cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metalation of vinyltrimethylsilanes

Abstract Metalation of vinyltrimethylsilane and both trans-(VIII) and cis-(IX) 1-(trimethylsilyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-butene with organolithium/TMEDA complexes was explored. Vinyltrimethylsilane underwent exclusive addition of tert-butyllithium to the double bond. Metalation of (VIII) occurred only at the trimethylsilyl function, while (IX) afforded both α-silylvinyl and trimethylsilyl position metalation.
Orientation Based on Ambient Directional Information by Red-Spotted Newts (Notophthalmus Viridescens)

Red-spotted newts migrate between breeding sites in ponds and upland habitats. I tested the use and importance of slope as an orientation cue among adult male newts that I had removed from ponds. Newts reliably oriented downhill upon being released in a sloped orientation arena and in enclosures on the forest floor. By contrast, juvenile newts, which are wholly terrestrial animals, oriented randomly with respect to slope. Adult newts oriented downhill after having spent five days in pens at the test sites even though they presumably had access to information about the location of their pond during that time. Newts kept on land for 10 or 20 days prior to testing still oriented downhill in the orientation arenas but oriented randomly with respect to both slope and the homeward direction in the forest enclosures. I trained newts to exhibit shoreward orientation in aquaria, then tested their response in orientation arenas. Newts oriented toward shore in a flat arena and when the downhill direction coincided with the trained shoreward direction, but they oriented downhill rather than toward shore when the two directions conflicted. These results show that slope is an important cue to adult red-spotted newts returning to ponds and suggest that orientation based on ambient directional information is one of the mechanisms red-spotted newts employ when migrating to their breeding sites.
Leibenstein's bandwagon effect as applied to voting

This paper has attempted to demonstrate how the bandwagon effect would alter the benefit-cost decision inherent in voting. It was shown that, other things held constant, the existence of a bandwagon would lead to a situation where the favored candidate receives an increased number of votes at each cost. However, it was also noted that when all things are considered, it is most difficult to predict the overall effect of the announcement of a runaway election due to the simultaneous effect of rational abstention.
Effect of bradykinin on feline gallbladder water transport and prostanoid formation.

Continuing evaluation of the pathophysiology of gallbladder disease has demonstrated significant relationships between gallbladder mucosal fluid transport, gallbladder inflammation, and prostanoid formation. Inflamed gallbladder mucosa secretes, rather than absorbs, fluid, a process associated with prostaglandin formation. Bradykinin has been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of cholecystitis and, in the intestine, bradykinin stimulates mucosal fluid secretion by a prostaglandin-mediated mechanism. Bradykinin was infused into the gallbladder lumen and administered intraarterially into the hepatic artery of perfused cat gallbladders. Both methods of bradykinin administration reversed the mucosal absorption present during control experiments as measured by concentration changes in a nonabsorbable marker. Perfusate and gallbladder tissue prostaglandin E concentrations were significantly increased by bradykinin when compared to control values. Concentrations of 6-ketoPGF1α in perfusate solutions and in gallbladder tissue were significantly increased, suggesting bradykinin increased prostacyclin formation.Bradykinin administration significantly increased inflammation, as evaluated by a histologic scoring system. Indomethacin was administered intravenously along with luminalperfusion of the gallbladder with bradykinin. Indomethacin significantly decreasedgallbladder fluid secretion and prostanoid formation, but not histologic inflammation,when compared to values produced by bradykinin alone. An increase in systemic vascularand bile kinin concentrations produces gallbladder mucosal water secretion, a processwhich may be mediated by prostanoids. Histologic inflammation produced by bradykininwas not prevented by indomethacin.
Team teaching of the multidisciplinary approach

Abstract If the multidisciplinary approach is to be an important element in the care of abused/neglected children and their families, professionals and para-professionals will need to learn how to function within its context. This paper has described one innovative way of teaching this approach. The technique described seems to have been successful by several measurable standards. The elements which seem to have had a positive contribution to this success are: 1) the use of a multidisciplinary planning group and faculty which was a multidisciplinary task-oriented group itself; 2) a heterogeneous group of students; 3) the frequent presentation of multidisciplinary role models; 4) varied teaching techniques which stressed classroom interaction, roleplay, and field visits. The course approval has been renewed and will be offered again in the 1976–1977 academic year.
On the finite sample performance of the nearest neighbor classifier

