cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Incident Learning in the Academic and Community Radiation Oncology Setting

Purpose/Objective(s): Incident reporting systems are now frequently used in academic centers to identify errors that can occur in a radiation oncology setting. It is important to understand how the patterns of such events depend on environment of care. A comparison of incidents reported in an electronic Variance Reporting System (VRS) from both academic and community centers since 2011 was performed. Materials/Methods: A total of 1057 incidents were reported into the VRS from 3 different locations in a large hospital system, including both academic and community centers, from February 2011 to November 2013. All incidents were scored for severity using the previously validated French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) 5-point scoring system. These incidents were further categorized by error type into four groups: (1) human only, (2) human-software interface, (3) human-human interface, and (4) software/ hardware only. The incidents were also categorized by the reporter and by the origin of the incident. These groups were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis including chi-squared tests. Results: A total of 955 incidents were reported from two academic centers and 102 incidents were reported from the community setting. 31 incidents, 28 at academic centers and 3 in the community setting, were considered to potentially have negative clinical consequences with a severity score of 2. There were no incidents that surpassed a severity score of 2. The majority of incidents (428 incidents, 44.8%) occurring in academic centers were due to human only error; in contrast the majority (46 incidents, 45.0%) of incidents reported in the community setting were due to human/software interface error (p Z 0.034). The majority of incidents that occurred at academic centers were reported by dosimetrists (43.5%). 463 (48%) incidents occurred in the treatment planning stages, 258 (27%) occurred in the imaging stage of treatment delivery and 76 (8%) occurred between treatment review and verification. The majority of incidents that occurred at community centers were reported by therapists (56.8%). Thirty-eight (37%) incidents occurred in the treatment planning stages, 20 (20%) occurred in the initial patient assessment and 12 (12%) occurred in the imaging stage for treatment delivery. Conclusions: The majority of incidents at academic centers were linked directly to human error and potentially related to hand-offs. In contrast, the majority of incidents in the community setting was due to errors with the human/software interface and might be due to lack of education or experience with software. This raises the question of whether process deviations may differ depending on the environment of care. Identifying such factors may lead to improved workflow design in an effort to reduce incidents. Author Disclosure: S. Moningi: None. K. Smith: None. E.C. Ford: None. T.L. DeWeese: None. S.A. Terezakis: None.
Estimation of shear-wave interval attenuation from mode-converted data

Interval attenuation measurements provide valuable information for reservoir characterization and lithology discrimination. We extend the attenuation layer-stripping method of Behura and Tsvankin to mode-converted (PS) waves with the goal of estimating the S-wave interval attenuation coefficient. By identifying PP and PS events with shared ray segments and applying the PP þ PS ¼ SS method, we first perform kinematic construction of pure shear (SS) events in the target layer and overburden. Then, the modified spectral-ratio method is used to compute the effective shear-wave attenuation coefficient for the target reflection. Finally, application of the dynamic version of velocity-independent layer stripping to the constructed SS reflections yields the interval S-wave attenuation coefficient in the target layer. The attenuation coefficient estimated for a range of sourcereceiver offsets can be inverted for the interval attenuation parameters. The method is tested on multicomponent synthetic data generated with the anisotropic reflectivity method for layered VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) and orthorhombic media.
HCV viremia is associated with drug use in young HIV-1 and HCV coinfected pregnant and non-pregnant women*

Aims Vertical transmission of HCV is increased among HIV-1/HCV coinfected women and is related to HCV viral load. In this study we assessed clinical and demographic factors associated with HCV viremia in a cohort of young pregnant and non-pregnant mothers coinfected with HIV-1. Design A cross-sectional clinic-based study nested within a prospective cohort study. Methods From 1988 to 2000, HIV-1 + pregnant and non-pregnant women with children followed in a large maternal, child and adolescent HIV-1 clinic were evaluated for HCV infection using EIA 3.0. HCV RNA levels were determined for HCV antibody + women using polymerase chain reaction. Demographic and clinical characteristics between HCV-RNA(+) and HCV-RNA(–) women and between pregnant and non-pregnant HIV-1/HCV coinfected women were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Findings Among 359 HIV-1(+) women, 84 (23%) were HCV-ab + and 49/84 (58%) had detectable HCV-RNA in plasma. Median age was 31. CD4 counts, HIV-1 RNA levels and demographic characteristics were similar for viremic and non-viremic women and pregnant and non-pregnant women. However, viremic women were more likely to report a history of (88% versus 43%; P < 0.001) or active injection drug use (AIDU) (83% versus 29%; P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that HCV viremia was associated significantly with AIDU (adjusted OR: 15.17; 95% CI: 3.56, 64.56) after adjusting for age, race, number of sexual partners, pregnancy status, CD4 counts and HIV-1 viral load. Conclusion In this cohort of young HIV-1 and HCV coinfected women, HCV viremia was associated strongly with active injection drug use, perhaps due to reinfection or reactivation of HCV. Thus, careful evaluation for HCV infection and counseling related to drug use may be necessary.
Testing of electrochemical capacitors: Capacitance, resistance, energy density, and power capability

