cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Two Seminal Contributions of S. A. Roach to the Evaluation and Control of Hazardous Substances in Air

S. A. Roach was a pioneer in the assessment and control of hazardous substances in the working environment during the second half of the 20th century. The two papers discussed in this commentary are generally regarded as his most important scientific contributions. The first paper (Roach, 1977) dealt with the determinants of the body burdens of toxic air contaminants. Using simple kinetic models, he showed how levels of toxicants rise and fall in the body according to the patterns of airborne exposures received during relevant time windows. This led to several useful rules of thumb, including the timing of grab samples for ‘fast acting’ substances, the appropriate duration of air samples relative to the biological half time, how to deal with unusual work schedules, and how to integrate exposure assessment with control. He also offered sage advice regarding the meaning and interpretation of exposure limits, the importance of repeated monitoring, and the extent to which unacceptable levels of exposure might be reduced. In concluding this work, Roach emphasized that the hygienist can fulfill a central role in occupational health simply by intervening to reduce the body burden. The second paper (Roach, 1981) dealt with the design of effective ventilation systems to control worker exposure to toxic airborne contaminants. By developing a series of simple differential equations, Roach evaluated the impact of turbulent diffusion upon industrial ventilation. He emphasized that the stationary contaminant concentration was proportional to the contaminant generation rate and that velocity alone was not a sufficient design criterion to control exposures. Rather, he argued that the equivalent ventilation rate (the ratio of the contaminant generation rate to the steady concentration in the breathing zone) should be the guiding criterion for ventilation design. Throughout both papers, Roach used fundamental principles to tie together exposure assessment and engineering control, and pointed the way to a science for occupational hygiene. The profession can still learn a great deal from these seminal contributions.
Partial breast irradiation by brachytherapy, 1927.

Abstract Purpose Examination of Geoffrey Keynes’s contributions to brachytherapy and the management of breast cancer. Methods and Materials Review of publications and texts of the era. Results In an era when radical mastectomy was accepted as standard treatment for breast cancer, Keynes demonstrated that brachytherapy (with or without local excision) was equally effective, while sparing body form and function. Conclusions Keynes established that conservative surgery, combined with radiotherapy, was the preferable option for managing breast cancer.
Narratives of Science Outreach in Elite Contexts of Academic Science

Using data from interviews with 133 physicists and biologists working at elite research universities in the United States, we analyze narratives of outreach. We identify discipline-specific barriers to outreach and gender-specific rationales for commitment. Physicists view outreach as outside of the scientific role and a possible threat to reputation. Biologists assign greater value to outreach, but their perceptions of the public inhibit commitment. Finally, women are more likely than men to participate in outreach, a commitment that often results in peer-based informal sanctions. The study reveals how the cultural properties of disciplines, including the status of women, shape the meaning and experience of science outreach.
Forced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p57Kip2 in cardiomyocytes attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse heart.

Myocardial hypoxic-ischemic injury is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The cardiomyocyte response to hypoxic-ischemic injury is known to include changes in cell cycle regulators. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57Kip 2is involved in cell cycle control, differentiation, stress signaling and apoptosis. In contrast to other cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p57Kip2 expression diminishes during postnatal life and is reactivated in the adult heart under conditions of cardiac stress. Overexpression of p57Kip 2has been previously shown to prevent apoptotic cell death in vitro by inhibiting stress-activated kinases. Therefore, we hypothesized that p57Kip 2has a protective role in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions. To investigate this hypothesis, we created a transgenic mouse (R26loxpTA-p57k/+) that expresses p57Kip2 specifically in cardiac tissue under the ventricular cardiomyocyte promoter Mlc2v. Transgenic mice with cardiac specific overexpression of p57Kip 2are viable, fertile and normally active and their hearts are morphologically indistinguishable from the control hearts and have similar heart weight/body weight ratio. The baseline functional parameters, including left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), LVdp/dtmax, heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPR) were not significantly different between the different groups as assessed by the Langendorff perfused heart preparation. However, after subjecting the heart ex vivo to 30 minutes of ischemia-reperfusion injury, the p57Kip 2overexpressing hearts demonstrated preserved cardiac function compared to control mice with higher left ventricular developed pressure (63 ± 15 vs 30 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.05), rate pressure product (22.8 ± 4.86 vs 10.4 ± 2.1 × 103bpm × mmHg, p < 0.05) and coronary flow (3.5 ± 0.5 vs 2.38 ± 0.24 ml/min, p <0.05). These data suggest that forced cardiac expression of p57Kip2 does not affect myocardial growth, differentiation and baseline function but attenuates injury from ischemia-reperfusion in the adult mouse heart.
Science-based permitting of geological sequestration of CO2 in brine reservoirs in the U.S.

