cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leydig cell tumors presenting as azoospermia

Leydig cell tumors of the testis are rare, comprising 1 to 3% of all testicular neoplasms.l.2 Approximately 10% of these tumors are malignant. They most commonly present as a testicular mass or with endocrine abnormalities, such as gynecomastia and loss of libido. We report on 2 patients with Leydig cell tumors who presented with the unusual symptoms of infertility and azoospermia. CASE REPORTS Case 1. A 33-year-old man presented for evaluation of primary infertility 3 to 4 years in duration. History included a left maldescended testicle which spontaneously descended at age 2 years and prepubertal mumps without orchitis. Laboratory tests included 3 semen analyses showing azoospermia and pellet analysis confirming absence of sperm. Serum testosterone was 386 ng./dl. (normal 270 to 1,070), and serum a-fetoprotein, p-human chorionic gonadotropin and lactic dehydrogenase were normal. Physical examination revealed a left testis measuring approximately 25 cc with a large mass in the upper portion. The right testis was approximately 10 cc and soft. Ultrasonography confirmed a hyperechoic mass in the upper two-thirds of the left testis. Given the appearance of the mass, left radical orchiectomy was performed. Pathological examination revealed a Leydig cell tumor (figs. 1 and 2). Metastatic evaluation with abdominal and pelvic computerized tomography was negative. Case 2. A 32-year-old man presented for evaluation of 2.5 years of primary infertility. History included bilateral inguinal hernia repairs. Physical examination revealed bilateral severe testicular atrophy. Two semen analyses showed fructose positive azoospermia. Serum testosterone was normal but follicle-stimulating hormone (1,567 mlU/ml., normal 4 to 10) and luteinizing hormone (156 mlU/ml., normal 2 to 10) were elevated. Diagnostic biopsy of the right testis revealed late maturation arrest. The patient returned for additional evaluation 5 years later and a nodule was palpated in the left testis, which was confirmed to be solid on ultrasound. Serum hormones were without significant change from previous levels and serum tumor markers were negative. Left radical orchiectomy was performed, and pathological evaluation revealed Leydig cell tumor. Metastatic evaluation was negative. The patient was lost to followup for 9 years, when he returned for additional infertility treatment. At that time, an 8 mm. mass was palpated in the solitary right testis. Despite ultrasound confirmation of the mass, the patient has refused any intervention.
Brucellosis Eradication Program, Its Present and Future Status

The eradication of brucellosis from the Nation is a goal which will be achieved in the near future. Ten States have achieved Certified Brucellosis-Free status. More than 25% of the Nation's counties, 849 in 32 States plus the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, are Certified Brucellosis-Free. Over 90% of the counties in the country have reached or surpassed Modified Certified Brucellosis-Free status; that is, the rate of brucellosis has been reduced to less than 1% of the cattle in the area. Only 12 States have not yet achieved that status (Fig 1).
Bilateral osteochondritis of the medial hallucial sesamoids in a 12-year-old

We report an unusual case of bilateral osteochondritis of the tibial (medial) hallucial sesamoids in a 12-year-old rugby player. He was referred with an 18 month history of disabling bilateral plantar first metatarsophalangeal joint pain that did not respond to conservative treatment. The diagnosis of sesamoid osteochondritis is usually delayed because radiological changes do not occur for up to twelve months following the onset of symptoms. Diagnostic radiological changes are best seen on axial sesamoid plain radiographs and computerized tomograms. It is difficult to differentiate between sesamoiditis and true or stress fractures of the sesamoid. The initial treatment of clinical sesamoiditis is conservative. In this case bilateral medial hallucial sesamoidectomy provided complete and sustained relief of symptoms. At 6 month follow up the boy remains symptom free and has returned to normal sporting activity.
Selection of an optimal set of cutting-tool sizes for 2D pocket machining

Abstract The availability of high speed automatic tool change mechanisms in modem CNC machining centers is making it practical to consider the use of multiple cutting-tool (specifically, flat end-mill) sizes to reduce the total time for machining a 2 1 2 D) pocket. However, current CAD/CAM systems do not support pocket machining using multiple cutting-tool sizes. In this paper, we describe a two-phase methodology for selecting an optimal set of cutting-tool sizes to machine a 2 1 2 D pocket. In the first phase, we employ a new concept called the Voronoi mountain in order to calculate the material volume that can be removed by a specific cutting-tool size, the material volume that will subsequently remain to be machined, and the cutter-paths (and corresponding processing times) for each cutting-tool. In the second phase, we apply a dynamic programming approach for optimal selection of cutting-tool sizes on the basis of the processing time. Our computational experiments indicate that substantial savings in processing time can be achieved by using multiple cutting-tool sizes to machine 2 1 2 D pockets.
A NOVEL FRAILTY BASED VASCULAR RISK SCORE FOR PREDICTION OF POOR OUTCOMES IN PERIPHERAL VASCULAR INTERVENTION

Frailty has been proposed as a predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality in aging vascular surgery population. We developed a frailty-based vascular risk score (VRS) applicable to range of postoperative outcomes and tested it in patients who have undergone peripheral vascular interventions
Individual differences in statistics anxiety among college students.

