cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JC virus reactivation during prolonged natalizumab monotherapy for multiple sclerosis.

Objective To determine the prevalence of JC virus (JCV) reactivation and JCV-specific cellular immune response during prolonged natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods We enrolled 43 JCV-seropositive MS patients, including 32 on natalizumab monotherapy >18 months, 6 on interferon β-1a monotherapy >36 months, and 5 untreated controls. We performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and urine for JCV DNA, and we determined JCV-specific T-cell responses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays, ex vivo and after in vitro stimulation with JCV peptides. Results JCV DNA was detected in the CSF of 2 of 27 (7.4%) natalizumab-treated MS patients who had no symptoms or magnetic resonance imaging–detected lesions consistent with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. JCV DNA was detected in blood of 12 of 43 (27.9%) and in urine of 11 of 43 (25.6%) subjects without a difference between natalizumab-treated patients and controls. JC viral load was higher in CD34+ cells and in monocytes compared to other subpopulations. ICS was more sensitive than ELISpot. JCV-specific T-cell responses, mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, were detected more frequently after in vitro stimulation. JCV-specific CD4+ T cells were detected ex vivo more frequently in MS patients with JCV DNA in CD34+ (p = 0.05) and B cells (p = 0.03). Interpretation Asymptomatic JCV reactivation may occur in CSF of natalizumab-treated MS patients. JCV DNA load is higher in circulating CD34+ cells and monocytes compared to other mononuclear cells, and JCV in blood might trigger a JCV-specific CD4+ T-cell response. JCV-specific cellular immune response is highly prevalent in all JCV-seropositive MS patients, regardless of treatment. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:925–934
Sintering of Low‐Density Glasses: III, Effect of a Distribution of Pore Sizes

The sintering model presented in Part I is extended by considering a Gaussian distribution of pore sizes in the body. The effect of the breadth of the distribution on the densification kinetics is demonstrated; this effect is small except for very broad distributions. The greatest change occurs in the last few percents of shrinkage since the largest pores close relatively slowly. The range of pore sizes typically found in flame hydrolysis preforms or silica gel is narrow enough that the sintering kinetics are adequately described in terms of a single pore size. The specific surface area is shown to be independent of the breadth of the distribution.
A Projective Geometry Lead Fiber Scintillator Detector

The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), presently under construction near Dallas, Texas requires highly sophisticated particle detectors. The energy and particle flux at the SSC are more than an order of magnitude higher than the highest machine located at the Fermi National Accelerator near Chicago. An important element of particle detectors for the SSC is the calorimeter. It measures a particle’s energy by sampling its energy deposit in heavy material, such as (depleted) uranium or lead.
Group B streptococcal colonization and serotype-specific immunity in pregnant women at delivery.

Abstract Objective: To describe the relationship between serum concentration of group B streptococcal capsular polysaccharide–specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, colonization status, race or ethnicity, and age in pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women (n = 3307) were enrolled from geographically and ethnically diverse populations. At the time of admission for delivery, swabs of the lower vagina and rectum were obtained for isolation of group B streptococci. In a subset of women whose sera were available, capsular polysaccharide–specific IgG concentrations were quantified by serotype-specific (Ia, Ib, II, III, and V) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared by group B streptococcal colonization status. Results: Group B streptococcal colonization was detected in 856 women (26%), and the rate was significantly higher among black women (37%) than in other racial or ethnic groups (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4, 2.1). Colonization status did not differ by study site or age. Colonization with serotypes Ia, II, III, or V was associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of IgG specific for the capsular polysaccharide of the colonizing serotype compared with noncolonization. However, 48% of colonized women had low capsular polysaccharide–specific IgG levels (less than 0.5 μg/mL) in their delivery sera. Colonized teenagers had the lowest median concentration. Conclusion: Colonization with group B streptococcus can elicit a systemic immune response, with a cumulative increase in the prevalence of capsular polysaccharide–specific IgG with increasing age. Conversely, low antibody levels in colonized teenagers might account in part for the reported increased risk of group B streptococcal disease in neonates born to these patients.
Tibial artery pseudoaneurysms: Delayed complication of balloon catheter embolectomy

Abstract Although complications of balloon catheter embolectomy are infrequent, the injury potential of these catheters is well recognized. This article describes a case of multiple tibial artery pseudoaneurysms that appeared 4 years after embolectomy in a 42-year-old man with otherwise normal arteries. The patient was treated by internal aneurysmorrhaphy without sequelae. A literature review of balloon catheter injuries yielded 46 cases categorized as arterial disruption (29), intimal injury (12), or catheter malfunction (5). These resulted in hemorrhage (13 cases), arteriovenous fistula (12), pseudoaneurysm (four), thrombosis (three), dissection (five), accelerated atherosclerosis (four), and catheter fragment embolism (five). Of these complications, only 41% were recognized during the initial operation. Direct observation detected 32% of these, whereas 68% were shown only by completion arteriography. Complications recognized during initial operation were more frequently asymptomatic without further surgery (84%) than those detected post-operatively (30%, p p
The clathrin-binding motif and the J-domain of Drosophila Auxilin are essential for facilitating Notch ligand endocytosis

