cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of health and wellness program development in an International Center for Clubhouse Development (ICCD) Clubhouse: procedures, implementation, and implications.

Objective: This article describes the development, implementation and results of a health and wellness initiative at an ICCD Clubhouse in North Carolina. Methods: This pilot study used a collaborative and consultative focus group process to identify sustainable health and wellness programming components, and then used networking to develop community resources in order to implement and sustain these components at the Clubhouse. The series of focus group questions was based on Glasser’s (1998) choice theory; focus groups included members and staff, and had the support of Clubhouse administration. Once focus groups identified specific health and wellness categories of interest to members, program developers located and initiated links with potential presenters, volunteers, and/or local resources. Approximately one year after the final focus group, followup health and wellness surveys were administered to members and staff at a Clubhouse community meeting to assess perceptions of health and wellness at the Clubhouse after all planned components had been implemented. Results: Using a choice theory approach to health and wellness programming development in this ICCD Clubhouse venue involved members and staff collaboratively in identifying health and wellness components for the Clubhouse that have been implemented and sustained for over thirteen months. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Choice theory-based focus group outcomes are currently being assessed for another three Clubhouse health and wellness initiatives. This approach to health and wellness program development may also be effective in other programs that provide services with and/or for this population.
Too young to die—Let's not bury psychology alive: A response to Gardner

If one strolls through the Mellon British Art Museum at Yale University, one encounters hundreds of master works of British art, most of them from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Many of the works are portraits of people from these times past, including both adults and children. If one scrutinizes the portraits of the children, one notices something strange, at least by contemporary standards. The children are portrayed as miniature adults. They are poised like adults, they are dressed like adults, and even their faces appear to be faces of adults in the small. It is clear that the earlier British conception of the child is very different from our contemporary one: For these artists and for the society in which they lived, the child was a miniature version of an adult. More importantly, children were expected to behave as adults, and were held to a standard that today would be viewed as inappropriate and even unreasonable. In this article, I will argue that psychology is thriving as a discipline and that we have every reason to believe that it will continue to survive. Calls for its demise, such as Gardner’s, are, in my opinion, misguided. In the first major section of the paper, I will argue that, given its state of relative immaturity, the testing of boundaries and even of the core of the discipline that we see today in the field of psychology is a sign of health rather than illness. In the second major section of the paper, I will describe the form that this testing takes. In the third section, I will draw conclusions.
Self-consistent relativistic full-potential Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker total-energy method and applications

The self-consistent full-potential total-energy Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker electronic-structure method is generalized to include all relativistic effects. The Dirac equation for a general anisotropic 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 potential is solved inside Voronoi polyhedra surrounding each basis atom. As an illustration, the method is used to calculate the self-consistent electronic band structure, the Fermi surface, the equilibrium lattice constant and the bulk modulus of the fcc transition metals Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au. If the cutoff of the multipole expansions of the wave functions is at least ${\mathit{l}}_{\mathrm{max}}$=4, the calculated equilibrium lattice constants of the transition metals deviate from experiment by less than 1%, and the calculated bulk moduli deviate between 6% and 20%, which is comparable to results of other local-density calculations. In addition, the method is used to calculate the self-consistent electronic band structure of the semiconductors GaAs, InSb, and InN, and the equilibrium lattice constant and the bulk modulus of InSb. We find that the inclusion of both spin-orbit coupling and full-potential effects influences the size of the valence-band-width and the band gap in comparison with scalar relativistic local-density calculations. Interestingly, if after self-consistency has been achieved in scalar relativistic calculations, spin-orbit coupling is taken into account by the so-called second variation, the energy bands are found to agree very well with the results obtained here with the full relativistic treatment. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Does Not Predict Overall Survival for Patients With Synchronous Colorectal Hepatic Metastases

Objective We investigated the relation between response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and overall survival (OS) in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM).
Non-neuronal cells in the spinal cord of nude and heterozygous mice. I. Ventral horn neuroglia.

A quantitative light microscopic analysis of the ventral grey matter in the lumbar spinal cord of homozygous nude (nu/nu) and heterozygous (nu/+) mice was performed to determine the possible contribution of lymphocytes to normal C.N.S. tissue. If lymphocytes were present in the neuropil, they could be mistaken for neuroglial cells. Athymic nude mice offer a good model, since they lack T-lymphocytes and symptoms of neurological involvement. Mean cell counts from 1 μm sections were tested by analysis of variance. There were no strain differences for the area and number of neurons. The total neuroglial cell count was also similar, but the number of oligodendrocytes decreased 28%, astrocytes increased 51% and microglia were unchanged in the nude compared with the heterozygous mouse. There were no qualitative differences at the ultrastructural level among the neuroglia of either strain. Either the genetic defect retards and alters neuroglial cell development, or some of the small, round dark nuclei belong to lymphocytes, which have earlier migrated into the C.N.S. parenchyma. Lymphocytes could then participate in a cell-mediated immune response with brain macrophages, which are thought to be primarily derived from mononuclear leukocytes.
Sonofragmentation of Molecular Crystals

