cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfur as a mechanistic probe in enzymatic and non-enzymatic substitution at phosphorus

Sulfur continues to be a valuable mechanistic probe for nucleophilic substitution at phosphorus. The stereochemical courses of many enzymatic phosphoryl- and nucleotidyltransferases have been elucidated by the use of P-chiral phosphorothio-analogs of biological substrates. The results have clarified the issue of single displacement versus double displacement mechanisms in enzyme catalysis. The principle of economy in the evolution of binding sites appears to govern whether an enzymatic phosphotransfer proceeds by a double displacement mechanism or a single displacement mechanism. The weakness of the P–S bond has allowed evidence for the transient formation of monomeric metaphosphate to be obtained in the hydrolysis of sym-μ-monothiopyrophosphate.
Self-Policing in a Targeted Enforcement Regime

This paper adds to the debate over whether self-policing can increase environmental protection by considering an issue that has been ignored in previous models?that self-policing may influence future enforcement. The model combines self-policing with targeted enforcement and allows for both deliberate and inadvertent violations. As expected, rewarding self-policers with more lenient future enforcement increases auditing, remediation, and disclosure of inadvertent violations. Self-policing can also serve as a complement to deliberate compliance and can thus further increase environmental performance. However, under reasonable conditions, self policing can be a substitute for deliberate compliance and could therefore be detrimental to environmental protection.
When Betrayal Aversion Meets Loss Aversion: The Effects of Changes in Economic Conditions on Internal Control System Choices

ABSTRACT: Previous academic research has documented that people experience disutility from potentially being exploited by others beyond what this exploitation may do to their wealth. Such a tendency is labeled as the demand for accountability in accounting, and the psychology behind this phenomenon is labeled more broadly as betrayal aversion in other fields such as sociology. Since the environment is not static for a decision maker, it is important to understand not only that betrayal aversion exists but also how/if its impact on individual decision making varies in response to environmental changes. In this study, we investigate if changed economic conditions (i.e., an economic downturn or upturn) would affect the level of betrayal aversion and its impact on a principal's internal control system choices. The results of our experiment suggest that while the level of betrayal aversion does not change with changed economic conditions, its relative importance on a principal's control system choice decreases...
The Explanatory Power of Earnings Levels vs. Earnings Changes in the Context of Executive Compensation

Studies in the capital market context indicate that earnings changes and earnings levels considered jointly provide a more comprehensive representation of unexpected earnings than either earnings changes or earnings levels considered alone. Recent studies of executive compensation demonstrate that executive compensation revisions are greater when earnings innovations are permanent, than when innovations are transitory. Together, these literatures imply that both earnings changes and earnings levels explain revisions to CEO compensation. Specifically, formal analysis implies that weights on earnings changes vary directly with the persistence of earnings innovations and that weights on earnings levels vary directly with persistence for low persistence observations and inversely with persistence for high persistence observations. Evidence for compensation to 712 executives of U.S. corporations is consistent with these expectations. Such results suggest that earnings levels, earnings changes, and earnings per...
Vertical relationships between Manufacturers and Retailers: Inference with Limited Data

In this paper, different models of vertical relationships between manufacturers and retailers in the supermarket industry are compared. Demand estimates are used to compute price-cost margins for retailers and manufacturers under different supply models when wholesale prices are not observed. The purpose is to identify the set of margins compatible with the margins obtained from estimates of cost and to select the model most consistent with the data among non-nested competing models. The models considered are (1) a simple linear pricing model; (2) a vertically integrated model; and (3) a variety of alternative (strategic) supply scenarios that allow for collusion, non-linear pricing, and strategic behaviour with respect to private label products. Using data on yogurt sold in several stores in a large urban area of the U.S. the results imply that wholesale prices are close to marginal cost and that retailers have pricing power in the vertical chain. This is consistent with non-linear pricing by the manufacturers or high bargaining power of the retailers.
Minimax control of switching systems under sampling

We consider a general class of systems subject to two types of uncertainty: A continuous deterministic uncertainty that affects the system dynamics, and a discrete stochastic uncertainty that leads to jumps in the system structure at random times, with the latter described by a continuous-time finite state Markov chain. When only sampled values of the system state is available to the controller, along with perfect measurements on the state of the Markov chain, we obtain a characterization of minimax controllers, which involves the solutions of two finite sets of coupled PDEs, and a finite dimensional compensator. For the linear-quadratic case, a complete characterization is given in terms of coupled generalized Riccati equations, which also provides the solution to a particular H∞ optimal control problem with randomly switching system structure and sampled state measurements.
Simpler bootstrap estimation of the asymptotic variance of U-statistic-based estimators

The bootstrap is a popular and useful tool for estimating the asymptotic variance of complicated estimators. Ironically, the fact that the estimators are complicated can make the standard bootstrap computationally burdensome because it requires repeated re-calculation of the estimator. In this paper, we propose a method which is specific to extremum estimators based on U-statistics. The contribution here is that rather than repeated re-calculation of the U-statistic-based estimator, we can recalculate a related estimator based on single-sums. A simulation study suggests that the approach leads to a good approximation to the standard bootstrap, and that if this is the goal, then our approach is superior to numerical derivative methods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl nonaflates.