Abstract We present a science-based approach to the regulation and permitting of CO2 sequestration activities. Any such regulatory scheme should address both operational (or short-term) issues and the long-term goals of geological sequestration of CO2. In the United States many of the key operational issues, such as permitting injection wells and CO2 pipelines, are reasonably well addressed in current Federal- and State-based rules and legislation. The long-term, overarching goal of sequestration projects of decreasing the rate of increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 is not addressed by current regulations. We propose a hierarchical approach, in which the State/Federal government is responsible for developing regional assessments that result in broad regions of brine reservoirs being rated as “sequestration ready” (and designated in this paper as general permits). The burden faced by an applicant in permitting an injection site should be considerably less if the general area of the chosen site has been ranked favorably. Such a phased, hierarchical permitting process would be helpful in addressing public and stakeholder concerns related to the impact and safety of geological sequestration operations. It will also build in coordination between neighboring injection sites, where interferences are likely because of the large amount of CO2 to be injected.
THINK: Toward Practical General-Purpose Brain-Computer Communication

In this paper, we present \textbf{THINK}, a practical general-purpose brain-computer communication platform that relies on the OpenBCI and OpenViBE hardware and software platforms, and allows for a simple three-alphabet vocabulary. Specifically, we consider the scenario where a subject is wearing a sensor array (an electrode cap), and consciously manipulating her thoughts to communicate wirelessly with an external computing entity (a smartphone) without the aid of any external stimuli. Using \textbf{THINK}, we explore general aspects of brain computer communication that are application agnostic. In particular, we study the following questions: (i) what is the accuracy of the system? (ii) how fast can the subject switch thoughts corresponding to symbols; (iii) is there an impact on accuracy with learning time; and (iv) how does accuracy drop with decreasing number of sensors (electrodes)? Using purely experimental analysis, we present some results that provide preliminary answers for these questions.
Cost-effective multi-mode FENE bead-spring models for dilute polymer solutions

Abstract New multi-mode finitely extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) bead-spring models, FENE-M chain and FENE-MR chain, are presented as cost-effective alternatives to the FENE chain. The cornerstone of the new models is an approximate form of the spring force law which remains invariant under the transformation to normal coordinates. This allows the governing equations to be solved in normal coordinates, where different modes are decoupled. Utilizing this decoupling, the FENE-M chain closely reproduces the dynamics of a FENE chain in general flow kinematics at a computational cost which is O(1/ N 2 ) times the most efficient semi-implicit numerical solution of a FENE chain or ∼( N +1)/3 times the cost of a FENE dumbbell, where N denotes the number of beads in the chain. A reduced form of this model, referred to as the FENE-MR chain, is also proposed in which the cumulative behaviour of modes 2 through ( N −1) is captured in a single representative mode. The FENE-MR chain replicates the stresses predicted by a FENE chain in general flow kinematics at a cost only 35% higher than that for a FENE dumbbell. The approach used to derive the FENE-M and FENE-MR models can also be applied to closure approximations. Here, we apply these concepts to the FENE-LS dumbbell closure [J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 87 (1999) 179] to develop the FENE-LSM and FENE-LSMR chain closures. The FENE-LSMR chain closure closely approximates the dynamics of a FENE chain at a cost only twice that of a FENE-P dumbbell. Tests of the proposed models have been performed in standard steady-state and time-dependent rheometrical flows and in the flow kinematics obtained from a DNS database of a turbulent channel flow over a wide range of polymer and flow parameters (10 4 ≤ b ( N −1)≤10 6 ; 1≤ We ≤100) to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed models in general flow kinematics.
Study of 18O by 21.4 MeV alpha-particle scattering

Abstract The elastic and inelastic scattering of 21.4 MeV alpha particles by 18O has been measured. The elastic angular distribution was fitted using the nuclear optical model. The potential thus obtained was employed in a DWBA calculation and values of β1R were obtained for the 1.98 MeV level (Jπ = 2+; β2R = 0.99 fm), the 3.92 MeV level (Jπ = 2+; β2R = 0.62 fm) and the 5.09 MeV level (Jπ = 3−; β2R = 1.33 fm). The 4.45 MeV level and the 6.19 MeV level were strongly excited but could not be fitted with the usual one-step DWBA calculation.
Evidence-based predeployment training: Preparing the next generation of military surgeons

Introduction Graduating surgical residents have limited experience with some injuries commonly treated by deployed military surgeons. Our objective was to demonstrate improved surgeon confidence in treating combat-related injury scenarios with a two-day course utilizing validated porcine and cadaveric injury models (American College of Surgeons-affiliated courses ATOM and ASSET) as well as military-specific curriculum. Methods The Resident Exposure and Combat Trauma (REACT) Course is a two-day trauma surgery course taught by neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons and trauma surgeons with combat deployment experience. Our cohort included chief surgical residents and staff surgeons preparing for deployment (n=13). Operative confidence was assessed prior to and following the course using a 5-point Likert-scale self efficacy instrument. Results Course participation resulted in a significant increase in operative confidence in 33 of 41 anatomic exposures (mean scores, pre 3.168 vs post 4.142, p Conclusions A structured skills curriculum taught by surgeons with combat deployment experience enhances participant self confidence in procedures commonly performed by the deployed general surgeon. Many of these fall outside of traditional general surgical curriculum. This represents the first surgeon specific, evidence based pre-deployment course. This model may be beneficial to the deploying general surgeon and should be considered for incorporation into standard pre-deployment training.
Neither a Toddler nor a Stick-in-the-Mud.