Abstract DC testing of electrochemical capacitors has been reviewed with emphasis on the test procedures used by the USABC, IEC, and the University of California-Davis (USA). Differences in the test procedures are identified and the effect of the differences on the inferred characteristics of various carbon/carbon and hybrid (pseudo-capacitive) electrochemical devices evaluated from test data. The effect of the test procedures is greater for hybrid devices than carbon/carbon capacitors. It was found that the differences in the test procedures have a minor effect on capacitance, but larger effects on resistance and energy density. The pulse power capability of devices is calculated from the rated voltage of the device and its measured resistance. The inferred power capability of a device based on the matched impedance value ( V 2 /4 R ) is nearly a factor of ten higher than that corresponding to an efficiency of 95% as required in the USABC and IEC test procedures.
SU-E-T-588: Characterization and Clinical Validation of the Varian Pivotal™ Treatment Solution for Prone Breast Care

Purpose: To report on the clinical validation of the Varian Pivotal™ Treatment Solution for Prone Breast Care: a platform for prone breast radiation therapy. Methods: Patients treated using Breast Conserving Radiation Therapy may benefit from treatment in the prone position with the breast tissue falling freely away from the body. This geometry allows the breast tissue to be treated while avoiding the lung and heart tissue. Eighteen patients simulated and treated using the Varian Medical Systems Pivotal™ Treatment Solution for Prone Breast Care were monitored over the course of treatment for positioning integrity and reproducibility. As this carbon-fiber platform actually replaces a portion of the couch top, indexing is inherent to its design. Patients were positioned on the couch and aligned using fiducial markers and lateral SSD to the breast fiducial point. The daily couch coordinates then serves as indicators for positioning variability with this system. Results: The variations in couch vertical, longitudinal and lateral positions were centered on a mean value of zero with standard deviations of 0.44cm, 0.75cm and 0.79cm respectively. Other factors explored were variations in distance of mid-sternum to table edge and patient rotation into the opening. The median rotation of the chest wall was foundmore » to be 11.5 degrees at CT-Simulation with a median distance of 2.5cm from midsternum to support opening. Patient rotation was not associated with either breast size or distance from edge of platform. Conclusion: The Pivotal™ Treatment solution consists of a couch top that replaces the standard top and as such is open from beneath without obstruction. This is a distinction from all other solutions which rely on a platform positioned above and indexed to the treatment couch. We found the reproducibility to be consistent with our historical measures while offering benefits of an integrated solution as stated above. supported by Professional Services Agreeement with Varian Medical Systems.« less
Radiotherapy, concomitant protracted-venous-infusion 5-fluorouracil, and surgery for ultrasound-staged T3 to T4 rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the response and toxicity of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for ultrasound-staged T3 or T4 rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Since 1995, 30 patients (18 males; median age, 56 (range, 25–83) years) have received preoperative chemoradiotherapy for ultrasound-staged T3 or T4 rectal cancer. All patients underwent an endorectal ultrasound, CT scan, and review in our multidisciplinary Gastrointestinal Tumor Board before treatment. All patients had pathology-demonstrated invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Eleven patients were Stage T3N0, 14 were T3N1, and five were T4N1. Patients received radiotherapy to the primary tumor and draining lymph nodes (45 Gy) followed by a tumor boost (50.4–54 Gy). Protracted-venous-infusion 5-fluorouracil (225 mg/m2 per day, seven days per week) was administered throughout treatment. Surgical resection was performed six to ten weeks after completing chemoradiotherapy. Using endorectal ultrasound measurements, the primary tumor was a median of 4 (range, 0–12) cm from the anal verge, encompassed 50 (range, 20–90) percent of the rectal circumference, and was 6 (range, 3–12) cm in diameter. RESULTS: No Grade 4 toxicity was observed during chemoradiotherapy. Three patients experienced Grade 3 toxicity (diarrhea), and four patients required a treatment interruption of greater than three days. All patients completed at least 90 percent of the prescribed radiotherapy dose. All patients underwent surgical resection. Ninety-four percent had clear surgical margins. All pathologic specimens had significant evidence of necrosis, hyalinization, and fibrosis. Thirty-three percent of the specimens had a complete pathologic response (defined as no evidence of viable tumor cells). Of the 19 patients with ultrasound-staged N1 disease, only five had pathologic evidence of nodal involvement after chemoradiotherapy. Of the 25 patients with ultrasound-staged T3 disease, pathologic staging revealed eight with T0, two with T1, five with T2, and ten with T3 disease. Of the five patients with ultrasound-staged T4 disease, pathologic staging revealed two with T0, one with T2, and two with T3 disease. No patient developed progressive disease while on treatment. Two patients have experienced local failure at 6 and 20 months, and one patient failed in the liver at seven months. Twenty-seven patients remain free of disease with a median follow-up of 20 (range, 3–53) months. CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that preoperative chemoradiotherapy is well tolerated, down-stages tumors, and sterilizes regional lymph nodes.
Outcomes assessment in psychiatric postgraduate medical education: an exploratory study using clinical case vignettes.