Ligand endocytosis plays a critical role in regulating the activity of the Notch pathway. The Drosophila homolog of auxilin (dAux), a J-domain-containing protein best known for its role in the disassembly of clathrin coats from clathrin-coated vesicles, has recently been implicated in Notch signaling, although its exact mechanism remains poorly understood. To understand the role of auxilin in Notch ligand endocytosis, we have analyzed several point mutations affecting specific domains of dAux. In agreement with previous work, analysis using these stronger dAux alleles shows that dAux is required for several Notch-dependent processes, and its function during Notch signaling is required in the signaling cells. In support of the genetic evidences, the level of Delta appears elevated in dAux deficient cells, suggesting that the endocytosis of Notch ligand is disrupted. Deletion analysis shows that the clathrin-binding motif and the J-domain, when over-expressed, are sufficient for rescuing dAux phenotypes, implying that the recruitment of Hsc70 to clathrin is a critical role for dAux. However, surface labeling experiment shows that, in dAux mutant cells, Delta accumulates at the cell surface. In dAux mutant cells, clathrin appears to form large aggregates, although Delta is not enriched in these aberrant clathrin-positive structures. Our data suggest that dAux mutations inhibit Notch ligand internalization at an early step during clathrin-mediated endocytosis, before the disassembly of clathrin-coated vesicles. Further, the inhibition of ligand endocytosis in dAux mutant cells possibly occurs due to depletion of cytosolic pools of clathrin via the formation of clathrin aggregates. Together, our observations argue that ligand endocytosis is critical for Notch signaling and auxilin participates in Notch signaling by facilitating ligand internalization.
FDTD/PBC algorithm for skewed grid periodic structures

In this paper, an efficient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm with a simple periodic boundary condition (PBC) is presented to analyze periodic structures with arbitrary skewed grid. The algorithm is easy to implement and efficient in both memory usage and computation time. The stability criterion of the algorithm is angle independent and therefore it is suitable for implementing incidence with angle close to grazing as well as normal incidence. The validity of this algorithm is verified through numerical examples with a Jerusalem cross frequency selective surface (FSS) configuration.
Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology

Surveys of risk behaviors have been hobbled by their reliance on respondents to report accurately about engaging in behaviors that are highly sensitive and may be illegal. An audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) technology for measuring those behaviors was tested with 1690 respondents in the 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males. The respondents were randomly assigned to answer questions using either audio-CASI or a more traditional self-administered questionnaire. Estimates of the prevalence of male-male sex, injection drug use, and sexual contact with intravenous drug users were higher by factors of 3 or more when audio-CASI was used. Increased reporting was also found for several other risk behaviors.
A survey of common misconceptions about head injury and recovery

A survey questionnaire composed of 25 statements about head injury and recovery was administered to 221 individuals at a large regional shopping mall. Survey items were categorized into domains pertaining to the use of seatbelts, the nature of unconsciousness, the nature of amnesia, characteristics associated with brain injury, and recovery from brain injury. An additional 8 survey items inquired about the sources from which people obtained their knowledge, extent of personal experience with brain injury, occupational status, educational status, residential status, and their use of seatbelts. Results indicate substantial levels of misconception about the nature of unconsciousness, amnesia, and recovery, but surprisingly few misconceptions about seatbelts and the effects of brain damage. These findings corroborate clinical observations of gross misconceptions reported in the literature. Specific misconceptions appeared with comparable frequencies across the age groups studied, which indicates that family education for patients in rehabilitation needs to target all members of a family, rather than a designated primary caregiver.
Growth temperature dependence of Si doping efficiency and compensating deep level defect incorporation in Al0.7Ga0.3N

The growth temperature dependence of Si doping efficiency and deep level defect formation was investigated for n-type Al0.7Ga0.3N. It was observed that dopant compensation was greatly reduced with reduced growth temperature. Deep level optical spectroscopy and lighted capacitance-voltage were used to understand the role of acceptor-like deep level defects on doping efficiency. Deep level defects were observed at 2.34 eV, 3.56 eV, and 4.74 eV below the conduction band minimum. The latter two deep levels were identified as the major compensators because the reduction in their concentrations at reduced growth temperature correlated closely with the concomitant increase in free electron concentration. Possible mechanisms for the strong growth temperature dependence of deep level formation are considered, including thermodynamically driven compensating defect formation that can arise for a semiconductor with very large band gap energy, such as Al0.7Ga0.3N.
Virulent ethnocentrism: A major challenge for transformational conflict resolution and peacebuilding in the post‐cold war era 1

