cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(Trans)lating Identity: Exploring Discursive Strategies for Navigating the Tensions of Identity Gaps

This study explored the formation and expression of gender identity among 19 self-identified transgender individuals through the use of qualitative, in-depth interviews. Through the lens of the Communication Theory of Identity (CTI), we examined how trans* individuals form and perform gender identity, the tensions produced between identity frames, and the discursive strategies used to navigate those tensions. We identified the manifestation of three specific identity gaps: personal-enacted, personal-relational, and enacted-relational. Furthermore, we discovered four discursive strategies previously recognized for navigating tensions that emerge from identity gaps: closeted enactment, passing, disengagement, and label changing, and we identified a fifth discursive strategy—hyper-engagement—used to navigate these tensions. Results revealed that these identity layers and discursive strategies collaboratively manifest and coalesce in response to specific communicative contexts. Our results are discussed withi...
COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF SPACE-MARCHIN G

Computational techniques and implementational issues of a general space-marching algorithm that can be used in conjunction with any explicit timestepping algorithm, works on arbitrary grids and can treat subsonic pockets are described. The techniques considered are: edge markings, point and edge renumbering, minimization of unnecessary work for the point-arrays, extrapolation of the solution for new active points, proper measures for convergence, the extension of these ideas to transient problems, and macro-blocking. Several examples are included that demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques.
Complete Genome Sequence of Murine Pneumotropic Virus (Polyomaviridae) Clone pKV(37-1).

ABSTRACT The murine pneumotropic virus genome encoded by the pKV(37-1) clone was sequenced to completion. The regulatory region harbored a mutation not previously reported. The protein coding regions (large and small T antigens, viral proteins 1 to 3) showed multiple regions of high amino acid identity to the human, simian, and bovine polyomaviruses.
Analysis of p-norm regularized subproblem minimization for sparse photon-limited image recovery

Critical to accurate reconstruction of sparse signals from low-dimensional low-photon count observations is the solution of nonlinear optimization problems that promote sparse solutions. In this paper, we explore recovering high-resolution sparse signals from low-resolution measurements corrupted by Poisson noise using a gradient-based optimization approach with non-convex regular-ization. In particular, we analyze zero-finding methods for solving the p-norm regularized minimization subproblems arising from a sequential quadratic approach. Numerical results from fluorescence molecular tomography are presented.
SU-G-JeP2-13: Spatial Accuracy Evaluation for Real-Time MR Guided Radiation Therapy Using a Novel Large-Field MRI Distortion Phantom

Purpose: Evaluate a large-field MRI phantom for assessment of geometric distortion in whole-body MRI for real-time MR guided radiation therapy. Methods: A prototype CIRS large-field MRI distortion phantom consisting of a PMMA cylinder (33 cm diameter, 30 cm length) containing a 3D-printed orthogonal grid (3 mm diameter rods, 20 mm apart), was filled with 6 mM NiCl2 and 30 mM NaCl solution. The phantom was scanned at 1.5T and 3.0T on a GE HDxt and Discovery MR750, respectively, and at 0.35T on a ViewRay system. Scans were obtained with and without 3D distortion correction to demonstrate the impact of such corrections. CT images were used as a reference standard for analysis of geometric distortion, as determined by a fully automated gradient-search method developed in Matlab. Results: 1,116 grid points distributed throughout a cylindrical volume 28 cm in diameter and 16 cm in length were identified and analyzed. With 3D distortion correction, average/maximum displacements for the 1.5, 3.0, and 0.35T systems were 0.84/2.91, 1.00/2.97, and 0.95/2.37 mm, respectively. The percentage of points with less than (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm) total displacement were (73%, 92%, 97%), (54%, 85%, 97%), and (55%, 90%, 99%), respectively. A reduced scan volume of 20 × 20 × 10 cm3 (representative of a head and neck scan volume) consisting of 420 points was also analyzed. In this volume, the percentage of points with less than (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm) total displacement were (90%, 99%, 100%), (63%, 95%, 100%), and (75%, 96%, 100%), respectively. Without 3D distortion correction, average/maximum displacements were 1.35/3.67, 1.67/4.46, and 1.51/3.89 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The prototype large-field MRI distortion phantom and developed software provide a thorough assessment of 3D spatial distortions in MRI. The distortions measured were acceptable for RT applications, both for the high field strengths and the system configuration developed by ViewRay.
Hurdles to herd immunity: Distrust of government and vaccine refusal in the US, 2002–2003