Abstract The goal of this paper is to express the views from the "outside," from laypeople who want to go to museums, but perhaps find themselves not going very often. Adult visitors to history museums are often treated as either toddlers or sticks-in-the-mud, where they are assumed to break anything they touch, or enjoy didactic lectures. As a result, many have come to expect little interactivity, or worse, "edutainment." Yet it does not have to be this way; interactivity can be encouraged without resorting to dumbing-down content. This requires both inventiveness and motivation to go beyond the status quo, but it is a worthwhile goal in order to attract the new generations of museum-goers.
Two Concepts of Liberty in Montesquieu

(2005). Two Concepts of Liberty in Montesquieu. Perspectives on Political Science: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 88-96.
SINGLE-PARTICLE STATES OF THE NEUTRON FROM GROSS STRUCTURE IN THE PROTON SPECTRA OF (d,p) REACTIONS

Systematic gross-structure peaks were observed in the proton spectra from (d,p) reactions on nuclei in the region of atomic weight 60. Measurements at deuteron energies of 4, 10, and 21.6 Mev were made with the energy resolution in the proton detectors considerably worse than the known spacing of levels in these nuclei. In all these measurements, the peaks in the proton spectra stayed at a fixed energy of the captured neutron. Angular distributions obtained with 10-Mev deuterons were analyzed in terms of the Butler theory of stripping reactions. It was found that each peak in the proton spectrum corresponded to a specific value of the orbital angular momentum of the captured neutron. The peaks are interpreted as being caused by the shellmodel single-particle states of the captured neutron, when these states are smeared out among the many actual levels of the nucleus. Thus the observed grossstructure peaks are believed to correspond to the giant resonances of the complex-potential model of Feshbach Porter, and Weisskopf. Peaks were assigned to the 1f/sub 7/2/ 2p/sub 3/2/, 1f/ sub 3/2/, 2p/sub 1/2/, 1g/sub 3/2/, 2d/sub 3/2/, 3s/sub 3/2/, and 2d/sub 3/2/ shell-model states, although these states could not all be identified in every nucleusmore » that was studied. The relative intensities of the peaks are also consistent with this interpretation, except for the 1 = 0 peaks at high excitation energies. Information on the ground-state configurations of the target nuclei was also obtained from the intensities. (auth)« less
The evolution of EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook and its future as an exposure assessment resource

The need to compile and summarize exposure factors data into a resource document was first established in 1983 after the publication of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report on Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process and subsequent publication of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) exposure guidelines in 1986 (NAS, 1983; US EPA, 1986). During the same time frame, the EPA published a report entitled Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard Factors Used in Exposure Assessment to promote consistency among various exposure assessment activities in which EPA was involved and to serve as a support document to the 1986 exposure guidelines (US EPA, 1985). As the exposure assessment field continued to advance during the 1980s and 1990s, so did the need for more comprehensive data on exposure factors. The Exposure Factors Handbook was first published in 1989 in response to this need (US EPA, 1989). It became an important reference document and has been revised and updated since its original publication (US EPA, 1989; US EPA, 1997a; US EPA, 2011a). This paper reviews the evolution of the Exposure Factors Handbook, and explores anticipated needs and some of the potential options for future updates of the handbook.
Observations on in vitro development of bovine morulae in Ham's F-10 and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline supplemented with normal steer serum.

Abstract This study was conducted to compare in vitro development of bovine morulae in Ham's F-10 and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS) media supplemented with 10% (v/v) normal steer serum. Fifty-three excellent and good embryos were obtained by superovulating 15 non-lactating Holstein cows. Embryos were placed randomly in culture with Ham's F-10 or D-PBS media and development was recorded at 12-h intervals for the duration of culture. All embryos reached early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst stage. Nineteen of 27 embryos (70.1%) cultured in Ham's F-10 developed to hatched blastocyst stage in contrast to three out of 26 in D-PBS (11.5%). The mean developmental scores at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of culture were significantly (P
Thrombin Receptor Signaling to Cytoskeleton Requires Hsp90

Thrombin is a serine protease that evokes various cellular responses involved in injury and repair of the nervous system through the activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Signals that modulate cell morphology precede most PAR-1 effects, but the initial signal transduction molecules are not known. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified Hsp90, a chaperone with known signaling properties, as a binding partner of PAR-1. The interaction was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase pull-down, overlay, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Morphological assays in mouse astrocytes were carried out to evaluate the importance of Hsp90 during cytoskeletal signaling. Reducing Hsp90 levels by antisense treatment or disruption of the Hsp90.PAR-1 complex by the Hsp90-specific drug geldanamycin attenuated thrombin-mediated astrocyte shape changes. Furthermore, overexpression of the PAR-1 cytoplasmic tail abrogated thrombin-induced cytoskeletal changes in neuronal cells. Treatment with geldanamycin specifically inhibited activation of RhoA without affecting thrombin-mediated intracellular calcium release, revealing the regulation of a distinct signaling pathway by Hsp90. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that Hsp90 may be essential for PAR-1-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton.
Ureteroscopic Treatment and Surveillance of Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma

AbstractPurpose: We determined the efficacy of ureteroscopic treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: Of 92 patients diagnosed with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma at our institution from 1985 to 1995, 38 (41 kidneys) underwent ureteroscopic treatment and followup. Semirigid and flexible ureteroscopes were used to examine the collecting system. Tumors were biopsied, and treated with fulguration, the neodymium: YAG laser and/or the holmium: YAG laser. Patients were treated every 6 to 12 weeks until tumor-free and then followed on a strict endoscopic protocol.Results: Mean and median followup was 35.1 and 26 months, respectively (range 3 to 116). Grading of ureteroscopic biopsies was possible in 40 of 41 cases. Initial grading of tumors was low (grade 1 or 1 to 2) in 21 kidneys, grade 2 in 14 and grade 3 in 5. Of 41 kidneys 28 (68%) were documented as tumor-free ureteroscopically at some time following treatment, including 8 (29%) with subsequent re...
Inhibition of ATPases activity in channel catfish brain by Kepone and its reduction product.

Modern pest control methods by chemicals cause contamination of world waterways and thus endanger the life of aquatic fauna, including fish. Although voluminous information is available on the residual toxicity and other environmental factors of the socalled hard pesticides, there is little information available on the mechanism of toxic action of these organochlorine pesticides. In recent years, the ATPase enzyme system(s) has been proposed by us (KOCH 1969b, KOCH 1969/70, CUTKOMP et al. 1971a) and others (MATSUMURA et al. 1969, AKERA et al. 1971, DAVIS et al. 1972) as a possible target site for these organochlorine compounds. Kepone R, an organochlorine insecticide has been widely used for controlling leaf-eating insects. However, the mode of action of this compound, like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, is not clearly understood to date.
Selective up-conversion of two orthogonal signal modes using shaped pump pulses

We demonstrate selective up-conversion of two orthogonal signal modes occupying the same time bin using temporally shaped pump pulses. Measured selectivities (8.4 and 4.2 dB) agree with simulation results that take device parameters into account.
Automorphism bases for degrees of unsolvability

A set of degrees of unsolvability is said togenerate the degrees if every degree is in the closure of the set under the lattice operations on degrees. (Of course the inf operation is only partially defined.) It is shown that every set of degrees which is comeager or of measure one generates the degrees and that the set of minimal degrees generates the degrees. (Thus any automorphism of degrees is determined by its action on, for example, the minimal degrees). Also the degrees below0′ which have the same jump as any given degree below0′ and those which cup any given nonzero degree ≤0′ to0′ are shown to generate the degrees below0′.
The Emergence of Cyclic Peptides: The Potential of Bioengineered Peptide Drugs

Studies into N- to C-terminal cyclic peptide backbone structures have provided for the lateral transition of important principles and strategies that clearly resonate within the world of bioactive peptides and peptide toxins. The ability to transform peptide biologics into stable and orally active constituents represents a major pharmacological achievement. This progression has been forthcoming and is potentially intensified by the diminishing expectations of current small organic molecule pipelines. While still in the early stages of development, cyclic peptide drug leads have gained the attention of the pharmaceutical industry, however their true potential is still very much unknown.
Detecting duplicates among symbolically compressed images in a large document database

Abstract The detection of duplicate images is a useful means of indexing a large database of documents. An algorithm for duplicate document detection is proposed in this paper that operates directly on images that have been symbolically compressed using techniques related to the ongoing JBIG2 standardization effort. This paper describes a hidden Markov model (HMM) method that recognizes the text in an image by deciphering data from the compressed representation. Experimental results show that it can recover better than 90% of the text in compressed document images and that this is sufficient to identify duplicates in a large database.
Fluid-based simulation approach for high volume conveyor transportation systems

High volume conveyor systems in distribution centers have very large footprint and can handle large volumes and hold thousands of items. Traditional discrete-event cell-based approach to simulate such networks becomes computationally challenging. An alternative approach, in which the traffic is represented by segments of fluid flow of different density instead of individual packages, is presented in this paper to address this challenge. The proposed fluid-based simulation approach is developed using a Hybrid Petri Nets framework. The underlying model is a combination of an extension of a Batches Petri Nets (BPN) and a Stochastic Petri Nets (SPN). The extensions are in the inclusion of random elements and relaxation of certain structural constraints. Some adaptations are also made to fit the target system modeling. The approach is presented with an example.
Giving ethanol to alcoholics in a research setting: its effect on compliance with disulfiram treatment.

