic device applications. CrI3, a van der Waals magnet, exhibits two-dimensional ferromagnetism even in monolayer form, stabilized by strong magnetic anisotropy. Its interlayer magnetic ordering is coupled to structural layer stacking, implying that the charge density distribution mediating van der Waals interactions plays a key role in the magnetic interaction between the layers. Using polarization-dependent x-ray spectroscopy, we investigated the response of the electronic environment around Cr and I sites to structural changes of layer stacking order. The highly anisotropic nature of the Cr local environment is significantly enhanced and is accompanied by changes in the valence band, in the rhombohedral phase. Magnetic spectroscopy measurements reveal a sizable iodine orbital moment, indicating the iodine contribution to magnetic anisotropy. Our results uncover an important role for the extended nature of anisotropic Cr orbital states in dictating interlayer magnetic interactions and the iodine contribution to magnetic anisotropy.
Signals in the Soil: Underground Antennas

Antenna is a major design component of Internet of Underground Things (IOUT) communication system. The use of antenna, in IOUT, differs from traditional communication in that it is buried in the soil. Therefore, one of the main challenges, in IOUT applications, is to establish a reliable communication. To that end, there is a need of designing an underground-specific antenna. Three major factors that can impact the performance of a buried antenna are: (1) effect of high soil permittivity changes the wavelength of EM waves, (2) variations in soil moisture with time affecting the permittivity of the soil, and (3) difference in how EM waves propagate during aboveground (AG) and underground (UG) communications. For the third challenge above, it is to be noted that lateral waves are dominant component in EM during UG2UG communication and suffer lowest attenuation as compared to other, direct and reflected, components. Therefore, antennas used for over-the-air (OTA) communication will not be suitable for UG communication because of impedance mismatch. This chapter focuses on developing a theoretical model for understanding the impact of soil on antenna by conducting experiments in different soil types (silty clay loam, sandy, and silt loam soil) and indoor testbed. The purpose of the model is to predict UG antenna resonance for designing efficient communication system for IOUT. Based on the model a wideband planar antenna is designed considering soil dispersion and soil–air interface reflection effect which improves the communication range five times from the antennas designed only for the wavelength change in soil. Furthermore, it also focuses on developing an impedance model to study the effect of changing wavelength in underground communication. It is also discussed how soil–air interface and soil properties effect the return loss of dipole antenna.
The Generalist’s Dilemma: How Accidental Language Teachers Are at the Center of Japanese Pedagogy

This article introduces the role and issues of generalist in Japanese-language education. Generalists teach both Japanese- and English-language courses, across the curriculum. They may be “accidental” Japanese teachers, who were trained in other fields but find themselves teaching language due to the nature of the job market. Hence, unlike specialist Japanese language educators, generalists may lack an academic identity of language teacher. This article shows how the generalist’s dilemma provides a window into larger problems of diversity in Japanese language instruction and its relationship to Japan studies, more broadly. It shows how the place generalists may help us: reconsider the divided between “content courses” and Japanese-language courses; understand the structural disincentives for generalists to identify as language teachers; and appreciate the modes of interdisciplinary learning and language competency modeled by generalsits.
Food Well-Being in the Higher Education Sector: How to Leverage Design Thinking to Create Healthy and Pleasurable Food Experiences Among College Students

Higher education is an important and unique sector to examine food well-being, defined as an integrative understanding of the psychological, physical, emotional, and social relationships individuals have with food (Block et al. 2011). Transitioning into adulthood and living away from home for the first time, students demonstrate inadequate food literacy (Abraham et al. 2018; Kang et al. 2014; Malan et al. 2020; Tam et al. 2017; Wilson et al. 2017). Food availability is often limited to on-campus institutional dining services, fast-food restaurants, and vending machines, with little access to grocery stores (Caruso et al. 2014; Dhillon et al. 2019; Horacek et al. 2013; Lugosi 2019). Promotions for junk food and beverages, such as pizza, burgers, and sugar-sweetened sodas, dominate marketing efforts aimed at this demographic (Bragg et al. 2018; Buchanan et al. 2018; Jayanetti et al. 2018), though calorie concerns, especially among female students, guide many food decisions, often at the expense of pleasurable and social food experiences (Rozin et al. 2003; So et al. 2012; Zein et al. 2016). Meanwhile, university food policies, such as mandatory meal plans, can be costly, confusing, and wasteful (Ellison et al. 2019; Laterman 2019; Pappano 2016). As a microcosm of universal food experiences, student food well-being experiences can inform innovation in all food sectors.
The evolution, usage and trip patterns of taxis & ridesourcing services: evidence from 2001, 2009 & 2017 US National Household Travel Survey