The first detailed study of the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl nonaflates is reported. Use of ligands 2−4 and 6 allows for the catalytic amination of electron-rich and -neutral aryl nonaflates with both primary and secondary amines. With use of Xantphos 5, the catalytic amination of a variety of functionalized aryl nonaflates resulted in excellent yields of anilines; even 2-carboxymethyl aryl nonaflate is effectively coupled with a primary alkylamine. Moderate yields were obtained when coupling halo-aryl nonaflates with a variety of amines, where in most cases the aryl nonaflate reacted in preference to the aryl halide. Overall, aryl nonaflates are an effective alternative to triflates in palladium-catalyzed C−N bond-forming processes due to their increased stability under the reaction conditions.
Market power in the global economy: the exhaustion and protection of intellectual property

This paper analyzes economic linkages between the exhaustion and protection of intellectual property. We consider a North-South model, where a …rm that enjoys monopoly status in the North by virtue of an intellectual property right (IPR) –such as a patent or a trademark –has the incentive to price discriminate internationally because Northern consumers value its product more than Southern ones. The key intuition underlying the model is that while Northern policy regarding the territorial exhaustion of IPRs determines whether the …rm can price discriminate internationally and therefore exercise market power across regions, Southern policy regarding the protection of IPRs determines the …rm’s monopoly power within the South. In equilibrium, each region’s policy takes into account the …rm’s pricing behavior, its incentive to export, and the other region’s policy stance. Major results are: (a) the North is more likely to prefer national exhaustion when the South does not protect IPRs whereas the South is more willing to protect intellectual property if the North chooses national exhaustion; (b) the …rm values protection of intellectual property relatively more than the freedom to price discriminate internationally that exists under national exhaustion if and only if the quality gap between it and Southern imitators lies below a certain threshold; (c) except for the situation where the …rm sells in the South regardless of the global policy environment, the two regions …nd
N = ∞ phase transition in a class of exactly soluble model lattice gauge theories

Abstract An exactly soluble class of model U ( N ) lattice gauge theories is considered. The ground state is discussed as a separable N -fermion problem solved by mathieu functions. Some exact correlation functions are presented. The N = ∞ limit exhibits a third order phase transition demarcating the strong and weak phases at ( g 2 N ) −1 ≈ 0.55.
Time Integration: Agribusiness Structure for Competitive Advantage

Traditional views and models of perishable food suppliers fail to capture the fundamental role of time integration in firm-level organization. A two-phase research design of major grower-shipper firms of lettuce, tomatoes, and melons reveals a diverse distribution of firms across the time-integration continuum. Most firms use more than one microclimate to extend product availability. Decision makers are encouraged to understand the implications of these temporally integrated organizations on agricultural and trade policy.
Ergodic decomposition of group actions on rooted trees

We prove a general result about the decomposition into ergodic components of group actions on boundaries of spherically homogeneous rooted trees. Namely, we identify the space of ergodic components with the boundary of the orbit tree associated with the action, and show that the canonical system of ergodic invariant probability measures coincides with the system of uniform measures on the boundaries of minimal invariant subtrees of the tree. Special attention is paid to the case of groups generated by finite automata. Few examples, including the lamplighter group, Sushchansky group, and so-called universal group, are considered in order to demonstrate applications of the theorem.
Equity Effects of Road Pricing: A Review

Abstract Are road pricing strategies regressive or progressive? This is a question that has been confronting researchers, practitioners, and policy‐makers who seek to implement new mechanisms to raise funds for transportation while simultaneously managing demand. The theoretical literature is mixed, as is the empirical literature. In part, this has to do with the various types of road pricing strategies that are being debated, different definitions of equity, and alternative assumptions about revenue recycling. Despite this seeming complexity, the literature is clear that equity issues are addressable. This paper provides a synthesis of the literature to date on both the theory of equity, as applied to road pricing, and the findings of empirical and simulation studies of the effects of particular implementations of road pricing, and suggested remedies for real or perceived inequities. To summarize, while there are certainly potential issues with equity associated with road pricing, those issues can be add...
Predicting high-cost pediatric patients: derivation and validation of a population-based model.

