cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nasal polyps in dogs: five cases (2005 to 2011)

This series describes five dogs with nasal polyps diagnosed between 2000 and 2011. Clinical signs included reverse sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxsis, and stertor when breathing. Computerised tomographic findings included soft tissue mass, turbinate destruction, extension through the bony nasal septum and partial lysis of bones surrounding the nasal cavity. Three dogs were treated by dorsal rhinotomy, one dog was treated by ventral rhinotomy, and in one dog the polyp tissue was removed during nasal flushing. Three dogs have no clinical signs of nasal disease. One dog had confirmed recurrence of nasal polyps and was successfully treated with megavoltage radiation. One dog had recurrent nasal disease eight months after dorsal rhinotomy. Nasal polyps are a possible cause of nasal disease in dogs with nasal discharge, epistaxsis and stertor, and a differential diagnosis for dogs with extensive soft tissue lesions of the nasal cavities on computerised tomography. Nasal polyps can be treated successfully by rhinotomy in some cases but may reoccur.
Missing the forest for the trees? Deficient memory for linguistic gist in obsessive–compulsive disorder

Background. Patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit recall deficits on word learning tasks, mediated by their failure to detect semantic connections among the words. Methods. In the present experiment, using methods devised by Bransford & Franks (1971), we tested whether this encoding problem impairs their extraction of gist from complex linguistic material. Results. Consistent with our hypothesis, OCD patients extracted less gist from related sentences than did healthy participants. The groups did not dier in recognition memory for individual sentences or in criterion for arming previously encountered sentences as ‘old’, as evinced by signal detection indices of memory sensitivity (d«) and response bias (b), or in recognition memory confidence. Conclusions. These data provide further evidence that OCD patients exhibit less reliance on organizational strategies than do healthy control participants. These data are consistent with neuropsychological research suggestive of prefrontal executive problems in OCD.
The Magnesium Dependence of Ribosome and tRNA Dynamics in Single Pre-Translocation Ribosomal Complexes

The structural dynamics of the cellular translational machinery are essential to the mechanism of protein synthesis. During the elongation stage of protein synthesis, for example, the translating ribosome oscillates between two functionally important global conformational states, referred to as GS1 and GS2, as it translocates along its messanger RNA (mRNA) template and sequentially incorporates aminoacylated transfer RNA (tRNA) substrates in the order specified by the mRNA. Structural transitions of the pre-translocation (PRE) ribosomal complex between GS1 and GS2 encompass extensive remodeling of ribosome-ribosome, ribosome-tRNA, and ribosome-mRNA interactions and regulate movement of the mRNA and its associated tRNAs through the ribosome by precisely one codon. Motivated by the crucial role that Mg2+ ions play in stabilizing RNA-RNA interactions and by the known Mg2+ dependence of the translocation reaction, we have used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to perform single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments on fluorescently labeled PRE complexes as a function of Mg2+ concentration. The data reveal how the thermodynamic stabilities of GS1 and GS2 and, consequently, the rates of GS1â†'GS2 and GS2â†'GS1 transitions in PRE complexes depend on the concentration of Mg2+ ions. Interpreting our data within the context provided by the atomic-resolution structures of GS1- and GS2-like ribosomal complexes and the well-characterized Mg2+ dependence of the translocation reaction rate will enable us to develop a comprehensive understanding of the way in which specific Mg2+ binding sites affect PRE complex conformational dynamics that are critical for the translocation step of translation elongation.
Evidence for secretory granule membrane recycling in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells

Abstract The ability to initiate exocytosis upon carbachol addition to primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells provides a system for a complimentary morphological and biochemical determination of the fate of secretory granule membrane. Concurrent with stimulation of exocytosis, cultures were either exposed to the electron dense tracer cationized ferritin (CF) or to conditions which label exposed proteins with 125I. Ultrastructural examination of CF-treated cells reveals that membrane labeled during exocytosis becomes incorporated into new granule membrane. Secretory granule membrane was isolated two hours after initiation of exocytosis and its polypeptides characterized by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography reveals that 125I is primarily found in dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), a biochemical marker of the inner surface of chromaffin granule membranes. Thus, our results demonstrate that secretory granule membrane is removed from the cell surface by endocytosis and subsequently major components are incorporated into the membrane of intact intracellular chromaffin granules.
INEQUALITY FOR CONVEX FUNCTIONS IN QUANTUM-STATISTICAL MECHANICS.