The finite sample performance of a nearest neighbor classifier is analyzed for a two-class pattern recognition problem. An exact integral expression is derived for the m-sample risk R/sub m/ given that a reference m-sample of labeled points is available to the classifier. The statistical setup assumes that the pattern classes arise in nature with fixed a priori probabilities and that points representing the classes are drawn from Euclidean n-space according to fixed class-conditional probability distributions. The sample is assumed to consist of m independently generated class-labeled points. For a family of smooth class-conditional distributions characterized by asymptotic expansions in general form, it is shown that the m-sample risk R/sub m/ has a complete asymptotic series expansion R/sub m//spl sim/R/sub /spl infin//+/spl Sigma//sub k=2//sup /spl infin//c/sub k/m/sup -k/n/ (m/spl rarr//spl infin/), where R/sub /spl infin// denotes the nearest neighbor risk in the infinite-sample limit and the coefficients c/sub k/ are distribution-dependent constants independent of the sample size m. The analysis thus provides further analytic validation of Bellman's curse of dimensionality. Numerical simulations corroborating the formal results are included, and extensions of the theory discussed. The analysis also contains a novel application of Laplace's asymptotic method of integration to a multidimensional integral where the integrand attains its maximum on a continuum of points. >
Returning to Normality Anomie and Crime in China

The current study explored the value change as manifested in the sense of anomie during the 1990s and sources of anomie in contemporary China. The multiple regression analysis found that employment, having children, and satisfaction in life were significantly related to anomie; however, the effect of education was related to anomie in the direction that was inconsistent with what was known in the Western literature. Age had no significant effect on anomie. It is concluded that the crime rates remain relatively low even after many years of dramatic increase, and that China may not be able to maintain its tight control over politics forever.
An accurate scalar potential finite element method for linear, two‐dimensional magnetostatics problems

We have assessed the accuracy of a commercially available computer software package for finite element method calculations of magnetostatic fields. The computer program, MSC/NASTRAN,11 is well known for its wide applicability in structural analysis and heat transfer problems. We exploit the fact that the differential equations of magnetostatics are identical to those for heat transfer if the magnetic field problem is formulated with the reduced scalar potential.1 Consequently, the powerful, optimized numerical routines of NASTRAN can immediately be applied to two- and three-dimensional linear magneto-statics problems. Application of the NASTRAN reduced scalar potential approach to a ‘worst case’ two-dimensional problem for which an analytic solution is available has yielded much better accuracy than was recently reported2 for a reduced scalar potential calculation using a different finite element program. Furthermore, our method exhibits completely satisfactory performance with regard to computational expense and accuracy for a linear electromagnet with an air gap. Our analysis opens the way for large three-dimensional magnetostatics calculations at far greater economy than is possible with the more commonly used vector potential and boundary integral methods.
The effect of temperature and interfacial tension on water/oil relative permeabilities of consolidated sands

Relative permeability data for high- and low-tension systems were obtained experimentally at temperatures ranging from 22/sup 0/C to 175/sup 0/C. No other data have been reported for high temperatures and low interfacial tensions. Results for high-tension systems at elevated temperatures and for low-tension systems at room temperature are compared with other published data. The results of this study can be used to predict the performance and efficiency of enhanced oil recovery methods in which chemicals are considered for use with hot waterfloods or as steamflood additives. They are of particular interest with respect to steamfloods in viscous oil reservoirs. Equipment was designed and constructed to measure water-oil relative permeabilities at elevated temperatures and pressures. It can be used for both steady-state and unsteadystate dynamic displacement measurements. The apparatus permits very accurate measurement of fluid saturations volumetrically by monitoring the oil content of the total system using a high pressure, high temperature water-oil separator. Experiments were conducted on fired Berea sandstone cores using n-dodecane and 1% NaCl brine. Aqueous low-concentration surfactant solutions were used to change interfacial tension levels. For the experiments reported here, the fluid pressure was kept constant at 300 psig and the overburden pressure at 650 psig.
Introduction: Seismicity, Quaternary Faulting, and Seismic Hazard

More than 9 million people live within the boundary of the Illinois basin, most of them in four of the midcontinent9s largest urban areas. The basin is characterized by moderate seismicity and abundant surface and subsurface geological and geophysical information. Therefore, the basin, which is directly northeast of the New Madrid seismic zone, is an excellent place to study the enigmatic geologic controls on cratonic seismicity, with potential applications to the basin and throughout the cratonic part of the midcontinent. The papers of this issue address the goal of seismic-hazard assessment in the Illinois basin by better characterizing earthquake sources, reporting the monitoring of earthquakes and deformation, and producing and disseminating seismic-hazard products.
Linking individual size and wild and hatchery ancestry to survival and predation risk of threatened steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

We examined the role of individual size and origin (wild versus hatchery) to predation risk and marine survival for threatened juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a coastal California water...
Thermal studies on oxalate complexes. VI. Hexamminecobalt(III) oxalate tetrahydrate