The present study investigated differences in statistics anxiety levels based on students' gender and age. Using the statistics anxiety scores of 246 college students, a 2×3 between-subjects factorial multivariate analysis of covariance was performed on the six dependent variables (worth of statistics, interpretation anxiety, test and class anxiety, computational self-concept, fear of asking for help, and fear of statistics teachers) that were hypothesized to be six dimensions of statistics anxiety. Independent variables were gender and age. Previous mathematics experience (PME) was entered as a covariate. The results showed that PME was significant and accounted for 17% of the variance in the combined dependent variables. There was no significant interaction effect and no significant main effect for gender. After adjusting for the effects of the covariate, a significant main effect for age was found. Older students showed significantly higher statistics test and class anxiety than younger students, even though older students showed the most positive attitudes toward the usefulness of statistics.
Effect of Processing and Loading on Equiatomic NiTi Fatigue Life and Localized Failure Mechanisms

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have many promising applications in the aerospace, automotive, and energy industries. However, due to a lack of understanding of their actuation fatigue, applications are sometimes limited to non-structural or non-critical components. This paper addresses the actuation fatigue characteristics of a specific SMA, equiatomic Nickel-Titanium (NiTi), with varying heat treatments, as well as different methods for assessing actuation fatigue response, including improved testing procedures and distributed extension measurement methods. Heat treatments ranged from 350°C to 400°C for one to three hours. Dogbone specimens processed from heat treated NiTi sheets were mechanically loaded on test frames which provided resistive heating and forced convective cooling with dry air via vortex tubes. Two mechanical loading schemes were utilized: constant uniaxial load (initial stress of 200MPa) and a linear or spring load centered at 200MPa (and ranging from approximately 150MPa to 250MPa). Linear loading schemes were introduced in order to better simulate actuation in an aerospace application, such as the morphing of semi-rigid surfaces. Specimens were thermally cycled to full actuation with a time-based control scheme developed in LabVIEW. Fatigue responses varied widely as a result of different heat treatments and loading schemes. Due to the main failure mechanism being high localized extension (necking) for the constant loading schemes, additional hardware and software were developed to visually capture extension distribution over specimen length. By analyzing actuation characteristics (e.g. transformation strain) and fatigue mechanisms, the ideal post-processing for actuator applications was determined. Utilizing the local extension distribution evolution over the fatigue life of NiTi specimens as well as postmortem analysis of the failure surfaces allowed for the failure modes to be determined for each heat treatment.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Biotinyl-Tyramide-Based In Situ Hybridization Signal Patterns Distinguish Human Papillomavirus Type and Grade of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

In this study, the prevalence of human papillomavirus integration in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grades I, II, and III has been investigated using a highly sensitive biotinyl-tyramide–based in situ hybridization methodology. This method is able to demonstrate integrated viral DNA by punctate signals within the nucleus and episomal viral DNA by a diffuse signal throughout the nucleus. Fifteen viral types were identified by General Primer 5+/6+ polymerase chain reaction assay among 26 Grade I and 22 Grade II/III lesions. High-risk human papillomavirus (Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 66) was found in 20 (77%) Grade I and in 22 (100%) Grade II/III lesions (P =.025). Human papillomavirus Type 16 was identified in 2 (7%) Grade I and in 15 (68%) Grade II/III samples (P <.0001) and was distinguished from other high-risk types by its demonstration in both Grade I and Grade II/III lesions as frequent punctate signals, detectable at all levels of the epithelium including the basal layer. In contrast, punctate signals, when detected among Grade I lesions that were positive for other high-risk types, did not involve the basal layer and were restricted to occasional cells in the superficial layers. However, Grade II/III lesions positive for high-risk types other than human papillomavirus Type 16 demonstrated frequent punctate signals throughout the epithelium. Overall, punctate signals were detected in 22 (100%) high-risk human papillomavirus–positive Grade II/III lesions and in 5 (25%) high-risk positive Grade I lesions (P <.0001). These data are consistent with human papillomavirus Type 16 possessing a high potential for integration, which may explain its frequent association with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grade III and carcinomas. Acquisition of the punctate correlate, especially in the basal layer, is also indicated as important in the development of Grade II/III lesions. The data illustrate the unique potential of biotinyl-tyramide–based in situ hybridization to address key issues concerning the biology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
A mathematical logic approach to the shareholder vs stakeholder debate