Abstract From an inequality for a convex function of two hermitian operators, the Peierls and Gibbs operators, coarse graining and other important inequalities are derived in a unified way. Various different forms of the basic inequality are given. They are found useful in discussing the entropy and other physical problems. Special accounts are given of functions such as exp x and x log x.
A gene controlling biosynthesis of isoorientin, a compound in corn silks antibiotic to the corn earworm

The corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is an important pest of corn (Zea mays L.), and its larvae sometimes cause severe ear damage to hybrids grown in the southeastern United States. The antibiotic compound isoorientin is present in silks of some corn inbreds at a concentration that is harmful to corn earworm larvae. The inbred T218, which produces biologically active levels of this compound (>2.0% dry weight), was evaluated in hybrid combination with two other non-isoorientin producing inbreds to determine the mode of isoorientin inheritance in corn silks. Silk masses from individual ears of each parent, the F1, F2, first backcrosses, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 for isoorientin concentration. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to make chemical determinations. Segregation ratios in the F2, first backcross to T218, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were tested. The tests were conclusive in the identification of a single recessive gene controlling high isoorientin concentration in the silks of inbred T218. Some evidence for modifiers exists, in that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for more plants than expected to occur in the low isoorientin concentration classes. Development of inbreds with a high concentration of the simply inherited isoorientin in their silks will add to the arsenal of compounds available in corn silks to combat damage to corn by corn earworm larvae.
Oleyl sulfate reveals allosteric inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase-1 and human 15-lipoxygenase.

Inhibition of lipoxygenase (LO) is currently an important goal of biomedical research due to its critical role in asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer regulation. Steady-state kinetic data indicate that oleic acid (OA) is a simple competitive inhibitor for soybean lipoxygenase; however, kinetic isotope effect (KIE) data suggest a more complicated inhibitory mechanism. To investigate the inhibitory effects of fatty acids on lipoxygenase more thoroughly, we have synthesized a novel inhibitor to lipoxygenase, (Z)-9-octadecenyl sulfate (oleyl sulfate, OS), which imparts kinetic properties that are inconsistent with simple competitive inhibition for both SLO-1 and 15-HLO. The KIE exhibits a hyperbolic rise with addition of OS, indicating the formation of a catalytically active ternary complex with KD values of 0.6 ± 0.2 and 0.4 ± 0.05 μM for SLO-1 and 15-HLO, respectively. The steady-state kinetics show that SLO-1 proceeds through a hyperbolic mixed-type inhibition pathway, where OS binding (Ki = 0.7 ± 0.3 μM) ...
STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR TCP WINDOW SIZE: ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION

In this paper we develop a stochastic differential equation to describe the dynamic evolution of the congestion window size of a single TCP session over a network. The model takes into account recovery from packet losses with both fast recovery and time-outs, boundary behavior at zero and maximum window size, and slow-start after time-outs. We solve the differential equation to derive the distribution of the window size in steady state. We compare the model predictions with the output from the NS simulator.
618 EFFECTS OF DIETARY THERAPY ON ETHANOL ELIMINATION IN TYPE I GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE

Type I Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD-I) is associated with a wide variety of metabolic abnormalities including an extremely rapid elimination of ethanol. As dietary therapy aimed at maintaining normoglycemia corrects many of the metabolic abnormalities, the effect of this therapy on ethanol elimination was studied. We measured the half-life (T½min) and clearance (Cl ml/min) of 16ml/m2 of intravenous ethanol in 3 groups of patients with GSD-I. Group I consisted of 3 patients who were untreated; Group II consisted of 3 patients who were treated; Group III consisted of 4 patients who were partially treated and were developing metabolic imbalances. Results: Group I showed T½ 11.79±0.8 and Cl 1059±240; Group II showed T½ 28.3±1.5 and Cl 489±105; Group III showed T½ 20.6±2.3 and Cl 770±170; and the Control showed T½ 28.5±6.4. The T½ and Cl of ethanol was significantly shortened in Group I when compared with Group II patients (p < 0.05). The T½ and Cl in Group III patients was intermediate between group I and Group II patients.
Phase I trial of non-cytotoxic suramin as a modulator of docetaxel and gemcitabine therapy in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Purpose In preclinical models, non-cytotoxic suramin (concentrations <50 μM) potentiates the activity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents. The present study evaluated the safety and tolerability of suramin in combination with docetaxel or gemcitabine in previously chemotherapy-treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
International exchange program: findings from Taiwanese graduate nursing students.