Abstract The thermal decomposition of [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 ·4 H 2 O has been studied using TG and DTG. Infrared analysis and chemical tests were carried out to identify the products of decomposition from among three possible mechanisms. The first step involves a complete dehydration and has an activation energy of 234 kJ mole −1 . Continued heating of the anhydrous complex causes loss of H 2 C 2 O 4 , NH 3 , N 2 H 4 , and CO in two steps to give CoO as the final product. Kinetic and thermal parameters for these reactions are presented.
The effect of rearing environment on blue structural coloration of eastern bluebirds ( Sialia sialis )

We used a brood-size manipulation to test the effect of rearing environment on structural coloration of feathers grown by eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) nestlings. Ultraviolet (UV)-blue structural coloration has been shown to be sexually selected in this species. Our experimental design took advantage of the growth of UV-blue wing feathers in nestlings that are retained as part of the first nuptial plumage. We cross-fostered nestlings to create enlarged and reduced broods with the purpose of manipulating parental feeding rates and measured the effect on nestling growth and plumage coloration. Brood size influenced feeding rates to offspring, but the effect varied with season. In general, male nestlings reared in reduced broods were fed more often, weighed more, and displayed brighter structural plumage compared to nestlings reared in enlarged broods. Female nestlings appeared to experience less adverse affects of brood enlargement, and we did not detect an effect of brood-size manipulation on the plumage coloration of female nestlings. Measures of plumage coloration in both males and females, however, were correlated to hatching date and nestling mass during feather development. These data provide empirical evidence that environmental quality can influence the development of the blue structural coloration of feathers and that males may be more sensitive to environmental fluctuations than females.
An Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Protocol Readiness Model

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread, pervasive issue that affects heterosexual and same-sex relationships. However, IPV is largely underreported, and many counselors do not formally ass...
THE PHYSICS TEACHER'S PROBLEM.

THAT physical science is constantly rendering most magnificent service to human life was never more dramatically demonstrated than on the occasion of the recent wreck of the steamship Republic. That a ship, disabled and hidden in a dense fog, was yet able to summon to its aid another ship a hundred miles away by an inaudible, invisible, yet infallible means of communication, thereby saving many hundred lives, is a feat that would have been pronounced impossible by our grandfathers if not by ourselves but a few years ago. Had Mr. Binns, the operator of the wireless telegraph on the Republic, lived near Boston about two hundred and twenty years ago, he would surely have been burned for witchcraft. So thick and fast have come such contributions of science to our commercial and economic life, that most people now take them as a matter of course. A telephone is at present almost as much of a household necessity as a kitchen stove. The steam engine and the electric motor, since by their aid ten men can do the work of one hundred, are increasing our potential manufacturing population at a rate that must satisfy even President Roosevelt that we are in no immediate danger of dying out as a nation. Musicians are being replaced by arc lights, or by pianolas; and even teachers are being compelled to yield their divine calling to graphophones in the "teaching" of foreign languages. Are we then surprised that this is called a scientific age? Do we wonder that scientists are 1Address delivered at the Fourth Annual Conference of the Schools of Vermont with the University of Vermont, March 12, 1909. I -. . _ -_. I --
Development of a Cryogenic Temperature Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope for Investigating Molecular Electric Fields

Molecular electric fields and potentials govern the chemical and physical behavior of molecules. In many biological systems, processes involving charge separation and transport such as enzymatic activity [1, 2], photosynthesis [3] and the electrostatic steering of ligands towards active sites, have been attributed to these fields. Gaining a detailed, quantitative description of the effects molecular electric fields play, will provide for a more precise mechanistic understanding of such chemical phenomena. Until now, obtaining information concerning these fields and potentials from experiments has been a problematic task. It is the principle objective of this investigation to quantitatively determine and describe the molecular electric fields at the oxygen binding site in the heme proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin. By utilizing single molecule and hole-burning spectroscopies, Stark effect measurements will be employed; to study the impact internal electric field distributions play. To this end, we have developed and constructed a cryogenic temperature version of a confocal laser scanning microscope; to be used for Stark spectroscopy investigations on these heme proteins using high resolution techniques such as single molecule or hole burning spectroscopy. At this stage, room and low temperature imaging and calibration of the microscope have been performed using 1μm fluorescent beads and AFM grids. The next step entails imaging single molecules of Protoporphyrin IX and Stark investigations of various metal substituted porphyrins in glasses. The primary focus of work thus far has been on assembly and design of the microscope and on sample preparation for use in molecular electric field examinations.1) E.D. Getzoff, et.al, Nature 358, (1992) 347.2) J. P. Hosler, et.al,Biochemistry 35, (1996) 10776.3) A. P. de Silva, et.al.,Chem. Commun., (1999) 163.
Sudden clearing of estuarine waters upon crossing the threshold from transport to supply regulation of sediment transport as an erodible sediment pool is depleted: San Francisco Bay, 1999