Introduction The purpose of this article is to discuss the origins and prospects for reduction of virulent ethnocentrism: a deep and violently aggressive sense of the ‘Other’, resulting from the apparent tendency of people across time and cultural space to subdivide others into ‘them’ and ‘us’ (see LeVine and Campbell, 1972). In the Balkans, this phenomenon has resulted in one world war plus the more recent ‘ethnic cleansing’ of the last ten years of the 20th century.
Relevance of Network Hierarchy in Cancer Drug-Target Selection

Targeted therapies aim to prevent cancer progression by inactivating tumor-specific signaling pathways. However, identifying a suitable drug target in the signaling network remains a major hurdle. Since signaling pathways can be considered as directional networks with hierarchical topology, we hypothesized that the hierarchical level of a candidate in the network impacts its efficiency as a drug-target. This hypothesis was evaluated with three methods. First, Boolean modeling was applied to a hierarchical regulatory network to assess the impact of hierarchy on modulating the network output. Next, we analyzed the hierarchy of FDA-approved drugs mapped onto pathways involved in prostate cancer. Finally, we converted a global transcriptional regulatory and signaling network into hierarchical networks to analyze the hierarchical distribution of cancer genes and the approved drug-targets for cancer treatment.
Computer viruses

This paper presents an overview of the main categories of malicious programs known as Trojan horses, viruses, bacteria, worms, and logic bombs. The focus is on their general behavior and the properties seen in their implementations rather than the ultimate effects or their intended destructive behavior. Possible preventive measures are also discussed. >
The Feminization of Etiquette Literature: Foucault, Mechanisms of Social Change, and the Paradoxes of Empowerment:

This paper explores the opening of a discursive space within the etiquette literature in the United States during the 19th century and how women used this space as a vehicle of empowerment. It identifies two major strategies of empowerment. First, the use or appropriation of existing discourses that can help redefine the "other" within an hegemonic space. Second, and more importantly, the transformation of that space in shifting the lines by which differentiation is produced to begin with. Admittedly, these strategies are neither unique nor the most important in the history of women's empowerment. But this paper argues that the new discourses formulated by women helped forge a new space within which women ceased being the "other," and helped give body to a concept of womanhood as defined by a group of women, regardless of how idiosyn-
Locally Power-Optimal Spacecraft Attitude Control for Redundant Reaction Wheel Cluster

The attitude control problem of a rigid spacecraft containing a redundant set of reaction wheels is investigated. The classical solution path determines a control solution which requires the smallest set of motor torques. With small micro spacecraft the available power or the energy consumption are critical factors. A locally optimal attitude control strategy is developed which minimizes the instantaneous electrical power requirements. Degenerate conditions with several fly wheel speeds being zero are also investigated. The new control is able to reduce the amount of power and energy required by about 10%, while only marginally increasing the average required torque.
Exceptional syntax

From the points of view of programming pragmatics, rewriting and operational semantics, the syntactic construct used for exception handling in ML-like programming languages, and in much theoretical work on exceptions, has subtly undesirable features. We propose and discuss a more well-behaved construct.
Components Damage Probability Analysis of Power System Based on Seismic Zonation

actual components damage probability of power system in the earthquake is the foundation for seismic situation of electrical equipment and network seismic risk analysis.This article analyzes the characteristics of earthquake disasters,and points out that using seismic zoning is reasonable method for assessing area's intensity.Main components of substation and overhead lines in earthquake cases of failure probability analysis model based on seismic zoning are established combining with electrical equipment fragility curve.Finally,failure probability of substation components and overhead lines in Chengdu power grid is calculated with this method proposed.The results are still compared with the actual data which show that the method is effective.
A simple method for deriving the confidence regions for the penalized Cox’s model via the minimand perturbation

We propose a minimand perturbation method to derive the confidence regions for the regularized estimators for the Cox's proportional hazards model. Although the regularized estimation procedure produces a more stable point estimate, it remains challenging to provide an interval estimator or an analytic variance estimator for the associated point estimate. Based on the sandwich formula, the current variance estimator provides a simple approximation, but its finite sample performance is not entirely satisfactory. Besides, the sandwich formula can only provide variance estimates for the non-zero coefficients. In this article, we present a generic description for the perturbation method and then introduce a computation algorithm using the adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that our method can better approximate the limiting distribution of the adaptive LASSO estimator and produces more accurate inference compared with the sandwich formula. The simulation results also indicate the possibility of extending the applications to the adaptive elastic-net penalty. We further demonstrate our method using data from a phase III clinical trial in prostate cancer.
Mapped Grid Methods Applied to the Slow Variable Discretization–Enhanced Renormalized Numerov Approach