Uses an innovative approach to analyze the long‐standing claim that companies exist to maximize shareholder value. Five statements supporting this claim are tested using mathematical logic. Each one is found to be false. The community of business theorists, consultants, academics, and management practitioners that espouse shareholder value as the singular purpose of business are thus shown, from this perspective, to be wrong.
The digital anatomist information system and its use in the generation and delivery of Web-based anatomy atlases

Abstract Advances in network and imaging technology, coupled with the availability of 3-D datasets such as the Visible Human, provide a unique opportunity for developing information systems in anatomy that can deliver relevant knowledge directly to the clinician, researcher or educator. A software framework is described for developing such a system within a distributed architecture that includes spatial and symbolic anatomy information resources, Web and custom servers, and authoring and end-user client programs. The authoring tools have been used to create 3-D atlases of the brain, knee and thorax that are used both locally and throughout the world. For the one and a half year period from June 1995–January 1997, the on-line atlases were accessed by over 33,000 sites from 94 countries, with an average of over 4000 “hits” per day, and 25,000 hits per day during peak exam periods. The atlases have been linked to by over 500 sites, and have received at least six unsolicited awards by outside rating institutions. The flexibility of the software framework has allowed the information system to evolve with advances in technology and representation methods. Possible new features include knowledge-based image retrieval and tutoring, dynamic generation of 3-D scenes, and eventually, real-time virtual reality navigation through the body. Such features, when coupled with other on-line biomedical information resources, should lead to interesting new ways for managing and accessing structural information in medicine.
Kinetics of the OH + methyl vinyl ketone and OH + methacrolein reactions at low pressure

The rate constants for the OH + methyl vinyl ketone and OH + methacrolein reactions have been measured in 2−5 Torr of He and over the temperature range 300−422 K using discharge-flow systems coupled with laser-induced fluorescence and resonance fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The rate constant for the OH + methyl vinyl ketone reaction was found to be (1.73 ± 0.21) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 5 Torr. No significant pressure dependence was observed between 2 and 5 Torr at 300 K, but a pressure dependence of the rate constant was measured at temperatures between 328 and 422 K. At 328 K, the termolecular rate constant (k0) was measured to be (6.71 ± 2.65) × 10-28 cm6 molecule-2 s-1. An Arrhenius expression of k0 = (9.9 ± 7.6) × 10-30 exp[(1440 ± 300)/T] cm6 molecule-2 s-1 over the temperature range 328−422 K was obtained from a weighted linear least-squares fit of the k0 data versus temperature. Unlike the OH + methyl vinyl ketone reaction, a significant pressure dependence of the rate constant fo...
Inert gases in twelve particles and one “dust” sample from Luna 16

The inert gases were measured mass-spectrometrically in 12 fragments and one dust sample from Luna 16. The fragments were classified petrologically by microscopic inspection. The major petrologic types were breccias and basalts. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio of the breccias (average 49) was systematically smaller than that of the basalts (average 78), probably because of He-Ne fractionation during or after the formation of the breccias. We suggest that the He-4/Ne-20 ratios of bulk fines in general may reflect the proportions of basaltic and breccia (plus cindery glasses) fragments in the fines. Exposure ages of four fragments are several hundred million years. The Ar-40/Ar-36 slopes of breccias and basalts are identical: 0.65.
Diamond windows for IR applications in adverse environments

Abstract Diamond exhibits an unusually favorable combination of properties in terms of its mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and optical transmission, which makes this material highly attractive for IR applications that involve severe environmental conditions. The objective of this paper is to provide an initial assessment of some of the issues that arise in connection with the use of diamond artifacts for two highly demanding tasks: domes for high speed missiles and windows for high power lasers. Monolithic diamond deposits lack the degree of transparency required for use as missile domes in the mid-IR; at longer wavelengths, it can be expected that single-phonon absorptions will be tolerable in the sense that self-emission at elevated temperatures should not degrade the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition to surface hardness, the features that confer diamond its advantage are its high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion, which indicate that diamond has orders of magnitude more thermal shock resistance than the best competing materials. Defect-free, single-crystal diamond also emerges as a promising candidate material for high-average-power laser window applications in the near-IR. The power handling capability (up to about 1 MW) will be limited by thermally induced optical distortion, which can only be eliminated if absorption-free, anti-reflection coatings become available, and the edge heat transfer coefficient, which must be greatly enhanced to take advantage of the exceptional thermal conductivity of diamond at low temperatures.
How Can Monolingual Teachers Take Advantage of Learners' Native Language in Class?