The quantity of suspended sediment in an estuary is regulated either by transport, where energy or time needed to suspend sediment is limiting, or by supply, where the quantity of erodible sediment is limiting. This paper presents a hypothesis that suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in estuaries can suddenly decrease when the threshold from transport to supply regulation is crossed as an erodible sediment pool is depleted. This study was motivated by a statistically significant 36% step decrease in SSC in San Francisco Bay from water years 1991–1998 to 1999–2007. A quantitative conceptual model of an estuary with an erodible sediment pool and transport or supply regulation of sediment transport is developed. Model results confirm that, if the regulation threshold was crossed in 1999, SSC would decrease rapidly after water year 1999 as observed. Estuaries with a similar history of a depositional sediment pulse followed by erosion may experience sudden clearing.
Suitability of boron-nitride single-walled nanotubes as fluid-flow conduits in nano-valve applications

Molecular-level simulations are used to examine the suitability of boron-nitride single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) as fluid-flow conduits in the nano-valve applications based on a molecular-mono-layer functionalized silicon cantilever. The interaction between the constituent atoms in the nanotubes is modeled using the Universal Force Field inter-atomic potential. Key functional requirements (a large range of nanotube radii with a stable circular cross section, a low level of strain energy in the nanotube at the onset of bending-induced buckling, relatively high compliance with respect to the radial breathing mode and a low value of nanotube/fluid-molecule binding energy) have been identified for nanotube fluid-flow conduits. The results obtained suggest that boron-nitride SWNTs do not offer any significant functional advantage over their carbon-based counterparts when used in fluid-flow conduit applications. The results also suggests that several of the nanotube properties obtained through the use of the Universal Force Field are quite comparable to their counterparts based on the first-principles quantum-mechanical calculations.
Time Course of Processes and Representations Supporting Visual Object Identification and Memory

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to delineate the time course of activation of the processes and representations supporting visual object identification and memory. Following K. Srinivas (1993), 66 young people named objects in canonical or unusual views during study and an indirect memory test. Test views were the same or different from those at study. The first ERP repetition effect and earliest ERP format effect started at ~150 msec. Multiple ERP repetition effects appeared over time. All but the latest ones were largest for same views, although other aspects of their form specificity varied. Initial ERP format effects support multiple-views-plus-transformation accounts of identification and indicate the timing of processes of object model selection (frontal N350 from 148–250 to 500–700 msec) and view transformation via mental rotation (posterior N400/P600 from 250–356 to 700 msec). Thereafter, a late slow wave reflects a memory process more strongly recruited by different than same views. Overall, the ERP data demonstrate the activation of multiple memory processes over time during an indirect test, with earlier ones (within 148–400 msec) characterized by a pattern of form specificity consistent with the specific identification-related neural process or representational system supporting each memory function.
Virtual cathode formation due to electromagnetic transients

The process of virtual cathode formation in a gap is critically examined via particle simulations. It is found that the limiting current obtained from the electrostatic approximation is valid only in the deeply nonrelativistic regime. For injection energy as low as 30 keV, the transients in the injected current may produce an inductive voltage that can significantly lower the limiting current from the classical, electrostatic value. Although the source of the virtual cathode is transient in nature, the virtual cathode formed due to this inductive voltage persists long after the injected current has reached a steady-state value. The self-magnetic field is unimportant, however, at this low energy. This result has implications for scaling devices with rapid current rise times to weakly nonrelativistic energies as well as for Particle-In-Cell (PIC) codes which use field emission models with electric field thresholds.
Anatomical abnormalities in mandibulofacial dysostosis

A detailed dissection of the head and neck of a 7-month-old boy with mandibulofacial dysostosis is described and compared with other reported cases. A general growth retardation was found in the bones of the basicranium and calvaria as well as the face. The base of the skull was kyphotic, and the elements derived from the branchial arches articulated with the basicranium more anteriorly than usual. Certain middle ear structures were found to be extracranial. The facial muscles were generally normal except for the absence of elevators of the upper lip. The laryngeal cartilages were shortened anteroposteriorly, resulting in drastic reduction of the rima glottidis. The attachments of the masticatory muscles to the mandible suggested that the area of the temporomandibular joint had not completed normal differentiation, and that that part of the mandible which functioned as a condyle was actually an ossification around Meckel's cartilage. There was no infraorbital foramen, and the infraorbital neurovascular bundle was distributed instead to the palate. Clinical and functional correlations of the various defects are considered. Theories of pathogenesis are discussed on the basis of these findings. It is argued that these observations could be accounted for by an altered intercellular matrix with separate effects on skeletal growth and neural crest cell migration.
Nothing in Glycobiology Makes Sense, except in the Light of Evolution

The remarkable structural diversity of glycans in nature, and their roles in cellular processes, host-pathogen interactions, biological diversity and speciation can be explained by evolutionary processes.
A Commentary on: Social Responsibility and the Marketing Educator

The Academy of Marketing Science marketing educator code of ethics drafted by M. Joseph Sirgy (1996) is a welcome addition to the literature in ethics. In a commentary on this paper, the authors discuss the concepts of "Social responsibilities in relation to certain publics" and "Social responsibilities in relation to certain actions", as presented in the Sirgy paper, in terms of each stakeholder group and along several ethical theories. Finally, the proposed AMS code of ethics is compared to the ethics codes of other marketing organizations.
Treatment of low-back and sciatic pain by the injection of hydrocortisone into degenerated intervertebral discs.