BACKGROUND Health care administrators often lack feasible methods to prospectively identify new pediatric patients with high health care needs, precluding the ability to proactively target appropriate population health management programs to these children. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a predictive model identifying high-cost pediatric patients using parent-reported health (PRH) measures that can be easily collected in clinical and administrative settings. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using 2-year panel data from the 2001 to 2011 rounds of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. SUBJECTS A total of 24,163 children aged 5-17 with family incomes below 400% of the federal poverty line were included in this study. MEASURES Predictive performance, including the c-statistic, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, of multivariate logistic regression models predicting top-decile health care expenditures over a 1-year period. RESULTS Seven independent domains of PRH measures were tested for predictive capacity relative to basic sociodemographic information: the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Screener; subjectively rated health status; prior year health care utilization; behavioral problems; asthma diagnosis; access to health care; and parental health status and access to care. The CSHCN screener and prior year utilization domains exhibited the highest incremental predictive gains over the baseline model. A model including sociodemographic characteristics, the CSHCN screener, and prior year utilization had a c-statistic of 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.74), surpassing the commonly used threshold to establish sufficient predictive capacity (c-statistic>0.70). CONCLUSIONS The proposed prediction tool, comprising a simple series of PRH measures, accurately stratifies pediatric populations by their risk of incurring high health care costs.
Historians and the New Originalism: Contextualism, Historicism, and Constitutional Meaning

Little appreciated, in an otherwise greatly appreciated opinion, is Justice Robert Jackson’s lyrical rejection of originalism in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. There, he waxed that “just what our forefathers did envision, or would have envisioned had they foreseen modern conditions, must be divined from materials almost as enigmatic as the dreams Joseph was called upon to interpret for Pharaoh. . . . [T]hey largely cancel each other.” He deftly underlined the point with a footnote demonstrating how two of the most prominent Founders, who were also two of the three personalities that made up “Publius” (the author of The Federalist)—James Madison and Alexander Hamilton—utterly disagreed with one another about the Constitution’s meaning as soon as major controversies arose. Yet, as with Mark Twain, the announcement of originalism’s death has proven to be premature. As this forum shows, whatever else originalism is, it is alive and well. Fortunately, the Essays in this forum come from historians. As such, the contributions issue from the very discipline on which originalism’s claims depend. Precisely that insight serves as the dominant, though not necessarily unanimous, theme of this collection. From this insight comes ways to confine originalism to a possibly legitimate, but far more circumscribed, role than its adherents desire. Toward that end, this Foreword addresses three matters. First, it considers why the use of history in constitutional interpretation is inescapable. Next, it suggests that the Essays in this forum do not go far enough in debunking the idea of “public meaning” originalism as a serious alternative to previous approaches. Finally, the balance of this Foreword reviews the also perhaps inescapable misuses of history that constitutional interpretation invites and considers the type of misuse that public meaning originalism represents.
Market-Based Coordination of Thermostatically Controlled Loads—Part II: Unknown Parameters and Case Studies

This two-part paper considers the coordination of a population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) with unknown parameters to achieve group objectives. The problem involves designing the bidding and market clearing strategy to motivate self-interested users to realize efficient energy allocation subject to a peak energy constraint. The companion paper (Part I) formulates the problem and proposes a load coordination framework using the mechanism design approach. To address the unknown parameters, Part II of this paper presents a joint state and parameter estimation framework based on the expectation maximization algorithm. The overall framework is then validated using real-world weather data and price data, and is compared with other approaches in terms of aggregated load response. Simulation results indicate that our coordination framework can effectively improve the operational efficiency of the distribution system and reduce power congestion at key times.
Robust synthesis for linear parameter varying systems using integral quadratic constraints

A robust synthesis algorithm is developed for a class of uncertain, linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. The uncertain system is described as an interconnection of a nominal LPV system and a block structured uncertainty. The nominal part is a "gridded" LPV system with state matrices that are arbitrary functions of the parameter. The input/output behavior of the uncertainty is described by integral quadratic constraints (IQCs). The robust synthesis problem leads to a non-convex optimization. The proposed algorithm is a coordinate-wise descent similar to the well-known DK iteration for µ synthesis. It alternates between an LPV synthesis step and an IQC analysis step. Both steps can be efficiently solved as semidefinite programs. The derivation of the synthesis algorithm is less obvious for LPV systems as compared to its LTI counterpart due to the lack of a valid frequency response interpretation. The main contribution is the construction of the iterative synthesis algorithm using time domain dissipation inequalities and a scaled system analogous to that appearing in µ synthesis. It is shown that the proposed algorithm ensures that the robust performance is non-increasing at each iteration step. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on a simple numerical example.
Do Tax Incentives Affect Charitable Contributions? Evidence from Public Charities' Reported Revenues

This paper estimates the effect of the charitable contribution tax deduction on charities' donation revenue from charities' tax filings. A one percent increase in the tax cost of giving causes charitable receipts to fall by about four percent, an effect three times larger the consensus in the literature. Further analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity in the tax response by subsector: health care and home care are more tax-sensitive than other charities, while higher education and arts are less tax-sensitive. The results are consistent with substantial tax response heterogeneity within the sample and between sampled and unsampled charities, implying that the mean tax elasticity of charitable contributions is a poor predictor of tax incentive effects for individual charities.
Optimization of an Aeroservoelastic Wing with Distributed Multiple Control Surfaces