Abstract This study explored Taiwanese graduate nursing students’ transcultural experiences in the United States during an international exchange program. A qualitative method with content analysis was used to analyze journal entries on perceptions of American culture, American nursing, and reflections on personal and professional growth written by nine graduate nursing students from Taiwan. The mean age of the participants was 32 (range, 29–45). Taiwanese nursing students perceived American culture as full of hospitality and patriotism, valuing human rights and social welfare, and favoring direct and expressive affection. American nursing was viewed as a combination of independence, confidence, autonomy, and knowledge, with caring being the core element, fostered by an environment conducive to patient care. In personal and professional growth, three themes surfaced: reinforcement of holistic care, nursing without borders, and lifelong learning and changing. American culture and nursing were perceived by Taiwanese students as a paradigm of Western culture valuing individual rights, autonomy, and independence. A caring and supportive patient care environment was a positive perception of American nursing; it was the desired practice standard that was lacking in these students’ homeland. Overall, the exchange program was thought by these students to foster their personal and professional growth.
Low Reynolds number liquid propulsion in contracting tubular segments connected through valves

Situations of augumented creeping flows through elastic vessels, in the low Reynolds number range, occur in several biological systems. Flow through the lymphatic system, the portal vein, urethra and proboscis of blood-sucking insects are some of the examples. Several of these vessels have valves which aid in unidirectional motion. The flow is augumented either through intrinsic smooth muscle contractions, or through external skeletal muscle contractions. This paper presents a simple mathematical model for flow through valvular elastic vessels augumented by internal [email protected]?or external contractions.
Applications of Mnemonic Strategies with Students with Mild Mental Disabilities

This paper reports the results of two classroom applications of mnemonic instruction with students with mild mental disabilities (see note). These applications were developed based upon previous research findings and implemented by special education teachers in their classrooms over extended time periods. In both applications, regularly assigned curricula were adapted to include the use of mnemonic strategies. In the first application, the strategies were supplied by the teacher to facilitate the learning of social studies content. In the second application, students first used teacher-made strategies and later assisted the teacher in generating “class” mnemonic strategies for learning science content. Results of both applications suggest that students successfully learned content using the mnemonic strategies and reported enjoying instruction when the strategies were used. Findings are discussed in relation to future applications by teachers.
DNA-based immunization induces anti-CD4 antibodies directed primarily to native epitopes

DNA-based immunization is one of the most promising strategies to induce protective immunity against a variety of pathogens, presenting clear advantages as compared to the use of recombinant antigens. One of these advantages might be the ability to induce antibodies directed primarily against conformational determinants, as compared to immunization with recombinant proteins. To test this possibility, we have analyzed the antibody responses induced in mice by immunization with either recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) or by immunization with plasmid DNA-encoding CD4 (CD4-DNA). Mice immunized with CD4-DNA had lower titers of antibodies able to recognize rCD4 than mice immunized with rCD4. However, immunization with CD4-DNA induced antibodies reactive with the native cell surface CD4 molecule in all mice, whereas only two out of five mice immunized with rCD4 produced antibodies reactive with cell surface CD4, thus demonstrating that the genetic immunization approach may lead to an antibody response more consistent and superior at a qualitative level as compared to immunization with the corresponding recombinant protein. In addition, differences in the kinetics of appearance of antibodies directed against the native CD4 molecule were observed between mice immunized with CD4-DNA or rCD4. In the first case, antibodies reacting with cell surface CD4 were present 28 days after the first immunization, whereas mice immunized with rCD4 produced antibodies directed against the native molecule only following a booster injection. Finally, the two groups of mice produced antibodies with a different isotype distribution. No clear predominance of a specific IgG subclass was detected in the antibody population produced in response to DNA immunization. Conversely, mice immunized with rCD4 produced predominantly antibodies of the IgG1 isotype, indicating generation of a TH2 response. Together, results from this study indicate that the CD4 molecule endogenously produced following DNA immunization is expressed, at least partially, in a native conformation. This feature confers a major advantage to the DNA immunization approach as compared to immunization with the corresponding recombinant protein, which seems to elicit antibodies predominantly directed to epitopes uniquely expressed on the recombinant molecule.
X‐ray observations of MeV electron precipitation with a balloon‐borne germanium spectrometer

[1] The high-resolution germanium detector aboard the MAXIS (MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy) balloon payload detected nine X-ray bursts with significant flux extending above 0.5 MeV during an 18 day flight over Antarctica. These minutes-to-hours-long events are characterized by an extremely flat spectrum (∼E−2) similar to the first MeV event discovered in 1996, indicating that the bulk of parent precipitating electrons is at relativistic energies. The MeV bursts were detected between magnetic latitudes 58°–68° (L-values of 3.8–6.7) but only in the late afternoon/dusk sectors (14:30–00:00 MLT), suggesting scattering by EMIC (electromagnetic ion cyclotron) waves as a precipitation mechanism. We estimate the average flux of precipitating E ≥ 0.5 MeV electrons to be ∼360 cm−2s−1, corresponding to about 5 × 1025 such electrons precipitated during the eight days at L = 3.8–6.7, compared to ∼2 × 1025 trapped 0.5–3.6 MeV electrons estimated from dosimeter measurements on a GPS spacecraft. These observations show that MeV electron precipitation events are a primary loss mechanism for outer zone relativistic electrons.
Turbulent Natural Convection Flow on a Heated Vertical Wall Immersed in a Stratified Atmosphere

This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical model and numerical solutions for a natural convection flow over an isothermal, heated, vertical wall immersed in an ambient atmosphere that is thermally stratified. The model assumes a laminar flow near the leading edge, which then becomes a transitional flow, and finally becomes fully turbulent away from the leading edge. Effects of several typical cases of ambient stratification on heat transfer to the wall, peak velocity, and temperature are examined. It is found that the velocity field is affected more significantly by the memory of upstream ambient conditions than the temperature field.
HVEM serial-section analysis of rabbit foliate taste buds: I. Type III cells and their synapses.