1. The effect of local instillation of hydrocortisone into the acutely swollen intervertebral disc was tested by combining the injection with a nucleogram. 2. The results, over a maximum follow-up period of eight months, are reported for the first sixty patients injected. 3. Nucleograms made of fifty-five patients demonstrated pathological lesions of the intervertebral discs. Thirty-seven patients (67 per cent) had rapid remission of symptoms after injection of hydrocortisone; eighteen (33 per cent) failed to respond. 4. Surgical exploration of the involved discs has been performed in sixteen of the eighteen failures and the discs in all cases demonstrated irreversible changes. 5. These results suggest a method of not only rapidly interrupting the course of an acute intervertebral disc herniation but also, more significantly, of demonstrating early in the course of the episode which discs are destined to require surgical intervention in spite of adequate conservative care. In this way, much of the morbidity and economic loss characteristic of these cases could probably be averted. 6. It is hoped that an investigation of the more fundamental causes of disc degeneration and of the mechanism of degeneration which underlie the empirical data presented here will help fill large gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutics of the degenerated and herniated intervertebral disc.
Analysis of Mouse Liver Glycogen Content

[Abstract] Liver is the major site for glycogen storage. Glycogen content can be significantly altered upon disruption of glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes. Glycogen content can be determined by an acid-hydrolysis method (Passonneau and Lauderdale, 1974). Basically, glucose, the hydrolysis product of glycogen, is converted into glucose-6phosphate (G-6-P) by hexokinase in the presence of ATP. With the supply of NADP, G-6-P is further converted into 6-phosphogluconic acid by G-6-P dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), while production of NADPH can be measured spectrophotometrically. Our lab has used this method to demonstrate that liver glycogen levels are significantly elevated in diabetic Perk knockout mice (Zhang et al., 2002).
Termite Mounds as Nutrient–Rich Food Patches for Elephants

This study compared elephant use of woody vegetation on termite mounds with surrounding woodlands in western Zimbabwe. Twelve sites consisting of paired plots on termite mounds and in woodlands were selected. At each site, soil and vegetation samples (leaf and stem) were collected for chemical analysis. Both soil and plant samples were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, and plant samples were also analyzed for crude protein concentration. Two indices of elephant feeding damage were computed: the median number of stems and branches removed per plant, and the mass of stems and branches removed by elephants per unit area. Termite mound soils had higher concentrations of all elements tested than soils from woodlands, and termite mounds differed from woodland plots in terms of plant species composition. Trees growing on termite mounds had higher concentrations of all nutrients except sodium and crude protein, and were subjected to more intense feeding by elephants than trees from the surrounding vegetation matrix. Termite mounds may play an important role in determining food availability and spatial feeding patterns by elephants and other herbivores.
Action learning in China

Action learning was introduced into China less than 20 years ago, but has rapidly become a valuable tool for organizations seeking to solve problems, develop their leaders, and become learning organizations. This article provides an historical overview of action learning in China, its cultural underpinnings, and five case studies. It concludes with the six major challenges and six powerful forces that will propel the use of action learning in China.
Cardiometabolic disease risk in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity: Stability of metabolic health status in adults.

Objective To assess the stability of metabolic status and body mass index (BMI) status and their relative contribution to risk of diabetes, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Methods A total of 14,685 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and 4,990 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study were included. People with healthy obesity (HO) are defined as those meeting all three indices of blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. People with unhealthy obesity crossed the risk threshold for all three criteria. Results In both healthy and unhealthy subgroups, risks for coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality were comparable among BMI status during a mean 18.7-year follow-up. When compared with HO, hazard ratios were increased for diabetes (5.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.12-7.48), CHD (5.60, 95% CI 3.14-9.98), stroke (4.84, 95% CI 2.13-10.97), and mortality (2.6, 95% CI 1.88-3.61) in people with unhealthy obesity. BMI only moderately increased the risks for diabetes among healthy subjects. In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study over 20 years, 17.5% of lean subjects and 67.3% of overweight subjects at baseline developed obesity during follow-up. Despite rising BMI, metabolic status remained relatively stable. Conclusions Metabolic status is relatively stable despite rising BMI. HO had lower risks for diabetes, CHD, stroke, and mortality than unhealthy subjects but increased diabetes risks than healthy lean people. Cardiometabolic risk factors confer much higher risk than obesity per se.
It Often Takes Two Income Earners to Raise a Farm: On-farm and Off-farm Employment in Kansas