With the increasing linguistic diversity of students in many classrooms around the world, teachers need to be well-equipped with strategies to address the learning needs of students with limited proficiency in the dominant language of the classroom. This article outlines various strategies that might help teachers reach that goal by taking advantage of students' proficiency in their first language, using examples from the United States. Conversations about the significance of students' first language can contribute to enhancing students' confidence and learning abilities. What can be learned about the value of first language in education has relevance for multi-lingual learning environments across the world.
Isolation and characterization of cloned human DNA fragments carrying reiterated sequences common to both autosomes and the X chromosome

Several recombinants were identified and purified from a cloned library of human DNA by virtue of their homology to DNA from a mouse-human hybrid cell line containing a single human chromosome, the X, and their lack of homology to mouse DNA. Three recombinants were characterized in detail, and all were homologous to reiterated DNA from the human X chromosome. These recombinants also were homologous to reiterated sequences on one or more human autosomes and, therefore, were not X chromosome specific. The recombinant DNA fragments homologous to human reiterated X DNA were the same fragments homologous to human reiterated autosomal DNA. Digestion of genomic DNAs with several restriction enzymes revealed that the pattern of fragments homologous to one recombinant, lambda Hb2, was the same on autosomes as on the X chromosome, suggesting that the molecular organization of these elements on the X is not distinct from their organization on autosomes.
How to best forecast adverse outcomes following geriatric trauma: an ageless question?

A tension exists in the surgical literature about using chronological age to forecast surgical risk.Largedatabasestudieshave generally concluded that advancing age independently predicts adverse surgical outcomes. In contrast, singleinstitution case series have noted that excellent surgical outcomes can be achieved in the oldest old. An explanation thatmay reconcile theseopposing conclusions is the concept of physiological, rather than chronological, age that is quantified using frailty assessment. Joseph and colleagues1 are leading the way in defining physiological age in geriatric trauma patients. Using thewellaccepted (although lengthy)CanadianStudyofHealthandAging definition of frailty, the authors conclude that an older adult’s Frailty Index following a traumatic injury is superior to chronological age in forecasting in-hospital complications and adverse discharge disposition. The question is what can be done with this information? Trauma is a nonelective event, a fact that does not allow for altering pre-event clinical decision making. The authors recommend their Frailty Index for improving risk stratification of elderly trauma patients across institutions. Beyond this, could a frailty score in the trauma setting be used to improve patient care? Twopotential avenues for a frailty scoremightdirectly influence the care of trauma patients. First, individuals with frailty could be managed differently by implementing evidence-based inpatient care pathways (eg, the Acute Care for Elders model2) proven to improve outcomes of hospitalized olderadults. Second, clinicaldecisionsaboutwhocanbesafely discharged after a fall from standing height may be influenced by a frailty score. Joseph and colleagues are to be congratulated on this important work highlighting the relative effect of chronological andphysiological ageon traumaoutcomes.Although thebest frailty tool for traumacaseshasyet tobedetermined, this study should trigger further research and quality improvement efforts targeting thegrowingpopulationof traumapatientswith frailty.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Concentrate to Augment Bone Fusion

Within the foot and ankle literature, there exists only a handful of basic science and clinical articles reporting on the efficacy and clinical utility of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). This article discusses the concept and basic science of PRP, and clinical applications of PRP for the augmentation of bone healing in foot and ankle surgery. The authors also provide a classification system that assesses relative risks for poor bone healing and the need for orthobiologic augmentation.
Oxidation of NADH during contractions of circulated mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract The steady-state oxidation-reduction level of intracellular NAD was measured fluoro-metrically in the dog's gastroenemius and gracilis muscles. In response to twitch activity at 5 per second NADH consistently went oxidized. It is concluded that in these muscles the oxygen supply never limited the respiratory chain activity during the contractions. Therefore, the lactate formation that occurs early in such activity is not caused by hypoxic stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis but is rather the result of a temporary imbalance between the rates of pyruvate production by aerobic glycolysis and pyruvate utilization in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Enhanced signal and auditory processing for landmine detection using EMI sensors

Although the ability of EMI sensors to detect landmines has improved significantly, false alarm rate reduction remains a challenging problem. However, experienced operators can often discriminate mines from metallic clutter with the aid of an audio transducer. The goal of this work is to optimize the presentation of information to the operator and to determine whether information as to the presence of metal can be co-presented with information regarding mine/non-mine belief. Traditionally, an energy calculation is provided to the sensor operator via a signal whose loudness and/or frequency is proportional to the energy of the received signal. This information codes information as to the amount of metal present. However, there is information in the unprocessed sensor signal that the operator could use to effect discrimination. We have experimentally investigated the perceptual dimensions that most effectively convey the information in a sensor response to a listener using simulated data. Results indicated that, consistent with the auditory warning literature, pulsed audio signals with a distinct harmonic pattern which rise in fundamental frequency can be used to provide information which provides better performance than simple single-frequency tones. Additionally, the data indicated that the amount of metal could be coded in the rising pitch of the complex, and that the mine/no-mine probabilities could be coded in a separate dimension - the pulse rate. In this paper, we describe these results in detail.
Decision paths affecting turnover among information technology professionals