Serially sectioned rabbit foliate taste buds were examined with high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) and computer-assisted, three-dimensional reconstruction. This report focuses on the ultrastructure of the type III cells and their synapses with sensory nerve fibers. Type III cells have previously been proposed to be the primary gustatory receptor cells in taste buds of rabbits and other mammals. Within rabbit foliate taste buds, type III cells constitute a well-defined, easily recognizable class and are the only taste bud cells observed to form synapses with intragemmal nerve fibers. Among 18 type III cells reconstructed from serial sections, 11 formed from 1 to 6 synapses each with nerve fibers; 7 reconstructed type III cells formed no synapses. Examples of both convergence and divergence of synaptic input from type III cells onto nerve fibers were observed. The sizes of the active zones of the synapses and numbers of vesicles associated with the presynaptic membrane specializations were highly variable. Dense-cored vesicles 80–140 nm in diameter were often found among the 40–60 nm clear vesicles clustered at presynaptic sites. At some synapses, these large dense-cored vesicles appeared to be the predominant vesicle type. This observation suggests that there may be functionally different types of synapses in taste buds, distinguished by the prevalence of either clear or dense-cored vesicles. Previous investigations have indicated that the dense-cored vesicles in type III cells may be storage sites for biogenic amines.
Comparison of magnetostimulation limits for axial and transverse drive fields in MPI

As shown in Fig. 1b, the mean magneto stimulation thresholds for the transverse field was approximately 3 times lower than the axial field (ΔBmin = 26 mT-pp vs. 78 mT-pp) for the same set of subjects, with comparable τc values (265 μs vs. 243 μs). In addition, the percentage deviation across subjects was significantly smaller for the transverse field (13%) than the axial field (28%). For both transverse and axial fields, the data trends were well modeled by the hyperbolic amplitude vs. frequency curve, as demonstrated in Fig. 1c for a single subject.
The Origin of the Post-Nativity Commemorations

On a number of fourth and fifth century calendars, a block of feasts commemorating Stephen, James, John, Peter, and Paul immediately follows 25 December. Contemporary studies have lost sight of the rationale for its position. This paper defends a proposal of Hans Lietzmann and suggests that the community that created the block recognized Christmas as the starting point of the sanctoral cycle. This community elected to place the memorials of Christianity’s earliest confessors at the head of this annual order, symbolizing their historical priority over other martyrs. Stephen occupied the first of these dates precisely so his commemoration could precede that of every other confessor on the calendar, a position that illustrates the intensity of his cult in the late fourth-fifth centuries. The study proceeds to develop this insight into a framework capable of explaining similar commemorations on other early Christian calendars.
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Superconducting Aluminum Alloys

The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time, ${T}_{1}$, of superconducting aluminum alloys which contain up to 0.16% zinc or germanium has been measured in the range of 0.37\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A field cycling method was used. ${T}_{1}$ decreases slightly (less than 30%) with increasing-impurity concentration. The experimental data indicate that the anisotropy of the energy gap decreases with increasing reciprocal mean free path. The results are explained by means of the theory of dirty superconductors introduced by Anderson.
An adaptive-grid model for dynamic simulation of thermocline thermal energy storage systems

Abstract The advent of the smart grid requires both reliable, cost-effective energy storage solutions and the ability to accurately and efficiently simulate these systems. Thermocline thermal energy storage, where heat is stored over a temperature gradient, is a promising energy storage technology. However, because of the complexities of thermal stratification, accurate, yet simple models are difficult to identify and generally require complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. In this work, a novel, adaptive-grid one-dimensional model for representing thermocline thermal energy storage systems is presented and validated using experimental data. Compared to standard, fixed-grid one-dimensional models, the adaptive-grid model improves accuracy and decreases the required number of state variables and equations by using a high-resolution grid in the region of thermal stratification and larger, variable-volume, isothermal nodes to represent the ends of the tank. Experimental data shows that the adaptive-grid model is more accurate than other one-dimensional models because it minimizes the effect of numerical diffusion and better predicts system behavior when temperature inversion is introduced into the system. The model presented has applicability in both cold and hot thermal energy storage systems and is advantageous over CFD models when many repeated simulations are required, such as in optimization, control, or prediction of long-term performance.
CHLOROPLAST INCLUSIONS IN ZOOSPORES OF OEDOCLADIUM1