High rates of nonmedical exemptions (NMEs) from required childhood vaccinations have contributed to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and pertussis. Understanding the parental decision to obtain an NME could help health professionals and public health programs improve vaccination rates in areas with high vaccine refusal. Using a 2002-2003 multi-state survey of parents of school age children (​n=2445), this study found that parental distrust of the government and of healthcare providers is a significant factor related to a number of vaccine-related beliefs and behaviors. The odds that parents who distrust the government have seen a complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) provider were 2.11 times greater than those of parents who trust the government (70.1% vs 52.6%; OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.59-2.84; P<0.01). Parents who distrust the government had increased odds of trusting vaccine information from CAM providers compared to trusting parents (57.9% vs 46.3%; OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16-2.01; P<0.01). Parents who distrust the government also had increased odds of distrusting vaccine information acquired at their healthcare providers' offices (12.6% vs 4.7%; OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.64-4.24; P<0.01). Distrustful parents had increased odds of thinking government sources of information about vaccines were unreliable, categorizing the CDC, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or local and state health departments as poor or very poor sources (distrust government vs trust government: 25.2% vs 11.7%; OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.70-3.36; P<0.01; distrust healthcare providers vs trust healthcare providers: 24.4% vs 11.4%; OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.75-3.38; P<0.01). These findings indicate that distrustful parent populations may need to be reached through modalities outside of traditional government and healthcare provider communications. Research into new and more effective techniques for delivering pro-vaccine messages is warranted.
It Takes a Village: Budapest Jewry and the Problem of Juvenile Delinquency

Writing in 1851, Abraham Hochmut, the architect of Jewish educational reform in nineteenth-century Hungary, offered the following instructions to teachers in the soon-to-be created network of Hungarian state-sponsored Jewish schools: Discipline in school is like discipline in the army: it is the dominating spirit on which success depends. As is known to every leader, and to every team in the midst of a military operation, this spirit cannot be replaced, and without it victory can be snatched away so, too, a school can be derailed by the same lack of regulation and control. It must be a permanent, uniform element from the lowest to the highest class, and must be implemented with rigour so that the impact of education is not paralyzed by the misconduct of a few bad apples.1
Mapping the Interface Between Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR4 Heterodimers

Abstract 3195 Antiplatelet therapy is a key component of the treatment regimen for acute coronary syndrome and stroke. A major obstacle in developing antiplatelet agents is for agents to be effective without causing bleeding complications. Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a potential attractive target for antiplatelet therapies because of its requirement for stable clot formation and limited tissue distribution. The purpose of the current study is to determine how PAR4 interacts with other proteins on the surface of platelets and how these interactions influence activation and signaling of PAR4. We have demonstrated that PAR4 forms homodimers using two techniques, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). These interactions are specific, as PAR4 does not interact with two unrelated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) rhodopsin and dopamine D2 receptor. In addition to homodimers, PAR4 forms heterodimers with PAR1. The heterodimers are also specific since PAR1 also does not interact with other GPCRs. PAR1 does not interact with rhodopsin; therefore we generated a series of rhodopsin-PAR4 chimeras to determine the region on PAR4 that interacts with PAR1. We have mapped the region on PAR4 required for heterodimerization to transmembrane helix 4 (TM4). When the rhodopsin-PAR4 junction is at the beginning of TM2, TM3 or TM4, the chimera interacts with PAR1 in a manner indistinguishable from PAR4-wt. However, when the junction is moved to the beginning of TM5, TM6 or TM7 the chimera does not interact with PAR1-wt. Molecular modeling of PAR1 and PAR4 has identified residues within TM4 that are exposed and are directed away from the other TM helices creating a potential interaction interface. Co-expression of PAR1 with PAR4 increased the efficiency of PAR4 activation by thrombin ∼10-fold indicating a functional significance for PAR1-PAR4 interactions. The results from these studies provide detailed map of the interactions between two GPCRs on the cell surface and may provide insights for developing PAR antagonists. The current strategy of developing PAR antagonists is to target the individual receptors. However our data show that the functional unit is the PAR1-4 heterodimer and, as such, this may the relevant target to disrupt thrombin activation of platelets. Antagonists to PAR1 or PAR4 need to developed and studied in the context of these interactions, not in isolation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Forgery and Other Fraud Offenses

One of the most common crimes in society is forgery. Forgery is defined as the false making or material altering, with intent to defraud, of any writing, which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy or the foundation of a legal liability. In an effort to more accurately define what wrongs are prohibited, some modern statutes use different terminology and specifically enumerate what instruments are subject to forgery and what conduct is prohibited. Many modern statutes include the crime of uttering a forged instrument within the statute defining forgery. Others make this a separate offense. To utter a forged instrument is to offer it, directly or indirectly, by words or actions as good. This, if done with intent to defraud and with knowledge of the falsity of the instrument, is a violation of the law in some form in all states.
Assessment of biological response of lyophilized cadaveric skin allograft in post burn raw area and nonhealing ulcers