The purpose of this study was to better understand the factors influencing voluntary turnover particularly among information technology (IT) professionals. Toward that end, we tested the "unfolding model of voluntary turnover" as it applies to IT professionals. A large majority of respondents reported "image violation" and either job search or an offer in hand prior to job change. In contrast to previously theorized decision pathways, the majority of respondents following a wide variety of "atheoretical" paths.
Esterases of laboratory-reared and field-collected cotton boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boh.: polymorphism of adult esterases and formal genetics of esterase II.

The esterases of the cotton boll weevil were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into four major regions. These were named Est I–IV in order of migration from anode to origin. Polymorphism was observed in all regions. The Est II region was shown to consist of no more than two bands (fast and slow). The inheritance of the fast and slow bands of Est II was demonstrated to be controlled by codominant autosomal alleles. Analysis of the gene frequency of the Est II region showed that one field population was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg law (P=0.995), while a second field population was not at equilibrium (P<0.001).
Threshold Detection in Narrow-Band Non-Gaussian Noise

The Middleton Class A narrow-band non-Gaussian noise model [9]-[12] is examined. It is shown that this noise model (which is known to fit closely a variety of non-Gaussian noises) can itself be closely approximated by a computationally much simpler noise model. It is then shown by numerical examples that, for the problem of locally optimum detection, the simplest form of this approximation yields nearly optimal (asymptotic) performance. The performance of other simple suboptimal threshold detectors in Class A noise is also examined. Finally, a useful relationship between the Class A model and the e-mixture model is developed.
Stemming the tide: Predicting women engineers' intentions to leave ☆

Abstract This investigation adapts and extends the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) by integrating it with central constructs from turnover theory. The extended model proposes that domain specific self-efficacy and outcome expectations predict job satisfaction and organizational commitment — the two key job attitudes that have been established as influential predictors of turnover cognitions and behaviors. Further, we proposed that one form of organizational supports, specifically developmental opportunities at work, are sources of self efficacy and outcome expectations, and that the relationship between organizational supports and job attitudes is mediated by self-efficacy and outcome expectations. The proposed model was tested on a national sample of 2,042 women engineers. Overall, the results provided support for our newly developed model. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 162

Abstract Nuclear structure data for mass 162 nuclei are compiled, and adopted level and gamma—ray properties are presented. The adopted values are based on all data received before May 1974. All published data received between May and August 1974 have also been considered in arriving at adopted values.
Prediction of activity coefficients in liquid aerosol particles containing organic compounds, dissolved inorganic salts, and water—Part 2: Consideration of phase separation effects by an X-UNIFAC model

A thermodynamic model is presented for predicting the formation of particulate matter (PM) within an aerosol that contains organic compounds, inorganic salts, and water. Neutral components are allowed to partition from the gas phase to the PM, with the latter potentially composed of both a primarily aqueous (α) liquid phase and a primarily organic (β) liquid phase. Partitioning is allowed to occur without any artificial restraints: when both α and β PM phases are present, ionic constituents are allowed to partition to both. X-UNIFAC.2, an extended UNIFAC method based on Yan et al. (1999. Prediction of vapor–liquid equilibria in mixed-solvent electrolyte systems using the group contribution concept. Fluid Phase Equilibria 162, 97–113), was developed for activity coefficient estimation. X-UNIFAC.2 utilizes the standard UNIFAC terms, a Debye–Huckel term, and a virial equation term that represents the middle-range (MR) contribution to activity coefficient effects. A large number (234) of MR parameters are already available from Yan et al. (1999). Six additional MR parameters were optimized here to enable X-UNIFAC.2 to account for interactions between the carboxylic acid group and Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+. Predictions of PM formation were made for a hypothetical sabinene/O3 system with varying amounts of NaCl in the PM. Predictions were also made for the chamber experiments with α-pinene/O3 (and CaCl2 seed) carried out by Cocker et al. (2001. The effect of water on gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol. Part I. α-pinene/ozone system. Atmospheric Environment 35, 6049–6072); good agreement between the predicted and chamber-measured PM mass concentrations was achieved.
The prevalence, rate of progression, and treatment of elbow flexion contracture in children with brachial plexus birth palsy.