SUMMARY Chloroplast inclusions have been studied in zoospores of Oedocladium carolinianum and their ultrastructure compared with the same inclusions previously described in the related genera Oedogonium and Bulbochaete. Structure of the mature pyrenoids is consistent in all 3 genera; the pyrenoid matrix is penetrated by branched cytoplasmic channels delimited by a double membrane system continuous with the chloroplast envelope. Pyrenoids typically arise de novo in zoospores of O. carolinianum. No evidence for the bipartition of a parent pyrenoid has been observed. The incipient pyrenoids of Oedocladium are similar to those found in zoospores of Oedogonium and Bulbochaete, but they frequently demonstrated a crystalline matrix. However, a crystalline matrix was never observed in any mature pyrenoid, even those immediately adjacent to incipient pyrenoids with crystalline structure. Other chloroplast inclusions typical of Oedogonium and Bulbochaete zoospores are the eyespot and striated microtubules. Although the zoospores of O. carolinianum possess striated microtubules, the presence of an eyespot has not been observed.
Modulation of K+ conductance by intracellular pH in pancreatic β-cells

Abstract Measurements of the effects of NH 3 /NH 4 + on glucose-induced electrical activity in β-cells from microdis-sected mouse islets of Langerhans and on intracellular pH in single collagenase-isolated islets pre-loaded with a fluorescent pH probe were performed and are reported here. Application of NH 3 /NH + 4 (15 mM) in the presence of glucose (11 mM) promptly hyperpolarized the β-cell membrane, reduced input resistance by 60% and blocked electrical activity. These changes were paralleled by an increase in islet fluorescence indicative of a cytosolic pH increase. Removal of NH 4 Cl initially stumulated electical activity, which returned to resting level with a time constant of 51 s. Concomitant with the removal of NH 4 C1 there was a drop in pH i followed by a slow return to resting level with a time constant of 83 s. The results suggest that the [Ca 2+ ]-dependent K + channel in the β-cell membrane is activated by a rise in cytosolic pH.
Sulfhemoglobinated erythrocytes as an optical intravascular tracer in the lung.

Sulfhemoglobinated erythrocytes (SHb-RBC's) were examined for utility as an optical multiple indicator dilution tracer in lung studies. A device was developed to measure this tracer optically in flowing blood. Arterial blood was sampled from cannulated, anesthetized dogs and pumped through the device that measured the optical density (OD) of blood at 620 nm. This system was calibrated for increasing SHb-RBC concentrations using an unsteady-state indicator dilution procedure. Areas under optical density (ΔOD) profiles were well correlated with injected SHb-RBC volumes using linear regression (r 2>0.9). This linearity was independent of blood oxygenation, hematocrit, or pH.In vivo lung indicator dilution studies in the intact dog were performed and compared to radioisotope indicator studies using51Cr labeled erythrocytes. Coefficient of variation (CV) between the two curves was 0.065 under baseline conditions, 0.085 for studies performed during hypoxia, and 0.073 after pH was lowered. We conclude that this device linearly measured SHb-RBC content in whole blood and that SHb-RBC is as accurate a lung indicator dilution tracer as51Cr-erythrocytes.
Rates of ED visits and of intubations for congestive heart failure declined from 1996 to 2008

Abstract Objective Many advances have been made recently in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). We hypothesize that this should have resulted in fewer CHF patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) and fewer being intubated. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting consecutive patients seen by ED physicians in 4 suburban hospitals in New Jersey and New York from 1996 to 2008. Objective Protocol: We classified patients as having CHF based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , codes. For each year of the study, we determined CHF visit rates (as a percentage of total ED visits) and calculated the percentage of CHF patients intubated. We used the Student t test, calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and performed regression analyses. Results Of the 2,374,428 ED visits, 32,036 (1.3%) were for CHF. The mean age of the CHF patients was 76 ± 14 years, and 57% were female. Congestive heart failure visits declined from 1.6% of all ED visits in 1996 to 1.2% in 2008, a 26% relative decrease (95% CI: 21%-30%, P R 2 = 0.94, P P R 2 = 0.83, P Conclusion The rates of annual ED visits for CHF and intubation rates declined from 1996 to 2008. These decreases are most likely due to better CHF treatments.
Conformational restraint in thermal rearrangements of a cyclobutane: 3,4-dicyanotricyclo[4.2.2.0(2,5)]decane