Introduction: Extensive full-thickness burns and major injuries resulting in extensive damage to the skin make spontaneous regeneration difficult and compromise patient survival. When a donor area is available, it is always preferable to proceed with autograft, which is considered to be the best option. However, if the affected region is extensive, donor area is not enough, or when medical condition of the patient does not permit immediate grafting with autologous skin; in such conditions lyophilized skin allograft can be used for temporary coverage of the wounds. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, evaluation of biological response of lyophilized cadaveric skin allografting was done in 100 cases of thermal burn and nohealing ulcers. Results: In this study, 19% cases lyophilized skin grafts got rejected in 3 weeks, 65% in 1 month, and in 16% patients graft got rejected at the end of 2 months. Rejection is defined as when skin graft becomes hard and starts separating from wound edges and is finally totally detached from the bed. Out of 100 patients, wounds healed completely in 81 patients, while 19 patients required autografting. On pus culture examination out of 100 patients, 26% patients showed the presence of infection. Histopathological study was done on the 21st postoperative day and all those who survived skin graft showed infiltration of mononuclear cells, fibroblasts, keratinization, uniformly arranged collagen bundles, and angiogenesis at the junction of graft and graft bed. All grafts that were rejected, showed acanthosis, spongiosis, and degenerative changes in vascular walls. Neovascularization was not observed in these grafts. Conclusion: Lyophilized cadaveric allograft acts as mechanical and physiological barrier and the process of lyophilization helps in minimizing the immunoreactivity of the graft, therefore, rejection is not rapid. Lyophilized cadaveric allografts can be lifesaving in cases of severe burn.
Variation Within and Between Groups of Genetically Identical Nuclear Transfer Brangus Bulls and Steers for Growth Measures Taken Over Time1

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the variability within and among groups of beef cattle produced through nuclear transfer (NT) for postweaning growth of various body measurements. Four groups of male, Brangus, second-generation NT calves (four to six per group) were used in this project. At weaning (6 to 7 mo) two randomly selected animals in each group were surgically castrated and subsequently maintained under simulated feedlot conditions. The remaining bulls were maintained under standard 140-d postweaning gain test conditions. Beginning at weaning, BW, linear measurements of hip height (HH), body length (BL), rump length (RL), rump width (RW), shoulder width (SW), round mass (RNMS), metacarpal length and circumference (MCL and MCC), metatarsal length and circumference (MTL and MTC), and ultrasonic measurements ofbackfat thickness (BFT), Longissimus muscle area (LMA), Longissimus muscle depth (LMD), body wall thickness (BWT), rump fat thickness (RFT), and rump muscle depth (RMD) were obtained on each animal at 28-d intervals, until 16 to 17 mo of age. Both linear and quadratic models were used to determine the changes in these traits over time; however, the linear models appeared to best describe growth in both sexes. Linear regression coefficients were obtained for each trait by animal, and these were analyzed partitioning sex, genotype, and genotype x sex as sources of variation. The interaction effect of genotype by sex was not significant (P > 0.10 ) for any of the measures and was dropped from the model. Genotype was significant (P 0.01 ) for measures of BW, HH, BL, RW, SW, RNMS, MCC, BFT, and BWT, whereas sex was significant (P > 0.01 )for BW, BL, MCC, BFT, and RFT. Over all traits, the percentage of variation attributable to genotype ranged from 19.8 to 96.2%. When traits lacking significance of the genotype effect were omitted, genotype accounted for 86.7 to 96.2% of the total variation.
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Ratings of Parental Involvement: Views of Married Dual-Earners with Preschool-Age Children

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we examine how married dual-earner mothers and fathers of preschool-age children rate their own involvement in parenting, and their spouse’s involvement in parenting. Five dimensions of parenting are examined: discipline, support for spouse, spending time with children, praise and affection, and attentiveness. Several comparisons between mothers’ and fathers’ ratings are made. We find that both mothers and fathers rated themselves most highly on praise and affection and lowest on discipline and also rated their spouse least favorably in terms of discipline. In general, mothers were more generous in their ratings of fathers, than fathers were in their ratings of mothers. These findings are discussed in light of self-determination theory, which is used to frame our analysis.
Examples-rules guided deep neural network for makeup recommendation

In this paper, we consider a fully automatic makeup recommendation system and propose a novel examples-rules guided deep neural network approach. The framework consists of three stages. First, makeup-related facial traits are classified into structured coding. Second, these facial traits are fed into examples-rules guided deep neural recommendation model which makes use of the pairwise of Before-After images and the makeup artist knowledge jointly. Finally, to visualize the recommended makeup style, an automatic makeup synthesis system is developed as well. To this end, a new Before-After facial makeup database is collected and labeled manually, and the knowledge of makeup artist is modeled by knowledge base system. The performance of this framework is evaluated through extensive experimental analyses. The experiments validate the automatic facial traits classification, the recommendation effectiveness in statistical and perceptual ways and the makeup synthesis accuracy which outperforms the state of the art methods by large margin. It is also worthy to note that the proposed framework is a pioneering fully automatic makeup recommendation systems to our best knowledge.
Modeling path effects in the Los Angeles region