The efficient and accurate assessment of clinical performance is a substantial challenge in continuing medical education (CME) and other educational settings. Currently, educational outcomes measurement in many CME programs is imperfect (1), as outcomes are often assessed through brief postparticipation questions that measure either mere participation or knowledge of isolated facts. A recent review of CME assessment activities at a large academic medical center found that over 80% of educational assessment tools measured only Kirkpatrick level 1 outcomes (2) (satisfaction/reaction), and that no educational assessment items measured outcomes related to clinical practice or patient care outcomes (3). The dilemma when attempting to assess higher-level educational outcomes is that, on one hand, closed-ended multiple-choice questions and other commonly used assessment tools are unlikely to reflect clinical practice, while on the other hand, more comprehensive tools such as simulated patients or chart reviews are time-consuming, expensive, and simply not practical in most settings. However, clinical case vignettes that allow open-ended freetext responses are a promising assessment tool that may assess clinical performance in a more efficient manner. These vignettes present a clinical case in several parts, and responses are scored with a standardized system generated a priori using extant literature and other sources of expert guidance. Such clinical vignettes, first utilized by Peabody et al. (4–6) to assess the performance of primary care physicians and internal medicine residents, appear to be essentially equivalent to standardized patients and chart audits in assessing actual clinical behavior in the management of common outpatient conditions and the provision of appropriate preventative care (4). However, case vignettes with open-ended questions and algorithmic scoring of freeform responses have only rarely been used in CME activities, (7) and to our knowledge have not yet been used to assess clinicians’ ability to evaluate and treat patients with psychiatric illness (i.e., to perform clinically relevant needs assessments). In this article, we will describe the development and implementation of clinical case vignettes to assess guideline-adherent assessment and treatment of patients with bipolar disorder and firstepisode schizophrenia among clinicians attending psychiatric CME activities.
Pump-beam-instability limits to Raman-gain-doublet “fast-light” pulse propagation

We investigate the behavior of a system for generating ''fast-light'' pulses in which a bichromatic Raman pumping beam is used to generate optical gain at two frequencies and a region of anomalous dispersion between them. It is expected that increasing the gain will increase the pulse advancement. However, as the gain increases, the pumping field becomes increasingly distorted, effectively limiting the pulse advancement. We observe as much as 12% of the input pump power converted to orthogonal polarization, broadening of the initially bichromatic pump field (25 MHz initial frequency separation) to more than 2.5 GHz, and a temporal collapse of the pump beam into an erratic train of sub-500-ps pulses. The instability is attributed to the combined effects of the cross modulation instability and stimulated Raman scattering. Extreme distortion of an injected pulse that should (absent the instability) experience an advancement of 21% of its width is observed. We conclude that the fast-light pulse advancement is limited to just a few percent of the pulse width using this pulse advancement technique. The limitation imposed by the instability is important because careful study of the information velocity in fast-light pulses requires that pulse advancement be large enough to distinguish the velocitiesmore » of different pulse features. Possible methods for achieving pulse advancement by avoiding the distortion caused by the instability are discussed.« less
Ambient solar wind's effect on ICME transit times

Most empirical and numerical models of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME) propagation use the initial CME velocity as their primary, if not only, observational input. These models generally predict a wide spread of 1 AU transit times for ICMEs with the same initial velocity. We use a 3D coupled MHD model of the corona and heliosphere to determine the ambient solar wind's effect on the propagation of ICMEs from 30 solar radii to 1 AU. We quantitatively characterize this deceleration by the velocity of the upstream ambient solar wind. The effects of varying solar wind parameters on the ICME transit time are quantified and can explain the observed spread in transit times for ICMEs of the same initial velocity. We develop an adjustment formula that can be used in conjunction with other models to reduce the spread in predicted transit times of Earth-directed ICMEs.
Yield and Persistence of Cool‐Season Grasses under Horse Grazing