There being no study of a cyclobutane so fused to another cyclic system that an antiperiplanar conformation of the related diradical be precluded, the system in the title has been synthesized and studied for its thermal behavior. In comparison to the thermal behavior of unconstrained 1,2-dicyanocyclobutane in stereomutation and fragmentation to acrylonitrile, the constrained system shows a approximately 10-fold higher ratio of stereomutation to fragmentation to the three cis-1,4-bis-beta-cyanovinylcyclohexanes. In these diolefins, a stereochemical correlation between the two olefinic fragmentation products is preserved. Revealed in the thermal rearrangement of isomer trans-1 is a surprising excess (78%) of cis-1-cis-beta-cyanovinyl-4-trans-beta-cyanovinylcyclohexane, cis,trans-2, the result of zero internal rotations within the diradical-in-caldera prior to fragmentation (retention of configuration). Similarly, to a comparably striking extent, anti,cis-1 gives trans,trans-2 as its major product (71%), again by zero internal rotations.
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression and regulation in rat cortical astrocytes

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a potent modulator of immune and glial cells' functions and thus, could play an important role in neuro-immune interaction. However, published reports disagree on whether or not TGF-beta 1 is expressed in normal brain. We demonstrate here the constitutive expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA but not protein in both cerebral cortex and primary rat cortical astrocytes. Steady-state TGF-beta 1 mRNA level increased 2-fold in adult compared to neonatal cortex and during proliferation and differentiation of astrocytes in primary culture. This response was not accompanied by the appearance of detectable TGF-beta protein either in vivo or in vitro. However, both intracellular immunoreactive TGF-beta and extracellular TGF-beta 1 activity were detected upon in vitro stimulation of astrocytes with interleukin-1 (IL-1). The extracellular TGF-beta 1 increased with time of exposure to and concentration of IL-1. In contrast, the amount of TGF-beta 1 mRNA remained unchanged during stimulation of astrocytes with IL-1. These results suggest that the production of TGF-beta 1 in astrocytes is regulated at both mRNA and protein levels. The former may occur during astrocytic development, and the latter during astrocytic response to injury in association with elevation of IL-1.
Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle-thinking outside the box (Third International Right Heart Failure Summit, part 1).

AbstractThe Third International Right Heart Failure Summit (Boston, MA) convened a group of international clinical and scientific experts in pulmonary vascular disease and right heart disease to explore cutting-edge developments in the mechanisms and clinical management of right-sided cardiovascular disease. The symposium was organized into three distinct sessions, the first of which was titled “Pulmonary Hypertension and the Right Ventricle—Thinking outside the Box” and will be the focus of this review. Three internationally renowned experts in pulmonary hypertension and right heart disease—Drs. Stuart Rich, Sean Gaine, and Harm Bogaard—each delivered provocative lectures. The first lecture, by Dr. Rich, was titled “Current Classification for Pulmonary Hypertension—Why Are We Ignoring the Structural Basis of the Disease?” Rich focused on the current classification system of pulmonary hypertension and provided a unique historical perspective. He also addressed the need to evolve the prevailing conceptual ...
Nuclear data sheets for A = 198*

Abstract Detailed level and decay schemes are presented for the nuclei of A=198 mass chain. The level properties obtained from decay and reaction experiments are shown in the drawings. Experimental methods, references, and comments are given in the text.
Reconstructing past sea surface temperatures: Correcting for diagenesis of bulk marine carbonate

Abstract A numerical model which describes oxygen isotope exchange during burial and recrystallization of deep-sea carbonate is used to obtain information on how sea surface temperatures have varied in the past by correcting measured δ18O values of bulk carbonate for diagenetic overprinting. Comparison of bulk carbonate and planktonic foraminiferal δ18O records from ODP site 677A indicates that the oxygen isotopic composition of bulk carbonate does reflect changes in sea surface temperature and δ18O. At ODP Site 690, we calculate that diagenetic effects are small, and that both bulk carbonate and planktonic foraminiferal δ18O records accurately reflect Paleogene warming of high latitude surface oceans, biased from diagenesis by no more than 1°C. The same is likely to be true for other high latitude sites where sedimentation rates are low. At DSDP sites 516 and 525, the effects of diagenesis are more significant. Measured δ18O values of Eocene bulk carbonates are more than 2% lower at deeply buried site 516 than at site 525, consistent with the model prediction that the effects of diagenesis should be proportional to sedimentation rate. Model-corrections reconcile the differences in the data between the two sites; the resulting paleotemperature reconstruction indicates a 4°C cooling of mid-latitude surface oceans since the Eocene. At low latitudes, the contrast in temperature between the ocean surface and bottom makes the carbonate δ180 values particularly sensitive to diagenetic effects; most of the observed variations in measured δ18O values are accounted for by diagenetic effects rather than by sea surface temperature variations. We show that the data are consistent with constant equatorial sea surface temperatures through most of the Cenozoic, with the possible exception of the early Eocene, when slightly higher temperatures are indicated. We suggest that the lower equatorial sea surface temperatures for the Eocene and Oligocene reported in other oxygen isotope studies are artifacts of diagenetic recrystallization, and that it is impossible to reconstruct accurately equatorial sea surface temperatures without explicitly accounting for diagenetic overprinting.
A branch-and-cut method for 0-1 mixed convex programming