Despite media depictions of U.S. family farms with the entire family engaged in household chores and farming, the reality is that income is often generated from multiple sources. For many farm families, working both on-farm and off-farm is important. Focusing on Kansas, where the majority of farms are family owned, survey and interview data are used to examine if households with off-farm employment differ from those without it. The results suggest that if a farm operation has sales of less than $100,000 annually and it is smaller than 100 acres, or the farmer is younger, more educated or started farming more recently, the chances that they have a household member working off-farm are greater. In addition, numerous challenges to being successful in farming were identified by farmers, and we discuss the implications for farm families. Keywords: farming; off-farm employment; farm households; United States; Kansas; off-farm income --------------------------------------------------------- Resume Malgre les representations des familles agricoles americaines ou toute la famille a sa responsabilite dans les tâches domestiques, la realite est que le revenu provient generalement de plusieurs sources. Pour beaucoup de familles agricoles, travailler sur la ferme et en dehors de la ferme est important. En se concentrant sur le Kansas, ou il y a une majorite de familles agricoles proprietaires, les donnees d'enquetes et d'entrevues sont utilisees pour examiner si les foyers avec un emploi hors-ferme different de ceux qui n'en n'ont pas. Les resultats suggerent que si une exploitation agricole a des ventes inferieures a $100,000 par an et est plus petite que 100 acres, ou que le fermier est jeune, plus eduque ou vient recemment de rentrer dans l'activite agricole, les chances pour qu'il ait un membre de la famille travaillant a l'exterieur de la ferme sont plus elevees. De plus, de nombreux defis pour reussir dans l'agriculture furent identifies par les fermiers et nous en discutons les implications pour les familles agricoles.
Attenuation of airway smooth muscle contractility via flavonol-mediated inhibition of phospholipase-Cβ

Enhanced contractility of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is a major pathophysiological characteristic of asthma. Expanding the therapeutic armamentarium beyond β-agonists that target ASM hypercontracti...
The Unemployed Criminal Alternative in the Civil War of Drug Forfeitures

This article compares all aspects of federal civil and criminal procedures to pursue forfeiture of the proceeds of illegal drug activity. It challenges the conventional wisdom that civil seizure and in rem prosecution offers an efficient program in which the government enjoys a superior, perhaps even unfair, litigating advantage over claimants to forfeitable property.The essay argues that the government's reliance on the civil remedy ignores significant advantages of a criminal forfeiture prosecution which Congress contemplated when it authorized criminal forfeitures for all felony drug violations in 1984. It suggests that the Department of Justice's preference for the civil forfeiture device is relatively inefficient -even if profitable - and concludes that the government should consider the criminal option more fully both in formulating its policies and in prosecuting individual actions.
Blue nevus and melanosis of the prostate. Electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical studies

Two cases of blue nevus and one case of melanosis of the prostate were studied with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical methods. All patients complained of urinary obstruction, and the clinical impression in all was benign prostatic hyperplasia. Melanin was present in the stroma of the prostate in all cases. In one, pigment was also demonstrated both in benign and malignant epithelial cells. Electron microscopically, melanosomes in different stages were present in the two white patients, but only mature stage IV melanosomes were demonstrated in the black patient. The melanin in epithelial cells consisted only of mature melanosomes. Immunohistochemically, the stromal cells that contained melanin stained with S-100 protein. The evidence suggests that the pigmented cells in the prostatic stroma are melanocytes and the melanin in the glandular epithelium is a result of the transfer of pigment from the stromal melanocytes.
P212 Review of Systematic Reviews Related to Clinical Guidelines Implementation

Background Clinical guidelines should be implemented using evidence-based implementation strategies. However, guideline development programmes rarely allocate resources to perform evidence-based reviews of implementation strategies required to implement their guidelines. A streamlined approach to obtain such summaries of evidence in preparation for development of cardiovascular risk reduction guidelines sponsored by a national-level organisation was a review of systematic reviews (SRs) of implementation strategies. Objectives To explore whether SRs of implementation strategies provide support for the effectiveness of these strategies. Methods Rx for Change database of the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) was selected a priori as data source for this review of systematic reviews. The review was limited to high quality SRs of interventions targeting clinicians. Results A total of 12 SRs met study inclusion criteria. These SRs suggest that implementation strategies, such as audit and feedback, academic detailing, and educational meetings, are generally effective in improving providers’ behaviours, with small to moderate effect sizes. Discussion This review of SRs provides support for the overall efficacy of guideline implementation strategies, while highlighting the need for further comparative and cost effectiveness research to address gaps in the knowledge identified (e.g., limited information on head-to-head comparisons between strategies, clinical context, and cost of interventions). Implications for Guideline Developers/Users Guideline developers should include recommendations for guideline implementation in their future guidelines. Making specific recommendations on choosing one implementation strategy over the others should be avoided until further head-to-head comparisons are available.
Power System Linear State Estimation Based on Phasor Measurement