Summary In order to evaluate the effect of experimental ethanol administration on disulfiram compliance, a 6-month follow-up study was conducted with inpatient alcoholics. Two groups of patients were studied. Though not randomly assigned, the groups were matched on a variety of demographic and alcoholic-related variables. One group (N= 15) received ethanol in a laboratory-based study while the other group (N= 21) underwent treatment as usual. Days of disulfiram use did not differ between groups at follow-up. Studies concerning compliance with disulfiram support the validity of this measure as an indicator of treatment outcome. Our findings are consistent with other studies of the effect of experimental administration of ethanol to alcoholics, in that there were no immediate adverse effects and treatment outcome did not appear to suffer as a consequence of ethanol exposure.
A Fast-Track Recovery Protocol Improves Outcomes in Elective Laparoscopic Colectomy for Diverticulitis

Background Fast-track (FT) postoperative protocols have been shown to be highly beneficial in open colectomy. Some have questioned the necessity of an FT protocol in the setting of laparoscopic colectomy because hospital stays are short and morbidity is low compared with open surgery. We set out to determine whether an FT protocol has any utility in the setting of elective laparoscopic colectomy. Study Design A retrospective review was conducted on a cohort of 334 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticulitis from 1998 to 2008, at Mayo Clinic, a tertiary care center in Rochester, MN. There were 235 patients who were managed with traditional postoperative care, and 99 who were managed with an FT protocol initiated in 2006. The main outcomes measures were time to soft diet, length of stay, overall morbidity, and readmission rate. Results Times to soft diet (mean 2.3 vs 3.6 days), and first bowel movement (mean 2.6 vs 3.5 days) were shorter in the FT group (p Conclusions Even in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy, FT protocols further improve the speed of gastrointestinal recovery, shorten the length of stay, and decrease morbidity.
Potassium chloride cotransport in steady-state ascites tumor cells Does Bumetanide inhibit?

Abstract Bumetanide is a potent diuretic drug which has some structural features in common with furosemide. The steady-state exchange of K + and Cl − was investigated in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with bumetanide. This agent did not alter the cellular content of K + or Cl − but the self-exchange of both ions was depressed. K + self-exchange was inhibited by 55% at bumetanide concentrations as low as 10 −6 M. Cl − self-exchange was less sensitive to this drug but at low concentrations (between 10 −6 and 10 −3 M) bumetanide was a more effective inhibitor of Cl − transfer than furosemide. The steady-state K + flux of cells equilibrated in NO 3 − media was compared with the K + flux in cells treated with 10 −4 or 10 −3 M bumetanide; the Cl − -sensitive K + exchange was equivalent to the bumetanide-sensitive K + exchange. Since the results suggested that a bumetanide-sensitive (Cl − , K + ) cotransport could be operative in steady-state cells, the stoichiometry of the bumetanide-sensitive fluxes was determined by measuring Cl − and K + fluxes simultaneously in the same cell suspension. At 5 · 10 −4 and 10 −3 M bumetanide concentrations, the ratio of these fluxes was 0.98 ∓ 0.07 ( S.E. ) and 1.04 ∓ 0.06 , respectively, consistent with the postulated cotransport mechanism. At 10 −4 and 10 −5 M, however, the ratio of the bumetanide-sensitive Cl − /K + flux was significantly less than 1.0. Since the magnitude of the bumetanide-sensitive K + flux at 10 −4 M was close to that of the Cl − -sensitive flux, a ratio of less than 1.0 at this drug level indicates that Cl − sensitivity and drug sensitivity may not reflect inhibition of the same process under all circumstances.
Varying Levels of Urea for Dairy Cows Fed Corn Silage as the Only Forage

Abstract Ninety-one lactating Holstein cows were used in three experiments to study effects of dietary urea on milk yields and composition, voluntary consumption of corn silage, concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids, and nutrient balances. The per cent of the total ration nitrogen furnished by urea ranged from 0 to 48%. The effect of concentrate intake in response to urea in high com silage rations also was investigated. Marked depressions in milk yields occurred when urea furnished 48 and 38% of the ration nitrogen. Significant decreases compared to controls were also noted when urea furnished 21 to 23% of the ration nitrogen, whereas no effect on production was detected at the 11% level. In general, voluntary intake of corn silage was not adversely affected by urea additions. However, silage consumption was depressed on high-concentrate rations which contained urea. Rumen valerate and isovalerate tended to be lower for urea-containing rations, but acetate and propionate were not affected. Small, but significant depressions in dry matter, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) digestibilities resulted from urea additions as low as 11% of the ration nitrogen. Of the ingested nitrogen, the per cent recovered in milk was significantly lower and that in urine significantly higher when urea provided 22% of the dietary nitrogen compared to the control and 11% treatments.
Autoradiographic localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain of the zebra finch (Poephila guttata)