This paper considers the aeroelastic optimization of a subsonic transport wing box under a variety of static and dynamic aeroelastic constraints. Three types of design variables are used: structural variables (skin thickness, stiffener details), the quasi-steady deflection scheduling of a series of control surfaces distributed along the trailing edge for maneuver load alleviation and trim attainment, and the design details of a linear quadratic regulator controller (for flutter suppression), which commands oscillatory hinge moments into those same control surfaces. Optimization problems are solved where a closed-loop flutter constraint is forced to satisfy the required flight margin, and mass reduction benefits are realized by relaxing the open-loop flutter requirements.
Wavefunction collapse through backaction of counting weakly interacting photons

We apply the formalism of quantum measurement theory to the idealized measurement of the position of a particle with an optical interferometer, finding that the backaction of counting entangled photons systematically collapses the particle’s wavefunction toward a narrow Gaussian wavepacket at the location xest determined by the measurement without appeal to environmental decoherence or other spontaneous collapse mechanism. Further, the variance in the particle’s position, as calculated from the post-measurement wavefunction, agrees precisely with shot-noise limited uncertainty of the measuredxest. Both the identification of the absolute square of the particle’s initial wavefunction as the probability density for xest and the de Broglie hypothesis emerge as consequences of interpreting the intensity of the optical field as proportional to the probability of detecting a photon. Linear momentum information that is encoded in the particle’s initial wavefunction survives the measurement, and the pre-measurement expectation values are preserved in the ensemble average.
XROMM analysis of tooth occlusion and temporomandibular joint kinematics during feeding in juvenile miniature pigs

Like humans, domestic pigs are omnivorous and thus are a common model for human masticatory function. Prior attempts to characterize food-tooth interactions and jaw movements associated with mastication have been limited to aspects of the oral apparatus that are visible externally (with videography) and/or to 2D movements of oral structures (with monoplanar videofluoroscopy). We used XROMM, a 3D technique that combines CT-based morphology with biplanar videofluoroscopy, to quantify mandibular kinematics, tooth occlusion and mandibular condylar displacements within the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during feeding. We observed that the pig TMJ moved detectably in only three of six possible degrees of freedom during mastication: two rotations, pitch and yaw; and one translation, protraction-retraction. Asymmetrical yaw around a dorsoventral axis produced the observed alternating left-right chewing cycles responsible for food reduction. Furthermore, the relative motions of the upper and lower premolars contained a substantial mesiodistal component in addition to the buccolingual component, resulting in an oblique (rather than a strictly transverse) power stroke. This research demonstrates the capacity of XROMM to explore the kinematic underpinnings of key masticatory movements, such as the occlusal power stroke, by integrating tooth, joint and rigid body jaw movements. XROMM also allowed us to test kinematic hypotheses based on skeletal anatomy with actual kinematics observed during naturalistic feeding behaviors. We observed that the soft tissue structures of the TMJ appear to play a significant role in limiting the range of motion of a joint, and thus analyses based solely on osseous morphology may over-estimate joint mobility.
FLUTED TAPERED MODULAR STEMS: ACCOMMODATING BONE LOSS DEFICIENCY

The unacceptable failure rate of cemented femoral revisions led to many different cementless femoral designs employing fixation in the damaged proximal femur with biological coatings limited to this area. The results of these devices were uniformly poor and were abandoned for the most part by the mid 19909s. Fully porous coated devices employing distal fixation in the diaphysis emerged as the gold standard for revisions with several authors reporting greater than 90% success rate at 8–10 years of follow-up. Surgical techniques and ease of insertion improved with the introduction of the extended trochanteric osteotomy as well as curved, long, fully porous coated stems with diameters up to 23 mm. The limits of these stems were stretched to include any stem diameter in which even 1–2 cm of diaphyseal contact could be achieved. When diaphyseal fixation was not possible (Type IV), the alternatives were either impaction grafting or allograft prosthetic composite (APC). As the results of fully porous coated stems were very carefully scrutinised, it became apparent that certain types of bone loss did not yield the most satisfactory results both clinically and radiographically. When less than 4 cm of diaphyseal press fit (Type IIIB) was achieved, mechanical failure rate (MFR) was over 25%. It also became apparent that even when there was 4–6 cm. diaphyseal contact (Type IIIA), and the stem diameter was 18 mm or greater, post-op pain and function scores were significantly less than those with smaller diameter stems. This was probably due to poorer quality bone. Many of these Type IIIA and Type IIIB femurs had severe proximal torsional remodeling leading to marked distortion of anteversion. This made judging the amount of anteversion to apply to the stem at the time of insertion very difficult, leading to higher rates of dislocation. These distortions were not present in Type I and Type II femurs. This chain of events which was a combination of minimal diaphyseal fixation, excessively stiff stems and higher dislocation rates led to the conversion to modular type stems when these conditions existed. For the past 8 years, low modulus taper stems of the Wagner design have been used for almost all Type IIIA and Type IIIB bone defects. The taper design with fluted splines allows for fixation when there is less than 2 cm of diaphysis. The results in these femurs even with diameters of up to 26 mm have led to very low M.F.R.9s and significantly less thigh pain. Independent anteversion adjustment is also a hug advantage in these modular stems. Similar success rates, albeit with less follow-up, have been noted in Type IV femurs.
Enantioselective Photocatalytic [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Aryl Cyclopropyl Ketones