This paper analyzes the measuring errors of the phasor measurement unit (PMU) and points out the necessity of state estimation based on PMU measurement. A linear measurement equation and linear static state estimation algorithm based on right-angle coordinates are given when PMU measurements only are used. Based on the improvement of the system state estimation method by using load forecasting and load flow, through the deduction and simplification of the error covariance equation, a new predictive error covariance equation is proposed. By combining the proposed error covariance equation with the linear measurement equation, a new linear dynamic state estimation algorithm is also proposed. The application conditions of linear state estimation are discussed and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated with numerical simulation using an IEEE 30-bus system.
Response of the Newborn Ureteropelvic Junction Complex to Induced and Later Reversed Partial Ureteral Obstruction in the Rabbit Model

The clinical controversy regarding the timing of surgery for asymptomatic newborns with obstructed hydronephrosis was addressed using a model of reversible partial ureteral obstruction in the newborn rabbit. The histomorphometric changes in the ureteropelvic junction complex (for example, pelvis, ureteropelvic junction and upper ureter) and kidney in 44 normal cases were determined and compared with the effects of 47 cases of ongoing partial obstruction and timed reversal of partial obstruction at 1 week in 9 cases, at 2 weeks in 10 or at 4 weeks in 10 (end of the study at age 8 weeks). After partial obstruction hydronephrosis appeared by 1 week postoperatively. There were progressive increases in the thickness of the lamina muscularis and mass index of smooth muscle and collagen (all p < 0.001). However, since the per cent surface area of smooth muscle did not change significantly in comparison to normal, there was disproportionately more collagen. For reversals at 1 week the muscle and collagen in the lamina muscularis were not significantly different from normal. For reversals at 2 weeks the mass index of collagen was greater than normal (p < 0.05) and reversal at 1 week (p < 0.05). For reversals at 4 weeks the lamina muscularis was thicker, and the mass index of collagen and muscle was greater than the earlier reversal groups and normal (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, partial ureteral obstruction causes progressive thickening of the lamina muscularis by collagen and muscle with a disproportionately greater increase in collagen than muscle. The earlier the obstruction can be reversed, the more normal is the ureteropelvic junction complex histology. The functional significance of these changes needs to be determined.
Kinematic multi-robot manipulation with no communication using force feedback

This paper proposes a novel decentralized algorithm that coordinates the forces of a group of robots during a cooperative manipulation task. The highlight of our approach is that no communication is needed between any two robots. Our underlying intuition is that every follower robot can measure the direction of the movement of the object and then applies its force along that direction to reinforce the movement. We prove that using our algorithm, all followers' forces will synchronize to the direction of the force applied by one leader robot, who guides the robotic fleet to its destination. We first verify our algorithm by simulation in a physics engine, where 20 robots transport a chair collectively. We then validate our algorithm in hardware experiments by building four low-cost robots, equipped with force and velocity sensors, to transport a cardboard box in a laboratory environment. In addition, our algorithm allows the leader to be a human, and we also demonstrate the human-swarm cooperation in our manipulation experiments.
Four dimensional volume holographic imaging

We present the use of volume holograms as depth-selective lenses with white light illumination. It demonstrated a spectral imaging with <250μm depth resolution over ≈15° field of view, with angular selectivity <0.6 mrad.
Patterns of Adaptation Among Contemporary Jewish Immigrants to the US

The current era of international migration is marked by unprecedented numbers as well an especially wide range of origins and characteristics. Jews, a group noted for their high levels of education, geographic dispersion, and multiple engagements in social, political, cultural, economic, and religious life, reflect many of these trends as they continue to enter the US.
Wafer-scale high-resolution patterning of biostructures using silk light chain protein photolithography

We report on wafer-scale high resolution patterning of bio-microstructures using silk fibroin light chain (L-fibroin) as the photoresist material. The L-fibroin fragments with the well-defined molecular weight have been successfully isolated from the integral silk fibroins consisting both heavy and light chains. Under facile biochemical modification, the L-fibroin photoresist can be synthesized via conjugating commercial photocrosslinkers as crosslinking sites in the presence of ultraviolet light. The enhanced patterning resolution, the improved etching selectivity and the inherent biocompatibility of such protein-based photoresist provide opportunities in large scale biocompatible functional microstructures manufacturing.
Voluntary Disclosure of GHG Emissions: Contrasting the CDP with Corporate Reports

This paper is interesting and fairly innovative. The authors take a stakeholder theory perspective in explaining why managers adopt a differentiated strategy when reporting Greenhouse Gas via the C...
Leveraging intercalibration techniques to support stray-light removal from Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor data