Possible mechanisms for the breakage of molecular crystals under high-intensity ultrasound were investigated using acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) crystals as a model compound for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Surprisingly, kinetics experiments ruled out particle–particle collisions as a viable mechanism for sonofragmentation. Two other possible mechanisms (particle–horn and particle–wall collisions) were dismissed on the basis of decoupling experiments. Direct particle–shock wave interactions are therefore indicated as the primary mechanism of sonofragmentation of molecular crystals.
Ruppia-communities in the camargue, France. Distribution and structure in relation to salinity and salinity fluctuations

The distribution and structure of communities dominated by representatives of the genus Ruppia in the Camargue, France, were investigated during May and June, 1974. With its many isolated “etangs”, “marais” and “baisses” having entirely different and markedly varied salinity conditions, the area is very suitable for the growth of Ruppia. Three taxa of Ruppia appeared to be present: Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande, Ruppia maritima L. and Ruppia maritima var. brachypus (Gay) Marsson. The roughly determined distribution pattern of these taxa as well as the distribution of Potamogeton pectinatus L. and of the rarely encountered Althenia filiformis Petit, is presented in a map (Fig. 2). Comparison of this map with a detailed 1965 vegetation map shows some differences due mostly to human intervention. The floral and faunal compositions of the Ruppia communities were determined and related to available data on environmental conditions such as average salinity, annual salinity fluctuations, permanent or temporary existence of the water body, and temperature. The classification of Camarguan waters by Aguesse proved useful in this respect. Communities dominated by Ruppia species were found in waters with considerable salinity fluctuations. Ruppia maritima communities only occurred in oligohaline and mesohaline waters (average salinity 2–18‰ S), whereas R. cirrhosa communities were also present in polyhaline and hyperhaline waters (average salinity 2–40 ‰ S); Ruppia maritima was found in small temporary ponds drying out in summer, whereas R. cirrhosa was mainly found in large permanent “etangs”. The structures of four different kinds of Ruppia communities occurring in the Camargue is described in detail. In addition to important environmental factors, the structure of vegetation (zonation, growth forms, spatial patterns, periodicity) and aquatic fauna (position and behaviour) are described. Finally, some remarks are made on the significance of Ruppia vegetations as initial links of food chains.
Speed sensorless instantaneous power control of induction motor drives

A new method of speed sensorless instantaneous power control (IPC) of induction motor drives using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is presented. The proposed algorithm is based on control of the flow of instantaneous real and reactive powers into the induction motor. The sensorless control method uses EKF-based speed estimation. Unlike the similar methods using the stator or rotor fluxes, the air gap flux is employed to calculate the reference powers needed for IPC. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified through computer simulations.
Inhibition of adhesion of Clostridium difficile to human intestinal cells after treatment with serum and intestinal fluid isolated from mice immunized with nontoxigenic C. difficile membrane fraction.

Diarrhea and pseudomembrane colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection is a global health concern because of the high recurrence rate after standard antibiotic therapy. Vaccination presents a powerful countermeasure against disease recurrence. In this study, mice vaccinated with the nontoxigenic C. difficile membrane fraction generated a marked immune response to the antigen, as demonstrated by the serum IgG and intestinal fluid IgA levels. Significantly, pretreatment with harvested IgG- and IgA-containing fluids was sufficient to prevent in vitro adhesion of C. difficile to human Caco-2 intestinal cells. These results highlight the potential of nontoxigenic C. difficile membrane fraction as a vaccine candidate for C. difficile infection.
SOME VALUES GUIDING COMMUNITY RESEARCH AND ACTION

The dual purposes of applied research—contributing to understanding and improvement—are only partially served by method systems that encourage studying (with increasing precision) a narrow range of questions of modest societal importance. To optimize contributions to challenging societal problems, a field's cherished standards should be adapted to support more adventuresome forms of community research and action. This paper outlines 10 values for community research and action, based on insights from the fields of behavioral and community psychology. These values—and related evaluative questions—reflect the goals and challenges of establishing collaborative relationships with research participants, determining research goals and methods, designing and disseminating interventions, communicating research findings, and advocating for community change. Critical challenges are outlined, and implications for the field and its clients are discussed.
Cities in transition: monitoring growth trends in Delhi urban agglomeration 1991-2001