Path effects for seismic wave propagation within three-dimensional (3-D) basin structures are analyzed using a reciprocal source experiment. In this experiment, a numerical simulation is performed in which a point source is excited at a given location and then the wave field is propagated and recorded throughout a 3-D grid of points. Using the principle of reciprocity, source and receiver locations are reversed. This allows the modeling of path effects into a particular observation site for all possible source locations using only one simulation. The numerical technique is based on the use of paraxial extrapolators and currently tracks only acoustic waves. However, the method is capable of handling arbitrary media variations; thus, effects due to focusing, diffraction and the generation of multiple reflections and refractions are modeled quite well. Applying this technique to model path effects for local earthquakes recorded at stations in the Los Angeles area of southern California indicates the strong influence that the 3-D crustal basins of this region have on the propagation of seismic energy. The modeling results show that the structure of the Los Angeles, San Fernando and San Gabriel basins create strong patterns of focusing and defocusing for paths coming into these stations from various source locations. These simulations compare well with earthquake data recorded at both stations. By comparing these calculations with earthquake data, we can begin to investigate the nature in which these propagation effects contribute to observed patterns of strong ground motions within these basin regions.
Single-Ventricle Palliation in a 4-Year-Old With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

We report the case of a 4-year-old boy with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome undergoing single-ventricle palliation for an unbalanced atrioventricular canal defect. No reports of single-ventricle palliation in the setting of connective tissue disorders exist in the current literature. Unique findings on the patient's preoperative imaging included a disproportionately large neoaortic root and a regurgitant atrioventricular valve, which may foretell the need for future intervention.
The natural history of spinal deformity in patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome.

Abstract Purpose Little is known about the natural history of spinal deformities in Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS). Our goal was to evaluate the spinal deformity progression and clinical impact. Methods In this institutional review board-approved study, we performed a multinational retrospective review of six male CLS patients, aged 13 to 22 years at final follow-up, for a mean of 7.25 years (3 to 13). Results All showed delayed skeletal maturity. Three had calcifications of their lower cervical ligamentum flavum, all experienced neural axis abnormalities, including lower extremity weakness, numbness and tingling and in one, quadriparesis. Only two were ambulatory at final follow-up. All had significant spinal abnormalities, including severe progressive thoracic lordosis, thoracolumbar kyphosis and scoliosis. All had undergone spinal fusion or were being evaluated for surgery. Conclusion CLS is a rare X-linked mutation in the RSK2 gene, affecting between 1/50 000 to 100 000 people. There are two reports in t...
Adenocarcinoma of the Sinonasal Tract: A Review of the National Cancer Database.

Background Sinonasal adenocarcinoma (SNAC) is a rare malignancy arising from mucus-secreting glandular tissue. Limited large-scale studies are available due to its rarity. We evaluated SNAC in the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a source that affords multi-institutional, population studies of rare cancers and their outcomes. Methods The NCDB was queried for adenocarcinoma in the sinonasal tract. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate for factors contributing to overall survival (OS). Results A total of 553 patients were identified. The cohort was composed of 59.3% males. The nasal cavity was the most common primary site, representing 44.1% of cases. About 5.7% of patients presented with nodal disease, while 3.3% had distant metastases. About 40.6% of cases presented with stage IV disease. About 73.5% of patients underwent surgery, 54.2% received radiation therapy, and 27.7% had chemotherapy. Median OS was 71.7 months, while OS at 1, 2, and 5 years was 82, 73.0, and 52%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, advanced age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.05), Charlson–Deyo score of 1 (HR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.20–3.30), advanced tumor grade (HR: 2.73; 95% CI: 1.39–5.34), and advanced tumor stage (HR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.33–5.50) were associated with worse OS, whereas surgery (HR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.20–0.60) and radiation therapy (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.33–0.91), but not chemotherapy (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.66–2.05), predicted improved OS. Conclusions SNAC is a rare malignancy with 5-year survival approximating 50%. Surgery and radiation therapy, but not chemotherapy, are associated with improved survival, and likely play a critical role in the interdisciplinary management of SNAC.
Ventricular Catheter Tract Hemorrhage as a Risk Factor for Ventriculostomy Related Infection (P6.065)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between ventricular catheter tract hemorrhage (VCTH) and ventriculostomy related infection (VRI): A Retrospective Study Background: External Ventricular Drains (EVDs) are widely used to monitor and treat increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and hydrocephalus. Nevertheless, EVD-related complications such as VCTH and VRI can significantly continue to gravely impact morbidity and mortality in a critically-ill neurological population. Design/Methods: All patients admitted to the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit (NSICU) at Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, USA) who underwent EVD insertion between January 2011 and December 2015 were included in this study. VRI was defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. VCTH was diagnosed with Computed Tomographic imaging performed immediately after EVD insertion. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software. Results: Electronic Medical Records of 248 NSICU patients who had undergone EVD insertion were reviewed. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) (48%) and Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) (23%) were the most common diagnoses prior to EVD insertion. 25 of 248 patients (10%) developed VRI and 18 of 248 patients (7%) had the presence of VCTH. Of the 25 patients who developed VRI, 5 (20%) had VCTH. Of the 223 patients who did not develop VRI, 13 (6%) had VCTH. Fischer’s exact test analysis revealed a statistically significant association between VCTH and VRI (p=0.02). Additionally, longer EVD duration (medians 15 days vs 8 days, p Conclusions: We report that VCTH is significantly associated with VRI. Further studies investigating possible risk factors for VCTH may help reduce the rate of VCTH and EVD-associated complications. Disclosure: Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Feng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chartrain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sobotka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dangayach has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mayer has received personal compensation for activities with Bard Medical. Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose.
Cancer immunity thwarted by the microbiome.