We have localized nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the zebra finch brain by using three 125I-labelled ligands: alpha bungarotoxin and two monoclonal antibodies to neuronal nicotinic receptors (MAb 35 of Tzardos et al., J. Biol. Chem., 250: 8635-8645, '81; and MAb 270 of Whiting and Lindstrom: J. Neurosci. 6: 3061-3069, '86). Unfixed brains from intact adult male and female zebra finches were prepared for in vitro autoradiography. Low-resolution film autoradiograms and high-resolution emulsion autoradiograms were prepared for each of the three ligands. The major brain structures that bind all three of the ligands are hippocampus; hyperstriatum dorsalis; hyperstriatum ventralis; nucleus lentiformis mesencephali; nucleus pretectalis, some layers of the optic tectum; nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis; pars dorsalis; locus ceruleus; and all cranial motor nuclei except nucleus nervi hypoglossi. The major structures labelled only by [125I]-alpha bungarotoxin binding included hyperstriatum accessorium and the nuclei: preopticus medialis, medialis hypothalami posterioris, semilunaris, olivarius inferior, and the periventricular organ. Of the song control nuclei, nucleus magnocellularis of the anterior neostriatum; hyperstriatum ventralis, pars caudalis; nucleus intercollicularis; and nucleus hypoglossus were labelled. The binding patterns of the two antibodies were similar to one another but not identical. Both labelled nucleus spiriformis lateralis and nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis especially heavily and also labelled the nucleus habenula medialis; nucleus subpretectalis; nucleus isthmi, pars magnocellularis; nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis; nucleus reticularis lateralis; nucleus tractus solitarii; nucleus vestibularis dorsolateralis; nucleus vestibularis lateralis; nucleus descendens nervi trigemini; and the deep cerebellar nuclei. Lobus parolfactorius and nucleus vestibularis medialis were labelled by only MAb 270, whereas only MAb 35 labelled nucleus laminaris and the medial and lateral pontine nuclei. These data extend previous reports of cholinergic participation in the song system (Ryan and Arnold: J. Comp. Neurol. 202: 211-219, '81) to suggest that the zebra finch song system may contain several closely related nicotinic receptors. In several brain nuclei it appeared that certain anatomical portions of a nucleus or a certain class of neurons were specifically labelled. Furthermore, in certain cases, the labelling appeared to be clustered around Nissl-stained cell nuclei, thus suggesting that the receptors are concentrated on or in somata.
A dream deferred.

We pharmacists have many dreams. Our biggest dream is to become a fully clinical profession. I have spelled out my version of this dream before, but, in brief, I dream that providing pharmaceutical care will become the central function, purpose, and responsibility of our entire profession. Counting
Business Plans: Are They Relevant to Venture Capitalists?

Abstract Relevance of the traditional business plan in the investment decisions made by venture capitalists for entrepreneurs has recently been a subject of debate. Some people view business plans to be a main input in the decision making process of investors. Others see business plans as having limited prominence, having been replaced by other means of inspiring confidence in potential investors. This study is designed to empirically investigate the relevance of a business plan in today's fast-paced and dynamic environment. Data was collected from 150 investor capitalist firms from around the world through an on-line survey. Data was analyzed and results are provided. A discussion is also presented.
Locating the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

Dissections of 20 antebrachial specimens were done to define the location of the proximal lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, which is the distal sensory extension of the musculocutaneous nerve. Our findings varied from those noted in most anatomic and surgical texts in that the nerve emerges from the lateral aspect of the biceps tendon at the level of the interepicondylar line. At the point defined, the distribution of the nerve in ten volunteers was successfully anesthetized with 1.5 ml of 1 % lidocaine. The accurate anatomic localization of this nerve should be of interest to surgeons and anesthesiologists in supplementing failed axillary blockade, in diagnosing and treating the musculocutaneous impingement syndrome, in harvesting the proximal nerve for diagnostic tests or donor graft purposes, and in differentiating the sensory distribution of this nerve from that of the radial nerve.
A new Mesozoic coelacanth from Brazil (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia)

Abstract A new genus and species of coelacanth, Parnaibaia maranhaoensis gen. et sp. nov. is described on the basis of four specimens from the Pastos Bons Formation in Maranhao, Brazil. This new genus and species differs from other genera of the family Mawsoniidae by having a stout median ridge on the scales, six free extrascapulars, seven elements in the supraorbital-tectal series and absence of large teeth. P. maranhaoensis bridges the gap between the Triassic Chinlea and Cretaceous Mawsonia and Axelrodichthys.
Explosion phenomenon of high resistance via during TEM sample preparation using FIB

High-resistance via explosion is a new damage phenomenon which is induced during TEM sample preparation using FIB. Two methods that will prevent this phenomenon are introduced. In practice, these methods have been effective in avoiding high-resistance via explosion.
Long-term effects of a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration on the CAM species Agave deserti