An analysis based on census data for the decade 1991-2001 indicates change in the urban structure of the Delhi Urban Agglomeration, India. The number and rate of growth of cen-sus towns and the urban core are examined. The pattern shows emerging traits of urban spread and provides an investigative framework for future research.
Hospital readmission after emergency room visit for cholelithiasis

Abstract Background For patients presenting with symptomatic cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy is the definitive treatment modality. Our goal was to evaluate the surgical follow-up and outcomes in patients seen in the emergency department (ED) for an episode of symptomatic cholelithiasis and discharged home for elective follow-up. Methods We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients seen in the ED for cholelithiasis and discharged without hospital admission between August 2009 and May 2014. All patients were followed for 2 y from the date of the initial ED visit. We evaluated outpatient surgeon visits, elective and emergent cholecystectomy rates, and additional ED visits. Cumulative incidence and Kaplan–Meier curves were used to examine the time from the initial ED visit to outpatient surgeon evaluation and the time from the initial ED visit to ED readmission. Results Seventy-one patients were discharged from the ED with a diagnosis of symptomatic gallstones. Patients who had an elective cholecystectomy in the 2 y after the initial visit were 12.6%. In this group, the mean time from the initial ED visit to outpatient surgeon follow-up was 7.7 d, and all elective cholecystectomies occurred within 1 mo of the initial visit. Of the 62 patients who did not have an elective cholecystectomy, only 14.5% of patients in this group had outpatient surgeon follow-up at mean time of 137 d from the initial ED visit for symptomatic gallstones. In addition, 37.1% of patients in this group had additional ED visits for gallstone-related symptoms, with 17.7% of patients having two or more additional ED visits, and 12.9% required emergent and/or urgent cholecystectomy. Additional ED visits (43.5%) occurred within 1 mo and 60.9% within 3 mo of their initial ED visit. In patients with additional ED visits for symptomatic cholelithiasis, 60.9% had more than one abdominal ultrasound or computed tomography scan during the course of multiple visits. Conclusions Failure to achieve a timely surgical follow-up leads to multiple ED readmissions and emergent gallstone-related hospitalizations, including emergency cholecystectomy. System-level interventions to ensure outpatient surgical follow-up within 1–2 wk of the initial ED visit has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with symptomatic biliary colic.
LOW‐TEMPERATURE AIR OVEN VS A WATER BATH FOR THE PREPARATION OF RARE BEEF

Paired muscles were used to assess the merits of a water bath method for the preparation of rare beef as compared to a conventional oven using a long-time, low-temperature process. Samples prepared in a water bath were more uniformly rare in cross-section, had significantly greater cooked yields, and were significantly more tender than oven-cooked roasts. A sensory panel found water bath samples to be significantly more tender and preferred them overall to oven-cooked samples. In addition to the above advantages, the more rapid rate of heat penetration and the potential for reduced energy requirements suggest that the water bath procedure should be examined in greater depth with an eye towards more widespread use.
Geochemical constraints on the origin of organic compounds in hydrothermal systems

It is proposed that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds occurs in metastable states. These states are permitted by kinetic barriers which inhibit the approach to stable equilibrium in the C-H-O-N system. Evidence for metastable equilibrium among organic compounds in sedimentary basins is reviewed, and further evidence is elucidated from hydrous pyrolysis experiments reported in the literature. This analysis shows that at hydrothermal conditions, organic compounds are formed or destroyed primarily through oxidation/reduction reactions, and that the role of temperature is to lower the kinetic barriers to these reactions. These lines of evidence allow the development of a scenario in which abiotic synthesis can occur at hydrothermal conditions through the reduction of CO2 and N2. This scenario can be tested quantitatively with distribution of species calculations as functions of temperature, pressure, hydrogen fugacity (fH2) and initial composition. One example of such a test is given for an early, sudden outgassing of the Earth, in which CO2, H2O, and N2 are transported from the mantle to the atmosphere by hydrothermal solutions. Activities of metastable aqueous organic species which form as a consequence of this process are evaluated at conditions appropriate for seafloor hydrothermal systems, and are found to maximize at about 200 °C and between the oxidation states set by two mineral assemblages common in the oceanic crust.
Bethe Ansatz Results for Hubbard Chains with Toroidal Boundary Conditions

We solve exactly the problem of a one-dimensional repulsive-U Hubbard chain with toroidal boundary conditions (HTB) using the Bethe ansatz approach. We calculate analytically the finite-size corrections to the ground-state energy in the half-filled case and use this expression to derive charge and spin stiffnesses with no assumptions. We then use a “particle-hole” transformation to calculate the finite-size corrections for the half-filledattractive- U case, and again derive the resulting expressions for the charge and spin stiffnesses. Lastly, we discuss how the repulsive-U corrections relate to those of a Heisenberg model with toroidal boundary conditions.
Input modeling: input modeling techniques for discrete-event simulations