Liver cancer rates have tripled since 1980, making it one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide ( 1 ). The efficacy of a variety of cancer treatments, as well as carcinogenesis itself, can be influenced by the microbiome ( 2 ). Microbiome-cancer interactions are complex, as the microbiome can promote chronic inflammation or directly affect cancer cells. Furthermore, by influencing the immune system, the microbiome may either promote or inhibit antitumor immune responses ( 3 ). On page 876 of this issue, Ma et al. ( 4 ) show that a type of commensal bacteria, Clostridium species, prevents an effective immune response to both primary liver tumors and liver metastases by a previously unknown mechanism: not by means of its own metabolites, but by modifying a host product—the bile acids that liver cells are exposed to.
Where is Criminal Justice in this Presidential Year

This article notes that throughout the presidential campaigns there has been little emphasis on criminal justice and few serious proposals by candidates for changing or improving the way in which the federal government enforces criminal law. There has been little discussion about the respective roles that the federal government and the states should play in law enforcement. The author calls for the next president to convene an inclusive national congress on criminal justice. He encourages the president to bring together prosecutors, defense counsel, judges, legislators, law enforcement, correctional officials, probation and parole officers, academics, victims advocacy groups, other public interest organizations, and ordinary citizens to reexamine and establish our criminal justice priorities, to propose reforms that will identify more clearly those whose criminal acts warrant long prison sentences and those who are better served by treatment.
Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Transition Metal Cluster Cations

Abstract Guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry has been used to study the reactions of the cluster cations of several transition metals (V, Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni) with D2, O2, N2, CO2, CD4, and ND3. By examining the kinetic energy dependence of these reactions and interpreting thresholds observed for various reactions, bond energies for D, O, C, CD, CD2, CD3, N, ND, ND2, and ND3 can be obtained. Results of these studies are reviewed with an emphasis on the relationship between the thermochemistry obtained from this work with that for adsorbates on bulk-phase metal surfaces. Quantitative comparisons with bulk-phase adsorbate binding energies can be made for the atomic D and O ligands. In these systems, it is found that modest sized clusters of a particular metal bind these species with energies comparable to those of the analogous bulk-phase surface. Similar asymptotic behavior is observed for most of the other ligands (all but N), for which bulk-phase thermochemistry is largely unavailable despite the importance of such species in a variety of industrially significant catalytic processes. Thus, the cluster bond energies to molecular fragments provide some of the first experimental values for such adsorbates on surfaces.
Screening for Incidental (Stage T1) Prostate Cancer

Screening for incidental prostate cancer means trying to diagnose T1 prostate carcinoma in men without clinically evident disease. We review here the currently available tests but focus on the only tests that are practical as well as currently in use. We evaluate cancer screening tests in general and prostate cancer screening studies in particular. Finally, we conclude with some comments on the natural history of stage T1 prostate cancer which suggest that in addition to tests with reasonable diagnostic predictive value we also need tests to determine the prognosis of a histologically diagnosed prostate cancer.
RESPONSE OF UPPER OCEAN TEMPERATURES TO DIURNAL AND SYNOPTIC-SCALE VARIATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE GATE B-SCALE AREA