Cool-season grasses are the foundation of productive pastures throughout most of the United States; however, many grasses have not been evaluated under horse (Equus caballus) grazing. The objectives were to evaluate forage yield and persistence of cool-season grasses under horse grazing. Four adult horses grazed Barolex tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix Scop.), Hidden Valley meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis Huds.), Everett quackgrass (Elymus repens L.), Agassiz smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Fleet and Paddock meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem. and Schult.), Marathon reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), Survivor perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Winneton timothy (Phleum pretense L.), Ginger Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Garrison creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Pior.), and Baridana orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Horses grazed each month from May to October in 2010 and May to September in 2011. Orchardgrass, meadow fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and tall fescue were the most persistent grasses with ≥78% ground cover, while timothy, reed canarygrass, smooth bromegrass, and creeping foxtail were less persistent, with ≤24% ground cover (P ≤ 0.0006) after 2 yr of rotational grazing. Orchardgrass produced the highest yield with ≥10.1 t ha⁻¹, while creeping foxtail, smooth bromegrass, and timothy produced the lowest yield with ≤8.7 t ha⁻¹ (P = 0.0001). The majority of yield for most grasses occurred during summer, with summer months contributing 40 to 83% of the total yield in 2010 and 2011, respectively (P ≤ 0.0330). Planting orchardgrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass should maximize forage persistence and yield in Midwest horse pastures.
Turbid horizons at mid-depth in the Wilmington Canyon area

Turbid horizons have been discovered at depths of 20 to 40 m on top of an extension of the ‘cold pool’ over the Wilmington Canyon and across the continental shelf to its south. Twelve detailed profiles of salinity, temperature and light scattering were obtained, along with water samples at various depths. These data showed no turbid horizons in areas over the slope where the extension of the ‘cold pool’ was missing. Particle-size distributions showed these turbid horizons are composed of certain larger sizes of material while clay-size material is in all samples. The turbid horizons were composed mainly of dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates.
Old rivalries, new arsenals: should the US worry?

Could a small country develop the capability to hit the United States with a long-range unconventional weapon during the first decades of the next century? Most certainly one could. But whether such a state would be inclined to try is an entirely different matter. The risk is real. Congress learned in 1998, according to "The Report of The Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States", that the United States has entered "a new nonproliferation environment" in which there is a far greater availability of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction. The main points of the report are discussed and a table is given showing the ballistic missile types held by lesser powers.
Sulfonation of environmental estrogens by zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferases.

Environmental estrogen-like chemicals are increasingly recognized as a potential hazardous factor for wildlife as well as humans. We have recently embarked on developing a zebrafish model for investigating the role of sulfonation in the metabolism and adverse functioning of environmental estrogens. Here, we report on a systematic investigation of the sulfonation of representative environmental estrogens (bisphenol A, 4-n-octylphenol, 4-n-nolylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol) by zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferases (STs). Of the seven enzymes tested, four zebrafish STs (designated ZF ST #2, ZF ST #3, ZF ST #4, and ZF DHEA ST) exhibited differential sulfonating activities toward the five environmental estrogens tested, with ZF ST #3 being more highly active than the other three. It was further demonstrated that bisphenol A, 4-n-octylphenol, and 4-n-nonylphenol exerted concentration-dependent inhibition of the sulfonation of 17β-estradiol, implying a potential role of these environmental estrogens in interfering with the sulfonation, and possibly homeostasis, of endogenous estrogens. Kinetic studies revealed that the mechanism underlying the inhibition by bisphenol A or 4-n-nonylphenol to be of the competitive type.
Reaction pathways of ethanol electrooxidation on polycrystalline platinum catalysts in acidic electrolytes

Abstract Ethanol electrooxidation reaction (EOR) pathways on polycrystalline platinum were studied with broadband sum-frequency generation (BB-SFG) spectroscopy and electrochemistry in unprecedented detail and under working fuel cell conditions. We present the first observation of adsorbed acetate and co-adsorbed sulfuric acid anions with SFG and a discussion of their relation to the EOR. Surface-adsorbed intermediates such as CO on Pt atop sites and acetate are observed in both H 2 SO 4 and HClO 4 solutions. However, CO molecules on bridge sites and sulfuric acid anions are found in H 2 SO 4 only. At E E > 0.5 V results in the oxidative removal of CO and the adsorption of acetate anions. Experiments with isotopically labeled ethanol ( 12 CH 3 13 CH 2 OH) reveal information on the carbon–carbon bond cleavage and the subsequent CO formation. In particular, the methyl fragment (– 12 CH x ) produces far less 12 CO and suggests methyl electroreduction to methane and/or the persistence of –CH x on the Pt surface.
Number and location of zero-group-velocity modes.

The frequency-wavenumber spectra of laminated media often exhibit anomalous modes with descending branches whose group velocity is negative, and these terminate at a minimum point at which the group velocity transitions from negative to positive. These minima are associated with resonant conditions in the medium, which have been clearly observed in experiments and in the nondestructive testing of laminated plates. Starting from first principles, this paper provides a theoretical analysis on the number and location of such zero-group-velocity (ZGV) modes for horizontally layered media bounded by any arbitrary combination of external boundaries. It is found that these ZGV points are few in number and show up mostly in low-order modes which are characterized by a negative second derivative at the cutoff frequencies, a condition that can readily be tested. It is also shown that the effective number of ZGVs is small even when the ratio of the dilatational and shear wave velocity is a rational number and there exist coincidences in cutoff frequencies, a condition that at first would suggest that the number of ZGVs is infinite. Finally, it is shown that the number of ZGVs decreases with the Poisson’s ratio.
Bubble nucleation and the Coleman-Weinberg model