Since its launch in 2013, the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) onboard Landsat 8 has exhibited artifacts in its image data that can be attributed to stray-light. A 3-year effort was initiated to develop a stray-light correction algorithm to support TIRS calibration. A methodology was developed to predict the additional (stray-light) signal on each detector from an estimate of the stray-light source locations in the sensor’s out-of-field area. The initial version of the algorithm estimated the magnitude of out-of-field radiance sources through the use of geostationary wide-field thermal band imagers. However, this methodology necessitated a strong effort to cross calibrate the two sensors. Ultimately, a variation of the algorithm was implemented operationally into the United States Geological Survey ground system that utilizes image data from TIRS itself as an estimate of the out-of-field stray-light sources. This paper highlights the intercalibration techniques investigated while developing the stray-light correction algorithm. The impact of differing view-angles, spectral responses, and collection times on at-sensor radiance was considered to assess the feasibility of using data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite geostationary instruments to estimate the out-of-field stray-light radiance incident on the TIRS detectors. Results of the studies presented here illustrate the complexities associated with intercalibration in the thermal and provide justification for the current form of the TIRS stray-light correction algorithm.
A detailed study of the Al3Ni formation reaction using nanocalorimetry

Abstract The Al3Ni formation reaction was examined at 11 heating rates ranging from 1000 K/s to 100,000 K/s using high-rate nanocalorimetry, time-resolved electron microscopy, isoconversional analysis, and combined kinetic analysis. Two main reaction steps are identified. In the first, interdiffusion occurs between reactants without product nucleation. The estimated activation energy for this process, 113 kJ/mol ± 4 kJ/mol, suggests grain boundary diffusion as the most likely controlling mechanism. In the second step, the Al3Ni product phase nucleates and grows. Here, the estimated activation energy of 137 kJ/mol ± 4 kJ/mol suggests that growth is enabled by diffusion of Ni through bulk Al. Combined kinetic analysis of the growth regime yields an Avrami reaction model with an exponent of 0.5, implying 1D diffusion-limited growth from a fixed number of randomly distributed nuclei. Combining the results for the two regimes, we propose a mechanism where the Al3Ni product initially nucleates along the grain boundaries and then grows laterally until the reactants are consumed.
Recent insights into the cellular and molecular determinants of aging

Aging is the gradual decline of physiological functions and organismal fitness, which leads to age-dependent fitness loss, diseases and eventually mortality. Understanding the cause of aging constitutes one of most intriguing areas of research in biology. On both the cellular and molecular levels, it has been hypothesized that there are aging determinants to control the onset and progression of aging, including the loss of beneficial components and accumulation of detrimental factors. This Review highlights the recent advance in identifying various factors that affect the aging process, focusing on how these determinants affect the lifespan and fitness of a cell or organism. With more and more aging determinants revealed, further understanding about their functions and interconnections could enable the development of specific intervention to extend healthy lifespan and reduce the risk of age-related diseases.
Eliminating Spurious Zero-Efficiency FRET States in Diffusion-Based Single-Molecule Confocal Microscopy.

Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) of freely diffusing biomolecules using confocal microscopy is a simple and powerful technique for measuring conformation and dynamics. However, a spurious zero-FRET population can significantly distort the measured histograms and lead to incorrect results, particularly in measurements of intrinsically low-FRET systems. Using a model system consisting of duplex DNAs, we show that there are two important contributions to the zero-FRET state: (1) formation of a dark triplet state of the acceptor dye and (2) the presence of donor-only strands due to incomplete hybridization between donor- and acceptor-labeled strands. The combined strategy of using Trolox as a triplet-state quencher and labeling the same DNA strand with donor and acceptor dyes effectively eliminates the zero-FRET population, even for constructs with intrinsically low FRET efficiencies. This strategy allows us to perform smFRET experiments using a simple confocal microscope with improved accuracy.
Global optimization algorithm for multi-period design and planning of centralized and distributed manufacturing networks

Abstract This paper addresses the design and planning of manufacturing networks considering the option of centralized and distributed facilities, taking into account the potential trade-offs between investments and transportation. The problem is formulated as an extension of the Capacitated Multi-facility Weber Problem, which involves the selection of which facilities to build in each time period, and their location in the continuous two-dimensional space, in order to meet demand and minimize costs. The model is a multi-period GDP, reformulated as a nonconvex MINLP. We propose an accelerated version of the Bilevel Decomposition by Lara et al. (2018) that finds stronger bounds in the decomposition scheme. We benchmark the performance of our algorithm against the original Bilevel Decomposition and commercial global solvers and show that our approach outperforms the others in all instances tested. Additionally, we illustrate the applicability of the proposed model and solution framework with a biomass supply chain case study.