We introduce a hyperspherical coordinate mapping procedure to the slow variable discretization–enhanced renormalized Numerov method that allows for more accurate and cost-effective calculations of cold and ultracold atom–dimer scattering. The mapping procedure allows optimization of the numerical grid point spacing by adjusting to the shape of the interaction potential. We show results for elastic scattering in HeH2 and compare the results to previous MOLSCAT calculations by Forrey et al. [Phys. Rev. A 1999, 59, 2146].
Hardware accelerator for computing 3-D DFT in medical image processing

In this paper, we propose a hardware accelerator for computing 3-D DFT. This architecture implements split radix-2/4 DIF FFT algorithm. The accelerator is a controller-based architecture where the host processor moves the data to the local memory of the accelerator. The accelerator minimizes memory accesses, cost and critical path, and increases efficiency of the processor. The architecture is designed to be used in medical image processing applications like MRI.
Dynamic Assessment of Current Management in an Intensively Managed Agroecosystem

To assess management impacts on the functionality of intensively managed agroecosystems, a modeling framework was developed with a bottom-up approach and spatially distributed, process-based models. The framework is equipped with dynamic, data-informed indicators and indices to illuminate the factors influencing sustainability. The proposed dynamic indices consider natural and human aspects of an agroecosystem such as erosion, biogeochemistry, and economics. Most current indicators are static, or slow-changing, soil characterization parameters that reflect better long-term interactions between landscape features, climate, and biology. However, the ever-changing land management and climate necessitates the use of dynamic parameters that reflect agroecosystem responses to different land management on similar timescales (e.g., seasonally). Our framework examines the performance of different ecosystem services including crop productivity, carbon storage, and net income under three different strategies with varying degrees of tillage intensity. The strategy with the highest intensity produced the highest yields, but also had the highest production costs. The second most intense strategy also had high yields, as well as the highest net income. However, these two strategies produced high erosion rates, which depleted the recalcitrant soil carbon, a critical component of system productivity and health. The index that provided the clearest picture of improvement within an agroecosystem was the Carbon Management Index (CMI), which incorporates carbon lability and the implicit accounting of soil carbon redistribution from erosion. The CMI for the more intense strategies decreased in recent years, showing that they are not sustainable despite their high short-term productivity or profitability. The least intense strategy had the lowest Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) depletion through erosion and the highest CMI with a trend that is still-increasing through the present. Our study shows that to augment SOC storage, it important not only to increase the overall organic matter input, but also increase the amount of recalcitrant carbon in the soil and the longevity of all soil carbon through aggregate formation.
Visualizing Caribbean Performance (Jamaican Dancehall and Trinidadian Carnival) as Praxis: An Autohistoria of KiKi’s Journey

ABSTRACTI discuss my journey in the construction, pedagogy, and philosophy of the dance technique CaribFunk™. CaribFunk fuses Afro-Caribbean (traditional and social dance), classical ballet, modern, and fitness elements. It also encourages exploration of self while investigating identity, citizenship, and culture through a kinesthetic expression of the rhythmic gestures of the pelvis. The technique visualizes Caribbean performance (Jamaican Dancehall and Trinidadian Carnival) as a celebration of bodily truths, history, and desire. I argue that this expression is a (re)imagination of culture, destabilizing and decentering order in social spaces (curriculum), illustrating how this ideology can serve as praxis, how these ideas of bodily narratives and social and political expression find their way in CaribFunk technique, and how CaribFunk as a transcultural dance technique serves as a model and catalyst for change.
Designing Scalable and Sustainable Peer Interactions Online

When students work with peers, they learn more actively, build richer knowledge structures, and connect material to their lives. However, not every peer learning experience online sees successful adoption. This chapter first introduces PeerStudio, an assessment platform that leverages the large number of students’ peers in online classes to enable rapid feedback on in-progress work. Students submit their draft, give rubric-based feedback on two peers’ drafts, and then receive peer feedback. Students can integrate the feedback and repeat this process as often as they desire. PeerStudio demonstrates how rapid feedback on in-progress work improves course outcomes. We then articulate and address three adoption and implementation challenges for peer learning platforms such as PeerStudio. First, peer interactions struggle to bootstrap critical mass. However, class incentives can signal importance and spur initial usage. Second, online classes have limited peer visibility and awareness, so students often feel alone even when surrounded by peers. We find that highlighting interdependence and strengthening norms can mitigate this issue. Third, teachers can readily access “big” aggregate data but not “thick” contextual data that helps build intuitions, so software should guide teachers’ scaffolding of peer interactions. We illustrate these challenges through studying 8500 students’ usage of PeerStudio and another peer learning platform: Talkabout. Efficacy is measured through sign-up and participation rates and the structure and duration of student interactions. This research demonstrates how large classes can leverage their scale to encourage mastery through rapid feedback and revision, and suggests secret ingredients to make such peer interactions sustainable at scale.
Convergence Results for the Class of Periodic Left Nested Radicals