Abstract Motivated by the “new inflationary universe scenario”, we have made a detailed study of the bubble nucleation process in (nearly) Coleman-Weinberg models with small positive scalar field mass terms. Our goal has been to show the consistency and interrelation between Coleman's analysis of bubble nucleation in flat space, the work of Coleman and De Luccia on bubble nucleation with gravitational effects and the recent dramatically different results of Hawking and Moss on bubble nucleation in Coleman-Weinberg models in a de Sitter background. Many of our results apply to more general classes of potentials.
The Use of Granulocyte Transfusions in Neonatal Sepsis

Many questions are raised in this review about the role of adult donor granulocyte transfusions in the setting of overwhelming bacterial neonatal sepsis. There clearly exists a number of variables, which influence the survival and morbidity associated with bacterial sepsis. The important differences in these studies highlight the need for prospective large multicenter studies to definitely clarify these issues. Important criteria, which are yet to be established and which impact significantly, include the time of administration of adjuvant granulocytes, the number of granulocytes that need to be harvested, which group of neonates require early granulocyte transfusions, the best method for optimal and easy granulocyte collection, the frequency and intervals of granulocyte transfusions, and improved methods for the early identification of neonatal candidates who would benefit from the granulocyte transfusions. The benefits of granulocyte transfusions (ie, the improvement in morbidity and mortality) in septic neutropenic neonates must be weighed against the possible and reported side effects associated with such transfusions. Adverse reactions including graft-versus-host disease, CMV, HIV and hepatitis infection, fluid retention and pulmonary edema, blood group sensitization, and pulmonary insufficiency may all result from the use of granulocyte transfusions in a host who has evidence of developmental immaturity. All future studies must continue to evaluate these potential complications to balance and analyze the true benefits of survival with reported treatment results. Recently, a number of investigators including ourselves, have begun to examine the role of alternate adjuvant immunotherapy in enhancing neonatal host defense in the clinical setting of overwhelming bacterial sepsis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ePluribus UNUM? Dialogism and Monologism in Organizational Web Discourse

This article draws on the principles of linguistic theorist Mikhail Bakhtin to analyze and explain discursive diversity in organizational Web pages. Organizational Web sites must typically appeal to multiple audiences, a condition that often results in different discourses being juxtaposed within the same interface. To analyze and explain the effects of such juxtapositions, this article adapts to the Web the principles that Bakhtin developed to conceptualize discursive diversity in the novel, in particular his concept of dialogism. To illustrate their efficacy, the article applies these principles to analyze a pair of government Web sites about forests, the forest industry, and the environment. Whereas the homepages of the two sites project divergent approaches to the discourses of their diverse audiences, a dialogic analysis of the new site's deeper levels reveals how the government's discursive strategy appears to favor one audience at the expense of others. Drawing on this case study, this article discusses how an approach informed by Bakhtin's principles can illuminate our analysis of organizational Web discourse.
Fragmentation of immunization history among providers and parents of children in selected underserved areas.

Abstract Objective: We assessed fragmentation of children’s immunization history among providers and parents of children aged 12 to 35 months in four selected underserved areas. Study Design: Area probability cluster sample surveys were conducted in 1997–1998 in northern Manhattan, San Diego, Detroit, and rural Colorado. Surveys consisted of face-to-face interviews with parents followed by record checks with all named immunization providers. We used Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations to determine up-to-date (UTD) status with vaccinations. The UTD status for each child was determined in four ways: (1) according to the parent-held immunization records, (2) according to the records of the child’s most recent provider, (3) according to the records of the child’s second most recent provider, and (4) according to provider and parent-reconciled information. Results: In all four areas, the majority of records of the most recent provider agreed with the reconciled information. However, in all areas, the percentage of children UTD according to provider- and parent-reconciled information was higher than the percentage of children UTD according to information from only the child’s most recent provider or from only parent-held immunization records. Across all sites, the percentage of children UTD with the DTP/DTaP vaccine was 2% to 9% lower, according to the most recent provider’s information than according to reconciled information. Similar results were seen for other vaccines. The most recent provider not having complete immunization history was significantly associated with not being UTD in New York and having received unnecessary immunizations in San Diego and Detroit. Conclusion: For most children, although the records of the most recent provider give accurate data for clinical decision making, the immunization histories of some children in these underserved areas are fragmented between providers and parents. This can limit the provider’s ability to vaccinate children appropriately.
A NEW SPECIES OF NEOPHYLAX FROM NORTHERN VIRGINIA, USA (TRICHOPTERA: UENOIDAE)