Control of stereochemistry in photocycloaddition reactions remains a substantial challenge; almost all successful catalytic examples to date have involved [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of enones. We report a method for the asymmetric [3 + 2] photocycloaddition of aryl cyclopropyl ketones that enables the enantiocontrolled construction of densely substituted cyclopentane structures not synthetically accessible using other catalytic methods. These results show that the dual-catalyst strategy developed in our laboratory broadens synthetic chemists' access to classes of photochemical cycloadditions that have not previously been feasible in enantioselective form.
Whipping boys: South Africa’s limited reform of judicial corporal punishment in the 1960s and 1970s

In 1995, South Africa’s Constitutional Court banned judicial corporal punishment of juveniles and soon thereafter legislation ended it for adults as well, marking an end to a practice that had been...
A Search for Mycobacterial DNA in Sarcoidosis Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction

The etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, but mycobacteria have been considered as a possible etiologic agent. The authors used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to search for mycobacterial DNA in paraffin-embedded granulomatous tissues from patients with sarcoidosis. The target sequence used for PCR amplification is a 383-base pair segment of the gene encoding the 65 kD mycobacterial surface antigen. This assay can detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria in archival material. Its sensitivity, which is superior to Ziehl-Nielsen staining for acid-fast bacilli, is 1 bacterium per 2500 cells. Ten sarcoidosis blocks and 10 normal controls were negative with mycobacterial PCR but positive with beta-actin PCR, indicating the presence of amplifiable DNA. Mycobacterial PCR gave positive results for six acid-fast bacilli stain/culture-positive blocks from patients with tuberculosis. These results indicate that sarcoidosis probably does not represent an active mycobacterial infection. These data also suggest that mycobacterial PCR is helpful in differentiating tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.
Experimental Study of Low-Frequency Effects on the Dynamic Modulus of a Buna-N Rubber

The linear dynamic Young's modulus of a vulcanized Buna‐N gum rubber is measured at frequencies of 0.05, 0.10, and 1.00 cps, in the temperature range −22°C to 30°C, by a method in which a small differential sinusoidal elongation is superimposed on a 5 percent static elongation. The width of the dispersion range on the temperature scale (the range in which the logarithm of the modulus increases steeply with decreasing temperature) is only about 10°C, as contrasted with widths as great as 25°C found in previous measurements on a similar compound at frequencies of several kilocycles. The modulus‐temperature plot shifts upward by only about 4°C per decade of frequency increase in the present range, as contrasted with about 10°C per decade in the previous measurements at higher frequencies. It is concluded that this elastomer cannot be described properly by means of the ``method of reduced variables,'' in which the dynamic properties are ascribed to mechanisms having identical temperature dependence, and that the low‐temperature behavior is governed by mechanisms distinct from those effective in the audio‐frequency range at room temperature.
Katrina and the Collapse of Civil Society in New Orleans

The author offers a critical reading of the federal government's responses to Hurricane Katrina and the hurricane's effects on the city of New Orleans. A collapse of civil society was observed in the immediate aftermath of the hurricane. A plan for the democratic reconstruction of the city is outlined.
Systemfähigkeit — Eine neue Ära in der dynamischen Messtechnik

Uber die letzten 50 Jahre hat sich Kistler vom Pionier der piezoelektrischen Messtechnik zum Technologiefuhrer und Systemanbieter entwickelt. Die Sensoren und Ladungsverstarker zur Messung der mechanischen Grosen Druck, Kraft und Beschleunigung wurden uber diese Zeit perfektioniert. Seit etwa 20 Jahren fokussiert sich Kistler zunehmend auf Entwicklung, Herstellung und Vertrieb von Systemlosungen fur die Hauptanwendung Motoren- und Fahrzeugentwicklung sowie auf die Prozessmesstechnik fur die Produktion. Dabei wird der Systemfahigkeit, aber auch dem After-Sales-Service, eine sehr hohe Bedeutung beigemessen.
Debunking Two Myths of the Weekend Effect

This paper finds the weekend effect to be a remarkably robust anomaly and refutes the widespread belief that the weekend effect is due to data-mining or a consequence of some unusual/rare events. Out-of-sample analysis finds both the mean and median return on Monday is lower than that on Friday in nearly all years. It also reconciles and explains how some prior studies reached such an erroneous conclusion.
Asymmetric cross-dehydrogenative coupling enabled by the design and application of chiral triazole-containing phosphoric acids.