Most discrete-event simulation models have stochastic elements that mimic the probabilistic nature of the system under consideration. A close match between the input model and the true underlying probabilistic mechanism associated with the system is required for successful input modeling. The general question considered here is how to model an element (e.g., arrival process, service times) in a discrete-event simulation given a data set collected on the element of interest. For brevity, it is assumed that data is available on the aspect of the simulation of interest. It is also assumed that raw data is available, as opposed to censored data, grouped data, or summary statistics. This example-driven tutorial examines introductory techniques for input modeling. Most simulation texts (e.g., Law and Kelton 2000) have a broader treatment of input modeling than presented here. Nelson and Yamnitsky (1998) survey advanced techniques.
Characterization and Evaluation of d-(+)-Tubocurarine Chloride as a Chiral Selector for Capillary Electrophoretic Enantioseparations

A new macrocyclic of the bis(benzylisoquinoline) alkaloid family, d-(+)-tubocurarine chloride (DTC), has been evaluated as a chiral selector for the separation of optical isomers of organic carboxylates using capillary electrophoresis (CE). The pertinent physicochemical properties, such as absorption spectrum, isoionic point, and solution conformation, of DTC were determined. The effects of varying such experimental parameters as DTC concentration, pH, and methanol content in the running buffer were assessed. CE separation of the enantiomers of 18 different compounds was achieved using DTC as the chiral selector under optimized background electrolytic conditions.
Effect of carboxylic and thiol ligands (oxalate, cysteine) on the kinetics of desorption of Hg(II) from kaolinite

Sorption and desorption of Hg(II) on clay minerals can impact the biogeochemical cycle and bio-uptake of Hg in the environment. We studied the kinetics of the desorption of Hg(II) from kaolinite as affected by oxalate and cysteine, representing the ligands with carboxylic and thiol groups of different affinities for Hg(II). The effects of pH (3, 5, and 7), ligand concentration (0.25 and 1.0 mM), and temperature (15°C, 25°C, and 35°C) on the Hg(II) desorption were investigated through desorption kinetics. Our study showed that the Hg(II) desorption was pH dependent. In the absence of any organic ligand, >90% of the previously adsorbed Hg(II) desorbed at pH 3 within 2 h, compared to <10% at pH 7. Similar results were observed in the presence of oxalate, showing that it hardly affected the Hg(II) desorption. Cysteine inhibited the Hg(II) desorption significantly at all the pH tested, especially in the first 80 min with the desorption less than 20%, but the inhibition of the desorption appeared to be less prominent afterwards. The effect of the ligand concentration on the Hg(II) desorption was small, especially in the presence of oxalate. The effect of temperature on the Hg(II) desorption was nearly insignificant. The effect of the organic acids on the Hg(II) sorption and desorption is explained by the formation of the ternary surface complexes involving the mineral, ligand, and Hg(II). The competition for Hg(II) between the cysteine molecules adsorbed on the particle surfaces and in the solution phase probably can also affect the Hg(II) desorption.
Speciation of Arsenic(III) and Arsenic(V) in Sediment Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Determining the redox states of arsenic (As) in environmental samples is important due to the pronounced differences in toxicity and mobility of the various forms. We have combined the separation capabilities of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the sensitivity and element specificity of hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) to determine arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)], which have been shown to be the most toxic and prevalent forms of As in soil and water. The HPLC-HGAAS technique gave retention times of 2.2 and 4.2 min for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Detection limits of 200 pg of As (0.8 μg L -1 As in solution) were obtained for both As(III) and As(V). The technique was used to determine As(III) and As(V) in deionized water and 1 mM PO 4 sequential extracts of estuarine sediment, coal fly ash, and saline evaporation pond sediment. Coal fly ash contained no detectable deionized water-extractable As(III) or As(V), but contained appreciable PO 4 -extractable As(V). The As(III) species was detected in all extracts of estuarine sediment, though 1 mM PO 4 released primarily As(V). Evaporation pond sediment also contained primarily PO 4 -extractable As(V).
Macroscopic description of a subdiffusion-controlled bimolecular reaction

The random trap model is used to derive equations describing reaction-subdiffusion systems with diffusion-controlled (infinitely fast) bimolecular reaction. A hierarchy of equations in terms of distribution functions is closed by using a quasi-equilibrium condition in the equation for the two-particle distribution function. The reaction terms in the resulting equations contain products between concentrations and diffusion jump rates, rather than products of concentrations as dictated by the law of mass action. The same equations are also derived in the framework of a nonlinear continuous-time random walk model. The equations are used to show that inhomogeneity of the medium may manifest itself by fractional-order reaction terms.
Interoceptive and integrative contributions of forebrain and brainstem to energy balance control.