Given the rapid adoption of ridesourcing services (RS), it is critical for transportation planners and policymakers to understand their impacts and keep policies up to date. This study contributes to the literature by using representative samples captured in the 2001, 2009 and 2017 National Household Travel Surveys to explore how taxis and ridesourcing (T/R) services have evolved and shaped people’s travel behavior pre- and post-disruption at the US national level. It characterizes and visualizes the asymmetries in demand spatially and temporally for T/R trips, showing that ridesourcing has greatly increased T/R trips from flexible and optional activity locations to home, which vary by times of day. It also characterizes tours involving T/R services, showing that while simple optional tours (such as home–recreation–home) represent the largest share of tours involving T/R, the fastest growth has been in simple mandatory tours (such as home–work–home). Tours involving T/R grew from 0.4% of all tours in 2009 to 1% of all tours in 2017, mostly within densely populated and transit-oriented regions. Although less than 1% of T/R trips involved a direct transfer to or from transit, one-third of all tours containing T/R also included transit. However, at the same time, 40% of T/R-containing tours also involved auto trip(s). Overall, this study reveals the complex relationships among their underlying sociodemographic characteristics, RS adoption and usage behavior, and daily tour patterns.
Assessment of Patient Safety Culture in a Pediatric Department.

Background An assessment of the prevalent culture needs to be the first step when building patient safety programs in healthcare organizations to achieve high-quality health care. Objective To conduct a baseline assessment of patient safety culture, to provide insight into the factors that contribute to patient safety, and to use the information to make improvements. Methods The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (PSC) questionnaire was conducted from October through December 2020 at the Brookdale Hospital Medical Center (BHMC) Pediatric departments (Pediatric Inpatient Unit, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [NICU], Pediatric Intensive Care Unit [PICU], and Pediatric Emergency Department) and four community-based ambulatory pediatric practices (Brookdale Family Care Centers [BFCC]). The percentages of positive responses on the 12 patient-safety dimensions and the summation of PSC and two outcomes (overall patient safety grade and adverse events reported in the past year) were assessed. Factors associated with PSC aggregate score were analyzed. Results From the 385 emails that were sent, 136 surveys were considered for analysis. This gives us a response rate of 35.3%. Most of the participants were nurses (58%) with direct contact with patients (94.2%). Most respondents did not report any events (60.7%), whereas 30.3% reported 1-2 events in the past year. The patient safety composites with the highest positive scores were teamwork within units (78%), supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety (71.2%), and organizational learning--continuous improvement (66.8%). The composites with the lowest scores were non-punitive response to error (35.9%) and staffing (38%). Conclusions All of our composite measures, with the exception of teamwork within units, appear to be low, which means that all the other composite measures require interventions for improvement of overall safety culture. In order for healthcare leaders and policymakers to establish a culture of safety and improvement, they must create a climate of open communication, continuous learning, and eliminate the fear of blame and punitive feedback.
US Section 301, China, and Technology Transfer: Law and Its Limitations Revisited (Again)

Disputes between the United States and China regarding transfer of technology and intellectual property are of long-standing. The more economically significant elements of China's practices addressed by US complaints are not well-addressed by WTO rules. Threatened US retaliatory tariffs would violate WTO norms. Still, Robert Hudec’s approach to justified trade disobedience is relevant. US criticism of China's industrial policy may reflect a fundamental difference in national governance models. Though different, it is not clear why China's model of engaging in detailed industrial policy planning directed towards progressive goals should be viewed as misguided. It seems reasonable to rebalance concessions that China secured when negotiating entry to the WTO because circumstances have changed in consequence of China's remarkable economic success. There remains space for political and economic diplomacy near and outside the boundaries of the WTO framework. However, care should be taken that bilateralism does not become the "new normal" as trade fragmentation and power politics have proven problematic in the past.
Democracy, Distrust, and Judicial Umpiring in the G-20 Nations

"This article examines John Hart Ely's theory of judicial review set forth forty-one years ago in: John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (1980). In particular, it examines Ely's claim that it is normatively desirable for courts to police the political processes of change to keep them open to political outsiders and that this is in fact one thing Supreme Courts, or Constitutional Courts, do. I show that the U.S. Supreme Court has continued to play this umpiring role since 1980, although often in ways John Hart Ely may not have approved of. I then comparatively examine the judicial review systems of: 1) the United Kingdom; 2) Germany; 3) Japan; 4) South Africa; 5) Brazil; 6) Canada; and 7) Australia, and I show that in those countries Supreme Courts or Constitutional Courts ubiquitously play the role John Hart Ely describes. This helps to prove that umpiring of the political process does not raise "a political question" but instead is a core judicial function." This essay is forthcoming in Constitutional Commentary.
Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity Measurements on Cross‐Linked Polybutadienes in Uniaxial Elongation

Cross‐linked elastomers have numerous applications including automobiles, sporting goods, and biomedical devices. During both their processing and application, these materials experience large mechanical stresses and thermal gradients. In this study, we investigate the mechanical and thermal transport behavior of cross‐linked polybutadienes. These materials have been prepared by cross linking well‐entangled polybutadienes using an organic peroxide cross‐linking agent at low concentration. Samples obtained after nearly complete conversion of the cross‐linking agent, which can be characterized as lightly cross‐linked (i.e., more than 10 entanglements per cross‐link), were subjected to a series of large strain, uniaxial deformations. Measurements of the tensile stress and two components of the thermal conductivity tensor will be reported as a function of elongation. These data are also used to examine the stress‐thermal rule in which the stress and thermal conductivity tensors are linearly related.