Background: Elbow flexion contracture is a well-known complication of brachial plexus birth palsy that adversely affects upper-extremity function. The prevalence, risk factors, and rate of progression of elbow flexion contracture associated with brachial plexus birth palsy have not been established, and the effectiveness of nonoperative treatment involving nighttime splinting or serial casting has not been well studied.
Evidence for the multigenic inheritance of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is assumed to have complex inheritance because of its high prevalence and sporadic familial transmission. Findings of linkage on different chromosomes in various studies corroborate this assumption. It is not known whether these findings represent heterogeneous inheritance, in which various ethnic groups inherit illness through different major gene effects, or multigenic inheritance, in which affected individuals inherit several common genetic abnormalities. This study therefore examined inheritance of schizophrenia at different genetic loci in a nationally collected European American and African American sample. Seventy-seven families were previously genotyped at 458 markers for the NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative. Initial genetic analysis tested a dominant model, with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, as the affected phenotype. The families showed one genome-wide significant linkage (Z = 3.97) at chromosome 15q14, which maps within 1 cM of a previous linkage at the α7-nicotinic receptor gene. Chromosome 10p13 showed suggestive linkage (Z = 2.40). Six others (6q21, 9q32, 13q32, 15q24, 17p12, 20q13) were positive, with few differences between the two ethnic groups. The probability of each family transmitting schizophrenia through two genes is greater than expected from the combination of the independent segregation of each gene. Two trait-locus linkage analysis supports a model in which genetic alleles associated with schizophrenia are relatively common in the general population and affected individuals inherit risk for illness through at least two different loci. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection and discrimination of nonmetallic land mines

This paper is further development of the nonlinear vibro- acoustic technique, first presented at the previous SPIE conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Mineline Targets, Orlando '98. The present paper discusses the physical/mathematical model and experimental result of detection and discrimination of buried land mines. The mathematical model based on simplified 'mass-spring' approach. The effective spring has a nonlinear stiffness due to a nonlinear boundary condition at the soil-mine interface. Resulting nonlinear equation of motion and its solution in a good agreement with experimental observations. It has been demonstrated numerically and experimentally, that dynamically compliant mine cases exhibit strong nonlinear acoustic response, while less compliant false targets, such as rocks, solid pieces of wood and steel, and etc., behave as dynamically linear systems. The discovered nonlinear phenomenon has been used to develop the nonlinear vibro-acoustic method for land mine detection and discrimination. The experimental studies were performed with real inert plastic and wooden mines under laboratory and field conditions. First, the detection was performed with a contact sensor. Later, the method was tested using remote senors, such as a laser-doppler vibrometer and specially developed microwave vibrometers. These remote sensor demonstrated applicability for the developed nonlinear technique.
Aspect-Oriented runtime monitor certification

In-lining runtime monitors into untrusted binary programs via aspect-weaving is an increasingly popular technique for efficiently and flexibly securing untrusted mobile code. However, the complexity of the monitor implementation and in-lining process in these frameworks can lead to vulnerabilities and low assurance for code-consumers. This paper presents a machine-verification technique for aspect-oriented in-lined reference monitors based on abstract interpretation and model-checking. Rather than relying upon trusted advice, the system verifies semantic properties expressed in a purely declarative policy specification language. Experiments on a variety of real-world policies and Java applications demonstrate that the approach is practical and effective.
Anesthetic pitfalls in the elderly patient.

c c c t m a t b p t s o D b D o g d v g d s t z a lthough anesthesiology has many subspecialties, only ecently have anesthesiologists begun to organize the ubspecialty of geriatric anesthesiology. The need for ncreased emphasis on geriatric anesthesia is best illusrated by considering the rapid growth in the aging popuation and the expected growth of workload in specific surical subspecialties over the next 2 decades (Fig. 1). erhaps the reason for the delayed emergence of geriatric nesthesiology is that most anesthesiologists routinely rovide anesthesia for operations in elderly, frail paients. In discussing anesthesia for elderly patients, I will se the conventional cut-off age of 65, but acknowledge hat the physiology of vigorous older patients more losely resembles that of younger patients. Both aging and the five-category Physical Status (PS) lassification developed by the American Society of Ansthesiologists (ASA) (Fig. 2) are associated with inreased incidence of postoperative complications. In the ealthiest population of patients, those who are ASA PS (free of systemic disease) and 2 (mild systemic disease), he curve that relates age to major complications inreases gradually until about age 70. For patients in ASA S 3, which includes less healthy patients, the incidence f major complications begins to ascend at an earlier age nd increases more rapidly. For those in ASA PS 4, hich includes patients with diseases that are a constant hreat to life, the curve rises even more steeply. The trong relationship between PS, age, and outcomes demnstrates that increasing age is associated with both an ncreasing incidence of intercurrent diseases and with eclining physiologic reserve. Geriatric anesthesia necesitates distinction between problems that relate to ageependent decreases in functional reserves from problems hat result from intercurrent diseases, such as cardiovascular isease. The focus of this article is not intercurrent disease
Effects of Gender, Education, and Age upon Leaders’ Use of Influence Tactics and Full Range Leadership Behaviors