An anatomically distributed model of energy balance control contrasts with the widely held hypothalamic center model. The distributionist model is recommended by the observations that the caudal brainstem contains critical interoceptive, integrative and neurochemical mediating functions. A prominent example of interoceptive function is sensitivity to the adipose tissue-derived hormone, leptin. To complement the well established focus on hypothalamic leptin receptors (Ob-Rb), we describe an extensive distribution of Ob-Rb in the brainstem. These receptors, moreover, are functionally relevant given the intake suppressive effects of fourth-intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) and brainstem intraparenchymal (in dorsal vagal complex) delivery. A wide variety of intake relevant peptides receptors are found in hypothalamus, but these receptors are also widely distributed in the caudal brainstem. As an example of the functional relevance of these neurochemical mediators, we describe ingestive effects of ligands for melanocortin 3/4 and corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors obtained with brainstem ventricular and parenchymal (dorsal vagal complex and parabrachial nucleus) delivery. It is clear that responses obtained from hypothalamic treatments can arise independently from stimulation of caudal brainstem receptors. We have used the chronic decerebrate preparation to ask whether the brainstem contains integrative substrates sufficient to mediate behavioral responses to variations in physiological state. The experiments reveal that the brainstem is indeed sufficient for the integration of taste and gastrointestinal signals that co-determine the size of meals in the short term. Decerebrate rats, however, do not respond to food deprivation or to reductions in the number of daily feeding opportunities. These results suggest that the brainstem in neural isolation from forebrain influence is not sufficient for ingestive response to systemic/metabolic signals that affect intake over the long term. The relative contribution of brainstem and forebrain substrates to long-term intake and body weight control in the neurologically intact animal, remains unclear. The data reviewed support a distributed anatomical model of energy balance and recommend increased attention to specific responses (behavioral, autonomic and endocrine) that are mediated by local (brainstem or forebrain) interoceptive and integrative processes, and those requiring bi-directional interactions.
Inside/Outside, Upside Down: Including Archaeologists in Communities

As social scientists, archaeologists have specialized ideas about what “community” entails. But the concept resonates well beyond the scholarly realm. What did “community” mean to the people whose lives we study? What does it mean to the groups with which we engage in the present? The answers to these questions have implications for the legitimacy of archaeologists’ claims to engage in “community archaeology.” Here, the author uses period texts—newspapers—and focus group data to explore the contours of “community” as understood at two sites with active community archaeology programs.
Optimization of batch polymerization processes—narrowing the MWD. I. Model simulation

Several control strategies for the free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate are analyzed with a detailed constitutive model incorporating the gel and glass effects. Optimal temperature history, photoinitiation intensity variation, and programmed monomer and solvent additions, employed alone and in combination, represent cases simulated by this model. Solvent addition is selected for further experimental studies, due to some attractive features. The product molecular weight distribution is narrowed, while the molecular weight averages are maintained high. Model predictions of the solvent injection history exhibit a strong sensitivity to the constitutive equations for describing the gel and glass effects.
Medium-Range Ensemble Sensitivity Analysis of Two Extreme Pacific Extratropical Cyclones

AbstractIn this study, ensemble sensitivity analysis has been applied to examine the evolution of two extreme extratropical cyclones over the Pacific. Sensitivity using, as forecast metrics, forecast cyclone minimum pressure and location, as well as principal components (PCs) of the leading EOFs in forecast SLP variations near the cyclone center, has been computed for medium-range forecasts of up to 7.5 days. Results presented here show that coherent sensitivity patterns can be tracked from the forecast validation time back in time to at least day −6, with the sensitivity signal exhibiting downstream development characteristics in most cases. Comparing the different forecast metrics, sensitivity patterns derived from the PCs of the leading EOFs in forecast SLP variations are apparently more coherent than those derived from cyclone parameters.To test whether the linear sensitivity analyses provide quantitatively accurate guidance under the highly nonlinear evolution of the atmospheric flow, perturbed initi...
The effects of sodium amobarbital on odor-based responding in rats

Twenty-four donor rats and 24 experimental rats received 64 trials in a straight runway, on a double-alternation cycle of reward and nonreward. The drug state of the donor Ss and the relationship of the reinforcement cycle for donor Ss to that for experimental Ss were factorially manipulated. Only the experimental Ss for which the donor and experimental S reinforcement cycles were correlated developed patterned responding, and then only when donor Ss were undrugged. The results were interpreted as supportive of the notion that the basis for odor-based patterning is an emotional response to frustrative nonreward.
Stability two years after mandibular advancement with and without suprahyoid myotomy: An experimental study☆