We investigate several examples of left nested radicals and prove four convergence theorems. In the proofs of the theorems we provide a recipe for constructing nested radicals with a predetermined ...
An evaluation of structural analysis methodologies for space deployable structures

Benchmarks are introduced for evaluating the performance of numerical simulations of space deployable structures. These benchmarks embody the key challenges of interest to future large space deployable structures, including large angle motion, contact between flexible bodies, and the presence of both soft and stiff mechanical components. The benchmarks were used in companion studies to evaluate the ADAMS multibody dynamics code, the LS-Dyna nonlinear finite element code, and the Sierra large-scale parallel nonlinear finite element code. In the past, only multibody codes would have been considered for this application. This study found that all three codes could be used for these benchmarks, a finding that may lead to larger scale, higher fidelity simulations in the future.
Phytohormones, isoprenoids and role of the apicoplast in recovery from dihydroartemisinin-induced dormancy of Plasmodium falciparum

Many organisms undergo dormancy as a stress response to survive under unfavorable conditions that might impede development. This is observed in seeds and buds of plants and has been proposed as a mechanism of drug evasion and resistance formation in Plasmodium falciparum We explored the effects of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) on dihydroartemisinin (DHA)-induced dormant erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum parasites. Dormant ring stages exposed to ABA and GA recovered from dormancy up to 48 h earlier than parasites exposed to DHA alone. Conversely, fluridone, an herbicide inhibitor of ABA synthesis, blocked emergence from dormancy. Additionally, the role of the apicoplast was assessed in dormant parasite recovery. Apicoplast-deficient P. falciparum remained viable for up to 8 days without the organelle and recrudesced only when supplemented with isopentyl pyrophosphate (IPP). IPP was not required for survival in the dormant state. Fosmidomycin inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis did not prevent dormancy release from occurring in parasites with an intact apicoplast, but IPP or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was needed for complete recrudescence. In addition, the apicoplast and specifically the isoprenoids it produces are essential for recovery of dormant parasites. In summary, ABA and GA have significant effects on dormant parasites, and the phenotypes produced by these phytohormones and the herbicide fluridone also provide a means to explore the mechanism(s) underlying dormancy and the regulatory network that promotes cell cycle arrest in P. falciparum.
COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE OF PHLOEM

During maturation, the protoplasts of sieve elements in all groups of vascular plants undergo a selective autophagy and the plasmodesmata in their common walls are enlarged to sieve-area pores, resulting in a greater degree of continuity between contiguous protoplasts. At maturity, the sieve elements lack nuclei and vacuoles, and the surviving protoplasmic components are entirely parietal in distribution. The sieve elements in all taxa are associated with parenchymatous elements, and together these two cell types constitute interdependent physiological units. The phloem of angiosperms, with its sieve-tube members and their ontogenetically related companion cells, is the most highly specialized among vascular plants. The open sieve-plate pores in their end walls provide a high degree of protoplast continuity between contiguous sieve-tube members. The sieve-tube members of dicotyledons and some monocotyledons contain a proteinaceous substance called P-protein, the function of which remains to be determined. Moreover, use of this protein category is in need of further scrutiny. The sieve cells in gymnosperm phloem typically are associated with albuminous cells, the counterparts of the angiospermous companion cell. The mature gymnospermous sieve cell contains a vast and complex network of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which forms massive aggregates opposite the sieve areas and is continuous from sieve cell to sieve cell via the sieve-area pores. With the exception of the sieve elements of lycopods, the sieve-element protoplasts of vascular cryptogams are characterized by the presence of refractive spherules, the function and exact chemical composition of which remain to be determined. The lycopod sieve elements are characterized by unoccluded sieve-area pores. By contrast, the sieve-area pores in Psilotum and eu- and protoleptosporangiate ferns are occluded with membranes, which are structurally distinct from the parietal ER of the cell lumen. The sieve-area pores in root and mid-internodal regions of aerial stems of Equisetum are traversed by large numbers of membranes, which are continuous with the parietal ER of the cell lumen. In leptosporangiate ferns, the sieve-area pores contain variable numbers of ER membranes, which also are continuous with those of the parietal network. Although specialized parenchyma cells analogous to companion cells and albuminous cells are lacking in vascular cryptogams, the sieve elements in this diverse group of vascular plants have numerous cytoplasmic connections with their neighboring parenchyma cells. Information on translocation velocities in selected vascular cryptogams would contribute greatly to an understanding of sieve-element structure in relation to function.
Computation through Cortical Dynamics