Abstract. A new species of Neophylax, Neophylax virginica Flint, is described from several sites along the Potomac, Shenandoah and Rappahannock Rivers in Northern Virginia. It is closely related to Neophylax stolus Ross, Neophylax acutus Vinyard and Wiggins, Neophylax ayanus Ross, and Neophylax Ottawa Vineyard and Wiggins, differing in characteristics of the male and female genitalia, which are illustrated. A phylogram of the Neophylax ayanus species group based on COI data is included.
Small is not too Small Reflections Concerning the Validity of Very Small Focus Groups (VSFGs)

This article discusses issues of validity in focus group methodology when very few people actually participate in the research. The defense of small size emerges from experiences in dissertation research with women who have abused illegal substances and self-identify as addicts. Validity is addressed through application of standard measures of validity to the Very Small Focus Groups (VSFGs). In addition, the VSFGs are analyzed according to characteristics of group development, demonstrating that even with small size, typical group development stages occur. Attention is paid to feminist research principles, demonstrating that those principles are expressed regardless of small group size. Implications for social work research and practice in partnership with marginalized people are discussed.
Mutagenesis of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda phage by host cell irradiation: Induction of weigle mutagenesis is not an all-or-none process

Ultraviolet mutagenesis of lambda phage to clear plaque formers is the same in the total phage population and in subpopulations of phage which have also mutated to gam - or at an amber codon. This is true for phage assayed in host cells in which Weigle mutagenesis has been either partially induced by low levels of ultraviolet irradiation, or fully induced by higher levels. If induction of Weigle mutagenesis were all-or-none, clear plaque formers in phage subpopulations selected for another mutation elsewhere would come mainly from induced cells; then the clear plaque mutation rate would always be that for fully induced host cells. Therefore, induction requires more than one lesion in host cell DNA. Although thymine starvation of cells induces synthesis of recA protein, it does not induce Weigle mutagenesis; in fact starvation inhibits induction of this process on subsequent ultraviolet irradiation of the cells.
Near-exhaustive precomputation of secondary cloth effects

The central argument against data-driven methods in computer graphics rests on the curse of dimensionality: it is intractable to precompute "everything" about a complex space. In this paper, we challenge that assumption by using several thousand CPU-hours to perform a massive exploration of the space of secondary clothing effects on a character animated through a large motion graph. Our system continually explores the phase space of cloth dynamics, incrementally constructing a secondary cloth motion graph that captures the dynamics of the system. We find that it is possible to sample the dynamical space to a low visual error tolerance and that secondary motion graphs containing tens of gigabytes of raw mesh data can be compressed down to only tens of megabytes. These results allow us to capture the effect of high-resolution, off-line cloth simulation for a rich space of character motion and deliver it efficiently as part of an interactive application.
Nongovernmental Organizations as Intermediaries for Decentralization in Bolivia

During the implementation of the 1994 Law of Popular Participation (LPP) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) assumed a new role as intermediaries between the government and the Bolivian population. The law, at the heart of a decentralization program, transferred 20% of the national budget to municipalities, established participatory planning, and mandated oversight by grass-roots territorial organizations. In some cases, NGOs with long-term commitments to an area have served as effective planning agents, successfully assisting a relatively democratic process of decentralization, and using their project-writing expertise to find matching grants to leverage revenue-sharing funds. Perhaps most important, some NGOs have educated residents of small municipalities about their rights to participate in local planning and budgeting. At the same time, rivalries between NGOs, NGO control of planning, and the failure to establish a permanent presence in a municipality have limited NGO effectiveness. Despite these sh...
Spicing Things Up by Adding Color and Relieving Pain: The Use of Napoleon’s Buttons in Organic Chemistry

For some students, organic chemistry can be a distant subject and unrelated to any courses they have seen in their college careers. To develop a more contextual learning experience in organic chemistry, an additional text, Napoleon’s Buttons: 17 Molecules That Changed History, by Penny Le Couteur and Jay Burreson, was incorporated as a supplement to the standard textbook in an organic chemistry course. Napoleon’s Buttons examines 17 molecules or classes of molecules that have had significant impacts on history, society, and culture. These molecules and chapters have been integrated into the course curriculum to provide students with a novel perspective and tangible, “real-life” examples that supplement the corresponding chapter or topic in the organic chemistry textbook. Results from student evaluations reveal that students thought the readings and in-class discussions were memorable learning experiences that increased their interest in the course material. Overwhelmingly, the students who read Napoleon’s Buttons recommended that this approach be continued in future course offerings.
SU‐D‐217A‐05: Auto‐Registration of Cardiac PET/CT Images with a 3D Weighted Gradient Correlation Algorithm