To examine the effects of a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and other aspects of global climate change on a common CAM species native to the Sonoran Desert, Agave deserti was grown under 370 and 750//mol CO2 mol 1 air and gas exchange was measured under various environmental conditions. Doubling the CO2 concentration increased daily net CO2 uptake by 49% throughout the 17 months and decreased daily transpiration by 24%, leading to a 110% increase in water-use efficiency. Under the doubled CO2 concentration, the activity of ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was 11 % lower, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was 34% lower, and the activated:total ratio for Rubisco was 25% greater than under the current CO2 concentration. Less leaf epicuticular wax occurred on plants under the doubled CO2 concentration, which decreased the reflectance of photosyntheti c photon flux [PPF); the chlorophyll content per unit leaf area was also less. The enhancement of daily net CO2 uptake by doubling the C02 concentration increased when the PPF was decreased below 25 mol m~2 d~\ when water was withheld, and when day/night temperatures were below 17/12 °C. More leaves, each with a greater surface area, were produced per plant under the doubled CO2 concentration. The combination of increased total leaf surface area and increased daily net CO2 uptake led to an 88% stimulation of dry mass accumulation under the doubled CO2 concentration. A rising atmospheric C02 concentration, together with accompanying changes in temperature, precipitation, and PPF, should increase growth and productivity of native populations of A. deserti.
A second species of Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) from the Missouri River basin, with molecular evidence supporting faunal origin through Pliocene stream capture across the northern continental divide

The large, predominantly western North American hydrobiid gastropod genus Pyrgulopsis includes a single species from the upper Missouri River basin (MRB), P. bedfordensis, which is thought to have originated through a late Neogene transfer of drainage from the eastern Snake River Plain across the northern continental divide. Here we describe a second, morphologically distinctive congener living in the MRB, P. blainica new species; investigate the phylogenetic relationships of these two snails relative to other regional congeners using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences; and evaluate whether our findings are consistent with vicariance resulting from prior stream capture across the northern continental divide. A Bayesian analysis of 39 COI sequences delineated the two MRB species as a well supported, terminal clade that is most closely related to a congener from the southern Bonneville Basin (P. anguina). Application of an available molecular clock for Pyrgulopsis suggests that the MRB clade diverged from its sister taxon 3.64 2 2.53 Ma (late Pliocene). Although these results are not consistent with the hypothesized origin of this fauna through a late Miocene drainage transfer from the upper Snake River basin, they conform to a more recent stream capture event involving truncation of southward drainage from the MRB that was previously postulated on the basis of molluscan distributions. This study provides the first molecular phylogenetic evidence that bears upon the freshwater molluscan biogeography across the northern continental divide.
A numerical study of a free piston ic engine operating on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion

A free piston, internal combustion (IC) engine, operating at high compression ratio (~30:1) and low equivalence ratio (φ~0.35), and utilizing homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion, has been proposed by Sandia National Laboratories as a means of significantly improving the IC engine’s cycle thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. A zero-dimensional, thermodynamic model with detailed chemical kinetics, and empirical scavenging, heat transfer, and friction component models has been used to analyze the steady-state operating characteristics of this engine. The cycle simulations using hydrogen as the fuel, have indicated the critical factors affecting the engine’s performance, and suggest the limits of improvement possible relative to conventional IC engine technologies.
Integrating Collectivist Values into Career Counseling with Asian Americans: A Test of Cultural Responsiveness.

Asian American undergraduates received career counseling from European American female counselors using either a collectivist or an individualist orientation. Counselors using the collectivist approach were perceived as more crossculturally competent but equally credible as counselors using the individualist approach. Implications for culturally competent career counseling with Asian Americans are discussed. Los estudiantes universitario Americanos Asiaticos recibieron consejos de carrera de consejeros femeninos, Americanas, y Europeas que utilizan o a un colectivista o a una orientacion de individualists. Los consejeros que utilizan el enfoque colectivista f ueron percibidos como mas transculturalmente competentes pero igualmente crefbles como consejeros que utilizan el enfoque individualists. Las implicaciones de carrera para aconsejar culturaimente competente con Americanos Asiaticos se discuten.
EBDI: an architecture for emotional agents

Most of the research on multiagent systems has focused on the development of rational utility-maximizing agents. However, research shows that emotions have a strong effect on peoples' physical states, motivations, beliefs, and desires. By introducing primary and secondary emotion into BDI architecture, we present a generic architecture for an emotional agent, EBDI, which can merge various emotion theories with an agent's reasoning process. It implements practical reasoning techniques separately from the specific emotion mechanism. The separation allows us to plug in emotional models as needed or upgrade the agent's reasoning engine independently.
Surgical Techniques for Management of Anomalies of the Müllerian Ducts

Anomalies of the Mullerian ducts are common congenital abnormalities that occasionally require surgical intervention for symptom control or improvement in reproductive outcomes. Most women with vaginal agenesis can obtain a functional vagina with mechanical dilation. Rudimentary horns with functional endometrium need to be removed. Most obstructive vaginal abnormalities can be handled with simple surgical excision, although some are complex and require skin grafts. Duplication of the uterus is typically asymptomatic.
Tax Reductions versus Transfers in a Public Choice Model

This paper compares tax reductions and transfers as methods of redistribution in a public choice setting. It shows that tax reductions, by altering the set of tax prices confronting voters, can have unexpected effects on the political determination of nonredistributive expenditure policies. These effects can be avoided if transfers rather than tax reductions are used to redistribute income.
Income sources and income inequality: measurements from three U.S. income surveys.