We generalize the disjunctive approach of Balas, Ceria, and Cornuejols [2] and devevlop a branch-and-cut method for solving 0-1 convex programming problems. We show that cuts can be generated by solving a single convex program. We show how to construct regions similar to those of Sherali and Adams [20] and Lovasz and Schrijver [12] for the convex case. Finally, we give some preliminary computational results for our method.
Clay smear seals and fault sealing potential of an exhumed growth fault, Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

The Calabacillas fault, New Mexico, is an exhumed growth fault that provides insights on the processes of clay smear formation and the effectiveness of fault seal prediction for faults of this type in the subsurface. Exposed clay smears range from being continuous and having a taper geometry to being semicontinuous and segmented by secondary faults. In some cases, source beds are truncated at the fault and there as no attached clay smear. Detailed mapping of the fault zone shows that there is a veneer of clay gouge on the fault that is interrupted by multiple gaps that would reduce the ability of the fault to be an effective seal over geologic timescales. The presence of releasing dip relays in footwall source beds and the evolution of the dip relay during the growth of the fault zone primarily control the variability in clay smear type and continuity. Source bed plasticity, composition, and thickness play a secondary role. As the fault zone grows, the dip relay is breached, and the clay smear is progressively segmented by normal faults that translate it down the fault and eventually truncate it from its source. Smearing-type algorithms (CSP, for example) overpredict the likelihood of fault seal at the base of the source bed, because the clay smear is commonly detached from its source. A key threshold for fault seal prediction is the stage of fault growth at which the clay smear tapers become separated from their source beds. Below this threshold, smear-type algorithms work best. Above this threshold, abrasion-type algorithms work best.
Design and analysis of vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers

The authors present detailed, yet largely analytical, models for gain, optical bandwidth, and saturation power of vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs) in reflection and transmission mode. Simple formulas for the gain-bandwidth product are derived. The saturation model considers a sublinear material gain, gain enhancement by the standing-wave effect, and all relevant carrier recombination mechanisms. Excellent agreement with measurements on novel 1.3-/spl mu/m VCSOAs is obtained. The models are used to analyze device performance and to investigate optimization options. Parameter plots are given which allow for an easy exploration of the VCSOA design space, matching desired performance data with the required mirror reflectivity and pump current.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Auxin on Cell Wall Synthesis in Oat Coleoptile Tissue.

It has been observed that promotion of cell enlargement by auxin is accompanied by an increase in synthesis of cell wall material (2, 3, 5, 6, 18, 25, 26, 27). Because auxin does not cause an increase in wall synthesis in oat coleoptile segments whose elongation is inhibited with mannitol, the increase in synthesis caused by auxin in uninhibited segments has been regarded as induced by elongation rather than directly by auxin (2, 23). This kind of effect, in which a promotion of synthesis results from a promotion of elongation, we term an indirect effect of auxin. We reported previously (20) that when elongation is inhibited by Ca+ +, a substantial promotion by auxin of incorporation of labelled glucose into the cell wall can still be detected. This shows tlhat auxin actually exerts a direct promotive effect on wall synthesis, direct in the sense that it is not a consequence of the promotion of elongation. Of course this effect is not necessarily a primary action of auxin. This paper presents a more detailed comparison of the effect of IAA on wall synthesis in oat coleoptile segments in the absence and presence of Ca +, which makes it possible to distinguish the occurrence of both kinds of effects on wall synthesis during auxinpromoted elongation, namely direct (due to the auxin) and in irect (due to the elongation).
Subdiffraction-limited focusing lens

We describe techniques for making a diffractive optical element that produces a subdiffraction-limited spot size. We provide experimental verification, using a diffraction optical element that is constructed on a magneto-optic spatial light modulator.
Temporal and spectral responses of a softening Duffing oscillator undergoing route-to-chaos

Abstract Because nonlinear responses are oftentimes transient and consist of complex amplitude and frequency modulations, linearization would inevitably obscure the temporal transition attributable to the nonlinear terms, thus also making all inherent nonlinear effects inconspicuous. It is shown that linearization of a softening Duffing oscillator underestimates the variation of the frequency response, thereby concealing the underlying evolution from bifurcation to chaos. In addition, Fourier analysis falls short of capturing the time evolution of the route-to-chaos and also misinterprets the corresponding response with fictitious frequencies. Instantaneous frequency along with the empirical mode decomposition is adopted to unravel the multi-components that underlie the bifurcation-to-chaos transition, while retaining the physical features of each component. Through considering time and frequency responses simultaneously, a better understanding of the particular Duffing oscillator is achieved.
From off-label prescribing towards a new FDA.