Abstract Ten adult rhesus monkeys underwent mandibular advancement surgery of 4–6 mm with and without suprahyoid myotomy. Serial lateral cephalograms using radiopaque bone markers were obtained during maxillomandibular fixation and for 96 weeks after release of fixation to determine the effects of suprahyoid myotomy on short-term and long-term adaptations in the advanced mandible. The non-myotomy group exhibited a significant reduction in the length of the advanced mandible (relapse) during the fixation period but showed no significant change in mandibular length after release of fixation. The myotomy group exhibited no relapse during the fixation period and after release of fixation displayed a slight but statistically significant increase in mandibular length. This supports the hypothesis that stretching of the suprahyoid musculature as a result of mandibular advancement surgery is a major factor leading to skeletal relapse.
Biochemical studies of growing mouse oocytes: Preparation of oocytes and analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities

Abstract Oocytes at several stages of growth were isolated by enzymatic digestion of ovaries from infant mice. These oocytes were free of follicle cells and were obtained in sufficient numbers to permit direct biochemical analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. Both enzymes increase in total activity as the oocyte grows. However, while the specific activity of G6PD remains constant up to an oocyte diameter of 80–85 μm, the specific activity of LDH increases four-fold. The specific activity of G6PD and especially LDH declines in oocytes over 80–85 μm in diameter, suggesting that the synthesis of these enzymes is almost completed at this stage of growth.
Sex difference in gonadotropins in the infant chimpanzee.

Serial circulating levels of FSH were higher in two female than in two male infant chimpanzees. There was no sex difference in LH levels. A rhythm in FSH levels was seen in both sexes. The cycle amplitude was greater in the females. The LH data were qualitatively similar to those for FSH.
Effects of opening and closing stores on chain retailer performance

Abstract Chain retailers continually open stores and close stores to improve their performance. Yet, there are few insights on the effects of store openings and closings on chain retailer performance. The authors examine the effect of changes in opening and closing stores on retailers’ performance. They hypothesize that a chain retailer's market share, advertising intensity, age, and size moderate the effects of opening and closing stores on firm value. They test and find support for the contingent effects of opening and closing stores on firm value using a panel of 1,447 retailer-years of 132 publicly listed US chain retailers from 1998 to 2009. By relating chain retailers’ store openings and closings to their performance, using a contingent framework, the findings extend the marketing literature, which has hitherto not examined the effects of changes in distribution strategy on shareholder value. Insights on the performance implications of opening and closing stores are also useful to chain retailers to achieve superior performance.
Derivatization and gas chromatographic determination of some biologically important acids in cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract Halogenated derivatives of phenolic acids have been prepared by a convenient procedure. The method uses a combination of pentafluoropropionic anhydride and a halogenated alcohol to derivatize the carboxyl group, followed by reaction with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to derivatize the phenol and indole groups. The halogenated derivatives are extremely sensitive to electron capture detection and can be detected in amounts as low as 5 pg. The structures of the derivatives have been confirmed by mass spectrometry. Procedures have been developed using these derivatives for the determination of spinal fluid levels of vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, probenecid, and 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid and for the identification of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid as a natural constituent of body fluids and tissues.
Improved field edge definition in electron arc therapy with dynamic collimation techniques

Abstract Purpose : The diffuse shape of the electron beam used for arc therapy requires collimation on the patient's surface to sharply define treatment field edges. The electron beam arcs 10–15° past field edges defined by a custom fitted and manufactured cast which acts as a tertiary collimator. This allows the entire beam profile to be integrated at the field edge. The tertiary collimator is heavy and bulky, requiring two therapists to lift and position the cast. An alternative technique for field edge definition would require the electron arc collimators to dynamically close to zero, while maintaining the projection of the leading edge of the field coincident with the geometric edge of the treatment field. This would allow integration of the entire electron are profile and maintain a sharply defined treatment edge at the medial and lateral margins of the are. The present customized cast could be replaced by generic lead strips at only the superior and inferior treatment field borders. This study investigates the dosimetry of dynamically collimated electron arc treatment volumes at field margins and its potential for eliminating the need for tertiary collimation at the arc field margins. Methods and Materials : Electron arc isodose distributions were calculated using a pencil beam algorithm for treatment volumes defined by tertiary collimation at the surface of a cylindrical phantom and compared to distributions generated by simulating dynamic collimation to define the same field edges. Phantom measurements were performed using film densitometry to verify computer predictions. Results : Penumbra width is one measure of the sharpness of dose fall off at a treatment field edge. We define it as the distance between the 90% and 20% isodose lines at the field edge measured orthogonal to the incident electron beam. Calculations and phantom film densitometry measurements were performed for electron energies from 6–20 MeV. Dynamic and tertiary collimation both reduce penumbra width by approximately 50% compared to no collimation. There is a small advantage in minimizing penumbra width at low electron energy with tertiary collimation. This shifts to a small advantage with dynamic collimation at high electron energy. Conclusion : Dynamic collimation produces a field edge isodose distribution equivalent to tertiary collimation for clinical purposes. These results suggest that tertiary collimation at medial and lateral electron arc treatment field margins can be eliminated with dynamic collimation. This should result in greater clinical acceptance of breast electron arc therapy as the capacity for dynamic collimation is added to the next generation of linear accelerators.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Risk Among the Seriously Mentally III