ABSTRACT Sea surface temperature measurements from four B-scale ships for the period 30 August - 18 September, inclusive, and temperature soundings from buoy E3 for the period 19 August - 11 September, inclusive, are used to determine the daily temperature variation in the upper 40 m of the ocean. Harmonic analysis is performed to characterize the variations of amplitude and phase with depth. Different regimes prevail above and below 20 m, the upper layer exhibiting mainly a diurnal variation with maximum amplitude of 0.12°C and time of maximum of 16.7 h local time at the surface. The amplitude diminishes exponentially with depth, with an e-folding depth of 6.5 m, and the hour of maximum at 5–10 m depth lags about two hours behind the surface maximum. Below 20 m a semidiurnal oscillation predominates, increasing in amplitude with depth. The daily variation in heat content of the upper 15 m is determined for the period 19 August - 11 September and compared with the daily variation in net surface energy flux (net flux of total radiation plus surface sensible and latent heat fluxes) measured at the same four B-scale ships during the period 30 August - 18 September. The radiative flux was determined from hourly measurements by net radiometers. Surface sensible and latent heat fluxes were calculated by the bulk aerodynamic method with use of hourly wind, temperature and humidity measurements taken on the booms of the four ships. The computed storage rate in the ocean paralleled the net energy flux across the surface. However, the net energy flux exceeded somewhat the storage rate, either because of error of measurement or because of the different, though overlapping, time periods employed. A pronounced variation of sea surface temperature (amplitude 0.15°C) was also observed with passage of synoptic-scale wave disturbances that moved through the network at periods of 3–4 days. The amplitude of the 3–4 day cycle decreased approximately exponentially with depth with an e-folding depth of 7 m. The surface maximum occurred shortly after the time of ridge passage during the transition period from relatively undisturbed to disturbed weather conditions. The time of maximum was delayed by about one half day at the 7 m depth. The net surface energy flux and rate of change of heat content in the upper layer of the ocean on the time scale of the synoptic waves were also measured and found to be in good agreement.
Risk assessment of biosolids-borne ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.

Abstract Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and azithromycin (AZ) are commonly prescribed antibiotics for various infections in humans and are frequently detected in biosolids. Ecological and human health risks from biosolids-borne CIP and AZ are not well understood, but necessary for formulating policies on safe use and management of biosolids. A tiered integrated risk assessment (IRA), based on the World Health Organization (WHO) framework and the USEPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, was conducted to assess human and ecological health risks from biosolids-borne CIP and AZ. The IRA utilized the hazard quotient (HQ) approach to evaluate risks to various receptors of concern (including humans, animals, and birds) in sixteen exposure pathways and three conservative biosolids land application scenarios. The scenarios consisted of (i) single-heavy (100 Mg ha−1) land application of biosolids containing 95th percentile concentrations of CIP or AZ (USEPA, 2009), (ii) long-term (annual for 40-y) land application of biosolids containing typical (median; USEPA, 2009) CIP or AZ concentrations, and (iii) long-term (annual for 40-y) land application of biosolids containing the 95th percentile concentrations of CIP or AZ. The unrealistically conservative screening level (Tier 1) assessment identified three pathways of potential concern: biosolids → soil → plant (CIP); biosolids → soil → soil organism (CIP and AZ); and biosolids → soil → soil organism → predator (CIP and AZ). Subsequent tier (refined; more realistic) assessments and pollutant limits (calculated based on the USEPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule) suggested negligible human and ecological health risks from biosolids-borne CIP and AZ under real-world biosolids application scenarios. Pollutant concentration limits were 12 mg CIP kg−1 and 2.2 mg AZ kg−1; suggesting that pollutant load tracking is not needed for the majority (75% for CIP and 90% for AZ) of USA biosolids. Biosolids-borne antibiotic resistance (currently not addressed in any risk assessment model) is the principal uncertainty limiting risk assessment of biosolids-borne antibiotics including CIP and AZ.
Novel amplification targets for rapid detection and differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex in plant and insect tissues.

Abstract Xylella fastidiosa is an insect-transmitted bacterial plant pathogen which causes a variety of economically important diseases worldwide. Molecular identification of X. fastidiosa is used for quarantine screening, surveillance, and research applications; many of which require subspecies level differentiation of pathogen isolates. This study describes quantitative PCR (qPCR) and isothermal amplification assays which can rapidly identify X. fastidiosa isolates belonging to the fastidiosa and multiplex subspecies. The TaqMan qPCR primers described here are used to differentiate X. fastidiosa strains by subspecies in plant and insect tissue in a single reaction, with the inclusion of a general amplification control probe to identify potential false negative samples. This TaqMan qPCR protocol can identify between 103 and 104 cfu/ml concentrations of X. fastidiosa at the subspecies level in a variety of sample types. Additionally, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) targets were designed for faster detection of X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex, applicable to a field setting. These assays are effective for strain differentiation in artificially and naturally inoculated plant material, and in field collected insect vectors.
Academic Grit Scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction

Abstract After a decade of research, grit has been linked to many adaptive outcomes for adolescents and the development of school-based interventions for promoting adolescents' grit has been recommended. However, a reconceptualization of grit and its measurement may be vital for future grit research and application. The currently predominant grit assessments may be inappropriate for youth populations, yielding evidence of low psychometric properties and variable criterion-related validity. In a sample of adolescents (N = 757) in sixth to eighth grade, the current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Academic Grit Scale, a novel measure of domain-specific grit. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a single-factor structure of the Academic Grit Scale, and evidence of high internal consistency reliability and construct validity was observed. Results indicated positive associations between academic grit and academic achievement, life satisfaction, and school satisfaction. Furthermore, academic grit demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond that of general grit in association with these outcomes. Implications of the findings are discussed, including the potential to inform applied practices in schools and future empirical investigations.
Rethinking AI Strategy and Policy as Entangled Super Wicked Problems

This paper attempts a preliminary analysis of the general approach to AI strategy/policy research through the lens of wicked problems literature. Wicked problems are a class of social policy problems for which traditional methods of resolution fail. Super wicked problems refer to even more complex social policy problems, e.g. climate change. We first propose a hierarchy of three classes of AI strategy/policy problems, all wicked or super wicked problems. We next identify three independent super wicked problems in AI strategy/policy and propose that the most significant of these challenges - the development of safe and beneficial artificial general intelligence - to be significantly more complex and nuanced, thus posing a new degree of 'wickedness.' We then explore analysis and techniques for addressing wicked problems and super wicked problems. This leads to a discussion of the implications of these ideas on the problems of AI strategy/policy.
Colectomy for caecal and sigmoid volvulus: a national analysis of outcomes and risk factors for postoperative complications.

Aim Colonic volvulus is a common entity encountered by colorectal surgeons, but there are few reports of national data regarding postoperative outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe the volvulus population, 30-day outcomes following right- and left-sided colectomy and risk factors for postoperative complications. Method The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database from 2012 to 2015 was utilized to identify patients with the diagnosis of 'volvulus' who underwent right- or left-sided colectomy. Primary outcomes were overall morbidity and mortality. Results A total of 2175 patients were identified (661 right colectomy and 1514 left colectomy). Risk factors for complications following right-sided colectomy included: age, male gender, smoker, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and American Society of Anesthesiologsts class ≥ 4. Risk factors for complications following left-sided colectomy included: age, male gender, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis and septic shock. Conclusion Several nonmodifiable risk factors were identified for complications following colectomy for volvulus. These risk factors can be used in patient/family counselling and discharge planning.
Real-Time Measurement Method of Available Bandwidth Based on Kalman Filter

The available bandwidth measurement is of great significance for the optimization of media service transmission and quality of experience. Bandwidth measurement is divided into active measurement and passive measurement according to the measurement mode. Currently, the available bandwidth measurement techniques are generally based on the Probe Gap Model or Probe Rate Model. The Probe Rate Model which has a great impact on the network is less considered. The shortcoming of Probe Gap Model is it needs to know bottleneck bandwidth first and a Kalman Filter can be used to solve this problem. The Kalman filter has the characteristics of being able to effectively filter out the noise by combining the predicted value and the measured value. Firstly, the exact value of the bottleneck bandwidth is calculated, and then the Probe Gap Model is applied. Finally, real-time measurement is implemented in the Linux environment and analysis of the experiment shows that the results are more accurate.
Shape up or Ship Out: Accountability to Third Parties for Patent Ambiguities in Testamentary Documents

The attorney's preparation of a testamentary document (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a will or revocable trust) should clearly and accurately reflect the client's last wishes. Although these testamentary documents should reflect the client's intent, they often fall short of accomplishing that goal. There are numerous examples of will and trust construction cases that exhaust tremendous resources in an effort to ascertain the client's wishes or intent. Many of these cases involve the construction of patent and/or latent ambiguities which should have been resolved by appropriate drafting. This article's scope is limited to patent ambiguities caused by the attorney's negligence and their detrimental impact on third parties. In these situations, the patent ambiguity is easily identified and the claim of negligence is clear. A patent ambiguity is obvious from the face of the will and is easily discovered prior to the testator's death. For example, a patent ambiguity exists where two different provisions of a will dispose of the same plot of land to different devisees. The attorney's close reading of the will should have discovered this error. The attorney's failure to correct the patent ambiguity prior to the testator's death has detrimental consequences for the third party harmed. Extrinsic evidence is generally not admissible to resolve a patent ambiguity, because courts are unwilling to add to or detract from the written words of the will.
Persuade the professor: A data-mining simulation

Courses: Persuasion, Marketing, Advanced Public Speaking, Argumentation.Objectives: The aims of this assignment are to introduce students to the concept of data mining as a tool for audience analys...
Nonaesthetic Applications for Botulinum Toxin in Plastic Surgery.