This paper examines the contribution of individual income sources to overall inequality [in the United States]. It provides new evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) on the marginal effects of earnings of family heads capital income spouses earnings and housing income. The results differ from an earlier study based on the Current Population Survey (CPS). In the SCF capital income is more disequalizing while spouses earnings is more equalizing than in the CPS. SCF measures of the effects of housing income are similar to those based on the Survey of Residential Finance. (EXCERPT)
The Four Discourses and The Four Volumes

The Augustinian Imperative. By William E. Connolly. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993. Pp. xxiv, 168. Vol. I, Modernity and Political Thought. $32.95 hard, $15.95 paper.) Thomas Hobbes: Skepticism, Individuality and Chastened Politics. By Richard E. Flathman. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993. Pp. xxiv, 184. Vol. 2, Modernity and Political Thought. $35.00 hard, $16.95 paper.) G. W. E Hegel: Modernity and Politics. By Fred R. Dallmayr. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993. Pp. xxvi, 270. Vol. 3, Modernity and Political Thought. $38.95 hard, $18.95 paper.) Reading "Adam Smith": Desire, History, and Value. By Michael J. Shapiro. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993. Pp. xxxv, 140. Vol. 4, Modernity and Political Thought. $32.95 hard, $15.95 paper.)
Hsp27 regulates podocyte cytoskeletal changes in an in vitro model of podocyte process retraction

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by structural changes in the actin-rich foot processes of glomerular podocytes. We previously identified high concentrations of the small heat shock protein hsp27 within podocytes as well as increased glomerular accumulation and phosphorylation of hsp27 in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) -induced experimental NS. Here we analyzed murine podocytes stably transfected with hsp27 sense, antisense, and vector control constructs using a newly developed in vitro PAN model system. Cell morphology and the microfilament structure of untreated sense and antisense transfectants were altered compared with controls. Vector cell survival, polymerized actin content, cell area, and hsp27 content increased after 1.25 microg/ml PAN treatment and decreased after 5.0 microg/ml treatment. In contrast, sense cells were unaffected by 1.25 microg/ml PAN treatment whereas antisense cells showed decreases or no changes in all parameters. Treatment of sense cells with 5.0 microg/ml PAN resulted in increased cell survival and cell area whereas antisense cells underwent significant decreases in all parameters. Hsp27 provided dramatic protection against PAN-induced microfilament disruption in sense > vector > antisense cells. We conclude that hsp27 is able to regulate both the morphological and actin cytoskeletal response of podocytes in an in vitro model of podocyte injury.
Mechanism of κB DNA binding by Rel/NF-κB dimers

The DNA binding of three different NF-kappaB dimers, the p50 and p65 homodimers and the p50/p65 heterodimer, has been examined using a combination of gel mobility shift and fluorescence anisotropy assays. The NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer is shown here to bind the kappaB DNA target site of the immunoglobulin kappa enhancer (Ig-kappaB) with an affinity of approximately 10 nm. The p50 and p65 homodimers bind to the same site with roughly 5- and 15-fold lower affinity, respectively. The nature of the binding isotherms indicates a cooperative mode of binding for all three dimers to the DNA targets. We have further characterized the role of pH, salt, and temperature on the formation of the p50/p65 heterodimer-Ig-kappaB complex. The heterodimer binds to the Ig-kappaB DNA target in a pH-dependent manner, with the highest affinity between pH 7.0 and 7.5. A strong salt-dependent interaction between Ig-kappaB and the p50/p65 heterodimer is observed, with optimum binding occurring at monovalent salt concentrations below 75 mm, with binding becoming virtually nonspecific at a salt concentration of 200 mm. Binding of the heterodimer to DNA was unchanged across a temperature range between 4 degrees C and 42 degrees C. The sensitivity to ionic environment and insensitivity to temperature indicate that NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimers form complexes with specific DNA in an entropically driven manner.
Cell volume regulation: skating through the pathways

because every cellular function is integrated directly or indirectly with every other, it is the webs of often highly evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interactions that define the cell ([3][1]). Maintenance of structure-function relationships is then prerequisite for cellular life, and these
National Hospital Ratings Systems Share Few Common Scores And May Generate Confusion Instead Of Clarity

Attempts to assess the quality and safety of hospitals have proliferated, including a growing number of consumer-directed hospital rating systems. However, relatively little is known about what these rating systems reveal. To better understand differences in hospital ratings, we compared four national rating systems. We designated "high" and "low" performers for each rating system and examined the overlap among rating systems and how hospital characteristics corresponded with performance on each. No hospital was rated as a high performer by all four national rating systems. Only 10 percent of the 844 hospitals rated as a high performer by one rating system were rated as a high performer by any of the other rating systems. The lack of agreement among the national hospital rating systems is likely explained by the fact that each system uses its own rating methods, has a different focus to its ratings, and stresses different measures of performance.