This report describes the development of an enantioselective C–N bond-forming reaction to produce 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-derived cyclic aminals catalyzed by chiral phosphate anions. Central to the success of this goal was the design of a library of 3,3′-triazolyl BINOL-derived phosphoric acids capable of forming attractive hydrogen-bonding interactions with the peptide-like substrate. We envision this work will offer an alternative to the conventional strategy of increasing catalyst steric bulk to improve enantioselectivity with BINOL-derived phosphoric acids.
A Photoinduced, Benzyne Click Reaction

The [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes has proven invaluable across numerous scientific disciplines for imaging, cross-linking, and site-specific labeling among many other applications. We have developed a photoinitiated, benzyne-based [3 + 2] cycloaddition that is tolerant of a variety of functional groups as well as polar, protic solvents. The reaction is complete on the minute time scale using a single equivalent of partner azide, and the benzyne photoprecursor is stable for months under ambient light at room tempurature. Herein we report the optimization and scope of the photoinitiated reaction as well as characterization of the cycloaddition products.
Hansonoperla appalachia, a New Genus and a New Species of Eastern Nearctic Acroneuriini (Plecoptera: Perlidae), with a Phenetic Analysis of the Genera of the Tribe

Hansonoperla appalachia is described and illustrated from the adult male, adult female, and egg. The major diagnostic features of this new taxon include the lateral margins of the pronotum, crossveins of the forewing, hammer, aedeagus, female subgenital plate, vagina, egg collar, and egg anchor-plate. The systematic affinities of all the known genera of Nearctic Acroneuriini are analyzed phenetically. The results indicate that Hansonoperla is phonetically isolated from the other genera of this tribe.
Diabetes prevalence and risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome

Much attention has been focused on metabolic abnormalities in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although this group displays multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the actual prevalence of morbidity and mortality owing to cardiovascular events is uncertain. This uncertainty does not extend to the risk for, or the prevalence of, glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Women with PCOS have a high prevalence of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes (based on glucose challenge testing). They also display multiple risk factors for the progression of glucose intolerance and the development of frank fasting hyperglycemia. Future long-term treatment options must address this prevalence of glucose intolerance and diabetes risk. The current literature and ongoing studies suggest that glucose intolerance is a universal characteristic of PCOS, especially in PCOS defined by unexplained hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation. Although PCOS is also frequently identified on the basis of polycystic-appearing ovaries, this subtype of PCOS has not consistently been associated with a significant diabetes risk. This review quantifies the extent of risk for diabetes in PCOS, predictive factors, and the limited long-term follow-up results. Multiple factors contribute to diabetes risk in women with PCOS, and it is frequently difficult to separate the independent contributions of these risk factors to the development of diabetes. The risk factors are as follows: •Obesity Centripetal fat distribution •Insulin resistance Hyperinsulinemia Decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity •Beta-cell dysfunction •Chronic anovulation •Family history of type 2 diabetes •Dyslipidemia
Intraoperative spinal sonography: Adjunct to metrizamide CT in the assessment and surgical decompression of posttraumatic spinal cord cysts

Ten patients with prior spinal cord trauma were examined preoperatively by metrizamide computed tomography (CT) and were studied subsequently by intraoperative spinal sonography. On comparing intraoperative sonography with metrizamide CT, it was found that metrizamide CT tends to overestimate the size and number of posttraumatic cysts, that areas of myelomalacia on metrizamide CT correspond to areas of abnormal echogenicity on intraoperative sonography, and that intracyst septations are seen only on intraoperative sonography. By monitoring the position of the shunting catheter during surgery, intraoperative sonography can assure its proper intramedullary placement and demonstrate the successful decompression of the cyst. If no cyst is found with intraoperative sonography, further surgery is obviated. Intraoperative sonography is recommended for all cases where decompression of cord cysts is planned.
Homeschooling and Religious Fundamentalism.

This article considers the relationship between homeschooling and religiousfundamentalism by focusing on their intersection in the philosophies and practices ofconservative Christian homeschoolers in the United States. Homeschooling provides anideal educational setting to support several core fundamentalist principles: resistance tocontemporary culture; suspicion of institutional authority and professional expertise;parental control and centrality of the family; and interweaving of faith and academics. It isimportant to recognize, however, that fundamentalism exists on a continuum; conservativereligious homeschoolers resist liberal democratic values to varying degrees, and efforts tofoster dialogue and accommodation with religious homeschoolers can ultimately helpstrengthen the broader civic fabric.
Repeat cross-sectional data on the progression of the metabolic syndrome in Ossabaw miniature swine.