Purpose: To design a novel 3D automatic registration algorithm for cardiac PET/CT registration using gradient information and to evaluate the performance of the algorithm with clinical PET/CT datasets. Methods: The 512×512×47 CTimages are at first resized to 128×128×47 to match the matrix size of PET. In order to maximize the gradient information at boundaries in CT, a conventional fuzzy c‐means clustering algorithm (number of cluster = 7) is implemented to suppress signals from tissues that do not contribute much useful information for the registration purpose (fat, lung, and bones). The 3D Image gradient map, consisting of all three orthogonal components, is derived from the PET images and the post‐ clusteringCTimages. The mis‐registration is modeled as 3D rigid body translation in this study, though it can be extended to include rotations as well. The details of the gradient‐based objective function are described in the support document. Optimal registration is determined by searching for the maximum of the objective function over a range of potential translation positions (e.g. 8.2×8.2×2.8cm). This process is repeated at a higher matrix size (512×512×47) to refine the result of registration. Results: We applied this auto registration technique on 55 patient data sets of cardiac PET/CT images. The CTimages were average‐CT images, and the PET images were without attenuation correction. 54 out of the 55 cases produced satisfactory registration. Conclusions: The proposed weighted gradient correlation algorithm is a viable solution for auto registration of cardiac PET/CT images. More work is needed to further improve the robustness of thealgorithm.
Integrating Instructional and Motivational Design

Theories are used in instructional design to produce instruction that is effective and efficient. Learners, however, may not be drawn into instruction because it lacks relevance and appeal. Motivational design theory is used in concert with instructional theory to produce instruction that is both appealing and effective.
Genome size as a mutation-selection-drift process

A novel method for estimating neutral rates and patterns of DNA evolution in Drosophila takes advantage of the propensity of non-LTR retrotransposable elements to create nonfunctional, transpositionally inactive copies as a product of transposition. For many LINE elements, most copies present in a genome at any one time are nonfunctional "dead-on-arrival" (DOA) copies. Because these are offshoots of active, transpositionally competent "master" lineages, in a gene tree of a LINE element from multiple samples from related species, the DOA lineages are expected to map to the terminal branches and the active lineages to the internal branches, the primary exceptions being when the sample includes DOA copies that are allelic or orthologous. Analysis of nucleotide substitutions and other changes along the terminal branches therefore allows estimation of the fixation process in the DOA copies, which are unconstrained with respect to protein coding; and under selective neutrality, the fixation process estimates the underlying mutational pattern. We have studied the retroelement Helena in Drosophila. An unexpectedly high rate of DNA loss was observed, yielding a half-life of unconstrained DNA sequences approximately 60-fold faster in Drosophila than in mammals. The high rate of DNA loss suggests a straightforward explanation of the seeming paradox that Drosophila has many fewer pseudogenes than found in mammalian species. Differential rates of deletion in different taxa might also contribute to the celebrated C-value paradox of why some closely related organisms can have very different DNA contents. New data presented here rule out the possibility that the transposition process itself is highly mutagenic, hence the observed linear relation between number of deletions and number of nucleotide substitutions is most easily explained by the hypothesis that both types of changes accumulate in unconstrained sequences over time.
The Regularized Low Pass Filter

In this paper the low pass filter is discussed in the noisy case. And a regularized low pass filter is presented. The convergence property of the regularized low pass filtering algorithm is proved in theory and tested by numerical results.
Comparison of two interglacial records from the midwestern U.S.A.

Abstract The sediment records from 2 kettle lakes were used to compare the magnetic signature of interglacial climate. Pittsburg Basin in southern Illinois recorded Sangamonian climate variations, while Holocene climate variations were studied at Kirchner marsh, Minnesota. Pollen studies from both sites indicate the occurrence of a dry prairie period during both interglacials. Both magnetic records show many similarities in their response to climate change. Glacial sediments are characterized by an abundance of coarse grained magnetic grains, while deciduous forests and oak savanna tend to be characterized by SD and SP grains which occur in very low concentrations. These fine grains are likely to be biogenic. The two prairie periods showed an increase in magnetic concentration, but the grain-size of the magnetic fraction depends on the effects of chemical dissolution and pedogenesis in the catchment and may reflect the evolutionary history of the basin.
Effect of prepuberal medial preoptic area lesions on male rat sexual behavior

Abstract Studies have shown that the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is necessary for male sexual behavior in many species. Sparing of function occurs in rats which have MPOA-lesions made prepuberally and are reared in heterosexual group cages. In the present study, male rats with MPOA-lesions made prepuberally and control-operated animals were reared either in group or solitary cages. In three regular mating tests few MPOA-animals reared in isolation displayed sexual behavior, while those reared in groups performed no differently from control animals. Animals with MPOA-lesions that mated exhibited the same frequency and developmental progression of play behaviors as their control peers. In sexual exhaustion and postcastration tests, group-reared MPOA-animals performed at a lower level than control animals. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that play experiences have a role in sparing of copulatory behavior in rats with MPOA-lesions. Deficits in the MPOA-animals in the more challenging tests were discussed in relation to a possible decrease in responsiveness to gonadal or hypothalamic hormones.
Suffering, hope and forgiveness: the ubuntu theology of Desmond Tutu