Population dynamics is emerging as a language for understanding high-dimensional neural recordings. Remington et al. (2018) explore how inputs to frontal cortex modulate neural dynamics in order to implement a computation of interest.
The Public Right-to-Know on a Need-to-Know Basis: Striking the Balance Between National Security and Environmental Protection

Enforcing environmental laws does not immediately appear to be fundamentally inconsistent with maintaining national security. Many people have criticized the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act, however, as potentially placing American citizens at risk of a terrorist attack. This Note discusses the difficulties associated with striking the balance between giving citizens access to important environmental information while limiting terrorists’ ability to misuse that same information. Although this issue is a difficult one on its own, it is compounded by recent developments affecting standing in environmental citizen suits. This Note argues that even if the proper balance is struck with regard to releasing environmental information to the public, it is still unlikely that an average citizen would be able to pass the high standing barrier and successfully bring a citizen suit. The Note then proposes two alternative solutions, each of which could potentially strike a better balance between promoting environmental protection and preventing terrorist attacks.
Abstract 3205: Histone tyrosine phosphorylation determines glioblastoma cell survival

Histone modification is crucial for cell signaling pathways and regulates predominantly chromatin functions related with DNA damage response (DDR) that lead cancer cells to survive upon different therapies. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been extensively studied in cancer progression and DDR and, recently, several reports described the role of RTKs in histone tyrosine modification. We have been focusing on the role of the receptor tyrosine kinase, TIE2, in gliomas. Our study identified the expression of TIE2 in human surgical glioma specimens in relation to malignancy, specifically in brain tumor stem cells. We have revealed that the unexpected membrane-to-nuclear trafficking of TIE2 is related with radioresistance of brain tumor stem cells, functioning as a genotoxic stress sensor to activate DNA repair machinery. Interestingly, TIE2 binds, upon IR stress, to DNA/protein complexes and phosphorylates several core histones. The tandem mass spectrum of H4 and H2B demonstrates that TIE2 directly phosphorylates not previously described H4pY51 and H2BY40 respectively, which reinvigorates TIE29s role in histone code modification. We screened for pY-readers using a SH2 domain array and found that H4pY51 and H2pY40 modifications are read by the proto-oncogenes ABL1 and CRK, respectively. Our data also showed that TIE2/H4pY54/ABL1 complex binds to DNA repair proteins, activating an NHEJ DNA repair mechanism. We summarize that upon IR stress TIE2 localizes to the nucleus where it is involved in key cellular functions by directly phosphorylating core histones, and recruiting SH2 domain proteins to the DNA damage sites, complexing to the DNA repair machinery, which in turns results in radioresistance. Our data highlight the role of epigenetics in modulating the DNA damage response of glioma radiation therapy and open new avenues to find novel targetable pathways for treatment of patients with glioblastomas. Citation Format: Mohammad Belayat Hossain, Rehnuma Shifat, Debora K. Kim, Yiesel Rivera-Molina, Francisco Puerta Martinez, Hong Jiang, Teresa Nguyen, David G. Johnson, Mark T. Bedford, Mien-Chie Hung, Erik P. Sulman, Frederick Lang, Raymond Sawaya, Juan Fueyo, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano. Histone tyrosine phosphorylation determines glioblastoma cell survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3205.
The Perturbance of Microbiome and Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Gastrointestinal problems have been documented in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Studies have found that these disturbances may be associated with an altered gut microbiome in ASD. Furthermore, in ASD, these alterations are implicated in increased gut permeability, or “leaky gut”, which allows bacterial metabolites to cross the gut barrier, impacting neurodevelopment during early childhood in susceptible subjects by way of gut-brain axis. In our review, we will discuss the interaction of gut microbiota and brain development in ASD and the signaling mechanisms underlying this interaction. We will also explore the potential for treatment of ASD by targeting the microbiome with probiotics. Finally, this paper will attempt to provide significance to the aggregation of the research in this area of research; providing our interpretations and assessments of future of this field.
UAV Passive Acoustic Detection

The proliferation of low-cost consumer Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has enabled their potential nefarious use or negligent misuse, including intrusion into airspace used by emergency services or civilian aircraft, unauthorized surveillance, and delivery of harmful payloads. Passive acoustic sensors may permit the creation of low-cost means of detecting and localizing the unwanted UAV traffic. Experiments were conducted to characterize the emitted noise of UAVs of various sizes in an anechoic chamber while airborne and demonstrate the processing required to detect and find the direction toward the sound. An array of microphones arranged in two circular tiers, each with a radius of 1 meter, separated by 1.6 meters vertically was used for data collection in the tests at a local airport. Algorithms based on Generalized Cross-Correlation (GCC) were applied for direction finding including fusing time difference of arrival and steered power response with phase transform (SRP-PHAT). Detection distances of 294 m for the smallest UAS tested were demonstrated. An algorithm for tracking moving sources using microphones separated by about 19 meters was demonstrated, addressing the decorrelation due to the Differential Doppler effect.
Interdependent Networks from Societal Perspective: MITS ( M ulti-Context I nfluence T racking on S ocial Network)