Abstract Ossabaw miniature swine were fed an excess calorie, atherogenic diet for 6, 9, or 12 months. Increased body weight, hypertension, and increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are described in Table 1 . For more detailed interpretations and conclusions about the data, see our associated research study, “Biphasic alterations in coronary smooth muscle Ca 2+ regulation during coronary artery disease progression in metabolic syndrome” McKenney-Drake, et al. (2016) [1] .
Packet classification using binary content addressable memory

Packet classification is the core mechanism that enables many networking devices. Although using ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the widely adopted solution, TCAM is very expensive, has limited capacity, consumes large amounts of power, and generates tremendous amounts of heat because of their extremely dense and parallel circuitry. In this paper, we propose the first packet classification scheme that uses binary CAM (BCAM). BCAM is similar to TCAM except that in BCAM, every bit has only two possible states: 0 or 1; in contrast, in TCAM, every bit has three possible states: 0, 1, or * (don’t care). Because of the high complexity in implementing the extra “don’t care” state, TCAM has much higher circuit density than BCAM. As the power consumption, heat generation, and price grow non-linearly with circuit density, BCAM consumes much less power, generates much less heat, and costs much less money than TCAM. Our BCAM-based packet classification scheme is built on two key ideas. First, we break a multi-dimensional lookup into a series of 1-D lookups. Second, for each 1-D lookup, we convert the ternary matching problem into a binary string exact matching problem. To speed up the lookup process, we propose a number of optimization techniques, including skip lists, free expansion, minimizing maximum lookup time, minimizing average lookup time, and lookup short circuiting. We evaluated our BCAM scheme on 17 real-life packet classifiers. On these classifiers, our BCAM scheme requires roughly five times fewer CAM bits than the traditional TCAM-based scheme. The penalty is a throughput that is roughly four times less.
High-performance web services for querying gene and variant annotation

Efficient tools for data management and integration are essential for many aspects of high-throughput biology. In particular, annotations of genes and human genetic variants are commonly used but highly fragmented across many resources. Here, we describe MyGene.info and MyVariant.info, high-performance web services for querying gene and variant annotation information. These web services are currently accessed more than three million times permonth. They also demonstrate a generalizable cloud-based model for organizing and querying biological annotation information. MyGene.info and MyVariant.info are provided as high-performance web services, accessible at http://mygene.info and http://myvariant.info . Both are offered free of charge to the research community.
Practice Patterns of Radiation Field Design for Sentinel Lymph Node-Positive Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

Abstract Background Recent randomized trials have led to decreased use of completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in early-stage breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN), causing controversy surrounding radiotherapy coverage of the axilla. We investigated the practice variation among radiation oncologists for regional nodal coverage for clinicopathologic scenarios and evaluated axillary field design decision-making processes. Materials and Methods A customized, web-based questionnaire was e-mailed to 983 community (n = 617) and academic (n = 366) radiation oncologists with a breast cancer subspecialty practicing in the United States. The survey consisted of 18 multiple-choice questions evaluating general clinical preferences surrounding radiation therapy (RT) field design for patients with early-stage breast cancer and a positive SLN. Seven case scenarios were developed to investigate the field design in the setting of specific clinical and pathologic risk factors. Nodal coverage was classified as standard tangents (STs), high tangents (HTs), STs and a supraclavicular field (SCF), or STs and full axillary coverage (AX). Results A total of 145 evaluable responses were collected, with a response rate of 15.0%. Of the respondents, 12 (8.3%) reported using completion ALND for patients with 1 to 3 positive SLNs without extracapsular extension (ECE) and 66 (45.5%) performed ALND with 1 to 3 positive SLNs with ECE. For micrometastatic SLNs, with no lymphovascular system invasion, 115 (87.1%) used STs or HTs. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) influenced RT field design for patients with a positive SLN without ECE, with 64 (48.5%) using STs and SCF or STs and AX treatment without NAC and 94 (70.7%) using SCF and AX after NAC. With macrometastatic SLN involvement, most respondents preferred SCF (45.27%) and AX (45.66%). In contrast, for micrometastatic involvement, HTs (43.61%) were frequently chosen. Forty (27.8%) reported using online predictive nomograms to predict further axillary involvement, with no difference between the academic and community radiation oncologists ( P = .11). Conclusion In SLN biopsy-positive early-stage breast cancer with omission of completion ALND, axillary RT is increasing used to cover the undissected axilla. Most respondents use SCF or AX for patients with low to intermediate pathologic features. Online prediction nomograms are used by a few practitioners to assist in clinical decision-making in this setting.
Study on Mechanism of Paeoniae Add Glycyrrhizae Oral Liquid Plus in Treating Acute Urticaria