Background Since their introduction to clinical medicine in 1989, botulinum toxin injections have been used for many indications. First used for nonsurgical management of strabismus, botulinum toxin injections are now widely used in plastic and reconstructive surgery for aesthetic indications; however, nonaesthetic indications of botulinum toxin have grown tremendously over the past two decades and span numerous specialties, including urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, gynecology, plastic surgery, general surgery, and neurology. The present review aims to highlight nonaesthetic indications of botulinum toxin that are most relevant to the plastic surgeon with an emphasis on evidence-based practice. Methods A PubMed search with manual reference checking was conducted to find the most relevant and influential articles on the nonaesthetic uses of botulinum toxin within the realm of adult plastic surgery. Studies were then categorized into areas of use, and quality of evidence for each category was highlighted. Results Botulinum toxin has numerous nonaesthetic indications in plastic surgery, including for select pain-related disorders, skeletal muscle activity disorders, exocrine gland hyperfunction, wound healing, Raynaud phenomenon, abdominal wall reconstruction, and prosthetic breast reconstruction and augmentation. Although these indications have been widely reported, high-quality evidence supporting efficacy, optimal dose, and injection protocol with randomized controlled trials is lacking in many areas. Conclusions Botulinum toxin is widely used in plastic surgery for a variety of nonaesthetic indications. Future studies should focus on investigating efficacy and best practice with high level of evidence research.
Mobilizing the Matrix for Organ Morphogenesis.

How a basement membrane continuously surrounds an organ that is growing and changing shape is not yet understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Matsubayashi et al. and Keeley et al. address this question by showing that individual basement membrane proteins are more dynamic than previously thought.
The Target of Incivility Cannot Be an Island

Abstract. To address the inconsistencies regarding the effects of incivility on employee productivity and career satisfaction, this study adopted a multilevel approach to examine the cross-level mo...
Leveraging high-throughput screening data and conditional generative adversarial networks to advance predictive toxicology

There are currently 85,000 chemicals registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act, but only a small fraction have measured toxicological data. To address this gap, high-throughput screening (HTS) methods are vital. As part of one such HTS effort, embryonic zebrafish were used to examine a suite of morphological and mortality endpoints at six concentrations from over 1,000 unique chemicals found in the ToxCast library (phase 1 and 2). We hypothesized that by using a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) and leveraging this large set of toxicity data, plus chemical structure information, we could efficiently predict toxic outcomes of untested chemicals. CAS numbers for each chemical were used to generate textual files containing three-dimensional structural information for each chemical. Utilizing a novel method in this space, we converted the 3D structural information into a weighted set of points while retaining all information about the structure. In vivo toxicity and chemical data were used to train two neural network generators. The first used regression (Go-ZT) while the second utilized cGAN architecture (GAN-ZT) to train a generator to produce toxicity data. Our results showed that both Go-ZT and GAN-ZT models produce similar results, but the cGAN achieved a higher sensitivity (SE) value of 85.7% vs 71.4%. Conversely, Go-ZT attained higher specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and Kappa results of 67.3%, 23.4%, and 0.21 compared to 24.5%, 14.0%, and 0.03 for the cGAN, respectively. By combining both Go-ZT and GAN-ZT, our consensus model improved the SP, PPV, and Kappa, to 75.5%, 25.0%, and 0.211, respectively, resulting in an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.663. Considering their potential use as prescreening tools, these models could provide in vivo toxicity predictions and insight into untested areas of the chemical space to prioritize compounds for HT testing.
Parent-Created “Schools” in the U.S

After a turbulent spring of COVID induced virtual learning, some traditional public schools in the U.S. are hesitant to reopen with face-to-face instruction in fall 2020. In response to this uncert...
How to Train Your Energy-Based Models

Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as non-normalized probabilistic models, specify probability density or mass functions up to an unknown normalizing constant. Unlike most other probabilistic models, EBMs do not place a restriction on the tractability of the normalizing constant, thus are more flexible to parameterize and can model a more expressive family of probability distributions. However, the unknown normalizing constant of EBMs makes training particularly difficult. Our goal is to provide a friendly introduction to modern approaches for EBM training. We start by explaining maximum likelihood training with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and proceed to elaborate on MCMC-free approaches, including Score Matching (SM) and Noise Constrastive Estimation (NCE). We highlight theoretical connections among these three approaches, and end with a brief survey on alternative training methods, which are still under active research. Our tutorial is targeted at an audience with basic understanding of generative models who want to apply EBMs or start a research project in this direction.
Daily Encounters That Make History: History from Below and Archival Collaboration

What does a casual confrontation in a rundown shack between a landlady and her factory-worker tenant tell us about the history of gender and class relations in modern Egypt? Could a lost watch in a red-light district in the middle of the Nile Delta complicate our understanding of the history of sexuality and urbanization? Can an unexpectedly intimate embrace on a sleeping mat illuminate a link in the history of class, gender, and urbanization in modern Egypt?