The real-world system can be represented in terms of multiple complex and semantically coherent networks. The networks have some correlation among each other and complement each other’s functionality. Such correlated networks are termed as interdependent networks. The notion of a smart city can be represented as an integration of several interdependent networks that can facilitate secured and efficient management of a city’s assets, such as transportation, power grids, water supply channel, distributed sensor networks, societal networks, and other services. In this chapter, we introduce the societal perspective of interdependent networks, where the users’ and locations’ networks are exploited to track the influential user and location nodes.
How Maya Archaeologists Discovered the 99% Through the Study of Settlement Patterns

This article presents an autobiographical perspective on the changing nature of Maya archaeology, focusing on the role of settlement pattern studies in illuminating the lives of commoners as well a...
Psychiatric Residents as Behavioral Science Instructors

The present paper describes the three year development of a program incorporating psychiatric residents as instructors in the behavioral science course at Wright State University. The program involves (a) establishment of group leaders as behavioral science instructors, (b) a teaching skills training program for residents, and (c) ongoing formal supervision in group instructional skills. The paper describes the program components and reports the preliminary evaluation of program effectiveness. Resident teaching effectiveness is compared to the teaching effectiveness of clinical faculty on outcome variables of student satisfaction, behavioral science exam scores, and National Board Scores. Discussion of future research directions is also reported.
Child Poverty, Impoverished Parenting, and Normative Childhood: Some Words of Caution

This chapter uses examples of the use of child poverty for racist, colonial, and sexist violence to highlight the dangers of our efforts to address child poverty. Using international appeals for aid, transnational adoption, and the seizure of Black children in the US and Aboriginal children in Canada, it becomes evident that understandings of child poverty assume conceptions of normative childhoods and parenting. These conceptions are grounded in modern Western understandings of children as innocent and in need of special protection, and of childhood as merely a preparatory stage for adulthood. Many efforts to address child poverty fail to see these conceptions as historically and culturally specific, and instead treat them as timeless and universal. This justifies the imposition of this framework on the poor, including through the violent disruption of families and communities through the dispossession of their children. Finally, this chapter offers brief comments on what an approach to child poverty that does not universalize the Western, Global North’s normative models of childhood and parenting would look like.
Studying Spatial Memory in Augmented and Virtual reality

Abstract Spatial memory is a crucial part of our lives. Spatial memory research and rehabilitation in humans is typically performed either in real environments, which is challenging practically, or in Virtual Reality (VR), which has limited realism. Here we explored the use of Augmented Reality (AR) for studying spatial cognition. AR combines the best features of real and VR paradigms by allowing subjects to learn spatial information in a flexible fashion while walking through a real-world environment. To compare these methods, we had subjects perform the same spatial memory task in VR and AR settings. Although subjects showed good performance in both, subjects reported that the AR task version was significantly easier, more immersive, and more fun than VR. Importantly, memory performance was significantly better in AR compared to VR. Our findings validate that integrating AR can lead to improved techniques for spatial memory research and suggest their potential for rehabilitation. Highlights We built matching spatial memory tasks in VR and AR Subjectively, subjects find the AR easier, more immersive and more fun Objectively, subjects are significantly more accurate in AR compared to VR Pointing based tasks did not fully show the same advantages Only AR walking significantly correlated with SBSoD, suggesting mobile AR better captures more natural spatial performance
Encephalitic alphaviruses exploit caveolae-mediated transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier for CNS entry