Seriously mentally ill adults are at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We review the empirical literature that documents this elevated risk in psychiatric patients and identify factors that have been associated with enhanced risk. Our review indicates five characteristics related to HIV risk in psychiatric populations: psychopathology severity and symptomatology, substance abuse proximal to sexual behavior, misinformation about HIV transmission, perceptions of invulnerability, and sttuational, lifestyle factors. Understanding these characteristics can lead to improved HIV preventive intervention models. However, we also note that studies have been limited by unreliable psychiatric diagnoses and sampling constraints. We conclude with suggestions for research, practice, and prevention based on findings in the empirical literature and theories of HIV risk reduction.
Learning Contested Lessons: Participation Equity and Electric Utility Regulation

Electric utilities have typically enjoyed a close and cooperative relationship with the state regulatory bodies that oversee them. In 2001, the Colorado Public Utilities Commission mandated that the largest Colorado utility build a wind power plant as part of its conventional generating capacity, despite the utility's vigorous objections. Local environmental groups, intervening in a form of rule making called Integrated Resource Planning, succeeded in overturning regulatory capture. This paper explains this anomalous case and highlights the role of knowledge and learning in the outcome. The case shows the opportunities and limitations of using contested technical knowledge to push for institutional learning. The case also suggests the importance of repeated policy processes. Wind energy advocates perceived that they had acquired participation equity, ownership in the process akin to Kingdon's “softening up,” which led policy makers to take their arguments more seriously, opening up the possibility of institutional learning.
Eating as a Hazard to Health: Preventing, Treating Dental Injuries Caused by Foreign Objects in Food

The Food and Drug Administration maintains a passive surveillance system for reporting and follow-up of complaints related to food items. The most commonly reported complaint is the discovery of foreign objects in food. The most common injuries are abrasions to the throat and buccal mucosa. Although dentists are qualified to treat oral injury resulting from foreign object ingestion, more physicians than dental professionals treat soft tissue trauma.
Deduced amino acid sequence of bovine aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase: homology to other decarboxylases☆

Abstract Nucleotide sequence of cDNA for bovine aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) was analyzed. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine AADC shows 57% identity to drosophila AADC and 37% to plant Catharanthus roseus AADC. The 7-amino acid sequence of the pyridoxal phosphate binding site is completely conserved among drosophila, pig and bovine AADC. AADC primary structure also shows high homology to that of feline glutamic acid decarboxylase.
Simulation of flow and mass dispersion in meandering channels

This paper reports the development of an enhanced two-dimensional (2D) numerical model for the simulation of flow hydrodynamics and mass transport in meandering channels. The hydrodynamic model is based on the solution of the depth-averaged flow continuity and momentum equations where the density of flow varies with the concentration of transported mass. The governing equation for mass transport model is the depth-averaged convection and diffusion equation. The dispersion terms arisen from the integration of the product of the discrepancy between the mean and the actual vertical velocity distribution were included in the momentum equations to take into account the effect of secondary current. Two laboratory experimental cases, flow in mildly and sharply curved channels, were selected to test the hydrodynamic model. The comparison of the simulated velocity and water surface elevation with the measurements indicated that the inclusion of the dispersion terms has improved the simulation results. A laboratory experiment study of dye spreading in a sine-generated channel, in which dye was released at the inner bank, centerline, and outer bank, respectively, was chosen to verify the mass transport model. The simulated concentration field indicated that the Schmidt number can be used as a calibration parameter when dispersion is computed using a 2D approach with a simplified turbulence model.
Simultaneous recording of near-field and far-field patterns of lasers.