Blaise Pascal once said, ‘Knowing Jesus Christ strikes the balance [for theology] because he shows us both God and our wretchedness’. Indeed, the majesty of Christ is that in him the despair of wretchedness and the hope of God are held together. Theology often does not reflect this balance, leading towards either anthropocentrism or nihilism. The ubuntu theology of Desmond Tutu does, however, by proclaiming the inherent interconnectedness of humankind. Tested by the context of South African apartheid, this notion called ‘ubuntu’ counters segregation and violence with reconciliation and justice. It refuses to execute retribution upon transgressors, instead committing itself to re-membering the disinherited of Christ's inclusive body. Forgiveness is the only future for this body and, though it remains an aporia in the context of radical evils such as apartheid, it is the only way to achieve justice without economising balance. That is, only forgiveness can realise ubuntu because it progresses forward toward justice not backward toward vengeance. Ubuntu is the prophetic balance of a divine gift that transforms the wretchedness of human atrocities. It represents Tutu's attempt to realise the way of God in his context, an attempt from which all theologising can benefit.
ASSESSING ABUSE AND NEGLECT AND DENTAL FEAR IN WOMEN

Little is known about how specific life stressors, such as sexual, physical and emotional abuse and neglect, might be factors in the establishment or maintenance of dental fears or might affect routine dental treatment. The authors collected data from 462 female members of a large urban health maintenance organization about their dental fear and histories of childhood and adult traumas. According to these data, a history of trauma appears to be significantly associated with elevated dental fear, although multiple factors play a major role in the establishment and maintenance of these phobias.
The absorption and metabolism of glycine-U-14C in the irradiated and normal boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

1. 1. Three-day-old boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, that had been irradiated 2 days previously with 6 kR of gamma irradiation were injected with or force-fed glycine-U-14C, sampled at intervals for 24 hr and extracted for free amino acids, lipoprotein, nucleic acids and protein. Aliquots of the extracts were then counted by liquid scintillation procedures. 2. 2. Differences were found in the rate of absorption of the glycine from the alimentary canal of irradiated and normal insects and in the rate of conversion of free glycine to protein. 3. 3. No differences could be detected in the conversion of label to lipoprotein and nucleic acids.
Energy Drinks: The New Eye-Opener For Adolescents

The availability of caffeine-containing energy beverages, combined with aggressive marketing and “urban legend,” has promoted their widespread use, particularly among adolescents. The caffeine content of these products is presently unregulated. Rapid growth in the consumption of these supplements has resulted in increasing reports of caffeine poisoning. This article provides a review of caffeine's pharmacokinetics and describes the clinical manifestations and management of caffeine toxicity. Suggestions for future research are also offered.
Angle- and size-dependent characteristics of incoherent Raman and fluorescent scattering by microspheres. 2. Numerical Simulation

The results of numerical simulation of inelastic scattering by microspheres with the use of a dipole model are presented. The formulas that are derived speed up the computation, thereby permitting larger-sized microspheres to be studied. The angular scattering cross section and depolarization are calculated for a wide range of size parameters as well as for different orientations of incident wave polarization. Calculations performed with small incremental changes in size permit the influence of morphology-dependent resonance (MDR) on the power and angular distribution of scattered radiation to be studied. TM and TE types of MDR produce enhanced scattering of the incident wave with vertical and horizontal polarization; the corresponding shape of the phase function becomes oscillatory. Special attention is paid to the simulation of backward scattering by water droplets, which is important for Raman lidar applications.
Chip Substrate Resistance Modeling Technique for Integrated Circuit Design

With the advent of VLSI and the use of statistical simulation techniques to perform integrated circuit design, modeling of chip substrate resistance is becoming increasingly important to successful chip design. This paper will present a substrate resistance modeling technique which may be applied to the design of both FET and bipolar chips. After briefly presenting the theory behind the technique, we will describe its use in developing a substrate resistance model required for studying a disturb problem encountered with a high-speed array chip. The steps involved in building and simplifying the substrate model will be described. The effect on circuit simulations and noise sensitivity will then be shown.
Cultural analytics research environment

Our team of specialists in visual arts, communication, cognitive science, and structural engineering produces interactive visualizations of cultural flows, patterns, and relationships based on analysis of large sets of data comparable in size to datasets used in sciences.
Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Test of Motor Impairment-Henderson Revision

The reliability and concurrent validity of the Test of Motor Impairment-Henderson Revision was evaluated employing a sample of preschoolers. Absolute reliability of the final test score was established by calculating the standard error of measurement (SEM). An SEM of .86 was obtained. The consistency of decisions related to motor impairment or nonimpairment was estimated by calculating the proportion of agreement index across two testing occasions and Kappa. A 90% agreement was obtained with Kappa equal to .71. Concurrent validity using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form as the criterion resulted in an 88% agreement between the two tests.