Objective To explore the mechanism of Paeoniae Add Glycyrrhizae Oral Liquid Plus in treating acute urticaria.Methods Means of ELISA assay were used to observe the levels of IL 2 and IL 4 in 4 groups after 3 days culturing of the PBMC.The data were analysized by the Primer channel computer analysized system.Results The level of IL 2 producted by PBMC cultured in patients before treatment was distinctly lower( P 0.01)when compared with that of the control group,while IL 4 was higher( P 0.05);In the patients cured with the oral liquid,the levels of IL 2 and IL 4 were normal( P 0.05);The levels were normal( P 0.05) when cultured with the medicine in patients before treatment.Conclusion One of the most important mechanisms of the cure with the medicine in patients suffering from acute urticaria is that it can regulate the production of Interleukins poduced by Th 1 or Th 2 cells,such as IL 2,IL 4 etc,so to eliminate allergic inflamation,and restore the immunologic function.
A Dialogue Mechanism for Public Argumentation Using Conversation Policies

In this paper, we propose a flexible dialogue mechanism through which a set of agents can establish a coherent set of public beliefs. Flexibility and coherence are achieved by decomposing the dialogue mechanism into two parts, a backbone protocol and a set of conversation policies. The backbone protocol maintains the set of arguments put forward by the agents, and each agent uses a pre-agreed argumentation theory to extract a set of public beliefs from this set of arguments. The flexibility is achieved by distributing the other functions of the dialogue mechanism among a set of conversation policies, some of which are public and some of which are private to each agent.
Height and Cognition at Work: Labor Market Productivity in a Low Income Setting

Taller workers earn more, particularly in lower income settings. It has been argued that adult height is a marker of strength which is rewarded in the labor market; a proxy for cognitive performance or other dimensions of human capital such as school quality; a proxy for health status; and a proxy for family background and genetic characteristics. As a result, the argument goes, height is rewarded in the labor market because it is an informative signal of worker quality to an employer. It has also been argued that the height premium is driven by occupational and sectoral choice. This paper evaluates the relative importance of these potential mechanisms underlying the link between adult stature and labor market productivity in a specific low income setting, rural Central Java, Indonesia. Drawing on twelve waves of longitudinal survey data, we establish that height predicts hourly earnings after controlling education, multiple indicators of cognitive performance and physical health status, measures of family background, sectoral and occupational choice, as well as local area market characteristics. The height premium is large and significant in both the wage and self-employed sectors indicating height is not only a signal of worker quality to employers. Since adult stature is largely determined in the first few years of life, we conclude that exposures during this critical period have an enduring impact on labor market productivity.
Microfluidic Screening of Electric Fields for Electroporation

Electroporation is commonly used to deliver molecules such as drugs, proteins, and/or DNA into cells, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In this work a rapid microfluidic assay was developed to determine the critical electric field threshold required for inducing bacterial electroporation. The microfluidic device was designed to have a bilaterally converging channel to amplify the electric field to magnitudes sufficient to induce electroporation. The bacterial cells are introduced into the channel in the presence of SYTOX(®), which fluorescently labels cells with compromised membranes. Upon delivery of an electric pulse, the cells fluoresce due to transmembrane influx of SYTOX(®) after disruption of the cell membranes. We calculate the critical electric field by capturing the location within the channel of the increase in fluorescence intensity after electroporation. Bacterial strains with industrial and therapeutic relevance such as Escherichia coli BL21 (3.65 ± 0.09 kV/cm), Corynebacterium glutamicum (5.20 ± 0.20 kV/cm), and Mycobacterium smegmatis (5.56 ± 0.08 kV/cm) have been successfully characterized. Determining the critical electric field for electroporation facilitates the development of electroporation protocols that minimize Joule heating and maximize cell viability. This assay will ultimately enable the genetic transformation of bacteria and archaea considered intractable and difficult-to-transfect, while facilitating fundamental genetic studies on numerous diverse microbes.
Liquidity effects of trading frequency

In this paper, we present a discrete-time modeling framework, in which the shape and dynamics of a Limit Order Book (LOB) arise endogenously from an equilibrium between multiple market participants (agents). We use the proposed modeling framework to analyze the effects of trading frequency on market liquidity in a very general setting. In particular, we demonstrate the dual effect of high trading frequency. On the one hand, the higher frequency increases market efficiency, if the agents choose to provide liquidity in equilibrium. On the other hand, it also makes markets more fragile, in the sense that the agents choose to provide liquidity in equilibrium only if they are market neutral (i.e., their beliefs satisfy certain martingale property). Even a very small deviation from market neutrality may cause the agents to stop providing liquidity, if the trading frequency is sufficiently high, which represents an endogenous liquidity crisis (also known as flash crash) in the market. This framework enables us to provide more insight into how such a liquidity crisis unfolds, connecting it to the so-called adverse selection effect.