A technique for simultaneous recording of near-field and far-field diffraction patterns at several exposures for a single laser pulse has been developed. A ruby laser and a neodymium doped glass laser have been investigated. The Nd+3 laser shows striking high order cylindrical mode operation as a result of thermal stress. The time resolved output of this laser shows the usual spikes about 500 nsec wide. When the cylindrical mode operation takes place some of the spikes consist of a large number of ultrashort pulses.
Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts

Abstract Major-element and volatile (H2O, CO2, S) compositions of glasses from the submarine flanks of Kilauea Volcano record its growth from pre-shield into tholeiite shield-stage. Pillow lavas of mildly alkalic basalt at 2600–1900 mbsl on the upper slope of the south flank are an intermediate link between deeper alkalic volcaniclastics and the modern tholeiite shield. Lava clast glasses from the west flank of Papau Seamount are subaerial Mauna Loa-like tholeiite and mark the contact between the two volcanoes. H2O and CO2 in sandstone and breccia glasses from the Hilina bench, and in alkalic to tholeiitic pillow glasses above and to the east, were measured by FTIR. Volatile saturation pressures equal sampling depths (10 MPa = 1000 m water) for south flank and Puna Ridge pillow lavas, suggesting recovery near eruption depths and/or vapor re-equilibration during down-slope flow. South flank glasses are divisible into low-pressure (CO2 0.5 wt.%, S 1000–1700 ppm), and high-pressure groups (CO2 > 40 ppm, S > ∼1000 ppm), corresponding to eruption ≥ sea level, at moderate water depths (300–1000 m) or shallower but in disequilibrium, and in deep water (> 1000 m). Saturation pressures range widely in early alkalic to strongly alkalic breccia clast and sandstone glasses, establishing that early Kīlauea's vents spanned much of Mauna Loa's submarine flank, with some vents exceeding sea level. Later south flank alkalic pillow lavas expose a sizeable submarine edifice that grew concurrent with nearby subaerial alkalic eruptions. The onset of the tholeiitic shield stage is marked by extension of eruptions eastward and into deeper water (to 5500 m) during growth of the Puna Ridge. Subaerial and shallow water eruptions from earliest Kilauea show that it is underlain shallowly by Mauna Loa, implying that Mauna Loa is larger, and Kilauea smaller, than previously recognized.
Intratracheally Administered 5-Azacytidine Is Effective Against Orthotopic Human Lung Cancer Xenograft Models and Devoid of Important Systemic Toxicity

Abstract Introduction: Hypermethylation of key tumor suppressor genes plays an important role in lung carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study is to explore the therapeutic potential of regional administration (via the airways) of the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) for the treatment of early lung cancer. Patients and Methods We administered 5-Aza solution directly into the trachea in imprinting control region (ICR) mice (to study its toxicity) and in nude mice bearing orthotopic human lung cancer xenografts (to assess its antitumor activity). Results In vitro, 5-Aza inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cell lines H226, H358, and H460 in a dose-dependent manner. The concentrations to inhibit cell growth by 50% (IC 50 ) were about 0.6-4.9 μg/mL. 5-Azacytidine reversed hypermethylation in the promoter of tumor suppressor gene RASSF1a in the H226 cells at a 6000-fold lower concentration than its IC 50 . In animal studies, intratracheal (I.T.) administration of 90 mg/kg 5-Aza (the maximum tolerated dose of 5-Aza intravenous injection [I.V.]) resulted in moderate pulmonary toxicity and 5-fold reduced myelosuppression compared with the same dose of I.V. 5-Aza. Using an optimized multiple dose schedule, I.T. 5-Aza was about 3-fold more effective than I.V. 5-Aza in prolonging the survival of mice bearing orthotopic H460 and H358 xenografts, and did not cause any detectable toxicity. Conclusion 5-Azacytidine can reverse the hypermethylation in the human lung cancer cell lines at a nontoxic dose. Regional administration to the airways enhances the therapeutic index of 5-Aza by 75-fold. The potential of regional administration of 5-Aza (including by aerosolization) for the treatment of advanced bronchial premalignancy deserves further investigation.
Inhibition of substance P-induced vascular leakage in rat by N-acetyl-neurotensin-(8–13)

Abstract Substance P (SP) administered 40 μg/kg s.c. to pentobarbital-anesthetized rats induced salivation and leakage of plasma constituents into the skin, muscle, trachea, esophagus and bladder, as measured by Monastral blue B labeling of small blood vessels or by extravasation of Evans blue dye into tissues. These SP effects were inhibited by N-acetyl-neurotensin-(8–13) (Ac-NT-(8–13)) and by CP-96,345, a nonpeptide SP receptor antagonist. Intralumenal injection of Ac-NT-(8–13) or CP-96,345 into the bladder reduced SP-induced leakage of Evans blue dye but not dye leakage into the pawskin, indicating a localised drug action. Ac-NT-(8–13) appears to act directly on discrete sites in skin and in mucous membranes to functionally antagonize the inflammatory effects of SP.