Relationships of gender, age, and education to leadership styles and leaders’ influence tactics were examined with 56 leaders and 234 followers from a variety of organizations. Leadership behaviors were measured with the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ—rater version). Influence tactics were measured with Yukl’s Influence Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to test behavioral differences attributed to leaders’ gender, age, and education groups, as well as the interaction of age and education with gender. Results show that gender produced a small direct effect on leadership behaviors. The interaction of gender and education produced consistent differences in leadership behaviors. Implications for future research are provided, and a call for re-analysis of previously published work is advised.
Digital predistortion using direct learning with reduced bandwidth feedback

Digital predistortion (DPD) is a popular approach for linearizing power amplifiers (PAs) in wireless base stations and improving system efficiency. The feedback path in a DPD system typically requires 5x signal bandwidth to accommodate the bandwidth expansion caused by the DPD and nonlinear PA. In this paper, we propose a new approach for adapting DPD parameters using direct learning and reduced bandwidth feedback. The new approach is capable of achieving near full-rate DPD performance and linearization bandwidth with significantly reduced feedback bandwidth. Measurement results on a Doherty PA achieved more than 20 dB corrections over 200 MHz bandwidth for a 2-carrier WCDMA signal spanning 40 MHz with only 81.92 MHz feedback bandwidth.
Evaluating sampling strategies of dermoscopic interest points

Among the most critical components of a computerized system for automated melanoma detection is image sampling and pooling of the extracted features. In this paper, we propose a new method for sampling and pooling based on a combination of spatial pooling and graph theory features. The performance of the new method is evaluated using a dataset of more than 1,500 images representing pigmented skin lesions of known pathology. In our comparisons, we include several methods ranging from simple and multi-scale sampling on a regular grid to more sophisticated approaches, such as blob and curvilinear structure detectors. Our results show that, despite its simplicity, simple sampling on a regular grid provides highly competitive performance, compared to the more sophisticated approaches, while multi-scale sampling yields only trivial improvements. However, the proposed method provides significant performance improvement in terms of sensitivity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% t-test), and the best performance in terms of specificity compared to all other methods explored.
On the interdependence of sensing and estimation complexity in sensor networks

Computing the exact maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori estimate of the environment is computationally expensive in many practical distributed sensing settings. We argue that this computational difficulty can be overcome by increasing the number of sensor measurements. Based on our work on the connection between error correcting codes and sensor networks, we propose a new algorithm, which extends the idea of sequential decoding used to decode convolutional codes to estimation in a sensor network. In a simulated distributed sensing application, this algorithm provides accurate estimates at a modest computational cost given a sufficient number of sensor measurements. Above a certain number of sensor measurements this algorithm exhibits a sharp transition in the number of steps it requires in order to converge, leading to the potentially counter-intuitive observation that the computational burden of estimation can be reduced by taking additional sensor measurements.
Method Development for the Separation of Sulfonamides by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatographic separation of eight regulated sulfonamides is achieved within 20 min by coupling a packedsilica column (250 × 4.6 mm) to an aminopropyl-packed column (250 × 4.6 mm) employing ultraviolet detection. The chromatographic conditions are as follows: 10% methanol is used for 5 min, then increased 2.5% per minute to 30% methanol. The column oven temperature is 65°C, the outlet CO 2 pressure is 300 bar, and the liquid flow rate is 2.5 mL/min. Other stationary phases investigated are Amino 2, Deltabond CN, and Alltima CN (all columns are 250 × 4.6 mm, 5-pm dp). Column deactivation is found to decrease the resolution of the polar sulfonamides by decreasing analyte interaction with active sites. The retention time of sulfathiazole is found to decrease by nearly 50% using an Amino 2 deactivated column, compared with a Spherisorb amino column. Retention behavior of some of the analytes is greatly affected by a subtle change in temperature.
The Relation of the Preen Gland to Rickets in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract AS Hou (1928) has pointed out in his review of the literature, the preen gland in birds has long been a subject of discussion; but, as yet, no specific indispensable function has been assigned to it. Hou, on the basis of his own work, concluded that the removal of the preen gland from adult birds caused a disturbance of the feather growth and an impairment of general health, while in young birds its removal caused rickets, in spite of normal feeding and sunshine treatment. One of the functions of this gland, as proposed by Hou, is the production of a secretion which the bird, during the act of preening, rubs over its feathers. Activation of some of the constituents of this material, during its exposure to the sun, leads to the formation of vitamin D. The vitamin is then taken in by the bird, via the mouth, at a subsequent . . .
Diversity in and evidence for selection on the mitochondrial genome of Phytophthora infestans