Summary Once a drug has been FDA-permitted for some use it can be prescribed for any use. New uses for old drugs are often discovered so a significant fraction of all prescriptions are for uses which were not tested in the FDA permitting process. The prevalence of ‘off-label’ prescribing has generated concern that prescribing is not scientifically sound or in the patient interest. A better understanding and appreciation of the off-label system suggests that additional FDA regulation is not warranted but that reform of the FDA towards a Consumer Reports model may substantially benefit patients.
Understanding and Facilitating Moral Learning in Adults.

Abstract The concept of moral learning, curiously absent from the literature of “adult education”, is explored in this paper. First, the contention that adult education is a field of moral practice is developed and two established modes of practice, “acknowledging learners’ experience” and “using discussion circles” are examined and seen as complex and flawed. Five core processes of moral learning are described, and critical reflection on the validity of the moral norms assimilated in childhood and adolescence, for the contexts of adult life, is found to be central to moral learning in adults. Finally, the paper ends with two caveats about its own scheme of moral learning.
Chronic hyperprolactinemia and changes in dopamine neurons

The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) system is known to inhibit prolactin (PRL) secretion. In young animals this system responds to acute elevations in serum PRL by increasing its activity. However, this responsiveness is lost in aging rats with chronically high serum PRL levels. The purpose of this study was to induce hyperprolactinemia in rats for extended periods of time and examine its effects on dopaminergic systems in the brain. Hyperprolactinemia was induced by treatment with haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, and Palkovits' microdissection technique in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure neurotransmitter concentrations in several areas of the brain. After 6 months of hyperprolactinemia, dopamine (DA) concentrations in the median eminence (ME) increased by 84% over the control group. Nine months of hyperprolactinemia produced a 50% increase in DA concentrations in the ME over the control group. However, DA response was lost if a 9-month long haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia was followed by a 1 1/2 month-long extremely high increase in serum PRL levels produced by implantation of MMQ cells under the kidney capsule. There was no change in the levels of DA, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), or their metabolites in the arcuate nucleus (AN), medial preoptic area (MPA), caudate putamen (CP), substantia nigra (SN), and zona incerta (ZI), except for a decrease in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the AN after 6-months of hyperprolactinemia and an increase in DA concentrations in the AN after 9-months of hyperprolactinemia. These results demonstrate that hyperprolactinemia specifically affects TIDA neurons and these effects vary, depending on the duration and intensity of hyperprolactinemia. The age-related decrease in hypothalamic dopamine function may be associated with increases in PRL secretion.
Vaccination Strategies for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Immunomodulators and Biologics

The treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis frequently includes potent immunomodulator and biologic therapy to reduce intestinal inflammation, heal fistulae, limit complications, and improve quality of life. These medications may increase susceptibility to and severity of infections, many of which are preventable by preemptive immunizations. Conversely, live-virus vaccines are generally contraindicated in patients receiving immunosuppressive regimens due to risks of vaccine-associated infection. While most patients on immunosuppressive therapies develop immune responses after vaccinations, these may be impaired relative to their nonimmunosuppressed counterparts. This review discusses the rationale for currently recommended vaccinations, as well as issues pertaining to vaccine safety and immunogenicity in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their household contacts.
Deuterium isotope effects on silicon-29 chemical shifts

The deuterium isotope effects on the 29Si chemical shifts in several organosilanes and siloxanes have been determined. For silanes, the one-bond effects are approximately −0.2 ppm per deuterium and follow an additivity relationship. The two-bond effect is small.
The Ranking of Masters Programs In International Business

Several years ago Donald Ball and Wendell McCulloch carried out an opinion survey of members of the Academy of International Business as to the ranking of international programs in U.S. business schools (JIBS, Spring/Summer 1984). It included 79 schools in the results.
Discovering health topics in social media using topic models.

By aggregating self-reported health statuses across millions of users, we seek to characterize the variety of health information discussed in Twitter. We describe a topic modeling framework for discovering health topics in Twitter, a social media website. This is an exploratory approach with the goal of understanding what health topics are commonly discussed in social media. This paper describes in detail a statistical topic model created for this purpose, the Ailment Topic Aspect Model (ATAM), as well as our system for filtering general Twitter data based on health keywords and supervised classification. We show how ATAM and other topic models can automatically infer health topics in 144 million Twitter messages from 2011 to 2013. ATAM discovered 13 coherent clusters of Twitter messages, some of which correlate with seasonal influenza (r = 0.689) and allergies (r = 0.810) temporal surveillance data, as well as exercise (r = .534) and obesity (r = −.631) related geographic survey data in the United States. These results demonstrate that it is possible to automatically discover topics that attain statistically significant correlations with ground truth data, despite using minimal human supervision and no historical data to train the model, in contrast to prior work. Additionally, these results demonstrate that a single general-purpose model can identify many different health topics in social media.