Abstract Venezuelan and Western equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and WEEV) invade the CNS early during infection, via neuronal and hematogenous routes (1, 2). While viral replication mediates host-shut off, including expression of type I interferons (IFN) (3, 4), few studies have addressed how alphaviruses gain access to the CNS during established infection or the mechanisms of viral crossing at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we show that hematogenous dissemination of VEEV and WEEV into the CNS occurs via caveolin (Cav)-1-mediated transcytosis (Cav-MT) across an intact BBB, which is impeded by IFN and inhibitors of RhoA GTPase. Use of reporter and non-replicative strains also demonstrates that IFN signaling mediates viral restriction within cells comprising the neurovascular unit (NVU), differentially rendering brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes permissive to viral replication. Transmission and immunoelectron microscopy revealed early events in virus internalization and Cav-1-association within brain endothelial cells. Cav-1-deficient mice exhibit diminished CNS VEEV and WEEV titers during early infection, whereas viral burdens in peripheral tissues remained unchanged. Our findings show that alphaviruses exploit Cav-MT to enter the CNS, and that IFN differentially restricts this process at the BBB. Importance VEEV, WEEV and EEEV are emerging infectious diseases in the Americas, and they have caused several major outbreaks in the human and horse population during the past few decades. Shortly after infection, these viruses can infect the CNS, resulting in severe long-term neurological deficits or death. Neuroinvasion has been associated with virus entry into the CNS directly from the blood-stream, however the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that following peripheral infection alphavirus augments vesicular formation/trafficking at the BBB and utilizes Cav-MT to cross an intact BBB, a process regulated by activators of Rho GTPAses within brain endothelium. In vivo examination of early viral entry in Cav-1-deficient mice revealed significantly lower viral burdens than in similarly infected wild-type animals. These studies identify a potentially targetable pathway to limit neuroinvasion by alphaviruses.
Topical Antiandrogen Therapies for Androgenetic Alopecia and Acne Vulgaris

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and acne vulgaris are two conditions commonly seen by dermatologists. Androgens and the androgen receptors play an essential role in the manifestation of both conditions, and some systemic therapies function by interfering in this pathway. The use of topical antiandrogen therapies has gained traction in recent years due to their potential efficacy in treating AGA and acne vulgaris, as well as their reduced adverse effects compared with systemic drugs. This review discusses the role of androgens in skin physiology and pathology and assesses the potential efficacy and safety of three topical antiandrogen therapies in the treatment of AGA and acne vulgaris. A literature review utilizing the PubMed, US Clinical Trials, and SCOPUS databases was conducted to search for randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, cohort studies, case reports, and other relevant published studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of each condition with topical finasteride, ketoconazole shampoo, and cortexolone 17α-propionate (C17P). The results demonstrated that topical formulations of finasteride, ketoconazole, and C17P are promising treatments for male pattern hair loss, especially topical finasteride in combination with topical minoxidil. Limited studies have shown C17P to have potential in treating acne vulgaris in both males and females. Minimal adverse effects have been reported in clinical trials for all topical therapies, although topical finasteride is still contraindicated in pregnancy. Recognizing the preliminary evidence, more peer-reviewed studies on topical antiandrogen treatments for AGA and acne vulgaris are necessary before definitive recommendations can be made regarding efficacy and safety. There is also a critical need to include more women in study populations for these treatments.
State-of-the-Art Renal Imaging in Children

Imaging modalities for diagnosing kidney and urinary tract disorders in children have developed rapidly over the last decade largely because of advancement of modern technology. General pediatricians and neonatologists are often the front line in detecting renal anomalies. There is a lack of knowledge of the applicability, indications, and nephrotoxic risks of novel renal imaging modalities. Here we describe the clinical impact of congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract and describe pediatric-specific renal imaging techniques by providing a practical guideline for the diagnosis of kidney and urinary tract disorders.
An Ancient Residue Metabolomics-Based Method to Distinguish Use of Closely Related Plant Species in Ancient Pipes

Residues from ancient artifacts can help identify which plant species were used for their psychoactive properties, providing important information regarding the deep-time co-evolutionary relationship between plants and humans. However, relying on the presence or absence of one or several biomarkers has limited the ability to confidently connect residues to particular plants. We describe a comprehensive metabolomics-based approach that can distinguish closely related species and provide greater confidence in species use determinations. An ~1430-year-old pipe from central Washington State not only contained nicotine, but also had strong evidence for the smoking of Nicotiana quadrivalvis and Rhus glabra, as opposed to several other species in this pre-contact pipe. Analysis of a post-contact pipe suggested use of different plants, including the introduced trade tobacco, Nicotiana rustica. Ancient residue metabolomics provides a new frontier in archaeo-chemistry, with greater precision to investigate the evolution of drug use and similar plant-human co-evolutionary dynamics.
Associations between lifestyle factors and body mass index in African-American community college students.

OBJECTIVE The goal was to examine associations between body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle factors in African American community college students. Methods: Young adults, 18-25, who identified as African American were eligible to participate from 3/17 to 11/17. BMI, body image, discrimination, social roles, emotional and informational support, nutrition knowledge, and physical activity were assessed. Results: Data from 323 students were analyzed. The mean age was 20.1 ± 2.0 years. There were no significant differences between individuals with BMI ≥ 25 and BMI < 25 on social role satisfaction, discrimination, and emotional or informational support. Overweight/obese individuals rated themselves higher on body image than normal weight individuals. The association between ideal body image and BMI sustained after adjusting for various factors. Conclusions: This is a unique population and they have unique needs in weight loss interventions. The strong relationship between body image and BMI suggests that incorporating body image into intervention design may assist in weight loss.