Two extant nomenclature systems were reconciled to relate six mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes of Phytophthora infestans, the oomycete pathogen causing late blight disease on potato and tomato. Carter's haplotypes I-a and I-b were included in Goodwin's haplotype A, while Carter's haplotypes II-a and II-b were included in Goodwin's haplotype B. In addition, haplotypes E and F were included in Carter's haplotype I-b. The mutational differences separating the various haplotypes were determined, and we propose that either haplotype I-b(A) or hap- lotype I-a(A) is the putative ancestral mtDNA of P. infestans, because either can center all the other hap- lotypes in a logical stepwise network of mutational changes. The occurrence of the six haplotypes in 548 isolates worldwide was determined. Haplotypes I-a and II-a were associated with diverse genotypes world- wide. As previously suggested, haplotype I-b was found only in the US-1 clonal lineage and its variants (n 5 99 isolates from 16 countries on 5 continents), and haplotype II-b was limited to the US-6 clonal lin- eage and its derivatives (n 5 36). In a confirmation of a previous suggestion, the randomly mating pop- ulation in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico (n 5 78) was monomorphic for mtDNA haplotype I-a(A). We hypothesize that selection there may be driving the dominance of that single mtDNA haplotype.
Learning on the job: characterizing the programming knowledge and learning strategies of web designers

This paper reports on a study of professional web designers and developers. We provide a detailed characterization of their knowledge of fundamental programming concepts elicited through card sorting. Additionally, we present qualitative findings regarding their motivation to learn new concepts and the learning strategies they employ. We find a high level of recognition of basic concepts, but we identify a number of concepts that they do not fully understand, consider difficult to learn, and use infrequently. We also note that their learning process is motivated by work projects and often follows a pattern of trial and error. We conclude with implications for end-user programming researchers.
Trouble at School: Understanding School Discipline Systems as Nets of Social Control

Getting in trouble at school is often a student's first point of entry into the school-to-prison pipeline. What trouble entails is shaped by underlying and complex notions of justice that operate in a given school setting. These notions of justice shape the range of responses social actors use to address students who break school rules. These include, as is the case in society at large, establishing strategies to stop rule violations or repeat offenses, punishing wrongdoers for their offenses, removing offenders from the community, teaching wrongdoers a lesson, and helping offenders to help themselves (Daly, 2001). In this article, I argue that improving school discipline is a matter of balancing and managing complex, differentiated, systems of trouble. To advance this understanding, I use a social constructionist perspective to theorize school discipline systems as nets of social control that, if too expansive and overly punitive, can be counterproductive to the educational mission of schools.
Московский Университет: Новая страница в его истории

Review of: История Московского университета (вторая половина XVIII века – начало XIX века). Сборник документов. Т. 1 (1754-1755) . Составитель, автор вступительных статей и примечаний Д.Н. Костышин. Отв. ред. Е.Е. Рычаловский. М.: Academia , 2006; Т. 2 (1756) . Составитель, автор вступительных статей и примечаний Д.Н. Костышин. Отв. ред. Е.Е. Рычаловский. М.: Academia , 2011; Т. 3 (1757) . Составитель, автор вступительных статей и примечаний Д.Н. Костышин. М.: Academia , 2014.
A comprehensive reliability assessment of quantitative diffusion tensor tractography.

article Diffusion tensor tractography is increasingly used to examine structural connectivity in the brain in various conditions, but its test-retest reliability is understudied. The main purposes of this study were to evaluate 1) the reliability of quantitative measurements of diffusion tensor tractography and 2) the effect on reliability of the number of gradient sampling directions and scan repetition. Images were acquired from ten healthy participants. Ten fiber regions of nine major fiber tracts were reconstructed and quantified using six fiber var- iables. Intra- and inter-session reliabilities were estimated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV), and were compared to pinpoint major error sources. Additional pairwise com- parisons were made between the reliability of images with 30 directions and NEX 2 (DTI30-2), 30 directions and NEX 1 (DTI30-1), and 15 directions and NEX 2 (DTI15-2) to determine whether increasing gradient di- rections and scan repetition improved reliability. Of the 60 tractography measurements, 43 showed interses- sion CV ≤ 10%, ICC ≥ .70, or both for DTI30-2, 40 measurements for DTI30-1, and 37 for DTI15-2. Most of the reliable measurements were associated with the tracts corpus callosum, cingulum, cerebral peduncular fi- bers, uncinate fasciculus, and arcuate fasciculus. These reliable measurements included factional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity of all 10 fiber regions. Intersession reliability was significantly worse than intra- session reliability for FA, mean length, and tract volume measurements from DTI15-2, indicating that the combination of MRI signal variation and physiological noise/change over time was the major error source